,,fossil ,,plants ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,,lewis1 #acf1 ,,g[] ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,"p ( a transv]se section ( a ,p]mian ,osmundace\s ,f]n /em1 ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii 7,ei*wald74 a1 out] xylem2 b1 inn] xylem4 ,= description1 see page #cbi4 7,aft] ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan4 ,v slightly r$uc$47 ,,fossil ,,plants ,a ,,text-,,book ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,botany ,,& ,,geology ,,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,sew>d1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,,rs4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,botany ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,/ ,,john',s ,,college ,,& ,,honor>y ,,fell[ ,,( ,,emmanuel ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,,) #bfe ,,illu/rations ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,cambridge3 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press #aiaj ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,preface ,i regret t pressure ( o!r "w has prev5t$ ! completion ( ?is ,volume )9 a reasonable "t s9ce ! publication ( ,volume ,i4 ,_h ,volume ,,ii be5 writt5 t5 ye>s ago1 ! discov]ies made 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ decade w\ld h giv5 an out-(-date "* to mu* ( ! subject-matt]4 ,x is m especially 9 reg>d to ! ,f]ns & ! ext9ct memb]s ( ! ,gymnosp]ms t our outlook has be5 mat]ially alt]$ by rec5t contributions to ,palaeobotany4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "s satisfaction to be able to add t rec5t progress has be5 relatively slight 9 t "p ( ! subject dealt ) 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,! orig9al int5tion 0 to complete ! :ole "w 9 two volumes4 ,soon aft] ! second volume 0 begun1 x became evid5t t ! rema9+ divisions ( ! plant-k+dom c\ld n be includ$ )9 ! compass ( a s+le volume4 ,i decid$1 !re=e1 to take ! consequ5ces ( hav+ emb>k$ on too ambiti\s a plan ( treatm5t1 & to pres]ve uni=mity ( proportion by res]v+ ! se$-be>+ plants = a ?ird volume4 ,! ?ird volume w include ! ,pt]idosp]ms1 o!r ?an ^? briefly describ$ 9 ! f9al *apt] ( ! pres5t volume1 & o!r classes ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,i propose also to devote su* space z is available )9 ! limits ( a text-book to ! neglect$ subject ( ! geographical di/ribution ( plants at diff]5t /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,x is my int5tion to complete ,volume ,,iii ) z little delay z possible4 ,z ,i h writt5 else:]e1 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,fl[]+ plants ne$s special treatm5t1 & any?+ m ?an a m]e compilation c be adequately attempt$ only aft] consid]able rese>* & ) ! assi/ance ( botani/s possess+ a special k ( diff]5t families ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,! ne$ ( a critical exam9ation ( available data 9 reg>d to ! geological hi/ory ( ?is dom9ant gr\p w n be lo/ sight (4 ,i am well aw>e t :ile c]ta9 g5]a h receiv$ an undue %>e ( att5tion 9 ! pres5t volume1 o!rs h be5 ignor$ or treat$ ) scant consid]ation4 ,= ?is inconsi/5cy ,i h no excuse to (f]1 beyond ! /atem5t t ! subject is a l>ge "o1 & selection is necess>y ev5 ?\gh ! "w consi/s ( ?ree volumes4 ,! publication 9 #aiji ( a collection ( excell5t photographs ( ,palaeozoic ,plants1 ) brief descriptive notes1 by ,mr ,newell ,arb]1 z "o ( a s]ies ( popul> 8,nature ,books10 be>s /rik+ te/imony to ! rem>kable spread ( int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( ! vegetation ( ! pa/1 :i* is "o ( ! out/&+ features 9 ! rec5t hi/ory ( botanical sci5ce4 ,9 ! li/ ( illu/rations ,i h m5tion$ ! s\rce ( all figures :i* h be5 previ\sly publi%$4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 supplem5t ! /atem5t ( fact ) an expression ( ?anks to corporate bodies & to individuals :o h all[$ me to make use ( blocks1 draw+s1 or photographs4 ,i wi% to ?ank my colleague1 ,mr ,a4 ,g4 ,tansley1 = plac+ at my disposal sev]al blocks orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! pages ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 ,to ,pr(essor ,b]tr& ( ,lille & to 8 son ,dr ,paul ,b]tr& ,i am indebt$ = sev]al pr9ts & descriptive notes ( specim5s 9 _! possession4 ,my fri5ds ,dr ,na?or/ ( ,/ockholm & ,dr ,zeill] ( ,p>is h g5]\sly respond$ to my reque/s = in=mation on v>i\s po9ts4 ,i wi% especially to ?ank ,dr ,kid/on = sev]al excell5t pr9ts ( specim5s 9 8 collection & = ! loan ( sections4 ,i h pr(it$ by m ?an "o exam9ation ( 8 spl5did collection at ,/irl+4 ,pr(essor ,weiss has g5]\sly all[$ me to borr[ sections f ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity collections1 m especially sev]al :i* h be5 reproduc$ 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ! g5us ,lepidod5dron4 ,to ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv] my ?anks are due = ! loan ( sections f ! collection "u 8 *>ge at ,univ]sity ,college4 ,i h pleasure also 9 ?ank+ ,dr ,scott1 n only = l5d+ me sections ( a ,lepidod5dron & = all[+ me to use "s draw+s ( ,miadesmia orig9ally made by ,mrs ,scott = reproduction 9 8 invaluable book1 ,/udies 9 ,fossil ,botany1 b = k9dly und]tak+ ! labori\s task ( read+ ! pro(s ( ?is volume4 ,x w\ld be unfair to express my gratitude to ,dr ,scott = _m helpful sugge/ions & criticisms1 )\t explicitly /at+ t ?anks to a fri5d = read+ pro(s mu/ n be int]pret$ z an attempt to claim 8 support = all /atem5ts or views express$4 ,! ,g5]al ,editor ( ! ,s]ies1 ,mr ,a4 ,e4 ,%ipley1 has also k9dly read ! pro(s4 ,i am "u obligations also = assi/ance ( v>i\s k9ds to ,pr(4 ,?omas ( ,auckl&1 ,new ,zeal&1 to ,mr ,boodle ( ,kew1 to ,mr ,d4 ,m4 ,s4 ,watson ( ,man*e/]1 to ,mr ,t4 ,g4 ,hill ( ,univ]sity ,college1 & to ,mr ,gordon ( ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9d (fices ( ,miss ,m4 ,c4 ,kn[les = ! photograph ( ! specim5 ( ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica 9 ! ,iri% ,national ,museum1 ,dubl91 reproduc$ on page #efa4 ,_m ( ! illu/rations are reproduc$ f draw+s by my wife3 ^? made f ! actual specim5s are di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( ! initials ,m4 ,s4 ,i am grateful to h] also = "s improvem5ts 9 ! lett]-press4 ,= ! draw+s made f sections & = "s ( ! outl9e sket*es ,i am responsible4 ,i h avail$ myself freely ( ! facilities af=d$ by ,pr(essor ,mc,kenny ,hughes 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum ( ,geology = ! exam9ation ( specim5s "u ! *>ge ( ,mr ,newell ,arb]1 ! ,univ]sity ,demon/rator 9 ,palaeobotany4 ,x is a pleasure to add t1 z on =m] occasions1 ,i am indebt$ to ! vigilance ( ! ,read]s ( ! ,univ]sity ,press = ! detection ( sev]al errors :i* escap$ my notice 9 ! revision ( ! pro(s4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,sew>d4 ,,botany ,,s*ool1 ,,cambridge4 ,m>* #ab1 #aiaj4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,sph5ophyllales 7cont9u$ f ,volume ,i474 ,pp4 #a-af4 ,,page ,sph5ophyllum #a-g ,*eiro/robus #g-ab ,sph5ophyllales & ,psilotaceae #ab-af ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,psilotales4 ,pp4 #ag-bi4 ,psilotum & ,tmesipt]is #ag-bd ,fossils describ$ by au?ors z be+ closely alli$ to ,psilotum #bd-bf ,psilophyton #bf-bi ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,lycopodiales4 ,pp4 #cj-ia4 ,rec5t ,lycopodiales 7,g5]al7 #cj-cc ,lycopodiaceae 7,rec5t7 #cc-di ,selag9ellaceae 7,rec5t7 #di-eh ,isoetaceae 7,rec5t7 #eh-ff ,fossil ,lycopodiales #ff-ia ,isoetaceae 7,fossil7 #ff-fh ,pleuromeia #fh-gc ,h]bace\s fossil species ( ,lycopodiales #gc-ia ,lycopodites #gf-hd ,selag9ellites #he-hh ,lyco/robus #hh-ia ,poecilito/a*ys #ia ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,arboresc5t ,,lycopodiales4 ,pp4 #ib-aie4 ,lepidod5dron #ic-aha i4 ,g5]al #ic-ig ii4 ,leaves & ,leaf-cu%ions #ig-aje iii4 ,lepidophloios #aje-aji iv4 ,! anatomy ( ,lepidod5dron vascul>e #aji-abc v4 ,lepidod5dron /ems z repres5t$ by ca/s & impressions ( p>tially decorticat$ specim5s #abc-abh a4 ,knorria #abd-abf2 b4 ,b]g]ia #abf1 #abg2 c4 ,aspidi>ia #abg1 #abh4 vi4 ,lepidod5droid axes kn[n z ,ulod5dron & ,halonia #abh-aci a4 ,ulod5dron #abh-ace2 b4 ,halonia #ace-aci4 vii4 ,anatomical *>act]s ( vegetative ,lepidod5dron %oots #aci-aha #a4 ,lepidod5dron esno/5se #aci1 #adj2 #b4 ,l4 rhodumn5se #adj2 #c4 ,l4 saalfeld5se #ada2 #d4 ,l4 fulig9osum #ada-afj2 #e4 ,l4 ,h>c\rtii #afj-afc2 #f4 ,l4 ,wns*ianum #afc-aga2 #g4 ,l4 macrophyllum #aga2 #h4 ,l4 ,vel!imianum #aga-agg2 #i4 ,l4 ,p$roanum #agg1 #agh2 #aj4 ,l4 au/rale #agh-aha4 viii4 ,f]tile %oots ( ,lepidod5dreae #aha-aie ,a4 ,lepido/robus #aha-aia4 i4 ,lepido/robus v>iabilis #ahg1 #ahh2 ii4 ,l4 oldhamius #ahh-aij2 iii4 ,l4 ,br[nii1 etc4 #aij1 #aia4 ,b4 ,sp5c]ites #aib-aie4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,sigill>ia4 ,pp4 #aif-bbf4 i4 ,g5]al #aif-baj2 ii4 ,leaves #baj-bae2 iii4 ,f]tile %oots #bae-bah2 iv4 ,! /ructure ( ,sigill>ian /ems #bah-bbd2 v4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di #bbd-bbf4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,/igm>ia4 ,pp4 #bbg-bdg4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,bo?rod5dreae4 ,pp4 #bdh-bgj4 ,bo?rod5dron #bdh-bfd4 a4 ,b4 m9utifolium #bea-bec2 b4 ,b4 punctatum #bed1 #bee2 c4 ,b4 kiltork5se #bee-bei4 ,anatomy ( vegetative %oots ( ,bo?rod5dron #bfj-bfb2 ,cones ( ,bo?rod5dron #bfb-bfd4 ,p9akod5dron #bfd ,omphalophloios #bfd-bff ,g5]al consid]ations #bff-bgj ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,se$-,,be>+ ,,plants ,,closely ,,alli$ ,,to ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,lycopodiales4 ,pp4 #bga-bgi4 i4 ,lepidoc>pon #bga-bge2 ii4 ,miadesmia #bge-bgi4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,filicales4 ,pp4 #bhj-cbc4 ,i4 ,leptosporangiate ,filicales #bhc-caf ,eufilic9eae #bhd-caf4 ,osmundaceae #bhe1 #bhf2 ,s*izaeaceae #bhf-bia2 ,maton9eae #bia-bic2 ,loxsomaceae #bic2 ,hym5ophyllaceae #bid2 ,cya!aceae #bid-bif2 ,d5n/a$ti9ae #bif2 ,polypodiaceae #bif2 ,p>k]iaceae #big2 ,dipt]id9ae #bih4 ,! habit1 leaf-=m1 & di/ribution ( f]ns #cjj-cji2 ,! anatomy ( f]ns #cji-caf4 ,,ii4 ,m>attiales #caf-cba ,,iii4 ,ophioglossales #cba-cbc ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,pp4 #cbd-cid4 ,osmundaceae #cbd-cdf2 ,s*izaeaceae #cdf-cea2 ,glei*5iaceae #cea-cee2 ,maton9eae #cee-cfc2 ,hym5ophyllaceae #cfc-cfe2 ,cya!aceae #cfe-cge2 ,polypodiaceae #cge-chj2 ,dipt]id9ae #chj-cid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,m>attiales 7,,fossil74 ,pp4 #cie-daa4 ,pty*oc>pus #cig2 ,danaeites #cih2 ,p>apecopt]is #cih2 ,a/]o!ca #cih-djj2 ,hawlea #djj2 ,scolecopt]is #dja1 #djb2 ,discopt]is #djb-djd2 ,dactylo!ca #djd-djf2 ,r5aultia #djf2 ,zeill]ia #djg2 ,urnatopt]is #djg2 ,m>attiopsis #djg-dji2 ,danaeopsis #dji2 ,na?or/ia #daj1 #daa4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,ps>onieae4 ,pp4 #dab-dbf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,ophioglossales 7,,fossil74 ,pp4 #dbg-dca4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,co5opt]ideae4 ,pp4 #dcb-dgb4 ,i4 ,botryopt]eae #dcd-ddc ,,ii4 ,zygopt]eae #ddc-dgj ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,hydropt]ideae ,,& ,,sag5opt]is4 ,pp4 #dgc-dhc4 ,m>siliaceae #dgc-dge2 ,salv9iaceae #dge-dgg2 ,sag5opt]is #dgg-dhc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,g5]a ,,( ,,pt]idosp]ms1 ,,f]ns1 ,,& ,,plantae ,,inc]tae ,,s$is4 ,pp4 #dhd-ehj4 ,ta5iopt]is #dhe-did2 ,wei*selia #did-dif2 ,glossopt]is #dif-eab2 ,gangamopt]is #eab-eag2 ,lesleya #eag-eai2 ,neuropt]idium #eai-ebc2 ,c>diopt]is #ebc-ebe2 ,aphlebia #ebe-ebi2 ,sph5opt]is #ebi-ecb2 ,m>iopt]is1 ,diplotmema1 ,palmatopt]is #ecb-ecg2 ,cephalo!ca #ecg2 ,?9nfeldia #ecg-edd2 ,lomatopt]is #edd-edf2 ,cycadopt]is #edf2 ,ptilozamites #edf-edh2 ,ct5opt]is #edh-eej2 ,di*opt]is #eej-eeb2 ,odontopt]is #eeb-eef2 ,callipt]is #eeg-eei2 ,callipt]idium #efj2 ,ar*aeopt]is #eeb-efe2 ,neuropt]is #efe-ega2 ,cyclopt]is #ega1 #egb2 ,l9opt]is #egb1 #egc2 ,ale?opt]is #egc-egf2 ,lon*opt]is #egf2 ,pecopt]is #egf-ehj4 ,,index ,pp4 #fji-fbd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,sev]al ( ! illu/rations are pr9t$ f blocks = :i* ,i am indebt$ to le>n$ societies or to individuals4 ,! s\rces f :i* cli*s 7 obta9$ are m5tion$ )9 squ>e brackets4 ,,frontispiece4 ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii 7,ei*474 ,f a photograph giv5 to me by ,dr ,kid/on & ,mr ,gwynne-,vaughan4 7,page #cbi47 ,,fig4 ,,page #aab4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys #b #aac4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,rm]i #c ,sph5ophyllum tri*omatosum ,s4 majus #aad1 #aae4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys f]tilis #d1 #e ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 #aaf4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,dawsoni #f ,mr ,a4 ,g4 ,tansley1 ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #aag4 ,*eiro/robus pettycur5sis #h ,pseudobornia urs9a #aah4 ,psilotum triquetrum #ah #aai4 ,psilotum triquetrum 7anatomy7 #bj #abj4 ,tmesipt]is tann5sis #bb #aba4 ,lycopodium 7sev5 species7 #ce #abb4 ,lycopodium squ>rosum #cf #abc4 ,lycopodium c]nuum #cg #abd4 ,lycopodium obscurum #ch #abe4 ,lycopodium 7anatomy ( /em7 #da #abf4 ,lycopodium 7anatomy ( cones7 #de #abg-abi4 ,lycopodium c]nuum 7cone7 #dg-di ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 #acj4 ,selag9ella gr&is #ej #aca4 ,selag9ella 7anatomy7 #eb #acb4 ,isoetes e*9ospora #ei ,i4 lacu/ris #acc4 ,isoetes lacu/ris 7anatomy7 #fb #acd4 ,pleuromeia ,/]nb]gi #gj #ace4 ,selag9ellites & ,lycopodites #hj #acf4 ,lycopodites lanceolatus #ha ,c\ncil ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 #acg4 ,lycopodites falcatus #hc #ach4 ,selag9ellites primaevus #hf #aci4 ,lyco/robus ,scotti #hi #adj4 ,picea excelsa #id #ada4 ,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii #ig #adb4 ,sigill>ia 7leaves7 #ih #adc4 ,lepidod5dron 7leaves7 #ii #add4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum #aja #ade4 ,lepidod5dron leaf-cu%ion #ajb #adf4 ,lepidod5dron & ,lepidophloios leaf-cu%ions #ajd #adg4 ,lepidophloios leaf-cu%ion #ajh #adh-aee4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e #aab-abb #aef4 ,knorria mirabilis #abe #aeg4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum 7,ulod5dron7 #abi #aeh4 ,diagrammatic section illu/rat+ ! bran*-!ory ( ! ,ulod5droid sc> #acb ,c\ncil ( ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 #aei4 ,p9us clausa #acd #afj4 ,lepidophloios scoticus #ace #afa4 ,halonia tortuosa #acf #afb-afg4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum #adc-adg ,c\ncil ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society4 #afh4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e & ,l4 fulig9osum #adh #afi4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum #adi #agj-agb4 ,l4 fulig9osum #aej-aeb #agc4 ,lepidod5dron obovatum #aed #agd-agf4 ,lepidod5dron aculeatum #aee1 #aef ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press3 ,annals ( ,botany4 #agg4 ,/igm>ia radiculosa #aeg #agh4 ,/igm>ian rootlet #aeh #agi4 ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii & ,l4 fulig9osum #afb #ahj4 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum #afc #aha1 #ahb4 ,l4 ,wns*ianum #afe1 #aff #ahc1 #ahd4 ,l4 ,wns*ianum #afh1 #afi ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #ahe4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum #agc #ahf4 ,l4 ,vel!imianum & ,l4 macrophyllum #agf #ahg4 ,lepidod5dron au/rale #agi ,dr ,h4 ,woodw>d1 ,editor ( ! ,geological ,magaz9e4 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,lepido/robus #ahc1 #ahd #aij4 ,lepidod5dron & ,lepido/robi #ahf #aia4 ,lepido/robus #ahh #aib4 ,sp5c]ites insignis #aic ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press3 ,annals ( ,botany4 #aic4 ,sigill>ia elegans1 ,s4 rugosa1 ,s4 tessellata1 ,omphalophloios anglicus #aig #aid4 ,sigill>ia ,mc,murtriei #aii #aie4 ,sigill>ia mammill>is #aii #aif4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di1 ,s4 laevigata1 & ,lepidod5dron ,wor!ni #bjj #aig4 ,c>ica sp4 #bjb #aih1 #aii4 ,sigill>ia #bje1 #bjf #bjj4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di #bab #bja4 ,sigill>io/robus #baf #bjb4 ,sigill>ia elegans & ,s4 elongata #bbj #bjc4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di #bbe #bjd1 #bje4 ,/igm>ia ficoides #bbg1 #bbh #bjf4 ,cyp]us papyrus #bcj #bjg1 #bjh4 ,/ages 9 ! developm5t ( ,sigill>ia #bcf #bji4 ,/igm>iopsis #bcg #baj4 ,/igm>ia #bda #baa4 ,bo?rod5dron punctatum #bej #bab4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium1 ,b4 punctatum1 ,b4 kiltork5se & ,lepido/robus ,olryi #beb #bac4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium #bed #bad4 ,bo?rod5dron ,leslei #beh ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bae4 ,bo?rod5dron mundum #bei #baf4 ,bo?ro/robus #bfc ,c\ncil ( ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 #bag4 ,omphalophloios #bfe #bah4 ,lepidoc>pon ,lomaxi #bgc #bai4 ,miadesmia & ,bo?rod5dron #bgf #bbj4 ,angiopt]is evecta & ,cycas revoluta #bhc #bba4 ,osmunda c9namomea1 ,o4 regalis1 & ,todea b>b>a #bhf #bbb4 ,s*izaea elegans #bhg #bbc4 ,aneimia rotundifolia #bhh #bbd4 ,aneimia flexuosa1 ,a4 phyllitidis1 ,hym5ophyllum1 ,matonia pect9ata1 ,?yrsopt]is elegans1 ,glei*5ia #bhi #bbe4 ,glei*5ia dic>pa #bij #bbf4 ,glei*5ites ,ro/af9skii1 ,glei*5ia dic>pa1 ,g4 di*otoma #bij #bbg4 ,matonia pect9ata #bib ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 #bbh4 ,matonia pect9ata #bic #bbi4 ,?yrsopt]is elegans1 ,cya!a sp9ulosa1 ,dicksonia coniifolia1 ,d4 culcita1 ,davallia conc9na1 ,alsophila excelsa #bid #bcj4 ,dicksonia ,b]t]vana #bie ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bca4 ,dipt]is qu9quefurcata1 ,d4 conjugata1 ,d4 ,walli*ii1 & ,polypodium qu]cifolium #big #bcb4 ,davallia aculeata #bii #bcc4 ,polypodium ,bill>di]i #cjb #bcd4 ,polypodium qu]cifolium #cjc #bce4 ,hemitelia cap5sis #cjd #bcf a1 #bcf b4 ,pt]is aquil9a #cje1 #cjf ,c\ncil ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london4 #bcg4 ,matonia pect9ata1 ,matonidium1 ,glei*5ia dic>pa1 & ,tri*omanes r5i=me 7anatomy7 #caj #bch4 ,tri*omanes sc&5s #caa ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #bci4 ,platyzoma microphylla #cab ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #bdj4 ,cya!a ,imrayana #cac ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/44 #bda4 ,angiopt]is evecta & ,m>attia frax9ea #cag #bdb4 ,angiopt]is evecta & ,danaea #cah #bdc1 #bdd4 ,angiopt]is evecta #cai #bde4 ,m>attia frax9ea1 ,m4 ,kaulfussii1 ,kaulfussia1 & ,m>attiopsis ,mn/]i #cbj #bdf4 ,ophioglossum vulgatum #cbb #bdg4 ,botry*ium virg9ianum #cbb #bdh4 ,zalesskya gracilis #cbg #bdi4 ,zalesskya diploxylon #cbh #bej4 ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii #ccj #bea4 ,lon*opt]is virg9i5sis #cca #beb4 ,osmundites ,dunlopi #ccc #bec1 #bed4 ,osmundites ,kolbei #ccd1 #cce ,editor ( ! ,geological ,magaz9e4 #bee4 ,o4 ,kolbei #ccf #bef4 ,cladophlebis d5ticulata1 ,todites ,williamsoni1 ,discopt]is ,rallii1 ,kid/onia h]acle5sis1 & ,todeopsis primaeva #cdj #beg1 #beh4 ,cladophlebis d5ticulata #cdb1 #cde #bei4 ,klukia exilis #cdh ,c\ncil ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society4 #bfj4 ,ruf=dia ,goepp]ti #cdi #bfa4 ,*rysodium lanzaeanum1 ,lygodium ,kaulfussi1 ,m>attia ,hook]i #cej #bfb4 ,glei*5ites longip5nis1 ,g4 delicatula1 ,g4 ,nord5skioldi & ,g4 ,zippei #ced #bfc4 ,glei*5ites hanton5sis #cef ,c\ncil ( ! ,palaeontographical ,society4 #bfd4 ,laccopt]is elegans #ceg ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 #bfe4 ,matonidium ,wiesn]i1 ,m>attiopsis m>antacea1 ,glei*5ites gracilis1 ,laccopt]is ,goepp]ti1 & ,l4 ,mu5/]i #ceh #bff4 ,laccopt]is polypodioides #cei ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bfg4 ,laccopt]is #cei ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bfh4 8 ,laccopt]is polypodioides #cfj ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bfi4 ,matonidium ,goepp]ti #cfb ,editor ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #bgj4 ,s5ft5b]gia elegans1 ,oligoc>pia ,brongni>tii1 ,tri*omanes sp41 ,hym5ophyllum tunbridg5se1 ,sph5opt]is 7,hym5ophyllites7 quadridactylites #cfd #bga4 ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides #cfh ,c\ncil ( ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 #bgb4 ,c4 hym5ophylloides #cfi #bgc4 ,coniopt]is qu9queloba #cgj #bgd4 ,coniopt]is arguta #cga #bge4 ,coniopt]is arguta & ,c4 hym5ophylloides #cgb #bgf4 ,oncopt]is ,nettvalli #cgc #bgg4 ,protopt]is punctata #cgc #bgh4 ,laccopt]is polypodioides1 ,l4 ,mu5/]i1 ,dicksonia1 ,ony*iopsis ,mantelli1 ,hausmannia ,sew>di1 ,h4 ,kohlmanni1 & ,protopt]is ,witteana #cgd #bgi4 ,adiantides antiquus & ,a4 l9dsayoides #cgf #bhj4 ,ony*iopsis ,mantelli #cgi #bha4 ,dictyophyllum exile #cha #bhb4 ,dictyophyllum ,nilssoni1 ,rhizomopt]is ,s*5ki1 ,camptopt]is spiralis1 & ,d4 exile #chb #bhc4 ,dictyophyllum rugosum #chd ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bhd4 ,?aumatopt]is ,mn/]i #chf #bhe4 ,cla?ropt]is m5iscoides #chg #bhf4 ,cla?ropt]is egyptiaca #chh ,editor ( ! ,geological ,magaz9e4 #bhg4 ,camptopt]is spiralis #chi #bhh4 ,hausmannia di*otoma #cia #bhi4 ,hausmannia sp4 #cic #bij4 ,ale?opt]is lon*itica1 ,lon*opt]is rugosa1 ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi1 ,p>apecopt]is neuropt]oides1& ,pecopt]is 7,dactylo!ca7 plumosa #cii #bia4 ,pty*oc>pus unita1 ,a/]o!ca ,/]nb]gii1 ,danaeites s>epontanus1 ,hawlea ,miltoni1 ,h4 pul*]rima1 ,scolecopt]is elegans #djj #bib4 ,dactylo!ca plumosa #dje #bic4 ,d4 plumosa #djf #bid4 ,na?or/ia angu/ifolia & ,n4 latifolia #daj #bie4 ,ps>onius #dad #bif4 ,ps>onius inf>ctus1 ,p4 coalesc5s1 ,p4 musae=mis1 & ,p4 a/]oli?us #daf #big4 ,pecopt]is ,/]zeli #dai #bih4 ,caulopt]is peltig]a & ,megaphyton insigne #dba #bii4 ,pty*opt]is #dbc #cjj4 ,dicksonia ant>ctica #dbd #cja4 ,rhacopt]is sp4 #dbg #cjb4 ,noegg]a?ia foliosa #dbi #cjc4 ,*iropt]is ,zeill]i #dcj ,annals ( ! ,s\? ,african ,museum4 #cjd4 ,tubicaulis sol5ites #dce ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #cje4 ,botryopt]is cyl9drica #dci #cjf4 ,botryopt]is ramosa #dda #cjg4 ,botryopt]is antiqua #ddb #cjh4 ,clepsydropsis antiqua1 ,etapt]is ,scotti1 ,diplolabis =5sis1 ,zygopt]is prim>ia1 ,/auropt]is oldhamia #ddd #cji4 ,diplolabis =5sis1 ,botryopt]is =5sis1 ,corynept]is coralloides1 ,s*izopt]is p9nata #dde #caj4 ,metaclepsydropsis duplex1 ,/auropt]is oldhamia1 ,ankyropt]is sc&5s #dej #caa4 ,ankyropt]is ,grayi #dea #cab4 ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii1 ,ankyropt]is corrugata1 ,a4 bibract5sis #dec #cac4 ,ankyropt]is bibract5sis #ded #cad4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata #deg #cae4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata #deh ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #caf1 #cag4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata #dei1 #dfj #cah4 ,etapt]is ,scotti #dfb ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #cai4 ,etapt]is1 ,botryopt]is =5sis #dfc #cbj4 ,/auropt]is oldhamia #dfd ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #cba4 ,/auropt]is oldhamia #dfg #cbb4 ,/auropt]is oldhamia #dfh ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #cbc4 ,/auropt]is #dfi ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #cbd4 ,a/]o*la5a laxa #dgb ,editor ( ! ,new ,phytologi/4 #cbe4 ,sporoc>p-l bodies 78 ,sag5opt]is7 #dgh #cbf4 ,regnellidium diphyllum1 ,sag5opt]is rhoifolia #dgi #cbg4 ,sag5opt]is ,phillipsi #dhj ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cbh4 ,sag5opt]is ,phillipsi #dha ,c\ncil ( ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 #cbi4 ,ta5iopt]is mult9]vis1 ,lesleya ,delafondi #dhg #ccj4 ,ta5iopt]is ,c>noti1 ,t4 spatulata1 ,t4 coriacea #dij #cca4 ,ta5iopt]is ,c>ru!rsi #dia ,annals ( ! ,s\? ,african ,museum4 #ccb4 ,ta5iopt]is vittata #dic #ccc4 ,wei*selia ,mantelli1 ,w4 erratica #die #ccd4 ,glossopt]is ,br[niana #dii ,c\ncil ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 #cce1 #ccf4 ,glossopt]is ,br[niana #ejj1 #eja ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ccg4 ,v]tebr>ia indica #ejb #cch4 ,v]tebr>ia indica1 ,onoclea /ru?iopt]is #ejc #cci4 ,glossopt]is fronds atta*$ to rhizome #ejd #cdj1 #cda4 ,glossopt]is indica1 ,g4 angu/ifolia #ejf1 #ejg ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cdb4 ,glossopt]is angu/ifolia v>4 ta5iopt]oides #ejh ,c\ncil ( ! ,geological ,society4 #cdc4 ,ble*noxylon talbrag>5se #eji #cdd4 ,glossopt]is retif]a #eaa ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cde4 ,gangamopt]is cyclopt]oides #eae ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cdf4 ,arb]ia sp4 #eag #cdg4 ,lesleya simplic9]vis #eah #cdh4 ,neuropt]idium validum #ebj ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cdi4 ,neuropt]idium int]m$ium #ebb #cej4 ,c>diopt]is frondosa #ebd #cea4 ,gunn]a manicata #ebg #ceb4 ,sph5opt]is obtusiloba1 ,pecopt]is arboresc5s1 ,sph5opt]is furcata #ebi #cec4 ,sph5opt]is aff9is #eca #ced4 ,palmatopt]is1 ,m>iopt]is1 ,diplotmema ,zeill]i1 ,neuropt]is macrophylla1 ,n4 het]ophylla1 ,n4 ,s*eu*z]i1 ,alloiopt]is ,ess+hii #ece #cee4 ,cephalo!ca mirabilis #ecf #cef4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides1 ,ptilozamites #eci ,c\ncil ( ! ,geological ,society4 #ceg4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides #edj ,c\ncil ( ! ,geological ,society4 #ceh4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides #eda ,annals ( ! ,s\? ,african ,museum4 #cei4 ,?9nfeldia rhomboidalis #edb #cfj4 ,lomatopt]is jur5sis1 ,l4 ,s*imp]i1 ,?9nfeldia rhomboidalis #edd #cfa4 ,ptilozamites ,he]i #edg #cfb4 ,ct5opt]is cycadea #edi #cfc4 ,di*opt]is visianica #eea #cfd4 ,ale?opt]is lon*itica1 ,m>iopt]is muricata1 ,odontopt]is cf4 alp9a #eec #cfe4 ,odontopt]is m9or #eed #cff4 ,odontopt]is g5u9a1 ,callipt]idium gigas1 ,callipt]is ,pellati1 ,c4 lyratifolia #eeg #cfg4 ,callipt]is conf]ta #eei #cfh4 ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica #efa #cfi4 ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica1 ,a4 ar*etypus1 ,a4fissilis1 ,a4 fimbriata #efd #cgj4 ,neuropt]is ) ,cyclopt]is leaflets #eff ,f a block receiv$ f ,mr ,c>ru!rs4 #cga4 ,neuropt]is het]ophylla #efh #cgb4 ,neuropt]is macrophylla #efi #cgc4 ,neuropt]is ,s*eu*z]i #egj #cgd4 ,l9opt]is neuropt]oides #egc #cge4 ,ale?opt]is ,s]lii #ege #cgf4 ,pecopt]is arboresc5s #egh ,,errata ,,9 ,,vol4 ,i ,page #af1 l9e #d4 ,= 8,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,tulip tree0 read ,! ,tulip tree ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,*9a4 #ff1 l9e #b f ! bottom4 ,= 8,br[]a0 read ,b][ra4 #abg1 l9e #c & #d f bottom4 ,= ,a*yla & ,palaea*yla read ,a*lya & ,palaea*lya4 #ade1 l9es #d & #e4 ,= 8,upp] ,gre5s&0 read ,l[] ,eoc5e4 #afb1 l9e #c f bottom4 ,= 8,corall9a b>bata0 read ,cymopolia b>bata4 #agj1 l9e #bj4 ,= 8sporangiaphore0 read sporangiophore4 #ahe1 l9e #b4 ,! g5]a ,udotea & ,halim$a1 memb]s ( ! ,siphoneae1 are incorrectly includ$ "u ! ,corall9aceae4 #aia1 l9e #aa f bottom4 ,omit ,*ondrus crispus1 :i* is "o ( ! ,florideae & n a ,br[n ,alga4 #bjb1 l9e #ac4 ,= 8,halm$a0 read ,halim$a4 #bej1 l9e #aa4 ,= 8?ree0 read !4 #cha1 l9e #aj4 ,= 8,calamopytus0 read ,calamopitys4 ,,*apt] ,,xii#a4 ,,sph5ophyllales 7conclud$74 ,sph5ophyllum4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,sph5ophyllales giv5 9 ! fir/ volume#b ( ?is "w mu/ be ext5d$ & some:at modifi$ 9 ! light ( rec5t "w on ! f]tile %oots ( ,sph5ophyllum4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,dawsoni 7,w47 0 describ$ z consi/+ ( an axis be>+ sup]pos$ :orls ( bracts connate at ! base 9 ! =m ( a %all[ funnel-%ap$ coll> giv+ (f f ! upp] surface & close to ! axis ( ! cone two conc5tric s]ies ( sporangiophores4 ,occasionally !re are ?ree s]ies1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aab4 ,9 ano!r type ( /robilus1 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,rm]i#c ea* sporangiophore t]m9ates 9 two p5dul\s sporangia 7fig4 #aac1 ,a2 see also fig4 #ajg1 ,c1 vol4 ,i474 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! common occurr5ce ( deta*$ /robili necessitates _! description "u di/9ct specific names2 x is only by a r>e accid5t t we c assign fossil cones to _! vegetative %oots4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 reasons = believ+ t ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,dawsoni is ! /robilus ( ! plant orig9ally describ$ by ,/]nb]g#d f impressions ( foliage-%oots z ,rotul>ia cuneifolia4 ,ano!r difficulty pres5t$ by petrifi$ mat]ial is t ( det]m9+1 ) c]ta9ty1 :e!r two imp]fect specim5s1 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 features :i* d n appe> to be ( suffici5t importance to w>rant specific sep>ation1 are =ms ( "o species or portions ( specifically di/9ct cones4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,scott#e t ! /robilus kn[n z ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,dawsoni probably includes two di/9ct species1 "o be+ ! cone ( ,sph5ophyllum cuneifolium ,/]nb41 & ! o!r ! cone ( ,s4 myriophyllum ,crp#f4 ,! /em ( ,s4 myriophyllum agrees anatomically ) ! type kn[n z ,sph5ophyllum plurifoliatum ,w4 & ,scott#g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,sket* ( a radial longitud9al section ( ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys4 ,!re are usually two conc5tric s]ies ( sporangia on ! sporophylls1 n ?ree z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! upp] figure 7aft] ,zeill]7 %[s ! l9e> bracts 9 surface-view4 ,9 addition to ! two types ( cone already m5tion$1 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,dawsoni & ,s4 ,rm]i1 o!rs h be5 describ$ by ,kid/on f c>bonis$ impressions4 ,"o ( ^! is ! f]tile bran* ( ,sph5ophyllum majus#h4 ,! basal portions ( ! bracts ( ea* :orl =m a n>r[ coll> r\nd ! axis ( ! cone2 ! free portion ( ea* bract consi/s ( a lam9a divid$ into two equal bifid lobes be>+ on its upp] surface "o gr\p1 or possibly two gr\ps1 ( f\r sessile sporangia betwe5 ! n>r[ coh]5t bases ( ! lam9ae & ! s9us betwe5 ! t]m9al lobes 7fig4 #aac1 ,c74 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic feature is ! great] l5g? ( ! int]nodes2 ?is r5d]s ! cone less compact & less %>ply diff]5tiat$ f ! vegetative %oots ?an ^? ( o!r species4 ,a specim5 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection illu/rates ! peculi> "* ( ! f]tile portion ( ?is species2 x consi/s ( an axis be>+ a succession ( lax sporophylls succe$$ above & bel[ by :orls ( /]ile leaves4 ,9 ?is species1 !re=e1 we _c speak ( a compact /robilus at ! end ( a %oot ( limit$ gr[?1 b ( axes 9 :i* /]ile & f]tile leaves are borne alt]nately#i1 a condition recall+ ! alt]nation ( foliage leaves & sporophylls 9 ,tmesipt]is & 9 ,lycopodium ,selago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,a4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,rm]i4 7,solms-,lauba*47 ,b4 ,sph5ophyllum tri*omatosum ,/ur4 ,c4 ,sph5ophyllum majus4 ,bronn4 7,a-,c4 ,aft] ,kid/on47 ,ano!r =m ( cone1 also f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures1 is ref]r$ by ,kid/on to ,sph5ophyllum tri*omatosum ,/ur#aj 7fig4 #aac1 ,b73 ?is is *>act]is$ by ! m horizontal position ( ! bracts1 :i* 8d n appe> to be s mu* or s sudd5ly b5t upw>ds 9 _! di/al portion z 9 "s o!r species ( ,sph5ophyllum10 & by sessile sporangia borne s+ly on ! upp] face ( ea* bract4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys f]tilis 7,scott74 7,aft] ,scott47 ,diagram ( a node 9 longitud9al section1 %[+ "o sporophyll & ! base ( ! opposite "o4 v4l4 v5tral lobe ( sporophyll2 v4s4 "o ( ! segm5ts into :i* x divides2 v4s4 /ump ( ano!r segm5t2 d4l4 dorsal lobe2 d4s41 d4s4 segm5ts ( dorsal lobe4 ,a m rec5t addition to our k ( ! f]tile %oots ( ,sph5ophyllum is due to ,scott :o has describ$ a new type ( cone "u ! "n ,sph5ophyllum f]tile#aa4 ,! petrifi$ specim5 on :i* ! species 0 f\nd$ 0 discov]$ by ,mr ,james ,lomax 9 ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire2 x repres5ts a portion ( a cone #f cm4 long & approximately #ab mm4 broad4 ,! axis conta9s a s+le vascul> cyl9d] agree+ 9 ess5tials ) ! type ( /em /ructure kn[n z ,sph5ophyllum plurifoliatum4 ,! nodal regions1 :i* exhibit ! slight swell+ *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us1 be> sev]al 7probably twelve7 app5dages connate at ! base & =m+ a n>r[ flange encircl+ ! axis4 ,ea* bract1 ! base ( :i* =ms "p ( ! n>r[ coll> surr\nd+ ! axis1 consi/s ( two lobes1 v5tral & dorsal1 divid$ palmately into sev]al 7sometimes f\r7 segm5ts or sporangiophores 7fig4 #aae74 ,ea* sporangiophore t]m9ates di/ally 9 an oblong or oval lam9a be>+ two sporangia on its adaxial face 7fig4 #aad74 ,! space betwe5 ! axis & ! p]iph]y ( ! cone is ?us occupi$ by cr[d$ peltate lam9ae1 ea* ) its pair ( sporangia4 ,a s+le vascul> bundle supplies ea* sporangiophore & bifurcates 9 ! di/al lam9a into two bran*es :i* ext5d to ! bases ( ! sporangia4 ,! sporangia agree 9 /ructure ) ^? ( o!r species ( ,sph5ophyllum3 ! spores are ( "o size & elliptical1 *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( sev]al %>p ridges or flanges encircl+ ! spore-wall 9 ! direction ( ! major-axis4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys f]tilis diff]s f all previ\sly record$ types 9 ! abs5ce ( /]ile bracts4 ,! app5dages ( ! cone-axis are all f]tile1 a /rik+ contra/ to ! diff]5tiation into protective & sporangia-be>+ bracts :i* con/itutes a con/ant feature 9 ! cones ( ,sph5ophyllum & ,calamites4 ,x is possible1 z ,scott sugge/s1 t ! abs5ce ( /]ile segm5ts is ! result ( modification ( ! m usual type ( /robilus2 in/ead ( ! dorsal & v5tral lobes ( ! bracts %>+ betwe5 !m ! duties ( protection & spore-production1 ! :ole ( ea* bract is con/ruct$ on ! plan ( ! maximum spore-output1 ! lam9> t]m9ations ( ! sporangiophores s]v+ ! purpose ( protection4 ,! cone may be describ$ z m specialis$ ?an ! normal type ( /robilus = reproductive purposes#ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys f]tilis 7,scott74 7,aft] ,scott47 ,diagram ( a s+le sporophyll z x w\ld appe> 9 a transv]se section ( ! cone2 %[+ "o lobe 7dorsal or v5tral74 ax1 "p ( axis to :i* ! sporophylls are atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,dawsoni4 7,aft] ,?oday47 ,a4 ,l>g] spores2 ,b1 abortive spores2 ,c1 mature spores %[+ ! *>act]i/ic sp9es4 ,x has be5 /at$1 on evid5ce :i* is unsatisfactory1 t ,sph5ophyllum possesses two k9ds ( spores4 ,:ile reg>d+ ! g5us z homospor\s on ! evid5ce be=e u1 x is int]e/+ to f9d t cases occur 9 :i* ! spores 9 ! same sporangium exhibit a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 size4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ by ,williamson & ,scott#ac to v>iation 9 ! dim5sions ( spores3 a m pron\nc$ diff]5ce 9 size has be5 record$ by ,mr ,?oday#ad :o gives #abj z ! maximum & #ij z ! m9imum diamet] ( ! spores 9 a cone ( ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,dawsoni4 ,! pres5ce ( sev]al abortive spores 9 ! sporangium 7fig4 #aaf7 conta9+ ! l>g] spores fav\rs ! view t ?is diff]5ce 9 size may be ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! developm5t ( het]ospory4 ,x is cle> t ! types ( /robilus designat$ ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys 7figs4 #aab-aad7 pres5t a div]g5ce ( *>act]s too great to be compris$ "u "o g5us2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( full] in=mation1 we _c d o!rwise ?an foll[ ! only logical cu/om ( gr\p+ !m toge!r z examples ( /robili borne by plants :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 are mo/ conv5i5tly ref]r$ to ! g5us ,sph5ophyllum4 ,*eiro/robus4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 appli$ by ,dr ,scott#ae to a calcifi$ cone obta9$ by ,mr ,james ,b5nie 9 #ahhc f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s plant-b$s ( ,pettycur ne> ,burntisl& on ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,*eiro/robus is di/+ui%$ f ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys by its great] bread? 7#c4e cm472 ext]nally x agrees m closely ) ! f]tile %oots ( ,lepidod5dron ?an ) ^? ( ,sph5ophyllum4 ,a s+le vascul> cyl9d] hav+ ! =m ( a flut$ ,doric column 7fig4 #aag1 ,b1 x7 occupies ! axis ( ! cone3 x consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( reticulate tra*eae :i* t5d to assume a %ort or isodiametric =m 9 ! c5tral region2 ! small] protoxylem tra*eids ) ! spiral =m ( pitt+ con/itute ! %>p & prom95t ridges at ! p]iph]y ( ! xylem-cyl9d]4 ,9 ! out] "p ( ! cyl9d] ! metaxylem#af consi/s exclusively ( tra*eae1 b t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! axis ^! are associat$ ) num]\s p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,! xylem is !re=e c5tripetal 9 orig9 z 9 ,sph5ophyllum & 9 ne>ly all rec5t & fossil memb]s ( ! ,lycopodiales4 ,9 ! type-specim5 ( ,*eiro/robus ! vascul> cyl9d] ( ! cone consi/s entirely ( prim>y xylem1 b second>y xylem has be5 f\nd 9 a m rec5tly discov]$ specim5#ag4 ,second>y xylem occurs also 9 ! p$uncle ( ! cone4 ,no appreciable rema9s ( phloem h be5 f\nd4 ,! cortex consi/s ( slightly elongat$ r ?ick-wall$ tissue conta9+ secretory sacs4 ,cr[d$ sup]pos$ :orls ( bracts 7or sporophylls71 usually twelve 9 ea* :orl1 are borne on ! axis & ea* sporophyll receives a s+le vascul> bundle f "o ( ! v]tical ridges ( ! xylem column 7fig4 #aag1 ,a1 lt74 ,! memb]s ( ea* :orl are connate at ! base3 f ?is n>r[ coll> ea* sporophyll bran*es into an upp] or dorsal & a l[] or v5tral limb 7fig4 #aag1 ,a1 f & s74 ,ea* limb divides palmately at a %ort di/ance f its orig9 into ?ree sl5d] segm5ts1 :i* ext5d 9 a horizontal direction & t]m9ate 9 l>ge lam9> expansions 7fig4 #aag1 ,b1 s7 to af=d a protective cov]+ to ! surface ( ! cone4 ,! upp] set ( ?ree segm5ts1 con/itut+ sporangiophores 7fig4 #aag1 ,a1 ,b1 f7 or f]tile divisions ( ! sporophyll1 exp& di/ally into comp>atively bulky lam9ae2 ea* ( ^! be>s on its adaxial face f\r diagonally plac$ outgr[?s :i* =m ! %ort p$icels ( v long & n>r[ sporangia4 ,! ?ree l[] segm5ts--! /]ile divisions ( ! sporophylls--7fig4 #aag1 ,a1 ,b1 s7 are simil> to ! upp] set except 9 _! great] l5g? & 9 ! kite-%ap$ =m ( _! di/al lam9ae :i* are provid$ ) lat]al lobes4 ,! s+le vascul> /r& :i* supplies ea* sporophyll is repres5t$ at lt 9 fig4 #aag1 ,b2 at lt ! /r& has divid$ into f\r1 ! ?ree upp] bundles 9 ! figure supply ! /]ile segm5ts & ! s+le l[] bundle ultimately divides into ?ree :i* supply ! f]tile segm5ts4 ,a pair ( blunt processes 7fig4 ,a1 s7 ext5d d[nw>ds ov] ! ends ( ! und]ly+ f]tile lam9a & two sl5d] prolongations ext5d upw>ds ?r\gh sev]al int]nodes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,a1 ,b4 ,*eiro/robus pettycur5sis ,scott4 7,aft] ,scott47 ,c1 ,d4 ,pseudobornia urs9a ,na?4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,a4 ,diagrammatic radial longitud9al section ( "p ( ! cone-axis & two sporophylls4 lt1 bundle pass+ out to sporophyll2 f1 f]tile segm5t ( sporophyll %[+ two sporangia2 s1 /]ile 7l[]7 segm5t4 ,b4 ,"p ( transv]se section4 x1 /ele2 lt1 lt1 bundles on _! way to sporophylls2 a1 tips ( /]ile segm5ts ( l[] sporophylls4 ,c4 ,palmately bran*$ leaf 7 natural size74 ,d4 ,node ( /em %[+ leaf-bases4 ,an economical arrangem5t ( ! long & n>r[ sporangia & ( ! sporophyll-segm5ts betwe5 ! axis & ! p]iph]y ( ! cone is r5d]$ possible by ! int]lock+ ( ! /]ile & f]tile segm5ts by means ( a groove 9 ! upp] face ( ! latt] = ! accommodation ( ! =m]4 ,! sporangia are *>act]is$ by _! unusually long & n>r[ =m3 ! l5g? ( a sporangium may rea* #a c5timetre4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! wall ! sporangia ( ,*eiro/robus agree closely ) ^? ( ,calamo/a*ys#ah & ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys4 ,! spores are ( "o size only4 ,! vascul> cyl9d] ( ! p$uncle1 orig9ally describ$ by ,williamson#ai z ! p$uncle ( a l>ge ,lepido/robus 7! cone ( ,lepidod5dron71 is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( a %ort radially dispos$ zone ( second>y tra*eids1 a feature1 z ,scott po9ts out1 :i* may ext5d into ! axis ( ! cone4 ,x is notewor?y t ! protoxylem elem5ts are n always ext]nal1 b occasionally occur int]nal to "o or two ( ! out]mo/ metaxylem tra*eae3 ! usual ex>*#bj /ructure ( ! c5tral cyl9d] is n !re=e absolutely con/ant1 b may be replac$ by a mes>* arrangem5t4 ,! pres5ce ( a few /]ile leaves on ! p$uncle bel[ ! f]tile portion ( ! cone1 :i* agree 9 _! lob$ lam9ae ) ! sporophylls1 is ! only fact :i* we possess z to ! =m ( ! vegetative *>act]s ( ! g5us4 ,! above description is suffici5t to indicate ! extraord9>y complexity & high degree ( specialisation ( ,*eiro/robus4 ,! sporophylls1 ) _! trilob$ segm5ts1 & ! cr[d$ sporangia ( exceptional l5g? atta*$ only by a n>r[ base con/itute /rik+ peculi>ities ( ! g5us4 ,x is un=tunate t we are /ill )\t any satisfactory evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! plant ! cones ( :i* h be5 made ! type ( a new g5us & a new family4 ,*eiro/robus af=ds an int]e/+ example ( a type ( reproductive %oot con/ruct$ on a plan sui g5]is1 & may be class$ ) "s o!r ext9ct g5]a z in/ances ( ! production 9 ! c\rse ( evolution ( ar*itectural s*emes :i* appe> to h be5 ill adapt$ = competition ) equally effici5t ?\gh mu* simpl] types4 ,b ! discov]y ( ^! isolat$ =ms ( re/rict$ geological range among ! relics ( ! ,palaeozoic vegetation frequ5tly supplies a key to phylog5etic problems4 ,*eiro/robus by its complex comb9ation ( features *>act]i/ic ( ! ,equisetales1 ! ,lycopodiales & ! g5us ,sph5ophyllum ?r[s a welcome light on ! int]-relation%ips ( gr\ps :i* repres5t div]g5t s]ies4 ,! comb9ation ( morphological features 9 ?is g5]alis$ type l$ ! au?or ( ! g5us to describe x z a desc5dant ( an old /ock :i* exi/$ prior to ! div]g5ce ( ! ,equisetales & ,lycopodiales4 ,! discov]y ( ?is new type ( /robilus naturally l$ to a se>* among ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s plants = vegetative %oots exhibit+ *>act]s con=mable ) ! :orl$ & bran*$ leaves ( ,*eiro/robus4 ,9 ,sph5ophyllum we h a g5us obvi\sly comp>able ) ,*eiro/robus z reg>ds ! =m & disposition ( ! leaves1 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! cones & ! /rik+ simil>ity ( ! vascul> cyl9d] ( ! latt] to t ( ,lepidod5dron demon/rate conclusively t we mu/ look else:]e = ! vegetative memb]s ( ! plant :i* produc$ cones ( ! ,*eiro/robus type4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pseudobornia ,9 #aijb ,pr(essor ,na?or/#ba in/itut$ ! g5]ic "n ,pseudobornia = plants ( :i* imp]fect examples _h previ\sly be5 ref]r$ by ,he]#bb to ,calamites "u ! "n ,c4 radiatus4 ,he]'s plants 7 obta9$ f ,upp] ,devonian rocks ( ,be> ,isl& 9 ! ,arctic seas & additional specim5s 7 br\ght f ! same locality by ! ,sw$i% ,pol> ,exp$ition ( #ahih4 ,pseudobornia possesses jo9t$ /ems 7fig4 #aag1 ,d7 be>+ :orl$ & %ortly /alk$ leaves1 (t5 f\r 9 numb]1 at ea* node4 ,! leaves are palmately bran*$ ) f9e s]rat$ edges 7fig4 #aag1 ,c74 ,c]ta9 specim5s1 :i* are no d\bt correctly describ$ by ,na?or/ z cones1 are *>act]is$ by a ?ick axis be>+ :orl$ leaves ) sporangia on _! l[] surfaces1 b ! mat]ial is n suffici5tly well pres]v$ to r5d] possible a recognition ( /ructural details4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,scott t ,pseudobornia may possibly be ref]able to ! ,sph5ophyllales & t ! /em ( ,*eiro/robus 8may h _h some?+ 9 common )0 ,na?or/'s g5us#bc4 ,! b$s 9 :i* ! /ems occur are ( ,upp] ,devonian age1 :ile ,*eiro/robus 0 f\nd 9 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks3 ?is diff]5ce 9 age is n1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s objection to ! validity ( ! comp>ison4 ,we _c d m ?an express ! view t ,pseudobornia1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$ )\t an exam9ation ( petrifi$ mat]ial or ( m p]fect impressions ( /robili1 exhibits vegetative features n inconsi/5t ) ! morphological *>act]s ( ! f]tile %oots kn[n z ,*eiro/robus4 ,! in/itution ( a special gr\p-"n = ! reception ( ,sph5ophyllum is ju/ifi$ by ! sum ( its morphological features1 :i* d n suffici5tly con=m to ^? ( any exi/+ gr\p ( ,pt]idophytes to w>rant its inclusion 9 a sy/em ( classification bas$ on rec5t g5]a4 ,9 ! case ( ,*eiro/robus we are limit$ to ! *>act]s ( ! cone & its p$uncle4 ,! sugge/ion t ! ,devonian fossils kn[n z ,pseudobornia may repres5t ! foliage %oots ( a plant closely relat$ to ,*eiro/robus has /ill to be prov$ correct4 ,al?\gh we may f9d ju/ification 9 ! highly complex & peculi> /ructure ( ,*eiro/robus = ! recognition ( ! g5us z a type ( /ill ano!r gr\p ( ,pt]idophytes1 x w\ld be unwise to take ?is /ep )\t additional k4 ,! und\bt$ simil>ity betwe5 ,*eiro/robus & ,sph5ophyllum c\pl$ ) /rik+ po9ts ( diff]5ce fav\rs ! inclusion ( ! two g5]a 9 di/9ct families plac$1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 9 ! gr\p ,sph5ophyllales4 ,gr\p ,,sph5ophyllales4 ,sph5ophylleae3 g5us ,sph5ophyllum4 ,*eiro/robeae3 g5us ,*eiro/robus4 ,x has rec5tly be5 propos$ to include ! family ,psilotaceae1 compris+ ! two rec5t g5]a ,psilotum & ,tmesipt]is1 z ano!r subdivision ( ! ,sph5ophyllales4 ,?is proposal _h be5 made by ,pr(essor ,?omas#bd prim>ily on ! gr\nd t ! sporophylls ( ,tmesipt]is & ,psilotum appe> to af=d ! close/ p>allel among exi/+ plants to ! peculi> =m ( sporophyll *>act]i/ic ( ! ,sph5ophyllales4 ,! morphological int]pretation ( ! sporophylls ( bo? ,sph5ophyllum & ,*eiro/robus has be5 ! s\rce ( consid]able discussion#be4 ,if we reg>d ea* sporophyll z a leaf ) two lobes1 "o f]tile & "o /]ile1 except 9 ! case ( ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys f]tilis 9 :i* bo? are f]tile1 an obvi\s comp>ison may be made ) ! f]n ,ophioglossum2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s+le f]n frond1 consi/+ ( a comp>atively l>ge /]ile lam9a be>+ a f]tile bran* compos$ ( a long axis ) two r[s ( sporangia emb$d$ 9 its tissues1 & ! :orl$ sporophylls ( ,sph5ophyllum is consid]able4 ,sid5ote3 ,,psilotaceae ,a brief ref]5ce may be made to ! pr9cipal reasons :i* h l$ to ! sugge/ion t ! ,psilotaceae %\ld be includ$ 9 ! ,sph5ophyllales4 ,! %oots ( ,tmesipt]is be> simple foliage leaves spirally dispos$ on a sl5d] axis1 & 9 association ) ^! occur sporophylls consi/+ ( a %ort axis be>+ a pair ( small lobes & a bilocul> synangium#bf 7fig4 #abj1 ,b74 ,! synangium is seat$ on a v %ort /alk giv5 (f f its sporophyll at ! base ( ! pair ( lam9ae3 ! synangium ) its %ort /alk may be spok5 ( z ! sporangiophore4 ,9 mo/ cases ! synangium appe>s to be sessile on ! sporophyll1 b occasionally ! mu* r$uc$ /alk is prolong$ & =ms an obvi\s feature4 ,dr ,scott#bg sugge/$ t ! ,tmesipt]is synangium ) its axis may correspond to ! v5tral lobe 7or sporangiophore7 ( ,sph5ophyllum4 ,9 ! latt] g5us ! :orl$ sporophylls consi/ 9 mo/ species ( a dorsal & a v5tral lobe1 ! latt] s]v+ z a sporangiophore be>+ "o or m sporangia2 9 ,tmesipt]is ! sporophylls are spirally dispos$ & ea* consi/s ( a bilob$ /]ile portion be>+ a septate sporangium or bilocul> synangium on a v %ort v5tral lobe4 ,pr(essor ,b[]#bh1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! developm5t & /ructure ( ! sporophylls ( ,tmesipt]is1 drew att5tion to ! comp>atively frequ5t occurr5ce ( abnormal sporophylls & spoke ( ! plant z un/able4 ,m rec5tly ,pr(essor ,?omas#bi ( ,auckl& has c>efully exam9$ liv+ plants1 ) ! result t v>iations ( diff]5t k9ds are prov$ to be exce$+ly common4 ,he f9ds t sporophylls occur :i* exhibit repeat$ di*otomy ( ! axis 7fig4 #abj1 ,d1 ,f7 & ?us ea* may be> f\r in/ead ( two leaf-lobes & ?ree synangia1 "o at ! fir/ =k & "o at ea* ( ! =ks ( ! second ord]#cj4 ,o!r abnormalities occur 9 :i* ! synangium is rais$ on a di/9ct /alk in/ead ( be+ m or less sessile at ! po9t f :i* ! leaf-lobes div]ge4 ,a ?ird =m ( dep>ture f ! normal is t 9 :i* !re is no synangium on ! bilob$ sporophyll1 its place be+ tak5 by a leaf-lobe4 ,! d$uction f ! occurr5ce ( ^! abnormalities is t ! synangium ( ,tmesipt]is repres5ts a v5tral leaf-lobe1 z ,scott sugge/$4 ,pr(essor ,?omas draws att5tion to ! resemblance betwe5 ,tmesipt]is sporophylls & ! foliage-leaves ( ,sph5ophyllum1 :i* are ei!r simple ) di*otom\sly bran*$ ve9s or ! lam9a is deeply divid$ into two or m segm5ts4 ,9 "s types ( ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ! bracts are simple 7,s4 ,dawsoni71 b 9 o!rs 7,sph5ophyllum majus1 fig4 #aac1 ,c7 !y are =k$ l ! foliage-leaves & be> a close resemblance to ! abnormal sporophylls ( ,tmesipt]is4 ,moreov]1 9 ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys ,rm]i 7fig4 #aac1 ,a7 ea* v5tral lobe ( a sporophyll be>s two sporangia1 a condition almo/ id5tical ) t repres5t$ by ! occasional occurr5ce ( a synangium on a comp>atively long /alk 9 ,tmesipt]is4 ,simil>ly ! m elaborate sporophylls ( ,*eiro/robus may be comp>$ ) ! bran*$ sporophylls ( ,tmesipt]is 7fig4 #abj74 ,?is agreem5t betwe5 ! sporophylls ( ! ,palaeozoic & rec5t g5]a acquires additional importance f ! v close resemblance betwe5 ! ex>* /ele ( ,sph5ophyllum & t ( ! g5us ,psilotum1 :i* con=ms to ! ,palaeozoic type n only 9 ! c5tripetal "* ( ! prim>y xylem & 9 its ex>* /ructure1 b also 9 ! occasional occurr5ce ( second>y xylem#ca1 & 9 ! /ellate =m ( its transv]se section4 ,! occasional mes>* /ructure ( ! /ele ( ,*eiro/robus f9ds a p>allel 9 ! mes>* xylem gr\ps 9 ! /em ( ,tmesipt]is4 ,x is ?us on ! /r5g? ( ^! resemblances t ,?omas & ,b[] w\ld remove ! ,psilotaceae f ! gr\p ,lycopodiales & unite !m ) ,sph5ophyllum & ,*eiro/robus 9 ! ,sph5ophyllales4 ,:ile admitt+ ! validity ( ! comp>ison briefly ref]r$ to above1 ,i pref] to reta9 ! ,psilotaceae z a division ( ! ,pt]idophyta includ+ only ,psilotum & ,tmesipt]is4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sph5ophyllum ,9 8 rec5t book on ,! ,orig9 ( ,l& ,flora1 ,pr(4 ,b[] raises objection to ! use ( ! t]m v5tral lobe 9 speak+ ( ! sporangium-be>+ /alk or sporangiophore borne on ! sporophyll ( ,sph5ophyllum4 ,he po9ts out t ! use ( ?is t]m implies ! d]ivation ( ! sporangiophore by metamorphosis ( "p ( a vegetative leaf1 an op9ion unt5able 9 ! abs5ce ( pro(4 ,! designation sporangiophore is no d\bt pref]able to t ( v5tral lobe z x c>ries ) x no admission ( p>ticul> morphological value2 z a fur!r concession to a non-committal attitude we may provisionally at lea/ reg>d a sporangiophore z an organ sui g5]is 8& n ! result ( modification ( any o!r "p#cb40 ,! view put =w>d by ,pr(4 ,ligni]#cc t ! ,sph5ophyllales are desc5dants ( primitive f]ns is n conv9c+1 & 8 comp>ison ( ,sph5ophyllum ) ,ar*aeopt]is lacks =ce 9 view ( our ignorance z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs ( ! latt] g5us4 ,t ! ,sph5ophyllales are connect$ ) ! ,equisetales & ) ! ,psilotales by important morphological features is cle>2 b ! comp>ison betwe5 ! sporophylls ( ! ext9ct g5]a ) ^? ( ! exi/+ g5us ,tmesipt]is1 ?\gh helpful & possibly bas$ on true homology1 _c be consid]$ z settl+ ! morphological value ( ! sporangiophores ( ,sph5ophyllum & ,*eiro/robus4 ,i d n propose to discuss at l5g? ! diff]5t views 9 reg>d to ! morphological nature ( ! sporangiophore ( ,sph5ophyllum4 ,! comp>ison1 :i* we owe 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,scott1 ) ! synangium ( ! ,psilotales ) its %ort /alk1 ?\gh n accept$ by ,ligni] z a comp>ison bas$ on true homology1 is "o :i* appeals to _m botani/s & is probably ! be/ s f> sugge/$4 ,! fur!r "q1 :e!r ^! sporangiophores are to be call$ foli> or axial /ructures is "o :i* has be5 answ]$ by sev]al au?ors1 b x is improbable t we %all soon arrive at a decision likely to be accept$ z f9al4 ,discussions ( ?is k9d t5d to assume an exagg]at$ importance & frequ5tly c>ry ) !m ! implication t e app5dage ( ! nature ( a sporangiophore c be labell$ ei!r %oot or leaf4 ,we treat ! "q f an academic /&po9t & run a risk ( ignor+ ! fact t ! conception ( /em & leaf is bas$ on morphological *>act]i/ics1 :i* h be5 evolv$ z ! result ( gradual diff]5tiation ( p>ts ( "o orig9ally homog5e\s :ole4 ,!re is mu* t is attractive 9 ! view rec5tly prop\nd$ by ,mr ,tansley t a leaf is n an app5dicul> organ diff]+ ab initio f ! axis on :i* x is borne1 b t x is 9 phylog5etic orig9 a 8bran*-sy/em ( a primitive undiff]5tiat$ sporangium-be>+ ?allus#cd40 ,admitt+ ! probability t ?is view is correct1 our fai? 9 ! importance ( discussions on ! morphological nature ( sporangiophores is %ak51 & we realise ! possibility t our zeal = =mality & classification may lead to results inconsi/5t ) an evolution>y /&po9t#ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,psilotales4 ,! two rec5t g5]a ,psilotum & ,tmesipt]is are usually spok5 ( z memb]s ( ! family ,psilotaceae :i* is includ$ z "o ( ! subdivisions ( ! ,lycopodiales4 ,x is probable1 z ,scott#cf fir/ sugge/$1 t ^! two plants are m ne>ly alli$ ?an are any o!r exi/+ types to ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,sph5ophyllum4 ,we may give expression to ! und\bt$ resemblances betwe5 ,tmesipt]is & ,psilotum & ! ,sph5ophyllales by includ+ ! rec5t g5]a z memb]s ( t gr\p1 orig9ally f\nd$ on ! ext9ct g5us ,sph5ophyllum2 ?is is ! c\rse adopt$ by ,?omas#cg & by ,b[]#ch3 or we may emphasise ! fact t ^! two rec5t g5]a diff] 9 c]ta9 important respects f ,lycopodium & ,selag9ella by remov+ !m to a sep>ate gr\p1 ! ,psilotales4 ,! latt] c\rse is pref]r$ on ! gr\nd t ! inclusion ( ,psilotum & ,tmesipt]is 9 a gr\p f\nd$ on an ext9ct & necess>ily imp]fectly kn[n type1 is bas$ on insuffici5t evid5ce & c>ries ) x an assumption ( clos] relation%ip ?an has be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,! g5us ,tmesipt]is 7fig4 #abj1 ,a7 is repres5t$ by a s+le species ,t4 tann5sis ,b]tr4#ci :i* usually occurs z an epiphyte on ! /ems ( tree-f]ns 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,polynesia4 ,psilotum1 ) two species ,p4 triquetrum ,sw4 7fig4 #aah7 & ,p4 complanatum ,sw41 fl\ri%es 9 moi/ tropical regions ( bo? hemisph]es1 gr[+ ei!r on soil ri* 9 organic sub/ances or z an epiphyte4 ,bo? g5]a are consid]$ to be m or less saprophytic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,psilotum triquetrum 7 natural size74 ,a4 ,synangium4 ,b4 ,sporophyll aft] removal ( ! synangium4 7,m4,s47 ,psilotum4 ,! common tropical species ,p4 triquetrum 7fig4 #aah7 is *>act]is$ by an und]gr\nd rhizome :i* =ms a confus$ mass ( d>k br[n bran*es cov]$ ) filam5t\s hairs z sub/itutes = roots & gives (f erect repeat$ly =k$ a]ial %oots4 ,9 ,p4 complanatum#dj ! habit is simil> to t ( ! m abundant & bett]-kn[n species1 b ! p5dul\s %oots are *>act]is$ by _! broad] & flatt] =m4 ,9 bo? species ! function ( c>bon-assimilation is p]=m$ by ! out] cortex ( ! gre5 bran*es1 z ! small size ( ! widely-sep>at$ foliage leaves r5d]s !m practically useless z assimilat+ organs4 ,! sporophylls consi/ ( a %ort axis t]m9at+ 9 two small div]g5t =ks & be>+ on its adaxial surface a trilocul> or 9 r>e cases a bilocul> synangium 7fig4 #aah1 ,a & ,b74 ,! walls ( ! loculi are compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( cells & dehisc5ce takes place along ?ree l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre ( ! synangium4 ,pr(essor ,?omas#da has record$ 8fairly num]\s in/ances 9 ,psilotum ( a second di*otomy ( "o bran* ( ! fir/ =k1 or1 less frequ5tly1 ( bo? bran*es03 in/ead ( "o synangium subt5d$ by ! two sl5d] leaflets ( ! =k$ sporophyll-axis1 !re may be two synangia & ?ree leaf-lobes or ?ree synangia & f\r leaf-lobes4 ,! occurr5ce ( bo? ^! abnormalities 9 ,psilotum & ,tmesipt]is %[s a decid$ t5d5cy 9 ! ,psilotales to a repeat$ di*otomy ( ! sporophylls#db4 ,a s+le /ele#dc ) a flut$ surface occupies ! axis ( an a]ial %oot 7fig4 #aai1 ,a72 ! axial region is occupi$ by a core ( elongat$ me*anical elem5ts 7s71 :i* may occasionally ext5d to ! p]iph]y ( ! xylem & break ! cont9uity ( ! b& ( scal>i=m tra*eae 7fig4 #aai1 ,a1 a74 ,! tra*eae =m ! arms ( an irregul>ly /ellate /ele & ea* arm is t]m9at$ by protoxylem elem5ts 7fig4 #aai1 ,b1 px74 ,! rays ( ! xylem cyl9d]1 :i* may be z _m z six or eight 9 ! upp] "p ( ! a]ial %oots1 become r$uc$ 9 numb] z ! rhizome is approa*$1 assum+ a di>* /ructure ne> ! junction4 ,9 ! rhizome ! xylem =ms an approximately triangul> gr\p ( tra*eae )\t any core ( me*anical elem5ts4 ,?ree to f\r lay]s ( p>5*yma succe$$ ext]nally by an ill-def9$ phloem 7fig4 #aai1 ,a1 p7 surr\nd ! xylem & a fairly di/9ct endod]mis 7fig4 #aai1 ,a & ,b1 e7 encloses ! :ole4 ,to ,mr ,boodle#dd is due ! int]e/+ discov]y t 9 "s p>ts ( ! rhizome ! p>5*ymat\s zone surr\nd+ ! scal>i=m tra*eae may become ! seat ( m]i/ematic activity :i* results 9 ! production ( second>y tra*eae (t5 *>act]is$ by a s9u\s longitud9al c\rse4 ,!re is no def9ite cambium1 b ! radially dispos$ tra*eae & ! adjac5t p>5*ymat\s elem5ts cle>ly demon/rate ! second>y nature ( ! tissue imm$iately ext]nal to ! gr\p ( prim>y xylem4 ,fig4 #aai1 ,c1 drawn f a section k9dly suppli$ by ,mr ,boodle1 %[s ! second>y xylem elem5ts at x associat$ ) radially dispos$ ?9-wall$ cells abutt+ on ! prim>y xylem1 x4 ,x is probable t ?is add$ tissue may be a remnant ( a m ext5sive second>y ?ick5+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ance/ors ( ! rec5t species4 ,9 _! mann] ( occurr5ce & s9u\s c\rse ^! second>y tra*eids be> a resemblance to ! second>y xylem ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum#de4 ,! /ele ( ! a]ial %oot be>s a fairly close resemblance to ! vascul> axis ( ,*eiro/robus1 & its ?ree-ray$ =m 9 ! l[] portions ( ! gre5 bran*es recalls t ( ! ,sph5ophyllum /ele1 except t ! axial xylem elem5ts ( ! ,palaeozoic g5us are usually repres5t$ 9 ,psilotum by me*anical tissue4 ,! cortex consi/s ( ?ree regions 7fig4 #aai1 ,a71 an out] zone ( *lorophyll\s tissue 7a7 ri* 9 int]cellul> spaces succe$$ by a b& ( me*anical tissue 7b7 :i* gradually passes into an inn] region ( l>g] & ?9n]-wall$ cells 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,a4 ,diagram ( transv]se section ( a]ial %oot ( ,psilotum triquetrum4 a--c1 cortex2 p1 phloem2 e1 endod]mis2 s1 /]eome2 x1 xylem2 a1 gap 9 xylem4 ,b4 ,enl>g$ view ( "o ( ! angles ( ! xylem %[n 9 ,a4 px1 protoxylem4 ,c4 ,"p ( transv]se section ( an approximately triangul> rhizome /ele %[+ a portion ( ! metaxylem x2 px1 protoxylem elem5ts2 x1 second>y xylem4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tmesipt]is ,! g5us ,tmesipt]is#df agrees ) ,psilotum 9 g5]al habit & 9 its epiphytic & probably 9 "s degree saprophytic mode ( life4 ,its br[n rootless rhizome1 :i* gr[s among ! roots ( tree-f]ns or r>ely 9 ! gr\nd1 gives (f p5dul\s or erect %oots rea*+ a l5g? ( two feet & be>+ lanceolate mucronate leaves #b-c cm4 long 7fig4 #abj1 ,a7 atta*$ by decurr5t leaf-bases4 ,! sporophylls1 replac+ ! upp] leaves or occurr+ 9 m or less well-def9$ zones alt]nat+ ) ! foliage leaves1 consi/ ( a %ort axis t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( lanceolate lobes & be>+ on its adaxial surface an elongat$ bilocul> synangium atta*$ to a v %ort /alk 7fig4 #abj1 ,b74 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! div]g5t op9ions z to ! morphological nature ( ! sporophylls or sporangiophores1 b rec5t inve/igations di/9ctly fav\r ! view t a sporophyll is be/ int]pret$ z a /alk$ leaf ) two /]ile lam9ae & an almo/ sessile1 or 9 "s cases a m obvi\sly /alk$1 synangium2 ! :ole sporophyll is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a v5tral & a dorsal lobe#dg4 ,! draw+s reproduc$ 9 fig4 #abj1 ,d & ,f1 illu/rate "s ( ! frequ5t v>iations describ$ by ,?omas 9 plants :i* he obs]v$ 9 ! ,new ,zeal& =e/s4 ,! sporophyll %[n 9 fig4 #abj1 ,d & ,f1 has bran*$ twice & be>s ?ree synangia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,tmesipt]is4 ,a4 ,foliage leaves4 ,b4 ,sporophyll & bilocul> synangium4 ,c4 ,diagram ( transv]se section ( /ele4 px1 protoxylem4 ,d1 ,f4 ,abnormal sporophylls4 7,f draw+s made by ,pr(4 ,?omas & g5]\sly plac$ at my disposal4 ,a4,c4,s47 ,e4 ,portion ( ,c enl>g$4 ,! a]ial bran*es ( ,tmesipt]is possess a c5tral cyl9d] ( sep>ate xylem gr\ps 9 :i* ! protoxylem occupies an int]nal position 7fig4 #abj1 ,c & ,e1 px7 enclos+ an axial p>5*ymat\s region4 ,! cells ( a few lay]s ( ! inn] cortex imm$iately outside ! endod]mis are r5d]$ conspicu\s by a d>k br[n deposit4 ,! cortex z a :ole is compos$ ( uni=m p>5*ymat\s tissue4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! a]ial %oots & 9 ! rhizome ! xylem =ms a solid /r& )\t protoxylem elem5ts & con=ms m cle>ly to t ( ,psilotum4 ,9 ?is %ort acc\nt ( ! anatomy ( ,tmesipt]is no m5tion is made ( ! effect produc$ on ! /ele by ! dep>ture ( leaf-traces & ( vascul> /&s to supply bran*es4 ,miss ,sykes#dh 9 a rec5tly publi%$ pap] on ! g5us has %[n t ! exit ( a leaf-trace does n break ! cont9uity ( ! xylem ( ! /ele1 :ile ! exit ( a sporophyll-trace is m>k$ by an obvi\s gap4 ,evid5ce is adduc$ 9 support ( ! conclusion t ?is diff]5ce1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be "o ( morphological importance1 is 9 reality m]ely a "q ( degree & 8is due to ! e>li] prep>ation = ! =mation ( #8sporophyll' ?an leaf-traces40 ,miss ,sykes gives h] adh]5ce to ! view t ! 8sporophylls0 ( ,tmesipt]is are bran*es & n leaves1 b despite ! argum5ts advanc$ ?is int]pretation seems to me less probable ?an t :i* recognises ! sporophyll z a foli> organ4 ,pr(4 ,ligni]#di has po9t$ out t if ,miss ,sykes's conclusion z to ! axial nature ( ! sporophyll 9 ,tmesipt]is is accept$1 x dim9i%es ! =ce ( ! comp>ison betwe5 ! sporophylls ( t g5us & ,sph5ophyllum z ^? ( ! latt] c h>dly be reg>d$ z o!r ?an foli> organs4 ,bo? memb]s ( ! ,psilotales may1 z ,boodle has sugge/$1 be reg>d$ z desc5dants ( a common p>5t 9 :i* ! a]ial /ems possess$ a flut$ or /ellate cyl9d] ( mes>* xylem4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! significance ( ! morphological resemblances betwe5 ! ,psilotales & ! g5]a ,sph5ophyllum & ,*eiro/robus1 b ! position ( ,tmesipt]is & ,psilotum 9 ! plant-k+dom may probably be be/ express$ by adopt+ ! gr\p-"n ,psilotales r ?an by transf]r+ ! rec5t g5]a to ! ,sph5ophyllales4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,psilotales & ! g5us ,lycopodium is 9 ! =m ( ! sporophylls & sporangia2 9 ,lycopodium a s+le sporophyll be>s a unilocul> sporangium1 b 9 ! ,psilotales ! sporophyll may be describ$ z a bilob$ /ructure homolog\s ) a foliage-leaf1 be>+ a sporangiophore :i* consi/s ( a %ort /alk t]m9at+ 9 a bilocul> or trilocul> synangium2 ! %ort /alk receives a special bran* f ! vascul> bundle ( ! /]ile portion ( ! sporophyll#ej4 ,fossils describ$ by au?ors z be+ closely alli$ to ,psilotum4 ,a se>* ?r\gh palaeobotanical lit]ature reveals ! exi/5ce ( a v small numb] ( specim5s :i* h be5 id5tifi$ z repres5tatives ( ! ,psilotales4 ,an inspection ( ! mat]ial or publi%$ draw+s leads "o to ! conclusion t practically no in=mation ( a satisfactory k9d is available 9 reg>d to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! two s\!rn g5]a ,psilotum & ,tmesipt]is1 :i* are reg>d$ by "s botani/s z relics ( an anci5t bran*#ea ( pt]idophytes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,psilotites1 ,,etc4 ,9 #ahdb ,mn/]#eb in/itut$ ! g5us ,psilotites = a small impression ( a sl5d] bran*$ axis f ,jurassic rocks ne> ,mannheim 9 ,g]many :i* he nam$ ,psilotites fili=mis2 ,s*imp]#ec spoke ( ! specim5s z too d\btful = det]m9ation1 an op9ion ) :i* e botani/ w\ld cordially agree4 ,gold5b]g's species ,psilotites li?an?racis#ed f ! ,sa>brck5 coal-field is f\nd$ on impressions ( axes3 "s ( ^! are di*otom\sly bran*$ & be> small oval projections1 :i* may be rudim5t>y leaves or possibly leaf-sc>s4 ,m rec5tly ,kid/on#ee describ$ specim5s ( bran*$ axes f ! ,lan>k%ire coal-field be>+ a r[ ( lat]al ?orn-l projections "u ! title ,psilotites unilat]alis2 b ^! fragm5ts1 z ,dr ,kid/on himself admits1 are ( no botanical value4 ,9 a pap] on fossil ,salv9ias1 ,hollick#ef m5tions ,salv9ia reticulata1 orig9ally describ$ by ,he] & by ,ett+%aus5 & ,s4 ,all5i ,lesq4#eg a ,t]ti>y species1 & calls att5tion to _! v close resemblance 9 =m1 n]vation1 & apex to ! leaves ( ! g5us ,tmesipt]is3 he ref]s bo? species to t g5us4 ,! draw+s reproduc$ by ,hollick repres5t leaves ) a midrib & num]\s ana/omos+ lat]al ve9s1 :]eas 9 ,tmesipt]is ! lam9a ( ! leaf has a midrib )\t lat]al bran*es4 ,an enl>g$ draw+ ( ! outl9es ( ! epid]mal cells w\ld correspond closely ) ! small reticulations 9 ! fossil leaves & x may be t !re has be5 "s confusion betwe5 ve9s & cell-outl9es4 ,9 any case !re w\ld seem to be no reason = ! use ( ! rec5t g5]ic "n#eh4 ,among o!r fossils assign$ to ! ,psilotales we h ,m>ion's g5us ,gompho/robus f ! ,p]mian ( ,france & ,g]many#ei4 ,m>ion plac$ ?is plant 9 ! ,conif]ales on ! /r5g? ( its resemblance to ,wal*ia & ,arauc>ia1 b ,potoni#fj is incl9$ to recognise 9 ! leaves & monosp]mic sporophylls *>act]s sugge/ive ( ,lycopodiace\s aff9ity4 ,! latt] au?or 9 #ahiafa1 9 ignorance ( ,m>ion's proposal to adopt ! "n ,gompho/robus1 in/itut$ a g5us ,psilotiphyllum = ! sporophylls ( a species orig9ally describ$ by ,ge9itz#fb z ,sigill>io/robus bifidus1 b he subsequ5tly adopt$ ,m>ion's designation & ) "s hesitation includ$ ! ,fr5* & ,g]man specim5s 9 ! ,psilotales4 ,z /at$ else:]e#fc1 ,potoni's argum5ts 9 fav\r ( 8 view h>dly c>ry conviction1 & x is probably m 9 accordance ) tru? to deal ) ,gompho/robus 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ! ,conif]ales4 ,psilophyton4 ,! g5]ic title ,psilophyton1 in/itut$ by ! late ,sir ,william ,dawson#fd1 has become famili> to geologi/s z t ( a ,pre-,c>bonif]\s plant *>act]i/ic ( ,devonian & ,silurian rocks 9 ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ,europe4 ,f ! botani/'s po9t ( view ! "n /&s = miscellane\s rema9s ( plants ( diff]5t types & 9 _m cases unwor?y ( record4 ,! g5us 0 f\nd$ on impressions ( bran*$ axes f ! ,devonian /rata ( ,new ,brunswick resembl+ ! ra*is & portions ( lat]al p9nae ( f]ns or ! =k$ sl5d] twigs ( a ,lycopod4 ,! type-species ,psilophyton pr9ceps ,daws4 z repres5t$ on some:at sl5d] evid5ce 9 ,dawson's re/oration1 :i* accompanies ! orig9al description ( ! g5us & has s9ce be5 copi$ by sev]al au?ors1 is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a horizontal rhizome be>+ num]\s rootlets & giv+ (f di*otom\sly bran*$ a]ial %oots ) sp9\s app5dages1 comp>$ ) rudim5t>y leaves1 & t]m9at+ 9 sl5d] bran*lets be>+ p5dul\s oval 8spore-cases0 f _! tips4 ,"s ( ! bran*lets exhibit a f]n-l v]nation4 ,! plant is spok5 ( by ,dawson z app>5tly a g5]alis$ type#fe1 resembl+ 9 habit & 9 its rudim5t>y leaves ! rec5t g5us ,psilotum & pres5t+ po9ts ( contact ) f]ns4 ,specim5s 7 f\nd 9 an imp]fectly petrifi$ /ate %[+ a c5tral cyl9d] ( scal>i=m tra*eae surr\nd$ by a broad cortical zone ( p>5*yma & fibr\s tissue4 ,among o!r species describ$ by ! au?or ( ! g5us we ne$ only m5tion ,psilophyton robu/ius1 *>act]is$ by vegetative %oots & 8spore-cases0 simil> to ^? ( ! type-species2 b1 z ,solms-,lauba*#ff has po9t$ out1 ! petrifi$ sections ref]r$ by ,dawson to ,p4 robu/ius are ( an entirely diff]5t anatomical type f t ( ,p4 pr9ceps#fg4 ,briti% fossils f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one f ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 ,orkney & ,cai?ness1 orig9ally figur$ by ,hugh ,mill] & comp>$ by him ) algae b m especially ) rec5t ,lycopods1 7 subsequ5tly plac$ by ,c>ru!rs#fh 9 ! g5us ,psilophyton z ,p4 ,de*ianum1 ! specific designation be+ *os5 on ! gr\nd t ! ,scot* specim5s are specifically id5tical ) fossils describ$ by ,goepp]t#fi z ,halis]ites ,de*ianus4 ,v>i\s op9ions h be5 express$ 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! ,devonian species ,halis]ites ,de*ianus ,goepp4 ) :i* ,c>ru!rs#gj id5tifi$ ,mill]'s ,old ,r$ ,s&/one plant3 ref]5ce may be made to a pap] by ,:ite#ga conta9+ figures ( di*otom\sly bran*$ impressions describ$ z species ( ,?amnocladus :i* he includes among ! algae4 ,9 describ+ "s ,belgian impressions ( ,devonian age z ,lepidod5dron gaspianum ,daws4 ,crp9#gb /ates t ,c>ru!rs has come to reg>d ! specim5s nam$ by him ,psilophyton ,de*ianum z bran*es ( a ,lepidod5dron2 he also quotes ,c>ru!rs z hav+ express$ ! op9ion t ! "n ,psilophyton _h be5 employ$ by ,dawson = two k9ds ( fossils1 "s be+ twigs ( ,lepidod5dron :ile o!rs1 id5tifi$ by ,dawson z ! reproductive bran*es ( species ( ,psilophyton1 repres5t ! spore-cases ( f]ns comp>able ) ,/ur's g5us ,rhodea#gc4 ,"o ( ! examples figur$ by ,c>ru!rs#gd z ,p4 ,de*ianum f ,?urso 7pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 no4 #ebfcf71 measur+ #cd cm4 9 l5g? & #h mm4 broad1 be>s a close resemblance to a f]n rhizome cov]$ ) ram5tal scales su* z t ( a species ( ,davallia4 ,o!r ,belgian specim5s describ$ by ,gilk9et#ge z ,lepidod5dron burnot5se1 l ,crp9's species1 are no d\bt g5]ically id5tical ) "s ( ! ,scot* & ,canadian fossils plac$ 9 ! g5us ,psilophyton1 ?\gh ,p5hall[#gf consid]s t ! species ,lycopodites ,mill]i is m correctly ref]r$ to ,lycopodites ?an to ,psilophyton4 ,a m rec5t pap] on ! ,geology ( ! ,p]ry bas9 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,ma9e by ,smi? & ,:ite#gg conta9s a critical summ>y ( ! lit]ature on ,psilophyton & draw+s ( specim5s4 ,! latt] af=d good examples ( ,pre-,c>bonif]\s plant fragm5ts1 su* z are (t5 met ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 :i* con=m 9 habit to ! ,new ,brunswick specim5s made by ,dawson ! type ( 8 g5us4 ,an exam9ation ( mat]ial 9 ! ,montreal ,museum & ( ,hugh ,mill]'s specim5s 9 ! ,ed9burgh collection leads me to %>e ! op9ion ( ,c\nt ,solms-,lauba* t ! "n ,psilophyton has be5 appli$ to plants :i* %\ld n be includ$ "u "o g5]ic title4 ,z ,kid/on#gh po9t$ out1 ! ,canadian species ,psilophyton robu/ius is n g5]ically di/9ct f ,briti% & ,belgian specim5s ref]r$ to ,lepidod5dron2 x may possibly be id5tical ) ! ,bohemian plants on :i* ,/ur f\nd$ 8 g5us ,ho/9ella#gi4 ,! ,devonian plants describ$ by ,/ur h s9ce be5 exam9$ by ,jahn#hj :o reg>ds !m z vascul> plants1 & n z algae to :i* ,/ur ref]r$ !m2 he m5tions two species ( ,psilophyton b gives no figures4 ,! 8spore-cases0 ( ,dawson may be f\nd to be ! microsporangia or p]haps ! small se$s ( "s pt]idosp]m2 ! =k$ axes ) a smoo? surface & o!rs figur$ by ,mill] & by ,dawson1 ) ! surface cov]$ ) scales sugge/+ ! ram5ta ( a f]n1 may be ! ra*ises or rhizomes ( filic9ean plants4 ,o!r specim5s may be ,lepidod5dron twigs1 z = example ! petrifi$ fragm5ts figur$ by ,dawson z ,psilophyton pr9ceps2 :ile ! /em id5tifi$ z ,p4 robu/ius is mo/ probably t ( a ,gymnosp]m4 ,x is d\btful :e!r a useful purpose is s]v$ by reta9+ ! g5us ,psilophyton4 ,x 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance in/itut$ on ! assumption1 :i* _c be upheld1 t ! abundant mat]ial 9 ! ,new ,brunswick b$s bore a suffici5tly close resemblance to ! rhizome & a]ial bran*es ( ,psilotum4 ,psilophyton has s]v$ z a "n = miscellane\s plant fragm5ts1 _m ( :i* are indet]m9able4 ,dr ,:ite concludes 8 acc\nt ( ! g5us ) ! foll[+ words#ha3 8,! exam9ation ( su* s-call$ ,psilophyton mat]ial z ,i h se5 %[s ! exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica ( two or m gr\ps1 repres5t$ by sev]al fairly well-m>k$ species :i* possess /ratigraphical value1 & :i* %\ld be c>efully diagnos$ & illu/rat$4 ,x is probable also t additional mat]ial ?r[+ light on ! /ructure & relation%ips ( ^! v rem>kable e>ly types ( l&-plants w be discov]$ at "s locality4 ,! inspection ( ! mat]ial 9 h& emphasises ! ne$1 z 0 po9t$ out by ,solms-,lauba*1 = ! revision ( ! mat]ial ref]r$ by v>i\s au?ors to ,psilophyton1 toge!r ) a ?or\gh re-exam9ation & re-publication ( ! types40 ,until a ?or\gh re-exam9ation has be5 made ( ! ,canadian mat]ial1 ) a view to det]m9e :e!r !re exi/ sub/antial reasons = ! ret5tion ( ,dawson's g5us1 x is undesirable to cont9ue to make use ( ?is "n = ,pre-,c>bonif]\s fossils :i* are too incomplete to be assign$ ) c]ta9ty to a def9ite gr\p ( plants4 ,dr ,:ite draws att5tion to ! simil>ity ( "s ( ! ,p]ry bas9 specim5s to ,na?or/'s g5us ,cephalo!ca#hb f ,devonian rocks ( ,be> ,isl& 9 ! ,arctic regions1 a comp>ison :i* might be ext5d$ to o!r g5]a & :i* s]ves to illu/rate ! possibility t _m ( ! specim5s labell$ ,psilophyton may ev5tually be recognis$ z examples ( well def9$ g5]ic types belong+ to m ?an "o gr\p ( plants4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,lycopodiales4 ,! rec5t memb]s ( ! ,lycopodiales are consid]$ ap>t f ! ext9ct g5]a 9 ord] t our exam9ation ( ! latt] may be facilitat$ by a k ( ! sali5t *>act]i/ics ( ! surviv+ types ( ?is important section ( ! ,pt]idophyta4 ,a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! ext9ct z well z ) ! rec5t g5]a w enable u to appreciate ! contra/s betwe5 ! liv+ & ! fossil =ms & to realise ! prom95t position occupi$ by ?is gr\p 9 ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 a position 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! "p play$ by ! dim9utive survivors 9 ! vegetation ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! rec5t g5]a special att5tion is drawn to su* features z af=d a clue to ! int]pretation ( ! fossils1 & ! po9t ( view adopt$1 :i* at times may appe> to lead to an excessive att5tion to details1 is necess>ily some:at diff]5t f t repres5t$ 9 botanical text-books#hc4 ,a4 ,,homosporeae4 ,lycopodiaceae3 g5]a ,phylloglossum1 ,lycopodium4 ,b4 ,,het]osporeae4 ,selag9ellaceae3 g5us ,selag9ella4 ,isoetaceae3 g5us ,isoetes4 ,! exi/+ plants includ$ 9 ! ,lycopodiales are 9 ne>ly all cases p]5nial h]bace\s pt]idophytes1 exhibit+ 9 _! life-hi/ories a well m>k$ alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,! sporophyte 7asexual g5]ation7 is *>act]is$ by ! relatively small size ( ! leaves except 9 ! g5us ,isoetes 7fig4 #acb7 & 9 ! ,au/ralian & ,new ,zeal& g5us ,phylloglossum4 ,! /ems are usually erect or trail+1 p5dul\s 9 epiphytic species or small & tub]\s 9 ,isoetes & ,phylloglossum4 ,! repeat$ =k+ ( ! %oots 7monopodial & di*otom\s bran*+7 is a prom95t feature ( ! gr\p4 ,! vascul> tissue ( ! /em usually assumes ! =m ( a s+le axial /r& 7/ele7 7fig4 #abe71 b ! %oots ( "s species ( ,selag9ella (t5 conta9 two or m di/9ct /eles 7fig4 #aca74 ,! gr\p z a :ole is *>act]is$ by ! c5tripetal developm5t ( ! xylem compos$ almo/ entirely ( scal>i=m tra*eids3 second>y xylem & phloem ( a peculi> type occur 9 ,isoetes1 & ! production ( second>y xylem elem5ts 9 a v slight degree has be5 notic$ 9 "o species ( ,selag9ella 7,s4 sp9osa7#hd4 ,! roots are con/ruct$ on a simple plan1 hav+ 9 mo/ cases only "o /r& ( spiral protoxylem elem5ts 7mon>* /ructure74 ,9 ,lycopodium1 9 :i* /em & root anatomy are m ne>ly ( ! same type ?an 9 ! majority ( plants1 sev]al protoxylem /r&s may be pres5t4 ,! sporangia are axill>y or1 m frequ5tly1 borne on ! upp] surface ( sporophylls1 :i* are ei!r id5tical ) or m or less di/9ct f ! foliage leaves2 9 ! latt] case ! sporophylls (t5 occur 9 ! =m ( a well def9$ /robilus 7cone7 at ! tips ( bran*es4 ,! gametophyte 7sexual g5]ation7 is repres5t$ by pro?alli :i*1 9 ! homospor\s g5]a1 may live und]gr\nd z saprophytes1 or ! upp] portion may develop *lorophyll & project above ! surface ( ! gr\nd z an irregul>ly lob$ gre5 /ructure 7e4g4 ,lycopodium c]nuum7#he4 ,9 ! het]ospor\s =ms ! pro?alli are mu* r$uc$ & d n lead an indep5d5t exi/5ce outside ! spore by ! membrane ( :i* !y are always m or less enclos$4 ,! sexual organs are repres5t$ by an!ridia & ar*egonia2 ! male cells are provid$ ) two cilia except 9 ,isoetes :i* has multiciliate an!rozoids l ^? ( ! f]ns4 ,! exi/+ ,lycopods1 ?\gh widely di/ribut$1 nev] gr[ 9 suffici5tly d5se masses to ! exclusion ( o!r plants to =m a conspicu\s feature 9 ! vegetation ( a c\ntry4 ,! inconspicu\s rle :i* !y play among ! plant-associations ( ! pres5t era af=ds a /rik+ contra/ to ! abundance ( ! arboresc5t species 9 ! ,palaeozoic =e/s ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,lycopodiaceae4 ,lycopodium1 repres5t$ by ne>ly #ajj species1 =ms a con/itu5t ( mo/ floras3 epiphytic species pr$om9ate 9 tropical regions1 :ile o!rs fl\ri% on ! m\nta9s & moorl&s ( ,brita9 & 9 o!r extra-tropical c\ntries4 ,= ! mo/ "p ,lycopodium exhibits a pref]5ce = a moi/ climate & appe>s to be well adapt$ to habitats :]e ! am\nt ( sunlight is relatively small & ! conditions ( life unfav\rable = d5se vegetation4 ,m\nta9s & isl&s con/antly recur z situations f :i* species h be5 record$4 ,"s species are ess5tially swamp-plants1 e4g4 ,lycopodium inundatum1 a ,briti% species1 & ,l4 cru5tum f ! m>%es ( ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,a v>iety ( ! ,am]ican species1 ,l4 alopecuroides 7v>4 aquaticum7 af=ds an in/ance ( a subm]g$ =m1 :i* has be5 collect$ f an altitude ( #ab-ad1jjj ft4 on ! ,&es & ,himalayas4 ,x is notewor?y t a consid]able v>iety ( habitats is repres5t$ )9 ! limits ( ! g5us & t _m species are suffici5tly h>dy to exi/ 9 circum/ances :i* w\ld be intol]able to ! majority ( fl[]+ plants#hf4 ,! ,briti% species frequ5tly spok5 ( z ,club ,mosses1 include ,lycopodium ,selago1 ,l4 annot9um1 ,l4 clavatum1 ,l4 alp9um1 & ,l4 inundatum4 ,selag9ellaceae4 ,! species ( ,selag9ella1 ov] #cjj 9 numb]1 are widely spread 9 tropical & subtropical =e/s1 gr[+ on ! gr\nd ) trail+1 sub]ect or erect /ems climb+ ov] tall] & /\t] plants or z p5dul\s epiphytes on =e/ trees4 ,selag9ella lepidophylla1 a tropical ,am]ican type1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,resurrection plant1 & (t5 errone\sly spok5 ( z ! ,rose ( ,j]i*o#hg1 possesses ! p[] ( roll+ up its %oots dur+ p]iods ( dr\ght & furni%es an example ( a species adapt$ to conditions 9 m>k$ contra/ to ^? :i* are mo/ fav\rable to ! majority ( species4 ,! only ,briti% species is ,selag9ella sp9osa nam$ by ,l9naeus ,lycopodium selag9oides & occasionally ref]r$ to z ,selag9ella sp9ulosa ,a4 ,br4 7n to be conf\nd$ ) a ,javan species ,s4 sp9ulosa ,spr+#hh74 ,isoetaceae4 ,isoetes 7fig4 #acb71 ( :i* ,mr ,bak] 9 8 ,h&book ( ! ,f]n-,allies enum]ates #di species1 is a type ap>t1 diff]+ 9 habit z 9 c]ta9 o!r *>act]s f ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,lycopodiales4 ,"s botani/s#hi pref] to include ! g5us among ! ,filicales1 b ! balance ( evid5ce1 includ+ resemblances betwe5 ,isoetes & ext9ct ,lycopodiace\s plants1 w\ld seem to fav\r its ret5tion z an ab]rant g5us ( ! gr\p ,lycopodiales4 ,"s species are p]man5tly subm]g$1 o!rs occur 9 situations int]mitt5tly cov]$ ) wat]1 & a few gr[ 9 damp soil4 ,isoetes lacu/ris is f\nd 9 m\nta9 t>ns & lakes ( ,brita9 & else:]e 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,isoetes hy/rix#ij1 a l&-=m occurs 9 ,gu]nsey1 ,nor?-,ea/ ,france1 ,spa9 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,lycopodiaceae4 ,! monotypic g5us ,phylloglossum1 repres5t$ by ,p4 ,drummondii ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 ?\gh int]e/+ f ! po9t ( view ( its probable claim to be consid]$ ! mo/ primitive type ( exi/+ ,lycopodiace\s plants1 ne$ n be dealt ) 9 detail4 ,a complete individual1 :i* does n exce$ #d or #e cm4 9 l5g?1 consi/s ( a v small tub]cle or protocorm be>+ a rosette ( sl5d] subulate leaves & prolong$ di/ally z a simple nak$ axis :i* ov]tops ! foliage leaves & t]m9ates 9 a compact clu/] ( small scale-l sporophylls1 ea* subt5d+ a s+le sporangium#ia4 ,lycopodium4 ,x w\ld be out ( place 9 a volume devot$ ma9ly to fossil plants to attempt a compreh5sive acc\nt ( ! g5]al morphology ( rec5t species1 & inde$ our k ( ! anatomical *>act]s ( ! g5us is /ill some:at meagre4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison ) ext9ct types1 x is ess5tial t "s ( ! m important morphological features ( exi/+ species %\ld be briefly consid]$4 ,! additions made to our k ( ! gameophyte#ib ( ,european & tropical species dur+ ! la/ two decades h reveal$ a /rik+ div]sity 9 habit4 ,9 sev]al species1 gr\p$ r\nd ! widely di/ribut$ type ,lycopodium ,selago ,l9n41 ! comp>atively %ort1 erect or sub]ect1 %oots =m fairly compact tufts2 ! ord9>y foliage-leaves function z sporophylls1 & ! sporangia are n localis$ on special portions ( %oots4 ,f ?is type1 we pass to o!rs 9 :i* ! f]tile leaves t5d to be conf9$ to ! tips ( bran*es1 b h>dly diff] 9 =m f ! /]ile4 ,a fur!r degree ( specialisation is exhibit$ by species ) well-def9$ cones compos$ ( leaves 7or bracts71 ! prim>y function ( :i* is to be> sporangia & to af=d a protective cov]+ to ! /robilus#ic4 ,lycopodium rufesc5s ,hook4 ,an ,&ian species ) /\t di*otom\sly bran*$ erect /ems be>s on ! y\ng] %oots cr[d$ leaves ) _! ?ick & broadly triangul> lam9ae po9t+ upw>ds1 b on ! old] & ?ick %oots ! lam9ae are /rongly reflex$ 7fig4 #aba1 ,a74 ,! l[] "p ( ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aba1 ,a1 %[s tang5tially elongat$ sc>s & p]si/5t leaf-bases or cu%ions left on ! /em aft] ! removal ( ! free portions ( ! lea!ry leaves1 a surface-feature :i* also *>act]ises ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,lepidod5dron4 ,! reflex$ leaves & p]si/5t leaf-cu%ions are cle>ly se5 9 ! piece ( old /em ( ,lycopodium di*otomum ,jacq41 a tropical ,am]ican species reproduc$ 9 fig4 #aba1 ,b4 ,su* species z ,l4 ery?raeum ,spr+1 & o!rs ) /iff lanceolate leaves exhibit a /rik+ resemblance to ! m sl5d] %oots ( "s rec5t conif]s1 m especially ,arauc>ia excelsa1 ,a4 ,balansae1 ,cryptom]ia1 ,dacrydium & o!r g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,lycopodium4 ,a4 ,lycopodium rufesc5s4 ,b4 ,l4 di*otomum4 ,c4 ,l4 tetragonum4 ,d4 ,l4 nummul>ifolium4 ,e4 ,l4 ,dalh\sianum4 ,f4 ,l4 casu>9oides4 ,g4 ,l4 volubile4 7,f specim5s 9 ! ,cambridge ,h]b>ium & ,botanic ,g>d54 ,m4,s47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,lycopodium squ>rosum4 ,! bran*es ( ! l>g] %oot t]m9ate 9 cones4 7,f a plant 9 ! ,cambridge ,botanic ,g>d54 ,r$uc$47 ,9 ,lycopodium tetragonum ,hook41 7fig4 #aba1 ,c71 a species f ! ,alp9e region ( ! ,&es1 ! long1 p5dul\s & repeat$ly =k$ bran*es be> f\r r[s ( fle%y ovate leaves & simulate ! vegetative *>act]s ( c]ta9 conif]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lycopodium ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,lycopodium c]nuum4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,cambridge ,h]b>ium4 nat4 size47 ,l4 squ>rosum ,=/4 7fig4 #abb7 a tropical species f ,india1 ,polynesia1 & o!r regions1 is *>act]is$ by its /\t /ems rea*+ a diamet] ( #be cm41 be>+ long p5dul\s bran*es ) l>ge t]m9al cones compos$ ( sporophylls diff]+ b slightly f ! foliage leaves4 ,! plant repres5t$ 9 ! photograph s]ves z a good illu/ration ( ! practical id5tity 9 habit betwe5 ,palaeozoic & rec5t g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,lycopodium obscurum4 ,l4 ,dalh\sianum ,spr+1 f ! m\nta9s ( ! ,malay ,p59sula & ,borneo1 has l>g] leaves ( f9] texture ) a di/9ct midrib rea*+ a l5g? ( #b-c cm4 7fig4 #aba1 ,e74 ,ano!r type is illu/rat$ by ,l4 nummul>ifolium ,blume1 also a ,malayan species1 9 :i* ! leaves are %ort]1 broadly oblong or suborbicul>1 & ! bran*es t]m9ate 9 n>r[ & (t5 v long /robili 7sometimes rea*+ a l5g? ( #cj cm47 ) small bracts 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! foliage leaves 7fig4 #aba1 ,d74 ,a simil> =m ( long & sl5d] /robilus occurs 9 ,l4 ,phlegm>ia ,l9n41 a common tropical ,lycopod3 ! frequ5t =k+ ( ! /robili notic$ 9 ?is & o!r species is a "* n unkn[n among fossil cones 7,lepido/robi74 ,l4 c]nuum ,l9n4 7fig4 #abc71 ano!r widely spread tropical type1 (f]s an ev5 clos] resemblance ?an ,l4 squ>rosum to ! fossil ,lepidod5dra4 ,! /iff erect /em1 rea*+ 9 "s cases a l5g? ( sev]al feet1 be>s num]\s repeat$ly =k$ bran*es1 ) cr[d$ l9e> leaves1 t]m9at+ 9 %ort cyl9drical cones ) broadly ovate sporophylls4 ,a simil> habit *>act]ises ! ,nor? ,am]ican species ,l4 obscurum ,l9n4 7fig4 #abd7 be>+ cones sev]al c5timetres 9 l5g?4 ,l4 casu>9oides ,spr+ 7fig4 #aba1 ,f7 an ea/]n tropical species1 is wor?y ( notice z exhibit+ a peculi> =m ( leaf consi/+ ( a v small lam9a1 #c mm4 9 l5g?1 borne on ! top ( a long decurr5t base1 :i* =ms a n>r[ type ( leaf-cu%ion1 be>+ "s resemblance to ! long & rib-l cu%ions ( c]ta9 species ( ,sigill>ia1 & recall+ ! habit ( sl5d] fossil twigs ref]r$ to ! ,conif]ae "u su* names z ,widdr+tonites1 ,cyp>issidium1 ,sph5olepidium4 ,l4 volubile ,=/4 7fig4 #aba1 ,g7 a ,new ,zeal& species1 9 habit & leaf-=m be>s a close resemblance to ! ,jurassic ,lycopodites falcatus ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 7fig4 #acg73 x is also a repres5tative ( a few species ( ,lycopodium :i* agree ) ! majority ( species ( ,selag9ella 9 hav+ two k9ds ( /]ile leaves1 comp>atively long falcate leaves =m+ two lat]al r[s & small] appress$ leaves on ! upp] surface ( ! bran*es4 ,^! examples suffice to illu/rate ! g5]al appe>ance pres5t$ by ! vegetative %oots ( rec5t species ( :i* ! foliage leaves v>y consid]ably--f ! small scale-leaves ( ,lycopodium tetragonum1 to ! v sl5d] l9e> subulate leaves ( su* a species z ,l4 v]ticillatum ,l9n4 or ! long & broad] lam9a ( ,l4 ,dalh\sianum 7fig4 #aba1 ,e74 ,x is obvi\s t fragm5ts ( ! v>i\s types pres]v$ z fossils might well be mi/ak5 ei!r = "s ( ! l>g] mosses or = twigs ( conif]s4 ,z ,dr ,bomm]#id has po9t$ out 9 8 int]e/+ pap] on 8,les causes d'erreur dans l'tude des empre9tes vgtales0 "s dicotyl$on\s plants may also simulate ! habit ( ,lycopods3 he cites ,phylla*ne clavig]a ,hook 7,c&olleaceae71 ,tafalla graveol5s ,w$d 7,compositae7 & ,lavoisi]a lycopodioides ,g>d4 7,mela/omataceae74 ,ano!r po9t illu/rat$ by fig4 #aba is ! close agreem5t 9 habit & 9 ! =m ( ! leaves & leaf-cu%ions betwe5 ! rec5t plants & ! ,palaeozoic ,lepidod5dreae4 ,9 8 ma/]ly essay 8,on ! vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! pres5t day0 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] call$ att5tion to ! v>iation 9 ! %ape & arrangem5t ( ! leaves 9 ! same species ( ,lycopodium4 ,! ?ree woodcuts :i* he publi%es ( ,lycopodium d5sum1 a ,new ,zeal& species1 af=d /rik+ examples ( ! div]sity 9 habit & leaf-=m & ju/ify 8 w>n+ 8t if ! species ( ,lepidod5dron 7 z prone to v>y 9 ! foliage z are ^? ( ,lycopodium1 our available means = di/+ui%+ !m are :olly insuffici5t#ie40 ,z we h already notic$1 !re is a consid]able div]sity among rec5t species1 bo? z reg>ds habitat & habit2 9 ! anatomy ( ! /em also correspond+ v>iations occur )9 ! limits ( a well-def9$ g5]ic type ( /ele4 ,9 species ) creep+ /ems1 su* z ,l4 clavatum#if1 ! /ele exhibits an arrangem5t ( vascul> tissue *>act]i/ic ( ! plagiotropic =ms4 ,! xylem consi/s ( m or less horizontal plates ( scal>i=m tra*eae1 ea* surr\nd$ by small-cell$ p>5*yma1 alt]nat+ ) b&s or gr\ps ( some:at ill-def9$ phloem4 ,! protoxylem & protophloem elem5ts occupy an ext]nal position 7ex>*71 po9t+ to a c5tripetal developm5t ( ! metaxylem4 ,?is c5tripetal or root-l "* ( ! prim>y xylem is an important feature 9 rec5t z 9 fossil ,lycopods4 ,! close agreem5t betwe5 ! roots & /ems ( rec5t species 9 ! disposition ( ! vascul> elem5ts also d5otes a simpl] type ( anatomy ?an occurs 9 ! majority ( vascul> plants 9 :i* /em & root h m pron\nc$ /ructural peculi>ities4 ,a p]icycle1 #b-f cells 9 bread?1 encloses ! xylem & phloem b&s & ?is is succe$$ by an endod]mis1 #b-c cells broad1 ) vaguely def9$ limits4 ,9 ,l4 clavatum1 z 9 ,l4 alp9um1 ano!r ,briti% species1 ! broad cortex is diff]5tiat$ into ?ree fairly di/9ct regions2 abutt+ on ! endod]mis is a zone sev]al lay]s broad ( ?ick-wall$ cells con/itut+ an inn] cortex modifi$ = protection & support2 ! c5tral region consi/s ( l>g] & ?9n]-wall$ cells adapt$ = wat]-/orage & a]ation2 beyond ?is is an out] cortical zone ( firm] & ?ick] elem5ts4 ,! prom95t leaf-bases or leaf-cu%ions 7fig4 #abe1 ,a1 lc7 give to ! surface ( a transv]se section a *>act]i/ic appe>ance :i* pres5ts ! close/ agreem5t ) t ( ! y\ng] %oots ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,f ! p]iph]al protoxylem gr\ps small /r&s ( xylem are giv5 (f1 :i* foll[ a /eeply asc5d+ c\rse ?r\gh ! cortex to ! s+le-ve9$ leaves4 ,! leaf-traces1 9 sev]al species at lea/1 are *>act]is$ by a mes>* /ructure 7fig4 #abe1 ,f1 ,g71 ! spiral protoxylem elem5ts occupy+ an approximately c5tral position4 ,! mesophyll ( ! leaves v>ies 9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( diff]5tiation into a palisade & spongy p>5*yma2 9 all cases !re is a s+le vascul> bundle occasionally accompani$ by a secretory duct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,a4 ,lycopodium di*otomum4 ,transv]se section ( /em3 lc1 leaf-cu%ion2 lt1 leaf-trace2 ,r1 roots4 ,b4 ,l4 c]nuum1 portion ( cortex ( fig4 ,h1 enl>g$4 ,c4 ,l4 saururus4 ,cortex3 lt1 leaf-trace2 a1 ?9-wall$ tissue2 b1 ?ick-wall$ tissue2 lc1 lacuna4 ,d4 ,l4 saururus4 ,/ele3 x1 xylem2 p1 phloem4 ,e4 ,portion ( fig4 ,d1 enl>g$3 px1 protoxylem2 p1 phloem4 ,f4 ,transv]se section ( leaf ( ,lycopodium4 ,g4 ,vascul> bundle ( leaf3 px1 protoxylem4 ,h4 ,l4 c]nuum3 b1 bran* ( /ele2 c-c1 cortex2 s1 space 9 cortex2 lt1 leaf-trace4 ,i4 ,/ele ( fig4 ,h1 enl>g$ 7phloem omitt$74 ,9 erect /ems ( ,lycopodium1 z repres5t$ by ,l4 c]nuum 7figs4 #abc1 #abe1 ,h1 ,i71 ,l4 ,dalh\sianum1 ,l4 squ>rosum 7fig4 #abb7 & _m o!rs1 ! /ele pres5ts a *>act]i/ic appe>ance due to ! xylem plates be+ brok5 up into deta*$ gr\ps or %ort unis]iate b&s ) ! int]spaces occupi$ by phloem isl&s4 ,?is type ( /ructure be>s a sup]ficial resemblance to t 9 ! s+le /ele ( c]ta9 species ( ! f]n ,lygodium#ig1 b x is di/+ui%$ by ! isl&s ( phloem scatt]$ ?r\gh ! /ele4 ,9 o!r species ! xylem t5ds to assume ! =m ( a ,maltese cross 7e4g4 ,l4 s]ratum ,?bg47 or x may be dispos$ z ,v-%ap$ & s9u\s b&s t]m9at+ 9 broad truncate ends compos$ ( protoxylem elem5ts4 ,?is =m ( ! xylem & ! di/ribution ( ! phloem gr\ps are %[n 9 fig4 #abe1 ,d1 ,e1 drawn f a section ( a plant ( ,lycopodium saururus ,lam4#ih collect$ by ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,hill at an altitude ( #ae1jjj feet on ! ,&es ( ,p]u4 ,! position ( ! protoxylem is %[n fig4 #abe1 ,e1 px4 ,:ile sev]al species possess a cortex ( ?ree di/9ct zones 7fig4 #abe1 ,h1 c1 c1 c71 9 o!rs ! extra-/el> tissue is mu* m homog5e\s1 consi/+ ( ?9-wall$ p>5*yma or 9 "s cases ( ?ick-wall$ elem5ts2 z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds a m compact arrangem5t 9 ! inn] & out] portions ( ! cortex z contra/$ ) ! l>g] & m loosely connect$ cells ( ! middle region4 ,9 c]ta9 types ! middle cortex conta9s fairly l>ge spaces1 z 9 ! swamp-species ,l4 inundatum1 :i* ) ,l4 alopecuroides exhibits ano!r feature ( "s int]e/ fir/ describ$ by ,hegelmai]#ii4 ,if a transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,l4 inundatum be exam9$ ! leaf-traces are se5 to be accompani$ by a circul> canal conta9+ mucilage :i* ext5ds into ! lam9a ( ! leaf4 ,9 a specim5 ( ,l4 c]nuum#ajj obta9$ at a height ( #bejj ft4 by ,pr(essor ,/anley ,g>d9] 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ! leaf-traces 7fig4 #abe1 ,b lt7 7 f\nd to be accompani$ = "p ( _! c\rse by a well-m>k$ secretory space 7fig4 #abe1 ,b1 s74 ,!re is little d\bt t ! pres5ce ( ^! mucilage canals is directly connect$ ) a c]ta9 type ( habitat#aja & att5tion is call$ to !m 9 view ( a resemblance :i* !y (f] to a *>act]i/ic /r& ( tissue1 kn[n z ! p>i*nos1 :i* is associat$ ) ! leaf-traces ( ,lepidod5dreae & ,sigill>ieae4 ,9 ! section %[n 9 fig4 #abe1 ,h1 ! xylem ( ! /ele =ms m cont9u\s b&s ?an is (t5 ! case 9 ,l4 c]nuum :i* has already be5 describ$ z hav+ its xylem 9 small deta*$ gr\ps4 ,! pres5ce ( ! small] bran*-/ele 7fig4 #abe1 ,h1 b7 af=ds an example ( monopodial bran*+4 ,! out] cortex ( ,l4 saururus 7fig4 #abe1 ,c7 exhibits a some:at unusual feature 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ?ick]-wall$ tissue 7b7 :i* encloses a pat* ( m delicate p>5*yma 7a7 ) l>ge lacunae 7lc7 9 ! region ( ! leaf-bases1 & pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an irregul> reticulum4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! me*anical tissue 9 ! out] cortex is comp>able ) t 9 /ems ( "s species ( ,sigill>ia4 ,9 c]ta9 species ( ,lycopodium ! roots#ajb1 :i* arise endog5\sly f ! axial vascul> cyl9d]1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! cortex ( ! /em by ! %orte/ r\te1 b5d d[nw>ds & bore _! way 9 a m or less v]tical direction be=e em]g+ at or ne> ! base ( ! a]ial %oot4 ,! transv]se section ( ,l4 di*otomum repres5t$ 9 fig4 #abe1 ,a1 %[s sev]al roots 7,r7 9 ! cortex2 !y consi/ ( a xylem /r& ( circul> or cresc5tric =m accompani$ by phloem & enclos$ by sev]al lay]s ( root-cortex4 ,! roots ( ,lycopodium d n always pres5t s simple a /ructure z ^? ( ,l4 di*otomum2 ! xylem may h an irregul>ly /ellate =m ) z _m z t5 protoxylem gr\ps4 ,reproductive ,%oots#ajc4 ,9 ,lycopodium ,selago ! foliage leaves s]ve also z sporophylls &1 z ,pr(essor ,b[]#ajd has po9t$ out1 ! bran*es exhibit to "s ext5t a zonal alt]nation ( /]ile & f]tile leaves2 9 o!r species1 9 :i* foliage leaves & sporophylls are practically id5tical1 ! sporangia occur sporadically on ! ord9>y leaves4 ,9 species ) well-def9$ t]m9al cones ! l[] sporophylls may be> arre/$ sporangia & ?us =m transitional /ages betwe5 /]ile & f]tile leaves1 a feature :i* occurs also 9 ! male & female fl[]s ( _m rec5t ,arauc>ieae#aje4 ,! sporangia#ajf 7fig4 #abf1 ,d1 ,f7 are usually r5i=m & compress$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! surface ( ! cone-scales2 !y are develop$ f ! upp] surface & close to ! base ( ! f]tile leaf to :i* !y are atta*$ by a %ort & ?ick /alk 7e4g4 ,l4 inundatum7 or by a long] & m sl5d] p$icel 7,l4 ,phlegm>ia1 fig4 #abf1 ,e74 ,on maturity ! sporangia op5 z two valves 9 ! plane ( compression & ! l9e ( dehisc5ce is det]m9$ 9 "s species at lea/ by ! occurr5ce ( small] cells 9 ! wall4 ,9 transv]se sections ( cones 9 :i* ! sporangia are /rongly saddle-%ap$1 ! sporophylls may appe> to be> two sporangia4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! section ( a cone ( ,l4 clavatum %[n 9 fig4 #abf1 ,f4 ,! sporangia a & b are cut ?r\gh 9 an approximately m$ian plane %[+ ! irregul> outl9e ( ! /]ile pad 7p7 ( tissue 9 ! sporog5\s cavity4 ,^? at c & d h be5 trav]s$ at a l[] level & ! two lobes ( ! saddle-%ap$ sporangia are cut bel[ ! atta*m5t to ! sporophyll4 ,! di/al lam9ae ( ! sporophylls1 cut at diff]5t levels1 are se5 at ! p]iph]y ( ! cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,a4 ,lycopodium c]nuum1 longitud9al section ( /robilus2 a1 b& ( lignifi$ cells4 ,b4 ,l4 c]nuum4 ,cell f sporangium wall4 ,c4 ,l4 c]nuum4 ,sporophyll & sporangium2 lt1 vascul> bundle4 ,d4 ,l4 clavatum4 ,"p ( radial longitud9al section ( /robilus2 p1 /]ile tissue4 ,e4 ,l4 ,phlegm>ia4 ,sporophyll & /alk$ sporangium4 ,f4 ,l4 clavatum4 ,transv]se section ( /robilus2 p1 /]ile pad4 ,9 longitud9al radial section ( "s cones ! sporangia appe> to occupy an axill>y position1 b 9 o!rs 7e4g4 ,l4 clavatum7 !y are atta*$ to ! horizontal portion ( ! sporophyll almo/ midway betwe5 ! axis ( ! cone & ! upturn$ di/al end ( ! sporophyll 7fig4 #abf1 ,d74 ,! wall ( a sporangium frequ5tly consi/s ( #b-c cell-lay]s & 9 "s cases 7e4g4 ,l4 di*otomum71 x may rea* a ?ickness ( sev5 lay]s1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! m bulky sporangia ( a c]ta9 type ( ,lepidod5droid cone4 ,! sporog5\s tissue is sep>at$ f ! /alk ( ! sporangium by a mass ( p>5*ymat\s tissue :i* may project z a prom95t pad 7fig4 #abf1 ,d1 ,f1 p7 into ! int]ior ( ! sporog5\s cavity4 ,?is basal tissue 7! sub>*esporial pad ( ,b[]#ajg7 has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,l4 clavatum to s5d up irregul> processes ( /]ile cells among ! develop+ spores1 sugge/+ a comp>ison ) ! trabeculae :i* =m a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! sporangia ( ,isoetes & ) simil> /]ile /r&s notic$ by ,b[]#ajh 9 ,lepido/robus 7cone ( ,lepidod5dron74 ,ea* sporophyll is suppli$ by a s+le vascul> bundle :i* accord+ to publi%$ /atem5ts nev] s5ds a bran* to ! sporangium base4 ,! f]tile tips ( ! foliage %oots ( ,l4 c]nuum 7figs4 #abf1 ,a-,c7 af=d good examples ( specialis$ cones4 ,! surface ( ! cone is cov]$ by ! broadly triangul> lam9ae ( sporophylls 7fig4 #abf1 ,c7 :i* 9 _! fimbriate m>g9s resemble ! ,palaeozoic cone-scales describ$ by ,dr ,kid/on#aji z ,lepido/robus fimbriatus4 ,! di/al portions ( ! sporophylls are prolong$ d[nw>ds 7fig4 #abf1 ,a7 to af=d protection to ! l[] sporangia1 _! effici5cy be+ increas$ by ! lignifi$ & ?ick] walls 7,a1 a7 ( ! cells 9 ! l[] portion ( ! lam9> expansion4 ,! cells ( ! sporangial wall are provid$ ) /r5g!n+ b&s :i* 9 surface-view 7fig4 #abf1 ,b7 pres5t ! appe>ance ( prom95t pegs4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,miss ,sykes's pap] on ! sporangium-be>+ organs ( ! ,lycopodiaceae1 ,dr ,lang#aaj has publi%$ a m complete acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! /robilus ( ,lycopodium c]nuum 9 :i* he records c]ta9 features ( special int]e/4 ,! importance ( ^! morphological *>act]s is increas$ by _! agreem5t1 z %[n by ,lang1 ) ^? ( ! ,palaeozoic cone ,sp5c]ites#aaa4 ,! sporophylls ( a cone 7#ab mm4 long by #c mm4 9 diamet]7 ( ,lycopodium c]nuum %[ an abrupt transition f ! foliage leaves1 b l ^! !y occur 9 alt]nate :orls ( five4 ,a l>ge sporangium is atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ea* sporophyll close to ! base ( ! obliquely v]tical di/al lam9a 7fig4 #abg72 ea* sporophyll1 :i* is suppli$ ) a s+le vascul> bundle1 has a l>ge mucilage-cavity 7m7 9 its l[] region4 8,! mucilag9\s *ange0 9 ! sub-sporangial portion ( a sporophyll 8ext5ds to ! surface involv+ ! epid]mis1 s t ?is portion ( ! sporophyll-base may be describ$ z consi/+ ( a mass ( mucilage b\nd$ bel[ by a /ructureless membrane#aab40 ,dehisc5ce ( ! sporangia occurs at ! middle ( ! di/al face 7fig4 #abg1 x74 ,z se5 9 ! radial section 7fig4 #abg1 ma7 ! out] m>g9 ( ! base ( ! sporophyll be>s a %ort outgr[?4 ,! leaf-bases ( ea* :orl hang d[n betwe5 ! sporangia ( ! alt]nat+ :orl bel[1 & ! base ( ea* sporophyll is coh]5t ) ! m>g9s ( ! two sporophylls ( ! next l[] :orl betwe5 :i* x lies1 ! sporangia be+ ?us closely pack$ & ly+ 9 a pocket 8op5 only on ! out] surface ( ! cone40 ,fig4 #abh repres5ts a transv]se section ?r\gh a cone 9 ! plane ,,aa ( fig4 #abg2 ?is trav]ses ! sporangia & _! subt5d+ bracts 7b7 ( "o :orl & ! dep5d5t bases ( ! sporophylls ( ! next high] :orl 9 ! region ( ! mucilage-sacs 7m71 :i* are b\nd$ at ! p]iph]y by ! out] tissue ( ! sporophylls 7a74 ,a transv]se section 9 ! plane ,,bb ( fig4 #abg is %[n 9 fig4 #abi3 ! p$icels & a "p ( ea* vascul> /r& are se5 at b radiat+ f ! axis ( ! cone2 "o sporophyll 7sp1 a7 is cut ?r\gh 9 ! region ( ! pad ( tra*eal tissue t *>act]ises ! %ort sporangial /alks4 ,! upp] portions ( ! sporangia ( ! next l[] :orl1 :i* project upw>ds aga9/ ! mucilag9\s bases ( ! sporophylls above 7cf4 fig4 #abg1 ,,bb7 are %[n at c & ext]nal to !m1 at a1 ! section has cut ?r\gh ! out] p]si/5t portions ( ^! sporophyll bases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,radial longitud9al section ( ! cone ( ,lycopodium c]nuum4 7,aft] ,lang47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,transv]se section ( ! cone ( ,lycopodium c]nuum1 9 its plane ,,aa ( fig4 #abg4 7,aft] ,lang47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,transv]se section ( ! cone ( ,lycopodium c]nuum 9 ! plane ,,bb ( fig4 #abg4 7,aft] ,lang47 ,z ,lang po9ts out1 ?is highly complex /ructure is an expression ( ! complete protection af=d$ to ! sporangia ( a plant met ) 9 expos$ situations 9 ! tropics2 x is also ( importance f a morphological /&po9t z exhibit+ an agreem5t ) ! ext9ct type ( ,lycopod cone repres5t$ by ,sp5c]ites4 ,selag9ellaceae4 ,selag9ella diff]s f ,lycopodium 9 ! production ( two k9ds ( spores1 megaspores & microspores1 &1 9 ! great majority ( species1 9 ! dimorphic "* ( ! foliage leaves1 :i* are usually arrang$ 9 f\r r[s1 ! lam9ae ( ! upp] r[s be+ v mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! l[] 7fig4 #acj1 #a-c74 ,! small] leaves are %[n m cle>ly 9 fig4 #acj1 #a;a4 ,x is obvi\s f an exam9ation ( a ,selag9ella %oot1 su* z is %[n 9 fig4 #acj1 t 9 fossil specim5s x w\ld (t5 be almo/ impossible to recognise ! exi/5ce ( two k9ds ( leaves4 ,"s species1 e4g4 ,selag9ella sp9osa#aac1 ! sole ,briti% repres5tative ( ! g5us1 are homophyll\s & agree 9 ?is respect ) mo/ species ( ,lycopodium4 ,ano!r feature *>act]i/ic ( ,selag9ella1 z contra/$ ) ,lycopodium1 is ! pres5ce ( a ligule 9 bo? foliage leaves & sporophylls4 ,?is is a col\rless ?9 lam9a atta*$ by a comp>atively /\t foot to ! base ( a pit on ! upp] surface & close to ! l[] edge ( ! leaf 7fig4 #acj1 #d1 l2 fig4 #aca1 ,e1 ,f1 l74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,selag9ella gr&is4 7#a-c1 nat4 size47 ,9 an erect species1 su* z ,s4 gr&is ,moore#aad 7fig4 #acj & fig4 #aca1 ,g7 f ,borneo1 ! ma9 %oots1 :i* may atta9 a height ( #b-c feet1 be> small & inconspicu\s leaves ( "o k9d1 b ! lat]al & repeat$ly =k$ %oots are het]ophyll\s4 ,! passage f ! homophyll\s to ! het]ophyll\s arrangem5t is %[n 9 ! transition f ! erect to ! dorsiv5tral habit ( ! lat]al %oots 7fig4 #acj1 #b74 ,! monopodially or di*otom\sly bran*$ %oots produce long nak$ axes at ! =ks2 ^! gr[ d[nw>ds to ! gr\nd :]e !y develop num]\s di*otom\sly =k$ bran*es4 ,= c]ta9 reasons ^! nak$ a]ial axes 7 nam$ rhizophores & h always be5 /yl$ %oots1 ! t]m root be+ re/rict$ to repeat$ly =k$ bran*es :i* ! rhizophores produce 9 ! soil4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,h>vey-,gibson#aae t !re is no suffici5t reason = draw+ any morphological di/9ction betwe5 rhizophores & roots1 ! t]m root be+ applicable to bo?4 ,our k ( ! anatomy ( ,selag9ella1 ?anks *iefly to ! rese>*es ( ,h>vey-,gibson#aaf1 is mu* m complete ?an 9 ! case ( ,lycopodium4 ,! /ems1 :i* may be ei!r trail+ or erect1 are usually dorsiv5tral1 & x is notewor?y t diff]5t %oots ( ! same plant or ev5 ! same axis 9 diff]5t regions may exhibit consid]able v>iation 9 ! /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! vascul> tissue4 ,9 ! well-kn[n species1 ,selag9ella ,m>t5sii1 ! /em1 :i* is p>tly trail+1 p>tly asc5d+1 possesses a s+le ribbon-%ap$ /ele compos$ ( scal>i=m tra*eids ) two m>g9al protoxylems =m$ by ! fusion ( ! leaf-traces ( ! dorsal & v5tral leaves respectively4 ,z 9 ,lycopodium ! metaxylem tra*eae are z a rule scal>i=m1 b reticulate xylem elem5ts are by no means unkn[n4 ,! tra*eal b&1 surr\nd$ by p>5*ymat\s elem5ts1 is enclos$ by phloem ) ext]nal protophloem elem5ts4 ,! *>act]i/ic features ( ! /ele are %[n 9 ! diagrammatic draw+ ( a section ( ano!r species--,s4 ,willd5[ii--repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aca1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,a4 ,selag9ella ,willd5[ii4 ,transv]se section ( /em3 a1 out] cortex2 p1 phloem2 t1 trabeculae4 ,b4 ,s4 sp9osa1 /em3 px1 protoxylem4 ,c4 ,s4 laevigata v>4 ,lyallii1 section ( /ele3 t1 ridge ( xylem cyl9d]2 e1 endod]mis4 ,d4 ,s4 rupe/ris1 se$l+s ) cotyl$ons 7c7 protrud+ beyond ! sporophylls 7b74 ,e4 ,transv]se section ( ,selag9ella leaf-base3 l1 ligule2 lt1 leaf-trace4 ,f4 ,portion ( ,g4 enl>g$4 ,g4 ,s4 gr&is4 ,longitud9al section ( /robilus3 bb1 sporophyll-trace2 l1 ligule4 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 ,f1 aft] ,h>vey-,gibson2 ,d1 aft] ,miss ,lyon47 ,a p]icycle compos$ ( "o or two lay]s ( *lorophyll-conta9+ cells encircles ! :ole /ele :i* is susp5d$ 9 a lacuna by trabeculae 7fig4 #aca1 ,a1 ,b1 t7 connect+ ! p]icycle ) ! inn] edge ( ! broad cortex4 ,! trabeculae consi/ 9 "p ( endod]mal cells *>act]is$ by cuticul> b&s4 ,! cortex is usually diff]5tiat$ into ?ree fairly di/9ct regions4 ,me*anical tissue ( ?ick-wall$ fibres con/itutes ! out] region 7a72 ! middle cortex consi/s ( ?9n]-wall$ p>5*yma1 ! elem5ts ( :i* become small] & r m compactly arrang$ 9 ! inn] zone4 ,! middle cortex is frequ5tly *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( spaces & by ! hyphal or trabecul> /ructure ( ! tissue1 a feature :i*1 z ,b[]#aag po9t$ out1 is common to _m rec5t & fossil memb]s ( ! ,lycopodiales4 ,9 "s cases1 e4g4 ,s4 ery?ropus1 f tropical ,am]ica1 ! cortex ( ! creep+ /em consi/s entirely ( ?ick-wall$ cells4 ,selag9ella gr&is 7fig4 #acj7 has 8a %ort decumb5t /em root$ at close int]vals#aah10 f :i* ?ick erect a]ial %oots rise to a height ( "o foot or m4 ,9 ! apical region ^! erect axes give (f repeat$ly =k$ foliage %oots on :i* ! spiral phyllotaxis ( ! homophyll\s axis is gradually replac$ by f\r r[s ( two k9ds ( leaves 7fig4 #acj1 #b74 ,! anatomy ( ?is species agrees ) t ( ,s4 ,m>t5sii4 ,! trail+ or semi-erect & homophyll\s %oots ( ,selag9ella sp9osa#aai pres5t a di/9ct type ( vascul> anatomy4 ,! upp] "p ( ! asc5d+ /em has an axial /r& ( xylem ) sev5 p]iph]al gr\ps ( spiral protoxylem tra*eae 7fig4 #aca1 ,b72 9 ! trail+ portion ( ! %oot ! protoxylem elem5ts occur z "o c5tral gr\p 9 ! solid rod ( metaxylem ?r\gh :i* ! leaf-traces pass on _! way to ! axial protoxylem4 ,?is type is important z af=d+ an exception1 9 ! end>* /ructure ( ! xylem1 to ! usual ex>* plan ( ! /el> tissues4 ,?is species is ! only "o 9 :i* any indication ( ! production ( second>y xylem elem5ts has s f> be5 record$4 ,bru*mann#abj has %[n t1 9 ! small tub]\s swell+ :i* occurs at ! base ( ! "y %oot 7hypocotyl71 a m]i/ematic zone is =m$ r\nd ! axial vascul> /r& & by its activity a few second>y tra*eids are add$ to ! prim>y xylem4 ,) ?is exception ,selag9ella appe>s to h lo/ ! p[] ( second>y ?ick5+1 ! possession ( :i* con/itutes s /rik+ a feature ( ! ,palaeozoic ,lycopods4 ,ano!r type is repres5t$ by ,s4 inaequalifolia1 an ,indian species1 ! %oots ( :i* may h ei!r a s+le /ele or z _m z five1 ea* 9 its sep>ate lacuna4 ,! homophyll\s ,s4 laevigata v>4 ,lyallii ,spr41 a ,madagascan species1 af=ds a fur!r illu/ration ( ! v>iation 9 plan ( ! vascul> tissues )9 ! g5us4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 /ructure betwe5 ! erect & creep+ %oots2 9 ! =m] !re may be z _m z #ab-ac /eles1 :i* gradually coalesce be=e ! v]tical axis jo9s ! creep+ rhizome to =m "o c5tral & f\r p]iph]al /eles4 ,9 ! rhizome !re is usually a di/9ct axial /ele )\t protoxylem1 surr\nd$ by an ill-def9$ lacuna & enclos$ by a cyl9drical /ele 7sol5o/ele7#aba usually two tra*eae 9 wid? ) f\r protoxylem /r&s on its out] edge4 ,! cont9uity ( ! tubul> /ele is brok5 &1 9 transv]se section1 x assumes ! =m ( a horse-%oe close to ! base ( an erect %oot to :i* a cresc5tic vascul> /r& is giv5 (f4 ,h>vey-,gibson#abb has figur$ a section ( ! rhizome ( ?is type 9 :i* ! axial vascul> /r& is repres5t$ by a slight ridge ( tra*eae 7fig4 #aca1 ,c1 t7 project+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! axis ( ! tubul> /ele4 ,! cyl9drical /ele consi/s ( xylem ) ext]nal & int]nal phloem 7p73 cuticul>is$ endod]mal cells occur at e & e4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! desc5d+ nak$ bran*es giv5 (f f ! po9ts ( ramification ( ! foliage %oots ( ,selag9ella4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,h>vey-,gibson#abc t ^! bran*es1 orig9ally designat$ rhizophores by ,ngeli & ,leitgeb1 z well z ! di*otom\sly bran*$ roots :i* !y produce bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd1 possess a s+le vascul> /r& ( mon>* type4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t 9 "s species ! a]ial portion ( ! rhizophore has a xylem /r& ) a c5tral protoxylem1 an in/ance ( end>* /ructure l t 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! %oot-sy/em ( ,s4 sp9osa4 ,! root-anatomy ( ,selag9ella & ! di*otom\s habit ( bran*+ af=d po9ts ( agreem5t ) ! subt]ranean organs ( ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia4 ,leaves4 ,! leaves ( ,selag9ella#abd usually consi/ ( a reticulum ( loosely arrang$ cells1 b 9 "s cases "p ( ! mesophyll assumes ! palisade =m4 ,! s+le vascul> bundle consi/s ( a few small annul> or spiral tra*eae & at ! apex ( ! lam9a ! protoxylem elem5ts are accompani$ by sev]al %ort reticulat$ pitt$ elem5ts4 ,bo? foliage leaves & sporophylls are *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a ligule1 a /ructure :i* may pres5t ! appe>ance ( a some:at rectangul> plate 7fig4 #acj1 #d1 l1 & fig4 #aca1 ,e-,g1 l7 or assume a fan-%ap$ =m ) a lob$ or papillate m>g94 ,! base1 compos$ ( l>ge cells1 is sunk 9 ! tissue ( ! leaf close to its ins]tion on ! /em 7fig4 #aca1 ,e1 l7 & enclos$ by a well-m>k$ p>5*ymat\s %ea?4 ,! %ea? is sep>at$ f ! vascul> bundle ( ! leaf by "o or m lay]s ( cells1 & 9 "s species ^! become trans=m$ into %ort tra*eids4 ,! ligule is reg>d$ by ,h>vey-,gibson#abe z a specialis$ ram5tum :i* s]ves ! tempor>y function ( keep+ moi/ ! gr[+-po9t & "y leaves4 ,cones4 ,! t]m9al portions ( ! bran*es ( ,selag9ella usually be> small] leaves ( uni=m size :i* function z sporophylls1 b 9 ?is g5us ! f]tile %oots d n g5]ally =m su* di/9ct cones z 9 _m species ( ,lycopodium4 ,9 ,s4 gr&is 7figs4 #acj1 #c2 #aca1 ,g7 ! long & n>r[ /robili consi/ ( a sl5d] axis be>+ imbricate sporophylls 9 f\r r[s3 ea* sporophyll subt5ds a sporangium situat$ betwe5 ! ligule & ! axis ( ! %oot4 ,! sporangium may be develop$ f ! axis ( ! cone or1 z 9 ,lycopodium1 f ! cells ( ! sporophyll#abf4 ,9 "s species ! l[] sporophylls be> only megasporangia1 ea* normally conta9+ f\r megaspores1 ! microsporangia be+ conf9$ to ! upp] "p ( ! cone4 ,?is di/ribution ( ! two k9ds ( sporangia is1 h[ev]1 by no means con/ant#abg3 9 "s cases1 e4g4 ,s4 rupe/ris1 cones may be> megasporangia only1 & 9 ! cone ( ,s4 gr&is1 ( :i* a small piece is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aca1 ,g1 all ! sporangia 7 f\nd to conta9 microspores4 ,! occurr5ce ( two k9ds ( spores 9 ,selag9ella con/itutes a feature ( special importance f ! po9t ( view ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ,phan]ogams1 9 :i* het]ospory is a con/ant "*1 & ! het]ospor\s ,pt]idophytes4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,phan]ogams & ! re/ ( ! vegetable k+dom lies 9 ! production ( se$s4 ,rec5t "w has1 h[ev]1 %[n t se$-production c no long] be reg>d$ z a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,gymnosp]ms & ,angiosp]ms4 ,palaeozoic plants :i* comb9$ filic9ean & cycadean features resembl$ ! exi/+ ,phan]ogams 9 ! possession ( highly specialis$ se$s4 ,?is discov]y adds po9t to ! comp>ison ( ! true se$ ) /ructures conc]n$ ) reproduction 9 se$less plants1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( evolution gave rise to ! m effici5t arrangem5t = ! nurs+1 protection1 & ultimate disp]sal ( ! embryo4 ,9 ! megaspore ( ,selag9ella we h1 z ,h(mei/] 0 ! fir/ to recognise 9 #ahea1 a /ructure homolog\s ) ! embryo-sac ( ! ,phan]ogam4 ,! embryo-sac consi/s ( a l>ge cell produc$ 9 a mass ( p>5*ymat\s tissue kn[n z ! nucellus :i* is almo/ completely enclos$ by "o or m integum5ts4 ,f]tilisation ( ! egg-cell )9 ! embryo-sac takes place z a rule :ile ! female reproductive organ is /ill atta*$ to ! p>5t-plant & sep>ation does n occur until ! ovule has become ! se$4 ,9 a few cases1 notably 9 c]ta9 plants *>act]i/ic ( ,mangrove swamps1 cont9uity betwe5 ! se$ & its p>5t is reta9$ until aft] g]m9ation4 ,! megasporangium ( ,selag9ella dehisces#abh along a l9e m>k$ out by ! occurr5ce ( small] cells ov] ! cre/ ( ! wall4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to describe ! megaspores z be+ f]tilis$ aft] ejection f ! sporangia4 ,?is e>li] sep>ation f ! p>5t & ! abs5ce ( any protective cov]+ ext]nal to ! spore-wall con/itute two di/+ui%+ features betwe5 se$s & megaspores4 ,9 ,selag9ella apus1 a ,cali=nian species1 ,miss ,lyon has %[n t f]tilisation ( ! egg-cell usually takes place :ile ! megaspore is /ill 9 ! /robilus4 ,on exam9+ )]$ decay$ /robili ( ?is species :i* _h be5 p>tially cov]$ ) ! soil = "s mon?s aft] f]tilisation ( ! megaspores1 sev]al "y plants 7 f\nd ) cotyl$ons & roots project+ ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! megasporangia#abi4 ,f ?is1 adds ,miss ,lyon1 8x seems safe to assume t an embryo may h two p]iods ( gr[? sep>at$ by "o ( quiesc5ce q comp>able to ^? ( se$ plants ) m>k$ x]ophil\s features40 ,9 ano!r ,we/]n ,am]ican species ,s4 rupe/ris describ$ by ! same writ] ! cotyl$ons ( "y plants 7 f\nd protrud+ f ! imbricate sporophylls ( a )]$ cone 7fig4 #aca1 ,d74 ,?is species is int]e/+ also f ! occasional occurr5ce ( "o in/ead ( f\r megasporangia 9 a sporangium2 a condition :i* af=ds ano!r connect+ l9k betwe5 ! het]ospor\s ,pt]idophytes1 on ! "o h&1 & ! se$-be>+ ,phan]ogams 9 :i* ! occurr5ce ( a s+le embryo-sac 7megaspore7 9 ea* ovule is ! rule4 ,! cones ( ,selag9ella rupe/ris reta9 connexion ) ! plant ?r\gh ! w9t] & f]tilisation occurs 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,aft] ! embryo has be5 =m$ ! megasporangium 8becomes sunk5 9 a %all[ pit =m$ by ! cu%ion-l outgr[? ( ! sporophyll ar\nd ! p$icel40 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is outgr[? may be comp>able ) ! integum5t :i* gr[s up f ! sporophyll 9 ! fossil g5us ,lepidoc>pon#acj & almo/ completely encloses ! sporangium4 ,9 ! draw+s giv5 by ,miss ,lyon no features are recognisable :i* af=d a p>allel to ! integum5t ( ,lepidoc>pon4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 endeav\r$ to %[1 by a brief ref]5ce to ?is au?or's int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! two ,cali=nian species1 t ! physiological & morphological resemblances betwe5 ! megasporangia ( ,selag9ella & ! integum5t$ ovules ( ! se$-be>+ plants are suffici5tly close to enable u to recognise possible l9es ( advance t[>ds ! developm5t ( ! true se$4 ,pr(essor ,campbell#aca records an additional example ( a ,selag9ella--probably ,s4 ,bigelovii--f ! dry region ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia 9 :i* ! spores become completely dri$ up aft] ! embryo has atta9$ "s size1 rema9+ 9 t /ate until ! m fav\rable conditions succe$+ ! dry season induce r5ew$ activity4 ,isoetaceae4 ,! g5us ,isoetes is peculi> among ,pt]idophytes bo? 9 habit & 9 anatomical features4 ,9 its %ort & relatively ?ick tub]\s /em1 t]m9at+ 9 a cr[d$ rosette ( subulate leaves l ^? ( ,juncus & be>+ num]\s adv5titi\s roots1 ,isoetes pres5ts an appe>ance simil> to t ( _m monocotyl$on\s plants4 ,! habit ( ! g5us is well repres5t$ by su* species z ,isoetes lacu/ris & ,i4 e*9ospora#acb 7fig4 #acb7 bo? ( :i* gr[ 9 fre%wat] lakes 9 ,brita9 & 9 o!r nor? ,european c\ntries4 ,! latt] species be>s leaves rea*+ a l5g? ( #ah cm4 ,! resemblance 9 habit betwe5 ?is isolat$ memb] ( ! ,pt]idophytes & c]ta9 ,fl[]+ plants1 al?\gh 9 itself ( no morphological significance1 is consi/5t ) ! view express$ by ,campbell t ,isoetes may be directly relat$ to ! ,monocotyl$ons#acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,isoetes e*9ospora 7,aft] ,motelay & ,v5drys74 ,a4 ,/em ( ,i4 lacu/ris4 ,b4 ,base ( sporophyll3 l1 ligule2 spg1 sporangium p>tially cov]$ by velum4 ,!re is z a rule little or no diff]5ce betwe5 ! foliage leaves & sporophylls2 9 ,i4 lacu/ris ! latt] are r l>g] & 9 ! t]re/rial species ,i4 hy/rix#acd ! /]ile leaves are repres5t$ by ! exp&$ basal portions only1 :i* p]si/ l ! leaf-bases ( ,lepidod5dron z d>k br[n scales to =m a protective inve/m5t to ! old] "p ( ! /em4 ,! inn]mo/ leaves are usually /]ile2 next to ^! are sporophylls be>+ megasporangia1 & on ! outside are ! old] sporophylls ) microsporangia4 ,! long & sl5d] portion ( ! leaf becomes sudd5ly exp&$ close to its atta*m5t to ! /em into a broad base ( cresc5tic section :i* be>s a fairly conspicu\s ligule 7figs4 #acb1 ,b1 l1 #acc1 ,e1 l7 ins]t$ by a foot or glossopodium 9 a pit ne> ! upp] "p ( ! concave inn] face4 ,! ligule is usually l>g] ?an t ( ,selag9ella1 ?\gh ( ! same type4 ,! free awl-l lam9a conta9s f\r l>ge canals bridg$ across at int]vals by transv]se diaphragms1 & 9 ! axial region a s+le vascul> bundle ( collat]al /ructure4 ,o!r vascul> elem5ts1 9 ! =m ( num]\s %ort tra*eids occur bel[ ! base ( ! transv]sely elongat$ ligule4 ,/omata are f\nd on ! leaves ( ,i4 hy/rix1 ,i4 ,boryana#ace1 & 9 o!r species :i* are n p]man5tly subm]g$4 ,bo? microsporangia & megasporangia are *>act]is$ by _! l>ge size & by ! pres5ce ( trabeculae or /r&s ( /]ile tissue 7fig4 #acc1 ,e1 ,h1 t7 completely bridg+ across ! sporangial cavity or ext5d+ z irregul> +r[?s among ! spore-produc+ tissue4 ,simil> /]ile b&s1 ?\gh less abundant & small]1 are occasionally met ) 9 ! /ill l>g] sporangia ( ,lepido/robus2 ^! may be reg>d$ z a fur!r developm5t ( ! prom95t pad ( cells :i* projects into ! sporangial cavity 9 rec5t species ( ,lycopodium 7fig4 #abf1 ,d1 p74 ,! sporangia are atta*$ by a v %ort /alk to ! base ( a l>ge depression 9 ! leaf-base bel[ ! ligule1 f ! pit ( :i* !y are sep>at$ by a ridge ( tissue kn[n z ! saddle1 & f ?is ridge a veil ( tissue 7! velum7 ext5ds z a ro( ov] ! sporangial *amb] 7fig4 #acc1 ,e1 v74 ,9 mo/ species !re is a l>ge gap betwe5 ! l[] edge ( ! velum & t ( ! sporangial pit1 b 9 ,i4 hy/rix ?is protective membrane is sep>at$ f ! base ( ! leaf by a n>r[ op5+1 ! resemblance ( :i* to ! micropyle ( an ovule sugge/$ to "o ( ! old] botani/s ! employm5t ( ! same t]m#acf4 ,mr ,t4 ,g4 ,hill#acg has call$ att5tion to ! pres5ce ( mucilage canals 9 ! base ( ! sporophylls ( ,i4 hy/rix1 :i* he comp>es ) ! /r&s ( tissue kn[n z ! p>i*nos accompany+ ! leaf-traces ( ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia 9 ! out] cortex ( ! /em4 ,! transv]se section %[n 9 fig4 #acc1 ,h & ,i1 %[s two ( ^! mucilage canals 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t2 a /r& ( p>5*ymat\s elem5ts di/+ui%$ by _! p>tially disorganis$ condition & m deeply /a9$ membranes 7fig4 #acc1 ,i7 runs ?r\gh ! sp&rels ( ! sporophyll tissue close to ! upp] surface4 ,!re is a close resemblance betwe5 ! /ructure ( ^! p>tially =m$ mucilage-canals & ! tissue :i* has be5 call$ ! secretory zone 9 ,lepidod5dron /ems4 ,fig4 #acc1 ,h1 also %[s a l>ge microsporangium ) prom95t trabeculae 7t7 ly+ bel[ ! velum4 ,a longitud9al section 7fig4 #acc1 ,e7 ?r\gh a sporophyll-base pres5ts an appe>ance comp>able ) t ( an ,arauc>ian cone-scale ) its integum5t$ ovule & micropyle4 ,! megaspores are *>act]is$ by ridges1 sp9es1 & o!r surface-ornam5tation#ach4 ,?\gh usually unbran*$1 ! p]5nial /em ( ,isoetes 7fig4 #acb7 has 9 r>e cases be5 f\nd to exhibit di*otom\s bran*+1 a feature1 z ,solms-,lauba*#aci po9ts out1 consi/5t ) a ,lycopodiace\s aff9ity4 ,! apex is situat$ at ! base ( a funnel-%ap$ depression4 ,! /em is always groov$2 9 "s species two & 9 o!rs ?ree deep furr[s ext5d f ! base up ! sides ( ! %ort & ?ick axis t[>ds ! leaves3 f ! sides ( ^! furr[s num]\s sl5d] roots are giv5 (f 9 acropetal succession4 ,a /ele ( peculi> /ructure occupies ! c5tre ( ! /em2 cyl9drical 9 ! upp] "p 7fig4 #acc1 ,a71 x assumes a n>r[ elliptical or1 9 species 9 :i* !re are ?ree furr[s1 a triangul> =m 9 ! l[] portion ( ! tub]\s /em4 ,sid5ote3 ,,isoetes ,! /em ( ,i4 lacu/ris repres5t$ 9 fig4 #acb1 ,a1 f :i* ! lam9ae ( ! leaves h be5 remov$ f ! summit af=ds an example ( a species ) two furr[s4 ,! draw+ %[s ! widely gap+ sides ( ! broad furr[ ) circul> root-sc>s & a few simple & di*otom\sly bran*$ roots4 ,a %ort ?ick column ( p>5*ymat\s tissue projects f a slightly ecc5tric position on ! base ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,isoetes lacu/ris4 ,a4 ,transv]se section ( /em3 cr1 cortex2 x1 x xylem2 c1 cambium2 a1 ?9-wall$ tissue2 lt1 leaf-traces2 b1 dead tissue4 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,portions ( ,a enl>g$4 ,e4 ,longitud9al radial section ( sporophyll-base3 v1 velum2 l1 ligule2 bb2 vascul> bundle2 m1 megaspores2 t1 /]ile tissue4 ,f4 ,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! base ( a root4 ,g4 ,transv]se section ( root4 ,h4 ,transv]se section ( sporophyll1 %[+ sporangium ) trabeculae1 t2 leaf-trace1 7lt71 & two gr\ps ( secretory cells4 ,i4 ,a gr\p ( secretory cells enl>g$4 ,! prim>y vascul> cyl9d]#adj consi/s ( num]\s spiral1 annul> or reticulate tra*eids 7fig4 #acc1 ,a1 x7 :i* are ei!r isodiametric or long] 9 a horizontal ?an 9 a v]tical direction1 associat$ ) p>5*yma4 ,l[] 9 ! /em cru%$ & disorganis$ xylem elem5ts are scatt]$ ?r\gh a /ill liv+ trabecul> network ( p>5*ymat\s tissue4 ,f ! axial cyl9d] num]\s leaf-traces 7fig4 #acc1 ,a1 lt7 radiate outw>ds1 at fir/ 9 a horizontal direction & !n gradually asc5d+ t[>ds ! leaves4 ,! vascul> cyl9d] is ( ! type kn[n z caul9e2 t is1 "s ( ! xylem is di/9ct 9 orig9 f t :i* consi/s solely ( ! l[] ends ( leaf-traces4 ,z 9 ,lycopodium ! developm5t ( ! metaxylem is c5tripetal4 ,von ,mohl#ada1 & a few ye>s lat] ,h(mei/]#adb1 7 ! fir/ botani/s to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! anatomy ( ,isoetes b x is only rec5tly#adc t fre% light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! /ructural features ( ! g5us ! int]e/ ( :i* is enhanc$ by ! _m po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! rec5t type & ! ,palaeozoic ,lepidod5dreae4 ,a /rik+ anatomical feature is ! p[] ( ! /em to produce second>y vascul> & non-vascul> tissue2 ! g5us is also *>act]is$ by ! e>ly appe>ance ( second>y m]i/ematic activity :i* r5d]s x practically impossible to draw any di/9ct l9e betwe5 prim>y & second>y gr[?4 ,a cyl9d] ( ?9-wall$ tissue 7fig4 #acc1 ,a1 a7 surr\nds ! prim>y c5tral cyl9d] & 9 ?is a cambial zone1 c1 is recognis$ ev5 close to ! /em-apex2 ?is zone ( divid+ cells is sep>at$ f ! xylem by a few lay]s ( rectangul> cells to :i* ! t]m prismatic zone has be5 appli$4 ,! e>ly appe>ance ( ! cambial activity on ! edge ( ! vascul> cyl9d] is %[n 9 fig4 #acc1 ,c1 :i* repres5ts "p ( a transv]se section ( a "y /em4 ,a leaf-trace1 lt1 is 9 connexion ) ! prim>y xylem1 x1 :i* consi/s ( %ort tra*eids1 (t5 repres5t$ only by _! spiral or reticulately ?ick5$ b&s ( lignifi$ wall1 & scatt]$ p>5*yma4 ,"s ( ! radially elongat$ cells on ! sides ( ! leaf-trace are se5 to be 9 cont9uity on ! out] edge ( ! /ele1 at /1 ) flatt5$ elem5ts1 "s ( :i* are sieve-tubes4 ,! position ( a second leaf-trace is %[n at lt4 ,ext]nal to ! sieve-tubes ! tissue consi/s ( radially arrang$ s]ies ( rectangul> cells1 "s ( :i* h already assum$ ! function ( a cambium 7c74 ,! tissue produc$ by ! cambium on its inn] edge consi/s ( a v>y+ am\nt ( second>y xylem compos$ ( v %ort spiral tra*eids2 a few ( ^! may be lignifi$ 7fig4 #acc1 ,a1 x7 :ile o!rs rema9 ?94 ,phloem elem5ts1 recognisable by ! pres5ce ( a ?ick5$ reticulum enclos+ small sieve-areas 7fig #acc1 ,b1 s7 are fairly abundant1 & = ! re/ ?is intracambial region is compos$ ( ?9-wall$ p>5*yma4 ,9 longitud9al section ^! tissues pres5t an appe>ance almo/ id5tical ) t obs]v$ 9 a transv]se section4 ,fig4 #acc1 ,b repres5ts a longitud9al section1 ?r\gh ! intracambial zone & ! edge ( ! /ele1 ( a y\ng] /em ?an t %[n 9 fig4 #acc1 ,a4 ,mo/ ( ! radially dispos$ cells int]nal to ! m]i/ematic region are p>5*ymat\s )\t any di/9ctive features2 a few scatt]$ sieve-tubes 7s7 are recognis$ by _! elliptical sieve-areas & an occasional tra*eid c be detect$4 ,! cambium cuts (f ext]nally a succession ( segm5ts :i* con/itute additional cortical tissue 7fig4 #acc1 ,a1 cr7 ( homog5e\s /ructure1 compos$ ( p>5*ymat\s cells conta9+ />* & ri* 9 int]cellul> spaces4 ,z ! /em gr[s 9 ?ickness ! second>y cortex rea*es a consid]able bread? & ! sup]ficial lay]s are f "t to "t exfoliat$ z /rips ( dead & cru%$ tissue 7fig4 #acc1 ,a1 b74 ,! diagrammatic sket* reproduc$ 9 fig4 #acc1 ,a1 s]ves to illu/rate ! arrangem5t & relative size ( ! tissue-regions 9 an ,isoetes /em4 ,9 ! c5tre occur num]\s spirally or reticulate tra*eae scatt]$ 9 p>5*ymat\s tissue :i* has be5 consid]ably /ret*$ & torn 9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! /ele2 ! radiat+ l9es m>k ! position ( ! leaf-traces 7lt7 9 ! m horizontal "p ( _! c\rse4 ,! zone betwe5 ! cambium 7c7 & ! edge ( ! c5tral cyl9d] consi/s ( radially dispos$ second>y tissue ( %ort1 & = ! mo/ "p unlignifi$1 elem5ts includ+ sieve-tubes & p>5*yma2 ! second>y xylem elem5ts consi/ l>gely ( ?9-wall$ rectangul> cells ) delicate spiral b&s1 b discont9u\s r[s ( lignifi$ tra*eae 7x7 occur 9 c]ta9 regions ( ! intracambial zone4 ,! re/ ( ! /em consi/s ( second>y cortex 7cr7 ) pat*es ( dead tissue 7b7 /ill adh]+ to ! irregul>ly furr[$ surface4 ,! /ructure ( ! cambium & its products is %[n 9 ! detail$ draw+ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #acc1 ,d4 ,_m ( ! elem5ts cut (f on ! inn] side ( ! cambium exhibit ! *>act]s ( tra*eids3 mo/ ( ^! are unlignifi$1 b o!rs h ?ick] & lignifi$ walls 7tr74 ,i4 hy/rix appe>s to be exceptional 9 reta9+ its leaf-bases1 :i* =m a complete protective inve/m5t & prev5t ! exfoliation ( dead cortex4 ,ea* leaf-trace consi/s ( a few spiral tra*eids accompani$ by n>r[ phloem elem5ts directly cont9u\s ) ! second>y phloem ( ! intracambial zone4 ,dr ,scott & ,mr ,hill h po9t$ out t a normal cambium is occasionally pres5t 9 ! /em ( ,i4 hy/rix dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( gr[?2 ?is gives rise to xylem int]nally4 ,! few phloem elem5ts obs]v$ ext]nal to ! cambium may be reg>d$ z prim>y phloem1 a tissue n usually repres5t$ 9 an ,isoetes /em#add4 ,! occasional occurr5ce ( ?is normal cambium1 may1 z ,scott & ,hill sugge/1 be a survival f a =m] condition 9 :i* ! second>y ?ick5+ foll[$ a less peculi> c\rse4 ,! l[] leaf-traces become m or less oblit]at$ z ! result ( ! con/ant increase 9 ?ickness ( ! broad zone ( second>y tissues ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,! adv5titi\s roots are develop$ acropetally & arrang$ 9 p>allel s]ies on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e ( ! two or ?ree furr[s4 ,! ?ree arms ( ! triangul> /ele ( ,i4 hy/rix & ! two n>r[ ends ( ! long axis ( ! /ele ( ,i4 lacu/ris1 :i* 9 transv]se section has ! =m ( a flatt5$ ellipse1 are built up ( successive root-bases4 ,a root ( ,isoetes 7fig4 #acc1 ,g7 possesses "o vascul> bundle1 x1 ) a s+le /r& ( protoxylem1 px1 ?us agree+ 9 its mon>* /ructure ) ! root-bundle 9 ,selag9ella & _m species ( ,lycopodium4 ,! cortical region ( ! root consi/s ( a few lay]s ( out] cortex succe$$ by a l>ge space1 =m$ by ! break+ d[n ( ! inn] cortical tissue1 into :i* ! vascul> bundle projects 7fig4 #acc1 ,f74 ,! peculi>ity ( ! roots 9 hav+ a holl[ cortex & an ecc5tric vascul> bundle 0 notic$ by ,von ,mohl#ade4 ,9 ! mon>* bundles1 z 9 ! fi/ul> cortex & di*otom\s bran*+1 ! roots ( ,isoetes pres5t a /rik+ resemblance to ! sl5d] rootlets ( ! ,palaeozoic ,/igm>ia 7see ,page #bdf74 ,! longitud9al section ?r\gh ! base ( a root ( ,isoetes lacu/ris %[n 9 fig4 #acc1 ,f1 af=ds a fur!r illu/ration ( c]ta9 features common to ! fossil & rec5t types4 ,,fossil ,,lycopodiales4 ,isoetaceae ,! geological hi/ory ( ?is division ( ! ,pt]idophyta is exce$+ly meagre1 a fact all ! m regrettable z x is by no means improbable t 9 ! surviv+ g5us ,isoetes we h an isolat$ type possibly ( consid]able antiquity & closely ak9 to su* ext9ct g5]a z ,pleuromeia & ,sigill>ia4 ,if ,saporta's ,l[] ,cretace\s species ,isoetes ,*(fati#adf1 or m appropriately ,isoetites ,*(fati1 is correctly det]m9$1 x is ! olde/ fossil memb] ( ! family & inde$ ! mo/ satisfactory among ! m ?an d\btful species describ$ z ext9ct =ms ( ,isoetes4 ,isoetites4 ,! g5]ic "n ,isoetites 0 fir/ us$ by ,mn/]#adg 9 ! description ( a specim51 f ! ,jurassic li?ographic slates ( ,sol5h(5 9 ,bav>ia1 :i* he nam$ ,isoetites croci=mis4 ,! specific "n 0 *os5 to express a resemblance ( ! tub]\s appe>ance ( ! l[] "p ( ! imp]fectly pres]v$ & indet]m9able fossil to a ,crocus corm4 ,impressions ( ,isoetes-l leaves f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,york%ire figur$ by ,phillips#adh & aft]w>ds by ,l9dley#adi z ,sol5ites ,murrayana 7 comp>$ by ! latt] au?or ) ,isoetes & ,pilul>ia1 b ^! leaves are n[ g5]ally assign$ to ,he]'s gymnosp]m\s g5us ,czekan[skia4 ,an exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! epid]mal cells ( ^! ,jurassic impressions conv9c$ me t !y resemble rec5t conif]\s ne$les m closely ?an ! leaves ( any ,pt]idophyte4 ,! g5us ,czekan[skia#aej is recognis$ by sev]al au?ors z a probable memb] ( ! ,g9kgoales4 ,isoetites ,*(fati4 ,saporta4 ,! late ,m>quis ( ,saporta f\nd$ ?is species on two sets ( impressions f ! ,urgonian 7,l[] ,cretace\s7 ( ,portugal :i*1 ?\gh n f\nd 9 actual organic connexion1 may possibly be portions ( ! same plant4 ,small relatively broad tub]\s bodies rea*+ a bread? ( #a cm4 are comp>$ ) ! %ort & broad /em ( ,isoetes1 :i* !y resemble 9 be>+ num]\s app5dages radiat+ f ! surface l ! roots ( ! rec5t species2 on ! expos$ face ( ! /em occur scatt]$ circul> sc>s repres5t+ ! position ( roots :i* 7 deta*$ be=e fossilisation4 ,o!r impressions are id5tifi$ z ! basal portions ( sporophylls be>+ sporangia3 ^! sugge/ ! exp&$ base ( ! f]tile leaves ( ,isoetes ) v]tically elongat$ sporangia1 "s ( :i* h a smoo? surface :ile 9 o!rs traces ( int]nal /ructure are expos$2 ! int]ior consi/s ( an irregul> network ) depressions conta9+ c>bonis$ rema9s ( spores4 ,:ile recognis+ a g5]al resemblance to ! sporophylls ( ,isoetes1 c]ta9 diff]5ces are obvi\s3 !re is no ligule 9 ! fossil leaves nor are !re any di/9ct traces ( vascul> /r&s su* z occur 9 ! leaves ( rec5t species4 ,! =m ( ! sporangium1 m elongat$ ?an 9 ! majority ( rec5t =ms1 is comp>$ by ,saporta ) t 9 a s\? ,european species ,isoetes setacea ,spr4 ,su* evid5ce z we h l5ds support to ! inclusion ( ^! ,portuguese fossils 9 ! g5us ,isoetites1 b ap>t f ! fact t we h no pro( ( any connexion betwe5 ! /ems & suppos$ sporophylls1 ! resemblance ( ! latt] to ^? ( ,isoetes is1 p]haps1 h>dly suffici5t to satisfy all reasonable scepticism4 ,! g5]ic "n ,isoetopsis 0 us$ by ,saporta z m appropriate ?an ,isoetes = "s ,eoc5e fossils f ,aix-en-,prov5ce :i* are too d\btful to rank z tru/wor?y evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! rec5t g5us4 ,! species1 ,isoetopsis subaphylla#aea is f\nd$ on impressions ( small scales1 #d mm4 long1 be>+ circul> bodies :i* are comp>$ ) sporangia or spores4 ,o!r records ( fossils ref]r$ to ,isoetes ne$ n be describ$ z !y h no claim to be reg>d$ z contributions t[>ds ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! g5us4 ,he]'s ,mioc5e species ,isoetites ,s*euz]i & ,i4 ,braunii ,ung]#aeb f ,switz]l& are bas$ on unsatisfactory mat]ial & are ( no importance4 ,pleuromeia4 ,! g5]ic "n ,pleuromeia1 0 sugge/$ by ,corda#aec = a fossil f ! ,bunt] ,s&/one1 ! orig9al description ( :i* 0 bas$ by ,mn/]#aed on a specim5 discov]$ 9 a split /one f ! t[] ( ,magdeburg ,ca!dral4 ,! majority ( ! specim5s h be5 obta9$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]nburg1 b a few examples are record$ f ,comm]n & o!r ,g]man localities3 all are n[ includ$ "u ! "n ,pleuromeia ,/]nb]gi4 ,g]m>1 :o publi%$ "o ( ! e>li] acc\nts ( ! species1 /ates t ,corda diss5t$ f ,mn/]'s *oice ( ! "n ,sigill>ia & propos$ ! new g5]ic title ,pleuromeia4 ,"o ( ! be/ descriptions ( ! g5us we owe to ,solms-,lauba*#aee ^: pap] conta9s ref]5ces to e>li] writ]s4 ,illu/rations h be5 publi%$ by ,mn/]1 ,g]m>#aef1 ,bis*(#aeg1 ,solms-,lauba* & ,potoni#aeh4 ,pleuromeia ,/]nb]gi4 7,mn/]47 ,fig4 #acd4 #ahdb4 ,sigill>ia ,/]nb]gii1 ,mn/]4 #ahed4 ,sag5>ia ,bis*(ii1 ,goepp]t#aei4 #ahhe4 ,sigill>ia ocul9a1 ,blanck5horn4 #aijd4 ,pleuromeia ocul9a1 ,potoni4 ,pleuromeia ,/]nb]gi is repres5t$ by ca/s ( vegetative & f]tile axes1 b ! pres]vation ( ! latt] is n suffici5tly good to enable u to draw any v def9ite conclusions z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs4 ,ca/s ( ! /ems rea* a l5g? ( ab\t #a metre & a diamet] ( #e-f cm41 or 9 "s cases #aj cm42 all ( !m are 9 a m or less decorticat$ /ate1 ! degree ( decortication be+ responsible = diff]5ces 9 ! ext]nal features :i* l$ ,spiek]#afj to adopt m ?an "o specific "n4 ,fig4 #acd1 ,a1 repres5ts a sket*1 made "s ye>s ago1 ( a specim5 9 ! ,breslau ,museum :i* conta9s sev]al examples ( ?is species1 among o!rs ^? describ$ by ,g]m> 9 #aheb4 ,! cyl9drical ca/ 7#ch cm4 long by #ab cm4 9 circumf]5ce71 :i* has be5 slightly squeez$ t[>ds ! upp] end1 be>s spirally arrang$ imp]fectly pres]v$ leaf-sc>s & ! l[] end %[s ! truncat$ base ( "o ( ! %ort ,/igm>ia-l arms *>act]i/ic ( ! plant4 ,z %[n cle>ly 9 a specim5 orig9ally figur$ by ,bis*( & m rec5tly by ,potoni#afa1 ! /em-base is divid$ by a d\ble di*otomy into f\r %ort & broad lobes ) blunt apices & b5t upw>ds l ! arms ( a grappl+ iron 7fig4 #acd1 ,d74 ,! surface ( ?is basal region is *>act]is$ by num]\s circul> sc>s 7fig4 #acd1 ,d2 #d sc>s enl>g$7 9 ! =m ( slightly project+ areas ) a depression 9 ! c5tre ( ea*4 ,^! are und\bt$ly ! sc>s ( rootlets1 rema9s ( :i* are occasionally se5 radiat+ ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,z se5 9 fig4 #acd1 ,d1 a1 ! fractur$ surface ( a basal area may reveal ! exi/5ce ( an axial vascul> cyl9d] giv+ (f sl5d] bran*es to ! rootlets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,pleuromeia ,/]nb]gi4 ,a4 ,ca/ ( /em 9 ! ,breslau ,museum 7 nat4 size74 7,a4,c4,s47 ,b4 8,sigill>ia ocul9a0 ,blanck5horn4 7,aft] ,weiss74 ,c1 ,d4 ,leaf-sc>s & base ( /em3 a1 vascul> tissue4 7,aft] ,solms-,lauba*47 ,! bulb\s enl>gem5t at ! base ( ! ,br[n seawe$ ,lam9>ia bulbosa ,lam4#afb simulates ! swoll5 base ( ,pleuromeia2 b a confusion betwe5 ^! two plants is h>dly likely to occur4 ,above ! ,/igm>ia-l base ! gradually tap]$ axis1 9 ! less decorticat$ specim5s1 be>s spirally dispos$ transv]sely elongat$ areas consi/+ ( two triangul> sc>s betwe5 :i* is ! po9t ( exit ( a leaf-trace4 ,! =m ( ! leaf-sc>s is be/ se5 on ! face ( a m\ld figur$ by ,solms-,lauba* 7fig4 #acd1 ,c73 9 ?is case ! two triangul> areas appe> z slight projections sep>at$ by a n>r[ groove m>k+ ! position ( ! vascul> bundle ( ! leaf4 ,! curv$ l9es above & bel[ ! leaf-sc> probably m>k ! b\nd>y ( ! leaf-base4 ,! two triangul> sc>s are comp>$ by ,solms-,lauba* & by ,potoni ) ! p>i*nos-sc>s ( ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron 7cf4 fig4 #adf1 ,c71 b ! l>ge size ( ! ,pleuromeia sc>s con/itutes an obvi\s diff]5ce ?