,transcriber's ,note ,variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained4 ,minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired4 ,the ,errata of the original edition have been corrected4 ,other changes made can be found at the end of the book4 ,formatting and special characters are indicated as follows3 ,sidenotes italic spaced font bold ,,philosophical ,,transactions1 ,,giving ,,some ,,account ,,of ,,the ,present ,undertakings1 ,studies1 and ,labours1 ,,of ,,the ,,ingenious1 ,,in ,,many ,considerable ,parts of the ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,l4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,for the ,year #ageh4 ,,london3 ,printed for ,l4 ,,davis and ,c4 ,,reymers1 ,printers to the ,,royal ,,society1 against ,gray's-,inn ,gate1 in ,holbourn4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lix4 ,,the ,,contents ,,to ,,part ,,ii4 ,,volume ,l4 ,,lix4 ,,an ,account of the ,effects of ,electricity in paralytic ,cases4 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,pringle1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 from ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #dha4 ,,lx4 ,observations on the late ,comet in ,september and ,october #ageg2 made at the ,hague by ,mr4 ,d4 ,klinkenberg3 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,james ,bradley1 ,d4 ,d4 ,astronomer ,royal1 and ,f4,r4,s4 and ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,paris4 ,translated from the ,low ,dutch4 p4 #dhc4 ,,lxi4 ,remarks on the different ,temperature of the ,air at ,edystone1 from that observed at ,plymouth1 between the #gth and #adth of ,july #ageg4 ,by ,mr4 ,john ,smeaton1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #dhh4 ,,lxii4 ,an ,account of the ,earthquake felt in the ,island of ,sumatra1 in the ,east ,indies1 in ,november and ,december #agef4 ,in a ,letter from ,mr4 ,perry to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stukeley1 dated at ,fort ,marlborough1 in the ,island of ,sumatra1 ,feb4 #bj4 #ageg4 ,communicated by the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,stukeley1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #dia4 ,,lxiii4 ,concerning the ,fall of ,water under ,bridges4 ,by ,mr4 ,j4 ,robertson1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #dib4 ,,lxiv4 ,an ,account of the ,earthquake in the ,west ,parts of ,cornwall1 ,july #aeth #ageg4 ,by the ,rev4 ,william ,borlase1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,communicated by the ,rev4 ,charles ,lyttelton1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,dean of ,exeter1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #dii4 ,,lxv4 ,some ,observations upon the ,sleep of ,plants2 and an ,account of that ,faculty1 which ,linnus calls ,vigili ,florum2 with an ,enumeration of several ,plants1 which are subject to that ,law4 ,communicated to ,wm4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 by ,mr4 ,richard ,pulteney of ,leicester4 p4 #ejf4 ,,lxvi4 ,an ,account of the ,case of a ,boy troubled with convulsive ,fits cured by the ,discharge of ,worms4 ,by the ,rev4 ,richard ,oram1 ,m4 ,a4 ,chaplain to the ,lord ,bishop of ,ely4 p4 #eah4 ,an ,account of the same ,subject1 in a ,letter from ,mr4 ,john ,gaze1 of ,walket1 in the ,county of ,norfolk1 to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,arderon1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,communicated by ,mr4 ,henry ,baker1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #eba4 ,,lxvii4 ,an ,account of the extraordinary ,heat of the ,weather in ,july #ageg1 and of the ,effects of it4 ,in a ,letter from ,john ,huxham1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 to ,wm4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #ebc4 ,,lxviii4 ,an ,account of the fossile ,thigh-bone of a large ,animal1 dug up at ,stonesfield1 near ,woodstock1 in ,oxfordshire4 ,in a ,letter to ,mr4 ,peter ,collinson1 ,f4,r4,s4 from ,mr4 ,joshua ,platt4 p4 #ebd4 ,,lxix4 ,a ,discourse of the ,usefulness of ,inoculation of the horned ,cattle to prevent the contagious ,distemper among them4 ,in a ,letter to the ,right ,hon4 ,george ,earl of ,macclesfield1 ,p4 ,r4 ,s4 from ,daniel ,peter ,layard1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #ebh4 ,,lxx4 ,trigonometry abridged4 ,by the ,rev4 ,patrick ,murdoch1 ,a4 ,m4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #ech4 ,,lxxi4 ,an ,account of ,two extraordinary ,cases of ,gall-,stones4 ,by ,james ,johnstone1 ,m4 ,d4 of ,kidderminster4 ,communicated by the ,rev4 ,charles ,lyttelton1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,dean of ,exeter4 p4 #edc4 ,,lxxii4 ,a remarkable ,case of ,cohesions of all the intestines1 c4 in a ,man of about ,thirty-four years of ,age who died sometime last ,summer1 and afterwards fell under the ,inspection of ,mr4 ,nicholas ,jenty4 p4 #eej4 ,,lxxiii4 ,of the best ,form of ,geographical ,maps4 ,by the ,rev4 ,patrick ,murdoch1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #eec4 ,,lxxiv4 ,a short ,dissertation on ,maps and ,charts3 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,thomas ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 and ,sec4 ,r4 ,s4 ,by ,mr4 ,william ,mountaine1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #efc4 ,,lxxv4 ,cases of the remarkable ,effects of ,blisters in lessening the ,quickness of the ,pulse in ,coughs1 attended with ,infarction of the ,lungs and ,fever3 ,by ,robert ,whytt1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians1 and ,professor of ,medicine in the ,university of ,edinburgh4 p4 #efi4 ,,lxxvi4 ,a remarkable ,instance of ,four rough ,stones1 that were discovered in an human urinary ,bladder1 contrary to the received ,opinion2 and successfully extracted by the lateral ,method of ,cutting for the ,stone4 ,by ,mr4 ,joseph ,warner1 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,surgeon to ,guy's-,hospital4 p4 #egi4 ,,lxxvii4 ,observations on the ,limax non cochleata ,purpuram ferens1 ,the naked ,snail producing ,purple4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 p4 #ehe4 ,,lxxviii4 ,new ,observations upon the ,worms that form ,sponges4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 p4 #eij4 ,,lxxix4 ,account of an ,experiment1 by which it appears1 that ,salt of ,steel does not enter the ,lacteal ,vessels2 with ,remarks4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,thomas ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 ,by ,edward ,wright1 ,m4 ,d4 p4 #eid4 ,,lxxx4 ,a ,dissertation on the ,antiquity of ,glass in ,windows4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 ,by the ,rev4 ,john ,nixon1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #fja4 ,,lxxxi4 ,an ,account of an extraordinary ,case of the ,efficacy of the ,bark in the ,delirium of a ,fever4 ,by ,nic4 ,munckley1 ,m4 ,d4 ,physician to ,guy's-,hospital1 and ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #fji4 ,,lxxxii4 ,an ,account of an ,earthquake felt at ,lingfield in ,surrey1 and ,edenbridge in ,kent1 on the #bdth of ,january #ageh4 ,by ,james ,burrow1 ,esq2 ,r4 ,s4 ,v4 ,p4 p4 #fad4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,an ,account of the ,case of the ,first ,joint of a ,thumb torn off1 with the ,flexor ,tendon in its whole ,extent torn out4 ,by ,robert ,home1 late ,surgeon to the ,thirtieth ,regiment of ,foot1 and ,surgeon at ,kingston upon ,hull4 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,pringle1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #fag4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,an ,account of the late ,discoveries of ,antiquities at ,herculaneum1 and of an ,earthquake there2 in a ,letter from ,camillo ,paderni1 ,keeper of the ,museum at ,herculaneum1 and ,f4,r4,s4 to ,tho4 ,hollis1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 dated ,portici1 ,feb4 #a4 #ageh4 p4 #fai4 ,,lxxxv4 ,a further ,attempt to facilitate the ,resolution of ,isoperimetrical ,problems4 ,by ,mr4 ,thomas ,simpson1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #fbc4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,observations on the ,alga ,marina latifolia2 ,the ,sea ,alga with broad ,leaves4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 p4 #fca4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,an ,account of the distilling ,water fresh from ,sea-,water by ,wood-,ashes4 ,by ,capt4 ,william ,chapman3 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,fothergill1 ,m4 ,d4 p4 #fce4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,observatio ,eclipsis ,lunaris facta ,matriti a ,p4 ,joanne ,wendlingen1 ,societatis ,jesu1 in ,regali ,observatorio ,collegii ,imperialis ejusdem ,societatis1 ,die #cj ,julii #ageg4 p4 #fdj4 ,observatio ,eclipsis ,lunaris1 facta ab eodem1 eodem modo1 eodem loco1 iisdemque instrumentis1 ,die #bd ,januar4 ,anni #ageh4 p4 #fdb4 ,,lxxxix4 ,observations upon a slight ,earthquake1 tho' very particular1 which may lead to the ,knowlege of the ,cause of great and violent ones1 that ravage whole ,countries1 and overturn ,cities4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 p4 #fde4 ,,xc4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,fifty ,plants from ,chelsea ,garden1 presented to the ,royal ,society by the worshipful ,company of ,apothecaries1 for the ,year #ageg1 pursuant to the ,direction of ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 ,baronet1 ,med4 ,reg4 ,soc4 ,reg4 nuper ,prses1 by ,john ,wilmer1 ,m4 ,d4 clariss4 ,societatis ,pharmaceut4 ,lond4 ,socius1 ,hort4 ,chelsean4 ,prfectus ,prlector ,botanic4 p4 #fdh4 ,,xci4 ,an ,historical ,memoir concerning a ,genus of ,plants called ,lichen by ,michelli1 ,haller1 and ,linnus2 and comprehended by ,dillenius under the ,terms ,usnea1 ,coralloides1 and ,lichenoides3 ,tending principally to illustrate their several ,uses4 ,communicated by ,william ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #feb4 ,,xcii4 ,an ,account of the fossil ,bones of an ,allegator1 found on the ,sea-shore1 near ,whitby in ,yorkshire3 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,fothergill1 ,m4 ,d4 from ,capt4 ,william ,chapman4 p4 #fhh4 ,,xciii4 ,de rariori quadam ,orthoceratitis ,specie1 in ,suecia reperta1 tractatus3 in literis a ,nicholao de ,himsel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,riga ,livono1 ad ,gul4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 p4 #fib4 ,,xciv4 ,a further ,account of the ,effects of ,electricity in the ,cure of some ,diseases3 ,in a ,letter from ,mr4 ,patrick ,brydone to ,dr4 ,robert ,whytt1 ,professor of ,medicine in the ,university of ,edinburgh1 and ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #fie4 ,,xcv4 ,an ,account of the ,black ,assize at ,oxford1 from the ,register of ,merton ,college in that ,university4 ,communicated by ,john ,ward1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,with some additional ,remarks4 p4 #fii4 ,,xcvi4 ,a ,description of the ,plan of ,peking1 the ,capital of ,china2 sent to the ,royal ,society by ,father ,gaubil1 ,societate ,jesu4 ,translated from the ,french4 p4 #gjd4 ,,xcvii4 ,an ,attempt to improve the ,manner of working the ,ventilators by the ,help of the ,fire-,engine4 ,in a ,letter to ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 from ,keane ,fitz-,gerald1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #gbg4 ,,xcviii4 ,an ,account of some ,experiments concerning the different ,refrangibility of ,light4 ,by ,mr4 ,john ,dollond4 ,with a ,letter from ,james ,short1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,acad4 ,reg4 ,suec4 ,soc4 p4 #gcc4 ,,xcix4 ,an ,account of some extraordinary ,effects arising from ,convulsions2 being ,part of a ,letter to ,john ,huxham1 ,m4 ,d4 and ,f4,r4,s4 from ,william ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 p4 #gdc4 ,c4 ,an ,account of an extraordinary ,storm of ,hail in ,virginia4 ,by ,francis ,fauquier1 ,esq2 ,lieutenant ,governor of ,virginia1 and ,f4,r4,s4 ,communicated by ,william ,fauquier1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #gdf4 ,,ci4 ,an ,account of an extraordinary ,case of a diseased ,eye3 ,in a ,letter to ,matthew ,maty1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,by ,daniel ,peter ,layard1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #gdg4 ,,cii4 ,an ,account of the ,heat of the ,weather in ,georgia3 ,in a ,letter from his ,excellency ,henry ,ellis1 ,esq2 ,governor of ,georgia1 and ,f4,r4,s4 to ,john ,ellis1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #ged4 ,,ciii4 ,the ,invention of a ,general ,method for determining the ,sum of every #b;d1 #c;d1 #dth1 or #eth1 c4 ,term of a ,series1 taken in order1 the ,sum of the whole ,series being known4 ,by ,thomas ,simpson1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #geg4 ,,civ4 ,observatio ,eclipsis ,lun ,die #cj ,julii #ageg4 habita ,olissipone ,joanne ,chevalier1 ,congregationis ,oratorii ,presbytero1 ,regi ,londinensi ,societate4 ,communicated by ,jacob de ,castro ,sarmiento1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #gfi4 ,,cv4 ,singular ,observations upon the ,manchenille ,apple4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 p4 #ggb4 ,,cvi4 ,abstract of a ,letter from ,mr4 ,william ,arderon1 ,f4,r4,s4 to ,mr4 ,henry ,baker1 ,f4,r4,s4 on the giving ,magnetism and ,polarity to ,brass4 ,communicated by ,mr4 ,baker4 p4 #ggd4 ,,cvii4 ,an ,account of the ,sea ,polypus1 by ,mr4 ,henry ,baker1 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #ggg4 ,,cviii4 ,a ,description of the fossil ,skeleton of an ,animal found in the ,alum ,rock near ,whitby4 ,by ,mr4 ,wooller4 ,communicated by ,charles ,morton1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #ghf4 ,,cix4 ,a ,dissertation on the ,phnician ,numeral ,characters antiently used at ,sidon4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 from the ,rev4 ,john ,swinton1 ,m4 ,a4 of ,christ-,church1 ,oxon4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #gia4 ,,cx4 ,of the ,irregularities in the ,motion of a ,satellite arising from the ,spheroidical ,figure of its ,primary ,planet3 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,james ,bradley1 ,d4 ,d4 ,astronomer ,royal1 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,paris2 by ,mr4 ,charles ,walmesley1 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,berlin1 and of the ,institute at ,bologna4 p4 #hji4 ,,cxi4 ,some ,observations on the ,history of the ,norfolk ,boy4 ,by ,j4 ,wall1 ,m4 ,d4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,charles ,lyttelton1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,dean of ,exeter4 p4 #hcf4 ,,cxii4 ,observations upon the ,corona ,solis ,marina ,americana2 ,the ,american ,sea-,sun-,crown4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #hdc4 ,,cxiii4 ,an ,account of several rare ,species of ,barnacles4 ,in a ,letter to ,mr4 ,isaac ,romilly1 ,f4,r4,s4 from ,john ,ellis1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #hde4 ,,cxiv4 ,a further ,account of the poisonous ,effects of the ,oenanthe ,aquatica ,succo viroso crocante of ,lobel1 or ,hemlock ,dropwort4 ,by ,w4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #hef4 ,,cxv4 ,extract of a ,letter to ,john ,eaton ,dodsworth1 ,esq2 from ,dr4 ,george ,forbes of ,bermuda1 relating to the ,patella1 or ,limpet ,fish1 found there4 p4 #hei4 ,,cxvi4 ,a ,discourse on the ,cinnamon1 ,cassia1 or ,canella4 ,by ,taylor ,white1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 p4 #hfj4 ,,lix4 ,an ,account of the ,effects of ,electricity in paralytic ,cases4 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,pringle1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 from ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,jan4 #ab1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,,the following is what ,i can at present recollect1 relating to the effects of electricity in paralytic cases1 which have fallen under my observation4 ,some years since1 when the news-papers made mention of great cures performed in ,italy or ,germany1 by means of electricity1 a number of paralytics were brought to me from different parts of ,pensylvania1 and the neighbouring provinces1 to be electrised2 which ,i did for them at their request4 ,my method was1 to place the patient first in a chair1 on an electric stool1 and draw a number of large strong sparks from all parts of the affected limb or side4 ,then ,i fully charged two six-gallon glass jars1 each of which had about three square feet of surface coated2 and ,i sent the united shock of these thro' the affected limb or limbs2 repeating the stroke commonly three times each day4 ,the first thing observed was an immediate greater sensible warmth in the lame limbs1 that had received the stroke1 than in the others3 and the next morning the patients usually related1 that they had in the night felt a pricking sensation in the flesh of the paralytic limbs2 and would sometimes shew a number of small red spots1 which they supposed were occasioned by those prickings4 ,the limbs too were found more capable of voluntary motion1 and seemed to receive strength4 ,a man1 for instance1 who could not the first day lift the lame hand from off his knee1 would the next day raise it four or five inches1 the third day higher2 and on the fifth day was able1 but with a feeble languid motion1 to take off his hat4 ,these appearances gave great spirits to the patients1 and made them hope a perfect cure2 but ,i do not remember1 that ,i ever saw any amendment after the fifth day3 which the patients perceiving1 and finding the shocks pretty severe1 they became discouraged1 went home1 and in a short time relapsed2 so that ,i never knew any advantage from electricity in palsies1 that was permanent4 ,and how far the apparent temporary advantage might arise from the exercise in the patients journey1 and coming daily to my house1 or from the spirits given by the hope of success1 enabling them to exert more strength in moving their limbs1 ,i will not pretend to say4 ,perhaps some permanent advantage might have been obtained1 if the electric shocks had been accompanied with proper medicine and regimen1 under the direction of a skilful physician4 ,it may be1 too1 that a few great strokes1 as given in my method1 may not be so proper as many small ones2 since1 by the account from ,scotland of a case1 in which two hundred shocks from a phial were given daily1 it seems1 that a perfect cure has been made4 ,as to any uncommon strength supposed to be in the machine used in that case1 ,i imagine it could have no share in the effect produced2 since the strength of the shock from charged glass is in proportion to the quantity of surface of the glass coated2 so that my shocks from those large jars must have been much greater than any1 that could be received from a phial held in the hand4 ,i am1 with great respect1 ,,sir1 ,your most obedient ,servant1 ,r4 ,franklin4 ,london1 ,dec4 #ba1 #ageg4 ,,lx4 ,observations on the late ,comet in ,september and ,october #ageg2 made at the ,hague by ,mr4 ,d4 ,klinkenberg3 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,james ,bradley1 ,d4 ,d4 ,astronomer ,royal1 and ,f4,r4,s4 and ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,paris4 ,translated from the ,low ,dutch4 ,read ,jan4 #ab1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,i ,hope you will be pleased to excuse the liberty1 which ,i take1 of troubling you with my observations on the comet1 which made its appearance here1 and in other parts of ,europe1 in the months of ,september and ,october last2 and which1 according to the news-papers1 was first observed the #aath ,september by ,mr4 ,gartner1 at ,dorlkeurtz near ,dresden2 then1 by me1 on the #afth of the said ,month1 here in the ,hague2 and afterwards in different places4 ,as ,i find1 that you have observed the comet1 ,i doubt not but that you have done it in the most accurate manner2 and my great love for this science induces me to beg1 that ,i may have the happiness of knowing some of your observations4 ,my good friend ,mr4 ,struyk at ,amsterdam wrote me some time ago1 that he intended to ask the same favour of you2 but ,i have not since heard any further from him4 ,i observed this comet from ,septemb4 #afth in the morning1 until ,octob4 the #aath in the morning2 and found its situations1 according to my method1 as follows3 ,longit4 ,latit4 #ageg4 ,sept4 #af4 at #d h4 ante mer4 ,the comet in #aj #ae with #aj #aj ,north4 #ag -- #c -- -- -- -- -- #ad #g ---- #i #ch #ah -- #c -- -- -- -- -- #ah #aj ---- #h #eg #ai -- #d -- -- -- -- -- #bb #a ---- #h #ag #bb -- #b -- -- -- -- -- #c #df ---- #f #ae #bc -- #d -- -- -- -- -- #g #cf ---- #e #bd #be -- #d -- -- -- -- -- #ad #ej ---- #d #f #bh -- #d -- -- -- -- -- #bd #bb ---- #a #da ,oct4 #a -- #d -- -- -- -- -- #b #df ---- #j #ab ,south4 #d -- #d -- -- -- -- -- #i #de ---- #a #cj #i -- #d -- -- -- -- -- #bj #bj ---- #b #dj #aa -- #e -- -- -- -- -- #bd #df ---- #c #i ,but the two last observations will1 in my opinion1 differ the most2 because1 when ,i made them1 ,i was in some doubt about the adjustment of my instruments2 and the comet was then far advanced into the morning rays4 ,i have1 since the month of ,february last to the end of ,may1 made sundry observations on fixed stars1 with a telescope of #af inches1 made by ,mr4 ,short2 and with a pendulum clock1 made after the manner of ,mr4 ,graham1 by ,mr4 ,vryhthoff of this place4 ,in the months of ,february and ,march1 by a medium of eight observations1 ,i found1 that by the clock1 the star ,rigel1 in every daily revolution1 passed #d min4 #b seconds of time earlier1 in the telescope2 and in the latter end of ,may ,i found1 by six observations1 7the clock not in the least changed or altered7 on the star ,spica ,virginis1 that that star1 in every revolution1 passed #d min4 #e sec4 earlier1 in the same telescope2 which intervals differ pretty nearly #b seconds of time from one another4 ,whether this difference arises from any defect in the clock1 or whether it proceeds from any small difference of velocity of the earth's motion round its axis1 ,i would have been very glad to have endeavoured to find out by farther inquiry1 had not the death of ,mr4 ,s4 ,koenig intervened1 and ,i thereby hindered from continuing my observations4 ,the above observations were taken in the observatory of his illustrious ,highness the minor ,prince of ,orange and ,nassau1 c4 c4 under the direction1 and with the approbation of the aforesaid ,mr4 ,koenig4 ,after the death of that gentleman1 ,i petitioned her ,royal ,highness the ,princess ,governess of these ,provinces1 c4 that ,i might have leave to continue my astronomical observations2 but as yet ,i have not been able to obtain her ,royal ,highness's permission3 otherwise ,i would have observed this last comet with more exactness4 ,had ,i been able to pursue the above-mentioned observations1 ,i would1 for the greater certainty in regard to the pendulum1 have made use of a farther precaution4 ,by means of a stove1 with the help of a thermometer1 ,i would have endeavoured to have kept the room 7in which the clock stood7 in the winter1 and at all times1 in the same degree of heat it had at the time ,i made the observations in the summer4 ,i would also have daily observed and noted the moon's place1 at the time of the observations4 ,tho' this is but a slight observation of mine2 yet ,i make no doubt1 but that in case1 by the different distances of the earth from the sun1 and the different distances and situations of the moon with respect to the earth1 and the respective effects produced by these causes1 any inequality arises in the velocity of the diurnal motion of the earth on its axis1 you 7who have made the most sublime observations on the aberration of the fixed stars1 and more than any mortal ever did before7 must have discovered1 and are well acquainted1 with the same4 ,as my above-mentioned observations on the comet appeared too incorrect to undertake a calculation for the ascertaining of its path from the theory1 ,i contented myself with effecting it by a construction4 ,by this means ,i found1 on a figure1 whose globular or spherical diameter was #ac ,rhineland inches1 as follows3 ,that the comet was in its perihelion the #bast of ,october1 at two of the clock in the afternoon3 the place of the perihelion #c degrees in ,leo4 ,the comet's distance in the perihelion from the sun was about #cd parts1 whereof #ajj make the mean distance between the sun and the earth4 ,the inclination of the comet's orbit with the ecliptic #ac degrees2 and the southern latitude of the perihelion also #ac decrees3 the ascending or north node #d degrees in ,scorpio2 and the comet's motion direct1 or according to the order of the signs of the zodiac4 ,on this supposition ,i have1 for some of the times of observations1 estimated the apparent places of the comet1 and found them as follows3 ,long4 ,latit4 ,sept4 #ah1 at #c ante merid4 ,in #ah and #i deg4 ,north4 #ai -- #d -- -- -- #bb ---- #h #bb -- #b -- -- -- #c ---- #f #bc -- #d -- -- -- #g ---- #e #be -- #d -- -- -- #ad ---- #d #bh -- #d -- -- -- #bd ---- #a ,oct4 #d -- #d -- -- -- #i ---- #b ---- ,south4 #i -- #d -- -- -- #ai ---- #c #aa -- #e -- -- -- #bc ---- #c ,the observations1 which ,i have taken1 to ground the measurement on1 are those of the #afth and #bc;d of ,september1 and of the #ast of ,october4 ,it appears very evident1 not only from this rough calculation1 but every other circumstance of this comet1 that it is not the same with that in the year #afhb3 which1 on certain accounts1 is very desirable to be known2 for both here1 and in other parts of the ,netherlands1 there have been some people1 who have published mere conjectures2 and have ventured 7very minutely and exactly1 as they pretended7 about the time that this comet first made its appearance1 to predict the return of the comet of the year #afhb4 ,but by the above1 the weakness of their pretensions is very evident to all the world3 whereas1 if this had proved to be the expected comet1 they would have assumed to themselves much undue praise1 and have pretended to knowlege even superior to the every-where much celebrated ,newton and ,halley4 ,it appears also probable to me1 that this comet is none of those already calculated1 or brought upon a list1 by ,messieurs ,halley and ,struyk4 ,it is somewhat remarkable1 that the line of the nodes is almost at right angles with the long axis of the ellipsis2 which corresponds nearly with the comets of the years #aehj1 #afhc1 and #afhf3 but those had their perihelions northward of the ecliptic2 whereas the perihelion of the last1 which we have lately seen1 was to the southward of the ecliptic4 ,i have the honour to subscribe myself1 with the most perfect esteem for you1 and your sublime studies1 very respectfully1 ,,sir1 ,your very humble and obedient ,servant1 ,d4 ,klinkenberg4 ,hague1 #acth ,dec4 #ageg4 ,,lxi4 ,remarks on the different ,temperature of the ,air at ,edystone1 from that observed at ,plymouth1 between the #gth and #adth of ,july #ageg4 ,by ,mr4 ,john ,smeaton1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,jan4 #ab1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,,on the reading of ,dr4 ,huxham's letter at the last meeting1 some observations occurred to me1 concerning the different temperature of the air1 which ,i had observed at the ,edystone1 from what had been observed by the ,doctor at ,plymouth1 between the #gth and #adth of ,july last3 which having been desired by some members to be put into writing1 ,i beg leave to trouble you with the following4 ,edystone is distant from ,plymouth about #af miles1 and without the head-lands of the ,sound about #aa4 ,the #gth and #hth were not remarkable at ,edystone for heat or cold2 the weather was very moderate1 with a light breeze at east2 which allowed us to work upon the rock both days1 when the tide served4 ,about midnight1 between the #hth and #ith1 the wind being then fresh at east1 it was remarkably cold for the season1 as ,i had more particular occasion to observe1 on account of a ship that was cast away upon the rocks4 ,the wind continued cold the #ith all day2 which was complained of by some of the shipwrecked seamen1 who had not time to save their cloaths2 and so fresh at east1 as prevented our going near the rocks1 or the wreck2 and so continued till ,sunday the #ajth2 when1 seeing no prospect of a sudden alteration of weather1 ,i returned to ,plymouth in a sailing boat1 wrapped up in my thick coat4 ,as soon as we got within the headlands1 ,i could perceive the wind to blow considerably warmer2 but not so warm as to make my great coat uneasy4 ,having had a quick passage1 in this manner ,i went home1 to the great astonishment of the family to see me so wrapped up1 when they were complaining of the excessive heat3 and indeed1 it was not long before ,i had reason to join in their opinion4 ,this heat ,i experienced till ,tuesday the #abth1 when ,i again went off to sea1 where ,i found the air very temperate1 rather cool than warm2 and so continued till ,thursday the #adth4 ,in my journal for ,wednesday the #acth ,i find the following remarks1 viz4 8,this evening's tide0 7from #f ,a4 till #ab ,a47 8the wind at east1 but moderate1 with frequent flashes of lightning to the southward4 ,soon after we got on board the store-vessel1 a squall of wind arose from the south-west on a sudden1 and continued for about a minute2 part of which time it blew so hard1 we expected the masts to go by the board3 after which it was perfectly calm1 and presently after a breeze returned from the east40 ,and in the journal of the #adth is entered1 8,this morning's tide0 7viz4 from #a ,m4 to #a ,a47 8the air and sea quite calm40 ,hence it appears1 how different the temper of the air may be in a small distance2 and to what small spaces squalls of wind are sometimes confined4 ,it may not be amiss further to observe upon this head1 that once1 in returning from ,edystone1 having got within about two miles of the ,ramhead1 we were becalmed2 and here we rolled about for at least four hours2 and yet at the same time saw vessels1 not above a league from us1 going out of ,plymouth ,sound with a fresh of wind1 whose direction was towards us1 as we could observe from the trim of their sails2 and as we ourselves experienced1 after we got into it by tacking and rowing4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,your most humble ,servant1 ,j4 ,smeaton4 ,furnival's-,inn ,court1 #abth ,jan4 #ageh4 ,,lxii4 ,an ,account of the ,earthquake felt in the ,island of ,sumatra1 in the ,east-,indies1 in ,november and ,december #agef4 ,in a ,letter from ,mr4 ,perry to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stukeley1 dated at ,fort ,marlborough1 in the ,island of ,sumatra1 ,feb4 #bj4 #ageg4 ,communicated by the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,stukeley1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,jan4 #ab1 #ageh4 ,,the earthquake at ,lisbon1 which you gave me an account of1 was certainly the most awful tremendous calamity1 that has ever happened in the world4 ,its effects are extremely wonderful and amazing2 and it seems1 as you observe1 to have been felt in all parts of the globe4 ,on the #c;d day of the same month the earthquake of ,lisbon happened1 ,i felt at ,manna#a a violent shock myself2 and from that time to the #c;d of ,december following ,i felt no less than twelve different shocks1 all which ,i took an exact account of in my pocket-bock4 ,since which we have had two very severe earthquakes1 felt1 we believe1 throughout this island#b4 ,the walls of#c ,cumberland-house#d were greatly damaged by them4 ,salop-house#d1 my own 7formerly ,mr4 ,massey's71 the houses of ,laye#e and ,manna1 were all cracked by them2 and the works at the sugar-plantation#f received considerable damage4 ,the ground opened near the qualloe#g at ,bencoolen1 and up the ,river in several places2 and there issued therefrom sulphureous earth1 and large quantities of water1 sending forth a most intolerable stench4 ,poblo ,point#h was much cracked at the same time2 and some doosoons#i in-land at ,manna were destroyed1 and many people in them4 ,these are all the ill effects1 that have come to our knowlege2 but1 it is reasonable to suppose1 not all the damage1 that has happened upon the island4 ,,lxiii4 ,concerning the ,fall of ,water under ,bridges4 ,by ,mr4 ,j4 ,robertson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,jan4 #ai1 #ageh4 ,,some time before the year #agdj1 the problem about the fall of water1 occasioned by the piers of bridges built across a river1 was much talked of at ,london1 on account of the fall that it was supposed would be at the new bridge to be built at ,westminster4 ,in ,mr4 ,hawksmore's and ,mr4 ,labelye's pamphlets1 the former published in #agcf1 and the latter in #agci1 the result of ,mr4 ,labelye's computations was given3 but neither the investigation of the problem1 nor any rules1 were at that time exhibited to the public4 ,in the year #agdb was published ,gardiner's edition of ,vlacq's ,tables2 in which1 among the examples there prefixed to shew some of the uses of those tables drawn up by the late ,william ,jones1 ,esq2 there are two examples1 one shewing how to compute the fall of water at ,london-bridge1 and the other applied to ,westminster-bridge3 but that excellent mathematician's investigation of the rule1 by which those examples were wrought1 was not printed1 altho' he communicated to several of his friends copies thereof4 ,since that time1 it seems as if the problem had in general been forgot1 as it has not made its appearance1 to my knowlege1 in any of the subsequent publications4 ,as it is a problem somewhat curious1 tho' not difficult1 and its solution not generally known 7having seen four different solutions1 one of them very imperfect1 extracted from the private books of an office in one of the departments of engineering in a neighbouring nation71 ,i thought it might give some entertainment to the curious in these matters1 if the whole process were published4 ,in the following investigation1 much the same with ,mr4 ,jones's1 as the demonstrations of the principles therein used appeared to be wanting1 they are here attempted to be supplied4 ,,principles4 ,i4 ,a heavy body1 that in the first second of time has fallen the height of a feet1 has acquired such a velocity1 that1 moving uniformly therewith1 will in the next second of time move the length of #b a feet4 ,,ii4 ,the spaces run thro' by falling bodies are proportional to one another as the squares of their last or acquired velocities4 ,these two principles are demonstrated by the writers on mechanics4 ,,iii4 ,water forced out of a larger chanel thro' one or more smaller passages1 will have the streams thro' those passages contracted in the ratio of #be to #ba4 ,this is shewn in the #cfth prop4 of the #b;d book of ,newton's ,principia4 ,,iv4 ,in any stream of water1 the velocity is such1 as would be acquired by the fall of a body from a height above the surface of that stream4 ,this is evident from the nature of motion4 ,v4 ,the velocities of water thro' different passages of the same height1 are reciprocally proportional to their breadths4 ,for1 at some time1 the water must be delivered as fast as it comes2 otherwise the bounds would be overflowed4 ,at that time1 the same quantity1 which in any time flows thro' a section in the open chanel1 is delivered in equal time thro' the narrower passages2 or the momentum in the narrow passages must be equal to the momentum in the open chanel2 or the rectangle under the section of the narrow passages1 by their mean velocity1 must be equal to the rectangle under the section of the open chanel by its mean velocity4 ,therefore the velocity in the open chanel is to the velocity in the narrower passages1 as the section of those passages is to the section of the open chanel4 ,but the heights in both sections being equal1 the sections are directly as the breadths2 ,consequently the velocities are reciprocally as the breadths4 ,,vi4 ,in a running stream1 the water above any obstacles put therein will rise to such a height1 that by its fall the stream may be discharged as fast as it comes4 ,for the same body of water1 which flowed in the open chanel1 must pass thro' the passages made by the obstacles3 ,and the narrower the passages1 the swifter will be the velocity of the water3 ,but the swifter the velocity of the water1 the greater is the height1 from whence it has descended3 ,consequently the obstacles1 which contract the chanel1 cause the water to rise against them4 ,but the rise will cease1 when the water can run off as fast as it comes3 ,and this must happen1 when1 by the fall between the obstacles1 the water will acquire a velocity in a reciprocal proportion to that in the open chanel as the breadth of the open chanel is to the breadth of the narrow passages4 ,,vii4 ,the quantity of the fall caused by an obstacle in a running stream is measured by the difference between the heights fallen from to acquire the velocities in the narrow passages and open chanel4 ,for just above the fall1 the velocity of the stream is such1 as would be acquired by a body falling from a height higher than the surface of the water3 ,and at the fall1 the velocity of the stream is such1 as would be acquired by the fall of a body from a height more elevated than the top of the falling stream2 and consequently the real fall is less than this height4 ,now as the stream comes to the fall with a velocity belonging to a fall above its surface2 ,consequently the height belonging to the velocity at the fall must be diminished by the height belonging to the velocity1 with which the stream arrives at the fall4 ,,problem4 ,in a chanel of running water1 whose breadth is contracted by one or more obstacles2 the breadth of the chanel1 the mean velocity of the whole stream1 and the breadth of the water-way between the obstacles being given2 ,to find the quantity of the fall occasioned by those obstacles4 ,let b breadth of the chanel in feet4 v mean velocity of the water in feet per sec4 c breadth of the water-way between the obstacles4 ,now #be3 #ba c3 #ba #be c the water-way contracted4 ,principle ,,iii4 ,and #ba #be c3 b v3 #be;b #ba;c v the veloc4 per sec4 in the water-way between the obstacles4 ,princip4 ,v4 ,also 7#b;a73 vv a3 vv #d;a the height fallen to acquire the vel4 v4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,and 7#b;a73 7#be;b #ba;c7 vv a3 7#be;b #ba;c7 vv #d;a the height fallen to acquire the vel4 #be;b #ba;c v4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,then 7#be;b #ba;c7 x 7vv #d;a7 - 7vv #d;a7 is the measure of the fall required4 ,,vii4 ,or 77#be;b #ba;c7 - #a7 vv #d;a is a rule1 by which the fall may be readily computed4 ,here a #af1jhii feet and #d;a #fd1ceif4 ,,example ,i4 ,for ,london-,bridge4 ,by the observations made by ,mr4 ,labelye in #agdf1 ,the breadth of the ,thames at ,london-bridge is #ibf feet2 ,the sum of the water-ways at the time of the greatest fall is #bcf feet2 ,the mean velocity of the stream taken at its surface just above bridge is #c feet per second4 ,under almost all the arches there are great numbers of drip-shot piles1 or piles driven into the bed of the water-way1 to prevent it from being washed away by the fall4 ,these drip-shot piles considerably contract the water-ways1 at least of their measured breadth1 or about #ci feet in the whole4 ,so that the water-way will be reduced to #aif feet4 ,now b #ibf2 c #aif2 v #c2 #d;a #fd1ceif4 ,then #be;b #ba;c #bcaej #dacj #e1fjecb4 ,and #e1fjecb #ca1daif2 and #ca1daif - #a #cj1daif 7#be;b #ba;c7 - #a4 ,also vv 7#ai #f7 #cfa #cf2 ,and vv #d;a #cfa 7#cf #fd1ceif7 #j1aeeha4 ,then #cj1daif #j1aeeha #d1gci feet1 the fall sought after4 ,by the most exact observations made about the year #agcf1 the measure of the fall was #d feet #i inches4 ,,example ,,ii4 ,for ,westminster-,bridge4 ,altho' the breadth of the river at ,westminster-bridge is #abbj feet2 yet1 at the time of the greatest fall1 there is water thro' only the thirteen large arches1 which amount to #hbj feet3 to which adding the breadth of the twelve intermediate piers1 equal to #agd feet1 gives #iid for the breadth of the river at that time3 and the velocity of the water just above bridge 7from many experiments7 is not greater than #b feet per second4 ,here b #iid2 c #hbj2 v #b2 #d;a #fd1ceif4 ,now #be;b #ba;c #bdhej #agbbj #a1ddc4 ,and #a1ddc #b1jhb2 ,and #b1jhb - #a #a1jhb 7#be;b #ba;c7 - #a4 ,also vv 77 2 ,and vv #dh #ha 7#af #fd1cfif7 #j1jghf4 ,then #a1jhb #j1jghf #j1jhd feet1 the fall sought4 ,which is about #a inch2 and is about half an inch more than the greatest fall observed by ,mr4 ,labelye4 ,,lxiv4 ,an ,account of the ,earthquake in the ,west ,parts of ,cornwall1 ,july #aeth #ageg4 ,by the ,rev4 ,william ,borlase1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,communicated by the ,rev4 ,charles ,lyttelton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,dean of ,exeter1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,jan4 #bf1 #ageh4 ,,on ,friday the #aeth of ,july1 #ageg4 a violent shock of an earthquake was felt in the western parts of ,cornwall4 ,the thermometer had been higher than usual1 and the weather hot1 or calm1 or both1 for eight days before2 wind east and north-east4 ,on the #adth in the morning1 the wind shifting to the south-west1 the weather calm and hazy1 there was a shower4 ,the afternoon hazy and fair1 wind north-west4 ,the barometer moderately high1 but the mercury remarkably variable4 ,on the #aeth in the morning1 the wind fresh at north-west1 the atmosphere hazy4 ,being on the sands1 half a mile east of ,penzance1 at #aj ,a4 ,m4 near low water1 ,i perceived on the surface of the sands a very unusual inequality3 for whereas there are seldom any unevennesses there1 but what are made by the rippling of the water1 ,i found the sands1 for above #ajj yards square1 all full of little tubercles 7each as large as a moderate mole-hill71 and in the middle a black speck on the top1 as if something had issued thence4 ,between these convexities were hollow basons of an equal diameter4 ,from one of these hollows there issued a strong rush of water1 about the bigness of a man's wrist1 never observed there before nor since4 ,about a quarter after six1 ,p4 ,m4 the sky dusky1 the wind being at west north-west1 it fell quite calm4 ,at half past six1 being then in the summer-house at ,keneggy1 the seat of the ,hon4 ,j4 ,harris1 ,esq2 near ,penzance1 with some company1 we were suddenly alarmed with a rumbling noise1 as if a coach or waggon had passed near us over an uneven pavement2 but the noise was as loud in the beginning and at the end1 as in the middle2 which neither the sound of thunder1 or of carriages1 ever is4 ,the sash-casements jarred3 one gentleman thought his chair moved under him2 and the gardener1 then in the dwelling house 7about an hundred yards distant from us7 felt the stone pavement of the room he was in move very sensibly4 ,in what place the shock began1 and whether progressive or instantaneous in the several places where it was felt1 is uncertain1 for want of accurately determining the precise point of time in distant places4 ,the shock was not equally loud or violent4 ,its extent was from the isles of ,scilly eastward as far as ,liskerd1 and towards the north as far as ,camelford2 thro' which district ,i shall trace it1 according to the best informations ,i could procure4 ,in the island of ,st4 ,mary1 ,scilly1 the shock was violent4 ,on the shores of ,cornwall1 opposite to ,scilly 7in the parish of ,senan1 near the ,land's-end7 the noise was heard like that of a spinning-wheel on a chamber-floor4 ,below stairs there was a cry1 that the house was shaking2 and the brass pans and pewter rattled one against another in several houses in the same parish4 ,in the adjoining parish of ,st4 ,just1 two young men being then swimming1 felt a strong and very unusual agitation of the sea4 ,in the town of ,penzance1 in one house the chamber-bell rung2 in another the pewter plates1 placed edgeways on a shelf1 shifted1 and slid to one end of the shelf3 and it was every-where perceived more or less1 according as people's attention was engaged4 ,at ,trevailer1 the seat of ,william ,veale1 ,esquire1 about two miles from ,penzance1 the noise was heard1 and thought at first to be thunder3 the windows shook1 and the walls of the parlour1 where ,mr4 ,veale sat1 visibly moved4 ,the jarring of the windows continued near half a minute2 but the motion of the walls not quite so long3 and some masons1 being at work on a contiguous new building1 the upright poles of the scaffolds shook so violently1 that1 for fear of falling1 they laid hold on the walls1 which1 to their still greater surprize1 they found agitated in the same manner4 ,and a person present1 who was at ,london at the time of the two shocks in the year #agea1 thought this shock to resemble the second1 both in degree and duration#aj4 ,at ,marazion1 the next market-town east of ,penzance1 the houses of several persons shook to that degree1 that people ran out into the street1 lest the houses should fall upon them4 ,in the borough of ,st4 ,ives1 on the north sea1 six miles north of ,penzance1 the shock was so violent1 that a gentleman1 who had been at ,lisbon during several shocks1 said1 that this exceeded all he had met with1 except that on the #ast of ,november #agee1 so fatal to that city4 ,at ,tehidy1 the seat of ,francis ,basset1 ,esq2 the rooms shook1 and the grounds without doors were observed to move4 ,the shock was felt sensibly at ,redruth1 ,st4 ,columb1 ,bodman1 c4 along to ,camelford1 which is about #ij miles from the isle of ,scilly4 ,from ,marazion eastward it was felt at several places in like manner1 as far as ,lostwythyel2 but at ,liskerd1 about ten miles east of ,lostwythyel1 it was but faintly perceived1 and that by a few persons4 ,it was still less sensible at ,loo and ,plymouth1 8scarcely sufficient to excite curiosity or fear0#aa4 ,the times of its duration were various4 ,at ,keneggy we thought the noise could not have lasted above six seconds2 at ,trevailer1 not two miles distant to the west1 it was thought to have lasted near half a minute2 in the parish of ,gwynier half a minute2 at ,ludgvan1 three miles east of ,penzance1 the noise was rather longer than half a minute2 but the shaking felt in the garden1 and observed in the houses1 short and momentary4 ,in ,germo great ,pinwork1 seven miles east of ,penzance1 it lasted only a few seconds2 but in the isles of ,scilly it was computed at #dj seconds4 ,thus was this earthquake felt in towns1 houses1 and grounds adjacent2 but still more particularly alarming in our mines1 where there is less refuge1 and consequently a greater dread from the tremors of the earth4 ,in ,carnorth adit1 in the parish of ,st4 ,just1 the shock was sensibly felt #ah fathom deep2 in the mine called ,boscadzhill-downs1 more than #cj fathom4 ,at ,huel-rith mine1 in the parish of ,lannant1 people saw the earth move under them1 first quick1 then in a slower wavy tremor2 and the stage-boards of the little winds or shafts #bj fathom deep were perceived to move4 ,in ,herland mine1 commonly called the ,manor1 in the parish of ,gwynier1 the noise was heard #ee and #fj fathom deep1 as if a studdle#ab had broke1 and the deads#ac were set a running4 ,it was nothing like the noise of thunder4 ,in ,chace-water mine the same noise was heard1 at least #gj fathom under the surface4 ,at ,huel-rith mine1 near ,godolphin1 the noise was seemingly underneath4 ,i felt 7says the director of the mine7 the earth move under me with a prodigious swift1 and apparently horizontal tremor3 its continuance was but for a few seconds of time1 not like thunder1 but rather a dull rumbling even sound1 like deads running under ground4 ,in the smith's shop the window-leaves shook1 and the slating of the house cracked4 ,the whim-house shook so terribly1 that a man there at work ran out of it1 concluding it to be falling4 ,several persons then in the mine1 working #fj fathom deep1 thought they found the earth about them to move1 and heard an uncommon noise3 some heard the noise1 and felt no tremor2 others1 working in a mine adjoining called ,huel-breag1 were so frightened1 that they called to their companions above to be drawn up from the bottoms4 ,their moor-house was shaken1 and the padlock of their candle-chest was heard to strike against the staples4 ,to shew1 that this noise proceeded from below1 and not from any concussion in the atmosphere above1 this very intelligent captain of the mine#ad observes1 from his own experience1 that thunder was never known to affect the air at #fj fathoms deep1 even in a single shaft pierced into the hardest stone2 much less could it continue the sound thro' such workings as there are in this mine1 impeded in all parts with deads1 great quantities of timber1 various noises1 such as the rattling of chains1 friction of wheels and ropes1 and dashing of waters2 all which must contribute to break the vibrations of the air as they descend3 and ,i intirely agree with this gentleman's conclusion1 that thunder1 or any other noises from above in the atmosphere1 could not be heard at half the depth of this mine4 ,this therefore could be no other than a real tremor of the earth1 attended with a noise1 owing to a current of air and vapour proceeding upwards from the earth4 ,i do not hear of any person in those parts1 who was so fortunate as to be near any pool or lake1 and had recollection enough to attend to the motion of the waters2 but it may be taken for granted1 that during the tremors of the earth the fluids must be more affected than the solids3 nay1 the waters will apparently be agitated1 when there is no motion of the earth perceptible1 as was the case of our ponds and lake-waters in most parts of ,britain on the #ast of ,november #agee4 ,whence this happens is difficult to say3 whether the earth's bosom undergoes at such times a kind of respiration1 and alternately emits and withdraws a vapour thro' its most porous parts sufficient to agitate the waters1 yet not sufficient to shake the earth2 or whether the earth1 during the agitation of the waters1 does rock and vacillate1 tho' not so as to be sensible to man2 is what ,i shall leave to future inquiry4 ,earthquakes are very rare in ,cornwall4 ,this was but of short duration1 and did no harm any-where1 as far as ,i can learn2 and it is to be hoped not the sooner forgotten for that reason2 but rather remembered with all the impressions of gratitude suitable to an incident so alarming and dangerous1 and yet so inoffensive4 ,,lxv4 ,some ,observations upon the ,sleep of ,plants2 and an ,account of that ,faculty1 which ,linnus calls ,vigili ,florum2 with an ,enumeration of several ,plants1 which are subject to that ,law4 ,communicated to ,wm4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 by ,mr4 ,richard ,pultney of ,leicester4 ,read ,jan4 #bf1 #ageh4 ,a,costa and ,prosper ,alpinus1 who both wrote near the conclusion of the ,x,v,ith century1 are1 ,i believe1 the first1 who recorded that nocturnal change in the leaves of plants1 which has since been called somnus4 ,it is an observation indeed as old as ,pliny's time1 that the leaves of trefoil assume an erect situation#ae upon the coming of storms4 ,the same is observable of our wood-sorrel2 and ,linnus adds1 of almost all plants with declinated stamina#af4 ,in the ,trifolium pratense album ,c4 ,b4 or common white-flowered meadow trefoil1 it is so obvious1 that the common people in ,sweden remark1 and prognosticate the coming of tempests and rain from it4 ,the examples of sleeping plants instanced by ,alpinus are but few4 ,that author says1 it was common to several ,egyptian species#ag2 but specifies only the ,acaci1 ,abrus1 ,absus1 ,sesban1 and the ,tamarindtree4 ,cornutus some time afterwards remarked this property in the ,pseudo-acacia ,americana4 ,from that time it has remained almost unnoticed1 till ,linnus1 ever attentive to nature's works1 discovered that the same affair was transacted in many other plants2 and his observations have furnished us with numerous and obvious examples thereof4 ,mr4 ,miller mentions it in the ,medicago arborea ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #ggh4 and we may add to the list two other common plants not mentioned by ,linnus3 these are the ,phaseolus vulgaris1 common kidney-bean2 and the ,trifolium pratense purpureum majus1 or clover-grass3 in both which this nocturnal change is remarkably displayed4 ,doubtless the same property exists in numberless other species2 and future observation will very probably confirm ,dr4 ,hill's sentiment1 that no 8plant or tree is wholly unaffected by it40 ,it is now more than twenty years since ,linnus first attended to this quality in plants4 ,in his ,flora ,lapponica1 when speaking of the ,trifolium pratense album1 as above-mentioned1 he remarks1 that the leaves of the ,mimosa1 ,cassia1 ,bauhinia1 ,parkinsonia1 ,guilandina1 and others in affinity with them1 were subject to this change in the night time3 and he had then carried his observations so far1 as to find1 that heat and cold were not the cause of this quality2 since they were alike influenced by it when placed in stoves1 where the temperature of the air was always the same4 ,the merit of reviving this subject is therefore due to the illustrious ,swede2 and the naturalist is greatly indebted to him for so far extending his observations thereon4 ,the subject of the somnus plantarum cannot but be highly entertaining to the lovers of natural knowlege3 and such1 ,i apprehend1 cannot be less entertained with that faculty1 which ,linnus calls vigili florum2 of which we shall give a brief account4 ,previous to our explanation of this affair it is proper to observe1 that the flowers of most plants1 after they are once opened1 continue so night and day1 until they drop off1 or die away4 ,several others1 which shut in the night-time1 open in the morning either sooner or later1 according to their respective situation in the sun or shade1 or as they are influenced by the manifest changes of the atmosphere4 ,there are however another class of flowers1 which make the subject of these observations1 which observe a more constant and uniform law in this particular4 ,these open and shut duly and constantly at certain and determinate hours1 exclusive of any manifest changes in the atmosphere2 and this with so little variation in point of time1 as to render the phnomenon well worth the observation of all1 whose taste leads them this way4 ,this faculty in the flowers of plants is not altogether a new discovery2 but we are indebted to the same hand for additional observations upon this head likewise4 ,it is so manifest in one of our common ,english plants1 the ,tragopogon luteum1 that our country people long since called it ,john-go-to-bed-at-noon4 ,linnus's observations have extended to near fifty species1 which are subject to this law4 ,what we find principally upon this subject is in the ,philosophia ,botanica1 p4 #bgc4 ,we will enumerate these plants1 and mention the time when the flowers open and shut1 that those1 who have opportunity and inclination1 may gratify themselves1 and probably at the same time extend this branch of botanic knowlege still farther4 ,it is proper to observe1 that as these observations were made by ,linnus in the academical garden at ,upsal1 whoever repeats them in this country will very probably find1 that the difference of climate will occasion a variation in point of time3 at least this will obtain in some species1 as our own observations have taught us2 in others the time has corresponded very exactly with the account he has given us4 ,whether this faculty hath any connexion with the great article of fecundation in the oeconomy of flowers1 ,i cannot determine3 in the mean time it is not improbable4 ,future and repeated observations1 and well-adapted experiments1 will tend to illustrate this matter1 and it may be lead the way to a full explanation of the cause4 #a4 ,anagallis flore phniceo ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #beb4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #bhb4 ,anagallis arvensis ,lin4 ,spec4 plant4 p4 #adh4 ,the ,male ,pimpernel4 ,the flowers of this plant open about eight o'clock in the morning1 and never close till past noon4 ,this plant is common in kitchen-gardens and in corn-fields1 and flowers in ,june1 and continues in flower three months4 #b4 ,the ,anagallis crulea foliis binis ternisve ex adverso nascentibus ,c4 ,b4 pin4 p4 #beb4 ,raii ,hist4 ,plant4 p4 #ajbd4 ,anagallis ,monelli ,sp4 plant4 #adh4 ,blue-flowered ,pimpernel with narrow leaves4 ,the flowers of this plant observe nearly the same time in opening and shutting as the foregoing4 #c4 ,convolvulus peregrinus cruleus folio oblongo ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #bie4 ,convolvulus tricolor ,sp4 plant4 #aeh4 ,little blue ,convolvulus1 or ,bindweed4 ,this opens its flowers between the hours of five and six in the morning1 and shuts them in the afternoon4 #d4 ,phalangium parvo flore ramosum ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #bi4 ,raii ,hist4 ,pl4 #aaic4 ,branched ,spiderwort with a small flower4 ,these open about seven in the morning1 and close between the hours of three and four in the afternoon4 #e4 ,lilium rubrum ,asphodeli radice ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #hj4 ,hemerocallis fulvus ,sp4 pl4 #cbd4 ,the ,day ,lily4 ,the flowers open about five in the morning1 and shut at seven or eight in the evening4 #f4 ,plantago aquatica minor4 ,park4 #abde4 ,raii ,syn4 #beg4 ,alisma ranunculoides ,sp4 pl4 #cdc4 ,fl4 ,suec4 #b4 ,n4 #cbe4 ,the lesser ,water-,plantain1 during its flowering-time1 only opens its flowers each day about noon4 #g4 ,caryophyllus sylvestris prolifer ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #bji4 ,raii ,syn4 #ccg4 ,dianthus prolifer ,sp4 pl4 #daj4 ,proliferous ,pink4 ,the flowers expand about eight in the morning1 and close again about one in the afternoon4 #h4 ,spergula purpurea ,j4 ,b4 ,,iii4 #gbb4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #cea4 ,arenaria rubra4 ,sp4 pl4 #dbc4 ,purple ,spurrey4 ,these expand between nine and ten in the morning1 and close between two and three in the afternoon4 ,this little plant is common among the corn in sandy soils1 and flowers in ,june4 #i4 ,portulaca latifolia sativa ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #bhh4 ,portulaca oleracea ,sp4 pl4 p4 #dde4 ,common ,purslain1 opens its flowers about nine or ten in the morning1 and closes them again in about an hour's time4 #aj4 ,ficoides ,africana1 folio plantaginis undulato micis argenteis adsperso ,boerh4 ,ludg4 ,i4 p4 #bia4 ,mesembryanthemum chrystallinum ,sp4 pl4 #dhj4 ,diamond ,ficoides4 ,the flowers of this plant open at nine or ten1 and close at three or four in the afternoon4 #aa4 ,ficoides ,africana folio tereti in villos radiatos abeunte4 ,tourn4 ,mesembryanthemum barbatum ,sp4 pl4 #dhb4 ,the flowers of this species expand at seven or eight in the morning1 and close about two in the afternoon4 #ab4 ,ficoides folio tereti ,neapolitana flore candido ,herm4 ,ludg4 #beb4 ,kali ,crassul minoris foliis ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #bhi4 ,mesembryanthemum nodiflorum ,sp4 pl4 #dhj4 ,the flowers of this plant open at ten or eleven in the morning1 and close at three in the afternoon4 #ac4 ,mesembryanthemum folio linguiformi latiore ,dillen4 ,hort4 ,elth4 ,mesembryanthemum linguiforme ,sp4 pl4 #dhh4 ,ficoides with a tongue-shaped leaf4 ,these open at seven or eight in the morning1 and are closed about three in the afternoon4 #ad4 ,nympha alba ,j4 ,b4 ,,iii4 #ggj4 ,raii ,syn4 #cfh4 ,nympha alba ,sp4 pl4 #eaj4 ,fl4 ,suec4 #b4 ,n4 #dgj4 ,white ,water ,lily4 ,this plant grows in rivers1 ponds1 and ditches1 and the flowers lie upon the surface of the water4 ,at their time of expansion1 which is about seven in the morning1 the stalk is erected1 and the flower more elevated above the surface4 ,in this situation it continues till about four in the afternoon1 when the flower sinks to the surface of the water1 and closes again4 #ae4 ,papaver erraticum nudicaule flore flavo odorato ,dillen4 ,hort4 ,elth4 #cjb4 ,papaver nudicaule ,sp4 pl4 p4 #ejg4 ,wild ,poppy with a naked stalk and a yellow sweet-smelling flower4 ,the flower of this plant opens at five in the morning1 and closes at seven in the evening4 #af4 ,alyssoides incanum1 foliis sinuatis ,tourn4 ,inst4 #bac4 ,alyssum sinuatum ,sp4 pl4 #fea4 ,hoary ,madwort with sinuated leaves4 ,the flowers of this plant expand between the hours of six and eight in the morning1 and close at four in the afternoon4 #ag4 ,abutilon repens alce foliis1 flore helvolo ,dillen4 ,hort4 ,elth4 #e4 ,malva ,caroliniana ,sp4 pl4 #fhh4 ,creeping ,indian ,mallow with leaves like ,vervain ,mallow1 and a flesh-coloured flower4 ,these open at nine or ten in the morning1 and close at one in the afternoon4 #ah4 ,tragopogon luteum ,ger4 #eie4 ,raii ,syn4 #aga4 ,tragopogon pratense ,sp4 pl4 #ghi4 ,yellow ,goats ,beard1 or ,go-to-bed-at-noon4 ,the latter of these names was given to this plant long since1 on account of this remarkable property4 ,the flowers open in general about three or four o'clock1 and close again about nine or ten1 in the morning4 ,these flowers will perform their vigili1 if set in a phial of water1 within doors for several mornings successively2 and ,i have sometimes observed them to be quite closed1 from their utmost state of expansion1 in less than a quarter of an hour4 ,it flowers in ,june4 #ai4 ,tragopogon gramineis foliis1 hirsutis4 ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #bge4 ,raii4 ,hist4 ,plant4 #bec4 ,rose-coloured ,goats ,beard4 ,these open between five and six in the morning1 and close about eleven4 ,tragopog4 hybridum ,sp4 plant4 #ghi4 #bj4 ,tragopogon1 calycibus corolla brevioribus inermibus1 foliis lyrato-sinuatis4 ,hort4 ,ups4 #bdd4 ,sp4 pl4 #gij4 ,hall4 ,hort4 ,gotting4 #b4 p4 #dai4 ,the flowers of this plant open at six or seven in the morning1 and shut between the hours of twelve and four in the afternoon4 #ba4 ,sonchus ,tingitanus papaveris folio4 ,tourn4 ,raii ,suppl4 #acg4 ,scorzonera ,tingitana ,sp4 pl4 #gia4 ,african ,sowthistle with a poppy leaf4 ,this plant opens its flowers between four and six in the morning1 and closes them in about three hours4 #bb4 ,sonchus repens1 multis hieracium majus ,j4 ,b4 ,,ii4 #ajag4 ,raii ,syn4 #afc4 ,sonchus arvensis ,sp4 pl4 #gic4 ,tree ,sowthistle4 ,these flowers expand about six or seven1 and close between eleven and twelve in the forenoon4 ,this is common in corn-fields1 and flowers in ,june1 ,july1 and ,august4 #bc4 ,sonchus lvis ,ger4 ,raii ,syn4 #afa4 ,sonchus oleraceus ,sp4 pl4 #gid4 ,smooth or unprickly ,sowthistle1 ,hares ,lettuce4 ,these open about five in the morning1 and close again at eleven or twelve4 #bd4 ,sonchus lvis laciniatus cruleus ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abd4 ,raii ,hist4 pl4 #bbe4 ,sonchus alpinus ,sp4 pl4 #gid4 ,blue-flowered ,mountain ,sowthistle4 ,these open about seven1 and close about noon4 #be4 ,sonchus tricubitalis1 folio cuspidato ,merr4 pin4 ,raii ,syn4 #afc4 ,sonchus asper arborescens ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abd4 ,sonchus palustris ,sp4 pl4 #gic4 ,the greatest ,marsh tree ,sowthistle4 ,it expands its flowers about six or seven1 and closes them about two in the afternoon4 #bf4 ,lactuca sativa ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abb4 ,sp4 pl4 #gie4 ,garden ,lettuce1 opens its flowers about seven1 and closes them about ten1 in the forenoon4 #bg4 ,dens leonis ,ger4 #bbh4 ,raii ,syn4 #agj4 ,leontodon ,taraxacum ,sp4 pl4 #gih4 ,dandelion4 ,it expands at five or six1 and closes at eight or nine1 in the forenoon4 ,this flowers early in the spring1 and again in the autumn4 #bh4 ,dens leonis hirsutus leptocaulos1 ,hieracium dictus4 ,raii ,syn4 #aga4 ,leontodon hispidum ,sp4 pl4 #gii4 ,rough ,dandelion1 or ,dandelion ,hawkweed4 ,this plant opens its flower about four in the morning1 and keeps it expanded till three in the afternoon4 ,in ,may4 #bi4 ,hieracium minus prmorsa radice4 ,park4 #gid4 ,raii ,syn4 #afd4 ,leontodon autumnale4 ,sp4 pl4 #gii4 ,hawkweed with bitten roots1 or ,yellow ,devil's-bit4 ,the flowers open about seven1 and keep in an expanded state till about three in the afternoon4 ,it flowers in ,july and ,august4 #cj4 ,pilosella repens ,ger4 #egc4 ,raii ,syn4 #agj4 ,hieracium ,pilosella ,sp4 pl4 #hjj4 ,common creeping ,mouse-ear4 ,it opens about eight in the morning1 and closes about two in the afternoon4 ,very common on dry pastures1 flowering in ,june and ,july4 #ca4 ,hieracium murorum folio pilosissimo ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abi4 ,raii ,syn4 #afh4 ,hieracium murorum ,sp4 pl4 #hjb4 ,the flowers of this plant expand about six or seven1 and close about two in the afternoon4 ,upon old walls1 flowering in ,june and ,july4 ,this is called in ,english1 ,french or ,golden ,lungwort4 #cb4 ,hieracium fruticosum angustifolium majus4 ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abi4 ,hieracium umbellatum ,sp4 pl4 #hjd4 ,narrow-leaved bushy ,hawkweed4 ,the flowers of this species expand about six in the morning1 and remain open till five in the afternoon4 #cc4 ,hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abi4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #afg4 ,hieracium sabaudum ,sp4 pl4 #hjd4 ,bushy ,hawkweed with broad rough leaves4 ,these flowers are in their expanded state from about seven in the morning till one or two in the afternoon4 ,in woods1 flowering in ,june and ,july4 #cd4 ,hieracium montanum cichorii folio4 ,raii4 ,syn4 p4 #aff4 ,hieracium paludosum ,sp4 pl4 #fch4 ,fl4 ,suec4 #b4 ,n4 #gjb4 ,succory-leaved ,mountain ,hawkweed4 ,the flowers expand about six in the morning1 and close about five in the afternoon4 #ce4 ,hieracium hortense floribus atro-purpurascentibus ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abh4 ,hieracium aurantiacum ,sp4 pl4 #hja4 ,garden ,hawkweed with deep purple flowers1 or ,sweet ,indian ,mouse-ear4 ,the flowers are in their expanded state from six or seven in the morning till three or four in the afternoon4 #cf4 ,hieracium luteum glabrum1 sive minus hirsutum4 ,j4 ,b4 ,raii ,syn4 #afe4 ,crepis tectorum ,sp4 pl4 #hjg4 ,smooth ,succory ,hawkweed4 ,the flowers of this plant expand about four in the morning1 and close about noon4 #cg4 ,hieracium ,alpinum ,scorzoner folio ,tourn4 ,inst4 #dgb4 ,crepis ,alpina ,sp4 pl4 #hjf4 ,mountain ,hawkweed with a vipers-grass leaf4 ,these open about five or six1 and close at eleven in the forenoon4 #ch4 ,hieracium dentis leonis folio1 flore suave-rubente1 ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abg4 ,raii hist4 pl4 #bca4 ,crepis rubra ,sp4 pl4 #hjf4 ,hawkweed of ,apulia with a flesh-coloured flower4 ,the flowers remain in their expanded state from six or seven in the morning till one or two in the afternoon4 #ci4 ,hieracium echioides1 capitulis cardui benedicti ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abh4 ,raii ,syn4 #aff4 ,picris echioides ,sp4 pl4 #gib4 ,lang de buf4 ,on banks about hedges1 and about the borders of fields1 flowering in ,august4 ,these expand about four or five in the morning1 and never close before noon3 sometimes they remain open till nine at night4 #dj4 ,hieracium ,alpinum latifolium hirsutie incanum flore magno4 ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abh4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #afg4 ,hypochris maculata ,sp4 pl4 #haj4 ,broad-leaved ,hungarian ,hawkweed4 ,these flowers are in their vigilating state from six in the morning till four in the afternoon4 #da4 ,hieracium ramosum1 floribus amplis1 calycibus valde hirsutis1 foliis oblongis obtusis3 dentibus majoribus inqualibus incisis ,raii ,suppl4 #add4 #gf4 ,hypochris ,achyrophorus ,sp4 pl4 #haj4 ,this plant opens its flowers about seven or eight in the morning1 and closes them about two in the afternoon4 #db4 ,hieracium minus dentis leonis folio1 oblongo glabro ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #abg4 ,hypochris glabra ,sp4 pl4 #haa4 ,these expand about nine in the morning1 and close about twelve or one o'clock4 #dc4 ,hieracium falcatum alterum ,raii ,hist4 #bef4 ,lapsana calycibus fructus undique patentibus1 radiis subulatis1 foliis lyratis ,hort4 ,ups4 #bde4 ,sp4 pl4 #hab4 ,the flowers open at five or six1 and close between the hours of ten and one4 #dd4 ,hedypnois annua ,tourn4 ,inst4 #dgh4 ,hyoseris hedypnois ,sp4 pl4 #hji4 ,the flowers open at seven or eight1 and close again at two in the afternoon4 #de4 ,hieracium montanum alterum leptomacrocaulon ,col4 ,raii ,hist4 #bcd4 ,lapsana chondrilloides ,sp4 pl4 #hab4 ,mountain ,hawkweed with long slender stalks and small flowers4 ,the flowers are in their expanded or vigilating state from five or six in the morning till about ten4 #df4 ,cichoreum sylvestre ,ger4 em4 #bhd4 ,raii ,syn4 #agb4 ,cichorium ,intybus ,sp4 pl4 #hac4 ,wild ,succory4 ,on the borders of fields1 flowering in ,august and ,september4 ,the flowers open about eight in the forenoon1 and keep expanded till about four in the afternoon4 #dg4 ,calendula arvensis ,c4 ,b4 pin4 #bge4 ,raii ,hist4 #cch4 ,calendula officinalis ,sp4 pl4 #iba4 ,wild ,marigold4 ,the flowers expand from nine in the morning till three in the afternoon4 #dh4 ,calendula foliis dentatis ,roy4 ,ludg4 #agg4 ,miller1 p4 #ej4 ,tab4 #ge4 f4 #a4 ,calendula pluvialis ,sp4 pl4 #iba4 ,marigold with indented leaves4 ,the flowers expand from seven in the morning till three or four in the afternoon4 ,linnus observes of this plant1 that if its flowers do not expand about their usual time in the morning1 it will almost assuredly rain that day2 with this restriction indeed1 that the plant is not affected by thunder showers4 ,phil4 ,bot4 #bge4 #di4 ,sonchus pedunculis squamatis1 foliis lanceolatis indivisis sessilibus4 ,hort4 ,upsal4 #bdd4 ,flor4 ,suec4 #b4 ,n4 #fij4 ,lactuca ,salicis folio1 flore cruleo4 ,amman4 ruth4 #baa4 ,of this plant it is remarked1 that whenever the flowers are in the expanded state in the night-time1 the following day generally proves rainy4 ,,lxvi4 ,an ,account of the ,case of a ,boy troubled with convulsive ,fits cured by the ,discharge of ,worms4 ,by the ,rev4 ,richard ,oram1 ,m4 ,a4 ,chaplain to the ,lord ,bishop of ,ely4 ,read ,jan4 #bf1 #ageh4 ,j,oseph1 son of ,john and ,mary ,postle1 of ,ingham in the county of ,norfolk1 was subject to convulsive fits from his infancy2 which were common and tolerable till he was about seven years of age4 ,about that time they began to attack him in all the varieties that can be conceived4 ,sometimes he was thrown upon the ground2 sometimes he was twirled round like a top by them2 at others he would spring upwards to a considerable height1 c4 and once he leaped over an iron bar1 that was placed purposely before the fire to prevent his falling into it4 ,he was much burned2 but was rendered so habitually stupid by his fits1 that he never expressed the least sense of pain after this accident4 ,his intellect was so much impaired1 and almost destroyed1 by the frequency and violence of his fits1 that he scarce seemed to be conscious of any thing4 ,he did not acknowlege his father or mother by any expressions or signs2 nor seemed to distinguish them from other people4 ,if at any time he escaped out of the house without the observation of the family1 he had not understanding to find and return to it2 but would pursue the direction or road he first took1 and sometimes lose himself4 ,once he was missing for a whole night2 and found the next morning in the middle of a fen1 stuck fast in mud as deep as his breast4 ,he was very voracious1 and would frequently call for something to eat2 which was the only indication he gave of his knowing any thing4 ,no kind of filth or nastiness can be conceived1 which he would not eat or drink without distinction4 ,he appeared to be as ill as he really was2 for he was become a most shocking spectacle4 ,he was so much emaciated1 that he seemed to have no flesh upon his bones2 and his body so distorted1 that he was rendered quite a cripple4 ,his parents consulted a physician at ,norwich1 who very judiciously 7as it will appear7 considered his disorder as a worm-case1 and prescribed for it accordingly2 but 7being afraid1 ,i presume1 to give too violent medicines to the boy7 without success4 ,in short1 he was so singularly afflicted1 that his parents told me they could not help thinking him under some evil influence4 ,it was observed1 that his disorder varied1 and grew worse1 at certain periods of the moon4 ,in these miserable circumstances the poor boy continued to languish1 till he was about eleven years of age 7,july #ageg71 when he accidentally found a mixture of white lead#ah and oil1 which had some time before been prepared for some purpose of painting1 set by on a shelf1 and placed1 as it was thought1 out of his reach4 ,there was near half a pint of this mixture when he found it2 and1 as he did not leave much1 it is thought he swallowed about a quarter of a pint of it4 ,there was also some lamp-black in the composition2 which was added to give it a proper colour for the particular use it was intended for in painting4 ,it was1 as ,i suppose it usually is1 linseed oil1 which had been mixed with the lead and lamp-black4 ,the draught began to operate very soon1 by vomiting and purging him for near #bd hours in the most violent manner4 ,a large quantity of black inky matter was discharged2 and an infinite number of worms1 almost as small as threads1 were voided4 ,these operations were so intense1 that his life was despaired of4 ,but he has not only survived them1 but experienced a most wonderful change and improvement after them3 for his parents assured me in ,november #ageg1 when ,i saw him1 that he had daily grown better from the time of his drinking the mixture1 both in body and mind4 ,instead of a skeleton1 as he almost was before1 he is become fat1 and rather corpulent3 and his appetite is no longer ravenous1 but moderate and common4 ,his body too is become straight and erect4 ,his understanding is at least as much benefited by this peculiar remedy4 ,it cannot be expected1 that he should already have attained much knowlege1 as he seemed1 before he was so wonderfully relieved1 to be almost destitute of ideas4 ,but he appeared1 when ,i saw him1 to have acquired nearly as much knowlege in four months1 as children usually do in four years2 and to reason pretty well on those things1 which he knew4 ,he is now capable of being employed on many occasions2 is often sent a mile or two on errands1 which he discharges as carefully1 and then returns as safely1 as any person4 ,it is farther remarkable1 that the boy's mother1 her father1 and sister1 are frequently infested with worms4 ,her father1 tho' about #fj years of age1 is still much troubled with them3 the worms1 which he voids1 appear flat1 and much larger than those1 which his children have observed4 ,her sister is often exceedingly disordered by them4 ,about three months since they threw her into violent convulsions1 and for some time deprived her of her senses4 ,but the mother of the boy has been affected in a more extraordinary manner than the rest4 ,about #bj years ago she voided some worms1 which forced their way thro' the pores of the skin1 as it is supposed2 for they were found in small clusters under her arms4 ,as she was very young then1 she does not remember how she was particularly affected2 only1 that she suffered violent struggles and convulsions4 ,she is still1 about five or six times in a year1 seized with fainting fits1 which usually attack her in bed1 and last three or four minutes2 but she cannot certainly say1 tho' there is very little reason to doubt1 that they are occasioned by worms4 ,an ,account of the same ,subject1 in a ,letter from ,mr4 ,john ,gaze1 of ,walket1 in the ,county of ,norfolk1 to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,arderon1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,communicated by ,mr4 ,henry ,baker1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,jan4 #bf1 #ageh4 ,j,oseph ,postle1 son of ,john ,postle1 of ,ingham in ,norfolk1 until about the age of seven years was an healthy well-looking child2 but about that age was afflicted with stoppages1 which often threw him into convulsive fits1 and at last rendered him quite an idiot4 ,he continued in this condition for about four years1 eating and drinking all that time any thing that came in his way1 even his own excrements1 if not narrowly watched4 ,his father took the advice of several eminent physicians1 both at ,norwich and elsewhere2 but all their prescriptions proved of no service4 ,about the beginning of ,august last he happened to get at a painting-pot1 wherein there was about a pound of white lead and lamp-black mixed up with linseed oil4 ,this he eat almost all up before he was discovered4 ,it vomited and purged him1 and brought away prodigious numbers of small worms4 ,in a few days he grew well1 his senses returned1 and he is now able to give as rational answers as can be expected from a boy of his age4 ,his appetite is good1 he is very brisk1 and has not had the least return of his former disorder4 ,i heard of the above by several people2 but not being satisfied1 got my friend to go to ,mr4 ,postle's house1 of whom he had the foregoing account4 ,january #abth1 #ageh4 ,,lxvii4 ,an ,account of the extraordinary ,heat of the ,weather in ,july #ageg1 and of the ,effects of it4 ,in a ,letter from ,john ,huxham1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 to ,wm4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,feb4 #b1 #ageh4 ,i ,find by your letter1 that the heat at ,london was not so great in the beginning of ,july #ageg1 as at ,plymouth by two or three degrees of ,fahrenheit's thermometer4 ,we had again1 after much rain at the close of the month1 and in the beginning of ,august1 excessive heat2 viz4 on the #hth1 #ith1 and #ajth of ,august2 which mounted the mercury in that thermometer to #he2 nay1 on the #ith1 to near #hf4 ,i never before remember the mercury in that thermometer to exceed #hd2 and that is even here a very extraordinary degree of heat4 ,the consequences of this extremely hot season were hmorrhages from several parts of the body2 the nose especially in men and children1 and the uterus in women4 ,sudden and violent pains of the head1 and vertigo1 profuse sweats1 great debility and oppression of the spirits1 affected many4 ,there were putrid fevers in great abundance2 and a vast quantity of fluxes of the belly both bilious and bloody1 with which the fevers also were commonly attended4 ,these fevers were always ushered in by severe pains of the head1 back1 and stomach2 vomitings of green and sometimes of black bile1 with vast oppression of the prcordia1 continual anxiety1 and want of sleep4 ,these were soon succeeded by tremores tendinum1 subsultus1 delirium1 or stupor4 ,the pulse was commonly very quick1 but seldom tense or strong2 was sometimes heavy and undose4 ,the blood oftentimes florid1 but loose2 sometimes livid1 very rarely sizy3 in some however1 at the very attack1 it was pretty dense and florid4 ,the tongue was generally foul1 brown1 and sometimes blackish2 and towards the crisis often dry4 ,the urine was commonly high coloured1 and in small quantity2 frequently turbid1 and towards the end deposed a great deal of lateritious sediment4 ,a vast number were seized with this fever1 during1 and soon after1 the excessive heats2 tho' but few died in proportion4 ,long and great heats always very much exalt the acrimony of the bilious humours2 of which we had this summer abundant instances4 ,bleeding early was generally beneficial2 profuse1 always hurtful1 especially near the state of the fever4 ,,lxviii4 ,an ,account of the fossile ,thigh-bone of a large ,animal1 dug up at ,stonesfield1 near ,woodstock1 in ,oxfordshire4 ,in a ,letter to ,mr4 ,peter ,collinson1 ,f4,r4,s4 from ,mr4 ,joshua ,platt4 ,read ,feb4 #b1 #ageh4 ,dear ,sir1 ,,about three years ago ,i sent you some vertebr of an enormous size1 which were found in the slate-stone pit at ,stonesfield1 near ,woodstock1 in this county4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xix4 p4 #ebe4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,i have lately been so lucky as to procure from the same place the thigh-bone of a large animal1 which probably belonged to the same creature1 or one of the same genus1 with the vertebr above-mentioned4 ,as the bone1 and the stone1 in which it is bedded1 weigh no less than two hundred pounds1 ,i have sent you a drawing of it 7,see ,,tab4 ,,xix472 from which1 and the following short description1 you may1 ,i hope1 form some idea of this wonderful fossile4 ,the bone is #bi inches in length2 its diameter1 at the extremity of the two trochanters1 is #h inches2 at the lower extremity the condyles form a surface of #f inches4 ,the lesser trochanter is so well expressed in the drawing1 that you cannot mistake it2 and both the extremities appear to be a little rubbed by the fluctuating water1 in which ,i apprehend it lay some time before the great jumble obtained1 which brought it to this place2 and from whence ,i imagine it to have been part of a skeleton before the flood4 ,for if it had been corroded by any menstruum in the earth1 or during the great conflux of water before the draining of the earth1 it must have suffered in other parts as well as at each end3 but as the extremities only are injured1 we can attribute such a partial effect to the motion of the water only1 which caused it to rub and strike against the sand1 c4 ,the small trochanter was broken in lifting it out of the hamper1 in which it was brought to me2 but not unhappily2 since all the cancelli were by that means discovered to be filled with a sparry matter1 that fixed the stone of the stratum1 in which it lay4 ,the outward coat or cortex is smooth1 and of a dusky brown colour1 resembling that of the stone1 in which it is bedded4 ,one half of the bone is buried in the stone2 yet enough of it is exposed to shew1 that it is the thigh-bone of an animal of greater bulk than the largest ox4 ,i have compared it with the recent thigh-bone of an elephant2 but could observe little or no resemblance between them4 ,if ,i may be allowed to assume the liberty1 in which fossilists are often indulged1 and to hazard a vague conjecture of my own1 ,i would say it may probably have belonged to the hippopotamus1 to the rhinoceros1 or some such large animal1 of whose anatomy we have not yet a competent knowlege4 ,the slate-pit1 in which this bone was found1 is about a quarter of a mile north-west from ,stonesfield1 upon the declivity of a rising ground1 the upper stratum of which is a vegetable mould about eight or ten inches thick3 under this is a bed of rubble1 with a mixture of sand and clay1 very coarse1 about six feet deep1 in which are a great number of anomi both plain and striated1 and many small oblong oysters1 which the workmen call the sickle-oyster1 some of them being found crooked1 and bearing some resemblance to that instrument2 but all differing from the curvi-rostra#ai of ,moreton4 ,immediately under this stratum of rubble is a bed of soft grey stone1 of no use2 but containing the echini ovarii1 with great mamill1 the clypeati of different sizes1 all well preserved2 and also many anomi and pectines4 ,this bed1 which is about seven or eight feet in depth1 lies immediately above the stratum of stone1 in which the bone was found4 ,this stratum is never wrought by the workmen1 being arenarious1 and too soft for their use4 ,it is about four or five feet thick1 and forms a kind of roof to them1 as they dig out the stone1 of which the slates are formed2 for they work these pits in the same manner as they do the coal-pits1 leaving pillars at proper distances to keep their roof from falling in4 ,this last bed of slate-stone is about five feet depth1 and lower than this they never dig4 ,so that the whole depth of the pit amounts to about #bd or #be feet4 ,it was by working out the slate-stone1 that this bone was discovered sticking to the roof of the pit1 where the men were pursuing their work2 and with a great deal of caution1 and no less pains1 they got it down intire1 but attached to a large piece of stone2 and in this state it now remains in my possession4 ,there is no water in the works1 but such as descends from the surface thro' perpendicular fissures2 and the whole is spent in forming the stalactites and stalagmites1 of which there is great variety1 and whose dimensions are constantly increasing4 ,one of the workmen has been so curious1 as to mark the time of the growth of some of them for several years past4 ,i am1 with the greatest esteem1 ,dear ,sir1 ,your ever obedient1 and most humble ,servant1 ,joshua ,platt4 ,oxon1 ,jan4 #bj4 #ageh4 ,,lxix4 ,a ,discourse on the ,usefulness of ,inoculation of the horned ,cattle to prevent the contagious ,distemper among them4 ,in a ,letter to the ,right ,hon4 ,george ,earl of ,macclesfield1 ,p4 ,r4 ,s4 from ,daniel ,peter ,layard1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,feb4 #b1 #ageh4 ,my ,lord1 ,,the honour you have done me1 in condescending to peruse my ,essay on the contagious ,distemper among the horned ,cattle1 claims my most respectful thanks2 and ,i am no less obliged to your ,lordship for the just remark you made1 8,that before inoculation could be practised on the horned ,cattle1 it is necessary to bring proofs1 that this disease is not susceptible more than once2 and also assurances1 that a recovery from the distemper by inoculation guards the beast from a second infection40 ,an intire conviction of the analogy between this disease and the small-pox would not permit me to omit mentioning the great advantages1 which must arise from inoculation2 and therefore1 my ,lord1 ,i recommend its use3 nor do ,i find any reason to alter my opinion1 after having carefully read over what has been published1 and made the strictest inquiry ,i was able in several parts of ,great ,britain4 ,i shall1 in the concisest manner possible1 submit the following particulars to your ,lordship's consideration1 and the learned ,society1 over which you so deservedly preside4 ,the ,marquis de ,courtivron1 in two memoirs read before the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences in the year #agdh1 and published by that learned body1 relates the observations he1 together with ,monsieur ,pelversier de ,gombeau1 formerly surgeon to the regiment de la ,sarre1 made on the rise1 progress1 and fatality1 of the contagious distemper at ,issurtille1 a town in ,burgundy2 to which are added experiments they made1 by application1 digestion1 and inoculation1 towards communicating the disease2 and concludes from the failure of these attempts1 that the distemper can only be communicated from one beast to another4 ,besides1 notwithstanding the ,marquis observes#bj the regularity of the illness1 the critical days1 on the seventh and ninth1 and particularly that all such as recovered had more or fewer pustules broke out in different parts of the body2 yet#ba he will not allow of ,rammazzini's opinion1 of the analogy between this distemper and the small-pox1 nor that it is an eruptive fever2 but ranks it as a plague4 ,but the ,marquis goes still farther4 ,he positively say1#bb 8,that in the preceding years1 in the provinces of ,bresse1 ,maconnois1 and ,bugey1 some private persons had suffered by buying cattle recovered from the distemper1 which had1 at that time1 the pustules remaining on them3 which cattle had the distemper afterwards40 ,nay1 he adds that 8even after recovering twice1 a third infection has seized and killed many40 ,no wonder1 my ,lord1 that such positive assertions should stagger1 and cause the practice of inoculation not to be received1 till the nature of the disease be absolutely determined1 and facts prove the contrary of what has been asserted4 ,in a matter of so great importance to every nation1 it were to be wished1 that the ,marquis de ,courtivron had produced attested observations of these second and third infections3 for tho' a nobleman of his rank1 character1 and great abilities1 would not willingly impose upon the world2 yet it may happen1 that he may have received wrong informations4 ,as to the nature1 rise1 progress1 and fatality1 of this distemper at ,issurtille1 it appears to be the same disease as raged in these kingdoms4 ,all the symptoms agree1 as described by ,rammazzini1 ,lancisi1 the ,marquis1 and in my ,essay4 ,a distempered beast gave rise to the three infections4 ,the illness was every-where the same in ,italy1 ,france1 and ,britain2 and either terminated fatally on the fourth or fifth day1 when a scouring prevented the salutary eruptions1 or in some cases by abortion2 and on the seventh or ninth favourably1 when the pustules had regularly taken their course4 ,tho' the ,marquis did not observe1 that any particular medicines were of use1 he says1 that in general acids were beneficial1 especially poor thin wines somewhat sour2 and that the distempered beasts were all fond of these acids#bc4 ,the fatality was likewise the same1 as will appear from the ,marquis's tables4 ,of #aib head of cattle1 #agf died4 ,the mortality was chiefly among the fat cattle1 cows with calf1 and young sucking or yearling calves2 and of the surviving sixteen1 only two calves out of seventy-seven lived1 and these two1 with seven other beasts of the sixteen1 escaped the infection1 tho' constantly among the diseased3 so that it is plain1 ,of #aib beasts1 #agf died #g recovered #i escaped the infection4 --- #aib ,the mortality was as considerable in these kingdoms4 ,whoever will compare the appearances1 progress1 and fatality1 of the small-pox1 with what is remarked by authors of authority1 as ,rammazzini and ,lancisi1 and other observers1 relative to the contagious distemper among the horned cattle1 will not be at a loss one moment to determine1 whether this disease be an eruptive fever1 like unto the small-pox1 or not4 ,now if1 as the ,marquis has granted in both his memoirs#bd1 it be a general observation1 that an eruption of pustules on some parts of the body1 regularly thrown out1 digested1 and dried1 is the means used by nature to effect the cure2 and that in general the morbid matter does not affect the parotid1 inguinal1 or other glands1 nor produce large carbuncles and abscesses1 as the plague does3 ,nay more1 since it is observed by the ,marquis1 that the difference between the contagious distemper of #agde and #agdf1 and of #agdg and #agdh1 was1 that in the former the salutary eruptions appeared1 but in the latter were1 as he justly apprehends1 checked by the excessive cold weather2 and should it appear1 that by inoculation the same regular eruptive fever has been produced1 with every stage1 and the same symptoms as arise in the small-pox2 the nature of this distemper will then be ascertained4 ,i shall now proceed1 my ,lord1 to lay before your ,lordship and the ,society the accounts ,i have received relating to the infection and inoculation of the cattle1 and make some observations on the experiments made at ,issurtille4 ,so long1 my ,lord1 as the distemper has raged in ,great ,britain1 not one attested proof has been brought of any beast having this disease regularly more than once4 ,i make no doubt but these creatures may be liable to eruptions of different kinds2 but as all sorts of eruptions1 says ,dr4 ,mead#be1 are not the small-pox1 nor measles1 so every pustule is not a sign of the plague4 ,thro' ignorance1 or fraud1 persons may have been deceived in purchasing cattle1 and have lost them1 as well in ,england as in the provinces of ,france mentioned by the ,marquis2 but until a second infection be proved1 the general opinion must prevail in this case1 as in the small-pox3 for tho' many have insisted on the same thing with regard to the small-pox1 yet a single instance1 properly vouched and attested1 has never been produced1 either after recovery from the natural way1 or from inoculation2 unless what is frequently the case with nurses and others attending the small-pox1 that is1 pustules breaking out in their arms and face1 be allowed as the signs of a second infection4 ,the farmers and graziers in ,huntingdonshire1 ,cambridgeshire1 ,lincolnshire1 ,kent1 and ,yorkshire1 from whence ,i have written testimonies1 all agree1 that they never knew of a beast having the contagious distemper more than once4 ,in this county particularly1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,mehew1 the farmer mentioned in my ,essay1 has now among his stock at ,godmanchester eight cows1 which had the contagious distemper the first time it appeared in ,godmanchester in #agdf4 ,it returned in #agdi1 #agee1 and #agef2 the two last not so generally over the town as the two former years4 ,all these four times ,mr4 ,mehew suffered by the loss of his cattle2 yet those eight cows1 which recovered in #agdf1 remained all the while the distemper was in the farm the three years it raged1 were in the midst of the sick cattle1 lay with them in the same barns1 eat of the same fodder1 nay of such as the distempered beasts had left and slabbered upon1 drank after them1 and constantly received their breath and steams1 without ever being in the least affected4 ,is not this a convincing proof8 ,if in general the cattle be susceptible of a second infection1 how comes it1 that not one of these eight cows were affected8 ,in the years abovementioned the distemper spared no beast1 but such as had recovered from that disease3 and this is confirmed to me by ,mr4 ,mehew's father and brother1 all the chief farmers of ,godmanchester1 and is the opinion of all the farmers and graziers in ,huntingdonshire1 who are so thoroughly convinced of there being no second infection1 that they are always ready to give an advanced price for such cattle as have recovered from the contagious distemper4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,scaife1 assistant to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,greene1 ,dean of ,salisbury1 in his parish of ,cottenham1 ,cambridgeshire1 acquaints me1 that the farmers in that neighbourhood lost1 in #agdf and #agdg1 twelve hundred head of cattle1 in #agea four hundred and seventy2 and tells me1 that ,mr4 ,ivett1 ,sayers1 ,moor1 ,dent1 ,lawson1 chief farmers at ,cottenham1 ,mr4 ,taylor1 ,sumpter1 and ,matthews1 of his own parish of ,histon1 and the farmers of ,wivelingham alias ,willingham1 unanimously declare1 they never had one instance of a beast having the distemper twice4 ,mr4 ,thorpe1 a farmer and grazier near ,gainsborough in ,lincolnshire1 has had beasts recovered from the distemper1 which have herded with cattle fallen ill afterwards1 and never met with a single instance of a second infection4 ,mr4 ,lostie1 an eminent surgeon at ,canterbury1 has inquired for me of the farmers and graziers in that part of ,kent1 and about ,romney-,marsh2 and from whence no belief of a second infection can be had4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,fountayne1 ,dean of ,york1 writes me word1 that no beast has been known1 in his neighbourhood1 to have had the distemper twice4 ,and several persons from that county1 and others1 have told me the same thing4 ,if the above testimony of persons of character and veracity1 together with the concurrent persuasion of farmers in general1 be allowed of1 it must be determined1 that there is no instance of a second infection4 ,supposing now it should appear1 that this distemper is regularly1 as in the natural way1 tho' in a milder manner1 produced by inoculation1 and that inoculation secures a beast also from a second infection2 then undoubtedly inoculation will be recommendable4 ,the very few trials made in ,england1 and those not with the greatest exactness or propriety1 will yet serve to put this matter out of all doubt4 ,the ,rev4 ,dean of ,york had five beasts inoculated1 by means of a skein of cotton dipped in the matter1 and passed thro' a hole1 like a seaton1 in the dew-lap4 ,of these five1 one cow near the time of calving died3 the other four1 after going thro' the several stages of this contagious disease1 recovered2 two of which1 being cows young with calf1 did not slip their calves4 ,all four have herded with distempered cattle a long while1 and never had the least symptom of a second infection4 ,mr4 ,bewley1 a surgeon of reputation in ,lincolnshire1 inoculated three beasts two years old1 for ,mr4 ,wigglesworth of ,manton1 in the dew-lap1 and with mucus from the nostrils4 ,all three had the regular symptoms of the contagious distemper in a mild manner1 recovered1 and tho' they herded a twelvemonth after with five or six distempered beasts1 they never were the least affected4 ,mr4 ,bewley also declared to ,mr4 ,thorpe1 that there never was one instance produced1 that he knew of1 of a second infection4 ,since it is plain1 that notwithstanding neither well-digested pus was made use of1 nor incisions made in the properest places1 and it may be supposed few medicines were given2 yet inoculation succeeded so as to bring on the distemper in a regular and mild manner1 as appears by the cows with calf not slipping their calves4 ,one may fairly conclude1 that in this contagious distemper1 like unto the small-pox1 the practice of inoculation is not only warrantable1 but much to be recommended4 ,but how comes it then1 that neither by application1 digestion1 nor inoculation1 the distemper was not communicated in ,france8 ,the ,marquis says1 that this distemper is not communicated but from one beast to another immediately4 ,i must beg leave to say1 that to my knowlege the distemper in ,february #agef was carried from the farm-yard1 where ,i visited some distempered cattle1 to two other farm-yards1 each at a considerable distance1 without any communication of the cattle with each other1 and merely by the means of servants going to and fro1 or of dogs4 ,the experiments made on four beasts1 by tying over their heads part of distempered hides1 or pieces of linen and woollen cloth or silk1 which had received the breath and steams of dying cattle1 serve to shew1 by the bullock's forcing off the cloth tied about him1 that the putrid stench was disagreeable to him2 but that neither his blood1 nor that of the other three beasts1 was then in a state to receive the infection4 ,with regard to the pustules1 which the ,marquis relates were mixed with oats and bran1 or dissolved in white wine2 the distempered bile1 which was mixed with milk2 milk taken from diseased cows2 water1 in which part of a distempered hide had been steeped2 and the precaution taken to force these mixtures into the paunch of calves1 by means of a funnel1 whose end was covered with a piece of raw distempered skin1 that the beast might both swallow and suck in the disease4 ,all these experiments could have no other effect than what followed2 which was1 that the acrimony of the distempered bile created first a nausea1 and then produced a violent scouring1 which killed the beast1 leaving marks of its irritation on the intestines4 ,the practice of inoculation is but lately followed1 and even now but little known1 in the provinces of ,france4 ,its advantages have not long since been strangely disputed at ,paris4 ,in the case of inoculating cattle1 instead of a slip of raw hide taken from a beast just dead1 or putting a pustule into the neck1 they should either have passed in the dewlap cotton or silk dipped in well-digested pus1 or have inserted in proper incisions cotton-thread or silk soaked with pus either on the shoulders or buttocks2 the true way of inoculating in the ,english manner4 ,some persons have indeed thought1 that to inoculate with the blood of the infected would answer the intention2 but most of the modern practitioners chuse to depend on digested matter4 ,several constitutions will not receive infection1 let them be inoculated ever so judiciously4 ,a ,ranby1 a ,hawkins1 a ,middleton1 and other inoculators1 will tell us1 that the incisions have sometimes suppurated so much1 and pustules have appeared round the edges of the wound1 without any other particular marks of the disease2 and yet the patient has never had the small-pox afterwards4 ,the ,marquis mentions an instance somewhat of the same kind in his first ,memoir1 p4 #adg4 ,the examination of these very important and interesting particulars has1 ,i observe1 drawn me into a prolixity1 which ,i fear may prove tedious to your ,lordship3 but should ,i have removed all doubts1 and brought convincing proofs of the absurdity of fearing a second infection2 should ,i have shewn inoculation to be a necessary practice1 and that the contagious distemper may be communicated more ways than one2 ,i hope your ,lordship will excuse the length of this letter4 ,i shall only add my earnest wishes1 that the legislature may1 by effectual means1 prevent the importation of distempered cattle and hides into these kingdoms2 the only means of naturalizing and perpetuating a dreadful distemper1 now1 thank ,god6 much decreased among us4 ,i am1 with the greatest respect1 ,my ,lord1 ,your ,lordship's ,most humble and most obedient ,servant1 ,daniel ,peter ,layard4 ,huntingdon1 #bf ,nov4 #ageg4 ,,lxx4 ,trigonometry abridged4 ,by the ,rev4 ,patrick ,murdoch1 ,a4 ,m4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,feb4 #b1 #ageh4 ,,the cases in trigonometry1 that can properly be called different from one another are no more than four2 which may be resolved by three general rules or theorems1 expressed in the sines of arcs only2 using the supplemental triangle as there is occasion4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xx4 p4 #eci4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,,case ,i4 ,when of three given parts two stand opposite to each other1 and the third stands opposite to the part required4 ,,theorem ,i4 ,the sines of the sides are proportional to the sines of angles opposite to them4 ,,demonstration4 ,let ,,qr 7,,tab4 ,,xx4 ,fig4 #a47 be the base of a spherical triangle2 its sides ,,pq1 ,,pr1 whose planes cut that of the base in the diameters ,,qcq1 ,,rcr4 ,and if1 from the angle ,p1 the line ,,pl is perpendicular to the plane of the base1 meeting it in ,l1 all planes drawn through ,,pl will be perpendicular to the same1 by #ah4 el4 #aa4 ,let two such planes be perpendicular likewise to the semicircles of the sides1 cutting them in the straight lines ,,pg1 ,,ph2 and the plane of the base in the lines ,,lg1 ,,lh4 ,then the plane of the triangle ,,pgl being perpendicular to the two planes1 whose intersection is ,,qgcq1 the angles ,,pgq ,,lgq will be right angles1 by #ai4 el4 #aa4 ,,pg likewise subtends a right angle ,,plg1 and the angle ,,pgl measures the inclination of the semicircle ,,qpq to the plane of the base 7def4 #f4 el4 #aa47 that is 7by #af el4 #c4 and #aj el4 #aa47 it is equal to the spherical angle ,,pqr3 whence ,,pg is to ,,pl as the radius to the sine of ,,pqr4 ,the same way ,,pl is to ,,ph as the sine of ,,prq is to the radius3 and therefore1 ex quo4 ,,pg the sine of the side ,,pq is to ,,ph the sine of ,,pr1 as the sine of ,,prq is to the sine of ,,pqr4 ,,cases ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 ,when the three parts are of the same name4 ,and1 ,when two given parts include between them a given part of a different name1 the part required standing opposite to this middle part4 ,,theorem ,,ii4 ,let ,s and s be the sines of two sides of a spherical triangle1 d the sine of half the difference of the same sides1 a the sine of half the included angle1 b the sine of half the base2 and writing unity for the radius1 we have ,ssa d - b #j2 in which a or b may be made the unknown quantity1 as the case requires4 ,,demonstration4 ,let ,,pqr 7,fig4 #b47 be a spherical triangle1 whose sides are ,,pq ,,pr1 the angle included ,,qpr1 the base ,,qr1 ,,pc the semiaxis of the sphere1 in which the planes of the sides intersect4 ,to the pole ,p1 draw the great circle ,,ab1 cutting the sides 7produced1 if needful7 in ,m and ,n2 and thro' ,q and ,r1 the lesser circles ,qq1 r,r1 cutting off the arcs ,qr q,r equal to the difference of the sides2 join ,,mn1 ,qq1 r,r1 ,,qr1 qr4 ,then the planes of the circles described being parallel 7,theod4 sphric4 #b4 #b471 and the axis ,,pc perpendicular to them 7#aj4 #a4 of the same71 their intersections with the planes of the sides1 as ,,qt1 and ,rt1 will make right angles with ,,pc2 that is1 ,,qt and ,rt are the sines 7,s1 s47 of the sides ,,pq ,,pr1 and ,,mc ,,nc are whole sines4 ,now the isosceles triangles ,,mcn1 ,,qtq1 rt,r1 being manifestly similar2 as also ,,mn1 the subtense of the arc which measures the angle ,,qpr1 being equal to 7#b;a7 twice the sine of half that angle2 we shall have ,,mn3 ,,mc ,qq3 ,,qt r,r3 ,rt2 or1 in the notation of the theorem1 ,qq #b,sa1 r,r #bsa4 ,and further1 the chords ,qr q,r being equal1 and equally distant from the center of the sphere1 as also equally inclined to the axis ,,pc1 will1 if produced1 meet the axis produced1 in one point ,z4 ,whence the points ,q1 q1 ,r1 r1 are in one plane 7#b4 el4 #aa471 and in the circumference in which that plane cuts the surface of the sphere3 the quadrilateral ,qq,rr is also a segment of the isosceles triangle ,,zqq1 cut off by a line parallel to its base1 making the diagonals ,,qr1 qr1 equal4 ,and therefore1 by a known property of the circle1 ,qq r,r 7q,r7 7,,qr72 which1 substituting for ,qq and ,rr the values found above1 #b;d for ,qr1 #b;b for ,,qr1 and taking the fourth part of the whole1 becomes ,ssa d b the proposition that was to be demonstrated4 ,note #a4 ,if this1 or the preceding1 is applied to a plane triangle1 the sines of the sides become the sides themselves2 the triangle being conceived to lie in the surface of a sphere greater than any that can be assigned4 ,note #b4 ,if the two sides are equal1 d vanishing1 the operation is shorter3 as it likewise is when one or both sides are quadrants4 ,note #c4 ,by comparing this proposition with that of the ,lord ,neper#bf1 which makes the #cith of ,keill's ,trigonometry1 it appears1 that if ,,ac1 ,,am1 are two arcs1 then sin4 7,,ac ,,am7 #b sin4 7,,ac - ,,am7 #b 77b d7 7b - d7 7 7sin4 ,,ac sin4 ,,am7 7sin4 ,,ac - sin4 ,,am74 ,and in the solution of ,case ,,ii4 the first of these products will be the most readily computed4 ,,case ,,iv4 ,when the part required stands opposite to a part1 which is likewise unknown3 ,having from the data of ,case ,i4 found a fourth part1 let the sines of the given sides be ,s1 s2 those of the given angles 1 2 and the sines of half the unknown parts a and b2 and we shall have1 as before1 ,ssa d - b #j2 and if the equation of the supplements be 7 7 - #j2 then1 because #a - b #a - 7,ssa d71 and #a - a1 substituting these values in the second equation1 we get ,,theorem ,,iii4 7#a - 7#a - d7 - 7 7#a - ,ss7 a2 in words thus3 ,multiply the product of the sines of the two known angles by the square of the cosine of half the difference of the sides3 add the square of the sine of half the difference of the angles2 and divide the complement of this sum to unity1 by the like complement of the product of the four sines of the sides and angles2 and the square root of the quotient shall be the sine of half the unknown angle4 ,if we work by logarithms1 the operation will not be very troublesome2 but the rule needs not be used1 unless when a table of the trigonometrical analogies is wanting4 ,to supply which1 the foregoing theorems will be found sufficient1 and of ready use2 being either committed to memory1 or noted down on the blank leaf of the trigonometrical tables4 ,note1 ,the schemes may be better1 raised in card-paper1 or with bent wires and threads4 ,,lxxi4 ,an ,account of ,two extraordinary ,cases of ,gall-,stones4 ,by ,james ,johnstone1 ,m4 ,d4 of ,kidderminster4 ,communicated by the ,rev4 ,charles ,lyttelton1 ,l4 ,l4 ,d4 ,dean of ,exeter4 ,to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,lyttelton1 ,dean of ,exeter4 ,read ,feb4 #i1 #ageh4 ,rev4 ,sir1 ,a,ccording to promise ,i send you a short account of the two extraordinary cases we talked of1 the last time ,i had the pleasure of seeing you at ,kidderminster4 ,the truth of the first narrated case you are already a sufficient judge of2 and if it is at all necessary to ascertain the second in like manner1 ,i can at any time produce the poor woman and her husband before you1 who will attest the truth of sufferings1 which will not easily escape their memory4 ,you are at liberty to dispose of this paper as you shall think proper4 ,i am1 ,reverend ,sir1 ,your respectful and most humble ,servant1 ,j4 ,johnstone4 ,kidderminster1 ,sept4 #aa4 #ageg4 ,,tho' it is now pretty well known1 that colicky and icteric diseases often arise from gall-stones generated in the bilious receptacle1 and obstructing its canals2 yet an example of one1 of such enormous size1 voided into the duodenum from the ductus communis1 as happened in the first of the following cases1 is a very rare1 if not intirely an unexampled occurrence4 ,it will encourage us not too easily to despair of the expulsion of the largest calculi from the gall-bladder2 and will teach us1 that all violent attacks of pain about the stomach are not owing to gout reflected upon that organ3 it will make us more cautious of giving drastic cathartics1 heating and inflaming medicines1 upon such a vague presumption2 and ought to dispose those1 who are trusted with the lives of their fellow-creatures1 to a nicer observation of even the minutest symptoms and circumstances1 which may occur in diseases4 ,the second case points out1 under certain circumstances1 the practibility of extracting1 by incision into the gall-bladder itself1 those calculi1 which1 from their figure1 or other impediments1 cannot be voided in the natural way4 ,the method of performing this unusual operation1 and some instances of its success1 have already been made public in the ,memoires de l',acad4 de ,chirurg4 #a4 ,mrs4 ,f----1 a sedentary corpulent old lady1 had been much subject to colicky complaints1 without jaundice1 in the vigour of life4 ,the seat of the pain was chiefly under the right hypochondrium1 as high as the stomach4 ,she had been tolerably free from it for at least eight years past4 ,december #e1 #agec1 about eleven o'clock in the evening1 she was suddenly seized with a violent pain1 extending from that part of the stomach lying under the right side1 thro' to her back4 ,she compared it to a sword driven in that direction4 ,this pain continued not only with unremitted violence1 but even increased1 till seven o'clock in the morning3 all this time she vomited and strained almost incessantly2 but after her stomach was emptied of its contents1 nothing came up besides clear slime1 streaked with blood4 ,about seven o'clock in the morning she felt her pain fall or move lower1 as she expressed it1 and from that time became remarkably easier4 ,soon after this change1 she became extremely sick1 and vomited up1 for the first time1 a prodigious quantity of greenish yellow bile4 ,she had not before this seizure been remarkably costive2 and in her pain had a free motion to stool with effect2 but during the remainder of the 7#fth7 day had none1 tho' all this time emollient clysters were injected2 and she took regularly every two hours a powder of magnes4 alb4 terr4 fol4 tartar4 tart4 vitriol4 ana j4 ol4 nuc4 mosch4 gutt4 j4 with a draught of the succ4 limon4 sal4 absinth4 ,but in the middle of the night1 and all day 7the #gth71 she had an abundant discharge of loose bilious stools4 ,she had continued free from excessive pain since the morning of the former day1 only now and then complained of uneasiness sometimes in one1 sometimes in another1 part of her bowels4 ,about twenty-four hours after her first seizure1 she felt a great pain striking towards the bottom of her back1 and one hour after voided the extraordinary calculus1 of which the figure and description are subjoined4 ,some time after pieces of skins were voided by stool1 which were evidently of the texture and appearance of the internal villous coat of the intestines and gall-bladder4 ,the above medicines were the only ones she used1 by my direction1 under her painful complaint1 excepting an external fomentation1 and bleeding1 which the hardness and contractedness of her pulse seemed to require4 ,she was ordered to drink plentifully of thin broths1 and other soft diluent liquors4 ,during the course of her disorder she had no appearance of jaundice1 nor since2 and1 considering her years1 enjoys at present 7,sept4 #ageg7 very good health4 ,this calculus1 as appears by the figure1 was of a pyriform shape1 resembling the form of the cystis fellea itself4 ,its surface was quite smooth and polished1 excepting towards the base1 at that part marked ,a1 where it was scabrous1 as if some other substance had lain contiguous to it4 ,when broken through1 it was composed of concentrical lamin1 which were alternately white and ochre-coloured4 ,in length it measured one inch and three tenths2 its transverse section measured at least seven tenths of an inch4 ,it had a saponaceous smoothness1 like other gall-stones1 and floated upon water4 ,it weighed only about #abf grains4 ,tho' it be difficult to conceive1 how so bulky a substance1 generated in the gall-bladder1 could be conveyed along so narrow a passage as the common biliary duct1 especially considering the obliquity of its insertion for near half an inch of length betwixt the coats of the duodenum2 yet there seem sufficient data in the above case to prove1 that this animal stone was not formed in the alimentary tube1 but 7large as it was7 had come into it from the ductus communis choledochus4 ,the shape and saponaceous smoothness1 and colour of the lamin1 of this substance1 shew it was moulded in the gall-bladder1 and formed from bilious particles4 ,the severe pain and torture1 and enormous vomiting1 she underwent1 for seven hours after her first seizure1 argue1 that it must then be lodged in some canal much narrower and straighter than the alimentary canal2 for so soon as it dropped into that1 the severe pain in a great measure ceased4 ,but that straight canal1 in which it was situated during those seven hours of torture1 could be no other than the ductus communis choledochus2 for1 during this space of time1 no bile was emptied into the bowels1 nor thrown up by the strongest efforts of vomiting4 ,but no sooner had she perceived the cause of her pain to move or drop downwards 7a sensation1 which points out the precise moment the stone must have dropped into the duodenum71 than she began to sicken1 and instantly after vomited up a vast quantity of bilious matter2 which now1 from the de-obstructed duct1 began to flow freely into the duodenum4 ,the obstruction of the ductus choledochus was of too short a duration 7only three hours7 to occasion any observable jaundice4 ,and it appears by the bloody flesh-like knots1 thrown up with phlegm by vomiting1 that the passage of the substance was not effected without considerable laceration of the small bilious ducts4 ,and this easily accounts for the separation of the villous coat1 which afterwards appeared in this patient's stools4 ,illustration3 ,this coarse delineation represents the figure and true bulk of the calculus2 which1 ,i believe1 is still in my patient's custody4 #b4 ,in ,february #ageb4 ,i was called to relieve a poor woman of this place1 ,sarah ,ewdall1 aged #cj years and upwards1 and the mother of several children4 ,she laboured under the jaundice1 and complained of a severe acute pain striking thro' from the right hypochondrium to her back1 with frequent vomitings4 ,a prternatural hardness1 of a compass not exceeding the hollow of the hand1 was then plainly to be felt at the pit of the stomach1 or a little nearer to the right hypochondrium4 ,when that particular part was pressed1 she complained of great pain4 ,the pain at this part was always increased by attempting to lie upon the left side4 ,she was blooded1 fomented externally1 had emollient saponaceous clysters injected1 and a nitrous apozem1 and pills composed of galban4 sap4 ,castillens4 and soon after recovered4 ,she had frequent returns of the same complaint after this2 but ,i saw her not again till ,jan4 #agee1 when she lay insensible in a fit1 which for several days deprived her of the use of her speech and of all her senses1 only she tossed her limbs about4 ,about a quarter of a year after she had recovered from this fit1 ,mr4 ,cooper of this place1 her apothecary1 informed me1 that from a small sore at the pit of her stomach1 which came since her last illness1 she had voided several gall-stones4 ,curiosity prompted me to inquire into the matter of fact from herself4 ,she shewed me the sore1 which was now almost cicatrized4 ,she said1 that soon after her last illness a little pimple arose upon that part of the pit of the stomach1 which had been hard ever since she had been subject to the jaundice4 ,this pimple broke1 ran matter1 and at different times the calculi1 which she shewed me1 had come out with the matter4 ,her stomach had been somewhat painful before it broke1 but was now easy4 ,the calculi1 which she shewed me1 had the appearance of being fragments of larger ones1 and some were almost dust2 tho' she assured me they all came from the sore in that condition4 ,of these fragments ,i have two or three of the largest now in my custody3 they are light1 swim on water1 smooth like soap2 are of a yellow colour1 and in some parts brown like snuff2 and consist of similar concentrical layers4 ,the poor woman has since then been troubled with returns of pain and jaundice1 in the intervals of which her skin is perfectly clear and white4 ,she is still alive1 and ready to attest the truth of this narrative4 ,j4 ,johnstone4 ,kidderminster1 ,sept4 #aath1 #ageg4 ,,lxxii4 ,a remarkable ,case of ,cohesions of all the ,intestines1 c4 in a ,man of about ,thirty-four ,years of ,age1 who died some time last ,summer1 and afterwards fell under the ,inspection of ,mr4 ,nicholas ,jenty4 ,read ,feb4 #i1 #ageh4 ,,the subject was tall1 and partly emaciated4 ,i found nothing externally but a wound in the left side1 which seemed to me to have been degenerated into an ulcer4 ,as ,i did not know the man when he was alive1 and had him two days after his decease1 ,i cannot give an immediate account of the cause of his death4 ,but in opening his abdomen1 ,i found the epiploon adhering close to the intestines1 in such a manner1 that ,i could not part it without tearing it4 ,it felt rough and dry4 ,and as ,i was going to remove the intestines1 to examine the mesentery1 ,i found them so coherent one with the other1 that it was impossible for me to divide them without laceration4 ,then ,i inflated the intestinal tube1 for the inspection of this extraordinary phnomenon2 but1 to my great surprize1 all the external parts of the intestines appeared smooth2 very few of the circumvolutions were seen1 occasioned by the strong lateral cohesions of their sides with each other4 ,the substance of the intestines was rough1 and a great many pimples1 as big as the head of a pin1 appeared in them1 and were almost free from any moisture4 ,it is proper to observe1 that these pimples have been taken for glands by the late ,dr4 ,james ,douglas1 and others2 whereas they are in reality nothing else but the orifices of the exhaling vessels obstructed1 and are not to be met with except in morbid cases4 ,after having made incisions in that part of the colon next to the rectum1 ,i found the peritonum1 or external membrane which invests the intestines1 and the viscera of the abdomen1 to be of the thickness of a six-pence2 and ,i fairly drew all the intestines from their external membrane without separating their cohesions2 the peritonum1 or external membrane1 afterwards appearing like another set of intestines4 ,i found a fluid in the intestines2 and ,i will not take upon me to say1 how the peristaltic motion must have been performed4 ,and afterwards ,i parted the stomach from its external tunic1 as ,i had done the intestines4 ,i found no obstruction in the mesenteric glands2 but every evolution of the mesentery firmly cohered together4 ,the liver also adhered closely to the diaphragm1 and its adjacent parts3 and in the vesicula fellis ,i found the bile pretty thick1 neither too green nor too yellow1 but a tint between both4 ,i met with nothing remarkable in the other parts of the abdomen4 ,in opening the thorax1 ,i found the lungs closely adhering to the ribs laterally1 and posteriorly and interiorly close to the pericardium4 ,in making an incision to open the pericardium1 ,i found it so closely adhering to the heart1 that ,i could not avoid wounding that organ1 and with much difficulty could part it from it4 ,i met with no fluid in the pericardium4 ,the heart was small2 and in the internal side the pores of the pericardium appeared so large1 that one might have insinuated the head of a middling pin into them4 ,they have been described by some anatomists1 who have met with cases somewhat similar to this1 but without such universal adhesions2 and they have been supposed to have been glands4 ,the same pores likewise appeared on the heart2 which1 in my opinion1 are nothing but the extremities of the exhaling vessels4 ,in removing the heart1 ,i found the dorsal1 and other lymphatic glands above the lungs1 quite large1 indurated1 and of a dark greyish colour4 ,nothing remarkable appeared in the lungs2 only1 that the portion of the pleura1 which invests the lungs1 and is generally thin1 was here thick and rough2 and thro' a glass it appeared as if covered with grains of sand2 and might in several places have been easily torn from the lungs4 ,the aorta was pretty large2 and in that part of it1 which runs on the tenth dorsal vertebra1 ,i found a cystis1 as big as an olive1 full of pus2 and lower down1 immediately before that vessel perforates the diaphragm1 ,i found another1 something less1 full of matter likewise2 both which portions ,i have by me4 ,that portion of the aorta1 where the cystis appeared1 was rather thicker than the other1 and osseous4 ,in opening the cranium1 ,i found in that part of the cerebrum1 which lies over the cerebellum1 a table spoonfull of pus1 of a greenish colour2 and examining it thro' a glass1 there was an appearance of animalcula in it4 ,,lxxiii4 ,of the best ,form of ,geographical ,maps4 ,by the ,rev4 ,patrick ,murdoch1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,feb4 #i1 #ageh4 ,i4 ,,when any portion of the earth's surface is projected on a plane1 or transferred to it by whatever method of description1 the real dimensions1 and very often the figure and position of countries1 are much altered and misrepresented4 ,in the common projection of the two hemispheres1 the meridians and parallels of latitude do indeed intersect at right angles1 as on the globe2 but the linear distances are every-where diminished1 excepting only at the extremity of the projection3 at the center they are but half their just quantity1 and thence the superficial dimensions but one-fourth part3 and in less general maps this inconvenience will always1 in some degree1 attend the stereographic projection4 ,the orthographic1 by parallel lines1 would be still less exact1 those lines falling altogether oblique on the extreme parts of the hemisphere4 ,it is useful1 however1 in describing the circum-polar regions3 and the rules of both projections1 for their elegance1 as well as for their uses in astronomy1 ought to be retained1 and carefully studied4 ,as to ,wright's1 or ,mercator's1 nautical chart1 it does not here fall under our consideration3 it is perfect in its kind2 and will always be reckoned among the chief inventions of the last age4 ,if it has been misunderstood1 or misapplied1 by geographers1 they only are to blame4 ,,ii4 ,the particular methods of description proposed or used by geographers are so various1 that we might1 on that very account1 suspect them to be faulty2 but in most of their works we actually find these two blemishes1 the linear distances visibly false1 and the intersections of the circles oblique3 so that a quadrilateral rectangular space shall often be represented by an oblique-angled rhomboid figure1 whose diagonals are very far from equal2 and yet1 by a strange contradiction1 you shall see a fixed scale of distances inserted in such a map4 ,,iii4 ,the only maps ,i remember to have seen1 in which the last of these blemishes is removed1 and the other lessened1 are some of ,p4 ,schenk's of ,amsterdam1 a map of the ,russian empire1 the ,germania ,critica of the famous ,professor ,meyer1 and a few more#bg4 ,in these the meridians are straight lines converging to a point2 from which1 as a center1 the parallels of latitude are described3 and a rule has been published for the drawing of such maps#bh4 ,but as that rule appears to be only an easy and convenient approximation1 it remains still to be inquired1 ,what is the construction of a particular map1 that shall exhibit the superficial and linear measures in their truest proportions8 ,in order to which1 ,,iv4 ,let ,el,,lp1 in this figure 7,see ,,tab4 ,,xxi47 be the quadrant of a meridian of a given sphere1 whose center is ,c1 and its pole ,p2 ,,el1 ,el1 the latitudes of two places in that meridian1 ,,em their middle latitude4 ,draw ,,ln1 ln1 cosines of the latitudes1 the sine of the middle latitude ,,mf1 and its cotangent ,,mt4 ,then writing unity for the radius1 if in ,,cm we take ,cx ,nn 7,ll ,,mf ,,mt71 and thro' x we draw x,r1 xr1 equal each to half the arc ,ll1 and perpendicular to ,,cm2 the conical surface generated by the line ,rr1 while the figure revolves on the axis of the sphere1 will be equal to the surface of the zone that is to be described in the same time by the arc ,ll2 as will easily appear by comparing that conical surface with the zone1 as measured by ,archimedes4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxi4 p4 #eed4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,and1 lastly1 ,if from the point t1 in which r,r produced meets the axis1 we take the angle ,ct,v in proportion to the longitude of the proposed map1 as ,,mf the sine of the middle latitude is to radius1 and draw the parallels and meridians as in the figure1 the whole space ,,soqv will be the proposed part of the conical surface expanded into a plane2 in which the places may now be inserted according to their known longitudes and latitudes4 ,,example4 ,v4 ,let ,ll1 the breadth of the zone1 be #ej1 lying between #aj and #fj north latitude2 its longitude #aaj1 from #bj east of the ,canaries to the center of the western hemisphere2 comprehending the western parts of ,europe and ,africa1 the more known parts of ,north ,america1 and the ocean that separates it from the old continent4 ,and because ,cx ,nn 7,ll ,,mf ,,mt71 add these three logarithms4 ,log4 #j4hgbffej 7 #ej to radius #a7 -#a4idjhdgf ,log4 ,,mf 7sin4 #ce7 -#a4geheiac ,log4 ,,mt 7tang4 #ee7 #j4aedggcb ---------- ,take the sum -#a4hedbaba from log4 ,nn 7 4#fibcggb7 -#a4hdjcdbg ---------- the remainder -#a4ihfacjf is the logarithm of ,cx4 ,and because #a3 ,cx ,,mt 3 xt1 to this adding the log4 ,,mt #j4aedggcb ---------- ,the sum #j4adjijch is the log4 of xt #a4chcbfj2 and x,r 7 xr ,ll7 being 4#dcfccbe1 ,rt will be #j4idfibge1 rt #a4haieibe4 ,whence having fixed upon any convenient size for our map1 the center t is easily found4 ,as1 allowing an inch to a degree of a great circle1 or #ej inches to the line ,rr1 ,rt the semidiameter of the least parallel will be #ed4bee inches1 and that of the greatest parallel #ajd4bee inches4 ,again1 making as radius to ,,mf so the longitude #aaj to the angle ,st,v1 that angle will be #fc #e 4 ,divide the meridians and parallels1 and finish the map as usual4 ,note1 ,the log4 ,,mt being repeated in this computation with a contrary sign1 we may find xt immediately by subtracting the sum of the logarithms of ,ll and ,,mf from the log4 of ,nn4 ,,vi4 ,a map drawn by this rule will have the following properties3 #a4 ,the intersections of the meridians and parallels will be rectangular4 #b4 ,the distances north and south will be exact2 and any meridian will serve as a scale4 #c4 ,the parallels thro' z and y1 where the line ,rr cuts the arc ,ll1 or any small distances of places that lie in those parallels1 will be of their just quantity4 ,at the extreme latitudes they will exceed1 and in mean latitudes1 from x towards z or y1 they will fall short of it4 ,but unless the zone is very broad1 neither the excess nor the defect will be any-where considerable4 #d4 ,the latitudes and the superficies of the map being exact1 by the construction1 it follows1 that the excesses and defects of distance1 now mentioned1 compensate each other2 and are1 in general1 of the least quantity they can have in the map designed4 #e4 ,if a thread is extended on a plane1 and fixed to it at its two extremities1 and afterwards the plane is formed into a pyramidal or conical surface1 it may be easily shewn1 that the thread will pass thro' the same points of the surface as before2 and that1 conversely1 the shortest distance between two points in a conical surface is the right line which joins them1 when that surface is expanded into a plane4 ,now1 in the present case1 the shortest distances on the conical surface will be1 if not equal1 always nearly equal1 to the correspondent distances on the sphere3 and therefore1 all rectilinear distances on the map1 applied to the meridian as a scale1 will1 nearly at least1 shew the true distances of the places represented4 #f4 ,in maps1 whose breadth exceeds not #aj or #ae1 the rectilinear distances may be taken for sufficiently exact4 ,but we have chosen our example of a greater breadth than can often be required1 on purpose to shew how high the errors can ever arise2 and how they may1 if it is thought needful1 be nearly estimated and corrected4 ,write down1 in a vacant space at the bottom of the map1 a table of the errors of equidistant parallels1 as from five degrees to five degrees of the whole latitude2 and having taken the mean errors1 and diminished them in the ratio of radius to the sine of the mean inclination of the line of distance to the meridian1 you shall find the correction required2 remembering only to distinguish the distance into its parts that lie within and without the sphere1 and taking the difference of the correspondent errors1 in defect and in excess4 ,but it was thought needless to add any examples2 as1 from what has been said1 the intelligent reader will readily see the use of such a table2 and chiefly as1 whenever exactness is required1 it will be more proper1 and indeed more expeditious1 to compute the distances of places by the following canon4 ,multiply the product of the cosines of the two given latitudes by the square of the sine of half the difference of longitude2 and to this product add the square of the sine of half the difference of the latitudes2 the square root of the sum shall be the sine of half the arc of a great circle between the two places given4 ,thus1 if we are to find the true distance from one angle of our map to the opposite1 that is1 from ,s to ,q1 the operation will be as follows3 ,l4 sin4 #cj -#a4fihigjj ,l4 sin4 #hj -#a4iicceae #b ,l4 sin4 #ee -#a4hbfgbij ---------- -#a4eaijeje log4 of #j4ccjdjh and #b ,l4 sin4 #be -#a4beahiff log4 of #j4aghfjf ---------- -------- ,log4 of the sum #j4ejijad is -#a4gjfgbig ,whose half is -#a4heccfdh the ,l4 sin4 of #de #ca1 the double of which is #ia #b1 or #edfb geographical miles4 ,and seeing the lines ,,ts1 ,,tq1 reduced to minutes of a degree1 are #fbee4ahi and #cbee4ahi respectively1 and the angle ,,stv is #fc #e1 the right line ,,sq on the map will be #eeid1 exceeding its just value by #acb or of the whole4 #g4 ,the errors on the parallels increasing fast towards the north1 and the line ,,sq having1 at last1 nearly the same direction1 it is not to be wondered that the errors in our example should amount to 4 ,greater still would happen1 if we measured the distance from ,o to ,q by a straight line joining those points3 for that line1 on the conic surface1 lying every-where at a greater distance from the sphere than the points ,o and ,q1 must plainly be a very improper measure of the distance of their correspondent points on the sphere4 ,and therefore1 to prevent all errors of that kind1 and confine the other errors in this part of our map to narrower bounds1 it will be best to terminate it towards the pole by a straight line ,,ki touching the parallel ,,oq in the middle point ,k1 and on the east and west by lines1 as ,,hi1 parallel to the meridian thro' ,k1 and meeting the tangent at the middle point of the parallel ,,sv in ,h4 ,by this means too we shall gain more space than we lose1 while the map takes the usual rectangular form1 and the spaces ,,ghv remain for the title1 and other inscriptions4 ,,vii4 ,another1 and not the least considerable1 property of our map is1 that it may1 without sensible error1 be used as a sea-chart2 the rumb-lines on it being logarithmic spirals to their common pole t1 as is partly represented in the figure3 and the arithmetical solutions thence derived will be found as accurate as is necessary in the art of sailing4 ,thus if it were required to find the course a ship is to steer between two ports1 whose longitudes and latitudes are known1 we may use the following ,,rule4 ,to the logarithm of the number of minutes in the difference of longitude add the constant logarithm#bi -#d4ajaeaje1 and to their sum the logarithm sine of the mean latitude1 and let this last sum be ,s4 ,the cotangent of the mean latitude being ,t1 and an arithmetical mean between half the difference of latitude and its tangent being called m1 from the logarithm of ,t m take the logarithm of ,t - m1 and let the logarithm of their difference be ,d2 then shall ,s - ,d be nearly the logarithm tangent of the angle1 in which the ship's course cuts the meridians4 ,note1 ,we ought1 in strictness1 to use the ratio of tx x,r to tx - x,r instead of ,t m to ,t - m2 but we substitute this last as more easily computed1 and very little different4 ,,example #a4 ,let the latitudes1 on the same side of the equator1 be #aj and #fj2 then the middle latitude and its complement are #ce and #ee1 and half the difference of the latitudes is #be3 and the difference of longitude being #aaj1 the operation will stand as below4 ,log4 #ffjj 7in #aaj7 #c4haiedci ,constant log4 -#d4ajaeaje ---------- -#a4ibajedd ,log4 sin4 #ce -#a4geheiac ---------- ,s 444 -#a4fgifdeg ,again ,t #a4dbhadhj m 4#deacbjb --------- ,log4 7,t m7 7 #a4hgidfhb7 #j4bgdjcej ,log4 7,t - m7 7 #j4igfhbgh7 -#a4ihihahj ---------- ,log4 #j4bhdbagj ,d -#a4decfejj ---------- ,s - ,d 7 log4 tangent #ei #af7 #j4bbeiieg agreeing to a minute with the solution by a table of meridional parts4 ,,example #b4 ,the rest remaining1 let the difference of longitude be only #dj2 then ,log4 #bdjj 7in #dj7 #c4chjbaab ,constant log4 -#d4ajaeaje ---------- -#a4dhagbag ,log4 sin4 #ce -#a4geheiac ---------- ,s -#a4bdjcacj ,d 7as before7 -#a4decfejj ---------- ,s - ,d 7 log4 tang4 #ca #bg 7 -#a4ghfffcj ,,example #c4 ,let the difference of longitude be #dj2 but the latitudes #ef and #hj2 ,and log4 #bdjj log4 constant -#a4dhagbag ,log4 sin4 #fh -#a4ifgafei ---------- ,s -#a4ddhhhgf ,t 7tang4 #bb7 4#djdjbfb m 4#bajiihj -------- ,log4 7,t m7 7 4#faejbdb7 -#a4ghhhiba ,log4 7,t - m7 7 4#ahcjbhb7 -#a4bfbeaha ---------- ,log4 #j4ebfcgdj ,d -#a4gbabidd ---------- ,s - ,d 7 log4 tangent #bh #f7 -#a4gbgeicb wanting of the true answer no more than #a #d4 ,and in all cases that can occur1 the error of this rule will be inconsiderable4 ,it is not meant1 however1 that it ought to take place of the easier and better computation by a table of meridional parts3 but it was thought proper to shew1 by some examples1 how safely the map itself may be depended on in the longest voyages2 provided it is sufficiently large1 and the necessary rumb-lines are exactly drawn#cj4 ,,lxxiv4 ,a short ,dissertation on ,maps and ,charts3 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,thomas ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 and ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 ,by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,mountaine1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,april #f1 #ageh4 ,london1 ,march #ba4 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,,among the several improvements made in arts and sciences by ingenious men1 the construction of globes1 maps1 or charts1 deserves a place3 not only on account of the pleasure and satisfaction that arises to speculative minds1 in surveying the extent and divisions of this terraqueous globe1 but also for their real use and service to navigation1 trade1 and commerce4 ,globes perhaps were first invented1 as bearing the nearest semblance to the natural form of the earth and sea1 with proper circles thereon described1 and the several empires and kingdoms1 according to their extent1 latitudes1 and longitudes1 as far as geography and history would admit4 ,but tho' these convey the most general and truest ideas of the position and situation of places2 yet1 as containing but a small surface1 they were found not extensive enough to take in particular kingdoms or states1 with their subdivisions1 cities1 and rivers1 so as to convey an adequate and sufficient representation4 ,besides1 they were not so portable and commodious in voyages or travels4 ,maps and ,charts were therefore thought of1 as being most convenient for both the purposes above-mentioned2 the accuracy of which depends on representing the meridians and parallels in such manner1 that when places are laid thereon1 according to their latitudes and longitudes1 they may have such respect to each other1 as they have on the globe itself2 and those are either globular or rectilinear4 ,globular1 or curvilinear1 are either general or particular4 ,general1 are the hemispheres2 for the most part constructed stereographically4 ,particular1 contain only some part of the terraqueous globe2 and of this sort there are sundry modes of construction1 which for the most part are defective1 so as not to be applied with accuracy and facility to the purposes intended1 in determining the courses or bearings of places1 their distances1 or both4 ,rectilinear were therefore very early adopted1 on which the meridians were described parallel to each other1 and the degrees of latitude and longitude every-where equal2 the rumbs were consequently right lines2 and hereby it was thought1 that the courses or bearings of places would be more easily determined4 ,but these were found also insufficient and erroneous1 the meridians being parallel1 which ought to converge2 and no method or device used to accommodate that parallelism4 ,notwithstanding the great deficiency in this plane map or chart1 it was preferred1 especially in nautical business2 and hath its uses at this day in topographic constructions1 as in bays1 harbours1 and very narrow zones4 ,however1 the errors herein were sooner discovered than corrected1 both by mathematicians and mariners1 as by ,martin ,cortese1 ,petrus ,nonius1 ,coigniet1 and some say by ,ptolemy himself4 ,the first step towards the improvement of this chart was made by ,gerardus ,mercator1 who published a map about the year #aeej1 wherein the degrees of latitude were increased from the equator towards each pole2 but upon what principles this was constructed1 he did not exhibit4 ,about the year #aeij1 ,mr4 ,edward ,wright1 an ,englishman1 discovered the true principles upon which such a chart should be constructed2 and communicated the same to one ,jodocus ,hondius1 an engraver1 who1 contrary to his honest faith and engagement1 published the same as his own invention3 ,this occasioned ,mr4 ,wright1 in the year #aeii1 to exhibit his method of construction1 in his book1 intitled1 ,correction of ,errors in ,navigation2 in the preface of which book may be seen his charge and proof against ,hondius2 and also how far ,mercator has any right to share in the honour due for this great improvement in geography and navigation4 ,blundevill1 in his ,exercises1 page #cbg1 published anno #aeid1 gives a table of meridional parts answering to even degrees1 from #a to #hj of latitude1 with the sketch of a chart constructed therefrom2 but this table he acknowledged to have received from ,mr4 ,wright1 in the following words1 page #cbf1 viz4 8,in the mean time to reform the saide faults10 7in the plane chart7 8,mercator hath in his universal chard or mappe made the spaces of the parallels of latitude to bee wider everie one than other from the equinoctial towards either of the poles1 by what rule ,i know not1 unless it be by such a table as my friend ,maister ,wright of ,caius-college in ,cambridge at my request sent me 7,i thank him7 not long since for that purpose1 which table with his consent1 ,i have plainlie set down10 c4 ,about the year #agbj1 a globular chart was published1 said to be constructed by ,mr4 ,henry ,wilson2 the errors in which were obviated by ,mr4 ,thomas ,haselden1 in a letter to ,dr4 ,halley2 who at the same time exhibited a new scale1 whereby distances on a given course may be measured1 or laid off1 at one extent of the compasses1 on ,wright's projection2 and was intended to render the same as easy in practice as the plane chart4 ,the above chart was published in opposition to ,mr4 ,wright's1 which that author charged with imperfections and errors1 and that it represented places bigger than they are upon the globe4 ,it is true1 the surface is apparently enlarged2 but the position of places1 in respect to one another1 are in no wise distorted2 and it may be asserted1 with the same parity of reason1 that the lines of sines1 tangents1 and secants1 are false1 because the degrees of the circle1 which are equal among themselves1 are thereupon represented unequal4 ,yet if a map or chart was so constructed1 as to shew the situation and true extent of countries1 c4 prim facie 7if ,i may be allowed the expression71 and yet retain all the properties1 uses1 and simplicity1 of ,wright's construction1 it would be a truly great improvement2 but this seems to be impossible4 ,the method exhibited by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,murdoch1 in his paper1 read before the ,royal ,society on the #ith of ,february last1 shews the situation of places1 and seems better calculated for determining superficial and linear measures1 than any other that has occurred to me4 ,this ,gentleman illustrates his theory with examples justly intended to point out the quantity of error1 that will happen in a large extent4 ,for instance2 ,between latitudes #aj and #fj ,n4 and containing #aaj degrees difference of longitude1 ,mr4 ,murdoch computes the distance at #eeid miles2 which1 upon the arc of a great circle1 is found to be #edgg1 or by other methods #edfb2 so that the difference is only #aag1 or at most #acb miles in so great an extent1 and to an high latitude2 and the higher the latitude the greater the error is like to be1 where-ever middle latitude is concerned4 ,his courses also agree very nearly with computations made from the tables of meridional parts4 ,in example the first they are the very same3 ,in example the #b;d they agree to half a minute3 ,in example the #c;d they vary #a #d1 on account of the high latitudes1 which extend from #ef to #hj ,n4 ,however1 ,i do not esteem this method so simple1 easy1 and concise1 in the practice of navigation1 as ,mr4 ,wright's construction1 especially in determining the bearings or courses from place to place3 nor will it 7,i presume7 admit of a zone containing both north and south latitude4 ,of these inconveniences ,mr4 ,murdoch seems to be extremely well acquainted1 when he expresses himself in the following very candid and ingenuous terms1 viz4 8,as to ,wright's or ,mercator's nautical chart1 it does not here fall under our consideration3 it is perfect in its kind2 and will always be reckoned among the chief inventions of the last age4 ,if it has been misunderstood or misapplied by geographers1 they only are to blame40--,and again1 at the end of his nautical examples1 he concludes thus1 viz4 8,it is not meant1 however1 that it ought to take place of the easier and better computation by a table of meridional parts40 ,i have the honour to be1 with the greatest respect1 ,,sir1 ,the ,,royal ,,society',s1 and ,your most obedient ,servant1 ,william ,mountaine4 ,,addenda to ,mr4 ,murdoch's ,paper1 ,n4 ,,lxxiii4 ,,if it is required 8to draw a map1 in which the superficies of a given zone shall be equal to the zone on the sphere1 while at the same time the projection from the center is strictly geometrical20 ,take ,cx to ,,cm as a geometrical mean between ,,cm and ,nn1 is to the like mean between the cosine of the middle latitude1 and twice the tangent of the semidifference of latitudes2 and project on the conic surface generated by xt4 ,but here the degrees of latitude towards the middle will fall short of their just quantity1 and at the extremities exceed it3 which hurts the eye4 ,artists may use either rule3 or1 in most cases1 they need only make ,cx to ,,cm as the arc ,,ml is to its tangent1 and finish the map2 either by a projection1 or1 as in the first method1 by dividing that part of xt which is intercepted by the secants thro' ,l and l1 into equal degrees of latitude4 ,mr4 ,mountaine justly observes1 8that my rule does not admit of a zone containing ,n4 and ,s4 latitudes40 ,but the remedy is1 to extend the lesser latitudes to an equality with the greater2 that the cone may be changed into a cylinder1 and the rumbs into straight lines4 ,,lxxv4 ,cases of the remarkable ,effects of ,blisters in lessening the ,quickness of the ,pulse in ,coughs1 attended with ,infarction of the ,lungs and ,fever3 ,by ,robert ,whytt1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians1 and ,professor of ,medicine in the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,read ,feb4 #af1 #ageh4 ,,one of the most natural effects of blistering plaisters1 when applied to the human body1 is to quicken the pulse1 and increase the force of the circulation4 ,this effect they produce1 not only by means of the pain and inflammation they raise in the parts to which they are applied1 but also because the finer particles of the cantharides1 which enter the blood1 render it more apt to stimulate the heart and vascular system4 ,the apprehension1 that blisters must in every case accelerate the motion of the blood1 seems to have been the reason1 why some eminent physicians have been unwilling to use them in feverish and inflammatory disorders1 till after the force of the disease was a good deal abated1 and the pulse beginning to sink4 ,however1 an attentive observation of the effects1 which follow the application of blisters in those diseases1 will shew1 that instead of increasing1 they often remarkably lessen the frequency of the pulse4 ,this ,i had occasion formerly to take notice of#ca1 and shall now evince more fully by the following cases4 ,i4 ,a widow lady1 aged about #ej1 was seized 7,december #agee7 with a bad cough1 oppression about her stomach and breast1 and a pain in her right side1 tho' not very acute4 ,her pulse being quick1 and skin hot1 some blood was taken away1 which was a good deal sizy3 attenuating and expectorating medicines were also prescribed4 ,but as her complaints did not yield to these remedies1 ,i was called on ,december #bfth1 after she had been ill about ten days2 at which time her pulse beat from #if to #ajj times in a minute1 but was not fuller than natural4 ,i ordered her to lose seven or eight ounces more of blood1 which1 like the former1 was sizy2 and next day1 finding no abatement of her complaints1 ,i advised a blister to be applied1 in the evening1 to that part of her right side which was pained4 ,next morning1 when the blister was removed1 the pain of her side was gone1 and her pulse beat only #hh times in a minute1 and in two days more it came down to #gh4 ,however1 after the blistered part became dry1 the pulse rose in one day's time to #if1 and continued between that number and #ij for four days2 after which ,i ordered a large blister to be put between her shoulders4 ,when this plaister was taken off1 her pulse beat under #ij times in a minute2 and next day it fell to #gf1 and the day after to #gb4 ,the cough and other symptoms1 which were relieved by the first blister1 were quite cured by the second4 ,,ii4 ,john ,graham1 bookbinder1 in ,edinburgh1 aged #cg1 of a thin habit of body1 formerly subject to coughs1 and thought to be in danger of a phthisis pulmonalis1 having exposed himself unwarily to cold in the night time1 was1 about the end of ,january #agef1 seized with a bad cough and feverishness2 for which he was blooded1 and had a diaphoretic julep1 a pectoral decoction1 and a mixture with gum4 ammoniacum and acetum scilliticum1 given him by ,mr4 ,james ,russell1 surgeon-apothecary in this place4 ,on the #abth of ,february1 after he had been ill above a fortnight1 ,i was desired to visit him4 ,he seemed to be a good deal emaciated2 his eyes were hollow1 and cheeks fallen in3 he was almost constantly in a sweat2 coughed frequently1 and spit up a great quantity of tough phlegm1 somewhat resembling pus3 his pulse beat from #aab to #aaf times in a minute4 ,in this condition ,i ordered immediately a blister to be applied between his shoulders1 which lessened in some degree his cough and spitting1 as well as the frequency of his pulse2 but the blistered part no sooner began to heal1 than he became as ill as before1 and continued in this bad way nine or ten days1 gradually wasting1 with continued sweats1 and a great spitting of a thick mucus4 ,during this time he used tinctura rosarum1 and the mixture with gum4 ammon4 and acet4 scillit4 without any sensible benefit1 and had six ounces of blood taken away1 which was very watery1 and the crassamentum was of a lax texture4 ,in this almost desperate condition1 another blister1 larger than the former1 was put between his shoulders1 which remarkably lessened his cough and spitting1 and in two or three days reduced his pulse to #if strokes in a minute4 ,after this he continued to recover slowly1 without the assistance of any other medicine1 except the tinctura rosarum and the mixture with gum4 ammon4 and acet4 scillit4 and at present he enjoys good health4 ,,iii4 ,mrs4----1 aged upwards of #dj1 who had for several years been subject to a cough and spitting in the winter months1 was1 in ,october #agef1 seized with those complaints in a much greater degree than usual2 to remove which1 she was blooded1 and got some attenuating and pectoral medicines from ,mr4 ,john ,balfour1 surgeon-apothecary in ,leith4 ,i was called on ,november #aath1 after she had been ill several weeks1 and found her in a very unpromising condition4 ,she had a frequent and severe cough1 with great shortness of breath and a wheezing2 her lungs seemed to be quite stuffed with phlegm1 of which she spit a vast quantity every day1 and of such an appearance1 that ,i was apprehensive it was1 in part at least1 truly purulent4 ,when she sat up in a chair1 her pulse beat above #acj times in a minute4 ,she had a considerable thirst1 and her tongue was of a deep red colour1 with a beginning aphthous crust on some parts of it4 ,she was so weak1 and her pulse so feeble1 that there was no place for further bleeding3 a blister was therefore applied to her back1 ,november #aath1 which somewhat lowered her pulse1 and lessened the shortness of breathing and quantity of phlegm in her lungs4 ,november #afth1 a second blister was laid to her side1 which gave her still more sensible relief than the former1 and reduced her pulse to #aad strokes in a minute4 ,november #beth1 a third blister was applied to her back2 by which her cough and wheezing were rendered considerably easier1 and the phlegm1 which she spit up1 lost its purulent appearance1 became thinner1 more frothy1 and was much less in quantity4 ,her pulse beat now only #ajd times in a minute4 ,after this1 her cough and spitting increasing again1 she had1 on the #bjth of ,december1 a fourth blister applied to her back1 which1 like the former1 did her great service4 ,her stomach being extremely delicate1 ,i scarce ordered any medicines for her all this time1 except a cordial julep1 with spir4 volat4 oleos4 tincture of rhubarb as a laxative1 and a julep of aqu4 rosar4 acet4 vin4 alb4 and syr4 balsam4 of which last she took two table spoonfuls twice or thrice a day in a quarter of a pint of lintseed tea4 ,after the fourth blister1 she drank for some time a cupful of infusum amarum twice a day1 and continued to recover slowly3 and tho' during the remaining part of the winter she was1 as usually1 a good deal troubled with a cough1 yet in the spring she got free from it1 and is now in her ordinary health4 ,,iv4 ,christian ,mewen1 aged #ba1 had laboured under a cough1 thick spitting1 pain of her breast1 and pains in her sides affecting her breathing1 for about a twelvemonth3 and after getting1 by proper remedies1 in a good measure free from those complaints1 her cough1 from catching a fresh cold1 increased to a greater degree than ever1 became hard and dry1 and was attended with a constant difficulty of breathing1 pain in her left side1 and head-ach4 ,after having been seven or eight days in this condition1 she was admitted into the ,royal ,infirmary1 ,january #ith1 #ageg4 ,as her pulse was small1 tho' very quick1 viz4 beating #acj in a minute1 ,i thought it unnecessary to bleed her1 as from former experience ,i did not doubt but that blistering alone would relieve her3 ,i ordered1 therefore1 a large blister to be applied to her left side1 where she complained of pain1 and prescribed for her the following julep3 ,aqu4 menth4 simp4 spirit4 ,minderer4 ana iij4 acet4 scillit4 i4 sacchar4 alb4 ij4 misce2 cap4 coch4 ij4 ter in die4 ,she was also desired to breathe frequently over the steam of hot water1 and to drink lintseed tea4 ,january #ajth4 ,her pulse beat only #aab times in a minute1 and was somewhat fuller than on the #ith4 ,the blister was not removed till late in the evening1 and made a plentiful discharge4 ,the cough having been so severe last night1 as to keep her from sleep1 ,i ordered her the following anodyne draught3 ,spirit4 ,minderer4 ss4 acet4 scillit4 i4 syr4 papav4 alb4 vi4 misce2 cap4 hor4 somni4 ,jan4 #aath4 ,the cough easier last night2 difficulty of breathing less2 pulse #ajh in a minute4 ,ordered the anodyne draught to be repeated1 and the use of the julep1 with acet4 scillit4 to be continued4 ,jan4 #abth4 ,pulse slower2 cough and pain of the side easier2 but still complains of a head-ach4 ,jan4 #acth4 ,pulse #id in a minute2 cough continues easier in the night1 but is troublesome in the day-time4 ,jan4 #adth4 ,every way better2 pulse only #hj in a minute4 ,as her cough is still bound1 ordered her1 besides the medicines above-mentioned1 a pectoral decoction of rad4 alth4 c4 ,jan4 #aeth4 ,cough and other complaints in a great measure removed2 pulse #fe in a minute4 ,from this time her cough gave her little trouble2 but on the #ahth she complained of a pain in the epigastrium1 with sickness at stomach1 want of apetite1 and a giddiness in