,,specifications ,,= ,,/reet ,,roadway ,,pavem5ts ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,company ,publi%]s ( ,books = ,electrical ,_w ,eng9e]+ ,record ,railway ,age ,gazette ,signal ,eng9e] ,electric ,railway ,j\rnal ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+ ,! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal ,eng9e]+ ,news ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ,am]ican ,eng9e] ,coal ,age ,p[] ,,specifications ,,= ,,/reet ,,roadway ,,pavem5ts ,,) ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,inspectors ,,on ,,/reet ,,pav+ ,,"w ,,by ,s4 ,,:9]y ,,memb] ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,,second ,,edition ,,revis$1 ,,enl>g$ ,,& ,,entirely ,,reset ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company #bci ,,we/ #ci,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york #f ,,b\v]ie ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,e4 ,c4 #aiac ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,! ,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company ,,!,,maple,,press,,york,,pa ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,9 (f]+ to ! public a new edition ( 8,specifications = ,/reet ,roadway ,pavem5ts0 ! au?or has tak5 advantage ( ! opportunity to revise & exp& some:at ! matt] 9 ! orig9al edition & to add !reto ,in/ructions = ,inspectors on pavem5t "w4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! orig9al pamphlet 9 #aijg no little advance has be5 made 9 ! design & con/ruction ( /reet pavem5ts & ! fram+ ( specifications = t "w4 ,aside f ! p]sonal /udy & ef=ts ( individual eng9e]s1 ! ,association = ,/&>diz+ ,pav+ ,specifications1 organiz$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #aiji1 has held f\r important conv5tions1 devot$ to ! improvem5t & /&>dization ( specifications = /reet pavem5ts1 & its able /&+ ,committees h devot$ mu* "t & ?\ght to ! subject4 ,! ,am]ican ,society ( ,municipal ,improvem5ts has also devot$ mu* att5tion to ! subject & has adopt$ /&>d specifications = mo/ ( ! common k9ds ( pavem5t4 ,o!r organizations h be5 work+ along ! same l9es4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x might be ?\ght t !re is no long] any press+ ne$ = ! cont9uance ( individual ef=ts 9 ?is field1 & x has be5 ) "s hesitation t ! au?or has return$ to x4 ,)\t v5tur+ to criticise ! "w done by ^! public organizations x has seem$ to ! au?or t !re is yet room = individual "w 9 ?is field1 if = no o!r reason ?an t !re /ill rema9 q div]g5t views n only z to ! sub/ance1 b z to ! =m1 scope & phraseology ( specifications1 & contributions bas$ ^u "s k & exp]i5ce 9 /reet pavem5t may n be )\t value 9 rea*+ f9al conclusions4 ,z might be expect$ exp]i5ce & obs]vation dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s h1 9 a numb] ( p>ticul>s1 modifi$ ! au?or's op9ions & %[n :]e ! orig9al specifications (f]$ might be improv$ & enl>g$1 s t :ile1 9 ! ma91 ^? n[ (f]$ foll[ ! orig9al text1 ! read] w f9d n a few *anges4 ,!re has also be5 add$ specifications = two comp>atively new k9ds ( roadway pavem5t t h m]it$ att5tion1 & = concrete sidewalk & concrete comb9$ curb & gutt]4 ,s f> z ! au?or is aw>e !re has n be5 pr9t$1 9 ,am]ica at lea/1 any complete & compreh5sive code ( in/ructions = pavem5t inspectors1 ?\gh !re appe>s to be a dem&1 z !re c]ta9ly is a ne$1 = some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,hav+ be5 ask$ ab\t a ye> s9ce to prep>e su* a set ( in/ructions = ! use ( "o ,am]ican city1 ! au?or has rewritt5 p>ts ( !m 9 a m g5]al =m1 & !y are pr9t$ 7) ! p]mission ( ! eng9e] = :om !y 7 writt57 z ,"p ,,ii ( ?is edition4 ,:ile !y w\ld ne$ "s revision & modification to meet ! conditions & special specification provisions 9 any p>ticul> city1 x is ?\ght !y may be useful 9 at lea/ sugge/+ ! po9ts to be cov]$4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,specifications ,introductory ,,page ,value ( g5]al specifications #a ,!ory ( specifications #a ,/reet pav+ "w #b ,specifications %\ld be fair & j to contractor #d ,relations ( contractor to municipality #f ,adv]tisem5ts = proposals #g ,in/ructions to bidd]s #i ,relation betwe5 specifications & contract #i ,specifications #i ,prep>ation ( specifications #i ,eng9e] z arbit] #aa ,itemiz$ unit prices #ab ,,specifications ,g5]al ,,page ,,section ,g5]al description ( "w #ac ,def9itions #ad #a ,*anges 9 plans & specifications #ae #c ,quality ( mat]ial & "w #ae #d ,inspection #ae #e ,injury to p]sons & prop]ty #af #f ,sanit>y & public conv5i5ce #af #g-i ,disord]ly employees #ag #aj ,ord] & progress ( "w #ag #aa ,pavem5t datum #ah #ab ,city monum5ts & /akes #ah #ac ,old & new mat]ial #ah #ad-ae ,adju/+ /reet /ructures #ah #af ,connection ) exi/+ pavem5ts #ai #ah ,measurem5ts & computations #bj #ba ,incid5tal & extra "w #bj #bc-bd ,gu>anty #ba #be ,prep>+ ! sub-grade #bb #bf ,f\ndations ,concrete f\ndations--,portl& cem5t #bd #bh-bi ,s& #bf #cj ,/one #bf #ca ,c>e ( mat]ials #bg #cc ,ratios #bg #cd ,mix+ ,concrete #bh #ce ,plac+ concrete #bi #cf ,sett+ ( concrete #bi #cg ,f\ndation ( old pav+ /one #cj #ci ,f\ndation ( brok5 /one #ca #dj-da ,%eet asphalt pavem5t ,g5]al note #cc ,crude & ref9$ asphalts #cf #dc-df ,temp]+ ag5t #ch #dg ,s& #ch #dh ,pulv]iz$ /one #ci #di ,asphaltic pav+ cem5t #ci #ej ,composition1 surface mixture #dj #ea ,base c\rse #db #eb-ed ,lay+ asphalt pavem5t #db #ee-eh ,plant #de #ei ,asphalt block pavem5t ,sub-grade & f\ndation #df #fj-fa ,asphalt block #df #fb ,composition & quality #df #fc-fd ,lay+ blocks #dh #ff ,granite block pavem5t ,granite blocks #ej #ga ,s& cu%ion #ea #gb ,sett+ blocks #ea #gc-gd ,fill+ jo9ts #eb #ge ,bridge & cross+ /one #ee #gi ,brick pavem5t ,sub-grade & f\ndation #ef #hj-ha ,pav+ brick #ef #hb-hd ,deliv]+ brick #eh #he ,s& cu%ion #eh #hf ,sett+ ! brick #ei #hg-hi ,fill+ ! jo9ts #fj #ij ,wood-block pavem5t ,sub-grade & f\ndation #fb #ib-ic ,wood-blocks #fc #id ,creosote oil #fe #ie ,pres]vative treatm5t #fe #if ,lay+ wood-blocks #ff #ig ,fill+ jo9ts #fh #ih ,inspection #fh #ii ,expansion jo9ts #fh #aja ,bitum9\s concrete pavem5t ,g5]al note #fi ,sub-grade & f\ndation #gj #ajc-aji ,bitum9\s concrete #ga #aaj ,mix+ & lay+ #gc #aaa-aab ,hydraulic concrete pavem5t ,sub-grade & f\ndation #gc #aac ,bottom c\rse #gd #aae ,top1 or surface1 c\rse #gd #aaf-abj ,expansion jo9ts #gf #aba ,bitum9\s surface #gg #abb ,exp]im5tal or ,untri$ ,pavem5ts #gh #abc-abf ,concrete ,curb & ,gutt] ,g5]al #hj #abg ,excavation & dra9age #ha #abh-abi ,concrete #ha #acj ,wea!r #hb #acb ,expansion jo9ts #hb #acc ,circul> corn]s #hc #acd ,/eel protection #hc #ace ,f9i%+1 =ms1 etc4 #hc #acf-ach ,paym5t = #hd #aci ,concrete ,sidewalks ,g5]al note #hd ,g5]al dim5sions #hd #adj ,grad+ #he #ada ,dra9age #he #adb-adc ,bottom c\rse #hf #add ,surface c\rse #hf #ade ,expansion jo9ts #hg #adg ,wea!r #hh #adi ,regrad+ #hh #aej ,repair+ defects #hh #aea ,measurem5t & paym5t #hh #aeb ,,"p ,,ii ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,inspectors ,introductory note #ia ,g5]al rem>ks1 inspection & inspectors #ia ,g5]al in/ructions #id #a-ac ,sub-f\ndation "w g5]al #if #ad curb+ #ig #ae r\gh grad+ #ih #af f9e grad+ #ih #ag incid5tal "w #ih #ah concrete f\ndation #ih #ai quality ( mat]ials #ih #bj /or+ mat]ials #ii #ba proportion+ #ii #bb mix+ concrete #ajj #bc plac+ concrete #ajj #bd-be ,old pav+ /one f\ndation #aja #bf ,brok5 /one f\ndation #aja #bg ,%eet asphalt pavem5t #aja #bh inspect+ at pav+ plant #ajb #bi-cj s& #ajb #ca-cc ref9$ asphalt & flux #ajc #cd-cf asphaltic cem5t #ajc #cg ratio1 s& & cem5t #ajd #ch mix+ #ajd #ci records #ajd #dj ,inspect+ on ! /reet #aje #da-db temp]ature ( mixture #aje #dc prep>+ /reet surface #aje #dd lay+ b9d]-c\rse #ajf #de lay+ surface-c\rse #ajf #df-ej ,asphalt block pavem5t #ajg #ea-eb ,granite block pavem5t #ajh #ec blocks #ajh #ed s& cu%ion #ajh #ee sett+ ! block #ajh #ef ramm+ ! blocks #aji #eg fill+ jo9ts #aaj #eh ,brick pavem5t #aaj inspect+ ! brick #aaj #fj s& cu%ion #aaa #fa sett+ brick #aaa #fb roll+ #aaa #fc fill+ ! jo9ts #aab #fd-fe ,wood-block pavem5t #aab inspection ( blocks #aab #fg mort> b$ #aab #fh sett+ blocks #aac #fi fill+ ! jo9ts #aac #gj ,bitum9\s concrete pavem5t #aac #ga-gb ,hydraulic concrete pavem5t #aac #gc f\ndation #aac #gd surface-c\rse #aad #ge-gg expansion jo9ts #aad #gh c>e ( "w #aad #gi ,concrete comb9$ curb & gutt] #aad concrete #aae #ha remov+ =ms #aae #hb corn] protection #aae #hc pat*+ #aaf #hd ,hydraulic concrete sidewalk #aaf mat]ials #aaf #hf dra9age #aaf #hg two-c\rse "w #aaf #hh f9i%+ surface #aaf #hi-ij ,,"p ,i ,,specifications ,,= ,,/reet ,,roadway ,,pavem5ts ,,introductory ,9 addition to _! value z memor&a & aids 9 prep>+ specifications = a p>ticul> project1 c>efully prep>$ g5]al specifications1 embody+ ! late/ approv$ practice1 sometimes supply ! mo/ useful & acceptable brief treatises ^u any p>ticul> bran* ( eng9e]+ "w4 ,x has be5 p>tly ) ?is ?\ght 9 m9d t ! foll[+ set ( specifications = /&>d /reet pavem5ts has be5 prep>$ & is n[ (f]$ to city eng9e]s & municipal au?orities4 ,to wid5 _! range & increase _! usefulness1 copi\s foot notes h be5 add$1 ref]r+ to alt]native requirem5ts & me?ods ( con/ruction1 & giv+ "s ( ! reasons = ! pref]5ce or adoption ( ! con/ruction call$ = 9 ! specifications4 ,x is recogniz$ t 9 a good _m matt]s ( detail embrac$ 9 ^! specifications !re is diff]5ce ( op9ion among able eng9e]s1 _m ( :om are at lea/ z compet5t z ! writ] to det]m9e :at is be/4 ,!y are n (f]$ 9 a dogmatic _s1 or ) ! hope t all ! provisions f\nd !re9 w be accept$4 ,if !y %all be ( "s assi/ance 9 br++ ab\t correct /&>ds = su* specifications1 _! prep>ation w h be5 ju/ifi$4 ,!oretically1 ?ree g5]al classes ( eng9e]+ specifications may be not$4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! aim ( ! eng9e] is to specify ! end or result t x is desir$ to secure1 leav+ ! contractor free to orig9ate & foll[ ! me?ods by :i* ^! results are to be atta9$4 ,9 ! second ! eng9e] aims to secure ! desir$ end by specify+ 9 detail ! mat]ials & ! me?ods :i* 9 8 op9ion w accompli% ! purpose1 he himself assum+ responsibility = ! results4 ,ei!r ( ^! two classes ( specifications is p]missible1 & ! eng9e] may *oose ! "o :i* 9 8 op9ion seems be/ adapt$ to ! "* ( ! "w to be done1 & ! conditions "u :i* x mu/ be prosecut$4 ,9 ! ?ird class ( specifications1 met ) m frequ5tly ?an !y %\ld be1 ! eng9e] und]takes to prescribe n only ! "* ( ! mat]ials to be us$ & ! me?ods to be pursu$1 b also ! results to be atta9$4 ,! position ?us assum$ is illogical1 & (t5 unreasonable1 & may lead to complications betwe5 ! eng9e] & ! contractor4 ,if a contractor be requir$ to turn out a product :i* %all con=m to c]ta9 /&>ds1 he may prop]ly be giv5 mu*1 if n full latitude1 z to h[ ! /ipulat$ results %all be secur$1 & may be held fully responsible = ! outcome2 if on ! o!r h& ! eng9e] *ooses to specify ) m or less m9ut5ess ! "* ( ! mat]ials to be us$ & ! me?ods ( con/ruction to be foll[$1 & en=ces compliance !re)1 x seems fair & j t he %\ld assume responsibility = ! results produc$1 & !re=e unfair to hold ! contractor to responsibility = consequ5ces aris+ f ! use ( mat]ials & me?ods :i* he 0 all[$ no *oice or latitude 9 select+4 ,9 /reet pav+ "w1 ( well-kn[n & /&>d "*1 ! second class ( specifications seems pref]able = a numb] ( reasons1 ! lead+ "o be+ t ! "t requir$ to develop ! good or bad quality ( ! "w mu/ usually ext5d ov] a consid]able numb] ( ye>s1 & ! conditions to :i* ! pavem5t may be subject$ 9 ! meantime are likely to v>y s widely t x may be v difficult1 if n impossible1 to prescribe a satisfactory /&>d ( s]vice & endurance4 ,disputes are !re=e liable to arise betwe5 ! municipality & ! contractor z to ! latt]'s liability1 or conditions may make x difficult or impossible to hold ! contractor to /rict acc\nt = t liability4 ,x is believ$ t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art x is entirely practicable to s frame specifications = ! mat]ials to be us$ & ! me?ods to be foll[$ 9 ! con/ruction ( /&>d /reet pavem5ts1 & to s en=ce compliance !re)1 t ! eng9e] & ! municipality may safely assume responsibility = ! quality ( ! "w produc$4 ,:ile x may be true t local conditions sometimes make x v difficult to en=ce compliance ) specifications1 ! same conditions are likely to make x at lea/ equally difficult to secure effective responsibility on ! "p ( ! contractor = any long-p]iod gu>antee ( ! "w done by him2 & ! contractor :o neglig5tly or purposely violates ! specifications dur+ con/ruction is n likely to be m fai?ful or scrupul\s 9 liv+ up to any gu>antees he may make ) reg>d to ! future1 ev5 :]e ! t]ms & conditions ( su* gu>antees may be cle>ly def9$ & indisputable4 ,! writ] has discuss$ ! subject ( "t gu>antees z appli$ to /reet pavem5ts pretty fully 9 8 book1 8,municipal ,public ,works10 & ! above brief /atem5t seems all t is necess>y "h4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is view ( ! matt]1 ! foll[+ specifications aim to set out z def9itely & cle>ly z practicable ! requirem5ts = ! con/ruction ( good pavem5ts ( ! sev]al /&>d k9ds1 & x is assum$ t ! eng9e] w be able to1 & w en=ce !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n infrequ5tly ! case t ! eng9e] w be call$ ^u to prep>e specifications = new1 or pat5t$1 or propriet>y pavem5ts advocat$ by _! promot]s1 ! value or usefulness ( :i* h n be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce1 & = :i* ! data = detail$1 def9ite specifications are n yet available4 ,9 su* cases ! wise/ c\rse to foll[ is to conf9e ! precise specifications to ! g5]al or /&>d p>ts ( ! "w1 :ile /ipulat+ only ! results to be atta9$ ) reg>d to ^? features ( ! "w t are propriet>y or que/ionable1 ?us plac+ ^u ! promot] or 8 contractors full responsibility = su* results z are promis$ or gu>ante$4 ,?is applies to new or comp>atively untri$ mat]ials or processes1 :e!r pat5t$ or n4 ,a propos$ =m ( g5]al specifications to cov] su* cases is (f]$ h]e94 ,x is usually unwise to adopt or to incorporate 9 ! municipal specifications ^? prep>$ or (f]$ by ! promot] or pat5tee1 :i* are (t5 brief1 incomplete1 & indef9ite1 & are sometimes c>efully1 & ev5 cunn+ly1 drawn to evade f9al responsibility4 ,no attempt has be5 made to submit specifications = propriet>y or pat5t$ pavem5ts1 or ^? compos$ :olly or 9 "p ( mat]ials :i* are pat5t$ or protect$ by trade-m>ks4 ,! own]s or contractors engag$ 9 con/ruct+ ^! pavem5ts1 (t51 if n usually1 claim ! "r to dictate ! mat]ial p>ts ( ! specifications "u :i* su* "w %all be done1 & ! municipal eng9e] :o is call$ ^u to con/ruct su* pavem5ts1 mu/1 9 ea* case1 det]m9e :e!r ! specifications (f]$ are adequate & satisfactory1 & ! ext5t to :i* he feels ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ responsibility = ! results4 ,naturally1 ! contractor or promot]1 ev5 if compet5t to prep>e specifications1 _c be expect$ to b9d himself )9 clos] limits ?an he ?9ks necess>y to secure ! "w4 ,9 _m su* cases ! =m ( g5]al specifications = 8untri$ or exp]im5tal pavem5ts0 giv5 h]e9 might appropriately be us$4 ,! eng9e] is1 9 common ) all m51 fallible1 & he c h>dly hope1 9 ! prep>ation ( specifications1 to make !m p]fect2 to cov] e item & p>ticul>2 or to escape "s ambiguities ( expression1 & "s degree ( indef9it5ess4 ,! writ] c only claim t he has aim$1 9 ! light ( a consid]able exp]i5ce1 to set out z fully & def9itely z practicable ! requirem5ts = ! prop] con/ruction ( high-class /reet pavem5ts1 & has endeavor$ to avoid loose or obscure t]ms & expressions4 ,! ideal specification is "o t furni%es a :olly suffici5t guide to ! accompli%m5t ( ! desir$ purpose2 t provides = e possible cont+5cy :i* may arise1 & is c\*$ 9 language :i* n only means exactly :at x 0 int5d$ to mean1 b is incapable ( any o!r int]pretation4 ,x is ne$less to say t no example ( su* a p]fect specification c be in/anc$ z a model4 ,x has be5 ! aim to make ^! specifications fair & j to ! contractor2 t is1 to require ( him no impracticable or indef9ite s]vice1 or ! assumption by him ( risks o!r ?an ^? fairly involv$ 9 ! bus9ess conduct ( ! "w4 ,if ! plans & specifications = any "w :i* a contractor bids ^u are s full1 specific1 & cle>1 t he may "k exactly :at he w be expect$ to d1 & if !y d n require him to assume unusual *ances & risks1 he may intellig5tly "n prices :i* he believes w comp5sate him = ! s]vice4 ,hav+ done s1 8 proposal hav+ be5 accept$1 & a contract ent]$ into accord+ly1 ! eng9e] & ! municipality h a "r bo? 9 law & equity to dem& t he w d exactly & fully :at he has contract$ to d4 ,no excuses on 8 "p c be valid & none %\ld be accept$4 ,he may 9 all fairness & ju/ness be requir$ to 8toe ! m>k0 /rictly4 ,to ! neglect to recognize & en=ce ^! pr9ciples is *>geable ! great] "p ( ! poor & unsatisfactory "w s common 9 /reet pavem5t "w 9 our cities4 ,unexpect$ cont+5cies may1 ( c\rse1 arise :]e "s *anges & concessions may be prop] & j1 b ^! %\ld be1 & usually are1 v r>e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sweep+ g5]al clauses 9 contracts & specifications int5d$ to cat* ! contractor 8go9' or com9'10 unnecess>ily /r+5t /ipulations :i* 7 nev] int5d$ to be /rictly en=c$1 b 7 put into ! specifications ) ! idea t !y w\ld help hold ! contractor up to a high /&>d1 & 8"o-sid$0 contracts int5d$ to give ! municipality an unfair advantage ov] ! contractor1 are z inadvisable 9 policy z !y are wrong 9 pr9ciple4 ,no?+ %\ld be put 9 a specification t is n cle>ly ess5tial to secure ! results aim$ at1 &1 ?is hav+ be5 done1 e requirem5t %\ld be en=c$4 ,! exi/5ce 9 specifications ( requirem5ts t are n int5d$ to be en=c$1 gives ! contractor a pretext = neglect+ o!rs t may be important4 ,9 ^! specifications w be f\nd a numb] ( details t are (t5 n reg>d$ z important & :i*1 :5 f\nd 9 pav+ specifications1 ! contractor is frequ5tly all[$ to ignore4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 bas$ ^u 8 exp]i5ce 9 /reet pav+1 e "o ( ^! requirem5ts is ess5tial to ! production ( high-class "w1 :i*1 x is h>dly necess>y to argue1 is1 9 ! end1 ! mo/ economical "w f ! /&po9t ( ! municipality4 ,x may be argu$ t ! adoption & en=cem5t ( ^! specifications w\ld h ! effect ( rais+ prices4 ,9 _m cases ?is w\ld d\btless prove true4 ,contractors are entitl$ to a fair & reasonable comp5sation = _! s]vices4 ,x is admitt$ t 9 "s cities ! prevail+ prices = "s k9ds ( pavem5ts are bel[ ! actual co/ ( ! "w if x 7 done 9 a prop] mann]1 con=m+ /rictly to ! specifications4 ,illogical z x und\bt$ly is1 ! l[ price at :i* "w is tak5 is sometimes consid]$ a suffici5t reason = accept+ "w bel[ /&>d4 ,! consequ5ce is t bidd]s n only c\nt ^u concessions & lax en=cem5t ( ! specifications1 b bid l[] & l[]1 expect+ t fur!r concessions w enable !m to get out ) an undes]v$ pr(it4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s evils 9 ! pav+ bus9ess to-day1 & ! highe/ public int]e/s dem& a ?or\gh re=m4 ,l[ fir/ co/1 desirable z x may be1 is ! poore/ economy if x be secur$ at ! sacrifice ( ! quality ( ! "w4 ,if "o pavem5t co/s tw5ty p] c5t4 m ?an ano!r1 b r5d]s =ty p] c5t4 m s]vice1 x is obvi\sly ! *eap] ( ! two4 ,contractors are prone to cont5d t ?is or t provision 9 a specification is unusual1 unnecess>y or unfair4 ,9 deal+ ) !m ! eng9e] %\ld be> 9 m9d t no requirem5t ( a specification t is cle>ly & def9itely /at$1 s t ! bidd] may und]/& exactly :at x means & :at he w be expect$ to d1 & may frame 8 prices accord+ly1 c be unreasonable or unfair to ! contractor4 ,unusual or unnecess>y requirem5ts may result 9 unw>rantably increas+ ! co/ ( ! "w1 & ?is may raise a "q betwe5 ! eng9e] & ! municipality employ+ him1 b x c furni% no occasion = que/ions ( fairness or unfairness betwe5 ! contractor & ! eng9e]4 ,! relations t %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! contractee & ! contractor1 & ! attitude ( ! eng9e] t[>d ! contractor h be5 widely discuss$ & are q well und]/ood f bo? ! e?ical & legal /&po9t4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t :5 a contract is duly ent]$ into1 bo? ! p>ties !reto are equal be=e ! law4 ,nei!r c impose ^u ! o!r t]ms or conditions t are n cle>ly includ$ 9 or to be fairly inf]r$ f ! contract itself4 ,! assumption t ei!r p>ty has sup]ior or extra rights n express$ or to be fairly inf]r$ f ! writt5 agreem5t1 or 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ rul+s ( ! c\rts1 is :olly )\t w>rant4 ,! smalle/ contractor is1 9 ?is respect1 ^u an equal foot+ ) ! l>ge/ city gov]nm5t = :i* he may und]take to d contract "w4 ,x is n infrequ5tly ! case t ! city assumes a sup]ior & dictatorial attitude n 9 h>mony ) ^! pr9ciples1 & x is too common = ! contractor to seek to evade or to escape f cle> contractural obligations4 ,9 nei!r case is ! action w>rant$ by fairness1 ju/ice1 or law4 ,x %\ld be ne$less to say t ! attitude ( ! eng9e] t[>d ! contractor %\ld be "o ( unyield+ & uncompromis+ requirem5t t ! contract & specifications %all be fully & fai?fully compli$ )1 b at ! same "t "o ( absolute fairness & ev5 helpfulness to ! contractor4 ,! ideal relation1 :i* %\ld be m commonly atta9able ?an x appe>s to be1 is t ( helpful coop]ation to br+ ab\t ! results ! contract & specifications 7 int5d$ to secure4 ,9 l9e ) ! pr9ciples "h outl9$ "s obs]vations ^u ! prep>ation ( contracts & specifications are appropriate4 ,x is ! g5]al practice to include 9 & make a "p ( 8,! ,contract0 7h]e9 = conv5i5ce call$ ,! ,g5]al ,contract7 all ! v>i\s docum5ts t are suppos$ to relate directly to ! transaction z a :ole4 ,! sep>ate p>ts ( su* a g5]al contract may v>y 9 numb] or "*1 b ! pr9cipal ones are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! adv]tisem5t = proposals4 #b4 ,in/ructions to bidd]s4 #c4 ,! proposal submitt$4 #d4 ,! contract prop]4 #e4 ,! specifications4 ,ea* ( ^! %\ld be drawn to cov] fully & cle>ly its appropriate purpose or function b no?+ m4 ,x is n unusual to f9d1 ev5 9 ! in/ructions to bidd]s1 /ipulations t prop]ly belong 9 ! contract or specifications1 & x is q common to f9d 9 ! contract prop] a lot ( matt] t prop]ly belongs 9 ! specifications only4 ,9 su* cases !re is liable to be m or less confusion z to ! actual mean+ or requirem5ts ( ! g5]al contract z a :ole1 :i* may lead to s]i\s misund]/&+s & complications betwe5 ! p>ties !reto4 ,! sev]al docum5ts compos+ ! g5]al contract are likely to be prep>$ by diff]5t p]sons1 look+ at ! transaction f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & (t5 n :olly famili> ) ! scope1 int5t & language ( ! o!r docum5ts4 ,!re is !re=e a possibility1 at lea/1 ( indef9ite1 if n ( conflict+ expressions :i* are op5 to diff]5t int]pretations1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! light ( special or unexpect$ conditions t may arise dur+ ! progress ( ! "w or ! settlem5t !re=4 ,x w\ld t5d to elim9ate or avoid ! possibility ( su* complications if ea* ( ! sev]al docum5ts conf9$ itself /rictly to its appropriate function 9 ! g5]al contract4 ,adv]tisem5ts = proposals may be divid$ into two g5]al classes4 ,! "o is brief 9 =m & sub/ance1 simply /at+ t proposals = a c]ta9 nam$ "w w be receiv$ at a /at$ place & "t1 & ref]r+ ^? int]e/$ to docum5ts on file at a /at$ place = all fur!r in=mation4 ,?is is ! g5]al =m adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,w> ,dep>tm5t = ! _m projects c>ri$ out by contract "u its direction4 ,a sample adv]tisem5t tak5 f a curr5t te*nical j\rnal is z foll[s2 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,(fice ,,( ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob] #aj1 #aiab4 ,seal$ ,proposals w be receiv$ at ?is (fice until #c o'clock p4 m4 on ! #a/ day ( ,novemb]1 #aiab1 & !n op5$1 = an electric pass5g] elevator 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates po/ (fice1 ,bell+ham1 ,wa%41 9 accordance ) ! draw+ & specification1 copies ( :i* may be _h at ?is (fice at ! discretion ( ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect4 ,,osc> ,,w5d]o?1 ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect4 ,! o!r g5]al class ( adv]tisem5t1 v commonly us$ by municipal corporations1 is mu* long] & m elaborate1 giv+ a cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! "* ( ! "w to be done1 ! conditions "u :i* proposals are invit$ & w be receiv$1 & a s*$ule ( ! quantities ( "w involv$1 toge!r ) o!r p>ticul>s4 ,a typical example ( su* an adv]tisem5t1 tak5 f ! same p]iodical1 is "h giv53 ,,pump+ ,,ma*9]y--,,rosel& ,,pump+ ,,/ation ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,public ,,works ,,*icago1 ,,ill41 ,octob] #b1 #aiab4 ,seal$ proposals w be receiv$ by ! ,city ( ,*icago until #aa ,a4 ,m4 ,w$nesday1 ,octob] #cj1 #aiab1 at ,room #djf1 ,city ,hall1 = furni%+ & erect+ at ,rosel& ,pump+ ,/ation "o v]tical triple expansion crank & fly :eel pump+ eng9e ( a capacity ( tw5ty-five million 7#be1jjj1jjj7 gallons p] day aga9/ a normal head ( "o hundr$ & =ty feet 7#adj74 ,?is proposal also includes ! dismantl+ ( a simil> eng9e n[ at ,lake ,view ,pump+ ,/ation1 transport+ & erect+ x at ,rosel& ,pump+ ,/ation1 toge!r ) ! furni%+ & erection ( c]ta9 auxili>ies & appurt5ances1 accord+ to plans & specifications on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,works ( said city1 ,room #djf1 ,city ,hall4 ,proposals mu/ be made out ^u blanks furni%$ at said (fice1 & be address$ to said ,dep>tm5t1 indors$ 8,proposals = ,pump+ ,ma*9]y1 ,rosel& ,pump+ ,/ation10 & be accompani$ ) ,five ,?\s& 7#e1jjj7 ,doll>s 9 money or a c]tifi$ *eck = ! same am\nt on "s responsible bank locat$ & do+ bus9ess 9 ! ,city ( ,*icago & made payable to ! ord] ( ! ,commission] ( ,public ,works4 ,! ,commission] ( ,public ,works res]ves ! "r to reject any or all bids4 ,a deposit ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,doll>s 7#ajj7 w be requir$ to insure safe return ( ! plans4 ,no proposal w be consid]$ unless ! p>ty (f]+ x %all furni% evid5ce satisfactory to ! ,commission] ( ,public ,works ( 8 ability1 & t he has ! necess>y facilities toge!r ) suffici5t pecuni>y res\rces to fulfill ! conditions ( ! ,contract & ,specifications1 provid$ su* ,contract %\ld be aw>d$ to him4 ,companies or firms bidd+ w give ! individual names z well z ! "n ( ! firm ) _! address4 ,l4 ,e4 ,mc,g,a,n,n1 ,commission] ( ,public ,works4 ,su* adv]tisem5ts z ?is may be requir$ by /atutes or ord9ances1 & 9 t case are1 ( c\rse1 prop] & necess>y4 ,ev5 :]e n s requir$ !y may be consid]$ advantage\s1 because !y give prospective bidd]s m complete in=mation z to ! "* & magnitude ( ! "w1 & may enable !m to decide at once :e!r !y c>e to pursue ! matt] fur!r4 ,b on ! :ole1 ! %ort] =m ( adv]tisem5t1 if p]missible1 seems pref]able1 because x ref]s ! enquir] directly to ! orig9al & (ficial s\rces ( in=mation1 ! =ms to be us$1 ! contract1 specifications & e/imat$ quantities ( "w1 exactly z !y w & mu/ be pres5t$ to all bidd]s1 & z !y w appe> 9 ! subsequ5t /ages ( ! transaction1 & leaves1 !re=e1 no room = possible confusion ( /atem5ts betwe5 ! adv]tisem5t & ! o!r docum5ts4 ,fur!rmore1 ! co/ ( ! %ort] =m ( adv]tisem5t is mu* less1 & ?is is (t5 a matt] ( "s importance4 ,in/ructions to bidd]s %\ld be conf9$ /rictly to su* in=mation & directions z ! bidd] may ne$ to prop]ly & intellig5tly make up & submit 8 proposal 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts relat+ !reto4 ,?is %\ld include prim>ily1 a ref]5ce to ! contract & specifications = all g5]al & detail$ in=mation ab\t ! "w to be done1 b %\ld c>efully avoid any /atem5ts or language t might be con/ru$ to add to1 take f1 limit or modify ! contract or specifications4 ,p]haps ! briefe/ & be/ /atem5t ( :at ?is docum5t %\ld or %\ld n conta9 is t x %\ld be s fram$ t1 except z a matt] ( record1 its (fice & usefulness %\ld absolutely end ) ! aw>d & sign+ ( ! contract4 ,no "o :o is n a lawy] c presume to say j :at ! contract prop] %\ld conta9 or cov]1 p>ticul>ly z ?is may v>y ) ! requirem5ts ( /atutes & ord9ances 9 =ce 9 a giv5 city4 ,x w\ld seem logical & prop]1 h[ev]1 to sep>ate ! special functions ( contracts & specifications 9 su* a way t ea* %\ld cov] a di/9ct field ( its own1 & be free f encroa*m5t ^u ! prop] doma9 ( ! o!r4 ,) su* a conception ( ! prop] doma9 ( ea*1 "o might safely say t ! contract %\ld und]take to set out only ! legal & contractural relations ( ! p>ties !reto1 & %\ld ref] to ! plans & specifications = all detail$ in/ructions z to ! actual p]=mance ( ! "w & ! results to be secur$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( specifications = any public "w ! ma9 po9ts to be kept 9 m9d are fulness1 def9it5ess1 & exact expression4 ,:ile brevity & concis5ess are desirable qualities 9 any docum5t1 !y %\ld n be secur$ at ! exp5se ( complet5ess & precision ( /atem5t4 ,ev5 ! frequ5t repetition ( words1 phrases & s5t5ces ?r\gh\t a docum5t1 :]e x is necess>y to avoid ! possibility ( misund]/&+ or ambiguity1 %\ld be resort$ to freely4 ,exact description & def9ition are m important ?an lit]>y /yle1 ?\gh !y may (t5 be successfully comb9$4 ,( c\rse1 x is n possible or necess>y to g into m9ute detail ) reg>d to e "p ( ! "w4 ,c]ta9 ?+s may be safely assum$ to be requir$ by e/abli%$ practice or trade usage4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x is specifi$ t c]ta9 lumb] %all be 8dress$0 ?is ^w has a well-und]/ood mean+ 9 ! trade & x is unnecess>y to /ipulate h[ ! dress+ %all be done or its "* or quality1 ?\gh x may be necess>y to say :e!r x is to be dress$ on "o or m sides4 ,! prop] prep>ation ( specifications = any "w involves a cle>1 di/9ct & complete conception1 det]m9ation & design ( :at is to be done2 ( ! conditions t are likely to be met ) 9 c>ry+ x out2 & ( alt]nate plans t ^! conditions may necessitate4 ,?is may n always be possible1 = ! eng9e] is n omnisci5t4 ,b c>eful /udy & maturity ( design w enable him to avoid ! great majority ( su* indef9ite expressions z 8or 9 su* o!r mann] z ! eng9e] may direct10 89 accordance ) ! in/ructions ( ! eng9e]10 etc4 ,a great _m ( ! items to :i* su* expressions are int5d$ to & d apply 9 practice1 c\ld be def9itely settl$ be=e ! specifications are prep>$ & ?us all unc]ta9ty on ! "p ( bo? eng9e] & contractor be avoid$4 ,to illu/rate3 specifications = block pavem5t commonly /ipulate t ! blocks %all be set 9 r[s runn+ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! /reet1 except at /reet int]sections1 :]e ! eng9e] may direct !m to be laid at a diff]5t angle4 ,!re is usually no good reason :y ! eng9e] %\ld n det]m9e be=eh& at :i*1 if any1 /reet int]sections ! g5]al rule %\ld be *ang$ & s /ate 9 ! specifications4 ,^! may be & usually are unimportant matt]s :i* may n mu* affect "o way or ! o!r ! co/ to ! contractor4 ,b !y (t5 prove o!rwise1 & ! contractor is entitl$ to "k :5 he submits 8 proposal j :at he w be requir$ to d4 ,( c\rse x may develop dur+ ! progress ( ! "w t *anges f ! orig9al plan w become necess>y1 b ^! %\ld be provid$ = 9 "s su* def9ite & previ\sly /ipulat$ mann] z outl9$ 9 ,sect4 #c ( ! foll[+ specifications4 ,! practice ( ins]t+1 ei!r 9 ! specifications or ! contract1 a clause mak+ ! eng9e] judge & arbit] 9 any diff]5ces t may arise betwe5 ! city & ! contractor1 & provid+ t 8 decision 9 all su* cases %all be f9al1 is z unwise z x is (t5 illegal4 ,su* clauses are bas$ on ! assumption t ! eng9e] is a compet5t z well z a dis9t]e/$ p>ty 9 ! transaction1 an assumption t is usually :olly wrong1 ?