\gh possibly n a di/9ction ( importance4 ,! occurr5ce ( a v]tical canal fill$ ) c>bonace\s mat]ial 9 "s ( ! /ems ?r[s light on ! int]nal /ructure3 ! canal1 :i* is describ$ by ,solms-,lauba* z hav+ a /ellate outl9e 9 transv]se section recalls ! n>r[ c5tral cyl9d] ( a ,lepidod5dron /em1 & ?is comp>ison is /r5g!n$ by ! pres5ce ( obliquely asc5d+ grooves :i* repres5t leaf-traces pass+ ?r\gh ! cortex4 ,9 specim5s :i* h lo/ m ( ! cortical tissues ! surface is *>act]is$ by spirally dispos$1 discont9u\s v]tical grooves repres5t+ portions ( leaf-traces precisely z !y appe> 9 simil> ca/s ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,!re is no direct evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( second>y wood 9 ! /em1 b1 z ,potoni has po9t$ out1 ! great] transv]se elongation ( ! leaf-sc>s 9 ! l[] "p ( a ca/ 7fig4 #acd1 ,a7 po9ts to ! production ( "s second>y tissue ei!r 9 ! vascul> cyl9d] or cortex1 or possibly 9 bo? regions4 ,9 "s specim5s ( ,pleuromeia ! upp] portion is clo!d ) cr[d$ & imbricate sporophylls :i* rea* a l5g? ( #be cm41 a maximum bread? ( #bg cm41 & a ?ickness ( #a mm4 ,ea* sporophyll has a ?9 w+-l bord]1 & on ! l[] face are sev]al p>allel l9es4 ,solms-,lauba* describes ! sporangium or ovule z atta*$ to ! l[] surface ( ! sporophyll & ?is op9ion has be5 confirm$ by ,fitt+#afc :o has also br\ght =w>d satisfactory evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! sporangial nature ( ! reproductive organs4 ,fitt+ f\nd num]\s spores 9 ! ,bunt] ,s&/one ne> ,halle2 ^! are flatt5$ circul> bodies #je-jg mm4 9 diamet] ) a granulat$ surface & ! ?ree conv]g+ l9es *>act]i/ic ( spores produc$ 9 tetrads4 ,! comp>ison made by ?is au?or betwe5 ! sporophylls ( ,pleuromeia1 :i* bore ! sporangia on ! l[] surface in/ead ( on ! upp] z 9 o!r lycopodiace\s plants1 & ! poll5-sacs ( ,conif]s1 is wor?y ( note 9 ref]5ce to ! possible relation%ip betwe5 ,conif]s & ,lycopods4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,isoetes /em repres5t$ 9 fig4 #acb1 ,a1 ) ! base ( a ,pleuromeia %[s a /rik+ simil>ity1 b1 z ,fitt+ po9ts out1 ! ,/igm>ia-l arms ( ! fossil conta9$ a vascul> cyl9d] :]eas ! blunt lobes ( ,isoetes consi/ exclusively ( cortical tissue1 ! roots be+ giv5 (f f ! grooves betwe5 ! lobes ( ! tub]\s /em4 ,! position ( ,pleuromeia mu/ = ! pres5t be left an op5 "q2 x is1 h[ev]1 cle> t ! plant be>s a close resemblance 9 ! =m ( its base to ! ,/igm>ian bran*es ( ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia4 ,! vegetative %oot appe>s to be con/ruct$ on a plan simil> to t ( ^! two ,palaeozoic g5]a1 b ! /robilus is ( a diff]5t type4 ,x w\ld seem probable t ,pleuromeia may be closely alli$ to ,isoetes & to ! arboresc5t ,lycopods ( ,palaeozoic floras4 ,x is n improbably a l9k 9 a *a9 ( types :i* includes ,sigill>ia on ! "o h& & ,isoetes on ! o!r4 ,x is n improbable t a specim5 f ! ,l[] ,bunt] ( ,comm]n :i* ,blanck5horn made ! type ( a new species1 ,sigill>ia ocul9a 7fig4 #acd1 ,b7 is specifically id5tical ) ,pleuromeia ,/]nb]gi4 ,an exam9ation ( a ca/ ( ! type-specim5 9 ! ,b]l9 ,b]gakademie l$ me to reg>d ! fossil ) "s hesitation z a true ,sigill>ia1 b a m ext5d$ k ( ,pleuromeia l5ds support to ! view adopt$ by ,potoni#afd t ,blanck5horn's plant is n g5etically di/9ct f ,pleuromeia ,/]nb]gi4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ,sigill>ia ocul9a & "s ( ! ,palaeozoic species ( ,sigill>ia emphasis$ by ,weiss#afe has giv5 rise to ! belief t ! g5us ,sigill>ia p]si/$ into ! ,triassic era2 x is1 h[ev]1 highly probable t ! ,bunt] specim5 has no claim to ! g5]ic "n "u :i* x has hi!r to be5 kn[n4 ,! ,bunt] ,s&/one 9 :i* ,pleuromeia is ! sole repres5tative ( plant-life1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 localities1 is usually consid]$ to be a des]t =mation4 ,we may n be f> wrong 9 accept+ ,fitt+'s sugge/ion t 9 ?is isolat$ species we h a relic ( ! sp>se vegetation :i* 0 able to exi/ :]e ! pres5ce ( lakes add$ a t\* ( life to ! deadness ( ! ,triassic des]t4 ,pleuromeia is record$ by ,fli*e z a r>e fossil 9 ! ,middle ,trias ( ,france 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lunville#aff4 ,h]bace\s fossil species ( ,lycopodiales4 ,! hi/ory ( our k ( fossil repres5tatives ( ! ,lycopodiales1 z also ( ! ,equisetales1 af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! dang] ( attempt+ to f\nd a classification on su* diff]5ces z are express$ by ! t]ms h]bace\s & arboresc5t 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are usually employ$4 ,z we h se5#afg1 ! pres5ce ( second>y wood 9 /ems ( ! ,palaeozoic plant n[ kn[n z ,calamites l$ s compet5t a botani/ z ,adolphe ,brongni>t to recognise a di/9ct g5]ic type ,calamod5dron1 :i* he plac$ 9 ! ,gymnosp]ms1 res]v+ ! designation ,calamities = species 9 :i* no indication ( second>y ?ick5+ _h be5 f\nd4 ,simil>ly1 ! g5us ,sigill>ia 0 reg>d$ z a ,gymnosp]m because x 0 believ$ to be di/+ui%$ f ,lepidod5dron by ! p[] ( =m+ second>y vascul> tissues2 ! latt] g5us1 orig9ally ?\ght to be always h]bace\s1 0 class$ ) ! ,pt]idophytes4 ,at ! "t :5 ?is unnatural sep>ation 0 made betwe5 /ems ) second>y wood & ^? 9 :i* no second>y wood 0 kn[n to exi/1 botani/s 7 n aw>e ( ! occurr5ce ( any rec5t ,pt]idophyte :i* %>$ ) ! high] plants ! p[] ( second>y gr[? 9 ?ickness provid$ by means ( a m]i/ematic zone4 ,x is true t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a cambium does n 9 practice always co9cide ) ! division into h]bace\s & arboresc5t plants3 no "o w\ld speak ( a ,date-,palm z a h]bace\s plant despite ! abs5ce ( second>y wood4 ,! dang] :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 9 adopt+ z a matt] ( conv5i5ce ! t]m h]bace\s z a sectional head+1 is t x %\ld n be tak5 to imply a complete inability ( ! s-call$ h]bace\s types to make second>y additions to _! conduct+ tissues4 ,! specim5s on :i* ! species ( ,lycopodites & ,selag9ellites1 7g5]a :i* may be designat$ h]bace\s17 are f\nd$ are pres]v$ z impressions & n z petrifications2 we c1 !re=e1 base def9itions only on habit & on su* features z are %[n by f]tile leaves & sporangia4 ,we are fully ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ f evid5ce adduc$ by ,gold5b]g m ?an fifty ye>s ago & f simil> evid5ce br\ght to light by m rec5t rese>*es1 t !re exi/$ 9 ! ,palaeozoic era lycopodiace\s species 9 close agreem5t 9 _! h]bace\s habit ) ! lycopods ( pres5t-day floras4 ,x has be5 sugge/$#afh t ! direct ance/ors ( ! g5]a ,lycopodium & ,selag9ella are repres5t$ by ! species ( ,lycopodites & ,selag9ellites r ?an by ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia1 ! arboresc5t habit ( :i* has be5 r5d]$ famili> by ! num]\s attempts to furni% pictorial reproductions ( a ,palaeozoic =e/4 ,until we are able to subject ! species class$ z h]bace\s to microscopical exam9ation we _c make any positive /atem5t z to ! correctness ( ?is view1 b su* facts z we possess lead u to reg>d ! sugge/ion z re/+ on a s\nd basis4 ,palaeobotanical lit]ature ab\nds 9 records ( species ( ,lycopodites1 ,lycopodium1 ,selag9ella & ,selag9ites1 :i* h be5 s nam$ 9 ! belief t _! vegetative %oots be> a great] resemblance to ^? ( rec5t lycopodiace\s plants ?an to ! foliage %oots ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,_m ( ^! records are valueless3 ,lepidod5dra1 twigs ( ,bo?rod5dron#afi species ( conif]s1 f]n rhizomes1 & ,aphlebiae#agj h masqu]ad$ z h]bace\s lycopods4 ,x is obvi\s t an attempt to id5tify fossils pres5t+ a g5]al agreem5t 9 habit & leaf-=m ) rec5t species ( lycopods mu/ be att5d$ ) consid]able risk ( error4 ,rec5t ,conif]s include sev]al species ! small] bran*es ( :i* simulate ! leafy %oots ( c]ta9 species ( ,lycopodium & ,selag9ella1 & x is n surpris+ to f9d t ?is simil>ity has be5 responsible = _m false det]m9ations4 ,among ,mosses & ! l>g] foliose ,liv]worts !re are species :i* 9 ! condition ( imp]fectly pres]v$ impressions1 might easily be mi/ak5 = lycopodiace\s %oots3 an equally close resemblance is app>5t 9 ! case ( "s fl[]+ plants1 su* z ,new ,zeal& species ( ,v]onica1 ,tafalla graveol5s 7a ,composite71 ,lavoisi]a lycopodiodes ,g>d4#aga 7a species ( ,mela/omaceae71 all ( :i* h ! habit ( ,cupress9eae among ! conif]s z well z ( c]ta9 lycopodiace\s plants4 ,x may be impossible to decide :e!r fossil impressions ( bran*es1 :i* are presumably lycopodiace\s1 be> two k9ds ( leaves#agb l ! great majority ( rec5t species ( ,selag9ella4 ,selag9ella gr&is1 if se5 f ! "u surface1 w\ld appe> to h two r[s ( leaves only & might be confus$ ) a small twig ( su* a conif] z ,dacrydium ,kirkii1 a ,new ,zeal& species4 ,! ,new ,zeal& conif]s ,dacrydium cupress9um ,sol&4 & ,podoc>pus dacrydioides ,ri*4 closely simulate species ( ,selag9ellites & ,lycopodites3 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a specim5 ( ! latt] species be>s a label describ+ x z ,lycopodium arboreum 7,sir ,joseph ,hook] & ,dr ,sol&]2 #agfi74 ,! twigs ( ! ,tasmanian conif] ,microca*yrs tetragona ,hook4 f4 are v simil> 9 habit to %oots ( ! rec5t ,lycopodium tetragonum 7fig4 #aba1 ,c74 ,9 ! description ( examples ( ,lycopodites & ,selag9ellites ,i h conf9$ myself to su* z appe> to be above suspicion ei!r because ( ! pres5ce ( spore-be>+ organs or1 9 a few cases1 because ! specim5s ( /]ile %oots are suffici5tly l>ge to %[ ! =m ( bran*+ 9 addition to ! texture ( ! leaves4 ,! two g5]ic names ,lycopodites & ,selag9ellites are employ$ = fossil species :i* !re are sub/antial gr\nds = reg>d+ z repres5tatives ( ,lycopodium & ,selag9ella4 ,! designation ,selag9ellites is adopt$ only = species :i* af=d evid5ce ( het]ospory2 ! "n ,lycopodites1 on ! o!r h&1 is us$ 9 a compreh5sive s5se to include all =ms--:e!r homophyll\s or het]ophyll\s--:i* are n kn[n to be het]ospor\s4 ,?is re/rict$ use ( ! g5]ic "n ,selag9ellites is advocat$ by ,zeill]#agc1 :o in/itut$ ! g5us1 & by ,halle#agd 9 8 rec5t pap] on h]bace\s lycopods4 ,lycopodites4 ,! g5]ic t]m ,lycopodites 0 us$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahbbage 9 describ+ "s ,t]ti>y examples ( sl5d] axes clo!d ) small scale-l leaves :i* he nam$ ,lycopodites squamatus4 ,^! are fragm5ts ( conif]\s %oots4 ,9 ! ,prodrome d'une hi/oire des vgtaux fossiles#agf ,brongni>t includ$ sev]al ,palaeozoic & ,jurassic species 9 ,lycopodites & in/itut$ a new g5us ,selag9ites1 express+ a d\bt z to ! wisdom ( attempt+ to draw a g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 ! two sets ( species4 ,9 a lat] "w#agg he recognis$ only "o und\bt$ species1 ,lycopodites falcatus4 ,! fir/ satisfactory acc\nt ( fossils ref]r$ to ,lycopodites is by ,gold5b]g#agh :o gave ! foll[+ def9ition ( ! g5us3--8,bran*es ) leaves spirally dispos$ or 9 :orls4 ,sporangia 9 ! axil ( foliage leaves or borne 9 t]m9al /robili40 ,x 0 sugge/$ by ,lesqu]eux#agi t ,gold5b]g's def9ition1 :i* 0 int5d$ to apply to h]bace\s species1 %\ld be ext5d$ s z to include =ms ) woody /ems b :i* d n 9 all respects agree ) ,lepidod5dron4 ,kid/on#ahj subsequ5tly adopt$ ,lesqu]eux's modification ( ,gold5b]g's def9ition4 ,we _c draw any well-def9$ l9e betwe5 impressions ( h]bace\s =ms & ^? ( small arboresc5t species4 ,we use ! "n ,lycopodites = su* plants z appe> to agree 9 habit ) rec5t species ( ,lycopodium & ,selag9ella & :i*1 s f> z we "k1 7 n het]ospor\s3 x is highly probable t "s ( ! species s nam$ _h ! p[] ( produc+ second>y wood1 a p[] possess$ by "s rec5t ,pt]idophytes :i* nev] atta9 ! dim5sions ( arboresc5t plants4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,halle#aha1 :o has re-exam9$ sev]al ( ,gold5b]g's specim5s :i* h be5 acquir$ by ! ,/ockholm ,palaeobotanical ,museum1 t "s ( 8 species ( ,lycopodites are het]ospor\s & !re=e ref]able to ,zeill]'s g5us ,selag9ellites4 ,9 #ahfi ,r5ault describ$ two species ( suppos$ ,palaeozoic ,lycopods z ,lycopodium punctatum & ,l4 ,r5aultii#ahb1 ! latt] "n hav+ be5 sugge/$ by ,brongni>t to :om specim5s 7 submitt$4 ,^! species 7 aft]w>ds recognis$ by _! au?or z wrongly nam$ & 7 transf]r$ to ! g5us ,het]angium#ahc1 a det]m9ation :i* is probably correct2 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! use ( ! "n ,lycopodium _c be upheld4 ,we h un=tunately to rely on specim5s )\t petrifi$ tissues = our in=mation 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ,lycopodites & ,selag9ellites4 ,among ! old] fossils ref]r$ to ,lycopodites are specim5s f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks at ,%ap 9 ,we/morel& :i* ,kid/on orig9ally describ$ z ,lycopodites ,vanuxemi#ahd1 id5tify+ !m ) ,goepp]t's ,sigill>ia ,vanuxemi#ahe f\nd$ on ,g]man mat]ial4 ,9 a lat] pap] ,kid/on transf]r$ ! ,briti% specim5s ( vegetative %oots to a new g5us ,ar*aeosigill>ia#ahf4 ,lycopodites ,/ockii ,kid/on#ahg4 ,! plant s nam$ 0 discov]$ 9 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,eskdale1 ,dumfries1 ,scotl&2 x is repres5t$ by imp]fectly pres]v$ %oots be>+ a t]m9al /robilus & 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,kid/on z app>5tly possess+ two k9ds ( foliage leaves borne 9 :orls4 ,! l>g] leaves h an ovate cordate lam9a ) an acum9ate apex1 :ile ! small] leaves1 :i* are less di/9ct1 are transv]sely elongat$1 & simulate sporangia 9 appe>ance4 ,dr ,kid/on's figure ( ?is species has rec5tly be5 reproduc$ by ,pr(essor ,b[]#ahh :o speaks ( ! suppos$ small] leaves z sporangia1 a view ) :i* ! au?or ( ! species agrees4 ,x w\ld appe> t ?is id5tification is1 h[ev]1 bas$ solely on ext]nal resemblance & has n be5 confirm$ by ! discov]y ( any spores4 ,assum+ ! sporangial nature ( ^! /ructures1 ?is ,palaeozoic type repres5ts1 z ,b[] po9ts out1 a condition simil> to t 9 "s rec5t species ( ,lycopodium 9 :i* sporangia are n conf9$ to a t]m9al /robilus b occur also 9 association ) ord9>y foliage leaves4 ,! /robilus consi/s ( cr[d$ sporophylls :i* are too imp]fect to af=d any def9ite evid5ce z to _! homospor\s or het]ospor\s nature4 ,z ,solms-,lauba*#ahi po9ts out1 ?is type recalls ,lycopodium ,phlegm>ia among rec5t species4 ,lycopodites ,reidii ,p5hall[4 ,pr(essor ,p5hall[#aij in/itut$ ?is "n = a specim5 measur+ #h cm4 long by #f mm4 9 bread?1 collect$ by ,mr ,reid f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,cai?ness1 consi/+ ( an axis be>+ n>r[ lanceolate leaves "s ( :i* be> sporangia at ! base4 ,lycopodites ,gutbi]i ,goepp]t#aia4 #ahid1 ,lycopodites elongatus ,kid/on#aib 7n ,gold5b]g74 ,! species1 figur$ by ,ge9itz z ,lycopodites ,gutbi]i#aic1 f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,saxony is probably a true repres5tative ( ! g5us4 ,! ,saxon specim5s are het]ophyll\s2 ! l>g] lanceolate & slightly falcate leaves arrang$ 9 two r[s1 are #d-e mm4 long :ile ! small] leaves are "o half or "o ?ird ?is size2 "s ( ! di*otom\sly bran*$ %oots t]m9ate 9 long & n>r[ /robili n unlike ^? ( ,zeill]'s species ,selag9ellites ,suissei#aid4 ,kid/on#aie has includ$ "u ?is specific "n "s fragm5ts collect$ by ,hem+way f ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,rad/ock1 ,som]set%ire1 b z only "o =m ( leaf is se5 ! reasons = adopt+ ,goepp]t's designation are p]haps h>dly adequate4 ,lycopodites ciliatus ,kid/on#aif4 ,"u ?is "n ,kid/on describes a small specim51 obta9$ by ,hem+way f ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,b>nsley 9 ,york%ire1 consi/+ ( a sl5d] =k$ axis be>+ oval-acum9ate leaves approximately #e mm4 long ) a f9ely ciliate m>g94 ,associat$ ) ! leaves 7 f\nd spores :i* ,kid/on reg>ds z megaspores4 ,lycopodites macrophyllus ,gold5b]g#aig4 ,?is species1 orig9ally describ$ by ,gold5b]g f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,sa>brck5 has be5 re-exam9$ by ,halle#aih :o is unable to confirm ,gold5b]g's /atem5t z to het]ophylly4 ,! %oots closely resemble ,selag9ellites primaevus#aii 7,gold74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,selag9ellites & ,lycopodites4 7,aft] ,halle47 ,a4 ,selag9ellites primaevus 7,gold474 #aj4 ,b4 ,megaspore ( ,selag9ellites elongatus 7,gold474 #ej4 ,c4 ,lycopodites ,zeill]i ,halle4 7,nat4 size47 ,d4 ,selag9ellites elongatus 7,gold474 #b4 ,lycopodites ,zeill]i ,halle#bjj4 ,fig4 #ace1 ,c4 ,halle has f\nd$ ?is species on specim5s1 f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,zwickau 9 ,saxony1 *>act]is$ by dimorphic lanceolate leaves 9 f\r r[s1 ! l>g] be+ #d-f mm4 long3 ! small] leaves h a ciliate edge4 ,a comp>ison is made ) ! rec5t species ,selag9ella arabica ,bak]1 ,s4 revoluta ,bak41 & ,s4 armata ,bak4 9 :i* ! leaves are describ$ z ciliate4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( sporangia & spores ! species is plac$ 9 ! g5us ,lycopodites4 ,lycopodites lanceolatus 7,brodie74 ,fig4 #acf4 #ahde ,naiadita lanceolata1 ,brodie#bja4 ,naiadea acum9ata1 ,buckman#bjb4 #ahej ,naiadea lanceolata1 ,buckman#bjc4 ,naiadea petiolata1 ,buckman#bjd4 #aijj ,naiadites acum9atus1 ,wickes#bje4 #aija ,naiadita lanceolata1 ,sollas#bjf 7figures %[+ habit ( ! plant74 #aijd ,lycopodites lanceolatus1 ,sew>d#bjg 7figure %[+ habit ( ! plant74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,lycopodites lanceolatus 7,brodie74 7,aft] ,miss ,sollas4 #dj47 a1 ,sporangium wall2 b1 leaf4 c1 rema9s ( tubul> elem5ts 9 /em4 ,specim5s ref]r$ to ?is species 7 orig9ally record$ by ,brodie f ,rhaetic rocks 9 ! ,sev]n valley1 ! "n ,naiadita be+ *os5 z ! result ( ,l9dley's comp>ison ( ! small & delicate leaves ) ^? ( rec5t species ( ! ,monocotyl$on\s family ,naiadaceae4 ,! species may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,plant sl5d] & moss-l 9 habit4 ,! axis1 :i* is delicate & ?read-l1 be>s num]\s l9e> acum9ate or n>r[ ovate leaves rea*+ a l5g? ( approximately #e mm4 ,"u a l[ magnify+ p[] ! ?9 lam9a ( ! leaves is se5 to h a sup]ficial lay] ( polygonal or rectangul> cells arrang$ 9 p>allel s]ies 7fig4 #acf b74 ,!re is no trace ( midrib or /omata4 ,! sporangia are m or less sph]ical & %ort-/alk$1 situat$ at ! base ( ! foliage leaves & conta9+ num]\s tetrads ( spores4 ,! spores h a diamet] ( #jjh mm4 ,buckman f\nd$ additional species on diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! leaves b1 z ,miss ,sollas has po9t$ out1 su* diff]5ces z he notic$ may be detect$ on ! same axis4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 an e>li] *apt]#bjh t ,/>kie ,g>dn]1 on insuffici5t evid5ce1 propos$ to place ,brodie's plant among ! ,mosses4 ,! discov]y by ,mr ,wickes ( new mat]ial at ,pylle hill ne> ,bri/ol af=d$ an opportunity = a re-exam9ation ( ! species3 ?is 0 successfully und]tak5 by ,miss ,sollas :o 0 able to dissolve out spores f ! matrix by dilute hydro*loric acid1 & to recognise ! rema9s ( int]nal /ructure 9 ! sl5d] axes by expos+ successive surfaces ) ! aid ( a hone4 ,x 0 f\nd t sporangia occurr$ at ! base ( "s ( ! leaves conta9+ num]\s tetrads ( spores1 ! individual spores hav+ a diamet] ( #jjh mm41 app>5tly twice z l>ge z ^? ( any rec5t species ( ,lycopodium4 ,fig4 #acf %[s a sporangium1 a1 at ! base ( a leaf1 b4 ,indications ( tubul> elem5ts 7 recognis$ 9 ! /em & x is notewor?y t al?\gh ! outl9es ( epid]mal cells on ! leaves are well pres]v$ no /omata 7 f\nd4 ,! leaves ( ! rec5t ,am]ican species ,lycopodium alopecuroides ,l9n4 v>4 aquaticum ,spr+#bji1 :i* lives "u wat]1 possess /omata4 ,x is probable t 9 ,lycopodites lanceolatus ! leaves _h a v ?9 lam9a & may h be5 simil> 9 /ructure to ^? ( rec5t ,mosses2 ! plant possibly liv$ 9 v humid situations or grew subm]g$4 ,miss ,sollas's inve/igations af=d a satisfactory demon/ration ( ! lycopodiace\s nature ( ?is small ,rhaetic species3 z ,i h else:]e sugge/$#baj1 ! g5]ic "n ,lycopodites %\ld be sub/itut$ = t ( ,naiadita4 ,examples ( ?is species may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,rhaetic species f ,scania1 ,lycopodites scanicus ,na?4#baa 79 litt471 rec5tly re-describ$ by ,halle & orig9ally ref]r$ by ,na?or/ to ,glei*5ia af=ds ano!r example ( ! occurr5ce ( a small h]bace\s lycopod ( ,rhaetic age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,lycopodites falcatus ,l4 & ,h4 ,f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,york%ire4 7,nat4 size4 ,m4,s47 ,lycopodites falcatus ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 ,fig4 #acg4 #ahca ,lycopodites falcatus1 ,l9dley & ,hutton#bab4 #ahch ,muscites falcatus1 ,/]nb]g#bac4 #ahgj ,lycopodium falcatum1 ,s*imp]#bad4 ,9 #ahbb ,"y & ,bird#bae figur$ a specim5 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite rocks ( ! ,york%ire coa/ be>+ 8small r\nd cr[d$ leaves10 :i* 0 aft]w>ds describ$ by ,l9dley f additional mat]ial obta9$ f ,cl\ghton ne> ,sc>bor\gh z ,lycopodites falcatus4 ,! example repres5t$ 9 fig4 #acg %[s ! di*otom\sly bran*$ %oots be>+ two r[s ( broadly falcate leaves4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! type-specim5#baf reveal$ traces ( :at appe>$ to be small] leaves1 b !re is no satisfactory pro( ( het]ophylly4 ,no sporangia or spores h be5 f\nd4 ,?is ,briti% species has be5 record$ f ,l[] ,jurassic or ,rhaetic rocks ( ,bornholm#bag & a simil> ?\gh probably n id5tical type1 ,lycopodites ,victoriae#bah1 has be5 recognis$ 9 ,jurassic /rata ( ,au/ralia 7,s\? ,gippsl&1 ,victoria74 ,an ,indian plant describ$ by ,oldham & ,morris#bai f ! ,jurassic flora ( ! ,rajmahal hills z ,arauc>ites 787 gracilis & subsequ5tly transf]r$ by ,fei/mantel to ,s*imp]'s g5us ,*eirolepis#bbj may be id5tical ) ! ,york%ire species4 ,! ,jurassic fragm5ts describ$ by ,he] f ,sib]ia z ,lycopodites t5]rimus#bba may be lycopodiace\s1 b !y are ( no botanical int]e/4 ,o!r examples ( ,mesozoic ,lycopods h be5 record$1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( well-pres]v$ %oots & sporangia !y are notewor?y only z po9t+ to a wide di/ribution ( ,lycopodites 9 ,jurassic & ,cretace\s floras#bbb4 ,f ,t]ti>y /rata species ( suppos$ h]bace\s lycopods h be5 figur$ by sev]al au?ors1 "o ( ! be/ ( :i* is ,selag9ella ,b]?\di ,lesq4#bbc f ,t]ti>y b$s 9 ,colorado4 ,?is species agrees v closely 9 ! two =ms ( leaf ) ,selag9ella gr&is1 b z ! specim5s are /]ile we h n suffici5t ju/ification = ! employm5t ( ! g5]ic "n ,selag9ellites4 ,selag9ellites4 ,?is g5]ic "n has be5 in/itut$ by ,zeill]#bbd = specim5s f ! coal basis ( ,blanzy 7,france74 ,x is appli$ to het]ospor\s species ) ! habit ( ,selag9ella3 ,zeill] pref]r$ ! designation ,selag9ellites to ,selag9ella on ! gr\nd t ! type species diff]s f rec5t =ms 9 hav+ m ?an f\r megaspores 9 ea* megasporangium4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t to ext5d ! t]m to all het]ospor\s fossil species irrespective ( ! spore-output4 ,selag9ellites ,suissei ,zeill]4 ,?is species 0 describ$ 9 ,zeill]'s prelim9>y note#bbe z ,lycopodites ,suissei1 b he aft]w>ds transf]r$ x to ! g5us ,selag9ellites4 ,9 habit ! plant be>s a close resemblance to ,lycopodites macrophyllus ( ,gold5b]g2 ! %oots1 #a-c mm4 ?ick1 are bran*$ 9 a m or less di*otom\s fa%ion & be> tetra/i*\s leaves4 ,! l>g] leaves rea* a l5g? ( #d-f mm4 & a bread? ( #b-c mm42 ! small] leaves are describ$ z almo/ invisible1 closely appli$ to ! axis1 oval-lanceolate & #a-b mm4 long ) a bread? ( #je-jge mm4 ,long & n>r[ /robili 7#ae cm4 by #h-aj mm47 t]m9ate ! f]tile bran*es2 ^! be> cr[d$ sporophylls ) a triangul> lam9a & f9ely d5ticulate m>g94 ,oval sporangia 7 f\nd on ! l[] sporophylls conta9+ #af-bd sph]ical megaspores #jf-jfe mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! out] membrane ( ! spore is *>act]is$ by f9e ana/omos+ ridges & ?9 plates radiat+ f ! apex & =m+ an equatorial coll>ette4 ,! microspores h a diamet] ( #dj-fj & ! same type ( out] membrane z 9 ! megaspores4 ,! megaspores ( ! rec5t species ,selag9ella caulesc5s1 z figur$ by ,b5nie & ,kid/on#bbf1 resemble ^? ( ! ,palaeozoic type 9 ! pres5ce ( an equatorial flange4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t1 9 spite ( ! occurr5ce ( #af-bd megaspores 9 a s+le sporangium ! size ( ! fossil spores exce$s t ( ! rec5t species4 ,selag9ellites primaevus 7,gold474 ,fig4 #ace1 ,a1 fig4 #ach4 #ahee ,lycopodites primaevus1 ,gold5b]g#bbg4 #ahgj ,lycopodium primaevum1 ,s*imp]#bbh4 #aijg ,selag9ellites primaevus1 ,halle#bbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,selag9ellites primaevus 7,gold474 7,aft] ,gold5b]g47 ,9 habit ?is species1 fir/ record$ by ,gold5b]g f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,sa>brck51 is simil> to ,s4 ,suissei ,zeill4 ,! draw+ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ach is a copy ( t ( ! type-specim53 ano!r specim51 nam$ by ,gold5b]g1 is figur$ by ,halle 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ pap]4 ,! leaves appe> to be di/i*\s3 no small] leaves h be5 detect$1 ?\gh ,halle is incl9$ to reg>d ! plant z het]ophyll\s4 ,! sporophylls1 borne 9 sl5d] t]m9al /robili1 are small] ?an ! foliage leaves & spirally dispos$ 7fig4 #ach2 small] specim574 ,halle succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ t "s ( ! sporangia conta9$ a s+le tetrad ( spores1 ea* spore hav+ a diamet] ( #jd-je mm4 ,no microspores 7 f\nd1 b x is cle> t ! species 0 het]ospor\s & t x agrees ) rec5t species 9 hav+ only f\r spores 9 ! megasporangium4 ,selag9ellites elongatus 7,gold474 ,fig4 #ace1 ,b1 ,d4 #ahee ,lycopodites elongatus1 ,gold5b]g#bcj4 #ahgj ,lycopodium elongatum1 ,s*imp]#bca4 ,! %oots ( ?is species resemble ! rec5t ,lycopodium complanatum2 !y diff] f ^? ( ,selag9ellites primaevus 9 _! long & n>r[ bran*es :i* be> two =ms ( leaf4 ,! long] leaves1 arrang$ 9 opposite pairs1 are slightly falcate2 ! small] leaves are appress$ to ! axis & h a triangul> cordate lam9a4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ?is species is ! occurr5ce ( sporangia 9 ! axil ( ! foliage leaves1 a feature *>act]i/ic ( ! rec5t ,lycopodium ,selago4 ,9 rec5t species ( ,selag9ella ! sporophylls are always 9 /robili4 ,no microspores h be5 f\nd nor ! walls ( megasporangia1 b tetrads ( megaspores 7 isolat$ by ,halle3 ! spores h ?ree radiat+ ridges 7fig4 #ace1 ,b7 connect$ by an equatorial ridge4 ,halle e/imates ! numb] ( spores 7#jde mm4 9 diamet]7 9 a sporangium at #bj to #cj4 ,9 size z 9 numb] ! spores exce$ ^? ( rec5t species & agree m ne>ly ) ! megaspores ( ,s4 ,suissei4 ,x w\ld seem to be a g5]al rule t ! spores 7megaspores7 ( ! fossil h]bace\s species exce$$ consid]ably 9 dim5sions ^? ( rec5t =ms & on ! o!r h& 7 small] ?an ^? ( ! ,palaeozoic arboresc5t species4 ,!re c be little d\bt t "s ( ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y species includ$ "u ,lycopodites agree m closely ) ! rec5t g5us ,selag9ella ?an ) ,lycopodium1 b ?is does n con/itute an argum5t ( any importance aga9/ ! re/rict$ use ( ! designation ,selag9ellites :i* we h adopt$4 ,f a botanical po9t ( view ! v>i\s records ( ,lycopodites & ,selag9ellites h b a m9or importance2 !y are n suffici5tly num]\s to ?r[ any light on que/ions ( di/ribution 9 =m] p]iods1 nor is ! pres]vation ( ! mat]ial su* z to enable u to comp>e ! fossil ) rec5t types ei!r z reg>ds _! anatomy or1 except 9 a few cases1 _! sporangia & spores4 ,! ,palaeozoic species are int]e/+ z reveal+ less r$uction 9 ! numb] ( spores produc$ 9 ! megasporangia4 ,among exi/+ ,pt]idophytes ! g5us ,isoetes agrees m closely ?an ,selag9ella1 z reg>ds ! numb] ( megaspores 9 ea* sporangium1 ) su* fossils z ,selag9ellites ,suissei & ,s4 elongatus4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 mo/ ,palaeozoic species het]ospory _h n rea*$ ! same /age ( developm5t z 9 ! rec5t g5us ,selag9ella 9 :i* ! megaspores d n exce$ f\r 9 ea* sporangium4 ,9 ,selag9ellites primaevus1 h[ev]1 ! het]ospory appe>s to be precisely ( ! same type z 9 exi/+ species4 ,lyco/robus4 ,! g5]ic "n ,lyco/robus has rec5tly be5 in/itut$ by ,na?or/#bcb = c]ta9 specim5s ( a lycopodiace\s /robilus1 f ! ,rhaetic /rata ( ,scania1 :i* he =m]ly ref]r$ to ! g5us ,&ro/robus#bcc4 ,lyco/robus ,scotti ,na?or/4 ,fig4 #aci4 ,! fossil describ$ "u ?is "n is ( special int]e/ z af=d+ an example ( a ,mesozoic lycopodiace\s cone comp>able 9 habit & 9 size ) "s ( ! l>ge/ examples ( ,palaeozoic ,lepido/robi1 ! cones ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,! ,sw$i% fossil f ,upp] ,rhaetic /rata ( ,hels+borg 7,scania7 0 orig9ally designat$ ,&ro/robus ,scotti1 ! g5]ic "n be+ adopt$ 9 view ( ! close resemblance ( ! =m ( ! /robilus to ! male fl[] ( a ,cycad4 ,a m complete exam9ation has %[n t ! bodies1 :i* 7 ?\ght to be poll5-sacs--?\gh ,na?or/ recognis$ c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 !m & ! poll5-sacs ( lycopods--are ! megaspores ( a lycopod4 ,microspores h also be5 id5tifi$4 ,! axis ( ! cone has a bread? ( #b cm4 ) a p$uncle :i* may be nak$ or provid$ ) a few small scales2 ! sporophyll region ( ! axis rea*$ a l5g? ( at lea/ #ab cm4 ,! spirally dispos$ sporophylls t]m9ate 9 a rhombic di/al end :i* may repres5t ! orig9al t]m9ation or !y may h be5 prolong$ upw>ds z free lam9ae4 ,ea* sporophyll be>s on its upp] face a s+le l>ge sporangium conta9+ ei!r megaspores or microspores3 ! megaspores1 #jee-jfj mm4 9 diamet]1 are f9ely granulate & be> small w>ty ?orns or m sl5d] po9t$ app5dages4 ,! microspores1 aft] treatm5t ) eau de ,javelle1 7 f\nd to measure #cf-dd :ile o!rs :i* _h be5 treat$ ) ammonia rea*$ #ed 9 diamet]4 ,na?or/ describes ! microspores z occurr+ 9 sph]ical gr\ps or balls1 :i* x is sugge/$ may be comp>$ ) ! gr\ps ( spores sep>at$ by /r&s ( /]ile tissue 7trabeculae7 9 ! l>ge sporangia ( ,isoetes 7cf4 fig4 #acc1 ,h74 ,if ?is comp>ison is s\nd x w\ld po9t to a m complete septation ( ! sporangium 9 ,lyco/robus ?an 9 any rec5t species ( ,isoetes4 ,! size ( ! /robilus w\ld seem to indicate ! p]si/5ce into ! ,rhaetic era ( an arboresc5t lycopodiace\s type2 b ! appe>ance & mann] ( pres]vation ( ! axis is int]pret$ by ,na?or/ z evid5ce ( a h]bace\s r ?an a woody /ructure4 ,he is dispos$ to reg>d ,isoetes z ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ exi/+ g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,lyco/robus ,scotti1 ,na?4 7,aft] ,na?or/2 nat4 size47 ,! comp>ison made by ,na?or/ ) ,isoetes is bas$ on a resemblance betwe5 ! spores ( ! two g5]a & on ! evid5ce1 :i* is n decisive1 ( ! exi/5ce ( /]ile /r&s ( tissue 9 ! sporangia ( ,lyco/robus4 ,?is simil>ity is h[ev] h>dly ( suffici5t importance to ju/ify ! inclusion ( ! ,rhaetic /robilus 9 ! ,isoetaceae4 ,9 size & 9 ! arrangem5t & =m ( ! sporophylls ! cone pres5ts a mu* clos] resemblance to ,lepidod5dron ?an to ,isoetes4 ,x is probably advisable to reg>d ?is ,rhaetic type simply z a lycopodiace\s g5us :i* we are unable1 )\t additional in=mation1 to assign to a p>ticul> position4 ,! op9ion express$ by ,pr(essor ,fli*e#bcd t ! plant describ$ by ,s*imp] & ,m\geot z ,caulopt]is tessellata1 a suppos$ tree-f]n /em1 f ,triassic rocks ( ,lorra9e1 is m probably a l>ge lycopodiace\s /em1 ei!r a ,lepidod5dron or a new g5us1 is wor?y ( note 9 ref]5ce to ,na?or/'s acc\nt ( ,lyco/robus4 ,9 habit ! fossil /robilus may be comp>$ ) ! ,triassic g5us ,pleuromeia1 b ! position ( ! sporangia on ! sporophylls con/itutes a well-m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,! mo/ important result ( ,na?or/'s skillful treatm5t ( ?is int]e/+ fossil by *emical microscopic me?ods is ! demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge het]ospor\s type ( lycopodiace\s cone 9 a ,rhaetic flora4 ,poecilito/a*ys4 ,"u ?is g5]ic "n ,m4 ,fli*e#bce has briefly describ$ a f]tile lycopodiace\s %oot f ! ,triassic rocks ( ,ep9al 9 ,france3 ! type species ,poecilito/a*ys ,hangi consi/s ( a cyl9drical axis1 #aj cm4 #e mm41 depriv$ ( leaves & t]m9at+ 9 a r\nd$ receptacle be>+ a capitulum ( bracts or f]tile leaves4 ,deta*$ megasporangia conta9+ small globul> bodies f\nd 9 association ) ! capitulum are comp>$ ) ! megasporangia ( ,isoetes4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,arboresc5t ,lycopodiales4 ,among ! be/ kn[n plants 9 ! ,palaeozoic floras are ! g5]a ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia1 types :i* are (t5 spok5 ( z ,giant ,club-,mosses or z ance/ors ( exi/+ species ( ,lycopodium & ,selag9ella4 ,( ^! g5]a1 b m p>ticul>ly ( ,lepidod5dron1 we possess abundant records 9 a condition :i* h made x possible to obta9 fairly complete in=mation n only 9 reg>d to habit & ext]nal features b z to ! anatomical *>act]s ( bo? vegetative & reproductive %oots4 ,! /ructure ( ,lepidod5dron diff]s too widely f t ( rec5t ,club-,mosses 7species ( ,lycopodium7 to ju/ify ! /atem5t t ?is prom95t memb] ( ! ,palaeozoic vegetation may be reg>d$ z a direct ance/or ( any liv+ plant4 ,!re is at lea/ no d\bt t ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia mu/ be includ$ 9 ! ,pt]idophyta4 ,! description by ,dr ,scott#bcf ( ! g5us ,lepidoc>pon1 f\nd$ on petrifi$ specim5s ( /robili1 demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( a type ( lycopodiace\s plant 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod di/+ui%$ f all liv+ repres5tatives ( ! gr\p by ! possession ( integum5t$ megaspores1 :i* may fairly be /yl$ se$s4 ,lepidoc>pon & ano!r se$-be>+ plant ,miadesmia are describ$ "u a sep>ate head+ z lycopodiace\s types *>act]is$ by an important morphological feature1 :i* among rec5t plants con/itutes a diff]5tiat+ "* betwe5 ! ,pt]idophytes & ! ,phan]ogams4 ,lepidod5dron4 i4 ,g5]al4 ,! g5us ,lepidod5dron includ$ species comp>able 9 size ) exi/+ =e/ trees4 ,a tap]$ trunk rose v]tically to a height ( #ajj feet or upw>ds f a di*otom\sly bran*$ subt]ranean axis ( :i* ! spread+ bran*es1 clo!d ) num]\s rootlets1 grew 9 a horizontal direction probably 9 a swampy soil or possibly "u wat]4 ,a description by ,mr ,rodway#bcg ( ,lycopods on ! bord] ( a savannah 9 ,guiana =m+ a m9iature =e/ ( ,p9e-l ,lycopodiums might1 ) ! omission ( ! qualify+ adjective1 be appli$ ) equal =ce to a grove ( ,lepidod5dra4 ,! equal di*otomy ( _m ( ! bran*es gave to ! tree a habit 9 /rik+ contra/ to t ( our mod]n =e/ trees1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 close agreem5t ) t ( su* rec5t species ( ,lycopodium z ,l4 c]nuum 7fig4 #abc71 ,l4 obscurum 7fig4 #abd7 & o!r types4 ,l9e> or oval cones t]m9at$ "s ( ! m sl5d] bran*es 7fig4 #ahh7 agree+ 9 size & =m ) ! cones ( ! ,spruce ,fir & o!r conif]s or ) ! male fl[]s ( species ( ,arauc>ia1 e4g4 ,a4 imbricata4 ,ne$le-l leaves1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 l5g? 9 diff]5t species1 cov]$ ! surface ( "y %oots 9 cr[d$ spirals & _! decurr5t bases or leaf-cu%ions =m$ an encas+ cyl9d] cont9u\s ) ! out] cortex4 ,! fact t leaves are usually f\nd atta*$ only to bran*es ( comp>atively small diamet] w\ld seem to %[ t ,lepidod5dron1 ?\gh an ev]gre51 did n reta9 its foliage ev5 = s long a p]iod z d "s rec5t conif]s4 ,by ! activity ( a zone ( gr[+ tissue encircl+ ! cyl9d] ( wood ! ma9 trunk & bran*es grew 9 ?ickness ye> by ye>3 ! g5]al uni=mity 9 size ( ! second>y conduct+ elem5ts af=ds no indication ( *ang+ seasons4 ,z ! bran*es grew /\t] & %$ _! leaves ! surface ( ! b>k resembl$ 9 "s degree t ( a ,spruce ,fir & o!r species ( ,picea1 9 :i* ! leaf-sc>s =m ! upp] limit ( prom95t peg-l projections1 :i*1 at fir/ contigu\s & regul> 9 cont\r1 aft]w>ds become less regul> & sep>at$ by grooves 7fig4 #adj7 & at a lat] /age lose _! outl9e z ! b>k is /ret*$ to ! te>+ po9t 7fig4 #adj1 ,c74 ,! leafless bran*es ( ,lepidod5dron 7 cov]$ ) spirally dispos$ oval cu%ions less peg-l & l>g] ?an ! decurr5t leaf-bases ( ,picea1 :i* %[ 9 ! upp] ?ird ( _! l5g? a clean-cut triangul> area & swell out bel[ into two prom95t *eeks sep>at$ by a m$ian groove & tap]+ ) decreas+ ?ickness to a po9t$ base1 :i* 9 "s =ms 7e4g4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 fig4 #ahe1 ,c1 ,d71 is prolong$ z a curv$ ridge to ! summit ( a l[] leaf-cu%ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,picea excelsa4 ,%oots ( diff]5t ages %[+ *anges 9 ! appe>ance ( ! leaf-cu%ions3 a leaf atta*$ to a cu%ion 9 fig4 ,a4 7,slightly enl>g$47 ,a portion ( ! cu%ion bel[ ! triangul> leaf-sc> (t5 %[s transv]se gap+ cracks or depressions 7fig4 #ahe1 ,c7 su* z occur on a small] scale on ! old] cu%ions ( a ,fir twig 7fig4 #adj74 ,second>y ?ick5+1 z 9 rec5t trees1 is n conf9$ to ! vascul> cyl9d] b at an e>ly /age1 frequ5tly be=e !re are any signs ( second>y wood1 ! out] region ( ! broad cortex becomes ! seat ( active cell-=mation :i* results 9 ! addition ( a consid]able ?ickness to ! b>k4 ,at a lat] /age ( increase 9 gir?1 ! leaf-cu%ions are /ret*$ ap>t & ! orig9al surface-features become oblit]at$ by v]tical cracks & by ! exfoliation ( ! sup]ficial tissues#bch4 ,"s species ( ,lepidod5dron produc$ bran*es *>act]is$ by spiral or v]tical s]ies ( sc>s2 ^! 9 old] %oots 7 replac$ by depressions hav+ a diamet] ( sev]al in*es & comp>able 9 appe>ance1 z also p]haps 9 mann] ( =mation1 ) ! sc>s left on ! /em ( a ,kauri ,p9e 7,aga?is au/ralis7#bci on ! abscission ( lat]al bran*es by a natural process4 ,^! %oots1 kn[n z ,ulod5dron1 are describ$ 9 a subsequ5t section4 7,page #abh47 ,a fully-gr[n ,lepidod5dron mu/ h be5 an impressive tree1 probably ( sombre col\r1 reliev$ by ! encircl+ felt ( gre5 ne$les on ! "y p5dul\s twigs4 ,! leaves ( "s species 7 simil> to ^? ( a fir :ile 9 o!rs !y resembl$ ! fili=m ne$les ( ! ,himalayan ,p9e 7,p9us longifolia74 ,! occasional pres5ce ( delicate hyphae 9 ! tissues ( ,lepidod5dron demon/rates susceptibility to fungal pe/s4 ,ar*itecturally1 if "o may use ! t]m1 ,lepidod5dron ow$ its p[] ( resi/ance to ! b5d+ =ce ( ! w9d to its /\t out] b>k =m$ ( ?ick-wall$ elem5ts produc$ by ! activity ( a cyl9d] ( cortical m]i/em 7figs4 #adh1 #agb1 etc474 ,! vascul> axis1 ( insignificant diamet] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! /em 7figs4 #aeb1 #aec1 #agb1 #aha1 ,a71 mu/ h play$ a subord9ate "p1 f a me*anical po9t ( view1 z comp>$ ) ! solid mass ( wood ( a ,p9e or an ,oak4 ,)9 ! compass ( a text-book x is impossible1 ev5 if x 7 desirable1 to include an acc\nt ( ! majority ( ! species ( ! widely di/ribut$ ,palaeozoic g5us ,lepidod5dron4 ,9 spite ( ! great numb] ( kn[n species ( ?is common memb] ( ,c>bonif]\s floras1 our k ( ! type z a :ole is defici5t 9 _m po9ts1 & su* in=mation z we possess ne$s sy/ematis+ & ext5d+ by comp>ative treatm5t bas$ on a re-exam9ation ( available data4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! mean+ ( c]ta9 ext]nal features *>act]i/ic ( ,lepidod5dron /ems x is ess5tial to h "s k ( ! int]nal /ructure4 ,a dual sy/em ( t]m9ology has be5 unavoidably adopt$ = species ( ,lepidod5dron3 ! majority ( specific names h be5 assign$ to fossils kn[n only 9 ! =m ( ca/s or impressions1 :ile petrifi$ fragm5ts1 :i* un=tunately seldom %[ ! surface-features1 h receiv$ ano!r set ( names4 ,a glance at ! old] palaeobotanical lit]ature reveals ! exi/5ce ( sev]al g5]ic designations1 :i* full] in=mation has %[n to h be5 appli$ to lepidod5droid %oots depriv$ ( "s ( _! sup]ficial tissues be=e fossilisation & diff]+ consid]ably 9 appe>ance f ! m complete bran*es ( ! same species#bdj4 ,x has 9 "s in/ances be5 possible to correlate ! two sets ( specim5s1 ca/s or impressions1 %[+ ext]nal features1 & petrifi$ fragm5ts4 ,we may reasonably expect t future discov]ies w enable u to piece toge!r z def9ite specific types specim5s at pres5t labell$ ) diff]5t names4 ,a well-pres]v$ leaf-cu%ion ( a ,lepidod5dron--! mo/ obvi\s di/+ui%+ feature ( ! g5us--is rhomboidal or fusi=m & v]tically elongat$ 7fig4 #adf1 ,c1 ,e2 fig4 #ahe1 ,c1 ,d73 9 exceptional cases x may rea* a l5g? ( #h cm4 & a bread? ( #b cm4 ,! cu%ion z a :ole repres5ts a prom95t portion ( ! /em or bran* comp>able ) ! elevation on ! twig ( a ,spruce ,fir & ! leaf-base ( a ,lycopodium 7cf4 fig4 #aba1 ,a1 l[] portion7 :i* appe>s 9 a transv]se section ( a bran* z a r\nd$ prom95ce 7cf4 ,lycopodium1 fig4 #abe1 ,a & ,h74 ,disreg>d+ diff]5ces 9 detail1 a typical ,lepidod5dron leaf-cu%ion is *>act]is$ by a cle>ly def9$ smoo? area (t5 situat$ 9 ! middle region 7fig4 #adf1 ,c1 s74 ,?is is ! leaf-sc> or place ( atta*m5t ( ! base ( ! leaf :i* 0 cut (f by an absciss-lay] :ile ! bran* 0 comp>atively "y1 z 9 rec5t =e/ trees & 9 "s species ( ,f]ns4 ,on ! leaf-sc> are ?ree small] sc>s or cicatricules1 ! c5tral "o is circul> or m or less triangul> 9 outl9e1 ! two lat]al sc>s be+ usually oval or circul>4 ,! c5tral pit m>ks ! position ( ! s+le vascul> bundle :i* con/itut$ ! conduct+ tissue connect+ ! leaf ) ! ma9 vascul> sy/em ( ! /em4 ,! two lat]al sc>s 7figs4 #ade1 ,a1 p2 #adf1 ,c1 s2 #adg1 p7 repres5t ! expos$ ends ( two /r&s ( tissue1 ! =k$ bran*es ( a /r& :i* pass f ! middle cortex ( ! /em into ! leaf2 ?is is kn[n z ! p>i*nos1 a "n propos$ by ,pr(essor ,b]tr& 9 #ahiabda4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #ada %[s ! l9e> leaves atta*$ to _! respective cu%ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 v4 #abce7 f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,%rop%ire4 7,nat4 size47 ,! lam9a has a well-def9$ m$ian keel on ! l[] surface & on ei!r side a groove 9 :i* sections ( petrifi$ leaves h demon/rat$ ! occurr5ce ( /omata 7cf4 fig4 #adb74 ii4 ,leaves & ,leaf-cu%ions4 ,all ,lepidod5dron leaves1 s f> z we "k1 possess$ a s+le m$ian ve9 only4 ,9 "s species1 z = example 9 ,lepidod5dron longifolium ,brongn41 !y h ! =m ( long & sl5d] acicul> ne$les v simil> to ^? ( ,p9us longifolium2 9 ,l4 ,/]nb]gii 7fig4 #ada7 !y are mu* broad] & %ort]4 ,9 ext]nal =m z 9 int]nal /ructure x is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! leaves ( ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia4 ,! di/+ui%+ features enum]at$ by ! late ,m4 ,r5ault _c be employ$1 ) any great degree ( confid5ce1 z diagno/ic *>act]s4 ,9 transv]se section ! lam9a ( a ,lepidod5dron leaf pres5ts ! same appe>ance z t ( ! ,sigill>ian leaves repres5t$ 9 fig4 #adb4 ,ne> ! base ! free "p ( ! leaf is usually sub-rhomboidal 9 section ) %ort lat]al w+s1 a v5tral keel & two /omatal grooves 7fig4 #adb1 ,a1 ,b1 g74 ,! =m & arrangem5t ( /omata are %[n 9 fig4 #adc1 ,a1 :i* 0 drawn f a piece ( a leaf %[n 9 surface-view 9 a section l5t to me by ,pr(essor ,weiss4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out t ! leaf _c be c]ta9ly id5tifi$ ) ,lepidod5dron r ?an ) ,sigill>ia1 b z ! leaves ( ^! two g5]a are con/ruct$ on ! same plan ! id5tification is ( second>y importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,leaves ( ,sigill>ia 9 transv]se section4 ,a1 ,a4 ,section 9 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,museum 7,q4 #fca74 ,b1 ,c4 ,sections 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection4 ,! s+le xylem bundle consi/s ( prim>y tra*eae only1 at lea/ 9 su* lam9ae z h be5 id5tifi$ z ,lepidod5droid4 ,surr\nd+ ! xylem /r& occur delicate p>5*ymat\s cells 9 "s cases accompani$ by d>k] & ?ick]-wall$ elem5ts4 ,z 9 ,sigill>ia1 ! leaves ( :i* are m fully describ$ on page #baj1 a fairly broad %ea? ( wid] & %ort] scal>i=m or spiral transfusion tra*eids surr\nds ! conduct+ /r& 7figs4 #adb1 t2 #adc1 ,b1 ,c1 t74 ,z ,r5ault %[s 9 ! case ( ,lepidod5dron esno/5se#bdb1 ! small leaves ( :i* are #ae-b mm4 broad at ! base & sev]al c5timetres long1 ! /omatal grooves & keel die out t[>ds ! apex :5 ! lam9a assumes a m ne>ly circul> =m 7fig4 #adc1 ,c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,a4 ,/omata 9 surface-view 7,lepidod5dron874 a1 p>5*yma2 t1 transfusion tra*eae2 x1 xylem4 7,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,collection ,r4 #gbc74 ,b1 ,c4 ,lepidod5dron esno/5se ,r54 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,! area ( ! cu%ion exclud+ ! leaf-sc> is spok5 ( by "s writ]s z ! field4 ,bel[ ! leaf-sc> ! kite-%ap$ cu%ion tap]s to a gradually n>r[+ basal position3 9 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 a species *>act]i/ic ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata1 x is se5 to be cont9u\s1 z a ridge ) slop+ sides1 ) a l[] cu%ion 7fig4 #ahe74 ,bel[ a leaf-sc> ! cu%ion frequ5tly %[s a pair ( oval areas on :i* a f9e pitt+ may be detect$ 9 well-pres]v$ impressions1 ^! oval sc>s1 z se5 9 fig4 #ahe1 ,d1 are practically cont9u\s at ! upp] end ) ! p>i*nos sc>s on ! leaf-sc> area2 ?is is expla9$ by ! fact t ^! infra-foli> sc>s also owe _! exi/5ce to pat*es ( lacun>1 a]5*ymat\s tissue 9 close connexion ) ! p>i*nos#bdc4 ,%ortly be=e ent]+ ! base ( ! leaf-lam9a ! p>i*nos divides into two arms :i* div]ge 9 ! out] cortical region "r & left ( ! vascul> bundle1 & pass+ obliquely upw>ds !y come close to ! surface ( ! leaf-cu%ion j bel[ ! leaf-sc>4 ,! diagram--fig4 #add1 ,b--%[s a leaf-trace1 lt1 9 ! leaf-cu%ion1 z se5 9 a diagrammatic draw+ ( a v]tical radial section ( a /em1 ! dott$ l9es1 p1 p1 %[ ! two p>i*nos arms :i* are repres5t$ z imp++ on ! surface ( ! leaf-cu%ion at p1 & !n b5d+ upw>ds to pass into ! leaf-base "r & left ( ! vascul> bundle or leaf-trace4 ,= conv5i5ce ! arms ( ! p>i*nos are repres5t$ 9 "o plane ?\gh actually 9 diff]5t v]tical planes4 ,fig4 #add1 ,a1 %[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 a view ( ! orig9al surface ( a ,lepidod5dron1 z at a1 :]e a leaf-cu%ion ) a leaf-sc> is se51 & a view ( an impression repres5t+ ! out] cortex1 b1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,! surface b1 9 fig4 #add1 ,a1 corresponds to ! face d-e 9 ! diagrammatic longitud9al section fig4 #add1 ,b3 ! outl9e ( ea* cu%ion is cle>ly visible & 9 ! c5tre is se5 ! leaf-trace1 lt1 ) its p>i*nos4 ,! surface-features1 a 7fig4 #add1 ,a71 h be5 impress$ on ! rock1 c1 7fig4 #add1 ,b7 9 :i* ! specim5 0 entomb$ & by ! removal ( ! ca/ ( ! /em1 t is ! ?ickness b to e 9 fig4 #add1 ,b1 ! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ion is reveal$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! two infra-foli> p>i*nos sc>s at p 7fig4 #add1 ,a7 is expla9$ by ! diagram1 fig4 #add1 ,b1 p4 ,! relation ( ! p>i*nos to ! oval sc>s bel[ a ,lepidod5dron leaf-cu%ion has be5 work$ out 9 detail by ,weiss :o %[s t1 at lea/ 9 "s species1 ! two arms d n b5d d[nw>ds z %[n 9 ! diagram1 fig4 #add1 ,b1 b pursue a /raight gradually asc5d+ c\rse z se5 9 fig4 #ade1 ,a4 ,j bel[ ! leaf-sc> region ( ! cu%ion ea* arm comes into association ) a gr\p ( lacun>1 a]5*ymat\s tissue1 su* z occurs 9 ! roots ( c]ta9 ,mangrove plants1 & x is ?is a]5*yma :i* is expos$ on ! two oval depressions bel[ ! leaf-sc>4 ,! /ructure ( ?is a]5*yma is %[n 9 fig4 #ade1 ,b2 x consi/s 9 ?is species 7,l4 ,hickii ,wats47 ( /ellate cells :i* w\ld con/itute an effici5t a]at+ sy/em4 ,probably1 z ,weiss sugge/s1 ^! pat*es ( a]5*yma 7 orig9ally cov]$ by an epid]mis provid$ ) /omata1 & x is ow+ to ! de/ruction ( ?is sup]ficial lay] t ! two oval sc>s (t5 =m a prom95t feature on ,lepidod5dron leaf-bases#bdd4 ,! diagram reproduc$ 9 fig4 #add1 ,b1 may be tak5 z practically correct1 z ! pat*es ( a]5*yma describ$ by ,weiss d n diff] ess5tially f ! p>i*nos tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum ,/]nb4 ,a4 ,leaf-cu%ion & leaf-sc> se5 9 surface-view at a2 on ! re/ ( ! specim5 a slightly l[] surface is expos$4 7,aft] ,/ur47 ,b4 ,diagrammatic longitud9al section to expla9 ! diff]5ces betwe5 its two surfaces a & b %[n 9 fig4 ,a4 ,! %ad$ portion c repres5ts ! rock matrix1 ! surfaces ab1 ed1 m>k ! out] & inn] edge ( ! out] portion ( ! b>k ( ! ,lepidod5dron /em4 lt1 leaf-trace2 p1 p1 p>i*nos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,a4 ,diagrammatic surface-view & longitud9al section ( a ,lepidod5dron leaf-cu%ion4 ,b4 ,a]5*yma bel[ ! leaf-sc>4 7,aft] ,f4 ,e4 ,weiss47 ,! p>i*nos sc>s are %[n on ! leaf-sc> & cu%ion 9 fig4 #adf1 ,c4 ,9 ! l[] leaf-cu%ion %[n 9 fig4 #adf1 ,e1 ! infra-foli> p>i*nos sc>s1 p1 are cle>ly se51 b ! pres]vation ( ! leaf-sc> is n suffici5tly good to %[ !m on t "p ( ! fossil4 ,9 ! upp] cu%ion 7fig4 #adf1 ,e7 ! position ( ! p>i*nos arms is %[n on ! leaf-sc>1 b ! infra-foli> p>i*nos sc>s are hidd5 by two small spiral %ells4 ,! g5us ,spirorbis1 to :i* ^! %ells are ref]r$1 appe>s to h p]si/$ f ! ,silurian epo* to ! pres5t day4 ,! comp>atively frequ5t occurr5ce ( ,spirorbis %ells on ! leaves & o!r p>ts ( ,palaeozoic plants1 has rec5tly be5 dealt ) 9 a pap] by ,b>rois#bde :o discusses 9 detail ! habitats ( ^! small animals f ! po9t ( view ( ! conditions "u :i* ! plants 7 pres]v$4 ,9 a note by ,malaqu9 app5d$ to ,b>rois' pap] ! belief is express$ t ,spirorbis liv$ on pieces ( ,palaeozoic plants :i* lay "u wat]4 ,! fact t ) "o exception all ! ,spirorbis %ells on ! specim5 ( ,lepidod5dron1 ( :i* two leaf-cu%ions are %[n 9 fig4 #adf1 ,e1 occur on ! l>ge p>i*nos sc>s on ! *eeks ( ! cu%ions1 sugge/s ! possibility t ! escape ( gases f ! p>i*nos tissue may h r5d]$ ! position attractive to ! ,spirorbis4 ,x c h>dly be accid5tal t ! %ells occur on ! p>i*nos /r&s4 ,?is fact recalls ! view held by ,b9ney#bdf & accept$ ) fav\r by ,d>w9#bdg t ,lepidod5dron & o!r coal-=e/ trees may h liv$ ) ! l[] p>ts ( ! /ems 9 sea wat]4 ,above ! leaf-sc> is a fairly deep triangul> or cresc5tic pit 7fig4 #adf1 ,c1 l7 kn[n z ! ligul> pit f ! occurr5ce on y\ng] %oots ( a delicate organ l ! ligule ( ,isoetes 7fig4 #acb7 emb$d$ 9 a depression 9 ! upp] "p ( ! leaf-cu%ion4 ,! ligule 0 fir/ figur$ 9 ,lepidod5dron by ,solms-,lauba*#bdh & describ$ 9 ,engli% mat]ial by ,williamson "u ! "n ( ! ad5oid organ#bdi4 ,9 "s ,lepidod5dron /ems a second triangul> depression may occur above ! ligul> pit1 ! mean+ ( :i* is n cle>3 ?is has be5 call$ ! triangulum by ,potoni#bej4 ,/ur#bea sugge/$ t x may repres5t ! position occupi$ by a sporangium 9 ,lepidod5dron cones4 ,x is important to rememb] t z a bran* increases 9 gir? ! leaf-cu%ions are capable ( only a c]ta9 am\nt ( gr[?3 :5 ! limit is rea*$ !y are /ret*$ f>!r ap>t & ?us ! n>r[ groove :i* sep>ates !m is conv]t$ 9 old] /ems into a comp>atively broad & flat *annel1 ?us alt]+ ! surface *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,lepidophloios & ,lepidod5dron leaf-cu%ions4 ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i4 ,lepidophloios4 7,fig4 ,a %\ld be rev]s$47 ,c1 ,e4 ,lepidod5dron aculeatum4 ,a1 ,b4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge 7leaf-cu%ion #c cm4 broad74 ,c4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge 7leaf-cu%ion #d cm4 long74 ,d4 ,f a section 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection4 ,e4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,bunbury ,collection1 ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool1 %[+ ,spirorbis %ells 7leaf-cu%ion #b cm4 long74 ,f4 ,f a section 9 ! ,williamson ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum ,no4 #a1 #igc4 ,g1 ,h1 ,i4 ,f sections 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection4 ,ano!r feature wor?y ( notice 9 ref]5ce to ! leaf-cu%ions ( ,lepidod5dron is ! occurr5ce 9 r>e in/ances ( alt]nate zones ( l>g] & small] cu%ions4 ,?is v>iation 9 ! size ( ! leaf-cu%ions is by no means uncommon 9 ! closely alli$ g5us ,sigill>ia2 9 ,lepidod5dron x has be5 describ$ by ,potoni#beb 9 ,l4 volkmannianum & m rec5tly by ,mr ,leslie & myself#bec 9 a ,s\? ,african species ,l4 v]e5ig5se4 ,ow+ to ! natural exfoliation ( ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! out] b>k at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! plant1 or 9 "s in/ances no d\bt z ! result ( po/-mortem decay1 :i* de/roys ! delicate cells ( ! m]i/ematic zone 9 ! out] cortex1 isolat$ leaf-cu%ions & /rips ( ! ext]nal surface are occasionally met ) z c>bonis$ impressions4 ,! appe>ance pres5t$ by a ,lepidod5dron /em :i* has be5 depriv$ ( its sup]ficial tissues may be dealt ) m intelligibly aft] we h become famili> ) ! anatomical *>act]s4 iii4 ,lepidophloios4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r ) ! g5us ,lepidod5dron a %ort acc\nt may be int]calat$ ( ! ext]nal features ( a lepidod5droid type ( /em :i* x is cu/om>y to describe "u a di/9ct g5]ic title ,lepidophloios4 ,?is "n is conv5i5t = diagno/ic purposes ?\gh x seems cle> t ap>t f ! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ion 7fig4 #adf1 ,a7 we are at pres5t unable to recognise any well-def9$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! two =ms ,lepidod5dron & ,lepidophloios4 ,= g5]al purposes ! "n ,lepidod5dron w be us$ z includ+ plants possess+ leaf-cu%ions ( ! type already describ$ z well z ^? ) ! ,lepidophloios =m ( cu%ion4 ,! g5]ic "n ,lepidophloios 0 fir/ us$ by ,/]nb]g#bed = a ,c>bonif]\s species :i* he _h previ\sly describ$ z ,lepidod5dron l>ic9um4 ,9 #ahde ,corda#bee in/itut$ ! "n ,lomatophloios = specim5s possess+ ! same ext]nal *>act]s z ^? = :i* ,/]nb]g _h *os5 ! "n ,lepidophloios4 ,! leaf-cu%ions ( ,lepidophloios diff] f ^? ( ! true ,lepidod5dron 9 _! relatively great] lat]al ext5sion 7cf4 fig4 #adf1 ,a & ,c71 9 _! imbricate arrangem5t & 9 be>+ ! leaf1 or leaf-sc>1 at ! summit4 ,9 "s species ref]r$ to ,lepidophloios ! cu%ions are h[ev] v]tically elongat$ & 9 ?is respect simil> to ^? ( ,lepidod5dron3 an example ( ?is type is af=d$ by ,lepidophloios ,dessorti a ,fr5* species describ$ by ,zeill]#bef4 ,9 y\ng] bran*es ! cu%ions may be direct$ upw>ds hav+ ! leaf-sc> at ! top2 b 9 ! majority ( specim5s ! cu%ions are deflex$ z 9 figs4 #adf1 ,d2 #afj1 ,a4 ,! %oot ( ,lycopodium di*otomum %[n 9 fig4 #aba1 ,b1 ) ! leaves 9 ! rev]s$ position be>s a close resemblance to a bran* ( ,lepidophloios4 ,! photograph ( ,lepidophloios scoticus ,kid/4#beg reproduc$ 9 fig4 #afj1 ,a1 illu/rates ! di*otom\s bran*+ ( ! /em & ! =m ( ! cu%ions ) ! leaf-sc>s po9t+ d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! f]tile bran* ( ! same species %[n 9 fig4 #afj1 ,b1 ! leaf-sc>s face upw>ds4 ,9 mo/ species ! cu%ions are simply convex )\t a m$ian keel1 b 9 "s cases a m$ian ridge divides ! cu%ion into two *eeks z 9 ! g5us ,lepidod5dron4 ,! leaf-sc> be>s ?ree small sc>s1 ! l>g] m$ian sc> m>k+ ! position ( ! leaf-trace1 :ile ! lat]al sc>s are =m$ by ! two arms ( ! p>i*nos3 9 "s examples ( deflex$ cu%ions1 ?\gh n 9 all1 a ligul> pit occurs on ! cu%ion a %ort di/ance above ! leaf-sc>4 ,! draw+ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #adf1 ,a1 %[+ ! leaf-sc> on ! upp] edge ( ! cu%ion %\ld h be5 rev]s$ ) ! leaf-sc>s po9t+ d[nw>ds4 ,?is figure repres5ts "p ( ! surface ( a specim5 consi/+ ( ! out] cortex ( a /em ) leaf-cu%ions #c cm4 broad4 ,! ?ickness ( ?is specim5 is #d cm43 a section ?r\gh ! l9e ab is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #adf1 ,d 7reproduc$ 9 ! correct position1 ) ! leaf-sc>s1 sc1 po9t+ d[nw>ds73 int]nal to ! cu%ions is a b& ( second>y cortex 7! %ad$ /rip on ! out] edge ( ! section7 :i* 0 =m$ on ! outside ( ! phellog54 ,! phellog5 is a cyl9d] ( actively divid+ cells 9 ! out] "p ( ! cortex ( ! /em1 (t5 spok5 ( z ! cork-cambium or cortical m]i/em1 :i* produces a consid]able am\nt ( second>y cortical tissue on its inn] face & a mu* small] am\nt t[>ds ! /em surface4 ,?is delicate cyl9d] frequ5tly =ms a natural l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! out] %ell ( b>k & ! re/ ( ! /em4 ,9 ! specim5 be=e u1 ! ?9-wall$ cells ( ! phellog5 7 ruptur$ be=e petrification & ! out] %ell ( b>k 0 ?us sep>at$ z a holl[ cyl9d] f ! re/ ( ! /em3 ?is cyl9d] 0 !n flatt5$1 ! two inn] surfaces com+ into contact4 ,fig4 #adf1 ,d1 repres5ts a section ( "o half ( ! ?ickness ( ! flatt5$ %ell4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! out] cortex1 & its pres]vation ap>t f ! re/ ( ! /em1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 fossil lycopodiace\s /ems4 ,! flatt5$ out] cortical %ell ( a ,lepidophloios1 specifically id5tical ) t %[n 9 fig4 #adf1 ,a & ,d1 0 errone\sly describ$ by ,dr ,c4 ,e4 ,weiss 9 #ahha z a l>ge lepidod5droid cone#beh4 ,fig4 #adf1 ,b1 af=ds a view ( ! inn] face ( ! specim5 ( :i* ! out] surface is se5 9 fig4 #adf1 ,a3 ! surface %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! draw+1 on :i* ! b\nd>ies ( ! cu%ions are repres5t$ by a reticulum1 corresponds to ! inn] edge ( ! /rip ( second>y cortical tissue repres5t$ by ! v]tically %ad$ b& 9 fig4 #adf1 ,d4 ,! %ad$ surface 9 fig4 #adf1 ,b1 repres5ts a slightly deep] level 9 ! /em :i* corresponds to ! out] edge ( ! v]tically %ad$ b& ( fig4 #adf1 ,d3 ! n>r[ tap]$ ridges 7fig4 #adf1 ,b7 repres5t ! leaf-traces pass+ ?r\gh ! second>y cortex1 & ! f9e v]tical %ad+ indicates ! elongat$ elem5ts ( :i* ?is /rip ( second>y cortex is compos$4 ,9 ! longitud9al section diagrammatically reproduc$ 9 fig4 #adf1 ,d1 cut along ! l9e ab ( fig4 #adf1 ,a1 ! p>5*ymat\s tissue ( ! /\t cu%ions has be5 p>tially de/roy$1 z at a2 at s is se5 ! section ( a ,/igm>ian rootlet :i* has f\nd its way into ! int]ior ( a cu%ion4 ,ea* leaf-trace is accompani$ by a p>i*nos /r& z 9 ! true ,lepidod5dron2 at ! base ( ! leaf-cu%ion ! p>i*nos bran*es into two arms :i* div]ge slightly "r & left ( ! leaf-trace1 f9ally ent]+ ! base ( ! leaf lam9a z two lat]al /r&s 7fig4 #adg1 p74 ,at "o po9t 9 fig4 #adf1 ,d ! section has %av$ a leaf-trace repres5t$ by a black pat* re/+ on ! p>i*nos j above ! l9e ef1 b x passes ?r\gh "o ( ! p>i*nos arms p :i* deb\*es on to ! leaf-sc> sc at p4 ,_h ! section be5 cut along ! l9e cd ( fig4 #adf1 ,a ! leaf-trace w\ld h be5 se5 9 a position simil> to t occupi$ by ! p>i*nos p 9 fig4 #adf1 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,lepidophloios leaf-cu%ion 9 tang5tial section4 7,f a section 9 ! ,williamson ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #aigc47 ,fig4 #adg1 ,a1 af=ds a good example ( a tang5tial section ?r\gh a ,lepidophloios leaf-cu%ion1 #a cm4 broad1 l t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #adf1 ,a1 %[+ ! vascul> bundle lt1 ! two p>i*nos /r&s1 p1 compos$ ( l>ge ?9-wall$ cells 7cf4 ,isoetes1 fig4 #acc1 ,h1 ,i71 & ! ligul> pit ne> ! upp] edge ( ! section enclos+ ! %runk5 rema9s ( ! ligule 7fig4 #adg1 ,b1 l74 ,sid5ote3 ,,lepidod5dron ,fig4 #adg1 ,b1 %[s ! =m ( ! tang5tially elongat$ leaf-cu%ions ( ,lepidophloios & _! spiral disposition4 ,fig4 #adf1 ,f1 repres5ts a section simil> to t %[n 9 figs4 #adg1 ,a & ,b1 b 9 ?is case ! leaf-trace1 lt1 & ! p>i*nos /r&s1 p1 lie 9 a cavity =m$ by ! de/ruction ( "s ( ! leaf-cu%ion tissue4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! p>i*nos cells h resi/$ decay m successfully ?an ! adjac5t tissue ( ! cu%ion4 ,! diagrammatic sket*es reproduc$ 9 fig4 #adf1 ,h & ,i1 7 made f a transv]se section simil> to "o orig9ally figur$ by ,williamson#bei3 fig4 #adf1 ,h1 correspond+ 9 position to ! l9e gh 9 fig4 #adf1 ,a1 passes ?r\gh ! ligul> pit1 l1 & cuts across ! p>i*nos 9 ! act ( bran*+2 ! leaf-trace passes outw>ds beyond ! ,y-%ap$ p>i*nos /r&4 ,9 ! o!r section1 fig4 #adf1 ,i1 ! p>i*nos is %[n 9 a horizontal plane & ! leaf-trace1 lt1 appe>s 9 oblique transv]se section4 ,9 bo? sections & 9 fig4 #adf1 ,g ! %ad$ b& at ! base repres5ts ! second>y cortical tissue ext]nal to ! phellog54 ,! transv]se section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #adf1 ,g1 %[s 9 ! left-h& cu%ion1 a1 ! exit ( ! two p>i*nos arms & ! leaf-trace betwe5 !m3 x illu/rates also ! v>i\s =ms assum$ by lepidod5droid leaf-cu%ions :5 cut across at diff]5t levels4 iv4 ,! ,anatomy ( ,lepidod5dron vascul>e ,b9ney#bfj4 ,figs4 #adh-aee1 #afh1 ,a4 ,9 ! e>li] lit]ature deal+ ) ! anatomy ( ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( second>y vascul> tissue 0 made ! crit]ion ( g5]ic di/9ction & ! di/+ui%+ feature betwe5 ! classes ,pt]idophytes & ,gymnosp]ms1 ,lepidod5dron be+ relegat$ to ! =m] class because x 0 suppos$ to h no p[] ( =m+ second>y wood1 :ile ,sigill>ia1 *>act]is$ by a consid]able developm5t ( su* tissue1 0 class$ by ,brongni>t & aft]w>ds by ,r5ault z a ,gymnosp]m4 ,b9ney#bfa 9 #ahfe recognis$ t ! two types ( /em pass into "o ano!r1 b x 0 ,williamson#bfb :o provid$ complete demon/ration ( ! fallacy ( ! ,brongni>tian view4 ,^! two und\bt$ ,pt]idophytes agree v closely 9 anatomical /ructure & bo? are n[ recognis$ z arboresc5t g5]a ( ,lycopodiace\s plants4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ by ,lomax & ,weiss 9 #aijebfc a specim5 is describ$ f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,hudd]sfield1 9 :i* a decorticat$ /em ) ! anatomical *>act]s ( ,b9ney's ,sigill>ia vascul>is gives (f a bran* hav+ ! anatomical /ructure :i* x has be5 cu/om>y to associate ) ! species ,lepidod5dron selag9oides1 s-call$ by ,/]nb]g & f\nd$ by him on impressions %[+ well-pres]v$ ext]nal *>act]s4 ,9 #ahfb ,b9ney#bfd describ$ petrifi$ specim5s ( vegetative %oots f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire "u ! names ,sigill>ia vascul>is & ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,^! 7 aft]w>ds recognis$ z diff]5t /ates ( ! same species4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,b9ney's pap] ,c>ru!rs#bfe id5tifi$ ,b9ney's species ,lepidod5dron vascul>e ) ,/]nb]g's ,l4 selag9oides4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ?is id5tification re/s has n be5 /at$1 b _m writ]s h reta9$ ?is specific designation = ! well-def9$ type ( anatomical /ructure fir/ describ$ by ,b9ney z ,l4 vascul>e4 ,! use ( ! specific "n selag9oides is1 h[ev]1 op5 to objection4 ,! species ,lepidod5dron selag9oides1 z po9t$ out by ,kid/on#bff1 is probably id5tical ) ! plant :i* ,brongni>t _h nam$ ,l4 ,/]nb]gii be=e ! in/itution ( ,/]nb]g's species1 & we are n 9 possession ( conv9c+ evid5ce z to ! connection ( ,l4 ,/]nb]gii 7 ,l4 selag9oides7 ) specim5s possess+ ! anatomy ( ,b9ney's type4 ,b9ney's designation is !re=e reta9$ = ! anatomical type describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages#bfg4 ,! mo/ detail$ acc\nt hi!rto publi%$ ( ! anatomy ( ,lepidod5dron vascul>e is t by ! late ,m4 ,hovelacque#bfh1 bas$ on mat]ial f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e ,b9ney4 ,a4 ,transv]se section4 7,bas$ on a section #be cm4 9 diamet]1 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection47 ,b4 ,longitud9al section4 7,drawn f a section 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection47 ,! small %oot1 repres5t$ some:at diagrammatically 9 fig4 #adh1 ,a1 illu/rates ! anatomical features ( a typical example ( ! species3 ! %oot has a diamet] ( #be cm4 & its c5tral cyl9d] 7x-sc7 is #be mm4 9 wid?4 ,noticeable features are 7i7 ! small size ( ! c5tral cyl9d] 7or /ele7 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! bran*1 7ii7 ! production at a comp>atively e>ly /age ( gr[? ( a zone ( second>y wood1 x1 :i* gradually assumes ! =m ( a complete cyl9d] ( unequal bread?1 surr\nd+ ! prim>y xylem1 x1 7iii7 ! =mation ( a second>y cortical tissue by a m]i/ematic cyl9d] 7phellog51 pl7 situat$ close to ! leaf-cu%ion region ( ! out] cortex4 ,on ! out] edge ! /ele consi/s ( n>r[ tra*eae "s ( :i* %[ 9 longitud9al section ! spiral =m ( ?ick5+ *>act]i/ic ( mo/ protoxylem elem5ts3 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! /ele ! diamet] ( ! tra*eae gradually increases & p>5*ymat\s cells become associat$ ) ! elongat$ scal>i=m elem5ts4 ,9 ! c5tral region ! /ele is compos$ ( p>5*ymat\s tissue arrang$ 9 v]tical s]ies ( %ort cells1 int]sp]s$ ) %ort tra*eae di/+ui%$ by ! great] ?ickness ( _! walls & by _! scal>i=m & reticulate ?ick5+ b&s4 ,"s ( ^! %ort tra*eae are %[n 9 v]tical section 9 fig4 #adi1 ,b3 ! f9e & brok5 l9es connect+ adjac5t ?ick5+ b&s probably repres5t ! rema9s ( ! orig9al wall4 ,^! delicate b&s1 :i* h be5 figur$ 9 v>i\s species ( lepidod5droid plants#bfi1 are wor?y ( notice 9 connexion ) ! rec5t "w ( ,mr ,gwynne-,vaughan#bgj :o has %[n t 9 _m rec5t f]ns ! scal>i=m b&s 9 ! xylem elem5ts are n connect$ by a ?9 pit-clos+ membrane1 b are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by op5 spaces4 ,9 ! ,lepidod5dron tra*eae we seem to h a /age 9 :i* ! int]v5+ membrane is 9 process ( absorption4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! ?reads may be ! result ( contraction & splitt+ ( ! membrane dur+ dry+ or decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 a1 immature tra*eae2 m1 m]i/em2 mr1 m$ull>y ray2 x1 xylem4 ,a4 ,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! edge ( ! second>y wood4 ,b4 ,%ort tra*eae 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ele4 7,f a specim5 f ! ,halifax ,h>d b$ 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection47 ,! /ele ( ,lepidod5dron vascul>e1 be=e ! addition ( any second>y xylem1 may be describ$ z a proto/ele1 a t]m orig9ally propos$ by ,pr(essor ,jeffrey#bga1 9 :i* ! c5tral "p ( ! conduct+ /r& ( xylem elem5ts has be5 conv]t$ into r[s ( p>5*yma & %ort tra*eids1 ! latt] be+ bett] adapt$ to /orage ?an to conduction4 ,x is probable t ?is type ( /el> anatomy1 :i* di/+ui%es ,l4 vascul>e f o!r species1 repres5ts a comp>atively primitive arrangem5t =m+ a transition betwe5 ! /ele ( ,l4 esno/5se1 :i* consi/s ( a solid rod ( tra*eids1 & ! /ele ( ,l4 ,h>c\rtii 7fig4 #agi1 ,a7 & o!r species 9 :i* ! xylem =ms a cyl9d] enclos+ a l>ge p>5*ymat\s pi?4 ,p>5*ymat\s cells occur 9 contact ) ! out] edge ( ! xylem-cyl9d] "s ( :i* are di/+ui%$ by an irregul> reticulate pitt+4 ,! tang5tial section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #adh1 ,b1 illu/rates ! appe>ance ( a %oot ( ,l4 vascul>e 9 :i* no second>y xylem is pres5t3 ! c5tral /r& ( tissue consi/s ( ! p>5*yma abutt+ on ! xylem ) sev]al leaf-traces 7lt7 pass+ upw>ds 9 an almo/ v]tical c\rse f ! out] edge ( ! /ele4 ,! second>y xylem 7fig4 #adh1 ,a1 x7 consi/s ( radially arrang$ scal>i=m tra*eae ) associat$ r[s ( p>5*ymat\s cells :i* =m m$ull>y rays 7fig4 #adi1 mr74 ,leaf-traces pass ?r\gh ! m$ull>y rays 9 ! second>y xylem cyl9d] 9 a direction at "r angles to ! prim>y xylem /ele f :i* !y are giv5 (f1 b at ! out] edge ( ! second>y xylem !y b5d sudd5ly upw>ds & = a "t foll[ a /eep & almo/ v]tical c\rse4 ,9 well-pres]v$ longitud9al sections ! out]mo/ second>y xylem tra*eae are se5 to be succe$$ by a few n>r[ & v]tically elongat$ elem5ts 7fig4 #adi1 ,a1 a71 :i* repres5t "y unlignifi$ tra*eae3 ^! are foll[$ by %ort] p>5*ymat\s cells 7m7 =m+ "p ( a m]i/ematic zone f :i* ! second>y xylem receives additions4 ,return+ to fig4 #adh1 ,a2 ! zone ( second>y wood1 x1 compos$ ( scal>i=m tra*eids & m$ull>y rays1 is succe$$ by a few lay]s ( p>5*ymat\s cells & beyond ?is is a broad] zone1 sc1 to :i* ! t]m secretory zone has be5 appli$#bgb2 ?is is made up ( small p>5*ymat\s cells v>y+ 9 size & ( l>g] spaces :i* appe> to h be5 =m$ by ! disorganisation ( ?9-wall$ elem5ts4 ,! :ole zone pres5ts a *>act]i/ic appe>ance due to ! association ( small cells1 l>ge cle> spaces1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( d>k-col\r$ mat]ial sugge/ive ( tissue disorganisation & secret$ products4 ,! anatomical *>act]s ( ! secretory zone are %[n 9 ! photograph1 fig4 #afh1 ,a1 sc4 ,sev]al leaf-traces are se5 9 transv]se section 9 ! secretory zone 7black dots 9 fig4 #adh1 ,a1 sc2 fig4 #aed1 ,c1 lt73 ea* trace consi/s ( a /r& ( n>r[ tra*eae accompani$ by a few encircl+ lay]s ( small p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,z a trace cont9ues its /eeply asc5d+ c\rse ?r\gh ! secretory zone1 x becomes associat$ ) a /r& ( t tissue & assumes ! =m ( a collat]al vascul> bundle1 ! out] "p ( :i* does n consi/ ( typical phloem b ( %ort] elem5ts d]iv$ f ! secretory zone4 ,beyond ! secretory zone we f9d a m homog5e\s tissue compos$ ( p>5*ymat\s elem5ts slightly ext5d$ tang5tially 7figs4 #adh1 ,a1 c2 fig4 #afh1 ,a1 c72 ?is is spok5 ( z ! inn] cortical region4 ,9 ! great majority ( sections ( ,l4 vascul>e z ( o!r species ( ! g5us1 ! broad] middle cortex 7fig4 #adh1 c7 is occupi$ by m9]al matt]1 introduc$ subsequ5t to decay ( ! tissue2 or x is repres5t$ by pat*es ( delicate tissue compos$ ( loosely arrang$ p>5*ymat\s cells v>y+ consid]ably 9 size & %ape1 "s be+ small1 oval or polygonal elem5ts :ile o!rs h ! =m ( s9u\s hypha-l tubes4 ,9 ?is middle cortical region may be se5 leaf-traces pass+ outw>ds 9 an almo/ horizontal c\rse 7fig4 #adh1 ,a1 lt73 aft] leav+ ! inn] cortex ! leaf-traces b5d some:at abruptly outw>ds to foll[ a m direct pa? ?r\gh ! middle & out] cortex4 ,! r+ ( tissue1 s1 se5 9 ! middle cortex ( fig4 #adh1 ,a1 belongs to a ,/igm>ian rootlet4 ,! out] cortex 7fig4 #adh1 ,a & ,b1 c7 consi/s ( homog5e\s p>5*yma :i* is /rong] & m resi/ant to decay ?an ! loos] middle cortex4 ,! leaf-traces1 z %[n 9 fig4 #adh1 ,b1 pass ?r\gh ?is region 9 a r /eeply asc5d+ direction3 ea* is se5 to be enclos$ by a space orig9ally occupi$ by a /r& ( middle cortical tissue :i* accompanies lepidod5droid leaf-traces on _! "u side & has already be5 describ$ z ! p>i*nos1 7pp4 #ig1 #ajj-ajc2 figs4 #adf1 #adg74 ,! surface ( ! /em %[n 9 section 9 fig4 #adh1 ,a1 is compos$ ( broad leaf-cu%ions4 ,a s+le leaf-trace ) its p>i*nos passes into ea* cu%ion1 b 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! base ( a cu%ion ! p>i*nos bifurcates 7cf4 fig4 #adf1 ,h1 ,i7 & ! arms div]ge slightly to ! "r & left f9ally pass+ beyond ! cu%ion into ! lam9a ( ! leaf1 _! position be+ %[n1 z already expla9$1 by ! two small lat]al sc>s on ! leaf-sc> area4 ,! diagrammatic sket* ( a radial longitud9al section ?r\gh a leaf-cu%ion repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aej illu/rates ! relation ( ! leaf-trace to ! leaf-cu%ion4 ,! trace consi/s ( xylem1 x1 above & a /r& ( ! secretory zone1 /1 bel[2 ! p>i*nos tissue 0 orig9ally pres5t on ! "u side ( ! leaf-trace at a4 ,! ext]nal surface1 bc1 m>ks ! limit ( ! leaf-sc> ?r\gh ! middle ( :i* passes ! vascul> /r& lt4 ,! l[] gap a has be5 =m$ by ! te>+ ( ?9-wall$ cells ( ! phellog51 ! m]i/ematic tissue f :i* a consid]able am\nt ( second>y cortical tissue or phellod]m has be5 produc$ at pd4 ,on ! outside ( ! cu%ion1 c1 ! cells are some:at cru%$ & di/+ui%$ by _! d>k] col\r f ! bulk ( ! p>5*ymat\s tissue d4 ,?is section also illu/rates ano!r *>act]i/ic feature ( ,lepidod5dron1 namely ! pres5ce ( a ligule & a ligul> pit3 ! =m] is repres5t$ by a c>bonis$ pat* ( tissue & ! latt] ext5ds f ! surface ( ! cu%ion at b1 j above ! leaf-sc>1 almo/ to ! level ( ! leaf-trace1 lt4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is section ) figs4 #adf & #adg w make cle> ! relation ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! cu%ion & leaf-sc>4 ,! gaps gg1 se5 9 fig4 #adh1 ,a & ,b1 m>k ! position ( ! delicate m]i/ematic zone or phellog5 :i* arises close to ! bases ( ! leaf-cu%ions2 ! phellog5 has already produc$ a few r[s ( radially dispos$ elem5ts1 repres5t$ by %ort radial l9es 9 ! draw+1 :i* con/itute second>y cortical tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,leaf-cu%ions 9 longitud9al section4 7,f a specim5 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection47 ,9 old] %oots ! am\nt ( ! second>y cortical tissue develop$ on ! inn] side ( ! phellog5 is consid]able 7cf4 figs4 #aeb1 #aec74 ,! /ructure ( ! cortex ( a %oot 9 :i* second>y gr[?1 bo? 9 ! /ele & 9 ! out] cortex1 has progress$ fur!r ?an 9 ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #adh is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,an old] /em ?an t %[n 9 fig4 #adh4 7,f a section 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,no4 #cea47 ,! section 7fig4 #aea1 ,a7 measures #g #ch cm4 9 diamet]2 ! prim>y xylem is surr\nd$ by a fairly broad cyl9d] ( second>y wood 7fig4 #aea1 ,e1 x & x74 ,! almo/ smoo? surface ( ! prim>y wood 7fig4 #aea1 ,e1 x7 is succe$$ by ! second>y xylem1 x1 *>act]is$ at its inn] edge by ! tap]$ ends ( ! radial r[s ( scal>i=m tra*eids betwe5 :i* occur sev]al delicate p>5*ymat\s cells 7fig4 #aea1 ,e1 a74 ,! occurr5ce ( su* isodiametric elem5ts1 (t5 exhibit+ a delicate spiral ?ick5+ b&1 is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! b\nd>y betwe5 prim>y & second>y wood 9 lepidod5droid /ems4 ,! second>y wood is p5etrat$ by num]\s m$ull>y rays & 9 "s ( !m are se5 /r&s ( n>r[ spirally ?ick5$ tra*eae--! leaf-traces--:i* are 9 organic cont9uity ) ! ex>* protoxylem ( ! prim>y wood4 ,! leaf-traces are oval & mes>*4 ,! space1 c1 7fig4 #aea1 ,a7 orig9ally occupi$ by ! delicate middle cortex1 is succe$$ by a %ell ( out] cortex compos$ *iefly ( second>y tissue 7phellod]m1 pd7 pass+ t[>ds ! inn] b\nd>y ( ?is region into ! prim>y out] cortex g 7fig4 #aea1 ,a & ,c74 ,! radially dispos$ elem5ts :i* make up ! bulk ( ! phellod]m are associat$ ) conc5tric r[s ( secretory /r&s1 repres5t$ by tang5tially arrang$ dots 9 fig4 #aea1 ,a3 on ! out] edge ( ! phellod]m a few pat*es ( prim>y cortex are /ill pres]v$1 z at c1 fig4 ,a4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 ,b2 at m ! phellod]m is int]rupt$ by a gap beyond :i* ! cells h ?9n] walls & %[ signs ( rec5t division2 ?is is probably ! position ( ! phellog54 ,! tissue b1 fig4 #aea1 ,b1 consi/s ( second>y cortex succe$$ beyond d by ! p>5*ymat\s tissue ( ! leaf-cu%ion1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( a ligule1 l1 are se5 9 ! ligul> pit4 ,?is section corresponds 9 position to a l9e drawn across fig4 #aej at ! level ( b4 ,9 ?is specim5 we h two k9ds ( second>y cortical tissue3 t =m$ ext]nal to ! phellog51 f m to d 9 fig4 #aea1 ,b1 is less 9 am\nt ?an t produc$ int]nal to ! phellog54 ,we _c make any satisfactory /atem5t z to ! nature ( ?is second>y tissue1 :e!r or n any ( x agre$ 9 composition ) ! cork :i* is usually =m$ ext]nal to ! phellog5 9 rec5t plants4 ,z ! /em ( a ,lepidod5dron grew 9 gir? ! leaf-cu%ions became sep>at$ by int]v5+ depressions compos$ ( ! second>y cortex =m$ ext]nal to ! phellog51 b at a lat] /age ! cu%ions 7 ?r[n (f1 leav+ ! out] edge ( ! phellod]m z ! sup]ficial tissue4 ,?is expos$ tissue became fissur$ z gr[? & consequ5t /ret*+ cont9u$1 produc+ ! appe>ance se5 on ! surface ( ! /ill old] /em repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aec4 ,! inn] edge ( ! phellod]m se5 at e 9 fig4 #aea1 ,c1 passes sudd5ly into ! inn] prim>y region ( ! out] cortex 7fig4 #aea1 ,a & ,c1 g7 :i* comprises two types ( p>5*ymat\s tissue1 pat*es ( isodiametric cells1 g1 g1 alt]nat+ ) radially arrang$ areas consi/+ ( tang5tially elongat$ elem5ts 7fig4 ,c1 f1 f2 fig4 ,d7 :i* ext5d z w$ges into ! phellod]m4 ,! longitud9al section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aeb1 ,b1 %[s an equal bifurcation ( a /em 9 :i* no second>y xylem is pres5t2 9 ! l[] "p ( ! section ! xylem & ! outgo+ leaf-traces are se5 9 radial section & at ! upp] end ( ea* arm ! leaf-traces alone1 lt1 are expos$1 z 9 fig4 #adh1 ,b4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice ! l>ge am\nt ( phellod]m :i* has be5 produc$ 9 ! =k ( ! bran*1 at pd1 :]e great] /r5g? is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,sections ( di*otom\sly bran*$ %oot4 ,a4 ,f a section 7#aje #i cm47 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection4 ,b4 ,f a section 7#h cm4 long7 9 ! ,cambridge ,collection4 ,! section repres5t$ diagrammatically 9 fig4 #aeb1 ,a1 has lo/ ! out]mo/ "p ( ! cortex toge!r ) ! leaf-cu%ions2 x consi/s l>gely ( second>y cortex compos$ ( radially dispos$ phellod]m cells & tang5tially plac$ secretory /r&s 7repres5t$ by ! discont9u\s black l9es 9 ! draw+73 ! dott$ region 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! axis is compos$ ( prim>y cortical p>5*yma1 & ! two spaces surr\nd+ ! /eles conta9 portions ( ! lacun> middle cortex4 ,ea* /ele possesses a n>r[ cresc5tic zone ( second>y xylem2 ! am\nt is great] 9 ! case ( ! "r-h& /ele1 ( :i* a small piece is %[n on a l>g] scale2 ! /rik+ contra/ 9 size betwe5 ! out] & m int]nal second>y tra*eae is no d\bt ! expression ( "s unfav\rable condition ( gr[?4 ,! position ( ! secretory zone beyond ! second>y xylem is %[n at sc1 fig4 #aeb1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 7,f a specim5 7#af #ge cm47 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum47 ,an example ( a l>ge & p>tially decorticat$ /em is af=d$ by ! specim5 7#af #ge cm47 %[n 9 fig4 #aec4 ,! irregul>ly ribb$ surface is =m$ ( r ?ick-wall$ phellod]m1 9 :i* occur tang5tially arrang$ r[s ( secretory /r&s4 ,! tap]$ =m ( ! second>y cortex z x abuts int]nally on ! prim>y cortex is %[n v cle>ly 9 ! draw+ 7cf4 fig4 #aea1 ,c74 ,! /ele 9 ?is mu* old] /em consi/s ma9ly ( second>y wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,%oot 7#bh cm4 diam47 ) two /eles4 7,f a specim5 f ,halifax 9 ! ,williamson ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #cdj47 ,an int]e/+ example ( a small %oot1 ! l>ge/ diamet] ( :i* is #bh cm41 is %[n 9 fig4 #aed1 ,a3 ! section 0 cut a %ort di/ance above ! bifurcation ( ! /ele into two approximately equal bran*es4 ,! out] "p ( ! cortex consi/s ( phellod]m1 pd1 ) ! usual r[s ( secretory tracts1 & prim>y out] cortex g2 ! middle cortex is repres5t$ by pat*es ( p>5*yma ) a few leaf-traces4 ,to "o ( ! /eles1 s 7fig4 #aed1 ,a71 a cresc5t-%ap$ b& ( second>y xylem has be5 add$2 ! o!r /ele1 ,s1 possesses no fully develop$ second>y elem5ts4 ,fig4 #aed1 ,b & ,c1 illu/rates ! anatomical features imm$iately ext]nal to ! prim>y xylem ( ! small] /ele1 s4 ,! comp>atively broad b& ( radially dispos$ p>5*yma1 m1 is connect$ ) ! out]mo/ elem5ts ( ! xylem by a few r d>k & small cru%$ p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,! b& m1 :i* we may speak ( z ! m]i/ematic zone1 cle>ly consi/s ( cells 9 a /ate ( division2 x is 9 ?is region t ! second>y xylem is produc$4 ,beyond ! leaf-trace1 7fig4 #aed1 ,c1 lt71 occurs a portion ( ! secretory zone1 "s ( ! small] cells ( :i* %[ signs ( disorganisation2 b mo/ ( ?is tissue has be5 de/roy$ 7fig4 #aed1 ,b1 sc74 ,! out] edge ( ! secretory zone is %[n 9 fig4 #aed1 ,d abutt+ on ! cells ( ! inn] cortex1 c4 ,! leaf-trace %[n 9 ! inn] cortex 9 fig4 #aed1 ,b illu/rates ! m oval or tang5tially ext5d$ =m ( ! xylem 9 ?is region1 9 contra/ to ! m circul> outl9e :i* x exhibits on ! inn] side ( ! secretory zone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,out] edge ( second>y xylem3 m1 m]i/ematic zone2 mr1 m$ull>y ray4 7,drawn f ! section %[n 9 fig4 #afh1 ,a74 ,! transv]se section1 "p ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #afh1 ,a1 illu/rates a *>act]i/ic feature1 namely ! juxtaposition ( ! out]mo/ tra*eae ( ! second>y xylem & mu* small] cells ( ! m]i/ematic zone4 ,?is is se5 9 fig4 #aee1 :i* %[s a small piece ( fig4 #afh1 ,a1 on a l>g] scale4 ,9 plants ) a normal cambium ! segm5ts cut (f f ! initial lay] fit on to ! elem5ts ( ! xylem or phloem to :i* !y are to =m additions1 b 9 ,lepidod5dron x seems to be a g5]al rule to f9d ea* ( ! mo/ ext]nal lignifi$ elem5ts abutt+ on a gr\p ( two or ?ree mu* small] cells4 ,x is difficult to believe t ! m]i/em %[n 9 fig4 #aee1 m1 c\ld produce second>y xylem elem5ts equal 9 size to ^? already =m$3 9 all probability _h gr[? cont9u$ !re w\ld h be5 a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! size ( ! second>y tra*eids1 z 9 fig4 #aeb1 ,a1 x1 :]e !re 0 no d\bt "s cause :i* int]f]$ ) normal cambial activity4 ,?is disp>ity 9 size betwe5 ! second>y xylem elem5ts & ! adjac5t p>5*ymat\s tissue ( ! m]i/ematic zone is by no means exceptional & may be describ$ z ! g5]al rule4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t 9 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e1 z 9 o!r species1 ! second>y xylem 0 succe$$ by a broad b& ( p>5*ymat\s tissue1 f :i* new tra*eae & m$ull>y-ray elem5ts 7 produc$1 & n by a n>r[ cambium su* z occurs 9 rec5t plants4 v4 ,lepidod5dron /ems z repres5t$ by ca/s & impressions ( p>tially decorticat$ specim5s4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! out] cortex ( a ,lepidod5dron into comp>atively ?9-wall$ & m resi/ant tissue has be5 ! cause ( unequal decay & ! consequ5t =mation ( %r9kage cavities4 ,9 addition to ! unequal resi/+ p[] ( contigu\s tissues1 ano!r important factor 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ca/s & impressions is ! exi/5ce ( ! cyl9d] ( delicate cells 9 ! out] cortex ( /ems & bran*es4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ?is m]i/ematic cyl9d] or phellog5 con/itutes a natural l9e ( sep>ation1 z 9 ! case ( ! cambium lay] betwe5 ! wood & ! ext]nal tissues 9 a fre% ,sycamore twig4 ,! result ( ! sep>ation ( an out] %ell ( b>k f ! re/ ( ! /em & ! results ( unequal decay 9 ! m sup]ficial tissues1 h necess>ily l$ to ! pres]vation ( ! same specific type "u a v>iety ( =ms4 ,our k ( ! anatomy ( ,lepidod5dron /ems enables u to recognise 9 fossils ( v diff]5t appe>ance specim5s 9 v>i\s conditions ( pres]vation ( "o & ! same type4 ,su* names z ,knorria1 ,b]g]ia & ,aspidi>ia are examples ( g5]ic titles in/itut$ be=e any adequate k ( ,lepidod5dron anatomy 0 available4 ,diff]5ces 9 age z well z diff]5t degrees ( decortication h contribut$ 9 no small measure to ! in/itution ( g5]ic & specific names :i* m rec5tly acquir$ k has %[n to be sup]flu\s4 a4 ,knorria4 ,! designation ,knorria1 aft] a c]ta9 ,g4 ,w4 ,knorr ( ,nrnb]g1 0 propos$ by ,/]nb]g 9 #ahbfbgc = ca/s ( ,palaeozoic /ems ( a type figur$ m ?an a c5tury e>li] by ,volkmann#bgd4 ,goepp]t1 9 8 e>li] works1 publi%$ draw+s ( fossil /ems :i* he ref]r$ to ,/]nb]g's g5us3 "o species he at fir/ call$ ,didymophyllum ,s*oll9i4 ,he aft]w>ds#bge describ$ "s specim5s :i* %[$ t ! features *>act]i/ic ( ,knorria may occur on p>tially decorticat$ /ems ) leaf-cu%ions ( ! true ,lepidod5dron type4 ,8 specim5s1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,breslau ,museum1 demon/rate ! accuracy ( 8 draw+s & conclusions4 ,goepp]t1 & aft] him ,balf\r#bgf1 drew att5tion to ! diff]5t appe>ances pres5t$ by bran*es ( ,arauc>ia imbricata :5 pres]v$ ) ! surface intact & aft] p>tial decortication1 z illu/rat+ possible s\rces ( error 9 ! det]m9ation ( fossil /ems4 ,al?\gh x is n[ a well-e/abli%$ fact t fossils be>+ ! "n ,knorria are imp]fect lepidod5droid /ems1 ! use ( ! t]m may be conv5i5tly reta9$ = descriptive purposes4 ,! specim5 f ! ,comm5try coal-field ( ,france1 %[n 9 fig4 #aef1 af=ds "s excuse = ! in/itution ( sev]al g5]ic names = diff]5t /ates ( pres]vation or decortication ( "o species4 ,! cortical level expos$ at e is *>act]is$ by spirally dispos$ peg-l ridges ) truncat$ apices3 x is ?is =m ( ca/ :i* is usually designat$ ,knorria4 ,! ridges v>y 9 size & %ape 9 diff]5t types ( /em2 !y may be n>r[ z %[n at e1 fig4 #aef1 or %ort & broad ) r\nd$ di/al ends4 ,9 "s cases !y are =k$ at ! apex1 z 9 ! p>tially decorticat$ specim5 ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ahe1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,a di*otom\sly bran*$ ,lepidod5droid /em 7,knorria mirabilis ,r54 & ,zeill474 7,aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]47 7 nat4 size47 ,! orig9al specim5 is 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,p>is4 a-g1 surface features expos$ z ! result ( diff]5t degrees ( decortication4 7,see vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajb1 fig4 #bc74 ,! ,knorria /ate repres5ts ! impression or ca/ ( ! out] cortical region too deep bel[ ! leaf-cu%ion region to reta9 any indications ( ! cu%ion-=m2 ! ridges are ! ca/s ( ! spaces produc$ 9 ! cortex by ! decay ( ! %ea? ( delicate cells surr\nd+ ea* leaf-trace & by ! decay ( ! ?9-wall$ cells ( ! p>i*nos4 ,! occasional =k$ apex ( a ridge is ! expression ( ! fact t ! ca/ 0 made at ! region :]e ! p>i*nos divides into two arms 7cf4 p4 #ajj74 ,9 c]ta9 specim5s x is possible to connect ! ,knorria ca/s ) associat$ lepidod5droid /ems :i* may be det]m9$ specifically2 b :5 we h no evid5ce z to surface-features ! fossils may be designat$ ca/s ( lepidod5droid /ems 9 ! ,knorria condition4 ,su* ca/s are illu/rat$ by num]\s draw+s 9 palaeobotanical lit]ature#bgg4 b4 ,b]g]ia4 ,?is is ano!r "n fir/ us$ by ,/]nb]g 9 8 classic "w1 ,die ,flora d] ,vorwelt1 = ca/s ( lepidod5droid plants su* z ,/e9hau]#bgh _h previ\sly figur$ z ,phytoli?us cancellatus4 ,brongni>t#bgi recognis$ t ! application ( ! g5]ic title ,lepidod5dron %\ld be ext5d$ to include specim5s ref]r$ by ,/]nb]g to ,b]g]ia1 & a few ye>s lat] ,gold5b]g#bhj realis$ t ?is "n does n /& = well-def9$ g5]ic *>act]s4 ,! correctness ( ^! views 01 h[ev]1 fir/ satisfactorily demon/rat$ by ,c>ru!rs#bha & by ,fei/mantel#bhb4 ,if a ,lepidod5dron /em loses its sup]ficial lay]s ( out] cortex & 9 ?is condition is emb$d$ 9 s& or mud1 ! ca/ is di/+ui%$ f t ( a p]fect /em by ! abs5ce ( ! leaf-sc>s & by o!r features4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 /ill %[ spirally dispos$ areas1 correspond+ approximately to ! orig9al leaf-cu%ions1 :i* are *>act]is$ by a small depression or pit ei!r at ! apex or ne> ! c5tre ( ea* oval area3 ! pit m>ks ! position ( ! leaf-trace & its p>i*nos /r&4 ,9 "s cases ! expos$ surface may be smoo? )\t any indication ( leaf-cu%ions1 :ile n>r[ spirally arrang$ grooves repres5t ! obliquely asc5d+ vascul> bundles pass+ ?r\gh ! cortex to ! leaves4 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,b1 %[s ! ,b]g]ia /ate ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 :i* diff]s f ! ,knorria condition 9 ! fact t decortication _h n ext5d$ bel[ ! level at :i* ! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ions c\ld be recognis$4 ,x is cle> t no %>p l9e c be drawn 9 all cases betwe5 ! diff]5t degrees ( decortication z express$ by ! t]ms ,knorria & ,b]g]ia4 ,a li/ ( synonyms ( ,knorria1 ,b]g]ia1 & ,aspidi>ia =ms ( /em & a detail$ treatm5t ( _! *>act]i/ic features may be f\nd 9 a rec5t "w by ,potoni#bhc4 c4 ,aspidi>ia4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,engli% books on fossil plants1 ! ,ant$iluvian ,phytology by ,artis#bhd1 a specim5 f ! ,c>bonif]\s s&/one ( ,york%ire is figur$ z ,aphyllum cri/atum1 & a simil> fossil is describ$ z ,a4 asp]um4 ,^! are impressions ( ,lepidod5dron /ems 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic leaf-cu%ions are replac$ by smoo? & slightly convex areas ) a n>r[ c5tral ridge4 ,to ?is type ( specim5 ,presl gave ! "n ,aspidi>ia#bhe1 "u ! impression1 %>$ by subsequ5t writ]s1 t ! suppos$ ext]nal features 7 entitl$ to g5]ic recognition4 ,x is to ,/ur#bhf t we owe ! fir/ satisfactory int]pretation ( fossils includ$ "u ! "n ,aspidi>ia3 he %[$ t on ! removal ( ! project+ convex areas f "s ( 8 specim5s a typical ,lepidod5dron leaf-cu%ion 0 expos$ 7fig4 #add1 ,a1 a74 ,! ,aspidi>ia condition 7fig4 #add1 ,a1 b7 repres5ts ! inn] face ( ! deta*$ %ell ( out] b>k ( a ,lepidod5dron /em1 :ile 9 ! ,b]g]ia ca/s we h a view ( ! ext]nal face ( a /em depriv$ ( its sup]ficial tissues4 ,9 a ,lepidod5dron /em emb$d$ 9 s$im5t ! m delicate portions ( ! leaf-cu%ions w\ld t5d to %r9k away f ! int]nal & m resi/ant tissues ( ! out] cortex1 ?us produc+ spaces betwe5 ea* cu%ion2 fur!r decay w\ld cause rupture ( ! leaf-traces & ! sup]ficial tissues w\ld ?us be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! /em4 ,! t5d5cy ( ,lepidod5dron /ems to split along ! l9e ( phellog5 9 ! out] cortex is se5 9 fig4 #adh1 ,a1 g4 ,! deposition ( s$im5t on ! expos$ inn] face ( ?is cortical %ell w\ld result 9 ! production ( a specim5 ( ! ,aspidi>ia type3 ! reticulum enclos+ ! spirally dispos$ convex areas is =m$ by ! impression ( ! firm] tissue betwe5 ! leaf-cu%ions4 vi4 ,lepidod5droid axes kn[n z ,ulod5dron & ,halonia4 a4 ,ulod5dron4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 sugge/$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#bhg = two specim5s f ! ,engli% ,coal-measures *>act]is$ by leaf-cu%ions l ^? ( a ,lepidod5dron1 b di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( two v]tical r[s ( l>ge & m or less circul> cup-%ap$ sc>s4 ,^! au?ors1 :ile recognis+ ! possibility t ! fossils might be id5tical ) ,lepidod5dron1 reg>d$ !m z g5]ically di/9ct4 ,! g5]ic title ,ulod5dron1 ?\gh no long] d5ot+ g5]ic rank1 is /ill appli$ to c]ta9 %oots ( lycopodiace\s plants :i* may belong to ! g5]a ,lepidod5dron1 ,bo?rod5dron1 & accord+ to "s au?ors#bhh1 also to ,sigill>ia4 ,! l>ge specim5 f ! ,belgian coal-measures1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #baa1 af=ds a good example ( ! ,ulod5dron =m ( %oot ( ! g5us ,bo?rod5dron1 :i* is describ$ on page #bdi4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #aeg %[s ! ,ulod5dron %oot ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum4 ,ca/s ( l>ge ,ulod5dron sc>s are occasionally met ) z sep>ate fossils be>+ a resemblance to an oval %ell4 ,9 ,/e9hau]'s pap] on ,fossil ,reliquiae#bhi a draw+ is giv5 ( a ,ulod5dron /em "u ! "n ,phytoli?us p>matus & a simil> /em specifically id5tical ) t %[n 9 fig4 #aeg 0 figur$ by ,rhode#bij1 "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s on fossil plants1 "u ! compreh5sive designation 8,s*upp5pflanze40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum4 ,ulod5dron condition4 7,f a photograph by ,dr ,kid/on ( a specim5 f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one s]ies1 ,midlo?ian2 nat4 size47 ,kid/on 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,lvii4 ,!re has be5 no lack ( +5uity on ! "p ( au?ors 9 (f]+ sugge/ions z to ! mean+ ( ^! l>ge cup-l depressions1 & !re is /ill diff]5ce ( op9ion z to _! significance4 ,l9dley & ,hutton#bia describ$ !m z ! sc>s ( bran*es or masses ( infloresc5ce4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]#bib speaks ( a specim5 ( ,ulod5dron1 %[n to him by ,mr ,dawes1 on :i* a l>ge organ1 suppos$ to be a cone1 0 ins]t$ 9 "o ( ! depressions1 b he 0 unable to arrive at any conclusion z to ! real nature ( ! fossil4 ,:ile mo/ au?ors h se5 9 ! sc>s pressure-areas =m$ by ! pressure ( sessile cones aga9/ ! surface ( a gr[+ bran*1 o!rs1 z = example ,ge9itz#bic1 h describ$ ! depressions z bran*-sc>s4 ,c>ru!rs#bid reg>d$ ! sc>s z ^? ( adv5titi\s roots & ,williamson ref]r$ to !m z ! sc>s ( reproductive %oots4 ,! depressions v>y consid]ably 9 size4 ,! ,belgian example %[n 9 fig4 #baa possesses sc>s #i cm4 9 diamet]4 ,a specim5 ( ,bo?rod5dron 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum f ! ,lanca%ire ,coal-,measures1 to :i* ,williamson#bie has ref]r$1 be>s two r[s ( sc>s #aa-ab cm4 9 diamet] on a /em #aab cm4 9 gir? & #bcc cm4 long4 ,! sc>s occur 9 two alt]nate s]ies1 on opposite faces ( ! axis1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! successive sc>s 9 ! same r[ be+ #bi cm4 ,! surface-features ( ?is l>ge /em are n pres]v$4 ,be=e consid]+ ! nature & orig9 ( ! sc>s x is important to rememb] ! consid]able size to :i* !y may atta92 o!r po9ts ( importance are ! occurr5ce1 ei!r 9 ! c5tre ( ea* depression or 9 an exc5tric position1 ( an umbilicus or slightly project+ boss1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a pit =m$ by ! decay ( an outgo+ vascul> /r&4 ,! slop+ sides ( ! sc>s sometimes be> elevations resembl+ leaf-cu%ions l ^? on ! re/ ( ! /em surface4 ,9 ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #aeg ! l[] m>g9 ( ea* cup %[s indi/9ctly ! outl9es ( :at appe> to be leaf-cu%ions1 :ile ! re/ ( ! slop+ face is *>act]is$ by radial ridges1 :i* may be due to bracts or leaves4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ^! cups we h ! sc>s ( "s lat]al organ1 b ! evid5ce af=d$ by specim5s ( :i* ! depressions conta9 ! rema9s ( su* organs is by no means conclusive4 ,a ,ulod5dron has be5 figur$ by ,d',arcy ,?ompson#bif1 9 :i* ! l[] "p ( a lat]al organ is atta*$ by a n>r[ base to "o ( ! sc>s1 b ! pres]vation is n suffici5tly good to enable u to decide :e!r ! organ is a cone or a vegetative %oot4 ,kid/on#big has describ$ o!r examples %[+ portions ( organs 9 connexion ) ! sc>s1 b an exam9ation ( ! specim5s 9 8 collection fail$ to conv9ce me t 8 int]pretation ( !m z /robili is correct4 ,! ph5om5on kn[n z cladoptosis1 z %[n on a /em ( ! ,conif] ,aga?is#bih & c]ta9 ,dicotyl$on\s trees su* z ,ca/illoa1 sugge/s a possible explanation ( ! ,ulod5dron sc>s4 ,?is comp>ison 0 made by ,%attock#bii 9 #ahhh1 b he did n accept ! resemblance z a real "o4 ,an objection may be urg$ to ! cladoptosis hypo!sis t 9 ,ulod5dron ! bran*1 :e!r vegetative or reproductive1 0 n atta*$ to ! :ole ( ! depress$ area4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a lat]al bran* orig9ally atta*$ by a n>r[ base may h cont9u$ to increase 9 diamet] until its base became slightly sunk 9 ! b>k ( ! /em1 ?us produc+ a cup-l depression :i*1 on ! fall ( ! bran*1 w\ld reta9 traces ( ! orig9al surface-features ( ! /em4 ,mr ,watson#cjj ( ,man*e/] rec5tly publi%$ a pap] on ,ulod5dron sc>s1 9 :i* he adduces fre% &1 z x seems to me1 satisfactory argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! bran*-sc> hypo!sis4 ,fig4 #aeh1 f "o ( ,mr ,watson's blocks1 illu/rates ! nature ( 8 evid5ce4 ,he po9ts out t 9 ! obv]se half ( a l>ge specim5 ( ,bo?rod5dron 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum1 ! umbilicus consi/s ( a cyl9drical hole1 #ah mm4 deep & #h mm4 9 diamet]1 surr\nd$ by a project+ r+ ( m9]al mat]ial :i* d\btless repres5ts "s portion ( ! orig9al plant3 on ! rev]se half ( ! specim5 ! cont9uation ( ! r+ is se5 z a prom95t cone fitt+ into ! cup-l depression 9 ! obv]se half3 ! conical ca/ %[s t num]\s small vascul> /r&s 7 giv5 (f f ?is r+ ( tissue1 & ^! /r&s h ! same arrangem5t & size z ! dots :i* are f\nd on typical ,ulod5dron sc>s4 ,he int]prets ! r+ surr\nd+ ! umbilicus z ! rema9s ( ! prim>y wood & ! small /r&s z leaf-traces supply+ ! bran*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,diagrammatic section ?r\gh ! base ( a bran* to illu/rate ! ,bran* !ory ( ! ,ulod5droid sc>4 7,aft] ,watson47 ,9 ! diagrammatic section %[n 9 fig4 #aeh ! out] cortex ( ! ma9 /em is repres5t$ by oc #a2 ?is consi/s ( second>y tissue4 ,! correspond+ tissue 9 ! bran* is se5 at oc #b4 ,! /ele ( ! /em is %[n at ,tr4 ,/4 & t ( ! bran* at ,br4 ,/42 lt1 lt1 m>k ! position ( ! leaf-traces4 ,if we assume ! bran* to be deta*$ along ! l9e ,,ls1 ! depression w\ld %[ num]\s spirally arrang$ dots repres5t+ ! po9ts ( exit ( leaf-traces & ! vascul> axis w\ld be expos$ 9 ! umbilicus4 ,?is explanation appe>s to me to be 9 h>mony ) ! surface-features ( ,ulod5dron sc>s on bo? ,bo?rod5dron & ,lepidod5dron /ems4 ,! occasional occurr5ce ( leaf-cu%ions on a portion ( a ,ulod5dron sc> is a difficulty on ! cladoptosis hypo!sis4 ,assum+ t true leaf-cu%ions occur1 _! pres5ce may1 z ,watson sugge/s1 be due to ! fold+ back ( a piece ( ! out] cortex ( ! bran* :i* has be5 8cru%$ d[n on to ! area ( ! sc>#cja40 ,s9ce ?is acc\nt 0 writt5 a note has be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,r5i]#cjb 9 :i* he describes a specim5 ( ,bo?rod5dron f ,lige1 "o face ( :i* %[s a project+ ,ulod5droid sc> ) an exc5tric umbilicus4 ,on ! o!r face is a di*otom\sly bran*$ %oot ) surface-features correspond+ to ^? on ! sc>2 ! evid5ce t ! sc> repres5ts ! base ( ! bran* is describ$ z indisputable4 ,/ur#cjc held ! view t ! depressions on ,ulod5dron /ems repres5t ! places ( atta*m5t ( special %oots comp>able ) ! bulbils ( ,lycopodium ,selago1 or1 x may be add$1 ) ! %ort bran*es occasionally produc$ on ,cycas /ems4 ,if ! depressions 7 =m$ by ! pressure ( ! bases ( cones1 x is cle> t ! size ( ! cavity mu/ be an index ( ! diamet] ( ! cone4 ,! l>g] ,ulod5dron sc>s exce$ 9 diamet] ! base ( any kn[n lepidod5droid /robilus4 ,ano!r obvi\s difficulty1 :i* has n be5 ov]look$ by ,kid/on :o holds t ! sc>s 7 produc$ by sessile cones1 is t 9 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum /robili 7 borne at ! tips ( sl5d] bran*es2 ! same difficulty is pres5t$ by ,bo?rod5dron 7,fig4 #bac74 ,x is unlikely t two types ( /robili 7 produc$ on ! same plant1 p>ticul>ly z ! cone ( ,l4 ,vel!imianum 0 het]ospor\s4 ,! cones ( c]ta9 species ( ,p9us rema9 atta*$ to ! tree = _m ye>s & _! bases become emb$d$ 9 ! /em2 ?is is p>ticul>ly well %[n 9 ! draw+ ( a cone ( ,p9us clausa 7fig4 #aei71 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,sudwor?1 ,d5drologi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice4 ,mr ,sudwor? has drawn my att5tion to ,p4 att5uata & ,p4 muricata 9 illu/ration ( ! same ph5om5on#cjd4 ,! example %[n 9 fig4 #aei _c1 h[ev]1 be mat*$ by any kn[n specim5 ( ,ulod5dron2 9 ! case ( ! depressions on ! /em ( a ,p9e ! cone-base fits ! circul> sc>1 b 9 ! fossil /ems x is practically c]ta9 t ?is 0 n ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,p9us clausa4 nat4 size4 ,!re c be little d\bt t c]ta9 ,palaeozoic ,lycopods %$ _! bran*es by a me?od simil> to t employ$ by ! ,kauri ,p9e ( ,new ,zeal& & by "s species ( ,dicotyl$ons4 ,! evid5ce adduc$ 9 ! case ( ,bo?rod5dron punctatum is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ext5d+ ! same explanation to o!r ,ulod5dron %oots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,a4 ,lepidophloios scoticus ,kid/4 ,f a specim5 f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one1 ,midlo?ian1 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection2 r less ?an nat4 size4 ,b4 ,l4 scoticus cone4 ,f a specim5 f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one ( ,midlo?ian 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection2 slightly r$uc$4 b4 ,halonia4 ,! bran*$ axis ) ,lepidophloios leaf-cu%ions1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #afj1 ,a1 illu/rates a special =m ( %oot describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#cje "u ! g5]ic "n ,halonia4 ,! orig9al specim5s ref]r$ to ?is g5us are decorticat$ axes %[+ rema9s ( ,lepidod5droid leaf-cu%ions4 ,! spirally dispos$ circul> sc>s 9 ! specim5 ( ,halonia 7,lepidophloios scoticus#cjf7 %[n 9 fig4 #afj con/itute ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! g5us2 !y may h ! =m1 z 9 fig4 #afj1 ,a1 ( circul> discs ) a c5tral umbilicus m>k+ ! position ( a vascul> /r&1 or1 z 9 ! s&/one ca/ ( ,halonia tortuosa %[n 9 fig4 #afacjg1 !y may appe> z prom95t tub]cles4 ,! latt] example illu/rates ! condition *>act]i/ic ( p>tially decorticat$ /ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,halonia tortuosa ,l4 & ,h4 ,f a specim5 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection1 f ! ,l[] ,coal-measures ( ,ayr%ire 7,no4 #aefa72 nat4 size4 ,9 #ahhc ,williamson#cjh describ$ a specim51 n[ 9 ! ,le$s ,museum1 :i* conv9c$ him t ,halonia is m]ely a special =m ( ,lepidod5dron conc]n$ ) ! production ( f]tile %oots or /robili4 ,fei/mantel#cji also recognis$ t ,halonia regul>is is id5tical 9 ! =m ( ! cu%ions ) ! type kn[n z ,lepidophloios l>ic9us4 ,x is wor?y ( note t "u ! "n ,halonia1 ,fei/mantel#caj figur$ a piece ( decorticat$ axis *>act]is$ by two r[s in/ead ( ! usual spiral s]ies ( l>ge cup-%ap$ sc>s4 ,rec5t rese>*es h1 h[ev]1 t5d$ to break d[n ! di/9ction betwe5 ,ulod5dron & ,halonia f\nd$ respectively on ! bis]iate & spiral arrangem5t ( ! sc>s or tub]cles4 ,! int]pretation ( ,halonial bran*es z cone-be>+ memb]s ( ,lepidod5droid plants has pass$ into a g5]ally accept$ /atem5t ( fact1 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 only "o specim5 has be5 figur$ 9 :i* /robili are se5 atta*$ to an ,halonia axis4 ,?is specim51 describ$ by ,gr&',eury#caa f ! coal-field ( ,g>d1 is h>dly suffici5tly well-pres]v$ to con/itute a demon/ration ( ! correctness ( ! g5]ally receiv$ view1 :i*1 z is n unusual1 has be5 repeat$ by "o writ] aft] ano!r )\t due reg>d be+ paid to ! nature ( ! evid5ce on :i* ! /atem5t is bas$4 ,x may1 inde$1 be correct to describe ,halonial bran*es z cone-be>+1 b !re are c]ta9 consid]ations :i* make "o pause be=e unhesitat+ly accept+ ?is explanation4 ,! vascul> /r& :i* passes f ! c5tral cyl9d] ( ! %oot to ! tub]cle or sc> is compos$ ( a solid rod ( xylem di/+ui%$ f ! ma9 /ele by ! abs5ce ( a pi?4 ,9 su* petrifi$ p$uncles z h be5 discov]$ ! /ele is ( ! m$ullat$ type4 ,! common occurr5ce ( /robili t]m9at+ sl5d] bran*es ( lepidod5droid plants1 ?\gh n a fatal objection to _! atta*m5t to ,halonial %oots1 %[s t 9 _m cases ! cones 7 borne at ! tip ( leafy %oots4 ,x may be t "s ( ! ,halonial sc>s are 9 orig9 l ^? ( ! ,ulod5dron axes ( ,bo?rod5dron & m>k ! position ( decidu\s vegetative bran*es4 ,! fir/ acc\nt ( ! anatomy ( ,halonia we owe to ,dawes#cab2 ?is 0 foll[$ by a full] description by ,b9ney#cac4 ,! hi/ory ( our k ( ?is type ( bran* has be5 giv5 by ,c>ru!rs#cad1 :o express$ ! op9ion t ,halonia is m]ely a f]tile condition ( ,lepidophloios & possibly ( o!r lepidod5droid plants4 ,he 0 also incl9$ to reg>d ! ,halonial tub]cles z y\ng] /ages ( ! l>g] sc>s *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us ,ulod5dron4 ,williamson's contributions to our k ( ,halonia are ( prim>y importance2 he suppli$ fur!r pro( ( ! ,lepidod5droid nature ( ^! bran*es & advanc$ our k ( _! anatomy4 ,9 an e>ly pap]#cae he express$ ! view t ! diff]5ces on :i* ,halonia & ,ulod5dron are sep>at$ are su* z result f a diff]5ce 9 age & are n ( g5]ic importance4 ,9 ! la/ memoir1 ( :i* he 0 sole au?or1 publi%$ by ! ,royal ,society#caf1 ,williamson br\ght =w>d fur!r evid5ce 9 support ( ?is well-f\nd$ op9ion4 ,t ! fossils kn[n z ,halonia are bran*es ( a lepidod5droid plant is at lea/ c]ta91 & x is probable t ! lat]al bran*es :i* !y bore 7 f]tile1 ?\gh satisfactory pro( ( ?is is lack+4 ,we "k also t ,halonia bran*es are *>act]is$ by ! ,lepidophloios =m ( leaf-cu%ion2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no suffici5t reason to assume t su* bran*es 7 nev] atta*$ to /ems ) ! cu%ions ( ! ,lepidod5dron =m4 ,! fur!r "q1 namely :e!r ,williamson 0 correct 9 8 cont5tion z to ! abs5ce ( any ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ,ulod5dron & ,halonia1 does n admit ( an un*all5g$ answ]4 ,9 #aijc ,weiss#cag describ$ ! anatomy ( a specim5 ( a bis]iate ,halonia bran* ( ,lepidophloios4 ,! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ions is un=tunately n v well pres]v$1 b ,weiss figures o!r specim5s ) two r[s ( tub]cles on :i* ! leaf-cu%ions are suffici5tly di/9ct to ju/ify a comp>ison ) ^? ( ,lepidophloios4 ,he believes ) ,williamson t x is ! pres5ce ( tub]cles 9 place ( sc>s :i* di/+ui%es ,halonia f ,ulod5dron1 & t ! arrangem5t ( ! tub]cles or sc>s is a matt] ( little importance4 ,he expresses ! op9ion ju/ifi$ by ! evid5ce available t ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( tub]cles is m]ely due to accid5ts ( pres]vation or1 "o may add1 to diff]5ce 9 age4 ,kid/on#cah diss5ts f ,weiss's description ( 8 specim5 z a bis]iate ,halonia2 he reg>ds x z a ,ulod5dron bran* ( ,sigill>ia discophora 7,knig74 ,until specim5s ) m cle>ly pres]v$ ext]nal features are =?com+ x is impossible to settle ! po9t 9 dispute1 b on ! facts be=e u !re w\ld seem to be a prima facie case 9 fav\r ( ,weiss's cont5tion4 ,! designation ,halonia may be reta9$ z a descriptive t]m = ,lepidod5droid %oots *>act]is$ by spirally dispos$ sc>s or tub]cles & be>+ leaf-cu%ions ( ! ,lepidophloios type4 ,9 ! case ( specim5s %[+ prom95t tub]cles1 ! sup]ficial tissues are usually abs5t &1 z 9 ! fossil repres5t$ 9 fig4 #afa1 ! "n ,halonia does n necess>ily imply ! pres5ce ( leaf-cu%ions ( a p>ticul> type4 vii4 ,anatomical *>act]s ( ,vegetative ,lepidod5dron %oots 7,lepidod5dron & ,lepidophloios74 ,! type already describ$ "u ! "n ,lepidod5dron vascul>e diff]s f ^? dealt ) 9 ! foll[+ pages *iefly 9 ! anatomy ( ! /ele4 ,! simple/ & probably mo/ primitive type ( ,lepidod5dron /em is t 9 :i* ! xylem =ms a solid rod2 ! type ( /ele mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ is t ( ,l4 ,h>c\rtii1 ,l4 fulig9osum1 & o!r species 9 :i* ! diamet] ( ! /ele is great] & a cyl9d] ( prim>y xylem encloses a comp>atively l>ge p>5*ymat\s pi?4 #a4 ,lepidod5dron esno/5se1 ,r5ault#cai4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ by ,r5ault on petrifi$ specim5s f ! ,culm b$s ( ,esno/ 9 ,france4 ,! surface ( a "y twig be>s prom95t leaf-cu%ions ( elongat$ rhomboidal =m simil> to ^? ( ,lepidod5dron obovatum 7fig4 #agc7 & o!r species4 ,9 old] bran*es ! prim>y cortex is replac$ by a consid]able ?ickness ( radially dispos$ second>y cortical tissue :i*1 z %[n 9 tang5tial section1 consi/s ( a reticulum ( elongat$ po9t$ elem5ts ) comp>atively ?ick walls enclos+ me%es fill$ ) l>ge-cell$ p>5*yma4 ,x is wor?y ( note t if su* a bran* 7 expos$ to decay1 ! e>li] de/ruction ( ! m delicate tissue 9 ! me%es ( ! second>y cortex w\ld produce a s]ies ( oval depressions1 correspond+ to ! p>5*ymat\s areas1 sep>at$ by a project+ reticulum ( ! m resi/ant elem5ts3 a ca/ ( ?is p>tially decay$ surface w\ld be indi/+ui%able f t ( "s types ( ,sigill>ia or ( a ,lyg9od5dron4 ,! inn] regions ( ! cortex ( ! type-specim5s h n be5 pres]v$4 ,! xylem1 :i* is ! only "p ( ! /ele repres5t$1 has ! =m ( a proto/ele or solid cyl9d] ( scal>i=m tra*eids ) p]iph]al gr\ps ( n>r[] protoxylem elem5ts :i* m>k ! po9ts ( exit ( ! leaf-traces3 9 a bran* #a-b cm4 wide ! xylem column has a diamet] ( #c mm4 ,! small leaves 7fig4 #adc1 ,b1 ,c71 simil> to ^? ( a ,sigill>ia1 are sub-rhomboidal 9 section ne> ! base & approximately circul> ne> ! apex#cbj4 ,! mesophyll consi/s ( palisade cells hav+ ! appe>ance ( typical *lorophyll-tissue4 ,! het]ospor\s /robili attribut$ to ?is species bore microsporangia on ! upp] & megasporangia on ! l[] sporophylls2 ! megaspores1 ( :i* a consid]able numb] occur 9 ea* megasporangium1 are id5tical 9 size ) ^? ( ano!r ,culm =m1 ,lepidod5dron rhodumn5se4 ,"s ( ^! h reta9$ traces ( pro?allus tissue1 & 9 "o spore ,r5ault figures :at he reg>ds z an ar*egonium3 ! draw+ is by no means conv9c+4 #b4 ,lepidod5dron rhodumn5se1 ,r5ault#cba4 ,! species f ! ,culm ( ,combres 7,loire7 agrees 9 its solid xylem cyl9d] & 9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! second>y cortex1 z also 9 ! association ( two k9ds ( spore1 ) ,lepidod5dron esno/5se4 ,a comp>ison ( ! leaves ( ! two types reveals c]ta9 diff]5ces :i* may be ( specific rank1 b1 ap>t f m9or diff]5ces1 ^! ,culm species may be class$ "u "o anatomical type4 #c4 ,lepidod5dron saalfeld5se1 ,solms-,lauba*#cbb4 ,?is ,devonian species 0 f\nd$ on a specim5 #c #be cm4 broad at ! base1 :i* %[s ! /umps ( f\r bran*es recall+ ! di*otom\sly bran*$ arms ( ,/igm>ia & ,pleuromeia4 ,if ^! are 9 reality ! rema9s ( ,/igm>ia-l horizontal bran*es ! species af=ds an int]e/+ example ( a ,lepidod5dron axis ) a subt]ranean rhizome ( ! type :i* has be5 f\nd 9 sev]al ,sigill>ian /ems4 ,9 ! upp] end ( ! axis ! /ele consi/s ( a solid /r& ( xylem :i* is n suffici5tly well pres]v$ to %[ ! position ( ! protoxylem gr\ps4 ,a transv]se section tak5 ne> ! base reveals a type ( /ele diff]+ f t at ! upp] end 9 be+ compos$ ( radially dispos$ tra*eids & 9 its resemblance to ! /ele ( ,/igm>ia4 #d4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum1 ,williamson4 ,figs4 #afb-agb1 #agi1 ,e4 #ahga4 ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii1 ,b9ney1 ,palont4 ,soc41 p4 #dh1 ,pl4 ,,vii4 fig4 #f4 #ahgb4 ,halonia regul>is1 ,b9ney1 ,palont4 ,soc41 p4 #hi1 ,pl4 ,,xv4 #ahha4 ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #agb1 p4 #bhh1 ,pls4 ,,xlix-,,lii4 #ahhg4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum1 ,williamson1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xlii4 p4 #f4 #ahia4 ,lepidod5dron ,williamsoni1 ,solms-,lauba*1 ,fossil ,botany1 p4 #bbf4 #ahic4 ,lepidophloios fulig9osus1 ,kid/on1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 ,,xxxviii4 p4 #edh4 ,! "n ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum 0 propos$ by ,williamson 9 #ahhg = petrifi$ /ems previ\sly includ$ by him 9 ,)am's species ,l4 ,h>c\rtii1 b subsequ5tly recognis$ z a di/9ct type *>act]is$ by 8! great] uni=mity 9 ! composition ( ! entire cortex0 & by o!r features "s ( :i* d n con/itute di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,! species agrees ) ,l4 ,h>c\rtii & ) ,l4 ,vel!imianum 9 hav+ a m$ullat$ /ele2 x is di/+ui%$ n only by ! m frequ5t pres]vation ( ! middle cortex1 a fact due to a diff]5ce 9 m9ute /ructure1 b *iefly by ! peculi> /ructure ( ! second>y tissue add$ to ! /ele2 ?is is 9 "p compos$ ( radial s]ies ( p>5*ymat\s cells & ( a v>y+ am\nt ( tra*eal tissue ! elem5ts ( :i* are n>r[] ?an 9 o!r species & are *>act]is$ also by _! s9u\s v]tical c\rse4 ,z is po9t$ out 9 ! sequel1 ! anatomical features ( ,l4 fulig9osum1 z at pres5t und]/ood1 are n conf9$ to "o type ( ,lepidod5dron /em4 ,specim5s h be5 describ$ ) leaf-cu%ions ( ! =m *>act]i/ic ( ,l4 aculeatum1 ,l4 obovatum & ,lepidophloios comb9$ ) ! anatomical features ( ,williamson's species3 x is possible t ! two species ,l4 obovatum & ,l4 aculeatum are n really di/9ct#cbc1 b x is c]ta9 t %oots ) bo? ! ,lepidod5dron & ,lepidophloios cu%ions may h ! same type ( anatomical /ructure4 ,a m detail$ k ( ! /ructural features ( ,lepidod5dron %oots may enable u to def9e anatomical species ) m exactness ?an is possible at pres5t4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be little d\bt t well-m>k$ anatomical features may be associat$ ) m ?an "o specific =m ( %oot z def9$ by ! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ions4 ,solms-,lauba* propos$ ! "n ,lepidod5dron ,williamsoni = ! anatomical type ,l4 fulig9osum ( ,williamson1 b ! latt] "n has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt special att5tion is direct$ to ! nature & orig9 ( ! second>y /el> tissue & to ! secretory zone1 z diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! int]pretation ( ^! features4 ,among ! be/ examples ( %oots ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum )\t second>y tissue or 9 :i* x is feebly develop$ are ^? orig9ally describ$ by ,b9ney4 ,! /ele includes a l>ge p>5*ymat\s pi?1 ! cells ( :i* frequ5tly %[ signs ( rec5t division1 a feature obs]v$ also 9 ! pi? ( ! l>ge /em ( ,l4 ,wns*ianum1 repres5t$ 9 figs4 #aha1 #ahb4 ,! prim>y xylem cyl9d] has an irregul>ly cr5ulate out] edge l t ( ,l4 ,wns*ianum & ,l4 ,h>c\rtii & ! protoxylem elem5ts occupy an ex>* position4 ,isodiametric reticulately-pitt$ elem5ts are met ) bo? on ! inn] & out] edge ( ! xylem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,"p ( ! /ele 9 transv]se section4 7,b9ney ,collection1 ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,longitud9al section4 7,b9ney ,collection1 ,cambridge47 ,figs4 #afb & #afc illu/rate ! /ructure ( ! out] portion ( ! xylem & adjac5t tissues 9 a section ( a %oot #ch cm4 #be cm4 9 diamet]1 :i* is 9 ! act ( bran*+1 z %[n by ! occurr5ce ( two /eles ( equal size4 ,a figure ( ! complete section w be f\nd 9 ,b9ney's memoir#cbd1 & additional illu/rations 7 publi%$ 9 #ahiicbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,leaf-trace4 7,b9ney ,collection1 ,cambridge47 ,! prim>y xylem 7figs4 #afb1 #afc1 x7 is succe$$ by #b-c r[s ( polygonal cells ) d>k cont5ts & associat$ ) isodiametric tra*eae3 ^! pass into cle>] p>5*ymat\s tissue1 a1 *>act]is$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! cells 9 v]tical s]ies1 to :i* ! t]m m]i/ematic zone has be5 appli$4 ,! secretory zone1 s1 abutt+ on ! m]i/ematic zone1 consi/s ( m or less disorganis$ p>5*ymat\s cells & broad] & m elongat$ spaces2 x is int]rupt$ "h & !re by an outgo+ leaf-trace1 z at lt #a & lt #b 9 fig4 #afb4 ,! secretory zone is succe$$ by a homog5e\s inn] cortex l t describ$ 9 ,l4 vascul>e2 "p ( ?is region is se5 at ! upp] edge ( fig4 #afb4 ,! broad middle cortex1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! inn] cortex by a %>ply def9$ b\nd>y1 is compos$ ( r small lacun> p>5*ymat\s tissue consi/+ ( s9u\s tubul> elem5ts int]sp]s$ among isodiametric cells ( v>i\s sizes 7fig4 #aff1 p74 ,9 ! middle cortical region ! leaf-traces pursue an almo/ horizontal c\rse2 "o is %[n 9 fig4 #afd1 9 oblique longitud9al section1 9 a rev]s$ position2 ! xylem1 x1 %\ld be on ! inn] side ( ! secretory tissue1 s4 ,! cle> space betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! vascul> bundle 0 orig9ally occupi$ by a few lay]s ( p>5*ymat\s cells1 z se5 9 ! transv]se sections1 figs4 #afe & #aff4 ,9 "s specim5s ! leaf-traces pass ?r\gh ! middle cortex 9 a mu* m v]tical c\rse1 z %[n by ! section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #afe4 ,?is section illu/rates ! /ructure ( a typical leaf-trace ) unusual cle>ness2 x %[s ! tang5tially elongat$ gr\p ( xylem1 ! /r& ( tissue :i* occupies ! position ( phloem1 s 7to :i* ! t]m secretory zone is appli$71 ! compact p>5*yma betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! bundle1 & surr\nd+ ! :ole a n>r[ %ea? %>ply contra/$ by ! small] & m uni=m size ( ! cells f ! middle cortex1 a few cells ( :i* are se5 9 ! photograph4 ,! middle cortex %[s a well-def9$ junction ) ! m compact out] cortical region1 :i* consi/s ( prim>y p>5*yma pass+ ext]nally into a zone ( phellod]m compos$ ( ?ick-wall$ & m elongat$ cells4 ,a noticeable feature 9 _m ,lepidod5dron %oots is ! occurr5ce ( a circle ( /r&s ( secretory cells (t5 surr\nd+ fairly l>ge ducts j int]nal to ! edge ( phellod]m3 simil> /r&s =m irregul>ly conc5tric circles1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! case ( ,l4 vascul>e1 9 ! phellod]m itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,leaf-trace3 x1 xylem2 s1 secretory zone4 7,b9ney ,collection1 ,cambridge47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,leaf-trace3 p1 p>i*nos4 7,b9ney ,collection1 ,cambridge47 ,fig4 #aff %[s a leaf-trace 9 ! out] cortex accompani$ by its cresc5t-%ap$ p>i*nos1 p1 d]iv$ f ! middle cortex & by means ( :i* ! out] cortex & ! lam9a ( ! leaves are connect$ ) ! inn] region ( ! %oot4 ,?is lacun> middle cortex & p>i*nos d\btless con/itute an a]at+ tissue-sy/em :i* aft] leaf-fall is expos$ directly to ! air at ! ends ( ! p>i*nos arms on ! leaf-sc>s4 ,"s ( ! sections 9 ! ,b9ney ,collection 7,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge7 %[ e>ly /ages 9 ! production ( second>y xylem3 9 ! section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #afg ! secretory zone is succe$$ on its inn] face by a zone ( radially elongat$ cells1 m1 :i* are cle>ly 9 a m]i/ematic condition4 ,! same section %[s also ! m radially ext5d$ =m ( ! xylem ( a leaf-trace ) its int]nal protoxylem1 px1 9 contra/ to ! tang5tially elongat$ =m :i* is assum$ dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! cortex 7cf4 figs4 #afe1 #aff74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 7,b9ney ,collection1 ,cambridge47 ,"s sections ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum 9 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,collection are ( special int]e/ f ! po9t ( view ( ! me?od ( second>y ?ick5+4 ,9 ! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #afh1 ,b1 ! m]i/ematic zone is se5 to consi/ 9 "p ( radially elongat$ elem5ts1 m1 ) p>allel cross-walls evid5tly ( rec5t orig94 ,! same tissue is %[n also 9 fig4 #afh1 ,c1 a1 ,d1 a1 & 9 fig4 #afi1 ,a1 a ,?is b& ( m]i/em1 :i* we may speak ( z ! cambium1 occurs 9 ! out] region ( ! m]i/ematic zone imm$iately int]nal to ! secretory zone1 sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,a4 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 7,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge47 ,b4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 7,f a specim5 f ,%ore1 ,lanca%ire1 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection74 ,c4 ,l4 fulig9osum4 78,bis]iate ,halonia0 ( ,weiss ,no4 #beg1 ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,museum47 ,d4 ,l4 fulig9osum4 7,man*e/] ,univ4 ,museum47 ,! result ( ! activity ( ?is cambium b& is ! production ( second>y p>5*yma & tra*eal tissue4 ,9 fig4 #agi1 ,e1 drawn f a portion ( ! section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #afh1 ,b1 a project+ arm ( prim>y xylem is se5 at x2 ?is is foll[$ by #b-c lay]s ( p>5*ymat\s cells1 "s ( :i* h d>k cont5ts1 & beyond ?is is se5 a gr\p ( second>y elem5ts1 tr1 cut across some:at obliquely1 :i* are evid5tly products ( ! cambial cells on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! secretory zone1 sc4 ,! longitud9al section 7fig4 #afi1 ,d7 %[s ! cambial cells1 a1 next ! secretory zone1 sc1 pass+ int]nally into cru%$ & imp]fectly pres]v$ elongat$ elem5ts :i* are presumably m9iature tra*eae1 & ^! are succe$$ by old] & m completely lignifi$ xylem elem5ts1 x4 ,9 l>g] %oots ! am\nt ( second>y tissue is consid]ably great]2 x may consi/ almo/ entirely ( %ort-cell$ p>5*yma 7fig4 #afh1 ,c1 f x to sc71 or x may include a l>ge proportion ( radially dispos$ & v]tically elongat$ tra*eae 7fig4 #afh1 ,d1 x1 & fig4 #agj1 ,a1 x71 or x may consi/ ( p>5*yma conta9+ scatt]$ gr\ps ( tra*eae 7fig4 #afi1 ,a1 x7#cbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,a1 ,b4 7,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,collection4 ,no4 ,q4 #fde ,a47 ,b1 ,c4 7,man*e/]4 ,no4 #beg47 ,d4 7,man*e/]4 ,no4 #f47 ,fig4 #afi1 ,a1 is a diagrammatic sket* ( ! tissues--#a mm4 wide--betwe5 ! prim>y xylem1 x1 & ! inn] cortex4 ,! prim>y xylem is succe$$ by %ort p>5*ymat\s cells foll[$ by a zone ( radially elongat$ elem5ts pass+ occasionally into r[s ( n>r[ scal>i=m tra*eae1 "s ( :i*1 ow+ to _! s9u\s longitud9al c\rse 7fig4 #aga1 ,c71 are se5 9 oblique section1 z at ,c1 fig4 #afi1 ,a4 ,at its out] edge ?is second>y tissue1 x1 consi/+ ( p>5*yma & tra*eae1 passes into ! cambial b& 7fig4 #afi1 ,b1 a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 7,f sections 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum47 ,! radial longitud9al section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #afh1 ,c1 is tak5 f ! fossil describ$ by ,weiss z a bis]iate ,halonia2 x agrees suffici5tly closely 9 /ructure ) o!rs ref]r$ to ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum to be class$ z an example ( ?is anatomical type4 ,a complete transv]se section ( ! /em measures #i #fc cm42 ! bread? ( ! tissues betwe5 ! edge ( ! prim>y xylem & ! out] edge ( ! secretory zone is #be mm4 ,! middle cortical region1 *>act]is$ by ! sooty appe>ance1 :i* l$ ,williamson to *oose ! specific "n fulig9osum1 is trav]s$ by ! leaf-traces & is %>ply diff]5tiat$ f bo? ! inn] & out] cortex4 ,! longitud9al section 7fig4 #afh1 ,c7 %[s ! out] edge ( ! prim>y xylem1 x1 abutt+ on a b& ( d>k & small-cell$ p>5*yma :i* passes into ! broad zone ( second>y tissue1 m1 ! inn] region ( :i* consi/s ( fairly ?ick-wall$ elem5ts 9 radial s]ies pass+ ext]nally into ! ?9-wall$ cells ( ! cambial region1 a1 on ! inn] edge ( ! secretory zone1 sc4 ,?is section %[s also ! int]ruption ( ! secretory zone by an outgo+ leaf-trace1 lt1 ! l[] "p ( :i*1 sc1 is cont9u$ d[nw>ds into ! secretory zone4 ,! exit ( a leaf-trace produces a gap 9 ! secretory zone ( ! /em1 b n 9 ! xylem4 ,if we appli$ ! t]m phloem to ! secretory zone--a c\rse adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,e4 ,weiss & "s o!r au?ors1 b :i* ,i d n propose to foll[--we %\ld speak ( a phloem foli>-gap z a *>act]i/ic feature ( a ,lepidod5dron %oot4 ,?is applies to o!r species ( ! g5us z well z to ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 7,f sections 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum47 ,fig4 #aga1 ,a1 %[s m cle>ly ! broad zone ( second>y p>5*yma ) ! ?9n]-wall$ cambial region1 a2 ! latt] is repres5t$ on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #aga1 ,b4 ,! section %[n 9 fig4 #afh1 ,d1 & 9 fig4 #agj1 ,a1 af=ds an example ( a /em 9 :i* ! second>y tissue consi/s l>gely ( n>r[ scal>i=m tra*eae1 x2 ! prim>y /ele has a diamet] ( #a cm42 ! second>y xylem1 x1 =ms a fairly broad zone ( p>5*yma & tra*eal elem5ts ?r\gh :i* leaf-traces pass v]tically1 a fact ( "s int]e/ 9 comp>ison ) ! horizontal c\rse :i* !y pursue ?r\gh ! m$ull>y rays 9 ! normal second>y wood ( ,l4 vascul>e & ,l4 ,wns*ianum4 ,! second>y tra*eae pass gradually into ?9-wall$ cambial cells 7a1 fig4 #afh1 ,d2 #agj1 ,a7 ) p>allel tang5tial walls4 ,fig4 #aga1 ,c1 %[s ! s9u\s c\rse ( ! second>y tra*eae z se5 9 longitud9al section1 & a few small gr\ps ( p>5*ymat\s cells1 mr1 :i* may be ( ! nature ( m$ull>y rays1 enclos$ betwe5 ! w9d+ scal>i=m tra*eae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,f a section 7#d #cd cm47 9 ! ,williamson ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #cgi71 figur$ by ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 #ahha1 ,pl4 #eb4 ,! secretory zone ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum agrees ess5tially ) t ( o!r species2 x usually pres5ts ! appe>ance %[n 9 fig4 #afh1 ,b1 sc2 fig4 #afi1 ,b & ,c2 fig4 #agj1 ,b 7longitud9al section72 fig4 #aga1 ,d1 sc4 ,! comp>atively l>ge cle> spaces :i* *>act]ise ?is tissue1 z se5 9 fig4 #afh1 ,b1 appe> to owe _! orig9 to gr\ps ( small cells :i* gradually break d[n & give rise to spaces conta9+ remnants ( ! disorganis$ elem5ts1 z 9 fig4 #aga1 ,d1 & fig4 #afi1 ,b1 b4 ,! secretory tissue se5 9 fig4 #agj1 ,b1 consi/s ( l>ge & small p>5*ymat\s cells )\t any ( ! broad sacs or spaces su* z are %[n 9 fig4 #afi1 ,c4 ,fig4 #agb repres5ts a diagrammatic sket* ( a transv]se section 7#d #cd cm4 9 diamet]7 ( a "y %oot f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire figur$ by ,williamson#cbg 9 #ahha z ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii4 ,x %[s ! features *>act]i/ic ( ,l4 fulig9osum & is ( importance z af=d+ an example ( a %oot giv+ (f a bran* f ! /ele to supply a lat]al axis ( ! type *>act]i/ic ( ,halonia4 ,! exit ( ! bran*-/ele =ms a gap 9 ! ma9 /ele2 a ramul> gap z di/+ui%$ f a foli> gap4 ,! outgo+ vascul> /r& is at fir/ cresc5tic1 b becomes gradually conv]t$ into a solid /ele4 ,! prim>y xylem ( ! ma9 /ele 7black 9 ! figure7 consi/s ( a r+ six tra*eae 9 bread?2 ?is is succe$$ by a few lay]s ( d>k p>5*ymat\s cells & a b& ( radially elongat$ elem5ts1 a1 :i* abuts on ! secretory zone4 ,! middle lacun> cortex1 c1 ) ,/igm>ia rootlets1 s1 is fairly well pres]v$4 ,9 ! out] cortex occur sev]al leaf-traces1 lt1 accompani$ by spaces orig9ally occupi$ by ! p>i*nos /r&1 p4 ,a b& ( second>y cortex1 consi/+ *iefly ( phellod]m1 is se5 at pd4 ,! prom95t leaf-cu%ions1 "s ( :i* %[ ! p>i*nos1 p1 appe> to be ( ! ,lepidophloios type4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! ext]nal *>act]s ( ,lepidod5droid %oots possess+ ! anatomical features repres5t$ by ! compreh5sive species ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,c]ta9 sections exhibit+ ?is type ( /ructure 7 describ$ by ,b9ney 9 #ahgb z ,halonia regul>is#cbh on evid5ce suppli$ by ,mr ,dawes1 :o /at$ t !y 7 cut f a specim5 be>+ ,halonia tub]cles4 ,! section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #agb is no d\bt f an ,halonia axis4 ,9 #ahij ,ca% & ,lomax#cbi /at$ t !y _h 9 _! possession a /em ( ! ,l4 fulig9osum type ) ! ext]nal features ( ,lepidophloios2 ?is id5tification has be5 confirm$ by ,kid/on#ccj & ,weiss#cca4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 equally cle> t c]ta9 species ) ! elongat$ leaf-cu%ions ( ,lepidod5dron mu/ be includ$ among examples ( %oots ) ! anatomical *>act]s ( ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,lepidod5dron obovatum4 7,f a specim5 l5t by ,dr ,d4 ,h4 ,scott47 ,dr ,scott#ccb publi%$ 9 #aijf a %ort acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( a specim5 f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire1 ! ext]nal features ( :i* 7 id5tifi$ by ,kid/on ) ^? ( ,lepidod5dron obovatum ,/]nb4 ,dr ,scott g5]\sly all[$ me to h draw+s made f 8 specim52 ^! are reproduc$ 9 fig4 #agc4 ,! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ion is by no means p]fect2 !re is a well-m>k$ m$ian ridge1 & ! small circul> sc> ne> ! upp] end ( "s ( ! cu%ions may repres5t ! ligul> cavity4 ,at ! base ( ! leaf-cu%ions a cortical m]i/em has produc$ a zone ( second>y cortex2 at c a second m]i/em is se5 9 ! out] cortex3 ! d>k dots 9 ! cortex m>k ! positions ( leaf-trace bundles4 ,! inn] cortex1 d1 is a m compact tissue surr\nd+ ! imp]fectly pres]v$ secretory zone4 ,f ! m$ullat$ /ele a lat]al bran*1 b1 is be+ giv5 (f2 its cresc5tic =m becom+ *ang$ to circul> z x passes ne>] to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,lepidod5dron aculeatum4 7,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,lepidod5dron aculeatum4 7,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool47 ,a type ( ,lepidod5dron1 ,l4 ,hickii1 f\nd$ on anatomical *>act]s by ,mr ,watson#ccc1 is believ$ by him to possess leaf-cu%ions l ^? ( ,l4 obovatum2 if ?is is s1 x is int]e/+1 z he po9ts out1 to f9d two di/9ct anatomical types associat$ ) "o species4 ,watson ?9ks x probable t ! 8species0 ,l4 obovatum includes at lea/ two widely diff]5t species4 ,?is m]ely emphasizes ! importance ( correlat+ /ructure & ext]nal *>act]s z f> z available data p]mit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,lepidod5dron aculeatum4 7,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool47 ,! specim51 ( :i* "p ( ! surface is %[n 9 fig4 #agd1 is 9 all probability ,l4 aculeatum ,/]nb4 ,?is 0 describ$ by me 9 detail 9 ,! ,annals ( ,botany 7#aijf7 z ano!r example ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum type ( anatomy ) a true ,lepidod5dron4 ,! locality ( ! specim5 is n kn[n4 ,! leaf-cu%ions are #ae cm4 long ) tap]$ upp] & l[] ends2 a ligul> cavity may be recognis$ on "s p>ts ( ! fossil1 also fa9t indications ( leaf-trace sc>s4 ,! tub]cles 7fig4 #agd1 ,a-,c1 t7 probably repres5t leaf-traces :i* ! %r9kage ( ! sup]ficial tissues has r5d]$ visible 9 ! l[] "p ( _! c\rse4 ,! circul> sc>1 s 7fig4 ,b71 on ! p>tially decorticat$ surface is app>5tly a w\nd4 ,! /ele is suffici5tly well pres]v$ to ju/ify its ref]5ce to ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,! irregul>ly cr5ulat$ edge ( ! prim>y xylem1 x 7fig4 #age71 is succe$$ by a broad b& ( p>5*yma 7! m]i/ematic zone71 m1 & beyond ?is are remnants ( ! secretory zone1 s4 ,! /ructure ( ! leaf-traces corresponds ) t ( o!r specim5s ( ! type1 b ! mu* /eep] c\rse ( ^! vascul> /r&s1 lt1 lt 7fig4 #agf71 is a feature 9 :i* ?is example diff]s f mo/ ( ^? ref]r$ to ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,su* evid5ce z is available w\ld seem to po9t to ! abs5ce ( tru/wor?y crit]ia enabl+ u to sep>ate1 on anatomical gr\nds1 ,lepidophloios & ,lepidod5dron#ccd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,/igm>ia radiculosa 7,hick74 7,f sections 9 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,collection47 ,/igm>ia radiculosa 7,hick74 ,we h no pro( ( ! nature ( ! subt]ranean organs ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum1 ?\gh x is n improbable t ! specim5s describ$ bel[ may be correctly assign$ by ,weiss to t species4 ,pr(4 ,weiss#cce has made an int]e/+ contribution to our k ( a type fir/ describ$ by ,hick#ccf "u ! "n ,tylophora radiculosa1 a designation :i* he aft]w>ds alt]$ to ,x5ophyton radiculosum#ccg & = :i* we may n[ sub/itute ,/igm>ia radiculosa 7,hick74 ,pr(4 ,williamson express$ ! op9ion t ,x5ophyton exhibit$ consid]able aff9ity ) ,/igm>ia ficoides & ,weiss's fur!r /udy ( ! species leads him to reg>d ,hick's plant z probably ! ,/igm>ian organ ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum4 ,! diagrammatic transv]se section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #agg1 ,a 7#de cm4 9 diamet]71 %[s an out] cortex ( p>5*yma1 c1 consi/+ 9 "p ( radial r[s ( second>y tissue & ( a b& ( compact p>5*yma b\nd$ by ! wavy l9e a2 at sc is a s]ies ( secretory /r&s exactly l ^? 9 a correspond+ position 9 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum & o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,! great] "p ( ! organ is occupi$ by a lacun> & hyphal middle cortex id5tical 9 /ructure ) t %[n 9 fig4 #agh1 ,b1 drawn f a rootlet4 ,at d1 fig4 #agg1 ,a1 ! middle cortex has be5 invad$ by a n>r[ tongue ( out] cortical tissue4 ,! /ele is *>act]is$ by a l>ge pi? fill$ ) p>5*yma2 9 ,/igm>ia ficoides#cch ! g5]al abs5ce ( pi?-tissue has l$ to ! inf]5ce t ! /ele 0 holl[4 ,! xylem is repres5t$ by a r+ ( bundles sep>at$ by broad m$ull>y rays2 ea* bundle conta9s a few small1 app>5tly prim>y1 elem5ts on its inn] edge b is ma9ly compos$ ( radial r[s ( second>y tra*eae x1 fig4 #agg1 ,b4 ,on ! out] face ( ! second>y xylem occur a few small] & ?9n] wall$ cells1 c1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( m]i/ematic tissue2 f ^! additional tra*eae 7 add$ to ! xylem4 ,?is m]i/ematic zone occurs1 z 9 ! /ems ( ,lepidod5dron1 imm$iately int]nal to ! secretory tissue1 sc2 at c1 fig4 #agg1 ,b1 is se5 ! inn] cortical tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,rootlet ( ,/igm>ia4 7,f a section 9 ! ,man*e/] ,collection47 ,9 surface-view a specim5 figur$ by ,hick#cci %[s a numb] ( circul> sc>s agree+ 9 %ape & arrangem5t ) ! rootlet sc>s ( ,/igm>ia ficoides4 ,at b 9 fig4 #agg1 ,a1 ! basal portion ( a rootlet is %[n 9 organic connexion ) ! out] cortex4 ,! rootlet-bundles are giv5 (f f ! /ele z 9 o!r examples ( ,/igm>ia2 ea* bundle consi/s ( a triangul> /r& ( xylem ) an end>* protoxylem at ! n>r[ end accompani$ by a portion ( ! secretory tissue z 9 ! leaf-traces4 ,z 9 ,/igm>ia ficoides ! rootlets are atta*$ to ! out] cortex above a cu%ion ( small cells4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t rootlet-bundles1 z se5 9 tang5tial section ( ! ma9 axis1 are associat$ ) a p>i*nos /r&1 b ?is is on ! xylem side ( ! vascul> /r&1 :]eas 9 ! case ( leaf-traces ! p>i*nos is on ! o!r side ( ! bundle4 ,fig4 #agh1 ,a1 repres5ts a transv]se section ( a rootlet 7#f mm4 9 diamet]7 associat$ ) ,/igm>ia radiculosa & probably belong+ to ?is species4 ,! xylem /r& x is compos$ ( a gr\p ( tra*eae ) a s+le protoxylem /r&1 px1 at ! po9t$ end & ) small metaxylem elem5ts at ! broad end next ! space orig9ally occupi$ by ! s-call$ phloem4 ,a p>5*ymat\s %ea?1 c1 surr\nds ! bundle1 & beyond ?is is ! broad middle cortex1 a small portion ( :i* is %[n on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #agh1 ,b2 z ,weiss po9ts out1 "s ( ! out]mo/ cells ( ! lacun> cortex 7m7 are cle>ly 9 a /ate ( m]i/ematic activity4 ,! pres]vation ( ! middle cortex & ! small quantity ( second>y xylem are *>act]s :i* ?is ,/igm>ia %>es ) ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum1 & al?\gh decisive evid5ce is /ill to seek1 we may express ! op9ion t ,weiss's surmise ( a connexion betwe5 ,/igm>ia radiculosa & ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum is probably correct4 #e4 ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii4 ,fig4 #agi1 ,a-,d4 ,9 #ahca ,mr ,)am#cdj publi%$ an anatomical description ( a fragm5t ( a ,lepidod5dron :i* he nam$ ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii aft] ,mr ,c4 ,g4 ,v4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt f :om ! specim5 0 orig9ally obta9$4 ,! fossil 0 f\nd 9 rocks belong+ to ! ,calcif]\s s]ies 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,)am reproduc$ ! acc\nt ( ?is species 9 8 classic "w on ,fossil ,vegetables#cda1 & ,l9dley & ,hutton#cdb1 :o exam9$ ,mr ,h>c\rt's mat]ial1 publi%$ a description ( x 9 _! ,fossil ,flora 9 :i* !y express$ ! view t ,lepidod5dron is int]m$iate betwe5 ,conif]s & ,lycopods4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t#cdc includ$ 9 8 memoir on ,sigill>ia elegans an acc\nt ( ,)am's species bas$ on mat]ial pres5t$ to ! ,p>is ,museum by ,mr ,hutton & ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,dr ,kid/on#cdd has %[n t ! actual transv]se section figur$ by ,)am is n[ 9 ! ,york ,museum2 a piece ( /em 9 ! same ,museum1 :i* is n ! specim5 f :i* ,)am's section 0 cut1 suppli$ ! transv]se section figur$ by ,brongni>t4 ,! figures giv5 by ,l9dley & ,hutton d n appe> to h be5 made f ! ,york specim5s4 ,9 #ahhg ,williamson#cde publi%$ a note 9 :i* he po9t$ out t "s ( ! specim5s describ$ by him z ,l4 ,h>c\rtii %\ld be transf]r$ to a di/9ct species1 :i* he nam$ ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,subsequ5tly 9 #ahic he gave a full] acc\nt ( ,)am's species2 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n by ,dr ,kid/on & by ,mr ,watson#cdf t c]ta9 specim5s id5tifi$ by ,williamson z ,l4 ,h>c\rtii diff] suffici5tly f t type to be plac$ 9 ano!r species1 = :i* ,watson proposes ! "n ,l4 ,hickii4 ,a pap] on ,l4 ,h>c\rtii publi%$ by ,b]tr&#cdg 9 #ahia ext5ds our k ( ?is type 9 reg>d to sev]al anatomical details4 ,x 0 recognis$ by ,williamson t ! abs5ce ( second>y wood 9 %oots possess+ ! anatomical *>act]s ( ,l4 ,h>c\rtii is a feature to :i* no great importance %\ld be atta*$4 ,x is possible t ! l>ge /ems f ! ,isle ( ,arran describ$ by ,williamson#cdh z ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum1 9 :i* ! second>y wood is well develop$1 may be specifically id5tical ) ! small] specim5s f ,nor?umb]l& & else:]e :i* are recognis$ z examples ( ,)am's type4 ,! diagrammatic sket* %[n 9 fig4 #agi1 ,a1 0 made f a section figur$ by ,williamson 9 #ahiccdi2 x has a diamet] ( #i #he cm4 ,! /ele is ( ! m$ullat$ type l t ( ,l4 ,wns*ianum1 & ! out] edge ( ! prim>y xylem is *>act]is$ by %>p & prom95t project+ ridges simil> to ^? ( ,l4 fulig9osum b r m prom95t4 ,p>5*ymat\s cells succe$ ! xylem1 z 9 o!r species1 b 9 ?is case !re is no indication ( m]i/ematic activity2 beyond ?is region occur occasional pat*es ( a p>tially de/roy$ secretory zone4 ,rema9s ( a lacun> tissue are se5 9 ! middle cortical region2 also num]\s leaf-traces1 lt1 consi/+ ( a tang5tially elongat$ xylem /r& accompani$ by a /r& ( secretory zone tissue enclos$ 9 a %ea? ( delicate p>5*yma4 ,9 ! inn] "p ( ! out] cortex1 c1 ! leaf-traces lie 9 a space orig9ally occupi$ by ! p>i*nos2 9 ! out] portion ( ! same region a b& ( second>y cortex1 pd1 has be5 =m$2 imm$iately int]nal to ?is occur num]\s pat*es ( secretory tissue1 repres5t$ by small dots 9 ! draw+ close to pd2 "o is %[n on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 ,b4 ,! position ( ! phellog5 is se5 at a2 ext]nal to ?is are radial r[s ( r l>ge cells ) d>k cont5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,a-,d4 ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii1 ,)am4 ,e4 ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum1 ,%ore1 ,lanca%ire4 ,a1 ,b4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,williamson ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #chj71 f ,airdrie1 ,scotl&4 ,c1 ,d4 ,f sections 9 ! ,collection ( ,dr ,kid/on1 f ,%ore1 ,lanca%ire4 ,fig4 #agi1 ,c1 x1 %[s ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! prim>y xylem edge1 beyond :i* are se5 oval or circul> leaf-traces ) a mes>* protoxylem1 lt1 px4 ,x is possible t ?is specim5 may n be specifically id5tical ) ,)am's species1 b x repres5ts a v simil> if n id5tical type2 x may on ! o!r h& be ref]able to ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,! importance ( ! specim51 ap>t f its precise specific position1 is t x s]ves to illu/rate ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! xylem surface met ) 9 bo? species1 ,l4 ,h>c\rtii & ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,a tang5tial longitud9al section1 tak5 ?r\gh ! l9e ab 9 fig4 ,c1 is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #agi1 ,d4 ,! xylem ( ! leaf-traces lt1 consi/+ *iefly ( scal>i=m tra*eae1 alt]nates ) pat*es ( cru%$ & delicate p>5*yma :i* imm$iately abut on ! prim>y xylem2 at p1 p1 ! section passes ?r\gh "s ( ! project+ arms ( ! xylem cyl9d]2 at m is se5 a pat* ( m]i/ematic zone tissue4 ,?is section toge!r ) ! simil> section ( ,lepidod5dron vascul>e describ$ on a previ\s page demon/rates t ! project+ ridges ( ! prim>y xylem =m app>5tly v]tical b&s3 !y are n *>act]is$ by a lattice-"w arrangem5t z describ$ by ,b]tr& & by o!r au?ors :o h accept$ 8 conclusions4 ,if a reticulum ( int]sect+ ridges 7 pres5t on ! face ( ! xylem cyl9d] its exi/5ce w\ld be reveal$ by su* a section z t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #agi1 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum4 ,f ,arran4 7 nat4 size47 7,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge47 #f4 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum 7,williamson74 ,figs4 #ahj-ahd4 ,ref]5ce 0 made 9 ,volume ,i4 to ! occurr5ce ( l>ge /ems ( a ,lepidod5dron 9 volcanic b$s ( ,calcif]\s s&/one age 9 ! isl& ( ,arran#cej4 ,^! 