,! ,,e?ics ( ,rhetoric ,! ,,e?ics ( ,rhetoric ,by ,,ri*>d ,m4 ,,weav] ,?us x happ5s t rhetoric is an (f%oot ( dialectic & also ( e?ical /udies4 --,,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric ,illu/ration ,*icago ,,h5ry ,,regn]y ,,company #aiec ,copyright #aiec by ,h5ry ,regn]y ,company4 ,copyright "u ,int]national ,copyright ,union4 ,manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #ec-hgif4 ,second ,pr9t+1 ,decemb]1 #aifc ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,pha$rus ,,& ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,rhetoric #c ,,ii4 ,,dialectic ,,& ,,rhetoric ,,at ,,dayton1 ,,t5nessee #bg ,,iii4 ,,edmund ,,burke ,,& ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,circum/ance #ee ,,iv4 ,,abraham ,,l9coln ,,& ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,def9ition #he ,v4 ,,"s ,,rhetorical ,,aspects ,,( ,,grammatical ,,categories #aae ,,vi4 ,,milton',s ,,h]oic ,,prose #adc ,,vii4 ,,! ,,spaci\sness ,,( ,,old ,,rhetoric #afd ,,viii4 ,,! ,,rhetoric ,,( ,,social ,,sci5ce #ahf ,,ix4 ,,ultimate ,,t]ms ,,9 ,,contempor>y ,,rhetoric #baa ,,index #bcc ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,ackn[l$gm5ts ) ?anks are due ! foll[+3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons = ! passage f ,all5 ,tate's 8,! ,subway10 f ,poems #aibb-aidg2 ,k>l ,%apiro & ,r&om ,h\se1 ,inc41 = ! passage f ,essay on ,rime2 & ! ,vik+ ,press1 ,inc41 = ! passage f ,%]wood ,&]son's ,a ,/ory ,tell]'s ,/ory4 ,! ,,e?ics ( ,rhetoric ,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pha$rus ,,& ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,rhetoric ,our subject beg9s ) ! ?re%old difficulty ( def9+ ! "q :i* ,plato's ,pha$rus 0 meant to answ]4 ,/ud5ts ( ?is ju/ly celebrat$ dialogue h felt unc]ta9 ( its unity ( !me1 & ! t5d5cy has be5 to designate x broadly z a discussion ( ! e?ical & ! beautiful4 ,! explicit topics ( ! dialogue are1 9 ord]3 love1 ! s\l1 spee*mak+1 & ! spok5 & writt5 ^w1 or :at is g5]ally t]m$ by u 8composition40 ,! developm5t looks r&om1 & "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ passages appe> jeux d'esprit4 ,! ri*ness ( ! lit]>y art div]ts att5tion f ! sub/ance ( ! argum5t4 ,b a "w ( art :i* t\*es on _m pr(\nd problems ju/ifies m ?an "o k9d ( read+4 ,our difficulty ) ! ,pha$rus may be t our int]pretation has be5 too lit]al & too topical4 ,if we w br+ to ! read+ ( x ev5 a portion ( t imag9ation :i* ,plato habitually ex]cis$1 we %\ld p]ceive surely en\gh t x is consi/5tly1 & f beg9n+ to end1 ab\t "o ?+1 :i* is ! nature ( rhetoric4#a ,aga91 t po9t may h be5 miss$ because mo/ read]s conceive rhetoric to be a sy/em ( artifice r ?an an idea1#b & ! ,pha$rus1 = all its app>5t divagation1 keeps v close to a s+le idea4 ,a /udy ( its rhetorical /ructure1 especially1 may give u ! insight :i* has be5 )held1 :ile mak+ u feel anew t ,plato possess$ ! deepe/ div9+ rod among ! anci5ts4 ,= ! imag9ative int]pretation :i* we %all n[ und]take1 we h bo? g5]al & specific w>rant4 ,fir/1 x sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out t a ,socratic dialogue is 9 itself an example ( transc5d5ce4 ,beg9n+ ) some?+ simple & topical1 x passes to m g5]al levels ( application2 & n infrequ5tly1 x mu/ make ! leap into allegory = ! f9al utt]ance4 ,?is means1 ( c\rse1 t a ,socratic dialogue may be ab\t its subject implicitly z well z explicitly4 ,! implicit r5d]+ is usually ?r\gh "s k9d ( figuration because x is ! nature ( ?is mean+ to be ineffable 9 any o!r way4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to be al]t = :at takes place ?r\gh ! analogical mode4 ,second1 x is a matt] ( curi\s int]e/ t a w>n+ aga9/ lit]al read+ occurs at an e>ly /age ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,"h 9 ! op5+ pages1 appe>+ z if to set ! key ( ! !me1 comes an allusion to ! my? ( ,boreas & ,orei?yia4 ,on ! v spot :]e ! dialogue beg9s1 ,boreas is said to h c>ri$ (f ! maid54 ,does ,socrates believe t ?is tale is really true8 ,or is he 9 favor ( a sci5tific explanation ( :at ! my? alleges8 ,a!ns _h sci5tific exp]ts1 & ! sci5tific explanation 0 t ! nor? w9d _h pu%$ h] (f "s rocks :]e %e 0 play+ ) a companion4 ,9 ?is way ! poetical /ory is provid$ ) a factual basis4 ,! answ] ( ,socrates is t _m tales are op5 to ?is k9d ( rationalization1 b t ! result is t$i\s & actually irrelevant4 ,x is irrelevant because our *ief conc]n is ) ! nature ( ! man1 & x is beside ! po9t to probe into su* matt]s :ile we are yet ignorant ( ourselves4 ,! sci5tific criticism ( ,greek my?ology1 :i* may be lik5$ to ! sci5tific criticism ( ! my?s ( ! ,bible 9 our own day1 produces at be/ 8a boori% sort ( wisdom 7 740 ,x is a limitation to suppose t ! tru? ( ! /ory lies 9 its hi/oricity4 ,! 8boori% sort ( wisdom0 seeks to supplant poetic allegation ) fact1 j z an ar*aeologi/ might look = ! f\ndations ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,b :ile ?is sort ( se>* goes on ! tru? flies (f1 on w+s ( imag9ation1 & is n recov]able until ! se>*] atta9s a high] level ( pursuit4 ,socrates is satisfi$ ) ! p>able1 & we inf] f num]\s o!r passages t he believ$ t "s ?+s are be/ told by p>able & "s p]haps discov]able only by p>able4 ,real inve/igation goes =w>d ) ! help ( analogy4 8,freud )\t ,sophocles is un?9kable10 a mod]n writ] has said4#c ,) ^! precepts 9 m9d1 we turn to t "p ( ! ,pha$rus :i* has prov$ mo/ puzzl+3 :y is s mu* said ab\t ! absurd relation%ip ( ! lov] & ! non-lov]8 ,socrates enc\nt]s ,pha$rus outside ! city wall4 ,! latt] has j come f he>+ a disc\rse by ,lysias :i* en*ant$ him ) its eloqu5ce4 ,he is prevail$ ^u to repeat ?is disc\rse1 & ! two seek out a %ady spot on ! banks ( ! ,ilissus4 ,n[ ! disc\rse is rem>kable because al?\gh x 0 89 a way1 a love spee*10 its argum5t 0 t p %\ld grant favors to non-lov]s r ?an to lov]s4 8,?is is j ! clev] ?+ ab\t x10 ,pha$rus rem>ks4 ,p are 9 ! habit ( pref]r+ _! lov]s1 b x is mu* m intellig5t1 z ! argum5t ( ,lysias runs1 to pref] a non-lov]4 ,accord+ly1 ! fir/ major topic ( ! dialogue is a eulogy ( ! non-lov]4 ,! spee* provides good subject matt] = je/+ on ! "p ( ,socrates1 & looks l ano!r exhibition ( ! *ildlike +5i\sness :i* gives ! ,greeks _! *>m4 ,is x m]ely a piece ( lit]>y trifl+8 ,r1 x is ,plato's dramati/ic pres5tation ( a major !sis4 ,b5ea? ! surface ( rep>tee & mock s]i\sness1 he is ask+ :e!r we ought to pref] a neut] =m ( spee* to ! k9d :i* is ev] gett+ u ar\s$ ov] ?+s & provok+ an exp5se ( _s4 ,sophi/ications ( !ory _c obscure ! tru? t !re are b ?ree ways = language to affect u4 ,x c move u t[>d :at is good2 x c move u t[>d :at is evil2 or x c1 9 hypo!tical ?ird place1 fail to move u at all4#d ,( c\rse !re are numb]less degrees ( effect "u ! fir/ two heads1 & ! ?ird1 z w be %[n1 is an approximate r ?an an absolute z]o ( effect4 ,b any utt]ance is a major assumption ( responsibility1 & ! assumption t "o c avoid t responsibility by do+ some?+ to language itself is "o ( ! *ief consid]ations ( ! ,pha$rus1 j z x is ( contempor>y semantic !ory4 ,:at ,plato has succe$$ 9 do+ 9 ?is dialogue1 :e!r by a rem>kably effac$ design1 or unconsci\sly ?r\gh ! =mal pressure ( 8 conception1 is to give u embodim5ts ( ! ?ree types ( disc\rse4 ,^! are respectively ! non-lov]1 ! evil lov]1 & ! noble lov]4 ,we %all take up ^! figures 9 _! sequ5ce & %[ _! relevance to ! problem ( language4 ,! eulogy ( ! non-lov] 9 ! spee* ( ,lysias1 z we he> x repeat$ to ,socrates1 /resses ! fact t ! non-lov] foll[s a policy ( enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! non-lov] does n neglect 8 affairs or commit extreme acts "u ! influ5ce ( passion4 ,s9ce he acts f calculation1 he nev] has occasion = remorse4 ,no "o ev] says ( him t he is n 9 8 "r m9d1 because all ( 8 acts are )9 prud5tial b\nds4 ,! fir/ po9t is1 9 sum1 t ! non-lov] nev] sacrifices himself & !re=e nev] feels ! vexation :i* ov]takes lov]s :5 !y recov] f _! passion & try to balance _! pa9s ) _! pr(it4 ,& ! non-lov] is con/ant :]eas ! lov] is incon/ant4 ,! fir/ argum5t !n is t ! non-lov] demon/rates 8 sup]iority ?r\gh prud5ce & objectivity4 ,! second po9t ( sup]iority f\nd 9 non-lov]s is t !re are _m m ( !m4 ,if "o is limit$ 9 "o's *oice to "o's lov]s1 ! range is small2 b z !re are always m non-lov]s ?an lov]s1 "o has a bett] *ance 9 *oos+ among _m ( f9d+ some?+ wor?y ( "o's affection4 ,a ?ird po9t ( sup]iority is t association ) ! non-lov] does n excite public comm5t4 ,if "o is se5 go+ ab\t ) ! object ( "o's love1 "o is likely to provoke gossip2 b :5 "o is se5 conv]s+ ) ! non-lov]1 p m]ely realize t 8ev]ybody mu/ conv]se ) somebody40 ,!re=e ?is k9d ( relation%ip does n affect "o's public /&+1 & "o is n di/urb$ by :at ! neighbors are say+4 ,f9ally1 non-lov]s are n jeal\s ( "o's associates4 ,accord+ly !y d n try to keep "o f companions ( intellect or weal? = fe> t !y may be out%one !mselves4 ,! lov]1 by contra/1 tries to draw 8 belov$ away f su* companion%ip & s deprives him ( improv+ associations4 ,! argum5t is conclud$ ) a g5]alization t "o ought to grant favors n to ! ne$y or ! importunate1 b to ^? :o are able to repay4 ,su* is ! favorable acc\nt ( ! non-lov] giv5 by ,lysias4 ,we mu/ n[ obs]ve h[ ^! po9ts ( sup]iority correspond to ^? ( 8semantically purifi$0 spee*4 ,by 8semantically purifi$ spee*0 we mean ! k9d ( spee* approa*+ pure notation 9 ! respect t x communicates ab/ract intellig5ce )\t impulsion4 ,x is a simple in/rum5tality1 %[+ no affection = ! object ( its symboliz+ & incapable ( induc+ bias 9 ! he>]4 ,9 its ideal conception1 x w\ld h less p[] to move ?an #b #b #d1 s9ce x is g5]ally admitt$ t ma!matical equations may h ! beauty ( elegance1 & h5ce are n above suspicion :]e beauty is suspect4 ,b ?is neut] language w be an unqualifi$ m$ium ( transmission ( mean+s f m9d to m9d1 & by virtue ( its m9ds c rema9 9 an unprejudic$ relation%ip to ! _w & also to o!r m9ds4 ,s9ce ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is language is abs5ce ( any?+ l affection1 x exhibits t[>d ! ?+ be+ repres5t$ m]ely a sob] fidelity1 l t ( ! non-lov] t[>d 8 companion4 ,in/ead ( passion1 x (f]s ! s]viceability ( objectivity4 ,its 8enlight5$ self-int]e/0 takes ! =m ( an unv>y+ accuracy & regul>ity 9 its symbolic ref]5ces1 mo/1 if n all ( :i* w be to v]ifiable data 9 ! extram5tal _w4 ,l a ?rifty burgh]1 x has no romanticism ab\t x2 & x di/ru/s any dep>ture f ! lit]al & prosaic4 ,! burgh] has 8 feet on ! gr\nd2 & simil>ly ! language ( pure notation has its po9t-by-po9t contact ) objective reality4 ,z ,/u>t ,*ase1 "o ( its mod]n propon5ts1 says 9 ,! ,tyranny ( ,words3 8,if we wi% to und]/& ! _w & ourselves1 x foll[s t we %\ld use a language ^: /ructure corresponds to physical /ructure0#e 7italics 874 ,s ?is language is m>ri$ to ! _w1 & its m>ital fidelity contra/s ) ! extravagances ( o!r languages4 ,9 second place1 ?is language is f> m 8available40 ,:]eas rhetorical language1 or language :i* w\ld p]suade1 mu/ always be p>ticul>iz$ to suit ! occasion1 draw+ its effectiv5ess f _m small nuances1 a 8utility0 language is v g5]al & "o has no difficulty putt+ 8 mean+ into x if he is satisfi$ ) a p>aphrase ( t mean+4 ,! #hej words recomm5d$ = ,basic ,engli%1 = example1 are highly available 9 ! s5se t all native us]s ( ,engli% h !m in/antly ready & le>n]s ( ,engli% c quickly acquire !m4 ,x soon becomes app>5t1 h[ev]1 t ! availability is a heavy tax ^u all o!r qualities4 ,mo/ ( :at we admire z en]gy & fullness t5ds to disappe> :5 m]e v]bal c\nt]s are us$4 ,! conv5tional or public aspect ( language c encroa* ^u ! sugge/ive or symbolical aspect1 until ! nam+ is vague or blurr$4 ,9 proportion z ! m$ium is conv5tional 9 ! wide/ s5se & avoids all individualiz+1 p]sonaliz+1 & height5+ t]ms1 x is common1 & ! commonness con/itutes ! negative virtue ascrib$ to ! non-lov]4 ,f9ally1 ) ref]5ce to ! ?ird qualification ( ! non-lov]1 x is true t neut] language does n excite public op9ion4 ,?is fact foll[s f its "* outl9$ above4 ,rhetorical language on ! o!r h&1 = :atev] purpose us$1 excites int]e/ & ) x ei!r pleasure or al>m4 ,p li/5 in/9ctively to ! man ^: spee* betrays incl9ation4 ,x does n matt] :at ! incl9ation is t[>d1 b we may say t ! great] ! degree ( incl9ation1 ! great] ! curiosity or response4 ,h5ce a 8/yle0 9 spee* always causes "o to be a m>k$ man1 & ! public may n be s mu* impress$--at lea/ initially--by :at ! man is = or aga9/ z by ! fact t he has a /yle4 ,! way !re=e to avoid public comm5t is to avoid ! spee* ( affection & to use t ( bus9ess1 s9ce1 to e*o ! orig9al proposition ( ,lysias1 ev]ybody kn[s t "o mu/ d bus9ess ) o!rs4 ,f ano!r /&po9t1 !n1 ?is is ! language ( prud5ce4 ,^! are ! features :i* give neut] disc\rse an appeal to ^? :o expect a sci5tific solution ( human problems4 ,9 summ+ up ! tr5d ( mean+1 we note t ,lysias has be5 prais+ a dis9t]e/$ k9d ( relation%ip :i* avoids all excesses & irrationalities1 all ! dem5tia ( love4 ,x is a circumspect k9d ( relation%ip1 :i* is pref]r$ by all m5 :o wi% to d well 9 ! _w & avoid tempe/u\s c\rses4 ,we h comp>$ its deta*m5t ) ! k9d ( ab/raction to be f\nd 9 sci5tific notation4 ,b z an e>ne/ ( :at is to come let u note1 9 tak+ leave ( ?is "p1 t ,pha$rus expresses admiration = ! eloqu5ce1 especially ( diction1 ) :i* ! suit ( ! non-lov] has be5 urg$4 ,?is is our w>n+ ( ! dilemma ( ! non-lov]4 ,n[ we turn to ! second major spee* ( ! dialogue1 :i* is made by ,socrates4 ,not)/&+ ,pha$rus' en?usia/ic praise1 ,socrates is dissatisfi$ ) ! spee* ( ! non-lov]4 ,he rememb]s hav+ he>d wis] ?+s on ! subject & feels t he c make a spee* on ! same !me 8diff]5t f ?is & q z good40 ,aft] "s playful ex*ange1 ,socrates laun*es ^u 8 own abuse ( love1 :i* c5t]s on ! po9t t ! lov] is an exploit]4 ,love 77 is def9$ z ! k9d ( desire :i* ov]comes rational op9ion & moves t[>d ! enjoym5t ( p]sonal or bodily beauty4 ,! lov] wi%es to make ! object ( 8 passion z pleas+ to himself z possible2 b to ^? possess$ by ?is fr5zy1 only t :i* is subject to _! w is pleasant4 ,accord+ly1 ev]y?+ :i* is oppos$1 or is equal or bett]1 ! lov] views ) ho/ility4 ,he naturally !re=e tries to make ! belov$ inf]ior to himself 9 e respect4 ,he is pleas$ if ! belov$ has intellectual limitations because !y h ! effect ( mak+ him manageable4 ,= a simil> reason he tries to keep him away f all influ5ces :i* might 8make a man ( him10 & ( c\rse ! greate/ ( ^! is div9e philosophy4 ,:ile he is work+ to keep him intellectually immature1 he works also to keep him weak & effem9ate1 ) su* h>mful result t ! belov$ is unable to play a man's "p 9 crises4 ,! lov] is1 moreov]1 jeal\s ( ! possession ( prop]ty because ?is gives ! belov$ an indep5d5ce :i* he does n wi% him to h4 ,?us ! lov] 9 ex]cis+ an unremitt+ compulsion ov] ! belov$ deprives him ( all praisewor?y qualities1 & ?is is ! price ! belov$ pays = accept+ a lov] :o is 8necess>ily )\t reason40 ,9 brief1 ! lov] is n motivat$ by b5evol5ce t[>d ! belov$1 b by selfi% appetite2 & ,socrates c aptly close ) ! quotation3 8,z wolves love lambs1 s lov]s love _! loves40 ,! spee* is on ! s+le !me ( exploitation4 ,x is important = u to keep 9 m9d ! object ( love z "h describ$1 because ano!r k9d ( love ) a diff]5t object is lat] introduc$ into ! dialogue1 & we %all discuss ! c\nt]p>t ( ea*4 ,z we look n[ = ! p>allel 9 language1 we f9d ourselves confront+ ! second ( ! ?ree alt]natives3 spee* :i* influ5ces u 9 ! direction ( :at is evil4 ,?is we %all call base rhetoric because its end is ! exploitation :i* ,socrates has be5 condemn+4 ,we f9d t base rhetoric hates t :i* is oppos$1 or is equal or bett] because all su* ?+s are imp$im5ts to its w1 & 9 ! la/ analysis x kn[s only its w4 ,tru? is ! /ubborn1 objective re/ra9t :i* ?is w endeavors to ov]come4 ,base rhetoric is !re=e always try+ to keep its objects f ! support :i* p]sonal c\rage1 noble associations1 & div9e philosophy provide a man4 ,! base rhetorician1 we may say1 is a man :o has yield$ to ! wrong aspects ( exi/5ce4 ,he has all[$ himself to succumb to ! sights & %[s1 to ! physical pleasures :i* conspire aga9/ noble life4 ,he kn[s t ! only way he c get a foll[+ 9 8 pursuits 7& a foll[+ seems necess>y to maximum enjoym5t ( ! pursuits7 is to "w aga9/ ! true und]/&+ ( 8 foll[]s4 ,consequ5tly ! ?+s :i* w\ld elevate he keeps out ( sight1 & ! ?+s ) :i* he surr\nds 8 8belov$0 are ^? :i* m9i/] imm$iately to desire4 ,! belov$ is ?us emasculat$ 9 und]/&+ 9 ord] t ! lov] may h 8 way4 ,or z ,socrates expresses x1 ! selfi% lov] contrives ?+s s t ! belov$ w be 8mo/ agreeable to him & mo/ h>mful to himself40 ,examples ( ?is k9d ( contrivance occur on e h& 9 ! impassion$ language ( j\rnalism & political plead+4 ,9 ! _w ( affairs :i* ^! seek to influ5ce1 ! _m are kept 9 a /ate ( pupillage s t !y w be mo/ docile to _! 8lov]s40 ,! te*niques ( ! base lov]1 especially z exemplifi$ 9 mod]n j\rnalism1 w\ld make a long catalogue1 b 9 g5]al x is accurate to say t he seeks to keep ! und]/&+ 9 a passive /ate by nev] p]mitt+ an hone/ exam9ation ( alt]natives4 ,no?+ is m fe>$ by him ?an a true dialectic1 = ?is n only endang]s 8 favor$ alt]native1 b also gives ! 8belov$0--h[ cle>ly "h are ^! ! 8lambs0 ( ,socrates' figure--"s tra9+ 9 intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,:at he does !re=e is dress up "o alt]native 9 all ! *eap f9]y ( imm$iate hopes & fe>s1 kn[+ t if he c ?us prev5t a mascul9e ex]cise ( imag9ation & w1 he c h 8 way4 ,by discuss+ only "o side ( an issue1 by m5tion+ cause )\t consequ5ce or consequ5ce )\t cause1 acts )\t ag5ts or ag5ts )\t ag5cy1#f he (t5 successfully blocks def9ition & cause-&-effect reason+4 ,9 ?is way 8 *oices are array$ 9 su* m]etrici\s images t "o c quickly inf] ! juv5ile m9d :i* !y w\ld attract4 ,( c\rse ! base rhetorician today1 ) 8 va/ly augm5t$ p[] ( propagation1 has means ( delud+ :i* no anci5t rhetor 9 =um or m>ket place c\ld h imag9$4 ,because ,socrates has n[ made a spee* aga9/ love1 repres5t+ x z an evil1 ! non-lov] seems to survive 9 e/imation4 ,we obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! non-lov]1 in/ead ( be+ celebrat$1 is dispos$ ( dialectically4 8,s1 9 a ^w1 ,i say t ! non-lov] possesses all ! advantages t are oppos$ to ! disadvantages we f\nd 9 ! lov]40 ,?is is n )\t be>+ ^u ! subject matt] ( ! important ?ird spee*1 to :i* we n[ turn4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! dialogue1 ,socrates is w>n$ by 8 monitory _s t he has be5 engag+ 9 a defamation ( love despite ! fact t love is a div9ity4 8,if love is1 z inde$ he is1 a god or some?+ div9e1 he c be no?+ evil2 b ! two spee*es j n[ said t he 0 evil40 ,^! disc\rses 7 !n an impiety--"o repres5t+ non-love z admirable & ! o!r attack+ love z base4 ,socrates resolves to make am5ds1 & ! recantation :i* foll[s is "o ( ! mo/ elaborate developm5ts 9 ! ,platonic sy/em4 ,! acc\nt ( love :i* em]ges f ?is new position may be summ>iz$ z foll[s4 ,love is (t5 c5sur$ z a =m ( madness1 yet n all madness is evil4 ,!re is a madness :i* is simple deg5]acy1 b on ! o!r h& !re are k9ds ( madness :i* are really =ms ( inspiration1 f :i* come ! greate/ gifts conf]r$ on man4 ,prophecy is a k9d ( madness1 & s too is poetry4 8,! poetry ( ! sane man vani%es into no?+ness be=e t ( ! inspir$ madman40 ,m]e sanity1 :i* is ( human orig91 is inf]ior to t madness :i* is inspir$ by ! gods & :i* is a condition = ! highe/ k9d ( a*ievem5t4 ,9 ?is category goes ! madness ( ! true lov]4 ,8 is a g5]\s /ate :i* conf]s bless+s to ! ignor+ ( self1 :]eas ! conduct ( ! non-lov] displays all ! selfi%ness ( bus9ess3 8! affection ( ! non-lov]1 :i* is alloy$ ) mortal prud5ce & foll[s mortal & p>simoni\s rules ( conduct w beget 9 ! belov$ s\l ! n>r[ness :i* common folk praise z virtue2 x w cause ! s\l to be a w&]] ^u ! e>? = n9e ?\s& ye>s & a fool bel[ ! e>? at la/40 ,x is ! vulg> :o d n realize t ! madness ( ! noble lov] is an inspir$ madness because he has 8 ?\ghts turn$ t[>d a beauty ( div9e orig94 ,n[ ! attitude ( ! noble lov] t[>d ! belov$ is 9 direct contra/ ) t ( ! evil lov]1 :o1 z we h se51 /rives to possess & victimize ! object ( 8 affections4 ,= once ! noble lov] has ma/]$ ! conflict )9 8 own s\l by conqu]+ appetite & fix+ 8 att5tion ^u ! intelligible & ! div9e1 he conceives an exalt$ attitude t[>d ! belov$4 ,! noble lov] n[ 8foll[s ! belov$ 9 rev]5ce & awe40 ,s ^? :o are fill$ ) ?is k9d ( love 8exhibit no jeal\sy or meanness t[>d ! lov$ "o1 b endeavor by e means 9 _! p[] to lead him to ! lik5ess ( ! god :om !y honor40 ,su* is ! conv]sion by :i* love turns f ! exploitative to ! creative4 ,"h x becomes necess>y to br+ our concepts toge!r & to ?9k ( all spee* hav+ p]suasive p[] z a k9d ( 8love40#g ,?us1 rhetorical spee* is madness to ! ext5t t x dep>ts f ! l9e :i* m]e sanity lays d[n4 ,!re is always 9 its /atem5t a k9d ( excess or defici5cy :i* is imm$iately disc]nible :5 ! te/ ( simple realism is appli$4 ,simple realism op]ates on a pr9ciple ( equation or correspond5ce2 "o ?+ mu/ mat* ano!r1 or1 repres5tation mu/ tally ) ?+ repres5t$1 l items 9 a tradesman's acc\nt4 ,any excess or defici5cy on ! "p ( ! repres5tation invokes ! exi/5ce ( ! _w ( symbolism1 :i* simple realism mu/ d5y4 ,?is expla9s :y !re is an immortal feud betwe5 m5 ( bus9ess & ! us]s ( metaphor & metonymy1 ! poets & ! rhetoricians4#h ,! man ( bus9ess1 ! n>r[ & p>simoni\s s\l 9 ! allusion ( ,socrates1 desires a _w :i* is a reliable mat]iality4 ,b ?is ! poet & rhetorician w nev] let him h1 = ea*1 ) 8 own purpose1 is try+ to advance ! bord]s ( ! imag9ative _w4 ,a primrose by ! riv]'s brim w n rema9 t 9 ! poet's acc\nt1 b is promptly turn$ into some?+ v mu* l>g] & some?+ highly implicative4 ,he :o is accu/om$ to record ! _w ) an abacus _c foll[ ^! transfigurations2 & inde$ ! v occurr5ce ( !m subtly und]m9es ! premise ( 8 bus9ess4 ,x is ! hi/oric t5d5cy ( ! tradesman1 !re=e1 to conf9e passion to q n>r[ *annels s t x w n upset ! dec5t bus9ess arrangem5ts ( ! _w4 ,b if ! poet1 z ! *ief trans=m] ( our picture ( ! _w1 is ! peculi> enemy ( ?is m5tality1 ! rhetorician is also ho/ile :5 practic+ ! k9d ( love prop] to him4 ,! 8passion0 9 8 spee* is revolution>y1 & x has a practical end4 ,we h n[ indicat$ ! significance ( ! ?ree types ( lov]s2 b ! rema9d] ( ! ,pha$rus has mu* m to say ab\t ! nature ( rhetoric1 & we mu/ return to "o or m po9ts to place our subject 9 a wid] context4 ,! problem ( rhetoric :i* occupi$ ,plato p]si/5tly1 n only 9 ! ,pha$rus b also 9 o!r dialogues :]e ?is art is review$1 may be be/ /at$ z a "q3 if tru? alone is n suffici5t to p]suade m51 :at else rema9s t c be legitimately add$8 ,9 "o ( ! ex*anges ) ,pha$rus1 ,socrates puts ! "q 9 ! m\? ( a p]sonifi$ ,rhetoric3 8,i d n compel anyone to le>n to speak )\t kn[+ ! tru?1 b if my advice is ( any value1 he le>ns t fir/ & !n acquires me4 ,s :at ,i claim is ?is1 t )\t my help ! k ( ! tru? does n give ! art ( p]suasion40 ,n[ rhetoric z we h discuss$ x 9 relation to ! lov]s consi/s ( tru? plus its artful pres5tation1 & = ?is reason x becomes necess>y to say some?+ m ab\t ! natural ord] ( dialectic & rhetoric4 ,9 any g5]al *>act]ization rhetoric w include dialectic1#i b = ! /udy ( me?od x is necess>y to sep>ate ! two4 ,dialectic is a me?od ( inve/igation ^: object is ! e/abli%m5t ( tru? ab\t d\btful propositions4 ,ari/otle 9 ! ,topics gives a concise /atem5t ( its nature4 8,a dialectical problem is a subject ( inquiry t contributes ei!r to *oice or avoidance1 or to tru? & k1 & t ei!r by itself1 or z a help to ! solution ( "s o!r su* problem4 ,x mu/1 moreov]1 be some?+ on :i* ei!r p hold no op9ion ei!r way1 or ! masses hold a contr>y op9ion to ! philosoph]s1 or ! philosoph]s to ! masses1 or ea* ( !m among !mselves40#aj ,plato is n p]fectly cle> ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 positive & dialectical t]ms4 ,9 "o passage#aa he contra/s ! 8positive0 t]ms 8iron0 & 8silv]0 ) ! 8dialectical0 t]ms 8ju/ice0 & 8goodness02 yet 9 o!r passages 8 8dialectical0 t]ms seem to include categorizations ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,?us ,socrates indicates t di/+ui%+ ! horse f ! ass is a dialectical op]ation2#ab & he tells u lat] t a good dialectician is able to divide ?+s by classes 8:]e ! natural jo9ts are0 & w avoid break+ any "p 8aft] ! mann] ( a bad c>v]40#ac ,su*1 p]haps1 is ,ari/otle's dialectic :i* contributes to tru? & k4 ,b !re is a bran* ( dialectic :i* contributes to 8*oice or avoidance10 & x is ) ?is t rhetoric is regul>ly f\nd jo9$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ?is is a rhetoric involv+ que/ions ( policy1 & ! dialectic :i* prec$es x w det]m9e n ! application ( positive t]ms b t ( t]ms :i* are subject to ! cont+5cy ( evaluation4 ,"h dialectical inquiry w conc]n itself n ) :at is 8iron0 b ) :at is 8good40 ,x seeks to e/abli% :at belongs 9 ! category ( ! 8j0 r ?an :at belongs 9 ! g5us ,canis4 ,z a g5]al rule1 simple object words su* z 8iron0 & 8h\se0 h no connotations ( policy1 al?\gh x is frequ5tly possible to give !m ^! ?r\gh spee* situations 9 :i* !re is add$ to _! ref]5tial function a k9d ( impulse4 ,we %\ld h to int]pret 9 ?is way 8,fire60 or 8,gold60 because ^! t]ms acquire some?+ ?r\gh intonation & relation%ip :i* places !m 9 ! class ( evaluative expressions4 ,any piece ( p]suasion1 !re=e1 w conta9 z its fir/ process a dialectic e/abli%+ t]ms :i* h to d ) policy4 ,n[ a t]m ( policy is ess5tially a t]m ( motion1 & "h beg9s ! congru5ce ( rhetoric ) ! s\l :i* und]lies ! speculation ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,9 8 my? ( ! *>iote]1 ,socrates decl>es t e s\l is immortal because 8t :i* is ev] mov+ is immortal40 ,motion1 x w\ld appe> f ?is def9ition1 is "p ( ! s\l's ess5ce4 ,& j because ! s\l is ev] t5d+1 positive or indiff]5t t]ms _c p>take ( ?is congru5ce4 ,b t]ms ( t5d5cy--goodness1 ju/ice1 div9ity1 & ! l--are t]ms ( motion & !re=e may be said to comport ) ! s\l's ess5ce4 ,! s\l's p]ception ( goodness1 ju/ice1 & div9ity w dep5d ^u its prop] t5d5cy1 :ile at ! same "t contacts ) ^! 9 disc\rse confirm & direct t t5d5cy4 ,! education ( ! s\l is n a process ( br++ x into correspond5ce ) a physical /ructure l ! ext]nal _w1 b r a process ( rightly affect+ its motion4 ,by ?is conception1 a s\l :i* is rightly affect$ calls t good :i* is good2 b a s\l :i* is wrongly turn$ calls t good :i* is evil4 ,:at ,plato has prep>$ u to see is t ! virtu\s rhetorician1 :o is a lov] ( tru?1 has a s\l ( su* movem5t t its dialectical p]ceptions are consonant ) ^? ( a div9e m9d4 ,or1 9 ! language ( m te*nical philosophy1 ?is s\l is aw>e ( axiological sy/ems :i* h ontic /atus4 ,! good s\l1 consequ5tly1 w n urge a p]v]sion ( ju/ice z ju/ice 9 ord] to impose ^u ! commonweal?4 ,ins(> z ! s\l has its impulse 9 ! "r direction1 its def9itions w agree ) ! true nature ( intelligible ?+s4 ,!re is1 !n1 no true rhetoric )\t dialectic1 = ! dialectic provides t basis ( 8high speculation ab\t nature0 )\t :i* rhetoric 9 ! n>r[] s5se has no?+ to "w ^u4 ,yet1 :5 ! disput$ t]ms h be5 e/abli%$1 we are at ! limit ( dialectic4 ,h[ does ! noble rhetorician proce$ f ?is po9t on8 ,t ! cle>e/ demon/ration 9 t]ms ( logical inclusion & exclusion (t5 fails to w9 ass5t we h>dly ne$ /ate2 !re=e1 to :at does ! rhetorician resort at ?is critical passage8 ,x is ! /age at :i* he passes f ! logical to ! analogical1 or x is :]e figuration comes into rhetoric4 ,to look at ?is = a mom5t ?r\gh a practical illu/ration1 let u suppose t a speak] has conv9c$ 8 li/5]s t 8 position is 8true0 z f> z dialectical inquiry may be pu%$4 ,n[ he sets ab\t mov+ ! li/5]s t[>d t position1 b !re is no way to move !m except ?r\gh ! op]ation ( analogy4 ,! analogy proce$s by %[+ t ! position be+ urg$ resembles or p>takes ( some?+ great] & f9]4 ,x w be repres5t$1 9 sum1 z "o ( ! /eps lead+ t[>d ultimate good4 ,let u fur!r suppose our speak] to be argu+ = ! paym5t ( a j debt4 ,! paym5t ( ! j debt is n itself ju/ice1 b ! paym5t ( ?is p>ticul> debt is "o ( ! _m ?+s :i* w\ld h to be done be=e ?is c\ld be a completely j _w4 ,x is j1 !n1 because x p>takes ( ! ideal ju/ice1 or x is a small analogue ( all ju/ice 79 practice x w be f\nd t ! rhetorician makes ext5sive use ( synecdo*e1 :]eby ! small "p is us$ z a vivid sugge/ion ( ! gr&eur ( ! :ole74 ,x is by br++ out ^! resemblances t ! good rhetorician leads ^? :o li/5 9 ! direction ( :at is good4 ,9 effect1 he p]=ms a cure ( s\ls by giv+ impulse1 *iefly ?r\gh figuration1 t[>d an ideal good4 ,we n[ see ! true rhetorician z a noble lov] ( ! good1 :o works ?r\gh dialectic & ?r\gh poetic or analogical association4 ,h[ev] he is compell$ to modulate by ! peculi> features ( an occasion1 ?is is 8 me?od4 ,x may n be sup]flu\s to draw att5tion to ! fact t :at we h "h outl9$ is ! me?od ( ! ,pha$rus itself4 ,! dialectic appe>s 9 ! dispute ab\t love4 ,! curr5t !sis t love is praisewor?y is c\nt]$ by ! anti!sis t love is blamewor?y4 ,?is position is fully develop$ 9 ! spee* ( ,lysias & 9 ! fir/ spee* ( ,socrates4 ,b ?is position is c\nt]$ by a new !sis t aft] all love is praisewor?y because x is a div9e ?+4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is love on a high] level1 or love re-def9$4 ,?is is ! regul> process ( transc5d5ce :i* we h not$ be=e4 ,n[1 hav+ rescu$ love f ! imputation ( evil by exclud+ c]ta9 ?+s f its def9ition1 :at does ,socrates d8 ,q 9 accordance ) our analysis1 he turns rhetorician4 ,he tries to make ?is love z attractive z possible by br++ 9 ! spl5did figure ( ! *>iote]4#ad ,9 ! n>r[] conception ( ?is art1 ! allegory is ! rhetoric1 = x excites & fills u ) desire = ?is k9d ( love1 depict$ ) _m t]ms hav+ t5d5cy t[>d ! good4 ,b 9 ! broad] conception ! art mu/ include also ! dialectic1 :i* succe$$ 9 plac+ love 9 ! category ( div9e ?+s be=e fill+ our imag9ations ) attributes ( div9ity4#ae ,x is s regul>ly ! me?od ( ,plato to foll[ a subtle analysis ) a /rik+ my? t x is n unreasonable to call him ! ma/] rhetorician4 ,?is goes f> to expla9 :y ^? :o reject 8 philosophy sometimes rem>k 8 lit]>y art ) m+l$ admiration & annoyance4 ,! objection sometimes made t rhetoric _c be us$ by a lov] ( tru? because x indulges 9 8exagg]ations0 c be answ]$ z foll[s4 ,!re is an exagg]ation :i* is m]e wantonness1 & ) ?is ! true rhetorician has no?+ to d4 ,su* exagg]ation is purely impressioni/ic 9 aim4 ,l c>icature1 ^: only object is to amuse1 x seizes ^u any trait or aspect :i* c\ld produce titillation & exploits ?is )\t consci5ce4 ,if all rhetoric 7 l ?is1 we %\ld h to grant t rhetoricians are p]sons ( v l[ responsibility & _! art a disreputable "o4 ,b ! rhetorician we h n[ def9$ is n int]e/$ 9 s5sationalism4 ,! exagg]ation :i* ?is rhetorician employs is n c>icature b prophecy2 & x w\ld be a fair =mulation to say t true rhetoric is conc]n$ ) ! pot5cy ( ?+s4 ,! lit]ali/1 l ! anti-poet describ$ e>li]1 is tr\bl$ by its failure to con=m to a pres5t reality4 ,:at he fails to appreciate is t pot5tiality is a mode ( exi/5ce1 & t all prophecy is ab\t ! t5d5cy ( ?+s4 ,! disc\rse ( ! noble rhetorician1 accord+ly1 w be ab\t real pot5tiality or possible actuality1 :]eas t ( ! m]e exagg]ator is ab\t unreal pot5tiality4 ,naturally ?is di/9ction re/s ^u a supposal t ! rhetorician has insight1 & we c\ld n def5d him 9 ! abs5ce ( t condition4 ,b giv5 insight1 he has ! duty to repres5t to u ! z yet unactualiz$ future4 ,x w\ld be1 = example1 a misrepres5tation ( curr5t facts b n ( pot5tial ones to talk ab\t ! joys ( peace 9 a "t ( w>4 ,dur+ ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 at ! dep? ( ,brita9's political & milit>y disa/]1 ,w9/on ,*ur*ill lik5$ ! future ( ,europe to 8broad sunlit upl&s40 ,n[ if "o _h reg>d only = ! h\r1 ?is 0 a piece ( m5dacity su* z ! wor/ *>latans are f\nd committ+2 b if "o took ,*ur*ill's premises & !n consid]$ ! pot5tiality1 ! picture 0 )9 b\nds ( actualization4 ,8 8exagg]ation0 0 t ! defeat ( ! enemy w\ld place ,europe 9 a position = long & peaceful progress4 ,at ! "t ! surface tr5ds ran ! o!r way2 ! actuality 0 a valley ( humiliation4 ,yet ! hope :i* transfigur$ ?is to 8broad sunlit upl&s0 0 n irresponsible1 & we conclude by say+ t ! rhetorician talks ab\t bo? :at exi/s simply & :at exi/s by favor ( human imag9ation & ef=t4#af ,?is int]e/ 9 actualization is a fur!r di/9ction betwe5 pure dialectic & rhetoric4 ,) its =eca/ ( ! actual possibility1 rhetoric passes f m]e sci5tific demon/ration ( an idea to its relation to prud5tial conduct4 ,a dialectic mu/ take place 9 vacuo1 & ! fact alone t x conta9s contr>ies leaves x an intellectual ?+4 ,rhetoric1 on ! o!r h&1 always esp\ses "o ( ! contr>ies4 ,?is esp\sal is foll[$ by "s attempt at imp+em5t ^u actuality4 ,t is :y rhetoric1 ) its passion = ! actual1 is m complete ?an m]e dialectic ) its dry und]/&+4 ,x is m complete on ! premise t man is a creature ( passion :o mu/ live out t passion 9 ! _w4 ,pure contemplation does n suffice = ?is end4 ,z ,jacques ,m>ita9 has express$ x3 8love 444 is n direct$ at possibilities or pure ess5ces2 x is direct$ at :at exi/s2 "o does n love possibilities1 "o loves t :i* exi/s or is de/9$ to exi/40#ag ,! complete man1 !n1 is ! 8lov]0 add$ to ! sci5ti/2 ! rhetorician to ! dialectician4 ,und]/&+ foll[$ by actualization seems to be ! ord] ( creation1 & !re is no ne$ = ! role ( rhetoric to be misconceiv$4 ,! pure dialectician is left 9 ! !oretical position ( ! non-lov]1 :o c atta9 und]/&+ b :o _c add impulse to tru?4 ,we are compell$ to say 8!oretical position0 because x is by no means c]ta9 t 9 ! _w ( actual spee* ! non-lov] has m ?an a putative exi/5ce4 ,we h se5 previ\sly t 8 spee* w\ld consi/ ( /rictly ref]5tial words :i* w\ld s]ve only z designata4 ,n[ ! "q arises3 at :at po9t is motive to come into su* language8 ,k5ne? ,burke 9 ,a ,gramm> ( ,motives has po9t$ to 8! patt]n ( emb>rassm5t beh9d ! contempor>y ideal ( a language t w be/ promote good action by entirely elim9at+ ! elem5t ( exhortation or comm&4 ,ins(> z su* a project succe$$1 its t]ms w\ld involve a n>r[+ ( circumf]5ce to a po9t :]e ! pr9ciple ( p]sonal action is elim9at$ f language1 s t an act w\ld foll[ f x only z a non-sequitur1 a k9d ( humanit>ian aft]-?\ght40#ah ,! fault ( ?is conception ( language is t sci5tific int5tion turns out to be enclos$ 9 arti/ic int5tion & n vice v]sa4 ,let u te/ ?is by tak+ z an example "o ( ^? 8fact-f9d+ committees0 s favor$ by mod]n repres5tative gov]nm5ts4 ,a language 9 :i* all else is suppress$ 9 favor ( nucle> mean+s w\ld be an ideal in/rum5tality = ! report ( su* a committee4 ,b ?is committee1 if x liv$ up to ! ideal ( its conception1 w\ld h to be foll[$ by an 8attitude-f9d+ committee0 to tell u :at its explorations really mean4 ,9 real practice ! fact-f9d+ committee und]/&s well en\gh t x is also an attitude-f9d+ committee1 & :]e x _c %[ incl9ation ?r\gh language ( t5d5cy1 x usually manages to d s ?r\gh selection & arrangem5t ( ! o!rwise in>ticulate facts4 ,to recur "h to ! orig9al situation 9 ! dialogue1 we recall t ! eloqu5t ,lysias1 pos+ z a non-lov]1 _h conceal$ designs ^u ,pha$rus1 s t 8 f9e spee* 0 really a %eep's clo?+4 ,socrates disc]n$ 9 him a 8peculi> craft9ess40 ,"o mu/ suspect ! same today ( _m :o ask u to place our fai? 9 ! neutrality ( _! disc\rse4 ,we _c d5y t !re are degrees ( objectivity 9 ! ref]5ce ( spee*4 ,b ?is is n ! same z an assurance t a vocabul>y ( r$uc$ mean+s w solve ! problems ( mank9d4 ,_m ( ^? problems w h to be h&l$1 z ,socrates well knew1 by ! /ud5t ( s\ls1 :o mu/ prim>ily make use ( ! language ( t5d5cy4 ,! s\l is impulse1 n simply cognition2 & f9ally "o's int]e/ 9 rhetoric dep5ds on h[ mu* poignancy "o s5ses 9 exi/5ce4#ai ,rhetoric moves ! s\l ) a movem5t :i* _c f9ally be ju/ifi$ logically4 ,x c only be valu$ analogically ) ref]5ce to "s supreme image4 ,!re=e :5 ! rhetorician enc\nt]s "s s\l 8s9k+ b5ea? ! d\ble load ( =getfulness & vice0 he seeks to re-animate x by hold+ up to its sight ! ord] ( presumptive goods4 ,?is ord] is necess>ily a hi]>*y lead+ up to ! ultimate good4 ,all ( ! t]ms 9 a rhetorical vocabul>y are l l9ks 9 a *a9 /ret*+ up to "s ma/] l9k :i* transmits its influ5ce d[n ?r\gh ! l9kages4 ,x is impossible to talk ab\t rhetoric z effective expression )\t hav+ z a t]m giv+ intelligibility to ! :ole disc\rse1 ! ,good4 ,( c\rse1 inf]ior concepts ( ! ,good may be & (t5 are plac$ 9 ?is ultimate position2 & !re is no?+ to keep a base lov] f inv]t+ ! prop] ord] & say+1 8,evil1 be ?\ my good40 ,yet ! fact rema9s t 9 any piece ( rhetorical disc\rse1 "o rhetorical t]m ov]comes ano!r rhetorical t]m only by be+ ne>] to ! t]m :i* /&s ultimate4 ,!re is "s gr\nd = call+ a rhetorical education necess>ily an ari/ocratic education 9 t ! rhetorician has to deal ) an ari/ocracy ( notions1 to say no?+ ( supplem5t+ 8 logical & pa!tic pro(s ) an e?ical pro(4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 rhetoric1 noble or base1 is a great p[] 9 ! _w2 & we note accord+ly t at ! c5t] ( ! public life ( e p !re is a fi]ce /ruggle ov] :o %all control ! means ( rhetorical propagation4 ,today we set up 8(fices ( in=mation10 :i* l ! sly lov] 9 ! dialogue1 pose z non-lov]s :ile pu%+ _! suits4 ,b !re is no reason to despair ov] ! fact t m5 w nev] give up seek+ to influ5ce "o ano!r4 ,we w\ld n desire x to be o!rwise2 neut] disc\rse is a false idol1 to wor%ip :i* is to commit ! v (f5se = :i* ,socrates made expiation 9 8 second spee*4 ,s9ce we want n emancipation f impulse b cl>ification ( impulse1 ! duty ( rhetoric is to br+ toge!r action & und]/&+ into a :ole t is great] ?an sci5tific p]ception4#bj ,! realization t j z no action is really indiff]5t1 s no utt]ance is )\t its responsibility introduces1 x is true1 a c]ta9 /r5u\sity into life1 produc$ by a consci\sness t 8no?+ is lo/40 ,yet ?is is pref]able to t desolation :i* proce$s f an inf9ite disp]sion or feel+ ( unacc\ntability4 ,ev5 s1 ! *oice betwe5 !m is h>dly ours to make2 we did n create ! ord] ( ?+s1 b be+ acc\ntable = our impulses1 we wi% ^! to be j4 ,?us :5 we f9ally dive/ rhetoric ( all ! notions ( artifice :i* h gr[n up ar\nd x1 we are left ) some?+ v mu* l ,sp9oza's 8intellectual love ( ,god40 ,?is is its ess5ce & ! fons et origo ( its p[]4 ,x is 8intellectual0 because1 z we h previ\sly se51 !re is no hone/ rhetoric )\t a prec$+ dialectic4 ,! k9d ( rhetoric :i* is ju/ly condemn$ is utt]ance 9 support ( a position be=e t position has be5 adjudicat$ ) ref]5ce to ! :ole univ]se ( disc\rse#ba--;& ( su* ! _w always produces m ?an en\gh4 ,x is 8love0 because x is some?+ 9 addition to b>e !oretical tru?4 ,t elem5t 9 addition is a desire to br+ tru? into a k9d ( exi/5ce1 or to give x an actuality to :i* !ory is indiff]5t4 ,n[ :at is to be said ab\t our la/ expression1 8( ,god08 ,e*oes ( !ological w>f>e w cause _m to desire a sub/itute = ?is1 & we %\ld n object4 ,z long z we h 9 ultimate place ! highe/ good man c intuit1 ! relation%ip is made p]fect4 ,we %all be cont5t ) 8intellectual love ( ! ,good40 ,x is /ill ! intellectual love ( good :i* causes ! noble lov] to desire n to dev\r 8 belov$ b to %ape him accord+ to ! gods z f> z mortal p[] all[s4 ,s rhetoric at its true/ seeks to p]fect m5 by %[+ !m bett] v]sions ( !mselves1 l9ks 9 t *a9 ext5d+ up t[>d ! ideal1 :i* only ! intellect c appreh5d & only ! s\l h affection =4 ,?is is ! ju/ifi$ affection ( :i* no "o c be a%am$1 & he :o feels no influ5ce ( x is truly outside ! communion ( m9ds4 ,rhetoric appe>s1 f9ally1 z a means by :i* ! impulse ( ! s\l to be ev] mov+ is r$eem$4 ,x may be grant$ t 9 ?is essay we h gone "s di/ance f ! banks ( ! ,ilissus4 ,:at began z a simple acc\nt ( passion becomes by transc5d5ce an allegory ( all spee*4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( sugge/+ t ,plato _h 9 m9d e application :i* has "h be5 made1 b t ne$ n arise z an issue4 ,! /ructure ( ! dialogue1 ! way 9 :i* ! judgm5ts ab\t spee* conc5tre1 & especially ! close association ( ! true1 ! beautiful1 & ! good1 con/itute a unity ( implication4 ,! c5tral idea is t all spee*1 :i* is ! means ! gods h giv5 man to express 8 s\l1 is a =m ( eros1 9 ! prop] int]pretation ( ! ^w4 ,) t tru? ! rhetorician w always be br\ght face to face z soon z he v5tures beyond ! consid]ation ( m]e artifice & device4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,,dialectic ,,& ,,rhetoric ,,at ,,dayton1 ,,t5nessee ,we h ma9ta9$ t dialectic & rhetoric are di/+ui%able /ages ( argum5tation1 al?\gh (t5 !y are n di/+ui%$ by ! pr(essional m9d1 to say no?+ ( ! popul> m9d4 ,dialectic is t /age :i* def9es ! subject satisfactorily ) reg>d to ! logos1 or ! set ( propositions mak+ up "s coh]5t univ]se ( disc\rse2 & we c !re=e say t a dialectical position is e/abli%$ :5 its relation to an opposite has be5 made cle> & x is ?us rationally r ?an empirically su/a9$4 ,despite ! inconclusiv5ess ( ,plato on ?is subject1 we %all say t facts are nev] dialectically det]m9$--al?\gh !y may be elaborat$ 9 a dialectical sy/em--& t ! urg5cy ( facts is nev] a dialectical conc]n4 ,= simil> reasons ,pr(essor ,adl]1 9 8 se>*+ /udy ( dialectic1 ma9ta9s ! position t 8,facts1 t is non-discursive elem5ts1 are nev] det]m9ative ( dialectic 9 a logical or intellectual s5se44440#bb ,:at a successful dialectic secures = any position !re=e1 z we not$ 9 ! op5+ *apt]1 is n actuality b possibility2 & :at rhetoric !reaft] accompli%es is to take any dialectically secur$ position 7s9ce positive positions1 l ! 8position0 t wat] freezes at #cb;,f41 are n matt]s = rhetorical appeal7 & %[ its relation%ip to ! _w ( prud5tial conduct4 ,?is is tantam\nt to say+ t :at ! specifically rhetorical plea asks ( u is belief1 :i* is a prelim9>y to action4 ,x may be helpful to /ate ?is relation%ip ?r\gh an example less complex ?an t ( ! ,platonic dialogue4 ,! speak] :o 9 a dialectical conte/ has tak5 ! position t 8magnanimity is a virtue0 has by 8 process ( opposition & exclusion won our intellectual ass5t1 inasmu* z we see ! ab/ract possibility ( ?is position 9 ! _w ( disc\rse4 ,he has n1 h[ev]1 produc$ 9 u a resolve to practice magnanimity4 ,to accompli% ?is he mu/ pass f ! realm ( possibility to t ( actuality2 x is n ! logical inv9cibility ( 8magnanimity0 enclos$ 9 ! class 8virtue0 :i* w9s our ass5t2 r x is ! contemplation ( magnanimity sub specie actuality4 ,accord+ly :5 we say t rhetoric in/ills belief & action1 we are say+ t x int]sects possibility ) ! plane ( actuality & h5ce ( ! imp]ative4#bc ,a failure to appreciate ?is di/9ction is responsible = _m lame p]=mances 9 our public controv]sies4 ,! effects are1 9 outl9e1 t ! dialectician _c und]/& :y 8 demon/ration does n w9 conv]ts2 & ! rhetorician _c und]/& :y 8 appeal is reject$ z speci\s4 ,! answ]1 z we h begun to indicate1 is t ! dialectic has n made ref]5ce to reality1 :i* m5 confront$ ) problems ( conduct require2 & ! rhetorician has n se>*$ ! gr\nds ( ! position on :i* he has p]haps sp5t mu* eloqu5ce4 ,true1 ! dialectician & ! rhetorician are (t5 "o man1 & ! two processes may n lie ap>t 9 8 "w2 b no /ud5t ( ! art ( argum5tation c d\bt t "s extraord9>y confusions w\ld be prev5t$ by a k ( ! !ory ( ?is di/9ction4 ,beyond ?is1 repres5tative gov]nm5t w\ld receive a tonic effect f any improvem5t ( ! ability ( an electorate to di/+ui% logical positions f ! detail ( rhetorical amplification4 ,! ,briti%1 ?r\gh _! cu/om ( putt+ que/ions to public speak]s & to (fic]s ( gov]nm5t 9 ,p>liam5t1 probably come ne>e/ to gett+ "s dialectical cl>ification f _! public figures4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e !re is no su* cu/om1 x is up to ea* disputant to =ce ! o!r to reveal 8 gr\nds2 & ?is1 9 ! ardor ( %or+ up 8 own position rhetorically1 he (t5 fails to d ) any ?or\ghness4 ,x %\ld !re=e be pr(itable to try ! k9d ( analysis we h expla9$ ^u "s celebrat$ public controv]sy1 ) ! object ( %[+ h[ su* grasp ( rhetorical !ory c\ld h made ! issues cle>]4 ,= ?is purpose1 x w\ld be h>d to ?9k ( a bett] example ?an ! ,scopes 8evolution0 trial ( a g5]ation ago4 ,!re is no d5y+ t ?is trial _h _m aspects ( ! f>cical1 & x might seem at fir/ glance n s]i\s en\gh to w>rant ?is type ( exam9ation4 ,yet at ! "t x 0 consid]$ s]i\s en\gh to draw ! mo/ celebrat$ trial lawy]s ( ! c\ntry1 z well z "s ( ! mo/ em95t sci5ti/s2 moreov]1 aft] "o has cut ?r\gh ! s5sationalism ) :i* j\rnalism & a few ( ! pr9cipals clo!d ! enc\nt]1 "o f9ds a unique alignm5t ( dialectical & rhetorical positions4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! trial c be n>rat$ briefly4 ,on ,m>* #ba1 #aibe1 ! /ate ( ,t5nessee pass$ a law =bidd+ ! tea*+ ( ! !ory ( evolution 9 publicly support$ s*ools4 ,! language ( ! law 0 z foll[s3 ,section #a4 ,be x enact$ by ! g5]al assembly ( ! /ate ( ,t5nessee1 t x %all be unlawful = any tea*] 9 any ( ! univ]sities1 normals & all o!r public s*ools ( ! /ate1 :i* are support$ 9 :ole or 9 "p by ! public s*ool funds ( ! /ate1 to tea* any !ory t d5ies ! /ory ( ! ,div9e creation ( man z taught 9 ! ,bible1 & to tea* in/ead t man has desc5d$ f a l[] ord] ( animals4 ,t same spr+ ,john ,t4 ,scopes1 a "y in/ructor 9 biology 9 ! high s*ool at ,dayton1 made an agreem5t ) "s local citiz5s to tea* su* a !ory & to cause himself to be indict$ !re= ) ! object ( te/+ ! validity ( ! law4 ,! indictm5t 0 duly return$1 & ! two sides prep>$ = ! conte/4 ,! issue excit$ ! nation z a :ole2 & ! trial drew z oppos+ c\nsel ,cl>5ce ,d>r[1 ! celebrat$ ,*icago lawy]1 & ,william ,j5n+s ,bryan1 ! =m] political lead] & evangelical lectur]4 ,! rem>kable aspect ( ?is trial 0 t almo/ f ! fir/ ! def5se1 plead+ ! cause ( sci5ce1 0 =c$ into ! role ( rhetorician2 :]eas ! prosecution1 plead+ ! cause ( ! /ate1 clung /ubbornly to a dialectical position4 ,?is developm5t occurr$ because ! argum5t ( ! def5se1 once ! legal te*nicalities 7 got ov]1 0 t evolution is 8true40 ,! argum5t ( ! prosecution 0 t its tea*+ 0 unlawful4 ,^! two argum5ts dep5d ^u rhetoric & dialectic respectively4 ,because ( ?is circum/ance1 ! fam\s trial turn$ into an argum5t ab\t ! ord]s ( k1 al?\gh ?is fact 0 nev] cle>ly express$1 if x 0 ev] disc]n$1 by ei!r side1 & t is ! ma9 subject ( our analysis4 ,b be=e go+ into ! matt] ( ! trial1 a slight prologue may be 9 ord]4 ,x is only ! fir/ /ep beyond philosophic navete to realize t !re are diff]5t ord]s ( k1 or t n all k is ( ! same k9d ( ?+4 ,adl]1 ^: analysis ,i am satisfi$ to accept to "s ext5t1 di/+ui%es ! ord]s z foll[s4 ,fir/ !re is ! ord] ( facts ab\t exi/+ physical entities4 ,^! con/itute ! simple data ( sci5ce4 ,next come ! /atem5ts :i* are /atem5ts ab\t ^! facts2 ^! are ! propositions or !ories ( sci5ce4 ,next !re come ! /atem5ts ab\t ^! /atem5ts3 8,! propositions :i* ^! la/ /atem5ts express =m a p>tial univ]se ( disc\rse :i* is ! body ( philosophical op9ion40#bd ,to illu/rate 9 sequ5ce3 ! anatomical measurem5ts ( ,pi!can?ropus erectus w\ld be k ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,a !ory bas$ on ^! measurem5ts :i* plac$ him 9 a c]ta9 gr\p ( relat$ organisms w\ld be k ( ! second ord]4 ,a /atem5t ab\t ! value or ! implications ( ! !ory ( ?is placem5t w\ld be k ( ! ?ird ord]2 x w\ld be ! judgm5t ( a sci5tific !ory f a dialectical position4 ,x is at once app>5t t ! ,t5nessee 8anti-evolution0 law 0 a /atem5t ( ! ?ird class4 ,t is to say1 x 0 nei!r a collection ( sci5tific facts1 nor a /atem5t ab\t ^? facts 7i4e41 a !ory or a g5]alization72 x 0 a /atem5t ab\t a /atem5t 7! sci5ti/s' /atem5t7 purport+ to be bas$ on ^? facts4 ,x 01 to use ,adl]'s phrase1 a philosophical op9ion1 ?\gh express$ 9 ! language ( law4 ,n[ s9ce ! body ( philosophical op9ion is on a level :i* surm\nts ! p>tial univ]se ( sci5ce1 h[ is x possible = ! latt] ev] to refute ! =m]8 ,9 %ort1 is !re any numb] ( facts1 toge!r ) g5]alizations bas$ on facts1 :i* w\ld be suffici5t to ov]come a dialectical position8 ,?r\gh\t ! trial ! def5se t5d$ to take ! view t sci5ce c\ld c>ry ! day j by be+ sci5tific4 ,b 9 do+ ?is1 "o assumes t !re are no po9ts outside ! empirical realm f :i* "o c =m judgm5ts ab\t sci5ce4 ,sci5ce1 by ?is conception1 mu/ conta9 n only its facts1 b also ! means ( its own evaluation1 s t ! /atem5ts ab\t ! /atem5ts ( sci5ce are sci5ce too4 ,! publi%$ record ( ! trial runs to approximately ?ree hundr$ pages1 & x w\ld obvi\sly be difficult to pres5t a dige/ ( all t 0 said4 ,b ?r\gh a c>efully select$ s]ies ( exc]pts1 x may be possible to %[ h[ bl[s 7 trad$ back & =? f ! two positions4 ,! foll[+ passages1 ?\gh n cont9u\s1 af=d ! cle>e/ picture ( ! dialectical-rhetorical conflict :i* und]lay ! entire trial4 ,,! ,,c\rt 79 *>g+ ! gr& jury7 ,y w be> 9 m9d t 9 ?is inve/igation y are n int]e/$ to inquire into ! policy ( ?is legislation4#be ,,! ,,def5se ,mr4 ,d>r[3 ,i don't suppose ! c\rt has consid]$ ! "q ( compet5cy ( evid5ce4 ,my associates & myself h fairly def9ite ideas z to x1 b ,i don't "k h[ ! c\nsel on ! o!r side feel ab\t x4 ,i ?9k t sci5ti/s are compet5t evid5ce--or compet5t witnesses "h1 to expla9 :at evolution is1 & t !y are compet5t on bo? sides4 ,,! ,,prosecution ,attorney-,g5]al ,/ew>t3 ,if ! ,c\rt please1 9 ?is case1 z ,mr4 ,d>r[ /at$1 ! def5se is go+ to insi/ on introduc+ sci5ti/s & ,bible /ud5ts to give _! ideas on c]ta9 views ( ?is law1 & t1 ,i am frank to /ate1 w be resi/$ by ! /ate z vigor\sly z we "k h[ to resi/ x4 ,we h _h a conf]5ce or two ab\t ! matt]1 & we ?9k t x isn't compet5t evid5ce2 t is1 x is n compet5t to br+ into ?is case sci5ti/s :o te/ify z to :at ! !ory ( evolution is or int]pret ! ,bible or any?