\gh to _! honor x may be said t ! confid5ce ?us repos$ 9 eng9e]s is seldom abus$4 ,b ! fact is t ! eng9e] is nev] actually a dis9t]e/$ p>ty4 ,he is employ$ & paid by ! city to look aft] its int]e/s1 & is "u no obligations to ! contractor o!r ?an ^? nam$ 9 ! contract & specifications & 8 s5se ( ju/ice1 propriety & pr(essional honor4 ,he w\ld be recreant to 8 duty if 9 all nicely balanc$ matt]s ( d\bt he did n esp\se ! side ( 8 employ]4 ,moreov]1 8 p]sonal int]e/s are (t5 involv$4 ,hav+ prep>$ ! plans1 specifications & e/imates = ! "w1 he is naturally & prop]ly anxi\s t x %all be successful & t ! co/ %all n exce$ t e/imat$4 ,"u all ^! conditions x is h>dly possible = any human be+ to be a :olly dis9t]e/$ & unprejudic$ judge4 ,no broad-m9d$ & consci5ti\s eng9e] desires to be plac$ 9 su* a difficult position1 & x is z unfair z x is unwise & improp] to require him to assume x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( matt]s ( fact 9 ref]5ce to :i* x is prop] & necess>y to make ! judgm5t & decision ( ! eng9e] controll+ & f9al1 unless x may be %[n t 8 decision is cle>ly errone\s or affect$ by improp] motives1 or by fraud4 ,"s "o mu/ necess>ily be made ! imm$iate & f9al judge z to :e!r ! quality ( mat]ials & workman%ip is 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! plans & specifications1 & z to ! quantity ( "w actually p]=m$1 & ^! duties & responsibilities are v prop]ly plac$ ^u ! eng9e]4 ,x n infrequ5tly occurs t specifications are n drawn z cle>ly z !y %\ld be 9 ! matt]s ( me?ods ( measur+ ! "w & ( apply+ contract unit prices1 & indef9it5ess & c>elessness 9 ?is reg>d are (t5 a s\rce ( misund]/&+ & dispute betwe5 ! eng9e] & ! contractor4 ,x is a good practice1 foll[$ by _m able eng9e]s1 aft] specify+ h[ a c]ta9 "p ( ! "w %all be done1 to /ate h[ x %all be measur$ & paid = at ! contract unit prices4 ,9 _m respects x is desirable t all ! "w to be done "u contract %\ld be q fully itemiz$1 & a unit price nam$ = ea* k9d ( "w4 ,x is ! cu/om 9 _m cities to "n only c]ta9 lead+ items ( ! "w to be done "u a pav+ contract1 z = ! pavem5t complete1 furni%+ & sett+ new curb+1 r$ress+ & resett+ old curb+1 & possibly a few o!r lead+ items1 & to require t all necess>y incid5tal "w %all be done by ! contractor )\t co/ to ! city2 or1 9 o!r words1 he mu/ take ?is possible extra "w into consid]ation 9 nam+ 8 unit prices = ! lead+ items ( ! "w4 ,z ! quantity ( ?is incid5tal "w is (t5 n /at$1 & ! contractor has no means ( asc]ta9+ x1 he mu/ guess1 z intellig5tly z he may be able1 h[ mu* he %\ld add to 8 unit prices to cov] its co/4 ,if he is a prud5t contractor he w be sure to add en\gh to prev5t any possible loss on ?is acc\nt4 ,9 mo/ cases ! quantities ( ?is incid5tal "w c be det]m9$ & s*$ul$ by ! eng9e] ) ! m important items1 & ! contractor may be requir$ to "n unit prices = x4 ,true1 !re are likely to develop dur+ ! progress ( ! "w "s items t c\ld n be =ese5 or t 7 ov]look$4 ,9 "s cities su* cont+5cies are provid$ = by a clause 9 ! contract or specifications s*$ul+1 by "n1 all ! incid5tal m9or items ( "w t exp]i5ce has %[n are likely to be met ) 9 /reet pav+ contracts1 & nam+ fair unit prices :i* ! contractor w be paid = ea*1 %\ld x occur4 ,! contractor may !n feel assur$ t h[ev] mu* ! quantity ( su* incid5tal "w may v>y1 he w receive comp5sation proportionate !reto1 & he may "n 8 prices = ! ma9 items ) m confid5ce4 ,"u su* conditions x is reasonable to expect clos] figures ?an he w\ld be will+ to "n if an unkn[n quantity ( incid5tal "w = :i* no sep>ate pay is provid$ _h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,sub-division ( unit prices is also desirable 9 ord] t ! eng9e] may be able to analyze & record ! elem5ts t make up ! aggregate co/ ( ! "w4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! con/ruction ( a new %eet asphalt pavem5t x is common to ask = a s+le price = ! pavem5t complete1 includ+ a five ye> gu>antee4 ,n[ ! "w w consi/ ( sev]al di/9ct op]ations or k9ds ( "w = ea* ( :i* a sep>ate price might be nam$3 #a4 ,! grad+ ( ! /reet & prep>ation ( ! sub-grade4 ,! quantity ( ?is "w w v>y on diff]5t /reets & is be/ reckon$ by ! cubic y>d ( mat]ial excavat$4 #b4 ,a price1 ei!r p] cubic y>d or p] squ>e y>d = ! concrete f\ndation4 #c4 ,a price p] squ>e y>d = ! asphalt pavem5t prop]4 ,?is might1 if desir$1 be sub-divid$ into sep>ate prices = ! base-c\rse & ! surface-c\rse4 #d4 ,a price p] squ>e y>d = gu>antee+ ! pavem5t = five ye>s4 ,su* sub-division w\ld1 x is true1 increase ! "w ( f9al computation b if ( no o!r value1 ! detail$ co/s w\ld be a great aid to ! eng9e] 9 e/imat+ ! reasonable co/ ( future "w :]e ! relative quantity ( ^! detail$ p>ts v>i$4 ,,specifications ,= ,grad+ & ,pav+1 or ,repav+ )44 44444444 44444444 44444444444444 4444 ,pavem5t on a444 444444444 4444444444 444444 ,f\ndation1 ! ,roadway (44444 44444444 44444444444 444444444444 4 444444444444 ,/reet1 f444444 4444444444 4444444444444 4444444444444 to4 4444444 4444444 44444444444 444444444444 44444444 toge!r ) "w incid5tal !reto4 ,,g5]al ,,description ,,( ,,"w ,! "w embrac$ 9 & to be done "u ?is contract consi/s ( grad+ ! entire /reet f curb to curb betwe5 ! limits nam$1 includ+ ! removal or readju/m5t ( ! pavem5t n[ on ! roadway1 sett+ & resett+ curb+1 lay+ or relay+ sidewalks :]e requir$1 furni%+ all new mat]ial & p]=m+ all ! labor requir$ = pav+ ! roadway1 toge!r ) all incid5tal "w necess>y to complete ! :ole 9 a prop] mann]1 9 accordance ) ! contract1 ! plans on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,city ,eng9e]1 ^! ,specifications & ! in/ructions ( ! ,city ,eng9e]1 h]e9 ref]r$ to z ! ,eng9e]1 or 8 au?oriz$ ag5ts4 ,,ref]5ces ,! numb]$ divisions ( ^! specifications are h]e9 designat$ z 8sections10 ea* be+ ref]r$ to by ! numb] /&+ at its beg9n+4 ,:]e ref]5ce is h]e9 made to any su* section numb] x %all be consid]$ equival5t to a quotation ( t section4 ,! plans & draw+s relat+ to ?is "w1 on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,city ,eng9e] are designat$ z 444 #a4 ,au?ority4--,:]ev]1 9 ^! specifications1 ! words1 ! ,city1 are us$1 !y %all be und]/ood to ref] to ! duly con/itut$ municipal gov]nm5t ( ! city ( 444 or its au?oriz$ ag5ts1 act+ )9 ! au?ority specifically conf]r$ ^u !m by ! said municipal gov]nm5t4#a ,:]ev]1 9 ^! specifications1 ! words1 ! ,eng9e]1 %all be us$1 !y %all be und]/ood to ref] to ! ,city ,eng9e] ( said city1 or 8 deputies or assi/ants1 act+ )9 ! au?ority conf]r$ ^u !m by ! ,city ,eng9e]4 ,b no ag5t ( ! city %all h p[] to revoke1 alt]1 enl>ge or relax ! /ipulations or requirem5ts ( ^! specifications1 except 9 s f> z su* au?ority may be specifically conf]r$ 9 or by ! specifications !mselves1 )\t ! =mal au?orization s to d1 conf]r$ by ! contract ( :i* ^! specifications are a "p1 or by ord9ance1 resolution or o!r usual (ficial action ( ! city4#b #b4 ,int]pretation4--,9 case ( any actual or alleg$ disagreem5t or discrepancy betwe5 ! contract1 ^! specifications1 & ! plans = ! "w on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,eng9e]1 ! language & provisions ( ! contract %all take prec$5ce & prevail2 & ! ,eng9e] %all det]m9e 9 ea* case :e!r ! specifications or ! plans %all be foll[$4 #c4 ,! ,eng9e] %all h ! "r to make su* *anges 9 ! plans & specifications ( ! "w z he may deem necess>y or desirable or to provide = unexpect$ conditions or cont+5cies t may develop at any "t aft] ! sign+ ( ! contract1 or dur+ ! progress1 or be=e ! f9al acceptance ( ! "w2 provid$ t all su* *anges d n involve an aggregate increase or decrease 9 ! co/ ( ! "w1 z %[n by 8 e/imates1 ( m ?an t5 7#aj7 p] c5t4 ,! contractor %all accept su* *anges :5 made1 z a "p ( ! orig9al contract & specifications1 subject to all ! provisions & conditions !re(4 ,b be=e any su* *anges %all become valid & be=e ! contractor %all beg9 ! p>ticul> "w involv$ 9 su* *anges1 ! increas$ or decreas$ co/ ( ! "w by reason ( su* *anges1 above or bel[ :at x w\ld h be5 "u ! orig9al plans & specifications1 %all be agre$ ^u 9 writ+ betwe5 ! eng9e] & ! contractor4 ,& :5 ! :ole "w1 includ+ su* *anges1 %all h be5 complet$ & accept$ by ! eng9e]1 ! sum or sums s agre$ ^u %all be add$ to or d$uct$ f ! sum t w\ld h be5 due ! contractor if no su* *anges _h be5 made4 #d4 ,quality ( ,mat]ial & ,"w4--,! judgm5t & decision ( ! ,eng9e] z to :e!r ! mat]ials suppli$ & ! "w done "u ?is contract comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ^! specifications1 %all be conclusive & f9al4 ,no mat]ial %all be us$ 9 ! "w until x has be5 exam9$ & approv$ by ! ,eng9e]1 or 8 au?oriz$ ag5ts4 ,all reject$ mat]ial mu/ be promptly remov$ f ! "w & replac$ ) t :i* is acceptable to ! ,eng9e]1 & all improp] or defective "w mu/ be correct$1 &1 if necess>y1 remov$ & recon/ruct$ s z to comply ) ^! specifications & ! in/ructions ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,9 all matt]s ( detail n specifically cov]$ by ! specifications ! "w %all be well & skillfully done 9 accordance ) ! be/ trade or art cu/oms & /&>ds = "w ( l "* & purpose4 #e4 ,inspection4--,! ,eng9e] may provide = ! inspection1 by assi/ants & inspectors "u 8 direction1 ( all mat]ials us$ & all "w done "u ?is contract4 ,su* inspection may ext5d to all or any "p ( ! "w1 & to ! prep>ation or manufacture ( mat]ials to be us$1 :e!r )9 ! limits ( ! "w on ! /reet1 or at any o!r place4 ,! ,eng9e] & 8 inspectors %all h free access to all p>ts ( ! "w1 includ+ m9es1 qu>ries1 manufactories1 or o!r places :]e any "p ( ! mat]ials to be us$ is procur$1 manufactur$ or prep>$4 ,! ,contractor %all furni% ! ,eng9e] all in=mation relat+ to ! "w & ! mat]ial !re= :i* ! ,eng9e] may deem necess>y or p]t95t1 & ) su* samples ( mat]ials z may be requir$4 ,! ,contractor %all1 at 8 exp5se1 supply inspectors ) su* labor & assi/ance z may be necess>y 9 ! h&l+ ( mat]ials = prop] inspection4 ,inspectors %all h au?ority to reject defective mat]ial & to susp5d any "w t is be+ improp]ly done1 subject to ! f9al decision ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,inspectors %all h no au?ority to p]mit deviations f1 or to relax any ( ! provisions ( ^! specifications )\t ! writt5 p]mission or in/ruction ( ! ,eng9e]2 nor to delay ! ,contractor by failure to inspect mat]ials & "w ) reasonable promptness4 ,! paym5t ( any comp5sation1 :atev] may be its "* or =m1 or ! giv+ ( any gratuity1 or ! grant+ ( any valuable favor1 by ! ,contractor to any inspector1 directly or indirectly1 is /rictly prohibit$1 & any su* act on ! "p ( ! ,contractor w con/itute a violation ( ^! specifications4#c #f4 ,injuries to ,p]sons & ,prop]ty4--,! ,contractor %all be held alone responsible = all injuries to p]sons1 & = all damages to ! prop]ty ( ! city or o!rs1 caus$ by or result+ f ! neglig5ce ( himself1 8 employees or ag5ts1 dur+ ! progress (1 or connect$ ) ! prosecution ( ! "w1 :e!r )9 ! limits ( ! "w1 or else:]e4 ,he mu/ re/ore all injur$ prop]ty1 includ+ sidewalks1 curb+1 sodd+1 pipes1 conduits1 sew]s & o!r public or private prop]ty to a condition z good z x 0 :5 he ent]$ ^u ! "w4 #g4 ,sanit>y ,conv5i5ces2 ,nuisances4--,! ,contractor %all provide all necess>y privy accommodations = ! use ( 8 employees on ! /reet1 & %all ma9ta9 ! same 9 a clean & sanit>y condition4 ,he %all n create nor p]mit any nuisance to ! public or to resid5ts 9 ! vic9ity ( ! "w4 #h4 ,public ,conv5i5ce4--,no mat]ial1 or o!r ob/ruction %all be plac$ )9 five feet ( fire hydrants1 :i* mu/ be at all times readily accessible to ! ,fire ,dep>tm5t4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! "w ! conv5i5ce ( ! public & ( ! resid5ts along ! /reet mu/ be provid$ = z f> z practicable4 ,conv5i5t access to driveways1 h\ses & build+s along ! /reet mu/ be ma9ta9$ :]ev] possible4 ,tempor>y approa*es to & cross+s ( int]sect+ /reets & sidewalks mu/ be provid$ & kept 9 good condition1 :]ev] practicable4 #i4 ,b>ri]s1 ,lights1 ,wat*m54--,! ,contractor %all provide & ma9ta9 su* f5ces1 b>ri]s1 8/reet clos$0 signs1 r$ lights1 & wat*m5 z may be necess>y to prev5t avoidable accid5ts to resid5ts & to ! public4 #aj4 ,disord]ly ,employees4--,disord]ly1 intemp]ate1 or incompet5t p]sons mu/ n be employ$1 reta9$1 or all[$ ^u ! "w4 ,=em5 or workm5 :o neglect or refuse to comply ) ! in/ructions ( ! ,eng9e]1 %all1 at 8 reque/1 be promptly dis*>g$1 & %all n !reaft] be re-employ$ )\t 8 cons5t4 #aa4 ,ord] & ,progress ( ,do+ ,"w4--,! "w "u ?is contract %all be prosecut$ at z _m diff]5t po9ts1 at su* times1 & 9 su* sections along ! l9e ( ! "w1 & ) su* =ces z ! ,eng9e] may f "t to "t deem necess>y1 & direct1 to secure its completion )9 ! contract "t4 ,n m ?an "o ?\s& 7#a1jjj7 l9e> feet ( ! /reet %all be torn up1 ob/ruct$ or clos$ to travel at any "o "t )\t ! writt5 p]mission ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,complet$ portions ( ! pavem5t %all be op5$ to travel z direct$ by ! ,eng9e]1 b su* op5+ %all n be con/ru$ z an acceptance by ! ,city ( ! "w done4 ,:]e ?us op5$ to public travel by ! direction ( ! ,eng9e]1 ! ,contractor w n be held responsible = injuries to ! "w caus$ by su* travel or public use1 p5d+ ! f9al completion & acceptance ( ! :ole "w4 #ab4 ,grade & ,cont\r ( ,pavem5t4--,roadway pavem5ts %all be laid to su* grades1 cr[n & cont\r ( surface z ! plans may %[ or ! ,eng9e] may direct1 & ! surface ( ! complet$ pavem5t %all con=m accurately to su* grades1 cr[n & cont\r4 ,! design$ surface ( ! complet$ pavem5t %all be consid]$ z ! datum or plane ( ref]5ce 9 fix+ ! location or level ( ! sub-grade1 ( ! pavem5t f\ndation1 & ( /ructures connect$ !re)4 ,x w be h]eaft] ref]r$ to 9 ^! specifications z 8,! pavem5t datum40 #ac4 ,city ,monum5ts or ,/akes4--,! ,contractor mu/ c>efully protect f di/urbance or injury all city monum5ts1 /akes & b5*m>ks1 & %all n excavate ne>] ?an five feet to any ( !m )\t ! p]mission ( ! ,eng9e]2 or until !y h be5 remov$1 witness$1 or o!rwise dispos$ ( by ! ,eng9e]4 #ad4 ,old ,mat]ial4--,all mat]ial or /ructures remov$ f ! /reet & n requir$ = ! new con/ruction1 b :i* ! city may desire to res]ve1 %all be deliv]$ & neatly pil$ up 9 a corporation y>d or else:]e1 by ! ,contractor1 z ! ,eng9e] may direct4 ,su* res]v$ mat]ial %all be consid]$ 9 ! cu/ody ( ! ,contractor until deliv]$ at ! place designat$1 & he w be held responsible = its c>e & protection1 & mu/ make good any losses occasion$ by damage1 !ft1 or misappropriation :ile x is on ! /reet or en r\te to ! place ( /orage4 ,if ! ,contractor %all be requir$ to haul su* res]v$ mat]ial m ?an "o-half mile1 he %all be paid a reasonable price1 to be agre$ ^u 9 advance1 = ! haul exce$+ t di/ance4 ,mat]ial tak5 f ! "w :i* is to be us$ 9 ! new con/ruction %all be compactly pil$ :]e x w lea/ ob/ruct ! sidewalks or adjo9+ sections ( ! /reet1 & prop]ly protect$ by ! ,contractor until x is requir$ = use4 ,all old mat]ial remov$ f ! "w1 includ+ ! mat]ial excavat$ 9 prep>+ ! sub-grade1 n res]v$ by ! ,city nor to be us$ aga9 9 ! "w1 %all belong to ! ,contractor & mu/ be remov$ by him f ! /reet z promptly z possible4 ,x mu/ n be plac$ on ! sidewalks or adjac5t /reets1 nor on any o!r /reet or prop]ty belong+ to ! ,city1 nor on ! prop]ty ( private own]s1 )\t ! writt5 cons5t ( ! ,eng9e]1 or ! own] ( ! prop]ty4 #ae4 ,/orage ( ,new ,mat]ial4--,! mat]ial = con/ruction :5 br\ght ^u ! /reet %all be neatly pil$ s z to cause z little ob/ruction to travel z possible1 & s t x may be conv5i5tly inspect$4 #af4 ,rebuild+ & ,adju/+ ,/reet ,/ructures4--,cat* bas9s1 manhole1 sew] & wat] frames & cov]s1 sew] inlets1 wat] pipes & o!r conduits1 belong+ to ! ,city & )9 ! limits ( ! "w1 %all1 if necess>y1 be reset to ! new l9es & grades ( ! /reet & = ?is purpose good brick masonry ( ! orig9al ?ickness1 laid 9 ,portl& cem5t mort> %all be us$4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to set all su* /ructures z project ?r\gh ! pavem5t exactly to ! grade & cont\r ( ! new /reet surface1 & any defects 9 ! con=mity ( su* /ructures to ! pavem5t datum1 discov]$ at ! "t1 or dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 or dur+ ! gu>anty p]iod1 /ipulat$ 9 ,sec4 #be %all be promptly rem$i$ by ! ,contractor4 #ag4 ,clean ,sidewalks4--,dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 ! sidewalks & portions ( ! /reet adjo9+ ! "w1 or 9 its vic9ity1 mu/ n be ob/ruct$ or litt]$ m ?an may be absolutely necess>y1 & ! adjac5t sidewalks mu/ be kept clean4 #ah4 ,connection ,) ,exi/+ ,pavem5ts or ,/reets4--,:]ev] a new pavem5t jo9s or abuts aga9/ an exi/+ pavem5t ( a diff]5t k9d1 or an unpav$ /reet1 ei!r at ! end ( ! new pavem5t or at cross or int]sect+ /reets1 a l9e ( /one head]s %all be provid$ & set4 ,! /one %all be ( s\nd1 h>d lime/one1 s&/one1 granite or blue/one1 free f injuri\s imp]fections4 ,! sep>ate /ones %all be n less ?an ?ree 7#c7 feet long1 at lea/ eighte5 7#ah7 in*es deep1 n less ?an f\r & "o-half 7#d7 in*es wide at ! top1 nor less ?an ?ree 7#c7 in*es wide at ! bottom4 ,! top %all be ( uni=m wid? = ea* l9e ( head]s1 & %all be dress$ squ>e & ev54 ,! ends %all be dress$ to secure a jo9t n wid] ?an "o-half 77 in* = a dep? ( six in*es f ! top1 & ! sides dress$ s z to secure good contact & close jo9t+ ) ! pavem5t4 ,! /ones %all be set accurately ) _! tops at ! pavem5t datum1 on a b$ ( concrete n9e 7#i7 in*es wide & six 7#f7 in*es deep1 & aft] be+ set ! tr5* %all be fill$ & ramm$ full ( gravel or cru%$ /one4 ,all exi/+ pavem5ts adjo9+ or abutt+ aga9/ ! new pavem5t1 ) _! crosswalks1 curbs1 & gutt]s1 %all be adju/$1 or tak5 up & relaid1 to con=m to & connect ) ! pavem5t datum1 to su* an ext5t z ! ,eng9e] may direct4 ,:]e ! new & adjo9+ pavem5t are ( ! same k9d1 & head]s are n us$1 ! new & ! old pavem5t mu/ be prop]ly jo9$ & connect$1 z ! ,eng9e] may direct4 ,/one head]s w be paid = by ! l9e> foot at ! contract price = t item1 & ! o!r "w embrac$ 9 ?is section w be paid = at ! contract prices = ! sev]al items1 :]e su* contract prices are provid$2 o!rwise ! "w %all be consid]$ z incid5tal "w & %all be done at ! exp5se ( ! ,contractor4 #ai4 ,curb+ to be ,complet$ 9 ,advance4--,! sett+ ( all new curb+ & gutt]+ & ! r$ress+1 resett+ or readju/m5t ( all old curb+ mu/ be complet$ at lea/ #ajj feet 9 advance ( ! con/ruction ( ! /reet f\ndation4 #bj4 ,f9al ,clean+ ,up4--,imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ! "w or any consecutive portion ( x1 ! ,contractor %all remove f x all unus$ mat]ial1 refuse & dirt plac$ by him on1 or 9 ! vic9ity ( ! "w1 or result+ f its prosecution1 & re/ore ! /reet to a condition z clean z be=e ! "w 0 begun2 & ! new pavem5t %all be prop]ly clean$4 #ba4 ,measurem5ts & ,computations4--,unless o!rwise di/9ctly provid$ 9 ! contract & specifications1 measurem5ts1 computations & paym5ts w be bas$ ^u ! actual quantities ( complet$ "w1 cu/om>y or conv5tional me?ods ( measurem5t & computation to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,! area ( /reet pavem5t %all be reckon$ 9 squ>e y>ds ( complet$ pavem5t surface1 d$uct+ manholes1 inlets & o!r op5+s 9 ! surface ( ! pavem5t hav+ an area ( ov] ?ree 7#c7 squ>e feet4 ,unless sep>ately paid = "u ! contract1 /one head]s & crosswalks w be measur$ z a "p ( ! pavem5t surface4 #bb4 ,! price = ! pavem5t p] squ>e y>d %all1 unless o!rwise /at$ h]e91 include ! prep>ation ( ! sub-f\ndation1 ! con/ruction ( ! f\ndation1 ! cu%ion c\rse1 & ! pavem5t complete1 includ+ all ! mat]ials & labor requir$ !re=4 #bc4 ,incid5tal ,"w at ,contractor's ,exp5se4--,all ! "w to be done by ! ,contractor = :i* specific unit prices are n nam$ 9 ! contract1 specifi$ & enum]at$ 9 ,sections #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 & #bj1 z well z any m9or details ( "w n specifically m5tion$ 9 ! specifications1 b obvi\sly necess>y = ! prop] completion ( ! "w1 %all be consid]$ z incid5tal1 & z be+ a "p ( & includ$ ) ! "w = :i* prices are nam$ 9 ! contract4 ,! ,contractor w n be entitl$ to any extra or additional comp5sation !re=4 #bd4 ,extra ,"w4--,! ,city may require ! ,contractor to furni% su* additional mat]ials & to d su* additional "w1 n provid$ = 9 ! contract & ^! specifications1 b :i* may be f\nd necess>y or p]t95t to ! prop] prosecution & completion ( ! "w embrac$ 9 ! contract1 at prices to be agre$ ^u 9 writ+1 9 advance4 ,b no "w o!r ?an t includ$ 9 ! contract & ^! specifications & :i* is cov]$ by & to be paid = at ! prices nam$ 9 ! contract1 %all be done by ! ,contractor except ^u a writt5 ord] f ! ,eng9e]1 :i* ord] %all describe ! "w to be done & "n ! comp5sation agre$ ^u !re=4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* writt5 ord] f ! ,eng9e] ! ,contractor w n be entitl$ to paym5t = any su* additional or extra "w4 ,9 ! same mann] ! city may omit or disp5se ) items or p>ts ( ! "w1 by previ\s agreem5t ) ! contractor1 & a l writt5 ord] by ! eng9e]4 ,b su* additions1 omissions or alt]ations %all n toge!r increase or decrease ! aggregate co/ ( ! :ole "w m ?an fifte5 p] c5t4 7#ae74 ,any *anges 9 ! plans1 specifications1 "* ( mat]ial us$ or me?od ( do+ ! "w t may increase or decrease ! aggregate co/ ( ! "w m ?an fifte5 p] c5t4 7#ae7 may be au?oriz$ & validat$ only by a =mal1 supplem5tal contract1 regul>ly execut$ by all ! p>ties to ! orig9al contract4#d #be4 ,gu>anty4#e--,! ,contractor %all gu>antee t all ! mat]ials us$ & all ! "w done "u ?is contract %all fully comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ^! specifications1 ! plans h]e9 be=e ref]r$ to & ! in/ructions ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,any defects 9 ! complet$ "w1 or any "p ( x1 or any failure ( ! "w to fully p]=m or endure ! s]vice = :i* x 0 int5d$1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,eng9e]1 are attributable to ! use ( mat]ials1 skill1 or workman%ip n 9 compliance ) ! said specifications1 plans & in/ructions1 )9 a p]iod ( 444 ye>s aft] ! date ( ! c]tificate ( completion & acceptance1 %all be reg>d$ z prima facie & conclusive evid5ce t ! ,contractor has fail$ to comply ) ! said specifications1 plans & in/ructions4 ,& ! ,contractor %all1 at 8 own exp5se1 at su* "t & 9 su* mann] z ! ,eng9e] may direct1 repair or take up & recon/ruct any su* defective "w1 9 full compliance ) ! orig9al specifications1 plans & in/ructions4 ,& z surety = ! p]=mance ( ?is gu>anty ! ,contractor's bond1 requir$ by ! contract1 %all rema9 9 full =ce until ! expiration ( ! p]iod ( 444 ye>s above /ipulat$ 9 ?is section4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,sub-,,grade #bf4 ,grad+4--,! :ole area to be occupi$ by ! pavem5t & its f\ndation %all be excavat$ or fill$ up to a sub-grade at su* an elevation t aft] be+ compact$ by ! roll]1 ! surface w be 444 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum1 & truly p>allel !reto4 ,9 excavat+1 ! e>? mu/ n be di/urb$ bel[ ! sub-grade4 ,pl[+ w n be p]mitt$ :]e ! dep? ( e>? to be remov$ is less ?an five 7#e7 in*es1 & 9 no case mu/ ! pl[ be all[$ to p5etrate to )9 less ?an "o in* ( ! sub-grade4 ,places t are f\nd to be loose1 or s(t1 or compos$ ( unsuitable mat]ial1 bel[ sub-grade1 mu/ be dug out & refill$ ) s&1 or o!r mat]ial z good z ! av]age ( t f\nd on ! /reet4 ,:]e ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd %all be bel[ ! sub-grade1 or %all become s by ! removal ( old pavem5t or o!r /ructures1 x mu/ be fill$ to ! sub-grade 9 lay]s n exce$+ five in*es 9 dep?1 & ea* lay] %all be ?or\ghly roll$ or ramm$ be=e ! next lay] is plac$ ^u x1 & :5 ! fill+ is complet$ ! fill$ area mu/ be prop]ly trimm$ & compact$ by roll+ or ramm+ to ! true sub-grade1 z 9 excavation4 ,! mat]ial excavat$ f ! /reet may be us$ = su* fill+1 provid$ x be ( suitable quality4 ,:]e x _c be ?us procur$ f ! /reet x mu/ be obta9$ by ! ,contractor else:]e1 9 :i* case ! actual quantity s obta9$1 measur$ aft] x is compact$ 9 ! /reet1 w be paid = at ! contract price = 8e>? fill+40 ,! price bid = 8e>? excavation0 w be paid = all mat]ial excavat$ above ! sub-grade1 measur$ 9 place on ! /reet1 :i* price includes ! co/ ( dispos+ ( ! excavat$ mat]ial1 :e!r z wa/e or fill+1 & ( trimm+ & roll+ or ramm+ ! sub-grade1 & ( mak+ x ready = ! pavem5t f\ndation4 ,aft] ! excavation is complet$ & ! surface neatly trimm$1 ! :ole area %all be well compact$ by roll+ ) a roll] weigh+ n less ?an five tons4 ,areas inaccessible to ! roll] %all be ramm$ until !y are z well compact$ z ! roll$ surface4 ,:5 ! roll+ is complet$ ! surface mu/ be n[h]e m ?an ?ree-f\r?s in* bel[1 nor m ?an ?ree-eigh?s in* above ! true sub-grade4 ,if1 aft] ! roll+ is complet$ & be=e ! pavem5t f\ndation is laid1 ! surface %all become di/urb$ 9 any way1 x mu/ be replac$ & prop]ly compact$4 ,:]e ! soil compos+ ! sub-f\ndation is f\nd to be wet or 8spr+y10 a sy/em ( s(t tile dra9s1 dis*>g+ into ! /reet dra9age sy/em1 %all be con/ruct$ by ! ,contractor1 z direct$ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,! tile %all be laid 9 tr5*es ab\t "o foot wide & f "o to two feet deep4 ,aft] ! tile is 9 place ! tr5*es %all be fill$ ) cru%$ /one or gravel1 well compact$ by tamp+4 ,! tile w be paid = p] l9e> foot at ! contract price = ! same1 :i* price %all include ! co/ ( excavat+ & refill+ ! tr5*es ) cru%$ /one4 ,,pavem5t ,,f\ndation #bg4 ,pavem5t f\ndation %all consi/ ( hydraulic concrete1 or ( old pavem5t /one relaid1 or ( brok5 /one or gravel1 z may be h]e9 specifi$1 con/ruct$ ^u ! sub-grade4#f ,,hydraulic ,,concrete ,,f\ndation #bh4 ,concrete4--,concrete %all be compos$ ( ,portl& cem5t1 s&1 brok5 /one & wat]4 #bi4 ,portl& ,cem5t4#g--,portl& cem5t %all be def9$ z ! pulv]iz$ product result+ f ! calc9ation to incipi5t fusion ( an intimate mixture ( prop]ly proportion$ argillace\s & calc>e\s mat]ials1 & to :i* no addition great] ?an ?ree p] c5t4 has be5 made subsequ5t to calc9ation4 ,specific ,gravity4--,! specific gravity ( ! dry cem5t at a temp]ature ( two hundr$ & twelve 7#bab7 degrees ,f4 %all n be less ?an #c4aj4 ,f95ess4--,x %all be pulv]iz$ to su* f95ess t n m ?an eight 7#h7 p] c5t4 %all fail to pass a numb] "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 sieve & n m ?an tw5ty-five 7#be7 p] c5t4 %all fail to pass a numb] two hundr$ 7#bjj7 sieve4 ,"t ( ,sett+4--,at ! temp]ature ( sixty 7#fj7 degrees ,f4 mort> made ( neat cem5t %all n beg9 to set 9 less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 m9utes1 nor set h>d 9 less ?an "o h\r1 b mu/ set h>d )9 t5 7#aj7 h\rs4 ,/r5g?4--,:5 ?or\ghly mix$ dry ) clean1 %>p1 mod]ately co>se s&1 9 ! ratio by weight ( "o "p cem5t to ?ree p>ts ( s&1 & !n made into /iff mort>1 briquets made f ?is mort> & expos$ = "o day to moi/ air & imm]s$ 9 wat] = ! balance ( ! p]iods nam$ bel[1 %all develop a t5sile /r5g? p] squ>e in* n less ?an ! foll[+3 ,9 sev5 days #age p\nds4 ,9 tw5ty-eight days #bej p\nds4 ,con/ancy ( ,volume4--,:5 subject$ to /&>d te/s = con/ancy ( volume1 ! cem5t %all %[ no t5d5cy to swell or crack4 ,composition4--,! cem5t %all n conta9 m ?an "o & ?ree-f\r?s 7#a4ge7 p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid1 nor m ?an f\r 7#d7 p] c5t4 ( magnesia4 ,te/s4--,cem5t te/s %all be conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! me?ods recomm5d$ by ! 8,committee on ,uni=m ,te/s ( ,cem5t0 ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,conditions4--,all cem5t %all be suppli$ 9 orig9al packages ) ! br& ( ! manufactur] m>k$ on ea* package4 ,x %all be protect$ dur+ transportation f ra9 & moi/ure4 ,x %all be deliv]$ ^u ! "w at lea/ t5 7#aj7 days 7exclusive ( ,sundays & holidays7 be=e x is to be us$1 9 ord] to all[ ( prop] inspection1 & ! contractor %all furni% all necess>y facilities = su* inspection4 ,br&s ( cem5t )\t e/abli%$ good reputation1 or n h]et(ore us$ 9 ! ,city ( 444 may be reject$2 or !y w be accept$ only aft] !y satisfactorily pass ! #bh-;day te/4 ,reject$ cem5t mu/ be at once remov$ f ! /reet4 #cj4 ,s&4--,s& = concrete %all be compos$ ( gra9s n s(t] ?an h>d lime/one4 ,x %all be mod]ately co>se & pref]ably made up ( gra9s ( v>y+ size produc+ a mass ) l[ p]c5tage ( voids4 ,x %all n conta91 9 all1 m ?an sev5 7#g7 p] c5t4 by volume ( clay1 loam1 mica scales1 silt1 or o!r objectionable inorganic matt]1 nor m ?an "o 7#a7 p] c5t4 ( organic matt]4 #ca4 ,brok5 ,/one4--,brok5 /one = concrete %all be ( h>d & s\nd lime/one or o!r /one equally h>d & durable1 brok5 to a r\ghly cubical =m4 ,x %all be scre5$ ?r\gh effici5t revolv+ scre5s1 & only su* fragm5ts z h pass$ ?r\gh circul> scre5 op5+s two & "o-half 7#b7 in*es 9 diamet]1 %all be us$4 ,if ! cru%$ du/ & f9e fragm5ts be n scre5$ out1 ! /one mu/ be s h&l$ t ! f9e mat]ial w be ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass :5 x rea*es ! concrete plat=m or mix]4#h #cb4 ,wat]4--,wat] us$ = concrete %all be fre%1 & reasonably clean4 #cc4 ,c>e & ,h&l+ ( ,concrete ,mat]ial4--,cem5t mu/ n be all[$ to become wet or damp4 ,x %all be /or$ until us$1 :e!r 9 /oreh\ses or on ! /reet1 s t no "p ( ! packages %all be ne>] ?an f\r 7#d7 in*es to ! gr\nd or pavem5t1 & %all be effectually cov]$ s t ra9 _c rea* x4 ,s& & /one1 if /or$ on ! /reet1 %all be on lumb] floors4#i ,! /one %all be ?or\ghly wett$ a suffici5t "t be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! concrete to all[ any surplus wat] to dra9 away1 b %all rema9 moi/ :]e x rea*es ! concrete plat=m or mix]4 #cd4 ,ratio ( ,concrete ,mat]ials4--,concrete w be compos$ ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t1 444 p>ts ( s& & 444 p>ts ( brok5 /one1 & ! prop] quantity ( wat]1 all measur$ by volume4#aj ,! unit ( measurem5t %all be ! b>rel ( cem5t :i* %all be consid]$ z conta9+ f\r 7#d7 cubic feet4 ,! mat]ials %all ea* be measur$ 9 su* mann] & ) su* accuracy t ! quantities us$ w n v>y m ?an sev5 7#g7 p] c5t4 f ! quantities requir$ 9 ! ratio nam$ above = ea* bat* ( concrete4 #ce4 ,mix+ ,concrete4--,if mix$ by h&1 concrete %all be mix$ on plat=ms ( iron or wood ( suffici5t size to admit ( prop] manipulation ( ! concrete4 ,! s& %all be fir/ spread ev5ly ov] ! plat=m & ! cem5t ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! s&4 ,^! two mat]ials %all !n be mix$ dry until a uni=m & homog5e\s mixture is secur$4 ,suffici5t wat] %all !n be add$ & ! mix+ resum$ & cont9u$ until a mort> ( uni=m consi/5cy & texture is produc$ & di/ribut$ 9 an ev5 lay] ov] ! plat=m4 ,! /one %all !n be di/ribut$ ov] ! mort> & mix$ !re) until ! mort> is ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass & e fragm5t ( /one is well coat$ ) mort>1 suffici5t additional wat] be+ add$ z ! mix+ progresses to produce a r wet1 b n sloppy1 concrete4#aa ,ma*9e mix+ ( concrete w be pref]r$1 provid$ ! ma*9e us$ secures equal accuracy 9 ! ratios ( mat]ials & equally z good mix+ z prescrib$ above = h&-mix+4 ,ma*9e-mix$ concrete mu/ be deliv]$ f ! ma*9e ^u a wood or metal plat=m1 or directly into b>r[s4 #cf4 ,plac+ ! ,concrete4--,concrete %all be plac$ on ! sub-grade 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t z f> z possible ! sep>ation ( ! mort> f ! /one4 ,x %all be ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 a s+le horizontal lay] ( su* dep? t1 aft] ramm+1 x w be n less ?an 444 in*es ?ick4 ,imm$iately aft] be+ s plac$ x %all be well ramm$ until a compact mass is produc$ ) its upp] surface p>allel to & 444 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 ,depressions t may appe> dur+ ! ramm+ may be fill$ ) concrete ( ! same composition z us$ = ! f\ndation1 except t small]-siz$ /one %all be us$2 mort> alone mu/ n be us$ = ?is purpose1 nor %all ! upp] surface ( ! concrete be pla/]$ ) mort>4 ,! surface ( ! concrete %all n be broom$ or tr[el$4#ab #cg4 ,sett+ ( ,concrete4--,aft] ! concrete is complet$ x %all rema9 undi/urb$ until x be firmly set4 ,! "t all[$ = sett+ %all n be less ?an five days1 & z mu* long] z1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,eng9e]1 may be necess>y1 dep5d+ ^u ! temp]ature ( ! wea!r & ! sett+ qualities ( ! cem5t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod no haul+ or travel+ ov] ! concrete mu/ be p]mitt$ unless its surface be fir/ protect$ by a cov]+ ( plank4 ,! ,contractor %all1 if necess>y1 keep ! concrete moi/ by wett+ x1 ) hose1 or o!rwise1 until tw5ty-f\r 7#bd7 h\rs be=e x is to be cov]$ ) ! pavem5t surface4 #ch4 ,measurem5t ( ,concrete4--,concrete w be measur$ & comput$ 9 cubic y>ds z f\nd complet$ on ! /reet1 ! ?ickness be+ tak5 z 444 in*es4 ,! contract price = concrete f\ndation cov]s ! co/ ( provid+ all ! mat]ials requir$1 mak+1 plac+ & ramm+ ! concrete1 & keep+ x moi/ = ! necess>y p]iod4 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,old ,,pav+ ,,/one #ci4 ,f\ndations made ( old /one pav+ blocks %all be con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,^u ! sub-grade prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,section #bf1 %all be spread a lay] ( good s& to an ev5 dep? ( "o & "o-half 7#a7 in*es4 ,! pav+ blocks1 :e!r tak5 up f ! /reet to be pav$1 or br\ght f o!r /reets or /orage y>ds1 %all be clean$ ( all adh]+ e>?1 dirt & /reet refuse4 ,! blocks %all !n be set on ! b$ ( s&1 on edge1 p]p5dicul> to ! grade1 ) _! long dim5sion at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! /reet1 9 c\rses compos$ ( /ones ( ! same wid?1 ext5d+ entirely across & at "r angles to ! axis ( ! /reet4 ,/ones 9 adjo9+ c\rses %all break jo9t at lea/ two in*es4 ,jo9ts betwe5 c\rses or /ones1 or along ! curb/ones1 %all n exce$ "o in* 9 wid?4 ,! /one %all be fitt$ closely ar\nd manholes or o!r /ructures 9 ! /reet4 ,! /ones %all be s set 9 ! b$ ( s& t aft] be+ ramm$ z h]eaft] specifi$1 _! tops %all be at ! prop] grade4 ,aft] be+ ?us set 9 place ! /one %all be ramm$ ) pav+ ramm]s hav+ wood5 faces & weigh+ n less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p\nds1 s z to =ce ea* /one to a good be>+ 9 ! s& bel[1 & to br+ its top to a uni=m grade1 p>allel to & 444 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 ,no /one %all project m ?an "o-f\r? 77 in* above ! prop] grade1 & /ones ^: tops1 aft] ramm+1 are m ?an "o-half 77 in* bel[ su* grade1 %all be rais$1 additional s& plac$ "u !m1 & reset & re-ramm$ to ! prop] grade & be>+4 ,aft] ! ramm+ %all h be5 complet$1 ! jo9ts betwe5 ! /ones %all be fill$ ) mort>4 ,! mort> %all be compos$ ( ,portl& cem5t & s&1 comply+ ) ! specifications = ^! mat]ials 9 ,sections #bi & #cj4 ,"o "p ( cem5t & ?ree p>ts ( s&1 by volume1 %all be ?or\ghly mix$ dry1 & !n made into mort> ) suffici5t quantity ( wat] to produce a mort> ( su* consi/5cy t x w j fl[ freely into ! jo9ts betwe5 ! /ones4 ,all ! jo9ts betwe5 ! /ones mu/ be completely fill$ ) ?is mort> be=e x has begun to set4 ,! mort> fill+ %all be br\ght ev5 )1 b n above1 ! tops ( ! /ones4 ,aft] ! fill+ is ?us complet$1 ! f\ndation mu/ /& undi/urb$ until ! mort> %all h set firmly1 9 no case less ?an five days4 ,! mort> mu/ be kept moi/ dur+ ! p]iod all[$ = sett+4#ac ,old /one f\ndation w be measur$ 9 squ>e y>ds1 9 place aft] completion4 ,! contract price includes ! co/ ( h&l+ & clean+ ! /one1 supply+ & plac+ ! b$ ( s&1 sett+ & ramm+ ! /one1 supply+ ! mat]ials =1 mak+ & plac+ ! mort> 9 ! jo9ts & wat]+ ! /reet :ile ! mort> is sett+4 ,:]e /one is procur$ f o!r /reets1 or f /orage y>ds1 ! ,contractor w be requir$ to load1 haul & unload !m1 & w be all[$ = ?is s]vice a price ( 444 c5ts p] cubic y>d = load+ & unload+1 plus 444 c5ts p] cubic y>d = ea* "o-half mile1 or fraction !re(1 ov] :i* !y are haul$ by ! ne>e/ practicable r\te1 ! measurem5t to be made aft] ! /one is set 9 ! /reet1 )\t d$uction = jo9ts4 #dj4 ,brok5 ,/one ,f\ndation4--,! sub-grade = brok5 /one f\ndation %all be prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,section #bf1 except t ! roll+ may be omitt$ at ! option ( ! ,contractor4 ,! brok5 or cru%$ /one %all be ( h>d1 durable /one4 ,! f\ndation %all h an aggregate ?ickness ( 444 in*es & %all be con/ruct$ 9 two c\rses1 z foll[s3 ,! brok5 /one us$ 9 ! fir/ c\rse %all be ( su* size t x w all pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ op5+s ?ree 7#c7 in*es 9 diamet]1 & w all be reta9$ on a scre5 hav+ op5+s "o 7#a7 in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is /one %all be ev5ly spread ov] ! sub-grade to su* a ?ickness t aft] be+ ?or\ghly consolidat$ by roll+1 its upp] surface %all be ?ree-f\r?s in* bel[1 & p>allel to ! surface ( ! f\ndation :5 complet$4 ,x %all !n be roll$ ) a road-roll] weigh+ n less ?an t5 7#aj7 tons until ! /one is ?or\ghly compact$4 ,! second c\rse1 compos$ ( scre5+s1 all ( :i* %all h pass$ ?r\gh a scre5 ) op5+s "o in* 9 diamet]1 %all !n be spread ov] ! fir/ c\rse & well rak$ into ! voids ( ! fir/ c\rse4 ,x %all !n be ?or\ghly wett$1 & %all be roll$ ) ! t5-ton roll] until ! f9e /one is driv5 into ! int]/ices ( ! fir/ c\rse & ! :ole ?or\ghly consolidat$1 ! wett+ be+ repeat$ :ile ! roll+ cont9ues4 ,additional scre5+s %all be add$ & roll$ 9 :]e necess>y to br+ ! surface to ! prop] elevation4 ,:5 complet$1 ! top surface ( ! f\ndation %all be 444 in*es bel[1 & p>allel to ! pavem5t datum4 ,no "p ( ! upp] surface ( ! complet$ f\ndation %all project m ?an "o-f\r? 77 in* above1 nor %all x be m ?an "o-half 77 in* bel[ ! grade & cont\r above specifi$4 ,gravel ( a quality satisfactory to ! ,eng9e] may ) 8 writt5 cons5t be sub/itut$ = brok5 /one4 ,if ( assort$ sizes1 su* z w compress into a mass hav+ n m ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p] c5t4 ( voids1 ! f\ndation may be con/ruct$ 9 a s+le lay]1 grad$1 wat]$ & roll$1 z prescrib$ above = brok5 /one4#ad #da4 ,measurem5t4--,brok5 /one & gravel f\ndation w be measur$ & comput$ by ! cubic y>d 9 ! /reet z complet$1 )\t any all[ance = consolidation by ! roll] or = settlem5t into ! sub-grade1 ! ?ickness be+ tak5 z 444 in*es4 ,! contract price = x %all cov] ! co/ ( supply+ ! mat]ial1 plac+ x on ! /reet1 & grad+1 wat]+ & roll+ x4 ,,%eet ,,asphalt ,,pavem5t ,note4--,a numb] ( di/9ct v>ieties ( asphalt are n[ us$ = asphalt pavem5ts1 ei!r alone or mix$4 ,^! diff]5t v>ieties diff] f ea* o!r q widely 9 _! physical & *emical prop]ties4 ,?us1 9 ! =m call$ 8ref9$ asphalt0 "s ( _! prop]ties are %[n by ! foll[+ table1 ! data = :i* is tak5 f ! second edition ( ,ri*>dson's 8,! ,mod]n ,asphalt ,pavem5t40 ,,comp>ative ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,ref9$ ,,asphalts ,tr9idad1 ,b]mudez1 ,m>acaibo1 ,calif4 ,gilsonite1 av]age av]age av]age ( 8,d0 av]age ( ( two six grade1 two samples samples av]age samples ( two samples ,s(t5s1 degrees ,f4 #ahj #afe #bbe #acb #bhj ,fl[s1 degrees ,f4 #aij #age #bcf #aea #cjj ,p5etration at #gh ,f4 #g #bd #ba #dh #j ,loss1 heat$ to #cbe #a4a #c4g #c4b #a4g #a4f = #g h\rs1 4 ,loss1 heat$ to #djj #d4j #h4h #e4e #g4a #b4f = #g h\rs1 4 ,bitum5 soluble 9 #ef4e #ie4e #ic4i #ii4c #ii4d ,,cs#b4 ,inorganic1 o!r ?an #cf4e #b4b #b4i #j4c #j4e bitum54 ,bitum5 soluble 9 #ce4f #fe4f #ea4a #fi4f #dg4b naph?a4 ,bitum5 sol4 9 #ih4g #ii4j #ic4b #ie4g #ii4h c>bon tetra-*loride4 ,fix$ c>bon4 #aj4h #ac4g #ag4b #ag4f #ac4b ,! practice has be5 h]et(ore1 & is at ! pres5t "t1 to attempt to make specifications = asphalt pavem5ts broad en\gh to include all ! v>i\s v>ieties ( asphalts1 "u g5]al requirem5ts :i* %all admit ^!1 & any new v>ieties t may appe> on ! m>ket suitable = ! purpose1 ! object be+ to p]mit a wide range ( competition4 ,?is makes x exce$+ly difficult if n impossible to frame specifications t %all be suffici5tly explicit & at ! same "t suffici5tly broad to admit ^! sev]al diff]+ mat]ials4 ,?is practice has be5 adh]$ to 9 ^! specifications1 ?