7 discov]$ & briefly describ$ by ,mr ,wns* 9 #ahfgcea & aft]w>ds nam$ by ,c>ru!rs ,lomatophloyos ,wns*ianus#ceb4 ,mr ,c>ru!rs visit$ ! locality & publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! peculi> me?od ( pres]vation ( ! plant rema9s#cec4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to ,williamson#ced t we owe ! m complete description ( ^! ,arran /ems4 ,portions ( l>ge /ems f ! ,arran b$s are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge1 & 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,! section ( "o ( ^! is %[n 9 fig4 #ahj2 an out] %ell ( b>k encloses a mass ( volcanic a% 9 :i* are emb$d$ sev]al woody cyl9d]s orig9ally describ$ z 8int]nal pi?s#cee10 & by ,c>ru!rs z "y /ems produc$ f spores :i* _h g]m9at$ 9 ! holl[ trunk ( a l>ge tree4 ,! true int]pretation 0 suppli$ by ,williamson :o %[$ t a /em ( ! dim5sions ( t repres5t$ by ! out] cortex1 e1 fig4 #ahj1 mu/ h possess$ a s+le /ele ( ! size ( ^? se5 9 ! int]ior ( ! holl[ trunk4 ,! additional woody cyl9d]s1 or /eles1 7 d]iv$ f o!r /ems1 & c>ri$1 probably by wat]1 into ! p>tially decay$ trunk4 ,9 addition to l>ge ,lepidod5dron /ems ,williamson describ$ small] %oots z well z an ,halonial bran* & made brief ref]5ce to "s cones describ$ by ,b9ney#cef 9 #ahga f ! same locality4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum is bas$ on an exceptionally f9e specim5 discov]$ by ,mr ,t4 ,k]r ( ,ed9burgh 9 ,calcif]\s s&/one volcanic a%es at ,dalm5y 9 ,l9li?g[%ire4 ,! mat]ial f ?is locality describ$ by ,mr ,hill & myself#ceg 0 g5]\sly plac$ 9 my h&s by ,dr ,kid/on ( ,/irl+4 ,fig4 #aha1 ,a1 %[s a transv]se section1 #cc cm4 9 diamet]1 consi/+ ( a %ell ( out] cortical tissue enclos+ a core ( light-col\r$ volcanic a%2 on ! decay ( ! m delicate middle cortex ! cyl9drical /ele dropp$ to "o side ( ! holl[ trunk4 ,! /ele1 fig4 #ahb1 has a diamet] ( #fe cm42 ! c5tre is occupi$ by conc5tric lay]s ( silica1 s1 surr\nd$ ext]nally by ! rema9s ( a p>5*ymat\s pi?1 p1 made up ( isodiametric & s9u\s hypha-l elem5ts l ^? 9 ! middle cortex ( ,lepidod5dron %oots4 ,on ! inn] edge ( ! prim>y xylem1 x1 occur sev]al isodiametric tra*eae ) f9e scal>i=m & reticulate ?ick5+ b&s l ^? 9 ! c5tral region ( ! /ele ( ,lepidod5dron vascul>e3 x is probable t ^! elem5ts are ve/iges ( conduct+ tissue :i* 9 ance/ral =ms =m$ a solid & n a m$ullat$ /ele4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum4 ,calcif]\s ,s&/one1 ,dalm5y4 7,a1 ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,b-,f1 ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum4 ,! /ele ( ! /em %[n 9 fig4 #aha1 ,a4 7,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool47 ,! prim>y xylem is limit$ ext]nally by an unequally flut$ surface ) ex>* protoxylem elem5ts2 x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t !re is n always a v cle>ly def9$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! small protoxylem & ! l>ge c5tripetally develop$ tra*eae4 ,imm$iately beyond ! prim>y xylem occur num]\s ?9-wall$ p>5*ymat\s cells ) spiral & reticulate pitt+2 beyond ^! is ! broad zone ( second>y xylem1 x1 compos$ ( scal>i=m tra*eae & num]\s m$ull>y rays consi/+ ( "o1 two1 or sev]al r[s ( radially elongat$ elem5ts ) spiral & reticulate pitt+4 ,9 tang5tial sections ! rays are se5 to v>y consid]ably 9 size1 "s be+ made up ( a s+le r[ ( cells :ile o!rs are long] & broad]2 ?r\gh ! latt] leaf-traces pass horizontally4 ,portions ( m$ull>y rays are se5 at mr 9 fig4 #aha1 ,c & ,e4 ,! leaf-traces giv5 (f f project+ ridges on ! out] edge ( ! prim>y xylem pass upw>ds = a %ort di/ance & !n b5d outw>ds ?r\gh a broad m$ull>y ray2 on rea*+ ! limit ( ! second>y xylem !y aga9 b5d %>ply upw>ds1 appe>+ 9 transv]se section at lt fig4 #aha1 ,b4 ,ea* leaf-trace consi/s at fir/ ( long tra*eae accompani$ by num]\s ?9-wall$ spiral & reticulate p>5*ymat\s cells d]iv$ f ! tissue 9 contact ) ! out] edge ( ! prim>y wood4 ,fig4 #aha1 ,b1 %[s a leaf-trace ne> ! edge ( ! second>y xylem2 x consi/s ( a gr\p ( prim>y tra*eae1 ) n>r[] protoxylem elem5ts1 px1 ne> ! out] m>g91 almo/ completely enclos$ by radially dispos$ s]ies ( small] & m delicate tra*eae4 ,^! second>y elem5ts ( ! leaf-trace are app>5tly add$ dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! m$ull>y ray1 b additions are also made to ?is tissue by ! m]i/ematic zone1 m1 fig4 #aha1 ,b & ,e4 ,9 contact ) ! out]mo/ tra*eae ( normal size at ! edge ( ! second>y xylem !re are "s small] lignifi$ elem5ts1 z at a1 fig4 #aha1 ,e1 & at ,t1 fig4 #ahc2 ?is juxtaposition ( l>ge & small tra*eae has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( ,l4 vascul>e4 ,pr(4 ,williamson#ceh1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,arran specim5s ( ?is species1 express$ ! op9ion t ! trees probably p]i%$ 89 consequ5ce ( ! mephitic vap\rs :i* fill$ ! atmosph]e02 x maybe t 9 ! /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! diamet] ( ! conduct+ elem5ts on ! m>g9 ( ! wood we h evid5ce ( approa*+ dea?4 ,beyond ! mo/ rec5tly =m$ tra*eae we h a b& ( delicate p>5*ymat\s cells 7m1 figs4 ,b & ,e1 #aha2 ,c1 figs4 #ahc1 #ahd7 =m+ ! m]i/ematic zone#cei4 ,! longitud9al section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ahd %[s "s rec5tly =m$ n>r[ tra*eae1 ,t1 & beyond ^! ! m]i/ematic zone compos$ ( ?9-wall$ %ort cells1 ,c1 arrang$ 9 horizontal r[s4 ,x is ?is small-cell$ tissue to :i* ! "n phloem has be5 appli$ by "s au?ors#cfj1 a t]m :i* seems to me to be mislead+ & inappropriate4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is zone ( divid+ cells ! leaf-traces become surr\nd$ by an arc ( m]i/em f :i* elem5ts are add$ to ! radially plac$ r[s ( second>y tra*eae4 ,beyond ! m]i/ematic region portions ( ! secretory zone are pres]v$1 consi/+ ( l>ge sacs or spaces & small d>k cells z se5 9 figs4 #aha1 ,b1 ,e1 sc1 ,f2 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,?is tissue has ! same /ructure z 9 ,l4 vascul>e & 9 ,l4 fulig9osum3 x is a /rik+ fact t !re are no indications ( any additions to ! secretory zone ev5 9 /ems ) su* a l>ge am\nt ( second>y xylem z 9 ! ,dalm5y specim5 7fig4 #ahb1 x74 ,if ! secretory zone 7 ( ! nature ( phloem we %\ld expect to see signs ( additions made to x 9 ! c\rse ( gr[?4 ,9 ?is connexion x is wor? m5tion+ t 9 ! rec5t f]n ,botry*ium 7,ophioglossaceae7 second>y xylem is =m$ 9 ! /em1 b app>5tly no additions are made to ! phloem4 ,! /ructure ( ! secretory zone tissue z se5 9 ! longitud9al section fig4 #ahd1 ,s1 is also a s]i\s difficulty 9 ! way ( accept+ ! designation phloem z employ$ by ,scott & ,weiss4 ,betwe5 ! secretory zone & ! out] cortical region1 no tissues h be5 pres]v$4 ,! %ell ( b>k consi/s *iefly ( radial r[s ( elongat$ cells ) r ?ick walls *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( small int]cellul> spaces & by tang5tially plac$ b&s ( secretory cells & sacs 7fig4 #aha1 ,d1 s74 ,imm$iately int]nal to ! second>y cortex or phellod]m occur gr\ps ( secretory tissue z %[n 9 ! section ( ,l4 ,h>c\rtii 7fig4 #agi1 ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum4 ,f ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #aha1 ,s1 secretory zone2 ,c1 m]i/em2 ,t1 immature tra*eae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum4 ,longitud9al section ( ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 transv]se section 9 fig4 #ahc4 ,! l>ge tree %[n 9 transv]se section 9 fig4 #aha1 ,a1 has lo/ its leaf-cu%ions2 ! b>k1 z se5 9 ! l[] "p ( ! photograph1 pres5ts a fissur$ appe>ance l t ) :i* we are famili> on an old ,oak or ,elm /em4 ,a radial longitud9al section ?r\gh ! phellod]m reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( a cru%$ leaf-trace pass+ outw>ds 9 an approximately horizontal c\rse accompani$ by a /r& ( p>5*ymat\s tissue#cfa hav+ ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( a p>i*nos4 ,x is probable t ! surface ( ?is p>tially decorticat$ /em diff]$ 9 appe>ance f t ( an old ,sigill>ia 7cf4 fig4 #aih7 9 ! mu* small] & less conspicu\s p>i*nos /r&s4 ,9 addition to ! l>ge /ems ( ,l4 ,wns*ianum f ,arran & ,dalm5y num]\s examples ( small] axes f ! =m] locality are repres5t$ 9 ! ,williamson collection 7,briti% ,museum74 ,"s ( ! twigs are *>act]is$ by a solid /ele 7proto/ele7 giv+ (f num]\s leaf-traces accompani$ by %ort spirally ?ick5$ tra*eids l ^? :i* occur at ! out] edge ( ! prim>y xylem 9 ! l>g] /em3 ^! ext5d into ! leaf :]e !y are arrang$ r\nd ! vascul> bundle l ! transfusion tra*eids#cfb 9 _m rec5t conif]s4 ,! surface ( ^! small] %oots be>s l>ge leaf-cu%ions :i* are se5 9 longitud9al section to h ! =m *>act]i/ic ( ,lepidophloios4 ,x is wor?y ( note t a section ( a bifurcat+ axis ( ?is species f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one ( ,craiglei? 7,briti% ,museum ,collection#cfc71 al?\gh its diamet] is #ai #ad cm41 %[s no signs ( second>y wood4 ,?is late appe>ance ( second>y xylem & o!r anatomical features sugge/ ! possibility ( ! specific id5tity ( ,l4 ,wns*ianum & ,l4 ,h>c\rtii#cfd4 ,9 #ahga ,b9ney#cfe describ$ a specim5 ( a het]ospor\s cone1 ,lepido/robus ,wns*ianus1 f ,arran exhibit+ ! ord9>y features ( lepidod5droid /robili2 ?is 0 probably borne by ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum4 #g4 ,lepidod5dron macrophyllum 7,williamson74 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,c4 ,! diagrammatic sket* reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ahf1 ,c1 0 made f ! transv]se section ( a small twig1 slightly less ?an #b cm4 9 its longe/ diamet]1 orig9ally figur$ by ,williamson#cff 9 #ahgb4 ,e>li] 9 ! same ye> ,c>ru!rs#cfg publi%$ a %ort acc\nt ( ! same =m bas$ on specim5s collect$ by ,mr ,butt]wor? f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire ne> ,oldham1 b bo? au?ors refra9$ f in/itut+ a new specific "n4 ,9 a lat] publication ,williamson spoke ( ! type z ,lepidod5dron macrophyllum#cfh4 ,williamson's species has no?+ to d ) ,lycopodites macrophyllus ( ,gold5b]g#cfi4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ?is r>e =m is ! l>ge size ( ! leaf-cu%ions1 :i* are ( ! ,lepidophloios type1 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! %oot4 ,! /ele consi/s ( a r+ ( xylem1 all ( :i* is prim>y 9 ! sections s f> describ$1 enclos+ a p>5*ymat\s pi?3 a ,/igm>ian rootlet is %[n at s4 #h4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum ,/]nb4 7,g5]al acc\nt74 ,figs4 #aeg1 #ahe1 #ahf1 ,a1 ,b4 #ahbj4 8,s*upp5pflanze10 ,rhode1 ,beit4 zur ,pflanz5kunde d] ,vorwelt1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #a4 #ahbe4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,/]nb]g1 ,flora d] ,vorwelt1 ,pl4 ,,lii4 fig4 #e4 #ahcf4 ,pa*yphloeus tetragonus1 ,goepp]t1 ,die fossil5 ,f>nkrut]1 ,pl4 ,,xliii4 fig4 #e4 #aheb4 ,sag5>ia ,vel!imiana1 ,goepp]t1 ,foss4 ,flora des b]gangsgebirges1 ,pls4 ,,xvii-,,xxiv4 #ahge4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,/ur1 ,culm ,flora1 p4 #bfi1 ,pls4 ,,xviii-,,xxii4 #ahhf4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,kid/on1 ,catalogue ( ,palaeozoic plants1 ,briti% ,museum1 p4 #afj4 #aija4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,potoni1 ,silur und ,culm ,flora1 p4 #aaf1 figs4 #gb-gf4 #aijd4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,zalessky1 ,mm4 ,com4 ,gol4 ,russie1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 figs4 #d1 #e4 #aijf4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imi1 ,potoni1 ,knigl4 ,preuss4 geol4 ,l&esan/alt1 ,lief4 ,,iii4 ,! above li/ may s]ve to call att5tion to a few synonyms#cgj ( ?is plant1 & to a selection ( s\rces f :i* full in=mation may be obta9$ z to ! hi/ory ( our k ( ?is *>act]i/ic & widely spread ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s type4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum is repres5t$ by ca/s ( /ems1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* hi!rto describ$ rea*es a l5g? ( #ebb metres ) a maximum diamet] ( #fc cm42 ?is specim51 figur$ by ,/ur#cga1 consi/s ( a tap]$ ma9 axis giv+ (f small] lat]al %oots1 "s ( :i* exhibit di*otom\s bran*+4 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,c & ,d1 repres5t ! ext]nal features ( a well-pres]v$ ca/ & impression respectively4 ,oblique r[s ( prom95t cu%ions w9d r\nd ! surface ( ! /em & bran*es3 ea* cu%ion is prolong$ upw>ds & d[nw>ds 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ ridge ) slop+ sides :i* connects adjac5t cu%ions by an ogee curve4 ,at ! upp] limit ( ! broad] kite-%ap$ portion ( ! cu%ion ! ligul> pit =ms a conspicu\s feature2 imm$iately bel[ ?is is ! leaf-sc> ) its ?ree small sc>s1--! lat]al p>i*nos /r&s & ! c5tral leaf-trace4 ,! two oval areas %[n 9 fig4 #ahe1 ,d1 j bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! leaf-sc>s1 repres5t ! p>i*nos arms :i* imp+e on ! surface ( ! cu%ions on _! way to ! leaves1 z expla9$ on a previ\s page4 ,x is possible t ^! areas 7 visible on ! liv+ /em z /r&s ( loose p>5*yma comp>able ) ! l5ticel-l pits on ! /ipules ( ,angiopt]is#cgb & ! leaf-bases ( ,cya!ace\s f]ns1 or x may be t _! prom95ce 9 ! specim5 be=e u is ! result ( ! decay ( a ?9 lay] ( sup]ficial cortex :i* hid !m on ! liv+ tree4 ,fig4 #ahe1 ,b1 illu/rates ! appe>ance ( a /em 9 a p>tially decorticat$ condition 7,b]g]ia /ate74 ,a fur!r degree ( decortication is se5 9 fig4 #ahe1 ,a1 :i* repres5ts ! ,knorria condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum4 ,f specim5s 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection4 7,approximately nat4 size47 ,fig4 #aeg %[s a ,ulod5dron axis ( ?is species2 9 ! l[] "p ! specim5 illu/rates ! p>tial oblit]ation ( ! surface features z ! result ( ! splitt+ ( ! out] b>k consequ5t on gr[? 9 ?ickness ( ! tree4 ,by an ext5sion ( ! cracks1 %[n 9 an e>ly /age 9 fig4 #aeg1 ! leaf-cu%ions w\ld be entirely de/roy$ & ! surface ( ! b>k w\ld be *>act]is$ by longitud9al fissures simulat+ ! v]tical grooves & ridges ( a ,sigill>ian /em4 ,! l>ge /umps ( trees %[n 9 ! frontispiece to ,volume ,i4 are probably1 z ,kid/on#cgc sugge/s1 trunks ( ,l4 ,vel!imianum 9 :i* ! leaf-cu%ions h be5 replac$ by irregul> longitud9al fissures4 ,9 old /ems ( ,sigill>ia ! enl>g$ p>i*nos areas con/itute a *>act]i/ic feature 7p4 #bje71 b x does n foll[ t ! abs5ce ( l>ge p>i*nos sc>s is a di/+ui%+ feature ( all ,lepidod5dra4 ,9 ?is species1 z 9 o!rs1 ! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ion exhibits a consid]able range ( v>iation dep5d5t on ! ?ickness ( ! %oot2 ! contigu\s cu%ions ( "y bran*es become /ret*$ ap>t z ! result ( increas+ gir? ( ! :ole organ1 & ca/s ( /ill old] bran*es may exhibit v diff]5t surface-features#cgd4 ,! leaves z se5 on impressions ( sl5d] bran*es are comp>atively %ort1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #a-b cm4 ,x is important to notice t leafy twigs ( ?is species may be> t]m9al cones#cge resembl+ 9 =m ^? ( ,picea excelsa & o!r rec5t conif]s1 ?\gh diff]+ ess5tially 9 _! morphological features4 ,! fossil /umps ( trees repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece to ,volume ,i4 be> horizontally spread+ & di*otom\sly bran*$ root-l organs hav+ ! *>act]s ( ,/igm>ia ficoides#cgf4 ,ge9itz has sugge/$ t ,/igm>ia inaequalis ,gpp4 may be ! und]gr\nd portion ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum4 ,x is un=tunately seldom possible to connect petrifi$ ,lepidod5dron cones ) p>ticul> species ( ! g5us bas$ on purely vegetative *>act]s1 b x is practically c]ta9 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 recognis+ c]ta9 /robili describ$ by ,williamson#cgg f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one s]ies ( ,burntisl& on ! ,fir? ( ,=? z ^? ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum4 ,williamson believ$ t ! cone :i* he describ$ belong$ to ! plant ) %oots *>act]is$ by ! anatomical features ( 8 species ,lepidod5dron brevifolium 7 ,l4 ,vel!imianum71 a conclusion :i* is confirm$ by ,kid/on#cgh4 ,! cone ( ,l4 ,vel!imianum1 :i* rea*$ a diamet] ( at lea/ #a cm4 & a l5g? ( #d cm41 agrees 9 ess5tials ) o!r species ( ,lepido/robus2 ! axis has a s+le m$ullat$ /ele ( ! same g5]al type z t ( ! vegetative %oots ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum & ,l4 ,h>c\rtii4 ,! sporophylls are describ$ by ,williamson z spirally dispos$1 & ,scott notices t 9 "s specim5s !y are arrang$ 9 alt]nate :orls2 z 9 rec5t ,lycopods bo? =ms ( phyllotaxis may occur 9 ! same species4 ,! het]ospor\s nature ( ?is /robilus1 to :i* ,scott fir/ appli$ ! "n ,lepido/robus ,vel!imianus1 is cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! two longitud9al sections contribut$ by ,mr ,c>ru!rs & figur$ by ,williamson 9 #ahiccgi4 ,ea* sporophyll1 atta*$ almo/ at "r angles to ! cone-axis1 be>s a radially elongat$ sporangium seat$ on ! m$ian l9e ( its upp] face2 its m>g9s are lat]ally exp&$ z a ?9 lam9a2 f ! middle ( ! l[] face a n>r[ keel ext5ds d[nw>ds betwe5 two sporangia belong+ to a l[] s]ies4 ,f ! base ( a sporangium a mass ( /]ile tissue p5etrates into ! spore-produc+ region z 9 ! l>ge sporangia ( ,isoetes 7cf4 fig4 #aia1 ,h1 a1 & fig4 #acc1 ,h74 ,! di/al & free portion ( ! sporophylls is b5t upw>ds z a protect+ bract4 ,"s ( ! sporangia 9 ! upp] "p ( ! cone produc$ num]\s microspores1 :ile #h-af megaspores occur 9 ! l[] sporangia4 ,! megaspores1 hav+ a mean diamet] ( #jh mm4 8q #dj times ! size ( ! microspores#chj10 are *>act]is$ by tubul> capitate app5dages1 & by a conspicu\s ?ree-lob$ projection 7fig4 #aia1 ,e7#cha :i*1 z ,scott sugge/s1 may repres5t ! out] spore-wall :i* has split z ! result ( g]m9ation4 ,x is n improbable1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aia1 ,i1 t ?is cap 0 pres5t be=e g]m9ation4 ,! megaspores repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aia1 ,i1 illu/rate _! *>act]i/ic =m z se5 9 a section ( a megasporangium1 ,sm2 ! op5 beak-l portion ( ! l>g] spore is probably ! apical region :i* has split along ! ?ree-ray$ l9es4 ,^! l9es =m a *>act]i/ic feature ( bo? rec5t & ext9ct spores & d5ote _! orig9 9 tetrads4 ,! spore %[n 9 fig4 #aia1 ,e#chb1 illu/rates ! ext]nal features4 ,! apical region ( ! pro?allus ( a megaspore ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum describ$ by ,mr ,gordon#chc consi/s ( small] cells ?an ^? occupy+ ! great] "p ( ! spore-cavity1 a diff]5tiation :i* he comp>es ) t ( ! pro?allus ( ,selag9ella4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,a1 ,b4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum4 7,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge47 ,c4 ,lepidod5dron macrophyllum4 7,briti% ,museum4 ,no4 #cgg47 x1 ,prim>y xylem2 x1 second>y xylem2 s1 ,/igm>ian rootlet4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! petrifi$ %oots describ$ by ,williamson#chd f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one b$s ( ,burntisl& z ,lepidod5dron brevifolium are id5tical ) specim5s possess+ ! ext]nal features ( ,l4 ,vel!imianum4 ,9 #ahgb ,dawson express$ ! op9ion t ,williamson's species %\ld be ref]r$ to ,l4 ,vel!imianum1 & evid5ce subsequ5tly obta9$ confirms ?is view4 ,! /ele ( ?is species is ( ! m$ullat$ type1 diff]+ f t ( ,l4 fulig9osum & ,l4 ,h>c\rtii 9 ! abs5ce ( prom95t ridges on ! ext]nal surface ( ! prim>y xylem1 & f ,l4 vascul>e 9 ! possession ( a p>5*ymat\s pi?4 ,9 y\ng] twigs ! cortex consi/s ( fairly homog5e\s tissue1 b 9 old] bran*es !re is a great] di/9ction betwe5 a delicate middle cortex & a /rong] out] cortex4 ,fig4 #ahf1 ,a1 repres5ts a /em 9 :i* ! vascul> cyl9d] is compos$ ( a prim>y xylem r+1 x1 #ae mm4 broad1 succe$$ by a zone ( second>y wood #ab cm4 9 bread?4 ,! junction betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y xylem is %[n on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #ahf1 ,b4 ,! tissues abutt+ on ! second>y xylem h n be5 pres]v$2 ! out] cortex1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( second>y elem5ts1 is divid$ sup]ficially into unequal ridges correspond+ to ! leaf-cu%ions :i* h be5 m or less oblit]at$ z ! result ( gr[? 9 ?ickness ( ! /em4 #i4 ,lepidod5dron ,p$roanum 7,c>ru!rs74 ,9 #ahfi ,mr ,c>ru!rs describ$ "s specim5s ( vegetative /ems & isolat$ sporangia1 collect$ by ,mr ,plant 9 ,brazil1 z ,flem+ites ,p$roanus#che4 ,f a m rec5t acc\nt publi%$ by ,zeill]#chf x is cle> t ,c>ru!rs' species is a true ,lepidod5dron2 an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum confirms ?is det]m9ation4 ,! contigu\s leaf-cu%ions h r\nd$ angles simil> 9 =m to ^? ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum & ,l4 di*otomum1 b x is n unlikely t ! ,brazilian plant is specifically di/9ct f ,european species4 ,a figure ( "o ( ! specim5s on :i* ,c>ru!rs f\nd$ ! species is giv5 by ,arb]#chg 9 8 ,glossopt]is ,flora4 ,! ,brazilian plant is *iefly int]e/+ z af=d+ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,lepidod5dron 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 ! species has also be5 recognis$ 9 ,s\? ,africa f mat]ial collect$ by ,mr ,leslie at ,v]e5ig+#chh4 ,z ,zeill]#chi has sugge/$1 x is n improbable t ! fossils describ$ by ,r5ault#cij f ,brazil z ,lycopodiopsis ,d]byi may be ! petrifi$ /ems ( ,lepidod5dron ,p$roanum4 ,! /ructure ( ! c5tral cyl9d] ( ,r5ault's species is ( ! type repres5t$ by ,l4 ,h>c\rtii2 ! xylem =ms a cont9u\s r+ & does n consi/ ( sep>ate /r&s ( tra*eae z ,r5ault believ$4 #aj4 ,lepidod5dron au/rale 7,m',coy74 ,figs4 #ahg1 ,a-,c4 ,specim5s describ$ "u ?is "n are int]e/+ r on acc\nt ( _! ext5d$ geographical range & geological antiquity ?an on botanical gr\nds4 ,! draw+s reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ahg illu/rate ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ?is ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s & ,upp] ,devonian type1 z repres5t$ by a specim5 rec5tly describ$#cia f ! ,l[] ,k>roo 7,dwyka7 s]ies1 :i* is probably ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 ne> ,orange ,riv] ,/ation1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! surface is divid$ into polygonal or rhomboidal areas 7figs4 ,a & ,b7 #h-i mm4 long & #g-h mm4 broad1 arrang$ 9 regul> s]ies & repres5t+ leaf-sc>s1 comp>able ) ^? ( ,sigill>ia ,br>di & o!r species1 or possibly p>tially decorticat$ leaf-cu%ions4 ,a %ort di/ance bel[ ! apex ( ea* area !re is a m or less circul> prom95ce or depression 7fig4 #ahg1 ,b7 & on a few ( ! areas !re are indications ( a groove 7fig4 ,a1 g7 ext5d+ f ! rais$ sc> to ! po9t$ base1 z at g1 g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,lepidod5dron au/rale4 ,fig4 ,a1 nat4 size4 ,9 exam9+ ! graphitic lay] on ! surface ( ! ,s\? ,african specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #ahg1 ,a1 use 0 made ( a me?od rec5tly describ$ by ,pr(essor ,na?or/#cib4 ,a few drops ( collodion 7 plac$ on ! surface1 & aft] a %ort int]val ! film 0 remov$ & m\nt$ on a slide4 ,! addition ( a /a9 facilitat$ ! microscopic exam9ation & ! draw+ ( ! collodion film4 ,! cell-outl9es 7fig4 #ahg1 ,c7 on ! surface ( ! polygonal areas may be ^? ( ! epid]mis1 b !y 7 m probably =m$ by a subepid]mal tissue2 ! sc>1 :i* int]rupts ! cont9uity ( ! flat surface1 may m>k ! position ( a leaf-base1 or1 assum+ a p>tial decortication to h occurr$ prior to fossilisation1 x may repres5t a gap 9 ! cortical tissue caus$ by ! decay ( delicate tissue :i* surr\nd$ ! vascul> bundle ( ea* leaf 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ! cortex ( ! /em4 ,if ! impression 7 t ( ! actual surface ( a ,lepidod5dron or a ,sigill>ia1 we %\ld expect to f9d traces ( ! p>i*nos appe>+ on ! leaf-sc> z two small sc>s1 "o on ea* side ( ! leaf-bundle4 ,9 specim5s f ,v]e5ig+ describ$ 9 #ahigcic z ,sigill>ia ,br>di1 :i* be> a sup]ficial resemblance to t %[n 9 fig4 ,a1 ! p>i*nos is cle>ly %[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an impression ( a p>tially decorticat$ ,lepidod5droid /em ne$ n necess>ily %[ ! p>i*nos z a di/9ct feature3 ow+ to its close association ) ! leaf-trace 9 ! out] cortex1 be=e its sep>ation 9 ! =m ( two div]g+ arms1 x w\ld n appe> z a di/9ct gap ap>t f t repres5t+ ! leaf-bundle4 ,! abs5ce ( ! p>i*nos may be reg>d$ z a po9t 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! impression is t ( a p>tially decorticat$ /em4 ,simil>ly1 ! abs5ce ( any dem>cation betwe5 a leaf-cu%ion & a true leaf-sc> su* z *>act]ises ! /ems ( ,lepidod5dra & _m ,sigill>iae is also fav\rable to ! same int]pretation4 ,9 #ahgb ,mr ,c>ru!rs#cid describ$ "s fossils f ,que5sl&1 "s ( :i* appe> to be id5tical ) t %[n 9 fig4 #ahg "u ! "n ,lepidod5dron no?um1 ,ung]#cie1 a species f\nd$ on ,upp] ,devonian specim5s f ,?ur+ia4 ,! ,que5sl& plant is probably id5tical ) ,dawson's ,canadian species1 ,leptophloeum rhombicum#cif4 ,9 #ahgd ,m',coy#cig in/itut$ ! "n ,lepidod5dron au/rale = "s ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s specim5s f ,victoria1 ,au/ralia3 ^! are 9 all probability id5tical ) ! ,que5sl& fossils ref]r$ by ,c>ru!rs to ,ung]'s species1 b z ! id5tity ( ! ,g]man & ,au/ralian plants is v d\btful#cih x is bett] to adopt ,m',coy's specific designation4 ,krass]#cii has describ$ a simil>1 b probably n specifically id5tical1 type f ,*9a2 f ,devonian rocks ( ,spitzb]g5 ,na?or/#djj has figur$1 "u ! "n ,b]g]ia1 an example ( ?is =m ( /em1 & ,szajno*a#dja has describ$ o!r specim5s f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ! ,arg5t9e4 ,lepidod5dron au/rale has be5 record$ f sev]al ,au/ralian localities#djb f /rata bel[ ^? conta9+ ! g5us ,glossopt]is & o!r memb]s ( ! ,glossopt]is1 or1 z x has rec5tly be5 re-*ri/5$1 ! ,gangamopt]is#djc ,flora4 viii4 ,f]tile %oots ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,a4 ,lepido/robus4 ,! g5]ic "n ,lepido/robus 0 fir/ us$ by ,brongni>t#djd = ! cones ( ,lepidod5dron1 ! type-species ( ! g5us be+ ,lepido/robus ornatus1 ! designation giv5 by ! au?or ( ! g5us to a ,lepido/robus previ\sly figur$ by ,p>k9son#dje 9 8 ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w4 ,! g5]ic "n ,flem+ites propos$ by ,c>ru!rs#djf 9 #ahfe1 "u a misappreh5sion z to ! nature ( spores :i* he id5tifi$ z sporangia1 0 appli$ to specim5s ( true ,lepido/robi4 ,brongni>t also in/itut$ ! g5]ic "n ,lepidophyllum = deta*$ leaves ( ,lepidod5dron1 bo? vegetative & f]tile2 ! specim5 figur$ by him 9 #ahbb z ,filicites 7,glossopt]is7 dubius#djg1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds made ! type-species ( ! g5us1 0 recognis$ z be+ a portion ( ! lanceolate limb ( a l>ge s+le-ve9$ sporophyll belong+ to a species ( ,lepido/robus4 ,9 an unusually l>ge ,lepidophyllum1 or deta*$ sporophyll ( ,lepido/robus1 9 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,museum1 ! free lam9> portion rea*es a l5g? ( #h cm4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d ,lepidod5dron pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( a %ell ( out] cortex1 :i* has become sep>at$ along ! phellog5 f ! re/ ( ! /em2 z ! result ( compression ! cyl9d] ( b>k may assume ! appe>ance ( a flatt5$ /em cov]$ ) leaf-cu%ions4 ,a specim5 pres]v$ 9 ?is way 0 describ$ by ,e4 ,weiss z a cone ( ,lomatophloios macrolepidotus ,gold41 & is quot$ by ,solms-,lauba* & o!r au?ors#djh z an example ( an unusually l>ge ,lepido/robus4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 9 ! ,b]gakademie ( ,b]l9 conv9c$ me t ,weiss _h mi/ak5 ! p>tially de/roy$ leaf-cu%ions = sporophylls1 & ,/igm>ian rootlets1 :i* _h invad$ ! empty space1 = sporangia#dji4 ,9 ext]nal appe>ance "s species ( ,lepido/robus be> a sup]ficial resemblance to ! cone ( a ,spruce ,fir 7,picea excelsa71 b ! surface ( a lycopodiace\s /robilus is usually cov]$ by ! ov]lapp+ & upturn$ lam9ae :i* t]m9ate ! m or less horizontal sporangium-be>+ portion ( ! sporophyll4 ,fig4 #ahh af=ds a good example ( a long & n>r[ ,lepido/robus4 ,?is specim5 f ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire has a l5g? ( #bc cm42 l o!r ,lepido/robi x is borne at ! tip ( a sl5d] %oot4 ,! fossil is suffici5tly well pres]v$ to %[ ! *>act]i/ic radially elongat$ =m ( ! l>ge sporangia & ! long & upturn$ di/al portions ( ! sporophylls4 ,we may briefly describe ,lepido/robus z foll[s3--,cyl9drical /robili consi/+ ( an axis conta9+ a s+le cyl9drical /ele :i* agrees g5]ally ) t ( ! vegetative %oots ( ,l4 ,h>c\rtii & o!r species4 ,! am\nt ( p>5*ymat\s pi? v>ies 9 diff]5t =ms2 9 "s ! prim>y xylem is almo/ solid4 ,! middle cortical region1 :i* has usually be5 de/roy$ be=e fossilisation1 possesses ! loose lacun> /ructure *>act]i/ic ( ?is region 9 ! vegetative bran*es4 ,! ?ick] wall$ out] cortex is cont9u$ at ! p]iph]y into cr[d$1 usually spirally dispos$ sporophylls1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( a m or less horizontal p$icel1 :i* may be *>act]is$ by a keel-l m$ian ridge on its l[] surface1 :ile to ! c5tral region ( ! upp] face is atta*$ a l>ge radially elongat$ sporangium4 ,"o ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 a ,lepidod5dron cone & ^? ( ! rec5t g5us ,lycopodium is ! great] radial elongation ( ! sporangia 9 ! =m]4 ,"s species ( ,lepido/robus may h be5 homospor\s2 "s are kn[n to be het]ospor\s4 ,9 ! latt] ! megasporangia borne on ! l[] sporophylls usually conta9 sev]al megaspores z 9 ,isoetes 7cf4 fig4 #acc1 ,e74 ,beyond ! di/al end ( ! sporangium ! sporophyll becomes broad] 9 a horizontal plane & is b5t upw>ds z a lanceolate limb2 x may also be prolong$ a %ort di/ance d[nw>ds z a bluntly triangul> expansion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,lepido/robus4 ,middle ,coal-,measures1 ,b>dsley1 ,lanca%ire4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 7 nat4 size47 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ,palaeozoic ,lepidod5dra1 l ,lycopodium c]nuum 7fig4 #abc7 & o!r rec5t ,lycopods1 usually bore _! cones at ! tips ( sl5d] %oots4 ,! f]tile %oot ( ,lepidophloios scoticus %[n 9 fig4 #afj1 ,b1 af=ds "o ( sev]al in/ances support+ ?is /atem5t2 simil> examples are figur$ by ,brongni>t#daj1 ,morris#daa1 & by m rec5t writ]s4 ,! app>5tly sessile cone figur$ by ,williamson#dab f a specim5 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum is c]ta9ly n 9 situ1 b is accid5tally associat$ ) ! /em4 ,! g5]al abs5ce ( second>y wood 9 ! /eles ( ,lepido/robi is1 z ,dr ,kid/on#dac po9ts out1 consi/5t ) ! view t ! cones 7 %$ on maturity & t f]tilisation probably took place on ! gr\nd1 or p]haps on ! surface ( ! wat] :]e ! sl5d] hairs ( ! megaspores 7fig4 #aia1 ,f1 ,i7 may h s]v$ to cat* ! microspores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,lepido/robus4 ,section ?r\gh ! apical region ( a cone above ! axis4 7,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,collection47 ,fig4 #ahi is an accurate repres5tation ( a transv]se section1 #f mm4 9 diamet]1 ( :at is no d\bt ! apical portion ( a ,lepido/robus f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,%ore1 ,lanca%ire4 ,! section cuts across ! upturn$ free lam9ae above ! level ( ! apex ( ! cone-axis4 ,ea* lam9a conta9s a small vascul> bundle compos$ ( a few tra*eae & "s ?9-wall$ cells surr\nd$ by delicate mesophyll tissue4 ,imm$iately 9 front ( ! di/al end ( a sporangium a small ligule is borne on ! upp] face ( ! sporophyll 7fig4 #aia1 ,a1 ,b1 l7 occupy+ ! same position z 9 ,selag9ella 7cf4 fig4 #aca1 ,f74 ,/r&s ( vascul> tissue pass 9 a /eeply asc5d+ c\rse f ! xylem to ! p$icels ( sporophylls1 f9ally curv+ upw>ds & end+ 9 ! upp] limb4 ,ea* vascul> bundle consi/s ( a /r& ( xylem1 app>5tly ( mes>* /ructure1 accompani$ by a few lay]s ( p>5*yma on its out] face & by a gr\p ( cambi=m elem5ts1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ 9 a %ea? ( p>5*yma cont9u\s ) ! inn] cortex ( ! cone axis4 ,! vascul> bundle is accompani$ by a p>i*nos 9 ! out] cortex & 9 ! sporophyll4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! belief on ! "p ( "s palaeobotani/s t ! l>ge sc>s ( ,ulod5dron repres5t atta*m5t-surfaces ( sessile cones1 & reasons h be5 giv5 aga9/ ! acceptance ( ?is view4 ,!re is consid]able range 9 ! size ( ,lepido/robi4 ,an incomplete specim51 #cc cm4 long & #f cm4 broad1 :i* may h be5 #ej cm4 9 l5g?1 is describ$ by ,r5ault & ,zeill]#dad f ! ,comm5try ,coal-field4 ,! l>g] cones af=d a /rik+ demon/ration ( ! enorm\s spore-output ( "s species ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,among ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( ! anatomy ( ,lepido/robus are ^? by ,hook]#dae & ,b9ney#daf4 ,"o ( ! specim5s describ$ by ! =m] au?or 7fig4 #aij7 af=ds an int]e/+ example ( an unusual mann] ( fossilisation2 a holl[ /em or ,lepidod5dron is fill$ ) s$im5t>y mat]ial conta9+ sev]al pieces ( ,lepido/robi 9 an approximately v]tical position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,lepidod5dron /em ) ,lepido/robi4 7,aft] ,hook]47 ,a4 ,side-view %[+ leaf-cu%ions on ! left-h& side & ! ,knorria condition on ! "r4 ,b4 ,view ( transv]se section2 s1 sections ( ,lepido/robi4 ,! fact t ,lepido/robi usually occur z isolat$ specim5s r5d]s x impossible 9 mo/ cases to ref] !m to p>ticul> species ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,nei!r ext]nal features nor anatomical *>act]s af=d satisfactory crit]ia by :i* to correlate vegetative & f]tile %oots2 9 "s measure ?is is due to ! imp]fection ( our k z reg>ds ! range ( /ructure )9 ! limits ( species2 x is also due to lack ( in=mation z to ! ext5t to :i* ! transition f /]ile to f]tile portions ( a %oot is accompani$ by anatomical diff]5ces4 ,pr(4 ,williamson wrote3 8,i h = _m ye>s endeav\r$ to discov] "s specific *>act]s by :i* diff]5t ,lepido/robi c be di/+ui%$ & id5tifi$1 b ?us f> my ef=ts h be5 unsuccessful#dag40 ,9 a few cases1 su* z ^? m5tion$ 9 ! description ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum & ,l4 ,wns*ianum1 x has be5 possible to correlate cones & vegetative %oots4 ,! mo/ complete acc\nt we possess ( ! anatomy ( ,lepidod5dron cones is t by ,mr ,masl5#dah1 :o fir/ demon/rat$ ! occurr5ce ( a ligule on ! sporophylls1 & ?us suppli$ a miss+ piece ( evid5ce 9 support ( ! g5]ally accept$ view z to ! homology ( ! sporangium-be>+ memb]s & foliage leaves4 i4 ,lepido/robus v>iabilis 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 #ahaa4 8,/robilus10 ,p>k9son1 ,organic ,rema9s1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbh1 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #a4 #ahbh4 ,lepido/robus ornatus1 ,brongni>t1 ,prodrome1 p4 #hg4 #ahca4 ,l4 v>iabilis1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flora1 ,pls4 ,x4 ,,xi4 #ahca4 ,l4 ornatus1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flora1 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 #ahcg4 ,l4 ornatus v>4 didymus1 ,ibid4 ,pl4 ,,clxiii4 #ahej4 ,aranc>ites ,cordai1 ,ung]1 ,g5]a et ,spec4 ,plant4 foss4 p4 #chb4 #ahge4 ,lepido/robus v>iabilis1 ,fei/mantel1 ,palaeontographica1 ,vol4 ,,lxiii4 ,pl4 ,,xliv4 #ahhf4 ,l4 v>iabilis1 ,kid/on1 ,cat4 ,palaeozoic ,plants1 p4 #aig4 #ahij4 ,l4 ornatus1 ,zeill]1 ,flor4 ,val5ci5nes1 p4 #dig1 ,pl4 ,,lxxvi4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ---- ,l4 v>iabilis1 ,zeill]1 ,flor4 ,val5ci5nes1 p4 #dii1 ,pl4 ,,lxxvi4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,"u ?is specific "n are includ$ /robili f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s rocks :i*1 9 spite ( m9or diff]5ces1 may be consid]$ z "o type4 ,! cyl9drical cones v>y consid]ably 9 size1 "s rea*+ a l5g? ( #ej cm4 or m4 ,! sporophylls are atta*$ by a p$icel1 #d-h mm4 long1 at "r angles to ! axis1 :ile ! di/al portion =ms an oval lanceolate limb #aj-bj mm4 9 l5g?4 ,! sporangia are #d-h mm4 long4 ,! bran*$ example figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#dai z a v>iety 7,l4 ornatus v>4 didymus7 illu/rates a ph5om5on n uncommon 9 bo? ,palaeozoic & rec5t lycopodiace\s /robili4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,lepido/robus4 ,a-,d4 ,l4 oldhamius4 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,f sections 9 ! ,b9ney ,collection1 ,cambridge4 ,e4 ,megaspore4 7,aft] ,kid/on47 ,f4 ,megaspore 7,coal-,measures1 ,halifax74 7,aft] ,williamson47 ,g4 ,megaspore ( ,lepido/robus foliaceus4 7,aft] ,mrs ,scott47 ,h4 ,tang5tial section ( sporangium4 7,aft] ,b[]47 ,i4 ,"p ( sporangium wall1 ,sm1 ( ! cone ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 enclos+ two megaspores4 7,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool47 ii4 ,lepido/robus oldhamius ,williamson#dbj4 ,fig4 #aia1 ,a-,d4 ,williamson#dba in/itut$ ?is t]m = /robili previ\sly describ$ by ,b9ney#dbb1 )\t adequate evid5ce1 z ! cones ( ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii4 ,9 %ape & 9 ! ma9 morphological features ?is type resembles ,l4 v>iabilis1 :i* is h[ev] kn[n only 9 ! =m ( ca/s & impressions4 ,a cone ( ,l4 oldhamius1 #b-c cm4 9 diamet]1 possesses a m$ullat$ /ele consi/+ ( a r+ ( prim>y xylem 7fig4 #aia1 ,d1 x7 ) ex>* protoxylem & no second>y elem5ts4 ,masl5 f\nd sev]al %ort tra*eae at ! p]iph]y ( ! xylem & /ates t ^! l$ him to comp>e ! cone ) ! vegetative %oots ( ,lepidod5dron vascul>e1 b ! common occurr5ce ( su* elem5ts 9 diff]5t types ( %oot r5d]s !m ( little or no specific value4 ,! inn] cortex is l t ( vegetative %oots ( ,lepidod5dron & ! middle cortex1 :i* 0 no d\bt ( ! type describ$ 9 ,lepido/robus ,br[nii1 is repres5t$ by a gap 9 ! sections1 beyond :i* is ! /rong] out] cortex 7fig4 #aia1 ,d7 pass+ into ! horizontal p$icels ( ! sporophylls4 ,! section ( ! axis reproduc$ 9 fig4 #aia1 ,d1 0 figur$ by ,b9ney#dbc z ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,! leaf-traces1 sev]al ( :i* are se5 9 ! middle cortical region 9 fig4 ,d1 lt1 consi/ ( a /r& ( scal>i=m tra*eae1 ) a mes>* protoxylem1 succe$$ by a few p>5*ymat\s cells2 beyond ^! !re is usually a small gap :i* 0 orig9ally occupi$ by a /r& ( ?9-wall$ cells4 ,x is important to note t 9 "o sporophyll-trace figur$ by ,masl5#dbd !re is a /r& ( ?9-wall$ elongat$ elem5ts abutt+ on ! xylem1 :i* he describes z phloem4 ,?is tissue is c]ta9ly m l true phloem ?an any :i* has hi!rto be5 describ$ 9 ! leaf-traces ( vegetative %oots4 ,! /ate ( pres]vation is n1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly good to enable u to recognise und\bt$ phloem features4 ,9 su* cones z ,i h exam9$ no tissue has be5 se5 :i* %[s ! hi/ological features *>act]i/ic ( ! secretory zone ( vegetative %oots3 ! 8phloem0 7,masl57 occupies ! position 9 ! sporophyll bundle :i* 9 ! vascul> bundles ( foliage leaves is occupi$ by a d>k-cell$ & p>tially disorganis$ tissue 9 cont9uity ) ! secretory zone ( ! ma9 /ele4 ,x may be t 9 ! /robili ?is tissue occurr$ 9 a modifi$ =m1 b ev5 assum+ t ! section figur$ by ,masl5 %[s true phloem1 an assumption bas$ on sl5d] evid5ce1 ?is is n suffici5t ju/ification = ! application ( ! t]m phloem to a tissue occupy+ a correspond+ position 9 vegetative %oots & di/+ui%$ by well-m>k$ hi/ological features4 ,! sporophyll-traces1 z se5 9 ! out] cortex 9 fig4 #aia1 ,d1 are p>tially surr\nd$ by a l>ge cresc5tic space1 p1 :i* 0 orig9ally occupi$ by ! p>i*nos4 ,! sporangia are atta*$ along ! middle l9e ( ! sporophyll &1 z 9 ,lepido/robus ,br[nii1 a cu%ion ( p>5*yma projects into ! l[] "p ( ! sporangial cavity 7fig4 #aia1 ,a1 a2 ,c1 a74 ,! diagrammatic sket* ( "p ( a section 9 ! ,b9ney ,collection reproduc$ 9 fig4 #aia1 ,b1 %[s ! position ( ! ligule1 l4 ,no megaspores h be5 discov]$ 9 any specim5s ( ?is type2 ! microspores1 :i* occur bo? s+ly & 9 tetrads1 h a l5g? ( #jjb-jjc mm4 ,! draw+ %[n 9 fig4 #aia1 ,a1 bas$ on a section 9 ! ,b9ney ,collection1 illu/rates ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a typical ,lepido/robus4 ,i h made use ( ?is sket* in/ead ( t giv5 by ,masl51 z 8 figure conveys ! idea t ! sporophylls are sup]pos$1 :]eas1 :e!r !y are v]ticillate or spiral1 a radial longitud9al section w\ld n cut successive sporangia 9 ! same plane4 iii4 ,lepido/robus ,br[nii 7,brongn474 ,9 #ahdc a specim5 ( a portion ( a petrifi$ cone 0 pur*as$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 assi/$ by ! ,m>quis ( ,nor?ampton & ,rob]t ,br[n1 = #cj f a ,fr5* deal]4 ,?is fossil1 f an unkn[n locality1 0 briefly describ$ by ,br[n 9 #aheadbe & nam$ by him ,triplosporites1 b 9 a note add$ to 8 pap] he express$ ! op9ion t ! g5]ic designation ,lepido/robus w\ld be m appropriate4 ,brongni>t aft]w>ds nam$ ! cone ,triplosporites ,br[nii#dbf1 & ,s*imp]#dbg describ$ x 9 8 ,trait z ,lepido/robus ,br[nii4 ,! type-specim5 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,p>is ,museum possesses a piece ( ! same fossil4 ,! c5tral axis ( ! cone has a /ele ( ! type *>act]i/ic ( ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum & ,l4 ,h>c\rtii1 & ! xylem is surr\nd$ by a ?9-wall$ tissue describ$ by ,b[]#dbh z possibly phloem2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( longitud9al sections x is impossible to say h[ f> ! tissue ext]nal to ! xylem agrees ) t 9 ,lepidod5dron /ems4 ,! sporophylls consi/ ( a horizontal portion1 to ! upp] face ( :i* ! radially elongat$ sporangia are atta*$1 "o to ea* sporophyll2 beyond ! di/al end ( ! sporangium ! sporophyll b5ds %>ply upw>ds z a fairly /\t lam9a4 ,! wall ( ! sporangium is compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( cells1 z %[n 9 a draw+ publi%$ by ,b[]#dbi2 9 ! int]ior occur gr\ps ( microspores1 & f a ridge ( tissue :i* ext5ds along ! :ole l5g? ( ! sporangium irregul> trabeculae ( /]ile tissue project into ! sporangial cavity1 z 9 ,isoetes 7fig4 #aia1 ,h3 cf4 fig4 #acc1 ,h74 ,fur!r in=mation 9 reg>d to ,lepido/robus ,br[nii has rec5tly be5 suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,zeill]#dcj1 :o recognises ! exi/5ce ( a ligule1 & draws att5tion to "s int]e/+ hi/ological features 9 ! tissue ( ! sporophylls#dca4 ,spores ( ,palaeozoic ,lycopodiales4 ,! calc>e\s nodules f ! ,coal seams ( ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire are ri* 9 isolat$ spores1 _m ( :i* are und\bt$ly ^? ( ,lepido/robi4 ,examples ( spores 7 figur$ by ,morris#dcb 9 #ahdj1 & _! occurr5ce 9 coal has be5 describ$ by sev]al au?ors1 "o ( ! e>lie/ acc\nts be+ by ,balf\r#dcc4 ,! draw+s ( ,palaeozoic & rec5t spores publi%$ by ,kid/on & ,b5nie#dcd demon/rate a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! megaspores ( exi/+ & ext9ct ,lycopods1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ ! l>g] size ( ! fossils4 ,! g5]al g5]ic "n ,triletes1 orig9ally us$ by ,re9s*#dce1 is a conv5i5t t]m by :i* to designate ,pt]idophytic spores :i* _c be ref]r$ to def9ite types4 ,x is usual to f9d m ?an f\r megaspores 9 ea* megasporangium 9 ,palaeozoic & n infrequ5tly1 z we h se51 9 ,mesozoic lycopodiace\s /robili1 b 9 "s ,palaeozoic cones1 e4g4 ,bo?ro/robus 7fig4 #baf7 & ,lepido/robus foliaceus#dcf1 a s+le tetrad only appe>s to h rea*$ maturity4 ,! occurr5ce ( long simple or bran*$ & sometimes capitate hairs is a common feature ( ,c>bonif]\s megaspores 7fig4 #aia1 ,e1 ,f1 ,i74 ,x is possible t ^! app5dages s]v$ to cat* ! microspores1 ?us facilitat+ f]tilisation4 ,a peculi> =m ( megaspore has be5 describ$ by ,mrs ,scott#dcg1 & assign$ by h] to ,lepido/robus foliaceus1 ! megasporangium ( :i* app>5tly conta9$ only f\r spores4 ,z %[n 9 fig4 #aia1 ,g1 a l>ge bladd]-l app5dage *>act]is$ by radiat+ ve9s is atta*$ to ! ?ick spore-coat2 x is sugge/$ t ?is excresc5ce may be comp>$ ) ! 8swimm+0 app>atus ( ! rec5t wat]-f]n ,azolla4 ,! epi!t swimm+ :i* x is cu/om>y to apply to ! app5dages ( ,azolla megaspores w\ld seem to be inappropriate if ,campbell#dch is correct 9 /at+ t spores ( ,azolla are incapable ( float+4 ,b4 ,sp5c]ites4 ,sp5c]ites insignis 7,williamson74 ,fig4 #aib4 #ahgh4 ,lepido/robus sp41 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc41 p4 #cdj1 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 #ahhj4 ,lepido/robus insignis1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc41 p4 #ejb1 ,pl4 ,,xv4 figs4 #h-ab4 #ahhi4 ,lepidod5dron ,sp5c]i1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc41 p4 #aii1 ,pl4 ,,vii4 figs4 #bj-bb2 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #ai4 #ahig4 ,sp5c]ites insignis1 ,scott1 ,phil4 ,trans4 p4 #hc1 ,pls4 ,,xii-,,xv4 ,ano!r type ( lycopodiace\s /robilus1 diff]+ suffici5tly f ,lepido/robus to des]ve a special g5]ic designation1 is t orig9ally describ$ by ,williamson#dci1 f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,york%ire1 z a type ( ,lepido/robus1 ,l4 insignis1 b aft]w>ds#ddj m fully inve/igat$ & assign$ to a new g5us by ,scott#dda4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t 9 a lat] publication ,williamson spoke ( ! lycopodiace\s axis1 :i* he suspect$ might belong to 8 ,l4 insignis1 z possibly wor?y ( recognition z a di/9ct g5]ic type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,sp5c]ites insignis 7,williamson74 7,aft] ,miss ,b]ridge47 ,( ! two species includ$ by ,scott 9 8 g5us ,sp5c]ites only "o1 ,s4 insignis1 ne$ be consid]$4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,scott's pap] our k ( ?is type has be5 ext5d$ by ,miss ,b]ridge#ddb & by ,pr(4 ,lang#ddc4 ,! axis ( ! /robilus has a /ele *>act]is$ by a pi? ( elongat$ elem5ts1 mo/ ( :i* h ?9 walls2 ! xylem cyl9d] possesses ab\t tw5ty protoxylem /r&s =m+ m or less prom95t ex>* ridges4 ,! cortex exhibits a diff]5tiation comp>able ) t 9 ! %oots ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,! sporophylls are arrang$ 9 alt]nat+ v]ticils1 ea* :orl consi/+ ( t5 memb]s3 ! n>r[ horizontal p$icel ( a sporophyll1 conta9+ a s+le vascul> bundle1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aib1 is exp&$ di/ally into a prom95t upp] lobe be>+ a cu%ion ( small & delicate cells1 to :i* ! sporangium is atta*$1 & prolong$ obliquely upw>ds z a free leaf-l lam9a4 ,! l[] blunt prolongation ( ! sporophylls appe>s to =m a ?ick dorsal lobe1 b1 z ,lang has po9t$ out1 x is highly probable t ! pres5t =m ( ! dorsal lobe is ( second>y orig91 & is 8due to ! disappe>ance ( a mucilage cavity f a l>ge sporophyll base#ddd40 ,z ,miss ,b]ridge rem>ks1 ! vascul> bundle ( ! sporophyll does n give (f a bran* to ! v5tral lobe & sporangium4 ,9 atta*m5t1 9 %ape1 & 9 ! /ructure ( ! wall ! sporangia diff] m>k$ly f ^? ( ,lepido/robi4 ,! spores1 :i* also con/itute a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! g5us1 h a maximum diamet] ( #jad mm42 !y are describ$ z oblate sph]oids ) a broad holl[ w+ runn+ r\nd ! equator 7fig4 #aib7 comp>able ) ! air-sacs ( ! poll5 ( ,p9us4 ,scott po9ts out t ! spores ( ,sp5c]ites are int]m$iate 9 size betwe5 ! microspores ( ,lepidod5dron & ! megaspores ( ,lycopodium2 x is difficult !re=e to decide to :i* category !y %\ld be ref]r$4 ,sp5c]ites is cle>ly di/9ct f ,lepido/robus2 ! abs5ce ( a ligule1 ! mann] ( atta*m5t ( ! sporangia1 & ! =m & size ( ! spores1 are *>act]i/ic features4 ,a comp>ison ( ,sp5c]ites ) ! /robili ( ,lycopodium c]nuum 7figs4 #abc1 #abf-abi7 has rec5tly be5 made by ,lang1 :o draws att5tion to ! /rik+ agreem5t z reg>ds g5]al plan & ev5 detail$ /ructural features betwe5 ! ,palaeozoic & ! rec5t type ( /robilus4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d1 z ,lang po9ts out1 t 9 ! orig9al acc\nt ( ! fossil cone by ,williamson1 ! view is express$ t ! sporangiophores 7 conflu5t4 ,an exam9ation ( ! section figur$ by ,williamson#dde l$ ,lang to confirm ?is op9ion4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to ent] "h into a detail$ comp>ison ( ,sp5c]ites insignis & ! cone ( ,lycopodium1 b ! resemblances are consid]$ by ,lang to be suffici5tly close to sugge/ t ! /rik+ simil>ity may be indicative ( relation%ip#ddf4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! radial section ( ,sp5c]ites 7fig4 #aib7 pres5ts a fairly close resemblance to a correspond+ section ?r\gh a cone-scale ( ,aga?is 7,kauri ,p9e7#ddg4 ,9 ea* case ! megasporangium is atta*$ by a n>r[ p$icel to ! sporophyll & ! latt] has a simil> =m 9 ! two plants1 ?\gh ! ext5t ( ! resemblance is some:at less5$ by ,lang's m complete acc\nt ( ! ,palaeozoic type4 ,if ! ,sp5c]ites sporangia possess$ an integum5t ! simil>ity ) ! ,aga?is ovule w\ld ( c\rse be mu* clos]3 rec5t palaeobotanical inve/igations h %[n t ovules & sporangia are n sep>at$ by impassable b>ri]s4 ,s9ce ?is ,*apt] 0 set up 9 type a pap] has appe>$ by ,dr ,bruno ,kub>t on a new species ( ,sp5c]ites spore1 ,s4 membranaceus1 f ! ,o/rau-,k>w9] ,coal-bas9 7,au/ria74 ,! spores are l>g] ?an ^? ( ,s4 insignis & 9 "s ! cells ( a pro?allus are pres]v$4 ,kub>t figures a section ( a spore conta9+ a gr\p ( sev5 cells1 a c5tral cell1 :i* he reg>ds z an an!ridial "m-cell1 surr\nd$ by six wall-cells4 ,kub>t 7#ij74 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,sigill>ia4 i4 ,g5]al4 ,9 view ( ! close resemblance betwe5 ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia1 ano!r lycopodiace\s plant *>act]i/ic ( ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian floras1 a comp>atively brief description ( ! latt] g5us mu/ suffice1 m p>ticul>ly z ,lepidod5dron has receiv$ r an undue %>e ( att5tion4 ,sigill>ia1 ?\gh abundantly repres5t$ among ! relics ( ,palaeozoic floras1 especially ^? pres]v$ 9 ! ,coal-,measures1 is r>e 9 a petrifi$ /ate1 & our k ( its anatomy is f> f complete4 ,9 ext]nal =m z 9 int]nal /ructure ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two g5]a are n su* z enable u to draw 9 all cases a cle>ly def9$ l9e ( sep>ation4 ,9 ! ,ant$iluvian ,phytology1 ,artis#ddh figur$ a fossil f ! ,c>bonif]\s s&/ones ( ,york%ire :i* he call$ ,euphorbites vulg>is on acc\nt ( a sup]ficial resemblance to ! /ems ( exi/+ succul5t ,euphorbias4 ,rhode#ddi also comp>$ ,sigill>ian /ems ) ^? ( rec5t ,cacti4 ,! specim5 describ$ by ,artis is *>act]is$ by regul> v]tical & slightly convex ribs be>+ r[s ( leaf-sc>s 9 spiral s]ies1 l ^? on ! cu%ions ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,a few ye>s e>li] ,brongni>t#dej _h in/itut$ ! g5us ,sigill>ia#dea = plants ) ribb$ b n jo9t$ /ems be>+ 8disc-l impressions0 7leaf-sc>s7 dispos$ 9 qu9cunx2 ! type-species nam$ by ! au?or ( ! g5us ,sigill>ia scutellata is id5tical1 z ,kid/on#deb po9ts out1 ) ,euphorbites vulg>is ( ,artis & ) ! plant aft]w>ds figur$ by ,brongni>t z ,s4 pa*yd]ma#dec4 ,brongni>t 9 #ahbb figur$ ano!r type ( /em *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( ribs & by prom95t spirally arrang$ cu%ions be>+ relatively l>ge leaf-sc>s l ! upp] "p ( ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bjc2 ?is he nam$ ,cla?r>ia ,br>dii1 a well-kn[n & widely di/ribut$ ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian species n[ spok5 ( z ,sigill>ia ,br>di 7figs4 #aif1 ,a-,c2 #bjc74 ,a ?ird type ( /em figur$ by ,brongni>t z ,syr+od5dron /riatum#ded agrees ) ,sigill>ia scutellata 9 hav+ ribs1 b diff]s 9 ! sub/itution ( n>r[ oval ridges or depressions = leaf-sc>s2 ?is is n[ recognis$ z a p>tially decorticat$ ,sigill>ia1 9 :i* ! vascul> bundle ( ea* leaf is repres5t$ by a n>r[ ridge or depression4 ,! "n ,syr+od5dron1 orig9ally us$ by ,/]nb]g1 is conv5i5tly appli$ to c]ta9 =ms ( ,sigill>ian /ems :i* h lo/ _! sup]ficial tissues4 ,a f\r? g5]ic "n1 ,favul>ia1 0 in/itut$ by ,/]nb]g#dee = ,sigill>ian /ems ) ribs cov]$ ) contigu\s leaf-sc>s ( hexagonal =m & prom95t lat]al angles 7fig4 #aic1 ,a2 fig4 #bjj1 ,g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,a4 ,sigill>ia elegans ,brongn4 ,b4 ,sigill>ia rugosa ,brongn4 ,middle ,coal-,measures4 ,c4 ,omphalophloios anglicus ,kid/4 ,b>nsley4 ,d4 ,sigill>ia elegans ,brongn4 ,e4 ,sigill>ia tessellata ,brongn4 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 ab\t nat4 size4 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection47 ,! g5]ic or sub-g5]ic title ,rhytidolepis1 also in/itut$ by ,/]nb]g1 is appli$ to ribb$ ,sigill>ian /ems su* z ,s4 scutellata1 ,s4 rugosa 7fig4 #aic1 ,b71 ,s4 mammill>is 7fig4 #aie71 or ,s4 laevigata 7fig4 #aif1 ,d74 ,gold5b]g#def propos$ ! "n ,leiod]m>ia = smoo? ,sigill>ian /ems ) leaf-sc>s n 9 contact ) "o ano!r 7fig4 #aif1 ,c74 ,! %oot sy/em ( ,sigill>ia consi/$ ( a /\t /em tap]+ upw>ds to a height ( #ajj feet#deg or m z an unbran*$ column1 ) its dome-%ap$ apex#deh cov]$ ) l9e> grass-l leaves or1 9 "s species1 su* z ,sigill>ia ,br>di#dei1 ,s4 ,eug5ii#dfj1 etc41 ! ma9 trunk 0 occasionally divid$ by app>5tly equal di*otomy4 ,! y\ng] portions ( ! /em or bran*es 7 9 "s species clo!d ) leaves sep>at$ by a n>r[ zigzag groove surr\nd+ _! hexagonal bases1 :ile 9 o!r =ms ea* leaf 0 seat$ on a m or less prom95t cu%ion hav+ ! =m illu/rat$ by ,sigill>ia ,mc,murtriei 7fig4 #aid7 or by ! example repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bjj1 ,h2 or z 9 ! ribb$ species %[n 9 figs4 #aic1 ,b1 & #aie1 ! leaves 9 v]tical s]ies 7 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by long] portions ( ! ribs4 ,z 9 ,lepidod5dron ! cu%ions are frequ5tly *>act]is$ by irregul> transv]se wr9kl+s & o!r#dfa surface-ornam5tation :i* 9 "s in/ances at lea/ may h be5 produc$ z ! result ( po/-mortem %r9kage ( sup]ficial tissue4 ,f ! r>ity ( %oots ) ! foliage atta*$1 x w\ld seem t ! leaves p]si/$ = a comp>atively %ort "t & 7 cut (f by an absciss-lay] leav+ beh9d a well-m>k$ leaf-sc> area4 ,! l9e> leaves1 rea*+ 9 r>e cases a l5g? ( "o metre 7e4g4 ,s4 lepidod5drifolia7 b usually mu* %ort]1 possess$ a s+le m$ian bundle1 & ! l[] face 0 *>act]is$ by two /omatal grooves & a m$ian keel4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d leaf-bases ( ,sigill>ia deta*$ f ! /em & pres]v$ z sep>ate impressions4 ,! t]m ,sigill>iophyllum us$ by ,gr&',eury#dfb may be appli$ to deta*$ leaves1 ?\gh x is by no means easy to di/+ui% betwe5 ! foliage ( ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron4 ,a comp>ison ( a typical species ( ,sigill>ia1 su* z ,s4 rugosa 7fig4 #aic1 ,b7 or ,s4 ,br>di 7fig4 #aif1 ,a-,c7 ) a typical ,lepidod5dron reveals obvi\s diff]5ces 9 ! =m ( ! leaf-cu%ion1 b 9 "s cases ! di/9ction becomes purely arbitr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,sigill>ia ,mc,murtriei ,kid/4 ,f a specim5 f ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,rad/ock1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,v4 #ieb74 ,nat4 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,sigill>ia mammill>is4 7,rhytidolepis =m47 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 p1 p>i*nos2 l1 ligule-pit2 t1 leaf-trace2 c1 cu%ion2 s1 leaf-sc>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,a-,c4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di4 7,a aft] ,g]m>2 ,b1 ,c aft] ,zeill]47 ,d4 ,sigill>ia laevigata4 ,e4 ,lepidod5dron ,wor!ni 7,d & ,e aft] ,zeill]74 ,imm$iately above ! c5tre ( ! upp] b\nd>y ( a ,sigill>ian leaf-sc> a ligule pit may (t5 be detect$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aie1 l1 & 9 "s cases1 e4g4 a specim5 figur$ by ,g]m>#dfc 7fig4 #aif1 ,a7 z ,sigill>ia sp9ulosa 7id5tical ) ,s4 ,br>di71 "s circul> sc>s ) a c5tral pit surr\nd$ by a rais$ rim occur on ! surface ( ! /em1 ei!r s+ly or 9 pairs1 ne> ! leaf-sc>s2 ^!1 x is sugge/$1 may repres5t ! position ( adv5titi\s roots or1 z ,g]m> ?\ght1 ( "s decidu\s sp9\s processes4 ,! leaf-sc>s are frequ5tly hexagonal 9 %ape1 ) ! lat]al angles ei!r r\nd$ 7fig4 #bjj1 ,f7 or %>ply po9t$ 7fig4 #bjj1 ,g1 ,h72 ea* sc> be>s ?ree small] sc>s z 9 ,lepidod5dron1 a c5tral circul>1 oval or cresc5tic leaf-trace sc> & l>g] oval or slightly curv$ sc>s =m$ by ! two p>i*nos arms 7fig4 #aie1 p74 ,! l>g] size ( ! p>i*nos arms1 ! individual cells ( :i* may (t5 be detect$ z a f9e punctation1 is a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! g5us1 b o!rwise ! /ructure is v simil> to t 9 ,lepidod5dron4 ,z %[n 9 figs4 #aie1 #bjj1 ,f1 ,g1 ! ?ree sc>s may occur ne>] ! upp] ?an ! l[] m>g9 ( ! leaf-base area4 ,lepidod5dron ,wor!ni#dfd 7fig4 #aif1 ,e71 describ$ f ,nor? ,am]ica by ,lesqu]eux#dfe1 by ,zeill]#dff f ,france1 & by ,kid/on#dfg f ! ,upp] & ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,engl&1 may be quot$ z a ,lepidod5dron be>+ a close resemblance to ,sigill>ia4 ,! %oots be> cu%ions two or ?ree times z long z broad & )\t ! usual m$ian division1 b ) num]\s irregul> & discont9u\s transv]se wr9kl+s4 ,lepidod5dron ,pea*ii ,kid/on#dfh af=ds ano!r example ( a =m agree+ bo? ) ,sigill>ia & ) ,lepidod5dron4 ,an ,upp] ,devonian type describ$ by ,:ite#dfi z ,ar*aeosigill>ia primaeva af=ds a /rik+ in/ance ( ! comb9ation on "o /em ( ,sigill>ian & ,lepidod5droid leaf-cu%ions4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al surface ( a ,sigill>ia /em & t ( p>tially decorticat$ specim5s is se5 9 figs4 #aif1 ,c & ,d2 9 fig4 ,c ! b>k ( ,sigill>ia ,br>di %[s ! *>act]i/ic wr9kl+s ( ! sup]ficial tissue1 :ile at a slightly l[] level ! leaf-sc>s are replac$ by ! p>i*nos ca/s1 a1 & f9e longitud9al /riations repres5t ! elongat$ phellod]m cells laid b>e by ! exfoliation ( ! surface-lay]s4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! rib ( ,sigill>ia laevigata 7fig4 #aif1 ,d7 ! p>i*nos arms1 p1 & ! longitud9al /riations are expos$ at ! l[] level1 :ile ! surface is smoo? & be>s r[s ( widely sep>at$ leaf-sc>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,c>ica sp4 ,f ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew4 7,mu* r$uc$47 ,m4,s4 ,! old] "p ( a ,sigill>ian /em may pres5t an appe>ance v diff]5t f t ( ! y\ng] %oots4 ,! leaf-cu%ions may be /ret*$ ap>t z ! result ( elongation & increase 9 gir?1 :ile 9 "s cases ! arrangem5t ( ! leaf-sc>s may v>y on ! same axis z ! result ( inequalities 9 gr[? or *ang+ climatic conditions4 ,! contigu\s arrangem5t ( ! leaf-sc>s & n>r[ cu%ions *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cla?r>ian =m ( /em1 z 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,weiss#dgj1 & aft]w>ds illu/rat$ by ,zeill]#dga & ,kid/on1 may be gradually replac$ 7on ! same specim57 by a m di/ant disposition ( ! leaf-sc>s sep>at$ by a smoo? int]v5+ surface ( b>k4 ,! specim5 ( ,s4 ,br>di reproduc$ 9 "p 9 fig4 #bjc1 & fir/ figur$ by ,kid/on1 af=ds an example ( ?ree 8species0 on "o piece ( /em1 ,s4 ,br>di ,brongn41 ,s4 d5udata ,goepp4 & ,s4 rhomboidea ,brongn4#dgb ,! piece ( ,c>ica /em1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aig1 illu/rates ! dang] ( tru/+ to ! disposition ( leaves z a specific crit]ion4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ribb$ =ms ! degree ( sep>ation ( ! leaf-sc>s is by no means uni=m 9 a s+le species#dgc4 ,"s au?ors h adopt$ a two-fold classification ( ,sigill>ian /ems propos$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,weiss#dgd ( ,b]l91 :o divid$ ! ,sigill>iae into 7,a7 ,sub-,sigill>iae1 compris+ ,leiod]m>iae & ,cancellatae1 & 7,b7 ,eu-,sigill>iae1 includ+ ,favul>iae & ,rhytidolepis4 ,gr&',eury#dge adopts ! t]ms ,rhytidolepis & ,leiod]m>ia = ribb$ & smoo? /ems respectively1 ! type to :i* ! "n ,cla?r>ia 0 appli$ by ,brongni>t be+ 9 "s cases at lea/ ! "y =m ( ,leiod]m>ian /ems4 ,:ile recognis+ ! artificial di/9ction impli$ by su* t]ms z ,rhytidolepis1 ,leiod]m>ia1 & o!r sub-g5]ic titles1 we may conv5i5tly speak ( ! two ma9 types ( ,sigill>ia /ems z ribb$ & smoo?4 ,/ill old] /ems ( ,sigill>ia are n uncommon f :i* ! leaf-sc>s & o!r sup]ficial tissues h be5 exfoliat$1 leav+ expos$ a longitud9ally fissur$ surface ( second>y cortex *>act]is$ by pairs ( consid]ably enl>g$ p>i*nos /r&s 7fig4 #aih7 :i* are sometimes p>tially or :olly fus$ into "o 7,syr+od5dron /ate ( ,sigill>ia74 ,! s+le or d\ble nature ( ! elliptical or circul> p>i*nos areas is d\btless due to ! degree ( exfoliation1 :i* may ext5d suffici5tly deep into ! cortex to rea* ! level ( ! p>i*nos be=e ! s+le /r& has bifurcat$ 7cf4 ,lepidod5dron1 p4 #ajj74 ,9 ! ,museums ( ,man*e/]1 ,newca/le1 & o!r places ca/s ( l>ge ,sigill>ia /ems may be se51 :i* illu/rate ! diff]5ces 9 bread? & regul>ity ( ! v]tical ribs1 & 9 ! size & %ape ( ! p>i*nos areas 9 diff]5t regions ( a p>tially decorticat$ /em4 ,a ca/ ( a ribb$ species 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum1 hav+ a l5g? ( #ahe cm4 & a bread? ( #ef cm41 %[s 9 ! upp] portion /raight v]tical grooves & broad ribs be>+ pairs ( p>i*nos sc>s #aa mm4 long2 9 ! l[] portion ! ribs t5d to become oblit]at$ & ! p>i*nos sc>s1 #b cm4 9 l5g?1 may be p>tially fus$ & arrang$ 9 mu* less regul> v]tical s]ies4 ,a feature ( ^! old] ribb$ ,sigill>ian /ems is ! increase 9 ! numb] ( ! ribs f bel[ upw>ds4 ,kid/on#dgf has describ$ a specim5 9 ! ,sund]l& ,museum1 #f feet #f in*es long1 ) a circumf]5ce at ! slightly bottle-%ap$ base ( #e feet4 ,on ! l[] portion ( ! /em !re are #bi broad ribs2 ab\t "o-?ird ! height _m ( ^! bifurcate1 produc+ z _m z #dj ribs 9 ! upp] "p :]e ! ca/ has a circumf]5ce ( #c feet4 ,! increase 9 numb] ( ! ribs is due 9 "p to bifurcation1 b also to ! int]calation ( new ones4 ,z ,kid/on po9ts out1 ?is example %[s t z a /em grew 9 l5g? additional leaves 7 develop$ at ! apex4 ,a simil> /em1 :i* illu/rates v cle>ly ! increase 9 ! numb] ( ribs f bel[ upw>ds1 may be se5 9 ! ,newca/le ,museum4 ,gr&',eury#dgg has describ$ an example ( an old /em ( a ribless species ( ,sigill>ia1 ,syr+od5dron bioculatum1 be>+ s+le & d\ble p>i*nos areas ( ne>ly circul> =m & ) a diamet] ( #a-b cm4 ,9 a specim5 figur$ by ,r5ault & ,ro*e#dgh 7,syr+od5dron esno/5se7 f ! ,culm /rata 9 ,france1 ! p>i*nos sc>s rea* a l5g? ( #c cm4 ,z se5 9 ! fragm5t ( a ribb$ ,sigill>ia repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aih1 ! l>ge p>i*nos areas exhibit a di/9ct surface pitt+ 9 contra/ to ! f9e longitud9al /riation ( ! rib2 ! diff]5ce 9 surface-appe>ance is due to ! nature ( ! tissue1 :i* 9 ! p>i*nos consi/s ( fairly l>ge p>5*ymat\s elem5ts ) gr\ps ( secretory cells#dgi1 & 9 ! expos$ cortex ( elongat$ elem5ts4 ,! v]tical l9e 9 ! middle ( fig4 #aih1 :i* occurs 9 ! middle ( ! rib1 has probably be5 =m$ by splitt+ ( ! b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,sigill>ia ) l>ge p>i*nos areas4 7 nat4 size47 ,m4,s4 ,gr&',eury's description ( fossil =e/s ( ,sigill>iae 9 ! rocks ( ! ,/ ti5ne#dhj di/rict af=ds a /rik+ picture ( ^! arboresc5t ,pt]idophytes2 he speaks ( ! /ems ( "s ( ! trees z swoll5 l a bottle at ! base1 *>act]is$ by ! ,syr+od5dron features & t]m9at+ bel[ 9 %ort repeat$ly =k$ roots ( ! type kn[n z ,/igm>iopsis4 ,o!r specim5s ( ,sigill>ia /umps %[ a m>k$ decrease 9 gir? t[>ds ! base2 ?is tap]$ =m is reg>d$ by ,gr&',eury z ! result ( ! developm5t ( a]ial column> /ems f und]gr\nd rhizomes4 ,! nature ( ! root-l organs ( ,sigill>ia is dealt ) 9 ! sequel3 a brief ref]5ce may1 h[ev]1 be made to ! occurr5ce ( /umps ( v]tical trunks :i* pass d[nw>ds into regul>ly =k$ & spread+ arms4 ,^! arms lie almo/ horizontally 9 ! s& or mud l ! und]gr\nd rhizomes ( ,phragmites & o!r rec5t plants gr[+ 9 swampy situations :]e wat] is abundant & :]e deep] p5etration ( ! soil w\ld expose !m to an insuffici5t supply ( oxyg5#dha4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,sigill>ia _h no tap-root1 b 0 support$ on spread+ subt]ranean organs be>+ spirally dispos$ long & sl5d] rootlets :i* absorb$ wat] f a swampy soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,p>tially decorticat$ /em ( ,sigill>ia %[+ two zones ( cone-sc>s4 ,f a ca/ 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,m4,s4 7 nat4 size47 ,! regul>ity ( ! leaf-sc> s]ies on a ,sigill>ian /em may be int]rupt$ by ! occurr5ce ( oval sc>s ) a c5tral sc> & surr\nd+ groove 7fig4 #aic1 ,e72 ^! occur 9 zones at m or less regul> int]vals on ! /em1 z se5 9 ! p>tially decorticat$ ca/ repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aii4 ,zeill] has po9t$ out t ! r[s ( oval or circul> sc>s1 :i* m>k ! position ( caduc\s /alk$ /robili1 may occur betwe5 ! leaf-sc>s 9 v]tical s]ies1 ea* ( :i* may include z _m z #bj sc>s1 :ile 9 o!r cases a s+le s]ies ( su* cone-sc>s may encircle ! /em#dhb4 ,! zones are usually ( unev5 bread?1 z 9 ,s4 ,br>di1 & _! occurr5ce produces "s de=mation ( ! adjac5t leaf-sc>s4 ,by ! e>li] writ]s ,sigill>ia 0 comp>$ ) succul5t ,euphorbias1 ,cacti1 & ,palms2 ,brongni>t#dhc at fir/ includ$ und\bt$ ,sigill>ian /ems among ,f]ns1 b aft] inve/igat+ an agatiz$ /em f ,autun1 he ref]r$ ,sigill>ia to ! ,gymnosp]ms#dhd on ! gr\nd t x _h ! p[] ( produc+ second>y wood4 ,x 0 !n suppos$ t ,lepidod5dron possess$ only prim>y xylem1 & t ! pres5ce ( a vascul> m]i/em 9 ,sigill>ia necessitat$ its sep>ation f ! lycopodiace\s g5us ,lepidod5dron & its inclusion 9 ! high] plants4 ,by sl[ degrees x 0 recognis$1 z 9 ! p>allel case ( ! g5us ,calamites1 t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( second>y vascul> tissue is a "* ( small importance4 ,williamson1 ^: anatomical rese>*es play$ ! mo/ important "p 9 ridd+ ! m9ds ( palaeobotani/s ( ! sup]/ition t second>y gr[? 9 ?ickness is a monopoly ( ! ,phan]ogams1 spoke 9 #ahhc ( ! conflict z to ! aff9ities ( ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia z virtually ov] b leav+ "h & !re 8! gr\nd-swell ( a /ormy pa/#dhe40 ,9 #ahgb ! same au?or _h writt53 8,if !n ,i am correct 9 ?us br++ ! ,lepidod5dra & ,sigill>iae into su* close aff9ity1 !re is an end ( ,m4 ,brongni>t's !ory1 t ! latt] 7 gymnosp]m\s exog5s1 because ! cryptogamic "* ( ! =m] is disput$ by no "o2 we mu/ r conclude z ,i h done t ! entire s]ies repres5ts1 along ) ! ,calamites1 an exog5\s gr\p ( ,cryptogams 9 :i* ! woody zone sep>at$ a m$ull>y f a cortical portion#dhf40 ,9 #ahgi ,r5ault#dhg express$ ! op9ion t ,brongni>t by 8 inve/igation ( ! anatomy ( ,sigill>ia elegans _h e/abli%$ 9 a mann] 8presque irrfutable0 t ,sigill>ia mu/ be class$ z a ,gymnosp]m %[+ aff9ity ) ! ,cycads4 ,9 #ahee ,gold5b]g#dhh describ$ "s /robili :i* he reg>d$ z ^? ( ,sigill>ia & recognis$ _! close resemblance to a f]tile plant ( ,isoetes4 ,he 0 l$ to ! conclusion1 :i* _h little influ5ce on contempor>y op9ion1 t ,sigill>ia is relat$ to ,isoetes & mu/ be class$ among ,pt]idophytes4 ,to ^! long & n>r[ /robili ,s*imp] gave ! "n ,sigill>io/robus#dhi4 ,9 #ahhd ,zeill]#dij suppli$ confirmation ( ,gold5b]g's view by ! discov]y ( cones borne on p$icels ) ,sigill>ian leaf-sc>s1 ?us demon/rat+ ! g5]ic id5tity ( cones & vegetative %oots1 :i* ,gold5b]g _h connect$ on ! evid5ce ( association4 ,zeill]'s m rec5t "w#dia & ! /ill lat] rese>*es ( ,kid/on#dib h add$ consid]ably to our k ( ! morphology ( ,sigill>ian cones4 ,gr&',eury's rem>k made s rec5tly z #ahijdic t op9ion 9 reg>d to ! ,gymnosp]m\s nature ( ,sigill>ia is los+ gr\nd e day1 be>s /rik+ te/imony to ! p]t9acity ) :i* old beliefs l+] ev5 9 ! face ( ov]:elm+ pro( ( _! falsity4 ,x is rem>kable1 9 view ( ! abundance ( vegetative %oots1 h[ r>ely und\bt$ ,sigill>ian /robili h be5 f\nd2 ?is may1 h[ev]1 be 9 "p due to a confusion ) ,lepido/robi :i* s f> z we "k d n diff] 9 important respects f ,sigill>io/robi#did4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,sigill>ia usually produc$ its cones on sl5d] p$icels :i* bore a few leaves or bracts 9 irregul> v]ticils1 or 9 %ort v]tical s]ies on comp>atively /\t /ems1 an arrangem5t rem9d+ u ( ! occurr5ce ( fl[]s on old /ems ( ,!obroma & o!r rec5t ,dicotyl$ons4 ,z ,r5ault#die po9t$ out ! f]tile %oots are axill>y 9 orig94 ,dr ,kid/on#dif is ( op9ion t c]ta9 species ( ,sigill>ia bore cones sessile on l>ge vegetative %oots *>act]is$ by two opposite r[s ( cup-l depressions l ^? 9 ! ,ulod5dron =m ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum 7fig4 #aeg74 ,he has describ$ ! ,ulod5dron condition ( two species1 ,sigill>ia discophora 7,knig7 & ,s4 ,taylori 7,c>r472 ! cup-l depressions may h a diamet] ( sev]al c5timetres & are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,bo?rod5dron by ! almo/ c5tral position ( ! umbilicus4 ,! specim5s :i* he figures z ,s4 discophora are id5tifi$ by him ) ! /em figur$ by ,knig z ,lepidod5dron discophorum & by ,l9dley & ,hutton#dig z ,ulod5dron m9us4 ,we h already dealt ) ! nature ( ,ulod5dron %oots1 express+ ! op9ion t 9 spite ( ! (t5 quot$ specim5 describ$ by ,d',arcy ,?ompson#dih1 9 :i* a suppos$ cone occurs 9 "o ( ! cups1 !re is no satisfactory case ( any und\bt$ cone hav+ be5 f\nd atta*$ to ! l>ge ,ulod5dron sc>s4 ,x is m probable t ! ,ulod5dron depressions repres5t ! sc>s ( bran*es1 ei!r elongat$ axes1 or possibly 9 "s cases decidu\s tub]\s %oots :i* s]v$ z organs ( vegetative reproduction4 ,a specim5 figur$ by ,kid/on z ,sigill>ia ,taylori f ! ,calcif]\s s&/one ( ,scotl&#dii be>s a r[ ( slightly project+ 8app5dicul> organs0 atta*$ to a ,ulod5dron axis2 b ^! furni% no pro( ( _! /robiloid nature4 ,! ma9 "q is1 are ^! ,ulod5dron %oots correctly id5tifi$ by ,kid/on z ,sigill>ian8 ,! surface ( ! specim5s %[s cr[d$ rhomboidal sc>s surr\nd$ 9 "s cases by a v n>r[ bord] or cu%ion2 ! g5]al appe>ance is1 z ,kid/on ma9ta9s1 l t ( ,sigill>ia ,br>di 9 :i* ! leaf-sc>s are contigu\s 7e4g4 fig4 #bjc1 upp] "p74 ,none ( ! leaf-sc>s exhibit ! ?ree *>act]i/ic features1 ! leaf-trace & p>i*nos sc>s1 b only "o small sc> appe>s on ea* leaf-base area4 ,9 a m rec5t pap] ,kid/on figures a small piece ( a /em f ,kilm>nock1 :i* he id5tifies z ,sigill>ia discophora1 %[+ ! ?ree *>act]i/ic sc>s on ! leaf-base area4 ,!re is no d\bt z to ! ,sigill>ian nature ( ?is specim51 b x is n cle> if ! piece figur$ is "p ( a ,ulod5dron %oot#ejj4 ,pr(4 ,zeill]#eja reta9s ! old] "n ,ulod5dron m9us ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 9 place ( ,knig's specific designation & diss5ts f ,kid/on's id5tification ( ,ulod5dron m9us & ,u4 majus ( ,l9dley & ,hutton z "o species2 he is also incl9$ to ref] ^! ,ulod5dron axes to ,lepidod5dron4 ,9 spite ( ! sup]ficial resemblance to ,sigill>ia ( ! specim5s describ$ by ,kid/on1 & :i* ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+1 ,i v5ture to reg>d _! ref]5ce to t g5us z by no means def9itely e/abli%$4 ,we mu/ recognise ! difficulty 9 c]ta9 cases ( draw+ any satisfactory di/9ction betwe5 ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron bas$ on ext]nal features1 & :ile giv+ due weight to ! conclusions ( s exp]i5c$ a palaeobotani/ z my fri5d ,dr ,kid/on1 ,i v5ture to ?9k we are n 9 a position to /ate ) confid5ce t ,sigill>ia possess$ ,ulod5dron %oots4 ii4 ,leaves4 ,! leaves ( ,sigill>ia agree closely ) ^? ( ,lepidod5dron2 !y are ei!r acicul> 7fig4 #bjj1 ,d7 l ,p9e ne$les or broad] & flatt] l ! leaves ( ,podoc>pus4 ,_! atta*m5t to comp>atively ?ick bran*es#ejb %[s t !y p]si/$1 9 "s cases at lea/1 = sev]al ye>s z 9 ,arauc>ia imbricata4 ,! l[] surface ( ! lam9a 0 *>act]is$ by a prom95t keel 7fig4 #adb1 ,a & ,c7 :i* dies out t[>ds ! apex2 on ei!r side ( x are well-def9$ /omatal grooves 7figs4 #adb1 g1 g2 #adc1 ,a2 #bjj1 ,d1 g74 ,! upp] face may be *>act]is$ by ano!r groove 7fig4 #adb1 ,b7 b )\t /omata4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! /omatal grooves1 ! abundance ( transfusion tra*eae 7fig4 #adb1 t7 surr\nd+ ! vascul> bundle1 & ! pres5ce ( /r5g!n+ hypod]mal tissue sugge/ t ! leaves ( ,sigill>ia 7 ( a m or less pron\nc$ x]ophil\s type & _h a fairly /rong & lea!ry lam9a4 ,! mesophyll tissue consi/s ei!r ( %ort p>5*ymat\s cells or ( radially elongat$ palisade-l elem5ts & has ! loose or lacun> arrangem5t *>act]i/ic ( ! a]at+ sy/em 9 rec5t leaves2 ! slight developm5t or abs5ce ( palisade-tissue may indicate exposure to diffuse light ( no great int5sity4 ,9 mo/ species !re is a s+le ve91 b 9 o!rs ! xylem =ms a d\ble /r& 7fig4 #adb1 ,b74 ,sections ( ! lam9a ne> ! apical region pres5t a m circul> =m1 ow+ to ! gradual oblit]ation ( ! upp] groove & l[] keel & to ! dy+ out ( ! /omatal grooves4 ,! transv]se section ( ! leaf diagrammatically repres5t$ 9 fig4 #adb1 ,a1 ,a1 %[s ! two /omatal grooves1 g1 & a prom95t keel2 ! s+le ve9 consi/s ( a small gr\p ( prim>y tra*eae1 x1 "s delicate p>5*yma1 & a br[n pat* ( imp]fectly pres]v$ tissues1 a1 resembl+ ! secretory zone tissue ( a ,lepidod5dron4 ,! :ole is surr\nd$ by a %ea? ( r wide & %ort ?9n]-wall$ spiral or reticulate tra*eids1 :i* may be spok5 ( z transfusion tra*eae1 t1 & comp>$ ) simil> elem5ts 9 ! leaves ( _m rec5t ,conif]s4 ,to ?is tissue ,r5ault applies ! epi!t 8wat]-be>+0 & x is v likely t ?is may h be5 its function4 ,! %ad$ portions ( ! lam9a1 9 fig4 #adb1 ,a1 repres5t ! di/ribution ( ?ick]-wall$ hypod]mal tissue4 ,! section ( a leaf #c mm4 wide %[n 9 fig4 #adb1 ,c1 %[s an almo/ id5tical /ructure2 ! transfusion tra*eae are ri*ly develop$ especially on ! sides & l[] surface ( ! vascul> /r&4 ,?is leaf occurs 9 association ) a petrifi$ /em ( ,sigill>ia scutellata#ejc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,a4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di ,s4 elegans ,brongn4 7#ci74 ,transv]se section ( /em4 ,b4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di ,s4 sp9ulosa1 ,r5ault & ,gr&',eury 7#ge73 c1 out] cortex2 x1 x1 xylem4 7,aft] ,r5ault & ,gr&',eury47 ,c4 ,s4 ,br>di1 prim>y xylem elem5t4 7,a & ,c aft] ,brongni>t47 ,d4 ,leaf ( ,sigill>ia ,br>di3 g1 g1 /omatal grooves2 ep1 piece ( epid]mis ( /em4 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,e4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di4 ,tang5tial section ( leaf-bases3 p1 p>i*nos4 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,f1 ,g1 ,h4 ,sigill>ia leaf-sc>s & cu%ions4 7,aft] ,weiss47 ,r5ault#ejd has %[n t ! leaf-traces ( ,sigill>ia sp9ulosa 7 ,s4 ,br>di7 are accompani$ 9 ! out] cortical region ( ! /em by a fairly l>ge am\nt ( second>y xylem2 9 sections ( ! free lam9a :i* he figures ! second>y elem5ts are mu* less obvi\s & repres5t$ by a few tra*eae only4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! leaf-base ( ,s4 ,br>di 7fig4 #bjj1 ,e7 ! xylem consi/s ( bo? prim>y & second>y elem5ts 7x1 x71 b 9 ! lam9a ! latt] is poorly if at all repres5t$4 ,9 ! lam9a ( ! leaves ( ,s4 ,br>di ! prim>y xylem =ms a n>r[ slightly curv$ b& ) two lat]al gr\ps ( n>r[]1 presumably protoxylem elem5ts2 ?is is surr\nd$ by delicate p>5*yma /yl$ by ,r5ault1 on v sl5d] evid5ce1 phloem 78lib]074 ,"s d>k cells bel[ ! xylem are describ$ z scl]\s tissue1 & surr\nd+ ! bundle is a %ea? ( transfusion tra*eae 7dott$ area 9 fig4 #bjj1 ,e74 ,x is possible t ! elem5ts spok5 ( ) hesitation by ,r5ault z second>y xylem are transfusion tra*eae4 ,!re has probably be5 "s confusion 9 ! m9ds ( au?ors betwe5 scl]\s tissue & d>k secretory tissue 9 ,sigill>ian leaves2 ! cresc5tic b&1 a1 %[n 9 fig4 #adb1 ,b1 :i* corresponds 9 position ) ! scl]\s tissue ( ,r5ault 9 ,s4 ,br>di leaves1 appe>s to be ( ! nature ( secretory tissue4 ,! diagram %[n 9 fig4 #adb1 ,b1 illu/rates a type ( leaf v l ^? already describ$1 except t !re are two xylem /r&s1 x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! d\ble /r& & ! s+le bundle se5 9 figs4 #adb1 ,a1 ,c & #bjj ,e1 is comp>atively small1 b x is a real di/9ction4 ,?is type ( leaf 7fig4 #adb1 ,b7 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,r5ault#eje "u ! g5]ic title ,sigill>iopsis4 ,! g5us 0 f\nd$ on a ,fr5* petrifi$ specim5 consi/+ ( "p ( a ribb$ /em possess+ a /ele ( ! ,sigill>ian type & *>act]is$ by sep>ate prim>y xylem /r&s1 l ^? ( ,s4 ,br>di describ$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahci4 ,r5ault consid]$ ! pres5ce ( two xylem /r&s 9 ! leaf a suffici5t reason = ! in/itution ( a new g5us & nam$ ! specim5 ,sigill>iopsis ,decaisnei4 ,pr(4 ,b]tr& ( ,lille k9dly photograph$ = me ,r5ault's type-specim5 & s5t sev]al pr9ts ) explanatory notes4 ,! transv]se section ( ! leaves %[s v cle>ly ! two xylem /r&s2 ea* /r& consi/s ( a triangul> gr\p ( prim>y tra*eae ) ! protoxylem apex po9t+ t[>ds ! l[] surface ( ! lam9a4 ,bel[ ea* prim>y /r& ( c5tripetal xylem is an arc compos$ ( a few small tra*eae :i* ,r5ault & ,b]tr& describe z second>y xylem2 x is1 h[ev]1 n cle> f ! photomicrographs t ^! are ( second>y orig91 _! position & appe>ance rem9d+ "o ( ! prim>y c5trifugal xylem ( a cycadean foli> bundle4 ,bel[ ?is c5trifugal xylem is ano!r arc ( imp]fectly pres]v$ elem5ts describ$ by ,r5ault z a protective %ea? & by ,b]tr& z gl&ul> tissue2 ! latt] t]m is probably ! m correct z ! tissue may well correspond to ! secretory-zone tissue ( ,lepidod5dron /ems4 ,fairly l>ge gr\ps ( transfusion tra*eids occur on ! flanks ( ! xylem4 ,pr(4 ,b]tr& po9ts out t "o ( 8 sections1 cut ne>] ! apex ( a leaf ?an t figur$ by ,r5ault ) a s+le xylem /r&1 conta9s a d\ble /r& & ?us %[s ! latt]'s description to be an incorrect int]pretation ( ! imp]fectly pres]v$ tissues4 ,! ,sigill>iopsis type ( leaf 0 recognis$ by ,scott#ejf 9 ,engli% mat]ial on :i* he f\nd$ ! species ,sigill>iopsis sulcata4 ,9 a section :i* he has rec5tly figur$#ejg a lacuna bel[ ! two xylem /r&s is describ$ z 8repres5t+ secretory tissue02 a b& ( transfusion tra*eae almo/ encircles ! pair ( bundles4 ,9 a note publi%$ 9 #aijg1 ,kid/on#ejh demon/rat$ ! association ( ,sigill>iopsis leaves ) an und\bt$ ,sigill>ian /em ( ! ,rhytidolepis type & express$ 8 conviction t ,r5ault's g5us is id5tical ) ,sigill>ia4 ,! correctness ( ,kid/on's conclusion has be5 prov$ by ,arb] & ,?omas#eji :o f\nd t ! leaf-traces ( ,sigill>ia scutellata bifurcate dur+ _! c\rse ?r\gh ! out] region ( ! cortex & ent] ! leaf z two di/9ct /r&s ( prim>y xylem4 ,9 ! section f ,dr ,kid/on's collection %[n 9 fig4 #adb1 ,b1 ! lam9a1 #d mm4 wide1 consi/s ma9ly ( ?9-wall$ assimilat+ tissue compos$ ( radially elongat$ cells abutt+ at ! p]iph]y on hypod]mal me*anical tissue1 except at ! edges ( ! /omatal grooves :i* are b\nd$ by ! small-cell$ epid]mis4 ,a broad %ea? ( ?ick]-wall$ elem5ts1 s1 surr\nds num]\s scatt]$ transfusion tra*eae1 t1 & bel[ ! two xylem /r&s1 x1 :i* are emb$d$ 9 delicate p>5*yma !re is a cresc5tic b& ( d>k tissue1 a1 resembl+ ! small] /r&1 a1 9 fig4 #adb1 ,a1 & ! secretory zone tissue ( a ,lepidod5dron /em4 iii4 ,f]tile %oots ( ,sigill>ia4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! mann] ( occurr5ce ( /robili on ,sigill>ian /ems2 x rema9s to describe ! /ructure ( ^! reproductive %oots4 ,sigill>io/robus1 ! "n giv5 to ,sigill>ian /robili1 may be def9$ 9 g5]al t]ms z foll[s3 ,cyl9drical cones1 r>ely di*otom\sly bran*$#eaj z 9 species ( ,lycopodium & ,selag9ella1 :i* may rea* a l5g? ( #cj cm4 7e4g4 ,sigill>io/robus nobilis ,zeill4#eaa7 & a diamet] #b-e cm42 p$uncle long & sl5d]1 sometimes be>+ acicul> bracts or1 aft] leaf-fall1 *>act]is$ by leaf-cu%ions & leaf-sc>s l ^? on vegetative %oots 7fig4 #bja1 ,e74 ,! /alk$ cones are borne 9 irregul> v]ticils & 9 "s species 9 v]tical s]ies1 ! f]tile zones be+ sep>at$ by comp>atively long /]ile portions ( ! /em 7fig4 #aii74 ,! cones 7 decidu\s &1 9 c]ta9 cases if n 9 all1 ! individual sporophylls became deta*$ f ! cone-axis on maturity4 ,! sl5d] axis bore spiral or v]ticillate imbricate sporophylls atta*$ at "r angles or m or less obliquely4 ,! basal rhomboidal portion bore spores on its upp] surface 7fig4 #bja1 ,f71 presumably enclos$ 9 a some:at radially elongat$ sporangium 7fig4 ,b7 & 0 prolong$ di/ally into a n>r[ lanceolate free portion1 9 "s species ) a ciliate bord] 7fig4 ,d74 ,! sporangia probably produc$ megaspores & microspores1 b su* spores z h be5 recognis$ appe> to belong to ! =m] category4 ,! designation ,triletes is appli$ to isolat$ spores ( ,sigill>ia or to ^? ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,sigill>io/robus ,tieghemi ,zeill]#eab 7figs4 #bja1 ,e1 ,f74 ,9 ?is species1 f ! ,coal-field ( ,val5ci5nes1 ! p$icel bore acicul> leaves or bracts atta*$ to ! upp] portion ( leaf-cu%ions arrang$ 9 v]tical s]ies 7fig4 ,e74 ,! cones rea*$ a l5g? ( #af cm4 & a bread? ( #be-e cm42 ! sporophylls are borne 9 alt]nat+ v]ticils ) #h-aj 9 ea* :orl4 ,sev]al megaspores 7#b mm4 9 diamet]7 appe> to h be5 produc$ 9 tetrads 9 ea* sporangium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,sigill>io/robus4 ,a1 ,c4 ,sigill>io/robus rhombibracteatus ,kid/4 7,aft] ,kid/on47 ,a4 ,portion ( /robilus4 ,c4 ,megaspore4 ,b1 ,d4 ,sigill>io/robus ciliatus ,kid/4 7,aft] ,kid/on47 ,e1 ,f4 ,sigill>io/robus ,tieghemi ,zeill4 7,aft] ,zeill]47 ,sigill>io/robus rhombibracteatus ,kid/on#eac4 ,fig4 #bja1 ,a1 ,c4 ,kid/on describ$ ?is species f ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,engl&3 x is simil> 9 habit & 9 ! =m ( ! sporophylls to ,s4 ,tieghemi1 b r small]1 & ! m def9itely rhomboidal sporophylls h a ciliate m>g94 ,! cone 0 probably het]ospor\s1 b megaspores alone h s f> be5 discov]$4 ,! sporophylls be> a close resemblance to ^? ( ,lycopodium c]nuum 7fig4 #abf1 ,c74 ,9 "s ( ! illu/rations ( ?is type giv5 by ,kid/on ! nak$ cone-axis ) its num]\s sporophyll-sc>s is cle>ly %[n1 rem9d+ "o ( ! nak$ axes ( ! cones ( ! ,silv] ,fir 7,abies pect9ata7 or ,c$> aft] ! fall ( ! scales4 ,our k ( ,sigill>ian cones is too incomplete to admit ( a detail$ comp>ison ) ! /robili ( ,lepidod5dron or ) ^? ( rec5t ,pt]idophytes4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be little d\bt t ,gold5b]g#ead 0 correct 9 8 selection ( ,isoetes z ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ rec5t plant s f> z ! f]tile leaves are conc]n$4 ,x w\ld seem t ! sporangia 7 comp>atively delicate /ructures :i* h left no cle>ly def9$ rema9s ( _! walls 9 ! c>bonis$ specim5s2 ,kid/on1 inde$1 speaks ( ! holl[ bases ( ! sporophylls z hold+ ! spores1 b ?is is h>dly likely to h be5 ! case4 ,our k ( ! anatomy ( ,sigill>io/robus is practically nil1 b 9 "o specim5 ( a ,sigill>ia elegans /em ,kid/on#eae describes ! /ructure ( ! tissues z se5 9 a transv]se section ( a sc> ( a f]tile %oot2 f ?is we le>n t ! /ele 0 compos$ exclusively ( prim>y tra*eids =m+ a solid /r& )\t a pi?4 ,x is probable t ! cones ( ,sigill>ia 7 het]ospor\s1 b 9 no in/ance h und\bt$ microspores be5 discov]$2 ! megaspores 9 ea* megasporangium 7 fairly num]\s z 9 ,isoetes 7fig4 #acc1 ,e74 ,9 "o species1 ,sigill>io/robus major 7,g]m>71 f ,p]mian rocks ( ,france & ,g]many1 ,zeill]#eaf /ates t ! :ole ( a s+le cone bore megaspores 7#jh-a mm4 9 diamet]7 only2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 n oppos$ to ! idea ( het]ospory1 z we f9d in/ances 9 ,selag9ella ( /robili be>+ "o k9d ( spore only 7cf4 p4 #ef74 ,9 a few in/ances1 x has be5 possible to correlate cones ) c]ta9 species ( ,sigill>ia1 b 9 mo/ cases ! /robili occur z isolat$ fossils4 iv4 ,! /ructure ( ,sigill>ian /ems4 ,! fir/ acc\nt ( ! anatomy ( ,sigill>ia we owe to ,brongni>t#eag :o publi%$ a description ( ! int]nal /ructure ( an agatis$ /em1 ab\t #d cm4 9 diamet]1 f ,autun1 :i* he ref]r$ to ,sigill>ia elegans4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n by ,zeill]#eah & by ,r5ault t ?is petrifi$ fragm5t belongs to ,brongni>t's species ,s4 ,m5>di1 :i* is probably a "y =m ( ,s4 ,br>di4 ,brongni>t's specim51 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,p>is ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 is a v beautiful example ( a silicifi$ plant3 on "p ( ! surface are pres]v$ ! hexagonal contigu\s leaf-sc>s1 l ^? %[n 9 fig4 #aic1 ,a1 & on ! poli%$ transv]se section is se5 a relatively l>ge /ele consi/+ ( a r+ ( second>y xylem surr\nd+ a s]ies ( cresc5tic gr\ps ( prim>y xylem 7fig4 #bjj1 ,a7 enclos+ a wide pi? occupi$ by conc5tric lay]s ( silica4 ,a portion ( ! out] cortex is pres]v$1 & ?is is sep>at$ f ! /ele by a broad space fill$ ) silice\s rock4 ,! ma9 features ( ?is type may be describ$ 9 a few words4 ,! prim>y xylem diff]s f t ( su* ,lepidod5dron /ems z h be5 describ$ 9 be+ made up ( gr\ps ( scal>i=m & occasionally reticulate 7fig4 #bjj1 ,c7 tra*eae1 hav+ a plano-convex or m or less cresc5tic =m z se5 9 transv]se section4 ,^! prim>y /r&s1 9 contact ) "o ano!r lat]ally1 h _! n>r[e/ elem5ts on ! out] edge4 ,! leaf-traces are giv5 (f f ! middle ( ! abaxial face ( ea* xylem /r& 7fig4 #bjb1 ,c1 lt72 ^! pass obliquely outw>ds ?r\gh m$ull>y rays & !n1 z 9 ,lepidod5dron1 turn %>ply upw>ds be=e b5d+ outw>ds aga9 on _! way to ! leaves4 ,ea* leaf-trace consi/s ( a gr\p ( prim>y tra*eae to :i* a few second>y tra*eae are add$ dur+ ! passage ?r\gh ! second>y wood4 ,! second>y xylem =ms a cont9u\s cyl9d] ( tra*eae ) scal>i=m b&s on bo? radial & tang5tial walls2 ! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & consi/ ( long & n>r[ s]ies1 usually "o cell broad1 ( p>5*ymat\s cells ) occasional %ort rays "o or m cells 9 dep?4 ,! slightly great] bread? ( ! rays betwe5 ea* prim>y xylem /r& t5ds to divide ! second>y wood into bundles correspond+ 9 bread? to ! prim>y gr\ps4 ,! out] cortex closely resembles t ( ,lepidod5dron2 x consi/s int]nally ( radial s]ies ( second>y1 elongat$ & r /\t1 elem5ts abutt+ on ! p>5*ymat\s tissue ( ! leaf-cu%ions4 ,! next contribution to our k ( ! anatomy ( ,sigill>ia 0 made by ,r5ault & ,gr&',eury#eai :o describ$ ! /ructure ( ,sigill>ia sp9ulosa ,g]m>#ebj1 a species n[ recognis$ z ! ,leiod]m>ian condition ( ,s4 ,br>di1 & probably1 !re=e1 n specially di/9ct f ! specim5 describ$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahci z ,s4 elegans4 ,9 ,brongni>t's fossil ! leaf-cu%ions are 9 contact 7,cla?r>ian =m ( ,s4 ,br>di3 fig4 #bjc1 upp] "p7 :]eas 9 ! specim5 n[ "u consid]ation ! leaf-sc>s are fur!r ap>t 7,leiod]m>ian =m ( ,s4 ,br>di1 fig4 #bjc1 l[] "p1 & fig4 #aif1 ,c74 ,x may be1 z ,scott sugge/s1 t ^! two specim5s are n specifically id5tical b closely alli$1 an op9ion bas$ on c]ta9 anatomical diff]5ces#eba2 we may1 h[ev]1 include bo? "u ! compreh5sive "n ,s4 ,br>di4 ,! prim>y xylem 7fig4 #bjj1 ,b1 x71 is 9 "s regions sep>at$ into di/9ct /r&s1 9 o!rs x =ms a cont9u\s b& equal 9 l5g? to sev]al ( ! sep>ate gr\ps4 ,?is type ( /ele1 9 :i* ! prim>y xylem consi/s 9 "p ( sep>ate /r&s & 9 "p ( a cont9u\s cyl9d]1 =ms a transition betwe5 t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bjj1 ,a1 & ! /eles ( ,sigill>ia elegans 7fig4 #bjb1 ,a7 & mo/ species ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! prim>y xylem /r&s to become unit$ lat]ally1 =m+ broad] b&s1 0 fir/ describ$ by ,solms-,lauba*#ebb 9 a ,fr5* specim5 ( ,sigill>ia sp9ulosa 9 ! ,williamson collection4 ,! leaf-traces arise f ! middle ( ! concave out] face ( ! prim>y xylem gr\ps4 ,! inn] cortex is compos$ ( small p>5*ymat\s cells z 9 ,lepidod5dron1 & x is notewor?y t traces ( p>tially disorganis$ tissue1 describ$ z l>ge canals1 9 ! region ext]nal to ! second>y wood1 be> a resemblance#ebc to ! secretory tissue ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,o!r int]e/+ features are pres5t$ by ! /ructure ( ! out] cortex & ! p>i*nos4 ,! out] cortex 9 ! leaf-sc> region is compos$ ( p>5*yma1 b = ! mo/ "p x consi/s ( radially elongat$ gr\ps ( ?9-wall$ p>5*yma enclos$ 9 a framework ( ?ick]-wall$ & elongat$ elem5ts 7fig4 #bjj1 ,b1 c74 ,?is type ( cortex1 to :i* ,brongni>t appli$ ! "n ,dictyoxylon1 w\ld produce a ca/ 9 ! case ( a p>tially decorticat$ /em *>act]is$ by a surface =m$ ( irregul>ly oval & rais$ areas b\nd$ by n>r[ grooves2 ! great] prom95ce ( ! =m] be+ due to ! m rapid decay ( ! s(t] tissue1 :i* w\ld produce depressions on ! expos$ face ( ! dead /em4 ,ca/s ( ?is type are n uncommon 9 ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 & :ile "s may belong to ! ,pt]idosp]m ,lyg9od5dron1 o!rs may be ^? ( ,sigill>ian /ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,a4 ,sigill>ia elegans ,brongn4 7,section 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection cut f ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #aic1 ,d47 ,b1 ,c4 ,sigill>ia elongata ,brongn4 lt1 leaf-trace4 7,f specim5s 9 ! collection ( ,pr(4 ,b]tr&47 ,! l>ge p>i*nos-/r&s1 produc$ z 9 ,lepidod5dron1 by ! =k+ ( a s+le /r& aris+ 9 ! middle cortical region1 consi/ 9 "p ( tissue conta9+ secretory canals1 a /ructure l t rec5tly describ$ by ,miss ,c[>d#ebd 9 ! l>ge p>i*nos /r&s ( ,syr+od5dron /ems4 ,an example ( a decorticat$ specim5 is describ$ by ,r5ault#ebe z ,sigill>ia xyl9a4 ,?is /em is presumably ref]r$ to ,sigill>ia because ! prim>y xylem consi/s ( sep>ate /r&s4 ,x is *>act]is$ by ! unusually l>ge developm5t ( second>y wood & by ! relatively small size ( ! pi?4 ,! xylem cyl9d] has a diamet] ( #d-e cm4 & ! pi? is only #d-e mm4 9 bread?4 ,ano!r example ( a petrifi$ ,sigill>ia /em has be5 describ$ by ,kid/on#ebf z ,s4 elegans ,brongn4#ebg 7fig4 #aic1 ,d71 a species *>act]is$ by v]tical r[s ( sub-hexagonal & contigu\s leaf-sc>s & by ! pres5ce ( v]ticils ( cone-sc>s4 ,fig4 #aic1 ,d1 repres5ts ,kid/on's specim5 9 surface-view2 "o r[ ( leaf-sc>s is %[n1 b mo/ ( ! sup]ficial tissues h be5 de/roy$4 ,! cru%$ /ele1 #ac mm4 9 its longe/ diamet]1 has a cont9u\s cyl9d] ( prim>y xylem1 7fig4 #bjb1 ,a1 x7 *>act]is$ by a regul>ly cr5ulate out] m>g9 ) ! smalle/ elem5ts at ! edge2 ! prom95t ridges sep>at+ ! s9uses are r\nd$4 ,! leaf-traces arise f ! bottom ( ea* s9us2 ! leaf-bundles are mes>*1 & consi/ exclusively ( prim>y elem5ts4 ,! second>y xylem1 x1 l t ( ! prim>y xylem1 has a cr5ulate out] edge4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! out] cortex is af=d$ by a tang5tial section :i*1 9 addition to ! leaf-sc>s1 cuts ?r\gh a cone-sc> %[+ a solid prim>y /ele surr\nd$ by ! cortex ( ! cone-p$uncle4 ,ano!r type ( ,sigill>ia1 probably ,s4 elongata ,brongn4 7fig4 #bjb1 ,b1 ,c71 :i* is v simil> to ,s4 scutellata has be5 briefly describ$ by ,pr(4 ,b]tr&#ebh1 to :om my ?anks are due = ! two photographs reproduc$ 9 fig4 #bjb1 ,b41 ,c4 ,8 specim51 f ! ,pas de ,calais ,coal-field1 %[s a ribb$ ,rhytidolepis =m ( surface 7fig4 #bjb1 ,b74 ,! /ele 7fig4 #bjb1 ,c7 agrees closely ) t ( ,s4 elegans z describ$ by ,kid/on1 b ! ridges on ! flut$ surface ( ! prim>y xylem are m po9t$4 8,9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! orig9 ( a leaf-trace1 ! spiral elem5ts =m a m$ian b& 9 ! middle ( a s9us0 & f ?is ! leaf-traces are giv5 (f4 ,no second>y xylem 0 f\nd 9 ! leaf-traces at any "p ( _! c\rse4 ,b]tr& comp>es ! /ele ( ,s4 elongata ) t ( ! type ( ,lepidod5dron repres5t$ by ! ,burntisl& species nam$ by ,williamson ,l4 brevifolium 7fig4 #ahf7 & n[ usually ref]r$ to ,l4 ,vel!imianum2 ! *ief di/+ui%+ features are ! great] prom95ce 9 ! ,fr5* species ( ! surface-ridges or tee? ( ! prim>y xylem1 a feature :i* occurs 9 ,l4 ,wns*ianum1 & ! deta*m5t ( ! leaf-traces f ! bottom ( ea* s9us 7fig4 #bjb1 ,c1 lt7 in/ead ( f ! sides ( ! s9us4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n cle> h[ f> ?is latt] di/9ction is a real "o2 9 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum ! leaf-traces appe> to arise1 z 9 ,sigill>ia1 f ! middle ( ea* s9us4 ,o!r types ( ribb$ ,sigill>ia /ems h be5 briefly describ$ by ,scott#ebi1 ,kid/on#ecj1 & m rec5tly1 by ,arb] & ,?omas#eca4 ,! specim5 describ$ by ,scott agrees 9 ! ma9 ) ,s4 elegans ( ,kid/on & ) ,s4 elongata ( ,b]tr&4 ,kid/on's sections ( ,s4 scutellata %[ a cont9u\s prim>y xylem cyl9d] ) a slightly & irregul>ly cr5ulate out] m>g94 ,x w\ld seem t "o important diagno/ic "* 9 ,sigill>ian /ems is af=d$ by ! degree & =m ( ! cr5ulations on ! out] surface ( ! prim>y xylem4 ,s4 scutellata has be5 describ$ also by ,arb] & ,?omas2 ^! au?ors 7 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! pres5ce ( a ligule & ligul> pit on ! leaf-base 9 a petrifi$ /em1 & !y also contribute ! important fact t ! leaf-traces 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! phellod]m bifurcate & ent] ! leaf z two di/9ct vascul> /r&s4 ,?is d\ble bundle has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( ,sigill>ia leaves4 7,page #bad47 ,al?\gh our k ( ! anatomy ( ,sigill>ia has be5 consid]ably ext5d$ s9ce ,williamson#ecb drew att5tion to our comp>ative ignorance ( ! subject1 !re are sev]al po9ts on :i* in=mation is ei!r lack+ or v meagre4 ,z reg>ds ! /ele1 x is 9 all types s f> inve/igat$1 ( ! m$ullat$ type & con/ruct$ on ! same plan z t ( ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum1 ,l4 ,vel!imianum1 & o!r species4 ,second>y xylem 0 develop$ at an e>ly /age ( gr[?1 & its relation to ! prim>y xylem1 f :i* z ,kid/on po9ts out 9 8 description ( ,s4 elegans1 x may be sep>at$ by a few p>5*ymat\s elem5ts1 is l t 9 ,lepidod5dron4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! out] face ( ! second>y xylem to pres5t a cr5ulate appe>ance 9 transv]se sections may1 z ,scott ?9ks#ecc1 be a feature ( "s diagno/ic importance1 b ?is is n a con/ant "* 9 ! g5us4 ,9 orig9 & 9 _! mes>* /ructure1 ! leaf-traces closely resemble ^? ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,! e>li] acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! leaf-traces ( ,sigill>ia1 :i* 7 describ$ z possess+ bo? c5trifugal & c5tripetal wood1 l$ ,mett5ius#ecd to draw att5tion to an important anatomical resemblance betwe5 ?is g5us & mod]n ,cycads4 ,?is comp>ison 01 h[ev]1 bas$ on a misconception2 ! ,cycadean leaf-trace1 consi/+ solely ( prim>y wood1 is n /rictly comp>able ) ^? ( "s species ( ,sigill>ia1 9 :i* "o "p ( ! xylem is prim>y & ano!r second>y4 ,! occasional pres5ce ( second>y xylem 9 ,sigill>ian leaf-traces is mat*$ 9 "s ,lepidod5dra#ece1 & _c be accept$ z a di/+ui%+ feature4 ,! orig9 ( ! leaf-traces f ! middle ( ! s9uses on ! edge ( ! prim>y xylem is reg>d$ z a diff]5ce2 9 ,lepidod5dron ! leaf-traces are said to arise 9 "s species f ! sides ( ! cr5ulations2 b1 z already po9t$ out1 ?is is a di/9ction ( d\btful value4 ,! division ( ! prim>y xylem into sep>ate /r&s 9 "s /ems ( ,sigill>ia ( ! ,cla?r>ian & ,leiod]m>ian =ms is a *>act]i/ic peculi>ity2 b ,s4 sp9ulosa =ms a connect+ l9k betwe5 ?is type & ! cont9u\s arrangem5t ( ! xylem 9 ,s4 elongata & ,s4 elegans4 ,kid/on#ecf has %[n t ! discont9u\s prim>y xylem occurs 9 ,l[] ,p]mian species1 a fact consi/5t ) ! view t ! great] abundance ( ! c5tripetally develop$ wood1 *>act]i/ic ( ! old] species1 repres5ts a m primitive feature4 ,?is is n m]ely a conclusion drawn f a consid]ation ( geological age1 b x is 9 h>mony ) ! view express$ by ,scott#ecg t z plants a*iev$ great] success 9 produc+ second>y c5trifugal wood1 ! ret5tion ( any consid]able quantity ( prim>y xylem became sup]flu\s4 ,z yet we "k v little ( ! /ructure ( ! p]ixylic tissues ( ,sigill>ia1 b !re is no suffici5t reason = suppos+ t ^! diff] 9 ess5tials f ^? 9 ,lepidod5dron4 ,! middle & out] cortical tissues are practically id5tical 9 ! two g5]a4 ,! p>i*nos is ( ! same type1 except t 9 ,sigill>ia x rea*$ great] dim5sions 9 ! out] "p ( its c\rse4 ,v4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di#ech ,brongni>t4 ,figs4 #aif1 ,a-,c2 #bjj2 #bjc4 #ahbb4 ,cla?r>ia ,br>di1 ,brongni>t1 ,classif4 ,vg4 foss41 ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #e4 #ahbh4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,vg4 foss4 p4 #dcj1 ,pl4 ,,clviii4 fig4 #d4 ,s4 ,m5>di1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,clviii4 #ahcf4 ,lepidod5dron ,ottonis1 ,goepp]t1 ,fossil ,f>nkr4 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 #ahci4 ,s4 elegans1 ,brongni>t1 ,ar*4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,p>is1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #djf1 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 #ahdi4 ,s4 sp9ulosa1 ,g]m>1 ,v]/e94 ,wett9 und ,lbejn1 p4 #ei1 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 #ahic4 ,s4 mutans1 ,weiss1 ,abh&4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,an/4 ,n4,f4 ,heft #b1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di ,brongn4 7 nat4 size74 ,f a photograph ( a specim5 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection1 f ! ,upp] ,transition ,s]ies ( ,/af=d%ire4 ,publi%$ by ,kid/on 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,lix4 fig4 #a4 ,! a]ial %oots ( ?is species are occasionally bran*$ di*otom\sly#eci1 ! apical portions be>+ %ort cr[d$ leaves#edj2 ! surface ( ! b>k is ei!r completely cov]$ ) contigu\s leaf-sc>s )\t def9ite leaf-cu%ions or ) project+ cu%ions =m+ a n>r[ slop+ surface surr\nd+ ea* leaf-sc>4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! plant may possess cu%ions simil> 9 _! kite-%ap$ =m to ^? ( ,lepidod5dron1 b )\t a m$ian v]tical groove1 or ! leaf-sc>s may be spirally dispos$ at v>y+ di/ances ap>t on a comp>atively smoo? & longitud9ally wr9kl$ b>k4 ,! species exhibits /rik+ in/ances ( a transition betwe5 ! ,favul>ian1 ,cla?r>ian1 & ,leiod]m>ian =ms ( /ems4 ,! leaf-sc>s1 :i* are hexagonal 9 outl9e1--! lat]al angles po9t$ & transv]sely elongat$1 ! upp] & l[] angles r\nd$1--be> ?ree sc>s1 ! c5tral leaf-trace & two /raight or curv$ lat]al p>i*nos sc>s2 a ligul> pit occurs imm$iately above ! c5tre ( ! upp] edge ( ! leaf-sc> & occasionally circul> elevations ) a c5tral pit occur s+ly or 9 pairs bel[ a leaf-sc> 7fig4 #aif1 ,a74 ,! l9e> leaves1 :i* may p]si/ on %oots hav+ a fairly l>ge diamet]#eda1 h a s+le m$ian ve9 & two /omatal grooves on ! l[] surface#edb 7fig4 #bjj1 ,d74 ,p>tially decorticat$ & y\ng] %oots are *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( pairs ( elliptical p>i*nos areas & a small] m$ian leaf-trace sc>4 ,! surface ( old] /ems1 :i* may %[ signs ( longitud9al splitt+ 7,syr+od5dron /ate71 be>s pairs ( p>i*nos sc>s rea*+ a l5g? ( #b-be cm4 & a bread? ( #aj-ac mm4 ,! regul>ity ( ! leaf-sc> arrangem5t is int]rupt$ at int]vals by ! occurr5ce ( m or less regul> v]ticils ( sc>s m>k+ ! position ( decidu\s %oots4 ,gr&',eury#edc has figur$ cones :i* he believes to be ^? ( ?is species1 & ,zeill] ref]s ! l>ge /robili1 ,sigill>io/robus major1 to ,sigill>ia ,br>di#edd4 ,! subt]ranean axes 7 *>act]is$ by spirally dispos$ rootlet-sc>s l ^? ( ,/igm>ia ficoides 7figs4 #bjd1 #bje7 & by a cortical surface ) ! features ( ,/igm>ia rimosa ,gold4#ede ,! anatomy ( ! /ele & leaves has already be5 describ$ 7p4 #bai74 ,! /ele ( ! ,/igm>ian portion ( ! plant consi/s ( a b& ( c5tripetal prim>y xylem & a cyl9d] ( c5trifugally =m$ second>y wood ) m$ull>y rays conta9+ vascul> bundles pass+ out to ! rootlets#edf4 ,sigill>ia ,br>di occurs n uncommonly 9 ,p]mian rocks2 x is record$ f ,france#edg1 ,g]many#edh1 ,p5nsylvania#edi1 & else:]e4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,upp]1 ,middle1 & ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl&#eej & 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,africa#eea & ,brazil#eeb4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,und]gr\nd ,,rhizomes ,,& ,,roots ,,( ,,palaeozoic ,,lycopodiace\s ,,plants4 ,/igm>ia4 ,/igm>ia ficoides is ! "n giv5 to cyl9drical ca/s met ) 9 ,palaeozoic rocks1 f ! ,devonian#eec to ! ,p]mian#eed1 *>act]is$ by a smoo? or irregul>ly wr9kl$ surface be>+ spirally dispos$ circul> sc>s b\nd$ by a rais$ rim & conta9+ a small c5tral pit4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d evid5ce ( a p>tial collapse ( ! sub/ance ( ! plant z se5 9 fig4 #bjd2 ?is is d\btless ! expression ( a %r9kage ( ! middle cortical region1 :i* 0 compos$ ( a delicate & lacun> sy/em ( cells4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ,/igm>ia grew 9 wat] or 9 swampy gr\nd4 ,specim5s are occasionally met ) 9 :i* ! ca/ t]m9ates 9 a bluntly r\nd$ apex2 su* are1 p]haps1 "y bran*es :i* h n gr[n f> f ! base ( ! a]ial /em f :i* !y arose 7cf4 fig4 #bjg1 ,b1 ,c74 ,o!r examples occur1 su* z ,goepp]t#eee figur$ & ,gresley#eef has m rec5tly describ$1 :i* are twi/$ & di/ort$ z ?\gh ob/acles _h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 :i* !y grew4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,/igm>ia ficoides ,brongn4 ,m4,s4 7,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #gc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,/igm>ia ficoides4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,york ,museum1 f ,bi%op ,auckl&4 a1 base ( rootlet %[+ vascul> bundle sc>4 ,m4,s4 ,! circul> sc>s m>k ! bases ( long s+le & occasionally =k$ app5dages 7rootlets7 :i* spread on all sides into ! surr\nd+ m$ium 7figs4 #bje1 #bjh74 ,! occurr5ce ( rootlets radiat+ ?r\gh ! %ale or s&/one af=ds pro( t ! ,/igm>ias are (t5 pres]v$ 9 _! position ( gr[?4 ,?is 0 recognis$ by ,/e9hau]#eeg & ,logan#eeh1 & has be5 m rec5tly emphasis$ by ,potoni#eei z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! b$s conta9+ su* specim5s are old surface-soils4 ,/igm>ia usually %[s regul> di*otom\s bran*+1 ! arms spread+ horizontally or slightly d[nw>ds & always aris+ f f\r ma9 bran*es 9 ! =m ( a cross 7fig4 #bjg74 ,! mo/ rem>kable specim5s f\nd 9 ,engl& are describ$ by ,williamson#efj 9 8 monograph ( ,/igm>ia4 ,"o ( two l>ge ca/s f\nd ne> ,brad=d 9 ,york%ire1 & n[ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum1 %[s f\r l>ge prim>y arms radiat+ f ! base ( an erect /ump #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,ea* arm divides a %ort di/ance f its base into two1 & ! small] bran*es ext5d almo/ horizontally = sev]al feet#efa4 ,an illu/ration publi%$ by ,m>t9 9 #ahjiefb %[s a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,/igm>ian ca/s1 namely ! pres5ce ( a small] axis1 usually occupy+ an ecc5tric position inside ! l>g]4 ,?is repres5ts ! ca/ ( ! fairly broad p>5*ymat\s pi? :i*1 on decay1 left a space subsequ5tly fill$ by s& or mud3 at a lat] /age ! surr\nd+ wood & cortex 7 remov$ & ! cavity s =m$ 0 simil>ly fill$4 ,a ?9 lay] ( coal =m$ by ! c>bonisation ( "s ( ! tissues frequ5tly surr\nds ! m$ull>y ca/1 & ,/e9hau]1 ^: acc\nt ( ! g5us is mu* full] & m sci5tific ?an ^? ( o!r e>li] & _m lat] writ]s1 recognis$ ! true nature ( ?is int]nal ca/4 ,artis#efc reg>d$ x z ! rema9s ( a "y plant1 :i* he describ$ z 8p]=at+ its p>5t10 at l5g? bur/+ x & assum+ its place1 a gratuit\sly dra/ic int]pretation4 ,9 #ahchefd ,l9dley & ,hutton figur$ a p>tially petrifi$ specim5 ( ,/igm>ia obta9$ by ,pre/wi* f ,c>bonif]\s rock ( ,%rop%ire4 ,?is example %[$ a fairly broad cyl9d] ( second>y wood p5etrat$ by m$ull>y rays4 ,! m$ullat$ /ele consi/$ ( a pi? surr\nd$ by a small am\nt ( prim>y xylem & by a cyl9d] ( second>y scal>i=m tra*eae4 ,! pres]vation ( ! tissues abutt+ on ! edge ( ! wood is usually v imp]fect1 & ! middle cortex ( lacun> p>5*yma has practically 9 e case elud$ ! action ( m9]alis+ ag5ts2 ! out] cortex1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s ( m resi/ant elem5ts & is frequ5tly well pres]v$4 ,z 9 ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia /ems1 m]i/ematic activity produc$ a broad b& ( second>y cortex2 & beyond ?is 7 atta*$ to cu%ion-l pads ! num]\s app5dages1 ea* suppli$ ) a s+le vascul> bundle :i* arose f ! prim>y xylem & pass$ outw>ds ?r\gh a m$ull>y ray4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t ! app5dages 7 holl[1 a fact 9 /rik+ accord ) ! aquatic & semi-aquatic habitat 7cf4 ,isoetes root1 fig4 #acc1 ,g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,cyp]us papyrus4 ,piece ( rhizome %[+ rootlet-sc>s4 ,nat4 size4 ,m4,s4 ,! piece ( dri$ rhizome ( ,cyp]us papyrus %[n 9 fig4 #bjf is an almo/ exact c\nt]p>t ( ,/igm>ia ficoides2 ! wr9kl$ & %rivell$ surface & ! circul> root-sc>s conta9+ ! rema9s ( a vascul> bundle are /rik+ features 9 common &1 x may be add$1 ! two plants1 ?\gh v diff]5t 9 /ructure & 9 sy/ematic position1 illu/rate anatomical adaptations to a simil> environm5t4 ,/igm>ia ficoides ,brongni>t#efe4 ,figs4 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bjh4 #ahji4 ,phytoli?us v]rucosus1 ,m>t91 ,petrifact4 ,d]b4 ,pls4 ,,xi-,,xiv4 #ahah4 ,phytoli?us v]rucosus1 ,/e9hau]1 ,trans4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,am]ica1 ,n4,s4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bfh1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #ahbj4 ,v>iol>ia ficoides1 ,/]nb]g1 ,flora d] ,vorwelt1 p4 #bb1 ,pl4 ,,xii4 #ahbb4 ,/igm>ia ficoides1 ,brongni>t1 ,mem4 ,mus4 d'hi/4 nat4 ,p>is1 ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #g1 p4 #bbh4 #ahbe4 ,ficoidites v]rucosus1 ,artis1 ,ant$iluvian ,phytology1 ,pl4 ,x4 #ahdj4 ,/igm>ia anaba?ra1 ,corda1 ,flor4 d] ,vorwelt1 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 ,! fir/ figure ( ,/igm>ia is said to be by ,petv] 9 #agjd2 ,volkmann publi%$ illu/rations ( ?is common fossil 9 #agbj & ,p>k9son 9 #ahjdeff4 ,b9ney1 ^: rese>*es may be said to h inaugurat$ a new era 9 ! inve/igation ( fossil plants1 wrote 9 #ahdd3 8,probably no fossil plant has excit$ m discussion among botani/s ?an ! ,/igm>ia4 ,x is ! mo/ common ( ! :ole numb] ( plants f\nd 9 ! ,coal-,measures1 b !re has hi!rto be5 ! greate/ unc]ta9ty z to its real nature#efg40 ,?is unc]ta9ty /ill exi/s1 at lea/ 9 ! m9ds ( "s :o "k en\gh ( ! available data to realise t our k is imp]fect4 ,to pass to ! que/ions ( ! aff9ity & nature ( ,/igm>ia3 ,brongni>t#efh at fir/ comp>$ 8 g5us ) rec5t ,aroideae1 b he aft]w>ds#efi spoke ( x z probably ! root ( ,sigill>ia4 ,o!r writ]s reg>d$ ,/igm>ia z a dicotyl$on\s plant comp>able ) ,cacti & succul5t ,euphorbias4 ,= _m ye>s op9ion 0 divid$ z to :e!r ,/igm>ia repres5ts an indep5d5t & complete plant or ! und]gr\nd sy/em ( ,sigill>ia4 ,artis#egj1 ,l9dley & ,hutton#ega1 z well z ,gold5b]g#egb1 believ$ x to be a pro/rate plant unconnect$ ) any erect a]ial /em4 ,gold5b]g figur$ "o ( ! sl5d] rootlets t]m9at+ 9 an oval body describ$ z a reproductive organ4 ,?is se$-l impression is ei!r "s extrane\s body or an abnormal developm5t at ! end ( a rootlet4 ,9 #ahdb ,logan drew att5tion to ! almo/ complete monopolisation by ,/igm>ia ( ! und]clays1 ! rock :i* z a g5]al rule occurs bel[ a seam ( coal4 ,he wrote3 8,! gr& di/+ui%+ feature ( ! und]clays is ! peculi> "* ( ! vegetable organic rema9s2 !y are always ( "o k9d 7,/igm>ia ficoides7 & are s diffus$ ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! b$1 t by _! uni=m effect alone ! clay is readily recognis$ by ! eye ( ! m9]#egc40 ,?is fact1 :i* has play$ a v conspicu\s "p 9 ! p]5nial discussions on ! orig9 ( coal1 l$ to ! almo/ g5]al recognition ( ! und]clays z surface-soils ( ! ,coal p]iod =e/s4 ,! next /ep 0 ! discov]y ( ,/igm>ia 9 ! ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire & 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,cape ,breton1 ,nova ,scotia1 =m+ ! basal bran*es ( erect /ems id5tifi$ by ,b9ney#egd1 ,b[man#ege & ,ri*>d ,br[n#egf z und\bt$ ,sigill>iae4 ,9 "o case ,br[n f\nd :at he consid]$ to be conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! cont9uity betwe5 ,/igm>ia & ,lepidod5dron4 ,9 #ahdb ,hawk%aw#egg describ$ c]ta9 fossil trees1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* _h a circumf]5ce at ! base ( #ae ft41 discov]$1 9 ! c\rse ( excavations = a railway 9 ,lanca%ire1 9 s(t %ale at "r angles to ! b$d+4 ,! surface features 7 n suffici5tly cle> to enable him to decide ) c]ta9ty betwe5 ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron1 b :ile incl9+ to ! =m]1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! occurr5ce ( num]\s ,lepido/robi ne> ! root l$ him to recognise ! possibility ( a connexion betwe5 ! ,/igm>ian roots & ,lepidod5dron /ems4 ,9 #ahdf ,b9ney gave an acc\nt ( simil> trees f\nd at ,duk9field ne> ,man*e/]3 he spoke ( "o /em z unque/ionably a ,sigill>ia ) v]tical ribs1 furr[s1 & sc>s1 ab\t #ae in*es high & #d ft4 #aj in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,he express$ 8 conviction t 8,sigill>ia 0 a plant ( an aquatic nature#egh40 ,simil> descriptions ( root$ /ems 9 ! ,coal-,measures ( ,nova ,scotia 7 publi%$ by ,br[n 9 #ahde1 #ahdf & #ahdi2 9 ! la/ pap] he figur$ a specim51 :i* has become fam\s1 %[+ a ,syr+od5dron /em t]m9at+ 9 bran*+ ,/igm>ian 7or possibly ,/igm>iopsis7 roots be>+ on ! l[] surface a s]ies ( :at he call$ conical tap roots#egi4 ,a simil> specim5 discov]$ 9 ,c5tral ,france ne>ly fifty ye>s lat] demon/rat$ ! accuracy ( ,br[n's description4 ,despite ^! discov]ies ! root-l nature ( ,/igm>ia 0 n univ]sally accept$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 g5]ally agre$ t ,/igm>ia =m$ ! roots ( ,sigill>ia2 x 01 moreov]1 held by "s t ,lepidod5dron /ems also possess$ ?is type ( root1 an op9ion bas$ on ,br[n's record & on ! occurr5ce ( ,/igm>ia 9 b$s conta9+ ,lepidod5dron b no ,sigill>ia /ems1 z 9 ! volcanic b$s ( ,arran & else:]e1 & on obs]vations ( ,ge9itz & o!rs#ehj4 ,!re is n[ g5]al agreem5t t ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia _h ! same type ( 8root10 ?\gh ! connexion ( ,/igm>ia ) ! =m] 0 n s readily admitt$1 & inde$ ! evid5ce 9 support ( x is /ill v meagre4 ,goepp]t & o!r au?ors 7 unable to believe t ! num]\s species ( ,sigill>ia possess$ roots ( s uni=m a type1 b ,goepp]t1 by 8 recognition ( sev]al v>ieties ( ,/igm>ia1 suppli$ a p>tial answ] to ?is objection4 ,messrs ,mellor & ,leslie#eha h describ$ & figur$ "s l>ge ca/s ( roots expos$ 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ! b$ ( ! ,vaal riv] at ,v]e5ig+ 7,transvaal7 :i* exhibit c]ta9 features sugge/+ comp>ison ) ,/igm>ia4 ,"s ( ^! rea* a l5g? ( #dj-ej feet &1 :5 complete1 7 probably n less ?an #ajj feet long3 9 "s ( !m ! c5tre ( ! ca/ f :i* =k$ arms spread almo/ horizontally %[s a depression 9 ! =m ( a cross indicat+ a regul> di*otom\s bran*+ l t ( ,/igm>ia4 ,! au?ors incl9e to ! belief t ! roots belong to ,noegg]a?iopsis & n to a lycopodiace\s plant1 ?\gh ,lepidod5droid /ems are abundant 9 ! s&/one a few feet high] 9 ! s]ies4 ,despite ! abs5ce ( any ,/igm>ian sc>s on ! surface ( ! fossil x is probable t ^! f9e specim5s are ! rhizomes ( "s lycopodiace\s plant1 possibly ,bo?rod5dron1 :i* is n uncommon 9 ! ,v]e5ig+ b$s4 ,admitt+ t ,/igm>ia is "p ( ,sigill>ia1 ! next "q is1 is ,/igm>ia a root 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 ! und]gr\nd sy/em =m$ on g]m9ation ( ! spore & ( equal age ) ! %oot1 or did x be> a diff]5t relation to ! ,sigill>ian /ems8 ,to ?is "q diff]5t answ]s w\ld /ill be giv54 ,goepp]t#ehb discuss$ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t a]ial ,sigill>ian %oots 7 produc$ z vegetative buds on pre-exi/+ ,/igm>ian axes1 l "y moss plants on a protonema4 ,at a lat] date ,r5ault#ehc develop$ a simil> view z reg>ds ,sigill>ia2 b we may pass on to consid] ! m rec5t & complete obs]vations ( ,gr&',eury#ehd & ,solms-,lauba*#ehe4 ,! recognition ( two di/9ct types ( ,/igm>iae 9 ! ,coal-,measures ( ,c5tral ,france l$ ,gr&',eury#ehf to in/itute a new g5us1 ,/igm>iopsis4 ,?is type1 :i* is *>act]is$ by a diff]5ce 9 habit z well z by o!r di/+ui%+ features1 is repres5t$ by su* specim5s z ^? figur$ by ,gold5b]g z ,/igm>ia abbreviata1 be>+ l5ticul> sc>s spirally dispos$ on a cortical surface *>act]is$ by irregul> longitud9al wr9kl+s4 ,/igm>iopsis has frequ5tly be5 f\nd 9 direct cont9uity ) ,sigill>ian /ems ( ! ,leiod]m>ian-,cla?r>ian type1 spread+ obliquely d[nw>ds 9 ! =m ( rapidly n>r[+ arms clo!d ) sl5d] & usually simple app5dages2 & f ! "u surface ( ^! arms %ort conical outgr[?s are giv5 (f4 ,x is probable1 z ,solms-,lauba* believes1 t ,/igm>iopsis 0 repres5t$ also by long horizontally creep+ rhizomes#ehg ( uni=m bread? f :i* ribless ,sigill>ian a]ial %oots arose z bud-l outgr[?s4 ,gr&',eury1 ! au?or ( ! g5us1 conf9$ ! t]m to ! %ort] & m rapidly tap]$ organs spread+ f ! base ( erect /ems2 ! horizontal rhizomes ( all ,sigill>ian /ems he ref]s to ,/igm>ia4 ,! pi?-ca/s ( ,sigill>iopsis may be recognis$ by _! long v]tical ridges & grooves1 a feature readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! /em /ructure4 ,! ,/igm>iopsis rhizomes ?\gh r>e 9 ,engl& h be5 recognis$ by ,dr ,kid/on#ehh 9 ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,york%ire2 he has figur$ a pi?-ca/ v l t illu/rat$ 9 ,solms-,lauba*'s ,memoir z ,/igm>iopsis anglica4 ,! surface-features ( a ,/igm>iopsis pi?-ca/ are cle>ly %[n on a specim5 f ,/ ti5ne 9 ! ,williamson collection#ehi4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/igm>iopsis ,! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ,gr&',eury's views 9 reg>d to ! an*or+ & absorb+ organs ( ,sigill>ia is giv5 9 8 monograph on ! ,coal-field ( ,g>d#eij1 ,/ ti5ne1 & ^! are cle>ly /at$ also by ,solms-,lauba*#eia :o confirms ! conclusions ( ! ,fr5* au?or z to ! mann] ( developm5t ( ! a]ial %oots4 ,gr&',eury believes t bo? ,/igm>ia & ,/igm>iopsis are rhizomes & n true roots4 ,! surface-features ( ,/igm>ia h already be5 describ$4 ,?is type ,gr&',eury speaks ( z *>act]is$ by ! uni=m diamet] & consid]able horizontal elongation ( ! bifurcat$ axes2 he ?9ks !y grew bo? z float+ rhizomes & on ! gr\nd3 !y may frequ5tly be trac$ = a consid]able di/ance )\t %[+ any signs ( connexion ) a]ial %oots1 b occasionally !y h be5 se5 9 organic union ) ,sigill>ian /ems4 ,he believes t ^! rhizomes 7 produc$ z ! result ( g]m9ation "u wat] ( ! spores ( ,sigill>ia or ,lepidod5dron & develop$ z long & bran*$ aquatic rhizomes capable ( indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 z he ?9ks 9 %all[] wat]1 ! rhizomes produc$ bulb-l outgr[?s :i* grew into erect /ems hav+ ! surface-features ( ,sigill>ia4 ,?is me?od ( orig9 is practically ! same z t describ$ by ,goepp]t 9 #ahfe4 ,! vascul> m$ullat$ cyl9d] ( ^! erect bran*es 0 9 direct cont9uity ) t ( ! ,/igm>ian rhizomes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,sigill>ia4 ,a4 ,surface-features enl>g$4 7,aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,sigill>ia2 ,syr+od5dron ) ,/igm>iopsis4 7,aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,! next /age is t 9 :i* ! undiff]5tiat$ bulb becomes swoll5 at ! base & develops f\r prim>y roots 7fig4 #bjg ,b1 ,c7 :i* gr[ obliquely d[nw>ds & produce num]\s rootlets4 ,mean:ile ! p>5t rhizome gradually decays1 f9ally sett+ free ! a]ial /ems :i* are n[ provid$ ) spread+ & =k$ roots 7fig4 #bjh7 su* z we are famili> ) 9 ,engli% specim5s z ,/igm>ia ficoides1 b :i* 9 ! ,fr5* specim5s %[ ! features ( ,/igm>iopsis4 ,at ?is lat] /age conical outgr[?s are =m$ f ! "u surface ( ! ,/igm>iopsis arrang$ 9 a m or less regul> s]ies surr\nd+ ! c5tre ( ! =k$ & spread+ roots 7fig4 #bji74 ,^! conical & positively geotropic organs 7 long ago describ$ by ,ri*>d ,br[n z tap-roots4 ,gr&',eury's conclusions are briefly z foll[s3 ,sigill>ia1 & we may add ,lepidod5dron1 _h no true roots & 9 ?is respect are comp>able ) ,psilotum 7fig4 #aah73 ! organs :i* are describ$ by ,gr&',eury z roots are correctly s nam$ 9 a physiological s5se1 b morphologically !y d n /rictly con=m1 ei!r 9 orig9 or 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! app5dages1 to true roots4 ,! "q z to :e!r !y are entitl$ to ! designation root is "o :i* x is ne$less & inde$ futile to discuss 9 detail2 x w\ld be conc$+ too mu* to a =mal academic /&po9t to refra9 f apply+ to !m ! t]m root1 z t be/ describes _! %>e 9 ! life ( ! ,sigill>ian /ems4 ,! horizontal ,/igm>ian axes are rhizomes 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m & f ^! 7 develop$ ,sigill>ian %oots1 *>act]is$ 9 ! l[] portions by l>ge p>i*nos /r&s4 ,f ! base ( ! "y bulb\s %oots roots 7 =m$3 ^! roots be+1 9 ! ,fr5* specim5s1 ( ! ,/igm>iopsis type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,/igm>iopsis & 8tap-roots40 7,aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,^! conclusions require "s modification :5 appli$ to ,briti% repres5tatives ( ! arboresc5t ,lycopodiales4 ,! long spread+ & di*otom\sly bran*$ root-l organs atta*$ to ! base ( ,sigill>ian & ,lepidod5dron /ems are true examples ( ,/igm>ia ficoides or o!r species4 ,/igm>iopsis occurs b r>ely4 ,?is m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,fr5* & ,engli% specim5s may be expla9$ if we adopt ! op9ion ( ,solms-,lauba*1 :o believes t ! true ,/igm>ia repres5ts bo? ! p>5t rhizome & ! lat]-=m$ roots ( ! ,rhytidolepis ,sigill>ian species & ( ,lepidod5dron1 ! ,/igm>iopsis =m hav+ ! correspond+ relation to ! ,leiod]m>ian-,cla?r>ian species4 ,! op9ion express$ by ,williamson#eib 9 #ahib t ,gr&',eury's hypo!sis 8appe>s to be id5tical ) ! vague & speculative guesses t 7 preval5t among u 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! pres5t n9ete5? c5tury0 illu/rates ! /r5g? ( conviction bas$ on ,engli% specim5s z to ! root-nature ( ,/igm>ia4 ,!re is und\bt$ly consid]able confusion1 :i* c be cle>$ up only by fur!r rese>*1 z to ! precise relation betwe5 ,/igm>ia & ,/igm>iopsis on ! "o h& & ! diff]5t types ( ,sigill>iae on ! o!r4 ,! ma9 cont5tion1 & ?is is ! mo/ important po9t1 ( ,r5ault1 ,gr&',eury & ,solms-,lauba* z to ! mann] ( =mation ( ! a]ial %oots f rhizomes & ! subsequ5t production ( =k$ roots & _! ultimate sep>ation f ! p>5t rhizome is1 z ,i believe1 correct4 ,williamson held t ,/igm>ia mu/ be reg>d$ z a true root2 he f\nd no evid5ce to support ! view t ! l>ge root$ /em discov]$ by ,haw%aw1 ,b9ney1 & o!rs _h be5 orig9ally produc$ f aquatic rhizomes4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ,gr&',eury's op9ion is bas$ on evid5ce af=d$ by ! exceptionally well display$ ,sigill>ian =e/s ( ,/ ti5ne1 on a scale su* z ,engli% /rata h n z yet af=d$4 ,moreov]1 ! abs5ce ( any p>5t-rhizome 9 association ) ! root$ /umps describ$ by ,williamson & by o!rs is n a s]i\s argum5t aga9/ _! rhizome orig94 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bji1 :i* 0 exam9$ 9 situ by ,solms-,lauba* & ,gr&',eury1 %[s a ,sigill>ian /em 9 ! ,syr+od5dron condition be>+ r[s ( pair$ p>i*nos sc>s2 f ! base =k$ & rapidly tap]+ arms radiate ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ rock &1 z %[n by o!r specim5s1 ^! be> num]\s app5dages l ^? ( ! ,engli% ,/igm>ias4 ,! surface-features ( ! arms are ^? ( ,/igm>iopsis & ! c5tre ( ea*1 z se5 on ! brok5 face1 is occupi$ by a pi?-ca/ *>act]is$ by p>allel longitud9al ridges resembl+ ^? on ! m$ull>y ca/s ( ,calamites4 ,x is notewor?y t ! petrifi$ rhizome orig9ally describ$ by ,r5ault z ,/igm>ia flexuosa1 & aft]w>ds id5tifi$ by him z ! subt]ranean sy/em ( ,sigill>ia ,br>di1 possesses a vascul> cyl9d] compos$ ( prim>y xylem /r&s ( cresc5tic transv]se section l9+ ! pi?2 a ca/ ( ! pi?1 aft] ! removal by decay ( its delicate p>5*ymat\s tissue1 w\ld exhibit ! surface-features ( ,/igm>iopsis4 ,/igm>ia flexuosa no d\bt repres5ts a true ,/igm>iopsis rhizome4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,williamson has %[n1 ! inn] surface ( ! wood ( ,/igm>ia ficoides consi/s ( a reticulum ( xylem ) me%es ( m$ull>y-ray tissue2 a ca/ ( su* a surface pres5ts a v diff]5t appe>ance f t ( ,/igm>iopsis4 ,return+ to fig4 #bji3 f ! l[] surface ( ! ,/igm>iopsis arms num]\s conical outgr[?s1 rea*+ a l5g? ( sev]al c5timetres1 project v]tically d[nw>ds2 ^! also possess ,/igm>iopsis pi?-ca/s & are id5tical ) ! 8tap-roots0 ( ,ri*>d ,br[n4 ,! /ump se5 9 fig4 #bji %[s ! *>act]i/ic holl[ base ( ! erect /em3 ?is is ! region :i*1 x is believ$1 repres5ts ! position ( ! ,/igm>ian rhizome f :i* ! a]ial %oot 0 develop$4 ,al?\gh no rema9s ( ! p>5t rhizome 7 f\nd1 traces ( ! rootlets :i* probably belong$ to x 7 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! abs5ce ( ! actual rhizome is1 h[ev]1 n surpris+ z x w\ld n p]si/ aft] its a]ial ,sigill>ian bran*es _h atta9$ indep5d5ce by ! developm5t ( _! own di*otom\sly bran*$ absorb+ & holdfa/ organs4 ,! ,/igm>ian axes ( ,palaeozoic ,lycopods are comp>$ by ,miss ,?omas#eic ) ! prop-roots ( c]ta9 rec5t fl[]+ plants :i* gr[ 9 tropical tidal swamps2 _! roots gr[ d[nw>ds f ! /em at an angle ( #ej-fj be=e spread+ out horizontally4 ,?is au?or also makes "s int]e/+ sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ! evid5ce af=d$ by anatomical /ructure z to ! habitat ( ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron4 ,anatomy4 ,! m important anatomical features ( ,/igm>ia mu/ be dealt ) briefly4 ,williamson's monograph1 publi%$ 9 #ahhgeid1 is consid]ably 9 advance ( ! "w ( t ( any ( ! num]\s writ]s :o _h previ\sly dealt ) ! subject4 ,! diagrammatic transv]se section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #baj1 ,h1 illu/rates ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! tissues4 ,! m$ullat$ /ele 0 describ$ by ,williamson z consi/+ entirely ( c5trifugally develop$ second>y xylem & di/+ui%$1 !re=e1 f ! /ele ( a ,lepidod5dron or ,sigill>ia by ! abs5ce ( a c5tripetally produc$ prim>y xylem zone4 ,! second>y xylem tra*eae are *>act]is$ by scal>i=m pits on bo? radial & tang5tial walls &1 z %[n 9 a figure giv5 by ,solms-,lauba*#eie1 ! spaces betwe5 ! transv]se b>s are bridg$ across by f9e ?reads1 z 9 ! tra*eae ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ specim5s ( a petrifi$ ,/igm>ia :i* ,i h se5 is "o l5t to me by ,mr ,lomax f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,halifax 9 :i* ! flatt5$ transv]se section measures #ah cm4 #ce cm41 ! cyl9d] ( wood be+ #aa cm4 #g mm4 9 diamet]4 ,9 ,fr5* examples ( ,/igm>ia or ,/igm>iopsis x has be5 demon/rat$ by ,r5ault#eif t prim>y xylem /r&s occur v l ^? 9 ! /em ( "s species ( ,sigill>iae 7see p4 #bai74 ,if a well-pres]v$ section ( an ,engli% ,/igm>ia is exam9$ x w be se5 t ! edge ( ! second>y wood consi/s ( a few n>r[] elem5ts :i* d n exhibit ! radial s]iation *>act]i/ic ( second>y elem5ts4 ,a type ( ,/igm>ia *>act]is$ by c5tripetal prim>y wood has be5 describ$ by ,weiss#eig & ref]r$ by him to ,bo?rod5dron mundum2 ! ma9 results ( 8 obs]vations are /at$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,bo?rod5dron on a subsequ5t page4 ,?is discov]y is ( consid]able int]e/ n only z r5d]+ our k ( ,bo?rod5dron rem>kably complete b z confirmatory ( ,r5ault's acc\nt ( ,fr5* ,/igm>ian axes 9 :i* c5tripetal prim>y wood is well develop$ betwe5 ! second>y xylem & ! c5tre ( ! /ele4 ,! ,/igm>ian axis ( ,bo?rod5dron 0 orig9ally figur$ by ,williamson z ,lepidod5dron mundum#eih4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ,weiss's specim5 & ^? describ$ by ,r5ault#eii z ! ,/igm>ian axes ( ,sigill>ia ,br>di1 is t 9 ! ,engli% plant ! c5tripetal wood =ms a cyl9d] ( uni=m bread? in/ead ( a b& ) a cr5ulat$ inn] m>g9 z figur$ by ,r5ault4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/igm>ia ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,/igm>ia4 ,a4 ,transv]se section ( vascul> bundle ( rootlet & "p ( out] cortex4 t1 tra*eae4 7,aft] ,f4 ,e4 ,weiss47 ,b1 ,c4 ,vascul> bundle ( rootlet2 9 ,c a s]ies ( small tra*eae are %[n ext5d+ f ! protoxylem4 ,d4 ,rootlets f ! out] cortex ( ,e4 ,e4 ,"p ( a l>ge ,/igm>ia3 ,/1 /ele2 s1 intrud$ rootlet4 ,f4 ,vascul> bundle & tra*eae pass+ obliquely t[>ds ! out] cortex1 c4 ,g4 ,out] cortex ( ,/igm>ia4 ,h4 ,diagrammatic section ( ,/igm>ia3 p1 phellod]m2 r1 rootlets4 ,an int]e/+ agreem5t betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% specim5s is ! occurr5ce 9 ! cortex ( gr\ps ( reticulate elem5ts3 9 ,weiss's section ^! are %ort & wide & occur 9 ! middle cortex2 9 ,r5ault's plant !y are m fusi=m & occur 9 ! second>y cortical tissue4 ,^! elem5ts appe> to h be5 arrang$ z an int]lac+ network 9 ! middle cortex & 7 9 close connexion ) ! rootlet-bundles1 comp>able1 z ,weiss po9ts out1 ) ! transfusion tra*eids accompany+ ,lepidod5dron leaf-traces4 ,x is probable t ^! %ort & wide tra*eal elem5ts s]v$ = wat]-/orage & ?us af=d ano!r indication ( ! x]ophil\s "* ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lycopods1 a feature possibly connect$ ) a salt-m>% habitat4 ,! pres5ce ( conspicu\s m$ull>y rays gives ! second>y xylem ( ,/igm>ia ! appe>ance ( be+ divid$ into sev]al m or less di/9ct gr\ps 7fig4 #baj1 ,e1 ,/74 ,9 tang5tial longitud9al section ! xylem assumes ! =m ( a broad reticulum ) l5ticul> me%es fill$ ) m$ull>y-ray tissue ?r\gh :i* /r&s ( xylem are cut across 9 a transv]se direction z !y pass outw>ds f ! inn] edge ( ! wood to supply ! rootlets4 ,9 addition to ^! broad] or prim>y m$ull>y rays1 !re 7 num]\s second>y rays compos$ ( n>r[ plates ( p>5*ymat\s cells "o or sev]al elem5ts 9 dep?4 ,z ,williamson po9t$ out1 ! m$ull>y-ray tissue consi/s 9 "p ( radially elongat$ tra*eal elem5ts ) spiral or scal>i=m ?ick5+ b&s l ^? describ$ 9 ! same position 9 ,lepidod5dron /ems4 ,our k ( ! m9ute /ructure ( ! tissues abutt+ on ! second>y xylem is f> f complete4 ,! xylem is succe$$ by a zone ( delicate cells :i* 0 ! seat ( m]i/ematic activity4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 a section figur$ by ,williamson#fjj !re is ! same disp>ity 9 size betwe5 ! out]mo/ elem5ts ( ! xylem & ! adjac5t cells ( ! m]i/ematic zone z 9 ,lepidod5dron /ems4 ,beyond ?is region an imp]fectly pres]v$ lacun> tissue occurs l t :i* ,i h call$ ! secretory zone 9 ,lepidod5dron /ems2 b in=mation z to ! /ructure ( ?is "p ( ,/igm>ia is mu* m incomplete ?an 9 ! case ( ! a]ial %oots4 ,! middle cortex 0 ( ! same lacun> type z 9 ! /ems1 & ! fact t x is nev] well pres]v$ 9 l>ge ,/igm>ian axes sugge/s t x may h be5 ev5 m ri*ly suppli$ ?an 9 ! a]ial /ems ) an a]at+ sy/em ( spaces4 ,! out] cortex1 consi/+ 9 "y examples ( l>ge-cell$ p>5*yma1 became at an e>ly /age ( gr[? ! seat ( cambial activity :i* result$ 9 ! production ( radially plac$ s]ies ( second>y elem5ts 7fig4 #baj1 ,h1 p74 ,! out] & old] elem5ts ( ?is second>y cortex are m tang5tially /ret*$ ?an ! inn] cells1 a necess>y result ( ! position ( ! phellog5 on ! int]nal edge ( ! tissue & ( ! increas+ gir? ( ! axis4 ,9 comp>atively "y ,/igm>ian axes ! out] cortex already possesses a b& ( second>y radially dispos$ cells *>act]is$ by ! great] tang5tial ext5sion ( ! m ext]nal elem5ts2 usually ?is tissue t]m9ates abruptly on ! inn] edge & ! l9e ( sep>ation no d\bt m>ks ! position ( ! phellog54 ,occasionally "s delicate second>y elem5ts are pres]v$ int]nal to ! phellog51 & ^! 9 "y specim5s =m a n>r[ cyl9d] compos$ 9 "p ( radially elongat$ cells %[+ signs ( rec5t tang5tial divisions4 ,9 its e>li] /age ( activity ! phellog5 seems to =m a great] am\nt ( second>y tissue on ! outside1 b ?is is cle>ly n ( ! nature ( cork1 ! tissue :i* occupies a correspond+ position 9 rec5t plants4 ,! prim>y cortex %[s no signs ( %r9kage or collapse z w\ld be ! case 7 x cut (f f ! vascul> sy/em by a zone ( imp]meable cork4 ,fig4 #baj1 ,g1 repres5ts a piece ( ! ext]nal tissue ( a specim5 9 :i* ! slightly flatt5$ xylem cyl9d] measures #ad #a cm42 ! inn] cortex has disappe>$ & fragm5ts only ( ! middle cortex are pres]v$4 ,! out] cortex1 ) an av]age bread? ( #b mm41 consi/s sup]ficially ( prim>y p>5*yma ) a some:at unev5 surface & ) a rootlet atta*$ "h & !re2 a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface is a b& ( conspicu\s cells1 b1 *>act]is$ by d>k cont5ts sugge/+ v imp]fectly pres]v$ fungal hyphae1 b ! nature ( ! sub/ance fill+ ! cells _c be made out ) c]ta9ty4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to f9d t ?is d>k b& con/itutes an obvi\s feature 7fig4 #baj ,h1 b72 its position is comp>able ) t ( ! d>k-wall$ cells 9 ! out] cortex ( rootlets4 ,a %ort di/ance int]nal to ?is d>k b& tang5tially elongat$ cells =m ! out]mo/ elem5ts ( ! second>y cortex2 ^! become gradually n>r[] t[>ds ! int]ior & pass into radial s]ies ( small] cells ( uni=m size1 z se5 on ! inn] edge ( fig4 #baj1 ,g4 ,at ! inn] b\nd>y ( ?is tissue1 j bel[ ! region %[n at ! bottom ( ! draw+1 0 situat$ ! phellog54 ,su* traces ( tissue z occur on ! inn] side ( ! l9e :]e splitt+ has usually occurr$1 consi/ ( ?9n] elem5ts ) rec5tly =m$ tang5tial walls & probably repres5t an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( phellod]m4 ,a mu* old] section is %[n 9 "p 9 fig4 #baj1 ,e4 ,! second>y xylem cyl9d]1 ,/1 is %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! section2 beyond ?is is a b& ( second>y tissue :i* rea*es 9 "s places a bread? ( #f cm4 ,! great] "p ( ?is tissue consi/s ( phellod]m ( v uni=m /ructure made up ( radial s]ies ( cells3 ?is is int]rupt$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! section by a gap cr[d$ ) intrud$ rootlets 7a portion ( ?is is enl>g$ 9 fig4 #baj1 ,d74 ,beyond ?is gap ! second>y tissue consi/s ( radial s]ies ( cells *>act]is$ by ! consid]able tang5tial elongation ( _m ( ! elem5ts1 precisely l ! tissue figur$ by ,williamson4 ,9 all probability ! gap repres5ts a l9e ( weakness due to ! phellog51 & if ?is is ! case x is cle> t 9 an old ,/igm>ia ! phellod]m exce$$ 9 am\nt ! tissue =m$ ext]nal to ! phellog54 ,! second>y tissue on ! inn] side ( ! phellog5 is *>act]is$ by num]\s irregul> conc5tric l9es sup]ficially resembl+ r+s ( gr[? 9 ! wood ( a ,conif]3 ^! are1 h[ev]1 n ! result ( any p]iodic *ange 9 ext]nal conditions1 b are app>5tly due to cru%+ ( ! tissue & are possibly1 to "s ext5t1 ! result ( ! pres5ce ( secretory /r&s l ^? 9 ! phellod]m ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,! surface ( ?is old] rhizome reta9s pat*es ( prim>y tissue1 & an occasional rootlet1 z at r1 fig4 #baj1 ,e1 is se5 9 connexion ) ! cortex2 ! cortex has be5 v]tically fissur$ z ! result ( second>y gr[? & pres5ts an appe>ance l t %[n 9 ,lepidod5dron ,wns*ianum & ,l4 ,vel!imianum 7figs4 #aha1 ,a1 & #ahf1 ,a74 ,! =m 9 :i* a ,/igm>ian rootlet is usually pres]v$ is %[n 9 fig4 #baj1 ,d2 ! s+le vascul> bundle /r& ) its end>* protoxylem 7fig4 #baj1 ,b1 px7 is enclos$ by a r+ ( inn] cortical p>5*yma 7fig4 #baj1 ,f1 c72 ! cells 9 imm$iate contact ) ! xylem hav+ usually disappe>$4 ,beyond ! middle cortical space a second cyl9d] ( p>5*yma repres5ts ! out] cortex 7,f1 c7 9 :i* a lay] ( d>k-wall$ cells 7b1 fig4 #baj1 ,f7 may be comp>$ ) ! hypod]mal b& 9 ! ma9 ,/igm>ian axis 7,g1 b74 ,^! ,/igm>ian rootlets1 usually less ?an #a cm4 9 diamet]1 are ! commone/ objects 9 sections ( ! calc>e\s nodules f ,engli% coal-seams4 ,a good example ( _! abundance is %[n 9 fig4 #baj1 ,d & ,e2 "h !y h invad$ ! space =m$ by ! splitt+ ( ! second>y cortical tissues along ! l9e ( ! phellog5 & a few are se5 "h & !re 9 ! deep] lay]s ( ! phellod]m 7s1 fig4 #baj1 ,e74 ,n infrequ5tly ! close contact ( ^! ubiquit\s rootlets ) ! tissues ( ! plant :i* !y h invad$ leads to confusion betwe5 invad] & invad$4 ,p>tially decay$ tissues ly+1 probably1 "u wat] 7 p5etrat$ by ,/igm>ian rootlets 9 exactly ! same way z ! roots ( rec5t plants bore ?r\gh vegetable sub/ances :i* happ5 to be 9 _! pa?4 ,! rootlet bundles are 9 ! fir/ in/ance compos$ ( ! prim>y tra*eae :i* l9e ! inn] edge ( ! second>y xylem2 ^! receive additions f ! m]i/ematic zone1 & ?us1 :5 se5 9 ! cortex outside ! /el> region1 are f\nd to consi/ 9 "p ( prim>y & 9 "p ( a fan-%ap$ gr\p ( second>y tra*eae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mon>* bundle z x appe>s 9 a free rootlet is usually compos$ entirely ( prim>y elem5ts 7fig4 #baj1 ,a-,c1 ,f74 ,x has be5 %[n by ,weiss#fja t 9 ! ,/igm>ian rhizome ( :at is probably ,lepidod5dron fulig9osum1 ! rootlet bundle is accompani$ by a p>i*nos /r&1 b ?is has n be5 detect$ 9 ! ord9>y ,/igm>ia ficoides4 ,:5 free f ! p>5t axis a rootlet usually consi/s ( an out] cyl9d] ( cortex enclos+ a broad space 9 :i* remnants ( lacun> tissue are sometimes se54 ,! relation ( ! ext]nal features ( a well-pres]v$ ,/igm>ian rootlet-sc> to ! int]nal /ructure ( a petrifi$ rootlet is v cle>ly se5 on comp>+ su* sections z ^? repres5t$ 9 fig4 #baj1 ,d1 ) ! =m ( ! sc> on a ,/igm>ian ca/4 ,a specim5 figur$ by ,hook]#fjb 9 #ahdh af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! /ructure ( a rootlet-base z se5 9 an unusually complete ca/2 ?is correlation ( anatomical & surface features is cle>ly describ$ also by ,williamson#fjc & by ,solms-,lauba*#fjd4 ,x is probable t ev5 dur+ life ! rootlets 7 holl[ = a "p at lea/ ( _! l5g? z are ! roots ( ,isoetes 7fig4 #acc1 ,g74 ,an int]e/+ discov]y 0 made a few ye>s ago :i* confirm$ a /atem5t by ,r5ault :i* ,williamson 0 unable to accept1 namely t ! xylem bundle ( a rootlet occasionally gives (f a delicate tra*eal /r& at "r angles to ! long axis ( a rootlet4 ,9 "s rootlets ,weiss#fje f\nd obliquely runn+ delicate /r&s ( xylem1 surr\nd$ by a lay] ( p>5*ymat\s tissue1 9 ! space betwe5 ! vascul> bundle & ! out] cortical cyl9d]4 ,x is cle> t a few spiral tra*eids are occasionally giv5 (f f ! protoxylem ( a rootlet bundle3 ^! foll[ an oblique c\rse to ! out] cortex1 :]e 9 "s cases !y h be5 trac$ into connexion ) %ort & spirally m>k$ cells resembl+ transfusion tra*eae 7fig4 #baj1 ,a74 ,?is arrangem5t may s]ve z a means ( facilitat+ ! passage ( wat] absorb$ by ! sup]ficial cells into ! xylem /r&4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t1 l roots ( rec5t wat]-plants1 ! rootlets ( ,/igm>ia _h no root-hairs4 ,fig4 #baj1 ,f1 %[s a transv]se section ( "p ( a rootlet 9 :i* ! out] cortical cyl9d]1 c1 is connect$1 z 9 ! roots ( ,isoetes1 ) ! %ea? surr\nd+ ! vascul> bundle4 ,a few obliquely cut tra*eae are se5 9 ?is section trav]s+ ! connect+ b& ( p>5*yma t1 fig4 #baj1 ,a4 ,a po9t ( biological int]e/ 9 connexion ) ,/igm>ia rootlets is ! occasional pres5ce ( hyp]trophi$ cells1 ! l>ge size ( :i* is due to ! attacks ( a fungus nam$ by ,weiss#fjf ,urophlyctites /igm>iae4 ,9 addition to ,/igm>ia ficoides1 :i* is by f> ! commone/ =m1 a few o!r species h be5 f\nd$ on ext]nal *>act]s4 ,"o ( ^! is repres5t$ by ,/igm>ia /ellata1 ,goepp4#fjg1 *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( radially dispos$ ridges & small tub]cles surr\nd+ ea* rootlet-sc>4 ,kid/on ref]s to ,goepp]t's species z a ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s type4 ,we h no evid5ce z to ! mean+ ( ! /ellate ridges & tub]cles1 nor h we any reason to suppose t ?is =m diff]$ ess5tially 9 /ructure f ,/igm>ia ficoides4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,bo?rod5dreae4 ,bo?rod5dron4 ,figs4 #baa-baf4 ,al?