+ ( t sort4 ,,! ,,def5se ,mr4 ,neal3 ,! def5dant moves ! c\rt to qua% ! indictm5t 9 ?is case = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,9 t x violates ,sec4 #ab1 ,art4 ,,xi1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ,t5nessee3 8,x %all be ! duty ( ! g5]al assembly 9 all future p]iods ( ! gov]nm5t to *]i% lit]ature & sci5ce44440 ,i want to say t our ma9 cont5tion aft] all1 may x please y\r honor1 is t ?is is n a prop] ?+ = any legislature1 ! legislature ( ,t5nessee or ! legislature ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to attempt to make & assign a rule 9 reg>d to4 ,9 ?is law !re is an attempt to pron\nce a judgm5t & a conclusion 9 ! realm ( sci5ce & 9 ! realm ( religion4 ,,! ,,prosecution ,mr4 ,mc,kenzie3 ,"u ! law y _c tea* 9 ! common s*ools ! ,bible4 ,:y %\ld x be improp] to provide t y _c tea* ?is o!r !ory8 ,,! ,,def5se ,mr4 ,d>r[3 ,c a legislative body say1 8,y _c read a book or take a lesson or make a talk on sci5ce until y fir/ f9d out :e!r y are say+ aga9/ ,g5esis08 ,x c unless t con/itutional provision protects me4 ,x c4 ,c x say to ! a/ronom]1 y _c turn y\r telescope ^u ! inf9ite planets & suns & />s t fill space1 le/ y f9d t ! e>? is n ! c5t] ( ! univ]se & t !re is n any firmam5t betwe5 u & ! heav58 ,c x8 ,x c\ld--except = ! "w ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 :i* has be5 wov5 into e /ate con/itution 9 ! ,union1 & has /ay$ !re l a flam+ sword to protect ! rights ( man aga9/ ignorance & bigotry1 & :5 x is p]mitt$ to ov]:elm !m !n we are tak5 9 a sea ( blood & ru9 t all ! mis]ies & tortures & c>rion ( ! middle ages w\ld be z no?+4444 ,if today y c take a ?+ l evolution & make x a crime to tea* x 9 ! public s*ools1 tomorr[ y c make x a crime to tea* x 9 ! private s*ools1 & ! next ye> y c make x a crime to tea* x to ! hu/+s or 9 ! *ur*4 ,at ! next session y may ban books & ! newspap]s4 ,mr4 ,dudley ,field ,malone3 ,s t !re %all be no misund]/&+ & t no "o %all be able to mis9t]pret or misrepres5t our position we wi% to /ate at ! beg9n+ ( ! case t ! def5se believes t !re is a direct conflict betwe5 ! !ory ( evolution & ! !ories ( creation z set =? 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,nei!r d we believe t ! /ories ( creation z set =? 9 ! ,bible are reconcilable or sci5tifically correct4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,g>field ,hays3 ,our :ole case dep5ds ^u prov+ t evolution is a reasonable sci5tific !ory4 ,,! ,,prosecution ,mr4 ,william ,j5n+s ,bryan1 ,jr4 79 support ( a motion to exclude exp]t te/imony73 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 app>5t to all t we h n[ rea*$ ! he>t ( ?is case1 ^u y\r honor's rul+1 z to :e!r ?is exp]t te/imony w be admitt$ l>gely det]m9es ! "q ( :e!r ?is trial f n[ on w be an ord]ly ef=t to try ! case ^u ! issues1 rais$ by ! indictm5t & by ! plea or :e!r x w deg5]ate into a jo9t debate ^u ! m]its or dem]its ( someone's views ^u evolution4444 ,to p]mit an exp]t to te/ify ^u ?is issue w\ld be to sub/itute trial by exp]ts = trial by jury4444 ,,! ,,def5se ,mr4 ,hays3 ,are we entitl$ to %[ :at evolution is8 ,we are entitl$ to %[ t1 if = no o!r reason ?an to det]m9e :e!r ! title is g]mane to ! act4 ,,! ,,prosecution ,mr4 ,william ,j5n+s ,bryan3 ,an exp]t _c be p]mitt$ to come 9 "h & try to defeat ! en=cem5t ( a law by te/ify+ t x isn't a bad law & x isn't--,i mean a bad doctr9e--no matt] h[ ^! p phrase ! doctr9e--no matt] h[ !y eulogize x4 ,?is is n ! place to prove t ! law ought nev] to h be5 pass$4 ,! place to prove t1 or tea* t1 0 to ! /ate legislature4444 ,! p ( ?is /ate pass$ ?is law1 ! p ( ! /ate knew :at !y 7 do+ :5 !y pass$ ! law1 & !y knew ! dang]s ( ! doctr9e--t !y did n want x taught to _! *ildr51 & my fri5ds1 x isn't--y\r honor1 x isn't prop] to br+ exp]ts 9 "h & try to defeat ! purpose ( ! p ( ?is /ate by try+ to %[ t ?is ?+ !y d5\nce & outlaw is a beautiful ?+ t ev]ybody ought to believe 94444 ,x is ?is doctr9e t gives u ,nietzs*e1 ! only great au?or :o tri$ to c>ry ?is to its logical conclusion1 & we h ! te/imony ( my di/+ui%$ fri5d f ,*icago 9 8 spee* 9 ! ,loeb & ,leopold case t #ej1jjj volumes h be5 writt5 ab\t ,nietzs*e1 & he is ! greate/ philosoph] 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 & h him plead+ t because ,leopold read ,nietzs*e & adopt$ ,nietzs*e's philosophy ( ! sup]-man1 t he is n responsible = ! tak+ ( human life4 ,we h ! doctr9e--,i %\ld n *>act]ize x z ,i %\ld l to *>act]ize x--! doctr9e t ! univ]sities t _h x taught1 & ! pr(essors :o taught x1 are mu* m responsible = ! crime t ,leopold committ$ ?an ,leopold himself4 ,t is ! doctr9e1 my fri5ds1 t !y h tri$ to br+ into exi/5ce1 !y comm5ce 9 ! high s*ools ) _! f\ndation ( evolution>y !ory1 & we h ! ^w ( ! di/+ui%$ lawy] t ?is is m read ?an any o!r 9 a hundr$ ye>s1 & ! /atem5t ( t di/+ui%$ man t ! tea*+s ( ,nietzs*e made ,leopold a murd]]4444 7,mr4 ,bryan read+ f a book by ,d>r[7 8,i w gu>antee t y c g to ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago today--into its big libr>y & f9d ov] #a1jjj volumes ( ,nietzs*e1 & ,i am sure ,i speak mod]ately4 ,if ?is boy is to blame = ?is1 :]e did he get x8 ,is !re any blame atta*$ because somebody took ,nietzs*e's philosophy s]i\sly & fa%ion$ 8 life on x8 ,& !re is no "q 9 ?is case b :at x is true4 ,!n :o is to blame8 ,! univ]sity w\ld be m to blame ?an he is4 ,! s*ol>s ( ! _w w\ld be m to blame ?an he is4 ,! publi%]s ( ! _w--& ,nietzs*e's books are publi%$ by "o ( ! bigge/ publi%]s 9 ! _w--are m to blame ?an he is4 ,y\r honor1 x is h>dly fair to hang a #ai-ye>-old boy = ! philosophy t 0 taught him at ! univ]sity40444 ,y\r honor1 we fir/ po9t$ out t we d n ne$ any exp]ts 9 sci5ce4 ,"h is "o pla9 fact1 & ! /atute def9es itself1 & x tells ! k9d ( evolution x does n want taught1 & ! evid5ce says t ?is is ! k9d ( evolution t 0 taught1 & no numb] ( sci5ti/s c\ld come 9 "h1 my fri5ds1 & ov]ride t /atute or take f ! jury its "r to decide ?is "q1 s t all ! exp]ts !y c\ld br+ w\ld mean no?+4 ,& :5 x comes to ,bible exp]ts1 e memb] ( ! jury is z good an exp]t on ! ,bible z any man !y c\ld br+1 or t we c\ld br+4 ,,! ,,def5se ,mr4 ,malone3 ,are we to h our *ildr5 "k no?+ ab\t sci5ce except :at ! *ur* says !y %all "k8 ,i h nev] se5 any h>m 9 le>n+ & und]/&+1 9 humility & op5-m9d$ness1 & ,i h nev] se5 cle>] ! ne$ ( t le>n+ ?an :5 ,i see ! attitude ( ! prosecution1 :o attack & refuse to accept ! in=mation & intellig5ce1 :i* exp]t witnesses w give !m4 ,,! ,,prosecution ,mr4 ,/ew>t3 ,n[ :at c\ld ^! sci5ti/s te/ify to8 ,!y c\ld only say z an exp]t1 qualifi$ z an exp]t ^u ?is subject1 ,i h made a /udy ( ^! ?+s & f my /&po9t z su* an exp]t1 ,i say t ?is does n d5y ! /ory ( div9e creation4 ,t is :at !y w\ld te/ify to1 isn't x8 ,t is all !y c\ld te/ify ab\t4 ,n[1 !n1 ,i say "u ! correct con/ruction ( ! act1 t !y _c te/ify z to t4 ,:y8 ,because 9 ! word+ ( ?is act ! legislature itself con/ru$ ! in/rum5t accord+ to _! int5tion4444 ,:at 0 ! g5]al purpose ( ! legislature "h8 ,x 0 to prev5t tea*+ 9 ! public s*ools ( any c\nty 9 ,t5nessee t !ory :i* says t man is desc5d$ f a l[] ord] ( animals4 ,t is ! int5t & nobody c dispute x "u ! %9+ sun ( ?is day4 ,,! ,,c\rt ,n[ ^u ^! issues z br\ght up x becomes ! duty ( ! ,c\rt to det]m9e ! "q ( ! admissibility ( ?is exp]t te/imony (f]$ by ! def5dant4 ,x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,c\rt "u ^! issues to decide & det]m9e :i* is true1 ! /ory ( div9e creation z taught 9 ! ,bible1 or ! /ory ( ! creation ( man z taught by evolution4 ,if ! /ate is correct 9 its insi/5ce1 x is immat]ial1 s f> z ! results ( ?is case are conc]n$1 z to :i* !ory is true2 because x is )9 ! prov9ce ( ! legislative bran*1 & n ! judicial bran* ( ! gov]nm5t to pass ^u ! policy ( a /atute2 & ! policy ( ?is /atute hav+ be5 pass$ ^u by t dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 ?is c\rt is n fur!r conc]n$ z to its policy2 b is int]e/$ only 9 its prop] int]pretation &1 if valid1 its en=cem5t4444 ,!re=e ! c\rt is cont5t to su/a9 ! motion ( ! attorney-g5]al to exclude exp]t te/imony4 ,,! ,,prosecution ,mr4 ,/ew>t 7dur+ ,mr4 ,d>r['s cross-exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,bryan73 ,i want to int]pose ano!r objection4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ?is exam9ation8 ,mr4 ,bryan3 ,! purpose is to ca/ ridicule ^u ev]ybody :o believes 9 ! ,bible1 & ,i am p]fectly will+ t ! _w %all "k t ^! g5tlem5 h no o!r purpose ?an ridicul+ e ,*ri/ian :o believes 9 ! ,bible4 ,,! ,,def5se ,mr4 ,d>r[3 ,we h ! purpose ( prev5t+ bigots & ignoramuses f controll+ ! education ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & y "k x1 & t is all4 ,/atem5ts ( ,not$ ,sci5ti/s z ,fil$ into ,record by ,def5se ,c\nsel ,*>les ,h4 ,judd1 ,director ( ,s*ool ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago3 ,x w be impossible1 9 my judgm5t1 9 ! /ate univ]sity1 z well z 9 ! normal s*ools1 to tea* adequately psy*ology or ! sci5ce ( education )\t mak+ con/ant ref]5ce to all ! facts ( m5tal developm5t :i* are includ$ 9 ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution4444 ,:atev] may be ! con/itutional rights ( legislatures to prescribe ! g5]al c\rse ( /udy ( public s*ools x w1 9 my judgm5t1 be a s]i\s national disa/] if ! attempt is successful to det]m9e ! details to be taught 9 ! s*ools ?r\gh ! vote ( legislatures r ?an z a result ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,jacob ,g4 ,lipman1 ,dean ( ! ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,new ,j]sey3 ,) ^! facts & int]pretations ( organic evolution left out1 ! agricultural colleges & exp]im5tal /ations c\ld n r5d] effective s]vice to our great agricultural indu/ry4 ,wilbur ,a4 ,nelson1 ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,t5nessee3 ,x1 !re=e1 appe>s t x w\ld be impossible to /udy or tea* geology 9 ,t5nessee or else:]e1 )\t us+ ! !ory ( evolution4 ,kirtley ,f4 ,ma!r1 ,*airman ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity3 ,sci5ce has n ev5 a guess z to ! orig9al s\rce or s\rces ( matt]4 ,x deals ) imm$iate causes & effects4444 ,m5 ( sci5ce h z _! aim ! discov]y ( facts4 ,!y seek ) op5 eyes1 will+ to recognize x1 z ,huxley said1 ev5 if x 8se>s ! eyeballs40 ,aft] !y h discov]$ tru?1 & n till !n1 d !y consid] :at its moral implications may be4 ,?us f>1 & presumably always1 tru? :5 f\nd is also f\nd to be "r1 9 ! moral s5se ( ! ^w4444 ,z ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] said1 =ty ye>s ago1 8,if to reject ,god's revelation 9 ! book is infidelity1 :at is x to reject ,god's revelation ( himself 9 ! /ructure ( ! :ole globe80 ,mayn>d ,m4 ,metcalf1 ,rese>* ,speciali/ 9 ,zoology1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity3 ,intellig5t tea*+ ( biology or intellig5t approa* to any biological sci5ce is impossible if ! e/abli%$ fact ( evolution is omitt$4 ,horatio ,hackett ,newman1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago3 ,evolution has be5 tri$ & te/$ 9 e conceivable way = consid]ably ov] half a c5tury4 ,va/ numb]s ( biological facts h be5 exam9$ 9 ! light ( ?is pr9ciple & )\t a s+le exception !y h be5 entirely compatible ) x4444 ,! evolution pr9ciple is ?us a great unify+ & integrat+ sci5tific conception4 ,any conception t is s f>-rea*+1 s consi/5t1 & t has l$ to s mu* advance 9 ! und]/&+ ( nature1 is at lea/ an extremely valuable idea & "o n lightly to be ca/ aside 9 case x fails to agree ) "o's prejudices4 ,?us ! two sides l9$ up z dialectical tru? & empirical fact4 ,! /ate legislature ( ,t5nessee1 act+ 9 its sov]eign capacity1 _h pass$ a measure :i* made x unlawful to tea* t man is connatural ) ! animals ?r\gh ass]t+ t he is desc5d$ f a 8l[] ord]0 ( !m4 7,!re 0 "s sp>r+ ov] ! mean+ ( ! te*nical language ( ! act1 b ?is 0 ! g5]al cons5sus47 ,! legal "q 0 :e!r ,john ,t4 ,scopes _h violat$ ! measure4 ,! philosophical "q1 :i* 0 ! real focus ( int]e/1 0 ! "r ( a /ate to make ?is prescription4 ,we h ref]r$ to ! k9d ( tru? :i* c be dialectically e/abli%$1 & "h we mu/ develop fur!r ! dialectical nature ( ! /ate's case4 ,z long z x ma9ta9$ ?is dialectical position1 x did n h to g into ! 8factual0 tru? ( evolution1 despite ! outcry f ! o!r side4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations1 !n1 ent] into ?is 8dialectical0 prosecution4 ,by def9ition ! legislature is ! supreme arbit] ( education )9 ! /ate4 ,x is *>g$ ) ! duty ( promot+ enlight5m5t & morality1 & to ^! ends x may e/abli% common s*ools1 require att5dance1 & review curricula ei!r by itself or ?r\gh its ag5ts4 ,! /ate ( ,t5nessee _h ex]cis$ ?is k9d ( au?ority :5 x _h =bidd5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible 9 ! public s*ools4 ,n[ if ! legislature c\ld take a position t ! publicly subsidiz$ tea*+ ( ! ,bible 0 socially undesirable1 x c\ld1 f ! same au?ority1 take ! same position ) reg>d to a body ( sci5ce4 ,"s p might feel t ! legislature 0 morally b\nd to enc\rage ! propagation ( ! ,bible1 j z "s ( ^? p>ticipat+ 9 ! trial seem$ to ?9k t x 0 morally b\nd to enc\rage ! propagation ( sci5ce4 ,b "h aga9 ! legislature is ! highe/ tribunal1 & no body ( religi\s or sci5tific doctr9e comes to x ) a compulsive au?ority4 ,9 brief1 bo? ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts & ! !ory ( evolution belong$ 9 ! class ( ?+s :i* x c\ld elect or reject1 dep5d+ on ! sy/ematic import ( propositions und]ly+ ! philosophy ( ! /ate4 ,! policy ( ! anti-evolution law 0 ! same type ( policy :i* ,d>r[ _h by inf]5ce comm5d$ only a ye> e>li] 9 ! fam\s trial ( ,loeb & ,leopold4 ,?is cla% is p]haps ! mo/ direct 9 ! ,scopes case & des]ves po9t+ out "h4 ,d>r[ _h s]v$ z def5se c\nsel = ! two brilliant univ]sity graduates :o _h conceiv$ ! idea ( committ+ a murd] z a k9d ( intellectual exploit1 to prove t _! p[]s ( =esight & c>e c\ld prev5t detection4 ,! ess5ce ( ,d>r['s plea at _! trial 0 t ! two "y m5 c\ld n be held culpable--at lea/ 9 ! degree ! /ate claim$--because ( ! influ5ces to :i* !y _h be5 expos$4 ,!y _h be5 read]s ( a sy/em ( philosophy ( alleg$ly anti-social t5d5cy1 & !y 7 n to be blam$ if !y translat$ t philosophy into a sanction ( _! de$4 ,! effect ( ?is plea obvi\sly 0 to transf] guilt f ! two "y m5 to society z a :ole1 act+ ?r\gh its laws1 its s*ools1 its publications1 etc4 ,n[ ! key ?+ to be obs]v$ 9 ?is plea 0 t ,d>r[ 0 n ask+ ! jury to inspect ! philosophy ( ,nietzs*e = ! purpose ei!r ( pass+ ^u its int]nal consi/5cy or its contact ) reality4 ,he 0 ask+ precisely :at ,bryan 0 ask+ ( ! jury at ,dayton1 namely t !y take a /rictly dialectical position outside x1 view+ x z a p>tial univ]se ( disc\rse ) consequ5ces :i* c\ld be adjudg$ good or bad4 ,! po9t to be especially not$ is t ,d>r[ did n raise ! "q ( :e!r ! philosophy ( ,nietzs*e expresses necess>y tru?1 or :e!r1 let u say1 x is ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( ! _w4 ,he 0 satisfi$ to po9t out t ! /ate _h n be5 a suffici5tly vigilant gu>dian ( ! =ces mold+ ! "* ( its y\?4 ,b ! prosecution at ,dayton c\ld use ?is l9e ( argum5t )\t *ange4 ,if ! philosophy ( ,nietzs*e 7 suffici5t to in/igate "y m5 to crim9al actions1 x might be claim$ ) ev5 great] =ce t ! philosophy ( evolution1 :i* 9 ! popul> m9d equat$ man ) ! animals1 w\ld d ! same4 ,! /ate's dialectic "h simply us$ "o ( ,d>r['s e>li] def9itions to place ! anti-evolution law 9 a favorable or b5evol5t category4 ,9 sum3 to ,d>r['s previ\s position t ! doctr9e ( ,nietzs*e is capable ( immoral influ5ce1 ,bryan respond$ t ! doctr9e ( evolution is likewise capable ( immoral influ5ce1 & ?is ( c\rse 0 ! dialectical c\nt]+ ( ! def5se's position 9 ! trial4 ,!re rema9s yet a ?ird dialectical maneuv] = ! prosecution4 ,on ! second day ( ! trial ,attorney-,g5]al ,/ew>t1 9 review+ ! duties ( ! legislature1 pos$ ! foll[+ problem3 8,suppos+ !n t !re %\ld come )9 ! m9ds ( ! p a conflict betwe5 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,!n :at w\ld ! legislature d8 ,w\ldn't !y h to int]pret8444 ,w\ldn't !y h to int]pret _! con/ruction ( ?is conflict :i* "o %\ld be recogniz$ or high] or m 9 ! public s*ools80 ,?is po9t 0 n exploit$ z fully z its importance might seem to w>rant2 b :at ! c\nsel 0 "h decl>+ is t ! legislature is necess>ily ! umpire 9 all disputes betwe5 p>tial univ]ses4 ,!re=e if lit]ature & sci5ce %\ld fall into a conflict1 x w\ld aga9 be up to ! legislature to assign ! priority4 ,x is n b\nd to recognize ! claims ( ei!r ( ^! exclusively because1 z we saw e>li]1 x op]ates 9 a univ]se ) ref]5ce to :i* ^! are p>tial bodies ( disc\rse4 ,! legislature is ! dispos] ( p>tial univ]ses4 ,accord+ly :5 ! ,attorney-,g5]al took ?is /&1 he came ! ne>e/ ( any ( ! p>ticipants 9 ! trial to cl>ify+ ! /ate's position1 & by ?is we mean to %[+ t = ! /ate x 0 a matt] ( legal dialectic4 ,!re is little evid5ce to indicate t ! def5se und]/ood ! k9d ( case x 0 up aga9/1 ?\gh naturally ?is is said 9 a philosophical r ?an a legal s5se4 ,aft] ! que/ions ( law 7 settl$1 its argum5t assum$ ! sub/ance ( a plea = ! tru? ( evolution1 :i* subject 0 n )9 ! scope ( ! indictm5t4 ,we h1 = example1 ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,hays already cit$ t ! :ole case ( ! def5se dep5d$ on prov+ t evolution is a 8reasonable sci5tific !ory40 ,( ^? :o spoke = ! def5se1 ,mr4 ,dudley ,field ,malone seems to h _h ! poore/ conception ( ! nature ( ! conte/4 ,i mu/ cite fur!r f 8 plea because x %[s mo/ cle>ly ! trap f :i* ! def5se 0 nev] able to extricate itself4 ,on ! fif? day ( ! trial ,mr4 ,malone 0 *os5 to reply to ,mr4 ,bryan1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee* he made ! foll[+ reveal+ utt]ance3 8,y\r honor1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 !ological & sci5tific m54 ,!ology deals ) some?+ t is e/abli%$ & reveal$2 x seeks to ga!r mat]ial :i* !y claim %\ld n be *ang$4 ,x is ! ,^w ( ,god & t _c be *ang$2 x is lit]al1 x is n to be int]pret$4 ,t is ! !ological m9d4 ,x deals ) !ology4 ,! sci5tific m9d is a mod]n ?+1 y\r honor4 ,i am n sure ,galileo 0 ! "o :o br\ght relief to ! sci5tific m9d2 because1 !ret(ore1 ,ari/otle & ,plato _h rea*$ _! conclusions & processes1 by metaphysical reason+1 because !y _h no telescope & no microscope40 ,! "p ( ?is passage :i* gives 8 case away is ! di/9ction made at ! end4 ,mr4 ,malone 0 ass]t+ t ,ari/otle & ,plato got no fur!r ?an !y did because !y lack$ ! telescope & ! microscope4 ,to a slight ext5t p]haps ,ari/otle 0 :at we w\ld today call a 8rese>* sci5ti/10 b ! conclusions & processes arriv$ at by ! metaphysical reason+ ( ! two are dialectical1 & ! te/ ( a dialectical position is logic & n ocul> visibility4 ,at ! risk ( mak+ ,mr4 ,malone a scapegoat we mu/ say t ?is is an abysmal confusion ( two diff]5t k9ds ( inquiry :i* ! ,greeks 7 well cognizant (4 ,b ! same confusion1 if x did n produce ?is trial1 c]ta9ly help$ to draw x out to its l5g? ( eight days4 ,x is ! assumption t human laws /& 9 wait ^u :at ! sci5ti/s see 9 _! telescopes & microscopes4 ,b h>k+ back to ,pr(essor ,adl]3 facts are nev] det]m9ative ( dialectic 9 ! s5se presum$ by ?is c\nsel4 ,exactly ! same confusion appe>$ 9 a rhetorical plea = tru? :i* ,mr4 ,malone made %ortly lat] 9 ! same spee*4 ,!n he said3 8,!re is nev] a duel ) tru?4 ,! tru? always w9s & we are n afraid ( x4 ,! tru? is no c[>d4 ,! tru? does n ne$ ! law4 ,! tru? does n ne$ ! =ces ( gov]nm5t4 ,! tru? does n ne$ ,mr4 ,bryan4 ,! tru? is imp]i%able1 et]nal & immortal & ne$s no human ag5cy to support x4 ,we are ready to tell ! tru? z we und]/& x & we d n fe> all ! tru? t !y c pres5t z facts40 ,x is in/antly app>5t t ?is pres5ts tru? 9 an ambigu\s s5se4 ,malone beg9s ) ! simpli/ic assumption t !re is a 8/&>d0 tru?1 a k9d ( univ]sal1 objective1 op]ative tru? :i* x is he9\s to oppose4 ,t might be well en\gh if ! mean+ 7 highly g5]ic1 b be=e he is ?r\gh ?is %ort passage he has equat$ tru? ) facts--! id5tical confusion :i* we not$ 9 8 utt]ance ab\t ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,n[ s9ce ! tru? :i* dialectic arrives at is n a tru? ( facts1 ?is p]oration ei!r becomes irrelevant1 or x l5ds itself to ! o!r side1 :]e1 m9us ! conclud+ phrase1 x c\ld s]ve z a eulogium ( dialectical tru?4 ,su* 0 ! dilemma by :i* ! def5se 0 impal$ f ! beg9n+4 ,to "s ext5t x appe>s ev5 9 ! exp]t te/imony4 ,on ! day prec$+ ?is spee* by ,malone1 ,pr(essor ,mayn>d ,metcalf _h pres5t$ te/imony 9 c\rt reg>d+ ! !ory ( evolution 7?is 0 on ! f\r? day ( ! trial2 ,judge ,raul/on did n make 8 rul+ exclud+ su* te/imony until ! six? day7 9 :i* he made "s /atem5ts :i* c\ld h be5 ( curi\s int]e/ to ! prosecution4 ,!y are effectually summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ exc]pt3 8,evolution & ! !ories ( evolution are fundam5tally diff]5t ?+s4 ,! fact ( evolution is a ?+ t is p]fectly & absolutely cle>4444 ,! s]ies ( evid5ces is s conv9c+ t ,i ?9k x w\ld be entirely impossible = any normal human be+ :o 0 conv]sant ) ! ph5om5a to h ev5 = a mom5t ! lea/ d\bt ev5 = ! fact ( evolution1 b he might h trem5d\s d\bts z to ! tru? ( any hypo!sis44440 ,we fir/ notice "h a cle> recognition ( ! k9ds ( tru? di/+ui%$ by ,adl]1 ) ! 8fact0 ( evolution belong+ to ! fir/ ord] & !ories ( evolution belong+ to ! second4 ,! second1 :i* is ref]r$ to by ! t]m 8hypo!sis10 consi/s ( facts 9 an elaboration4 ,we note fur!rmore t ?is sci5ti/ has call$ !m fundam5tally diff]5t ?+s--s diff]5t t "o is entitl$ to h n m]ely d\bts b 8trem5d\s d\bts0 ab\t ! second4 ,n[ let u imag9e ! dialecticians ( ! opposite side approa*+ him ) ! foll[+4 ,y h said1 ,pr(essor ,metcalf1 t ! fact ( evolution & ! v>i\s !ories ( evolution are two q diff]5t ?+s4 ,y h also said t ! !ories ( evolution are s debatable or que/ionable t y c conceive ( mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t !m4 ,n[ if !re is an ord] ( k above ?is ord] ( !ories1 :i* ord] y admit to be some:at speculative1 a fur!r ord] ( k :i* is philosophical or evaluative1 is x n likely t !re w\ld be 9 ?is realm /ill m alt]native positions1 /ill m room = d\bt or diff]5ce ( op9ion8 ,& if all ?is is s1 w\ld y expect p to ass5t to a proposition ( ?is ord] 9 ! same way y expect !m to ass5t to1 say1 ! proposition t a monkey has v]tebrae8 ,& if y d make ^! admissions1 c y any long] ma9ta9 t p ( opposite views on ! tea*+ ( evolution are simply defi]s ( ! tru?8 ,?is is h[ ! argum5t might h progress$ _h "s ,greek ,d>w9 ?r[n ,a!ns into an upro>2 b ?is argum5t 01 aft] all1 9 an ,am]ican c\rt ( law4 ,x %\ld n[ be app>5t f ^! analyses t ! def5se 0 nev] able to meet ! /ate's case on dialectical gr\nds4 ,ev5 if x _h boldly accept$ ! conte/ on ?is level1 x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld h won1 = ! dialectic mu/ probably h foll[$ ?is c\rse3 ,fir/ ,proposition1 ,all tea*+ ( evolution is h>mful4 ,c\nt] ,proposition1 ,no tea*+ ( evolution is h>mful4 ,resolution1 ,"s tea*+ ( evolution is h>mful4 ,n[ ! resolution 0 exactly ! position tak5 by ! law1 :i* 0 t "s tea*+ ( evolution 7i4e41 ! tea*+ ( x 9 /ate-support$ s*ools7 0 an anti-social measure4 ,logically speak+1 ! proposition t 8,"s tea*+ ( evolution is h>mful10 does n exclude ! proposition t 8,"s tea*+ ( evolution is n h>mful10 b !re 0 ! fact t ! law p]mitt$ "s tea*+ ( evolution 7e4g41 ! tea*+ ( x 9 s*ools n support$ by ! public funds74 ,9 ?is situation !re seem$ no?+ = ! def5se to d b /ick by ! second proposition & plead = t proposition rhetorically4 ,s sci5ce ent]$ ! juridical ar5a & argu$ = ! value ( sci5ce4 ,9 ?is argum5t ! *ief topic 0 consequ5ce4 ,!re 0 ,malone's /atem5t t )\t ! !ory ( evolution ,burbank w\ld n h be5 able to produce 8 results4 ,!re 0 ,lipman's /atem5t t )\t an und]/&+ ( ! !ory ( evolution ! agricultural colleges c\ld n c>ry on _! "w4 ,!re 7 ! /atem5ts ( ,judd & ,nelson t l>ge areas ( education dep5d$ ^u a k ( evolution4 ,!re 0 ! argum5t br\ght out by ,pr(essor ,ma!r ( ,h>v>d3 8,:5 m5 are (f]$ _! *oice betwe5 sci5ce1 ) its confid5t & unanim\s acceptance ( ! evolution>y pr9ciple1 on ! "o h&1 & religion1 ) its necess>y appeal to ?+s unse5 & improvable1 on ! o!r1 !y are mu* m likely to ab&on religion ?an to ab&on sci5ce4 ,if su* a *oice is =c$ ^u u1 ! *ur*es w lose _m ( _! be/ educat$ "y p1 ! v ones ^u :om !y mu/ dep5d = lead]%ip 9 com+ ye>s40 ,we not$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t rhetoric deals ) subjects at ! po9t :]e !y t\* ^u actuality or prud5tial conduct4 ,"h ! def5se looks at ! policy ( tea*+ evolution & po9ts to b5eficial results4 ,! argum5t !n becomes3 ^! important b5efits imply an important b5eficial cause4 ,?is is :y we c say t ! plead]s = sci5ce 7 =c$ into ! non-sci5tific role ( ! rhetorician4 ,! prosecution incid5tally also _h an argum5t f consequ5ces1 al?\gh x 0 nev] employ$ directly4 ,:5 ,bryan ma9ta9$ t ! philosophy ( evolution might lead to ! same results z ! philosophy ( ,nietzs*e _h l$ ) ,loeb & ,leopold1 he 0 op5+ a subject :i* c\ld h suppli$ su* an argum5t1 say 9 ! =m ( a concrete in/ance ( moral beliefs weak5$ by someone's hav+ be5 indoctr9at$ ) evolution4 ,b !re 0 really no ne$3 z we h s\ght to %[ all along1 ! /ate _h an imm5se /rategic advantage 9 ! fact t laws belong to ! category ( dialectical det]m9ations1 & x clung firmly to ?is advantage4 ,an irascible ex*ange :i* ,d>r[ _h ) ! judge gives an idea ( ! fru/ration :i* ! def5se felt at ?is /age4 ,!re _h be5 an argum5t ab\t ! propriety ( a cross-exam9ation4 ,! ,c\rt3 ,colonel ,d>r[1 :at is ! purpose ( cross-exam9ation8 ,mr4 ,d>r[3 ,! purpose ( cross-exam9ation is to be us$ on trial4 ,! ,c\rt3 ,well1 isn't t an ef=t to asc]ta9 ! tru?8 ,mr4 ,d>r[3 ,no1 x is an ef=t to %[ prejudice4 ,no?+ else4 ,has !re be5 any ef=t to asc]ta9 ! tru? 9 ?is case8 ,:y n br+ 9 ! jury & let u prove x8 ,! tru? ref]r$ to by ! judge 0 :e!r ! action ( ,scopes fell )9 ! def9ition ( ! law2 ! tru? ref]r$ to by ,d>r[ 0 ! facts ( evolution 7n submitt$ to ! jury z evid5ce72 & 8prejudice0 0 a cry/alliz$ op9ion ( ! !ory ( evolution1 express$ n[ z law4 ,if we h appe>$ "h to assign too complete a =5sic victory to ! prosecution1 let u return1 by way ( recapitulat+ ! issues1 to ! relation%ip betwe5 positive sci5ce & dialectic4 ,_m p1 p]haps a majority 9 ?is c\ntry1 h felt t ! position ( ! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee 0 absurd because !y are unable to see h[ a logical position c be tak5 )\t ref]5ce to empirical situations4 ,b x is j ! nature ( logic & dialectic to be a sci5ce )\t any cont5t z x is ! nature ( biology or any positive sci5ce to be a sci5ce ( empirical cont5t4 ,we see ! nature ( ?is di/9ction :5 we realize t !re is nev] an argum5t1 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m1 ab\t facts4 ,:5 facts are disput$1 ! argum5t mu/ be susp5d$ until ! facts are settl$4 ,n until !n may x be resum$1 = all true argum5t is ab\t ! mean+ ( e/abli%$ or admitt$ facts4 ,& s9ce ?is mean+ is always express$ 9 propositions1 we c say fur!r t all argum5t is ab\t ! sy/ematic import ( propositions4 ,:ile t rema9s s1 ! tru? ( ! !ory ( evolution or ( any sci5tific !ory c nev] be settl$ 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,! c\rt c\ld admit ! facts into ! record1 b ! process ( legal det]m9ation w\ld deal ) ! mean+ ( ! facts1 & x c\ld n g beyond say+ t ! facts comport1 or d n comport1 ) ! mean+s ( o!r propositions4 ,?us its task is to det]m9e _! place 9 a sy/em ( disc\rse & if possible to effect a resolution 9 accordance ) ! movem5t ( dialectic4 ,x is necess>y t logic 9 its position z ultimate arbit] pres]ve ?is indiff]5ce t[>d t actuality :i* is ! t\*/one ( sci5tific fact4 ,x is pla9 t ^? :o ei!r expect$ or hop$ t sci5ce w\ld w9 a sweep+ victory 9 ! ,t5nessee c\rtroom 7 ! same p :o believe t sci5ce c take ! place ( speculative wisdom4 ,! only consolation !y _h 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial 0 ! emb>rassm5t to :i* ,d>r[ br\ght ,bryan 9 que/ion+ him ab\t ! ,bible & ! !ory ( evolution 7dur+ :i* ,d>r[ did lead ,bryan into "s dialectical traps74 ,b 9 /rict consid]ation all ( ?is 0 outside ! b\nds ( ! case because bo? ! facts ( evolution & ! facts ( ! ,bible 7 8items n 9 disc\rse10 to borr[ a phrase employ$ by ,pr(essor ,adl]4 ,t is to say1 _! correctness _h to be det]m9$ by sci5tific means ( inve/igation1 if at all2 b ! relation%ip betwe5 ! law & !ories ( man's orig9 c\ld be det]m9$ only by legal casui/ry1 9 ! non-pejorative s5se ( t phrase4 ,z we intimat$ at ! beg9n+1 a suffici5t grasp ( :at ! case 0 ab\t w\ld h result$ 9 !re be+ no case1 or 9 !re be+ q a diff]5t case4 ,z ! ev5ts turn$ out sci5ce receiv$1 9 ! popul> e/imation1 a *eck 9 ! trial b a moral victory1 & ?is only l$ to m misund]/&+ ( ! prov9ce ( sci5ce 9 human affairs4 ,! law ( ! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee won a victory :i* 0 reg>d$ z pyrrhic because x 0 g5]ally felt to h made ! law & ! lawmak]s look fooli%4 ,?is also 0 a diss]vice to ! common weal4 ,bo? ( ^! results c\ld h be5 prev5t$ if x _h be5 und]/ood t sci5ce is "o ?+ & law ano!r4 ,an und]/&+ ( t tru? w\ld seem to require "s g5]al dissem9ation ?r\gh\t our educat$ classes ( a ,summa ,dialectica4 ,?is means t ! educat$ p ( our c\ntry w\ld h to be s tra9$ t !y c\ld see ! dialectical possibility ( ! opposites ( ! beliefs !y possess4 ,& t is a v l>ge ord] = education 9 any age4 ,*apt] ,,iii ,,edmund ,,burke ,,& ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,circum/ance ,we are n[ 9 position to affirm t ! rhetorical /udy ( an argum5t beg9s ) a /udy ( ! s\rces4 ,b s9ce almo/ any ext5d$ argum5t w draw ^u m ?an "o s\rce we mu/ look1 to answ] ! inquiry we are n[ />t+1 at ! prevail+ s\rce1 or ! s\rce :i* is mo/ frequ5tly call$ ^u 9 ! total p]suasive ef=t4 ,we %all say t ?is pr$om9at+ s\rce gives to ! argum5t an aspect1 & our pres5t "q is1 :at c be inf]r$ f ! aspect ( any argum5t or body ( argum5ts ab\t ! philosophy ( its mak]8 ,all m5 argue alike :5 !y argue validly because ! modes ( inf]5ce are =mulas1 f :i* deviation is error4 ,!re=e we *>act]ize inf]5ce only z valid or invalid4 ,b ! reason] reveals 8 philosophical position by ! s\rce ( argum5t :i* appe>s mo/ (t5 9 8 major premise because ! major premise tells u h[ he is ?9k+ ab\t ! _w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rhetorical cont5t ( ! major premise :i* ! speak] habitually uses is ! key to 8 prim>y view ( exi/5ce4 ,we are ( c\rse exclud+ artful *oices :i* h 9 view only ad hoc p]suasions4 ,putt+ ! matt] n[ figuratively1 we may say t no man escapes be+ br&$ by ! premise t he reg>ds z mo/ efficaci\s 9 an argum5t4 ,! g5]al importance ( ?is is t major premises1 9 addition to _! logical function z "p ( a d$uctive argum5t1 are expressive ( values1 & a *>act]i/ic major premise *>act]izes ! us]4 ,to see ?is pr9ciple 9 application1 let u take ?ree ( ! *ief s\rces ( argum5t recogniz$ by ! classical rhetoricians4 ,we may look fir/ at ! s\rce :i* is g5us4 ,all argum5ts made ?r\gh g5us are argum5ts bas$ on ! nature ( ! ?+ :i* is said to con/itute ! g5us4 ,:at ! argum5t f g5us !n says is t 8g5]ic0 classes h a nature :i* c be pr$icat$ ( _! species4 ,?us man has a nature includ+ mortality1 :i* quality c !re=e be pr$icat$ ( ! man ,socrates & ! man ,john ,smi?4 ,! und]ly+ po/ulate "h1 t ?+s h a nature1 is ( c\rse a disputable view ( ! _w1 = x involves ! acceptance ( a realm ( ess5ce4 ,yet anyone :o uses su* s\rce ( argum5t is committ$ to ?is wid] assumption4 ,n[ x foll[s t ^? :o habitually argue f g5us are 9 _! p]sonal philosophy ideali/s4 ,to !m ! idea ( g5us is a reflection ( exi/5ce4 ,we are say+1 accord+ly1 t argum5ts :i* make pr$om9ant use ( g5us h an aspect ?r\gh ?is s\rce1 & t ! aspect may be employ$ to di/+ui% ! philosophy ( ! au?or4 ,x w be f\nd1 to cite a concrete example1 t ,john ,h5ry ,newman regul>ly argues f g5us2 he beg9s ) ! nature ( ! ?+ & !n makes ! application4 ,! "q ( :at a univ]sity is l is answ]$ by apply+ ! idea ( a univ]sity4 ,! "q ( :at man ought to /udy is answ]$ by work+ out a conception ( ! nature ( man4 ,& we %all f9d 9 a succe$+ essay t ,abraham ,l9coln1 al?\gh he has become a patron = lib]als & pragmati/s1 0 a consi/5t us] ( ! argum5t f g5us4 ,8 refusal to h$ge on ! pr9ciple ( slav]y is ref]able to a fix$ concept ( ! nature ( man4 ,?is1 !n1 w s]ve to *>act]ize ! argum5t f g5us4 ,ano!r important s\rce ( argum5t is similitude4 ,:]eas ^? :o argue f g5us argue f a fix$ class1 ^? :o argue f similitude invoke ess5tial 7?\gh n exhau/ive7 correspond5ces4 ,if "o 7 to say1 = example1 t :atev] has ! div9e attribute ( reason is likely to h also ! div9e attribute ( immortality1 "o w\ld be us+ similitude to e/abli% a probability4 ,?9k]s ( ! analogical sort use ?is argum5t *iefly4 ,if requir$ to *>act]ize ! outlook x implies1 we %\ld say t x expresses belief 9 a on5ess ( ! _w1 :i* causes all correspond5ce to h probative value4 ,propon5ts ( ?is view t5d to look t[>d "s f9al1 transc5d5tal unity1 & z we might expect1 ?is type ( argum5t is us$ widely by poets & religioni/s4#bf ,john ,bunyan us$ x con/antly2 s did ,em]son4 ,a ?ird type we %all m5tion1 ! type :i* provides our access to ,burke1 is ! argum5t f circum/ance4 ,! argum5t f circum/ance is1 z ! "n sugge/s1 ! ne>e/ ( all argum5ts to pure/ exp$i5cy4 ,?is argum5t m]ely reads ! circum/ances--! 8facts /&+ ar\nd0--& accepts !m z co]cive1 or all[s !m to dictate ! decision4 ,if "o %\ld say1 8,! city mu/ be surr5d]$ because ! besieg]s are s num]\s10 "o w\ld be argu+ n f g5us1 or similitude1 b f a pres5t circum/ance4 ,! expression 8,9 view ( ! situation1 :at else are y go+ to d80 con/itutes a sort ( proposition-=m = ?is type ( argum5t4 ,su* argum5t savors ( urg5cy r ?an ( p]spicacity2 & x seems to be pref]r$ by ^? :o are easily impress$ by exi/+ tangibles4 ,:]eas ! argum5t f consequ5ce attempts a =eca/ ( results1 ! argum5t f circum/ance attempts only an e/imate ( curr5t conditions or pressures4 ,by ?us mak+ pres5t circum/ance ! ov]be>+ consid]ation1 x keeps f sight ev5 ! nexus ( cause & effect4 ,x is ! lea/ philosophical ( all ! s\rces ( argum5t1 s9ce !oretically x /ops at ! level ( p]ception ( fact4 ,burke is widely respect$ z a cons]vative :o 0 intellig5t en\gh to provide solid philosophical f\ndations = 8 cons]vatism4 ,x is p]fectly true t _m ( 8 obs]vations ^u society h a cons]vative basis2 b if "o /udies ! k9d ( argum5t :i* ,burke regul>ly employ$ :5 at grips ) concrete policies1 "o discov]s a /rong addiction to ! argum5t f circum/ance4 ,n[ = reasons :i* w be set =? 9 detail lat]1 ! argum5t f circum/ance is ! argum5t philosophically appropriate to ! lib]al4 ,inde$1 "o c g mu* fur!r & say t x is ! argum5t fatal to cons]vatism4 ,h[ev] mu* ,burke eulogiz$ tradition & fulm9at$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 he 01 :5 judg$ by :at we are call+ aspect ( argum5t1 v f> f be+ a cons]vative2 & we sugge/ "h t a man's me?od ( argum5t is a tru] index 9 8 beliefs ?an 8 explicit pr(ession ( pr9ciples4 ,"h is a means :]eby he is reveal$ 9 8 "w4 ,burke's volum9\s controv]sies give u ample opportunity to te/ him by ?is rule4 ,!re is "s po9t 9 beg9n+ ) ,burke's treatm5t ( ! exi/+ ,ca?olic "q1 an issue :i* drew =? "o ( 8 e>lie/ political compositions & cont9u$ to engage 8 att5tion ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,z e>ly z #agfe he _h become conc]n$ ) ! extraord9>y legal disabilities impos$ ^u ,ca?olics 9 ,irel&1 & ab\t ?is "t he und]took a treatise entitl$ ,tract on ! ,pop]y ,laws4 ,despite ! fact t 9 ?is treatise ,burke pr(esses belief 9 natural law1 go+ s f> z to ass]t t all human laws are b decl>atory1 ! type ( argum5t he uses *iefly is ! secul> argum5t f circum/ance4 ,aft] a review ( ! laws & p5alties1 he introduces 8 8capital consid]ation40 ,! fir/ & mo/ capital consid]ation ) reg>d to ?is1 z to e object1 is ! ext5t ( x4 ,& "h x is necess>y to premise3 ?is sy/em ( p5alty & incapacity has = its object no small sect or obscure p>ty1 b a v num]\s body ( m5--a body :i* compreh5ds at lea/ two ?irds ( ! :ole nation3 x am\nts to #b1hjj1jjj s\ls1 a numb] suffici5t = ! mat]ials con/itu5t ( a great p4#bg ,he !n gave 8 reason = plac+ ! circum/ance fir/4 ,?is consid]ation ( ! magnitude ( ! object ought to att5d u ?r\gh ! :ole inquiry3 if x does n always affect ! reason1 x is always decisive on ! importance ( ! "q4 ,x n only makes itself a m lead+ po9t1 b complicates itself ) e o!r "p ( ! matt]1 giv+ e error1 m9ute 9 itself1 a "* & a significance f its application4 ,x is !re=e n to be wond]$ at1 if we p]petually recur to x 9 ! c\rse ( ?is essay4#bh ,! ,tract 0 plann$ 9 su* a way z to cont9ue ?is ?\ght1 :ile accompany+ x ) discussion ( ! imp$im5t to national prosp]ity1 & ( 8! impolicy ( ^? laws1 z !y affect ! national security40 ,?is e>ly ef=t e/abli%$ ! t5or ( 8 ?9k+ on ! subject4 ,:ile repres5t+ ,bri/ol 9 ,p>liam5t1 ,burke ali5at$ a "p ( 8 con/itu5cy by support+ ,sir ,george ,savile's measure to ease ! re/ra9ts ^u ,ca?olics4 ,9 ! fam\s ,spee* to ! ,electors ( ,bri/ol he devot$ a l>ge portion ( 8 "t to a ju/ification ( t c\rse1 & "h1 x is true1 he made pr9cipal use ( ! argum5t f g5us 78ju/ice07 & f consequ5ce4 ,! argum5t f circum/ance is n =gott51 b is tuck$ away at ! end to p]suade ! 8bigot$ enemies to lib]ty40 ,!re1 us+ aga9 8 crit]ion ( ! 8magnitude ( ! object10 he said3 ,g5tlem51 x is possible y may n "k t ! p ( t p]suasion 9 ,irel& am\nt to at lea/ sixte5 or sev5te5 hundr$ ?\s& s\ls4 ,i d n at all exagg]ate ! numb]4 ,a nation to be p]secut$6 ,:il/ we 7 ma/]s ( ! sea1 embodi$ ) ,am]ica & 9 alliance ) half ! p[]s ( ! cont95t1 we might1 p]haps1 9 t remote corn] ( ,europe1 af=d to tyrannize ) impunity4 ,b !re is a revolution 9 our affairs :i* makes x prud5t = u to be j4#bi ,dur+ ! la/ decade ( 8 life1 ,burke wrote a s]ies ( lett]s ^u ! ,ca?olic "q & ^u ,iri% affairs1 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 ?is "q figur$ l>gely4 ,9 #agib came ,a ,lett] to ,sir ,h]cules ,langri%e1 ,m4,p41 ^u ! propriety ( admitt+ ,ca?olics to ! elective fran*ise4 ,"h we f9d him tak+ a pragmatic view ( lib]ality t[>d ,ca?olics4 ,he reason$ z foll[s reg>d+ ! re/oration ( ! fran*ise3 ,if su* means c ) any probability be %[n1 f circum/ances1 r to add /r5g? to our mix$ ecclesia/ical & secul> con/itution1 ?an to weak5 x2 surely !y are means inf9itely to be pref]r$ to p5alties1 incapacities1 & proscriptions cont9u$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4#cj ,9 ?is in/ance ! consid]ation ( magnitude took a m ext5d$ =m3 ,h[ mu* m1 c]ta9ly1 ought !y ! disqualify+ laws to give way1 :51 z 9 our case1 !y affect1 n "h & !re1 9 "s p>ticul> po9t or 9 _! consequ5ce1 b univ]sally1 collectively & directly1 ! fundam5tal fran*ises ( a p1 equal to ! :ole inhabitants ( sev]al respectable k+doms & /ates1 equal to ! subjects ( ! k+s ( ,s>d9ia or ( ,d5m>k2 equal to ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s1 & m ?an are to be f\nd 9 all ! /ates ( ,switz]l&4 ,?is way ( proscrib+ m5 by :ole nations1 z x 71 f all ! b5efits ( ! con/itution to :i* !y 7 born1 ,i nev] c believe to be politic or exp$i5t1 mu* less necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( any /ate or *ur* 9 ! _w4#ca ,greatly ex]cis$ ov] ev5ts 9 ,france1 ,burke came to ?9k ( ,*ri/ianity z ! "o =ce ) en\gh cohesion to *eck ! spread ( ! ,revolution4 ,!n 9 #agie he wrote ! ,lett] to ,william ,smi?1 ,esq4 ,"h he describ$ ,*ri/ianity z 8! gr& prejudice 444 :i* holds all ! o!r prejudices toge!r02#cb & su* prejudices1 z he visualiz$ !m1 7 ess5tial to ! fabric ( society4 ,he told 8 correspond5t c&idly3 8,my :ole politics1 at pres5t1 c5t] 9 "o po9t2 & to ?is ! m]it or dem]it ( e measure 7) me7 is ref]able2 t is1 :at w mo/ promote or depress ! cause ( ,jacob9ism40#cc ,9 a second lett] to ,sir ,h]cules ,langri%e1 writt5 9 ! same ye>1 he c\ld say3 8,9 ! ,ca?olic ,"q ,i consid]$ only "o po9t4 ,0 x at ! "t1 & 9 ! circum/ances1 a measure :i* t5d$ to promote ! concord ( ! citiz5s40#cd ,only once did ,burke approa* ! "q ( religion ?r\gh :at may be prop]ly t]m$ an argum5t f def9ition4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life he compos$ ,a ,lett] on ! ,affairs ( ,irel&1 "o passage ( :i* consid]s religion n 9 its be>+ ^u "s practical measure1 b ) ref]5ce to its ess5tial nature4 ,let e man be z pi\s z he pleases1 & 9 ! way t he pleases2 b x is agreeable nei!r to piety nor to policy to give exclusively all mann] ( civil privileges & advantages to a negative religion--su* is ! ,prote/ant )\t a c]ta9 cre$2 & at ! same "t to d5y ^? privileges to m5 :om we "k to agree to an iota 9 e "o positive doctr9e1 :i* all ( u1 :o pr(ess religion au?oritatively taught 9 ,engl&1 hold ourselves1 accord+ to our faculties1 b\nd to believe4#ce ,x is n purely an argum5t f def9ition1 b x conta9s su* an argum5t1 & s contra/s ) 8 dom9ant position on a subject :i* engag$ mu* ( 8 ?\ght & seems to h fill$ him ) s9c]e feel+4 ,we %all exam9e him n[ on ano!r major subject to engage 8 /atesman%ip1 ! rebellion ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,colonies aga9/ ,great ,brita94 ,by common admission today1 ,burke's ma/]piece ( =5sic eloqu5ce is ! spee* mov+ 8 resolutions = conciliation ) t disaffect$ "p ( ! ,empire1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,m>* #bb1 #agge4 ,9 admir+ ! felicities ) :i* ?is great oration und\bt$ly ab\nds1 x is easy to ov]look ! fact t x is f beg9n+ to end an argum5t f circum/ance4 ,x is n an argum5t ab\t rights or def9itions1 z ,burke explicitly says at two or ?ree po9ts2 x is an argum5t ab\t policy z dictat$ by circum/ances4 ,its burd5 is a plea to conciliate ! colonies because !y are wax+ great4 ,no subtlety ( int]pretation is requir$ to e/abli% ?is tru?1 because we c sub/antially e/abli% x 9 ! express language ( ,burke himself4 ,to see ! aspect ( ?is argum5t1 x is useful to beg9 by look+ at ! l>ge alt]natives :i* ! orator enum]ates = ,p>liam5t 9 ! exig5cy4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is to *ange ! _s ( ! ,colonies by r5d]+ x m submissive4 ,circumv5t+ ! !ory ( ! relation%ip ( rul] & rul$1 ,burke sets aside ?is alt]native z impractical4 ,he admits t an ef=t to br+ ab\t submission w\ld be 8radical 9 its pr9ciple0 7i4e41 w\ld h a root 9 pr9ciple72 b he sees too _m ob/acles 9 geography1 e?nology1 & o!r circum/ances to w>rant ! trial4 ,! second alt]native is to prosecute ! ,coloni/s z crim9al4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! 8magnitude ( ! object0 aga9 ent]s 8 equation1 & he w\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ! indictm5t ( a s+le individual & ! indictm5t ( a :ole p z ?+s diff]5t 9 k9d4 ,! numb] & vigor ( ! ,am]icans con/itute an emb>rass+ circum/ance4 ,!re=e 8 ?\ght issues 9 ! (t-quot$ /atem5t 8,i d n "k ! me?od ( draw+ up an indictm5t aga9/ a :ole p40#cf ,?is 0 said1 x %\ld be recall$1 despite ! fact t hi/ory is replete ) proce$+s aga9/ rebelli\s subjects4#cg ,b ,burke _h be5 an ag5t = ! colony ( ,new ,york2 he _h /udi$ ! geography & hi/ory ( ! ,colonies ) 8 usual indu/ry2 & we may suppose him to h _h a mu* cle>] idea ?an 8 colleagues 9 ,p>liam5t ( _! p[] to support a conflict4 ,x is und]/&able1 by ?is view1 t 8 ?ird alt]native %\ld be 8to comply ) ! ,am]ican _s z necess>y40 ,he told 8 fell[ ,common]s pla9ly t 8 proposal _h no?+ to d ) ! legal "r ( taxation4 8,my consid]ation is n>r[1 conf9$1 & :olly limit$ to ! policy ( ! "q40#ch ,?is policy he lat] *>act]izes z 8sy/ematic indulg5ce40 ,! outcome ( ?is disjunctive argum5t is !n a measure to accommodate a circum/ance4 ,! circum/ance is t ,am]ica is a gr[+ c\ntry1 ( awesome pot5tiality1 ^: /r5g?1 bo? actual & imm95t1 makes x advisable = ! ,"m ,c\ntry to ov]look ab/ract rights4 ,9 a p]oration1 ! topic ( ab/ract rights is assign$ to ^? 8vulg> & me*anical politicians10 :o are 8n fit to turn a :eel 9 ! ma*9e0 ( ,empire4#ci ,) ?is conclusion 9 m9d1 x w be in/ructive to see h[ ! orator prep>$ ! way = 8 proposal4 ,! entire fir/ "p ( 8 disc\rse may be describ$ z a depiction ( ! circum/ance :i* is to be 8 s\rce ( argum5t4 ,aft] a circumspect beg9n+1 9 :i* he calls att5tion to ! signs ( rebellion & d]ides ! notion ( 8pap] gov]nm5t10 he devotes a long & brilliant passage to simple *>act]ization ( ! ,colonies & _! inhabitants4 ,! unavoidable effect ( ?is passage is to impress ^u 8 he>]s ! size & res\rces ( ?is portion ( ! ,empire4 ,fir/ he takes up ! rapidly gr[+ population1 !n ! ext5sive trade1 !n ! _s ( ent]prise1 & f9ally ! p]sonal "* ( ! ,coloni/s !mselves4 ,out/&+ ev5 9 ?is colorful passage is 8 acc\nt ( ! ,new ,engl& :al+ indu/ry4 ,:il/ we foll[ !m among ! tumbl+ m\nta9s ( ice1 & behold !m p5etrat+ into ! deepe/ froz5 recesses ( ,hudson's ,bay & ,davis's ,/raits1 :il/ we are look+ = !m b5ea? ! ,arctic ,circle1 we he> t !y h pi]c$ into ! opposite region ( pol> cold1 t !y are at ! antipodes1 & engag$ "u ! froz5 ,s]p5t ( ! ,s\?4 ,falkl& ,isl&1 :i* seem$ too remote & romantic an object = ! grasp ( national ambition1 is b a /age & re/+-place 9 ! progress ( _! victori\s indu/ry4 ,nor is ! equ9octial heat m disc\rag+ to !m ?an ! accumulat$ w9t] ( bo? ! poles4 ,we "k t :il/ "s ( !m draw ! l9e & /rike ! h>poon on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 o!rs run ! longitude & pursue _! gigantic game along ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,no sea b :at is vex$ by _! fi%]ies2 no climate t is n witness to _! toils4 ,nei!r ! p]sev]ance ( ,holl&1 nor ! activity ( ,france1 nor ! dext]\s & firm sagacity ( ,engli% ent]prise ev] c>ri$ ?is mo/ p]il\s mode ( h>d indu/ry to ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 pu%$ by ?is rec5t p2 a p :o are /ill1 z x 71 b 9 ! gri/le2 & n yet h>d5$ into ! bone ( manhood4#dj ,x is ! spectacle ( ?is ent]prise :i* induces ,burke to 8p>don some?+ to ! _s ( lib]ty40 ,! long recital is clos$ ) an appeal :i* may be fitly reg>d$ z ! locus classicus ( ! argum5t f circum/ance4 ,= ) ?is impressive review ( ! fi]ce _s ( ! coloni/s be=e 8 audi5ce1 ,burke decl>es3 8,! "q is1 n :e!r ! _s des]ves praise or blame1 b--:at1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 %all we d ) x80#da ,! "q !n is n :at is "r or wrong1 or :at accords ) our idea ( ju/ice or our s*eme ( duty2 x is1 h[ c we meet ?is circum/ance8 8,i am n det]m9+ a po9t ( law2 ,i am re/or+ tranquillity40#db ,! circum/ance becomes ! cue ( ! policy4 ,we mu/ rem9d ourselves t our conc]n "h is n to pass ^u ! m]its ( a p>ticul> controv]sy1 b to note ! t]m :i* ,burke evid5tly consid]$ mo/ efficaci\s 9 mov+ 8 he>]s4 8,political reason10 he says1 else:]e1 8is a comput+ pr9ciple40#dc ,:]e does political reason 9 ?is in/ance leave him8 ,x leaves him inevitably 9 ! middle1 keep+ ! ,colonies1 b n z taxable p>ts ( ! ,empire1 all[+ !m to pay _! own *>ge by volunt>y grants4 ,9 ,burke's *>act]i/ic view1 ! !oretic relation%ip has be5 alt]$ by ! m$ium until ! ?irte5 7by 8 c\nt f\rte57 colonies ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica are left halfway betwe5 colonial & national /atus4 ,! position ( ! ,tories meant t ei!r ! ,colonies w\ld be colonies or !y w\ld t]m9ate _! relation%ip ) ! ,empire4 ,burke's case 0 t by concession to circum/ance !y c\ld be reta9$ 9 "s =m1 & ?is w\ld be a victory = policy4 ,philosoph]s ( />k] pr9ciple1 l ,tom ,pa9e1 held t a compromise ( ! ,burkean type w\ld h be5 unacceptable 9 ! long run ev5 to ! ,am]icans1 & ! subsequ5t cry/allization ( ,am]ican nationality seems to support ?is view4 ,b ,burke ?