\gh 9 ?is respect !y are f> f satisfactory to ! au?or4 ,s long z x cont9ues to be ! policy ( cities to admit ^! v>i\s v>ieties ( bitum5 "u ! same g5]al requirem5ts = crude & ref9$ mat]ial1 su* objectionable specifications _c be avoid$4 ,ev5 ) ! great latitude n[ provid$ !y exclude "s mat]ials ) :i* good pavem5ts h be5 made4 ,two rem$ies = ?is unsatisfactory condition seem practicable4 #a4 ,a city might pur*ase a suffici5t supply ( ref9$ asphalt = its use aft] ask+ = proposals "u suitable specifications ) alt]native requirem5ts = ! diff]5t v>ieties on ! m>ket1 & aft] bids are receiv$ & ! samples accompany+ !m h be5 prop]ly exam9$ 9 ! laboratory1 aw>d contracts = a supply ( "o or m k9ds1 z might seem be/ = ! int]e/s ( ! city4 ,/ocks ( ^! w\ld be deliv]$1 te/$ & /or$ accord+ly1 9 good "t = ! season's "w4 ,specifications = con/ruction ) special ref]5ce to ! k9d ( asphalt x is propos$ to use c\ld !n be prep>$1 ! contractors to be suppli$ ) asphalt at ! city /orage y>d at a /ipulat$ price p] ton4 ,?is plan w\ld possess a numb] ( advantages4 ,a simil> plan is q commonly 9 use ) ref]5ce to hydraulic cem5t4 #b4 ,specifications might be fram$ ) special ref]5ce to ! prop]ties & qualities to be possess$ by ! asphaltic cem5t1 p]mitt+ a lib]al range z to ! crude & ref9$ bitum5s to be us$ 9 manufactur+ ?is cem5t4 ,?is w\ld be consid]$1 at ! pres5t "t1 a radical dep>ture f well e/abli%$ cu/om1 b ! au?or sees no reason :y x %\ld n be satisfactorily employ$4 ,a %eet asphalt pavem5t is compos$ ( two ess5tial elem5ts2 a m9]al aggregate made up ( s& ( assort$ sizes & m9]al 8du/0 & a bitum9\s cem5t4 ,:5 prop]ly comp\nd$1 manipulat$ & compress$ ^! elem5ts make up a bitum9\s concrete suitable = use z a we>+ surface = /reets & roads4 ,! "* ( ! s& is important & we h n[ suffici5t k f exp]i5ce to specify a s& t w give1 approximately1 ! be/ results4 ,! bitum9\s cem5t is1 h[ev]1 ! elem5t ( mo/ importance1 & ^u its suitability = ! purpose dep5ds v l>gely ! utility & durability ( ! pavem5ts made ) x4 ,x is important t ?is asphaltic cem5t %all possess c]ta9 prop]ties & qualities1 mo/ ( :i* we are n[ able to def9e satisfactorily1 b o!rs require fur!r practical & exp]im5tal /udy1 & "s te/s n n[ 9 use w\ld d\btless be desirable4 ,x is n a matt] ( importance :at p>ticul> crude or ref9$ mat]ials ent] into ! composition ( ?is cem5t if ! result+ product is satisfactory 9 use4 ,! prime requisite is a pav+ cem5t t %all possess 9 a high degree ! *emical & physical qualities requir$ = mak+ an asphalt pavem5t ( ! be/ quality4 ,if we c devise /&>ds & te/s t w enable u to secure su* a cem5t we ne$ n be conc]n$ ab\t its antec$5ts4 ,x w\ld be well wor? :ile = pav+ eng9e]s & ^? :o h laboratory facilities to give att5tion to ?is matt]4 ,if x %all be f\nd practicable to def9e satisfactorily ! qualities ! cem5t %\ld possess )\t ref]5ce to ! mat]ials f :i* x is comp\nd$1 a great advance w h be5 made1 & our asphalt pav+ specifications c\ld n only be greatly simplifi$1 b mu* great] precision & def9it5ess secur$4 ,:ile great advances h be5 made 9 ! art ( build+ %eet asphalt pavem5ts & 9 ! fram+ ( specifications = its con/ruction1 too _m ( ! specifications /ill 9 use are antiquat$1 indef9ite & unsatisfactory4 ,"s ( ^! conta9 requirem5ts t1 if lit]ally en=c$1 w\ld prev5t ! atta9m5t ( ! be/ results4 ,!y are l>gely survivals ( ! "t :5 little 0 kn[n ei!r practically or te*nically ( ! sci5ce & art ( con/ruct+ ! pavem5ts1 outside ( ! promot]s & contractors 9 ! bus9ess1 :o consequ5tly dictat$1 9 a l>ge measure1 ! specifications us$4 ,city eng9e]s 7 compell$ to rely l>gely on ! presumption t ! gu>antee clauses ( ! contracts w\ld insure good results1 & all[$ ! contractor wide latitude 9 ! conduct ( ! "w4 ,:ile !re is und\bt$ly mu* yet to le>n1 ev5 by ! exp]ts1 9 ! matt] ( ! mat]ials to be us$1 a q satisfactory work+ basis has be5 arriv$ at1 p>ticul>ly z to ! practical side ( ! "w1 & a l>ge mass ( data accumulat$ by /udy & exp]i5ce is available to ! municipal eng9e]1 & ! s]vices ( indep5d5t exp]ts is readily obta9able4 ,!re is no long] any good reason1 !re=e1 :y ! "* ( ! mat]ials to be us$1 ! me?ods foll[$1 & ! quality ( ! "w secur$ %\ld n be q def9itely & fully specifi$ 9 ! same mann] & to ! same ext5t z 9 ! case ( o!r k9ds ( pavem5t & ) equally satisfactory results4 ,,specifications #db4 ,g5]al4--,asphalt pavem5t surface %all be laid ^u a f\ndation ( hydraulic cem5t concrete1 or ( /one blocks relaid1 ov] a sub-grade1 to be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ,articles #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf & #cg4 ,asphalt pavem5t surface %all be con/ruct$ 9 two c\rses1 call$ ! base-c\rse & ! surface-c\rse4 ,! base-c\rse may be f "o 7#a7 in* to "o & "o-half 7#a7 in*es ?ick1 & ! surface-c\rse may be f "o 7#a7 in* to two 7#b7 in*es ?ick1 z %all be h]eaft] specifi$4 #dc4 ,crude ,asphalt4--,! cem5t+ elem5t 9 asphalt pavem5ts %all be prep>$ f crude native1 solid asphalts or f ! prop] di/illation ( crude asphaltic oils4 ,crude asphalts z obta9$ f ! m9es or natural deposits %all be prop]ly ref9$ to drive (f wat] & to sep>ate =eign sub/ances1 by melt+ at a temp]ature n exce$+ f\r hundr$ & fifty degrees ,f4 7#dej ,f474 ,crude asphalts ( ! quality commonly call$ 8glance pit*0 or 8iron pit*0 :i* d n di/9ctly s(t5 at a temp]ature ( two hundr$ degrees ,f4 7#bjj ,f471 & deta*$ or det]iorat$ mat]ial f deposits o!rwise acceptable w be reject$4 #dd4 ,ref9$ ,asphalt4--,ref9$ asphalt produc$ f native crude asphalt %all be free f wat] & %all n conta9 an injuri\s quantity ( light oils or =eign matt]4 ,x %all n conta9 m ?an f\r p] c5t4 7#d7 ( organic matt] nor m ?an ?irty-six p] c5t4 7#cf7 ( inorganic matt] o!r ?an bitum51 & n m ?an eighte5 p] c5t4 7#ah7 ( fix$ c>bon1 & n less ?an fifty-five p] c5t4 7#ee7 ( bitum5 soluble 9 cold c>bon di-sulphide4 ,( ! bitum5 soluble 9 c>bon di-sulphide n less ?an sixty-?ree p] c5t4 7#fc7 %all be soluble 9 ,p5nsylvania petroleum naph?a ( specific gravity eighty-eight 7#hh7 degrees ,baume at a temp]ature ( sixty-five degrees ,fahr5heit 7#fe ,f47 & n less ?an n9ety-eight p] c5t4 7#ih7 %all be soluble 9 *emically pure c>bon tetra-*loride4 ,:5 expos$ = sev5 h\rs to a temp]ature ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five degrees ,f4 7#cbe ,f47 9 a %all[ di% ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ ) bitum5 to a dep? ( ?ree-f\r?s 77 in*1 ! ref9$ asphalt %all n lose m ?an five p] c5t4 7#e7 by evaporation4 ,asphalts t are injuri\sly affect$1 9 ! pavem5t1 by wat] 7to be det]m9$ by ! te/ imm$iately h]e9aft] describ$71 %all n be us$ except "u ! conditions specifi$ 9 ,section #de4 ,cyl9d]s made f ! surface mixture x is propos$ to use1 "o 7#a7 in* 9 diamet] & two 7#b7 in*es long1 compress$ to a d5sity ( two & "o-t5? 7#b4a71 :5 imm]s$ =ty-five 7#de7 days 9 t5 7#aj7 times _! volume ( ra9-wat]1 %all reta9 a s\nd surface1 un*ang$ & uncorrod$ by ! action ( ! wat]4 ,ref9$ asphalts result+ f ! di/illation ( crude asphaltic oils w n be accept$ unless ! di/illation %all h be5 effect$ by ! use ( suitable app>atus1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ sev5 hundr$ 7#gjj7 degrees ,f4 ,! bitum5 mu/ n be ov]-di/ill$ & 8cut back0 by add+ oil4 ,! product1 to be acceptable1 %all possess ! foll[+ qualities3 ,x %all melt & fl[ at a temp]ature n bel[ "o hundr$ & =ty 7#adj7 degrees ,f41 b bel[ a temp]ature ( "o hundr$ & eighty 7#ahj7 degrees ,f41 & :5 te/$ 9 ! /&>d ,new ,york ,/ate clos$ oil-te/+ app>atus %all n fla% at a temp]ature bel[ f\r hundr$ & fifty 7#dej7 degrees ,f4 ,:5 expos$ 9 a %all[ di%1 ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ to a dep? ( ?ree-f\r?s 77 in* ) ! bitum51 to a temp]ature ( f\r hundr$ 7#djj7 degrees ,f41 = sev5 7#g7 h\rs1 x %all n lose by evaporation m ?an sev5 7#g7 p] c5t4 by weight4 ,n less ?an n9ety-eight 7#ih7 p] c5t4 %all be soluble 9 cold c>bon di-sulphide1 & n less ?an sixty-five 7#fe7 p] c5t41 nor m ?an sev5ty-five 7#ge7 p] c5t4 ( ! bitum5 %all be soluble 9 cold ,p5nsylvania naph?a ( gravity eighty-eight 7#hh7 degrees ,baume4 ,n less ?an n9ety-n9e 7#ii7 p] c5t4 ( ! bitum5 %all be soluble 9 c>bon tetra-*loride1 & x %all n conta9 m ?an sixte5 7#af7 p] c5t4 ( fix$ c>bon4#ae ,bitum5s result+ f de/ructive di/illation or f artificial oxidation1 & bitum9\s comp\nds prep>$ f oil or oil residuums heat$ ) sulphur or o!r sub/ances1 or coal or gas t>s1 w n be accept$1 nor %all !y be mix$ ) ! asphalt us$4#af #de4 ,asphalts t are injuri\sly affect$ by wat]1 & ^? ^: practical value = mak+ pavem5ts has n be5 e/abli%$1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,city1 by suffici5t exp]i5ce1 w n be accept$ except "u su* special bond & gu>anty provisions z ! ,city may prescribe4#ag #df4 ,full in=mation z to ! s\rce & "* ( ! crude asphalt & ! me?od ( ref9+ x %all be furni%$ to ! ,eng9e] & v]ifi$ by su* evid5ce z he may require4 #dg4 ,s(t5+ or ,temp]+ ,ag5t4--,= s(t5+ & temp]+ ref9$ asphalt1 petroleum residuum oil or liquid asphalt %all be us$4 ,x %all be free f wat]1 coke1 & o!r impurities4 ,its specific gravity %all n be bel[ #j4ib1 nor above #a4jd4 ,its fla% te/ 7det]m9$ 9 ! /&>d ,new ,york ,/ate clos$ oil-te/+ app>atus7 %all n be "u ?ree hundr$ & fifty 7#cej7 degrees ,f41 & :5 expos$ = sev5 7#g7 h\rs to a temp]ature ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five 7#cbe7 degrees ,f41 9 a %all[ op5 di%1 ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ by ! oil to a dep? ( ?ree-f\r?s 77 in*1 x %all n lose m ?an five 7#e7 p] c5t4 by evaporation4 ,x %all n conta9 m ?an t5 7#aj7 p] c5t4 ( p>aff9e scale4 #dh4 ,s&4--,a sup]ior quality ( s& w be requir$ & ?is mu/ be secur$1 if necess>y1 by ! admixture ( two or m s&s4 ,! s& %all be silici\s & s free f organic matt]1 mica1 s(t gra9s1 & o!r impurities1 t ^! %all n aggregate m ?an two 7#b7 p] c5t4 ( ! mass4 ,! gra9s %all1 pref]ably1 be mod]ately 8%>p0 or angul>1 & mu/ be ( assort$ sizes s t ! voids 9 ! compact$ mass ( dry s& %all n exce$ ?irty ?ree 7#cc7 p] c5t4 ,a typical s&1 to be approximat$ z closely z practicable1 w give ! foll[+ sieve te/s1 ! sieves be+ us$ 9 ! ord] nam$3 #c p] c5t4 ( ! :ole w pass ,no4 #bjj sieve4 #ae p] c5t4 ( ! :ole w pass ,no4 #ajj sieve4 #ah p] c5t4 ( ! :ole w pass ,no4 #hj sieve4 #cj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole w pass ,no4 #ej sieve4 #bd p] c5t4 ( ! :ole w pass ,no4 #cj sieve4 #aj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole w pass ,no4 #aj sieve4 & none w fail to pass ! ,no4 #aj sieve4#ah #di4 ,pulv]iz$ ,/one4--,?is may consi/ ( lime/one or o!r s\nd /one or s&1 pulv]iz$ to su* f95ess t ! :ole w pass ! ,no4 #ej sieve1 n m ?an t5 7#aj7 p] c5t4 w be reta9$ on ! ,no4 #ajj sieve1 & at lea/ sev5ty 7#gj7 p] c5t4 ( x w pass ! ,no4 #bjj sieve4 ,portl& cem5t may be p>tly sub/itut$ = pulv]iz$ /one1 :]e ! ,eng9e] %all s direct4#ai ,portl& cem5t ?us us$ w be paid = at ! price bid p] b>rel = ! same1 9 addition to ! price paid p] squ>e y>d = ! pavem5t surface4 ,! pulv]iz$ mat]ial mu/ be ?or\ghly dry :5 us$4 #ej4 ,asphaltic ,pav+ ,cem5t4--,asphalt ,pav+ ,cem5t %all be prep>$ f ! ref9$ asphalt describ$ 9 ,sect4 #dd & ! temp]+ ag5t describ$ 9 ,sect4 #dg4 ,! ref9$ asphalt1 toge!r ) ! asphalt 9 ! temp]+ ag5t1 %all con/itute n less ?an sixty p] c5t4 7#fj7 ( ! asphaltic cem5t4 ,! ref9$ asphalt & ! temp]+ ag5t %all be mix$ & melt$ toge!r at a temp]ature n bel[ two hundr$ & sev5ty-five degrees ,f4 7#bge ,f471 & n above ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five degrees ,fahr5heit 7#cbe ,f471 & ?or\ghly incorporat$ by agitation until a homog5e\s cem5t is produc$4 ,! agitation %all be cont9u$ until ! cem5t is us$4 ,! asphaltic cem5t at a temp]ature ( sev5ty-sev5 degrees ,f4 7#gg ,f47 %all be ( su* consi/5cy z to %[ a p5etration ( f =ty to eighty hundr$?s ( a c5timet]1 z ! eng9e] may direct = ea* /reet1 :5 te/$ ) ! /&>d ,d[ p5etration app>atus1 us+ a numb] two cambric ne$le load$ ) "o hundr$ grams4 ,:5 a cem5t ( a consi/5cy satisfactory to ! eng9e] has be5 produc$ & approv$ = any /reet a sample ( x %all be kept z a /&>d & all subsequ5t bat*es or kettles mu/ be made to con=m !reto1 suitable app>atus & te/s be+ employ$ to det]m9e ! correspond5ce ( ea* new bat* ) ! /&>d4#bj ,! asphaltic cem5t :5 at its melt+ temp]ature %all be s visc\s t x w draw out into mod]ately long f9e ?reads :i* %all be free f lumps or ragg$ness & %all possess satisfactory adhesive & cem5titi\s qualities4#ba #ea4 ,composition & ,prep>ation ( ,asphalt ,surface ,mixture4--,! surface-c\rse %all be compos$ ( ! mat]ials specifi$ 9 ,sections #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 & #ej mix$ 9 su* ratios by weight z ! ,eng9e] may direct or approve4 ,a typical mixture w conta93 ,s& #ajj4j lbs4 ,pulv]iz$ m9]al matt] pass+ ,no4 #bjj scre51 includ+ t f\nd 9 ! pav+ cem5t #ag4e lbs4 ,pure bitum5 79 pav+ cem5t7 #ac4e lbs4 ,b ! quantities ( pulv]iz$ /one & ( asphaltic cem5t %all be v>i$ z may be f\nd necess>y or desirable by ! ,eng9e] to suit ! purity ( ! asphaltic cem5t1 ! "* ( ! s&1 ! climatic conditions1 & ! v>y+ quantity & "* ( travel on ! /reet to be pav$2 & ,portl& cem5t may be sub/itut$ p>tly or :olly = ! pulv]iz$ /one1 :5 direct$ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,! surface-c\rse mixture %all be submitt$ to ! ,eng9e] & approv$ by him be=e any is laid ^u ! /reet4 ,! mix+ %all be accompli%$ 9 a me*anical mix+ app>atus capable ( rapidly & effectually incorporat+ ! mat]ials toge!r1 & ea* bat* mu/ rema9 9 ! mix] a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to effect a p]fect mixture4 ,! s& %all be sep>ately heat$ & %all rea* ! mix+ app>atus at a temp]ature n above ?ree hundr$ & fifty 7#cej7 degrees ,f41 nor bel[ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty 7#cbj7 degrees ,f4 ,! pulv]iz$ /one %all be at su* a temp]ature t :5 mix$ ) ! s& ! temp]ature ( ! mix$ mass %all n be above ?ree hundr$ & fifty 7#cej7 degrees ,f41 nor bel[ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty 7#cbj7 degrees ,f4 ,! s& %all be fir/ plac$ 9 ! mix]1 foll[$ by ! pulv]iz$ /one1 & ^! two mat]ials %all be ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r be=e ! asphaltic cem5t is add$4 ,! asphaltic cem5t at a temp]ature n above ?ree hundr$ & fifty 7#cej7 degrees1 nor bel[ ?ree hundr$ 7#cjj7 degrees ,f4 %all !n be add$ 9 su* a way z to ev5ly di/ribute x ov] ! s& & pulv]iz$ /one1 & ! mix+ cont9u$ until ! mat]ials are ?or\ghly incorporat$ into a p]fectly uni=m & homog5e\s mass1 ) ! gra9s ( s& completely cov]$ ) cem5t4 ,suitable !rmomet]s %all be con/antly us$ to det]m9e ! temp]atures specifi$ h]e94 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to accurately weigh & proportion ! mat]ials *>g$ into ! mix]4#bb #eb4 ,/one = ,base-c\rse4--,/one scre5+s = base-c\rse %all be ( cru%$1 h>d1 durable /one4 ,! portion us$ %all all be reta9$ ^u a ,no4 #h sieve1 or scre51 & %all all pass a scre5 hav+ squ>e me%es1 ! l9e> dim5sions ( ! op5+s 9 :i* are "o-half 77 in* less ?an ! ?ickness ( ! base-c\rse4 #ec4 ,composition ( ,base-c\rse4--,! base-c\rse %all be compos$ ( ! cru%$ /one specifi$ 9 ,section #eb1 mix$ ) ! asphaltic cem5t1 s& & pulv]iz$ /one specifi$ 9 ,sections #ej1 #dh & #di1 b ! asphaltic cem5t %all be ( su* h>dness z ! eng9e] may direct4 ,a typical base-c\rse mixture w be compos$ z foll[s3 ,cru%$ /one #ajj lbs4 ,s& #db lbs4 ,pure bitum5 79 asphaltic cem5t7 #g lbs4 ,pulv]iz$ /one #g lbs4 ,b ! mixture %all be su* t :5 plac$ on ! /reet & compress$ by ! roll] ! mass %all be d5se & ! voids 9 ! /one completely fill$2 & to accompli% ?is ! quantity ( cru%$ /one us$ 9 ! mixture may be increas$ or decreas$1 z ! volume ( its voids may require1 9 ord] t !y may be completely fill$4#bc #ed4 ,mix+ ! ,base-c\rse4--,! mat]ials = ! base-c\rse %all be heat$ & mix$ 9 ! same g5]al mann] z prescrib$ = ! surface-c\rse 7,sect4 #ea71 ! cru%$ /one be+ deliv]$ fir/ 9 ! mix]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! mixture z x comes f ! mix] be+ n above ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five 7#cbe7 degrees ,f41 nor bel[ ?ree hundr$ 7#cjj7 degrees ,f4 #ee4 ,lay+ ,asphalt ,pavem5t1 ,g5]al4--,asphalt pavem5t mu/ n be laid except :5 ! surface ^u :i* x is to be plac$ is dry2 nor :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is bel[ ?irty-two 7#cb7 degrees ,f41 or1 if a /rong w9d prevails1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is bel[ =ty 7#dj7 degrees ,f4 ,! pavem5t mixture1 :e!r = base- or surface-c\rse1 %all be tak5 to ! /reet z soon aft] x leaves ! mix] z practicable4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is bel[ sev5ty 7#gj7 degrees ,f41 ! load$ vehicles convey+ ! mixture to ! /reet %all be cov]$ by canvas cov]s to prev5t ! escape ( heat4 ,:5 unload$ ^u ! /reet1 ! temp]ature ( ! mass %\ld n be bel[ two hundr$ & eighty 7#bhj7 degrees ,f41 & any load or portions ( a load f\nd "u two hundr$ & =ty 7#bdj7 degrees ,f4 mu/ be reject$4 ,aft] be+ unload$ on ! /reet1 ! mixture mu/ be %ovel$ into place 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole ( x w be mov$ f ! pile into :i* x 0 unload$4 #ef4 ,lay+ ! ,base-c\rse4--,! base-c\rse w h an av]age ?ickness ( "o & "o-qu>t] 7#a7 in*es aft] compression4 ,x %all be laid directly ^u ! pavem5t f\ndation1 :i* mu/ be free f all loose fragm5ts & rubbi% & be swept clean 9 advance ( ! application ( ! base-c\rse4 ,! base-c\rse mixture %all be spread ^u ! f\ndation & ev5ly & regul>ly grad$ to su* a dep? t aft] compression by ! roll] its surface w be 444 in*es bel[1 & truly p>allel to1 ! pavem5t datum4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 h&l+1 spread+ & grad+ ! mixture to ma9ta9 ! uni=m admixture ( ! cru%$ /one ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,! rakes us$ mu/ h t9es wide ap>t1 & ! back ( ! rake mu/ be pr9cipally us$ = grad+4 ,imm$iately aft] be+ grad$1 & :ile /ill hot1 ! base-c\rse %all be roll$ ) an asphalt roll] weigh+ n less ?an five tons1 ! roll+ be+ cont9u$ until no fur!r compression takes place4 ,! base-c\rse mu/ n be laid m ?an "o day's "w 9 advance ( ! surface-c\rse4 ,:5 ! base-c\rse is complet$ x mu/ pres5t a uni=m appe>ance & texture ov] ! :ole surface1 :i* mu/ con=m s truly to ! design$ grade & cont\r t a twelve-foot template1 :5 appli$1 w %[ no dep>ture f ! true surface great] ?an "o-qu>t] 77 in*4 #eg4 ,lay+ ! ,surface-c\rse4--,9 deliv]+ ! surface-c\rse mixture ^u ! base-c\rse1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to break or di/urb ! latt]4 ,any breaks made 9 ! base-c\rse mu/ be s repair$1 be=e ! surface-c\rse is spread1 z to be equal 9 d5sity & surface to ! adjo9+ base4 ,be=e ! surface-c\rse is spread ! base-c\rse mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ & all rubbi%1 loose mat]ial & /reet dirt remov$4 ,! mat]ial = ! surface-c\rse %all be s ev5ly spread & grad$ ) asphalt rakes t aft] x is prop]ly compact$ by roll+1 ! surface w co9cide ) ! pavem5t datum )9 ! limits nam$ bel[4 ,9 grad+ ! mat]ial1 all lumps mu/ be brok5 up & ! :ole r$uc$ to a f9ely comm9ut$ mass ( equal d5sity ?r\gh\t4 ,directly aft] be+ s grad$ x %all be roll$ ) a h&-roll]1 or light /eam-roll]1 to p>tly compress ! mat]ial1 &1 :5 s direct$ by ! ,eng9e]1 ! surface %all !n be iron$ ) smoo?+ irons heat$ to a temp]ature t w melt1 b n burn1 ! asphaltic cem5t4 ,a ?9 lay] ( hydraulic cem5t1 j suffici5t to prev5t adhesion betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! roll]1 %all !n be swept ov] ! surface1 :i* %all at once be ?or\ghly roll$ ) a t5-ton asphalt roll] until ! mat]ial %all be ?or\ghly compress$ & its surface be br\ght to ! exact grade & cont\r design$ = ! /reet surface4 ,! "w ( ! t5-ton /eam-roll] mu/ beg9 be=e ! mat]ial has cool$ bel[ two hundr$ 7#bjj7 degrees ,f41 & be cont9u$ until ! roll] makes no fur!r impression ^u ! surface4 ,! fir/ c\rse ( ! heavy roll+ %all be p>allel to ! /reet beg9n+ at ! curb & work+ t[>d ! c5t] on ea* side1 aft] :i* x %\ld be diagonally roll$1 & also cross-roll$ if ! wid? ( ! /reet p]mits4#bd ,any portions ( ! surface n accessible to ! roll] %all be tamp$ ) hot tamp]s until compact$ equally ) ! roll$ portion4 ,:5 complet$1 ! surface %all h an av]age ?ickness ( 444 in*es & mu/ be s free f waves or irregul>ities t a template n less ?an twelve feet long1 :5 appli$ to ! /reet surface %all n[h]e %[ a div]g5ce f ! design$ true surface ( m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in*1 & a template sixte5 7#af7 feet long appli$ to ! gutt]s %all %[ no div]g5ce f ! true gutt] grade great] ?an "o-eigh? 77 in*4 ,be=e ! surface-c\rse is plac$1 all expos$ surfaces ( curbs1 crosswalks1 manholes1 etc41 ) :i* ! surface-c\rse w be 9 contact1 mu/ be well pa9t$ ) hot pav+ cem5t or approv$ pit*4 ,! /reet %all n be op5$ to travel until ! pavem5t has become cold & h>d4 #eh4 ,/reet ,railroad ,tracks4--,:]e railroad tracks exi/ on ! /reets1 ! sub-grade & ! pavem5t f\ndation %all ext5d "u ! tracks1 un9t]rupt$ except by ! ties & o!r /ructures connect$ ) ! track4 ,:]e concrete f\ndation is us$1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ! concrete directly "u or ar\nd ! rails1 & concrete made ( f9e cru%$ /one & a high] ratio ( cem5t & s& may be requir$ 9 contact ) ! rail4 ,! concrete mu/ be ?or\ghly tamp$ "u & aga9/ ! rail4 ,! asphalt surface %all be laid directly aga9/ ! rails1 :i*1 if _! temp]ature be "u fifty 7#ej7 degrees ,f41 %all be heat$ by suitable appliances to a temp]ature (1 or above1 sixty 7#fj7 degrees ,f4 imm$iately be=e ! asphalt mat]ial is plac$ ar\nd ! rail4 ,! hot asphalt mat]ial mu/ be ?or\ghly tamp$ aga9/ & along ! rail & "u any project+ portions ( x1 & ! surface ( ! pavem5t mu/ be ev5 )1 or slightly 7n m ?an "o-eigh? 77 in*7 above ! top ( ! rail4 ,slot-rails w be treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 subject to su* modifications z _! =ms may necessitate4#be #ei4 ,plant4--,! plant = mak+ asphalt pav+ mixtures mu/ be ( approv$ mod]n design1 adapt$ to d ! "w prop]ly1 & equipp$ ) effici5t ma*9]y4 ,x %all be ( suffici5t capacity to turn out at lea/ twelve hundr$ squ>e y>ds ( pavem5t surface daily )\t cr[d+4 ,weigh+ & measur+ devices %all be accurate & adapt$ to ! purpose1 & mu/ be frequ5tly te/$ & adju/$4 ,ea* plant mu/ be suppli$ ) ! app>atus necess>y to make all det]m9ations & te/s requir$ at ! plant to prop]ly conduct ! "w 9 accordance ) ^! specifications4 ,/eam-roll]s mu/ be prop]ly balanc$ & ! roll+ surface mu/ be true & smoo?4 ,all ! /reet tools us$ mu/ be ( approv$ k9d & quality & mu/ be kept 9 good work+ ord]4 ,,asphalt ,,block ,,pavem5t #fj4 ,sub-grade4--,! sub-grade = asphalt block pavem5t %all be prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #bf ( ^! specifications4 #fa4 ,f\ndation4--,! f\ndation = asphalt block pavem5t %all be hydraulic concrete or brok5 /one4#bf ,concrete f\ndation %all be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ,sections #bh to #cg inclusive ( ^! specifications & %all h a ?ickness ( 444 in*es4 ,brok5 /one f\ndation %all be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ,section #dj ( ^! specifications & %all h a ?ickness1 :5 complet$ ( 444 in*es4 #fb4 ,asphalt ,blocks4--,asphalt blocks %all be n less ?an t5 7#aj7 in*es nor m ?an twelve 7#ab7 in*es long1 n less ?an f\r 7#d7 nor m ?an six 7#f7 in*es wide & n less ?an two 7#b7 in*es nor m ?an f\r 7#d7 in*es ?ick4 ,blocks = ! same /reet mu/ be ( ! same /&>d size ?r\gh\t & individual blocks %all n v>y 9 any dim5sion m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in* f ! /&>d size4 ,blocks t are *ipp$1 crack$ or are o!rwise defective %all be reject$4 #fc4 ,mat]ial & ,composition4--,asphalt pav+ blocks %all be compos$ ( cru%$ trap rock#bg or equally h>d & durable rock1 s&1 pulv]iz$ /one & asphaltic cem5t4 ,! cru%$ rock %all be ( su* sizes t all w pass a scre5 hav+ circul> op5+s "o-?ird 77 in* 9 diamet] & t all w fail to pass a numb] t5 7,no4 #aj7 sieve4 ,! /one %all be fre%ly cru%$1 free f =eign sub/ances & clean & bright4 ,! s& %all be clean & %>p & ( su* sizes t all w pass ! numb] t5 sieve & n m ?an five p] c5t4 w pass ! numb] two hundr$ sieve4 ,! gra9-size ( ! s& %all pref]ably be su* t at lea/ fifty p] c5t4 7#ej7 ( x w pass ! numb] eighty sieve4 ,! scre5+s f ! cru%$ /one pass+ ! numb] t5 sieve may be us$ 9 place ( s&1 or ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! s& to produce a mass ( ! above composition4 ,! pulv]iz$ /one %all comply ) ,section #di ( ^! specifications4 ,portl& cem5t %all be us$ 9 place ( n m ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( ! :ole if direct$ by ! eng9e]1 9 :i* case ! ,portl& cem5t w be paid = z extra "w at ! prevail+ m>ket price4 ,! asphaltic cem5t %all comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ,sections #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dg & #ej ( ^! specifications4 #fd4 ,typical ,composition4--,a typical composition ( ! blocks1 :i* mu/ be compli$ ) z ne>ly z practicable1 is z foll[s2 7by weight7 ,bitum5 #g ,m9]al mat]ial pass+ ,no4 #bjj sieve #ac ,m9]al mat]ial pass+ ,no4 #hj sieve #i ,m9]al mat]ial pass+ ,no4 #dj sieve #g ,m9]al mat]ial pass+ ,no4 #aj sieve #bh ,m9]al mat]ial pass+ ,no4 #c sieve #cf -------- #ajj #fe4 ,manufacture4--,! cru%$ rock1 s& & pulv]iz$ /one %all be ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r at a temp]ature n above ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five degrees ,fahr5heit 7#cge ,f47 & n bel[ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five degrees ,fahr5heit 7#cbe ,f47 & ! asphaltic cem5t1 at a l temp]ature1 add$ & ! mix+ cont9u$ until a p]fectly uni=m mass is produc$1 ) e fragm5t ( /one completely coat$ ) cem5t4 ,! hot mixture w !n be compress$ 9 molds "u a pressure n less ?an f\r ?