\gh 9 _m respects ! g5us ,bo?rod5dron agrees v closely 9 habit & 9 its anatomical features ) ,lepidod5dron1 !re are reasons = ref]r+ x to a di/9ct family ( ,palaeozoic ,lycopods4 ,z ! foll[+ description %[s1 ! ext]nal features d n diff] 9 any ess5tial po9ts f ^? ( c]ta9 types ( ! g5us ,sigill>ia1 p>ticul>ly su* a species z ,s4 rimosa1 ,gold4#fjh1 :i* has rec5tly be5 refigur$ & describ$ by ,na?or/#fji f ,gold5b]g's type-specim5 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum4 ,! small size ( ! leaf-sc>s is1 h[ev]1 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,bo?rod5dron 7fig4 #bab1 ,f72 b a m important po9t is ! fact t 9 a rec5tly describ$#faj ,engli% example ( a cone ( ,bo?rod5dron 7fig4 #baf71 ! sporangia are v l ^? ( rec5t ,lycopods1 & diff] f ! radially elongat$ sporangia ( ,lepido/robus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,fr5* cone describ$ by ,zeill]#faa z ,lepido/robus ,olryi1 :i* is probably a /robilus ( ,bo?rod5dron1 has ! radially elongat$ type ( sporangium 7fig4 #bab1 ,e74 ,! comp>ative abundance ( ,bo?rod5dron 9 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s & ,devonian rocks po9ts to ! great] antiquity ( ?is memb] ( ! ,lycopodiales z comp>$ ) ,lepidod5dron4 ,! "n ,bo?rod5dron 0 in/itut$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#fab = impressions ( /ems f ! ,engli% ,coal-,measures1 *>act]is$ by two opposite r[s ( l>ge depressions l ^? %[n 9 fig4 #baa &1 9 "o ( ! specim5s1 by 8a consid]able numb] ( m9ute dots1 arrang$ 9 a qu9cuncial mann]40 ,! m9ute dots 7 recognis$ z leaf-sc>s & ! cup-l cavities 7 describ$ z probably connect$ ) ! occurr5ce ( l>ge cones4 ,on v sl5d] evid5ce ?is ,palaeozoic plant1 :i* 0 nam$ ,bo?rod5dron punctatum1 0 consid]$ by ^! au?ors z probably a memb] ( ! ,conif]ales4 ,! l>ge /em f ! ,coal-,measures 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,mons1 ,belgium1 %[n 9 fig4 #baa1 af=ds a good illu/ration ( ,bo?rod5dron 9 a p>tially decorticat$ condition1 exhibit+ a r[ ( depressions simil> to ^? on ! ,ulod5dron =m ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum 7fig4 #aeg71 b di/+ui%$ by ! ecc5tric position ( ! sc> at ! bottom ( ea* cup-%ap$ cavity3 9 ! ,belgian specim51 :i* is p>tially decorticat$ & %[s ! leaf-traces z small dots1 ! depressions h a diamet] ( #i cm4 ,x is believ$ by "s au?ors t ^! ,ulod5dron %oots ( ,bo?rod5dron & ,lepidod5dron owe _! *>act]i/ic appe>ance to ! pressure ( l>ge cones1 b1 z ,i h already /at$1 !re are reasons = pref]r+ ! view t ^! crat]-l holl[s are ! sc>s ( decidu\s bran*es4 ,our k ( ! /robili borne by ,bo?rod5dron /ems is /ill meagre1 b we h no reason to assume ! exi/5ce ( any cones l>ge en\gh to produce by ! pressure ( _! bases su* depressions z ^? %[n 9 fig4 #baa4 ,9 "o species at lea/ ! /robili 7 borne t]m9ally on sl5d] %oots 7fig4 #bac74 ,! ,ulod5dron condition has s f> be5 recognis$ 9 "o species only1 ,b4 punctatum4 ,9 8 catalogue ( ,palaeozoic plants1 ,kid/on#fac includ$ ,bo?rod5dron punctatum z a synonym ( ,sigill>ia discophora ,knig1 a mi/ake :i* he aft]w>ds rectifi$#fad3 ! g5]ic "n ,bo?rod5dron 0 g5]ally ignor$ by au?ors 9 ! belief t ! specim5s describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton 7 n g5]ically di/9ct f ! fossils orig9ally figur$ by ,rhode z ,ulod5dron4 ,x 0 ,pr(4 ,zeill] :o fir/ demon/rat$ t ! ,engli% au?ors 7 ju/ifi$ 9 _! *oice ( a new designation = /ems ) l>ge depressions 9 association ) m9ute leaf-sc>s4 ,9 #ahei ,haughton#fae propos$ a new family "n ,cyclo/igmaceae = "s ,upp] ,devonian plants f ,c\nty ,kilk5ny1 ,irel&3 he describ$ ?ree species ( 8 new g5us ,cyclo/igma1 ,cyclo/igma kiltork5se1 ,c4 m9utum1 & ,c4 ,griffi?si2 ^! are n[ g5]ally recognis$ z a s+le species ( ,bo?rod5dron1 ?\gh1 z ,na?or/ sugge/s1 ! ,iri% plant %\ld p]haps be sep>at$ z a sub-g5us ,bo?rod5dron 7,cyclo/igma7 by reason ( c]ta9 m9or diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% x f o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,bo?rod5dron punctatum4 ,"p ( a specim5 f ne> ,mons 7,ha9aut71 9 ! ,brussels ,museum4 7,r$uc$47 ,ano!r g5]ic "n1 ,rhytidod5dron1 0 in/itut$ by ,b\lay 9 #ahgf = /ems *>act]is$ by a f9ely wr9kl$ b>k & small spirally dispos$ leaf-sc>s4 ,a %ort description ( ?is type1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,middle & ,l[] ,coal-,measures1 may s]ve to illu/rate ! ext]nal features ( ! commone/ ,briti% example ( ! g5us4 a4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium 7,b\lay47 ,figs4 #bab1 ,a1 ,c1 ,d2 #bac4 #ahge4 ,lycopodium c>bonaceum 7,lycopodites c>bonaceus71 ,fei/mantel1 ,palaeontographica ,,xxxiii41 ,pl4 ,,xxx4 figs4 #a1 #b2 p4 #ahc4 #ahgf4 ,rhytidod5dron m9utifolium1 ,b\lay1 ,t]r4 ,h\ill4 ,nord ,france1 p4 #ci1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #a4 #ahhf4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium1 ,zeill]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,france iii ,,xiv4 p4 #agf1 ,pl4 ,,ix4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #ahhh4 ,lepido/robus ,olryi1 ,zeill]1 ,flor4 ,val5ci5nes1 p4 #ejb1 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii4 fig4 #a4 #ahhi4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium1 ,kid/on1 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 ,,xxxv4 ,pt4 ii4 #ahic4 ,sigill>ia 7,bo?rod5dron7 m9utifolia1 ,weiss & ,/]zel1 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&esan/alt1 ,heft #b1 p4 #di1 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #c & #d2 ,pl4 ,,ii4 figs4 #h & #i4 #aijd4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium1 ,zalessky1 ,mm4 ,com4 ,gol4 ,russie1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,bo?rod5dron4 ,a4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium1 v>4 rotundata ,weiss4 ,aft] ,weiss & ,/]zel4 ,b4 ,b4 punctatum4 ,aft] ,zeill]4 ,c4 ,b4 m9utifolium4 ,aft] ,weiss & ,/]zel4 ,d4 ,b4 m9utifolium4 ,aft] ,zeill]4 ,e4 ,lepido/robus ,olryi4 ,aft] ,zeill]4 ,f4 ,bo?rod5dron punctatum4 ,aft] ,zeill]4 ,g1 ,h4 ,b4 kiltork5se4 ,g1 aft] ,na?or/2 ,h1 aft] ,weiss & ,/]zel4 ,9 habit a plant ( ,bo?rod5dron recalls ,lepidod5dron & rec5t species ( ,lycopodium2 ! sl5d] di*otom\sly bran*$ twigs be>+ num]\s leaves 7fig4 #bab1 ,d71 h be5 mi/ak5 = %oots ( ,lycopodium1 & fragm5ts ( bran*es might well be id5tifi$ z impressions ( ,mosses4 ,! leaf-sc>s on ! small] %oots occur on elongat$ cu%ions 7fig4 #bab1 ,c1 ,d7 ) a transv]sely wr9kl$ surface2 on ! old] bran*es ! leaf-sc>s are sep>at$ by fairly l>ge areas ( b>k *>act]is$ by s9u\s transv]se grooves & n>r[ ridges be>+ num]\s small pits1 z %[n on an enl>g$ scale 9 fig4 #bab1 ,a4 ,! orig9al surface-features are %[n on ! left ( ! draw+1 & a slightly deep] level 9 ! cortex is repres5t$ on ! "r-h& side4 ,! abs5ce ( leaf-cu%ions on ! old] %oots is probably ! result ( second>y ?ick5+1 :i* also alt]s ! size & %ape ( ! leaf-sc>s4 ,ea* sc> has ?ree pits on its surface1 z 9 ,lepidod5dron2 a c5tral leaf-trace sc> & lat]al p>i*nos sc>s4 ,! circul> pit above ! leaf-sc>s1 :i* occurs 9 mo/ species1 m>ks ! position ( ! ligule4 ,! relation ( ! %ort leaves1 #e mm4 long1 to ! leaf-cu%ions is %[n 9 fig4 #bab1 ,d4 ,! abs5ce ( leaves1 except 9 impressions ( sl5d] twigs1 may be int]pret$ z an indication t !y 7 %$ at an e>ly /age & did n p]si/ _m ye>s4 ,! leaf-cu%ions ( ! small] %oots ( ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium closely resemble ^? figur$ by ,weiss on a ,devonian plant1 ,lepidod5dron ,loss5i#faf4 ,"o ( ! few examples s f> discov]$ ( a ,bo?rod5dron cone is %[n 9 fig4 #bac2 ?is specim51 at lea/ #aj cm4 long1 0 f\nd by ,mr ,hem+way 9 ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,york%ire & describ$ by ,dr ,kid/on4 ,num]\s sporophylls are atta*$ at "r angles to ! axis1 ! surface ( :i* is protect$ by _! upturn$ di/al portions2 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts appe>s to be ! same z 9 ,lepido/robus4 ,a specim5 figur$ by ,zeill] z ,lepido/robus ,olryi1 :i* ,kid/on is probably correct 9 id5tify+ ) ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium1 %[s t ea* sporophyll c>ries a horizontally elongat$ sporangium 7fig4 #bab1 ,e74 b4 ,bo?rod5dron punctatum ,l9dley & ,hutton#fag4 ,figs4 #baa1 #bab ,b1 ,f4 ,?is species1 :i* is less abundant ?an ,b4 m9utifolium1 9 ,briti% ,coal-,measures1 has be5 describ$ by sev]al au?ors z ,ulod5dron on acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce ( l>ge depressions1 l ^? %[n 9 fig4 #baa1 on c]ta9 bran*es ( ! plant4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,dr ,kid/on1 ,pr(4 ,zeill]#fah figur$ an ,engli% specim5 ( ?is species1 pres5t$ to ! ,p>is ,museum by ,mr ,hutton1 9 :i* ! leaf-sc>s are pres]v$ on ! b>k ( a /em ) ,ulod5dron sc>s4 ,! surface ( ! b>k is *>act]is$ by num]\s small pits & discont9u\s v]tical l9es 9 contra/ to ! transv]se l9es ( ,b4 m9utifolium 7cf4 fig4 #bab1 ,a & ,f74 ,! leaf-sc>s on ! small] %oots may h a diamet] ( only #jc-je mm41 :ile on ! l>g] bran*es !y rea* a bread? ( #a mm4 ,! ligule-pit may be 9 contact ) ! upp] edge 7fig4 #bab1 ,f7 ( ! leaf-sc> or sep>at$ f x by a %ort di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium ,cone4 ,f a specim5 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection4 7,slightly r$uc$4 ,kid/on 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,lix47 c4 ,bo?rod5dron kiltork5se 7,haughton74 ,fig4 #bab1 ,g1 ,h4 #ahei4 ,cyclo/igma kiltork5se1 ,haughton1 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,dubl91 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dah1 ,pls4 ,,xiv4-,,xvii4 ,c4 m9utum1 ,haughton1 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,dubl91 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dah1 ,pls4 ,,xiv4-,,xvii4 ,c4 ,griffi?si1 ,haughton1 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,dubl91 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dah1 ,pls4 ,,xiv4-,,xvii4 #ahgj4 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,he] 7ex p>te71 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet4 ,akad4 ,h&l4 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 figs4 #b-d4 ,cyclo/igma kiltork5se1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 figs4 #a-e4 ,calamites radiatus 7ex p>te71 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #b;a3 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #b;b4 ,/igm>ia ficoides m9uta1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #b;c4 ,knorria imbricata1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,x4 fig4 #d4 #ahhi4 ,bo?rod5dron kiltork5se1 ,kid/on1 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,vi41 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #ff4 #ahid4 ,bo?rod5dron kiltork5se1 ,na?or/1 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet4 ,akad4 ,h&l4 ,vol4 ,,xxvi4 ,no4 #d1 p4 #fe1 ,pls4 ,,xiv4 ,,xv4 #aijb4 ,bo?rod5dron 7,cyclo/igma7 kiltork5se1 ibid4 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi4 ,no4 #c1 p4 #ca1 ,pls4 ,x4-,,xiv4 ,! specim5s f ! ,upp] ,devonian rocks ( ,co4 ,kilk5ny on :i* ,haughton f\nd$ ?is & two o!r species may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ "o specific type4 ,he describ$ ! circul> leaf-sc>s z arrang$ 9 alt]nat+ :orls4 ,9 habit ! ,iri% species agrees ) ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium1 b ! leaf-sc>s are m elliptical 7fig4 #bab1 ,h7 & ! ligule-pit is usually abs5t4 ,! leaf-sc> %[n 9 fig4 ,h is #ab mm4 broad & #ad mm4 9 height4 ,! l>ge collection obta9$ dur+ ! visit ( a ,sw$i% exp$ition to ,be> ,isl& 9 #ahih "u ! lead]%ip ( ,dr ,na?or/ has mat]ially increas$ our k ( ?is anci5t type4 ,! =m ( ! leaf-sc>s v>ies accord+ to ! age ( ! bran* & _! disposition is f> f con/ant ev5 on ! same specim52 9 "s cases ! sc>s are 9 fairly regul> :orls 7fig4 #bab1 ,g2 an ,iri% specim57 :ile 9 o!rs !y are 9 regul> spirals4 ,?is irregul>ity ( arrangem5t1 :i* is well illu/rat$ by ,na?or/'s figures ( ,be> ,isl& & ,iri% specim5s1 f9ds its c\nt]p>t1 ?\gh 9 a less m>k$ =m1 9 rec5t species ( ,lycopodium1 e4g4 ,l4 ,selago4 ,p>tially decorticat$ /ems may pres5t a sup]ficial resemblance to ,calamites1 ! fissur$ b>k simulat+ ! ribs ( a ,calamitean ca/4 ,su* /ems1 z ,na?or/ has po9t$ out1 7 mi/ak5 by ,he] = ,calamites radiatus4 ,! small] bran*es are *>act]is$ by a smoo? surface1 & old] %oots resemble ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium 9 ! pres5ce ( f9e v]tical l9es4 ,! pres]vation ( only "o pit on ! leaf-sc>s ( _m examples l$ au?ors to conclude t ! species is peculi> 9 ?is respect1 b ,na?or/ has %[n t 9 m p]fectly pres]v$ specim5s ea* leaf-sc> be>s ?ree small dots4 ,a specim5 f ,irel& 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#fai illu/rates ! di*otom\s bran*+ & ! longitud9al wr9kl+ ( ! b>k2 ! leaf-sc>s are #b mm4 broad & #be mm4 deep4 ,na?or/#fbj has describ$ "s examples 9 :i* ! leaf-sc>s occur on ! l[] in/ead ( on ! upp] end ( ! leaf-cu%ions2 ^! & o!r specim5s ) obscure surface-features he sugge/s may be und]gr\nd axes1 comp>able 9 habit ) ,/igm>ia ?\gh n id5tical z reg>ds details4 ,x is po9t$ out t ! abs5ce or sc>city ( ,/igm>ia 9 ! ,be> ,isl& b$s r5d]s x unlikely t ,bo?rod5dron bore typical ,/igm>ia bran*es4 ,f4 ,e4 ,weiss#fba has rec5tly describ$ root-be>+ organs possess+ prim>y xylem id5tical ) t ( ,bo?rod5dron mundum2 :ile closely resembl+ ,/igm>ia ficoides 9 c]ta9 anatomical *>act]s1 !y cle>ly repres5t a di/9ct type4 ,?is discov]y ( a ,/igm>ia-l axis almo/ c]ta9ly belong+ to ,bo?rod5dron is consi/5t ) ,na?or/'s views on "s ( ! ,bo?rod5dron impressions f ,be> ,isl&4 ,in=mation z to ! cones ( ?is species is re/rict$ to a description by ,s*imp]#fbb ( a specim5 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum z ,lepido/robus ,bailyanus2 ?is has sporophylls ) a subtriangul> base be>+ sev]al megaspores & t]m9at+ di/ally 9 a sl5d] lam9a #ab cm4 9 l5g?4 ,an example ( a ,bo?rod5dron ) m prom95t leaf-cu%ions ?an ^? already m5tion$ is af=d$ by a species f ,be> ,isl& describ$ by ,he]#fbc z ,lepidod5dron ,wkianum & aft]w>ds ref]r$ by ,na?or/#fbd to ,bo?rod5dron4 ,! same type is record$ also by ,s*malhaus5#fbe f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s or ,devonian /rata ( ,sib]ia4 ,c]ta9 ,scot* specim5s f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one1 :i* ,kid/on#fbf ref]r$ to ,he]'s species1 are reg>d$ by ,na?or/ &1 9 "p at lea/1 by ,weiss#fbg & ,/]zel z repres5t+ a di/9ct species :i* ^! au?ors designate ,bo?rod5dron ,kid/oni#fbh4 ,)\t attempt+ ! hopeless task ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ! v>i\s ,c>bonif]\s & ,devonian specim5s describ$ "u ! names ,cyclo/igma or ,bo?rod5dron1 ref]5ce may be made to ! foll[+ records z illu/rat+ ! wide di/ribution ( ! g5us4 ,s*malhaus5#fbi records ,cyclo/igma kiltork5se f ,sib]ian rocks assign$ to ! ,ursa /age 7,devonian or ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s74 ,! fossil describ$ by ,dawson#fcj f ! ,devonian ( ,gasp z ,cyclo/igma d5sifolium probably repres5ts a badly pres]v$ example ( ,bo?rod5dron3 ,weiss's species ,cyclo/igma h]cynium#fca f ,l[] ,devonian rocks ( ! ,h>tz di/rict may be id5tical ) ,bo?rod5dron kiltork5se4 ,! suppos$ id5tity ( ! latt] species ) ,de*5ia ,roem]iana ,goepp41 z describ$ by ,potoni#fcb1 appe>s to require confirmation#fcc1 b if ?is au?or is correct ! connexion demon/rates ! cont9uity ( ,bo?rod5dron %oots & ,/igm>ia-l subt]ranean organs4 ,! specim5s describ$ f ,s\? ,africa1 f /rata :i* may be correlat$ ) ! ,upp] or possibly ) ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s s]ies ( ,europe1 z ,bo?rod5dron ,leslei#fcd 9 all probability repres5ts a species closely alli$ to ! ,iri% & ,be> ,isl& type4 ,bo?rod5dron ,leslei nam$ aft] ,mr ,leslie ^: discov]ies 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,s&/one ( ,v]e5ig+ 7,transvaal7 h add$ consid]ably to our k ( ! ,s\? ,african ,palaeozoic types1 is repres5t$ by imp]fectly pres]v$ ca/s *>act]is$ by m or less circul> sc>s display+ ! same irregul>ity ( arrangem5t z 9 ,bo?rod5dron kiltork5se4 ,! leaf-sc>s appe> to h only "o small pit1 b ?is may n be an orig9al feature4 ,! id5tification ( ?is plant z ,bo?rod5dron receives support f ! discov]y ( r m satisfactory specim5s at ,witteb]g s5t to me = exam9ation by ,dr ,s*w>z#fce4 ,^! fossils be> a /rik+ resemblance to ,b4 kiltork5se4 ,cydo/igma au/rale#fcf ,fei/4 describ$ f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ?\gh too imp]fectly pres]v$ to ref] ) confid5ce to ,b4 kiltork5se1 is no d\bt a closely alli$ type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,bo?rod5dron ,leslei ,sew>d4 b4 ,natural size4 a1 c4 ,slightly enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,bo?rod5dron mundum 7,w474 ,a1 ,b4 ,f a specim5 7,no4 #bf7 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool4 ,c4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,williamson ,collection4 7,no4 #daf b47 ,d1 ,e4 ,f a section 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection4 ,ref]5ce 0 made 9 ,volume ,i4 7p4 #acc7 to ! s-call$ pap] coal ( ,c>bonif]\s age f ,c5tral ,russia1 :i* consi/s ( masses ( ?9 /rips ( cuticle ( ,bo?rod5dron /ems4 ,! figures publi%$ by ,zeill]#fcg %[ t ! plant possess$ an epid]mis consi/+ ( polygonal cells int]rupt$ by spirally dispos$ gaps m>k+ ! position ( leaves2 ! gaps measure #je-ae mm4 9 bread? & agree1 !re=e1 ) ! size ( ! leaf-sc>s ( ! small] =ms ( ,bo?rod5dron4 ,! specim5s f ! ,russian m9es 7 fir/ figur$ by ,trauts*old & ,au]ba*#fch z ,lepidod5dron t5]rimum & aft]w>ds ref]r$ by ,zeill] to ,bo?rod5dron punctatum#fci4 ,na?or/#fdj1 h[ev]1 /ates t an exam9ation ( ! ,russian mat]ial leads him to reta9 ! "n orig9ally propos$2 he records ! same type f ,upp] ,devonian rocks ( ,spitzb]g54 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ^! ,russian specim5s is _! mann] ( pres]vation1 :i* ,r5ault has describ$ z ! result ( bact]ial action2 he claims to h recognis$ ! actual bact]ia associat$ ) ! cuticul> membranes#fda4 ,anatomy ( vegetative %oots ( ,bo?rod5dron4 ,9 #ahhi ,williamson#fdb describ$ sev]al specim5s ( petrifi$ %oots f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,halifax :i* he nam$ ,lepidod5dron mundum3 ^! are n[ kn[n to be bran*es ( a ,bo?rod5dron4 ,! discov]y 0 made by ,mr ,lomax#fdc :o f\nd specim5s %[+ ! ext]nal *>act]s ( ,bo?rod5dron & ! anatomical *>act]s ( ,lepidod5dron mundum4 ,9 "s ( ! small] twigs1 ! /ele consi/s ( a solid core ( xylem ) ext]nal protoxylem2 b 9 ! majority ( specim5s ! c5tre ( ! xylem is replac$ by p>5*ymat\s tissue1 ei!r z a small axial /r& or1 z 9 ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bae1 ,d1 a wide pi?1 ! elem5ts ( :i* are arrang$ 9 regul> v]tical s]ies4 ,a diagrammatic section ( a small axis is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bae1 ,a3 ?is bran*1 #b mm4 9 diamet]1 is compos$ ( a broad out] cortex consi/+ exclusively ( prim>y tissue ! out] cells ( :i* are small] & h ?ick] walls ?an ! m int]nal elem5ts4 ,! leaf-traces1 lt1 are accompani$ by a /r& ( delicate tissue1 ! p>i*nos4 ,! /ele is almo/ solid2 ! tissues 9 contact ) ! xylem h n be5 pres]v$ b ! inn] cortex is repres5t$ by a few lay]s ( small p>5*ymat\s cells1 c4 ,! l>g] section %[n 9 fig4 #bae1 ,d1 0 cut f a specim5 f ,dulesgate ( :i* ! smoo? surface exhibits ! *>act]i/ic leaf-sc>s ( ,bo?rod5dron4 ,! section measures #c cm4 9 its longe/ diamet] & ! /ele has a bread? ( #c mm4 ,! out] cortex has a smoo? surface & is compos$ ( r ?ick-wall$ cells succe$$ by a zone ( second>y elem5ts4 ,! middle cortex has disappe>$ & ! space is p>tially occupi$ by ,/igm>ian rootlets1 s1 & cru%$ pat*es ( cortical tissue4 ,! position ( a leaf-sc> is se5 at a2 ?is is m cle>ly %[n 9 ! enl>g$ draw+ fig4 ,e4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ,lepidod5dron mundum1 ,williamson#fdd describ$ a section 9 :i* ! prim>y wood is surr\nd$ by a consid]able ?ickness ( second>y xylem2 a diagram ( ?is is %[n 9 fig4 #bae1 ,c4 ,an exam9ation ( ! section l$ me to comp>e ! /ructure ( ! out] cortical cells1 *>act]is$ by radial r[s ( tang5tially elongat$ elem5ts1 ) ! out] cortex ( ,/igm>ia4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n by ,weiss#fde t ?is & o!r simil> sections pres5t sev]al po9ts ( agreem5t ) ,/igm>ia1 p>ticul>ly ) ,/igm>ia ,br>di z describ$ by ,r5ault4 ,at s 9 fig4 #bae1 ,c1 a vascul> /r& is se5 pass+ ?r\gh ! out] cortex2 ?is is almo/ c]ta9ly ! bundle ( a rootlet3 9 ! sections describ$ by ,weiss rootlets are %[n 9 a simil> position4 ,! *ief anatomical features ( ! ,/igm>ia-l organs ( ,bo?rod5dron are3--! consid]able developm5t ( second>y xylem1 ! /ructure ( ! out] cortex1 :i* is practically id5tical ) t ( ,/igm>ia ficoides1 & ! association ( gr\ps ( %ort transfusion tra*eids ) ! bundles ( ! rootlets4 ,x is v probable t ! abs5ce ( second>y xylem 9 ! vegetative %oots ( ,bo?rod5dron is m]ely an accid5t & n a real di/9ction betwe5 ! a]ial & subt]ranean bran*es ( ! plant2 a supposition r5d]$ probable by ! occurr5ce ( second>y xylem 9 ! axis ( ! cone describ$ by ,watson4 ,z ,weiss po9ts out1 !re are c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! true ,/igm>ia & ! correspond+ organ ( ,bo?rod5dron2 ! second>y xylem 9 ,bo?rod5dron is n brok5 up by broad m$ull>y rays z 9 ! common ,/igm>ia1 & 9 ,bo?rod5dron ! occurr5ce ( a r+ ( prim>y xylem is ano!r peculi>ity4 ,9 ! vegetative %oots ( ,bo?rod5dron mundum ! /ele diff]s f ^? ( ,lepidod5dron 9 ! n>r[] prim>y xylem r+ & 9 ! l>ge size ( ! metaxylem tra*eae2 f ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii & ,l4 fulig9osum ! xylem is di/+ui%$ by its smoo!r out] face :i* consi/s ( num]\s n>r[ xylem elem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,bo?ro/robus4 l1 ligule4 7,aft] ,watson47 ,cones ( ,bo?rod5dron 7,bo?ro/robus#fdf74 ,! long & n>r[ cones ref]r$ to ,bo?rod5dron m9utifolium f ,engli% & ,fr5* ,coal-,measures are kn[n only z impressions & x is n possible to say :e!r !y 7 het]ospor\s or homospor\s2 ! draw+ giv5 by ,zeill] 7,fig4 #bab1 ,e7 %[s t ! sporangia 7 ( ! same =m z ^? 9 ,lepido/robus1 b we h no m exact in=mation z to _! morphology4 ,a rec5tly publi%$ description ( a petrifi$ /robilus by ,mr ,watson af=ds a welcome addition to our k4 ,!re is little d\bt t ?is cone 0 borne by a species ( ,bo?rod5dron2 ! evid5ce = ?is conclusion is suppli$ by ! agreem5t ( ! anatomical *>act]s ( ! /ele ) t ( ! vegetative %oots orig9ally describ$ by ,williamson z ,lepidod5dron mundum & by ! con/ant association ( ! cones & vegetative %oots4 ,9 #ahhj ,williamson describ$ a cru%$ cone conta9+ bo? megaspores & microspores :i* he spoke ( z 8a dim9utive organism1 rem9d+ u m ( ! dw>f$ fruits ( _m liv+ ,selag9ellas ?an ( ! l>ge ,lepido/robi#fdg40 ,watson's specim5s enable u to give a m complete acc\nt ( ?is type4 ,! axis ( ! /robilus be>s %ort sporophylls b5t upw>ds into a di/al limb ) a conspicu\s ligule 9 a deep pit beyond ! %ortly /alk$ sporangium4 ,! l5g? ( ! /robilus is e/imat$ at #aj mm42 ! /ele is ( ! same type z t ( ,bo?rod5dron mundum1 b x diff]s f ! specim5s ( ! vegetative %oots s f> f\nd 9 hav+ "s second>y xylem4 ,z %[n 9 ! sket* reproduc$ 9 fig4 #baf ea* sporophyll is *>act]is$ by two tang5tially plac$ grooves1 g1 on ! l[] face1 & by num]\s transfusion tra*eids1 tr1 above ! vascul> bundle1 vb1 imm$iately bel[ ! ligule1 l4 ,megasporangia & microsporangia occur on ! same cone1 ! megasporangia be+ on ! l[] sporophylls & conta9+ a s+le tetrad ( megaspores4 ,fig4 #bai1 ,e1 %[s a radial longitud9al section ( a microsporophyll be>+ a sporangium on ! adaxial side ( ! ligule1 l1 bel[ :i* is ! s+le vascul> bundle & a gr\p ( %ort tra*eids at t4 ,! sporangia closely resemble ^? ( species ( ,selag9ella & ,lycopodium &1 z po9t$ out by ,watson#fdh1 !y also recall ! sporangia ( ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,sp5c]ites4 ,bo?ro/robus is di/+ui%$ f ,sp5c]ites by ! pres5ce ( a ligule1 by ! /ructure ( ! axis1 & by ! diff]5t =m ( ! sporophylls4 ,! occurr5ce ( f\r spores only 9 ! megasporangia is ano!r "* 9 :i* ! ext9ct type resembles rec5t ,lycopods4 ,x is impossible to decide :e!r ,watson's cone repres5ts a m or a less primitive type ?an ,lepido/robus3 if we accept ,pr(essor ,b[]'s views 9 reg>d to ! evolution ( vegetative organs by ! /]ilisation ( sporog5\s tissue1 we %\ld probably place ,lepido/robus l[] 9 ! s]ies ?an ,bo?ro/robus2 b ! great] resemblance betwe5 ! f]tile & vegetative %oots ( ,bo?rod5dron1 z comp>$ ) ! m pron\nc$ diff]5ce 9 ! case ( ,lepidod5dron1 may be reg>d$ z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( recognis+ ,bo?rod5dron z ! m primitive type4 ,ano!r possible example ( a ,bo?rod5dron cone has be5 describ$ by ,na?or/ f ,spitzb]g5 z ,lepido/robus ,zeill]i#fdi2 ?is appe>s to consi/ ( an axis be>+ spirally dispos$ sporangia )\t any indication ( sporophylls4 ,?is /robilus may belong to ,bo?rod5dron t5]rimum4 ,p9akod5dron4 ,! "n ,p9akod5dron#fej 0 in/itut$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,weiss = a type ( /em closely resembl+ ,bo?rod5dron b diff]+ 9 ! pres5ce ( a f9e reticulation on ! out] b>k & 9 ! =m ( ! leaf-sc>s4 ,weiss's g5us has be5 recognis$ by ,kid/on 9 ,dumfries%ire b our k ( ! plant is z yet bas$ solely on a few small specim5s4 ,omphalophloios 7a g5us ( unc]ta9 sy/ematic position74 ,figs4 #aic1 ,c1 #bag4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,:ite#fea = c]ta9 specim5s ( l>ge /ems orig9ally describ$ by ,lesqu]eux f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,nor? ,am]ica z ,lepidod5dron mammillatum & ,l4 cyclo/igma4 ,! photograph reproduc$ 9 fig4 #aic1 ,c1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,dr ,kid/on#feb1 repres5ts a specim5 describ$ by him f ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,som]set z ,omphalophloios anglicus1 & id5tifi$ ) ,lepidod5dron anglicum ( ,/]nb]g4 ,! surface ( ! impression %[n 9 fig4 #aic1 ,c1 is *>act]is$ by cle>ly def9$ rhomboidal areas or cu%ions 7fig4 #bag1 ,e7 l ^? ( ,lepidod5dron1 except 9 ! abs5ce ( a m$ian keel1 & simil> to ^? on "s =ms ( ,sigill>ia ,br>di4 ,a %ort di/ance above ! c5tre ( ea* cu%ion is an oval or subcordate region b\nd$ by a rim-l m>g9 & conta9+ a small oval sc>1 presumably t ( a vascul> /r&4 ,a triangul> elevation :i* also %[s a small pit 7,fig4 #bag1 ,e1 a7 occurs bel[ ! oval area4 ,! appe>ance ( ! surface-features v>ies consid]ably on diff]5t p>ts ( a s+le specim54 ,fig4 #bag1 ,d1 repres5ts "o ( ! num]\s figures publi%$ by ,:ite 9 8 detail$ acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican mat]ial4 ,ea* cu%ion be>s a widely op5 ,v-%ap$ ridge1 :i* is describ$ z a leaf-sc>2 above ?is is an oval area 7#be mm4 #age mm471 ! surface ( :i* is b\nd$ by a n>r[ rim4 ,)9 ! rim is a small] concave oval region ) a small pit ne> its upp] end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,omphalophloios4 ,d4 ,aft] ,:ite4 ,e4 ,aft] ,kid/on4 ,we _c1 9 ! abs5ce ( petrifi$ mat]ial1 arrive at any satisfactory conclusion z to ! mean+ ( ^! surface-features4 ,:ite consid]s t ,omphalophloios is probably a rhizome ( "o ( ! arboresc5t ,lycopods1 b :e!r or n ?is is its true nature mu/ be left = future discov]ies4 ,! fact t ! rootlet bundles ( "s ,/igm>ian axes are accompani$ by a p>i*nos /r&1 z ,weiss has %[n1 may prep>e u = ! discov]y ( surface-features on ,/igm>iae n unlike ^? ( ,omphalophloios4 7,fig4 #aic1 ,c47 ,a possible comp>ison may be sugge/$ also ) ,sigill>ia ,br>di z figur$ by ,g]m> 7fig4 #aif1 ,a7 9 :i* circul> sc>s1 :i* may be ! sc>s ( rootlets1 occur bel[ ! leaf-base areas4 ,x is n impossible t 9 ! surface-features ( ,omphalophloios we h bo? leaf & rootlet sc>s repres5t$4 ,g5]al consid]ations4 ,! solid xylem core *>act]i/ic ( ! /ele ( "s species ( ,palaeozoic ,lycopodiales 7e4g4 ,lepidod5dron esno/5se & ,l4 rhodumn5se7 may probably1 z ,tansley & ,*ick#fec po9t out1 be reg>d$ z ! l9eal desc5dant ( a primitive axial /r& ( wat]-conduct+ elem5ts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( evolution ! c5tre ( ! tra*eal column became p>tially conv]t$ into p>5*ymat\s tissue1 z 9 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! %ort cells 9 regul> v]tical s]ies is rem9isc5t ( an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( tra*eae3 in/ead ( =m+ tubul> conduct+ elem5ts ! c5tral "p ( ! /el> m]i/em acquir$ ! %ort-cell$ =m2 "s ( ! cells became lignifi$ z isodiametric /orage tra*eae :ile o!rs p]si/$ z ?9-wall$ p>5*yma4 ,! production ( second>y xylem & an increase 9 ! gir? ( ! :ole /em l$ to r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( c5tripetally develop$ conduct+ *annels4 ,"s ( ^! assum$ a new rle & a %ape 9 h>mony ) _! functions4 ,a lat] /age is repres5t$ by a fur!r encroa*m5t ( ! c5tral p>5*yma on ! cyl9d] ( c5tripetal xylem1 z se5 9 ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii & o!r species4 ,! next /age is af=d$ by ribless species ( ,sigill>ia 9 :i* ! prim>y xylem is brok5 up into sep>ate conduct+ /r&s4 ,z ,kid/on#fed rem9ds u1 x is 9 ! geologically m rec5t species ( ,sigill>ia1 su* z ,s4 ,br>di1 :i* p]si/ into ! ,p]mian era1 t ?is m extreme case ( r$uction occurs4 ,! old] g5us ,lepidod5dron seems to h reta9$ to ! la/ ! complete cyl9d] ( prim>y xylem4 ,9 ! /ele ( ,/igm>ia1 ! rhizome ( ,sigill>ia & ( ,lepidod5dron1 r$uction ( ! c5tripetal xylem has pass$ beyond ! /age repres5t$ by ! brok5 cyl9d] ( ! ribless ,sigill>ias4 ,) ! exception ( ! examples describ$ by ,r5ault#fee & by ,weiss#fef1 ,/igm>ia is *>act]is$ by little or no c5tripetal prim>y xylem4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t ,r5ault's ,/igm>ia1 9 :i* c5tripetal xylem =ms a prom95t feature1 is attribut$ to ,sigill>ia ,br>di1 a species 9 :i* ! vascul> cyl9d] ( ! a]ial /em illu/rates a lat] & n an e>li] phase 9 ! replacem5t ( c5tripetal by c5trifugal wood4 ,x w\ld seem1 z ,lady ,isabel ,br[ne#feg says1 t mo/ ,/igm>ian axes _h rea*$ a m advanc$ /age 9 specialisation ?an is %[n 9 ! /el> /ructure ( ! a]ial %oots4 ,! relatively great] & probably ! m precoci\s developm5t ( second>y xylem 9 ,/igm>ia ?an 9 ,lepidod5dron or ,sigill>ia may h "s significance 9 relation to ! small] am\nt ( 8old wood#feh0 79 a phylog5etic s5se7 9 _! /eles4 ,z is po9t$ out 9 a lat] *apt]1 rec5t rese>*es into ! anatomy ( ext9ct memb]s ( ! ,osmundaceae by ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan h br\ght to light a /rik+ p>allelism 9 evolution>y sequ5ce betwe5 ! ,lepidod5dreae & ! ance/ors ( ,osmunda & ,todea1 ! two surviv+ g5]a ( "o ( ! mo/ anci5t families ( f]ns4 ,!re c be little d\bt z to a v close relation%ip betwe5 ,sigill>ia1 ,lepidod5dron1 & ,bo?rod5dron4 ,sigill>ia seems to h outliv$ ,lepidod5dron & ,bo?rod5dron4 ,! two latt] g5]a are record$ f ,upp] ,devonian rocks 9 sev]al localities1 ,bo?rod5dron be+ p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ! pre-,c>bonif]\s floras ( ,be> ,isl& & o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,a rem>kable /em describ$ by ,dr ,:ite#fei z ,ar*aeosigill>ia primaeva f ,upp] ,devonian %ales ( ,new ,york is spok5 ( by him z 8"o ( ! mo/ highly develop$ repres5tatives ( a fairly di/9ct ar*aic gr\p =e%ad[+ ! lat] g5]a ,bo?rod5dron1 ,sigill>ia1 ,lepidod5dron & ,lepidophloios40 ,! type-specim51 :5 fir/ discov]$1 consi/$ ( an app>5tly unbran*$ /em rea*+ a l5g? ( #e metres4 ,f ! swoll5 basal "p ,/igm>ia-l rootlets spread into ! surr\nd+ %ale4 ,at a high] level ! fissur$ b>k %[s indi/9ctly def9$ leaf-cu%ions :i* pass gradually upw>ds into cu%ions & sc>s arrang$ 9 clos] ord] on regul> v]tical ribs4 ,! surface-features 9 ?is region are practically ^? ( a ribb$ ,sigill>ia4 ,trac$ f>!r upw>ds ! v]tical ribs die out & cu%ions ( ! ,lepidod5droid =m cov] ! surface ( ! b>k4 ,! leaf-sc>s1 ) a suprapos$ ligul> pit & two v]tically elongat$ p>i*nos-sc>s1 are said to be> a clos] resemblance to ^? ( ,sigill>ia & ,bo?rod5dron ?an to ! leaf-areas ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! anatomy ( ?is /em1 nor h f]tile %oots be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( m tru/wor?y evid5ce ?an is available conclusions ( a phylog5etic nature mu/ be accept$ at _! true value4 ,x is h[ev] legitimate to describe ,ar*aeosigill>ia primaeva z "o ( ! olde/ examples ( a lycopodiace\s plant :i* %[s well-pres]v$ ext]nal features1 & ^! are ( exceptional int]e/ z indicat+ a comb9ation ( g5]ic *>act]s4 ,?is ,devonian type l5ds support to ! view t ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia are (f%oots1 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 comp>atively unimportant po9ts1 f a common ance/ral type4 ,! g5]ally accept$ /atem5t t arboresc5t ,palaeozoic ,lycopodiales bore _! sporangia on specially modifi$ leaves 7sporophylls7 gr\p$ 9 cones :i* 7 usually produc$ at ! tip ( sl5d] bran*es1 has rec5tly %>$ ! fate ( mo/ rules4 ,pr(4 ,b[] 9 8 ,orig9 ( a ,l& ,flora m5tions a ,belgian specim5 ( ,p9akod5dron musivum ,weiss f ! ,we/phalian s]ies 7,middle ,coal-,measures71 to be describ$ by ,dr ,kid/on1 :i* bore its sporangia 8associat$ ) ! leaves ( c]ta9 portions ( ! /em1 )\t any cone-=mation4 ,! f]tile & /]ile portions are di/+ui%$ only by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( sporangia#ffj40 ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia c h>dly be claim$ z ! direct ance/ors ( any exi/+ type ( ,lycopodiales1 b :ile exhibit+ po9ts ( contact ) ,lycopodium1 ,selag9ella1 & ,psilotum !y are p]haps m closely alli$ to ,isoetes4 ,lady ,isabel ,br[ne#ffa1 :o has rec5tly publi%$ an excell5t summ>y ( ! evid5ce on ! relation ( ! ,lepidod5dreae to ,isoetes1 concludes h] exam9ation ( ! argum5ts by express+ ! op9ion t !re is a /rong probability ( ! correctness ( ! view t ,isoetes may be d]iv$ 8f ! ,lepidod5draceae 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w40 ,?is decision seems to me to accord be/ ) ! facts4 ,! fur!r "q z to ! relation ( ^! ,palaeozoic g5]a to plants high] 9 ! scale mu/ be res]v$ = full] consid]ation 9 ano!r volume4 ,an attempt w also be made to consid] h[ f> anatomical /ructure may be us$ z a guide to ! conditions "u :i* ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia z well z o!r memb]s ( ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s floras pass$ _! lives4 ,! second>y xylem ( ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia af=ds a /rik+ example ( wat]-conduct+ tissue ( homog5e\s /ructure comp>able ) ! wood ( ,conif]s r ?an ) t ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,x 0 presumably =m$1 = ! mo/ "p1 "u uni=m climatic conditions3 ! abs5ce ( r+s ( gr[? po9ts to un9t]rupt$ supply to ev]gre5 %oots expos$ to no alt]nation ( activity & arre/$ gr[?4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! abs5ce ( any tissue correspond+ to second>y phloem4 ,ev5 9 "y %oots ( ,lepidod5dron1 no tissue has be5 f\nd ext]nal to ! m]i/ematic zone agree+ 9 ! =m ( its elem5ts ) ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! elaborat$ food is convey$ f ! leaves ( rec5t plants to ! regions ( cell-build+4 ,t ! #8secretory zone' may h s]v$ ?is purpose1 at lea/ 9 "y /ems1 is n improbable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is difficult to und]/& :y old] ,lepidod5dron /ems %[ no indication ( additions to ! secretory zone4 ,if ?is tissue s]v$ = ! transport ( proteids we %\ld expect to f9d provision made = its con/ant r5ewal p>i passu ) ! second>y gr[? ( ! xylem4 ,! conclusion seems to me inevitable t ! supply ( build+-mat]ial 0 o!rwise provid$ = ?an 9 rec5t vascul> plants4 ,! physiological division ( lab\r may h be5 less complete 9 ! tissue-sy/ems ( ! ,palaeozoic ,lycopods ?an 9 ! m highly specialis$ organs ( su* an ext9ct g5us z ,lyg9od5dron or ?an 9 rec5t plants4 ,our k ( ! anatomical /ructure ( _m ext9ct types has already rea*$ a /age :5 we %\ld take great] he$ ( ! modus op]&i ( ! complex ma*9]y reveal$ by a /udy ( petrifi$ /ems4 ,f ! kn[n we proce$ to int]pret ! unkn[n2 b !re is a dang] ( neglect+ ! possibilities ( evolution dur+ ! c\ntless ages :i* sep>ate ! =e/s ( ! ,coal p]iod f ^? ( ! pres5t era4 ,we may easily all[ preconceiv$ ideas to w>p our judgm5t 9 attempt+ to di/ribute ! manifold activities :i* made up ! life ( a ,lepidod5dron among ! /ructural units ( ! plant-body4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,se$-be>+ plants closely alli$ to memb]s ( ! ,lycopodiales4 i4 ,lepidoc>pon4 ,9 #ahgg ,williamson#ffb publi%$ an acc\nt ( "s fossil se$s :i* he ref]r$ to ,brongni>t's g5us ,c>dioc>pon#ffc1 a g5]ic title = c]ta9 ,gymnosp]m\s se$s4 ,"s ( ^! he id5tifi$1 on ! au?ority ( ! au?or ( ! species1 ) ,c>dioc>pon anomalum ,c>ru!rs#ffd4 ,sev]al ye>s lat] ,wild & ,lomax describ$ a new type ( /robilus f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire#ffe4 ,! result ( ?is discov]y & ( ! subsequ5t exam9ation by ,scott ( additional mat]ial1 0 to e/abli% ! fact t ! se$s describ$ by ,williamson & g5]ally accept$ z ,gymnosp]m\s1 are 9 reality sporangia belong+ to a ,lycopodiace\s cone4 ,! se$s to :i* ,c>ru!rs gave ! "n ,c>dioc>pon anomalum are1 h[ev]1 di/9ct f ^? describ$ "u ! same "n by ,williamson & are ^? ( a true ,gymnosp]m4 ,= ?is se$-be>+ /robilus ,scott#fff in/itut$ ! g5]ic "n ,lepidoc>pon1 :i* he ?us def9$3 8,/robili1 ) ! *>act]s ( ,lepido/robus1 b ea* megasporangium 0 inclos$1 :5 mature1 9 an integum5t1 gr[+ up f ! sup]ior face ( ! sporophyll-p$icel4 ,integum5t1 toge!r ) ! lam9a ( ! sporophyll1 completely envelop+ ! megasporangium1 or nucellus1 leav+ only an elongat$1 slit-l micropyle above4 ,a s+le functional megaspore or embryo-sac develop$ 9 ea* megasporangium1 occupy+ almo/ ! :ole ( its cavity4 ,megaspore ultimately fill$ by ! pro?allus or endosp]m4 ,sporophyll1 toge!r ) ! integum5t$ megasporangium & its cont5ts1 deta*$ entire f ! axis ( ! /robilus1 ! :ole =m+ a clos$1 se$-l1 reproductive body4 ,se$-l organ horizontally elongat$1 9 ! direction ( ! sporophyll-p$icel1 to :i* ! micropyl> crevice is p>allel40 ,lepidoc>pon ,lomaxi1 ,scott4 ,fig4 #bah4 ,an immature cone ( ,l4 ,lomaxi is practically id5tical ) a ,lepido/robus2 its sporangia are nak$ & only acquire _! integum5ts at a lat] /age4 ,a mature /robilus has a diamet] ( at lea/ #c cm4 & is ab\t #d cm4 9 l5g?4 ,z 9 typical ,lepido/robi1 ! axis be>s spirally dispos$ sporophylls1 & ea* sporophyll has a long n>r[ p$icel approximately at "r angles to ! cone axis ) its di/al end exp&$ into a broad & ?ick lam9a 7fig4 #bah1 ,b74 ,at ! di/al end ! p$icel has a ?9 m>g9al w+ 7fig4 #bah1 ,c1 "r-h& half7 cont9u\s ) ! upturn$ protective lam9a4 ,to ! upp] face ( ea* sporophyll is atta*$ along ! :ole l5g? z f> z ! ligule1 a s+le l>ge sporangium2 on ea* side ( ! base ( ! sporangium ! sporophyll =ms a support+ cu%ion4 ,! relation ( ! sporangium to ! ligule1 l1 is %[n 9 fig4 #bah1 ,b1 & 9 ! tang5tial section1 ,c1 :i* illu/rates ! triangul> =m ( ! sporangium ne> its di/al end4 ,9 mature cones1 ! sporangia assum$ ! =m ( se$s1 ! *ange be+ due to ! gr[? ( an inve/+ integum5t f ! upp] face ( ! sporophylls on ea* side ( ! sporangia4 ,fig4 #bah1 ,a1 illu/rates ! =m ( a sporangium z %[n 9 tang5tial sections2 ! vascul> bundle is se5 bel[ ! base ( ! sporangium & ! gaps "r & left ( x probably m>k ! position ( p>i*nos /r&s4 ,on ea* side ( ! sporangium1 b1 a fairly ?ick wall ( tissue has gr[n up f ! sporophyll1 =m+ an integum5t :i* ov]tops ! apical ridge ( ! sporangium1 leav+ a n>r[ micropyle 9 ! =m ( a long crevice 7m1 fig4 #bah1 ,b74 ,at ! proximal end ( ! sporangium ! integum5t =ms an enclos+ wall2 at ! di/al end x abuts on & is cont9u\s ) ! upturn$ end ( ! sporophyll4 ,x is cle>ly e/abli%$ by ,scott t ! tissue :i* inve/s ! sporangia is n ! upturn$ m>g9s ( ! sporophyll1 b a new =mation fully entitl$ to ! designation integum5t4 ,x is notewor?y t ! integum5t is n develop$ until a late /age 9 ! ontog5y ( ! /robilus2 x is n =m$ until aft] ! production ( ! pro?allus#ffg4 ,! diagrammatic sket*1 fig4 #bah1 ,b1 %[s ! relation ( ! integum5t to ! sporophyll & sporangium1 ! outl9e ( ! latt] be+ indicat$ by a brok5 l9e4 ,! column> wall ( ! sporangium 7fig4 #bah1 ,a1 b7 =ms a clos$ beak )9 ! micropyl> crevice1 & 9 ! int]ior ( ! sporangial cavity ! slightly %rivell$ membrane1 a1 repres5ts ! s+le megaspore2 traces ( ! abort$ si/]-cells ( ! megaspore are occasionally met )4 ,scott describes a specim5 9 :i* ! megaspore is fill$ ) tissue agree+ 9 appe>ance ) ! pro?allus 9 a megaspore ( ,isoetes or ,selag9ella2 no und\bt$ ar*egonia or female organs h be5 discov]$1 nor has any spore be5 f\nd conta9+ an embryo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,lepidoc>pon ,lomaxi1 ,scott4 ,a & ,c4 ,aft] ,scott4 ,b4 ,diagram ( a s+le sporophyll3 m1 micropyle2 ,/1 /ele4 ,! axis ( ,l4 ,lomaxi has a m$ullat$ /ele con/ruct$ on ! same plan z t ( "s species ( ,lepidod5dron & ,lepido/robus2 ! vascul> bundles supply+ ! sporophylls pass obliquely upw>ds & outw>ds f ! /ele1 ,/1 fig4 #bah1 ,b1 & b5d slightly d[nw>d j be=e ent]+ ! p$icel ( a sporophyll4 ,dr ,scott has also describ$ a /robilus conta9+ microsporangia p>tially enclos$ by a rudim5t>y integum5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( consid]able int]e/ to f9d a p>tial developm5t 9 ! case ( a male fl[] ( an integum5t>y outgr[?1 :i* x w\ld seem c\ld only be ( real functional importance 9 ! female %oot4 ,x is important to notice t specim5s ( a second species ( ,lepidoc>pon1 ,l4 ,wildianum1 are record$ f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,scotl&1 a fact :i* po9ts to a consid]able antiquity = ?is se$-be>+ ,lycopodiace\s type#ffh4 ,! mo/ important "q to consid] 9 reg>d to ,lepidoc>pon is--are we ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ to ! integum5t$ sporangia ! t]m se$8 ,! megaspore 0 n set free z x is 9 rec5t ,pt]idophytes1 su* z ,azolla & o!r g5]a ) :i* ,lepidoc>pon may be comp>$2 x 0 on ! o!r h& reta9$ 9 ! sporangium1 z may sometimes happ5 ev5 9 rec5t species ( ,selag9ella 7cf4 fig4 #aca1 ,d74 ,moreov]1 ! megaspore is *>act]is$ by a ?9 enclos+ membrane 9 contra/ to ! ?ick coat ( a spore :i* is de/9$ to be %$4 ,! peculi> slit-l =m ( ! micropyle is a di/+ui%+ feature1 b ?is may be readily expla9$ z a conv5i5t =m 9 ! case ( a radially elongat$ sporangium4 ,! abs5ce ( an embryo1 ?\gh a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,lepidoc>pon1 _c be held to be a s]i\s ob/acle to ! use ( ! t]m se$2 9 rec5t ,cycads ! embryo1 z ,scott po9ts out1 may n beg9 to develope until ! se$ has be5 %$4 ,x is possible t ! se$s ( ,lepidoc>pon 7 n poll9at$ on ! p>5t plant4 ,! lesson :i* ?is ext9ct type tea*es1 is t c]ta9 ,lycopodiace\s plants ( ! ,palaeozoic era _h rea*$ an important /age 9 ! evolution ( a se$4 ,! morphological ess5tials ( true se$s _h be5 acquir$2 b we d n "k ! biological conditions "u :i* poll9ation & f]tilisation 7 effect$4 ,ano!r po9t ( consid]able int]e/ is ! value ( ?is discov]y z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! view t "s ,gymnosp]ms are d]iv$ f ,lycopod ance/ors4 ,leav+ ! g5]al "q until lat]1 x may at any rate be /at$ t 9 ,lepidoc>pon we h a demon/ration ( ! fact t ! ,lycopodiales 7 n always di/+ui%$ f ,gymnosp]ms by ! abs5ce ( se$s4 ,!re are c]ta9 features 9 ,lepidoc>pon %>$ by ! se$s ( ,arauc>ieae#ffi :i* may well mean some?+ m ?an m]e p>allel developm5t 9 two di/9ct phyla ( ! plant-k+dom#fgj4 ii4 ,miadesmia4 ,9 #ahid ,pr(4 ,b]tr&#fga publi%$ an acc\nt ( c]ta9 fragm5ts ( petrifi$ leaves & twigs ( a small h]bace\s ,lycopodiace\s plant1 "u ! "n ,miadesmia membranacea1 :i* he discov]$ 9 ,engli% mat]ial 9 association ) ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii4 ,subsequ5tly ,scott recognis$ ! megasporophylls ( ! same plant1 & microsporophylls h also be5 discov]$4 ,! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ,miadesmia s f> publi%$ we owe to ,dr ,b5son#fgb1 ^: description is bas$ on specim5s f sev]al s\rces4 ,miadesmia membranacea1 ,b]tr&4 ,fig4 #bai1 ,a-,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,a-,d ,miadesmia2 ,e ,bo?rod5dron4 ,a4 ,radial section ( megasporophyll3 s1 sporangium2 m1 megaspore2 l1 ligule4 7,f a draw+ k9dly l5t by ,mrs ,d4 ,h4 ,scott47 ,b1 ,c4 ,leaf ) ligule4 7,f a section 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection47 ,d4 ,transv]se section ( sporophyll4 7,aft] ,scott47 ,e4 ,radial section ( microsporophyll ( ,bo?rod5dron4 7,f a section 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum2 ,hick ,collection ,r4 #djf47 ,! sl5d] /em1 *>act]is$ by unequal di*otomy1 has a s+le proto/ele compos$ ( scal>i=m tra*eids ) #c-f p]iph]al protoxylem gr\ps4 ,a zone ( delicate tissue surr\nds ! xylem2 ?is is describ$ z phloem1 b x is n cle> :e!r ! designation is bas$ on hi/ological *>act]s or prim>ily on its position4 ,! cortex consi/s ( an inn] lacun> tissue & an out] region limit$ by a small-cell$ sup]ficial lay] %>ply contra/$ ) ! und]ly+ lay]s ( l>g] cells4 ,! /em ( ,miadesmia is n uncommon 9 sections ( ! ,lanca%ire calc>e\s nodules1 & may be recognis$ by ! delicate cru%$ tissue ( :i* x ma9ly consi/s & by l>ge hypod]mal p>5*yma4 ,! spirally dispos$ leaves be> a conspicu\s & relatively l>ge ligule1 #c mm4 long1 9 a deep pit 7fig4 #bai1 ,b & ,c7 ro($ ov] by a few lay]s ( tissue correspond+ to ! velum 9 ,isoetes 7cf4 fig4 #acc1 ,e1 v74 ,! fairly ?ick c5tral region ( ! lam9a is exp&$ lat]ally into ?9 w+s1 :i* 9 ! liv+ /ate probably bore delicate hairs4 ,^! delicate leaves1 app>5tly )\t /omata1 7 atta*$ to ! /em at an acute angle1 & ,miss ,b5son sugge/s t _! =m & arrangem5t may h enabl$ !m to hold wat] by surface-t5sion4 ,z se5 9 fig4 #bai1 ,b1 ,c1 :i* repres5ts "p ( a transv]se section ne> ! leaf-base1 ! ligule is a v *>act]i/ic feature1 & ! size ( ! s+le ve9 is 9 keep+ ) ! almo/ filmy nature ( ! lam9a4 ,9 addition to ! sections 9 ,briti% collections1 ,i h be5 enabl$ by ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,b]tr& to see photomicrographs ( ! sections on :i* he f\nd$ ! g5us4 ,"o ( ^! sections1 transv]se to ! /em & leaves1 illu/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! relatively l>ge size ( ! leaves & ligules 9 proportion to ! delicate axis ( ! %oot4 ,! megasporangiate cone has an axis :i* agrees 9 its /ructure ) t ( ! vegetative /em & be>s sev]al megasporophylls approximately at "r-angles4 ,z 9 ! foliage leaves1 ! ligule is prom95t & l>ge1 & lies 9 a groove :i* conta9s also ! megasporangium2 bo? ligule1 l1 & sporangium1 s1 z se5 9 ! transv]se section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bai1 ,d1 are cov]$ by an integum5t or velum :i* arises 9 ! proximal "p ( ! leaf & leaves a circul> micropyl> op5+ at ! beak-l apex ( ! sporangium4 ,! circul> micropyle is surr\nd$ by num]\s hairs borne on ! integum5t & :i* presumably play$ ! "p ( a fea!ry /igma4 ,a s+le megaspore ) a ?9 membrane1 m1 abuts on ! fairly /rong sporangial wall1 s2 9 "s cases ! sporangium & megaspore walls may be indi/+ui%able1 a feature sugge/+ comp>ison ) se$-/ructure4 ,"s megaspores h be5 f\nd fill$ ) a pro?allus4 ,! longitud9al section %[n 9 fig4 #bai1 ,a1 illu/rates ! *>act]i/ic horizontal position ( ! megasporophyll1 z also ! relation ( ! ligule1 l1 to ! sporophyll ) its s+le vascul> bundle1 & to ! hairy integum5t1 :i* ov]>*es bo? sporangium & ligule2 ! l9e m %[s ! position ( ! megaspore-membrane1 deta*$ f ! sporangial wall on ! upp] side b 9 contact ) x bel[4 ,! microsporophyll %[n 9 #bai1 ,e1 0 orig9ally ref]r$ to ,miadesmia b has s9ce be5 recognis$ by ,watson#fgc z t ( a ,bo?ro/robus4 ,miadesmia af=ds an example ( a ,palaeozoic plant comp>able ) ,isoetes & ,selag9ella2 x agrees also ) ,lepidoc>pon 9 possess+ true se$s1 & ) ,watson's ,bo?rod5dron cone 9 ! %ape ( ! sporangia1 :i* are m l ^? ( ,selag9ella ?an ! radially elongat$ sporangia ( ,lepido/robus4 ,miadesmia agrees ) ,selag9ella1 e4g4 ,s4 sp9osa1 9 its /el> /ructure1 9 ! =m ( ! sporangia1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a ligule4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by hav+ only "o in/ead ( f\r megaspores 9 a sporangium1 9 ! possession ( an integum5t :i* =m$ a close inve/m5t to ! spore & s]v$ z a /igma 7comp>able ) ! /igma-l integum5t ( ! male fl[] ( ,welwits*ia71 & 9 ! %$d+ ( ! megasporophylls1 :i* h be5 aptly comp>$ ) w+$ se$s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lepidoc>pon ,on ! gr\nd ( _! g5]al anatomical features ,lepidoc>pon & ,miadesmia are cle>ly entitl$ to be includ$ among ext9ct repres5tatives ( ! ,pt]idophyta4 ,^! plants _h1 h[ev]1 cross$ :at x has be5 cu/om>y to reg>d z ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,pt]idophytes & ,phan]ogams3 !y possess$ megasporangia ) ! attributes ( se$s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,le/] ,w>d#fgd t ,pt]idophytic se$-be>+ plants %all be recognis$ z a di/9ct phylum = :i* he proposes ! "n ,pt]idosp]maphyta1 a designation imply+ exclusion f ! ,sp]matophyta z usually und]/ood4 ,= se$-be>+ ,lycopodiace\s g5]a he sugge/s ! "n ,lepidosp]mae4 ,z k ( ! ,palaeozoic se$-plants increases revision ( exi/+ classifications & gr\p names w become necess>y1 b z yet we are h>dly 9 a position to draw up a satisfactory s*eme ( gr\p+2 we "k little ( ,lepidoc>pon z a :ole & x w\ld be premature to commit ourselves1 ev5 provisionally1 to a classification :i* is bas$ on su* meagre evid5ce z we possess4 ,moreov] ! value to be atta*$ to ! se$-habit z a basis ( classification c h>dly be e/imat$ until full] in=mation is obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,filicales4 ,?is division ( ! ,pt]idophyta includes bo? ! true f]ns 7,filic9eae7 & ! less famili> wat]-f]ns or ,hydropt]ideae4 ,! almo/ complete abs5ce ( satisfactory evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! geological hi/ory ( ! latt] r5d]s ?is gr\p ( second>y importance f a palaeobotanical /&po9t1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we possess a weal? ( mat]ial be>+ on ! pa/ hi/ory & relative antiquity ( ! true f]ns4 ,! /udy ( ext9ct types has s f> r5d]$ no sub/antial help t[>ds bridg+ ! wide gap betwe5 ! ,filicales & ! l[] plants4 ,z ,mr ,tansley#fge says 9 8 admirable lectures on ,! ,evolution ( ! ,filic9ean ,vascul> ,sy/em1 8,! bigge/ gap 9 ! plant k+dom at ! pres5t "t is und\bt$ly t :i* sep>ates ! ,pt]idophytes f ! plants def9itely bel[ !m 9 organisation1 & directly we try to /ep beh9d ! f]ns we tumble into ?is abyss40 ,resemblances long ago recognis$ betwe5 c]ta9 f]ns & ! cycads1 a section ( ! ,gymnosp]ms1 7 reg>d$ by a few botani/s z indications ( blood-relation%ip1 & ! results ( rec5t rese>*es into ! morphological *>act]s ( ext9ct ,palaeozoic types are g5]ally held to confirm ^! surmises4 ,pr(4 ,*odat#fgf ( ,g5eva has rec5tly *all5g$ ! validity ( ! argum5ts on :i* ! aff9ity ( cycads & f]ns has be5 accept$ by ! great majority ( botani/s4 ,:e!r or n 8 criticisms /& ! te/ ( unbiass$ exam9ation1 !y mu/ at lea/ lead u to sub/itute a critical consid]ation ( ! facts = a m]e repetition ( conclusions :i* appeal to our imag9ation4 ,despite ,pr(4 ,*odat's w>n+1 we may /ill quote ) confid5ce a phrase us$ 9 ano!r connexion--f]ns 8are l9ks 9 a *a9 & bran*es on ! tree ( life1 ) _! roots 9 a pa/ inconceivably remote#fgg40 ,sid5ote3 ,,pt]idosp]ms ,transitional =ms :i* are reg>d$ z po9t+ to a common orig9 = f]ns & cycads are kn[n 9 abundance2 o!r types h also be5 discov]$ :i* lead "s au?ors to g s f> z to d]ive ! :ole ( ! se$-be>+ plants f an ance/ry ! desc5dants ( :i* are repres5t$ by exi/+ f]ns4 ,:ile hesitat+ to all[ ! f]ns or f]n-l plants ! peculi> position ( univ]sal ance/ors1 we mu/ admit t !re is no gr\p ( plants ) a hi/ory ( great] importance f an evolution>y /&po9t ?an t ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s difficulties to face 9 attempt+ to deciph] ! hi/ory ( ! ,filic9eae z record$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,few fossil plants are s famili> z ! well-pres]v$ c>bonace\s impressions ( comp\nd leaves on ! %ales ( our ,coal-,measures1 :i* 7 ref]r$ by old] au?ors to rec5t g5]a & species ( f]ns & accept$ by lat] writ]s z und\bt$ examples ( ,palaeozoic f]ns4 ,! common belief 9 ! dom9ance ( f]ns 9 ,palaeozoic floras is reflect$ 9 ! noveli/'s description ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 8:5 ! =ms ( plants 7 few & (t5 ( ! f]n k9d#fgh40 ,we n[ "k t v _m ( ^! ,c>bonif]\s leaves belong$ to plants diff]+ widely 9 morphological *>act]s f ! mod]n g5]a to :i* !y exhibit s deceptive a resemblance4 ,^! pseudo-f]ns1 rec5tly *ri/5$ ,pt]idosp]ms or se$-be>+ f]n-l plants1 are dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! discov]y ( ?is ext9ct gr\p has add$ enorm\sly to our k ( plant-evolution & at ! same "t has r5d]$ mu* m difficult ! task ( unravell+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! true f]ns4 ,z soon z x 0 demon/rat$ t _m famili> ,palaeozoic 8f]ns0 are n f]ns1 "s au?ors w5t f> t[>ds conclud+ t h[ev] close might be ! agreem5t betwe5 fossil & rec5t leaves suspicion ( close relation%ip mu/ be set aside4 ,l ! e>li] writ]s :o describ$ fossils z lusus naturae fa%ion$ by devili% ag5cy to deceive too cr$ul\s man1 ! discov]y ( se$-be>+ plants ) ! foliage ( f]ns ?reat5$ to di/urb ! m5tal balance ( palaeobotani/s4 ,! fact is1 we _c 9 "s cases det]m9e f leaf-=m alone :e!r or n a fossil is a true f]n2 we may1 z ,pr(essor ,b[]#fgi sugge/s1 reg>d all f]n-l fossils z f]ns until !y are prov$ to be ,pt]idosp]ms1 or 9 a _s ( sci5tific scepticism1 we may at once admit t _m ,palaeozoic f]n-l leaves mu/ await fur!r evid5ce be=e _! true position c be det]m9$4 ,x is impossible1 z ,zeill]#fhj says1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k to range f]n-l ,palaeozoic plants 9 two gr\ps1 "o ref]r$ to ,filic9eae & ! o!r to ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,! foll[+ classification ( ! ,filicales is bas$ on t adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,engl] 9 ! late/ edition ( 8 ,syllabus#fha & on ! results ( ,b[]'s#fhb excell5t "w on ! spore-be>+ memb]s ( rec5t f]ns4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,filicales are *>act]is$ by ! same well-m>k$ physiological division ( lab\r 9 _! vegetative p>ts z are ! ,lycopods2 ! plant is ! asexual g5]ation 7sporophyte71 :ile ! sexual g5]ation 7gametophyte7 is small & inconspicu\s1 ei!r an indep5d5t gre5 pro?allus or a tissue m or less completely enclos$ 9 ! spore4 ,! l>ge size ( ! leaves1 :i* 9 ! "y /ate are usually coil$ l a crozi] 7fig4 #bbj1 ,a71 is a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! f]ns2 !y are megaphyll\s 9 contra/ to ! microphylly ( ! ,lycopods4 ,i4 ,leptosporangiate ,filicales4 ,9 ^! homospor\s & het]ospor\s plants ! sporangia are develop$ f s+le epid]mal cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,"y fronds ( 7,a7 ,angiopt]is evecta & 7,b7 ,cycas revoluta4 7,r$uc$47 7a7 ,eufilic9eae4 ,! sporangia be> spores ( "o k9d only2 ! wall ( a sporangium consi/s ( "o lay] ( cells4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! sporangia are *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a conspicu\s r[ ( ?ick-wall$ br[n cells1 ! annulus#fhc1 :i* s]ves z a me*anism = dehisc5ce & spore-disp]sal4 ,! f]tile leaves1 id5tical 9 =m ) ! /]ile1 or m or less %>ply contra/$1 usually be> ! sporangia on ! "u surface ( ! lam9a 9 def9ite gr\ps or sori1 & n on ! upp] surface or gr\p$ 9 /robili z 9 ! ,lycopodiales4 ,! /em is dorsiv5tral or radial 9 /ructure1 creep+ or erect1 frequ5tly clo!d ) *affy scales 7ram5ta7 & less (t5 ) multicellul> hairs4 ,! sexual g5]ation is repres5t$ by a small gre5 pro?allus :i* lives = a %ort p]iod only & dies aft] nurs+ ! f]n-plant ?r\gh its e>lie/ /ages4 7b7 ,hydropt]ideae4 ,het]ospor\s wat]-f]ns diff]+ consid]ably 9 habit f ! true f]ns4 ,ea* megasporangium conta9s a s+le megaspore & sev]al microspores are produc$ 9 ea* microsporangium4 ,! gametophyte is repres5t$ by tissue m or less enclos$ 9 ! spore4 ,g5]a ,salv9ia1 ,azolla1 ,m>silia1 ,regnellidium1 ,pilul>ia4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 7a7 ,eufilic9eae4 ,! classification ( ! true f]ns 9 common use is bas$ almo/ exclusively on ! /ructure ( ! sporangium1 ! =m & position ( ! sori1 & on ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( an indusium 7! tissue :i* 9 "s f]ns p>tially or completely cov]s ea* sorus74 ,9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 consid]able activity 9 ! inve/igation ( f]n anatomy ) a view to elucidat+ ! natural relation%ip betwe5 rec5t families or g5]a4 ,! results ( ^! rese>*es are on ! :ole consi/5t ) ! s*eme & gr\p+ adopt$ 9 ! ,synopsis ,filicum ( ,hook] & ,bak] & 9 g5]al h>mony ) ! ma9 conclusions arriv$ at by ,b[] f an int5sive /udy ( ! developm5t ( f]n sporangia4 ,! foll[+ classification is bas$ on t ( ,b[] :o takes z a basis 7i7 ! relative "t ( appe>ance ( ! sporangia 9 a s+le sorus1 7ii7 ! /ructure ( ! sporangia & _! ori5tation relative to ! :ole sorus1 7iii7 ! productiv5ess ( sporangia 7spore-output74 ,osmundaceae ,simplices 7,b[]74 ,! sporangia are relatively ,s*izaeaceae l>ge & all ! sporangia 9 a sorus h a ,glei*5iaceae simultane\s orig93 ! annulus is oblique4 ,maton9eae ,gradatae 7,b[]74 ,sporangia arise 9 basipetal ,loxsomaceae succession on a m or less elongat$ receptacle ,hym5ophyllaceae 7portion ( ! leaf lam9a :i* projects z a ,cya!aceae cu%ion or column on :i* ! sporangia are ,d5n/a$ti9ae borne72 annulus oblique2 indusium1 if pres5t1 9 ! =m ( a cup or flap ( tissue aris+ f ! base ( ! sorus4 ,mixtae 7,b[]74 ,?is division includes ! ,polypodiaceae1 by f> ! l>ge/ family ( f]ns4 ,polypodiaceae ,! sporangia are *>act]is$ by _! ,p>k]iaceae relatively small size1 ! pres5ce ( a sl5d] /alk1 ! abs5ce ( regul> ori5tation or sequ5ce 9 developm5t1 & by ! pres5ce ( a v]tical annulus4 ,! ,dipt]id9ae include species ) ! *>act]s ,dipt]id9ae ( ! ,mixtae1 & "o species 9 :i* ! sporangia develope simultane\sly 7,simplices74 ,osmundaceae#fhd4 7,osmunda1 ,todea47 ,sporangia l>ge & r /\t] ?an ^? ( o!r ,leptosporangiate f]ns1 borne 9 small gr\ps 7filmy species ( ,todea7 9 l9e> & frequ5tly conflu5t sori 7,todea b>b>a2 fig4 #bba1 ,d7 or clu/]$ r\nd ! axis ( modifi$ f]tile p9nae ) mu* r$uc$ lam9a 7,osmunda74 ,! annulus is repres5t$ by a gr\p ( ?ick]-wall$ cells a %ort di/ance bel[ ! apex 7fig4 #bba1 ,c74 ,?is family /&s ap>t among ! f]ns2 9 "s respects1 e4g4 9 ! m robu/ sporangia occasionally =m+ synangia1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( /ipul> w+s1 x =ms a transitional s]ies betwe5 ! ,leptosporangiate & ,eusporangiate f]ns4 ,! only ,european species ( ,osmunda1 ,o4 regalis1 is almo/ cosmopolitan 9 range2 o!r species occur 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & 9 o!r regions1 m especially 9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,todea is repres5t$ by 7i7 ! ,s\? ,african & ,au/ralian species1 ,t4 b>b>a1 a f]n ) a /em1 :i* may rea* a height ( sev]al feet1 ?ickly cov]$ ) adv5titi\s roots & be>+ l>ge & some:at lea!ry fronds2 7ii7 filmy species 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & else:]e4 ,a plant ( ! small tree-f]n ,todea ,wilkesiana 7,fiji1 ,samoa1 & o!r isl&s7 9 ! filmy-f]n h\se at ,kew1 to :i* my att5tion 0 drawn by my fri5d ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,hill1 has a sl5d] /em ) ! *>act]i/ic leaf-sc>s expos$2 x pres5ts a /rik+ simil>ity to "s ( ! fossil species ( ,osmundaceae describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,a4 ,osmunda c9namomea 7aft] ,faull74 ,b4 ,todea b>b>a1 p1 phloem2 s1 scl]5*yma4 ,c4 ,osmunda regalis 7aft] ,lu]ss574 ,d4 ,todea b>b>a 7 nat4 size74 ,s*izaeaceae4 7,s*izaea1 ,aneimia1 ,lygodium1 ,mohria47 ,sporangia borne s+ly & n 9 gr\ps 7sori71 readily recognis$ by ! complete transv]se apical annulus usually "o lay] ( cells deep1 b occasionally two lay]s 9 dep? on ! side opposite ! l9e ( dehisc5ce#fhe 7fig4 #bbd1 ,b74 ,s*izaea 7fig4 #bbb7 ) ! exception ( "o species 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7,s4 pusilla7 is *>act]i/ic ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ! ,malay region1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,cal$onia1 ,s4 ,africa1 & else:]e s\? ( ! ,equator4 ,aneimia 7figs4 #bbc1 #bbd1 ,a1 ,b71 *>act]is$ by ! f]tile segm5ts ) r$uc$ lam9a1 is *iefly ,am]ican3 ! monotypic g5us ,mohria1 resembl+ 9 habit ! ,polypodiace\s g5us ,*eilan!s1 occurs 9 ,s4 ,africa & ,madagasc>1 :ile species ( ,lygodium are widely spread tropical f]ns1 ) "o species 9 temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is family has disappe>$ f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,s*izaea elegans4 7,slightly r$uc$47 ,a few ( ! segm5ts t]m9ate 9 n>r[ f]tile lobes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,aneimia rotundifolia4 7,f ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew4 nat4 size47 ,glei*5iaceae ,glei*5ia1 ,platyzoma 7 ,g4 microphylla74 ,sporangia =m circul> nak$ sori compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( sporangia1 usually n m ?an t5 & frequ5tly few]1 *>act]is$ by an obliquely horizontal & almo/ complete annulus 7fig4 #bbd1 ,i74 ,9 "s species ( ,glei*5ia 7sect4 ,euglei*5ia7 ! ultimate segm5ts are v small & semicircul> 9 =m 7fig4 #bbf1 ,c71 9 o!rs 7sect4 ,m]t5sia#fhf7 ! segm5ts are l9e> 7fig4 #bbf1 ,d71 & 9 _m species ! fronds are di/+ui%$ by ! regul> di*otom\s bran*+ 7fig4 #bbe71 frequ5tly %[+ an arre/$ ra*is bud 9 ! =ks#fhg protect$ by modifi$ p9nules 7fig4 #bbf1 ,d1 ,e74 ,9 ,platyzoma ! leaves are simple1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #bj-cj cm41 & be> small revolute oval segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,a4 ,aneimia flexuosa4 ,b4 ,a4 phyllitidis4 ,c4 ,hym5ophyllum dilatatum4 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g4 ,matonia pect9ata2 i1 indusium4 ,h4 ,?yrsopt]is elegans4 ,i4 ,glei*5ia circ9ata4 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,prantl2 ,c1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 aft] ,b[]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,glei*5ia dic>pa4 7 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,a1 ,b4 ,glei*5ites ,ro/af9skii1 ,raciborski4 ,c4 ,glei*5ia dic>pa4 7,nat4 size47 ,d1 ,e4 ,glei*5ia di*otoma4 7,r$uc$47 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,raciborski2 ,c1 aft] ,hook]2 ,d1 ,e1 aft] ,goebel47 ,glei*5ia is repres5t$ by sev]al species 9 ! tropics & ext5ds to s\? temp]ate & ,ant>ctic latitudes4 ,! species ,g4 di*otoma 7 ,g4 l9e>is7 is "o ( ! m successful tropical f]ns1 :ile ,g4 monili=mis 7by "s au?ors recognis$ z a di/9ct g5us1 ,/romatopt]is7 is peculi> to ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! monotypic g5us ,platyzoma is a x]ophil\s ,au/ralian f]n4 ,! ,glei*5iaceae are unrepres5t$ 9 exi/+ nor? temp]ate floras4 ,maton9eae4 7,matonia47 ,! g5us ,matonia1 plac$ 9 ! ,cya!aceae by ,sir ,william ,hook] & comp>$ by o!r au?ors also ) ! ,glei*5iaceae1 is n[ includ$ 9 a special family4 ,! sori are circul> & consi/ ( #e-aa l>ge sporangia 7fig4 #bbd1 ,e1 ,g7 sessile on a c5tral column> receptacle :i* spreads out into an umbrella-l indusium 7,d1 i7 ) its incurv$ m>g9 tuck$ 9 bel[ ! r+ ( sporangia4 ,! indusium is deta*$ :5 ! sporangia are ripe4 ,! annulus is oblique & incomplete & (t5 slightly s9u\s2 x agrees 9 ! ma9 ) t ( ,glei*5ia4 ,! species ,matonia pect9ata is *>act]is$ by di*otom\sly bran*$ fronds 7figs4 #bbg1 #bbh7 ) long & sl5d] petioles2 ! p9nae be> l9e> p9nules ) =k$ lat]al ve9s & occasional lat]al ana/omoses 7fig4 #bbd1 ,f74 ,! only o!r liv+ repres5tative is ,m4 s>m5tosa1 discov]$ by ,mr ,*>les ,hose at ,niah1 ,s>awak#fhh3 ?is species has long p5dul\s leaves app>5tly v diff]5t f ^? ( ,m4 pect9ata1 b ! bran*+ ( ! frond may be reg>d$ z a modification ( a primitive =m ( di*otomy#fhi4 ,a small bud occurs 9 ! angle betwe5 ! =k$ l9e> segm5ts & ! ra*is1 z 9 "s species ( ,glei*5ia#fij4 ,matonia is conf9$ to ! ,malay region3 ,m4 pect9ata gr[s 9 ,we/]n ,borneo & 9 v>i\s localities 9 ! ,malay p59sula1 :ile ,m4 s>m5tosa1 has be5 f\nd 9 "o locality only2 ! latt] species has rec5tly be5 transf]r$ to a new g5us ,phan]osorus1 b 9 view ( ! practical id5tity 9 anatomical /ructure & ! close agreem5t z reg>ds ! sori ( ! two species !re w\ld seem to be no ju/ification = ?is *ange ( "n#fia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,matonia pect9ata4 7 nat4 size47 ,m4,s4 ,loxsomaceae4 ,! ,new ,zeal& g5us ,loxsoma has m>g9al sori ) a cup-l indusium surr\nd+ an elongat$ receptacle be>+ pe>-%ap$ sporangia provid$ ) a complete oblique annulus4 ,! g5us is *iefly int]e/+ because ( its isolat$ position2 x agrees ) ,tri*omanes 7,hym5ophyllaceae7 9 ! /ructure ( ! sorus & ) species ( ,dicksonia & ,davallia 9 habit2 x %[s "s resemblance also to ,glei*5iaceae & ,s*izaeaceae#fib4 ,a new type ( f]n describ$ by ,*ri/#fic f ,co/a ,rica z ,loxsomopsis co/>ic5sis af=ds a /rik+ in/ance ( discont9u\s di/ribution & emphasises ! antiquity & g5]alis$ features ( ! family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,matonia pect9ata4 ,f a photograph by ,mr ,tansley ( a gr\p ( plants 9 a wood on ,gunong ,tundok1 ,m\nt ,ophir4 ,hym5ophyllaceae4 7,hym5ophyllum1 ,tri*omanes47 ,! sporangia1 :i* are atta*$ to a column> receptacle or prolongation ( a ve9 beyond ! m>g9 ( ! lam9a1 are *>act]is$ by an obliquely transv]se annulus 7fig4 #bbd1 ,c74 ,a cup-l indusium surr\nds ! l[] portion ( ! receptacle :i* is two-lipp$ 9 ,tri*omanes & entire 9 ,hym5ophyllum 7fig4 #bgj1 ,c1 ,d74 ,^! two filmy f]ns h a wide di/ribution bo? 9 tropical & extra-tropical regions2 !y are repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles by ,hym5ophyllum tunbrig5se1 ,h4 ,wilsoni1 & ,tri*omanes radicans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,a4 ,?yrsopt]is elegans4 ,b4 ,cya!a sp9ulosa4 ,c4 ,davallia conc9na4 ,d4 ,dicksonia coniifolia4 ,e4 ,alsophila excelsa4 ,f1 ,g4 ,dicksonia culcita4 7,a1 aft] ,diels & ,kunze2 ,b1 ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 aft] ,hook]2 ,e1 aft] ,b[]47 ,cya!aceae4 7,cya!a1 ,hemitelia1 ,alsophila1 ,dicksonia1 ,?yrsopt]is47 ,! sporangia occur 9 indusiate or nak$ sori & h an obliquely v]tical & incomplete annulus 7fig4 #bbi1 ,e74 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! fronds are l>ge & highly comp\nd1 b ,cya!a s9uata ,hook1 a r>e ,ceylon species1 be>s simple n>r[ l9e> leaves4 ,?is family includes1 ) few exceptions1 all ! tree f]ns#fid4 ,! sori ( ,dicksonia are enclos$ 9 a two-valv$ indusium 7fig4 #bbi1 ,f4 ,g72 9 ! species repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bcj ! f]tile segm5ts1 :i* t]m9ate 9 cup-l indusia1 are *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( a lam9a & closely resemble ^? ( ,?yrsopt]is 7fig4 #bbi1 ,a74 ,9 ,cya!a ! indusium has ! =m ( a cup :i* is at fir/ clos$ & aft]w>ds op5s at ! apex 7fig4 #bbi1 ,b72 9 ,hemitelia ! indusium is mu* r$uc$ & 9 ,alsophila ! sori are nak$4 ,?yrsopt]is is *>act]is$ by ! r$uc$ f]tile p9nules be>+ /alk$ sori 9 deep cups 7fig4 #bbi1 ,a74 ,! appe>ance ( ?is f]n 8is v rem>kable1 = ! cup-%ap$ sori hang d[n f ! fronds 9 masses1 look+ j l masses ( millet se$#fie40 ,! sporangia are describ$ by ,b[]#fif z l>ge & ( r peculi> =m4 ,z se5 9 fig4 #bbd1 ,h1 ! annulus is cont9u\s2 x =ms a twi/$ loop ( cells :i* v>y 9 %ape & 9 ! ?ickness ( ! walls4 ,! ,cya!aceae are = ! mo/ "p tropical f]ns ) a wide geographical range1 usually 9 moi/ regions2 !y are1 h[ev]1 able to fl\ri% "u widely diff]5t temp]ature conditions4 ,9 ,tasmania1 z ,diels#fig po9ts out1 tree f]ns may occasionally be se5 lad5 ) sn[1 & on ! we/ coa/ ( ,new ,zeal& !y ov]hang ! edge ( a glaci]#fih4 ,! monotypic g5us ,?yrsopt]is is conf9$ to ,juan ,f]n&ez4 ,! ,cya!aceae no long] exi/ 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,dicksonia ,b]t]cana ,hook4 ,f]tile & /]ile p9nae4 7,nat4 size4 ,briti% ,museum ,h]b>ium47 ,d5n/a$ti9ae4 7,microlepia1 ,d5n/a$tia47 ,?is sub-tribe1 in/itut$ by ,prantl1 has be5 reviv$ by ,b[] on ! gr\nd t ! sori pres5t features int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ,cya!aceae & ! ,polypodiace\s g5us ,davallia4 ,! sporangia h a slightly oblique annulus4 ,polypodiaceae4 ,?is section ( ! ,leptosporangiate f]ns1 includ+ sev]al sub-tribes1 comprises ! great majority ( rec5t g5]a4 ,! sporangia =m nak$ or indusiate sori & h a v]tical incomplete annulus4 ,9 ,plagiogyria#fii ! oblique annulus & soral features sugge/ comp>ison ) ! ,cya!aceae4 ,a m intimate acqua9tance ) ,polypodiace\s f]ns w und\bt$ly demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( o!r g5]alis$ types#gjj4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! id5tification ( fossil f]ns x is important to be> 9 m9d ! v close resemblance pres5t$ by "s ,polypodiace\s species1 e4g4 species ( ,davallia 7fig4 #bbi1 ,c71 to ,cya!ace\s f]ns 7cf4 fig4 #bbi1 ,d74 ,p>k]iaceae4 7,c]atopt]is47 ,! almo/ sph]ical & scatt]$ sporangia are *>act]is$ by ! peculi> =m ( ! v]tical annulus1 :i* is compos$ ( num]\s cells diff]+ 9 _! great] bread? & small] dep? f ^? ( a typical annulus4 ,exannulate sporangia h be5 describ$1 :ile o!rs occur %[+ diff]5t /ages betwe5 a rudim5t>y & a complete r+4 ,! s+le species ( ,c]atopt]is1 ,c4 ?alictroides1 is an annual aquatic f]n widely spread 9 tropical c\ntries#gja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,a1 ,a4 ,dipt]is qu9quefurcata 7type-specim5 9 ! ,kew ,h]b>ium74 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 ,g4 ,d4 conjugata4 7,c1 nat4 size47 ,d4 ,polypodium qu]cifolium4 ,f4 ,dipt]is ,walli*ii4 7,d1 aft] ,lu]ss547 ,dipt]id9ae4 7,dipt]is47 ,! g5us ,dipt]is1 =m]ly includ$ 9 ! ,polypodiaceae1 has be5 assign$ to a sep>ate family p>tly on acc\nt ( ! slight obliquity ( ! v]tical annulus 7fig4 #bca1 ,g7 & on o!r gr\nds#gjb4 ,! f\r species ,dipt]is conjugata1 ,d4 ,walli*ii1 ,d4 ,lobbiana 7 ,d4 bifurcata71 & ,d4 qu9quefurcata 7fig4 #bca7 are *>act]is$ by a creep+ rhizome be>+ fronds rea*+ a l5g? ( #ej cm42 9 ,d4 conjugata & ,d4 ,walli*ii ! lam9a is divid$ by a m$ian s9us into two symmetrical halves1 :ile 9 o!r species ! leaf is dissect$ into n>r[ l9e> segm5ts4 ,! ma9 di*otom\sly bran*$ ribs are connect$ by lat]al bran*es & ^! by t]ti>y ve9s1 ! delicate bran*es ( :i* end freely )9 ! squ>e or polygonal areolae 7fig4 #bca1 ,a1 ,e74 ,! nak$ sori are compos$ ( num]\s sporangia & filam5t\s hairs3 :ile 9 "s species ! soral developm5t con=ms to t *>act]i/ic ( ! ,mixtae1 x has be5 %[n t 9 "o species1 ,d4 ,lobbiana 7 ,d4 bifurcata#gjc71 ! sporangia develope simultane\sly z 9 ! ,simplices4 ,dipt]is occurs 9 company ) ,matonia on ,mt ,ophir & else:]e 9 ! ,malay p59sula2 x ext5ds to ! ,philipp9es1 ,samoa1 ,new ,cal$onia1 ,*9a1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! subtropical regions ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! impossibility ( draw+ a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 ! divisions adopt$ 9 any sy/em ( classification is well illu/rat$ by ! f]ns4 ,9 ! ma91 ! ?ree-fold gr\p+ sugge/$ by ,b[] is probably consi/5t ) ! ord] ( evolution ( ! true f]ns4 ,! ,polypodiaceae1 :i* are n[ ! dom9ant gr\p1 are 9 all probability ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 :ile ! ,gradatae & ,simplices repres5t small] subdivisions ) repres5tatives 9 remote geological epo*s4 ,! g5]a ,loxsoma1 ,matonia & ,dipt]is af=d examples ( f]ns exhibit+ po9ts ( contact ) m ?an "o ( ,b[]'s subdivisions3 !y are g5]alis$ types :i*1 l _m relics ( ! pa/1 are n[ *>act]is$ by a re/rict$ geographical range4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rec5t ,,f]ns ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,davallia aculeata4 7 nat4 size47 ,x is notewor?y t :ile c]ta9 vegetative features may 9 "s cases be cit$ z family-*>act]s1 su* features are n usually ( mu* value f a taxonomic po9t ( view4 ,:ile ! typical tree f]ns are practically all memb]s ( ! ,cya!aceae1 a few memb]s ( o!r families1 e4g4 ,todea b>b>a 7,osmundaceae7 & ! monotypic ,indian g5us ,bra9ea 7,polypodiaceae71 =m erect /ems sev]al feet 9 height2 b ^! diff] 9 appe>ance f ! ,palm-l type ( ! ,cya!ace\s tree f]ns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?91 almo/ transp>5t1 leaf ( ,hym5ophyllum tunbridg5se & o!r filmy f]ns is a "* %>$ by sev]al species ( ,todea1 ,aspl5ium resectum1 & ,danaea tri*omanoides 7,m>attiaceae72 ! filmy habit is ess5tially a biological adaptation4 ,! =m ( frond repres5t$ by c]ta9 species ( ,glei*5ia1 *>act]is$ by a regul> di*otomy ( ! axis & by ! occurr5ce ( arre/$ buds1 is on ! :ole a tru/wor?y "*1 ?\gh ,davallia aculeata 7be>+ sp9es on its ra*is7 7fig4 #bcb7 & ,matonia s>m5tosa h fronds ) a simil> mode ( bran*+ & also be> arre/$ radius-buds4 ,a limit$ acqua9tance ) f]ns z a :ole (t5 leads u to reg>d a c]ta9 =m ( leaf z *>act]i/ic ( a p>ticul> species1 b m ext5d$ enquiry usually exposes ! fallacy ( rely+ ^u s caprici\s a feature4 ,! =m ( leaf illu/rat$ by ,tri*omanes r5i=me is met ) also 9 ,gymnogramme r5i=mis & is fairly closely mat*$ by ! leaf ( ,scolop5drium nigripes4 ,! fronds ( ,matonia pect9ata 7figs4 #bbg1 #bbh7 be> a close resemblance to ^? ( ,glei*5ia ,cunn+hami1 ,adiantum p$atum1 & ,*eiropt]is palmatop$ata#gjd4 ,! habit1 leaf-=m1 & di/ribution ( ,f]ns4 ,! full acc\nts ( ! /ructure & life-hi/ory ( ! common ,male ,f]n1 giv5 by ,scott 9 8 ,/ructural ,botany & by ,b[] 9 ! ,orig9 ( a ,l& ,flora1 r5d] sup]flu\s m ?an a brief ref]5ce to c]ta9 g5]al consid]ations 9 s f> z !y may facilitate a /udy ( fossil types4 ,9 size ,f]ns h a wide range3 at ! "o extreme we h ! filmy f]n ,tri*omanes ,goebelianum#gje1 gr[+ on tree /ems 9 ,v5ezuela1 ) leaves #be to #c mm4 9 diamet]1 & at ! o!r ! tree f]ns ) tall column> /ems rea*+ a height ( #dj to #ej feet & t]m9at+ 9 a cr[n ( fronds ) a spread ( sev]al feet4 ,a common =m ( /em is repres5t$ by ! subt]ranean or creep+ rhizome cov]$ ) ram5tal scales or hairs3 ! rema9s ( old leaves may p]si/ z ragg$ /umps1 or1 z 9 ,ole&ra1 ,polypodium vulg>e & sev]al o!r species1 ! leaf may be cut (f by ! =mation ( an absciss-lay]#gjf leav+ a clean-cut peg project+ f ! /em4 ,z a rule ! bran*es be> no relation to ! leaves & are (t5 giv5 (f f ! l[] "p ( a petiole1 b 9 a few cases1 e4g4 9 ! ,hym5ophyllaceae1 x is notewor?y t true axill>y bran*+ is ! rule#gjg4 ,9 ! typical tree-f]n ! surface resembles t ( a ,cycadean trunk cov]$ ) p]si/5t leaf-bases & a ?ick mass ( roots4 ,among epiphytic f]ns highly modifi$ /ems are occasionally met )1 z 9 ! ,malayan species ,polypodium 7,lecanopt]is7 c>nosum & ,p4 s9uosum#gjh4 ,! leaves ( f]ns are among ! mo/ protean ( all plant organs2 z ,d>w9 wrote1 8! v>iability ( f]ns passes all b\nds#gji40 ,! highly comp\nd tri- or quadrip9nate leaves ( su* species z ,pt]is aquil9a1 ,davallia & o!r g5]a /& = ! c5tral type ( f]n frond2 o!rs exhibit a well-m>k$ di*otomy1 e4g4 ,lygodium1 ,glei*5ia1 ,matonia1 etc41 a habit 9 all probability associat$ ) ! old] r ?an ) ! m mod]n products ( f]n evolution4 ,be=e attempt+ to det]m9e specifically fossil f]n fronds1 x is important to famili>ise ourselves ) ! range ( v>iability among exi/+ species & m especially 9 leaves ( ! same plant4 ,a /rik+ example ( het]omorphy is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #bcc4 ,re9ecke#gaj has figur$ a plant ( ,aspl5ium multil9eatum 9 :i* ! segm5ts ( ! comp\nd fronds assume v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ,t]atophyllum aculeatum v>4 in]mis ,mett41 a tropical climb+ f]n believ$ by ,k>/5#gaa to be id5tical ) ,acro/i*um 7,lom>iopsis7 sorbifolium1--an id5tification :i* ,goebel#gab que/ions1--! fronds :i* /& free ( ! /em support+ ! climb] diff] consid]ably f ! transluc5t & mu* m delicate filmy leaves press$ aga9/ ! support+ tree4 ,f ?is f]n alone ,fe is said to h creat$ #ag di/9ct species4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 diff]5ces 9 leaf-=m are ! expression ( a physiological division ( lab\r connect$ ) an epiphytic exi/5ce4 ,"s tropical species ( ,polypodium 7sect4 ,dryn>ia71 e4g4 ,p4 qu]cifolium 7fig4 #bcd & fig4 #bca1 ,d71 produce two di/9ct types ( leaf1 ! l>ge gre5 fronds1 conc]n$ ) ! assimilation ( c>bon & spore-production1 be+ 9 %>p contra/ to ! small slightly lob$ br[n leaves :i* act z /iff brackets 7fig4 #bcd1 ,m7 = collect+ humus f :i* ! roots absorb raw mat]ial4 ,simil>ly 9 ,platyc]ium ! orbicul> mantle-leaves diff] widely f ! long p5dul\s or erect fronds fa%ion$ l ! spread+ antl]s ( an elk4 ,9 ,hemitelia cap5sis1 a ,s\? ,african ,cya!ace\s species1 ! basal p9nae assume ! =m ( f9ely divid$ leaves id5tifi$ by e>li] collectors z ^? ( a p>asitic ,tri*omanes 7fig4 #bce74 ,9 a lett] writt5 by ,w4 ,h4 ,h>vey 9 #ahcg accompany+ ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bce1 he says1 8,apropos ( ,hemitelia1 be x kn[n abroad t suppos$ p>asitical ,tri*omanes 444 is n a p>asite1 b a "p ( ! frond ( ,hemitelia40 ,! delicate r$uc$ p9nae rema9 on ! /em & =m a clu/] at ! base ( ! fronds#gac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,polypodium ,bill>di]i ,br4 7 nat4 size47 ,middle ,isl&1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,f specim5s 9 ! ,cambridge ,h]b>ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,polypodium qu]cifolium4 7,mu* r$uc$3 ,m1 ,mantle-leaves47 ,9 _m species ! sporophylls are di/+ui%$ f ! /]ile fronds by segm5ts ) little or no *lorophyll\s tissue1 z 9 ,onoclea /ru?iopt]is#gad 9 :i*1 ea* ye>1 ! plant produces a funnel-%ap$ gr\p ( /]ile leaves foll[$ lat] 9 ! season by a clu/] ( sporophylls2 or1 z 9 _m o!r g5]a1 ! f]tile leaves are di/+ui%$ also by long] petioles & ?us s]ve z m effici5t ag5ts ( spore-dissem9ation4 ,9 ,c]atopt]is ! n>r[ segm5ts ( ! tall] f]tile leaves are 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! broad] p9nules ( ! subm]g$ foliage leaves4 ,leaf-=m is 9 _m cases obvi\sly ! expression ( environm5t2 ! x]ophil\s f]n ,jamesonia#gae f ! treeless p>amos ( ! ,&es#gaf is *>act]is$ by its m9ute leaflets ) /rong revolute m>g9s & a ?ick felt ( hairs on ! l[] surface2 9 o!rs1 x]ophil\s features take ! =m ( a cov]+ ( ov]lapp+ scales 7,cet]a*71 or a developm5t ( wat]-tissue z 9 ! fle%y leaves ( ! ,himalayan f]n ,drymoglossum c>nosum4 ,9 ! ,brack5 f]n ,boodle#gag has %[n h[ ! fronds may be class$ z %ade & sun leaves2 ! =m] are spread+ & s(t]1 :ile ! latt] are relatively small] & ( h>d] texture 7fig4 #bcf1 a & b74 ,ev5 9 "o leaf six feet high1 gr[+ ?r\gh a d5se bu% ( gorse & bramble1 ! l[] "p 0 f\nd to h ! features ( a %ade leaf1 :ile ! upp]mo/ expos$ p9nae 7 x]ophil\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,hemitelia cap5sis ,r4 ,br[n4 ,nat4 size4 a1 ,p9na ( normal frond4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,m4,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf;a4 ,pt]is aquil9a4 ,"p ( leaf f gre5h\se4 7 nat4 size47 ,aft] ,boodle4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pt]is ,! resemblance betwe5 "s ( ! filmy ,hym5ophyllaceae & ?alloid ,liv]worts#gah is wor?y ( m5tion z "o ( ! _m possible pitfalls to be avoid$ by ! palaeobotanical /ud5t4 ,! long l9e> fronds ( su* g5]a z ,vitt>ia & ,monogramme might well be id5tifi$ 9 a fossil /ate z ! leaves ( a grass-l ,monocotyl$on1 or comp>$ ) ! foliage ( ,isoetes or ,pilul>ia4 ,! resemblance ( "s f]n leaves ) reticulate v5ation to ^? ( ,dicotyl$ons has l$ a/ray exp]i5c$ palaeobotani/s2 x is n only ! ana/omos+ v5ation 9 ! leaves ( sev]al f]ns t simulates dicotyl$on\s foliage1 b ! comp\nd leaves ( _m dicotyl$ons1 e4g4 ,paull9ia ?alictrifolia 7,sap9daceae7 & species ( ,umbellif]ae1 may easily be mi/ak5 = fronds ( f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf b4 ,pt]is aquil9a4 ,leaf f ! same plant gr[n out ( doors4 7 nat4 size47 ,aft] ,boodle4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rec5t ,,f]ns ,! di*otom\sly lob$ lam9a ( "s ,s*izaeas1 e4g4 ,s4 di*otoma & ,s4 elegans 7fig4 #bbb71 be>s a close resemblance to ! leaves ( ,bai]a or ,g9kgo#gai4 ,! orig9al description by ,kunze#gbj ( ! ,s\? ,african ,cycad ,/ang]ia p>adoxa z a ,polypodiace\s f]n illu/rates ! difficulty1 or inde$ impossibility1 ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a /]ile simply p9nate f]n frond & ! foliage ( "s ,cycads4 ,! deeply divid$ segm5ts ( ,cycas ,mi*olitzii#gba simulate ! di*otom\sly bran*$ p9nae ( ,lygodium di*otomum1 & ! leaves ( ,aneimia rotundifolia 7fig4 #bbc7 & o!r species are almo/ id5tical 9 =m ) ! ,jurassic species ,otozamites ,beani1 a memb] ( ! ,cycadophyta4 ,!re are c]ta9 facts 9 reg>d to ! geographical di/ribution ( f]ns to :i* att5tion %\ld be direct$4 ,mr ,bak] 9 8 pap] on f]n di/ribution writes3 8,) ! precision ( an hygromet]1 an increase 9 ! f]n-vegetation m>ks ! wood$ humid regions#gbb40 ,if 9 a collection ( fossil plants we f9d a prepond]ance ( f]ns we are tempt$ to assume ! exi/5ce ( su* conditions z are fav\rable to ! luxuriant developm5t ( f]ns at ! pres5t day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! wond]ful pla/icity ( _m rec5t species & ! fact t x]ophil\s f]ns are by no means unkn[n 9 pres5t-day floras4 ,f]ns are admirably adapt$ to rapid disp]sal ov] comp>atively wide areas4 ,b[]#gbc e/imates t 9 "o season a ,male ,f]n may produce ab\t #e1jjj1jjj spores3 ) ?is enorm\s spore-output are c\pl$ a ?or\ghly effici5t me*anism = scatt]+ ! g]ms & an unusual facility = w9d-disp]sal4 ,:5 ,treub#gbd visit$ ! deva/at$ & /]ilis$ wreck ( ! ,isl& ( ,krakatau 9 #ahhf1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! volcanic outbur/1 he f\nd t twelve f]ns _h already e/abli%$ !mselves2 ! spores _h probably be5 c>ri$ by ! w9d at lea/ #be to #cj miles4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t _m f]ns h an almo/ _w-wide di/ribution2 &1 x may be add$1 9 view ( _! effici5t means ( disp]sal1 wide range by no means implies great antiquity4 ,pr(4 ,campbell#gbe has rec5tly call$ att5tion to ! significance ( ! wide di/ribution ( ,hepaticae 9 its be>+ on _! antiquity2 ! spores are incapable ( reta9+ vitality = m ?an a %ort p]iod1 & x is argu$ t a _w-wide di/ribution c h be5 acquir$ only aft] an enorm\s lapse ( "t4 ,if we apply ?is reason+ to ! ,osmundaceae among f]ns1 x may be legitimate to assume t _! %ort-liv$ gre5 spores r5d] !m mu* less effici5t colonis]s ?an ! great majority ( f]ns2 if ?is is grant$1 ! wide di/ribution ( ,osmundace\s f]ns 9 ! ,mesozoic era c>ries _! hi/ory back to a /ill m remote pa/1 a conclusion :i* receives support f ! records ( ! rocks4 ,! ,brack5 f]n :i* we reg>d z *>act]i/ically ,briti% is a cosmopolitan type2 x 0 f\nd by ,treub among ! pione]s ( ! ,new ,flora ( ,krakatau2 9 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 x greets "o at e turn 8l a mess5g] f ! homel&#gbf02 x gr[s on ! ,swiss ,alps1 on ! m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia1 9 ,tasmania1 & on ! slopes ( ! ,himalayas4 ,! two g5]a ,matonia 7fig4 #bbh7 & ,dipt]is1 :i* gr[ side by side on ,m\nt ,ophir 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 are examples ( re/rict$ geographical range & c>ry u back to ! ,jurassic p]iod :5 closely alli$ types fl\ri%$ abundantly 9 nor!rn latitudes4 ,simil>ly ,?yrsopt]is elegans1 conf9$ to ,juan ,f]n&ez1 exhibits a rem>kable lik5ess to ,jurassic species f ,engl& & ! ,arctic regions4 ,! proportion ( f]ns to fl[]+ plants 9 rec5t floras is a "q ( "s int]e/ f a palaeobotanical po9t ( view2 b we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! evolution ( angiosp]ms1 effect$ at a late /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 s]i\sly di/urb$ ! balance ( p[] among competitors = e>? & air4 ,! abundance ( f]ns 9 a p>ticul> region is1 h[ev]1 an unsafe guide to geographical or climatic conditions4 ,_m f]ns are ess5tially social plants2 ! wide /ret*es ( moorl& c>pet$ ) ,pt]is aquil9a af=d an example ( ! monopolisation ( ! soil by a s+le species4 ,9 ,sikkim ,sir ,joseph ,hook] speaks ( ext5sive groves ( tree f]ns1 & 9 ! wet regions ( ! ,amazon1 ,bates#gbg describes ! :ole =e/ glade z =m+ a 8va/ f]n]y40 ,9 a valley 9 ,tahiti ,alsophila tahiti5sis is said to =m 8a sort ( =e/ almo/ to ! exclusion ( o!r f]ns#gbh40 ,9 ! abundance ( ,glossopt]is 7figs4 #ccd1 etc47 fronds spread ov] wide areas ( ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,s4 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,india1 we h a /rik+ in/ance ( a simil> social habit 9 an ext9ct f]n or at lea/ f]n-l plant4 ,acro/i*um aureum1 ) p9nate fronds sev]al feet long1 is an example ( a rec5t f]n cov]+ imm5se tracts1 b ?is species#gbi is m especially int]e/+ z a memb] ( ! ,filic9eae *>act]i/ic ( bracki% m>%es & ! banks ( tropical riv]s 9 company ) ,mangrove plants & ! 8,/emless ,palm0 ,nipa4 ,?is species exhibits ! anatomical *>act]s ( a wat]-plant & af=ds an int]e/+ p>allel ) "s ,palaeozoic f]ns 7species ( ,ps>onius7 :i* probably grew "u simil> conditions4 ,! ,anatomy ( ,f]ns4 ,! text-book acc\nts ( f]n-anatomy convey a v inadequate idea ( ! ar*itectural *>act]s display$ by ! vascul> sy/ems ( rec5t g5]a4 ,:5 we are conc]n$ ) ! /udy ( ext9ct plants x is ess5tial to be famili> n only ) ! common] rec5t types1 b p>ticul>ly ) exceptional or ab]rant types4 ,! vascul> sy/em ( _m f]ns consi/s ( /r&s ( xylem compos$ ( scal>i=m tra*eae associat$ ) a l>g] or small] am\nt ( p>5*yma1 surr\nd$ ei!r :olly or 9 "p 7t is conc5tric or bicollat]al7 by phloem3 beyond ?is is a p]icycle1 "o lay] or frequ5tly sev]al lay]s 9 bread?1 limit$ ext]nally by an endod]mis1 :i* c usually be readily recognis$4 ,! vascul> /r&s are emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd-tissue ( ! /em consi/+ ( ?9-wall$ p>5*yma &1 9 mo/ f]ns1 a consid]able quantity ( h>d & lignifi$ me*anical tissue4 ,! n>r[ protoxylem elem5ts are usually *>act]is$ by a spiral =m ( ?ick5+1 b 9 sl[-gr[+ /ems ! fir/-=m$ elem5ts are frequ5tly ( ! scal>i=m type4 ,a /udy ( ! anatomy ( rec5t f]ns bo? 9 ! adult /ate & 9 successive /ages ( developm5t f ! embryo has on ! :ole reveal$ 8a /rik+ p>allelism#gcj0 betwe5 vascul> & sporangial *>act]s 9 leptosporangiate f]ns4 ,= a ma/]ly treatm5t ( our k ( f]n anatomy f a phylog5etic po9t ( view ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,mr ,tansley's rec5tly publi%$ lectures3 )9 ! limits ( ?is volume all t is possible is a brief outl9e ( ! ma9 types ( vascul> /ructure illu/rat$ by rec5t g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,a4 ,matonia pect9ata 7petiole74 ,b4 ,m4 pect9ata 7/em74 ,c4 ,glei*5ia dic>pa 7/em73 p1 petiole2 pp1 protophloem2 position ( protoxylem indicat$ by black dots4 ,d4 ,matonidium4 ,e4 ,tri*omanes r5i=me3 pp1 protophloem4 7,c1 ,e1 aft] ,boodle2 ,d1 aft] ,bomm]47 ,to ,pr(4 ,jeffrey#gca we owe ! t]m proto/ele :i* he appli$ to a type ( /ele consi/+ ( a c5tral core ( xylem surr\nd$ by phloem1 p]icycle1 & endod]mis4 ,:ile admitt+ t /eles ( ?is type may sometimes be ! result ( ! modification ( less simple =ms1 we may confid5tly reg>d ! proto/ele z repres5t+ ! mo/ primitive =m ( vascul> sy/em4 ,! g5us ,lygodium af=ds an example ( a proto/elic f]n2 a solid column ( xylem tra*eae & p>5*yma is completely encircl$ by a cyl9d] ( phloem succe$$ by a multi-lay]$ p]icycle & an endod]mis ( a s+le lay] ( cells4 ,9 ?is g5us ! /ele is *>act]is$ by m>g9al gr\ps ( protoxylem2 x is ex>*4 ,an almo/ id5tical type is repres5t$ by species ( ,glei*5ia1 b "h ! /ele is mes>*1 ! protoxylem be+ slightly int]nal 7fig4 #bcg1 ,c74 ,tri*omanes sc&5s 7fig4 #bch7 has an ex>* proto/ele l t ( ,lygodium2 b1 z ,boodle#gcb has sugge/$1 ! proto/elic =m 9 ?is case is probably ! result ( modification ( a collat]al =m ( /ele su* z occurs 9 ,tri*omanes r5i=me 7fig4 #bcg1 ,e74 ,a second type ( /ele has be5 describ$ 9 species ( ,l9dsaya#gcc 9 :i* ! xylem includes a small gr\p ( phloem ne> ! dorsal surface4 ,?is ,l9dsaya type is (t5 pass$ ?r\gh 9 ! developm5t ( 8se$l+0 f]ns & may be reg>d$ z a /age 9 a s]ies lead+ to ano!r well-m>k$ type1 ! sol5o/ele4 ,! sol5o/ele#gcd1 a holl[ cyl9d] ( xylem l9$ )9 & )\t by phloem1 p]icycle1 & endod]mis1 occurs 9 sev]al g5]a belong+ to diff]5t families1 e4g4 ,dipt]is1 species ( ,pt]is1 species ( ,l9dsaya1 ,polypodium1 ,jamesonia1 ,loxsoma1 ,glei*5ia & o!r g5]a4 ,9 a small] numb] ( f]ns ! /ele consi/s ( :at may be call$ a m$ullat$ proto/ele simil> to ! common =m ( /ele 9 ,lepidod5dron3 ?is type is f\nd 9 species ( ,s*izaea & 9 ,platyzoma 7fig4 #bci74 ,x is important to notice t 9 ! sol5o/ele & z a rule 9 ! m$ullat$ proto/ele :5 a leaf-trace passes out f ! rhizome /ele ! vascul> cyl9d] is int]rupt$ by ! =mation ( a foli> gap 7,platyzoma#gce1 fig4 #bci1 is an exception74 ,?is fact has be5 emphasiz$ by ,jeffrey#gcf :o draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,lycopodiace\s type ( /ele1 :i* is n brok5 by ! exit ( leaf-traces1 & ! f]n /ele 9 :i* foli> gaps are produc$3 ! =m] he speaks ( z ! cladosiphonic type 7,lycopsida7 & ! latt] z ! phyllosiphonic 7,pt]opsida74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,/ele ( ,tri*omanes sc&5s3 px1 protoxylem2 s1 endod]mis4 ,f ,tansley1 aft] ,boodle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,platyzoma microphylla4 l4t41 leaf-trace2 i4e41 int]nal endod]mis4 7,aft] ,tansley2 modifi$ f ,boodle47 ,! transition to a holl[ cyl9d] ( xylem f a proto/ele may be describ$ z ! result ( ! replacem5t ( "s ( ! axial conduct+ tra*eae by p>5*yma or o!r non-vascul> tissue consequ5t on an increase 9 diamet] ( ! :ole /ele & ! conc5tration ( ! true conduct+ elem5ts t[>ds ! p]iph]y#gcg4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! int]nal cyl9d] ( phloem1 p]icycle1 & endod]mis 9 a sol5o/ele is r5d]$ intelligible by a /udy ( f]n se$l+s & by a comp>ative exam9ation ( transitional types connect+ proto/eles & sol5o/eles ?r\gh m$ullat$ proto/eles & /eles ( ! ,l9dsaya type4 ,a fur!r /age 9 /el> evolution is illu/rat$ by :at is t]m$ ! dictyo/ele1 ! arrangem5t ( vascul> tissue *>act]i/ic ( ,nephrodium ,filix-mas1 ,cya!a 7fig4 #bdj71 ,polypodium vulg>e & _m o!r common f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,cya!a ,imrayana4 7,f ,tansley aft] de ,b>y47 7,scl]5*yma repres5t$ by black b&s47 ,if a sol5o/ele is int]rupt$ by leaf-gaps at int]vals suffici5tly close to cause ov]lapp+1 a transv]se section at any "p ( ! /ele w %[ app>5tly sep>ate curv$ b&s ( conc5trically arrang$ xylem & phloem1 :i* on dissection are se5 to repres5t p>ts ( a cont9u\s lattice-"w or a cyl9d] ) ! wall pi]c$ by l>ge me%es4 ,! mann] ( evolution ( ! dictyo/ele has be5 ably dealt ) by ,gwynne-,vaughan#gch & o!r au?ors4 ,9 a few f]ns1 e4g4 ,matonia pect9ata#gci1 a transv]se section ( ! /em 7fig4 #bcg1 ,b7 reveals ! pres5ce ( two or 9 "s cases ?ree conc5tric sol5o/eles ) a solid proto/ele 9 ! c5tre3 ?is polycylic type may be reg>d$ z ! expression ( ! fact t 9 response to ! ne$ = an adequate wat]-supply to ! l>ge fronds1 f]ns h increas$ ! conduct+ *annels by a me?od o!r ?an by ! m]e increase ( ! diamet] ( a s+le /ele4 ,fig4 #bcg1 ,a1 %[s ! vascul> tissue ( a petiole ( ,matonia 9 transv]se section4 ,! two g5]a ( ,osmundaceae1 ,todea & ,osmunda1 are peculi> among rec5t f]ns 9 hav+ a vascul> cyl9d] compos$ ( sep>ate /r&s ( xylem v>y+ consid]ably 9 %ape & size1 f ,u-%ap$ /r&s ) ! concavity fac+ ! c5tre ( ! /em & ) ! protoxylem 9 ! holl[ ( ! ,u1 to oval or m or less circul> /r&s ) a mes>* protoxylem or )\t any protoxylem elem5ts 7fig4 #bba1 ,a1 ,b74 ,^! diff]5t =ms are ! expression ( ! *ange 9 cont\r or 9 /ructure :i* ! p>ts ( ! lattice-"w und]go at diff]5t levels 9 ! /em#gdj4 ,beyond ?is r+ ( xylem bundles is a cont9u\s %ea? ( phloem ( *>act]i/ic /ructure4 ,a transv]se section ( a /em ( ,osmunda regalis may %[ #ae or m xylem /r&s2 9 ,o4 ,claytoniana !re may be z _m z #dj4 ,9 ,todea b>b>a 7fig4 #bba1 ,b7 ! leaf-gaps are %ort]1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! less am\nt ( ov]lapp+ ! xylem cyl9d] becomes an almo/ cont9u\s tube4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan#gda h result$ 9 ! discov]y ( fossil ,osmundace\s /ems ) a complete xylem r+1 ! /ele be+ ( ! m$ullat$ proto/ele type2 9 ano!r ext9ct memb] ( ! family ! /ele consi/s ( a solid xylem core4 ,! ,osmundace\s type ( /ele is complicat$ 9 ,o4 c9namomea 7fig4 #bba1 ,a7 by ! occurr5ce ( local int]nal phloem & by an int]nal endod]mis1 a feature :i* leads ,jeffrey to :at ,i believe to be an incorrect conclusion t ! vascul> arrangem5t f\nd 9 ,osmunda regalis has be5 evolv$ by r$uction f a /ele 9 :i* ! xylem 0 enclos$ )9 & )\t by phloem4 ,new facts rec5tly br\ght to light enable u to d]ive ! ord9>y ,osmundace\s type f ! proto/ele & sol5o/ele4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! ,osmundaceae occupy a some:at isolat$ position among rec5t f]ns2 _! anatomy repres5ts a special type1 _! sporangia diff] 9 sev]al respects f ^? ( o!r leptosporangiate f]ns & 9 "s features ,osmunda & ,todea agree ) ! ,eusporangiate f]ns4 ,! possession ( su* di/+ui%+ *>act]s z ^! sugge/s antiquity2 & ! facts ( palaeobotany1 z also ! pres5t geographical range ( ! family1 confirm ! correctness ( ?is d$uction4 ,be=e leav+ ! /el> /ructure ( leptosporangiate f]n /ems1 a ^w mu/ be add$ 9 reg>d to a type ( /ructure met ) 9 ! ,hym5ophyllaceae4 ,9 ?is family ,tri*omanes r5i=me 7fig4 #bcg1 ,e7 may be reg>d$1 z ,boodle sugge/s1 z ! c5tral type3 ! /ele consi/s ( a r+ ( metaxylem tra*eae1 ! dorsal portion hav+ ! =m ( a flat ar* & ! v5tral half t ( a /raight b&4 ,?is flatt5$ r+ ( xylem encloses p>5*ymat\s tissue conta9+ scatt]$ tra*eae "s ( :i* are protoxylem elem5ts4 ,9 ,tri*omanes radicans ! rhizome is /\t] ?an 9 ,t4 r5i=me & ! /ele consi/s ( a great] numb] ( tra*eae4 ,! /ele is cyl9drical l t %[n 9 fig4 #bch1 b ! c5tre is occupi$ by two gr\ps ( protoxylem & associat$ p>5*yma4 ,9 ,hym5ophyllum tunbrig5se ! /ele is ( ! subcollat]al type2 ! v5tral plate ( ! xylem r+ has disappe>$ leav+ a s+le /r& ( xylem ) end>* protoxylem & completely surr\nd$ by phloem4 ,tri*omanes muscoides possesses a /ill simpl] /ele consi/+ ( a sl5d] xylem /r& ) phloem on "o side only4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! occurr5ce 9 ?is family ( ! proto/elic type4 ,! ,hym5ophyllaceae af=d a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! modification 9 diff]5t directions ( /el> /ructure connect$ ) diff]5ces 9 habit1 & ( ! correlation ( dem& & supply z %[n 9 ! v>y+ am\nt ( conduct+ tissue 9 ! /eles ( diff]5t species4 ,! leaf-trace 9 a great numb] ( f]ns is *>act]is$ by its ,c-%ap$ =m#gdb z se5 9 transv]se section3 ?is 9 "s g5]a1 e4g4 ,matonia 7fig4 #bcg1 ,a71 is complicat$ by ! spiral infold+ ( ! free edges ( ! ,c2 9 o!r f]ns 7e4g4 "s ,cya!aceae7 7fig4 #bgh1 ,c7 ! sides ( ! ,c are incurv$1 :ile 9 "s species ! xylem is brok5 up into a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate /r&s4 ,an elaborate treatm5t ( ! leaf-traces ( f]ns 0 publi%$ a few ye>s ago by ,,mm4 ,b]tr& & ,cornaille#gdc 9 :i* ! au?ors %[ h[ ! v>i\s sy/ems ( vascul> tissue 9 ! fronds ( f]ns maybe d]iv$ f a common type4 ,z ,pr(4 ,*odat#gdd ju/ly rem>ks ?is important "w has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves1 ! neglect be+ attribut$ to ! /range notation :i* is adopt$#gde4 ,! roots ( f]ns are *>act]is$ by a uni=mity ( plan 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! wide range ( /ructure met ) 9 ! /em & to a less ext5t 9 ! leaves4 ,! xylem may consi/ ( a plate ( scal>i=m tra*eae ) a protoxylem gr\p at ea* end1 or ! /ele may include six or m alt]nat+ /r&s ( xylem & phloem4 ,,ii4 ,m>attiales 7,eusporangiate isospor\s ,filicales74 ,! ,m>attiaceae1 ! s+le family ( f]ns includ$ 9 ! ,m>attiales1 comprise ! g5]a ,angiopt]is1 ,ar*angiopt]is1 ,m>attia1 ,danaea1 & ,kaulfussia1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p tropical 9 di/ribution4 ,^! g5]a are *>act]is$ by eusporangiate sori or synangia1 ! pres5ce ( /ipules at ! base ( ! petioles1 & by ! complex arrangem5t ( ! vascul> tissue4 ,9 view ( ! fact t _m fossil f]ns %[ a close resemblance to ! rec5t ,m>attiaceae1 ! surviv+ g5]a are briefly describ$4 ,! pro?allus is gre5 & relatively l>ge4 ,angiopt]is4 ,?is g5us occurs 9 ,polynesia1 tropical ,asia1 & ,madagasc>2 x is *>act]is$ by a %ort & ?ick fle%y /em be>+ l>ge bip9nate leaves :i* occasionally %[ a =k+ ( ! ra*is#gdf1 a feature rem9isc5t ( "s ,palaeozoic f]n-l fronds4 ,"o ( ! l>ge plants ( ,angiopt]is evecta 9 ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 be>s leaves #ab feet 9 l5g? ) a /alk #f in*es 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,! sessile or %ortly /alk$ & r lea!ry l9e> or broadly lanceolate p9nules h a prom95t midrib & di*otom\sly bran*$ lat]al ve9s4 ,! surface ( an old /em is cov]$ ) ! ?ick /umps ( petioles enclos$ by pairs ( fle%y /ipules 7fig4 #bda1 ,a7 & be>s num]\s fle%y roots1 :i* hang free 9 ! air or p5etrate ! soil4 ,! "y fronds 7fig4 #bbj1 ,a7 exhibit v cle>ly ! *>act]i/ic circ9ate v]nation4 ,! proximal "p ( ea* prim>y p9na is *>act]is$ by a pulv9us-l swell+4 ,! sporangia1 9 %ort l9e> elliptical sori ne> ! edge ( ! p9nules1 consi/ ( free sporangia 7fig4 #bdb1 ,a-,d7 provid$ ) a peculi> type ( 8annulus0#gdg1 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ b& ( ?ick]-wall$ cells1 :i* ext5ds z a broad /rip on ei!r side ( ! apex4 ,an exam9ation ( sections ?r\gh ! sporangia ( ,angiopt]is 9 diff]5t planes#gdh illu/rates ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! precise nature ( ! annulus 9 a petrifi$ sporangium :i* is se5 only 9 "o or two planes4 ,_m ( ! sporangia f ! ,engli% ,coal-,measures1 comp>$ by au?ors ) ^? ( ,leptosporangiate f]ns1 are 9 all probability ref]able to ! ,m>attiace\s type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,a4 ,angiopt]is evecta4 7,consid]ably r$uc$47 ,b4 ,m>attia frax9ea4 ,/ipule4 ,m4,s4 ,! vascul> sy/em#gdi ( ! /em con/itutes a highly complex dictyo/elic or polycylic type :i* may consi/ ( z _m z n9e conc5tric s]ies ( /r&s ( xylem surr\nd$ by phloem1 ) l>ge sieve-tubes & a p]icycle :i* abuts on ! p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue )\t any def9ite endod]mal lay]4 ,a peculi>ity 9 ! vascul> /r&s is t ! fir/-=m$ elem5ts ( ! phloem lie close to ! edge ( ! xylem1 ! metaphloem be+ !re=e c5trifugal 9 its developm5t4 ,! gr\nd-tissue is devoid ( me*anical tissue & is p5etrat$ by roots1 a few ( :i* arise f ! out] vascul> /r&s :ile o!rs =ce _! way to ! surface f ! m int]nal dictyo/eles4 ,leaf-traces1 consi/+ ( sev]al /r&s1 are giv5 (f f ! out]mo/ cyl9d] & a segm5t ( ! second dictyo/ele moves out to fill ! gap =m$ 9 ! out]mo/ network1 :ile ! gap 9 ! second cyl9d] receives comp5sat+ /r&s f ! ?ird4 ,a few lay]s bel[ ! surface ( ! petiole !re is a r+ ( ?ick-wall$ elem5ts 7s1 fig4 #bdc71 & 9 bo? petiole & /em num]\s mucilage ducts & tann9-sacs occur 9 ! gr\nd-tissue4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,f>m] & ,hill#gej t 9 "s ( ! vascul> /r&s 9 an ,angiopt]is /em a few second>y tra*eae are add$ to ! prim>y xylem by ! activity ( ! adjac5t p>5*yma4 ,! vascul> bundles 9 ! petiole =m m or less regul> conc5tric s]ies2 !y h no endod]mis & are *>act]is$ also by ! l>ge size ( ! sieve-tubes 7/1 fig4 #bdc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,a-,d4 ,angiopt]is evecta4 ,a4 ,apex ( sporangium %[+ 8annulus40 ,b4 ,sori4 ,c4 ,sporangium4 ,d4 ,section ( sporangium1 %[+ ! two lat]al b&s ( ?ick-wall$ cells4 ,e4 ,danaea3 a1 ro( ( synangium1 ) pores2 b1 sporangial cavities2 v1 vascul> bundle2 i1 indusium4 7,d1 aft] ,zeill]47 ,! roots ( ,m>attiace\s f]ns 7fig4 #bdd7 are *>act]is$ by ! l>g] numb] ( xylem & phloem gr\ps2 ! /ele is poly>* & n di>*1 tetr>* or hex>* z 9 mo/ ,leptosporangiate f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,angiopt]is evecta4 ,section ( petiole 7consid]ably r$uc$7 & ( a s+le vascul> bundle 7magnifi$73 px1 protoxylem2 /1 sieve-tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,angiopt]is evecta4 ,transv]se section ( root1 ) "p ( ! /ele magnifi$3 s1 sieve-tubes2 p1 phloem2 px1 protoxylem4 ,ar*angiopt]is4 ,?is monotypic g5us1 discov]$ by ,mr ,h5ry 9 ,s\? ,ea/]n ,yunnan1 0 describ$ by ,*ri/ & ,gies5hag5 9 #ahiigea4 ,! comp>atively sl5d] rhizome has a fairly simple vascul> sy/em#geb4 ,! simply-p9nate leaves be> p9nules l ^? ( ,danaea1 b ! sori agree ) ^? ( ,angiopt]is except 9 _! great] l5g? & 9 ! l>g] numb] ( sporangia4 ,m>attia4 ,?is g5us1 :i* ext5ds 8all r\nd ! _w )9 ! tropics#gec10 includes "s species :i* closely resemble ,angiopt]is1 :ile o!rs are *>act]is$ by m f9ely divid$ leaves ) small] ultimate segm5ts4 ,! fle%y /ipules occasionally h an irregul>ly p9natifid =m 7fig4 #bda1 ,b74 ,! sporangia are repres5t$ by oval synangia#ged 7fig4 #bde1 ,a2 ! black pat*es at ! ends ( ! lat]al ve9s7 compos$ ( two valves1 :i* on rip5+ come ap>t & expose two r[s ( pores =m$ by ! apical dehisc5ce ( ! sporangial comp>tm5ts 7fig4 #bde1 ,a1 ,b74 ,9 ,m>attia ,kaulfussii ! sori are atta*$ to ! lam9a by a %ort /alk 7fig4 #bde1 ,b1 ,b7 & ! leaf be>s a close resemblance to ^? ( ! ,umbellif]\s g5]a ,an?riscus & ,*a]ophyllum4 ,! vascul> sy/em is con/ruct$ on ! same plan z t ( ,angiopt]is b is ( simpl] =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,a4 ,m>attia frax9ea4 ,a4 ,a s+le synangium %[+ ! two valves & pores ( ! sporangial comp>tm5ts4 ,b1 ,b4 ,m4 ,kaulfussii4 ,c4 ,kaulfussia 7synangium %[+ pores ( sporangial comp>tm5ts74 ,d1 ,e4 ,m>attiopsis ,mn/]i4 7,c1 aft] ,hook]2 ,d1 ,e1 aft] ,s*imp]47 ,danaea4 ,danaea1 repres5t$ by ab\t #ad species conf9$ to tropical ,am]ica1 is *>act]is$ by simple or simply p9nate leaves ) l9e> segm5ts be>+ elongat$ sori ext5d+ f ! midrib almo/ to ! m>g9 ( ! lam9a4 ,ea* sorus consi/s ( num]\s sporangia 9 two p>allel r[s unit$ into an oblong mass p>tially ov]>*$ by an indusium 7fig4 #bdb1 ,e1 i7 :i* gr[s up f ! leaf betwe5 ! sori4 ,9 ! portion ( a f]tile segm5t %[n 9 fig4 #bdb1 ,e1 ! apical pores are se5 at a2 & at b1 :]e ! ro( ( ! synangium has be5 remov$1 ! spore-be>+ comp>tm5ts are expos$4 ,! vascul> sy/em#gee agrees 9 g5]al plan ) t *>act]i/ic ( ! family4 ,kaulfussia4 ,! =m ( ! leaf 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ig1 fig4 #bb7 closely resembles t ( ! ,horse ,*e/nut2 ! /em is a creep+ dorsiv5tral rhizome ) a vascul> sy/em 9 ! =m ( a 8mu* p]=at$ sol5o/ele#gef40 ,! synangia are circul>1 ) a m$ian depression2 ea* sporangial comp>tm5t op5s by an apical pore on ! slop+ sides ( ! synangial cup 7fig4 #bde1 ,c7#geg4 ,copel& has rec5tly describ$ a ,m>attiace\s leaf :i* he makes ! type ( a new g5us1 ,macroglossum alidae4 ,! sori are ne>] ! m>g9 ?an 9 ,angiopt]is & are said to consi/ ( a great] numb] ( sporangia4 ,! photograph#geh ( a s+le p9na :i* accompanies ! brief description h>dly af=ds satisfactory evid5ce 9 support ( ! creation ( a new g5us4 ,! /ructure ( a petiole :i* ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr ,hewitt ( ,s>awak1 %[s no di/9ctive features4 ,,iii4 ,ophioglossales4 7,isospor\s & ,eusporangiate47 ,! ?ree g5]a1 ,ophioglossum1 ,botry*ium1 & ,helm9?o/a*ys1 are *>act]is$ by ! division ( ! leaves into a /]ile & a f]tile lobe4 ,! f]tile lobe 9 ,ophioglossum be>s two r[s ( sph]ical sporangia sunk 9 its tissue2 9 ,botry*ium & ,helm9?o/a*ys ! spores are conta9$ 9 l>ge sporangia ) a /\t wall#gei4 ,! pro?allus is subt]ranean & )\t *lorophyll4 ,9 ! ,briti% species ( ,ophioglossum1 ,o4 vulgatum 7! add]'s tongue f]n71 an almo/ cosmopolitan species1 ! /]ile "p ( ! frond is ( oval =m & has reticulate v5ation4 ,9 ,o4 p5dulum & ,o4 palmatum ! lam9a is deeply lob$4 ,9 ! g5us ,botry*ium1 repres5t$ 9 ,brita9 by ,b4 ,lun>ia1 bo? /]ile & f]tile bran*es ( ! frond are p9nately divid$1 :ile 9 ,helm9?o/a*ys ! sporangia are borne on sporangiophores giv5 (f f ! m>g9 ( ! f]tile bran* ( a frond simil> 9 habit to a leaf ( ,helleborus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,ophioglossum vulgatum4 ,transv]se section ( petiole & s+le bundle3 p1 phloem2 px1 end>* protoxylem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,botry*ium virg9ianum3 e1 endod]mis2 c1 cambium2 x1 xylem4 ,a1 diagrammatic section ( /em2 ,b1 portion ( ! /ele & endod]mis enl>g$4 7,a1 aft] ,campbell2 ,b1 aft] ,jeffrey47 ,! /em ( ,ophioglossum is *>act]is$ by a dictyo/ele ( collat]al bundles ) end>* protoxylem3 ! vascul> sy/em ( ! leaf-/alk is also compos$ ( sev]al sep>ate /r&s 7fig4 #bdf74 ,9 ,botry*ium ! /ele is a cyl9d] ( xylem surr\nd$ ext]nally by phloem4 ,?is g5us af=ds ! only in/ance among f]ns ( a plant 9 :i* ! addition ( second>y tra*eae occurs on a scale l>ge en\gh to produce a well-def9$ cyl9d] ( second>y xylem trav]s$ by radial r[s ( m$ull>y-ray cells#gfj 7fig4 #bdg74 ,! unsatisfactory nature ( ! evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,ophioglossales r5d]s sup]flu\s a full] treatm5t ( ! rec5t species4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,osmundaceae4 ,f ! ,culm ( ,silesia1 ,/ur#gfa describ$ impressions ( /]ile fronds :i* he nam$ ,todea ,lipoldi on ! gr\nd ( ! simil>ity ( ! f9ely divid$ p9nules to ^? ( ,todea sup]ba & o!r filmy species ( ! g5us4 ,! type-specim5 ( ,/ur 79 ! ,geological ,survey ,museum1 ,vi5na7 af=ds no in=mation z to sporangial *>act]s & _c be accept$ z an au!ntic record ( a ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s repres5tative ( ! family4 ,ano!r m satisfactory b h>dly conv9c+ piece ( evid5ce be>+ on ! pres5ce ( ,osmundaceae 9 pre-,p]mian floras has be5 adduc$ by ,r5ault#gfb1 :o describ$ petrifi$ sporangia f ! ,culm b$s ( ,esno/ 9 ,france z ,todeopsis primaeva 7fig4 #bef1 ,f74 ,^! pyri=m sporangia are *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( a plate ( l>ge cells comp>able ) ! subapical gr\p ( 8annulus0 cells 9 ! sporangia ( ! rec5t species 7fig4 #bba74 ,zeill]#gfc has publi%$ a figure ( "s sporangia describ$ by ,r5ault f ,autun resembl+ ! ,osmundace\s type 9 hav+ a plate ( ?ick-wall$ cells in/ead ( a true annulus1 b ! plate is l>g] ?an ! gr\p ( cells 9 ! rec5t sporangia1 & bo? sporangia & spores are small] 9 ! fossil4 ,! sporangia f ,c>bonif]\s rocks describ$ by ,weiss z ,/uriella#gfd be> "s resemblance to ^? ( rec5t ,osmundaceae1 b !re is no adequate reason = ref]r+ !m to ?is family4 ,! g5]ic "n ,pt]ido!ca is employ$ by ,scott z a conv5i5t designation = unassign$ petrifi$ sporangia ( ,palaeozoic age ) an annulus & o!r *>act]s indicat+ f]n-aff9ity4 ,9 ! species ,p4 ,butt]wor?i#gfe ! sporangia are *>act]is$ by a gr\p ( l>ge cells sugge/+ comp>ison ) ! annulus1 or :at repres5ts ! annulus1 9 ,osmundaceae & ,m>attiaceae4 ,scott has also describ$ a sporangium f ! ,coal-,measures conta9+ g]m9at+ spores#gff2 ! /ructure is simil> to t ( rec5t ,osmundace\s sporangia1 & x is int]e/+ to note t g]m9at+ spores h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! rec5t species ,todea hym5ophylloides#gfg4 ,additional evid5ce ( ! same k9d is af=d$ by f]tile specim5s ( a quadrip9nate f]n ) deeply dissect$ oval-lanceolate p9nules describ$ by ,zeill] f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,h]aclea 9 ,asia ,m9or z ,kid/onia h]acle5sis#gfh 7fig4 #bef1 ,e74 ,c>bonis$ sporangia 7 f\nd at ! base ( n>r[ lobes ( ! ultimate segm5ts &1 z se5 9 fig4 #bef1 ,e1 ! sporangial wall is di/+ui%$ by a plate ( l>g] cells occupy+ a position l t ( ! 8annulus0 ( rec5t ,osmundaceae4 ,zeill] reg>ds ! sporangia z int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ,osmundaceae & ,s*izaeaceae4 ,f ! same locality ,zeill] describes ano!r frond be>+ some:at simil> sporangia z ,sph5opt]is 7,discopt]is7 ,rallii 7fig4 #bef1 ,d7#gfi3 ! t]m ,discopt]is 0 in/itut$ by ,/ur = f]tile fronds ref]r$ by him to ! ,m>attiaceae#ggj4 ,x is by no means safe to assume t ^! & su* ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s sporangia z ,b[]#gga comp>$ ) ^? ( ,todea 7 borne on plants possess+ ! anatomical *>act]s ( ,osmundaceae r ?an ^? ( ! ext9ct ,palaeozoic family ,botryopt]ideae4 ,?is br+s u to ! important fact1 fir/ po9t$ out by ,r5ault1 t ! ,botryopt]ideae are ess5tially g5]alis$ f]ns exhibit+ _m po9ts ( contact ) ! ,osmundaceae#ggb4 ,x is cle> t :e!r or n we are ju/ifi$ 9 trac+ ! ,osmundaceae z f> back z ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! family 7 already =e%ad[$ 9 rocks ( ?is age4 ,?r\gh a =tunate accid5t ( pres]vation1 unequivocal evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ,osmundaceae 9 ! ,palaeozoic era is suppli$ by ! ,russian ,upp] ,p]mian g5]a ,zalesskya & ,?amnopt]is4 ,zalesskya4 ,?is g5]ic title has be5 in/itut$ by ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan#ggc = two ,russian /ems ( ,upp] ,p]mian age1 "o ( :i* 0 nam$ by ,ei*wald#ggd ,*elept]is gracilis1 b ! probability t ! type ( ! g5us ,*elept]is is g5]ically di/9ct f ,ei*wald's species necessitat$ a new designation = ! ,p]mian f]n4 ,9 habit ! /em ( ,zalesskya resembles t ( an ,osmunda or a ,todea1 b x diff]s 9 ! possession ( a /ele compos$ ( a cont9u\s cyl9d] or solid column ( xylem surr\nd$ by phloem1 & by ! diff]5tiation ( ! xylem into two conc5tric zones4 ,! leaves are repres5t$ by petiole-bases only2 ! sporangia are unkn[n4 ,! /em & leaf-base anatomy fully ju/ifies ! inclusion ( ,zalesskya 9 ! ,osmundaceae4 ,zalesskya gracilis 7,ei*wald74 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,! type-specim5 is a p>tially decorticat$ /em1 f ,upp] ,p]mian b$s 9 ,russia1 provid$ ) a s+le /ele1 #ac mm4 9 diamet]1 surr\nd$ by a broad ?9-wall$ inn] cortex conta9+ num]\s leaf-traces & occasional roots3 ?is 0 d\btless succe$$ by a scl]otic out] cortex4 ,9 its ma9 features ,zalesskya gracilis agrees closely ) ,z4 diploxylon repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bdi4 ,! /ele consi/s ( a cont9u\s cyl9d] ( xylem exhibit+ a fairly di/9ct diff]5tiation into two zones1 7i7 a broad] out] zone ( n>r[] scal>i=m tra*eae 7x ii1 fig4 #bdh7 9 :i* #bj to #be protoxylem /r&s 7px7 occur j )9 ! edge1 7ii7 an inn] zone ( broad] & %ort] tra*eae 7fig4 #bdh1 x i74 ,! protoxylem elem5ts 7px1 fig4 #bdh7 are *>act]is$ by a s+le s]ies ( scal>i=m pits1 :ile ! metaxylem elem5ts h multis]iate pits l ^? on ! wat]-conduct+ elem5ts ( rec5t ,osmundaceae4 ,! tra*eae %[ an int]e/+ hi/ological "* 9 ! abs5ce ( ! middle sub/ance ( _! walls1 a feature recognis$ by ,gwynne-,vaughan#gge 9 _m rec5t f]ns4 ,ext]nal to ! xylem & sep>at$ f x by a p>5*ymat\s %ea? is a r+ ( phloem1 ph1 compos$ ( l>ge sieve-tubes & p>5*yma sep>at$ f ! inn] cortex by a p]icycle #d to #e lay]s 9 bread?4 ,! occurr5ce ( a few scl]otic cells beyond ! broad inn] cortex po9ts to ! =m] exi/5ce ( a ?ick-wall$ out] cortex4 ,! leaf-traces are giv5 (f z mes>* /r&s f ! edge ( ! xylem2 !y beg9 z prom95ces opposite ! protoxylem & become gradually deta*$ z xylem bundles1 at fir/ oblong 9 transv]se section1 !n assum+ a slightly cresc5tic & r5i=m %ape1 :ile ! mes>* protoxylem /r& takes up an end>* position4 ,z a trace passes fur!r out ! curvature increases & ! protoxylem /r&s und]go repeat$ bifurcation2 x assumes 9 fact ! =m & g5]al type ( /ructure met ) 9 ! leaf-traces ( ,todea & ,osmunda4 ,num]\s di>* roots1 giv5 (f f ! /ele at po9ts j bel[ ! outgo+ leaf-traces1 pass outw>ds 9 a s9u\s horizontal c\rse ?r\gh ! cortex ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,zalesskya gracilis 7,ei*474 ,transv]se section ( "p ( ! /ele3 ph1 phloem2 x i1 x ii1 xylem2 px1 protoxylem4 7,aft] ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan4 #bj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,zalesskya diploxylon4 ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan4 ,transv]se section ( /em4 ph1 phloem4 7,aft] ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan4 #b47 ,9 ,zalesskya gracilis ! xylem cyl9d] 0 probably wid] 9 ! liv+ plant ?an 9 ! petrifi$ /em4 ,9 ,zalesskya diploxylon#ggf1 9 all probability f ! same ,russian locality1 !re c be little d\bt t ! xylem 0 orig9ally solid to ! c5tre 7fig4 #bdi74 ,9 ?is species also ! phloem =ms a cont9u\s b& 7ph1 fig4 #bdi7 consi/+ ( f\r to six lay]s ( sieve-tubes4 ,?amnopt]is4 ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii 7,ei*474 ,figs4 #bej1 #cab1 ,a1 ,frontispiece4 ,9 #ahdi ,brongni>t#ggg propos$ ! "n ,?amnopt]is = a species ( f]n f ! ,upp] ,p]mian ( ,russia orig9ally describ$ by ,ei*wald z ,anomopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii4 ,a new "n 0 employ$ by ,brongni>t on ! gr\nd t ! fossil 0 n g5]ically id5tical ) ! species previ\sly nam$ by him ,anomopt]is ,m\geotii#ggh4 ,ei*wald's specim5 has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan#ggi4 ,! /em 7,frontispiece7 agrees 9 habit ) ^? ( ,zalesskya & rec5t ,osmundaceae2 on ! expos$ leaf-bases ! action ( ! wea!r has et*$ out ! horse-%oe =m ( ! vascul> /r&s & laid b>e num]\s bran*$ roots bor+ _! way ?r\gh ! petiole /umps4 ,! c5tre ( ! /em is occupi$ by a proto/ele #ac mm4 9 diamet] consi/+ ( solid xylem sep>at$ by a p>5*ymat\s %ea? f a cyl9d] ( phloem4 ,! xylem is compos$ ma9ly ( an axial column ( %ort & broad reticulately pitt$ tra*eae 7fig4 #bej1 b & ,frontispiece71 di/+ui%$ f ! %>ply contra/$ p]iph]al zone ( normal scal>i=m elem5ts1 a1 by _! ?9n] walls & m irregul> %ape4 ,! protoxylem1 px1 is repres5t$ by gr\ps ( n>r[] elem5ts r deeply imm]s$ 9 ! p]iph]al "p ( ! metaxylem4 ,a _m-lay]$ p]icycle1 p]1 & traces ( an endod]mis1 en1 succe$ ! phloem1 ph1 :i* is *>act]is$ by sev]al r[s ( l>ge contigu\s sieve-tubes2 beyond ! endod]mis is a broad ?9-wall$ inn] cortex4 ,! leaf-traces arise z 9 ,zalesskya1 b ! protoxylem 9 ,?amnopt]is is at fir/ c5tral2 z ! trace passes outw>ds a gr\p ( p>5*yma appe>s imm$iately int]nal to ! protoxylem elem5ts & gradually assumes ! =m ( a bay ( ?9-wall$ tissue on ! inn] concave face ( ! curv$ xylem4 ,! next /age is ! repeat$ division ( ! protoxylem /r& until1 9 ! scl]otic out] cortex1 ! traces acquire ! ,osmundace\s /ructure 7fig4 #cab1 ,a1 p4 #dec74 ,! petiole bases h /ipul> w+s z 9 ,todea & ,osmunda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii 7,ei*474 ,"p ( /ele3 a1 out] xylem2 b1 inn] xylem4 7,aft] ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan4 #ac47 ,sid5ote3 ,,osmundaceae ,! /rik+ feature exhibit$ by ^! ,p]mian plants is ! /ructure ( ! proto/ele1 :i* 9 ,?amnopt]is & probably 9 ,zalesskya diploxylon consi/s ( solid xylem surr\nd$ by phloem3 ?is may be reg>d$ z ! primitive =m ( ! ,osmundace\s /ele4 ,9 ,osmunda regalis & 9 o!r rec5t species ( ! g5us ! xylem cyl9d] has ! =m ( a lattice-"w2 9 o!r words1 ! dep>ture ( ea* leaf-trace makes a gap 9 ! xylem & ! ov]lapp+ ( ! foli>-gaps results 9 ! sep>ation ( ! xylem into a numb] ( di/9ct bundles4 ,9 ,zalesskya gracilis ! cont9uity ( ! xylem is n brok5 by ov]lapp+ gaps2 9 ?is x agrees ) ,lepidod5dron4 ,9 ,?amnopt]is ! c5tre ( ! /ele 0 occupi$ by a peculi> =m ( xylem obvi\sly ill-adapt$ = conduction1 b probably s]v+ = wat]-/orage & comp>able ) ! %ort & broad tra*eae 9 ,megaloxylon#ghj4 ,!re is cle>ly a well-m>k$ diff]5ce 9 /el> anatomy betwe5 ^! two ,p]mian g5]a & ,todea & ,osmunda3 ?is diff]5ce appe>s less :5 view$ 9 ! light ( ! facts reveal$ by a /udy ( ! ,jurassic species ,osmundites ,dunlopi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,lon*opt]is virg9i5sis4 7,aft] ,fonta9e4 nat4 size47 ,z possible examples ( ,triassic ,osmundaceae ref]5ce may be made to "s species includ$ 9 ,/ur's g5us ,speiroc>pus#gha4 ,s4 virg9i5sis 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,fonta9e#ghb f ! ,upp] ,triassic rocks ( ,virg9ia z ,lon*opt]is virg9i5sis 7fig4 #bea7 & has rec5tly be5 figur$ by ,leu?>dt#ghc f ! ,keup] ( ,basel4 ,! sporangia1 :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! l[] surface ( ! p9nules1 are describ$ z globose-elliptical & z hav+ a rudim5t>y apical annulus2 no figures h be5 publi%$4 ,9 habit ! frond agrees ) ,todites ,williamsoni1 b ! lat]al ve9s =m an ana/omos+ sy/em l t 9 ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,lon*opt]is 7fig4 #bij1 ,b74 ,!re w\ld seem to be an a priori probability ( ?is species be+ a repres5tative ( ! ,osmundaceae & n1 z ,/ur believ$1 ( ! ,m>attiaceae4 ,see+ t ,lon*opt]is is a designation ( a purely provisional k9d1 x w\ld be conv5i5t to in/itute a new g5]ic "n = ,triassic species hav+ ! ,lon*opt]is v5ation1 :i* !re are good reasons = reg>d+ z ,osmundace\s f]ns4 ,simil>ly ,speiroc>pus t5uifolius 7,emmons7 7 ,acro/i*ites t5uifolius ,font471 :i* resembles ,todites ,williamsoni 7see p4 #cci7 n only 9 habit & 9 ! di/ribution ( ! sporangia b also 9 ! v5ation1 is probably an ,osmundace\s species4 ,osmundites4 ,osmundites ,dunlopi1 ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan#ghd1 fig4 #beb4 ,?is species 0 f\nd 9 ,jurassic rocks 9 ! ,otago di/rict ( ,new ,zeal& 9 association ) ,cladophlebis d5ticulata#ghe 7fig4 #beg74 ,! type-specim5 =ms "p ( a /em #ag mm4 9 diamet] surr\nd$ by a broad mass ( cr[d$ leaf-bases4 ,! /ele consi/s ( an almo/ cont9u\s xylem r+ 7fig4 #beb7 enclos+ a wide pi?3 ! phloem & inn] cortex are n pres]v$ b ! p]iph]al region ( ! /em is occupi$ by a scl]otic out] cortex4 ,! mass ( encas+ leaf-bases resolves itself on clos] inspection into zones ( foliage-leaf petioles & ! petioles ( scale-leaves ) an abort$ lam9a4 ,a simil> association ( two =ms ( leaf is se5 9 ! exi/+ ,am]ican species ,osmunda ,claytoniana & ,o4 c9namomea4 ,! cortex & arm\r ( leaf-bases are p5etrat$ by num]\s di>* roots4 ,! xylem cyl9d]1 six to sev5 tra*eae broad1 is *>act]is$ by ! n>r[] diamet] ( its inn]mo/ elem5ts &--an important po9t--by ! fact t ! deta*m5t ( a leaf-trace does n break ! cont9uity ( ! xylem cyl9d] 7fig4 #beb74 ,ea* leaf-trace is at fir/ elliptical 9 section2 x !n becomes curv$ inw>ds & gradually assumes ! horse-%oe =m z 9 ,zalesskya & 9 ! rec5t species4 ,! s+le end>* protoxylem becomes subdivid$ until 9 ! petiole x is repres5t$ by #bj or m /r&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,osmundites ,dunlopi ,kid/4 & ,g4-,v4 ,portion ( xylem %[+ ! dep>ture ( a leaf-trace4 7,aft] ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan2 #cf47 ,9 ! cont9uity ( ! xylem cyl9d] ?is species ( ,osmundites %[s a clos] approa* to ,todea b>b>a or ,t4 sup]ba 7fig4 #bba1 ,b7 ?an to species ( ,osmunda2 x diff]s f ,zalesskya 9 hav+ rea*$ a fur!r /age 9 ! r$uction ( a solid proto/ele to "o compos$ ( a xylem cyl9d] enclos+ a pi?4 ,?is diff]5ce is ( ! same k9d z t :i* di/+ui%es ! /ele ( ,lepidod5dron rhodumn5se f ,l4 ,h>c\rtii4 ,9 ,lepidod5dron %ort tra*eae occasionally occur on ! inn] edge ( ! xylem cyl9d]1 & 9 rec5t species ( ,todea ! same k9d ( r$uc$ tra*eae are met ) on ! inn] edge ( ! xylem#ghf4 ,9 bo? cases ! %ort tra*eae are probably ve/iges ( an axial /r& ( conduct+ elem5ts :i* 9 ! c\rse ( evolution h be5 conv]t$ into p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,9 ,lepidod5dron vascul>e ! mix$ p>5*yma & %ort tra*eae 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ele repres5t an int]m$iate /age 9 xylem r$uction1 & ! arrangem5t 9 v]tical r[s ( ! m$ull>y p>5*yma 9 ,lepidod5dron is precisely simil> to t describ$ by ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 9 ,?amnopt]is4 ,9 bo? cases ! r[s ( sup]pos$ %ort cells h probably be5 produc$ by ! transv]se septation ( cells :i* began by elongat+ z if to =m conduct+ tubes & end$ by assum+ ! =m ( v]tical s]ies ( p>5*ymat\s elem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,osmundites ,kolbei ,sew4 7 nat4 size47 ,9 ano!r ,jurassic species1 ,osmundites ,gibbiana#ghg1 ! xylem is ( ! ,osmunda type & consi/s ( ab\t #bj /r&s in/ead ( a cont9u\s or almo/ cont9u\s cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,osmundites ,kolbei4 7,leaf-sc>s47 ,osmundites ,kolbei ,sew>d1 figs4 #bec-bee4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ on a specim5 obta9$ by ,mr ,kolbe f ! ,uit5hage s]ies ( ,cape ,colony#ghh4 ,! fossil flora & fauna ( ?is s]ies po9t to its correlation ) ! ,weald5 or ,neocomian /rata ( ,europe#ghi4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s ( sev]al pieces ( a /em 7fig4 #bec7 :i* rea*$ a l5g? ( ab\t #ij cm4 ,on ! wea!r$ surface ! rema9s ( petiole-bases are cle>ly se5 & on ! rev]se side ( ! small] piece %[n 9 ! figure num]\s s9u\s roots are pres5t 9 association ) ! leaf-/alks4 ,! depression c 9 ! l>g] specim5 may m>k ! position ( a bran*3 at a fig4 #bec 7enl>g$ 9 fig4 #bed1 a7 ! vascul> /r& ( a petiole is expos$ z a broad ,u-%ap$ b& & at b 7fig4 #bed1 b7 ! =m ( ! petiole-bases is cle>ly %[n#gij4 ,) ! /em 7 f\nd imp]fectly pres]v$ impressions ( fronds ref]r$ to ,cladophlebis d5ticulata1 a common type ( leaf :i* 0 f\nd also 9 association ) ! slightly old] ,new ,zeal& /em1 ,osmundites ,dunlopi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,osmundites ,kolbei ,sew4 ,transv]se section1 f a photograph suppli$ by ,dr ,kid/on & ,mr ,gwynne-,vaughan4 7#b nat4 size47 ,an exam9ation ( ! int]nal /ructure ( ! ,s\? ,african /em by ,dr ,kid/on & ,mr ,gwynne-,vaughan has reveal$ _m int]e/+ features1 :i* w be fully describ$ 9 ,"p ,,iv4 ( _! ,monograph on fossil ,osmundace\s /ems4 ,i am greatly indebt$ to ^! au?ors = all[+ me to publi% ! foll[+ note contribut$ by ,dr ,kid/on3-- 8,! section ( ,osmundites ,kolbei ,sew>d1 %[n 9 fig4 #bee1 pres5ts ! usual appe>ance ( an ,osmundace\s /ock4 ,! p>ts conta9$ 9 ?is section are ! /ele1 inn] & out] cortex & a portion ( ! surr\nd+ mantle ( concresc5t leaf-bases4 ,! :ole specim5 has suff]$ mu* f pressure1 b if re/or$ to its orig9al =m ! xylem r+ mu/ h be5 ab\t #ai mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! numb] ( xylem /r&s is ab\t fifty-six & sev]al ( !m are m or less jo9$ z 9 ! mod]n g5us ,todea4 ,! tra*eae are ( ! typical ,osmundace\s type1 t is to say1 ! pits are actual p]=ations & sev]al s]ies ( !m occur on ea* wall ( ! l>g] tra*eae4 8,! mo/ int]e/+ /ructural *>act]i/ic ( ,osmundites ,kolbei is n well se5 9 ! figure ow+ to ! compression ( ! xylem r+4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! occurr5ce ( tra*eae 9 ! pi?4 ,9 fact1 we h "h a mix$ pi?1 compos$ ( p>5*yma & true tra*eae1 a condition :i* connects ! ,osmundaceae ) a p>5*ymat\s m$ulla ) ^? possess+ a solid xylem /ele l ,zalesskya & ,?amnopt]is & s completes ! s]ies ( transitions ext5d+ f ! old] & solid-/el$ =ms to ! mod]n m$ullat$ memb]s ( ! ,osmundaceae40 ,osmundites skidegat5sis1 ,p5hall[4 ,?is l[] ,cretace\s ,canadian species1 fir/ describ$ by ,p5hall[#gia & m rec5tly by ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan#gib1 is rem>kable = ! l>ge size ( ! /em1 ! /ele alone hav+ a diamet] ( #bd cm4 ,p5hall[ figures a fragm5t ( a leaf be>+ a sup]ficial resemblance to t ( ,osmunda ,claytoniana1 :i* may be ! foliage borne by ,osmundites skidegat5sis4 ,! xylem cyl9d] is brok5 by ! exit ( leaf-traces into #ej or m /r&s v>y+ 9 size & %ape1 & x is notewor?y t ! phloem is also int]rupt$ z ea* leaf-trace is giv5 (f4 ,9 rec5t species ! xylem cyl9d] is almo/ always int]rupt$1 b ! phloem reta9s its cont9uity4 ,9 ! ,canadian fossil an int]nal b& ( phloem occurs betwe5 ! xylem & ! pi?1 & ?is jo9s ! ext]nal phloem at ea* leaf-gap4 ,?is int]nal phloem f9ds an int]e/+ p>allel 9 c]ta9 rec5t species#gic1 b 9 ^! ! int]nal & ext]nal phloem d n meet at ! foli> gaps z !y d 9 ! ext9ct type4 ,9 ,osmunda c9namomea ! int]nal phloem occurs only at ! regions ( bran*+ ( ! /em /ele2 9 ! fossil x is always pres5t4 ,x is cle> t ,osmundites skidegat5sis repres5ts ! mo/ complex type ( /em s f> recognis$ 9 ! ,osmundaceae2 x illu/rates a /age 9 elaboration ( ! primitive proto/ele 9 advance ( t rea*$ by any exi/+ species4 ,! primitive ,osmundace\s /ele 0 compos$ ( solid xylem surr\nd$ by phloem 7,?amnopt]is & ,zalesskya72 at a lat] /age ! xylem cyl9d] lo/ its inn] zone ( wide & %ort tra*eae & assum$ ! =m se5 9 ,osmundites ,kolbei1 9 :i* ! c5tre ( ! /ele consi/s ( p>5*yma ) "s tra*eae4 ,ano!r type is repres5t$ by ,o4 ,d[k]i 9 :i* ! pi? is compos$ :olly ( p>5*yma & ! xylem r+ is cont9u\s4 ,f ?is type1 by expansion ( ! xylem r+ & by ! =mation ( ov]lapp+ leaf-gaps1 ! =m repres5t$ by ,osmunda regalis 0 rea*$4 ,osmunda c9namomea1 ) int]nal phloem 9 ! regions ( /el> bran*+1 probably repres5ts a fur!r /age1 z ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan believe1 9 increas+ complexity due to ! introduction ( phloem f )\t ?r\gh gaps produc$ by ! bran*+ ( ! /ele4 ,9 ,osmundites skidegat5sis ! leaf-gaps became wid] & ! ext]nal phloem project$ deep] into ! /ele until a cont9u\s int]nal phloem zone 0 produc$4 ,?is mo/ elaborate type prov$ less successful ?an ! simpl] =ms :i* /ill survive4 ,osmundites ,/urii4 ,impressions ( f]tile p9nae ) n>r[ l9e> segm5ts be>+ exannulate sporangia describ$ by ,raciborski f ,l[] ,jurassic rocks 9 ,pol& z ,osmunda ,/urii#gid may ) "s hesitation be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( ,mesozoic ,osmundaceae4 ,osmundites ,d[k]i4 ,"u ?is "n ,c>ru!rs#gie describ$ a petrifi$ /em f ,l[] ,eoc5e b$s at ,h]ne ,bay1 :i* 9 ! /ructure ( ! /ele agrees closely ) ! ,jurassic species ,o4 ,gibbiana & con=ms to ! normal ,osmundace\s type4 ,x is possible1 z ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5#gif sugge/$1 t ! foliage ( ?is species may be repres5t$ by "s /]ile ,osmunda-l fragm5ts record$ f ! ,middle ,bag%ot b$s ( ,bovey ,tracey & ,b\rnem\? z ,osmunda lignitum4 ,todites4 ,?is g5]ic "n#gig has be5 appli$ to fossil f]ns exhibit+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! sporangia & 9 ! g5]al habit ( ! f]tile fronds a close resemblance to ! rec5t species ,todea b>b>a 7fig4 #bba1 ,d1 p4 #bhf74 ,todites ,williamsoni 7,brongni>t7 figs4 #bef1 ,b1 ,c1 ,g4 #ahbh4 ,pecopt]is ,williamsonis1 ,brongni>t1 ,prodrome1 p4 #eg2 ,hi/4 vg4 foss41 p4 #cbd1 ,pl4 ,,cx4 figs4 #a & #b4 ---- ,p4 :itbi5sis1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #cba1 ,pl4 ,,cix4 figs4 #b-d4 ---- ,p4 t5uis1 ibid4 p4 #cbb1 ,pl4 ,,cx4 figs4 #c1 #d4 #ahbi4 ,pecopt]is rec5tior1 ,phillips1 ,geol4 ,yorks4 p4 #adh1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #ae4 ---- ,p4 curtata1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #ab4 #ahcc4 ,neuropt]is rec5tior1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flora1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,pl4 ,,lxviii4 ---- ,pecopt]is d5tata1 ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,pl4 ,,clxix4 #ahcf4 ,acro/i*ites ,williamsonis1 ,goepp]t1 foss4 ,f>n4 p4 #bhe4 #ahda4 ,neuropt]is ,goepp]tiana1 ,mu5/]1 9 ,goepp]t1 ,gattung5 foss4 ,pflanz4 ,lief4 #e & #f1 p4 #ajd1 ,pls4 ,,viii4-,x4 #ahef4 ,pecopt]is ,huttoniana1 ,zigno1 ,flor4 foss4 ,oolit4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #acc4 #ahfg4 ,acro/i*ites ,goepp]tianus1 ,s*5k1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,gr5zs*4 p4 #dd1 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #e1 ,pl4 ,,vii4 fig4 #b4 #ahhc4 ,a4 l9naeaefolius1 ,fonta9e1 ,old] ,mesoz4 ,flora ,virg9ia1 p4 #be1 ,pls4 ,,vi4-,,ix4 -- ,a4 rhombifolius1 ibid4 ,pls4 ,,viii4 ,,xi4-,,xiv4 #ahhe4 ,todea ,williamsonis1 ,s*5k1 ,palaeont4 ,vol4 ,,xxxi4 p4 #afh1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #c4 #ahhi4 ,cladophlebis virg9i5sis1 ,fonta9e1 ,potomac ,flora1 p4 #gj1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 figs4 #c-h2 ,pl4 ,,iv4 figs4 #a1 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,a4 ,cladophlebis d5ticulata4 ,b1 ,b4 ,todites ,williamsoni 7f]tile74 ,c4 ,t4 ,williamsoni 7/]ile p9na74 ,d4 ,discopt]is ,rallii4 ,e1 ,e4 ,kid/onia h]acle5sis4 ,f4 ,todeopsis primaeva4 ,g4 ,todites ,williamsoni 7sporangium74 ,b1 ,c1 f specim5s 7#acdia2 #cibcd7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b1 v slightly r$uc$2 ,c1 nat4 size72 ,d1 ,e1 aft] ,zeill]2 ,f1 aft] ,r5ault2 ,g1 aft] ,raciborski4 ,x is hopeless to attempt to arrive at satisfactory conclusions 9 reg>d to ! applicability ( ! "n ,todites ,williamsoni to ! num]\s fronds f ,jurassic & ,rhaetic rocks1 agree+ m or less closely ) ,brongni>t's type-specim54 ,specim5s f ! ,rhaetic may n be specifically id5tical ) ^? f ! ,jurassic2 ! ma9 po9t is t1 :e!r actually id5tical or n1 bo? sets ( fossils cle>ly repres5t ! same g5]al type ( ,osmundace\s f]n#gih & may = pres5t purposes be includ$ "u ! same designation4 ,! above synonymy1 ?\gh by no means complete#gii1 s]ves to illu/rate ! confusion :i* has exi/$ 9 reg>d to ?is widely spread type ( ,mesozoic f]n4 ,todites ,williamsoni may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3-- ,frond bip9nate2 long l9e> p9nae 7#bj-cj cm47 ( uni=m bread? arise at an acute angle1 or 9 ! l[] "p ( a frond1 almo/ at "r angles1 f a /\t ra*is4 ,closely set p9nules atta*$ by a broad base2 slightly falcate1 ! side t[>ds ! ra*is /rongly convex & ! out] m>g9 /raight or concave & bulg$ outw>ds t[>ds ! base ( ea* segm5t1 m>g9 usually entire1 or x may be slightly lob$4 ,f]tile p9nules simil> to ! /]ile2 sporangia ( ! ,osmundace\s type & (t5 scatt]$ ov] ! :ole l[] surface ( ! lam9a 7fig4 #bef1 ,b1 ,b1 ,g74 ,v5ation ( ! ,cladophlebis type 7cf4 fig4 #bef1 ,a74 ,x is n always easy to di/+ui% ,todites ,williamsoni f ,cladophlebis d5ticulata1 ano!r common ,jurassic f]n1 b 9 ! latt] ! p9nules are usually long] & relatively n>r[] & ! ra*is is m sl5d] 7cf4 fig4 #bef1 ,b & #beg74 ,s*5k#hjj & ,raciborski#hja h %[n t ! sporangia ( ,todites con=m 9 ! abs5ce ( a true annulus to ^? ( ,todea 7fig4 #bef1 ,g7 & ,osmunda4 ,na?or/#hjb has rec5tly figur$ a gr\p ( spores ( ,todites ,williamsoni 9 illu/ration ( ! use ( ! treatm5t ( c>bonis$ impressions ) nitric acid & potassium *lorate4 ,?is species1 ?\gh widely di/ribut$ 9 ,jurassic rocks1 is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! ,g]man ,rhaetic fronds figur$ by ,s*5k f ,bayreu? z ,acro/i*ites ,goepp]tianus#hjc1 or f o!r fossils ref]r$ to an unnecess>ily l>ge numb] ( species by ,fonta9e#hjd f ,upp] ,triassic rocks ( ,virg9ia#hje4 ,x w\ld seem f ! paucity ( lat] records ( ,osmundaceae t ! family rea*$ its z5i? 9 ! ,jurassic era4 ,:5 we pass to ! lat] ,t]ti>y & m rec5t deposits evid5ce is af=d$ 9 reg>d to ! geographical range ( ,osmunda regalis4 ,x has be5 %[n to occur 9 ! ,plioc5e =e/-b$ ( ,norfolk#hjf z well z 9 ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic deposits#hjg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,cladophlebis d5ticulata4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite rocks ( ,york%ire4 ,slightly r$uc$47 ,a f]tile frond f ! ,molt5o 7,rhaetic7 b$s ( ,s\? ,africa ref]r$ to ,cladophlebis 7,todites7 ,roess]ti 7,presl7#hjh repres5ts 9 all probability an ,osmundace\s f]n closely alli$ to ,todites ,williamsoni4 ,! same species is describ$ by ,zeill]#hji f ,rhaetic rocks ( ,tonk9 & v simil> types are figur$ by ,leu?>dt#haj f ,upp] ,triassic rocks ( ,basel z ,pecopt]is ,rutimey]i ,he]1 & by ,fonta9e#haa f rocks ( ! same age 9 ,virg9ia4 ,cladophlebis4 ,! g5]ic "n ,cladophlebis 0 in/itut$ by ,brongni>t = ,mesozoic f]n fronds *>act]is$ by ultimate segm5ts ( l9e> or m or less falcate =m atta*$ to ! p9nae by ! :ole ( ! base1 z 9 ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,pecopt]is1 possess+ a midrib /rongly m>k$ at ! base & divid+ t[>ds ! di/al end ( ! lam9a into f9] bran*es & giv+ (f second>y =k$ & ar*$ ve9s at an acute angle4 ,! t]m is g5]ally re/rict$ to ,mesozoic f]n fronds :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce or imp]fection ( f]tile p9nae1 _c be safely assign$ to a p>ticul> family4 ,9 ! case ( ! species describ$ bel[1 ! evid5ce 9 reg>d to sy/ematic position1 ?\gh n conclusive1 is suffici5tly /rong to ju/ify its inclusion 9 ! ,osmundaceae4 ,cladophlebis d5ticulata ,brongni>t4 ,figs4 #bef1 ,a2 #beg1 #beh4 #ahbh4 ,pecopt]is d5ticulata#hab1 ,brongni>t1 ,prodrome1 p4 #eg2 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #cja1 ,pl4 ,,xcviii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 -- ,p4 ,phillipsii1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 p4 #cjd1 ,pl4 ,,cix4 fig4 #a4 ,?is species is (t5 confus$#hac ) ,todites ,williamsoni4 ,! "n ,pecopt]is :itbi5sis has be5 us$ by diff]5t writ]s = ,jurassic fronds :i* are und\bt$ly specifically di/9ct3 specim5s s nam$ by ,brongni>t %\ld be ref]r$ to ,todites ,williamsoni1 :ile ,p4 :itbi5sis ( ,l9dley & ,hutton#had is ,brongni>t's ,cladophlebis d5ticulata4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ) accuracy ! num]\s examples describ$ z ,pecopt]is :itbi5sis1 ,aspl5ium :itbi5se1 ,cladophlebis ,alb]tsii 7a ,weald5 species#hae71 ,aspl5ium1 or ,cladophlebis1 nebb5se#haf1 etc41 f ,jurassic & ,rhaetic /rata4 ,! ,cladophlebis d5ticulata =m ( frond is "o ( ! commone/ 9 rec5t f]ns2 x is repres5t$ by su* species z ,onoclea ,/ru?opt]is1 ,pt]is arguta1 ,sadl]ia sp41 ,glei*5ia dubia1 ,alsophila lunulata1 ,cya!a dealbata1 & species ( ,polypodium4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ to f9d records ( ?is ,mesozoic species f _m localities & horizons4 ,all t we c d is to po9t out :at appe> to be ! mo/ probable cases ( id5tity among ! num]\s examples ( fronds ( ?is type f ,mesozoic rocks1 p>ticul>ly ,rhaetic & ,jurassic1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! "n ,cladophlebis d5ticulata may be employ$ 9 a compreh5sive s5se = fronds %[+ ! foll[+ *>act]s3-- ,leaf l>ge1 bip9nate1 ) long spread+ p9nae borne on a comp>atively sl5d] ra*is4 ,p9nules1 9 ne>ly all cases1 /]ile1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #c-d;cm41 acutely po9t$1 f9ely d5ticulate or entire1 atta*$ by ! :ole ( ! base 7fig4 #beg74 ,9 ! apical region ! p9nules become %ort] & broad]4 ,v5ation ( ! ,cladophlebis type 7fig4 #bef1 ,a74 ,f]tile p9nules r /raight] ?an ! /]ile1 *>act]is$ by l9e> sori p>allel to ! lat]al ve9s 7fig4 #beh74 ,9 endeav\r+ to di/+ui% specifically betwe5 fronds %[+ a g5]al agreem5t 9 habit ) ,c4 d5ticulata1 special att5tion %\ld be paid to v5ation *>act]s1 ! %ape ( ! p9nules1 ! relation ( ! two edges ( ! lam9a to "o ano!r1 & to ! am\nt ( curvature ( ! :ole p9nule4 ,unless ! mat]ial is abundant1 x is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 *>act]s ( specific value & o!rs :i* are ! expression ( diff]5ces 9 age or ( position on a l>ge frond1 to say no?