\ght he saw a way to pres]ve an in/itution by mak+ way = a l>ge corporeal fact4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ,burke's int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( ,india1 & m specifically 9 ! conduct ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 is n reconcilable 9 q ! same way ) ! !sis ( ?is *apt]4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ 9 mean motives or contract$ views to expla9 :y he %\ld h labor$ ov] a p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s to b5efit a p ) :om he _h no contact & f :om he c\ld expect no direct tok5 ( appreciation4 ,b x mu/ be emphasiz$ t ! subject ( ?is essay is me?ods1 & ev5 9 ?is fam\s case ,burke f\nd "s opportunity to utilize 8 favorite s\rce4 ,9 #aghc1 ye>s be=e ! impea*m5t ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 he made a long spee* 9 ,p>liam5t attack+ ,fox's ,ea/ ,india ,bill4 ,he 0 by !n deeply impress$ by ! wrongs done ! ,indians by ,briti% adv5tur]s1 yet x w be obs]v$ t 8 habitus reveals itself 9 ! foll[+ passages4 ,he said ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company3 ,i d n presume to condemn ^? :o argue a priori aga9/ ! propriety ( leav+ su* ext5sive political p[] 9 ! h&s ( a company ( m]*ants4 ,i "k mu* is1 & mu* m may be1 said aga9/ su* a sy/em4 ,b1 ) my p>ticul> ideas & s5tim5ts1 ,i _c g t way to "w4 ,i feel an insup]able reluctance 9 giv+ my h& to de/roy any e/abli%$ in/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ^u a !ory1 h[ev] plausible x may be4#dd ,!n %ortly he cont9u$3 ,to ju/ify u 9 tak+ ! adm9i/ration ( _! affairs out ( ! h&s ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 z my pr9ciples1 ,i mu/ see sev]al conditions4 #a/1 ! object affect$ by ! abuse mu/ be great & important4 #bnd1 ! abuse affect+ ! great object ought to be a great abuse4 #crd1 x ought to be habitual & n accid5tal4 #d?1 x ought to be utt]ly incurable 9 ! body z x n[ /&s con/itut$4#de ,x is p]t95t to obs]ve t ,burke's fir/ condition "h is exactly ! fir/ condition rais$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,iri% ,ca?olics & ) ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican ,colonies4 ,x is fur!r *>act]i/ic ( 8 me?od t ! passages cit$ above are foll[$ imm$iately by a description ( ! ext5t & weal? & civilization ( ,india1 j z ! plea = approa*+ ! ,colonies ) reconciliation 0 foll[$ by a vivid adv]tisem5t ( _! ext5t & weal? & ent]prise4 ,! argum5t is = ju/ice1 b x is condition$ ^u a circum/ance4 ,:5 ,burke und]took ! prosecution ( ,ha/+s 9 #aghh1 ^! consid]ations seem$ f> f 8 m9d4 ,! spl5did op5+ *>ge conta9s argum5ts /rictly f g5us1 despite ! r5unciation ( su* argum5ts :i* we see above4 ,he attack$ ! *>t] ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company by %[+ t x violat$ ! idea ( a *>t]4#df ,he affirm$ ! natural rights ( man1 & held t !y _h be5 crim9ally d5i$ 9 ,india4#dg ,he scorn$ ! notion ( geographical morality4 ,^! s\nd l ! utt]ances ( a man committ$ to ab/ract "r4 ,"l ,morley has "s obs]vations on ,burke :i* may conta9 ! explanation4 ,8 /udy ( ,burke's c>e] l$ him to feel t 8direct moral or philan?ropic apo/le%ip 0 n 8 function40#dh ,( 8 int]e/ 9 ,india1 he rem>k$3 8,x 0 rev]5ce r ?an s5sibility1 a noble & philosophic cons]vatism r ?an philan?ropy1 :i* rais$ ! /orm 9 ,burke's brea/ aga9/ ! rapacity ( ,engli% adv5tur]s 9 ,india1 & ! imp]ial crimes ( ,ha/+s40#di ,if x is true t ,burke act$ out ( rev]5ce r ?an out ( s5sibility or philan?ropy1 :at 0 ! rev]5ce (8 ,x 01 likely1 = /ori$ ,india1 = an anci5t & opul5t civilization :i* _h br\ght religion & ! arts to a high po9t ( developm5t :ile 8 ance/ors 7 yet 89 ! woods40 ,!re is j en\gh ( def]5ce = ! e/abli%$ & go+ conc]n1 = panoply1 = t :i* has pre/ige1 to make u feel t ,burke 0 aga9 impress$--) an int5d$ consequ5ce :i* 0 noble1 ( c\rse2 b x is only fair to record ?is compon5t ( ! situation4 ,! noble & philosophic cons]vatism next translat$ itself into a viol5t opposition to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* 0 ?reat5+ to br+ d[n a /ill great] /ructure ( rights & dignities1 ?\gh 9 ?is in/ance 9 ! "n ( re=m & emancipation4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ! t\*/one ( ,burke4 ,^? :o h reg>d$ 8 position on ?is ev5t z a rev]sal1 or a sign ( fatigue & s5esc5ce1 h n suffici5tly analyz$ 8 me?ods & 8 s\rces4 ,burke w\ld h _h to become a new man to take any o!r /& ?an he did on ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x 0 an ev5t p]fectly suit$ to m>k (f ^? :o argue f circum/ance1 = x 0 "o ( ! mo/ radical revolutions on record1 & x 0 ! "w ( a p fond ( logical rigor & cle> demon/ration4 ,:y ,burke1 :o _h *ampion$ ! ,iri% ,ca?olics1 ! ,am]ican coloni/s1 & ! ,indians %\ld h *ampion$ on ?is occasion ! nobility & ! prop]ti$ classes ( ,europe is easy to expla94 ,= him ,europe1 ) all its settlem5ts & usages1 0 ! circum/ance2 & ! ,revolution 0 ! *all5ge to x4 ,f fir/ to la/ ,burke saw ! gr& upheaval z a conte/ betwe5 inh]it$ condition & speculative insight4 ,! circum/ance said t ,europe %\ld g on2 ! ,revolution said t x %\ld cease & beg9 anew4#ej ,burke's position 0 n selfi%2 x 0 prud5tial )9 ! philosophy we h se5 him to hold4 ,actually 8 ,reflections on ! ,revolution 9 ,france divides itself into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ is an attempt1 made ) a zeal :i* seems almo/ excessive1 to prove t ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 0 ! product ( sl[ accretion ( prec$5t1 t x is = t reason a b5efic5t & /able gov]nm5t1 & t ! ,briti% h r5\nc$1 ?r\gh _! *oice ( me?ods 9 ! pa/1 any !oretical "r to *ange _! gov]nm5t by revolution4 ,! second "p is a miscellany ( rem>ks on ! proce$+s 9 ,france1 9 :i* _m %rewd obs]vations ( human nature are m+l$ ) eloqu5t appeals on behalf ( ! anci5 rgime4 ,burke appe>s t]rifi$ by ! ?\ght t ! ultimate s\rces & sanctions ( gov]nm5t %\ld be br\ght out into broad daylight = ! inspection ( ev]yone1 & ! fir/ ef=t 0 to clo! ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ) a k9d ( concealm5t aga9/ ?is sort ( inspection1 :i* c\ld1 ( c\rse1 result 9 ! te/+ ( t gov]nm5t by :at might h be5 or might yet be4 ,! second ef=t 0 to %[ t ,france1 in/ead ( emb>k+ on a c>e] ( progress ?r\gh h] d>+ revolution1 8_h ab&on$ h] int]e/1 t %e might pro/itute h] virtue40 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 bo? ( ^!1 a presum$ well-be+ is ! s\rce ( 8 argum5t4 ,!re=e we h ! famili> rec\rse to concrete situation4 ,circum/ances 7:i* ) "s g5tlem51 pass = no?+7 give 9 reality to e political pr9ciple its di/+ui%+ color & discrim9at+ effect4 ,! circum/ances are :at r5d] e civil & political s*eme b5eficial or noxi\s to mank9d4 ,ab/ract$ly speak+1 gov]nm5t1 z well z lib]ty1 is good2 yet c\ld ,i1 9 common s5se1 t5 ye>s ago1 h felicitat$ ,france ^u h] enjoym5t ( a gov]nm5t 7= %e !n _h a gov]nm5t7 )\t inquir+ :at ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t 01 or h[ x 0 adm9i/]$8 ,c ,i n[ congratulate ! same nation on its fre$om8#ea ,9 8 ,lett] to a ,memb] ( ! ,national ,assembly 7#agia7 he said3 ,:at a numb] ( faults h l$ to ?is multitude ( mis=tunes1 & almo/ all f ?is "o s\rce--t ( consid]+ c]ta9 g5]al maxims1 )\t att5d+ to circum/ances1 to times1 to places1 to conjectures1 & to actors6 ,if we d n att5d scrupul\sly to all ( ^!1 ! m$ic9e ( today becomes ! poison ( tomorr[4#eb ,?is 0 ! gi/ ( su* advice z ,burke _h = ! ,fr5*4 ,t !y %\ld build on :at !y _h in/ead ( attempt+ to f\nd de novo1 t !y %\ld adapt necess>y *anges to exi/+ conditions1 & above all t !y %\ld n sacrifice ! s\rces ( dignity & cont9uity 9 ! /ate--^! made up a sort ( gospel ( prec$5t & gradualism :i* he prea*$ to ! deaf e>s across ! ,*annel4 ,we behold him "h 9 8 *>act]i/ic political position1 b =c$ to dig a little deep]1 to give 8 !orems a m g5]al application1 &1 x is h>dly unju/ to say1 to make :at really con/itutes a d5ial ( philosophy take on "s semblance ( philosophy4 ,yet ,burke 0 c]ta9ly nev] at a great] height rhetorically 9 def5d+ a reign+ circum/ance4 ,let u li/5 to him = a mom5t on ! virtues ( old ,europe4 ,b ! age ( *ivalry is gone4 ,t ( sophi/]s1 economi/s1 & calculators has succe$$1 & ! glory ( ,europe is ext+ui%$ =ev]4 ,nev]1 nev] m %all we behold t g5]\s loyalty to rank & sex1 t pr\d submission1 t dignifi$ ob$i5ce1 ! subord9ation ( ! he>t1 :i* kept alive1 ev5 9 s]vitude itself1 ! _s ( an exalt$ fre$om4 ,! unb\ght grace ( life1 ! *eap def5se ( nations1 ! nurse ( manly s5tim5t1 is gone6 ,x is gone1 t s5sibility ( pr9ciple1 t *a/ity ( hon\r1 :i* felt a /a9 l a w\nd1 :i* inspir$ c\rage :il/ x mitigat$ f]ocity1 :i* ennobl$ :atev] x t\*$1 & "u :i* vice itself lo/ half its evil1 by los+ all its grossness4 ,?is mix$ sy/em ( op9ion & s5tim5t _h its orig9 9 ! anci5t *ivalry2 & ! pr9ciple1 ?\gh v>i$ 9 its appe>ance by ! v>y+ /ate ( human affairs1 subsi/$ & influ5c$ ?r\gh a long succession ( g5]ations1 ev5 to ! "t we live 94 ,if x %\ld ev] be totally ext+ui%$1 ! loss ,i fe> w be great4 ,x is ?is :i* has giv5 its "* to mod]n ,europe4 ,x is ?is :i* has di/+ui%$ x "u all its =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & di/+ui%$ x to its advantage1 f ! /ates ( ,asia1 & possibly f ^? /ates :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! mo/ brilliant p]iods ( ! antique _w4 ,x 0 ?is1 :i*1 )\t conf\nd+ ranks1 has produc$ a noble equality & h&$ x d[n ?r\gh all ! gradations ( social life4 ,x 0 ?is op9ion :i* mitigat$ k+s into companions1 & rais$ private m5 to be fell[s ) k+s4 ,)\t =ce or opposition1 x subdu$ ! fi]c5ess ( pride & p[]2 x oblig$ sov]eigns to submit to ! s(t coll> ( social e/eem1 compell$ /]n au?ority to submit to elegance1 & gave a dom9at+ vanqui%] ( laws to be subdu$ by mann]s4 ,b n[ all is to be *ang$4 ,all ! pleas+ illusions :i* made p[] g5tle & ob$i5ce lib]al1 :i* h>moniz$ ! diff]5t %ades ( life1 & :i*1 by a bl& assimilation1 incorporat$ into politics ! s5tim5ts :i* beautify & s(t5 private society1 are to be dissolv$ by ! new conqu]+ empire ( light & reason4 ,all ! dec5t drap]y ( life is to be rudely torn (f4 ,all ! sup]add$ ideas1 furni%$ f ! w>drobe ( a moral imag9ation1 :i* ! he>t owns & ! imag9ation ratifies1 z necess>y to cov] ! defects ( our nak$1 %iv]+ nature1 & to raise x to dignity 9 our own e/imation1 are to be expos$ z ridicul\s1 absurd1 & antiquat$ fa%ions4#ec ,) ! writ+s on ,fr5* affairs1 ,burke's argum5t f circum/ance came full fl[]4 ,^! citations are en\gh to %[ a p>tiality t[>d argum5t ( ?is aspect4 ,b a rehe>sal ( 8 g5]al obs]vations on politics & adm9i/ration w %[ x 9 ev5 cle>] light4 ,burke _h an obsessive dislike ( metaphysics & ! me?ods ( ! metaphysician4 ,!re is sc>cely a p]oration or passage ( appeal 9 8 works :i* does n conta9 a gibe1 direct or indirect1 at ?is subject4 ,9 ! ,spee* ,on ,am]ican ,taxation he said1 8,i d n ent] into ^! metaphysical di/9ctions2 ,i hate ! v s\nd ( !m40#ed ,?is sci5ce he reg>d$ z :olly incompatible ) politics1 yet capable ( delud+ a c]ta9 type ( politician ) its niceties & exactitudes4 ,:5ev] ,burke introduc$ ! subject ( metaphysics1 he 0 9 effect argu+ f contr>ies2 t is to say1 he 0 ass]t+ t :at is metaphysically true is politically false or unfeasible4 ,= him1 metaphysical cl>ity 0 at ! opposite pole f political prud5ce4 ,z he obs]v$ 9 ! ,reflections1 8,! pret5d$ rights ( ^! !ories are all extremes2 & 9 proportion z !y are metaphysically true1 !y are morally & politically false40#ee ,9 ! fir/ lett] to ,sir ,h]cules ,langri%e1 he ridicul$ 8! metaphysicians ( our times1 :o are ! mo/ fooli% ( m51 & :o1 deal+ 9 univ]sals & ess5ces1 see no diff]5ce betwe5 m & less40#ef ,x w be not$ t ?is la/ is a philosophical ju/ification = 8 regul> practice ( weigh+ a pr9ciple by ! scale ( magnitude ( situation4 ,! 8m & less0 ?us becomes det]m9ative ( ! good4 8,metaphysics _c live )\t def9ition1 b prud5ce is cauti\s h[ %e def9es10#eg he said 9 ! ,appeal f ! ,new to ! ,old ,:igs4 ,& aga9 9 ! ,reflections1 8,^! metaphysic rights1 ent]+ into common life1 l rays ( light :i* pi]ce into a d5se m$ium are by ! laws ( nature refract$ f a /raight l9e4 ,inde$1 9 ! gross & complicat$ mass ( human passions & conc]ns1 ! primitive rights ( man und]go su* a v>iety ( refractions & reflections1 t x becomes absurd to talk ( !m z if !y cont9u$ 9 ! simplicity ( _! orig9al direction40#eh ,f9ally1 !re is 8 cle> confession1 8,:5ev] ,i speak aga9/ a !ory1 ,i mean always a weak1 errone\s1 fallaci\s1 unf\nd$ !ory1 & "o ( ! ways ( discov]+ t x is a false !ory is by comp>+ x ) practice40 ,?is is ! philosophical explanation ( ! s\rce 9 circum/ance ( ,burke's *>act]i/ic argum5t4 ,9 a brilliant passage on ! ,am]ican "*1 he _h obs]v$ t ! ,am]icans 7 9 ! habit ( judg+ ! pressure ( a grievance by ! badness ( ! pr9ciple r ?an vice v]sa4 ,burke's own habit1 we n[ see1 0 fairly consi/5tly ! rev]se3 he judg$ ! badness ( ! pr9ciple by ! pressure ( ! grievance2 & h5ce we are compell$ to suppose t he believ$ politics ought to be decid$ empirically & n dialectically4 ,yet a consequ5ce ( ?is position is t :oev] says he is go+ to give equal consid]ation to circum/ance & to ideals 7or pr9ciples7 almo/ inevitably f9ds himself foll[+ circum/ances :ile pres]v+ a m]e decor\s respect = ideals4 ,burke's doctr9e ( prec$5t1 :i* con/itutes a c5tral "p ( 8 political ?\ght1 is directly relat$ ) ! above position4 ,if "o is unwill+ to def9e political aims ) ref]5ce to philosophic absolutes1 "o tries to f9d guidance 9 prec$5t4 ,we h n[ se5 t a pr9cipal topic ( ! ,reflections is a def5se ( cu/om aga9/ insight4 ,burke tri$ ) all 8 eloqu5ce to %[ t ! 8manly0 fre$om ( ! ,engli% 0 some?+ inh]it$ f ance/ors1 l a valuable piece ( prop]ty1 increas$ or o!rwise modifi$ slightly to meet ! ne$s ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 & !n rev]5tly pass$ on4 ,he did n want to "k ! precise orig9 ( ! title to x1 nor did he want philosophical def9ition ( x4 ,9 fact1 ! /atem5t ( ,burke :i* s ang]$ ,?omas ,pa9e--t ,engli%m5 7 ready to take up arms to prove t !y _h no "r to *ange _! gov]nm5t--h[ev] bra% or p>adoxical seem+1 0 q 9 keep+ ) su* conviction4 ,s9ce he scorn$ t fre$om :i* did n h ! /amp ( g5]ations ( approval ^u x1 he attempt$ to %[ t fre$om too 0 a matt] ( prec$5t4 ,yet ?is is an evasion r ?an an answ] to ! real "q :i* is ly+ 9 wait = ,burke's political philosophy4 ,x is ess5tial to see t gov]nm5t ei!r moves ) some?+ 9 view or x does n1 & to say t p may be gov]n$ m]ely by foll[+ prec$5t begs ! "q4 ,:at l9e d ! prec$5ts m>k out = u8 ,h[ may we "k t ?is p>ticul> act is 9 con=mity ) ! body ( prec$5ts unless we c ab/ract ! ess5ce ( ! prec$5ts8 ,& if "o extracts ! ess5ce ( a body ( prec$5ts1 does n "o h a 8speculative idea08 ,h[ev] "o turns1 "o _c evade ! tru? t !re is no practice )\t !ory1 & no gov]nm5t )\t "s sci5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,burke's /atem5t t a man's situation is ! preceptor ( 8 duty _c be tak5 s]i\sly unless "o c isolate ! precept4 ,?is dilemma gr[s out ( ,burke's own reluctance to speculate ab\t ! orig9 & ultimate end ( gov]nm5t4 8,!re is a sacr$ veil to be drawn ov] ! beg9n+s ( all gov]nm5ts10 he decl>$ 9 8 second day's spee* at ! trial ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s4#ei ,to ! ab/ract doctr9es ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 he respond$ ) a 8philosophic analogy10 by :i* gov]nm5ts are made to come into be+ ) some?+ l ! indi/9ct remot5ess ( ! animal organism4 ,?is political organism is a 8my/]i\s incorporation10 nev] :olly "y or middle-ag$ or old1 b p>tly ea* at e p]iod1 & capable1 l ! animal organism1 ( reg5]at+ itself ?r\gh r5ewal ( tissue4 ,x is !re=e modifi$ only ?r\gh ! sl[ =ces t produce evolution4 ,b to ! "q ( :at br+s on ! *anges 9 society1 ,burke 0 nev] able to give an answ]4 ,he _h fac$ ! problem briefly 9 ! ,tract on ! ,pop]y ,laws1 :]e he wrote3 8,is1 !n1 no improvem5t to be br\ght into society8 ,und\bt$ly1 b n by compulsion--b by enc\ragem5t1 b by c\nt5ance1 favor1 privileges1 :i* are p[]ful & are lawful in/rum5ts40#fj ,^!1 h[ev]1 are ! passive =ces :i* admit *ange1 n ! active ones :i* initiate x4 ,! prime mov] is /ill to seek4 ,if su* social *anges are br\ght ab\t by imman5t evolution>y =ces1 !y are h>dly volunt>y2 if on ! o!r h& !y are volunt>y1 !y mu/ be id5tifiable ) "s po9t 9 "t & ) "s ag5cy ( initiation4 ,x quickly becomes obvi\s t if "o is to talk ab\t ! beg9n+s ( ?+s1 ab\t ! nisus ( gr[? or ( accumulation ( prec$5ts1 & ab\t f9al ends1 "o mu/ %ift f empirical to speculative gr\nd4 ,burke's atta*m5t to :at 0 de facto prev5t$ him f do+ ?is 9 political !ory & made him a plead] f circum/ance at _m crucial po9ts 9 8 spee*es4 ,"o c sc>cely d bett] ?an quote ! judgm5t ( ,sir ,james ,prior 9 8 summation ( ,burke's c>e]3 8,8 aim !re=e 9 our dome/ic policy1 0 to pres]ve all our in/itutions 9 ! ma9 z !y /ood = ! simple reason t "u !m ! nation _h become great1 & prosp]\s1 & happy40#fa ,?is is b a g5]aliz$ translation ( ! position 8,if x exi/s1 !re is some?+ to be said 9 its favor10 :i* we h det]m9$ z ! aspect ( ! great orator's case4 ,t position is1 moreov]1 ! ess5tial position ( ,:iggism z a political philosophy4 ,x turns out to be1 on exam9ation1 a position :i* is def9$ by o!r positions because x w n conceive ultimate goals1 & x w n display on occasion a sov]eign contempt = circum/ances z radical p>ties ( bo? "r & left are capable ( do+4 ,! o!r p>ties take _! be>+ f "s philosophy ( man & society2 ! ,:igs take _! be>+s f ! o!r p>ties4 ,:atev] a p>ty ( left or "r proposes1 !y propose 7or oppose7 9 temp]$ measure4 ,its politics is !n caution>y1 in/9ctive1 tru/+ m to safety & to pres5t success ?an to imag9ation & dramatic boldness ( pr9ciple4 ,x is1 to make ! e/imate c&id1 a politics )\t vision & consequ5tly )\t ! capacity to survive4 8,! political p>ties :i* ,i call great10 ,tocqueville wrote 9 ,democracy 9 ,am]ica1 8are ^? :i* cl+ to pr9ciples r ?an to _! consequ5ces1 to g5]al & n to special cases1 to ideas & n to m540#fb ,manife/ly ! ,:ig ,p>ty is contr>y to ?is on ea* po9t4 ,! ,:igs d n argue f pr9ciples 7i4e41 g5]a & def9itions72 !y are aw$ n m]ely by consequ5ces b also by circum/ances2 & z = ! g5]al & ! special1 we h n[ he>d ,burke te/ify on a doz5 occasions to 8 disreg>d ( ! =m] & 8 v5]ation ( ! latt]4 ,!re is inde$ gr\nd = say+ t ,burke 0 m ,:ig ?an ! ,briti% ,:igs ( 8 own day !mselves1 because at ! "o "t :5 ! ,briti% ,:ig ,p>ty took a turn 9 ! direction ( radical pr9ciple1 ,burke f\nd himself out ( sympa?y ) x &1 be=e long1 0 exclud$ f x4 ,?is occurr$ 9 #agia1 :5 ! electrify+ influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution produc$ among ! lib]als ( ! age a /rong tr5d t[>d ! philosophic left4 ,x 0 ?is tr5d :i* drew f ,burke ! ,appeal f ! ,new to ! ,old ,:igs1 ) its f9al scornful p>agraph 9 :i* he refus$ to take 8 pr9ciples 8f a ,fr5* die40 ,?is writ+ 0 l>gely tak5 up ) a def5se ( 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,reflections on ! ,revolution 9 ,france1 & x is "h relevant to note h[ ,burke def9es 8 doctr9e z a middle c\rse4 8,! op9ions ma9ta9$ 9 t book10 he said1 8nev] c lead to an extreme1 because _! f\ndation is laid 9 an opposition to extremes40#fc 8,^! doctr9es d ( !mselves gravitate to a middle po9t1 or to "s po9t ne> a middle40#fd 8,! au?or ( t book is suppos$ to h pass$ f extreme to extreme2 b he has always actually kept himself 9 a m$ium40#fe ,actually ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* caus$ ?is sep>ation 0 ! same z t :i* l$ to ! ultimate ext9ction ( ! ,:ig po9t ( view 9 ,briti% political life4 ,9 ! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury1 :5 a _w conflict involv+ ! ,empire dem&$ ( p>ties a pr(\nd basis 9 pr9ciple1 ! heirs ( ! ,:ig p>ty pass$ f ! sc5e1 leav+ two coh]5t p>ties1 "o ( ! "r & "o ( ! left4 ,t is "p ( our evid5ce = say+ t a p>ty :i* bases itself ^u circum/ance _c outla/ t circum/ance v long2 t its claim to make small] mi/akes 7& to h small] triumphs7 ?an ! extreme p>ties w n w9 x endur+ allegiance2 & t :5 ! necessity arises1 z x always does at "s "t1 to look at ! f\ndations ( ! commonweal?1 ,burke's wi% w be disreg>d$1 & only deeply f\nd$ !ories w be held wor?y4 ,a p>ty does n become great by fea/+ on ! leav+s ( o!r p>ties1 & ,:iggism's bid = ev5 tempor>y success is (t5 reject$4 ,a p>ty mu/ h its own pr9ciple ( movem5t & mu/ n be cont5t to s]ve z a brake on ! movem5ts ( o!rs4 ,?us !re is indication t ,:iggism is a recipe = political failure1 b be=e affirm+ ?is z a conclusion1 let u ext5d our exam9ation fur!r to see h[ o!r p>ties h f>$ ) circum/ance z ! decisive argum5t4 ,! ,am]ican ,:ig ,p>ty %[$ all ! defects ( ?is position 9 an ar5a :]e su* defects 7 b\nd to be m promptly fatal4 ,x is j to say t ?is p>ty nev] _h a set ( pr9ciples4 ,l9eal desc5dants ( ! old ,f$]ali/s1 ! ,am]ican ,:igs 7 simply ! p>ty ( opposition to t militant democracy :i* receiv$ its mo/ aggressive lead]%ip f ,&rew ,jackson4 ,x 01 g5]ally speak+1 ! p>ty ( ! 8be/ p02 t is to say1 ! p :o %[$ ! greate/ respect = indu/ry & integrity1 ! p 9 ^: eyes ,jackson 0 8t wick$ man & vulg> h]o40 ,yet because x _h no philosophical position1 x 0 b\nd to take its position f t ( ! o!r p>ty1 z we h se5 t ,:iggism is doom$ to d4 ,dur+ mo/ ( its %ort life x 0 conspicu\sly a p>ty ( 8outs0 array$ aga9/ 8ins40 ,x reveal$ ! *>act]i/ic impot5ce 9 two obvi\s ways4 ,fir/1 x p9n$ its hopes = victory on brilliant p]sonalities r ?an on dialectically secur$ positions4 ,clay1 ,web/]1 & ,calh\n1 :o betwe5 !m repres5t$ ! be/ /atesman%ip ( ! g5]ation1 7 among its lead]s1 b none ( !m ev] rea*$ ! ,:ite ,h\se4 ,! beau ideal ( ! p>ty 0 ,clay1 ^: title 8! ,great ,compromis]0 seems to m>k him z ! ar*etypal ,:ig4 ,f9ally x discov]$ a politically 8practical0 c&idate 9 ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison1 soldi] & ,indian fight]1 & ?r\gh a campaign ( noise & irrelevancies1 put him 9 ! ,presid5cy4 ,b ?is success 0 %ort1 & be=e long ! ,:igs 7 back battl+ "u _! native h&icaps4 ,second1 fru/rat$ by its s]ies ( rev]ses1 x decid$ t :at ! pati5t ne$$ 0 m ( ! disease4 ,:]eas at ! beg9n+ x _h be5 only relatively pragmatic 9 program & _h pres]v$ dignity 9 me?od1 x n[ resolv$ to become completely pragmatic 9 program & z pragmatic z its rivals ! ,democrats 9 me?od4 ,( ! latt] /ep1 ! 8coonsk9 & h>d-cid]0 campaign on behalf ( ,h>rison 0 ! pro(4 ,we may cite z special evid5ce ! advice giv5 to ,h>rison's campaign manag] by ,ni*olas ,biddle ( ,philadelphia4 8,let him ! c&idate say n a s+le ^w ab\t 8 pr9ciples or 8 cre$--let him say no?+1 promise no?+4 ,let ! use ( p5 & ink be :olly =bidd540#ff ,e4 ,malcolm ,c>roll 9 8 ,orig9s ( ! ,:ig ,p>ty has ?us summ$ up ! policy ( ! ,:ig lead]s aft] _! r\nd ) ,jackson3 8,! mo/ active ( ! ,:ig politicians & editors aft] #ahcf1 m5 l ,we$1 ,greeley1 ,ew+ ( ,ohio1 ,?addeus ,/ev5s1 & ,ri*>d ,h\ghton ( ,bo/on1 pref]r$ success to a consi/5t position &1 !re=e1 influ5c$ ! p>ty to make its campaign 9 ! =m ( appeal to popul> emotion &1 = ?is purpose1 to copy ! me?ods ( ! ,democratic ,p>ty40#fg ,?is v]dict is support$ by ,paul ,murray 9 8 /udy ( ,:ig op]ations 9 ,georgia3 8,! compell+ aim ( ! p>ty 0 to get control ( ! exi/+ ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 to ma9ta9 t control1 &1 9 "s cases1 to *ange ! =m ( gov]nm5t ! bett] to s]ve ! dom9ant int]e/ ( ! gr\p40#fh ,murray f\nd t ! ,:igs ( ,georgia 8naturally _h a respect = ! pa/ t approa*$ at times ! unreasonable rev]5ce ( ,edmund ,burke = eighte5? c5tury political in/itutions40#fi ,b a p>ty ^: only program is an endorsem5t ( ! /atus quo is de/9$ to g to pieces :5ev] ! c\rse ( ev5ts br+s a pr9ciple /rongly to ! =e4 ,! ,am]ican ,union 0 mov+ t[>d a civil conflict 9 :i* ideological diff]5ces1 z deep z any t h appe>$ 9 mod]n revolutions1 7 to divide m54 ,z always occurs 9 su* crises1 ! compromis]s are reg>d$ z unreliable by bo? sides & are soon eject$ f ! sc5e4 ,x n[ seems impossible t ! ,:ig ,p>ty1 ) its political hi/ory1 c\ld h surviv$ ! fifties4 ,b ! int]e/+ fact f ! /&po9t ( !oretical discussion is t ! ,democratic ,p>ty1 because x 0 a radically bas$ p>ty1 0 able to take ov] & def5d c]ta9 ( ! def5sible e>li] ,:ig positions4 ,murray po9ts out ! p>adoxical fact t ! ,democratic ,p>ty 8purlo9$ ! lead]%ip ( cons]vative prop]ty int]e/s 9 ,georgia & ! ,s\?40#gj ,x is no less p>adoxical t x %\ld h purlo9$ ! def5se ( ! /ates' rights doctr9e ?irty ye>s aft] ,jackson _h ?reat5$ to hang disunioni/s4 ,! p>adox c be resolv$ only by see+ t ! ,:ig position 0 "o ( self-/ultification2 & ?is is :y a ris+ "y political lead] 9 ,ill9ois ( ,:ig affiliation left ! p>ty to lead a re-conceiv$ ,republican ,p>ty4 ,! evid5ce ( ,l9coln's life greatly favors ! supposition t he 0 a cons]vative4 ,b he saw t cons]vatism to be politically effective _c be ,:iggism1 t x _c p]petually argue f circum/ance4 ,he saw t to be politically effective cons]vatism mu/ h some?+ m ?an a temp]am5tal love ( quietude or a reli% = success4 ,x mu/ h "s ideal objective4 ,he f\nd objectives 9 ! moral idea ( fre$om & ! political idea ( union4 ,! political p>ty :i* ,abraham ,l9coln c>ri$ to victory 9 #ahfj 0 a p>ty ) ^! moral objectives4 ,! ,:igs _h dis9tegrat$ f _! own lack ( pr9ciple1 & ! ,republicans em]g$ ) a program capable ( rally+ m5 to ef=t & sacrifice--:i* are 9 ! long run psy*ologically m compell+ ?an ! /asis ( security4 ,b aft] ! w> & ! dea? ( ! p>ty's unique lead]1 all moral idealism spe$ily fell away4#ga ,( ! passion ( rev5ge !re 0 m ?an en\gh1 s t "s ( ! victor's measures look l ! measures ( a radical p>ty4 ,b ! elevation ( ,grant to ! presid5cy & ! p>ty's conduct dur+ & aft] ! ,gild$ ,age %[ cle>ly ! decl9+ int]e/ 9 re=m4 ,be=e ! end ( ! c5tury ! ,republican ,p>ty _h be5 r$uc$ 9 its s\rce ( appeal to ! ,:ig argum5t f circum/ance 7or 9 ! case ( ! t>iff to a :olly di%one/ argum5t f consequ5ces74 ,= ?irty or =ty ye>s its case came to little m ?an ?is3 we are ! ri*e/ nation on e>? ) ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ prosp]ity2 !re=e ?is p>ty advocates ! /atus quo4 ,! argum5t1 :e!r embodi$ 9 ! phrase 8! full d9n] pail0 or 8two c>s 9 e g>age0 has ! same s\rce4 ,murray's judgm5t ( ! ,:ig p>ty 9 ,georgia a hundr$ ye>s ago3 8,_m facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p>ty might impel "o to say t its memb]s reg>d$ ! promotion ( prosp]ity z ! supreme aim ( gov]nm5t10#gb c be appli$ )\t ! slighte/ *ange to ! ,republican ,p>ty ( ! #aibj's4 ,b :5 ! circum/ance ( ?is /atus quo disappe>$ ab\t #aicj1 ! p>ty's s\rce ( argum5t disappe>$ too1 & no o!r has be5 f\nd s9ce4 ,x became ! p>ty ( fru/ration & hatr$1 & l ! ,:ig ,p>ty e>li]1 x clung to p]sonalities 9 ! hope t !y w\ld be suffici5t to c>ry x to victory4 ,fir/ !re 0 ! grass roots ,middle ,we/]n] ,alf ,l&on2 !n ! glamor\s new conv]t to int]nationalism ,w5dell ,willkie2 !n ! gang-bu/] & ,empire ,/ate gov]nor ,?omas ,dewey4 ,f9ally1 to make ! p>allel complete1 !re came ! milit>y h]o ,g5]al ,dwight ,eis5h[]4 ,eis5h[] c be call$ ! ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison ( ! ,republican ,p>ty4 ,he is 8aga9/0 :at ! ,democrats are do+1 & he is admir$ by ! 8be/0 p4 ,all ?is is well suit$ to take m9ds (f real issues ?r\gh an outp\r+ ( national vanity & ! enjoym5t ( s5sation4 ,! ,republican *>ge aga9/ ! incumb5t adm9i/ration has be5 consi/5tly ! *>ge ( 8bungl+10 :ile ^? ,republicans :o h bas$ _! diss5t on some?+ m pr(\nd & cle>-sight$ h g5]ally drawn ! suspicion & disapproval ( ! p>ty's suppos$ly practical lead]s4 ,( ?is ! out/&+ pro( is ! defeat ( ! lead]%ip ( ,taft4 ,to look at ! :ole matt] 9 an hi/orical frame ( ref]5ce1 !re has be5 s viol5t a sw+ t[>d ! left t ! ,democrats today occupy ! position once occupi$ by ! ,sociali/s2 & ! ,republicans1 hav+ to take _! be>+s f ?is1 n[ occupy ! c5t] position1 :i* is hi/orically res]v$ = lib]als4 ,_! s]ies ( defeats comes f a failure to see t !re is an intellectually def5sible position on ! "r4 ,!y p]si/ ) ! argum5t f circum/ance1 :i* nev] w9s any major issues1 & sometimes1 z we h not$1 !y are left )\t ! circum/ance4 ,i %all sugge/ t ?is /ory has m ?an an academic int]e/ = an age :i* has se5 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t expos$ to insults1 "s op5 & vici\s1 "s conceal$ & insidi\s4 ,!re are 9 exi/5ce _m te*nological factors :i* !mselves con/itute an argum5t f circum/ance = "o-p>ty political rule4 ,inde$1 if ! tr5d ( circum/ances 7 our ma/] t]m1 we %\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h to favor ! "o-p>ty effici5cy sy/em lately fl\ri%+ 9 ,europe4 ,! c5tralization ( p[]1 ! te*nification ( means ( communication1 ! extreme p]il ( political divisiv5ess 9 ! face ( mod]n weapons ( w>1 all comb9e to put ! "q1 8,:at is ! function ( a p>ty ( opposition 9 ?is /reaml9$ _w anyh[80 ,its prop] function is to talk1 b talk+1 unless x conc]ns "s opposition ( pr9ciples1 is b ! we>isome cont5tion ( 8ins0 & 8outs40 ,democracy is a dialectical process1 & unless society c produce a gr\p suffici5tly indiff]5t to success to oppose ! rul+ gr\p on pr9ciple r ?an accord+ to opportunity = success1 ! idea ( opposition becomes discr$it$4 ,a p>ty :i* c argue only f success has no rhetorical topic aga9/ ! p>ty pres5tly enjoy+ success4 ,! prop] aim ( a political p>ty is to p]suade1 & to p]suade x mu/ h a rhetoric4 ,z f> z m]e me?ods g1 !re is no?+ to object to 9 ! argum5t f circum/ance1 = und5iably x has a p[] to move4 ,yet x has ?is p[] ?r\gh a widely %>$ human weakness1 :i* turns out on exam9ation to be %ortsight$ness4 ,?is %ortsight$ness leads a p>ty to positions :]e x has no policy1 or only ! policy ( oppos+ an incumb5t4 ,:5 all ! crit]ia are br\ght to be>1 !n1 ?is is an inf]ior s\rce ( argum5t1 :i* reflects adv]sely ^u any habitual us] & g5]ally puni%es ) failure4 ,s9ce1 z we h se51 x is gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( a situation r ?an 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 its opposition w n be a dialectically oppos$ opposition1 any m ?an 0 ,burke's opposition to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,& "h1 9 sub/ance1 ,i w\ld say1 is ! great reason :y ,burke %\ld n be tak5 z prophet by ! political cons]vatives4 ,true1 he has left _m wond]ful mat]ials :i* !y %\ld assimilate4 ,8 insights into human nature are q solid propositions to build )1 & 8 eloqu5ce is a lesson = all "t 9 ! effective p[] ( en]gy & imag]y4 ,yet ^! are ! auxili>y rhetorical appeals4 ,= ! rhetorical appeal on :i* x w /ake its life1 a cause mu/ h "s prim>y s\rce ( argum5t :i* w n be emb>rass$ by ab/ractions or ev5 by absolutes--! g5]al ideas m5tion$ by ,tocqueville4 ,burke 0 magnific5t at embelli%m5t1 b ( cle> rational pr9ciple he _h a mortal di/ru/4 ,x c\ld almo/ be said t he rais$ 8muddl+ ?r\gh0 to ! height ( a sci5ce1 ?\gh 9 actuality x c nev] be a sci5ce4 ,9 ! mo/ critical und]tak+ ( all1 ! *oice ( "o's s\rce ( argum5t1 x w\ld be bl9dness to take him z m5tor4 ,to f9d :at ,burke lack$1 we n[ turn to ! ,am]ican ,abraham ,l9coln1 :o despite an imp]fect education1 discov]$ t political argum5ts mu/ ultimately be bas$ on g5us or def9ition4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,,abraham ,,l9coln ,,& ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,def9ition ,al?\gh mo/ read]s ( ,l9coln s5se ! prevail+ aspect ( 8 argum5ts1 !re has be5 no ?\ghtful treatm5t ( ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,alb]t ,bev]idge m]ely alludes to x 9 8 obs]vation t 8,9 trials 9 circuit c\rts ,l9coln dep5d$ b little on prec$5ts2 he argu$ l>gely f fir/ pr9ciples40#gc ,nicolay & ,hay1 9 describ+ ,l9coln's spee* be=e ! ,republican ,banquet 9 ,*icago1 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahef1 report z foll[s3 8,?\gh ^! fragm5ts ( addresses give u only an imp]fect reflection ( ! /yle ( ,mr4 ,l9coln's oratory dur+ ?is p]iod1 !y nev]!less %[ its ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 a p]vad+ cle>ness ( analysis1 & t /rong t5d5cy t[>d axiomatic def9ition :i* gives s _m ( 8 s5t5ces _! conv9c+ =ce & durable value40#gd ,w4 ,h4 ,h]ndon1 :o _h ! opportunity ( close/ p]sonal obs]vation1 0 p]haps ! mo/ analytical ( all :5 he wrote3 8,n only 7 nature1 man1 & pr9ciple sugge/ive to ,mr4 ,l9coln2 n only _h he accurate & exact p]ceptions1 b he 0 causative2 8 m9d app>5tly ) an automatic movem5t1 ran back beh9d facts1 pr9ciples1 & all ?+s to _! orig9 & fir/ cause--to ! po9t :]e =ces act at once z effect & cause40#ge ,he obs]v$ fur!r 9 connection ) ,l9coln's practice be=e ! b>3 8,all oppon5ts dread$ 8 orig9ality1 8 cond5sation1 def9ition1 & =ce ( expression44440#gf ,our feel+ t he is a fa!r ( ! nation ev5 m conv9c+ly ?an ,wa%+ton1 & t 8 words are words ( wisdom :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! m intellectual ,jeff]son & ! m academic ,wilson /r5g!n ! supposition t he argu$ f "s v fundam5tal s\rce4 ,& :5 we f9d op9ion on ! po9t h>moni\s1 despite ! wide v>iety ( description 8 "* has und]gone1 we h en\gh initial confirmation to g =w>d ) ! /udy--a /udy :i* is important n alone z %[+ ! man 9 cle>] light b also z %[+ ^u :at t]ms cons]vatism is possible4 ,x may be useful to review briefly ! argum5t f def9ition4 ,! argum5t f def9ition1 9 ! s5se we %all employ "h1 includes all argum5ts f ! nature ( ! ?+4 ,:e!r ! g5us is an already recogniz$ conv5tion1 or :e!r x is def9$ at ! mom5t by ! orator1 or :e!r x is left to be inf]r$ f ! aggregate ( its species1 ! argum5t has a s+le po/ulate4 ,! po/ulate is t !re exi/ classes :i* are det]m9ate & !re=e pr$icable4 ,9 ! anci5t proposition ( ! s*oolroom1 8,socrates is mortal10 ! class ( mortal be+s is invok$ z a pr$icable4 ,:atev] is a memb] ( ! class w accord+ly h ! class attributes4 ,?is might seem a v easy admission to ga91 b x is n s f ^? :o believe t g5]a are only figm5ts ( ! imag9ation & h no self-subsi/5ce4 ,su* p]sons hold1 9 ! extreme application ( _! doctr9e1 t all d$uction is unw>rant$ assumption2 or t attributes _c be transf]r$ by imputation f g5us to species4 ,! issue "h is v deep1 go+ back to ! immemorial qu>rel ov] univ]sals1 & we %all n "h explore x fur!r ?an to say t ! argum5t f def9ition or g5us involves a philosophy ( be+1 :i* has divid$ & probably w cont9ue to divide mank9d4 ,!re are ^? :o seem to feel t g5]a are imprison+ bonds :i* s]ve only to hold ! m9d 9 conf9em5t4 ,to o!rs1 su* g5]a appe> ! v organon ( tru?4 ,)\t go+ into t "q "h1 x seems safe to ass]t t ^? :o believe 9 ! validity ( ! argum5t f g5us are ideali/s1 r\ghly1 if n v philosophically1 def9$4 ,! evid5ce t ,l9coln held su* belief is ov]:elm+2 x *>act]izes 8 ?9k+ f an e>ly age2 & ! greate/ ( 8 utt]ances 7except+ ! ,gettysburg ,address1 :i* is bas$ ^u similitude7 are *iefly argum5ts f def9ition4 ,9 mo/ ( ! que/ions :i* conc]n$ him f ! "t he 0 a /ruggl+ "y lawy] until ! "t :5 he 0 *>g$ ) ! guidance ( ! nation1 ,l9coln saw opportunity to argue f ! nature ( man4 ,9 fact1 n s9ce ! ,f$]ali/ pap]s ( ,james ,madison _h !re be5 9 ,am]ican political life su* c&id rec\rse to ?is t]m4 ,i %all treat 8 use ( x "u ! two heads ( argum5t f a concept ( human nature & argum5t f a def9ition ( man4 ,l9coln came e>ly to ! conclusion t human nature is a fix$ & kn[able ?+4 ,_m ( 8 e>ly judgm5ts ( policy are bas$ on a !ory ( :at ! human be+ qua human be+ w d 9 a giv5 situation4 ,:e!r he _h arriv$ at ?is concept ?r\gh inductive /udy--= :i* he _h v>i$ opportunity--or ?r\gh intuition is1 ( c\rse1 n ! "q "h2 our int]e/ is 9 ! reason+ :i* ! concept made possible4 ,x appe>s a fact t ,l9coln tru/$ 9 a uni=m pr$ictability ( human nature4 ,9 #ahch1 :5 he 0 only tw5ty-n9e ye>s old1 he 0 invit$ to address ! ,"y ,m5's ,lyceum ( ,spr+field on ! topic 8,! ,p]petuation ( ,our ,political ,in/itutions40 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! "y orator read ! dang] to p]petuation 9 ! inh]5t evil ( human nature4 ,8 argum5t 0 t ! importance ( a nation or ! sacr$ness ( a political dogma c\ld n )/& ! hung] ( m5 = p]sonal di/9ction4 ,n[ ! f\nd]s ( ! ,union _h won di/9ction ?r\gh t v role1 & s satisfi$ !mselves4 ,b oncom+ m5 ( ! same bre$ w\ld be look+ = simil> opportunity = di/9ction1 & possibly w\ld n f9d x 9 tasks ( peaceful con/ruction4 ,x seem$ to him q possible t 9 ! future bold natures w\ld appe> :o w\ld seek to ga9 di/9ction by pull+ d[n :at _! pr$ecessors _h erect$4 ,to a man ( ?is nature x matt]s little :e!r di/9ction is won 8at ! exp5se ( emancipat+ slaves or enslav+ freem540#gg ,! fact rema9s t 8,di/9ction w be 8 p>am\nt object10 & 8no?+ left to be done 9 ! way ( build+ up1 he w\ld set boldly to ! task ( pull+ d[n40#gh ,9 ?is way ,l9coln held p]sonal ambition to be di/9ctive ( human nature1 & he 0 will+ to pr$ict x ( 8 fell[ citiz5s1 %\ld _! political in/itutions endure 8fifty times0 z long z !y _h4 ,ano!r excell5t example ( ! use ( ?is s\rce appe>s 9 a spee* :i* ,l9coln made dur+ ! ,van ,bur5 adm9i/ration4 ,agitation ov] ! ,national ,bank "q 0 /ill lively1 & a bill _h be5 put =w>d :i* w\ld h requir$ ! deposit+ ( ,f$]al funds 9 five regional subtreasuries1 r ?an 9 a ,national ,bank1 until !y 7 ne$$ = use4 ,at a political discussion held 9 ! ,ill9ois ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,l9coln made a long spee* aga9/ ! proposal 9 :i* he drew ext5sively f ! topic ( ! nature ( human nature4 ,8 reason+ 0 t if public funds are plac$ 9 ! cu/ody ( subtreasur]s1 ! duty & ! p]sonal int]e/ ( ! cu/odians may conflict4 8,& :o t kn[s any?+ ( human nature d\bts t 9 _m in/ances int]e/ w prevail ov] duty1 & t ! subtreasur] w pref] opul5t knav]y 9 a =eign l& to hone/ pov]ty at home40#gi ,if on ! o!r h& ! funds 7 plac$ ) a ,national ,bank1 :i* w\ld h ! privilege ( us+ ! funds1 ^u paym5t ( int]e/1 until !y are ne$$1 ! duty & int]e/ ( ! cu/odian w\ld co9cide4 ,! ,bank plan 0 pref]able because we always f9d ! be/ p]=mance :]e duty & self-int]e/ ?us run toge!r4#hj ,"h we see him bas+ 8 case aga9 on ! infallible t5d5cy ( human nature to be itself4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,l9coln 0 call$ ^u to address ! ,wa%+tonian ,temp]ance ,society1 :i* 0 an organization ( re=m$ dr9k addicts4 ,?is spee* is /rik+ly indep5d5t 9 approa*1 & z su* is prophetic ( ! mann] he 0 to adopt 9 wre/l+ ) ! great problems ( union & slav]y4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! usual l9e ( ! temp]ance advocate1 ) its tone ( sup]iority & condemnation1 he attack$ all su* approa*es z n suit$ to ! nature ( man4 ,he impress$ ^u 8 he>]s ! fact t _! problem 0 ! problem ( human nature1 8:i* is ,god's decree & c nev] be rev]s$40 ,he !n w5t on to say t p ) a weakness = dr9k are n inf]ior specim5s ( ! race b h heads & he>ts t 8w be> advantage\s comp>ison ) ^? ( any o!r class40 ,! appeal to dr9k addicts 0 to be address$ to m51 & x c\ld n take ! =m ( d5unciation 8because x is n mu* 9 ! nature ( man to be driv5 to any?+2 /ill less to be driv5 ab\t t :i* is exclusively 8 own bus9ess40 ,:5 "o seeks to *ange ! conduct ( a be+ ( ?is nature1 8p]suasion1 k9d1 unassum+ p]suasion %\ld ev] be adopt$40 ,he !n summ$ up 8 po9t3 8,su* is man & s mu/ he be und]/ood by ^? :o w\ld lead him1 ev5 to 8 own be/ int]e/s40#ha ,"o fur!r in/ance ( ?is argum5t may be cit$4 ,ab\t #ahej ,l9coln compil$ notes = an address to "y m5 on ! subject ( ! pr(ession ( law4 ,"h aga9 we f9d a refre%+ly c&id approa*1 look+ )\t pret5se at ! creature man4 ,"o piece ( advice :i* ,l9coln urg$ ^u "y lawy]s 0 t !y nev] take _! :ole fee 9 advance4 ,to d s w\ld place too great a /ra9 ^u human nature1 :i* w\ld !n lack ! ne$ful spur to indu/ry4 8,:5 fully paid be=eh&1 y are m ?an a common mortal if y c feel ! same int]e/ 9 ! case1 z if some?+ 0 /ill 9 prospect = y1 z well z = y\r cli5t40#hb ,z 9 ! case ( ! subtreasury bill1 ,l9coln saw ! yok+ ( duty & self-int]e/ z a necessity ( our nature4 ,^! & o!r passages :i* c\ld be produc$ indicate t he view$ human nature z a con/ant1 by :i* "o c\ld det]m9e policy )\t mu* fe> ( surprise4 ,ev]y?+ p]iph]al ,l9coln ref]r$ to ?is c5t]4 ,8 argum5ts consequ5tly 7 ! mo/ fundam5tal se5 s9ce a gr\p ( reali/s fram$ ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t ) su* visible reg>d = human passion & weakness4 ,l9coln's !ory ( human nature 0 completely uns5tim5tal2 x 0 ! creation ( "o :o _h tak5 _m buffet+s & :o1 f e>ly bitt]ness & lat] indiff]5ce1 nev] affiliat$ ) any religi\s d5om9ation4 ,b x furni%$ ! means ( wisdom & prophecy4 ,) ?is habit ( reason+ e/abli%$1 ,l9coln 0 ideally equipp$ to deal ) ! great issue ( slav]y4 ,! ,am]ican civil conflict ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 all its sup]ficial excitem5ts h be5 /ripp$ aside1 appe>s ano!r debate ab\t ! nature ( man4 ,yet :ile o!r political lead]s 7 look+ to ! law1 to ,am]ican hi/ory1 & to ?is or t political cont+5cy1 ,l9coln look$--z x 0 8 habit already to d--to ! c5t]2 t is1 to ! def9ition ( man4 ,0 ! negro a man or 0 he n8 ,x c be %[n t 8 answ] to ?is "q nev] v>i$1 despite will+ness to recognize "s tempor>y & p]haps ev5 "s p]man5t m9ority on ! "p ( ! ,african race4 ,! answ] 0 a cle> 8,yes10 & he us$ x on _m occasions dur+ ! fifties to impale 8 oppon5ts4 ,! ,s\? 0 peculi>ly vuln]able to ?is argum5t1 = if we look at its position1 n ?r\gh ! t]ms ( legal & religi\s argum5t1 (t5 +5i\sly work$ out1 b ?r\gh its actual treatm5t ( ! negro1 t position is se5 to be equivocal4 ,to illu/rate3 9 ! ,s\!rn case he 0 n a man z f> z ! 8inali5able rights0 g1 & ! ,dr$ ,scott decision 0 to class him z a *attel4 ,yet on ! contr>y ! negro 0 v mu* a man :5 x came to su* matt]s z und]/&+ ord]s1 p]=m+ "w1 &1 z ! pres5ce ( ! mulatto te/ifi$1 help+ to procreate ! human species4 ,all ( ! argum5ts t ! pro-slav]y gr\p 0 able to mu/] broke aga9/ ! /ubborn fact1 :i* ,l9coln p]si/5tly ?ru/ 9 _! way1 t ! negro 0 someh[ & 9 "s degree a man4 ,= our fir/ exam9ation ( ?is argum5t1 we turn to ! ju/ly celebrat$ spee* at ,peoria1 ,octob] #af1 #ahed4 ,l9coln _h actually begun to lose int]e/ 9 politics :5 ! passage ( ! highly controv]sial ,kansas-,nebraska ,bill 9 ,may1 #ahed1 reawak5$ him4 ,x 0 z if 8 moral nature _h receiv$ a fre% %ock f ! t5d5cies pres5t 9 ?is bill2 & he began 9 t ye> ! battle :i* he wag$ ) rem>kable consi/5cy ( position until he won ! presid5cy ( ! ,union six ye>s lat]4 ,! ,spee* at ,peoria c be reg>d$ z ! op5+ gun ( ?is campaign4 ,! spee* itself is a ri* /udy 9 logic & rhetoric1 :]e9 "o f9ds ! n[ mature ,l9coln %[+ 8 gift = discov]+ ! ess5tials ( a "q4 ,aft] promis+ ! audi5ce to conf9e himself to ! 8nak$ m]its0 ( ! issue & to be 8no less ?an national 9 all ! positions0 he took1 he turn$ at once to ! topic ( dome/ic slav]y4 ,"h argum5ts f ! g5us 8man0 foll[ "o aft] ano!r4 ,l9coln uses !m to confront ! ,s\!rn p ) _! dilemma4 ,equal ju/ice to ! ,s\?1 x is said1 requires u to cons5t to ! ext5sion ( slav]y to new c\ntries4 ,t is to say1 inasmu* z y d n object to my tak+ my hog to ,nebraska1 !re=e ,i mu/ n object to y\r tak+ y\r slave4 ,n[1 ,i admit t ?is is p]fectly logical1 if !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 hogs & ,negroes4 ,b :ile y ?us require me to d5y ! humanity ( ! ,negro1 ,i wi% to ask :e!r y ( ! ,s\?1 y\rselves1 h ev] be5 will+ to d z mu*8#hc ,if ! ,s\!rn p reg>d ! ,negro only z an animal1 h[ d !y expla9 _! attitude t[>d ! slave deal]8 ,y despise him utt]ly4 ,y d n recognize him z a fri5d1 or ev5 z an hone/ man4 ,y\r *ildr5 mu/ n play ) 82 !y may rollick freely ) ! little ,negroes1 b n ) ! slave deal]'s *ildr54 ,if y are oblig$ to deal ) him1 y try to get ?r\gh ! job )\t s mu* z t\*+ him4 ,x is common ) y to jo9 h&s ) m5 y meet1 b ) ! slave deal] y avoid ! c]emony--in/9ctively %r9k+ f ! snaky contact4 ,if he gr[s ri* & retires f bus9ess1 y /ill rememb] him1 & /ill keep up ! ban ( non-int]c\rse ^u him & 8 family4 ,n[ :y is ?is8 ,y d n s treat ! man :o deals 9 corn1 cotton1 or tobacco8#hd ,moreov]1 if ! ,negro is m]ely prop]ty1 & is incapable ( any sort ( classification1 :at category is !re to accommodate ! free ,negroes8 ,& yet aga94 ,!re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 includ+ ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 #dcc1fdc free blacks4 ,at five hundr$ doll>s p] head1 !y are wor? ov] two hundr$ millions ( doll>s4 ,h[ comes ?is va/ am\nt ( prop]ty to be runn+ ab\t )\t own]s8 ,we d n see free horses or free cattle runn+ at l>ge4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,all ^! free blacks are ! desc5dants ( slaves1 or h be5 slaves !mselves2 & !y w\ld be slaves n[ b = some?+ :i* has op]at$ on _! :ite own]s1 induc+ !m at va/ pecuni>y sacrifice to lib]ate !m4 ,:at is t some?+8 ,is !re any mi/ak+ x8 ,9 all ^! cases x is y\r s5se ( ju/ice & human sympa?y cont9ually tell+ y t ! poor ,negro has "s natural "r to himself--t ^? :o d5y x & make m]e m]*&ise ( him des]ve kick+s1 contempt1 & dea?4#he ,! argum5t is cl9*$ ) a passage :i* puts ! ,negro's case 9 ! mo/ explicit t]ms "o c well conceive (4 8,man0 & 8self-gov]nm5t10 ,l9coln argues1 _c be def9$ )\t respect to "o ano!r4 ,! doctr9e ( self-gov]nm5t is "r--absolutely & et]nally "r--b x has no j application z "h attempt$4 ,or p]haps ,i %\ld r say t :e!r x has su* application dep5ds ^u :e!r a ,negro is n or is a man4 ,if he is n a man1 9 t case he :o is a man may z a matt] ( self-gov]nm5t d j :at he pleases ) him4 ,b if ! ,negro is a man1 is x n to t ext5t a total de/ruction ( self-gov]nm5t to say t he too %all n gov]n himself8 ,:5 ! :ite man gov]ns himself1 t is self-gov]nm5t2 b :5 he gov]ns himself & also gov]ns ano!r man1 t is m ?an self-gov]nm5t--t is despotism4 ,if ! ,negro is a man1 :y !n my anci5t fai? tea*es me t 8all m5 are creat$ equal10 & t !re c be no moral "r 9 connection ) "o man's mak+ a slave ( ano!r4#hf ,l9coln knew ! type ( argum5t he _h to oppose1 & he correctly gaug$ its =ce4 ,x 0 ! argum5t f circum/ance1 :i* he treat$ z su* argum5t requires to be treat$4 8,let u turn slav]y f its claims ( #8moral "r' back ^u its exi/+ legal rights & its argum5t ( #8necessity4'0#hg ,he did n d5y ! 8necessity02 he reg>d$ x z some?+ t c\ld be tak5 c>e ( 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,aft] ! =mation ( ! ,republican ,p>ty1 he (t5 utiliz$ 8 s\rce 9 def9ition to po9t out ! sali5t diff]5ce betwe5 ,republicans & ,democrats4 ,! ,democrats 7 play+ up circum/ance 7! 8necessity0 allud$ to 9 ! above quotation7 & to consequ5ce 7! sav+ ( ! ,union ?r\gh ! placat+ ( all sections7 :ile ! ,republicans /ood1 at fir/ a little =lornly1 ^u pr9ciple4 ,z he put x dur+ a spee* at ,spr+field 9 #aheg3 ,! ,republicans inculcate1 ) :atev] ( ability !y c1 t ! ,negro is a man1 t 8 bondage is cruelly wrong1 & t ! field ( 8 oppression ought n to be enl>g$4 ,! ,democrats d5y 8 manhood2 d5y1 or dw>f to insignificance1 ! wrong ( 8 bondage2 s f> z possible cru% all sympa?y = him1 & cultivate & excite hatr$ & disgu/ aga9/ him2 complim5t !mselves z ,union-sav]s = do+ s2 & call ! indef9ite outspread+ ( 8 bondage 8a sacr$ "r ( self-gov]nm5t40#hh ,9 ! long conte/ ) ,d\glas & ! p>ty ( 8popul> sov]eignty10 ,l9coln's pr9cipal *>ge 0 t 8 oppon5ts1 by /raddl+ issues & ?r\gh devi\sness1 7 break+ d[n ! ess5tial def9ition ( man4 ,repeat$ly he ref]r$ to 8?is gradual & /eady debau*+ ( public op9ion40 ,he made ?is *>ge because ^? :o advocat$ local option 9 ! matt] ( slav]y 7 work+ unremitt+ly to *ange ! ,negro 8f ! rank ( a man to t ( a brute40 8,!y are tak+ him d[n10 he decl>$1 8& plac+ him1 :5 spok5 (1 among reptiles & crocodiles1 z ,judge ,d\glas himself expresses x4 8,is n ?is *ange wr\ght 9 y\r m9ds a v important *ange8 ,public op9ion 9 ?is c\ntry is ev]y?+4 ,9 a nation l ours ?is popul> sov]eignty & squatt] sov]eignty h already wr\ght a *ange 9 ! public m9d to ! ext5t ,i h already /at$4 ,!re is no man 9 ?is cr[d :o c contradict x4 8,n[1 if y are oppos$ to slav]y hone/ly1 ,i ask y to note t fact1 & ! l ( :i* is to foll[1 to be pla/]$ on1 lay] aft] lay]1 until v soon y are prep>$ to deal ) ! ,negro ev]y:]e z ) a brute40#hi ,we feel t ! morality ( intellectual integrity lay beh9d su* resi/ance to ! break+ d[n ( g5]a4 ,l9coln realiz$ t ! price ( hone/y1 z well z ( success 9 ! long run1 is to /ay out ( ! exclud$ middle4 ,9 sum1 we see t ,l9coln c\ld nev] be dislodg$ f 8 position t !re is "o g5us ( human be+s2 & e>ly 9 8 c>e] z lawy] he _h le>n$ t x is bett] to base an argum5t ^u "o incontrov]tible po9t ?an to try to make an impressive case ?r\gh a :ole array ( po9ts4 ,?r\gh ! ye>s he clung t5aci\sly to ?is concept ( g5us1 f :i* he c\ld draw ! proposition t :at is fundam5tally true ( ! family w be true also ( ! bran*es ( ! family4#ij ,!re=e s9ce ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce _h int]dict$ slav]y = man1 slav]y 0 int]dict$ = ! negro 9 pr9ciple4 ,"h is a good place to po9t out t :]eas = ,burke circum/ance 0 (t5 a decid+ factor1 = ,l9coln x 0 nev] m ?an a ret>d+ factor4 ,he m>k$ ! "r to equality affirm$ by ! sign]s ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce3 8,!y meant simply to decl>e ! "r1 s t en=cem5t ( x might foll[ z fa/ z circum/ances w\ld p]mit40#ia ,& he recogniz$ ! /ubborn fact ( ! in/itution ( ,am]ican slav]y4 ,b he did n argue any degree ( rightness f ! fact4 ,! /rategy ( 8 :ole anti-slav]y campaign 0 t slav]y %\ld be re/rict$ to ! /ates 9 :i* x !n exi/$ & 9 ?is way 8put 9 c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction0--a phrase :i* he f\nd expressive en\gh to use on sev]al occasions4 ,!re is q possibly conceal$ "h ano!r argum5t f def9ition1 expressible 9 ! proposition t :i* _c gr[ mu/ p]i%4 ,to fix limits = an in/itution ) ! und]/&+ t x %all nev] exce$ ^! is 9 effect to pass s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,! slav]y p>ty seems to h appreh5d$ e>ly t if slav]y c\ld n wax1 x w\ld wane1 & h5ce _! support ( ! ,mexican ,w> & ! ,kansas-,nebraska ,bill4 ,l9coln's inflexible def5se ( ! t]ms ( ! old ,nor?we/ ,ord9ance s]v$ notice t he repres5t$ ! true opposition4 ,9 ?is way 8 def9itive /& drew cle> l9es = ! approa*+ conflict4 ,to ga9 n[ a cle>] view ( ,l9coln's ma/]y ( ?is rhetoric1 x w be useful to see h[ he us$ v>i\s argum5ts f def9ition )9 ! scope ( a s+le spee*1 & = ?is purpose we may *oose ! ,fir/ ,inaugural ,address1 surely f ! /&po9t ( topical organization "o ( ! mo/ notable ,am]ican /ate pap]s4 ,! long political conte/1 9 :i* he _h display$ acum5 along ) t5acity1 _h end$ 9 victory1 & ?is 0 ! juncture at :i* he _h to lay d[n 8 policy = ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,= "s m5 x w\ld h be5 an occasion = description ma9ly2 b ,l9coln seems to h tak5 ! advice he _h giv5 _m ye>s be=e to ! ,"y ,m5's ,lyceum ( ,spr+field3 8,passion has help$ u b c d s no m4444 ,reason1 cold1 calculat+1 unimpassion$ reason--mu/ furni% all ! mat]ials = our future support & def5se44440#ib ,)\t be+ cold1 ! spee* is sev]ely logical1 & mu* ( ! tone is contribut$ by ! type ( argum5t pref]r$4 ,( ! f\rte5 di/+ui%able argum5ts 9 ?is address1 eight are argum5ts f def9ition or g5us4 ,( ! six rema9+1 two are f consequ5ces1 two f circum/ances1 "o f contr>ies1 & "o f similitude4 ,! proportion tells its own /ory4 ,n[ let u see h[ ! eight are employ$3 #a4 ,argum5t f ! nature ( all gov]nm5t4 ,all gov]nm5ts h a fundam5tal duty ( self-pres]vation4 8,p]petuity is impli$1 if n express$1 9 ! fundam5tal law ( all national gov]nm5ts40#ic ,?is means ( c\rse t :atev] is recogniz$ z a gov]nm5t has ! obligation to def5d itself f )\t & f )91 & :atev] m5aces ! gov]nm5t mu/ be treat$ z a ho/ile =ce4 ,?is argum5t 0 (f]$ to meet ! cont5tion ( ! secessioni/s t ! ,con/itution n[h]e au?oriz$ ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t to take =cible measures aga9/ ! )draw+ /ates4 ,"h ,l9coln fell back ^u ! broad] g5us 8all gov]nm5t40 #b4 ,argum5t f ! nature ( contract4 ,"h ,l9coln met ! argum5t t ! association ( ! /ates is 89 ! nature ( a contract m]ely40 ,8 answ] 0 t ! resc9d+ ( a contract requires ! ass5t ( all p>ties to x4 ,:5 "o p>ty alone ceases to obs]ve x1 ! contract is m]ely violat$1 & violation affects ! mat]ial int]e/s ( all p>ties4 ,by ?is int]pretation ( ! law ( contract1 ! ,s\!rn /ates c\ld n leave ! ,union )\t a g5]al cons5t4 #c4 ,argum5t f ! nature ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,"h ,l9coln began ) ! proposition t ! ,am]ican ,union is old] ?an ! ,con/itution4 ,n[ s9ce ! ,con/itution 0 =m$ 8to make a m p]fect union10 x mu/ h _h 9 view ! 