her head1 which were considerably relieved by a vomit1 infusum amarum1 and stomachic purges2 and were almost wholly cured by the return of her menses on the #eth of ,february1 after an interval of eight weeks4 ,v4 ,a girl #ba months old1 who had 7,december #agef7 a great load of the small-pox1 and not of a good kind1 with a cough and obstructed breathing1 was1 on the seventh day from the eruption1 blistered on the back2 by which the pulse was lessened from #bjj to #aef strokes in a minute4 ,next day her legs were also blistered1 and the pulse thereby fell to #acf4 ,but the child's lungs being much oppressed1 and her throat being so full of pustules that she could scarce swallow any thing1 she died towards the end of the ninth day4 ,i could add several other cases of the remarkable effects of blisters in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with fever1 pain in the side1 and pituitous infarction of the lungs3 but those above may be sufficient to put this matter out of doubt1 as well as to remove any prejudice1 that may still remain against the free use of so efficacious a remedy4 ,in a true peripneumony1 especially where the inflammation is great1 repeated bleeding is the principal remedy1 and blisters early applied are not so proper4 ,but when the peripneumony is of a mixed kind2 when the lungs are not so much inflamed as loaded with a pituitous matter2 when bleeding gives but little relief2 when the pulse1 tho' quick1 is small2 when the patient is little able to bear evacuations1 and the disease has continued for a considerable time2 in all these cases blistering will produce remarkable good effects1 and1 far from increasing1 will generally lessen the frequency of the pulse1 and fever1 more speedily than any other remedy4 ,on the other hand1 when the fever and frequency of the pulse proceed from a true inflammation of the lungs1 from large obstructions tending to suppuration1 or from an open ulcer in them1 blisters will be of less use1 nay1 sometimes will do harm1 except in the last case1 where they1 as well as issues and setons1 are often beneficial1 tho' seldom able to compleat a cure4 ,but as in pituitous infarctions of the lungs1 with cough and fever1 repeated blisters applied to the back and sides are far preferable to issues or setons1 so these last seem most proper in an open ulcer of the lungs4 ,the former make a greater and more sudden derivation1 and are therefore adapted to acute cases2 the latter act more slowly1 but for a much longer time1 and are therefore best suited to chronic diseases4 ,further1 while blisters evacuate chiefly the serous humours1 issues and setons generally discharge true purulent matter1 and on this account may be of greatest service in internal ulcers4 ,in what manner blisters may lessen the fever and frequency of the pulse attending internal inflammations1 ,i have elsewhere endeavoured to explain#cb2 and shall only add here1 that in the cases above recited1 where the quick pulse and feverishness proceeded more from a pituitous infarction than a true inflammation of the lungs1 blisters1 by relieving this organ1 in some measure1 of the load of humours oppressing it1 would render the circulation through its vessels freer1 and consequently lessen the quickness of the pulse1 and other feverish symptoms4 ,it may not1 however1 be improper briefly to point out the reason1 why blisters1 which have been observed to be remarkably efficacious1 even when early applied1 in pleurisies#cc1 are less so in true peripneumonies4 ,this difference1 ,i imagine1 may be accounted for from there being no immediate communication between the pulmonary vessels and those of the sides and back1 to which the blisters are applied2 whereas the pleura1 and intercostal muscles1 are furnished with blood-vessels from the intercostal arteries1 which also supply the teguments of the thorax3 so that while a greater flow of serous humours1 and also indeed of red blood1 is derived into the vessels of the external parts1 to which the vesicatories are applied1 the force of the fluids in the vessels of the inflamed pleura1 or intercostal muscles1 must be considerably lessened4 ,further1 as the intercostal muscles and pleura are1 as well as the teguments of the thorax1 supplied with nerves from the true intercostals1 blisters applied to the back and sides may perhaps1 on this account also1 have a greater effect in relieving inflammations there than in the lungs1 which have nerves from the eighth pair1 and from the intercostals improperly so called4 ,edinburgh1 ,may #bc;d1 #ageg4 ,extract of a ,letter from ,dr4 ,whytt1 ,professor of ,medicine in the ,university of ,edinburgh1 and ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 to ,dr4 ,pringle1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,edinburgh1 #aj ,nov4 #ageg4 ,,what you remark with regard to blisters being freely used by the physicians at ,london1 in the cases mentioned in the paper ,i last sent you1 is very just1 and indeed what ,i knew2 but altho' their efficacy in such circumstances is now generally acknowleged both in ,england and ,scotland1 yet ,i do not remember that their remarkable quality in lessening the quickness of the pulse has been particularly attended to4 ,this1 therefore1 ,i thought it might not be amiss to ascertain by a few careful observations4 ,i agree intirely with you1 as to the use of blisters in fevers2 being of opinion1 that when there is no particular part obstructed or inflamed1 they are of little service1 and sometimes hurtful1 unless perhaps towards the end1 when the pulse begins to sink4 ,nay1 in fevers1 where the substance of the brain is affected1 and not its membranes1 ,i have never found any sensible benefit from blisters3 and ,i always suspect the brain itself affected1 when a fever and delirium come on without any preceding head-ach1 or redness in the tunica albuginea of the eyes4 ,this kind of fever ,i have met with several times1 and have observed it to be generally fatal4 ,,lxxvi4 ,a remarkable ,instance of ,four rough ,stones1 that were discovered in an human urinary ,bladder1 contrary to the received ,opinion2 and successfully extracted by the lateral ,method of ,cutting for the ,stone4 ,by ,mr4 ,joseph ,warner1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 and ,surgeon to ,guy's-,hospital4 ,read ,feb4 #bc1 #ageh4 ,,the favourable reception those few papers have met with from the ,royal ,society1 which ,i have done myself the honour of addressing to them1 encourages me to take the liberty of offering the following account to their consideration3 and ,i am the more immediately induced to submit this paper to their perusal1 as the fact hereafter related may possibly be not esteemed a matter of mere curiosity2 since it is probable1 that the inferences deduced from the history of the subsequent case1 when attended to1 may prove of the greatest consequence to the future ease and welfare of the patient1 as well as be a means of preventing the operator from falling into such errors1 as cannot fail of drawing an imputation upon his character1 in the practice of one of the most capital and difficult undertakings in his profession4 ,it is a maxim laid down by the most judicious and best received writers upon operations in surgery1 that when the surface of a stone1 which has been extracted from the bladder1 appears to be totally rough1 it amounts to a proof of its having been there alone4 ,but notwithstanding ,i admit it is from experience found1 that the observation is in general well grounded1 it may nevertheless appear1 from the following case1 that this rule is not unexceptionable3 for which reason perhaps it may be thought right1 that we should not be determined from circumstances only2 but1 on the contrary1 that it is necessary for every surgeon to take such methods during the operation1 as will enable him to judge with that degree of certainty1 without which he cannot be enabled to do so4 ,the methods ,i would recommend are these3 ,that after the extraction of a stone from the bladder1 tho' the whole of its surface be rough1 the operator should nevertheless introduce the forefinger of his left or right hand thro' the wound into the cavity of the bladder2 by which means1 if the subject be under twelve years of age1 he will be enabled to come in contact with every internal part of the bladder with his finger3 but if the subject be an adult1 and of a corpulent habit of body1 the finger1 under these circumstances1 not being found to be sufficiently long for the purpose1 he must have recourse to a female catheter1 or some other instrument that is nearly strait1 quite smooth and polished1 and of about nine or ten inches long2 which will serve the purpose equally well1 if of a proper form and thickness4 ,this is the method ,i have made use of upon the like occasions of late years1 without giving any great degree of pain to the patient1 or considerably retarding the operation4 ,since ,i have had the opportunity of making the following observation1 as well as a prior observation something similar to this1 where two rough stones were extracted by me a few years ago from a young man's bladder of #ae years of age1 ,i cannot help suspecting1 that there may have been instances of one or more stones being left behind in the bladder at the time of operating1 merely from the operator's putting too great a confidence in this general rule4 ,which suspicion ,i am led into from having known people1 who have undergone the operation of cutting for the stone1 relapse into the like disorder in a short time after the healing of their wounds1 attended with such symptoms1 as have obliged them to submit to a second operation2 when the stone1 upon being extracted1 has appeared of so considerable a size1 as to make it suspicious1 that this stone must probably have been of a much longer growth1 than the short time betwixt the two operations could admit of4 ,the maxim laid down to us by authors1 of a smooth and polished stone in the bladder being never there alone1 but always accompanied with one or more stones of the same kind1 ,i know no exception to4 ,but if this phnomenon should ever occur1 the strict observance of that rule 7delivered to us by judicious writers in surgery7 of always searching the bladder under the like appearances1 on presumption of one or more stones being left behind1 cannot be attended with any future mischief to the patient1 when carefully executed by the methods recommended above1 and undoubtedly should always be strictly attended to4 ,the smooth and polished appearances of the surfaces of human calculi are universally supposed to arise from their rubbing one against the other2 which may with reason be supposed to be the case3 but ,i confess this inference is not satisfactory to me2 since it is probable1 if this was the sole cause of their smoothness1 the same effect would probably be always produced1 when attended with the same degree of friction4 ,but as this may be considered as a matter of mere speculation1 ,i refer the decision of this point to those of superior abilities4 ,,case4 ,mr4 ,william ,woodhams1 a gentleman farmer1 of a corpulent habit of body1 in the #dfth year of his age1 now living in the parish of ,udimore1 within three miles of ,rye in ,sussex1 was attacked about eight years ago with severe complaints in his loins1 accompanied with an incapacity of voiding his urine without the assistance of proper medicines1 which were administered to him by a neighbouring apothecary for that purpose4 ,these medicines had the desired effect3 they promoted a secretion1 and an evacuation of urine2 which appeared to be loaded with a considerable quantity of gravelly particles mixed with a mucus of a whitish colour4 ,in the space of three weeks he had perfectly recovered from this attack1 and continued well for near five years afterwards1 without any return of his complaint1 except when he rode hard on horseback1 or drank more freely of strong liquors than usual4 ,at the expiration of five years he was seized with an acute fever1 of which he recovered in a few weeks4 ,very soon after his recovery from this illness1 he began to complain of excessive pain in voiding his urine1 or upon going to stool2 which symptoms were so greatly increased for many months before he submitted to the operation1 as to quite disable him from riding1 from walking1 or from using any kind of exercise4 ,his urine1 of late1 was continually and involuntarily flowing from him in small quantities4 ,he complained of great pain and soreness in his fundament1 attended with a tenesmus4 ,this account he delivered to me on the second day after the operation2 and at the same time he very feelingly told me1 that he had enjoyed but very few and short intervals of ease for the three last years1 till since the operation4 ,on the #cjth of ,january #ageh1 ,i cut him1 at his own house in ,sussex1 having first prepared him for the operation in the manner1 that is usual upon the like occasion4 ,in the operation1 ,i extracted the four stones1 which ,i now have the honour of laying before the ,royal ,society4 ,the whole surfaces of these stones appear to be rough1 not having the least marks of ever having rubbed against each other during their confinement in the bladder3 but yet ,i conjecture this must frequently have been the case1 as there was no difficulty in embracing these calculi with the forceps3 for had they been contained in different cells or pouches in the bladder1 which sometimes have been observed from dissections1 this circumstance would1 in all probability1 have rendered it impracticable for me to have so immediately got at them1 if at all4 ,the forceps was introduced only three times into the bladder for effecting the extraction of the three first stones1 and only twice for the extraction of the fourth stone4 ,besides these four stones1 which ,i have presented to the ,society for their inspection1 ,i thought it not improper to produce1 at the same time1 some other human calculi1 for their further satisfaction1 each of which was found single in the urinary bladders of different subjects4 ,the surfaces of these stones may be observed to be much smoother than the surface of either of the four stones1 that were extracted from ,mr4 ,woodhams's bladder in the operation ,i have just now recited2 and therefore it was more reasonable to expect to find each of these stones accompanied with one or more stones in the same bladder 7according to the received opinion71 than it was to find more stones than one in the case of ,mr4 ,woodhams's1 which has given rise to these observations4 ,but as the fact before us does of itself shew the impropriety and danger of determining from the surfaces of such extraneous bodies1 perhaps it may be thought needless to enlarge upon this subject1 to strengthen those precautions so reasonable to be observed in this operation4 ,however1 as ,i have already taken notice of the smooth and polished appearances of the surfaces of such stones1 as are probably never found single in the bladder2 ,i have produced two stones of this kind1 that were extracted from the same bladder1 to shew1 that these stones do no more resemble those stones of ,mr4 ,woodhams's1 than a piece of polished marble can be said to resemble a rough block of the same species4 ,p4 ,s4 ,i am informed1 by a letter from ,sussex1 dated the #ahth instant1 that ,mr4 ,woodhams is perfectly well in health2 that the whole of his urine had passed through the urethra for the last five or six days2 and that his wound will1 in all probability1 be soon healed4 ,joseph ,warner4 ,hatton-,garden1 ,february #bb4 #ageh4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxii47a7 p4 #ehd4 ,plate is an exact representation of the sizes and external appearances of the four rough stones described in the preceding paper ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,,lxxvii4 ,observations on the ,limax non cochleata ,purpur ferens1 ,the naked ,snail producing ,purple4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,read ,feb4 #bc1 #ageh4 ,,among the fish we meet with in the seas of the ,antilles of ,america1 we find1 that this ,i am going to describe will appear precious1 from the beautiful purple colour it produces1 in the same manner1 that the cuttle-fish produces its ink1 if a means could be found to procure this liquor in a sufficient quantity to render it an article of commerce4 ,these fishes are soft1 viscous1 without shells1 scales1 or bones2 are of the nature of the polypi1 and such other kinds1 without feet1 fins1 or any thing to supply their places4 ,their motion is vermicular2 and1 like the slugs1 they wreath themselves up1 and when touched make themselves quite round4 ,they fill up certain membranes of the body with water4 ,their local motion2 antenn1 which they lengthen and contract2 and a great many other properties1 which they have in common with snails1 slugs1 and turbinated shell-fish1 made me call them naked snails3 and altho' they have not the most essential qualities of snails1 ,i thought ,i might give them the name2 for they have no particular appellation in this country4 ,some call them piss-a beds1 some sea-cats1 and others a less modest name1 tapecon1 taken from ,pliny4 ,the ,negroes and country people disagree upon this subject2 and therefore ,i thought all their names ought to be rejected1 in order to adopt a more significant one1 which ,i have given them2 and that altho' they are without shells1 a quality essential to snails1 they had a right to that class by their other properties and qualities4 ,this fish is commonly four inches long1 and two thick2 of a greenish colour1 spotted with black1 each of which forms a circle4 ,the under part is like that of snails1 flat1 with kinds of mamill1 or rugosities1 which are adhesive2 by means of which they advance in a vermicular motion2 and when touched become round1 by retracting their neck and head2 and afterwards protrude them considerably1 according to their motion and progression1 crawling upon rocks to seek their food4 ,the head of this animal has a flatness1 or is inclinable to a square or parallelogram4 ,on each side there are membranes or skins1 which form kinds of ears2 and under them others1 which at times fill with water1 and are then transparent4 ,under this thick skin there is a cranium1 of a kind of coriaceous or cartilaginous matter2 and in the cranium we find the brain1 which is a white substance1 and very firm4 ,at the basis of the head its oval wide mouth is placed1 being above two lines long1 which often discovers a white hard edge1 with which he crops the fucus's1 and other sea-plants1 for his nourishment4 ,about half an inch from the ears there are two horns1 or antenn1 like those of some testaceous animals1 which serve them for eyes2 and these antenn extend and contract at will1 turning to either side also4 ,the oesophagus begins at the upper and inner part of the mouth1 which is a delicate long tube2 near which there is another thick one1 and made nearly like the colon1 which leads to a bag1 or the first stomach1 which may be likened to the craw of a fowl3 it is always filled with fucus mixed with sand4 ,sometimes this stomach is double1 or at least lengthens itself considerably1 and the aliment parts it1 as it were1 into two portions4 ,after this craw1 or stomach1 we find another1 which performs the same office with the gizzard of fowls4 ,the membranes are thick1 and are set with twelve stones1 or horny pieces1 of a bright yellow colour1 and as transparent as fine yellow amber1 ending in points like a diamond2 so that the great side1 or basis1 is set into the membrane of the gizzard as a diamond in its socket3 others differ in size1 having different figures1 that in acting all together they may be able to break and grind the herbs the animal feeds upon1 as well by the strength of the muscle or gizzard1 which puts them into action1 as by the situation of these stones1 assisted by grains of sand found in it1 turning the whole by this trituration into a liquor4 ,afterwards1 what was thus triturated by the power of the gizzard passes into a third belly or stomach1 which is covered by a purple body1 resembling the parenchyma of the liver1 and nearly of the same consistence3 then this belly turns into a long tube1 which surrounds this parenchyma1 and is covered in like manner by a very fine membrane3 it is full of a white liquor1 like chyle1 and goes to discharge itself into another reservoir1 at the side of which is a yellowish gland1 like a pancreas4 ,from these two bodies or glands one of which may be called hepatic1 and the other pancreatic1 two conduits pass out2 that of the pancreas is white1 the other of a blackish purple3 the first conducts its chyle1 condensed1 into a reservoir or bladder1 which may be resembled to the receptaculum chyli of ,pequet1 and from thence passes to the fecal matter3 the other conducts to a body made like the mesentery1 but which is always found out of the common capacity or cavity1 in which all the viscera are contained2 which ,i thus describe3 ,this common capacity is very large1 beginning at the head and ending at the tail of the fish3 it is sometimes filled with a yellowish water1 and is formed by the fleshy body of the animal2 which is only a membrane composed of fibres every way interwoven together1 open at the top1 where the organs are situated1 which contain the purple juice4 ,there is a hollow upon the back of the animal1 where the canal1 filled with a reddish juice1 passes out1 carrying it to a fringed body like a mesentery2 and it is there the purple juice is brought to perfection2 and afterwards goes to a long sack lying under a kind of horny plate1 not like the bone of the cuttle-fish1 but like the bone of the sepia1 or little cuttle-fish1 which we call le couteau4 ,this bone1 or horny substance1 is transparent2 and is of a triangular figure1 or approaching the form of a bivalve shell4 ,on the right side it is fastened by a strong cartilaginous muscle1 which binds it to the body of the animal2 and on the left it is open and detached1 and easy to be pulled up3 then it is easy to see underneath both the mesenteric body1 and the tube or reservoir of the purple juice4 ,this bone1 or horny plate1 is covered by a loose membrane1 which is by no means attached to it1 but capable of being filled and inflated with water or wind4 ,the whole is covered with two membranes1 which are continuations of the flesh of the fish's body3 the membranes are loose1 and larger than are necessary to the bone3 they are wrinkled or rumpled over one another1 to cover the whole1 and to defend the bone and viscera from all kinds of pressure2 but they are ready to stretch one from the other1 and leave the parts destined for the purple juice uncovered4 ,they begin a little under the neck1 and extend1 in the female animal1 to the tail1 which is flat2 and in the male they do not go so low1 but end at some distance from the tail4 ,the females are oviparous2 for eggs are found in the grand cavity1 at the side of the pancreatic body4 ,i have already said1 that when the animal is touched1 he makes himself round1 and throws out his purple juice1 as the cuttle-fish does his ink4 ,this juice is of a beautiful deep colour3 it tinges linen1 and the tincture is difficult to get out4 ,it remains at present to try if we can collect a sufficient quantity of this juice1 and to find a means of preserving the tincture2 which would then be certainly of great value3 to which purpose ,i may apply myself4 ,when the fish is boiled1 or put into spirits1 it shrinks up1 and loses two thirds of its size2 because all the water1 which is in the interstices of the fibres1 is dissipated1 and the dried fibres contract3 which clearly appears from dissecting them4 ,dated at ,guadaloupe1 #bj ,mar4 #ageg4 ,peyssonel4 ,,lxxviii4 ,new ,observations upon the ,worms that form ,sponges4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,read ,feb4 #bc1 #ageh4 ,,the existence of the nests of corallines and lithophyta1 and the mechanism of their polypi1 made me conjecture1 that it was the same with respect to sponges2 that animals1 nested in the interstices of their fibres1 gave them their origin and growth3 but ,i had not yet seen nor discovered the insects1 nor observed their work4 ,sponges appeared to me only as skeletons3 but ,i at length discovered these worms1 which form sponges1 in the four following species3 #a4 ,spongia ,americana tubo similis2 ,the tube-like sponge of ,plumier4 #b4 ,spongia ,americana longissima funiculo similis2 ,the cord-like sponge of ,plumier4 #c4 ,spongia ,americana capitata et digitata2 ,the fingered sponge of ,plumier4 #d4 ,spongia ,americana favo similis2 ,the honeycomb sponge of ,plumier4 ,these four kinds only differ in form3 they have the same qualities1 are made by the same kinds of worm1 and what may be said of the one agrees exactly with all the rest2 for ,i made the same observations upon them all4 ,they may be classed among the spongi hyrcin1 so called by ,j4 ,bauhin1 because of the roughness of their fibres1 by a metaphor1 from pieces covered with mud2 or among those called by ,pliny tragos1 or aphysi1 being foul1 and difficult to cleanse2 and may take the name1 which ,father ,plumier has given them1 drawn from their figure4 ,these four kinds of sponges are composed of hard1 firm1 dirty fibres1 sometimes brittle2 separated one from another1 having large hollows1 or cylindrical tubes1 dispersed thro' their substance4 ,these tubes are smooth within4 ,the interstices of their fibres are filled with a mucilaginous gluey matter1 when the sponge is just taken out of the sea4 ,the mucilage is of a blackish colour1 soon putrifies in the water1 or falls into dust when dried in the sun4 ,when a fresh sponge is squeezed1 this mucilage comes out frothy1 by the mixture of the windings of its fibres3 it always issues forth with sand1 or little parcels of shells crushed by the sea4 ,these fibres1 which consist of the twisted doubles of the sponge1 form as it were a labyrinth filled with worms1 which are easily crushed1 and their juice is confused with the mucilage2 but having carefully torn the sponges1 and their gross fibres1 ,i discovered the living worms1 such as ,i shall mention hereafter4 ,these species of sponge commonly grow upon sandy bottoms4 ,at their origins we perceive1 as it were1 a nodule of sand1 or other matter1 almost petrified1 round which the worms begin to work1 and round which they retire1 as to their last seat or refuge2 where ,i had the pleasure of seeing them play1 exercise themselves1 and retire1 by examining them with the microscope2 and ,i have even made my observations without its assistance4 ,a ,description of the ,worms which form the ,sponges4 ,the worms ,i found in these kinds of sponges are about one-third of a line thick1 and two or three lines in length4 ,they are so transparent1 that one may discern their viscera thro' their coverings and substance3 the blood may be seen to circulate1 and all their parts to act4 ,they have a conic figure1 with a small black head furnished with two pincers3 the other extremity is almost square1 and much larger than the head4 ,upon the back may be seen two white streaks or fillets1 as if they contained the chyle3 these two canals are parallel to each other from the head to the other extremity1 where they come together4 ,in the middle1 where the belly and viscera ought to be placed1 a blackish matter is perceivable1 which has a kind of circulation3 sometimes it fills all the body of the worm1 sometimes it gathers towards the head1 or at the other end1 and sometimes it follows the motion of the animal4 ,this vermicular motion or progression begins at the posterior extremity1 and ends at the head1 which is pushed1 and consequently advances forward4 ,i kept these worms alive out of the sponge1 quite detached from it1 more than an hour1 having examined them thoroughly with a middling magnifier2 for a great magnifier would be the grave of the insect4 ,i was surprised1 after having finished my observations1 when ,i put them near a piece of the fresh sponge1 where the nests were moist1 and from which ,i had pulled them1 to see them enter into them1 and disappear1 being lost in the windings of the tubes4 ,i thought to have found them again2 but it was a difficult task to search for them4 ,i crushed them1 or they were themselves mashed in the tubes1 which ,i pressed1 and of which ,i had consequently spoiled the texture2 but ,i could not find them2 and this happened several times4 ,these worms have no particular lodge3 they walk indifferently into the tubular labyrinth4 ,so that1 without offence to ,pliny and other naturalists1 ,i do not see1 that it is in their power to dilate and contract the bodies of the sponges2 which always remain in the same state of magnitude1 without being any way sensible to the touch1 or any other motion of the sea1 nor to any other accident whatsoever1 being an inanimate body2 for the animal sensitive life1 or whatever you will have it1 belongs only to the worms1 that form these bodies1 and which are their dwelling-places2 and which1 by the slaver or juice they deposit1 make the sponge increase or grow1 as bees1 wasps1 and especially the wood-lice of ,america1 increase their nests or cells4 ,these sponges1 nests1 or cells1 are attached to some solid body in the sea4 ,some kinds are fixed to rocks2 others1 as those ,i am speaking of1 are fastened to heaps of sand1 or to pieces of petrified matter1 and even upon sandy bottoms2 and the sea putting in motion the sand1 and the little parcels of broken shells1 forces them into the holes of the sponge3 there the sand binds and mixes with mucilaginous juice1 and never is loosed from it but when the sponge is well dried1 or with the mucilage when putrified1 or in powder2 and yet some part will remain1 which it is very difficult to take out from the twisted canals1 especially in those sponges of the tragos kind1 so hard to cleanse4 ,in a word1 the blood or humours1 which the ancients have observed1 is no other than the mucilage or juice of the substance of these worms4 ,dated at ,guadaloupe1 #a ,march1 #ageg4 ,,lxxix4 ,account of an ,experiment1 by which it appears1 that ,salt of ,steel does not enter the ,lacteal ,vessels2 with ,remarks4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,by ,edward ,wright1 ,m4 ,d4 ,read ,mar4 #b1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,,tho' iron is universally allowed to be one of the most powerful medicines now in use1 yet many physicians observing1 that the fces of patients1 who used it either in a metallic or saline form1 were tinged of a black colour1 have been led to think1 that1 in a metallic state1 it could not be reduced into particles fine enough to be received by the lacteal vessels2 and if taken in a saline form1 that it underwent a precipitation in the intestines1 by which1 being reduced to an earth or calx1 it was in like manner rendered incapable of making its way into the blood4 ,but the accurate experiments1 with which ,signor ,menghini has favoured the public in the ,memoirs of the ,bononian ,academy#cd1 sufficiently prove1 that the ore and filings of iron1 finely levigated1 enter the blood in considerable quantity2 as does also the crocus1 calx1 or earthy part of the metal1 tho' in less proportion than the two former1 which were found to act with a violent stimulus on the vessels1 and to have dissolved and broke the crasis of the blood of different animals1 that had used them for some weeks in large doses mixed with their ordinary food4 ,tho' it must be allowed1 that these experiments are very curious1 yet the subject seems to require a further inquiry1 viz4 ,whether iron is capable of entering the blood in a state of solution1 or under a saline form3 for1 from the violent stimulus1 as well as from the dissolution of the blood1 and other symptoms brought on by the use of the ore and filings1 these substances 7not being properly dissolved7 appear to have acted in a manner so grossly mechanical1 that1 whatever ,signor ,menghini may think1 very little is to be concluded from them1 with regard to the action of iron on the human body1 in such cases1 as indicate its use1 and where a rational physician would think proper to prescribe it as a medicine4 ,having read ,signor ,menghini's memoir1 ,i recollected1 that in the year #agec ,i had1 with the assistance of two friends1 made the following experiment1 in order to discover1 whether iron1 in a saline form1 is capable of entering the lacteals4 ,an ounce and a half of salt of steel dissolved in a sufficient quantity of water1 filtrated and mixed with about a pound of bread and milk1 were forced down the throat of a dog1 that had been kept fasting for #cf hours4 ,an hour after he had swallowed this mixture1 having secured him in a supine posture1 as is usual in such experiments1 we opened the abdomen1 and observed the lacteal vessels1 like white threads1 running along the mesentery in a very beautiful manner4 ,upon slitting open part of the small guts1 we there found a good deal of the mixture1 which appeared frothy1 but without any black colour1 or the least sign of the salt being precipitated2 and struck a deep inky colour with infusion of galls4 ,tho' the white colour of the lacteals convinced us1 that they were full of chyle1 yet1 as it would have been impossible to have collected a sufficient quantity of it from them1 we found it necessary to open the thorax1 and tie the thoracic duct a little above the receptacle1 which1 from the ligature1 soon became turgid1 the animal being alive and warm1 and the chyle still continuing its course towards the thoracic duct4 ,having cut open the receptacle1 we easily collected a sufficient quantity of chyle1 and immediately mixed therewith1 drop by drop1 infusion of galls2 a very simple and easy method1 by which an incredibly small quantity of salt of steel may be discovered in most liquors3 but not the smallest change of colour was observed1 tho' they were rubbed together for some time1 and allowed to stand several hours4 ,now had there been a single atom 7so to speak7 of the salt in so small a portion of chyle1 as that used in this experiment1 which was1 as near as ,i could guess1 some what less than half an ounce1 it is not to be imagined1 that it could have failed to discover itself by this method of trial2 for upon adding one fourth of a grain of the salt1 this mixture instantly became of a bright purple3 and ,i have found1 by other experiments1 that the smallest quantity of salt of steel shews itself as readily in the chyle by galls1 as in any other liquor of the same consistence4 ,this experiment 7which was as fair as could have been desired71 together with another observation ,i have made1 viz4 that neither the blood nor urine of patients1 during the use of salt of steel1 in the least change colour with galls1 renders it more than probable1 that this salt does not enter the blood4 ,as the salt was found to have undergone no change in the small guts1 it appears1 that it is not prevented from entering the lacteals by its being decomposed or precipitated1 as has been imagined2 but1 on the contrary1 that what renders it incapable of being received by these vessels1 is its astringency3 for the lacteals seem to be endowed with that admirable faculty of admitting such particles of pure chyle as they happen to be in contact with1 and of accommodating their diameters to them1 at the same time that by their natural irritability1 and power of constriction they obstinately exclude such as are astringent2 which1 were they to enter the lacteals1 would either produce dangerous obstructions in these vessels1 or1 if they got into the blood1 would occasion polypous concretions in the larger vessels1 or coagulations incapable of being transmitted thro' the minute vessels of the lungs2 the effects of which would be either sudden death1 or at least inflammations and suppurations from obstructions in the pulmonary vessels2 inconveniences1 which nature1 by precluding astringents from entering the lacteals1 has carefully and wisely avoided4 ,salt of steel1 taken internally1 must retain its astringency until it be precipitated2 which can scarce ever fail to happen in the great guts1 from the putrid fces they contain1 which are always observed to be tinged of a black colour from the metallic basis of the salt1 part of which1 as it has little or no astringency1 may1 no doubt1 enter the blood1 as ,signor ,menghini observed of the crocus1 which is the same substance2 and we know1 from the experiments of ,lister and ,musgrave#ce1 that particles much grosser than those of the white chyle1 provided they be not astringent1 or very acrid1 are conveyed by the lacteals4 ,but the metallic basis being separated from its acid1 and thus reduced to a mere calx or earth1 can scarce be supposed to have any medicinal quality whatsoever1 or at least to have any share in the virtues justly attributed to salt of steel4 ,as this salt is not only astringent1 and consequently a strengthener1 but at the same time acts with a gentle stimulus1 all its virtues 7which are known to be very great in diseases1 where the fluids are either viscid1 cold1 and phlegmatic1 or dissolved and watery1 from a laxity of the solids7 may be accounted for from its immediate effects on the stomach and prim vi1 and on the system of the solids in general by consent2 which it would be needless to illustrate by similar examples1 because well known to every one the least versed in medical studies4 ,i shall therefore only beg leave1 from the obvious qualities of this medicine1 and from what has been observed above1 to deduce the following corollaries4 #a4 ,that salt of steel has no deobstruent or aperient virtue by any immediate action1 that it can possibly have on the blood1 or other animal fluids1 as some have imagined2 but that1 on the contrary1 it owes this quality to its not entering the blood1 which it would otherwise coagulate1 and to its action on the solids alone4 #b4 ,that in diseases proceeding from a laxity of the solids1 great care ought to be taken to restore and invigorate the prim vi2 since a medicine 7and this we may presume not the only one7 whose immediate action is confined to those parts1 is yet found by experience to produce so salutary effects in such diseases4 #c4 ,that as this salt does not enter the blood1 and consequently cannot be in danger of too much stimulating or constricting the vessels1 on which it only acts by consent1 it may1 in small doses1 be successfully used in many cases1 where it has been imagined to be hurtful1 particularly in consumptions of the lungs1 so frequent and fatal in this island2 which are commonly attended with too great a laxity of the prim vi1 and of the solids in general1 tho' they seem more immediately to proceed from a laxity and weakness of the pulmonary vessels2 in which circumstances it must be of the utmost consequence to restore the tone of those principal organs of chylification1 the prim vi2 as good chyle not only corrects the acrimony of the blood1 which in the advanced stages of consumptions so much prevails1 but likewise saves a great deal of labour1 which the lungs 7already too much oppressed7 must otherwise undergo from a crude and ill-concocted chyle4 ,agreeably to this we find1 in the ,essays ,physical and ,literary of ,edinburgh#cf1 two well-vouched histories of patients far gone in consumptions1 with the usual symptoms of pain in the breast1 cough1 gross spitting of fetid matter1 difficulty of breathing1 hectic fits1 and morning sweats1 perfectly cured in a few weeks1 by the use of the ,hartfell-,spaw near ,moffat2 which1 contrary to what is observed in most natural chalybeat waters1 contains a fixed vitriol of iron4 ,these1 ,sir1 are the few observations ,i had to make at present on this subject4 ,i have taken the liberty to address them to you1 in order1 if you shall think proper1 to be communicated to your illustrious ,society2 which1 ,i hope1 will continue to latest posterity those interesting researches for the advancement of every branch of natural knowlege1 by which it has already acquired so much and so deserved honour2 and am1 with the greatest respect1 ,,sir1 ,your most obedient humble ,servant1 ,edward ,wright4 ,strand1 ,feb4 #bh4 #ageh4 ,,lxxx4 ,a ,dissertation on the ,antiquity of ,glass in ,windows4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 ,by the ,rev4 ,john ,nixon1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,mar4 #b1 #ageh4 ,london1 ,march #b4 #ageh4 ,dear ,sir1 ,i ,had the honour last winter to lay before the ,royal ,society a few observations upon some of the curiosities found at ,herculaneum1 c4#cg4 ,among other articles1 ,i just mentioned a piece of a plate of white glass2 and now beg leave to inquire into the uses1 to which such plates might be applied in the early age1 to which this fragment undoubtedly belongs4 ,and here a person1 who forms his ideas of ancient customs by what he sees practised in later times1 may be ready to offer several conjectures2 in some of which he will1 probably1 be mistaken2 as in others he may be justified by the genuine evidences of antiquity4 ,and1 first1 ,it is obvious to imagine1 that such plates might serve for specula1 or looking-glasses4 ,and1 indeed1 that specula were anciently made1 not only of metals1 and some stones1 as the#ch phengites1 c4 but also of glass1 may1 ,i think1 be collected from ,pliny1 who1 having mentioned the city of ,sidon as formerly famous for glass-houses1 adds immediately afterwards1 ,siquidem etiam specula excogitaverat#ci4 ,but then it is to be observed1 that before the application of quicksilver in the constructing of these glasses 7which1 ,i presume1 is of no great antiquity71 the reflection of images by such specula must have been effected by their being besmeared behind1 or tinged thro' with some dark colour1 especially black1 which would obstruct the refraction of the rays of light#dj4 ,upon these hypotheses 7supposing the tincture to be given after fusion7 the lamina before us may be allowed to be capable of answering the purpose here assigned4 ,it may further be suggested1 that plates of this kind might be intended to be wrought into lens's1 or convex glasses1 either for burning1 or magnifying objects placed in their focus4 ,but this designation cannot be supported by proper vouchers from antiquity4 ,on the contrary1 we are informed1 that the ancients used either specula#da of metal1 or balls#db of glass for the former of these purposes2 as it is well known1 that glass was not applied to the latter1 in optical uses1 till the beginning of the ,x,i,i,ith century#dc4 ,however1 we may with greater probability propose another use1 for which the ancients might employ such plates of glass1 as are now under consideration1 viz4 the adorning the walls of their apartments by way of wainscot4 ,this ,i take to be the meaning of the vitre camer mentioned by ,pliny#dd2 who intimates1 that this fashion took its rise from glass being used by ,m4 ,scaurus#de for embellishing the scene of that magnificent theatre1 which he erected for exhibiting shows to the ,roman people in his dileship#df4 ,and we may collect from the same author#dg 7what is further confirmed by his contemporary #dh,seneca71 that this kind of ornament had been admitted1 in his time1 into chambers in houses1 baths1 c4 ,whether the plates used for this purpose were stained with various colours 7as mentioned above71 or had tints of divers kinds applied to the back part of them1 ,i shall not pretend to determine3 but in either way they would have a very agreeable effect4 ,the last destination1 which the obvious congruity of the thing itself1 countenanced by the practice of many ages past1 as well as of the present time1 would induce one to ascribe to such plates of glass1 is that of windows for houses1 baths1 portico's1 c4 ,but ,i am sensible1 that whoever should be hardy enough to advance such an hypothesis1 would be censured as an innovator1 in opposing the general opinion of the connoisseurs in antiquity4 ,these gentlemen are almost unanimous in asserting1 that whenever we meet with mention made of specularia in ancient writers 7especially those of1 or near to1 the age1 to which we must refer this fragment71 we are to understand by that term nothing but fences made of lamin1 either of a certain stone called from its transparent quality lapis specularis#di1 brought first from ,hispania ,citerior1 and afterwards found in ,cyprus1 ,cappadocia1 ,sicily1 and ,africa2 or of another stone of the same nature1 viz4 the phengites4 ,these1 tho' expressly distinguished from each other by ,pliny#ej1 are yet reckoned by some moderns#ea as one and the same thing2 and thought to have been nothing but a kind of white transparent talc1 of which 7according to ,mons4#eb ,valois7 there is found a great quantity in ,moscovy at this day4 ,now that this lapis specularis1 or phengites1 was really used for windows by the ancient ,romans in their houses1 c4 cannot be denied2 since 7according to the opinion of the learned#ec in antiquity7 this usage is mentioned by ,seneca#ed among other improvements in luxury introduced in his time4 ,but whether it was so used exclusive of other materials 7particularly glass71 may1 ,i think1 admit a doubt4 ,salmasius is of opinion#ee1 that nothing can be determined upon this point from the word specular itself1 which seems to be a generical term1 equally applicable to windows of all kinds1 whether consisting of the lapis specularis1 or any other transparent substance4 ,and as 7according to this learned writer7 there is nothing in the term specular itself1 which hinders it from being extended to windows made of other materials besides those above-mentioned2 so others imagine1 that there are some intimations in ancient authors1 which require1 that it should actually be so extended4 ,thus ,mr4 ,castells1 the ingenious illustrator of the villa's of the ancients1 thinks#ef1 that 8if this had not been the case1 ,palladius would not have given directions to his husbandman to make specularia in the olearium#eg1 or store-room1 where the olives were preserved4 ,for it appears 7says this author7 from ,pliny's describing a temple#eh built of the lapis specularis1 or phengites1 as the greatest rarity in his time1 and the mention ,plutarch makes of a room in ,domitian's palace lined with it1 that it was not common enough for husbandmen to purchase20 viz4 in such quantities1 as were required for the purposes mentioned above4 ,i shall not take upon me to decide upon the weight of this argument of ,mr4 ,castells2 but only observe1 that if any one should be induced by it to think1 that the use of glass for windows may be of much greater antiquity than is commonly allowed1 or even as old as the fragment1 which occasions these remarks1 he may find other probable reasons to corroborate his opinion4 ,as1 first1 that there seems to have been a natural and obvious transition from the practice of using glass plates for the ornamenting the walls of apartments to that of introducing light into those apartments1 7as we find the lapis specularis was in fact employed at the same time for both those purposes7 and consequently it seems reasonable to suppose1 that the latter of these applications could not be long in point of time after the former4 ,but it appears from the authorities produced above1 that the former of these usages did actually subsist in the age#ei of ,pliny2 and therefore before the destruction of ,herculaneum1 where he lost his life#fj4 ,from whence we may draw no improbable conclusion1 that the latter destination of plates of glass1 7viz4 for window-fences7 did likewise precede the same event4 ,give me leave to add further1 that this presumptive argument in favour of the antiquity of windows made of plates of glass receives an additional force from the close relation1 which must be allowed to subsist between them1 and those composed of the lapis specularis4 ,the former must be looked upon as an improvement upon the other1 as they answered all the purposes of convenience1 and at the same time were more beautiful2 and being the manufacture#fa of ,italy1 might probably be purchased at a less expence4 ,upon all which accounts it seems reasonable to conclude1 that one of these inventions would naturally be introductory to the other3 and consequently1 that as window-lights of the lapis specularis began to be used within the memory of ,seneca1 who died#fb under ,nero1 about anno ,christi #fh4 7,helvic471 the original of those of glass may have fair pretensions to a place within the period assigned in the foregoing paragraph1 viz4 some years before the destruction#fc of ,herculaneum1 in whose ruins the plate before us was buried4 ,to conclude3 ,i need not observe to you1 that all the evidence here produced to prove the usage of glass-windows to have been coval with the fragment we are now considering1 is of the conjectural kind only3 for1 ,i must confess1 ,i have not been able to trace it up by any positive authority higher than about #bjj years short of the epocha last mentioned1 viz4 to the latter end of the third century#fd1 when it is expresly mentioned by ,lactantius in these words3--,manifestius est1 mentem esse1 qu per oculos ea1 qu sunt opposita1 transpiciat1 quasi per fenestras lucente vitro aut speculari lapide obductas4--,de opificio ,dei1 cap4 v4 ,i am1 ,,sir1 ,your most obedient humble ,servant1 ,j4 ,nixon4 ,,lxxxi4 ,an ,account of an extraordinary ,case of the ,efficacy of the ,bark in the ,delirium of a ,fever4 ,by ,nic4 ,munckley1 ,m4 ,d4 ,physician to ,guy's-,hospital1 and ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,april #f1 #ageh4 ,,as the following case contains some circumstances1 which are curious in themselves1 and which may be of service to be known1 ,i have thought it proper to be laid before the ,society4 ,on ,sunday the #eth of ,march ,i was sent for to a gentleman1 of about #cj years of age1 who had been for some days ill of a fever4 ,i found him with a degree of heat considerably above what was natural1 and with a pulse rather low1 but quick1 and beating1 as measured by a stop-watch1 about a hundred strokes in a minute4 ,in this situation he continued1 without any remarkable alteration1 for the two following days2 and1 from the appearance of this disease1 ,i imagined1 that it would not be speedily terminated4 ,on ,wednesday1 the third day of my seeing him1 ,i found him however much better2 his heat being considerably abated1 and his pulse being more than twenty strokes in a minute slower than it had been the day before4 ,on this alteration1 so much in his favour1 it might have been thought he was growing well1 had it not been1 that there was no appearance either by sweat or urine1 or on the skin1 by which it could be imagined the disease was perfectly judged4 ,on this account no alteration was made in his treatment that day3 but finding1 the next morning1 that he had slept well the preceding night1 and that his pulse continued quiet1 being no more than #gd strokes in a minute1 he was allowed to get up in the evening1 to have his bed made2 and ,i should have thought him well1 had not every appearance of a critical separation been still wanting4 ,on this account1 ,i thought him to be very liable to a return of his fever2 and therefore1 when early the next morning ,i was informed1 that he had been without any sleep1 and quite delirious1 the whole night1 ,i was not greatly alarmed1 as thinking he had a feverish paroxysm1 to which the bark would probably put an end4 ,when ,i saw him that morning1 ,i found him very delirious2 but1 to my great surprise1 quite free from all kind of fever whatever2 his pulse being then as calm as it had been the preceding day4 ,in this condition he remained all that day1 and the following night2 nothing1 that was attempted to relieve him1 having done him the least service3 on the contrary1 his delirium increased so much1 as to make it very difficult for the attendants to keep him in bed4 ,the next morning he was much as he had been the day before2 his imagination continuing greatly disturbed1 and he at times laughing1 and playing antic tricks1 and using gestures the most opposite to his common demeanour when well2 and which1 tho' the pulse had not been so perfectly quiet1 had more the appearance of a mania1 than of the delirium of a fever4 ,in this unhappy situation1 there was but one thing1 which seemed likely to bring the affair to a speedy determination3 this it was proper to attempt1 tho' the indications for it were very obscure1 and the event perfectly uncertain4 ,on recollecting the time of this delirium's coming on1 which was about #cf hours after the pulse had grown quiet2 and perceiving1 that one glass of the water1 which had been made in the night1 was thick1 and seemed disposed to drop a sediment2 there was some reason to suspect1 and indeed to hope1 that tho' the pulse had been perfectly calm during the whole time of the delirium1 there was something of the fever still at the bottom of this complaint4 ,from these indications1 obscure as they were1 it was judged proper to make a trial of the bark2 which was accordingly ordered to be taken immediately1 and to be repeated every two hours4 ,this method succeeded beyond what could have been imagined2 insomuch that it was observable1 even by the attendants on this gentleman1 that his mind came evidently more and more to itself after every dose3 and in the evening1 after he had taken six drachms1 his urine grew thick1 and dropt a lateritious sediment2 and1 excepting the weakness naturally consequent on such violent emotions as he had undergone1 both of mind and body1 he was as well as ever he had been in his life4 ,he hath repeated the bark at proper intervals1 as is usual after intermittent fevers1 and continues to this day perfectly well4 ,the use of the bark1 in the most irregular intermittent disorders1 is very happily so well known in this island1 that it might perhaps have been thought needless to have recited any case merely in confirmation of this practice3 and ,i am too well aware of the insufficiency of every thing1 but a number of facts on which to found any philosophical truth1 to presume to rest any thing on one single instance only4 ,but the case above related is of so very extraordinary a kind1 as to make it worthy of being mentioned1 both on its own account1 and for that analogy1 which being found by experience to subsist between diseases1 affords the surest method of reasoning on practical subjects4 ,the two remarkable circumstances of this case are1 the delirium's coming on1 and continuing1 without any exacerbation of the pulse2 and the bark's proving so speedy and effectual a remedy1 tho' given at a time1 when there was no appearance of any remission of the symptom1 which it was intended to remove4 ,it hath been thought1 that a quick pulse is so essential to the definition of a fever1 as to be a pathognomonic symptom of it4 ,but experience is against this notion3 perhaps the present case is a proof of the contrary2 however this be1 there have not been wanting instances1 in which1 towards the end of a fever1 the pulse has grown quiet1 without the abatement of any other symptom1 and the patient hath generally lain comatose1 and with the appearance of one1 who hath taken a large quantity of opium4 ,galen1 in the third book of the ,presages of the ,pulse1 mentions this symptom1 and pronounces it to be almost a fatal sign3 and the same thing hath happened in more instances than one1 which have come to my knowlege4 ,may not then the above-recited case lead to this useful inquiry1 ,whether in fevers of every kind1 when the pulse is quiet1 the bark is not proper to be given1 and likely to prove a remedy8 ,in this case it proved absolutely such3 and that it is at least a safe medicine in all such cases1 in which any practitioner of experience or judgment would ever think of giving it1 is now certainly known4 ,for my own part1 ,i can safely declare1 that in near ten years experience of it in ,guy's-,hospital1 during which time ,i find ,i have given it1 on different occasions1 to above five hundred patients in that house only1 ,i never1 from the most accurate observation ,i could make1 saw it do any harm1 or bring on any bad symptom1 even in cases where it did not succeed according to the intention for which it was ordered2 and 7which ,i have thought worth remarking7 in chronical cases1 even in those1 where the bark hath been by many thought the most prejudicial1 when1 on the coming on of an intermittent fever1 the bark hath been necessary to cure this secondary disease1 the original distemper hath gone on1 according to the best judgment ,i could form of it1 exactly in the same manner1 as it would have done had the bark never been given4 ,,lxxxii4 ,an ,account of an ,earthquake felt at ,lingfield in ,surrey1 and ,edenbridge in ,kent1 on the #bdth of ,january #ageh4 ,by ,james ,burrow1 ,esq41 ,r4 ,s4 ,v4 ,p4 ,read ,april #f1 #ageh4 ,,in the ,london ,chronicle1 ,n4 #aha1 published on the #beth of ,february #ageh1 in page #ahe1 is the following article3 8,we hear1 that about two o'clock in the morning of the #bdth of last month0 7which was the month of ,january71 8an ,earthquake was felt in the parishes of ,worthe1 and ,east-,grinsted1 in ,sussex2 ,lingfield1 in ,surrey2 and ,edenbridge1 in ,kent2 and other adjacent places3 which alarmed several of the inhabitants very much2 but no damage ensued40 ,mr4 ,burrow1 having some connection with these two last parishes of ,lingfield and ,edenbridge1 immediately wrote to the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,goodricke of ,lingfield1 to inquire into the truth of this report3 and ,mr4 ,goodricke's answer confirmed the fact of its being felt there1 and at other adjacent places2 and added1 8that it shook the beds and windows1 and made the plates rattle2 and went off with a noise1 like a small gust of wind40 ,however1 ,mr4 ,burrow did not then judge it to be either regular or proper to trouble the ,society with this account2 because ,mr4 ,goodricke only received it from hearsay and report1 he himself happening to be absent from ,lingfield at that time4 ,but ,mr4 ,burrow having passed some days1 during the late recess of the ,society1 at a place called ,starborough-castle1 which lies nearly between the two churches of ,lingfield and ,edenbridge 7scarce four miles distant from each other71 he has had an opportunity of being more particularly and circumstantially informed of the fact1 as far as relates to those two parishes3 and he is now assured1 that it was certainly and undoubtedly felt and observed by some persons in each of those two parishes2 tho' 7as it happened in the dead of the night1 when most people were fast asleep7 it was not generally perceived3 nor was it much spoken of1 even by those1 who were sure they felt it4 ,the persons1 from whose own mouths he can authenticate the fact1 are ,james ,martin1 ,adam ,killick1 ,mrs4 ,jewell1 and ,mr4 ,chapman3 and he has no less doubt as to ,mr4 ,orgles and ,mrs4 ,pigott 7who was waked and much frighted by it71 tho' he did not indeed personally converse with either of the two last4 ,these two1 and ,mrs4 ,jewell1 all inhabit quite close to ,lingfield church-yard1 on different sides of it3 and ,chapman lives within a quarter of a mile of it1 to the south-west4 ,james ,martin lives within a bow-shot of ,starborough-castle1 at the eastern edge of the parish of ,lingfield1 where it joins to that of ,edenbridge2 and ,adam ,killick's habitation is three miles north-east of ,starborough1 at the north-western point of the parish of ,edenbridge4 ,all these four1 with whom ,mr4 ,burrow personally conversed1 agreed as to the time of the concussion2 viz4 between one and two in the morning3 and they all agreed as to the shaking of their beds and windows2 and all of them described the continuance of the shock as not much more than instantaneous3 but they did not all hear the noise1 which some of them observed it to conclude with2 particularly ,adam ,killick heard ,,no noise at all2 and yet1 he says1 he was broad awake when it first began3 and it shook his house and bed1 and made his windows rattle so much1 that he was apprehensive of their being broken2 and even caused one pane of glass 7which was indeed loose before7 actually to drop out4 ,but ,james ,martin1 who was likewise fully awake 7as was his wife too71 did hear the noise distinctly4 ,he says1 he felt his house and bed shake1 heard his windows rattle1 and some earthen ware clatter upon a chest of drawers2 and also heard a noise1 like the distant discharge of a cannon3 whereupon he immediately said to his wife1 8,lord6 what is that80 but she happening1 at that very instant1 either to cough or sneeze 7she cannot recollect which of the two71 did not1 tho' quite awake1 perceive any thing at all of the matter4 ,however1 she confirmed her husband's asking her this question under an apparent surprize4 ,mr4 ,burrow had a very particular conversation with these two separately3 and he had also a very minute detail from ,adam ,killick 7who works for him as a sort of gardener at ,starborough72 who further added1 8that the shock waked and frighted his wife1 tho' she was fast asleep before40 #fth ,april1 #ageh4 ,james ,burrow4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,an ,account of the ,case of the ,first ,joint of the ,thumb torn off1 with the ,flexor ,tendon in its whole ,extent torn out4 ,by ,robert ,home1 late ,surgeon to the ,thirtieth ,regiment of ,foot1 and ,surgeon at ,kingston upon ,hull4 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,pringle1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,april #f1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,i ,take the liberty of inclosing to you a case in surgery1 which ,i imagine is not very common4 ,marchetis indeed has an observation of the same kind2 and there are several others collected together by ,mons4 ,morand1 in the second volume of the ,memoires of the ,royal ,academy of ,surgery at ,paris3 but as ,i have not heard of that volume's being translated into ,english1 and believe there is no observation of a similar nature in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,i beg the favour of you to communicate it to the ,royal ,society1 of which you are a ,fellow2 and at the same time to make them an offer of the joint of the thumb1 with its adherent tendon1 which you will receive at the same time with this2 hoping they will do me the honour of accepting it1 as a testimony 7tho' trifling7 of my great esteem and respect for the most learned ,society in ,europe4 ,your ,friend ,dr4 ,knox saw the patient dressed oftener than once2 and ,mr4 ,thornhill1 late ,surgeon and ,manmidwife in ,bristol1 saw it when near healed4 ,i beg you will believe me to be1 with great truth1 ,,sir1 ,your most obedient1 and most humble ,servant1 ,robert ,home4 ,hull1 ,march #agth1 #ageh4 ,j,anuary #b;d1 #ageh1 ,william ,taylor1 #ag years of age1 an apprentice to a white-smith in this place1 in endeavouring to make his escape from one1 who was going to correct him1 opened the door of a cellar1 and threw himself into it2 but in his hurry so intangled his right thumb with the latch1 that the whole weight of his body was suspended by it1 until it gave way1 and was torn off at the first articulation2 the flexor tendon being at the same time pulled out in its whole length1 having broke when it became muscular4 ,i was immediately sent for1 found little or no hmorrhage1 and the bone of the second phalanx safe1 and covered with its cartilage1 but protruding considerably1 occasioned by part of the skin belonging to it being irregularly torn off with the first joint4 ,i was doubtful1 whether or not ,i should be obliged1 at last1 to make a circular incision1 and saw the bone even with the skin2 but thought it proper to give him a chance for the use of the whole phalanx4 ,he complained only for the first day of a pretty sharp pain in the course of the tendon2 to which compresses1 wrung out of warm brandy1 were applied3 but his arm was never swelled2 there was no ecchymosis2 nor had he so much fever1 as to require bleeding even once4 ,the cure proceeded happily1 no symptoms arising from the extracted tendon4 ,at the third dressing the bone was covered2 and no other application but dry lint was necessary during the whole time4 ,no exfoliation happened2 yet it was twelve weeks before it was intirely cicatrised1 owing to the loss of skin3 and he seems to enjoy the use of the stump as completely1 as if that tendon was not lost4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,an ,account of the late ,discoveries of ,antiquities at ,herculaneum1 and of an ,earthquake there2 in a ,letter from ,camillo ,paderni1 ,keeper of the ,museum at ,herculaneum1 and ,f4,r4,s4 to ,tho4 ,hollis1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 dated ,portici1 ,feb4 #a4 #ageh4 ,read ,april #f1 #ageh4 ,,we have been working continually at ,herculaneum1 ,pompeii1 and ,stabi1 since my last of ,dec4 #af1 #agef4 ,the most remarkable discoveries made there are these1 which follow4 ,february #ageg1 was found a small and most beautiful figure of a naked ,venus in bronze1 the height of which is six ,neapolitan inches4 ,she has silver eyes1 bracelets of gold on her arms1 and chains of the same metal above her feet2 and appears in the attitude of loosening one of her sandals4 ,the base is of bronze inlaid with foliage of silver1 on one side of which is placed a dolphin4 ,in ,july we met with an inscription1 about twelve ,neapolitan palms in length1 which ,i have here copied4 ,,imp,,caesar,,vespasianvs,,avg,,pontif, ,max ,,trib,,pot,v,,imp,x,v,p,p,,cos,v,,desig n,v ,,templvm,,matris,,devm,,terrae,,motv,,c onlapsvm,,restitvit ,after having found a great number of volumes of papirus in ,herculaneum2 many pugillaries1 styles1 and stands with ink in them1 as formerly mentioned2 at length1 in the month of ,august1 upon opening a small box1 we also found1 to our exceeding great joy1 the instrument1 with which they used to write their manuscripts4 ,it is made of wood1 of an oblong form1 but petrified1 and broke into two pieces4 ,there is no slit in it1 that being unnecessary1 as the ancients did not join their letters in the manner we do1 but wrote them separate4 ,in ,september were discovered eight marble busts1 in the form of terms4 ,one of these represents ,vitellius1 another ,archimedes2 and both are of the finest workmanship4 ,the following characters1 in a black tint1 are still legible on the latter1 namely1 which is all the inscription that now remains4 ,in ,october was dug up a curious bust of a young person1 who has a helmet on his head1 adorned with a civic crown1 and cheek-pieces fastened under his chin4 ,also another very fine bust of a philosopher1 with a beard1 and short thick hair1 having a slight drapery on his left shoulder4 ,likewise two female busts2 one unknown1 in a veil2 the other ,minerva1 with a helmet2 both of middling workmanship4 ,in ,november we met with two busts of philosophers1 of excellent workmanship1 and1 as may be easily perceived1 of the same artist2 but unfortunately1 like many others1 without names4 ,in ,january was found a small1 but most beautiful eagle1 in bronze4 ,it hath silver eyes1 perches on a praefericulum1 and holds a fawn between its talons4 ,in the same month we discovered1 at ,stabi1 a term six palms high1 on which is a head of ,plato1 in the finest preservation1 and performed in a very masterly manner4 ,also divers vases1 instruments for sacrificing1 scales1 balances1 weights1 and other implements for domestic uses1 all in bronze4 ,at length ,i have finished1 with much labour1 the examination and arrangement of the scales1 balances1 and weights1 which are very numerous in this museum2 and1 what is remarkable1 many of the former1 with all the weights1 exactly answer those now in use at ,naples4 ,at present ,i am considering the liquid measures2 and also engaged in disposing the paintings in the new apartment allotted for them4 ,these affairs1 with my usual province of inspecting the workmen1 who are busied in digging2 my being obliged to keep an exact register of every thing1 that is discovered2 besides other daily and accidental occurrences2 employ my time so intirely1 that ,i have not a moment's repose1 but in my bed4 ,the square belonging to the palace1 in which the museum is deposited1 will be finished1 and completely ornamented1 by ,easter4 ,in the center of it ,i have placed the bronze horse1 which was broken in many pieces1 and restored by me1 as mentioned in my last4 ,in the walls of the colonades are affixed all the inscriptions hitherto discovered3 and ,i shall yet adorn them with altars1 curule chairs1 and other antiquities proper for such places4 ,the principal entrance into the museum hath been made to correspond with the grand stair-case4 ,on the right side of it stands the consular statue of ,marcus ,nonius ,balbus1 the father2 and on the left1 that of ,marcus ,nonius ,balbus1 the son2 with two inscriptions relating to1 and found near them4 ,upon the stair-case are placed eight antique statues in bronze1 on beautiful pedestals of polished marble4 ,in an opening in the center of the right hand colonade is fixed the statue of the wife of the elder ,balbus1 with the antique inscription belonging to it4 ,at the entrance of the square1 a magnificent pair of iron gates1 with palisades1 are just put up1 ornamented with many bronzes1 which are gilt2 and on the sides of these gates are two other consular statues of persons unknown4 ,the whole day and night of the #bdth of last month it seemed as if ,mount ,vesuvius would again have swallowed up this country4 ,on that day it suffered two internal fractures1 which intirely changed its appearance within the crater1 destroying the little mountain1 that had been forming within it for some years1 and was risen above the sides2 and throwing up1 by violent explosions1 immense quantities of stones1 lava1 ashes1 and fire4 ,at night the flames burst out with greater vehemence1 the explosions were more frequent and horrible1 and our houses shook continually4 ,many fled to ,naples1 and the boldest persons trembled4 ,for my own part1 ,i resolved to abide the event here at ,portici1 on account of my family1 consisting of eight children1 and a very weak and aged mother1 whose life must have been lost by a removal in such circumstances1 and so rigorous a season4 ,but it pleased ,god to preserve us2 for the mountain having vented itself that night and the succeeding day1 is since become calm1 and throws out only a few ashes4 ,,lxxxv4 ,a further ,attempt to facilitate the ,resolution of ,isoperimetrical ,problems4 ,by ,mr4 ,thomas ,simpson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,april #ac1 #ageh4 ,,about three years ago ,i had the honour to lay before the ,royal ,society the investigation of a general rule for the resolution of isoperimetrical problems of that kind1 wherein one1 only1 of the two indeterminate quantities enters along with the fluxions1 into the equations expressing the conditions of the problem4 ,under which kind are included the determination of the greatest figures under given bounds1 lines of the swiftest descent1 solids of the least resistance1 with innumerable other cases4 ,but altho' cases of this sort do1 indeed1 most frequently occur1 and have therefore been chiefly attended to by mathematicians1 others may nevertheless be proposed1 such as actually arise in inquiries into nature1 wherein both the flowing quantities1 together with their fluxions1 are jointly concerned4 ,the investigation of a rule for the resolution of these1 is what ,i shall in this paper attempt1 by means of the following ,,general ,,proposition4 ,let ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 ,t1 c4 represent any variable quantities1 expressed in terms of x and y 7with given coefficients71 and let q1 r1 s1 t1 c4 denote as many other quantities1 expressed in terms of and 2 ,it is proposed to find an equation for the relation of x and y1 so that the fluent of ,qq ,rr ,ss ,tt1 c4 corresponding to a given value of x 7or y71 may be a maximum or minimum4 ,illustration ,let ,a ,e1 ,a ,f1 and ,a ,g1 denote any three values of the quantity x1 having indefinitely small equi-differences ,e ,f1 ,f ,g2 and let ,e ,l1 ,f ,m1 and ,g ,n1 7perpendicular to ,a ,g7 be the respective values of y1 corresponding thereto2 and1 supposing ,,ef 7 ,,fg 7 to be denoted by e1 let c ,m and d ,n 7the successive values of 7 be represented by u and w4 ,moreover1 supposing ,pp and ,pp to be ordinates at the middle points ,p ,p1 between ,e1 ,f and ,f1 ,g1 let the former 7,pp7 be denoted 1 and the latter 7,pp7 by 2 putting ,a ,p a and ,a ,p b4 ,then1 if a and 7the mean values of x and y1 between the ordinates ,e ,l and ,f ,m7 be supposed to be substituted for x and y1 in the given quantity ,qq ,rr ,ss ,tt1 c4 and if1 instead of and 1 their equals e and u be also substituted1 and the said 7given7 quantity1 after such substitution1 be denoted by ,qq ,rr ,ss ,tt1 c4 it is then evident1 that this quantity ,qq ,rr ,ss ,tt1 c4 will express so much of the whole required fluent1 as is comprehended between the ordinates ,e ,l and ,f ,m1 or as answers to an increase of ,e ,f in the value of x4 ,and thus1 if b and be conceived to be wrote for x and y1 e for 1 and w for 1 and the quantity resulting be denoted by ,qq ,rr ,ss ,tt1 c4 this quantity will1 in like manner1 express the part of the required fluent corresponding to the interval ,f ,g4 ,whence that part answering to the interval ,e ,g will consequently be equal to ,qq ,rr c4 ,qq ,rr c4 ,but it is manifest1 that the whole required fluent cannot be a maximum or minimum1 unless this part1 supposing the bounding ordinates ,e ,l1 ,g ,n to remain the same1 is also a maximum or minimum4 ,hence1 in order to determine the fluxion of this expression 7,qq ,rr c4 ,qq ,rr c47 which must1 of consequence1 be equal to nothing1 let the fluxions of ,q and q 7taking and u as variable7 be denoted by ,q and qu2 also let ,r and ru denote the respective fluxions of ,r and r2 and let1 in like manner1 the fluxions of ,q1 q1 ,r1 r1 c4 be represented by ,q1 qw1 ,r r1 c4 respectively4 ,then1 by the common rule for finding the fluxion of a rectangle1 the fluxion of our whole expression 7,qq ,rr c4 ,qq ,rr c47 will be given equal to ,q qu q ,q ,r ru r ,r c4 ,qq q ,q ,r rw r ,r c4 #j4 ,but u w being ,,gn - ,,el1 and - 7,,gn - ,,el7 #b 7a constant quantity71 we therefore have -u1 and 3 also u being 7 #brp7 #b - #b;,,el1 thence will u #b3 which values being substituted above1 our equation1 after the whole is divided by 1 will become #b,q q q ,q #b,r r r ,r1 c4 - #b,q q q ,q - #b,r r r ,r1 c4 #j2 or1 ,q q - ,q q ,r r - ,r r c4 7q ,q q ,q7 #b 7r ,r r ,r7 #b1 c4 ,but ,q q - ,q q1 the excess of ,q q above ,q q1 is the increment or fluxion 7answering to the increment1 or fluxion1 7 arising by substituting b for a1 for 1 and w for u4 ,moreover1 with regard to the quantities on the other side of the equation1 it is plain1 seeing the difference of q ,q and q ,q is indefinitely little in comparison of their sum1 that q ,q may be substituted in the room of 7q ,q q ,q7 #b1 c4 which being done1 our equation will stand thus3 ,flux4 ,q q ,r r c4 q ,q r ,r c4 ,but q ,q r ,r c4 represents 7by the preceding notation7 the fluxion of q,q r,r c4 7or of ,qq ,rr c47 arising by substituting for y1 making alone variable1 and casting off 4 ,if1 therefore1 that fluxion be denoted by 1 we shall have flux4 ,q q ,r r c4 1 and consequently ,q q ,r r c4 4 ,but ,q q ,r r c4 7by the same notation7 appears to be the fluxion of ,qq ,rr c4 7or of ,qq ,rr c47 arising by substituting u for 1 making u alone variable1 and casting off u4 ,whence the following ,,general ,,rule4 ,take the fluxion of the given expression 7whose fluent is required to be a maximum or minimum7 making alone variable2 and1 having divided by 1 let the quotient be denoted by 3 ,then take1 again1 the fluxion of the same expression1 making y alone variable1 which divide by 2 and then this last quotient will be 4 ,when is not found in the quantity given1 will then be #j2 and1 consequently1 the expression for 1 equal to nothing also4 ,but if y be absent1 then will #j1 and consequently the value of a constant quantity4 ,it is also easy to comprehend1 that1 instead of and y1 and x may be made successively variable4 ,moreover1 should the case to be resolved be confined to other restrictions1 besides that of the maximum or minimum1 such as1 having a certain number of other fluents1 at the same time1 equal to given quantities1 still the same method of solution may be applied1 and that with equal advantage1 if from the particular expressions exhibiting all the several conditions1 one general expression composed of them all1 with unknown 7but determinate7 coefficients1 be made use of4 ,in order to render this matter quite clear1 let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c4 be supposed to represent any quantities expressed in terms of x1 y1 and their fluxions1 and let it be required to determine the relation of x and y1 so that the fluent of ,a shall be a maximum1 or minimum1 when the cotemporary fluents of ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c4 are1 all of them1 equal to given quantities4 ,it is evident1 in the first place1 that the fluent of ,a b,b c,c d,d1 c4 7b1 c1 d1 c4 being any constant quantities whatever7 must be a maximum1 or minimum1 in the proposed circumstance3 and1 if the relation of x and y be determined 7by the rule71 so as to answer this single condition 7under all possible values of b1 c1 d1 c47 it will also appear evident1 that such relation will likewise answer