+ ( ! well-kn[n v>iability :i* is amply illu/rat$ by rec5t f]ns4 ,x is rem>kable t v few specim5s are kn[n :i* ?r[ any light on ! nature ( ! f]tile p9nae4 ,fig4 #beh repres5ts an impression f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite rocks ( ! ,york%ire coa/ 9 :i* ! expos$ upp] surface ( ! p9nules %[s a s]ies ( p>allel ridges foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! lat]al ve9s & no d\bt =m$ by oblong sori on ! l[] surface4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! specim5 figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton & by o!rs z ,pecopt]is undans#hag is1 z ,na?or/ sugge/s1 a portion ( a f]tile frond ( ,c4 d5ticulata4 ,a f]tile specim5 ( a frond resembl+ 9 habit ,c4 d5ticulata1 :i* ,fonta9e has describ$ f ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,oregon z ,danaeopsis ,/orrsii#hah1 exhibits1 z t au?or po9ts out1 a sup]ficial resemblance to ! specim5 nam$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton ,pecopt]is undans4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no adequate reason = ref]r+ ! ,am]ican fragm5t to ! ,m>attiaceae4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( sporangia we _c speak confid5tly z to ! sy/ematic position ( ?is common type2 b !re are fairly good gr\nds = ! ass]tion t "s at lea/ ( ! fronds describ$ "u ?is "n are ^? ( ,osmundaceae4 ,! ,engli% specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #beh is v simil> to "s ,indian fossils figur$ by ,fei/mantel z ,aspl5ites macroc>pus#hai1 :i* are probably id5tical ) ,pecopt]is au/ralis ,morris#hbj1 a f]n t is indi/+ui%able f ,cladophlebis d5ticulata4 ,r5ault#hba figur$ a f]tile specim5 ( ! ,au/ralian fossil z ,todea au/ralis1 :i* agrees v closely ) t %[n 9 fig4 #beh1 & ! sporangia figur$ by ! ,fr5* au?or are ( ! ,osmundace\s type4 ,ano!r example ( a f]tile specim5 is af=d$ by a ,rhaetic f]n f ,franconia1 ,aspl5ites ottonis1 :i* is probably id5tical ) ,ale?opt]is ,roess]ti ,presl ,cladophlebis 7,todites7 ,roess]ti1 a plant closely resembl+ ,cladophlebis d5ticulata4 ,ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( includ+ ,c4 d5ticulata 9 ! ,osmundaceae is suppli$ by ! association ( p9nae ( ?is type ) ! petrifi$ /em ( ,osmundites ,dunlopi record$ by ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,f]tile p9nae ( ,cladophlebis d5ticulata4 7,f a ,york%ire specim5 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge47 ,s*izaeaceae4 ,evid5ce be>+ on ! exi/5ce ( ?is family 9 ,c>bonif]\s floras is by no means decisive4 ,! g5]ic "n ,aneimites propos$ by ,dawson#hbb = "s ,devonian ,canadian plants resembl+ species ( ! rec5t g5us ,aneimia1 & adopt$ by ,:ite#hbc = a species f ! ,pottsville b$s ( ,virg9ia1 is mislead+4 ,! ,canadian plants give no indication ( ! nature ( ! reproductive organs1 & ! fronds describ$ by ,:ite are1 z he %[s1 ^? ( a ,pt]idosp]m & bore se$s4 ,an exam9ation ( ! suspici\sly diagrammatic draw+s publi%$ by ,corda#hbd ( ! small f]tile p9nules ( a ,c>bonif]\s f]n f ,bohemia1 :i* he nam$ ,s5ft5b]gia elegans1 leads u to conclude t ! sporangia are almo/ c]ta9ly ^? ( a ,s*izaeace\s species4 ,! small l9e> p9nules be> two r[s ( sessile sporangia1 s+ly z 9 rec5t ,s*izaeaceae & n 9 sori1 *>act]is$ by #d-e r[s ( regul> annul> cells 7fig4 #bgj1 ,a7 surr\nd+ ! apex4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! apical annulus ( rec5t ,s*izaeaceae1 ?\gh normally "o r[ deep1 may consi/ 9 "p at lea/ ( two r[s4 ,zeill]#hbe exam9$ specim5s ( ,corda's species & decid$ 9 fav\r ( a ,s*izaeace\s aff9ity2 he describes ! sporangia z #jhe-jie mm4 9 l5g?1 ) #c to #e & occasionally only two r[s ( cells 9 ! apical annulus4 ,zeill]'s figures 7fig4 #bgj1 ,a7 confirm ! impression t ,corda's draw+s are m beautiful ?an accurate4 ,/ur#hbf1 on ! o!r h&1 :o fir/ po9t$ out t ! type-specim5s ( ,s5ft5b]gia came f ! ,radnitz b$s ( ,bohemia & n f ! ,coal-,measures1 conv9c$ himself t ! sporangia h no true annulus 7fig4 #bgj1 ,e74 ,he describes !m z *>act]is$ by a comp>atively /rong wall & by ! pres5ce ( a b& ( n>r[ v]tical cells m>k+ ! l9e ( dehisc5ce1 features :i* lead him to assign ! plant to ! ,m>attiales1 a gr\p :i* seems to h ex]cis$ a dom9at+ influ5ce ov] 8 judgm5t4 ,9 a lat] publication ,zeill]#hbg replies to ,/ur's criticism b adh]es to 8 orig9al op9ion4 ,solms-,lauba*#hbh1 :ile express+ himself 9 fav\r ( ,m>attiace\s aff9ity1 recognises t ,zeill]'s argum5ts _c be set aside4 ,! "q mu/ rema9 op5 until fur!r evid5ce is =?com+2 b x w\ld seem t ?is ,c>bonif]\s type1 n z yet recognis$ 9 ,brita91 possess$ sporangia hav+ a di/9ct resemblance to ^? ( ! ,s*izaeaceae1 ?\gh ?is simil>ity does n am\nt to pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! family 9 ! ,palaeozoic era4 ,palaeozoic floras may be describ$ z ri* 9 g5]alis$ types1 types =e%ad[+ l9es ( evolution1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ages l$ to a sort+ & a r$i/ribution ( *>act]s4 ,x may be t ,s5ft5b]gia is "o ( ^! g5]alis$ types4 ,x is n until we asc5d ! geological s]ies z f> z ! old] ,jurassic rocks t we meet ) a type :i* c ) confid5ce be class$ ) ! ,s*izaeaceae1 z lea/ s f> z sporangial *>act]s are conc]n$4 ,! species ,klukia exilis is select$ z ! be/ kn[n & mo/ widely-spread repres5tative ( ,jurassic ,s*izaeaceae4 ,klukia exilis 7,phillips7#hbi4 ,fig4 #bei4 ,! g5]ic "n ,klukia 0 propos$ by ,raciborski#hcj = a species orig9ally describ$ by ,phillips#hca f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ! ,york%ire coa/ z ,pecopt]is exilis4 ,bunbury's#hcb discov]y 7supplem5t$ by additional evid5ce obta9$ by ,raciborski7 ( well-pres]v$ sporangia ju/ifi$ ! sub/itution ( a di/9ctive designation = ! provisional t]m ,pecopt]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,klukia exilis 7,phillips74 7,figs4 #a-c1 #dj2 fig4 #d1 #c2 fig4 #e1 nat4 size47 ,! species may be def9$ z foll[s3-- ,frond trip9nate1 ( ! ,cladophlebis type2 p9nae l9e>1 lanceolate1 atta*$ to ! ra*is at a wide angle4 ,ultimate segm5ts %ort & l9e>1 entire or1 9 ! l[] "p ( a frond1 cr5ulate1 #e mm4 long or occasionally long]4 ,sporangia #je mm4 9 l5g?1 borne s+ly on ! l[] surface ( ! lam9a 9 a r[ on ea* side ( ! midrib4 ,a re-exam9ation#hcc ( ! specim5 describ$ by ,bunbury confirm$ 8 acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! sporangia4 ,! p9na %[n 9 fig4 #bei is *>act]is$ by unusually small f]tile p9nules "s ( :i* be> #aj sporangia 9 two r[s2 ! annulus includes ab\t #ad cells4 ,f]tile specim5s ( ?is & simil> =ms are figur$ by ,raciborski#hcd f ,jurassic rocks ( ,pol&1 & good examples ( ! ,engli% species may be se5 9 ! ,leck5by collection1 ,cambridge1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! museums ( ,man*e/]1 ,sc>bor\gh1 & o!r places4 ,x is possible t specim5s ref]r$ to ,k4 exilis by ,yokoyama#hce f ,weald5 /rata 9 ,japan may af=d evid5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! species beyond ! ,jurassic era1 b 9 view ( ! close resemblance ( ! /]ile fronds describ$ f ,weald5 /rata z ,cladophlebis ,br[nii#hcf & ,c4 ,dunk]i#hcf to ^? ( ,klukia exilis1 id5tity c be e/abli%$ only by an exam9ation ( f]tile specim5s4 ,a ,jurassic f]n rec5tly describ$ by ,yabe#hcg f ,korea z ,cladophlebis korai5sis may be id5tical ) ,k4 exilis & !re is little d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ! species 9 ,jurassic ,caucasian /rata#hch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,ruf=dia ,goepp]ti4 7,a1 ,c1 /]ile2 ,b1 f]tile2 slightly r$uc$4 ,specim5s f ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex2 ,briti% ,museum2 ,v4 #bccc1 ,v4 #bafj1 ,v4 #baff47 ,ruf=dia ,goepp]ti 7,dunk474 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,?is ,weald5 f]n#hci has be5 d\btfully assign$ to ! ,s*izaeaceae on ! gr\nd ( ! resemblance ( ! /]ile fronds to ^? ( "s species ( ,aneimia1 & because ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /]ile & f]tile p9nae 7,fig4 #bfj74 ,ruf=dia _c be reg>d$ z a well au!nticat$ memb] ( ! ,s*izaeaceae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,a1 ,a4 ,*rysodium lanzaeanum4 ,b1 ,b4 ,lygodium ,kaulfussi4 ,c4 ,m>attia ,hook]i4 7,aft] ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus52 ,a1 ,b1 nat4 size47 ,lygodium ,kaulfussi1 ,he]4 ,fig4 #bfa1 ,b1 ,b4 ,fragm5ts ( =k$ p9nules1 agree+ v closely 9 v5ation & g5]al appe>ance ) rec5t species ( ,lygodium1 h be5 id5tifi$ by ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5#hdj f ,engli% ,eoc5e b$s & by ,kn[lton f ! ,mioc5e b$s ( ! ,yell[/one ,p>k#hda z ,lygodium ,kaulfussi ,he] 7fig4 #bfa1 ,b74 ,despite ! abs5ce ( sporangia x is probable t ^! fragm5ts are correctly ref]r$ to ! ,s*izaeaceae4 ,! /]ile & f]tile specim5s figur$ by ,he]#hdb f ,t]ti>y b$s ( ,switz]l& agree v closely ) rec5t examples ( ,lygodium4 ,simil> ?\gh p]haps less conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is family 9 ,europe is furni%$ by ,saporta#hdc1 :o describ$ two ,eoc5e species f ,france4 ,glei*5iaceae4 ,! application by ,goepp]t#hdd & o!r e>li] writ]s ( ! g5]ic "n ,glei*5ites to examples ( ,palaeozoic f]ns 0 n ju/ifi$ by any satisfactory evid5ce4 ,"o ( ,goepp]t's species1 ,glei*5ites neuropt]oides1 is id5tical ) ,neuropt]is het]ophylla#hde1 a plant n[ includ$ 9 ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,! resemblance ( sporangia & sori1 :e!r pres]v$ z c>bonis$ impressions or z petrifi$ mat]ial1 f ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 to ^? ( rec5t species ( ,glei*5iaceae is 9 _m cases at lea/ ! result ( mis9t]pretation ( deceptive appe>ances4 ,williamson#hdf drew att5tion to ! ,glei*5ia-l /ructure ( "s sections ( sporangia f ! ,engli% ,coal-,measures1 b he did n realise ! ease ) :i* sections ( ,m>attiace\s sporangia 9 diff]5t planes may be mi/ak5 = ^? ( annulate 7leptosporangiate7 sporangia4 ,9 ! regul> di*otom\s habit ( ,c>bonif]\s fronds describ$ z species ( ,diplo?mema 7,/ur7 & ,m>iopt]is 7,zeill]7#hdg we h a close correspond5ce ) ! leaves ( ,glei*5ia1 b ! common occurr5ce ( di*otom\s bran*+ among f]ns is suffici5t reason = reg>d+ ?is feature z an untru/wor?y crit]ion ( relation%ip4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to f9d t 9 addition to ! exi/5ce ( "s ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s f]ns ) sori l ^? ( rec5t ,glei*5ias1 ! type ( /el> anatomy illu/rat$ by ,glei*5ia dic>pa 7fig4 #bcg1 ,c1 p4 #caj7 & o!r species is *>act]i/ic ( ! prim>y /ructure ( ! /em ( ! ,pt]idosp]m ,het]angium4 ,we f9d 9 ,c>bonif]\s types und\bt$ indications ( anatomical & o!r features :i* 9 succe$+ ages became ! m>ks ( ,glei*5iaceae4 ,"s ,c>bonif]\s fronds ) %ort & small p9nules ( ! ,pecopt]is type1 be>+ sori compos$ ( a small numb] ( sporangia1 h be5 assign$ by ,gr&',eury & o!r au?ors to ! ,glei*5iaceae2 ! same =m ( sorus is met ) also on fronds ) ,sph5opt]oid segm5ts4 ,! =m] is illu/rat$ by ,oligoc>pia ,gutbi]i#hdh & ! latt] by ,o4 ,brongni>ti describ$ by ,/ur & by ,zeill]#hdi4 ,zeill] has describ$ ! circul> sori ( ,oligoc>pia 7fig4 #bgj1 ,b7 z consi/+ ( ?ree to t5 pyri=m sporangia borne at ! ends ( lat]al ve9s & possess+ a complete transv]se annulus1 b ,/ur#hej believes t ! annulus-l appe>ance is due to ! mann] ( pres]vation ( exannulate sporangia4 ,9 ?is op9ion ,/ur is support$ by ,solms-,lauba*#hea & by ,s*5k#heb4 ,despite an agreem5t betwe5 ,oligoc>pia & ,glei*5ia1 z reg>ds ! =m ( ! sori & ! numb] ( sporangia1 x is n c]ta9 t ! exi/5ce ( a typical ,glei*5iace\s annulus has be5 prov$ to occur 9 any ,palaeozoic sporangia#hec4 ,f ,upp] ,triassic b$s ( ,virg9ia1 ,fonta9e has figur$ sev]al fronds = :i* he in/itut$ ! g5us ,m]t5sides#hed4 ,! habit1 z he po9ts out1 is n di*otom\s1 b ! sori are circul> & are said to be compos$ 9 "s species ( f\r to six sporangia4 ,no satisfactory evid5ce is br\ght =w>d 9 support ( ! use ( a designation imply+ a close relation%ip ) rec5t ,glei*5ias 7sect4 ,m]t5sia74 ,"o ( ! species describ$ by ,fonta9e 0 orig9ally nam$ by ,bunbury ,pecopt]is bullatus#hee1 ! imp]fect type-specim5 ( :i* is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool4 ,9 ! =m ( ! frond1 ! ?ick ra*is1 & 9 ! p9nules ?is ,triassic species resembles ,todites ,williamsoni1 b ! resemblance does n ext5d to ! sori4 ,two ( ,fonta9e's species are record$ by ,/ur f ,au/ria#hef1 b he places !m 9 ! g5us ,oligoc>pia & includes !m 9 ! ,m>attiaceae4 ,leu?>dt#heg figures :at appe>s to be a ,glei*5iace\s f]n f ! ,upp] ,triassic b$s ( ,basel z ,glei*5ites gracilis 7,he]7 %[+ sori compos$ ( five sporangia 7fig4 #bfe1 ,c7 ) a horizontal annulus4 ,a ,rhaetic species ,glei*5ites microphyllus ,s*5k#heh f ,franconia agrees 9 ! =m ( its small r\nd$ p9nules ) ,glei*5ia1 b no sporangia h s f> be5 f\nd4 ,an impression ( a frond f ,jurassic rocks ( nor!rn ,italy figur$ by ,zigno z ,glei*5ites elegans#hei closely resembles 9 habit rec5t species ( ,glei*5ia2 ?\gh no sporangia h be5 f\nd1 ! habit ( ! frond gives probability to ,zigno's det]m9ation4 ,a ,jurassic species f ,pol&1 ,glei*5ites ,ro/af9skii1 ref]r$ by ,raciborski#hfj to ,glei*5ia1 exhibits a close agreem5t 9 habit & 9 ! =m ( ! soral impressions to "s rec5t species ( ,glei*5ia4 ,z we pass upw>ds to ,weald5 & m rec5t rocks x becomes cle> t ! ,glei*5iaceae 7 prom95t memb]s ( late ,mesozoic floras 9 nor? ,europe & rea*$ z f> nor? z ,disco ,isl&4 ,9 ,engli% ,weald5 b$s portions ( /]ile fronds h be5 f\nd :i* 7 assign$ to a new g5us ,leck5bya#hfa1 b x is probable t ^! specim5s w\ld be m correctly ref]r$ to ,glei*5ites4 ,simil>ly fragm5ts ( ,glei*5ia-l p9nae ) v small r\nd$ p9nules occur 9 ! ,weald5 rocks ( ,b]niss>t1 ,belgium#hfb1 9 nor? ,g]many#hfc1 & else:]e4 ,conclusive evid5ce has be5 obta9$ by ,pr(4 ,bomm] ( ! exi/5ce ( ,glei*5ites 9 ,weald5 b$s ne> ,brussels1 :]e _m plant rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 a wond]ful /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! specim5s1 :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ "s ye>s ago1 might easily be mi/ak5 = r old & br[n pieces ( rec5t plants4 ,"s ( ! ,belgian fragm5ts1 ( :i* ,pr(4 ,bomm] has k9dly s5t me draw+s & photographs1 are *>act]is$ by an arrangem5t ( vascul> tissue id5tical ) t 9 ! petioles & rhizomes ( "s proto/elic ,glei*5ias4 ,! /ele ( "o ( ! ,belgian rhizomes appe>s to be id5tical ) t ( ,glei*5ia dic>pa 7fig4 #bcg1 ,c4 p4 #caj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,a4 ,glei*5ites longip5nis ,he]4 ,b4 ,g4 delicatula ,he]4 ,c4 ,g4 ,nord5skioldi ,he]4 ,d4 ,g4 ,zippei4 7,corda47 7,aft] ,he]2 ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 v slightly r$uc$47 ,glei*5ites ,zippei 7,corda74 ,fig4 #bfb1 ,d4 ,?is species1 orig9ally describ$ by ,corda z ,pecopt]is ,zippei#hfd & aft]w>ds figur$ by ,he]#hfe z ,glei*5ia ,zippei 7fig4 #bfb1 ,d7 f ,urgonian rocks ( ,gre5l&1 af=ds a /rik+ example ( a ,mesozoic memb] ( ! ,glei*5iaceae4 ,x is *>act]is$ by ! di*otom\s bran*+ ( ! frond & by ! occurr5ce ( arre/$ buds 9 ! =ks4 ,! long & sl5d] p9nae1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #i cm4 & a bread? ( #f-h mm41 be> small cr[d$ p9nules occasionally ) circul> sori :i* are describ$ by ,he] z consi/+ ( a small numb] ( sporangia 7cf4 fig4 #bfb1 ,c74 ,sev]al o!r ,l[] ,cretace\s species are record$ by ,he] f ,gre5l&1 "s ( :i* are probably unnecess>ily sep>at$ f ,glei*5ites ,zippei4 ,examples ( ^! are repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bfb1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,a ,glei*5iace\s species describ$ by ,debey & ,ett+%aus5 f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks ( ,aix-la-,*apelle z ,didymosorus comptonifolius#hff is v simil> 9 habit to "s ( ,he]'s ,gre5l& species3 ?is %\ld probably be ref]r$ to ! g5us ,glei*5ites4 ,glei*5ites hanton5sis1 ,wank4 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,f ! ,eoc5e b$s ( ,b\rnem\?1 ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5#hfg h describ$ "u ! "n ,glei*5ia hanton5sis :at is 9 all probability a true ,glei*5ia 7fig4 #bfc74 ,?is species1 orig9ally record$ by ,wanklyn#hfh1 is *>act]is$ by a sl5d] =k$ ra*is %[+ :at may be traces ( arre/$ buds betwe5 ! arms ( ! bran*es1 by circul> sori ( six or eight sporangia & by ! pres5ce ( peculi> t5dril-l app5dages on ! p9nae4 ,if ! description ( ! t5drils is correct1 ?is ,briti% species af=ds "o ( ! few in/ances ( f]ns adapt$ = climb+ & may be comp>$ ) ! rec5t species ,davallia aculeata 7fig4 #bcb1 p4 #bii74 ,maton9eae4 ,! g5]a ,laccopt]is & ,matonidium may be describ$ z examples ( ,mesozoic f]ns exhibit+ a v close agreem5t ) ,matonia4 ,laccopt]is4 ,?is g5us1 f\nd$ by ,presl#hfi1 may be describ$ z foll[s3-- ,frond p$ate1 9 habit resembl+ ,matonia pect9ata1 ) p9nate or p9natifid p9nae2 ultimate segm5ts l9e>1 provid$ ) a well-m>k$ midrib giv+ (f num]\s di*otom\sly bran*$ second>y ve9s :i* are 9 places connect$ by lat]al ana/omoses4 ,sori circul>1 =m+ a s+le r[ on ea* side ( ! midrib 7fig4 #bgh1 ,b72 sporangia #e-ae 9 ea* sorus1 ) an oblique annulus & tetrah$ral spores4 ,! pres5ce ( an indusium is n c]ta9ly e/abli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,glei*5ites hanton5sis ,wank4 7,re/oration1 aft] ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus547 ,s*5k#hgj1 :o describ$ sev]al specim5s ( ,laccopt]is f ,rhaetic rocks ( ,g]many1 comp>$ ! g5us ) ,glei*5ia b he also recognis$ ! close resemblance to ,matonia pect9ata4 ,zeill]#hga fir/ e/abli%$ ! practical id5tity ( ! sori & sporangia ( ,laccopt]is & ,matonia4 ,! ,rhaetic species1 su* z ,l4 ,mu5/]i1 ,l4 elegans1 & ,l4 ,goepp]ti1 agree v closely ) ,l4 polypodioides & ne$ n be describ$ 9 detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,laccopt]is elegans 7,presl74 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 f ! ,l[] ,keup] ( ,bayreu?1 ,g]many4 ,nat4 size2 "p ( p9nule #c47 ,! ,rhaetic species ,laccopt]is elegans1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bfd1 illu/rates ! *>act]i/ic habit ( ! g5us & %[s a feature usually ov]look$#hgb1 namely ! occurr5ce ( ana/omoses betwe5 ! lat]al ve9s4 ,! =m ( ! sorus ( ano!r ,rhaetic species is %[n 9 fig4 #bfe1 ,e4 ,s*5k figures an int]e/+ s]ies ( fronds ( ,l4 ,goepp]ti 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[?#hgc2 "o ( ! y\ng] leaves is se5 9 fig4 #bfe1 ,d4 ,an exam9ation ( ,rhaetic specim5s ( ,laccopt]is 9 ! ,b]gakademie ( ,b]l9 conv9c$ me ( ! correctness ( ! publi%$ descriptions ( ! sori4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,a4 ,matonidium ,wiesn]i4 7,slightly enl>g$47 ,b4 ,m>attiopsis m>antacea4 7,slightly enl>g$47 ,c4 ,glei*5ites gracilis4 7,slightly enl>g$47 ,d4 ,laccopt]is ,goepp]ti4 7,slightly r$uc$47 ,e4 ,l4 ,mu5/]i4 7,enl>g$47 7,a1 aft] ,krass]2 ,b1 ,c1 aft] ,leu?>dt2 ,d1 ,e1 aft] ,s*5k47 ,laccopt]is polypodioides 7,brongni>t74 ,figs4 #bff-bfh2 #bgh1 ,a4 #ahbh4 ,phlebopt]is polypodioides#hgd1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #cgb1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiii4 fig4 #a4 -- ,p4 prop9qua1 ibid4 ,pls4 ,,cxxxii4 fig4 #a1 ,,cxxxiii4 fig4 #b4 #ahbi4 ,pecopt]is caespitosa1 ,phillips1 ,geol4 ,yorks4 p4 #adh1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #aj4 -- ,p4 cr5ifolia1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #aj4 -- ,p4 ligata1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,laccopt]is polypodioides 7,brongn474 7 #ad47 7,brit4 ,mus47 ,9 habit ?is species closely resembles ,matonia & ,matonidium1 ! long petiole divides di/ally into sev]al spread+ p9natifid p9nae ) l9e> ultimate segm5ts 7fig4 #bgh1 ,a74 ,circul> sori 7indusiate87 occur 9 a s+le r[ on ea* side ( ! midrib conta9+ #ab-ad l>ge sporangia 7fig4 #bff7 *>act]is$ by an obliquely v]tical annulus4 ,! midrib ( ! p9nules gives (f second>y ve9s at a wide angle & ^! =m a s]ies ( elongat$ me%es p>allel to ! m$ian rib1 z 9 ! rec5t g5us ,woodw>dia2 =k$ & ana/omos+ bran*es are giv5 (f f ^! to ! edge ( ! lam9a 7fig4 #bfg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,p9nules ( ,laccopt]is4 7,enl>g$47 ,a1 ,b4 ,f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,york%ire4 ,c4 ,f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,/am=d4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bfh is probably a "y frond ( ?is species4 ,a v simil>1 possibly a specifically id5tical plant1 0 describ$ by ,leck5by f ,engli% ,jurassic rocks z ,phlebopt]is ,woodw>di#hge1 ! di/+ui%+ features ( :i* are ! great] numb] ( lat]al ve9s & ! small] sori 7fig4 #bfg1 ,a74 ,! "n ,microdictyon 0 propos$ by ,saporta#hgf = p9nules diff]+ slightly f ^? ( ,laccopt]is 9 v5ation *>act]s3 he includ$ ,laccopt]is ,woodw>di 9 ?is g5us1 b su* diff]5ces z are recognisable 9 ! v5ation h>dly ju/ify ! use ( a di/9ct g5]ic title4 ,simil>ly1 specim5s describ$ by ,debey & ,ett+%aus5#hgg f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks ( ,aix-la-,*apelle z species ( ,c>olopt]is may also be includ$ 9 ,laccopt]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 8 ,laccopt]is polypodioides4 ,nat4 size4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,:itby ,museum 7,brit4 ,mus474 ,laccopt]is ,dunk]i 7,s*5k7#hgh4 ,?is species is repres5t$ 9 sev]al ,weald5 localities by fragm5ts ( f]tile p9nae simil> to ^? ( ,l4 polypodioides4 ,x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% small specim5s ( ! ,weald5 f]n f ,he]'s g5us ,na?or/ia 7,m>attiaceae7 unless ! sori are well pres]v$4 ,?is species occurs 9 ,weald5 b$s 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & else:]e & has be5 discov]$ by ,dr ,m>cus ,gunn 9 ,upp] ,jurassic plant-b$s ( ,su!rl&%ire 7,n4,e4 ,scotl&74 ,laccopt]is is widely spread 9 ,rhaetic1 ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s floras4 ,x af=ds evid5ce ( ! =m] abundance 9 nor!rn latitudes ( a family n[ repres5t$ by ! two species ( ,matonia conf9$ to a re/rict$ area 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,matonidium4 ,s*5k#hgi in/itut$ ?is conv5i5t t]m = fossil f]n fronds agree+ 9 habit & 9 _! sori ) ,matonia pect9ata 7figs4 #bbg1 #bbh1 p4 #bib74 ,zeill]#hhj has drawn att5tion to ! fact t ! ,mesozoic species diff] f ! surviv+ types 9 ! great] numb] ( sporangia 9 ea* sorus1 &1 x may be add$1 9 ,matonidium ! f]tile p9nules are m ri*ly suppli$ ) sori ?an are ^? ( ,matonia4 ,un=tunately our k ( ! /ructure ( ! sporangia ( ,matonidium is less complete ?an 9 ! case ( ,laccopt]is1 b su* evid5ce z is available ju/ifies ! conclusion t ,matonia is a direct desc5dant ( f]ns :i* =m$ a prom95t feature 9 ,european ,jurassic & ,weald5 floras4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t 9 a ,cretace\s species1 describ$ by ,krass] 7fig4 #bfe1 ,a7 s9ce ! publication ( ,zeill]'s pap]1 ! sori appe> to be id5tical 9 di/ribution & 9 appe>ance ) ^? ( ! rec5t species4 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,bomm] = p]mission to reproduce ! unpubli%$ draw+ repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bcg ,d 7p4 #caj7 ( a section ( ! rhizome ( ,matonidium f ! ,belgian ,weald5 b$s ( ,ha9aut 78,flore ,b]niss>ti5ne074 ,! section %[s an arrangem5t ( vascul> tissue id5tical ) t 9 ! rec5t species3 !re may be two sol5o/eles & 9 addition a solid axial /r&4 ,! =m ( ! leaf-trace 9 ! fossil appe>s to be id5tical ) t 9 ,matonia pect9ata 7fig4 #bcg1 ,a1 p4 #caj74 ,matonidium ,goepp]ti 7,ett+%aus57#hha4 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,"u ?is "n are includ$ specim5s f ,inf]ior ,oolite & ,weald5 /rata 9 ,brita9 & else:]e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n impossible t if m in=mation 7 available1 we %\ld f9d adequate reasons = recognis+ two specific types4 ,fonta9e#hhb1 adh]+ rigidly to ! rules ( priority1 speaks ( ?is species z ,matonidium ,al?ausii 7,dunk]71 b ,ett+%aus5's specific t]m is bett] kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,matonidium ,goepp]ti 7,ett+s474 7,a1 ,b1 nat4 size2 ,c1 approximately nat4 size47 ,fronds p$ate & app>5tly id5tical 9 habit ) ^? ( ,matonia pect9ata2 ultimate segm5ts l9e>1 slightly falcate & bluntly po9t$4 ,sori circul> or oval1 num]\s1 conta9+ #ae to #bj sporangia ) an oblique annulus1 9 two r[s on ! l[] surface ( ! p9nules2 indusium z 9 ,matonia4 ,! ,engli% examples h s f> af=d$ no in=mation 9 reg>d to sporangial /ructure1 b ,s*5k#hhc has recognis$ a di/9ct annulus 9 ,g]man mat]ial4 ,9 8 description ( fossil plants f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,cali=nia1 ,fonta9e#hhd d\btfully id5tifies two v small fragm5ts z ,matonidium ,al?ausii2 ! evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 :olly inadequate4 ,matonidium ,wiesn]i1 ,krass]#hhe4 ,fig4 #bfe1 ,a4 ,?is ,c5omanian 7,cretace\s7 species f ,moravia appe>s to be id5tical 9 habit ) ! old] type4 ,! p9nules are l>g] & be> few] sori4 ,krass]'s figures ( ! /]ile p9nules %[ no lat]al ana/omos+ betwe5 ! second>y ve9s1 b ! small vascul> network bel[ ea* sorus 7fig4 #bfe1 ,a7 is id5tical ) t 9 ,matonia pect9ata4 ,! indusiate sori conta9 ab\t six sporangia ) an oblique annulus4 ,! v wide geographical di/ribution ( ! ,maton9eae dur+ ! ,mesozoic era af=ds a /rik+ contra/ to ! limit$ range ( ! ,malayan survivals4 ,hym5ophyllaceae4 ,! frequ5t use ( ! g5]ic "n ,hym5ophyllites z a designation ( ,palaeozoic f]ns1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! old] lit]ature1 is ano!r in/ance ( ! undue importance :i* palaeobotani/s h always be5 prone to atta* to ext]nal resemblances ( vegetative organs4 ,! fragm5t ( lam9a describ$ by ,/ur = ! ,culm ,measures ( ,au/ria z ,hym5ophyllum wald5burg5se#hhf has no claim to consid]ation z evid5ce ( ,palaeozoic ,hym5ophyllaceae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are a few records ( f]tile fronds :i*1 ?\gh n to be accept$ )\t res]ve1 are wor?y ( m c>eful exam9ation4 ,"s petrifi$ sporangia describ$ by ,r5ault#hhg f ! ,culm ( ,esno/ are ref]r$ to ,hym5ophyllites on acc\nt ( ! position ( ! annulus1 :i* appe>s to encircle ab\t two-?irds ( ! circumf]5ce2 x is1 h[ev]1 n c]ta9 t ! annulus is horizontal z 9 ! rec5t g5us4 ,! ,culm species ,rhodea pat5tissima describ$ by ,ett+%aus5#hhh z ,hym5ophyllites pat5tissima & subsequ5tly ref]r$ by ,/ur#hhi to ,rhodea1 is reg>d$ by ^! au?ors z closely alli$ to ,hym5ophyllum simply on ! gr\nd ( ! f9ely divid$ & delicate /]ile fronds2 ano!r species1 ,rhodea moravica 7,ett471 :i* ,ett+%aus5 ref]r$ to ,tri*omanes1 is comp>$ ) rec5t species ( t g5us4 ,9 nei!r case d we "k any?+ ( sporangial *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,a1 ,e4 ,s5ft5b]gia elegans4 ,b4 ,oligoc>pia ,brongni>tii4 ,c4 ,tri*omanes sp4 ,d4 ,hym5ophyllum tunbrig5se4 ,f1 ,g4 ,sph5opt]is 7,hym5ophyllites7 quadridactylites4 7,a1 ,b1 ,f1 ,g1 aft] ,zeill]2 ,d1 aft] ,hook]2 ,e1 aft] ,/ur47 ,a f]tile sph5opt]oid frond figur$ by ,s*imp] z ,hym5ophyllum ,weissi#hij f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,sa>brck5 be>s "s resemblance to rec5t ,hym5ophyllaceae1 b ! figures are by no means conv9c+3 an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5s 9 ! ,/rassburg ,museum l$ ,solms-,lauba*#hia to express diss5t f ,s*imp]'s det]m9ation4 ,a m satisfactory example is t af=d$ by ! f]tile pieces ( a frond describ$ by ,zeill]#hib f ,fr5* ,coal-,measures z ,hym5ophyllites quadridactylites 7,gutbi]74 ,"s ( ! ultimate segm5ts ) a truncat$ tip are pres]v$ 9 close association ) a gr\p ( oval sporangia ) a complete transv]se annulus 7fig4 #bgj1 ,f1 ,g74 ,! position ( ! sporangia is su* z to sugge/ _! sep>ation f a t]m9al column> receptacle l t 9 ,tri*omanes & ,hym5ophyllum4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ?is species f ! ,coal-,measures ( ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre1 ,kid/on#hic /ates t ,zeill] in=m$ him t he _h notic$ traces ( :at appe>$ to be a column> receptacle 9 ! ,fr5* specim5s4 ,! records ( ,hym5ophyllaceae f ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y =mations are n su* z ne$ deta9 u4 ,! facts be>+ on ! geological hi/ory ( ?is family are s+ul>ly meagre4 ,!re is no evid5ce :i* c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( reg>d+ ! ,hym5ophyllaceae z f]ns ( great antiquity1 :i* play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! floras ( ! pa/4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! g5us ,ankyropt]is#hid1 "o ( ! ,botryopt]ideae 7a gr\p ( ,palaeozoic ,f]ns = :i* ,i propose ! "n ,co5opt]ideae71 has a morphological "* 9 common ) ,tri*omanes1 namely ! production ( axill>y buds3 !re are also features 9 ! /el> anatomy %>$ by ! ,botryopt]ideae & ,hym5ophyllaceae#hie4 ,^! resemblances1 ?\gh by no means am\nt+ to pro( ( ne> relation%ip1 po9t to a remote ance/ry = c]ta9 features reta9$ by exi/+ memb]s ( ! ,hym5ophyllaceae4 ,cya!aceae4 ,! specim5s f ! ,culm rocks ( ,moravia on :i* ,/ur f\nd$ ! species ,?yrsopt]is s*i/orum#hif are too imp]fectly pres]v$ to w>rant ! use ( ?is g5]ic "n4 ,goepp]t#hig 9 #ahcf in/itut$ ! g5]a ,cya!ites1 ,hemitelites1 & ,balantites = species ( ,c>bonif]\s f]ns believ$ to be closely alli$ to rec5t ,cya!aceae1 b a full] k ( ^! types has cle>ly demon/rat$ t 9 all cases ! ref]5ce to ?is family _h no ju/ification4 ,! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s species ,dicksonites ,pluck5eti1 ( :i* ,/]zel#hih describ$ f]tile specim5s 9 #ahhf z possess+ circul> sori1 has s9ce be5 %[n by ,gr&',eury#hii to be a ,pt]idosp]m be>+ small se$s4 ,9 ,sph5opt]is 7,discopt]is7 cri/ata 7,brongn47 ,zeill]#ijj has describ$ sori v l ^? ( ,cya!a & ,alsophila1 b diff]+ 9 ! exannulate sporangia3 ?is species1 l s _m ( ! ,palaeozoic f]ns1 is probably m ak9 to ! ,m>attiaceae ?an to ! ,cya!aceae4 ,we h z yet no satisfactory evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,cya!aceae 9 ,palaeozoic floras4 ,x is n until we rea* ! ,jurassic p]iod t tru/wor?y data are obta9$4 ,raciborski#ija has id5tifi$ z ,cya!ace\s f]tile ,jurassic fronds f ,pol&1 b 8 figures are inconclusive4 ,9 ,alsophila polonica x is n cle> :e!r ! annulus is v]tical or oblique1 & 9 ano!r suppos$ memb] ( ! family1 ,gonatosorus ,na?or/i1 9 :i* ! indusium is describ$ z bivalvate1 !re is no pro( ( aff9ity to ,cya!aceae4 ,9 attempt+ to deciph] ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,cya!aceae x is important to rememb] ! close resemblance betwe5 ! f]tile segm5ts ( "s species ( ,davallia 7,polypodiaceae7 & ^? ( ,dicksonia 7fig4 #bbi1 ,c1 ,d1 p4 #bid74 ,unless ! sporangia are well en\gh pres]v$ to %[ ! position ( ! annulus1 x is frequ5tly impossible to feel mu* confid5ce 9 ! value ( ! gross] features1 su* z ! r$uc$ lam9a ( ! f]tile segm5ts & ! =m ( ! sori4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ! widely-spread ,jurassic species ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides is correctly ref]r$ to ! ,cya!aceae1 b ev5 9 ! case ( ?is species ! evid5ce ( ext]nal =m ne$s confirmation by an exam9ation ( individual sporangia4 ,coniopt]is4 ,?is g5us 0 in/itut$ by ,brongni>t#ijb = fossil fronds *>act]is$ by p9nules m or less int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,pecopt]is & ,sph5opt]is type & agree+ 9 ! =m ( ! sori ) ! leaves ( rec5t species ( ,dicksonia4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,/ur includ$ 9 ?is g5us a species1 ,coniopt]is lunz5sis#ijc f ! ,upp] ,trias ( ,lunz1 :i* he reg>d$ z a ,m>attiace\s f]n4 ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides1 ,brongn4 ,figs4 #bga1 #bgb1 #bge1 ,b4 #ahbh4 ,sph5opt]is hym5ophylloides1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #ahi1 ,pl4 ,,lvi4 fig4 #d4 #ahbi4 ,s4 /ipata1 ,phillips1 ,geol4 ,york4 p4 #adg1 ,pl4 ,x4 fig4 #h4 #ahce4 ,tympanophora simplex1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,pl4 ,,clxx4 ,a4 -- ,t4 racemosa1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,clxx4 ,b4 -- ,sph5opt]is arguta1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,clxviii4 #ahcf4 ,hym5ophyllites ,phillipsi1 ,goepp]t1 ,foss4 ,f>n4 p4 #bef4 #ahdi4 ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides1 ,brongni>t1 ,tableau1 p4 #aje4 -- ,coniopt]is ,murrayana1 ibid4 #ahea4 ,sph5opt]is nephroc>pa1 ,bunbury1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #abi1 ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #a4 #ahgf4 ,?yrsopt]is ,murrayana1 ,he]1 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 7#b7 p4 #cj1 ,pls4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,viii4 ,! above li/ repres5ts a small selection ( ! names appli$ to ,jurassic f]ns f diff]5t localities :i* !re are good gr\nds = reg>d+ z ref]able to a s+le type#ijd4 ,frond trip9nate2 p9nae l9e> acum9ate1 atta*$ to ! ra*is at a wide angle2 ! p9nules v>y consid]ably 9 size & %ape2 9 "s ! lam9a is divid$ into a few broad & r\nd$ lobes 7fig4 #bge1 ,b7 :ile 9 o!rs ! leaflets are dissect$ into n>r[ l9e> segm5ts4 ,! sori are borne at ! ends ( ve9s2 ! f]tile p9nules h a mu* r$uc$ lam9a &1 9 extreme cases1 be> a close resemblance to ^? ( ,?yrsopt]is elegans 7fig4 #bbi1 ,a1 p4 #bid74 ,! sori are p>tially enclos$ 9 a cup-l indusium & ! sporangia appe> to h an oblique annulus4 ,v5ation & habit ( frond ( ! ,sph5opt]is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides 7,brongn474 ,nat4 size4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,! p9na %[n 9 fig4 #bga is ! type-specim5 ( ,sph5opt]is arguta ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 f ! ,york%ire ,inf]ior ,oolite & is indi/+ui%able f ! ,engli% examples on :i* ,brongni>t f\nd$ 8 species ,s4 hym5ophylloides4 ,fig4 #bgb %[s a specim5 f ! ,york ,museum illu/rat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /]ile & f]tile p9nae4 ,! resemblance ( "s f]tile p9nae ( ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides to ^? ( ,?yrsopt]is elegans has l$ to a frequ5t use1 )\t any solid ju/ification1 ( ! g5]ic "n ( ! ,juan ,f]n&ez f]n = ,jurassic & ,weald5 plants4 ,x is n impossible t "s ( ! fossils describ$ by ,he] f ,jurassic rocks ( ,sib]ia#ije z species ( ,?yrsopt]is are ,cya!ace\s f]ns1 b x is impossible to say ) c]ta9ty t !y are g5]ically id5tical ) ! rec5t species4 ,9 8 monograph ( ! ,potomac flora ( ,virg9ia#ijf & ,m>yl&1 ,fonta9e has describ$ z species ( ,?yrsopt]is sev]al specim5s ( fronds :i* af=d no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! sori or sporangia4 ,"s ( ! fronds ref]r$ by ?is au?or to ,?yrsopt]is r>9]vis#ijg1 :i* ,i exam9$ 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,museum1 are 9 all probability examples ( ,ony*iopsis1 a g5us includ$ 9 ! ,polypodiaceae4 ,! fragm5ts describ$ by ,le/] ,w>d#ijh z species ( ,?yrsopt]is f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ! ,black ,hills ( ,nor? ,am]ica af=d no satisfactory evid5ce ( relation%ip to ! rec5t type4 ,simil>ly ,vel5ovsk has describ$ a ,l[] ,cretace\s ,ony*iopsis f ,bohemia#iji z a species ( ,?yrsopt]is1 al?\gh ! f]tile segm5ts be> little or no resemblance to ^? ( ! ,cya!ace\s g5us4 ,"s f]tile portions ( fronds describ$ by ,he]#iaj z ,aspl5ium ,john/rupi & aft]w>ds z ,dicksonia ,john/rupi#iaa f ! ,cretace\s b$s 7,kome s]ies7 ( ,gre5l& are v simil> to ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides4 ,specim5 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite1 ,sc>bor\gh2 9 ! ,york ,museum4 ,m4,s4 ,coniopt]is qu9queloba 7,phillips74 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,?is species1 orig9ally describ$ by ,phillips#iab z ,sph5opt]is qu9queloba1 is v simil> 9 habit to ,c4 hym5ophylloides1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! small] size ( ! leaf & 9 ! n>r[] ultimate segm5ts4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bgc1 ,b1 illu/rates ! =m ( ! sorus & sporangia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,coniopt]is qu9queloba 7,phillips74 ,a1 #b2 ,b1 consid]ably enl>g$4 ,f draw+s suppli$ by ,dr ,na?or/4 ,coniopt]is arguta 7,l9d4 & ,hutt4#iac74 ,figs4 #bgd1 #bge1 ,a4 ,! /]ile p9nae ( ?is species be> p9nules ( a type met ) 9 v>i\s species ( f]ns f diff]5t horizons2 ! small] ones are entire & slightly falcate1 :ile on ! l[] "p ( a frond ! ultimate segm5ts are long] & h a cr5ulate m>g94 ,! f]tile p9nae be> p9nules r$uc$ to a midrib ) a n>r[ bord]1 & t]m9at+ 9 a cup-l indusium 7fig4 #bge1 ,a74 ,9 habit ! /]ile leaf 7fig4 #bgd7 ( ?is species is simil> to ! ,jurassic ,s*izaeace\s f]n ,klukia exilis4 ,protopt]is4 ,presl#iad in/itut$ ?is g5us = a ,l[] ,cretace\s tree-f]n f ,bohemia orig9ally figur$ z ,lepidod5dron punctatum#iae & assign$ to a ,palaeozoic horizon2 x 0 aft]w>ds nam$ by ,corda#iaf ,protopt]is ,/]nb]gii & ref]r$ by ,brongni>t#iag to ,sigill>ia4 ,! g5us ,protopt]is /&s = fossil f]n-/ems ) ! habit &1 9 ! ma91 ! /ructural features ( rec5t tree-f]ns4 ,p]si/5t leaf-bases & s9u\s adv5titi\s roots cov] ! surface ( ! /ems3 ! vascul> sy/em is ( ! dictyo/elic type *>act]i/ic ( ,cya!a 7fig4 #bdj1 p4 #cac7 & ,alsophila4 ,x is by ! patt]n =m$ by ! vascul> tissue on ! expos$ surface ( ! leaf-bases t ,protopt]is is mo/ readily recognis$3 ! leaf-trace has a horse-%oe =m ) ! ends curl$ inw>ds & ! sides m or less ind5t$ 7fig4 #bgg74 ,! g5]ic "n ,caulopt]is is us$ by "s au?ors 9 pref]5ce to ,presl's g5us2 b ,protopt]is is m conv5i5tly re/rict$ to ,mesozoic ,cya!ace\s /ems & ,caulopt]is to ,palaeozoic /ems1 ) ! int]nal /ructure ( ,ps>onius 7see ,*ap4 ,,xxiii474 ,/5zel applies ,caulopt]is to ,mesozoic /ems 9 :i* ! leaf-trace consi/s ( sev]al sep>ate /r&s & n ( a cont9u\s b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,coniopt]is arguta4 7,nat4 size4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,a4 ,coniopt]is arguta4 7,f]tile p9nae2 nat4 size47 ,b4 ,c4 hym5ophylloides4 ,a1 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,york%ire 7,briti% ,museum72 ,b1 f ,jurassic rocks 9 ,turke/an4 ,l[] ,cretace\s ca/s ( tree-f]n /ems 9 ! ,prague ,museum h be5 describ$ "u ! names ,alsophil9a & ,oncopt]is2 ! figures ( ! latt] 7fig4 #bgf7 giv5 by ,fei/mantel#iah & by ,vel5ovsk#iai %[ ! petiole-bases arrang$ 9 v]tical r[s & *>act]is$ by leaf-traces consi/+ ( two sep>ate /r&s 9 ! =m ( two ,vs ly+ on _! sides4 ,tree-f]n /ems describ$ "u v>i\s g5]ic names are n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 ,european ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks3 _! comp>ative abundance af=ds an example ( /rik+ *anges 9 geographical di/ribution s9ce ! latt] "p ( ! ,mesozoic epo*4 ,! ,cya!aceae no long] exi/ 9 ,europe & ! arboresc5t species ( ! g5us h retreat$ to m s\!rn regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,oncopt]is ,nettvalli4 7,aft] ,vel5ovsk2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,protopt]is punctata4 7,aft] ,he]2 v slightly r$uc$47 ,protopt]is punctata 7,/]nb474 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,! e>lie/ in=mation 9 reg>d to ! anatomy ( ?is widely spread ,l[] ,cretace\s f]n we owe to ,corda1 :o %[$ t ! species agrees 9 ess5tials ) exi/+ tree-f]ns4 ,! ,engli% example describ$ by ,c>ru!rs#ibj f ,upp] ,gre5s& b$s 9 ,dorset%ire 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 %[s only ! ext]nal features4 ,! s&/one ca/ 7#ad cm4 9 diamet]71 ( :i* a portion is se5 9 fig4 #bgg1 0 describ$ by ,he] f ,disco ,isl& 7,gre5l&7 z a ,c>bonif]\s species#iba1 b aft]w>ds correctly assign$ to ! ,c5omanian s]ies#ibb ,?is species is record$ also f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,bohemia by ,fri & ,bay]#ibc ,among examples ( petrifi$ /ems exhibit+ a g5]al agreem5t ) ,protopt]is punctata are ^? describ$ by ,/5zel#ibd f ,turonian rocks 9 ,g]many4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 ,rhizod5dron oppoli5se ,gpp41 att5tion is drawn to bran*es giv5 (f f ! /em /ele :i* h a sol5o/elic /ructure 9 contra/ to ! dictyo/ele ( ! /em2 also to ! m9ute /ructure ( ! tra*eae :i* appe> to h _! ends p]=at$1 a feature %[n by ,gwynne-,vaughan#ibe to be *>act]i/ic ( ! xylem elem5ts ( _m f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,a4 ,laccopt]is polypodioides1 ,brongn4 ,f a specim5 7#cibge7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 slightly r$uc$4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mu5/]i4 ,c4 ,dicksonia 7petiole /ele74 ,d4 ,ony*iopsis ,mantelli 7f]tile segm5ts74 ,e4 ,hausmannia ,sew>di ,ri*t4 ,f4 ,h4 ,kohlmanni ,bi*t4 ,g1 ,h4 ,protopt]is ,witteana1 ,s*5k4 7x1 xylem2 ,r1 roots47 7,b1 aft] ,s*5k2 ,e1 ,f1 aft] ,ri*t]47 ,protopt]is ,witteana ,s*5k#ibf 7fig4 #bgh1 ,g1 ,h71 a ,weald5 species record$ f ,g]many & ,engl&1 repres5ts a closely alli$ or possibly an id5tical type4 ,! section ( ! /em 7fig4 ,h7 %[s ! n>r[ vascul> b&s1 x1 ( a dictyo/ele simil> to t ( rec5t ,cya!ace\s tree-f]ns & a =m ( m]i/ele 7fig4 ,g1 x7 resembl+ t ( ,p4 punctata4 ,adv5titi\s roots are se5 9 section at ,r 7figs4 ,g & ,h74 ,polypodiaceae4 ,sections ( petrifi$ sporangia f ! ,engli% ,coal-,measures 7,pt]ido!ca sp47 occasionally exhibit a /rik+ resemblance to ^? ( rec5t ,polypodiaceae#ibg1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( mat]ial 9 :i* x is possible to recognise ! true ori5tation ( ! sporangia1 ! exact position ( ! annulus is almo/ impossible to det]m9e4 ,we h z yet no satisfactory evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( true ,polypodiaceae 9 ! ,palaeozoic era4 ,x is notewor?y t ap>t f ! abs5ce ( f]ns :i* c reasonably be includ$ 9 ?is family1 ! anatomical features ( ! ,botryopt]ideae 7,co5opt]ideae7 & ( ! ,cycad(ilices or ,pt]idosp]ms d n =e%ad[ ^? ( ,polypodiace\s f]ns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h already notic$1 anatomical *>act]s ( su* families z ! ,glei*5iaceae1 ,hym5ophyllaceae1 & ,s*izaeaceae are met ) 9 c]ta9 g5]alis$ ,palaeozoic types4 ,^! facts are p]haps ( "s importance z supply+ collat]al evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! relatively m rec5t orig9 ( ! dom9ant family ( f]ns 9 mod]n floras4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,a4 ,adiantides antiques 7,ett474 7 nat4 size47 ,b4 ,a4 ,l9dsayoides 7,sew474 7,b nat4 size47 7,a1 aft] ,kid/on47 ,! use ( ! g5]ic "n ,adiantites = f]n-l fronds ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age *>act]is$ by cuneate p9nules l ^? ( species ( ,adiantum1 sugge/s an aff9ity :i* is 9 all probability non-exi/5t4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ?is g5]ic "n 0 appli$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! leaves ( ! ,jurassic plant ,g9kgo digitata#ibh & %\ld1 !re=e1 be disc>d$4 ,s*imp]#ibi us$ ! designation ,adiantides1 & ,ett+%aus5#icj1 m ra%ly ?an wisely1 pref]r$ ,adiantum4 ,! specim5s describ$ by ,kid/on#ica z ,adiantides antiquus 7,ett47 7fig4 #bgi1 ,a7 f ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/one ( ,fl9t%ire are portions ( trip9nate fronds be>+ cuneate segm5ts ) num]\s =k$ ve9s radiat+ f ! contract$ base ( ! lam9a4 ,x is n improbable1 9 view ( ,dr ,:ite's#icb discov]y ( se$s on a v simil> plant f ! ,pottsville b$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t ?is *>act]i/ic ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s g5us is a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,f ,jurassic rocks 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w num]\s fossils h be5 describ$ "u ! g5]ic names ,aspidium1 ,aspl5ium1 ,davallia1 ,polypodium1 & ,pt]is4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases su* records leave mu* to be desir$ f ! po9t ( view ( /ud5ts :o appreciate ! dang]s ( rely+ on ext]nal simil>ity betwe5 vegetative organs1 & on resemblances f\nd$ on obscure impressions ( sori4 ,! g5]ic t]m ,woodw>dites#icc1 :i* sugge/s aff9ity ) ! rec5t g5us ,woodw>dia1 has be5 us$ = ,rhaetic plants belong+ to ! ,dipt]id9ae4 ,a plant describ$ z ,adiantides ,l9dsayoides f ,jurassic rocks ( ,victoria#icd1 *>act]is$ by m>g9al sori :i* appe> to be protect$ by ! fold$-ov] edge ( ! leaflets1 & by ! resemblance ( ! p9nules to ^? ( rec5t species ( ,l9dsaya1 may be a true ,polypodiace\s f]n2 b 9 ?is case1 z 9 _m simil> in/ances1 no?+ is kn[n ( ! /ructure ( ! sporangia4 ,"s /]ile p9nae describ$ by ,yabe f ,jurassic rocks ( ,korea z ,adiantites ,sew>di#ice may p]haps be id5tical ) ! ,au/ralian species4 ,9 su* a species z ,polypodium oregon5se ,font41 f ,jurassic rocks ( ,oregon1 ! g5]ic "n is *os5 because ! 8fructification seems ne> en\gh to t ( ,polypodium to ju/ify ! plac+ ( ! plant 9 t g5us#icf40 ,b ! fact t no sporangia h be5 f\nd is a fatal objection to ?is id5tification4 ,ony*iopsis4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,yokoyama#icg = a ,japanese ,weald5 species1 previ\sly describ$ by ,geyl]#ich z ,?yrsopt]is elongata1 on ! gr\nd t1 9 addition to a simil>ity 9 habit ( ! /]ile fronds1 ! f]tile p9nae pres5t a close agreem5t to ^? ( ! rec5t g5us ,ony*ium4 ,ony*iopsis ,mantelli#ici 7,brongn474 ,figs4 #bgh1 ,d2 #bhj1 ,a & ,b4 ,! ,japanese species ,ony*iopsis elongata may p]haps be id5tical ) ?is common ,weald5 f]n :i*1 z ,fonta9e po9ts out1 %\ld be call$ ,o4 psilotoides if ! rule ( priority is to be obs]v$ irrespective ( long usage4 #ahbd4 ,hym5opt]is psilotoides1 ,/okes & ,webb1 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ii41 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbc1 ,pl4 ,,xlvi4 fig4 #g4 #ahbh4 ,sph5opt]is ,mantelli1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #agj1 ,pl4 ,,xlv4 figs4 #c-g4 #ahij4 ,ony*iopsis ,mantelli1 ,na?or/1 ,d5ks*4 ,wi5 ,akad4 ,vol4 ,,lvii4 p4 #e4 ,ony*iopsis ,mantelli may be def9$ z foll[s3-- ,frond bip9nate1 ovate lanceolate1 ra*is w+$2 p9nae approximate1 giv5 (f at an acute angle2 p9nules n>r[1 acum9ate1 ) a s+le ve92 ! l>g] segm5ts s]rate & gradually pass+ into p9nae ) n>r[ ultimate segm5ts4 ,f]tile segm5ts sessile or %ortly /alk$1 l9e> ovate1 sometimes t]m9at+ 9 a %ort awn-l prolongation4 ,! f]tile segm5ts 7fig4 #bgh1 ,d7 be> s close a resemblance to ^? ( species ( ,ony*ium t x w\ld seem ju/ifiable to reg>d ! plant z a memb] ( ! ,polypodiaceae4 ,?is f]n is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic memb]s ( ! ,weald5 floras2 x occurs 9 abundance 9 ! ,engli% ,weald51 9 ,portugal1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,japan1 ,bohemia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & else:]e4 ,a piece ( rhizome figur$ f ! ,engli% ,weald5#idj is v simil> to ! creep+ rhizomes ( rec5t species ( ,polypodiaceae4 ,! ,engli% ,weald5 specim5s %[n 9 fig4 #bhj1 ,a & ,b1 illu/rate ! diff]5ce 9 =m pres5t$ by leaves ( ?is species2 ! small] p9nae reproduc$ 9 fig4 ,a are m *>act]i/ic ( ! species ?an are ^? ( ! slightly enl>g$ example repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bhj1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,ony*iopsis ,mantelli4 7,f ,weald5 specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ,no4 #acdie & ,no4 ,v4 #bfae4 ,a1 natural size2 ,b1 v slightly enl>g$47 ,among ,briti% ,t]ti>y species ref]r$ to ,polypodiaceae1 x is int]e/+ to f9d :at may well be an au!ntic record ( a f]n closely alli$ to ! rec5t tropical species ,acro/i*um 7,*rysodium7 aureum4 ,?is ,eoc5e species f ,b\rnem\? is describ$ z ,*rysodium lanzaeanum#ida4 ,! frond is simply p9nate & app>5tly coriace\s 9 texture1 ) lanceolate or oblong lanceolate p9nules 7fig4 #bfa1 ,a1 ,a1 p4 #cej71 diff]+ f ^? ( ,acro/i*um aureum 9 be+ sessile4 ,a prom95t midrib gives (f num]\s ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,no f]tile p9nules h be5 f\nd4 ,specim5s describ$ by ,=bes f ! ,eoc5e b$s ( ! ,isl& ( ,mull z ,onoclea hebraidica#idb be> a /rong lik5ess to ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,japanese rec5t species ,onoclea s5sibilis4 ,f]tile specim5s ref]r$ to ! latt] species are record$ by ,kn[lton#idc f ,t]ti>y b$s ( ,montana4 ,a species describ$ by ,saporta#idd f ! ,eoc5e ( ,szanne z ,adiantum apalophyllum is record$ by ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 f ,b\rnem\?2 an id5tification :i* is bas$ on some:at meagre evid5ce4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks by ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 are wor?y ( repetition z call+ att5tion to circum/ances (t5 ov]look$ 9 analyses ( fossil floras4 ,!y speak ( f]ns z relatively r>e 9 ,briti% ,eoc5e rocks & add1--8! floras consi/ pr9cipally ( decidu\s dicotyl$on\s leaves1 :i* 444 fell into ! wat] & 7 tranquilly silt$ ov]4 ,f]ns1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld require "s viol5ce to remove !m f ! place ( _! gr[?1 & _! pres]vation w\ld consequ5tly be exceptional1 & !y w\ld be mutilat$ & fragm5t>y4 ,?is may acc\nt = _! r>ity4 ,few z ! ,briti% f]ns are 9 ! numb] ( species1 !y nev]!less =m ! l>ge/ & mo/ important s]ies ( ,eoc5e f]ns1 ev5 ( ,t]ti>y f]ns1 yet describ$ f "o gr\p ( b$s#ide40 ,dipt]id9ae4 ,dictyophyllum4 ,?is g5us 0 f\nd$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton = a p9natifid leaf f ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,york%ire :i* !y reg>d$ z probably dicotyl$on\s & nam$ ,d4 rugosum#idf4 ,sev]al f]ns ( ?is g5us h s9ce be5 f\nd ) well-pres]v$ sori :i* demon/rate a close simil>ity to ! rec5t f]n ,dipt]is4 ,dictyophyllum may be def9$ z foll[s3-- ,fronds l>ge & palmate1 *>act]is$ by ! equal di*otomy ( ! ma9 ra*is into two arms :i* curve outw>ds & !n b5d inw>ds 7fig4 #bha72 f ! surface ( ea* arm are giv5 (f num]\s spread+ p9nae ) a lam9a m or less deeply dissect$ into lobes v>y+ 9 bread? & 9 ! =m ( ! apex4 ,ea* lobe has a m$ian ve91 f :i* bran*es are giv5 (f approximately at "r angles & !n subdivide into a reticulum1 9 ! me%es ( :i* ! ve9lets end bl9dly 7fig4 #bhb1 ,a & ,e74 ,sori compos$ ( annulate sporangia are cr[d$ on ! l[] surface ( ! lam9a4 ,9 habit & 9 sporangial *>act]s ! g5us closely resembles ,dipt]is1 & 9 ! bran*+ ( ! frond sugge/s comp>ison ) ,matonia4 ,! rhizome 7,rhizomopt]is7 is creep+ & di*otom\sly bran*$1 be>+ leaf-sc>s ) a horse-%oe =m ( vascul> /r&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,dictyophyllum exile4 7,aft] ,na?or/2 mu* r$uc$47 ,dictyophyllum is repres5t$ by sev]al types to :i* v>i\s specific names h be5 assign$1 ! di/+ui%+ features be+ ! =m ( ! p9na lobes1 ! degree ( concresc5ce betwe5 ! basal portions ( ! p9nae1 & simil> features :i* 9 "s cases c only be safely us$ z crit]ia :5 l>ge specim5s are available = comp>ison4 ,dictyophyllum exile 7,brauns74 ,figs4 #bha1 #bhb1 ,d1 ,e4 #ahfb4 ,camptopt]is exilis1 ,brauns1 ,palaeontograph4 ,,ix4 p4 #ed4 #ahfg4 ,dictyophyllum acutilobum1 ,s*5k1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,gr5z4 p4 #gg1 ,pls4 ,,xix4 ,,xx4 #ahgh4 ,d4 exile1 ,na?or/1 ,flora vid ,bjuf1 ,i4 p4 #ci1 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #g4 ---- ,d4 acutilobum1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 fig4 #a4 ,! re/oration1 aft] ,na?or/#idg1 %[n 9 fig4 #bha illu/rates ! habit ( ?is /rik+ f]n1 examples ( :i* or ( closely alli$ species are record$ f ,rhaetic rocks ( ,g]many1 ,scania1 ,p]sia1 ,bornholm1 ,tonk91 ,*9a1 & else:]e#idh4 ,! petiole1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #fj cm41 =ks at ! apex into two equal arms leav+ betwe5 !m an oval space & occasionally cross+ "o ano!r4 ,! axes ( ^! bran*es are twi/$ s t ! p9nae1 :i* may be z _m z #bd on ea* arm1 & arise f ! inn] side1 by torsion ( ! axes assume an ext]nal position4 ,an int]e/+ analogy z reg>ds ! twi/$ ra*is ( ,dictyophyllum exile & ,camptopt]is is af=d$ by ! leaves ( ! ,cycads1 ,macrozamia ,fawcettiae & ,m4 corallipes1 :i* are also *>act]is$ by ! torsion ( ! ra*is4 ,! habit1 ju/ly comp>$ by ,na?or/ ) t ( ,matonia pect9ata1 af=ds ano!r illu/ration ( ! common occurr5ce 9 old] f]ns ( a di*otom\s sy/em ( bran*+4 ,! p9nae1 *>act]is$ by circ9ate v]nation1 rea* a l5g? ( #fj cm4 & are divid$ into l9e> lobes incl9$ obliquely or at "r angles to ! p9na axis4 ,! :ole ( ! "u surface ( ! lam9a may be cov]$ ) sporangia1 #d-g sporangia 9 ea* sorus2 ! annulus is incomplete & approximately v]tical 7fig4 #bhb1 ,d74 ,! rhizome is probably repres5t$ by ! di*otom\sly bran*$ axis describ$ by ,na?or/ f ,scania z ,rhizomopt]is major2 ! leaf-sc>s %[ a horse-%oe leaf-trace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,a4 ,dictyophyllum ,nilssoni4 ,b4 ,rhizomopt]is ,s*5ki4 ,c4 ,camptopt]is spiralis4 ,d1 ,e4 ,dictyophyllum exile4 7,aft] ,na?or/2 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 nat4 size47 ,dictyophyllum ,na?or/i ,zeill]#idi4 ,?is type1 repres5t$ by a spl5did s]ies ( specim5s f ! ,rhaetic b$s ( ,tonk91 agrees v closely ) ,d4 exile4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 9 ! basal p>ts ( ! p9nae :i* are concresc5t = a l5g? ( #e to #h cm4 in/ead ( free z 9 ,d4 exile2 &1 to a slight degree1 9 ! =m ( ! ultimate segm5ts4 ,9 habit & 9 soral *>act]s ! two species are practically id5tical4 ,ea* sorus conta9s #e to #h sporangia1 :i* are r l>g] ?an ^? ( ,dipt]is4 ,dictyophyllum rugosum1 ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 ,fig4 #bhc4 #ahbh4 ,phlebopt]is ,phillipsii1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #cgg1 ,pl4 ,,cxxxii4 fig4 #c2 ,pl4 ,,cxxxiii4 fig4 #a4 #ahbi4 ,phyllites n]vulosis1 ,phillips1 ,geol4 ,yorks4 p4 #adh1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #i4 #ahcd4 ,dictyophyllum rugosum1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,,ii4 ,pl4 ,,civ4 #ahcf4 ,polypodites h]acleifolius1 ,goepp]t1 ,foss4 ,f>n4 p4 #cdd4 #ahdi4 ,camptopt]is ,phillipsii1 ,brongni>t1 ,tableau1 p4 #aje4 #ahhj4 ,cla?ropt]is :itby5sis1 ,na?or/1 ,b]ttelse1 p4 #hc4 ,?is species1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,jurassic rocks1 is less completely kn[n ?an ! two types describ$ above1 b 9 ! =m & v5ation ( ! p9nae !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,rhaetic & ,jurassic plants4 ,! leaves ( ! ,jurassic species appe> to h be5 small] & m l ^? ( ,dipt]is conjugata 7fig4 #bca72 !re are no indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ! two curv$ arms at ! summit ( ! petiole :i* =m s /rik+ a feature 9 ,d4 exile & ,d4 ,na?or/i4 ,no sporangia h be5 f\nd on ,engli% specim5s1 b x is safe to assume _! agreem5t ) ^? ( o!r species4 ,a m complete li/ ( records ( ,d4 rugosum is giv5 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue ( ,jurassic plants#iej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4 ,dictyophyllum rugosum 7,l9d4 & ,hutt474 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,nat4 size47 ,na?or/#iea has rec5tly drawn att5tion to c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ,dictyophyllum & ,dipt]is4 ,! p9nate division ( ! p9nae is n repres5t$ 9 ! fronds ( ! rec5t species1 b ?is me?od ( lob+1 :i* is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,dictyophyllum1 is less prom95t 9 ,cla?ropt]is2 & 9 ,camptopt]is lunz5sis ,/ur#ieb1 an ,au/rian ,upp] ,triassic species1 ! p9nae are entire4 ,9 ,dictyophyllum ! sori cov] ! :ole l[] surface ( ! leaf2 9 ,dipt]is !y are m widely sep>at$ & ! sporangia h a diamet] ( #jjb mm41 b 9 ,dictyophyllum ! diamet] is #jd-jf mm4 ,moreov] 9 ,dictyophyllum ! sori conta9 #e to #h sporangia1 :]eas 9 ,dipt]is !y are mu* m num]\s4 ,despite ^! diff]5ces x is cle>1 z ,na?or/ says1 t ,dictyophyllum1 ,cla?ropt]is1 & ,camptopt]is are exi/+ types v closely alli$ to ,dipt]is4 ,x is a matt] ( second>y importance :e!r we include all 9 ! ,dipt]id9ae or foll[ ,na?or/'s sugge/ion & ref] ! fossil g5]a to ! sep>ate family ,camptopt]id9ae4 ,?aumatopt]is4 ,?is g5us1 f\nd$ by ,goepp]t#iec = a ,rhaetic plant f ,bayreu?1 is by "s au?ors#ied reg>d$ z id5tical ) ,dictyophyllum1 b x has rec5tly be5 resuscitat$ by ,na?or/#iee = specim5s :i* he names ,t4 ,s*5ki1 =m]ly includ$ by ,s*5k 9 8 species ,t4 ,brauniana#ief4 ,x be>s a close resemblance1 9 ! long l9e> p9nules ) an entire or cr5ulate m>g91 to ,dictyophyllum ,fu*si describ$ by ,zeill]#ieg f ,tonk91 & x w\ld seem h>dly necess>y to adopt a di/9ctive g5]ic designation4 ,! sporangia h a v]tical or slightly oblique annulus & ! rhizome is simil> to t ( ,dictyophyllum exile4 ,! habit ( ! g5us is %[n 9 fig4 #bhd1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ! ,g]man ,rhaetic species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,?aumatopt]is ,mn/]i4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,b]gakademie1 ,b]l92 nat4 size47 ,cla?ropt]is4 ,cla?ropt]is m5iscoides1 ,brongn4 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,cla?ropt]is1 f\nd$ by ,brongni>t#ieh = ,rhaetic specim5s f ,scania1 agrees v closely ) "s species ( ,dictyophyllum1 b 9 view ( ! m rectangul> =m ( ! v5ation-me%es x is conv5i5t to reta9 bo? names4 ,! type-species 0 orig9ally nam$ ,filicites m5iscoides#iei & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,cla?ropt]is4 ,an exam9ation ( ,brongni>t's specim5s has conv9c$ ,na?or/ ( ! specific id5tity ( ,c4 m5iscoides & ,c4 platyphylla4 ,! ,tonk9 leaves describ$ by ,zeill]#ifj "u ! latt] "n %\ld1 !re=e1 be includ$ 9 ,c4 m5iscoides1 :i* may be ?us def9$3 ,! petiolate frond is *>act]is$ by an equal di*otomy ( ! ra*is1 z 9 ,dictyophyllum2 ea* bran* bore #e-ae p9nae1 dispos$ en v5tail1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #bj-cj cm4 & fus$ basally z 9 ,d4 ,na?or/i ,zeill4 ,p9nae l9e> lanceolate1 slightly contract$ at ! l[] end & gradually tap]$ di/ally4 ,! lam9a1 #c-ad cm4 broad1 is *>act]is$ by obtusely po9t$ m>g9al lobes4 ,f ! midrib ( ea* p9na lat]al ve9s are giv5 (f at a wide angle1 & adjac5t ve9s are connect$ by a s]ies ( bran*es :i* divide ! lam9a into a regul> reticulum ( rectangul> & polygonal me%es 7fig4 #bhe74 ,! sori are abundant & conta9 #e-ab sporangia l ^? ( ,dictyophyllum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4 ,cla?ropt]is m5iscoides4 ,f ,rhaetic rocks ne> ,erlang54 ,m4,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4 ,cla?ropt]is egyptiaca4 7,nat4 size47 a1 b1 pieces ( ma9 ribs 9 grooves4 ,:at is probably ! rhizome ( ?is species has be5 describ$ by ,na?or/ 7,rhizomopt]is cruciata72 x is simil> to t ( ,dictyophyllum1 b ! leaf-sc>s are m widely sep>at$4 ,?is species occurs 9 ,upp] ,triassic1 ,rhaetic or ,l[] ,jurassic rocks ( ,scania1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,bornholm1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,*9a1 ,tonk91 & ,p]sia & is repres5t$ by fragm5ts 9 ! ,rhaetic b$s ( ,bri/ol#ifa4 ,cla?ropt]is egyptiaca ,sew4#ifb ,fig4 #bhf4 ,! specim5 on :i* ?is species 0 f\nd$ 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,nubian ,s&/one ea/ ( ,edfu2 ! age ( ! b$s is unc]ta91 b ! pres5ce ( ,cla?ropt]is sugge/s a ,l[] ,jurassic or ,rhaetic horizon#ifc4 ,sev5 /rong ribs radiate ?r\gh ! lam9a f ! summit ( ! petiole2 at a & b small pieces ( ! project+ ribs are %[n 9 ! grooves4 ,f ! ma9 ve9s sl5d] bran*es are giv5 (f at "r angles &1 z se5 9 ! enl>g$ draw+1 ^! aga9 subdivide into a delicate reticulum ) free-end+ ve9lets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,camptopt]is spiralis4 7,aft] ,na?or/4 ,mu* r$uc$47 ,camptopt]is4 ,camptopt]is spiralis1 ,na?4 ,figs4 #bhb1 ,c2 #bhg4 ,na?or/ propos$ ?is g5]ic "n = ,rhaetic fronds#ifd resembl+ ^? ( ,cla?ropt]is & ,dictyophyllum1 b diff]+ 9 ! =m ( ! p9nae & 9 habit4 ,! habit ( ! type-species1 ,c4 spiralis1 is %[n 9 fig4 #bhg4 ,an exam9ation ( ! specim5s 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum conv9c$ me ( ! correctness ( ,na?or/'s re/oration#ife4 ,ea* ( ! =k$ arms ( ! ra*is bore z _m z #aej-afj long & n>r[ p9nae *>act]is$ by an ana/omos+ v5ation 7fig4 #bhb1 ,c7 & by a spiral disposition due to ! torsion ( ! axes4 ,! sporangia agree 9 ess5tials ) ^? ( ,dictyophyllum4 ,hausmannia4 ,a critical & exhau/ive acc\nt ( ?is g5us has be5 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,von ,ri*t]#iff bas$ on an exam9ation ( specim5s f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks ( ,qu$l9burg 9 ,g]many4 ,! "n 0 propos$ by ,dunk]#ifg = leaves f ! ,weald5 ( ,g]many *>act]is$ by a deeply dissect$ di*otom\sly bran*$ lam9a4 ,&rae subsequ5tly in/itut$ ! g5us ,protorhipis#ifh = suborbicul> leaves ) di*otom\sly bran*$ ribs f ! ,lias ( ,/ei]dorf4 ,a simil> b small] type ( leaf 0 aft]w>ds describ$ by ,zigno#ifi f ,jurassic b$s ( ,italy z ,p4 as>ifolius1 & ,na?or/#igj figur$ a closely alli$ =m f ,rhaetic rocks ( ,sw$54 ,:ile "s au?ors reg>d$ ,hausmannia & ,protorhipis z f]ns1 o!rs comp>$ !m ) ! leaves ( ,bai]a 7,g9kgoales72 ,saporta sugge/$ a dicotyl$on\s aff9ity = leaves ( ! ,protorhipis type4 ,! true nature ( ! fossils 0 recognis$ by ,zeill]#iga1 :o call$ att5tion to ! v close resemblance 9 habit & 9 soral *>act]s to ! rec5t g5us ,dipt]is4 ,a comp>ison ( ! diff]5t species ( ,dipt]is1 includ+ "y leaves 7fig4 #bca1 p4 #big71 ) ^? ( ! fossil species reveals a v /rik+ agreem5t#igb4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 z ,ri*t] po9ts out1 t ! names ,hausmannia & ,protorhipis /& = "o g5]ic type4 ,hausmannia may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,rhizome creep+1 sl5d]1 di*otom\sly bran*$2 leaf-/alks sl5d] 7#b-be cm4 long71 be>+ a lea!ry lam9a 7#a-ab cm4 long & broad71 w$ge-%ap$ bel[1 occasionally cordate or r5i=m1 entire or m or less deeply lob$ into broad l9e> segm5ts4 ,! leaf is *>act]is$ by di*otom\sly bran*$ ma9 ribs :i* arise f ! summit ( ! ra*is z two div]g5t arms & radiate 9 a palmate mann]1 ) repeat$ =k+1 ?r\gh ! lam9a4 ,lat]al ve9s are giv5 (f at a wide angle1 &1 by subdivision1 =m a fairly regul> network simil> to t 9 ,dictyophyllum1 ,cla?ropt]is1 & ,dipt]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,hausmannia di*otoma4 7,specim5s f ! late ,dr ,m>cus ,gunn's ,collection ( ,upp] ,jurassic plants1 ,su!rl&%ire2 v slightly r$uc$47 ,hausmannia di*otoma1 ,dunk]#igc4 ,fig4 #bhh1 ,a1 ,b4 ,?is ,weald5 species1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,nor? ,g]man flora & 9 b$s ( approximately ! same age at ,qu$l9burg1 has be5 discov]$ by ,dr ,m>cus ,gunn 9 ,upp] ,jurassic rocks on ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! lam9a 7#ab cm4 or m 9 l5g?7 is divid$ into five to sev5 l9e> segm5ts & be>s a close sup]ficial resemblance to leaves ( ,bai]a & to rec5t species ( ,s*izaea 7fig4 #bbb1 p4 #bhg74 ,ea* segm5t conta9s "o or two ma9 ribs 7fig4 #bhh1 ,a74 ,a simil> =m is describ$ by ,b>?ol9#igd & by ,moell]#ige z ,h4 ,=*amm]i f ,jurassic rocks ( ,bornholm4 ,hausmannia ,kohlmanni1 ,ri*t4 ,fig4 #bgh1 ,f4 ,9 ?is species1 in/itut$ by ,ri*t] f mat]ial obta9$ f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s b$s ( ,/rohb]g#igf1 ! comp>atively sl5d] rhizome be>s fronds ) petioles rea*+ a l5g? 9 extreme cases ( #be cm4 b usually ( ab\t #aj cm4 ,! lam9a 7#a-g cm4 long & #a-aj cm4 broad7 is describ$ z lea!ry1 obcordate1 & divid$ into two symmetrical halves by a m$ian s9us :i*1 ?\gh occasionally ext5d+ m ?an half-way ?r\gh ! lam9a1 is usually %all[4 ,! v5ation consi/s ( two ma9 bran*es :i* div]ge f ! summit ( ! petiole 7fig4 #bgh1 ,f7 & subdivide into di*otom\sly bran*$ ribs2 f9] ve9s 7n %[n 9 ! draw+7 are giv5 (f f ^! at "r angles & =m m or less rectangul> me%es z 9 o!r memb]s ( ! ,dipt]id9ae & 9 su* rec5t f]ns z ,polypodium qu]cifolium 7fig4 #bca1 ,d1 p4 #big74 ,! imp]fect lam9a repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bhi may belong to ,hausmannia ,ri*t]i or may be a di/9ct species2 x %[s "s ( ! f9] ve9s connect+ ! %ort] =k$ ribs1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! reticulate ramify+ sy/em 9 ! mesophyll4 ,?is specim5 0 obta9$ f ! plant-b$s ( ,culg[] on ! ,su!rl&%ire coa/1 :i* h be5 plac$ by "s geologi/s 9 ! ,kimm]idgian s]ies4 ,! small] type repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bgh1 ,e1 is ref]r$ by ,ri*t] to a di/9ct species1 ,hausmannia ,sew>di#igg1 f\nd$ on a few specim5s f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s /rata ( ,/rohb]g4 ,?is species is *>act]is$ by a /\t] rhizome be>+ small] leaves consi/+ ( a %ort petiole 7#c-d cm4 long7 & an obovate lam9a 7#a-b cm4 long & broad74 ,!re are usually two opposite leaflets on ea* leaf-/alk1 & ^! may be equival5t to ! two halves ( a s+le deeply dissect$ lam9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4 ,hausmannia sp4 ,upp] ,jurassic1 ne> ,helmsdale1 ,scotl&4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 7,nat4 size47 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! diff]5t =ms ( ,hausmannia ) ! fronds ( rec5t species ( ,dipt]is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bca4 ,! m deeply dissect$ type1 su* z ,h4 di*otoma1 closely resembles ,d4 ,lobbiana or ,d4 qu9quefurcata1 :ile ! m or less entire fossil leaves 7fig4 #bgh1 ,e1 ,f & fig4 #bhi7 are v l ! some:at unusual =m ( ,dipt]is conjugata %[n 9 fig4 #bca1 ,b1 p4 #big4 ,o!r species ( ! g5us are record$ f ,liassic rocks ( ,/ei]dorf#igh 7,hung>y7 & ( ,bornholm#igi4 ,na?or/#ihj has describ$ a small ,rhaetic species f ,scania3 a ,fr5* ,p]mian plant describ$ by ,zeill]#iha & comp>$ by him ) ,h4 di*otoma1 may be a ,palaeozoic example ( ?is ,dipt]is-l g5us4 ,"s segm5ts ( leaves f ! ,eoc5e b$s 7,middle ,bag%ot7 ( ,b\rnem\?1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 describ$ by ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5#ihb z ,podoloma polypodioides1 be> a close resemblance 9 ! v5ation to ! lam9a ( ,dipt]is conjugata4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,m>attiales 7,fossil74 ,! discov]y ( ,pt]idosp]ms has necess>ily l$ to a consid]able modification ( ! views =m]ly held t exi/+ g5]a ( ,m>attiaceae repres5t survivors ( a gr\p :i* occupi$ a dom9ant position 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,coal age4 ,mr ,arb] writes3--8,! evid5ce1 =m]ly reg>d$ z beyond suspicion1 t ! eusporangiate f]ns =m$ a dom9ant feature ( ! vegetation ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 has be5 und]m9$1 m especially by ! rem>kable discov]y ( ! male organs ( ,lyg9od5dron by ,mr ,kid/on4 ,at be/ we c only n[ reg>d !m z a subsidi>y gr\p 9 t epo* 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! vegetable k+dom#ihc40 ,dr ,scott expresses himself 9 t]ms slightly m fav\rable to ! view t ! ,m>attiaceae repres5t ! ari/ocracy among ! ,filicales4 ,he says3--8,we n[ h to seek labori\sly = evid5ce1 :i* =m]ly seem$ to lie op5 to u on all h&s4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t su* c>eful inve/igation w result 9 ! resuscitation ( ! ,palaeozoic f]ns z a consid]able1 ?\gh n z a dom9ant gr\p#ihd40 ,zeill]'s fai?#ihe 9 ! prospect ( ,m>attiace\s f]ns reta9+ _! position z prom95t memb]s ( ,palaeozoic floras1 ?\gh %ak51 is n ext+ui%$3 he recognises t !y play$ a subord9ate "p4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! impossibility ( det]m9+ :e!r ,palaeozoic f]n-l fronds may be legitimately reta9$ 9 ! ,filicales1 or :e!r !y mu/ be remov$ into ! ev] wid5+ t]ritory ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,! difficulty is t ! evid5ce ( reproductive organs is v f> f decisive4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! female reproductive organs1 ! se$s1 we _c 9 mo/ cases be c]ta9 :e!r ! small sporangium-l bodies on f]tile p9nules are true f]n sporangia or ! microsporangia ( a het]ospor\s pt]idosp]m4 ,:at is usually call$ an exannulate f]n sporangium1 su* z we h 9 ,angiopt]is & 9 _m ,palaeozoic plants1 has no di/+ui%+ features :i* c be us$ z a decisive te/4 ,! microsporophylls ( ! ,mesozoic ,b5nettitales produc$ _! spores 9 sporangial comp>tm5ts gr\p$ 9 synangia l ^? ( rec5t ,m>attiaceae2 & 9 ! case ( ,crosso!ca1 a type ( frond always reg>d$ z ,m>attiace\s until ,kid/on#ihf prov$ x to be ! microsporophyll ( ,lyg9od5dron1 we h a /rik+ in/ance ( ! futility ( mak+ dogmatic ass]tions z to ! filic9ean nature ( :at look l true f]n sporangia4 ,9 all probability ,dr ,kid/on's surmise t ! suppos$ f]n sporangia kn[n z ,dactylo!ca1 ,r5aultia1 ,urnatopt]is are ! microsporangia ( ,pt]idosp]ms w be prov$ correct#ihg4 ,! "q is h[ _m ( ! suppos$ ,m>attiace\s sporangia mu/ be assign$ to ,pt]idosp]ms8 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reasonable d\bt t true ,m>attiaceae =m$ a "p ( ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s flora4 ,all t c be attempt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages is to describe briefly "s ( ! num]\s types ( sporangia recognis$ on ,palaeozoic f]n-l foliage1 leav+ to ! future ! task ( decid+ h[ _m ( !m c be accept$ z ^? ( f]ns4 ,x is impossible to avoid ov]lapp+ & "s repetition 9 ! sections deal+ ) true ,f]ns & ) ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,! filic9ean nature ( ! /em kn[n z ,ps>onius 7see page #dae7 has n z yet be5 que/ion$4 ,! nom5clature ( suppos$ ,m>attiace\s species f ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks is 9 a /ate ( "s confusion ow+ to a lack ( satisfactory di/+ui%+ features betwe5 c]ta9 types to :i* diff]5t g5]ic names h be5 assign$4 ,z we h already se5 9 ! case ( suppos$ leptosporangiate sporangia1 ! int]pretation ( /ructural features 9 petrifi$ or c>bonis$ sporangia does n af=d an example ( unanimity among palaeobotanical exp]ts4 ,pty*oc>pus4 ,?is g5]ic "n1 propos$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,weiss#ihh1 is appli$ to a type ( fructification illu/rat$ by ! plant :i* ,brongni>t nam$ ,pecopt]is unita1 a species common 9 ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl&#ihi4 ,x is adopt$ by ,kid/on = f]tile specim5s f ,rad/ock :i* he describes z ,pty*oc>pus oblongus#iij1 b ! precise nature ( ! f]tile p9nules ( ?is species _c be det]m9$4 ,pty*oc>pus unita 7,brongn4#iia74 ,fig4 #bia1 ,a1 ,b4 7 ,goniopt]is unita1 ,gr&',eury47 ,?is species has trip9nate fronds ) l9e> p9nae be>+ contigu\s p9nules ( ! ,pecopt]is type 7fig4 #bia1 ,b71 #d-e mm4 long1 conflu5t at ! base or = ! great] "p ( _! l5g?4 ,on ! "u surface ( ! f]tile segm5ts1 :i* are id5tical ) ! /]ile1 occur circul> synangia 7fig4 #bia1 ,a7 consi/+ ( sev5 sporangia emb$d$ 9 a common p>5*ymat\s tissue & radially dispos$ r\nd a receptacle suppli$ ) vascul> tissue4 ,! synangium is describ$ z %ortly /alk$ l ^? ( ,m>attia ,kaulfussii 7fig4 #bde1 ,b1 p4 #cbj74 ,9 %ape1 9 ! complete union ( ! sporangia1 & presumably 9 ! apical dehisc5ce1 ,pty*oc>pus agrees v closely ) ,kaulfussia 7fig4 #bde72 b we _c be c]ta9 t we h n a collection ( microsporangia simulat+ a f]n synangium4 ,a synangium closely resembl+ ,pty*oc>pus has be5 describ$ by ,mr ,watson#iib f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire z ,cya?otra*us altus1 b !re is no conv9c+ evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! plant on :i* x 0 borne4 ,danaeites4 ,?is g5]ic "n1 in/itut$ by ,goepp]t#iic1 has be5 us$ by au?ors )\t due reg>d to ! nature ( ! evid5ce ( aff9ity to ,danaea4 ,! type nam$ by ,/ur ,danaeites s>epontanus#iid 7fig4 #bia1 ,e7 be>s small pecopt]oid p9nules ) ovoid sporangia 9 gr\ps ( #h-af 9 two contigu\s s]ies on ! l[] face ( ! lam9a4 ,! sporangia dehisce by an apical pore & are m or less emb$d$ 9 ! mesophyll ( ! segm5ts4 ,no figures h be5 publi%$ %[+ any detail$ sporangial /ructure1 & su* evid5ce z we h is insuffici5t to w>rant ! conclusion t ! resemblance to ,danaea is m ?an an analogy4 ,p>apecopt]is4 ,p>apecopt]is neuropt]oides1 ,gr&',eury4 ,fig4 #bij1 ,d4 ,! plant describ$ by ,gr&',eury#iie f ! ,coal-fields ( ,g>d & ,/ ti5ne1 & made ! type ( a new g5us1 is *>act]is$ by p9nules int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ,pecopt]is & ,neuropt]is#iif & by ! pres5ce ( two r[s ( unit$ sporangia along ! lat]al ve9s1 z 9 ,danaea & ,danaeites4 ,a/]o!ca4 ,c]ta9 species ( ,pecopt]is fronds f ,c>bonif]\s /rata are *>act]is$ by circul> sori or synangia consi/+ ( a small numb] 7#c-h7 ( exannulate sporangia atta*$ to a c5tral receptacle & free only at _! apices4 ,/rasburg]#iig sugge/$ a ,m>attiace\s aff9ity = ,a/]o!ca & ,/ur#iih describes ! species ,a/]o!ca ,/]nb]gii ,goepp4 7fig4 #bia1 ,c1 ,d7 z an example ( a ,m>attiace\s f]n4 ,! latt] au?or reta9s ,corda's g5us ,hawlea#iii = ! f]tile fronds ( ! common ,coal-,measures species ,pecopt]is ,miltoni1 :ile on ! o!r h& ,kid/on#ajjj includes ?is type 9 ,a/]o!ca4 ,pecopt]is 7,a/]o!ca7 ,miltoni 7,artis74 #ahbe4 ,filicites ,miltoni1 ,artis1 ,ant$il4 ,phyt4 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 #ahbh4 ,pecopt]is ,miltoni1 ,brongni>t1 ,prodrome1 p4 #eh4 #ahbh4 ,pecopt]is abbreviata1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #ccg1 ,pl4 ,,cxv4 figs4 #a-d2 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,pl4 #ahd4 #ahde4 ,hawlea pul*]rima1 ,corda1 ,flor4 ,vorwelt1 p4 #ij1 ,pl4 ,,lvii4 figs4 #g1 #h4 #ahgg-ahhh4 ,hawlea ,miltoni1 ,/ur1 ,culm ,flora1 p4 #bic2 ,f>ne ,c>bon4 ,flora1 p4 #ajh1 ,pls4 ,,lix4 ,,lx4 #ahhh4 ,pecopt]is 7,a/]o!ca7 abbreviata1 ,zeill]1 ,flor4 ,val5c4 p4 #ahf1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 figs4 #a-d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4 ,a4 ,ale?opt]is lon*itica4 #b4 ,= description ,b4 ,lon*opt]is rugosa4 #b4 see ,*ap4 ,,xxvii4 ,c4 ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi4 #d4 ,d4 ,p>apecopt]is neuropt]oides4 ,e4 ,pecopt]is 7,dactylo!ca7 plumosa ,p4 7,dactylo!ca7 d5tata ,zeill] 7#hh74 #d4 7,a-,c1 ,e1 aft] ,zeill]2 ,d1 aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,! fronds ( ?is species rea*$ a l5g? ( m ?an #c metres & a bread? ( #b metres4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( aphlebiae#ajja appress$ to ! ra*is & by circul> sori compos$ ( a small numb] 7#c-f7 ( sporangia4 ,9 habit & 9 ! =m ( ! p9nules ?is type is simil> to ,dactylo!ca plumosa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4 ,a1 ,b4 ,pty*oc>pus unita4 ,c1 ,d4 ,a/]o!ca ,/]nb]gii4 ,e4 ,danaeites s>epontanus4 ,f4 ,hawlea ,miltoni4 ,g4 ,hawlea pul*]rima4 ,h-,k4 ,scolecopt]is elegans4 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,r5ault2 ,c-,g1 aft] ,/ur2 ,h1 ,i1 aft] ,/rasburg]2 ,k1 aft] ,/]zel47 ,hawlea4 ,/ur#ajjb reta9s ?is g5]ic "n = sori 9 :i* ! sporangia are free & unit$ only by ! proximal end to a c5tral receptacle 7fig4 #bia1 ,f1 ,g74 ,he describes ! individual sporangia z possess+ a rudim5t>y annulus1 a comp>atively /rong wall1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t$ di/al end4 ,he emphasises ! great] degree ( cohesion betwe5 ! sporangia ( ,a/]o!ca z ! di/+ui%+ feature ( t g5us2 b ?is is a "* difficult to recognise 9 "s cases1 & f ! analogy ( rec5t f]ns "o is dispos$ to atta* little importance to ! great] or less ext5t to :i* sporangia are unit$1 at lea/ 9 su* cases z ,a/]o!ca & ,hawlea :5 ! cohesion is nev] complete4 ,scolecopt]is4 ,z5k]#ajjc gave ?is "n to deta*$ f]tile p9nules f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,saxony1 :i* he describ$ z ,scolecopt]is elegans4 ,he recognis$ ! f]n nature ( ! sori & sugge/$ t ! p9nules might belong to ! fronds ( "o ( ! 8,/a>/e950 7,ps>onius71 a view :i* subsequ5t inve/igations r5d] f> f improbable4 ,! sori1 :i* occur 9 two r[s on ! l[] surface ( ! small pecopt]oid segm5ts ) /rongly revolute m>g9s 7fig4 #bia1 ,h-,k71 conta9 #d-e sporangia atta*$ to a /alk$ receptacle comp>able ) t ( ,m>attia ,kaulfussii4 ,^! p$icellate synangia 7 fully describ$ by ,/rasburg]#ajjd1 :o decid$ 9 fav\r ( a ,m>attiace\s alliance4 ,! l[] portions ( ! di/ally tap]$ sporangia are concresc5t1 ! di/al ends be+ free 7fig4 #bia1 ,h74 ,/ur includes 9 ,scolecopt]is ! common species ,pecopt]is arboresc5s 7fig4 #cgf71 b ,kid/on#ajje /ates t ! ,briti% example ( ,scolecopt]is is ,s4 polymorpha1 ,brongn4 f ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures4 ,scolecopt]is elegans ,z5k4 furni%es an example ( a plant1 or plant fragm5t1 :i* has be5 assign$ to ! animal k+dom4 ,ge9itz#ajjf describ$ silicifi$ p9nules z ,palaeojulus dyadicus1 ! g5]ic "n be+ *os5 because ( ! resemblance to ,millip$es su* z ! g5us ,julus4 ,! mi/ake is n surpris+ to anyone :o has se5 a block ( silice\s rock f ,*emnitz cr[d$ ) ! small p9nules ) _! concave surfaces =m$ by ! infold+ ( ! edges4 ,/]zel#ajjg1 :o po9t$ out ! confusion betwe5 ,myriapods & ,filices1 has publi%$ figures :i* illu/rate ! deceptive resemblance ( ! p9nules1 ) _! curv$ lam9a divid$ by lat]al ve9s into segm5ts1 to ! body ( a ,millip$e 7fig4 #bia1 ,k74 ,he po9ts out t ,ge9itz se>*$ 9 va9 = ! head & legs ( ,palaeojulus & express$ ! hope t fur!r exam9ation w\ld lead to fre% discov]ies3 ! exam9ation ( sections reveal$ ! pres5ce ( sporangia & demon/rat$ ! id5tity ( ,palaeojulus & ,scolecopt]is4 ,discopt]is4 ,/ur#ajjh in/itut$ ?is g5us = f]tile fronds f ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ,s*atzl>] b$s1 includ+ two species ,discopt]is k>w95sis & ,d4 ,s*umanni4 ,he describ$ ! small ,sph5opt]oid p9nules z *>act]is$ by disc-%ap$ sori made up ( #gj-ajj sporangia atta*$ to a hemisph]ical receptacle3 ! abs5ce ( a true annulus l$ him to ref] ! g5us to ! ,m>attiaceae4 ,9 8 memoir on ! coal-bas9 ( ,h]aclea 7,asia ,m9or71 ,zeill]#ajji in/itut$ ! species ,sph5opt]is 7,discopt]is7 ,rallii & figur$ sporangia resembl+ ^? describ$ by ,/ur 9 ! possession ( a rudim5t>y 8apical annulus40 ,he comp>$ ! sporangia ) ^? ( rec5t ,osmundaceae & ,m>attiaceae4 ,9 ! lat] memoir on ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian plants ( ,blanzy & ,creusot1 ,zeill]#ajaj gives a v full & c>eful description ( f]tile specim5s ( ,sph5opt]is 7,discopt]is7 cri/ata1 a f]n orig9ally describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,pecopt]is cri/ata#ajaa4 ,_m ( ! ,sph5opt]oid p9nules ( ?is quadrip9nate f]n frond %[ ! =m & /ructure ( ! sori ) rem>kable cle>ness 9 ! admirable photographs reproduc$ 9 ,plates ,i4-,,iii4 ( ,zeill]'s ,blanzy memoir4 ,! lob$ p9nules ( ?is species are ( oval-triangul> =m1 #e-ae mm4 long & #be-f mm4 broad#ajab4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5s ( ,discopt]is f ,vi5na enabl$ ,zeill] to correct ,/ur's orig9al description ( ! sori3 he f\nd t ! ,au/rian & ,fr5* specim5s1 ?\gh specifically di/9ct1 und\bt$ly belong to "o g5us4 ,! sori 9 ,discopt]is cri/ata are globul>1 z 9 ! rec5t g5]a ,cya!a & ,alsophila1 & frequ5tly cov] ! :ole face ( ! lam9a4 ,! individual sporangia are #jd-je mm4 long & #jae-jb mm4 9 diamet]2 !y are exannulate1 b = ! annulus is sub/itut$ a gr\p ( ?ick]-wall$ & l>g] cells 9 ! apical & dorsal region4 ,! description by ,/ur ( a hemisph]ical receptacle seem$ to indicate an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,au/rian & ,fr5* species2 b ,zeill] f\nd t ?is feature does n actually exi/ & t x 0 s describ$ z ! result ( mis9t]pretation4 ,zeill] succe$$ 9 isolat+ spores1 #dj-ej 9 diamet]1 f "s ( ! sporangia ( ,d4 cri/ata & f\nd t !y exhibit$ ! ?ree-ray$ patt]n *>act]i/ic ( f]n-spores & :i* is indicative ( _! =mation 9 tetrads4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at is t ! g5us ,discopt]is1 z repres5t$ by ,d4 k>w95sis1 ,d4 cri/ata etc41 may be reg>d$ z a true f]n & includ$ 9 ! ,m>attiaceae4 ,z ,zeill] po9ts out1 ! sori ( ,discopt]is diff] f ^? ( rec5t ,m>attiaceae 9 _! pluris]iate con/ruction & agree 9 ?is respect ) ^? ( ! ,cya!aceae4 ,! comp>ison already made#ajac betwe5 ! sporangia ( ,d4 ,rallii & ^? ( rec5t ,osmundaceae holds good3 ! g5us af=ds ano!r example ( a g5]alis$ type1 9 ?is case probably a f]n1 comb9+ features :i* are n[ di/ribut$ among ! ,m>attiaceae1 ,osmundaceae & ,cya!aceae4 ,9 addition to g5]a f\nd$ on true synangia or gr\ps ( free or p>tially unit$ sporangia1 ! lit]ature ( ,palaeozoic f]ns conta9s sev]al g5]ic names appli$ to sporangia :i* occur s+ly on ,sph5opt]oid or ,pecopt]oid p9nules4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z examples2 b x %\ld be /at$ t ^! w probably be transf]r$ ev5tually to ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 immat]ial :e!r !y are dealt ) "h or 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ! se$-be>+ 8f]ns40 ,dactylo!ca4 ,zeill]#ajad creat$ ?is g5us = f]tile fronds ( ,pecopt]is d5tata ,brongn4 7 ,p4 plumosa ,artis#ajae71 a common ,briti% species 9 ! ,upp] & ,middle ,coal-,measures4 ,/ur#ajaf includ$ ,p4 d5tata 9 8 li/ ( species ( ,s5ft5b]gia1 ! g5us to :i* ref]5ce 0 made "u ! ,s*izaeaceae4 ,pecopt]is 7,dactylo!ca7 plumosa 7,artis74 ,figs4 #bij1 ,e1 #bib1 #bic4 #ahbe4 ,filicites plumosus1 ,artis1 ,ant$il4 ,phyt4 p4 #ag1 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 #ahbh4 ,pecopt]is plumosa1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #cdh1 ,pls4 ,,cxxi4 ,,cxxii4 ---- ,p4 d5tata1 ,brongni>t1 ibid4 ,pls4 ,,cxxiii4 ,,cxxiv4 ---- ,p4 delicatulus1 ,brongni>t1 ibid4 ,pl4 ,,cxvi4 fig4 #f4 #ahcb4 ,sph5opt]is caudata1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,pl4 ,,xlviii42 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pl4 ,,cxxxviii4 #ahcd4 ,pecopt]is s]ra1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pl4 ,,cvii4 #ahcd4 ,s*izopt]is adnasc5s1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ibid4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,pls4 ,c4 ,,ci4 #ahcf4 ,aspidites caudatus1 ,goepp]t1 ,sy/4 fil4 foss4 p4 #cfc4 #ahch4 ,/eff5sia silesiaca1 ,presl1 9 ,/]nb]g1 ,flor4 ,vorwelt1 ,v]s4 ,,ii4 p4 #abb4 #ahfi4 ,pecopt]is silesiacus1 ,s*imp]1 ,trait4 pal4 vg4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #eag4 ---- ,cya?oc>pus d5tatus1 ,weiss1 ,flora d] jng/4 ,/k4 und ,ro?4 p4 #hf4 #ahgg4 ,s5ft5b]gia plumosa1 ,/ur1 ,culm ,flora1 ,,ii4 p4 #ahg 7#bic74 ---- ,s4 d5tata1 ibid4 #ahhf4 ,dactylo!ca plumosa1 ,kid/on1 ,cat4 ,palaeozoic ,plants1 p4 #abh4 #ahhh4 ,dactylo!ca d5tata1 ,zeill]1 ,flor4 ,val5c4 ,pls4 ,,xxvi4-,,xxviii4 ,= a full] synonymy ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,kid/on's acc\nt ( ?is species#ajag1 f :i* ! above li/ is compil$4 ,! l>ge fronds ( ?is species are tri- or quadrip9nate4 ,! p9nules v>y mu* 9 %ape & size & 9 degree ( lob+1 accord+ to _! position on ! frond 7fig4 #bic74 ,! prim>y p9nae are subt5d$ by two ,aphlebiae 7fig4 #bic1 ,a7 appress$ to ! ra*is1 l ! delicate leaves ( ! rec5t f]n ,t]atophyllum aculeatum 7see page #cja74 ,! sporangia 7#je-jfe7 are oval & exannulate & are atta*$ p>allel to ! lat]al ve9s2 !y may occupy ! :ole ( ! space betwe5 ! midrib & ! edge ( ! p9nules4 ,?is species occurs 9 ! ,upp]1 ,middle1 & ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita91 rea*+ its maximum 9 ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures4 ,! aphlebiae und\bt$ly s]v$ to protect ! "y fronds1 z %[n by a specim5 figur$ by ,kid/on 7fig4 #bic1 ,b72 !y may also h s]v$ o!r purposes1 z sugge/$ by ! above comp>ison ) ,t]atophyllum1 9 ! mature frond4 ,l9dley & ,hutton reg>d$ ! aphlebiae z leaves ( a f]n climb+ up ! ra*is2 :i* !y nam$ ,s*izopt]is adnasc5s1 a confusion simil> to t already m5tion$ 9 ! description ( ,hemitelia cap5sis 7see p4 #cjd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4 ,dactylo!ca plumosa4 7,aft] ,kid/on4 ,slightly r$uc$47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4 ,dactylo!ca plumosa3 ,a4 ,ra*is ) ,aphlebiae4 ,b1 a1 "y p9nae circ9ately fold$4 7,aft] ,kid/on4 ,a1 ,b1 nat4 size47 ,r5aultia4 ,?is "n 0 propos$ by ,zeill]#ajah = ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s f]tile p9nae ( ! ,sph5opt]oid type1 be>+ ovoid sporangia ei!r s+ly or 9 m>g9al gr\ps ( #b to #e at ! ends ( ! ve9s4 ,! appe>ance ( ! apical cells occasionally sugge/s ! pres5ce ( a rudim5t>y annulus4 ,kid/on has record$ ?is type ( fructification 9 ,brita9#ajai4 ,/ur describes f]tile p9nules ( ! same type "u ! g5]ic "n ,hapalopt]is#ajbj4 ,zeill]ia4 ,?is g5us 0 f\nd$ by ,kid/on#ajba = f]tile p9nae ( a v delicate f]n1 ,zeill]ia delicatula 7,/]nb47 *>act]is$ by fili=m ultimate segm5ts be>+ an indusium-l body1 sph]ical :5 immature & splitt+ at maturity into f\r small valves4 ,kid/on1 9 8 e>li] pap]1 comp>$ ! species ) rec5t ,hym5ophyllaceae4 ,9 ! same g5us he includes ,z4 avold5sis#ajbb 7,/ur7 assign$ by ,/ur to ,calymmato!ca1 a g5us describ$ by "s au?ors z *>act]is$ by gr\ps ( radially elongat$ sporangia at ! tips ( ! p9nules2 ^! suppos$ sporangia are n[ kn[n to be ! valves ( an indusium-l organ or cupule1 z ,/ur ass]t$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! f]tile fronds plac$ 9 ,calymmato!ca & 9 ,zeill]ia 7 borne by ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,urnatopt]is4 ,! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s fronds ( a delicate ,sph5opt]is habit1 to :i* ?is "n 0 assign$ by ,kid/on#ajbc1 7 describ$ by him z ,eusph5opt]is t5ella 7,brongn47#ajbd & comp>$ ) ,hym5ophyllaceae2 subsequ5tly ,kid/on express$ ! op9ion t ,urnatopt]is may be a ,m>attiace\s f]n1 z ,williamson#ajbe believ$2 he has s9ce sugge/$ t ! sporangia are ! microsporangia ( a ,pt]idosp]m#ajbf4 ,! /]ile & f]tile p9nae diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( a lam9a 9 ! latt]4 ,! sporangia 7or microsporangia7 are *>act]is$ by a poricidal dehisc5ce4 ,! records f /rata high] 9 ! geological s]ies ?an ! ,p]mian1 disreg>d+ _m ( d\btful value1 af=d ample te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( ,m>attiaceae 9 ,upp] ,triassic & ,rhaetic floras4 ,m>attiopsis4 ,! g5]ic "n ,danaeopsis 0 appli$ by ,he]#ajbg to an ,upp] ,triassic f]n1 previ\sly describ$ by ,presl z ,ta5iopt]is m>antacea4 ,a spl5did specim5 f ! ,keup] ( ,/uttg>t is figur$ 9 ,s*imp]'s ,atlas#ajbh %[+ ! p9nate habit ( ! frond & ! broadly l9e> segm5ts1 #be cm4 #ce cm41 be>+ r[s ( contigu\s sporangia4 ,! l>ge p9nules h a /rong midrib giv+ (f curv$ & =k$ lat]al ve9s4 ,presl's species may mo/ appropriately be includ$ 9 ! g5us ,m>attiopsis4 ,a specim5 ( ,m4 m>antacea describ$ by ,leu?>dt#ajbi z ,danaeopsis m>antacea f ! ,upp] ,trias ( ,basel %[s a peculi>ity 9 ! v5ation2 ! lat]al ve9s (t5 =k ne> _! orig91 z notic$ by o!r au?ors1 b ea* ve9 =ks a second "t ne> ! edge ( ! lam9a & ! two arms conv]ge1 =m+ a s]ies ( intram>g9al loops 7fig4 #bfe1 ,b74 ,m>attiopsis ,mu5/]i 7,goepp474 ,fig4 #bde1 ,d1 ,e4 ,?is widely spread ,rhaetic plant af=ds ! be/ example ( a po/-,p]mian species :i* may be accept$ z an au!ntic record ( fossil ,m>attiaceae4 ,v>i\s g5]ic names h be5 us$ = ?is species2 ,goepp]t orig9ally describ$ ! plant z ,ta5iopt]is ,mu5/]i#ajcj2 ,s*imp]#ajca propos$ ! "n ,m>attiopsis1 & ,s*5k#ajcb sub/itut$ ,angiopt]is on ! gr\nd t ! f]tile p9nules resemble t g5us r ?an ,m>attia4 ,m>attiopsis1 if int]pret$ z indicat+ a family resemblance r ?an special aff9ity to ! g5us ,m>attia1 w\ld seem to be ! m appropriate designation4 ,?is species has be5 figur$ by sev]al au?ors & 9 _m in/ances ) f]tile p9nules2 ! be/ illu/rations are ^? publi%$ by ,zeill]#ajcc 9 8 monograph ( ,tonk9 plants4 ,! p9nate fronds are *>act]is$ by a broad ra*is be>+ sessile broadly l9e> p9nules r\nd$ at ! base1 obtusely po9t$ at ! apex1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #ae-bj cm4 & a bread? ( #ab-ce mm4 ,f a well-m>k$ midrib are giv5 (f second>y ve9s di*otom\sly bran*$ close to _! orig94 ,! l9e> synangia ne> ! ends ( ! ve9s conta9 two r[s ( sporangial comp>tm5ts & op5 z two valves z 9 ,m>attia4 7,cf4 fig4 #bde1 ,a1 p4 #cbj47 ,sid5ote3 ,,danaeopsis ,?is species occurs 9 ! ,rhaetic b$s ( ,scania1 ,franconia1 & ,tonk94 ,a simil> type is figur$ by ,fonta9e f ,jurassic b$s 9 ,cali=nia z ,angiopt]idium cali=nicum#ajcd1 & ,b>?ol9#ajce & ,moell]#ajcf record ,m4 ,mu5/]i f ! ,lias ( ,bornholm4 ,s*5k's species f ,*9a#ajcg1 ,angiopt]is ,ri*?(5i1 is a closely alli$ species1 & a simil> =m is record$ f ,jurassic & ,caucasian /rata#ajch4 ,! microscopical exam9ation by ,na?or/#ajci ( a gr\p ( spores f a synangium ( ,m4 ,mu5/]i %[s t !y resemble ^? ( rec5t ,m>attiaceae4 ,f ! ,upp] ,triassic plant b$s ( ,lunz1 ,/ur has includ$ sev]al species ( f]ns 9 ! ,m>attiaceae1 & ( ^! ,krass]#ajdj has rec5tly publi%$ full diagnoses b un=tunately )\t illu/rations4 ,9 addition to ,m>attiopsis m>antacea 7,presl7 ! li/ includes species ref]r$ to ,coniopt]is1 to ,speiroc>pus1 a g5us f\nd$ by ,/ur1 to ,oligoc>pia1 ,a/]o!ca1 & ,b]n\illia 7,he]74 ,z already po9t$ out1 "s at lea/ ( ^! ,au/rian f]ns are m probably ,osmundace\s ?an ,m>attiace\s4 ,danaeopsis ,hughesi1 ,fei/mantel4 ,! p9nate fronds describ$ by ,fei/mantel#ajda f ! ,middle ,gondwana rocks ( ,india & record$ f ,rhaetic /rata 9 ,s\? ,africa#ajdb1 ,*9a#ajdc1 & ,tonk9#ajdd1 may belong to a memb] ( ! ,m>attiaceae1 b no f]tile specim5s h be5 describ$4 ,! close agreem5t betwe5 ! /]ile leaves f ,india & ,s\? ,africa & ! f]tile fronds ( ,m>attiopsis m>antacea sugge/s g5]ic id5tity4 ,! ,upp] ,triassic f]ns describ$ by ,he]1 ,krass]#ajde1 & ,leu?>dt#ajdf z ,b]n\illia h be5 ref]r$ to ! ,m>attiaceae1 b )\t tru/wor?y evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is aff9ity4 ,! l>ge leaves1 #gj cm4 long & #g cm4 broad1 describ$ by ,zigno#ajdg f ! ,jurassic ( ,italy z ,danaeites ,he]i1 are probably ,cycadean4 ,! ,poli% ,jurassic species ,danaea microphylla#ajdh is a m satisfactory record4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4 ,a1 ,b4 ,na?or/ia angu/ifolia1 ,he]4 7,aft] ,he]4 ,a1 nat4 size47 ,c1 ,d4 ,sorus ( ,n4 latifolia1 ,na?4 7,aft] ,na?or/4 ,c1 #ab2 ,d1 #de47 ,na?or/ia4 ,?is "n 0 in/itut$ by ,he]#ajdi = pieces ( p9nate fronds f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks ( ,gre5l&4 ,! resemblance ( ! long p9nules to ! f]tile segm5ts ( ,laccopt]is is s close t g5]ic id5tity might well be assum$1 b x has rec5tly be5 %[n by ,na?or/#ajej t ! soral *>act]s ju/ify ,he]'s use ( a di/9ctive "n = ! ,arctic f]n4 ,! circul> sori arrang$ 9 two r[s 7fig4 #bid1 ,a1 ,b7 are sup]ficially id5tical ) ^? ( ,laccopt]is1 b consi/ ( concresc5t sporangia =m+ a circul> synangium 7fig4 #bid1 ,c1 ,d7 l ^? ( ,kaulfussia & ,pty*oc>pus4 ,! light] areas 9 fig4 #bid1 ,d1 repres5t ! sporangia3 fig4 ,c %[s ! radial disposition ( ! num]\s sporangial comp>tm5ts r\nd a c5tral receptacle4 ,f a /\t midrib lat]al ve9s arise at "r angles1 b _! di/al t]m9ations are n pres]v$4 ,x is probable1 z ,na?or/ sugge/s1 t ,bay]'s#ajea species ,dryn>ia fascia f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks ( ,bohemia %\ld be ref]r$ to ,he]'s g5us4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( well-pres]v$ sori x w\ld be exce$+ly difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 to di/+ui% betwe5 p9nules ( ,laccopt]is & ,na?or/ia4 ,a ,t]ti>y species1 ,m>attia ,hook]i 7fig4 #bfa1 ,c1 p4 #cej71 describ$ by ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5#ajeb f ! ,eoc5e b$s ( ! ,isle ( ,wight is ref]r$ by !m to ! ,m>attiaceae because ( a resemblance ( ! /]ile p9nae to ^? ( ,m4 ,kaulfussii2 b ?is is insuffici5t evid5ce ( relation%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,ps>onieae4 ,?is family "n1 fir/ sugge/$ by ,ung]1 may be conv5i5tly adopt$ = ! num]\s species ( petrifi$ tree-f]n /ems *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,p]mian & ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,9 8 monograph b] die ,/a>/e9e publi%$ 9 #ahed1 ,/5zel#ajec ref]r$ to ! ,ps>onieae z a special subdivision ( ! ,filices mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! ,polypodiaceae4 ,!re is n[ a cons5sus ( op9ion 9 fav\r ( includ+ ,ps>onius 9 ! ,m>attiales1 or at lea/ ( reg>d+ ! g5us z m closely alli$ to ! ,m>attiaceae ?an to any o!r family4 ,:ile admitt+ t ! balance ( evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 x is probably wis] to reta9 ! di/9ctive t]m ,ps>onieae on ! gr\nd t species ( ,ps>onius diff] 9 sev]al respects f any rec5t f]ns1 & because ( our comp>ative ignorance 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! fructification4 ,ps>onius4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 propos$ by ,cotta 9 8 classic "w ,die ,d5droli!n#ajed4 ,! /ems s nam$1 =m]ly includ$ by ,spr5gel#ajee 9 ! g5us ,endog5ites1 _h long be5 famili> z petrifi$ fossils4 ,mo/ ( ! specim5s describ$ by ! e>li] writ]s 7 obta9$ f ,l[] ,p]mian rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*emnitz1 ,saxony4 ,! mottl$ appe>ance pres5t$ by _! poli%$ surfaces is said to h giv5 rise to ! appellation ,/a>/e9e 7/>l+ /ones71 a t]m express+ a resemblance1 m or less remote1 to a />l+'s brea/4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is ^w is a corruption ( ,/]n ,/e9e or /> /ones#ajef1 a descriptive t]m sugge/$ by ! /ellate arrangem5t ( ! vascul> /r&s 9 transv]se sections ( ! roots4 ,p>k9son#ajeg1 9 8 ,organic ,rema9s ( a =m] ,_w1 speaks ( ^! /ems z />ry /ones4 ,! hi/ory ( our k prior to #ahed is summ>is$ by ,/5zel4 ,at fir/ comp>$ ) corals or ! /ems ( sea-lilies1 ,ps>onii 7 recognis$ by ,spr5gel1 :o fir/ us$ a l5s 9 ! exam9ation ( ! fossils1 z f]n /ems mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ^? ( rec5t ,cya!aceae4 ,by o!r au?ors1 e4g4 ,s*lo!im & ,/]nb]g1 !y 7 ref]r$ to ,palms1 & by ,brongni>t consid]$ to be ! l[] portions ( ,lycopodiace\s 7,lepidod5dron7 /ems4 ,corda & _m subsequ5t au?ors select$ ! ,m>attiaceae z ! mo/ closely alli$ family among exi/+ plants4 ,ps>onius is repres5t$ by specim5s obta9$ f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,saxony & ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,c5tral ,france1 also f ,bohemia1 ,brazil & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z yet a few fragm5ts only h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,engli% ,coal-,measures4 ,! g5us 0 recognis$ by ,williamson#ajeh :o describ$ ! roots & a small piece ( ! vascul> tissue ( a /em :i* he call$ ,p4 ,r5aulti1 & ?is type has s9ce be5 m fully describ$ by ,scott#ajei4 ,! roots ( ano!r species h be5 describ$ by ,butt]wor?#ajfj z ,p4 ,crompton5sis4 ,x 0 po9t$ out 9 ! acc\nt ( ,lepidod5dron t sev]al g5]ic names h be5 us$ = ! same type ( /em 9 diff]5t /ates ( pres]vation2 9 ,ps>onius accid5ts ( fossilisation h be5 responsible = a simil> confusion 9 nom5clature4 ,! "n ,ps>onius is appli$ to petrifi$ specim5s :i*1 z a rule1 lack ext]nal features4 ,ca/s or impressions ( ,palaeozoic tree-f]n /ems provid$ ) leaf-sc>s are describ$ z species ( ,caulopt]is1 ,megaphyton1 & less commonly z ,pty*opt]is 7figs4 #big-bii74 ,! fir/ "n is appli$ to /ems exhibit+ spirally dispos$ leaf-sc>s l ^? ( rec5t tree-f]ns2 9 ,megaphyton ! sc>s are di/i*\sly arrang$1 9 two r[s1 :ile ,pty*opt]is is appli$ to decorticat$ /ems4 ,^! t]ms are us$ = /ems belong+ to "o g5]ic type & possess+ ! /ructure ( ,ps>onius /ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4 ,ps>onius /em ) roots4 7,mu* r$uc$4 ,aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,! rese>*es ( ,gr&',eury#ajfa l$ to ! discov]y t c]ta9 ,ps>onius /ems bore fronds ( ! ,pecopt]is type "s ( :i* bore sori ( ! ,a/]o!ca or ,scolecopt]is type4 ,! same au?or#ajfb has also contribut$ _m int]e/+ facts1 obta9$ by an exam9ation ( ! relation ( ,ps>onius /ems to ! s$im5ts ( ,fr5* ,coal-fields 9 :i* !y occur1 9 reg>d to habitat & mann] ( gr[?4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bie %[s a portion ( a ,ps>onius /em1 ! upp] "p ( :i* illu/rates ! ,caulopt]is /ate ( pres]vation1 :ile ! l[] "p is cov]$ by a mass ( roots4 ,x is probable1 z ,rudolph#ajfc sugge/s1 t ?is ri* developm5t ( roots1 :i* gives to an old ,ps>onius /em ! appe>ance ( an elongat$ cone1 may h s]v$ an important me*anical purpose analog\s to ! second>y ?ick5+ 9 a ,dicotyl$on or a ,conif]4 ,a specim5 ( ,ps>onius ,cottai 9 ! ,h(museum1 ,vi5na1 is cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ! enorm\s bread? ( ! root-sy/em3 ! radii ( ! /em prop] & ( ! encas+ cyl9d] ( roots be> ! ratio #ag to #afe4 ,! comp>atively frequ5t occurr5ce ( a lacun> cortex 9 ! roots po9ts to ! gr[? ( ! /ems 9 swampy gr\nd1 a conclusion 9 h>mony ) ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! anatomical features ( _m o!r ,palaeozoic g5]a4 ,ps>onius may be briefly def9$ z foll[s3-- ,tree-f]n /ems1 occasionally rea*+ a height ( #ej feet or m1 closely resembl+ 9 habit rec5t tree f]ns1 b exhibit+ 9 ! /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! vascul> sy/em a close agreem5t ) rec5t ,m>attiaceae4 ,leaves1 9 su* cases :]e a connexion betwe5 fronds & /ems is kn[n1 l>ge & highly comp\nd & ( ! ,pecopt]is type1 borne 9 m or less cr[d$ spirals 7,ps>onius poly/i*i71 9 f\r r[s 7,p4 tetra/i*i71 or 9 two opposite r[s 7,p4 di/i*i74 ,leaves decidu\s1 leav+ a cle>ly def9$ oval sc> conta9+ ! impression ( ! leaf-trace 9 ! =m ( an op5 ,u1 or a clos$ oval ) a small inv]t$ ,v-%ap$ b& a %ort di/ance bel[ ! upp] end ( ! long axis ( ! oval 7figs4 #big1 #bih72 9 ,megaphyton ! alt]nate sc>s ( ! two opposite s]ies are l>g] & *>act]is$ by a diff]5t =m ( m]i/ele4 ,! surface ( ! cortex bel[ ! leaf-sc>s occasionally %[s impressions ( pits simil> to ! l5ticel-l organs on rec5t ,tree-f]n /ems4 ,! c5tral region ( ! /em is occupi$ by a complex sy/em ( conc5trically dispos$ /eles 7dictyo/eles71 :i* 9 transv]se section pres5t ! appe>ance ( flat or curv$ b&s v>y+ 9 ext5t & 9 degree ( curvature4 ,! vascul> b&s consi/ ( xylem surr\nd$ by a n>r[ zone ( phloem2 ! xylem is compos$ ei!r exclusively ( tra*eae or ( tra*eae & p>5*yma2 ! protoxylem 9 ! "o in/ance 9 :i* x has be5 cle>ly recognis$ is end>*#ajfd4 ,! /eles are emb$d$ 9 p>5*ymat\s tissue & 9 "s species are associat$ ) me*anical tissue 7e4g4 ,p4 inf>ctus1 fig4 #bif1 ,a1 ,b74 ,! c5tral or vascul> region ( ! /em may be surr\nd$ ext]nally by a cyl9d] ( me*anical tissue int]rupt$ by outgo+ leaf-traces & adv5titi\s roots4 ,! leaf-traces arise z s+le bundles f an int]nal /el> b& & pursue an obliquely radial c\rse t[>ds ! outside1 ev5tually ana/omos+ ) p]iph]al caul9e /eles1 :i* 9 "s species =m ) ! leaf-traces ! out]mo/ zone ( ! vascul> region4 ,! leaf-traces h ! =m ( loops :i* pass into ! petioles z ,v-%ap$ m]i/eles or clos$ oval cyl9d]s4 ,z a leaf-trace passes out comp5sat+ /r&s occupy ! foli> gap4 ,! vascul> region is surr\nd$ by a p>5*ymat\s cortex1 :i* 9 y\ng] plants1 or 9 ! apical region ( an old] plant1 =ms ! surface ( ! /em to :i* ! leaf-/alks are atta*$4 ,f ! p]iph]al /eles1 or f ! m ext]nal b&s ( ! vascul> network1 roots are giv5 (f :i* pass 9 a s9u\s v]tical c\rse ?r\gh ! cortex1 appe>+ on ! surface betwe5 ! leaf-bases4 ,9 old] /ems1 aft] leaf-fall1 ! tissue imm$iately ext]nal to ! vascul> region produces second>y p>5*yma ) :i* ! roots become intimately associat$ by _! out]mo/ cells4 ,z a result ( ! second>y cortical developm5t & ! gradual increase 9 ! numb] ( roots invad+ ! cortical tissue f above1 ! /em is enclos$ by a cyl9d] ( roots & associat$ p>5*ymat\s tissue ( second>y orig94 ,9 /ill old] portions ( a /em ! m ext]nal roots are free f ! /em-cortex & =m a ?ick felt$ mantle1 :i* increases 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! base ( ! tree4 ,! roots 7fig4 #bif1 ,e7 are poly>*1 #e-aj gr\ps ( xylem alt]nat+ ) /r&s ( phloem1 & simil> 9 /ructure to ^? ( rec5t species ( ,m>attia & ,angiopt]is2 ! /ele is enclos$ by an inn] cortex ( compact or lacun> tissue conta9+ secretory sacs1 & ?is is surr\nd$ by a cyl9d] ( me*anical tissue4 ,9 "o or two in/ances second>y xylem has be5 obs]v$ :olly or p>tially enclos+ ! root-/ele#ajfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4 ,a4 ,ps>onius inf>ctus 7,p1 p]iph]al /eles2 ,l1 leaf-traces74 ,b4 ,p4 inf>ctus1 longitud9al tang5tial section ?r\gh ! p]iph]al region ( ! /em4 ,c4 ,p4 coalesc5s4 ,d4 ,p4 musae=mis4 ,e4 ,p4 a/]oli?us 7root74 7,a--,c1 ,e1 aft] ,zeill]2 ,d1 aft] ,/5zel47 ,our k ( ! anatomy ( ,ps>onius is bas$ l>gely on ! inve/igations ( ,/5zel consid]ably ext5d$ by ,zeill]'s m int5sive /udies &1 m rec5tly1 by ! lat] "w ( ,/5zel#ajff & t ( ,rudolph4 ,a /rik+ fact1 :i* has l$ to v>i\s sugge/ions1 is t 9 a transv]se section ( a ,ps>onius /em ) its encas+ cyl9d] ( roots no signs ( leaf-traces are met ) 9 ! root-region4 ,if ! roots simply p5etrat$ ! cortex1 z 9 "s rec5t species ( ,lycopodium 7fig4 #abe1 ,a7 or z 9 ,angiopt]is1 we %\ld expect to f9d leaf-traces 9 ! out] region 7root-cyl9d]7 ( ,ps>onius /ems4 ,an explanation ( ! abs5ce ( leaf-traces :i* 0 sugge/$ by ,/5zel1 is t ! cortical zone =m$ a comp>atively n>r[ b& 9 ! "y leaf-cov]$ /em2 aft] leaf-fall x became ! seat ( active gr[? 9 its inn] lay]s & s produc$ a con/antly wid5+ zone ( second>y p>5*yma1 :i* pu%$ ! sup]ficial cortical tissue ) ! leaf-bases or leaf-sc>s f>!r out until x 0 exfoliat$4 ,f>m] & ,hill#ajfg f9d x difficult to accept ?is explanation2 b1 z ,rudolph %[s1 ! radial arrangem5t ( ! cortical cells betwe5 ! adv5titi\s roots & _! elongation 9 a radial direction are argum5ts 9 support ( ! second>y nature ( ! cortical zone4 ,9 sections ( ! adv5titi\s roots ( ,ps>onius ,r5aulti figur$ by ,williamson#ajfh1 ! spaces betwe5 ! cyl9drical roots are p>tially occupi$ by cell-filam5ts :i*1 at fir/ sight1 sugge/ root-hairs2 x may well be1 z ,rudolph sugge/s1 t ^! felt$ hairs repres5t ! out]mo/ & loos] "p ( ! gr[+ second>y cortex :i* gradually passes into ! cov]+ mass ( free extra-cortical roots4 ,z ,/5zel#ajfi has %[n1 sl5d] /ems ( ,zygopt]is 7 ,ankyropt]is7 are occasionally met ) gr[+ ?r\gh ! web ( ,ps>onius roots4 ,ps>onius inf>ctus ,ung]4 ,fig4 #bif1 ,a1 ,b4 ,?is species1 :i* ,zeill]#ajgj has inve/igat$ f sections ( ,ung]'s mat]ial1 illu/rates a type 9 :i* ! vascul> tissue is v ri*ly develop$ & =ms cr[d$ conc5tric s]ies ( curv$ plates associat$1 9 ! m p]iph]al s]ies1 ) b&s ( me*anical tissue4 ,! out]mo/ "p ( ! vascul> region consi/s ( 7i7 a s]ies ( loops or v>i\sly curv$ b&s ( conduct+ tissue repres5t+ leaf-traces at diff]5t /ages 9 _! outw>d c\rse1 7ii7 a s]ies ( simil> vascul> /r&s 7p]iph]al /eles ( ,zeill]7 conf9$ to ! /em 7caul9e7 & f :i* roots are giv5 (f1 & 7iii7 b&s ( me*anical tissue associat$ ) ! leaf-traces & p]iph]al /eles4 ,! p]iph]al /eles 7fig4 #bif1 ,a1 ,b1 p7 =m ana/omoses ) ! leaf-traces & contribute to _! =mation4 ,! =m ( "s ( ! vascul> b&s 9 ! section ( ,ps>onius inf>ctus %[n 9 fig4 #bif1 ,a1 illu/rates ! occasional ana/omos+ ( "o dictyo/ele ) ano!r3 ! diff]5t degrees ( loop+ ( o!r b&s repres5t /ages 9 ! giv+ (f ( leaf-traces :i* ev5tually pass out z ,v-%ap$ m]i/eles4 ,beyond ! leaf-traces & scl]5*ymat\s b&s ! section consi/s ( transv]se sections ( adv5titi\s roots4 ,! surface-features ( ,ps>onius inf>ctus are probably repres5t$1 z ,zeill] po9ts out1 by ! ca/ describ$ by ,lesqu]eux z ,caulopt]is peltig]a 7fig4 #bih1 ,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4 ,pecopt]is ,/]zeli3 a1 p9nule4 7,aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]4 nat4 size47 ,! ,ps>onius %[n 9 fig4 #big is "o ( ! few examples illu/rat+ ! connexion betwe5 fronds & /em4 ,! leaf 7,pecopt]is ,/]zeli ,zeill4 & ,r54#ajga is quadrip9nate & is describ$ z rea*+ a l5g? ( at lea/ #c metres2 ! ultimate segm5ts are entire or lob$4 ,! /em is *>act]is$ by elliptical sc>s1 #f-h cm4 x #ce-d cm41 ) leaf-traces l ^? 9 ,caulopt]is peltig]a4 ,! fronds ( ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti1 a ,pt]idosp]m1 be> a v close resemblance to ^? ( ,p4 ,/]zeli1 :i* are z yet kn[n only 9 a /]ile /ate4 ,ps>onius brasili5sis ,ung]1 a species f\nd$ by ,ung] on a piece ( silicifi$ /em acquir$ by ,m>tius 9 ,brazil & n[ 9 ! ,rio ,museum1 is a good example ( a tetra/i*\s species4 ,solms-,lauba*#ajgb has rec5tly told ! hi/ory ( ?is type1 :i* is repres5t$ by sections1 cut f ! ,rio /em1 9 sev]al ,european collections4 ,a well-pres]v$ section 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is figur$ by ,arb]#ajgc 9 8 catalogue ( ! ,glossopt]is flora & by o!r au?ors4 ,scott gives a concise description ( ! species 9 8 ,/udies 9 ,fossil ,botany#ajgd4 ,! roots ( ,p4 brasili5sis are /at$ by ,pel\rde#ajge to h a lacun> cortex4 ,ps>onius musae=mis ,corda#ajgf4 ,fig4 #bif1 ,d4 ,?is species f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,*emnitz & ! ,coal-,measures ( ,bohemia af=ds an example ( ! di/i*\s type 9 :i* ! leaves are borne 9 two r[s4 ,! vascul> b&s1 z se5 9 a section ( ! dictyo/eles1 occur 9 regul> p>allel s]ies4 ,! /el> region is sep>at$ f ! cyl9d] ( encas+ roots by a scl]5*ymat\s %ea?1 brok5 at int]vals :]e roots pass out f ! vascul> region4 ,ps>onius coalesc5s#ajgg 7fig4 #bif1 ,c7 illu/rates a some:at diff]5t arrangem5t ( vascul> tissue :i* approa*es m closely to ! polycyclic /ructure *>act]i/ic ( su* rec5t f]ns z ,matonia & ,saccoloma4 ,a /ill clos] resemblance to ! sol5o/elic type is se5 9 ,ps>onius ,r5aulti f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl& :i* ,scott#ajgh describes z *>act]is$ by a s+le annul> /ele1 int]rupt$ only by ! exit ( leaf-traces4 ,z he po9ts out1 x is notewor?y t ?is species is di/+ui%$ by ! simple/ =m ( /ele met ) 9 ! g5us2 x is ! olde/ species & may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ primitive repres5tative ( ! g5us ,ps>onius s f> discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bih4 ,a4 ,caulopt]is peltig]a4 ,b4 ,megaphyton insigne4 7,aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,mu* r$uc$4 ,ps>onius /ems pres]v$ z ca/s %[+ surface-features1 or 9 a decorticat$ /ate4 i4 ,caulopt]is4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#ajgi = tree-f]n /ems f ! ,engli% ,coal-,measures %[+ circul> or oval sc>s arrang$ qu9cuncially4 ,! vascul> tissue ( ! petiole is repres5t$ by a ,u-%ap$ impression on ! sc>1 ! ends ( ! ,u be+ incurv$1 or by a clos$ oval r+ ) a wide-op5 & inv]t$ ,v ne> its upp] end4 ,! surface betwe5 ! leaf-sc>s be>s ! impression ( adv5titi\s roots4 ,caulopt]is is repres5t$1 9 ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl&1 by ,c4 anglica#ajhj ,kid/4 ,! species ,c4 peltig]a 7fig4 #bih1 ,a71 orig9ally describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,sigill>ia1 illu/rates ! clos$ =m ( leaf-trace &1 z ,zeill] sugge/s1 x is ! ca/ ( a ,ps>onius /em :i* possess$ a vascul> sy/em on ! same plan z t ( ,p4 inf>ctus4 ,c4 ,saportae#ajha illu/rates ! op5 ,u-%ap$ type ( petiole /ele4 ,caulopt]is peltig]a has sc>s measur+ #f-i by #d-f cm42 x occurs 9 ! ,comm5try ,coal-field ( ,france 9 association ) ! fronds kn[n z ,pecopt]is cya!a1 a species :i* ,kid/on reg>ds z id5tical ) ,p4 arboresc5s#ajhb4 ii4 ,megaphyton4 ,! fir/ use ( ?is "n 0 by ,artis#ajhc1 :o gave x to a long flatt5$ ca/1 ,megaphyton frondosum1 f\nd 9 ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,york%ire1 *>act]is$ by two v]tical r[s ( l>ge sc>s & by impressions ( s9u\s roots4 ,kid/on records ! g5us f ! ,middle & ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita94 ,a good example ( ?is type ( ca/ is af=d$ by ,m4 ,mc,layi ,lesq4#ajhd f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* has be5 recognis$ 9 ,european ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,! leaf-sc>s are r\nd$ or oval1 broad] ?an high2 ! vascul> impression has ! =m ( a clos$ r+ 7#e-h #c-f cm471 m or less circul> & ) a t5d5cy to a rectangul> outl9e1 *>act]is$ by a deep inv]t$ ,u-%ap$ s9us 9 ! middle ( ! l[] surface & by a ,w-%ap$ impression ( an int]nal /r& 7fig4 #bih1 ,b7#ajhe4 iii4 ,pty*opt]is4 ,?is g5]ic "n1 in/itut$ by ,corda#ajhf1 is appli$ to decorticat$ /ems ( ,ps>onius1 ! surface ( :i* is t ( ! vascul> region on :i* ! =m ( ! leaf-sc>s is m or less cle>ly def9$4 ,! sc>-areas are limit$ by an impression ( ! scl]5*ymat\s %ea? enclos+ ! leaf-m]i/ele1 & int]nal to ?is is ! impression ( ! leaf-trace4 ,9 "s specim5s a lay] ( coaly mat]ial :i* repres5ts ! c>bonis$ cortex & adv5titi\s roots cov]s ! ,pty*opt]is ca/4 ,! ,pty*opt]is ca/ repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bii %[s ! decorticat$ surface ( "p ( a long /em on :i* ! leaf-sc>s are arrang$ z 9 ,megaphyton4 ,an example ( ,pty*opt]is is figur$ by ,fonta9e & ,:ite#ajhg f ,virg9ia z ,caulopt]is gigantea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bii4 ,pty*opt]is4 nat4 size4 ,f ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 7,! ,man*e/] ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4 ,dicksonia ant>ctica 7half ( /em 9 transv]se section73 /1 /ele2 s1 scl]5*yma4 ,position ( ,ps>onius4 ,a comp>ison ( ,ps>onius ) ! ,m>attiaceae & o!r rec5t f]ns leads to ! conclusion t1 on ! :ole1 ! evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ! view usually held1 namely t ?is g5us is m closely relat$ to ! ,m>attiaceae ?an to any o!r rec5t f]ns4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important n to ov]look ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,ps>onius & rec5t g5]a ( ,m>attiaceae1 or ! resemblances betwe5 ! ext9ct g5us & ! ,cya!aceae4 ,9 habit ,ps>onius agrees closely ) rec5t tree-f]ns2 9 ! vascul> sy/em & 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts connect$ ) ! production ( leaf-traces1 !re are /rik+ resemblances betwe5 ,ps>onius & ! ,cya!ace\s f]n ,saccoloma adiantoides 7 ,dicksonia ,plumi]i ,hook47 z describ$ by ,mett5ius#ajhh4 ,! piece ( /em ( ,dicksonia ant>ctica repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cjj exhibits a fairly close agreem5t ) species ( ,ps>onius1 e4g4 ,p4 inf>ctus 7fig4 #bif1 ,a1 ,b74 ,moreov]1 ! p]iph]al /eles1 :i* ,zeill] has %[n are conf9$ to ! /em & play an important "p 9 ! production ( ! roots & 9 ! ana/omoses ) leaf-traces1 are n repres5t$ 9 any ,m>attiace\s f]n2 on ! o!r h&1 !y are comp>able ) ! accessory /r&s met ) 9 /ems ( rec5t ,cya!ace\s tree-f]ns#ajhi 7cf4 fig4 #bdj74 ,! complex sy/em ( conc5tric dictyo/eles is a feature m closely mat*$ 9 ,angiopt]is 7,m>attiaceae7 ?an 9 any ,cya!ace\s g5us1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ 9 ! m b&-l =m ( ! /eles 9 ,ps>onius1 ?\gh 9 a /em ( ,angiopt]is figur$ by ,mett5ius we see a close approa* to ! ext9ct type4 ,! position ( ! protoxylem has un=tunately n be5 cle>ly def9$ 9 ,ps>onius /ems1 b 9 ,p4 ,r5aulti x is /at$ by ,scott#ajij to be end>*1 a position :i* "s ( ! protoxylem /r&s occupy 9 ,angiopt]is#ajia4 ,! occurr5ce ( l>ge sieve-tubes describ$ by ,scott 9 ,p4 ,r5aultii is ano!r feature %>$ by rec5t ,m>attiaceae4 ,9 _m ( ! cont95tal species ( ,ps>onius ! phloem has n be5 pres]v$1 & our k ( ?is tissue is comp>atively meagre4 ,9 ! ,m>attiaceae ! roots arise ma9ly f ! inn] portions ( ! /ele1 :ile 9 ,ps>onius !y are usually =m$ f ! ext]nal vascul> b&s4 ,! =mation ( second>y cortical tissue is a peculi>ity ( ,ps>onius2 on ! o!r h&1 if ,butt]wor?#ajib is correct 9 ref]r+ to t g5us ! roots ) second>y xylem1 :i* he describes z ,p4 ,crompton5sis1 a comp>ison may be made ) ! occurr5ce ( second>y tra*eae 9 ! /em /eles ( ,angiopt]is#ajic4 ,! abs5ce ( me*anical tissue 9 ! /em ( ,angiopt]is is 9 contra/ ) its occurr5ce 9 ! fossil /ems & 9 rec5t tree-f]ns2 b ?is is a "* ( second>y importance & "o :i* c be readily expla9$ by ! diff]5ce 9 habit betwe5 ,angiopt]is & ,ps>onius4 ,! roots ( ,ps>onius1 m especially z reg>ds ! /el> /ructure1 are 9 close agreem5t ) ^? ( ,m>attiaceae4 ,! ref]5ce to ,m>attiaceae ( ! great majority ( f]tile f]n-l fronds f ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s rocks con/itut$ a /rong a priori argum5t 9 fav\r ( includ+ ,ps>onius /ems 9 ! same family1 especially :5 x 0 kn[n t leaves ) ,m>attiace\s synangia 7 borne by species ( ?is g5us4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well to rememb] ! *ange 9 our views z to ! dom9ance ( ,m>attiaceae 9 ,palaeozoic floras consequ5t on ! discov]y ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,! association ( fronds be>+ ,a/]o!ca & ,scolecopt]is types ( fructification ) ,ps>onius /ems record$ by ,gr&',eury#ajid is a po9t 9 fav\r ( ! ,m>attiace\s aff9ity ( ?is ext9ct g5us1 b x is n impossible t ,ps>onius /ems bore fronds :i* produc$ ,pt]idosp]m organs ( reproduction4 ,9 ?is connexion ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #big is ( int]e/1 z ! fronds 7,pecopt]is ,/]zeli7 borne on ! ,ps>onius /ems are h>dly di/+ui%able f ! se$-be>+ leaves kn[n z ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti4 ,! position ( ,ps>onius may be be/ express$ by assign+ x to a sep>ate family1 ! ,ps>onieae1 z advocat$ by ,/5zel1 & by reg>d+ x z "o ( ! _m in/ances ( a g5]alis$ type :i* 9 ! sum ( its *>act]s approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ! ,m>attiaceae4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,ophioglossales 7,fossil74 ,! fossils hi!rto class$ ) ! ,ophioglossales are n su* z af=d any satisfactory evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! pa/ hi/ory or phylog5y ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ! g5]alis$ class ( ,palaeozoic f]ns1 ! ,botryopt]ideae1 we f9d c]ta9 *>act]s sugge/+ comp>ison ) rec5t memb]s ( ! ,ophioglossaceae1 b no tru/wor?y records ( ^! eusporangiate f]ns are furni%$ by ! old] plant-be>+ /rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cja4 ,rhacopt]is sp41 ,ballyca/le1 ,irel&4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,m4,s4 ,! g5us ,rhacopt]is 7fig4 #cja71 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,culm flora1 has be5 comp>$ ) ,botry*ium1 b on gr\nds :i* are :olly inadequate4 ,! species ,r4 paniculif]a ,/ur#ajie is *>act]is$ by a /\t ra*is be>+ two r[s ( lat]ally atta*$ rhomboidal or subtriangul> segm5ts ) a m or less deeply lob$ m>g9 & spread+ ve9s4 ,! ra*is bran*es di/ally into two arms1 & ^! are aga9 symmetrically subdivid$ into f]tile axes be>+ clu/]s ( small sph]ical bodies #a mm4 broad1 :i* ,/ur speaks ( z exannulate sporangia simil> to ^? ( ,botry*ium4 ,he includes ! species 9 ! ,ophioglossaceae4 ,z ,zeill]#ajif p]t95tly rem>ks1 ,rhacopt]is diff]s ess5tially 9 habit f any rec5t memb] ( ?is family4 ,rhacopt]is also includes species *>act]is$ by leaflets deeply dissect$ into l9e> segm5ts2 an example ( ?is =m is repres5t$ by ,rhacopt]is flabellata 7,tate7 record$ by ,kid/on#ajig f rocks ( ,calcif]\s ,s&/one age 9 ,fl9t%ire4 ,! specim5 describ$ by ,r5ault#ajih f ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,autun z ,ophioglossites antiqua is equally unconv9c+3 x consi/s ( a c>bonis$ fragm5t1 #g cm4 #ae cm41 reg>d$ z "p ( a f]tile lam9a *>act]is$ by a v]tical s]ies ( transv]sely elongat$ slits1 #g mm4 wide1 "s ( :i*1 on slight magnification1 are se5 to conta9 a mass ( small orange-yell[ granulations4 ,! slits are comp>$ ) ! surface-op5+s ( ! sunk5 sporangia ( ,ophioglossum1 & ! yell[ bodies are id5tifi$ z spores4 ,! mat]ial is too imp]fect to ju/ify ! use ( ! "n ,ophioglossites4 ,noegg]a?ia4 ,?is g5us ( unc]ta9 position may be briefly describ$ "h1 ?\gh x has little claim to recognition z a repres5tative ( ! ,ophioglossales4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks & is comp>$ by ,/ur#ajii ) rec5t ,ophioglossaceae4 ,noegg]a?ia foliosa ,/]nb4 7fig4 #cjb7 may be cit$ z a typical example ( ! g5us4 ,x consi/s ( an axis be>+ ovate leaves ) num]\s spread+ ve9s4 ,! upp] "p ( ! axis =ms a spike compos$ ( f]tile leaves 9 ! =m ( transv]sely oval bracts #b cm4 broad ) a s]rate edge be>+ on ! upp] face sev]al sporangia 7#c #d mm47 9 "s ( :i* spores h be5 se5 7fig4 #cjb1 ,b1 ,c74 ,9 ano!r =m describ$ by ,weiss#aajj ! bracts be> a great] numb] ( sporangia *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( an arillus-l basal r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjb4 ,noegg]a?ia foliosa4 7,aft] ,/ur2 ,a1 r$uc$47 ,b1 ,f]tile leaf2 ,c1 ,sporangium4 ,ge9itz#aaja1 :o fir/ describ$ f]tile specim5s ( ,noegg]a?ia1 plac$ ! g5us 9 ! ,gymnosp]ms1 & ,o4 ,fei/mantel#aajb 0 9 fav\r ( ?is view4 ,c4 ,fei/mantel#aajc1 :o describ$ ! small bodies 9 ! sporangia1 sugge/$ comp>ison ) ,s*izaeaceae1 & ,weiss#aajd discuss$ v>i\s possibilities1 ask+ b n answ]+ ! "q1 are ! s-call$ sporangia rightly s nam$ or are !y fruits8 ,potoni#aaje places ! g5us 9 ! ,cycad(ilices4 ,an important feature is ! occurr5ce ( ! sporangia on ! upp] face ( ! bracts z 9 ,lycopodiales & ,sph5ophyllum1 b 9 o!r respects ,noegg]a?ia be>s no resemblance to ^! two gr\ps4 ,/]ile examples ( ! g5us are simil> 9 habit to ,rhacopt]is1 b 9 ! latt] g5us ! leaves or leaflets are lat]ally atta*$ & n obliquely ins]t$4 ,fur!r1 we may assume t 9 ,rhacopt]is ! segm5ts are leaflets ( a comp\nd leaf1 :]eas 9 ,noegg]a?ia !y are probably s+le leaves4 ,we mu/ leave ! position ( ?is ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s g5us undecid$1 m]ely express+ ! op9ion t x is p]haps m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,cycads ?an to any o!r gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjc4 ,*iropt]is ,zeill]i1 ,sew4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7v4 #cbfh74 ,nat4 size4 ,! plant figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton f ! ,engli% ,coal-,measures z ,noegg]a?ia flabellata1 :i* "s au?ors quote z a species ( ,noegg]a?ia1 is g5]ally recognis$ z a ,psygmophyllum & plac$ ) "s hesitation 9 ! ,g9kgoales4 ,*iropt]is4 ,?is g5us 0 f\nd$ by ,kurr on a leaf *>act]is$ by ana/omos+ v5ation f ,keup] b$s ne> ,/uttg>t4 ,a resemblance 9 =m & v5ation to ! leaves ( rec5t species ( ,ophioglossum l$ au?ors to sugge/ ! inclusion ( ,kurr's specim5 9 ! ,ophioglossaceae4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no ju/ification = consid]+ ,*iropt]is z a memb] ( ?is family2 x may be a f]n1 & t is all t c be said4 ,! leaf repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cjc is ! type-specim5 ( a ,s\? ,african ,rhaetic species ,*iropt]is ,zeill]i#aajf4 ,! g5us is record$ also f ,rhaetic rocks 9 ,que5sl&4#aajg ,newb]ry#aajh describes "s leaves f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,montana z species ( ,*iropt]is3 "o ( 8 types1 ,c4 spatulata1 is almo/ c]ta9ly a ,sag5opt]is1 simil> to ,s4 ,phillipsi 7figs4 #cbg1 #cbh7 or ,s4 ,mantelli4 ,a second species1 ,c4 ,williamsii1 is probably n g5]ically id5tical ) ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cjc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,co5opt]ideae4 ,i4 ,botryopt]eae4 ,,ii4 ,zygopt]eae4 ,! t]m ,botryopt]ideae1 fir/ us$ by ,r5ault1 has be5 appli$ to a gr\p ( ,palaeozoic f]ns rang+ f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s to ! ,p]mian & conta9+ sev]al g5]a1 ! di/+ui%+ features ( :i* are suppli$ by ! anatomical /ructure ( ! /ems or1 9 _m cases1 by t ( ! petiol> vascul> /r&4 ,scott#aaji subdivides ! ,botryopt]ideae into ! ,botryopt]is & ! ,zygopt]is sections4 ,9 an admirable monograph rec5tly publi%$ by ,paul ,b]tr&#aaaj consid]able *anges are propos$ 9 curr5t nom5clature2 he sub/itutes ! "n ,inv]sicat5ales = ,botryopt]ideae1 a designation1 :i* z ,scott rem>ks1 is 8probably too te*nical to comm& g5]al acceptance40 ,a m s]i\s criticism is t ! "n ,inv]sicat5ales has ref]5ce to a "* 7! inv]se curvature ( ! leaf-trace 9 relation to ! axis ( ! /em7 :i* is by no means univ]sal 9 ! gr\p#aaaa4 ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt1 necess>ily incomplete1 ! g5]ic t]m9ology ( ,b]tr& is adopt$1 b ?is decision does n c>ry ) x any obligation to accept ! "n ,inv]sicat5ales4 ,we may speak ( ! types ( ,palaeozoic f]ns dealt ) 9 ! foll[+ pages z memb]s ( a gr\p diff]+ 9 _m respects f any exi/+ g5]a ( ! ,filicales1 & exhibit+ ! *>act]i/ics associat$ ) g5]alis$ plants4 ,williamson1 z e>ly z #ahhc1 spoke ( ,r5ault's ,botryopt]ideae z compris+ 8altoge!r ext9ct & g5]alis$0 types#aaab4 ,= ^! g5]alis$ ,palaeozoic f]ns ,i propose to use ! "n ,co5opt]ideae#aaac4 ,?is t]m may be adopt$ 9 a wid] s5se ?an ,r5ault's "n ,botryopt]ideae4 ,! "n ,prim(ilices propos$ by ,arb]#aaad might be employ$1 b ! implication :i* x c>ries is an argum5t aga9/ its adoption4 ,we h n yet rea*$ a /age 9 ! inve/igation ( ext9ct types at :i* we are able to recognise :at are actually prim>y or primitive f]ns4 ,! se>* = orig9s w cont9ue2 z new discov]ies are made our po9t ( view %ifts & ! primitive type ( to-day may to-morr[ h to take a high] place4 ,! epi!t primitive or prim>y is 9 reality provisional3 to adopt su* a "n z ,prim(ilices sugge/s a f9ality :i* has n be51 or is likely to be1 a*iev$4 ,! true ance/ral type--! ,ur=m--:i* we /rive to discov] eludes ! pursu] l a w-o'-!-wisp4 ,see+ t ! numb] ( true f]ns ( ,palaeozoic age has be5 rec5tly consid]ably r$uc$ & is likely to suff] fur!r r$uction1 ! consid]ation ( su* und\bt$ ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian examples ( ! ,filicales z are left acquires a special importance4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is natural to ask :e!r ! ,palaeozoic f]ns include any types :i*1 if n !mselves ance/ral =ms1 may s]ve to indicate ! probable l9es ( evolution ( exi/+ families4 ,x is probable t 9 ! ne> future our k ( ! ,co5opt]ideae w be consid]ably ext5d$2 z yet we possess meagre in=mation 9 reg>d to ^? *>act]s on :i* mo/ /ress has g5]ally be5 laid 9 ! classification ( rec5t f]ns1 namely ! /ructure ( ! spore-be>+ organs4 ,! sporangia ( ,diplolabis & ,/auropt]is 7figs4 #cji1 ,a2 #cbb7 are exannulate2 9 ! =m] g5us !y occur 9 sori or synangia consi/+ ( a small numb] ( sporangia1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y are borne s+ly at ! tips ( ultimate ramifications ( a highly comp\nd leaf4 ,! resemblance ( ! synangium ( ,diplolabis to t ( ,kaulfussia 7fig4 #bde1 ,c7 is n %>$ 9 an equal degree by ! sporangia ( ,/auropt]is1 :i* are 9 "s respects comp>able ) ^? ( ! ,ophioglossaceae4 ,9 ! ,zygopt]eae1 or at lea/ 9 ! case ( su* f]tile fronds z are kn[n1 & 9 ,botryopt]is 7fig4 #cai71 ! sporangia occur 9 gr\ps1 & ! p$icel ( ea* sporangium is suppli$ ) vascul> tissue z 9 ,helm9?o/a*ys4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! sporangia ( ! ext9ct types is ! possession ( an annulus sev]al cells 9 bread?1 a peculi>ity :i* supplies a po9t ( contact ) ! ,osmundaceae4 ,9 ! sporangia ( ,kid/onia we h a simil> ?\gh n an id5tical type 7fig4 #bef1 ,e1 p4 #cdj74 ,s f>1 !n1 z ! evid5ce af=d$ by sporangial *>act]s is conc]n$1 x po9ts to comp>ison ) ! ,ophioglossaceae1 ! ,osmundaceae1 & ! ,m>attiaceae4 ,:5 we comp>e ! /eles ( ! /ems we f9d a wide range ( /ructure4 ,all ! g5]a agree 9 be+ mono/elic2 9 ,tubicaulis & ,grammatopt]is ! protoxylem is ex>*1 9 ,botryopt]is x is int]nal1 :ile ! foli> /r& ( ,/auropt]is & ! /ele ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata are mes>*4 ,! axill>y bran*+ ( species ( ,ankyropt]is sugge/s comp>ison ) ! ,hym5ophyllaceae4 ,! inve/igation ( ! vascul> sy/em ( ! petioles has af=d$ results :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,p4 ,b]tr& h l$ to conclusions 9 reg>d to int]-relation%ips4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n ov]look ! dang] ( attribut+ c excessive importance to ?is s+le crit]ion & ( neglect+ ! facts ( /em anatomy4 ,i4 ,botryopt]eae4 ,grammatopt]is4 ,r5ault in/itut$ ?is g5us = petrifi$ /ems f ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,autun4 ,grammatopt]is ,rigolloti#aaae1 ! type-species1 is repres5t$ by a fragm5t1 #ab-ae mm4 9 diamet]1 surr\nd$ by cr[d$ petioles *>act]is$ by a vascul> /r& 9 ! =m ( a %ort & comp>atively broad plate ) ! smalle/ tra*eae at ea* end4 ,! solid xylem ( ! /em /ele 7proto/ele7 has p]iph]al gr\ps ( protoxylem4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! =m ( ! leaves1 b sporangia simil> to ^? ( ,etapt]is 7,zygopt]is7 7 f\nd 9 association ) ! /em4 ,x is possible1 z ,p4 ,b]tr& sugge/s1 t ,r5ault's species may be ! /em ( a ,tubicaulis4 ,tubicaulis4 ,tubicaulis sol5ites 7,spr5gel7#aaaf4 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,?is species f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,saxony has be5 fully describ$ by ,/5zel#aaag4 ,x is *>act]is$ by a v sl5d] erect /em be>+ num]\s spirally dispos$ leaves associat$ ) adv5titi\s roots2 ! s+le /ele 7proto/ele7 consi/s exclusively ( tra*eae1 describ$ z int]m$iate betwe5 ! scal>i=m & reticulate type1 surr\nd$ by phloem4 ,leaf-traces are giv5 (f f ! p]iph]y ( ! /ele :]e gr\ps ( small] elem5ts occur2 ^! h ! =m ( a wide-op5 ,u-%ap$ /r& ) ! base ( ! ,u fac+ ! axis ( ! /em4 ,z ! trace passes out t[>ds ! leaves1 ! ends ( ! ,u become m or less incurv$4 ,! /em is said to rea* a metre 9 l5g? & to be> comp\nd fronds a metre long4 ,! ori5tation ( ! leaf-trace ) its concavity turn$ outw>ds is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! relation betwe5 leaf-trace & /em 9 rec5t f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjd4 ,tubicaulis sol5ites4 7,f ,tansley1 aft] ,/5zel47 ,/em & petioles3 ! latt] numb]$ 9 ! ord] ( _! age4 ,tubicaulis ,sutcliffii1 ,/opes#aaah4 ,9 ?is species ! vascul> axis1 #b mm4 9 diamet]1 is almo/ cyl9drical & ( ! proto/elic type ) ! protoxylem 8ne> to or at ! edge03 ! tra*eae are scal>i=m or reticulate4 ,! leaf-traces1 :5 fir/ sep>at$ f ! edge ( ! /ele1 are oval & gradually assume ! curv$ =m se5 9 ,t4 sol5ites 7fig4 #cjd7 ) ! convex side t[>ds ! axis ( ! /em4 ,! transition f ! scal>i=m to ! reticulate type ( pitt+ on ! tra*eal walls ref]r$ to by ,miss ,/opes has also be5 notic$ 9 "s rec5t f]ns 7e4g4 ,helm9?o/a*ys7 & 9 ,sigill>ia 7fig4 #bjj1 ,c1 p4 #bab74 ,! fact t ! scal>i=m type ( pitt+ is practically univ]sal 9 ! xylem ( rec5t f]ns1 w\ld seem to %[ t ?is "* has be5 acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution & reta9$ 9 pref]5ce to ! reticulate =m *>act]i/ic ( sev]al ,palaeozoic species4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two me?ods ( pitt+ is "o ( little phylog5etic importance4 ,botryopt]is4 ,?is g5us1 f\nd$ by ,r5ault on a specim5 f ,autun1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl& by ,botryopt]is hirsuta 7 ,ra*iopt]is hirsuta ,w471 ,b4 ramosa 7 ,r4 ramosa ,w4#aaai7 7fig4 #cjf7 & ,b4 cyl9drica 7fig4 #cje71 also by ,b4 antiqua 7fig4 #cjg7 f ! ,culm ( ,pettycur1 ,scotl&4 ,an important *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us is ! solid /ele ( ! /em :i* agrees ) t ( ,tubicaulis & ,grammatopt]is1 except 9 ! c5tral or p]iph]al position ( ! smalle/ tra*eae4 ,botryopt]is =5sis ,r5ault#aabj4 ,figs4 #cji1 ,b2 #cai1 ,d-,g4 ,! /em ( ?is species f ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,/ ti5ne is #ag cm4 x #ge mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! solid /ele consi/s ( reticulate tra*eae ) ! smalle/ elem5ts on ! out] edge4 ,! comp>atively broad cortex ( ! type-specim5 is trav]s$ by a leaf-trace 9 an almo/ v]tical c\rse & by vascul> /r&s pass+ horizontally to roots4 ,! petioles are circul> 9 section & _! vascul> /r& has ! =m ( an 9 transv]se section 7fig4 #cai1 ,g71 ! ?ree project+ arms po9t+ to ! axis ( ! /em4 ,bo? /em & leaves bore l>ge multicellul> hairs1 spok5 ( by ,r5ault z equiseti=m because ( ! f9ely too!d %ea?s ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! comp\nd fronds _h fle%y lob$ p9nules ) di*otom\sly bran*$ ve9s 7fig4 #cji1 ,b72 /omata are said to be conf9$ to ! upp] surface1 an obs]vation :i* leads ,r5ault to describe ! plant z aquatic on evid5ce :i* is h>dly conv9c+4 ,! pyri=m & p$icellate sporangia are borne 9 gr\ps ( two to six on ! ultimate divisions ( ! frond2 ! wall is compos$ ( two lay]s ( cells & on "o side ( ! sporangium is an annulus sev]al cells 9 bread? 7fig4 #cai1 ,d1 ,f74 ,an int]e/+ type ( sporangium describ$ by ,oliv]#aaba f ,gr&',croix 9 ,france may1 z he sugge/s1 belong to ,botryopt]is =5sis2 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,r5ault's & ,oliv]'s specim5s be+ ! result ( ! m p]fect pres]vation ( ! tissues 9 ! latt]4 ,! sporangium describ$ by ! ,engli% au?or is circul> 9 section & measures #jfe #jec mm42 ! wall is 9 "p compos$ ( a s+le lay] ( cells & 9 "p ( two to ?ree lay]s1 a "* recall+ ! 8annulate0 sporangia ( ,botryopt]is4 ,betwe5 ! spore-mass & ! wall is an int]rupt$ r+ ( %ort tra*eal elem5ts simil> to ! xylem-mantle :i* occurs at ! p]iph]y ( ! nucellus ( c]ta9 ,palaeozoic gymnosp]m\s se$s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( pro( ( a connexion betwe5 ?is sporangium & ,botryopt]is x is conv5i5t to use ! g5]ic "n ,tra*eo!ca subsequ5tly propos$ by ,oliv]#aabb4 ,9 ! rec5t f]ns ,helm9?o/a*ys & ,botry*ium1 &1 z ,oliv] notices1 9 ! microsporangia ( ! ,au/ralian ,cycad ,b[5ia spectabilis1 vascul> /r&s ext5d almo/ to ! sporog5\s tissue1 b ! fossil sporangium is unique 9 hav+ a tra*eal lay] 9 imm$iate contact ) ! spores4 ,^! xylem elem5ts may1 z ,oliv] sugge/s1 h s]v$ ! purpose ( convey+ wat] to ! rip5+ spores4 ,botryopt]is hirsuta 7,w47#aabc4 ,?is ,engli% species has a sl5d] axis be>+ num]\s leaves ) petioles equal 9 diamet] to ! /em4 ,! surface ( ! vegetative organs be>s l>ge multicellul> hairs4 ,! leaf-traces resemble ^? ( ,b4 =5sis1 b ! project+ tee? :i* t]m9ate 9 protoxylem elem5ts are less prom95t ?an 9 ! ,fr5* species2 ! petioles 7 nam$ by ,felix ,ra*iopt]is trid5tata#aabd4 ,z a leaf-trace passes into ! /ele ( ! /em ! ?ree protoxylem /r&s unite & take up an int]nal position 9 ! solid /ele4 ,! /ele may1 !re=e1 be describ$ z end>*4 ,! small tra*eae at ! edge ( ! /ele supply ! xylem /r&s ( adv5titi\s roots4 ,sporangia simil> to ^? ( ,b4 =5sis h be5 f\nd 9 association ) ! ,engli% species4 ,botryopt]is cyl9drica 7,w474 ,fig4 #cje4 ,a plant orig9ally describ$ by ,williamson#aabe f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl& z ,ra*iopt]is cyl9drica 7fig4 #cje7 & aft]w>ds m fully dealt ) by ,hick#aabf1 has a sl5d] /em ) a cyl9drical /ele *>act]is$ by well-def9$ c5tral protoxylem elem5ts 9 "o or two gr\ps4 ,! leaf-traces are semi-lun> 9 section ) ! protoxylem on ! flatt] side4 ,! /ele ( ,botryopt]is cyl9drica 7fig4 #cje1 ,a7 is m cyl9drical 9 section ?an t ( ,b4 ramosa 7fig4 #cjf7 & %[s m cle>ly ! diff]5tiation into small] c5tral & l>g] p]iph]al tra*eae4 ,9 ! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cje1 ,b ! /ele is giv+ (f a bran* almo/ id5tical 9 /ructure ) ! ma9 vascul> axis4 ,scott#aabg1 9 ref]r+ to ! inclusion ( ?is type 9 ! g5us ,botryopt]is1 expresses ! op9ion t its habit mu/ h be5 v diff]5t f t ( o!r species1 & he sugge/s ! in/itution ( a new g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cje4 ,botryopt]is cyl9drica 7 #cj74 ,f sections 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool4 ,botryopt]is ramosa 7,williamson74 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,?is species1 :i* be>s a close resemblance to ,botryopt]is hirsuta1 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,williamson f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl& z ,ra*iopt]is ramosa#aabh1 ! specific "n be+ *os5 on acc\nt ( ! num]\s & cr[d$ bran*es giv5 (f f ! ma9 axis4 ,! section %[n 9 fig4 #cjf1 ,a1 illu/rates ,williamson's description ( ! /em z be+ 8always surr\nd$ :5 se5 9 transv]se sections by a sw>m ( simil> sections ( ! l>ge & small bran*es1 ?\gh ( v>y+ %apes & sizes40 ,! /ele is compos$ ( a solid & m or less cyl9drical rod ( xylem tra*eae ( ! reticulate type surr\nd$ by phloem 7figs4 ,a & ,d73 "o or m int]nal gr\ps ( small] protoxylem elem5ts occur 9 an approximately c5tral position 7fig4 ,a1 px74 ,! /ele is 9 fact end>* l ^? ( ,selag9ella sp9osa & ,tri*omanes r5i=me1 a feature :i*1 z ,tansley#aabi believes1 probably entitles ! vascul> axis to be consid]$ a primitive =m ( proto/ele4 ,9 ! specim5s repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cjf ! phloem & inn] cortical tissues 7 almo/ completely de/roy$ be=e petrifaction4 ,! ?ick-wall$ out] cortex be>s at its p]iph]y num]\s multicellul> hairs4 ,"s ( ! xylem /r&s giv5 (f f ! /ele no d\bt suppli$ adv5titi\s roots1 b 9 mo/ cases ! outgo+ bran*es are leaf-traces & ! num]\s sections ( axes ( diff]5t sizes se5 9 fig4 ,a po9t to a repeat$ subdivision ( ! cr[d$ fronds4 ,! /ructure ( a petiole is %[n 9 figs4 ,c & ,d4 ,z se5 9 fig4 ,c1 ! oval vascul> /r& has ?ree protoxylem gr\ps1 px1 on its flatt] side2 a well-def9$ epid]mal lay] is %[n at e 9 fig4 ,c4 ,fig4 ,b %[s at a a section ( a leaf-axis 9 ! act ( bran*+ & ! r[ ( bran*lets at b repres5ts a fur!r /age 9 subdivision4 ,at sp 9 fig4 ,a ! section has cut ?r\gh a s+le sporangium *>act]is$ by a gr\p ( l>g] 78annulus07 cells on "o side ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjf4 ,a-,d4 ,botryopt]is ramosa2 /em & frond axes4 7,a #g2 ,b #ae2 ,c #bf2 ,d #ac4 ,f sections 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection47 px1 protoxylem2 sp1 sporangium2 e1 epid]mis4 ,?is sl5d] f]n ) its num]\s repeat$ly bran*$ leaves may p]haps h liv$ epiphytically on m robu/ plants4 ,botryopt]is antiqua1 ,kid/4 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,?is species1 rec5tly describ$ by ,kid/on#aacj f ! ,culm ( ,pettycur ne> ,burntisl&1 is repres5t$ by sections ( a small /em ) a cyl9drical /ele #jdj mm4 9 diamet] compos$ entirely ( scal>i=m tra*eae )\t any recognisable protoxylem4 ,! petioles are l>g] ?an ! /em2 ! m]i/ele 7fig4 #cjg7 is oval ) protoxylem elem5ts on ! slightly m r\nd$ adaxial face4 ,z ,kid/on sugge/s1 ?is /em may belong to a scrambl+ plant :i* requir$ support to be> its relatively l>ge leaves4 ,an int]e/+ feature is ! abs5ce ( project+ tee? 9 ! leaf-trace1 a "* 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! =m assum$ by ! petioles ( ,botryopt]is =5sis 7fig4 #cai1 ,g7 & ,b4 hirsuta4 ,?is leads ,kid/on to sugge/ t ! vascul> /r& ( ! petiole t5ds 8to become m simple 444 z trac$ back 9 geological "t40 ,! great] simil>ity 9 ?is species betwe5 ! /ele ( ! /em & t ( ! petiole is probably ano!r m>k ( a m primitive type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjg4 ,botryopt]is antiqua3 ,petiol> vascul> /r&4 7,aft] ,kid/on3 #fe47 ,9 ^! ?ree types1 ,grammatopt]is1 ,tubicaulis1 & ,botryopt]is1 we h mono/elic plants1 = ! mo/ "p ( v small size1 ) leaf-traces v>y+ 9 %ape f ! oblong b&-=m 9 ,grammatopt]is1 & ! oval =m ( ,botryopt]is antiqua1 to ! type repres5t$ 9 its mo/ pron\nc$ =m by ,b4 =5sis4 ,9 sev]al species ! /em /ele is end>*4 ,our k ( ! leaves is v meagre3 9 ,b4 =5sis !y 7 repeat$ly bran*$ & app>5tly bore small fle%y p9nules2 ! sporangia1 ?\gh diff]+ f ^? ( rec5t f]ns1 may be comp>$ ) ! spore-capsules ( ,osmundaceae z reg>ds ! /ructure ( ! annulus4 ,! abundance ( hairs on ! /ems & leaves ( "s species1 ! tra*eal %ea? 9 ! sporangium describ$ by ,oliv]#aaca z ,tra*eo!ca 7 ,botryopt]is871 & ! app>5t abs5ce ( a l>ge well-develop$ lam9a1 may p]haps be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( x]ophil\s conditions4 ,,ii4 ,zygopt]eae4 ,corda#aacb propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,zygopt]is = petrifi$ petioles f ! ,p]mian ( ,saxony1 includ$ by ,cotta 9 8 g5us ,tubicaulis1 :i* he nam$ ,t4 prim>ius4 ,corda's g5us has be5 g5]ally us$ = petioles ( ,palaeozoic f]ns *>act]is$ by a vascul> /r& hav+ ! =m ( an ,h 9 transv]se section 7fig4 #cjh1 ,d74 ,s9ce ! g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$1 in=mation has be5 obta9$ 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! /ems :i* bore "s ( ! petioles ( ! ,zygopt]is type2 & = o!r species ( ,zygopt]is1 ! /ems ( :i* are /ill unkn[n1 new g5]ic names h be5 propos$4 ,p4 ,b]tr&#aacc reta9s ,zygopt]is = "o species only1 ,z4 prim>ia4 ,fig4 #cjh1 ,d1 %[s ! "* ( ! petiol> vascul> /r&2 ! *ief po9ts are ! comp>atively long cross-pieces 7ant5nae ( ,p4 ,b]tr&7 incl9$ at an angle ( #de to ! plane ( symmetry ( ! petiole axis1 & ! gr\ps ( protoxylem elem5ts %[n by ! :ite pat*es 9 fig4 ,d4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r memb]s ( ! ,zygopt]eae ! ma9 ra*is ( ! leaf gives (f f\r sets ( bran*es 9 pairs alt]nately f ! "r & left side ( ! prim>y vascul> axis4 ,?is me?od ( bran*+ ( ! /ele 9 ! prim>y ra*is ( sev]al memb]s ( ! ,co5opt]ideae %[s t ! fronds bore p9nae lat]ally dispos$1 9 "s cases 9 "o r[ & 9 o!rs 9 two r[s on ea* side ( ! ra*is4 ,9 a typical f]n frond1 z repres5t$ by rec5t & mo/ fossil species1 bran*+ ( ! ra*is occurs 9 ! plane ( ! frond1 t is 9 ! plane repres5t$ by ! horizontal arm ( xylem 9 ,zygopt]is prim>ia connect+ ! two ant5nae or cross-pieces4 ,9 ! ,zygopt]eae ! bran*es f ! petiole vascul> axis lie 9 a plane at "r angles to t ( ! frond2 !y lie 9 ! transv]se & n 9 ! horizontal plane4 ,! two /r&s %[n 9 fig4 #cjh1 ,b1 #d1 h be5 =m$ by ! division ( a s+le /r&1 #c1 9 ! transv]se plane 7i4e4 9 ! plane ( ! pap]74 ,z ,tansley#aacd po9ts out1 a type ( bran*+ sup]ficially simil> to1 ?