\s& 7#djjj7 p\nds#bh p] squ>e in*1 aft] :i* ! blocks w be remov$ f ! molds & all[$ to cool1 ei!r 9 ! air or 9 wat]4 ,! complet$ blocks aft] cool+ 9 air %all h a specific gravity ( n less ?an #b4e4 ,!y %all n absorb1 :5 imm]s$ 9 wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 m ?an "o-half ( "o p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,:5 te/$ 9 ! /&>d rattl] = te/+ pav+ brick ! av]age loss by abrasion %all n exce$ twelve p] c5t4 7#ab7 ( _! orig9al weight1 aft] #ahjj revolutions ( ! rattl]4 #ff4 ,lay+ ! ,blocks4#bi--,! f\ndation %all be fir/ clean$ ( dirt1 rubbi% or loose mat]ial4 ,:5 ! blocks are f\r 7#d7 in*es or less 9 dep? z laid1 !y %all be set ^u a b$ ( mort> made & appli$ to ! f\ndation 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! mort> %all be compos$ ( ,portl& cem5t & s&1 9 ! ratio ( "o 7#a7 "p cem5t to ?ree 7#c7 p>ts ( s&1 ?or\ghly mix$ ) suffici5t wat] to make a r s(t mort>4 ,?is mort> %all be spread ov] ! f\ndation1 :i* %all be previ\sly wett$1 9 a lay] approximately "o-half 77 in* ?ick & its top grad$ by ! use ( templates to a surface at su* dep? bel[1 & truly p>allel to ! pavem5t datum1 t :5 ! blocks are firmly set 9 x & ramm$ _! tops w be 9 ! true grade & cont\r ( ! pavem5t4 ,! mort> %all be made & spread only z requir$ 9 ! progress ( block lay+1 & any mort> t has begun to set be=e ! blocks are 9 place & ramm$1 %all be remov$ & fre% mort> sub/itut$4 ,! blocks %all be set ^u ?is mort> b$ ) _! longe/ dim5sion across ! /reet1 9 cont9u\s c\rses :i* %all be /raight & at "r angles to ! axis ( ! /reet4 ,! block lay]s mu/ /& ^u ! blocks already laid & n ^u ! mort>4 ,! blocks & ! c\rses ( blocks %all be set z closely toge!r z practicable4 ,blocks 9 adjo9+ c\rses mu/ break jo9t n less ?an f\r in*es4 ,:ole blocks only w be us$1 except z fill]s at ! ends ( ! c\rses or 9 fitt+ ! pavem5t ar\nd manholes or o!r /ructures1 & :]e ?us us$ ! brok5 ends ( ! blocks mu/ be dress$ to make close jo9ts4 ,unless o!rwise p]mitt$1 ea* c\rse mu/ be laid cont9u\sly across ! /reet )\t int]ruption 9 "t4 ,z ea* c\rse is complet$ ! end jo9ts %all be =c$ close toge!r by ! use ( w$ges1 lev]s or mauls4 ,^u ! completion ( e ?ird c\rse1 ! c\rses %all be =c$ toge!r by plac+ a timb] scantl+ aga9/ ! face ( ! la/ c\rse & /rik+ x ) a sl$ge or maul4 ,:5 ! blocks are ?us laid1 & be=e ! mort> "u !m beg9s to set1 !y %all be well ramm$ to a solid be>+ 9 ! mort> ) a wood5 /reet ramm] weigh+ n less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p\nds1 a two in* plank t5 7#aj7 in*es wide & ?ree 7#c7 feet long be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! block & ! ramm] & mov$ ab\t s t ! :ole surface %all be cov]$ & ramm$4 ,:5 ! ramm+ is complet$1 ! top ( ! blocks mu/ con=m s closely to ! pavem5t datum t :5 a template or /raight-edge is plac$ ^u ! pavem5t1 its surface %all n[h]e dep>t f ! true surface m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in*4 ,blocks1 or portions ( ! pavem5t f\nd too high or too l[1 mu/ be tak5 up & reset 9 fre% mort> to ! true grade4 ,:5 ?us complet$ to ! satisfaction ( ! ,eng9e]1 a lay] ( "o-half 77 in* ( f9e dry s& %all be plac$ ov] ! surface & swept ab\t ) brooms until all jo9ts are completely fill$4 ,! rema9+ s& %all be remov$ f ! pavem5t at su* "t z ! ,eng9e] may direct4 ,:5 ! dep? ( ! blocks exce$s f\r 7#d7 in*es1 !y may be set ^u a cu%ion c\rse ( s&1 z prescrib$ = brick pavem5t1 ,section #hf1 ! jo9ts to be fill$ ) s&1 z specifi$ above 9 ?is ,section4 #fg4 ,railroad ,tracks4--,:]e railroad tracks exi/ on ! /reet to be pav$1 ! con/ruction %all be ! same z prescrib$ = granite block pavem5t1 ,section #gh4 #fh4 ,! /reet %all n be op5$ to travel until ! mort> "u ! blocks %all h become fully set1 & 9 no case "u five days aft] ! blocks are laid4 ,,granite ,,block ,,pavem5t #fi4 ,granite block pavem5t %all be laid ^u a f\ndation ( hydraulic cem5t concrete4#cj #gj4 ,sub-grade & ,f\ndation4--,! sub-grade %all be prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,section #bf4 ,! f\ndation %all be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ,sections #bh to #ch inclusive4 #ga4 ,granite ,blocks4--,! blocks %all be made f s\nd1 durable granite1 ( uni=m texture1 composition & h>dness ?r\gh\t4 ,no outcrop1 det]iorat$1 s(t1 brittle1 or seamy /one %all be us$4 ,if ! blocks are obta9$ f diff]5t qu>ries1 or f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same qu>ry :]e ! quality or appe>ance ( ! rock diff]s1 ! product ( ea* mu/ be kept sep>ate & laid toge!r on ! /reet4#ca ,! blocks %all be n less ?an eight 7#h7 nor m ?an twelve 7#ab7 in*es long1 n less ?an ?ree & "o-half 7#c7 nor m ?an f\r & "o-half 7#d7 in*es wide1 & n less ?an f\r & ?ree-qu>t]s 7#d7 nor m ?an five & "o-qu>t] 7#e7 in*es deep4#cb ,!y %all be well-%ap$1 rectangul>1 ) full edges & corn]s4 ,_! tops %all n dep>t m ?an "o-f\r? 77 in* f a true plane1 & _! sides %all be dress$ s t jo9ts betwe5 ! c\rses w n[h]e exce$ ?ree-f\r?s 77 in* wide1 & _! ends s t end jo9ts %all n exce$ "o-half 77 in* wide4#cc ,! size ( ! blocks may be v>i$ :]e necess>y to fit ! pavem5t aga9/ or ar\nd bridge /ones or o!r /reet /ructures4 #gb4 ,s& ,cu%ion4--,! f\ndation %all be clean$ ( all dirt & rubbi%4 ,!re %all !n be spread ev5ly ov] x a lay] ( clean1 co>se s& to a uni=m dep? ( "o & "o-half 7#a7 in*es4 #gc4 ,sett+ ! ,blocks4--,! blocks %all be set 9 ?is b$ ( s& p]p5dicul> to ! /reet surface1 ) _! l5g? at "r angles to ! /reet1 9 c\rses ext5d+ entirely across ! /reet1 & at "r angles to its axis1 except at /reet int]sections :]e ! c\rses %all be arrang$ z ! ,eng9e] may direct4#cd ,only /ones ( ! same wid? %all be set 9 ! same c\rse4 ,! /ones 9 ea* c\rse1 & 9 adjo9+ c\rses1 %all be set firmly aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! blocks %all be set 9 ! s& b$ 9 su* a mann] t _! bottom surface %all re/ ev5ly ^u ! s& & t _! tops %all be ev5 ) ea* o!r & to su* an elevation t aft] ! pavem5t is ramm$1 z h]e9aft] direct$1 its g5]al surface %all con=m closely to ! pavem5t datum4 ,/ones 9 adjo9+ c\rses %all break jo9t n less ?an ?ree 7#c7 in*es4 #gd4 ,ramm+4#ce--;,aft] ! blocks are set ea* individual block %all be ?or\ghly ramm$ to give x a firm be>+ 9 ! s& & to br+ its top to ! prescrib$ pavem5t datum4 ,! ramm]s us$ %all h wood5 faces n m ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & %all weigh n less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p\nds4 ,blocks or sections ( blocks ^: tops "u ! ramm+ rema9 above or s9k bel[ ! pavem5t datum %all be tak5 up & reset s t aft] ! ramm+ is complet$ _! tops %all co9cide ) ! pavem5t datum4 #ge4 ,fill+ ! ,jo9ts4#cf--;,aft] ! ramm+ specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #gd %all h be5 complet$1 ! jo9ts betwe5 ! pav+ blocks %all be fill$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,all ! jo9ts = a di/ance ( ?ree feet out f ! curb/ones1 & ?ree contigu\s jo9ts cont9u\s across ! /reet1 ) ! includ$ end jo9ts1 at int]vals ( ab\t fifty 7#ej7 feet 9 ! l5g? ( ! /reet1 %all be fill$ ) gravel & bitum9\s pav+ cem5t4 ,! gravel us$ %all be ( su* size t all w pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ five-eigh?s 77 in* me%es1 & all w be held on a scre5 hav+ "o-f\r? 77 in* me%es4 ,:5 us$1 ! gravel mu/ be free f refuse & /reet dirt4 ,! bitum9\s pav+ cem5t %all be compos$ by weight ( /raight-run coal-t> pit* ( ! h>dness commonly kn[n z numb] six1 to :i* has be5 add$ & ?or\ghly mix$1 :ile bo? are 9 a melt$ condition1 tw5ty p] c5t4 7#bj7 by weight ( ref9$ ,tr9idad asphalt1 or o!r asphalt1 equal = ! purpose1 & tw5ty p] c5t4 7#bj7 by weight ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,^! +r$i5ts mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$1 & kept agitat$ until us$4#cg ,! jo9ts w fir/ be fill$ ) ! gravel1 :i* %all be p]fectly dry1 & heat$ s t :5 put 9 ! jo9ts x w be at a temp]ature ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ 7#cjj7 degrees ,f4 ,! pav+ cem5t1 heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ 7#cjj7 degrees ,f41 %all be at once1 :ile ! gravel is /ill hot1 p\r$ f a sp\t$ vessel into ! jo9ts until ! int]/ices ( ! gravel are entirely fill$ to ! surface ( ! pavem5t1 rep\r+ be+ resort$ to to accompli% ?is result :5ev] necess>y4 ,all ! jo9ts 9 ! pavem5t o!r ?an ^? nam$ above %all !n be completely fill$ ) ,portl& cem5t gr\t1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! gr\t %all be compos$ ( equal p>ts by volume ( s& 7,sect4 #cj7 & ,portl& cem5t 7,sect4 #bi71 a quick-sett+ cem5t be+ pref]r$4 ,! s& & cem5t %all be fir/ ?or\ghly mix$ dry & !n en\gh wat] add$ to make a gr\t ( su* consi/5cy t x w fl[ l ?ick cream1 & ! mix+ cont9u$ until a homog5e\s mass is produc$ & until ! gr\t is appli$ to ! pavem5t4 ,! gr\t %all be prep>$ 9 wat]-tight boxes ( a conv5i5t size4 ,be=e apply+ ! gr\t ! pavem5t %all be ?or\ghly damp5$ by spr9kl+4 ,! gr\t %all be remov$ f ! mix+ box & spread ov] ! pavem5t ) scoop %ovels1 9 two c\rses1 ! fir/ be+ suffici5t to ab\t half fill ! jo9ts1 & ! second1 :i* %all be appli$ be=e ! fir/ has begun to set1 %all be suffici5t to entirely fill ! rema9+ space 9 ! jo9ts4 ,z ! gr\t is appli$ to ! pavem5t x %all be swept ab\t ) brooms until x all ent]s ! jo9ts4 #gf4 ,ord] ( ,"w4--,! s& b$ %all n be put 9 place m ?an fifty 7#ej7 feet ahead ( ! block sett]s4 ,! ramm+ & fill+ ( ! jo9ts %all foll[ closely ! block sett+1 b no ramm+ %all be done )9 less ?an six 7#f7 feet ( ! face ( ! block sett+2 & ! f9al jo9t fill+ %all be kept complet$ to )9 tw5ty-five 7#be7 feet ( ! ramm+2 except t all ! "w ramm$ dur+ any day %all h ! jo9t fill+ complet$ be=e ! cessation ( "w on t day4 ,! /reet %all n be op5$ to travel until ! gr\t has ?or\ghly set4 #gg4 ,fitt+ ,pav+ ,ar\nd ,o!r ,/ructures4--,! size ( blocks & ! wid? ( c\rses %all1 z ! block lay+ approa*es bridge /ones1 curbs & o!r /ructures1 or 9 mak+ closures ) o!r sections ( pavem5t1 be s select$ & adju/$ t jo9ts n ov] ?ree-qu>t]s 77 in* 9 wid? %all result1 )\t break+ blocks or splitt+ c\rses4 #gh4 ,/reet ,railroad ,tracks4--,:]e railroad tracks exi/ 9 ! /reet ! pav+ blocks %all be laid aga9/ ! rail 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! sub-grade & ! pavem5t f\ndation %all ext5d "u ! rails un9t]rupt$ except by ! ties or o!r /ructures connect$ ) ! railroad track4 ,= a di/ance ( sixte5 7#af7 in*es1 on ea* side ( ! rail1 measur+ f ! c5t] !re(1 !re %all be spread on ! pavem5t f\ndation a lay] ( mort> n less ?an "o & "o-half 7#a7 in*es ?ick1 compos$ ( "o 7#a7 "p ( cem5t & ?ree 7#c7 p>ts s&1 comply+ ) ! requirem5ts ( ,sections #bi & #cj4 ,^u ?is lay] ( mort> %all be set1 aga9/ ! rail1 & on ea* side ( x1 select$ pav+ blocks1 securely b$d$ 9 ! mort> be=e x %all h begun to set4#ch ,alt]nate blocks %all be long & %ort s z to break jo9t ) ! blocks ( ! adjo9+ pavem5t4 ,select$ blocks ) well dress$ top surfaces %all be us$ & _! tops %all be set z ne>ly z practicable at ! level ( ! top ( ! rail1 b n s high t ! c> :eels w ride ^u !m4 ,9 sett+ ! blocks !y %all be firmly b$d$ into ! mort> by ! use ( pav+ hamm]s1 b !y %all n be !reaft] ramm$4 ,z ! blocks are set1 any space betwe5 ! pav+ blocks & ! web ( ! rail %all be fill$ ) mort> ( ! quality describ$ above4 ,! plac+ ( ^! blocks %all n prec$e by m ?an t5 7#aj7 feet ! block lay+ on ! /reet4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to di/urb ! b$d+ ( ^! blocks 9 ! lay+ ( ! adjo9+ pavem5t1 or o!rwise4 ,! jo9ts %all be fill$ ) gr\t z specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #ge4 ,! con/ruction along slot-rails %all be ! same z describ$ above1 except t blocks ( special size or %ape may be requir$1 z ! ,eng9e] may direct4 #gi4 ,bridge ,/one ,cross+s4--,:]e direct$ by ! ,eng9e]1 ! old bridge /one %all be r$ress$ & relaid1 z h]e9aft] specifi$ = new bridge /one1 & %all be mov$ f ! po9t :]e tak5 up to ! po9t :]e !y are to be relaid1 by ! ,contractor at 8 exp5se4 ,new bridge /one %all be ( ! same quality ( granite z ! pav+ blocks & free f imp]fections4 ,!y %all n be less ?an ?ree & "o-half 7#c7 nor m ?an six 7#f7 feet long1 eighte5 7#ah7 in*es wide & ( a uni=m ?ickness n less ?an six 7#f7 nor m ?an eight 7#h7 in*es1 b ^! dim5sions may be v>i$ by ! ,eng9e] :]e necess>y to fit ! /one into special locations4 ,_! top %all be well dress$ to a true plane surface n v>y+ 9 ev5ness m ?an "o-qu>t] 77 in*4 ,! sides %all be dress$ p]p5dicul> to ! face s z to jo9t closely aga9/ ! pav+ blocks4 ,! ends %all be cut to l9es mak+ an angle ( f #fj to #de ) ! longitud9al axis ( ! /ones#ci & s dress$ & to su* a bevel t :5 set 9 ! curv$ surface ( ! /reet1 ! jo9t betwe5 adjo9+ /ones %all n be wid] ?an ?ree-eigh?s 77 in* f top to bottom4 ,bridge /ones %all be set 9 advance ( ! block lay+1 ov] ! concrete /reet f\ndation1 9 a b$ ( s& or gravel 9 :i* !y %all be firmly b$d$4 ,_! upp] surface %all con=m truly to ! pavem5t datum4 ,!y %all be set accurately to ! l9es giv5 by ! ,eng9e]4 ,:]e ! crosswalk requires m ?an "o wid? ( bridge /one1 ! c\rses %all be laid p>allel to1 & at su* di/ance f ea* o!r z ! ,eng9e] may direct1 & ! space betwe5 c\rses %all be fill$ ) pav+ blocks laid z specifi$ = o!r p>ts ( ! /reet4 ,,brick ,,pavem5t#dj #hj4 ,sub-grade4--,! sub-grade = brick pavem5t %all be prep>$ 9 accordance ) ,sect4 #bf1 & %all be f9i%$ to a surface 444 in*es bel[ & p>allel to ! pavem5t datum4 #ha4 ,f\ndation4--,! f\ndation = brick pavem5t %all be ( hydraulic concrete#da prep>$ 9 accordance ) ,sections #bh to #cg inclusive4 ,its ?ickness %all be 444 in*es & its upp] surface %all1 :5 complet$1 be p>allel to & at a dep? bel[ ! pavem5t datum equal to ! dep? ( ! brick plus "o & "o-f\r? 7#a7 in*es4 ,! surface ( ! f\ndation %all n v>y m ?an "o-half 77 in* above or bel[ t dep?4 #hb4 ,pav+ ,brick4--,! l9e> dim5sions ( pav+ brick may v>y betwe5 ! foll[+ limits3 ,9 l5g?1 f eight & "o-half 7#h7 to n9e & "o-half 7#i7 in*es2 9 wid?1 f two & "o-f\r? 7#b7 to ?ree & "o-half 7#c7 in*es2 9 dep?1 f f\r 7#d7 to f\r & "o-eigh? 7#d7 in*es2 b ! l5g? %all n be less ?an two & "o-half 7#b7 nor m ?an ?ree & ?ree-f\r?s 7#c7 times ! wid?4#db ,! corn]s %all all be r\nd$ (f to a radius ( n less ?an "o-eigh? 77 nor m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in*4 ,! brick = any "o contract %all be all ( ! same k9d & ( ! same /&>d size1 & ! individual bricks %all n v>y 9 l5g? m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in*1 nor 9 wid? m ?an "o-eigh? 77 in* f ! size adopt$ z /&>d4 ,rais$ lugs or lett]s are p]missible on "o side ( ea* brick b mu/ n project m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in* f ! g5]al surface4#dc ,! brick mu/ be specially manufactur$ = pav+ purposes4 ,!y may be made f %ale or f suitable clay4 ,9 ei!r case ! mat]ial mu/ be ?or\ghly pulv]iz$1 mix$ & temp]$1 & mu/ be free f lime nodules or o!r sub/ances t may dis9tegrate ! brick :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,! brick %all be mold$ 9 effici5t brick ma*9es to a truly rectangul> =m1 free f cracks1 flaws & injuri\s lam9ations4 ,aft] be+ dri$ ! brick %all be prop]ly & uni=mly burn$ 9 d[n-draft kilns4 ,%ale brick %all be burn$ to ! po9t ( incipi5t fusion or vitrification4 ,aft] ! burn+ is complet$1 ! brick %all be all[$ to cool ) suffici5t sl[ness to insure ?or\gh anneal+4 ,! complet$ brick %all be free f flaws1 cracks1 ragg$ corn]s1 & f su* di/ortion or w>p+ z w int]f]e ) _! utility or good appe>ance 9 ! pavem5t4 ,pav+ brick %all n be salt-glaz$4 #hc4 ,! brick %all be subject$ to ! foll[+ te/s to det]m9e _! quality3 ,:5 brok5 by ! bl[s ( a hamm] ! brick %all be /rong & t\gh4 ,! brok5 surface %all %[ a homog5e\s composition ?r\gh\t ! brok5 section1 free f flaws1 injuri\s lam9ations1 nodules & voids1 & %all appe> to be uni=mly burn$ f surface to c5t]4 ,:5 subject$ to ! /&>d 8,rattl]0 te/1 9 accordance ) ! rules adopt$ by ! ,national ,pav+ ,brick ,manufactur]s' ,association1 ! av]age loss 9 weight %all n exce$ eighte5 7#ah7 p] c5t4#dd & ! loss 9 weight ( any individual brick 9 ! te/ %all n be m ?an tw5ty-five 7#be7 p] c5t4 great] ?an ! av]age loss ( ! :ole *>ge4 ,:5 subject$ to ! absorption te/1 9 accordance ) ! rules adopt$ by ! ,national ,pav+ ,brick ,manufactur]s' ,association1 %ale bricks %all n absorb m ?an two 7#b7 p] c5t4 nor less ?an "o-half 77 ( "o p] c5t4 ( _! weight ( wat]1#de & clay bricks %all n absorb m ?an six 7#f7 p] c5t4 ( _! weight ( wat]2 ! absorption ( any individual brick %all n be m ?an fifty 7#ej7 p] c5t4 great] ?an ! mean absorption ( ! :ole lot te/$4#df ,brick t d n successfully pass all ^! te/s w n be accept$4 #hd4 ,samples4--,:]e samples ( pav+ brick h be5 requir$ & submitt$ by successful bidd]s1 & te/$ z describ$ above1 x w be assum$ t ^! samples fairly repres5t ! quality ( ! brick to be subsequ5tly suppli$ = ! "w1 & brick t d n come up to ! /&>d ?us e/abli%$ w n be accept$4 #he4 ,deliv]+ ,brick on ,/reet4--,unless ! sidewalks are too n>r[ to p]mit ( x1 ! brick %all all be deliv]$ ^u ! /reet be=e ! f\ndation is con/ruct$1 & neatly pil$ ^u ! out] edge ( ! sidewalks2 occasional op5+s be+ left 9 ! piles = ! accommodation ( foot pass5g]s4 ,"o-half ! brick requir$ %all be ?us deliv]$ & pil$ ^u ea* sidewalk4 ,9 deliv]+ ! bricks f ^! piles to ! bricklay]s1 !y mu/ be c>ri$ on pallets1 or o!r suitable devices mu/ be us$ to prev5t mutilation by r\gh h&l+2 !y mu/ n be dump$ f :eelb>r[s ^u fre%ly-laid brick pavem5t4 ,if = any reason ! bricks are n deliv]$ be=e ! f\ndation is laid1 or if ! sidewalks are too n>r[ to p]mit ( ! brick be+ /or$ ^u !m1 !y may be deliv]$ ov] ! f\ndation1 b n until ! concrete has set s h>d t x w n be injur$ by transportation ov] x4 #hf4 ,s& ,cu%ion4--,directly be=e ! brick are laid into ! pavem5t !re %all be spread ov] ! f\ndation a lay] ( s& "o & "o-half 7#a7 in*es 9 dep?4 ,! s& %all be free f vegetable or o!r refuse matt]1 & %all n conta9 m ?an five 7#e7 p] c5t4 ( clay & loam4 ,pebbles & fragm5ts ( /one exce$+ "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet] mu/ be scre5$ out4 ,:5 spread on ! /reet ! s& %all be suffici5tly dry to p]mit ( prop] gag+ by templates1 z h]e9aft] describ$4 ,! s& %all be spread & correctly gag$ to ! prop] ?ickness & surface by ! use ( templates =m$ to ! true design$ cross-sectional cont\r ( ! pavem5t4 ,if ! wid? ( ! /reet betwe5 curbs does n exce$ tw5ty-five 7#be7 feet1 ! template %all be made 9 "o l5g? suffici5t to cov] ! full wid? ( ! /reet1 & its ends %all be s con/ruct$ & fitt$ ) iron roll]s1 t x w re/ ^u & roll along ! top ( ! curb at ea* end2 if ! wid? ( ! /reet betwe5 curbs be n m ?an fifty 7#ej7 feet1 ! template %all be ( suffici5t l5g? to rea* f ! curb to ! middle ( ! /reet1 & con/ruct$ to move on roll]s on top ( ! curb at "o end & ^u a plank six 7#f7 in*es wide & "o & "o-half 7#a7 in*es ?ick laid ^u ! f\ndation along ! c5t] l9e ( ! pavem5t4 ,! template %all be work$ =w>d & backw>d along ! l9e ( ! /reet until ! surface ( ! s& con=ms exactly to ! design$ cont\r ( ! pavem5t1 at a dep? bel[ ! pavem5t datum equal to ! dep? ( ! pav+ brick m9us "o-f\r? 77 in*4 ,! :ole surface %all !n be roll$ ) a g>d5 roll] n less ?an ?irty-six in*es long & n less ?an ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 weigh+ n less ?an ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,:5 complet$ ! surface ( ! s& cu%ion %all be smoo? & unbrok51 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to di/urb x be=e ! bricks are set ^u x4 #hg4 ,sett+ ! ,brick4--,sev]al c\rses ( brick1 aggregat+ a /rip hav+ a wid? ( n less ?an twelve 7#ab7 in*es nor m ?an fifte5 7#ae7 in*es on ea* side ( ! /reet1 beg9n+ aga9/ ! curb1 %all be fir/ laid2 ! brick be+ set ) _! long dim5sion p>allel to ! curb4#dg ,! pavem5t int]v5+ betwe5 ^! gutt] c\rses w !n be set 9 c\rses at "r angles to ! axis ( ! /reet1 except 9 /reet int]sections1 :]e ! c\rses %all make an angle ( =ty-five 7#de7 degrees ) ! axis ( ! /reet4 ,! brick %all be set ^u edge on ! s& cu%ion ) _! top faces p>allel to ! pavem5t datum1 9 /raight c\rses1 cont9u\s across ! /reet1 ! long dim5sion ( ! brick be+ p>allel to ! c\rses2 !y %all be set z closely toge!r z possible1 s t ! jo9ts bo? betwe5 ! c\rses & betwe5 individual bricks %all n exce$ "o-eigh? 77 in*1 :]e ! bricks are )\t lugs1 & n m ?an "o-f\r? in* :]e ! brick h lugs4 ,brok5 bricks & bats %all n be us$ except z clos]s at ! ends ( ! c\rse & 9 fitt+ ! pavem5t ar\nd manholes1 etc41 & no?+ small] ?an half-bricks %all be us$ 9 ei!r case1 & ! brok5 ends mu/ be %ap$ to make reasonably close jo9ts4 ,fill+ up ) bats mu/ foll[ ! brick-lay+ closely4 ,brick ) lugs %all be laid ) ! lugs all 9 "o direction4 #hh4 ,inspection4--,aft] ! bricks are laid ! pavem5t w be inspect$ by ! ,eng9e]1 or 8 ag5t4 ,he may require t ! surface %all be previ\sly wett$ by spr9kl]s1 or by a spr9kl+ nozzle1 9 ord] to detect s(t or por\s bricks4#dh ,defective bricks indicat$ by him %all be remov$ & replac$ by acceptable brick4 #hi4 ,roll+ & ,ramm+4--,! surface ( ! pavem5t %all !n be roll$ & ramm$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! roll] us$ %all be ( ! asphalt roll] /yle1 driv5 by /eam & weigh+ n less ?an ?ree & "o-half 7#c7 nor m ?an five 7#e7 tons4 ,! roll+ %all beg9 z ne> ! curb z practicable1 ! roll] be+ op]at$ sl[ly1 p>allel to ! axis ( ! /reet1 & work+ outw>dly until ! c5t] ( ! /reet is rea*$1 :5 ! roll] w proce$ to ! opposite side ( ! /reet & ! op]ation proce$ z be=e4 ,aft] ?is longitud9al roll+ is complet$ ! pavem5t w be cont9u\sly roll$ a second "t1 ! roll] op]at+ back & =? at an angle ( =ty-five degrees to ! axis ( ! /reet1 & a ?ird "t1 ! roll] op]at+ at "r angles to ! c\rse ( ! second roll+4 ,aft] ! roll+ is ?us complet$ ! brick 9 ! gutt]s n rea*$ by ! roll] %all be ramm$ ) a /reet ramm] weigh+ n less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p\nds1 a plank n less ?an f\r 7#d7 feet long1 t5 7#aj7 to twelve 7#ab7 in*es wide & two 7#b7 in*es ?ick be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! pavem5t & ! ramm] & mov$ ab\t s t ! :ole surface ( ! gutt] %all be ?or\ghly & equally ramm$ & its surface br\ght to an ev5 junction ) ! roll$ portion ( ! "w4 ,:5 ! roll+ & ramm+ is ?us complet$ ! surface ( ! pavem5t %all con=m s truly to ! design$ pavem5t datum t x w n[h]e dep>t m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in* f prop]ly =m$ templates & /raight-edges appli$ to its surface4 #ij4 ,fill+ ! ,jo9ts4#di--;,directly aft] ! completion ( ! roll+ & ramm+1 ! jo9ts betwe5 ! bricks %all be fill$ z foll[s3 ,! jo9ts 9 ! longitud9al gutt] c\rses1 & ! jo9ts betwe5 six contigu\s c\rses runn+ across ! /reet1 f gutt] to gutt]1 9 ea* l5g? ( fifty 7#ej7 feet ( ! pavem5t1 %all be fill$ ) bitum9\s cem5t compos$ ( coal-t> pit*1 comm]cially kn[n z ,numb] ,f\r1 to :i* has be5 add$ tw5ty 7#bj7 p] c5t4 ( ref9$ ,tr9idad asphalt & tw5ty 7#bj7 p] c5t4 ( hydraulic cem5t1 all by weight4 ,9 prep>+ ?is bitum9\s cem5t1 ! pit* %all fir/ be melt$ & ! asphalt1 also melt$1 add$ & ?or\ghly incorporat$ by agitation4 ,! hydraulic cem5t %all !n be add$ & ! :ole agitat$ until a complete & uni=m mixture results4 ,! bitum9\s cem5t ?us prep>$ %all :ile suffici5tly hot & liquid to fl[ freely1 be p\r$ f a sp\t$ vessel into ! jo9ts until !y appe> to be ne>ly or q full4 ,aft] all[+ "t = ! fill+ to subside1 ! jo9ts w be gone ov] a second "t & completely fill$4 ,all ! rema9+ jo9ts 9 ! pavem5t %all be fill$ ) ,portl& cem5t gr\t1 z foll[s3 ,! gr\t w be compos$ ( equal p>ts by volume ( s& 7,sect4 #cj7 & ,portl& cem5t 7,sect4 #bi71 a quick-sett+ cem5t be+ pref]r$4 ,! s& & cem5t %all be fir/ ?or\ghly mix$ dry & !n en\gh wat] add$ to make a gr\t ( su* consi/5cy t x w fl[ l ?ick cream1 & ! mix+ cont9u$ until a homog5e\s mass is produc$ & until ! gr\t is appli$ to ! pavem5t4 ,! gr\t %all be prep>$ 9 wat]-tight boxes ( a conv5i5t size4 ,be=e apply+ ! gr\t ! pavem5t %all be ?or\ghly damp5$ by spr9kl+4 ,! gr\t %all be spread ov] ! pavem5t ) scoop %ovels1 9 two c\rses1 ! fir/ be+ suffici5t to ne>ly fill ! jo9ts1 & ! second1 :i* %all be appli$ be=e ! fir/ has begun to set1 %all be suffici5t to entirely fill ! rema9+ space 9 ! jo9ts4 ,z rapidly z ! gr\t is appli$ x %all be swept ) brooms until x all ent]s ! jo9ts4#ej #ia4 ,travel mu/ be exclud$ f ! pavem5t until ! gr\t has set firmly2 9 no case less ?an five days1 & ! gr\t mu/ be kept moi/ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,,wood-,,block ,,pavem5t #ib4 ,sub-grade4--,! sub-grade = wood-block pavem5t %all be prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,section #bf1 & %all be f9i%$ to a surface 444 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 #ic4 ,f\ndation4--,! f\ndation = wood-block pavem5t %all be ,portl& cem5t concrete 444 in*es ?ick1 prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,sections #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf & #cg4 ,! upp] surface ( ! concrete f\ndation1 :5 complet$1 %all be at a di/ance bel[ ! pavem5t datum equal to ! dep? ( ! blocks to be laid1 plus "o-half 77 in*1 & mu/ n v>y m ?an "o-f\r? 77 in* above or bel[ t dep?4 ,,mat]ials #id4 ,wood-blocks4--,! wood-blocks may be made ( ,long-leav$ yell[ p9e 7,p9us palu/rus71 ,lob-lolly p9e 7,p9us tda71 ,%ort-leav$ p9e 7,p9us e*9ata71 ,cuba p9e 7,p9us het]ophylla71 ,black gum 7,nyssa sylvatica71 ,r$ gum 7,liquidamb> /yraciflua71 ,norway p9e 7,p9us res9osa71 or ,tam>ack 7,l>ix l>ic9a71 or ( o!r species ( wood ( equal /r5g? & t\ghness & ( a texture p]mitt+ z satisfactory pres]vative treatm5t z ^? h]e9 nam$4 ,b1 z f> z practicable1 only "o species ( wood %all be us$ on any "o contract4#ea ,only wood f live1 s\nd trees %all be us$4 ,! lumb] f :i* ! blocks are cut %all be prop]ly manufactur$1 free f b>k1 & ) full squ>e corn]s4 ,x %all be free f decay1 dott9ess1 bra%ness1 %akes1 l>ge season cracks1 loose or uns\nd knots ov] ?ree-f\r?s 77 in* 9 diamet]1 & all o!r imp]fections :i* may1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,eng9e]1 be detrim5tal4 8,fat0 p9e conta9+ s mu* res9 t x w n take up ! specifi$ quantity ( creosote oil 9 treatm5t may be reject$4 ,second-gr[? timb]1 & ,s\!rn p9e %[+1 outside ( a radius ( ?ree 7#c7 in*es f ! he>t1 n9e 7#i7 or less annual gr[? r+s to ! in*1 w n be accept$4 ,! pav+ blocks made f ! lumb] h]e9be=e specifi$ %all be well manufactur$ & truly rectangul> & squ>e edg$4 ,_! dep? 7p>allel to ! fib]7 %all be 444 in*es1#eb _! l5g? %all n be less ?an six in*es nor m ?an ?ree times _! dep?1 & _! wid? %all be f two & "o-half 7#b7 to ?ree & "o-half 7#c7 in*es1 b at lea/ "o-f\r? in* less ?an _! dep?4 ,all ! blocks = any "o contract %all be ( ! same /&>d dep? & wid?1 & ! individual blocks %all n v>y m ?an "o-eigh? in* f ! designat$ dep? & wid?4 #ie4 ,creosote ,oil4#ec--,! oil us$ = ! pres]vative treatm5t ( ! pav+ blocks %all be coal-t> creosote oil1 commonly kn[n z dead oil ( coal-t>1 )\t admixture or adult]ation ) o!r oils or t>s4 ,oils produc$ or result+ f ! di/illation ( wat]-gas t>1 bla/-furnace t>1 produc]-t>1 lignite-t>1 petroleum-oil t>1 or wood-t>1 or1 conta9+ an admixture ( any ( ^! w n be accept$4 ,! creosote oil %all n conta9 m ?an five p] c5t4 7#e7 ( t>ry matt] nor m ?an two p] c5t4 7#b7 ( wat]4 ,its specific gravity at a temp]ature ( #ajj ,f4 %all be n bel[ #a4jc nor above #a4jh4 ,n less ?an n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 7#ii7 %all be soluble 9 hot b5zol4 ,x %all n conta9 m ?an eight p] c5t4 7#h7 ( t> acids4 ,:5 two hundr$ 7#bjj7 grams are subject$ to di/illation at gradually increas+ temp]atures1 n m ?an five p] c5t4 7#e7 ( di/illate %all di/il ov] up to a temp]ature ( f\r hundr$ degrees ,f4 7#djj ,f471 nor m ?an ?irty-five p] c5t4 7#ce7 %all di/il ov] up to a temp]ature ( f\r hundr$ & fifty-five degrees ,f4 7#dee ,f471 & n m ?an eighty p] c5t4 7#hj7 %all di/il ov] up to a temp]ature ( six hundr$ degrees ,f4 7#fjj ,f474 ,aft] complete di/illation !re %all n rema9 m ?an two p] c5t4 ( coke4 ,! residue rema9+1 ^u sulphonat+ a portion ( ! total di/illate1 %all n exce$ "o p] c5t4 7#a74 ,! above te/s %all be made 9 accordance ) ! me?ods prescrib$ 9 ! 8,report ( ! ,committee on ,pres]vative ,treatm5t ( ,poles & ,cross-arms0 ( ! ,national ,electric ,light ,association1 #aiaa4 #if4 ,pres]vative ,treatm5t4--,! pav+ blocks %all1 aft] !y are cut to ! prop] dim5sions1 be subject$ to pres]vative treatm5t ) ! creosote oil specifi$ 9 ,section #ie4 ,! contractor may employ any ( ! /&>d me?ods 9 common use = impregnat+ ! blocks1 provid$ t uni=m results are atta9$1 comply+ ) ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 ,! wood %all n be heat$ dur+ any "p ( ! process to a temp]ature exce$+ two hundr$ & sixty degrees ,fahr5heit 7#bfj ,f474 ,all p>ts ( e block %all be rea*$ & p5etrat$ by ! oil4 ,! quantity ( oil f\nd 9 ! blocks aft] treatm5t %all av]age n less ?an 444 p\nds p] cubic foot ( wood4 ,! oil 9 ! treat+ tanks dur+ ! process ( impregnation %all n become dilut$ ) wat] to ! ext5t ( m ?an five p] c5t4 7#e7 & if ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! oil dur+ ! process ( treatm5t %all exce$ two p] c5t4 7#b7 ! quantity ( ! oil to be inject$ 9 ! wood z /ipulat$ h]e9be=e %all be increas$ 9 a l ratio2 = example1 if ! oil 9 ! treat+ tanks %all be f\nd to conta9 f\r p] c5t4 7#d7 ( wat] ! quantity requir$ to be f\nd 9 ! blocks aft] treatm5t %all be f\r p] c5t4 7#d7 great] ?an h]e9 specifi$4 ,! quantity ( oil inject$ %all be det]m9$ prim>ily by tank measurem5ts1 b %all be v]ifi$ by actual det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( oil 9 ! treat$ blocks by ! foll[+ me?od3 repres5tative treat$ sample blocks %all be select$ & an aug] hole "o in* 9 diamet] bor$ entirely ?r\gh ! block p>allel to ! fib]1 ! bor+s all collect$1 ?or\ghly mix$1 & ! quantity & ratio ( oil to wood 9 ! bor+s det]m9$ by extract+ ! oil completely ) c>bon di-sulphide4 ,! c5t] ( ! aug] hole %all be locat$ midway betwe5 ! sides ( ! block & at a di/ance f ! end ( ! block equal to "o-?ird 77 ( ! l5g? ( ! block4 ,at ! "t ( treatm5t ! blocks %all n be gre5 or saturat$ ) wat]1 b !y %all1 pref]ably1 n be ?or\ghly season$4 ,aft] treatm5t1 & until us$1 ! blocks %all1 dur+ dry wea!r1 be frequ5tly well dr5*$ ) wat] to prev5t excessive dry+ out & crack+4 #ig4 ,lay+ ! ,wood-,blocks4--,! concrete f\ndation %all be clean$ & swept to remove all dirt & dbris & %all be ?or\ghly damp5$ imm$iately 9 advance ( ! sett+ ( ! blocks4 ,^u ! concrete f\ndation %all be spread a lay] ( mort> ab\t "o-half in* ?ick1 made ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t & two p>ts s& ) suffici5t wat] to make a mod]ately /iff pa/e4#ed ,! mort> %all be ?or\ghly mix$ & %all be spread 9 place ov] ! concrete f\ndation imm$iately 9 advance ( sett+ ! blocks to su* a ?ickness t :5 ! blocks are set & prop]ly tamp$ _! tops %all con=m accurately to ! pavem5t datum4 ,^u ?is mort> b$ ! blocks %all be set ) _! fib] v]tical1 9 /raight1 p>allel c\rses at "r angles to ! axis ( ! /reet1 except at /reet int]sections :]e !y %all be set at an angle ( =ty-five degrees ) ! axis ( ! /reet4 ,! blocks %all be set z close toge!r z practicable4 ,blocks 9 adjo9+ c\rses %all break jo9t at lea/ ?ree in*es4 ,blocks ( su* l5g?s %all be select$ z to make z little splitt+ z practicable 9 fill+ out ends ( c\rses4 ,:]e splitt+ is necess>y1 no fractional block %all be us$ ^: l5g? is n at lea/ equal to its wid?4 ,aft] ! blocks are ?us set ! :ole surface ( ! pavem5t %all be ramm$ ) a ramm] weigh+ n less ?an tw5ty p\nds1 a plank t5 7#aj7 in*es wide1 two 7#b7 in*es ?ick & f\r feet long be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! ramm] & ! pavem5t & mov$ ab\t z ! ramm+ progresses until ! blocks are =c$ into a firm seat 9 ! mort> b$ & _! tops br\ght accurately to ! pavem5t datum4 ,! ramm+ %all be complet$ be=e ! mort> "u !m has begun to set1 b no ramm+ %all be done1 dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 ne>] ?an ?ree feet to ! edge ( ! block sett+1 except :]e ! block sett+ may be susp5d$1 z at ! end ( ! day's "w1 :5 all ! blocks !n set %all be ramm$4 ,! top surface ( ! pavem5t :5 complet$ %all con=m s truly to ! pavem5t datum t correctly =m$ templates twelve 7#ab7 feet long appli$ to ! surface %all %[ at no place a dep>ture ( m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in* !refrom4 #ih4 ,fill+ ! ,jo9ts4--,aft] ! block sett+ is complet$1 p]fectly dry1 f9e s& %all be spread ov] ! pavem5t surface & swept ab\t until e jo9t into :i* ! s& w p5etrate %all be completely fill$4 ,! rema9+ s& %all be left ^u ! pavem5t = su* "t z ! ,eng9e] may direct1 :5 x %all be remov$ by ! ,contractor4#ee #ii4 ,inspection4--,! lumb] = pav+ blocks w be inspect$ be=e x is cut into blocks4 ,! blocks w also be inspect$ ^u deliv]y to ! /reet & z !y are laid4 ,blocks t h1 9 treatm5t or subsequ5t h&l+1 develop$ op5 season cracks or w9d %akes or o!r imp]fections t may prev5t _! durability or usefulness 9 ! pavem5t %all be reject$ & remov$ f ! /reet4 #ajj4 ,*amf]$ ,blocks4--,:]e wood-block pavem5t is laid on /reets or p>ts ( /reets hav+ a gradi5t ( m ?an #c1 ! blocks %all n be less ?an f\r 7#d7 in*es long1 & ! upp] side-corn]s ( ! blocks %all be *amf]$ to a dep? ( ?ree-eigh?s 77 in*1 ! *amf]$ surface to make an angle ( #dj degrees ) ! v]tical sides ( ! blocks2 or su* o!r con/ruction %all be us$ z w1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,eng9e]1 provide an equally good foot-hold = horses4 #aja4 ,expansion ,jo9ts4--,be=e ! blocks are set !re %all be plac$ along & aga9/ ea* curb a bo>d ( trapezoidal section hav+ a wid? "o in* great] ?an ! dep? ( ! blocks1 ! upp] edge ( :i* %all h a ?ickness ( ?ree-eigh?s 77 in* = ea* t5 feet or fraction !re( ( ! wid? ( ! /reet betwe5 curbs1 & a bottom wid? "o-f\r? 77 in* less ?an ! top4 ,! pav+ blocks at ! beg9n+ & end ( ea* c\rse %all be set aga9/ ?is bo>d4 ,aft] ! ramm+ ( ! blocks has be5 complet$1 ^! bo>ds %all be c>efully )drawn & ! space betwe5 ! curbs & ! pav+ blocks %all be completely fill$ ) ! bitum9\s pav+ cem5t describ$ 9 ,section #ij4 #ajb4 ,! /reet %all n be op5$ to travel until su* "t z ! mort> "u ! blocks %all h become well set1 nor until ! ,eng9e] %all s direct4 ,,bitum9\s ,,concrete ,,pavem5t ,note4--,! phrase1 ,bitum9\s ,concrete ,pavem5t1 has be5 appli$ to a l>ge v>iety ( roadway surfaces diff]+ mat]ially f ea* o!r 9 composition1 con/ruction & utility4 ,"s ( ^! are cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts1 ! scope & limitations ( :i* are n yet fully det]m9$ or und]/ood4 ,! necessity ( avoid+ infr+em5t ( ^! pat5ts has to be kept 9 m9d 9 fram+ specifications = public use1 & ?is consid]ation does n p]mit ! pres5tation "h ( specifications :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 w\ld secure an ideal pavem5t ( ?is g5]al "*4 ,bitum9\s concrete pavem5ts con/ruct$ 9 sub/antial con=mity ) ^! specifications h be5 laid on a numb] ( city & t[n /reets & c\ntry roads & h prov$ satisfactory & fairly durable 9 use4 ,x is believ$ t !y d n infr+e any exi/+ pat5ts4 ,our r limit$ exp]i5ce ) pavem5ts ( ?is "* seems to indicate t if good mat]ials are us$ & ! "w prop]ly done1 !y are suitable = use on city /reets ( light travel1 & on suburban /reets & c\ntry roads c>ry+ an am\nt ( travel consid]$ heavy = ^! classes ( roadways4 ,:]e ! results h be5 unsatisfactory1 ! cause c g5]ally be trac$ to unsuitable mat]ials or unskillful con/ruction1 ! result ( ignorance or c>elessness on ! "o h&1 or ( ! attempt to r$uce fir/ co/ bel[ normal figures on ! o!r4 ,_m p are se>*+ = a pavem5t or roadway t w h all ! good qualities ( ! /&>d pavem5ts b c be built ab\t z *eaply z a common macadam road4 ,x is possible t some?