and include all the other conditions propounded4 ,for1 there being in the general expression1 thus derived1 as many unknown quantities b1 c1 d1 c4 7to be determined7 as there are equations1 by making the fluents of ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c4 equal to the values given2 those quantities may be so assigned1 or conceived to be such1 as to answer all the conditions of the said equations4 ,and then1 to see clearly that the fluent of the first expression1 ,a1 cannot be greater than arises from hence 7other things remaining the same7 let there be supposed some other different relation of x and y1 whereby the conditions of all the other fluents of ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c4 can be fulfilled2 and let1 if possible1 this new relation give a greater fluent of ,a than the relation above assigned4 ,then1 because the fluents b,b1 c,c1 d,d1 c4 are given1 and the same in both cases1 it follows1 according to this supposition1 that this new relation must give a greater fluent of ,a b,b c,c d,d1 c4 7under all possible values of b1 c1 d1 c47 than the former relation gives3 which is impossible2 because 7whatever values are assigned to b1 c1 d1 c47 that fluent will1 it is demonstrated1 be the greatest possible1 when the relation of x and y is that above determined1 by the ,general ,rule4 ,to exemplify1 now1 by a particular case1 the method of operation above pointed out1 let there be proposed the fluxionary quantity 7x y 7 2 wherein the relation of x and y is so required1 that the fluent1 corresponding to given values of x and y1 shall be a maximum1 or minimum4 ,here1 by taking the fluxion1 making alone variable 7according to the rule7 and dividing by 1 we shall have 7px y 7 4 ,and1 by taking the fluxion a second time1 making y alone variable1 and dividing by 1 will be had 7mx y 7 4 ,now from these equations to exterminate 1 let the latter be divided by the former2 so shall m py 2 and therefore ay 7a being a constant quantity74 ,from whence y 7a p7 x 2 and consequently 7p 7m p77 y 7a p7 7p - #a7 7p - n - #a7 x 4 ,let there be now proposed the two fluxions xy and xy1 the fluent of the former being required to be a maximum1 or minimum1 and that of the latter1 at the same time1 equal to a given quantity4 ,then the latter1 with the general coefficient b prefixed1 being joined to the former1 we shall here have xy bxy4 ,from whence1 by proceeding as before1 bxy 1 and mxy qbxy 4 ,from the former of which equations1 by taking the fluxions on both sides1 will be had pbx y qbxy 7 7 mxy qbxy 4 ,whence pbx y mxy 2 and therefore pby mx 4 ,and in the same manner proper equations1 to express the relation of x and y1 may be derived1 in any other case1 and under any number of limitations4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,observations on the ,alga ,marina latifolia2 ,the ,sea ,alga with broad ,leaves4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,read ,april #ac1 #ageh4 ,,having cast anchor at ,verdun1 the road at the entrance of the river of ,bourdeaux1 ,i was fishing with a kind of drag-net upon a bank of sand1 which was very fine and muddy4 ,we collected a number of sea-plants1 and among them the great broad-leaved ,alga1 which ,i did not know3 and as the root or pedicle of this plant appeared to be very particular1 ,i observed it with attention4 ,the following is its description1 and the detail of my observations4 ,from a pedicle1 which is sometimes flat1 and sometimes round 7for they vary in these plants1 and might be about three lines in diameter1 and an inch high1 of a blackish colour1 and coriaceous substance1 approaching to the nature of the bodies of lithophyta71 a single flat leaf arises1 about an inch or an inch and half broad1 thick in its middle to about three lines1 ending at the sides in a kind of edge1 like a two-edged sabre1 almost like the common ,alga1 formed of longitudinal fibres interlaced with other very delicates ones1 and the whole filled with a thick juice1 like the parenchyma of succulent plants1 such as the ,sedum1 ,aloes1 and the like1 of a clear yellowish green1 and transparent4 ,this first leaf is always single1 and serves instead of a trunk or stem to the whole plant4 ,when it rises to about a foot high1 more or less1 it throws out at the sides other leaves formed of a continuation of the longitudinal fibres2 and these second leaves are of the same thickness and substance with the first3 they are two or three feet long1 and the whole plant is five or six1 or more 7for one can hardly tell the length72 and is not capable of supporting itself1 but is sustained by the strength of the waters1 in which it floats4 ,the substance of the plant is not so solid as that of the common ,alga1 which is capable of drying as it fades1 and of being kept3 whereas the leaves of this great ,alga shrink and wither in the air1 become of a blackish colour1 and very friable1 or indeed soon fall into putrifaction4 ,i never observed1 that they bore any fruit3 perhaps this was not the season4 ,but what we find particular in this plant is its root or foot3 ,first1 this pedicle extends in ribs1 like what we call the thighs of certain trees3 these thighs are in right lines3 perhaps they run in the same direction or situation1 that is1 placed north and south1 or east and west2 but this ,i could not observe4 ,they are about three or four lines high towards the pedicle1 and1 ending1 are lost4 ,they flourish and spread at the bottom1 forming an elliptical bladder1 like an egg1 flattened above and below1 and rounded at the sides1 being intirely empty3 it is rough without1 and very smooth within4 ,this egg1 or oval bladder1 is exactly round at the ends of the great diameter1 but varies a little in the lesser diameter1 and forms itself like the body of a fiddle4 ,the under part is a little flattened2 and there is a hole1 which is very considerable1 in the center of the two diameters4 ,this hole is about an inch wide1 and is quite round3 it gives passage to the root1 or pivot1 which ,i shall by and by mention3 the edges appear to turn a little inward3 and it is by this hole that the egg fills with sea-water4 ,the whole substance of this bladder or egg is of a coriaceous matter1 firm and transparent1 and of a clear green2 nor can there be any fibres1 either longitudinal or transverse1 observed upon it4 ,the vault at the top1 surmounted by the thighs1 is as it were granulated2 but at the rounding of the egg it produces a kind of mamm1 or little elevations1 very round and cylindrical1 intirely full2 of the same nature and substance with the egg4 ,in examining the under part of the egg1 we found a second rank of these mamell1 somewhat longer than the first1 and at equal distances from one another1 in a circular line2 then a third yet longer2 then a fourth1 which at the extremities were bifurcated2 and at last a fifth rank1 which divided into three1 and sometimes into five1 branches3 these last1 placed round the hole1 were wreathed inwards1 and several were joined together1 and only formed a small body2 and in wreathing themselves thus they close and embrace the pivot mentioned below4 ,none of these mamell have any apparent opening3 their substance is compact1 of the same nature with the bladder or egg1 that produces them4 ,below the trunk and thighs the plant protrudes a pivot1 of a like substance with that of the bladder4 ,this pivot1 which is large at its origin1 proceeding thus from the trunk and thighs1 forms something like the knot of the sea-tree3 it descends perpendicularly to the trunk1 diminishing as it lengthens1 and as it grows round2 and then divides into a number of mamell1 branched and wreathed inwards so firmly1 as not to be retracted2 of a coriaceous nature1 blackish1 forming a bunch like what we call the ,rose of ,jericho4 ,i cannot recollect the name of this plant or flower4 ,this bunch1 or wreathed rose1 incloses a heap of gravel1 as if petrified or hardened1 and ends upon a level with the hole of the egg1 exactly as high as the last rank of mamell1 which wreath upon1 embrace1 and sustain it1 leaving always an empty space to let the sea-water pass in1 which should fill the inside of the egg or bladder1 and even to let in little fishes and shells4 ,i was surprised to find in one little living muscles1 as they always are attached to some solid body by their beards4 ,now by what means could they enter into this egg8 ,i conjectured1 that they had their beginning there1 by the seminal matter of muscles carried in by the sea-water4 ,i also found some small star-fish1 whose rays might be about four or five lines long4 ,if my stay here had been longer1 ,i had continued my observations2 and perhaps should have made some discoveries4 ,it belongs to the academicians of ,bourdeaux to push these observations further1 if they think proper4 ,from the ,entrance of the river of ,bourdeaux1 the #dth of ,august1 #agef4 ,peyssonel4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,an ,account of the distilling ,water fresh from ,sea-water by ,wood-ashes4 ,by ,capt4 ,william ,chapman3 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,fothergill1 ,m4 ,d4 ,read ,april #ac1 #ageh4 ,whitby1 #ajth #b;d mo4 ,feb4 #ageh4 ,,thy kind acceptance of my last emboldens me to inform thee1 how1 on my return from a voyage to the north part of ,russia1 ,i procured a sufficient quantity of fresh water from sea-water1 without taking with me either instruments or ingredients expressly for the purpose4 ,some time in ,september last1 when ,i had been ten days at sea1 by an accident 7off the north cape of ,finland7 we lost the greatest part of our water4 ,we had a hard gale of wind at south-west1 which continued three weeks1 and drove us into #gc lat4 ,during this time ,i was very uneasy1 as knowing1 if our passage should hold out long1 we must be reduced to great straits2 for we had no rains1 but frequent fogs1 which yielded water in very small quantities4 ,i now blamed myself for not having a still along with me 7as ,i had often thought no ship should be without one74 ,but it was now too late2 and there was a necessity to contrive some means for our preservation4 ,i was not a stranger to ,appleby's method3 ,i had also a pamphlet wrote by ,dr4 ,butler1 intituled1 ,an easy ,method of procuring of fresh ,water at ,sea4 ,and ,i imagined1 that soap might supply the place of capital lees1 mentioned by him4 ,i now set myself at work1 to contrive a still2 and ordered an old pitch-pot1 that held about ten quarts1 to be made clean3 my carpenter1 by my direction1 fitted to it a cover of fir deal1 about two inches thick1 very close2 so that it was easily made tight by luting it with paste4 ,we had a hole thro' the cover1 in which was fixed a wooden pipe nearly perpendicular4 ,this ,i call the still-head3 it was bored with an augre of #a inch diameter1 to within three inches of the top or extremity1 where it was left solid4 ,we made a hole in this1 towards the upper part of its cavity 7with a proper angle7 to receive a long wooden pipe1 which we fixed therein1 to descend to the tub in which the worm should be placed4 ,here again ,i was at a loss2 for we had no lead pipe1 nor any sheet-lead1 on board4 ,i thought1 if ,i could contrive a strait pipe to go thro' a large cask of cold water1 it might answer the end of a worm4 ,we then cut a pewter dish1 and made a pipe two feet long2 and at three or four trials 7for we did not let a little discourage us7 we made it quite tight4 ,we bored a hole thro' a cask1 with a proper descent1 in which we fixed the pewter pipe1 and made both holes in the cask tight1 and filled it with sea-water3 the pipe stuck without the cask three inches on each side4 ,having now got my apparatus in readiness1 ,i put seven quarts of sea-water1 and an ounce of soap1 into my pot1 and set it on the fire4 ,the cover was kept from rising by a prop of wood to the bow4 ,we fixed on the head1 and into it the long wooden pipe above-mentioned1 which was wide enough to receive the end of the pewter one into its cavity4 ,we easily made the joint tight4 ,i need not tell thee with what anxiety ,i waited for success3 but ,i was soon relieved2 for1 as soon as the pot boiled1 the water began to run2 and in twenty-eight minutes ,i got a quart of fresh water4 ,i tried it with an hydrometer ,i had on board1 and found it as light as river-water2 but it had a rank oily taste1 which ,i imagine was given it by the soap4 ,this taste diminished considerably in two or three days1 but not so much as to make it quite palateable4 ,our sheep and fowls drank this water very greedily without any ill effects4 ,we constantly kept our still at work1 and got a gallon of water every two hours2 which1 if there had been a necessity to drink it1 would have been sufficient for our ship's crew4 ,i now thought of trying to get water more palateable2 and often perused the pamphlet above-mentioned1 especially the quotation from ,sir ,r4 ,hawkins's voyage1 who 8with four billets distilled a hogshead of water wholsome and nourishing40 ,i concluded he had delivered this account under a veil1 lest his method should be discovered3 for it is plain1 that by four billets he could not mean the fuel1 as they would scarce warm a hogshead of water4 ,when1 ruminating on this1 it came into my head1 that he burnt his four billets to ashes1 and with the mixture of those ashes with sea-water he distilled a hogshead of fresh water wholsome and nourishing4 ,pleased with this discovery1 ,i cut a billet small1 and burnt it to ashes2 and after cleaning my pot1 ,i put into it a spoonful of those ashes1 with the usual quantity of sea-water4 ,the result answered my expectations3 the water came off bright and transparent1 with an agreeable pungent taste1 which at first ,i thought was occasioned by the ashes1 but afterwards was convinced it received it from the resin or turpentine in the pot1 or pipes annexed to it4 ,i was now relieved from my fears of being distressed thro' want of water2 yet thought it necessary to advise my people not to be too free in the use of this1 whilst we had any of our old stock remaining2 and told them1 ,i would make the experiment first myself2 which ,i did1 by drinking a few glasses every day without any ill effect whatever4 ,this water was equally light with the other1 and lathered very well with soap4 ,we had expended our old stock of water before we reached ,england2 but had reserved a good quantity of that which we distilled4 ,after my arrival at ,shields1 ,i invited several of my acquaintance on board to taste the water3 they drank several glasses1 and thought it nothing inferior to spring-water4 ,i made them a bowl of punch of it1 which was highly commended4 ,i have not the convenience of a still here1 or should have repeated the experiment for the conviction of some of my friends3 for as to myself1 ,i am firmly persuaded1 that wood-ashes mixed with sea-water will yield1 when distilled1 as good fresh water as can be wished for4 ,and ,i think1 if every ship bound a long voyage was to take a small still with ,dr4 ,hales's improvements1 they need never want fresh water4 ,wood-ashes may easily be made1 whilst there is any wood in the ship2 and the extraordinary expence of fuel will be trifling1 if they contrive so that the still may stand on the fire along with the ship's boiler4 ,i shall think myself sufficiently recompensed1 if any hints here may tend to the relief of my brother sailors from the dismal extremity of want of water2 an extremity too little regarded by those1 who have never experienced it4 ,p4 ,s4 ,during my passage from ,russia we very rarely had any aurora borealis2 and those few we saw were faint1 and of short continuance3 at which ,i was much surprised2 for about ten years ago1 being in a high north latitude1 we had very beautiful ones almost every night in the month of ,september2 which exceeded any ,i have seen described in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 or ,memoires de l',academie ,royale4 ,wm4 ,chapman4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,observatio ,eclipsis ,lunaris facta ,matriti a ,p4 ,joanne ,wendlingen1 ,societatis ,jesu1 in ,regali ,observatorio ,collegii ,imperialis ejusdem ,societatis1 ,die #cj ,julii #ageg4 ,qulibet observatio bis instituta fuit1 semel interjecto oculum inter lentemque ocularem vitri clari1 crulei1 plani1 ac bene tersi1 fragmento4 ,h observationes notantur hac voce cerul4 ,telescopium1 quo usus sum1 est ,gregorianum trium pedum ,anglicanorum1 omnino prclarum4 ,communicated by ,matthew ,maty1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,april #bj1 #ageh4 ,,immersiones4 ,tempus verum ,differentia h ,p,rincipium eclipsis1 clar4 #i #dg #cd ,mare ,humorum1 clar4 -- #eb #dg cr4 -- #ed #bh ,grimaldus clar4 -- #ee #bg ---- #ei cr4 #aj #a #ba ---- #ac ,bullialdus ---- #aj #a #cd ---- -- #i #ce ---- #aj ,keplerus ---- -- #i #de ---- -- #af #ae ---- #ab ,copernicus ---- -- #af #bh ---- -- #ah #ad ---- #aj ,heraclides ---- -- #ah #bd ,manilius clar4 #aj #cj #dc cr4 #aj #cj #ed ---- #aa ,menelaus ---- -- #cd #aa ---- #i ---- -- #cd #bj ,promontorium ---- -- #dd #di ---- #i ---- -- #dd #eh ,mare ,crisium ---- -- #de #cc ---- #aa ---- -- #de #dd ,proclus1 clar4 -- #df #ed ---- -- #ed #dh ---- #ad ,plato ---- -- #ee #b ---- #aa #g #c ,langrenus ---- #aa #g #bc ---- #bj ,,emersiones4 ,tempus verum ,differentia h ,plato clar4 #aa #dj #cd cr4 #aa #dj #dh ---- #ad ,heraclides ---- -- #da #bg ---- #ab ---- -- #da #ci ,grimaldus ---- -- #dg #eg ---- #g ---- -- #dh #d ,keplerus ---- -- #eb #eh ---- #aj ---- -- #ec #h ,copernicus ---- #ab #a #cf ---- #ab ---- #ab #a #dh ,menelaus ---- -- #ag #ah ---- #aj ---- -- #ag #bh ,finis eclipseos1 clar4 -- #eb #ae ,observatio ,eclipsis ,lunaris1 facta ab eodem1 eodem modo1 eodem loco1 iisdemque instrumentis ,die #bd ,januar4 ,anni #ageh4 ,ab hora #e usque ad finem observationis tantum commovebatur imprgnata plurimum vaporibus athmosphra1 ut tota lun illuminat portio prter morem undulare videretur4 ,flabat boreas1 indicante thermometro ,reaumuriano4 #a4 grandem infra aqu congelationem4 ,,immersiones4 ,tempus verum ,differentia h ,principium #d #g #db ,grimaldus cr4 -- #i #ee ---- #ch clar4 -- #aj #cc ,aristarchus ---- -- #ae #cg ---- #cd ---- -- #af #aa ,mare ,humorum ---- -- #bj #dh ---- #bd ---- -- #ba #ab ,copernicus ---- -- #bf #de ---- #ac ---- -- #bf #eh ,plato ---- -- #ce #da ---- #da ---- -- #cf #bb ,tycho ---- -- #ci #ca ---- #ch ---- -- #dj #i ,menelaus ---- -- #de #dc ---- #ci ---- -- #df #bb ,plinius ---- -- #ej #ag ---- #bg ---- -- #ej #dd ,promontorium ,somni ---- -- #eh #ae ---- #bg ---- -- #eh #db ,cleomedes ---- #e #j #bb ---- #ad ---- #e #j #cf ,proclus cr4 #e #b #i clar4 #e #b #ae ---- #f ,princip4 ,maris ,crisii ---- -- #c #f ---- #be ---- -- #c #ca ,langrenus ---- -- #g #dj ---- #ad ---- -- #g #ed ,immers4 tot4 ,maris ,crisii ---- -- #h #ai ---- #aa ---- -- #h #cj ,immersio totalis ,lun ---- -- #ab #ej ---- #dj ---- -- #ac #cj ,in fine clum serenum1 athmosphra quieta4 ,,reflexio4 ,notabilis appulsus umbr terrestris ad faculas maculasque lunares differentia1 dum partim vitro colore cruleo tincto1 partim absque eo1 observationes instituuntur1 inventa a ,d4 de ,barros1 tum in observatorio ,parisino tum alibi spius confirmata1 ad me duplicem hanc lun eclipsim1 ea qua vel licuit circumspectione1 instituendam determinavit1 spe fretus2 me phnomeni hujus causas1 si non veras1 veritati saltem proximas1 inventurum2 unde in tempore de vitris planis bene tersis1 diametri medi line1 partim colore cruleo claro1 partim flavo tinctis mihi provideram1 his tamen ultimis uti non licuit ob nimiam umbr penumbrque confusionem4 ,interjecto oculum inter1 lentemque ocularem vitri crulei fragmento1 sequentia observavi4 #a4 ,umbra terrestris in immersione citius maculam aut faculam lunarem attigit1 in emersione tardius deseruit1 quam dum absque eo observationem institui4 #b4 ,claritas lun1 alioquin offendens oculum1 suavior apparebat4 #c4 ,limites umbr perfecte terminabantur excepta secunda eclipsi1 in qua 7flante borea7 ab hora quinta illuminata lun pars undulare videbatur4 ,suppositis his phnomenis1 uti et athmosphra lunari1 de qua vix dubio locus1 sequentia intuli3 #a4 ,quo densior dicta athmosphra fuerit1 major radiorum portio ab hac in immersam umbr terrestri lun portionem1 limitibus saltem proximam1 reflectetur1 eosque reddet dubios1 quod quidem contingit1 dum absque adminiculo per nudum telescopium observatio instituitur1 secus vero dum oculum inter1 lentemque ocularem1 vitrum cruleo colore tinctum interjicitur4 ,addito secundo1 ac tertio phnomeno1 nempe per vitrum cruleum lumen multum apparere suavius1 infertur1 si color cruleus sufficit ad mitigandam tantopere eam lun illuminat portionem1 qu extra omnem umbram conspicitur1 quanto magis sufficit1 ad tollendam omnem claritatem1 qu ab athmosphra lunari in hoc corpus reflectitur8 ecce tibi secundam illationem1 nempe limites umbr facilius determinari4 #c4 ,diametrum umbr majorem videri debere1 vel ideo immersiones macularum aut facularum lunarium citius1 emersiones vero tardius succedere debere2 qu quidem omnia cum observationibus congruunt4 ,dixi in prima illatione1 reflecti aliquam luminis portionem a lun athmosphra in ipsam eclipsatam corporis hujus portionem1 non secus1 ac in globo hoc terraqeno accidit1 qui post solis occasum aliquo adhuc tempore illuminatur4 ,hc lucis reflexio tanto erit major1 quanto athmosphra fuerit densior1 quia supponere licat1 hanc in luna non semper esse qualem1 infertur1 differentiam temporis appulsus umbr non in omni eclipsi lunari posse esse qualem1 quod demum convenire videtur duplici me observationi1 ut ex adnotatis temporum differentiis liquet4 ,hc mea est circa propositum phnomenon opinandi ratio4 ,,lxxxix4 ,observations upon a slight ,earthquake1 tho' very particular1 which may lead to the ,knowlege of the ,cause of great and violent ones1 that ravage whole ,countries1 and overturn ,cities4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,read ,april4 #bj1 #ageh4 ,i ,went to make my observations upon the natural history of the sea2 and when ,i arrived at a place called the ,cauldrons of ,lance ,caraibe1 near ,lancebertrand1 a part of the island of ,grande ,terre ,guadaloupe1 in which place the coast runs north-east and south-west1 the sea being much agitated that day flowed from the north-west4 ,there the coast is furnished with hollow rocks1 and vaults underneath1 with chinks and crevices3 and the sea1 pushed into these deep caverns by the force and agitation of the waves1 compresses the air1 which1 recovering its spring1 forces the water back in the form of the most magnificent fountains2 which cease1 and begin again at every great pressure4 ,this phnomenon is common to many places in this island4 ,the explanation of it is easy2 but the following is what ,i particularly observed4 ,as ,i walked within about forty paces from the brink of the sea1 where the waves broke1 ,i perceived1 in one place1 the plants were much agitated by some cause1 that was not yet apparent4 ,i drew near1 and discovered a hole about six feet deep1 and half a foot diameter2 and stopping to consider it1 ,i perceived the earth tremble under my feet4 ,this increased my attention2 and ,i heard a dull kind of noise underground1 like that which precedes common earthquakes2 which ,i have observed many a time4 ,it was followed by a quivering of the earth2 and after this a wind issued out of the hole1 which agitated the plants round about4 ,i watched to see whether the motion extended to any distance2 but was sensible it did not reach above three or four paces from the hole1 and that no motion was perceived farther off4 ,i further observed1 that this phnomenon never happens till after the seventh wave rolls in2 for it is a common thing in this country to find the sea appear calm for some time1 and then to produce seven waves1 which break upon the coast one after another3 the first is not very considerable2 the second is somewhat stronger2 and thus they go on increasing to the seventh1 after which the sea grows calm again1 and retires4 ,this phnomenon of the seven waves is observed by navigators with great attention1 especially at low water1 in order to be the better able to go in or come out at the very time that the sea grows quiet4 ,these seven waves successively fill the caverns1 which are all along the coast2 and when the seventh comes to open itself1 the air at the bottom of the caverns being greatly compressed1 acted by its elasticity1 and immediately made those fountains and gushings ,i have mentioned2 and the waters continuing in the caverns1 up to the very place of the hole1 began to produce that dull noise1 caused the emotion or earthquake1 and finished with the violent wind forced up thro' the hole2 after which the water retired into the sea1 and having no further impelling cause1 on account of the waves1 rendered every thing quiet again4 ,i observed1 that this phnomenon happened at no limited time1 but according to the approach of the waves1 being strongly put in motion after the seventh4 ,i remained near half an hour to observe it2 and nearly followed the course of the cavern to its entrance1 directed by the disposition of the coast4 ,i made my negroes go down where the water broke2 for they doubted the report of the greatness of these caverns2 and when the sea was calm one of them ventured in1 but returned very quickly1 or he must have perished4 ,therefore ,i conclude1 that these small earthquakes round the hole1 about forty paces from the wave1 were only caused by the compressed air in some great vault about this place1 and that by its force was driven up the hole that appeared3 that this air in the caverns1 compressed to a certain degree1 first caused the dull noise1 by the rolling of the waters1 which resisted in the cavern2 then acting more violently1 caused the small earthquake1 which ceased when the wind passed out of the hole1 and that the sea retired1 and gave liberty to the air1 which was contained and compressed4 ,such are the observations ,i have made2 from which the learned1 who are endeavouring to find the cause of earthquakes1 since that dreadful one1 which destroyed the city of ,lisbon1 may make such conclusions as they shall think proper4 ,at ,guadaloupe1 ,jan4 #f4 #ageg4 ,peyssonel4 ,,xc4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,fifty ,plants from ,chelsea ,garden1 presented to the ,royal ,society by the worshipful ,company of ,apothecaries1 for the ,year #ageg1 pursuant to the ,direction of ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 ,baronet1 ,med4 ,reg4 ,soc4 ,reg4 nuper ,prses1 by ,john ,wilmer1 ,m4 ,d4 clariss4 ,societatis ,pharmaceut4 ,lond4 ,socius1 ,hort4 ,chelsean4 ,prfectus ,prlector ,botanic4 ,read ,april #bj1 #ageh4 #agea ,a,llium sylvestre latifolium4 ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #gd4 ,allium ursin4 bifolium vernum sylvatic4 ,j4 ,b4 #b4 #efe4 #ageb ,anacampseros flavo flore ,amman4 ,ruth4 #if4 #agec ,anchusa strigosa1 foliis linearibus dentatis1 pedicellis bractea minoribus1 calycibus fructiferis inflatis4 ,lefl4 ,linn4 ,sp4 ,plant4 #acc4 #aged ,asplenium sive ,ceterach4 ,j4 ,b4 #c4 #gdi4 ,offic4 #aba4 #agee ,bidens calyce oblongo squamoso1 feminibus radii corolla non decidua coronatis1 ,miller4 ,icon4 #agef ,cactus repens decemangularis ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #dfg4 #ageg ,cerasus pumila ,canadensis1 oblongo angusto folio1 fructu parvo1 ,du ,hamel4 ,mill4 ,icons4 #ageh ,ceratocarpus ,amn4 ,acad4 #a4 p4 #dab4 ,hort4 ,ups4 #bha4 #agei ,cotula flore luteo1 radiato4 ,tourn4 #die4 ,buphthalmum ,cotul folio ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #acd4 #agfj ,cracca minor ,rivini4 ,vicia segetum cum filiquis plurimis hirsutis ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #cde4 #agfa ,cucubalus calycibus subglobosis glabris reticulato-venosis1 capsulis trilocularibus1 corollis subnudis1 ,flor4 suec4 #cfj4 #agfb ,cucubalus calycibus subglobosis1 caule ramoso patulo1 foliis linearibus acutis1 ,mill4 ,dict4 ,lychnis sylvestris qu ,been album vulgo1 foliis angustioribus et acutioribus ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #bje4 #agfc ,cunonia floribus sessilibus1 spathis maximis4 ,butner ,cunonia1 tab4 #a4 #agfd ,cupressus foliis imbricatis frondibus ancipitibus4 ,linn4 ,spec4 ,plant4 #ajjc4 ,cupressus nana ,mariana fructu cruleo parvo4 ,pluk4 ,mantiss4 #fa4 #agfe ,cyclamen ,heder folio ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #cjh4 ,offic4 #afb4 #agff ,diosma foliis lineari-lanceolatis subtus convexis1 bifariam imbricatis4 ,linn4 ,sp4 ,plant4 #aih4 #agfg ,euonymoides ,canadensis ,saraz4 ,boerh4 ,ind4 ,alt4 #bcg4 #agfh ,filipendula foliis ternatis ,hort4 ,cliff4 #aia4 #agfi ,filipendula vulgaris1 an ,molon ,plinii ,c4 ,b4 #afc4 ,offic4 #aig4 #aggj ,heliotropium foliis ovato-lanceolatis1 spicis plurimis confertis1 caule fruticoso4 ,miller's ,icons4 #agga ,hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #abi4 #aggb ,hyoscyamus rubello flore4 ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #afi4 ,hyoscyamus ,syriacus4 ,cam4 ,icon4 #ba4 ,j4 ,b4 #c4 #fbh4 #aggc ,hypericum floribus monogynis staminibus corolla longioribus1 calycibus coloratis caule fruticoso4 ,miller's ,icons4 #aggd ,hypericum floribus trigynis1 calycibus acutis1 staminibus corolla brevioribus1 caule fruticoso4 ,linn4 ,hort4 ,cliff4 #chj4 ,miller's ,icons4 #agge ,iris corollis barbatis1 germinibus trigonis1 foliis ensiformibus longissimis1 caule foliis longiore bifloro4 ,miller's ,icons4 #aggf ,isatis sativa1 sive latifolia4 ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #aac4 ,glastum sativum4 ,j4 ,b4 #b4 #iji4 #aggg ,juniperus vulgaris fruticosa ,c4 ,b4 #dhh4 ,off4 #beb4 #aggh ,ixia foliis gladiolatis linearibus caule bulbifero4 ,miller's ,icons4 #aggi ,ixia foliis gladiolatis glabris1 floribus corymbosis terminalibus4 ,miller's ,icons4 #aghj ,larix ,c4 ,b4 #dic4 ,officin4 #bfd4 #agha ,laserpitium foliis amplioribus1 semine crispo4 ,tourn4 #cbd4 #aghb ,linum calycibus capsulisque obtusis4 ,sibirian ,flax4 ,miller's ,icons4 #aghc ,liriodendrum4 ,hort4 ,cliff4 #bbc4 ,tulipifera arbor ,virginiana4 ,hort4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #fab4 #aghd ,oenanthe ,apii folio ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #afb4 #aghe ,passerina foliis linearibus4 ,hort4 ,cliff4 #adf4 ,sp4 #a4 #aghf ,platanus ,orientalis verus4 ,park4 #adbg4 #aghg ,platanus ,occidentalis aut ,virginiensis4 ,park4 #adbg4 #aghh ,platanus ,orientalis ,aceris folio4 ,t4 ,cor4 #da4 #aghi ,prenanthes foliis integris serratis scabris1 radice repente1 flore purpureo cruleo4 ,mill4 ,dict4 #agij ,ruta sylvestris linifolia2 ,hispanica ,boccon4 ,barrel ,icon4 #aahf ,h4 ,mus4 p4 #b4 #hb4 tab4 #gc4 #agia ,saxifraga muscosa2 trifido folio4 ,tourn4 #agib ,scabiosa ,virg ,pastoris folio4 ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #bgj4 ,scabiosa latifolia peregrina4 ,tabern4 ,icon4 #afj4 #agic ,thalictrum majus1 siliqua angulosa aut striata1 ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #ccf4 #agid ,thalictrum majus non striatum4 ,c4 ,b4 ,p4 #ccf4 #agie ,thalictrum ,canadense majus caulibus viridantibus4 ,boerhaav4 #agif ,thalictrum ,alpinum ,aquilegi foliis4 ,tourn4 #agig ,thalictrum minus ,asphodeli radice magno flore4 ,tourn4 #bga4 #agih ,thuya strobilis squarrosis squamis acuminatis reflexis4 ,hort4 ,upsal4 #bhi4 #agii ,tordylium ,narbonense minus4 ,tourn4 #cbj4 #ahjj ,tridax4 ,hort4 ,cliff4 #dah4 ,after ,american4 procumbens1 foliis laciniatis et hirsutis4 ,houston4 ,,xci4 ,an ,historical ,memoir concerning a ,genus of ,plants called ,lichen1 by ,micheli1 ,haller1 and ,linnus2 and comprehended by ,dillenius under the ,terms ,usnea1 ,coralloides1 and ,lichenoides3 ,tending principally to illustrate their several ,uses4 ,communicated by ,wm4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ----,natura nihil frustra creaverit1 posteros tamen tot inventuros utilitates ex ,muscis auguror1 quot ex reliquis vegetabilibus4 ,cui bono8 ,amn4 ,acad4 ,,iii4 p4 #bda4 ,read ,apr4 #bg ,may #d1 #ageh4 ,,the whole class of mosses were taken but very little notice of by the revivers of botany in the sixteenth century3 they indeed took some pains to distinguish the particular species that the ancients had mentioned1 but disregarded almost all the rest4 ,modern botanists however suppose1 that they were but little successful in general in their application of the ancient names to plants3 nor is a failure in such attempts to be wondered at1 considering the too great conciseness1 and frequent obscurity1 of their descriptions4 ,in the class of mosses1 as in many others1 the accounts transmitted to us are little more than a scene of uncertainty and confusion4 ,it is to the moderns we are indebted for the discovery of the far greater number of the plants of this class4 ,in this branch of botany our own countrymen ,mr4 ,ray1 ,buddle1 ,dale1 ,doody1 ,petiver1 and ,dr4 ,morison1 ,sherard1 ,richardson1 and others1 have distinguished themselves3 and amongst foreigners ,m4 ,vaillant1 ,sig4 ,micheli1 and the very eminent ,dr4 ,haller3 but1 beyond all1 the late learned and indefatigable professor at ,oxford1 ,dr4 ,dillenius1 has herein made the most ample discoveries and improvements1 of which his elaborate history will ever remain a standing proof4 ,the word lichen occurs in the writings of ,dioscorides and ,pliny2 and tho' it may be doubtful1 there is nevertheless good reason to apprehend1 that ,dioscorides meant to describe under that name the very plant1 or at least one of the same genus1 to which the commentators agreed to affix his description4 ,since then the name has been variously applied by different authors2 on which account it is necessary to premise1 that the lichen sive hepatica ,off4 or liverwort of the shops1 does not fall under this generical term1 as it is now formed by the three above-named authors4 ,they comprehend under the term ,lichen1 and ,dillenius under those of ,usnea1 ,coralloides1 and ,lichenoides1 the hairy tree-moss or usnea of the shops2 the muscus pulmonarius1 tree-lungwort1 or oak-lungs2 the lichen terrestris cinereus1 or ash-coloured ground liverwort2 the coralline-mosses2 the cup-mosses2 horned mosses2 the orchel1 or ,canary-weed2 the muscus islandicus of ,bartholine2 and a multitude of others found upon trees1 walls1 rocks1 and stones1 in all parts of the world1 and in many parts thereof in very great abundance4 ,caspar ,bauhine in his ,pinax1 ,john ,bauhine1 and countrymen ,gerard and ,parkinson1 and their cotemporaries1 as they wrote before the time that generical characters in botany were in use1 included these lichens among the other herbaceous mosses1 under the general name of muscus2 adding to the name in general some epithet descriptive of its form1 place of growth1 or supposed virtue4 ,mr4 ,ray1 both in his ,history of ,plants1 and in the ,supplement1 as he was usually averse to the forming of new names1 has interspersed them among other mosses1 under the character of musci steriles seu aspermi1 retaining the synonyms of the two ,bauhines1 ,gerard1 and ,parkinson1 to the general species4 ,dr4 ,morison seems to have been the first1 who separated them intirely from the herbaceous mosses2 and1 from the analogy he supposed they had with the fungus tribe1 formed them into a genus1 under the name of musco-fungus4 ,he enumerates fifty species and upwards under this term in the ,historia ,oxoniensis1 and has divided them into five orders1 according to their different appearances1 as follows3 #a4 ,musco-fungi e terra prominentes1 latiores4 #e4 #b4 ,musco-fungi pixidati4 #aa4 #c4 ,musco-fungi corniculati4 #bf4 #d4 ,musco-fungi crust modo adnascentes4 #cg4 #e4 ,musco-fungi corticibus arborum dependentes4 #ec4 ,table the #gth of his #aeth section exhibits several good figures of some of these lichens4 ,tournefort was the first1 who adapted the generical term lichen to them2 but it was in consequence of his joining them to the lichen of the shops4 ,he has however excluded the coralline-mosses1 and forms them into a genus1 by the name of coralloides2 to which he has connected some plants1 properly of the fungus tribe4 ,in this distinction he is followed by ,dr4 ,boerhaave in his ,index alter ,plantarum4 ,dr4 ,dillenius first called them lichenoides1 in the catalogue of plants growing about ,giessen1 chusing to retain the word lichen to the liverwort of the shops4 ,under this name however1 in this work1 he does not comprehend the usne1 or hairy tree-mosses1 but refers them to the conserv1 adding the epithet arborea to each species1 to distinguish them from the water kinds4 ,he enumerates upwards of sixty species of lichenoides1 but has applied few or no synonyms to them4 ,under the same generic term he has introduced them into the third edition of ,ray's ,synopsis of ,british ,plants1 taking in the usne1 and recounting upwards of ninety species1 all found spontaneously growing in ,england4 ,many of these are undoubtedly only varieties4 ,they are in this work very naturally divided into several orders and subdivisions1 for the greater ease of distinguishing them1 as follows3 ,lichenoides caulifera #a4 ,capillacea et non tubulosa scutellata4 #b4 ,coralliformia tuberculosa plerumque4 a4 ,solida et non tubulosa4 b4 ,tubulosa4 #c4 ,pyxidata4 #d4 ,fungiformia4 cauliculis destituta #a4 ,mere crustacea4 #b4 ,crusta foliosa scutellata seu foliis scutellatis arcte adnascentibus - a4 ,substanti gelatinos4 b4 ,substanti durioris4 #c4 ,foliis magis liberis nec tam arcte adnascentibus a4 ,scutellatis et tuberculatis4 b4 ,peltatis4 ,m4 ,vaillant1 in the ,botanicon ,parisiense1 retains ,tournefort's names4 ,many of these lichens1 as well as other mosses1 are accurately represented in the elegant tables1 which adorn that work4 ,dr4 ,haller tells us he learnt to distinguish almost all the mosses solely by the help of these tables1 so well are they expressed4 ,the lovers of botanic science are greatly indebted to ,boerhaave for his publication of that work4 ,micheli1 after ,tournefort1 adopts the term lichen1 and comprehends all the species under it1 except one or two1 which he calls lichenoides4 ,this author however does not take into this genus the liverwort of the materia medica2 he describes the species of that genus under the name of marchanti4 ,near twenty of the plates in his ,nova ,plantarum ,genera are taken up in representing various species of this genus4 ,in this work they are divided into thirty-eight orders or subdivisions2 a circumstance very necessary indeed1 considering how greatly he has multiplied the number of the species4 ,it is to be regretted1 that so indefatigable an author1 one whose genius particularly led him to scrutinize the minuter subjects of the science1 should have been so solicitous to increase the number of species under all his genera3 an error this1 which tends to great confusion and embarassment1 and must retard the progress and real improvement of the botanic science4 ,dr4 ,haller retains ,micheli's term1 and enumerates #afj kinds in his ,enumeratio ,stirpium ,helveti3 he divides them into seven orders1 according to the following titles3 #a4 ,lichenes corniculati pixidati4 #b4 ,lichenes coralloidei4 #c4 ,lichenes fruticosi alii4 #d4 ,lichenes pulmonarii4 #e4 ,lichenes crustacei scutis floralibus ornati4 #f4 ,lichenes scutellis ornati4 #g4 ,lichenes crustacei non scutati4 ,the extensive number of the species1 and the difficulty of distinguishing them with a tolerable degree of certainty1 has deterred ,dr4 ,haller from adding so full and complete a list of synonyms to the plants of this genus as he has elsewhere done in that splendid work4 ,plate the #b;d exhibits several elegant sorts of these lichens4 ,linnus1 and the followers of his method1 who seem to have established their generical character from ,micheli's discoveries1 retain also his generical title4 ,micheli's passion for the multiplication of species is no-where more conspicuous than in the plants of this genus1 which he has most enormously augmented to the number of #bih species4 ,the ,swedish professor cannot be charged with this foible3 it is one of the excellencies of his writings1 that they inculcate the reverse4 ,he has so far retrenched this genus1 that in his general enumeration of plants he recounts only eighty species belonging to it4 ,they are in this work divided into eight orders1 according to the difference of appearance which they form by their facies externa1 little or no regard being had to what are usually called the parts of fructification4 #a4 ,lichenes leprosi tuberculati4 #b4 ,lichenes leprosi scutellati4 #c4 ,lichenes imbricati4 #d4 ,lichenes foliacei4 #e4 ,lichenes coriacei4 #f4 ,lichenes scyphiferi4 #g4 ,lichenes fructiculosi4 #h4 ,lichenes filamentosi4 ,dr4 ,dillenius1 in his most elaborate work1 intituled1 ,historia ,muscorum1 has divided this ,michelian genus into three1 under the names of usnea1 coralloides1 and lichenoides4 ,under the word usnea he comprehends the hairy tree-mosses1 among which are the usnea of the shops1 and the true usnea of the ,arabians4 ,of these he describes sixteen species4 ,under coralloides he describes thirty-nine species1 among which are the cup-mosses1 and many others1 disposed according to the following scheme3 ,ordo ,i4 ,fungiformia1 non tubulosa1 nec ramosa4 #e4 ,ordo ,,ii4 ,scyphiformia1 tubulosa1 simplicia et prolifera4 ,series #a4 ,scyphis perfectioribus4 #ac4 ,cup-mosses4 ,series #b4 ,scyphis imperfectis4 #bj4 ,horned mosses4 ,ordo ,,iii4 ,ramosa fruticuli specie summitatibus acutis multifariam divisis4 ,series #a4 ,species tubulos4 #cj4 ,tubulous coralline mosses4 ,series #b4 ,species solid4 #ci4 ,solid coralline mosses2 among which is the orchel4 ,the genus of lichenoides contains #ace species1 disposed according to the following scheme3 ,ordo ,i4 ,species aphyll mere crustace4 #a4 ,tuberculos4 #h4 #b4 ,scutellat4 #ah4 #a4 ,gelatinos tuberculos et scutellat4 #ce4 ,ordo ,,ii4 ,species folios4 #b4 ,aridiores et exsucc1 scutellat4 #ajj4 #c4 ,aridiores peltat et clypeat4 #aba4 ,these plants are not only largely described1 and accompanied with the most perfect assemblage of synonyms2 but every species is accurately figured1 and many of them in various views1 and at different ages of their growth2 by which this laborious work1 notwithstanding it is conversant upon the minutest1 and consequently the most abstruse parts of botany1 may nevertheless be justly esteemed1 without any exaggeration1 one of the most complete works extant of the kind4 ,dr4 ,hill1 in his ,history of ,plants1 has disposed them into five genera1 under the following names3 #a4 ,usnea1 comprehending the hairy tree-mosses2 #b4 ,platysma1 flat-branched tree-mosses1 the lungwort1 and others2 #c4 ,cladonia1 containing the orchel and coralline-mosses2 #d4 ,pyxidium1 the cup-mosses2 #e4 ,placodium1 the crustaceous mosses4 ,the plants of this extensive genus are very different in their form1 manner of growing1 and general appearance3 on which account those authors1 who preserve them under the same name1 saw the propriety and necessity of arranging them into different orders and subdivisions1 that the species might be distinguished with greater facility4 ,upon the same principle ,dr4 ,dillenius and ,dr4 ,hill have formed them into several genera4 ,so far as the parts of fructification are distinguishable in these plants1 they appear in different forms upon different species3 on some1 in the form of tubercles2 on others1 in the form of little concave dishes1 called scutell2 on others1 of oblong flat shields or pelts4 ,all these are conceived by ,micheli and ,linnus to be receptacles of male flowers4 ,the female flowers and seeds are suspected by the same authors to be dispersed in the form of farina or dust upon the same plants1 and in some instances on separate ones4 ,dillenius has not dared to determine any thing positively with regard to the real parts of fructification in these lichens3 time will hereafter1 it is to be hoped1 throw more light upon the subject4 ,in order to convey a more distinct idea of the several plants of this genus1 which enter into conomical or medical uses in the various parts of the world1 we shall distribute them into several orders1 according to the custom of former writers3 and as is not consistent with our plan to describe each of these species1 we shall refer to the page of the more modern authors1 where they may be found4 #a4 ,lichenes filamentosi4 ,such as consist of mere solid filaments1 of a firm and solid but flexible texture1 having the appearance of fructification in the form of scutell1 or flat round bodies growing from the sides or extremities of these filaments4 ,this order or division comprehends the hairy tree-mosses1 or usnea of ,dillenius and ,hill2 several of the species of the fifth order of lichens of ,micheli2 and the lichenes filamentosi of ,linnus4 ,dr4 ,dillenius describes sixteen species under the term usnea1 several of which are found in ,england1 tho' some of them1 as the common usnea of the shops1 but very sparingly1 and none of them in any considerable plenty4 ,the thick woods in many other parts of ,europe1 and the rest of the globe1 afford them in great plenty4 ,they hang from the branches of various kinds of trees1 like large tufts of hair1 to a considerable length3 some species grow several feet long4 ,the rocks on the tops of high mountains afford several kinds4 ,they are of various colours2 some whitish1 ash-coloured1 others grey or blackish1 and two or three species have a yellow or orange hue4 ,the commentators in general agreed in making the bryon of#fe ,dioscorides one of these hairy tree-mosses1 which they called usnea4 ,no wonder1 therefore1 that at the restoration of letters it became a matter of controversy1 which of them was the usnea of the ancients4 ,dioscorides recommends his as an astringent2 and tells us1 that 8the best grew upon the cedar2 but that from whatever tree it was gathered1 the whitest and most fragrant was preferable to the black40 ,the several usne would undoubtedly in different countries be found upon different trees4 ,in ,italy1 that of the larch-tree was the most odoriferous2 and on that account ,matthiolus#ff preferred it to all others4 ,that kind1 which at length obtained a place in the shops as the usnea of the ancients1 was a species commonly found in our countries on old oaks and other trees1 and is called by ,dillenius#fg stringy tree-moss1 or usnea of the shops4 ,many excellent virtues have been ascribed to it1 on a supposition of its being the true usnea2 but it does not appear to have deserved them3 and the present practice1 at least in ,england1 has quite expunged it1 and that perhaps very justly4 ,dr4 ,dillenius is evidently of opinion however1 that this common usnea1 tho' it obtained a place in the shops as such1 is not the bryon of ,dioscorides and ,pliny1 or the phaseon of ,theophrastus1 since he has applied these names from those fathers of botany to another species1 which he calls the beard usnea#fh4 ,nor does either of these species appear to be the true usnea of the ,arabians1 whatever title they may seem to have to it1 either from their colour or smell4 ,bellonius1 as he is quoted by ,dr4 ,dillenius1 tells us1 8that the true usnea1 or bryon1 as he calls it1 is sold at ,constantinople under the name of usnech2 and tells us we are deceived in believing ours to be the true usnea40 ,dillenius has therefore described another species#fi1 which he received from the ,east ,indies1 from ,madagascar1 and ,st4 ,helen's1 as the ,usnea ,arabum4 ,this plant the ,indians call saliaga2 and ,camelli assures us1 that1 while fresh1 it has a very fragrant musk-smell4 ,he adds1 that he had himself experienced what ,serapio says of it2 viz4 that a vinous infusion of it restrains fluxes1 stops vomiting1 strengthens the stomach1 and induces sleep4 ,the common usnea of the shops was said to be the basis of that fine perfumed powder1 which the ,french called corps de cypre gris1 and which formerly made a great article of trade at ,montpelier4 ,dr4 ,brown hints#gj1 that the perfumers use it still2 but he does not add1 where4 ,john ,bauhine gives us the whole process#ga for making that power1 which was vended in great quantities to all parts of ,france4 ,it is nevertheless true1 that other of the lichens had as great a share in the competition as the usnea2 as the demand for that powder could not have been answered1 if the makers had confined themselves to the usnea alone4 ,it was necessary too1 inasmuch as other species are equally well adapted to the same uses#gb4 ,this usnea is abundantly plentiful in the woods of ,lapland2 and ,linnus#gc relates1 that the inhabitants apply it to their feet1 when they are sore and excoriated with much walking4 ,the benefit they receive from it in this case is undoubtedly owing to its styptic quality1 which is remarked by ,matthiolus1 and by ,mr4 ,ray#gd from the ,german ,ephemerides4 ,the beard usnea before mentioned1 which is abundantly common upon the trees both in the northern regions of ,europe and ,america1 as well as in the eastern kingdoms1 and is described by ,mr4 ,ray as hanging to the length of two feet1 the filaments of which are not thicker than a common thread1 and of a greenish white colour1 is used by the inhabitants of ,pensylvania to dye an orange colour with4 ,this information ,dillenius received from ,mr4 ,bartram4 ,the black mane usnea1 which grows in vast quantities in the ,lapland woods1 in a defect of the common coralline moss makes part of the fodder1 and is equally acceptable to the rein-deer in the winter time#ge4 ,the long beaded usnea1 or necklace-moss#gf1 enters into the like conomical uses in ,virginia1 where it is very plentiful4 ,the inhabitants find it a very agreeable fodder in the winter season to both sheep and cows#gg4 ,the ,norwegians appropriate one of these usnea to a singular use4 ,pontoppidan tells us#gh1 8they have a certain kind of yellow moss hanging on the branches of trees of the firs and pines1 which is very venomous1 yet applied to a necessary use2 for being mixed in pottage1 or with flesh1 as a bait for the wolves1 they infallibly die of it40 ,that the species here referred to is the brass-wired usnea of ,dillenius#gi1 or the lichen vulpinus of ,linnus1 cannot be doubted1 since this last author mentions#hj the same application of it with very little variation4 ,in ,england it is very rare2 in ,sweden plentiful1 especially in the province of ,smoland1 where the natives dye woollen goods yellow with it4 ,john ,bauhine describes a very beautiful species1 under the name of laricus muscus#ha1 which gives a very elegant citron colour upon chewing1 or upon maceration in water4 ,dillenius is doubtful1 whether this is what he has described under the name of the orange-coloured forked usnea#hb4 ,we may here observe by the bye1 that the usnea cranii humani1 which thro' the influence of superstition formerly obtained a place in the catalogues of the materia medica1 does not belong to this division of the lichens4 ,the writers of those times distinguished two kinds of usnea humana1 under the names of crustacea and villosa4 ,any of the crustaceous lichens1 but more properly the common grey-blue pitted lichenoides of ,dillenius1 was used for the former of these2 and1 as ,dale tells us1 was held in most esteem4 ,the villosa was a species of the genus of hypnum4 ,indeed it does not appear1 that they were in those days very curious in determining the exact kind2 and doubtless any moss1 which happened to grow upon an human skull1 was sufficient for the purposes designed4 #b4 ,lichenes fruticulosi4 ,such as consist of a tough flexible matter1 formed into ramifications1 in some species almost simple1 in others resembling small shrubs3 in some of the species the branches are quite solid1 in others tubular4 ,this order comprehends the third of ,dillenius's genus of coralloides2 the whole cladonia of ,hill2 the second1 and several species of the third order of ,haller's lichens2 several species of the fifth1 and the whole sixth1 order of ,micheli2 and the lichenes fruticulosi of ,linnus4 ,the plants of this genus grow principally upon the ground on heaths1 forests1 and mountainous barren places2 except the orcelle1 or ,canary-weed1 which is found upon the rocks on the sea-coast4 ,to this division belongs the horned moss#hc4 ,it is found with us in rocky barren ground1 and upon old walls not uncommon4 ,it was formerly in great credit as a pectoral2 but is now quite in disrepute4 ,the common branched coralline-moss#hd is one of the most useful plants of all the tribe of lichens4 ,it is pretty frequent with us on our heaths1 forests1 and mountains4 ,the northern regions afford it in abundance2 and there it is peculiarly and singularly useful4 ,it is indeed the very support and foundation of all the ,lapland conomy1 and without which the inhabitants could not sustain their rein-deer in the winter time4 ,linnus tells us#he1 that ,lapland affords no vegetables in such plenty as this1 and other of the lichens4 ,plains of several miles extent are totally covered over with it1 as if with snow2 and where no other plant will even take root1 this will thrive and be luxuriant4 ,these dreary and inclement wastes1 these terr damnat1 as a foreigner would readily call them2 these1 are the ,lapland fields and fertile pastures4 ,on this lichen the rein-deer1 those sources of all their wealth1 feed in the winter time1 when it is in its most flourishing condition1 and no other vegetable is to be had3 with this too they will even become fat4 ,the riches of the ,laplanders consist in their number of these cattle3 they are cloathed with their skins1 fed with their flesh1 and from their milk they make both butter and cheese4 ,nature1 by the inclemency of their seasons1 has almost denied them the cultivation of their earth3 they neither sow nor reap2 but live a perpetual migratory life1 tending their flocks of rein-deer1 upon which their whole care is centered and employed4 ,the milk of the rein-deer is very remarkably fat and rich3 it tastes indeed like cow's milk1 with which some butter1 and a small quantity of fat or suet1 has been intimately united4 ,dr4 ,haller#hf suspects1 that this richness of the milk is owing to the animals feeding upon this moss4 ,most of the plants of this family are of an astringent quality1 which indeed they manifest to the taste4 ,this astringency of their food will doubtless contribute much to that effect4 ,the rein-deer are not the only animals that will feed upon the coralline moss4 ,the ,novaccol#hg gather vast quantities of it to fodder their oxen with in the winter4 ,they take the opportunity of raking it together in the rainy seasons1 when it is tough2 for in dry weather it easily crumbles into powder4 ,this they moisten with a little water in the winter season when they use it1 and find it excellent fodder4 ,the coralline mosses are subject to great variation3 and altho' there are several really distinct species1 yet they run so into one another1 that it is no easy matter to fix upon the real specific distinctions1 in many instances4 ,some species are perfectly white2 others have the extremities of the branches reddish1 some brown1 and others almost black4 ,the common coralline moss in ,lapland not unfrequently grows to be several inches long1 and even a foot high4 ,the tubular or hollow branched coralline mosses are not the only kinds upon which the rein-deer will feed4 ,almost all the lichens are abundantly more plentiful in those northern1 than in these more southerly climates4 ,there are several species with solid branches2 one1 which ,dillenius calls ,the crisp warty ,alpine coralloides#hh1 which is almost as plentiful as the common sort1 and is equally acceptable to those animals#hi4 ,it was before observed1 that1 in defect of these mosses1 the black mane usnea is a substitute equally acceptable to those animals4 ,another of the most remarkable and useful plants of this division is the orchel#ij1 or argol1 as it is commonly called4 ,this enters more into conomical uses among us than any other of the whole genus4 ,how considerable an article it forms in the dying trade1 in which its uses are various and extensive1 is very well known4 ,its tinging property has been known from ancient times2 and some of our most celebrated botanic writers are of opinion1 that it was used as a dye even in the days of ,theophrastus4 ,that father of botany mentions a fucus1 which1 he says1 grew upon the rocks about the island of ,crete2 and that they dyed woollen garments of a purple1 or rather a red colour1 with it4 ,it grows on the rocks by the sea-coast in many parts of the ,archipelago1 and in the ,canary ,islands2 from whence we generally import it1 as well as from the ,cape ,verd1 which afford it in plenty4 ,the demand for orchel is so great1 that ,mr4 ,hellot#ia1 of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 informs us1 they gather yearly1 upon an average1 from the isle of ,teneriffe #ejj quintals1 which amounts to #be ton weight2 from the ,canary ,islands #djj quintals1 from ,forteventura #cjj1 from ,lancerota #cjj1 the same from ,gomera1 and from ,ferro #hjj4 ,the way of manufacturing the orchel for the uses of dying1 was for a considerable time a secret in few hands2 but it is now done in ,london1 and other parts of ,europe1 to great perfection4 ,mr4 ,ray1 from ,imperatus1 gives a brief account of the process#ib4 ,micheli has since delivered a more exact detail of it4 ,his1 at least1 seems to be the method#ic1 which the dyers at ,florence used4 ,from both these accounts1 urine and pot-ash appear to be the principal ingredients used in extracting its colour4 ,many other plants of this genus contain the same tophaceous matter as the orchel2 and upon trial have been found to strike a good colour4 ,micheli1 after he has related the preparation of the orchel1 suggests the same thing2 and ,m4 ,hellot1 in the treatise before mentioned1 tells us1 there are many other mosses1 which will give as good a colour as the orchel4 ,in fact1 he adds1 that ,m4 ,bernard de ,jussieu brought him some from the forest of ,fontainbleau1 which1 upon experiments with urine and lime1 took a purple colour4 ,in the sequel of this memoir we shall point out some of these kinds4 ,m4 ,hellot has given us a process1 which he made use of for discovering whether any of these lichens would yield a red or purple colour4 ,it is as follows3 8,put about two drachms of any of these lichens into a little glass jar3 moisten it well with equal parts of strong lime-water1 and volatile spirit of sal ammoniac2 tie a wet bladder close over the top of the vessel1 and let it stand three or four days4 ,at the end of this time1 if the lichen is likely to answer1 that small quantity of liquor1 which you will find in the glass1 will be of a deep crimson red2 and the plant will retain the same colour when the liquor is all dried up4 ,if neither the liquor nor the plant have taken any colour1 it is needless to make any further trials with it40 ,this process is simple and easy1 and well worth observation by all who are disposed to prosecute experiments of this nature3 and indeed it is worth the trial1 whether several lichens1 which we have plentifully enough in ,england1 would not answer in this respect4 #c4 ,lichenes pyxidati4 ,such as consist of a firm tough flexible matter1 formed into simple tubular stalks1 whose tops are expanded into the form of little cups4 ,this division contains the cup-mosses of authors2 the second order of coralloides of ,dillenius2 great part of the first order of lichens in ,haller2 the #gth1 #hth1 #ith1 and #ajth order in ,micheli2 and the lichenes schyphiferi of ,linnus4 ,dr4 ,hill has constituted a genus intirely of these cup-mosses1 under the name of pyxidium4 ,they are common with us on heaths1 and other dry and barren places4 ,some of them are proliferous1 even to the third degree1 and form a very beautiful appearance4 ,some have tubercles on the edges of the cups1 of a beautiful scarlet colour4 ,the cup-moss#id was a long time in great and established use for coughs1 and especially for the whooping cough in children2 for which it was long accounted a specific4 ,to this end it was given in various forms4 ,gerard and ,parkinson recommend the powder to be taken for several days together4 ,dr4 ,willis was particularly one of its patrons4 ,he has given us#ie several forms for its exhibition1 as that of the powder1 a decoction1 and a syrup from it4 ,the present practice has quite exploded it1 and very justly perhaps1 as in any degree specific in the above disorder4 ,nevertheless1 it seems to have sustained that character with as great a reputation1 and perhaps with as good a title to it1 as almost any of the specifics of that age4 ,it has been observed before1 on another occasion1 that this tribe of mosses have in general an astringent property2 as such1 the cup-mosses are consequently of a strengthening nature3 it is no wonder1 therefore1 that they should be helpful in this disorder1 merely as corroborants4 ,that they were useful in some measure can scarcely be doubted2 and our very eminent ,dr4 ,huxham#if1 in treating upon this obstinate complaint1 seems to allow this of the cup-moss in preference to other idle specifics4 ,happily for us1 the ,peruvian bark supplies a remedy of infinitely more use1 where such analeptics are required4 ,dr4 ,lister1 in some ingenious observations of his1 printed in the ,philosophical ,transactions#ig1 touching colours and dyes1 observes1 that the scarlet heads of these mosses1 upon the affusion of lye1 will strike a purple which will stand4 #d4 ,lichenes crustacei4 ,such as consist of a dry and friable matter1 more or less thick1 formed into flat crusts1 very closely adhering to whatever they grow upon4 ,some of the species of this division consist of an exceeding fine thin crustaceous1 or rather1 as ,micheli calls it1 farinaceous matter1 the fructifications appearing in the form of tubercles4 ,others consist of a thicker scabrous crust1 having the fructifications in the form of little cups1 called scutell4 ,this division contains the first order of the lichenoides of ,dillenius2 the #eth1 #fth1 and #gth orders of ,haller's lichens2 the lichenes leprosi and crustacei of ,linnus2 and several of the placodium of ,hill4 ,the species are numerous1 and most of them very common on rocks1 stones1 old walls1 the bark of trees1 old pales1 c4 which are commonly covered over with them1 in undisturbed places4 ,they form a very agreeable variety1 and some of them have a very elegant appearance4 ,dr4 ,dillenius describes a species of this order1 which he found upon the tops of the mountains in ,caernarvonshire in ,wales2 and which the inhabitants told him they used as a red dye1 and found it preferable to the cork1 or arcel1 which they call kenkerig4 ,he has intitled it1 in ,english1 ,the white tartareous scarlet-dying lichenoides#ih4 ,he is of opinion1 that this is the moss which ,martin mentions1 in his account of the ,western ,islands of ,scotland1 under the name of corkir2 with which the inhabitants of the island of ,sky dye a scarlet colour4 ,they prepare it by drying1 powdering it1 and then steeping it for three weeks in urine4 ,linnus queries whether this moss be not the same as his lichen calcareus#ii2 a species so peculiar to limestone rocks1 that where-ever that stone occurs among others1 it may be distinguished at the first view by this moss growing upon it4 ,this is a singularity which ,dr4 ,dillenius has not mentioned in his moss3 on the other hand1 ,linnus does not mention any tinging property in his4 ,the prlle d',auvergne1 or orseille de terre1 of the ,french1 belongs to this order of lichens1 and is called by ,dillenius#ajj ,the crayfish-eye-like lichenoides4 ,it is gathered in large quantities in the province of ,auvergne1 and is used as orchel2 to which however it is greatly inferior4 ,they prepare it with lime and urine2 and were acquainted with its use as a dye long before the ,canary weed was known#aja to them2 and it is at this day in more common use than the orchel4 ,we have it frequent with us upon old walls1 rocks1 and stones2 but it is to be had in larger quantities in several other parts of ,europe4 ,the mealy tartareous lichenoides#ajb with brown dishes1 forms an article of trade with the people of ,west ,gothland4 ,they manufacture a beautiful red dye from it1 which they sell under the name of byttelet#ajc4 ,dr4 ,hill says we have this moss abundantly in ,leicestershire and ,warwickshire4 ,the ,welch make a red dye1 with urine1 from another moss of this order1 which ,dillenius describes#ajd by the name of ,the large leprous lichenoides with yellow plates4 ,these are not the only species1 which are endowed with a tinging quality3 other kinds have been observed to give a red or purple colour to paper in which they have occasionally been inclosed4 ,doubtless several would1 upon sufficient trials1 be found to answer equally well with the orchel4 ,with regard to these crustaceous mosses in general1 it is highly worthy our regard1 that in the conomy of nature they answer singular and important uses4 ,to an unobserving eye1 no class of vegetables may appear more insignificant1 or less adapted to advantageous purposes in the creation1 than these4 ,this vulgar estimation of things is frequently erroneous2 and it is certainly so in the instance before us4 ,these minute and seemingly insignificant mosses serve1 under some circumstances1 to valuable purposes4 ,no sooner is a rock left bare by the sea1 but these lichens lay the foundation for its future fertility4 ,their seeds1 which are presently brought thither by the winds1 soon cover it all over4 ,these corrupting1 presently afford a soil sufficient to nourish other smaller mosses2 which1 in their turn1 form one deep enough for larger plants and trees2 and thus the rock becomes a fertile island#aje4 #e4 ,lichenes foliacei scutellati4 ,such as consist of a more lax and flexible matter1 formed into a foliaceous appearance1 having the parts of fructification in the form of scutell4 ,some of the plants of this division are interspersed with the former in some of the systems of botanic authors4 ,in general this division contains the whole first series of the second order of lichenoides in ,dillenius2 the first division of the second series1 and the latter part of the second division1 of the same3 it comprehends the lichenes imbricati and umbilicati of ,linnus2 and many of the placodium of ,hill4 ,the plants of this order are many of them not less common in ,england than the foregoing1 on rocks1 stones1 old pales1 trees1 c4 ,some adhere very closely to what they grow upon1 and seem to be only foliaceous about the edges3 others adhere but loosely1 and are much expanded and divaricated1 so as to form something like ramifications4 ,it was remarked1 from ,linnus's observation1 that one of the crustaceous lichens was scarcely ever found growing but upon limestone rocks4 ,on the contrary1 the same author has observed of a foliose lichen belonging to this order1 that it will thrive on all kind of rocks but limestone rocks4 ,this species#ajf ,dillenius calls ,the common grey-blue pitted lichenoides4 ,it is very common with us upon trees1 old wooden pales1 c4 as well as upon rocks and stones4 ,it is the usnea cranii humani of the old materia medica4 ,linnus adds1 that it will dye a purplish colour4 ,hither likewise must be referred the cork or arcel#ajg1 which is used by the ,scotch1 and others1 to dye a purple or scarlet colour4 ,the preparation of it is by powdering1 and making it into a mass with urine4 ,parkinson tells us#ajh the poor people in ,derbyshire scrape it from the rocks1 and make the same use of it4 ,mr4 ,ray#aji adds to this account1 that the ,welch1 who call it kenkerig1 have long been acquainted with this property1 and have it in common use4 ,the colour from this moss is but very dull2 but if the same methods were taken to improve it1 as have been with the orchel1 it would undoubtedly be rendered much better1 and more durable4 ,linnus relates#aaj1 that there is an immense quantity of this moss about the rocks of the isle of ,aland in the ,baltick2 where the good women themselves make a yellow dye with it from a simple decoction of the plant1 without the addition of any saline article4 ,he adds1 that those1 who would heighten the colour1 add a small quantity of roucou#aaa to the decoction4 ,professor ,linnus tells us1 that the ,gothlanders manufacture a yellow dye from the common curled lichenoides with yellow leaves and plates#aab4 ,he adds1 that it is a celebrated medicine in the esteem of the country people1 as a specific in the jaundice#aac4 ,helwingius1 in the ,supplement to the ,flora ,prussica1 affirms1 that this moss will tinge paper and linen of a lively carnation colour1 which too will stand the test of being exposed to the open sun for a long time without fading4 ,it seems very probable1 however1 that he must mean some other plant of this genus1 as ,dillenius tells us he made the experiment unsuccessfully4 ,sweden affords a moss of this order1 which1 as far as hitherto appears1 seems to be unknown to former botanists1 and which ,linnus says will dye a deep purple colour#aad4 #f4 ,lichenes erecti ramosi plani4 ,such as consist of a firm tough matter1 disposed into flat and thin ramifications growing erect1 and bearing their scutell upon the edges1 surfaces1 and at the extremities4 ,this division comprehends the flat branched tree-mosses of authors2 many of the fourth order of ,haller's lichens2 the first part of the second division of series the second in ,dillenius2 and the platisma of ,hill4 ,the plants of this division grow upon old trees1 especially in thick and unfrequented woods2 some of them upon rocks3 they are many of them extremely common in ,england upon all kinds of trees4 ,as they were some of the most obvious1 so they were some of the first lichens noticed by the old writers1 by whom they were called lichenes arborum4 ,the mosses of this order were substituted in the room of the usnea in the composition of the pulvis cyprius4 ,the very species1 which was most frequently used for this purpose1 was the channel-leaved lichenoides of ,dillenius#aae1 on account of its being easily reduced into a fine powder1 of a good white colour4 ,nevertheless1 others are undoubtedly as well adapted to the same purposes3 and1 if it was of importance enough to employ them to any purposes of the like nature in our own country1 they might be procured in sufficient plenty4 ,one of the plants of this order is applicable to the same uses as the ,canary-weed1 and is reckoned not much inferior to it2 and as it is found in the same places1 it is very often packed up with it in considerable quantities4 ,dillenius calls it ,the flat dyers lichenoides with longer and sharper horns#aaf4 ,it is truly and properly a plant of the lichen genus1 tho' the older writers of the last century called it a fucus4 ,they were led into this mistake by its having flat ramifications1 and from its growing on the rocks by the sea side4 ,it is found in the ,east ,indies upon trees1 and is frequent on the coasts of the ,mediterranean1 as well as about the ,canary ,islands4 #g4 ,lichenes peltati4 ,such as consist of a tough or coriaceous matter1 disposed into a foliaceous appearance2 on the edges of which1 in general1 the parts of fructification are placed1 in the form of flattish oblong bodies1 in these mosses called shields or pelts4 ,this division contains the third series of the second order of ,dillenius's lichenoides2 the lichenes coriacei of ,linnus2 and several of the placodium of ,hill4 ,that celebrated and well-known plant1 the ash-coloured ground liverwort#aag of ,ray belongs to this order4 ,it is very common all over ,england on dry and barren ground2 and indeed almost all ,europe1 and ,america too1 seems to afford it in sufficient plenty1 as we find it observed by almost all the botanic writers since ,ray1 who was one of the first that described it4 ,the earliest account we have of its use for the bite of a mad dog is in the ,philosophical ,transactions#aah1 from ,mr4 ,dampier1 in whose family it had been a secret for a number of years4 ,it was communicated first to ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 as a kind of fungus1 or ,jew's-ear2 and1 at the request of ,dr4 ,mead1 was some years afterwards received into the ,london dispensatory4 ,scarce any of the boasted specifics of former ages ever acquired so great reputation as this plant has done in modern times1 for its prevalence against the bite of a mad dog2 and the patronage of the late learned ,dr4 ,mead made it sufficiently known throughout all the world4 ,happy would it be indeed1 if it fully deserved the high encomiums1 which have been bestowed upon it4 ,a great and eminent physician#aai has doubted its efficacy at all in such cases2 and it is well known1 that ,boerhaave even laughed at it4 ,dr4 ,mead had certainly an high opinion of it3 he tells us it never failed1 thro' the course of thirty years experience1 where it was duly given before the hydrophobia came on#abj4 ,later instances have shewn1 that it is not infallible2 and ,dr4 ,van ,swieten's supposition is but too likely to prove true4 ,it must be confessed1 that ,dr4 ,mead's exhibition of it seems too much complicated with other means to leave room for judging fully of its real efficacy2 and it may really be questioned1 whether bleeding1 pepper1 and cold-bathing1 have not had more to do in the case than the lichen4 ,the muscus pulmonarius officinarum#aba1 tree-lungwort1 or oak-lungs1 belongs to this order4 ,it is found about old oaks1 and upon rocks and stones overgrown with moss1 in many of our thick woods in ,england2 but not in any great plenty4 ,few1 perhaps1 of the antiquated simples were in more repute1 in their day1 than this plant4 ,it was celebrated for ages1 on account of its supposed prevalence in pulmonary complaints of almost all kinds2 and yet1 upon inquiry into the original of its use in such cases1 it would probably appear1 that it arose more from a fansied resemblance they found in the plant to the lungs themselves1 than from any real and well-grounded proofs of its efficacy4 ,as a gentle astringent1 like most other species of the family1 it would doubtless contribute to relieve in many cases where the lungs were affected1 as in hmoptos1 and some others3 but it does not seem1 by any means1 to deserve that high character in medicine which has been given to it4 ,the people in ,herefordshire1 where this moss is called rags1 dye their stockings of a brown colour with it4 ,this is done by a very strong but simple decoction in water1 and the colour stands well#abb4 ,the fine green lichenoides with black warts#abc1 is a celebrated medicine1 and in very frequent use1 with the country people about ,upsal1 for the thrush in children3 to this end they give an infusion of it in milk4 ,a medicine of this kind is of great importance in those countries1 where that disorder occurs much more frequently than with us#abd4 ,it is not received into the ,swedish dispensatory2 but is known however in the shops1 under the name of muscus cumatilis4 ,we have it not in ,england2 and ,dillenius found it but in one place about ,geissen3 in the woods of ,sweden it is more plentiful4 ,a singular case1 which is related in the ,amnitates ,academic#abe1 has given rise to an opinion of its usefulness in the worms also4 ,the case briefly was this3 ,a country girl had1 for near half a year1 complained of excruciating pains in her stomach and bowels1 which were attended with vomiting1 anxiety1 and great watchfulness4 ,all that had been prescribed for her by ,professor ,linnus and others1 who took her case for the worms1 proved altogether fruitless4 ,being afterwards left to the care of her neighbours and relations1 some good women gave her a decoction of this moss1 which the ,uplanders call elfnefwer4 ,after she had taken it a few days1 she vomited up six or seven roundish worms1 and was cured4 ,these were found1 upon examination1 to be the maggots of a kind of brown bee-fly1 described by ,mr4 ,ray#abf1 and by ,linnus#abg4 ,however insufficient this history may be1 to prove the usefulness of this plant as a vermifuge1 it will at least serve to exemplify this fact2 namely1 that other animals of the insect kind1 besides the teni1 lumbrici1 and ascarides1 may subsist a long time in the prim vi of the human body1 and be the cause of great disturbances therein#abh4 ,necessity is frequently the parent of the most useful and important discoveries3 and the uses to which a plant of this order is appropriated by the natives of ,iceland1 is a standing proof of the truth of this observation4 ,that climate will scarcely permit the cultivation of any kind of grain2 but the want of it is in a great measure happily supplied by the eryngo-leaved lichenoides#abi1 which is abundant in the northern regions2 and in that island particularly the natives have long been acquainted with the methods of applying it both to the purposes of food and of physic4 ,ray has long since informed us#acj1 from ,bartholine1 that in the spring time1 while it is young1 it will purge2 in consequence of which it is used as common spring physic4 ,this quality it loses in a short time2 and what serves for physic in the spring1 is converted the remaining part of the year into food4 ,they collect large quantities of it1 grind it into meal1 and make both pottage and bread of it4 ,it is in common use not only with the islanders1 but in several parts of ,sweden also1 where it is found to be a very appropriate diet in phthisical cases#aca4 ,these accounts of the excellent use of this lichen correspond