\gh n id5tical ) ?is1 is se5 9 "s rec5t species ( ,glei*5ia & ,lygodium4 ,9 ?is connexion x is wor?y ( note t a f]n figur$ by ,ung] f ,?ur+ia z ,sph5opt]is petiolata ,goepp#aace be>s p9nae 9 two r[s on ! ra*is :i* are *>act]is$ by repeat$ bran*+ & by a v n>r[ lam9a or by sl5d] nak$ axes2 ! occurr5ce ( ?is =m ( frond 9 rocks conta9+ ,clepsydropsis antiqua 7fig4 #cjh1 ,a7 sugge/s a possible connexion betwe5 ! petrifi$ ra*is & ! impressions ( ! leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjh4 ,a4 ,clepsydropsis antiqua4 ,b4 ,etapt]is ,scotti4 ,c4 ,diplolabis =5sis4 ,d4 ,zygopt]is prim>ia4 ,e-,g4 ,/auropt]is oldhamia4 ,! :ite pat*es 9 ! xylem 9 figs4 ,b-,g m>k ! position ( protoxylem elem5ts4 7,a1 aft] ,ung]2 ,b-,g1 aft] ,p4 ,b]tr&47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cji4 ,a4 ,diplolabis =5sis4 ,b4 ,botryopt]is =5sis4 ,c1 ,d4 ,corynept]is coralloides4 ,e4 ,s*izopt]is 7,etapt]is7 p9nata4 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,r5ault2 ,c1 ,d1 aft] ,zeill]2 ,e1 aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]47 ,! vascul> /r& ( ! ra*is ( ,zygopt]is prim>ia 7fig4 #cjh1 ,d7 is simpl] ?an t ( mo/ ( ! ,zygopt]eae & exhibits a close resemblance to ! type ( /r& describ$ by ,r5ault z ,diplolabis 7fig4 #cjh1 ,c74 ,diplolabis4 ,r5ault#aacf in/itut$ ?is g5us = two species f ! ,culm b$s & ,coal-,measures ( ,france bas$ on ! /ructure ( ! petioles4 ,! /ems are unkn[n4 ,! ma9 ra*is has a /ele simil> to t ( ,zygopt]is prim>ia1 b di/+ui%$ by its great] simil>ity1 9 transv]se section1 to an ,x r ?an to ! lett] ,h3 ! long transv]se b> 9 ,zygopt]is is "h mu* r$uc$ 9 size4 ,! petiole ( ,diplolabis =5sis#aacg ,r54 7fig4 #cjh1 ,c7 has a diamet] ( #ae-b cm4 ,f ! ant5nae a pair ( small bundles is giv5 (f alt]nately f ! "r & left side1 z 9 ,zygopt]is2 ! memb]s ( ea* pair coalesce aft] leav+ ! ant5nae & !n sep>ate to pass into ! lat]al bran*es ( ! frond4 ,! position ( ! protoxylem & ! =mation ( ! lat]al xylem /r&s previ\s to _! sep>ation are %[n 9 fig4 #cjh1 ,c4 ,on ! side ( ! vascul> /r& %[n 9 fig4 ,c1 #b1 ! two lat]al ext5sions ( ! ant5nae are conv]g+ t[>ds "o ano!r previ\s to _! sep>ation & subsequ5t union4 ,! ovoid sporangia occur 9 gr\ps ( ?ree to six & are coalesc5t bel[ ) a c5tral receptacle2 !y h no annulus1 b ! cells on ! side next ! receptacle are small] ?an ^? on ! ext]nal wall 7fig4 #cji1 ,a74 ,! synangial =m ( ! sorus sugge/s comp>ison ) ,m>attiaceae4 ,! species describ$ by ,r5ault f ! ,culm ( ,esno/ is reg>d$ by ,p4 ,b]tr& z id5tical ) t describ$ by ,solms1 f ! ,culm ( ,falk5b]g1 z ,zygopt]is ,roem]i#aach4 ,diplolabis is comp>$ by ,p4 ,b]tr& ) ,metaclepsydropsis1 ! g5]ic "n giv5 to ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s petiole describ$ by ,williamson z ,ra*iopt]is duplex#aaci4 ,mr ,gordon has rec5tly describ$ 9 a prelim9>y note a new type ( /em /ele "u ! "n ,zygopt]is pettycur5sis f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s plant b$ ( ,pettycur#aadj3 he reg>ds ! petioles atta*$ to ! /em z id5tical ) ,zygopt]is ,roem]i ,solms-,lauba*#aada4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ by ,solms-,lauba* on petioles only1 is plac$ by ,b]tr&#aadb 9 ! g5us ,diplolabis & reg>d$ z id5tical ) ,d4 esno/5sis ,r54 ,! /ele f\nd by ,mr ,gordon may !re=e be assign$ to ! g5us ,diplolabis3 x includes two regions compos$ exclusively ( tra*eae & is cyl9drical 9 transv]se section4 ,! inn] xylem zone consi/s ( %ort1 squ>e-end$1 reticulately pitt$ elem5ts & ! out] zone is compos$ ( long & po9t$ conduct+ tra*eae4 ,! scal>i=m protoxylem elem5ts are situat$ betwe5 ! two metaxylem zones4 ,z ,mr ,gordon says3 ?is type ( /em occupies a position 89 ! ,zygopt]oid alliance0 correspond+ to t :i* ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii 7p4 #cbi7 occupies 9 ! ,osmundace\s s]ies4 ,! discov]y ( ?is /em supplies ano!r l9k betwe5 ! two f]n gr\ps1 ,osmundaceae & ,co5opt]ideae4 ,pel\rde#aadc has describ$ an imp]fectly pres]v$ vascul> /r& f a locality ne> ,autun z ! type ( a new g5us ,fli*eia esno/5sis4 ,mr ,gordon has po9t$ out to me t ?is is a p>tially rott$ petiole ( ,diplolabis esno/5sis 7 ,zygopt]is ,roem]i74 ,9 _! rec5t acc\nt ( fossil ,osmundace\s g5]a1 ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan#aadd speak ( ! c5tral p>5*yma ( ! exi/+ m$ullat$ /ele z be+ d]iv$ f tra*eal tissue4 ,!y add t if ! ,zygopt]oid l9e ( desc5t is at all close to ! ,osmundace\s1 we mu/ be prep>$ = ! exi/5ce ( a ,zygopt]is ) a solid xylem l t ( ,?amnopt]is3 8su* a discov]y1 9 fact1 we hopefully anticipate#aade40 ,! new ,pettycur /em amply ju/ifies ?is prophecy4 ,x is notewor?y t ,mr ,gordon's /em af=ds an in/ance ( ! occurr5ce ( a type ( /ele1 simil> 9 its cyl9drical =m & 9 ! abs5ce ( p>5*yma to t ( ,botryopt]is1 9 a plant be>+ leaves *>act]is$ by ! ,zygopt]is type ( vascul> /r&4 ,metaclepsydropsis duplex 7,w47 fig4 #caj1 ,a#aadf4 ,ra*iopt]is duplex1 ,williamson #ahgd4 ,a/]o*la5a 7,clepsydropsis7 duplex1 ,/5zel #ahhi4 ,clepsydropsis1 ,r5ault #ahif4 ,! vascul> axis ( ! ma9 axis ( ! frond is *>act]is$ by ! h\r-glass %ape ( ! xylem :i* consi/s entirely ( tra*eae1 mo/ ( :i* are reticulately pitt$4 ,9 a transv]se section 7fig4 #caj1 ,a7 ! two ends ( ! /ele are dissimil>2 at "o end ( ! long axis is a small bay ( ?9-wall$ tissue 7phloem7 enclos$ by a n>r[ b& ( xylem1 & at ! o!r ! bay is op5 & has two protoxylem gr\ps4 ,! latt] repres5ts ! e>lie/ /age 9 ! production ( second>y bundles3 at a lat] /age ! bay is clos$ by ! elongation ( ! edges1 ! enclos$ gr\p ( phloem is v]tically ext5d$1 & ! protoxylem /r&s are m widely sep>at$4 ,! curv$ b& ( xylem becomes deta*$ z a curv$ arc & divides into two 7fig4 #caj1 ,a74 ,9 a s+le section ( ?is species "o (t5 sees sev]al /r&s ( xylem enclos$ 9 a common cortex ) ! ma9 vascul> axis2 ^! are ! xylem bundles ( lat]al p9nae4 ,metaclepsydropsis duplex %[s ! me?od ( bran*+ ( ! petiole vascul> axis :i* has already be5 notic$ 9 ,diplolabis & ,zygopt]is4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is feature1 ,williamson wrote 9 #ahgb--8;,i "k ( no rec5t f]n 9 :i* ! second>y bran*es ( ! petiole are ?us giv5 (f 9 pairs1 :i* pairs are di/i*\sly arrang$ on ! prim>y axis1 & ea* ( :i* second>y petioles su/a9s t]n>y ones arrang$ di/i*\sly40 ,by slightly alt]+ ! prim>y /ele ( ?is type ( frond1 by n>r[+ ( ! con/rict$ portion ( ! h\r-glass & ext5d+ ! lat]al gr\ps ( xylem obliquely upw>ds1 ! =m ( /ele %[n 9 fig4 #caj1 ,a1 w\ld be conv]t$ into ! ,diplolabis type 7fig4 #cjh1 ,c74 ,clepsydropsis4 ,ung]#aadg in/itut$ ?is g5us z a subdivision ( ,corda's family ,rhaciopt]ideae#aadh1 ! "n hav+ ref]5ce to ! h\r-glass =m ( ! vascul> axis#aadi4 ,! type-species ,c4 antiqua 7fig4 #cjh1 ,a7 is spok5 ( z ! commone/ fossil plant 9 ! ,devonian rocks ( ,?ur+ia4 ,9 "s sections ! xylem has ! =m se5 9 fig4 #cjh1 ,a1 9 :i* an invag9ation ( ?9-wall$ tissue occurs at ea* end2 9 o!r sections 7fig4 #cjh1 ,a7 ! bays become isl&s 9 ! xylem4 ,solms-,lauba* speaks ( ,ung]'s species z ,ra*iopt]is 7,clepsydropsis7 antiqua4 ,p4 ,b]tr&#aaej1 :o has rec5tly describ$ ,ung]'s plant1 :ile recognis+ t ,c4 antiqua & ,metaclepsydropsis duplex closely resemble "o ano!r1 draws att5tion to c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure ( ! xylem :i* he reg>ds z suffici5t to ju/ify a g5]ic sep>ation4 ,! leaf-traces ( ,clepsydropsis are describ$ by ,b]tr& z almo/ circul> clos$ r+s ( xylem in/ead ( an arc z 9 ,metaclepsydropsis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caj4 ,a4 ,metaclepsydropsis duplex4 ,b1 ,c4 ,/auropt]is oldhamia4 ,d4 ,ankyropt]is sc&5s4 ,a1 f a section 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection 7,l[] ,c>bonif]\s72 ,b1 ,c1 f sections 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool2 ,d1 aft] ,/5zel4 ,ankyropt]is4 ,/5zel adopt$ ?is "n = a subdivision ( ,corda's g5us ,zygopt]is1 apply+ x to a species describ$ by ,r5ault z ,z4 ,brongni>ti1 to a ,p]mian species describ$ by himself z ,z4 7,ankyropt]is7 sc&5s1 & to ,z4 ,lacattii ,r542 ,ra*iopt]is ,grayi ,w4 & ,ra*iopt]is corrugata ,w4 are also includ$ 9 ?is g5us4 ,! *>act]s emphasis$ by ,/5zel#aaea are 7i7 ! d\ble an*or-l =m ( ! ,h-%ap$ petiole /r& 9 :i* ! lat]al arms 7ant5nae7 are curv$ l ! flukes ( an an*or1 & 7ii7 ! emission ( f\r r[s ( bran*es in/ead ( two4 ,! latt] di/+ui%+ feature no long] holds good1 z ,z4 prim>ia also gives (f f\r r[s ( bundles & n two z ,/5zel suppos$4 ,p4 ,b]tr& has adopt$ ,/5zel's g5us 9 a n>r[] s5se#aaeb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caa4 ,ankyropt]is ,grayi4 ,/ele4 7,f a section 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection1 #ah47 ,ankyropt]is sc&5s ,/5zel#aaec4 ,fig4 #caj1 ,d4 ,?is ,l[] ,p]mian species is v simil> to or p]haps id5tical ) ,ankyropt]is ,grayi 7,williamson74 ,! /em ( ,a4 sc&5s 0 f\nd 9 association ) ! roots ( a ,ps>onius /em evid5tly petrifi$ 9 situ z x burr[$1 l ,tmesipt]is1 tropical aroids1 & o!r rec5t plants1 among ! liv+ roots ( ! tree-f]n4 ,! /em1 #aj-aa mm4 9 diamet]1 bore fronds ) an ,h-%ap$ vascul> /r&1 small scale-leaves1 & adv5titi\s roots4 ,! /ele consi/s ( a five-angl$ cyl9d] ( scal>i=m tra*eae surr\nd+ an axial /r& ( p>5*yma conta9+ scatt]$ tra*eae ( small] diamet]4 ,?is axial tissue ext5ds z a n>r[ /rip into ea* ( ! %ort & obtusely truncat$ arms 7cf4 fig4 #caa74 ,a /rik+ feature is ! production ( a %oot 9 ! axil ( ! foliage-leaves 7fig4 #caj1 ,d71 a mann] ( bran*+ *>act]i/ic ( ,tri*omanes 7see page #cfe74 ,ankyropt]is ,grayi 7,w474 ,fig4 #caa4 ,9 describ+ ?is species1 ,williamson wrote--8,t no classification ( ^! fossil f]ns bas$ solely ^u transv]se sections ( ! petiol> bundles is or c be ( mu* value1 is cle>ly %[n :5 te/$ among/ ^? liv+ f]ns ! classification ( :i* is *iefly bas$ ^u ! sporangial reproductive organs#aaed40 ,?is is a view entirely oppos$ to t :i* inspires ,p4 ,b]tr&'s rec5t monograph4 ,:e!r ! value atta*$ to ! vascul> /ructure ( petioles z a basis ( classification is upheld or n1 x is notewor?y t s9ce ,williamson express$ 8 op9ion1 our k ( ! anatomy ( f]ns & ( ! value ( anatomical evid5ce has enorm\sly increas$4 ,! sl5d] /em#aaee ( ?is ,l[] ,coal-,measures species agrees closely ) t ( ,a4 sc&5s2 x bore spirally dispos$ fronds1 scale-leaves1 & roots4 ,! /ele has ! =m ( an irregul> five-ray$ /> 7fig4 #caa7 9 :i* ! relative l5g? ( ! arms v>ies 9 diff]5t sections ow+ to ! sep>ation ( ! di/al ends to =m leaf-traces4 ,! axial region is compos$ ( p>5*yma & associat$ n>r[ tra*eae1 z 9 ,a4 sc&5s4 ,! xylem1 ) protoxylem elem5ts at ! ends & especially at ! angles ( ! arms1 is completely surr\nd$ by phloem4 ,! cortex consi/s int]nally ( p>5*yma :i* becomes ?ick]-wall$ t[>ds ! p]iph]y & be>s multicellul> epid]mal hairs4 ,a leaf-trace is deta*$ 9 ! =m ( a triangul> /r& & is =m$ by ! tang5tial ext5sion ( ! di/al end ( an arm ( ! /ele4 ,! trace1 on its way ?r\gh ! cortex1 divides into two2 ! out] bran* gradually *anges f a slightly curv$ b& to an ,h-%ap$ m]i/ele2 ! inn] bran*1 :i* suppli$ an axill>y %oot1 is simil> to ! /ele ( ! /em1 b small]4 ,scott#aaef has rec5tly record$ ! occurr5ce ( scale-leaves 7aphlebiae7 9 ?is species l ^? describ$ by ,/5zel 9 ,a4 sc&5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cab4 ,a4 ,?amnopt]is ,s*le*t5dalii4 ,leaf-trace3 px1 protoxylem2 s1 isl& ( p>5*yma4 7,aft] ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan47 ,b4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata4 ,s+le tra*ea ) tyloses4 ,c4 ,a4 bibract5sis4 ,"p ( foli> /r&4 7,aft] ,p4 ,b]tr&47 ,b]tr& includes 9 ,ankyropt]is ,r5ault's species ,zygopt]is bibract5sis#aaeg & ,williamson's species ,ra*iopt]is corrugata#aaeh3 ! =m] he names ,a4 bibract5sis v>4 we/phali5sis4 ,! fossil describ$ by ,williamson z ,r4 irregul>is or inaequalis#aaei are ! second>y bran*es ( ,a4 bibract5sis4 ,ankyropt]is bibract5sis1 v>4 we/phali5sis4 ,figs4 #cab1 ,c2 #cac4 ,! ra*is /ele ( ?is species1 :i* is repres5t$ by portions ( fronds only1 has ! =m ( a d\ble an*or 7fig4 #cac72 ! ant5nae are cont9u$ at ! out] edge ( _! di/al ends into a n>r[ b& 78filam5t0 ( ,p4 ,b]tr&7 7fig4 #cab1 ,c1 & #cac1 a7 compos$ ( small] tra*eae & sep>at$ f ! xylem ( ! ant5nae by a /rip ( ?9-wall$ tissue 7phloem874 ,a gr\p ( protoxylem occurs at ! junction ( ! filam5t & ant5nae4 ,! :ole ( ! xylem is surr\nd$ by phloem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cac4 ,ankyropt]is bibract5sis3 s1 /igm>ian rootlet2 a1 n>r[ loop ( xylem4 7,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool2 #f74 ,! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cac %[s ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! petiol> vascul> axis1 consi/+ ( a horizontal b& ( metaxylem ) gr\ps ( mu* small] tra*eae on bo? ! upp] & l[] m>g9s4 ,at ! junction betwe5 ! ant5nae1 curv$ l ! flukes ( an an*or1 & ! horizontal b& ( xylem1 ! latt] is only "o tra*ea 9 bread?4 ,! n>r[ loops ( small] xylem elem5ts are %[n on ! out] edge1 a 7fig4 #cac71 ( ! ant5nae sep>at$ f ! arcs ( l>g] tra*eae by a d>k l9e :i* repres5ts a cru%$ b& ( delicate tissue4 ,! spaces enclos$ by ! incurv$ ant5nae are l>gely occupi$ by p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue4 ,! cyl9d] ( out] cortex consi/s int]nally ( comp>atively ?9-wall$ p>5*yma succe$$ ext]nally by a zone ( d>k & ?ick]-wall$ cells *>act]is$ by a fairly regul> arrangem5t 9 radial s]ies1 z if =m$ by a second>y m]i/em2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no indication ( a m]i/ematic lay]4 ,bel[ ! small-cell$ epid]mis are a few lay]s ( ?9n]-wall$ cells :i* are n arrang$ 9 radial s]ies4 ,! /ructure ( ! out] "p ( ! cortex is simil> to t 9 ! petiole ( rec5t species ( ,angiopt]is 7fig4 #bdc1 p4 #cai7 & ,m>attia1 9 :i* a m delicate hypod]m is succe$$ by a b& ( me*anical tissue4 ,! ra*is ( ?is type ( frond gives (f two r[s ( lat]al bran*es f ! vascul> axis1 ! plane ( symmetry be+ at "r angles to ! prim>y ra*is4 ,ea* p9na bore at its base two aphlebiae suppli$ ) vascul> /r&s f ! leaf-traces4 ,we h no c]ta9 in=mation 9 reg>d to ! sporangia ( ?is species1 b ,scott po9ts out t 8pe>-%ap$ sporangia1 ) a v broad & ext5sive annulus1 are commonly f\nd associat$ ) ,zygopt]is bibract5sis & ,z4 corrugata 9 ! petrifactions ( ! ,engli% ,l[] ,coal-,measures#aafj40 ,ankyropt]is corrugata 7,w474 ,figs4 #cab1 ,b2 #cad-cag4 ,! /em ( ?is type ( ,zygopt]eae 0 describ$ by ,williamson f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire z ,ra*iopt]is corrugata & includ$ by him 9 ! sub-gr\p ,ana*oropt]oides4 ,! /ele 7fig4 #cad1 ,b7 is oval 9 transv]se section2 x consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( xylem tra*eae enclos+ a c5tral region occupi$ by p>5*ymat\s tissue & scatt]$ n>r[ scal>i=m tra*eae4 ,! c5tral tissue ext5ds radially 9 ! =m ( n>r[ arms :i* rea* almo/ to ! out] edge ( ! tra*eal tissue & divide x up into #e-g gr\ps4 ,a cyl9d] ( ?9-wall$ tissue encloses ! xylem & 9 ?is occur gr\ps ( l>ge sieve-tubes 7fig4 #cad1 ,d1 ,sv74 ,9 a section ( ?is species 9 ! ,williamson ,collection#aafa ! long axis ( ! /ele has a l5g? ( #e mm4 & ! diamet] ( ! /em z a :ole is #be cm4 ,! great] "p ( ! extra-/el> tissue consi/s ( l>ge p>5*ymat\s cells pass+ ne> ! p]iph]y into a b& ( d>k] & ?ick]-wall$ tissue4 ,r5i=m vascul> /r&s trav]se ! cortex 9 an obliquely asc5d+ c\rse on _! way to ! leaves1 also small] bundles1 "s ( :i* are giv5 (f directly f ! /ele1 :ile o!rs are bran*es ( ! petiole vascul> /r&s4 ,! petioles describ$ by ,williamson z ,ra*iopt]is insignis#aafb 7 aft]w>ds recognis$ by him z ^? ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata1 ?\gh ?is conclusion 0 n publi%$#aafc4 ,williamson's species ,r4 insignis mu/ n be confus$ ) ,ung]'s ,culm species ,arctopodium insigne1 :i* ,solms-,lauba*#aafd ref]s to z ,ra*iopt]is insignis4 ,! leaf-bundle ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata is at fir/ r5i=m 9 cont\r 7fig4 #cad1 ,c1 ,p71 b z x becomes free f ! /em x gradually assumes ! ,h-%ap$ =m 7figs4 #cae-cag74 ,?is petiol> /r& diff]s f t ( ,ankyropt]is bibract5sis 7fig4 #cac7 9 ! %ort] & less /rongly curv$ ant5nae2 &1 z ,williamson fir/ notic$1 ! tra*eae are frequ5tly fill$ ) ?9-wall$ p>5*yma 7fig4 #cab1 ,b74 ,! exi/5ce ( scale-leaves or aphlebiae l ^? ( ,ankyropt]is sc&5s & ,a4 ,grayi has be5 record$ by ,scott 9 ,a4 corrugata#aafe4 ,! section repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cad1 ,c1 %[s ! relatively small size ( ! /ele ,s 9 ! /em ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata4 ,! ma9 mass ( ! cortex consi/s ( uni=m p>5*yma pass+ ne> ! surface into d>k] & /rong] tissue3 two vascul> bundles are %[n 9 ! cortex1 "o ( :i* =ms ! conduct+ /r& ( a petiole1 ,p1 :i* has ne>ly fre$ itself f ! /em3 ! o!r bundle1 z %[n by ! exam9ation ( a s]ies ( sections1 ev5tually passes into ano!r leaf-/alk4 ,a root ( ano!r plant has invad$ ! cortex at ,r1 fig4 #cad1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cad4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata4 ,r1 intrud$ root2 ,p1 petiole2 ,s1 /ele1 ,sv sieve-tubes4 ,a1 ,b4 ,f a section 9 ! ,univ]sity ,college ,collection4 ,c4 ,aft] ,williamson4 ,d4 ,f a section 9 ! ,williamson ,collection 7,briti% ,museum74 ,! =m & /ructure ( ! /ele is diagrammatically repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cad1 ,b4 ,! out] portion 7black7 consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( scal>i=m tra*eae 9 :i* ! position ( gr\ps ( small] elem5ts 7protoxylem7 is %[n by ! :ite pat*es4 ,! xylem is ?us se5 to be mes>*4 ,! prom95t gr\p ( xylem on ! l[] "r-h& side ( ! section consi/s ( tra*eae1 cut across 9 an oblique direction1 :i* are ab\t to pass out z a sep>ate /r&4 ,! c5tre ( ! /ele is occupi$ by p>5*ymat\s tissue 9 :i* are includ$ scatt]$ tra*eae1 ei!r s+ly or 9 small gr\ps4 ,^! m$ull>y tra*eae are r n>r[] ?an ^? ( ! ma9 xylem cyl9d]4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature is ! radial outw>d ext5sion into ! xylem ( ! m$ull>y p>5*yma1 :i* t5ds p>tially to divide ! tra*eal cyl9d] into broad gr\ps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cae4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata 7,w474 ,petiol> vascul> /r&4 ,f a section 9 ! ,univ]sity ,college 7,london7 ,collection2 aft] ,tansley #ce4 ,fig4 #cad1 ,a1 enl>g$ f fig4 ,b1 a1 %[s ! mes>* position ( a protoxylem gr\p1 & a few ( ! p>5*ymat\s cells ( "o ( ! n>r[ arms ( ! axial tissue4 ,at ,sv 9 fig4 ,d a gr\p ( l>ge sieve-tubes is se5 sep>at$ f ! xylem by a few p>5*ymat\s cells1 & beyond ! sieve-tubes are "s tang5tially elongat$ cells4 ,bo? ! sieve-tubes1 ,sv1 & ! flatt5$ cells resemble tissues 9 a correspond+ position 9 ! /eles ( mod]n ,osmundaceae4 ,9 a section ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata 9 ! ,williamson ,collection ! radial arrangem5t ( ! m ext]nal metaxylem elem5ts sugge/s ! addition ( second>y tra*eae#aaff4 ,?is sugge/ion ( second>y ?ick5+1 a po9t :i* requires mu* m ?or\gh inve/igation1 is int]e/+ 9 relation to a new type ( /em nam$ by ,scott ,botry*ioxylon#aafg1 b n yet fully describ$4 ,?is g5]ic "n has be5 giv5 to a /em /ele :i* closely resembles t ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata except 9 ! regul> radial arrangem5t ( ! p]iph]al xylem elem5ts4 ,! "n ,botry*ioxylon 0 *os5 by ,scott because ( ! second>y xylem *>act]i/ic ( ! rec5t g5us ,botry*ium 7fig4 #bdg1 p4 #cbb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caf4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata4 ,petiole4 a1 n>r[ xylem loop2 b1 spaces 9 cortex4 ,f a section 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection4 7 #aj47 ,9 ! petiol> vascul> /r& repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cae ! n>r[ b& ( tra*eae :i* =ms a loop ext]nal to ! ant5nae is cle>ly se51 also ! small-cell$ p>5*yma betwe5 ! loops & ! l>g] metaxylem elem5ts ( ! ant5nae4 ,! cru%$ tissue ly+ on ! out] face ( ea* ( ! loops probably repres5ts ! phloem & p]icycle2 ! ?9-wall$ elem5ts above & bel[ ! horizontal b& ( metaxylem are probably sieve-tubes4 ,fig4 #caf %[s a transv]se section ( a petiole ( ?is species3 ! loops1 a1 ( small tra*eae are se5 b5d+ r\nd ! out] edge ( ! ant5nae4 ,! inn] & m delicate cortical tissue is p>tially pres]v$ & spaces1 b1 h be5 =m$ 9 x z ! result ( contraction previ\s to petrifaction4 ,9 ! petiole repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cag ! tra*eae ( ! horizontal b& are consid]ably cru%$2 ! section is1 h[ev]1 ( int]e/ because ( ! pres5ce ( ,lyg9od5dron roots1 l1 9 ! space orig9ally occupi$ by ! inn] cortex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cag4 ,ankyropt]is corrugata4 ,f a section 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,collection4 7 #i47 ,9 a pap] on ! tyloses ( ,ra*iopt]is corrugata1 ,weiss#aafh draws att5tion to ! fact t simil> inclusions h n be5 f\nd 9 ! tra*eae ( rec5t f]ns4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?9-wall$ p>5*ymat\s cells 9 ! l>ge tra*eae ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata petioles & ( o!r species is a /rik+ feature4 ,williamson#aafi comp>$ ^! cells ) ! tyloses 9 ! vessels ( rec5t fl[]+ plants1 & 9 a lat] pap]#aagj he sugge/$ t ! includ$ cells may belong to saprophytic or p>asitic fungi4 ,x is1 z ,weiss po9ts out1 difficult to expla9 ! occurr5ce ( tyloses 9 tra*eae n imm$iately 9 contact ) liv+ p>5*yma4 ,x may be t ! pits 9 ! tra*eae ( ,ankyropt]is 7 op5 spaces z 9 ! xylem ( rec5t f]ns describ$ by ,gwynne-,vaughan1 & if s ?is w\ld facilitate ! invasion ( ! conduct+ elem5ts by gr[+ cells4 ,a comp>ison is made by ,weiss betwe5 c]ta9 cell-gr\ps f\nd by him 9 ! tra*eae ( ,ankyropt]is & by ,miss ,jordan#aaga 9 ! vessels ( ! rec5t dicotyl$on ,cucumis sativus4 ,9 a m rec5t pap] on tyloses ,miss ,mc,nicol#aagb expresses ! op9ion t pseudop>5*yma 9 ! tra*eae ( ! fossil petioles owes its orig9 to fungal hyphae4 ,williamson comp>$ ! petiole bundles ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata ) ^? ( rec5t ,osmundaceae1 a comp>ison bas$ on ! /ructure ( ! leaf-trace be=e its sep>ation f ! /em & its assumption ( ! ,h-=m4 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t ?is comp>ison has acquir$ a great] significance z ! result ( rec5t "w4 ,! /ele ( ,ankyropt]is be>s a fairly close resemblance to t ( ,zalesskya describ$ by ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan2 9 bo? types ! xylem is repres5t$ by two k9ds ( tra*eal tissue4 ,9 ! ,p]mian ,osmundace\s g5us ! c5tre ( ! /ele consi/s ( %ort /orage tra*eids1 :ile 9 ,ankyropt]is we may reg>d ! c5tral p>5*yma & scatt]$ tra*eae z d]ivatives ( ! solid xylem core ( "s ance/ral type4 ,moreov]1 ! appe>ance & arrangem5t ( ! phloem & ! tang5tially elongat$ elem5ts ext]nal to x 7fig4 #cad7 rem9d "o ( ! extra-xylem zone 9 rec5t ,osmundaceae4 ,t ! ,osmundaceae & ,zygopt]eae are closely relat$ gr\ps !re c be little d\bt2 ( ?is aff9ity & common orig9#aagc ,ankyropt]is corrugata af=ds /rik+ evid5ce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /eles ( ,ankyropt]is ,grayi & ,a4 sc&5s 7figs4 #caj1 ,d2 #caa7 & t ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata is comp>atively small4 ,9 ! two =m] species ! cyl9drical =m has become /ellate ow+ to ! radial ext5sion ( ! xylem arms4 ,x may be t ?is m elaborate /yle ( vascul> con/ruction is connect$ ) ! climb+ habit ( ,a4 sc&5s & possibly ,a4 ,grayi4 ,! radial ext5sion ( ! xylem & ! consequ5t alt]nation ( ! yield+ p>5*ymat\s cortex & ! m rigid tra*eal arms w\ld probably r5d] ! wat]-conduct+ elem5ts less liable to injury 9 a twi/+ axis#aagd4 ,9 ,ana*oropt]is ,decaisnii#aage1 describ$ by ,r5ault1 & m especially 9 ,a/]o*la5a laxa#aagf ,/5zel1 a ,l[] ,p]mian type f ,saxony 7fig4 #cbd71 ! xylem ( ! /ele is mu* m deeply lob$ ?an 9 ,ankyropt]is ,grayi or ,a4 sc&5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cah4 ,etapt]is ,scotti1 ,p4 ,b]t4 7,f ,tansley1 aft] ,r5ault47 ,etapt]is ,scotti4 ,figs4 #cjh1 ,b2 #cji1 ,e2 #cah4 ,p4 ,b]tr& has propos$ ?is "n = a species ( petiole f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,engl& ref]r$ by ,b9ney#aagg to ,zygopt]is ,lacattii ,r541 & includ$ by ,williamson#aagh 9 8 compreh5sive g5us ,ra*iopt]is4 ,b]tr&#aagi reg>ds ! ,engli% species1 :i* is record$ also f ,g]many#aahj1 z di/9ct f ,r5ault's type#aaha & !re=e proposes a new "n4 ,! petiole /ele has ! ,h-=m1 b its /ructure is simpl] ?an t ( ! ,ankyropt]is petiole4 ,! horizontal b& ( xylem has at ea* end two oval gr\ps ( tra*eae connect$ ) x by a s+le r[ ( xylem elem5ts 7fig4 #cah74 ,f ! l[] "p ( ea* oval gr\p a small /r& is deta*$2 ! two /r&s f "o side ( ! /ele coalesce & !n sep>ate to pass into two p9nae4 ,fig4 #cjh1 ,b1 %[s f\r /ages 9 ! giv+-(f ( ! second>y bran*es4 ,?is species1 !re=e1 produces f\r r[s ( bran*es 9 alt]nate pairs f ! "r & left sides ( ! petiole4 ,! fir/ /age is %[n at #j1 #j1 fig4 #cjh1 ,b2 ! two project+ gr\ps ( protoxylem m>k ! po9ts ( dep>ture ( a pair ( small /r&s4 ,at #a1 ! projections are m prom95t1 & at #b a pair ( /r&s has become deta*$3 at a lat] /age1 #c1 ^! two /r&s unite to divide lat] 7#d7 into two slightly curv$ bundles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cai4 ,a-,c4 ,sporangia ( ,etapt]is 7874 ,d-,g4 ,botryopt]is =5sis4 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,our k ( ! fructification ( ,etapt]is is bas$ on ,r5ault's acc\nt ( sporangia1 :i* he reg>d$ z belong+ to ,zygopt]is 7,etapt]is7 ,lacattii4 ,!y h ! =m ( elongat$ slightly curv$ sacs 7#be #ac mm47 borne 9 clu/]s 7fig4 #cai1 ,a-,c7 on sl5d] ramifications ( ! f]tile frond1 :i* is *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( a lam9a4 ,ea* sporangium has a p$icel1 & ?ree to eight sporangia are atta*$ to a common p$uncle2 ! walls ( ! sporangia are at lea/ two cell-lay]s 9 ?ickness & ! annulus consi/s ( a b& ( ?ick-wall$ cells pass+ f ! cre/ d[n ea* side 7figs4 ,b & ,c71 ?us diff]+ f ! sporangia ( ,botryopt]is 7fig4 #cai1 ,d1 ,f7 9 :i* ! broad annulus is conf9$ to "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbj4 ,/auropt]is oldhamia4 7,aft] ,tansley4 ,f a section 9 ,dr ,scott's ,collection4 #fj47 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ! fronds describ$ by ,gr&',eury#aahb z ,s*izopt]is p9nata 7fig4 #cji1 ,e7 & ,s*izo/a*ys frondosus repres5t respectively ! /]ile & f]tile leaves ( ,etapt]is4 ,zeill]#aahc gives expression to ?is by sub/itut+ ! g5]ic "n ,zygopt]is = ,s*izopt]is1 & we may n[ speak ( ! leaves z ,etapt]is4 ,dr ,:ite#aahd has ref]r$ to a new g5us1 ,brittsia1 "s impressions ( p9nate fronds f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,miss\ri :i*1 z he po9ts out1 be> a close resemblance to ,s*izopt]is p9nata ,gr&',eury 7fig4 #cji1 ,e74 ,no sporangia h be5 f\nd2 x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ,brittsia problematica repres5ts fragm5ts ( a leaf borne by a plant closely alli$ to ,etapt]is 7,zygopt]is74 ,! broad ra*is be>s cr[d$ p9nae giv5 (f at a wide angle2 ! small p9nules are r deeply lob$ or p9natifid 7#c-aj mm4 long by #ae-c mm4 broad74 ,! lam9a is trav]s$ by irregul>ly lob$ & occasionally ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,9 ! f]tile p9nae ! segm5ts h no lam9a b be> bundles ( p$icellate sporangia4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! sporangia describ$ by ,r5ault & by o!r au?ors z ^? ( ,zygopt]is 7fig4 #cai1 ,a-,c7 h n be5 f\nd 9 organic cont9uity ) a frond %[+ a well-pres]v$ vascul> /r&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ?is *>act]i/ic annulate sporangium1 borne on bran*$ & sl5d] p$icels1 0 produc$ on fronds ) a mu* r$uc$ lam9a belong+ to "s species ( ! ,zygopt]eae1 ,etapt]is & probably also ,ankyropt]is4 ,/auropt]is4 ,?is g5us 0 in/itut$ by ,b9ney = petioles f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,oldham 7,lanca%ire74 ,/auropt]is oldhamia ,b9ney#aahe is *>act]is$ by a /ele 7figs4 #cjh1 ,e-,g2 #caj1 ,c2 #cbj2 #cba7 compos$ ( f\r gr\ps ( xylem :i* ,b]tr& reg>ds z homolog\s ) ! ant5nae ( ,diplolabis1 ,ankyropt]is1 & ,etapt]is1 ! horizontal cross-piece ( ^! g5]a be+ abs5t 9 ,/auropt]is4 ,williamson spoke ( ?is species z 8"o ( ! mo/ beautiful & also "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ ( ! plants ( ! ,coal-,measures02 he discuss$ its possible aff9ity ) bo? ,lycopods & f]ns1 decid+ 9 fav\r ( ! latt] gr\p#aahf4 ,9 transv]se section ! petiol> vascul> axis is approximately squ>e1 ! xylem gr\ps =m+ ! ends ( ! diagonals2 ! tra*eal gr\ps are sep>at$ by phloem & ! c5tre ( ! /ele 9 ! prim>y ra*is is also occupi$ by t tissue1 :i* is connect$ by f\r n>r[ /rips ) ! ext]nal phloem4 ,! /ructure ( ! petiol> vascul> axis is v cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+ by ,mrs ,tansley reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cbj4 ,protoxylem elem5ts occur close to ! surface ( ea* ( ! f\r arms ( ! xylem2 ! bays betwe5 ! two lat]al & ! two l[] xylem gr\ps conta9 l>ge sieve-tubes4 ,portions ( ! inn] cortex are se5 9 places abutt+ on ! small-cell$ p]icyclic tissue4 ,! "r & left halves ( ! /ele are n absolutely id5tical 7fig4 #cbj2 fig4 #cjh1 ,e72 ?is is due to ! fact t second>y bran*es are giv5 (f 9 f\r r[s1 two alt]nately f ! "r & left sides4 ,! prep>ation = ! dep>ture ( ! lat]al /r&s alt]s ! configuration ( ! /el> xylem gr\ps4 ,! protoxylem gr\ps are n ext]nal b sep>at$ f ! surface by "o or two lay]s ( metaxylem4 ,9 fig4 #cjh1 ,e1 ! occurr5ce ( two protoxylem /r&s 9 ! "r-h& gr\ps ( metaxylem m>ks an e>ly /age 9 ! deta*m5t ( bran*es4 ,^! two protoxylems are ! result ( division ( s+le protoxylem /r&s l ^? 9 ! left-h& half ( ! /ele4 ,at a lat] /age ! petiol> /ele assumes ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #cjh1 ,f1 & two small bundles are deta*$ to supply aphlebiae3 ?is is foll[$ by ! /age %[n 9 fig4 ,g1 :]e two f\r-arm$ /r&s are pass+ out to a pair ( bran*es ( ! leaf axis4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! two m]i/eles leaves ! "r-h& half ( ! /ele 9 ! condition se5 on ! left-h& side ( fig4 ,e4 ,! diagrammatic sket* repres5t$ 9 fig4 #caj1 ,c1 %[s "o pair ( bran*es 9 organic connexion ) ! ra*is1 & ea* ( ^! arms conta9s an obliquely cut vascul> /r& l ^? 9 fig4 #cjh1 ,g4 ,! cortex consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( fairly ?ick-wall$ p>5*yma 7fig4 #cba7 :i* 9 ! hypod]mal region is replac$ by a zone ( ?9-wall$ lacun> tissue4 ,a few /omata h be5 recognis$ 9 ! epid]mis#aahg4 ,! l[] left-h& bran* se5 9 fig4 #caj1 ,c1 has be5 %av$ by ! cutt+ :eel s t ! a]5*ymat\s tissue1 l1 is %[n 9 surface-view3 a portion ( ?is tissue is enl>g$ 9 fig4 ,c4 ,! same delicate *lorophyll\s tissue =ms a fold$ & %rivell$ lay] ) an unev5 m>g9 on ! surface ( ! ra*is & lat]al bran*es4 ,?is hypha-l tissue1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,scott#aahh & figur$ by ,b]tr&#aahi1 d\btless repres5ts ! mu* r$uc$ lam9a ( ! highly comp\nd leaves2 x may be comp>$ ) ! gre5 out] cortex ( ,psilotum %oots & ) ! lacun> tissue 9 ! capsule ( ! common moss1 ,fun>ia hygrometrica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cba4 ,/auropt]is oldhamia3 a1 sections ( p9nae4 7 #aj4 ,f a section 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool ,coll47 ,! ra*is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cba is surr\nd$ by an enorm\s numb] ( sections1 "s transv]se1 o!rs m or less v]tical1 ( bran*lets ( v>i\s sizes4 ,fig4 #caj1 ,b1 %[s ! ?ree-ray$ vascul> axis ( a bran* ( a l[] ord] ?an ^? se5 9 fig4 ,c1 & ! s+le vascul> /r&s ( /ill f9] ramifications ( ! leaf4 ,! extraord9>y abundance ( axes ( diff]5t sizes1 _m ( :i* are cut 9 ! plane ( bran*+1 9 close association ) ! ra*ises ( ,/auropt]is af=ds a /rik+ demon/ration ( ! ext5t to :i* ! subdivision ( ! frond 0 c>ri$ 9 a small space4 ,! leaves mu/ h pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a fea!ry plexus ( delicate gre5 bran*lets devoid ( a lam9a1 "s ( :i* bore t]m9al sporangia4 ,x may be t ! delicate fronds 7 borne on a sl5d] rhizome :i* liv$ epiphytically 9 a moi/ atmosph]e on ! /\t] /ems ( a support+ plant4 ,! sporangia#aaij ( ,/auropt]is oldhamia are exannulate & ne>ly sph]ical1 ) a wall ( m ?an a s+le r[ ( cells2 !y occur at ! tips ( sl5d] & d\btless p5dul\s bran*lets4 ,! discov]y by ,scott#aaia ( g]m9at+ spores 7fig4 #cbc7 9 a sporangium ( ?is type supplies an int]e/+ piece ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! f]n nature ( ^! reproductive organs4 ,simil> g]m9at+ spores h be5 describ$ by ,boodle#aaib 9 sporangia ( ,todea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbb4 ,sporangia ( ,/auropt]is oldhamia4 ,/1 /omium3 p1 palisade tissue4 7,f ,tansley1 aft] ,d4 ,h4 ,scott1 f a draw+ by ,mrs ,d4 ,h4 ,scott47 ,/auropt]is burntisl&ica4 ,?is ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s plant id5tifi$ by ,williamson ) ! ,oldham plant f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures is ref]r$ by ,b]tr& to a di/9ct species4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! ra*is /ele x agrees closely ) ,/auropt]is oldhamia2 ! ma9 vascul> /r& gives (f f\r r[s ( bran*es1 two f ea* side1 & aphlebiae 7 pres5t at ! common base ( ea* pair ( p9nae4 ,mrs ,scott#aaic1 :o has rec5tly describ$ ! sporangia ( ?is species1 speaks ( "o specim5 9 :i* g]m9at+ spores 7 f\nd4 ,! same au?or gives an acc\nt ( "s curi\s sp9dle-%ap$ bodies :i* %e f\nd 9 association ) ,s4 burntisl&ica4 ,! nature ( ^! organs is unc]ta92 ,mrs ,scott incl9es to reg>d !m z gl&s borne 9 pairs on lat]al p$icels ( ! frond3 %e adopts = ^! ! "n ,b5sonites fusi=mis propos$ by ,dr ,scott4 ,if !re is a reasonable probability1 z !re c]ta9ly seems to be1 9 fav\r ( connect+ ^! organs ) ,/auropt]is1 x is legitimate to "q ! desirability ( add+ to ! long li/ ( names includ$ 9 ! gr\p ,co5opt]ideae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbc4 ,g]m9at+ spores f a sporangium ( ,/auropt]is4 7,f ,tansley1 aft] ,d4 ,h4 ,scott47 ,corynept]is4 ,fig4 #cji1 ,c1 ,d4 ,?is g5us 0 f\nd$ by ,baily#aaid on fragm5ts ( a f]n f ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,c\nty ,lim]ick1 ,irel&1 *>act]is$ by a peculi> type ( fructification :i* he nam$ ,corynept]is /ellata4 ,m complete examples ( ! same g5us h be5 describ$ by ,zeill]#aaie f ! ,coal-field ( ,val5ci5nes4 ,! sporangia are l>ge1 ovoid1 & sessile2 ! annulus 7fig4 #cji1 ,d7 has ! =m ( a complete v]tical b& sev]al cells 9 bread?3 five to t5 sporangia are gr\p$ r\nd a receptacle4 ,zeill] describes two species z ,sph5opt]is 7,corynept]is7 coralloides ,gutb4 & ,s4 7,corynept]is7 ,ess+hii ,&42 9 bo? ! fronds are quadrip9nate & be> aphlebiae at ! base ( ! p9nae4 ,! =m] species is record$ by ,kid/on#aaif f ! ,s\? ,wales ,coal-field4 ,a s+le p9nule ( ,c4 coralloides is %[n 9 fig4 #cji1 ,c4 ,potoni#aaig ref]s ?is frond to 8 g5us ,alloiopt]is3 ! portion ( a p9na repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ced1 ,g %[s ! *>act]i/ic modifi$ p9nule next ! ra*is4 ,zeill] draws att5tion to ! occurr5ce ( two p>allel l9es on ! ra*is ( a specim5 ( ,corynept]is coralloides :i* he figures#aaih1 & sugge/s t ^! may indicate ! exi/5ce ( an ,h-%ap$ =m ( vascul> /r& l t ( ,etapt]is & ,ankyropt]is4 ,! sorus ( ,corynept]is is comp>able ) t ( ! ,m>attiaceae1 b ! broad annulus is a diff]5ce :i* sugge/s aff9ity to ,etapt]is4 ,! sorus is simil> to t 9 ,diplolabis 7fig4 #cji1 ,a71 b 9 t g5us ! sporangia are exannulate4 ,! vascul> axis 9 ! /ems ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,co5opt]ideae assumes a v>iety ( types4 ,9 ,botryopt]is antiqua ! xylem =ms a solid proto/ele 9 :i* no protoxylem /r&s h be5 recognis$2 9 o!r species1 e4g4 ,b4 ramosa1 ! cyl9drical /ele is simil> to t ( ,tri*omanes radicans 7,hym5ophyllaceae7 9 ! m or less c5tral position ( ! protoxylem4 ,9 ,botryopt]is =5sis ! proto/ele is said to be ex>*4 ,! probability is t ! c5tral ,botryopt]is type is ! end>* proto/ele1 a =m ( vascul> axis :i* may be reg>d$ z primitive4 ,! leaf-traces ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,botryopt]is antiqua are simple oval /r&s diff]+ b slightly f ! cyl9drical /ele ( ! /em4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ,briti% species ! petiol> vascul> /r& has become m specialis$ & f>!r remov$ f t ( ! /em2 9 ,b4 =5sis ! di/9ction betwe5 leaf & /em /eles is /ill m pron\nc$4 ,x is p]haps legitimate to reg>d ^! types z repres5t+ an asc5d+ s]ies1 ! m primitive ( :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! great] simil>ity betwe5 leaf & /em1 organs diff]5tiat$ f a primitive ?allus#aaii1 t is f a vegetative body4 ,portions ( ?is ultimately became specialis$ z lat]al memb]s or leaves1 :ile a portion acquir$ ! "* ( a radially con/ruct$ support+ axis or /em4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ankyropt]is1 ,,etc4 ,! vascul> /r& *>act]i/ic ( ! ,zygopt]eae is repres5t$ by ! ,h-%ap$ =m z se5 9 ,ankyropt]is corrugata or 9 a m complex =m 9 ,a4 bibract5sis4 ,?is /yle ( /r& may be reg>d$ z a developm5t f ! simple /r&s ( ,grammatopt]is & ,tubicaulis or ,botryopt]is antiqua along o!r l9es ?an ^? foll[$ by ,b4 =5sis4 ,! ext5sion ( ! xylem 9 two symmetrically plac$ arms at ! ends ( ! cross-piece ( ! ,h is correlat$ ) ! habit ( bran*+ ( ! leaf-sy/em :i* =ms "o ( ! /rik+ peculi>ities ( _m ( ! ,zygopt]eae4 ,! solid type ( /ele *>act]i/ic ( ! ,botryopt]eae is closely mat*$ by t 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /em discov]$ by ,mr ,gordon#abjj4 ,by ! p>tial trans=mation ( ! c5tral xylem region into p>5*ymat\s tissue & ! conc5tration ( wat]-conduct+ elem5ts 9 ! p]iph]al region ! /yle ( ,ankyropt]is corrugata 0 develop$4 ,! vascul> /r& ( ! old] plant1 :i* is ( ! ,diplolabis type1 may be reg>d$ z a m primitive /yle ?an t ( ! ,h-=m ( petiole /r& repres5t$ by ,ankyropt]is corrugata4 ,a fur!r /age 9 evolution is se5 9 ! /em /ele ( ,ankyropt]is ,grayi & ,a4 sc&5s1 bo? ( :i* h ! ,h-=m ( m]i/ele4 ,?is /ep 9 increas+ complexity ( /em /ele1 ?\gh probably connect$ ) ! increas+ specialisation ( ! leaf-traces1 z held by ,mr ,tansley1 may also be associat$ ) ! developm5t ( a climb+ habit4 ,9 ,a/]o*la5a laxa ,/5zel 7fig4 #cbd7 & ,a4 ramosa 7,cotta7#abja ! t5d5cy t[>ds a /ellate expansion ( ! orig9ally cyl9drical =m ( /ele rea*es a high] degree1 ) ! result t a /yle is evolv$ :i* agrees closely ) t ( ! conduct+ tissue ( "s exi/+ ,dicotyl$on\s ,lianes4 ,att5tion has already be5 drawn to ! g5]alis$ features exhibit$ by ! ,co5opt]ideae bo? 9 ! anatomy ( ! /eles & 9 ! /ructure ( ! sporangia4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at is t :ile ! ,co5opt]ideae =e%ad[ 9 "s ( _! *>act]s m ?an "o gr\p ( m rec5t f]ns1 "s at lea/ ( _! memb]s af=d conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! correctness ( ! view--:i* is also t ( ,dr ,kid/on & ,mr ,gwynne-,vaughan--t ! ,osmundaceae & ! ,co5opt]ideae are (f%oots ( a common /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbd4 ,a/]o*la5a laxa3 "p ( /em ) petiole & a few roots4 ,f ,tansley1 aft] ,/5zel4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,hydropt]ideae ,m>siliaceae4 ,salv9iaceae4 ,! unsatisfactory & meagre records 9 reg>d to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ^! het]ospor\s ,filicales r5d] sup]flu\s m ?an a brief ref]5ce to ! rec5t species4 ,m>siliaceae4 ,?is family is usually spok5 ( z includ+ ! two g5]a ,m>silia & ,pilul>ia4 ,l9dman#abjb has h[ev] f\nd$ a ?ird g5us1 ,regnellidium1 on a ,brazilian plant :i* is di/+ui%$ by "s well-def9$ *>act]s f all species ( ,m>silia4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,m>siliaceae live = ! mo/ "p 9 swampy situations4 ,m>silia is repres5t$ 9 ,europe by ,m4 quadrifoliata ,l4 :i* occurs 9 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,g]many & o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 ext5d+ also to ,ka%mir1 ,nor!rn ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,( ! o!r #ec species1 #ag are record$ f diff]5t regions 9 ,africa1 :ile o!rs occur 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,asia#abjc1 ,au/ralia1 & else:]e4 ,pilul>ia globulif]a ,l4 is ! only ,briti% repres5tative ( ! ,hydropt]ideae4 ,! rema9+ f\r species ( ! g5us occur 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,cali=nia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 & ,p4 m9uta ,dur4 is met ) 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 ,alg]ia1 & ,asia ,m9or 9 subtropical or w>m temp]ate regions4 ,! ,m>siliaceae are reg>d$ z m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,s*izaeaceae ?an to any o!r family ( homospor\s f]ns#abjd4 ,_! het]ospory1 ! production ( sporangia 9 clos$ fruit-l sporoc>ps1 & ! anatomical features associat$ ) exi/5ce 9 m>%y habitats1 t5d to obscure ! resemblances to ! true f]ns4 ,! g5us ,m>silidium propos$ by ,s*5k#abje = a piece ( an axis1 be>+ app>5tly a :orl ( six leaflets1 f ! ,weald5 ( ,o/]wald1 _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,m>siliaceae 9 ! ,weald5 flora ( ,nor? ,g]many4 ,! six leaflets ( ,m>silidium speciosum1 hav+ a l5g? ( #e cm41 are simil> 9 %ape to ! f\r leaflets ( rec5t species ( ,m>silia1 b !y diff] 9 ! repeat$ di*otomy ( ! ve9s f ! reticulate v5ation ( ! rec5t =ms4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,l9dman's ,brazilian type ,regnellidium diphyllum 7fig4 #cbf1 ,a71 ! leaflets are *>act]is$ by di*otom\s & n by ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,hollick#abjf has describ$ "s impressions ( imp]fect orbicul> leaves ) a 8f9ely flabellate obscurely reticulat$787 v5ation0 f ,cretace\s rocks ( ,long ,isl& z ,m>silia ,&]soni1 b ^! are too fragm5t>y to be accord$ ?is g5]ic designation4 ,my fri5d ,dr ,krass] in=ms me t he is describ+ "s well-pres]v$ leaves f ,cretace\s b$s ( ,grnba* 9 ,l[] ,au/ria z ,m>silia ,na?or/i#abjg4 ,he comp>es ^! ) ! rec5t =m ,m>silia elata1 a v>iety ( ,m4 ,drummondi4 ,ano!r ,l[] ,cretace\s species ,m>silia p]uc5sis has be5 figur$ by ,fri & ,bay]#abjh z a /alk$ fruit-l body f ,bohemia4 ,?is 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,vel5ovsk z ,m4 cretacea1 b "u ?is "n ,he]#abji _h previ\sly record$ a suppos$ sporoc>p f ,gre5l&4 ,^! fossils h little claim to recognition z examples ( ,m>siliace\s plants4 ,! fragm5t figur$ by ,he]#abaj f ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,o5+5 z ,pilul>ia p$unculata is too small to det]m9e ) reasonable accuracy4 ,o!r suppos$ repres5tatives ( ! family m5tion$ 9 palaeobotanical lit]ature are n ( suffici5t importance to describe4 ,salv9iaceae4 ,! two g5]a ( ,salv9iaceae1 ,salv9ia & ,azolla1 are wat] plants1 & are usually describ$ z annuals :i* survive ! less fav\rable season 9 ! =m ( deta*$ sporoc>ps4 ,goebel#abaa /ates t all ! tropical species ( ,salv9ia kn[n to him h an unlimit$ exi/5ce4 ,salv9ia natans1 ,h(fm41 ! only ,european species1 ext5ds f ! ,s\? ( ,france to ,nor!rn ,*9a & ! pla9s ( ,india3 ! o!r twelve species are mo/ly tropical4 ,azolla1 repres5t$ by f\r species1 occurs 9 ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,madagasc>1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & is widely spread 9 tropical ,asia & ,africa4 ,species ( ,azolla frequ5tly =m a consid]able proportion ( ! float+ c>pet ( vegetation on inl& wat]s#abab gr[+ "u conditions :i* might be suppos$ fav\rable = pres]vation 9 a fossil /ate4 ,! ,salv9iaceae1 ?\gh probably r f>!r remov$ ?an ! ,m>siliaceae f ! homospor\s ,filic9eae1 are consid]$ by ,b[]#abac to be relat$ to ! ,gradatae1 b modifi$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! aquatic habit & ! assumption ( het]ospory4 ,no und\bt$ examples ( fossil species ( ,azolla h be5 describ$4 ,salv9ia1 on ! o!r h&1 is repres5t$ by sev]al ,t]ti>y species1 = ! mo/ "p f\nd$ on leaves only1 & ,hollick#abad1 :o publi%$ a li/ ( fossil ,salv9ias1 has describ$ deta*$ leaves z ,salv9ia elliptica ,newb4 f :at may be ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks f ,c>bonado1 ,wa%+ton4 ,"s ( ! leaves figur$ z ,t]ti>y ,salv9ias are ( no value z evid5ce ( ! =m] di/ribution ( ! g5us#abae4 ,f ! ,coal-b$s ( ,y5-,bi 7,tonk971 probably ( ,mioc5e age1 ,zeill]#abaf has figur$ "s well-pres]v$ impressions ( oval or orbicul> leaves1 #ae mm4 long & #aj-bj mm4 broad1 *>act]is$ by reticulate v5ation & by cordate bases1 :i* he ref]s to ,he]'s ,swiss species ,salv9ia =mosa#abag4 ,dr ,zeill]#abah 9 ! mo/ rec5tly publi%$ "p ( 8 s]ies ( valuable rsums ( palaeobotanical lit]ature ref]s to a description by ,brab5ec ( specim5s ( ?is species f ,bohemian ,t]ti>y b$s %[+ bo? microspores & megaspores4 ,"o ( ! mo/ complete specim5s s f> discov]$ has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,fritel#abai f ,eoc5e b$s ( ! ,p>is ,bas9 z ,salv9ia ,zeill]i4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on portions ( /ems be>+ float+ leaves1 subm]g$ root-l leaves1 & sporoc>ps1 is comp>$ ) a rec5t tropical ,am]ican species ,s4 auriculata4 ,x is notewor?y t no au!ntic records ( ,hydropt]ideae h be5 discov]$ 9 ,palaeozoic rocks#abbj4 ,comp>isons h be5 made 9 ! case ( ! g5]a ,traquairia ,c>r4 & ,sporoc>pon ,w4 ) ! reproductive organs ( ,azolla#abba1 b ^! re/ on a :olly insuffici5t basis4 ,dawson#abbb propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,protosalv9ia = "s spores ( ,devonian age1 :i* he reg>d$ on inadequate gr\nds z evid5ce ( ,palaeozoic ,hydropt]ideae4 ,zeill]#abbc1 9 discuss+ ! possible relation%ips ( ! problematical type ,*orionopt]is glei*5ioides ,cord41 sugge/s a possible alliance ) ! ,hydropt]ideae4 ,corda f\nd$ ! g5us ,*orionopt]is#abbd on "s small fragm5ts ( p9nules1 #f-g mm4 long1 f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,radnitz 9 ,bohemia4 ,! lobes ( ! p9nules are incurv$ di/ally to =m a capsule1 conta9+ f\r sporangia1 :i* app>5tly op5$ on dehisc5ce into f\r valves2 ! spores are ( "o size4 ,! mat]ial is h[ev] insuffici5t = accurate det]m9ation4 ,!re is no evid5ce contribut$ by fossil records :i* indicates a high antiquity = ! ,hydropt]ideae4 ,x is unsafe to base any conclusion on ! abs5ce ( und\bt$ ,palaeozoic repres5tatives ( ?is gr\p2 b ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( records 9 pre-,t]ti>y /rata is a fact :i* may be all[$ "s weight 9 reg>d to ! possible evolution ( ! het]ospor\s filicales at a comp>atively late p]iod 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,a description ( ! ,mesozoic g5us ,sag5opt]is may be conv5i5tly includ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ?\gh z 9 _m o!r in/ances ! inclusion ( a g5us "u ! head+ ( a rec5t family "n does n by any means imply t ! position ( ! ext9ct type is reg>d$ z settl$4 ,sag5opt]is4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 appli$ by ,presl#abbe to small fronds compos$ ( f\r or r>ely two palmately dispos$ leaflets ) a m or less di/9ct midrib & ana/omos+ second>y ve9s4 ,s*imp]#abbf comp>$ ,sag5opt]is ) ,m>silia1 b did n reg>d ! resemblance z evid5ce ( relation%ip4 ,na?or/#abbg express$ ! op9ion t c]ta9 fruit-l bodies obta9$ f ! ,rhaetic b$s ( ,scania are ( ! nature ( sporoc>ps & 7 borne by ,sag5opt]is1 ) ! leaves ( :i* !y 7 associat$4 ,he publi%$ a draw+ ( "p ( a fruit %[+ on its p>tially flatt5$ surface "s rais$ oval bodies :i* are consid]$ to be spores4 ,dr ,na?or/ k9dly plac$ at my disposal ! draw+s reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cbe made f "s ( 8 specim5s f\nd at ,bjuf 9 ,scania4 ,9 cont\r & sup]ficial features1 e4g4 ! ve9+ on ! wall1 ^! bodies be> a fairly close resemblance to ! sporoc>ps ( rec5t species ( ,m>silia4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 association ) ! leaves ( ,sag5opt]is undulata ,na?41 an abundant ,scania type simil> 9 =m to ! ,engli% ,jurassic species ,s4 ,phillipsi 7figs4 #cbg1 #cbh74 ,he] 0 indep5d5tly l$ by an exam9ation ( "s examples ( ! ,sw$i% 8fruits0 to comp>e !m ) ! sporoc>ps ( ,m>silia4 ,a small sph]ical body is figur$ by ,zigno#abbh close to a leaf ( 8 species ,s4 angu/ifolia1 :i* may be a sporoc>p4 ,9 a rec5t pap]1 ,salfeld#abbi says t he f\nd fructification on ! l[] face ( ! leaflets ( ,s4 ,nilssoniana ,brongn4 f ,g]man ,jurassic rocks1 b he br+s =w>d no evid5ce 9 support ( ?is /atem5t4 ,! sy/ematic position ( ,sag5opt]is is by no means settl$4 ,9 a previ\s acc\nt ( ! g5us ,i express$ ! view t x is probably a memb] ( ! true f]ns#abcj1 b ! resemblance ( ,dr ,na?or/'s draw+s to ! ,m>silian sporoc>ps influ5ces me 9 fav\r ( 8 op9ion t ,sag5opt]is may belong to ! ,hydropt]ideae4 ,! evid5ce1 z ,solms-,lauba*#abca /ates1 is n :olly satisfactory3 ,s*5k po9ts out t ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( deta*$ ,sag5opt]is leaflets sugge/s t !y easily fell (f ! petiole1 :]eas 9 ,m>silia ! leaflets d n fall (f indep5d5tly4 ,! discov]y ( a new type ( ,m>siliaceae 9 ,brazil1 :i* ,l9dman has describ$ z ,regnellidium diphyllum#abcb 7fig4 #cbf1 ,a71 af=ds an additional piece ( evid5ce be>+ on ! comp>ison ( ,sag5opt]is ) memb]s ( ?is family4 ,9 ,regnellidium ! leaves diff] f ^? ( ,m>silia 9 be>+ two in/ead ( f\r leaflets1 & 9 ! =m] ! ve9s are repeat$ly =k$1 & d n ana/omose z 9 ,m>silia4 ,9 ! possession ( only two leaflets ,regnellidium agrees ) "s =ms ( ,sag5opt]is 7fig4 #cbh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbe4 ,sporoc>p-l bodies f\nd 9 association ) ! leaves ( ,sag5opt]is4 7,nat4 size4 ,f draw+s suppli$ by ,dr ,na?or/47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbf4 ,a4 ,regnellidium diphyllum ,l9d4 ,s+le leaf & /alk$ sporoc>p4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,l9dman47 ,b4 ,cuticle ( ,sag5opt]is rhoifolia4 7,aft] ,s*5k47 ,sag5opt]is ,phillipsi 7,brongni>t7#abcc4 ,figs4 #cbg1 #cbh4 #ahbh4 ,glossopt]is ,phillipsi1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #bbe1 ,pls4 ,,lxi4 bis1 ,,lxiii4 #ahch4 ,sag5opt]is ,phillipsi1 ,presl1 9 ,/]nb]g's ,flor4 ,vorwelt1 vii4 p4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbg4 ,sag5opt]is ,phillipsi4 ,a4 ,f ! type-specim5s ( ,l9dley & ,hutton 7,glossopt]is ,phillipsi74 ,gri/horpe ,bay1 ,york%ire4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #cibba4 ,slightly r$uc$4 ,m4,s4 ,b4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7#cibbb74 ,nat4 size4 ,figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton z ,glossopt]is ,phillipsi4 ,! fronds ( ?is common ,jurassic species1 :i* is record$ f _m ,european localities1 f ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ! ,ant>ctic regions#abcd1 & else:]e1 are v v>iable z reg>ds ! =m1 size1 & numb] ( ! leaflets4 ,frond petiolate1 9 "s =ms ! petiole be>s f\r l9e> or oval-lanceolate leaflets hav+ a di/9ct midrib & oblique ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,9 o!rs a %ort] w+$ petiole be>s "o or two %ort] & broad]1 some:at obcuneate1 leaflets )\t a midrib4 ,x is probable t ,bunbury#abce 0 correct 9 8 op9ion t ! specim5 figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#abcf z ,otopt]is cuneata1 *>act]is$ by two leaflets 7fig4 #cbh71 is n specifically di/9ct f ! normal =m ) f\r leaflets 7fig4 #cbg74 ,simil>ly1 su* specim5s z t repres5t$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xviii41 fig4 #c ( ! fir/ "p ( my ,jurassic ,flora1 9 :i* a %ort /alk be>s only "o leaflet may1 provisionally at lea/1 be includ$ 9 ,brongni>t's species4 ,yabe#abcg describes a =m ) two leaflets f ,jurassic rocks ( ,korea z ,sag5opt]is bilobata :i* resembles ,s4 ,phillipsi2 & ,moell]#abch records a specim5 simil> to t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cbh f ,bornholm z ,s4 cuneata 7,l9d4 & ,hutt474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbh4 ,sag5opt]is ,phillipsi4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,museum4 ,nat4 size4 ,! leaf %[n 9 fig4 #cbg1 ,a1 9 :i* ! longe/ segm5ts are #de cm4 9 l5g?1 repres5ts ! mo/ abundant =m & illu/rates ! v close agreem5t betwe5 ,s4 ,phillipsi & ! ,rhaetic species ,s4 rhoifolia4 ,fig4 #cbg1 ,b1 :i* is drawn f a specim5 figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#abci1 %[s a leaf ) long] 7#fe cm47 & mu* n>r[] segm5ts4 ,broad] leaflets are occasionally met ) 9 :i* ! lam9a rea*es a l5g? ( #aa cm4#abdj ,leaves ) leaflets n>r[] 7#c mm4 broad7 ?an ^? repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cbg1 ,b1 are describ$ by ,zigno#abda f ,jurassic b$s ( ,italy z ,s4 angu/ifolia & by ,moell]#abdb f ! ,jurassic ( ,bornholm z ,s4 ,phillipsi f4 pusilla4 ,a co>s] type ( v5ation ?an t ( ,s4 ,phillipsi is occasionally f\nd 9 ,jurassic examples1 z 9 ,s4 gr&ifolia ,font4#abdc f ,oregon & ,s4 ,na?or/i ,b>?4 f ,bornholm#abdd4 ,sag5opt]is is record$ also f sev]al ,rhaetic floras4 ,! be/ kn[n species1 ,s4 rhoifolia ,presl#abde1 is h>dly di/+ui%able f "s =ms ( ,s4 ,phillipsi or f ! ,italian ,jurassic species describ$ by ,zigno z ,s4 ,goepp]tiana#abdf1 ?\gh ! leaflets are usually r l>g]4 ,?is species 0 fir/ describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,filicites ,nilssoniana#abdg1 & a few au?ors#abdh h adopt$ ?is specific "n because ( its priority ov] ,presl's designation4 ,z ,na?or/ rem>ks1 to give up ! well-kn[n "n ,s4 rhoifolia = ,s4 ,nilssoniana is 8m]e p$antry40 ,! epid]mis ( ,s4 rhoifolia z figur$ by ,s*5k#abdi consi/s ( cells ) /raight & n undulat+ walls3 /omata occur on ! l[] surface 7fig4 #cbf1 ,b74 ,rhaetic leaves ( ! type repres5t$ by ,s4 rhoifolia h a wide geographical di/ribution4 ,! specim5s describ$ by ,fei/mantel f ! ,damuda s]ies ( ,india z ,sag5opt]is longifolia are no d\bt fronds ( ,glossopt]is longifolia#abej4 ,! ,weald5 species ,sag5opt]is ,mantelli 7,dunk47#abea agrees closely 9 habit & 9 ! =m ( ! leaflets ) ,s4 ,phillipsi & ,s4 rhoifolia4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! leaves describ$ by ,vel5ovsk#abeb f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,bohemia z ,?9nfeldia v>iabilis are portions ( ,sag5opt]is fronds4 ,s4 ,mantelli is record$ f sev]al ,european localities1 f ,cali=nia#abec1 & else:]e4 ,sag5opt]is appe>s to h be5 widely di/ribut$ dur+ ! ,rhaetic1 ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s floras4 ,! v great simil>ity betwe5 ! specim5s record$ f ^! ?ree =mations r5d]s ! g5us an unc]ta9 guide 9 reg>d to geological age4 ,decisive evid5ce z to its position 9 ! plant k+dom is at pres5t lack+3 ! inclusion ( ! g5us z a possible memb] ( ! ,hydropt]ideae has /ill to be ju/ifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,g5]a ,,( ,,pt]idosp]ms1 ,,f]ns1 ,,& ,,plantae ,,inc]tae ,,s$is4 ,! g5]a & species describ$ 9 ?is ,*apt] are f\nd$ on /]ile leaves or portions ( leaves1 & 9 ! great majority ( cases ! reproductive organs are ei!r imp]fectly kn[n or h /ill to be discov]$4 ,"s ( ! g5]a1 ! small] numb]1 are no d\bt true f]ns1 :ile mo/ ( !m may safely be reg>d$ z plants :i* w ultimately be %[n to belong to "s o!r gr\p1 9 mo/ cases t ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,x is possible t a few ( ! types may be memb]s ( ! ,cycadophyta r ?an ( ! ,pt]idosp]meae1 b evid5ce z to sy/ematic position is = ! mo/ "p ( a negative k9d or too incomplete to lead to any def9ite expression ( op9ion z to ! cycadean or pt]idosp]m nature ( ! imp]fectly kn[n ,palaeozoic or ,mesozoic species4 ,_m ( ! g5]a are ( little botanical int]e/1 ?\gh ev5 ! mo/ problematical are ( importance z crit]ia ( geological age4 ,g5]a :i* !re is good reason = includ+ 9 ! ,pt]idosp]ms are dealt ) 9 ?is section1 9 ord] t ! ,*apt] 9 ,volume ,,iii4 devot$ to ?is important gr\p may be limit$ to m completely kn[n types4 ,9 mo/ text-books x is cu/om>y to employ family names = /]ile f]n-l fronds :i* possess simil> v5ation features or h 9 common c]ta9 vegetative *>act]s1 ! value ( :i* x is impossible to e/imate4 ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt family or gr\p names are n adopt$1 on ! gr\nd t su* slight utility z !y may h is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! risk att5d+ a gr\p+ "u "o "n ( plants :i* may agree only 9 uness5tial *>act]s4 ,! practice ( classify+ fossil plants has be5 c>ri$ to excess4 ,gr\p+ toge!r g5]a z a matt] ( conv5i5ce unavoidably creates a prejudice 9 fav\r ( actual relation%ip1 :i* may or may n exi/4 ,ta5iopt]is4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,brongni>t#abed = simple l9e> or broadly l9e> leaves ) a prom95t midrib f :i* second>y ve9s1 simple or di*otom\sly bran*$1 are giv5 (f at "r angles or obliquely4 ,! frond ( ! type-species ,ta5iopt]is vittata 7fig4 #ccb71 *>act]i/ic ( ,jurassic floras1 0 comp>$ by ,brongni>t ) ! p9nules ( ,danaea & ,angiopt]is4 ,among rec5t f]ns ! ,ta5iopt]is =m ( frond & v5ation is repres5t$ by ,ole&ra n]ii=mis1 ,aspl5ium nidus1 & _m o!r species4 ,?\gh usually appli$ to fronds :i* !re is good reason = reg>d+ z simple leaves1 ! g5]ic designation ,ta5iopt]is has be5 ext5d$ to include p9nate fronds1 e4g4 ! ,upp] ,palaeozoic species ,t4 jejunata ,gr&',eury1 & ,t4 ,c>noti ,r54 & ,zeill4 7fig4 #ccj1 ,a74 ,! comp\nd fronds f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,miss\ri describ$ by ,dr ,:ite#abee z ,t4 miss\ri5sis are *>act]is$ by decurr5t & conflu5t ,ta5iopt]oid p9nules4 ,9 a lat] ref]5ce#abef to ?is plant ,:ite p]t95tly adds1 8p]haps x belongs m prop]ly 9 ,ale?opt]is40 ,leaves ( ! ,ta5iopt]is type are describ$ by sev]al au?ors z species ( ,ole&ridium1 ,angiopt]idium1 ,danaeites1 ,m>attia1 & o!r g5]a4 ,9 su* species ( ,ta5iopt]oid leaves z h be5 dealt ) 9 a =m] ,*apt]1 ! occurr5ce ( sori ju/ifies ! sub/itution ( a "n d5ot+ a close relation%ip to exi/+ memb]s ( ! ,m>attiaceae1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( f]tile specim5s ! provisional designation ,ta5iopt]is %\ld be reta9$4 ,x is (t5 difficult to decide betwe5 ,ta5iopt]is & ,nilssonia z ! m suitable "n to apply to fragm5ts ( fossil leaves ( ,mesozoic age4 ,ta5iopt]is is1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,cycadean g5us by ! great] prom95ce ( ! ra*is1 also by ! di*otom\s bran*+ ( ! second>y ve9s1 usually close to _! orig9 & at v>y+ di/ances betwe5 ! axis ( ! frond & ! edge ( ! lam9a4 ,! g5us ,ta5iopt]is1 ?\gh mo/ abundant 9 ,rhaetic & ,jurassic /rata1 occurs also 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,l[] ,p]mian rocks4 ,! g5]ic "n ,macrota5iopt]is in/itut$ by ,s*imp]#abeg has be5 us$ = leaves diff]+ only 9 size f ! usual type ( ,ta5iopt]is1 b !re is no adequate reason = its ret5tion4 ,! species includ$ 9 ,ta5iopt]is af=d no satisfactory evid5ce z to _! sy/ematic position4 ,x is obvi\sly unwise to adopt su* g5]ic titles z ,ole&ridium1 ,m>attiopsis1 etc41 m]ely because ( resemblance 9 ! v5ation ( /]ile fragm5ts to ,ole&ra or ,m>attiace\s f]ns4 ,"s specim5s ( ,ta5iopt]is fronds describ$ by ,mr ,sell>ds#abeh f ,p]mian rocks ( ,kansas1 :i* are ref]r$ to lat]1 h furni%$ unconv9c+ evid5ce ( reproductive organs4 ,ta5iopt]is mult9]vis1 ,weiss4 ,fig4 #cbi1 ,a1 ,b4 ,! late ,dr ,weiss#abei in/itut$ ?is species 7:i* he designat$ ,ta5iopt]is mult9]via1 ?\gh ! specific "n mult9]vis is con/antly us$7 = a fragm5t ( a leaf f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,leba* *>act]is$ by num]\s =k$ ve9s giv5 (f at "r angles f a prom95t ra*is 7fig4 #cbi1 ,b74 ,?is type ( frond is record$ f ! ,p]mian ( ,tri5ba* 7,alsace7 by ,zeill]#abfj1 by ,r5ault#abfa & ,zeill]#abfb f ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,autun1 & f o!r localities4 ,! lam9a ( ! simple leaf rea*es a bread? ( #f cm4 & a l5g? ( #dj cm4 7fig4 #cbi1 ,a72 ! num]\s second>y ve9s 7#be-cf p] cm4 ( lam9a7 are ei!r at "r angles to ! ra*is or giv5 (f at an acute angle4 ,! mesophyll consi/s ( polygonal cells "s ( :i* are elongat$ at "r angles to ! surface ( ! lam9a4 ,a v simil> =m is describ$ by ,fonta9e & ,:ite f ! ,p]mian ( ,virg9ia z ,t4 ,lescuriana#abfc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbi4 ,a4 ,ta5iopt]is mult9]vis1 ,weiss4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,b4 ,t4 mult9]vis4 7,enl>g$4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,c4 ,lesleya ,delafondi4 7 #b4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,x is futile to expect to be able to sep>ate ! num]\s ,ta5iopt]is leaves into well-def9$ species3 all we c d is to gr\p ! specim5s "u diff]5t names1 us+ z artificial di/9ctions su* *>act]s z ! %ape ( ! leaf1 ! numb] ( ve9s p] c5timetre1 & ! prom95ce ( ! ra*is4 ,ano!r ,virg9ian species ( ,p]mian age describ$ by ,fonta9e & ,:ite#abfd1 ,t4 ,newb]riana1 is said to be> sori1 b no satisfactory in=mation is giv5 z to ! nature ( ^! organs4 ,specim5s ref]r$ ) "s hesitation to ?is species & to a simil> species1 ,t4 coriacea1 h be5 describ$ by ,sell>ds#abfe f mat]ial obta9$ f ,p]mian b$s 9 ,kansas4 ,! lam9a ( ! simple l9e> fronds is *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( small oval bodies half imm]s$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! leaf betwe5 ! second>y ve9s 7figs4 #ccj1 ,d1 ,e74 ,"o ( ^! bodies is repres5t$ 9 an app>5tly dehisc$ condition 9 fig4 #ccj1 ,d4 ,sell>ds sugge/s ! possibility t ^! bodies are sporangia1 b1 z he po9ts out1 !y af=d no indication ( cellul> /ructure nor are !y 9 direct connexion ) ! ve9s4 ,ta5iopt]is jejunata1 ,gr&',eury#abff4 ,?is species diff]s f ,t4 mult9]vis 9 its bip9nate fronds2 ! l9e> or oval-l9e> p9nae are atta*$ by a %ort /alk to ! prim>y ra*is & rea* a l5g? ( #be cm42 ! ve9s are less cr[d$1 #ab-ae p] c5timetre4 ,t4 jejunata is record$ f ! ,coal-fields ( ! ,loire & ,comm5try#abfg 9 ,france1 f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,?ur+ia#abfh1 & else:]e4 ,ta5iopt]is ,c>noti1 ,r54 & ,zeill]#abfi4 ,fig4 #ccj1 ,a4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on portions ( p9nate fronds f ! ,coal-field ( ,comm5try1 is *>act]is$ by r broad] 7#be-cj mm47 p9nules1 ) %ort p$icels & a cordate base1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #be-cj cm4 ,! second>y =k$ ve9s are m num]\s ?an 9 ,t4 jejunata4 ,9 ,t4 mult9]vis ! p9nules are /ill broad] & h a /rong] midrib4 ,sev]al species ( ,ta5iopt]is h be5 describ$ f ,triasso-,rhaetic rocks 9 ,europe1 ,india1 ,tonk9 & else:]e4 ,9 "s cases x is practically impossible to recognise cle> specific di/9ctions betwe5 ,rhaetic & ,jurassic types4 ,f ! ,damuda & ,pan*et s]ies ( ,india 7,triasso-,rhaetic7 ,fei/mantel has describ$ l>ge /]ile fronds z ,macrota5iopt]is ,f$d5i#abgj :i* rea* a bread? ( #bj cm43 ^! may be comp>$ ) ! ,indian species ,ta5iopt]is lata ,oldham#abga1 & to ,t4 gigantea f ! ,rhaetic ( ,franconia#abgb & ,scania4 ,a specim5 ( ?is species figur$ by ,na?or/#abgc f ,scania has a lam9a #cc cm4 broad4 ,o!r examples are af=d$ by ,m4 ,wianamattae ,fei/4#abgd f rocks ( ! same age 9 ,au/ralia & by ,ta5iopt]is sup]ba ,sap4#abge f ,l[] ,rhaetic rocks ne> ,autun4 ,f ! ,rhaetic ( ,tonk91 ,zeill] records sev]al species1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ,t4 ,j\rdyi ,zeill4#abgf & ,t4 spatulata ,mac,clelland 7fig4 #ccj1 ,b1 ,c74 ,bo? h simple fronds4 ,^? ( ,t4 ,j\rdyi rea* a l5g? ( #aj-dj cm4 & a bread? ( #aj-gj mm42 ! ra*is is *>act]is$ by cr[d$ & discont9u\s transv]se folds1 & ! second>y ve9s 7#ce-ej p] cm47 are usually at "r angles to ! ra*is4 ,?is ,tonk9 species is comp>$ by ,zeill] ) ! ,european ,rhaetic species ,t4 t5u9]vis ,brauns4 ,! polymorphism ( ! fronds is a /rik+ feature3 9 "o case describ$ by ,zeill] ! lam9a appe>s to be divid$ into segm5ts l ^? *>act]i/ic ( ! leaf ( ! ,cycadean g5us ,anomozamites4 ,x is obvi\sly difficult 9 _m in/ances to di/+ui% betwe5 deta*$ ,ta5iopt]oid p9nae ( a comp\nd frond & complete simple leaves4 ,9 "s comp\nd f]n fronds1 z 9 ! rec5t ,polypodiace\s g5us ,didymo*la5a1 ! p9nules are decidu\s1 & ! same feature und\bt$ly *>act]is$ ! fronds ( _m ext9ct species4 ,a specim5 figur$ by ,zeill] :i* %[s sev]al petioles ( ,t4 ,j\rdyi atta*$ to a ?ick /em#abgg demon/rates ! simple nature ( ! leaves4 ,9 o!r cases1 e4g4 ,t4 vittata1 specim5s occur 9 :i* ! slightly enl>g$ petiole-base has a clean-cut surface indicat+ abscission f a rhizome 7fig4 #ccb74 ,! fronds describ$ by ,zeill] z ,t4 spatulata#abgh 7fig4 #ccj1 ,b1 ,c7 closely resemble ,jurassic leaves f ,victoria ref]r$ to ,ta5iopt]is ,da9treei ,mc,coy#abgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccj4 ,a4 ,ta5iopt]is ,c>noti1 ,r54 & ,zeill4 7,nat4 size4 ,aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]47 ,b4 ,t4 spatulata1 ,mc,clell4 7,nat4 size4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,c4 ,t4 spatulata4 7 #c4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,d4 ,suppos$ sporangium ( ,t4 coriacea4 7 #ae4 ,aft] ,sell>ds47 ,e4 ,t4 coriacea4 7 #b4 ,aft] ,sell>ds47 ,:e!r specifically id5tical or n1 ^! leaves repres5t a type di/+ui%$ f ! o!r species ( ! g5us by ! small bread? ( ! l9e>-lanceolate or l9e>-spa?ulate lam9a1 :i* may be #f-ae cm4 9 l5g? & #c-ab mm4 broad4 ,! lam9a is (t5 *>act]is$ by transv]se folds 7fig4 #ccj1 ,c74 ,ta5iopt]is ,c>ru!rsi4 ,fig4 #cca4 #ahgb4 ,ta5iopt]is ,da9treei1 ,c>ru!rs1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 fig4 #f4 #ahhc4 ,t4 ,c>ru!rsi1 ,t5ison-,woods1 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cca4 ,ta5iopt]is ,c>ru!rsi1 ,t54-,woods4 ,nat4 size4 ,! simple fronds includ$ "u ?is specific "n are *>act]is$ by a /rong midrib f :i* num]\s simple or =k$ second>y ve9s are giv5 (f at a "r angle or slightly incl9$4 ,! bread? ( ! lam9a decreases gradually t[>ds ! petiole4 ,! ,au/ralian species nam$ by ,mc,coy ,ta5iopt]is ,da9treei1 to :i* ,c>ru!rs ref]r$ ! ,que5sl& fossils1 has a mu* n>r[] & m l9e> =m ( frond1 & = ?is reason ,t5ison-,woods in/itut$ a new specific "n4 ,t4 ,c>ru!rsi repres5ts a =m ( leaf met ) 9 ,rhaetic1 or possibly ,upp] ,triassic1 rocks 9 ,s4 ,africa#abhj & ,au/ralia4 ,a v simil>1 p]haps an id5tical type1 0 describ$ f ,arg5t9a by ,ge9itz#abha z ,t4 m>eyiaca3 among _m o!r examples ( ?is =m ( frond may be m5tion$ ,t4 imm]sa#abhb ,na?4 f ! ,rhaetic rocks ( ,scania & ,t4 virgulata f ! ,rhaetic ( ,tonk9#abhc4 ,a comp>ison ( ,ta5iopt]is ,c>ru!rsi or v>i\s o!r 8species0 ( ,rhaetic fronds ) ! ,jurassic species ,t4 vittata illu/rates ! slight & unimportant diff]5ces on :i* specific sep>ation is bas$4 ,x is hopeless to attempt to draw a satisfactory di/9ction betwe5 ! num]\s ,ta5iopt]is fronds f ,upp] ,triassic & ,jurassic rocks4 ,ta5iopt]is vittata1 ,brongni>t4 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,! simple leaves to :i* ,brongni>t appli$ ?is "n are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,inf]ior ,oolite flora ( ,engl&1 & examples ( ! same type are record$ f ,jurassic rocks ( ,india1 ,pol&1 ! ,arctic regions1 ,japan1 ,*9a1 ,au/ralia & o!r c\ntries#abhd4 ,leaf l9e>-lanceolate1 rea*+ a l5g? ( m ?an #bj cm4 & a bread? ( #c cm4 ,! lam9a increases gradually 9 bread? f ! base & tap]s t[>ds ! apex4 ,num]\s second>y ve9s are giv5 (f at "r angles f a broad midrib3 ! lat]al ve9s may be simple or =k$ close to _! orig91 ne> ! m>g91 or 9 ! int]m$iate portion1 ( ! lam9a4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult to use ,ta5iopt]is leaves ( ?is =m z evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! ,jurassic or ,rhaetic age ( plant-be>+ /rata4 ,! species ,t4 t5u9]vis ,brauns1 z figur$ by ,s*5k#abhe f ! ,rhaetic rocks ( ,g]many & ,p]sia1 & record$ f sev]al o!r regions1 pres5ts a close agreem5t ) ,t4 vittata4 ,ole&ridium l5triculi=me ,e!ridge#abhf f ! ,hawkesbury s]ies ( ,au/ralia is ano!r simil> leaf4 ,! species ,t4 vittata f ! ,york%ire coa/1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ccb1 %[s a well-pres]v$ petiole ) a clean-cut base l t ( ! petioles ( ,ole&ra n]ii=mis & o!r rec5t f]ns :i* are deta*$ f ! rhizome by ! action ( an absciss-lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccb4 ,ta5iopt]is vittata4 7,briti% ,museum ,no4 #cibag4 nat4 size47 ,a broad] =m ( frond ) simil> v5ation 0 describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#abhg z ,ta5iopt]is major4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,york%ire1 n[ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum1 l$ me to d\bt ! necessity ( specific sep>ation f ,t4 vittata#abhh4 ,a small] frond ( ! same g5]al type z ,t4 vittata is record$ f ,weald5 /rata ( ,nor? ,g]many & ,engl& "u ! "n ,t4 ,beyri*ii#abhi4 ,wei*selia4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,/iehl]#abij = impressions ( bip9nate /]ile fronds1 presumably f]ns1 f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks ne> ,qu$l9burg4 ,! same type ( leaf f ,engli% ,weald5 b$s _h previ\sly be5 ref]r$ by ,mantell & o!r au?ors to ,pecopt]is1 & by ,brongni>t to 8 g5us ,lon*opt]is#abia4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 advisable to foll[ ,na?or/'s example#abib & re/rict ! latt] "n to ,palaeozoic species4 ,z already sugge/$1 x w\ld obviate confusion to sub/itute a new g5]ic designation = ,lon*opt]is 9 ! case ( ,triassic species :i* are probably memb]s ( ! ,osmundaceae4 ,! type-species ( ,/iehl]1 ,wei*selia ,lud[icae#abic1 does n diff] 9 any important "* f ,wei*selia ,mantelli1 ! species orig9ally describ$ by ,/okes & ,webb f ! ,weald5 ( ,engl& z ,pecopt]is reticulata4 ,wei*selia ,mantelli 7,brongn47#abid4 ,fig4 #ccc4 #ahbd4 ,pecopt]is reticulata1 ,/okes & ,webb1 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #b4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbc1 ,pls4 ,,xlvi4 ,,xlvii4 #ahbh4 ,lon*opt]is ,mantelli1 ,brongni>t1 ,prod4 p4 #f2 ,hi/4 vg4 foss4 p4 #cfi1 ,pl4 ,,cxxxi4 #ahid4 ,wei*selia ,mantelli1 ,sew>d1 ,weald5 ,flora1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aad4 ,pl4 ,x4 fig4 #c4 #ahii4 ,wei*selia reticulata1 ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d1 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 p4 #fea4 ,frond bip9nate1 ra*is broad2 p9nae v long1 ( uni=m bread? & ) prom95t axes2 p9nules cr[d$1 entire1 ) obtuse apex1 usually oblong b m or less triangul> or r\nd$ t[>ds ! di/al ends ( ! p9nae4 ,! p9nules1 :i* may rea* a l5g? ( #i cm41 are *>act]is$ by a fle%y lam9a atta*$ by ! :ole bread? ( ! base2 ! two r[s ( segm5ts on ea* second>y ra*is are usually incl9$ t[>ds "o ano!r s t !y =m ) ! axis ( ! p9na a wide-op5 ,v in/ead ( ly+ 9 "o plane 7fig4 #ccc1 ,c74 ,f a m$ian rib are giv5 (f num]\s ana/omos+ bran*es 7fig4 #ccc1 ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccc4 ,wei*selia ,mantelli4 ,a4 ,"p ( a frond f ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex1 ,engl&4 7,briti% ,museum2 v4 #bfcj4 nat4 size47 ,b4 ,p9nule f ,b]niss>t1 ,belgium 7 #c74 ,c4 ,wei*selia erratica1 ,na?4 ,section ( p9na4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,?is *>act]i/ic ,weald5 species is record$ f ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,au/ria1 ,russia1 ,bornholm1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,japan4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ,wei*selia ,mantelli is a true f]n3 no satisfactory evid5ce ( fructification has be5 adduc$4 ,! broad & /rong ra*is is comp>able ) t ( a ,cycadean leaf & ! ?ick lam9a sugge/s a plant ( x]ophil\s habit4 ,i h reta9$ ! specific "n ,mantelli on ! gr\nd ( long e/abli%$ usage in/ead ( foll[+ ,fonta9e 9 8 adh]5ce to /rict priority4 ,glossopt]is4 ,! "n ,glossopt]is 0 propos$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahbbabie = an imp]fect leaf-impression :i* he call$ ,filicites 7,glossopt]is7 dubius1 b ! specim5 s nam$ has s9ce be5 id5tifi$ z "p ( a sporophyll ( a ,lepido/robus4 ,! au?or ( ! g5us aft]w>ds publi%$#abif a diagnosis1 bas$ on well-pres]v$ leaves f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,au/ralia & ,india1 ( ! type-species ,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ! ,indian examples be+ di/+ui%$ z ,g4 ,br[niana v>4 indica :ile ! ,au/ralian =m 0 nam$ ,g4 ,br[niana v>4 au/ralasica4 ,s*imp]#abig aft]w>ds rais$ ! ,indian fossils to specific rank z ,g4 indica ?\gh "s au?ors#abih h cont9u$ to consid] ! two =ms z insuffici5tly di/9ct to be reg>d$ z diff]5t species4 ,! g5us ,glossopt]is may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,leaves simple1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 size1 %ape1 & v5ation *>act]s1 b almo/ )\t exception *>act]is$ by repeat$ly ana/omos+ lat]al ve9s4 ,! leaves are ( two k9ds3 7i7 foliage leaves2 app>5tly always /]ile1 usually spa?ulate1 ) an obtuse apex1 a well-m>k$ midrib :i* may p]si/ to ! apex or die out 9 ! upp] half ( ! lam9a1 *>act]is$ by its slight prom95ce & comp>atively great bread? especially 9 ! basal "p ( ! frond4 ,9 mo/ cases ! lam9a ext5ds z a n>r[ m>g9 to ! leaf-base1 b 9 a few =ms !re is a %ort petiole 7fig4 #ccd74 ,?\gh usually spa?ulate1 ! frond may be l9e>-lanceolate1 or ovate2 ! apex is sometimes acute4 ,leaves v>y 9 l5g? f #c to #dj cm4 & may 9 l>g] =ms h a bread? ( #aj cm4 ,num]\s lat]al ve9s curve upw>ds & outw>ds to ! m>g9 ( ! lam9a or pursue a /raight c\rse almo/ at "r-angles to ! midrib4 7ii7 ,scale-leaves#abii :i* diff] f ! foliage-leaves 9 _! mu* small] size & 9 ! abs5ce ( a midrib2 !y are deltoid1 oval or cordate 9 %ape & g5]ally t]m9ate 9 an acute apex2 ! edge ( ! lam9a may be slightly incurv$ s t ! leaf pres5ts a convex upp] surface suppli$ ) ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,! scale-leaves1 :i* v>y 9 l5g? f ab\t #a to #f cm41 probably act$ z sporophylls4 ,! only evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! fructification s f> obta9$ is repres5t$ by empty sporangium-l organs 7#ab-ae mm4 long by #jf-jh mm4 broad7 frequ5tly associat$ ) ! scale-leaves#acjj4 ,! leaves1 9 "s cases at lea/1 7 borne ne> toge!r on a cyl9drical /em or rhizome :i* produc$ bran*$ adv5titi\s roots#acja4 ,! fossils long kn[n z ,v]tebr>ia 7 recognis$ by ,zeill]#acjb & by ,oldham#acjc z ! /ems ( ,glossopt]is4 ,! sy/ematic position ( ,glossopt]is mu/ = ! pres5t be left an op5 "q4 ,?\gh usually spok5 ( z a f]n1 x is notewor?y t despite ! enorm\s abundance ( its foliage leaves 9 ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 no s+le example has be5 discov]$ :i* %[s und\bt$ rema9s ( sori or sporangia4 ,_m au?ors h describ$ f]tile leaves ( ,glossopt]is2 b x 0 n until ,arb]'s discov]y ( sporangia 9 close association ) ! scale-leaves t any light 0 ?r[n on ! nature ( ! reproductive organs4 ,! probability is t ,glossopt]is 0 n a true f]n b a memb] ( t l>ge & ev]-increas+ class1 ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,?is op9ion is bas$ l>gely on negative evid5ce4 ,su* sporangia z h be5 describ$ may h conta9$ microspores & ! plant may h be5 het]ospor\s4 ,! occurr5ce ( se$s 9 association ) ,glossopt]is fronds record$ by m ?an "o writ]#acjd1 ?\gh by no means decisive & possibly ! result ( *ance association1 is fav\rable to ?is view4 ,dr ,:ite#acje has sugge/$ t ! small leaves describ$ by ,zeill]#acjf z ,ottok>ia b5gal5sis f ,l[] ,gondwana 7,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s7 rocks ( ,india1 & simil> fossils record$ by himself f ,brazil z ,o4 ovalis1 may repres5t 8sporangif]\s0 organs ( ,glossopt]is or ,gangamopt]is1 8bo? ( :i* are probably pt]idosp]mic40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no conclusive evid5ce 9 support ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,! g5us1 :atev] its position may be1 has a special int]e/ = ! geologi/ & = ! /ud5t ( plant di/ribution2 x is a *>act]i/ic memb] ( a ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s flora :i* fl\ri%$ ov] an enorm\s area1 includ+ ,india1 ,s\? ,africa1--ext5d+ f ,cape ,colony to ,rhodesia & ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa#acjg1--;,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica#acjh4 ,?is flora1 kn[n z ! ,glossopt]is flora1 diff]$ consid]ably 9 its compon5t g5]a f t :i* ov]spread ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica & "s m s\!rn regions 9 ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian p]iods4 ,! discov]y by ,amalitzky#acji ( ,glossopt]is1 & o!r g5]a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,glossopt]is flora1 9 ! ,upp] ,p]mian rocks 9 ,vologda 7,russia7 demon/rates ! exi/5ce ( a nor!rn outpo/ ( ! s\!rn botanical prov9ce1 & ,zeill]'s discov]y ( ! g5us 9 ! ,rhaetic flora ( ,tonk9#acaj %[s t ,glossopt]is p]si/$ beyond ! limits ( ! ,palaeozoic epo*4 ,dr ,david ,:ite#acaa has rec5tly propos$ to re-*ri/5 ! ,glossopt]is flora ! ,gangamopt]is flora on ! gr\nd t ,gangamopt]is is /rictly ,palaeozoic 9 its range1 :]eas ,glossopt]is p]si/$ into ! ,mesozoic era2 ?is is p]haps h>dly a suffici5t reason = giv+ up s well e/abli%$ a title z ! ,glossopt]is flora4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ?is s\!rn flora mu/ be res]v$ = ano!r volume4 ,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ,brongni>t#acab4 ,figs4 #ccd-cf4 ,! specific "n ,br[niana is n[ appli$ to obtusely po9t$ leaves :i* sometimes rea* a l5g? ( #ae cm41 b are usually r %ort]4 ,9 =m & v5ation !y closely resemble ! leaves ( ! rec5t g5us ,antrophyum & species ( ,acro/i*um4 ,! comp>atively broad midrib may be replac$ 9 its proximal portion by sev]al p>allel ve9s3 f x are giv5 (f num]\s lat]al ve9s :i* =m a reticulum *>act]is$ by me%es approximately equal 9 size & elongat$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! g5]al c\rse ( ! second>y ve9s 7fig4 #ccd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccd4 ,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ,brongn4 ,a4 ,nat4 size3 ,b #c4 ,! draw+s1 orig9ally publi%$ by ,zeill]#acac1 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cce illu/rate ! v5ation & its range ( v>iation2 ! me%es are usually hexagonal & arrang$ z %[n 9 figs4 ,a & ,b1 b occasionally 7fig4 #cce1 ,c7 !y foll[ a m /eeply incl9$ c\rse4 ,small leaves ) a m or less di/9ct midrib1 #b-c cm4 9 l5g?1 supply transitional /ages betwe5 foliage- & scale-leaves4 ,9 ! true scale-leaves spread+ & occasionally ana/omos+ ve9s take ! place ( ! midrib & lat]al ve9s ( ! ord9>y frond4 ,mc,coy#acad 9 describ+ "s ,au/ralian specim5s ( ,glossopt]is 9 #ahdg spoke ( scale-l app5dages ( ! rhizome :i* he comp>$ ) ! l>ge ram5ta ( ,acro/i*um & o!r f]ns4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ,zeill]#acae :o fir/ recognis$ ! leaf-nature ( ^! scales & adequately describ$ !m2 additional figures ( scale-leaves h be5 publi%$ by ,mr ,arb]#acaf & by myself#acag4 ,! importance ( ^! small leaves has be5 consid]ably increas$ by ,mr ,arb]'s discov]y ( associat$ sporangia :i*1 z he sugge/s1 7 probably borne on _! l[] concave surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cce4 ,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ,brongn4 7,aft] ,zeill]4 #b47 ,! sporangia 7fig4 #ccf7 are comp>$ by ,arb] ) ! microsporangia ( rec5t ,cycads & ) ! ,palaeozoic sporangia describ$ by ,zeill] z ,discopt]is ,rallii 7fig4 #bef1 ,d72 ! latt] are di/+ui%$ by ! well-def9$ gr\p ( ?ick] wall$ cells repres5t+ ! annulus ( true f]n sporangia4 ,we "k no?+ z to ! cont5ts ( ! ,glossopt]is sporangia1 :e!r !y conta9$ microspores or :e!r !y are ! spore-capsules ( a homospor\s plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccf4 ,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ,brongn4 ,sporangia4 7 #cj74 ,aft] ,arb]4 ,! rhizome ( ,glossopt]is ,br[niana has be5 describ$ 9 detail by ,zeill]1 :o fir/ demon/rat$ t ! fossils orig9ally assign$ by ,royle#acah to ! g5us ,v]tebr>ia repres5t ! /em ( ?is &1 z we n[ "k1 ( "s o!r species ( ,glossopt]is4 ,v]tebr>ia occurs 9 abundance 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 association ) ,glossopt]is2 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,au/ralian1 ,indian1 & ,s\? =ms1 ?\gh express$ by specific names1 are insignificant4 ,! /ems are usually pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( flatt5$1 s+le or bran*$1 axes sometimes be>+ sl5d] bran*$ roots & *>act]is$ by "o or two1 or less frequ5tly ?ree1 longitud9al grooves or ridges 7fig4 #ccg7 f :i* lat]al grooves or ridges are giv5 (f at "r angles1 divid+ ! surface into m or less rectangul> areas #a cm4 or m 9 l5g?4 ,! surface ( ^! areas is (t5 slightly convex & 9 "s specim5s ! outl9es ( cells may be detect$4 ,mr ,oldham has describ$ "s int]e/+ examples ( ,v]tebr>ia f ,india 9 :i* ! longitud9al & transv]se grooves are occupi$ by a d>k br[n f]rug9\s sub/ance or by ! c>bonis$ rema9s ( plant-tissues 7fig4 #cch1 ,c1 ,d74 ,9 transv]se section1 a ,v]tebr>ia ca/ appe>s to be divid$ into a numb] ( w$ge-%ap$ segm5ts radiat+ f a common c5tre4 ,pr(4 ,zeill]#acai has figur$ specim5s ( ,v]tebr>ia ) portions ( ,glossopt]is fronds /ill atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccg4 ,v]tebr>ia indica1 ,royle4 ,nat4 size4 7,aft] ,fei/mantel47 ,! rhizome ( ,glossopt]is1 z repres5t$ by ! ,v]tebr>ia ca/s1 is aptly comp>$ by ,zeill]#acbj ) t ( ! rec5t ,polypodiace\s f]n ,onoclea /ru?iopt]is4 ,sections ( ! rec5t /em 7fig4 #cch1 ,e1 ,f7 %[ t ! =m is irregul>ly /ellate ow+ to ! pres5ce ( prom95t w+s :i* ana/omose lat]ally at int]vals z %[n by ! exam9ation ( a s]ies ( sections4 ,! leaf-traces are d]iv$ f ! /eles ( adjac5t w+s4 ,fig4 #cch 7,b & ,a7 repres5ts some:at diagrammatically a longitud9al & transv]se view ( a ,v]tebr>ia2 ! radiat+ arms repres5t$ 9 ! transv]se section 7fig4 ,a7 are ! /em ribs or w+s & ! segm5ts betwe5 !m are intrusions ( s$im5t>y mat]ial4 ,! rectangul> areas *>act]i/ic ( ! surface ( a ,v]tebr>ia are ! intrud$ segm5ts ( rock3 ^! are sep>at$ at int]vals by transv]se grooves1 :i* m>k ! c\rse ( vascul> /r&s giv5 (f at ea* ana/omosis ( ! longitud9al w+s to supply ! leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cch4 ,a1 ,b4 ,v]tebr>ia indica4 7,aft] ,zeill]47 ,c1 ,d4 ,v4 indica4 7,nat4 size4 ,aft] ,oldham47 ,e1 ,f4 ,onoclea /ru?iopt]is4 7 #b4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,mr ,oldham1 :o discov]$ ! connexion betwe5 ,glossopt]is & ,v]tebr>ia indep5d5tly ( ,dr ,zeill]1 does n agree ) ! int]pretation ( ! /ructural features ( ! rhizome :i* ,zeill] bases on a comp>ison betwe5 ,v]tebr>ia & ,onoclea /ru?iopt]is4 ,oldham#acba describes ,v]tebr>ia z consi/+ ( a c5tral axis 8jo9$ to an out] r9d by a s]ies ( radial septa10 ! spaces betwe5 ! septa be+ divid$ into *amb]s by transv]se p>titions4 ,8 view is t ! rhizome ( ,glossopt]is 0 a cyl9drical organ & n an irregul>ly w+$ axis l ! /em ( ,onoclea4 ,zeill]#acbb has repli$ 9 detail to ,oldham's int]pretation & adh]es to 8 orig9al view1 t ! rhizome consi/$ ( a solid axis ) radial w+s or flanges :i* at int]vals ana/omos$ transv]sely 9 pairs at ! nodes4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be possible t ! spaces betwe5 ! longitud9al & transv]se grooves on a ,v]tebr>ia axis1 :i* h be5 fill$ ) ! surr\nd+ rock1 7 orig9ally occupi$ 9 "p at lea/ by second>y wood1 & ! transv]se /rips ( c>bonace\s mat]ial#acbc ly+ 9 ! grooves may repres5t m$ull>y-ray tissue & accompany+ leaf-traces4 ,! longitud9al /riations se5 9 "s specim5s ( ,v]tebr>ia on ! areas betwe5 ! grooves may be ! impressions ( woody tissue4 ,x is impossible )\t ! aid ( m p]fectly pres]v$ mat]ial to arrive at a satisfactory conception ( ! /ructural features ( a complete ,glossopt]is rhizome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cci4 ,glossopt]is fronds atta*$ to rhizome4 7,f a specim5 l5t by ,dr ,mohl5graaff4 ,consid]ably r$uc$47 ,9 ! specim5 ( ,glossopt]is ,br[niana %[n 9 fig4 #cci sev]al leaves are atta*$ to an axis :i* %[s none ( ! surface-features ( ,v]tebr>ia4 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,dr ,mohl5graaff ( ,delft = ! loan ( ?is specim5 :i* 0 obta9$ f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ! ,transvaal4 ,an axis figur$ by ,e!ridge#acbd f an ,au/ralian locality be>s a tuft ( ,glossopt]is leaves1 possibly ,g4 ,br[niana2 9 place ( ! rectangul> areas *>act]i/ic ( ,v]tebr>ia x %[s transv]sely elongat$ leaf-sc>s or1 on ! int]nal ca/1 imbricate rod-l projections :i* ,e!ridge sugge/s repres5t vascul> bundles4 ,glossopt]is indica1 ,s*imp]4 ,figs4 #cdj1 ,a1 #cda4 ,x is a "q ( second>y importance :e!r or n ! fronds :i* ,brongni>t spoke ( z a v>iety ( ,glossopt]is ,br[niana %\ld be recognis$ z specifically di/9ct4 ,! c>eful exam9ation by ,zeill] ( ! v5ation *>act]s has1 h[ev]1 af=d$ ju/ification = sep>at+ ,g4 ,br[niana & ,g4 indica4 ,we mu/ admit t ! slight & n v con/ant diff]5ces 9 ! size & =m ( ! me%es produc$ by ! ana/omos+ ( ! lat]al ve9s are *>act]s :i* _c be recognis$ z hav+ m ?an a second>y value1 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 we employ !m z aids to det]m9ation4 ,! arbitr>y sep>ation ( /]ile leaves1 :i* diff] by small degrees f "o ano!r 9 =m & 9 ! details ( v5ation1 by ! application ( specific names is a ?ankless task necessitat$ by cu/om & conv5i5ce2 x is1 h[ev]1 idle to ignore ! artificial basis ( su* sep>ation4 ,mr ,arb] has rec5tly publi%$1 9 8 valuable ,glossopt]is ,flora1 an analytical key :i* s]ves to facilitate ! description & det]m9ation ( diff]5t types ( frond#acbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdj4 ,a4 ,glossopt]is indica1 ,s*imp]4 7 nat4 size47 ,b4 ,glossopt]is angu/ifolia1 ,brongni>t4 7,nat4 size47 ,f ,arb]1 aft] ,fei/mantel4 ,! l>ge leaves ( ,glossopt]is indica1 rea*+ a l5g? 9 extreme cases ( #dj cm4 & a bread? ( #aj cm41 are *>act]is$ by a r great] regul>ity 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! me%es & by ! great] p>allelism ( ! upp] & l[] sides ( ea* me% 7fig4 #cda7 & by less diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 ! v5ation me%es ?an 9 ,g4 ,br[niana1 ! leaves ( :i* are usually small]4 ,! relatively ?ick epid]mis consi/s ( rectangul> cells ) /omata 9 depressions#acbf4 ,! scale-leaves#acbg1 r l>g] ?an ^? ( ,g4 ,br[niana1 are m or less rhomboidal ) r\nd$ angles & rea* a l5g? ( #ae-f cm4 & a bread? ( #ae-be cm4 ,! rhizome is practically id5tical ) t ( ,g4 ,br[niana#acbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cda4 ,glossopt]is indica1 ,s*imp4 7 #a47 ,f ,arb]1 aft] ,zeill]4 ,?is species occurs 9 great abundance 9 ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,africa1 & else:]e4 ,x has be5 recognis$ also by ,amalitzky#acbi 9 ,upp] ,p]mian b$s 9 ,russia & by ,zeill] 9 ! ,rhaetic s]ies ( ,tonk9#accj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdb4 ,glossopt]is angu/ifolia v>4 ta5iopt]oides4 7 #c47 ,glossopt]is angu/ifolia1 ,brongni>t4 ,figs4 #cdj1 ,b2 #cdb4 ,x is conv5i5t to reta9 ?is designation = l9e> fronds ) an acute or obtuse apex & a v5ation-reticulum compos$ ( long & n>r[ me%es 7fig4 #cdj1 ,b74 ,x is by no means unlikely1 z ,arb] sugge/s1 t ! same plant may h produc$ leaves ( ! ,g4 indica type & n>r[] fronds :i* con=m to ,g4 angu/ifolia4 ,9 8 description ( "s ,indian specim5s ( ,g4 indica1 ,zeill] draws att5tion to ! v>iation exhibit$ 9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( ana/omos+ betwe5 ! second>y ve9s3 "s examples ) v few cross-connexions agree m closely ) ,ta5iopt]is ?an ) ,glossopt]is z usually def9$#acca4 ,! v5ation %[n 9 fig4 #cdb illu/rates an extreme case ( :at is almo/ c]ta9ly a ,glossopt]is leaf ( ! ,g4 angu/ifolia type4 ,?is specim51 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,mr ,leslie 9 ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s s&/one ( ,v]e5ig+ 7,transvaal71 has be5 ref]r$ to a v>iety ( ,brongni>t's species z ,g4 angu/ifolia v>4 ta5iopt]oides#accb on acc\nt ( ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( any cross-connexions4 ,! ref]5ce to ,glossopt]is1 :i* my fri5d ,dr ,zeill] sugge/$1 is amply ju/ifi$ by ! =m ( ! leaf z a :ole1 by ! angle at :i* ! lat]al ve9s leave ! midrib1 a feature 9 contra/ to ! wid] angle at :i* ! lat]al ve9s are usually giv5 (f 9 ,ta5iopt]is 7figs4 #cbi1 #ccb71 & by ! simil>ity to ! ,indian specim5s already m5tion$4 ,sev]al au?ors h describ$ leaves or leaflets "u ! g5]ic "n ,megalopt]is#accc f ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks :i* be> a close resemblance to ! ,s\? ,african v>iety1 b 9 "s cases at lea/ ,megalopt]is is kn[n to be a p9nate & n a simple leaf4 ,! leaf figur$ by ,jack & ,e!ridge z ,ta5iopt]is sp4#accd f ,que5sl& may also be an example ( ,glossopt]is4 ,comp>ison may be made also ) ! ,palaeozoic leaves describ$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ,lesqu]eux & m rec5tly by ,r5ault & ,zeill] z species ( ,lesleya#acce 7fig4 #cdg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdc4 ,ble*noxylon talbrag>5se1 ,e?43 s1 scale-leaves2 x1 second>y xylem4 7,aft] ,e!ridge4 ,a #b2 ,b #c2 ,c mu* enl>g$47 ,ble*noxylon talbrag>5se1 ,e!ridge4 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,"u ?is "n ,e!ridge#accf describ$ "s specim5s f ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s ,coal-,measures ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :i* he reg>ds z a f]n1 comp>able1 9 ! possession ( a cyl9d] ( second>y xylem1 ) ! rec5t g5us ,botry*ium & ) ,lyg9od5dron & o!r memb]s ( ! ,cycad(ilices4 ,! sl5d] axis 7#a-c mm4 9 diamet]7 appe>s to consi/ ( a zone ( radially dispos$ tissue 7fig4 #cdc1 ,c1 x71 :i* is probably ( ! nature ( second>y xylem1 enclos+ a pi? & surr\nd$ ext]nally by imp]fectly pres]v$ remnants ( cortex4 ,un=tunately no anatomical details c\ld be made out1 b ! g5]al appe>ance1 if n due to inorganic /ructure1 c]ta9ly supports ,e!ridge's det]m9ation4 ,! /em bore at int]vals clu/]s ( l9e>-lanceolate leaves 7rea*+ #ab mm4 9 l5g?7 9 close spirals 7fig4 #cdc1 ,a & ,b72 ! leaves are *>act]is$ by a /rong midrib & =k$ second>y ve9s4 ,small 8pyri=m0 bodies ( ! nature ( scale-leaves occur 9 association ) ! fronds 7fig4 #cdc1 ,b1 s74 ,9 8 description ( ?is int]e/+ plant1 ,e!ridge quotes an op9ion :i* ,i express$ 9 reg>d to ! comp>ison ( ! /em ) ^? ( ,botry*ium1 ,lyg9od5dron1 & o!r g5]a4 ,no satisfactory evid5ce has be5 f\nd z to ! nature ( ! fructification4 ,al?\gh ! leaves ( ,ble*noxylon are mu* small] ?an ^? ( ,glossopt]is1 ,i am n[ dispos$ to reg>d ! g5us z closely alli$ or ev5 g5]ically ref]able to ,glossopt]is4 ,! cr[d$ disposition ( ! leaves is l t 9 ,glossopt]is1 %[n 9 fig4 #cci & 9 ! figures publi%$ by ,e!ridge & by ,oldham2 ! association ( scale-leaves & foliage-leaves is ano!r feature 9 common4 ,! abs5ce ( a reticulum ( ana/omos+ ve9s c no long] be consid]$ a fatal objection to ! sugge/ion t ! ,au/ralian type may be a species ( ,glossopt]is4 ,if ! view t ,ble*noxylon is n a di/9ct g5us is correct1 ! occurr5ce ( second>y xylem is fav\rable to ! op9ion already express$ t ,glossopt]is is m likely to be a ,pt]idosp]m ?an a true f]n4 ,! data at pres5t available r5d] x advisable to reta9 ,mr ,e!ridge's "n3 ! comp>ison ) ,glossopt]is lacks confirmation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ble*noxylon ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdd4 ,glossopt]is retif]a4 7,nat4 size4 ,f ,arb]1 aft] ,fei/mantel47 ,glossopt]is retif]a1 ,fei/4 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,9 "s ,glossopt]is leaves ! ana/omos+ second>y ve9s =m a co>s] reticulum1 z 9 ! example repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cdd4 ,! "n ,g4 retif]a 0 giv5 by ,fei/mantel#accg to ,indian fronds ( ?is type2 simil> =ms h be5 describ$ z ,g4 conspicua & ,g4 ,tatei4 ,! type illu/rat$ by ,g4 retif]a is record$ also f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,zulul&#acch1 ,natal1 ! ,transvaal1 ,cape ,colony1 & ! ,arg5t9e4 ,gangamopt]is4 ,9 #ahdg ,mc,coy#acci describ$ a leaf-fragm5t f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales z ,cyclopt]is angu/ifolia4 ,! type-specim5 ( ?is species1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge1 has be5 re-describ$ by ,mr ,arb]#acdj4 ,subsequ5tly#acda ,mc,coy in/itut$ ! g5]ic "n ,gangamopt]is = leaves1 l t previ\sly ref]r$ by him to ,cyclopt]is1 f ! ,bac*us ,m>% ,s&/one1 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 b he did n publi% a diagnosis ( ! g5us until sev]al ye>s lat]#acdb4 ,fei/mantel#acdc1 :o has describ$ _m species ( ,gangamopt]is f ! ,l[] ,gondwana /rata ( ,india1 slightly modifi$ ! orig9al diagnosis4 ,! g5us is repres5t$ by /]ile fronds only4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! /em1 & su* evid5ce z is available 9 reg>d to ! =m ( ! f]tile leaves is ( a circum/antial k9d4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 highly probable t ,gangamopt]is is n a true f]n b a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,leaves simple1 sessile1 v>y+ 9 %ape2 obovate or spa?ulate1 broadly lanceolate or r>ely l9e>2 ! apex is usually blunt 7fig4 #cde7 b occasionally gradually tap]$4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance a ,gangamopt]is leaf is simil> to t ( ,glossopt]is indica1 ! *ief di/9ction be+ ! abs5ce ( a midrib4 ,gangamopt]is leaves are on ! :ole l>g] ?an ^? ( ,glossopt]is2 _m ( !m rea* a l5g? ( #bj cm4 & "s ( ! l>ge ,indian fronds are ne>ly #dj cm4 long4 ,! v5ation ( ,gangamopt]is %[s a great] uni=mity 9 ! size & %ape ( ! me%es ?an t ( ,glossopt]is4 ,! middle ( ! lam9a1 especially 9 ! l[] "p1 is occupi$ by a few v]tical ve9s f :i* bran*es curve upw>ds & outw>ds t[>ds ! edge ( ! lam9a4 ,! second>y ve9s are connect$ by frequ5t ana/omoses & agree v closely ) ^? ( ,glossopt]is4 ,! lam9a becomes n>r[] t[>ds ! base1 :i* is ei!r cuneate or 9 "s cases slightly auriculate 7fig4 #cde74 ,z ,i h else:]e po9t$ out#acdd1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a midrib is n 9 itself a "* ( real taxonomic importance4 ,9 ! rec5t f]n ,scolop5drium vulg>e ! frond has a prom95t midrib1 :ile 9 ,s4 nigripes !re is no m$ian rib4 ,mr ,arb] has express$ ! op9ion t 8x is extremely d\btful :e!r ! g5us ,gangamopt]is %\ld n be m]g$ 9 ,glossopt]is#acde40 ,! ret5tion ( ! two names is1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t1 & x w\ld t5d to confusion 7 we to c>ry to its logical conclusion ! view t ! recognis$ di/9ction betwe5 ! two g5]a may n be a m>k ( g5]ic diff]5ce4 ,gangamopt]is is conf9$ to ,palaeozoic /rata1 a fact :i* leads ,:ite#acdf to speak ( ! ,gangamopt]is r ?an ( ! ,glossopt]is ,flora4 ,x occurs 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,india1 ext5d+ z f> nor? z ,ka%mir2 x has be5 discov]$ by ,amalitzky 9 ,p]mian rocks ( ,russia#acdg4 ,! ,russian rocks 9 :i* ,glossopt]is & ,gangamopt]is 7 f\nd are no d\bt ( ,p]mian age4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,brazil & ,arg5t9a1 & 9 ! ,indian ,coal-fields1 ,gangamopt]is is a *>act]i/ic g5us ( ,l[] ,gondwana rocks4 ,^! /rata are usually spok5 ( z ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s 9 ord] to avoid ! dang] ( attempt+ on insuffici5t data a precise correlation ) ,european =mations4 ,fei/mantel speaks ( ,gangamopt]is z mo/ abundant 9 ! ,tal*ir-,k>h>bri b$s1 ?\gh x is repres5t$ also 9 ! ov]ly+ ,damuda s]ies4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! g5us occurs 9 rocks :i* correspond 9 position & 9 _! plant fossils ) ! ,tal*ir-,k>h>bri b$s ( ,india2 simil>ly1 9 ,s\? ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica ! ,gangamopt]is b$s are homotaxial ) ^? ( ,india & ,au/ralia4 ,! leaf describ$ by ,c>ru!rs#acdh f ,brazil z ,noegg]a?ia obovata 7! type-specim5 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 is no d\bt specifically id5tical ) ,gangamopt]is cyclopt]oides ,fei/4#acdi ,9 a pap] by ,mr ,hayd5 on ,gangamopt]is b$s 9 ! ,vihi ,valley1 ,ka%mir1 evid5ce is adduc$ 9 support ( ! conclusion t ! rocks are 8n y\ng] ?an ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & may belong to ! base ( t subdivision or ev5 to ! ,middle ,c>bonif]\s#acej40 ,x w\ld seem t ,gangamopt]is 0 a v widely spread g5us dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod 9 ! va/ ,s\!rn ,cont95t to :i* ! "n ,gondwana ,l& is (t5 appli$1 & t x fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,flora dur+ at lea/ "p ( ! ,p]mian p]iod3 ) o!r memb]s ( ! ,glossopt]is ,flora x migrat$ to ! ,nor? :]e x has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,p]mian rocks ( ,nor!rn ,russia4 ,! ,glossopt]is ,flora mu/ h _h its bir? 9 ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! conclusion seems inevitable t ! leaves ( ,glossopt]is & ,gangamopt]is 9 ! %ales & s&/ones ( ,india1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia are relics ( ! vegetation ( a cont95t ( :i* ^! regions are ! disjuncta membra4 ,d>w9 wrote to 8 fri5d ,hook] 9 #ahha1 8,i h sometimes speculat$ :e!r !re did n exi/ some:]e dur+ long ages an extremely isolat$ cont95t1 p]haps ne> ! ,s\? ,pole#acea40 ,x is probable t ,gangamopt]is is "o ( ! g5]a :i* fl\ri%$ on ?is cont95t4 ,gangamopt]is cyclopt]oides1 ,fei/mantel#aceb4 ,fig4 #cde4 #ahgf4 ,fei/mantel1 ,records ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,pt iii4 p4 #gc4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cde illu/rates ! *>act]s ( ?is commone/ repres5tative ( ! g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cde4 ,gangamopt]is cyclopt]oides1 ,fei/4 7,nat4 size4 ,f ,arb]1 aft] ,fei/mantel47 ,gangamopt]is ka%mir5sis1 ,sew>d4 #aije4 ,sew>d1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,mem4 ii4 ,?is type agrees closely ) ,g4 cyclopt]oides 9 size & 9 ! =m ( ! leaf1 b x is di/+ui%$ by ! flatt] =m ( ! ar* =m$ by ! lat]al ve9s1 by _! great] incl9ation to ! m>g9 ( ! lam9a1 & by ! m acutely po9t$ apex ( ! lam9a4 ,?is species1 ?\gh n v %>ply di/+ui%$ f ,g4 cyclopt]oides1 is important z com+ f b$s :i* h be5 assign$ on o!r ?an palaeobotanical evid5ce to an ,upp] or possibly a ,middle ,c>bonif]\s horizon#acec4 ,we h no def9ite in=mation 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs ( ,gangamopt]is1 b su* evid5ce z !re is supports ! view express$ by ,dr ,:ite#aced & %>$ by "s o!r au?ors t ,gangamopt]is & ,glossopt]is %\ld be assign$ to ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,despite ! abundance ( ,gangamopt]is leaves1 no f]tile specim5 has be5 discov]$4 ,?is negative evid5ce may prove to be z correct z t :i* l$ ,/ur#acee to exclude ,neuropt]is1 ,ale?opt]is & ,odontopt]is f ! f]ns4 ,! only evid5ce ( a positive k9d is t furni%$ by ,dr ,david ,:ite 9 8 rec5t ,report on ! ,palaeozoic ,flora ( ,s\? ,brazil4 ,?is au?or describes "s small ,aphlebia-l leaves "u two new g5]ic names ,arb]ia#acef & ,d]byella#aceg4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two sets ( specim5s1 s f> z c be det]m9$ f ! reproductions ( imp]fect impressions1 are slight1 & x is by no means cle> t a di/9ction ( g5]ic rank exi/s4 ,^! scale-leaves are on ! av]age ab\t #b cm4 9 l5g?2 ! lam9a is oval or r\nd$ & has m or less prom95t lobes4 ,9 ,d]byella !re are indications ( ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,! specim5s ref]r$ to ,arb]ia m9asica are1 z ,:ite po9ts out1 v simil> to ! fossil describ$ by ,fei/mantel f ,l[] ,gondwana rocks ( ,india z probably a portion ( an infloresc5ce ( ,noegg]a?iopsis#aceh4 ,fei/mantel's specim5 is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cdf3 ! curl$ lobes may h orig9ally borne se$s4 ,9 ! ,brazilian examples ! abruptly truncat$ lobes 8be> evid5ce ( sep>ation f reproductive bodies40 ,an important po9t is ! association ( ^! scale-leaves ) ,gangamopt]is fronds & ) gymnosp]m\s se$s ( ! ,sam>opsis type4 ,on ! leaves assign$ to ,d]byella aurita circul> depressions occur at ! base ( ! lobes :i* are describ$ z probably due to sporangia4 ,dr ,:ite's discov]y gives u increas$ confid5ce 9 express+ ! view t ,gangamopt]is bore its reproductive organs on specialis$ leaves v diff]5t f ! /]ile fronds2 x also /r5g!ns ! suspicion t ! g5us is a memb] ( ! class ( se$-be>+ f]n-l plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdf4 ,arb]ia sp4 7 ,noegg]a?iopsis ( ,fei/mantel74 7,nat4 size4 ,aft] ,fei/mantel47 ,lesleya4 ,?is g5]ic designation 0 in/itut$ by ,lesqu]eux#acei = simple oval-l9e> leaves f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! leaves s nam$ are probably g5]ically id5tical ) ! specim5 d\btfully assign$ by ,brongni>t#acfj to ! ,coal-,measures1 & made by him ! type ( ! g5us ,cannophyllites on ! gr\nd ( a resemblance to ! leaves ( ! rec5t fl[]+ plant ,canna4 ,fig4 #cdg illu/rates ! =m ( a ,lesleya leaf f ! ,coal-bas9 ( ,g>d1 nam$ by ,gr&',eury ,l4 simplic9]vis#acfa1 a type 9 :i* ! ve9s are frequ5tly unbran*$ & n repeat$ly =k$ z 9 mo/ examples ( ! g5us 7fig4 #cbi1 ,c74 ,! features ( ! g5us are1 ! oval-l9e> or lanceolate %ape ( ! presumably simple frond1 its entire or1 9 "o species at lea/ 7,l4 ,delafondi1 ,zeill471 f9ely d5tate m>g91 ! /\t ra*is giv+ (f at a v acute angle num]\s di*otom\sly bran*$ second>y ve9s4 ,9 ,l4 ,delafondi 7fig4 #cbi1 ,c71 describ$ by ,zeill]#acfb f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,autun1 ! frond may rea* a l5g? ( m ?an #bj cm4 & a bread? ( #h cm4 ,simil> species are repres5t$ by ,l4 ensis#acfc f ! coal-field ( ,comm5try1 & ,l4 gr&is#acfd f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! g5us is *>act]i/ic ( ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,l[] ,p]mian /rata3 ! =m ( ! leaf & ! direction ( ! second>y ve9s sugge/ comp>ison ) ,glossopt]is1 b 9 ,lesleya !re are no cross-connexions betwe5 ! ve9s4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! fructification1 a fact :i* naturally evokes ! op9ion t ! g5us is a ,pt]idosp]m#acfe & n a true f]n4 ,"s ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( ,pt]idosp]ms1 ,gr&',eury#acff sugge/$ t ,lesleya might be a ,gymnosp]m2 8 op9ion be+ bas$ on ! woody nature ( ! ra*is & on ! simple v5ation ( ,lesleya simplic9]vis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdg4 ,leslya simplic9]vis1 ,gr&',eury4 7,r$uc$3 aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,neuropt]idium4 ,9 _! monograph ( fossil plants f ! ,bunt] ,s]ies ( ! ,vosges1 ,s*imp] & ,m\geot#acfg describ$ "s p9nate leaves ( f]ns z species ( ! g5us ,neuropt]is4 ,9 #ahfi ,s*imp]#acfh plac$ ^! 9 a new sub-g5us ,neuropt]idium1 9 ord] to draw att5tion to ! fact t _! fronds appe> to be simply p9nate & n bip9nate or trip9nate z 9 ,neuropt]is4 ,! type-species ( ,neuropt]idium is ,n4 gr&ifolia ,s*4 & ,m\g4 f ! ,bunt] ,s&/ones ( ! ,vosges4 ,! g5us includes ,triassic ,european species & ! widely di/ribut$ ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s species f ,brazil#acfi orig9ally describ$ by ,c>ru!rs z ,odontopt]is ,plantiana4 ,x is probable t "s ,c>bonif]\s plants1 p>ticul>ly species f ! l[] memb]s ( ! =mation1 ref]r$ to ! g5us ,c>diopt]is1 are n g5etically di/9ct f ! ,indian & s\!rn hemisph]e type ,neuropt]idium validum 7 ,odontopt]is ,plantiana74 ,fronds p9nate1 l9e>2 a broad ra*is be>s p9nules :i* may be ei!r semicircul> or broadly l9e> ) an entire or lob$ m>g94 ,! long] p9nules may exce$ #f cm4 9 l5g?4 ,! p9nules agree ) ^? ( ,neuropt]is 9 be+ atta*$ by ! m$ian portion ( ! lam9a & n by ! :ole base1 :i* is m or less auriculate4 ,9 "s cases ! repeat$ly =k$ ve9s div]ge f ! c5tre ( ! p9nule base2 9 o!rs !re is a midrib :i* p]si/s = a %ort di/ance only1 & 9 "s species ! m p]si/5t m$ian ve9 gives ! segm5ts a clos] resemblance to ^? ( ,neuropt]is4 ,fructification unkn[n1 ) ! exception ( obscure indications ( sporangia 787 on ! f]tile leaves ( a ,triassic species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdh4 ,neuropt]idium validum1 ,fei/4 ,nat4 size4 ,f ! ,k>h>bri ,coal-field1 ,india4 ,f ,arb]1 aft] ,fei/mantel4 ,neuropt]idium validum4 7,fei/mantel#acgj74 ,fig4 #cdh4 #ahfi4 ,odontopt]is ,plantiana1 ,c>ru!rs1 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #i1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 figs4 #b1 #c4 #ahgh4 ,neuropt]is valida1 ,fei/mantel1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,gondwana ,sy/41 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aj1 pl4 ,,ii4-,,vi4 #ahhj4 ,neuropt]idium validum1 ,fei/mantel1 ,ibid4 #b1 p4 #hd4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cdh illu/rates ! ma9 features ( ,neuropt]idium validum4 ,?is species is ref]r$ to by ,dr ,:ite#acga z ,n4 ,plantianum on ! gr\nd ( priority1 & ) a view to p]petuate ! "n ( ! ,engli% eng9e] ,na?aniel ,plant :o discov]$ ! species 9 a ,brazilian ,coal-field 9 ! prov9ce ( ,rio ,gr&e d ,sul4 ,fei/mantel's specific "n is h[ev] reta9$ z be+ mu* bett] kn[n4 ,an exam9ation ( ,mr ,plant's specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum l$ me#acgb to speak ( ! ,brazilian species z id5tical ) ,n4 validum describ$ by ,fei/mantel f ,l[] ,gondwana rocks ( ,india4 ,zeill]#acgc _h previ\sly drawn att5tion to ! resemblance betwe5 ! two sets ( specim5s4 ,! frond ( ,n4 validum may exce$ #ej cm4 9 l5g?4 ,! l[] p9nules may be entire & semicircul> 9 =m :ile ! upp] & l>g] segm5ts1 :i* may rea* a l5g? ( #e or #f cm41 are *>act]is$ by broad lobes 7fig4 #cdh74 ,?is type is repres5t$ 9 ! flora ( ! ,tal*ir-,k>h>bri s]ies 7,l[] ,gondwana7 ( ,india#acgd1 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,brazil & ,arg5t9e#acge1 & 9 ! s&/ones ( ,v]e5ig+ on ! bord]s ( ! ,transvaal & ,cape ,colony4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic memb] ( ! ,glossopt]is ,flora & occurs 9 association ) ,glossopt]is & ,gangamopt]is4 ,neuropt]idium int]m$ium 7,s*imp]74 ,fig4 #cdi4 ,?is species has be5 figur$ by ,s*imp] & ,m\geot#acgf f ! ,bunt] ( ! ,vosges & m fully describ$ by ,blanck5horn#acgg f ! ,bunt] b$s ( ,comm]n4 ,! p9nate leaves rea* a l5g? ( #fe cm42 ! l[] semicircul> p9nules pass gradually into broadly l9e> segm5ts *>act]is$ by an auriculate base & a ,neuropt]is type ( v5ation 7fig4 #ced1 ,d1 ,e74 ,9 ! example reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cdi f "o ( ,blanck5horn's figures1 ! fronds are atta*$ to a %ort & ?ick rhizome be>+ roots & portions ( old petioles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdi4 ,neuropt]idium int]m$ium 7,s*imp474 7,aft] ,blanck5horn4 nat4 size47 ,an example ( ano!r ,triassic species is af=d$ by ,neuropt]idium gr&ifolium ,s*imp4 & ,m\g41 :i* agrees v closely ) ,n4 validum 9 ! size & %ape ( ! p9nules4 ,! occurr5ce 9 ,l[] ,mesozoic ,european rocks ( fronds h>dly di/+ui%able f ! old] s\!rn species may be reg>d$ z fav\rable to ! view already express$1 t "s at lea/ ( ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s plants migrat$ nor? ( ! ,equator4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,vosges ,triassic species ( ,s*izoneura#acgh & ! examples ( ?is g5us record$ f ! ,l[] ,gondwana rocks ( ,india af=ds additional evid5ce ( a nor!rn migration4 ,our k ( ! reproductive organs ( ,neuropt]idium is practically nil4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,zeill]#acgi & ,blanck5horn#achj are correct 9 reg>d+ ! ,bunt] fronds assign$ by ,s*imp] & ,m\geot to ! g5us ,crematopt]is z ! f]tile leaves ( ,neuropt]idium int]m$ium or "s o!r species f ! same horizon4 ,^! fronds be> cr[d$ p9nules simil> to ^? ( ,neuropt]idium int]m$ium1 ,n4 ,voltzii#acha1 & o!r species1 exhibit+ on ! expos$ surface num]\s c>bonace\s spots :i* may be ! rema9s ( sporangia4 ,c>diopt]is4 ,s*imp]#achb appli$ ?is g5]ic "n to ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s fronds ( a simple-p9nate habit :i* _h previ\sly be5 describ$ z species ( ,cyclopt]is4 ,c>diopt]is frondosa may s]ve z a typical example4 ,?is species1 orig9ally describ$ by ,goepp]t z ,cyclopt]is frondosa 7fig4 #cej71 is record$ f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ! ,vosges di/rict#achc 9 ,silesia1 ,moravia#achd1 & ,?ur+ia#ache4 ,! p9nules1 :i* are atta*$ 9 opposite pairs to a broad ra*is1 v>y 9 l5g? f #b to #aj cm4 & h a bread? ( #b to #h cm42 9 mann] ( atta*m5t & v5ation !y agree ) ^? ( ,neuropt]idium validum4 ,! v5ation is v cle>ly %[n 9 a draw+ ( "s l>ge p9nules figur$ by ,/ur#achf4 ,! specim5 ( ,c>diopt]is frondosa1 a portion ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #cej on a slightly r$uc$ scale1 0 orig9ally figur$ by ,s*imp] f an unusually good example 9 ! ,/rassburg ,museum4 ,s*imp]'s draw+ h>dly does ju/ice to ! orig9al specim54 ,a frond be>+ r n>r[] p9nules1 alt]nately plac$ on ! ra*is1 :i* ,frits* has describ$ z ,c>diopt]is ,ho*/ett]ii v>4 franconica f ! ,culm ( ,?ur+ia1 be>s a close resemblance to ,neuropt]idium validum b diff]s 9 ! entire m>g9 ( ! p9nules4 ,an ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s species f ,russia describ$ by ,grigoriew#achg z ,neuropt]is1 cf4 cordata v>4 d5s9eura1 repres5ts ano!r =m ( simil> habit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cej4 ,c>diopt]is frondosa 7,goepp474 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,s*imp]47 ,s*u/]#achh has rec5tly propos$ a new g5]ic "n ,ulvopt]is = a fragm5t ( a p9na f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,dudweil] 9 ,g]many be>+ l>ge p9nules1 :i* he comp>es ) ^? ( ,c>diopt]is & species ( ,rhacopt]is4 ,! specim5 appe>s to be indi/+ui%able f "s ( ^? already ref]r$ to z con=m+ to ,neuropt]idium1 & x is difficult to recognise any reason = ! creation ( a new g5]ic "n4 ,we _c hope to arrive at any satisfactory decision 9 reg>d to ! precise aff9ity betwe5 ,neuropt]idium validum & species ref]r$ to ,c>diopt]is & o!r g5]a s long z portions ( /]ile fronds are ! only te/s at our disposal4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r a specim5 consi/+ ( an axis be>+ p9nules repres5ts a l>ge p9na ( a bip9nate frond or if x is a complete p9nate leaf4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no adequate reason = suppos+ t ! presumably p9nate fronds f ! ,gondwana ,l& rocks are g5]ically di/9ct f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,european species ,c>diopt]is frondosa4 ,grant+ ! probability t bo? g5]a are ,pt]idosp]ms & closely alli$ to "o ano!r1 ! two g5]ic names may be reta9$ on ! gr\nd ( long usage & 9 default ( satisfactory evid5ce confirmatory ( g5]ic id5tity4 ,c>diopt]is w\ld ?us /& = a type ( frond *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,europe1 :ile ,neuropt]idium is reta9$ = ! ,s\!rn species ,n4 validum1 & = o!rs f ! ,trias ( ! ,vosges4 ,aphlebia4 ,?is "n 0 propos$ by ,presl#achi = l>ge leaf-l impressions hav+ a p9nate or p9natifid =m & *>act]is$ by a confus$ irregul> type ( v5ation1 or by a f9e sup]ficial /riation or wr9kl+ :i* simulates ve9s4 ,gutbi] _h previ\sly describ$ simil> fossils z ,fucoides1 & o!r au?ors h describ$ ,aphlebiae z species ( ,rhacophyllum1 ,s*izopt]is1 & o!r g5]a#acij4 ,! t]m ,aphlebia is reta9$1 n z d5ot+ a di/9ct g5us b 7i7 z a descriptive "n = deta*$ leafy /ructures simil> to ^? figur$ by ,presl1 :i* are n[ recognis$ z lam9> app5dages ( ! petioles ( f]ns or f]n-l fronds1 & 7ii7 z an epi!t = highly modifi$ p9nules :i* frequ5tly occur at ! base ( ! prim>y p9nae ( ,pecopt]oid & ,sph5opt]oid fronds 7e4g4 ,dactylo!ca plumosa1 fig4 #bic7acia4 ,modifi$ p9nules1 simil> 9 _! r$uc$ & deeply dissect$ lam9a to ^? repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bic1 are frequ5tly f\nd at ! base ( ! prim>y p9nae ( ,palaeozoic species ( ,sph5opt]is & o!r g5]a ( ,pt]idosp]ms or f]ns1 includ+ memb]s ( ! ,co5opt]ideae4 ,potoni#acib gives a li/ ( v>i\s types ( ,aphlebiae 9 8 pap] on ^! organs4 ,a /rik+ case has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,zeill] 9 a ,fr5* ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s species1 ,sph5opt]is ,ma!ti#acic4 ,x w\ld seem t ! l>g] examples ( ,aphlebiae are m frequ5tly associat$ ) ! comp\nd leaves ( ,pt]idosp]ms ?an ) ^? ( ,f]ns#acid4 ,z examples ( ! l>g] types ( ,aphlebiae ref]5ce may be made to ,aphlebia crispa 7,gutb47#acie1 :i* rea*es a l5g? ( ne>ly #fj cm4 & has ! =m ( a m or less triangul> p9nate leaf divid$ into decurr5t deeply lob$ segm5ts1 to a simil> species repres5t$ by ,a4 ,g]m>i 7 ,s*izopt]is lactuca ,g]m47#acif :i* simulates ! leaves ( endive 7,ci*orium endivia ,l471 & to "s l>ge =ms figur$ by ,gr&',eury#acig z species ( ,s*izopt]is4 ,aphlebiae su* z t figur$ by ,kid/on#acih z ,rhacophyllum crispum1 ) n>r[ ultimate segm5ts1 might easily be mi/ak5 = ! impressions ( an alga4 ,! t]m ,aphlebia may be appli$ also to ! ,cyclopt]oid p9nules on ! petioles ( "s species ( ,neuropt]is1 ,odontopt]is & ,ar*aeopt]is4 ,goebel#acii has ref]r$ to ! application by ,potoni & o!r au?ors ( ! t]m ,aphlebioid to ! p9nules :i* s]ve z bud-protect+ organs 9 rec5t fronds ( ,glei*5ia 7fig4 #bbf1 p4 #bij72 he expresses ! op9ion t x is sup]flu\s & mislead+ to make use ( a special designation = /ructures :i* are und\bt$ly modifi$ p9nules4 ,9 ! case ( fossils x is1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t to employ ! t]m ,aphlebia z a descriptive "n = modifi$ p9nules or /ipul> /ructures :i* _c be connect$ ) def9ite species ( fronds4 ,x is cle> t "s ,aphlebiod leaflets1 su* z ^? ( ,dactylo!ca1 s]v$ z protective organs = ! unexp&$ p9nae#adjj1 & 9 all probability ! l>ge ,aphlebiae s]v$ ! same purpose z ! fle%y /ipules ( ,angiopt]is & ,m>attia :i* cov] ! uncoil$ fronds4 ,! p9natifid scale-leaves ( consid]able size 7fig4 #cea7 :i* occur 9 ! leaf-axils or z o*rea-l /ipules on ! fronds ( ,gunn]a 7a tropical & subtropical ,dicotyl$on\s g5us7 be> a v close resemblance to "s ,palaeozoic ,aphlebiae1 e4g4 ,aphlebia crispa 7,gutb474 ,! rec5t & fossil scale-leaves may be reg>d$ z simil> 9 function z 9 =m2 moreov] ! delicate coil$ fronds ( ,palaeozoic ,pt]idosp]ms or f]ns1 l ^? ( "s rec5t fl[]+ plants1 may h be5 kept moi/ by a secretion ( mucilage4 ,! p9natifid /ipules ( ,m>attia frax9ea 7fig4 #bda1 ,b1 p4 #cag7 resemble c]ta9 fossil ,aphlebiae1 & ! wr9kl$ surface ( ! rec5t /ipules pres5ts an appe>ance simil> to t :i* 9 "s fossil =ms has be5 errone\sly describ$ z ve9+4 ,x is n improbable t mantle-leaves ( su* rec5t f]ns z ,polypodium qu]cifolium 7fig4 #bcd1 ,m1 p4 #cjc7 are comp>able ) "s fossil ,aphlebiae :i* may h s]v$ z humus-collectors = ,palaeozoic epiphytes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cea4 ,scale-leaf ( ,gunn]a manicata4 7,slightly r$uc$4 ,m4,s47 ,! fili=m app5dages on ! petioles ( ! rec5t f]n ,hemitelia cap5sis 7fig4 #bce1 p4 #cjd7 h (t5 be5 comp>$ ) ! aphlebioid leaflets ( fossil fronds4 ,potoni :o has discuss$ ! nature ( ,aphlebiae reg>ds !m z ve/iges ( a once cont9u\s lam9a1 :i* =m$ a w+$ bord] to ! bran*$ axes ( m primitive =ms ( fronds4 ,x is possible t ! p9nules betwe5 ! p9nae on ! ra*is ( ,ar*aeopt]is & ! ,cyclopt]oid leaflets ( ,neuropt]is & ,odontopt]is may h ! morphological significance attribut$ to !m by ,potoni4 ,9 "s cases x is probable t ! ,aphlebiae1 :e!r ve/iges or n1 s]v$ ! purpose ( protect+ ei!r ! :ole frond or individual p9nae4 ,aphlebiae1 ?\gh especially *>act]i/ic ( ,palaeozoic leaves1 are occasionally met ) 9 ! =m ( modifi$ p9nules at ! base ( ! prim>y p9nae on ,mesozoic f]ns1 e4g4 9 ,coniopt]is hym5ophylloides#adja4 ,9 "s f]n fronds ! l[e/ p9nule ( ea* p9na diff]s 9 %ape or size f ! normal ultimate segm5ts1 b x w\ld be almo/ affectation to ext5d ! use ( ! t]m ,aphlebia to su* p9nules4 ,! ,jurassic species ,cladophlebis lobifolia 7,phill47 is a case 9 po9t#adjb4 ,9 ?is f]n1 :i* "s au?ors speak (1 )\t suffici5t reason1 z ,dicksonia lobifolia#adjc1 ! l[e/ p9nule is l>ge & diff]5t 9 %ape f ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceb4 ,a4 ,sph5opt]is obtusiloba4 ,p9nule4 7,enl>g$4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,b1 ,c4 ,s4 obtusiloba4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,d4 ,pecopt]is arboresc5s4 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,e4 ,sph5opt]is furcata 7 ,diplotmema furcatum74 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,sph5opt]is4 ,sph5opt]is is "o ( ! _m g5]ic names :i* we owe to ,brongni>t#adjd4 ,x is ! g5]ic designation us$ = a great numb] ( ,palaeozoic & lat] fronds1 mo/ ( :i* are ^? ( true f]ns :ile "s ,palaeozoic species are und\bt$ ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,! g5us1 :i* is purely provisional1 includes memb]s ( widely diff]5t families possess+ p9nules ( ! same g5]al type1 su* z is repres5t$ 9 "s rec5t species ( ,davallia1 ,aspl5ium1 & o!r f]ns4 ,! fronds ( ,sph5opt]is may be bip9nate1 trip9nate1 or quadrip9nate2 ! ra*is may be di*otom\sly bran*$ or ! bran*+ may be ( ! p9nate type *>act]i/ic ( mo/ rec5t f]ns4 ,! p9nules are small2 !y v>y consid]ably 9 %ape ev5 9 a s+le frond1 b ! *ief *>act]i/ics are3 ! lob$ lam9a1 contract$ & (t5 w$ge-%ap$ at ! base 7fig4 #ceb71 ! di*otom\sly bran*$ ve9s radiat+ f ! base or giv5 (f f a m$ian rib at an acute angle4 ,! lam9a may be divid$ into a few bluntly r\nd$ lobes 7fig4 #ceb1 ,c7 or deeply dissect$ into l9e> or cuneate segm5ts 7fig4 #ceb1 ,a1 ,b1 ,e74 ,examples ( ,sph5opt]oid leaves h already be5 describ$ "u ! g5]a ,coniopt]is1 ,ony*iopsis1 ,ruf=dia1 etc4 ,among ! num]\s examples ( ,sph5opt]is species f ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks m5tion may be made ( ,sph5opt]is obtusiloba ,brogn4#adje 7fig4 #ceb1 ,a-,c71 :i* occurs 9 ! ,middle & ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita9#adjf4 ,?is type is *>act]is$ by ! almo/ orbicul>1 oval or triangul> p9nules :i* may rea* a l5g? ( #ae mm42 !y are occasionally entire1 b m usually divid$ into #c to #e r\nd$ lobes4 ,! =k$ ve9s radiate f ! base ( ! p9nule4 ,! ra*is may be di*otom\sly bran*$4 ,fructification unkn[n4 ,! species ,s4 furcata ,brongn4#adjg1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle & ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita9 7fig4 #ceb1 ,e71 is ref]r$ to "u ,/ur's g5us ,diplotmema#adjh 9 :i* x is includ$ by "s au?ors solely because ( ! di*otom\s habit ( bran*+ ( ! p9nae4 ,! p9na repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cec illu/rates a simil> type ( p9nule4 ,?is species1 :i* is v common 9 ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 0 describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton z ,sph5opt]is aff9is#adji4 ,! fronds ( ,sph5opt]is aff9is 7 discov]$ by ,mr ,pea*#adaj 9 a f]tile condition1 b he reg>d$ ! reproductive organs z ^? ( a plant p>asitic on ! ,sph5opt]is fronds4 ,kid/on#adaa sub/itut$ ,/ur's g5us ,calymmato!ca = ,sph5opt]is on ! gr\nd t ! sporangia figur$ by ,pea* "u ! "n ,/aphylopt]is ,pea*ii be> a close resemblance to ! organs :i* ,/ur describ$ z valves ( an indusium 9 8 species ,calymmato!ca ,/ang]i#adab4 ,an exam9ation ( ,/ur's specim5s by ,miss ,b5son#adac & by ,pr(4 ,oliv] & ,dr ,scott has confirm$ ,/ur's int]pretation ( ! app5dages at ! tips ( ! f]tile p9nae z valves ( an indusial or cupul> /ructure4 ,! sup]ficially simil> bodies on ! f]tile p9nae ( ,s4 aff9is are h[ev] true sporangia1 & _c legitimately be includ$ 9 ! g5us ,calymmato!ca z describ$ by ,/ur4 ,= ?is reason ,miss ,b5son in/itutes a new g5us ,telangium1 ! type-species ( :i*1 ,t4 ,scotti f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire1 is bas$ on petrifi$ mat]ial4 ,! ,scot* species ,sph5opt]is aff9is 7 ,calymmato!ca aff9is ( ,kid/on7 is also transf]r$ to ,telangium2 ! sporangia are consid]$ by ,miss ,b5son to be microsporangia4 ,?is ) o!r species is no d\bt correctly includ$ 9 ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,a complete frond ( ,sph5opt]is aff9is1 %[+ a regul> di*otomy ( ! ma9 axes1 is repres5t$ by an admirable draw+ 9 ,hugh ,mill]'s ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks#adad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cec4 ,sph5opt]is aff9is1 ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 ,f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one ( ,burdieh\se 7,scotl&74 7,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge47 ,m4,s4 ,"s ( ! ,palaeozoic species ( ,sph5opt]is probably repres5t ! fronds ( true f]ns1 b o!rs are kn[n to h be5 borne by ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,s4 ,ho5+hausi 7fig4 #bij1 ,c1 p4 #cii7 is ! foliage ( ,lyg9od5dron1 & ,scott#adae speaks ( ?ree species1 ,s4 dissecta1 ,s4 elegans1 & ,s4 ,l9kii z ! leaves ( ,het]angium4 ,gr&',eury#adaf has record$ ! occurr5ce 9 ,fr5* ,coal-,measures ( se$s 9 association ) o!r ,sph5opt]oid fronds4 ,m>iopt]is1 ,diplotmema1 ,palmatopt]is4 ,! discov]y ( sporangia on ! fronds ( sev]al ,palaeozoic species ( ,sph5opt]is & ,pecopt]is has l$ to ! in/itution ( new g5]ic names1 :i* indicate an advance 9 k beyond ! /age impli$ by ! use ( ^? provisional designations bas$ solely on ! =m & v5ation ( ! p9nules4 ,o!r names h be5 creat$ by au?ors 9 place ( ,sph5opt]is & ,pecopt]is on ! gr\nd t a /rik+ feature 9 ! mode ( bran*+ ( fronds is suffici5tly important to ju/ify g5]ic recognition ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( f]tile specim5s4 ,z examples ( designations bas$ prim>ily on ! bran*-sy/em ( comp\nd leaves1 ! g5]a ,m>iopt]is1 ,diplotmema1 & ,palmatopt]is may be briefly consid]$ 7fig4 #ced ,a-,c74 ,dr ,kid/on#adag is ( op9ion t ! creation ( new g5]a = purely vegetative *>act]s ( fronds is ( no real advantage1 & he pref]s to reta9 ! old] provisional names = species kn[n only 9 ! /]ile condition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we are suffici5tly famili> ) specim5s l>ge en\gh to enable u to recognise a well-def9$ morphological "*1 x may s]ve a useful purpose to employ a g5]ic designation = features :i* may h a phylog5etic value4 ,a comp>ative exam9ation ( ,palaeozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & rec5t comp\nd fronds1 includ+ bo? ,pt]idosp]ms & true f]ns1 br+s to light c]ta9 di/+ui%+ features *>act]i/ic ( ! old] types :i*1 z ,potoni ma9ta9s#adah1 po9t to ! d]ivation ( ! p9nate habit f a primitive di*otom\s sy/em ( bran*+4 ,= a m complete discussion ( ?is "q ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,potoni's sugge/ive pap]s4 ,among rec5t f]ns ,matonia & ,dipt]is1 two survivals f ! pa/1 af=d in/ances ( fronds ) a bran*+ sy/em ( ! di*otom\s type4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,glei*5ia1 ,lygodium1 & m r>ely 9 species ( ,polypodiaceae 7e4g4 ,davallia aculeata1 fig4 #bcb7 di*otomy is a /rik+ feature ( ! fronds4 ,9 ! great majority ( rec5t f]ns ! fronds h assum$ a p9nate habit4 ,among ,palaeozoic f]n-l fronds di*otom\s bran*+ ( ! ma9 ra*is & ( ! p9nae is mu* m common4 ,potoni draws att5tion to sev]al o!r features :i* di/+ui% ,palaeozoic fronds f ! majority ( lat] species3 ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( p9nules borne directly on ! ma9 ra*is 7fig4 #ced1 ,d71 & ( modifi$ p9nules or ,aphlebiae on ! ra*is & petiole1 are *>act]s to :i* he attributes an evolution>y significance4 ,! ma9 po9t is t a comp>ative exam9ation ( leaf-=m af=ds evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! mod]n type ( frond1 ) its nak$ ra*is be>+ two r[s ( p9nae1 has be5 d]iv$ f a less specialis$ type 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! leaf is mu* less evid5t4 ,! primitive leaf 0 probably a di*otom\sly bran*$ axis provid$ ) a cont9u\s lam9a :i* ev5tually became brok5 up into sep>ate lobes or p9nules4 ,z ! di*otomy ( ! frond became less regul>1 a p9nate habit 0 acquir$1 z is cle>ly se5 9 _m ,palaeozoic types :i* con/itute connect+ l9ks betwe5 =k$ & p9nate fronds 7fig4 #ced1 ,d74 ,! ,aphlebiae may be remnants ( ! once-cont9u\s lam9a on ! petiole1 & ! normal p9nules borne on ! ra*is may be reg>d$ z ! attributes ( fronds 9 :i* ! division ( physiological lab\r _h n rea*$ ! /age :i* *>act]ises ! leaves ( rec5t f]ns4 ,m>iopt]is4 ,?is "n1 :i* is due to ,zeill]#adai1 is appli$ by him to ,palaeozoic fronds *>act]is$ by a d\ble bifurcation ( ! ra*is ( ! prim>y p9nae4 ,m>iopt]is muricata 7 ,pecopt]is muricata ,s*lo?47 may be tak5 z ! type ( ! g5us4 ,?is species is common 9 ! ,l[] & ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,brita9 & r>e 9 ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures#adbj4 ,x is describ$ by ,kid/on#adba z "o ( ! mo/ polymorphic & widely di/ribut$ ,coal-,measure species4 ,! p9nules z se5 9 fig4 #cfd1 ,b1 are ( ! ,sph5opt]oid type4 ,no f]tile specim5s are kn[n1 b x is significant t ,gr&',eury#adbb has record$ ! association ( ,m>iopt]is muricata & se$s4 ,! ma9 ra*is gives (f alt]nate nak$ bran*es1 ea* ( :i* bifurcates at its apex into two %ort nak$ axes1 & ^! are aga9 =k$1 ! ultimate bran*es hav+ ! =m ( bip9nate p9nae provid$ ) l>ge ,sph5opt]oid p9nules 7fig4 #ced1 ,b74 ,zeill] includes 9 ,m>iopt]is "s species :i* ,/ur#adbc ref]r$ to 8 g5us ,diplotmema4 ,possibly "s ( ! ,palaeozoic fronds ) a zigzag ra*is may h be5 climb]s l ,lygodium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ced4 ,a4 ,palmatopt]is4 ,b4 ,m>iopt]is4 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,potoni47 ,c4 ,diplotmema ,zeill]i1 ,/ur4 7,aft] ,zeill]47 ,c4 ,d4 ,zeill]i4 ,p9nule4 7 #c4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,d4 ,neuropt]is macrophylla4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,d4 ,n4 macrophylla4 ,p9nule4 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,aft] ,kid/on47 ,e4 ,n4 het]ophylla4 ,p9nule4 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,f4 ,n4 ,s*eu*z]i4 7,slightly r$uc$4 ,aft] ,kid/on47 ,g4 ,alloiopt]is ,ess+hii4 7,enl>g$4 ,aft] ,potoni47 ,diplotmema4 ,?is g5]ic "n is employ$ by ,zeill]#adbd & o!r au?ors 9 a m re/rict$ s5se ?an t 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally us$ by ,/ur4 ,! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s species ,sph5opt]is furcata ,brongn4 7fig4 #ceb1 ,e7 may s]ve z ! type4 ,?is species occurs 9 ! ,middle & ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita9#adbe4 ,! ma9 ra*is gives (f bran*es z 9 ,m>iopt]is1 b 9 ,diplotmema ea* nak$ lat]al bran* is =k$ at its apex into two opposite p9nae be>+ deeply dissect$ ,sph5opt]oid p9nules4 ,zeill]#adbf & ,/ur h record$ f]tile specim5s ( ,diplotmema1 b 9 no case h actual sporangia be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! species ,diplotmema ,zeill]i ,/ur 7fig4 #ced1 ,c1 ,c7 two ,aphlebiae occur at ! base ( ea* second>y axis#adbg4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,potoni t 9 ,diplotmema furcatum ! equal di*otomy ( ! lat]al bran*es is n *>act]i/ic ( ! frond z a :ole4 ,9 ! case ( bran*es high] on ! ra*is ! di*otomy becomes unequal & ! =k$ axis is gradually replac$ by a simple p9na 7fig4 #ced1 ,a74 ,= ?is type ( frond1 ,potoni propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,palmatopt]is 9 place ( ,diplotmema1 :i* he disc>ds4 ,! long comp>atively sl5d] ra*is ( ,p4 furcata sugge/s comp>ison ) ! liane species ( ,lygodium#adbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cee4 ,a4 ,cephalo!ca mirabilis1 ,na?4 ,f]tile p9nae4 7,p>tially re/or$4 ,aft] ,na?or/47 ,b4 ,c4 mirabilis4 ,/]ile p9nule4 ,nat4 size4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,cephalo!ca4 ,?is g5us 0 propos$ by ,na?or/#adbi = "s peculi> bip9nate f]tile fronds f ! ,upp] ,devonian rocks ( ,be> ,isl&4 ,! p9nae be> sl5d] =k$ ultimate segm5ts repres5t$ by a few deta*$ fragm5ts 7fig4 #cee1 ,b71 associat$ ) ! ra*ises4 ,! f]tile p9nae are giv5 (f 9 opposite pairs f ! ma9 axis ov] :i* !y are concresc5t 7fig4 #cee1 ,a74 ,a mop-l clu/] ( sporangia is borne on ! l[] surface & close to ! base ( a f]tile p9na3 ! exannulate sporangia are comp>$ ) ^? ( ,scolecopt]is4 ,na?or/ comp>es ,cephalo!ca ) a ,belgian species ( ,upp] ,devonian age describ$ by ,crp9#adcj z ,rhacophyton condrusorum & by ,gilk9et#adca z ,sph5opt]is condrusorum4 ,a simil> fossil is also describ$ by ,baily#adcb z ,filicites l9eatus f ! ,kitorkan ,grits ( ,irel&4 ,! position ( ,cephalo!ca _c be def9itely det]m9$ f ! available data1 b x is m probable t x 0 a se$-be>+ ,pt]idosp]m & n a true f]n4 ,zeill]#adcc has rec5tly express$ ! same op9ion4 ,?9nfeldia4 ,! g5us ,?9nfeldia1 f\nd$ by ,ett+%aus5 9 #ahebadcd on "s ,hung>ian ,liassic specim5s1 ?\gh frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! ,filicales1 _c be said to occupy t position by virtue ( any well-au!nticat$ filic9ean features4 ,x is by no means improbable t _m ( ! species ref]r$ to ?is g5us are closely alli$ to ,palaeozoic ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,?9nfeldia may be briefly def9$ z foll[s3 ,fronds simple & p9natifid1 p9nate or bip9nate3 ra*is broad & occasionally di*otom\sly bran*$4 ,p9nules (t5 fle%y or coriace\s2 broadly l9e>1 entire or lob$1 provid$ ) a midrib f :i* simple or =k$ second>y ve9s are giv5 (f at an acute angle3 or ! lam9ae may be %ort & broad )\t a midrib & trav]s$ by sev]al slightly div]g5t & =k$ ve9s4 ,no satisfactory evid5ce ( reproductive organs has s f> be5 adduc$4 ,! g5us is *iefly *>act]i/ic ( ,upp] ,triassic1 ,rhaetic1 & ,jurassic floras1 ?\gh x 0 9 all probability repres5t$ 9 ,p]mian floras4 ,sev]al species1 _m ( :i* are valueless1 are record$ also f ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,se>* %\ld be made = f]tile specim5s or = evid5ce z to ! association ( se$s ) ,?9nfeldia fronds4 ,"s ,p]mian fossils f ,kansas :i* ,sell>ds#adce has made ! type ( a new g5us1 ,gl5opt]is1 appe> to be indi/+ui%able g5]ically f leaves ( ,l[] ,mesozoic age univ]sally recognis$ z typical examples ( ,?9nfeldia4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides 7,morris7#adcf4 ,figs4 #cef-ceh4 ,?is is a v v>iable species z reg>ds ! %ape & size ( ! ultimate segm5ts & _! v5ation4 ,x is a type ( ext5d$ geographical range *>act]i/ic ( ,rhaetic or ,upp] ,triassic rocks 9 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,india1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & v>i\s ,european localities4 ,frond bip9nate2 ! broad ra*is may be di*otom\sly bran*$4 ,p9nules ) a ?ick lam9a :i* may be almo/ semicircul> 9 =m1 deltoid1 broadly oval or broadly l9e>1 & (t5 conflu5t at ! base4 ,%ort & broad p9nules occur on "s fronds directly atta*$ to ! ma9 ra*is betwe5 ! p9nae4 ,! long] & n>r[] p9nules 7fig4 #cef1 ,c71 resembl+ ^? ( ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,ale?opt]is1 h a well-def9$ midrib1 :ile ! small] segm5ts are *>act]is$ by sev]al slightly div]g5t ve9s :i* spr+ directly f ! ra*is 7fig4 #cef1 ,a74 ,epid]mal cells polygonal or1 above ! ve9s1 rectangul> 9 %ape2 /omata1 :i* are slightly sunk1 occur on bo? ! upp] & l[] epid]mis4 ,f]tile specim5s unkn[n4 ,! portion ( a lob$ p9nule %[n 9 fig4 #cef1 ,b1 illu/rates a =m ( segm5t int]m$iate betwe5 ! l9e> type ) a midrib & a r[ ( %ort] p9nules )\t a m$ian ve94 ,fig4 #cef1 ,d1 repres5ts ano!r in/ance ( v>iation 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ve9s 9 segm5ts ( diff]5t sizes4 ,v>i\s specific & g5]ic names h be5 assign$ to ,?9nfeldia fronds ( ,rhaetic age on ! gr\nd ( ! occurr5ce ( p9nules long] & n>r[] ?an ^? usually associat$ ) ,t4 odontopt]oides2 b 9 view ( ! range ( v>iation met ) 9 a s+le leaf x is advisable to ext5d r ?an to re/rict ! b\nd>y ( :at we are pleas$ to reg>d z a specific type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cef4 ,a-,d4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides 7,morris74 ,e4 ,ptilozamites4 7,e1 aft] ,na?or/47 ,! "n ,?9nfeldia lancifolia has be5 appli$ by ,morris to fossils f ,au/ralia :i* may be id5tifi$ ) ,t4 odontopt]oides1 & ! same designation is employ$ by ,szajno*a & by ,solms-,lauba*#adcg = ,rhaetic specim5s f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,simil> fronds are describ$ by ,ge9itz#adch z ,?9nfeldia t5u9]vis f ,arg5t9e ,rhaetic /rata4 ,odontopt]is macrophylla ,curran1 ,t4 falcata ,t54-,woods1 ,glei*5ia l9eata ,t54-,woods1 & ,c>diopt]is ,zub]i ,szaj4 af=d o!r examples ( :at are probably closely alli$ =ms#adci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceg4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides 7,morris74 nat4 size4 ,"s exceptionally l>ge examples ( ,t4 odontopt]oides are figur$ by ,fei/mantel#addj f ! ,hawkesbury s]ies ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 9 :i* ! bip9nate frond has a bread? ( #be-cj cm4 ,a specim5 f ! ,molt5o b$s ( ,s\? ,africa1 probably ( ,rhaetic age1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ceg1 illu/rates a small] leaf ) p9nules ( ! l9e> type1 "s ( :i* are p>tially divid$ into %ort] p9nules ) =k$ ve9s4 ,! example repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ceh1 f ,cyph]gat 7,s4 ,africa71 %[s two equal bran*es ( a ra*is ) small contigu\s segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceh4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7v4 #bdij74 #a nat4 size4 ,"s specim5s figur$ by ,zeill]#adda f ! ,rhaetic /rata ( ,tonk9 z ,pecopt]is 7,b]n\illia87 sp4 may be portions ( ,?9nfeldia fronds1 & ! l>ge leaves :i* he ref]s to ,ct5opt]is ,s>r5i diff] b slightly f ! ,au/ralian specim5s describ$ by ,fei/mantel z ,t4 odontopt]oides4 ,?9nfeldia rhomboidalis1 ,ett+%aus54 ,figs4 #cei1 #cfj1 ,c4 ,"u ?is "n ,ett+%aus5 describ$ ! type-specim5 ( ! g5us f ,l[] ,lias /rata at ,/ei]dorf 9 ,hung>y4 ,he assign$ ! plant to ! ,conif]ae on ! gr\nd ( a resemblance ( ! p9nules to ! phylloclades ( ,phyllocladus4 ,?9nfeldia rhomboidalis be>s a close resemblance to ,t4 odontopt]oides1 b ! p9nules are usually long] & n>r[]1 z %[n 9 ! ,engli% specim5 f ! ,l[] ,lias ( ,dorset%ire repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cei4 ,! d>k] m>g9 ( ! p9nules %[n 9 fig4 #cfj1 ,c1 gives ! impression ( a revolute lam9a1 b a microscopical exam9ation po9ts to a ?ick] cuticle at ! edge ( ! segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cei4 ,?9nfeldia rhomboidalis1 ,ett+s4 ,slightly r$uc$4 ,f an ,engli% ,liassic specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,m4,s4 ,! species is record$ f ,jurassic rocks ( ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & else:]e#addb4 ,palaeobotanical lit]ature conta9s num]\s records ( ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s & "s ,t]ti>y species ref]r$ to ,?9nfeldia1 b _m ( ^! are probably n g5]ically id5tical ) ,t4 odontopt]oides or ,t4 rhomboidalis4 ,mr ,b]ry#addc 9 a pap] on ,! ,am]ican species ref]r$ to ,?9nfeldia concludes t ! g5us is 8a r indef9ite "o 444 & badly 9 ne$ ( revision40 ,he reg>ds ! ,middle & ,upp] ,cretace\s ,am]ican species z ,conif]s relat$ to ,phyllocladus & probably =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! ,podoc>peae & ,taxeae3 = ^! =ms he proposes ! g5]ic "n ,protophyllocladus4 ,! op9ion has be5 express$ else:]e#addd t ?is 8problematical#adde0 g5us re/s on an unsatisfactory basis2 ! available data d n ju/ify ! use ( a "n :i* implies ! exi/5ce 9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,cretace\s floras ( a type relat$ to ! ,new ,zeal& & ,tasmanian ,conif] ,phyllocladus4 ,we are n 9 a position to assign a s+le species ( ,?9nfeldia to ! ,filicales or ! ,gymnosp]ms4 ,a leaflet f ,jurassic rocks ( ,pol& figur$ by ,raciborski#addf %[s :at ?is au?or reg>ds z ! impression ( a circul> sorus3 no sporangia h be5 f\nd4 ,a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#addg1 :i* is said to come f ,rhaetic b$s 9 ,que5sl&1 %[s a r[ ( contigu\s polygonal prom95ces on ea* side ( ! midrib :i* resemble ! sori ( a f]n2 b until sporangia are discov]$ we _c det]m9e ! precise nature ( ?is app>5tly f]tile frond4 ,a species describ$ by ,fonta9e#addh f ! ,potomac b$s 7,weald5-,jurassic7 ( ,nor? ,am]ica z ,?9nfeldia v>iabilis af=ds a good example ( a plant :i* _c be id5tifi$ ) any degree ( confid5ce ei!r z a f]n or a se$-be>+ type4 ,mr ,b]ry draws att5tion to ! =m] application ( ?is "n by ,vel5ovsk to a di/9ct ,l[] ,cretace\s ,bohemian species & proposes = ,fonta9e's plant ! "n ,t4 ,fonta9ei2 he ma9ta9s t no "o has d\bt$ ! f]n-nature ( ! ,potomac plant4 ,t4 v>iabilis may inde$ be a f]n1 b ! evid5ce is n su* z to preclude legitimate d\bts z to ! correctness ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,solms-,lauba*#addi1 9 ref]r+ to ,s*5k's view t ,?9nfeldia & its allies may repres5t a gr\p int]m$iate betwe5 ,f]ns & ,gymnosp]ms1 admits t x is a possible supposition2 he is1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to consid] ,lomatopt]is & ,cycadopt]is1 8g5]a especially comp>able ) ,?9nfeldia0 z m probably f]ns4 ,at ?is po9t we may conv5i5tly consid] a s]ies ( g5]a :i* occupy an equally unc]ta9 position & be> a v close resemblance to ,?9nfeldia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfj4 ,a4 ,lomatopt]is jur5sis4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,kurr47 ,b4 ,l4 ,s*imp]i4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,salfeld47 ,c4 ,?9nfeldia rhomboidalis1 ,ett4 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,no4 #ebfgb47 ,lomatopt]is4 ,! g5]ic "n ,lomatopt]is 0 propos$ by ,s*imp]#adej = "s bip9nate fronds orig9ally describ$ by ,kurr#adea f ,jurassic rocks ( ,wrttemb]g z ,odontopt]is 787 jur5sis 7fig4 #cfj1 ,a74 ,i h else:]e express$ ! op9ion#adeb t ?is ,g]man species may be id5tical ) ,?9nfeldia rhomboidalis ,ett4 ,kurr's type-specim51 a portion ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cfj1 ,a1 consi/s ( a frond or l>ge p9na *>act]is$ by a prom95t & broad ra*is giv+ (f alt]nate l9e> p9nae be>+ bluntly r\nd$1 contigu\s & basally concresc5t p9nules hav+ a ?ick or revolute bord] & a c5tral rib4 ,! lat]al ve9s are visible 9 ! ultimate segm5ts ( ,kurr's fossil4 ,saporta#adec has describ$ sev]al species1 :i* he ref]s to ,s*imp]'s g5us1 f ,fr5* ,jurassic /rata3 x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to recognise "s ( ! examples repres5t$ 9 8 illu/rations z specifically di/9ct =ms4 ,?is au?or notices ! resemblance ( ,lomatopt]is to ,?9nfeldia1 n only 9 habit b 9 ! /ructure ( ! epid]mal cells#aded4 ,9 ,lomatopt]is & 9 ,?9nfeldia ! cells h /raight & n s9u\s walls & ! slightly sunk5 /omata are surr\nd$ by a r+ ( epid]mal cells4 ,salfeld#adee has rec5tly describ$ portions ( fronds f ,jurassic rocks ( ,s\?