8vital elem5t ( p]petuity10 s9ce ! omission ( ?is elem5t w\ld h left a less p]fect union ?an be=e4 ,! int5t ( ! ,con/itution 0 t 8no ,/ate ^u its own m]e motion c lawfully get out ( ! ,union40 ,!re=e ! ,am]ican ,union1 z an in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t1 _h 9 its legal nature protection aga9/ ?is k9d ( dis9tegration4 #d4 ,argum5t f ! nature ( ! *ief magi/rate's (fice4 ,hav+ ?us def9$ ! ,union1 ,l9coln next look$ at ! duties :i* its nature impos$ ^u ! *ief magi/rate4 ,he def9$ x z 8simple duty0 on ! *ief magi/rate's "p to see t ! laws ( ?is unbrok5 union 8be fai?fully execut$ 9 all ! /ates40 ,obvi\sly ! argum5t 0 to ju/ify active measures 9 def5se ( ! ,union4 ,z ,l9coln conceiv$ ! def9ition1 x 0 n ! duty ( ! *ief magi/rate to preside ov] ! dis9tegration ( ! ,union1 b to c>ry on ! executive (fice j z if no possibility ( dis9tegration ?reat5$4 ,?us f>1 x w be obs]v$1 ! spee* is a s]ies ( d$uctions1 ea* "o d]iv+ f ! prec$+ def9ition4 #e4 ,argum5t f ! nature ( majority rule4 ,?is argum5t1 ) its f9e axiomatic /atem5ts1 0 us$ by ,l9coln to indicate h[ ! gov]nm5t %\ld proce$ 9 cases n expressly envisag$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,popul> gov]nm5t dem&s acquiesc5ce by m9orities 9 all su* cases4 8,if ! m9ority w n acquiesce1 ! majority mu/1 or ! gov]nm5t w cease4 ,!re is no o!r alt]native2 = cont9u+ ! gov]nm5t is acquiesc5ce on "o side or ! o!r4 8,if a m9ority 9 su* case w sec$e r ?an acquiesce1 !y make a prec$5t :i* 9 turn w divide & ru9 !m2 = a m9ority ( _! own w sec$e f !m :5ev] a majority refuses to be controll$ by su* a m9ority40#id ,! difficulty ( ! ,conf$]acy ) /ates' rights )9 its own h\se 0 to atte/ to ! s\ndness ( ?is argum5t4 #f4 ,argum5t f ! nature ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,"h ,l9coln conc$$ ! "r ( ! :ole p to *ange its gov]nm5t by con/itutional re=m or by revolution>y action4 ,b he saw ?is "r ve/$ 9 ! p z a :ole1 & he insi/$ t any *ange be c>ri$ out by ! modes prescrib$4 ,! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry 7 f9ally ! creations ( ! sov]eign w ( ! p4 ,b until a w on ?is issue 0 prop]ly express$1 ! gov]nm5t _h a commission to endure z be=e4 #g4 ,second argum5t f ! nature ( ! (fice ( *ief magi/rate4 ,?is argum5t foll[$ ! prec$+ because ,l9coln _h to make x cle> t :]eas ! p1 z ! s\rce ( sov]eign p[]1 _h ! "r to alt] or aboli% _! gov]nm5t1 ! *ief magi/rate1 z an elect$ s]vant1 _h no su* "r4 ,he 0 *os5 to conduct ! gov]nm5t !n 9 exi/5ce4 8,8 duty is to adm9i/] ! pres5t gov]nm5t z x came into 8 h&s1 & to transmit x1 unimpair$ by him1 to 8 successor40#ie #h4 ,second argum5t f ! nature ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,9 ?is ,l9coln rem9ds 8 audi5ce t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t does n give its (ficials mu* p[] to d mis*ief1 & t x provides a return ( p[] to ! p at %ort int]vals4 ,9 effect1 ! argum5t def9es ! ,am]ican type ( gov]nm5t & a tyranny z incompatible f ! fact t ! gov]nors are up = review by ! p at regul> p]iods4 ,x c h>dly be ov]look$ t ?is conc5tration ^u def9ition produces a /rongly legali/ic spee*1 if we may conceive law z a process ( def9+ actions4 ,e important policy ( :i* explanation is made is ref]r$ to "s widely accept$ ,am]ican political !ory4 ,x has be5 said t ,l9coln's advantage ov] 8 oppon5t ,jeff]son ,davis lay 9 a flexible-m9d$ pragmatism capable ( deal+ ) issues on _! own t]ms1 unhamp]$ by metaphysical ab/ractions4 ,!re may be an elem5t ( tru? 9 ?is if ref]5ce is made to ! m conf9$ & sup]ficial matt]s--to proc$ural & adm9i/rative detail4 ,b "o w\ld g f> to f9d a spee* m respectful t[>d ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t--to def9$ & agre$ ^u ?+s--?an ! ,fir/ ,inaugural ,address4 ,al?\gh no o!r spee* by ,l9coln exhibits s high a proportion ( argum5ts f def9ition1 ! ,fir/ ,message to ,congress 7,july #d1 #ahfa7 makes a notewor?y use ( ?is s\rce4 ,! )drawal ( /ill o!r /ates f ! ,union1 ! ,conf$]ate capture ( ,=t ,sumt]1 & ensu+ milit>y ev5ts compell$ ,l9coln to develop m fully 8 anti-secessioni/ doctr9e4 ,?is he did 9 a passage rem>kable = its treatm5t ( ! age-old problem ( fre$om & au?ority4 ,:at _h to be made det]m9ate1 z he saw x1 0 ! nature ( free gov]nm5t4 ,& ?is issue embraces m ?an ! fate ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x pres5ts to ! :ole family ( man ! "q ( :e!r a con/itutional republic or democracy--a gov]nm5t ( ! p by ! same p--c or _c ma9ta9 its t]ritorial integrity aga9/ its own dome/ic foes4 ,x pres5ts ! "q :e!r discont5t$ individuals1 too few 9 numb]s to control adm9i/ration accord+ to organic law 9 any case1 c always1 ^u ! pret5ses made 9 ?is case1 or on any o!r pret5ses1 or arbitr>ily )\t any pret5se1 break up _! gov]nm5t1 & ?us practically put an end to free gov]nm5t ^u ! e>?4 ,x =ces u to ask3 8,is !re1 9 all republics1 ?is inh]5t & fatal weakness80 8,mu/ a gov]nm5t1 ( necessity1 be too /rong = ! lib]ties ( its own p1 or too weak to ma9ta9 its own exi/5ce80#if ,!n look+ at ! doctr9e ( secession z a "q ( ! :ole & its p>ts1 he w5t on to say3 ,?is relative matt] ( national p[] & ,/ate rights1 z a pr9ciple1 is no o!r ?an ! pr9ciple ( g5]ality & locality4 ,:atev] conc]ns ! :ole %\ld be conf9$ to ! :ole--to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t2 :ile :atev] conc]ns only ! ,/ate %\ld be left exclusively to ! ,/ate4 ,?is is all !re is ( orig9al pr9ciple ab\t x4 ,:e!r ! ,national ,con/itution 9 def9+ b\nd>ies betwe5 ! two has appli$ ! pr9ciple ) exact accuracy is n to be que/ion$4 ,we are all b\nd by t def9+ )\t "q4#ig ,"o fur!r argum5t1 occurr+ 9 a lat] spee*1 des]ves special att5tion because ( ! cle> way 9 :i* x reveals ,l9coln's me?od4 ,:5 he deliv]$ 8 ,second ,annual ,message to ,congress on ,decemb] #a1 #ahfb1 he devot$ himself prim>ily to ! subject ( comp5sat$ emancipation ( ! slaves4 ,?is 0 a critical mom5t ( ! w> = ! p ( ! bord] /ates1 :o 7 n fully committ$ ei!r way1 & :o 7 s5sitive on ! subject ( slav]y4 ,l9coln hop$ to ga9 ! great political & milit>y advantage ( _! adh]5ce4 ,! way 9 :i* he approa*es ! subject %\ld be ( ! highe/ int]e/ to /ud5ts ( rhetoric1 = ! op5+ "p ( ! spee* is virtually a copybook ex]cise 9 def9ition4 ,!re he faces ! "q ( :at con/itutes a nation4 8,a nation may be said to consi/ ( its t]ritory1 its p1 & its laws40 ,"h we see 9 s*ol>ly ord] ! g5us p>ticul>iz$ by ! diff]5tiae4 ,next he ent]s into a critical discussion ( ! diff]5tiae4 ,! notion may /rike u z curi\s1 b ,l9coln proce$s to cite ! t]ritory z ! endur+ "p4 8,! t]ritory is ! only "p :i* is ( a c]ta9 durability4 #8,"o g5]ation passe? away & ano!r come?1 b ! e>? abide? =ev]4' ,x is ( ! fir/ importance to duly consid] & e/imate ?is ev]-endur+ "p40#ih ,n[1 ,l9coln goes on to say1 our pres5t /rife arises 8n f our p]man5t "p1 n f ! l& we inhabit1 n f our national home/ead40 ,x is r ! case t 8,our /rife p]ta9s to ourselves--to ! pass+ g5]ations ( m52 & x c )\t convulsion be hu%$ =ev] ) ! pass+ ( "o g5]ation40#ii ,! pres5t g5]ation w soon disappe>1 & our laws c be modifi$ by our w4 ,!re=e he (f]s a plan :]eby all own]s w be indemnifi$ & all slaves w be free by ! ye> #aijj4 ,se5 9 ano!r way1 :at ,l9coln "h does is def9e 8nation0 & !n divide ! diff]5tiae into ! p]man5t & ! transitory2 f9ally he accommodates 8 measure bo? to ! p]man5t "p 7a t]ritory to be :olly free aft] #aijj7 & ! transitory "p 7pres5t m5 & in/itutions1 :i* are to be 8paid (f074 ,x is ! utt]ance ( an ,am]ican political lead]2 yet x is v]itably ,s*ola/ic 9 its me?od & 9 ! cle>ness ( its l9es ( reason+4 ,x is1 at ! same "t1 a f9e illu/ration ( press+ t[>d ! ideal goal :ile respect+1 b n be+ deflect$ by1 circum/ances4 ,x seems p]t95t to say aft] ! =ego+ t "o consequ5ce ( ,l9coln's love ( def9ition 0 a w>-"t policy t[>d slav]y :i* look$ to "s l temporiz+4 ,we h enc\nt]$ 9 an e>li] spee* 8 view t ! ,negro c\ld n be classifi$ m]ely z prop]ty4 ,yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! eyes ( ! law ,negro slaves 7 prop]ty2 & ,l9coln 01 aft] all1 a lawy]4 ,morally he believ$ !m n to be prop]ty1 b legally !y 7 prop]ty2 & ! necessity ( walk+ a l9e betwe5 ! moral imp]ative & ! law w expla9 "s ( 8 actions :i* seem n to agree ) ! popul> conception ( ! ,great ,emancipator4 ,! fir/ s]i\s cla% came 9 ! late summ] ( #ahfa1 :5 ,g5]al ,fremont1 op]at+ 9 ,miss\ri1 issu$ a proclamation free+ all slaves !re belong+ to citiz5s 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,l9coln fir/ rebuk$ ,g5]al ,fremont & !n c\nt]m&$ 8 ord]4 ,to ,o4 ,h4 ,br[n+1 ( ,qu9cy1 ,ill9ois1 :o _h writt5 him 9 support ( ,fremont's action1 he respond$ z foll[s3 ,y speak ( x z ! only means ( sav+ ! gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is itself ! surr5d] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,c x be pret5d$ t x is any long] ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--any gov]nm5t ( con/itution & laws--:]e9 a g5]al or a presid5t may make p]man5t rules ( prop]ty by proclamation8#ajj ,?is 0 ! doctr9e ( ! legal aspect ( slav]y :i* 0 to be amplifi$ 9 ! ,second ,annual ,message to ,congress3 ,d\btless "s ( ^? :o are to pay1 & n to receive1 w object4 ,yet ! measure is bo? j & economical4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! lib]ation ( ! slaves is ! de/ruction ( prop]ty--prop]ty acquir$ by desc5t or by pur*ase1 ! same z any o!r prop]ty4444 ,if1 !n1 = a common object ?is prop]ty is to be sacrific$1 is x n j t x be done at a common *>ge8#aja ,x is a truism t z a w> progresses1 ! basis ( ! w> *anges1 & our civil conflict 0 no exception4 ,x appe>s to h become increas+ly cle> to ,l9coln t slav]y 0 n only ! fom5t+ cause b also ! *ief factor ( support ( ! secessioni/ movem5t1 & f9ally he came to ! conclusion t ! 8de/ruction0 ( ?is =m ( prop]ty 0 an indisp5sable milit>y proce$+4 ,ev5 "h ?\gh--& contr>y to ! g5]al k ( ,am]icans today--def9itions 7 c>efully made4 ,! f9al docum5t 0 n a proclamation to emancipate slaves1 b a proclamation to confiscate ! prop]ty ( citiz5s 9 rebellion 8z a fit & necess>y measure = suppress+ said rebellion40 ,its t]ms did n emancipate all slaves1 & z a matt] ( fact slav]y 0 legal 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia until "s "t aft] ,l9coln's dea?4 ,9 view ( ,l9coln's frequ5t reliance ^u ! argum5t f def9ition1 x becomes a matt] ( int]e/ to inquire :e!r he appe>s to h realiz$ t _m ( 8 problems 7 problems ( def9ition4 ,"o c ( c\rse employ a type ( argum5t )\t be+ aw>e ( mu* m ?an its ad hoc success1 b we %\ld expect a reflective m9d l ,l9coln's to pond] at times ! ab/ract nature ( 8 me?od4 ,fur!rmore1 ! extraord9>y accuracy ) :i* he us$ words is evid5ce po9t+ 9 ! same direction4 ,s5sitivity on ! score ( def9itions is tantam\nt to s5sitivity on ! score ( names1 & we f9d ! foll[+ 9 ! ,fir/ ,message to ,congress3 ,x might seem1 at fir/ ?\ght1 to be ( little diff]5ce :e!r ! pres5t movem5t at ! ,s\? be call$ 8secession0 or 8rebellion40 ,! mov]s1 h[ev]1 well und]/& ! diff]5ce4 ,at ! beg9n+ !y knew !y c\ld nev] raise _! reason to any respectable magnitude by any "n :i* implies violation ( law4#ajb ,l9coln mu/ at times h view$ 8 :ole c>e] z a battle aga9/ ! 8m9]s & sapp]s0 ( ^? names :i* express$ ! national ideals4 ,8 *ief *>ge aga9/ ,d\glas & ! equivocal uphold]s ( 8squatt] sov]eignty0 0 t !y 7 try+ to circumv5t def9itions1 & dur+ ! w> p]iod he _h to meet ! same sort ( attempts4 ,l9coln's mo/ explicit /atem5t by f> on ! problem appe>s 9 a %ort talk made at "o ( ! 8,sanit>y ,fairs0 x 0 8 practice to att5d4 ,speak+ ?is "t at ,baltimore 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfd1 he gave "o ( ^? timeless little lessons :i* h made su* an impression on m5's m9ds4 ,! _w has nev] _h a good def9ition ( ! ^w lib]ty1 & ! ,am]ican p1 j n[1 are mu* 9 want ( "o4 ,we all decl>e = lib]ty2 b 9 us+ ! same ^w we d n all mean ! same ?+4 ,) "s ! ^w lib]ty may mean = ea* man to d z he pleases1 ) himself1 & ) ! product ( 8 labor2 :ile ) o!rs ! same ^w may mean = "s m5 to d z !y please ) o!r m51 & ! product ( o!r m5's labor4 ,"h are two1 n only diff]5t1 b incompatible ?+s1 call$ by ! same "n1 lib]ty4 ,& x foll[s t ea* ( ! ?+s is1 by ! respective p>ties1 call$ by two diff]5t & incompatible names--lib]ty & tyranny4 ,! %eph]d drives ! wolf f ! %eep's ?roat1 = :i* ! %eep ?anks ! %eph]d z 8 lib]ator1 :ile ! wolf d5\nces him = ! same act1 z ! de/roy] ( lib]ty1 especially z ! %eep 0 a black "o4 ,pla9ly1 ! %eep & ! wolf are n agre$ ^u a def9ition ( ! ^w lib]ty2 & precisely ! same diff]5ce prevails today among u human creatures1 ev5 9 ! ,nor?1 & all pr(ess+ to love lib]ty4#ajc ,s ! difficulty appe>$ 9 8 "t1 & x %\ld h>dly be necess>y to po9t out t no p]iod ( mod]n hi/ory has be5 m 9 ne$ ( ?is little homily on ! subject ( def9ition ?an ! fir/ half ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 words & ess5ces did !n occur to ,l9coln z a problem1 & we c %[ h[ he 0 influ5c$ 9 "o highly important p>ticul> by 8 att5tion to ?is relation%ip4 ,fairly e>ly 9 8 /ruggle aga9/ ,d\glas & o!rs :om he conceiv$ to be ! foes ( ! ,union1 ,l9coln became conv9c$ t ! p]durability ( laws & o!r in/itutions is b\nd up ) ! acceptance ( ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,or1 if t seems an unduly ab/ract way ( putt+ ! matt]1 let u say t he came to repudiate1 z firmly z anyone 9 practical politics may d1 ^? p :o try by relativi/ic int]pretations & o!r sophi/ries to evade ! =ce ( "s basic pr9ciples4 ,! he>t ( ,l9coln's /atesman%ip1 inde$1 lay 9 8 p]ception t on "s matt]s "o has to say 8,yes0 or 8,no10 t "o has to accept an alt]native to ! total exclusion ( ! o!r1 & t any weakness 9 be+ ?us bold is a betrayal4 ,let u exam9e "s ( ! /ages by :i* ?is conviction grew ^u him4 ,x seems n g5]ally appreciat$ t ?is position comprises ! ess5ce ( ! celebrat$ 8,h\se ,divid$0 spee*1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,republican ,/ate ,conv5tion at ,spr+field1 ,june #af1 #aheh4 ,!re he said3 8#8,a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&4' ,i believe ?is gov]nm5t _c endure p]man5tly half slave & half free4 ,i d n expect ! ,union to be dissolv$--,i d n expect ! h\se to fall--b ,i d expect x w cease to be divid$4 ,x w become all "o ?+ or all ! o!r40#ajd ,h[ manife/ x is t ,l9coln's position 0 n "o ( 8tol]ance10 z t ^w is vulg>ly und]/ood today4 ,x 0 a def9ite insi/5ce ^u "r1 ) no reg>d = latitude & longitude 9 moral que/ions4 ,= ,l9coln su* que/ions c\ld nei!r be relativi/ically decid$ nor held 9 abeyance4 ,!re 0 no middle gr\nd4 ,9 ! light ( ,am]ican political tradition ! /& is curi\sly absolute1 b x is !re--& x is g5u9ely expressive ( ,l9coln's matur$ view4 ,d\glas _h made ! fatal mi/ake ( look+ = a position 9 ! exclud$ middle4 ,he _h be5 try+ to get slav]y admitt$ into ! t]ritories by feign+ t ! in/itution 0 morally indiff]5t4 ,8 plat=m decl>ation _h be5 t he did n c>e 8:e!r x is vot$ up or vot$ d[n0 9 ! t]ritories4 ,t /atem5t made a f9e op5+ = ,l9coln1 :i* he us$ z foll[s 9 8 reply at ,alton3 ,any man c say t :o does n see any?+ wrong 9 slav]y1 b no man c logically say x :o does see a wrong 9 x2 because no man c logically say he don't c>e :e!r a wrong is vot$ up or d[n4 ,he may say he don't c>e :e!r an indiff]5t ?+ is vot$ up or d[n1 b he mu/ logically h a *oice betwe5 a "r ?+ & a wrong ?+4 ,he cont5ds t :atev] community wants slaves has a "r to h !m4 ,s !y h if x is n a wrong4 ,b if x is a wrong1 he _c say p h a "r to d a wrong4#aje ,9 a spee* at ,c9c9nati ! foll[+ ye>1 he us$ a figure f ! ,bible to express 8 opposition to compromise4 8,! good old maxims ( ! ,bible are applicable1 & truly applicable1 to human affairs1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 we may say "h t he :o is n = u is aga9/ u2 he :o ga!re? n ) u scatt]e?40#ajf ,9 ! ,address at ,coop] ,union ,in/itute1 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahfj1 ,l9coln took long en\gh to describe ! me?odology ( ?is dodge by ,d\glas & 8 support]s4 ,x 01 z we h indicat$1 an attempt to squeeze into ! exclud$ middle4 8,let u be div]t$ by none ( ^? sophi/ical contrivances :]e) we are s indu/ri\sly pli$ & belabor$--contrivances su* z grop+ = "s middle gr\nd betwe5 ! "r & ! wrong3 va9 z ! se>* = a man :o %\ld be nei!r a liv+ man nor a dead man2 su* z a policy ( #8don't c>e' on a "q ab\t :i* all true m5 d c>e44440#ajg ,f9ally1 & mo/ eloqu5tly ( all1 !re is ! brief passage f 8 8,m$itation on ! ,div9e ,w10 compos$ sometime 9 #ahfb4 8,! w ( ,god prevails4 ,9 great conte/s ea* p>ty claims to act 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god4 ,bo? may be1 & "o mu/ be1 wrong4 ,god _c be = & aga9/ ! same ?+ at ! same "t40#ajh ,god too is a rational be+ & w n be f\nd embrac+ bo? sides ( a contradictory4 ,:]e mutual negation exi/s1 ,god mu/ be f\nd on "o side1 & ,l9coln hopes1 ?\gh he does n "h claim1 t ,god is 9 ! ,union's corn] ( ?is squ>e ( opposition4 ,! fact t ,l9coln's ?\ght became increas+ly logical "u ! pressure ( ev5ts is pro( ( great dep?s 9 ! man4 ,n[ z we take a g5]al view ( ,l9coln's habit ( def9+ 9 its relation to 8 political ?\ght1 we see t x gave him "o quality 9 :i* he is unrivall$ by any o!r ,am]ican lead]--! quality ( p]spective4 ,! connection ( ! two is a necess>y "o4 ,to def9e is to assume p]spective2 t is ! me?od ( def9ition4 ,s9ce no?+ c be def9$ until x is plac$ 9 a category & di/+ui%$ f its ne> relatives1 x is obvi\s t def9ition involves ! tak+ ( a g5]al view4 ,def9ition mu/ see ! ?+ 9 relation to o!r ?+s1 z t relation is expressible ?r\gh sub/ance1 magnitude1 k9d1 cause1 effect1 & o!r p>ticul>ities4 ,x is m]ely diff]5t expression to say t ?is is a view :i* transc5ds3 p]spective1 deta*m5t1 & capacity to transc5d are all requisites ( him :o w\ld def9e1 & we "k t ,l9coln evid5c$ ^! qualities q e>ly 9 life1#aji & t he employ$ !m ) consummate success :5 ! future ( ! nation dep5d$ on 8 judgm5t4 ,let u rememb] t ,l9coln 0 a lead] 9 ! mo/ bitt] p>tisan trial 9 our hi/ory2 yet )9 %ort decades aft] 8 dea? he _h a*iev$ sanctu>y4 ,8 "n is n[ immune aga9/ p>tisan rancor1 & he has long ceas$ to be a m]e sectional h]o4 ,! lesson ( ^! facts is t greatness is f\nd out & appreciat$ j z littl5ess is f\nd out & scorn$1 & ,l9coln prov$ 8 greatness ?r\gh 8 habit ( transc5d+ & def9+ 8 objects4 ,! ,am]ican sc5e ( 8 "t invites ! colloquial adjective 8messy0--) human slav]y divid+ m5 geographically & spiritually1 ) a fluid fronti]1 & ) ! problems ( labor & capital & ( immigration already beg9n+ to ex]t _! pressures--b ,l9coln look$ at ^! ?+s 9 p]spective & refus$ to look at !m 9 any o!r way4 ,= an e>ly example ( ?is *>act]i/ic vision ( 81 we may g back to ! spee* deliv]$ be=e ! ,"y ,m5's ,lyceum 9 #ahch4 ,! op5+ is significant4 8,9 ! great j\rnal ( ?+s happ5+ "u ! sun1 we ! ,am]ican p1 f9d our acc\nt runn+ "u date ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 ! peaceful possession ( ! faire/ portion ( ! e>? z reg>ds ext5t ( t]ritory1 f]tility ( soil1 & salubrity ( climate40#aaj ,s ,l9coln takes z 8 po9t ( p]spective all "t1 ( :i* ! ,*ri/ian era is b a portion2 & ! entire e>?1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be view$ z a specially favor$ "p4 ,?is habit ( view+ ?+s f an ,olympian height nev] left him4 ,we might cite also ! op5+ ( ! ,spee* at ,peoria1 & t ( ! ,spee* at ! ,coop] ,union ,in/itute2 b let u pass on tw5ty-five ye>s & re-read ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! ,gettysburg ,address4 8,f\rscore & sev5 ye>s ago our fa!rs br\ght =? on ?is cont95t a new nation1 conceiv$ 9 lib]ty & d$icat$ to ! proposition t all m5 are creat$ equal40 ,aga9 trem5d\s p]spective1 sugge/+ almo/ t ,l9coln 0 look+ at ! little act f "s ultimate po9t 9 space & "t4 8,f\rscore & sev5 ye>s ago0 c>ries ! li/5] back to ! beg9n+ ( ! nation4 8,?is cont95t0 aga9 takes ! :ole _w into purview4 8,our fa!rs0 is an auxili>y sugge/ion ( ! cont9uum ( "t4 ,! phrase foll[+ def9es ,am]ican political philosophy 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms possible4 ,! entire op5+ s5t5ce1 ) its su/a9$ deta*m5t1 s\nds l an acc\nt ( ! action to be r5d]$ at ,judgm5t ,day4 ,x is n ,abe ,l9coln :o is speak+ ! utt]ance1 b ! voice ( mank9d1 z x 71 to :om ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> is b ! pass+ vexation ( a g5]ation4 ,& z = ! 8brave m51 liv+ & dead1 :o /ruggl$ "h10 x takes two to make a /ruggle1 & is !re any?+ to indicate t ! m5 9 gray are exclud$8 ,!re is no?+ explicit1 & !re=e we may say t ,l9coln look$ z f> ahead z he look$ beh9d 9 commemorat+ ! ev5t ( ,gettysburg4 ,?is habit ( p]spective l$ ,l9coln at times to take an extraord9>ily objective view ( 8 own actions--m frequ5tly p]haps z he ne>$ ! end ( 8 c>e]4 ,x 0 z if he project$ a view 9 :i* hi/ory 0 ! duration1 ! _w ! /age1 & himself a transitory actor ^u x4 ,( all 8 utt]ances ! ,second ,inaugural is 9 ?is way ! mo/ objective & remote4 ,its tone ev5 seems t ( an actor ab\t to quit ! /age4 ,8 self-effacem5t goes to ! ext5t ( imp]sonal con/ructions1 s t 9 places ,l9coln appe>s to be talk+ ab\t ano!r p]son4 8,at ?is second appe>+ to take ! oa? ( ! ,presid5tial (fice1 !re is less occasion = an ext5d$ address ?an !re 0 at ! fir/40 8,at ?is second appe>+06 ,is !re any way ( ga!r+1 except f our k ( ! total situation1 :o is ?us appe>+8 ,!n aft] a g5]aliz$ review ( ! milit>y situation1 he decl>es3 8,) high hope = ! future1 no pr$iction 9 reg>d to x is v5tur$40 ,:y 8is v5tur$0 r ?an 8,i v5ture08 ,l9coln _h taught himself to view ! w> z "o ( ,god's processes work$ out ?r\gh human ag5ts1 & ! imp]sonality ( tone ( ?is la/ & mo/ deeply m$itative address may arise f t habit4 ,only once1 9 ! mode/ qualify+ phrase 8,i tru/10 does ! pron\n 8,i0 appe>2 & ! f9al classic p>agraph is spok5 9 ! "n ( 8u40 ,!re h be5 few m5 ^: processes ( m9d s well des]ve ! epi!t sub specie aet]nitatis z ,l9coln's4 ,x goes )\t fur!r demon/ration t ,l9coln transc5d$ ! passions ( ! w>4 ,h[ easy x is = a lead] ^: political & p]sonal pre/ige are at /ake to be c>ri$ along ) ! tide ( hatr$ ( a p at w>1 we h1 unhappily1 se5 _m times4 ,no o!r victor 9 a civil conflict has conduct$ himself ) m humanity1 & ?is n 9 "s f9e ge/ure aft] victory 0 secur$--al?\gh !re 0 t too--b dur+ ! /ruggle1 :ile ! issue 0 /ill 9 d\bt & maximum /ra9 0 plac$ ^u ! feel+s4 ,)\t los+ sight ( 8 ultimate goal1 he treat$ ev]yone ) p]sonal k9dness1 includ+ p :o w5t out ( _! way 9 attempts to w\nd him4 ,& probably x 0 8 habit ( look+ at ?+s ?r\gh objective def9itions :i* kept him f confus+ be+ logically "r ) be+ p]sonally "r4 ,9 ! 8,m$itation on ! ,div9e ,w0 he wrote1 8,9 ! pres5t civil w> x is q possible t ,god's purpose is some?+ diff]5t f ! purpose ( ei!r p>ty44440#aaa ,t c\ld be writt5 only by "o :o has atta9$ ! highe/ level ( self-discipl9e4 ,x expla9s too :y he %\ld write1 9 8 lett] to ,cu?b]t ,bullitt3 8,i %all d no?+ 9 malice4 ,:at ,i deal ) is too va/ = malici\s deal+40#aab ,la/ly1 !re is ! extraord9>y confession ( common guilt 9 ! ,second ,inaugural ,address1 :i*1 if x _h be5 honor$ by ! gov]nm5t he l$1 w\ld h con/itut$ a /ep )\t prec$5t 9 hi/ory 9 ! a*ievem5t ( reconciliation aft] w>4 ,x is supposable1 ,l9coln said1 t ,god has giv5 8to bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ?is t]rible w>40 ,h>dly sev5ty-five ye>s lat] we 7 to see nations fall+ into ! anci5t habit ( claim+ exclusive "r 9 _! qu>rels & ev5 ( dem&+ unconditional surr5d]4 ,z late z ,febru>y1 #ahfe1 ,l9coln /ood ready to negotiate1 & 8 (f]1 f> f requir+ 8unconditional surr5d]10 requir$ b "o condition--return ( ! sec$$ /ates to ! ,union4 ,!re is1 :5 we reflect ^u ! matt]1 a c]ta9 morality 9 cl>ity ( ?\ght1 & ! man :o _h le>n$ to def9e ) ,euclid & :o _h kept 8 oppon5ts 9 argum5t out ( ! exclud$ middle1 c\ld n be pu%$ into a settlem5t :i* satisfi$ only passion4 ,! settlem5t _h to be objectively "r4 ,betwe5 8 _w view & 8 mode ( argum5t & 8 response to great occasions !re is a relation%ip s close t to speak ( any "o ap>t is to leave ! exposition incomplete4 ,) ! full c>e] 9 view1 !re seems no reason to diff] ) ,h]ndon's judgm5t t ,l9coln display$ a high ord] ( 8cons]vative /atesman%ip40#aac ,x is true t ,l9coln has be5 plac$ 9 almo/ e position1 f "r to left1 on ! political arc4 ,our mo/ radical p>ties h put =w>d programs 9 8 "n2 & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g4 ,r&all has writt5 an unconv9c+ book on 8,l9coln ! ,lib]al ,/atesman40 ,su* v>iety ( e/imate und]l9es ! necessity ( look+ = "s m satisfactory crit]ion by :i* to place ! man politically4 ,x w n d to look simply at ! specific measures he has support$4 ,if ^! 7 ! /&>d1 ,george ,wa%+ton w\ld h to be reg>d$ z a great progressive2 ,imp]ial ,g]many w\ld h to be reg>d$ z lib]al1 or ev5 z radical1 by ! tok5 ( its social re=ms4 ,x seems "r to assume t a mu* sur] index to a man's political philosophy is 8 *>act]i/ic way ( ?9k+1 inevitably express$ 9 ! type ( argum5t he pref]s4 ,9 reality1 ! type ( argum5t a man *ooses gives u ! pr(\nde/ look we get at 8 pr9ciple ( integration4 ,by ?is me?od ,burke1 :o 0 p>tial to ! argum5t f circum/ance1 mu/ be describ$ z a lib]al1 ^: bla/ aga9/ ! ,fr5* ,revolution 01 ev5 9 8 own words1 an attack f c5t] aga9/ an extreme4 ,^? :o argue f consequ5ce t5d to g all out = action2 !y are ! 8radicals40 ,^? :o pref] ! argum5t f def9ition1 z ,l9coln did1 are cons]vatives 9 ! legitimate s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is no accid5t t ,l9coln became ! f\nd] ( ! greate/ ,am]ican cons]vative p>ty1 ev5 if t p>ty 0 debau*$ soon aft] 8 c>e] end$4 ,he did s because 8 me?od 0 t ( ! cons]vative4 ,! true cons]vative is "o :o sees ! univ]se z a p>adigm ( ess5ces1 ( :i* ! ph5om5ology ( ! _w is a sort ( cont9u+ approximation4 ,or1 to put ?is 9 ano!r way1 he sees x z a set ( def9itions :i* are /ruggl+ to get !mselves def9$ 9 ! real _w4 ,z ,l9coln rem>k$ ( ! ,fram]s ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce3 8,!y meant to set up a /&>d maxim = free society1 :i* %\ld be famili> to all1 & rev]$ by all2 con/antly look$ to1 con/antly labor$ =1 & ev5 ?\gh nev] p]fectly atta9$1 con/antly approximat$1 & !reby con/antly spread+ & deep5+ its influ5ce & augm5t+ ! happ9ess & value ( life to all p ( all colors ev]y:]e40#aad ,?is p>adigm acts bo? z an inspiration to action & z a con/ra9t ^u ov]-action1 s9ce !re is always a possibility ( go+ beyond ! s*emata into an excess4 ,l9coln oppos$ bo? slav]y & ! ,abolitioni/s 7! ,abolitioni/s con/itut$ a k9d ( 8action0 p>ty72 yet he 0 n a middle-(-!-road]4 ,inde$1 = "o :o grew up a ,:ig1 he is a/oni%+ly free f t5d5cy to assume t 8! tru? lies some:]e 9 betwe540 ,! tru? lay :]e intellect & logic f\nd x1 & he 0 n aba%$ by cle>ness ( outl9e4 ,?is type ( cons]vative is sometimes f\nd fight+ q briskly = *ange2 b if !re is "o ?+ by :i* he is di/+ui%$1 x is a tru/ 9 ! me?ods ( law4 ,= him law is ! embodim5t ( ab/ract ju/ice2 x is n 8:at ! c\rts w decide tomorr[10 or a calculation ( ! =ces at "w 9 society4 ,a s5t5ce f ! ,fir/ ,inaugural ,address w give u ! cons]vative's view ( pragmatic jurisprud5ce3 8,i d sugge/ t x w be mu* saf] = all1 bo? 9 (ficial & private /ations1 to con=m to & abide by all ^? acts :i* /& unrepeal$1 ?an to violate any ( !m1 tru/+ to f9d impunity 9 hav+ !m held to be uncon/itutional40#aae ,! ess5ce ( ,l9coln's doctr9e 0 n ! seek+ ( a middle1 b re=m accord+ to law2 t is1 re=m accord+ to def9ition4 ,true cons]vatism c be intellectual 9 ! same way z true classicism4 ,x is "o ( ! pol> positions2 & x des]ves an able expon5t z well z does its vivify+ opposite1 true radicalism4 ,aft] ,l9coln _h left ! sc5e1 ! ,republican ,p>ty1 z we h not$1 0 unable to meet ! te/ ( victory4 ,x turn$ quickly to ! wor%ip ( ,mammon1 & ) ! exception ( ! ambigu\s ,!odore ,roosevelt1 x nev] f\nd ano!r lead]4 ,no "o und]/ood bett] ?an ,l9coln t ! p>ty w\ld h to succe$ ^u pr9ciple4 ,he told 8 foll[]s dur+ ! campaign ( #aheh3 8nobody has ev] expect$ me to be ,presid5t4 ,9 my poor1 lean1 lank face nobody has ev5 se5 t any cabbages 7 spr\t+ out4 ,^! are disadvantages all1 tak5 toge!r1 t ! ,republicans labor "u4 ,we h to fight ?is battle ^u pr9ciple & ^u pr9ciple alone40#aaf ,= two g5]ations ?is p>ty liv$ ^u ! moral capital amass$ dur+ ! anti-slav]y campaign1 b aft] t _h be5 exp5d$1 & t]rible issues _h to be fac$1 x possess$ no?+4 ,x 0 less successful ?an ! ,briti% ,tories because x 0 ei!r ignorant or a%am$ ( ! good ?+s x _h to (f]4 ,today x %[s 9 advanc$ =m t affliction :i* has ov]come ! 8good elem5ts0 9 all mod]n nations 9 ! face ( ! bold & ent]pris+ bad ones4 ,let x be (f]$ z a p>t+ c\nsel t p>ties be?9k !mselves ( h[ _! *iefta9s speak4 ,?is is a _w 9 :i* "o (t5 gets :at "o asks = m directly or m lit]ally ?an "o expects4 ,if a lead] asks only consequ5ces1 he w f9d himself involv$ 9 nak$ competition ( =ces4 ,if he asks only circum/ance1 he w f9d himself intimidat$ aga9/ all vision4 ,b if he asks = pr9ciple1 he may get t1 all ti$ up & complete1 & ?\gh pur*as$ at a price1 paid =4 ,!re=e x is ( fir/ importance :e!r a lead] has ! c\rage to def9e4 ,n[h]e does a man's rhetoric cat* up ) him m completely ?an 9 ! topics he *ooses to w9 o!r m5's ass5t4 ,*apt] ,v ,,"s ,,rhetorical ,,aspects ,,( ,,grammatical ,,categories ,9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w we def9$ rhetoric z some?+ :i* creates an in=m$ appetition = ! good4 ,su* def9ition mu/ recognize ! rhetorical =ce ( ?+s exi/+ outside ! realm ( spee*2 b s9ce our conc]n is prim>ily ) spok5 rhetoric1 :i* _c be dis5gag$ f c]ta9 patt]ns or regul>ities ( language1 we n[ turn our att5tion to ! pressure ( ^! =mal patt]ns4 ,all /ud5ts ( language conc$e to x a c]ta9 public "*4 ,ins(> z x s]ves 9 communication1 x is a publicly-agre$-^u ?+2 & :5 "o passes ! out] limits ( ! agreem5t1 "o ab&ons compreh5sibility4 ,n[ rhetoric affects u prim>ily by sett+ =? images :i* in=m & attract4 ,yet because ?is sett+ =? is accompli%$ ?r\gh a public in/rum5tality1 x is n free2 x is ti$ m or less closely to ! =malizations ( usage4 ,! m g5]al & rigid ( ^! =malizations we recognize z gramm>1 & we %all "h speak ( gramm> z a sy/em ( =ms ( public spee*4 ,9 ! l>g] aspect1 disc\rse is at once b\nd & free1 & we are "h int]e/$ to discov] h[ ! b\nd "* affects our ability to tea* & to p]suade4 ,we soon realize t diff]5t ways ( say+ a ?+ d5ote diff]5t int]e/s 9 say+ x1 or to take ?is 9 rev]se z we d :5 we become consci\s us]s ( language1 diff]5t int]e/s 9 a matt] w dictate diff]5t patt]ns ( expression4 ,rhetoric 9 its practice is a matt] ( selection & arrangem5t1 b conv5tional gramm> imposes re/ra9ts ^u bo? ( ^!4 ,all ?is am\nts to say+ :at e s5sitive us] ( language has sometimes felt2 namely1 t language is n a purely passive in/rum5t1 b t1 ow+ to ?is public acceptance1 :ile y are do+ some?+ ) x1 x is do+ some?+ ) y1 or ) y\r int5tion4#aag ,x does n exactly fight back2 r x has a set ( po/ures & balances :i* someh[ modify y\r ?ru/s & holds4 ,! s5t5ce =m is c]ta9ly "o ( ^!4 ,y p\r into x y\r mean+1 & x deflects1 & molds into c]ta9 %apes4 ,! us] ( language mu/ "k h[ ?is c\nt]pressure c be turn$ to ! advantage ( 8 g5]al purpose4 ,! failure ( ^? :o are c>eless1 or ins5sitive1 to ! rhetoric ( gramm> is t !y all[ ! c\nt] =ce to imp$e _! design1 :]eas a p]spicaci\s use ( x w =w>d ! design4 ,"o _c1 = example1 employ j any modifi] to /& = a sub/antive or j any sub/antive to express a quality1 or *ange a /abiliz$ patt]n ( arrangem5t )\t a *ange 9 net effect1 al?\gh "s ( ^! *anges regi/] b fa9tly4 ,b /yle %[s ?r\gh an accumulation ( small p>ticul>s1 & ! arti/ 9 language may pond] a long :ile1 z ,conrad is said to h done1 ov] :e!r to describe a "* z 8p5niless0 or 8)\t a p5ny40 ,9 ?is approa*1 !n1 we are reg>d+ language z a /&>d objective reality1 analyzable into categories :i* h inh]5t pot5tialities4 ,a k ( ^! objective pot5tialities c prev5t a loss ( =ce ?r\gh friction4 ,! friction we ref] to occurs :5ev] a giv5 unit ( ! sy/em ( gramm> is t5d+ to say "o ?+ :ile ! semantic mean+ & ! g5]al organization are t5d+ to say ano!r4 ,a language has c]ta9 abilities or ev5 incl9ations :i* ! wise us] c draw into ! s]vice ( 8 own rhetorical ef=t4 ,us+ a language may be comp>$ to rid+ a horse2 mu* ( "o's success dep5ds ^u an und]/&+ ( :at x c & w d4 ,or to employ a diff]5t figure 9 illu/ration1 !re is a k9d ( use ( language :i* goes aga9/ ! gra9 z t gra9 is con/itut$ by ! categories1 & !re is a k9d :i* facilitates ! speak]'s projection by go+ ) x4 ,our task is an exploration ( ! congru5ce betwe5 well und]/ood rhetorical objectives & ! inh]5t "* ( major elem5ts 9 mod]n ,engli%4 ,! problem ( :i* category to beg9 ) raises "s que/ions4 ,x is arguable t ! rhetoric ( any piece is dep5d5t ^u its total int5tion1 & t consequ5tly no s+le s5t5ce c be apprais$ ap>t f ! t5d5cy ( ! :ole disc\rse4 ,our position does n d5y t1 s9ce we are assum+ m]ely t )9 ! great] effect !re are less] effects1 coop]at+ well or ill4 ,hav+ accept$ t limitation1 x seems p]missible = u to beg9 ) ! l>ge/ unit ( gramm>1 :i* is ! s5t5ce4 ,we %all take up fir/ ! s5t5ce z su* & !n discrim9ate betwe5 =mal types ( s5t5ces4 ,because a s5t5ce =m exi/s 9 mo/ if n all languages1 !re is "s gr\nd to suppose t x reflects a necess>y op]ation ( ! m9d1 & ?is means n simply ( ! m9d z psy*ologically con/itut$ b also z logically con/ra9$4 ,x is evid5t t :5 ! m9d frames a s5t5ce1 x p]=ms ! basic intellectual op]ation ( analysis & re-syn!sis4 ,9 ?is complete op]ation ! m9d is tak+ two or m classes & unit+ !m at lea/ to ! ext5t at :i* !y %>e 9 a =mal unity4 ,! unity itself1 built up ?r\gh _m su* associations1 comes to h an exi/5ce all its own1 z we %all see4 ,x is ! repeat$ congru5ce 9 exp]i5ce or 9 ! imag9ation ( su* classes z 8sun-heat10 8sn[-cold10 :i* e/abli%es ! patt]n1 b our po9t is t ! patt]n once e/abli%$ c become discipl9>y 9 itself & compel u to look = mean+ )9 ! =mal unity x imposes4 ,s x is natural = u to p]ceive ?r\gh a primitive analysis ! compres5ce ( sun & hot wea!r1 & to comb9e ^! into ! unity 8! sun is hot02 b ! articulation repres5t$ by ?is jo9+ n[ becomes a ?+ 9 itself1 :i* c be grasp$ be=e ! mean+ ( its compon5t p>ts is evid5t4 ,accord+ly1 al?\gh s5t5ces are suppos$ to gr[ out ( mean+s1 we c h s5t5ces be=e mean+s are app>5t1 & ?is is inde$ ! c5tral po9t ( our rhetoric ( gramm>4 ,:5 we ?us grasp ! scope ( ! patt]n be=e we int]pret ! mean+ ( ! compon5ts1 we are be+ affect$ by grammatical sy/em4 ,i %\ld l to put ?is pr9ciple to a supreme sort ( te/ by us+ a few l9es ( highly mod]n v]se4 ,9 ,all5 ,tate's poem 8,! ,subway0 we f9d ! foll[+3 ,i am become geometries1 & glut ,expansions l a bl9d a/ronom] ,daz$1 :ile ! wordless heav5s bulge & reel ,9 ! cold rev]ie ( an idiot4 ,i d n propose to int]pret ?is fur!r ?an to say t ! features pres5t ( ^w classification & ^w position cause u to look = mean+ along c]ta9 l9es4 ,x seems highly probable t we %all h to ex]cise mu* imag9ation to fit our classes toge!r ) mean+ z !y are fitt$ by =mal classification & s5t5ce ord] 78,i am become geometries072 yet x rema9s true t we take 9 ! fir/ l9e z a =mal pr$ication2 & ,i d n ?9k t ?is =mal "* c\ld ev] be sep>at$ entirely f ! sub/ance 9 an int]pretation4 ,once we ga9 admission ( t po9t ) reg>d to a s5t5ce1 "s rhetorical /atus = gramm> has be5 def9itely secur$4 ,9 total rhetorical effect ! s5t5ce seems to be peculi>ly 8! ?+ said10 :]eas all o!r elem5ts are 8! ?+s nam$40 ,& accord+ly ! "r to utt] a s5t5ce is "o ( ! v greate/ lib]ties2 & we are entitl$ to little wond] t fre$om ( utt]ance %\ld be1 9 e society1 "o ( ! mo/ cont5ti\s & ill-def9$ rights4 ,! lib]ty to impose ?is =mal unity is a lib]ty to h&le ! _w1 to remake x1 if only a little1 & to h& x to o!rs 9 a %ape :i* may influ5ce _! actions4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate :e!r ! ,greeks did n1 = ?is v reason1 describe ! man clev] at spee* z 1 an epi!t mean+1 9 addition to 8clev]10 8fe>ful0 & 8t]rible40 ,! s5t5ce ?r\gh its (fice ( ass]tion is a =ce add+ itself to ! =ces ( ! _w1 & !re=e ! man clev] ) 8 s5t5ces--:i* is to say ) 8 comb9ations--0 reg>d$ ) t uneas9ess :i* we feel 9 ! pres5ce ( p[]4 ,! *anges wr\ght by s5t5ces are *anges 9 ! _w r ?an 9 ! physical e>?1 b x is to be rememb]$ t *anges 9 ! _w br+ ab\t *anges 9 ! e>?4 ,?us ?is practice ( yok+ toge!r classes ( ! _w1 ( say+ 8,*>les is ,k+0 or 8,my c\ntry is ,god's c\ntry0 is a unique rhetorical fact :i* we h to take into acc\nt1 al?\gh x /&s some:at prior to our ma9 discussion4 ,z we turn n[ to ! diff]5t =mal types ( s5t5ces1 we %all foll[ ! traditional grammatical classification & discuss ! rhetorical incl9ation ( ea* 9 turn4 ,?r\gh its =m1 ! simple s5t5ce t5ds to emphasize ! discret5ess ( ph5om5a )9 ! /ructural unity4 ,to be m specific1 its patt]n ( subject-v]b-object or complem5t1 )\t major compet+ elem5ts1 leaves our att5tion fix$ ^u ! classes involv$3 8,*>les is ,k+40 ,! effect rema9s :5 ! simple s5t5ce comp\nds its subject & pr$icate3 8,pea*es & cantal\pes grew 9 abundance02 8,m5 & boys hunt$ & fi%$40 ,! s+le subject-pr$icate frame has ! broad s5se ( li/+ or itemiz+1 & ! li/ becomes :at ! s5t5ce is ab\t semantically4 ,s5t5ces ( ?is k9d are (t5 ! unconsci\s /yle ( "o :o sees ! _w z a conglom]ate ( ?+s1 l ! *ild2 sometimes !y are ! consci\s /yle ( "o :o seeks to pres5t c]ta9 ?+s z em95t aga9/ a backgr\nd ( matt] uni=m or flat4 ,"o c imag9e1 = example1 ! simple s5t5ce 8,he nev] work$0 com+ aft] a long & t$i\s recital :i* x is suppos$ to highlight4 ,or "o c imag9e ! s5t5ce 8,! _w is r\nd0 leap+ out ( a context ) :i* x contra/s 9 mean+1 9 brevity1 or 9 s5t5ti\sness4 ,!re is "s descriptive value 9 say+ t ! simple s5t5ce is ! mo/ 8logical0 type ( s5t5ce because1 l ! simple categorical proposition1 x has ?is function ( relat+ two classes4 ,?is fact1 comb9$ ) its usual brevity & its /ructural simplicity1 makes x a useful s5t5ce = beg9n+s & end+s 7( important mean+-gr\ps1 n s mu* ( =mal introductions & conclusions74 ,x is a s5t5ce ( uncl\d$ p]spective1 s to speak4 ,no?+ c\ld be m beautifully anticipatory ?an ,burke's 8,! proposition is peace40 ,at ! v m9imum1 we c affirm t ! simple s5t5ce t5ds to ?r[ subject & pr$icate classes into relief by ! /ructure x pres5ts !m 92 t ! two-"p categorical =m ( its copulation indicates a positive mood on ! "p ( ! us]1 & t its brevity (t5 induces a g5]ality ( approa*1 :i* is an aid to p]spicu\s /yle4 ,^! opportunities are f\nd out by ! speak] or writ] :o s5ses ! ne$ = "s synoptic or dramatic spot 9 8 disc\rse4 ,?us :5 he selects ! simple s5t5ce1 he is go+ 8) ! gra902 he is putt+ ! objective =m to "w = him4 ,! complex s5t5ce has a diff]5t pot5tiality4 ,:]eas ! simple s5t5ce emphasizes ?r\gh its =m ! co-exi/5ce ( classes 7& x mu/ be already app>5t t we reg>d 8?+s exi/+ or occurr+0 z a class :]e ! pr$icate consi/s only ( a v]b71 ! complex s5t5ce emphasizes a m complex relation%ip2 t is to say1 x reflects ano!r k9d ( discrim9at+ activity1 :i* does n /op ) see+ discrete classes z co-exi/+1 b di/+ui%es !m accord+ to rank or value1 or places !m 9 an ord] ( cause & effect4 8,rome fell because valor decl9$0 is ! utt]ance ( a reflective m9d because ! conjunction ( p>ts dep5ds on some?+ asc]ta9able by ! intellect b n by simple p]ception4 ,?is is evid5ce t ! complex s5t5ce does n appe> until exp]i5ce has und]gone "s ref9em5t by ! m9d4 ,!n1 because x goes beyond simple obs]vation & beg9s to p]ceive ?+s l causal pr9ciple1 or beg9s to grade ?+s accord+ to a /&>d ( int]e/1 x br+s 9 ! notion ( dep5d5ce to supplem5t t ( simple toge!rness4 ,& consequ5tly ! complex s5t5ce w be f\nd ne>ly always to express "s sort ( hi]>*y1 :e!r spatial1 moral1 or causal1 ) its subord9ate memb]s describ+ ! l[] ord]s4 ,9 simple-s5t5ce /yle we w\ld write3 8,trag$y began 9 ,greece4 ,x is ! highe/ =m ( lit]>y art40 ,!re is no disput+ t ^! s5t5ces1 9 ?is sequ5ce1 c\ld h a place 9 mature expression4 ,b !y d n h ! same effect z 8,trag$y1 :i* is ! highe/ =m ( lit]>y art1 began 9 ,greece0 or 8,trag$y1 :i* began 9 ,greece1 is ! highe/ =m ( lit]>y art40 ,:at has occurr$ is ! critical process ( subord9ation4 ,! two ideas h be5 transf]r$ f a conglom]ate to an articulat$ unity1 & ! v fact ( subord9ation makes inevitable ! em]g5ce ( a focus ( int]e/4 ,is our passage ab\t ! highe/ =m ( lit]>y art or ab\t ! cultural hi/ory ( ,greece8 ,! =m ( ! complex s5t5ce makes x unnecess>y to wa/e any words 9 explicit ass]tion ( t4 ,"h x is pla9 t grammatical =m is capital ^u :i* we c draw1 provid$ t o!r necessities h be5 tak5 c>e (4 ,to see h[ a writ] ( consummate s5sibility t[>d expression-=ms proce$$1 let u take a fairly typical s5t5ce f ,h5ry ,james3 ,m]ton ,d5%]1 :o pass$ ! be/ h\rs ( ea* night at ! (fice ( 8 newspap]1 _h at times1 dur+ ! day1 a s5se1 or at lea/ an appe>ance1 ( leisure1 9 accordance ) :i* he 0 n infrequ5tly to be met1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n1 at mom5ts :5 m5 ( bus9ess 7 hidd5 f ! public eye4#aah ,leav+ aside ! phrases1 :i* are employ$ by ,james 9 ext5sion & ref9em5t ( ! same effect1 we see "h ?ree dep5d5t clauses us$ to expla9 ! cont+5cies ( 8,m]ton ,d5%] _h an appe>ance ( leisure40 ,^! clauses h ! function ( surr\nd+ ! c5tral /atem5t 9 su* a fa%ion t we h an intricate design ( ?\ght *>act]iz$ by involution1 or ! em]g5ce ( "o detail out ( ano!r4 ,james' fam\s practice ( us+ ! dep5d5t clause n only = qualification1 b = ! qualification ( qualification1 & 9 "s cases = ! qualification ( qualification ( qualification1 indicates a p]si/5t sort+ out ( exp]i5ce expressive ( ! highly civiliz$ m9d4 ,p]haps ! lead+ quality ( ! civiliz$ m9d is t x is sophi/icat$ z to causes & effects 7also z to o!r contiguities72 & ! complex s5t5ce1 requir$ to give ^! a scrupul\s ord]+1 is its natural vehicle4 ,at ! same "t ! spatial =m ( ord]+ to :i* ! complex s5t5ce l5ds itself makes x a useful tool 9 sci5tific analysis1 & "o c f9d brilliant examples ( x 9 ! "w ( sci5ti/s :o h be5 skillful 9 communication4 ,:5 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 = in/ance1 expla9s a piece ( anatomy1 ! complex s5t5ce is ! frame ( explanation4 ,9 almo/ e s5t5ce x w be obs]v$ t he is focuss+ int]e/ ^u "o "p :ile keep+ its relation%ip--spatial or causal--cle> ) ref]5ce to surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,9 ,huxley's expository prose1 !re=e1 "o f9ds ! dom9ant s5t5ce type to consi/ ( a ma9 clause at ! beg9n+ foll[$ by a s]ies ( dep5d5t clauses :i* fill 9 ^! facts ( relation%ip4 ,we may foll[ ! patt]n ( ! s5t5ces 9 8 acc\nt ( ! protoplasm ( ! common nettle3 ,ea* /++-ne$le tap]s f a broad base to a sl5d] summit1 :i*1 ?\gh r\nd$ at ! end1 is ( su* microscopic f95ess t x readily p5etrates1 & breaks (f 91 ! sk94 ,! :ole hair consi/s ( a v delicate out] case ( wood1 closely appli$ to ! inn] surface ( :i* is a lay] ( semi-fluid matt] full ( innum]able granules ( extreme m9ut5ess4 ,?is semi-fluid l9+ is protoplasm1 :i* ?us con/itutes a k9d ( bag1 full ( limpid liquid1 & r\ghly correspond+ 9 =m ) ! int]ior ( ! hair :i* x fills4#aai ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! 8loose0 s5t5ce ( traditional rhetorical analysis1 & x has no dramatic =ce2 yet x is = ?is v reason adapt$ to ! sci5ti/'s purpose4#abj ,! rhetorical adaptation %[s 9 ! accommodation ( a little hi]>*y ( details4 ,?is appe>s to be ! s5t5ce ( a develop$ m5tality also1 because x is creat$ ?r\gh a pati5t1 discipl9$ obs]vation1 & n ?r\gh impression1 z ! simple s5t5ce c be4 ,to ! infant's m9d1 z ,william ,james obs]v$ 9 a n[ fam\s passage1 ! _w is a 8buzz+1 bloom+ confusion10 & to ! immature m9d mu* old] x (t5 appe>s some?+ done 9 broad1 uni=m /rokes4 ,b to ! m9d ( a tra9$ sci5ti/ x has to appe> a cosmos--else1 no sci5ce4 ,s 9 ,huxley ! objective _w is pres5t$ z a s]ies ( details1 ea* ( :i* has its own clu/] ( satellites 9 ! =m ( m9or clauses4 ,?is is ! way ! _w has to be report$ :5 our objective is maximum p]ception & m9imum desire to obtrude or influ5ce4 ,h5ry ,james 0 expla9+ ) a some:at comp>able int]e/ a diff]5t k9d ( _w1 9 :i* all sorts ( human & non-mat]ial =ces are at "w1 & he tri$ ) extreme consci5ti\sness to measure !m4 ,9 t process ( quantification & qualification ! complex s5t5ce 0 (t5 br\ght by him to an extraord9>y height ( ramification4 ,9 summation1 !n1 ! complex s5t5ce is ! bran*+ s5t5ce1 or ! s5t5ce ) p>ts gr[+ (f o!r p>ts4 ,^? :o h us$ x mo/ prop]ly h p]=m$ a second act ( analysis1 9 :i* ! objects ( p]ception1 aft] be+ se5 discretely1 are put into a rank$ /ructure4 ,?is type ( s5t5ce imposes ! greate/ dem& ^u ! read] because x c>ries him f>!/ into ! reality exi/+ outside self4 ,?is po9t w take on importance z we turn to ! comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,! /ructure ( ! comp\nd s5t5ce (t5 reflects a simple artlessness--! uncritical p\r+ toge!r ( simple s5t5ces1 z 9 ! spee* ( ,huckleb]ry ,f9n4 ,! *ild :o is relat+ an adv5ture is likely to make x a flat recital ( conjo9$ simple pr$ications1 because to him ! important fact is t ! ?+s 71 n t !y c be read to signify ?is or t4 ,8 ev5 juxtapositions are !re=e sometimes amus+1 = n[ & !n he w produce a coord9ation t un9t5tionally illum9ates4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a result ( lack ( control ov] ! rhetoric ( gramm>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! comp\nd s5t5ce c be a v 8mature0 s5t5ce :5 its /ructure con=ms ) a settl$ view ( ! _w4 ,! latt] possibility w be se5 z we ?9k ( ! balance x pres5ts4 ,:5 a s5t5ce consi/s ( two ma9 clauses we h two pr$ications ( simil> /ructure bidd+ = our att5tion4 ,our fir/ supposal is t ?is produces a s5t5ce ( unusual t5sion1 ) two equal p>ts 7& ( c\rse sometimes m ?an two equal p>ts7 9 a sort ( competition4 ,yet x appe>s on full] acqua9tance t ?is t5sion is a t5sion ( /asis1 & t ! comp\nd s5t5ce has1 9 practice1 be5 m>k$ly favor$ by p]iods ( repose l t ( ! ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is cong5iality betwe5 its int]nal balance & a concept ( ! _w z an equilibrium ( =ces4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x appe>s t :]eas ! complex s5t5ce favors ! pres5tation ( ! _w z a sy/em ( facts or z a dynamism1 ! comp\nd s5t5ce favors ! pres5tation ( x 9 a m or less philosophical picture4 ,?is _w z a philosophical cosmos w h to be a sort ( comp5satory sy/em4 ,we "k f o!r evid5ces t ! ,eighte5? c5tury lov$ to see ?+s 9 balance2 9 fact1 x requir$ ! idea ( balance z a f\ndation = its in/itutions4 ,q naturally !n1 s9ce motives ( ?is k9d rea* into expression-=ms1 ?is 0 ! age ( ma/]s ( ! balanc$ s5t5ce--,dryd51 ,johnson1 ,gibbon1 & o!rs1 ! g5re ( ^: /yle d]ives l>gely f ?is practice ( comp\nd+4 ,(t5 ! balance :i* !y a*iev$ 0 m intricate ?an simple conjunction ( ma9 clauses because !y balanc$ less] elem5ts too1 b ! in=m+ impulse 0 ! same4 ,t impulse 0 ! desire = c\nt]poise1 :i* 0 "o ( ! p[]ful motives ( _! culture4 ,9 ?is patt]n ( balance1 v>i\s elem5ts are us$ 9 ! (fsett+s4 ,?us :5 "o att5ds closely to ! mean+s ( ! balanc$ p>ts1 "o f9ds ^! comp\nds recurr+3 an ab/ract /atem5t is balanc$ 79 a second indep5d5t clause7 by a m concrete expression ( ! same ?+2 a fact is balanc$ by its causal explanation2 a /atem5t ( positive mode is balanc$ by "o ( negative mode2 a clause ( praise is balanc$ by a clause ( qualifi$ c5sure2 a description ( "o "p is balanc$ by a description ( a contra/+ "p1 & s on ?r\gh a good _m conv5tional pair+s4 ,n[ 9 ^! collocations cause & effect & o!r relation%ips are pres5t$1 yet ! attempt seems n s mu* to explore reality z to clo! x 9 dec5t =m4 ,culture is a delicate reconciliation ( opposites1 & consequ5tly a man :o sees ! _w ?r\gh ! eyes ( a culture makes ef=t 9 ?is direction4 ,we "k t ! _w ( ,eighte5? c5tury culture 0 a rationali/ _w1 & 9 a rationali/ _w ev]y?+ mu/ be 8acc\nt$ =40 ,! virtue ( ! comp\nd s5t5ce is t its second "p gives 8! o!r half10 s to speak4 ,z ! patt]n works out1 e fact has its cause2 e virtue is comp5sat$ = by a vice2 e excursion into g5]ality mu/ be made up = by att5tion to concrete circum/ances & vice v]sa4 ,! p]fection ( ?is art =m is f\nd 9 ,johnson & ,gibbon1 :]e su* pair+s occur ) a frequ5cy :i* has giv5 rise to ! phrase 8! balanc$ /yle40 ,:5 ,gibbon1 = example1 writes ( religion 9 ! ,age ( ! ,anton9es3 8,! sup]/ition ( ! p 0 n embitt]$ by any mixture ( !ological ranc\r2 nor 0 x conf9$ by ! *a9s ( any speculative sy/em10#aba we h almo/ ! feel+ t ! case ( religion has be5 settl$ by ?is neat artifice ( expression4 ,?is is a 8j0 view ( affairs1 :i* sees bo? sides & leaves a k9d ( balanc$ acc\nt4 ,x looks some:at subjective1 or at lea/ humaniz$2 x gives u ! gross _w a little tidi$ up by ?