perfectly well with the last accounts of it in ,mr4 ,horrebow's ,natural ,history of ,iceland1 just published2 and which ,i shall take the liberty of transcribing as follows3 8,there is another herb1 called muscus catharticus islandi1 or mountain-grass1 which they cook up into a delicate dish4 ,i have often eat of it2 at first out of curiosity1 but afterwards for its palateableness and wholesomeness4 ,the excellent qualities of this herb are described in the ,memoires of the ,society of ,arts and ,sciences in ,sweden4 ,it grows in great abundance2 and those that live near the places1 where it is found1 gather great quantities for their own use1 and to send to market4 ,people that live at a great distance will send and fetch horse-loads away4 ,many use no meal or flour at all1 when they are stocked with this herb1 which in every respect is good and wholesome food0#acb4 ,this moss is not very common in the southern countries of ,europe4 ,england affords it but very sparingly4 ,mr4 ,newton and ,dr4 ,dillenius found it in ,wales2 ,sibbald1 in ,scotland4 ,it is frequent on the ,alps of ,switzerland2 and ,dr4 ,haller mentions it in his ,iter ,hercynium4 ,sweden and ,lapland have it in plenty3 and on account of its great abundance and usefulness in ,iceland1 ,bartholine1 and after him others1 called it muscus islandicus4 ,,conclusion4 ,i cannot help remarking1 by way of conclusion1 that we have in this genus of plants a convincing instance of the utility which may result from the study of natural science in general1 and even of its minuter and hitherto most neglected branches4 ,from a view of the foregoing memoir it is evident1 ,i presume1 that the conomical uses of the lichens1 in the various parts of the world1 are already very considerable and important3 and altho' it does not appear1 that the sensible qualities of any of them1 or the experience of former ages1 will warrant our ascertaining any singular powers to them in a medicinal way1 yet posterity will doubtless find the means of employing them to many valuable purposes in human life to us unknown4 ,it will at once be acknowleged1 that the vegetable kingdom supplies us with the far greater share of the necessaries1 the conveniences1 and even the elegancies1 of life4 ,the cultivation of that knowlege1 which leads to the investigation of its subjects1 cannot1 therefore1 but be highly useful and necessary3 and altho' the bare science of natural knowlege is of itself worthy of applause1 yet it ought to be considered1 in reality1 as the necessary means only of applying the subjects of nature's kingdoms to their true ends and purposes1 the service of mankind4 ,to know and distinguish1 by determined and specific characters1 even but a small share of that amazing multitude of objects1 with which the great ,parent of nature has furnished our globe1 is a task far more than equal to the duration of human life4 ,to investigate and ascertain their various qualities and uses is equally arduous and impracticable4 ,while the naturalists1 therefore1 are employed in distinguishing the forms of things1 let others exert the united efforts of genius and application to investigate their various properties and uses4 ,i need not say the field for both is boundless3 it doubtless will be so for ages yet to come4 ,the hopes of discovering some latent property1 which may turn out to the advantage of his fellow creatures1 will animate the man1 whose mind is truly formed for relishing the pleasures of natural science2 and however the result may be1 the inspection and contemplation of nature's productions will ever afford that satisfaction1 which will amply repay him for his trouble4 ,the minuter1 and1 as they are commonly estimated1 the most abject and insignificant things are not beneath our notice2 and an attentive mind will readily conceive how much farther1 and more extensively useful1 every branch of nature's kingdom may yet prove in the conomy of human life4 ,the man1 therefore1 whom a genius and love for natural history has allured into its pursuits1 and whose leisure permits his gratification in such researches1 if he is not happy enough to be crowned with success1 at least deserves it1 and merits the thanks of his fellow-creatures for his application and diligence4 ,,xcii4 ,an ,account of the fossile ,bones of an ,allegator1 found on the ,sea-shore1 near ,whitby in ,yorkshire4 ,in a ,letter to ,john ,fothergill1 ,m4 ,d4 from ,capt4 ,william ,chapman4 ,whitby1 #bjth of #ast mo4 #ageh4 ,read ,may4 #d1 #ageh4 ,a ,few days since we discovered on the sea-shore1 about half a mile from this place1 part of the bones of an animal1 appearing as in the annexed figure 7,see ,,tab4 ,,xxii474 ,the ground they laid in is what we call allum-rock2 a kind of black slate1 that may be taken up in flakes1 and is continually wearing away by the surf of the sea1 and the washing of stones1 sand1 c4 over it every tide4 ,the bones were covered five or six feet with the water every full sea1 and were about nine or ten yards from the cliff1 which is nearly perpendicular1 and about sixty yards high1 and is continually wearing away1 by the washing of the sea against it2 and1 if ,i may judge by what has happened in my own memory1 it must have extended beyond these bones less than a century ago4 ,there are several regular strata or layers of stone1 of some yards thickness1 that run along the cliff1 nearly parallel to the horizon and to one another4 ,i mention this to obviate an objection1 that this animal may have been upon the surface1 and in a series of years may have sunk down to where it lay2 which will now appear impossible1 at least when the stones1 c4 have had their present consistence4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxii7b7 p4 #fhi4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,references to the ,draught4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 the head and bill1 not in the same line or range with the rest of the bones4 a1 b1 ,a bone1 with its processes1 which ,i take to be similar to that1 which includes the brain in fishes4 ,the part between the bone and outlines appeared to be a smooth membrane2 but was so thin1 that in taking up it broke4 ,it is evident this is the upper part of the head inverted4 ,b1 ,c1 the superior maxilla intire1 and in some places covered with the inferior one for four or five inches together4 ,where this happens1 the vacuity is filled with matter like the rock in which it lays2 and there are large teeth in each jaw1 at such distances1 and so posited1 that those in one jaw fill up the vacuities in the other1 and appear like one continued row1 the mouth being shut4 ,where there is only the superior maxilla remaining1 there are no teeth2 but the sockets are visible and deep1 and at the same distances from each other as the teeth in the other part of the jaw4 ,the tip or extremity of the bill was intire for four or five inches1 having both maxill1 with their teeth1 and towards the point large fangs4 ,part of the bill and head were covered with the rock2 which was removed before they appeared as in the figure4 ,a1 ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 cavities in the rock1 about two inches deep1 where1 ,i suppose1 the wanting vertebr have laid1 as they are exactly suited to have received them4 ,d1 ,f1 ,ten vertebr1 from three to four half inches in diameter1 and about three inches long1 some of them separated in taking up4 ,they were about two inches in the rock4 ,e1 ,here we observed something like bone to stretch from the vertebr1 and intending to take it up whole1 begun to cut at what we thought a proper distance2 but found we cut thro' a bone2 and with the vertebr brought up three or four inches of the os femoris1 with the ball1 covered with the periosteum3 but the animal has been so crushed hereabouts1 that we could make little of the socket or os innominata4 ,several of the ribs came up with the vertebr3 they were broke1 and laid parallel to the vertebr2 but not quite close1 there being some of the rock between them4 ,the periosteum is visible on many of the bones4 ,g1 ,h1 ,twelve vertebr remaining in the rock1 with which they are almost covered1 especially towards the extremity4 ,the place1 where these bones lay1 was frequently covered with sea-sand1 to the depth of two feet1 and seldom quite bare2 which was the occasion of their being rarely seen3 but being informed that they had been discovered by some people two or three years ago1 we had one of them with us upon the spot1 who told us1 that when he first saw it1 it was intire1 and had two short legs on that part of the vertebr wanting towards the head4 ,altho' we could not suspect the veracity of this person1 we thought he was mistaken2 for we had hitherto taken it for a fish4 ,but when we took it up1 and found the os femoris above-mentioned1 we had cause to believe his relation true1 and to rank this animal amongst those of the lizard kind3 by the length 7something more than ten feet7 it seems to have been an allegator2 but ,i shall be glad to have thy opinion about it4 ,i am thy friend1 ,william ,chapman ,sen4 ,the bones were sent up1 and are herewith presented to the ,royal ,society by ,j4 ,fothergill4 ,,xciii4 ,de rariori quadam ,orthoceratitis ,specie1 in ,suecia reperta1 tractatus2 in literis a ,nicholao de ,himsel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,riga ,livono1 ad ,gul4 ,watson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,r4,,ss4 ,read ,may #aa1 #ageh4 ,o,rthoceratiti recti in loco quodam ,kelwika dicto1 prope ,fahlunam in ,dahlia1 reperti4 ,inhrebant lapidi cineracei coloris calcareo1 vari magnitudinis orthoceratiti1 quorum portiones hic delineatas describo4 ,vide ,,tab4 ,,xxiii4 ,fig4 ,a4 ,orthoceratitis portio1 cujus pars inferior saxo adhuc adhret2 ex lapide calcareo constans lente in apicem decrescens4 ,licet ex parvis ejus fragmentis judicari possit1 cylindrum esse orthoceratitem1 ea tamen si conjunguntur1 verum formant conum1 et mihi videtur ex crassitie siphonis1 orthoceratitem hunc conicum duos fere superavisse pedes4 ,vidi orthoceratitem in alio lapide calcareo1 quem etiam ibidem loci1 ,kelwik1 reperi1 longitudine duorum cum semisse pedum3 sed impossibile erat1 integrum eum excutere1 nimis enim fragile erat4 ,est portio hc orthoceratitis testa sua ambiente vestita in a b c4 ,quinque conspiciuntur articuli1 thalami quondam1 arctissime sibi invicem insidentes1 per quos a latere procedit sipho m n sat crassus1 qui in omnibus fere1 quas possideo portionibus orthoceratitarum1 a centro semper remotus1 hic ad peripheriam positus conspicitur4 ,sipho admodum lente decrescit1 ex quo etiam de longitudine coni hujus judicare licet4 ,crust vel test a b c interior pars1 qu articulos tegit1 crysstallina est1 ex spati crystallis tenuioribus irregularibus constans4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxiii4 p4 #fib4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,fig4 ,b4 ,portio alia1 in qua articuli minus crassi2 sipho quoque ad peripheriam positus1 testa sua in a tecta4 ,conspicitur septum illud testaceum in b1 communi tenuior1 quod ab ipso articulo superiori procedens1 siphonis partem r s investit4 ,fig4 ,b1 ,c4 ,portio orthoceratitis ex lapide calcareo cineracei coloris3 sipho vero1 fluore spatoso egregie crystallisato1 constat4 ,fig4 ,c4 ,portio alia per axin divisa1 cujus pars exterior1 testa qu striis circularibus levioribus externe ornata1 investita conspicitur4 ,ex parte interiori ,fig4 ,d4 confirmatio ejus interna adparet4 ,sipho x z gracilior1 inter centrum et peripheriam positus1 dimidia parte ambiente articulo denudatus adparet2 dimidia altera1 inferiori articulo c d e tegitur4 ,articulus a b spato crystallisato pellucido polygono repletus est4 ,articulus c d e vero1 saxo spatoso incarnato paululum repletus est4 x4 ,siphonis pars superior1 ubi radii a peripheria ad centrum tendentes conspiciuntur4 ,inter crystallos spatosos in articulo a b stri hinc et inde adparent nigr1 asphalto replet2 ita etiam cavitas articuli a b1 que ac superficies convexa articuli c e1 qu in primam concavam recipitur1 lamina asphalti vestit sunt4 ,fig4 ,e4 ,pars alia orthoceratitis majoris1 et quidem facies exterior4 ,fig4 ,f4 ,facies ejus interior1 in medio divisi1 cum siphone transeunte satis crasso4 a b c et reliqu stri leves1 sunt diaphragmata1 articulos a b invicem separantia1 siphonem proprie constituentia1 siphonisque tenuiorem membranam1 qu in o et p adhuc conspicitur1 ambientia4 ,sunt diaphragmata hc crassiora in siphonis vestigiis1 et sibi invicem ab inferiori parte insident4 ,sipho hic inter centrum et peripheriam positus est4 ,fig4 ,g4 ,materies calcarea1 qu siphonem replevit striata1 et quidem pars ejus interior1 qua centrum orthoceratitis respicit1 peripheri opposita4 ,fig4 ,h4 ,facies posterior1 peripheri propior4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,pars concava articuli majoris orthoceratitis1 in qua diaphragmatis testacei jam crystallisati portiuncul albicantes m n r conspiciuntur cum siphone transeunte4 ,fig4 ,k4 ,portio alia orthoceratitis majoris1 ejusque facies exterior1 cum siphone g ad peripheriam posito4 ,conspiciuntur his diaphragmata1 qu ab utroque latere1 ab articulis procedunt1 se invicem conjungunt1 et siphonem ab exteriori parte obtegunt4 a est test satis crass portiuncula1 qua portio hc orthoceratitis vestita adhuc est4 ,,xciv4 ,a further ,account of the ,effects of ,electricity in the ,cure of some ,diseases#acc3 ,in a ,letter from ,mr4 ,patrick ,brydone to ,dr4 ,robert ,whytt1 ,professor of ,medicine in the ,university of ,edinburgh1 and ,f4,r4,s4 ,coldinghame1 ,january #ith1 #ageh4 ,read ,may #aa1 #ageh4 ,a ,young woman of ,aiton1 a village about two miles from this place1 had her right leg drawn back by a contraction of the muscles that bend the knee1 so that she had not been able to put that foot to the ground for near a twelvemonth4 ,she had taken the advice of some ,surgeons in the country1 and had used several remedies to no purpose4 ,at last1 hearing of the cure of the paralytic woman1 whose case ,i sent you some time ago1 she insisted on being brought hither2 and underwent a course of electrical shocks for near two months1 receiving every day at least fifty or sixty in the following manner4 ,she sat close by the machine1 and grasping the phial in her hand1 she presented the wire to the barrel or conductor1 and drew the sparks from it for about half a minute4 ,the phial being thus charged1 she then touched her knee with the wire1 and thereby received such severe strokes1 as would sometimes instantly raise a blister on the part4 ,the joint was at last so much relaxed1 as that she could walk home with the help of a crutch1 tho' her leg was so weak1 that she had very little use of it4 ,after she had continued in this state for some weeks1 she was advised to use the cold bath3 but that soon brought back the contraction2 and ,i have been since informed that she was worse than ever4 ,a soldier's wife1 a genteel looking woman1 of about #cj years of age1 was seized with a slight palsy1 about ,newcastle1 on her way to this country3 but before she got to this place1 she had lost all the feeling in her left side1 and so far the power of it1 that she was brought to us in a cart4 ,after receiving #fjj strokes from the electrical machine in the usual way1 and in the space of two days1 she recovered the use of her side1 and set out on foot to make out the rest of her journey4 ,however1 for fear of a relapse1 ,i gave her a recommendatory letter to ,mr4 ,sommer1 ,surgeon at ,haddington1 as she was to pass thro' that town1 and as ,i knew that he was likewise provided with an electrical apparatus4 ,a young woman from ,home1 a village in this shire1 but at a good distance1 complained of a coldness and insensibility in her left hand and wrist1 of two years standing4 ,when ,i felt that hand1 it was as cold as a stone1 whilst the other was sweating2 and she told me1 that it never had been warmer all that time4 ,i made her draw the sparks from an egg 7which for some other purpose was suspended by a wire from the conductor7 for about half an hour2 and at the end of that time ,i found the dead hand in a far greater sweat than the other4 ,she then wrapt it up in a piece of flannel1 as she used to do1 and retired4 ,next day she told me1 that since the operation she had been able to put off and on her cloaths without help1 which she had not been able to do for a twelvemonth before4 ,she was again electrised2 and believing she was then quite well1 she went away3 but some weeks after1 upon the coldness of her hand beginning to return1 she made me another visit1 was again electrised1 and was dismissed a second time apparently cured4 ,this is about two months ago1 and ,i have heard nothing of her since4 ,as these two last women are at such a distance1 ,i cannot pretend to send you their own testimony of their cure4 ,but for the two cases in the separate paper1 as the persons are inhabitants of this place1 ,i have taken care that they themselves should sign them1 along with my father2 since you have acquainted me1 that accounts of this kind should have the attestation both of the patients and the minister of the parish4 ,i shall only add here1 that several persons have been relieved of rheumatic pains1 by electrising the parts affected4 ,and a woman was cured of a deafness of six months standing1 contracted1 as she imagined1 by cold4 ,this woman held the phial in her hand1 whilst another person standing on a cake of resin gave her the shock1 by putting the end of the wire into her ear4 ,this manner of electrising brought always on a profuse sweat over the head1 which we encouraged1 by wrapping it up in flannel4 ,the first day she came here1 she could scarce hear what was spoken by those about her2 but in five days she seemed to be perfectly cured4 ,i am1 c4 ,patrick ,brydone4 ,copy of the separate ,paper before mentioned4 ,robert ,haigs1 of ,coldinghame1 a labouring man of about #de1 after having been for ten days ill of a regular tertian ague1 at my desire underwent the electrical shocks in the common way4 ,after having received about thirty or forty very severe ones1 he grew pale1 and staggering for several steps1 would have fallen down1 had he not been supported4 ,he then fell into a sweat1 which continued near half an hour4 ,i desired him to come back the next morning1 immediately before the fit1 which he said came on about ten o'clock4 ,he accordingly came1 and told me he had not the usual symptoms preceding the fit4 ,he was that day again strongly electrised2 and has been without any aguish symptom ever since2 viz4 for the space of four months4 ,the truth of this is attested by ,,robert ,,haigs1 the person cured4 ,,rob4 ,,brydone1 ,minister of ,coldinghame4 ,ann ,torry1 of ,coldinghame1 a young woman of about #bj1 had a regular tertian 7being the first time she ever had the ague7 for near a fortnight4 ,the fit came on early in the morning4 ,she was electrised on her well day in the afternoon2 and the next morning1 having had only a slight shivering1 she was electrised again about ten o' clock1 and has had no symptom of the ague since2 viz4 for three months4 ,the above is attested by ,,ann ,,torry1 the person cured4 ,,rob4 ,,brydone1 ,minister of ,coldinghame4 ,,xcv4 ,an ,account of the ,black ,assize at ,oxford1 from the ,register of ,merton ,college in that ,university4 ,communicated by ,john ,ward1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,with some additional ,remarks4 ,anno nono ,d4 ,bickley ,custodis1 #aegg4 ,read ,may #be1 #ageh4 ,v,icessimo#acd primo ,julii in vestiario ,dus custos et octo ,seniores dispensarunt cum ,decreto de concione et appictantia habendis1 die ,dominico post festum ,s ,petri ad vincula2 ne vocata et conveniente turba1 morbus ille1 qui ante quinque dies quamplurimos infestarat1 dissipatior et periculosior fiat4 ,etenim #ae1 #af1 et #ag1 hujus ,julii aegrotant plus minus trecenti homines2 et infra duodecim dierum spatium mortui sunt 7ne quid errem7 centum scholares1 praeter cives non paucos4 ,tempus sine dubio calamitosissimum et luctu plenum4 ,nam quidam lectos differentes#ace1 agitati nescio quo morbi et doloris furore1 suos custodes baculis caedunt et abigunt2 alii per areas et plateas insanientium more circumcursant2 alii in profundam aquarum praecipites insiliunt2 nemo tamen1 summo ,deo gratia1 desperanter perit4 ,franguntur omnium animi4 ,fugiunt medici1 non propter necessitatem fratrum1 sed propter se et cistas creati4 ,relinquuntur miseri4 ,domini1 doctores1 et collegiorum praefecti1 ad unum pene omnes abeunt4 ,custos noster1 longe omnium vigilantissimus1 domi apud nos manet2 in aegrotis omnem curam1 laborem1 diligentiam impensus#acf collocat2 die toto1 et nocte etiam intempesta1 eos sedulo invisit4 ,moriuntur e nostris quinque4 ,omnis aula1 omne collegium1 aut domi1 aut in via ad patriam1 suos habet mortuos4 ,mirari quis posset multitudinem ad medicastrorum domos cum matulis citato cursu properantium4 ,pharmacopolarum etiam conservata syrupos1 olea1 aquas dulces1 pixides1 cujusque generis confectiones1 brevissimo tempore exhausta4 ,laborant aegroti vehementissimo tum capitis tum stomachi dolore2 vexantur phrenesi2 privantur intellectu1 memoria1 visu1 auditu1 et caeteris etiam sensibus4 ,crescente morbo1 non capiunt cibos1 non dormiunt1 ministros aut custodes non patiuntur4 ,semper1 vel in ipsa morte1 mirae orum strenuitas et corporis robur2 et eo declinante1 omnia modis impense contrariis eveniunt4 ,nulli complexioni aut constitutioni parcitur2 cholericos tamen praecipue hic morbus molestos habet2 cujus ut causas1 sic et curas ignorant medici4 ,natum suspicantur multi1 vel ex foetido et pestilenti furum e carceribus prodeuntium are 7quorum duo vel tres sunt ante paucos dies in vinculis mortui7 vel ex artificiosis diabolicis et plane papisticis flatibus e ,lovaniensi barathro excitatis1 et ad nos scelestissime et clam emissis4 ,nam illi solum et hic et alibi decumbunt aegroti1 qui in castro1 et guilda1 quam appellant1 aula1 quinto et sexto hujus mensis adsunt#acg4 ,assisiorum judices1 dominus ,robertus ,bell1 capitatis baro scaccarii etc4 qualem hactenus non peperit ,anglia2 dominus ,johannes ,barrham1 dominae reginae serviens ad legem2 papisticae pravitatis uterque apertissimi hostes et acerrimi vindices3 vicecomes ,oxoniensis comitatis#ach1 equites aurati duo1 armigeri et pacis justiciarii octo1 generosi plures1 horum non pauci famuli1 omnes 7uno aut attero exceptis7 de grandi1 ut loquuntur1 jure1 statim post fere relictam ,oxoniam mortui sunt4 ,et ut quisque fortissimus1 ita citissime moritur4 ,foeminae non petuntur1 nec certe pauperes2 neque etiam inficitur quisquam1 qui aegrotorum necessitatibus subministrarit1 aut eos inviserit4 ,sed ut fuit morbus hic insigniter violentus1 ita neque diu duravit4 ,nam infra unius mensis curriculum ad pristinam pene sanitatem restituuntur omnes2 ut jam denuo mirari possis tot scholares1 tot etiam cives1 urbem et plateas linteis capitibus obambulantes1 et nomen clementissimi ,dei nostri in omne aevum suspicere#aci4 ,vicessimo quarto ,julii ,joannes ,may1 socius et artium magister1 in collegio vitam finit4 ,sepelitur in ecclesia4 ,vicessimo septimo ejusdem ,browne clericus moritur in collegio4 ,vicessimo octavo ejusdem ,gaunte portionista moritur in collegio4 ,vicessimo nono ,dnus ,lea1 electus probationarius #bj ,julii1 moritur in collegio4 ,additional ,remarks1 by ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 ,c,amden1 in his ,annals of ,queen ,elizabeth#adj1 observes1 that almost all1 except women and children1 who were present at the assizes at ,oxford1 at the tryal of ,rowland ,jenkes1 a ,bookseller there1 for seditious words1 died1 to the number of about three hundred4 ,mr4 ,john ,stow1 in his ,chronicle of ,england#ada1 enlarges this number1 and affirms1 that there died in ,oxford three hundred persons1 and in other places two hundred and odd1 from the #fth of ,july to the #abth of ,august2 after which died not any of that sickness2 for one of them infected not another3 ,and this historian agrees with ,camden1 that not any one woman or child died thereof4 ,dr4 ,george ,ethryg1 a physician1 who practised at that time at ,oxford#adb1 in the #b;d book of his ,hypomnemata qudam in aliquot ,libros ,pauli ginet1 seu ,observationis ,medicamentorum1 qu hc tate in usu sunt1 printed at ,london in #aehh1 in #hvo1 mentions1 that on the first night of the appearance of the dissease about six hundred fell sick of it2 and that the next night an hundred more were seized in the villages near ,oxford4 ,lord ,bacon1 in his ,natural ,history1 evidently refers to this1 and one or two more instances of the same kind1 in the following passage1 ,century ,x4 ,n4 #iad4 8,the most pernicious infection next the plague is the smell of the goal1 where prisoners have been long and close and nastily kept2 whereof we have had in our time experience twice or thrice1 when both the judges1 that sat upon the goal1 and numbers of those1 that attended the business1 or were present1 sickened upon it1 and died4 ,therefore it were good wisdom1 that in such cases the goal were aired before they be brought forth40 ,we have likewise an account in ,mr4 ,anthony ,wood#adc1 that at the quarter-session at ,cambridge1 in ,lent in the year #aebb1 and the #acth of the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 the justices1 gentlemen1 and bailiffs1 with most of the persons present1 were seized with a disease1 which proved mortal to a considerable number of them2 those1 who escaped1 having been very dangerously sick4 ,with regard to the unhappy instance of the same kind of contagion1 which happened at the session in the ,old ,baily in ,may #agej1 see ,dr4 ,pringle's excellent work1 intitled1 ,observations on the ,diseases of the ,army in ,camp and in ,garison#add4 ,,xcvi4 ,a ,description of the ,plan of ,peking1 the ,capital of ,china2 sent to the ,royal ,society by ,father ,gaubil1 ,societate ,jesu4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,,king ,,che4 ,,the ,,court4 ,read ,june #a1 #ageh4 ,,in this plan are the inclosures of walls1 which form as it were three cities4 ,kong tching1 ,tse kin4 ,the first is the imperial palace1 or imperial city4 ,it is called ,kong tching or ,tse kin4 ,the numbers #aa1 #ag1 #ba1 #bd1 mark the great gates of this inclosure4 ,hoang tching4 ,the second inclosure is ,hoang tching4 ,the numbers #c1 #ah1 #cj1 #hf1 mark four great gates of this inclosure4 ,king tching4 ,the third inclosure is ,king tching1 or ,royal ,city4 ,the numbers #bce1 #a1 #ii1 #adf1 #agc1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aji1 #baa1 mark nine gates of this inclosure4 ,at the four angles east and west of the north and south walls is a large pavillion in the form of a fortress4 ,it is a kind of arsenal or magazine of arrows1 bows1 guns1 bucklers1 cuirasses1 pikes1 small cannon1 c4 ,observe the angle made by the inclosure ,hoang tching on the south of the gate ,n4 #hd1 to the north of ,n4 #bfj4 ,the inclosure extends to the east1 then to the south1 and continues to the east1 passing by ,n4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxiv4 p4 #gjd4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxv4 p4 #gjd4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 #a4 is the great gate ,hien men4 ,as you go on to the north1 #b1 #adc1 #bad1 are three gates of a great court with magnificent walls4 ,thro' the gate #c you enter into a court1 where is the ,tay miao ,n4 #g4 ,there are reposited the tablets of the ancestors of the reigning emperor1 and of the illustrious subjects deceased1 who have served the dynasty4 ,this miao or palace is a vast one1 and well kept4 ,at regular times the emperor1 princes1 and great men1 go thither to perform ceremonies4 ,n4 #i is the ,che tsi tan1 where are performed1 at regular times1 the ceremonies to the ancients1 who have taught the art of agriculture4 ,this palace is a very beautiful one4 #d1 #e1 #f1 are the gates of a court1 where the reguli and princes go frequently to receive the emperor's orders4 ,there are halls for their reception4 ,the mandarins give them tea to drink1 and mark their names in a register4 ,when upon the fixed days they cannot attend1 they are required to give notice of it4 ,it is in this court1 that the tributary princes1 or their envoys1 do homage1 and receive the presents of the emperor2 which presents are considered as rewards4 ,n4 #aa is ,ou men1 the great gate with a beautiful pavillion of a considerable height1 in which is a large bell#ade4 ,this gate1 with those marked ,n4 #ab1 #ac1 are those of the great court2 whence going to the north1 you enter into the beautiful and vast court ,tay ho tien1 the gates and galleries of which1 with the balconies1 make a fine appearance4 ,in this court1 on the first day of the year1 and on other fixed days1 the mandarins1 according to their ranks1 perform the ceremony to the emperor1 who is seated on his throne in the hall called ,tay ho tien4 ,this hall is a vast and magnificent one4 ,the princes1 ministers1 and great men of the first order1 place themselves there by the emperor4 ,it is in this hall1 that the emperor gives audience to foreign princes and their ambassadors4 ,you go up to this hall by magnificent steps4 ,to the north of ,tay ho tien is a large court1 whither the princes1 great men1 ministers1 and principal mandarins1 go in turns every day1 to receive the emperor's orders1 or to present their petitions4 ,to the north of this court are the apartments of the emperor1 the empress1 the queens1 and ladies4 ,the great gate of the place1 where these apartments are1 is ,n4 #bc4 ,all these apartments are in the space contained within the walls1 which have this figure ----- ----- #bc 4 ----- ,a ----- ,at ,a is a beautiful gate to the south4 ,the walls of the inclosure of the apartments of the emperor and empress are higher than those of the inclosures of the queens and ladies4 ,in them are orchards1 jets d'eau1 flowering shrubs1 and a great number of small chambers for the eunuchs4 ,to the west of the court ,tay ho tien is the fine palace ,tsi ning kong4 ,the empress-mother lives there at present4 ,every thing in this palace is beautiful4 ,there are little gardens very neat and well kept4 ,at the east of the ,tay ho tien is likewise a fine palace1 where the prince heir1 with his court1 resided in the time of the emperor ,kanghi4 ,it is a very beautiful palace1 and highly ornamented4 ,in the inclosure of ,kong tching1 or ,tse kin1 there are tribunals1 a great number of magazines1 manufactures1 the imperial apothecary's shop and printing-house2 schools for the ,chinese and ,tartar languages2 and several temples of idols1 one of which1 lately made for the lamas1 cost immense sums4 ,n4 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 are the gates of the great inclosure called ,kin chan4 ,it is properly a beautiful pleasure-house1 which the present emperor has caused to be extremely embellished4 ,there are in it fine gardens with walks of trees1 very rich and elegant apartments1 halls for the musicians and comedians4 ,from the mountain m1 the last emperor of the dynasty ,ming1 seeing the city taken by the rebels1 hanged himself on the morning of the #aeth of ,april of the year of our ,lord #afdd4 ,on the day before1 the #adth of ,april1 the empress hanged herself in the evening in the palace4 ,the mountain in ,kin chan was made by art a long time ago4 ,at the west of the inclosure ,kin chan and ,tse kin observe the great laos4 #ed is the peta1 or white pyramid4 ,this pyramid stands on a small mountain1 which makes an island4 ,the present emperor has built there1 in the form of an amphitheatre1 ,i do not know how many apartments with covered and open galleries1 well built1 and in a good taste3 the point of view is charming1 and the galleries1 which run over the lake1 are extremely beautiful4 ,there are two or three temples of idols4 #ec is a fine building with a temple of idols2 and in it a statue of ,fo of an extraordinary height4 ,it is of copper1 gilt1 and cost great sums4 #gf is a very beautiful palace called ,yng tay1 with fine gardens1 fine halls1 and fine walks4 #ee is the palace1 in which is placed the tablet of the emperor ,kang hi1 grandfather to the present emperor1 who at regular times goes thither1 in order to honour the memory of that great prince1 one of the most illustrious and fortunate sovereigns of the empire of ,china4 #ha is the house and church of the ,french ,jesuits4 ,the house stands in #ci #ee of northern latitude1 or possibly some seconds more1 and #aad to the east of the observatory of ,paris4 ,this situation1 with regard to latitude and longitude1 is founded upon a considerable number of astronomical observations4 ,by means of a scale1 which may be made1 we have the distance between this house and the other parts of the city1 north and south1 east and west2 as likewise the latitude and longitude of all the places in the city of ,peking4 #bdh is the house and church of the ,portuguese ,jesuits2 #agj the house and church of the ,portuguese ,jesuits#adf2 #aca the house and church of the ,russians4 ,a little to the east of ,n4 #agf is a small house and chapel for the ,russians settled at ,peking for above seventy years past4 #ca is ,kou leou#adg1 the ,tower of the ,drum2 #cb is ,tchong leou1 the ,tower of the ,bell2 in which is a very large bell#adh4 #agi was formerly the palace of the fourth son of the emperor ,kang hi after the death of ,kang hi4 ,this prince reigned under the name of ,yong tching4 ,his son the present emperor caused this palace to be demolished1 and to be rebuilt with an extraordinary magnificence4 ,in the hall is the tablet of ,yong tching2 and there are in this palace grand apartments for the emperor1 when he goes thither to honour the memory of his father4 ,the emperor has erected here a temple of idols for the lama of ,thibet2 and there are apartments for above three hundred lama's4 ,these have ,chinese and ,tartar disciples to the number of two hundred4 ,here are taught1 in the ,thibetan language1 called here ,tan gout1 the sciences1 arts1 mathematics1 physic1 spirituality1 and the pagan religion4 ,in this beautiful inclosure there are statuaries and painters4 ,this building is not at all inferior in beauty and magnificence to those of the palace of ,peking1 or to those1 which the present emperor is going on to erect in his pleasure-houses4 #ahj ,koue he kien is the imperial college4 ,the great hall1 where ,confucius is honoured1 is a very beautiful one4 ,there are likewise halls for honouring the disciples of this philosopher and several eminent ,chinese learned men1 who have followed his doctrine with success4 ,the emperor goes thither sometimes to perform the ceremony to ,confucius as master and instructor to the empire4 ,the avenues1 courts1 and apartments1 of ,koue he kien have a most majestic appearance4 #gj the smaller observatory4 #ajh the imperial observatory1 built by ,kia hing1 emperor of the last dynasty ,ming4 #acf the tribunal of mathematics1 ,kin tien kien4 #acg the tribunal of mandarins1 ,ly pou4 #aci the tribunal of rites and ceremonies#adi1 ,ly pou4 #acc ,ping pou1 the tribunal of war4 #acd ,kong pou1 the tribunal for public works4 #adj ,heu pou1 the tribunal for the finances4 #adb the tribunal of princes1 ,tsong gin fou4 #afh ,hing pou1 the tribunal for criminal causes4 #add ,li fan yuen1 the tribunal for foreign nations1 ,thibetans1 ,eleuthians1 ,russians1 and indeed for all foreigners1 who come by the way of ,tartary from the west4 #cfi ,tou tcha yuen1 the tribunal of the censors of the empire4 ,it has under it the provosts and mare-chausse4 #bcc the tribunal of ,kieou men ti tou1 or governor of the nine gates1 that is1 the governor of the city4 #ahe the tribunal of the judge of the city4 ,this judge is here called ,fou yn4 ,he has under him two judges named ,tchi hyen4 ,one of these is the judge of the district called ,ouang ping hien #aic4 ,the other is called the district of ,tay tsing hien #ahb4 ,these districts are within the city and without it4 ,what is called at ,peking tou yn is called elsewhere tchi fou4 #abh is the tribunal of ,han lin1 or the chosen doctors of the empire4 ,this tribunal1 called ,han lin yuen1 is a very considerable one3 it has the care of the registers for the ,chinese history4 ,all the learned men of the empire1 and the colleges and schools1 depend upon this tribunal4 ,here are chosen the judges and examiners of the compositions for the degrees of the learned men2 as likewise those1 who are most capable of writing verses and pieces of eloquence for the use of the palace and emperor4 #ajg ,kong yuen is the inclosure1 where the compositions are drawn up for the examination of the learned men4 ,here are a great number of little chambers or cells for the composers1 and fine apartments for the mandarins appointed to preserve good order1 and to prevent those1 who compose1 from making use of the compositions of others4 #bgc ,tchoua kou ting is a pavillion1 in which is a drum4 ,mandarins and soldiers keep guard here day and night4 ,in ancient times1 when any person had not justice done him1 and thought himself oppressed1 he went and beat this drum2 at the sound of which the mandarins ran1 and were obliged to carry the complaint of the party oppressed to the great men or ministers4 ,upon which information was taken of the fact1 and justice done4 ,at present the use of this drum is abolished2 but it has been thought proper to preserve this ancient monument of the ,chinese government4 #bag ,ti ouang miao is a palace1 wherein are the tablets of a great number of the ancient emperors of ,china4 ,at the time of the equinoxes the emperor goes thither to perform the ceremonies to these deceased emperors4 ,see the notes on the ,ti ouang miao1 p4 #gbc4 #ib1 and the continuation of the buildings to the north1 contain the magazines of gunpowder1 salt-petre1 and nitre4 ,in the city are many other magazines4 ,i do not name them here4 ,they have their numbers4 ,these magazines are of cloth1 mats1 skins1 oil1 wine1 vinegar1 wood1 coal1 porcelain1 tea1 varnish1 silk1 c4 ,the city is divided into eight quarters for the bannieres of the ,tartars ,mantcheou1 the ,tartars ,mongou1 and the ,chinese called ,han kun1 who follow the ,tartars ,mantcheou1 and submitted to them when they entered ,china4 ,since that time the ,chinese ,han kun are become numerous and powerful4 ,these eight bannieries are divided by this means as it were into twenty-four2 viz4 eight of ,mantcheou1 eight of ,mongou1 and eight of ,han kun4 ,each banniery has its officers1 magazines1 and arsenal4 ,these are pretty spacious inclosures1 each of which has its number4 #id is an inclosure1 in which are kept tygers2 and #bdj an inclosure1 wherein are elephants4 #fe ,tsan yuen is an inclosure for silk-worms4 #adg1 #aej1 #aea1 are public granaries1 very well built4 ,without the gates #adf1 #agc1 are many of these public granaries2 as also in the environs of the city to the north1 south1 east1 and west4 ,the largest and most magnificent are in the city of ,tong tcheou1 four ,french ,leagues to the east of ,peking4 #cg1 #ch1 #db1 #eb1 #ed1 #ei1 #fj1 #ff1 #hj1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #ia1 #ic1 #aag1 #aah1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #afj1 #afe1 #agh1 #aif1 #bjc1 #baj1 #bae1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bej1 #bee1 #bfa1 these numbers mark temples of idols4 ,some of these numbers mark halls for honouring of illustrious deceased persons2 but of these there are only a few4 ,there are several small miao1 which are not numbered4 ,in the ,chinese city1 in the suburbs1 are many temples of idols2 and some even in the emperor's palace4 ,and almost all the palaces of the princes have idol temples4 #cc1 #ce1 #cf1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #aji1 #abf1 #abh1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #add1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #aic1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bcc1 #bdc1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #bed1 #bee1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga1 #big1 these numbers mark the tribunals1 as well those1 which ,i have already mentioned1 as many other subaltern ones1 which depend on them4 ,there is one for the physicians4 #aja1 #aai1 #aba1 #abd1 #abe1 #abi1 #adh1 #adi1 #aee1 #afa1 #afb1 #aff1 #agb1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #aib1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baf1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd1 mark the palaces of the princes of the blood1 who are divided into several classes ,tsing ouang1 reguli of the first order2 ,kun ouang1 reguli of the second order2 ,pey le1 reguli of the third order2 ,pey tse1 reguli of the fourth order2 ,kong1 or counts1 divided still farther into other classes2 and ,tsiang kun1 or generals of armies1 divided likewise into other classes4 ,some years ago the emperor caused to be measured the circumference of the walls of ,king tching1 of ,hoang tching1 and of ,he kin1 c4 as likewise the breadth of the streets1 the space filled by the miao1 our three churches1 that of the ,russians1 palaces1 c4 ,the ,chinese city was not measured4 ,a drawing of all this was made at large1 and then reduced to a smaller scale1 as it appears here4 ,i will not undertake for the perfect exactness of it1 either in the measures or the reduction4 ,all this is by a ,chinese hand4 ,the foot made use of in this mensuration is to that of ,france as #ajjj to #ajaf4 #ahjj of these feet make a ly#aej4 ,by the scale to be seen in the small plan1 and from the dimensions of the south and east walls of ,king tching1 may be deduced all the dimensions4 ,the circumference of the walls of the ,chinese city has been formerly measured1 and well1 by several measures2 and the result of them may be seen here by the scale4 ,the south wall of ,king tching is from east to west eleven ly and near a third4 ,the east wall from north to south is nine ly and some paces4 ,so that the city is not square1 as several persons have written4 ,the persons employed by the emperor to measure did not think of measuring the space1 which contains the house and church of the congregation de propagand fide4 ,this house and church are situated to the south between number #bjg and a small bridge to the west of number #bja4 ,in the accounts sufficient mention has been made of the walls and gates of the city of ,king tching2 for which reason it is not necessary for me to say any thing concerning it4 ,in the year of our ,lord #abfg1 the ,tartar emperor ,koublay han 7in ,chinese ,yuen chi tsou7 built the city called ,ta tou4 ,it is the principal part of the present city of ,king tching4 ,it contained the ,kin chun1 a palace ,yng tay1 ,hoang tching1 ,tse kin1 c4 the walls of the city1 an observatory1 the towers of the ,drum and the ,bell4 ,yong lo1 emperor of the last dynasty ,tay ming1 made great alterations in the city built by ,yuen chi tsou4 ,in the year #adjf the emperor ,yong lo undertook to build stronger and higher walls1 and more magnificent gates1 to the city2 to rebuild the ,hoang tching1 the emperor and empress's proper habitation1 and the several parts of ,tse kin1 the courts1 hall of the throne or of ,tay ho tien1 the ,kou leou1 the ,tchong leou4 ,he undertook also to build the ,sien nong tan and ,tien tan1 which are now in the ,chinese city4 ,on account of the wars with the ,tartars1 the works undertaken by ,yong lo were not finished till the year of our ,lord #adba4 ,since that time1 in the ,kin tchin some alterations have been made in the palace1 and a good number of new miao and palaces have been built4 ,the emperor ,kia tsing built the ,chinese city in the year of ,christ #aedd4 ,the gates and walls of the ,chinese city are not all equal in beauty to those in the city ,king tching4 ,the streets are neither so broad1 nor so well kept in repair4 ,more than a third of the space of the ,chinese city is not inhabited4 ,it consists only of fields and gardens4 ,the spaces occupied by the ,sien nong tan and the ,tien tan are vast2 and between these two there is a very broad road4 ,in this ,chinese city are some mosques for the ,mahometans4 ,the inhabited part of this city is much more so than the city ,king tching and ,hoang tching4 ,in the ,chinese city are vast inns for those1 who come out of the southern provinces to ,peking4 ,here are likewise a curious manufacture of lieou ly or ,chinese glass1 rich merchants of women's ornaments1 of gold1 of the plant gin cheng so much esteemed and so dear here1 of varnished furniture1 tea1 stuffs of value1 c4 ,the booksellers shops are also in this city4 ,it is to be remarked1 that the walls of the ,chinese city and ,king tching do not run directly north and south and east and west1 but decline towards the north-west #b #cj1 and as much south-east4 ,it is probable1 that the architects employed in directing the building of these walls made use of a compass2 and that the declinatiation of the needle was then what is mentioned above4 ,what ,i have said of the walls of the city is likewise to be said of the walls of ,hoang tching and of ,tse king4 ,at the time of building the city ,king tching1 and the ,chinese city1 the ,chinese astronomers very well understood1 that the north and south of the compass was not the north and south of the heavens at ,peking2 they knew1 that the needle declined to the north-west and south-east2 but that this declination was not considerable4 ,without the gates of the ,chinese city1 and of ,king tching1 ,i mark the suburbs2 which are very full of people and merchants1 and like so many cities4 ,in most of these suburbs there are fine temples of idols4 ,the ,sien nong tan in the ,chinese city is almost six ly in circuit4 ,these three words signify1 ,the hill of the ancient husbandmen4 ,the emperor goes thither every year in the spring to till the ground1 and sacrifices on that hill to heaven4 ,the emperor's apartments there have nothing magnificent in them2 but the ceremony of ploughing is a solemn and curious one1 and deserves a particular description4 ,the emperor tills under a small covering of mat4 ,when he has ploughed about half an hour1 he ascends a large alcove1 from whence he sees the princes1 great men1 and mandarins1 plough in the fields1 which are not covered with mats4 ,while the emperor is ploughing1 a good number of peasants sing ancient songs on the importance of ploughing4 ,the emperor1 princes1 and great men1 are dressed in the habit of plough-men1 and their instruments of husbandry are very neat1 and kept in a magazine4 ,there are granaries for the grain produced by this tillage2 and it is carefully remarked1 that the grain from the emperor's tillage is much better than that from the labour of others4 ,from this grain are made several cakes for the various sacrifices to ,heaven or ,chang ti4 ,the emperor prepares himself for this ceremony by fasting1 prayers to heaven1 and a kind of retreat3 and the intention of it is to keep up a memorial of those times1 in which the princes themselves tilled the ground4 ,this ceremony is of the highest antiquity in ,china4 ,over against the ,sien nong tan is the ,tien tan1 or ,hill of ,heaven1 near ten ly in circuit4 ,every thing here is magnificent4 ,the emperor goes thither every year at the winter solstice to sacrifice to heaven4 ,he prepares himself three days for this ceremony by fasting1 in a palace of ,tien tan1 called the palace of fasting4 ,the hill1 on which the emperor sacrifices1 is magnificently adorned4 ,at the four avenues are beautiful triumphal arches of fine marble2 and the hill is ascended by elegant steps4 ,in this ceremony are introduced many usages contrary to the ancient ,chinese doctrine concerning the sacrifice to heaven4 ,on the day of the winter solstice are added the honours paid to the five planets1 that is1 to their spirit4 ,these ceremonies added to the sacrifice to heaven are not very ancient4 ,there are likewise honours to the first founders of the reigning dynasty4 ,at several other times the emperor goes to ,tien tan to perform a sacrifice to heaven1 and to honour his deceased ancestors4 ,to the north of the ,hill of ,heaven is a large and high terrace1 on which is a most magnificent hall in honour of ,chang ti1 or the sovereign ,lord1 and of his ancestors4 ,on the frontispiece of this hall the present ,tartar emperors have caused an inscription to be placed to ,ap cai han1 or the ,lord of heaven4 ,to this ,tartar inscription answers the ,chinese character ,kien2 which has the same meaning as the character ,tien1 heaven2 and it signifies the ,chang ti1 who is intended to be honoured in this hall4 ,the tablet for the ,chang ti is in a place1 which shews1 that the honour paid to ,chang ti is of a different kind from the honour paid to ancestors4 ,without the eastern gate of ,king tching1 ,n4 #ade1 is ,ge tan1 or ,hill of the ,sun4 ,at the vernal equinox the emperor sends hither a prince or great man to honour the sun1 that is1 the spirit of the sun4 ,this inclosure1 tho' elegant enough1 has nothing very remarkable2 nor is the ceremony very ancient4 ,without the north gate of ,king tching1 at ,n4 #ahc1 is ,ti tan1 or the ,hill of the ,earth4 ,at the summer solstice the emperor goes thither to sacrifice to the earth on the hill4 ,many of the learned men at present distinguish this sacrifice in the ,ti tan from the sacrifice in the ,tien tan4 ,but1 according to the doctrine of ,confucius1 the sacrifice to the earth has the same object as the sacrifice to heaven4 ,in both the supreme ,lord ,chang ti is to be honoured4 ,i do not know1 whether the emperor adheres to the pure doctrine of ,confucius1 and whether he does not pretend to honour the earth1 or spirit of the earth1 by performing a sacrifice1 which originally had for its object the ,chang ti1 as we are assured by ,confucius4 ,the inclosure of ,ti tan is a vast one2 but is not at all equal in beauty to the ,tien tan4 ,without the western gate of ,king tching1 ,n4 #baa1 is ,yue tan1 the ,hill of the ,moon4 ,at the autumnal equinox the emperor sends thither a prince or great man to honour the moon1 or spirit of the moon4 ,this ceremony is not very ancient4 ,this inclosure is a neat one1 and pretty large4 ,between the two north gates of ,king tching1 ,n4 #ahc and #ahh1 is a vast esplanade for the exercise of the troops both horse and foot4 ,to the north of this esplanade are two beautiful temples of idols for the lamas4 ,these two monasteries are very elegant4 ,the emperor and the ,tartars ,mon gou lay out great sums on these two monasteries and the two temples of the lamas4 ,in the year #aaaa before ,christ1 ,ou ouang1 founder of the dynasty ,tcheou1 nominated his brother ,tchao kong prince of ,yen4 ,yen is the ancient name of a pretty extensive country1 in which ,peking stands4 ,this prince of ,yen built a city there1 a league and half south-west of the city ,king tching4 ,this city was called ,yen king1 or the court of ,yen4 ,it became afterwards considerable2 and the prince of ,yen very powerful in the country of ,petcheli and ,leao tong4 ,in the year #bbb before ,christ the emperor ,tsin chi hoang destroyed the power of the princes of ,yen1 the defendants of ,tchao kong1 and seized their dominions4 ,the founder of the dynasty ,han destroyed the power of the family of ,tsin chi hoang4 ,in the time of the dynasty ,tsin1 before the ,christian ra1 and of the dynasty ,han1 the city of ,yen was an important government1 on account of the neighbourhood of the ,tartars4 ,some time after the dynasty ,han several ,tartar princes ,sien pi made themselves masters of the country of ,yen4 ,during the dynasty of ,tang the city of ,yen was still a considerable one4 ,after the destruction of that dynasty the ,tartars ,ki tan#aea made themselves masters of ,tartary1 and the provinces of ,chansy1 ,petcheli1 and ,leao tong4 ,their power was formidable to the ,chinese4 ,their court was in the city of ,yen1 which they adorned and inlarged4 ,these ,tartars had1 like the ,chinese emperors1 tribunals2 one for the mathematics1 and another for history#aeb4 ,they had likewise some illustrious princes1 and kept some correspondence with the ,caliphs4 ,the ,tartars ,nuntche destroyed the power of ,leao4 ,their court was also at ,yen2 and they made it as magnificent and large a city as ,peking is now4 ,the ,mogol ,tartars destroyed the empire of the ,nuntche or ,kin4 ,their court was at first at ,yen2 but the ,tartar ,mogol emperor ,koublay demolished that city1 and built what is now called ,king tching3 at least ,king tching is a good part of the city built by ,koublay1 which was some ly larger4 ,the emperor's palace was likewise larger4 ,this city ,king tching is that1 which ,marco ,paulo calls ,cambalu4 ,car is khan1 which signifies a king2 and balu is a corruption of an old ,mogol word balga1 or balah1 which signifies a city3 whence is formed the word balgasan in ,mogol or ,mongou1 which signifies city4 ,khan balu1 or khan balou1 signifies the royal city4 ,king tching1 in the time of ,marco ,paulo1 was the capital of the empire of ,china4 ,the ,persians and ,arabians1 from the ,mongou word khan balou1 or khan balgasun1 or khan balga1 formed the word khan balik or khan balek1 which signifies also the royal city4 ,this name was given by the eastern people to the city of ,caifong fou1 the capital of ,honan1 and to that of ,nanking1 the capital of ,kiangnan1 at the time when these cities were the court of princes4 ,this name was also given to the cities of ,tartary1 when some powerful princes kept sometimes their court there4 ,what ,i have remarked concerning the words khan balik1 khan balek1 khan balga1 c4 is to be applied to the words ordo balik1 ordou balik4 ,ordo1 or ordou1 or orto1 signifies royal1 imperial1 in the ,mogol or ,mongou language4 ,so ordou balik signifies a court1 a royal city2 and these words are in fact the names of some old cities1 where the ,mogol or ,mongou kings kept their courts4 ,,remarks on ,n4 #e1 ,fan king tchang2 which is the place where the foreign classical books are kept4 ,tchang signifies magazine1 or large place1 where any thing is contained4 ,fan signifies stranger or foreigner2 and king signifies a classical book4 ,the ,jews of ,caifong fou1 the capital of ,honan1 first told the ,jesuit missionaries1 that they conceived1 that the ,hebrew ,bible was preserved at ,peking in the place called ,fan king tchang4 ,these first missionaries neglected to make a search for it at ,peking1 or did not think of it4 ,but it did not escape the attention of ,father ,bouvet1 a ,french ,jesuit1 who went to ,fan king tchang4 ,the antient place1 where the foreign books were kept1 had been destroyed2 and those books removed into a neighbouring miao where there were bonzes4 ,father ,bouvet went to this miao with two other ,french ,jesuits2 but they found only the ,koran1 fragments of the classical books of the ,indians1 and the classical books of the lamas2 the whole in bad condition4 ,father ,bouvet thought1 that he saw in an old coffer ,chaldee1 ,syriac1 and ,hebrew characters4 ,the bonze would not shew the place1 where ,father ,bouvet thought that he had seen those characters1 which1 on returning to the miao1 were not found4 ,the emperor had ordered the bonzes to shew every thing to ,father ,bouvet4 ,all the classical books were afterwards removed to the palace2 the miao was demolished2 and there remained nothing but the name of ,fan king tchang4 ,when ,i passed thro' ,caifong fou1 the ,jews1 in the presence of ,father ,gozani1 who served me as interpreter1 assured me1 that ,i should find the ,bible in the ,fan king tchang4 ,these ,jews had not been at ,peking4 ,what they said was in consequence of what they had been told by old ,jews1 who were deceased4 ,when ,i arrived at ,peking1 ,i made inquiries myself1 and caused inquiries to be made by others2 but ,i could not find the ,bible4 ,it is not yet an hundred years since there were at ,peking some ,jewish families2 which afterwards turned ,mahometans4 ,a ,mahometan1 who was a man of parts1 assured me several times1 that the ,bible was in the possession of the ,mahometans here1 whose ancestors were ,jews4 ,but when1 in consequence of what he said1 inquiries were made1 nothing was found4 ,this ,mahometan informed me likewise1 that he had made inquiries2 but if he had done so1 his researches proved unsuccessful4 ,,remarks on the ,ti ouang miao1 ,n4 #bag4 #a4 ,the emperors1 whose memory is honoured there1 are ,the emperors ,tou hi1 ,chin ,nong1 ,hoang ti4 ,the emperors ,chao hao1 ,tchouen hiu1 ,ty co1 ,yao1 ,chun4 ,the emperor ,yu1 the founder of the dynasty ,hia1 and thirteen other emperors of that dynasty4 ,the emperor ,tching tang1 the founder of the dynasty ,chang1 and twenty-five emperors of that dynasty4 ,the emperor ,ou ouang1 the founder of the dynasty ,tcheou1 and thirty-one emperors of that dynasty4 ,the founder of the dynasty ,han1 and twenty emperors of that dynasty1 who are called western ,han1 eastern ,han1 and later ,han4 ,the founder of the dynasty ,tang1 and fourteen emperors of that dynasty4 ,the founder of the dynasty ,song1 and thirteen emperors of that dynasty2 which is called the northern ,song and the southern ,song4 ,gen tchis khan1 or ,temoug in1 the founder of the dynasty ,yuen1 is the dynasty of the ,mongol or ,mogol ,tartars4 ,besides the founder of this dynasty1 there are ten other emperors of this dynasty1 whose memory is honoured in the ,ti ouang miao4 ,the four first emperors of this dynasty1 viz4 ,gen tchis khan1 ,ogo tay1 ,kouey yevou1 and ,meng ko1 reigned in the northern provinces1 and had not conquered all ,china4 ,the emperor ,cobilay1 or ,koublay1 in ,chinese ,yuen chitsou1 completed the conquest of ,china4 ,the founder of the dynasty ,ming1 and the eleven emperors of this dynasty4 ,the emperor ,ogo tay1 the second of the dynasty ,yuen1 completed the destruction of the dynasty of the eastern ,tartars1 called ,kin4 ,it reigned to the north as long as the dynasty ,song reigned to the south4 ,in the ,ti ouang miao is honoured the memory of the founder of this dynasty ,kin1 and four other emperors of it4 ,the founder of the ,tartar dynasty ,kin destroyed the dynasty of the ,tartars ,ki tan1 called ,leao1 which conquered a great part of ,north ,china and ,tartary4 ,in the ,ti ouang miao is honoured the memory of this ,tartar dynasty ,leao1 and five other emperors of the ,tartars ,ki tan1 whose country was in that of ,parin in ,tartary1 among the ,mongou or ,mogols4 ,continuation of the ,remarks on the ,ti ouang miao4 #b4 ,in the palace of ,peking1 and elsewhere1 there are great halls1 in which honours are paid to the memory of the deceased emperors of the reigning dynasty of the ,mantcheou4 ,the first and second emperor reigned in ,east ,tartary4 ,the emperor ,chun tchi began to reign in ,china4 ,if we reckon the present emperor in the number1 there are six emperors ,mantcheou4 ,father ,couplet1 and others1 are mistaken in reckoning one more4 ,this error was occasioned by the years of the reign of ,tay hong1 the second emperor1 having had two names4 ,father ,couplet1 and others1 took the two names of the years of the reign for the name or title of the two emperors4 #c4 ,in the ,ti ouang miao is honoured the memory of some illustrious persons in the different dynasties4 ,the same is done in the hall1 where honour is paid to the memory of the deceased emperors ,montcheou3 and there are there tablets for so many illustrious persons among those emperors4 #d4 ,in the ,ti ouang miao are placed none of the emperors of the dynasty ,hin before ,christ1 nor any of those between the dynasties ,tang and ,han1 nor of those of the five small dynasties after that of ,tang4 ,besides1 in each dynasty there are some emperors1 whose tablets are not placed in the ,ti ouang miao4 ,the reigning dynasty has not thought it a duty to pay honours to those emperors1 but considered them as unworthy the pompous title of ,tin tse1 or ,sons of ,heaven4 #e4 ,the ,tartars ,sien pi1 who came from the confines of ,leao tong and ,mongol or ,mogol ,tartary1 had hords named ,to pa4 ,one of these hords made themselves masters of ,tartary ,leao tong1 and of several northern provinces of ,china4 ,this ,tartar power has the ,chinese name of ,ouey4 ,it has produced several great princes4 ,the year of ,christ #chf is reckoned the first of that dynasty#aec1 which reigned above #ahj years4 ,i do not know why the reigning dynasty has not placed the name of any of these emperors in the ,ti ouang miao4 #f4 ,if we suppose1 first1 that all the books of the history of ,china should be lost1 or the contents of them should not be known in ,europe2 and secondly1 that the catalogue of the emperors1 who are mentioned in the ,ti ouang miao1 should fall into the hands of some ,european critics2 it is probable1 that such a catalogue would occasion many false reasonings with relation to the succession of the emperors1 who have reigned in ,china4 ,,xcvii4 ,an ,attempt to improve the ,manner of working the ,ventilators by the ,help of the ,fire-,engine4 ,in a ,letter to ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 from ,keane ,fitz-,gerald1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,june #h1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,,the reverend and ingenious ,dr4 ,hales1 from whom mankind has received such benefit by his useful application of ventilators1 being inclined to extend its use to those1 who work in mines at great depths under ground1 where the lives of many are lost by damps and noxious vapours1 occasioned by the want of a free circulation of air2 and finding by experience1 that ventilators worked by wind do not operate above one third part of the year1 and in calm hot weather1 when most wanted1 do not operate at all2 did me the honour of applying to me for assistance in contriving a machine to work the ventilator1 by the help of the fire-engine1 which is now generally used in all mines for drawing off the water2 and which ,i have accordingly attempted1 and hope it will answer the purpose4 ,as the lever of the fire-engine works up and down alternately1 and performs at a common medium about a dozen strokes in a minute1 it was necessary to contrive some way to make the beam1 tho' moving alternately1 to turn a wheel constantly round one way1 and also to increase the number of strokes to fifty or sixty in a minute4 ,the model of a machine for this purpose is composed of four wheels of different sizes1 two clicks1 three pinions1 and a fly2 which is put into motion by the part of a wheel fixed to the arch of the lever of the fire-engine4 ,the wheel1 which is turned by the lever1 or rather moved up and down by it1 is loose on its arbor2 and likewise one of the rochets1 and the wheel next to it4 ,the outside rochet and outside wheel are fixed on the arbor4 ,there are two pinion-wheels fixed on the arbor2 one on each side1 near the edge of the wheel moved by the lever1 which turns them4 ,there are also two clicks2 one fixed to the great wheel1 the other to the frame4 ,these exclusive of the wheel that moves the fly4 ,the effect is1 ,when the lever moves the wheel downwards1 its click forces the rochet fixed on the arbor to move along with it1 and the other wheels the same way4 ,when it moves upwards1 the click fixed on the frame stops the larger rochet1 and the wheel next to it1 which are pinned together4 ,this wheel being stopped1 and the great wheel carried upwards by the lever1 the pinion towards the edge of the great wheel is forced round it1 and moves the pinion on the other side the great wheel2 which pinion moves the wheel fixed on the arbor1 the contrary way to the great wheel1 which is carried upwards by the lever4 ,by which means1 the arbor is constantly turned the same way1 when the lever of the fire-engine is moved either upwards1 or downwards4 ,upon the arbor there is also another great wheel fixed1 which turns a pinion3 on the arbor of which pinion is a crank to move the ventilator1 and also a fly fixed to the end1 to help the motion of the crank1 which in the model is turned three times for each stroke of the lever1 and may be increased or diminished1 according to the number of teeth in the pinion4 ,the number of teeth in the great wheel moved by the lever is sixty-six2 but need not have teeth above half way round4 ,the wheel fixed to the rochet has thirty-three teeth1 and its pinion eleven4 ,the wheel fixed on the arbor1 on the outside1 has twenty-four teeth1 and its pinion sixteen4 ,the wheel1 which turns the fly1 has ninety teeth1 and the pinion turn'd by this wheel ten4 ,the greater the number of teeth in the rochets1 the better4 ,this machine may also be applied to other useful purposes at mines2 and it may be easily made to turn a mill to grind corn2 or to turn a wheel to raise coals1 or whatever else is wanted to be raised from the mines4 ,as ,i have not met with any thing of the kind described1 ,i take the liberty of desiring you to lay it before the ,society2 and ,i hope it may be made some way useful to the public4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,your most obedient humble ,servant1 ,kea4 ,fitz-,gerald4 ,poland-,street1 ,june #gth1 #ageh4 ,explanation of the ,three ,tables4 ,the wheel ,a 7,tab4 #bf471 which is turned by the lever ,b 7,tab4 #bg471 or rather moved up and down by it1 is loose on its arbor2 and likewise one of the rochets ,c 7,tab4 #bf471 and the wheel next to it ,d4 ,the outside rochet ,e1 and outside wheel ,f1 are fixed on the arbor4 ,there are two pinion-wheels ,g and ,h fixed on one arbor2 one on each side1 near the edge of the wheel ,a1 moved by the lever4 ,there are also two clicks a and b2 one a fixed to the great wheel ,a1 the other b fixed to the frame4 ,these exclusive of the wheel ,i1 that moves the pinion c1 on the arbor of which1 the crank d1 and fly e1 7,tab4 #bg47 are fixed4 ,the effect is1 when the lever ,b moves the wheel ,a downwards2 its click a1 forces the rochet ,e1 fixed on the arbor ,k1 to move along with it1 and the other wheels the same way4 ,when it moves upwards1 the click b fixed to the frame1 stops the larger rochet ,c1 and the wheel ,d next to it1 which are pinned together2 and as the wheel ,a is carried upwards by the lever1 the pinion ,g towards the edge of it1 is forced round the wheel ,d1 and moves the pinion ,h1 on the other side the great wheel ,a1 which moves the wheel ,f fixed on the arbor ,k1 the contrary way to the wheel ,a4 ,by which means1 the arbor ,k is constantly turned the same way1 when the lever of the fire-engine moves either upwards1 or downwards4 ,the pinion ,g1 by being made proportionally smaller than the pinion ,h1 keeps the arbor ,k in the same swiftness of motion1 when the lever is moved upwards1 as downwards4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxvi4 p4 #gcj4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxvii4 p4 #gcj4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxviii4 p4 #gcj4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,the great wheel ,i1 fixed on the arbor ,k1 turns the pinion c1 on the arbor of which the crank d 7to move the ventilator71 and the fly e 7to help the motion71 are fixed4 ,the pinion c1 is turned three times by each alternate motion of the lever2 which may be increased1 or diminished1 according to the number of teeth in the pinion c4 ,the number of teeth in the wheel ,a is sixty-six1 but need not be toothed above half way4 ,instead of this wheel there might be a barrel1 with a chord round it1 fixed at each end of the arch of the lever1 and projecting somewhat from it2 which1 by the motion of the lever1 would work in the same manner in other respects1 and be easier made1 and at less expence4 ,the wheel ,d fixed to the rochet ,c has thirty-three teeth1 and its pinion ,g eleven4 ,the wheel ,f fixed on the arbor ,k has twenty-four teeth1 and its pinion ,h sixteen4 ,the greater the number of teeth in the rochets1 the better4 ,tab4 #bf4 contains the plan 7in parts7 of the whole machine1 except the lever ,b and fly e1 which are in ,tab4 #bg4 ,tab4 #bg4 also contains the elevation of the arbor1 with its different fixtures2 viz4 ,fig4 #a4 ,the rochet ,c and wheel ,d 7,tab4 #bf47 fixed together4 #b4 ,the outside wheel ,f that works the pinion-wheel ,h 7,tab4 #bf74 #c4 ,the two pinion-wheels ,h and ,g 7,tab4 #bf47 fixed on their arbor4 #d4 ,the same fixed to the wheel ,a 7,tab4 #bf47 by means of two cocks u and w 7,tab4 #bf474 #e4 ,the arbor1 with the wheel ,l and rochet ,e fixed2 t the place1 where the wheel ,a is fixed4 #f4 ,the elevation of the whole arbor4 ,tab4 #bh4 ,the elevation of the whole machine1 the lever ,b 7,tab4 #bg47 working the wheel ,a 7,tab4 #bf74 s 7,tab4 #bf47 a thin piece of metal screwed to the wheel ,a1 to keep it in its place t on the arbor ,k 7,tab4 #bg47 u 7,tab4 #bf47 the cock1 that fastens the pinion ,g1 to the inside of the wheel ,a4 w 7,tab4 #bf47 the cock1 that fastens the pinion ,h on the outside of the wheel ,a4 x 7,tab4 #bg47 the arbor1 on which the pinions ,g and ,h are fixed4 y 7,tab4 #bf47 a spring1 that keeps the click a in its place4 ,l 7,tab4 #bf47 a frame-plate with the centers marked4 z ,the opposite hole enlarged1 to admit the pinion c to pass through4 ,,xcviii4 ,an ,account of some ,experiments concerning the different ,refrangibility of ,light4 ,by ,mr4 ,john ,dollond4 ,with a ,letter from ,james ,short1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,acad4 ,reg4 ,suec4 ,soc4 ,read ,june #h1 #ageh4 ,to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,birch1 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 ,dear ,sir1 ,i ,have received the inclosed paper from ,mr4 ,dollond1 which he desires may be laid before the ,royal ,society4 ,it contains the theory of correcting the errors arising from the different refrangibility of the rays of light in the object-glasses of refracting telescopes2 and ,i have found1 upon examination1 that telescopes made according to this theory are intirely free from colours1 and are as distinct as reflecting telescopes4 ,i am1 ,dear ,sir1 ,your most obedient humble ,servant1 ,ja4 ,short4 ,surrey-street1 #hth ,june1 #ageh4 ,,it is well known1 that a ray of light1 refracted by passing thro' mediums of different densities1 is at the same time proportionally divided or spread into a number of parts1 commonly called homogeneal rays1 each of a different colour2 and that these1 after refraction1 proceed diverging2 a proof1 that they are differently refracted1 and that light consists of parts that differ in degrees of refrangibility4 ,every ray of light passing from a rarer into a denser medium1 is refracted towards the perpendicular2 but from a denser into a rarer one1 from the perpendicular2 and the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction are in a given ratio4 ,but light consisting of parts1 which are differently refrangible1 each part of an original or compound ray has a ratio peculiar to itself2 and therefore the more a heterogene ray is refracted1 the more will the colours diverge1 since the ratios of the sines of the homogene rays are constant2 and equal refractions produce equal divergencies4 ,that this is the case when light is refracted by one given medium only1 as suppose any particular sort of glass1 is out of all dispute1 being indeed self-evident2 but that the divergency of the colours will be the same under equal refractions1 whatsoever mediums the light may be refracted by1 tho' generally supposed1 does not appear quite so clearly4 ,however1 as no medium is known1 which will refract light without diverging the colours1 and as difference of refrangibility seems thence to be a property inherent in light itself1 ,opticians have1 upon that consideration1 concluded1 that equal refractions must produce equal divergencies in every sort of medium3 whence it should also follow1 that equal and contrary refractions must not only destroy each other1 but that the divergency of the colour from one refraction would likewise be corrected by the other2 and there could be no possibility of producing any such thing as refraction1 which would not be affected by the different refrangibility of light2 or1 in other words1 that however a ray of light might be refracted backwards and forwards by different mediums1 as water1 glass1 c4 provided it was so done1 that the emergent ray should be parallel to the incident one1 it would ever after be white2 and1 conversely1 if it should come out inclined to the incident1 it would diverge1 and ever after be coloured4 ,from which it was natural to infer1 that all spherical object-glasses of telescopes must be equally affected by the different refrangibility of light1 in proportion to their apertures1 whatever material they may be formed of4 ,but it seems worthy of consideration1 that notwithstanding this notion has been generally adopted as an incontestable truth1 yet it does not seem to have been hitherto so confirmed by evident experiment1 as the nature of so important a matter justly demands2 and this it was that determined me to attempt putting the thing to issue by the following experiment4 ,i cemented together two plates of parallel glass at their edges1 so as to form a prismatic or wedge-like vessel1 when stopped at the ends or bases2 and its edge being turned downwards1 ,i placed therein a glass prism with one of its edges upwards1 and filled up the vacancy with clear water3 thus the refraction of the prism was contrived to be contrary to that of the water1 so that a ray of light transmitted thro' both these refracting mediums would be refracted by the difference only between the two refractions4 ,wherefore1 as ,i found the water to refract more or less than the glass prism1 ,i diminished or increased the angle between the glass plates1 till ,i found the two contrary refractions to be equal2 which ,i discovered by viewing an object thro' this double prism2 which1 when it appeared neither raised nor depressed1 ,i was satisfied1 that the refractions were equal1 and that the emergent rays were parallel to the incident4 ,now1 according to the prevailing opinion1 the object should have appeared thro' this double prism quite of its natural colour2 for if the difference of refrangibility had been equal in the two equal refractions1 they would have rectified each other3 but the experiment fully proved the fallacy of this received opinion1 by shewing the divergency of the light by the prism to be almost double of that by the water2 for the object1 tho' not at all refracted1 was yet as much infected with prismatic colours1 as if it had been seen thro' a glass wedge only1 whose refracting angle was near #cj degrees4 ,n4 ,b4 ,this experiment will be readily perceived to be the same as that which ,sir ,isaac ,newton mentions#aed2 but how it comes to differ so very remarkably in the result1 ,i shall not take upon me to account for2 but will only add1 that ,i used all possible precaution and care in the process1 and that ,i keep the apparatus by me to evince the truth of what ,i write1 whenever ,i may be properly required so to do4 ,i plainly saw then1 that if the refracting angle of the water-vessel could have admitted of a sufficient increase1 the divergency of the coloured rays would have been greatly diminished1 or intirely rectified2 and there would have been a very great refraction without colour1 as now ,i had a great discolouring without refraction3 but the inconveniency of so large an angle1 as that of the vessel must have been1 to bring the light to an equal divergency with that of the glass prism1 whose angle was about #fj degrees1 made it necessary to try some experiments of the same kind1 by smaller angles4 ,i ground a wedge of common plate glass to an angle of somewhat less than #i degrees1 which refracted the mean rays about #e degrees4 ,i then made a wedge-like vessel1 as in the former experiment1 and filling it with water1 managed it so1 that it refracted equally with the glass wedge2 or1 in other words1 the difference of their refractions was nothing1 and objects viewed thro' them appeared neither raised nor depressed4 ,this was done with an intent to observe the same thing over again in these small angles1 which ,i had seen in the prism3 and it appeared indeed the same in proportion1 or as near as ,i could judge2 for notwithstanding the refractions were here also equal1 yet the divergency of the colours by the glass was vastly greater than that by the water2 for objects seen by these two refractions were very much discoloured4 ,now this was a demonstration1 that the divergency of the light1 by the different refrangibility1 was far from being equal in these two refractions4 ,i also saw1 from the position of the colours1 that the excess of divergency was in the glass2 so that ,i increased the angle of the water-wedge1 by different trials1 till the divergency of the light by the water was equal to that by the glass2 that is1 till the object1 tho' considerably refracted1 by the excess of the refraction of the water1 appeared nevertheless quite free from any colours proceeding from the different refrangibility of light2 and1 as near as ,i could then measure1 the refraction by the water was about of that by the glass4 ,indeed ,i was not very exact in taking the measures1 because my business was not at that time about the proportions1 so much as to shew1 that the divergency of the colours1 by different substances1 was by no means in proportion to the refractions2 and that there was a possibility of refraction without any divergency of the light at all4 ,having1 about the beginning of the year #ageg1 tried these experiments1 ,i soon after set about grinding telescopic object-glasses upon the