-,we/ ,g]many1 :i* he id5tifies z ,lomatopt]is jur5sis4 ,he disagrees ) my view t ,lomatopt]is does n diff] suffici5tly f ,?9nfeldia to be accord$ g5]ic autonomy1 *iefly on ! gr\nd t ! fold$-ov] edge ( ! p9nules is a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,lomatopt]is4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no diff]5ce1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 betwe5 ! leaflets ( "s species ( ,?9nfeldia1 e4g4 ,t4 rhomboidalis f ,liassic rocks ( ,engl&#adef1 & ^? ref]r$ to ,lomatopt]is4 ,9 a lat] pap]1 ,salfeld#adeg describes "s ,portl&ian fragm5ts f ,nor? ,g]many z ,lomatopt]is ,s*imp]i1 id5tify+ !m ) a ,weald5 fossil ( some:at d\btful aff9ity1 :i* ,s*5k#adeh makes ! type ( 8 species4 ,! ,portl&ian specim5s are describ$ z trip9nate1 ) ?ick decurr5t obtusely t]m9at$ p9nules ) a revolute edge4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! frond is v simil> to t ( ,l4 jur5sis4 ,salfeld publi%es a photograph ( a l>ge specim5 :i* he describes z f]tile & a draw+ ( a piece ( a p9na3 ! latt] is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cfj1 ,b4 ,he speaks ( sori occurr+ 9 two r[s1 probably atta*$ to lat]al ve9s1 9 ! groove betwe5 ! midrib & ! revolute edge ( ! lam9a4 ,! sporangia are describ$ z 8ni*t nh] bekannt#adei40 ,an exam9ation ( ! figures reveals no?+ z to ! nature ( ! 8sori40 ,! specim5s are consid]$ by ,salfeld to af=d decisive evid5ce aga9/ ! view t ,lomatopt]is & ,?9nfeldia are g5]ically id5tical4 ,no?+ has s f> be5 publi%$ :i* con/itutes a valid argum5t 9 fav\r ( reta9+ ,s*imp]'s g5]ic "n4 ,cycadopt]is4 ,zigno#adfj f\nd$ ! g5us ,cycadopt]is on ,italian ,jurassic impressions reg>d$ by ,s*imp] z indi/+ui%able f ,lomatopt]is4 ,z ,solms-,lauba*#adfa po9ts out1 ! suppos$ sori ( ,cycadopt]is describ$ by ,zigno are n conv9c+4 ,!re appe> to be no satisfactory reasons = sep>at+ ,cycadopt]is f ,lomatopt]is1 nor d ! fronds describ$ "u ^! names exhibit any important diff]5ces f ,?9nfeldia4 ,ptilozamites4 ,na?or/#adfb f\nd$ ?is g5us on a rem>kable s]ies ( specim5s f ! ,rhaetic ,coal-b$s ( ,scania & assign$ x to ! ,cycadophyta4 ,! species ,ptilozamites ,he]i may be tak5 z a repres5tative type4 ,! leaves are l9e> & simply p9nate4 ,9 ! example %[n on a mu* r$uc$ scale 9 fig4 #cfa ! frond is #ec cm4 long & #ba cm4 broad4 ,! upp] edge ( ea* p9nule is /raight or slightly concave2 ! l[] edge is r\nd$2 ! ve9s are slightly div]g5t & di*otom\sly bran*$ 7fig4 #cef1 ,e1 p4 #eci74 ,9 "s ( ,na?or/'s specim5s ! broad ra*is is =k$ z 9 _m ,?9nfeldias4 ,z a comp>ison ( fig4 #cef1 ,a & ,e1 %[s1 ! p9nules ( "s specim5s ( ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides are id5tical ) ^? ( ,ptilozamites4 ,9 ! latt] g5us ! ra*is is ei!r unbran*$ or occasionally =k$1 :ile 9 ,?9nfeldia ! bran*+ may be ( ! di*otom\s or p9nate type4 ,9 ,ptilozamites ! segm5ts appe> to be always )\t a midrib1 :ile a m$ian ve9 frequ5tly occurs 9 ^? ( ,?9nfeldia4 ,!re c be little d\bt z to ! v close alliance betwe5 ! ,rhaetic species ref]r$ to ^! two g5]a4 ,! "n ,ptilozamites %\ld p]haps be reta9$ = su* long & n>r[ fronds z t %[n 9 fig4 #cfa3 no species includ$ 9 ,?9nfeldia is kn[n 9 :i* ! ra*is rea*$ s great a l5g? )\t bran*+4 ,! habit ( ,ptilozamites ,he]i pr$isposes "o 9 fav\r ( ,na?or/'s op9ion t ! fronds are ,cycadean3 we h no in=mation 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfa4 ,ptilozamites ,he]i1 ,na?4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,na?or/47 ,ct5opt]is4 ,?is "n 0 in/itut$ by ,saporta#adfc1 at ,brongni>t's sugge/ion1 = ,liassic species *>act]is$ by p9nules l ^? ( ,?9nfeldia1 b di/+ui%$ by ! bip9nate habit ( ! frond4 ,saporta comp>es ! g5us ) ! ,palaeozoic leaves kn[n z ,odontopt]is1 & ) ,italian ,jurassic plants ref]r$ by ,zigno to 8 g5us ,di*opt]is4 ,! "n ,ct5ozamites is appli$ by ,na?or/#adfd to ! type ( frond :i* ,saporta1 ,zeill]1 & o!r au?ors ref] to ,ct5opt]is4 ,na?or/ in/itut$ ,ct5ozamites = fossils agree+ 9 ! =m & v5ation ( ! p9nules ) 8 g5us ,ptilizamites b diff]+ 9 be+ bip9nate & n p9nate4 ,fronds ( ,ct5opt]is are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jurassic & ,rhaetic s]ies2 !y are kn[n only 9 ! /]ile condition4 ,z ,zeill]#adfe says1 ,ct5opt]is may be a memb] ( ! ,cycad(ilices1 an ext9ct gr\p f\nd$ on ,palaeozoic plants comb9+ ,cycadean & ,filic9ean *>act]s1 & "s ( :i* are n[ kn[n to be ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,x is probable t ! g5us is n a true f]n3 x is m likely to be a memb] ( ! ,cycadophyta or ( "s g5]alis$ ext9ct gr\p4 ,ct5opt]is cycadea 7,brongni>t74 ,fig4 #cfb4 #ahbh4 ,filicites cycadea1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,vg4 foss4 p4 #chg1 ,pl4 ,,cxxix4 #ahcb4 ,odontopt]is cycadea1 ,b]g]1 ,v]/e94 ,coburg ,geg4 p4 #bc1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #ahgc4 ,ct5opt]is cycadea1 ,saporta1 ,pal4 ,fran4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cee1 ,pls4 ,,xl4 ,,xli4 ,frond bip9nate1 broad ra*is giv+ (f bran*es at an acute angle2 p9nules broadly l9e>1 slightly falcate1 ) sev]al slightly div]g5t =k$ ve9s4 ,a frond v simil> to ! ,l[] ,lias specim5 f ,dorset%ire repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cfb 0 describ$ by ,leck5by z ,ct5is ,leck5byi 7,bean ,,ms47 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,york%ire#adff4 ,leck5by recognis$ ! possibility ( a ,cycadean aff9ity1 b reg>d$ ! bip9nate habit z an objection4 ,! bran*$ fronds ( ! ,au/ralian ,cycad ,b[5ia supply an answ] to ?is objection4 ,sev]al good examples ( ,ct5opt]is cycadea are figur$ by ,s*5k#adfg f ,rhaetic rocks ( ,p]sia4 ,zeill]'s ,tonk9 ,rhaetic species1 ,c4 ,s>rani#adfh1 af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! difficulty ( draw+ a cle> l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ,ct5opt]is & "s species ( ,?9nfeldia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfb4 ,ct5opt]is cycadea1 ,brongn4 7 nat4 size47 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,m4,s4 ,ct5opt]is is 9 all probability v closely relat$ to ,?9nfeldia & ,ptilozamites4 ,di*opt]is4 ,?is g5us 0 propos$ by ,zigno#adfi = "s l>ge specim5s f ! ,jurassic plant-b$s ( ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,! bip9nate leaves are *>act]is$ by ! great bread? ( ! ra*is :i* is di*otom\sly bran*$ 9 ! di/al region 7fig4 #cfc72 ! l9e> p9nae rea* a consid]able l5g?4 ,p9nules relatively small1 oblong & slightly contract$ at ! base2 ! decurr5t & conflu5t lam9a =ms a n>r[ w+ to ! ma9 axis4 ,ve9s slightly div]g5t & =k$1 z 9 ,ptilozamites4 ,di*opt]is visianica1 ,zigno4 ,fig4 #cfc4 ,a specim5 ( ?is species 9 ! ,padua ,museum has a total l5g? ( #hc cm4 ,x has be5 else:]e sugge/$#adgj t a fragm5t figur$ by ,zigno z a f]tile example ( ?is type is probably "p ( a frond ( ! ,osmundace\s f]n ,todites4 ,s9ce ?is op9ion 0 express$ ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ ! actual specim5 at ,padua3 ! circul> pat*es describ$ by ,zigno z sori appe> to be irregul>ities 9 ! matrix & n an orig9al feature4 ,brongni>t#adga in/itut$ ! g5us ,pa*ypt]is = "s imp]fectly pres]v$ ,engli% ,jurassic fossils f ,:itby1 :i* he describ$ z ,p4 lanceolata4 ,specim5s h s9ce be5 describ$#adgb f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite rocks ( ! ,york%ire coa/4 ,brongni>t describ$ ! p9nules z be+ )\t ve9s or z possess+ only a midrib4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! app>5t abs5ce ( ve9s 9 mo/ specim5s#adgc is due to ! fle%y nature ( ! segm5ts & t ! species ,p4 lanceolata %\ld be transf]r$ to ,di*opt]is4 ,krass]#adgd has describ$ a species f ,cretace\s rocks ( ! isl& ( ,les9a1 (f ! ,dalmatian coa/1 z ,pa*ypt]is dalmatica :i* is v simil> 9 habit to ! ,engli% specim5s & to ,zigno's ,di*opt]is visianica4 ,"o ( ,krass]'s specim5s is practically id5tical ) ,di*opt]is lanceolata 7,brongn471 :ile 9 o!rs ! small p9nules are replac$ 9 "s ( ! p9nae by a cont9u\s lam9a ) a few di/al s]rations4 ,! latt] =m a l9k betwe5 ! ,di*opt]is & ,?9nfeldia type ( segm5t4 ,krass] gives a full rsum ( op9ions express$ by o!r au?ors 9 reg>d to ! position ( ,pa*ypt]is 7 ,di*opt]is7 & decides 9 fav\r ( a ,cycadean alliance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfc4 ,di*opt]is visianica1 ,zigno4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,zigno47 ,a ,fr5* ,jurassic plant :i* ,saporta#adge made ! type ( a new g5us ,scl]opt]is1 & describ$ z ,s4 ,pomelii1 appe>s to be indi/+ui%able f ,di*opt]is4 ,di*opt]is1 ?\gh conv5i5tly reta9$ z a di/9ct g5us1 agrees s closely1 9 ! broad & =k$ ra*is & 9 ! fle%y p9nules1 ) ,?9nfeldia t x w\ld seem reasonable to reg>d ! two g5]a z memb]s ( ! same gr\p4 ,sev]al au?ors h drawn att5tion to ! /rik+ resemblance 9 =m & v5ation betwe5 ! fronds ( ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,odontopt]is & ^? ( ,ct5opt]is & ,?9nfeldia4 ,9 ,odontopt]is1 z 9 ,neuropt]is1 ano!r ,palaeozoic g5us1 ! ra*is occasionally bifurcates z 9 ,?9nfeldia & ,di*opt]is1 & ! ultimate segm5ts ( "s species ( ,odontopt]is 7fig4 #cff1 ,a7 are practically id5tical ) ^? ( ,?9nfeldia & ,ptilozamites4 ,odontopt]is is probably a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,!re is no adequate reason = suppos+ t ?is gr\p ( plants :i* play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s floras 0 no long] 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! ,mesozoic era4 ,odontopt]is4 ,brongni>t#adgf in/itut$ ! g5us ,odontopt]is = comp\nd fronds f ! ,coal-,measures *>act]is$ by p9nules atta*$ by ! :ole bread? ( ! base & trav]s$ by num]\s =k$ ve9s4 ,odontopt]is is v r>e 9 ,briti% ,c>bonif]\s rocks & 8appe>s to be re/rict$ to ! ,middle & ,upp] ,coal-,measures#adgg40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfd4 ,a4 ,ale?opt]is lon*itica 7,s*lo?474 nat4 size4 ,b4 ,m>iopt]is muricata 7,s*lo?474 #b4 ,c4 ,odontopt]is cf4 alp9a 7,presl74 nat4 size4 ,d4 ,o4 cf4 alp9a4 ,portion ( p9na enl>g$4 7,a-,d4 ,f photographs by ,dr ,kid/on47 ,fronds l>ge1 bip9nate or trip9nate1 ! ma9 ra*is1 :i* may be di*otom\sly bran*$1 be>s long l9e> p9nae ) broadly l9e> or deltoid p9nules1 acute or blunt1 atta*$ by ! :ole ( ! base2 ! l[] m>g9 ( ! lam9a1 :i* is usually entire & r>ely lob$ 7e4g4 ,odontopt]is osmundae=mis7#adgh1 is (t5 decurr5t on ! axis ( ! p9na4 ,! basal p9nule ( ea* p9na is frequ5tly atta*$ by a contract$ base1 & ! lam9a may diff] 9 =m f t ( ! normal segm5ts4 ,p9nules (t5 occur on ! ma9 ra*is1 & 9 "s species ! petiole be>s modifi$ p9nules :i* are l>g] ?an ! ultimate segm5ts ( ! p9nae & 9 "s cases ,cyclopt]oid 9 %ape4 ,! p9nules are trav]s$ by num]\s di*otom\sly bran*$ ve9s2 if a midrib is pres5t x dies out 9 ! basal "p ( ! lam9a4 ,9 "s species 7g5us ,mixoneura7 p9nules ( ! ,neuropt]oid type1 *>act]is$ by a well-def9$ midrib1 occur 9 association ) typical ,odontopt]oid p9nules on ! same p9na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfe4 ,odontopt]is m9or1 ,brongn4 7,r less ?an nat4 size4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,! p9nules are omitt$ 9 ! "r-h& bran*4 ,! species repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cfd1 ,c1 ,d1 f ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,b>nsley1 ,york%ire1 illu/rates ! =m & v5ation ( ! ,odontopt]is type ( p9nule4 ,ano!r species1 ,o4 ,rei*iana ,gutb4#adgi1 is also record$ by ,kid/on f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 ,"s unusually good specim5s ( ! type-species ( ! g5us ,odontopt]is m9or1 ,brongn41 h be5 figur$ by ,zeill]#adhj f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,blanzy 7fig4 #cfe7 :i* %[ ! di*otomy ( ! ma9 axis & ! occurr5ce ( ,aphlebiae on ! petiole4 ,! late ,dr ,weiss#adha divid$ ,odontopt]is into two sections1 ,x5opt]is & ,mixoneura1 ! p9nules ( ! =m] hav+ ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #cfd1 ,d2 :ile 9 species ( ! latt] sub-g5us "s ( ! p9nules are id5tical 9 =m & v5ation ) ^? ( ,neuropt]is except t !y are atta*$ by ! :ole bread? ( ! base4 ,zeill]#adhb employs ,mixoneura z a g5]ic designation4 ,9 an ,am]ican species ,o4 ,wor!ni ,lesq4#adhc ! p9nules be> num]\s hairs l ^? on "s species ( ,neuropt]is 7fig4 #cgc1 p4 #egj74 ,! l>ge size ( ! fronds ( ,odontopt]is sugge/$ to ,weiss#adhd t !y 7 borne on ! /ems ( tree-f]ns1 b ,gr&',eury's#adhe exam9ation ( specim5s 9 ! ,coal-b$s ( c5tral ,france l$ him to picture ! plant z be>+ a tuft ( leaves on a %ort subt]ranean /em4 ,r5ault & ,zeill]#adhf1 on ! o!r h&1 obta9$ evid5ce 9 ! ,comm5try ,coal-field ( fronds borne on elongat$ /ems :i* grew on ! gr\nd & 7 support$ by /rong] plants4 ,/ur#adhg 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ t ,odontopt]is %\ld be exclud$ f ! f]ns4 ,gr&',eury's#adhh suppos$ f]tile p9nules ( ,odontopt]is d n af=d any satisfactory evid5ce ( ! sporangial nature ( ! small swell+s :i* he figures at ! ends ( ! ve9s4 ,?is au?or po9t$ out sev]al ye>s ago t ! petioles ( "s species ( ,odontopt]is possess ! anatomical features ( ,myeloxylon1 a type ( leaf-/alk :i* is n[ kn[n to belong to ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,9 a rec5t pap] ,gr&',eury#adhi records ! association ( ,odontopt]is fronds ) small se$s 7,odontopt]oc>pus71 a discov]y :i* leaves little or no d\bt z to ! ,pt]idosp]mic nature ( ! g5us4 ,! fronds ( ,odontopt]is are v simil> 9 habit to ^? ( ,neuropt]is1 ano!r ,pt]idosp]mic g5us4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 "s ,odontopt]is & ,?9nfeldia leaves1 to :i* att5tion has already be5 call$1 is well illu/rat$ by ,o4 g5u9a ,gr&',eury#adij1 a p9nule ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cff1 ,a4 ,odontopt]is is a fairly widespread g5us 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,l[] ,p]mian rocks1 & is record$ also f ,triassic /rata3 x is repres5t$ 9 ! ,coal-fields ( ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe#adia4 ,9 "s fronds includ$ 9 ,odontopt]is ! p9nae are *>act]is$ by a broad irregul>ly lob$ lam9a :i* also =ms a w+$ bord] to ! ra*is4 ,examples ( ?is =m are af=d$ by ,odontopt]is ,br[ni ,sew4#adib f ! ,burgh]sdorp ,s]ies 7,triassic87 ( ,cape ,colony1 & ,o4 ,fis*]i describ$ by ,brongni>t#adic f ! ,p]mian ( ,russia4 ,! ,russian species w\ld p]haps be m appropriately plac$ 9 ! g5us ,callipt]is1 z ,weiss#adid sugge/s2 ! abs5ce ( v5ation 9 ,o4 ,br[ni r5d]s g5]ic id5tification unsatisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cff4 ,a4 ,odontopt]is g5u9a 7,gr&',eury74 7 #b4 ,aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]47 ,b4 ,callipt]idium gigas 7,gutb474 7 #b4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,c4 ,callipt]is ,pellati 7,zeill474 7 #a4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,d4 ,c4 lyratifolia 7,goepp474 7 #a4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,callipt]is4 ,brongni>t#adie in/itut$ ?is g5us = c]ta9 species ( suppos$ f]ns previ\sly ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,pecopt]is1 ,ale?opt]is1 & ,neuropt]is4 ,callipt]is is a *>act]i/ic ,p]mian plant :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,zeill] has po9t$ out t su* descriptions ( f]tile specim5s z h be5 writt5 are unsatisfactory4 ,a few ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ,gr&',eury#adif record$ ! occurr5ce ( se$s 9 association ) ,callipt]is fronds 9 ! ,autun di/rict1 & 9 "s cases !y 7 f\nd atta*$ to ! p9nae & ra*is4 ,! se$s are ovoid or sph]ical 7#e-aj mm4 broad7 & small] ?an ^? ( ,neuropt]is4 ,! draw+s ( f]tile segm5ts publi%$ by ,weiss#adig af=d no indication ( reproductive organs4 ,potoni#adih figures "s p9nules ( ,callipt]is conf]ta 9 :i* ! ?ick lam9a is cov]$ ) s9u\s grooves probably made by "s insect l>vae3 z he sugge/s1 simil> m>k+s may h be5 mi/ak5 = ! rema9s ( sori4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,callipt]is fronds record$ by ,web] & ,/]zel#adii 9 association ) ,m$ullosa /ems 9 ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ,saxony is 9 accordance ) ,gr&',eury's conclusion4 ,fronds rea*+ #a metre 9 l5g?1 bip9nate or trip9nate1 ma9 ra*is frequ5tly exhibit+ a comb9ation ( di*otom\s & p9nate bran*+4 ,p9nae l9e>1 usually cr[d$1 decurr5t on ! ra*is2 ! p9nules on ! l[] side ( ! p9nae are cont9u$ on to ! ra*is4 ,p9nules ( ! ,pecopt]oid type1 entire or slightly lob$1 or ( ! ,sph5opt]oid type & m or less deeply dissect$ 7fig4 #cff ,c1 ,d71 ! lam9a ( adjac5t p9nules concresc5t2 on ! l[] p9nae ! lam9a may be cont9u\s z 9 an ,ale?opt]is p9nule4 ,a midrib may ext5d almo/ to ! bluntly r\nd$ apex ( ! ultimate segm5ts1 giv+ (f oblique1 simple1 or =k$ ve9s1 ! l[e/ ( :i* arise directly f ! ra*is2 9 ! ,sph5opt]oid =ms ! lat]al ve9s are giv5 (f at a m acute angle4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! g5us is ! occurr5ce ( p9nules on ! ma9 ra*is1 z 9 ,odontopt]is4 ,zeill] has wisely ext5d$ ! application ( ,callipt]is to fronds possess+ ?is "* irrespective ( ! entire or lob$ =m ( ! ultimate segm5ts4 ,he f\nd among ! num]\s examples ( ! g5us obta9$ f ,autun#aejj & ,lodve#aeja transitional =ms connect+ su* species z ,c4 conf]ta 7fig4 #cfg7 & ,c4 ,pellati ,zeill4 7fig4 #cff1 ,c7 9 :i* ! ,pecopt]oid p9nules are slightly lob$1 ) ,c4 lyratifolia 7,goepp47 7fig4 #cff1 ,d71 ,c4 flabellif]a#aejb 7,weiss71 & ,c4 ,b]g]oni ,zeill4 *>act]is$ by deeply lob$ ,sph5opt]oid segm5ts4 ,callipt]is conf]ta 7,/]nb]g7#aejc4 ,fig4 #cfg4 #agbc4 ,s*eu*z]1 ,h]b4 ,diluv4 ,pl4 ,,ii41 fig4 #c4 #ahbf4 ,neuropt]is conf]ta1 ,/]nb]g1 ,flor4 ,vorwelt1 p4 #ag4 #ahdi4 ,callipt]is conf]ta1 ,brongni>t1 ,tableau1 p4 #bd4 ,?is polymorphic species 7fig4 #cfg7 is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,p]mian plants4 ,! oval-l9e> p9nules1 atta*$ by ! :ole base1 occur on bo? p9nae & ra*is2 ?is feature1 ! ?ick texture ( ! lam9a1 & ! l9e>1 obliquely set1 p9nae r5d] ! fronds easily recognisable4 ,! fronds bore se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfg4 ,callipt]is conf]ta4 ,f ! ,p]mian ( ,as*ba*1 ,rh5i% ,prussia 7,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #cijeb74 ,9 a rec5t acc\nt ( "s ,p]mian plants f ,g]many1 ,s*u/]#aejd ref]s a portion ( a frond to ,callipt]is conf]ta 7,/]nb]g7 v>4 polymorpha ,/]zel1 :i* is *>act]is$ by unusually l>ge & polymorphic p9nules4 ,9 size & %ape ! p9nules recall ^? ( ,neuropt]idium validum ,fei/4 ,callipt]idium4 ,! "n ,callipt]idium1 creat$ by ,weiss#aeje z a sub-g5us ( ,odontopt]is1 is appli$ by ,zeill] & o!r au?ors to a few ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian species *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( simply p9nate p9nae on ! ma9 ra*is betwe5 ! bip9nate prim>y p9nae4 ,s+le p9nules are borne directly on ! ra*is ( ! prim>y p9nae betwe5 ! p9nate bran*es4 ,! =m & v5ation ( a typical p9nule are %[n 9 fig4 #cff1 ,b4 ,callipt]idium pt]idium1 orig9ally record$ by ,s*lo!im z ,filicites pt]idius#aejf1 has be5 fully describ$ by ,r5ault & ,zeill] f unusually l>ge specim5s f\nd 9 ! ,comm5try ,coal-field#aejg4 ,?is species illu/rates ! peculi> morphological features ( ! g5us4 ,! ma9 ra*is ( ! trip9nate fronds1 sev]al metres long1 %[s a comb9ation ( di*otom\s & p9nate bran*+2 f ! zigzag & =k$ axis are giv5 (f bip9nate p9nae &1 betwe5 ^!1 %ort] p9nate bran*es4 ,! p9nules closely resemble ^? ( ,callipt]is conf]ta b rea* a great] l5g?2 ! p9nules borne on ! ra*ises ( ! lat]al bran*es diff] f ! o!rs 9 _! broad] base & m triangul> lam9a4 ,no f]tile specim5s h be5 f\nd4 ,x is probable t ,callipt]idium 0 n a true f]n1 & t ,:ite#aejh is correct 9 includ+ x among ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,ar*aeopt]is4 ,9 #aheb ,=bes#aeji publi%$ a brief description ( "s suppos$ f]n fronds1 f\nd by ! ,geological ,surveyors ( ,irel& 9 ,upp] ,devonian rocks ( ,kilk5ny1 "u ! "n ,cyclopt]is hib]nica4 ,! ,iri% specim5s 7 m fully describ$ by ,baily#aeaj 9 #aheh4 ,fronds ( ! same type 7 ref]r$ by o!r au?ors to ,cyclopt]is1 ,adiantites or ,noegg]a?ia1 until ,s*imp]#aeaa propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,palaeopt]is on ! gr\nd t ! fronds describ$ by ,=bes & ,baily are di/+ui%$ by ! nature ( _! f]tile p9nae f ! /]ile leaves includ$ 9 ,brongni>t's provisional g5us ,cyclopt]is4 ,! e>li] use ( ,palaeopt]is by ,ge9itz = an entirely diff]5t plant l$ ,dawson#aeab to in/itute ! g5us ,ar*aeopt]is4 ,! g5us ,ar*aeopt]is may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,fronds bip9nate1 rea*+ a consid]able l5g? 7#ij cm472 ! /\t ra*is be>s long l9e> p9nae2 /]ile p9nules obovate or cuneate ) an entire1 lob$1 fimbriate1 or lac9iate lam9a trav]s$ by div]g5t di*otom\sly bran*$ ve9s4 ,! f]tile p9nae usually occur on ! l[] "p ( ! ra*is2 p9nules ) a mu* r$uc$ lam9a be> num]\s fusi=m or oval exannulate sporangia 7fig4 #cfi1 ,a1 ,e1 ,h71 sessile or %ortly /alk$1 s+ly1 or 9 gr\ps ( two or ?ree4 ,! base ( ! petiole is *>act]is$ by a pair ( p>tially adnate /ipules 7fig4 #cfi1 ,c1 ,d71 & s+le p9nules or scales occur 9 "s species on ! ra*is betwe5 ! p9nae & on ! petiole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfh4 ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,museum1 ,dubl94 ,r less ?an nat4 size47 ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica 7,=bes74 ,figs4 #cfh1 #cfi1 ,a-,c4 ,! specim5 f ,kilk5ny repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cfh has a l5g? ( ov] #hj cm4 ,! upp] p9nae be> num]\s imbricate obovate p9nules 7fig4 #cfi1 ,a1 ,b7 ) an entire or v slightly fimbriate m>g91 :ile on ! %ort] l[] p9nae ! ultimate segm5ts are r$uc$ to a sl5d] axis be>+ num]\s fusi=m sporangia1 #b-c mm4 9 l5g?4 ,kid/on#aeac has po9t$ out t sporangia occasionally occur on ! edge ( ord9>y p9nules1 & he fir/ recognis$ ! /ipul> nature ( ! scale-l app5dages :i* ,baily notic$ on ! swoll5 petiole base 7#e cm4 broad7 ( ! ,iri% species 7fig4 #cfi1 ,c74 ,re/orations ( ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica h be5 figur$ by ,baily#aead & by ,c>ru!rs#aeae1 b ! description ( ! f]tile p9nae by ! latt] au?or requires modification 9 ! light ( ,kid/on's description ( ! ,dubl9 specim5s4 ,ar*aeopt]is is record$ f ,upp] ,devonian rocks ( ! ,s\? ( ,irel&1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,s\!rn ,russia1 ,be> ,isl&1 & ,ellesm]e ,l& 9 ! ,arctic regions1 ,canada1 ,p5nsylvania1 & else:]e4 ,_m ( ! specim5s describ$ "u diff]5t names be> a close resemblance1 :i* 9 "s cases probably am\nts to specific id5tity1 to ,a4 hib]nica4 ,a4 ,jacksoni orig9ally describ$ by ,dawson#aeaf & m rec5tly by ,smi? & ,:ite#aeag f ,devonian rocks ( ,ma9e1 ! ,canadian type ,a4 gaspi5sis ,daws41 & "s species figur$ by ,lesqu]eux#aeah f ,p5nsylvania1 are examples ( =ms :i* pres5t a /rik+ simil>ity 9 habit to ! ,iri% species4 ,! ,belgian ,devonian fossils nam$ by ,crp9#aeai ,palaeopt]is hib]nica v>4 m9or are reg>d$ by him z probably id5tical ) ,goepp]t's species ,cyclopt]is ,roem]iana f ! neighb\rhood ( ,aa*54 ,he] record$ ,ar*aeopt]is ,roem]iana f ,upp] ,devonian b$s 9 ,be> ,isl&1 & ,na?or/#aebj1 :o has publi%$ a m complete acc\nt ( ! ,arctic =ms1 draws att5tion to ! resemblance ( "s ( !m to ,a4 hib]nica4 ,a species describ$ by ,s*malhaus5#aeba f ! ,upp] ,devonian ( ,s\!rn ,russia z ,a4 ar*etypus 7fig4 #cfi1 ,d7 appe>s to diff] f ,a4 hib]nica 9 ! slightly less r$uc$ lam9a ( ! f]tile segm5ts4 ,?is species has be5 m adequately illu/rat$ by ,na?or/#aebb f mat]ial collect$ 9 ,ellesm]e ,l&3 he is unable to confirm ,s*malhaus5's /atem5t t ! p9nae are spirally dispos$4 ,! species ,a4 fimbriata 7fig4 #cfi1 ,g7 describ$ by ,na?or/ f ,be> ,isl& is *>act]is$ by ! m deeply dissect$ lam9a ( ! /]ile p9nules4 ,9 ,a4 fissilis ,s*mal4 f ,russia & ,ellesm]e ,l& ! lam9a 7fig4 #cfi1 ,e1 ,f7 is cut up into fili=m segm5ts3 a f]tile p9nule ( ?is species is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cfi1 ,e4 ,"s /]ile impressions figur$ by ,krass]#aebc f ,palaeozoic /rata 7,l[] ,c>bonif]\s or ,upp] ,devonian87 9 ! prov9ce ( ,nan%an 9 ,*9a z ,noegg]a?ia acum9ifissa are consid]$ by ,zeill]#aebd to be portions ( an ,ar*aeopt]is or ,rhacopt]is frond4 ,! resemblance to ! =m] g5us is h[ev] by no means close en\gh to w>rant a ref]5ce to ,ar*aeopt]is4 ,! /]ile specim5s describ$ by ,/ur#aebe f ! ,culm ( ,alt5dorf z species ( ,ar*aeopt]is are probably n g5]ically id5tical ) ! ,iri% & ,arctic species4 ,! di*otom\s bran*+ ( ! ra*is 9 ,a4 ,ts*]maki & ,a4 ,dawsoni is a feature unkn[n 9 ,ar*aeopt]is4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( f]tile p9nae ! sep>ation ( ,ar*aeopt]is f ,rhacopt]is is by no means easy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfi4 ,a4 ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica4 ,f]tile p9na4 ,dubl9 ,geological ,survey ,museum4 7,r$uc$4 ,aft] ,kid/on47 ,b4 ,a4 hib]nica4 ,p9nule4 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,aft] ,c>ru!rs47 ,c4 ,a4 hib]nica4 ,base ( petiole4 7,dubl9 ,museum4 ,aft] ,kid/on47 ,d4 ,a4 ar*etypus4 ,base ( petiole3 ,ellesm]e ,l&4 7,aft] ,na?or/4 nat4 size47 ,e4 ,a4 fissilis4 ,sporangia4 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,aft] ,s*malhaus547 ,f4 ,a4 fissilis4 ,/]ile p9nule4 ,ellesm]e ,l&4 7,slightly enl>g$4 ,aft] ,na?or/47 ,g4 ,a4 fimbriata4 ,be> ,isl&4 7,aft] ,na?or/4 nat4 size47 ,h4 ,ar*aeopt]is sp4 ,ellesm]e ,l&4 7,aft] ,na?or/4 nat4 size47 ,ar*aeopt]is 0 reg>d$ by ,c>ru!rs z a f]n closely alli$ to rec5t species ( ,hym5ophyllaceae1 b ?is conclusion 0 bas$ ^u an int]pretation ( ! f]tile segm5ts :i* ,kid/on#aebf has %[n to be incorrect4 ,! latt] au?or reg>d$ ! pres5ce ( /ipules & ! /ructure ( ! exannulate sporangia z evid5ce ( a ,m>attiace\s alliance4 ,9 a lat] ref]5ce to ,ar*aeopt]is1 ,kid/on expresses ! op9ion t ! g5us is n a true f]n b a memb] ( ! ,cycad(ilices or ,pt]idosp]ms1 a view %>$ by ,gr&',eury#aebg & d\btless by _m o!r palaeobotani/s4 ,! sporangia ( ,ar*aeopt]is appe> to be ( ! same type z ^? ( ,dactylo!ca 7fig4 #bij1 ,e1 p4 #cii74 ,s*malhaus5 gave expression to 8 disagreem5t ) ,na?or/ & o!r au?ors :o ref]r$ ,ar*aeopt]is to ! ,m>attiaceae by propos+ ! di/9ctive gr\p-"n ,ar*aeopt]ideae4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! reproductive organs ( ,ar*aeopt]is s f> discov]$ are microsporangia1 & t ! plant bore se$s4 ,! sporangia are l>g] ?an ^? ( any kn[n f]n &1 z ,kid/on po9ts out1 !y are simil> to ^? ( ,crosso!ca :i* he has %[n to be microsporangia ( ! ,pt]idosp]m ,lyg9od5dron4 ,! pres5ce ( /ipules 9 ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica1 ,a4 fimbriata1 ,a4 ar*etypus 7fig4 #cfi1 ,d7 & probably ?r\gh\t ! g5us does n mat]ially affect ! "q ( taxonomic position4 ,/ipules are a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,m>attiaceae &1 9 a r$uc$ =m1 ( ,osmundaceae1 b simil> app5dages are borne at ! base ( ! petiole ( ! ,cycad ,c]atozamia4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,aphlebiae on ! ra*is ( ,ar*aeopt]is is a feature %>$ by ! fronds ( ,neuropt]is & o!r ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,neuropt]is4 ,! fronds = :i* ,brongni>t#aebh creat$ ?is g5us1 ?\gh suspect$ by ,/ur 9 #ahhc z wrongly class$ among ! f]ns1 h only rec5tly be5 %[n to be ! leaves ( ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,z yet only "o case is record$ 9 :i* ,neuropt]is p9nae occur 9 organic connexion ) se$s#aebi1 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! g5us z a :ole mu/ be plac$ 9 ?is g5]alis$ gr\p4 ,r5ault#aecj po9t$ out t ! petioles ( ,neuropt]is fronds f ,autun _h ! anatomical features ( ,myeloxylon 7petiole ( ,m$ullosa74 ,s9ce ,kid/on's important discov]y ( se$-be>+ p9nae ( ,n4 het]ophylla1 ,gr&',eury#aeca has record$ ! association ( ,neuropt]is fronds ) se$s 9 ,fr5* ,coal-fields4 ,by "s ( ! old] au?ors ,neuropt]is 0 comp>$ ) ,osmunda because ( a simil>ity 9 v5ation4 ,9 ! frequ5t di*otomy ( ! frond & 9 ! occurr5ce ( p9nules on ! ra*is1 ,neuropt]is closely resembles ,odontopt]is#aecb3 !re c be little d\bt z to ! close relation%ip ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms possess+ ^! two types ( foliage4 ,neuropt]is may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,fronds rea*+ a consid]able size1 probably 9 soma cases a l5g? ( #aj metres#aecc2 bi- or tri-p9nate2 ! ra*is may be di*otom\sly bran*$ 7figs4 #ced1 ,d2 #cgj72 bo? ra*is & petiole be> s+le p9nules1 ^? on ! latt] frequ5tly diff] f ! normal leaflets 9 _! l>g] ,cyclopt]oid lam9ae 7fig4 #cgj74 ,p9nules entire1 r>ely slightly lob$1 broadly l9e>1 atta*$ by a small portion ( ! base1 :i* is usually m or less cordate4 ,9 ,n4 ,grang]i ,brongn4 ! p9nules are atta*$ by a %ort p$icel#aecd4 ,! midrib always dies out be=e rea*+ ! blunt or po9t$ apex ( ! lam9a & gives (f at an acute angle num]\s second>y ve9s *>act]is$ by _! ar*$ c\rse & repeat$ =k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgj4 ,neuropt]is frond ) ,cyclopt]is leaflets4 ,engli% ,coal-,measures4 7,f a block giv5 to me by ,mr ,c>ru!rs4 ,a4,c4,s47 ,potoni describes ! second>y ve9s ( ! p9nules ( ,neuropt]is pseudogigantea#aece z occasionally ana/omos+1 a feature :i* may be reg>d$ z a /ep t[>ds ! reticulate v5ation ( ! closely alli$ g5us ,l9opt]is4 ,r5ault#aecf describ$ "s petrifi$ p9nules ( ,neuropt]is 9 :i* ! mesophyll %[s a diff]5tiation into upp] palisade tissue & lacun> tissue bel[2 ! l[] epid]mis is infold$ at int]vals :]e grooves 7probably /omatal7 occur l ^? on ! leaves ( an ,ole&] 7,n]ium ole&]74 ,! ra*ises ( ,neuropt]is fronds are describ$ by ,gr&',eury "u ! g5]ic "n ,aulacopt]is#aecg4 ,neuropt]is het]ophylla1 ,brongni>t#aech4 ,figs4 #ced1 ,e2 #cga4 ,?is species is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita92 x occurs also 9 ! ,middle ,coal-,measures & is a common type 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! fronds are l>ge & trip9nate1 ! ra*is is (t5 di*otom\sly bran*$ & ,cyclopt]oid p9nules may occur on ! petiole4 ,! p9nules1 #e-bj mm4 9 l5g? & #c-h mm4 broad1 h a r\nd$ apex 7fig4 #ced1 ,e1 p4 #ece74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cga4 ,neuropt]is het]ophylla4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 nat4 size4 ,m4,s4 ,z %[n 9 fig4 #cga :i* repres5ts a prim>y p9na1 ! small p9nules on ! l[] bran*es are gradually replac$ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! specim5 by falcate segm5ts4 ,neuropt]is macrophylla1 ,brongni>t#aeci4 ,figs4 #ced1 ,d1 ,d2 #cgb4 ,! ra*is ( ! l>ge fronds ( ?is species illu/rates ! di*otom\s habit ( _m ,neuropt]is fronds1 also ! occurr5ce on ! petiole ( l>ge ,cyclopt]oid p9nules 7cf4 fig4 #cgj74 ,! small piece ( a p9na reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cgb %[s ! sl5d] atta*m5t ( ! segm5ts1 ! blunt apex1 & ! ,neuropt]oid v5ation4 ,s+le p9nules ( ?is species may be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,n4 ,s*eu*z]i by ! blunt] apex1 ! abs5ce ( ! pair ( small ,cyclopt]oid p9nules on ! same bran* & by ! abs5ce ( hairs4 ,n4 macrophylla is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgb4 ,neuropt]is macrophylla1 ,brongn4 ,f a photograph by ,mr ,hem+way4 ,neuropt]is ,s*eu*z]i1 ,h(fmann4 ,figs4 #ced1 ,f2 #cgc4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is well-kn[n ,coal-,measure species 7 figur$ by ,s*eu*z] 9 8 ,h]b>ium ,diluvianum#aedj z ,li?osmunda m9or1 & by ,lhywd 7,luidius#aeda7 z ,phyllites m9]alis z e>ly z #agfj4 ,neuropt]is ,s*eu*z]i1 s nam$ by ,h(fmann 9 #ahbf1 is a type :i* _m au?ors h describ$ "u diff]5t names4 ,lesqu]eux#aedb figur$ x z ,n4 hirsuta f ! ,coal-fields ( ,p5nsylvania1 & "u ! same "n x is record$ by ,fonta9e & ,:ite#aedc f ,p]mian rocks ( ,virg9ia4 ,! oval pat*es on ! surface ( a p9nule describ$ by ^! au?ors z sori are c]ta9ly n ( t nature4 ,! same species is describ$ by ,bunbury#aedd f ,nova ,scotia z ,n4 cordata ,brongn4 v>4 angu/ifolia4 ,= a full synonymy ( ! species ref]5ce %\ld be made to li/s publi%$ by ,kid/on#aede1 ,:ite#aedf1 & ,zeill]#aedg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgc4 ,neuropt]is ,s*eu*z]i4 ,f a specim5 7v4 #bjji7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 nat4 size4 ,! l>ge trip9nate fronds are *>act]is$ by ! long l9e>- or oval-lanceolate p9nules 7fig4 #cgc7aedh ) a po9t$ apex & num]\s bri/le-l hairs on ! lam9a2 two mu* small] ,cyclopt]oid segm5ts occur at ! base ( ! p9nae :i* are t]m9at$ by ! l9e> leaflets 7fig4 #ced1 ,f1 p4 #ece74 ,neuropt]is ,s*eu*z]i is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] & ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,brita9 & is record$ f sev]al localities 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,cont95t4 ,zalessky#aedi has rec5tly record$ ! species f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,donetz4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( deta*$ p9nules po9ts to a caduc\s habit4 ,ev5 s+le leaflets c1 h[ev]1 be id5tifi$ by _! l>ge size1 ! po9t$ apex1 & hairy lam9a4 ,! hairs are pres]v$ z f9e oblique l9es simulat+ ve9s2 !y 7 s describ$ by ,roem]#aeej :o took !m = cross-connexions betwe5 ! second>y ve9s & ref]r$ ! p9nules to ,gutbi]'s g5us ,dictyopt]is4 ,ano!r example ( ,neuropt]is ) hairy p9nules is describ$ f ! ,comm5try ,coal-field by ,r5ault & ,zeill] z ,n4 horrida#aeea4 ,! oval-l9e>1 bluntly r\nd$1 p9nules are *>act]is$ by a m$ian b& ( hairs on ea* surface & a n>r[] /rip at ! edge ( ! lam9a4 ,cyclopt]is4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 creat$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahbhaeeb = specim5s :i* he believ$ to be complete s+le leaves ( orbicul> or r5i=m %ape simil> to ^? ( ,tri*omanes r5i=me4 ,! lam9a is trav]s$ by num]\s di*otom\sly bran*$ ve9s :i* spread f ! c5tre ( ! base4 ,x 0 suspect$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#aeec t c]ta9 ,cyclopt]is leaves belong$ to ! frond ( a species ( ,neuropt]is1 & "s ye>s lat] ,lesqu]eux#aeed conclud$ t ,brongni>t's g5us 0 f\nd$ on orbicul> leaflets ( ,neuropt]is4 ,9 #ahfi ,roehl#aeee figur$ a specim5 ( ,neuropt]is be>+ ,cyclopt]oid p9nules on its ra*is4 ,x is n[ univ]sally admitt$ t ,cyclopt]is is n a di/9ct g5us & t ! specim5s s nam$ 7 borne z modifi$ p9nules on ! ma9 ra*is ( ,neuropt]is & ,odontopt]is4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t to reta9 ! "n = deta*$ leaflets :i* _c be ref]r$ to ! fronds on :i* !y 7 borne4 ,a specim5 f\nd by ,mr ,hem+way 9 ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,york%ire & describ$ 9 #ahhhaeef af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! l>ge size atta9$ by :at 0 probably a frond ( ,neuropt]is4 ,! piece ( ma9 ra*is rea*$ a l5g? ( ov] #abj cm4 & bore five pairs ( ,cyclopt]is p9nules1 "s ( :i* 7 #g cm4 long & #e cm4 broad4 ,! complete frond mu/ h rea*$ a l5g? ( at lea/ #d metres4 ,fig4 #cgj %[s "s typical ,cyclopt]oid leaflets on ! petiole ( a ,neuropt]is frond4 ,l9opt]is4 ,! ,upp] ,palaeozoic fronds includ$ 9 ?is g5us are m famili> z species ( ,dictyopt]is4 ,potoni#aeeg has1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t ! creation ( ?is "n by ,lam\r\x 9 #ahji = a g5us ( ,br[n ,algae :i* is /ill reta9$1 makes x advisable to fall back ^u ! designation ,l9opt]is4 ,gutbi]#aeeh propos$ ! g5us ,dictyopt]is 9 #ahce3 ,l9opt]is 0 fir/ us$ by ,presl#aeei 9 #ahch4 ,! fronds s nam$ are id5tical ) species ( ,neuropt]is except 9 ! ana/omosis ( ! second>y ve9s2 ,l9opt]is be>s to ,neuropt]is ! same relation z ,lon*opt]is be>s to ,ale?opt]is4 ,z 9 ,neuropt]is1 ,cyclopt]oid p9nules occur on ! petioles ( ,l9opt]is1 b ! ve9s =m a f9e reticulum4 ,gr&',eury#aefj records ! association ( ,l9opt]is ,brongni>ti ) se$s belong+ to ! g5us ,hexagonoc>pon1 a fact :i* po9ts to ! ,pt]idosp]m nature ( ! foliage4 ,"s f]tile p9nules ( ,l9opt]is ,s*utzei 7,roem]7 are describ$ by ,zeill]#aefa f ,autun z be>+ on ! "u surface ( ! lam9a two r[s ( long & po9t$ sporangia1 probably unit$ 9 gr\ps4 ,! presumption is t ^! are microsporangia4 ,fig4 #cgd is a reproduction ( a c>eful draw+1 orig9ally publi%$ by ,zeill]#aefb1 ( a p9nule ( ! type-specim5 ( ,gutbi]'s species ,l9opt]is neuropt]oides4 ,?is species diff]s f ,l9opt]is obliqua1 in/itut$ by ,bunbury#aefc = specim5s obta9$ by ,lyell#aefd f ! ,coal-,measures ( ,nova ,scotia1 9 ! small] size ( ! me%es4 ,l9opt]is obliqua occurs 9 ! ,upp] & ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,brita92 x is record$ by ,zeill] f ,asia ,m9or1 by ,lesqu]eux#aefe f ,p5nsylvania1 & by o!r au?ors f sev]al ,european localities4 ,! p9nules frequ5tly occur deta*$ f ! frond & l ^? ( "s species ( ,neuropt]is 7 caduc\s4 ,l9opt]is is r>e 9 ,briti% /rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgd4 ,l9opt]is neuropt]oides1 ,gutb4 7,p9nule ( type-specim54 ,enl>g$4 ,aft] ,zeill]47 ,ale?opt]is4 ,! "n ,ale?opt]is1 in/itut$ by ,/]nb]g#aeff1 is appli$ to comp\nd fronds (t5 rea*+ a consid]able size1 exhibit+ ! foll[+ features3 ,! l9e> p9nules are atta*$ by ! :ole bread? ( ! base1 ) ! l[] edge ( ! lam9a decurr5t & usually cont9u\s ) t ( ! next p9nule 7figs4 #bij1 ,a1 p4 #cii2 #cge74 ,! ultimate segm5ts are entire1 ) an acute or r\nd$ apex & (t5 *>act]is$ by a fairly ?ick lam9a convex on ! upp] surface4 ,f a prom95t midrib1 cont9u$ to ! apex ( ! p9nule1 num]\s simple & =k$ second>y ve9s are giv5 (f at a wide angle1 ! decurr5t portion ( ! lam9a be+ suppli$ by ve9s direct f ! axis ( ! p9na4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( a frond or prim>y p9na ! p9nules may be replac$ by a cont9u\s1 lob$1 or entire simple lam9a4 ,! ma9 ra*is occasionally exhibits di*otom\s bran*+1 b ! fronds are = ! mo/ "p con/ruct$ on ! p9nate plan4 ,s+le ,cyclopt]oid p9nules#aefg occur on ! petiole ( "s species ( ! g5us4 ,9 c]ta9 species ( ,ale?opt]is ! p9nules appe> to h be5 decidu\s z 9 ,didymo*la5a among rec5t f]ns#aefh4 ,a piece ( cuticle f ! upp] surface ( a p9nule ( ,ale?opt]is ,gr&9i 7,brongn47 figur$ by ,zeill]#aefi %[s v cle>ly ! polygonal =m & /raight walls ( mo/ ( ! epid]mal cells1 ^? above ! ve9s be+ almo/ rectangul>4 ,! position ( ! sunk5 /omata is reveal$ by small circul> spaces surr\nd$ by a circle ( cells4 ,! abs5ce ( f]tile specim5s ( ?is common g5us ( ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s plants l$ ,/ur#aegj to exclude x f ! f]ns4 ,al?\gh no se$s h s f> be5 f\nd 9 organic connexion ) an ,ale?opt]is frond1 x is c]ta9 t "s species1 probably all1 repres5t ! foliage ( ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,r5ault 0 ! fir/ to describe petrifi$ specim5s ( ,ale?opt]is fronds exhibit+ ! anatomical /ructure ( ,myeloxylon 7leaf-axis ( ,m$ullosa74 ,! calc>e\s nodules f ,engli% ,coal-seams conta9 num]\s fragm5ts ( ! ,myeloxylon type ( ra*is be>+ ,ale?opt]oid p9nules4 ,! con/ant association ( ! fronds ( ,ale?opt]is lon*itica & ,trigonoc>pon se$s notic$ by ,mr ,hem+way 9 ! ,coal-,measures ( ,york%ire l$ him to reg>d ! species z se$-be>+3 x has s9ce be5 recognis$ z ! foliage ( ! ,pt]idosp]m ,m$ullosa anglica#aega4 ,gr&',eury#aegb has record$ ! association 9 ,fr5* ,coal-fields ( species ( ,ale?opt]is ) ,trigonoc>pon & ,pa*yte/a se$s4 ,ale?opt]is lon*itica 7,s*lo!im7#aegc4 ,figs4 #cfd1 ,a2 #bij1 ,a4 ,?is species1 describ$ by ,s*lo!im 9 #ahbj z ,filicites lon*iticus & previ\sly figur$ by ,s*eu*z]#aegd1 is abundant 9 ! ,middle & ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita9#aege4 ,x is *>act]is$ by l>ge trip9nate fronds1 probably quadrip9nate 9 ! l[] "p1 be>+ prim>y p9nae ( a m or less triangul> =m divid$ into p9nate bran*es replac$ 9 ! apical region by l9e> segm5ts4 ,! p9nules1 #h-cj mm4 long & #c-e broad1 are l9e>- or oval-lanceolate ) an obtuse apex2 ! upp] m>g9 ( ! lam9a is slightly contract$ at ! base1 :ile ! l[] edge is decurr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cge4 ,ale?opt]is ,s]lii 7,brongn474 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,york ,museum4 nat4 size4 ,ale?opt]is ,s]lii 7,brongni>t7#aegf4 ,fig4 #cge4 ,?is species1 figur$ by ,p>k9son 9 #ahaa1 closely resembles ,a4 lon*itica1 b is di/+ui%$ by ! m cr[d$ & relatively long] p9nules :i* are jo9$ to "o ano!r by a n>r[ connect+ lam9a 7,fig4 #cge74 ,! second>y ve9s 9 ,a4 ,s]lii are r f9] & m num]\s4 ,gr&',eury#aegg records ! association ( ! se$ ,pa*yte/a ) fronds ( ?is species 9 ! ,coal-,measures ( ,/ ti5ne4 ,a4 ,s]lii is v abundant 9 ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures b r>e 9 ! ,middle ,coal-,measures ( ,brita9#aegh4 ,lon*opt]is4 ,?is "n 0 propos$ by ,brongni>t#aegi = /]ile fronds f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s rocks :i* are practically id5tical ) species ( ,ale?opt]is1 b diff] 9 ! reticulate v5ation ( ! p9nules4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]#aehj t ,lon*opt]is is usually us$ = ,palaeozoic species1 ! ,weald5 leaves1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 ?is g5us by ,brongni>t1 be+ transf]r$ to ,wei*selia4 ,!re c be little d\bt z to ! close relation%ip ( ,lon*opt]is ) ,ale?opt]is3 bo? may be ref]r$ to ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,lon*opt]is rugosa ,brongn4#aeha 7fig4 #bij1 ,b1 p4 #cii7 & ,l4 ,bricei ,brongn41 bo? ,briti% species1 are fairly common 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,9 ,l4 rugosa1 a ,middle ,coal-,measures species1 ! ana/omos+ second>y ve9s =m polygonal me%es 7fig4 #bij1 ,b1 p4 #cii7 small] ?an ^? ( ,l4 ,bricei4 ,pecopt]is4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ?is g5us 9 ! *apt] on ,m>attiales1 s f> z reg>ds c]ta9 species ( f]tile fronds ! sporangia ( :i* resemble ^? ( rec5t ,m>attiaceae4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means safe to assume t su* ,pecopt]is fronds 7 borne on /ems hav+ ! anatomical *>act]s ( f]ns4 ,! sporangia 9 "s at lea/ ( ! species may h conta9$ microspores4 ,9 "o ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s species usually ref]r$ to ,pecopt]is1 ,p4 ,pluck5eti1 ,s*lot41 ,gr&',eury#aehb has record$ ! occurr5ce ( se$s on ! p9nules ( ! ord9>y fronds4 ,?is species w be ref]r$ to 9 ,volume ,,iii4 ,! sub/itution ( su* g5]ic names z ,pty*oc>pus1 ,a/]o!ca1 ,hawlea1 ,dactylo!ca & o!rs = ! purely provisional designation ,pecopt]is indicates a /ep t[>ds a conclusion z to natural aff9ity4 ,! probability is t ,pecopt]is1 z appli$ to ,palaeozoic species1 9 _m cases /&s = ! comp\nd fronds ( true f]ns1 b ! possibility ( ! inclusion ( ^? ( ,pt]idosp]ms 9 ! same category is by no means exclud$4 ,! designation ,pecopt]is may conv5i5tly be reta9$ = /]ile bip9nate1 trip9nate1 or quadrip9nate fronds be>+ p9nules hav+ ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 ,lam9a %ort1 atta*$ to ! ra*is by ! :ole ( ! base & at a wide angle1 ) ! edges p>allel or slightly conv]g+ t[>ds ! usually blunt apex2 adjac5t p9nules may be cont9u\s basally by a n>r[ lam9a4 ,a well-m>k$ midrib ext5ds to ! apex & gives (f simple or =k$ lat]al ve9s almo/ at "r angles 7fig4 #ceb1 ,d1 p4 #ebi74 ,hyda?odes l ^? on ! leaflets ( ,polypodium vulg>e & o!r rec5t f]ns#aehc are occasionally se5 at ! ends ( ! lat]al ve9s ( ,pecopt]is p9nules4 ,9 addition to ! examples ( ,palaeozoic fronds ) ! ,pecopt]is =m ( p9nule ref]r$ to 9 *apt] ,,xxii41 ! species ,pecopt]is arboresc5s may be briefly describ$4 ,pecopt]is arboresc5s 7,s*lo!im7#aehd4 ,figs4 #ceb1 ,d3 #cgf4 ,! species nam$ by ,s*lo!im ,filicites arboresc5s 9 #ahjd is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures & is record$ also f ,p]mian /rata#aehe4 ,fronds l>ge2 ! ra*is1 :i* may rea* a bread? ( #c cm4#aehf1 gives (f long ovoid-lanceolate p9nae 9 two alt]nate r[s 7fig4 #cgf72 p9nules small1 #ae-dmm4 long & #a-bmm4 broad1 contigu\s1 ) r\nd$ apex1 atta*$ approximately at "r angles2 ! upp] surface ( ! lam9a is slightly convex & may be hairy#aehg4 ,! f]tile p9nules1 id5tical 9 %ape ) ! /]ile1 be> gr\ps ( ovoid exannulate sporangia 7synangia74 ,! midrib ext5ds to ! apex ( ! p9nule & gives (f simple ve9s at a wide angle 7fig4 #ceb1 ,d74 ,our k ( ! reproductive organs is v meagre4 ,gr&',eury describ$ ! synangia z consi/+ ( #c-e sporangia borne on a c5tral receptacle2 sporangia h be5 describ$ also by ,/ur#aehh1 ,r5ault & ,zeill]#aehi1 & ,potoni#aeij1 b no f]tile ,briti% specim5s are record$4 ,/ur places ?is species 9 ! g5us ,scolecopt]is1 & ,potoni reg>ds ! sporangia f\nd by him on ,p]mian fronds1 :i* may be id5tical ) ,pecopt]is arboresc5s1 z con=m+ to ^? ( ! ,a/]o!ca type4 ,x is impossible to decide on ! evid5ce available :e!r ?is species is a ,pt]idosp]m or a f]n1 b !re is a natural incl9ation 9 d\btful cases to give pref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ^! two *oices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgf4 ,pecopt]is arboresc5s 7,s*lo?474 ,f ! ,upp] ,coal-,measures ( ,rad/ock4 ,f a photograph by ,dr ,kid/on4 ,r$uc$4 ,! num]\s fronds f ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks describ$ z species ( ,pecopt]is exhibit a consid]able range ( v>iation 9 ! =m ( ! p9nules4 ,9 _m species ! p9nules are ( ! type repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ceb1 ,d2 9 o!rs ! lam9a ( ! ultimate segm5ts is slightly contract$ at ! base & ! second>y ve9s are giv5 (f at a m acute angle1 z 9 ,pecopt]is polymorpha1 ,brongn4#aeia ,9 ,pecopt]is unita1 ,brongn41 already describ$ z ,pty*oc>pus unita#aeib1 ! p9nules are jo9$ toge!r except 9 ! apical region4 ,"s fronds includ$ 9 ,pecopt]is possess p9nules 9 :i* ,pecopt]oid & ,sph5opt]oid features are comb9$2 ,p4 ,/]zeli1 ,zeill4#aeic & ,p4 ,pluck5eti1 ,s*lot4 are examples ( fronds 9 :i* ! p9nules are lob$ z 9 ,sph5opt]is1 b ! base ( ! lam9a is only slightly contract$ & ! v5ation is n t ( typical ,sph5opt]is species4 ,! species to :i* ,potoni has appli$ ! g5]ic "n ,alloiopt]is#aeid also illu/rates ! impossibility ( draw+ a %>p l9e betwe5 ,pecopt]is & ,sph5opt]is4 ,! fronds already describ$ 9 *apt] ,,xxv4 "u ! designation ,corynept]is be> p9nules ) a contract$ base2 9 "s species ! lam9a is lob$1 b 9 o!rs 7fig4 #ced1 ,g7 x is entire ) a midrib ne>] "o edge ?an ! o!r4 ,! species :i* ,potoni assigns to ,alloiopt]is1 l _m o!r ,sph5opt]oid & ,pecopt]oid fronds1 are *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( an abnormal p9nule 7aphlebia7 at ! base ( ea* p9na 7fig4 #ced1 ,g1 p4 #ece74 ,"y fronds ( ,pecopt]is are occasionally met ) %[+ v cle>ly ! circ9ate v]nation ( ! p9nae z 9 ! leaves ( ,cycas & ,angiopt]is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bbj1 p4 #bhc4 ,! g5us ,spiropt]is 0 creat$ by ,s*imp]#aeie = coil$ unexp&$ fronds ( fossil f]ns2 x is h[ev] sup]flu\s to apply a di/9ctive t]m to specim5s ( ?is k9d4 ,! designation ,pecopt]is is employ$ *iefly = leaves ( ,palaeozoic age :i* are unkn[n 9 ! f]tile /ate1 or d n af=d suffici5t evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! sporangia to ju/ify ! sub/itution ( a special g5]ic "n4 ,_m ,mesozoic species h also be5 ref]r$ to ,pecopt]is1 b mo/ ( ^! are m appropriately includ$ 9 ,brongni>t's lat] g5us ,cladophlebis4 ,! p9nules ( ,cladophlebis1 z ,brongni>t po9t$ out1 are int]m$iate betwe5 ,pecopt]is & ,neuropt]is2 !y are usually atta*$ by ! :ole bread? ( ! base1 z 9 ,pecopt]is1 b ! m acute orig91 m ar*$ =m1 & m frequ5t di*otomy ( ! lat]al ve9s are features %>$ by ,neuropt]is4 ,z a rule1 ,mesozoic /]ile fronds ) /raight or fold$1 entire or d5tate p9nules are ( ! ,cladophlebis type3 ?is g5us is especially *>act]i/ic ( ,rhaetic & ,jurassic floras4 ,examples ( ,cladophlebis p9nules are %[n 9 figs4 #bef1 #beg 7pp4 #cdj1 #cdb74 ,x is to be regrett$ t au?ors d n make m use ( ! g5]ic "n ,cladophlebis 9 describ+ /]ile fronds1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! mislead+ & unsci5tific practice ( employ+ su* g5]a z ,pt]is1 ,aspl5ites1 & o!rs on :olly insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,text4 ,amalitzky1 ,w4 7#ja7 ,sur la dc\v]te1 dans les dpts p]mi5s suprieurs du ,nord de la ,russie1 d'une flore ,glossoptri5ne c4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 ,,cxxxii4 p4 #eia4 ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#jb7 ,on ! di/ribution ( ! ,glossopt]is ,flora4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #cdf4 ---- 7#jb7 ,! ,cl>ke collection ( fossil plants f ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,lviii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jc7 ,notes on "s fossil plants collect$ by ,mr ,molyneux 9 ,rhodesia4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,lix4 p4 #bhh4 ---- 7#je7 ,catalogue ( ! fossil plants ( ! ,glossopt]is ,flora 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a monograph ( ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s ,flora ( ,india & ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,london4 ---- 7#je7 ,! ,sporangium-l organs ( ,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ,brongn4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,lxi4 p4 #cbd ---- 7#je7 ,! fossil flora ( ! ,culm-measures ( ,n4 ,w4 ,devon c4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxcvii4 p4 #bia4 ---- 7#jf7 ,on ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,f]ns4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #bae4 ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 & ,h4 ,h4 ,?omas4 7#jh7 ,on ! /ructure ( ,sigill>ia scutellata1 ,brongn4 & o!r ,eusigill>ian /ems1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( o!r ,palaeozoic ,lycopods4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cc4 p4 #acc4 ,arm\r1 ,h4 ,m4 7#jg7 ,on ! ,sorus ( ,dipt]is4 ,new ,phytologi/1 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #bch4 ,atk9son1 ,g4 ,f4 7#id7 ,! /udy ( ! biology ( ,f]ns1 by ! collodion me?od4 ,new ,york4 ,au]ba*1 ,j4 & ,h4 ,trauts*old4 7#fj7 ,ueb] die ,kohl5 von ,c5tral ,russl&4 ,n\v4 ,mm41 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,naturali/es ,mosc\1 vol4 ,,xiii4 ,bsecke1 ,p4 7#jh7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] physiologis*5 ,s*eid5 d] ,a*s5 und ,w$el d] ,filic95 c4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 ,heft ,,ii4-,,iv4 ,abt4 ,i4 ,baily1 ,w4 ,h4 7#ei7 ,on ! fructification ( ,cyclopt]is hib]nica 7,=bes71 f ! ,upp] ,devonian or ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata at ,kiltorkan ,hill1 ,c\nty ,kilk5ny4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 ,london1 #ahei1 p4 #ge4 7,le$s meet+1 #aheh47 ---- 7#fj7 ,on ,corynept]is1 a new g5]ic =m ( fossil f]n4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,dubl91 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bcg4 ---- 7#ge7 ,figures ( *>act]i/ic ,briti% fossils4 ,london4 ,bak]1 ,j4 ,g4 7#fg7 ,descriptions ( six new species ( simple frond$ ,hym5ophyllaceae4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #cce4 ---- 7#fh7 ,on ! geographical di/ribution ( ,f]ns4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxvi4 p4 #cje4 ---- 7#fh7 ,see ,hook]1 ,sir ,w4 ,j4 & ,j4 ,g4 ,bak]4 ---- 7#hh7 ,on a fur!r collection ( f]ns f ,we/ ,borneo4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxiv4 p4 #bef4 ,balf\r1 ,j4 ,h4 7#eg7 ,on ! occurr5ce 9 coal ( peculi> vegetable organisms resembl+ ! ,sporangia ( ,lycopodium4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed94 vol4 ,,xxi4 p4 #ahg4 ,b>b]1 ,c4 ,a4 7#hi7 ,on ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! bulb 9 ,lam9>ia bulbosa1 ,lam\r4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #da4 ,b>rois1 ,c4 7#jd7 ,sur les ,spirorbes du ,t]ra9 ,h\ill] de ,bruay4 7,pas de ,calais47 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,nord1 vol4 ,,xxxiii4 p4 #ej4 ,b>?ol91 ,c4 ,t4 7#ib7 ,nogle i d5 bornholmske ,jura=mation =ekomm5de ,plante=/5+]4 ,bot4 ,tidsk4 ,kjv5hav51 vol4 ,,xviii4 ,heft #a4 ,ba!r1 ,f4 ,a4 7#jg7 ,na?or/'s use ( ,collodion impr9ts 9 ! /udy ( fossil plants4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #dcg4 ---- 7#jh7 ,na?or/'s me?od ( /udy+ cut9is$ portions ( fossil plants4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #ded4 ,bay]1 ,g4 7#ii7 ,e9ige neue ,pflanz5 d] ,p]uc] ,kreides*i*t5 9 ,bhm54 ,sitz4 ,k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,prag4 ,b5nie1 ,j4 & ,r4 ,kid/on4 7#hh7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,spores 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation ( ,scotl&4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,physc4 ,soc4 ,ed94 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #hb1 #ahhe-hh4 ,b5son1 ,m>g>et4 7#jd7 ,telangium ,scotti1 a new species ( ,telangium 7,calymmato!ca7 %[+ /ructure4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xviii4 p4 #afa4 ---- 7#jh7 ,miadesmia membranacea1 ,b]tr&2 a new ,palaeozoic ,lycopod ) a se$-l /ructure4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxcix4 p4 #dji4 ---- 7#jh7 ,! ,sporangiophore--a unit ( /ructure 9 ! ,pt]idophyta4 ,new ,phytologi/1 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #adc4 ,b]n>d1 ,c4 7#jd7 ,le bois c5tripte dans les feuilles de ,conifres4 ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,beiheft1 vol4 ,,xvii4 p4 #bda4 ,b]ridge1 ,e4 ,m4 7#je7 ,on two new specim5s ( ,sp5c]ites insignis4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xix4 p4 #bgc4 ,b]ry1 ,e4 ,w4 7#jc7 ,! ,am]ican species ref]r$ to ,?9nfeldia4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 ,,xxx4 p4 #dch4 ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#ha7 ,re*]*es sur les ,tmsiptrides4 ,ar*4 ,bot4 ,nord de la ,france1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #beb4 ---- 7#hb7 ,phylloglossum4 ,ar*4 ,bot4 ,nord ,france1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #gj4 ---- 7#ia7 ,rem>ques sur le ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii de ,)am4 ,trav4 ,mm4 ,fac4 ,lille1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,mm4 #f4 ---- 7#id7 ,sur une n\velle ,c5tradesmide4 ,assoc4 ,fran4 p\r l',avancem5t des ,sci5ces4 ---- 7#ii7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! /em ( a ribb$ ,sigill>ia4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiii4 ---- & ,f4 ,cornaille4 7#jb7 tudes sur quelques c>actri/iques de la /ructure des ,filic9es actuelles4 ,trav4 ,mem4 ,l',univ4 ,lille1 tome ,x4 ,mm4 #bi4 ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ji7 tudes sur la ,fronde des ,zygoptrides4 ,lille4 ,b9ney1 ,e4 ,w4 7#dd7 ,on ! rem>kable fossil trees lately discov]$ ne> ,/ ,hel5's4 ,phil4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,xxiv4 p4 #afe4 ---- 7#df7 ,description ( ! ,duk9field ,sigill>ia4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cij4 ---- 7#dh7 ,on ! orig9 ( coal4 ,man*e/] ,phil4 ,soc4 ,mem4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #adh4 ---- 7#fb7 ,on "s plants %[+ /ructure f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxviii4 p4 #ajf4 ---- 7#fe7 ,a description ( "s fossil plants %[+ /ructure1 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,coal-,seams ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clv4 pt4 ii4 p4 #egi4 ---- 7#ga7 ,obs]vations on ! /ructure ( fossil plants f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,/rata4 ,palaeont4 ,soc4 ,london4 ---- 7#gb7 ,obs]vations c4 ,pt4 ,,iii4 ,lepidod5dron4 ,palaeont4 ,soc4 ,bis*(1 -- 7#ec7 ,sigill>i5 aus dem bunt5 ,s&/e9 ,b]nburgs4 ,zeit4 ,gesammt4 ,naturwiss4 ,bd4 ,i4 ,blanck5horn1 ,m4 7#he7 ,die ,fossile ,flora des ,bunts&/e9s und des ,mus*elkalkes d] ,umgeg5d von ,comm]n4 ,palaeontographica1 vol4 ,,xxxii4 p4 #aag4 ,bomm]1 ,c4 7#jc7 ,les causes d'erreur dans l'tude des empre9tes vgtales4 ,n\v4 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,belg4 ,geol4 c4 ,fasc4 ,i4 ,boodle1 ,l4 ,a4 7#jj7 ,comp>ative anatomy ( ! ,hym5ophyllaceae1 ,s*izaeaceae1 & ,glei*5iaceae4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #dee4 ---- 7#ja7 ,comp>ative anatomy ( ! ,hym5ophyllaceae1 ,s*izaeaceae1 & ,glei*5iaceae4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #cei4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,second>y ,xylem 9 ,psilotum4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xviii4 p4 #eje4 ---- 7#jd7 ,! /ructure ( ! leaves ( ! brack5 7,pt]is aquil9a1 ,l47 9 relation to environm5t4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 ,,xxxv4 p4 #fei4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on ! production ( dw>f male pro?alli 9 sporangia ( ,todea4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #bca4 ,b\lay1 ,n4 7#gf7 ,le ,t]ra9 ,h\ill] du ,nord de la ,france et les ,vgtaux ,fossiles4 ,lille4 ,b[]1 ,f4 ,o4 7#ia7 ,is ! ,eusporangiate or ! ,leptosporangiate ! m primitive type 9 ! f]ns8 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #aji4 ---- 7#ic7 ,on ! /ructure ( ,lepido/robus ,br[nii1 ,s*mpr4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #cbi4 ---- 7#id7 ,/udies 9 ! ,morphology ( ,spore-produc+ ,memb]s4 ,equisetaceae & ,lycopod9eae4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clxxxv4 p4 #dgc4 ---- 7#if7 ,/udies c4 ,,ii4 ,ophioglossaceae4 ,london4 ---- 7#ig7 ,/udies c4 ,,iii4 ,m>attiaceae4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clxxxix4 p4 #ce4 ---- 7#jj7 ,/udies c4 ,,iv4 ,! ,leptosporangiate ,f]ns4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxcii4 p4 #bi4 ---- 7#jd7 ,/udies c4 ,v4 ,g5]al ,comp>isons & ,conclusions4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,cxcvi4 p4 #aia4 ---- 7#jh7 ,! orig9 ( a ,l& ,flora4 ,london4 ,b[man1 ,j4 ,e4 7#da7 ,obs]vations on ! *>act]s ( ! fossil trees lately discov]$ on ! l9e ( ! ,bolton railway4 ,trans4 ,man*e/] ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #aab4 ,braun1 ,a4 7#fc7 ,ueb] die ,isoetes ,art5 d] ,insel ,s>d9i54 ,monatsb]4 k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l94 ,braun1 ,f4 7#ge7 ,die ,frage na* d] ,gymnosp]mie d] ,cycade54 ,monatsb]4 k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 p4 #bda4 ,brebn]1 ,g4 7#jb7 ,! anatomy ( ,danaea & o!r ,m>attiaceae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xvi4 ,brodie1 ,p4 ,b4 7#db7 ,on ! discov]y ( insects 9 ! ,l[] ,b$s ( ! ,lias ( ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahdb1 p4 #eh4 ---- 7#de7 ,a hi/ory ( fossil insects 9 ! ,second>y ,rocks ( ,engl&1 ,london4 ,brongni>t1 ,a4 7#be7 ,note sur les vgtaux fossiles de l',oolite f\gres de ,mam]s4 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat4 tome ,,iv4 p4 #dag4 ---- 7#cg7 ,hi/oire des ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,p>is4 ---- 7#de7 ,see ,mur*ison1 ,r41 de ,v]neuil1 & ,c\nt ,keys]l+4 ---- 7#fh7 ,notice sur un ,fruit de ,lycopodiaces ,fossiles4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 ,,lxvii4 ,aug4 #ag?4 ,br[n1 ,r4 7#de7 ,on ! geology ( ,cape ,breton4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bjg4 ---- 7#df7 ,on a gr\p ( erect trees 9 ! ,sydney coalfield ( ,cape ,breton4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cic4 ---- 7#dg7 ,upright ,lepidod5dron ) ,/igm>ia roots1 9 ! ro( ( ,sydney ,ma9 ,coal4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #df4 ---- 7#di7 ,description ( erect ,sigill>iae ) conical tap-roots1 f\nd 9 ! ro( ( ! ,sydney ,ma9 ,coal1 9 ! isl& ( ,cape ,breton4 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 7,m>* #ba71 p4 #ced4 ---- 7#ea7 ,"s acc\nt ( an undescrib$ fossil fruit 7,triplosporites74 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #dfi4 ,br[ne1 ,lady ,isabel4 7#ji7 ,! phylog5y & int]-relation%ips ( ! ,pt]idophyta4 ,new ,phytologi/ 7,repr9t1 ,no4 #c74 ,cambridge4 ,bru*mann1 ,h4 7#gd7 ,ueb] ,anlage und ,wa*/hum d] ,wurzeln von ,lycopodium und ,isoetes4 ,j54 ,zeit4 ,naturwiss4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #ebb4 ---- 7#ig7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,selag9ella sp9ulosa1 ,a4 ,br4 ,go?a4 ---- 7#ih7 ,ueb] die ,pro?alli5 und die ,keimpflanz5 mehr]] ,europis*] ,lycopodi54 ,go?a4 ,buckman1 ,j4 7#de7 ,see ,mur*ison1 ,r4 ,i4 ---- 7#ej7 ,on "s fossil plants f ! ,l[] ,lias4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #dac4 ,bunbury1 ,c4 ,j4 ,f4 7#dg7 ,on fossil plants f ! coal =mation ( ,cape ,breton4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #dbc4 ---- 7#fa7 ,notes on a collection ( fossil plants f ,nagpur1 ,c5tral ,india4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xvii4 p4 #cbe4 ,butt]wor?1 ,j4 7#jj7 ,fur!r rese>* on ! /ructure ( ,ps>onius1 a tree-f]n ( ! ,coal-,measures4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xliii4 ,campbell1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jd7 ,! aff9ities ( ! ,ophioglossaceae & ,m>siliaceae4 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xxviii4 no4 #ded4 ---- 7#je7 ,! /ructure & developm5t ( ,mosses & ,f]ns4 ,new ,york4 ---- 7#jg7 ,on ! di/ribution ( ! ,hepaticae & its significance4 ,new ,phytol4 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #bjc4 ,c>ru!rs1 ,w4 7#fe7 ,on ,caulopt]is punctata1 ,gpp41 a tree-f]n f ! ,upp] ,gre5s& ( ,%aftesbury 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dhd4 ---- 7#fi7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! /ems ( arboresc5t ,lycopodiaceae ( ! ,coal-,measures4 ,mon?4 ,micr4 ,j\rn4 p4 #agg4 ---- 7#fi7 ,on ! plant-rema9s f ! ,brazilian coal-b$s1 ) rem>ks on ! g5us ,flem+ites4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #e4 ---- 7#gj7 ,on ! nature ( ! sc>s 9 ! /ems ( ,ulod5dron1 ,bo?rod5dron1 & ,megaphytum4 ,mon?ly ,micr4 ,j\rn4 p4 #add4 ---- 7#gb7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! /ems ( ! arboresc5t ,lycopodiaceae ( ! ,coal-,measures4 ,mon?ly ,micr4 ,j\rn4 p4 #ej4 ---- 7#gb7 ,notes on fossil plants f ,que5sl&1 ,au/ralia4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxviii4 ---- 7#gb7 ,notes on "s fossil plants4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,ix4 ---- 7#gc7 ,on "s ,lycopodiace\s plants f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,j\rn4 ,bot41 ,novemb]1 #ahgc4 ---- 7#gc7 ,on ,halonia ( ,l9dley & ,hutton & ,cyclocladia ( ,gold5b]g4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,x4 p4 #ade4 ,ca%1 ,w4 & ,j4 ,lomax4 7#ij7 ,on ,lepidophloios & ,lepidod5dron4 ,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep4 7,le$s71 p4 #haj4 ,*all5g] ,reports4 7#he7 ,reports on ! sci5tific results ( ! voyage ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,*all5g] dur+ ! ye>s #ahgc-gf4 ,n>rative1 vol4 ,i4 pts4 #a & #b4 ,london4 ---- 7#he7 ,ibid4 ,botany1 vol4 ,i4 ,*ick1 ,edi?4 7#ja7 ,see ,tansley1 ,a4 ,g4 & ,edi? ,*ick4 ,*odat1 ,r4 7#jh7 ,les ,ptridopsides des temps ,palozoques4 ,ar*4 ,soc4 ,phys4 ,nat4 #d1 vol4 ,,xxvi4 ,g5oa4 ,*ri/1 ,h4 7#if7 ,zur ,f>n-,flora d] ,sunda ,inseln4 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,buit5zorg1 vol4 ,,xiii4 p4 #ij4 ---- 7#ig7 ,die ,f>nkrut] d] ,erde4 ,j5a4 ---- 7#jd7 ,loxsomopsis co/>ic5sis nov4 g54 et spec4 ,bull4 ,h]b4 ,boissi] #b vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #e4 ---- & ,k4 ,gies5hag54 7#ii7 ,pt]idographis*e ,notiz51 ,i4 ,ar*angiopt]is nov4 g54 ,flora1 ,bd4 ,,lxxxvi4 p4 #gb4 ,*rysl]1 ,m4 ,a4 7#jh7 ,tyloses 9 tra*eids ( ,conif]s4 ,new ,phytologi/1 vol4 ,,vii4 ,compton1 ,r4 ,h4 7#ji7 ,! anatomy ( ,matonia s>m5tosa4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bii4 ,copel&1 ,e4 ,b4 7#jh7 ,new g5]a & species ( ,bornean f]ns4 ,! ,philipp9e ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 ,,iii4 7,c4 ,botany7 p4 #cdc4 ---- 7#ji7 ,! f]ns ( ! ,malay ,asiatic region4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #a4 ,corda1 ,a4 ,j4 7#df7 ,see ,reuss1 ,a4 ,e4 ---- 7#eb7 ,see ,g]m>1 ,e4 ,f4 ,cornaille1 ,f4 7#jb7 ,see ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 & ,f4 ,cornaille4 ,cotta1 ,c4 ,b4 7#cb7 ,die ,d5droli!n 9 ,beziehung auf ihr5 inn]5 ,bau4 ,dresd54 ,c[>d1 ,k4 ,h4 7#jg7 ,on ! /ructure ( ,syr+od5dron1 ! b>k ( ,sigill>ia4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,li41 pt4 ii4 ,crp91 ,f4 7#gd7 ,description de quelques plantes fossiles de l'tage des ,psammites de ,condroz4 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,belg4 #b vol4 ,,xxxviii4 ---- 7#ge7 ,obs]vations sur quelques plantes fossiles des dpts ,dvoni5s4 ,soc4 ,roy4 bot4 ,belg4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #bad4 ,dale1 ,e4 7#ja7 ,see ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,e4 ,dale4 ,dange>d1 ,p4 ,a4 7#ia7 ,mmoire sur la morphologie et l'anatomie des ,tmesipt]is4 ,le ,botani/e #a ,fasc4 ,,vi4 p4 #afc4 ,d>w91 ,c4 7#jc7 ,m lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 edit$ by ,f4 ,d>w9 & ,a4 ,c4 ,sew>d 7vol4 ,,ii474 ,london4 ,david1 ,w4 ,e4 & ,e4 ,f4 ,pittman4 7#ic7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,lepidod5dron au/rale 787 9 ! ,devonian rocks ( ,n4 ,s4 ,wales4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 iv4 p4 #aid4 ,davy1 ,e4 ,w4 7#jg7 ,summ] 9 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa4 ,g>d4 ,*ron4 vol4 ,,xli4 #c p4 #bfc4 ,dawes1 ,j4 ,s4 7#dh7 ,rem>ks ^u ! int]nal /ructure ( ,halonia4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #bhi4 ,dawson1 ,sir ,j4 ,w4 7#fa7 ,on an undescrib$ fossil f]n f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xvii4 p4 #e4 ---- 7#ff7 ,acadian ,geology4 ,london4 ---- 7#hb7 ,! fossil plants ( ! ,erian & ,upp] ,silurian ,=mations ( ,canada4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada4 ---- 7#hf7 ,on ,rhizoc>ps 9 ! ,erian 7,devonian7 p]iod 9 ,am]ica4 ,bull4 ,*icago ,acad4 ,sci4 vol4 ,i4 no4 #i4 ,debey1 ,m4 ,h4 & ,c4 von ,ett+%aus54 7#ei7 ,die urweltli*5 ,acrobry5 des ,kreidegebirges von ,aa*5 und ,mae/ri*t4 ,d5ks*4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 vol4 ,,xvii4 ,diels1 ,l4 7#jb7 ,filicales4 ,die ,natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili54 ,engl] & ,prantl1 ,teil ,i4 ,abt4 #d4 ,ei*wald1 ,e4 7#fj7 ,le?aea ,rossica4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,/uttg>t4 ,engl]1 ,a4 7#ji7 ,syllabus d] ,pflanz5famili54 ,b]l94 ---- & ,k4 ,prantl4 7#jb7 ,die ,natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili54 ,leipzig4 ,ern/1 ,a4 7#jh7 ,! new flora ( ! volcanic isl& ( ,krakatau4 7,trans4 by ,a4 ,c4 ,sew>d47 ,cambridge4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 7#hj7 ,a contribution to ! /udy ( ,briti% ,c>bonif]\s ,tubicol> ,annelida4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #aji4 ---- ,lepidod5dron au/rale1 ,mc,coy4--,its synonyms & range 9 ,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 #c1 p4 #aai4 ---- 7#ib7 ,see ,jack1 ,r4 ,l4 & ,r4 ,e!ridge4 ---- 7#id7 ,on ! mode ( atta*m5t ( ! leaves or fronds to ! caudex 9 ,glossopt]is4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #bbh4 ---- 7#id7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,ole&ridium 9 ! ,hawkesbury ,s&/one s]ies4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 vol4 ,,iv4 pt4 #b1 p4 #di4 ---- 7#ii7 ,on a f]n 7,ble*noxylon talbrag>5se7 ) second>y wood1 =m+ a new g5us1 f ! ,coal-,measures ( ! ,talbrag> ,di/rict1 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales4 ,rec4 ,au/ralian ,mus4 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #f4 ,ett+%aus51 ,c4 von4 7#eb7 ,begrndung e9ig] neu5 od] ni*t g5au bekannt5 ,art5 d] ,lias- und d] ,ooli?flora4 ,abt4 ,k4 ,k4 ,geol4 ,rei*s1 vol4 ,i4 ,ab?4 #c4 ---- 7#ei7 ,see ,debey1 ,m4 ,h4 & ,c4 von ,ett+%aus54 ---- 7#ff7 ,die ,fossile ,flora des mhris*-s*lesis*5 ,da*s*ief]s4 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wi51 vol4 ,,xxv4 p4 #gg4 ---- 7#hb7 ,see ,g>dn]1 ,j4 ,s4 & ,c4 von ,ett+%aus54 ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b4 7#ij7 ,on ,isoetes lacu/ris1 ,l4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #cg4 ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b4 & ,w4 ,g4 ,freeman4 7#ii7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,helm9?o/a*ys zeylanica4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiii4 p4 #dba4 ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b4 & ,t4 ,g4 ,hill4 7#jb7 ,on ! arrangem5t & /ructure ( ! vascul> /r&s 9 ,angiopt]is evecta c4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xvi4 p4 #cga4 ,faull1 ,j4 ,h4 7#ja7 ,! anatomy ( ! ,osmundaceae4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 ,,xxxii4 p4 #cha4 ,fei/mantel1 ,c4 7#gi7 ,ueb] die ,ngg]a?i54 ,sitz4 ,k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,fei/mantel1 ,o4 7#gb7 ,ueb] ,baumf>r5re/e d] bhmis*5 ,/e9kohl54 ,p]m4 und ,kreide=mation4 ,abt4 k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 vol4 ,,vi4 #e4 ---- 7#ge7 ,die ,v]/e9]ung5 d] bhmis*5 ,kohl5ablag]ung54 ,palaeontograph4 vol4 ,,xxiii4 #ahge-gf4 ---- 7#ge7 ,ueb] das ,vorkomm5 von ,nogg]a?ia foliosa1 ,/bg41 9 dem ,/e9kohl5gebirge von ,ob]s*lesi54 ,zeit4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ---- 7#gg7 ,jurassic 7,liassic7 ,flora ( ! ,rajmahal gr\p f ,golapili 7ne> ,ellore71 ,s4 ,godav]i ,di/rict4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 ,i4 pt4 iii4 ---- 7#gi7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,tal*ir-,k>h>bri ,b$s4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india4 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,l[] ,gondwanas1 ,i4 ---- 7#hj7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,damuda & ,pan*et ,divisions4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,iii4 ---- 7#hb7 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,s\? ,rewah ,gondwana ,bas94 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,iv4 pt4 i4 ,fis*]1 ,f4 7#jd7 ,zur ,nom5clatur von ,lepidod5dron und zur ,artkritik dies] ,gattung4 ,abh4 k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 ,n4,f4 ,heft ,,xxxix4 ,fitt+1 ,h4 7#jg7 ,spor5 im ,bunts&/e94 ,die ,makrospor5 von ,pleuromeia4 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 vol4 ,,xxv4 p4 #dcd4 ,fli*e1 ,p4 7#jc7 ,sur les ,lycopod9es des ,trias en ,lorra9e4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 #aijc 7,april #f?74 ---- 7#ji7 ,sur une fructification de ,lycopod9e tr\ve dans le ,trias4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 tome ,,cxlviii4 p4 #bei4 ,fonta9e1 ,w4 ,m4 7#hc7 ,contributions to ! k ( ! ,old] ,mesozoic ,flora ( ,virg9ia4 ,monographs ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ---- 7#hi7 ,! ,potomac or y\ng] ,mesozoic ,flora ( ,virg9ia4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,monographs1 ,,vi4 ---- 7#jj7 ,see ,w>d1 ,l4 ,f4 ---- 7#je7 ,see ,w>d1 ,l4 ,f4 ,fonta9e1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,i4 ,c4 ,:ite4 7#hj7 ,! ,p]mian or ,upp]-,c>bonif]\s ,flora ( ,w4 ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania4 ,second ,geol4 ,surv4 ,report ( ,progress4 ,=bes1 ,e4 7#ea7 ,note on fossil leaves repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,,ii4-,,iv4 9 ! ,duke ( ,argyll's pap] on ,t]ti>y ,leaf-b$s 9 ! ,isle ( ,mull4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #ajc4 ---- 7#ec7 ,on ! fossils ( ! ,yell[ ,s&/one ( ! ,s\? ( ,irel&4 ,briti% ,assoc4 ,rep4 ,london1 #ahec1 p4 #dc 7,belfa/ meet+1 #aheb74 ,=d1 ,s4 ,o4 7#jb7 ,on ! anatomy ( ,c]atopt]is ?alictroides ,l41 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xvi4 p4 #ie4 ---- 7#jc7 ,see ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,s4 ,o4 ,=d4 ---- 7#jd7 ,! anatomy ( ,psilotum triquetrum4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xviii4 p4 #ehi4 ---- 7#jf7 ,see ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,s4 ,o4 ,=d4 ,freeman1 ,w4 ,g4 7#ii7 ,see ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b4 & ,w4 ,g4 ,freeman4 ,fri1 ,a4 & ,e4 ,bay]4 7#ja7 ,/udi5 im ,gebiete d] ,bhmis*5 ,kreide=mation4 ,ar*4 ,naturwiss4 ,l&es4 ,bhm51 ,bd4 ,,xi4 ,fritel1 ,p4 ,h4 7#jh7 ,sur une espce fossile n\velle du g5re ,salv9ia4 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 ,ann4 ,,xxi4 ,no4 #h1 p4 #aij4 ,frits*1 ,f4 ,e4 7#je7 ,see ,tansley1 ,a4 ,g4 & ,f4 ,e4 ,frits*4 ,frits*1 ,k4 von4 7#ig7 ,pflanz5re/e aus ,?r+] ,culm ,da*s*ief]4 ,zeits*4 ,naturwiss4 ,bd4 ,,lxx4 ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 7#hb7 ,selag9ella gr&is n4 sp4 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 p4 #dj 7,july #h74 ,g>dn]1 ,j4 ,s4 & ,c4 von ,ett+%aus54 7#hb7 ,a monograph ( ! ,briti% ,eoc5e ,flora4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,filices4 ,palaeont4 ,soc4 ,london4 ,geikie1 ,sir ,ar*ibald4 7#jc7 ,text-book ( ,geology4 #b vols4 ,london4 ,ge9itz1 ,e4 7#gc7 ,v]/e9]ung5 aus dem ,br&s*ief] d] unt]5 ,dyas von ,weiss+ bei ,pill>itz 9 ,sa*s54 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m94 p4 #fia4 ,ge9itz1 ,h4 ,b4 7#gb7 ,fossile ,myriopod5 9 dem ,ro?lieg5d5 bei ,*emnitz4 ,sitzb4 ,naturwiss4 ,ges4 ,isis1 p4 #abh4 ---- 7#gf7 ,ueb] rhaetis*e ,pflanz5- und ,?i]re/e 9 d5 ,arg5t9is*5 ,prov9z5 ,la ,rioja c4 ,palaeontograph4 ,suppl4 iii4 ,g]m>1 ,e4 ,f4 7#eb7 ,sigill>ia ,/]nb]gi ,mn/]1 aus dem bunt5 ,s&/e94 ,zeit4 deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 p4 #ahc4 ---- 7#dd-ec7 ,die ,v]/e9]ung5 des ,/e9kohl5gebirges von ,wett9 und ,lbejn im ,saalkreise4 ,halle4 ,geyl]1 ,h4 ,t4 7#gg7 ,ueb] fossile ,pflanz5 aus d] ,jura=mation ,japans4 ,palaeont4 vol4 ,,xxiv4 p4 #bba4 ,gies5hag51 ,c4 7#ij7 ,die ,hym5ophyllace54 ,flora1 p4 #daa4 ---- 7#ib7 ,ueb] ,hygrophile ,f>ne4 ,flora1 ,bd4 #gf 7,ergnz4 ,b&74 ,gilk9et1 ,a4 7#ge7 ,sur quelques plantes de l'tage du p\d+ue de ,burnot4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,belg4 #b vol4 ,,xl4 ,no4 #h4 ,goebel1 ,k4 7#ia7 ,pflanz5biologis*e ,s*ild]ung54 ,teil #b4 ,m>burg4 ---- 7#je7 ,organography ( ,plants4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7,trans4 by ,j4 ,b4 ,balf\r47 ,ox=d4 ,goepp]t1 ,h4 ,r4 7#da7 ,die ,gattung5 d] fossil5 ,pflanz54 ,bonn4 ---- 7#cb7 ,fossile ,flora des ,ueb]gangsgebirges4 ,nov4 ,act4 ,caes4 ,leop4-,c>ol4 ,vol4 ,,xiv4 7,supplt474 ---- 7#ed7 ,see ,roem]1 ,f4 ,a4 ,gold5b]g1 ,f4 7#ee-fb7 ,flora ,s>aepontana ,fossilis4 ,sa>brck54 ,gordon1 ,w4 ,t4 7#jh7 ,on ! ,pro?allus ( ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum4 ,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 ,,xxiii4 p4 #ccj4 ---- 7#ji7 ,on ! /ructure ( a new ,zygopt]is4 ,nature4 7,botany at ! ,briti% ,association47 ,vol4 ,,lxxxi4 p4 #ecg4 ,gr&',eury1 ,c4 7#ge7 ,see ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,c4 ,gr&',eury4 ---- 7#jd7 ,sur les gra9es des ,neuroptrides4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,,cxxxix4 p4 #ghb4 ---- 7#je7 ,sur les gra9es tr\ves atta*es au ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti1 ,s*lot4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 ,,cxl4 p4 #ibj4 ---- 7#je7 ,sur les gra9es de ,sph5opt]is c4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,,cxli4 p4 #hab4 ---- 7#jf7 ,sur les gra9es et infloresc5ces des ,callipt]is4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,,cxliii4 p4 #ffd4 ---- 7#jh7 ,sur les organes et la mode de vgtation des ,neuroptrides et autres ,ptridosp]mes4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,,clxvi4 p4 #abda4 ,gresley1 ,w4 ,s4 7#hi7 ,note on fur!r discov]ies ( ,/igm>ia 78 ficoides7 & _! be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! =mation ( ,coal-,b$s4 ,midl& ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xii4 p4 #be4 ,greville1 ,r4 ,k4 7#ca7 ,see ,hook]1 ,w4 ,j4 & ,r4 ,k4 ,greville4 ,grigoriew1 ,n4 7#ih7 ,sur la flore palozoique suprieure recueillie aux environs des villages ,troitskoie et ,longanskoie dans le bass9 du ,donetz4 ,bull4 ,com4 ,gol4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 tome ,,xvii4 ,gwynne-,vaughan1 ,d4 ,t4 7#ja7 ,obs]vations on ! anatomy ( sol5o/elic f]ns4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #ga4 ---- 7#jc7 ,obs]vations c4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xvii4 p4 #fhi4 ---- 7#je7 ,on ! anatomy ( ,ar*angiopt]is ,h5ryi & o!r ,m>attiaceae4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xix4 p4 #bei4 ---- 7#jg-ji7 ,see ,kid/on1 ,r4 & ,d4 ,t4 ,gwynne-,vaughan4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on ! real nature ( ! ,tra*eae 9 ! f]ns4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #eag4 ---- & ,r4 ,kid/on4 7#jh7 ,on ! orig9 ( ! adaxially curv$ leaf-trace 9 ! ,filicales4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxviii4 pt4 vi4 p4 #dcc4 ,hall1 ,kate ,m4 7#ia7 ,see ,j5n+s1 ,a4 ,vaughan1 & ,kate ,m4 ,hall4 ,halle1 ,t4 ,g4 7#jg7 ,e9ige kraut>tige ,lycopodiace5 ,palozois*5 und ,mesozois*5 ,alt]s4 ,arkiv ,bot4 ,bd4 ,,vii4 ,no4 #e4 ,hannig1 ,e4 7#ih7 ,ueb] die ,/aubgrb*5 auf d5 ,/mm5 und ,blatt/iel5 d] ,cya?aeace5 und ,m>attiace54 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #i4 ,h>vey-,gibson1 ,r4 ,j4 7#id7 ,contributions t[>ds a k ( ! anatomy ( ! g5us ,selag9ella1 ,spr4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #acc4 ---- 7#if7 ,contributions c4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,x4 p4 #gg4 ---- 7#ig7 ,contributions c4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xi4 p4 #abc4 ---- 7#jb7 ,contributions c4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xvi4 p4 #ddi4 ,haughton1 ,s4 7#ei7 ,on ,cyclo/igma1 a new g5us ( fossil plants f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,kiltorkan1 ,w4 ,kilk5ny4 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,dubl9 ,soc4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #djg4 ,hawk%aw1 ,j4 7#db7 ,description ( ! fossil trees f\nd 9 ! excavations = ! ,man*e/] & ,bolton railway4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #b vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #agc4 ,hayd51 ,h4 ,h4 7#jg7 ,! /ratigraphical position ( ! ,gangamopt]is b$s ( ,ka%mir4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 ,,xxxvi4 pt4 i4 ,he]1 ,o4 7#ga7 ,fossile ,flora d] ,br5 ,inseln4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 ,,ii4 ---- 7#gd7 ,die ,kreideflora d] ,arctis*5 ,zone4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skaps-,akad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 ,,xii4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 ,,iii4 #ahge4 ---- 7#ge7 ,flora ,fossilis ,arctica1 vol4 ,,iii4 ---- 7#gf7 ,jura-,flora ,o/sibiri5s und des ,amurl&es4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,iv4 ii4 ---- 7#hj7 ,na*trge zur fossil5 ,flora ,grnl&s4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skaps-,akad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 ,,xviii4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 ,,vi4 #ahhb4 ---- 7#hb7 ,die ,fossile-,flora ,grnl&s4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 ,,vi4 ,hegelmai]1 ,f4 7#gb7 ,zur ,morphologie d] ,gattung ,lycopodium4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 #ahgb1 p4 #ggc4 ,hick1 ,t4 7#ic7 ,on a new fossil plant f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxix4 p4 #hf4 ---- 7#ic7 ,supplem5t>y note on a new fossil plant4 ,ibid4 p4 #baf4 ---- 7#if7 ,on ,ra*iopt]is cyl9drica4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xli4 pt4 i4 ,hi]onymus1 ,g4 7#jb7 ,selag9ellaceae4 ,die ,natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili54 ,engl] & ,prantl1 ,teil ,i4 ,abt4 #d1 p4 #fba4 ,hill1 ,t4 ,g4 7#jj7 ,see ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 & ,t4 ,g4 ,hill4 ---- 7#jb7 ,see ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b4 & ,t4 ,g4 ,hill4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on ! pres5ce ( a p>i*nos 9 rec5t plants4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xviii4 p4 #fed4 ---- 7#jf7 ,on ! pres5ce ( a p>i*nos 9 rec5t plants4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #bfg4 ,h(mei/]1 ,w4 7#fb7 ,on ! g]m9ation1 developm5t1 & fructification ( ! ,high] ,cryptogamia1 & on ! fructification ( ! ,conif]ae4 ,ray ,soc4 #ahfb4 ,hollick1 ,a4 7#id7 ,fossil ,salv9ias1 includ+ description ( a new species4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 ,,xxi4 ,no4 #f1 p4 #bec4 ---- 7#jd7 ,additions to ! ,palaeobotany ( ! ,cretace\s ,=mation on ,long ,isl&4 ,bull4 ,new ,york ,bot4 ,g>d4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #djc4 ---- & ,e4 ,c4 ,jeffrey4 7#ji7 ,/udies ( ,cretace\s conif]\s rema9s f ,kreis*]ville1 ,new ,york4 ,mem4 ,new ,york ,bot4 ,g>d4 vol4 ,,iii4 ,hook]1 ,sir ,j4 ,d4 7#dh7 ,on ! vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! pres5t day4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,great ,brita91 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #chg4 ---- 7#dh7 ,rem>ks on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( "s ,lepido/robi4 ,ibid4 p4 #ddj4 ---- 7#ei7 ,/ang]ia p>adoxa4 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,tab4 #eaba4 ,hook]1 ,sir ,w4 ,j4 & ,j4 ,g4 ,bak]4 7#fh7 ,synopsis ,filicum4 ,london4 ,hook]1 ,sir ,w4 ,j4 & ,r4 ,k4 ,greville4 7#ca7 ,icones ,filicum4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london4 ,hosius & von d] ,m>ck4 7#hj7 ,die ,flora d] ,we/flis*5 ,kreide=mation4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,xxvi4 p4 #abg4 ,hovelacque1 ,m4 7#ib7 ,re*]*es sur le ,lepidod5dron selag9oides1 ,/]nb4 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&ie1 vol4 ,,xvii4 ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h4 7#ib7 ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata4 ,london4 ,jack1 ,r4 ,l4 & ,r4 ,e!ridge4 7#ib7 ,! geology & palontology ( ,que5sl& & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,brisbane4 ,jahn1 ,j4 ,j4 7#jc7 ,ueb] die tage ,h4 im mittelbhmis*5 ,devon4 ,v]h4 ,rei*san/4 ,wi51 ,no4 #d1 p4 #gc4 ,jeffrey1 ,e4 ,c4 7#ih7 ,! morphology ( ! c5tral cyl9d] 9 vascul> plants4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 7,toronto ,meet+71 p4 #hfi4 ---- 7#ih7 ,! ,gametophyte ( ,botry*ium virg9ianum4 ,trans4 ,canad4 ,in/4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #bfe4 ---- 7#jj7 ,! morphology ( ! c5tral cyl9d] 9 ! ,angiosp]ms4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #eii4 ---- 7#jc7 ,! /ructure & developm5t ( ! /em 9 ! ,pt]idophyta & ,gymnosp]ms4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxcv4 p4 #aai4 ---- 7#ji7 ,see ,hollick1 ,a4 & ,e4 ,c4 ,jeffrey4 ,j5n+s1 ,a4 ,vaughan & ,kate ,m4 ,hall4 7#ia7 ,notes on ! /ructure ( ,tmesipt]is4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,iri% ,acad4 #c vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #a4 ,jones1 ,c4 ,e4 7#je7 ,! morphology & anatomy ( ! /em ( ! g5us ,lycopodium4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #ae4 ,jordan1 ,rose4 7#jc7 ,on "s peculi> tyloses 9 ,cucumis sativus4 ,new ,phytologi/1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjh4 ,k>/51 ,g4 7#ie7 ,morphologis*e und biologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] e9ige ,epiphyt5=m5 d] ,molukk54 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,buit5zorg1 vol4 ,,xii4 p4 #aag4 ,kid/on1 ,r4 7#hb7 ,on ! fructification ( ,eusph5opt]is t5ella & ,sph5opt]is microc>pa4 ,r4 ,physc4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,vii4 ---- 7#hc7 ,report on ! fossil plants collect$ by ! ,geological ,survey ( ,scotl& 9 ,eskdale & ,liddesdale4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 ,,xxx4 p4 #eca4 ---- 7#hd7 ,on a new species ( ,lycopodites1 ,gold5b]g 7,l4 ,/ockii71 f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one ,s]ies ( ,scotl&4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #e vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #aaa4 ---- 7#hd7 ,on ! fructification ( ,zeill]ia 7,sph5opt]is7 delicatula1 ,/]nb4 sp42 ) rem>ks on ,urnatopt]is 7,sph5opt]is7 t5ella1 ,brongnt41 & ,hym5ophyllites 7,sph5opt]is7 quadridactylites1 ,gutbi] sp4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xl4 p4 #eij4 ---- 7#he7 ,on ! relation%ip ( ,ulod5dron1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 to ,lepidod5dron1 ,/]nb]g2 ,bo?rod5dron1 ,l9dley & ,hutton2 ,sigill>ia1 ,brongni>t2 & ,rhytidod5dron1 ,b\lay4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 ,,xvi4 p4 #abc4 ---- 7#hf7 ,on a new species ( ,psilotites f ! ,lan>k%ire ,coal-field4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahhf1 p4 #did4 ---- 7#hf7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,lycopodites ,vanuxemi1 ,gpp]t1 9 ,brita91 ) rem>ks on its aff9ities4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxi4 p4 #efj4 ---- 7#hf7 ,notes on "s fossil plants collect$ by ,mr ,r4 ,dunlop1 ,airdrie1 f ! ,lan>k%ire ,coal-field4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #dg4 ---- 7#hg7 ,on ! fructification ( "s f]ns f ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxiii4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#hh7 ,see ,b5nie1 ,j4 & ,r4 ,kid/on4 ---- 7#hh7 ,on ! fossil flora ( ! ,rad/ock s]ies ( ! ,som]set & ,bri/ol ,coal-field 7,upp] ,coal-,measures74 ,"p ,i4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxiii4 pt4 #b4 ---- 7#hh7 ,on ! fructification & aff9ities ( ,ar*aeopt]is hib]nica1 ,=bes sp4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #f vol4 ,,ii4 ---- 7#hi7 ,on ! fossil plants 9 ! ,rav5head ,collection 9 ! ,free ,libr>y & ,museum1 ,liv]pool4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxv4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#hi7 ,additional notes on "s ,briti% ,c>bonif]\s ,lycopods4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #fj4 ---- 7#hi7 ,on "s fossil plants f ,teilia qu>ry1 ,gwa5ysgor1 ne> ,pre/atyn1 ,fl9t%ire4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxv4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#ia7 ,on ! fructification ( ,sph5ophyllum tri*omatosum1 ,/]n4 f ! ,york%ire ,coal-field4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xi4 p4 #ef4 ---- 7#ia7 ,on ! fructification & int]nal /ructure ( ,c>bonif]\s f]ns 9 _! relation to ^? ( exi/+ g5]a4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 ,,ix4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#ia7 ,on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,/af=d%ire ,coal-fields4 ,,ii4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxvi4 p4 #fc4 ---- 7#ic7 ,on ,lepidophloios1 & on ! ,briti% species ( ! g5us4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxvii4 pt4 iii4 p4 #ebi4 ---- 7#id7 ,on ! v>i\s divisions ( ,briti% ,c>bonif]\s rocks z det]m9$ by _! fossil flora4 ,r4 ,physc4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xii4 p4 #ahc4 ---- 7#if7 ,on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,york%ire ,coal-fields4 ,i4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxviii4 p4 #bjc4 ---- 7#ig7 ,on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,york%ire ,coal-fields4 ,,ii4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxix4 pt4 i4 p4 #cc4 ---- 7#ja7 ,c>bonif]\s ,lycopods & ,sph5ophylls4 ,trans4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 ,,vi4 pt4 i4 p4 #be4 ---- 7#ja7 ,! flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod4 ,proc4 ,yorks4 ,geol4 ,polyt4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xiv4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#jb7 ,! flora c4 ,second ,pap]4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xiv4 pt4 iii4 p4 #cdd4 ---- 7#jc7 ,! fossil plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,canonbie1 ,dumfries%ire1 & ( p>ts ( ,cumb]l& & ,nor?umb]l&4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xl4 pt4 iv4 p4 #gda4 ---- 7#je7 ,on ! int]nal /ructure ( ,sigill>ia elegans ( ,brongni>t's 8,hi/oire des ,vgtaux ,fossiles40 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xli4 pt4 iii4 p4 #ecc4 ---- 7#je7 ,on ! fructification ( ,neuropt]is het]ophylla4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 ,,cxcvii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jf7 ,on ! microsporangia ( ! ,pt]idosp]meae1 ) rem>ks on _! relation%ip to exi/+ ,f]ns4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxcviii4 p4 #dac4 ---- 7#jg7 ,note on a new species ( ,lepidod5dron f ,pettycur 7,l4 ,pettycur5se74 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 #aijf-jg1 p4 #bjg4 ---- 7#jg7 ,prelim9>y note on ! int]nal /ructure ( ,sigill>ia mammill>is ,brongni>t & ,s4 scutellata ,brongni>t4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xxvii4 p4 #bjc4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on a new species ( ,d9euron & ( ,botryopt]is f ,pettycur1 ,fife4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xlvi4 pt4 ii4 p4 #cfa4 ---- 7#jh7 ,see ,gwynne-,vaughan1 ,d4 ,t4 & ,r4 ,kid/on4 ,kid/on1 ,r4 & ,d4 ,t4 ,gwynne-,vaughan4 7#jg7 ,on ! fossil ,osmundaceae4 ,pt4 ,i4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xlv4 pt4 iii4 p4 #gei4 ---- 7#jh7 ,ibid4 pt4 ,,ii4 loc4 cit4 vol4 ,,xlvi4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bac4 ---- 7#ji7 ,ibid4 pt4 ,,iii4 loc4 cit4 vol4 ,,xlvi4 pt4 iii4 p4 #fea4 ,kit*91 ,f4 ,l4 7#jh7 ,! inv]tebrate fauna & palaeontological relations ( ! ,uit5hage s]ies4 ,ann4 ,s4 ,african ,mus4 vol4 ,,vii4 pt4 ii4 ,kn[lton1 ,f4 ,h4 7#ih7 ,a catalogue ( ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y plants ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #aeb4 ---- 7#ii7 ,fossil flora ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mem4 ,,xxxiii4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#jb7 ,report on a small collection ( fossil plants f ! vic9ity ( ,porcup9e ,butte1 ,montana4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 ,,xxix4 ,kny1 ,l4 7#ge7 ,die ,entwickelung d] ,p>k]iace5 d>ge/ellt an ,c]atopt]is ?alictroides1 ,brongni>t4 ,nova ,acta ,k4 ,leop4-,c>4 ,deuts*4 ,akad4 ,naturf4 vol4 ,,xxxvii4 ,koehne1 ,w4 7#jd7 ,sigill>i5/mme1 ,unt]s*eidungsm]kmale1 ,art51 ,geologis*e ,v]breitung c4 ,abh4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 ,n4 ,f41 ,heft ,,xliii4 ,krass]1 ,f4 7#ie7 ,kreidepflanz5 von ,les9a4 ,jahrb4 ,k4-,k4 ,geol4 ,rei*s4 ,bd4 ,,xlv4 p4 #cg4 ---- 7#if7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,fossil5 ,kreideflora von ,kun/adt 9 ,mhr54 ,beit4 ,palont4 ,geol4 /]rei*4-,ung4 und des ,ori5ts1 ,bd4 ,x4 ,heft #c4 ---- 7#jj7 ,die von ,w4 ,a4 ,obruts*ew 9 ,*9a und ,c5tralasi5 #ahic-id gesammelt5 fossil5 ,pflanz54 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,,lxx4 ---- 7#jf7 ,ueb] die fossile ,kreideflora von ,grnba* 9 ,ni$]/]rei*4 ,sitzb4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi5 7,anz4 iii474 ---- 7#ji7 ,die ,diagnos5 d] von ,d4 ,/ur 9 d] ob]triadis*5 ,flora d] ,lunz]s*i*t5 als ,m>attiace5>t5 unt]s*i$55 ,f>ne4 ,sitz4 ,kais4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,,cxviii4 ,abt4 i4 ,kub>t1 ,b4 7#ji7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,flora des ,o/rau-,k>w9] ,kohl5beck5s4 ,i4 ,die ,spore von ,sp5c]ites membranaceus n4 sp4 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,,lxxxv4 ,khn1 ,r4 7#ij7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,anatomie d] ,m>attiace54 ,flora4 ,kurr1 ,j4 ,g4 7#de7 ,beitrge zur fossil5 ,flora d] ,jura=mation4 ,/uttg>t4 ,kurtz1 ,f4 7#id7 ,contribuciones a la ,palaeophytologia ,arg5t9a4 ,revi/4 ,mus4 de la ,plata1 vol4 ,,vi4 ,lang1 ,w4 ,h4 7#ii7 ,! pro?allus ( ,lycopodium clavatum ,l4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiii4 p4 #bgi4 ---- 7#jh7 ,prelim9>y /atem5t on ! morphology ( ! cone ( ,lycopodium c]nuum & its be>+ on ! aff9ities ( ,sp5c]ites4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxviii4 pt4 ,v4 p4 #cef4 ,lecl]c du ,s*lon4 7#he7 ,re*]*es sur la dissem9ation des ,spores dans les ,cryptogames vasculaires4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 #g1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #e4 ,leslie1 ,t4 ,n4 7#jf7 ,see ,mellor1 ,e4 ,t4 & ,t4 ,n4 ,leslie4 ,lesqu]eux1 ,l4 7#gh7 ,contributions to ! fossil flora ( ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,! ,t]ti>y floras4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,report4 ,leu?>dt1 ,f4 7#jd7 ,die ,keup]flora von ,neuewelt bei ,basel4 ,teil ,,ii4 ,abh4 ,s*weiz4 ,pal4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xxxi4 p4 #be4 ,ligni]1 ,o4 7#jc7 ,equistales et ,sphnophyllales4 ,leur orig9e filic9enne commune4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&ie #e1 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #ic4 ---- 7#jh7 ,sur l'orig9e des ,sphnophylles4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france #d1 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bgh4 ,l9dman1 ,c4 ,a4 ,m4 7#jd7 ,regnellidium novum g5us ,m>siliace>um4 ,arkiv ,bot4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skaps-,akad4 ,/ockholm4 ,lloyd1 ,e4 & ,l4 ,m4 ,und]wood4 7#jj7 ,a review ( ! species ( ,lycopodium ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 ,,xxvii4 p4 #adg4 ,logan1 ,w4 ,e4 7#db7 ,on ! "* ( ! b$s ( clay imm$iately bel[ ! coal-seams ( ,s4 ,wales4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #dia4 ,lomax1 ,j4 7#ij7 ,see ,ca%1 ,w4 & ,j4 ,lomax4 ---- 7#jj7 ,see ,wild1 ,g4 & ,j4 ,lomax4 ---- 7#je7 ,see ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 & ,j4 ,lomax4 ,lu]ss51 ,c4 7#hi7 ,die ,f>npflanz54 ,rab5hor/'s ,kryptogam5 ,flora1 ,bd4 ,,iii4 ,leipzig4 ,lulham1 ,r4 ,b4 ,j4 7#je7 ,see ,tansley1 ,a4 ,g4 & ,r4 ,b4 ,j4 ,lulham4 ,lyon1 ,f4 ,m4 7#ja7 ,a /udy ( ! sporangia & gametophytes ( ,selag9ella apus & ,s4 rupe/ris4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 ,,xxxii4 p4 #abe4 ,mc,coy1 ,sir ,f4 7#dg7 ,on ! fossil botany & zoology ( ! rocks associat$ ) ! coal ( ,au/ralia4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #a1 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #aea4 ---- 7#fj7 ,a comm5t>y on 8,a communication made by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,b4 ,cl>ke0 c4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,victoria1 vol4 ,v4 p4 #if4 ---- 7#gd7 ,prodromus ( ! ,palaeontology ( ,victoria4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 ,decades ,i-,v4 ,mc,nicol1 ,m>y4 7#jh7 ,on ,cavity ,p>5*yma & ,tyloses 9 ,f]ns4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #dja4 ,m>ion1 ,a4 ,f4 7#ij7 ,sur le ,gompho/robus het]ophylla4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 p4 #hib4 ,masl51 ,a4 ,j4 7#ii7 ,! /ructure ( ,lepido/robus4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #ceg4 ---- 7#jf7 ,see ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 & ,a4 ,j4 ,masl54 ,mellor1 ,e4 ,t4 & ,t4 ,n4 ,leslie4 7#jf7 ,on a fossil =e/ rec5tly expos$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ,vaal ,riv] at ,v]e5ig+4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,africa1 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #abe4 ,mett5ius1 ,g4 7#fj7 ,beitrge zur ,anatomie d] ,cycade54 ,abh4 ,k4 ,s*s4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,bd4 ,,vii4 p4 #efg4 ---- 7#fc7 ,ueb] d5 ,bau von ,angiopt]is4 ,abh4 ,k4 ,s*s4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,bd4 ,,ix4 ,mill]1 ,h4 7#eg7 ,! te/imony ( ! rocks4 ,ed9burgh4 ,mll]1 ,h4 7#jb7 ,bidrag till ,b>nholms ,fossila ,flora4 ,pt]id(yt]4 ,lunds ,univ4 rsskrift1 ,bd4 ,,xxxviii4 ,no4 #e4 ,mohl1 ,h4 von4 7#dj7 ,ueb] d5 ,bau des ,/ammes von ,isoetes lacu/ris4 ,l9naea1 vol4 ,,xiv4 ,morris1 ,j4 7#dj7 ,ex ,pre/wi*'s1 ,j41 ,memoir on ! ,geology ( ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #dac4 ---- 7#de7 ,see ,/rzelecki1 ,c\nt4 ---- 7#fc7 ,see ,oldham1 ,t4 & ,j4 ,morris4 ,motelay1 ,l4 & ,v5drys4 7#hb7 ,monographie d] ,isoetaceae4 ,actes ,soc4 ,l9n4 ,bordeaux1 ,tom4 ,,xxxvi4 p4 #cji4 ,mn/]1 ,g4 ,graf zu4 7#db7 ,beitrge zur ,petrefact5-,kunde4 ,heft #e4 ,bayreu?4 ,mur*ison1 ,r4 ,i41 ,j4 ,bu*man1 & ,h4 ,e4 ,/rickl&4 7#de7 ,outl9e ( ! ,geology ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,*elt5ham4 ,london4 ,mur*ison1 ,r41 ,e4 de ,v]neuil1 & ,c\nt ,a4 ,keys]l+4 7#de7 ,gologie de la ,russie d',europe4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london & ,p>is4 ,na?or/1 ,a4 ,g4 7#gh7 ,beitrge zur fossil5 ,flora ,s*w$5s4 ,ueb] e9ige ,rhtis*e ,pflanz5 von ,plsj 9 ,s*on54 ,/uttg>t4 ---- 7#gh7 ,om ,floran i ,sknes kolfr&e ,bildn+>4 ,sv]4 ,geol4 ,und]s4 ,s]4 ,c4 ---- 7#ij7 ,ueb] das angebli*e ,vorkomm5 von ,ges*ieb5 des ,hrs&/e9s 9 d5 norddeuts*5 ,diluvialablag]ung54 ,ar*4 ,v]4 ,freund4 ,nat4 ,meckl5b41 ,jahr4 ,,xliv4 ---- 7#jb7 ,zur fossil5 ,flora d] ,pol>lnd]4 ,i4 ,zur ,ob]devonis*5 ,flora d] ,br5-,insel4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skaps-,akad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 ,,xxxvi4 ,no4 #c4 ---- 7#jb7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss ,mesozois*5 ,cycadophyt54 ,ibid4 ,bd4 ,,xxxvi4 ,no4 #d4 ---- 7#jd7 ,die ,ob]devonis*e ,flora des ,ellesm]e ,l&es4 ,rep4 ,second ,norwegian ,arctic ,exp4 9 ! ,fram 7#ahih-jb71 ,no4 #a4 ---- 7#jd7 ,sur la flore fossile ant>ctique4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 7,june #f47 ---- 7#jf7 ,om ,ngra ,g9kgovxt] frn ,kolgrufvorna vid ,/abb>p i ,skne4 ,lunds ,univ4 rsskrift1 ,n4,f4 ,bd4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #h4 ---- 7#jf7 ,bem]kung5 b] ,cla?ropt]is m5iscoides1 ,brongn41 und ,rhizomopt]is cruciata1 ,na?4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skaps-,akad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 ,,xli4 ,no4 #b4 ---- 7#jf7 ,ueb] ,dictyophyllum und ,camptopt]is spiralis4 ,ibid4 ,no4 #e4 ---- 7#jg7 ,ueb] die ,anw5dung von ,kollodium-,abdrck5 bei d] ,unt]su*ung fossil] ,pflanz54 ,arkiv ,bot41 ,/ockholm1 ,bd4 ,,vii4 ,no4 #d4 ---- 7#jg7 ,ueb] ,?aumatopt]is ,s*5ki4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skaps-,akad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 ,,xlii4 ,no4 #c4 ---- 7#jh7 ,palobotanis*4 ,mitteilung51 ,,iii4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 ,,xliii4 ,no4 #c4 ,newb]ry1 ,j4 ,s4 7#ia7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,great ,falls ,coal-,field1 ,montana4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 ,,xli4 p4 #aia4 ,newton1 ,r4 ,bull54 7#ji7 ,fossils f ! ,nubian ,s&/one ( ,egypt4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #ceb4 ,oldham1 ,r4 ,d4 7#ig7 ,on a plant ( ,glossopt]is ) "p ( ! rhizome atta*$1 & on ! /ructure ( ,v]tebr>ia4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 ,,xxx4 pt4 i4 p4 #de4 ,oldham1 ,t4 & ,j4 ,morris4 7#fc7 ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,gondwana sy/em4 ,vol4 ,i4 pt4 i4 ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,rajmahal s]ies 9 ! ,rajmahal ,hills4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india #b1 ,calcutta4 ,oliv]1 ,f4 ,w4 7#jb7 ,a vascul> ,sporangium4 ,new ,phytologi/1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #fj4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,/ephanosp]mum1 ,brongn41 a g5us ( fossil ,gymnosp]m se$s4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,vi4 pt4 #h4 ,pea*1 ,c4 ,w4 7#gh7 ,on ! circ9ate v]nation1 fructification1 & v>ieties ( ,sph5opt]is aff9is & on ,/aphylopt]is 787 ,pea*ii ( ,e!ridge & ,balf\r1 a g5us ( plants new to ,briti% rocks4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxxiv4 p4 #aca4 ,pel\rde1 ,f4 7#jh7 ,re*]*es sur la position sy/matique des plantes fossiles dont les tiges out t appeles ,ps>onius1 ,ps>oniocaulon1 ,caulopt]is4 ,bull4 ,soc4 bot4 ,france #d1 tome ,,viii4 ---- 7#jh7 ,re*]*es comp>atives sur la /ructure de la rac9e *ez un c]ta9 nombre de ,ps>onius4 ,ibid4 p4 #ceb4 ---- 7#ji7 ,re*]*es comp>atives sur la /ructure des f\gres fossiles et vivants4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 vol4 ,x4 p4 #aae4 ---- 7#ji7 ,obs]vations sur un n\veau type de ptiole fossile1 le ,fli*eia esno/5sis4 ,mm4 ,soc4 d'hi/4 nat4 d',autun1 tome ,,xxi4 ,p5hall[1 ,d4 ,p4 7#ib7 ,additional notes on ,devonian plants f ,scotl&4 ,canadian ,rec4 ,sci4 vol4 ,v4 no4 #a4 ---- 7#jb7 ,osmundites skidegat5sis4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,canada #b1 vol4 ,,viii4 sect4 #d4 ,phillips1 ,j4 7#ge7 ,illu/rations ( ! ,geology ( ,york%ire1 pt4 ,i4 ,! ,york%ire ,coa/ 7edit4 #c74 ,london4 ,pittman1 ,e4 ,f4 7#ic7 ,see ,david1 ,e4 & ,e4 ,f4 ,pittman4 ,potoni1 ,h4 7#hi7 ,d] im ,li*?( d] ,knigli*5 ,geologis*5 ,l&esan/alt und ,b]gakademie aufge/ellte ,baum/umpf mit ,wurzel aus dem ,c>bon des ,piesb]ges4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es1 p4 #bdf4 ---- 7#ia7 ,b]i*t4 ,deuts*4 bot4 ,ges4 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #bef4 ---- 7#ib7 ,ueb] e9ige ,c>bonf>ne4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 #ahia4 ---- 7#ib7 ,die d5 ,wass]spalt5 physiologis*5tspre*5d5 ,organe bei fossil5 und rec5t5 ,f>n>t54 ,sitz4-,b]4 ,ges4 natur=s*4 ,freunde zu ,b]l94 ,july #ai1 #ahib4 ---- 7#ic7 ,anatomie d] beid5 8,male0 auf dem unt]5 ,wang5pa> und d] beid5 ,seit5nrb*5 d] ,blattn>be des ,lepidod5dron-,blattpol/]s4 ,b]4 deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xi4 ,heft #e1 p4 #cai4 ---- 7#ic7 ,e9e gewhnli*e ,art d] ,erhaltung von ,/igm>ia als ,beweis fr die ,auto*?onie von ,c>bon-,pflanz54 ,zeits4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ---- 7#ie7 ,die ,beziehung zwis*5 dem e*t-gabelig5 und dem fi$]ig5 ,w$el-,aufbau d] ,f>ne4 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xiii4 ,heft #f4 ---- 7#ii7 ,lehrbu* d] ,pflanz5palaeontologie4 ,b]l94 ---- 7#jj7 ,fossile ,pflanz5 aus ,deuts*- und ,portugiesis*-,o/-,afrika4 ,deuts*-,o/-,afrika1 ,bd4 ,,vii4 ---- 7#ja7 ,fossile ,lycopodiaceae und ,selag9ellaceae4 ,engl] & ,prantl3 ,die natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili51 ,teil ,i4 ,abt4 ,,iv4 p4 #gae4 ---- 7#ja7 ,die ,silur- und die ,culm-,flora4 ,abh4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 ,heft ,,xxxvi4 ---- 7#jb7 ,ueb] die fossil5 ,filicales c4 ,engl] & ,prantl3 ,die natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili51 ,teil ,i4 ,abt4 ,,iv4 p4 #dgc4 ---- 7#jc7 ,zur ,physiologie und ,morphologie d] fossil5 ,f>n-,aphlebi54 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xxi4 ,heft #c4 ---- 7#jd7 ,abbildung5 und ,bes*reibung5 fossil5 ,pflanz5-,re/e d] ,palaeozois*5 und ,mesozois*5 ,=mation54 ,lief4 ,,ii4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es- und ,b]gakad4 ---- 7#je7 ,ibid4 ,lief4 ,,iii4 ---- 7#jf7 ,ibid4 ,lief4 ,,iii4 ---- 7#jg7 ,abbildung5 und ,bes*reibung5 c4 ,lief4 ,v4 ,prantl1 ,k4 7#ha7 ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,morphologie d] ,gefsskryptogam54 ,heft ,,ii4 ,leipzig4 ---- 7#jb7 ,see ,engl]1 ,a4 & ,k4 ,prantl4 ,pritzel1 ,e4 7#jb7 ,lycopodiales4 ,engl] & ,prantl3 ,die natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili51 ,teil ,i4 ,abt4 ,,iv4 p4 #efc4 ,raciborski1 ,m4 7#ia7 ,ueb] die ,osmundace5 und ,s*izaeace5 d] ,jura=mation4 ,engl]'s ,bot4 ,jahrb4 vol4 ,,xiii4 p4 #a4 ,reid1 ,c4 7#ii7 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,briti% ,flora4 ,london4 ,re9ecke1 ,f4 7#ig7 ,die ,flora d] ,samoa-,inseln4 ,engl]'s ,bot4 ,jahrb4 ,bd4 ,,xxiii4 p4 #bcg4 ,r5ault1 ,b4 7#fi7 tude sur quelques vgtaux silicifis des environs d',autun4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 #e1 vol4 ,,xii4 p4 #afa4 ---- 7#gf7 tude du g5re ,botryopt]is4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 #f1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bbj4 ---- 7#gf7 tude du g5re ,myelopt]is4 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,sci4 l',in/it4 ,france1 ,tome ,,xxii4 ---- 7#gi7 ,/ructure comp>e de quelques tiges de la ,flore ,c>bonifre4 ,n\v4 ,ar*4 ,mus4 ,p>is4 ---- 7#ha7 tude sur les ,/igm>ia4 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,gol4 tome ,,xii4 ---- 7#ij7 ,sur une n\velle ,lycopodiace h\illre 7,lycopodiopsis ,d]byi74 ,compt4 ,r5d41 ,april #ad4 ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,c4 ,gr&',eury4 7#ge7 ,re*]*es sur les vgtaux silicifis d',autun4 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,p>is1 vol4 ,,xxii4 ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,a4 ,ro*e4 7#ig7 ,sur une n\veau ,diploxyle4 ,bull4 ,soc4 d'hi/4 nat4 d',autun4 ,r5i]1 ,a4 7#jh7 ,orig9e ramale des cicatrices ,ulod5droides du ,bo?rod5dron punctatum1 ,l9d4 et ,hutt4 ,compt4 ,r5d41 ,june #bi4 ,reuss1 ,a4 ,e4 7#df7 ,die ,v]/e9]ung5 d] ,bhmis*5 ,kreide=mation4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahde-df4 ,rhode1 ,j4 ,g4 7#bj7 ,beitrge zur ,pflanz5kunde d] ,vorwelt4 ,breslau4 ,ri*t]1 ,p4 ,b4 7#jf7 ,beitrge zur ,flora d] unt]5 ,kreide ,qu$l9burgs4 ,teil ,i4 ,die ,gattung ,hausmannia1 ,dunk]1 und e9ige selt5]e ,pflanz5>t54 ,leipzig4 ,ri*t]1 ,r4 7#ef7 ,see ,ung]1 ,f4 & ,r4 ,ri*t]4 ,ro*e1 ,a4 7#ig7 ,see ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,a4 ,ro*e4 ,roehl1 ,major von4 7#fi7 ,fossile ,flora d] ,/e9kohl5 ,=mation ,we/phal5s4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,xviii4 p4 #a4 ,roem]1 ,f4 ,a4 7#ed7 ,beitrge zur geologis*5 ,k5ntniss des nordwe/li*5 ,h>zgebirges4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,iii4 ,royle1 ,j4 ,f4 7#cc7 ,illu/rations ( ! ,botany & o!r bran*es ( natural hi/ory ( ! ,himalayan ,m\nta9s4 ,london1 #ahcc-ci4 ,rudolph1 ,k4 7#je7 ,ps>oni5 und ,m>attiace54 ,d5ks*4 ,kais4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,,lxxviii4 ,sadebeck1 ,h4 7#jb7 ,see ,engl]1 ,a4 & ,k4 ,prantl4 ,salfeld1 ,h4 7#jg7 ,fossile ,l&pflanz5 d] ,rt4- und ,jura=mation ,sdwe/deuts*l&s4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,liv4 ---- 7#ji7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss jurassis*] ,pflanz5re/e aus ,norddeuts*l&4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,lvi4 ,salt]1 ,j4 ,w4 7#eh7 ,on "s rema9s ( t]re/rial plants 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,cai?ness4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,proc4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #gg4 ,saporta1 le ,m>quis de4 7#hh7 ,d]nires adjonctions la flore fossile d',aix-en-,prov5ce4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 #g1 vol4 ,,vii4 ---- 7#id7 ,flore fossile du ,portugal4 ,direct4 ,trav4 ,gol4 ,portugal4 ,lisbon4 ,saxelby1 ,e4 ,m4 7#jh7 ,! orig9 ( ! roots 9 ,lycopodium ,selago4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #ba4 ,s*5ck1 ,h4 7#ic7 ,beitrge zur ,biologie und ,anatomie d] ,lian54 ,?4 ,,ii4 ,j5a4 ,s*5k1 ,a4 7#ga7 ,beitrge zur ,flora d] ,vorwelt4 ,die ,flora d] ,nordwe/deuts*5 ,weald5=mation4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,xix4 p4 #bjc4 ---- 7#gf7 ,zur ,flora d] ,nordwe/deuts*5 ,weald5=mation4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,xxviii4 p4 #aeg4 ---- 7#he7 ,die whr5d d] ,reise des ,graf5 ,bela ,sz*5yi 9 ,*9a gesammelt5 fossil5 ,pflanz54 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,,xxxi4 p4 #afe4 ---- 7#hg7 ,fossile ,pflanz5 aus d] ,alb\rskette4 ,bibl4 bot4 7,uhlworm und ,ha5le971 ,heft ,,vi4 ,s*malhaus51 ,j4 7#gg7 ,die ,pflanz5re/e aus d] ,ursa-,/ufe im ,fluss-,ges*iebe des ,ogur 9 ,o/-,sibiri54 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,imp4 ,sci4 ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,tome ,,xxii4 p4 #bgh4 ---- 7#id7 ,ueb] ,devonis*e ,pflanz5 aus dem ,donetz-,beck54 ,mm4 ,com4 ,gol4 vol4 ,,viii4 ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,s*u/]1 ,j4 7#jh7 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,flora d] ,sa>brck] ,s*i*t5 und des pflzis*5 ,ob]rotlieg5d54 ,geogno/4 ,jahre%eft1 ,,xx4 #aijg4 ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#if7 ,an introduction to /ructural botany4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,london4 ---- 7#ig7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( fossil plants f ! ,palaeozoic rocks4 ,on ,*eiro/robus1 a new type ( fossil cone f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata 7,calcif]\s ,s&/one s]ies74 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clxxxix4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ih7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities c4 ,,ii4 ,on ,sp5c]ites1 a new g5us ( ,lycopodiace\s cones f ! ,coal-,measures f\nd$ on ! ,lepidod5dron ,sp5c]i ( ,williamson4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,clxxxix4 p4 #hc4 ---- 7#jj7 ,/udies 9 fossil botany4 ,london4 ---- 7#ja7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities c4 ,,iv4 ,! se$-l fructification ( ,lepidoc>pon1 a g5us ( ,lycopodiace\s cones f ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxciv4 p4 #bia4 ---- 7#jb7 ,! ,old ,wood & ! ,new4 ,new ,phytologi/1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #be4 ---- 7#jd7 ,g]m9at+ spores 9 a fossil f]n ,sporangium4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ah4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,sigill>iopsis 9 ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,brita94 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xviii4 p4 #eai4 ---- 7#je7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities c4 v4 ,on a new type ( ,sph5ophyllace\s cone 7,sph5ophyllum f]tile7 f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures4 ,phil ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxcviii4 p4 #ag4 ---- 7#je7 ,:at 7 ! ,c>bonif]\s f]ns8 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,micr4 ,soc4 p4 #acg4 ---- 7#je7 ,! ,sporangia ( ,/auropt]is oldhamia4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #aad4 ---- 7#jf7 ,on ! /ructure ( "s ,c>bonif]\s f]ns4 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,micr4 ,soc4 p4 #eah4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! occurr5ce ( g]m9at+ spores 9 ,/auropt]is oldhamia4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #agj4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! /ructure ( ,lepidod5dron obovatum1 ,/]nb]g4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #cag4 ---- 7#jg7 ,! pres5t position ( ,palaeozoic botany4 ,progressus ,rei ,botanicae1 ,bd4 ,i4 p4 #aci4 ---- 7#jh7 ,/udies 9 fossil botany 7edit4 ,,ii74 ,vol4 ,i4 ,london4 ---- 7#ji7 ,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ---- 7#ji7 ,dr ,paul ,b]tr& on ! ,zygopt]ideae4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bff4 ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 & ,t4 ,g4 ,hill4 7#jj7 ,! /ructure ( ,isoetes ,hy/rix4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #dac4 ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 & ,a4 ,j4 ,masl54 7#jf7 ,on ! /ructure ( ,trigonoc>pon olivae=me4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #aji4 ,scott1 ,j4 7#gd7 ,notes on ! tree f]ns ( ,briti% ,sikkim4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxx4 p4 #a4 ,scott1 ,r9a4 7#jf7 ,on ! megaspore ( ,lepido/robus foliaceus4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #aaf4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on ,b5sonites fusi=mis1 sp4 nov41 a fossil associat$ ) ,/auropt]is burntisl&ica1 ,p4 ,b]tr&1 & on ! sporangia ( ! latt]4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #fhc4 ,sell>ds1 ,e4 ,h4 7#jj7 ,a new g5us ( f]ns f ! ,p]mian ( ,kansas4 ,kansas ,univ4 ,qu>t4 vol4 ,,ix4 ---- 7#ja7 ,p]mian plants4 ,ta5iopt]is ( ! ,p]mian ( ,kansas4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,x4 no4 #a4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 7#hh7 ,on a specim5 ( ,cyclopt]is 7,brongni>t74 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #cdd4 ---- 7#ij7 ,notes on ,lomatophloios macrolepidotus 7,gold474 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,vii4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#ij7 ,specific v>iation 9 ,sigill>ieae4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #bac4 ---- 7#ia7 ,on an erect tree /ump ) roots1 f ! coal ( ,piesb]g ne> ,osnabrck4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,viii4 ---- 7#ib7 ,fossil plants z te/s ( climate4 ,london4 ---- 7#id7 ,coal3 its /ructure & =mation4 ,sci4 ,progr4 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cee-dca4 ---- 7#ii7 ,notes on ! ,b9ney collection ( ,coal-,measure plants4 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,camb4 vol4 ,x4 p4 #acg4 ---- 7#ii7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,matonia pect9ata1 ,r4 ,br4 ) notes on ! geological hi/ory ( ! ,maton9eae4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxci4 p4 #aga4 ---- 7#jj7 ,catalogue ( ! ,mesozoic plants 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,jurassic ,flora4 ,i4 ,! ,york%ire ,coa/4 ,london4 ---- 7#jc7 ,fossil floras ( ,cape ,colony4 ,ann4 ,s4 ,african ,museum1 vol4 ,,iv4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#jd7 ,! ,jurassic ,flora4 ,,ii4 ,liassic & ,oolitic floras ( ,engl&4 ,cat4 ,mesoz4 ,plants1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,london4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on a collection ( ,jurassic plants f ,victoria4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,victoria1 vol4 ,i4 pt4 iii4 ---- 7#jd7 ,presid5tial address4 ,report ( ! #gcrd meet+ ( ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 7,s\?port7 p4 #hbd4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! anatomy ( ,lepidod5dron aculeatum1 ,/]nb]g4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #cga4 ---- 7#jg7 ,fossil plants f ,egypt4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,iv4 ,v p4 #bec4 ---- 7#jg7 ,on a collection ( ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s plants f ! ,/ ,lucia 7,somkale7 coalfield1 ,zulul&1 & f ! ,newca/le di/rict1 ,natal4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,africa1 vol4 ,x4 p4 #fe4 ---- 7#jg7 ,notes on fossil plants f ,s\? ,africa4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #dha4 ---- 7#jg7 ,jurassic ,plants f ,caucasia & ,turke/an4 ,mm4 ,com4 ,gol4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 ,livr4 #ch4 ---- 7#jg7 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s ,plants f ,ka%mir4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 ,,xxxvi4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on a collection ( fossil plants f ,s\? ,africa4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,lxiv4 p4 #hc4 ---- 7#ji7 ,fossil plants f ! ,witteb]g s]ies ( ,cape ,colony4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #dhb4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,e4 ,dale4 7#ja7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,dipt]is1 ) notes on ! geological hi/ory ( ! ,dipt]id9ae4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxciv4 p4 #dhg4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,s4 ,o4 ,=d4 7#jc7 ,! anatomy ( ,todea1 ) notes on ! geological hi/ory & aff9ities ( ! ,osmundaceae4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,vi4 pt4 v4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! ,arauc>ieae1 rec5t & ext9ct4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,cxcviii4 p4 #cje4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,j4 ,g[an4 7#jj7 ,! ,maid5hair ,tree4 7,g9kgo biloba1 ,l47 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #aji4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,w4 ,hill4 7#jj7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( a ,lepidod5droid /em f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one ( ,dalm5y1 ,scotl&4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 ,,xxxix4 pt4 iv4 p4 #ijg4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,t4 ,n4 ,leslie4 7#jh7 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s plants f ,v]e5ig+4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,lxiv4 p4 #aji4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,smi? ,woodw>d4 7#je7 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s ,plants & ,v]tebrates f ,ka%mir4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 ,v4 ,mem4 #b4 ,%attock1 ,s4 ,g4 7#hh7 ,on ! sc>s occurr+ on ! /em ( ,damm>a robu/a1 ,moore4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxix4 p4 #dda4 ,%ove1 ,rosamund4 7#jj7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! /em ( ,angiopt]is erecta4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiv4 ,smi?1 ,g4 ,o4 & ,d4 ,:ite4 7#je7 ,! geology ( ! ,p]ry bas9 9 ,s\? ,ea/]n ,ma9e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #ce4 ,sollas1 ,ig]na ,b4 ,j4 7#ja7 ,fossils 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum4 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ! ,rhaetic plant ,naiadita4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,lvii4 p4 #cjg4 ,solms-,lauba*1 ,h4 ,graf zu4 7#hc7 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,scolecopt]is1 ,z5k]4 ,na*r4 ,k4 ,ges4 ,wise4 ,univ4 ,gtt+51 p4 #bf4 ---- 7#ib7 ,ueb] die 9 d5 ,kalk/e95 des ,kulm von ,gltzis*-,falk5b]g 9 ,s*lesi5 erhalt55 ,/ructurbiet5d5 ,pflanz5re/e4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #di4 ---- 7#id7 ,ueb] ,/igm>iopsis1 ,gr&',eury4 ,palaeont4 ,abh4 7,dames & ,kays]7 ,n4 ,f4 ,bd4 ,,ii4 ,j5a4 ---- 7#if7 ,ueb] die se9]zeit von ,ung] bes*rieb55 ,/rukturbiet5d5 ,pflanz5re/e des ,unt]culm von ,saalfeld 9 ,?r+54 ,abh4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 ,heft ,,xxiii4 ---- 7#ii7 ,ueb] das ,g5us ,pleuromeia4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #bbg4 ---- 7#ii7 ,beitrge zur ,geologie und ,palaeontologie von ,sdam]ika4 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m941 ,beilageb& ,,xii4 p4 #eic4 ---- 7#jb7 ,isoetes lacu/ris1 se9e ,v]zweigung und se9 ,vorkomm5 9 d5 ,se5 des ,s*w>zwaldes und d] ,voges54 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #agi4 ---- 7#jd7 ,ueb] die ,s*icksale d] als ,ps>onius brasili5sis bes*rieb55 ,fossilre/e uns]] ,muse54 ,fe/s*4 ,p4 ,as*]son's ,siebzig/em ,geburt/age4 ,b]l94 ---- 7#jf7 ,die ,b$eutung d] ,palaeophytologie fr die sy/ematis*e ,botanik4 ,mitt4 ,philo-ma?4 ,ges4 ,elsass-,lo?4 ,bd4 ,,iii4 p4 #cec4 ,spiek]1 ,t4 7#ec7 ,zur ,sigill>ia ,/]nb]gi ,mn/]1 des bunt5 ,s&/e9s zu ,b]nburg4 ,zeits4 ,gesammt4 ,naturw4 ,bd4 ,,ii4 ,halle4 ,spr5gel1 ,a4 7#bh7 ,comm5tatio de ,ps>oli?is4 ,halle4 ,spruce1 ,r4 7#jh7 ,notes ( a botani/ on ! ,amazon & ,&es 7,edit$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace74 ,london4 ,/aub1 ,m4 7#hg7 ,die ,aquitanis*e ,flora des ,zsil?ales im comitate ,hunyad4 ,mitt4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,ung>4 ,geol4 ,an/4 ,bd4 ,,vii4 ,heft vi4 ,/5zel1 ,c4 ,g4 7#ed7 ,ueb] die ,/a>/e9e4 ,nova ,acta ,leop4 ,c>ol4 ,bd4 ,,xxiv4 ---- 7#hf7 ,rhizod5dron ,oppoli5se1 ,gpp4 ,jahresb]4 ,s*les4 ,ges4 ,vat]l4 ,cultur4 ,ergnzung%eft ,,lxiii4 ---- 7#hi7 ,die ,gattung ,tubicaulis4 ,bibl4 ,bot4 ,heft ,,xii4 ---- 7#ig7 ,v]kieselte ,f>ne von ,kam5z 9 ,sa*s54 ,mitt4 ,k4 ,m9]alog4 ,geol4 und prhi/oris*4 ,mus4 ,dresd54 ,heft ,,xiii4 ---- 7#jf7 ,die ,ps>oni51 ,beoba*tung5 und ,betra*tung54 ,beit4 ,palont4 ,geol4 /4-,ung4 ,bd4 ,,xix4 ,/]zel1 ,j4 ,t4 7#gh7 ,ueb] ,palaeojulus dyadicus ,ge9itz und ,scolecopt]is elegans ,z5k]4 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 p4 #dag4 ---- 7#hj7 ,ueb] ,scolecopt]is elegans ,z5k] und &]e fossile ,re/e4 ,zeits*r4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ---- 7#hf7 ,die ,flora des ,ro?lieg5d5 im ,plau5s*5 ,grunde4 ,abh4 ,k4 ,s*s4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,bd4 ,,xix4 ---- 7#hf7 ,neue ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss von ,dicksonites ,pluck5eti ,brongn4 sp4 ,zeits*r4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 p4 #ggc4 ---- 7#if7 ,gruppe v]kieselt5 ,arauc>it5 ,/mme4 ,b]4 ,naturwiss4 ,ges4 ,*emnitz1 #ahif-ii4 ---- 7#if7 ,see ,web]1 ,o4 & ,j4 ,t4 ,/]zel4 ,/iehl]1 ,a4 ,w4 7#eh7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] vorweltli*5 ,flora des ,kreidegebirges im ,h>ze4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ,v4 ---- 7#ei7 ,zu ,pleuromeia4 ,zeit4 ,gesammt4 ,nat4 ,halle1 ,bd4 ,,iii4 p4 #aij4 ,/okey1 ,a4 ,g4 7#jg7 ,! roots ( ,lycopodium pi?yoides4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 ,,xliv4 p4 #eg4 ---- 7#ji7 ,! anatomy ( ,isoetes4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 ,,xlvii4 p4 #caa4 ,/opes1 ,m>ie ,c4 7#jf7 ,a new f]n f ! ,coal-,measures3 ,tubicaulis ,sutcliffii1 spec4 nov4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,l4 ,/rasburg]1 ,e4 7#gc7 ,e9ige ,bem]kung5 b] ,lycopodiace54 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#gd7 ,ueb] ,scolecopt]is elegans1 ,z5k4 ,j54 ,zeits*4 ,naturwiss4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #hh4 ,/rzelecki1 ,c\nt4 7#de7 ,physical description ( ,new ,s\? ,wales c4 ,london4 ,/ur1 ,d4 7#ha7 ,die ,silur-,flora d] tage ,h-h 9 ,bhm54 ,sitzb4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 #a ,ab?4 ,bd4 ,,lxxxiv4 p4 #ccj4 ---- 7#hd7 ,zur ,morphologie und ,sy/ematik d] ,culm- und ,c>bonf>ne4 ,sitzb4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,,lxxxviii4 ---- 7#he7 ,die ,c>bon-,flora d] ,s*atzl>] ,s*i*t54 ,abh4 ,k4 ,k4 ,geol4 ,rei*s4 ,bd4 ,,xi4 ,ab?4 ,i4 ,sykes1 ,m4 ,gladys4 7#jh7 ,! anatomy & morphology ( ,tmesipt]is4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #fc4 ---- 7#jh7 ,note on an abnormality f\nd 9 ,psilotum triquetrum4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #ebe4 ---- 7#jh7 ,notes on ! morphology ( ! ,sporangium-be>+ organs ( ! ,lycopodiaceae4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #da4 ---- 7#ji7 ,note on ! ,sporophyll ( ,lycopodium inundatum4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #adc4 ,szajno*a1 ,l4 7#hh7 ,ueb] fossile ,pflanz5re/e aus ,ca*euta 9 d] ,arg5t9is*5 ,republik4 ,sitzb4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,,xcvii4 ,ab?4 ,i4 p4 #bai4 ---- 7#ia7 ,ueb] e9ige ,c>bone ,pflanz5re/e aus d] ,arg5t9is*5 ,republik4 ,sitzb4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,c4 ,ab?4 ,i4 p4 #bjc4 ,tansley1 ,a4 ,g4 7#jh7 ,lectures on ! evolution ( ! filic9ean vascul> sy/em4 7,repr9t$ f ! ,new ,phytologi/47 ,cambridge4 ---- & ,edi? ,*ick4 7#ja7 ,notes on ! conduct+ tissue-sy/em 9 ,bryophyta4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xv4 p4 #a4 ---- & ,f4 ,e4 ,frits*4 7#je7 ,! flora ( ! ,ceylon littoral4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #a4 ---- & ,r4 ,b4 ,j4 ,lulham4 7#je7 ,a /udy ( ! vascul> sy/em ( ,matonia pect9ata4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xix4 p4 #dge4 ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,sir ,w4 ,t4 7#je7 ,cycas ,mi*olitzii1 ,dy]4 ,g>d4 ,*ron4 ,aug4 #ai1 p4 #adb4 ,?oday1 ,d4 7#jf7 ,on a sugge/ion ( het]ospory 9 ,sph5ophyllum ,dawsoni4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #ia4 ,?omas1 ,a4 ,p4 ,w4 7#jb7 ,! aff9ity ( ,tmesipt]is ) ! ,sph5ophyllales4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,lxix4 p4 #cdc4 ,?omas1 ,e!l ,n4 7#je7 ,"s po9ts 9 ! anatomy ( ,acro/i*um aureum4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #age4 ,?omas1 ,h4 ,h4 7#jh7 ,see ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 & ,h4 ,h4 ,?omas4 ,?ompson1 ,d',arcy ,w4 7#hj7 ,notes on ,ulod5dron & ,halonia4 ,ed9b4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,trauts*old1 ,h4 7#fj7 ,see ,au]ba*1 ,j4 & ,h4 ,trauts*old4 ,treub1 ,m4 7#hd-ij7 tudes sur les ,lycopodiaces4 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,bot4 ,buit5zorg1 vol4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,und]wood1 ,l4 ,e4 7#jj7 ,see ,lloyd1 ,e4 & ,l4 ,m4 ,und]wood4 ---- 7#jg7 ,a prelim9>y review ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,glei*5iaceae4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 ,,xxxiv4 p4 #bdc4 ,ung]1 ,f4 & ,r4 ,ri*t]4 7#ef7 ,beitrag zur ,palontologie des ,?r+] ,waldes4 ,d5ks*4 ,wi54 ,akad4 ,bd4 ,,xi4 ,vel5ovsk1 ,j4 7#he7 ,die ,gymnosp]m5 d] bhmis*5 ,kreide=mation4 ,prag4 ---- 7#hh7 ,die ,f>ne d] bhmis*5 ,kreide=mation4 ,prag4 ,v9es1 ,s4 7#hh7 ,on ! sy/ematic position ( ,isoetes1 ,l4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #aag1 #bbc4 ,wanklyn1 ,a4 7#fi7 ,description ( "s new species ( fossil f]ns f ! ,b\rnem\? leaf-b$s4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aj4 ,w>d1 ,l4 ,f4 7#ii7 ,! ,cretace\s ,=mation ( ! ,black ,hills z indicat$ by ! fossil plants4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ai? ,ann4 ,rep4 pl4 ,,ii4 ---- 7#jj7 ,/atus ( ! ,mesozoic ,floras ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #bj?1 ,ann4 ,rep4 ---- 7#jd7 ,palaeozoic se$-plants4 ,sci5ce1 ,aug4 #bf1 p4 #bgi4 ---- 7#je7 ,/atus ( ! ,mesozoic ,floras ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,,ii4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,monographs1 vol4 ,,xlviii4 ,watson1 ,d4 ,m4 ,s4 7#jf7 ,on a 8f]n0 synangium f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,%ore1 ,lanca%ire4 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,micr4 ,soc4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jg7 ,on a confusion ( two species 7,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii1 ,)am1 & ,l4 ,hickii1 sp4 nov47 "u ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii1 ,)4 9 ,williamson's ,,xix4 ,memoir1 ) a description ( ,l4 ,hickii sp4 nov4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,li4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on ! ,ulod5dron ,sc>4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,lii4 ---- 7#jh7 ,! cone ( ,bo?rod5dron mundum4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,lii4 ---- 7#ji7 ,on ,meso/robus1 a new g5us ( ,lycopodiace\s cones f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures c4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxiii4 p4 #cgi4 ,web]1 ,o4 & ,j4 ,t4 ,/]zel4 7#if7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,m$ulloseae4 ,b]4 ,naturwiss4 ,ges4 ,*emnitz1 #ahic-if4 ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#fi7 ,fossile ,flora d] jng/5 ,/e9kohl5=mation und des ,ro?lieg5d5 im ,sa>-,rhe9-,gebiete4 ,bonn1 #ahfi-gb4 ---- 7#gj7 ,/udi5 b] ,odontopt]id54 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ---- 7#gi7 ,bem]kung5 zur ,fructification von ,ngg]a?ia4 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ---- 7#hd7 ,zur ,flora d] lte/5 ,s*i*t5 des ,h>zes4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 ,b]l94 ---- 7#hf7 ,ueb] e9e ,bunts&/e9 ,sigill>ia und d]5 n*/e ,v]w&te4 ,ibid4 #ahhe4 ---- 7#hh7 ,ueb] neue ,funde von ,sigill>i5 9 d] ,wett9] ,/e9kohl5grube4 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ---- 7#hi7 ,beoba*tung5 an ,sigill>i5 von ,wett9 und ,umgeg5d4 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,bd4 ,,xli4 p4 #cgf4 ---- & ,j4 ,/]zel4 7#ic7 ,die ,sigill>i5 d] ,preussis*5 ,/e9kohl5 und ,ro?lieg5d5 ,gebiete4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 ,n4,f41 ,heft #b4 ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jb7 ,on ,x5ophyton radiculosum 7,hick71 & on a ,/igm>ian rootlet probably relat$ to ,lepidophloios fulig9osus 7,w474 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xlvi4 pt4 #c4 ---- 7#jc7 ,a bis]iate ,halonial bran* ( ,lepidophloios fulig9osus4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,vii4 pt4 #d4 ---- 7#jd7 ,a probable p>asite ( ,/igm>ian rootlets4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #fc4 ---- 7#jf7 ,on ! tyloses ( ,ra*iopt]is corrugata4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #hb4 ---- 7#jg7 ,! ,p>i*nos 9 ,lepidod5draceae4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,li4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#jh7 ,a ,/igm>ia ) c5tripetal wood4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #bba4 ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 & ,j4 ,lomax4 7#je7 ,! /em & bran*es ( ,lepidod5dron selag9oides4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xlix4 ,:ite1 ,d4 7#ic7 ,a new ,ta5iopt]oid ,f]n & its allies4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica1 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #aai4 ---- 7#ie7 ,! ,pottsville s]ies along ,new ,riv]1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica1 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #cje4 ---- 7#ih7 ,omphalophloios1 a new ,lepidod5droid type4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #cbi4 ---- 7#ii7 ,fossil flora ( ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures ( ,miss\ri4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mon4 ,,xxxvii4 ---- 7#jb7 ,description ( a fossil alga f ! ,*emung ( ,new ,york4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,palaeontologi/1 #aija4 ---- 7#jd7 ,! se$s ( ,aneimites4 ,smi?sonian ,miscell4 ,coll4 vol4 ,,xlvii4 pt4 iii4 p4 #cbb4 ---- 7#je7 ,see ,smi?1 ,g4 ,o4 & ,d4 ,:ite4 ---- 7#je7 ,fossil plants ( ! gr\p ,cycad(ilices4 ,smi?s4 ,misc4 ,coll4 vol4 ,,xlviii4 pt4 iii4 ---- 7#jg7 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s *anges 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 vol4 ,,xv4 p4 #fae4 ---- 7#jg7 ,a rem>kable fossil tree trunk f ! ,middle ,devonic ( ,new ,york4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus4 ,bull4 #ajg4 ,albany4 ---- 7#jh7 ,fossil flora ( ! ,coal-,measures ( ,brazil4 ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,:ite1 ,i4 ,c4 7#hj7 ,see ,fonta9e1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,i4 ,c4 ,:ite4 ,wickes1 ,w4 ,h4 7#jj7 ,a new ,rhaetic section at ,bri/ol4 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,assoc4 vol4 ,,xvi4 p4 #dba4 ,wiggleswor?1 ,grace4 7#jb7 ,notes on ! rhizome ( ,matonia pect9ata4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeg4 ,wild1 ,g4 & ,j4 ,lomax4 7#jj7 ,a new ,c>dioc>pon-be>+ /robilus4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xiv4 p4 #afj4 ,williamson1 ,w4 ,c4 7#gb7 ,on ! organization ( ! fossil plants ( ! ,coal-,measures4 ,,iii4 ,lycopodiaceae4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clxii4 p4 #bhc4 ---- 7#gf7 ,ibid4 pt4 vii4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clxvi4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#gg7 ,ibid4 pt4 viii4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clxvii4 p4 #bac4 ---- 7#hc7 ,presid5tial address4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ---- 7#hg7 ,note on ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii & ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xlii4 p4 #f4 ---- 7#ib7 ,sigill>ia & ,/igm>ia4 ,nat4 ,sci5ce1 p4 #bad4 ---- 7#ic7 ,on ! organization c4 pt4 xix4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,clxxxiv4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ic7 ,g5]al morphological & hi/ological index to ! au?or's collective memoirs on ! fossil plants ( ! ,coal-,measures1 pt4 ii4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #g vol4 ,,vii4 ---- 7#ie7 ,on ! light ?r[n ^u ! "q ( gr[? & developm5t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s arboresc5t ,lepidod5dra by a /udy ( ! details ( _! organisation4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #ca4 ---- 7#if7 ,rem9isc5ces ( a ,york%ire ,naturali/4 7,edit$ by ,mrs ,craw=d ,williamson47 ,london4 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,smi?4 7#je7 ,see ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,smi? ,woodw>d4 ,worsdell1 ,w4 ,c4 7#ie7 ,on transfusion-tissue2 its orig9 & function 9 ! leaves ( ,gymnosp]m\s plants4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #cja4 ,wns*1 ,e4 ,a4 7#fg7 ,discov]y ( erect /ems ( fossil trees 9 trappean a% 9 ,arran4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ig4 ,yabe1 ,h4 7#je7 ,mesozoic plants f ,korea4 ,j\rn4 ,colt4 ,sci4 ,imp4 ,univ4 ,japan1 vol4 ,,xx4 ,yapp1 ,r4 ,h4 7#jb7 ,two ,malayan #8,myrmecophil\s' f]ns1 ,polypodium 7,lecanopt]is7 c>nosum 7,blume71 & ,p4 s9uosum4 ,annals ,bot4 vol4 ,,xvi4 p4 #ahe4 ---- 7#jh7 ,sket*es ( vegetation at home & abroad4 ,,iv4 ,wick5 ,f54 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #fa4 ,yokoyama1 ,m4 7#hi7 ,jurassic plants f ,kaga1 ,hida1 & ,e*iz54 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,sci4 ,imp4 ,univ4 ,japan1 vol4 ,,iii4 ---- 7#jf7 ,mesozoic plants f ,*9a4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xxi4 ,zalessky1 ,m4 7#jd7 ,vgtaux fossiles du ,t]ra9 ,c>bonifre du ,bass9 du ,donetz4 ,mm4 ,com4 ,gol4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg4 ,livr4 ,,xiii4 ---- 7#jg7 ,sur la prs5ce de ,mixoneura neuropt]oides1 ,gpp4 avec ,neuropt]is ,s*eu*z]i1 ,h(fmann1 et ,n4 r>9]vis1 ,bunbury c4 ,bull4 ,com4 ,gol4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 tome ,,xxvi4 ---- 7#jh7 ,vgtaux fossiles du ,t]ra9 ,c>bonifre du bass9 du ,donetz4 ,,ii4 tude sur la /ructure anatomique d'un ,lepido/robus4 ,mm4 ,com4 ,gol41 ,livr4 ,,xlvi4 ,zeill]1 ,r4 7#gi7 ,note sur quelques fossiles du t]ra9 p]mi5 de la ,corrze4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,france1 tome ,,viii4 p4 #aif4 ---- 7#gi7 ,note sur le g5re ,m>iopt]is4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,france #c1 tome ,,vii4 p4 #ib4 ---- 7#hc7 ,fructifications de ,f\gres h\illres4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 #f1 vol4 ,,xvi4 ---- 7#hd7 ,cnes de fructification des ,sigillaires4 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,xix4 p4 #bef4 ---- 7#he7 ,sur les aff9its du g5re ,laccopt]is4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france1 tome ,,xxxii4 p4 #ba4 ---- 7#hf7 ,prs5tation d'une bro*ure de ,m4 ,kid/on sur les ,ulod5dron et obs]vations sur les g5us ,ulod5dron et ,bo?rod5dron4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,france #c1 tome ,,xiv4 p4 #afh4 ---- 7#hi7 ,sur les v>iations de =mes du ,sigill>ia ,br>di1 ,brongn4 ,ibid4 #c1 tome ,,xvii4 p4 #fjc4 ---- 7#ij7 ,bass9 ,h\ill] et ,p]mi5 d',autun et d'p9ac4 tudes des ,gtes ,m94 ,france4 ---- 7#id7 ,notes sur la flore des ,c\*es ,p]mi5nes de ,tri5ba* 7,alsace74 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,france #c1 tome ,,xxii4 p4 #afc4 ---- 7#ie7 ,note sur la flore fossile des ,gisem5ts h\ill]s de ,rio ,gr&e d ,sul4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,france #c1 tome ,,xxiii4 p4 #fja4 ---- 7#ig7 ,obs]vations sur quelques f\gres des ,dpts h\ill]s d',asie ,m9eure4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france #c1 tome ,,xliv4 p4 #aie4 ---- 7#ig7 ,! ref]5ce ( ! g5us ,v]tebr>ia4 7,translation f ! ,compt4 ,r5d1 tome ,,cxxii4 p4 #gdd47 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 ,,xxx4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#ig7 ,les ,prov9ces botaniques de la f9 des temps primaires4 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,sci4 7,jan4 #ae74 ---- 7#ig7 ,revue des travaux de palontologie vgtale4 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,bot4 tome ,,ix4 ---- 7#ih7 ,sur un ,lepidod5dron silicifi du ,brsil4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 7,july #be74 ---- 7#ih7 ,sur la dc\v]te1 p> ,m4 ,amalitzky1 de ,glossopt]is dans le ,p]mi5 suprieur de ,russie4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france1 tome ,,xlv4 p4 #cib4 ---- 7#ih7 ,contribution l'tude de la flore ptridologique des s*i/es p]mi5s de ,lodve4 ,bull4 ,mus4 de ,m>seille1 tome ,i4 ,fasc4 ,,ii4 p4 #i4 ---- 7#ii7 tude sur la flore fossile du ,bass9 h\ill] d',hracle4 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,france 7,palont471 ,mm4 #ba4 ---- 7#jj7 ,sur une ,slag9elle du t]ra9 h\ill] de ,blanzy4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 ,,cxxv4 p4 #ajgg4 ---- 7#jj7 lm5ts de ,palobotanique4 ,p>is4 ---- 7#jb7 ,obs]vations sur quelques plantes fossiles des ,l[] ,gondwanas4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 ,,ii4 ---- 7#jc7 ,flore fossile des ,gtes de ,*>bon du ,tonk94 tudes des ,gtes ,m94 ,france4 ,p>is4 ---- 7#jc7 ,revue des travaux de ,palontologie vgtale4 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,bot4 vol4 ,,xv4 ---- 7#je7 ,une n\velle classe de ,gymnosp]mes3 les ,ptridosp]mes4 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,sci4 p4 #gah4 ---- 7#jf7 ,bass9 h\ill] et ,p]mi5 de ,blanzy et du ,creusot 7,fasc4 ii74 tudes ,gtes ,m94 ,france4 ---- 7#ji7 ,obs]vations sur le ,lepido/robus ,br[nii4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 ,,cxlviii4 p4 #hij4 ---- 7#ji7 ,revue des travaux de ,palontologie vgtale 7#aija-jf74 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,bot41 vols4 ,,xxi1 ,,xxii4 ,z5k]1 ,j4 ,c4 7#cg7 ,scolecopt]is elegans ,z5k4 ,e9 neues fossiles ,f>rngew*s mit ,fructification54 ,l9naea1 vol4 ,,xi4 p4 #eji4 ,,index ,! ,index includes ! names ( ,au?ors & plants m5tion$ 9 ?is volume4 ,no ref]5ces are1 h[ev]1 giv5 to ! foll[+ ,au?ors1 ^: names occur too frequ5tly to r5d] special ref]5ce ( use to ! read]3 ,a4 ,brongni>t1 ,r4 ,kid/on1 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/1 ,h4 ,potoni1 ,b4 ,r5ault1 ,d4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,h4 ,graf zu ,solms-,lauba*1 ,d4 ,/ur1 ,w4 ,c4 ,williamson1 ,k4 ,zeill]4 ,abies pect9ata1 #bag ,acro/i*ites ,goepp]tianus1 #cdj1 #cda ,a4 l9naeaefolius1 #cdj ,a4 rhombifolius1 #cdj ,a4 t5uifolius1 #ccb ,a4 ,williamsonis1 #cci ,acro/i*um1 #dii1 #ejj ,a4 aureum1 #cji1 #cgi ,a4 7,lom>iopsis7 sorbifolium1 #cja ,adiantites1 #cgf1 #efj ,a4 antiquus1 #cgf1 #cgg ,a4 l9dsayoides1 #cgf1 #cgg ,a4 ,sew>di1 #cgg ,adiantum p$atum1 #cjj ,a4 apalophyllum1 #chj ,aga?is1 #aca1 #aie ,a4 au/ralis1 #ie ,ale?opt]is1 #dhe1 #eaf1 #eeg1 #egb-egf ,a4 ,gr&9i1 #egd ,a4 lon*itica1 #cii1 #eec1 #egd1 #ege ,a4 ,roess]ti1 #cdf ,a4 ,s]lii1 #ege1 #egf ,alloiopt]is1 #dgj1 #egi ,a4 ,ess+hii1 #ece ,alsophila1 #bie ,a4 excelsa1 #bid ,a4 tahiti5sis1 #cji ,alsophil9a1 #cgb ,amalitzky1 ,w41 #dih1 #eac ,ana*oropt]is ,decaisnii1 #dfb ,ana*oropt]oides1 #dee ,&rae1 ,k4 ,j41 #cij ,&ro/robus1 #hh ,aneimia1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #cdf1 #cej ,a4 flexuosa1 #bhi ,a4 phyllitidis1 #bhi ,a4 rotundifolia1 #bhh1 #cjg ,aneimites1 #cdf ,angiopt]idium1 #dhe ,a4 cali=nicum1 #dji ,angiopt]is1 #agb1 #cag1 #dag1 #dbe1 #dee1 #ebg ,a4 evecta1 #bhc1 #cag-cai ,a4 ,ri*?