+ ( ! k9d may be discov]$2 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art x is *im]ical4 ,high quality & l[ fir/ co/ d n g toge!r 9 /reet pav+4 ,! "q to be consid]$ is1 r1 h[ c we inve/ a doll> 9 /reet or road build+ s t x w1 9 ! long run1 yield ! be/ return ^u ! inve/m5t4 ,! pavem5t provid$ = 9 ^! specifications is n a *eap pavem5t1 b :]e x is suitable = ! conditions to be met1 x w be well wor? its co/4 ,,specifications #ajc4 ,sub-grade4--,! sub-grade except :]e old pavem5t is utiliz$ = f\ndation %all be prep>$ 9 accordance ) ,section #bf ( ^! g5]al specifications4 #ajd4 ,f\ndation4#ef--,! f\ndation = bitum9\s concrete pavem5t %all be a prop]ly prep>$ old pavem5t1 or hydraulic concrete1 or compress$ brok5 /one1 z det]m9$ by ! eng9e]4 #aje4 ,old macadam pavem5t or road to be utiliz$ = f\ndation1 %all be prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,all high places or humps %all be dress$ d[n to a plane two 7#b7 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum1 ! "w be+ done ) c>e s z to di/urb z little z possible ! macadam t is to rema94 ,depressions 9 ! old macadam %all be c>efully clean$ out s z to remove all e>? & o!r dbris & loose mat]ial1 & fill$ ) hydraulic concrete4 ,newly dug or fill$ tr5*es & holes ext5d+ ?r\gh ! macadam %all be excavat$ & clean$ out s z to admit ! use ( at lea/ f\r 7#d7 in*es ( hydraulic concrete4 ,! hydraulic concrete = ?us level+ up ! roadway %all be compos$ ( "o 7#a7 "p ( approv$ ,portl& cem5t1 f\r 7#d7 p>ts ( clean s& & n9e 7#i7 p>ts ( s\nd1 h>d cru%$ /one1 well mix$ into a wet concrete4 ,aft] plac+1 ! concrete %all be well tamp$ s z to =m a compact body1 con=m+ to a plane two 7#b7 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 ,! concrete %all be protect$ f travel & all[$ to become well set be=e ! surface ( bitum9\s concrete is appli$4 #ajf4 ,old /one block or brick pavem5t may be utiliz$ = f\ndation1 provid$ t ! blocks or bricks d n require to be tak5 up & reset1 or1 if s tak5 up & reset1 t ! jo9ts %all be completely fill$ ) gr\t compos$ ( "o 7#a7 "p ,portl& cem5t & two 7#b7 p>ts ( good s&4 ,depressions1 tr5*es & holes %all be treat$ z specifi$ 9 ,section #aje4 #ajg4 ,hydraulic concrete f\ndation %all be con/ruct$ 9 compliance ) ! requirem5ts ( ,sections #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf & #cg ( ^! specifications4 ,its dep? or ?ickness %all be 444 in*es4 #ajh4 ,brok5 /one f\ndation %all be 444 in*es 9 ?ickness aft] completion4 ,x %all be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ,section #dj ( ^! specifications4#eg #aji4 ,:5 complet$ ! upp] surface ( ! f\ndation %all n[h]e be m ?an two & "o-half 7#b7 in*es nor less ?an "o & ?ree-f\r?s 7#a7 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 ,no travel %all be p]mitt$ ^u ! f\ndation until ! bitum9\s concrete %all h be5 laid4 #aaj4 ,bitum9\s ,concrete4--,! bitum9\s concrete %all be compos$ ( cru%$ /one1 s&1 pulv]iz$ /one1 & asphaltic cem5t4 ,a typical composition = ! bitum9\s concrete1 to be z closely approximat$ z practicable1 is z foll[s1 ! p]c5tages be+ by weight3 ,pure bitum5 9 asphaltic cem5t4 #h4e ,pulv]iz$ /one pass+ ,no4 #bjj sieve4 #h4e ,s& pass+ ,no4 #hj sieve4 #aj4j ,s& pass+ ,no4 #dj sieve4 #bc4j ,s& & f9e /one pass+ ,no4 #aj sieve4 #ae4j ,cru%$ /one pass+ a scre5 hav+ f\r me%es to ! l9e> in*4 #be4j ,cru%$ /one pass+ a scre5 hav+ two me%es to ! l9e> in*4 #aj4j ------------ #ajj4j ,! cru%$ /one %all be trap rock1 granite1 or h>d1 s\nd1 durable lime/one4 ,x %all be cru%$ to su* sizes t all w pass ?r\gh a scre5 ) two me%es to ! l9e> in* & %all be ( su* assort$ sizes ( fragm5ts z w1 :5 incorporat$ ) ! s&1 pulv]iz$ /one1 & bitum51 produce a mixture sub/antially con=m+ to ! p]c5tages ( ea* nam$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! /one %all be fre%ly cru%$1 clean & free f clay1 loam1 organic matt] & refuse ( e k9d4 ,! s& %all be silici\s1 & free f clay1 loam & refuse ( all k9ds4 ,! gra9s %all be ( su* sizes t approximately tw5ty-five p] c5t4 7#be7 ( ! :ole w pass ! numb] eighty 7#hj7 sieve1 fifty-eight p] c5t4 7#eh7 %all pass ! ,no4 #dj sieve & n m ?an sev5te5 p] c5t4 7#ag7 w pass ! numb] #aj sieve1 :5 us$ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! pulv]iz$ /one %all con=m to ! requirem5ts ( ,sect4 #di4 ,portl& ,cem5t may be sub/itut$ = n m ?an tw5ty p] c5t4 7#bj7 ( ! pulv]iz$ /one if ! ,eng9e] s directs1 9 :i* case ! ,portl& ,cem5t actually s us$ %all be paid = extra at ! prevail+ m>ket price1 to be agre$ ^u 9 advance4 ,! asphaltic cem5t %all comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ,sects4 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 & #ej1 except t x may h a some:at high] p5etration1 z may be det]m9$ by ! ,eng9e]4#eh #aaa4 ,mix+4--,! mat]ials compos+ ! concrete %all all 7except ! pulv]iz$ /one & ,portl& cem5t7 be uni=mly heat$ to a temp]ature n exce$+ ?ree hundr$ & fifty degrees ,fahr5heit 7#cej ,f47 & n bel[ ?ree hundr$ degrees ,fahr5heit 7#cjj ,f471 & :ile at su* temp]ature %all be incorporat$ & mix$ 9 a me*anical mix]4 ,! /one1 s&1 & pulv]iz$ /one %all be plac$ 9 ! mix] 9 ! ord] nam$ & well mix$ toge!r1 aft] :i* ! asphaltic cem5t %all be add$ & ! mix+ cont9u$ until ea* fragm5t is ?or\ghly coat$ ) cem5t4 #aab4 ,lay+ on ! ,/reet4--,! mix$ concrete %all be tak5 to ! /reet z soon z practicable aft] leav+ ! mix]4 ,x %all be unload$ on ! /reet1 prop]ly spread & truly grad$ ) asphalt rakes to su* a dep? t aft] compression by roll+ x w h a ?ickness ( n less ?an two in*es4 ,! concrete :5 unload$ on ! /reet %all be at a temp]ature n bel[ two hundr$ & eighty degrees ,fahr5heit 7#bhj ,f474 ,9 spread+ & grad+1 all mat]ial mu/ be mov$ f ! pile into :i* x 0 unload$4 ,z soon z practicable aft] ! concrete %all be grad$1 ! surface %all be ?or\ghly roll$ ) a t5-ton asphalt roll] & ! roll+ cont9u$ until ! roll] makes no fur!r impression on ! concrete surface4 ,:5 complet$ ! surface mu/ con=m closely to ! pavem5t datum s t !re w be no depressions or elevations exce$+ "o-f\r? in* above or bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 ,,hydraulic ,,concrete ,,roadway ,,pavem5t#ei #aac4 ,! sub-f\ndation = hydraulic concrete pavem5t %all be prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,section #bf4 #aad4 ,! pavem5t %all be con/ruct$ 9 two c\rses call$ ! bottom c\rse & ! top c\rse1 z h]e9aft] specifi$4#fj #aae4 ,bottom ,c\rse4--,! bottom c\rse %all be f\r 7#d7 in*es 9 ?ickness#fa & %all be compos$ ( ! mat]ials specifi$ 9 ,sects4 #bi1 #cj1 & #ca4 ,! concrete %all be compos$ ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t1 ?ree p>ts s& & six p>ts ( brok5 /one1 & %all be mix$ & plac$ z specifi$ 9 ,sects4 #ce & #cf1 b its top surface :5 prop]ly compact$ %all be p>allel to & n less ?an two 7#b7 nor m ?an two & "o-half 7#b7 in*es bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 #aaf4 ,top or ,surface ,c\rse4--,! top c\rse %all be compos$ ( ! ,portl& cem5t specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #bi1 ! s& specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #cj except t x %all be especially clean1 & ! gra9s %all be ( su* size t at lea/ sev5ty-five p] c5t4 7#ge7 ( ! mass w fail to pass a scre5 hav+ ?irty 7#cj7 me%es to ! l9e> in*1 & %all be ( sup]ior quality = mak+ concrete2 & ( cru%$ ,trap ,rock1#fb or ( /one equally h>d1 /rong & durable4 ,! trap rock %all be cru%$ to su* sizes t all w pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ me%es "o & "o-f\r? 7#a7 in* squ>e & t none w pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ me%es "o-half 77 in* squ>e1#fc & x %all be free f clay1 refuse or o!r =eign sub/ances4 #aag4 ,! surface-c\rse concrete %all be compos$ ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t comply+ ) ,sect4 #bi1 "o & ?ree-qu>t]s 7#a7 p>ts ( s&1 &1 g5]ally1 ?ree & "o-half 7#c7 p>ts ( cru%$ /one1 b ! ratio ( cru%$ /one %all be su* t 9 ! complet$ concrete ! volume ( mort> 9 ! compress$ mass %all exce$ by ab\t fifte5 p] c5t4 7#ae7 ! voids 9 ! /one4#fd ,! cem5t & s& %all be ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r dry1 en\gh clean wat] !n add$ to make a r wet mort> & ! mix+ cont9u$ until ! mat]ials are ?or\ghly incorporat$ into a homog5e\s mass4 ,! cru%$ /one %all !n be add$1 & ! mix+ cont9u$ until e fragm5t ( /one is completely cov]$ ) mort>4 ,suffici5t wat] %all be add$ dur+ ! mix+1 if necess>y1 to make a 8wet0 concrete1 b n s wet t free wat] w fl[ f ! mix$ mass4 ,9 h&l+ & add+ ! /one to ! mort> c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! /one segregat+ into masses ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! concrete = ! top c\rse %all be made ) special c>e & ?or\gh "w1 ! int5tion be+ to secure a sup]ior quality ( concrete4#fe #aah4 ,! concrete ?us prep>$ %all be plac$ ^u ! bottom c\rse be=e ! latt] has begun to set#ff & c>efully grad$ s t :5 prop]ly compact$ its top surface w co9cide ) ! pavem5t datum4 ,! concrete w !n be well ramm$ by ramm]s hav+ a face ( #f by #f in*es & weigh+ n less ?an tw5ty 7#bj7 p\nds aft] :i* ! surface w be complet$ by roll+ ) a p[] roll] ( ! asphalt type weigh+ n less ?an five 7#e7 tons4#fg ,all ^! op]ations mu/ be complet$ be=e any ( ! concrete 9 ei!r c\rse %all h begun to set4 ,! surface %all n be pla/]$ ) neat mort> nor %all x be tr[ell$4 #aai4 ,! complet$ surface mu/ co9cide ) ! pavem5t datum to ! ext5t t a prop]ly =m$ template :5 appli$ to ! surface %all %[ no dep>ture f ! pavem5t datum exce$+ ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in*4 #abj4 ,aft] ! lay+ ( ! pavem5t has be5 complet$ x %all be all[$ to /& until ! concrete ( bo? c\rses %all be fully set1 :i* p]iod %all be n less ?an t5 7#aj7 days1 or long]1 if conditions make a long] "t necess>y1 z ! eng9e] may direct1 ( :i* he %all be ! sole judge4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! concrete %all be kept 9 a moi/ condition ?r\gh\t1 by spr9kl+ ) hose or o!rwise4 ,no travel %all be all[$ ^u ! /reet until ! eng9e] %all op5 x = public use4 ,! concrete %all n be laid dur+ ra9 /orms or :5 ! !rmomet] is bel[ =ty-five 7#de7 degrees ,f41 & 9 case !re may be dang] f fro/ ! :ole surface ( ! concrete %all be cov]$ by /raw or hay4 ,manure mu/ n be us$ = ?is purpose4 #aba4 ,expansion ,jo9ts4#fh--;,an expansion jo9t along ! curb+ on ea* side ( ! /reet %all be provid$ 9 accordance ) ,sect4 #aja4 ,expansion jo9ts %all also be provid$ & con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,:]ev] ! wid? ( ! pavem5t exce$s tw5ty 7#bj7 feet betwe5 curbs !re %all be a expansion jo9t along ! longitud9al c5t] ( ! /reet2 expansion jo9ts %all also be made1 at "r angles to ! /reet & ext5d+ cont9u\sly f curb to curb1 at di/ances ap>t n exce$+ tw5ty 7#bj7 feet4 ,^! expansion jo9ts 9 ! body ( ! pavem5t %all be made by cutt+ entirely ?r\gh bo? c\rses ( concrete along a /raight l9e1 us+ a special /raight-edg$ cutt] n m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s 77 in* ?ick1 :5 ! concrete is laid 9 hot wea!r & n m ?an ?ree-eigh?s 77 in* ?ick if ! concrete is laid :5 ! !rmomet] is bel[ sixty 7#fj7 degrees ,f4 ,! cutt+ ( ! expansion jo9ts %all be c>efully & skillfully done1 & aft] ea* jo9t is cut a special ,t-%ap$ smoo!r1 ! /em ( :i* is "o in* deep & ( ! same ?ickness z ! cutt] %all be work$ back & =? 9 ! jo9t until ! edge ( ! concrete adjo9+ ! jo9t %all be well & smoo?ly compact$4 ,! smoo!r %all be s =m$ z to r\nd (f ! corn]s ( ! concrete to a circul> =m hav+ a radius ( "o-f\r? 77 in*4 ,all ^! op]ations %all be complet$ be=e ! concrete has begun to set4 ,aft] ! concrete has set & be=e ! /reet is op5$ to travel all expansion jo9ts %all be p\r$ full ( bitum9\s cem5t1 z specifi$ 9 ,section #ij4fi #abb4 ,bitum9\s ,coat+4#gj--;,aft] ! concrete %all h become fully set z det]m9$ by ! eng9e] & be=e ! /reet is op5$ to travel ! :ole surface ( ! pavem5t %all be cov]$ by a f9i%+ coat ( bitum9\s road oil z h]e9aft] specifi$4 ,! road oil %all be prep>$ f native asphalt or f a crude oil hav+ an asphaltic base4 ,n less ?an #ie p] c5t4 ( ! oil %all be soluble 9 cold c>bon di-sulphide1 & x %all conta9 n less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p] c5t4 ( solid asphalt1 nor m ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( fix$ c>bon4 ,x %all be ( su* consi/5cy z to fl[ freely at a temp]ature ( sev5ty-five degrees 7#ge7 ,f4 ,! oil %all n be appli$ except :5 ! road surface is p]fectly dry & :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is n bel[ #fj ,f4 ,! oil %all be ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! /reet at ! rate ( "o-half 77 gallon ( oil p] squ>e y>d ( surface1 & well work$ ov] ! surface ) squeegees or o!r suitable devices4 ,n less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! application ( ! oil ! surface ( ! pavem5t %all be ev5ly cov]$ to a dep? ( "o-f\r? in* ) clean1 dry /one scre5+s or co>se s&1 aft] :i* ! /reet may be op5$ to travel4 ,,g5]al ,,specifications ,,= ,,exp]im5tal ,,or ,,untri$ ,,pavem5ts#ga #abc4 ,contractors or promot]s submitt+ proposals = ! con/ruction ( new1 exp]im5tal1 or special /reet pavem5ts1 ! m]its ( :i* h n be5 e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce 9 ! city ( 4441 mu/ submit ) _! proposal a full & complete set ( specifications = ! con/ruction ( ! pavem5t4 ,if contract %all be aw>d$ "u said proposal1 said specifications w be made a "p ( ! contract ent]$ into4 ,! ,eng9e] w en=ce compliance ) ^! specifications1 z ! con/ruction "w proce$s1 )\t assum+ or incurr+ any responsibility = ! "*1 quality1 s]viceability or durability ( ! result+ pavem5t4 ,b ! ,contractor %all be subject to & %all comply ) ! requirem5ts & /ipulations ( ,sects4 #a to #be1 inclusive1 ( ^! specifications4 #abd4 ,special ,gu>anty4#gb--;,inasmu* z ! pavem5t to be con/ruct$ "u ! special specifications submitt$ by ! ,contractor is m or less ( an exp]im5tal "*1 hav+ n be5 h]et(ore us$ 9 ! city ( 444 to an ext5t suffici5t to e/abli% its value1 ! ,contractor %all be held :olly responsible = ! utility1 s]viceability & durability ( ! pavem5t s con/ruct$2 & he %all ent] into a gu>anty to ! effect z foll[s3 ,t ! pavem5t w fulfill all ! usual & legitimate requirem5ts ( a satisfactory roadway pavem5t ^u ! /reet ^u :i* x is to be laid4 ,t ! pavem5t w successfully s]ve & endure ! travel to :i* ! /reet may be subject$ = a p]iod ( 444 ye>s next foll[+ ! date ( ! c]tificate ( its completion & acceptance1 & %all be 9 good condition at ! end ( t p]iod1 ord9>y & reasonable we> & te>1 & accid5tal or o!r injuries n due to defects 9 ! pavem5t itself1 except$4 ,t ! ,contractor w1 at 8 own co/1 keep ! said pavem5t 9 satisfactory repair dur+ said p]iod ( 444 ye>s1 & w leave x 9 a condition ( satisfactory repair at ! end ( t p]iod4 ,t ! ,eng9e]1 or 8 successor or successors 9 (fice1 %all be ! sole & f9al judge z to :e!r ! conditions ( ?is gu>anty %all be1 or %all h be5 compli$ )4 ,t 9 case ! pavem5t %all n1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,eng9e]1 fulfill ! t]ms & conditions ( ?is gu>anty at any "t dur+ said p]iod ( 444 ye>s1 or ^u its expiration2 or 9 case ! ,contractor %all fail to make all or any ( ! repairs t may 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,eng9e] be or become necess>y dur+ said p]iod ( 444 ye>s1 )9 a reasonable p]iod to be det]m9$ by ! ,eng9e]1 b n to be less ?an tw5ty 7#bj7 days aft] notice to make su* repairs has be5 giv5 him by ! ,eng9e]1 he 7! ,eng9e]7 may proce$ to make or to h made su* repairs1 or to repave ! /reet1 9 any mann] t he may deem necess>y or advisable1 & to *>ge ! co/ ( su* repairs or repavem5t to ! ,contractor1 provid$1 t ! sum or sums s *>g$ aga9/ ! ,contractor %all n1 9 ! aggregate1 be m ?an ! am\nt paid to ! ,contractor = ! con/ruction ( ! pavem5t4 #abe4 ,bond4--,! ,contractor %all give bond ) sureties satisfactory to ! ,eng9e] 9 a sum n less ?an ! e/imat$ co/ ( ! pavem5t at ! contract prices1 ! t]m ( ! bond to ext5d ov] ! entire p]iod ( 444 ye>s1 = :i* ! pavem5t is gu>ante$4 #abf4 ,dur+ ! said p]iod ( 444 ye>s ! ,contractor %all1 ^u be+ notifi$ by ! ,eng9e] s to d1 make any repairs to ! pavem5t t may become necess>y by reason ( cutt+ into x = ! purpose ( con/ruct+ or repair+ pipes1 conduits or o!r und]gr\nd /ructures1 or /reet railroad tracks1 or by reason ( accid5tal or unusual causes1 or ( any causes o!r ?an ^? due1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,eng9e]1 to ! failure ( ! pavem5t to meet & fulfill ! t]ms ( ! gu>anty /ipulat$ 9 ,section #abd4 ,& = mak+ su* repairs ! ,contractor %all be paid ! price ( 444 p] squ>e y>d = ! repairs actually s made4 ,repairs s made %all be subject to ! t]ms ( ! gu>anty1 /ipulat$ 9 ,section #abd1 until ! expiration ( ! said t]m ( 444 ye>s aft] ! date ( ! orig9al c]tificate ( completion & acceptance4 ,9 case ! ,contractor %all neglect or fail to make su* repairs )9 a p]iod ( tw5ty 7#bj7 days aft] he %all h receiv$ notice to d s1 ! ,eng9e] may proce$ to make or to h made su* repairs1 & he %all *>ge to & collect f ! ,contractor ! co/ ( ! repairs s made4 ,,hydraulic ,,concrete ,,comb9$ ,,curb ,,& ,,gutt]#gc #abg4 ,hydraulic concrete comb9$ curb & gutt] %all be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) g5]al plan ,no4 444 atta*$ to & made a "p ( ^! specifications1 b ! rise f ! gutt] to ! top ( ! curb may be v>i$ s z to facilitate dra9age4#gd #abh4 ,excavation4--,all excavation requir$ = ! curb & gutt] %all be complet$ & trimm$ to ! prop] l9es z %[n by ! draw+4 ,! dra9age tr5* "u ! curb & gutt] %[n on ! draw+ %all h ! top wid? & g5]al =m %[n 9 ! draw+ b its dep? may be v>i$ to secure prop] dra9age1 z ! eng9e] may direct1 provid$ t its dep? bel[ ! base ( ! concrete %all n be less ?an n9e in*es nor m ?an two feet4 #abi4 ,brok5 ,/one ,dra9age4#ge--;,aft] ! excavation %all h be5 complet$ ! tr5* %all be fill$ up to ! level ( ! base ( ! concrete ) s\nd1 durable brok5 /one1 or co>se gravel1 f :i* ! small fragm5ts %all h be5 remov$ by scre5+ ov] a wire scre5 hav+ op5+s n less ?an "o in* squ>e4 ,! /one or gravel %all be ?or\ghly tamp$ 9 ! tr5* 9 lay]s n m ?an six 7#f7 in*es ?ick by ! use ( ramm]s weigh+ n less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p\nds & hav+ a face area n exce$+ ?irty-six 7#cf7 squ>e in*es1 & its complet$ top surface %all con=m truly to ! design$ base ( ! concrete4 ,^! dra9s %all be connect$ at suitable int]vals ) sew]s1 dra9s or o!r outlets to keep !m free f /&+ wat]4 ,! tr5* fill+ %all be complet$ at lea/ tw5ty-five feet 9 advance ( plac+ ! =ms = ! concrete4 #acj4 ,concrete4#gf--,! concrete %all be made ( "o 7#a7 "p ,portl& cem5t1 "o & ?ree-f\r?s 7#a7 p>ts ( s& & ?ree 7#c7 p>ts ( cru%$ /one or clean gravel4 ,! ,portl& cem5t %all comply 9 all respects ) ! requirem5ts ( ,section #bi ( ^! specifications4 ,! s& %all be clean1 %>p silici\s s& made up ( gra9s ( su* size t n m ?an fifte5 p] c5t4 7#ae7 w pass a numb] ?irty 7#cj7 sieve4 ,x %all n conta9 m ?an five p] c5t4 7#e7 ( clay or loam nor m ?an two p] c5t4 7#b7 ( organic matt] or o!r refuse4 ,! /one %all be s\nd1 h>d1 durable1 & fre%ly brok51 free f clay1 loam1 organic matt]1 or o!r impurities4 ,trap rock or granite w be pref]r$1 b lime/one1 if h>d & s\nd1 may be us$ ) ! approval ( ! eng9e]4 ,only ^? fragm5ts ( ! cru%$ /one t pass a scre5 ) op5+s ?ree-f\r?s in* squ>e & ^? t are held on a scre5 ) op5+s "o-f\r? in* squ>e %all be us$ 9 ! concrete4 #aca4 ,mix+ & ,plac+ ,concrete4--,! concrete %all be mix$ 9 accordance ) ,section #ce ( ^! specifications4 ,v ?or\gh mix+ w be requir$4 ,! mix$ concrete %all be h&l$ s z to prev5t z f> z practicable any sep>ation or segregation ( ! /one & mort>4 ,:5 9 place x %all be compact$ by tamp+ & :]e plac$ aga9/ =ms1 =k+ or o!r effective means mu/ be us$ to br+ mort> to ! surface & to secure complete contact betwe5 mort> & =ms1 s z to leave a solid1 homog5e\s & unbrok5 surface :5 ! =ms are remov$4 ,:]e ! concrete may n be laid aga9/ =ms1 all expos$ surfaces mu/ be tr[el$ to a true surface con=m+ accurately to ! l9es %[n by ! plans1 templates & /raight-edges be+ us$ :]e necess>y4 #acb4 ,wea!r4--,concrete 9 comb9$ curb & gutt] %all n be laid 9 freez+ wea!r nor %all froz5 mat]ials be us$ 9 ! "w4 ,complet$ "w mu/ be securely protect$ f fro/ = at lea/ sev5 days aft] x is laid4 ,any concrete curb & gutt] t may become froz5 )9 t p]iod %all be :olly remov$ & replac$ ) new "w4 #acc4 ,expansion ,jo9ts4--,! comb9$ curb & gutt] %all be divid$ into blocks or panels n m ?an twelve feet long1 by cle>1 op5 expansion jo9ts p]p5dicul> to ! face ( ! curb1 ext5d+ entirely & cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( ! concrete4 ,^! expansion jo9ts %all be ?ree-eigh?s in*es wide & may be =m$ ei!r by cutt+ ?r\gh ! complet$ curb & gutt] ) a suitable tool1 or by ! use ( iron =ms or p>titions1 b 9 ei!r case ! corn]s at ! ends ( ! blocks mu/ be made solid & d5se & tr[el$ ) a suitable tool4 #acd4 ,circul> ,corn]s4--,at ! int]sections ( /reets1 circul> corn]s1 hav+ a radius equal1 g5]ally1 to "o-fif? ( ! wid? ( ! roadway ( ! n>r[] /reet1 %all be con/ruct$ ( ! same dim5sions & quality z on ! body ( ! /reet1 & ! curb & gutt] w be ext5d$ along ! l9e ( ! cross /reet back to ! front lot-l9es4 ,prop]ly curv$ circul> curb & gutt] %all also be con/ruct$ at all angles exce$+ five degrees 9 ! l9e ( ! curb+4 #ace4 ,corn] ,protection4--,galvaniz$ /eel corn] protectors or nose-pieces %all be us$ to protect ! upp] & out] corn] ( ! curb at all circul> corn]s & angles 9 ! /reet4 ,?is /eel protection may be ( any patt]n or section procurable 9 ! m>ket & approv$ by ! eng9e]4 ,x %all be firmly an*or$ & secur$ into ! concrete4 #acf4 ,f9i%+4--,aft] ! =ms h be5 remov$ & be=e ! concrete has set up too h>d to be affect$ by ! bru%1 ! face & top ( ! curb %all be lightly scrubb$ by a suitable wire bru% s z to completely remove any glaz$ surface & to produce a surface ( uni=m texture & appe>ance4 ,dry cem5t or neat cem5t mort> %all n be us$ = dress+ up expos$ surfaces4#gg #acg4 ,=ms4--,! =ms us$ may be ( dress$ lumb] or ( metal z ! contractor may pref]4 ,b !y %all h suffici5t /r5g? & rigidity to hold ! concrete firmly 9 place1 & to pres]ve ! correct dim5sions1 alignm5t & levels ( ! curb & gutt]4 #ach4 ,protection4--,! complet$ curb & gutt] %all be protect$ f fracture1 de=mation or spall+ until ! concrete has fully set4 ,! concrete mu/ be kept moi/ = at lea/ five days aft] x has be5 laid4 ,any "p ( ! curb & gutt] t %all h become injur$ be=e x is accept$ or ! /reet is op5$ = travel %all be tak5 up & replac$ by ! contractor4 #aci4 ,paym5t4--,concrete comb9$ curb & gutt] w be paid = by ! l9e> foot 9 place1 ! measurem5t to be made along ! upp] & out] corn] ( ! curb4 ,! price p] l9e> foot nam$ 9 ! contract w cov] all ! excavation or grad+ requir$ & all ! mat]ials & labor1 includ+ all necess>y =ms1 = con/ruct+ ! curb & gutt] complete4 ,b ! cru%$ /one us$ = dra9age w be paid = by ! cubic y>d measur$ 9 place1 & /eel corn] protection w be paid = by ! l9e> foot 9 place1 at ! prices nam$ 9 ! contract4 ,,hydraulic ,,concrete ,,sidewalks ,note4--,^! specifications con=m to ! common practice ( lay+ ! sidewalk 9 two c\rses4 ,9 ! au?or's judgm5t ?is is nei!r necess>y nor desirable4 ,he believes t x w\ld be bett] & some:at *eap] to use a s+le c\rse ( concrete f\r in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,he sugge/s = ?is concrete ! ratios ( "o cem5t1 two s&1 & ?ree & "o-half /one1 ! latt] to be cru%$ to pass a scre5 ) five-eigh?s in* squ>e op5+s4 ,tamp+ w br+ a suffici5t quantity ( mort> to ! surface to p]mit ( satisfactory f9i%+4 ,:ile ! mat]ials = su* a s+le c\rse ( f\r in* concrete w\ld co/ some:at m1 ! sav+ 9 co/ ( labor w\ld1 at usual prices ( mat]ial & labor1 make ! s+le-c\rse con/ruction some:at *eap]1 :ile ! solid f\r in*es ( ri*] concrete w\ld make ! walk mu* /rong]4 ,9 fact1 a s+le c\rse ( su* concrete ?ree in*es ?ick w\ld be suffici5t 9 a great majority ( cases4 ,:ile ! surface might n h ! glaz$ appe>ance common 9 ! two-c\rse "w x w\ld be really bett] = use--a poli%$ & slipp]y surface on sidewalks is n desirable4 ,,specifications#gh #adj4 ,! hydraulic concrete sidewalk %all be 444 feet 9 wid? & its out] edge %all be 444 feet f ! out] face ( ! /reet curb+4 ,x %all be con/ruct$ ) two c\rses ( ,portl& cem5t concrete z h]e9aft] specifi$4 #ada4 ,excavation & ,grad+4--,! gr\nd to be occupi$ by ! sidewalk %all be excavat$ or fill$ to a sub-grade :i* aft] be+ compact$ %all be 444 in*es#gi bel[ ! f9i%$ surface ( ! sidewalk4 ,! sub-grade %all be neatly dress$ to a plane surface slop+ d[nw>d t[>d ! /reet "o-f\r? in* 9 "o foot horizontal1 & to su* longitud9al gradi5ts z ! eng9e] may prescribe4 ,! complet$ sub-grade %all project f\r 7#d7 in*es 9 excavation & eighte5 7#ah7 in*es 9 embankm5t on ea* side beyond ! edges ( ! complet$ sidewalk4 ,aft] ! grad+ is complet$ ! surface %all be compact$ by roll+ or ramm+4 #adb4 ,dra9age ,c\rse4--,^u ! sub-grade prep>$ z specifi$ 9 ,section #ada a dra9age c\rse compos$ ( brok5 /one1 gravel or boil]-plant c9d]s1 444 in*es#hj 9 ?ickness %all be laid4 ,brok5 /one = ?is purpose may be ( any durable /one cru%$ to su* size t all w pass ?r\gh a scre5 ) two in* op5+s4 ,cru%]-run mat]ial may be us$ unless x conta9s an excessive quantity ( f9e mat]ial4 ,gravel = ! purpose may be any s\nd durable gravel all ( :i* w pass ?r\gh a two in* scre5 & be reta9$ ^u a "o-f\r? 77 in* scre54 ,if c9d]s are us$ !y mu/ be good boil]-plant c9d]s f :i* ! a%es h be5 scre5$ out4 ,! c9d]s mu/ be ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) wat] at lea/ "o week be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! sidewalk4#ha #adc4 ,?is dra9age mat]ial %all be plac$ on ! sub-grade & prop]ly grad$4 ,aft] grad+ x %all be ?or\ghly compact$ by ramm+ or roll+1 & its surface %all be br\ght to a plane p>allel to & 444 in*es bel[ ! design$ surface ( ! sidewalk1 aft] :i* ! surface inequalities may be level$ up ) scre5+s or small gravel4 ,! bottom ( ! dra9age c\rse %all be connect$ ) ! /reet dra9s or sew] inlets by ?ree-in* h>d dra9 pipe at su* po9ts1 n m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet ap>t1 z w dra9 all /&+ wat] out ( ! dra9age c\rse4 #add4 ,concrete1 ,bottom ,c\rse4--,! bottom c\rse ( concrete 444#hb in*es 9 dep?1 %all be con/ruct$ & plac$ 9 accordance ) ,sections #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce & #cf ( ^! g5]al specifications1 except t ! maximum size ( ! cru%$ /one %all n exce$ "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! bottom c\rse ( concrete & ! concrete %all be uni=mly compos$ ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t1 ?ree p>ts s& & six p>ts ( cru%$ /one4 ,its upp] surface %all be br\ght to a plane p>allel to & "o in* bel[ ! design$ sidewalk surface4 #ade4 ,surface or ,f9i%+ ,c\rse4--,! surface or f9i%+ c\rse %all be ( concrete1 "o in* ?ick1 compos$ ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t1 "o & "o-half p>ts s& & two & "o-half p>ts ( h>d1 durable /one1 cru%$ to su* sizes t all w pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ op5+s "o-half 77 in* squ>e & none w pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ op5+s "o-eigh? 77 in* squ>e4#hc ,?is concrete %all be made z specifi$ 9 ,sections #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce & #cf except 9 ! p>ticul>s nam$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! mix+ v ?or\gh4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 ?is concrete %all be j suffici5t to make a mod]ately wet mixture1 & c>e %all be tak5 to make ! diff]5t bat*es z ne>ly z practicable ( ! same consi/5cy4 ,! surface concrete %all be spread ov] ! bottom-c\rse concrete be=e ! latt] has begun to set1#hd prop]ly grad$1 well compact$ by ramm+1 & its upp] surface br\ght to ! true design$ plane & surface ( ! sidewalk by ! use ( /raight-edges & tr[el+1#he aft] :i* ! surface %all be lightly gone ov] ) a wire broom or bru% to slightly r\gh5 ! surface4 ,! f9i%$ plane ( ! sidewalk %all h a transv]se d[nw>d slope t[>d ! /reet ( "o-f\r? 77 in* to "o foot ( horizontal wid?4 ,at no place %all ! ?ickness ( ! surface-c\rse be less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( "o in*4 ,! out] top corn]s ( ! sidewalk %all be r\nd$ (f ) a suitable tool to a radius ( ?ree-f\r?s 77 in*4 #adf4 ,=ms4--,sub/antial & suitable =ms ( wood or iron %all be furni%$ & us$ by ! contractor to support ! concrete until x is h>d set1 :5 !y %all be remov$ at 8 exp5se4 #adg4 ,expansion ,jo9ts4--,aft] ! lay+ ( bo? c\rses ( concrete is complet$ expansion jo9ts at "r angles to ! sidewalk1 & n m ?an f\r 7#d7 feet ap>t %all be con/ruct$ 9 ! sidewalk 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! jo9t w be locat$ by a l9e on ! surface ( ! sidewalk & a /raight-edg$ cutt+ tool "o-f\r? 77 in* ?ick w be us$ to cut entirely ?r\gh bo? c\rses ( concrete1 accurately along ! l9e m>k$ out1 entirely across ! sidewalk1 aft] :i* a ,t-%ap$ tr[el or tool %all be us$ to smoo? & compact ! cut surfaces = a dep? ( "o in*1 & to r\nd (f ! corn]s ( ! sidewalk blocks to a radius ( "o-f\r? 77 in*4#hf ,:]e ! ends ( ! sidewalk abut aga9/ ! curb+ a cle> expansion jo9t "o & "o-f\r? 7#a7 in*es wide %all be left betwe5 ! sidewalk & ! curb4 #adh4 ,aft] ! concrete lay+ is complet$ x %all be protect$ f use or injury until ! concrete is set h>d en\gh to )/& travel1 & x %all be kept cont9u\sly damp = at lea/ five days aft] ! concrete is laid4 #adi4 ,wea!r4--,concrete 9 sidewalks %all n be laid 9 freez+ wea!r nor %all froz5 mat]ials be us$ 9 ! "w4 ,complet$ "w mu/ be securely protect$ f fro/ = at lea/ sev5 days aft] ! concrete is laid4 ,any concrete sidewalk t %all become froz5 )9 t p]iod ( "t %all be :olly tak5 up & replac$ ) new "w1 at ! exp5se ( ! contractor4 #aej4 ,regrad+4--,directly aft] ! concrete is complet$1 ! =ms remov$1 & ! "w inspect$ by ! eng9e]1 ! space betwe5 ! out] edge ( ! sidewalk & ! /reet curb %all be excavat$ or fill$ up & dress$ to a plane "o in* bel[ ! top ( ! sidewalk & ! top ( ! /reet curb2 & ! space on ! inn] side ( ! sidewalk %all be grad$ to a plane "o in* bel[ & p>allel to ! surface ( ! sidewalk = a di/ance ( two feet back f ! edge ( ! sidewalk & complet$ ) a slope ( "o & "o-half to "o to ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ?is regrad+ requires fill+ up ! fill+ mat]ial1 = a dep? ( f\r in*es f ! surface1 %all be good1 ri* surface soil4 #aea4 ,%\ld any defects due to faulty mat]ial or workman%ip develop 9 ! sidewalk )9 "o ye> aft] ! completion ( ! same ! contractor %all repair or recon/ruct all su* defective places at 8 exp5se1 do+ ! "w 9 accordance ) ^! specifications4 #aeb4 ,measurem5t & ,paym5t4--,concrete sidewalk w be measur$ & paid = by ! squ>e foot ( complet$ sidewalk surface1 & ! unit price p] squ>e foot %all cov] ! entire co/ ( ! "w1 includ+ grad+1 dra9age "w1 all mat]ial & labor1 =ms1 & ! regrad+ or dress+ up aft] ! completion ( ! concrete "w2 except t ! dra9 pipe us$ w be paid = p] l9e> foot at ! price nam$ 9 ! contract :i* price %all cov] ! co/ ( furni%+ & putt+ ! pipe 9 place complete4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,inspectors ,,on ,,/reet ,,pav+ ,,"w ,,introductory ,,note ,any g5]al code ( in/ructions = inspectors on /reet pav+ "w mu/ necess>ily be little m ?an t5tative or sugge/ive1 z appli$ to any "o city4 ,t "h pres5t$ is int5d$ = use 9 connection ) ! specifications 9 ,"p ,i ( ?is book4 ,diff]5t specifications might make necess>y _m *anges 9 ! in/ructions t foll[4 ,! local or special conditions 9 any city might also make !m inapplicable )\t mat]ial modifications & additions4 ,! au?or believes t 9 e city :]e consid]able /reet pavem5t "w is prosecut$ & a numb] ( inspectors employ$ on su* "w1 "s su* code ( in/ructions to inspectors %\ld be =mulat$ & us$4 ,ev5 :]e ! inspectors are ( high "* & fully compet5t1 ! adoption ( a sy/em ( rules & regulations relat+ to _! "w w t5d to unify proc$ure1 prev5t misund]/&+s & promote good discipl9e4 ,! prep>ation ( su* a code ( in/ructions requires no little "t & ?\ght1 especially :]e !re are no prec$5ts to sugge/ :at is ne$$1 or to be us$ z r\gh patt]ns4 ,x is ) ! hope t ! code "h pres5t$ may be f\nd useful 9 ?is way1 ev5 ?\gh x may be n appropriate = adoption 9 any giv5 city1 t x is (f]$ to municipal eng9e]s4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,ab\t ,,inspection ,,& ,,inspectors ,! necessity ( hav+ compet5t & hone/ inspectors ^u any public "w dur+ its con/ruction ne$ n be "h argu$4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood & recogniz$ 9 ! case ( "w c>ri$ out by contract4 ,:]e ! contractor is incompet5t1 c>eless or unreliable1 inspection is absolutely necess>y if good "w is to be secur$4 ,ev5 :]e ! contractor ?or\ghly und]/&s 8 bus9ess & int5ds to fai?fully comply ) ! specifications & to d all 8 "w 9 a prop] mann]1 ! inspector _c safely be disp5s$ )4 ,! contractor _c at all times be on ! "w2 :atev] may be 8 int5tion & in/ructions1 =em5 & labor]s _c be dep5d$ ^u to ex]cise ! prop] c>e & judgm5t1 ev5 :]e !y h no incl9ation1 motive or int]e/ to d o!rwise1 :i* is n always ! case4 ,x seems to be deeply & almo/ irradicably fix$ 9 ! m9d ( ! av]age =eman on municipal "w t he is expect$ to %[ 8 ability & skill by evad+ or circumv5t+ ! /rict requirem5ts ( ! specifications & ! wat*fulness ( ! municipal ag5ts1 :atev] 8 employ] may say to ! contr>y4 ,ev5 :5 fairly c>eful1 hone/ & consci5ti\s he may ne$ fri5dly ov]sight4 ,he is naturally & prop]ly anxi\s to save all ! money he c = 8 employ]1 :e!r f a desire to loyally s]ve t employ]'s int]e/1 or to enhance 8 reputation = do+ "w *eaply4 ,he may n appreciate ! importance ( m9or requirem5ts ( ! specifications & may believe !y c be ignor$ )\t real detrim5t to ! utility ( ! complet$ "w4 ,l o!r m5 he may sometimes be c>eless or =getful1 h[ev] good 8 int5tions4 ,^! human qualities are n conf9$ to =em5 on contract "w4 ,!y are liable if n likely to be f\nd 9 ! =em5 on "w done = ! municipality by ! direct1 or day's "w sy/em4 ,!y may be enc\rag$ by ! impression or belief t !y w n be held by ! municipal au?orities to z /rict an obs]vance or acc\ntability z !y w\ld be if ! "w 7 be+ done by a contractor--:i* is too (t5 true4 ,! abs5ce ( "s ( ! motives ( =em5 employ$ by contractors is1 !re=e1 n a suffici5t reason = disp5s+ ) inspectors on "w done by ! city direct4 ,x %\ld be trite to say t inspectors %\ld be *os5 ) "s reg>d to _! qualifications = ! "w !y are expect$ to d4 ,"o _c1 ( c\rse1 expect to secure exp]ts = su* positions at ! rate ( comp5sation usually paid2 b x is reasonable to require t an appo9tee to su* positions %all possess ! foll[+ qualifications3 ,t he %all be hone/1 tru/wor?y & loyal4 ,t he %all be a man ( at lea/ av]age intellig5ce & common s5se4 ,t he %all h "s practical k ( or exp]i5ce 9 ! "w he is employ$ to inspect4 ,t he %all be a man ( good p]sonal habits4 ,t he %all be habitually punctual1 indu/ri\s1 & al]t1 & %all possess a fair %>e ( t quality commonly call$ 8backbone40 ,x w n1 ,i am sure1 be d5i$ t a v l>ge numb] ( ! inspectors f\nd ^u municipal public "w fall %ort 9 "o or m ( ^! qualifications4 ,inspectors :o habitually expect or accept comp5sation or gratuities f ! contractor violate ! fir/ requirem5t1 & _! numb] is a/oni%+ly l>ge4 ,^! are useless1 or worse ?an useless1 to ! municipality4 ,!re are n a few contractors :o w take advantage ( ! pres5ce on ! "w ( su* inspectors to d ?