new principles of refractions1 which ,i had gathered from them2 which object-glasses were compounded of two spherical glasses with water between them4 ,these glasses ,i had the satisfaction to find1 as ,i had expected1 free from the errors arising from the different refrangibility of light3 for the refractions1 by which the rays were brought to a focus1 were every-where the differences between two contrary refractions1 in the same manner1 and in the same proportions1 as in the experiment with the wedges4 ,however1 the images formed at the foci of these object-glasses were still very far from being so distinct as might have been expected from the removal of so great a disturbance2 and yet it was not very difficult to guess at the reason1 when ,i considered1 that the radii of the spherical surfaces of those glasses were required to be so short1 in order to make the refractions in the required proportions1 that they must produce aberrations1 or errors1 in the image1 as great1 or greater1 than those from the different refrangibility of light4 ,and therefore1 seeing no method of getting over that difficulty1 ,i gave up all hopes of succeeding in that way4 ,and yet1 as these experiments clearly proved1 that different substances diverged the light very differently1 in proportion to the refraction2 ,i began to suspect1 that such variety might possibly be found in different sorts of glass1 especially as experience had already shewn1 that some made much better object-glasses1 in the usual way1 than others3 and as no satisfactory cause had as yet been assigned for such difference1 there was great reason to presume1 that it might be owing to the different divergency of the light by their refractions4 ,wherefore1 the next business to be undertaken1 was to grind wedges of different kinds of glass1 and apply them together1 so that the refractions might be made in contrary directions1 in order to discover1 as in the foregoing experiments1 whether the refraction and divergency of the colours would vanish together4 ,but a considerable time elapsed before ,i could set about that work2 for tho' ,i was determined to try it at my leisure1 for satisfying my own curiosity1 yet ,i did not expect to meet with a difference sufficient to give room for any great improvement of telescopes2 so that it was not till the latter end of the year that ,i undertook it1 when my first trials convinced me1 that this business really deserved my utmost attention and application4 ,i discovered a difference1 far beyond my hopes1 in the refractive qualities of different kinds of glass1 with respect to their divergency of colours4 the yellow or straw-coloured foreign sort1 commonly called ,venice glass1 and the ,english crown glass1 are very near alike in that respect1 tho' in general the crown glass seems to diverge the light rather the least of the two4 ,the common plate glass made in ,england diverges more2 and the white crystal or flint ,english glass1 as it is called1 most of all4 ,it was not now my business to examine into the particular qualities of every kind of glass that ,i could come at1 much less to amuse myself with conjectures about the cause1 but to fix upon such two sorts as their difference was the greatest2 which ,i soon found to be the crown1 and the white flint or crystal4 ,i therefore ground a wedge of white flint of about #be degrees1 and another of crown of about #bi degrees1 which refracted nearly alike2 but their divergency of the colours was very different4 ,i then ground several others of crown to different angles1 till ,i got one1 which was equal1 with respect to the divergency of the light1 to that in the white flint3 for when they were put together1 so as to refract in contrary directions1 the refracted light was intirely free from colour4 ,then measuring the refractions of each wedge1 ,i found that of the white glass to be to that of the crown nearly as #b to #c2 and this proportion would hold very nearly in all small angles4 ,wherefore any two wedges made in this proportion1 and applied together1 so as to refract in a contrary direction1 would refract the light without any difference of refrangibility4 ,to make therefore two spherical glasses1 that shall refract the light in contrary directions1 it is easy to understand1 that one must be concave1 and the other convex2 and as the rays are to converge to a real focus1 the excess of refraction must evidently be in the convex2 and as the convex is to refract most1 it appears from the experiment1 that it must be made with crown glass1 and the concave with white flint glass4 ,and further1 as the refractions of spherical glasses are in an inverse ratio of their focal distances2 it follows1 that the focal distances of the two glasses should be inversely as the ratio's of the fractions of the wedges3 for being thus proportioned1 every ray of light1 that passes thro' this combined glass1 at whatever distance it may pass from its axe1 will constantly be refracted1 by the difference between two contrary refractions1 in the proportion required2 and therefore the different refrangibility of the light will be intirely removed4 ,having thus got rid of the principal cause of the imperfection of refracting telescopes1 there seemed to be nothing more to do1 but to go to work upon this principle3 but ,i had not made many attempts1 before ,i found1 that the removal of one impediment had introduced another equally detrimental 7the same as ,i had before found in two glasses with water between them73 for the two glasses1 that were to be combined together1 were the segments of very deep spheres2 and therefore the aberrations from the spherical surfaces became very considerable1 and greatly disturbed the distinctness of the image4 ,tho' this appeared at first a very great difficulty1 yet ,i was not long without hopes of a remedy3 for considering1 the surfaces of spherical glasses admit of great variations1 tho' the focal distance be limited1 and that by these variations their aberrations may be made more or less1 almost at pleasure2 ,i plainly saw the possibility of making the aberrations of any two glasses equal2 and as in this case the refractions of the two glasses were contrary to each other1 their aberrations1 being equal1 would intirely vanish4 ,and thus1 at last1 ,i obtained a perfect theory for making object-glasses1 to the apertures of which ,i could scarce conceive any limits3 for if the practice could come up to the theory1 they must certainly admit of very extensive ones1 and of course bear very great magnifying powers4 ,but the difficulties attending the practice are very considerable4 ,in the first place1 the focal distances1 as well as the particular surfaces1 must be very nicely proportioned to the densities or refracting powers of the glasses2 which are very apt to vary in the same sort of glass made at different times4 ,secondly1 the centres of the two glasses must be placed truly on the common axis of the telescope1 otherwise the desired effect will be in a great measure destroyed4 ,add to these1 that there are four surfaces to be wrought perfectly spherical2 and any person1 but moderately practised in optical operations1 will allow1 that there must be the greatest accuracy throughout the whole work4 ,notwithstanding so many difficulties1 as ,i have enumerated1 ,i have1 after numerous trials1 and a resolute perseverance1 brought the matter at last to such an issue1 that ,i can construct refracting telescopes1 with such apertures and magnifying powers1 under limited lengths1 as1 in the opinion of the best and undeniable judges1 who have experienced them1 far exceed any thing that has been hitherto produced1 as representing objects with great distinctness1 and in their true colours4 ,john ,dollond4 ,,xcix4 ,an ,account of some extraordinary ,effects arising from ,convulsions2 being ,part of a ,letter to ,john ,huxham1 ,m4,d4 and ,f4,r4,s4 from ,william ,watson1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 #f ,june1 #ageh4 ,read ,june #ae1 #ageh4 ,,in the month of ,january #ageg1 ,i was concerned for a young gentle-woman1 who1 if the number1 continuance1 and frequency of their returns1 be considered1 suffered the most violent and severe convulsions ,i ever knew4 ,at some times the muscular spasms were general2 at other times single muscles only1 or a number of them1 subservient to some particular purpose in the animal oeconomy1 were affected4 ,and such was the peculiarity of this case1 that after and in proportion as any single muscle1 or any determined number of muscles1 had been in a state of spasm1 a paralytic inability succeeded to those muscles1 which very much disordered and impaired1 and several times even for no small continuance prevented the patient from performing1 several of her necessary functions4 ,when the muscles1 for instance1 subservient to deglutition had been convulsed1 for many hours after the fits had left her1 she has not been able to swallow a single drop of liquid3 so that when attempts have been made to cause her to drink1 unless the liquor was immediately thrown back1 there was imminent danger of her being strangled4 ,when her eyes have been affected1 several times a compleat gutta serena1 and total blindness1 has ensued2 the patient being able to bear the strong day-light with open eyes1 without being sensible of its influence1 or in the least contracting her widely dilated pupils4 ,after one of these fits the blindness continued full five days2 and ,i began to be in fear for the return of her sight4 ,you1 ,sir1 who are so excellently well versed in the animal oeconomy1 are not to be informed1 that vocification is performed in the aspera arteria2 but that the articulation of sounds into syllables and words is modulated principally by the tongue1 and muscles about the larynx4 ,in the case before you1 very early in the disease1 the spasms seized the muscles about the larynx3 the consequence of which was1 that after they were over1 the patient was unable to utter a word4 ,this faculty however she again once recovered2 but it continued a very short time1 as the fits returned1 which again left her deprived of the power of speech4 ,after having lost her voice a second time1 her power of speech did not return1 even after she was freed from her convulsions1 and her general health restored4 ,fourteen months passed1 whilst this patient continued absolutely speechless2 when1 after having violently heated herself by four hours dancing1 on a sudden her power of speech returned1 and it has continued perfectly free ever since4 ,what is still further remarkable in this case is1 that during the whole time of this patient's continuing speechless1 her life was rendered yet more uncomfortable by her having1 from the injury to her brain by the spasms1 forgot how to write1 so as to express her meaning that way3 but upon the recovery of her speech1 this faculty likewise returned1 which she has retained ever since4 ,during the severity of this disease1 which continued several weeks1 almost every day of which1 from the number and violence of the convulsions1 ,i feared would be the patient's last1 nothing was left unattempted1 which ,i imagined could tend to prevent the return of the spasms1 or lessen their effects4 ,my endeavours so far happily succeeded1 that her fits did not return2 but the consequences of them continued1 more particularly her inability to speak4 ,after some months however1 when she was recruited in her strength1 ,i was desirous of trying the effects of electricity1 more particularly applied about her throat4 ,this was accordingly attempted2 but such was the state of her nerves1 and their sensibility to its effects1 that electrizing brought back the fits1 which again affected her sight3 so that ,i was compelled to desist1 lest1 in endeavouring to restore her speech1 ,i might not only fail in this attempt1 but might bring possibly on a permanent blindness4 ,i determined therefore to trust the whole to time1 which has happily removed all her complaints4 ,c4 ,an ,account of an extraordinary ,storm of ,hail in ,virginia4 ,by ,francis ,fauquier1 ,esq2 ,lieutenant ,governor of ,virginia1 and ,f4,r4,s4 ,communicated by ,william ,fauquier1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 ,to the ,rev4 ,tho4 ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 ,read ,nov4 #i1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,,in a letter ,i received from my brother1 the lieutenant governor of ,virginia1 he gives an account of a very remarkable storm of hail2 which1 if you think it worth communicating to the ,society1 is very much at their service4 ,it happened on ,sunday the #ith of ,july1 about four o'clock in the afternoon1 and was preceded by some thunder and lightning4 ,it was a small cloud1 that did not seem to threaten much before its breaking1 and did not extend a full mile in breadth4 ,it passed over the middle of the town of ,williamsburgh1 and the skirts of the town had but little of it4 ,its course was from ,n4 by ,w4 to ,s4 by ,e4 ,the hail-stones1 or rather pieces of ice1 were most of them of an oblong square form2 many of them an inch and half long1 and about three fourths of an inch wide and deep2 and from one side of most of them there proceeded sharp spikes1 protuberant at least half an inch4 ,he says he cooled his wine1 and froze cream1 with some of them the next day2 and they were not totally dissolved when he went to bed on ,monday night4 ,this storm broke every pane of glass on the north side his house1 and destroyed all his garden things intirely4 ,he mentions likewise the heats to have been rather more than usual in that country this summer2 and particularly on the #ith of ,august his thermometer 7which is hung on the outside of his house on the north aspect7 was at #ig1 by ,fahrenheit's graduation1 and some other days as high as #id or #ie4 ,i am1 ,,sir1 ,your most obedient humble ,servant1 ,wm4 ,fauquier4 ,jermyn street1 #ah ,october1 #ageh4 ,,ci4 ,an ,account of an extraordinary ,case of a diseased ,eye2 ,in a ,letter to ,matthew ,maty1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,by ,daniel ,peter ,layard1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,nov4 #i4 #ageh4 ,huntingdon1 #bjth ,may1 #ageh4 ,dear ,sir1 ,,in ,october #agee4 ,i communicated to you1 and you inserted in the last volume of your ,journal ,britannique1 the case of ,susannah ,earle1 of ,hemmingford-,grey in this ,county1 who1 in consequence of the whooping cough1 was afflicted with a protruded eye4 ,the case ,i now send you1 somewhat similar to that young girl's in its first appearance and progress1 but by accident attended with a second disease1 will perhaps deserve your attention1 and not seem unworthy of being presented to the ,royal ,society4 ,john ,law1 of ,fenny-,stanton1 also in the ,county of ,huntingdon1 a strong and robust lad1 thirteen years and six months old1 in ,easter week #agef1 beating dung about a close with unusual force1 on a sudden felt a violent pain in his left eye4 ,the pain increased1 an inflammation ensued1 and the eye grew daily larger4 ,the poor boy's mother followed the directions1 which she received1 without the least benefit to her child1 after having1 besides other expences1 been defrauded by a quack of two guineas2 a great sum for a poor cottager6 ,the widow ,law1 in her distress1 heard of ,susannah ,earl's cure4 ,she went to see her2 and determined to bring her son to ,huntingdon1 for ,mr4 ,hopkins's assistance4 ,accordingly1 ,october the #gth #agef1 she came to ,mr4 ,daniel ,hopkins1 surgeon1 in this town2 and having desired my opinion1 we both examined the eye together4 ,the left eye was protruded out of its orbit1 and hung down over the cheek to the upper lip4 ,the coats were greatly discoloured1 all the vessels turgid1 the sight totally lost1 and the humours appeared like fluctuating pus4 ,we saw the necessity of an immediate extirpation1 to save the right eye1 already greatly inflamed2 and having apprized the mother and boy of the state the eye was in1 a consultation was desired with two surgeons of ,st4 ,ives4 ,mr4 ,dawkes1 who was present with ,mr4 ,skeeles at ,susannah ,earle's operation1 being dead since that time1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,skeeles and ,mr4 ,thomas ,want very charitably met ,mr4 ,hopkins and me the next day1 ,october the #hth1 at the widow ,law's cottage4 ,the eye appeared to these gentlemen as ,i have related3 and upon ,mr4 ,want's pressing with his finger on the pupil1 the globe burst at the edge of the ,iris1 and discharged pus4 ,the extirpation of the eye was unanimously agreed upon1 and immediately performed4 ,mr4 ,hopkins made a puncture with a lancet close to the external and small canthus of the eye1 and then with a pair of crooked scissars took off all the distended globe close to the eye-lids4 ,he then cleaned the cavity of the purulent humours1 and filled it with soft lint1 over which he applied bolsters dipped in warm red wine and water1 and the monoculus bandage to keep on the whole dressings4 ,the lad was bled in the arm2 nitrous medicines1 and anodynes1 were prescribed1 and a suitable regimen4 ,the fever1 and inflammation of the eye1 gradually decreased2 the suppuration of the wound in few days was good1 the distended eye-lids contracted1 and a cure was soon expected4 ,but on ,november the #gth the lad went to open the street-door1 and it being a cold and rainy evening1 he quickly felt the bad effects of the cold wind1 which drove the rain in upon him4 ,that night the wound became again very painful1 the eye-lids puffed up1 and next day appeared much inflamed1 as were all the contents of the orbit4 ,fungous excrescences soon followed1 and an intermittent fever4 ,an emetic being improper1 he was purged with rhubarb1 and afterwards took the bark infused in red wine4 ,the fever was removed after some time2 but the contents of the orbit continued increasing1 and the fungous excrescences became so large and spongy1 as to be of equal bulk with the diseased eye before extirpation4 ,all topical applications1 to contract this fungus1 were ineffectual1 and the application of caustics or escharotics was prudently avoided1 lest they should produce a carcinomatous ulcer4 ,the discharge was chiefly a purulent serum3 on which account1 ever since the beginning of ,november he was kept upon a dry diet4 ,in ,february #ageg4 the remaining coats of the eye began to appear at the most prominent parts of the excrescence1 and seemed white like a part of the conjunctiva4 ,on touching it with the finger1 a distinct fluctuation was felt1 and an hydrophthalmia perfectly discovered2 but neither the thickness of the coats1 nor the sensibility of the parts1 would permit a puncture to be made1 till the cyst1 which appeared formed by the distension of one of the coats of the eye1 was freer from the fungus4 ,the cyst continued daily to extend itself1 and to separate the fungous edges2 the fluctuation became more manifest1 and the membranes thinner4 ,at length1 on the #aeth of ,june #ageg1 ,mr4 ,hopkins opened the cyst with the point of a lancet1 and let out a large cup-full of limpid serum1 without smell or taste4 ,the boy felt very little pain in this operation4 ,the cavity was filled with dry lint1 and compresses dipt in warm red wine and water were applied over it4 ,all the night following1 and several days after1 a great discharge of serum came away4 ,on the #aith the fungus was considerably lessened4 ,mr4 ,hopkins then dressed the wound with warm unguentum gummi elemi1 and washed the fungus with a lotion of aquarum calcis1 rosarum1 et tinctur myrrh4 ,on the #bc;d1 upon his removing the dressings1 he saw the cyst loose and collapsed2 which he extracted with his forceps1 without the least difficulty1 or pain to his patient4 ,the fungus daily wasted afterwards1 the wound digested well1 and the lad was intirely cured on the #gth of ,august4 ,his right eye is perfectly strong1 and he has been free from complaint ever since4 ,the remainder of the coats of the eye1 and of the muscles1 bear up the eye-lids1 that when uncovered he only seems to have closed the left eye3 however1 he has wore all the winter a back patch over it1 to guard against fresh cold4 ,the cyst1 when first taken away1 measured three inches and half in length1 one inch and half in diameter1 and contained a large cup-full of water4 ,it appeared to be the tunica sclerotica1 was of a clear pellucid white1 and of so delicate a texture1 as scarce to admit of being touched without tearing2 and when dried with all possible care1 became so brittle1 that ,mr4 ,hopkins could hardly preserve it in the manner ,i now send it4 ,,remarks4 ,in both ,susannah ,earle and ,john ,law's cases1 the eye was distended by the accumulation of the aqueous humour1 separated in great quantity by the repeated straining of the blood-vessels in the whooping cough1 which might gradually relax and enlarge the aqueous ducts of ,susannah ,earle's eye2 and possibly by the rupture of those ducts1 and of some blood-vessels1 at the time ,john ,law exerted himself violently in beating dung about the close3 for in either case the impetus of the blood must have been so violent1 as to produce those effects4 ,however1 from the hydrophthalmia succeeding the operation on ,john ,law1 the fungous excrescence1 and continual serous discharge during several months from the wound1 it plainly appears1 that an abundance of aqueous humour was discharged at first by the distention or laceration of the aqueous ducts1 and latterly for want of a contraction of those vessels1 and of the lymphatics1 which were no longer of use4 ,both these cases shew the necessity of inquiring particularly into the causes of diseases of the eyes1 as well as of other parts of the body2 for by barely attending to the symptoms1 the disease will not be removed1 tho' the symptoms be alleviated4 ,bleeding1 and moderate evacuations1 would certainly have1 at first1 decreased the tension and pain1 and assuaged the inflammation2 but both topical applications1 and internal medicines1 were properly to be adapted1 and a suitable diet regulated4 ,not to mention the absurd and impertinent abuse of empirics1 what benefit could accrue1 in both these cases1 from unctuous1 laxative1 or emollient applications1 from drastic and mercurial purges8 ,tho' such applications might be well intended1 to take off the tension and inflammation2 yet1 as the distension of the blood-vessels only increased gradually1 as the globe of the eye was enlarged2 so whatever application relaxed the coats of the eye1 must infallibly stretch out the vessels yet farther1 and cause a greater pain and inflammation2 which drastic and mercurial purges would also increase4 ,the only method then to be pursued in such bad cases would be at first to endeavour to remove the fullness of the blood1 and make use of such topical remedies as would contract without irritation4 ,if the cause remains1 as the whooping cough in ,susannah ,earle's case1 no amendment of the eye can be expected1 while the patient's blood-vessels are continually strained by frequent coughing4 ,this illness therefore should be attended to1 and removed as soon as possible4 ,but should the eye be so enlarged1 as to protrude itself out of the orbit1 there seems no other way to lessen the bulk of the eye1 than by making a puncture with a proper instrument1 to let out the aqueous humour2 and then apply such agglutinant and contracting collyria1 as may reduce the distended coats and vessels to their former size4 ,this operation should be performed before the humours are vitiated1 the sight lost1 the vessels in a state of suppuration1 and the coats of the eye too far extended2 for at that time nothing less than extirpation can be of use4 ,professor ,nuck1 in his ,tractatus de ,ductibus ,oculorum ,aquosis1 p4 #abj1 seq4 relates the success he had in curing a young man by five repeated punctures1 and a strict observance in a proper use of all the non-naturals4 ,i am1 with the greatest regard and esteem1 ,dear ,sir1 ,your most affectionate ,brother1 and very humble ,servant1 ,d4 ,p4 ,layard4 ,,cii4 ,an ,account of the ,heat of the ,weather in ,georgia3 ,in a ,letter from his ,excellency ,henry ,ellis1 ,esq2 ,governor of ,georgia1 and ,f4,r4,s4 to ,john ,ellis1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,nov4 #af1 #ageh4 ,georgia1 #ag ,july1 #ageh4 ,dear ,sir1 ,,tho' some weeks have passed since ,i wrote to you1 yet so little alteration has happened in the state of our affairs1 that nothing occurs to me relative to them worth committing to paper4 ,this indeed ,i need not regret1 as one cannot sit down to any thing1 that requires much application1 but with extreme reluctance2 for such is the debilitating quality of our violent heats at this season1 that an inexpressible languor enervates every faculty1 and renders even the thought of exercising them painful4 ',tis now about three o' clock2 the sun bears nearly ,s4 ,w4 and ,i am writing in a piazza1 open at each end1 on the north-east side of my house1 perfectly in the shade3 a small breeze at ,s4 ,e4 blows freely thro' it2 no buildings are nearer1 to reflect the heat1 than #fj yards3 yet in a thermometer hanging by me1 made by ,mr4 ,bird1 and compared by the late ,mr4 ,george ,graham with an approved one of his own1 the mercury stands at #ajb4 ,twice it has risen this ,summer to the same height2 viz4 on the #bhth of ,june1 and the #aath of ,july4 ,several times it has been at #ajj1 and for many days successively at #ih2 and did not in the nights sink below #hi4 ,i think it highly probable1 that the inhabitants of this town breathe a hotter air than any other people on the face of the earth4 ,the greatest heat we had last year was but #ib1 and that but once3 from #hd to #ij were the usual variations2 but this is reckoned an extraordinary hot summer4 ,the weather-wise of this country say it forebodes a hurricane2 for it has always been remarked1 that these tempests have been preceded by continual and uncommon heats4 ,i must acquaint you1 however1 that the heats we are subject to here are more intense than in any other parts of the province1 the town of ,savannah being situated upon a sandy eminence1 and sheltered all round with high woods4 ,but it is very sufficient1 that the people actually breathe so hot an air as ,i describe2 and no less remarkable1 that this very spot1 from its height and dryness1 is reckoned equally healthy with any other in the province4 ,i have frequently walked an hundred yards under an umbrella1 with a thermometer suspended from it by a thread to the height of my nostrils1 when the mercury has rose to #aje2 which is prodigious4 ,at the same time ,i have confined this instrument close to the hottest part of my body1 and have been astonished to observe1 that it has subsided several degrees4 ,indeed1 ,i never could raise the mercury above #ig with the heat of my body4 ,you know1 dear ,sir1 that ,i have traversed a great part of this globe1 not without giving some attention to the peculiarities of each climate2 and ,i can fairly pronounce1 that ,i never felt such heats any-where as in ,georgia4 ,i know experiments on this subject are extremely liable to error2 but ,i presume ,i cannot now be mistaken1 either in the goodness of the instrument1 or in the fairness of the trials1 which ,i have repeatedly made with it4 ,this same thermometer ,i have had thrice in the equatorial parts of ,africa2 as often at ,jamaica1 and the ,west ,india islands2 and1 upon examination of my journals1 ,i do not find1 that the quicksilver ever rose in those parts above the #hgth degree1 and to that but seldom3 its general station was between the #gith and #hfth degree2 and yet ,i think ,i have felt those degrees1 with a moist air1 more disagreeable than what ,i now feel4 ,in my relation of the late expedition to the north-west1 if ,i recollect right1 ,i have observed1 that all the changes and variety of weather1 that happen in the temperate zone throughout the year1 may be experienced at the ,hudson's ,bay settlements in #bd hours4 ,but ,i may now extend this observation2 for in my cellar the thermometer stands at #ha1 in the next story at #ajb1 and in the upper one at #aje2 and yet these heats1 violent as they are1 would be tolerable1 but for the sudden changes that succeed them4 ,on the #ajth of ,december last the mercury was at #hf2 on the #aath it was so low as #ch of the same instrument4 ,what havock must this make with an ,european constitution8 ,nevertheless1 but few people die here out of the ordinary course2 tho' indeed one can scarce call it living1 merely to breathe1 and trail about a vigorless body2 yet such is generally our condition from the middle of ,june to the middle of ,september4 ,dear ,sir1 ,yours most affectionately1 ,henry ,ellis4 ,,ciii4 ,the ,invention of a ,general ,method for determining the ,sum of every #b;d1 #c;d1 #dth1 or #eth1 c4 ,term of a ,series1 taken in order2 the ,sum of the whole ,series being known4 ,by ,thomas ,simpson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,nov4 #af1 #ageh4 ,,as the doctrine of ,series' is of very great use in the higher branches of the mathematics1 and their application to nature1 every attempt tending to extend that doctrine may justly merit some degree of regard4 ,the subject of the paper1 which ,i have now the honour to lay before the ,society1 will be found an improvement of some consequence in that part of science4 ,and how far the business of finding fluents may1 in some cases1 be facilitated thereby1 will appear from the examples subjoined1 in illustration of the general method here delivered4 ,the series propounded1 whose sum 7,s7 is supposed to be given 7either in algebraic terms1 or by the measures of angles and ratio's1 c47 ,i shall here represent by a bx cx dx ex1 c4 and shall first give the solution of that case1 where every third term is required to be taken1 or where the series to be summed is a dx gx kx1 c4 ,by means whereof1 the general method of proceeding1 and the resolution of every other case1 will appear evident4 ,here1 then1 every third term being required to be taken1 let the series 7a dx gx1 c471 whose value is sought1 be conceived to be composed of three others4 7a b 7px7 c 7px7 d 7px7 e 7px71 c47 7a b 7qx7 c 7qx7 d 7qx7 e 7qx71 c47 7a b 7rx7 c 7rx7 d 7rx7 e 7rx71 c47 having all the same form1 and the same coefficients with the series first proposed1 and wherein the converging quantities px1 qx1 rx1 are also in a determinate 7tho' yet unknown7 ratio to the original converging quantity x4 ,now1 in order to determine the quantities of these ratios1 or the values of p1 q1 and r1 let the terms containing the same powers of x1 in the two equal values1 be equated in the common way3 ,so shall1 b px b qx b rx #j c px c qx c rx #j d px d qx d rx dx e px e qx e rx #j c4 ,and consequently1 p q r #j p q r #j p q r #c p q r #j1 c4 ,make1 now1 p #a1 q #a1 and r #a2 that is1 let p1 q1 and r1 be the three roots of the cubic equation z #a1 or z - #a #j3 then1 seeing both the second and third terms of this equation are wanting1 not only the sum of all the roots 7p q r7 but the sum of all their squares 7p q r7 will vanish1 or be equal to nothing 7by common algebra71 as they ought1 to fulfil the conditions of the two first equations4 ,moreover1 since p #a1 q #a1 and r #a1 it is also evident1 that p q r 7 p q r7 #j1 p q r 7 p q r7 #j1 p q r 7 p q r7 #c4 ,which equations being1 in effect1 nothing more than the first three repeated1 the values of p1 q1 r1 above assigned1 equally fulfil the conditions of these also3 so that the series arising from the addition of three assumed ones will agree1 in every term1 with that whose sum is required3 but those series' 7whereof the quantity in question is composed7 having all of them the same form and the same coefficients with the original series a bx cx dx1 c4 7 ,s71 their sums will therefore be truly obtained1 by substituting px1 qx1 and rx1 successively1 for x1 in the given value of ,s4 ,and1 by the very same reasoning1 and the process above laid down1 it is evident1 that1 if every n term 7instead of every third term7 of the given series be taken1 the values of p1 q1 r1 s1 c4 will then be the roots of the equation z - #a #jaee2 and that1 the sum of all the terms so taken1 will be truly obtained by substituting px1 qx1 rx1 sx1 c4 successively for x1 in the given value of ,s1 and then dividing the sum of all the quantities thence arising by the given number n4 ,the same method of solution holds equally1 when1 in taking every n term of the series1 the operation begins at some term after the first4 ,for all the terms preceding that may be transposed1 and the whole equation divided by the power of x in the first of the remaining terms2 and then the sum of every n term 7beginning at the first7 will be found by the preceding directions2 which sum1 multiplied by the power of x that before divided1 will evidently give the true value required to be determined4 ,thus1 for example1 let it be required to find the sum of every third term of the given series a bx cx dx ex1 c4 7 ,s71 beginning with cx4 ,then1 by transposing the two first terms1 and dividing the whole by x1 we shall have c dx ex fx1 c4 7,s - a - bx7 7xx7 7 ,s74 ,from whence having found the sum of every third term of the series c dx ex fx1 c4 beginning at the first 7c71 that sum1 multiplied by x1 will manifestly give the true value sought in the present case4 ,and here it may be worth while to observe1 that all the terms preceding that at which the operation 7in any case7 begins1 may 7provided they exceed not in number the given interval n7 be intirely disregarded1 as having no effect at all in the result4 ,for if in that part 77-a - bx7 xx7 of the value of ,s1 above exhibited1 in which the first terms1 a and bx1 enter1 there be substituted px1 qx1 rx1 successively1 for x 7according to the prescript7 the sum of the quantities thence arising will be - a 7px7 - a 7qx7 - a 7rx7 - b px - b qx - b rx which1 because p #a1 q #a1 c4 7or p #a p1 q #a q1 c47 may be expressed thus2 - a xx 7p q r7 - b x 7p q r7 ,but1 that p q r #j1 and p q r #j1 hath been already shewn2 whence the truth of the general observation is manifest4 ,hence it also appears1 that the method of solution above delivered1 is not only general1 but includes this singular beauty and advantage1 that in all series' whatever1 whereof the terms are to be taken according to the same assigned order1 the quantities 7p1 q1 r1 c471 whereby the resolution is performed1 will remain invariably the same4 ,the greater part of these quantities are indeed imaginary ones2 and so likewise will the quantities be that result from them1 when substitution is made in the given expression for the value of ,s4 ,but by adding1 as is usual in like cases1 every two corresponding values1 so resulting together1 all marks of impossibility will disappear4 ,if1 in the series to be summed1 the alternate terms 7viz4 the #b;d1 #dth1 #fth1 c47 should be required to be taken under signs contrary to what they have in the original series given2 the reasoning and result will be no-ways different2 only1 instead of making p q r 7or p q r1 c47 #c 7or n71 the same quantity must1 here1 be made -#c 7or -n74 ,from whence1 p being -#a1 q -#a1 c4 the values of p1 q1 r1 c4 will1 in this case1 be the roots of the equation z #a #j4 ,it may be proper1 now1 to put down an example1 or two1 of the use and application of the general conclusions above derived4 ,first1 then1 supposing the series1 whose sum is given1 to be x x #b x #c x #d 444 x m x 7 7m #a7 x 7m #b7 444 x 7m n7 x 7m n #a7 1 c4 - ,h4 ,log47#a-x7 7 ,s72 let it be required1 from hence1 to find the sum of the series 7x m x 7m n7 x 7m #bn7 c47 arising by taking every n term thereof1 beginning with that whose exponent 7m7 is any integer less than n4 ,here1 the terms preceding x m being transposed1 and the whole equation divided by x1 we shall have #a m x 7m #a7 x 7m #b7 x 7m #c71 c4 -7#a x7 ,h4 ,log47#a - x7 - 7x x1 c47 x4 ,in which value1 let px1 qx1 rx1 c4 be1 successively1 substituted for x 7according to prescript7 neglecting intirely the terms 7x x7 x1 as having no effect at all in the result3 from whence we get -#a 77px77 ,log47#a - px7 - 7#a 7qx77 ,log47#a - qx7 - 7#a 7rx77 ,log47#a - rx71 c4 ,which multiplied by x 7the quantity that before divided7 gives -#a 7p7 ,log47#a - px7 - #a 7q7 ,log47#a - qx7 - #a 7r7 ,log47#a - rx71 c4 n times the quantity required to be determined4 ,but now1 to get rid of the imaginary quantities q1 r1 c4 by means of their known values 7 - #a71 - 7 - #a71 c4 it will be necessary to observe1 that1 as the product of any two corresponding ones 7 7 - #a7 7 - 7 - #a77 is equal to unity1 we may therefore write 7 - 7 - #a77 7 r7 instead of its equal #a 7q71 and 7 7 - #a77 7 q7 instead of its equal #a 7r73 by which means the two terms1 wherein these two quantities enter1 will stand thus2 -7 - 7 - #a77 ,log4 7#a - qx7 - 7 7 - #a77 ,log4 7#a - rx74 ,but1 if ,a be assumed to express the co-sine of an arch 7,q71 m times as great as that 7#cfj n7 whose co-sine is here denoted by 2 then will ,a - 7,,aa - #a7 #aef7 - 7 - #a771 and ,a 7,,aa - #a7 7 7 - #a773 which values being substituted above1 we thence get -,a 7log4 7#a - qx7 log4 7#a - rx77 7,,aa - #a7 7log4 7#a - qx7 - log4 7#a - rx772 whereof the former part 7which1 exclusive of the factor ,a1 ,i shall hereafter denote by ,m7 is manifestly equal to -,a log4 77#a - qx7 7#a - rx77 7by the nature of logarithms7 -,a log4 #a - 7q r74x qrx -,a log4 7#a - #bx xx7 7by substituting the values of q and r73 which is now intirely free from imaginary quantities4 ,but1 in order to exterminate them out of the latter part also1 put y log4 7#a - qx7 - log4 7#a - rx72 then will -q 7#a - qx7 r 7#a - rx7 -77q - r7 7 7#a - 7q r7 x xx7 -7#b7 - #a7 7 7#a - #bx xx7 -7#b7-a7 7#a - 7 7 7#a - #bx xx72 where 77#a - 7 7 7#a - #bx xx7 expresseth the fluxion of a circular arch 7,n7 whose radius is #a1 and sine 77#a - 7 7 7#a - #bx xx72 consequently y will be -#b7-a7 ,n3 which1 multiplied by 7,,aa - #a71 or its equal 7-#a7 7#a - ,,aa71 gives #b7a - ,,aa7 ,n2 and1 this value being added to that of the former part 7found above71 and the whole being divided by n1 we thence obtain 7-,,am #b7a - ,,aa7 ,n7 n1 or #a n 7-co-s4 ,q ,m sin4 ,q #b,n7 for that part of the value sought depending on the two terms affected with q and r4 ,from whence the sum of any other two corresponding terms will be had1 by barely substituting one letter1 or value1 for another3 ,so that1 -log4 7#a - x7 -co-s4 ,q ,m sin4 ,q #b,n 7#a n7 -co-s4 ,q ,m sin4 ,q #b,n -co-s4 ,q ,m sin4 ,q #b,n -c4 c4 will truly express the sum of the series proposed to be determined2 ,m1 ,m1 ,m c4 being the hyperbolical logarithms of #a - #bx xx1 #a - #bx xx1 #a - #bx xx1 c4 ,n1 ,n1 ,n c4 the arcs whose sines are x7#a - 7 7#a - #bx xx71 x7#a - 7 7#a - #bx xx71 x7#a - 7 7#a - #bx xx71 c4 and ,q1 ,q1 ,q1 c4 the measures of the angles expressed by 7#cfj n7 m1 #b 7#cfj n7 m1 #c 7#cfj n7 m1 c4 ,and here it may not be amiss to take notice1 that the series x m x 7m n7 x 7m #bn7 c4 thus determined1 is that expressing the fluent of 7x 7 7#a - x72 corresponding to one of the two famous ,cotesian forms4 ,from whence1 and the reasoning above laid down1 the fluent of the other form1 x 7#a x71 may be very readily deduced4 ,for1 since the series 7x m - x 7m n7 x 7m #bn7 - x 7m #cn7 c47 for this last fluent1 is that which arises by changing the signs of the alternate terms of the former2 the quantities p1 q1 r1 c4 will here 7agreeably to a preceding observation7 be the roots of the equation z #a #j2 and1 consequently1 1 1 1 1 c4 the co-sines of the arcs #ahj n1 #c #ahj n1 #e #ahj n1 c4 7as appears by the foregoing note74 ,so that1 making ,q1 ,q1 ,q1 c4 equal1 here1 to the measures of the angles 7#ahj n7 m1 #c 7#ahj n7 m1 #e 7#ahj n7 m1 c4 the fluent sought will be expressed in the very same manner as in the preceding case2 except that the first term1 -log4 7#a - x7 7arising from the rational root p #a7 will here have no place4 ,after the same manner1 with a small increase of trouble1 the fluent of x 7#a #blx x7 may be derived1 m and n being any integers whatever4 ,but ,i shall now put down one example1 wherein the impossible quantities become exponents of the powers1 in the terms where they are concerned4 ,the series here given is #a - x x #b x 7#b4c7 x 7#b4c4d7 - x 7#b4c4d4e71 c4 the number whose hyp4 log4 is -x1 and it is required to find the sum of every n term thereof1 beginning at the first4 ,here the quantity sought will 7according to the general rule7 be truly defined by the n part of the sum of all the numbers whose respective logarithms are -px1 -qx1 -rx1 c42 which numbers1 if ,n be taken to denote the number whose hyp4 log4 #a1 will be truly expressed by ,n1 ,n1 ,n1 c4 ,from whence1 by writing for p1 q1 r1 c4 their equals #a1 7 - #a71 - 7 - #a71 7 - #a71 - 7 - #a71 c4 and putting 7#a - 71 7#a - 71 c4 we shall have #a n 7,n ,n ,n71 c4 #a n into ,n ,n 7,n#87 7,n#87 ,n 7,n#87 ,n#87 c4 ,but ,n#8 ,n#8 is known to express the double of the co-sine of the arch whose measure 7to the radius #a7 is x4 ,therefore we have #a n into ,n ,n #b co-s4 x ,n #b co-s4 x1 c4 for the true sum1 or value proposed to be determined4 ,the solution of this case1 in a manner a little different1 ,i have given some time since1 in another place2 where the principles of the general method1 here extended and illustrated1 are pointed out4 ,i shall put an end to this paper with observing1 that if1 in the series given1 the even powers of x1 or any other terms whatever1 be wanting1 their places must be supplied with cyphers2 which1 in the order of numbering off1 must be reckoned as real terms4 ,,civ4 ,observatio ,eclipsis ,lun ,die #cj ,julii #ageg4 habita ,olissipone ,joanne ,chevalier1 ,congregationis ,oratorii ,presbytero1 ,regia ,londinensi ,societate4 ,communicated by ,jacob de ,castro ,sarmiento1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,tubo optico #h pedum4 ,read ,nov4 #af1 #ageh4 h ,initium penumbr #i #ae #ah ,initium dubium eclipsis #i #bb #bd ,certo jam incperat #i #bc #cd ,umbra ad mare humorum observata vitro plano cruleo #i #ca #b ,solo tubo optico observata #i #ca #bi ,vitro flavo observata #i #ca #dh ,umbra tangit ,grimaldum observata vitro plano cruleo #i #ca #bj ,solo tubo optico #i #ca #ej ,vitro plano flavo #i #cb #h ,totus ,grimaldus tegitur observatus vitro plano cruleo #i #cd #d ,solo tubo optico #i #cd #bh ,vitro flavo #i #cd #dg ,umbra ad ,tychonem observata vitro plano cruleo #i #ch #be ,solo tubo optico #i #ch #db ,vitro flavo #i #ch #ei ,umbra ad ,harpalum vitro cruleo observata #i #ee #f ,solo tubo optico #i #ee #ce ,umbra ad ,fracastorium #i #ei #eg ,umbra ad ,mare ,nectaris #aj #jj #ej ,observata vitro flavo #aj #a #h ,umbra ad ,dionysium #aj #e #b ,umbra tangit ,mare ,tranquillitatis #aj #e #ej ,umbra ad ,mare ,serenitatis #aj #aj #af ,umbra tegit ,menelaum observata vitro cruleo #aj #aa #d ,solo tubo optico #aj #aa #bi ,vitro flavo #aj #aa #ej ,totum ,mare ,fcunditatis tegitur #aj #ah #ci ,umbra tangit ,mare ,crisium vitro cruleo observata #aj #bb #eb ,solo tubo optico #aj #bc #ab ,vitro flavo #aj #bc #bi ,umbra ad ,proclum #aj #bc #cc ,possidonius totus tegitur #aj #bc #ej ,totum ,mare ,serenitatis tegitur #aj #bd #cf ,totum ,mare ,crisium ab umbra tegitur #aj #cj #bg ,plato tegitur vitro cruleo observatus #aj #ca #bf ,solo tubo optico #aj #ca #dh ,vitro flavo #aj #cb #d ,obscuratio maxima #aj #ee #dj ,,emersiones4 h ,plato emergit observatus vitro flavo #aa #ai #e ,solo tubo optico #aa #ai #ca ,vitro cruleo #aa #ai #ej ,aristarchus emergit #aa #ba #c ,gassendus incepit emergere observatus vitro flavo #aa #be #cf ,observatus solo tubo optico #aa #be #eb ,observatus vitro cruleo #aa #bf #aa ,gassendus totus extra umbram #aa #bh #b ,schicardus incipit emergere #aa #de #dd ,totus extra umbram #aa #dg #aj ,totum ,mare ,humorum extra umbram #aa #df #ej ,menelaus extra umbram #aa #ee #cf ,mare ,serenitatis extra umbram #aa #ei #df ,tycho extra umbra observatus vitro flavo #ab #jj #cc ,solo tubo optico #ab #jj #eb ,vitro cruleo #ab #a #ad ,incipit emergere ,mare ,crisium #ab #h #ca ,totum ,mare ,crisium extra umbram #ab #af #bh ,finis eclipsis #ab #bh #bf ,observatio hc peracta clo claro2 umbra autem terr ita diluta erat1 ut macul in ea condit satis dignoscerentur4 ,,cv4 ,singular ,observations upon the ,manchenille ,apple4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonnel1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,read ,nov4 #af1 #ageh4 ,t,he cruel effects of the tree called ,manchenille are known to all the world3 its milk1 which the savages make use of to poison their arrows1 makes the wounds inflicted with them mortal4 ,the rain1 which washes the leaves and branches1 causes blisters to rise like boiling oil2 even the shade of the tree makes those who repose under it to swell2 and its fruit is esteemed a deadly poison4 ,i was informed1 as a very extraordinary thing1 that a breeding woman was so mad as to eat three of them1 which did her very little harm2 and this was looked upon as a miracle1 and a proof of the surprising effects of the imagination and longings of women with child4 ,but here is a fact1 which will scarce be credited by many persons1 who have frequented these ,islands3 which ,i declare to be true4 ,one ,vincent ,banchi1 of ,turin in ,piedmont1 a strong robust man1 and an old soldier1 of about forty-five years of age1 belonging to the horse1 was a slave with the ,turks eleven years1 having been taken prisoner at the siege of ,belgrade4 ,he was overseer of my habitation towards the month of ,july of the year #agef4 ,he was one day walking upon the sea side1 and seeing a great number of apples upon the ground1 was charmed with their beautiful colours1 and sweet smell1 resembling that of the apple called d'apis3 he took and eat of them1 without knowing what they were2 he found they had a subacid taste2 and having eaten a couple of dozen of them1 he fill'd his pockets1 and came home1 eating the rest as he came4 ,the ,negroes1 that saw him eat this cruel fruit1 told him it was mortal2 upon which he ceased to eat them1 and threw away the rest4 ,about four in the afternoon1 viz4 an hour after this repast1 his belly swelled considerably1 and he felt as it were a consuming fire in his bowels4 ,he could not keep himself upright2 and at night the swelling of his belly increased1 with the burning sensation of his bowels4 ,his lips were ulcerated with the milk of the fruit1 and he was seized with cold sweats2 but my principal ,negro made him a decoction of the leaves of a ,ricinus#aeg in water1 and made him drink plentifully of it1 which brought on a vomiting1 followed by a violent purging2 both which continued for four hours1 during which it was thought he would die4 ,at length these symptoms grew less2 and my ,negroes made him walk1 and stir about by degrees2 and soon after they were stopped4 ,rice-gruel1 which they gave him1 put an end to all these disorders2 and in four-and-twenty hours he had no more ailments nor pain2 the swelling of his belly diminished in proportion to his evacuations upwards and downwards1 and he has continued his functions without being any more sensible of the poison4 ,we see by this1 that the effects of the poison of the ,manchenille are different from those of the fish at ,guadaloupe1 which ,i mentioned4 ,dec4 #b4 #agef4 ,,cvi4 ,abstract of a ,letter from ,mr4 ,william ,arderon1 ,f4,r4,s4 to ,mr4 ,henry ,baker1 ,f4,r4,s4 on the giving ,magnetism and ,polarity to ,brass4 ,communicated by ,mr4 ,baker4 ,read ,nov4 #af1 #ageh4 ,dear ,sir1 ,,for some time past ,i have been making experiments on the magnetism of brass1 and amongst many pieces that ,i have tried1 find several that readily attract the needle2 but whether they have had this property originally1 or have received it by hammering1 filing1 clipping1 or any other such-like cause1 ,i cannot yet determine4 ,i have a very handsome compass-box made of pure brass1 as far as ,i can judge3 the needle being taken out1 and placed upon a pin fixed properly in a board1 and clear of all other magnetics1 the box will attract this needle at half an inch distance2 and1 if suffered to touch1 will draw it full #ij degrees from the north or south points2 and ,i think those parts of the box marked north and south attract the strongest4 ,the cover of the box also attracts the needle nearly as much as the box itself4 ,as to your supposition1 that iron may be mixed with the brass1 ,i do not know2 but ,i have been informed it cannot be1 as brass fluxes with a much less degree of heat than iron1 and iron naturally swims on fluid brass4 ,besides1 many of the specimens of brass ,i have tried were new as they came from the mill1 where they were wrought into plates1 and ,i presume were not mixed#aeh2 yet these ,i have given the magnetic virtue to1 when they had it not2 and some pieces of brass1 which naturally attract the needle1 seem to the eye as fine a bright yellow as any other1 and are as malleable as any ,i ever met with4 ,pieces of brass without any magnetic power1 by properly hammering and giving them the double touch1 after ,mr4 ,mitchel's method1 ,i have made attract and repel the needle1 as a magnet does1 having two regular poles3 and ,i now send you one such piece of brass1 which ,i have thus made magnetical4 ,you will also receive a couple of needles1 which ,i made myself after the late ,zachary ,williams's method1 and a little stand whereon to place them1 the better to shew how this magnetic bar attracts and repels the needle when properly applied2 for it must be noted1 that in making these experiments it is necessary to employ a very good needle1 about #c- inches long1 well and tenderly set1 and not covered with glass4 ,you will observe1 when you try this bar1 that the same poles repel each other1 and the contrary poles attract2 which proves this piece of brass to be indued with true magnetic virtue and polarity4 ,however it must be noted1 that though the same poles repel each other1 yet1 like natural magnets1 in contact1 or nearly so1 they attract each other2 therefore when you would shew the repelling power of this brass bar1 you must not bring it nearer the needle than of an inch4 ,magnetic brass does not attract iron1 not even the least particle1 so far as ,i can find3 whether this is owing to the weakness of magnetism in the brass1 or to some other cause1 ,i don't pretend to know4 ,i have tried to infuse magnetic virtue into several pieces of copper1 lead and pewter2 but all my endeavours have not been able to make them attract the needle at all4 ,indeed1 when ,i have held a piece of pewter1 that ,i have tryed to make magnetical1 to the needle1 the needle would tremble1 but not approach the pewter4 ,i send you another piece of brass1 whose either end attracts either of the poles2 this ,i have infused the magnetic virtue into1 and can at any time1 so as to attract and repel the needle2 but1 like steel that is set a low blue1 it loseth that polarity in a few hours2 which may arise for its being too short for its weight1 or from its different temper of hardness or softness4 ,a third piece ,i also send you1 which with all my endeavours ,i cannot make attract the needle in the least2 and yet ,i can perceive no difference between the appearance of this piece and that of those which do4 ,would some ingenious man pursue these experiments1 perhaps we might have needles made of brass to act as strongly as steel ones do1 which would have the advantage of being less liable to rust at sea than steel ones are4 ,but my whole design was to shew1 that brass is by no means a proper metal to make compass-boxes of1 or to be employed in any instrument where magnetism is concerned4 ,for as it is demonstrable1 beyond all contradiction1 that some brass is found endued with a power of attracting the magnetic needle2 that other pieces are capable of receiving it either by accident or design1 7let it be from its being mixed with iron1 or any other cause whatever7 brass must be a very improper metal for compass-boxes1 as it may occasion many sad and fatal accidents4 ,norwich1 ,octob4 #bjth1 #ageh4 ,it is well known1 that brass has been sometimes found to affect and disturb the magnetic needle2 but1 to give magnetism and polarity to brass1 has not1 that ,i have yet heard1 been before attempted4 ,i therefore have taken the liberty to lay the above account before this ,royal ,society1 and have also brought the pieces of brass mentioned therein1 which have been thus made magnetical4 ,h4 ,baker4 ,london1 ,nov4 #ae4 #agei4 ,,cvii4 ,an ,account of the ,sea ,polypus1 by ,mr4 ,henry ,baker1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,to the ,right ,honourable the ,,earl of ,,macclesfield1 ,president of the ,royal ,society4 ,read ,nov4 #bc1 #ageh4 ,my ,lord1 ,i now return the marine animal your ,lordship did me the honour to recommend to my examination2 which ,i find to be a species of one kind of the ,sea ,polypi1 mentioned by naturalists2 but ,i think not very accurately described4 ,the kinds of ,sea ,polypi are understood to be1 ,first1 ,the ,polypus1 particularly so called1 the ,octopus1 ,preke1 or ,pour-contrel3 to which kind our subject belongs4 ,secondly1 ,the ,sepia1 or ,cuttle-fish4 ,thirdly1 ,the ,loligo1 or ,calamary4 ,and each of these has its different species and varieties#aei4 ,the ancients add the ,nautilus2 and some sorts of ,star-fish might perhaps be not improperly ranged among them4 ,all of the first kind have eight arms1 placed at equal distances round the head2 below the arms are two eyes1 and the body is short and thick4 ,the ,cuttle-fish1 and the ,calamary1 have each of them ten arms2 of which eight are shorter ones1 tapering gradually to a point from the head1 where they all rise1 to their extremities3 the other two 7frequently called ,tentacula7 are three or four times as long1 perfectly round1 slender1 and of an equal thickness for above two thirds of their whole length2 then spreading into a form nearly like that of the shorter arms4 ,great numbers of acetabula1 or suckers1 are placed somewhat irregularly on each of the shorter arms1 and on the spreading parts of the ,tentacula1 where some of the suckers are a great deal larger than the rest4 ,the body of the ,cuttle-fish is broad and flat1 having within it a broad friable white bone2 that of the ,calamary is a sort of cartilaginous case holding the intestines1 of a roundish oblong shape1 furnished with two fins1 and having within it a thin transparent elastic substance like ,isinglass4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxix4 p4 #ggi ,g4 ,edwards delin ,,ad4 #ageh ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,the mouth of the ,pour-contrel1 ,cuttle-fish1 and ,calamary1 is placed in the fore-part of the head1 between the arms1 having an horny beak1 hard and hooked like a parrot's1 which some writers call the teeth4 ,the eyes of them all are nearly in the same position4 ,as the subject under examination resembles in some particulars all the above kinds of ,polypi1 this short account of them may1 it is hoped1 render the following description of it the more intelligible3 and with the same view1 ,mr4 ,george ,edwards1 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 has been so obliging as to make drawings of the animal itself1 in four different positions1 and of the natural size2 which drawings are herewith presented to your ,lordship4 ,our ,polypus is of the ,pour-contrel kind1 and ,i believe of that species called ,bolytna2 which is said to have a musky smell2 but if ours had such a smell1 the spirits wherein it lies have taken it quite away4 ,in the drawing ,see ,,tab4 ,,xxix4 ,fig4 #a4 is shewn the anterior part of this animal1 which has much the appearance of a ,star-fish4 ,here are eight arms about three inches in length1 united at their roots1 and placed circularly at equal distances in the same plane1 which has a considerable sinking towards the center4 ,these arms diminish from their rise to their extremities1 and end exceedingly small4 ,near the head they are quadrilateral1 but the under-side contracting gradually to an edge1 they become towards the ends trilateral4 ,on the upper side of each arm are two rows of acetabula1 or suckers1 standing in a beautiful order1 as close as they can well be placed1 and beginning from the center of all the arms4 ,these suckers are perfectly circular1 with edges flat on the top1 and a round cavity in the middle of each4 ,they are largest in the widest part of the arm1 and lessen as the arm diminishes1 till they become so small as hardly to be discernable4 ,it is very difficult to tell their number3 ,i counted as far as fifty in a row1 but am certain there are many more2 and ,i don't imagine the eight arms have so few as a thousand on them4 ,they rise some height above the surface of the skin2 and wherever they are not1 the skin of the arms 7unless on the under-side7 is granulated like shagreen#afj4 ,as in the other kinds of ,polypi the mouth is placed between the arms conspicuously enough1 ,i expected to find it so in this2 but the spirits had contracted it so much1 that ,i could discern no opening at all where ,i thought the mouth must be2 and therefore could not say1 with assurance1 that the mouth was placed there4 ,under this difficulty ,i applied to ,sir ,hans ,sloane's most valuable collection of natural history in the ,british ,musum1 where ,i found several species of this kind of ,polypi1 and amongst the rest a small dried specimen of the same species as ours1 and a much larger one in spirits1 of a species that comes very near it4 ,this large specimen afforded the information ,i stood in need of3 for though here also the mouth was closed1 and the beak drawn down into the center between the arms1 so as not to be seen at all2 yet1 by the help of ,dr4 ,morton and ,mr4 ,empson1 ,i had the satisfaction to see the mouth opened1 and the beak in the same situation1 and of the same form and substance1 as in the other kinds of ,polypi4 ,having gained this knowledge1 by applying the point of a bodkin1 ,i easily felt the beak in our ,polypus2 but in so small a subject it cannot be brought to view without dissection1 which is the reason it does not appear in these drawings4 ,fig4 #b4 represents the ,polypus so placed as to shew the situation of the eyes and the form of its body1 and also in what manner the arms are turned back in the specimen before us2 but we may suppose them thus disposed merely in the act of dying1 and that when alive they are moveable in all directions4 ,on that side of the body opposite to the eyes1 and which therefore may be termed the belly-part1 there appears a transverse slit or opening in the skin1 not in a strait line1 but a little semicircular2 from the anterior part whereof a tube or pipe proceeds1 about one third of an inch in length1 smaller at the extremity1 where it opens with a round orifice1 than at the base1 and reaching to within a small distance of the arms4 ,as both the ,cuttle-fish and ,calamary have a pipe nearly in the same situation1 though somewhat different in figure1 through which they occasionally discharge an inky liquor1 and some writers say the fces also1 it is probable the pipe in this animal may serve to a like purpose2 and as the body of the ,calamary is included in a case1 the slit across the body of this animal shews its belly part to have also a sort of case1 though on its back there is no separation as in the ,calamary4 ,out of the aforesaid slit or opening a bag issues with a very slender neck1 extending towards the tail1 and enlarging gradually to its end4 ,this bag is above half the length of the body1 and appears like another body appendant thereto4 ,i should be intirely at a loss concerning this bag1 did not some passages in ,mr4 ,turberville ,needham's curious observations on the milt vessels of the ,calamary enable me to form some conjectures about its use4 ,having dissected several ,calamaries on the coast of ,portugal1 without the least indication of milt or roe1 and consequently without knowing which were male or female1 he was much surprised 7about the middle of the month of ,december7 to find a new vessel forming itself in an obvious part1 and replete with a milky juice4 ,this was an oval bag1 in which the milt vessels formed themselves gradually1 the bag unfolding as these framed and disposed themselves in bundles4 ,before that time he had observed two collateral tubes1 which are alike in both sexes2 but a regular progress in the expansion of the milt-bag and formation of the milt-vessels had not presented itself before4 ,those tubes till then appeared open at one extremity1 much resembling the female parts of generation in a snail1 but did not terminate in a long oval bag extending in a parallel with the stomach more than half the length of the fish1 as he found them afterwards when the milt vessels that filled the whole cavity were ripe for ejection4 ,the same ducts without the bag are found in the female also1 perhaps for the deposition of the spawn4 ,vid4 ,needham's ,microscopical ,discoveries1 cap4 v4 ,it appears from this account that the male ,calamary 7at a certain time of the year only7 has a bag wherein the milt-vessels are contained1 and that the female has no such bag4 ,since therefore the bag of our ,polypus is found in the same situation as that of the ,calamary1 7which is also a kind of ,polypus7 we may suppose it to be the milt bag1 and that our ,polypus is a male1 taken at a time when the milt was ready for ejection4 ,in the dried specimen at the ,british ,museum1 and also in the other specimens1 there is the same opening1 with the pipe that rises above it towards the arms1 but not the least appearance of the bag in question3 they are therefore probably females1 or if males1 were caught before such bag was formed4 ,fig4 #c4 presents another view of this ,polypus1 its arms extended circularly with their under-sides next the eye1 and the body so disposed as to shew the transverse opening a1 the oval bag issuing therefrom b1 and the pipe rising upwards towards the arms c4 ,fig4 #d4 shews the ,polypus with its transverse opening and the pipe rising therefrom1 but without the oval bag2 it is figured thus by ,rondeletius and ,gesner1 and the specimen at the ,british ,museum has also this appearance4 ,it is here shewn with the arms extended forwards4 ,k is a magnified figure of one of the acetabula1 or suckers2 of which there are two rows on each arm of this ,polypus1 as before described4 ,mr4 ,needham1 in his description of the suckers of the ,calamary1 7which he had many opportunities of examining whilst alive1 and whose mechanism is probably the same as in those of our ,polypus7 informs us1 8that the action of the suckers depends partly on their shape1 which1 when they are extended resembles nearly that of an acorn-cup1 and partly upon a deep circular cartilaginous ring1 armed with small hooks1 which is secured in a thin membrane something transparent1 by the projection of a ledge investing the whole circumference about the middle of its depth1 and not to be extracted without some force4 ,that each sucker is fastened by a tendinous stem to the arm of the animal3 which stem1 together with part of the membrane that is below the circumference of the cartilaginous ring1 rises into and fills the whole cavity when the animal contracts the sucker for action4 ,in this state whatever touches it is first held by the minute hooks1 and then drawn up to a closer adhesion by the retraction of the stem and inferior part of the membrane1 much in the same manner as a sucker of wet leather sustains the weight of a small stone40 ,vid4 ,microscopical ,discoveries1 p4 #bb4 ,m shews one of the cartilaginous rings armed with small hooks1 of its real size4 ,the ring this is drawn from was taken out of a large sucker of a larger ,polypus1 and is presented herewith4 ,by these suckers the ,polypus can fix itself to rocks1 and prevent its being tossed about in storms and tempests2 but their principal use must undoubtedly be to seize and hold its prey3 and to this purpose they are most admirably adapted2 for when they are all applied and act together1 unless the ,polypus pleases to withdraw them1 nothing can get from it whose strength is insufficient to tear off its arms4 ,something like these suckers is found by the microscope in the minute fresh water ,polype1 whereby it is able to bind down and manage a worm much larger and seemingly stronger than itself#afa4 ,in like manner the stella arborescens 7which may also be called a ,polypus71 though it has not suckers1 yet by the hooks along its arms1 and the multiplicity of their branchings1 which have been counted as far as #hj1jjj1 it can1 by spreading its arms abroad like a net1 so fetter and entangle the prey they inclose when they are drawn together1 as to render it incapable of exerting its strength3 for however feeble these branches or arms may singly be1 their power united becomes surprising4 ,and we are assured nature is so kind to all these animals1 that if in their struggles any of their arms are broken off1 after some time they will grow again2 of which a specimen at the ,british ,museum is an undoubted proof2 for a little new arm is there seen sprouting forth in the room of a large one that had been lost4 ,it is evident from what has been said1 that the ,sea ,polypus must be terrible to the inhabitants of the waters1 in proportion to its size 7and ,pliny mentions one whose arms were thirty feet in length72 for the close embraces of its arms and the adhesion of its suckers must render the efforts of its prey ineffectual either for resistance or escape1 unless it be endued with an extraordinary degree of strength4 ,sea ,polypi are frequent in the ,mediterranean3 but ,mr4 ,haviland of ,bath1 to whom we are obliged for this1 which is of a different species1 thinks it came from the ,west ,indies1 where it is called a ,cat-fish4 ,that like it in the ,british ,museum also came from thence4 ,as the ,polypus ,i have endeavoured to describe is much contracted by lying long in spirits1 and dissection would destroy a specimen well worth preserving1 ,i hope to be excused if this account should be found deficient in several particulars1 or chargeable with some mistakes4 ,permit me the honour to be1 ,my ,,lord1 ,your ,lordship's ,most humble and obedient ,servant1 ,h4 ,baker4 ,strand1 ,nov4 #bc;d1 #ageh4 ,,cviii4 ,a ,description of the fossil ,skeleton of an ,animal found in the ,alum ,rock near ,whitby4 ,by ,mr4 ,wooller4 ,communicated by ,charles ,morton1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,nov4 #bc1 #ageh4 ,,it is in this rock1 that the ,ammonit1 or ,snake-stones1 as they are commonly called1 are found1 which have undoubtedly been formed in the exuvi of fishes of that shape2 and though none of that species are now to be met with in the seas thereabouts1 yet they in many particulars resemble the ,nautilus1 which is well known4 ,the internal substance of those stones1 upon a section thereof1 appears to be a stony concretion1 or muddy sparr4 ,stones of the same matter or substance1 in the shape of muscles1 cockles1 c4 of various sizes1 are also found therein1 and now and then pieces of wood hardened and crusted over with a stony substance are likewise found in it4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxx4 p4 #ghg4 ,part of the ,fossil ,skeleton of an ,animal as it appeared on and united to the ,allom ,rock near ,whitby1 ,jan4 #c4 #ageh4 a4 a4 c4 ,the ,ammonit or ,snake ,stones4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,many naturalists have already observed1 that among the vast variety of extraneous substances found at several depths in the earth1 where it is impossible they should have been bred1 there are not so many productions of the earth as of the sea2 and it appears by the accounts of authors both ancient and modern1 that bones1 teeth1 and sometimes entire skeletons of men and animals1 have been dug up or discovered in all ages1 and the most remarkable for size commonly the most taken notice of4 ,in the first particular this skeleton will most probably appear to have belonged to an animal of the lizard kind1 quadruped and amphibious2 and as to its size1 much larger than any thing of that kind ever met with or found in this part of the world2 though1 from the accounts of travellers1 something similar is still to be met with in many of the rivers1 lakes1 c4 of the other three4 ,when the annexed drawing thereof was taken ,january #e1 #ageh4 ,see ,,tab4 ,,xxx4 there remained no more of the vertebr than is therein expressed2 that is1 #aj between ,d and ,f1 and #ab between ,g and ,h3 but when it was first discovered1 about #aj years ago1 they were compleat2 and there was besides the appearance of what was then thought to have been fins1 near the back part of the head at ,a1 the same as appeared further backward at ,e1 when this design was made4 ,the vertebr1 c4 now wanting having been either dug up by curious persons1 or washed away by the violence of the waves at high water1 and the accidental beating about of stones1 sand1 c4 during that time2 the water covering this skeleton several feet at high water in spring tides2 the cavities in the rock still remaining as in the design4 ,the substance of the bones1 with their periostium1 on the covered or under side1 in most parts remains intire1 and their native colour in some places in a good measure preserved1 and the teeth with their smooth polish plainly to be discovered4 ,part of the mandible near the extremity was covered with a shelf of the rock about three inches thick2 which being cut away and removed1 both the mandibles appeared under it compleat1 with the teeth of the upper and under one1 plainly locking or passing by each other4 ,these appeared to be of the dentes exerti or fang kind1 as well as all the others in the narrow part of the mandible1 and further backwards they were not observed4 ,from this ledge or shelf the mandible towards ,b is single1 and appears to be the upper one of the living animal2 and from the head not being exactly in the line of the body1 that part has been inverted1 or quite turned over1 and the body itself1 as appears from the transverse processes of the vertebr1 lies on the right side4 ,there appears one row of teeth only on each side of the mandible1 and they are about of an inch asunder4 ,the mandible ,b ,a1 the cranium g h1 and the vertebr from ,d to ,f1 were attempted to be taken up whole2 but the bones being rendered extremely brittle1 and the rock in which they were fixed being a brittle blackish slate1 with joints or fissures running in every direction1 would not hold together3 the whole therefore fell in many pieces1 the vertebr in the joints only1 which makes them easy to join together again1 and besides shows very plainly the transverse and spinal processes thereof1 with the foramen in the latter for the spinal marrow4 ,it was now that a piece of the os femoris1 about four inches long1 shewed itself in the sparry concreted substance at ,e1 together with a piece of the os innominatum1 to which it had been articulated or joined4 ,this1 with what has been before remarked1 will sufficiently prove this to have been an animal of the quadruped1 and probably1 from the shape of the cranium peculiar to fishes1 of the amphibious kind4 ,at the same time many pieces of the cost or ribs1 as broke and crushed up against the vertebr1 were plainly visible4 ,the cavities of all the bones were filled with a substance1 which appeared the same as the rock itself2 and the substance on each side the vertebr1 as they laid1 was a mixture of sparry concreted matter with that of the rock itself1 which is a blackish slate4 ,the animal1 when living1 must have been at least #ab or #ad feet long4 ,and the dimensions of the whole1 or particular parts of the skeleton1 may be measured from the scale annexed thereto4 ,this skeleton lay about six yards from the foot of the cliff1 which is about sixty yards in perpendicular height1 and must have been covered by it probably not much more than a century ago4 ,the cliff there is composed of various strata1 beginning from the top1 of earth1 clay1 marle1 stones both hard and soft1 of various thicknesses1 and intermixed with each other1 till it comes down to the black slate or alum rock1 and about #aj or #ab feet deep in this rock1 this skeleton laid horizontally1 and exactly as designed4 ,the probability1 that this cliff has formerly covered this animal1 and extended much more into the sea1 is not in the least doubted of by those that know it4 ,the various strata1 of which it is composed1 are daily mouldering and falling down2 and the bottom1 being the slaty alum rock1 is also daily beat1 washed1 and wore away1 and the upper parts undermined1 whence many thousand tuns often tumble down together4 ,many antient persons now living1 whose testimony can be no way doubted of1 remember this very cliff extending in some places twenty yards further out than it does at present4 ,in short there is sufficient evidence1 that at the beginning it must have extended near a mile further down to the sea than it does at present2 and so much the sea has there gained of the land4 ,these are the principal facts and circumstances attending the situation and discovery of this skeleton2 which from the condition it is in1 and from the particular disposition of the strata above the place where it is found1 seem clearly to establish the opinion1 and almost to a demonstration1 that the animal itself must have been antediluvian1 and that it could not have been buried or brought there any otherwise than by the force of the waters of the universal deluge4 ,the different strata above this skeleton never could have been broken through at any time1 in order to bury it1 to so great a depth as upwards of #ahj feet2 and consequently it must have been lodged there1 if not before1 at least at the time when those strata were formed1 which will not admit of a later date than that above-mentioned4 ,p4 ,s4 ,in the xlixth vol4 page #fci1 of the ,philosophical ,transactions1 an animal is described by ,mr4 ,edwards1 which was brought from the ,ganges1 and resembles this in every respect4 ,he calls it ,lacerta 7crocodilus7 ventre marsupio donato1 faucibus ,merganseris rostrum mulantibus4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxi4 p4 #gia4 ,,ph,,nician ,coins4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,,cix4 ,a ,dissertation upon the ,phnician ,numeral ,characters antiently used at ,sidon4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,thomas ,birch1 ,d4 ,d4 ,secret4 ,r4 ,s4 from the ,rev4 ,john ,swinton1 ,m4 ,a4 of ,christ-,church1 ,oxon4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,dec4 #g1 #ageh4 ,reverend ,sir1 ,,having1 by the assistance of the ,palmyrene numeral characters1 lately made a discovery1 which may perhaps hereafter be of considerable service to chronology2 ,i could not longer defer1 though now deeply engaged in other matters1 communicating it to the ,royal ,society4 ,nor will the memoir containing this1 ,i flatter myself1 be deemed altogether unworthy the attention of that learned and illustrious body4 ,for1 unless ,i am greatly deceived1 it will bid fair to ascertain1 with a sufficient degree of precision1 the ,phnician dates of several antient ,sidonian coins1 one of which was struck above a century before the birth of ,,christ1 hitherto utterly unknown2 and evince the notation of the ,phnicians1 at least those of ,sidon1 when they first appeared1 to have been extremely similar to1 if not nearly the same with1 that of the ,palmyrenes4 ,i4 ,a small brass coin of ,sidon#afb1 now in my possession1 exhibits on the reverse three ,phnician letters1 that form the word ,,sidon1 over the prow of a ship1 the usual symbol of the city wherein it was struck4 ,this coin1 which is in good conservation1 ,i formerly#afc published and explained4 ,the characters however in the exergue1 which ,i could then make nothing of1 were not with sufficient accuracy described4 ,this has induced me to transmit you another draught of the same medal1 wherein proper care has been taken to remedy that defect4 ,the two first of those characters1 though somewhat imperfect1 appear manifestly enough to be ,schin and ,tzade2 as the former occurs on the ,palmyrene#afd marbles1 and the latter on several very valuable#afe ,phnician coins4 ,the others so nearly resemble the numeral characters of the ,palmyrenes1 that they may undoubtedly be considered as pointing out to us a date4 ,which if we admit1 the ,schin and ,tzade will seem to be the initial letters of the words 1 ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,sidon1 or ,,in ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,sidon2 as the elements ,pe and ,schin apparently denote 1 ,,the ,,pascha ,,of ,,the ,,year1 or ,,in ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,year1 on the reverse of the famous ,samaritan coin of ,bologna1 published by ,sig4 ,bianconi#aff not many years since4 ,nor can the phrase1 ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,sidon1 or ,,in ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,sidon1 intimating the year of the proper ra of that city1 be looked upon as repugnant either to the ,jewish or ,phnician genius2 a similar expression having been used1 both in their writings#afg and on their coins#afh1 about the time that the ,phnician medal before me was struck1 by the ,jews4 ,that the first of the numeral characters here stands for ,,twenty1 we may infer from the correspondent one of the ,palmyrenes1 to the form of which it is by no means unlike4 ,this will likewise be confirmed by the dates preserved on other ,phnician coins1 which will