\ght4 ,(t51 moreov]1 ?is balance ( /ructure toge!r ) ! act ( say+ a ?+ equivocally--9 ! n>r[] etymological s5se ( t ^w--sugge/s ! f9ality ( art4 ,?is w be f\nd true ( _m ( ! poetical passages ( ! ,k+ ,james ,bible1 al?\gh ^! come f an e>li] date4 8,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 & ! firmam5t %ewe? 8 h&iwork02 8,man come? =? z a fl[] & is cut d[n2 he flee? also z a %ad[ & cont9ue? n40 ,by ?us /at+ ! matt] 9 two ways1 ?r\gh balanc$ clauses1 ! s5t5ce a*ieves a degree ( =mal complet5ess miss+ 9 s5t5ces :]e ! int]e/ is 9 m]e ass]tion4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! balanc$ comp\nd s5t5ce1 by ! v contriv$ness ( its /ructure1 sugge/s some?+ =m$ above ! welt] ( exp]i5ce1 & ?is =m1 z we h by n[ sub/antially said1 transf]s some?+ ( itself to ! mean+4 ,9 decl>+ t ! comp\nd s5t5ce may seem subjective1 we are n say+ t x is arbitr>y1 its correspond5ce be+ ) ! philosophical int]pretation r ?an ) ! factual reality4 ,?us if ! complex s5t5ce is ab\t ! _w1 ! comp\nd s5t5ce is ab\t our idea ab\t ! _w1 into :i* "s notion ( comp5sation =ces itself4 ,"o notices t ev5 ,huxley1 :5 he draws away f 8 simple expositions ( fact & seeks play = 8 great p[]s ( p]suasion1 beg9s to comp\nd 8 s5t5ces4 ,on ! :ole1 ! comp\nd s5t5ce conveys t complet5ess & symmetry :i* ! _w ought to h1 & :i* we manage to get1 9 "s measure1 into our mo/ satisfactory explanations ( x4 ,x is mo/ agreeable to ^? ages & ^? individuals :o feel t !y h come to t]ms ) ! _w1 & are ma/]s 9 a doma94 ,b und]/&ably en\gh1 9 a _w :i* has come to be c5trifugal & inf9ite1 z ours has become s9ce ! great revolutions1 x t5ds to seem artificial & me*anical 9 its conta9m5t4 ,s9ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5t5ce & clause is negligible z f> z ! issues ( ?is subject are conc]n$1 we %all next look at ! ^w1 & conclude ) a few rem>ks on "s less] comb9ations4 ,?is br+s up at once ! conv5tion ( p>ts ( spee*4 ,"h aga9 ,i %all foll[ ! traditional classification1 on ! supposition t categories to :i* usage is ref]r$ = correction h accumulat$ "s rhetorical =ce1 :atev] may be said = ! m]its ( "s o!r & m sci5tific classification4 ,! ,n\n ,x is difficult n to feel t bo? usage & speculation agree on ! rhetorical quality ( n\ns4 ,! n\n d]ives its special dignity f be+ a "n ^w1 & names p]si/1 9 spite ( all ! cautions ( mod]n semantici/s1 9 be+ ?\ght ( z words = sub/ances4 ,we appreh5d ! significance ( t :5 we realize t 9 ! anci5t philosophical regim5 to :i* ! ,we/ is heir1 & :i* influ5ces our ?\ght f> m ?an we are aw>e at any "o mom5t1 sub/ances are assign$ a high] degree ( be+ ?an actions or qualities4 ,sub/ance is t :i* primordially is1 & "o may d\bt :e!r rec5t attempts to revolutionize bo? ontology & gramm> h made any impression at all aga9/ ?is feel+4 ,= t reason a sub/antive comes to u z some?+ t is peculi>ly fulfill$2#abb or x is l a piece 9 a game :i* has sup]ior p[]s ( movem5t & capture4 ,! fact t a sub/antive is ! ^w 9 a s5t5ce :i* ! o!r words are 8ab\t0 9 v>i\s relation%ips gives x a sup]ior /atus4#abc ,n\ns !n express ?+s ^: be+ is complet$1 n ^: be+ is 9 process1 or ^: be+ dep5ds ^u "s o!r be+4 ,& t no d\bt acc\nts = ! feel+ t :5 "o is us+ n\ns1 "o is manipulat+ ! symbols ( a self-subsi/5t reality4#abd ,!re seems little d\bt t an anci5t metaphysical sy/em1 gr[n to be an habitus ( ! m9d ?r\gh long acceptance1 gives ! sub/antive ^w a prime /atus1 & ?is fact has importance :5 we come to comp>e ! n\n ) ! adjective 9 p[] to conv9ce by mak+ real4 ,suffice x to say "h t ! n\n1 :e!r x be a po9t] to ?+s t "o c t\* & see1 z apple1 bird1 sky1 or to ! m or less hypo!tical sub/ances su* z fairness1 spook1 no?+ness1 by rule /&s at ! head ( ?+s & is m9i/]$ to by ! o!r p>ts ( spee* & by comb9ations4 ,! ,adjective ,! adjective is1 by ! pr9ciple ( det]m9ation j review$1 a ^w ( second>y /atus & =ce4 ,its burd5 is an attribute1 or some?+ add$4 ,9 ! ord] ( be+ to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 ! n\n c exi/ )\t ! adjective1 b n ! adjective )\t ! n\n4 ,?us we c h 8m50 )\t hav+ 8excell5t m502 b we _c h 8excell5t0 )\t hav+ some?+ 7if only some?+ und]/ood7 to receive ! attribution4 ,!re are v practical rhetorical lessons to be drawn f ?is tru?4 ,s9ce adjectives express attributes :i* are conceptually disp5sable to ! sub/ances :]e9 !y are pres5t1 ! adjective t5ds to be a sup]num]>y4 ,long be=e we are aw>e ( ?is fact ?r\gh analysis1 we s5se x ?r\gh our res5tm5t ( any attempt to ga9 maximum effect ?r\gh ! adjective4 ,our intuition ( spee* seems to tell u t ! adjective is "q-begg+2 t is to say1 if ! ?+ to be express$ is real1 x w be express$ ?r\gh a sub/antive2 if x is express$ ma9ly ?r\gh adjectives1 !re is some?+ defective 9 its reality1 s9ce x has gone = second>y support4#abe ,if someone %\ld say to u1 8,h "s :ite milk10 we mu/ suppose ei!r t ! situation is curi\s1 o!r k9ds ( milk be+ available1 or t ! speak] is try+ to impose ^u u by a piece ( p]siflage4 ,aga91 a m\nta9 is a m\nta9 )\t be+ call$ 8huge02 if we h to call x huge1 !re is "s defect 9 ! orig9al image :i* is be+ made up4 ,( c\rse !re are spee* situations 9 :i* su* modifi]s d make a useful contribution1 b z a g5]al rule1 to be appli$ ) discretion1 a /yle is /rong] :5 x dep5ds ma9ly ^u sub/antives %>p en\gh to convey _! own attributes4 ,fur!rmore1 because ! class ( ! adjective conta9s s _m t]ms ( dialectical import1 su* z good1 evil1 noble1 base1 useful1 useless1 !re is b\nd to exi/ an initial suspicion ( all adjectives4 7,ev5 :5 !y are ! positive k9d1 z is true ) mo/ limit+ adjectives1 !re lurk ! que/ions 8,:o made up ! /ati/ics80 & 8,h[ 7 !y ga!r$807 ,! dialectical adjective is too (t5 a 8fight+ ^w0 to be us$ casually4 ,because 9 its v orig9 x is ! product ( disputation1 "o is f> f be+ c]ta9 9 advance ( ass5t to x4 ,h[ w\ld y wi% to *>act]ize ! _w8 ,if y wi% to *>act]ize x z 8r\nd10 y w w9 a v g5]al ass5t1 al?\gh n a univ]sal "o4 ,b if y wi%1 ) ! poet1 to *>act]ize x z 8sorry10 y take a position 9 respect to :i* !re are all sorts ( contr>y positions4 ,9 /ricte/ ?\ght "o might say t e n\n conta9s its own analysis1 b an adjective appli$ to a n\n is app>atus br\ght 9 f ! outside2 & ! result is ! object slightly 8fictioniz$40 ,s9ce adjectives ?us initiate *anges 9 ! m widely receiv$ sub/antive words1 "o has to h p]mission ( 8 audi5ce to talk 9 adjectives4 ,k>l ,%apiro seems to h _h some?+ l ?is 9 m9d 9 ! foll[+ passage f 8 ,essay on ,rime3 = ! tyrannical epi!t ,relies ^u ! adjective to produce ,! image2 & no s]i\s con/ruction ,9 rime c build ^u ! modifi]4#abf ,"o ( ! common mi/akes ( ! inexp]i5c$ writ]1 9 prose z well z poetry1 is to suppose t ! adjective c set ! key ( a disc\rse4 ,lat] he le>ns :at ,%apiro indicates1 t ne>ly always ! adjective has to h ! way prep>$ = x4 ,o!rwise1 ! adjective introduc$ be=e its n\n collapses = want ( support4 ,!re is a p]ceptible diff]5ce betwe5 8! irresponsible conduct ( ! opposition ) reg>d to ! ,smi? bill0 & 8! conduct ( ! opposition ) reg>d to ! ,smi? bill has be5 irresponsible10 :i* is acc\nt$ = 9 "p by ! fact t ! adjective comes aft] ! sub/antive has made its firm impression4 ,9 l mann] we are prep>$ to receive ,h5ley's ,out ( ! night t cov]s me1 ,black z ! ,pit f pole to pole because 8night0 has prec$$ 8black40 ,i submit t if ! poem _h begun 8,black z 4440 x w\ld h lo/ a great deal ( its rhetorical =ce because ( ! inh]5t "* ( ! op5+ ^w4 ,! adjective w\ld h be5 felt presumptu\s1 z x 71 & probably no am\nt ( supplem5tation c\ld h ov]come ?is un=tunate effect4 ,i %all (f] "o m example to %[ t co/ly mi/akes 9 emphasis may result f suppos+ t ! adjective c compete ) ! n\n4 ,?is "o came "u my obs]vation1 & has rema9$ ) me z a classical in/ance ( rhetorical ineptitude4 ,on a c]ta9 univ]sity campus 8,peace ,week0 0 be+ obs]v$1 & a prom95t "p ( ! program 0 a s]ies ( talks4 ,! object ( ^! talks 0 to draw att5tion to ^? =ces :i* seem$ to be lead+ mank9d t[>d a ?ird _w w>4 ,"o ( ! speak]s und]took to po9t out ! ext5t to :i* ! ,we/]n nations1 & especially ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7 at fault4 ,he decl>$ t a *ief s\rce ( ! bellicose t5d5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 its 8pr\d rectitude10 & x is ?is expression :i* ,i wi% to exam9e critically4 ,! fault ( ! phrase is t x makes 8rectitude0 ! villa9 ( ! piece1 :]eas s5se calls = mak+ 8pride40 ,if we are correct 9 assign+ ! sub/antive a great] intr9sic weight1 !n x foll[s t 8rectitude0 ex]ts ! great] =ce "h4 ,b rectitude is n an incit] ( w>s2 x is r t rectitude :i* is made rigid or unreasonable by pride :i* may be a factor 9 ! />t+ ( w>s1 & pride is really ! provok+ ag5t4 ,= ! mo/ =tunate effect1 !n1 ! grammatical relation%ip %\ld be rev]s$1 & we %\ld h 8rectitude0 modify+ 8pride40 ,b s9ce ! accid5t ( l+ui/ic developm5t has n provid$ x ) an adjective =m ( equival5t mean+1 let u try 8pride ( rectitude40 ,?is is n ! be/ expression imag9able1 b x is some:at bett] s9ce x turns 8pr\d0 into a sub/antive & demotes 8rectitude0 to a place 9 a prepositional phrase4 ,! weight+s are n[ m 9 accordance ) mean+3 :at gramm> _h anomal\sly made ! *ief ^w is n[ prop]ly tribut>y1 & we h a clos] del9eation ( reality4 ,z x 01 ! audi5ce w5t away confus$ & un9spir$1 & ,i h ?\ght ( ?is ev] s9ce z a situation 9 :i* a little aw>5ess ( ! rhetoric ( gramm>--!re 7 o!r in/ances ( imp]ceptive usage--c\ld h turn$ a m]ely well-int5tion$ spee* into an effective "o4 ,hav+ laid d[n ?is relation%ip betwe5 adjective & sub/antive z a pr9ciple1 we mu/ n ignore ! real or seem+ exceptions4 ,= ! al]t read] w likely ask1 :at ab\t su* comb9ations z 8new potatoes10 8drunk m510 8a w>like nation08 ,are we prep>$ to say t 9 ea* ( ^! ! sub/antive gets ! major att5tion1 t we are m int]e/$ 9 8potatoes0 ?an 9 _! be+ 8new10 9 8m50 ?an _! be+ 8drunk10 & s =?8 ,is t n too complac5t a rule ab\t ! priority ( ! sub/antive ov] ! adjective8 ,we h to admit t !re are c]ta9 examples 9 :i* ! adjective may eclipse ! sub/antive4 ,?is may occur 7#a7 :5 "o's intonation 7or italics7 directs att5tion to ! modifi]3 8:ite horses02 8five doll>s1 n f\r40 7#b7 :5 !re is a /rik+ cla% ( mean+ betwe5 ! adjective & ! sub/antive1 su* t "o gives a second ?\ght to ! modifi]3 8a murd]\s smile02 8a g5tleman gambl]40 7#c7 :5 ! adjective is naturally ( su* excit+ associations t x has become a sort ( traditional introduction to matt] ( mom5t3 8a w>like nation02 8a desp]ate de$02 etc4 ,hav+ admitt$ ^! possibilities ( dep>ture f ! rule1 we /ill feel "r 9 say+ t ! rule has "s =ce4 ,x w be f\nd useful 9 cases :i* are d\btful1 :i* are ! cases :]e no /rong semantic or phonetic consid]ations ov]ride ! grammatical patt]n4 ,9 brief1 :5 ! imm$iate act ( our m9d does n tell u :e!r an expression %\ld be 9 ?is =m or ! o!r1 ! pr9ciple ( ! relation%ip ( adjective & sub/antive may settle ! matt] ) an insight :i* ! p>ticul> in/ance has n call$ =?4 ,! ,adv]b ,! adv]b is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r p>ts ( spee* by its sup]ior mobility2 r\ghly speak+1 x c locate itself any:]e 9 ! s5t5ce1 & ?is af=ds a clue to its "*4 8,c]ta9ly ! day is w>m02 8,! day c]ta9ly is w>m02 8,! day is c]ta9ly w>m02 8,! day is w>m c]ta9ly0 are all 8normal0 utt]ances4 ,?is sup]ior mobility1 am\nt+ to a k9d ( deta*m5t1 makes ! adv]b peculi>ly a ^w ( judgm5t4 ,"h ! di/9ction betwe5 ! adv]b & ! adjective seems to be t ! latt] dep5ds m ^u public agreem5t & less ^u private int5tion 9 its applications4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t ! adv]b is us$ frequ5tly to express an attitude :i* is ! speak]'s projection ( himself4 8,surely ! w> w end soon0 is n1 = example1 a piece ( objective report+ b an expression ( subjective feel+4 ,we ( c\rse recognize degrees ( diff]5ce 9 ! p]sonal or subjective elem5t4 ,?omas ,c>lyle is mu* giv5 to ! use ( ! adv]b1 & :5 we /udy 8 adv]bs 9 context1 we discov] t !y are (t5 little m ?an explosions ( feel+4 ,!y are employ$ to make m positive1 abrupt1 s5sational1 or int5se :atev] 8 s5t5ce is o!rwise say+4 ,inde$1 take f ,c>lyle 8 adv]bs & "o robs him ( t great hortatory sweep :i* makes him "o ( ! great prea*]s 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 ,on ! o!r h& ,h5ry ,james1 al?\gh giv5 to ?is use to comp>able ext5t1 gets a diff]5t effect f 8 adv]bs4 ,) him !y are ! expon5ts ( scrupul\s or meticul\s feel+2 !y are (t5 9 fact words ( def9ite measure4 ,:5 ,james says 8fully0 or 8quickly0 or 8bravely0 he is usually express+ a def9ite p]ception1 & sometimes ! adv]b w h its own phrasal modifi] to give x ! prop] direction or limitation ( s5se4 ,!re=e ,james' adv]bs1 in/ead ( hav+ a m]ely expletive =ce1 z d _m ( ,c>lyle's1 t5d to integrate !mselves ) 8 m objective description4 ,all ?is am\nts to say+ t adv]bial 8judgm5ts0 c be diff]5tly bas$2 & ! use ( ! adv]b w affect a /yle accord+ly4 ,! caution aga9/ presumptu\s use ( ! adjective c be repeat$ ) some:at great] =ce = ! adv]b4 ,x is ! mo/ tempt+ ( all ! p>ts ( spee* to "q-beg )4 ,x co/s little1 = in/ance1 to say 8c]ta9ly10 8surely10 or ev5 8t]ribly10 8awfully10 8und\bt$ly02 b x (t5 co/s a great deal to create ! picture ^u :i* ^! words are a ju/ifiable v]dict4 ,ask+ ! read] to accept !m ^u ! /r5g? ( simple ass]tion is obvi\sly a =m ( tak+ )\t e>n+4 ,we realize t a significant "p ( e spee* situation is ! "* ( ! speak]2 & !re are *>act]s :o c risk an unprov$ 8c]ta9ly0 or 8und\bt$ly40 ,!y br+ to ! spee* situation a k9d ( e?ical pro( :i* acc5tuates _! language4 ,c>lyle's reflective life 0 s int5se1 z we "k f ,s>tor ,res>tus & o!r s\rces1 t x w9s = him a c]ta9 "r to ?is assev]ative /yle4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ?\gh1 x w be f\nd t ^? :o are mo/ entitl$ to ?is cr$it use x lea/1 :i* is to say1 !y pref] to make _! demon/rations4 ,we po9t out 9 summ>y t ! adv]b is frequ5tly dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( its us]1 & t1 s9ce x is (t5 ! qualifi] ( a qualifi]1 x may /& at "o m remove f :at we h def9$ z ! prim>y symbol4 ,?is is :y beg9n]s %\ld use x lea/--%\ld use x only aft] !y h demon/rat$ t !y c get _! results by o!r means4 ,! ,v]b ,! v]b is regul>ly rank$ ) ! n\n 9 =ce1 & x seems t ^! two p>ts ( spee* express ! two aspects "u :i* we habitually see ph5om5a1 t ( det]m9ate ?+s & t ( actions or /ates ( be+4 ,betwe5 !m ! two divide up ! _w at a pretty fundam5tal dep?2 & x is a commonplace ( rhetorical in/ruction t a /yle made up pr$om9antly ( n\ns & v]bs w be a vigor\s /yle4 ,^! are ! symbols ( ! prime entities1 words ( /asis & words ( movem5t 7ev5 :5 ! v]b is said to express a 8/ate ( be+10 we accept t z a k9d ( modal action1 a process ( go+ on1 or hav+ exi/5tial quality71 :i* set =? ! broad circum/ances ( any subject ( discussion4 ,?is tru? is support$ by ! facts t ! sub/antive is ! he>t ( a grammatical subject & ! v]b ( a grammatical pr$icate4 ,:5 we pass beyond ! matt] ( broad categorization to look at ! v]b's possibilities1 we f9d ! greate/ ne$ ( in/ruction to lie 9 ! v]b epi!t4 ,x may be ne$less to impress any lit]ate p]son ) ! v]b's relative importance1 b x is necess>y to po9t out1 ev5 to "s practic$ writ]s1 t ! v]b itself c modify ! action x ass]ts1 or1 s to put x1 c c>ry its own epi!t4 ,look+ at ! copi\s supply ( v]bs 9 ,engli%1 we (t5 f9d x possible to *oose "o s selective 9 mean+ t no adv]b is ne$$ to accompany x4 ,if we wi% to ass]t t 8! man moves quickly10 we c say1 dep5d+ on ! tone ( our passage & ! g5]al signification1 t he ha/5s1 ru%es1 flies1 scrambles1 spe$s1 te>s1 races1 bolts1 to "n only a few4 ,if we wi% to ass]t t a man is n tell+ ! tru?1 we h ! *oice ( lies1 prev>icates1 falsifies1 di/orts1 exagg]ates1 & "s o!rs4 ,z ?is may seem to treat ! matt] at too didactic a level1 let u g5]alize by say+ t !re is su* a ?+ z ! *>act]iz+ v]b1 & t !re is no tell+ h[ _m words c\ld h be5 sav$1 h[ _m passages c\ld h disp5s$ ) a lumb]+ & p]haps inaccurate adv]b1 if ?is simple tru? ab\t ! v]b 7 bett] appreciat$4 ,! be/ writ]s ( description & n>ration "k x4 ,m>k ,twa9's mo/ vivid passages are creat$ l>gely ?r\gh a frequ5t & p]ceptive use ( ! v]b epi!t4 ,turn to almo/ any page ( ,life on ! ,mississippi3 ,%ip *annels are buoy$ & light$1 & !re=e x is a comp>atively easy und]tak+ to le>n to run !m2 cle>-wat] riv]s1 ) gravel bottoms1 *ange _! *annels v gradually1 & !re=e "o ne$s to le>n !m b once2 b pilot+ becomes ano!r matt] :5 y apply x to va/ /reams l ! ,mississippi & ! ,miss\ri1 ^: alluvial banks cave & *ange con/antly1 ^: snags are always hunt+ up new qu>t]s1 ^: s&-b>s are nev] at re/1 ^: *annels are =ev] dodg+ & %irk+1 & ^: ob/ructions mu/ be confront$ 9 all nights & all wea!rs )\t ! aid ( a s+le ligh?\se or a s+le buoy1 = !re is nei!r light nor buoy to be f\nd any:]e 9 all ?is ?ree or f\r ?\s& miles ( villa9\s riv]4#abg ,"h !re occurs n j action1 b expressive action1 to :i* some?+ is contribut$ by ,twa9's subtle appreciation ( modal v>iations 9 ! v]b4 ,!re is a r\gh p>allelism betwe5 ! use ( ! complex s5t5ce1 ) its detail put away 9 subord9ate con/ructions1 & ! use ( ! v]b epi!t4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! us] has le>n$ to disp5se ) a second memb] ( equal or ne>ly equal weight 9 ord] to get an effect4 ,z ! adv]bial qualification is fus$ ) ! v]b1 s 9 less] degree1 ( c\rse1 is ! detail ( ! complex s5t5ce fus$ ) its pr9cipal ass]tion4 ,^! devices ( economy & compression1 al?\gh !y may be c>ri$ to a po9t at :i* ! /yle seems =c$ & unnatural1 are among ! mo/ important means ( rhetoric4 ,! ,conjunction ,! conjunction1 9 its simple role z jo9]1 seems n to h mu* "*1 yet its use expresses ( relat$ness ( ?+s1 :i* is b\nd to h signification4 ,z ei!r coord9ator or subord9ator ( entities1 x puts ! _w into a condition ( mutual relation%ip ?r\gh :i* a l>ge v>iety ( ideas may be sugge/$4 ,f ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ?is relation%ip is express$1 ! read] w consci\sly & ev5 unconsci\sly inf] diff]5t ?+s4 ,sometimes ! simple 8& 444 &0 coord9ation is ! expression ( *ildlike m5tality1 z we saw 9 our discussion ( ! comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a diff]5t spee* situation x c produce a q diff]5t effect3 read]s ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible are aw>e ( h[ ! 8&0 :i* jo9s long sequ5ces ( v]ses sets up a k9d ( expectancy :i* is peculi>ly 9 keep+ ) sacr$ text4 ,"o gets ! feel+ f ! reit]ation ( 8&0 t ! /ory is confirm$ & inevitable2 !re are no cont+5cies1 & ev]y?+ happ5s ) ! d\ble assurance ( some?+ =etold4 ,:5 ?is patt]n is dropp$1 z x is 9 a rec5t 8,am]ican0 v]sion ( ! ,bible1 ! text collapses into a k9d ( news /ory4 ,! frequ5t use ( 8b0 to jo9 ! p>ts ( a comp\nd s5t5ce seems to indicate a habit ( m9d4 ,x is f\nd cong5ial by ^? :o take a 8balanc$ view10 or :o are uneasy ov] an ass]tion until x has be5 qualifi$ or until "s recognition has be5 made ( its negative4 ,its influ5ce is 9 ! direction ( ! cauti\s or p$antic /yle because x makes ?is sort ( disjunction1 :]eas 8&0 g5]\sly jo9s ev]y?+ up4 ,s9ce conjunctions are usually int]pret$ z giv+ ! plot ( "o's ?\ght1 x is ess5tial to realize t !y h implicit mean+s4 ,!y usually come at po9ts :]e a pause is natural1 & !re is a temptation1 if "o may judge by indulg5ce 9 ! habit1 to lean ^u ! fir/ "o t comes to m9d )\t reflect+ critically ^u its significance1 s t al?\gh ! conjunction may =mally connect at ?is po9t1 its semantic mean+ does n aid 9 mak+ ! connection precise4 ,a common in/ance ( ?is fault is ! casual int]*ange ( 8!re=e0 & 8?us40 8,!re=e0 means 89 consequ5ce (10 b 8?us0 means 89 ?is mann]0 & s indicates t "s mann] has already be5 describ$4 8,h5ce0 may take ! place ( 8!re=e0 b 8?us0 may n4 8,also0 is a connective us$ ) unimag9ative regul>ity by poor speak]s & writ]s1 = :om x seems to signalize ! next ?\ght com+4 ,yet 9 precise mean+ 8also0 signifies only a me*anical sort ( addition su* z we h 9 li/+ "o item aft] ano!r4 ,to signalize ! ext5sion ( an idea1 8moreov]0 is usually m appropriate ?an 8also40 ,al?\gh 8:ile0 is (t5 us$ 9 place ( 8:]eas0 to mean 8on ! o!r h&10 x has its o!r duty ( signify+ 8at ! same "t40 8,:]eas10 despite its p$antic or legali/ic ov]tone1 w be pref]r$ 9 passages :]e precise relation%ip is ! gov]n+ consid]ation4 ,on ! :ole x w\ld seem t ! av]age writ] suff]s1 9 ! dep>tm5t1 f no?+ m ?an pov]ty ( vocabul>y4 ,:at he does 7:at e writ] does to "s ext5t7 is to keep on h& a small set ( conjunctions & to use !m 9 a sort ( rotation )\t giv+ att5tion to h[ _! di/9ctive mean+s c\ld fur!r 8 purpose4 ,! ,preposition ,! preposition too is a ^w express+ relation%ips1 b ?is def9ition gives only a fa9t idea ( its great res\rces4 ,:5 ! false rules ab\t ! preposition h be5 set aside1 x is se5 t ?is is a trem5d\sly inv5tive ^w4 ,l ! adv]b1 x is a free rov]1 /&+ almo/ any:]e2 x is con/antly ent]+ into comb9ations ) v]bs & n\ns1 9 :i* x may direct1 qualify1 int5sify1 or ev5 add some?+ q new to ! mean+2 at o!r times x comb9es ) "s o!r preposition to produce an indisp5sable idiom4 ,x has giv5 u 8get out10 8put ov]10 8come across10 8eat up10 8butt 910 8(f (10 89 betwe510 & _m o!r expressions )\t :i* ,engli%1 especially on ! vital colloquial level1 w\ld be poor] inde$4 ,?ornton ,wild] ma9ta9s t x is 9 ?is extremely free use ( ! preposition t mod]n ,am]ican ,engli% %[s its sup]iority ov] ,briti% ,engli%4 ,su* bold use ( prepositional comb9ations gives to ,am]ican ,engli% a c]ta9 flavor ( ! gr& /yle1 :i* ,briti% ,engli% has n _h s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,melville1 an au?or work+ peculi>ly on 8 own1 is *>act]iz$ 9 /yle by ?is imag9ative use ( ! preposition4 ,consid]$ ) ref]5ce to pr9ciple1 ! preposition seems to d :at ! adv]b does1 b to d x ) a k9d ( sub/antive =ce4 8,gr\ndw>d10 = example1 seems weak beside 8t[>d ! gr\nd10 8l5g?wise0 beside 8along ! l5g? (10 or 8c5trally0 beside 89 ! c5t] (40 ,! explanation may well lie 9 ! preposition's *>act]i/ic position2 z a regul> ord]] ( n\ns & ( v]bs1 x takes ^u itself some?+ ( _! solidity ( mean+4 8,:at is t =80 & 8,:]e did y s5d x to80 lose none ( _! =ce ?r\gh be+ t]m9at$ by ^! brief words ( relation%ip4 ,! ,phrase ,x w n be necess>y to say mu* ab\t ! phrase because its possibilities h be5 fairly well cov]$ by our discussion ( ! n\n & adjective4 ,"o qualify+ rem>k ab\t ! =ce ( ! prepositional phrase1 h[ev]1 des]ves mak+4 ,! /r5g? normally f\nd 9 ! preposition c be greatly dim9i%$ by connection ) an ab/ract n\n4 ,t is to say1 :5 ! t]m9us ( ! preposition is lack+ 9 vigor or concret5ess1 ! :ole expression may succumb to vagu5ess1 9 :i* cases ! s+le adjective or adv]b w be /rong] by comp>ison4 ,?us ! idea convey$ by 8lazy0 is l>gely fru/rat$ by 8( a lazy disposition02 t ( 8m]c5>y0 by 8( a m]c5>y "*02 t ( 8deep0 by 8( dep?10 & s on4 ,aft] ! prepositional phrase1 ! mo/ important phrasal comb9ation to exam9e1 f ! /&po9t ( rhetorical usages1 is ! p>ticipial phrase4 ,we c\ld inf] ?is tru? f ! fact alone t ! ,greeks made a v ext5sive use ( ! p>ticiple1 z e /ud5t ( t m>vell\s language kn[s4 ,greek w frequ5tly use a p>ticiple :]e ,engli% employs a dep5d5t clause or ev5 a full s5t5ce1 s t ! ,engli% expression 8! man :o is c>ry+ a spe>0 w\ld be 9 ,greek 8! spe> c>ry+ man02 8! "o :o spoke0 w\ld be 8! "o hav+ spok50 & fur!r accord+ly1 ) ev5 m economy ( language ?an ^! examples indicate4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! ,greeks develop$ ?is habit because !y 7 v quick to see opportunities ( subord9ation4 ,! cl>ity & subtlety ( ! ,greek language d]ives 9 no small "p f ?is highly 8organiz$0 "*1 9 :i* auxili>y ?\ghts are compactly plac$ 9 auxili>y /ructures1 :]e !y p]mit ! c5tral ?\ght to em]ge m readily4 ,9 ,engli% ! auxili>y /atus ( ! p>ticiple 7recogniz$ =mally ?r\gh its classification z an adjective7 is n always us$ to l advantage4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is is t al?\gh ,engli% intonation & normal ^w ord] t5d to make ! la/ "p ( a s5t5ce ! mo/ emphatic1 unskillful writ]s sometimes lose ?is emphasis by conclud+ a s5t5ce ) a p>ticipial phrase4 ,we may take z examples 8,he return$ home 9 ,septemb]1 hav+ be5 gone = a ye>02 & 8,hav+ be5 gone = a ye>1 he return$ home 9 ,septemb]40 ,! second ( ^! puts ! weighti] con/ruction 9 ! emphatic position4 ,( c\rse ! matt] ( _! relative m]it _c be sep>at$ f _! purpose2 !re are s5t5ces ^: total mean+s are be/ s]v$ by a ret>do or dim9u5do effect at ! end1 & = su* closes ! p>ticipial phrase is well suit$ = reasons already giv54 ,b 9 ! majority ( utt]ances x contributes be/ by modify+ at "s int]nal position1 or by express+ "s detail or "s condition at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! latt] use may be q effective 9 climactic ord]+s1 & x w be f\nd t j\rnali/s h virtually /]eotyp$ ?is op5+ = _! 8lead0 s5t5ces3 8,?reat5$ ) an exhau/$ food supply by ! /rike1 hospitals today made special arrangem5ts = ! deliv]y ( ess5tials02 8,rea*+ a new high = sev5 weeks1 ! /ock m>ket ye/]day pu%$ into new t]ritory40 ,?is =m is a successful if (t5 crude result ( ef=t t[>d compact & dramatic pres5tation4 ,b to summ>ize our obs]vations on ! p>ticipial phrase 9 ,engli%3 ,x is =mally a weak memb] ( ! grammatical family2 b x is useful = economy1 = %ad$ effects1 & sometimes ! phrase w conta9 words ^: semantic =ce makes u =get t !y are 9 a second>y con/ruction4 ,p]haps x is en\gh to say t ! mature writ] has le>n$ m ?+s t c be done ) ! p>ticiple1 b has also le>n$ to respect its limitations4 ,9 ,conclusion ,i c imag9e be+ told t ?is *apt] is no?+ m ?an an exposition ( prejudices1 & t e pr9ciple discuss$ "h c be defi$4 ,i w\ld n be surpris$ if t 7 prov$ ?r\gh s+le examples1 or small sets ( examples4 ,b ,i w\ld /ill haz>d t if ^! %[ c]ta9 t5d5cies1 my examples %[ /rong] ones1 & we h to rememb] t !re is su* a ?+ z a vector ( =ces 9 language too4 ,ev5 ?\gh an effect may sometimes be obta9$ by cr[d+ or ev5 break+ a rule1 ! l9es ( =ce are /ill !re1 to be us$ by ! skillful writ] sci5tifically1 & gramm> is a k9d ( sci5tific nom5clature4 ,beyond ?is1 ( c\rse1 he w use !m accord+ to art1 :]e he w be guid$ by 8 arti/ic intuition1 & by ! residual cautions ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! long view a due respect = ! canons ( gramm> seems a "p ( "o's citiz5%ip8 ,"o does n rema9 uncritical2 b "o does 8g along40 ,x has prov$ impossible to %[ t gramm> is det]m9$ by ! 8be/ p10 or by ! p$ants1 or by any o!r presumptive au?ority1 & ?is is m reason = say+ t x incorporates ! p z a :ole4 ,!re=e ! attitude ( un?9k+ adoption & ! attitude ( p]sonal defiance are bo? dubi\s1 because !y look away f ! po9t :]e issues1 :5ev] !y appe>1 w be decid$4 ,t po9t seems to be "s communal s5se ab\t ! fitness ( a ^w or a con/ruction = :at has communal importance1 & ?is indicates at lea/ "s suprap]sonal basis4 ,mu* evid5ce c\ld be (f]$ to %[ t language is some?+ :i* is born psy*ological b is ev] /riv+ to become logical4 ,at ?is task ( mak+ x m logical ev]ybody works m or less4 ,l ! political citiz5%ip def9$ by ,ari/otle1 language citiz5%ip makes "o a pot5tial magi/rate1 or "o emp[]$ to decide4 ,! "w is be/ c>ri$ on1 h[ev]1 by ^? :o are aw>e t language mu/ h "s connection ) ! intellig5tial _w1 & t is :y "o mu/ ?9k ab\t ! rhetorical nature ev5 ( grammatical categories4 ,*apt] ,,vi ,,milton',s ,,h]oic ,,prose ,!re are _m :o h wi%$ t ,milton 7 liv+ at ?is h\r1 b n all h tak5 into acc\nt ! fact t 8 great polemical writ+s dem& an h]oic k9d ( att5tion :i* mod]n education does n discipl9e ! majority ( our citiz5s to give4 ,ev5 9 ! la/ c5tury ,w4 ,e4 ,*ann+ 0 mov$ to lam5t 8! fa/idi\sness & effem9acy ( mod]n read]s0 :5 fac$ ) ,milton's prose writ+s4 ,he w5t on to say1 9 a passage :i* may s]ve to introduce our topic1 8,to be univ]sally intelligible is n ! highe/ m]it4 ,a great m9d _c1 )\t injuri\s con/ra9t1 %r9k itself to ! grasp ( common passive read]s40 ,x is wrong !re=e to expect x to sacrifice great qualities 8t ! multitude may keep pace ) x40#abh ,! situation :i* gave rise to ,*ann+'s compla9t has gr[n measurably worse by our day1 :5 ! common passive read] det]m9es ! level ( mo/ publications4 ,! m]e pursuance ( ,milton's mean+ requires an en=cem5t ( att5tion1 & ! p]ception ( 8 judgm5ts requires an active s5sibility incompatible ) a /ate ( relaxation4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,milton = ! read] :o mu/ be put at ease & treat$ only to ! quickly appreh5sible4 ,b along ) ?is turn+ away f ! difficult1 !re is ano!r cause at "w1 a feel+1 q truly gr\nd$1 t ,milton's v ardu\sness ( _s calls = elevation on ! "p ( ! read]4 ,milton assumes an h]oic /ance1 & he dem&s a simil> /ance ( ^? :o w\ld meet him4 ,an age :i* has come to suspect ?is z evid5ce ( ari/ocratic t5d5cy w !n avoid ,milton also = a moral reason1 pref]r+1 ev5 :5 x agrees ) him1 to h ! case /at$ 9 m plebeian fa%ion4 ,!re=e ! read+ ( ,milton is m ?an a problem 9 communication2 x is a problem also ( ga9+ insight1 or ev5 ( develop+ sympa?y ) ! ari/ocratic intellectualism :i* brea!s ?r\gh all he wrote4 ,x c be %[n t all ( ! features :i* make up ,milton's ardu\s /yle proce$ f ?ree or f\r s\rces4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! primacy ( ! concept4 ,:at ?is primacy signifies is t 9 8 prose ,milton wrote prim>ily z a ?9k] & n z an artific]4 ,t is to say1 8 units ( composition are built ^u concepts & n ^u conv5tionaliz$ expository patt]ns4 ,= him ! l+ui/ic s5t5ce 0 a means1 to be exp&$ & %ap$ z ! driv+ =ce ( ! ?\ght requir$4 ,or p]haps x w\ld be m mean+ful to say t = him ! s5t5ce 0 an accommodation-=m4 ,he w put into x z mu* or z little z he ne$s1 & (t51 z we %all see pres5tly1 he ne$$ a great deal4 ,?is use ( ! s5t5ce z an accommodation-=m produces :at is p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s feature ( 8 /yle1 ! long p]iod4 ,:at l5g? mu/ a s5t5ce h to be call$ 8long08 ,( c\rse our usual /&>d is ! s5t5ce we are accu/om$ to1 & 9 pres5t-day writ+ t s5t5ce w run #bj-cj words1 to cite an av]age range = s]i\s writ+4 ,milton's s5t5ces v frequ5tly run #fj-hj words1 & _m w exce$ #ajj1 ! l5g? ( an av]age p>agraph today4#abi ,to exam9e ,milton's me?od ) ! l5g?y p]iod1 we may well beg9 ) ! second s5t5ce ( ,( ,re=mation 9 ,engl&1 an out/&+ specim5 ( #cgc words4 ,sad x is to ?9k h[ t doctr9e ( ! gospel1 plant$ by tea*]s div9ely inspir$1 & by !m w9n[$ & sift$ f ! *aff ( ov]dat$ c]emonies1 & ref9$ to su* a spiritual height & temp] ( purity1 & k ( ! ,creator1 t ! body1 ) all ! circum/ances ( "t & place1 7 purifi$ by ! affections ( ! reg5]ate s\l1 & no?+ left impure b s92 fai? ne$+ n ! weak & fallible (fice ( ! s5ses1 to be ei!r ! u%]s or int]pret]s ( heav5ly my/]ies1 save :]e our ,"l himself 9 8 sacram5ts orda9$2 t su* a doctr9e %\ld1 ?r\gh ! grossness & bl9dness ( h] pr(essors1 & ! fraud ( deceivable traditions1 drag s d[nw>ds1 z to backslide into ! ,jewi% begg>y ( old ca/ rudim5ts1 & /umble =w>d ano!r way into ! new-vomit$ paganism ( s5sual idolatry1 attribut+ purity or impurity to ?+s indiff]5t1 t !y might br+ ! inw>d acts ( ! _s to ! outw>d & cu/om>y eye-s]vice ( ! body1 z if !y c\ld make ,god e>?ly & fle%ly1 because !y c\ld n make !mselves heav5ly & spiritual2 !y began to draw d[n all ! div9e int]c\rse betwe5 ,god & ! s\l1 yea1 ! v %ape ( ,god himself1 into an ext]ior & bodily =m1 urg5tly pret5d+ a necessity & obligem5t ( jo9+ ! body 9 a =mal rev]5ce1 & wor%ip circumscrib$2 !y hall[$ x1 !y fum$ x1 !y spr9kl$ x1 !y b$eck$ x1 n 9 robes ( pure innoc5cy1 b ( pure l951 ) o!r de=m$ & fanta/ic dresses1 9 palls & mitres1 gold & gewgaws fet*$ f ,a>on's old w>drobe1 or ! flam9s ve/ry3 !n 0 ! prie/ set to con 8 motions & 8 po/ures1 8 liturgies & 8 lurries1 till ! s\l by ?is means ( ov]body+ h]self1 giv5 up ju/ly to fle%ly delights1 bat$ h] w+ apace d[nw>d3 & f9d+ ! ease %e _h f h] visible & s5su\s colleague ! body1 9 p]=mance ( religi\s duties1 h] p9ions n[ brok51 & flagg+1 %ift$ (f f h]self ! labor ( high so>+ any m1 =got h] heav5ly flight1 & left ! dull & droil+ c>case to plod 9 ! old road1 & drudg+ trade ( outw>d con=mity4#acj ,) ref]5ce to accommodation1 let u att5d to ! scope ( ?is s5t5ce4 ,x conta9s no?+ less ?an a hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity f ! ,prote/ant re=m]'s po9t ( view4 ,f\r /ages are giv5 9 ?is hi/ory3 ! e>ly revelation ( true ,*ri/ianity2 its lat] mis9t]pretation ?r\gh ! 8grossness & bl9dness0 ( its foll[]s2 ! gr[? ( in/itutionalism2 & f9ally ! atrophy ( true religion produc$ by undue att5tion to outw>d circum/ance4 ,x is1 z we see1 a complete n>ration1 dress$ out ) _m illum9at+ details4 ,we %all discov] t ,milton habitually prolongs a s5t5ce ?us until x has cov]$ ! unit ( its subject4 ,he feels no compulsion to close ! p]iod out ( reg>d = "s e/abli%$ norm1 s9ce he has 8 eye on a diff]5t crit]ion ( complet5ess4 ,9 l9e ) ! same practice1 "s ( 8 s5t5ces are s fitt$ t !y conta9 complete argum5ts1 or ev5 an argum5t prec$$ by its expository n>ration4 ,z an example ( ! s5t5ce conta9+ a unit ( argum5t1 we may note ! foll[+ f ,! ,doctr9e & ,discipl9e ( ,divorce4 ,& yet !re foll[s ^u ?is a worse temptation3 = if he be su* z ha? sp5t 8 y\? unblameably1 & laid up 8 *iefe/ e>?ly com=ts 9 ! enjoym5ts ( a cont5t$ m>riage1 nor did neglect t fur!rance :i* 0 to be obta9$ !re9 by con/ant pray]s2 :5 he %all f9d himself b\nd fa/ to an uncomply+ discord ( nature1 or1 z x (t5 happ5s1 to an image ( e>? & phlegm1 ) :om he look$ to be ! cop>tn] ( a sweet & gladsome society1 & sees )al t 8 bondage is n[ inevitable2 ?\gh he be almo/ ! /ronge/ ,*ri/ian1 he w be ready to despair 9 virtue1 & mut9y aga9/ ,div9e ,provid5ce2 & ?is d\btless is ! reason ( ^? lapses1 & t melan*oly despair1 :i* we see 9 _m w$d$ p]sons1 ?\gh !y und]/& x n1 or pret5d o!r causes1 because !y "k no rem$y2 & is ( extreme dang]3 !re=e :5 human frailty sur*>g$ is at su* a loss1 *>ity ought to v5ture mu*1 le/ an ov]toss$ fai? endang] to %ipwreck4#aca ,?is s5t5ce conta9s a complete hypo!tical syllogism1 :i* c be ab/ract$ z foll[s3 ,if ! rigidity ( ! m>riage relation%ip is n relax$ by *>ity1 ,*ri/ians w despair ( f9d+ _! solace 9 t relation%ip4 ,! rigidity ( ! m>riage relation%ip is n at pres5t relax$ by *>ity4 ,*ri/ians d despair ( f9d+ solace )9 t relation%ip 7z %[n by 8^? lapses & t melan*oly despair1 :i* we see 9 _m w$d$ p]sons074 ,?us ! argum5t prescribes ! cont5t ( ! s5t5ce & m>%als x4 ,let u look next at a specim5 f ! ,areopagitica embody+ n only ! full syllogism b also a prep>atory exposition4 ,:5 a man writes to ! _w1 he summons up all 8 reason & delib]ation to assi/ him2 he se>*es1 m$itates1 is indu/ri\s1 & likely consults & conf]s ) 8 judici\s fri5ds2 aft] all :i* done1 he takes himself to be in=m$ 9 :at he writes1 z well z any t writ be=e him2 if 9 ?is mo/ consummate act ( 8 fidelity & rip5ess1 no ye>s1 no indu/ry1 no =m] pro( ( 8 abilities c br+ him to t /ate ( maturity1 z n to be /ill mi/ru/$ & suspect$1 unless he c>ry all 8 consid]ate dilig5ce1 all 8 midnight wat*+s1 & exp5se ( ,palladian oil1 to ! ha/y view ( an unleisur$ lic5s]1 p]haps mu* 8 y\ng]1 p]haps f> 8 inf]ior 9 judgm5t1 p]haps "o :o nev] knew ! labor ( bookwrit+2 & if he be n repuls$1 or slight$1 mu/ appe> 9 pr9t l a puny ) 8 gu>dian1 & 8 c5sor's h& on ! back ( 8 title to be 8 bail & surety1 t he is no idiot or s$uc]2 x _c be b a di%onor & d]ogation ! au?or1 to ! book1 to ! privilege & dignity ( le>n+4#acb ,9 ?is utt]ance ( #aig words1 e detail p]ta9s to ! "o concept ( ! responsibility & dignity ( le>n+2 yet clos] inspection reveals t a two-"p /ructure is accommodat$4 ,fir/ !re is ! 8n>ration10 a regul> "p ( ! classical oration1 "h sett+ =? ! indu/ry & consci5ti\sness ( au?ors4 ,?is is foll[$ by a hypo!tical argum5t say+1 9 effect1 t if all ^! gu>antees ( sob] & hone/ p]=mance are n en\gh to entitle au?ors to lib]ty1 !re c be no respect = le>n+ or le>n$ m5 9 ! commonweal?4 ,?us ! s5t5ce is prolong$1 "o might say1 until ! spee* is made1 & ! spee* is n a s]ies ( loosely relat$ ass]tions b a /ructure def9$ by /&>d pr9ciples ( logic & rhetoric4 ,ap>t f m]e l5g?1 :i* z ,:atley & o!r writ]s on /yle obs]ve1 imposes a burd5 ^u ! memory too great to be expect$ ( ev]yone1 !re is 9 ! long] ,miltonic s5t5ce ! additional tax ( complexity4 ,( c\rse ,milton 0 some:at influ5c$ by ,lat9 gramm>1 b "h we are less int]e/$ 9 measur+ lit]>y influ5ces ?an 9 analyz+ ! read+ problem :i* he pres5ts 9 our day4 ,t problem is creat$ l>gely by 8 intricate elaboration )9 ! long p]iod4 ,= an especially apt illu/ration ( ?is ,i %\ld l to return to ,( ,re=mation 9 ,engl& & foll[ ! s5t5ce :i* introduces t "w4 ,amid/ ^? deep & retir$ ?\ghts1 :i*1 ) e man ,*ri/ianly in/ruct$1 ought to be mo/ frequ5t1 ( ,god & ( 8 miracul\s ways & works among m51 & ( our religion & works1 to be p]=m$ to him2 aft] ! /ory ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/1 suff]+ to ! l[e/ b5t ( weakness 9 ! fle%1 & pres5tly triumph+ to ! highe/ pit* ( glory 9 ! _s1 :i* drew up 8 body also2 till we 9 bo? be unit$ to him 9 ! revelation ( 8 k+dom1 ,i d n "k ( any?+ m wor?y to take up ! :ole passion ( pity on ! "o side1 & joy on ! o!r1 ?an to consid] fir/ ! f\l & sudd5 corruption1 & !n1 aft] _m a t$i\s age1 ! long def]r$1 b mu* m wond]ful & happy re=mation ( ! *ur* 9 ^! latt] days4#acc ,x w be agre$1 ,i feel1 t ! foll[+ features require a m ?an ord9>y ef=t ( att5tion & memory3 7#a7 ,! rhetorical int]ruptions1 :]eby :i* is sep>at$ f its v]b ought to be1 & ?\ghts is sep>at$ f its prepositional modifi] ( ,god & ( 8 miracul\s works & ways among m54--7#b7 ,! progressive p>ticul>ization ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/1 :]e9 ! sub/antive is modifi$ by two p>ticipial con/ructions1 suff]+ to ! l[e/ b5t ( weakness 9 ! fle% & triumph+ to ! highe/ pit* ( glory 9 ! _s2 :]e9 aga9 ! sub/antive _s takes a modifi] 9 ! clause :i* drew up 8 body also1 & ! v]b drew up ( ! clause is qualifi$ by ! adv]bial clause till we 9 bo? be unit$ to him 9 ! revelation ( 8 k+dom4 ,?is is a type ( elaboration 9 :i*1 z ! acc\nt unfolds1 ea* detail seems to require a gloss1 :i* is (f]$ 9 a con/ruction ( "s weight or l5g?4--7#c7 ,! ext5sive p>allelism ( ! la/ "p1 beg9n+ ) ! :ole passion ( pity on ! "o side4--7#d7 ,! susp5d$ /ructure :i* )holds ! topic phrase ( ! tract1 happy re=mation ( ! *ur*1 until almo/ ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,all ( ^! qualities ( l5g?1 scope1 & complexity made ! ,miltonic s5t5ce a =midable con/ruction1 & we are curi\s to "k :y he 0 able to use x ) public success4 ,! fir/ circum/ance we mu/ take into acc\nt is t he liv$ 9 a t\gh-m9d$ p]iod ( ,we/]n culture4 ,x 0 a "t :5 ! f\ndations ( ! /ate 7 be+ se>*$ out2 :5 ! relation%ip betwe5 religion & political au?ority 0 be+ re-def9$1 to ! disreg>d ( old cu/oms2 & :5 s]mons 7 p[]ful argum5ts1 beg9n+ ) fir/ pr9ciples & mov+ d[n ?r\gh a long *a9 ( d$uctions4 ,x 0 a "t 9 :i* e ?9k+ man virtually _h to be ei!r a revolution>y or a c\nt]-revolution>y2 & !re is some?+ 9 su* intellectual climate :i* scorns prettification & m9c+ measure4 ,! public !re=e met ,milton's impassion$ int]e/ ) an equal passion4 ,b by public we d n mean "h ! half-educat$ masses ( today2 ,milton's public 0 r a /]nly educat$ m9ority1 :i* _h be5 taught to recognize an argum5t :5 x saw "o1 & ev5 to analyze its s\rce4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! absorb+ int]e/ 9 ! argum5tative burd5 ( prose expression may be se5 9 ! way he employs ! ext5d$ metaphor4 ,milton grew up 9 ! age ( ! metaphysical conceit4 ,we n[ und]/& t = ,elizabe?ans & ,jacobeans a metaphor w5t f> beyond m]e ornam5tation to ent] into ! v he>t ( a pr$ication4 ,rosemund ,tuve 9 p>ticul> has %[n t = ! poets ( ! p]iod an image 0 an argum5t1 s und]/ood & s us$4#acd ,we w\ld h>dly expect x to be any less s 9 prose4 ,:5 ,milton br+s 9 a metaphor1 he makes full use ( its probative value1 & ?is involv$1 along ) confid5ce 9 ! ar*itectonic p[] ( ! image1 a belief t x affirm$ some?+ ab\t ! case 9 po9t4 ,?us ! metaphor 0 n idle or decorative m]ely1 & x dom9at$ ! passage to ! eclipse ( s5t5ce units4 ,?is w expla9 :y1 :5 ,milton beg9s a metaphor1 he w sc>cely ab&on x until ! la/ appropriate application has be5 made & ! similitude e/abli%$ beyond reasonable "q4 ,! ,areopagitica teems ) brilliant ext5d$ figures1 ( :i* two w be cit$4 ,"h is an image ( tru?1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ?ree s5t5ces4 ,tru? inde$ came once into ! _w ) h] div9e ma/]1 & 0 a p]fect %ape mo/ glori\s to look on3 b :5 he _h asc5d$1 & 8 apo/les aft] him 7 laid asleep1 !n /raight arose a wick$ race ( deceiv]s1 :o1 z t /ory goes ( ! ,egyptian ,typhon ) 8 conspirators1 h[ !y dealt ) ! good ,osiris1 took ! virg9 ,tru?1 hew$ h] lovely =m into a ?\s& pieces1 & scatt]$ !m to ! f\r w9ds4 ,f t "t ev] s9ce1 ! sad fri5ds ( ,tru?1 su* z dur/ appe>1 imitat+ ! c>eful se>* t ,isis made aft] ! body ( ,osiris1 w5t up & d[n ga!r+ limb by limb /ill z !y c\ld f9d !m4 ,we h n f\nd !m all1 lords & commons1 nor ev] %all d1 till h] ma/]'s second com+2 he %all br+ toge!r e jo9t & memb]1 & %all mold !m into an immortal feature ( lovel9ess & p]fection4 ,suff] n ^! lic5s+ prohibitions to /& at e place ( opportunity =bidd+ & di/urb+ !m t cont9ue seek+1 t cont9ue to d our obsequies to ! torn body ( our m>tyr$ sa9t4#ace ,& "h is ,milton's def5se ( ! intellectually free community1 r5d]$ 9 a milit>y metaphor4 ,fir/1 :5 a city %all be z x 7 besieg$ & block$ ab\t1 h] navigable riv] infe/$1 inroads & incursions r\nd1 defiance & battle (t rumor$ to be m>*+ up1 ev5 to h] walls & suburb tr5*es2 t !n ! p1 or ! great] "p1 m ?an at o!r times1 :olly tak5 up ) ! /udy ( highe/ & mo/ important matt]s to be re=m$1 %\ld be disput+1 reason+1 read+1 inv5t+1 disc\rs+1 ev5 to a r>ity & admiration1 ?+s n be=e disc\rs$ or writt5 (1 argues fir/ a s+ul> good w1 cont5t$ness1 & confid5ce 9 y\r prud5t =esight1 & safe gov]nm5t1 lords & commons2 & f !nce d]ives itself to a gallant brav]y & well gr\nd$ contempt ( _! enemies1 z if !re 7 no small numb] ( z great spirits among u1 z 0 8 :o1 :5 ,rome 0 nigh besieg$ by ,hannibal1 be+ 9 ! city1 b\ght t piece ( gr\nd at no *eap rate1 :]eupon ,hannibal himself encamp$ 8 own regim5t4#acf ,milton's concept ( *ur* gov]nm5t accord+ to ,scripture is ?us pres5t$ 9 ,! ,reason ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t ,urg$ ,aga9/ ,prelaty3 ,did ,god take su* delight 9 measur+ out ! pill>s1 ar*es1 & doors ( a mat]ial temple8 ,0 he s punctual & circumspect 9 lav]s1 alt>s & sacrifices soon aft] to be abrogat$1 le/ any ( ^! %\ld h be5 made contr>y to 8 m9d8 ,is n a f> m p]fect "w1 m agreeable to 8 p]fections1 9 ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( ! *ur* militant1 ! new alliance to ,god to man8 ,%\ld n he r n[ by 8 own prescrib$ discipl9e h ca/ 8 l9e & level ^u ! s\l ( man1 :i* is 8 rational temple1 &1 by ! div9e squ>e & compass !re(1 =m & reg5]ate 9 u ! lovely %apes ( virtues & graces1 ! soon] to edify & accompli% t immortal /ature ( ,*ri/'s body1 :i* is 8 *ur*1 9 all h] glori\s l9eam5ts & proportions8#acg ,:at we are especially call$ ^u to note 9 ^! examples is ! boldness ( figuration1 by :i* ! concept survives ! pressure ( _m1 & sometimes r concrete1 te/s ( correspond5ce1 z ! analogy enl>ges4 ,! au?or's fai? 9 ! figure z an organiz+ pr9ciple is likely evid5ce t he sees ! _w z =m1 ! m ( :i* c be drawn out ! bett]4 ,to a lat] day1 any figure c>ri$ beyond mode/ l5g? runs ! dang] ( turn+ into an ironic comm5t>y ^u its analogue1 b to ,milton1 z to ! sev5te5? c5tury g5]ally1 x 0 a w9d[ to look ?r\gh4 ,n[ q lit]ally ! conceit is a concept1 & we h f\nd x to be ano!r organiz+ m$ium ( ?is intellectual prose1 & a second pro( t "s texture ( ?\ght prec$es ! m]e l+ui/ic expression1 & holds itself sup]ior to x4 ,:ile ! primacy ( ! concept is responsible = ^! =mal features ( /yle1 we mu/ look else:]e = ! s\rce ( its vigor4 ,c]ta9ly ano!r reason t ,milton is a tax+ au?or to read is ! re/less en]gy t p]meates 8 sub/ance4 ,he nev] all[s ! read] to rema9 in]t1 & ?is is because !re 7 few ?+s t[>d :i* ,milton himself 0 indiff]5t4 ,"o revelation ( ! active m9d is ! zeal & complet5ess ) :i* x sorts ?+s accord+ to "s scale ( values2 & judg$ by t /&>d ,milton's m9d is active 9 ! extreme4 ,to approa* ?is a little m sy/ematically1 :at "o discov]s ) "o's fir/ read+ ( ! prose is t ,milton is con/antly att5tive to ! degrees ( ?+s1 & 8 range ( valuations1 ext5d+ f ^? ?+s :i* c be describ$ only ?r\gh 8 elegant curses to ^? :i* require ! language ( religi\s or poetic eulogy1 is v great4 ,inde$1 8?+s indiff]5t10 to employ a phrase us$ by ,milton himself1 play a v small "p 9 8 writ+1 :i* r t5ds to be juridical 9 ! highe/ measure4 ,& ! vitality contribut$ by ?is aw>5ess ( diff]5ce he increas$ by wid5+ ! gulf betwe5 ! bad & ! good4 ,^! contr>ieties are manag$ 9 v>i\s ways3 sometimes !y are made up ( s+le n\ns ( oppos$ mean+2 sometimes ( o!r p>ts ( spee* or ( phrases2 b always x w\ld take a dull read] to miss ! oppos$ valuations4 ,a s5t5ce f ,! ,doctr9e & ,discipl9e ( ,divorce w af=d "s good examples4 ,h5ce x is1 t error supports cu/om1 cu/om c\nt5ances error3 & ^! two betwe5 !m w\ld p]secute & *ase away all tru? & solid wisdom out ( human life1 7 x n t ,god1 r ?an man1 once 9 _m ages calls toge!r ! prud5t & religi\s c\nsels ( m51 deput$ to repress ! encroa*m5ts1 & to "w (f ! invet]ate blots & obscurities wr\ght ^u our m9ds by ! subtle ins9uat+ ( error & cu/om2 :o1 ) ! num]\s & vulg> tra9 ( _! foll[]s1 make x _! *ief design to envy & cry d[n ! indu/ry ( free reason+1 "u ! t]ms ( humor & innovation2 z if ! womb ( teem+ tru? 7 to be clos$ up1 if %e presume to br+ =? aught t sorts n ) _! un*ew$ notions & suppositions4#ach ,! vigor ( ?is passage arises f a cont9u+ s]ies ( contra/s1 compris+ ! foll[+3 error & cu/om ) tru? & solid wisdom2 ,god ) man2 prud5t & religi\s c\nsels ) encroa*m5ts & also ) invet]ate blots & obscurities2 subtle ins9uat+ ( error & cu/om ) indu/ry ( free reason+2 & womb ( teem+ tru? ) un*ew$ notions & suppositions4 ,"h is ano!r passage1 f ,( ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,s t 9 ?is mann] ! prelates1 bo? !n & ev] s9ce1 com+ f a mean & plebeian life on a sudd5 to be lords ( /ately palaces1 ri* furniture1 delici\s f>e1 & pr9cely att5dance1 ?\ght ! pla9 & homespun v]ity ( ,*ri/'s gospel unfit any long] to hold _! lord%ips' acqua9tance1 unless ! poor ?readb>e matron 7 put into bett] clo!s2 h] *a/e & mode/ vail1 surr\nd$ ) cele/ial beams1 !y ov]laid ) wanton tresses1 & 9 a />+ tire bespeckl$ h] ) all ! gaudy allurem5ts ( a :ore4#aci ,9 ?is ! cla% is betwe5 plebeian life & /ately palaces1 ri* furniture1 etc42 homespun v]ity & lord%ip's acqua9tance2 ?readb>e matron & bett] clo!s2 *a/e & mode/ vail & wanton tresses1 />+ tire1 & gaudy allurem5ts ( a :ore4 ,la/ly ,i %\ld l to take a s5t5ce f ! same "w1 :i* has be5 admir$ by ,ald\s ,huxley = its en]gy4 ,?us !n did ! _s ( unity & meekness inspire & animate e jo9t & s9ew ( ! my/ical body2 b n[ ! grave/ & wor?ie/ m9i/]1 a true bi%op ( 8 fold1 %all be revil$ & ruffl$ by an insult+ & only canon-wise prelate1 z if he 7 "s slight paltry companion3 & ! p ( ,god1 r$eem$ & wa%$ ) ,*ri/'s blood1 & dignifi$ ) s _m glori\s titles ( sa9ts & sons 9 ! gospel1 are n[ no bett] reput$ ?an impure e?nics & lay dogs2 /ones1 pill>s1 & crucifixes1 h n[ ! hon\r & ! alms due to ,*ri/'s liv+ memb]s2 ! table ( communion1 n[ become a table ( sep>ation1 /&s l an exalt$ plat=m on ! br[ ( ! quire1 =tifi$ ) bulw>k & b>ricado1 to keep (f ! pr(ane t\* ( ! laics1 :il/ ! obsc5e & surfeit$ prie/ scruples n to paw & mammock ! sacram5tal bread z famili>ly z 8 tav]n biscuit4#adj ,9 ?is typical specim5 ( ,milton's vehem5ce1 grave/ & wor?ie/ m9i/]1 a true bi%op contra/s ) insult+ & only canon-wise prelate & ) slight paltry companion2 ! p ( ,god1 r$eem$ & wa%$ ) ,*ri/'s blood1 & dignifi$ ) s _m glori\s titles ( sa9ts & sons 9 ! gospel ) impure e?nics & lay dogs2 /ones1 pill>s1 & crucifixes ) ,*ri/'s liv+ memb]s2 communion ) sep>ation2 =tifi$ ) bulw>k & b>ricado ) ! e>li] unity & meekness2 obsc5e1 surfeit$1 paw1 & mammock ) prie/2 & sacram5tal bread ) tav]n biscuit4 ,! effect ( su* su/a9$ contra/ is to produce a high degree ( tonicity1 & "h 9 a ^w is :y ,milton's prose seems nev] relax$4 ,8 p]vad+ consci\sness ( ! combat ( good & evil caus$ him to engage 9 con/ant projections ( t combat4 ,9 a mann] ( speak+1 ,milton always writes f a 8prejudice10 :i* proves to be on inspection 8 conviction z a ,*ri/ian & z a political & moral prea*]1 t1 z ! good has be5 judg$1 ! duty ( a publici/ is to %[ x sep>at$ ) ! utmo/ cle>ness ( di/9ction f ! bad4 ,accord+ly ,milton's expositions1 if "o foll[s !m int5tly1 cause "o to accept "o ?