+s t !y w\ld n d if ?r[n :olly on _! own honor & responsibility4 ,contractors c h>dly be blam$ = expect+ "s comp5sation = ! money ?us exact$ or accept$ by ! inspector f !m4 ,! requirem5t t ! appo9tee %all h "s practical k ( & exp]i5ce 9 ! "w he is expect$ to d1 :ile (t5 disreg>d$1 is ( real importance4 ,good workman%ip embraces _m small details t are ess5tial1 & inf]able f ! specifications1 b _c be /at$ at l5g? !re91 & ! inspector %\ld h a good work+ k ( ^!4 ,un=tunately1 l>ge numb]s ( inspectors are employ$ = p]sonal or political reasons1 or because m compet5t m5 are n available4 ,!y "k little or no?+ f practical k & exp]i5ce ab\t ! "w !y are assign$ to inspect4 ,effici5t s]vice _c be expect$ f su*1 ev5 if !y possess ! o!r necess>y qualifications4 ,! obvi\s rem$y1 :]e a suffici5t numb] ( qualifi$ inspectors _c be obta9$ at call1 w\ld be to tra9 up a p]man5t =ce by hav+ ! promis+ tyros s]ve a suffici5t appr5tice%ip "u old] & m exp]i5c$ inspectors2 b ?is is seldom done4 ,inspectors1 :e!r appo9t$ by ! eng9e] 9 *>ge or n1 %\ld be absolutely "u 8 control1 includ+ ! p[] ( dismissal )\t unnecess>y =malities4 ,:]e !y are "u civil s]vice regulations & c be dismiss$ only ^u *>ges & aft] a he>+ be=e "s ?ird p]son1 ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( promptly gett+ rid ( an incompet5t or unfai?ful inspector are (t5 s great z to be disc\rag+ if n det]r5t4 ,he may be cle>ly bel[ a reasonable /&>d ( hone/y or effici5cy b x may be v difficult to =mulate di/9ct *>ges & support !m ) positive evid5ce4 ,?us1 "o may be morally c]ta9 t an inspector is accept+ gratuities f a contractor1 b unable to prove x by legal evid5ce4 ,if 9 su* cases ! judgm5t & integrity ( ! responsible eng9e] _c be tru/$1 he is n fit1 himself1 = ! position he occupies4 ,! "q ( h[ mu* au?ority & p[] %all be giv5 to ! inspector is always a tr\blesome "o4 ,if he be too mu* limit$ or re/rict$1 he _c prop]ly dis*>ge 8 duties or comm& ! necess>y respect f ! contractor & 8 employees2 if he be giv5 too mu* au?ority & is dispos$ to be arbitr>y or unreasonable1 ! contractor may be unju/ly treat$4 ,s f> z ! def9ite requirem5ts ( ! specifications are conc]n$ !re c usually be no room = go+ a/ray1 b 9 ! numb]less little details n specifically cov]$ 9 ! specifications1 or :]e _! language & int5t is n cle>1 diff]5ces & disputes may result :i* require a degree ( k & judgm5t t ! inspector may n possess1 & :]e 8 decisions might be aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! municipality or unju/ to ! contractor4 ,9 su* cases ! matt] %\ld always be ref]r$ to ! eng9e] or 8 assi/ant4 ,:]e inspectors are employ$ ^u "w done directly by ! municipality ! relation betwe5 !m & ! sup]9t5d5t or =eman %\ld be cle>ly def9$ & und]/ood4 ,briefly /at$1 ?is relation %\ld be ! same z t betwe5 ! inspector & ! contractor on contract "w4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,guidance ,,( ,,inspectors ,,on ,,/reet ,,pav+ ,,& ,,incid5tal ,,"w ,,g5]al #a4 ,! *ief duty ( ! inspector is to see t ! "w to :i* he is assign$ %all be c>ri$ out 9 full & /rict accordance ) ! plans & specifications !re=1 & ) su* additional in/ructions z may f "t to "t be giv5 by ! eng9e]4 #b4 ,^! in/ructions are int5d$ to supplem5t b 9 no case to take ! place ( ! specifications = ! "w1 :i* mu/ be fully & /rictly compli$ )1 unless !y are *ang$ or modifi$ by ! eng9e]4 #c4 ,:]ev] ! words 8! eng9e]0 are us$ 9 ^! in/ructions !y ref] to ! *ief eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! "w = ! municipality1 or 8 au?oriz$ deputies or ag5ts4 ,:]ev] ! words 8! contractor0 are us$ !y ref] to ! p]son1 or firm1 or corporation "u contract to p]=m ! "w to :i* y are assign$1 or 8 ag5ts or employees engag$ ^u ! "w4 #d4 ,y w report to & be "u ! exclusive direction & control ( ! eng9e]4 #e4 ,^u be+ assign$ to any "w y w obta9 copies ( ! plans & specifications "u :i* x is to be done1 & w c>efully read & acqua9t y\rself ) all _! provisions & requirem5ts4 ,if any "p ( ^! plans & specifications are n cle>ly und]/ood by y1 y w ask ! eng9e] = explanations & in/ructions1 & w be gov]n$ !reby4 ,failure to und]/& or to be famili> ) ! plans & specifications w 9 no case be accept$ z an excuse = n comply+ ) & en=c+ !m4 ,y w also obta91 /udy & famili>ize y\rself ) all ! blank =ms1 reports1 etc41 t are to be us$ by y on ! "w1 s t !y may be correctly utiliz$2 y w also obta9 a prop] supply ( su* app>atus1 tools1 /ation]y1 etc41 z y w ne$ ^u ! "w4 #f4 ,9 inspect+ any "w done "u contract y are to assume t ! contractor is b\nd to c>ry out 9 good fai? ! plans & specifications atta*$ to 8 contract1 & t he may be1 & mu/ be1 held to a /rict compliance ) !m unless y receive in/ructions to ! contr>y f ! eng9e]4 ,y w be held responsible = ! en=cem5t ( ^! plans & specifications s f> z !y relate to ! do+ ( ! "w4 #g4 ,9 case ! contractor or 8 ag5ts %all neglect or refuse to comply ) ! plans & specifications or to p]=m ! "w 9 a prop] mann]1 or 9 accordance ) ! in/ructions ( ! eng9e]1 y w direct him to susp5d ! p>ticul> "w 9 fault & w report all ! facts promptly to ! eng9e] & await 8 in/ructions1 :i*1 :5 receiv$1 y w proce$ to en=ce4 #h4 ,y w be expect$ to be ^u ! "w at all times :5 "w is 9 progress1 :e!r dur+ ord9>y work+ or (fice h\rs1 or n4 ,b 9 case ! contractor %all "w cont9u\s day & night =ces1 or o!rwise s conduct ! "w z to require ! pres5ce ( an inspector = unusual or unreasonable h\rs ( s]vice1 y w notify ! eng9e] & ask in/ructions or assi/ance4 ,if = any reason y are to be unable to be pres5t :5ev] "w is 9 progress y w promptly notify ! eng9e] 9 "t to enable him to supply a sub/itute4 #i4 ,all reports & records requir$ ( y by ! eng9e] mu/ be promptly made up & =w>d$ to him at ! "t & 9 ! mann] he may direct4 ,y w promptly ackn[l$ge 9 p]son or writ+ any in/ructions receiv$ f ! eng9e] & 9 case su* in/ructions are n cle>ly und]/ood by y1 y w ask = explanation or advice4 ,y w keep a notebook or di>y 9 :i* all occurr5ces or matt]s ( int]e/ relat+ to ! "w w be record$ ea* day1 :i* book w be deliv]$ to ! eng9e] on ! completion ( ! "w1 or :5ev] y\r connection !re) may end4 ,all di>ies1 notebooks & records kept on ! "w are ! prop]ty ( ! city4 #aj4 ,:ile y\r fir/ duty is to see t ! "w is done 9 accordance ) ! plans & specifications1 y w1 s f> z consi/5t ) ?is duty1 be consid]ate ( ! int]e/s ( ! contractor & facilitate 8 "w z mu* z practicable4 ,mat]ials %\ld be inspect$ promptly ^u deliv]y & 9 su* a mann] z n to delay or discommode ! contractor m ?an is necess>y4 ,errors1 defects or del9qu5cies 9 ! "w %\ld be detect$ & call$ att5tion to promptly1 s z to avoid te>+ up & re-con/ruction z f> z practicable4 #aa4 ,ord]s & in/ructions %\ld be giv5 to ! contractor or 8 =em5 or repres5tatives on ! "w & n to ! labor]s1 unless 9 urg5t cases4 #ab4 ,y %all n at any "t1 be=e1 dur+1 or aft] ! completion ( ! "w1 ask or accept f ! contractor or any ( 8 ag5ts or employees1 or f any o!r p]son :om y may h reason to believe is act+ = ! contractor1 any money1 gifts1 gratuities or o!r consid]ations ( value1 :e!r z comp5sation = s]vices r5d]$ him or o!rwise4 ,! p5alty = violation ( ?is rule w be dismissal f ! s]vice foll[$ by su* legal prosecution z ! eng9e] may direct4 ,?is rule does n apply to ! ord9>y small c\rtesies common betwe5 g5tlem5 associat$ 9 bus9ess4 #ac4 ,x is a condition ( y\r employm5t t y\r s]vices %all be loyal to ! int]e/s ( ! municipality1 effici5t1 & satisfactory to ! eng9e]1 & t :5ev] 9 8 op9ion y\r s]vice falls %ort ( ?is /&>d he may dismiss y at any "t1 )\t previ\s notice4 ,,/reet ,,pav+ ,,"w #ad4 ,sub-f\ndation4--,! usual proc$ure 9 prep>+ ! sub-f\ndation = a pavem5t is3 ,! removal ( ! old pavem5t if "o exi/s on ! /reet4 ,! sett+ ( new or ! resett+ ( ! old curb+4 7,if concrete comb9$ curb & gutt] is us$ x is n con/ruct$ until aft] ! r\gh grad+ is done47 ,! r\gh grad+ ( ! /reet4 ,! f9e grad+ ( ! /reet4 ,9 ?is "w ! ma9 ?+s = ! inspector to look aft] are ! foll[+3 ,if an old pavem5t is to be tak5 up & any "p ( x is to be res]v$ = use by ! city1 see t ! mat]ial is n injur$ 9 h&l+ & is dispos$ ( z ! specifications or ! in/ructions ( ! eng9e] require4 #ae4 ,curb+4--,new curb /one %\ld be inspect$ z soon z practicable aft] x is deliv]$ on ! /reet s t ! contractor may h "t to replace any t may be reject$4 ,reject$ /ones %\ld be pla9ly m>k$ on _! tops ) r$ pa9t1 & ! contractor requir$ to remove !m f ! /reet4 ,/ones t are defective 9 dress+ %\ld be giv5 "s di/9ctive m>k & ! att5tion ( ! contractor call$ to !m s t ! necess>y r$ress+ may be done well 9 advance ( ! sett+1 & re9spect$4 ,if ! old curb /one is to be r$ress$ & reset1 x %\ld be inspect$ z soon z possible aft] x is tak5 out & all /ones t are n suitable = re-use reject$ & remov$ f ! "w4 ,! r$ress+ ( ! /ones %\ld be look$ aft] c>efully4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ?is "w is t[>d ! use ( old /ones t d n1 or _c be made to comply ) ! specifications1 & t[>d laxity 9 ! dress+4 ,sett+ ,curb+4--,9 ! sett+ ( curb+ ! po9ts to be look$ aft] are3 ,to see t ! tr5*es are excavat$ to ! full dim5sions s z to provide space = ! use ( ! full quantity requir$ ( concrete1 gravel or brok5 /one 9 :i* ! curb is to be emb$d$4 ,to see t ! /ones are set to true grade & alignm5t4 ,t ! concrete1 gravel or cru%$ /one us$ is ( ! prop] quality1 ! prop] quantity us$1 & t x is plac$ & compact$ s z to fill ! spaces designat$ "u & ar\nd ! /one4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! workm5 is to treat ^! details z unimportant & to slight ! "w4 ,aft] ! curb+ is set any spaces betwe5 x & ! edge ( ! sidewalk are to be clean$ out1 fill$ & trimm$ ) ,portl& cem5t mort>4 #af4 ,r\gh ,grad+4--,if pl[s & scrap]s are us$ 9 ! r\gh grad+1 see t !y are n all[$ to p5etrate or to di/urb ! natural soil bel[ ! true grade1 & to prev5t ?is x is bett] to require t ! pl[+ & scrap+ %all n approa* ne>] ?an "o or two in*es to ! true grade4 ,if embankm5t or fill+ is necess>y1 ! fill+ mat]ial mu/ be deposit$ 9 regul> lay]s n m ?an six in*es deep & ea* lay] mu/ be well compact$ by roll+ or ramm+ be=e ! next lay] is appli$4 #ag4 ,f9e ,grad+4--,! f9e grad+ 7) pick or mattock & %ovel71 to br+ ! sub-grade to ! true grade & cont\r requir$1 %\ld be done ) reasonable accuracy & c>e4 ,all[ance mu/ be made = compression "u ! roll]1 s t :5 complet$ ! surface %all n v>y m ?an half an in* bel[ nor m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* above ! true grade1 9 ord] t room = ! full ?ickness ( concrete f\ndation may be provid$1 & no m4 ,humps1 depressions & irregul>ities ( ! surface are to be avoid$4 ,! f9e grad+ w be complet$ by ?or\ghly roll+ or tamp+ ! surface to make ! soil firm & d5se4 ,on "s s(t or wet1 clayey soils1 excessive roll+ may produce a pla/ic or 8liv]-l0 condition & ! roll+ %\ld be discont9u$ :]e su* a t5d5cy appe>s4 #ah4 ,"w ,incid5tal to ,grad+4--,:]e x is a "p ( ! contractor's "w to recon/ruct or readju/ cat* bas9s1 manholes1 cov]s1 & o!r /ructures1 he %\ld be requir$ to keep ?is "w done well 9 advance ( ! lay+ ( ! concrete f\ndation4 ,if ?is "w is delay$ until aft] ! ma9 body ( ! concrete is 9 place1 leav+ op5+s to be fill$ lat]1 hurri$ly & p]haps c>elessly1 x may result 9 weak pat*es 9 ! concrete ar\nd ^! /ructures1 :]e1 9 fact1 ! concrete %\ld be /ronge/4 ,,concrete ,,f\ndations #ai4 ,! concrete f\ndation ( a pavem5t is a mo/ important "p ( ! "w1 & mu/ n be slight$ 9 any way4 #bj4 ,quality ( ,mat]ials4--,! quality ( ! mat]ials us$ = mak+ ! concrete are fully describ$ 9 ! specifications1 & !y mu/ be sub/antially & uni=mly adh]$ to4 ,! ,portl& cem5t deliv]$ on ! /reet w presumably h be5 previ\sly inspect$ & accept$ by ! eng9e]1 b any *ange 9 ! k9d1 or br&1 or app>5t quality ( ! cem5t deliv]$ aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! "w %\ld n be p]mitt$ )\t ! approval ( ! eng9e]4 ,b>rels or bags ( cem5t n pla9ly m>k$ ) ! br&1 or "n ( ! manufactur] mu/ be reject$4 ,y w frequ5tly make balls ( /iff mort> f ! cem5t & s& us$ 7#a "p cem5t1 #b p>ts s&7 & set !m aside = obs]vation4 ,if 9 eight h\rs ^! balls d n set up h>d ! fact %\ld be promptly report$ to ! eng9e]4 ,! s& & /one w naturally v>y slightly f "t to "t1 b %\ld n diff] mat]ially f ! requirem5ts ( ! specifications or ! /&>ds adopt$ by ! eng9e]4 ,/one or gravel t conta9s any consid]able quantity1 say m ?an #e1 ( =eign matt]1 su* z soil or refuse1 %\ld be reject$4 ,/one conta9+ an excessive quantity ( f9e fragm5ts or scre5+s bun*$ toge!r 9 ! pile1 %\ld be mix$ ) ! mass ( l>g] /one be=e x is us$1 s z to produce a mass ( fairly ev5 composition4 ,/one t is coat$ ) mud1 or t is n s\nd & h>d %\ld be ?r[n out4 ,s& t is mod]ately co>se & does n conta9 m ?an #g ( clay or soil1 & is free f vegetable refuse1 may be us$4 #ba4 ,/or+ ,mat]ials4--,cem5t /or$ on ! /reet mu/ be /ack$ up on dry lumb] floors at lea/ f\r in*es f ! gr\nd & effectually cov]$ to protect x f ra9 or sn[4 ,packages ( cem5t :i*1 :5 turn$ out = use conta9 h>d lumps %\ld be reject$4 ,s& & /one mu/ be /or$ on tight lumb] floors to prev5t _! admixture1 :5 be+ %ovel$ up1 ) /reet soil or o!r impurities4 ,?is requirem5t mu/ be en=c$4 #bb4 ,proportion+ ,concrete4--,! proportions ( cem5t1 s& & /one or gravel nam$ 9 ! specifications mu/ be /rictly adh]$ to4 ,a b>rel ( ,portl& cem5t w be consid]$ z f\r cubic feet & a /&>d bag ( cem5t z "o cubic foot4 ,x is usual = ! contractor to measure ! s& & /one by :eelb>r[ loads4 ,9 t case y w measure & det]m9e ! capacity1 9 cubic feet1 ( ! conv5i5t or av]age :eelb>r[ load1 & det]m9e ! size & numb] ( loads ea* ( s& & /one requir$ = "o bat* ( concrete 7if made by h&7 & !reaft] see t ! quantities ?us det]m9$ are us$1 & ! :eelb>r[ load+ uni=m4 ,to measure ! cont5ts ( a :eelb>r[ load1 use a squ>e box hold+ "o cubic foot4 ,x _c be accurately measur$ on ! b>r[4 ,z a *eck ^u ! proportion+ ( mat]ials1 y %\ld occasionally keep a record ( ! quantities ( cem5t1 s& & /one us$ =1 say1 "o or two h\rs1 & m>k & measure up ! quantity ( concrete made ) !m1 & f ?is data compute ! ratios ( ! mat]ials us$4 7,9 ord9>y /reet concrete1 proportion$ #a3c3f1 ! volume ( ramm$ concrete made w j ab\t equal ! volume ( ! /one us$47 ,:]e ! concrete is mix$ by a ma*9e ) automatic fe$+ devices1 reliance mu/ n be plac$ ^u ! ma*9e = prop] proportion+4 ,frequ5t te/s ( ! mat]ials us$ & ! volume ( concrete turn$ out %\ld be made z describ$ above1 & any necess>y corrections made 9 ! fe$+ devices ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is te/ %\ld be made daily if practicable4 ,! eye w usually detect any mat]ial *ange 9 ! composition ( ! concrete1 & :5ev] su* *anges are obs]v$ ! composition ought to be at once *eck$ up by measurem5t4 #bc4 ,mix+ ,concrete4--,see t ! specifications are foll[$4 ,use suffici5t wat] to make :at is commonly call$ a wet concrete b n s wet t free wat] w dra9 f ! mix$ bat* be=e ramm+4 ,! te/ = prop] mix+ w be t all ! fragm5ts ( /one are completely cov]$ ) mort>4 #bd4 ,plac+ ,concrete on ,/reet4--,all concrete mu/ be plac$ & ramm$ be=e x beg9s to /iff5 or set4 ,concrete %\ld be s h&l$ t ! mort> w segregate or sep>ate f ! /one z little z possible4 ,:5 9 place on ! /reet x %\ld make a mass ( uni=m consi/5cy & appe>ance4 ,! concrete %\ld1 z soon z plac$ on ! /reet1 be grad$ to a prop] ?ickness & surface1 & !n well compact$ by ramm+4 ,insi/ on good ramm+2 ?is "p ( ! "w is n (t5 prop]ly done4 ,! surface ( ! concrete %\ld be br\ght to ! true grade by prop] grad+ & tamp+4 ,:]e necess>y to raise ! surface1 additional concrete1 made ( small /one1 may be appli$ dur+ ! tamp+4 ,neat mort> %\ld n be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,sweep+ mort> ov] ! surface ) /reet brooms %\ld n be p]mitt$--x is useful only to cov] up defects & to produce an extra smoo? surface 7:i* is n usually desirable74 ,to measure ! ?ickness ( ! b$ ( concrete1 lay a /raight-edge ^u ! surface ) ! end ( ! /raight-edge project+ a foot or two beyond ! edge ( ! concrete1 & measure ! space f ! l[] edge ( ! /raight-edge d[n to ! sub-f\ndation4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to f9i% ! surface ( ! complet$ concrete at ! prop] di/ance bel[ & truly p>allel to ! grade & cont\r ( ! f9i%$ pavem5t4 ,?is is m important 9 ! case ( %eet asphalt pavem5ts1 s9ce irregul>ities 9 ! concrete w cause v>iation 9 ! ?ickness ( ! f9i%$ asphalt surface1 :i* w affect ! durability ( ! pavem5t4 ,! grade /akes = ! concrete %\ld !re=e be c>efully set & work$ to1 & humps or depressions betwe5 ! /akes %\ld be avoid$4 #be4 ,9 hot1 dry1 wea!r ! concrete mu/ be kept damp by wat]+ x until x is at lea/ five days old1 & horse-travel ov] x mu/ be prohibit$ until x has set up h>d en\gh n to be injur$ !reby4 #bf4 ,old ,pav+ ,/one ,f\ndations4--,if a f\ndation is to be made ( old pav+ /one blocks reset1 ! important po9ts to be look$ aft] are1 ,! prep>ation ( ! sub-f\ndation4 ,! s& b$4 ,! sett+ ( ! blocks4 ,! gr\t+ ( ! blocks4 ,! sub-f\ndation %\ld be prep>$1 :]e necess>y1 z /ipulat$ 9 ,sects4 #af & #ag ( ^! in/ructions4 ,?is "p ( ! "w is likely to be c>elessly done unless prop] "w is insi/$ ^u4 ,! s& us$ z a cu%ion c\rse mu/ be ( good quality & reasonably clean4 ,! use ( mix$ s& & soil tak5 f ! /reet excavation %\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,! blocks1 aft] be+ clean$ f adh]+ dirt1 %\ld be set ) reasonable c>e1 well b$d$ 9 ! s& cu%ion1 & laid at su* an elevation bel[ ! complet$ pavem5t surface1 t aft] be+ well ramm$1 ! surface w be at ! prop] elevation bel[ ! pavem5t datum4 ,! gr\t+ ( ! jo9ts is ! mo/ important "p ( ! "w4 ,see t ! mort> is made & us$ 9 accordance ) ! specifications1 & t ! jo9ts are completely fill$4 #bg4 ,brok5 ,/one ,f\ndations4--,! specifications = brok5 /one f\ndations are suffici5tly explicit1 & compliance %\ld be insi/$ ^u4 ,?or\gh roll+ is especially important4 ,,%eet ,,asphalt ,,pavem5ts #bh4 ,! manufacture ( ! mixture = %eet asphalt pavem5t1 & ! lay+ ( x on ! /reet1 involve a numb] ( sep>ate elem5ts or op]ations4 ,! quality & durability ( ! pavem5t w dep5d l>gely ^u ! skill1 intellig5ce & accuracy ) :i* ea* & all p>ts ( ! "w are c>ri$ out4 ,! inspector1 bo? at ! mix+ plant & on ! /reet1 mu/ give con/ant & intellig5t att5tion to ! "w4 #bi4 ,inspect+ at ,pav+ ,plant4--,inspectors at ! plant :]e ! asphalt pav+ mixture is made w be provid$ ) ! foll[+ app>atus3 #a ne/ ( /&>d sieves1 ,nos4 #aj1 #cj1 #ej1 #hj1 #ajj & #bjj #b !rmomet]s = s& #a tank !rmomet] #b /&>d fl[-plates & "o doz5 c>tridges = same #a balance = weigh+ s& #f di%es1 glass or porcela91 #d in*es 9 diamet]4 #cj4 ,! m important ?+s = ! ,plant ,inspector to wat* dur+ ! manufacture ( asphalt pav+ mixture are3 a4 ,quality & grad+ ( ! s&4 b4 ,temp]ature ( heat$ s&4 c4 ,uni=m quality ( ! ref9$ asphalt & flux4 d4 ,temp]ature ( melt$ bitum5s4 e4 ,uni=m consi/5cy ( asphaltic cem5t4 f4 ,correct ratios ( s& & asphaltic cem5t4 g4 ,?or\gh mix+ ( mat]ials4 #ca4 ,s&4--,! g5]al quality & gra9-size ( ! s&1 requir$ by ! specifications1 mu/ be closely wat*$ & adh]$ to4 ,x is h>dly ev] possible to secure a natural s& t w con=m /rictly to ! !oretical composition1 b sub/antial compliance %\ld be requir$ unless ! ,*ief ,eng9e] directs o!rwise4 ,aft] any s& has be5 approv$ = a giv5 contract or /reet1 all ! s& !reaft] us$ = t /reet %\ld con=m closely to ! /&>d s approv$2 = any mat]ial *ange 9 ! quality ( ! s& w *ange ! quality ( ! pavem5t produc$1 unless ! proportions ( ! o!r mat]ials are *ang$ accord+ly4 ,any mat]ial *ange 9 ! s& %\ld !re=e be promptly report$ to ! ,*ief ,eng9e]4 #cb4 ,s& = ! sieve te/s %\ld be tak5 f ! hot-s& box & all[$ to become cold4 ,f ! sample ?us tak51 weigh out #ej grams4 ,arrange ! ne/ ( sieves ) ! ,no4 #bjj at ! bottom foll[$ by ,nos4 #ajj1 ,no4 #hj1 ,no4 #ej1 ,no4 #cj & ,no4 #aj at ! top4 ,place ! weigh$ sample ^u ! ,no4 #aj sieve & ?or\ghly %ake ! ne/ until all ! s& t w1 has pass$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s sieves2 !n weigh ! v>i\s portions1 beg9n+ ) t :i* has pass$ ! ,no4 #bjj 7d$uct+ 9 ea* case ! weight ( ! di%74 ,! portion rema9+ on ! ,no4 #bjj1 is ! quantity pass+ ! ,no4 #ajj1 etc4 ,! sum ( all ^! portions %\ld be #ej grams1 ?\gh x w usually be slightly less because ( unavoidable wa/e4 ,9 use1 keep ! sieves clean & z free z possible f adh]+ gra9s by us+ a bri/le bru%4 #cc4 ,temp]ature ( ! ,s&4--,! temp]ature ( ! heat$ s& %\ld be frequ5tly not$ by plung+ ! !rmomet] into ! mass4 ,x %\ld n fall bel[ #cae ,f4 nor exce$ #cge ,f4 ,x is v important to avoid ov]-hot s&1 because1 9 ! mix]1 ! v ?9 films ( bitum5 cov]+ ! hot-s& gra9s are readily & quickly scor*$ by ! excessive heat 9 ! s&4 #cd4 ,ref9$ ,asphalt & ,flux+ ,oil4--,unless o!rwise notifi$ by ! ,*ief ,eng9e] y w assume t ! /ock ( ref9$ asphalt on h& at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w has be5 inspect$ & is satisfactory4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 note ! appe>ance ( ! mat]ial & ! "* & m>k+ ( ! b>rels or packages1 & w n p]mit ! use ( any new %ipm5ts ( mat]ials ( diff]5t appe>ance or br& )\t au?ority f ! ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,! above in/ructions apply also to ! oil us$ = flux+4 #ce4 ,ratio ( ,asphalt & ,flux4--,y w frequ5tly note & record ! weight ( asphalt & ( flux us$ 9 *>g+ ! melt+ tanks4 #cf4 ,temp]ature 9 ,melt+ ,tanks4--,! melt+ kettles are usually equipp$ ) fix$ !rmomet]s1 b _! read+ %\ld be frequ5tly *eck$ ) y\r deta*$ tank !rmomet]4 ,y w see t ! temp]atures 9 ! kettles are kept )9 ! limits nam$ 9 ! specifications4 ,see t ! melt$ asphaltic cem5t is kept con/antly agitat$ z requir$ by ! specifications4 #cg4 ,uni=mity ( ,asphaltic ,cem5t4--,x is v important t ! asphaltic cem5t %all be ( uni=m composition & consi/5cy1 or h>dness4 ,:5 ! composition & consi/5cy ( ! asphaltic cem5t to be us$ = ! surface-c\rse ( any /reet has be5 det]m9$ ^u & approv$ by ! eng9e]1 y w take out & pres]ve a suffici5tly l>ge quantity to be us$ !reaft] z a /&>d1 & ea* subsequ5t tank ( cem5t1 be=e x is us$1 %\ld be te/$ by comp>+ x ) ?is /&>d 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 us+ ! fl[-plate app>atus3 ,melt & fill two c>tridges ) ! /&>d cem5t1 & two ) ! cem5t to be te/$1 m>k+ !m = id5tification4 ,:5 cold1 c>efully remove ) a wett$ dull knife any surplus cem5t f ! ends ( ! c>tridges s z to leave !m exactly full & ! metal ends clean4 ,imm]se !m 9 cold wat] until !y are all ( ! same temp]ature4 ,!n place & fa/5 ^! fill$ c>tridges on ! groov$ plate ) _! l[] ends exactly to ! z]o l9e on ! plate1 ! /&>d samples alt]nat+ ) ! new4 ,!n place ! plate1 at an incl9ation ( ab\t #de1 9 front ( a s\rce ( uni=mly di/ribut$ heat1 z1 = in/ance1 ne> a /eam boil] or l>ge /eam pipe1 or 7:5 ! wea!r is favorable7 9 ! sun%9e1 fac+ ! sun4 ,leave ! plate 9 ?is position until ! bitum5 9 ! c>tridges %all h melt$ & fl[$ d[n ! grooves an av]age ( f f\r to five in*es4 ,!n measure ! l5g?s ( fl[ ( ea* f ! z]o l9e on ! plate4 ,if ! av]age fl[ ( ! new samples diff]s m ?an #e p] c5t4 f t ( ! /&>ds1 ! new cem5t %\ld be reg>d$ z unsatisfactory & %\ld be correct$ by add+ m asphalt or flux1 z may be requir$4 7,if a p5etration app>atus is suppli$ or is available1 ! p5etration me?od may be us$ in/ead ( ?is fl[-me?od = det]m9+ ! consi/5cy ( ! cem5ts4 ,prop] in/ructions = its use w accompany ! app>atus47 #ch4 ,ratio ( ,s& & ,cem5t4--,:5 ! prop] ratio ( s& & asphaltic cem5t has be5 det]m9$ = any /reet y w see t ?is ratio is c>efully adh]$ to4 ,! correctness ( ! weigh+ scales us$ %\ld be frequ5tly te/$4 #ci4 ,mix+4--,:5 ! s& & asphaltic cem5t are prop]ly mix$ ! appe>ance ( ! mass w be p]fectly uni=m ?r\gh\t1 ) e gra9 ( s& entirely & ev5ly coat$ ) cem5t4 ,! mix+ %\ld1 h[ev]1 be cont9u$ some:at beyond ! atta9m5t ( ?is condition1 s z to insure ?or\ghness4 ,aft] ! prop] result has be5 arriv$ at1 ei!r ! "t 9 ! mix]1 or ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! mix] %aft %\ld be not$ & ! /&>d ?us det]m9$ sub/antially adh]$ to !reaft]4 ,) ! /&>d mix]s commonly us$1 ! hot s& & ! fill] 7du/7 %\ld fir/ be put into ! mix] & mix$ = ab\t fifte5 seconds2 !n ! asphaltic cem5t add$ & ! mix+ cont9u$ z long z necess>y 79 ! usual mix] n less ?an sixty seconds74 #dj4 ,records4--,y w keep complete records ( ! results ( y\r obs]vations & te/s 9 a book :i* w be provid$ = ! purpose1 & w make su* reports to ! ,eng9e] z he may direct4 #da4 ,inspection on ! ,/reet4--,! lead+ ?+s to be kept 9 m9d by ! /reet inspector1 9 ! lay+ ( asphalt pavem5t on ! /reet1 are ! foll[+3 a4 ,temp]ature ( mixtures :5 appli$ to ! /reet4 b4 ,prop] prep>ation ( ! /reet surface be=e mat]ial is laid4 c4 ,lay+ & roll+ ( ! b9d]-c\rse4 d4 ,lay+ ( ! surface-c\rse4 e4 ,roll+ ! surface-c\rse4 #db4 ,inspector's ,equipm5t4--,! inspector w be suppli$ ) ! foll[+ app>atus3 #a armor$ !rmomet] read+ f #bjj ,f4 to #ejj ,f4 #a graduat$ spatula4 #a twelve-foot /raight-edge4 #a fifty-foot tape l9e4 #dc4 ,temp]ature ( ,mixture4--,if prop] c>e has be5 tak5 at ! mix+ plant ! mixture w n arrive on ! /reet at too high a temp]ature1 & y\r pr9cipal c>e w be to see t x is n laid at too l[ a temp]ature4 ,! m9imum temp]ature nam$ 9 ! specifications %\ld be adh]$ to4 ,:ile ! ma9 or int]ior mass ( a wagon load may be well above t temp]ature1 ! top & out] "p ( ! load may be1 p>ticul>ly 9 cold wea!r1 too cold to be safely us$4 ,"s ( ?is cold] portion may usually be suffici5tly reheat$ by mix+ x ) ! hott] mat]ial1 if prop]ly h&l$ 9 unload+2 b any mat]ial t is s cold z to be lumpy :5 unload$1 or1 m p>ticul>ly1 :5 be+ rak$ out1 %\ld be disc>d$4 ,?is applies to bo? surface & b9d] mixtures4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ov]look$ t ! diff]5t k9ds ( asphalts h diff]5t appropriate work+ temp]atures1 & = "s asphalts ! m9imum temp]ature nam$ 9 ! specifications may be too l[4 ,! be/ practical guide is ! mann] 9 :i* ! mixture behaves 9 rak+4 ,x mu/ always be s hot t x w1 "u ! rake1 break up into a uni=m1 crumbl+ or p[d]y mass4 ,if x does n d ?is x is 7unless ! mixture is excessively ri* 9 bitum5 or improp]ly comp\nd$7 too cold4 #dd4 ,prep>ation ( ,/reet ,surface4--,be=e ! b9d]-c\rse is laid1 all loose mat]ial1 rubbi%1 /reet dirt & o!r matt] =eign to ! concrete surface mu/ be remov$ & ! concrete surface swept1 if necess>y1 to prop]ly clean x1 ) /reet brooms4 ,nei!r b9d] nor surface mixture %all be laid ^u wet surfaces4 ,be=e ! spread+ ( ! surface mixture on ! b9d] ! latt] mu/ be clean$ ( all =eign matt] &1 if necess>y1 swept4 ,if ! b9d] is cov]$ ) mud f wagons or o!r travel1 ! surface mu/ be scrubb$ clean4 ,any "p ( ! b9d]-c\rse t may h become brok5 or loos5$ be=e ! surface-c\rse is appli$ mu/ be tak5 up & new mat]ial laid 9 its place ) ! same c>e z ! orig9al4 #de4 ,lay+ ,b9d]-c\rse4--,! b9d] mixture mu/ be c>efully spread & rak$ to su* ?ickness t aft] be+ roll$ x w pres5t an ev51 true surface n v>y+ m ?an "o-f\r? in* f ! int5d$ f9i%$ surface ( ! b9d]4 ,! t5d5cy is to lay ! b9d]-c\rse c>elessly & to roll x insuffici5tly4 ,ne>ly ! same c>e 9 rak+ & roll+ z = ! surface-c\rse1 %\ld be insi/$ ^u4 ,if ! b9d] is n ?or\ghly compress$ be=e x becomes cold x is likely1 9 future hot wea!r1 to s(t5 & yield "u heavy travel & ?us to />t depressions 9 ! pavem5t :i* w increase ) "t4 #df4 ,lay+ ! ,surface-c\rse4--,! requirem5ts ( ! specifications %\ld be rigidly en=c$ 9 ! lay+ ( ! surface-c\rse4 ,jo9ts aga9/ a cold edge ( previ\sly laid surface mu/ be cut back until solid1 fully compress$ mat]ial ( full ?ickness is rea*$1 & ! raw edge completely b ?9ly pa9t$ ) liquid pav+ cem5t or pit*4 ,no masses or fragm5ts ( cold mixture1 :e!r ( b9d] or surface1 mu/ be all[$ to rema9 on ! surface ( ! b9d] 9 advance ( ! plac+ ( ! surface-c\rse1 to be cov]$ up by ! latt]4 ,su* cold masses w n be compress$ by ! roll]1 b w lat]1 "u a hot sun & heavy travel1 yield & />t depressions 9 ! pavem5t4 ,! rak+ out requires to be prop]ly & skilfully done4 ,! t9es ( ! rakes mu/ p5etrate to ! b9d]1 s t ! rak$ mat]ial w be a uni=m mass f top to bottom4 #dg4 ,roll+4--,y w insi/ ^u ! roll]s be+ plac$ ^u ! fre%ly rak$ surface j z soon z ! mat]ial w be> !m )\t be+ squeez$ out or displac$ lat]ally4 ,! t5d5cy is to keep ! roll]s (f too long1 ?us p]mitt+ ! *ill+ ( ! surface & prev5t+ its prop] compression4 ,d n take ! contractor's ^w z to h[ soon ! roll+ may be begun1 b h trials made until y are able y\rself to judge4 ,! roll+ by ! heavy roll] %\ld be v ?or\gh3 keep ! roll] at "w con/antly until ! surface is too cold to be impress$4 ,9 op]at+ ! roll] l5g?wise ( ! /reet beg9 at ! gutt]s & "w t[>d ! c5t] ( ! /reet4 ,cross roll+ & diagonal roll+ mu/ be insi/$ ^u :]ev] ! wid? ( ! /reet w p]mit x4 #dh4 ,prop] ,?ickness & ,surface4--,:ile ! complet$ surface is /ill w>m en\gh to p]mit x1 measure ! ?ickness ( ! surface-c\rse by =c+ ! graduat$ spatula ?r\gh x to ! b9d] & not+ ! dep? ( p5etration4 ,also te/ ! tru5ess ( ! f9i%$ surface ) ! /raight-edge1 & if f\nd defective 9 ei!r ?ickness ( pavem5t or tru5ess ( surface1 insi/ on m c>eful grad+ & rak+ on ! fur!r "w4 ,try ! complet$ gutt]s ) wat] to see t !y are s truly laid t puddles ( wat] w n /& 9 !m4 #di4 ,asphalt surface mu/ n be laid :5 ra9 or sn[ is fall+1 or s long z ! /reet surfaces are wet4 ,surface mixture rak$ out & caught 9 a %[] be=e x is well en\gh roll$ to exclude wat] mu/ be tak5 up & disc>d$4 ,unless unavoidable1 nei!r b9d] nor surface %\ld be laid :5 ! /reet surface or ! air is bel[ #dj ,f4 ,z a rule1 ! l[] ! temp]ature ! ( air ! great] is ! c>e necess>y to prop]ly lay asphalt pavem5t4 #ej4 ,measure ea* day ! area ( pavem5t laid & record t1 & ! quantity 7numb] ( bat*es7 ( surface mixture us$1 & note any lack ( uni=mity 9 ! area laid p] bat*4 ,,asphalt ,,block ,,pavem5t #ea4 ,y may assume1 unless o!rwise in/ruct$1 t ! ,eng9e] has inspect$ & approv$ ! g5]al "* ( ! blocks already deliv]$ = ! "w1 unless _! inf]iority be obvi\s1 b y w be expect$ to obs]ve !m c>efully z laid & to reject blocks t v>y 9 dim5sions f ^? p]mitt$ by ! specifications1 & ^? t are brok51 disfigur$ or injur$4 ,b dur+ ! progress ( ! "w y w note ! "* ( subsequ5t deliv]ies & report to ! ,eng9e] any app>5t *ange 9 ! quality ( ! blocks4 ,! m important po9ts to look aft] 9 ! lay+ ( ! asphalt blocks are3 ! quality & grad+ ( ! mort> b$ 9 :i* ! blocks are set1 & ! c>e & accuracy ( ! block sett+4 ,! mort> mu/ be ( cem5t & s& 9 ! ratios specifi$1 & suffici5t wat] us$ to make a m$ium /iff mort>2 ! use ( m]ely moi/5$ p[d] mu/ n be p]mitt$2 & any mort> t has begun to set up be=e ! blocks are laid & ramm$ mu/ be disc>d$4 #eb4 ,9 sett+ ! blocks ! pr9cipal requisites are3 t !y be well b$d$ 9 ! mort>2 t !y be set s t aft] ramm+ _! tops w be accurately 9 ! pavem5t datum2 t !y be set & press$ z closely toge!r z possible1 lev]s or mauls be+ us$ to =ce !m into close contact1 bo? at ends & sides4 ,,granite ,,block ,,pav+ #ec4 ,assum+ t ! f\ndation has be5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 ! m important ?+s = ! inspector to look aft] are3 a4 ,! quality & %ape ( ! blocks4 b4 ,! s& cu%ion4 c4 ,! sett+ ( ! blocks4 d4 ,! ramm+ ( ! blocks4 e4 ,! fill+ ( ! jo9ts4 #ed4 ,! ,blocks4--,assum+ t ! g5]al quality ( ! granite has be5 approv$1 y w ne$ only to obs]ve & reject blocks made f s(t or wea!r$ or o!rwise defective /one4 ,any mat]ial div]g5ce ( ! blocks f ! correct =m or f ! sizes specifi$ z p]missible w be readily caught by ! eye z !y are br\ght to ! /reet1 & !y c !n be ?r[n out4 ,! prop] dress+ ( ! blocks is important & %\ld be wat*$ c>efully4 ,:ile y are n expect$ to exam9e ea* individual block1 close obs]vation ( ! blocks z !y are h&l$ & laid w enable y to detect & reject ^? t are mat]ially defective 9 %ape or dress+2 or excessively wide jo9ts w call att5tion to ^! defects z ! blocks are set4 #ee4 ,s& ,cu%ion4--,! s& us$ = ! cu%ion b$ %\ld be mod]ately co>se & mu/ be fairly clean & pure4 ,! t5d5cy ) contractors is to use any dirty s& or s&y loam available on ! /reet4 ,su* mat]ial1 especially if x becomes fill$ ) wat]1 w yield "u ! blocks & w n support !m prop]ly4 ,! s& b$ %\ld n v>y mat]ially 9 ?ickness4 ,x %\ld be laid & grad$ n m ?an fifty nor less ?an tw5ty feet 9 advance ( ! sett+ ( ! blocks4 #ef4 ,sett+ ( ! ,blocks4--,! blocks %\ld be deliv]$ 9 front ( ! block sett]s on ! blocks already set4 ,! blocks mu/ be set 9 /raight c\rses f curb to curb1 ! c\rses runn+ at "r angles to ! /reet 7except at /reet int]sections74 ,all ! blocks 9 any "o c\rse mu/ be ( ! same wid?4 ,ea* block %\ld be s set t ! :ole ( its b$ w be seat$ ^u s&4 ,! usual practice ( block sett]s is to make a b$ by draw+ ! s& into a small ridge ^u :i* ! out] edge ( ! block is re/$1 its weight cant+ x aga9/ ! c\rse already laid4 ,?is usually leaves a cavity "u ! back edge ( ! block :i* nei!r ! subsequ5t jo9t fill+ or ramm+ closes up1 s t ! block may re/ p]man5tly on only a "p ( its b$4 ,! practice is s fix$ ) block sett]s t x w require firmness & p]si/5cy to prev5t x1 b y %\ld insi/ t x be s modifi$ z to give a solid be>+ = ea* block ov] its :ole base4 ,! blocks mu/ be set solidly aga9/ ea* o!r s z to make ! jo9ts ( ! lea/ possible wid?4 ,unless close att5tion is giv5 to ?is ! jo9ts are likely to greatly exce$ ! wid? p]mitt$ by ! specifications4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! blocks are set truly v]tical s t _! upp] face %all be p>allel to ! plane ( ! /reet4 ,9 sett+ ! blocks _! /raighte/ & true/ face %\ld be plac$ upw>d s z to make ! surface ( ! pavem5t z smoo? & ev5 z possible4 ,block sett]s are (t5 c>eless ab\t ?is4 ,ord9>ily no grade /akes are set = ! surface ( ! pavem5t & templates are seldom us$1 ! block sett]s us+ only _! eyes to make ! surface con=m to ! int5d$ cont\r ( ! /reet4 ,?is usually results 9 ! complet$ /reet be+ m or less wavy & irregul>1 & 9 a lack ( regul> & uni=m cross-section 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /reet1 (t5 v p]ceptible to ! eye4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid ?is z mu* z possible4 ,/raight-edges & templates1 cut to ! prop] curve = ! surface1 %\ld be provid$ & us$4 #eg4 ,ramm+ ! ,blocks4--,?is "p ( ! "w is likely to be slight$ unless c>efully wat*$4 ,! important ?