be immediately produced4 ,the next1 denoting a lesser number1 and not representing ,,five1 which we find always expressed by minute right lines on the ,sidonian medals1 must indubitably occupy the place of ,,ten4 ,the six following strokes1 after what has been just observed1 will be acknowleged to add ,,six to the foregoing numbers2 so that the inscription in the exergue will no longer remain a mystery1 the whole only importing1 ,,in ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,sidon ,,xxxvi4 ,,ii4 ,i have three other coins of ,sidon#afi1 of almost intirely the same type2 only one of them exhibits a date in ,greek numerals1 and two bear ,phnician dates4 ,the ,greek numerals are ,,eot1 ,,ccclxxv2 and the ,phnician correspond with the numbers ,,cxx1 ,,cxxvii1 to both of which are prefixed the above-mentioned initial letters4 ,we meet with draughts of two similar medals in#agj ,arigoni1 adorned with characters1 expressing the numbers ,,cxxviii1 ,,cxxx4 ,all these coins present to our view a turrited head and a branch of palm1 pointing out to us the country to which they belong1 and on the reverse the usual symbol of ,sidon4 ,the year handed down to us by the ,greek date ,,eot1 is the #cgeth of the ra of ,seleucus2 and those denoted by the ,phnician numerals answer to the #abjth1 #abgth1 #abhth1 and #acjth1 of the proper ra of ,sidon1 as will be hereafter more fully evinced4 ,hence we may certainly collect1 that these pieces were struck at ,sidon in the years of ,,christ #aa1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 and #fd4 ,,iii4 ,three coins of ,sidon1 different from the former1 occur in#aga ,sig4 ,haym1 and seven#agb more in my little cabinet1 whose type is altogether the same1 with ,phnician dates1 preceded by the two aforesaid initial letters1 upon them4 ,to which we may add five1 preserved in the noble#agc cabinet bequeathed to ,christ-,church1 ,oxon4 by ,archbishop ,wake1 and another in the valuable collection of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,barton#agd1 ,canon of the said collegiate church1 and a worthy member of this ,society4 ,on one side these medals all exhibit the head of ,jupiter1 and on the reverse the prow of a ship1 the common symbol of ,sidon4 ,most of them had various ,phnician letters at first imprest on the upper part of the reverse1 and one of them 7which is pretty remarkable7 nearly the same characters there that appear in the exergue4 ,the first of the coins mentioned here was struck in the year of ,sidon #e4 ,this has been perfectly well preserved1 and is more curious than any of the rest2 which were emitted from the mint at ,sidon in various years of the proper ra of that city1 viz4 the #ajgth1 #ajhth1 #aajth1 #aaath1 #aabth1 #aadth1 #aaeth1 #aafth1 #aagth1 and #aaith4 ,we meet on none of these medals with the figure denoting ,,twenty1 used by the ,sidonians1 during the period ,i am now upon4 ,it not a little resembles that which prevailed at ,tadmor#age in the reign of the emperor ,claudius1 about forty-nine years after the birth of ,,christ4 ,the most antient of the ,phnician coins ,i am now considering preceded the commencement of the ,christian ra #ajd years1 and is consequently #aec years older than the earliest ,palmyrene inscription that has hitherto come to our hands#agf4 ,,iv4 ,some years since ,i published a small brass medal of ,sidon#agg1 with the heads of ,jupiter and ,juno on one side1 and the prow of a ship on the reverse2 but did not accurately enough describe the numeral characters1 and two initial letters1 in the exergue4 ,i therefore take the liberty to send#agh you a new draught1 perfectly well done1 of that inscription4 ,two more coins of the same type ,i have since acquired1 and another may be seen in#agi ,sig4 ,haym4 ,these four pieces only exhibit the years of ,sidon #abe and #acb4 ,v4 ,my small collection likewise affords two#ahj other ,phnician medals of ,sidon1#aha and ,archbishop ,wake's noble cabinet one1 of the same type1 with different ,phnician dates in the exergue4 ,to these may be added five1 with the publication of which the learned world has been obliged by ,sig4 ,arigoni#ahb4 ,the anterior faces of these coins are adorned with a veiled head1 representing the genius of the city wherein they were struck2 and the reverses with a human figure leaning upon a pillar1 and holding a branch of palm in its right hand4 ,several ,phnician letters also there appear1 which may perhaps at first sight seem to render it somewhat doubtful1 whether the medals belong to ,sidon or not4 ,but every suspicion arising from hence must immediately vanish1 when we cast our eyes upon the two initial elements1 and the numeral characters1 in the exergue2 which clearly enough indicate the pieces to have been struck at ,sidon1 in the #hc;d1 #hgth1 #ieth1 #ajeth1 #ajfth1 #ajhth1 #aadth1 and #aafth years of the ra peculiar to that city4 ,a ,phnician coin of ,sidon likewise occurs in one#ahc of ,sig4 ,arigoni's plates1 and another#ahd in my collection1 with the turrited head and branch of palm visible on three of the#ahe medals above described1 which indisputably appertain to that city1 together with the very ,phnician letters and symbol imprest on the ,sidonian coins now before me4 ,this1 exclusive of other considerations1 that might be offered1 must set the point ,i am here insisting upon beyond dispute4 ,,vi4 ,i have another brass ,phnician medal of ,sidon#ahf1 not a little resembling those above-mentioned1 both in workmanship and size1 presenting to our view on one side the head of ,jupiter1 and on the other a human figure with a lance in its right hand4 ,this coin1 which has never yet been published1 is adorned with a ,phnician legend on the reverse1 different from those of all the others that have hitherto appeared4 ,i therefore judged that a draught of it would not be unacceptable1 though the date imprest originally in the exergue 7answering to the #bfth year of ,sidon7 has a little suffered from the injuries of time4 ,,vii4 ,the next ,phnician medal of ,sidon1 which ,i shall take the liberty here to describe1 is a small brass one#ahg1 now in my hands1 with a veiled head on the anterior face1 and the prow of a ship on the reverse4 ,m4 ,bouterou#ahh1 who has published it1 rightly asserts it to be a ,phnician coin4 ,the year of ,sidon1 preserved in the exergue of mine1 is #gd2 and that in the exergue of ,m4 ,bouterou's1 #gc1 though the first numeral character of the latter is somewhat deformed4 ,,viii4 ,the last ,phnician medals ,i shall at present produce1 in order to settle the point in view1 are#ahi two in my possession1 intirely agreeing both in type and form1 as remarkable as any of the others here touched upon4 ,a similar coin has been published by ,sig4 ,arigoni#aij1 and another#aia by ,m4 ,bouterou2 both of which1 on several accounts1 merit the attention of the learned4 ,they exhibit on one side the head of ,jupiter laureated1 with a beard2 and on the reverse a double cornucopia1 together with three or four ,phnician elements1 one or two of which are in a great measure defaced4 ,a brass medal of ,sidon occurs in ,archbishop ,wake's#aib collection1 as well as one in#aic mine1 with the head of ,jupiter done exactly after the same manner as that on the pieces before me1 and ,europa carried by a bull on the reverse2 which1 exclusive of the inscriptions in the exergue1 demonstrate the latter to belong to ,sidon4 ,the first of mine was struck in the #adc;d year of the proper ra of that city1 and the second five years after4 ,they correct the barbarous date assigned by ,sig4 ,arigoni to his coin4 ,m4 ,bouterou has not favoured the learned world with an explication of the medal1 of which he has given us a draught4 ,nor has ,m4 l',abb ,barthelemy1 who likewise mentions this very coin1 informed us to what place it appertains2 but contented himself with barely#aid observing1 that the letters preserved on the reverse are ,phnician4 ,i flatter myself therefore that ,i shall not be charged with plagiarism by this celebrated antiquary1 in case what is here submitted to the consideration of the ,royal ,society should be so happy as to meet with the approbation of that learned and illustrious body2 not even by only acquainting the public1 with a sort of politesse so peculiar to his countrymen1 that it is now become one of the most distinguishing characteristics of their nation#aie1 8that a certain ,oxford doctor has done him the honour to adopt the explication he had given40 ,,ix4 ,for the farther illustration of what has been here advanced1 it will be requisite to observe1 that two ra's were antiently followed at ,sidon2 the ra of ,seleucus1 and another peculiar to the inhabitants of that city#aif4 ,on the ,greek brass coins of ,sidon1 according to ,f4 ,frlich#aig1 both these epochs seem to have been used4 ,however1 the supputation pointed out to us by the date on the ,greek medal above-mentioned was undoubtedly made according to the ra of ,seleucus2 since otherwise the year exhibited by that date must have been nearly coincident with the #bffth of ,,christ1 which by those versed in this kind of literature will never be allowed4 ,for had the piece presented to our view so recent a date1 as ,sidon first became a ,roman colony in the reign of ,elagabalus#aih1 above forty years before2 the reverse ought to have been adorned with some other letters intimating this1 as were those of the ,sidonian#aii coins posterior to that event4 ,as certain is it that all the ,phnician medals of ,sidon1 whose numeral characters have been interpreted here1 acknowledge no other epoch than the proper one of that city1 which commenced in the year#bjj of ,rome #fdc4 ,this1 ,i flatter myself1 from the following considerations1 exclusive of others that might1 with equal facility1 be offered1 will even to demonstration appear4 #a4 ,the fifth year mentioned by the oldest of these coins cannot be the fifth year of the ra of ,seleucus1 because the ,sidonians were then subject to ,antigonus#bja1 in whose territories the supputation according to that epoch did not take place2 and consequently the piece itself must have been struck in the fifth year of the proper ra of ,sidon1 nearly coincident with the #fdhth of ,rome#bjb4 #b4 ,no dates ever occurred upon the medals of the ,syrian kings presiding over the people of ,sidon1 either to ,f4 ,frlich or ,dr4 ,vaillant#bjc1 who have so eminently distinguished themselves in this branch of literature1 before the year of ,seleucus #aab2 and therefore neither the ,phnician dates preserved on the aforesaid ,sidonian coins whose numeral characters do not amount to #aab1 nor the ,greek dates on others falling short of that number1 can rationally be supposed to bear any relation to the ra of that prince4 ,this certainly must be considered as a strong presumption1 or rather an incontestable proof1 that the last-mentioned ,phnician dates were deduced from the commencement of the proper ,sidonian epoch1 as from their genuine cardinal point4 ,which reasoning will by analogy extend1 as the numeral characters exhibited by all the coins here explained are of the same kind1 to every one of the rest4 #c4 ,none of the medals of the ,syrian kings1 with ,phnician letters upon them#bjd1 hitherto published1 bear any ,phnician dates4 ,this1 after what has been said1 renders it extremely probable1 that the pieces of ,sidon ,i am considering were posterior to those coins2 and even that their ,phnician dates referred to an ra different from that of ,seleucus1 followed by the ,greek dates on the medals of the ,syrian kings4 ,which if we admit1 this ra could have been no other than the new one of the ,sidonians1 that commenced in the seventh century of ,rome4 #d4 ,that the dates visible on these coins were supputed according to the latter epoch of ,sidon1 will be manifest from an examination of the ,greek and ,phnician brass medals of that city explained1 in#bje the beginning of this paper2 whose type and workmanship are extremely similar1 if not almost intirely the same4 ,for this circumstance is to me an evident proof1 that they could not have been struck at very distant times4 ,now if we take the ,greek coin to have followed the ra of ,seleucus1 as was undoubtedly the case1 and the others that peculiar to ,sidon2 the first of the ,phnician dates#bjf will not be prior to the ,greek one above fifty-three years1 nor the last of them precede it above forty-three years4 ,whereas if we suppose the numeral inscriptions in the exergues of the ,phnician ,sidonian coins to have been supputed according to the ,seleucian epoch1 the difference between the aforesaid dates will be five times as much2 which with the similarity of workmanship and type1 already observed1 will be altogether incompatible4 #e4 ,as the ,jews#bjg1 about the time that the first of our medals was struck1 denominated the ra of ,seleucus1 ,,the ,,ra ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,the ,,greeks2 we cannot well doubt but it went amongst the ,sidonians1 who were neighbours to the ,jews1 under the same denomination4 ,from whence it will follow1 that the epoch styled by them emphatically1 ,,the ,,ra ,,of ,,sidon1 must have been different from the ra of ,seleucus2 and consequently that which1 after the #fdc;d year of ,rome1 was peculiar to them4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxii4 p4 #hjd ,,ph,,nician ,numerals antiently used at ,,sidon1 from ,one to a ,thousand4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,the powers of the ,phnician numeral characters antiently used at ,sidon1 which ,i flatter myself are now discovered1 having been for many ages unknown2 the ,society will perhaps not be displeased to see accurate draughts of the principal ,phnician medals1 from whence they are deduced4 ,i have therefore taken the liberty to transmit them#bjh such draughts1 which may be intirely depended upon4 ,i have also constructed a table#bji of the numeral characters themselves1 from ,,unity ,,to ,a ,,thousand2 which will demonstrate1 in the clearest manner possible1 the great affinity between them and those of the ,palmyrenes4 #a4 ,from this table it plainly appears1 that the people of ,sidon had no particular character to denote ,five1 whilst the ,phnician numerals here explained were in vogue amongst them2 that they expressed ,,twenty by a character1 during that period1 not very different from the correspondent one used at ,tadmor2 and that in all other respects the ,phnician notation then prevailing at ,sidon was1 in a manner1 the same with that of the#baj ,palmyrenes4 #b4 ,it may not be improper to observe1 that two of the ,sidonian coins ,i have been considering#baa exhibit the ,phnician word 1 equivalent to the ,hebrew 1 and ,syriac 1 ,,an ,,hundred1 instead of the centenary numeral character4 ,this1 in conjunction with the appearance of that character1 occupying the very place of the term 1 on others of those coins1 first induced me to believe1 that the inscription preserved by every one of them in the exergue could be nothing else but a date4 #c4 ,i shall beg leave farther to remark1 that none of the indubitable medals of ,tyre1 adorned with ,phnician letters1 as far as ,i have been able to discover1 present to our view any ,phnician dates at all4 ,this still more clearly evinces the second element prefixed to the ,phnician numerals in the exergue to point out to us the city of ,sidon1 and not that of ,tyre2 which#bab1 indeed1 seems already to have been sufficiently proved4 #d4 ,from the foregoing observations we may likewise collect1 that the coin assigned to ,demetrius ,,iii4 by ,mr4 ,masson1 ,f4 ,frlich#bac1 and ,sig4 ,haym1 exhibiting a ,phnician legend1 without a ,phnician date1 in the exergue1 ought in reality to be attributed to ,demetrius ,i4 ,those three learned men therefore have been guilty of a mistake in this particular4 ,nor can the head on this medal be denied to bear some resemblance to that of ,demetrius ,i4#bad with a moderate beard1 as it appears on a coin published by ,dr4 ,vaillant1 and in one of ,f4 ,frlich's plates4 ,that the letters ,a ,k1 behind the head1 indicate the piece to have been struck in the twenty-first year of the proper ,sidonian ra#bae1 as ,mr4 ,masson and ,f4 ,frlich are pleased to assert1 can never be proved4 ,on the contrary1 the improbability of such a notion may be inferred from two similar letters1 behind the turrited head of the ,dea ,syria#baf1 on a ,phnician coin1 which ,mr4 ,masson makes to point out the forty-first year of the proper epoch of ,sidon2 whereas1 in truth1 that piece seems to have been struck either in the reign of ,demetrius ,i4 or ,antiochus ,,iv4#bag many years before4 ,nay1 that it was actually struck when ,demetrius ,i4 sat upon the ,syrian throne1 is rendered almost incontestable by a medal of that prince now in my possession1 with a ,beta behind the head on the anterior part1 and the very reverse of the last-mentioned coin4 ,from the former of which circumstances it farther appears1 that the alphabetic characters ,,ma1 supposed by ,mr4 ,masson to denote #da1 are by no means to be taken for a date4 ,to which we may add1 that the head on a ,phnician medal1 with the two ,greek elements ,,ak behind it1 published by ,mr4 ,reland#bah1 is apparently that of ,demetrius ,i42 and that the posterior part of this coin is nearly the same1 in all respects1 with the reverse of that supposed to#bai appertain to ,demetrius ,,iii4 by ,mr4 ,masson and ,sig4 ,haym4 ,but to wave all other considerations1 relative to the point in view1 that may occur1 the features and turns of the face on the medals of ,demetrius ,,iii4 are so different#bbj1 that no inference of any validity can be drawn from the pretended identity or similitude of them1 in support of ,mr4 ,masson's opinion4 #e4 ,the ,palmyrene and ,phnician numerals1 deduced from coins and inscriptions1 may perhaps be thought not unworthy a place amongst the arithmetical characters of various nations1 formerly#bba collected by ,bishop ,beveridge2 and consequently may be allowed to render somewhat more complete the chronological institutions1 or rather the chronological arithmetic1 of that learned and judicious author4 ,you will pardon the prolixity of this letter1 which the novelty of the subject may perhaps render a little more excusable than it would otherwise have been2 and believe me to be1 with the most perfect consideration and esteem1 ,,sir1 ,your most obedient humble ,servant1 ,j4 ,swinton4 ,christ ,church1 ,oxon4 ,nov4 #ag4 #ageh4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxiii4 p4 #hji4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,,cx4 ,of the ,irregularities in the ,motion of a ,satellite arising from the spheroidical ,figure of its ,primary ,planet3 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,james ,bradley ,d4 ,d4 ,astronomer ,royal1 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,paris2 by ,mr4 ,charles ,walmesley1 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,berlin1 and of the ,institute of ,bologna4 ,read ,dec4 #ad1 #ageh4 ,reverend ,sir1 ,,since the time that astronomers have been enabled by the perfection of their instruments to determine with great accuracy the motions of the celestial bodies1 they have been solicitous to separate and distinguish the several inequalities discovered in these motions1 and to know their cause1 quantity1 and the laws according to which they are generated4 ,this seems to furnish a sufficient motive to mathematicians1 wherever there appears a cause capable of producing an alteration in those motions1 to examine by theory what the result may amount to1 though it comes out never so small3 for as one can seldom depend securely upon mere guess for the quantity of any effect1 it must be a blameable neglect entirely to overlook it without being previously certain of its not being worth our notice4 ,finding therefore it had not been considered what effect the figure of a planet differing from that of a sphere might produce in the motion of a satellite revolving about it1 and as it is the case of the bodies of the ,earth and ,jupiter which have satellites about them1 not to be spherical but spheroidical1 ,i thought it worth while to enter upon the examination of such a problem4 ,when the primary planet is an exact globe1 it is well known that the force by which the revolving satellite is retained in its orbit1 tends to the center of the planet1 and varies in the inverse ratio of the square of the distance from it2 but when the primary planet is of a spheroidical figure1 the same rule then no longer holds3 the gravity of the satellite is no more directed to the center of the planet1 nor does it vary in the proportion above-mentioned2 and if the plane of the satellite's orbit be not the same with the plane of the planet's equator1 the protuberant matter about the equator will by a constant effort of its attraction endeavour to make the two planes coincide4 ,hence the regularity of the satellite's motion is necessarily disturbed1 and though upon examination this effect is found to be but small in the moon1 the figure of the earth differing so little from that of a sphere1 yet in some cases it may be thought worth notice2 if not1 it will be at least a satisfaction to see that what is neglected can be of no consequence4 ,but however inconsiderable the change may be with regard to the moon1 it becomes very sensible in the motions of the satellites of ,jupiter both on account of their nearer distances to that planet when compared with its semidiameter1 as also because the figure of ,jupiter so far recedes from that of a sphere4 ,this ,i have shewn and exemplified in the fourth satellite2 in which case indeed the computation is more exact than it would be for the other satellites3 for as my first design was to examine only how far the moon's motion could be affected by this cause1 ,i supposed the satellite to revolve at a distance somewhat remote from the primary planet1 and the difference of the equatoreal diameter and the axis of the planet not to be very considerable4 ,there likewise arises this other advantage from the present theory1 that it furnishes means to settle more accurately the proportion of the different forces which disturb the celestial motions1 by assigning the particular share of influence which is to be ascribed to the figure of the central bodies round which those motions are performed4 ,i have added at the end a proposition concerning the diurnal motion of the earth4 ,this motion has been generally esteemed to be exactly uniform2 but as there is a cause that must necessarily somewhat alter it1 ,i was glad to examine what that alteration could amount to4 ,if we first suppose the globe of the earth to be exactly spherical1 revolving about its axis in a given time1 and afterwards conceive that by the force of the sun or moon raising the waters its figure be changed into that of a spheroid1 then according as the axis of revolution becomes a different diameter of the spheroid1 the velocity of the revolution must increase or diminish3 for1 since some parts of the terraqueous globe are removed from the axis of revolution and others depressed towards it1 and that in a different proportion as the sun or moon approaches to or recedes from the equator1 when the whole quantity of motion which always remains the same is distributed through the spheroid1 the velocity of the diurnal rotation cannot be constantly the same4 ,this variation however will scarce be observable1 but as it is real1 it may not be thought amiss to determine what its precise quantity is4 ,i am sensible the following theory1 as far as it relates to the motion of ,jupiter's satellites1 is imperfect and might be prosecuted further2 but being hindered at present from such pursuit by want of health and other occupations1 ,i thought ,i might send it you in the condition it has lain by me for some time4 ,you can best judge how far it may be of use1 and what advantage might arise from further improvements in it4 ,i am glad to have this opportunity of giving a fresh testimony of that regard which is due to your distinguished merit1 and of professing myself with the highest esteem1 ,reverend ,sir1 ,your very humble ,servant1 ,c4 ,walmesley4 ,bath1 ,oct4 #ba4 #ageh4 ,,lemma ,i4 ,invenire gravitatem corporis longinqui ad circumferentiam circuli ex particulis materi in duplicat ratione distantiarum invers attrahentibus constantem4 ,,esto ,,nik 7,vid4 ,,tab4 xxxiii4 ,fig4 #a47 circumferentia circuli1 in cujus puncta omnia gravitet corpus longinquum ,s locatum extra planum circuli4 ,in hoc planum agatur linea perpendicularis ,,sh1 et per circuli centrum ,x ducatur recta ,,hxk secans circulum in ,i et ,k1 et ,,sr parallela ad ,,hx3 producatur autem ,,sh ad distantiam datam ,,sd1 et agantur rect ,,dc1 ,,xc1 ipsis ,,hx1 ,,sd1 parallel4 ,tum duct chord quavis ,,mn ad diametrum ,,ik normali eamque secante in ,l1 ex punctis ,m1 ,n1 demittantur in ,,sr perpendiculares ,,mr1 ,,nr1 concurrentes in ,r2 junctisque ,,sm1 ,,sn1 erit ,,sm ,,sn1 ,,mr ,,nr1 ,,sr ,,hl4 ,dicantur jam ,,sd1 k2 ,,hx sive ,,dc1 h2 ,,xl1 x2 ,,cx1 z2 ,,xi1 r2 eritque ,,hl h - x1 et ,,sh k - z4 ,est autem ,,sm ad ,,sh ut attractio 7#a 7,,sm77 corporis ,s versus particulam ,m in directione ,,sm ad ejusdem corporis attractionem in directione ,,sh1 qu proinde erit ,,sh 7,,sm73 sed est ,,sr ,,hl1 et 7,,sm7 7,,sr7 7,,mr7 7,,sr7 7,,sh7 7,,ml72 unde sit ,,sh 7,,sm7 ,,sh 77,,hl7 7,,sh7 7,,ml771 et duct mn parallel ad ,,mn1 vis qua corpus ,s attrahitur ad arcus qum minimos ,mm1 ,nn1 exponitur per 7,,sh #b,mm7 7,,sm7 ,,sh #b,mm 77,,hl7 7,,sh7 7,,ml774 ,est autem 7,,hl7 7,,sh7 7,,ml7 kk - #bkz zz hh - #b;hx rr1 hincque ponendo kk hh ll1 77,,hl7 7,,sh7 7,,ml77 7#a l7 7#ckz l7 7#c;hx l7 - 7#crr #bl7 - 7#czz #bl7 7#aekkzz #bl7 7#aekhzx #bl7 7#ae;hhxx #bl71 neglectis terminis ulterioribus ob longinquitatem quam supponimus corporis ,s4 ,quar1 si scribatur d pro circumferenti ,,imkn1 gravitas corporis ,s ad totam illam circumferentiam secundum ,,sh1 sive fluens fluxionis ,,sh #b,mm 77,,hl7 7,,sh7 7,,ml77 evadit 7k - z7 d in 7#a l7 7#ckz l7 - 7#crr #bl7 - 7#czz #bl7 7#ae kkzz7 7#b l7 7#ae hhrr7 7#d l74 ,simili modo obtinebitur gravitas ejusdem corporis ,s secundum ,,sr4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,lemma ,,ii4 ,corporis longinqui gravitatem ad ,sphroidem oblatam determinare4 ,retentis iis qu sunt in lemmate superiori demonstrata2 esto ,c centrum sphroidis1 cujus quatori parallelus sit circulus ,,imk4 ,sphroidis hujus semiaxis major sit a1 semiaxis minor b1 eorum differentia c1 quam exiguam esse suppono2 et dicatur ,d circumferentia quatoris4 ,centro ,c et radio quali semiaxi minori describi concipiatur circulus qui secet ,,ik in i1 eritque gravitas in directione ,,sd1 qua urgetur corpus ,s versus materiam sitam inter circumferentiam ,,imkn et circumferentiam centro ,x et radio ,xi descriptam1 qualis gravitati in lemmate prcedenti definit duct in rectam ,ii4 ,sed est ,ii4 c ,,ix4 a1 atque d4 ,d ,,ix4 a2 unde ,ii d4 ,d c 7,,ix74 aa1 hoc est1 ex natur ellipseos1 ob ,,cx z1 et ,,ix r1 ,ii d4 ,d c bb - zz4 bb1 adeoque ,ii d 7,d c7 7bb7 7bb - zz71 atque rr aa - 7aazz7 7bb72 scribi autem potest in sequenti calculo bb - zz pro rr ob parvitatem differenti semiaxium in quam omnes termini ducuntur4 ,gravitas igitur corporis ,s in materiam inter circumferentias supradictas consistentem exprimetur per 7,d c7 7bb7 7bb - zz7 7k - z7 in #a l 7#ckz7 l - 7#c;bb7 7#bl7 - 7#aezz7 7#dl7 7#ae;bbhh7 7#dl7 7#dekkzz7 7#dl74 ,et si addatur gravitas in similem materiam ex alter parte centri ,c ad qualem centro distantiam1 quia tunc ,,cx sive z evadit negativa1 gravitas corporis ,s in hanc duplicem materiam erit 7,d c7 bb 7bb - zz7 in #bk l - #fkzz l - #ckbb l #aekzz l #ae;hhkbb #bl - #ae;hhkzz #bl4 ,ducatur jam gravitas hc in 1 et sumpt gravitatum omnium summ1 fact z b1 gravitatio tota corporis ,s in totam materiam globo interiori superiorem secundum directionem ,,sd quatori perpendicularem prodit 7,d c7 7#dkb #cl - #dkb #el #bkhhb l74 ,simili ratiocinio gravitatio corporis ,s in eamdem materiam secundum directionem ,,sr quatori parallelam invenitur qualis ,d c 7#d;hb #cl #b;hb #el - #b;hkkb l74 ,tum si addatur gravitatio corporis ,s in globum interiorem1 ex un parte scilicet #b;bk,d #c;al1 et ex alter #b;bh,d #c;al1 habebitur gravitas corporis ,s in totum sphroidem4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,coroll4 ,igitur gravitas corporis ,s secundum ,,sd est ad ejusdem gravitatem secundum ,,sr sive ,,dc in materiam sphroidis globo interiori incumbentem ut #bk #c - #bkb #el khhb l ad #b;h #c hb #el - hkkb l1 adeoque si gravitas prior exponatur per k1 posterior exprimetur per h - #c;hb #el quamproxim4 ,unde cum sit ,,dc h1 patet gravitatem corporis ,s in sphroidem oblatam non tendere ad centrum ,c1 sed ad punctum c rect ,,dc in plano quatoris jacentis vicinius puncto ,d4 ,,propositio ,i4 ,,problema4 ,vires determinare quibus perturbatur motus ,satellitis circa ,primarium suum revolventis4 ,exhibeat jam sphrois prdicta planetam quemvis figur hac donatum1 et corpus ,s satellitem circa planetam tanqum primarium gyrantem4 ,quantitas materi globo sphroidis interiori incumbentis qualis est #d;bbc,d #c;a sive #d;bc,d #c proxim1 et si materia illa locaretur in centro sphroidis ,c1 attraheret satellitem ,s secundum ,,sc vi #d;bc,d #cl1 qu reducta ad directionem ,,sd fit #d;bck,d #cl1 et ad directionem ,,dc fit #d;bch,d #cl4 ,cum igitur vis #d;bc,d #cl non turbat motum satellitis1 utpote qu tendat ad centrum mots et quadrato distanti ab eodem centro sit reciproc proportionalis1 vires ill #d;bck,d #cl1 #d;bch,d #cl1 in quas resolvitur1 etiam motum non turbabunt4 ,itaque ex vi ,d c 7#dkb #cl - #dkb #el #bkhhb l7 auferatur vis #d;bck,d #cl1 et ex vi ,d c 7#d;hb #cl #b;hb #el - #b;hkkb l7 auferatur #d;bch,d #cl1 et remanebunt vires ,d c - 7#dkb #el #bkhhb l71 ,d c 7#b;hb #el - #b;hkkb l71 motuum satellitis ,s perturbatrices4 ,designetur vis ,d c 7#b;hb #el - #b;hhkb l7 per rectam ,sr 7,fig4 #b47 ac resolvatur in vim ,sq tendentem ad centrum planet primarii ,c et ob triangula similia ,srq1 ,,sdc1 qualem ,d c 7#b;b #el - #bkkb l71 existentibus ut pris1 ,,sd k1 ,,dc h1 ,,sc l2 et in vim rq rect ,,sd parallelam et qualem ,d c 7#bkb #el - #bkb l72 atque hc vis posterior subducta ex vi ,d c - 7#dkb #el #bkhhbl7 relinquet ,d c #dkb #el pro vi perturbatrice in directione ,,sd4 ,unde cum massa tota planet sit #b;ab,d #c1 gravitas satellitis tota in planetam erit #b;ab,d #cl proxim1 vel etiam #b;bb,d #cl1 et hc gravitas est ad vim ,d c #dkb #el ut #a ad #fkbc #el4 ,deinde vis illius ,d c #dkb #el secundum ,,sd pars ea qu agit in directione ,,sc est ,d c #dkkb #el1 qu addita vi ,sq dat ,d c 7#b;b #el - #fkkb #el7 vim perturbatricem tendentem ad centrum planet primarii1 atque hc vis est ad satellitis gravitatem #b;bb,d #cl in primarium ut #c;bc #el - #ikkbc #el ad #a4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,coroll4 ,designet ,,ck 7,fig4 #c47 lineam intersectionis planorum quatoris planet et orbit satellitis1 et resolvatur vis ,,sd #fkbc #el1 qu agit perpendiculariter ad planum quatoris1 in vim ,,dr perpendicularem ad planum orbit satellitis1 et in vim ,,sr jacentem in eodem plano4 ,producatur ,,sr donec occurrat ,,ck in ,k1 eritque ,,sk normalis ad ,,ck1 et planum ,,sdk normale ad planum orbis satellitis2 ac proptere ob similia triangula ,,sdk1 ,,srd1 si m denotet sinum ad radium #a et n cosinum anguli ,,skd1 inclinationis scilicet orbit satellitis ad quatorem planet1 erit ,,dr ,,sd n #fkbcn #el1 et ,,sr ,,sd m #fkbcm #el1 existente #a gravitate tot satellitis in primarium suum4 ,jam quoniam vis ,,sr jacet in plano orbit satellitis1 hujus plani situm non mutat2 accelerat quidem vel retardat motum satellitis revolventis1 sed hc acceleratio vel retardatio ob brevitatem temporis ad quantitatem sensibilem non exurgit3 vis ,,dr eidem plano perpendicularis continu mutat ejus situm1 et motum nodi generat1 quem sequenti propositione definiemus4 ,,propositio ,,ii4 ,,problema4 ,invenire motum nodi ex prdict caus oriundum4 ,per motum nodi in hac propositione intelligo motum intersectionis planorum quatoris planet et orbit satellitis2 orbitam autem satellitis quamproxim circularem suppono4 ,esto ,s locus satellitis in orbe suo ,,sn cujus centrum ,c1 7,fig4 #d47 ,,sf arcus centro ,c descriptus perpendicularis in circulum quatoris planet ,,fn2 ,,sb arcus eodem centro descriptus perpendicularis ad orbem ,,sn1 atque in ,,sb sumatur lineola ,sr qualis duplo spatio1 quod satelles percurrere posset impellente vi ,,dr in ,coroll4 prced4 determinat1 quo tempore in orbe suo describeret arcum qum minimum p,s3 per puncta r1 p1 describatur centro ,c circulus rpn secans equatorem in n1 qui exhibebit situm orbit satellitis post illam particulam temporis1 nodo ,n translato in n4 ,agantur ,,sc1 ,,cn1 et ,,sh perpendicularis in lineam nodorum ,,cn1 et ,nm perpendicularis in rpn4 ,jam cum sint lineol ,sr1 ,nm1 ut sinus arcuum ,sp1 ,,sn1 erit ,sp4 ,sr ,,sh4 ,nm2 deinde in triangulo rectangulo ,nmn habetur m4 #a ,nm4 ,nn2 unde per compositionem rationum ,sp m4 ,sr ,,sh4 ,nn 77,sr ,,sh7 7,sp m773 dato igitur arcu ,sp1 est ,nn sive motus nodi ut ,sr ,,sh4 ,in triangulo sphrico rectangulo ,,sfn est sinus anguli ,n1 hoc est1 anguli inclinationis orbit satellitis ad quatorem planet1 ad sinum arcs ,,sf1 ut radius ad sinum arcs ,,sn1 id est1 m4 7k l7 #a4 ,,sh1 adeoque k l m ,,sh2 est igitur k l ut ,,sh4 ,vis autem ,sr per ,coroll4 ,prop4 prced4 est ut k l1 adeoque ut ,,sh2 quamobrem est ,sr ,,sh1 proindeque et ,nn1 ut 7,,sh71 hoc est1 motus horarius nodi vi prfat genitus est in duplicat ratione distanti satellitis nodo4 ,et quoniam summa omnium 7,,sh71 quo tempore satelles periodum suam absolvit1 est dimidium summ totidem 7,,sc71 ide motus periodicus est subduplus ejus qui1 si satelles in declinatione su maxim ab quatore planet continu perstaret1 eodem tempore generari posset4 ,sit igitur satelles in maxim su declinatione sive in quadratur cum nodo1 eritque ,,sn quadrans circuli1 et ,nm mensura anguli ,npm sive ,spr1 eritque in hoc casu ,nn sive motus horarius nodi ad ,nm1 hoc est1 ad angulum ,spr1 ut #a ad m2 est autem angulus ,spr ad duplum angulum1 quem subtendit sinus versus arcs ,sp satellitis gravitate in primarium eodem tempore descripti1 id est1 ad angulum ,,scp qui est motus horarius satellitis circa primarium1 ut vis ,sr ad gravitatem satellitis in primarium1 hoc est 7per ,coroll4 ,prop4 ,i471 ut 7#fkbcn7 #el ad #a1 sive1 quia est in hoc casu k l m1 ut 7#f;bcmn7 #el ad #a4 ,unde conjunctis rationibus est motus horarius nodi ad motum horarium satellitis ut 7#f;bcn7 #el ad #a2 et si ,s denotet tempus periodicum solis apparens1 et ,l tempus periodicum satellitis circa primarium suum1 cum sit motus horarius satellitis ad motum horarium solis ut ,s ad ,l1 erit motus horarius nodi ad motum horarium solis ut 7#f;bcn7 #el ,s ,l ad #a1 et in eadem ratione erit motus nodi annuus ad motum solis annuum1 hoc est1 ad #cfj4 ,quar1 si satelles maneret toto anno in maxim su declinatione ab quatore primarii1 vis prdicta ex figur sphroidic planet primarii proveniens generaret eodem tempore motum nodi qualem 7#f;bcn7 #el ,s ,l #cfj1 et ex supradictis motus verus nodi annuus erit hujus subduplus1 nempe 7#c;bcn7 #el ,s ,l #cfj4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,coroll4 ,si computatio instituatur pro lun1 assumendo mediocrem ejus orbit inclinationem ad quatorem terrestrem1 erit n cosinus anguli #bc #bh2 et posito semiaxi terr b #a1 erit distantia lun centro terr mediocris l #fj circiter1 indeque in hypothesi quod sit differentia semiaxium c 1 erit 7#c;bcn7 7#el7 ,s ,l #cfj #aa 2 et si fuerit c 1 manente terr uniformiter dens1 erit ille motus #ae4 ,hic erit motus nodorum annuus lun regressivus in plano quatoris terrestris1 qui reductus ad eclipticam1 uti poste docebitur1 pro vario nodorum situ evadet mult velocior4 ,notabilis mult magis erit motus intersectionis orbitarum satellitum ,jovis in plano quatoris ,jovialis2 et computabitur satis accurat per formulam supr traditam1 mod satelles non sit ,jovi nimis vicinus4 ,sic pro satellite extimo erit ,l #af #af #cb1 b #a1 l #be1bii circiter1 semiaxium ,jovis differentia c 2 et posit orbis hujus satellitis inclinatione ad quatorem ,jovis quali #c1 erit n cosinus hujus inclinationis1 atque inde prodibit 7#c;bcn7 7#el7 ,s ,l #cfj #cd circiter1 motus scilicet nodorum annuus satellitis quarti in plano quatoris ,jovis in antecedentia4 ,si mins vel mags inclinatur orbis ad ,jovis quatorem1 augeri vel minui debet hic motus in ratione cosins hujus inclinationis4 ,cterm patet motum hunc nodorum in plano quatoris planet primarii1 stimando distantiam satellitis in semidiametris primarii1 generatm esse1 dato tempore1 in ratione composit1 ex ratione direct differenti semiaxium planet et cosins inclinationis orbis satellitis ad planet quatorem1 conjunctm2 et ex ratione invers temporis periodici satellitis et quadrati distanti satellitis centro planet1 item conjunctm4 ,,propositio ,,iii4 ,,problema4 ,motum nodorum ,lun supra determinatum ad ,eclipticam reducere4 ,sunto ,,nad 7,fig4 #e47 quator1 ,,age ecliptica secans quatorem in ,a1 ,e quinoctium vernum1 ,a autumnale1 ,,lgn orbis lun secans eclipticam in ,g et quatorem in ,n1 ,,ld circulus maximus perpendicularis in quatorem2 et sunto ,,dn1 ,,ln1 quadrantes circuli4 ,tempore dato vi prdict transferratur intersectio ,n in n1 et describatur circulus ,lgn exhibens situm orbis lunaris post illud tempus1 secetque eclipticam in g4 ,ut autem intersectiones ,n et ,g sine verborum ambagibus distinguantur1 priorem in posterum vocabo ,nodum quatorium1 posteriorem ,nodum ,eclipticum4 ,ductis itaque ,nm1 ,gd1 perpendicularibus in orbem lun1 est ,nn3 ,nm #a3 sin4 ,,gna1 et ,nm3 ,gd #a3 sin4 ,,lg1 itemque ,gd3 ,gg sin4 ,ggd3 #a2 unde conjunctis rationibus provenit ,nn3 ,gg sin4 ,ggd3 sin4 ,,gna sin4 ,,lg1 adeoque ,gg ,nn 7sin4 ,,gna sin4 ,,lg7 sin4 ,ggd4 ,scribantur s pro sinu et t pro cosinu anguli ,ggd1 inclinationis scilicet orbit lunaris ad eclipticam1 ad radium #a1 v pro sinu et u pro cosinu arcs ,,eg1 p pro sinu et q pro cosinu obliquitatis ecliptic2 atque per resolutionem trianguli sphrici ,,gan1 habebitur cos4 ,,gna n qt psu1 indeque sin4 ,,gna 7#a - qqtt - #bpqstu - p s u72 sed scribi potest #a pro t1 et rejici terminus p s u ob exiguitatem sins s anguli #e #h 1 proindeque erit sin4 ,,gna 7pp - #bpqsu72 prtere est sin4 ,,gna3 sin4 ,,ga sive v sin4 ,,gan sive p3 sin4 ,,gn1 ideoque sin4 ,,gn sive cos4 ,,lg 7pv sin4 ,,gna71 et sin4 ,,lg u - 7qsvv p71 ac sin ,,gna sin4 ,,lg pu - qs quamproxim4 ,quar fit ,gg ,nn 77pu - qs7 s71 atque hic est motus nodorum lunarium tempore dato in plano ecliptic3 quod si tempus illud datum sit annus solaris1 habetur ,nn 7#c;bcn #el7 7,s ,l7 #cfj1 unde motus ille eclipticus nodorum annuus1 null habit ratione mutationis sits nodorum ex ali caus per id temporis fact1 fiet 7#c;bc #el7 7qt psu7 77pu - qs7 s7 7,s ,l7 #cfj1 vel etiam 7#c;bcq #el7 77pu - qs7 s7 7,s ,l7 #cfj proxim4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,quo motum nodi lunaris in hac propositione ad eclipticam reduximus1 eodem prorss ratiocinio motus nodi satellitis cujusvis ad orbitam planet primarii reducetur4 ,,coroll4 ,i4 ,exinde liquet nullum esse hunc motum nodi1 ubi sin4 ,,lg #j1 vel etiam ubi pu qs1 quod contingit ubi orbit lunaris arcus ,,gn eclipticam et quatorem qualis est #ij1 sive ubi nodi lunares versantur in punctis declinationis lunaris maxim1 sive ubi arcus ,,ag1 cujus cosinus est u1 evadit qualis #gh #e1 id est1 ubi nodus ascendens lun versatur in #aa #ee ,cancri1 vel #ah #e ,sagittarii4 ,eritque progressivus hic motus1 id est1 fiet secundum seriem signorum1 dum nodus ascendens lun transit retrocedendo ab #ah #e ,sagittarii ad #aa #ee ,cancri1 regressivus autem in reliqu parte revolutionis2 et maximus evadit motus regressivus1 ubi u -#a1 id est1 ubi nodus ascendens versatur in principio ,arietis2 et maximus progressivus1 ubi u #a1 id est1 ubi idem nodus occupat initium ,libr4 ,itaque cm motus ille nodorum annuus1 de quo hc agitur1 universaliter sit qualis 7#c;bcq #el7 77pu - qs7 s7 7,s ,l7 #cfj1 hoc est1 per ,coroll4 ,prop4 #b4 qualis #aa 77pu - qs7 s7 vel #ae 77pu - qs7 s7 prout differentia semiaxium terr fuerit vel 1 existentibus scilicet p sinu et q cosinu anguli #bc #bh 1 atque s sinu anguli #e #h 2 eo anno1 in cujus medio circiter nodus lun ascendens tenuerit principium ,arietis1 motus nodorum regressivus1 qui et maximus1 erit #a #b vel #a #bj2 ubi ver idem nodus subierit signum ,libr1 motus maximus progressivus erit #da vel #ec4 ,in aliis nodorum positionibus eodem modo computabitur4 ,,coroll4 ,,ii4 ,si desideretur excessus regresss nodi supra progressum in integr nodi revolutione1 sequenti ratione investigabitur4 ,jungantur equinoctia diametro ,,ea1 in quam demittatur perpendiculum ,,gk1 et sumpto arcu ,gh quem describit nodus eclipticus ,g quo tempore nodus equatorius ,n describit arcum ,nn1 ducatur hc perpendicularis in ,,gk4 ,per hanc propositionem est ,gg4 ,nn 77pu - qs7 s74 #a1 sive1 quia est #a4 u ,gh4 ,gc1 fit ,gg4 ,nn 77p ,gc7 s7 - q ,gh4 ,gh2 adeoque summa omnium ,gg erit ad summam omnium ,nn1 hoc est1 motus nodi ecliptici in integr sui revolutione erit ad motum nodi quatorii eodem tempore factum1 ut summa omnium in circulo quantitatum 77p ,gc7 s7 - q ,gh ad summam totidem arcuum ,gh1 hoc est1 ut - q ad #a4 ,signum autem--denotat motum fieri in antecedentia sive regressum nodi excedere ejusdem progressum4 ,unde cum motus nodi quatorii ,n fit #aa vel #ae quo tempore nodus eclipticus describit #ai #bj 1 motus ille nodi quatorii tempore nodi ecliptici periodico evadit #aa 7#cfj #ai #bj 7 #c #cd vel #ae 7#cfj #ai #bj 7 #d #ci2 quo pacto prodit motus nodi ecliptici prfatus qualis q #c #cd vel q #d #ci1 proindeque est radius ad cosinum obliquitatis ecliptic ut #c #cd vel #d #ci ad motum qusitum1 nempe #c #af1 existente differenti axium terr1 vel #d #af e existente 3 atque hic est excessus regresss nodi supra progressum in integr nodi revolutione vi prdict genitus4 ,excessu igitur hoc minuatur motus nodi lunaris periodicus #cfj1 et remanebit motus ille quem generat vis solis4 ,,propositio ,,iv4 ,,problema4 ,variationem inclinationis orbis lunaris ad planum ecliptic ex figur terr spheroidic ortam determinare4 ,esto ,,anh 7,fig4 #f47 quator1 ,,ag ecliptica1 et ,a punctum quinoctii autumnalis3 fit ,,ngrm orbis lun secans eclipticam in ,g et quatorem in ,n1 in quo sumantur arcus ,,nl1 ,,gr1 quales quadrantibus circuli4 ,jam si nodus quatorius ,n per temporis particulam vi prdict transferri intelligatur in n1 et per punctum ,l describatur circulus n,lr1 exhibebit hic situm orbis lun post tempus elapsum1 et si in eumdem demittantur perpendicula ,nm et ,rr1 posterius ,rr designabit variationem inclinationis orbit lunaris ad eclipticam eodem tempore genitam4 ,est autem ,nn3 ,nm #a3 m1 itemque ,nm3 ,rr #a3 sin4 ,,lr2 sed ob ,,nl ,,gr1 est ,,ng ,,lr2 unde conjunctis rationibus est ,nn3 ,rr #a3 m sin4 ,,ng2 ex quo patet variationem inclinationis momentaneam esse proportionalem sinui distanti nodi lunaris ecliptici nodo quatorio4 ,ad diametrum ,,nm demittatur perpendiculum ,,gk1 et existente ,gh decremento arcs ,,ng facto quo tempore nodus quatorius ,n describit arcum ,nn1 agatur hk parallela ipsi ,,gk1 eritque #a3 ,,gk sive sin4 ,,ng ,gh4 ,kk2 proindeque jam erit ,nn3 ,rr ,gh3 m ,kk1 adeoque summa omnium variationum ,rr1 quo tempore nodus eclipticus ,g descripsit arcum ,,mg1 genitarum erit ad summam totidem motuum ,nn1 hoc est1 ad motum nodi quatorii ,n eodem tempore factum1 ut summa omnium ,kk ducta in m1 ad summam totidem arcuum ,gh1 id est1 ut m ,,mk ad ,,mg4 ,sit ,,nh motus nodi ,n tempore revolutionis nodi ,g ab uno equinoctio ad alterum1 eritque variatio inclinationis eodem tempore genita1 hoc est1 variatio tota qualis 77#bm ,,nh7 ,,mgn74 ,unde cm ,,nh ,,mgn exprimat rationem mots nodi quatorii ad motum nodi ecliptici1 prodit theorema sequens3 ,est motus nodi lunaris ecliptici ad motum nodi quatorii1 ut sinus duplicatus inclinationis mediocris orbit lunaris ad quatorem1 ad sinum variationis totius inclinationis ejusdem orbit ad eclipticam4 ,in hoc computo inclinationem mediocrem orbis lunaris ad quatorem1 nempe #bc #bh 1 usurpo1 cum in revolutione nodi tantum ex un parte augetur1 quantum ex alter minuitur1 et omnes minutias hc expendere supervacaneum foret4 ,motus autem nodi lunaris ecliptici est ad motum nodi lunaris quatorii ut #ai #bj ad #aa vel #ae1 sive ut #fjee vel #dfdb ad #a1 unde per theorema supra traditum prodit variatio inclinationis tota qualis #bg vel #ce1 prout differentia axium terr statuitur vel 4 ,hac igitur quantitate augetur inclinatio orbis lunaris ad eclipticam in transitu nodi ascendentis lun ab quinoctio vernali ad autumnale1 et tantumdem minuitur in alter medietate revolutionis nodi4 ,in loco quolibet ,g inter quinoctia variatio inclinationis est ad variationem totam ut sinus versus arcs ,,mg ad diametrum1 ut patet2 sive differentia inter semissem variationis totius et variationem qusitam est ad ipsam semissem variationis totius ut cosinus arcs ,,mg ad radium1 hoc est1 ut u - 7qsvv p7 ad #a4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,propositio ,v4 ,,problema4 ,motum apsidum in orbe satellitis quamproxim circulari1 quatens ex figur planet primarii sphroidic oritur1 investigare4 ,per propositionem primam vis perturbatrix1 qu trahitur satelles ad centrum planet primarii1 est ad satellitis gravitatem in ipsum primarium1 ut 7#c;bc #el7 - 7#ikkbc #el7 ad #a1 sive1 quia per ,prop4 #b4 est 7k l7 m ,,sh 7,fig4 #d47 ponendo scilicet m pro sinu inclinationis orbit satellitis ad quatorem primarii1 et scribendo y pro ,,sh1 ut 7#c;bc #el7 7#a - #cmy7 ad #a2 et summa harum virium in tot circumferenti cujus radius est #a1 est ad gravitatem satellitis toties sumptam ut 7#c;bc #el7 7#a - 7#cm #b77 ad #a4 ,vis igitur mediocris1 qu uniformiter agere in satellitem supponi potest1 dum revolutionem suam in orbit propemodm circulari absolvit1 est ad ejus gravitatem in primarium ut 7#c;bc #el7 7#a - 7#cm #b77 ad #a2 atque hac vi movebuntur apsides1 si nulla habeatur ratio vis alterius qu orbis radio est perpendicularis et per medietatem revolutionis satellitis in unum sensum tendit1 per alteram medietatem in contrarium4 ,jam quia ex demonstratis in hac et prim propositione sequitur gravitatem satellitis circa planetam1 cujus figura est sphrois oblata1 revolventis in distanti l generaliter esse ad ejusdem gravitatem in majori distanti ,l1 ut 7#a l7 7,b l7 7#a - 7#cm #b77 ad 7#a ,l7 7,b ,l7 7#a - 7#cm #b771 existente ,b quantitate dat exigui valoris1 sive ut 7#a l7 ad 7#a ,l7 - 7,b l,l7 7#a - 7#cm #b77 7,b ,l7 7#a - 7#cm #b77 quamproxim1 ide gravitas satellitis diminuitur in majori quam duplicat ratione distanti auct quoties m minor est quantitate id est1 ubi inclinatio orbit satellitis ad planet quatorem non attingit #ed #dd2 diminuitur autem in minori ratione1 quoties est m major qum 1 id est1 ubi illa inclinatio superat #ed #dd2 adeoque in priore casu progrediuntur apsides orbis satellitis1 in posteriori regrediuntur4 ,quantitas autem hujus progresss vel regresss sic innotescet4 ,per exemplum tertium prop4 #de lib4 #a4 ,princ4 ,math4 ,newt4 si vi centripet1 qu est ut #a l1 addatur vis altera ut e l1 hoc est1 qu sit ad vim centripetam #a l ut e l ad #a1 angulus revolutionis ab apside un ad eamdem erit #cfj 77#a e7 7#a - e77 vel #cfj 7#a - e7 quamproxim1 existente e quantitate vald minut4 ,porr cum sit motus satellitis in orbit su revolventis ad motum apsidis ut #cfj 7#a - e7 ad #cfj 7#a - e7 - #cfj1 hoc est1 ut #a ad e1 erit motus apsidis tempore revolutionis satellitis ad fidera qualis #cfj e1 et hic motus apsidis erit ad ejusdem motum tempore alio quovis dato ut tempus periodicum satellitis ad tempus datum4 ,est autem in hac nostr propositione e 7#c;bc #el7 7#a - 7#cm #b772 unde datur motus apsidum qusitus4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,coroll4 ,si ad lunam referatur hc determinatio1 habebuntur b #a1 l #fj1 m sinui anguli #bc #bh 1 et si fuerit c 1 erit e 1 atque motus apogi lun spatio centum annorum qualis #af proxim in consequentia2 si fuerit c 1 erit e 1 et motus apogi qualis #bj1 #g4 ,hac igitur quantitate minuendus est motus medius apogi lun prout observationibus determinatur1 ut habeatur motus ille quem generat vis solis4 ,pro quarto autem ,jovis satellite1 erunt b #a1 l #be1bii1 c 1 m sinui anguli #c1 e 12 hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit #cc1 #ie vel fer #cd in consequentia1 qui tempore annorum decem fit #e #dj4 ,insuper autem notandum est vi solis perturbari motum satellitis simili modo quo perturbatur motus lun2 ideoque1 quoniam vis solis1 qu perturbatur motus lun est ad lun gravitatem in terram in duplicat ratione temporis periodici lun circa terram ad tempus periodicum terr circa solem1 hoc est1 ut #a ad #agh1gbe2 pariter vis solis1 qua perturbatur motus satellitis ,jovialis1 est ad ipsius satellitis gravitatem in ,jovem in duplicat ratione temporum periodicorum satellitis circa ,jovem et ,jovis circa solem1 hoc est1 ut #a ad #fgcid1f3 vires igitur1 quibus perturbantur motus lun et satellitis1 sunt ad se invicem1 relativ ad eorum gravitates in planetas suos primarios ut 1 ad 1 sive ut #cg1gjh ad #a4 ,unde cum viribus similibus proportionales sunt motus his viribus dato tempore geniti1 si vis prior vel ejusdem vis pars qulibet motum apsidis generat qualem #dj #dj in orbe lunari annuatm1 vis posterior vel ejusdem pars similis et proportionalis motum apsidis eodem tempore generabit qualem #f in orbe satellitis1 atque decem annorum spatio #a #e in consequentia4 ,addatur #a #e ad #e #dj1 et motus apsidum totus in orbe satellitis extimi ,jovialis ex duabus prdictis causis oriundus spatio decem annorum erit #f #de in consequentia4 ,observationibus ,astronomicis collegit ,ill4 ,bradleius hunc motum tempore prdicto esse quasi #f2 differentia illa qualiscumque #de inter motum observatum et computatum actionibus satellitum interiorum debebit ascribi4 ,,scholium4 ,ex prcedentibus colligere licet motuum lunarium inqualitates originem suam omnem non ducere ex vi solis1 sed earum partem aliquam deberi actioni ,telluris quatens induitur figur sphroidic4 ,sufficiat hc illarum computasse valorem1 et legem1 qu generantur1 demonstrasse3 utrum autem hujusmodi correctiones tales sint ut tabulis ,astronomicis inscribi mereantur1 dijudicent ,astronomi4 ,item manifestum est prter inqualitates eas1 qu in motibus satellitum ,jovialium ex vi solis et actionibus satellitum in se invicem nascuntur1 oriri alias ex figur ,jovis sphroidic ita notabiles ut ,observationes ,astronomicas continu afficere debeant4 ,de ,variatione mots ,terr diurni4 ,si terra globus esset omnin sphricus quicumque foret revolutionis axis1 manente edem in globo mots quantitate1 eadem maneret rotationis velocitas3 secs autem est1 ubi ob vires solis et lun terra induit formam sphroidis oblong per aquarum ascensum4 ,hc enim non considero figuram telluris oblatam ob materi in quatore redundantiam1 sed sphricam suppono nisi quatens per aquarum elevationem et depressionem in sphroidicam mutatur4 ,jam ver in sphroide hujusmodi1 quamvis eadem maneat mots quantitas1 mutat inclinatione axis transversi ad axem revolutionis1 mutabitur revolutionis velocitas1 uti satis manifestum est3 cm autem axis transversus transit semper per solem vel lunam1 singulis momentis mutabit situm suum respectu axis revolutionis ob motum quo hi duo planet recedunt ab quatore terrestri et ad eum vicissm accedunt4 ,,problema4 ,variationem mots terr diurni ex prdict caus oriundam investigare4 ,exhibeat sphrois oblonga ,,adcd 7,fig4 #g47 terram fluidam1 cujus centrum ,t1 ,,ac axis transversus jungens centra terr et solis vel lun1 ,dd axis minor1 ,,eo diameter quatoris1 et ,,xz axis mots diurni4 ,centro ,t et radio ,,td describatur circulus ,,bdd secans axem transversum ,,ac in ,b1 et agatur ,,bk perpendicularis in ,,te3 tum ex quovis circuli puncto ,p duct ,,pm ad axem ,,xz normali qu secet ,,ta in ,h1 sit ,ppr circumferentia circuli quam punctum ,p rotatione su diurn describit1 ad cujus quodvis punctum p ducatur ,tp et producatur donec occurrat superficiei sphroidis in q2 deinde demiss p,g perpendiculari in ,,pm1 et ,,gf perpendiculari in ,,ta1 si per puncta ,aq,c transire intelligatur ellipsis ellipsi ,,adc similis et qualis1 erit ex natur curv1 quia sphrois nostra parm admodm differt sphr1 pq ,,ab 77,,tf7 7,,tp77 quamproxim4 ,jam designet ,u velocitatem particul in terr quatore revolventis motu diurno circum axem ,,xz ad distantiam semidiametri ,,tp1 eritque 77,u ,,pm7 ,,tp7 velocitas particul ,p circulum ,ppr describentis1 et cum sit ,,tf 777,,gm - ,,hm7 ,,tk7 ,,tp7 ,,th1 erit motus totius lineol pq qualis pq 77,u ,,pm7 ,,tp7 77,u ,,ab ,,pm7 7,,tp77 777,,gm - ,,hm7 7,,tk77 ,,tp7 ,,th1 adeoque summa horum motuum in circuitu circuli ,ppr1 hoc est1 motus superficiei inter circulum ,ppr et sphroidem in directione ,tp content1 quabitur circumferenti hujus circuli duct in 77,u ,,ab ,,pm7 7,,tp77 777,,tk7 7,,pm77 #b7,,tp77 77,,tk7 7,,hm77 7,,tp77 - 77#b,,tk ,,hm ,,th7 ,,tp7 7,,th77 sive quia est ,,hm4 ,,tm ,,tk4 ,,bk1 et ,,th4 ,,hm ,,tp4 ,,tk1 scribendo ,d pro circumferenti circuli ,,bdd1 quabitur ille motus quantitati 77,u ,,ab ,d7 #b7,,tp77 77,,tk7 7,,pm7 #b7;,,bk7 7,,tm7 7,,pm774 ,deinde horum motuum summa in toto circuitu globi collecta1 hoc est1 motus totius materi globo ,,bdd incumbentis prodibit qualis 77,u ,,ab ,,dd7 #cb7 x 77#c7,,tp7 - 7,,bk77 7,,tp774 ,ubi planeta in plano quatoris consistit1 fit ,,bk #j1 et motus prdictus qualis 77,u #c;,,ab ,,dd7 #cb74 ,motus autem globi ,,qpr circa eumdem axem est 7uti facil demonstratur7 77,u ,,tp ,,dd7 #af71 adeoque motus terr totius fit 77,u ,,tp ,,dd7 #af7 77,u ,,ab ,,dd7 #cb7 77#c7,,tp7 - 7,,bk77 7,,tp771 qui cum idem semper manere debeat1 denotet ,v velocitatem in superficie quatoris terrestris ubi planeta versatur in plano quatoris1 eritque 77,u ,,tp ,,dd7 #af7 77,u #c;,,ab ,,dd7 #cb7 77,u ,,tp ,,dd7 #af7 77,u ,,ab ,,dd7 #cb7 77#c7,,tp7 - 7,,bk77 7,,tp772 unde scribendo #a pro ,,tp quatens est radius ad sinum ,,bk anguli ,,btk1 habetur ,v4 ,u ,,tp 7#c;,,ab #b7 - 77,,ab 7,,bk77 #b74 ,,tp 7#c;,,ab #b71 indeque1 quia minima est altitudo ,,ab respectu semidiametri ,,tp1 ,u - ,v4 ,v ,,ab 7,,bk74 #b,,tp1 et ,u - ,v ,v 77,,ab 7,,bk77 #b,,tp73 pro ,v autem patet scribi posse velocitatem angularem terr mediocrem quia ab e differt quam minim et ducitur in quantitatem perexiguam 77,,ab 7,,bk77 #b,,tp71 et quia tempora revolutionum terr circa centrum suum sint reciproc ut motus angulares ,u1 ,v1 fiet differentia revolutionum terr ubi planeta quatorem tenet et ubi ab quatore distat angulo ,,btk1 qualis #bc #ef 7,,ab 7,,bk77 #b,,tp4 ,quoniam igitur est acceleratio horaria ad motum terr horarium mediocrem circa centrum suum ut ,,ab 7,,bk7 ad #b ,,tp sive 7quia est sinus p inclinationis ecliptic ad quatorem ad radium #a ut sinus ,,bk ad sinum distanti planet ab quinoctio1 quem sinum dico ,k7 ut ,,ab p ,k ad #b ,,tp2 adeoque acceleratio horaria rotationis terr crescit in ratione duplicat sins distanti planet puncto quinoctii1 et summa omnium illarum accelerationum1 quo tempore transit planeta ab quinoctio ad solstitium1 est ad summam totidem motuum horariorum mediocrium1 hoc est1 acceleratio tota eo tempore genita est ad tempus illud ut summa quantitatum omnium ,,ab p ,k in circuli quadrante ad summam totidem #b,,tp1 id est1 quia summa omnium ,k in circuli quadrante dimidium est summ totidem quadratorum radii1 ut ,,ab p ad #d ,,tp4 ,quamobrm1 si denotet ,p quartam partem temporis planet periodici circa terram1 erit acceleratio tota mots terr circum axem suum in transitu planet ab quinoctio ad solstitium genita qualis 7,,ab ,p p7 #d,,tp1 atque eadem erit retardatio in transitu planet solstitio ad quinoctium4 ,unde sponte nascitur hoc ,theorema3 ,est quadratum diametri ad quadratum sins obliquitatis ecliptic ut quarta pars temporis periodici solis vel lun ad tempus aliud2 deinde1 est semidiameter terr ad differentiam semiaxium ut tempus mox inventum ad accelerationem qusitam4 ,ascensus aqu ,,ab vi solis debitus est duorum pedum circiter1 existente semidiametro terr mediocri ,,tp #aifaehjj1 unde prodit per theorema acceleratio terr circa centrum suum gyrantis facta quo tempore incedit sol ab quinoctio ad solstitium1 qualis #a #ee in partibus temporis2 et si vi lun ascendunt aqu ad altitudinem octo pedum1 acceleratio revolutionis terr inde orta1 quo tempore luna transit ab quatore ad declinationem suam maximam1 erit #cd3 et summa harum accelerationum1 qu obtinet ubi hi duo planet in punctis solstitialibus versantur1 cum non superet duo minuta tertia temporis cum semisse sive #cg minuta tertia grads1 vix observabilis erit4 ,q4 ,e4 ,i4 ,cm igitur tantilla fit hujusmodi variatio in hypothesi sphricitatis terr2 qualis evaderet1 terr existente sphroide oblat1 frustr quis inquireret4 ,,cxi4 ,some ,observations on the ,history of the ,norfolk ,boy4 ,by ,j4 ,wall1 ,m4 ,d4 ,in a ,letter to the ,rev4 ,charles ,lyttelton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,dean of ,exeter4 ,read ,dec4 #ad1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,,the history of the ,norfolk ,boy1 which1 you inform me1 has been communicated to the ,royal ,society1 seems to deserve a place in the memoirs of that illustrious body1 as well on account of its utility1 as its singularity4 ,the symptoms in this case most evidently arose from worms in the intestines2 which often occasion unaccountable complaints1 and frequently elude the most powerful medicines1 as they did in the instance before us1 till at last they were dislodged by the enormous quantity of oil-paint1 which the poor boy devoured2 and the cause being thus removed1 all the effects ceased4 ,at first sight it appears wonderful1 that this immense quantity of white lead did not prove fatal2 and that it was not so1 could be owing to nothing but the oil1 by which it was enveloped1 and its contact and immediate action on the coats of the intestines thereby prevented4 ,but the oil did not only obviate the dangerous effects of this mixture1 but appears1 to me at least1 to have been the chief cause of the success1 with which it was happily attended4 ,i speak this with some restriction1 because the lead1 as its stypticity was thus covered1 might1 by its weight1 assist in removing the verminous filth1 especially as the bowels were made slippery by the oil4 ,oil has long been observed to be noxious to insects of all kinds1 so that not only those1 which survive after being cut into several pieces1 but those also1 which live long with very little air1 and those1 which revive by warmth after submersion in water1 die irrecoverably1 if they are immerged in1 or covered with oil4 ,rhedi and ,malpighi have made many experiments to this purpose2 and account for the event very rationally from the oil stopping up all the air-vessels1 which in these animalcula are very numerous1 and distributed almost over their whole bodies4 ,on this account oil has been recommended as a vermifuge both by ,andry and ,hoffmann1 though ,i believe it has been seldom used in practice in that intention2 or at least has not been given in quantities sufficient to answer it4 ,indeed ,hoffmann#bbb himself seems not to lay much stress on it as an anthelmintic1 recommending it only as serving to line the inside of the intestines1 and to relax spasms in them2 and therefore as a proper preparative to be given before any acrid purgatives are ventured on4 ,the medicines commonly prescribed1 and most depended on1 are either of a virulent and drastic nature1 or such as are supposed to be able to destroy those animals by some mechanical qualities e4 g4 to cut1 tear1 or otherwise affect their tender bodies1 and yet not have force enough to lacerate or injure the stomach or intestines4 ,of the former kind are the leaves and juice of helleboraster1 the bark of the ,indian cabbage-tree1 coloquintida1 resin of jalap1 glass of antimony1 and the like2 the effects of which are commonly violent and dangerous1 and sometimes fatal4 ,of the latter class are crude mercury1 and the milder preparations of that mineral1 aloes and other bitters1 tin filings1 neutral salts1 and vitriolic acids4 ,every one conversant in practice too well knows1 how often these medicines are administred ineffectually4 ,when ,i had therefore attentively considered the history of the ,norfolk ,boy1 ,i determined to try the efficacy of oil in such cases1 as it seemed capable of producing great effects1 and yet could not be attended with any hazard or danger4 ,the first person1 to whom it was given1 with this view1 was ---- ----1 a patient of our ,infirmary1 who was judged to have worms1 but had taken several approved medicines for a considerable time without success4 ,in a consultation with the other physicians1 the following form was prescribed4 4 ,ol4 ,oliv4 lb4ss4 ,sp4 vol4 aromat4 ij ,m4 cap4 ,cochl4 iii4 mane et ,h4 ,s4 ,the volatile spirit was added here to make the oil saponaceous1 and by that means more easily miscible with the juices in the stomach and prim vi4 ,this medicine answered our expectations1 and in a few days brought away several worms4 ---- ,lacy1 a poor boy of the parish of ,feckenham in this county1 aged #ac years1 was1 as ,i was informed1 about three or four years ago seized with convulsive fits1 which gradually deprived him of his senses1 and reduced him to a state of idiocy4 ,he had taken several anthelmintics and purgatives1 particularly the ,pulv4 ,cornachin4 but never had voided any worms1 though all the symptoms seemed plainly to shew1 that they were the cause of his disorder4 ,as he greedily swallowed any thing1 which was offered him1 without distinction1 ,i at first ordered him a mixture of linseed oil vij ,tinct4 sacr4 j3 of which he took four large spoonfuls night and morning4 ,he persisted in the use of this one whole week without at all nauseating it1 towards the latter end of which time he voided one round worm of a great length4 ,he now began to shew much aversion to the medicine2 on which account the ,tinctur4 sacr4 was omitted1 and he was ordered to take the oil alone in the same quantities4 ,this he continued to do a fortnight longer1 during which time he voided #fj more worms1 and in a great measure recovered the use of his reason#bbc4 ,this account ,i had from the ,apothecary1 who1 by my directions1 supplied him with the medicines4 ,soon after this ,i ordered the same medicine to be given to ,elizabeth ,abell1 a poor girl in the same neighbourhood1 reduced by epileptic fits to such a state of idiocy1 as to eat her own excrements4 ,it caused her to void several worms1 but she did not recover her senses4 ,since this time ,i have given the oil to several persons with good success1 and therefore ,i cannot but recommend a further tryal of it2 since it is a remedy1 which may be used with safety in almost any quantity2 a character1 which very few of the anthelmintic medicines deserve4 ,it is probable1 that some oils are more destructive to worms than others4 ,andry 7,trait de la ,generation des ,vers1 cap4 #h7 prefers nut oil1 and tells us1 that a human worm1 voided alive1 being put into that oil1 died instantly2 whereas another worm1 voided at the same time1 lived several hours in oil of sweet almonds1 though in a languishing state4 ,this difference he afterwards 7,cap4 #i7 endeavours to account for1 by supposing1 that the oil of almonds is more porous1 and consequently less able to preclude the entrance of air into the worms4 ,and indeed there is some reason to conclude1 that oils1 which dry in the open air1 such as nut and linseed oils1 are of a closer texture1 less mixed with water1 and consequently more anthelmintic1 than those oils1 which freeze by cold1 and will not dry in the open air2#bbd such as those from olives or almonds4 ,andry tells us1 that at ,milan the mothers have a custom to give their children once or twice a week toasts dipt in nut oil1 with a little wine1 to kill the worms3 and ,i know a lady in the country1 who gives the poor children in her neighbourhood the same oil with great success4 ,i would recommend this remedy to be used in as large doses as the stomach will well bear3 to which purpose it may be adviseable to join it either with aromatics1 bitters1 or essential oils1 such as the case may require4 ,andry orders the oil to be taken fasting1 assigning this for a reason1 that the stomach being then most empty1 it more readily embraces and stifles the worms4 ,during this course it will be necessary1 at proper intervals1 to give rhubarb1 mercurial or aloetic medicines4 ,i cannot close this paper without observing1 that1 from the history of the ,norfolk ,boy1 we may learn1 in similar cases1 where the head is not idiopathic1 never to despair absolutely of a cure1 notwithstanding the disease has been of very long standing4 ,for in this boy1 though the oppression in the brain and nerves had continued many years1 and had been so violent1 as to deprive him not only of his intellectual faculties1 but almost all his sensations2 yet were not the organs much impaired thereby1 but he recovered all his senses again1 as soon as the irritation and spasms in the intestines1 which first caused all these terrible symptoms1 were removed4 ,the same thing in a less degree was observable in the ,feckenham ,boy1 mentioned before2 and we have had two remarkable instances of the same kind at the ,worcester ,infirmary2 where a boy and his sister1 of the name of ,moyses1 received a perfect cure1 and recovered the entire use of their senses1 after having been rendered idiots 7though not in so high a degree as the ,norfolk ,boy7 for more than two years1 by epileptic fits proceeding from worms4 ,j4 ,wall4 ,worcester ,dec4 #g1 #agdh4 ,p4 ,s4 ,as the following history has some analogy with the subject we are now upon1 ,i beg leave to subjoin it by way of postscript4 ,a young girl of the name of ,lowbridge1 at ,ledbury1 in ,herefordshire1 nine years old1 had been long troubled with a gnawing pain at the stomach1 which growing gradually more violent1 ,i was at last called to her4 ,about a quarter of an hour before ,i reached the house1 she was seized with a violent vomiting1 whereby she brought up an amazing number of living animals supposed1 to be upwards of a thousand1 together with a vast quantity of clear viscid phlegm4 ,in shape they exactly resembled millepedes1 except that some of them1 being examined by a magnifying glass1 appeared to have a small filament1 which arose from the middle of the belly1 and might probably have served to fix them to their nidus4 ,they were of different sizes1 from that of the largest millepede1 to some1 that were scarce perceptible2 so that they appeared to have been generated at different times1 and grown in the stomach4 ,as the child was suddenly seized with this effort to vomit1 she discharged her stomach on the floor of the parlour where she was sitting4 ,the millepedes1 they told me1 were at first very lively1 and crept briskly different ways2 but they did not live long in the open air4 ,they were lying in the slime when ,i came to her1 so that ,i could not be imposed on as to the verity of the fact4 ,after this evacuation1 the child's stomach grew perfectly easy1 and continued so4 ,,cxii4 ,observations upon the ,corona ,solis ,marina ,americana2 ,the ,american ,sea-,sun-,crown4 ,by ,john ,andrew ,peyssonel1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,read ,dec4 #ad1 #ageh4 ,i ,shall call this insect by this name1 because of the resemblance it bears to the flower called ,corona ,solis2 since it is1 like this1 open and spread4 ,this insect adheres to the rocks by its basis1 which is flat and round2 and tho' this roundness is sometimes mis-shapen1 it is only occasioned by the inequalities of the rocks1 to which it sticks4 ,its diameter is about two or three inches1 bearing1 from the center1 certain rays1 like white nerves1 upon a moist flesh1 of a livid violet colour4 ,these rays or nerves pass from the centre to the circumference2 they1 too1 consist of a soft fleshy substance1 which resembles bowels or intestines2 the whole length of which is covered with glandulous bodies of a dirty grey colour2 and all these glands filled up the middle of the fish1 making the flowrets1 or petals1 that form the disk of the flowers4 ,there is an infinite number of these glands attached to those filets or nerves1 all very distinct from one another3 these filets are well ranged when viewed downwards2 but the upper part is covered by these glands1 which are placed in a confused manner4 ,these filets pass to the circumference1 forming an edge full of rugosities1 which leaves the body of the animal full of flaws4 ,these hard bodies1 upon which it lives1 are not always permanent in the same place1 but capable of changing their places from this edge or circumference2 like a skin or texture of fibres or flesh1 such as the body of the sea snail ,i have already described2 of the same thickness1 of a greenish colour1 and sometimes of a greenish spotted grey1 without shell1 bone1 or stay4 ,the body or muscular fleshy skin raises itself up perpendicularly to three inches2 rounds itself at the top1 when it is touched2 but it leaves a hole like a sphincter1 formed by the reunion of the fleshy body1 which enlarges itself again4 ,the base opens to the whole extent of the bottom1 makes a reversed prepuce1 and immediately brings to view three rows of papill1 which are of a conical figure1 of one or two lines long1 resembling the glands under the tongues of oxen1 and which may here be compared to the demi-flowers or radiated flowers of the ,corona ,solis4 ,after this threefold ray of conical pointed papill1 there appears a body of a livid violet colour2 ,i took it for a particular substance or body2 but having examined it1 ,i observed it was only a pellicle1 or membrane1 that covered a part of the papill ,i mentioned4 ,this membrane has sixteen separations1 which form kinds of purses1 and yet leave1 in the center of the animal1 an empty space1 wherein several glands are brought in view4 ,i do not know1 whether1 in the natural state1 these membranes do not retire to the circumference1 in order to discover the glands within1 which they usually hide1 and which fill up all the middle of the crown2 but when the fleshy body is gone up again1 it covers all the interior parts1 closes them in1 and preserves them from the touch of any extraneous body4 ,i cannot tell how these fishes live1 or what is their mechanism2 for ,i could not distinguish either a mouth1 or any viscera1 nor any other organ serving to their nourishment4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxiv4 p4 #hde4 ,lepades ,pedat4 #a4 ,lepas nuda carnosa aurita #a a4 ,ejusdem pars superior interna #a b ,foramen auris internum #a c ,currhi 7#a4;d7 ,proboscis et 7#a4;c7 ,os #a f ,dens terratus quorum octo sunt #a g4 ,idem per4 ,microscopium visus #a h4 ,scapus longitudinatiter dessectus #b ,scalpellum ,norwegicum ,keratophytium #b a4 ,idem per4 ,microscopium visum #c ,scalpellum ex mare ,britannico #d4 ,cornu copia ,poussepieda ,gallorum #e4 ,concha ,anatifera vulgaris #f4 ,concha ,anatifera prolifera ,a4 ,animal ,lepadis sen ,triton ,linni ,barnicles with ,stems4 #a4 ,naked fleshy ,barnicle with ,ears #a a4 ,the inside of the upper part of the same #a b4 ,the internal opening of the ,ear #a c4 ,the ,plumes 7e4 d7 trunck 7e4 e7 and mouth #a f4 ,a saw edg'd tooth of which there are #h #a g4 ,the same magnified #a h4 ,the ,stem cut in two lengthways #b4 ,the ,norway ,seafan ,penknife4 #b a4 ,the same magnified4 #c4 ,the ,british ,channel ,penknife4 #d4 ,the ,horn of plenty or ,french ,poussepieds #e4 ,the common ,duckbearing ,barnicle #f4 ,the branch'd ,duckbearing ,barnicle ,a4 ,animal of the ,barnicle or ,linnaeus's ,triton ,lepades ,sessiles ,balani dict4 #g4 ,pediculus ,ceti 7#g4;a74 ,idem reversus #h4 ,calyciformis ,orientalis #i4 ,tintinabuliformis4 #aj4 ,tulipiformis ex ,corallio rubro #aa4 ,fistulosa conica 7#aa4;a7 eadem reversa #ab4 ,verrum ,testudinaria 7#ab4;a7 eadem reversa #ac4 ,verrum ,canesti ,americani 7#ac4;a7 eisdem statere #ad4 ,lapensis ore obliquo 7#ad4;a7 cum opserastis cornutis #ae4 ,subovatis crassa ore minore #af4 ,cornulacensis conicas ore minores #ag4 ,anglica vulgaris ore patulo #ah4 ,aretica ,patelliformis #ai4 ,calceolus 7#ai4;a7 ,idem4 hierophylis involutus #bj4 ,diadema ,persarum ,barnicles adhering by the base of these ,shells4 #g4 ,the ,whales4 ,louse 7#g4;a7 ,the underside #h4 ,the ,east ,india cup shap'd ,barnicle #i4 ,the ,bell shap'd ,barnicle #aj4 ,the ,red ,coral ,tulip ,barnicle #aa4 ,the pipy conical ,barnicle 7#aa4;a7 ,the underside #ab4 ,the ,tortoise ,wart 7#ab4 a7 ,the underside #ac4 ,the ,american ,crabs ,wart 7#ac4;a7 ,the same sideways #ad4 ,the ,cape sidemouth ,barnicle 7#ad4;a7 with oblique edge #ae4 ,the ,eggshap'd thick ,barnicle with a small mouth #af4 ,the ,cornish cone ,barnicle with a small edge #ag4 ,the common ,english ,barnicle with a wide mouth #ah4 ,the ,greenland ,limpet shap'd ,barnicle #ai4 ,the ,slipper 7#ai4;a7 ,the same cover'd with hierophylis #bj4 ,the ,persian ,crown ,,cxiii4 ,an ,account of several rare ,species of ,barnacles4 ,in a ,letter to ,mr4 ,isaac ,romilly1 ,f4,r4,s4 from ,john ,ellis1 ,esq2 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,dec4 #ba1 #ageh4 ,london1 ,dec4 #ba4 #ageh4 ,dear ,sir1 ,,those rare and very extraordinary new species of ,barnacles1 which you have lately received from abroad1 are so different from any of the common species1 that ,i have seen1 that ,i was resolved to inquire into the nature of an animal1 which1 like a ,proteus1 appears in so many different shapes or coverings in different parts of the world4 ,for this end ,i have consulted that excellent collection in the ,british ,museum1 and some others in the cabinets of my curious friends4 ,in this inquiry ,i met with some very rare ones1 which have not yet been described1 as you will observe in the annexed plate ,see ,,tab4 ,,xxxiv41 where ,i have given exact drawings of yours1 as well as the other species of this genus4 ,this marine animal is called1 by writers on natural history1 ,balanus1 and ,concha ,anatifera3 but the celebrated ,professor at ,upsal1 ,dr4 ,linnus1 calls the internal active part1 or fish1 the ,animal ,triton1 and the covering or testaceous habitation ,lepas1 which he says is a multivalved shell1 composed of unequal valves4 ,the ,animal ,triton he describes1 as having an oblong body1 a mouth with a tongue in it1 twisted about in a spiral manner2 sixteen tentacula or claws3 six of the hinder ones on each side1 he says1 are cheliferous4 ,this account differing from that given by the ingenious ,mr4 ,turberville ,needham1 ,f4,r4,s4 in his ,microscopical ,essays1 ,i shall give the character of this animal1 as it appeared to me from the many observations ,i made on it1 while alive in salt water2 and these ,i compared not only with many dried specimens of other varieties1 but likewise with some of yours1 that were preserved in spirits2 and ,i found that the parts of the animal agree in all the species4 ,the experiments1 that ,i made1 were on the common ,english ,barnacle1 which is very frequently met with1 at this time of the year1 on oysters and other shell-fish4 ,the microscope1 that ,i made use of to observe it1 was ,mr4 ,cuff's aquatic one2 where the animal1 when taken out of the shell1 may be put into the watch-glass with salt water1 or spread on the round glass plate on the stage of the microscope1 and kept moist with a hair pencil and salt water during the time of observation3 this will keep the claws and proboscis alive and in motion for many hours together4 ,this animal has #bd claws1 or cirrhi 7,see ,fig4 ,a71 which are disposed in the following manner3 the #ab longest stand erect1 arising from the back part of the animal3 they are all joined in pairs near the bottom1 and inserted in one common base4 ,these appear like so many yellow curled feathers3 they are clear1 horny1 and articulated4 ,every joint is furnished with two rows of hairs on the concave side4 ,the animal1 in order to catch its prey1 is continually extending and contracting these arched hairy claws1 which serve it for a net4 ,the #ab smallest claws are placed next to these1 six on each side3 these are divided into pairs2 that is1 two claws to one stem1 like the chel or claws of the crab4 ,these are more pliable1 and fuller of hairs1 than the others1 and seem to do the office of hands for the animal4 ,the whole number of claws lessen in size gradually each way1 from the tallest in the back1 to the last but one of each side in the front2 which last two are of the middle size4 ,the proboscis1 or trunk1 rises from the middle of the base of the larger claws1 and is longer than any of them3 this the animal moves about in any direction with great agility3 it is of a tubular figure1 transparent1 composed of rings lessening gradually to the extremity1 where it is surrounded with a circle of small bristles1 which likewise are moveable at the will of the animal4 ,these1 with other small hairs on the trunk1 disappear when it dies4 ,along the inside of this transparent proboscis the spiral dark-coloured tongue appears very plain3 this the animal contracts and extends at pleasure4 ,the mouth appears like that of a contracted purse1 and is placed in front1 between the fore claws4 ,in the folds of this membraneous substance are six or eight horny lamin or teeth standing erect1 each having a tendon proper to direct its motion4 ,some of these teeth are serrated1 others have tufts of sharp hairs instead of indentations on the convex side1 that point down into the mouth2 so that no animalcule that becomes their prey can escape back4 ,under the mouth lie the stomach1 intestines1 and