+ & reprobate ano!r unceas+ly4 ,9 consequ5ce !re appe>s 9 _m passages a quality ( /yle :i* ,i %all call ! sup]lative mode4 ,8 v rea*+ out t[>d ! two extremes ( a gauge ( value drives him to c\* expression 9 t]ms rais$ to _! highe/ degree4 ,(t5 we see ?is 9 ! sup]lative =m ( ! adjective4 ,b we see x also 9 8 employm5t ( words :i* ev5 9 _! grammatically positive =ms h acquir$ a k9d ( sup]lative s5se4 ,f9ally we see x on occasion 9 a patt]n ( increm5tal repetition :i* he uses to impress u ) 8 mo/ impassion$ ?\ghts4 ,! wond]ful clos+ pray] f ,( ,re=mation 9 ,engl& conta9s examples ( all ( ^! sup]latives4 ,"h are ! clos+ p>agraphs4 ,& n[ we "k1 ,o ?\ our mo/ c]ta9 hope & def5ce1 t ?9e enemies h be5 consult+ all ! sorc]ies ( ! great :ore1 & h jo9$ _! plots ) t sad intellig5c+ tyrant t mis*iefs ! _w ) 8 m9es ( ,ophir1 & lies ?ir/+ to rev5ge 8 naval ru9s t h l>d$ our seas3 b let !m all take c\nsel toge!r1 & let x come to n\ght2 let !m decree1 & d ?\ cancel x2 let !m ga!r !mselves1 & be scatt]$2 let !m embattle !mselves1 & be brok51 = ?\ art ) u4 ,!n1 amid/ ! hymns & hallelujahs ( sa9ts1 "s "o may p]haps be he>d (f]+ at high /ra9s 9 new & l(ty measures1 to s+ & celebrate ?y div9e m]cies & m>vell\s judgm5ts 9 ?is l& ?r\gh\t all ages2 :]eby ?is great & w>like nation1 in/ruct$ & inur$ to ! f]v5t & cont9ual practice ( tru? & righte\sness1 & ca/+ f> f h] ! rags ( h] old vices1 may press on h>d to t high & happy emulation to be f\nd ! sob]e/1 wise/1 & mo/ ,*ri/ian p at t day1 :5 ?\1 ! et]nal & %ortly-expect$ ,k+1 %alt op5 ! cl\ds to judge ! sev]al k+doms ( ! _w1 & di/ribut+ national hon\rs & rew>ds to religi\s & j commonweal?s1 %alt put an end to all e>?ly tyrannies1 proclaim+ ?y univ]sal & mild mon>*y ?r\gh heav5 & e>?2 :]e !y und\bt$ly1 t by _! labors1 c\nsels & pray]s1 h be5 e>ne/ = ! common good ( religion & _! c\ntry1 %all receive above ! inf]ior ord]s ( ! bless$1 ! regal addition ( pr9cipalities1 legions1 & ?rones into _! glori\s titles1 & 9 sup]em95ce ( beatific vision1 progress+ ! dateless & irrevoluble circle ( et]nity1 %all clasp insep>able h&s ) joy & bliss1 9 ov]measure1 = ev]4 ,b !y contr>y1 t by ! impair+ & dim9ution ( ! true fai?1 ! di/resses & s]vitude ( _! c\ntry1 aspire to high dignity1 rule1 & promotion "h1 aft] a %ameful end 9 ?is life 7:i* ,god grant !m71 %all be ?r[n d[n et]nally into ! d>ke/ & deepe/ gulf ( hell1 :]e "u ! despiteful control1 ! trample & spurn ( all ! o!r damn$1 t 9 ! angui% ( _! torture1 %all h no o!r ease ?an to ex]cise a rav+ & be/ial tyranny ov] !m z _! slaves & negroes1 !y %all rema9 9 t plight = ev]1 ! base/1 ! l[]mo/1 ! mo/ deject$1 mo/ und]foot1 & d[ntrodd5 vassals ( p]dition4#ada ,let u m>k ! bri/l+ sup]latives4 ,( adjectives 9 sup]lative =m we f9d mo/ c]ta91 sob]e/1 wise/1 mo/ ,*ri/ian1 d>ke/1 deepe/1 base/1 l[]mo/1 mo/ deject$1 mo/ und]foot1 & mo/ d[ntrodd54 ,( ^? words :i* h a sup]lative =ce or mean+1 ,i w\ld li/--all[+ t ?is mu/ be a matt] ( judgm5t--naught1 cancel1 brok51 m>vell\s1 f]v5t1 et]nal1 univ]sal1 und\bt$ly1 sup]em95ce1 beatific1 dateless1 irrevoluble1 et]nity1 insep>able1 ov]measure1 = ev]1 & et]nally4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ =m ( ! sup]lative mode is ! patt]n ( repetition by :i* ,milton1 ?r\gh a progressive accumulation ( sub/antives & adjectives1 builds up a cresc5do4 ,fir/ !re w be "o or m gr\ps ( two1 !n p]haps a gr\p ( ?ree1 & f9ally1 = ! supreme effect1 a brea?tak+ collocation ( five4 ,su* a patt]n appe>s 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! pray]3 impair+ & dim9ution2 di/resses & s]vitude2 dignity1 rule1 & promotion2 d>ke/ & deepe/2 control1 trample1 & spurn2 rav+ & be/ial2 slaves & negroes2 base/1 l[]mo/1 mo/ deject$1 mo/ und]foot & d[ntrodd54 ,"h1 x w be notic$1 ! sequ5ce is #b-b-c-b-c-b-b-e4 ,! patt]n 9 itself is reveal+4 ,fir/ !re are two pairs :i* ready u = atta9+ ! gr\p ( ?ree2 !n ano!r pair to re/ ^u be=e we atta9 ! gr\p ( ?ree aga92 !n two m pairs = a long] respite :ile we ready ourselves = ! supreme ef=t ( ! gr\p ( five4 ,! pray] is n1 ( c\rse1 an ord9>y passage2 yet :at is se5 "h is discov]able 9 "s measure 9 all ( ,milton's prose4 ,he wrote 9 ?is sup]lative ve9 because 8 pr9cipal aim 0 ! divorcem5t ( good & evil4 ,to %[ ^! wide ap>t1 he _h to talk 9 t]ms ( be/ & wor/1 & be+ a rhetorician ( va/ res\rces1 he f\nd ways ( mak+ ! sup]lative ev5 m em95t ?an our regul> grammatical =ms make x1 :i* naturally m>ks him z a great creative us] ( ! language4 ,! topic ( gr\p+ appropriately introduces ano!r aspect ( ,milton's /yle :i* ,i %all ref] to m specifically z sy/ematic collocation4 ,no "o c read him ) ! object ( =m+ "s descriptive image ( 8 prose )\t be+ impress$ by 8 frequ5t use ( pairs ( words simil> 9 mean+ to express a s+le object or idea4 ,^! pairs w be compris$1 9 a r\ghly equal numb] ( in/ances1 ( n\ns & ( adjectives1 ?\gh fairly (t5 two v]bs w make up ! collocation & occasionally two adv]bs4 ,x seems probable t ^! pairs1 m ?an any o!r s+le feature ( ! /yle1 give ! impression ( ?ickness1 :i* is 9 turn ! s\rce ( ! impression ( /r5g?4 ,or to pres5t ?is 9 ano!r way1 :at ! pairs create is ! effect ( dim5sion4 ,x ne$s no prov+ at ?is /age t ,milton _h too well /or$ a m9d & too g5u9e a passion to coa/ along on m]e flu5cy4 ,if he us$ two words :]e ano!r au?or w\ld use "o1 t fact af=ds presumption t 8 second ^w _h its m>g9 ( mean+ful addition to contribute4 ,& s we f9d x3 ^! pairs ( sub/antives give 8 prose a dim5sional quality1 because ?is "o w %[ "o aspect ( ! ?+ nam$ & t "o ano!r4 ,x w\ld require a r long li/ to include ! v>iety ( aspects :i* ,milton w br+ out by 8 practice ( d\ble nam+2 sometimes x is 9 =m & sub/ance1 or ! conceptual & ! mat]ial nature ( ! ?+2 sometimes x is appe>ance & mean+2 sometimes process & t5d5cy2 sometimes "o modifi] w express ! active & ano!r ! passive nature ( ! ?+ describ$4 ,always ! practice causes 8 subject matt] to convey ?is s5sation ( dep? & realness1 :i* is a pr9cipal factor 9 ! vitality ( 8 /yle4 ,we %all look at "s examples ( ?is highly int]e/+ me?od4 ,! fir/ is f ! ,areopagitica4 ,i h italiciz$ ! pairs4 ,me?9ks ,i see 9 my m9d a noble & puissant nation r\s+ h]self l a /rong man aft] a sleep1 & %ak+ h] inv9cible locks3 me?9ks ,i see h] z an eagle mew+ h] mighty y\?1 & k9dl+ h] undazzl$ eyes at ! full midday beam1 purg+ & unscal+ h] long abus$ sight at ! f\nta9 itself ( heav5ly radiance2 :ile ! :ole noise ( timor\s & flock+ birds1 ) ^? also t love ! twilight1 flutt] ab\t1 amaz$ at :at %e means1 & 9 _! envi\s gabble1 w\ld progno/icate a ye> ( sects & s*isms4#adb ,noble & puissant direct att5tion to e?ical & to physical attributes2 purg+ & scal+ d n =m s complem5t>y a pair b p]haps d5ote two di/9ct phases ( a process2 timor\s & flock+ is an excell5t pair to %[ inw>d nature & outw>d behavior1 & mu/ be acc\nt$ "o ( ! mo/ successful uses ( ! me?od2 sects & s*isms w\ld seem to ref] to social or ecclesia/ical & to !ological aspects ( division4 ,9 a s5t5ce f ,( ,re=mation 9 ,engl&1 he says3 8,b :at d ,i /& reckon+ ^u advantages & ga9s lo/ by ! misrule & turbul5cy ( ! prelates80#adc ,advantages & ga9s /& = two sorts ( progress made prior to ! misrule & turbul5cy ( ! prelates1 :i* 9 turn signify ! =mal outw>d policies & ! inn] _s ( ambition & presumption4 ,f ! ,doctr9e & ,discipl9e ( ,divorce3 8,! ignorance & mi/ake ( ?is high po9t ha? heap$ up "o huge half ( all ! mis]y t ha? be5 s9ce ,adam40#add ,"h ignorance w\ld seem to describe a passive lack ( aw>5ess1 :]eas mi/ake describes active misappreh5sion or misapplication4 ,f9ally "h are examples f ,animadv]sions ^u ! ,remon/rant's ,def5ce ,aga9/ ,smectymnuus4 ,we all "k t 9 private or p]sonal injuries1 yea1 9 public suff]+s = ! cause ( ,*ri/1 8 rule & example tea*es u to be s f> f a read9ess to speak evil1 z n to answ] ! revil] 9 8 language1 ?\gh nev] s mu* provok$3 yet 9 ! detect+ & conv9c+ ( any notori\s enemy to tru? & 8 c\ntry's peace1 especially t is conceit$ to h a voluble & sm>t flu5ce ( tongue1 & 9 ! va9 confid5ce ( t1 & out ( a m t5aci\s cl+ to worldly respects1 /&s up = all ! re/ to ju/ify a long usurpation & convict$ pseudepiscopy ( prelates1 ) all _! c]emonies1 liturgies & tyrannies1 :i* ,god & man are n[ ready to explode & hiss out ( ! l&3 ,i suppose1 & m ?an suppose1 x w be no?+ disagree+ f ,*ri/ian meekness to h&le su* a "o 9 a r\gh] acc5t1 & to s5d home 8 haught9ess well bespurt$ ) 8 own holy wat]4#ade ,"h private & p]sonal may be tak5 z giv+ u two aspects ( ! individual2 rule & example diff] z ab/ract & concrete2 detect+ & conv9c+ 7! latt] app>5tly 9 ! old] s5se ( 8ov]com+07 d5ote two /ages ( a process2 tru? & 8 c\ntry's peace may be tak5 to express ! metaphysical & ! embodi$ =ms ( ! same ?+2 voluble & sm>t seem to ref] to :at is p]ceivable by ! s5ses & by ! intellect respectively2 long usurpation & convict$ pseudepiscopy diff] z simple action & action :i* has be5 judg$3 ,god & man br+ toge!r ! div9e & ! human2 explode & hiss out ( ! l& aga9 express two /ages ( a process4 ,9 ! mann] "h indicat$1 ^! collocations s]ve to give ! /yle a wond]ful ri*ness ( ?\ght4 ,! read] feels t he is be+ %[n bo? ! esse & ! potesse ( ! object nam$4 ,at lea/1 he gets a look at its manifold nature4 ,! way 9 :i* ,milton fills out ! subject = 8 read] is at once lavi% & p]spicu\s4 ,j z 8 figures 7 se5 to h a prolong$ correspond5ce1 beyond :at ! casual or un?9k+ writ] w\ld br+ to view1 s 8 sub/antives & pr$icates are assembl$ ^u a pr9ciple ( p5etration or dep? ( description4 ,our g5]al impression ( ,milton--an impression we get 9 "s degree ( all ! great writ]s ( 8 p]iod & ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod be=e x--is t 8 ?\ght dom9ates ! m$ium4 ,:ile ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is said & ! =m ( say+ x c nev] be drawn absolutely1 x is yet to be rem>k$ t "s writ]s seem to compose ) an aw>5ess ( h[ _! matt] w look ^u ! page1 or h[ x w s\nd 9 ! p>lor2 o!rs seem to keep _! ma9 att5tion ^u curr5tly pref]r$ t]ms & idioms4 ,aga91 "s writ]s seem to accept ! risk ( susp5sion1 transposition1 & involution out ( consci\s elegance2 ,milton seems r to require !m out ( /r5g? ( purpose4 ,he 0 n a writ] ( writ+1 b consi/5tly a writ] ( sub/ance1 & ! language 0 8 in/rum5tality1 :i* he us$ ) ! famili> boldness ( a ma/]4 ,"o w\ld g f> to f9d a bett] illu/ration ( ! say+ ( ,john ,peale ,bi%op t ! ,engli% language is l a woman2 x is mo/ likely to yield aft] "o has %[n x a little viol5ce4 ,all ( ! great prose writ]s ( ! ,elizabe?an age & ! ,sev5te5? c5tury 7 p]fectly capable ( %[+ x t viol5ce1 & ,i believe ?is is ! true reason t a lov] ( eloqu5ce today reacts _! works ) irrepressible admiration4 ,! trem5d\s susp5sions & ramifications !y 7 will+ to create2 _! read9ess to make function ! te/ ( gramm> & to co9 accord+ to ne$1 ?r\gh all ( :i* a rational1 ?\gh n always a =mal or codifi$ syntax survives--^! ?+s bespeak a sort ( magi/]ial attitude t[>d language :i* has be5 lo/ 9 ! int]v5+ c5turies4 ,x is q possible t long ye>s ( accumulat$ usage t5d to act z a det]r5t to a free & imag9ative use ( language4 ,s _m /]eotypes h _h "t to =m !mselves1 & s _m manuals ( usage h be5 issu$ t ! *oice w\ld seem to lie betwe5 simple compliance & op5 rebellion4 ,ei!r "o uses ! language z ! lead]s ( "o's social & bus9ess _w use x1 or "o makes a decisive break & uses x 9 op5 defiance ( ! conv5tionaliz$ patt]ns4 ,we may rememb] 9 ?is connection t :5 ! new movem5t 9 mod]n lit]ature got und]way 9 ! second decade ( ?is c5tury1 its lead]s prov$ !mselves ! mo/ defiant & bra% k9d ( rebels z !y emb>k$ ^u ! "w ( resuscitation & refurbi%m5t1 & x 0 to ! ,elizabe?ans especially t !y look$ = sanction & guidance4 ,b ! rebel ) ?is program faces a dilemma3 he _c infuse life into ! old =ms t he kn[s are depriv+ expression ( all vitality1 & he exhau/s himself 9 ! campaign to sma% & get rid ( !m4 ,t is p>tly an hi/orical obs]vation1 & our int]e/ is 9 lay+ b>e ! movem5t ( a great eloqu5ce4 ,yet if we _h to answ] :e!r "s h]oic /yle l t ( ,milton _c be =m$ = our own day1 :5 millions might rejoice to he> a sonor\s voice speak+ out ( a deep le>n+ 9 our traditions1 our answ] w\ld surely be1 yes4 ,& if ask$ h[1 we w\ld beg9 our c\nsel by tell+ ! writ] to he$ ! advice 9 ,em]son's ,am]ican ,s*ol>--bett] inde$ ?an ,em]son he$$ x himself--to look ^u himself n z a writ] b z a man writ+1 & to try to live 9 t "*4 ,z long z "o does t1 x is mo/ likely t ! concept w dom9ate ! m$ium1 & t "o w use1 ) inv5tive fre$om1 su* conv5tionality z is necess>y to language4 ,a timid correctness1 l p]fect lucidity1 sometimes %[s t m att5tion has be5 devot$ to ! =m ?an to ! ?\ght1 & ?is may give ! writ+ a k9d ( h>d surface :i* imp$es sympa?y betwe5 writ] & read]4 ,f9ally1 "o %\ld rememb] t p l to feel !y are he>+ ( ! solid fact & sub/ance ( ! _w1 & ^? epi!ts :i* give u glimpses ( its concret5ess & cont+5cy are ! be/ gu>antors ( t4 ,! regul> balanc+ ( ab/ract & concrete modifi]s1 :i* we meet regul>ly 9 ,%akespe>e1 mirrors1 inde$1 ! situation all ( u face 9 daily liv+1 :]e g5]al pr9ciples are cle> 9 !ory b are condition$ 9 _! application to ! concrete _w4 ,! man ( eloqu5ce mu/ be a lov] ( 8! _w's body0 to ! ext5t ( be+ able to give x a fond description4 ,) ^! conditions practically realiz$1 we might aga9 h orators ( ! h]oic mold4 ,b ! *ange w\ld h to include ! public also1 =1 on a second ?\ght sugge/$ by ,:itman1 to h great orators !re mu/ be great audi5ces too4 ,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,spaci\sness ,,( ,,old ,,rhetoric ,few species ( composition seem s antiquat$1 s little available = any practical purpose today1 z ! oratory 9 :i* ! g5]ation ( our gr&p>5ts delight$4 ,! type ( disc\rse :i* !y w\ld ride miles 9 wagons to he>1 or w\ld reg>d z ! special treat ( "s fe/ive occasion1 fills mo/ p today ) an acute s5se ( discom=t4 ,someh[1 x makes !m emb>rass$4 ,!y become consci\s ( !mselves1 consci\s ( pret5sions 9 x1 & !y ?9k x well consign$ to ! museum4 ,b its v ability to inspire antipa?y1 z di/+ui%$ f indiff]5ce1 sugge/s ! pres5ce ( some?+ int]e/+4 ,! /ud5t ( rhetoric %\ld accord+ly s5se "h ! *ance = a discov]y1 & z he beg9s to li/5 = its reveal+ quality1 ! fir/ ?+ he becomes aw>e ( is a 8spaci\sness40 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a broad impression1 :i* requires its own analysis4 ,z we li/5 m c>efully1 !n1 x seems t betwe5 ! spee* itself & ! ?+s x is meant to signify1 some?+ /&s--p]haps x is only an empty space--b some?+ is !re to prev5t imm$iate realizations & ref]5ces4 ,= an exp]i5ce ( ! s5sation1 let u = a mom5t g back to #ahej & attune our e>s to an address by ,repres5tative ,&rew ,ew+1 on ! subject ( ! sale ( ! public l&s4 ,we h af=d$ a refuge to ! d[n-trodd5 nations ( ! ,old ,_w1 & organiz$ sy/em ( int]nal improvem5t & public education1 :i* h no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,:y %\ld we n cont9ue & enl>ge ! sy/em :i* has s mu* contribut$ to ^! results8 ,if our ,pacific ,coa/ %\ld be l9$ ) its hundr$ cities1 ext5d+ f ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,oregon d[n to ,san ,diego2 if ! va/ int]ior hills & valleys c\ld be fill$ ) l[+ h]ds & fruitful fields ( a ?riv+ & indu/ri\s p2 & if ! busy hum ( t5 ?\s& work%ops c\ld be daily he>d ov] ! placid wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 w\ld our gov]nm5t be poor] or our c\ntry less able to meet h] obligations ?an at pres5t8#adf ,despite ! allusions to geographical localities1 does n ! speak] seem to be speak+ 9 vacuo8 ,8 words d n imp+e ^u a circumambi5t reality2 8 concepts seem n to h def9ite correspond5ces1 b to be g5]al1 & z x 71 mobile4 8,spread-eagle0 & 8high-fl[n0 are two modifi]s ) :i* p h s\ght to cat* ! quality ( su* spee*4 ,9 ?is "w we are int]e/$ bo? 9 causes & ! moral quality ( causes1 & :5 an orator appe>s to speak ( subjects )\t an imm$iate app]ception ( !m1 we become curi\s ab\t ! k9d ( _w he is liv+ 94 ,0 ?is type ( orator sick1 z "s h inf]r$8 ,0 he suff]+ f "s k9d ( auto-intoxication :i* produces insulation f reality8 ,*>les ,egb]t ,craddock 9 h] novel ,:]e ! ,battle ,0 ,f\ght has left a satirical picture ( ! type4 ,its p]sonification is ,g5]al ,vayne1 :o holds ev]y?+ up to a 8moral magnify+ glass40 8,?r\gh ?is unique l5s life loom$ up z a r l>ge affair4 ,9 ! rickety c\r?\se 9 ! village ( ,*attalla1 five miles out !re to ! s\?1 ,g5]al ,vayne beheld a temple ( ju/ice4 ,he translat$ an (fice-hold] z ! sworn s]vant ( ! p4 ,! ,/ate 0 ?is great commonweal?1 & its seal a pr\d escut*eon4 ,a fall 9 cotton /ruck him z a bl[ to ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,f an adv]se political =tune he augur$ ! swift ru9 ( ! c\ntry40#adg ,!re is ! possibility t ?is type 0 sick ) a k9d ( vanity & egoc5tricity1 & t has frequ5tly be5 (f]$ z a diagnosis4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 !re is ! possibility t su* m5 7 l>g] ?an we1 ) our petty & cont5ti\s /yle1 & because l>g] m expos$ 9 ^? limitations :i* !y _h4 ,! h]oes 9 trag$ies also talk bigg] ?an life4 ,p]haps ! s\rce ( our discom=t is t ?is k9d ( spee* comes to u z an admonition t !re 7 giants 9 ! e>? be=e u1 mighty m51 m5 ( r5[n4 ,b be=e we are ready = any conclusion1 we mu/ isolate ! cause ( our intimation4 ,z we scan ! old oratory = ! *ief (f5d] aga9/ mod]n s5sibility1 we are c]ta9 to rank 9 high position1 if n fir/1 ! unconte/$ t]m4 ,by ?is we mean ! t]m :i* seems to invite a conte/1 b :i* app>5tly is n s reg>d$ 9 its own context4 ,mo/ ( ^! are t]ms :i* sc&alize ! mod]n read] ) _! g5]ality1 s t he wond]s h[ ! speak] ev] took ! risk ( us+ !m4 ,no exp]i5c$ speak] int]l>ds 8 disc\rse ) t]ms :i* are !mselves controv]sial4 ,he may build 8 case on "o or two su* t]ms1 aft] giv+ !m ad hoc def9itions1 b to multiply !m is to create a =ce ( resi/ance :i* almo/ no spee* c ov]come4 ,yet 9 ?is p]iod we h spee*es :i* seem made up almo/ f beg9n+ to end ( phrases loose 9 scope & b weakly def5sible4 ,yet ! old orator :o employ$ ^! t]ms ( sweep+ g5]ality knew some?+ ( 8 audi5ce's /ate ( m9d & 0 confid5t ( 8 effect4 ,& ! public g5]ally respond$ by putt+ him 9 ! g5us 8great man40 ,?is br+s u to ! rhetorical situation1 :i* mu/ be describ$ 9 "s detail4 ,we h said t ?is orator ( ! old-fa%ion$ mold1 :o is us+ ! unconte/$ t]m1 passes on 8 collection ( g5]alities 9 full expectation t !y w be receiv$ z legal t5d]4 ,he is tak+ a v advanc$ position1 :i* c\ld be und]m9$ easily1 7 ! w to d s pres5t4 ,b ! w 0 n pres5t1 & ?is is ! mo/ significant fact 9 our explanation4 ,! orator _h1 9 any typical audi5ce1 n only a previ\sly indoctr9at$ gr\p1 b a gr\p ( q simil> indoctr9ation4 ,( c\rse1 we are us+ su* phrases = purposes ( comp>ison ) today4 ,x is n[ a truism t ! homog5eity ( belief :i* obta9$ ?ree g5]ations ago has l>gely disappe>$4 ,su* belief 01 9 a mann] ( conceiv+ x1 ! old orator's capital4 ,& x 01 if we may tru/ ! figure fur!r1 an initial asset :i* made fur!r op]ations possible4 ,if we knew h[ ?is capital is accumulat$1 we w\ld possess "o ( ! secrets ( civilization4 ,all we "k is t :atev] spells ! ess5tial unity ( a p 9 belief & atta*m5t conta9s ! answ]4 ,! be/ we c d at ?is /age is look into ! me*anism ( relation%ip betwe5 ?is level ( g5]ality & ! effectiv5ess ( a spee*4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d t 8g5]al0 is itself a relative modifi]1 & t ! degree ( g5]ality ) :i* "o may express "o's ?\ghts is v wide4 ,"o may ref]1 = example1 to a c]ta9 ev5t z a murd]1 a crime1 an act1 or an occurr5ce4 ,we assume t none ( ^! t]ms is inh]5tly falsify+1 because none ( !m is 9 any prior s5se requir$4 ,levels ( g5]ality d n contradict "o ano!r2 !y supplem5t "o ano!r by br++ out diff]5t foci ( int]e/4 ,e level ( g5]ality has its uses3 ! ,bible c tell ! /ory ( creation 9 a few hundr$ words1 & x is d\btless well t x %\ld be told !re 9 t way4 ,let u !re=e take a gu>d$ position "h & claim only t "o's level ( g5]ality tells some?+ ( "o's approa* to a subject4 ,we %all f9d c]ta9 ref9em5ts ( application possible z we g on4 ,) ?is z a />t+ po9t1 we %\ld be prep>$ = a m int5sive look at ! diction ( ! old s*ool4 ,= purposes ( ?is analysis ,i %all *oose some?+ t is hi/orically obscure4 ,great occasions sometimes deflect our judgm5t by _! special circum/ances4 ,! passage bel[ is f a spee* made by ! ,honorable ,*>les ,j4 ,faulkn] at an agricultural fair 9 ,virg9ia 9 #aheh4 ,bo? speak] & ev5t h pass$ into relative oblivion1 & we c !re=e view ?is z a fairly /ock specim5 ( ! oratory 9 vogue a hundr$ ye>s ago to grace local celebrations4 ,let u att5d to x c>efully = its ref]5ces4 ,if we look to ! pa/ or to ! pres5t we %all f9d t ! p]man5t p[] ( any nation has always be5 9 proportion to its cultivation ( ! soil--^? republics :i* dur+ ! e>li] & middle ages1 7 indebt$ = _! gr[? ma9ly to comm]ce1 did = a mom5t1 inde$1 ca/ a dazzl+ spl5dor across ! pa?way ( "t2 b !y soon pass$ f among ! p[]s ( ! e>?1 leav+ beh9d !m n a memorial ( _! pr\d & ephem]al de/9y :il/ o!r nations1 :i* look$ to ! products ( ! soil = ! elem5ts ( _! /r5g?1 f\nd 9 ea* successive ye> ! unfail+ s\rces ( national aggr&izem5t & p[]4 ,( all ! nations ( antiquity1 ! ,romans 7 mo/ p]si/5tly devot$ to agriculture1 & _m ( ! maxims taught by _! exp]i5ce1 & transmitt$ to u by _! di/+ui%$ writ]s1 are n unwor?y1 ev5 at ?is "t1 ( ! notice ( ! intellig5t f>m]s ( ?is valley4 ,x 0 9 _! s*ools ( c\ntry life--a vita ru/ica--z _! own great orator in=ms u1 t !y imbib$ ^? noble s5tim5ts :i* r5d]$ ! ,roman "n m illu/ri\s ?an all _! fam\s victories1 & !re1 t !y acquir$ ^? habits ( labor1 frugality1 ju/ice & t high /&>d ( moral virtue :i* made !m ! easy ma/]s ( _! race4#adh ,a mod]n m9d tra9$ 9 ! habit ( analysis w be horrifi$ by ! numb] ( l>ge & unexam9$ phrases pass+ by 9 ev5 ?is brief exc]pt4 8,p]man5t p[] ( any nation02 8e>li] & middle ages02 8ca/ a dazzl+ spl5dor across ! pa?way ( "t02 8pr\d & ephem]al de/9y02 8noble s5tim5ts :i* r5d]$ ! ,roman "n m illu/ri\s02 & 8high /&>ds ( moral virtue0 are b a selection4 ,comp>atively speak+1 ! tone ( ?is oration is fairly subdu$1 b x is 9 ! gr& /yle1 & ^! phrases are ! m$ium4 ,) ?is passage be=e u = ref]5ce1 ,i wi% to discuss "o matt] ( effect1 & "o ( cause or enabl+ condition4 ,x w be quickly p]ceiv$ t ! phrases 9 "q h resonances1 bo? hi/orical & lit]>y1 & t ?is resonance is :at we h be5 call+ spaci\sness4 ,in/ead ( ! s+le note 7priz$ = purposes ( analysis7 !y are wid?s ( s\nd & mean+2 !y t5d to e*o ov] broad areas & to call up g5]aliz$ associations4 ,?is resonance is ! int]/ice betwe5 :at is said & ! ?+ signifi$4 ,9 ?is way !n ! g5]ality ( ! phrase may be def9itely l9k$ ) an effect4 ,b ! second "q is our pr9cipal int]e/3 h[ 0 ! orator able to use !m ) full public cons5t :5 he _c d s today8 ,i am go+ to sugge/ t ! orator !n enjoy$ a privilege :i* c be comp>$ to ! lawy]'s 8"r ( assumption40 ,?is is ! "r to assume t prec$5ts are valid1 t =ms w p]si/1 & t 9 g5]al "o may build today on :at 0 creat$ ye/]day4 ,:at mank9d has sanctifi$ ) usage has a presumption 9 its favor4 ,su* presumption1 x 0 felt1 in/ead ( be+ an ob/acle to progress1 furni%es ! gr\nd = progress4 ,m simply1 ye/]day's a*ievem5ts are also contributions to progress4 ,x is he :o insi/s ^u beg9n+ e day de novo :o d5ies ! reality ( progress4 ,accord+ly1 consid] ! ,am]ican orator 9 ! intellectual climate ( ?is "t4 ,he 0 com=tably circum/anc$ ) ref]5ce to ?+s he c\ld 8"k0 & presume ev]yone else to "k 9 ! same way4 ,fre$om & morality 7 con/ants2 ! ,con/itution 0 ! codification ( all t 0 politically feasible2 ,*ri/ianity ( all t 0 morally au?oriz$4 ,rome /ood z an exemplum ( :at may happ5 to nations2 ! ,am]ican & ,fr5* ,revolutions _h taught rul]s _! necess>y limitations4 ,civilization has ?\ght ov] its ?\s&s ( ye>s ( hi/ory & has made "s g5]alizations :i* are ! premises ( o!r argum5ts b :i* are n issues !mselves4 ,:5 "o ass]ts t ! ,romans _h a 8high /&>d ( moral virtue :i* made !m ! easy ma/]s ( _! race10 "o is affirm+ a doctr9e ( causality 9 a sweep+ way4 ,if "o _h to /op & 8prove0 t moral virtue makes "o ma/]1 "o obvi\sly w\ld h to />t f>!r d[n ! ladd] ( assumption4 ,b ^! ?+s 7 n 9 ! area ( argum5t because progress 0 positive & t meant t "s ?+s h to be assimilat$ z tru?s4 ,m5 7 n condemn$ to repeat hi/ory1 because !y rememb]$ its lessons4 ,to ! ext5t t ! m9d _h made its summations1 x 0 free to g =w>d1 & =w>d meant 9 ! direction ( m inclusive conceptions4 ,! orator :o pauses along ! way to argue a po9t :i* no "o *all5ges only demeans ! occasion4 ,!re=e ! orator ( ! p]iod we h def9$ did n feel t he _h to argue ! significance ( ev]y?+ to :i* he atta*$ significance4 ,"s ?+s 7 fix$ by univ]sal enlight5$ cons5sus2 & !y c\ld be us$ z /eps = gett+ at matt]s :i* 7 less settl$ & h5ce 7 prop] subjects = delib]ation4 ,delib]ation is good only because x decreases ! numb] ( ?+s x is necess>y to delib]ate ab\t4 ,consequ5tly :5 we wond] h[ he c\ld use su* expressions )\t trace ( compunction1 we =get t ! expressions did n ne$ apology4 ,! speak] ( ! pres5t :o us$ l t]ms w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 meet a conte/ at e /ep ( ! way4 ,8 audi5ce w\ld n swall[ su* clu/]s ( relat$ mean+s4 ,b at t "t a numb] ( unities1 includ+ ! unity ( pa/ & pres5t1 ! unity ( moral sets & ( causal sets1 furni%$ ! gr\nd = disc\rse 9 8unconte/$ t]ms40 ,only su* sub/ratum ( agreem5t makes possible ! panoramic treatm5t4 ,we c inf] important conclusions ab\t a civilization :5 we "k t its debates & controv]sies occur at outpo/ positions r ?an )9 ! citadel itself4 ,if ^! occur at a v elem5t>y level1 we suspect t ! culture has n def9$ itself1 or t x is decay$ & ?reat5$ ) dissolution4 ,:]e ! *ief subject ( debate is ! relative validity ( ,homoi\sianism & ,homo\sianism1 or ! conv5tions ( c\rtly love1 we feel confid5t t a great deal has be5 ca*$ away 9 ! =m ( settl$ conclusions1 & t su* %ak+ z proce$s f controv]sies ( ?is k9d1 al?\gh !y may agitate ! sup]/ructure1 w h>dly be felt z f> d[n z ! f\ndations4 ,i w\ld say ! same is sugge/$ by ! great ,am]ican debate ov] :e!r ! ,con/itution 0 a 8con/itution0 or a 8compact10 despite its un=tunate sequel4 ,at ?is /age ( cultural developm5t ! commonplaces ( op9ion & conduct =m a sort ( textus receptus1 & ! em5dations are conf9$ to m9or matt]s4 ,conv]sely1 :5 ! disagreem5t is ov] extremely elem5t>y matt]s1 survival itself may be at /ake4 ,x seems to me t mod]n debates ov] ! validity ( ! law ( contradiction may be a disagreem5t ( ?is k9d4 ,! s\ndness ( a culture may well be measur$ by ?is ability to recognize :at is extrane\s4 ,"o kn[s :at to d ) ! extrane\s1 ev5 if "o decides ^u a policy ( tempor>y accommodation4 ,x is :5 ! l9e divid+ u f ! extrane\s beg9s to fade t we are assail$ ) de/ructive d\bts4 ,disagreem5ts ov] ! mo/ fundam5tal subjects leave u puzzl$ z to 8:]e we are0 if n z to 8:at we are40 ,! speak] :om we h be5 *>act]iz+ felt sure ( ! dem>cation4 ,t gave him 8 fre$om1 & 0 ! s\rce ( 8 simplicity4 ,:5 we reflect fur!r t ! old oratory _h a c]ta9 judicial flavor ab\t x1 we are prompt$ to ask :e!r ?9k+ z !n conceiv$ did n h a diff]5t /atus f today's ?9k+4 ,"o is l$ to make ?is qu]y by ! sugge/ion t :5 ! mo/ fundam5tal propositions ( a culture are "u attack1 !n x becomes a duty to 8?9k = "o's self40 ,n t x is a bad ?+ to ?9k2 yet :5 ! :ole emphasis is ^u 8?9k+ = "o's self10 x is h>d to avoid a feel+ t c]ta9 po/ulates h brok5 d[n1 & ! mo/ c\rage we c mu/] is to ask p1 n to 8?9k 9 a c]ta9 direction10 b to 8?9k = !mselves40 ,:]e ! prim>y directive ( ?9k+ is kn[n1 ! object ( ?9k+ w n be m]e c]ebral motion 7z "s expon5ts ( ! policy ( ?9k+ = "o's self leave u to inf]71 b r ! object ( su* ?9k+1 or k4 ,?is is a v rudim5t>y proposition1 b x des]ves att5tion because ! mod]n t5d5cy has rev]s$ a previ\s ord]4 ,f ! position t only propositions are int]e/+ because !y alone make judgm5ts1 we are pass+ to a position 9 :i* only evid5ce is int]e/+ because x alone is uncontam9at$ by propositions4 ,9 brief1 int]e/ has %ift$ f inf]5ce to reportage1 & ?is has _h a demon/rable effect ^u ! tone ( oratory4 ,! l>ge resonant phrase is itself a k9d ( cond5s$ proposition2 z propositions beg9 to s9k ) ! g5]al sagg+ ( ! sub/ructure1 ! phrases mu/ d ! same4 ,obvi\sly we are po9t+ "h to a pr(\nd cultural *ange1 & ! same %ifts c be se5 9 lit]ature2 ! poet or noveli/ may feel t ! cont5t ( 8 consci\sness is m valid 7& ?is w be true ev5 ( ^? :o h n =mulat$ ! belief7 ?an ! =mal arrangem5t :i* w\ld be produc$ by selection1 ab/raction1 & arrangem5t4 ,or view$ 9 ano!r respect1 exp]i5tial ord] has tak5 prec$5ce ov] logical ord]4 ,! object ( an oration made on ! conditions obta9$ a hundr$ ye>s ago 0 n s mu* to 8make p ?9k0 z to rem9d !m ( :at !y already ?\ght 7& aga9 we are speak+ comp>atively74 ,! oratorical ro/rum1 l ! *ur*1 0 less ( a place = fre% in/ruction ?an = /eady inculcation4 ,& ! orator1 l ! m9i/]1 0 "o :o spoke f an em95t degree ( conviction4 ,p>adoxically1 ! speak] ( ?is vani%$ p]iod _h m fre$om to maneuv] ?an has 8 emancipat$ successor4 ,man is free 9 proportion z 8 surr\nd+s h a det]m9ate nature1 & he c plan 8 c\rse ) p]fect reliance ^u t det]m9at5ess4 ,x is an admitt$ axiom t we h rules 9 "o place s t we c h lib]ty 9 ano!r2 we put c]ta9 ?+s 9 *>ge ( habit s z to be free 9 areas :]e we prize fre$om4 ,manife/ly "o is n 8free0 :5 "o has to battle = "o's position at e mom5t ( "t4 ,?is int]relation%ip ( fre$om & organization is "o ( ! p]man5t conditions ( exi/5ce1 s t x has be5 said ev5 t p]fect fre$om is p]fect compliance 78"o comm&s nature by obey+ h]074 ,9 ! prov9ce we are consid]+1 man is free to ! ext5t t he kn[s t nature is1 :at ,god expects1 :at he himself is capable (4 ,fre$om moves on a set ( presuppositions j z a ma*9e moves on a set ( ball be>+s :i* !mselves pres]ve def9ite locus4 ,x is :5 ^! presuppositions are tamp]$ ) t m5 beg9 to gr[ conc]n$ ab\t _! fre$om4 ,"o c well imag9e t ! trem5d\s self-consci\sness ab\t fre$om today1 :i* we note 9 almo/ e utt]ance ( public m51 is evid5ce t ?is crucial g5]al belief is ?reat5$4 ,x is no m]e p>adox to say t :5 !y cry lib]ty1 !y mean belief--! belief t sets "o free f prior conc]ns4 ,a corroborat+ evid5ce is t fact t ne>ly all l>ge pleas = lib]ty he>d today conclude ) m or less direct appeals = unity4 ,we may n[ return to our m direct conc]n ) rhetoric4 ,s9ce accord+ to ?is demon/ration oratory speaks f an em95ce & has a fre$om ( purview1 its syllogism is ! 8rhetorical syllogism0 m5tion$ by ,demetrius--! en?ymeme4#adi ,x may n hurt to /ate t ?is is ! syllogism ) "o ( ! ?ree propositions miss+4 ,su* a syllogism c be us$ only :5 ! audi5ce is will+ to supply ! miss+ proposition4 ,! miss+ proposition w be 89 _! he>ts10 z x 72 x w be _! agreem5t ^u "s fundam5tal aspect ( ! issue be+ discuss$4 ,if x is !re1 ! orator does n h to supply x2 if x is n !re1 he may n be able to get x 9 any way--at lea/ n z orator4 ,!re=e ! use ( ! rhetorical syllogism is good concrete evid5ce t ! old orator reli$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( unconte/$ t]ms or fixations ( belief 9 ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,! orator 0 logical1 b he c\ld disp5se ) be+ a pure logician because t ?ird proposition _h be5 e/abli%$ = him4 ,^! two relat$ consid]ations1 ! accept$ t]m & ! conception ( oratory z a body ( judici\s conclusions ^u common evid5ce1 g f> t[>d expla9+ ! quality ( spaci\sness4 ,inde$1 to say t oratory has 8spaci\sness0 is to risk r$undancy once ! nature ( oratory is und]/ood4 ,oratory is 8spaci\s0 9 ! same way t lib]al education is lib]al2 & a correlation c be %[n betwe5 ! decl9e ( lib]al education 7! education ( a freeman7 & ! decl9e ( oratory4 ,x 0 "o ( ,cic]o's obs]vations t ! orator p]=ms at 8! focal po9t at :i* all human activity is ultimately review$02 & ,cic]o is1 = connect$ reasons1 a *ief s\rce ( our !ory ( lib]al education4#aej ,?us f> we h re/$ our explanation on ! utility ( ! g5]aliz$ /yle1 b ?is is probably mu* too n>r[ an acc\nt4 ,!re is also an ae/hetic ( ! g5]alization1 :i* we mu/ n[ proce$ to explore4 ,let u pause "h mom5t>ily to re-def9e our impression ^u he>+ ! old orator4 ,! feature :i* we h be5 describ+ z spaci\sness may be translat$1 ) p]haps a slight %ift ( viewpo9t1 z opacity4 ,! passages we h inspect$1 to recur to our examples1 are opaque 9 t we _c see ?r\gh !m ) any %>pness4 ,& x 0 no d\bt ! int5tion ( ! orator t we %\ld n see ?r\gh !m 9 ?is way4 ,! 8moral magnify+ glass0 ( ,craddock's ,g5]al ,vayne made objects l>g]1 b x did n make !m cle>]4 ,x r _h ! effect ( blurr+ l9es & obscur+ details4 ,we are n[ 9 position to sugge/ t ano!r factor 9 ! *oice ( ! g5]aliz$ phrase 0 ae/hetic di/ance4 ,!re is an ae/hetic1 z well z a moral1 limit to h[ close "o may approa* an object2 & ! =5sic arti/s ( ! epo* we describe seem to h be5 guid$ by ?is pr9ciple ( arti/ic decorum4 ,ae/hetic di/ance is1 ( c\rse1 an ess5tial ( ae/hetic treatm5t4 ,if "o sees an object f too close1 "o sees only its irregul>ities & protub]ances4 ,to see an object rightly or to see x z a :ole1 "o has to h a proportion$ di/ance f x4 ,!n ! p>ts fall into a mean+ful patt]n1 ! dom9ant effect em]ges1 & "o sees x 8z x really is40 ,a pruri5t int]e/ 9 clos5ess & a great remot5ess w bo? spoil ! view4 ,to recall a fam\s example 9 lit]ature1 nei!r ,lilliputian nor ,brobd+nagian is man z we ?9k we "k him4 ,?us x c be a sign n only ( philosophical ignorance b also ( arti/ic bad ta/e to treat an object famili>ly or f a ne> proximity4 ,at ! risk ( appe>+ fanciful we %all say t objects h n only _! natures b _! rights1 :i* ! orator is b\nd to respect1 s9ce he is 9 l>ge measure ! e?ical tea*] ( society4 ,by ma9ta9+ ?is di/ance ) reg>d to objects1 art manages to 8idealize0 !m 9 a v special s5se4 ,"o does n mean by ?is t x necess>ily elevates !m or transfigures !m1 b x c]ta9ly does keep out a k9d ( (fici\s detail :i* w\ld only l[] ! g5]al effect4 ,:at ! arti/ic proc$ure t5ds to d1 !n1 is to give u a 8g5]ic0 picture1 & mu* ! same c be said ab\t oratory4 ,! true orator has little conc]n ) s+ul>ity--or1 to recall aga9 a fam\s in/ance1 ) ! w>t on ,cromwell's face--because ! s+ul> is ! imp]t95t4 ,only ! g5]ic belongs1 & by obvi\s connection ! language ( ! g5]ic is a g5]al language4 ,9 ! old /yle1 pres5tation kept di/ances :i* _h1 z "o ( _! purposes1 ! obscur+ ( details4 ,x w\ld !n h appe>$ ! extreme ( bad ta/e to p>ticul>ize 9 ! mann] :i* has s9ce1 especially 9 c]ta9 areas ( j\rnalism1 become a lit]>y vogue4 ,x w\ld h be5 beyond ! pale to ref]1 9 any?+ int5d$ = ! public view1 to a c]ta9 cab9et m9i/]'s false tee? or a c]ta9 congressman's %9y dome4 ,ae/hetically1 ?is 0 n ! angle ( vision f :i* "o takes 9 ! man1 & !re is ev5 ! "q ( epi/emological tru?fulness4 ,portrait pa9t]s "k t /ill1 & j\rnali/s knew x a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x w be be/ to illu/rate ! effect ( ae/hetic di/ance4 ,i h *os5 a passage f ! address deliv]$ by ,john ,c4 ,breck9ridge1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! occasion ( ! removal ( ! ,s5ate f ! ,old to ! ,new ,*amb]1 ,janu>y #d1 #ahei4 ,! mom5t 0 reg>d$ z solemn1 & ! speak] express$ himself z foll[s3 ,& n[ ! /rifes & unc]ta9ties ( ! pa/ are f9i%$4 ,we see ar\nd u on e side ! pro(s ( /ability & improvem5t4 ,?is ,capitol is wor?y ( ! ,republic4 ,noble public build+s meet ! view on e h&4 ,treasures ( sci5ce & ! arts beg9 to accumulate4 ,z ?is fl\ri%+ city enl>ges1 x te/ifies to ! wisdom & =eca/ t dictat$ ! plan ( x4 ,future g5]ations w n be di/urb$ ) que/ions conc]n+ ! c5t] ( population or ( t]ritory1 s9ce ! /eamboat1 ! railroad & ! telegraph h made communication almo/ in/antane\s4 ,! spot is sacr$ by a ?\s& memories1 :i* are s _m pl$ges t ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 f\nd$ by him & be>+ 8 rev]$ "n1 ) its beautiful site1 b\nd$ by picturesque em95ces1 & ! broad ,potomac1 & ly+ )9 view ( 8 home & 8 tomb1 %all rema9 =ev] ! political capital ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! close ( ! address1 he said3 ,& n[1 ,s5ators1 we leave ?is memorable *amb]1 be>+ ) u1 unimpair$1 ! ,con/itution receiv$ f our =efa!rs4 ,let u *]i% x ) grateful ackn[l$gm5ts ( ! ,div9e ,p[] :o controls ! de/9ies ( empires & ^: goodness we adore4 ,! /ructures re>$ by man yield to ! corrod+ too? ( "t4 ,^! m>ble walls mu/ mold] into ru92 b ! pr9ciples ( con/itutional lib]ty1 gu>d$ by wisdom & virtue1 unlike mat]ial elem5ts1 d n decay4 ,let u dev\tly tru/ t ano!r ,s5ate 9 ano!r age %all be> to a new & l>g] ,*amb]1 ! ,con/itution vigor\s & inviolate1 & t ! la/ g5]ations ( po/]ity %all witness ! delib]ations ( ! ,repres5tatives ( ,am]ican ,/ates /ill unit$1 prosp]\s1 & free4#aea ,we %all h>dly help not+ ! prom95ce ( 8opaque0 phrases4 8,pro(s ( /ability & improvem5t02 8noble public build+s02 8treasures ( sci5ce & ! arts02 8?is fl\ri%+ city02 8a ?\s& memories02 8?is beautiful site02 & 8/ructures re>$ by man0 seem out/&+ examples4 ,^! all express objects :i* c be se5 only at a di/ance ( "t or space4 ,9 ?ree in/ances1 x is true1 ! speak] m5tions ?+s ( :i* 8 he>]s might h be5 imm$iately & physically consci\s1 b !y receive an appropriately g5]aliz$ ref]5ce4 ,! passage admits n a s+le intrusive detail1 nor is any?+ !re suppos$ to h a sup]ior validity or probativ5ess because x is pres5t visibly or tangibly4 ,! spee* is address$ to ! m9d1 & correspond+ly to ! memory4#aeb ,! fact t ! inclusiv5ess 0 temporal z well z spatial has p]haps special significance = u4 ,?is 8cont9uity ( ! pa/ ) ! pres5t0 gave a dim5sion :i* our _w seems l>gely to h lo/2 & ?is dim5sion made possible a diff]5t patt]n ( selection4 ,x is n exp]i5tial data :i* creates a s5se ( ! on5ess ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is r an act ( m9d2 & ! practice ( p]iodically br++ ! pa/ into a m$itative relation%ip ) ! pres5t betok5s an attitude t[>d hi/ory4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,l9coln we h %[n t an ev5 great] degree ( remot5ess is disc]nible 9 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,inaugural ,addresses1 deliv]$ at a "t :5 w> 0 an ugly pres5t reality4 ,& fur!rmore1 at ,gettysburg1 ,l9coln spoke 9 t]ms s 8g5]ic0 t x is almo/ impossible to %[ t ! spee* is n a eulogy ( ! m5 9 gray z well z ! m5 9 blue1 inasmu* z bo? made up 8^? :o /ruggl$ "h40 ,l9coln's faculty ( transc5d+ an occasion is 9 fact only ?is ability to view x f ! "r di/ance1 or to be wisely g5]ic ab\t x4 ,we are talk+ "h ab\t ?+s capable ( extremes1 & !re is a degree ( ab/raction :i* results 9 imp]ception2 b b>r+ ^? cases :i* ev]yone recognizes z beyond b\nds1 we %\ld reconsid] ! idea t su* g5]alization is a sign ( impot5ce4 ,! di/9ction does n lie betwe5 ^? :o are ne> life & ^? :o are remote f x1 b betwe5 p]t95ce & imp]t95ce4 ,! intrusive detail s priz$ by mod]n reali/s does n belong 9 a picture :i* is a picture ( some?+4 ,"o ( ! s5ses ( 8see+0 is metaphorical1 & if "o gets too close to ! object1 "o c no long] 9 ?is s5se 8see40 ,x is ! !oria ( ! m9d z well z ! "w ( ! s5ses :i* creates ! f9al picture4 ,"o c %[ ?is ?r\gh an in/ructive contra/ ) mod]n j\rnalism1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! ,"t magaz9e v>iety4 ,a consid]able "p ( its mat]ial1 & ne>ly all ( its captions1 are made up ( :at we h def9$ z 8imp]t95ces40 ,:at our =5sic arti/ ( a c5tury ago w\ld h reg>d$ z lack+ significance is 9 ^! m$ia pres5t$ z ! p]t95t because x is v ne> ! physical manife/ation ( ! ev5t4 ,& ! rev]sal has be5 complete1 because :at = ?is arti/ w\ld h be5 p]t95t is !re treat$ z imp]t95t s9ce x involves matt] :i* ! av]age man does n c>e to reflect ^u1 especially "u ! conditions ( newspap] read+4 ,?us ev5 ! epi/emology :i* made ! old oratory possible is be+ relegat$4 ,we mu/ take notice 9 ?is connection t ! lavi% use ( detail is sometimes def5d$ on ! gr\nd t x is illu/ration4 ,! argum5t runs t illu/ration is a visual aid to education1 & !re=e an increas$ use ( illu/ration contributes to t in=m+ ( ! public :i* j\rnals ackn[l$ge z _! duty4 ,b a little reflection ab\t ! nature ( illu/ration w %[ :]e ?is idea is trea*]\s4 ,illu/ration1 z already indicat$1 implies t some?+ is be+ illu/rat$1 s t 9 ! true illu/ration we w h a conjunction ( m9d & pictorial manife/ation4 ,b n[1 ) brilliant te*nological means1 ! t5d5cy is = manife/ation to outrun ! idea1 s t ! illu/rations are vivid r ?an mean+ful or communicative4 ,?us1 :]eas today ! illu/ration is look+ = an idea to express1 =m]ly ! idea 0 ! orig9al2 & x 0 look+1 (t5 r fa/idi\sly1 = "s palpable means ( repres5tation4 ,! idea condesc5d$1 "o might say1 f an empyrean1 to suff] illu/rative embodim5t4 ,to make ?is diff]5ce m real1 let u /udy an example ( ! old] me?od ( illu/ration4 ,! passage bel[ exam9$ is f an address by ,rufus ,*oate on 8,! ,position & ,function ( ! ,am]ican ,b> z an ,elem5t ( ,cons]vatism 9 ! ,/ate10 deliv]$ be=e ! ,law ,s*ool 9 ,cambridge1 ,july #c1 #ahde4 ,b ) u ! age ( ?is mode & degree ( re=m is ov]2 its "w is done4 ,! passage ( ! sea2 ! occupation & culture ( a new _w1 ! conque/ ( indep5d5ce--^! 7 our eras1 ^! our ag5cy ( re=m4 ,9 our jurisprud5ce ( lib]ty1 :i* gu>ds our p]son f viol5ce & our goods f plund]1 & :i* =bids ! :ole p[] ( ! /ate itself to take ! ewe lamb1 or to trample on a blade ( grass ( ! humble/ citiz5 )\t adequate remun]ation3 :i* makes e dwell+ l>ge en\gh to %elt] a human life its own]'s ca/le :i* w9ds & ra9 may ent]1 b :i* ! gov]nm5t _c1--9 our writt5 con/itution1 :]eby ! p1 ex]cis+ an act ( sublime self-re/ra9t1 h int5d$ to put x out ( _! p[] =ev] to be passionate1 tumultu\s1 unwise1 unju/1 :]eby !y h int5d$1 by means ( a sy/em ( repres5tation1 by means ( ! di/ribution ( gov]nm5t into dep>tm5ts indep5d5t1 coord9ate = *ecks & balances2 by a d\ble *amb] ( legislation1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( a fundam5tal & p]man5t organic law2 by ! organization ( a judici>y ^: function1 ^: l(tie/ function x is to te/ ! legislation ( ! day by ! /&>d ( all "t1--con/itutions1 :]eby all ^! means !y h int5d$ to secure a gov]nm5t ( laws1 n ( m51 ( reason1 n ( w2 ( ju/ice1 n ( fraud1--9 t gr& dogma ( equality1--equality ( "r1 ( bur!ns1 ( duty1 ( privileges1 & ( *ances1 :i* is ! v my/]y ( our social be+--to ! ,jews a /umbl+ block2 to ! ,greeks fooli%ness1--our /r5g?1 our glory1--9 t lib]ty :i* we value n solely because x is a natural "r ( man2 n solely because x is a pr9ciple ( individual en]gy & a gu>anty ( national r5[n2 n at all because x attracts a procession & lights a bonfire1 b because1 :5 bl5d$ ) ord]1 att5d$ by law1 temp]$ by virtue1 grac$ by culture1 x is a great practical good2 because 9 h] "r h& are ri*es & honor & peace1 because %e has come d[n f h] gold5 & purple cl\d to walk 9 brightness by ! we>y pl\ghman's side1 & :isp] 9 8 e> z he ca/s 8 se$ ) te>s1 t ! h>ve/ :i* fro/ & mildew & cank]worm %all sp>e1 ! gov]nm5t %all sp>e also2 9 our di/ribution into sep>ate & k9dr$ /ates1 n :olly indep5d5t1 n q id5tical1 9 8! wide ar* ( rang$ empire0 above--^! are !y 9 :i* ! fruits ( our age & our ag5cy ( re=m are embodi$2 & ^! are !y by :i*1 if we are wise1--if we und]/& ! ?+s t belong to our peace--!y may be p]petuat$4#aec ,we note 9 pass+ ! n[ famili> panorama4 ,"o mu/ view matt]s f a height to speak )\t pause ( su* ?+s z 8occupation & culture ( a new _w10 8conque/ ( indep5d5ce10 & 8fundam5tal & p]man5t organic law40 ,!n we note t :5 ! orator feels t he mu/ illu/rate1 ! illu/ration is n ?r\gh ! imp]t95t concrete case1 b ?r\gh ! poeticiz$ figm5t4 ,at ! close ( ! passage1 :]e ! p]sonification ( lib]ty is enc\nt]$1 we see 9 cle>e/ =m ! conv5tionaliz$ image :i* is ! traditional illu/ration4 ,lib]ty1 sitt+ up 9 h] gold5 & purple cl\d1 desc5ds 8to walk 9 brightness by ! we>y pl\ghman's side40 ,9 ?is flatul5t utt]ance !re is some?+ s typical ( me?od 7z well z indicative ( ! philosophy ( ! me?od7 t "o c sc>cely avoid recall+ t ?is is h[ ! gods ( classical my?ology came d[n to hold disc\rse ) mortals2 x is h[ ! god ( ! ,*ri/ian religion came into ! _w = ! r$emption ( mank9d2 x is h[ ! logos is made inc>nate4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is k9d ( manife/ation f above is1 9 our ,we/]n tradition1 an ar*etypal process1 :i* ! orators ( t tradition are likely to foll[ implicitly4 ,! idea is sup]nal2 x may be br\ght d[n = repres5tation2 b casual1 =tuit\s1 individual repres5tations are an affront to x4 ,consequ5tly ! repres5tations are conv5tionaliz$ images1 & "w ) g5]al efficacy4 ,?is ?\ght c>ries u back to our orig9al po9t1 :i* is t /&>ds ( p]t95ce & imp]t95ce h v deep f\ndations1 & t "o may reveal "o's :ole sy/em ( philosophy by ! /& "o takes on :at is p]t95t4 ,we h obs]v$ t a p[]ful tr5d today is t[>d ! unique detail & ! illu/ration ( photographic realism1 & ?is t5d5cy claims to be m kn[l$geable ab\t reality4 ,9 ! old] tradition :i* we set out to exam9e1 ! ab/ract$ tru? & ! illu/ration :i* is ess5tially a con/ruct held a l favor4 ,x 0 n said1 because !re 0 no contr>y /yle to make ! say+ necess>y1 b x 0 c]ta9ly felt t ^! came z ne> ! tru? z "o gets1 if "o admits ! exi/5ce ( non-factual k9ds ( tru?4 ,! two sides d n speak to "o ano!r v well across ! gulf1 b x is c]ta9ly possible to f9d1 & x w\ld seem to be incumb5t ^u s*ol>s to f9d1 a conception broad en\gh to def9e ! diff]5ce4 ,"o fur!r clue we h z to h[ ! orator ?\ght & h[ he saw himself4 ,!re w be obs]v$ 9 mo/ spee*es ( ?is era a /ylization ( utt]ance4 ,x is ?is /ylization :i* l>gely produces _! declamatory quality4 ,at ! same "t1 z we beg9 to inf] causes1 we discov] ! s\rce ( its propriety2 ! orator felt t he 0 speak+ = corporate humanity4 ,he _h a s5se ( /ew>d%ip :i* w\ld today appe> "o ( ! presumptions e>li] ref]r$ to4 ,! individual orator 0 n1 except p]haps 9 c]ta9 po/ures1 (f]+ an individual te/imonial4 ,he 0 ! m\?piece = a collective br& ( wisdom :i* 0 n to be deliv]$ 9 individual acc5ts4 ,we may suppose t ! p did n res5t ! /ylizations ( ! orator any m ?an n[ !y res5t ! /ylizations ( ! ,bible4 8,t is ! way ,god talks40 ,! deity %\ld be above m]e novelties ( expression1 transp>5t devices ( rhetoric1 or importunate appeals = att5tion4 ,x is en\gh = him to be e>ne/ & tru?ful2 we w rise to :atev] patt]ns ( expression x has pleas$ him to use4 ,/ylization indicates an attitude :i* w n conc$e too mu*1 or c]ta9ly w n conc$e weakly or complac5tly4 ,z 9 po9t ( hi/orical sequ5ce ! language ( political disc\rse succe$$ t ( ! s]mon1 "s ( ! latt]'s dignity & self-confid5ce p]si/$ 9 ! way ( =malization4 ,?us :5 ! orator made ge/ures t[>d ! occasion1 !y 7 likely to be c]emoni\s r ?an p]sonal or spontane\s1 ! oration itself be+ an occasion ( 8/yle40 ,! mod]n li/5] is v quick to detect a patt]n ( locution1 b he is prone to ascribe x to situations ( weakness r ?an ( /r5g?4 ,( c\rse oratory ( ! broadly rum9ative k9d is acceptable only :5 we accr$it someone ) ! ability to review our conduct1 our de/9y1 & ! causes ( ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,if we rea* a condition 9 :i* no man is believ$ to h ?is p[]1 we w accord+ly be impati5t ) t k9d ( disc\rse4 ,x %\ld n be ov]look$ t al?\gh ! masses 9 any society are comp>atively ill-tra9$ & ignorant1 !y are v quick to s5se attitudes1 ?r\gh _! native capacity z human be+s4 ,:5 attitudes *ange at ! top ( society1 !y are able to see t *ange long be=e !y are able to describe x 9 any language ( _! own1 & 9 fact !y c see x )\t ev] do+ t4 ,! masses ?us foll[ intellectual /yles1 & m quickly ?an is (t5 suppos$1 s t1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 :5 a g5]al skepticism ( pr$ication sets 9 among ! lead]s ( ?\ght1 ! l[] ranks are soon infect$ ) ! same ?+ 7?\gh "o mu/ make all[ance "h = c]ta9 b>ri]s to cultural transmission con/itut$ by geography & language74 ,?is pr9ciple w expla9 :y !re is no m appetite = ! broadly reflective disc\rse among ! g5]al public ( today ?an among ! lite4 ,! /ew>d%ip ( man has be5 hurt r ?an help$ by ! attacks ^u natural "r1 & at pres5t nobody kn[s :o ! cu/odians 79 ! old s5se ( 8wat*]s07 are4 ,consequ5tly x is n easy = a man to assume ! gr\nd requisite = su* a disc\rse4 ,spee*es today ei!r are made = ent]ta9m5t1 or !y are political spee*es = political ends4 ,& ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! spee* = political ends is t x is made = imm$iate effect1 ) ! smalle/ reg>d = :at is politically true4 ,:]eas =m]ly its burd5 0 :at ! p believ$ or _h exp]i5c$1 ! burd5 n[ t5ds to be :at !y wi% to he>4 ,! increas$ reliance ^u slogans & cat*words1 & ! increas$ use ( ! argum5t f contr>ies 7e4g41 8! ?+ my oppon5t is do+ w be welcom$ by ! ,russians07 are prom95t evid5ces ( ! tr5d4#aed ,la/ly1 ! old /yle may be call$1 9 comp>ison ) :at has succe$$1 a polite /yle4 ,its v diffus5ess conceals a respect = ! p[]s & limitations ( ! audi5ce4 ,bi%op ,:atley has obs]v$ t highly conc5trat$ expression may be ill suit$ to p]suasion because ! majority ( ! p are n capable ( assimilat+ conc5trat$ ?\ght4 ,! pr9ciple c be %[n ?r\gh an analogy ) nutrition4 ,x is kn[n t diet mu/ conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( r\ghage4 ,?is r\ghage is n food 9 ! s5se ( nutrim5t2 its function is to dilute or di/5d ! real food 9 su* a way t x c be mo/ readily assimilat$4 ,a conc5trate ( food is1 !re=e1 n en\gh1 = !re has to be a c]ta9 am\nt ( in]t matt] to furni% bulk4 ,some?