+ is to h ea* block equally & suffici5tly ramm$ to br+ x to a firm be>+ on ! s&1 z well z to br+ its top to ! prop] grade4 ,! ramm]s w be dispos$ to t\* lightly blocks or areas :i* if ?or\ghly ramm$ w\ld be driv5 bel[ ! true surface ( ! pavem5t1 & subsequ5t travel may =ce ^! d[n1 mak+ depressions 9 ! surface4 ,x is a v common practice = ! m5 work+ ! ramm]s to %irk on ?is "w by all[+ ! ramm]s to fall ) little m =ce ?an t due to _! own weight4 ,?is %\ld be detect$ & rem$i$4 #eh4 ,fill+ ! ,jo9ts4--,! specifications are q full & cle> reg>d+ ?is "p ( ! "w & little fur!r ne$ be said4 ,c>e is necess>y1 :e!r ! jo9ts be fill$ ) gravel & bitum9\s cem5t or ) gr\t1 to secure ! complete fill+ ( all ! jo9ts4 ,if ! wea!r is cold at ! "t ! "w is done1 ! gravel fill+ may become s *ill$ be=e ! bitum9\s cem5t is p\r$ t x w n fl[ to ! bottom ( ! jo9ts4 ,= ?is reason x is important t ! cem5t be work$ at ! highe/ temp]ature t x w be> )\t injury4 ,if gr\t fill+ is us$ c>e is necess>y to make ! mort> ( ! "r consi/5cy4 ,if too ?ick x w n fl[ freely to ! bottom ( ! jo9t2 if too ?9 its /r5g? w be mat]ially r$uc$4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld be made to det]m9e ! prop] consi/5cy1 & :5 ?is is f\nd1 ! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 mak+ ! mort> %\ld be det]m9$ & !reaft] measur$ out = ea* bat*4 ,! mort> mu/ be kept con/antly /irr$ until us$1 o!rwise ! s& is likely to settle to ! bottom4 ,:atev] fill+ is us$1 a second & sometimes a ?ird p\r+ w be necess>y to completely fill ! jo9ts4 ,,brick ,,pavem5t #ei4 ,! matt]s requir+ mo/ att5tion 9 ! con/ruction ( brick pavem5t 7assum+ t ! f\ndation is 9 place7 are ! "* & quality ( ! brick1 ! s& cu%ion1 ! sett+ ( ! brick1 & ! fill+ ( ! jo9ts betwe5 ! brick4 #fj4 ,inspect+ ! ,brick4--,! exam9ation1 te/+ & acceptance1 9 a g5]al way1 ( ! brick to be us$ = ! "w w be made 9 ! eng9e]'s (fice1 & y\r duty w be conf9$ 9 ?is matt] to see+ t ! brick deliv]$ & us$ are 9 accordance ) ! /&>d e/abli%$ & ! g5]al requirem5ts ( ! specifications4 ,y c be/ inspect ! brick z !y are be+ laid or aft] !y h be5 laid1 & be=e ! surface has be5 ramm$ or roll$4 ,presumably ! brick-sett]s w disc>d mo/ ( ! unsuitable brick dur+ ! progress ( _! "w1 p>ticul>ly if !y are giv5 to und]/& di/9ctly ! defects t w cause rejection4 ,z ! sett+ is complet$1 g c>efully ov] ! surface ( ! pavem5t & m>k pla9ly all ! bricks t are to be remov$ = defects & see t all su* are tak5 out & replac$ ) good brick4 ,! pr9cipal defects t %\ld be obs]v$ are3 s(t or und]burn$ bricks2 ^? t are w>p$ or de=m$ s t !y w n fit closely to _! neighbors1 or h w>p$ or ill-%ap$ tops2 ^? t are brok5 or *ipp$ or %[ injuri\s cracks1 & ^? t are p]ceptibly wid] or n>r[] ?an _! neighbors 9 ! same c\rse4 ,s(t or und]burn$ brick may be detect$ ) mo/ c]ta9ty by hav+ ! contractor wet ! surface ( ! pavem5t by spr9kl+4 ,! s(t brick w absorb m wat] & rema9 damp long] ?an ! h>d brick & c ?us be readily detect$4 ,?is te/ c be appli$1 h[ev]1 only to pavem5ts ! jo9ts ( :i* are to be fill$ ) gr\t1 z bitum9\s fill+ %\ld n be appli$ to brick ) wet surfaces1 & to wait until !y become dry aft] ! wett+ w\ld delay ! "w unw>rantably4 #fa4 ,s& ,cu%ion4--,see t ! s& us$ is free f =eign matt] & pebbles1 z requir$ by ! specifications1 & t ! s& b$ is ( uni=m ?ickness1 correctly gag$1 & roll$ to ! true plane ( ! pavem5t1 additional s& be+ add$ or surplus remov$ :]e necess>y to secure ?is result4 ,see t ! cu%ion is n !reaft] di/urb$ or1 if di/urb$1 t x be re/or$ to its orig9al condition4 #fb4 ,sett+ ! ,brick4--,! bricks are to be set z closely toge!r z possible bo? at sides & ends1 s t ! jo9ts w n be wid] ?an p]mitt$ by ! specifications4 ,:]e ! bricks h lugs or lett]s on "o side1 ! lug-sides %all 9 no case be laid toge!r4 ,! c\rses mu/ be reasonably /raight entirely across ! /reet4 ,see t ! bricks 9 adjo9+ c\rses break jo9t n less ?an ?ree in*es4 ,brick-sett]s are likely to be c>eless ab\t ?is4 ,d n p]mit bats to be us$ except :]e necess>y at ! ends ( c\rses or to fit ! pavem5t aga9/ /reet railroad rails or ar\nd manholes or o!r /ructures 9 ! /reet1 & insi/ t ?is fill+ 9 %all foll[ imm$iately aft] ! brick-sett+1 & t close fits %all be made4 #fc4 ,roll+ ! ,pavem5t ,surface4--,?is %\ld be c>efully & uni=mly done s z to insure ! ev5 surface & cont\r ( ! pavem5t4 ,d n all[ ! roll] to make %>p turns on ! fre%ly laid brick surface z x w di/urb & cant ! loose brick4 ,! roll] %\ld run back onto ! fully complet$ pavem5t to make any necess>y turns or consid]able *anges ( direction4 ,quick />ts or /ops ( ! roll] on ! fre%-laid brick %\ld be avoid$ = ! same reason4 #fd4 ,fill+ ! ,jo9ts4--,:e!r gr\t or bitum9\s fill+ be us$ ! important ?+ is to get all ! jo9ts completely fill$4 ,:]e bitum9\s cem5t is us$1 if ! "w is done 9 v cool wea!r ! brick is likely to *ill ! cem5t be=e x rea*es ! bottom ( ! jo9ts unless ! cem5t be appli$ z hot z possible )\t injur+ x1 & ! p\r+ be rapidly & c>efully done4 ,if gr\t fill+ be us$1 see t ! mort> is made ( ! prop] ratio ( s& & cem5t & t x is ( ! prop] consi/5cy to j fl[ into ! jo9ts1 & t aft] mix+ x is kept /irr$ until us$4 ,rep\r all jo9ts :]e necess>y to completely fill !m4 #fe4 ,gutt]s & ,expansion ,jo9ts4--,see t ! gutt]s are laid ) longitud9al c\rses ( brick & _! jo9ts fill$ ) bitum9\s cem5t z provid$ 9 ! specifications4 ,,wood-,,block ,,pavem5t #ff4 ,f\ndation4--,! in/ructions relat+ to ! prep>ation ( ! sub-f\ndation & ! concrete f\ndation already giv5 apply to wood-block pavem5t4 #fg4 ,inspection ( ,blocks4--,h[ev] c>efully ! lumb] may h be5 inspect$ be=e its manufacture into blocks1 ! subsequ5t season+1 treatm5t1 h&l+ & exposure to ! wea!r w develop _m defects & y w ne$ to obs]ve ! deliv]$ blocks closely1 ei!r be=e or aft] !y are set1 & reject ^? t d n comply ) ! specifications4 ,! pr9cipal defects t y w be able to detect aft] ! blocks are treat$ are ! foll[+3 ,s\!rn p9e blocks made ( second-gr[? or inf]ior wood1 p>tly %[n by ! numb] ( annual gr[? r+s p] in*4 ,blocks hav+ a less numb] ( ^! annual gr[? r+s p] in* ?an is p]mitt$ by ! specifications %\ld be reject$4 ,! treat$ blocks1 especially :5 !y are expos$ to ! wea!r = "s "t1 are likely to develop season+ cracks1 8%akes0 & loose knots1 n obs]vable 9 ! lumb]1 & blocks %[+ ^! to an injuri\s ext5t %\ld be reject$1 ?\gh 9 _m cases ! defective "p may be split (f & ! rema9d] ( ! block us$ = clos]s4 ,if ! blocks h become v dry & ?or\ghly season$ out1 !y %\ld be well spr9kl$ ) wat] ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e !y are to be set1 to =e/all excessive swell+ & 8hump+0 :5 a ra9 /orm comes ^u ! new pavem5t4 #fh4 ,mort> ,b$4--,x is ! common practice 9 prep>+ ! mort> = ! mort> b$ "u ! blocks to simply damp5 ! mix$ s& & cem5t s t x may /ill be spread & h&l$ l damp s&4 ,see t suffici5t wat] is us$ to make a mod]ately /iff mort>1 suitable = be+ work$ ) a tr[el4 ,?is mort> %\ld be prep>$ 9 suffici5tly small quantities at a "t to insure t x w n beg9 to set be=e ! blocks be plac$ 9 x & ramm$4 #fi4 ,sett+ ! ,blocks4--,! sett+ ( ! wood5 blocks is a comp>atively simple op]ation & ! specifications are suffici5tly full & cle> = y\r guidance4 ,see t ! blocks are s set t _! tops1 aft] ! ramm+ is complet$1 %all be truly 9 ! pavem5t datum1 )\t humps or depressions4 #gj4 ,fill+ ! ,jo9ts4--,see t ! s& us$ is p]fectly dry1 f9e & clean1 & t x is swept ab\t on ! pavem5t until ! jo9ts are completely fill$4 ,,bitum9\s ,,concrete ,,pavem5t #ga4 ,prep>ation ( ,f\ndation4--,:]e a bitum9\s concrete we>+ surface is to be plac$ ^u an old pavem5t or ,macadam road ! specifications mu/ be closely foll[$4 ,a good f\ndation is z necess>y1 if good results are to be atta9$1 z 9 ! case ( o!r pavem5ts4 ,! dress+ d[n ( high po9ts & ! fill+ up ( depressions 9 ! old pavem5t %\ld be c>efully done1 s t ! bitum9\s we>+ surface %all be ( uni=m ?ickness1 & %all be rigidly support$ at all po9ts4 #gb4 ,bitum9\s ,concrete ,surface4--,! in/ructions giv5 = ! manufacture & lay+ ( %eet asphalt pavem5t %\ld be foll[$ "h ins(> z !y are applicable4 ,,hydraulic ,,concrete ,,roadway ,,pavem5t #gc4 ,l o!r /ructures made ( hydraulic concrete1 ! utility & durability ( concrete roadway pavem5t dep5ds l>gely ^u ! good quality ( ! mat]ials us$ & ! skill & fidelity ) :i* ! "w is done4 ,x is especially important t ! second1 or surface1 c\rse ( ! concrete %all be made & plac$ 9 /rict accordance ) ! specifications & t a high degree ( uni=mity %all be secur$ 9 ! composition1 consi/5cy & workman%ip ( t "p ( ! "w4 #gd4 ,sub-f\ndation & ,f\ndation4--,! prep>ation ( ! sub-f\ndation w be ! same z = o!r pavem5ts1 & ! fir/1 or f\ndation c\rse1 ( concrete1 w be con/ruct$ z 9 ! case ( ! concrete f\ndation = o!r pavem5ts4 #ge4 ,mat]ial = ,surface-c\rse4--,x may be assum$ t1 9 g5]al1 ! mat]ials int5d$ to be us$ on ! "w h be5 inspect$ & approv$ by ! ,eng9e]1 b ?is %\ld n prev5t y f call+ 8 att5tion to any defective or inf]ior mat]ials t may be deliv]$ on ! /reet :5 ! "w is begun1 or !reaft]1 & prev5t+ ! use ( any mat]ials t are n fully up to ! requirem5ts ( ! specifications4 #gf4 ,mix+ ! ,surface ,c\rse4--,see t ! cem5t s& & /one are proportion$ accurately & t ! quantity ( wat] us$ ) ea* bat* is measur$1 s z to make ! concrete ( uni=m consi/5cy4 ,d n p]mit any defective bat*es ( concrete to be us$ 9 ! surface-c\rse--if suitable = ! bottom c\rse !y may be us$ 9 x4 ,c>e 9 ?is respect is p>ticul>ly necess>y ) ma*9e-mix$ concrete :]e ! ma*9e is n work+ normally or ! m5 op]at+ x are c>eless or unskillful4 #gg4 ,plac+ ,surface ,c\rse ,concrete4--,see t ! surface c\rse is plac$1 grad$ & ramm$ be=e ! bottom c\rse concrete beg9s to set4 ,?is is imp]ative4 ,also t ! concrete is di/ribut$ & grad$ 9 su* a way z w n sep>ate or segregate ! mort> f ! /one2 t ! grad+ ( ! surface is s accurate t x w n be necess>y lat] to add additional concrete to t already grad$ & ramm$2 t ! ramm+ is ?or\gh & uni=m ov] ! :ole surface1 & t ! roll+ is well done4 #gh4 ,expansion ,jo9ts4--,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! expansion jo9ts made z ! specifications require4 ,see t !y ext5d entirely ?r\gh bo? c\rses ( concrete2 t ! corn]s are prop]ly compact$ & tr[el$2 t ! jo9ts are kept clean until !y are fill$ ) ! bitum9\s cem5t1 & are completely fill$ ) ! cem5t4 #gi4 ,c>e ( ,f9i%$ ,"w4--,d n p]mit ! complet$ "w to be di/urb$ by travel ov] x1 & see t ! concrete is kept moi/1 until x %all be set up h>d1 & t ! /reet is n op5$ = travel until ! eng9e] s directs4 ,,concrete ,,comb9$ ,,curb ,,& ,,gutt] #hj4 ,g5]al4--,! specifications = ! con/ruction ( ,hydraulic ,concrete ,comb9$ ,curb & ,gutt] are q full & cle> & ! duty ( ! inspector w consi/ ma9ly 9 see+ t !y are fai?fully c>ri$ out4 #ha4 ,concrete4--,z 9 o!r concrete con/ruction1 ! utility ( ! "w dep5ds l>gely on ! c>e & skill ) :i* ! concrete is made & plac$4 ,see t ! prescrib$ quality & ratio ( mat]ials are us$ & t ! concrete is ?or\ghly mix$ & prop]ly plac$ 9 ! =ms & well tamp$4 ,especial c>e is necess>y to secure a cont9u\s & satisfactory expos$ surface by =k+ & work+ ! mort> into contact ) ! =ms1 :i* mu/ be plac$ & ma9ta9$ 9 true l9e & surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,comb9$ ,curb & ,gutt] #hb4 ,remov+ ,=ms4--,good judgm5t is requir$ z to ! prop] "t to remove ! =ms4 ,!y mu/ rema9 until ! concrete has set h>d en\gh to be fully self-su/a9+1 b be=e x has set s h>d t ! wire bru% w h no effect on ! surface4 #hc4 ,corn] ,protection4--,see t ! metallic corn] or nose piece is correctly plac$ & t x is solidly an*or$ by & fully emb$d$ 9 ! body ( ! concrete4 #hd4 ,pat*+4--,! practice ( pat*+ up cavities or irregul>ities 9 ! expos$ face ( ! curb & gutt] ) neat mort>1 or dress+ ! surface ) dry cem5t1 mu/ n be p]mitt$4 ,if a section ( ! curb is f\nd1 :5 ! =ms are remov$1 to be imp]fect1 ! :ole section mu/ be remov$ & replac$4 ,,hydraulic ,,cem5t ,,sidewalks #he4 ,g5]al4--,:ile ! "w ( con/ruct+ concrete sidewalk is comp>atively simple x is (t5 c>elessly & unskillfully done4 ,! ?+s t ne$ mo/ att5tion by ! inspector are ! foll[+3 #hf4 ,mat]ials4--,! mat]ials us$ 9 ! "w mu/ be fully up to ! quality call$ = by ! specifications4 ,?is applies m p>ticul>ly to ! cem5t & s&4 ,^! are n always prop]ly te/$ by ! eng9e] & y %\ld frequ5tly make samples ( /iff mort> 7#a cem5t1 #b s&7 & set !m aside = obs]vation4 ,if !y d n1 9 summ] wea!r1 become v h>d at ! end ( n9e h\rs1 ! fact %\ld be report$ to ! eng9e]4 #hg4 ,dra9age4--,see t ! necess>y grad+ is prop]ly done & t ! dra9age c\rse is made ( suitable mat]ial prop]ly compact$4 ,see t dra9 tiles are prop]ly laid & connect$ z design$ by ! eng9e]4 ,if c9d]s are us$ = ! dra9age c\rse1 see t !y are scre5$ to remove a%es & f9e mat]ial1 & t !y are ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) wat] at lea/ five days be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! walk4 #hh4 ,two-c\rse ,"w4--,if ! sidewalk is laid 9 two c\rses1 see t ! surface-c\rse is put on & tamp$ be=e ! bottom-c\rse concrete has begun to set4 ,?is requirem5t mu/ be /rictly en=c$4 #hi4 ,f9i%+ ! ,surface4--,dry or pure cem5t mu/ n be us$ = trimm+ up or smoo?+ (f ! surface ( ! walk4 ,aft] ! surface has be5 prop]ly complet$ by /raight-edge & tr[el1 see t ! wire broom is us$ z direct$ to remove ! glaze & to slightly r\gh5 ! surface4 ,see t ! expansion jo9ts are made z specifi$1 & t !y ext5d entirely ?r\gh bo? c\rses ( concrete4 #ij4 ,see t ! walk1 aft] completion is prop]ly protect$ f injury & f fro/1 & t ! concrete is kept moi/ until x becomes well set4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,9 specifications to be us$ 9 any p>ticul> city ! (ficial "n ( ! city gov]nm5t1 z ! ,city ,c\ncil1 ! ,commission]s ( ,public ,works1 etc41 %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ?is g5]al designation4 ,footnote #b3 ,su* a proviso z ?is seems prop] 9 ju/ice to bo? ! city eng9e] & ! contractor2 ! =m] %\ld n be held responsible = ! acts ( 8 assi/ants :5 !y transc5d ! au?ority conf]r$ ^u !m1 & ! latt] %\ld be put ^u 8 gu>d ) ref]5ce to requirem5ts :i* he is n satisfi$ are sanction$ or approv$ by ! city eng9e]4 ,footnote #c3 ,x may be object$ t ?is requirem5t is unusual & unnecess>y1 s9ce su* practices are recogniz$ z wrong1 & z presumptive ( fraud & malpractice on ! "p bo? ( ! contractor & ! inspector4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be d5i$ t 9 _m cities su* means are employ$ by contractors to unduly influ5ce ! action ( inspectors & t n infrequ5tly ! latt] n only accept1 b p]si/5tly dem&1 valuable consid]ations f ! contractor4 ,sil5ce ( ! specifications on ?is po9t _c1 ( c\rse1 be con/ru$ into cons5t1 b !re is no good reason = ! sil5ce4 ,!re %\ld be left no excuse = misconception ( ! position ( ! city or ( ! eng9e] ^u ?is po9t4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is section is int5d$ z mu* = ! control & limitation ( city (ficials z ( contractors4 ,! practice ( c>elessly or purposely all[+ municipal contracts to be exp&$ greatly beyond ! /at$ limits or ! orig9al int5d$ volume & co/ )\t =mal au?orization by ! prop] municipal body 9 :i* ! p[] to make contracts is lodg$1 is dang]\s & wrong & %\ld be prohibit$4 ,9 "o in/ance com+ to ! notice ( ! au?or a contract orig9ally int5d$ to cov] #ej1jjj wor? ( "w 0 exp&$ by ! dep>tm5t head )\t any au?ority f ! city c\ncil until ! f9al e/imate rea*$ ! enorm\s sum ( ov] #djj1jjj4 ,footnote #e3 ,z outl9$ 9 ! introduction1 ^! specifications are design$ to secure ! con/ruction ( ! pavem5t 9 a prop] mann]1 ! city assum+ responsibility = ! "* & utility ( ! "w4 ,! gu>antee "h propos$ is !re=e int5d$ to cov] only a prop] compliance ) ! specifications1 = :i* ! contractor may prop]ly be held responsible1 & n ! suffici5cy or utility ( ! "w1 if con/ruct$ accord+ to ! specifications4 ,! p]iod ( gu>anty %\ld !re=e be %ort1 n exce$+ two ye>s4 ,footnote #f3 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! mo/ satisfactory &1 9 ! end1 ! mo/ economical f\ndation = a pavem5t is hydraulic cem5t concrete4 ,old pav+-block f\ndation1 if con/ruct$ z specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #cf1 w give results equally z satisfactory1 b if a fair m>ket exi/s = ! blocks tak5 up f ! /reet1 x w usually be f\nd m economical to sell !m & con/ruct a concrete f\ndation = ! new pavem5t4 ,brok5 /one or gravel f\ndations may s]ve ! purpose fairly well ^u a /reet ( light travel1 b x %\ld nev] be us$ on /reets ( consid]able or heavy travel4 ,its l[] fir/ co/ is ! only ?+ 9 its favor1 b ?is w1 9 ne>ly e case1 be m ?an (fset by ! bett] s]vice & great] durability ( ! pavem5t1 ev5 on /reets ( light travel1 if laid ^u an adequate hydraulic concrete f\ndation4 ,prop] repairs to pavem5t surfaces cut into = pipe "w1 etc41 are difficult to make & h>dly ev] satisfactory ov] brok5 /one f\ndation = ! reason t ! lack ( cohesion 9 ! mat]ial all[s x to loos5 or crumble away f "u ! edge ( ! pavem5t surface1 & x is difficult to re/ore x to its orig9al solidity & /r5g?4 ,! fir/ co/ sav$ by its use is usually n great2 = :5ev] its use w\ld be p]missible at all1 a comp>atively ?9 & lean concrete w\ld give bett] results1 at a v slight increase 9 co/4 ,to illu/rate3 ,on a suburban /reet ) light travel a concrete f\ndation f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 ! concrete made ) ,portl& cem5t 9 ! ratio ( #a cem5t1 #d s&1 & #h /one1 w\ld be /rong] & 9 e way bett] ?an a f\ndation eight in*es 9 dep? ( brok5 /one4 ,at ! usual prices ( mat]ials & labor1 ! =m] may co/ ab\t #j4df p] sq4 yd41 & ! latt] ab\t #j4dj p] sq4 yd42 b = ! latt] !re w\ld be requir$ cu4 yd4 m sub-f\ndation excavation1 wor? ab\t f\r c5ts1 s t ! equival5t co/ w\ld be #j4dd p] sq4 yd4 ,! diff]5ce1 two c5ts p] sq4 yd41 is insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! great] value1 bett] s]vice1 & great] durability ( a pavem5t on ! concrete f\ndation4 ,x is sometimes held t ! brok5 /one f\ndation provides necess>y sub-dra9age4 ,b all ! /&>d pavem5ts are1 or soon become1 imp]meable to wat] f ! surface1 & seepage f ! sub-f\ndation c be bett] tak5 c>e ( by ! sub-dra9age specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #bf1 :i* %\ld usually co/ n m ?an five c5ts p] squ>e y>d ( ! pavem5t2 & if dra9age be requir$1 ^! sub-dra9s %\ld be us$ ev5 ) ! brok5 /one f\ndation4 ,! practice ( lay+ pavem5t surfaces1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( asphalt1 ^u a f\ndation ( old /one blocks1 c>elessly reset1 ) ! jo9ts unfill$ ) mort>1 is all wrong & %\ld nev] be resort$ to4 ,! integrity & durability ( an asphalt pavem5t dep5ds l>gely ^u ! /r5g? & rigidity ( its f\ndation2 to lay an asphalt surface1 h[ev] good1 ov] su* an old block f\ndation1 is an inexcusable wa/e ( money4 ,old /one block & cobble-/one pavem5ts1 t h become solidifi$ 9 place by long travel ov] !m1 make a good f\ndation = asphalt or o!r pavem5ts1 provid$ !y c be utiliz$ )\t tak+ up or di/urb+ ! old pavem5t2 b su* cases occur s r>ely t !y h n be5 consid]$ 9 ^! specifications4 ,a ?or\ghly consolidat$ old ,mc,adam pavem5t1 if n worn too ?91 also makes a v satisfactory pavem5t f\ndation if x c be us$ undi/urb$1 or by simply trimm+ (f ! high po9ts4 ,l[ places 9 old pavem5ts1 t are o!rwise satisfactory = a f\ndation1 may be br\ght to ! prop] elevation ) hydraulic concrete4 8,b9d]0 mat]ial is usually specifi$ = ?is purpose 9 f\ndations = asphalt pavem5ts1 b hydraulic concrete is bo? bett] & *eap]4 ,footnote #g3 ,! specifications = ,portl& cem5t "h giv5 are practically ^? adopt$ by ! 8,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials40 ,natural ,cem5t4 ,:ile ^! specifications uni=mly ref] to ! use ( ,portl& cem5t1 x is n int5d$ to convey ! idea t natural cem5t concrete is n suitable = pavem5t f\ndations2 on ! contr>y1 x may be us$ ) entire confid5ce1 z ! exp]i5ce 9 a l>ge numb] ( cities has prov5 beyond "q4 ,:e!r ,portl& or natural cem5t %all be us$ is usually a "q ( relative co/4 ,at ! pres5t v l[ prices ( ,portl& cem5t 9 mo/ cities1 m /r5g? 9 pavem5t f\ndations c usually be obta9$ p] doll> exp5d$ = cem5t1 f ,portl& ?an f natural cem5t4 ,! specifications = natural cem5t1 z adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials diff] f ^? = ,portl& cem5t 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,! specific gravity %all n be less ?an #b4h4 ,f95ess4 ,! residue left on a ,no4 #ajj sieve %all n exce$ #aj p] c5t41 & on a ,no4 #bjj sieve %all n exce$ #cj p] c5t4 ,sett+4 ,x %all n beg9 to set 9 less ?an t5 m9utes1 nor set h>d 9 less ?an ?irty m9utes2 b %all set h>d )9 ?ree h\rs4 ,t5sile ,/r5g? 7p] sq4 9474 ,neat4 #bd h\rs 9 moi/ air #ej to #ajj lbs4 #g days 7#a day 9 air1 #f days 9 wat]7 #ajj to #bjj lbs4 #bh days 7#a day 9 air1 #bg days 9 wat]7 #bjj to #cjj lbs4 #a "p cem5t1 #c p>ts s&4 #g days4 7#a day 9 air1 #f days 9 wat]7 #be to #ge lbs4 #bh days4 7#a day 9 air1 #bg days 9 wat]7 #ge to #aej lbs4 ,s\ndness4 ,/&>d pats kept 9 air & 9 wat] %\ld rema9 firm & h>d & %[ no signs ( crack+ or dis9tegration4 ,footnote #h3 ,! frequ5t requirem5t t ! f9e mat]ial %all be scre5$ out1 is n necess>y or advisable4 ,exp]im5ts & exp]i5ce h %[n conclusively t unless an unusual am\nt ( f9e mat]ial & 8du/0 be pres5t1 or unless ?is f9e mat]ial be all[$ to sep>ate & aggregate 9 masses by itself1 ! result+ concrete is improv$ r ?an det]iorat$ by its pres5ce4 ,:]e !re is an unusual excess ( 8du/0 9 ! cru%$ /one1 ! quantity ( s& us$ 9 ! concrete %\ld be decreas$ accord+ly4 ,footnote #i3 ,_m specifications d n require ?is & 9 a numb] ( cities :]e ! specifications d require x1 contractors habitually neglect to comply4 ,:5 /one & s& are deposit$ directly ^u ! e>?1 x is v difficult to avoid tak+ up e>? & mud ) ! mat]ials1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! /reet is wet & muddy4 ,lumps ( soil & dbris unque/ionably injure ! concrete4 ,! co/ ( provid+ a lumb] floor is comp>atively small1 z ! plank may be us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,specifications %\ld1 !re=e1 conta9 ?is requirem5t & x %\ld be en=c$4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! ratios ( ! mat]ials may appropriately be v>i$ ) ! /r5g? & s\ndness ( ! sub-f\ndation1 ! am\nt ( travel on ! /reet1 & ) ! ?ickness ( f\ndation x is propos$ to use4 ,:]e good mat]ials are us$ & ! "w is prop]ly done1 a #a3c3e concrete six in*es ?ick is suffici5t = /reets ( ! heavie/ travel4 ,= /reets ( light travel a #a3e3i concrete w usually give entirely satisfactory results4 ,! mo/ economical ?ickness = a concrete f\ndation is an important consid]ation4 ,! /r5g? ( concrete may be said to increase1 )9 usual limits ( practice1 ) ! ratio ( cem5t 9 x4 ,! /r5g? ( concrete beams or slabs increases 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>e ( _! dep?4 ,to secure a requir$ am\nt ( /r5g? 9 a pavem5t f\ndation1 we may !re=e v>y ! ri*ness ( ! concrete & ! dep? ( ! f\ndation s z to secure ! requisite /r5g? at ! lea/ total co/ ( mat]ials & labor4 ,?is w be influ5c$ by ! co/ ( mat]ials & labor 9 ea* p>ticul> locality4 ,)9 c]ta9 workable limits !re is no reason :y ! same pr9ciples ( proportion+ ! /r5g? ( a pavem5t f\ndation to ! "w requir$ ( x %\ld n be appli$ z are employ$ 9 design+ o!r eng9e]+ /ructures4 ,! practice1 usual 9 _m cities1 ( adopt+ g5]al specifications requir+ a /&>d ?ickness ( f\ndation & composition ( concrete1 & apply+ ^! to all /reets1 reg>dless ( ! quantity & "* ( travel :i* ! pavem5t is expect$ to c>ry1 is illogical & (t5 v wa/eful4 ,if su* a /&>d f\ndation is suffici5t = ! /reets ( heavie/ travel1 x is obvi\sly a %e] wa/e ( money to use x on ! suburban /reets c>ry+ ! lighte/ travel4 ,x is !re=e bett] 9 prep>+ /&>d specifications = pavem5t 9 any city to leave blanks = ! ratios ( ! concrete & = ! ?ickness ( ! f\ndation1 to be fill$ 91 9 ea* individual case1 z ! judgm5t ( ! eng9e] may dictate4 ,:ile x is important t ! f\ndation ( any pavem5t %all be adequate1 x is inexcusable to wa/e money 9 provid+ sup]flu\s /r5g?4 ,= ! great majority ( suburban /reets1 c>ry+ b little except ! local travel1 a f\ndation f\r in*es ?ick made ( good ,portl& cem5t concrete 9 ! ratios ( #a3d3h w prove entirely satisfactory4 ,hundr$s ( su* /reets pav$ ov] a f\ndation ( t ?ickness1 made ( natural cem5t concrete 9 ! ratios ( #a3b3d c be cit$ :]e ! f\ndation has prov$ entirely satisfactory4 ,! "* & firmness ( ! sub-f\ndation mu/1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 into consid]ation 9 design+ ! f\ndation4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! r\t9e "h describ$ produces bett] concrete ) less exp5diture ( labor1 ?an ! "o (t5 foll[$ ( putt+ all ! dry mat]ials on ! concrete bo>d be=e any mix+ is begun4 ,! writ] has prov$ ?is f actual records cov]+ a l>ge quantity ( "w4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! objections to us+ mort> = pla/]+ ov] ! concrete are3 t x is m co/ly ?an concrete2 t ! two mat]ials may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 sep>ate & ! ?9 mort> surface break up "u travel2 t1 if p]mitt$1 ! mort> may be us$ to cov] up defective concrete1 & t 9 ! case ( asphalt pavem5ts ! pavem5t surface is m likely to 8%ift0 on ! smoo? surface ( ! mort> ?an on ! r\gh surface ( ! concrete4 ,! practice ( go+ ov] ! fre% concrete ) /reet brooms %\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,! only argum5t 9 favor ( x is t x may be us$ to conceal defective pat*es 9 ! concrete4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see foot-note#f1 p4 #bc4 ,! co/ ( fill+ ! jo9ts ( old block pavem5t ) mort> or gr\t is consid]able4 ,x w h>dly ev] be less ?an #bj c5ts & may exce$ #ce c5ts p] squ>e y>d1 dep5d+ on ! volume ( jo9ts & ! local co/ ( mat]ial & labor4 ,! co/ ( resett+ & ramm+ ! blocks ) prop] c>e w usually be f #aj c5ts to #ab c5ts p] squ>e y>d1 s t ! co/ ( ! f\ndation1 exclusive ( ! value ( ! blocks1 may v>y f #cj c5ts to #dg c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,z a good concrete f\ndation #f in*es 9 dep? c be laid = f #gj to #ij c5ts p] squ>e y>d1 x is obvi\s t if ! old blocks c be sold = z mu* z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! co/ ( ! old block & ! concrete f\ndation1 no?+ w be sav$ by us+ ! old block f\ndation4 ,9 at lea/ "o city1 asphalt pavem5t has be5 ext5sively laid ov] old /one block f\ndation relaid 9 a v c>eless mann]1 ! jo9ts be+ fill$ usually ) ! old s& or loam f\nd 9 ! /reet4 ,?is practice _c be too /rongly condemn$4 ,asphalt pavem5t surfaces re/+ on su* a f\ndation are necess>ily %ort-liv$ & unsatisfactory4 ,! practice ( op5+ ! /reet to travel = a p]iod aft] ! blocks are relaid & be=e ! asphalt surface is appli$1 helps1 "u favorable conditions1 to consolidate ! f\ndation1 b does n remove ! objections to x4 ,if heavy ra9s int]v5e1 ! sub-f\ndation becomes saturat$ ) wat]1 & its resi/ance s r$uc$ t ! /one blocks settle out ( %ape1 p>ticul>ly 9 s(t spots1 & !y are usually ha/ily rais$ & reset j be=e ! asphalt surface is appli$4 ,! result is an insecure f\ndation fatal to ! durability & usefulness ( ! pavem5t4 ,footnote #ad3 ,:]e !re is a possibility t gravel may be us$1 ! contractor %\ld be ask$ to "n prices = ! gravel f\ndation z well z ! /one f\ndation1 s9ce1 unless ?is be done1 ! *ange f ! "o mat]ial to ! o!r might be held to be illegal4 ,footnote #ae3 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! suitabl5ess ( ^! oil asphalts1 call$ 8residual pit*es10 = use 9 mak+ asphalt pavem5ts4 ,:5 prop]ly prep>$ f suitable asphaltic oils1 s z to comply ) ! specifications "h giv51 !re c be no d\bt t good pavem5ts c be made ) !m4 ,b z !y appe> on ! m>ket1 be+ usually produc$ at diff]5t localities & ref9]ies f crude oils ( diff]+ qualities1 di/ill$ by some:at diff]+ me?ods1 & usually at temp]atures ( f #ijj degrees to #abjj degrees1 !y are likely to v>y s greatly 9 quality z to make _! use inadvisable )\t c>eful te*nical inspection4 ,unless1 !re=e1 ! eng9e] is prep>$ to make1 or to h su* inspection made1 x is h>dly wise or safe to p]mit _! use4 ,!y /&1 9 ?is respect1 ^u a foot+ diff]5t f ! bett]-kn[n natural asphalts obta9$ f l>ge deposits ( practically uni=m "* & quality1 :]e ! simpl] process ( ref9+ is less likely to effect injuri\sly ! *emical quality ( ! mat]ial4 ,x may be confid5tly pr$ict$ t any ( ^! 