(5i1 #dji ,ankyropt]is1 #cfe1 #dej-dfb1 #dfe ,a4 bibract5sis1 #dec-def1 #dga ,a4 corrugata1 #dcf1 #dec1 #dee-dfb1 #dga ,a4 sc&5s1 #dej-deb1 #def1 #dfa1 #dfb1 #dga ,anomopt]is ,m\geotii1 #cbi ,a4 ,s*lect5dalii1 #cbi ,anomozamites1 #dhi ,antrophyum1 #dii ,aphlebia #ebe-ebi1 #ecc-ecf1 #eee ,a4 crispa1 #ebf1 #ebh ,a4 ,g]m>i1 #ebf ,aphyllum cri/atum1 #abg ,arauc>ia1 #be ,a4 ,balansae1 #cf ,a4 excelsa1 #cf ,a4 imbricata1 #ic1 #baa ,arauc>ieae1 #dd1 #bge ,arauc>ites ,cordai1 #ahg ,a4 gracilis1 #hd ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n41 #agh1 #cie1 #dbj1 #dcc1 #dig1 #ejj1 #ejg1 #ejh1 #eab1 #eac ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 & ,h4 ,h4 ,?omas1 #bad1 #bbb ,arb]ia1 #eaf ,a4 m9asica1 #eaf ,arb]ia sp41 #eag ,ar*aeopt]ideae1 #efe ,ar*aeopt]is1 #ae1 #ebf1 #efj-efe ,a4 ar*etypus1 #efc-efe ,a4 ,dawsoni1 #efd ,a4 fimbriata1 #efc-efe ,a4 fissilis1 #efc1 #efd ,a4 gaspi5sis1 #efc ,a4 hib]nica1 #efa-efe ,a4 ,jacksoni1 #efc ,a4 ,roem]iana1 #efc ,a4 ,ts*]maki1 #efd ,ar*aeosigill>ia1 #gh1 #bfg1 #bfh ,a4 primaeva1 #bja1 #bfh ,ar*angiopt]is1 #cah1 #cai ,arctopodium insigne1 #def ,artis1 ,f4 ,t41 #abg1 #aif1 #bbi1 #bca1 #dbb ,aspidi>ia1 #abd1 #abg1 #abh ,aspidites caudatus1 #djd ,aspl5ites1 #ehj ,a4 macroc>pus1 #cdf ,a4 ottonis1 #cdf ,aspl5ium ,john/rupi1 #cfi ,a4 multil9eatum1 #cja ,a4 nebb5se1 #cdd ,a4 nidus1 #dhe ,a4 resectum1 #cjj ,a4 :itbi5se1 #cdd ,a/]o*la5a duplex1 #ddh ,a4 laxa1 #dfb1 #dga1 #dgb ,a4 ramosa1 #dga ,a/]o!ca1 #cih1 #dji1 #dbf1 #egf ,a4 ,/]nb]gii1 #cih1 #djj ,aulacopt]is1 #efg ,azolla1 #aib1 #bgd1 #dge ,bai]a1 #cjg1 #cij ,baily1 ,w4 ,h41 #dfi1 #ecg1 #efj1 #efb ,bak]1 ,j4 ,g41 #cc1 #cjg ,balf\r1 ,j4 ,h41 #aia ,b>rois1 ,c41 #ajc ,b>?ol91 ,c4 ,t41 #cib ,bates1 ,h4 ,w41 #cji ,b5nettitales1 #cif ,b5nie1 ,j41 #g ,b5nie1 ,j4 & ,r4 ,kid/on1 #he ,b5son1 ,m>g>et1 #bgg1 #ecb ,b5sonites fusi=mis1 #dfi ,b]g]ia1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #agd1 #aha ,b]n\illia1 #dji1 #daj1 #eda ,b]ridge1 ,e4 ,m41 #aid ,b]ry1 ,e4 ,w41 #edc ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e41 #afc1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbb1 #bge1 #bgg ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 & ,f4 ,cornaille1 #caf ,b]tr&1 ,p41 #dcb1 #dcd1 #dce1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #ddi-deb1 #dfb1 #dfg1 #dfh ,b9ney1 ,e4 ,w41 #ajc1 #aaj1 #acg1 #aec1 #afd1 #aga1 #ahh1 #bcb1 #bch1 #dfb1 #dfe ,bis*(1 -- #fi ,blanck5horn1 ,m41 #gb1 #ebb1 #ebc ,ble*noxylon talbrag>5se1 #eji-eaa ,bomm]1 ,c41 #dj1 #cec1 #cfa ,boodle1 ,l4 ,a41 #bj1 #ba1 #bd1 #cjd1 #caa1 #dfh ,bo?rod5dreae1 #bdh-bff ,bo?rod5dron1 #ge1 #abh1 #acj-acc1 #acg1 #ahh1 #bji1 #bcd1 #bdj1 #bdh-bfh1 #bgf ,b4 kiltork5se1 #beb1 #bee1 #beg-bei ,b4 ,leslei1 #beh ,b4 m9utifolium1 #bea-bef1 #bfb ,b4 mundum1 #bef1 #bfb1 #bfc ,b4 punctatum1 #ace1 #bdh1 #bej1 #beb1 #bed1 #bfj ,b4 t5]rimum1 #bfd ,bo?ro/robus1 #aib1 #bfb-bfd1 #bgh ,botry*ioxylon1 #dei ,botry*ium1 #afi1 #dbg1 #dch1 #dei1 #eaj ,b4 ,lun>ia1 #cbb ,b4 virg9ianum1 #cbb ,botryopt]eae1 #dcd-ddc ,botryopt]ideae1 #cbe1 #cfe1 #cge1 #dbg1 #dcb-dgb ,botryopt]is1 #dcf-ddc ,botryopt]is antiqua1 #dcf1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #dgj1 #dga ,b4 cyl9drica1 #dcf1 #dch ,b4 =5sis1 #dcg1 #dch1 #ddb-dde1 #dfc1 #dgj ,b4 hirsuta1 #dcf1 #dch ,b4 ramosa1 #dcf1 #dch1 #ddj1 #dda1 #dgj ,b\lay1 ,n41 #bea ,b[5ia1 #edi ,b4 spectabilis1 #dch ,b[]1 ,f4 ,o41 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #dd1 #df1 #ec1 #gh1 #aia1 #bfd1 #bfh1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #bif1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjg1 #cbe ,b[man1 ,j4 ,e41 #bcb ,brab5ec1 -- #dgf ,bra9ea1 #bii ,brittsia1 #dfd ,b4 problematica1 #dfd ,brodie1 ,p4 ,b41 #hb ,brongni>t1 ,a4 ,see note1 page #fji ,br[n1 ,ri*>d1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bci ,br[n1 ,rob]t1 #afj1 #aij ,br[ne1 ,lady ,isabel1 #bfg1 #bfi ,bru*mann1 ,h41 #fd ,bunbury1 ,sir ,*>les1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #dha1 #egj1 #egb ,butt]wor?1 ,j41 #aga1 #dac ,calamites1 #f1 #aa1 #gc1 #bjg1 #bjh ,c4 radiatus1 #aa1 #bfe1 #bef ,calamod5dron1 #gc ,calamo/a*ys1 #i ,callipt]idium1 #efj ,c4 gigas1 #eeg ,c4 pt]idium1 #efj ,callipt]is1 #eef-efj ,c4 ,b]g]oni1 #eeh ,c4 conf]ta1 #eeh-efj ,c4 conf]ta v>4 polymorpha1 #eei ,c4 flabellif]a1 #efh ,c4 lyratifolia1 #eeg1 #eeh ,calymmato!ca1 #djg1 #eca1 #ecb ,c4 aff9is1 #ecb ,c4 ,/ang]i1 #eca ,campbell1 ,d4 ,h41 #fh1 #aib1 #cjh ,camptopt]id9ae1 #che ,camptopt]is1 #chi1 #cij ,c4 exilis1 #cha ,c4 lunz5sis1 #che ,c4 ,phillipsii1 #chc ,c4 spiralis1 #chb1 #chi1 #cij ,cancellatae1 #bjc ,canna1 #eag ,cannophyllites1 #eag ,c>dioc>pon1 #bga ,c4 anomalum1 #bga ,c>diopt]is1 #eai1 #ebc-ebe ,c4 frondosa1 #ebc-ebf ,c4 ,ho*/ett]ii v>4 franconica1 #ebd ,c4 ,zub]i1 #edj ,c>ica sp41 #bjb1 #bjc ,c>olopt]is1 #cfj ,c>ru!rs1 ,w41 #bg1 #acj1 #acg1 #afc1 #aga1 #age-aha1 #bga1 #cci1 #cgd1 #dia1 #ead1 #efb1 #efe ,ca%1 ,w4 & ,j4 ,lomax1 #aed ,ca/illoa1 #aca ,caulopt]is1 #cgb1 #dac1 #dba1 #dbb ,c4 anglica1 #dba ,c4 gigantea1 #dbd ,c4 peltig]a1 #dai-dbb ,c4 ,saportae1 #dba ,c4 tessellata1 #ij ,cephalo!ca1 #bi1 #ecg ,c4 mirabilis1 #ecf1 #ecg ,c]atopt]is1 #cjc ,c4 ?alictroides1 #big ,c]atozamia1 #efe ,*eirolepis1 #hd ,*eiropt]is palmatop$ata1 #cjj ,*eiro/robeae1 #ab ,*eiro/robus1 #g-ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba1 #bd ,c4 pettycur5sis1 #h ,*iropt]is1 #dca ,c4 spatulata1 #dca ,c4 ,williamsii1 #dca ,c4 ,zeill]i1 #dcj ,*odat1 ,r41 #bhj1 #bha1 #caf ,*orionopt]is glei*5oides1 #dgf ,*ri/1 ,h41 #bic ,*ri/1 ,h4 & ,k4 ,gies5hag51 #cai ,*rysodium lanzaeanum1 #cej1 #cgh ,cladophlebis1 #cdc-cdf1 #egi1 #ehj ,c4 ,alb]tsii1 #cdd ,c4 ,br[nii1 #cdi ,c4 d5ticulata1 #ccb1 #cce1 #cdj-cdf ,c4 ,dunk]i1 #cdi ,c4 korai5sis1 #cdi ,c4 lobifolia1 #ebi ,c4 ,roess]ti1 #cdc ,c4 virg9i5sis1 #cdj ,cla?r>ia1 #bjc ,c4 ,br>di1 #aih1 #bbd ,cla?ropt]is1 #che-chi ,c4 egyptiaca1 #chh1 #chi ,c4 m5iscoides1 #chf1 #chg ,c4 platyphylla1 #chg ,c4 :itby5sis1 #chc ,clepsydropsis1 #ddh-dej ,c4 antiqua1 #ddd1 #ddf1 #ddi ,co5opt]ideae1 #cfe1 #dcb-dgb1 #ebf ,coniopt]is1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #dji ,c4 arguta1 #cgj1 #cga ,c4 hym5ophylloides1 #cff-cgj1 #ebh ,c4 lunz5sis1 #cfg ,c4 ,murrayana1 #cfg ,c4 qu9queloba1 #cgj ,corda1 ,a4 ,j41 #fh1 #fi1 #aje1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #ced1 #cgc1 #dbb1 #ddc1 #dgf ,corynept]is1 #dfi1 #dgj1 #egh ,c4 coralloides1 #dde ,c4 /ellata1 #dfi ,cotta1 ,c4 ,b41 #dab1 #ddc ,c[>d1 ,k4 ,h41 #bba ,crematopt]is1 #ebc ,crp91 ,f41 #bg1 #ecg1 #efc ,crosso!ca1 #cif ,cryptom]ia1 #cf ,ct5is ,leck5byi1 #edi ,ct5opt]is1 #edh-eej ,c4 cycadea1 #edh1 #edi ,c4 ,s>rani1 #eda1 #edi ,ct5ozamites1 #edh ,cya!a1 #bie1 #cac ,c4 dealbata1 #cdd ,c4 ,imrayana1 #cac ,cya!a s9uata1 #bie ,c4 sp9ulosa1 #bid ,cya!aceae1 #bid-bif1 #cfe-cge1 #djc ,cya!ites1 #cff ,cya?oc>pus d5tatus1 #djd ,cya?otra*us altus1 #cih ,cycadophyta1 #dhd ,cycadopt]is1 #edd1 #edf ,cycas1 #acc ,c4 ,mi*olitzii1 #cjg ,cyclopt]is1 #efj1 #efa1 #eff1 #ega-egb ,c4 angu/ifolia1 #eab ,c4 hib]nica1 #efj ,c4 ,roem]iana1 #efc ,cyclo/igma1 #bea ,c4 au/rale1 #bei ,c4 d5sifolium1 #beg ,c4 ,griffi?si1 #bea1 #bee ,c4 h]cynium1 #beg ,c4 kiltork5se1 #bea1 #bee1 #beg ,c4 m9utum1 #bea1 #bee ,cyp>issidium1 #ci ,cyp]us papyrus1 #bcj ,czekan[skia1 #fg ,dacrydium1 #cf ,d4 cupress9um1 #ge ,d4 ,kirkii1 #ge ,dactylo!ca1 #cif1 #djd-djf1 #ebg1 #efe1 #egf ,d4 d5tata1 #djd ,d4 plumosa1 #cii1 #djj1 #djd-djf ,danaea1 #cba1 #cih ,d4 microphylla1 #daj ,d4 tri*omanoides1 #cjj ,danaeites1 #cih1 #dhe ,d4 ,he]i1 #daj ,d4 s>epontanus1 #cih1 #djj ,danaeopsis1 #djg ,d4 ,hughesi1 #dji ,d4 m>antacea1 #djh ,d4 ,/orrsii1 #cde ,d>w91 ,c41 #ajc1 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selag9oides1 #cc ,l4 ,selago1 #d1 #cb1 #cd1 #dd1 #hg1 #acc1 #bef ,l4 s]ratum1 #db ,l4 squ>rosum1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci ,l4 tetragonum1 #ce1 #ci1 #gf ,l4 v]ticillatum1 #ci ,l4 volubile1 #ce1 #ci ,lycopsida1 #cab ,lyco/robus1 #hh-ia ,l4 ,scotti1 #hh-ia ,lyg9od5dron1 #adj1 #bba1 #bgj1 #dfj1 #eaj1 #ecb1 #efe ,lygodium1 #db1 #bhg1 #caa1 #ddf1 #ecc1 #ecd1 #ecg ,l4 di*otomum1 #ccg ,l4 ,kaulfussi1 #cej ,lyon1 ,f4 ,m41 #eg1 #eh ,mc,coy1 ,sir ,f41 #ahj1 #dia1 #ejj1 #eab ,mc,nicol1 ,m>y1 #dfa ,macroglossum alidae1 #cba ,macrota5iopt]is1 #dhf ,m4 ,f$d5i1 #dhi ,m4 ,wianamattae1 #dhi ,macrozamia corallipes1 #chb ,m4 ,fawcettiae1 #chb ,malaqu91 ,m41 #ajc ,m>attia1 #cbj1 #djh1 #dji1 #dag1 #dee1 #dhe1 #ebg ,m4 frax9ea1 #cag1 #cbj1 #ebh ,m4 ,hook]i1 #cej1 #daa ,m4 ,kaulfussii1 #cbj1 #cig1 #dja1 #daa ,m>attiaceae1 #caf-cba1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cie1 #daa1 #dcd1 #ddg1 #efe1 #egf ,m>attiales1 #caf-cba1 #cie-daa ,m>attiopsis1 #djg-dji ,m>attiopsis m>antacea1 #ceh1 #djh1 #dji ,m4 ,mu5/]i1 #cbj1 #djh1 #dji ,m>ion1 ,a4 ,f41 #be1 #bf ,m>iopt]is1 #cea1 #ecc-ecf ,m4 muricata1 #ecd1 #eec ,m>silia1 #dgc1 #dgg-dgi ,m4 ,&]soni1 #dgd ,m4 cretacea1 #dgd ,m4 ,drummondi1 #dgd ,m>silia elata1 #dgd ,m4 ,na?or/i1 #dgd ,m4 p]uc5sis1 #dgd ,m4 quadrifoliata1 #dgc ,m>siliaceae1 #dgc-dge ,m>silidium1 #dgd ,m4 speciosum1 #dgd ,m>t91 ,w41 #bbi ,m>tius1 ,k4 ,f4 ,p4 von1 #dbj ,masl51 ,a4 ,j41 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aij ,matonia1 #bia1 #bib1 #bih1 #cjh1 #caf1 #cha1 #dbj1 #ecc ,m4 pect9ata1 #bhi-bic1 #cjj1 #caj1 #cad1 #cef1 #ceg1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #chc ,m4 s>m5tosa1 #bia1 #caj ,matonidium1 #fc1 #caj1 #cee1 #cei1 #cfa-cfc ,m4 ,al?ausii1 #cfb1 #cfc ,m4 ,goepp]ti1 #cfb ,m4 ,wiesn]i1 #ceh1 #cfc ,maton9eae1 #bia-bic1 #cee-cfc ,m$ullosa1 #eeh1 #efg ,m4 anglica1 #egd ,megalopt]is1 #eji ,megaloxylon1 #cca ,megaphyton1 #dac-dae1 #dbb ,m4 frondosum1 #dbb ,m4 insigne1 #dba ,m4 ,mc,layi1 #dbb ,mellor1 ,e4 ,t4 & ,t4 ,n4 ,leslie1 #bcc ,m]t5sides1 #ceb ,meso/robus1 #aie ,metaclepsydropsis1 #ddg-dej ,m4 duplex1 #ddh-dej ,mett5ius1 ,g41 #bbc1 #dbd1 #dbe ,miadesmia1 #ib1 #bge-bgi ,m4 membranacea1 #bge1 #bgf ,microca*rys tetragona1 #gf ,microdictyon1 #cfj ,mill]1 ,h41 #bg1 #bh1 #ecb ,mixoneura1 #eee ,mixtae1 #bhe ,mohl1 ,h4 von1 #fc ,mohl5graaff1 ,g4 ,a4 ,f41 #eje ,mohria1 #bhg ,mll]1 ,h41 #cib1 #dha ,monogramme1 #cjf ,morris1 ,j41 #ahe1 #aia1 #eci ,mn/]1 ,g4 ,graf zu1 #bd1 #fg-fi ,muscites falcatus1 #hc ,myeloxylon1 #eef1 #egd ,ngeli1 ,k4 ,w4 von1 #ee ,naiadaceae1 #hb ,naiadea acum9ata1 #ha ,n4 lanceolata1 #ha ,n4 petiolata1 #ha ,naiadita1 #hb1 #hc ,n4 lanceolata1 #ha ,naiadites acum9atus1 #ha ,na?or/1 ,a4 ,g4 ,see note1 page #fji ,na?or/ia1 #cfa1 #daj1 #daa ,n4 angu/ifolia1 #daj ,n4 latifolia1 #daj ,nephrodium filix-mas1 #cac ,n]ium ole&]1 #efg ,neuropt]idium1 #eai-ebc1 #ebe ,n4 gr&ifolium1 #eai1 #ebb ,n4 int]m$ium1 #eba-ebc ,n4 ,plantianum1 #eba ,n4 validum1 #eai-ebc1 #ebe1 #eei ,n4 ,voltzii1 #ebc ,neuropt]is1 #cih1 #eaf1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #eeb1 #eec1 #eef1 #eeg1 #efe-egb1 #egi1 #ehj ,n4 cordata1 v>4 angu/ifolia1 #egj ,n4 cordata1 v>4 d5s9eura1 #ebd ,n4 conf]ta1 #eei ,n4 ,goepp]tiana1 #cdj ,n4 ,grang]i1 #efg ,n4 het]ophylla1 #cea1 #ece1 #efh ,n4 hirsuta1 #egj ,n4 horrida1 #ega ,n4 macrophylla1 #ece1 #efi ,n4 pseudogigantea1 #efg ,n4 rec5tior1 #cci ,n4 ,s*eu*z]i1 #ece1 #efi-ega ,n4 valida1 #ebj ,newb]ry1 ,j4 ,s41 #dca ,nilssonia1 #dhe ,nipa1 #cji ,noegg]a?ia1 #dbh-dca1 #efj ,n4 acum9ifissa1 #efc ,n4 flabellata1 #dca ,n4 foliosa1 #dbi ,n4 obovata1 #ead ,noegg]a?iopsis1 #bcc1 #eaf ,nor?ampton1 ,m>quis (1 #aij ,odontopt]is1 #eaf1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #eeb-eeh1 #efj1 #efg1 #ega ,o4 cf4 alp9a1 #eee ,o4 ,br[ni1 #eef ,o4 cycadea1 #edh ,o4 ,fis*]i1 #eef ,o4 g5u9a1 #eef1 #eeg ,o4 jur5sis1 #edd ,o4 macrophylla1 #edj ,o4 m9or1 #eed1 #eee ,o4 osmundae=mis1 #eed ,o4 ,plantiana1 #eai1 #eba ,o4 ,rei*iana1 #eee ,o4 ,wor!ni1 #eee ,oldham1 ,r4 ,d41 #dig1 #eja1 #ejc1 #eje1 #eaj ,oldham1 ,t4 & ,j4 ,morris1 #hd ,ole&ra1 #cja ,o4 n]ii=mis1 #dhe1 #dib ,ole&ridium1 #dhe1 #dhf ,o4 l5triculi=me1 #dib ,oligoc>pia1 #dji ,o4 ,brongni>ti1 #ceb1 #cfd ,o4 ,gutbi]i1 #ceb ,oliv]1 ,f4 ,w41 #dcg1 #ddc1 #ecb ,omphalophloios1 #bfd-bff ,o4 anglicus1 #aig1 #bfd ,oncopt]is1 #cgb1 #cgc ,o4 ,nettvalli1 #cgc ,onoclea hebraidica1 #chj ,o4 s5sibilis1 #chj ,o4 /ru?iopt]is1 #cjc1 #cdd1 #ejb1 #ejc ,ony*iopsis1 #cfi1 #cgg-chj ,o4 elongata1 #cgh ,o4 ,mantelli1 #cgd1 #cgh1 #cgi ,o4 psilotoides1 #cgh ,ophioglossaceae1 #cba-cbc1 #dcd ,ophioglossales1 #dbg-dca ,ophioglossites antiqua1 #dbh ,ophioglossum1 #ab1 #cba1 #dbh ,o4 palmatum1 #cbb ,o4 p5dulum1 #cba ,o4 vulgatum1 #cba1 #cbb ,osmunda1 #bfg1 #cda1 #efg ,o4 c9namomea1 #bhf1 #ccc1 #cci ,o4 ,claytoniana1 #cad1 #cae1 #ccc1 #cch ,o4 lignitum1 #cci ,o4 regalis1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cca1 #cch1 #cdb ,o4 ,/urii1 #cci ,osmundaceae1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cjh1 #cad1 #cae1 #cbd-cdf1 #djc1 #dji1 #dcd1 #ddc1 #ddh1 #dfa1 #dgb ,osmundites ,d[k]i1 #cch1 #cci ,o4 ,dunlopi1 #cca-ccd1 #ccg1 #cdf ,o4 ,gibbiana1 #cce1 #cci ,o4 ,kolbei1 #ccd-ccg ,o4 skidegat5sis1 #ccg1 #cch ,o4 ,/urii1 #cci ,otopt]is cuneata1 #dha ,otozamites ,beani1 #cjg ,ottok>ia b5gal5sis1 #dih ,o4 ovalis1 #dih ,pa*yphloeus tetragonus1 #aga ,pa*ypt]is1 #eej1 #eeb ,p4 dalmatica1 #eej ,p4 lanceolata1 #eej ,pa*yte/a1 #egd1 #ege ,palaeojulus dyadieus1 #dja1 #djb ,palaeopt]is1 #efj1 #efa ,p4 hib]nica v>4 m9or1 #efc ,palmatopt]is1 #ecc1 #ece1 #ecg ,p4 furcata1 #ecg ,p>apecopt]is1 #cih ,p4 neuropt]oides1 #cih1 #cii ,p>k]iaceae1 #big ,p>k9son1 ,j41 #aha1 #bca1 #dac1 #ege ,paull9ia ?alictrifolia1 #cjg ,pea*1 ,c4 ,w41 #ecj ,pecopt]is1 #bih1 #cih1 #did1 #ecb1 #eda1 #eeg1 #egf-ehj ,p4 abbreviata1 #cii ,p4 arboresc5s1 #dbb1 #ebi1 #egg1 #egh ,p4 bullatus1 #ceb ,p4 caespitosa1 #cei ,p4 cr5ifolia1 #cei ,p4 cri/ata1 #djb ,p4 curtata1 #cci ,p4 cya!a1 #dbb ,p4 d5tata1 #cci1 #djd ,p4 d5ticulata1 #cdc ,p4 exilis1 #cdh ,p4 ,huttoniana1 #cdj ,p4 ligata1 #cei ,p4 ,miltoni1 #cii ,p4 ,phillipsii1 #cdc ,p4 ,pluck5eti1 #dai1 #dbf1 #egf1 #egi ,p4 plumosa1 #cii1 #djd ,p4 polymorpha1 #egi ,p4 rec5tior1 #cci ,p4 reticulata1 #did ,p4 ,rutimey]i1 #cdc ,p4 s]ra1 #djd ,p4 ,/]zeli1 #dai1 #dbf1 #egi ,p4 t5uis1 #cci ,p4 undans1 #cde ,p4 unita1 #cig1 #egi ,p4 :itbi5sis1 #cci1 #cdc1 #cdd ,p4 ,williamsonis1 #cci ,p4 ,zippei1 #ced ,pel\rde1 ,f41 #ddh ,p5hall[1 ,d4 ,p41 #bh1 #gh1 #ccg ,petv]1 -- #bca ,phan]osorus1 #bib ,phillips1 ,j41 #fg1 #cdh ,phlebopt]is ,phillipsi1 #chc ,p4 polypodioides1 #ceh ,p4 prop9qua1 #ceh ,p4 ,woodw>di1 #cfj ,phragmites1 #bjf ,phylla*ne clavig]a1 #dj ,phyllites n]vulosis1 #chc ,phyllocladus1 #edb1 #edc ,phylloglossum1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc ,p4 ,drummondi1 #cc ,phytoli?us cancellatus1 #abf ,p4 p>matus1 #abi ,p4 v]rucosus1 #bca ,picea excelsa1 #id ,pilul>ia1 #fg1 #dgc ,p4 globulif]a1 #dgc ,p4 m9uta1 #dgc ,p4 p$unculata1 #dge ,p9akod5dron1 #bfd ,p4 musivum1 #bfh ,p9us1 #aid ,p4 att5uata1 #acd ,p4 clausa1 #acd ,p4 excelsa1 #agd1 #ahb ,p4 longifolia1 #ie1 #ih ,plagiogyria1 #big ,plant1 ,n41 #agg ,platyzoma1 #bia ,p4 microphylla1 #cab ,pleuromeia1 #ff-gc1 #ia1 #ada ,p4 ocul9a1 #fi ,p4 ,/]nb]gii1 #fh-gj ,podoc>pus1 #baj ,p4 dacrydioides1 #ge ,podoloma polypodioides1 #cid ,poecilito/a*ys1 #ia ,p4 ,hangi1 #ia ,polypodiaceae1 #bif1 #cge-chj ,polypodium1 #cdd ,p4 ,bill>di]i1 #cjb ,p4 c>nosum1 #cja ,p4 h]acleifolius1 #chc ,p4 oregon5se1 #cgg ,p4 qu]cifolium1 #big1 #bih1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cib1 #ebh ,p4 vulg>e1 #cja1 #cac1 #egg ,potoni1 ,h4 ,see p4 #fji ,prantl1 ,k41 #bif ,presl1 ,c4 ,b41 #abg1 #cef1 #cij1 #djg1 #dgg1 #ebe1 #egb ,pre/wick4 ,j41 #bbi ,prim(ilices1 #dcc ,protophyllocladus1 #edc ,protopt]is1 #cgj-cgd1 #cij ,p4 punctata1 #cgc-cge ,p4 ,/]nb]gii1 #cga ,p4 ,witteana1 #cgd1 #cge ,protorhipis as>ifolius1 #cij ,protosalv9ia1 #dgf ,ps>onieae1 #dab-dbf ,ps>onius1 #cji1 #cgb1 #cif1 #dab-dbf1 #deb ,p4 a/]oli?us1 #daf ,p4 brasili5sis1 #dbj ,p4 coalesc5s1 #daf1 #dbj ,p4 ,cottai1 #dae ,p4 ,crompton5sis1 #dac1 #dbe ,p4 inf>ctus1 #dae-dba1 #dbd ,p4 musae=mis1 #daf1 #dbj ,p4 ,r5aulti1 #dac1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbe ,p4 ,/]zeli1 #dai1 #dbj ,pseudobornia1 #aa ,p4 urs9a1 #h ,psilophyton1 #bf-bi ,p4 ,de*ianum1 #bg ,p4 fili=mis1 #bd ,p4 pr9ceps1 #bf-bi ,p4 robu/ius1 #bg1 #bi ,psilotaceae1 #ab-ae ,psilotales1 #ag-bi ,psilotiphyllum1 #bf ,psilotites1 #bd1 #be ,p4 fili=mis1 #bd ,p4 li?ran?racis1 #be ,p4 unilat]alis1 #be ,psilotum1 #ab-bd1 #bf1 #bi1 #bcg ,p4 complanatum1 #ah ,p4 triquetrum1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj ,psygmophyllum1 #dca ,pt]idosp]maphyta1 #bgh ,pt]idosp]ms1 #bhb1 #cie1 #cif1 #djc1 #djg1 #dbf1 #dhd-ehj ,pt]ido!ca1 #cbe1 #cge ,p4 ,butt]wor?i1 #cbe ,pt]is1 #cab1 #ehj ,p4 aquil9a1 #cje-cji ,p4 arguta1 #cdd ,pt]opsida1 #cab ,ptilozamites1 #eci1 #edf1 #edg1 #eej ,p4 ,he]i1 #edf-edh ,pty*oc>pus1 #cig1 #daa1 #egf1 #egh ,p4 oblongus1 #cig ,p4 unita1 #cig1 #djj1 #egh ,pty*opt]is1 #dac1 #dad1 #dbb-dbd ,ra*iopt]is antiqua1 #ddi ,r4 corrugata1 #dej1 #dee1 #dfj ,r4 cyl9drica1 #dch ,r4 duplex1 #ddg1 #ddh ,r4 hirsuta1 #dcf1 #dch1 #ddb ,r4 inaequalis1 #dec1 #ded ,r4 insignis1 #def ,r4 irregul>is1 #dec1 #ded ,r4 ramosa1 #dcf1 #ddj ,r4 trid5tata1 #dch ,raciborski1 ,m41 #cci1 #cda1 #cdh1 #cec1 #edc ,regnellidium1 #dgc1 #dgi ,r4 diphyllum1 #dgd1 #dgi ,re9ecke1 ,f41 #cja ,re9s*1 ,p4 ,f41 #aib ,r5ault1 ,b4 ,see note1 p4 #fji ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,c4 ,gr&',eury1 #bai ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,a4 ,ro*e1 #bjd ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,r4 ,zeill]1 #eaj1 #eee1 #efj1 #ega1 #egg ,r5aultia1 #cid1 #djf ,r5i]1 ,a41 #acc ,rhacophyllum1 #ebe ,r4 crispum1 #ebf ,rhaciopt]ideae1 #ddi ,rhacophyton condrusorum1 #ecg ,rhacopt]is1 #dbf1 #dcj1 #dca1 #ebe1 #efc1 #efd ,r4 flabellata1 #dbh ,r4 paniculif]a1 #dbh ,rhizod5dron oppoli5se1 #cge ,rhizomopt]is1 #cha ,r4 cruciata1 #chh ,r4 major1 #chc ,r4 ,s*5ki1 #chb ,rhodea1 #bg1 #abi1 #aif1 #bea ,r4 moravica1 #cfd ,r4 pat5tissima1 #cfd ,rhytidod5dron1 #bea ,r4 m9utifolium1 #bea ,rhytidolepis1 #aih1 #bjc1 #bbb1 #bcg ,ri*t]1 ,p4 ,b41 #cij1 #cib1 #cic ,rodway1 ,j41 #ic ,roehl1 von1 #ega ,roem]1 ,f41 #ega ,rotul>ia cuneifolia1 #a ,royle1 ,j4 ,f41 #eja ,rudolph1 ,k41 #dad1 #dag1 #dah ,ruf=dia1 #cej ,r4 ,goepp]ti1 #cdi1 #cej ,saccoloma1 #dbj ,s4 adiantoides1 #dbd ,sadl]ia1 #cdd ,salfeld1 ,h41 #ede1 #edf ,sag5>ia ,bis*(i1 #fi ,s4 ,vel!imiana1 #aga ,sag5opt]is1 #dca1 #dgg-dhc ,s4 angu/ifolia1 #dgh1 #dhb ,s4 bilobata1 #dha ,s4 cuneata1 #dha ,s4 gr&ifolia1 #dhb ,s4 longifolia1 #dhb ,s4 ,mantelli1 #dca1 #dhb ,s4 ,na?or/i1 #dhb ,s4 ,nilssoniana1 #dgh ,s4 ,phillipsi1 #dca1 #dgh-dhb ,s4 ,phillipsi1 f4 pusilla1 #dhb ,s4 rhoifolia1 #dgi-dhb ,salv9ia1 #dge ,s4 ,all5i1 #be ,s4 auriculata1 #dgf ,s4 elliptica1 #dge ,s4 =mosa1 #dgf ,s4 natans1 #dge ,s4 reticulata1 #be ,s4 ,zeill]i1 #dgf ,salv9iaceae1 #dge-dgg ,sam>opsis1 #eag ,saporta1 le ,m>quis de1 #ff-fh1 #cea1 #cfj1 #chj1 #ede1 #edf1 #edh1 #eeb ,s*5k1 ,a41 #cda1 #ceb1 #cef1 #ceh1 #cfa1 #cfc1 #dgd1 #dhb1 #dib1 #edd1 #ede1 #edi ,s*eu*z]1 ,j4 ,t41 #egj1 #egd ,s*imp]1 ,w4 ,p41 #be1 #aij1 #beg1 #cfd1 #cgf1 #dgg1 #dhf1 #dif1 #ebc1 #edd1 #edf1 #efj1 #egi ,s*imp]1 ,w4 ,p4 & ,a4 ,m\geot1 #ij1 #eai ,s*izaea1 #cab ,s4 di*otoma1 #cjg ,s4 elegans1 #bhg1 #cjg ,s4 pusilla1 #bhg ,s*izaeaceae1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cdf-cea ,s*izoneura1 #ebc ,s*izopt]is1 #ebe ,s4 adnasc5s1 #djd ,s4 p9nata1 #dde1 #dfd ,s4 lactuca1 #ebf ,s*izo/a*ys frondosus1 #dfd ,s*lo!im1 ,e4 ,f4 von1 #dac1 #efj1 #egd1 #egg ,s*malhaus51 ,j41 #beg1 #efc ,s*u/]1 ,j41 #eei ,s*w>z1 ,e4 ,h4 ,l41 #bei ,scl]opt]is1 #eeb1 #egh ,s4 ,pomelii1 #eeb ,scolecopt]is1 #dja1 #djb1 #dbf ,s4 elegans1 #djj1 #dja ,s4 polymorpha1 #dja ,scolop5drium nigripes1 #cjj1 #eac ,s4 vulg>e1 #eac ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 ,see note1 p4 #fji ,scott1 ,mrs ,d4 ,h41 #aib1 #dfi ,selag9ella1 #ag1 #cj-cc1 #ci1 #di-eh1 #gd-gg1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #ahd1 #bae1 #bag1 #bfc1 #bgd-bgh ,s4 apus1 #eg ,s4 arabica1 #hj ,s4 ,b]?\di1 #hd ,s4 caulesc5s1 #he ,s4 ery?ropus1 #ec ,s4 gr&is1 #ej-ec1 #ge1 #hd ,s4 inaequalifolia1 #ed ,s4 laevigata1 #ed ,s4 lepidophylla1 #cc ,s4 ,m>t5sii1 #ea1 #ec ,s4 revoluta1 #hj ,s4 rupe/ris1 #eb1 #ef1 #eg ,s4 sp9osa1 #ca1 #cc1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #bgh1 #ddj ,s4 sp9ulosa1 #bc ,s4 ,willd5[ii1 #eb1 #ec ,selag9ellaceae1 #cb1 #cc ,selag9ellites1 #gd-gg1 #he-hh ,s4 elongatus1 #hj1 #hg1 #hh ,s4 primaevus1 #hj1 #hf-hh ,s4 suissei1 #gi1 #he-hh ,sell>ds1 ,e4 ,h41 #dhf1 #dhh1 #ech ,s5ft5b]gia1 #cdg1 #djd ,s4 elegans1 #cdf1 #cfd ,s4 plumosa1 #djd ,%attock1 ,s4 ,g41 #aca ,sigill>ia1 #ci1 #dc1 #dd1 #ee1 #fa1 #ff1 #fi-ge1 #ib1 #ih1 #ii1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaj1 #abh1 #adj1 #agj1 #aif-bbf1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bch-bdj1 #bdh1 #bff-bfi1 #dba ,s4 ,br>di1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aih1 #bjj-bjc1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bab1 #bac1 #bai1 #bbd-bbf1 #bda1 #bfa1 #bfe-bfg ,s4 d5udata1 #bjc ,s4 discophora1 #aci1 #bji1 #bdi ,s4 elegans1 #afj1 #aig1 #bag-bbd ,s4 elongata1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbd ,s4 ,eug5ii1 #aih ,s4 laevigata1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjb ,s4 lepidod5drifolia1 #bjj ,s4 ,mc,murtriei1 #aii ,s4 mammill>is1 #aih1 #aii ,s4 ,m5>di1 #bbd ,s4 m9utifolia1 #bea ,s4 mutans1 #bbd ,s4 ocul9a1 #fi-gc ,s4 pa*yd]ma1 #aih ,s4 rimosa1 #bdh ,s4 rhomboidea1 #bjc ,s4 rugosa1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjj ,s4 scutellata1 #aif1 #aih1 #bab1 #bba1 #bbb ,s4 sp9ulosa1 #bja1 #bab1 #bai1 #bbd ,s4 ,/]nb]gii1 #fi ,s4 ,taylori1 #bji ,s4 tessellata1 #aig ,s4 vascul>is1 #aaj ,s4 ,vanuxemi1 #gh ,s4 xyl9a1 #bba ,sigill>iophyllum1 #bjj ,sigill>iopsis1 #bac1 #bad ,s4 ,decaisnei1 #bac ,s4 sulcata1 #bad ,sigill>io/robus1 #bjj1 #bae-bag ,s4 bifidus1 #bf ,s4 ciliatus1 #baf ,s4 major1 #bag1 #bbf ,s4 nobilis1 #bae ,s4 rhombibracteatus1 #baf ,s4 ,teighemi1 #bae1 #baf ,simplices1 #bhd1 #bih ,smi?1 ,g4 ,o4 & ,d4 ,:ite1 #bh1 #efc ,sol5ites ,murrayana1 #fg ,sollas1 ,ig]na ,b4 ,j41 #hb1 #hc ,solms-,lauba*1 ,h4 ,graf zu4 ,see note1 p4 #fji ,speiroc>pus1 #dji ,s4 t5uifolius1 #ccb ,s4 virg9i5sis1 #ccb ,sp5c]ites1 #dg1 #di1 #aib-aie1 #bfc ,s4 insignis1 #aib-aie ,s4 membranaceus1 #aie ,sph5olepidium1 #ci ,sph5ophyllales1 #a-af ,sph5ophyllo/a*ys1 #g1 #i ,s4 ,dawsoni1 #a1 #b1 #f1 #ad ,s4 f]tilis1 #d1 #e1 #ab ,s4 ,roem]i1 #a-c1 #ad ,sph5ophyllum1 #a-g1 #aj-ag1 #ba1 #dcj ,s4 cuneifolium1 #b ,s4 f]tile1 #d ,s4 majus1 #b1 #c1 #ad ,s4 myriophyllum1 #b ,s4 plurifoliatum1 #b1 #d ,s4 tri*omatosum1 #c1 #d ,sph5opt]is1 #ebi-egh ,s4 aff9is1 #ecj-ecb ,s4 arguta1 #cfg1 #cfh ,s4 caudata1 #djd ,s4 condrusorum1 #ecg ,s4 coralloides1 #dgj ,s4 cri/ata1 #djb1 #cff ,s4 dissecta1 #ecb ,s4 elegans1 #ecb ,s4 furcata1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ece ,s4 ,ho5+hausi1 #ecb ,s4 hym5ophylloides1 #cfg1 #cfh ,s4 ,l9kii1 #ecb ,s4 ,mantelli1 #cgh ,s4 ,ma!ti1 #ebf ,s4 nephroc>pa1 #cfg ,s4 obtusiloba1 #ebi1 #ecj ,s4 petiolata1 #ddf ,s4 qu9queloba1 #cgj ,s4 ,rallii1 #cbe1 #djb ,s4 /ipata1 #cfg ,spiek]1 ,t41 #fi ,spiropt]is1 #egi ,spirorbis1 #ajb-ajd ,spr5gel1 ,a41 #dab ,/ang]ia p>adoxa1 #cjg ,/aphylopt]is ,pea*ii1 #eca ,/auropt]is1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #dfe-dfi ,s4 burntisl&ica1 #dfh1 #dfi ,s4 oldhamia1 #ddd1 #dej1 #dfe-dfh ,/eff5sia silesiaca1 #djd ,/e9hau]1 ,h41 #abf-abh1 #bbh1 #bbi ,/5zel1 ,c4 ,g41 #cge1 #dag1 #dah1 #dce1 #dej-dec ,/]nb]g1 ,c4 von1 #aje1 #aaj1 #abd1 #abf1 #aih1 #dac1 #egc ,/]zel1 ,j4 ,t41 #cff1 #djb1 #dab1 #dac ,/iehl]1 ,a4 ,w41 #did ,/igm>ia1 #ff1 #ada1 #aec1 #aeh1 #bbf-bdg1 #bef1 #bfa1 #bfe ,s4 anaba?ra1 #bca ,s4 ficoides1 #aeh1 #aei1 #agd1 #bbf-bcb1 #bcf-bci1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bef1 #bfa ,s4 ficoides m9uta1 #bee ,s4 flexuosa1 #bci ,s4 inaequalis1 #agd ,s4 radiculosa1 #aeg-afj ,s4 rimosa1 #bbf ,s4 /ellata1 #bdg ,/igm>iopsis1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bcc-bci ,s4 anglica1 #bce ,/okes & ,webb1 #did ,/opes1 ,m>ie ,c41 #dcf ,/rasburg]1 ,e41 #cih ,/romatopt]is1 #bia ,/ur1 ,d4 ,see note1 p4 #fji ,/uriella1 #cbd ,sub-,sigill>iae1 #bjc ,sudwor?1 ,g4 ,b41 #acd ,sykes1 ,m4 ,gladys1 #bc1 #dg ,syr+od5dron1 #aih1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bch ,s4 esno/5se1 #bjd ,s4 /riatum1 #aih ,szajno*a1 ,l41 #edj ,ta5iopt]is1 #dhe-did1 #ejh1 #eji ,t4 ,beyri*ii1 #did ,t4 ,c>noti1 #dhe1 #dhh1 #dij ,t4 ,c>ru!rsi1 #dia ,t4 coriacea1 #dhh1 #dij ,t4 ,da9treei1 #dij1 #dia ,t4 gigantea1 #dhi ,t4 imm]sa1 #dib ,t4 jejunata1 #dhe1 #dhh ,t4 ,j\rdyi1 #dhi ,t4 lata1 #dhi ,t4 ,lescuriana1 #dhg ,t4 major1 #did ,t4 m>antacea1 #djg1 #djh ,t4 m>eyiaca1 #dia ,t4 miss\ri5sis1 #dhe ,t4 mult9]vis1 #dhf-dhh ,t4 ,newb]riana1 #dhh ,t4 spatulata1 #dhi1 #dij ,t4 sup]ba1 #dhi ,t4 t5u9]vis1 #dhi1 #dib ,t4 virgulata1 #dib ,t4 vittata1 #dhe1 #dhi1 #dib-did ,tafalla graveol5s1 #dj1 #ge ,tansley1 ,a4 ,g41 #af1 #bhj1 #caj1 #ddj1 #ddf ,telangium1 #ecb ,t4 ,scotti1 #ecb ,t]atophyllum aculeatum1 #cja1 #dje ,?amnocladus1 #bg ,?amnopt]is1 #cbf1 #cbi-cca1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cch ,t4 ,s*le*t5dalii1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ddh1 #dec ,?aumatopt]is1 #che ,t4 ,brauniana1 #che ,t4 ,mu5/]i1 #chf ,t4 ,s*5ki1 #che ,!obroma1 #bji ,?9nfeldia1 #ecg-eeb1 #eef ,t4 falcata1 #edj ,t4 ,fonta9ei1 #edc ,t4 lancifolia1 #eci ,t4 odontopt]oides1 #ech1 #eda-edc1 #edf ,t4 rhomboidalis1 #edb-ede ,t4 t5u9]vis1 #edj ,t4 v>iabilis1 #dhb1 #edc ,?oday1 ,d41 #f ,?omas1 ,a4 ,p4 ,w41 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #bc ,?omas1 ,e!l ,n41 #bci ,?ompson1 ,d',arcy ,w41 #aca1 #bji ,?yrsopt]is1 #bie1 #bif1 #cfi ,t4 elegans1 #bhi1 #bid1 #cjh1 #cfh ,t4 elongata1 #cgh ,t4 ,murrayana1 #cfg ,t4 r>9]vis1 #cfi ,t4 s*i/orum1 #cff ,tmesipt]is1 #d1 #ab-be ,t4 tann5sis1 #ag ,todea1 #bfg1 #ccg1 #cda1 #dfh ,t4 au/ralis1 #cdf ,t4 b>b>a1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bii1 #cad1 #ccc1 #cci ,t4 hym5ophylloides1 #cbe ,t4 ,lipoldi1 #cbi ,t4 sup]ba1 #ccc ,t4 ,wilkesiana1 #bhf ,todeopsis primaeva1 #cbd1 #cdj ,todites1 #cci-cdc1 #eej ,t4 ,roess]ti1 #cdf ,t4 ,williamsoni1 #ccb1 #cci-cdc1 #ceb ,tra*eo!ca1 #dcg1 #ddc ,trauts*old1 ,h4 & ,j4 ,au]ba*1 #bfj ,treub1 ,m41 #cjg1 #cjh ,tri*omanes1 #bic1 #bid1 #cjc1 #cfe1 #deb ,t4 ,goebelianum1 #cjj ,t4 radicans1 #bid1 #cae1 #dgj ,t4 r5i=me1 #cjj1 #caj1 #caa1 #cae1 #ddj1 #ega ,t4 sc&5s1 #caa ,trigonoc>pon1 #egd ,triletes1 #aib1 #bae ,triplosporites1 #aij ,tubicaulis1 #dcd-dcf1 #ddc1 #dga ,t4 prim>ius1 #ddc ,t4 sol5ites1 #dce ,t4 ,sutcliffi1 #dcf ,tylophora radiculosa1 #aeg ,tympanophora racemosa1 #cfg ,t4 simplex1 #cfg ,ulod5dron1 #ie1 #abh-ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #ahe1 #bji1 #baj1 #bea1 #bed1 #bee ,u4 m9us1 #bji ,ung]1 ,f41 #ahj1 #dab1 #ddf1 #ddi ,urnatopt]is1 #cif1 #djg ,urophlyctites /igm>iae1 #bdg ,v>iol>ia ficoides1 #bca ,vel5ovsk1 ,j41 #cfi1 #cgb1 #dhb1 #edc ,v]onica1 #ge ,v]tebr>ia1 #dig1 #eja-eje ,v4 indica1 #ejb1 #ejc ,vitt>ia1 #cjf ,volkmann1 ,g4 ,a41 #abd1 #bca ,wal*ia1 #be ,wanklyn1 ,a41 #cee ,w>d1 ,l4 ,f41 #bgh1 #cfi ,watson1 ,d4 ,m4 ,s41 #aca1 #aef1 #afa1 #aie1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bgh1 #cig ,web]1 ,o4 & ,j4 ,t4 ,/]zel1 #eeh ,wei*selia1 #did-dif1 #egf ,w4 erratica1 #die ,w4 ,mantelli1 #did-dif ,w4 reticulata1 #did ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e41 #gc1 #ajg1 #bjc1 #bec1 #beg1 #bfd1 #cbd1 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dhf1 #eee-efj ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e41 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ach1 #aci1 #aea1 #aed1 #aeg1 #ahb1 #bdj-bdb1 #bde-bdg1 #bfa1 #dfa ,welwits*ia1 #bgh ,:ite1 ,d41 #bg1 #bi1 #bja1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #cdf1 #cgg1 #dfd1 #dhe1 #dih1 #eac1 #eaf1 #efj ,wickes1 ,w4 ,h41 #hb ,widdr+tonites1 #ci ,wild1 ,g4 & ,j4 ,lomax1 #bga ,williamson1 ,w4 ,c4 ,see note1 p4 #fji ,williamson1 ,w4 ,c4 & ,d4 ,h4 ,scott1 #f ,)am1 ,h41 #afj ,woodw>dia1 #cei ,woodw>dites1 #cgg ,wns*1 ,e4 ,a41 #afc ,x5ophyton radiculosum1 #aeh ,x5opt]is1 #eee ,yabe1 ,h41 #cgg1 #dha ,yokoyama1 ,m41 #cdi1 #cgg ,"y1 ,g4 & ,j4 ,bird1 #hc ,zalessky1 ,m41 #ega ,zalesskya1 #cbf-ccj1 #ccb1 #ccg1 #cch1 #dfa ,z4 diploxylon1 #cbf-cca ,z4 gracilis1 #cbf-cca ,zeill]1 ,r4 ,see note1 p4 #fji ,zeill]ia1 #djg ,z4 avold5sis1 #djg ,z4 delicatula1 #djg ,z5k]1 ,j4 ,c41 #dja ,zigno1 ,a4 de1 #cec1 #cij1 #daj1 #dgh1 #dhb1 #edf-eej ,zygopt]eae1 #ddc-dfe ,zygopt]is1 #dah1 #ddi ,z4 bibract5sis1 #dec1 #dee ,z4 ,brongni>ti1 #dej ,z4 ,lacattii1 #dfc ,z4 pettycur5sis1 #ddg ,z4 prim>ia1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #ddf1 #dea ,z4 ,roem]i1 #ddg1 #ddh ,z4 sc&5s1 #dej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,footnotes3 #a ,! full titles ( books & pap]s ref]r$ to 9 footnotes di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( ,a aft] ! date are giv5 9 ! ,bibliography at ! end ( ,volume ,i4 #b ,*ap4 ,,xi4 #c ibid4 p4 #dje4 #d ,/]nb]g 7#bc7 ,a4 p4 #cc1 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 figs4 #d a1 #d b4 #e ,scott 7#je7 p4 #cd4 #f ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxii4 figs4 #b--d4 #g ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cig4 #h ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #abh1 fig4 #be2 7#jb7 p4 #cfa1 fig4 #ac4 #i ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #djd1 fig4 #bba4 #aj ,kid/on 7#ia7 p4 #ei1 ,pl4 ,i42 7#ja7 p4 #abc1 fig4 #bb4 #aa ,scott 7#je74 #ab ,see also ,br[ne1 ,lady ,isabel 7#ji7 p4 #d4 #ac ,williamson & ,scott 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #iaa4 #ad ,?oday 7#jf74 #ae ,scott 7#ig7 ,a42 see also ,scott 7#jj7 p4 #ajf4 #af ,! t]m metaxylem may be conv5i5tly appli$ to ! prim>y xylem o!r ?an protoxylem2 ! latt] is usually b by no means inv>iably *>act]is$ by spiral ?ick5+ b&s4 #ag ,scott 7#je7 p4 #ba 7footnote74 #ah ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ced1 fig4 #ie1 ,c4 #ai ,williamson 7#gb7 ,pl4 ,,xliv4 p4 #big1 figs4 #bi1 #cj4 #bj #8,ex>*' d5otes t ! protoxylem is on ! outside ( ! prim>y xylem2 #8end>*' t x is on ! inn] edge or 9 a c5tral position2 #8mes>*' t x is int]nal1 ei!r ne> ! inn] or ! out] edge ( ! metaxylem4 #ba ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #bd4 #bb ,he] 7#ga7 p4 #cb1 ,pls4 ,i--,,vi4 #bc ,scott 7#jg7 p4 #aee4 #bd ,?omas1 ,a4 ,p4 ,w4 7#jb7 p4 #cej4 #be ,b[] 7#jd7 p4 #bbg2 7#jh7 p4 #dbd4 #bf ,see p4 #ai4 #bg ,scott 7#jj7 p4 #dii4 #bh ,b[] 7#id7 p4 #ede4 #bi ,?omas 7#jb74 ,see also ,sykes 7#jh74 #cj ,sykes 7#jh74 #ca ,boodle 7#jd72 see po/ea p4 #ba4 #cb ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #dbf4 #cc ,ligni] 7#jc72 7#jh74 #cd ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #bf1 :o ref]s to simil> views held by ,potoni & by ,halli]4 #ce ,on ! morphology ( ,sporangiophores1 see also ,b5son 7#jh7 & ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#ji7 p4 #fbc4 #cf ,scott 7#jj74 #cg ,?omas 7#jb74 #ch ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #cih4 #ci ,dange>d 7#ia7 & ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#ha7 recognise o!r species ( ,tmesipt]is1 b x is d\btful h[ f> su* diff]5ces z exi/ are wor?y ( specific recognition4 #dj ,bak] 7#hg7 ,a4 p4 #cj4 #da ,?omas 7#jb7 p4 #cdi4 #db ,ano!r =m ( abnormality 9 ! sporophylls ( ,psilotum has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,miss ,sykes4 ,sykes 7#jh74 #dc ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#ha72 ,=d 7#jd74 #dd ,boodle 7#jd74 #de ,see p4 #aej4 #df ,b]tr& 7#ha72 ,j5n+s & ,hall 7#ia74 #dg ,sykes 7#jh74 #dh ibid4 7#jh74 #di ,ligni] 7#jh74 #ej ,b[] 7#id72 7#jh74 #ea ,b]tr& 7#ha7 p4 #bed4 #eb ,mn/] 7#db7 p4 #ajh1 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 fig4 #aa2 ,pl4 ,,xv4 fig4 #bj4 #ec ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #ge4 #ed ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 p4 #ac1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig #g4 #ee ,kid/on 7#hf74 #ef ,hollick 7#id7 p4 #bee1 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 #eg ,lesqu]eux 7#gh7 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #aa4 #eh ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ,i h _h an opportunity ( see+ a leaf labell$ ,tmesipt]is f ! ,t]ti>y plant-b$s ( ,florissant 9 a collection rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum3 ! specim5 be>s no resemblance to a leaf ( ! rec5t g5us4 #ei ,m>ion 7#ij74 #fj ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #aig1 ,pls4 ,,xxvii41 ,,xxviii41 ,,xxxiii4 #fa ,potoni 7#ia72 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #aig4 #fb ,ge9itz 7#gc7 p4 #gjj1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 figs4 #e-g4 #fc ,sew>d & ,g[an 7#jj7 p4 #acg2 ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jf7 p4 #cgd4 #fd ,dawson 7#ei7 ,a4 p4 #dgh1 fig4 #a4 #fe ibid4 7#ga7 ,a4 p4 #ch4 #ff ,solms-,lauba* 7#ie7 ,a4 #fg ,dawson 7#ga7 ,a4 ,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 figs4 #aca1 #acd1 etc4 #fh ,c>ru!rs 7#gc74 #fi ,goepp]t 7#eb7 ,a4 #gj ,c>ru!rs 7#gc74 #ga ,:ite 7#jb74 #gb ,crp9 7#ge74 #gc ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #cc4 #gd ,c>ru!rs 7#gc74 #ge ,gilk9et 7#ge7 figs4 #b-e4 #gf ,p5hall[ 7#ib7 p4 #h4 #gg ,smi? & ,:ite 7#je7 p4 #eh1 ,pls4 ,v4 ,,vi4 #gh ,kid/on 7#hf7 p4 #bcb4 #gi ,/ur 7#ha7 ,pls4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 #hj ,jahn 7#jc7 p4 #gg4 #ha ,smi? & ,:ite 7#je7 p4 #fc4 #hb ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #ae1 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #ah-ce4 #hc ,= a g5]al acc\nt ( rec5t ,lycopodiales see ,pritzel 7#jb72 ,campbell 7#je72 ,b[] 7#jh74 #hd ,bru*mann 7#ig74 #he ,treub 7#hd-ij72 see also ,lang 7#ii7 & ,bru*mann 7#ih74 #hf ,see ,bak] 7#hg7 ,a4 #hg ,! ,rose ( ,j]i*o is ,ana/atica ,hi]o*unt9a ,l4 a ,crucif]\s plant4 #hh ,bak] 7#hg7 ,a4 p4 #cd4 #hi ,v9es 7#hh74 #ij ,scott & ,hill 7#jj74 #ia ,= ,phylloglossum1 see ,b]tr& 7#hb72 ,b[] 7#id71 7#jh72 ,campbell 7#je74 #ib ,treub 7#hd-ij72 ,bru*mann 7#ih72 ,lang 7#ii74 #ic ,sykes 7#jh74 #id ,bomm] 7#jc7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 figs4 #adj1 #ada4 #ie ,hook] 7#dh7 p4 #dbc1 figs4 #ab-ad4 #if ,jones 7#je74 #ig ,boodle 7#ja7 ,pl4 ,,xix4 #ih ,?is species is figur$ "u ! "n ,lycopodium crassum by ,hook] & ,greville 7#ca7 ,pl4 #bbd4 ,see also ,brongni>t 7#cg7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #a4 #ii ,hegelmai] 7#gb74 ,see also ,hill1 ,t4,g4 7#jf7 p4 #bfi2 ?is au?or draws att5tion to ! fact t 9 "s species ( ,lycopodium ! mucilage canals are conf9$ to ! sporophylls4 #ajj ,pr(essor ,yapp has drawn my att5tion to ! v close anatomical resemblance betwe5 a specim5 ( ,lycopodium salak5se obta9$ by him f ,gunong ,inas 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula & ,l4 c]nuum z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #abe1 ,h & ,i4 #aja ,jones 7#je74 #ajb ,/rasburg] 7#gc7 p4 #aji2 ,brongni>t 7#cg7 ,pl4 #h2 7#ci7 ,a4 ,pl4 #cb3 ,brongni>t figures /ems ( ,l4 ,phlegm>ia & o!r species %[+ roots 9 ! cortex4 ,see also ,gold5b]g 7#ee72 ,bru*mann 7#gd72 ,saxelby 7#jh74 #ajc ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 a comp>ative acc\nt ( ! sporophylls ( ,lycopodium has be5 publi%$ by ,miss ,sykes4 ,sykes 7#jh74 #ajd ,b[] 7#id7 p4 #ead2 7#jh74 #aje ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jf74 #ajf ,goebel 7#je7 p4 #egi4 #ajg ,b[] 7#id74 #ajh ibid4 7#id7 ,pl4 ,,xlviii4 #aji ,kid/on 7#hc7 ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 figs4 #b-d4 #aaj ,lang 7#jh74 #aaa ,see page #aib1 & ,watson 7#ji74 #aab ,lang 7#jh7 p4 #ceg4 #aac ,bru*mann 7#ig74 #aad ,g>d4 ,*ron4 7#hb74 #aae ,h>vey-,gibson 7#jb74 #aaf ibid4 7#id7 7#ig7 7#jb74 #aag ,b[] 7#ic74 #aah ,h>vey-,gibson 7#id7 p4 #aeb4 #aai ibid4 7#id7 p4 #aid2 ,scott 7#if7 p4 #i4 #abj ,bru*mann 7#ig74 #aba ,! t]m sol5o/ele1 fir/ us$ by ,van ,tieghem & reviv$ by ,gwynne-,vaughan1 may be appli$ to a /em 9 :i* ! vascul> tissue has ! =m ( a holl[ cyl9d] ) phloem & endod]mis on ea* side ( ! xylem4 ,z ea* leaf-trace is giv5 (f ! cont9uity ( ! vascul> tube is int]rupt$4 ,see ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#ja7 p4 #gc4 #abb ,h>vey-,gibson 7#id7 ,pl4 ,,xii1 fig4 #ic4 #abc ,h>vey-,gibson 7#jb74 #abd ibid4 7#ig74 #abe ibid4 7#if74 #abf ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #cae4 #abg ,hi]onymus 7#jb74 #abh ,goebel 7#je7 p4 #eha4 #abi ,lyon 7#ja7 p4 #ace4 #acj ,see p4 #bga4 #aca ,campbell 7#je7 p4 #ebb4 #acb ,motelay & ,v5drys 7#hb74 #acc ,campbell 7#je7 p4 #efa4 #acd ,scott & ,hill 7#jj74 #ace ,motelay & ,v5drys 7#hb7 ,pls4 ,,xvi1 ,,xvii4 #acf ,braun 7#fc74 #acg ,hill1 ,t4 ,g4 7#jd7 7#jf74 #ach ,= figures1 see ,motelay & ,v5drys 7#hb72 ,b5nie & ,kid/on 7#hh7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 #aci ,solms-,lauba* 7#jb74 #adj ,see ,von ,mohl 7#dj72 ,f>m] 7#ij74 #ada ,von ,mohl 7#dj74 #adb ,h(mei/] 7#fb74 #adc ,f>m] 7#ij72 ,scott & ,hill 7#jj74 #add ,miss ,/okey 7#ji71 9 a pap] :i* appe>$ s9ce ?is acc\nt 0 writt51 criticises ! conclusions ( ,scott & ,hill 7#jj74 #ade ,von ,mohl 7#dj74 #adf ,saporta 7#id7 p4 #acd1 ,pls4 ,,xxiv4 ,,xxv4 ,,xxvii4 #adg ,mn/] 7#db7 p4 #ajg1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #d4 #adh ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a ,pl ,x4 fig4 #ab4 #adi ,l9dley & ,hutton ,a 7#cd7 ,pl4 ,,cxxi4 #aej ,na?or/ 7#jf72 ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #bgh4 #aea ,saporta 7#hh7 p4 #bh1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 pp4 #af-bj4 #aeb ,he] 7#gf7 ,a4 #aec ,corda1 9 ,g]m> 7#eb74 #aed ,mn/] 7#db7 ,a4 #aee ,solms-,lauba* 7#ii74 #aef ,g]m> 7#eb74 #aeg ,bis*( 7#ec74 #aeh ,potoni 7#ja7 p4 #ged2 7#jd7 ,lief ii4 #aei ,goepp]t1 9 ,rm] 7#ed7 ,pl4 ,,xv4 fig4 #g4 #afj ,spiek] 7#ec74 #afa ,potoni 7loc4 cit474 #afb ,b>b] 7#hi7 ,pls4 ,v4 ,,vi4 #afc ,fitt+ 7#jg74 #afd ,potoni 7#jd7 ,lief ii4 #afe ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#hf74 #aff ,fli*e 7#jc74 #afg ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cjj4 #afh ,halle 7#jg7 p4 #a4 #afi ,fei/mantel 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #ahc1 ,pl4 ,,xxx4 pp4 #a & #b4 #agj ,g]m> 7#di7 ,pl4 ,,xxvi2 ,ge9itz 7#ee7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,i4 pp4 #e1 #f4 #aga ,bomm] 7#jc7 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 ,,ix1 figs4 #ach-ada4 #agb ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #acg4 #agc ,zeill] 7#jf7 p4 #adj4 #agd ,halle 7#jg74 #age ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 p4 #cjd1 ,pl4 ,,vi1 fig4 #a4 #agf ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #hc4 #agg ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #dj4 #agh ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 p4 #i4 #agi ,lesqu]eux 7#hd7 ,a4 p4 #ggg4 #ahj ,kid/on 7#hf7 p4 #efa4 #aha ,halle 7#jg74 #ahb ,r5ault 7#fi7 p4 #agh1 ,pls4 ,,xii-,,xiv4 #ahc ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bdi4 #ahd ,kid/on 7#hf74 #ahe ,goepp]t 7#eb7 ,a4 #ahf ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #ch4 #ahg ,kid/on 7#hd7 ,pl4 ,v2 7#ja7 p4 #cg4 #ahh ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #bih1 fig4 #adg4 #ahi ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ahf4 #aij ,p5hall[ 7#ib7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #b1 p4 #h4 #aia ,goepp]t 7#eb7 p4 #ddj4 #aib ,kid/on 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #bed4 #aic ,ge9itz 7#ee7 ,a4 p4 #cb1 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #a4 #aid ,page #hh4 #aie ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #cf1 fig4 #b1 ,b4 #aif ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #cg1 fig4 #b1 ,a4 #aig ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #e4 #aih ,halle 7#jg7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #e4 #aii ,page #hi4 #bjj ,halle 7#jg74 #bja ,brodie 7#de7 p4 #ic4 #bjb ,buckman 9 ,mur*ison 7#de7 p4 #f4 #bjc ,buckman 7#ej7 p4 #dae1 fig4 #b4 #bjd ,buckman 7#ej7 p4 #dae1 fig4 #d4 #bje ,wickes 7#jj7 p4 #dbb4 #bjf ,sollas 7#ja74 #bjg ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #ad1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 figs4 #b1 #c4 #bjh ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bdj4 #bji ,sollas 7#ja7 p4 #caa4 #baj ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #ad4 #baa ,halle 7#jg7 p4 #ad1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 figs4 #f-ab4 #bab ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ca7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxi4 #bac ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 p4 #ch4 #bad ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #i4 #bae ,"y & ,bird 7#bb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #g4 #baf ,no4 #cicad1 ,brit4 ,mus4 #bag ,mll] 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #ba4 #bah ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #afa1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 figs4 #b-d4 ,! draw+ is reproduc$ twice natural size4 #bai ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,pls4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,xxxv4 #bbj ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 p4 #hg4 #bba ,he] 7#gf7 ,pl4 ,,xv4 figs4 #a-h4 #bbb ,na?or/ 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #c4 ,saporta 7#id7 ,pls4 ,,xxiii4-,,xxvi4 ,kn[lton 7#ih7 p4 #acf4 #bbc ,lesqu]eux 7#gh7 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #ab4 ,see also ,kn[lton loc4 cit4 #bbd ,zeill] 7#jf7 p4 #ada1 ,pls4 ,,xxxix4 ,,xli4 #bbe ,zeill] 7#jj7 p4 #ajgg4 #bbf ,b5nie & ,kid/on 7#hh7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #bb4 #bbg ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #c4 #bbh ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lvii4 fig4 #b4 #bbi ,halle 7#jg74 #bcj ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #b4 #bca ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #aj4 #bcb ,na?or/ 7#jh74 #bcc ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #e1 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #a4 #bcd ,fli*e 7#jc74 #bce ,fli*e 7#ji74 #bcf ,scott 7#ja74 #bcg ,rodway 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aec4 #bch ,a good example ( an old ,lepidod5dron /em 7,l4 aculeatum7 is figur$ by ,zalessky 7#jd7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #c4 #bci ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jf7 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 fig4 ,c4 #bdj ,see ,fis*] 7#jd74 #bda ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#ia7 p4 #hd3 d]iv$ f 1 by ! side (1 & 1 trace or foot-pr9t4 #bdb ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,xxxiv4 p4 #agh4 ,= a good section ( ano!r ,lepidod5dron leaf1 see ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #afj1 figs4 #fd1 #fe4 #bdc ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jg74 #bdd ,= a full] acc\nt ( ! p>i*nos1 see ,hill1 ,t4 ,g4 7#jf7 & o!r pap]s quot$ by ,f4 ,e4 ,weiss 7#jg74 #bde ,b>rois 7#jd74 ,see also ,e!ridge 7#hj72 ,geikie 7#jc7 p4 #ajdi4 #bdf ,b9ney 7#dh74 #bdg ,d>w9 7#jc7 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bag1 #bbj4 #bdh ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 figs4 #b1 #d4 #bdi ,williamson 7#ic7 p4 #aj4 #bej ,potoni 7#je7 ,lief1 iii41 p4 #da4 #bea ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 ,heft ,,ii4 p4 #bgg4 #beb ,potoni 7#je7 fig4 #d4 #bec ,sew>d & ,leslie 7#jh7 ,pl4 ,x4 figs4 #a & #b4 #bed ,/]nb]g 7#bf7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 figs4 #b-d2 7#jb7 p4 #bc4 #bee ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,i4-,,iv4 #bef ,zeill] 7#ib7 ,a4 #beg ,kid/on 7#ic7 p4 #efa1 ,pls4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #beh ,sew>d 7#ij74 #bei ,williamson 7#ic7 ,pl4 ,,iv4 figs4 #cj-cb4 #bfj ,b9ney 7#fb74 #bfa ,b9ney 7#fe72 see also ,b9ney 7#gb74 #bfb ,williamson 7#gb74 #bfc ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 & ,lomax 7#je74 #bfd ,b9ney 7#fb74 #bfe ,c>ru!rs 7#fi7 p4 #agi4 #bff ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #aea4 #bfg ,sew>d 7#jf7 p4 #cgb4 #bfh ,hovelacque 7#ib74 #bfi ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #f2 ,sew>d & ,hill 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #bf4 ,see p4 #iaj ( ! latt] pap] = o!r ref]5ces4 #bgj ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jh74 #bga ,jeffrey 7#ih74 ,see also ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #cg4 #bgb ,sew>d 7#ii7 p4 #add4 #bgc ,/e9b]g 7#bf7 ,a4 #bgd ,goepp]t 7#eb7 ,a4 p4 #aif4 ,see also ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #ej4 #bge ibid4 7#eb7 ,a4 p4 #dd4 ,pls4 ,,xxx4 ,,xxxi4 ,lief4 i & ii4 #bgf ,balf\r 7#gb7 ,a4 #bgg ,good examples are giv5 by ,s*malhaus5 7#gg7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #bgh ,/e9hau] 7#ah7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #e4 #bgi ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #db4 #bhj ,gold5b]g 7#ee74 #bha ,c>ru!rs 7#gc7 p4 #f4 #bhb ,fei/mantel 7#ge7 ,a4 #bhc ,potoni 7#je7 ,lief4 ,,iii4 #db-dd4 #bhd ,artis 7#be7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xvi4 ,,xxiii4 #bhe ,/e9b]g 7#ch7 ,a4 #bhf ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 ,heft ,,ii4 p4 #bbi4 #bhg ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ca7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,v4 & ,,vi4 #bhh ,kid/on 7#he74 ,9 ?is important pap] ,dr ,kid/on gives a full acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( our k ( ,ulod5dron4 #bhi ,/e9hau] 7#ah7 ,a4 p4 #bhf1 ,pl4 ,,vii4 fig4 #a4 #bij ,rhode 7#bj7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #bia ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ca7 ,a4 #bib ,hook] 7#dh71 p4 #dbg4 #bic ,ge9itz 7#ee7 ,a4 #bid ,c>ru!rs 7#gj74 #bie ,williamson 7#gb74 #bif ,?ompson1 ,d',arcy 7#hj74 #big ,kid/on 7#he74 #bih ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jf7 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 fig4 ,c4 #bii ,%attock 7#hh74 #cjj ,watson 7#jh74 #cja ,watson 7#jh7 p4 #aj4 #cjb ,r5i] 7#jh74 #cjc ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 ,heft ,,ii4 #cjd ,g>d5 & ,=e/1 vol4 v41 pp4 #afj-afb1 fig4 #bd 7,april #f1 #aijb74 #cje ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 #cjf ,kid/on 7#ic7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #f4 #cjg ibid4 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,liii4 fig4 #b4 #cjh ,williamson 7#hc7 ,a4 ,pl4 #cd4 #cji ,fei/mantel 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #aic1 ,pls4 ,,xxxiv4-,,xxxvii4 #caj ,fei/mantel loc4 cit4 ,pl4 ,,xlvii4 #caa ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #cab ,dawes 7#dh74 #cac ,b9ney 7#gb72 see also ,sew>d 7#ii74 #cad ,c>ru!rs 7#gc74 #cae ,williamson 7#gb74 #caf ibid4 7#ic74 #cag ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jc74 #cah ,kid/on 7#je74 #cai ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #age1 ,pls4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,xxxiv4 #cbj ,= description ( ! leaf-anatomy1 see pp4 #ih1 #ii4 #cba ,r5ault 7#gi7 p4 #bdi1 ,pl4 ,x4 #cbb ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 p4 #ah1 ,pl4 ,x4 figs4 #g-aa4 #cbc ,!y are reg>d$ z id5tical by ,fis*] 7#jd74 #cbd ,b9ney 7#gb7 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 fig4 #a4 #cbe ,sew>d 7#ii74 #cbf ,z ,miss ,/okey 7#ji7 po9ts out ! production ( p>5*yma int]nal to ! cambium ( ,l4 fulig9osum is a feature %>$ by ,isoetes4 ,see also ,scott & ,hill 7#jj71 p4 #dbd4 #cbg ,williamson 7#ha7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lii4 p4 #bhh4 7,w4 ,coll4 ,no4 #cgi47 #cbh ,b9ney 7#gb74 #cbi ,ca% & ,lomax 7#ij74 #ccj ,kid/on 7#ic7 p4 #edg4 #cca ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jc7 p4 #bah4 #ccb ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jf74 #ccc ,watson 7#jg7 p4 #ah4 #ccd ,sew>d 7#jf7 p4 #cgh4 #cce ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jb74 #ccf ,hick 7#ic74 #ccg ,hick 7#ic74 #cch ,see p4 #bdj4 #cci ,hick 7#ic7 ,pl4 ,,xvi4 fig4 #a4 #cdj ,)am 7#ca7 ,a4 #cda ,)am 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 #cdb ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pls4 #ih1 #ii4 #cdc ,brongni>t 7#ci7 ,a4 #cdd ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #hbb4 #cde ,williamson 7#hg74 #cdf ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #hbb2 ,watson 7#jg74 #cdg ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#ia74 #cdh ,williamson 7#hj7 ,a4 #cdi ,williamson 7#ic7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #c4 #cej ,volume ,i4 p4 #hi4 ,= o!r ref]5ces to ^! /ems1 see ,sew>d & ,hill 7#jj7 p4 #iah4 #cea ,wns* 7#fg74 #ceb ,c>ru!rs 7#fi7 p4 #f4 #cec ,williamson 7#hj7 ,a42 7#ic72 7#ie74 #ced ,wns* loc4 cit4 #cee ,b9ney 7#ga7 p4 #ef4 #cef ,c>ru!rs 7#fi74 #ceg ,sew>d & ,hill 7#jj74 #ceh ,williamson 7#if7 p4 #age4 #cei ,! t]m m]i/ematic zone is us$ because "s ( ! cells 9 ?is region are 9 a /ate ( active division1 ?\gh ! inn] portion may consi/ ( p]man5t tissue4 #cfj ,scott 7#jj7 p4 #aca2 7#jh7 p4 #adb4 #cfa ,sew>d & ,hill 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #ad4 #cfb ,worsdell 7#ie72 ,b]n>d 7#jd74 #cfc ,no4 #eb1 #fbe4 #cfd ,sew>d & ,hill 7#jj7 p4 #ibb4 #cfe ,b9ney 7#ga7 p4 #ef1 ,pl4 ,,xi4 figs4 #b;a-#b;c4 #cff ,williamson 7#gb7 p4 #bih1 pl4 ,,xlv4 fig4 #ce4 #cfg ,c>ru!rs 7#gb74 #cfh ,williamson 7#ic7 p4 #cj4 #cfi ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 p4 #ab4 #cgj ,see also ,kid/on 7#id71 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #afj2 ,potoni 7#je7 ,lief4 ,,iii4 #ej4 #cga ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccj1 fig4 #cd4 #cgb ,hannig 7#ih74 #cgc ,"y & ,kid/on 7#hh7 ,a4 #cgd ,potoni 7#ja7 fig4 #gb1 p4 #aag4 #cge ,/ur 7#ge7 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #i4 #cgf ,see ,*ap4 ,,xvii4 #cgg ,williamson 7#gb7 ,pl4 ,,xliv4 p4 #bid3 7#ic7 7#ic74 #cgh ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #fj4 ,see also ,scott 7#jj7 p4 #agj1 figs4 #fg1 #fh4 #cgi ,williamson 7#ic71 ,pl4 ,,viii4 figs4 #ea1 #eb4 ,see also figs4 #fg-fi giv5 by ,scott 7#jj74 #chj ,scott 7#jj7 p4 #agc4 #cha ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #ahg sugge/s t ! projection may h =m$ a passage = ! admission ( ! microspores1 or ( ! sp]matozoids :i* !y produc$4 #chb ,b5nie & ,kid/on 7#hh7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 figs4 #bj1 a-s4 #chc ,gordon 7#jh74 #chd ,williamson 7#gb74 #che ,c>ru!rs 7#fi74 #chf ,zeill] 7#ie74 ,see also ,:ite 7#jh7 p4 #ddg4 #chg ,arb] 7#je7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #b4 #chh ,sew>d & ,leslie 7#jh74 #chi ,zeill] 7#ih74 #cij ,r5ault 7#ij74 #cia ,sew>d 7#jg74 #cib ,na?or/ 7#jg72 ,ba!r 7#jg72 7#jh74 #cic ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 p4 #cbf1 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 #cid ,c>ru!rs 7#gb74 #cie ,ung] & ,ri*t] 7#ef74 #cif ,dawson 7#ga7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,see also ,smi? & ,:ite 7#je74 #cig ,m',coy 7#gd74 ,see also ,fei/mantel 7#ij7 ,a4 #cih ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #bca4 #cii ,krass] 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #a4 #djj ,na?or/ 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #h4 #dja ,szajno*a 7#ia7 p4 #bjc4 #djb ,see ,e!ridge 7#ij72 ,david & ,pittman 7#ic74 #djc ,:ite 7#jh74 #djd ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #hg4 #dje ,p>k9son 7#aa7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #a1 p4 #dbh4 #djf ,c>ru!rs 7#fi74 #djg ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #d4 #djh ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #cje4 #dji ,sew>d 7#ij72 ,potoni 7#ic74 #daj ,brongni>t 7#cg7 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 #daa ,morris 7#dj7 ,pl4 ,,xxxviii4 fig4 #aj4 #dab ,williamson 7#ic7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #bf1 ,a4 #dac ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #fb4 #dad ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxi4 fig4 #d4 #dae ,hook] 7#dh74 #daf ,b9ney 7#ga74 #dag ,williamson 7#ic7 p4 #bf4 #dah ,masl5 7#ii74 #dai ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cg7 ,a4 ,pl4 #afc4 #dbj ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ?is type1 see ,masl5 7#ii74 #dba ,williamson 7#ic7 p4 #bh4 #dbb ,b9ney 7#ga74 #dbc ,b9ney 7#ga7 ,pl4 ,,viii4 figs4 #b1 #d4 #dbd ,masl5 7#ii7 ,pl4 ,,xxxvi fig4 #aa4 #dbe ,br[n1 ,r4 7#ea74 #dbf ,brongni>t 7#fh74 #dbg ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #fg1 ,pl4 ,,lxii4 figs4 #ac-bi4 #dbh ,b[] 7#ic74 #dbi ,b[] 7#id7 ,pl4 ,,xlviii4 fig4 #ic4 #dcj ,zeill] 7#ji74 #dca ,zalessky has rec5tly 7#jh7 describ$ a l>ge species ( cone1 ,lepido/robus ,b]tr&i1 #e cm4 9 diamet]4 #dcb ,morris 7#dj74 #dcc ,balf\r 7#eg74 #dcd ,kid/on & ,b5nie 7#hh74 #dce ,re9s* 7#ha7 ,a4 #dcf ,scott1 ,r4 7#jf74 #dcg ,masl5 7#ii7 p4 #cgc2 ,scott1 ,r4 7#jf7 p4 #aag4 #dch ,campbell 7#je7 p4 #dad4 #dci ,williamson 7#gh7 ,a4 p4 #cdj1 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 ,see also ! draw+s 9 ,williamson's lat] pap]s quot$ 9 ! synonymy4 #ddj ,williamson 7#ic74 #dda ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#ih74 #ddb ,b]ridge 7#je74 #ddc ,lang 7#jh74 #ddd ,lang 7#jh7 p4 #cfd4 #dde ,williamson 7#gh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 fig4 #ec4 #ddf ,lang 7#jh7 p4 #cfg4 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 a pap] has be5 publi%$ by ,mr ,watson on a new type ( ,lycopodiace\s cone f ! ,l[] ,coal-,measures 7,meso/robus73 9 an app5dix he criticises ,dr ,lang's views 9 reg>d to ,sp5c]ites4 ,watson1 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4 p4 #cgi1 #aiji4 #ddg ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jf7 p4 #cie4 #ddh ,artis 7#be7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xv4 #ddi ,rhode 7#bj74 #dej ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #d4 #dea ,= g5]ic names :olly or 9 "p synonym\s ) ,sigill>ia1 see ,:ite 7#ii7 p4 #bcj4 #deb ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #ahf4 #dec ,brongni>t 7#cg7 ,pl4 ,,cl4 fig4 #a4 #ded ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #c4 #dee ,/]nb]g 7#bc7 ,a4 #def ,gold5b]g 7#ee74 #deg ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 7,s4 elegans74 #deh ,gold5b]g 7#ee74 #dei ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxv4 #dfj ,/ur 7#ge7 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 #dfa ,= an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s ext]nal features made use ( 9 ! classification ( ,sigill>ias1 see ,koehne 7#jd74 #dfb ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #dfc ,g]m> 7#ec74 #dfd ,cf4 ,lepidod5dron ,zeill]i1 ,zalessky 7#jd7 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #a4 #dfe ,lesqu]eux 7#gi7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxiv4 #dff ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxxi4 #dfg ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #df4 #dfh ,kid/on 7#he74 #dfi ,:ite1 ,d4 7#jg74 #dgj ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#hh74 #dga ,zeill] 7#hi74 #dgb ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #id4 #dgc ,sew>d 7#ij74 #dgd ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#hi74 #dge ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #dgf ,kid/on 7#ig7 p4 #df4 #dgg ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 fig4 #h4 #dgh ,r5ault & ,ro*e 7#ig74 #dgi ,c[>d 7#jg72 ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 #dhj ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #dha ,cf4 ,pr(4 ,yapp's acc\nt 7#jh7 ( ,f5 vegetation4 #dhb ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv4 #dhc ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #fc4 #dhd ,brongni>t 7#ci7 ,a42 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #ee4 #dhe ,williamson 7#hc74 #dhf ,williamson 7#gb7 p4 #bbh4 #dhg ,r5ault 7#gi74 #dhh ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 p4 #bd4 #dhi ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #aje4 #dij ,zeill] 7#hd74 #dia ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 #dib ,kid/on 7#ig74 #dic ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #did ,kid/on 7#ig74 #die ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 #dif ,kid/on 7#he74 #dig ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ca7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 #dih ,?ompson 7#hj74 #dii ,kid/on 7#he7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #aj4 #ejj ,kid/on 7#hi7 p4 #fa2 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #a4 #eja ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #dhc1 ,pls4 ,,lxxiii4 ,,lxxiv4 #ejb ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 #ejc ,kid/on 7#jg74 #ejd ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #c4 #eje ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,pls4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 p4 #bgj2 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bde4 #ejf ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jd74 #ejg ,scott 7#jh7 p #bcj1 fig4 #ie4 #ejh ,kid/on 7#jg74 #eji ,arb] & ,?omas 7#jh74 #eaj ,gold5b]g 7#ee72 ,kid/on 7#ig74 #eaa ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xc4 #a1 p4 #eih4 #eab ,zeill] 7#hd72 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix4 #eac ,kid/on 7#ig7 ,pls4 ,i4 ,,ii4 p4 #ej4 #ead ,gold5b]g 7#ee74 #eae ,kid/on 7#je7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 figs4 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bg4 #eaf ,zeill] 7#jf7 p4 #afj4 #eag ,brongni>t 7#ci72 ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 #eah ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #ehf2 ,kid/on 7#je7 p4 #ecd4 #eai ,r5ault & ,gr&',eury 7#ge72 ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 #ebj ,g]m> 7#dd7 ,a4 #eba ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #bai4 #ebb ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #bec4 #ebc ,r5ault & ,gr&',eury 7#ge7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #e4 #ebd ,c[>d 7#jg74 #ebe ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bcg1 ,pl4 ,,xxxviii4 figs4 #a-d4 #ebf ,kid/on 7#je74 #ebg ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,cxlvi4 ,,clv4 ,,clviii4 #ebh ,b]tr& 7#ii74 #ebi ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #bbg1 fig4 #ic4 #ecj ,kid/on 7#jg74 #eca ,arb] & ,?omas 7#jg74 #ecb ,williamson 7#gb74 #ecc ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #bbg4 #ecd ,mett5ius 7#fj74 #ece e4g4 ,l4 ,wns*ianum 7fig4 #aha1 ,b1 lt74 #ecf ,kid/on 7#je7 p4 #edg4 #ecg ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jb74 #ech ,= full] synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #agi2 & ,zeill] 7#jf7 p #afj2 ,koehne 7#jd7 p4 #fb4 #eci ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxv42 ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 #edj ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #eda ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 #edb ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,xli4 #edc ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 #edd ,zeill] 7#jf7 p4 #agf4 #ede ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 ,pl4 ,,xii4 #edf ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxix4 #edg ,zeill] 7#ib7 ,a42 7#jf74 #edh ,potoni 7#if7 ,a4 #edi ,fonta9e & ,:ite 7#hj74 #eej ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #beb4 #eea ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 #eeb ,:ite 7#jh7 p4 #dej1 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #ab4 #eec ,potoni 7#ja74 #eed ,goepp]t 7#fd7 ,a4 #eee ,goepp]t1 loc4 cit4 #eef ,gresley 7#hi7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 #eeg ,/e9hau] 7#ah7 ,a4 #eeh ,logan 7#db74 #eei ,potoni 7#ic74 #efj ,williamson 7#hg7 ,a4 #efa ,a simil> example1 n[ 9 ! ,b]gakademie ( ,b]l91 has be5 describ$ by ,potoni 7#ij7 ,a42 see also a note on ! ,g]man specim5 by ,sew>d 7#ia74 #efb ,m>t9 7#ji7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 #efc ,artis 7#be7 ,a4 #efd ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ch7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,clxvi4 #efe ,= a full] synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #geg4 #eff ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 p4 #f4 #efg ,b9ney 7#dd7 p4 #afe4 #efh ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 p4 #bbh4 #efi ibid4 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #def4 #egj ,artis 7#be7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,x4 #ega ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ca7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 #egb ,gold5b]g 7#ee74 #egc ,logan 7#db7 p4 #dib4 #egd ,b9ney 7#dd72 7#df74 #ege ,b[man 7#da74 #egf ,br[n 7#de72 7#df72 7#dg72 7#di74 ,see also ,dawson 7#ff74 #egg ,hawk%aw 7#db74 #egh ,b9ney 7#df7 p4 #cic4 #egi ,br[n 7#di74 ,?is figure is reproduc$ by ,williamson 7#hg7 ,a4 p4 #af4 #ehj ,williamson 7#hg7 ,a4 p4 #c4 ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #bhd4 #eha ,mellor & ,leslie 7#jf74 #ehb ,goepp]t 7#fd7 ,a4 p4 #aig1 ,pls4 #cd-cf4 #ehc ,r5ault 7#ha74 #ehd ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #ehe ,solms-,lauba* 7#id74 #ehf ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #aga4 #ehg ,= figures see ,gr&',eury 7#hg7 ,a42 7#ij7 ,a4 #ehh ,kid/on 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,li4 fig4 #d4 #ehi ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #hgj ,f4 #eij ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #eia ,solms-,lauba* 7#id74 #eib ,williamson 7#ib74 #eic ,?omas1 ,e4 ,n4 7#je7 p4 #ahg4 #eid ,williamson 7#hg7 ,a4 #eie ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib74 #eif ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xl4 fig4 #e4 #eig ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jh74 #eih ,williamson 7#hi7 ,a4 #eii ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 #fjj ,williamson 7#hg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 fig4 #bj4 #fja ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jb74 #fjb ,hook] 7#dh7 ,pls4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,! sections ( ,/igm>ia figur$ by ,hook] are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,v4 #hged74 #fjc ,williamson 7#hg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 #fjd ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 #fje ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jb74 #fjf ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jd74 #fjg ,goepp]t 7#da7 ,pl4 ,x4 ,lief4 ,i4 ,,ii42 ,williamson 7#hg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 fig4 #gh2 ,ei*wald 7#fj7 ,pl4 ,,xv42 ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #bed4 #fjh ,gold5b]g 7#ee7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 figs4 #a-d4 #fji ,na?or/ 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xvi4 fig4 #i4 #faj ,watson 7#jh74 #faa ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii4 fig4 #a4 #fab ,cf4 ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pls4 #hj1 #ha4 #fac ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #age4 #fad ibid4 7#hf7 p4 #fe4 #fae ,haughton 7#ei74 #faf ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#hd7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 figs4 #f1 #g4 #fag ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pls4 #hj1 #ha4 ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#ic7 p4 #cdd4 #fah ,zeill] 7#hf7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 figs4 #a-c4 #fai ,no4 #ebebd4 #fbj ,na?or/ 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,x4 figs4 #d1 #e4 #fba ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jh74 #fbb ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #ga4 #fbc ,he] 7#ga7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #aa2 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #a4 #fbd ,na?or/ 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #fg1 ,pl4 ,,xv4 figs4 #ad1 #ae4 #fbe ,s*malhaus5 7#gg7 p4 #bha1 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #e4 #fbf ,kid/on 7#hi7 ,pl4 ,,iv4 figs4 #b-d1 p4 #fe4 #fbg ,weiss & ,/]zel 7#ic7 p4 #ef4 #fbh ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #hbc4 #fbi ,s*malhaus5 7#gg7 p4 #bij1 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #g-ab4 #fcj ,dawson 7#ga7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 #fca ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#hd7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 #fcb ,potoni 7#ja7 figs4 #be-bg4 #fcc ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #ce4 #fcd ,sew>d 7#jc7 ,pl4 ,,xi4 figs4 #a-f1 p4 #hg2 ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #aff4 #fce ,sew>d 7#ji74 #fcf ,fei/mantel 7#ij7 ,a4 #fcg ,zeill] 7#hj7 ,a4 #fch ,trauts*old & ,au]ba* 7#fj7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #fci ,zeill] 7#hb7 ,a42 7#hf74 #fdj ,na?or/ 7#id7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,x4 ,,xi4 #fda ,volume ,i4 p4 #acd4 #fdb ,williamson 7#hi7 ,a4 p4 #aig4 #fdc ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,lomax = photographs ( 8 specim5s4 ,= =m] ref]5ces to ,mr ,lomax's discov]y1 see ,kid/on 7#je72 ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jh72 ,scott ,d4 ,h4 7#jh7 p4 #bjj4 #fdd ,williamson 7#hi7 ,a4 #fde ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jh74 #fdf ,na?or/ 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #db4 #fdg ,williamson 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #ejj1 ,pl4 ,,xv4 #h4 #fdh ,watson 7#jh7 p4 #ab4 #fdi ,na?or/ 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #db1 ,pl4 ,,xii4 figs4 #h-aj4 #fej ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #gig4 #fea ,:ite 7#ih72 7#ii7 p4 #bah1 ,pls4 ,,lxv4-,,lxviii4 #feb ,kid/on 7#jb7 pp4 #ceh1 #cei4 #fec ,tansley & ,*ick 7#ja7 p4 #cf4 #fed ,kid/on 7#je7 p4 #edg4 #fee ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 #fef ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jh74 #feg ,br[ne 7#ji7 p4 #be4 #feh ,scott 7#jb7 uses ! t]ms old & new wood 9 discuss+ ! evolution>y sequ5ce 9 plant /eles4 #fei ,:ite 7#jg74 #ffj ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #cje4 #ffa ,br[ne 7#ji7 p4 #cg4 #ffb ,williamson 7#gg7 & 7#hj7 ,a4 #ffc ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #hg4 #ffd ,c>ru!rs 7#gb74 #ffe ,wild & ,lomax 7#jj74 #fff ,scott 7#ja74 #ffg ,lett] f ,d4 ,h4 ,scott 7,m>* #cj1 #aijh74 #ffh ,scott 7#ja7 #cad4 #ffi ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jf74 #fgj ,= a contr>y op9ion1 see ,scott 7#ji7 p4 #fef4 #fga ,b]tr&1 ,e4 7#id74 #fgb ,b5son 7#jh74 #fgc ,watson 7#jh7 p4 #ab4 #fgd ,w>d 7#jd74 #fge ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #c4 ,cf4 ,braun 7#ge7 p4 #bfg4 #fgf ,*odat 7#jh74 #fgg ,hudson 7#ib7 p4 #bi4 #fgh ,h>dy1 ,return ( ! ,native1 ,,ii4 p4 #aec4 #fgi ,b[] 7#jh74 #fhj ,zeill] 7#jf7 p4 #h4 #fha ,engl] 7#ji74 #fhb ,b[] 7#jj74 #fhc ,= an acc\nt ( ! me*anism ( spore-disp]sal1 see ,goebel 7#je7 p4 #ehg2 ,atk9son 7#id72 ,lecl]c du ,sablon 7#he72 & ,b[] 7#jj74 #fhd ,= a full] acc\nt ( rec5t f]ns1 see ,engl] & ,prantl 7#jb71 ,*ri/ 7#ig71 ,hook] & ,bak] 7#fh71 & ,b[] 7#jj7 7#jh74 #fhe ,prantl 7#ha7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 fig4 #ajd1 ,c2 ,zeill] 7#ig7 p4 #bae1 figs4 #g-aj4 #fhf ,und]wood 7#jg71 p4 #bdc1 has adopt$ ,b]nh>di's g5us ,dicranopt]is 9 place ( ,m]t5sia on ! gr\nd t ! latt] 0 us$ z e>ly z #agic = a ,borag9ace\s plant4 #fhg ,goebel 7#je7 p4 #cah4 #fhh ,bak] 7#hh74 #fhi ,diels1 9 ,engl] & ,prantl 7#jb7 pp4 #cdc1 #cdd4 #fij ,compton 7#ji74 #fia ,copel& 7#jh7 p4 #cdd4 #fib ,b[] 7#jj7 p4 #dg2 ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#ja74 #fic ,*ri/ 7#jd74 #fid ,scott1 ,j4 7#gd72 ,hannig 7#ih74 #fie ,*all5g] ,reports 7#he7 p4 #hbg4 7,n>rative1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 #fif ,b[] 7#jj7 p4 #fh4 #fig ,diels 7#jb7 p4 #aag4 #fih ,sew>d 7#ib7 p4 #de4 #fii ,b[] 7#jj7 p4 #hj4 #gjj ,pr(4 ,b[] in=ms me t he is n[ at "w on ,plagiogyria & o!r ,polypodiaceae4 #gja ,kny 7#ge72 ,=d 7#jb72 ,goebel 7#ia74 #gjb ,sew>d & ,dale 7#ja74 #gjc ,arm\r 7#jg74 #gjd ,diels 7#jb7 fig4 #ih1 p4 #ahh4 #gje ,gies5hag5 7#ib7 p4 #agi1 fig4 #c4 #gjf ,bsecke 7#jh74 #gjg ,boodle 7#jj74 #gjh ,yapp 7#jb74 #gji ,d>w9 7#jc7 ,,ii4 p4 #cha4 #gaj ,re9ecke 7#ig74 #gaa ,k>/5 7#ie72 ,*ri/ 7#if72 ,bomm] 7#jc74 #gab ,goebel 7#je7 p4 #cdg4 #gac ,a /rik+ example ( ^! s-call$ ,aphlebiae ( ,hemitelia may be se5 at ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew4 #gad ,lu]ss51 9 ,rab5hor/ 7#hi7 ,a4 p4 #dhc1 fig4 #afd4 #gae ,goebel 7#ja7 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 #gaf ,spruce 7#jh7 ,,ii4 p4 #bcb4 #gag ,boodle 7#jd74 #gah ,goebel 7#je72 ,bak] 7#fg74 #gai ,sew>d & ,g[an 7#jj74 #gbj ,hook] 7#ei74 #gba ,?iselton-,dy] 7#je74 #gbb ,bak] 7#fh7 p4 #cje4 #gbc ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #ah4 #gbd ,treub 7#hh7 ,a42 ,ern/ 7#jh74 #gbe ,campbell 7#jg74 #gbf ,davy 7#jg7 p4 #bfc4 #gbg ,bates 7#fc7 ,a4 p4 #cj4 #gbh ,*all5g] ,reports 7#he7 p4 #ghe4 #gbi ,tansley & ,frits* 7#je7 p4 #dc2 ,?omas1 ,e4 ,n4 7#je74 #gcj ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #bg4 #gca ,jeffrey 7#ih74 #gcb ,boodle 7#jj74 #gcc ,tansley & ,lulham 7#jb74 #gcd ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#ja72 7#jc74 #gce ,boodle 7#ja7 p4 #gce4 #gcf ,jeffrey 7#jj72 7#jc74 #gcg ,= an acc\nt ( ! probable me?ods by :i* ?is has be5 effect$ & ( ! factors conc]n$1 see ,tansley 7#jh74 #gch ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jc74 #gci ,sew>d 7#ii72 ,wiggleswor? 7#jb74 #gdj ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jc72 ,jeffrey 7#jc72 ,faull 7#ja74 #gda ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jg72 7#jh72 7#ji74 #gdb ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jh74 #gdc ,b]tr& & ,cornaille 7#jb74 #gdd ,*odat 7#jh7 p4 #ae4 #gde ,see also ,pel\rde 7#ji7 = an acc\nt ( ! anatomy ( f]n petioles4 #gdf ,obs]v$ 9 plants 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,brussels & ,leipzig4 ,a4,c4,s4 #gdg ,= an acc\nt ( ! spore-produc+ memb]s ( ! ,m>attiaceae1 see ,b[] 7#ig74 #gdh ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #ai4 #gdi ,%ove 7#jj72 ,tansley 7#jh74 #gej ,f>m] & ,hill 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,xviii4 figs4 #bf1 #bh4 #gea ,*ri/ & ,gies5hag5 7#ii74 #geb ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#je74 #gec ,hook] & ,bak] 7#fh7 p4 #ddj4 #ged ,! t]m synangium is appli$ to sporangia m or less completely unit$ ) "o ano!r & produc+ spores 9 gr\ps sep>at$ by walls ( /]ile cells4 ,a synangium may be reg>d$ z a spore-=m+ organ produc$ by p>tial /]ilization ( sporog5\s tissue or z a gr\p ( coalesc5t sporangia4 #gee ,brebn] 7#jb72 ,rudolph 7#je74 #gef ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #ij2 ,khn 7#ij74 #geg ,pel\rde 7#jh7 has rec5tly dealt ) ! anatomy ( rec5t & fossil ,m>attiace\s f]ns4 #geh ,copel& 7#jh7 ,pl4 ,i4 7#ji7 ,pl4 ,v4 #gei ,b[] 7#if74 #gfj ,jeffrey 7#ih74 ,= an acc\nt ( ! anatomy ( ,helm9?o/a*ys1 see ,f>m] & ,freeman 7#ii74 #gfa ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #gg1 ,pl4 ,,xi4 fig4 #h4 #gfb ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #ba4 #gfc ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #af4 #gfd ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #dh4 #gfe ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jh7 p4 #bib4 #gff ,scott 7#jd7 p4 #ah4 #gfg ,boodle 7#jj7 p4 #dhd4 #gfh ,zeill] 7#ii7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 #gfi ,ibid4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #aj4 #ggj ,see p4 #djb4 #gga ,b[] 7#ia7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 #ggb ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#ji74 #ggc ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jh74 #ggd ,ei*wald 7#fj74 #gge ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jh74 #ggf ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jh7 p4 #bbf4 #ggg ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #ce4 #ggh ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx4 #ggi ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#ji74 #ghj ,sew>d 7#ii74 #gha ,krass] 7#ji7 p4 #aj4 #ghb ,fonta9e 7#hc7 ,pls4 ,,xxviii4 ,,xxix4 #ghc ,leu?>dt 7#jd7 ,pl4 ,,xviii4 #ghd ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jg74 #ghe ,see p4 #cdc4 #ghf ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jc74 #ghg ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jg74 #ghh ,sew>d 7#jg7 p4 #dhb1 ,pls4 ,,xx4 ,,xxi4 #ghi ,sew>d 7#jc72 ,kit*9 7#jh74 #gij ,cf4 ,todea ,wilkesiana 7p4 #bhf74 #gia ,p5hall[ 7#jb74 #gib ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jg74 #gic ,see p4 #cad4 ,also ,jeffrey 7#jc72 ,faull 7#ja72 ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jc74 #gid ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #ai1 ,pls4 ,,vi4 ,,xi4 #gie ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 ,a42 ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jg7 p4 #gfh2 see also ,sew>d1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bab4 #gif ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb7 pp4 #bb1 #dh1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 figs4 #a-c4 #gig ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #hf4 #gih ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jc7 p4 #bea4 #gii ,= a m complete li/1 see ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #hg4 #hjj ,s*5k 7#he7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #c4 #hja ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 #hjb ,na?or/ 7#jh7 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #g4 #hjc ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 #hjd ,fonta9e 7#hc74 #hje ,! geographical di/ribution ( ,todites & o!r g5]a w be dealt ) 9 ,volume ,,iii4 #hjf ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #cej4 #hjg ,reid 7#ii74 #hjh ,sew>d 7#jh7 ,pl4 ,,viii4 p4 #ih4 #hji ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,pls4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 #haj ,leu?>dt 7#jd7 ,pl4 ,,xv4 #haa ,fonta9e 7#hc7 ,pls4 ,,xi4-,,xiv4 #hab ,= synonymy & figures1 see ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #acd2 7#jd7 p4 #acd4 #hac ,e4g4 by ,yokoyama 7#jf7 :o id5tifies specim5s ( ,cladophlebis d5ticulata f ,jurassic rocks ( ,*9a z ,todites ,williamsoni4 #had ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,cxxxiv4 #hae ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #ia4 #haf ,na?or/ 7#gh74 #hag ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,cxx4 #hah ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,pl4 ,,xv4 figs4 #f-i74 #hai ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pls4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,xxxvii4 #hbj ,morris 7#de7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 #hba ,r5ault 7#hc7 p4 #ha1 ,pl4 ,,xi4 #hbb ,dawson 7#fa74 #hbc ,:ite 7#jd74 #hbd ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lvii4 #hbe ,zeill] 7#hc7 p4 #ahh1 ,pl4 ,x4 figs4 #a-e4 #hbf ,/ur 7#he7 ,a4 p4 #fd4 #hbg ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #ej4 #hbh ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #adg4 #hbi ,= synonymy1 see ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #acj4 #hcj ,raciborski 7#ia74 #hca ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 p4 #adh4 #hcb ,bunbury 7#ea7 ,a4 #hcc ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 #hcd ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 #hce ,yokoyama 7#hi74 #hcf ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 #hcg ,yabe 7#je7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #hch ,sew>d 7#jg7 ,pls4 ,i4 ,,iii4 #hci ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #ge4 #hdj ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb7 p4 #dg1 ,pls4 ,,vii4 ,x42 ,he] 7#ee7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 p4 #da4 #hda ,kn[lton 7#ii74 ,pl4 ,,lxxx4 #hdb ,he] 7#ee7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 #hdc ,saporta 7#gb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #ac1 #ad4 #hdd ,goepp]t 7#cf7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,iv4 ,v4 #hde ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bfa4 #hdf ,williamson 7#gg7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 #hdg ,see ,*4 ,,xxvii4 #hdh ,goepp]t 7#da7 ,pl4 ,,iv4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #hdi ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 figs4 #c-e4 #hej ,/ur 7#he7 ,a4 p4 #abh4 #hea ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #adf4 #heb ,s*5k 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #cj4 #hec ,dr ,scott tells me t an exam9ation ( ,dr ,zeill]'s specim5s l$ him to agree ) ! latt]'s description ( ! annulus ( ,oligoc>pia4 7,a4 ,c4 ,s47 #hed ,fonta9e 7#hc7 ,pls4 ,,xv4-,,xix4 #hee ,bunbury 7#dg7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #a2 ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #ahi4 #hef ,krass] 7#ji7 p4 #af4 #heg ,leu?>dt 7#jd7 p4 #dj1 ,pl4 ,,xviii4 fig4 #c4 #heh ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 p4 #hf1 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 figs4 #g1 #h4 #hei ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,x4 #hfj ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #dc1 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 figs4 #ae-bj4 #hfa ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #bbe4 #hfb ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #hfc ,s*5k 7#ga74 #hfd ,corda1 9 ,reuss 7#df7 p4 #ie1 ,pl4 ,,xlix4 #hfe ,he] 7#ge71 p4 #dd1 ,pls4 ,,iv4-,,vii4 #hff ,debey & ,ett+%aus5 7#ei7 ,pl4 ,i4 #hfg ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb71 pp4 #dc1 #ei1 ,pls4 ,,vi4 ,x4 #hfh ,wanklyn 7#fi74 #hfi ,presl1 9 ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 p4 #aae4 #hgj ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 #hga ,zeill] 7#he74 #hgb ,sew>d 7#ii7 p4 #aid4 #hgc ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xxiii4 ,,xxiv4 #hgd ,= a m complete li/1 see ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #gh4 #hge ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 p4 #ha1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #f4 7,type-specim5 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge47 #hgf ,saporta 7#gc7 ,a4 p4 #cjf4 #hgg ,debey & ,ett+%aus5 7#ei7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #hgh ,see ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 & 7#jj7 = an acc\nt ( ?is f]n4 #hgi ,s*5k 7#ga7 p4 #bai4 #hhj ,zeill] 7#he74 #hha ,ett+%aus5 7#eb7 p4 #af1 ,pl4 ,v4 ,= synonymy1 see ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a2 7#jj74 #hhb ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#je7 p4 #bcj4 #hhc ,s*5k 7#ga7 p4 #ai4 #hhd ,fonta9e1 loc4 cit4 ,pl4 ,,lxv4 figs4 #bb1 #bc4 #hhe ,krass] 7#if7 p4 #aai1 ,pls4 ,,xi4 ,,xii4 ,,xiv4 #hhf ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bhd1 ,pl4 ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #ae4 #hhg ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #ai4 #hhh ,ett+%aus5 7#ff7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 fig4 #d4 #hhi ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #cf1 ,pl4 ,,ix4 figs4 #a-i4 #hij ,s*imp] 7#gd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #d-g4 #hia ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #aec4 #hib ,zeill] 7#hc7 p4 #aee2 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 figs4 #a-c4 #hic ,kid/on 7#hd7 p4 #eic4 #hid ,see p4 #dej4 #hie ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #cdc4 #hif ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #ai1 ,pl4 ,x4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #hig ,goepp]t 7#cf7 ,a4 pp4 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbi4 #hih ,/]zel 7#hf74 #hii ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #ijj ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,pls4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 #ija ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 #ijb ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #bf4 #ijc ,krass] 7#ji74 #ijd ,= full] synonymy see ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #ig4 #ije ,he] 7#gf74 #ijf ,fonta9e 7#hi74 #ijg ,fonta9e 7#hi7 p4 #abc1 ,pls4 ,,xxvi4 ,,xliii4 etc4 #ijh ,w>d 7#ii7 ,pl4 ,,clxi4 #iji ,vel5ovsk 7#hh74 #iaj ,he] 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #f1 #g4 #iaa ,he] 7#hb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #b4 #iab ,phillips 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bae4 #iac ,sew>d 7#jj74 #iad ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 p4 #afi4 #iae ,/]nb]g 7#bj7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #iaf ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #e4 #iag ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xli4 #iah ,fei/mantel 7#gb74 #iai ,vel5ovsk 7#hh74 #ibj ,c>ru!rs 7#fe7 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 #iba ,he] 7#ge74 #ibb ,he] 7#hb7 ,pl4 ,,xlvii4 #ibc ,fri & ,bay] 7#ja7 p4 #gf4 #ibd ,/5zel 7#hf74 ,see also ,/5zel 7#ig74 #ibe ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jh74 #ibf ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,pl4 ,,xxx42 ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 #ibg ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #bic4 #ibh ,goepp]t 7#cj7 ,a4 p4 #bag4 #ibi ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #dbd4 #icj ,ett+%aus5 7#ff74 #ica ,kid/on 7#hi7 ,pl4 ,i4 #icb ,:ite 7#jd74 #icc ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xiii42 ,zeill] 7#jc7 p4 #ia1 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 #icd ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #afb1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #e4 #ice ,yabe 7#je7 p4 #ci1 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #a-h4 #icf ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#je7 p4 #fd4 #icg ,yokoyama 7#hi71 p4 #bf4 #ich ,geyl] 7#gg7 ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 fig4 #d4 #ici ,= synonymy1 see ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#je7 p4 #aee2 ,ri*t] 7#jf7 p4 #f2 ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #da2 7#jc7 p4 #e4 #idj ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #eb4 #ida ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb7 ,pls4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #idb ,=bes 7#ea72 ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb74 #idc ,kn[lton 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 #idd ,saporta 7#fh7 ,a42 ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb7 ,pl4 ,x4 fig4 #a4 #ide ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb7 p4 #ba4 #idf ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,civ4 #idg ,na?or/ 7#jf74 #idh ,sew>d & ,dale 7#ja7 p4 #eje4 #idi ,zeill] 7#jc7 p4 #aji1 ,pls4 ,,xxiii4-,,xxviii4 #iej ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #abb4 #iea ,na?or/ 7#jf74 #ieb ,krass] 7#ji7 p4 #aaa4 #iec ,goepp]t 7#da74 #ied ,sew>d & ,dale 7#ja7 p4 #ejc4 #iee ,na?or/ 7#jg74 #ief ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xviii4 #ieg ,zeill] 7#jc74 #ieh ,brongni>t 7#be74 #iei ,brongni>t 7#be74 #ifj ,zeill] 7#jc74 #ifa ,sew>d 7#jd7 pp4 #ah1 #afd4 #ifb ,sew>d 7#jg74 #ifc ,! evid5ce ( ! %ells is /at$ by ,mr ,r4 ,b4 ,newton 7#ji7 to be 9 fav\r ( ! ,cretace\s age ( ! ,nubian ,s&/one4 #ifd ,na?or/ 7#gh7 p4 #cc4 #ife ,na?or/ 7#jf7 p4 #ae4 #iff ,ri*t] 7#jf74 #ifg ,dunk] 7#df7 ,a4 p4 #ab4 #ifh ,&rae 7#ec7 ,a4 #ifi ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,,ix4 fig4 #b4 #igj ,na?or/ 7#gh7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #b4 #iga ,zeill] 7#ig7 p4 #ea4 #igb ,sew>d & ,dale 7#ja74 #igc ,dunk] 7#df7 ,a41 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #a4 #igd ,b>?ol9 7#ib7 ,pls4 ,,xi4 ,,xii4 #ige ,moell] 7#jb7 ,pls4 ,,iv4-,,vi4 #igf ,ri*t] 7#jf7 p4 #ba4 #igg ,ri*t] 7#jf7 p4 #bb4 #igh ,&rae 7#ec7 ,a4 #igi ,moell] 7#jb7 ,pls4 ,,iv4-,,vi4 #ihj ,na?or/ 7#gh7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #b4 #iha ,zeill] 7#gi74 #ihb ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb7 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #f4 #ihc ,arb] 7#jf7 p4 #bbg4 #ihd ,scott 7#jf7 p4 #ahi4 #ihe ,zeill] 7#je74 #ihf ,kid/on 7#jf74 #ihg ,kid/on 7#jf7 p4 #dbi4 #ihh ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#fi7 p4 #id1 ,pl4 ,,xi4 fig4 #b4 ,! specim5s figur$ by ,weiss be> a some:at remote resemblance to t describ$ by ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a1 "u ! same g5]ic "n4 #ihi ,kid/on 7#ia7 p4 #bc4 #iij ,kid/on 7#hh7 p4 #cej4 #iia ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #i2 ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #afb2 ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #ac4 #iib ,watson 7#jf74 #iic ,goepp]t 7#cf7 ,a4 p4 #chj4 #iid ,/ur 7#he7 ,a4 p4 #bba1 ,pl4 ,,lxi42 ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #da4 #iie ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #bhh1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #bf4 #iif ,= an acc\nt ( ^! g5]a1 see ,*ap4 ,,xxvii4 #iig ,/rasburg] 7#gd74 #iih ,/ur 7#he7 ,a4 p4 #ahc4 #iii ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lvii4 #ajjj ,kid/on 7#ia7 p4 #bj2 ,/ur 7#he7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lix4 #ajja ,see ,*ap4 ,,xxvii4 #ajjb ,/ur 7#he7 ,a4 p4 #ajf4 #ajjc ,z5k] 7#cg74 #ajjd ,/rasburg] 7#gd74 #ajje ,kid/on 7#ia7 p4 #bj4 #ajjf ,ge9itz 7#gb74 ,see ,solms-,lauba* 7#hc71 :o gives 9 full ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! g5us ,scolecopt]is4 #ajjg ,/]zel 7#gh72 7#hj74 #ajjh ,/ur 7#he7 p4 #adj4 #ajji ,zeill] 7#ii7 p4 #ag4 #ajaj ,zeill] 7#jf7 p4 #aj4 #ajaa ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,cxxv4 fig4 #d4 #ajab ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 #ajac ,page #cbe4 #ajad ,zeill] 7#hc7 p4 #ahd2 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #cj4 #ajae ,artis 7#be7 ,a4 #ajaf ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 #ajag ,kid/on 7#if7 p4 #bje4 #ajah ,zeill] 7#hc7 p4 #ahe4 #ajai ,kid/on 7#hb74 #ajbj ,/ur 7#he74 #ajba ,kid/on 7#hd74 #ajbb ,kid/on 7#hg74 #ajbc ,kid/on 7#hb7 p4 #cb4 #ajbd ,kid/on 7#hd7 p4 #eid4 #ajbe ,williamson 7#hc7 ,a4 #ajbf ,kid/on 7#jf74 #ajbg ,he] 7#gf7 ,a4 p4 #ga1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 fig4 #a4 #ajbh ,s*imp] 7#gd7 ,a4 ,pl4 #ch2 see also ,s*5k 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #ca4 #ajbi ,leu?>dt 7#jd7 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #ajcj ,goepp]t 7#cf7 ,a4 ,lief4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #ajca ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #fjg4 #ajcb ,s*5k 7#hc7 ,a4 p4 #bfj4 #ajcc ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 #ajcd ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,,lv4 figs4 #c-e4 #ajce ,b>?ol9 7#ib7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 #ajcf ,moell] 7#jb74 #ajcg ,s*5k 7#hc7 ,a4 #ajch ,sew>d 7#jg7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 figs4 #af-ah4 #ajci ,na?or/ 7#jh74 #ajdj ,krass] 7#ji74 #ajda ,fei/mantel 7#hb7 ,pls4 ,,iv4-,x4 #ajdb ,sew>d 7#jh7 p4 #ie4 #ajdc ,krass] 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 #ajdd ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 #ajde ,krass] 7#ji7 p4 #ba4 #ajdf ,leu?>dt 7#jd7 ,pls4 ,,xix4 ,,xx4 #ajdg ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 #ajdh ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 #ajdi ,he] 7#hj74 #ajej ,na?or/ 7#jh74 #ajea ,bay] 7#ii74 #ajeb ,g>dn] & ,ett+%aus5 7#hb7 ,pl4 ,,xii4 figs4 #a-g4 #ajec ,/5zel 7#ed7 p4 #hjc4 #ajed ,cotta 7#cb74 #ajee ,spr5gel 7#bh74 #ajef ,/5zel 7#ed7 p4 #gec4 #ajeg ,p>k9son 7#aa7 ,a4 #ajeh ,williamson 7#gf74 #ajei ,scott 7#jh74 #ajfj ,butt]wor? 7#jj74 #ajfa ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 #ajfb ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a2 7#ij7 ,a4 #ajfc ,rudolph 7#je74 #ajfd ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #cjb4 #ajfe ,butt]wor? 7#jj74 ,pel\rde 7#jh7 has rec5tly describ$ ! /ructure ( ! roots ( sev]al species ( ,ps>onius4 #ajff ,/5zel 7#jf74 #ajfg ,f>m] & ,hill 7#jb74 #ajfh ,williamson 7#gf7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #ajfi ,/5zel 7#hi7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 #ajgj ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #bjd1 ,pls4 ,,xvi4 ,,xvii42 see also ,rudolph 7#je74 #ajga ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,v4-,,viii4 #ajgb ,solms-,lauba* 7#jd74 #ajgc ,arb] 7#je7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 #ajgd ,scott 7#jh7 fig4 #aac2 ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #bdf1 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 fig4 #a4 #ajge ,pel\rde 7#jh74 #ajgf ,/5zel 7#jf7 ,pl4 ,,vi42 ,goepp]t 7#fd7 ,a42 ,/5zel 7#jf74 #ajgg ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 #ajgh ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #cja4 #ajgi ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 #ajhj ,kid/on 7#hh7 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 #ajha ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxv4 fig4 #f4 #ajhb ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #aac4 #ajhc ,artis 7#be7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xx4 #ajhd ,lesqu]eux 7#ff7 ,a4 #ajhe ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xl42 ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #ajhf ,corda 7#de7 ,a42 see also ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a42 ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xxxviii4-,,xl4 #ajhg ,fonta9e & ,:ite 7#hj7 ,pl4 ,,xxxvi42 ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 #ajhh ,mett5ius 7#fe72 ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #he4 #ajhi ,rudolph 7#je74 #ajij ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jh74 #ajia ,%ove 7#jj74 #ajib ,butt]wor? 7#jj74 #ajic ,f>m] & ,hill 7#jb74 #ajid ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #ih4 #ajie ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 #ajif ,zeill] 7#jj7 p4 #ee4 #ajig ,kid/on 7#hi71 ,pls4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,= o!r figures ( ,rhacopt]is see also ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 #ajih ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cj1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii4 figs4 #g-i4 #ajii ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 #aajj ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gi74 #aaja ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ada4 #aajb ,o4 ,fei/mantel 7#ge74 #aajc ,c4 ,fei/mantel 7#gi74 #aajd ,c4 ,e4 ,weiss 7#gi74 #aaje ,potoni 7#ii7 p4 #afg4 #aajf ,sew>d 7#jc7 p4 #fc4 #aajg ,c>ru!rs 7#gb7 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 fig4 #e2 ,sew>d 7#jc7 p4 #fb4 #aajh ,newb]ry 7#ia7 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 #aaji ,d4 ,h4 ,scott 7#jh74 #aaaj ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#ji74 #aaaa ,scott 7#ji74 #aaab ,williamson 7#hc7 ,a1 p4 #dgh4 #aaac ,lat4 communis1 common or g5]al4 ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr ,l4 ,h4 ,g4 ,gre5wood1 ,fell[ ( ,emmanuel ,college1 = supply+ me ) a "n to express ! idea ( ! g5]aliz$ nature ( ^! ,palaeozoic f]ns4 #aaad ,arb] 7#jf74 #aaae ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #df1 ,pls4 ,,xxx4 ,,xxxi4 ,see also ,tansley 7#jh7 fig4 #b1 p4 #ac4 #aaaf ,cotta 7#cb7 p4 #ae4 #aaag ,/5zel 7#hi7 ,pls4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #aaah ,/opes 7#jf74 #aaai ,williamson 7#hi7 ,a4 p4 #afb4 ,! t]m ,ra*iopt]is 0 adopt$ by ,williamson = petrifi$ petioles f ! ,coal-,measures :i* he believ$ to be filic9ean4 #aabj ,r5ault 7#ge72 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #dg1 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 #aaba ,oliv] 7#jb74 #aabb ,oliv] 7#jd7 p4 #cie 7footnote74 #aabc ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jh74 #aabd ,felix 7#hf7 ,a4 #aabe ,williamson 7#gh7 ,a4 p4 #cea4 #aabf ,hick 7#if74 #aabg ,scott 7#jh74 #aabh ,williamson 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #bfa4 ,! two species describ$ by ,williamson z ,ra*iopt]is hirsuta & ,r4 ramosa 7 fir/ id5tifi$ z ,botryopt]is by ,scott 9 #ahih 7,briti% ,assoc4 ,report1 ,bri/ol ,meet+1 p4 #ajej74 #aabi ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #ae4 #aacj ,kid/on 7#jh74 #aaca ,oliv] 7#jb74 #aacb ,corda 7#de7 ,a42 see also ,/5zel 7#hi7 p4 #bf4 #aacc ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#ji7 pp4 #acf1 #bab4 #aacd ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #bb4 #aace ,ung] & ,ri*t] 7#ef7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #ai4 #aacf ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #aa4 #aacg ,! ,diplolabis type ( /r& is v simil> 9 ! =m ( ! metaxylem to ! conduct+ /r& ( a lat]al ve9 9 ,scolop5drium (fic9>um cf4 ,pel\rde 7#ji7 fig4 #c1 p4 #aag4 #aach ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib74 #aaci ,williamson 7#gd7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,liv4 ,,lv4 #aadj ,gordon 7#ji74 ,mr ,gordon's m complete acc\nt ( ?is plant w %ortly be publi%$4 ,i am indebt$ to him = furni%+ me ) ! ma9 facts 9 reg>d to ! anatomical features4 #aada ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #ac4 #aadb ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ji7 p4 #baa4 #aadc ,pel\rde 7#ji74 #aadd ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#jh7 p4 #bcj4 #aade ,ibid4 7#ji7 p4 #ffd4 #aadf ,a ,culm species ,ra*iopt]is aphyllus 7,ung]7 is closely alli$ to ,metaclepsydropsis duplex4 ,see ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 p4 #cj4 #aadg ,ung] & ,ri*t] 7#ef7 p4 #afe4 #aadh ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 p4 #hc4 #aadi 1 wat]-clock4 #aaej ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#ji7 p4 #abg4 #aaea ,/5zel 7#hi7 p4 #be4 #aaeb ,dr ,scott po9ts out to me t rec5t obs]vations1 :i* h n yet be5 publi%$1 bo? by ,dr ,kid/on & himself %[ t ,b]tr&'s t]m9ology requires modification4 ,!re are _m po9ts to be cle>$ up be=e we c hope to obta9 a satisfactory classification ( ! ,zygopt]eae4 #aaec ,/5zel 7#hi7 p4 #ca1 ,pls4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 #aaed ,williamson 7#hi7 ,a4 p4 #aeh4 #aaee ,ibid42 see also ,scott 7#jh74 #aaef ,scott 7#jg7 p4 #ahj4 #aaeg ,r5ault 7#fi72 ,williamson 7#gd7 ,a4 p4 #fig4 #aaeh ,williamson 7#gg7 ,pls4 ,v4-,,vii4 #aaei ,williamson 7#hi7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #bh4 #aafj ,scott 7#jh7 p4 #cbb4 #aafa ,no4 #bde4 #aafb ,williamson 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #ejg4 #aafc ,scott 7#jf74 #aafd ,solms-,lauba* 7#if74 #aafe ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#jf7 p4 #eai4 #aaff ,briti% ,museum1 section ,no4 #bde4 ,cf4 figures by ,williamson & ,b]tr&3 ,williamson 7#gg7 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #ai2 ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ji7 ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #hg4 #aafg ,scott 7#jg7 p4 #ahb2 7#jh7 p4 #cah4 #aafh ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jf74 #aafi ,williamson 7#gg74 #aagj ,williamson 7#hh7 ,a4 #aaga ,jordan 7#jc74 #aagb ,mc,nicol 7#jh74 #aagc ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#ji74 #aagd ,comp>e figures ( ! vascul> cyl9d]s ( climb+ ,dicotyl$ons giv5 by ,s*5ck 7#ic74 #aage ,= a figure ( ! /ele see ,tansley 7#jh7 p4 #be1 fig4 #bj4 #aagf ,/5zel 7#hi7 ,pls4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 #aagg ,b9ney 7#gb74 #aagh ,williamson 7#gd7 ,a4 #aagi ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ji74 #aahj ,felix 7#hf7 ,a4 #aaha ,r5ault 7#fi74 #aahb ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 #aahc ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 #aahd ,:ite 7#ii7 p4 #ig4 #aahe ,b9ney 7#gb72 ,williamson 7#gd7 ,a4 p4 #fhe4 #aahf ,williamson 7#gd7 ,a4 p4 #fhe4 #aahg ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ji7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 fig4 #dh4 #aahh ,scott 7#je7 p4 #aae4 #aahi ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ji7 ,pl4 ,,vii4 #aaij ,scott 7#jd72 7#je74 #aaia ,scott 7#jf74 #aaib ,boodle 7#jh74 #aaic ,scott1 ,r4 7#jh7 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #aaid ,baily 7#fj7 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 1 a club or mace4 #aaie ,zeill] 7#hc74 #aaif ,kid/on 7#id74 #aaig ,potoni 7#jb7 p4 #dib4 #aaih ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,x4 #aaii ,tansley 7#jh74 #abjj ,see p4 #ddg4 #abja ,/5zel 7#hi7 p4 #ae1 ,pls4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 #abjb ,l9dman 7#jd74 #abjc ,bak] 7#hg7 ,a42 ,sadebeck1 9 ,engl] & ,prantl 7#jb74 #abjd ,campbell 7#jd72 ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #eea4 #abje ,s*5k 7#ga7 p4 #bbe4 #abjf ,hollick 7#id7 ,pl4 ,,lxxi4 #abjg ,m5tion$ by ,krass] 7#jf7 9 a prelim9>y note4 #abjh ,fri & ,bay] 7#ja7 p4 #hf1 fig4 #cd4 #abji ,he] 7#hb7 ,pl4 ,,xvi4 #abaj ,he] 7#ee7 ,a4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aef1 ,pl4 ,,cxlv4 fig4 #ce4 #abaa ,goebel 7#je74 #abab ,see ,sew>d 7#id7 p4 #dda1 = a description ( ! float+ plants on ! lagunas ( ,gran ,*aco 7,s4 ,am]ica7 by ,pr(4 ,graham ,k]r4 #abac ,b[] 7#jh7 p4 #faa4 #abad ,hollick 7#id74 #abae ,e4g4 ,lesqu]eux 7#gh7 ,pl4 ,,lxiv4 fig4 #ad2 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #aj4 ,/aub 7#hg7 ,pl4 ,,xix4 fig4 #b4 #abaf ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,pl4 ,,li4 figs4 #b1 #c4 #abag ,he] 7#ee7 ,a4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aef1 ,pl4 ,,cxlv4 figs4 #a-cae4 #abah ,zeill] 7#ji7 p4 #ie4 #abai ,fritel 7#jh74 #abbj ,see also ,arb] 7#jf7 p4 #bbh4 #abba ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ahc4 #abbb ,dawson 7#hf74 #abbc ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #eh4 #abbd ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,liv4 #abbe ,presl1 9 ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 #abbf ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 #abbg ,na?or/ 7#gh7 p4 #ag4 #abbh ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xx4 #abbi ,salfeld 7#ji7 p4 #ag4 #abcj ,9 a footnote to ,fonta9e's description ( ,jurassic plants ( ,oregon1 ,le/] ,w>d writes3--8,sew>d treats ,sag5opt]is z a f]n1 class+ x n[ 7,jur4 ,fl4 ,york%ire ,coa/1 #aijj1 p4 #afa7 9 ! family ,polypodiaceae1 al?\gh 9 8 ,weald5 ,flora1 #ahid1 p4 #abi1 he plac$ x 9 ! ,s*izaeaceae40 ,w>d 7#je7 p4 #hc1 note b4 ,my words are 8,i am dispos$ to reg>d ,sag5opt]is z probably a g5us ( f]ns0 7loc4 cit4 #aijj1 p4 #afa74 ,i h nev] ref]r$ ?is plant to ! ,polypodiaceae or ,s*izaeaceae or to any o!r family4 #abca ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ahb4 #abcb ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,dr ,na?or/ = call+ my att5tion to ,l9dman's pap]4 #abcc ,= a full] synonymy1 see ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #afb4 #abcd ,na?or/ 7#jd74 #abce ,bunbury 7#ea7 ,a4 #abcf ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,clv4 #abcg ,yabe 7#je7 ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #af4 #abch ,moell] 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #aj4 #abci ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,lxiii4 fig4 #b4 #abdj ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #afi1 fig4 #bf4 #abda ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 #abdb ,moell] 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,vi4 figs4 #h1 #i4 #abdc ,w>d 7#je7 ,pl4 ,,xv4 fig4 #e4 #abdd ,b>?ol9 7#ib7 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #i4 #abde ,presl1 9 ,/]nb]g 7#ch74 #abdf ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xxi4 ,,xxii42 ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xx4 figs4 #ac-ah4 #abdg ,brongni>t 7#be7 ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #a4 #abdh ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#je72 ,salfeld 7#ji7 ,pl4 ,i4 #abdi ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 #abej ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #ge4 #abea ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #acj4 #abeb ,vel5ovsk 7#he7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 #abec ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,pl4 ,,lxv4 ,newb]ry's ,*iropt]is spatulata f ,montana may be f\nd$ on leaflets ( ,sag5opt]is ,mantelli4 ,newb]ry 7#ia74 #abed ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #fa4 #abee ,:ite 7#ic74 #abef ,:ite 7#ii7 p4 #adc4 #abeg ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #faj4 #abeh ,sell>ds 7#ja74 #abei ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#fi7 p4 #ih1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #ac4 #abfj ,zeill] 7#id7 p4 #afi4 #abfa ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #a4 #abfb ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,pls4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 #abfc ,fonta9e & ,:ite 7#hj7 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 #abfd ,fonta9e & ,:ite 7#hj7 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 figs4 #a-h4 #abfe ,sell>ds 7#ja74 #abff ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #aga4 #abfg ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 #abfh ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #ade1 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 fig4 #c4 #abfi ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bhb1 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 fig4 #aj4 #abgj ,fei/mantel 7#ha7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xxi4 ,a4 ,,xxii4 ,a4 #abga ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 p4 #da4 #abgb ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #ab4 #abgc ,na?or/ 7#gh7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 #abgd ,fei/mantel 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 #abge ,saporta 7#gc7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,lxi4 ,,lxii4 #abgf ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,pls4 ,x4-,,xiv4 p4 #ff4 #abgg ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,xi4 fig4 #d4 #abgh ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 ,= synonymy1 see also ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #abd4 #abgi ,sew>d 7#jd7 figs4 #ah-bb4 #abhj ,sew>d 7#jh7 p4 #ih4 #abha ,ge9itz 7#gf7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 figs4 #a-c4 #abhb ,na?or/ 7#gh7 ,pl4 ,,xix4 #abhc ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 #abhd ,= synonymy & di/ribution1 see ,sew>d 7#jj7 pp4 #aei1 #cjd4 #abhe ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,see also ,b>?ol9 7#ib7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #g4 #abhf ,e!ridge 7#id74 #abhg ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xcii4 #abhh ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #ad4 #abhi ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,pl4 ,,xxix42 ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #abe4 #abij ,/iehl] 7#eh7 ,pls4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 #abia ,see p4 #egf4 #abib ,na?or/ 7#ij74 #abic ,= figures1 see ,/iehl] loc4 cit4 & ,hosius & ,von d] ,m>ck 7#hj7 ,pls4 ,,xliii4 ,,xliv4 #abid ,= synonymy1 see ,fonta9e1 9 ,w>d 7#ii7 p4 #fea2 ,sew>d 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #aad2 ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #bj4 #abie ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #d4 #abif ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,lxii4 ,,lxiii4 #abig ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #fde4 #abih ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 p4 #cag4 #abii ,= figures see ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a42 ,zeill] 7#jb71 7#jc72 ,arb] 7#je72 ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 #acjj ,arb] 7#je72 ,sew>d 7#jg74 #acja ,bunbury 7#fa7 ,pl4 ,,xi4 #acjb ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 #acjc ,oldham 7#ig72 ,zeill] 7#ig74 #acjd ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 7#jg72 ,arb] 7#jb7 p4 #bj2 ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cgd4 #acje ,:ite 7#jh7 p4 #ece4 #acjf ,zeill] 7#jb74 #acjg ,potoni 7#jj74 #acjh ,sew>d 7#jd72 ,zeill] 7#ig72 ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #ag2 ,d4 ,:ite 7#jg74 #acji ,amalitzky 7#ja72 ,zeill] 7#ih74 #acaj ,zeill] 7#jb74 #acaa ,d4 ,:ite 7#jg7 p4 #fag 7footnote #b74 #acab ,= synonymy1 see ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #dh4 #acac ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 #acad ,mc,coy 7#dg74 #acae ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 #acaf ,arb] 7#je72 7#je74 #acag ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a2 7#jg74 #acah ,royle 7#cc74 #acai ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 #acbj ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 #acba ,oldham 7#ig74 #acbb ,zeill] 7#jb74 #acbc ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #g4 #acbd ,e!ridge 7#id74 #acbe ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #dg4 #acbf ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cfh1 fig4 #ac4 #acbg ,zeill] 7#jb72 7#jc74 #acbh ,oldham 7#ig74 #acbi ,amalitzky 7#ja74 #accj ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,pl4 ,,xvi4 #acca ,zeill] 7#jb74 #accb ,sew>d & ,leslie 7#jh7 p4 #aac4 #accc ,dawson 7#ga7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xvii42 ,fonta9e & ,:ite 7#hj7 p4 #aa2 ,:ite 7#ie7 p4 #cae2 ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #cjg1 ,pl4 ,,xx4 #accd ,jack & ,e!ridge 7#ib74 #acce ,lesqu]eux 7#gi7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxv42 ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 ,see p4 #eag4 #accf ,e!ridge 7#ii74 #accg ,fei/mantel 7#hj7 ,pls4 ,,xxviii4 ,a41 ,,xli4 ,a4 #acch ,sew>d 7#jg74 #acci ,mc,coy 7#dg74 #acdj ,arb] 7#jb74 #acda ,mc,coy 7#fj7 p4 #ajg 7footnote74 #acdb ,mc,coy 7#ge74 #acdc ,fei/mantel 7#gi74 #acdd ,sew>d & ,woodw>d 7#je7 p4 #b4 #acde ,arb] 7#jb7 p4 #ad4 #acdf ,:ite1 ,d4 7#jg74 #acdg ,arb] 7#je74 #acdh ,c>ru!rs 7#fi7 p4 #i1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #a4 #acdi ,sew>d 7#jc7 p4 #hc4 #acej ,hayd5 7#jg72 ,sew>d 7#jg74 #acea ,d>w9 7#hg7 ,a4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bdh4 #aceb ,= synonymy1 see ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #ajd4 #acec ,sew>d & ,smi? ,woodw>d 7#je72 7#jg74 #aced ,:ite 7#jh7 pp4 #dgc1 #dhc4 #acee ,/ur 7#hd7 p4 #fch4 #acef ,:ite 7#jh7 p4 #ecg1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 figs4 #h-aj4 #aceg ,ibid4 p4 #edc1 ,pl4 ,,ix4 figs4 #a-c4 #aceh ,fei/mantel 7#hj7 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 fig4 #e4 #acei ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #adb2 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 #acfj ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #abi4 #acfa ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #e4 #acfb ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #aff1 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 fig4 #b4 #acfc ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 fig4 #f4 #acfd ,lesqu]eux1 loc4 cit4 #acfe ,:ite 7#je7 p4 #cha4 #acff ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #cje4 #acfg ,s*imp] & ,m\geot 7#dd7 ,a4 #acfh ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #ddg4 #acfi ,c>ru!rs 7#fi74 #acgj ,see ,arb] 7#je7 p4 #aaf2 ,sew>d 7#jc7 p4 #he4 #acga ,:ite 7#jh7 p4 #dhc4 #acgb ,sew>d 7#jc7 p4 #hc4 #acgc ,zeill] 7#ie7 p4 #faf4 #acgd ,fei/mantel 7#gi74 #acge ,kurtz 7#id74 #acgf ,s*imp] & ,m\geot 7#dd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxxviii4 #acgg ,blanck5horn 7#he7 p4 #abg1 ,pls4 ,,xvii4-,,xix4 #acgh ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bib4 #acgi ,zeill] 7#jj74 #achj ,blanck5horn 7#he7 p4 #abi1 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 #acha ,blanck5horn loc4 cit4 ,! specim5s figur$ by ?is au?or are 9 ! ,/rassburg ,museum1 z are also "s ( ^? figur$ by ,s*imp] & ,m\geot4 #achb ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #deb4 #achc ,s*imp] & ,koe*l9-,s*lumb]g] 7#fb7 ,a4 #achd ,ibid4 #ache ,frits*1 ,k4 7#ig74 #achf ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 fig4 #a4 #achg ,grigoriew 7#ih7 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #achh ,s*u/] 7#jh7 p4 #ahd4 #achi ,presl1 9 ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 #acij ,= synonymy1 see ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #cja4 #acia ,page #djf4 #acib ,potoni 7#jc7 p4 #afb4 #acic ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,pls4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 #acid ,arb] 7#jf74 #acie ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a42 ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,li4 #acif ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 #acig ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xix4 #acih ,kid/on 7#ia7 ,pl4 ,,xxxv4 #acii ,goebel 7#je7 p4 #cah4 #adjj ,see p4 #djf1 fig4 #bic2 ,potoni 7#jc7 also figures a "y frond ( ,dactylo!ca plumosa p>tially cov]$ by ,aphlebiae4 #adja ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 fig4 #a4 #adjb ,ibid4 p4 #ade4 #adjc ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 #adjd ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 #adje ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#hf7 p4 #fh4 #adjf ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #bih4 #adjg ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #adg1 ,pls4 ,,iv4 ,v42 ,kid/on 7#hf7 p4 #hj4 #adjh ,see p4 #ece4 #adji ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ca7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xlv4 #adaj ,pea* 7#gh74 #adaa ,kid/on 7#hg7 p4 #ade4 #adab ,?is species w be describ$ 9 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #adac ,b5son 7#jd74 #adad ,mill] 7#eg71 ,frontispiece4 #adae ,scott 7#je7 p4 #add4 #adaf ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #adag ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #aia4 #adah ,potoni 7#ie72 7#ii74 #adai ,zeill] 7#gi74 #adbj ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #aie4 #adba ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #gga4 #adbb ,gr&',eury 7#jh74 #adbc ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #abj4 #adbd ,zeill] 7#gi72 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #adb4 #adbe ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #bdj4 #adbf ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #adg4 #adbg ,ibid4 ,pl4 ,,xvi4 #adbh ,potoni 7#ib74 #adbi ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #ae4 #adcj ,crp9 7#ge74 ,previ\sly describ$ by ,crp9 7#gd7 z ,psilophyton4 #adca ,gilk9et 7#ge74 #adcb ,na?or/ 7#jb74 #adcc ,zeill] 7#ji7 p4 #bj4 #adcd ,ett+%aus5 7#eb74 #adce ,sell>ds 7#jj74 #adcf ,= synonymy1 see ,sew>d 7#jc7 p4 #eb4 #adcg ,solms-,lauba* & ,/e9mann 7#ii7 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 fig4 #b2 ,szajno*a 7#hh74 #adch ,ge9itz 7#gf7 ,pl4 ,i4 #adci ,sew>d 7#jh7 p4 #ie4 #addj ,fei/mantel 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 #adda ,zeill] 7#jc74 #addb ,= ref]5ces1 see ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #ca4 #addc ,b]ry 7#jc74 #addd ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #ca4 #adde ,hollick & ,jeffrey 7#ji7 p4 #bd4 #addf ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xx4 figs4 #a1 #b2 ,zeill] 7#jj7 p4 #ih4 #addg v4 #eiej4 #addh ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,pls4 ,,xvii4 ,,xviii4 #addi ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ada4 #adej ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #dgb4 #adea ,kurr 7#de7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #a4 #adeb ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #cj4 #adec ,saporta 7#gc7 ,a4 #aded ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 #adee ,salfeld 7#jg7 p4 #aib4 #adef ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #cd1 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #adeg ,salfeld 7#ji74 #adeh ,s*5k 7#gf7 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 fig4 #g4 #adei ,salfeld 7#ji7 p4 #cd4 #adfj ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 #adfa ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #aad4 #adfb ,na?or/ 7#gh74 #adfc ,saporta 7#gc7 ,a4 p4 #ceb4 #adfd ,na?or/ 7#gh7 p4 #abb4 #adfe ,zeill] 7#jc7 p4 #eb4 #adff ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,x4 fig4 #a2 ,sew>d 7#jd7 p4 #cf4 #adfg ,s*5k 7#hg74 #adfh ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,pls4 ,,vi4-,,viii4 #adfi ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 #adgj ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #agj4 #adga ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #di4 #adgb ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #aga4 #adgc ,saporta 7#gc7 ,a4 p4 #cfh4 #adgd ,krass] 7#ie74 #adge ,saporta 7#gc7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xlvii4 #adgf ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #fj4 #adgg ,kid/on 7#ja7 p4 #aif4 #adgh ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xv4 #adgi ,kid/on 7#hi7 p4 #dji4 #adhj ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,pls4 ,,xix4-,,xxii42 7#jj7 p4 #ajj1 fig4 #gc4 #adha ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gj74 #adhb ,zeill] 7#jf7 p4 #ij4 #adhc ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #aca2 ,weiss 7#gj74 #adhd ,weiss 7#fi7 p4 #cg4 #adhe ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,a4 #adhf ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bai4 #adhg ,/ur 7#hd74 #adhh ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 #adhi ,gr&',eury 7#jh74 #adij ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 #adia ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#fi72 ,goepp]t 7#fd7 ,a42 ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a1 7#jd72 ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a41 p4 #abd2 ,:ite 7#ii7 p4 #abe4 #adib ,sew>d 7#jh7 p4 #ig1 ,pl4 ,,viii4 #adic ,brongni>t1 9 ,mur*ison1 ,v]neuil1 & ,keys]l+ 7#de7 ,pl4 ,a4 #adid ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gj7 p4 #hga4 #adie ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #bd4 #adif ,gr&',eury 7#jf74 #adig ,weiss 7#fi7 ,pls4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 #adih ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #adii ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 p4 #ii4 #aejj ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #hd4 #aeja ,zeill] 7#ih74 #aejb ,= figures ( ?is & o!r species1 see ,potoni 7#jg74 #aejc ,= synonymy1 see ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #hg & ,potoni 7#jg7 p4 #b4 #aejd ,s*u/] 7#jh7 ,pl4 ,,viii4 fig4 #g4 #aeje ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gj74 #aejf ,s*lo!im 7#bj7 ,a4 p4 #djf4 #aejg ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,xix4 #aejh ,:ite 7#je7 p4 #chh4 #aeji ,=bes 7#ec7 p4 #dc4 #aeaj ,baily 7#ei7 p4 #ge4 #aeaa ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #dgc4 #aeab ,dawson 7#ga7 ,a4 p4 #dh2 7#hb74 #aeac ,kid/on 7#ia7 p4 #cj1 ,pl4 ,,iii42 7#jf7 p4 #dcd4 #aead ,baily 7#ge7 ,pl4 ,,xxviii4 #aeae ,c>ru!rs 7#gb7 ,pl4 ,,ii4 #aeaf ,dawson 7#ga7 ,a4 #aeag ,smi? & ,:ite 7#je7 p4 #ci4 #aeah ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 #aeai ,crp9 7#gd74 #aebj ,na?or/ 7#jb74 #aeba ,s*malhaus5 7#id74 #aebb ,na?or/ 7#jd74 #aebc ,krass] 7#jj7 ,pl4 ,i4 figs4 #c-g4 #aebd ,zeill] 7#jc7 p4 #bg4 #aebe ,/ur 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,viii4 ,,xii4 ,,xvi4 #aebf ,kid/on 7#hh74 #aebg ,gr&',eury 7#jh74 #aebh ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 #aebi ,kid/on 7#je74 #aecj ,r5ault 7#gf74 #aeca ,gr&',eury 7#jh74 #aecb ,:ite 7#ii7 p4 #abh4 #aecc ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #abb4 #aecd ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,pl4 ,,xi4 fig4 #f4 #aece ,potoni 7#ii7 p4 #aac4 #aecf ,r5ault 7#hb7 ,a4 ,vol4 ,,iii42 ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #aci4 #aecg ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #aje4 #aech ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #f4 ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #ggc2 ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bfa4 #aeci ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#hh7 p4 #ced4 #aedj ,s*eu*z] 7#agbc7 ,a4 p4 #abi1 ,pl4 ,x4 fig4 #c4 #aeda ,lhywd 7#agfj7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #aij4 #aedb ,lesqu]eux 7#gi7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 #aedc ,fonta9e & ,:ite 7#hj7 p4 #dg4 #aedd ,bunbury 7#dg7 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 #aede ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #ceg2 7#jc7 p4 #hjf4 #aedf ,:ite 7#ii7 p4 #acb4 #aedg ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bea4 #aedh ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #de4 #aedi ,zalessky 7#jg7 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 fig4 #e4 #aeej ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bea4 #aeea ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bea1 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 #aeeb ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #ea4 #aeec ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 p4 #bh4 #aeed ,lesqu]eux 7#ff7 ,a4 #aeee ,roehl 7#fi74 #aeef ,sew>d 7#hh74 #aeeg ,potoni 7#ii7 p4 #aec 7note74 #aeeh ,gutbi] 7#ce74 #aeei ,presl1 9 ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 #aefj ,gr&',eury 7#jd74 #aefa ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,pl4 ,,xi4 fig4 #i4 #aefb ,zeill] 7#ii7 p4 #df4 #aefc ,bunbury 7#dg7 ,a4 p4 #dbg4 #aefd ,lyell 7#de7 ,a4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjb4 #aefe ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #adf4 #aeff ,/]nb]g 7#bf7 ,a4 #aefg ,gr&',eury 7#jd74 #aefh ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 #aefi ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,pl4 ,,ix4 fig4 #f1 ,a4 #aegj ,/ur 7#hc74 #aega ,scott 7#jg7 p4 #bjf2 ,scott & ,masl5 7#jf7 p4 #aab4 #aegb ,gr&',eury 7#jd74 #aegc ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#jc7 p4 #ggb3 ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 #aegd ,s*eu*z] 7#agbc7 ,a4 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #d4 #aege ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #bde4 #aegf ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #eif2 7#jc7 p4 #hjf2 ,:ite 7#ii7 p4 #aag4 #aegg ,gr&',eury 7#jd74 #aegh ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #bde4 #aegi ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #ei4 #aehj ,page #did4 #aeha ,kid/on 7#id7 p4 #eif4 #aehb ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #aehc ,potoni 7#ib72 7#ic7 p4 #ed4 #aehd ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#hh7 p4 #cff4 #aehe ,zeill] 7#ij7 p4 #de2 ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #eg4 #aehf ,g]m> 7#dd7 ,pls4 ,,xxxv4 ,,xxxvi4 #aehg ,kid/on 7#hh7 p4 #cff4 #aehh ,/ur 7#hc74 #aehi ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #aif4 #aeij ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #dh4 #aeia ,zeill] 7#jj7 p4 #hh4 #aeib ,page #cig4 #aeic ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #agh1 ,pls4 ,v4-,,viii4 ,ante1 p4 #dai4 #aeid ,potoni 7#jb74 #aeie ,s*imp] 7#fi7 ,a4 p4 #fhh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,cambridge ,,biological ,,s]ies ,g5]al ,editor1 ,a4 ,e4 ,,%ipley1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,ma/] ( ,*ri/'s ,college4 ,a ,text-,book ( ,zoogeography4 ,by ,,frank ,e4 ,,b$d>d1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,prosector ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) #e maps4 #fs4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,botany4 ,by ,,francis ,,d>w91 ,sc4,d41 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,*ri/'s ,college4 ,second edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) #id illu/rations4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,a notewor?y addition to our botanical lit]ature4 ,practical ,physiology ( ,plants4 ,by ,,francis ,,d>w91 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,e4 ,,hamilton ,,acton1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) #de illu/rations4 ,?ird edition4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,nature4 ,! au?ors are mu* to be congratulat$ on _! "w1 :i* fills a s]i\s gap 9 ! botanical lit]ature ( ?is c\ntry4 ,morphology & ,an?ropology4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,duckwor?1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,fell[ & ,lectur] ( ,jesus ,college1 ,univ]sity ,lectur] 9 ,physical ,an?ropology4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) #ccc illu/rations4 #aes4 net4 ,a!num4 ,mr ,duckwor? has manag$ to produce 9 8 8,morphology & ,an?ropology0 j su* a text-book z /ud5ts h long be5 ask+ =4444 ,x is no easy task to h und]tak5 su* a "w & ! au?or is to be congratulat$ on ! success :i* has att5d$ 8 ef=ts4 ,! volume c be confid5tly recomm5d$ to all ^: /udies lead !m 9 ?is direction4 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,physiology dur+ ! ,sixte5?1 ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies4 ,by ,sir ,m4 ,,fo/]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,m4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) a frontispiece4 #is4 ,nature4 ,!re is no m fasc9at+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ?an t :i* deals ) physiology1 b a concise & at ! same "t comp5di\s acc\nt ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! subject has nev] be=e be5 pres5t$ to ! ,engli% read]4 ,physiologi/s !re=e owe a debt ( gratitude to ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/] = supply+ a want :i* 0 widely felt4444 ,no high] praise c be giv5 to ! book ?an to say t x is wor?y ( ! reputation ( its au?or4 ,! ,soluble ,f]m5ts & ,f]m5tation4 ,by ,j4 ,,reynolds ,,gre51 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,botany to ! ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,second edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,nature4 ,x is n necess>y to recomm5d ! p]usal ( ! book to all int]e/$ 9 ! subject s9ce x is indisp5sable to !m1 & we w m]ely conclude by congratulat+ ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press on hav+ add$ to _! admirable s]ies ( ,natural ,sci5ce ,manuals an em95tly successful "w on s important & difficult a !me1 & ! au?or on hav+ writt5 a treatise clev]ly conceiv$1 indu/ri\sly & ably work$ out1 & on ! :ole1 well writt54 ,a ,treatise on ! ,briti% ,fre%wat] ,alg4 ,by ,g4 ,s4 ,,we/1 ,m4,a41 ,a4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,lectur] 9 ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) a frontispiece & #aff illu/rations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,nature4 ,its aim is /at$ z 8to give ! /ud5t a concise acc\nt ( ! /ructure1 habits & life-hi/ories ( ,fre%wat] ,alg1 & also to enable him to place )9 ! prescrib$ limits ( a g5us any ,alg he may f9d 9 ! fre%wat] ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s40 ,to d ?is )9 ! limits ( an octavo volume ( less ?an #djj pages1 9 :i* are num]\s illu/rations1 is a task possible ( accompli%m5t only by "o v famili> ) ! subject & skill$ 9 concise expression2 b t x has be5 successfully done w1 we ?9k1 be ! v]dict aft] te/+ ! book ?or\ghly4444 ,pr(4 ,we/'s treatm5t ( 8 subject is in/ructive & /imulat+4 ,a ,manual & ,diction>y ( ! ,fl[]+ ,plants & ,f]ns4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,willis1 ,m4,a41 ,sc4,d41 ,director ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,ceylon4 ,?ird edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,field4 ,tak+ ?is h&y volume & a local flora1 ! travell] or /ud5t may d an enorm\s am\nt ( practical field "w )\t any o!r botanical lit]ature :atev]4444 ,! result is a "w t ought to be includ$ 9 e libr>y ( botany & horticulture or agriculture1 & x is c]ta9ly "o t ! nomadic botani/ _c af=d to leave at home4444 ,we h us$ ! orig9al edition ( ?is "w s9ce its publication1 & h f\nd x to be "o ( ! mo/ useful & compreh5sive works on plants ev] produc$4 ,a!num4 ,! :ole is well abrea/ ( mod]n rese>*1 & a ?or\ghly bus9ess-l volume1 lucid ?\gh compact4 ,agriculture 9 ! ,tropics4 ,an elem5t>y ,treatise4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,willis1 ,m4,a41 ,sc4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) #be plates4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,palontology--,inv]tebrate4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,woods1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,univ]sity ,lectur] 9 ,palozoology4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,f\r? edition4 ,) #aea illu/rations4 #fs4 ,outl9es ( ,v]tebrate ,palontology = /ud5ts ( ,zoology4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,smi? ,,woodw>d1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,keep] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) #bbh illu/rations4 #ads4 ,a!num4 ,! au?or is to be congratulat$ on hav+ produc$ a "w ( exceptional value1 deal+ ) a difficult subject 9 a ?or\ghly s\nd mann]4 ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,,also ,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,,lewis1 #acf1 ,,g[] ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 - ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 - ,text enclos$ by equals is 9 bold 7bold74 - ,text enclos$ by tildes is 9 antiqua 7antiqua74 - ,blank pages h be5 remov$4 - ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 - ,odd-numb]$ page head+s are ent]$ at approximate locations z sid5otes1 except :]e repeat$1 or duplicat$ 9 head+s4 - ,"s head+s & table ( cont5ts h be5 modifi$ to be m consi/5t4