+ ( a v simil> nature op]ates 9 disc\rse4 ,:5 a piece ( oratory int5d$ = a public occasion impresses u z di/5d$1 :i* is to say1 fill$ up ) repetition1 p]iphrasis1 long grammatical =ms1 & o!r imp$im5ts to directness1 we %\ld recall t ! diffus5ess all ?is produces may h a purpose4 ,! orator may h made a close calculation ( ! receptive p[]s ( 8 audi5ce & h ord]$ 8 /yle to meet t1 :ile cont9u+ to 8s\nd good0 at e po9t4 ,?is repres5ts a =m ( consid]ation = ! audi5ce4 ,!re exi/s q commonly today1 at ! opposite pole1 a syncopat$ /yle4 ,?is /yle1 ) its suppression ( beats & its consequ5t effect ( hurry+ ov] ?+s1 does n %[ t type ( consid]ation4 ,x does n give ! li/5] ! r\ghage ( v]biage to *ew on :ile m$itat+ ! progress ( ! ?\ght4 ,"h aga9 8spaci\sness0 has a q rational function 9 en=c+ a measure1 s t ! m9d & ! s5tim5ts too c keep up ) ! orator 9 8 c\rse4 ,p]haps ?is is z f> z we c g 9 expla9+ ! "o age to ano!r4 ,we are n[ 9 position to realize t ! ar*aic =malism ( ! old orator 0 a /ructure imp>t$ to 8 spee* by a logic1 an ae/hetic1 & an epi/emology4 ,z a logician he believ$ 9 ! d$uc$ t]m1 or ! t]m ^: empirical support is n at ! mom5t visible4 ,z an ae/hetician he believ$ 9 di/ance1 & t n m]ely to s(t5 outl9e b also to evoke ! true picture1 :i* c\ld be obscur$ by an injudici\s & pry+ ne>ness4 ,z an epi/emologi/ he believ$1 9 addition to ! =ego+1 t true k someh[ _h its s\rce 9 ! m9d ( m9ds1 = :i* we are on occasion p]mitt$ to speak a "p4 ,all ?is gave him a peculi> s5se ( /ature4 ,he always talk$ l a big man4 ,our res5tm5t comes f a feel+ t ) all 8 air ( confid5ce he c\ld n h kn[n half z mu* z we "k4 ,b ev]y?+ dep5ds on :at we mean by kn[+2 & ! age or ! man :o has ! true conception ( t w h1 z ! t]ms ( ! case make app>5t1 ! key to e o!r "q4 ,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,rhetoric ,,( ,,social ,,sci5ce ,"o ( ! s]i\s problems ( our age is ! "q ( h[ sci5tific in=mation1 :i* is l>gely ! product ( special tools ( inve/igation1 %all be communicat$ to ! non-speciali/ _w4 ,a few sci5ces op]ate 9 fields ( !ory s ab/ract t !y c create _! own symbology1 & mo/ ( :at !y transmit to ! public w be 9 ! =m ( highly g5]aliz$ translation4 ,b !re are o!r sci5ces ^: v success dep5ds ^u "s public und]/&+ ( :at !y are try+ to solve1 & ^! are fac$ ) peculi> problems ( communication4 ,none are 9 s difficult a position z social sci5ce4 ,! social sci5ces h be51 s9ce _! in/itution1 jeal\s ( _! /atus z sci5ce1 & t is p]haps und]/&able4 ,b _! data is ! ev]yday life ( man 9 society1 & naturally if !re is an area ( sci5tific discov]y ^u :i* ! g5]al public %\ld be po/$1 x is j ?is "o ( ! laws ( social ph5om5a4 ,caught betwe5 ?is desire to rema9 sci5tific & ! necessity ( public expression1 mo/ social sci5ti/s are 9 a dilemma4 ,!y h n devis$ 7& possibly !y _c devise7 _! own symbology to rival t ( ! ma!matician & physici/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h n set !mselves to le>n ! pr9ciples ( s\nd rhetorical exposition4 ,! result is t ! publications ( social sci5ti/s conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( conspicu\sly poor writ+1 :i* is n[ "u gr[+ attack4#aee ,"s ( ^! attacks h be5 p]ceptive z well z witty2 b ,i feel t no "o has yet made ! po9t :i* mo/ ne$s mak+1 :i* is t ! social sci5ti/s w nev] write mu* bett] until !y make t]ms ) "s ( ! traditional rules ( rhetoric4 ,i propose 9 ! /udy :i* foll[s to ignore ! isolat$ small faults & in/ead to analyze ! s\rces ( p]vasive vices4 ,i %all put ! inquiry 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( que/ions1 :i* lead to c>d9al pr9ciples ( conception & ( *oice4 ,i ,does ! writ+ ( social sci5ti/s suff] f a prim>y equivocation8 ,! *>ge aga9/ social sci5ce writ+ :i* w\ld be mo/ widely grant$ is t x fails to conv9ce u t x deals cle>ly ) realities4 ,?is impression may lead to ! "q ( :e!r ! social sci5ti/ kn[s :at he is talk+ ab\t4 ,n[ ?is is a s]i\s1 n a frivol\s1 "q1 involv+ matt]s ( logic & epi/emology2 x is a "q1 fur!rmore1 t "o f9ds ! social sci5ti/s con/antly putt+ to !mselves & answ]+ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,any field ( /udy is liable to a simil> int]rogation2 9 ?is in/ance x m]ely asks :e!r ^? :o int]pret social behavior 9 sci5tific t]ms are aw>e ( ! k9d ( data !y are h&l+4 ,are !y deal+ ) facts1 or concepts1 or evaluations1 or all ?ree8 ,! answ] giv5 to ?is "q w h a def9ite be>+ ^u _! problem ( expression1 & let u see h[ ?is c happ5 9 a concrete in/ance4 ,we h _h mu* to say 9 prec$+ *apt]s ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 positive & dialectical t]ms2 & n[h]e has ! ignor+ ( ?is di/9ction _h worse results ?an 9 ! lit]ature ( social sci5ce4 ,we h se51 to review briefly1 t ! positive t]m designates some?+ exi/+ simply 9 ! objective _w3 ! *air1 ! tree1 ! f>m4 ,argum5ts ov] positive t]ms are n argum5ts 9 ! true s5se1 s9ce ! po9t at issue is capable ( imm$iate & public settlem5t1 j z "o might settle an 8argum5t0 ov] ! wid? ( a room by br++ 9 a publicly-agre$-^u y>d/ick4 ,consequ5tly a rhetoric ( positive t]ms is a rhetoric ( simple description1 :i* requires only p[]s ( accurate obs]vation & report+4 ,x is o!rwise ) dialectical t]ms4 ,^! are t]ms /&+ = concepts1 :i* are def9$ by _! negatives or _! privations4 8,ju/ice0 is a dialectical t]m :i* is def9$ by 8inju/ice02 8social improvem5t0 is made mean+ful by ! use ( 8privation ( social improvem5t40 ,to say t a family has an income ( #hjj4jj a ye> is positive2 to say t ! same family is und]privileg$ is dialectical4 ,x c be und]privileg$ only ) ref]5ce to families :i* h m privileges4 ,s x goes ) ! :ole range ( t]ms :i* reflect judgm5ts ( value2 8unju/10 8poor10 8und]paid10 8undesirable0 are all t]ms :i* dep5d on some?+ m ?an ! ext]nal _w = _! significance4 ,n[ "h is :]e ! social sci5ti/ crosses a divide t he seldom ackn[l$ges & (t5 seems unaw>e (4 ,"o _c use ! dialectical t]m 9 ! same mann] z "o uses ! positive t]m because ! dialectical t]m always leaves "o committ$ to some?+4 ,x is a tru? easily se5 t all dialectical t]ms make presumptions f ! pla9 fact t !y are 8positional0 t]ms4 ,a writ] no soon] employs "o ?an he is engag$ 9 an argum5t4 ,to say t ! univ]se is purposeless is to jo9 9 argum5t ) all :o say x is purposeful4 ,to say t a c]ta9 social condition is inequitable is to ally oneself ) ! re=m]s & aga9/ ! /&patt]s4 ,9 all su* cases ! presumption has to d ) ! scope ( ! t]m & ) its relation%ip to its opposite1 & ^! c be work$ out only ?r\gh ! dialectical me?od we h analyz$ 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,:5 ! read] ( social sci5ce comes to su* t]ms1 he is baffl$ because he has n be5 w>n$ ( ! presumptions on :i* !y re/4 ,or1 to be m exact1 he has n be5 prep>$ = presumptions at all4 ,he f9ds himself read+ at a level :]e ! facts h be5 subsum$1 & :]e ! exposition is a process ( adju/+ categories4 ,! writ] has pass$ ) indiff]5ce f :at is objectively true to :at is morally or imag9atively true4 ,! read]'s uneas9ess comes f a feel+ t ! categories !mselves are ! ?+s :i* %\ld h be5 exam9$4 ,j "h1 h[ev]1 may lie ! crux ( ! difficulty4 ,x beg9s to look z ?\gh ! social sci5ti/ work+ ) 8 regul> habits is actually a dialectician )\t a dialectical basis4 ,8 dilemma is t he c nei!r use 8 t]ms ) ! simple directness ( ! natural sci5ti/ po9t+ to physical factors1 nor ) ! assurance ( a philosoph] :o has "s s\rce = _! mean+ 9 ! sy/em f :i* he beg9s 8 d$uction4 ,or1 ! social sci5ti/ is try+ to *>act]ize ! _w positively 9 t]ms :i* c be made good only dialectically4 ,he c nev] make !m good dialectically z long z he is by !ory entirely committ$ to empiricism4 ,?is expla9s :y to ! ord9>y behold] !re seem to be s _m smuggl$ assumptions 9 ! lit]ature ( social sci5ce4 ,x w expla91 moreov]1 :y s mu* ( its expression is *>act]iz$ by diffus5ess & by t v]bosity :i* is c]ta9 to afflict a dialectic )\t a metaphysic or an ontology4 ,?is unc]ta9ty ( ! social sci5ti/ ab\t ! nature ( 8 datum (t5 leads him to treat empirical situations z if !y c>ri$ moral sanction1 & !n to turn ar\nd & treat "s po9t ( contempor>y mores--:i* is by def9ition a 8moral0 "q--z if x _h only empirical aspects4 ,9 direct consequ5ce1 :5 ! social sci5ti/ %\ld be writ+ 8positively10 l a crack newspap] report]1 "o f9ds him writ+ l ,hegel1 &1 :5 ! /age ( 8 exposition might w>rant 8 writ+ m or less l ,hegel1 "o f9ds him employ+ dialectical t]ms z if !y _h positive designations4 ,p>adoxically1 8 v rev]5ce = facts may t5d to make him s\nd l ,hegel or "s o!r ma/] ( categorical ?9k+4 ,anyone sampl+ ! lit]ature ( social sci5ce _c fail to be impress$ ) ! proportion ( space giv5 to def9ition4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ claims ( ! sci5ce is t our pres5t-day k ( man is defective because our def9itions are simpli/ic4 ,8 behavior is mu* m v>i$ ?an ! unsci5tific suppose2 & !re=e a c5tral objective ( social /udy is def9ition1 :i* w take ?is v>iety into acc\nt & supplant our pres5t 8prejudic$0 def9itions4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 ! social sci5ti/ toils 9 libr>y or (fice to prep>e ! be/ def9itions he c ( human nature1 ( society1 & ( psy*osocial environm5t4 ,! dang] = him 9 ?is laudable endeavor seems tw(old4 ,fir/1 "o mu/ rem>k t ! language ( def9ition is inevitably ! language ( g5]ality because only ! g5]alizable is def9able4 ,s+ul>s & individuals c be describ$ b n def9$2 e4g41 "o c def9e man1 b "o c only describe ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,! great]1 !n1 8 solicitude = ! factual & ! concrete1 ! m irresi/ibly is he borne 9 ! direction ( ab/ract language1 :i* alone w encompass 8 collect$ facts4 ,8 diss]tations on human society beg9 ) obeisance to facts1 b ! logic ( 8 be+ a sci5ti/ condemns him to ab/raction4 ,he is =c$ t[>d ! position ( ! prov]bial revolution>y1 :o loves mank9d b has little *>ity = ^? p>ticul> specim5s ( x ) :om he mu/ associate4 ,9 ! second place & m importantly1 ! def9ition ( non-empirical t]ms is itself a dialectical process4 ,all su* def9ition takes ! =m ( an argum5t :i* mu/ prove t ! def9i5dum is "o ?+ & n ano!r ?+4 ,! limits ( ! def9ition are ?us ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ?+s & ! n-?+4 ,someone might inquire at ?is /age ( our acc\nt :e!r ! natural sci5ti/s1 :o mu/ also def9e1 are n equally liable "u ?is po9t ( ! argum5t4 ,! di/9ction is t def9itions 9 natural sci5ce h a diff]5t ontological basis4 ,! prop]ties ab\t :i* !y g5]alize exi/ n 9 logical connection b 9 empirical conjunction1 z :5 8mammal10 8v]tebrate10 & 8quadrup$0 are us$ to di/+ui% ! g5us ,felis4 ,! doctr9e ( 8natural k9ds0 ?us rema9s an empirical classification1 z does ! traditional classification ( elem5ts4#aef ,consequ5tly ! g5us ,felis has a reality 9 ! =m ( compres5t positive attributes :i* 8slum0 _c h4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! g5us is n a matt] ( negat+ or depriv+ o!r classes1 b ( nam+ :at is !re4 ,on ! o!r h& "o c\ld nev] arrive positivi/ically at a def9ition ( 8slum0 because its mean+ is cont+5t ^u judgm5t 7& !oretically our /&>d ( liv+ might move up to :]e ,we/*e/]1 ,grosse ,po9t1 & ,w9netka are reg>d$ z slums74 ,?us 8slum0 no m exi/s objectively ?an does 8bad wea!r40 ,!re are collections ( /icks & /ones :i* ! dialectician may call 8slums10 j z !re are processions ( ! elem5ts :i* he may call 8bad40 ,b ^! are positive ?+s only 9 a r$uctioni/ equation4 ,( c\rse1 ! natural sci5ti/ works always ) r$uctioni/ equations2 b ! social sci5ti/1 unless he is an extreme mat]iali/1 mu/ "w ) ! full equation4 ,x is a grave imputation1 b at ! he>t ( ! social sci5ti/'s unsatisfactory expression lies ?is equivocation4 ,rem$y "h c come only ) a cle>] def9+ ( prov9ce & ( responsibility4 ,,ii ,is social sci5ce writ+ m>r$ by 8p$antic empiricism08 ,! natural desire ( ev]yone to c>ry away some?+ f 8 read+ enc\nt]s 9 ?is lit]ature curi\s ob/acles4 ,its au?ors (t5 seem unduly coy ab\t _! conclusions4 ,aft] ! read] has be5 escort$ on an ext5sive t\r ( facts & def9itions1 he is likely to be told t little c be affirm$ at ?is /age ( ! inquiry4 ,s x is t1 h[ev] mu* we read1 we are made to feel t :at we are read+ is prelim9>y4 ,we come almo/ to look = a =mula at ! close ( a social sci5ce monograph :i* takes an excessively mode/ view ( its a*ievem5t :ile express+ ! hope t someone else may come along & d some?+ ) ! data !re (f]$4 ,burgess & ,cottrell's ,pr$ict+ ,success or ,failure 9 ,m>riage provides an illu/ration4 ,aft] pres5t+ _! case1 ! au?ors say3 8,9 ?is /udy1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ! mo/ significant contribution is n to be f\nd 9 any "o f9d+ b 9 ! degree to :i* ! /udy op5s up a new field to fur!r rese>*40#aeg ,aga91 f an article appe>+ 9 ,social ,=ces3 8,! f9d+s "h m5tion$ are m]ely sugge/ive2 & !y are (f]$ 9 no s5se z pro( ( our hypo!sis ( folk-urban p]sonality diff]5ces4 ,! implem5tation ( ! analysis giv5 "h w\ld dem& a field project incorporat+ ! type ( me?odological consci\sness advocat$ above4 ,?us we ne$ to utilize /&>d projective devices1 b mu/ be prep>$ to develop1 9 t]ms ( situational dem&s1 additional analytic in/rum5ts40#aeh ,& ,h]man ,c4 ,beyle 9 a *apt] on ! data & me?od ( political sci5ce1 :i* con/itute ! und]p9n+ ( 8 :ole /udy1 c only say t 8! =ego+ comm5ts on ! data & te*nology ( political sci5ce h be5 (f]$ z mo/ t5tative /atem5ts int5d$ to provide a backgr\nd = ! te/+ & application ( ! te*nique "h propos$1 t ( attribute-clu/]-bloc id5tification & analysis40#aei 8,mo/ t5tative0 becomes a sort ( leitmotiv4 ,ev]y?+ s\nds l a prolegom5on to ! real ?+4 ,exclamations t social sci5ti/s are tak+ 9 "o ano!r's wa%+ or are only try+ to make "w = !mselves are inspir$ by ?is k9d ( p]=mance4 ,b1 ev5 aft] "o has made all[ance = ! fact t social sci5ce is n "o ( ! exact sci5ces & t its disciples "w 9 a field :]e induction is f> f complete1 _! fe> ( commitm5t /ill seems obsessive4 ,!y c\ld at lea/ h ! c\rage ( ! facts :i* !y h accumulat$4 ,virtually ev]yone :o is seek+ sci5tific enlight5m5t on ?is level kn[s t conclusions are giv5 9 ! light ( evid5ce available1 & t hypo!sis always ext5ds "s di/ance beyond :at is directly obs]vable4 ,inde$1 ev]yone makes use ( ! me?od ( sci5tific inve/igation1 z ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley lik$ to assure 8 audi5ces1 b n ev]yone f9ds necess>y su* an armor ( qualifications z is likely to appe> "h3 8,on ! basis ( available evid5ce1 x is n unreasonable to suppose02 8,x may n be improbable 9 view ( ^! f9d+s02 8,! pres5t survey w\ld seem to indicate40 ,all ^! rhetorical contortions are =ms ( ne$less h$g+4 ,x w\ld be a diff]5t matt] if su* =mulas ( res]vation made ! conclusion m precise4 ,b 9 ! majority ( cases x c\ld be %[n t ! conclusion is obvi\s en\gh 9 t]ms ( ! discussion itself1 & !y s]ve only to make x s\nd timid4 ,^! s*ol>s move to a tune ( 8induction nev] ends10 & _! s*ol>%ip (t5 turns into a p$antic empiricism4 ,!y seem to be wait+ = ! fact t w br+ ) x ! revelation4 ,b t fact w nev] arrive2 exp]i5ce does n tell u :at we are exp]i5c+1 & at "s po9t !y are go+ to h to give names to _! f9d+s--ev5 at ! exp5se ( becom+ dialecticians4 ,if ! ne$lessly h$g$ /atem5t is "o result ( p$antic empiricism1 ano!r occurs 9 :at might be call$ 8p$antic analysis40 ,?is is analysis = analysis' sake1 ) no real ?\ght ( relevance or application or1 inde$1 ( a resyn!sis :i* might r$eem ! :ole und]tak+4 ,j z x is assum$ t an endless collection ( data w necess>ily yield fruits1 s x is assum$ t a remorseless p>tition+ w illum9ate4 ,b analysis c be c>ri$ s f> t x seems to lose all be>+ ^u po9ts at issue4 ,! writ] %[s himself a sort ( virtuoso at analysis1 & "o feels t 8 real int]e/ lies 9 demon/rat+ h[ ?or\ghly a me?od c be foll[$4 ,let u look1 = example1 at a passage f an article entitl$ 8,c\rt%ip z a ,social ,in/itution 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aicj-aide40 ,! au?or has said t activities ( c\rt%ip %[ diff]5t patt]ns & t sometimes ! patt]ns ne$ to be h>moniz$3 ,to be compatible1 patt]ns %\ld be adapt$ to ! foll[+ compon5ts3 7#a7 ! hom9id compon5t1 :i* is ! biological human be+2 7#b7 ! social compon5t1 :i* includes ! pot5tialities = social relations z !y are affect$ by 8! numb] ( human be+s 9 ! situation1 _! di/ribution 9 space1 _! ages1 _! sex1 _! native ability to int]/imulate & int]act1 ! int]f]5ce ( environm5tal h9drances or helps1 & ! pres5ce & am\nt ( c]ta9 types ( social equipm5t02 7#c7 ! environm5tal compon5t1 or all ! 8natural0 features ( ! situation except ! hom9id1 ! social1 ! psy*ological & artifactual compon5ts2 x includes topography1 physiography1 flora1 fauna1 wea!r1 geology1 soil1 etc42 7#d7 ! psy*ological compon5t1 def9$ z ! pr9ciples involv+ ! acquisition & p]=mance ( human cu/oms n adequately expla9$ on purely biological pr9ciples2 7#e7 ! artifactual compon5t1 :i* consi/s collectively ( ! mat]ial results & adjuncts ( human cu/om>y activities4#afj ,x is n always safe = ! layman to g5]alize ab\t ! value ( specific sociological f9d+s1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is is v]biage1 result+ f analysis pu%$ beyond any useful purpose4 ,!re is a real if obscure relation%ip betwe5 ! vitality ( :at "o is say+ & ! palatability ( "o's rhetoric4 ,no rhy?m1 no t\rnure ( phrase1 no ar*itecture ( ! s5t5ces c\ld make ?is a good piece ( writ+1 = its cont5t lies on ! out] fr+e ( significance4 ,x is ! nature ( su* p$antry to habit itself 9 a h>% & crabb$ /yle4 ,! prim>y /ep 9 lit]>y composition is inv5tion1 or ! discov]+ ( some?+ to talk ab\t4 ,no writ] is f9ally able to make good ! claim t 8 subject matt] is "o ?+ & 8 /yle ( expression ano!r2 ! subject matt] ent]s into ! expression inevitably & ext5sively1 al?\gh sometimes 9 ways too subtle = elucidation4 ,:at ( ! inv5tion ( ?is passage8 ,if we take ! ^w 9 its etymological s5se ( 8f9d+10 are n ^! di/9ctions 8f9d+s0 = f9d+s' sake8 ,analysis c>ri$ to su* a humorless extreme reflects discr$it ^u ! v pr9ciple ( division :i* 0 employ$4 ,x may appe> contradictory to call ! social sci5ti/ a 8t5d5ti\s dialectician0 & a 8p$antic empirici/0 at ! same "t4 ,b ! contradiction is inh]5t 9 8 situation & m]ely expresses ! equivocation f\nd e>li]4 ,9 all likelihood ! empiricism is an attempt to comp5sate = ! dialectic4 ,if a writ] feels guilty ab\t 8 dialectic ex]cises 78 def9itions71 he may seek to c\nt]weight !m ) long empirical inquiries4 ,! object ( ! empirical analysis is prim>ily to give ! "w a sci5tific aspect & only second>ily to prove some?+4 ,9 fact1 ?is is almo/ ! patt]n ( inf]ior social sci5ce lit]ature4 ,,iii ,does social sci5ce writ+ suff] f a meliori/ic bias8 ,?is "q directs our att5tion to ! matt] ( vocabul>y4 ,!re is dang] 9 criticis+ any writ]'s vocabul>y ?r\gh application ( simple pr9ciples1 because dem&s v>y widely4 ,= "s purposes a small vocabul>y ( d5otative t]ms w be satisfactory4 ,o!r purposes _c be adequately met )\t a l>ge & le>n$ vocabul>y :i* may1 incid5tally1 s\nd pret5ti\s4 ,our "q !n becomes :e!r ! ends ( social sci5ce are be+ well s]v$ by ! means employ$4 ,= example1 social sci5ti/s are (t5 *>g$ ) addiction to polysyllabic vocabul>y4 ,o!r m5 ( le>n+ %[ ! same addiction1 b !re are special reasons = weigh+ critically ! polysyllabic diction ( social sci5ti/s4 ,( c\rse1 :5 "o faces ! issue concretely1 "o discov]s t !re is no s+le /&>d by :i* a ^w is classifi$ 8big40 ,"s words are call$ 8big0 because !y actually h f\r or five syllables & h5ce are measurably s2 o!r words ( "o or two syllables are call$ 8big0 because1 com+ out ( te*nical or sci5tific vocabul>ies1 !y are unfamili> to ! av]age man2#afa o!rs1 actually no long]1 are call$ 8big0 because ( ! company !y keep2 t is to say1 !y are words ( le>n$ or dignifi$ association4 ,sometimes a ^w seems big :5 x is simply too pret5ti\s = ! k9d ( ?+ x is describ+4 ,read]s ( ,h4 ,l4 ,m5ck5 w recall t he obta9$ _m ( 8 be/ satirical effects by describ+ :at 0 ess5tially picayune or tawdry 9 a vocabul>y ( gr&iloqu5ce4 ,a cursory inspection w %[ t social sci5ti/s are giv5 to words :i* are 8big0 9 yet ano!r respect3 !y h a ,lat9 orig94 ,ev5 9 analysis ( simple ph5om5on ! read] comes to expect a p>ade ( t]ms :i* seem to g by on /ilts1 z if x 7 important to keep f t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,)\t rais+ que/ions ( semantic !ory1 "o incl9es to wond] ab\t _! relation%ip to _! ref]5ts4 ,9 c\rse ( "t "o may come to suspect t ! words employ$ are n dictat$ by ! subject matt]1 b by "s active pr9ciple out ( sociological !ory4 ,to see :e!r t suspicion has a f\ndation1 let u try a te/ on a specim5 ( ?is language4 ,! passage :i* w be us$ is fairly repres5tative ( ! ord9>y social sci5ce prose to be enc\nt]$ 9 articles & reports4 ,! subject is express$ 9 ! title 8,social ,ne>ness among ,welf>e ,in/itutions03 ,x 0 notic$ 9 ! prec$+ sections t ! social welf>e organizational milieu pres5ts an int]dep5d5ce1 a =mal solid>ity1 a co]c$ feel+ ( unity4 ,h[ev] div]g5t ! specific objectives ( ea* organization1 !oretically !y all h a common purpose1 ! c>e ( ! s-call$ und]privileg$4 ,:e!r !y execute :at !y pr(ess or n is a diff]5t "q & "o :i* does n fall )9 ! conf9es ( ^! pages4#afb ,!re occur 9 ?is %ort exc]pt ab\t a doz5 words ( ,lat9 orig9 = :i* equival5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon 7or old ,engli%1 if ! "n is pref]r$7 orig9 are available1 & ?is )\t giv+ up presumably op]ational t]ms l 8organizational0 & 8milieu40#afc ,9 place ( 8notic$10 :y n 8se508 ,9 place ( 8div]g5t10 :y n 8unlike08 ,9 place ( 8objective10 :y n 8goal08 ,in/ead ( 8execute :at !y pr(ess10 :y n 8d :at !y say08 ,did ^! t]ms n sugge/ !mselves to ! writ]1 or 7 !y delib]ately pass$ by8 ,x might be arbitr>y to insi/ t any "o ( ^! sub/itutes is bett] ?an ! orig9al1 b ! pil+-up ( su* t]ms causes language to take on a special aspect4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 m>g9s )9 :i* pref]5ce 9 t]m9ology means little1 b a pref]5ce = ,lat9ate t]ms z m>k$ z ?is mu/ be1 to employ "o ( _! cu/om>y expressions1 8significant40 ,t significance lies 9 ! k9d ( attitude t social sci5ti/s mu/ h 9 ord] to practice social sci5ce4 ,x seems beyond dispute t all social sci5ce re/s ^u ! assumption t man & society are improvable4 ,t is its orig9 & its guid+ impulse4 ,! man :o does n feel t social behavior & social in/itutions c be bett]$ ?r\gh ! application ( sci5tific laws1 or ?r\gh "s philosophy f9d+ its basic support 9 !m1 is surely out ( place 9 sociology4 ,!re w\ld really be no?+ = him to d4 ,he c\ld only sit on ! sidel9es & speculate d\rly1 l ,nietzs*e1 or ironically1 l ,santayana4 ,! v pr(ession :i* ! true social sci5ti/ adopts compels him to be a k9d ( a priori optimi/4 ,?is is :y a l>ge "p ( social sci5ce writ+ displays a meliori/ic bias4 ,x is "u compulsion1 (t5 unconsci\sly felt1 ,i am sure1 to picture ?+s a little bett] ?an !y are4 ,su* expression provides a k9d ( pro( t its !ories are 8work+40 ,an indubitable connection exi/s betwe5 ! meliori/ic bias & a ,lat9ate vocabul>y4 ,ev5 a mod]ate s5sitivity to ! ov]tones ( language w tell "o t diction ( ,lat9 d]ivation t5ds to be euphemi/ic4 ,= ?is !re seem to be bo? extr9sic & intr9sic causes4 ,x is a commonplace ( hi/orical k t aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 =c$ into a s]vile role4 ,!y 7 s5t into ! fields to d *ores = ! ,norman ov]lords1 & ,anglo-,saxon names h clung to ! ?+s ) :i* !y work$4 ,?us to ! ,anglo-,saxon 9 ! field ! animal 0 8c[02 to ! ,norman1 :5 ! same animal 0 s]v$ at 8 table1 x 0 8beef0 7,l4 bos1 bovis74 ,s 8calf0 is translat$ 8veal02 8!gn0 becomes 8s]vant02 8folk0 becomes 8p10 & s on4 ,?is di/9ction ( common & elegant t]ms p]si/s 9 an area ( our vocabul>y today4 ,ano!r circum/ance 0 t ,lat9 = c5turies con/itut$ ! language ( le>n+ & ( ! pr(essions ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & f ! f\rte5? c5tury onw>d1 !re occurr$ a l>ge am\nt ( 8le>n$ borr[+40#afd ,?is reflects ! fact t ^? cultures :i* c>ri$ civility & politesse to highe/ p]fection drew f a ,lat9 s\rce4 ,f9ally1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! great] numb] ( syllables 9 _m ,lat9ate t]ms is a factor 9 ! effect4 ,:atev] ! complete explanation1 ! tru? rema9s t to give a ?+ a ,lat9ate "n is to c\ple x ) social pre/ige & ) ! _w ( ideas1 :]eas to give x a "n out ( ,anglo-,saxon is to =go su* dignify+ associations4 ,?us 8combat0 s\nds m dignifi$ ?an 8fight02 8labor0 has resonances :i* 8"w0 does n h2 8impecuni\s0 seems to indicate a m hopeful condition ?an 8ne$y0 or 8p5niless02 8involunt>y sep>ation0 s\nds less pa9ful ?an 8gett+ fir$40 ,! li/ c\ld be ext5d$ indef9itely4 ,) exceptions too few to make a diff]5ce1 ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w is pla9 & workaday1 :]eas ! ^w ( ,lat9 d]ivation seems to inve/ :atev] x describes ) a c]ta9 upw>d t5d5cy4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w has its pot5cies1 b !y are n ^? ( ! o!r4 ,x seems to cl+ to ! brute empirical fact1 :ile its ,lat9ate c\nt]p>t seems at once to become ideological1 ) p]haps a slight aura ( hortation ab\t x4 ,:5ev] "o he>s ! av]age man condemn+ a piece ( disc\rse z 8fl[]y10 x is mo/ likely t he is po9t+1 ) ! only t]m at 8 comm&1 to an excess ( ,lat9ate diction4 ,9 ! same connection1 let u rememb] t ! la/ few ye>s h se5 mu* newspap] wit at ! exp5se ( ! language ( gov]nm5t bureaucracy1 :i* is ev5 m responsive to ! meliori/ic bias4 ,! bureaucrat lives 9 a _w :]e no?+ is incorrigible2 ! solution to e contempor>y difficulty waits only = ! devis+ ( "s appropriate adm9i/rative ma*9]y4 ,comp>$ ) him1 ! social sci5ti/ is a reali/1 = social sci5ce at lea/ beg9s by admitt+ t _m situations leave some?+ to be desir$4 ,! bureaucrat's _w is prim & prop] & aseptic1 & 8 language reflects x 7p]haps "o c\ld say t ! disc\rse ( ! bureaucrat is social sci5ce 8politicaliz$074 ,at any rate1 "h we might pr(itably look at a specim5 ( bureaucratic p>lance f ,ma/]son & ,phillips' ,f$]al ,prose1 a rec5tly publi%$ burlesque ( (ficial language4 ,! au?ors pos$ = !mselves z "o ex]cise ! problem ( h[ a bureaucrat w\ld express ! anci5t adage 8,too _m cooks spoil ! bro?40 ,_! translation is a c>icature1 b1 l c>icature1 x br+s out ! dom9ant features ( ! subject3 8,undue multiplicity ( p]sonnel assign$ ei!r concurr5tly or consecutively to a s+le function involves det]ioration ( quality 9 ! resultant product z comp>$ ) ! product ( ! labor ( an exact suffici5cy ( p]sonnel40#afe ,"o notices1 fir/ ( all1 ! leap into polysyllabic diction1 along ) ! total disappe>ance ( ^? homely entities 8cooks0 & 8bro?40 8,p]sonnel10 = example1 is an ab/ract dignifi]1 & 8resultant product0 is safe1 s9ce x does n leave ! writ] on record z affirm+ t ! concoction 9 "q actually is bro?4 ,he is fur!r protect$ by ! expung+ ( 8spoil10 ) its positive ass]tion1 & he c hide beh9d ! relativity ( 8det]ioration ( quality 444 z comp>$ )44440 ,su* language1 :5 us$ to express ! ph5om5ology ( social & political behavior1 gives a curi\s impression ( be+ =eign to its subject matt]4 ,! impression ( =eignness may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,9 all writ+ :i* has come to be reg>d$ z wisdom ab\t ! human be+1 !re is an und]tone ( ! s>donic4 ,man at 8 be/ is a sort ( c>icature ( himself1 & ev5 :5 we are eulogiz+ him = 8 f9] attributes1 !re has to be a m9or !me ( depreciation1 mu* z a ve9 ( com$y weaves 9 & out ( a great trag$y4 ,! 8great0 actions ( hi/ory appe> ei!r sublime or ridicul\s1 dep5d+ on "o's /&po9t1 & x may be ! "p ( sagacity to reg>d !m z bo? at ! same "t4 ,?is note ( ! s>donic is f\nd 9 biblical wisdom1 9 ,plato's realism ( situations1 & ev5 9 ,ari/otle's dry categoriz+4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,f$]ali/ pap]s1#aff z ! au?ors1 :ile debat+ political !ory 9 high t]ms1 kept a cagey eye ^u economic man4 ,man is nei!r an angel nor any k9d ( disembodi$ _s1 & ! attempt to treat him z su* only ar\ses our s5se ( ! ridicul\s4 ,! comic animal mu/ be !re be=e we c grant t ! repres5tation is 8true40 ,! typical social sci5ce report1 ev5 :5 x discusses situations 9 :i* bas5ess & irrationality figure prom95tly1 does n get 9 ?is +r$i5t4 ,e social fact may be s]i\s1 b n e social action is s]i\s because action is n fully expla9able )\t motive4 ,x is ?is ab/ract man :i* causes "s ( u to wond] ab\t ! pr$ications ( an unhumani/ic social sci5ce4 ,! rem$y might be to employ1 except :]e ! necessity ( conceptualiz+ makes x difficult1 some?+ ne>] ! language ( ! biblical p>able 7"o %udd]s to ?9k h[ our bureaucrat w\ld r5d] 8,a s[] w5t =? to s[071 or ! language ( ! be/ ,briti% j\rnalism4 ,i h (t5 felt t writ]s on social sci5ce might le>n a valuable lesson f ! limpid prose ( ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,!re "o usually f9ds /atem5t )\t eulogi/ic or dyslogi/ic t5d5cy1 adequacy )\t turgidity4 ,x is p]haps ! ne>e/ ?+ we h 9 practice to t supposititi\s reality1 objective language4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ! obs]vation ( ,john ,peale ,bi%op t1 :]eas ,am]ican ,engli% is m vigor\s1 ,engli% ,engli% is f> m accurate4 ,a good reportorial m$ium w be1 to a consid]able ext5t1 an ,engli% ,engli%1 & x w reflect some?+ ( ! ,engli% g5ius = fact4 ,to sum up1 ! meliori/ic bias is a deflection t[>d language :i* glosses ov] reality )\t necess>ily giv+ u a philosophic vocabul>y4 ,"o c\ld g s f> z to say t su* language is comp>atively lack+ 9 responsibility4 ,x is ! language t "o expects f ^? :o h become insulat$ or da9tifi$4 ,x c>ries a slight sugge/ion ( d5ial ( evil1 :i* 9 lay circles1 z 9 "s ecclesia/ical ones1 is among ! greate/ h]esies4 ,p]haps ! sociologi/ w\ld inspire m confid5ce z a social physician if 8 language _h m ( ! c&or describ$ above1 & almo/ c]ta9ly he w\ld get a bett] und]/&+ ( 8 diagnosis4 ,,iv ,d ! social sci5ti/s lose m ?an !y ga9 by a di/ru/ ( metaphor8 ,dr4 ,johnson once rem>k$ ( ,swift1 8,! rogue nev] haz>ds a metaphor10 & t may well be ! reaction ( anyone :o has pl[$ ?r\gh ! drab pages ( a contempor>y sociologi/4 ,x has long be5 suspect$ t sociologi/s & poets h little confid5ce 9 "o ano!r1 & "h _! respective proc$ures come into complete contra/4 ,! poet works ma9ly ) metaphor1 & ! sociologi/ w h none ( x4 ,:i* is "r8 ,or1 if ea* is do+ in/9ctively ! ?+ t is "r = him1 mu/ we affirm t ! works !y produce are ( v unequal importance8 ,"o c readily see h[ ! social sci5ti/ might be guid$ by ! simple impression t1 s9ce metaphor *>act]izes ! language ( poetry1 x has1 = t v reason1 no place 9 ! language ( sci5ce4 ,or1 if he %\ld become m analytical1 he might conclude t metaphor1 ?r\gh its v op]ation ( analogy or transf]5ce1 implies ! exi/5ce ( a realm :i* positivi/ic /udy d5ies4 ,to use metaphor1 !n1 w\ld be to pass ov] to ! enemy4 ,b he w\ld be a v limit$ k9d ( sociologi/1 a sort ( doctr9aire me*ani/1 n fully po/$ on all ! res\rces op5 to sci5tific inquiry4 ,!re are two m or less famili> !ories ( ! nature ( metaphor4 ,"o holds t metaphor is m]e decoration4 ,x is l ! color$ lights & gewgaws "o hangs on a ,*ri/mas tree2 ! tree is an integral tree )\t !m1 b !y d add sp>kle & novelty & s are good ?+s = su* occasions4 ,s ! metaphors us$ 9 language are pleasurable accessories1 :i* give x a c]ta9 *>m & lift b :i* are sup]]ogatory :5 "o comes d[n to ! bus9ess ( und]/&+ :at is said4 ,?is !ory has be5 fully discr$it$ n only by ^? :o h analyz$ ! language ( poetry1 b also by ^? :o h gone fur!/ into ! psy*ology ( language itself & h explor$ ! 8mean+ ( mean+40 ,a second !ory holds t metaphor is a useful concession to our feeble imag9ation4 ,we are all *ildr5 ( ,adam to ! ext5t t we crave mat]ial embodim5ts4 ,ev5 ! mo/ highly tra9$ ( u are we>i$ by long cont9uance ( ab/ract communication2 we want ! ?+ br\ght d[n to e>? s t we c see x4 ,= ! same reason t pr9ciples h to be put into fables = *ildr51 ! ab/ract conceptions ( mod]n sci5ce require figures = _! popul> expression4 ,?us ! univ]se ( ,e9/e9 is repres5t$ z 8l0 ! surface ( an orange2 or ! !ory ( entropy is illu/rat$ by ! figure ( a des]t on :i* ,arabs are rid+ _! camels hi!r & ?i!r4 ,f ! /&po9t ( rhetoric1 ?is !ory has "s validity4 ,visualization is an aid to see+ relation%ips1 & !re are rhetorical situations :i* dem& "s k9d ( picturization4 ,_m skill$ expositors w foll[ an ab/ract proposition ) "s easy figure :i* lets u d[n to e>? or enables u to get a be>+4 ,!re is "s value1 !n1 9 ! 8inc>nation0 ( concepts4 ,on ?is gr\nd alone "o c\ld def5d ! use ( metaphors 9 communication4#afg ,!re is yet ano!r !ory1 n[ receiv+ s]i\s att5tion1 t metaphor is itself a means ( discov]y4 ,( c\rse1 metaphor is int5d$ "h 9 ! broade/ s5se1 requir+ only "s =m ( p>allelism4#afh ,b :5 its ess5tial nature is und]/ood1 x is h>d to resi/ ! ?\ght t metaphor is "o ( ! mo/ important heuri/ic devices1 lead+ u f a kn[n to an unkn[n1 b subsequ5tly v]ifiable1 fact ( pr9ciple4 ,?us ,george de ,santillana1 writ+ on 8,aspects ( ,sci5tific ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury10 c decl>e1 8,!re is nev] a #8/rict induction' b conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( d$uction1 />t+ f po9ts *os5 analogically40#afi ,9 o!r words1 analogy =mulates & to "s ext5t directs ! inquiry4 ,any inve/igation mu/ />t f c]ta9 m9imal lik5esses1 & t may conceal ! tru? t "s analogy lies at ! he>t ( all ass]tion4 ,ev5 ,b]tr& ,russell is compell$ to accept analogy z "o ( ! po/ulates requir$ to validate ! sci5tific me?od because x provides ! antec$5t probability necess>y to ju/ify an induction4#agj ,we might g s f> z to admit ! po9t ( ,george ,lundb]g1 :o has giv5 att5tion to ! und]ly+ !ory ( social sci5ce1 t arti/s & philosoph]s make only 8allegations0 ab\t ! _w1 :i* sci5ti/s mu/ put to ! te/4#aga ,= ! inquiry may g f allegation to allegation1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( metaphorical con/ructs4 ,?is 9 no wise dim9i%es ! role ( metaphor b r recognizes ! role x has always _h4 ,if we %\ld speak1 = example1 ( ! 8dance ( life10 we w\ld be us+ a metaphor ( consid]able illum9at+ p[]1 9 t x re/s ^u a numb] ( resemblances1 "s ( :i* are hidd5 or pr(\nd4 ,if we pu% x vigor\sly1 we may be surpris$ at "s ( ! insights :i* w turn up4 ,our nave "q1 8,:at is x l80 :i* we ask ( any?+ we are confront+ = ! fir/ "t1 is ! intellect's cry = help4 ,unless x is l some?+ 9 "s measure1 we %all nev] get to und]/& x4 ,! usual /ud5t ( lit]ature is prone to feel t !re is m social psy*ology 9 ,hamlet ?an 9 a doz5 volumes on ! !ory ( ! subject4 ,hamlet is a category1 a k9d ( concrete univ]sal2 :y w\ld he yield less z a factor 9 an analysis ?an "s op]ational def9ition8 ,at lea/ "o social psy*ologi/ has felt no hesitation ab\t employ+ ?is k9d ( factor1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 8 is ,babbitt1 ( m rec5t creation4 ,ellswor? ,f>is1 9 develop+ a !sis t e p]son has sev]al selves1 pres5ts 8 mean+ z foll[s3 ,moreov]1 :atev] ! li/ ( p]sonalities or roles may be1 !re is always room = "o m1 & inde$ = _m m4 ,:5 w> comes1 ,babbitt w probably be a memb] ( ! committee = public def5se4 ,he may become a memb] ( a law en=cem5t league yet to be =m$4 ,he may divorce 8 wife or elope ) 8 /5ograph] or misuse ! mails & become a ,f$]al prison] 9 ,leav5wor?4 ,ea* exp]i5ce w mean a new role ) new p]sonal attitudes & a new axiological conception ( himself4#agb ,?is is none ! less illum9at+ because ,babbitt is n ! product ( a controll$ sci5tific induction4 ,he is a sort ( 8alleg$0 symbol :i* works v well 9 a psy*ological equation4 ,surely1 x is enlight5+ to "k t "s m5 are l ,babbitt & o!rs l ,hamlet1 or t we all h our ,babbitt & ,hamlet phases4 ,b "h we %\ld be prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ! fact t ! ,lynds' ,middlet[n 7#aibi7 foll[$ r ?an prec$$ ,lewis's ,ma9 ,/reet 7#aibj74 ,9 ! be/ ( lit]>y & sociological worlds1 ,ma9 ,/reet directs att5tion to ,middlet[n1 & ,middlet[n r$uces ,ma9 ,/reet to an op]able entity4 ,! task ( tak+ language away f poetry is a l>g] op]ation ?an appe>s at fir/1 & 9 ! eyes ( "s /ud5ts an impossible "o1 ev5 if x 7 desirable4 ,we are all l ,em]son's s*ol> 9 t ! ord9>y affairs ( life come to u bus9ess & g f u poetry--at lea/ z soon z we />t express+ !m 9 spee*4 ,_m words :i* we ?9k ( z prosaic lit]alisms c be %[n to h _! orig9 9 long-=gott5 comp>isons4 ,! ^w 8dep5d0 analogizes ! action ( hang+ f2 8contact0 analogizes a relation%ip4 8,discov]]0 & 8detect0 /& = ! lit]al op]ation ( tak+ (f a cov]+1 h5ce expos+ to view4 ,a 8pr(\nd /udy0 app>5tly goes back to our p]ception ( physical dep?4 ,9 ?is way ! mean+ :i* we atta* to ^! words is transf]r$ f _! analogues2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! process is m obvi\s 9 language t is m consci\sly metaphorical4 ,x ?us becomes pla9 t some:]e "o has to come to t]ms ) metaphor anyh[1 & !re is a way to turn ! necessity into a victory4 ,v ,is ! expression ( social sci5ce affect$ by a ca/e _s8 ,! fact t social sci5ti/s are1 9 g5]al1 d$icat$ to ! removal ( ca/e1 or at lea/ to a refutation ( ca/e presumptions1 un=tunately does n prev5t _! becom+ a ca/e4 ,circum/ances exi/ all ! :ile to make !m an lite4 ,= "o ?+1 ! sci5tific me?od ( proc$ure sets !m (f pretty sev]ely f ! av]age man1 ) 8 common-s5se approa* to social problems4 ,n only is he likely to be nonpluss$ by te*niques & t]m9ologies2 he is also likely to be repell$ by :at sci5ti/s consid] "o ( _! greate/ virtues--_! deta*m5t4 ,f9ally1 x has to be admitt$ t social sci5ti/s' ext5sive patronage by univ]sities1 f\ndations1 & gov]nm5ts s]ves to give !m a protect$ /atus :ile !y "w4 ,e o!r gr\p s situat$ has t5d$ to create a j>gon1 & ?us f> ! social sci5ti/s h n be5 an exception4 ,_! j>gon is a product p>tly ( imitation & p>tly ( def5se-m9d$ness4 ,naturally "o ( ! fir/ /eps 9 ent]+ a pr(ession is to ma/] ! pr(essional language4 ,a display ( famili>ity ) ! language is popul>ly tak5 z a sign ( or?odoxy & acceptance2 & ?us !re arises a temptation to use ! special nom5clature freely ev5 :5 "o has d\bts ab\t its aptness4 ,?is condition affects especially ! "y ones :o are seek+ recognition & e/abli%m5t--! graduate /ud5ts & ! in/ructors--9 g5]al1 ! probation]s 9 ! field4 ,dep>ture f or?odoxy c be int]pret$ z a sign ( ignorance or z a sign ( indep5d5ce1 &1 9 ! case ( ^? :o h n pass$ probation1 we usually int]pret x z ! =m]4 ,accord+ly1 !re is a degree ( risk involv$ 9 *ang+ ! patt]n ( spee* laid d[n by "o's colleagues4 ,s ! problem ( :at "o has to d to %[ t "o belongs c be a problem ( /yle4 ,x is entirely possible t _m "y social sci5ti/s d n write s well z !y c\ld because ( ?is inhibition4 ,!y are 9 ! position ( hav+ to satisfy tea*]s & critics1 & !y produce :at is expect$ or :at !y ?9k is expect$4 ,9 ?is way a natural gift = ! direct phrase & ! lucid arrangem5t c be swall[$ up 9 tortuosities4 ,! patt]n c be brok5 only by "s gift$ revolution>y or by someone inve/$ ) all ! honors ( ! guild4 ,x is1 moreov]1 true1 z ,h>old ,laski has po9t$ out1 t e pr(ession builds up a di/ru/ ( innovation1 & especially ( innovation f ! outside4#agc ,x requires an unusual degree ( humility to see t ! solution to our problem may h to come f someone outside our numb]1 p]haps f "s nave p]son ^: advantage is t he c see ! matt] only 9 broad outl9e4 ,pr(essions & bureaucracies are on gu>d aga9/ ?is sort ( p]son1 & "o ( ! b>ri]s !y unconsci\sly set up is j ?is "o ( j>gon4 ,if c]ta9 gov]nm5t policies 7 ann\nc$ 9 ! language ( ! b>b]%op1 _! absurdity might become ov]:elm+ly app>5t4 ,if c]ta9 projects 9 social sci5ce rese>* 7or 9 language & lit]ature rese>*1 = t matt]7 7 expla9$ 9 ! language ( ! daily news report1 _! futility might become emb>rass+ly cle>4 ,"o c only surmise h[ an exp]i5c$ political report] w\ld phrase ! f9d+s 9 ,beyle's ,id5tification & ,analysis ( ,attribute-,clu/]-,blocs1 b "o has a notion t 8 acc\nt w\ld s\nd v little l ! orig9al4 ,w\ld x be unfair8 ,! reply t su* language w\ld de/roy ess5tial mean+s 9 ! orig9al w\ld h to be weigh$ along ) ! alt]native possibility t ! language 0 us$ 9 ! fir/ place because x 0 euphemi/ic1 9 ! s5se we h outl9$1 or protective4 ,a us] ( su* language may feel safe because ! def9ition ( t]ms is1 9 a way1 8 possession4 ,& s te*nical language1 z sometimes employ$1 may be ,pickwickian1 inasmu* z x s]ves n j sci5tifically b also pragmatically4 ,! av]age citiz51 fac$ ) sociological explanations & bureaucratic communiques1 may feel z poor culprits us$ to feel :5 confront$ ) law ,lat94 ,,vi ,! rhetorical obligation ( ! sci5ti/s has be5 aptly express$ by ,t4 ,swann ,h>d+ 9 a discussion ( ! g5]al "* ( sci5tific writ+4 8,sci5ti/s10 he says1 8ga9 no?+ by %[+ (f1 & ! simpl] !y c make _! reports ! bett]4 ,ev5 _! te*nical reports c be made v mu* simpl] )\t loss ( accuracy or precision4 ,nor is !re really any valid sub/itute = a good work+ k ( ,engli% composition & rhetoric40#agd ,! la/ /atem5t is true ) c]ta9 qualifications1 :i* ought to be made explicit4 ,9 a f9al e/imate ( ! problem x has to be recogniz$ t social sci5ce writ+ _c be judg$ altoge!r by lit]>y /&>ds4 ,x is expression ) a def9ite assignm5t ( duty2 & ^? :o h made a comp>ative /udy ( me?ods & /yles "k t e =mula ( expression incurs its p5alty4 ,x is a rule 9 ! realm ( writ+ t "o pays = ! *oice "o makes4 ,! paym5t is exact$ :5 ! =m ( expression becomes too exclusively :at x is4 ,9 c\rse ( use a def9$ /yle becomes its own enemy4 ,if "o's writ+ is ab/ract1 x w accommodate ideas1 b x w fatigue ! read]4 ,if x is concrete1 x w div]t & relieve2 b x may become cloy+1 & x w h difficulty 9 encompass+ ideas4 ,if x is sp>e1 x w come to seem abrupt2 if x practices a degree ( circumlocution1 x w fir/ seem elegant b w come to seem inflat$4 ,! lucid /yle is suspect$ ( ov]simplify+4 ,& s ! dilemma goes4 ,n[ ! social sci5ti/ has to write ab\t a k9d ( ?+1 &1 not)/&+ 8 unc]ta9 allocation ( facts & concepts1 he may z well accept 8 p5alty at ! beg9n+4 ,he c nev] make x a prim>y goal to be 8pleas+10 & = ?is reason ! purely lit]>y p]=mance is n = him4 ,dramati/ic pres5tation1 a lead+ s\rce ( int]e/ 9 all lit]>y production1 is l>gely1 if n entirely1 out ( 8 rea*4 ,! only k9d ( writ+ t gets p emotionally involv$ conta9s "s =m ( dramatic conflict1 :i* requires a di*otomy ( opposites4 ,yet ! only di*otomy t social sci5ce 7z a sci5ce7 contemplates is t ( ! norm & ! deviate1 & ^! two are suppos$ to exi/ 9 an empirical r ?an 9 a moral context1 & ! injunction is implicit t all we %all d is obs]ve4 ,! "w1 !n1 is go+ to be ei!r purely descriptive1 or critical ) ref]5ce to ! norm-deviate opposition4 ,n _m p are go+ to develop a s5se ( poignant conc]n ov] su* pres5tations4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ,middlet[n did cat* ! popul> imag9ation1 b ! contra/ develop$ "h 0 betwe5 :at ! ,am]ican obs]vably 0 ?r\gh ! eyes ( deta*$ social sci5ti/s & 8 picture ( himself1 ) its comp\nd ( self-e/eem1 aspiration1 & social my?ology4 ,! community empirically f\nd 0 put on ! /age to *all5ge ! community s5tim5tally & o!rwise conceiv$4 ,! same w h>dly hold = ! typical case ( sci5tific norm & empirically discov]$ deviate1 = no su* ideas are involv$ 9 ! contra/4 ,rec5t ,social ,tr5ds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#age = example1 ! monum5tal report ( ,presid5t ,hoov]'s ,rese>* ,committee on ,social ,tr5ds1 c\ld n look to ?is k9d ( int]e/ = its appeal4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we reg>d metaphor z a means ( dramati/ic pres5tation1 ?is res\rce is n ord9>ily op5 to social sci5ce4 ,yet )9 ! purpose :i* ! social sci5ti/ sets himself !re is a consid]able range ( rhetorical possibility1 :i* he ignores at ne$less exp5se4 ,rhetoric is1 among o!r ?+s1 a process ( coord9ation & subord9ation :i* is v close to ! ess5tial ?\ght process4 ,t is to say1 9 any coh]5t piece ( disc\rse !re occur promotion & demotion ( ?\ghts1 & ?is is accompli%$ n solely ?r\gh logical outl9+ & subsumation4 ,x involves matt]s ( sequ5ce1 ( quantity1 & "s und]/&+ ( ! rhetorical aspects ( grammatical categories4 ,^! are means to cle> & effective expression1 & ! failure to see & use !m z means c produce a condition 9 :i* means & ends seem n discrim9at$1 or ev5 a subv]sion 9 :i* means seem to manipulate ends4 ,t condition is "o :i* social sci5ce1 along ) e o!r in/rum5tality ( education1 %\ld be combat+ 9 ! int]e/ ( a reasonable _w4 ,*apt] ,,ix ,,ultimate ,,t]ms ,,9 ,,contempor>y ,,rhetoric ,we h %[n t rhetorical =ce mu/ be conceiv$ z a p[] transmitt$ ?r\gh ! l9ks ( a *a9 t ext5ds upw>d t[>d "s ultimate s\rce4 ,! high] l9ks ( t *a9 mu/ always be ( unique int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( rhetoric1 po9t+1 z !y d1 to "s prime mov] ( human impulse4 ,"h ,i propose to turn away f g5]al consid]ations & to make an empirical /udy ( ! t]ms on ^! high] levels ( =ce :i* are se5 to be op]at+ 9 our age4 ,we %all def9e t]m simply "h z a "n capable ( ent]+ into a proposition4 ,9 our treatm5t ( rhetorical s\rces1 we h reg>d$ ! full pr$ication consi/+ ( a proposition z ! true validator4 ,b a s+le t]m is an incipi5t proposition1 await+ only ! necess>y c\pl+ ) ano!r t]m2 & x _c be d5i$ t s+le names set up expectancies ( propositional embodim5t4 ,?is causes ev]yone to realize ! critical nature ( ! process ( nam+4 ,giv5 ! "n 8patriot10 = example1 we might expect to see c\pl$ ) x 8,brutus10 or 8,wa%+ton10 or 8,p>nell02 giv5 ! t]m 8hot10 we might expect to see 8sun10 8/ove10 & s on4 ,9 sum1 s+le t]ms h _! pot5cies1 ?is be+ "p ( ! ph5om5on ( names1 & we %all "h pres5t a few ( ! mo/ notewor?y 9 our "t1 ) "s rem>ks ^u _! etiology4 ,naturally ?is survey w include ! 8bad0 t]ms z well z ! 8good0 t]ms1 s9ce we are int]e/$ to record hi/orically ^? expressions to :i* ! populace1 9 its actual usage & response1 appe>s to attribute ! greate/ sanction4 ,a prescriptive rhetoric may specify ^? t]ms :i*1 9 all seasons1 ought to c>ry ! greate/ pot5cy1 b s9ce ! affections ( "o age are frequ5tly a s\rce ( wond] to ano!r1 ! mo/ we c d "u ! caption 8contempor>y rhetoric0 is to give a descriptive acc\nt & )hold ! moral until ! end4 ,= despite ! v>iations ( fa%ion1 an age :i* is n simply di/raught manages to a*ieve "s sy/em ( relation%ip among ! attractive & among ! repulsive t]ms1 s t we c "w out an ord] ( weight & prec$5ce 9 ! prevail+ rhetoric once we h disc]n$ ! 8rhetorical absolutes0--! t]ms to :i* ! v highe/ respect is paid4 ,x is be/ to beg9 boldly by ask+ ourselves1 :at is ! 8god t]m0 ( ! pres5t age8 ,by 8god t]m0 we mean t expression ab\t :i* all o!r expressions are rank$ z subord9ate & s]v+ dom9ations & p[]s4 ,its =ce imp>ts to ! o!rs _! less] degree ( =ce1 & fixes ! scale by :i* degrees ( comp>ison are und]/ood4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a /rong & ev5ly diffus$ religion1 !re may be sev]al t]ms compet+ = ?is primacy1 s t ! "q is n always capable ( def9ite answ]4 ,yet if "o has to select ! "o t]m :i* 9 our day c>ries ! greate/ bless+1 &--to apply a useful te/--^: antonym c>ries ! greate/ rebuke1 "o w n g f> wrong 9 nam+ 8progress40 ,?is seems to be ! ultimate g5]ator ( =ce fl[+ d[n ?r\gh _m l9ks ( ancill>y t]ms4 ,if "o c 8make x /ick10 x w validate almo/ any?+4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ?9k ( any type ( p]son or ( any in/itution :i* c\ld n be recomm5d$ to ! public ?r\gh ! enhanc+ p[] ( ?is ^w4 ,a politician is urg$ ^u ! vot]s z a 8progressive lead]02 a community is pr\d to /yle itself 8progressive02 te*nologies & me?odologies claim to ! 8progressive02 a peculi> k9d ( emphasis 9 mod]n education calls itself 8progressive10 & s on )\t limit4 ,!re is no ^w ^: p[] to move is m implicitly tru/$ ?an 8progressive40 ,b unlike "s o!r words we %all exam9e 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt]1 its rise to supreme position is n obscure1 & x possesses "s intelligible ref]5ts4 ,be=e go+ into ! /ory ( its elevation1 we mu/ prep>e gr\nd by not+ t x is ! nature ( ! consci\s life ( man to revolve ar\nd "s concept ( value4 ,s true is ?is t :5 ! concept is )drawn1 or :5 x is =c$ into competition ) ano!r concept1 ! human be+ suff]s an almo/ intol]able s5se ( be+ lo/4 ,he has to "k :]e he is 9 ! ideological cosmos 9 ord] to coord9ate 8 activities4 ,probably ! greate/ cruelty :i* c be inflict$ ^u ! psy*ic man is ?is deprivation ( a s5se ( t5d5cy4 ,accord+ly e age1 includ+ ^? ( rude/ cultivation1 sets up "s k9d ( sign po/4 ,9 highly cultivat$ ages1 ) individuals ( exceptional intellectual /r5g?1 ?is may take ! =m ( a metaphysic4 ,b ) ! ord9>y man1 ev5 9 su* advanc$ ages1 x is likely to be "s idea ab/ract$ f religion or hi/orical speculation1 & made to inh]e 9 a few s5sible & imm$iate examples4 ,s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury we h t5d$ to accept z inevitable an hi/orical developm5t t takes ! =m ( a *ang+ relation%ip betwe5 ourselves & nature1 9 :i* we pass increas+ly into ! role ( ma/] ( nature4 ,:5 ,i say t ?is seems inevitable to u1 ,i mean t x seems some?+ s close to :at our m religi\s =ebe>s consid]$ ! work+ ( provid5ce t we reg>d z impiety any disposition to *all5ge or ev5 suspect x4 ,by a transposition ( t]ms1 8progress0 becomes ! salvation man is plac$ on e>? to "w out2 & j z !re c be no a*ievem5t m important ?an salvation1 s !re c be no activity m ju/ifi$ 9 enli/+ our sympa?y & support ?an 8progress40 ,z our hi/orical sket* w\ld imply1 ! t]m began to be us$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! s5se ( cont9u\s developm5t or improvem5t2 x rea*$ an apogee 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 amid noisy demon/rations ( man's ma/]y ( nature1 & n[ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury x keeps its place z "o ( ! lea/ assailable ( ! 