8residual pit*es0 :i* comply ) ^! specifications w1 if prop]ly h&l$1 make a good pavem5t4 ,footnote #af3 ,! possibility t "s ( ^! comp\nds or artificial asphalts1 may be suitable = use 9 pavem5ts is n d5i$4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( a full] k ( !m ?an we n[ h1 & 9 ! light ( pres5t exp]i5ce1 ! only safe c\rse is to reject !m4 ,footnote #ag3 ,x is n int5d$ "h to ent] into an ext5d$ discussion ( ! fact t "s asphalts are injuri\sly affect$ by wat]1 & ! be>+ :i* ?is fact %\ld h ^u ! selection ( an asphalt = pavem5t purposes4 ,!re c be no d\bt t mod]n treatm5t & me?ods ( con/ruction h t5d$ to dim9i% b n :olly to prev5t ! dis9tegrat+ effect ( wat] ^u pavem5ts made ) su* asphalt1 & if ! eng9e] c\ld be c]ta9 t 8 pavem5ts w\ld be con/ruct$ by contractors guid$ by long exp]i5ce & ! be/ exp]t advice1 he might p]haps safely disreg>d ?is provision4 ,s9ce 9 practice he c h no su* assurance1 ! provision is a wise "o & x does n involve any s]i\s or mat]ial h>d%ip to ! contractor4 ,footnote #ah3 ,x is n[ well recogniz$ t ! "* & quality ( ! s& us$ is "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 det]m9+ ! utility & durability ( an asphalt pavem5t4 ,a satisfactory s& %\ld be insi/$ on1 ev5 if x involves a v consid]able increase 9 ! fir/ co/ ( ! "w4 ,:ile our k ( ! subject is n complete1 exp]i5ce seems to indicate pretty cle>ly t a s& ( ! quality & size-grad+ "h specifi$ z typical1 may be dep5d$ ^u to produce a good pavem5t4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! use ( ,portl& cem5t 9 surface mixtures to be laid on /reets ( heavy travel1 or ^? expos$ to damp f\ndations1 is v /rongly recomm5d$4 ,on /reets ( ! heavie/ travel1 or :]e ! pavem5t w be expos$ to unfavorable conditions ( dampness1 p>ticul>ly if ! pulv]iz$ /one is n v f9ely gr\nd1 ! ,portl& cem5t may con/itute tw5ty p] c5t4 ( ! pulv]iz$ mat]ial1 or 8du/10 z x is commonly call$4 ,ord9>ily f five to t5 p] c5t4 may be us$ to advantage on all /reets ( mod]ately heavy travel4 ,footnote #bj3 ,= det]m9+ ! consi/5cy ( individual bat*es ( asphalt pav+ cem5t ) a /&>d sample1 ! fl[-plate me?od is mo/ conv5i5t & suffici5tly accurate4 ,= a description ( ! late/ improv$ =m ( ?is app>atus see ,eng9e]+ ,news ( ,aug4 #bb1 #aiab1 p4 #cdg4 ,x c only be us$1 h[ev]1 :]e ! cem5ts to be comp>$ are ( ! same g5]al composition--! same ref9$ asphalt & temp]+ ag5t--z ! /&>d4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! practical value ( ! exact det]m9ation ( ! ductility ( asphalt pav+ cem5ts is reg>d$ by ! au?or z n well e/abli%$4 ,x is cu/om>y1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ rec5t specifications to require x4 ,"s asphaltic cem5ts t h be5 q successfully us$ = pavem5ts h n compli$ ) su* requirem5ts1 :ile good coal-t> pit*es w greatly exce$ !m4 ,:]e ?is te/ is us$ ! usual specification requires t a briquette ( asphaltic cem5t hav+ a cross-section ( "o squ>e c5timet]1 at p5etration #ej1 %all elongate to ! ext5t ( n less ?an #bj nor m ?an #he c5timet]s at #gg ,f4 ,if ! asphaltic cem5t v>ies f #ej p5etration an increase or decrease ( at lea/ #b c5timet]s w be requir$ = ea* five po9ts above or bel[ #ej p5etration 7,d[ app>atus to be us$74 ,footnote #bb3 ,x %\ld be not$1 9 a g5]al way1 t !re is q a diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature to :i* diff]5t asphalts may be safely subject$4 ,tr9idad asphalt1 & ! ,cali=nia residual pit*es1 w n be injur$ by ! high] range ( temp]atures nam$ 9 ^! specifications1 :ile ,b]mudez & "s o!r asphalts %\ld be work$ at z ne>ly z possible to ! l[] range ( temp]atures nam$4 ,! relative am\nt ( loss ( ! diff]5t asphalts :5 expos$ = sev5 h\rs to ! temp]ature ( #cbe degrees 7,sect4 #dd7 w supply a r\gh practical guide z to ! temp]ature p]missible--! great] ! loss1 ! clos] %\ld ! l[] range ( temp]atures be adh]$ to4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! op5 base-c\rse1 or 8b9d]10 compos$ only ( cru%$ /one1 coat$ ) pit* or asphaltic cem5t1 ext5sively & almo/ exclusively us$ up to a rec5t date1 is no long] advocat$ by ! be/ au?orities on asphalt pavem5ts4 ,! aim is n[ to make ! base-c\rse z d5se & /rong z ! surface-c\rse4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! importance ( prop] & ?or\gh roll+ is n usually fully appreciat$1 & ?is "p ( ! "w is (t5 %irk$ by ! contractor4 ,n only %\ld ! heavy roll] be at "w z soon z ! mat]ial w be> x1 b ! roll] %\ld1 :5 "w is progress+ regul>ly1 be kept at "w all ! "t4 ,x is a safe motto t ! f9al roll+ _c be ov]done4 ,footnote #be3 ,!re is /ill a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! advisability ( lay+ ! asphalt surface directly aga9/ ! rail1 _m eng9e]s pref]r+ to set "o or m c\rses ( pav+ brick1 or /one pav+ blocks betwe5 ! rail & ! edge ( ! asphalt4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce is to ! effect t1 if ! "w is prop]ly done1 ! fir/-nam$ =m ( con/ruction is pref]able4 ,if ! asphalt be laid aga9/ a rail s cold t ! asphalt mat]ial 9 contact ) or ne> ! rail is *ill$ be=e x c be compress$1 ! "w w necess>ily be unsatisfactory4 ,z to durability1 :eels foll[+ ! l9e ( ! rail or ( ! pav+ blocks w soon] or lat] =m a rut 9 ! asphalt :i* w require repair--& !re is n mu* diff]5ce 9 ! results4 ,! attempts to prev5t ! =mation ( ruts by sett+ blocks alt]nately z head]s & /ret*]s is n always successful1 ev5 :5 ! "w is well done1 & ! difficulty ( prop]ly compress+ ! tongues ( asphalt betwe5 ! head]s is s great t x is usually n well done4 ,! asphalt settles "u travel or is g\g$ out1 leav+ a /reak ( r\gh pavem5t1 & ! difficulty & co/ ( repairs is consid]ably increas$4 ,:5 pav+ blocks or bricks are us$1 !y %\ld be firmly & c>efully set 9 ! concrete f\ndation4 ,probably ! mo/ satisfactory con/ruction ( ?is k9d consi/s ( two or ?ree l9es ( ! be/ pav+ brick set ) _! l5g? p>allel to ! rail4 ,x is some:at easi] to get at & repair rail jo9ts ) ?is con/ruction4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! practice ( lay+ asphalt block pavem5t ^u cru%$ /one1 or a s& f\ndation1 on /reets c>ry+ a consid]able travel1 is inadvisable4 ,see foot-note#f1 page #bc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,h>d lime/one may be us$ :]e trap is n procurable except at a prohibitive co/2 b unless ! diff]5ce 9 co/ is v great ! trap w be ! mo/ economical 9 ! end4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! pressure commonly specifi$ is #ejjj lbs p]4 squ>e in*1 b rec5t inve/igations make x d\btful if t pressure is ev] atta9$1 or is1 inde$1 practicable ) any presses s f> con/ruct$4 ,footnote #bi3 ,asphalt blocks are n[ v commonly laid ^u _! sides1 ev5 :]e !y are made z ?9 z two in*es1 on /reets c>ry+ v consid]able travel4 ,! practice is n to be recomm5d$ unless ! blocks are at lea/ f\r in*es ?ick4 ,blocks two in*es ?ick w give good s]vice on private driveways & /reets ( q light travel4 ,footnote #cj3 ,granite block pavem5t is1 z a rule1 us$ ^u1 & appropriate = /reets ( ! heavie/ class ( travel1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be provid$ ) ! be/ & /ronge/ f\ndation4 ,x is ne>ly always poor economy to lay granite blocks ^u a brok5 /one1 gravel1 or s& f\ndation4 ,footnote #ca3 ,l o!r /ones1 granite f v>i\s localities diff]s widely 9 /r5g?1 h>dness & brittl5ess4 ,great h>dness1 accompani$ ) comp>ative brittl5ess1 is n desirable 9 granite = pav+ blocks4 ,su* mat]ial usually poli%es by travel & becomes q slipp]y1 & x is likely to become 8turtle-back$10 t is1 ! corn]s are likely to be *ipp$ (f or worn (f1 mak+ ! pavem5t v r\gh & unev54 ,! quality ( ! granite to be us$ 9 any "o city is g5]ally det]m9$ by ! available supply1 & specifications mu/ be drawn ) ref]5ce !reto4 ,footnote #cb3 ,except on /reets ( excessively heavy travel !re seems to be no good reason = mak+ ! blocks m ?an five in*es deep4 ,blocks ( ?is dep? are q sure to become de=m$ by irregul> we> be=e ! pavem5t w ne$ to be r5ew$4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! wid?s ( jo9ts "h specifi$ z all[able are bas$ ^u ! assumption t !y w be fill$ ) ,portl& cem5t gr\t z specifi$ 9 ,sect4 #ge4 ,if ?is gr\t fill+ is us$ n>r[] jo9ts are n necess>y1 z ! gr\t has suffici5t /r5g? to support ! corn]s ( ! blocks1 & suffici5t h>dness to resi/ ! we> ( travel 7l>gely protect$ z x is by ! blocks !mselves7 & to cause ! blocks to we> d[n q ev5ly4 ,9 _m ,european cities ! specifications require mu* clos] jo9ts4 ,! granite !re available appe>s to break out naturally to tru] l9es & bett] surfaces ?an t us$ 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates1 at lea/1 s t ! co/ ( dress+ ! blocks abroad is n z great z "h4 ,! ,city ( ,new ,york has rec5tly adopt$ specifications = 8,special ,improv$0 ,granite ,block pavem5t int5d$ to approximate ! ,liv]pool /&>d4 ,^! require t ! blocks %all be n less ?an #f nor m ?an t5 in*es long1 n less ?an #c nor m ?an #d in*es wide & five in*es 9 dep?4 8,! blocks are to be rectangul> ) tops & sides uni=m 9 ?ickness1 to lay closely1 & ) fair & true surface1 free f bun*es & s cut or dress$ t :5 laid /one to /one ! jo9ts %all n exce$ ( "o in*4 ,! head ( ! block %all be s cut t x %all n h m ?an "o-qu>t] ( an in* depression f a /raight-edge laid 9 any direction across ! head & held p>allel to ! g5]al surface ( ! block40 ,! jo9ts are fill$ ) bitum9\s cem5t4 ,! above specification is v difficult to meet f ! granite available to ,new ,york )\t excessive & exp5sive cutt+1 & exam9ation ( ! pavem5ts laid "u ^! specifications %[s t ! jo9ts greatly exce$ ! wid? specifi$4 ,x is believ$ t equally good results may be secur$ by p]mitt+ some:at wid] jo9ts fill$ ) gr\t1 & ! co/ w\ld be mat]ially r$uc$4 ,footnote #cd3 ,! mo/ satisfactory arrangem5t ( c\rses at /reet int]sections is t %[n by ,fig4 #ad1 page #bjh1 ,tillson's ,/reet ,pavem5ts & ,pav+ ,mat]ials1 #b;d edition4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! practice ( fill+ ! jo9ts ) gravel to a dep? ( "o in* or m be=e ! blocks are ramm$ is ( d\btful utility4 ,if ! blocks are set closely aga9/ ea* o!r !y w be well held 9 place :ile ! ramm+ proce$s4 ,9 practice x is h>dly possible to closely gage ! dep? ( su* prelim9>y gravel fill+1 & ! top or f9al fill+ :e!r ( gr\t or ( gravel & bitum9\s cem5t1 is likely to v>y greatly 9 dep?1 & ! lat]al support ( ! blocks is ?us likely to v>y 9 /r5g? & rigidity4 ,footnote #cf3 ,x has be5 ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 to fill ! jo9ts 9 granite pav+ ei!r ) gravel alone or ) gravel & bitum9\s cem5t4 ,b ! reasons t h l$ eng9e]s to pref] gr\t fill+ = brick pavem5ts apply ) equal =ce to granite pavem5t4 ,x makes a /rong] & h>d] fill+ ?an ! gravel & bitum9\s cem5t1 & gives a bett] support to ! edges ( ! pav+ blocks1 ?us t5d+ to prev5t *ipp+ & 8turtle-back+0 9 ! pavem5t4 ,x is also a mat]ially *eap] fill+ ?an ! gravel & bitum9\s cem5t4 ,b to provide = ! expansion & contraction ( ! pavem5t by *anges ( temp]ature1 x is desirable t a /rip 9 ! gutt]s1 & an occasional /rip across ! :ole /reet1 %all be fill$ ) ! m yield+ mat]ial1 z specifi$4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! object ( add+ asphalt & ,portl& cem5t is to make ! cem5t /rong] & less susceptible to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,pure coal-t> pit* is v brittle at l[ temp]atures1 & is liable to fl[ f ! cr[n ( ! /reet to ! gutt]s 9 hot summ] wea!r4 ,a cem5t made z "h specifi$ is n only mu* /rong] & less brittle 9 cold wea!r1 b requires a mat]ially high] temp]ature to cause x to fl[ ?an does pure pit*4 ,footnote #ch3 ,z ! :eels ( vehicles frequ5tly foll[ along ! l9es ( ! rails1 ?us conc5trat+ _! effect on a n>r[ /rip ne> ! rails1 & z ! cont9u\s jo9t aga9/ ! rail makes ! pavem5t weak] !re1 ! mort> b$1 & ! great] c>e 9 sett+ ! blocks along & ne> ! rail are advisable4 ,footnote #ci3 ,if ! jo9ts are p>allel to ! direction ( travel on ! /reet ! :eels ( vehicles are m likely to abrade or break (f ! corn]s ( ! /one & =m incipi5t ruts4 ,footnote #dj3 ,^! specifications con=m 9 mo/ p>ticul>s to ^? adopt$ by ! 8,association = ,/&>diz+ ,pav+ ,specifications10 & are sub/antially ! same z ^? recomm5d$ by ! 8,national ,pav+ ,brick ,manufactur]s' ,association0 ?\gh !y diff] 9 "s details f ea*4 ,! late/ specifications adopt$ by ! ,association = ,/&>diz+ ,pav+ ,specifications are v full & satisfactory & are to be highly comm5d$4 ,footnote #da3 ,"h aga9 a good concrete f\ndation is recomm5d$1 z be+ 9 ! end ! mo/ satisfactory & economical4 ,see foot-note#f1 page #bc4 ,footnote #db3 ,! ,association = ,/&>diz+ ,pav+ ,specifications 7,new ,orleans meet+7 adopt$ a /&>d size = pav+ bricks & blocks z foll[s3 ,pav+ brick1 #h in*es long1 #b in*es wide & #d in*es 9 dep?4 ,pav+ blocks #h in*es long1 #c in*es wide & #d in*es deep4 ,!re seems to be no suffici5t reason = conf9+ ! brick to ^! dim5sions4 ,footnote #dc3 ,! specifications ( ! ,association = ,/&>diz+ ,pav+ ,specifications require t all pav+ brick %all h lugs on "o side1 & all[ a projection ( in* f ! face ( ! brick4 ,! object is to provide a wid] jo9t betwe5 ! bricks 9 ord] to facilitate ! fill+ ( ! jo9ts4 ,! au?or does n believe ^! lugs necess>y1 nor t brick )\t lugs1 b o!rwise acceptable1 %\ld be exclud$4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m ( ! be/ brick pavem5ts ev] con/ruct$ h be5 built ( bricks )\t lugs4 ,if lugs are requir$ !y %\ld pref]ably n project m ?an "o-eigh? in*4 ,! same reasons t make n>r[ jo9ts desirable 9 o!r block pavem5ts apply equally to brick pavem5ts4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! ,a4 ,s4 ,p4 ,s4 ,specifications p]mit a loss ( #bb ) ! block size1 b d n "n a p]missible loss = 8brick0 size4 ,footnote #de3 ,absorption ( less ?an "o-half ( "o p] c5t41 usually indicates t a %ale brick has be5 ov]-burn$1 result+ 9 increas$ brittl5ess4 ,footnote #df3 ,! absorption te/ is fall+ into disfavor1 p>ticul>ly ) ! manufactur]s4 ,! au?or believes t x possesses a di/9ct value & %\ld be reta9$4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! object ( ?is is to make a gutt] (f]+ less ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,footnote #dh3 ,?is is ! simple/ & mo/ effective way to detect s(t & und]burn$ brick4 ,footnote #di3 ,if ! jo9ts are to be fill$ ) bitum9\s cem5t1 sub/itute = sections #ij & #ia ! foll[+3 ,directly aft] ! completion ( ! roll+ & ramm+1 all ! jo9ts 9 ! brick pavem5t & betwe5 x & ! curb+1 manholes or o!r /ructures1 %all be fill$ ) a bitum9\s cem5t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! bitum9\s cem5t %all be compos$1 by weight1 ( "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 p>ts ( /raight-run coal-t> pit* comm]cially kn[n z numb] f\r & tw5ty 7#bj7 p>ts ( ref9$ ,tr9idad asphalt melt$ & ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cej ,f41 to :i* %all be add$ tw5ty 7#bj7 p>ts ( dry ,portl& cem5t1 :i* %all be ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! hot bitum5 until a homog5e\s mass is produc$1 & kept agitat$ s z to prev5t settlem5t or sep>ation until ! cem5t is us$4 ,if ano!r asphalt is us$ in/ead ( ,tr9idad ! quantity add$ to ! pit* mu/ be suffici5t s t ! cem5t w n fl[ at a temp]ature l[] ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five degrees ,fahr5heit 7#abe ,f474 ,?is cem5t :ile at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cbe degrees ,f4 %all !n be p\r$ f a sp\t$ vessel into all jo9ts & vacancies 9 ! pavem5t until !y are completely fill$1 rep\r+ be+ resort$ to if necess>y to accompli% ! complete fill+ ( ! jo9ts4 ,aft] ! jo9ts are ?us fill$ a lay] ( s& "o-half in* ?ick w be spread ov] ! :ole surface ( ! pavem5t & all[$ to rema9 until ! eng9e] %all direct its removal4 ,footnote #ej3 ,! bitum9\s-cem5t jo9ts are pr9cipally = ! purpose ( provid+ = ! expansion ( ! pavem5t 9 v hot wea!r4 ,exp]i5ce seems to h prov$ t cem5t gr\t is1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 ! be/ & *eape/ fill+ = ! jo9ts 9 brick pavem5t4 ,if ! fill+ is prop]ly done1 ! edges ( ! brick are support$ & ! corn]s d n *ip (f4 ,) ! expansion jo9ts provid$ at int]vals by ! bitum9\s-fill$ jo9ts1 ! curbs w n be =c$ out ( l9e1 nor w ! pavem5t be rais$ f its s& b$ by expansion1 caus+ ! rumbl+ s\nd sometimes notic$4 ,:]e gr\t fill+ is us$ !re seems to be no necessity = cov]+ ! surface ( ! pavem5t ) s&1 z is usually done1 provid$ ! gr\t is kept damp4 ,footnote #ea3 ,s9ce immunity f e>ly natural decay is secur$ by pres]vative treatm5t1 ! important requisite = wood pav+ blocks is capacity to )/& ! we> & te> ( ! travel on ! /reet4 ,we h z yet no v satisfactory data z to ! ability ( ! v>i\s species ( wood to endure ! some:at peculi> & special duty to :i* pav+ blocks are subject$4 ,! te/ :i* seems to mo/ ne>ly approa* to :at is want$ is t ( cru%+ /r5g?1 :5 ! =ce is appli$ to ! end ( ! sample1 p>allel to its fib]s2 b ?is does n embrace ! effect ( impact to :i* pav+ blocks are subject$ "u /reet travel4 ,:e!r ?is may be consid]$ a function ( ! end-cru%+ /r5g? or n is an op5 "q1 ?\gh !re seems good reason to believe t x w prove to be s2 & if s1 !re is no good reason :y woods ( sub/antially equal /r5g? "u ! end-cru%+ te/ %\ld n %[ ab\t ! same endurance "u /reet travel1 indep5d5t ( ! elem5t ( natural durability1 :i* is practically elim9at$ by pres]vative treatm5t4 ,! end-cru%+ /r5g? p] squ>e in* ( "s ( ! k9ds ( timb] nam$ z acceptable is ab\t z foll[s3 ,s\!rn long-leav$ yell[ p9e #fijj lbs4 ,lob-lolly p9e #fejj lbs4 ,%ort-leav$ p9e #eijj lbs4 ,cuban p9e #gijj lbs4 ,norway p9e #fgjj lbs4 ,r$ gum #gajj lbs4 ,x 0 =m]ly v cu/om>y to specify t only ,s\!rn long-leav$ yell[ p9e might be us$ = pav+ blocks1 ?\gh ?is requirem5t 0 seldom /rictly en=c$4 ,! fact is1 t ) ! exception ( ! te/ bas$ ^u ! numb] ( gr[? r+s p] in*1 x requires an exp]t k1 acquir$ only by long exp]i5ce1 to di/+ui% ) c]ta9ty ! species ( ,s\!rn p9e f ! appe>ance ( ! lumb] alone4 ,x is n[ almo/ impossible to obta9 9 ! m>ket %ipm5ts ( /rictly long-leav$ yell[ p9e1 & :ile t wood is und\bt$ly sup]ior to ! o!r p9e timb]s = pav+ blocks x seems useless to specify its exclusive use1 or to propose specifications design$ to exclude lumb] made f o!r species ( p9e4 ,x 0 d\btless ! recognition ( ?is situation t influ5c$ ! ,association = ,/&>diz+ ,pav+ ,specifications1 at its la/ 7,new ,orleans7 conv5tion to adopt a specification :i* practically admits ev]y?+ kn[n 9 ! m>ket z 8,s\!rn yell[ p9e0 hav+ annual gr[? r+s av]ag+ less ?an eight to ! in* & exclud+ all timb] hav+ less ?an six r+s to ! in*4 ,)9 ^! limits ^! specifications practically admit all p9e lumb] %ipp$ f ,s\!rn mills4 ,! specifications "h propos$1 by limit+ ! numb] ( gr[? r+s to n9e p] in*1 w\ld n conf9e ! lumb] to true long-leav$ yell[ p9e1 b w\ld secure a m mature & solid quality ( lumb]4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t bo? ^! specifications & ^? adopt$ by ! ,a4 ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 exclude mo/ 8,cuban p9e0 lumb] :i* is v rapid gr[+1 ! gr[? r+s (t5 numb]+ b ?ree or f\r to ! in*1 ?\gh ! /r5g? ( ! wood f ?is species indicates t x may safely be us$ = pavem5t4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! "q ( ! mo/ economical dep? = wood pav+ blocks is z yet unsettl$4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 blocks #c in*es 9 dep? are adopt$ z ! /&>d & are be+ us$ on /reets ( ! heavie/ travel1 ! practice ( ,b]l91 ,p>is & o!r =eign cities be+ ?us foll[$4 ,! argum5ts 9 favor ( ^! %ort blocks are l[] fir/ co/1 & t1 ) mu* deep] blocks1 ! usual unev5 we> ( a wood pavem5t w make x s r\gh z to require removal be=e ! blocks are worn d[n s z to be split up & dislodg$ f _! places4 ,:ile reliable data on ^! po9ts are want+1 x seems to ! writ] v unwise to use su* %ort blocks on /reets ( heavy travel1 & he w\ld recomm5d t ! m9imum l5g? = use on su* /reets be #d in*es1 & he w\ld pref] #e in*es4 ,on /reets ( light travel a l5g? ( #c in*es %\ld be satisfactory4 ,rec5t obs]vations on heavy travell$ /reets 9 ,new ,york indicate t :5 long-leav$ yell[ p9e blocks become worn d[n to a rema9+ dep? ( ab\t #b in*es !y split up into f9e sliv]s & ! pavem5t goes to pieces4 ,footnote #ec3 ,mo/ ( ! m rec5t specifications require ! use ( a heavy oil1 said to be compos$ ( creosote oil ) an admixture ( ref9$ t>1 on ! gr\nd t ! t> is necess>y z a wat]-pro(+ ag5t to prev5t ! creosote oil f be+ dissolv$ out by wat] or evaporat$ into ! air4 ,x is claim$ t if moi/ure c ?us be exclud$ f ent]+ ! wood1 decay w be prev5t$1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! antiseptic elem5ts ( creosote oil4 ,x is n int5d$ to discuss ?is matt] at l5g? "h4 ,we "k f long exp]i5ce t g5u9e creosote oil is ! be/ pres]vative ( wood s f> f\nd2 also t creosot$ piles h /ood 9 tidal wat]s1 alt]nately expos$ to wat] & air1 = tw5ty-five ye>s & /ill reta9 suffici5t creosote oil to resi/ ! ,t]$o--a v sev]e te/4 ,:y exp]im5t ) a comp>atively untri$ mat]ial1 p>ticul>ly :5 x co/s z mu* z ! g5u9e creosote oil1 is r m difficult to =ce into ! wood1 & has "s admitt$ objectionable qualities8 ,footnote #ed3 ,x is a common practice ( contractors 9 "s cities1 9 ! lay+ ( bo? wood-block & asphalt block pavem5t1 :]e a mort> b$ is call$ =1 to sub/itute a b$ ( mix$ s& & cem5t1 damp5$ only to su* a degree z w make ! mass pulv]ul5t l damp s&1 ! claim be+ made t ord9>y mort> _c be spread & gag$ prop]ly4 ,?is claim is unf\nd$4 ,! objection to ! practice is t ! damp5$ mixture does n conta9 suffici5t wat] to cause ! cem5t to set1 & ) ! practically wat]-tight pav+ surface1 does n receive1 ev5 9 ra9y wea!r1 ! necess>y am\nt ( wat]4 ,if ! wea!r be dry1 ! small quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! mixture quickly evaporates1 leav+ ! s-call$ mort> b$ n mu* bett] ?an a lay] ( s& alone4 ,! writ] has f\nd su* alleg$ mort> dry & unset two weeks aft] ! pavem5t _h be5 complet$4 ,if real mort> is n to be us$1 a lay] ( s& might almo/ z well be sub/itut$ at fir/4 ,footnote #ee3 ,9 a numb] ( cities ! specifications require ! jo9ts 9 wood-block pavem5t to be fill$ ) ,portl& cem5t gr\t4 ,if ! blocks are set z closely toge!r z !y %\ld be1 ! jo9ts w be s n>r[ t no gr\t1 ?ick en\gh 9 consi/5cy to be ( value1 w ent] !m1 except = a %ort di/ance d[n f ! top1 ! rema9+ dep? ( ! jo9ts rema9+ unfill$4 ,an exam9ation ( any well-laid wood-block pavem5t soon aft] x has be5 attempt$ to fill ! jo9ts ) gr\t w v]ify ?is /atem5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! oil :i* exudes f ! blocks1 act+ on ! ?9 films ( gr\t1 seems to det]iorate ! mort> & to r5d] x practically in]t4 ,on ! contr>y1 f9e dry s& w readily run into & completely fill ! jo9ts1 & "u travel ! jo9ts w soon become imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! s& fill+ is !re=e reg>d$ z bett]1 & x co/s less ?an ! gr\t fill+4 ,footnote #ef3 ,:]ev] an old pavem5t or macadam road c be utiliz$ x makes an excell5t f\ndation = a pavem5t ( ?is k9d1 provid$ x is n 9 too dilapidat$ a condition1 ext5ds f curb to curb1 & its surface con=ms ne> en\gh to ! desir$ /reet surface s t ! necess>y *anges & repairs w n be too exp5sive4 ,:]e ! new pavem5t is expect$ to c>ry q a heavy travel x is n advisable to use pla9 cru%$ /one = fill+ depressions & level+ up ! surface4 ,x is difficult1 ev5 :]e prop] c>e is us$1 to make su* pat*es ( brok5 /one z firm & /rong z ! adjo9+ old pavem5t1 :i* is a necess>y condition to secure satisfactory results2 = if ! masses ( brok5 /one yield "u travel1 slight depressions w =m ov] !m 9 ! bitum9\s surface1 :i* w 9 "t become holes requir+ repairs4 ,! #a3d3i concrete specifi$ = ?is "w is n v mu* m exp5sive ?an pla9 brok5 /one1 x w n %ift or break up "u travel1 & w 9 ! end prove a bett] inve/m5t4 ,footnote #eg3 ,:]e a new f\ndation is requir$ brok5 /one or macadam is mo/ frequ5tly us$ = bitum9\s concrete pavem5ts4 ,unless su* f\ndations are con/ruct$ 9 ! same way & ) ab\t ! same c>e z is necess>y = a macadam road x is liable to prove unsatisfactory4 ,"u ! v heavy :eel loads t may occasionally pass ov] ! /reets1 imp]fectly compact$ brok5 /one is likely to %ift suffici5tly to />t incipi5t ruts :i* w enl>ge & 9 "t necessitate exp5sive repairs4 ,su* conditions are frequ5tly se5 on bitum9\s concrete pavem5ts subject$ to heavy travel4 ,^! pavem5ts1 l %eet asphalt pavem5ts1 require a f\ndation t w be absolutely unyield+ "u travel4 ,= ?is reason a concrete f\ndation w g5]ally be f\nd m economical 9 ! long run ?an a brok5 /one f\ndation4 ,! increas$ fir/ co/ p] squ>e y>d is n v great & ?is additional money w 9 mo/ cases prove a good inve/m5t4 ,at ! usual prices ( mat]ial & labor a squ>e y>d ( #d in* concrete %\ld co/ ab\t #ej c5ts1 :ile a prop]ly con/ruct$ brok5 /one f\ndation #f in*es ?ick 7:i* w\ld n ne>ly equal 9 /r5g? & rigidity #d in*es ( concrete7 w\ld co/ ab\t #de c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,consid]+ ! mu* great] durability & l[] co/ ( repairs ( ! pavem5t on ! concrete f\ndation1 ?is small additional co/ is n wor? consid]ation4 ,:ile ! specifications are made to cov] ! ?ree k9ds ( f\ndation1 x is assum$ t ! k9d ( f\ndation to be us$ w be decid$ 9 advance1 & t ! "p ( ^! specifications relat+ to ! o!rs k9ds ( f\ndation w1 9 actual use be omitt$4 ,footnote #eh3 ,a bitum9\s cem5t compos$ l>gely ( coal-t> pit* has h]et(ore be5 mo/ us$ 9 pavem5ts ( ?is "*4 ,x is n d5i$ t v good pavem5ts h be51 & c be built ) ?is mat]ial1 b ! sup]iority ( ! asphaltic cem5t "h specifi$ is s great t x is true economy to use x4 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ at prevail+ prices ( mat]ial w be t5 to twelve c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,! great] durability & s]viceability ( ! pavem5t made ) ! asphaltic cem5t w1 p>ticul>ly on /reets ( comp>atively heavy travel1 f> m ?an ju/ify ?is additional co/4 ,footnote #ei3 ,hydraulic concrete pavem5t is to be recomm5d$ only = c\ntry roadways & = city /reets ( v mod]ate travel4 ,:ile our exp]i5ce ) ?is k9d ( pavem5t is yet limit$ !re is reason to believe f ! nature ( ! mat]ial t x w n prove to be a satisfactory or economical pavem5t = /reets ( heavy travel4 ,b 9 all cities & t[ns !re are _m resid5ce /reets :]e ! travel is v light1 & yet :]e a p]man5t pavem5t is want$ & w>rant$4 ,= ^!1 x is believ$ t a prop]ly con/ruct$ concrete pavem5t w prove v satisfactory & durable1 & ! l[ co/ at :i* x c be con/ruct$ %\ld make x v attractive to city (ficials & prop]ty own]s4 ,! au?or has advocat$ its use "u su* conditions = _m ye>s 7see ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,july #ba/1 #aijd74 ,l o!r composite pavem5ts its utility & durability w dep5d l>gely ^u ! good quality ( ! mat]ials us$ & ! skill & ?or\ghness ) :i* ! "w is done4 ,! specifications "h (f]$ are ! result ( ! obs]vation & exp]i5ce ( ! au?or1 & x is believ$ t pavem5ts laid 9 accordance ) !m w give v satisfactory results4 ,footnote #fj3 ,a numb] ( eng9e]s advocate ! con/ruction ( concrete pavem5t 9 "o homog5e\s c\rse1 & q a numb] ( pavem5ts h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ?is way4 ,l any o!r composite pavem5t1 x is call$ ^u to p]=m two functions2 to safely su/a9 ! weight ( loads pass+ ov] x1 & to resi/ we> & abrasion ( its surface4 ,a mat]ial & =m ( con/ruction t meets ! fir/ requirem5t may n meet ! second4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ord9>y #a3c3f concrete makes an entirely satisfactory f\ndation = any pavem5t1 b x lacks ! h>dness & /r5g? to successfully resi/ ! surface abrasion ( travel4 ,to secure ?is quality a ri*] & h>d] concrete is call$ =1 b x is unnecess>y t ! f\ndation %\ld be equally h>d4 ,to con/ruct ! pavem5t 9 two c\rses z "h specifi$ w\ld seem to be ! logical way1 especially z x decreases ! total co/1 & %\ld make a m durable pavem5t4 ,footnote #fa3 ,"s eng9e]s advocate a great] total ?ickness ( ! pavem5t ?an is "h specifi$ 7#f in*es74 ,consid]+ t ?is pavem5t %\ld nev] be us$ on heavy travel$ /reets1 a total ?ickness ( concrete ( six in*es w h ample /r5g? to c>ry ! loads to :i* x w be subject$4 ,if s1 x is a useless wa/e ( money to increase ! ?ickness ( ! concrete4 ,footnote #fb3 ,! use ( lime/one = ! top c\rse 7unless x is ( v sup]ior quality7 is n advisable or economical unless ! co/ ( trap rock is s high z to be prohibitive1 :i*1 consid]+ its sup]ior durability "u ! we> ( travel1 w n (t5 be ! case4 ,footnote #fc3 ,x is advisable to remove ! scre5+s f ?is surface mixture = two reasons3 fir/1 to secure great] uni=mity ( composition4 ,if ! scre5+s are all[$ to rema9 9 ! aggregate1 !re is dang] ( segregation into pat*es ( diff]5t siz$ aggregate & diff]5t ratios ( mat]ials1 :i* x is v important to avoid1 & second1 ! small fragm5ts ( /one are m likely to be cru%$ "u ! conc5trat$ weight ( :eels ?an ! l>g] masses1 & to ?us />t dis9tegration4 ,lack ( uni=mity 9 ! composition & homog5eity 9 ?is surface-c\rse concrete is especially to be gu>d$ aga9/1 o!rwise ! surface ( ! pavem5t w we> unev5ly & depressions & ruts are likely to result4 ,footnote #fd3 ,! ideal composition ( ?is surface-c\rse concrete is "o :]e ! /one =ms ! l>ge/ possible "p ( ! mass consi/5t ) suffici5t mort> to fill ! voids & ?or\ghly b9d ! fragm5ts ( /one toge!r4 ,footnote #fe3 ,! importance ( secur+ high quality & great uni=mity 9 ! surface c\rse _c be urg$ too /rongly4 ,footnote #ff3 ,?is requirem5t mu/ be /rictly en=c$4 ,o!rwise !re w be dang] t ! two c\rses may n prop]ly adh]e to ea* o!r4 ,x is ! writ]'s exp]i5ce t if ?is rule is obs]v$ !re w be no dang] ( ! two c\rses sep>at+4 ,footnote #fg3 ,! purpose ( ?is roll+ is ma9ly to ev5ly compress ! mass & ?us secure its uni=m d5sity4 ,x also produces a tru] surface ?an c usually be secur$ by ramm+ alone4 ,footnote #fh3 ,among eng9e]s !re is q a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! prop] spac+ ( expansion jo9ts1 &1 9 fact1 z to ! necessity or advisability ( provid+ !m at all4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t x might be bett] to omit !m entirely1 all[+ ! pavem5t to =m its own expansion jo9ts by crack+ along l9es :]e natural =ces dictate4 ,su* cracks by _! irregul>ity give a bad appe>ance to ! surface1 b obs]vation seems to indicate t ! edges ( ^! natural jo9ts we> z well z ^? made by expansion jo9ts4 ,fur!r obs]vation & exp]i5ce is ne$$ 9 ! matt]4 ,9 mo/ concrete x is kn[n t "s contraction takes place dur+ ! sett+ ( ! cem5t1 reg>dless ( temp]ature *anges1 & crack+ is probably due z mu* to ?is p]man5t contraction z to t caus$ by l[ temp]ature4 ,! coeffici5t ( expansion ( concrete by heat is v>iable b s small t expansion jo9ts in* wide e fifty feet along ! /reet %\ld provide = temp]ature *anges4 ,footnote #fi3 ,if ! expansion jo9ts are n ?us fill$ ) bitum9\s cem5t !y w become fill$ & pack$ ) incompressible /one1 s&1 etc41 t w n p]mit expansion4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! practical value ( oil+ concrete pavem5ts has n yet be5 det]m9$ by suffici5t exp]i5ce4 ,!re is reason1 h[ev]1 to believe t ! slight coat+ ( bitum5 w mat]ially pres]ve ! surface f abrasion & t its b5efit w ?us be great] ?an its co/4 ,x w also t5d to prev5t ! v slight du/ t might o!rwise exi/ on ! pavem5t4 ,footnote #ga3 ,9 ?is class ( pavem5ts ! contractor or promot] may prop]ly be requir$ to assume responsibility = ! "* & utility ( ! "w produc$1 & ! municipal au?orities %\ld assume no "p ( su* responsibility4 ,footnote #gb3 ,^u ! g5]al subject ( "t gu>antees ( municipal "w1 see ,*apt] ,,xi1 8,municipal ,public ,works10 by ! au?or4 ,footnote #gc3 ,concrete comb9$ curb & gutt] is suitable = use on ! great majority ( resid5ce /reets1 & o!rs :]e ! travel is n excessive1 or :]e x w n be subject$ to specially sev]e use1 z on bus9ess /reets :]e heavy vehicles are likely to be (t5 back$ aga9/ ! curb4 ,if prop]ly con/ruct$ x w h suffici5t h>dness & /r5g? to )/& all ord9>y usage2 x makes a bett] appe>ance1 p>ticul>ly on resid5ce /reets1 ?an any o!r k9d ( curb+1 is durable1 & is usually less exp5sive ?an any o!r suitable1 equally durable & equally well-f9i%$ curb+ ( natural /one1 s9ce ! gutt] displaces an equal area ( pavem5t4 ,footnote #gd3 ,! sket* "h pres5t$ con=ms pretty closely to usual practice except 9 ! wid? ( ! gutt]4 ,x is n uncommon to make ! gutt] f two to ?ree feet wide4 ,?is is n necess>y or desirable4 ,a wid? ( #ae to #ah in*es =ms a suffici5t gutt] to c>ry away all dra9age except dur+ v heavy ra9falls4 ,:]e ! gutt] projects out into ! /reet suffici5tly f> to be expos$ to l>ge numb]s ( heavily load$ :eels ! out] corn] is likely to become brok5 (f or unduly abrad$4 ,footnote #ge3 ,curb+ ( all k9ds is m likely to be injur$ by freez+ & ! heav+ ( fro/ "u & ar\nd x ?an f any o!r cause4 ,good dra9age is ! be/ protection aga9/ su* injury4 ,x is important t ^! dra9s %all be connect$ ) sew]s1 dra9s or o!r outlets1 s t wat] w n /& 9 !m4 ,footnote #gf3 ,! mo/ notable dep>ture ( ^! specifications f usual practice is ! use ( a solid body ( ri*1 homog5e\s concrete = ! :ole section ( ! /ructure1 ?us avoid+ ! use ( two c\rses & qualities ( concrete--! core concrete & ! fac+4 ,! mo/ common cause ( failure ( concrete curbs & gutt]s is ! sep>ation1 m or less1 ( ! fac+ f ! core concrete4 ,)\t d\bt ?is c be prev5t$ by ! use ( prop] mat]ials1 c>eful "w1 & ! /rict obs]vance ( ! rule t ! fac+ c\rse mu/ be appli$ be=e ! core concrete has begun to set4 ,b x is difficult to always secure ^! favorable conditions4 ,computation w %[ t ! diff]5ce 9 co/ ( mat]ials1 betwe5 ! usual two-c\rse con/ruction & a s+le body ( ri* concrete ?r\gh\t1 is n v great1 :ile ! sav+ 9 co/ ( labor is s consid]able z to make ! actual diff]5ce 9 co/ ( ! two types v small4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! simpl] con/ruction & ! consequ5t great] c]ta9ty ( secur+ a durable & satisfactory job is greatly 9 favor ( ! con/ruction "h recomm5d$4 ,footnote #gg3 ,! appe>ance ( 8hair cracks0 on ! surface ( ri* concrete1 f9i%$ by tr[el+1 & ! blot*$ appe>ance ( ! surface ( concrete curb+1 are usually caus$ by improp] f9i%+4 ,! glaz$ surface produc$ by tr[el+1 p>ticul>ly :]e pure1 dry cem5t or neat mort> is appli$ is almo/ sure to develop hair cracks1 & ! v>y+ texture ( ! surface is likely to absorb wat] unev5ly & ?us produce1 9 "t1 ! unev5ly color$ or blot*$ surface s (t5 se54 ,footnote #gh3 ,! utility & durability ( hydraulic concrete sidewalks dep5ds l>gely on ! quality ( mat]ials & workman%ip employ$ 9 ! "w4 ,too frequ5tly1 specifications = ?is "w are n suffici5tly full1 or n prep>$ ) ! requisite c>e1 or ! "w is n prop]ly sup]vis$ or inspect$ :ile 9 progress4 ,! aggregate importance & co/ ( ?is sidewalk "w 9 our cities w>rants m c>e & att5tion ?an x g5]ally receives4 ,footnote #gi3 ,det]m9$ by ! ?ickness ( ! dra9age c\rse adopt$4 ,footnote #hj3 ,x is cu/om>y 9 _m cities to require t ! dra9age c\rse "u ! concrete %all h a dep? ( twelve or m in*es4 ,?is deep-dra9age is design$ to prev5t ! heav+ ( ! sidewalk by freez+4 ,exp]i5ce seems to prove t ?is is n necess>y1 p>ticul>ly if tile dra9s are provid$ to c>ry (f ! wat] f ! dra9age c\rse1 z specifi$4 ,comp>atively dry mat]ial1 ev5 e>?1 does n heave ) freez+2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! mat]ial & ! tr5* 9 :i* x is plac$ is :olly or p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 heav+ is liable to occur 9 sev]e freez+ wea!r1 :atev] ! dep? ( ! dra9age c\rse4 ,exp]i5ce has prov51 h[ev]1 t f\r in*es ( dra9age mat]ial is suffici5t if ! wat] is dra9$ out ( x1 :ile if all[$ to /& saturat$ ) wat]1 deep] dra9age w give little if any bett] results4 ,:]e ! soil is s&y or ! natural dra9age is o!rwise good1 no dra9age c\rse is necess>y4 ,footnote #ha3 ,except 9 ! matt] ( l[ fir/ co/ c9d]s are n desirable = ! dra9age c\rse4 ,9 "t1 ?is mat]ial is likely to slack1 or decompose1 & %r9k 9 volume m or less & to all[ ! sidewalk to settle4 ,! holl[ s\nd "o (t5 notices :5 walk+ ov] a sidewalk & ! cracks t frequ5tly appe>1 are usually caus$ by ! irregul> settlem5t ( ! dra9age c\rse4 ,! object ( wett+ d[n ! c9d]s sev]al days be=e !y are us$ is to cause z mu* z possible ( ?is slack+ to take place be=e ! c9d]s are us$ 9 ! dra9age c\rse4 ,footnote #hb3 ,!re is a good deal ( div]sity ( practice 9 ! ?ickness ( ! concrete to be us$4 ,= all ord9>y sidewalks ?ree in*es ( bottom c\rse & "o in* ( surface-c\rse are ample1 & 9 _m cases ! ?ickness ( ! surface c\rse has be5 r$uc$ to "o-half in* ) satisfactory results4 ,?ree-f\r?s in* ( surface-c\rse1 if fairly uni=m 9 ?ickness & ( good quality1 w g5]ally be ample = ord9>y sidewalks4 ,footnote #hc3 ,x is cu/om>y to make ! surface-c\rse concrete mu* ri*] ?an ?is1 b x is n necess>y if ! mat]ials are good & ! "w well done4 ,footnote #hd3 ,?is requirem5t is v important & %\ld be /rictly en=c$1 o!rwise !re is dang] t by ! action ( wat]1 fro/1 & "t1 ! two c\rses may sep>ate & ! surface-c\rse break up--a condition n infrequ5tly obs]v$4 ,footnote #he3 ,! tr[el+ n only helps to secure a true surface1 b t5ds to produce a d5se surface on ! concrete2 b x is n desirable t ?is surface %all be smoo? & glassy1 h5ce ! slight r\gh5+ ( ! surface ) a wire bru%4 ,footnote #hf3 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to make & leave ^! expansion jo9ts op5 to _! full wid? entirely ?r\gh ! concrete4 ,! practice ( =m+ ^! expansion jo9ts by p>titions ( iron plate1 aga9/ :i* ! blocks ( sidewalk are built is n advis$1 = ! reason t !y are likely to prev5t ! ?or\gh compression ( ! concrete surface aga9/ or ne> ! plates4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,re-index$ footnotes us+ numb]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #e4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 #f4 ,d5ot$ subscripts by an und]score be=e a s]ies ( subscript$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4