8unconte/$ t]ms10 despite critical d\bts 9 c]ta9 philosophic qu>t]s4 ,x is probably ! only t]m :i* gives to ! av]age ,am]ican or ,we/ ,european ( today a concept ( some?+ bigg] ?an himself1 :i* he is socially impell$ to accept & ev5 to sacrifice =4 ,?is capacity to dem& sacrifice is probably ! sure/ indicator ( ! 8god t]m10 = :5 a t]m is s sacrosanct t ! mat]ial goods ( ?is life mu/ be my/]i\sly r5d]$ up = x1 !n we feel ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t x is 9 "s s5se ultimate4 ,today no "o is />tl$ to he> ( a man's sacrific+ heal? or weal? = ! 8progress0 ( ! community1 :]eas su* sacrifices = o!r ends may be reg>d$ z self-indulg5t or ev5 treasonable4 ,& ?is is j because 8progress0 is ! coord9ator ( all socially respectable ef=t4 ,p]haps ^! obs]vations w help ! speak] :o w\ld speak aga9/ ! /ream ( 8progress10 or :o1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld p>ry "s bl[ aim$ at him ?r\gh ! pot5cy ( ! ^w1 to realize :at a mom5tum he is oppos+4 ,ano!r ^w ( great rhetorical =ce :i* owes its orig9 to ! same hi/orical trans=mation is 8fact40 ,today's speak] says 8,x is a fact0 ) all ! gravity & air ( f9ality ) :i* 8 less secul>-m9d$ ance/or w\ld h said 8,x is ! tru?40#agf 8,^! are facts02 8,facts t5d to %[02 & 8,he kn[s ! facts0 w be recogniz$ z common locutions draw+ ^u ! rhetorical res\rce ( ?is ^w4 ,! ^w 8fact0 w5t into ! asc5d5t :5 our sy/em ( v]ification *ang$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,prior to t "t1 ! type ( conclusion t m5 felt obligat$ to accept came ei!r ?r\gh div9e revelation1 or ?r\gh dialectic1 :i* obeys logical law4 ,b ^! 7 displac$ by ! sy/em ( v]ification ?r\gh correspond5ce ) physical reality4 ,s9ce !n ?+s h be5 true only :5 measurably true1 or :5 susceptible to "s k9d ( quantification4 ,q simply1 8fact0 came to be ! t\*/one aft] ! tru? ( speculative inquiry _h be5 replac$ by ! tru? ( empirical inve/igation4 ,today :5 ! av]age citiz5 says 8,x is a fact0 or says t he 8kn[s ! facts 9 ! case10 he means t he has ! k9d ( k to :i* all o!r kn[l$ges mu/ def]4 ,possibly x %\ld be po9t$ out t 8 8facts0 are frequ5tly n facts at all 9 ! etymological s5se2 (t5 !y w be d$uctions sev]al /eps remov$ f simply factual data4 ,yet ! 8facts0 ( 8 case c>ry ) !m ?is aura ( sci5tific irrefragability1 & he w likely reg>d any que/ion+ ( !m z sophi/ry4 ,9 8 vocabul>y a fact is a fact1 & all evid5ce s d5om9at$ has ! pre/ige ( sci5ce4 ,^! la/ rem>ks w rem9d u at once ( ! /rongly rhetorical "* ( ! ^w 8sci5ce0 itself4 ,if !re is good reason = plac+ 8progress0 r ?an 8sci5ce0 at ! top ( our s]ies1 x is only t ! =m] has m scope1 8sci5ce0 be+ ! me?odological tool ( 8progress40 ,x seems cle>1 moreov]1 t 8sci5ce0 owes its pres5t /atus to an hypo/atization4 ,! hypo/atiz$ t]m is "o :i* treats z a sub/ance or a concrete reality t :i* has only conceptual exi/5ce2 & e read] w be able to supply numb]less illu/rations ( h[ 8sci5ce0 is us$ )\t any specific ref]5t4 ,any utt]ance beg9n+ 8,sci5ce says0 provides "o3 8,sci5ce says !re is no diff]5ce 9 bra9 capacity betwe5 ! races02 8,sci5ce n[ kn[s ! cause ( encephalitis02 8,sci5ce says t smok+ does n h>m ! ?roat40 ,sci5ce is n1 z "h x w\ld seem to be1 a s+le concrete entity speak+ ) "o au?oritative voice4 ,beh9d ^! l>ge ab/ractions 7& ?is is n an argum5t aga9/ ab/ractions z su*7 !re are _m sci5ti/s hold+ _m diff]5t !ories & employ+ _m diff]5t me?ods ( inve/igation4 ,! :ole =ce ( ! ^w nev]!less dep5ds ^u a bl& assumption t all sci5ti/s meet p]iodically 9 synod & !re decide & publi% :at sci5ce believes4 ,yet anyone ) ! slighte/ sci5tific tra9+ kn[s t ?is is v f> f a possibility4 ,let u consid] !re=e ! *ang$ quality ( ! utt]ance :5 x is am5d$ to read 8,a majority ( sci5ti/s say02 or 8,_m sci5ti/s believe02 or 8,"s sci5tific exp]im5ts h indicat$40 ,! *ange w n d4 ,!re has to be a creature call$ 8sci5ce02 & its creation has z a matt] ( practice be5 easy1 because mod]n man has be5 condition$ to believe t ! p[]s & processes :i* h trans=m$ 8 mat]ial _w repres5t a v sure =m ( k1 & t !re mu/ be a way ( id5tify+ t k4 ,obvi\sly ! rhetorical aggr&izem5t ( 8sci5ce0 "h p>allels t ( 8fact10 ! "o repres5t+ g5]ally & ! o!r specifically ! :ole subject matt] ( tru/wor?y p]ception4 ,fur!rmore1 ! t]m 8sci5ce0 l 8progress0 seems to satisfy a primal ne$4 ,man feels lo/ )\t a t\*/one ( k j z he feels lo/ )\t ! direction-f9d] provid$ by progress4 ,x is curi\s to note t actually ! ^w is only ano!r "n = k 7,l4 sci5tia71 s t if we %\ld g by /rict etymology1 we %\ld insi/ t ! expression 8sci5ce kn[s0 7i4e41 8k kn[s07 is pure tautology4 ,b our rhetoric seems to get ar\nd ?is by imply+ t sci5ce is ! k4 ,o!r kn[l$ges may conta9 elem5ts ( quack]y1 & may reflect ! selfi% aims ( ! kn[]2 b 8sci5ce10 once we h giv5 ! ^w its incorporation1 is ! undilut$ ess5ce ( k4 ,! ^w z x comes to u !n is a little pa!tic 9 its appeal1 inasmu* z x reflects ! deeply human feel+ t some:]e someh[ !re mu/ be p :o "k ?+s 8z !y are40 ,once ,god or 8 m9i/ry 0 ! depository ( su* k1 b n[1 ) ! g5]al decay ( religi\s fai?1 x is ! sci5ti/s :o mu/ speak ex ca!dra1 :e!r !y wi% to or n4 ,! t]m 8mod]n0 %>es 9 ! rhetorical =ces ( ! o!rs ?us f> discuss$1 & /&s n f> bel[ ! top4 ,its place 9 ! g5]al ord]+ is intelligible ?r\gh ! same hi/ory4 ,:]e progress is real1 !re is a natural presumption t ! late/ w be ! be/4 ,h5ce x is g5]ally ?\ght t to describe any?+ z 8mod]n0 is to cr$it x ) all ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 made up to n[4 ,!n by a transf]5ce ! t]m is appli$ to realms :]e valuation is1 or ought to be1 ( a diff]5t s\rce4 ,9 consequ5ce1 we h 8mod]n liv+0 urg$ ^u u z an ideal2 8! mod]n m9d0 is m5tion$ z some?+ sup]ior to previ\s m9ds2 sometimes ! modifi] /&s alone z an epi!t ( approval3 8to become mod]n0 or 8to s\nd mod]n0 are expressions t c>ry valuation4 ,x is ( c\rse idle n to expect an age to feel t "s ( its ways & habits ( m9d are ! be/2 b ! ext5sive trans=mations ( ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s seem to h giv5 8mod]n0 a mu* m decisive mean+4 ,x is z if a diff]5ce ( degree _h *ang$ into a diff]5ce ( k9d4 ,b ! v fact t a ^w is n us$ v analytically may increase its rhetorical pot5cy1 z we %all see lat] 9 connection ) a special gr\p ( t]ms4 ,ano!r ^w def9itely high up 9 ! hi]>*y we h outl9$ is 8effici5t40 ,x seems to h acquir$ its =ce ?r\gh a k9d ( no-nons5se connotation4 ,if a ?+ is effici5t1 x is a good adaptation ( means to ends1 ) small loss ?r\gh friction4 ,?us z a ^w express+ a good und]/&+ & managem5t ( cause & effect1 x may h a fairly def9ite ref]5t2 b :5 x is lift$ above ?is & made to s]ve z a t]m ( g5]al endorsem5t1 we h to be on our gu>d aga9/ ! /ratagems ( evil rhetoric4 ,:5 we f9d1 to cite a famili> example1 ! phrase 8effici5cy ap>tm5ts0 us$ to give an attractive aspect to inadequate dwell+s1 we may suspect ! motive beh9d su* juxtaposition4 ,9 _m simil> cases1 8effici5t10 :i* is a t]m above reproa* 9 eng9e]+ & physics1 is made to hold our att5tion :]e e?ical & ae/hetic consid]ations are entitl$ to priority4 ,c]ta9 notori\s =ms ( gov]nm5t & c]ta9 brutal =ms ( w>f>e are und5iably effici5t2 b "h ! featur+ ( effici5cy unfairly n>r[s ! "q4 ,ano!r t]m :i* might seem to h a diff]5t prov5ance b :i* p>ticipates 9 ! impulse we h be5 /udy+ is 8,am]ican40 ,"o mu/ fir/ recognize ! elem5t ( national egotism :i* makes ?is a ^w ( approval ) u1 b !re are reasons = say+ t ! =ce ( 8,am]ican0 is mu* m broadly bas$ ?an ?is4 8,?is is ! ,am]ican way0 or 8,x is ! ,am]ican ?+ to d0 are expressions ^: int5t w n seem at all curi\s to ! av]age ,am]ican4 ,n[ ! peculi> effect t is int5d$ "h comes f ! circum/ance t 8,am]ican0 & 8progressive0 h an area ( synonymity4 ,! ,we/]n ,_w has long /ood z a symbol = ! future2 & accord+ly !re has be5 a v wide t5d5cy 9 ?is c\ntry1 & also ,i believe among _m p 9 ,europe1 to id5tify t :i* is ,am]ican ) t :i* is de/9$ to be4 ,& ?is is mu* ! same z id5tify+ x ) ! a*ievem5ts ( 8progress40 ,! typical ,am]ican is q fatu\s 9 ?is reg>d3 to him ,am]ica is ! goal t[>d :i* all creation moves2 & he judges a c\ntry's civilization by its resemblance to ! ,am]ican model4 ,! matt] ( *ang+ nationalities br+s out ?is po9t v well4 ,= a citiz5 ( a ,european c\ntry to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is consid]$ natural & "r1 & ,i h kn[n ^? s transf]r+ _! nationality to be congratulat$ ^u _! good s5se & _! anticipat$ good =tune4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 an ,am]ican takes out ,briti% citiz5%ip 7,fr5* or ,g]man w\ld be worse71 ?is transf]5ce is felt to be a little sc&al\s4 ,x is reg>d$ z someh[ p]v]se1 or z go+ aga9/ ! /ream ( ?+s4 ,ev5 "s ( our intellectuals gr[ uneasy ov] ! action ( ,h5ry ,james & ,t4 ,s4 ,eliot1 & ! masses _c compreh5d x at all4 ,_! adoption ( ,briti% citiz5%ip is n m]e defection f a c\ntry2 x is treason to hi/ory4 ,if ,am]icans wi% to become ,europeans1 :at has happ5$ to ! hope ( ! _w8 is1 ,i imag9e1 ! "q at ! back ( _! m9ds4 ,! trem5d\s spread ( ,am]ican fa%ions 9 behavior & ent]ta9m5t mu/ add some?+ to ! impetus1 b ,i believe ! orig9al s\rce to be ?is prior idea t ,am]ica1 typify+ 8progress10 is :at ! rema9d] ( ! _w is try+ to be l4 ,x foll[s naturally t 9 ! popul> consci\sness ( ?is c\ntry1 8un-,am]ican0 is ! ultimate 9 negation4 ,an anecdote w s]ve to illu/rate ?is4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a lead+ cig>ette manufactur] 9 ?is c\ntry _h reason to believe t v damag+ reports 7 be+ circulat$ ab\t 8 product4 ,! reports 7 su* t _h !y n be5 /opp$1 ! sale ( ?is br& ( cig>ettes might h be5 r$uc$4 ,! company !reupon inaugurat$ an ext5sive adv]tis+ campaign1 ! object ( :i* 0 to halt ^! rumors 9 ! mo/ effective way possible4 ,! concoct]s ( ! adv]tis+ copy evid5tly conclud$ aft] due delib]ation t ! /ronge/ t]m ( condemnation :i* c\ld be conceiv$ 0 8un-,am]ican10 = ?is 0 ! t]m employ$ 9 ! campaign4 ,soon ! newspap]s 7 fill$ ) adv]tis+ rebuk+ ?is 8un-,am]ican0 type ( depreciation :i* _h injur$ _! sales4 ,f examples su* z ?is we may inf] t 8,am]ican0 /&s n only = :at is =w>d 9 hi/ory1 b also = :at is e?ically sup]ior1 or at lea/ = a /&>d ( fairness n mat*$ by o!r nations4 ,& z long z ! popul> m9d c>ries ?is impression1 x w be futile to prote/ aga9/ su* titles z 8,! ,committee on un-,am]ican activities40 ,:ile 8,am]ican0 & 8un-,am]ican0 cont9ue to /& = ^! pol> di/9ctions1 ! av]age citiz5 is n go+ to f9d mu* wrong ) a gr\p set up to inve/igate :at is 8un-,am]ican0 & !re=e repreh5sible4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x w\ld /rike him z mo/ droll if ! ,briti% 7 to set up a 8,committee on un-,briti% ,activities0 or ! ,fr5* a 8,committee on un-,fr5* ,activities40 ,! ,am]ican1 l o!r nationals1 is n apt to be mu* bett] ?an he has be5 taught1 & he has be5 taught sy/ematically t 8 c\ntry is a special creation4 ,t is :y "s ( 8 ultimate t]ms seem to ! g5]al view prov9cial1 & :y he may be mov$ to pol>ities :i* repres5t only local poles4 ,if we look )9 ! area cov]$ by 8,am]ican10 h[ev]1 we f9d significant *anges 9 ! position ( t]ms :i* are reflections ( cultural & ideological *anges4 ,among ! once p[]ful b n[ wan+ t]ms are ^? expressive ( ! pione] ideal ( rugg$ness & self-suffici5cy4 ,9 ! space ( fifty ye>s or less we h se5 ! phrase 8two-fi/$ ,am]ican0 pass f ! category ( highly effective images to t ( comic ana*ronisms4 ,g5]ally1 :oev] talks ! old] language ( /r5uosity is reg>d$ z a reaction>y1 x be+ assum$ by social democrats t a socially organiz$ _w is "o 9 :i* coop]ation removes ! necessity = /ruggle4 ,ev5 ! rhetorical trump c>ds ( ! #aibj's1 :i* ,s9clair ,lewis treat$ ) su* satire1 are comp>atively impot5t today1 z ! new social consci\sness causes t]ms ( c5trally plann$ liv+ to move t[>d ! head ( ! s]ies4 ,o!r t]ms n necess>ily connect$ ) ! ,am]ican /ory h pass$ a z5i? ( influ5ce & are 9 decl9e2 ( ^! p]haps ! once effective 8hi/ory0 is ! mo/ int]e/+ example4 ,x is /ill to be met 9 su* expressions z 8,hi/ory proves0 & 8,hi/ory tea*es02 yet "o feels t x has lo/ ! =ce x possess$ 9 ! previ\s c5tury4 ,!n x 0 easy = ,byron--8! orator 9 poetry0--to write1 8,hi/ory ) all h] volumes va/ has b "o page02 or = ! commemorative speak] to d$uce pr(\nd lessons f hi/ory4 ,b p today seem n to f9d hi/ory s eloqu5t4 ,a likely explanation is t hi/ory1 tak5 z :ole1 is conceptual r ?an factual1 & !re=e a skepticism has develop$ z to :at x tea*es4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! tea*+s ( hi/ory are pr9cipally moral1 e?ical1 or religi\s1 !y mu/ enc\nt] today t ?re%old res5tm5t ( any?+ :i* savors ( ! prescriptive4 ,s9ce 8hi/ory0 is insep>able f judgm5t ( hi/orical fact1 !re has to be a consid]able community ( m9d be=e hi/ory c be all[$ to h a voice4 ,did ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon repres5t 8progress0 9 hi/ory or ! rev]se8 ,i %\ld say t ! mo/ common rhetorical uses ( 8hi/ory0 at ! pres5t are by intellectuals1 ^: p]sonal philosophy c provide x ) "s k9d ( def9ition1 & by j\rnali/s1 :o seem to use x unreflectively4 ,= ! contempor>y masses x is sub/antially true t 8hi/ory is bunk40 ,an in/ructive example ( h[ a covet$ t]m c be monopoliz$ may be se5 9 8allies40 ,?ree times )9 ! memory ( ^? /ill "y1 8allies0 7(t5 capitaliz$7 has be5 us$ to di/+ui% ^? fight+ on our side f ! enemy4 ,dur+ ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> x 0 a supreme t]m2 dur+ ! ,second ,_w ,w> x 0 aga9 us$ ) effect2 & at ! "t ( ! pres5t writ+ x is be+ us$ to designate t nondescript comb9ation fight+ 9 ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,nations 9 ,korea4 ,! curi\s fact ab\t ! use ( ?is t]m is t 9 ea* case ! enemy also has be5 con/itut$ ( 8allies40 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> ,g]many1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & ,turkey 7 8allies02 9 ! ,second1 ,g]many & ,italy2 & 9 ! pres5t conflict ! ,nor? ,koreans & ! ,*9ese & p]haps ! ,russians are 8allies40 ,b 9 ! rhetorical situation x is n possible to ref] to !m z 8allies10 s9ce we res]ve t t]m = ! alliance repres5t+ our side4 ,! reason = su* re/riction is t :5 m5 or nations are 8alli$10 x is impli$ t !y are unit$ on "s s\nd pr9ciple or = "s good cause4 ,ly+ at ! s\rce ( ?is feel+ is ! pr9ciple discuss$ by ,plato1 t fri5d%ip c exi/ only among ! good1 s9ce good is an integrat+ =ce & evil a dis9tegrat+ "o4 ,we d n1 = example1 ref] to a b& ( ?ieves z 8! allies0 because t t]m w\ld impute laudable motives4 ,by conf9+ ! t]m to our side we make an evaluation 9 our favor4 ,we ?us /yle ourselves ! gr\p jo9$ = purposes ( good4 ,if we %\ld all[ x to be felt = a mom5t t ! oppos$ comb9ation is also made up ( allies1 we %\ld conc$e t !y are unit$ by a pr9ciple1 :i* 9 w> is nev] done4 ,s z ! usage goes1 we are always allies 9 w> & ! enemy is j ! enemy1 reg>dless ( h[ _m nations he has be5 able to conf$]ate4 ,"h is cle>ly ano!r in/ance ( h[ t5d5cies may exi/ 9 ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t-seem+ language4 ,n[ let u turn to ! t]ms ( repulsion4 ,"s t]ms ( repulsion are also ultimate 9 ! s5se ( /&+ at ! end ( ! s]ies1 & no survey ( ! vocabul>y c ignore ^! prime repellants4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ! 8god t]m0 is ! 8devil t]m10 & x has already be5 sugge/$ t ) u 8un-,am]ican0 comes ne>e/ to fill+ t role4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 curr5ts ( politics & popul> feel+ cause some?+ m specific to be plac$ 9 t position4 ,!re seems inde$ to be "s obscure psy*ic law :i* compels e nation to h 9 its national imag9ation an enemy4 ,p]haps ?is is b a v]sion ( ! tribal ne$ = a scapegoat1 or = some?+ :i* w p]sonify 8! adv]s>y40 ,if a nation did n h an enemy1 an enemy w\ld h to be inv5t$ to take c>e ( ^? expressions ( scorn & hatr$ to :i* peoples mu/ give v5t4 ,:5 ano!r political /ate is n available to receive ! dis*>ge ( su* emotions1 !n a class w be *os51 or a race1 or a type1 or a political faction1 & ?is w be held up to a practically /&>diz$ =m ( repudiation4 ,p]haps ! tru? is t we ne$ ! enemy 9 ord] to def9e ourselves1 b ,i w n "h v5ture fur!r into psy*ological complexities4 ,9 ?is type ( /udy x w be en\gh to recall t dur+ ! fir/ half c5tury ( our nation's exi/5ce1 8,tory0 0 su* a devil t]m4 ,9 ! p]iod foll[+ our ,civil ,w>1 8rebel0 took its place 9 ! ,nor!rn section & 8,yankee0 9 ! ,s\!rn1 al?\gh 9 ! previ\s epo* bo? ( ^! _h be5 t]ms ( e/eem4 ,mo/ read]s w rememb] t dur+ ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> 8pro-,g]man0 0 a t]m ( de/ructive =ce4 ,dur+ ! ,second ,_w ,w> 8,nazi0 & 8,fasci/0 c>ri$ ab\t equal p[] to condemn1 & !n1 foll[+ ! brea* ) ,russia1 8,communi/0 displac$ !m bo?4 ,n[ 8,communi/0 is beyond any rival ! devil t]m1 & z su* x is employ$ ev5 by ! ,am]ican presid5t :5 he feels ! ne$ ( a /rong rhetorical po9t4 ,a s+ul> tru? ab\t ^! t]ms is t1 unlike sev]al :i* 7 exam9$ 9 our favorable li/1 !y defy any real analysis4 ,t is to say1 "o _c expla9 h[ !y g5]ate _! peculi> =ce ( repudiation4 ,"o only recognizes !m z publicly-agre$-^u devil t]ms4 ,x is ! same ) all4 8,tory0 p]si/s 9 use1 ?\gh x has long lo/ any connection ) r$coats & ,briti% dom9ation4 ,analysis ( 8rebel0 & 8,yankee0 only turns up emb>rass+ contradictions ( position4 ,simil>ly we h all se5 8,nazi0 & 8,fasci/0 us$ )\t rational p]ception2 & we see ?is n[1 9 ev5 great] degree1 ) 8,communi/40 ,h[ev] "o might l to reject su* usage z m]e ignorance1 to d s w\ld only evade a v important problem4 ,mo/ likely ^! are in/ances ( ! 8*>ismatic t]m10 :i* w be discuss$ 9 detail pres5tly4 ,no /ud5t ( contempor>y usage c be unm9dful ( ! curi\s reprobative =ce :i* has be5 acquir$ by ! t]m 8prejudice40 ,etymologically x signifies no?+ m ?an a prejudgm5t1 or a judgm5t be=e all ! facts are 92 & s9ce all ( u h to proce$ to a great ext5t on judgm5ts ( t k9d1 ! ^w %\ld n be any m excit+ ?an 8hypo!sis40 ,b 9 its rhetorical applications 8prejudice0 presumes f> beyond t4 ,x is us$1 z a matt] ( fact1 to *>act]ize unfavorably any value judgm5t :atev]4 ,if 8blue0 is said to be a bett] color ?an 8r$10 t is prejudice4 ,if p ( out/&+ cultural a*ievem5t are prais$ ?r\gh contra/ ) ano!r p1 t is prejudice4 ,if "o mode ( life is pres5t$ z sup]ior to ano!r1 t is prejudice4 ,& beh9d all is ! implication1 if n ! decl>ation1 t x is un-,am]ican to be prejudic$4 ,i suspect t :at ! us]s ( ?is t]m are attempt+1 :e!r consci\sly or n1 is to sneak 8prejudic$0 =w>d z an unconte/$ t]m1 & 9 ?is way to dis>m ! opposition by mak+ all positional judgm5ts repreh5sible4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ 9 pass+ t no p are s prejudic$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ committ$ to valuations z ^? :o are engag$ 9 ca/igat+ o!rs = prejudice4 ,:at !y expect is t !y c nullify ! prejudices ( ^? :o oppose !m1 & !n get _! own in/all$ 9 ! guise ( ! s5sus communis4 ,m>k ,twa9's /atem5t1 8,i "k t ,i am prejudic$ 9 ?is matt]1 b ,i w\ld be a%am$ ( myself if ,i w]5't0 is a !rapeutic insight into ! process2 b x w take m ?an a witticism to make headway aga9/ ! repulsive =ce ga!r$ beh9d 8prejudice40 ,if ! rhetorical use ( ! t]m has any rational cont5t1 ?is probably comes ?r\gh a *a9 ( d$uctions f ! nature ( democracy2 & we "k t 9 controv]sies c5t]$ ab\t ! mean+ ( democracy1 ! air is usually fill$ ) cries ( 8prejudice40 ,if democracy is tak5 crudely to mean equality1 z x v frequ5tly is1 x is !n a contradiction ( democracy to assign inf]iority & sup]iority on :atev] gr\nds4 ,b s9ce ! :ole process ( evaluation is a process ( su* assignm5t1 ! v>i\s inequalities :i* are left :5 x has done its "w are contradictions ( ?is root notion & h5ce are 8prejudice0--! assumption ( c\rse be+ t :5 all ! facts are 91 ^! inequalities w be f\nd illusory4 ,! man :o dislikes a c]ta9 class or race or /yle has m]ely n tak5 pa9s to le>n t x is j z good z any o!r4 ,if all inequality is deception1 !n sup]iorities mu/ be acc\nt$ ! products ( immature judgm5t4 ,?is af=ds plausible gr\nd1 z we h sugge/$1 = ! c\pl+ ( 8prejudice0 & 8ignorance40 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ! ord]$ s]ies ( good & bad t]ms1 "o feels oblig$ to say some?+ ab\t ! way 9 :i* hi]>*ies c be inv]t$4 ,"u ! impulse ( /rong fru/ration !re is a natural t5d5cy to in/itute a pret5se t ! be/ is ! wor/ & ! wor/ is ! be/--an inv]sion sometimes enc\nt]$ 9 lit]ature & 9 social deportm5t4 ,! be/ illu/ration = purpose ( /udy "h comes f a dep>tm5t ( spee* :i* ,i %all call 8,,gi rhetoric40 ,! av]age ,am]ican y\?1 put into uni=m1 translat$ to a new & usually b>r5 environm5t1 & imbu$ f _m s\rces ) a mission ( kill+1 has und]gone a pretty sev]e dislocation4 ,all ( ?is runs c\nt] to ! b5evol5t platitudes on :i* he 0 br\ght up1 & !re is little gr\nd = wond] if he adopts ! inv]t$ pose4 ,?is is made d\bly likely by ! facts t he is at a passionate age & t he is ?ru/ into an atmosph]e ( sup]9duc$ excitem5t4 ,x w\ld be unnatural = him n to acquire a rhetoric ( /rong impulse & ( contumaci\s t5d5cy4 ,:at he does is to make an almo/ complete inv]sion4 ,9 ?is special _w ( 8 he recoils f ^? t]ms us$ by politicians & o!r civilians & by ! 8top brass0 :5 !y are enunciat+ public s5tim5ts4 ,dropp+ ! conv5tional t]ms ( attraction1 ?is uproot$ & specially focuss$ "y man puts 9 _! place t]ms ( repulsion4 ,to be m specific1 :]e ! o!rs use t]ms reflect+ love1 hope1 & *>ity1 he uses almo/ exclusively t]ms connect$ ) ! excretory & reproductive functions4 ,su* t]ms comprise :at ,k5ne? ,burke has +5i\sly call$ 8! imag]y ( kill+40 ,by an app>5tly univ]sal psy*ological law1 faeces & ! act ( defecation are l9k$ ) ! idea ( kill+1 ( de/ruction1 ( total repudiation--p]haps ! ^w 8elim9ation0 w\ld comprise ! :ole body ( notions4 ,! reproductive act is associat$ especially ) ! idea ( aggressive exploitation4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! ,,gi feels t he mu/ give 8 spee* a prop] %[ ( _s1 he places ! symbols = ^! ?+s 9 places :i* w\ld normally be fill$ by pre/ige t]ms f ! 8regul>0 li/4 ,= specim5s ( su* language pres5t$ 9 lit]ature1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! fiction ( ,erne/ ,hem+way & ,norman ,mail]4 ,anyone :o has be5 compell$ to li/5 to su* rhetoric w recall ! monotony ( ! vocabul>y & ! vehem5ce ( ! deliv]y4 ,f ^! two *>act]i/ics we may inf] a great ne$ & a n>r[ means ( satisfaction1 toge!r ) ! t5sion :i* mu/ result f ma9ta9+ s ardu\s an inv]sion4 ,:]eas previ\sly ! aim _h be5 to love 79 ! broad s5se7 x is n[ to kill2 :]eas x _h be5 fre$om & individuality1 x is n[ re/riction & brutalization4 ,9 tak+ rev5ge = a *ange :i* s contradicts 8 upbr++ he is q capable1 z ! evid5ce has already prov$1 ( defiantly plac+ ! l[] level above ! high]4 ,sometimes a clev] ,,gi w inv5t comb9ations & w effect metaphorical dep>tures1 b ! ord9>y ones are limit$ to a reit]ation ( ! /ock t]ms--to a reit]ation1 ) emphasis ( intonation1 ^u 8! imag]y ( kill+40#agg ,tak5 z a :ole1 ?is rhetoric is a cle> if limit$ example ( h[ ! ma*9e may be put 9 rev]se--( h[1 consequ5tly1 a sort ( devil wor%ip may get into language4 ,a simil> inv]sion ( hi]>*y is to be se5 9 ! _w ( competitive sports1 al?\gh to a less] ext5t4 ,! great majority ( u 9 ! ,we/]n _w h be5 br\ght up "u ! influ5ce1 direct or indirect1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is a religion ( extreme altruism4 ,its t]ms ( value all d]ive f a law ( self-effacem5t & ( consid]ation = o!rs1 & ^! t]ms t5d to appe> :5ev] we try to rationalize or v9dicate our conduct4 ,b 9 ! _w ( competitive sports1 ! direction is opposite3 !re "o is applaud$ = egoti/ic display & = success at ! exp5se ( o!rs--%\ld "o m5tion 9 p>ticul> ,am]ican pr(essional baseball8 ,?us ! t]ms ) :i* an a?lete is comm5d$ w g5]ally po9t away f ! direction ( ,*ri/ian passivity1 al?\gh :5 an a?lete's "* is describ$ = ! b5efit ( ! g5]al public1 "s way is usually f\nd to place him 9 ! o!r e?os1 z by call+ att5tion to 8 natural k9dness1 8 int]e/ 9 *ildr51 or 8 read9ess to %>e 8 money4 ,c]ta9ly _m ( ! contradictions ( our conduct may be expla9$ ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ^! small inv]t$ hi]>*ies4 ,:51 to cite "o fur!r famili> example1 ! acquisitive1 h>d-driv+ local capitali/ is made ! *ief lay (ficial ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 "o kn[s t 9 a def9ite area !re has be5 a transvaluation ( values4 ,e>li] 9 ! *apt] we ref]r$ to t]ms ( consid]able pot5cy ^: ref]5ts x is virtually impossible to discov] or to con/ruct ?r\gh imag9ation4 ,i %all approa* ?is gr\p by call+ !m 8*>ismatic t]ms40 ,x is ! nature ( ! *>ismatic t]m to h a p[] :i* is n d]iv$1 b :i* is 9 "s my/]i\s way giv54 ,by ?is ,i mean to say t we _c expla9 _! compulsiv5ess ?r\gh ref]5ts ( objectively kn[n "* & t5d5cy4 ,we normally 8und]/&0 a rhetorical t]m's appeal ?r\gh its connection ) some?+ we appreh5d1 ev5 :5 we object morally to ! s\rce ( ! impulse4 ,n[ 8progress0 is an und]/&able t]m 9 ?is s5se1 s9ce x re/s ^u c]ta9 obs]vable if n always comm5dable aspects ( our _w4 ,likewise ! ref]5tial support ( 8fact0 ne$s no demon/rat+4 ,^! d]ive _! =ce f a read+ ( palpable circum/ance4 ,b 9 *>ismatic t]ms we are confront$ ) a diff]5t creation3 ^! t]ms seem to h brok5 loose someh[ & to op]ate indep5d5tly ( ref]5tial connections 7al?\gh 9 "s in/ances an e>li] hi/ory ( ref]5tial connection may be made out74 ,_! mean+ seems inexplicable unless we accept ! hypo!sis t _! cont5t proce$s out ( a popul> w t !y %all mean some?+4 ,9 effect1 !y are rhetorical by common cons5t1 or by 8*>isma40 ,z is ! case ) *>ismatic au?ority1 :]e ! populace gives ! lead] a p[] :i* c by no means be expla9$ ?r\gh 8 p]sonal attributes1 & p]mits him to use x effectively & ev5 arrogantly1 ! *>ismatic t]m is giv5 its load ( impulsion )\t ref]5ce1 & x functions by conv5tion4 ,! numb] ( su* t]ms is small 9 any "o p]iod1 b !y are p]haps ! mo/ efficaci\s t]ms ( all4 ,su* rhetorical s5sibility z ,i h leads me to believe t "o ( ! pr9cipal *>ismatic t]ms ( our age is 8fre$om40 ,! greate/ sacrifices t contempor>y man is call$ ^u to make are dem&$ 9 ! "n ( 8fre$om02 yet ! ref]5t :i* ! av]age man atta*es to ?is ^w is mo/ obscure4 ,burke's dictum t 8fre$om inh]es 9 some?+ s5sible0 has n prev5t$ its break+ loose f all an*orages4 ,& ! evid5t tru? t ! av]age man1 giv5 a *oice betwe5 exemption f responsibility & responsibility1 w *oose ! latt]1 makes no impression aga9/ its p[]4 ,! fact1 moreov]1 t ! mo/ ext5sive use ( ! t]m is made by mod]n politicians & /atesm5 9 an ef=t to get m5 to assume m responsibility 79 ! =m ( milit>y s]vice1 increas$ taxes1 abridgem5t ( rights1 etc47 seems to c>ry no weight ei!r4#agh ,! fact t :at ! ,am]ican pione] consid]$ fre$om has become :olly impossible to ! mod]n ap>tm5t-dwell+ metropolitan seems n to h damag$ its pot5cy4 ,unless we accept "s philosophical int]pretation1 su* z ! proposition t fre$om consi/s only 9 ! dis*>ge ( responsibility1 !re seems no possibility ( a correlation betwe5 ! use ( ! ^w & circum/antial reality4 ,yet 8fre$om0 rema9s an ultimate t]m1 = :i* p are ask$ to yield up _! fir/-born4 ,!re is pl5ty ( evid5ce t 8democracy0 is becom+ ! same k9d ( t]m4 ,! v>iety ( ?+s x is us$ to symbolize is too weird & too contradictory = "o to f9d ev5 a core mean+ 9 pres5t-day usages4 ,m important ?an ?is = u is ! fact1 not$ by ,george ,orwell1 t p resi/ any attempt to def9e democracy1 z if to connect x ) a cle> & fix$ ref]5t 7 to vitiate x4 ,x may well be t su* resi/ance to def9ition ( democracy arises f a subconsci\s fe> t a t]m def9$ 9 ! usual mann] has its *>isma tak5 away4 ,! situation !n is t 8democracy0 means 8be democratic10 & t means exhibit a c]ta9 attitude :i* y c le>n by imitat+ y\r fell[s4 ,if rationality is measur$ by correlations & by analyzable cont5t1 !n ^! t]ms are irrational2 & !re is "o fur!r mod]n developm5t 9 ! creation ( su* t]ms :i* is /rongly sugge/ive ( irrational impulse4 ,?is is ! increas+ t5d5cy to employ 9 ! place ( ! t]m itself an abbreviat$ or telescop$ =m--:i* =m is ne>ly always us$ ) ev5 m reckless assumption ( au?ority4 ,i seldom read ! abbreviation 8,u ,s0 9 ! newspap]s )\t w9c+ at ! complete arrogance ( its rhetorical tone4 ,daily we see 8,u ,s ,cracks ,d[n on ,communi/s02 8,u ,s ,gives ,,ok to ,atomic ,weapons02 8,u ,s ,%ock$ by ,dea? ( ,(ficial40 ,:o or :at is ?is 8,u ,s08 ,x is cle> t 8,u ,s0 does n sugge/ a union ( =ty-eight /ates hav+ republican =ms ( gov]nm5t & held toge!r by a con/itution ( expressly delimit$ au?ority4 ,x sugge/s r an ab/ract =ce out ( a new _w ( =ces1 ^: w is law & :om ! individual citiz5 has no way to placate4 ,consid] ! individual citiz5 confront$ by 8,u ,s0 or 8,,fbi40 ,z long z t]ms /& = id5tifiable organs ( gov]nm5t1 ! citiz5 feels t he kn[s ! _w he moves ar\nd 91 b :5 ! =ces ( gov]nm5t are ref]r$ to by ^! bloodless ab/ractions1 he _c avoid feel+ t !y are "o ?+ & he ano!r4 ,let u note :ile deal+ ) ?is subject ! enorm\s prolif]ation ( su* =ms dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s or s4 ,if 8,u ,s0 is ! mo/ p[]ful & prepossess+ ( ! gr\p1 x drags beh9d x 9 tra9 ! previ\sly m5tion$ 8,,fbi10 & 8,,npa10 8,,erp10 8,,fdic10 8,,wpa10 8,,holc10 & 8,,oss10 to take a few at r&om4 ,x is a fact ( om9\s significance t ?is use ( =e%ort5$ =ms is pref]r$ by totalit>ians1 bo? ! pr(ess$ & ! disguis$4 ,am]icans 7 he>+ ! t]ms 8,,ogpu10 8,,amtorg0 & 8,,nep0 be=e _! own gov]nm5t turn$ to l>ge-scale /ate plann+4 ,s9ce !n we h spawn$ !m ourselves1 &1 x is to be fe>$1 out ( simil> impulse4 ,george ,orwell1 "o ( ! true/ humani/s ( our age1 has describ$ ! ph5om5on ?us3 8,ev5 9 ! e>ly decades ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 telescop$ words & phrases _h be5 "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( political language2 & x _h be5 notic$ t ! t5d5cy to use abbreviations ( ?is k9d 0 mo/ m>k$ 9 totalit>ian c\ntries & totalit>ian organizations4 ,examples 7 su* words z ,nazi1 ,ge/apo1 ,com9t]n1 ,inprecor1 ,agitprop40#agi ,i v5ture to sugge/ t :at ?is :ole tr5d indicates is an attempt by ! gov]nm5t1 z di/+ui%$ f ! p1 to conf] *>ismatic au?ority4 ,9 ! e>li] specim5s ( *>ismatic t]ms we 7 exam9+1 we beheld some?+ l ! creation ( a spontane\s g5]al w4 ,b ^! lat] ones ( truncat$ =m are h&$ d[n f above1 & _! pot5cy is by fiat ( :atev] gr\p is adm9i/]+ 9 ! "n ( democracy4 ,actually ! process is no m anomal\s ?an ! issu+ ( pamphlets to soldi]s tell+ !m :om !y %all hate & :om !y %all l 7or try to l71 b ! :ole bus9ess ( swit*+ impulse on & (f f a c5tral headqu>t]s has v mu* ! mean+ ( ,glei*s*altung z t ^w has be5 int]pret$ = me by a native ,g]man4 ,yet x is a di/urb+ fact t su* process %\ld increase 9 times ( peace1 because ! p]si/5t use ( su* abbreviations c only mean a s]i\s divorce betwe5 rhetorical impulse & rational ?\ght4 ,:5 ! ultimate t]ms become a s]ies ( b>e ab/ractions1 ! und]/&+ ( p[] is supplant$ by a wor%ip ( p[]1 & 9 our condition ?is c mean only /ate wor%ip4 ,x is easy to see1 h[ev]1 t a gr\p det]m9$ ^u control w h z "o ( its fir/ objectives ! appropriation ( s\rces ( *>ismatic au?ority4 ,probably ! sure/ way to detect ! fabricat$ *>ismatic t]m is to id5tify ^? t]ms ord9>ily ( limit$ p[] :i* are be+ mov$ up to ! front l9e4 ,t is to say1 we may suspect ! act ( fabrication :5 t]ms ( second>y or ev5 t]ti>y rhetorical rank are pu%$ =w>d by unnatural pressure into ultimate positions4 ,?is process c ne>ly always be obs]v$ 9 times ( crisis4 ,dur+ ! la/ w>1 = example1 8def5se0 & 8w> ef=t0 7 c]ta9ly reg>d$ z culm9ative t]ms4 ,we may say ?is because almo/ no "o ?9ks ( ^! t]ms z ! natural sanctions ( 8 mode ( life4 ,he may ?9k ?us ( 8progress0 or 8happ9ess0 or ev5 8fre$om02 b 8def5se0 & 8w> ef=t0 are ultimate sanctions only :5 measur$ aga9/ an em]g5cy situation4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 prep>+ = entry into t conflict1 e dep>ture f our normal way ( life c\ld be ju/ifi$ z a 8def5se0 measure4 ,plants mak+ bombs to be dropp$ on o!r cont95ts 7 call$ 8def5se0 plants4 ,correspond+ly1 once ! conflict _h be5 ent]$1 ev]y?+ t 0 done 9 milit>y or civilian areas 0 judg$ by its contribution to ! 8w> ef=t40 ,?is la/ became = a p]iod ( ye>s ! supreme t]m3 n ,god or ,heav5 or happ9ess1 b successful ef=t 9 ! w>4 ,x 0 a t]m to end all o!r t]ms or a rhetoric to sil5ce all o!r rhetoric4 ,no "o 0 able to make 8 claim he>d aga9/ 8! w> ef=t40 ,x is mo/ important to realize1 !re=e1 t "u ! /ress ( feel+ or preoccupation1 q second>y t]ms c be mov$ up to ! position ( ultimate t]ms1 :]e !y w rema9 until reflection is all[$ to resume sway4 ,!re are _m signs to %[ t ! t]m 8aggressor0 is n[ und]go+ su* manipulation4 ,despite ! fact t almo/ no t]m is m difficult to correlate ) objective ph5om5a1 x is be+ rapidly promot$ to ultimate 8bad0 t]m4 ,! likelihood is t 8aggressor0 w soon become a depository = all ! res5tm5ts & fe>s :i* naturally arise 9 a p4 ,z su*1 x w function z did 8infidel0 9 ! m$iaeval p]iod & z 8reaction>y0 has function$ 9 ! rec5t pa/4 ,manife/ly x is ( great advantage to a nation b5t ^u organiz+ its p[] to be able to /igmatize "s neighbor z 8aggressor10 s t ! t]m's capacity = irrational assumption is a great temptation = ^? :o are n moral 9 _! use ( rhetoric4 ,?is passage f natural or popul> to /ate-eng5d]$ *>isma produces "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s lesions ( mod]n society4 ,an e?ics ( rhetoric requires t ultimate t]ms be ultimate 9 "s rational s5se4 ,! only way to a*ieve t objective is ?r\gh an ord]+ ( our own m9ds & our own passions4 ,e "o ( psy*ological sophi/ication kn[s t !re is a pleasure 9 will$ p]v]sity1 & ! sett+ up ( p]v]se %ibbole?s is a fairly common s\rce ( t pleasure4 ,w> cries1 s*ool slogans1 cot]ie passwords1 & all simil> expressions are examples ( su* creation4 ,!re may be areas ( play 9 :i* ^! are no?+ m ?an a div]sion2 b !re are o!r areas 9 :i* su* expressions lure u d[n ! roads ( hatr$ & trag$y4 ,t is ! t5d5cy ( all words ( false or 8eng9e]$0 *>isma4 ,!y (t5 s\nd l ! v gospel ( "o's society1 b 9 fact !y betray u2 !y get u to d :at ! adv]s>y ( ! human be+ wants u to d4 ,x is wor? consid]+ :e!r ! real civil disob$i5ce mu/ n beg9 ) our language4 ,la/ly1 ! /ud5t ( rhetoric mu/ realize t 9 ! contempor>y _w he is confront$ n only by evil practition]s1 b also1 & probably to an unprec$5t$ degree1 by m5 :o are condition$ by ! evil creat$ by o!rs4 ,! ma*9]y ( propagation & inculcation is today s imm5se t no "o avoids entirely ! assimilation & use ( "s t]ms :i* h a d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,x is especially easy to pick up a tone )\t realiz+ its tr5d4 ,p]haps ! be/ t any ( u c d is to hold a dialectic ) himself to see :at ! wid] circumf]5ces ( 8 t]ms ( p]suasion are4 ,?is process w n only improve ! consi/5cy ( "o's ?9k+ b x w also1 if ! =ego+ analysis is s\nd1 prev5t 8 becom+ a creature ( evil public =ces & a victim ( 8 own ?\ghtless rhetoric4 ,,footnotes #a ,cf4 ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,plato3 ! ,man & 8 ,"w 7,new ,york1 #aicf71 p4 #cjj4 #b ,cf4 ,p4 ,alb]t ,duhamel1 8,! ,concept ( ,rhetoric z ,effective ,expression10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,ideas1 ,x1 ,no4 #c 7,june1 #aidi71 #cdd-ef passim4 #c ,james ,bli%1 8,rituals on ,ezra ,p\nd10 ,sewanee ,review1 ,,lviii 7,spr+1 #aiej71 #bbc4 #d ,! v>i\s ae/hetic approa*es to language (f] ref9em5ts ( p]ception1 b all ( !m c be f9ally subsum$ "u ! fir/ head above4 #e ,! ,tyranny ( ,words 7,new ,york1 #aich71 p4 #hj4 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley 9 ,lay ,s]mons 7,new ,york1 #ahhc71 p4 #aab1 outl9$ a noticeably simil> ideal ( sci5tific communication3 8,!re=e1 ! great bus9ess ( ! sci5tific tea*] is1 to impr9t ! fundam5tal1 irrefragable facts ( 8 sci5ce1 n only by words ^u ! m9d1 b by s5sible impressions ^u ! eye1 & e>1 & t\* ( ! /ud5t 9 s complete a mann]1 t e t]m us$1 or law enunciat$ %\ld aft]w>ds call up vivid images ( ! p>ticul> /ructural1 or o!r1 facts :i* furni%$ ! demon/ration ( ! law1 or illu/ration ( ! t]m40 #f ,t is1 by m5tion+ only p>ts ( ! total situation4 #g ,x is wor? recall+ t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,new ,te/am5t1 ) its heavy ,platonic influ5ce1 ,god is id5tifi$ bo? ) logos1 8^w1 spee*0 7,john #a3a72 & ) agape1 8love0 7#b ,john #d3h74 #h ,! us]s ( metaphor & metonymy :o are 9 ! hire ( bus9essm5 ( c\rse con/itute a special case4 #i ,cf4 #bgg b3 8,a man mu/ "k ! tru? ab\t all ! p>ticul> ?+s ( :i* he speaks or writes1 & mu/ be able to def9e ev]y?+ sep>ately2 !n :5 he has def9$ !m1 he mu/ "k h[ to divide !m by classes until fur!r division is impossible2 & 9 ! same way he mu/ und]/& ! nature ( ! s\l1 mu/ f9d out ! class ( spee* adapt$ to ea* nature1 & mu/ arrange & adorn 8 disc\rse accord+ly1 (f]+ to ! complex s\l elaborate & h>moni\s disc\rses1 & simple talks to ! simple s\l40 #aj #ajd b4 #aa #bfc a4 #ab #bfj b4 #ac #bfe a4 #ad ,9 ! passage ext5d+ f #bdf a to #bef d4 #ae ,cf4 #bfc d ff4 #af ,inde$1 9 ?is p>ticul> rhetorical duel we see ! two types ( lov]s oppos$ z cle>ly z illu/ration c\ld desire4 ,m ?an ?is1 we see ! ?ird type1 ! non-lov]1 committ+ 8 ignom9i\s failure4 ,brita9 & ,france _h come to pref] z lead]s ! rhetoricless bus9essman type4 ,& :ile !y _h ?us emasculat$ !mselves1 !re appe>$ an evil lov] to :om ,europe all b succumb$ be=e ! mi/ake 0 se5 & rectifi$4 ,= :ile ! _w mu/ move1 evil rhetoric is ( m =ce ?an no rhetoric at all2 & ,h]r ,hitl]1 employ+ images :i* re/$ on no true dialectic1 _h p]suad$ multitudes t 8 ord] 0 ! 8new ord]10 i4e41 ! true pot5tiality4 ,brita9 0 los+ & c\ld only lose until1 rea*+ back 9 h] traditional pa/1 %e f\nd a voice :i* c\ld mat* 8 acc5ts ) a tru] grasp ( ! pot5tiality ( ?+s4 ,?us two m5 conspicu\s = passion f\ght a conte/ = s\ls1 :i* ! nobl] won4 ,b ! conte/ c\ld h be5 lo/ by default4 #ag 8,action3 ! ,p]fection ( ,human ,life10 ,sewanee ,review1 ,,lvi 7,w9t]1 #aidh71 #c4 #ah ,a ,gramm> ( ,motives 7,new ,york1 #aide71 p4 #ij4 #ai ,)\t rhetoric !re seems no possibility ( trag$y1 & 9 turn1 )\t ! s5se ( trag$y1 no possibility ( tak+ an elevat$ view ( life4 ,! role ( trag$y is to keep ! human lot f be+ r5d]$ z hi/ory4 ,! cultivation ( trag$y & a deep int]e/ 9 ! value-conf]r+ p[] ( language always occur toge!r4 ,! ,pha$rus1 ! ,gorgias1 & ! ,cratylus1 n to m5tion ! works ( _m tea*]s ( rhetoric1 appe> at ! close ( ! great age ( ,greek trag$y4 ,! ,elizabe?an age teem$ ) treatises on ! use ( language4 ,! ess5tially tragic ,*ri/ian view ( life beg9s ! long tradition ( homiletics4 ,trag$y & ! practice ( rhetoric seem to f9d common su/5ance 9 preoccupation ) value1 & !n rhetoric foll[s z an analyz$ art4 #bj ,cf4 ,m>ita91 op4 cit41 pp4 #c-d3 8,! tru? ( practical intellect is und]/ood n z con=mity to an extram5tal be+ b z con=mity to a "r desire2 ! end is no long] to "k :at is1 b to br+ into exi/5ce t :i* is n yet2 fur!r1 ! act ( moral *oice is s individualiz$1 bo? by ! s+ul>ity ( ! p]son f :i* x proce$s & ! context ( ! cont+5t circum/ances 9 :i* x takes place1 t ! practical judgm5t 9 :i* x is express$ & by :i* ,i decl>e to myself3 ?is is :at ,i mu/ d1 c be "r only if1 hic et nunc1 ! dynamism ( my w is "r1 & t5ds t[>ds ! true goods ( human life4 ,t is :y practical wisdom1 prud5tia1 is a virtue indivisibly moral & intellectual at ! same "t1 & :y1 l ! judgm5t ( ! consci5ce itself1 x _c be replac$ by any sort ( !oretical k or sci5ce40 #ba ,socrates' criticism ( ! spee* ( ,lysias 7#bfc d ff47 is t ! latt] def5d$ a position )\t hav+ submitt$ x to ! discipl9e ( dialectic4 #bb ,mortim] ,j4 ,adl]1 ,dialectic 7,new ,york1 #aibg71 p4 #ge4 #bc ,cf4 ,adl]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bdc-dd3 ,dialectic 8is a k9d ( ?9k+ :i* satisfies ^! two values3 9 ! ess5tial inconclusiv5ess ( its process1 x avoids ev] re/+ 9 belief1 or 9 ! ass]tion ( tru?2 ?r\gh its utt] re/riction to ! univ]se ( disc\rse & its disreg>d = :atev] ref]5ce disc\rse may h t[>d actuality1 x is b>r5 ( any practical issue4 ,x c make no diff]5ce 9 ! way ( conduct40 #bd ,adl]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbd4 #be ,all quotations are giv5 v]batim f ,! ,_w's ,mo/ ,fam\s ,c\rt ,trial 7,national ,book ,company1 ,c9c9nati1 #aibe71 a complete transcript4 #bf ,hosea #ab3aj 8,i h also spok5 unto ! prophets1 & h multipli$ visions1 & by ! m9i/ry ( ! prophets ,i h us$ similitudes40 #bg ,works ( ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,edmund ,burke 7,london1 #ahee-fd71 ,,vi1 #ah-ai4 ,h]eaft] ref]r$ to z ,works4 #bh ,loc4 cit4 #bi ,works1 ,,ii1 #aee4 #cj ,works1 ,,iii1 #cae4 #ca ,works1 ,,iii1 #cag4 #cb ,works1 ,,vi1 #eb4 #cc ,loc4 cit4 #cd ,works1 ,,vi1 #eg4 #ce ,works1 ,,vi1 #hh4 #cf ,works1 ,i1 #dgf4 #cg ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is ) 8 /atem5t 9 ,an ,appeal f ! ,new to ! ,old ,:igs 7,works1 ,,iii1 #gg73 8,! numb] engag$ 9 crimes1 in/ead ( turn+ !m into laudable acts1 only augm5ts ! quantity & int5sity ( ! guilt40 #ch ,works1 ,i1 #dgi4 #ci ,works1 ,i1 #eji4 #dj ,works1 ,i1 #dfb4 #da ,works1 ,i1 #dfi4 #db ,works1 ,i1 #dhj4 #dc ,works1 ,,ii1 #cce4 #dd ,works1 ,,ii1 #agi-hj4 #de ,works1 ,,ii1 #ahj4 #df ,works1 ,,vii1 #bc4 #dg ,works1 ,,vii1 #ii-ajj4 #dh ,john ,morley1 ,burke 7,new ,york1 #ahgi71 p4 #abg4 #di ,ibid41 p4 #abi4 #ej ,if fur!r evid5ce ( ,burke's respect = circum/ance 7 ne$$1 "o c\ld n d bett] ?an cite 8 s5t5ce f ! ,reflections depict+ ! 8circum/ance0 ( ,b\rbon ,france 7,works1 ,,ii1 #djb74 8,inde$1 :5 ,i consid] ! face ( ! k+dom ( ,france2 ! multitude & opul5ce ( h] cities2 ! useful magnific5ce ( h] spaci\s high roads & bridges2 ! opportunity ( h] artificial canals & navigations op5+ ! conv5i5ces ( m>itime communication ?r\gh a cont95t ( s imm5se an ext5t2 :5 ,i turn my eyes to ! /up5d\s works ( h] ports & h>b\rs1 & to h] :ole naval app>atus1 :e!r = w> or trade2 :5 ,i br+ be=e my view ! numb] ( h] =tifications1 con/ruct$ ) s bold & ma/]ly skill1 & made & ma9ta9$ at s prodigi\s a *>ge1 pres5t+ an arm$ front & imp5etrable b>ri] to h] enemies ^u e side2 :5 ,i recollect h[ v small a "p ( t ext5sive region is )\t cultivation1 & to :at complete p]fection ! culture ( _m ( ! be/ productions ( ! e>? h be5 br\ght 9 ,france2 :5 ,i reflect on ! excell5ce ( h] manufactures & fabrics1 second to none b ours1 & 9 "s p>ticul>s n second2 :5 ,i contemplate ! gr& f\ndations ( *>ity1 public & private2 :5 ,i survey ! /ate ( all ! arts t beautify & poli% life2 :5 ,i reckon ! m5 %e has br$ = ext5d+ h] fame 9 w>1 h] able /atesm51 ! multitude ( h] pr(\nd lawy]s & !ologians1 h] philosoph]s1 h] critics1 h] hi/orians & antiqu>ies1 h] poets & h] orators1 sacr$ & pr(ane3 ,i behold 9 all ?is some?+ :i* awes & comm&s ! imag9ation1 :i* *ecks ! m9d on ! br9k ( precipitate & undiscrim9ate c5sure1 & :i* dem&s t we %\ld v s]i\sly exam9e1 :at & h[ great are ! lat5t vices t c\ld au?orize u at once to level s spaci\s a fabric ) ! gr\nd40 #ea ,works1 ,,ii1 #bhb4 #eb ,works1 ,,ii1 #eea4 #ec ,works1 ,,ii1 #cdh-di4 #ed ,works1 ,i1 #dcb4 #ee ,works1 ,,ii1 #cce4 #ef ,works1 ,,iii1 #cag-ah4 #eg ,works1 ,,iii1 #af4 #eh ,works1 ,,ii1 #ccd4 #ei ,works1 ,,vii1 #fj4 #fj ,works1 ,,vi1 #cd4 #fa ,a ,life ( ,edmund ,burke 7,london1 #ahia71 p4 #ebc4 #fb ,democracy 9 ,am]ica 7,cambridge ,mass41 #ahgc71 ,i1 #bbf4 #fc ,works1 ,,iii1 #aji4 #fd ,loc4 cit4 #fe ,works1 ,,iii1 #cf4 #ff ,quot$ 9 ,m>quis ,james1 ,life ( ,&rew ,jackson 7,indianapolis1 #aicg71 p4 #gdj4 #fg ,orig9s ( ! ,:ig ,p>ty 7,durham1 ,n4 ,c41 #aibe71 p4 #bbg4 #fh ,! ,:ig ,p>ty 9 ,georgia1 #ahbe-ahec 7,*apel ,hill1 #aidh71 p4 #aib4 #fi ,ibid4 #gj ,op4 cit41 p4 #bjf4 #ga ,mo/ ( ,l9coln's associates 9 ,ill9ois--includ+ ,david ,davis1 ,orville ,h4 ,br[n+1 ,john ,m4 ,palm]1 ,lyman ,trumbull1 ,leon>d ,swett1 & ,w>d ,hill ,lamon--:o _h be5 ard5t ,republicans be=e ! w>1 left ! p>ty 9 ! ye>s foll[+4 ,see ,david ,donald1 ,l9coln's ,h]ndon 7,new ,york1 #aidh71 p4 #bfc4 #gb ,op4 cit41 p4 #bjc4 #gc ,abraham ,l9coln 7,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #aibh71 ,,ii1 #edi4 #gd ,john ,g4 ,nicolay & ,john ,hay1 ,abraham ,l9coln3 ,a ,hi/ory 7,new ,york1 #aijd71 ,,ii1 #df4 #ge ,h]ndon's ,l9coln 7,spr+field1 ,ill41 #aiba71 ,,iii1 #eid4 #gf ,ibid41 p4 #eie4 #gg ,! ,life & ,writ+s ( ,abraham ,l9coln1 ed4 ,philip van ,dor5 ,/]n 7,new ,york1 #aidj71 p4 #bci4 ,?is s\rce1 h]eaft] ref]r$ to z ,writ+s1 is ! mo/ complete "o-volume edition ( ,l9coln's works4 #gh ,loc4 cit4 #gi ,life & ,works ( ,abraham ,l9coln1 ed4 ,m>ion ,mills ,mill] 7,new ,york1 #aijg71 ,,ii1 #da4 ,?is spee* is n includ$ 9 ,/]n's ,writ+s4 #hj ,?is may impress "s z an unduly cynical read+ ( human nature1 b x w be f\nd mu* clos] to ,l9coln's settl$ belief ?an _m repres5tations made ) ! object ( eulogy4 ,h]ndon1 = example1 reports t he & ,l9coln sometimes discuss$ ! "q ( :e!r !re are any unselfi% human actions1 & t ,l9coln always ma9ta9$ ! negative4 ,cf4 ,h]ndon1 op4 cit41 ,,iii1 #eig4 #ha ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 pp4 #bfc-fd4 #hb ,ibid41 p4 #ccj4 #hc ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 pp4 #cei-fj4 #hd ,ibid41 pp4 #cfj-fa4 #he ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #cfa4 #hf ,ibid41 p4 #cfb4 #hg ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #cge4 #hh ,ibid41 p4 #dbg4 #hi ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 pp4 #edi-ej4 #ij ,cf4 ! rem>k 9 8,notes = ,spee*es0 7,ibid41 pp4 #dig-ih73 8,suppose x is true t ! ,negro is inf]ior to ! :ite 9 ! gifts ( nature2 is x n ! exact rev]se ( ju/ice t ! :ite %\ld = t reason take f ! ,negro any ( ! little :i* he has _h giv5 to him80 #ia ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #dbb4 #ib ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #bda4 #ic ,ibid41 p4 #fdi4 #id ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 pp4 #feb-ec4 #ie ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #fef4 #if ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 pp4 #ffg-fh4 #ig ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #fga4 #ih ,ibid41 p4 #gcf4 #ii ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #gcg4 #ajj ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #fhb4 #aja ,ibid41 p4 #gdj4 #ajb ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #ffi4 #ajc ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 pp4 #haj-aa4 #ajd ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #dbi4 #aje ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 pp4 #ebi-cj4 #ajf ,ibid41 p4 #eeh4 #ajg ,ibid41 p4 #eia4 #ajh ,ibid41 p4 #gbh4 #aji ,! hom]ic fits ( ab/raction1 :i* almo/ e contempor>y reports1 are highly sugge/ive ( ! m9d :i* dwells ) ess5ces4 #aaj ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #bca4 #aaa ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #gbh4 #aab ,ibid41 p4 #gaj4 #aac ,op4 cit41 ,,iii1 #faj4 #aad ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #dbc4 #aae ,ibid41 p4 #fdi4 #aaf ,/]n1 ,writ+s1 p4 #deb4 #aag ,to m5tion a simple example1 ! s>casm utt]$ z a pleasantry sometimes leaves a w\nd because its =mal signification is n entirely remov$ by ! intonation ( ! us] or by ! spee* situation4 #aah ,! ,w+s ( ! ,dove 7,mod]n ,libr>y ed41 ,new ,york1 #aicg71 p4 #ec4 #aai 8,on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,life10 ,lay ,s]mons1 ,addresses & ,reviews 7,new ,york1 #ahhc71 pp4 #abc-bd4 #abj ,on ?is po9t x is p]t95t to cite ,huxley's rem>k 9 ano!r lay s]mon1 8,on ! ,/udy ( ,zoology0 7ibid41 p4 #aaj73 8,i h a /rong impression t ! bett] a disc\rse is1 z an oration1 ! worse x is z a lecture40 #aba ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7,bury's ed41 ,london1 #aijj71 ,i1 #bh4 #abb ,cf4 ,k5ne? ,burke1 ,attitudes ,t[>d ,hi/ory 7,new ,york1 #aicg71 ,i1 #hb-hc3 8,look+ ov] ! titles ( books writt5 by ,huysmans1 :o w5t f naturalism1 ?r\gh ,satanism1 to ,ca?olicism1 we f9d t 8 titles ( ! naturali/ic p]iod are ) "o exception n\ns1 all ^? ( ! transitional p]iod are prepositions actually or 9 quality 78,a-,vau-l',eau10 8,en ,rade10 8,a ,reb\rs10 8,la ,bas10 8,en ,r\te07 & all 9 8 p]iod ( ,ca?olic realism are n\ns40 #abc ,9 ,g]man all n\ns are regul>ly capitaliz$1 & ! ,g]man ^w = n\n sub/antive is ,hauptwort or 8head ^w40 ,9 ?is grammatical vision ! n\n becomes a sort ( 8capta90 9 ! s5t5ce4 #abd ,cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric1 #adaj b3 8,& let ?is be our fundam5tal pr9ciple3 = ! receiv+ ( in=mation ) ease1 is naturally pleas+ to all2 & n\ns are significant ( some?+2 s t all ^? n\ns :atsoev] :i* produce k 9 ! m9d1 are mo/ pleas+40 #abe ,comp>e ! foll[+ passage by ,c>l ,s&burg 9 8,try+ to ,write10 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 #ahf1 ,no4 #c 7,septemb]1 #aiej71 p4 #cc3 8,i am /ill /udy+ v]bs & ! my/]y ( h[ !y connect n\ns4 ,i am m suspici\s ( adjectives ?an at any o!r "t 9 all my born days40 #abf ,essay on ,rime 7,new ,york1 #aide71 p4 #dc1 ll4 #abbd-abbg4 #abg ,life on ! ,mississippi 7,new ,york1 #aijc71 p4 #gc4 #abh 8,rem>ks on ! ,"* & ,writ+s ( ,john ,milton10 ,! ,works ( ,william ,e4 ,*ann+1 ,d4,d4 7,bo/on1 #ahid71 p4 #ejc4 #abi ,"s correlation appe>s to exi/ betwe5 ! m5tality ( an era & ! av]age l5g? 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