the tendons by which they adhere to the shell4 ,this then is the general character of the animal of the whole genus1 whether with stems or without4 ,i shall now give you a short description of the several kinds ,i have met with1 besides those of your own1 and shall divide them into two kinds2 those that have stems1 and those that adhere by their shelly bases4 ,the first and most remarkable of those that have stems is the ,barnacle1 ,fig4 #a4 ,this differs from the ,lepas of ,linnus in not having a testaceous1 only a cartilaginous or fleshy covering4 ,on the top of it are two erect tubular figures like ears3 these have a communication with the internal parts of the animal 7,see ,fig4 #a4 b74 ,these inner parts agree with the general character already given4 ,the stem1 which is here dissected1 was full of a soft spongy yellow substance1 which appeared1 when magnified1 to consist of regular oval figures1 connected together by many small fibres1 and no doubt are the spawn of the animal4 ,this extraordinary animal 7of which there were seven together7 was found sticking to the ,whale ,barnacle 7,see fig4 #a4 #g471 by ,mr4 ,smith of ,stavenger in ,norway1 who cut both kinds together off a whale's lip1 that was thrown upon that coast last year1 #ageg1 and immediately immersed them in spirits of wine2 by which means we have been able more exactly to describe them4 ,i have called this animal the ,naked ,fleshy ,barnacle with ,ears2 but it appears to claim the name of ,triton rather than ,lepas1 according to ,linnus1 as having no shelly habitation4 ,fig4 #b4 is the next animal of this class3 this is not yet described4 ,i found several of them sticking to the ,warted ,norway ,sea ,fan1 which ,dr4 ,pantoppidan1 the ,bishop of ,north ,bergen1 sent you3 from its appearance1 ,i have called it the ,norway ,sea ,fan ,penknife4 ,the stem of this is covered with little testaceous scales4 ,the upper part of the animal is inclosed in thirteen distinct shells1 six on each side1 besides the hinge-shell at the back1 which is common to both sides3 these are connected together by a membrane that lines the whole inside4 ,one of these is magnified a little at fig4 #b4 a1 in order to express the figure and situation of each shell the better4 ,fig4 #c4 is taken from ,d',argentville's ,lithologie1 ,pl4 #cj4 fig4 ,h1 who says it is found in the ,british channel sticking to sea plants2 and that these shells consist of five pieces4 ,this1 from its appearance1 ,i have called the ,british ,channel ,penknife1 to distinguish it from the other4 ,fig4 #d4 is a species of ,barnacle called ,poussepieds by the ,french1 and described by ,rondeletius as commonly found adhering to rocks on the coast of ,brittany4 ,he says the people there boil and eat the stem1 which is first of a mouse-colour1 and afterwards becomes red like our prawns4 ,there are many heads1 that arise out of one stem1 each of which consists of two shells1 in which are the same parts of the animal as in the other species4 ,this ,i have called the ,cornucopia ,barnacle4 ,some of the shells of this ,barnacle were drawn from a specimen in the ,british ,museum4 ,this ,lepas is the ,mitella of ,linnus4 ,fig4 #e4 and #f4 are the ,barnacles called ,conch ,anatifer3 these are the sorts so well known to sailors1 and formerly supposed to produce a large species of duck called a ,barnacle4 ,these consist of five shells4 ,the tube1 that supports one of these kinds1 branches out like some species of corallines1 bearing a shelled animal at the end of each branch4 ,they are generally found adhering to pieces of wood in the sea1 and most ships have some of them sticking to their bottoms4 ,those of the southern and warmer climates are generally of a larger kind than those of the colder and more northern climates4 ,the next division of these animals is1 those that adhere by the base of their shells1 having no stems4 ,here ,i must observe1 that the bottoms of the several species of this division conform in shape to the substances they adhere to1 or grasp them in such a peculiar manner1 as to render their situation secure from the violence of the element they live in4 ,another provision of nature for the security of these animals are the four opercula1 which1 upon their retreating into the great shell1 they can draw to so close after them1 as to secure themselves from outward danger4 ,fig4 #g4 represents the ,whale ,barnacle1 called ,pediculus ,ceti1 just as it was cut off the whale's lip1 with the seven naked ,barnacles with ears1 already described4 ,fig4 #g4;a is the bottom of the shell4 ,this has the appearance of the gills of a mushroom4 ,all the spaces between these lamin were filled with the blubber of the whale3 by this means they adhere to the gristly skin of the fish4 ,the narrow cavities between the branched lamin are the places where the ligaments or tendons1 that move the opercula1 are inserted4 ,fig4 #h4 is the ,cup ,barnacle1 taken off an ,east ,india ship from ,sumatra4 ,the testaceous flat bottom of this was marked with the seams and lines of the sheathing1 and with the rust of the nails4 ,in one of these shells the animal is represented protruding his claws thro' the opercula4 ,fig4 #i4 is called the ,bell-shaped ,barnacle4 ,this was taken off the bottom of a ship from ,jamaica1 and had its flat testaceous base marked as the former4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,this represents part of a most elegant specimen in the curious collection of ,dr4 ,john ,fothergill4 ,it is called the ,tulip ,barnacle1 and very properly1 as well from the shape of its shell1 as the beautiful stripes of red mixt with white4 ,it adheres to a piece of the true red coral1 and was fished up near ,leghorn1 on the coast of ,italy4 ,it is not improbable1 but that these groups of ,barnacles1 growing at the same time with the animals that formed the red coral1 may have received an addition to their fine red colour from the coral4 ,fig4 #aa4 is a group of ,barnacles of a conical form1 composed of purplish tubes like small quills4 ,fig4 #aa4;a represents one of the same1 with a view of its base1 from the collection of ,mr4 ,peter ,collinson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,this was brought from the ,east ,indies4 ,the insides of these shells have the appearance of the spongy parts of bones4 ,fig4 #ab4 is called the ,tortoise-wart ,barnacle1 being often found upon that animal4 ,this shell is of a plano-convex shape1 and looks like polished ivory4 ,the divisions between the valves represent a star with six points4 ,if these shells are put into soap lees1 they will in a few hours separate into six pieces or valves1 each shelly valve having two ears1 like the scallop-shell3 so that this species has its valves connected by membranes1 instead of testaceous sutures1 as most of the others have4 ,fig4 #ab4 a represents the under part of the same shell4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,this shell is marked with six rays like a star1 as the former2 but is much deeper in proportion to its diameter4 ,several of this kind were found sticking to a crab1 that was lately brought from the island of ,nevis2 from whence ,i have called it the ,american ,crabs-wart4 ,fig4 #ad4 is called the ,side-mouth ,barnacle4 ,this was found on the southern coast of ,africa1 near the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 where it adheres to a particular species of striated purple muscle4 ,fig4 #ad4;a represents two of the opercula of this ,barnacle remarkably horned4 ,the shell of this is very thin2 but its obliquity may probably be owing to its situation4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,this egg-shaped ,barnacle with a small mouth is found in clusters sticking to the ,buccinum tribe of shells in the ,west ,indies4 ,fig4 #af4 is the ,cornish ,barnacle1 shaped like a cone1 and with a small mouth4 ,this is described and figured by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,william ,borlase1 ,f4,r4,s4 in his ,natural ,history of ,cornwall1 lately published4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,this is the common ,english ,barnacle1 that is found in such plenty upon all rocks and shells round this island4 ,from the animal of this1 examined in the microscope1 ,i have taken the character of the fish of the ,barnacle genus4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,this ,i have called the ,limpet-shaped ,barnacle1 from its likeness to some species of that shell4 ,i am indebted to our late worthy member1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,pond1 for this shell1 who assured me it was brought to him from ,greenland4 ,it was1 with several more1 found sticking to a very large species of muscle4 ,fig4 #ai4;a4 ,this ,sea-,fan1 with the ,barnacles inclosed in it1 was brought from ,gibraltar4 ,i have called it the ,slipper ,barnacle1 from its shape4 ,see ,fig4 #ai4 ,these shell-fish adhere1 while they are young1 to the slender branches1 which are produced by the animals that compose this species of ,sea-fan2 and as the next succession of young animals of this sea-fan creep up its sides1 to increase the bulk and extension of these first-formed ramifications1 they inclose the shells all round1 leaving only their mouths or apertures open1 for the ,barnacles to procure their food4 ,but it frequently happens1 that the animals of the ,sea-fans destroy these ,barnacles1 by overrunning and involving them in the very center of their stems4 ,these small ,barnacles1 interspersed here and there on the branches1 have been taken for fruit or berries by some gentlemen1 who look upon the internal or horny part of the ,sea-fans to be vegetables4 ,fig4 #bj4 is a very curious ,barnacle1 taken from an elegant specimen in the ,british ,museum2 which1 from its figure1 ,i have called the ,persian ,crown4 ,i shall now add some further observations on the nature of these animals4 ,upon opening the shells of many of the common ,english ,barnacles 7,fig4 #a47 while they were alive1 ,i found the lower part of the shell1 which contained a cavity equal to two thirds of the whole1 full of spawn2 so that the ,barnacles1 which adhere by the base of their shells1 as well as those that are supported by fleshy tubes1 are propagated by eggs1 which they send forth in inconceivable numbers2 as appears by the clusters of young shells1 which we find adhering not only to the parent animals1 but to all hard substances near them4 ,the bottom shell of these animals1 as well as their upper shells1 vary in form according to their situation1 which occasions some difficulty in determining their several species with exactness4 ,the form of the base shell of our common ,english ,barnacle1 is the flat radiated figure represented adhering to a scallop shell in the front of a group of them at ,fig4 #ag4 ,the ,barnacles at ,fig4 #h4 #i4 #ad4 #ae4 and #bj4 have the same kind of base4 ,i have very lately observed a singular kind of flat ,balanus1 on a white ,mandrepora coral from the coast of ,italy1 in the possession of ,mr4 ,mendez ,d',acosta1 ,f4,r4,s4 whose base appears sunk into the coral1 and of the form of an inverted cone1 bending a little to one side4 ,the inward surface of this conical base shell appears curiously striated with tubular radii1 which terminate on the surface of the coral1 to receive the extremities of the six valves1 that compose the upper shell4 ,this peculiar form of the base seems owing to the animals of the coral and of the ,barnacle growing up together1 the latter keeping possession of its proper space1 while the former grew close about it4 ,the bottom shell of the ,barnacle like a ,limpet1 at ,fig4 #ah4 increases from a small point by many thin shelly margins1 which exactly correspond to the indentations which we observe on the base of the outward shell2 so that it appears not unlike the drawing of a fortification in miniature4 ,i am1 ,dear ,sir1 ,your most affectionate ,friend1 ,john ,ellis4 ,p4 ,s4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,william ,borlase is now of opinion1 that the ,cornish ,barnacle at ,fig4 #af4 which he has described in his ,history of ,cornwall1 is rather a ,limpet or ,patella4 ,,cxiv4 ,a further ,account of the poisonous ,effects of the ,oenanthe ,aquatica ,succo viroso crocante of ,lobel1 or ,hemlock ,dropwort1 by ,w4 ,watson1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,to the ,,royal ,,society4 ,read ,dec4 #ba1 #ageh4 ,gentlemen1 ,,in the month of ,june #agdf4 ,i communicated to you some observations concerning the ,oenanthe aquatica ,succo viroso crocante of ,lobel1 in relation to its poisonous effects upon some ,french prisoners at ,pembroke4 ,these observations were afterwards published in the ,philosophical ,transactions#bbe1 with an accurate representation of the plant itself1 from an original drawing by that compleat artist ,mr4 ,ehret4 ,this at that time ,i thought the more necessary1 as it was of no small importance to the public1 to be well acquainted with a plant1 the effects of which1 when taken into our bodies1 were so much to be dreaded4 ,this account of mine1 as well as the representation of the plant1 were republished from the ,transactions into the periodical works of that time2 from whence a more extensive knowlege of and acquaintance with this plant might have been hoped for4 ,a late instance however has evinced1 that these endeavours have not had their full effect1 as the plant in question is not yet sufficiently known1 and attended to4 ,john ,midlane1 a cabinet-maker of ,havant in ,hampshire1 aged about #eh1 and of a gross habit of body1 was advised to make use of the water parsnep1 as a remedy for a severe scorbutic disorder1 which he had long been troubled with2 and for which he had taken a variety of medicines4 ,instead of the water parsnep1 which he purposed to take1 there were gathered for him some roots of the oenanthe above mentioned2 a large one of which was pounded in a mortar1 and the juice thereof squeezed through a linen cloth1 and amounted to about five spoonfuls4 ,this was suffered to stand all night1 and the next morning 7,mar4 #ca4 #ageh471 at about half an hour past five1 he drank the whole quantity1 except the sediment4 ,in about an hour and half after he had taken this juice1 he walked about the town upon some business2 and a little before seven1 upon his return home1 about an hundred yards from his own house1 he first complained that he was ill2 and having walked about thirty yards further1 was so bad as to go into a neighbour's house to rest himself4 ,he was soon led from thence to his own house by two men1 and told them1 that he was affected as though he had lost the use of his limbs4 ,when he was placed in his chair1 he complained greatly of pain all over him2 but particularly in his head4 ,his stomach was immediately after affected1 and he had great reachings to vomit4 ,at the second attempt he threw up about half a pint of a clear watry liquor2 at the first and third attempt he discharged scarce any thing4 ,he was then seized with a great propensity to go to stool1 which went off in about three minutes4 ,after this1 he with the greatest difficulty was conducted upstairs to bed1 where he pulled off part of his cloaths himself4 ,when he was put to bed1 he was attacked with very severe convulsions1 which in about a quarter of an hour deprived him of his senses2 and continued1 with a few intermissions1 till he died1 a little before nine o'clock2 which was about three hours and half after the juice had been taken4 ,a profuse sweat accompanied the whole of these symptoms3 he foamed considerably at the mouth1 and his belly swelled greatly4 ,he purged very much soon after he was dead1 but not before4 ,as this poor man had taken this dose before his family were up1 no one could imagine from whence his disorder arose2 and consequently the apothecary1 who was called to him1 was able to form a judgment of his case only from the symptoms2 as on his coming he found his patient senseless1 and who had not1 while his mind was undisturbed1 told any one the probable cause of his complaints4 ,he took from him however about ten ounces of blood1 and endeavoured to get some vinum ipecacuanh into his mouth3 but his jaws were closed so fast1 not above a spoonful passed1 and that by the accident of his mouth opening of itself4 ,the symptoms1 with which the person above-mentioned was attacked1 were much the same as those which were observed in the ,french prisoners1 who were poisoned by the same root at ,pembroke4 ,in both instances occurred those severe muscular spasms1 which kept the under jaw so close to the upper1 that1 while the spasm continued1 scarce any force could separate them4 ,in both instances likewise a considerable time passed before the persons1 who had eaten of this root1 though they had taken enough of it to destroy them1 perceived themselves disordered by it4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxv4 p4 #hei4 ,j4 ,mynde sc4 ,i am obliged for this communication to ,richard ,warner1 ,esq2 of ,woodford1 a gentleman of great merit1 whose zeal for the promotion of useful knowlege ,i have many times experienced4 ,the expediency of laying before you observations of this sort1 which may tend1 by making people careful of what they take1 to the saving the lives of many1 makes no apology necessary for so doing4 ,i am1 with all possible regard1 ,gentlemen1 ,your most obedient humble ,servant1 ,w4 ,watson4 ,lincoln's-,inn-,fields1 #bj ,dec4 #ageh4 ,,cxv4 ,extract of a ,letter to ,john ,eaton ,dodsworth1 ,esq2 from ,dr4 ,george ,forbes of ,bermuda1 relating to the ,patella1 or ,limpet ,fish1 found there4 #b ,april1 #ageh4 ,read ,dec4 #ba1 #ageh4 ,,as a curiosity for your esteemed friend ,mr4 ,theobald1 the ,captain will deliver you two fishes1 intirely singular here1 and never before observed amongst us4 ,the one is of the shell kind1 and changed its figure so often1 that it was difficult to make a drawing4 ,however ,i got a young man to take it in two different positions1 and have sent the drawings with the fish4 ,see ,,tab4 ,,xxxv4 ,the small one may be called the sea-batt2 and in some sort resembles that species of animals when it is swimming4 ,additional ,remark by ,charles ,morton1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,the ,patella1 or ,limpet ,fish1 whose generic characters1 as enumerated by ,bishop ,wilkins1 are1 that it is an exanguious testaceous animal1 not turbinated2 an univalve1 or having but one shell2 being unmoved2 sticking fast to rocks or other things2 the convexity of whose shell doth somewhat resemble a short obtuse-angled cone1 having no hole on the top4 ,,cxvi4 ,a ,discourse on the ,cinnamon1 ,cassia1 or ,canella4 ,by ,taylor ,white1 ,esquire1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,read ,dec4 #ba1 #ageh4 ,,the ,cinnamon1 ,cassia1 or ,canella1 are shrubs of no great height3 they grow in ,ceylon1 ,malabar1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 and other places in the ,east ,indies2 as ,i think1 in the island of ,st4 ,thomas1 and on the coast of ,coromandel4 ,they are described by ,mr4 ,ray1 in his ,history of ,plants1 vol4 ii4 f4 #aeei4 under the title de ,arboribus ,pruniferis4 ,illustration3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,l4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxvi4 p4 #hfj4 ,j4 ,mynde4 sc4 ,linnus1 in his ,species ,plantarum1 places them under the title ,enneandria ,monogynia1 by the name ,laurus4 ,the leaf1 flower1 and fruit1 of this plant1 are particularly described by ,mr4 ,ray4 ,the leaf is smooth and shining2 has one large vein running thro' the midst1 and a remarkable one on each side2 the middle one generally running near the length of the leaf4 ,the leaves differ in shape1 some being more acute1 others more oval or obtuse4 ,the flowers grow in an umbel1 somewhat like the ,laurus ,tinus2 but they are small1 consisting of one petal1 of a tubular form at the bottom1 and divided at the top into six segments in the form of a star4 ,the flowers are succeeded by berries growing out of a capsula1 like acorns in shape2 which berries contain a shining seed4 ,the description of ,mr4 ,ray of the flower1 in his description of the ,cinnamon of ,malabar1 is extremely accurate2 as is also the figure in the ,hortus ,malabaricus1 ,n4 #ed4 and the description1 fol4 #ajg4 under the name ,carua4 ,i shall therefore refer to those4 ,i shall not trouble you with the question debated by ,mr4 ,ray1 whether the ,cinnamon and ,cassia of the ancients were1 or were not1 the same with those so called by the moderns8 whether the ,cinnamon of the ancients was the twigs of the tree bearing cloves1 or any plant now unknown to us8 ,mr4 ,ray has largely treated on this subject2 and to him ,i refer such as are curious to be informed on this subject4 ,but as the ,cinnamon and ,cassia of the ancients are said to have been used as perfumes1 and to make perfumed ointments1 ,i think they must have differed from ours1 whose smell is not very fragrant1 nor is emitted to any great distance4 ,the matter of the present inquiry is1 whether the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon is the same sort of plant with that growing in ,malabar1 ,sumatra1 c4 differing only by the soil or climate1 in which it grows1 which is the opinion of ,garcias2 or from the culture or manner of curing the plant1 as ,i am inclined to believe2 or whether it is really a different genus or species of plant1 as many people believe1 and some botanical writers seem to indicate4 ,i shall endeavour to explain this matter by producing1 #ast1 ,the descriptions of the most celebrated authors3 #b;dly1 ,by producing the most accurate figures of the plants of ,sumatra and ,ceylon3 ,see ,tab4 xxxvi4 #c;dly1 ,by shewing the specimen of the leaves and branches brought from ,sumatra4 ,i have no specimen from ,ceylon2 but have carefully examined the specimens kept in the ,british ,museum1 with the assistance of ,dr4 ,maty and ,mr4 ,empson1 and compared them with the specimens ,i have from ,sumatra2 from whence ,i traced exactly the figures brought herewith3 which specimens are undoubtedly brought from ,ceylon1 and were the collections of ,boerhaave1 ,courteen1 ,plukenet1 and ,petiver4 ,but1 previous to this inquiry1 ,i would premise1 that the writers1 who give the description of the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon1 were probably not acquainted with that of ,malabar at the time of their publishing their works4 ,mr4 ,ray also1 who so accurately describes the flower of the ,cinnamon of ,malabar1 seems not so well acquainted with its fruit2 and probably had then never seen the specimens of the ,cinnamon from ,ceylon2 for his description is plainly borrowed from others1 and not his own4 ,tho' ,i have reason to think he afterwards saw the specimens of ,mr4 ,courteen1 and was convinced1 that the plants were the same4 ,in his description of the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon1 he supposes differences in the manner of veining the leaf1 which are not found in the leaves themselves4 ,he supposes1 that the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon differs from that of ,malabar by its berries growing in cups like acorns2 which is apparently the same in both1 as may be seen in its figure in the ,hortus ,malabaricus4 ,the other differences taken notice of by the botanic writers are as follow3 ,in the ,flora ,zeylanica1 p4 #ede4 and in the ,materia ,medica1 #aij4 the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon is called ,laurus foliis trinerviis ovato-oblongis nervis unientibus3 which description is adhered to in the ,hortus ,cliffordiensis1 p4 #aed4 under the name ,laurus foliis oblongo-ovatis nitidis planis4 ,and ,burman1 in his ,flora ,zeylanica1 #fb4 ,t4 #bg4 calls it ,cinamomum foliis latis ovatis4 ,whereas the ,cassia of ,sumatra is distinguished by these writers3 that in ,flora ,zeyl4 #adf4 and in ,materia ,medica1 #aia4 is called ,laurus foliis trinerviis lanceolatis nervis supra basin unitis3 and ,burman1 ,zeylan4 #fc4 ,t4 #bh4 calls it ,cinamomum perpetuo florens folio tenuiore acuto4 ,the distinction therefore1 which these writers would make us believe there is between these plants1 consists in the leaves of the one being oval1 the other sharp-pointed2 and that the nerves are limited at the bottom in the ,cinnamon1 but not so in the ,cassia3 for as to the semper florens1 mentioned by ,burman1 that must undoubtedly be common to both4 ,now as to the different shape of the leaves1 we know how often this happens by seminal varieties1 and from the age of plants1 as in the leaves of holly and ivy2 and that even the shapes of leaves vary greatly on the very same plant1 and sometimes on the same branch2 as in the ash1 and many other plants1 the leaves of the young shoots are more oval than those on the old boughs1 which are generally more pointed4 ,but this variety is much more frequent in the plants of warm countries4 ,in the sassafras1 part of the leaves generally near the bottom of the plant are plain1 whilst the other leaves are divided into three lobes or segments4 ,i have observed great difference also in the leaves of almost every one of the ,american oaks4 ,in the ,virginian cedar1 the berries of the same plant produce some plants with juniper leaves1 and others with leaves like the savin2 and some plants with both leaves growing on the same plant4 ,i must observe that ,burman has1 in his figures of the two plants before mentioned1 made them extremely different4 ,in that of ,ceylon he has made all the leaves oval2 and1 to make the difference greater1 has drawn the rudiments of the berries2 to which he has added the flower1 or part of it1 at the top of the style or rudiment of the fruit3 and in that of ,malabar he has drawn the flower growing in the umbel4 ,on these drawings ,i must observe1 that his drawing of the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon agrees with no one specimen in the ,british ,museum2 and scarcely is one leaf to be found of the shape1 which he gives4 ,the first figure1 which ,i shall produce1 is a drawing which ,i procured from the ingenious ,mr4 ,ehret in the year #aged3 which1 as ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,empson1 was from a specimen1 given to ,mr4 ,ehret by him in that year1 of the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,this agrees in every thing with the drawing of the ,cinnamon of ,malabar in the ,hort4 ,malab4 fig4 #ed4 fol4 #ajg4 and there called ,carua2 except that it wants the fruit3 but that defect is supplied by ,mr4 ,ray's description of the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon above mentioned4 ,see fig4 of the fruit1 ,fig4 #b4 ,in the figure in the ,hort4 ,malabar4 it may be observed1 that the nerves do not go quite to the bottom of the leaf4 ,but this is merely accidental1 as will appear by the leaves of the same plant brought from ,sumatra1 which ,i shall produce2 in which1 part of the leaves have veins going quite to the bottom1 and united there1 and the others not so4 ,see ,fig4 #c4 ,the next drawing ,i shall produce contains that of the leaves of the ,cinnamon plant1 from specimens in the ,british ,museum4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a specimen1 with the flower1 from the collection of ,mr4 ,courteen1 who lived long in ,ceylon4 ,these leaves were more pointed1 but were broke at the end4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a whole leaf1 with its point1 in the same collection1 growing on a branch1 on which are the rudiments of the fruit4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a leaf in ,plukenet's specimens4 ,fig4 #g4 ,another leaf of the same collection1 and of the same plant4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a leaf of a large specimen from ,boerhaave's collection4 ,fig4 #i4 ,another leaf on the same branch4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a specimen from ,petiver's collection4 ,the points of the leaves are broken off4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,the flower of the first specimen4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,in the rudiment of the seed before formed1 in the state given in ,burman's first drawing4 ,note1 ,it is to be observed also1 that the specimens of the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon are probably of cultivated plants4 ,from all these specimens it plainly appears1 that the distinction of foliis ovatis lanceolatis does not appear well founded4 ,but were it otherwise1 and that the leaves of the plants differed1 it would by no means be a proof of any material difference in the nature or quality of the plants2 as is well known to persons conversant in natural history4 ,before ,i leave this subject of the description of the plant1 it may be proper to mention1 that ,bauhin calls the one of these plants ,cinnamomum or ,canella ,malabarica ,javanensis1 and the other ,cinnamomum ,canella ,zeylanica1 ,bauhin4 pinax #djh and #dji2 but neither from these names1 nor from his description1 can any conclusive argument be formed3 and that ,herman1 in his ,hort4 ,lugd4 ,batav4 #abi4 t4 #afee4 calls this ,cinnamon of ,ceylon ,cassia ,cinnamonia4 ,if any conjecture can arise from hence1 it may be1 that the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon was formerly1 as well as that of ,sumatra and ,malabar1 called ,cassia2 but that the ,dutch writers1 being acquainted with the excellent qualities1 which the ancients ascribed to their ,cinnamon1 chose to add the name ,cinnamon to that of ,cassia3 and in process of time they have found the name of ,cinnamon more profitable than that of ,cassia1 by which we chuse to call our ,canella1 to our national loss of many thousands a year4 ,having now given an account of the figure of these plants1 and in what respect they are said herein to differ2 ,i shall proceed to consider the pretended differences in the ,canella itself2 which are supposed not to be in form only1 but substantial and material2 and are generally understood to be so by persons supposed to be acquainted with the subject4 ,mr4 ,ray states this matter fully in his ,hist4 ,plant4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aefj4 in these words3 ,officin nostr ,cassiam ligneam a ,cinnamomo seu ,canella distinctam faciunt1 ,cassiam ,cinnamomo crassiorem plerumque esse1 colore rubicundiorem1 substanti duriorem1 solidiorem compactiorem1 gustu magis glutinoso1 odore quidem sapore ,cinnamomum aptius referre1 tamen ,cinnamomo imbecilliorum minus vegetam esse1 ex accurata observatione ,tho4 ,johnson4 ,from these reasons ,mr4 ,ray draws a conclusion 7,i must own not very instructive71 that the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon is ,cinnamon2 and the ,cinnamon of ,malabar1 c4 is the ,cassia of the shops4 ,from the specimens ,i shall now produce1 it will most plainly appear1 that these differences are merely accidents arising from the age of the ,canella1 the part of the tree from whence it is gathered1 and from the manner of cultivating and curing it4 ,in the ,philosoph4 ,transact4 ,n4 #bgh4 p4 #ajii4 in ,mr4 ,strachan's account of ,ceylon1 which is abridged by ,eames and ,martyn1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahc4 he says1 that there are two sorts of ,cinnamon-trees1 of which the tree1 which is esteemed the best1 has a leaf much larger and thicker than the other2 but otherwise no difference is to be perceived4 ,note1 ,here is no mention of the folio ovato4 ,i remember1 in an account given some years ago to the ,royal ,society1 three or four sorts were mentioned2 and it was said the best sort was cut every three or four years4 ,this superiority ,i then guessed 7as well as the difference of leaves mentioned by ,mr4 ,strachan7 to arise from the cutting the tree down every three or four years2 which occasioned it to produce strong and vigorous shoots1 thicker and larger leaves1 as well as greater quantity of bark1 and of a superior quality4 ,a large shoot or sucker of this plant was produced in the year #agej4 or #ea4 by my worthy friend ,dr4 ,william ,watson1 together with an account of the ,cinnamon-tree2 which is published in the ,philosoph4 ,transact4 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #cja4 ,this shoot was a plain proof to me1 that the ,cinnamon was frequently cut down1 and that this shoot arose from the root of a plant so cut2 for it was of the size of a walking-cane2 and no shrub could have produced such a shoot1 unless a strong plant cut down4 ,this method of treating this plant accounts for the mistake of ,garcias1 mentioned by ,mr4 ,ray2 viz4 ,qu ,garcias habet de duplice hujus arboris cortice ad modum suberis1 nobis suspecta sunt1 quque de deliberatione semel triennio facta2 non enim puto renascitur cortex semel detractus4 ,this shews1 that the bark was gathered every three years3 but ,mr4 ,ray was not acquainted1 that the plant was cut down1 in order to take off the bark1 once in three years4 ,in the account above mentioned to be given to the ,society by ,dr4 ,watson1 no descriptions are given either of the plants of ,ceylon1 or ,malabar2 but he quotes ,burman1 who says1 that he had nine different sorts of ,cinnamon from ,ceylon1 of which that1 which is the best1 is brought to us1 and called by the name ,rasse ,coronde4 ,what the differences between these sorts were1 does not appear2 whether in leaf or bark1 or manner of culture4 ,and ,i must observe1 that in all the specimens in the ,british ,museum ,i could observe no difference of species4 ,but this is to be understood1 that every sort coming from ,ceylon is1 by the ,dutch and by the shops1 called ,cinnamon2 and that of our own growth is by them always called ,cassia4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,the specimens1 which ,i now produce1 of the ,canella or bark of the ,cinnamon of ,sumatra1 ,i procured in the year #agee4 from ,mr4 ,tho4 ,combes1 a gentleman then in the service of the ,east ,india ,company in ,sumatra1 by means of a friend4 ,i was then attempting to form a society for the carrying on a ,general ,natural ,history1 to try proper experiments1 and to employ proper painters and engravers suitable to the importance of the subject2 and therefore attempted to establish a correspondence in those parts1 whose productions are as yet little known to the public4 ,i mention this design1 because it would not be possible else to explain what ,mr4 ,combes means by the word ,society1 which he so often mentions in his letter2 of which ,i shall produce an extract1 so far as it relates to the present inquiry4 ,it seemed to me very improbable 7as the same plants are generally found in the same latitude and soil71 that the spices now in the possession of the ,dutch should grow only in that small tract of land1 which is in their possession4 ,and ,i had many credible informations1 that1 whatever they may pretend to the contrary1 this is only a pretence4 ,i therefore desired to obtain the best information of the nature and culture of the plants producing spices1 as well as of many other things1 which are foreign from this inquiry4 ,i desired to know1 how the spices were dried and cured2 and that different specimens might be sent me of the plants1 their seed1 flower1 leaf1 and bark1 and properly cured and prepared4 ,this produced the answer ,i lay before you herewith1 together with the specimens now produced4 ,you see hereby1 that the ,dutch dry their ,cinnamon in sand2 probably to take away that viscosity1 which is complained of in the ,cassia4 ,and you will observe also1 that the specimen produced dried and cured is also as free from any viscosity1 as the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon3 ,that it agrees also with the ,cinnamon in every other quality1 and in colour2 and that none of the distinctions mentioned by ,mr4 ,ray can be found herein2 but that they may arise from the part of the tree1 from whence the bark was taken2 the inner bark of the large wood being red1 as you see by the other specimen produced4 ,and the common ,cassia taken from the larger branches1 and not cured1 has the viscosity complained of in some degree1 tho' much less than it had four years since1 when ,i received it4 ,mr4 ,ray says1 that one is weaker in taste1 as he supposes1 than the other4 ,that may be so from its manner of drying1 or keeping of it4 ,dried in large quantities1 and by a stronger heat1 it will probably be stronger1 than if it is dried in a lesser quantity1 and slower4 ,as for the viscosity1 the glutinous part is found in every plant in some degree1 as well as in every animal4 ,it preserves the parts from moisture2 but will be consumed by heat or time2 and it will be a preservative to the plant1 till it is destroyed2 which was the reason1 as ,i suppose1 that ,mr4 ,ray mentions ,cassia to have kept good thirty years1 the viscosity not having been destroyed by drying4 ,i suppose the reason1 which the ,dutch have to dry it1 is to make it sooner fit for the market1 and possibly fitter for distillation4 ,you will see from ,mr4 ,combes's letters and specimens1 that he thinks there may be two sorts of ,cassia or ,cinnamon in ,sumatra3 possibly there may be the same difference in ,ceylon2 but1 if so1 ,i suspect them both to be only seminal varieties1 and that their virtues are the same4 ,mr4 ,barlow1 some time since a ,surgeon in the service of the ,india company1 made a considerable quantity of oil of the ,cassia of ,sumatra1 which was very little1 if any thing1 inferior to that drawn from ,cinnamon2 and it was sold to great profit4 ,if these plants are really the same1 or if they are of equal goodness1 supposing there was a small difference in the form of the leaf1 it might be well worth the attention of the ,east ,india company to try to cultivate these plants in the manner they do in ,ceylon2 that is1 to make plantations in a proper soil2 and to have regard to the proper distance from the sea of the place1 where they try the experiment3 for some plants require to be near the sea1 and others far from it1 in ,sumatra2 which is the case of the ,mango1 and ,mangosteen2 the one of which must be near the sea1 the other at a distance from it4 ,i think the plants should be suffered to grow strong1 to be six or seven years old1 and then cut every three years1 the bark peel'd off and dried in hot sand1 and packed close and kept dry4 ,this ,i take to be all necessary to be done1 to try1 if our ,cinnamon will not produce as good a price as that of the ,dutch4 ,perhaps the plants need not stand so long before cut2 for the vegetation of plants in hot countries is very great4 ,there are many other most valuable vegetables in ,sumatra1 which might be made staple commodities1 as sagoe1 camphire1 several sorts of ginger1 rice1 and many other1 which are foreign to the present inquiry4 ,but it may not be amiss to recommend it to the traders to ,sumatra to bring some quantity of the twig-bark of the true ,cassia1 well cured2 and also to the company1 to have a chemist at ,sumatra1 to extract carefully the oil of ,cassia2 which is best1 and in greatest quantities1 produced from the bark of the body1 and of the larger branches of the tree3 and also that the company would procure an exemption of all customs or duties on ,cassia1 or on the oil of ,cassia1 for some time3 and also that the college of physicians in their dispensatory would direct ,cassia or ,cinnamon of ,malabar or ,sumatra to be used1 instead of the ,cinnamon of ,ceylon2 and that the same should be used by apothecaries and distillers1 and in all simple and compound waters1 in which ,cinnamon is used4 ,extract of a ,letter from ,mr4 ,,thomas ,,combes1 dated ,fort ,marlborough1 #e ,jan4 #agee4 ,,in regard to the first article of your paper1 now before me1 which is the inquiry desired to be made concerning the spices1 ,i am of opinion1 that the true ,cinnamon grows no-where but on the island of ,ceylon1 unless ,cassia be allowed to be the same tree1 which ,i am inclined to think4 ,n4 #i4 contains seeds of the ,cassia or wild ,cinnamon-tree4 ,as for the seeds of the true ,cinnamon-tree1 ,i believe they are very difficult to be got2 for as the ,dutch are the sole masters of this spice1 and get a good deal of money by it1 ,i fancy1 according to their usual custom1 they have very well guarded against the transplantation of it4 ,i hope however1 that these seeds will not be unacceptable to the society1 as ,cassia itself is of some value2 and as ,i am very doubtful1 whether this tree is not the same with the true ,cinnamon1 being of opinion1 that the difference observed in them arises from the different method of curing their barks1 or from the taking the bark from different parts of the tree1 or at different seasons1 or of different ages1 or perhaps all these4 ,i have made inquiry concerning this from some very intelligent persons1 and found them to be of opinion1 that the ,cassia and ,cinnamon-tree were of the same genus4 ,i have inquired further concerning the method of curing it at ,ceylon2 but as this is done by the natives1 the ,dutch are not very well acquainted with it2 nor could ,i obtain any good account of it1 different people giving me different relations4 ,some said1 it was the inner bark1 some the middle1 and some the outer2 tho' of the young branches1 they seemed in general to agree1 that it was gathered at a certain season of the year1 and that one part of the cure was burying it in sand for some time4 ,this may be tried with ,cassia1 and may perhaps take away that viscosity or glutinous quality observed by chewing it1 and which is the principal mark for distinguishing it from ,cinnamon4 ,as to their chemical oils1 ,i have heard many people say1 that they are not distinguishable otherwise1 than that from ,cinnamon is generally better1 or1 as it may be called1 stronger1 than that from ,cassia2 and accordingly bears a better price4 ,but the ,dutch company's chemist at ,batavia1 if ,i may give him this title1 informed me1 that they are essentially different1 and plainly distinguishable4 ,but ,i must confess myself very doubtful of the knowlege or veracity of this chemist1 and strongly suspect1 that they are no otherwise different than in goodness1 as many other oils drawn from the same subject are4 ,i observe the price of ,cassia is greatly risen in ,england within these two or three years2 but whether this be owing to an increase in the consumption1 or a decrease in the importation of this commodity1 ,i cannot say4 ,the ,dutch government of ,batavia has this year1 in some new regulations of their trade1 prohibited to all persons the dealing in any of the fine quilled sort of ,cassia1 and declared the same to be contraband1 and reserved for their company only2 and put it upon the same footing as their ,cinnamon4 ,what reasons induced them to this1 ,i am yet a stranger to2 but it makes me suspect1 that the rise of this commodity in ,europe is owing to some other cause than a deficiency in the importation thereof4 ,perhaps some discovery has been made rendering ,cassia equal to ,cinnamon4 ,in ,persia1 ,i think1 they make not so great a difference between them as elsewhere2 and ,i myself1 for want of ,cinnamon here for some months past1 made use of the fine quilled ,cassia2 and the difference ,i observe between them ,i imagine to arise rather from the greenness and want of dryness in the ,cassia1 than any thing else1 or perhaps from the method of curing it3 for if there happens to be a little too much ,cassia put into my chocolate 7and other things ,i use in it71 a little bitterish taste arises1 something like what we meet with in most barks2 tho' ,i do not remember to have observed this of ,cinnamon3 but as to its boiling to a jelly1 as ,quincy mentions1 ,i find no such thing1 and think it bears boiling as well as ,cinnamon4 ,nor do ,i think its distilled water more subject to an empyreuma than that of ,cinnamon4 ,i have inquired of the country people here1 who bring it us1 and they tell me the finest sort is the inner bark of the small branches2 and indeed that it is the inner bark1 ,i think1 is evident in ,cinnamon as well as ,cassia2 no outer bark of the youngest branches of any tree having1 in my opinion1 that smooth surface observable in both these barks4 ,i once thought1 that it was better to take the bark from the body of the tree than from the branches1 imagining that the bark from the trunk or body of all trees must in general be stronger1 let its natural taste be what it will1 than from its branches4 ,this ,i find to be so in ,cassia2 and ,i have been informed1 that the large ligneous pieces of ,cassia have afforded rather more oil in distillation than the fine quilled sort1 their weight being equal2 but upon trial ,i could not make the bark from the trunk curl or roll up1 as it ought to do1 owing1 as ,i suppose1 to my unskilfulness1 or to rigidity1 or the natural position of its fibres2 for the bark of the younger branches curled of itself1 wanting hardly any other assistance than the sun4 ,i have already observed1 that ,cassia is found in chewing to have a viscidness1 which ,cinnamon has not4 ,i have endeavoured to remove this in a little ,i send you1 marked ,b3 pray let me know1 if it answers2 and be assured1 it was taken from the younger branches of the tree1 of which ,i send you the seeds4 ,i send you also1 marked ,c1 some of the bark taken from the same tree2 as also some of the leaves1 marked ,d4 ,i have sent you also a little of the bark of the trunk of a tree1 which1 tho' called ,cassia1 seems not to be so1 marked ,e2 and also the leaves of the same tree1 marked ,f4 ,,end of the ,,fiftieth ,,volume4 ,,an ,,index ,,to ,,the ,,fiftieth ,,volume ,,of ,,the ,,philosophical ,,transactions1 ,for the ,,years #ageg and #ageh4 ,a ,,air1 ,remarks on the heat of it in ,july #ageg1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,huxham2 with some additional ones by ,dr4 ,w4 ,watson1 page #dbh4 ---- ---- on its different temperature at ,edystone from that observed at ,plymouth1 between ,july #g and #ad1 #ageg1 p4 #dhh4 ,akenside1 ,mark1 ,m4 ,d4 his observations on the origin and use of the lymphatic vessels in animals1 p4 #cbb4 ,alga ,marina latifolia1 observations on it1 p4 #fca4 ,allegator1 the fossil bones of one1 found on the sea-shore near ,whitby1 p4 #fhh4 ,america1 ,north1 account of an earthquake felt in it ,nov4 #ah4 #agee4 p4 #a4 ,american ,sea ,sun-,crown1 observations on it1 p4 #hdc4 ,antiquities1 accounts of the late discoveries of some at ,herculaneum1 p4 #di4 #hh4 #fai4 ,aneurism1 remarkable case of one in the principal artery of the thigh1 p4 #cfc4 ,apple1 the ,manchenille1 singular observations upon it1 p4 #ggb4 ,arderon1 ,mr4 ,william1 abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to brass1 p4 #ggd4 ,assize1 the ,black1 at ,oxford1 account of it1 p4 #fii4 ,b ,baker1 ,mr4 ,henry1 his account of the ,opuntia1 or ,prickly ,pear1 and of the ,indigo plant1 in colouring the juices of living animals1 p4 #bif4 ---- ---- ---- ---- of the ,sea ,polypus1 p4 #ggg4 ,bark1 remarkable case of its efficacy in a mortification1 p4 #cgi4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- in the delirium of a fever1 p4 #fji4 ,barnacles1 an account of several rare species1 p4 #hde4 ,baster1 ,job4 observationes de corallinis1 iisque insidentibus ,polypis1 aliisque animalculis marinis1 p4 #beh4 ,bladder1 human urinary1 four rough stones extracted from it by the lateral method of cutting for the stone1 p4 #egi4 ,blisters1 remarkable effects of them in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs1 p4 #efi4 ,bones1 some fossil ones of an allegator1 found on the sea-shore near ,whitby1 p4 #fhh4 ,borlase1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wm4 his account of some trees discovered under-ground on the sea-shore at ,mount's-,bay in ,cornwall1 p4 #ea4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of an earthquake in the west parts of ,cornwall1 ,july #ae4 #ageg1 p4 #dii4 ,bradley1 ,james1 ,d4 ,d4 his observations on the comet of ,sept4 and ,oct4 #ageg1 p4 #djh4 ,brakenridge1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,d4 ,d4 his answer to the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,forster's letter concerning the numbers and increase of the people of ,england1 p4 #dfe4 ,brass1 abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to it1 p4 #ggd4 ,bridges1 concerning the fall of water under them1 p4 #dib4 ,brydone1 ,mr4 ,patrick1 his account of a paralytic patient cured by electricity1 p4 #cib4 ,burrow1 ,james1 ,esq2 his account of an earthquake felt at ,linfield in ,surrey1 and at ,edenbridge in ,kent1 ,jan4 #bd4 #ageh1 p4 #fad4 ,c ,carlsbad mineral waters1 account of them1 p4 #be4 ---- ---- ---- their lithontriptic virtue1 with lime-water and soap1 p4 #chf4 ,case of ,lord ,horace ,walpole2 being a sequel to that in ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #dc and #dg1--p4 #bje4 ,cassia1 or ,canella1 a discourse on it1 by ,taylor ,white1 ,esq42 p4 #hfj4 ,cavendish1 ,lord ,charles1 his description of some thermometers for particular uses1 p4 #cjj4 ,chapman1 ,capt4 ,wm4 his account of a method of distilling fresh water from sea-water by wood-ashes1 p4 #fce4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of the fossil bones of an allegator found on the sea-shore near ,whitby in ,yorkshire1 p4 #fhh4 ,characters1 ,phnician ,numeral1 antiently used at ,sidon1 dissertation upon them1 p4 #gia4 ,charts and ,maps1 a short dissertation on them1 p4 #efc4 ,chevalier1 ,joan4 observatio eclipsis lun die #bg ,martii #agee1 ,olissipone habita1 p4 #cgd4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- die #cj ,julii #ageg1 ,olissipone habita1 p4 #gfi4 ---- ---- observationes eclipsium satellitum ,jovis1 ,olissipone habit1 p4 #cgg4 ---- ----1 c4 observationes eclipsium satellitum ,jovis1 anno #ageg1 ,olissipone habit1 p4 #cgh4 ---- ---- et ,theodor4 de ,almeida1 observationes eclipsis lun die #d ,feb4 ann4 #ageg1 ,olissipone habit1 p4 #cgf4 ,cinnamon1 a discourse on it1 by ,taylor ,white1 ,esq2 p4 #hfj4 ,coin1 a ,parthian1 with a ,greek and ,parthian legend1 some remarks on it1 p4 #age4 ,collet1 ,john1 ,m4 ,d4 his letter concerning the peat-pit near ,newbury in ,berkshire1 p4 #aji4 ,comet1 observations on that of ,sept4 and ,oct4 #ageg1 made at the ,royal ,observatory1 p4 #djh4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- made at the ,hague1 p4 #dch4 ,convulsive ,fits1 case of a boy troubled with them1 cured by the discharge of worms1 p4 #eah4 ,convulsions1 some extraordinary effects arising from them1 p4 #gdc4 ,coral1 ,red1 a very singular kind from the ,indies1 p4 #aei4 ,corallinis de1 iisque insidentibus polypis1 aliisque animalculis marinis observationes1 p4 #beh4 ,cornwall1 account of an earthquake in the west parts of it1 ,july #ae1 #ageg1 p4 #dii4 ,corona ,solis ,marina ,americana1 observations on it1 p4 #hdc4 ,d ,da ,costa1 ,emanuel ,mendez1 his account of the impressions of plants on the slates of coals1 p4 #bbh4 ,darwin1 ,erasmus1 ,m4,d4 his remarks on the opinion of ,henry ,eles1 ,esq2 concerning the ascent of vapour1 p4 #bdj4 ,delirium1 of a fever1 an extraordinary case of the efficacy of the bark in one1 p4 #fji4 ,diseases1 effects of electricity in the cure of some particular ones1 p4 #fie4 ,dodson and ,mountaine1 tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them1 adapted to every #e degrees of lat4 and long4 in the more frequented oceans1 p4 #cbi4 ,dollond1 ,mr4 ,john1 his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light1 p4 #gcc4 ,dust1 ,black1 an extraordinary shower1 which fell in the island of ,zetland1 ,oct4 #bj4 #agee1 p4 #big4 ,e ,earthquake1 account of one in the island of ,sumatra1 in the ,east ,indies1 ,nov4 and ,dec4 #agef1 p4 #dia4 ---- ---- ---- ---- in the west parts of ,cornwall1 ,july #ae1 #ageg1 p4 #dii4 ---- ---- ---- ---- at ,lingfield in ,surrey1 and ,edenbridge in ,kent1 ,jan4 #bd1 #ageh1 p4 #fad4 ---- ---- ---- ---- at ,herculaneum1 p4 #fai4 ---- ---- ---- ---- in ,new ,england1 and the neighbouring parts of ,america1 ,nov4 #ah1 #agee1 p4 #a4 ---- ---- observations upon a very particular tho' slight one1 p4 #fde4 ,eclipsis lunaris facta ,matriti1 a ,p4 ,joanne ,wendlingen1 die #cj ,julii1 #ageg1 p4 #fdj4 ---- lun observatio1 die #cj ,julii1 #ageg1 ,olissipone habita1 p4 #gfi4 ---- ---- ---- ---- die #bg ,martii1 #agee1 ,olissipone habita1 p4 #cgd4 ---- ---- ---- ---- die #d ,februarii1 #ageg1 ,olissipone habita1 p4 #cgf4 ,eclipsium satellitum ,jovis observationes1 ,olissipone habit1 anno #ageg1 p4 #cgh4 ---- ---- ---- ---- observationes1 ,olissipone habit1 p4 #cgg4 ,edystone1 remarks on the different temperature of the air there from that observed at ,plymouth1 between ,july #g and #ad1 #ageg1 p4 #dhh4 ,edenbridge1 account of an earthquake felt there1 ,jan4 #bd4 #ageh1 p4 #fad4 ,edwards1 ,mr4 ,geo4 his observations on an evening1 or rather nocturnal1 solar ,iris1 p4 #bic4 ---- ---- ---- ---- account of a new-discovered species of snipe1 or tringa1 p4 #bee4 ,eles1 ,henry1 ,esq2 remarks on his opinion concerning the ascent of vapour1 p4 #bdj4 ,electricity1 the effects of it in paralytic cases1 p4 #dha4 ---- further account of its effects in curing some diseases1 p4 #fie4 ---- its virtue in the cure of a palsey1 p4 #cib4 ,ellis1 ,mr4 ,john1 his account of a red coral from the ,east ,indies1 of a very singular kind1 p4 #ahi4 ---- ---- ---- remarks on ,dr4 ,job4 ,baster's observationes de corallinis1 c4 p4 #bhj4 ---- ---- ---- answer to the remarks upon his letter to ,philip ,carteret ,webb1 ,esq2 p4 #dda4 ---- ---- ---- account of several rare species of ,barnacles1 p4 #hde4 ----1 ,henry1 ,esq2 his account of the heat of the weather in ,georgia1 p4 #ged4 ,equator1 ,terrestrial1 resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the position of it1 p4 #daf4 ,eye1 diseased1 an extraordinary case of one1 p4 #gdg4 ,f ,fauquier1 ,francis1 ,esq2 his account of an extraordinary storm of hail in ,virginia1 p4 #gdf4 ,fire-,engine1 further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in it1 p4 #cgj4 ---- ---- attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the help of it1 p4 #gbg4 ,fitz-,gerald1 ,keane1 ,esq2 his further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in a fire-engine1 p4 #cgj4 ---- ---- ---- experiments on applying ,dr4 ,hales's method of distilling salt water to the steam-engine1 p4 #ec4 ---- ---- ---- concerning an attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the assistance of the fire-engine1 p4 #gbg4 ,flexor tendon1 an account of one torn out in its whole extent1 together with the first joint of the thumb1 p4 #fag4 ,forbes1 ,dr4 ,george1 his letter concerning the ,patella1 or ,limpet-,fish1 found at ,bermuda1 p4 #hei4 ,forster1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,richard1 his extract of the register of the parish of ,great ,shefford1 with observations1 p4 #cef4 ---- ---- ---- ---- his letter concerning the number of the people of ,england1 p4 #deg4 ,fruits1 fossil1 and other bodies1 account of some found in the island of ,shepey1 p4 #cif4 ,g ,gaze1 ,mr4 ,john1 his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms1 p4 #eba4 ,gall-stones1 two extraordinary cases relating to them1 p4 #edc4 ,gaubil1 ,f4 his description of the plan of ,peking1 p4 #gjd4 ,georgia1 account of the heat of the weather there1 p4 #ged4 ,glass1 in windows1 dissertation on the antiquity of it1 p4 #fja4 ,gravity1 ,specific1 of living men1 essay towards ascertaining it1 p4 #cj4 ,grindall1 ,mr4 ,richard1 his account of the efficacy of the bark in a mortification1 p4 #cgi4 ,guadaloupe1 ,isle of1 account of a visitation of the leprous persons there1 p4 #ch4 ,h ,hague1 state of thermometer there1 ,jan4 #i1 #ageg1 p4 #adh4 ---- observations there on the comet in ,sept4 and ,oct4 #ageg1 p4 #dhc4 ,hail1 an extraordinary storm in ,virginia1 p4 #gdf4 ,herculaneum1 accounts of the late discoveries of antiquities made there1 p4 #di1 #hh1 #fai4 ,heat of the air1 ,july #ageg1 remarks on it by ,dr4 ,huxham and ,dr4 ,watson1 p4 #dbh4 ---- of the weather1 account of that in ,july #ageg1 by ,dr4 ,huxham1 p4 #ebc4 ---- of the weather in ,georgia1 account of it1 p4 #ged4 ,hemlock ,dropwort1 further account of its poisonous effects1 p4 #eef4 ,himsel de1 ,nicholai1 ,m4 ,d4 de rariori quadam specie1 in ,suecia reperta1 tractatus1 p4 #fib4 ,home1 ,robert1 ,surgeon1 his account of the flexor tendon torn out in its whole extent1 and the first joint of the thumb torn off1 p4 #fag4 ,horned ,cattle1 the usefulness of inoculation to prevent the contagious distemper among them1 p4 #ebh4 ,huxham1 ,john1 ,m4 ,d4 his remarks on the heat of the air1 ,july #ageg1 p4 #dbh4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- on the extraordinary heat of the weather in ,july #ageg1 p4 #ebc4 ,i ,jenty1 ,nicholas1 his account of a man1 whose intestines1 c4 all cohered1 and who after death fell under his inspection1 p4 #eej4 ,ileum1 the gut1 cut thro' by a knife1 instance of the successful treatment of it1 p4 #ce4 ,indigo plant1 effects of it1 and of the opuntia1 or prickly pear1 in colouring the juices of living animals1 p4 #bif4 ,inoculation1 its usefulness on horned cattle1 to prevent the contagious distemper among them1 p4 #ebh4 ,intestines1 remarkable case of the cohesions of all of them in a man1 p4 #eej4 ,johnstone1 ,james1 ,m4 ,d4 his account of two extraordinary cases of gall-stones1 p4 #edc4 ,iris1 solar1 observations on an evening1 or rather nocturnal one1 p4 #bic4 ,k ,klinkenberg1 ,mr4 ,d4 his observations upon the comet in ,sept4 and ,oct4 #ageg1 p4 #dhc4 ,l ,lacteals1 experiment to prove that salt of steel does not enter them1 p4 #eid4 ,lanreath1 effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there1 ,june #bg1 #agef1 p4 #ajd4 ,layard1 ,daniel ,peter1 ,m4 ,d4 his account of an extraordinary case of a diseased eye1 p4 #gdg4 ---- ,daniel ,peter1 ,m4 ,d4 his discourse on the usefulness of inoculating the horned cattle1 p4 #ebh4 ,leprous persons in the isle of ,guadaloupe1 account of a visitation of them1 p4 #ch4 ,lestwithiel1 in ,cornwall1 effects of lightning upon the church and steeple there1 p4 #aih4 ,lewis1 ,william1 ,m4 ,b4 his experimental examination of ,platina1 ,paper ,v4 and ,,vi4 p4 #adh1 #aef4 ,lichen1 memoir concerning it1 p4 #feb4 ,light1 some experiments concerning its different refrangibility1 p4 #gcc4 ,lightning1 its effects upon the church and steeple of ,lestwithiel in ,cornwall1 p4 #aih4 ,limax non cochleata1 observations on it1 p4 #ehe4 ,lime-water1 its lithontriptic virtue1 p4 #chf4 ,limpet-,fish1 found at ,bermuda1 account of it1 p4 #hei4 ,linnus1 his account of the faculty called ,vigili ,florum1 with an enumeration of several plants subject to that law1 p4 #ejf4 ,lingfield1 in ,surry1 account of an earthquake felt there1 ,jan4 #bd1 #ageh1 p4 #fad4 ,looe1 effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there1 ,june #bg1 #agef1 p4 #ajd4 ,m ,maps1 ,geographical1 the best form of them1 p4 #eec4 ---- and ,charts1 a short dissertation on them1 p4 #efc4 ,magnetism1 and ,polarity1 given to brass1 p4 #ggd4 ,malverne waters1 their good effects1 p4 #bc4 ,memoir1 an historical one on the genus of plants called ,lichen1 ,usnea1 ,coralloides1 and ,lichenoides1 p4 #feb4 ,men1 living1 essay towards ascertaining their specific gravity1 p4 #cj4 ,milles1 ,jeremiah1 ,d4 ,d4 letters to him1 with accounts of the effects of thunder and lightning at ,looe and ,lanreath1 ,june #bg1 #agef1 p4 #ajd4 ---- ---- ---- his account of the ,carlsbad mineral waters in ,bohemia1 p4 #be4 ,miller1 ,mr4 ,philip1 concerning the effects of a storm at ,wigton in ,cumberland1 p4 #aid4 ---- ---- ---- his remarks on a letter of ,mr4 ,john ,ellis to ,p4 ,c4 ,webb1 ,esq2 printed in ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 xlix4 part ii4 p4 #hjf4--p4 #dcj4 ,mitchell1 ,sir ,andrew1 his account of an extraordinary shower of black dust1 that fell in the ,island of ,zetland1 ,oct4 #bj1 #agee1 p4 #big4 ,mixtures1 effervescent1 strange effects of some1 p4 #ai4 ,moffat1 in ,annandale1 a new medicinal well lately discovered there1 p4 #aag4 ,mortification1 remarkable efficacy of the bark in one1 p4 #cgi4 ,mount's-,bay1 account of some trees discovered underground on the shore there1 p4 #ea4 ,mounsey1 ,james1 ,m4 ,d4 his account of the strange effects of some effervescent mixtures1 p4 #ai4 ,mountaine and ,dodson1 tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them1 adapted to every five degrees of lat4 and long4 in the more frequented oceans1 p4 #cbi4 ---- ,wm4 his dissertation on maps and charts1 p4 #efc4 ,murdoch1 ,patrick1 his description of the best form of geographical maps1 p4 #eec4 ---- ---- his trigonometry abridged1 p4 #ech4 ,munckley1 ,nich4 ,m4 ,d4 his account of the extraordinary efficacy of the bark in the delirium of a fever1 p4 #fji4 ,n ,needle1 magnetic1 its variation1 p4 #cbi4 ,new ,england1 account of an earthquake felt there1 ,nov4 #ah1 #agee4 p4 #a4 ,newbury1 in ,berkshire1 account of the peat-pit near it1 p4 #aji4 ,nightshade1 deadly1 botanical and medical history of it1 p4 #fb4 ,nixon1 ,rev4 ,john1 ,a4 ,m4 his account of some of the antiquities discovered at ,herculaneum1 c4 p4 #hh4 ---- ---- ---- ---- his account of the temple of ,serapis at ,pozzuoli in ,naples1 p4 #aff4 ---- ---- ---- ---- his dissertation on the antiquity of glass in windows1 p4 #fja4 ,norfolk ,boy1 observations on the case of one1 who was cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms1 p4 #hcf4 ,number of the people of ,england1 observations on it1 p4 #cef1 #deg1 #dfe4 ,o ,observationes anatomico-medic de monstro bicorporeo virgineo1 p4 #caa4 ,oenanthe aquatica succo viroso crocante of ,lobel1 farther account of its poisonous effects1 p4 #hef4 ,oil1 its efficacy1 taken as a vermifuge1 p4 #hcg4 ,operation1 an extraordinary one performed in the dock-yard at ,portsmouth1 p4 #bhh4 ,opuntia1 or prickly pear1 effects of it1 and of the ,indigo plant1 in colouring the juices of living animals1 p4 #bif4 ,orthoceratitis1 de rariori quadam specie1 in ,suecia reperta1 tractatus1 p4 #fib4 ,oram1 ,rev4 ,richard1 his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms1 p4 #eah4 ,oxford1 account of the black assize there1 p4 #fii4 ,p ,paderni1 ,camillo1 his account of the late discoveries at ,herculaneum1 p4 #di4 ---- ---- ---- ---- of an earthquake at ,herculaneum1 and of some late discoveries there1 p4 #fai4 ,palsey1 instance of the cure of it by electricity1 p4 #cib4 ,pantheon1 at ,rome1 account of the alterations making in it1 p4 #aae4 ,parsons1 ,james1 ,m4 ,d4 his account of some extraordinary tumours upon the head of a man in ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital1 p4 #cej4 ---- ---- ---- his account of fossil fruits1 and other bodies1 found in the island of ,shepey1 p4 #cif4 ,paralytic cases1 the effects of electricity in them1 p4 #dha4 ,patella1 or ,limpet-,fish1 found at ,bermuda1 account of it1 p4 #hei4 ,peyssonel1 ,john ,andrew1 ,m4 ,d4 his account of a visitation of the leprous persons in the isle of ,guadaloupe1 p4 #ch4 ---- ---- ---- ---- his observations on the worms that form sponges1 p4 #eij4 ---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the ,limax non cochleata purpur ferens1 p4 #ehe4 ---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the ,alga marina latifolia1 p4 #fca4 ---- ---- ---- ---- observations on a slight but very particular earthquake1 p4 #fde4 ---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the ,manchenille apple1 p4 #ggb4 ---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the ,corona ,solis ,marina ,americana1 or ,american ,sea-,sun-,crown1 p4 #hdc4 ,peat-pit1 account of one near ,newbury in ,berkshire1 p4 #aji4 ,people of ,england1 concerning the number of them1 p4 #deg4 ---- ---- ---- an answer to ,mr4 ,forster's letter1 concerning their number and increase1 #dfe4 ,peking1 a description of the plan of it1 p4 #gjd4 ,perry1 ,mr4 his letter to ,dr4 ,stukeley1 concerning the ,earthquake at ,sumatra in ,nov4 and ,dec4 #agef1 p4 #dia4 ,phnician numeral characters anciently used at ,sidon1 dissertation on them1 p4 #gia4 ,plants1 impressions of them on the slates of coals1 p4 #bbh4 ---- catalogue of the fifty from ,chelsea ,garden1 for #agef1 p4 #bcf4 ---- observations on the sleep of them1 p4 #ejf4 ---- catalogue of the fifty from ,chelsea ,garden1 for #ageg1 p4 #fdh4 ,platina1 experimental examination of it1 ,paper ,v4 and ,,vi4 p4 #adh1 #aef4 ,platt1 ,mr4 ,joshua1 his account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up at ,stonesfield1 near ,woodstock1 p4 #ebd4 ,polarity and ,magnetism1 communicated to brass1 p4 #ggd4 ,polypus1 ,sea1 account of it1 p4 #ggg4 ,pozzuoli1 account of the temple of ,serapis there1 p4 #aff4 ,postscript to ,dr4 ,whytt's observations on ,lord ,walpole's case1 p4 #che4 ,pringle1 ,john1 ,m4 ,d4 on the virtues of soap in dissolving the stone1 p4 #bba4 ---- ---- ---- ---- his account of the effects of electricity in paralytic cases1 p4 #dha4 ,problems1 isoperimetrical1 a further attempt to facilitate the solution of them1 p4 #fbc4 ,pulteney1 ,m4 ,richard1 his botanical and medical history of the ,solanum ,lethale1 p4 #fb4 ---- ---- ---- his observations on the sleep of plants1 p4 #ejf4 ,pulse1 quickness of it in coughs1 attended with infarction of the lungs1 lessened by blisters1 p4 #efi4 ,r ,register1 ,parish1 extract of that in ,great ,shefford in ,berkshire1 with observations1 p4 #cef4 ,remarks on ,dr4 ,job ,baster's ,observationes de corallinis1 c4 p4 #bhj4 ,robertson1 ,mr4 ,john1 his essay towards ascertaining the specific gravity of living men1 p4 #cj4 ---- ---- ---- ---- account of an extraordinary operation performed in ,portsmouth dock-yard1 p4 #bhh4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of the fall of water under bridges1 p4 #dib4 ,s ,salt-water1 experiments on applying ,dr4 ,hales's method of distilling it to the steam-engine1 p4 #ec4 ,satellite1 concerning the irregularities in the motion of one1 arising from the spheroidical figure of its primary planet1 p4 #hjg4 ,sea-water1 method of making it fresh with wood-ashes1 p4 #fce4 ,sea ,alga with broad leaves1 observations on it1 p4 #fca4 ,series1 invention of a general method for determining the sum of every #b;d1 #c;d1 #dth1 #eth1 c4 term of one1 taken in order1 p4 #geg4 ,serapis1 ,temple of1 at ,pozzuoli1 account of it1 p4 #aff4 ,shepey ,island1 account of fossil fruits1 and other bodies1 found there1 p4 #cif4 ,short1 ,james1 ,m4 ,a4 his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light by ,mr4 ,john ,dollond1 p4 #gcc4 ,shefford1 ,great1 extract of the parish register there1 with observations1 p4 #cef4 ,simpson1 ,mr4 ,tho4 his resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the terrestrial equator1 c4 p4 #daf4 ---- ---- ---- ---- further attempt to facilitate the resolution of isoperimetrical problems1 p4 #fbc4 ---- ---- ---- ---- invention of a general method for determining the sum of every #b;d1 #c;d1 #dth1 or #eth1 c4 term of a series1 taken in order1 p4 #geg4 ,skeleton of an animal1 description of a fossil one found in the alum rock near ,whitby1 p4 #ghf4 ,slates of ,coals1 account of the impressions of plants on some1 p4 #bbh4 ,sleep of plants1 observations on it1 p4 #ejf4 ,smeaton1 ,mr4 ,john1 concerning the effects of lightning upon the church and steeple of ,lestwithiel in ,cornwall1 p4 #aih4 ---- ---- ---- his remarks on the different temperature of the air at ,edystone1 from that observed at ,plymouth1 between ,july #gth and #adth1 #ageg1 p4 #dhh4 ,snail1 the naked1 producing purple1 observations on it1 p4 #ehe4 ,snipe1 or ,tringa1 a new-discovered species of it1 p4 #bee4 ,solanum ,lethale1 ,bella-,donna1 or ,deadly ,nightshade1 brief botanical and medical history of it1 p4 #fb4 ,soap1 its virtues in dissolving the stone1 p4 #bba1 #chf4 ,sponges1 formed by worms1 new observations on them1 p4 #eij4 ,steam-,engine1 experiments on applying ,dr4 ,hales's method of distilling salt-water to it1 p4 #ec4 ,steam1 farther experiments for increasing the quantity of it in a fire-engine1 p4 #egj4 ,stone1 the virtues of soap in dissolving it1 p4 #bba4 ,stones1 remarkable instance of four rough ones discovered in an human urinary bladder1 extracted by the lateral method of cutting for the stone1 p4 #egi4 ,storm1 effects of one at ,wigton in ,cumberland1 p4 #aid4 ---- ---- ---- ---- at ,looe and ,lanreath1 p4 #ajd4 ,stonesfield1 account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up there1 p4 #ebd4 ,sumatra1 ,island of1 account of an earthquake felt there in ,nov4 and ,dec4 #agef1 p4 #dia4 ,swinton1 the ,rev4 ,john1 his remarks on a ,parthian coin with a ,greek and ,parthian legend1 never before published1 p4 #age4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- dissertation upon the ,phnician numeral characters antiently used at ,sidon1 p4 #gia4 ,t ,tables of the variation of the magnetic needle1 a sett1 which exhibit the result of upwards of fifty thousand observations1 adapted to every five degrees of lat4 and long4 in the more frequented oceans1 p4 #cbi4 ,tendon1 ,flexor1 one torn out in its whole extent1 and the first joint of the thumb torn off1 p4 #fag4 ,thermometer1 state of it at the ,hague1 ,jan4 #i1 #ageg4 p4 #adh4 ,thermometers1 description of some for particular uses1 p4 #cjj4 ,thigh-bone of a large animal1 a fossil one dug up at ,stonesfield1 near ,woodstock1 in ,oxfordshire1 p4 #ebd4 ,thunder and ,lightning1 the effects of them in the parishes of ,looe and ,lanreath1 ,june #bgth1 #agef1 p4 #ajd4 ,torkos1 ,just4 ,joan4 observationes anatomico-medic de monstro bicorporeo virgineo1 p4 #caa4 ,travers1 ,mr4 ,peter1 his successful treatment of the gut ileum cut thro' by a knife1 p4 #ce4 ,trees1 some discovered under-ground on the shore at ,mount's-,bay in ,cornwall1 p4 #ea4 ,trembley1 ,mr4 ,abraham1 extract of a letter from him on several curious subjects of natural history1 p4 #eh4 ---- ---- ---- his state of the thermometer at the ,hague1 ,jan4 #i1 #ageg1 p4 #adh4 ,trigonometry1 abridgement of it1 p4 #ech4 ,tumours1 some extraordinary ones upon the head of a man in ,st4 ,bartholomew's-,hospital1 p4 #cej4 ,tringa1 or ,snipe1 account of a new-discovered species1 p4 #bee4 ,v ,vapour1 remarks on the opinion of ,henry ,eles1 ,esq2 concerning the ascent of it1 p4 #bdj4 ,ventilators1 attempt to improve the manner of working them by the help of a fire-engine1 p4 #gbg4 ,vessels1 lymphatic1 of animals1 observations on their origin and use1 p4 #cbb4 ,vigili florum1 account of that faculty1 p4 #ejf4 ,virginia1 remarkable storm of hail there1 p4 #gdf4 ,w ,wall1 ,john1 ,m4,d4 concerning the good effects of ,malverne waters1 p4 #bc4 ---- ---- ---- his observations on the case of the ,norfolk ,boy cured of convulsions by the discharge of worms1 p4 #hcf4 ,walmesley1 ,mr4 ,charles1 his letter on the irregular motions of a satellite1 p4 #hjg4 ,walker1 ,mr4 ,john1 his account of a new medicinal well lately discovered at ,moffat in ,annandale1 p4 #aag4 ,walpole1 ,lord ,horace1 sequel to his account of his own case 7,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #dc #dgb47 p4 #bje4 ,ward1 ,john1 ,,ll4,d4 letter communicated by him1 with an account of the alterations making in the ,pantheon at ,rome1 p4 #aae4 ---- ---- ---- his account of the black assize at ,oxford1 p4 #fii4 ,warner1 ,jos4 ,surgeon1 his account of a remarkable case of an aneurism1 c4 p4 #cfc4 ---- ---- ---- ---- instance of four rough stones extracted from the urinary bladder of a man1 by the lateral method of cutting for the stone1 p4 #egi4 ,water1 account of its fall under bridges1 p4 #dib4 ---- fresh1 method of procuring it from salt water with wood-ashes1 p4 #fce4 ,waters1 the ,carlsbad mineral1 account of them1 p4 #be4 ---- ---- ---- ---- their lithontriptic virtue with lime-water and soap1 p4 #chf4 ---- ,malverne1 the good effects of them1 p4 #bc4 ---- medicinal1 at ,moffat in ,annandale1 account of them1 p4 #aag4 ,various experiments on them1 p4 #aba4 ,watson1 ,william1 ,m4 ,d4 memoir concerning a genus of plants called ,lichen1 c4 p4 #feb4 ---- ---- ---- his account of some extraordinary effects arising from convulsions1 p4 #gdc4 ---- ---- ---- his further account of the poisonous effects of the ,oenanthe aquatica succo viroso crocanthe of ,lobel1 or ,hemlock ,dropwort1 p4 #hef4 ,well1 medicinal1 a new one discovered near ,moffat in ,annandale1 p4 #aag4 ,weather1 extraordinary heat of it in ,july #ageg1 p4 #ebc4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- in ,georgia1 p4 #ged4 ,wendlingen1 ,p4 ,joan4 observatio eclipsis lunaris facta ,matriti1 die #cj ,julii #ageg1 p4 #fdj4 ,white1 ,taylor1 ,esq2 his discourse on the ,cinamon1 ,cassia1 or ,canella1 p4 #hfj4 ,whytt1 ,robert1 ,m4 ,d4 his account of the lithontriptic virtue of the ,carlsbad waters1 lime-water and soap1 p4 #chf4 ---- ---- ---- concerning the remarkable effects of blisters in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs1 p4 #efi4 ,wigton1 in ,cumberland1 effects of a storm there1 p4 #aid4 ,winthrop1 ,mr4 ,professor1 concerning an earthquake felt in ,new ,england1 and the neighbouring parts of ,america1 ,nov4 #ah1 #agee1 p4 #a4 ,windows1 dissertation on the antiquity of glass in them1 p4 #fja4 ,wright1 ,edward1 ,m4,d4 his account of an experiment1 whereby it appears that salt of steel does not enter the lacteals1 p4 #eid4 ,wood-ashes1 their use in distilling fresh water from sea-water1 p4 #fce4 ,wooller1 ,mr4 his description of the fossil skeleton of an animal found in the alum rock near ,whitby1 p4 #ghf4 ,worms1 account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of some1 p4 #eah4 ,other cases of the like nature1 p4 #hci4 ---- that form sponges1 new observations on them1 p4 #eij4 ,z ,zetland1 island of1 account of an extraordinary shower of black dust which fell there1 ,oct4 #bj1 #agee1 p4 #big4 ,,errata4 ,p4 #gfi4 l4 #c4 read the order of ,p4 #gia4 l4 #f4 for ,oxon1 with a comma1 read ,oxon4 with a full-point4 ,p4 #gib4 l4 #e4 of the quotations1 for ,froel4 read ,frl4 ,in the ,contents to ,part ,i4 of this ,vol4 ,page #e4 l4 #ba4 for #aae4 read #aag4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,manna lies about #ej miles to the southward of ,marlborough4 #b ,the island of ,sumatra is between #g and #hjj miles long from north to south4 #c ,cumberland-house is a new well-built house for the governor of the place4 #d ,n4 ,b4 ,both these are contiguous to the fort4 #e ,laye house or factory is about #cj miles to the northward of ,marlborough1 and ,manna house or factory fifty miles to the southward4 #f ,the sugar-plantation is five or six miles from ,marlborough4 #g ,the qualloe is the country word for a river's mouth4 #h ,poblo ,point lies about three leagues to the southward of ,marlborough4 #i ,doosoons are villages4 #aj ,letter from ,william ,veale1 ,esq2 #aa ,letter from ,john ,trehawk1 ,esq2 #ab ,a timber support of the deads4 #ac ,loose rubbish and broken stones of the mine4 #ad ,mr4 ,j4 ,nantcarrow4 #ae ,trifolium quoque inhorrescere et folia contra tempestatem subrigere certum est4 ,hist4 ,nat4 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #ce4 #af ,flor4 ,lappon4 p4 #bbb4 #ag ,prosp4 ,alpin4 de plantis gypti1 cap4 #aj4 #ah ,it is not improbable1 that a considerable portion of whiting might be used instead of pure white lead1 which is frequently done3 and this supposition is favoured by the mixture's not proving fatal to the boy1 as such a quantity of white lead in all probability would4 #ai ,what ,lhwyd calls ostreum minus falcatum1 ,n4 #dea4 #bj ,memoires de l',acad4 des ,sciences1 anno #agdh4 p4 #cbf4 #ba ,ibid4 p4 #cch4 #bb ,ibid4 p4 #ccg4 #bc ,see my ,essay on the contagious ,distemper1 p4 #gj4 #bd ,pag4 #adc and #cch4 #be ,essay on the ,plague4 #bf ,see ,logarith4 ,canon4 deser4 ,edinb4 #afad4 p4 #dh4 #bg ,senex drew several of that form4 #bh ,see the ,preface to the small ,berlin ,atlas4 #bi ,this constant logarithm contains the reduction of the diff4 of longitude to parts of radius unity1 and to ,briggs's ,modulus4 #cj ,see ,cotesii ,logometr4 prop4 #f4 #ca ,physiological ,essays1 p4 #fi4 #cb ,physiological ,essays1 p4 #fi4 #cc ,dr4 ,pringle's ,observations on the ,diseases of the ,army1 part iii4 chap4 #b4 #cd ,vincentius ,menghinus de ,ferrearum particularum progressu in ,sanguinem4 ,comment4 ,acad4 ,bonon4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,p4 #b4 pag4 #dge4 #ce ,phil4 ,transact4 by ,lowthorpe1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajb4 edit4 #agdi4 the same by ,jones1 vol4 v4 p4 #bei4 #cf ,vol4 ,i4 art4 xii4 p4 #cfd4 #cg ,in a paper read ,feb4 #bd4 #ageg4 ,see ,art4 xiii4 p4 #hh4 #ch ,porticuum1 in quibus spatiari consueverat 7,domitianus7 parietes phengite lapide distinxit1 e cujus splendore per imagines quicquid a tergo fieret1 provideret4 ,sueton4 ,domit4 c4 #ad4 #ci ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bf4 4 #ff4 #dj ,pliny mentions a kind of glass or jet called obsidianum3 --nigerrimi coloris1 aliquando et translucidi1 crassiore visu1 atque in speculis parietum pro imagine umbras reddente4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bf4 4 #fg4 ,and that the practice of staining glass was known in his time1 appears from what he says concerning the obsidianum mentioned above3--,fit et genere tinctur--totum rubens vitrum1 atque non translucidum4 ,ibid4 #da ,panciroll4 ,rer4 ,mem4 p4 #bhh4 #db ,these glass balls had sometimes water within them3 ,cm addit aqu vitre pil sole adverso in tantum excandescant1 ut vestes exurant4 ,plin4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bb4 4 #de4 ,invenio medicos1 qu sunt urenda corporum1 non alitr utilius id fieri putare1 quam crystallin pil adversis posit solis radiis4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxxvii4 c4 #f4 4 #aj4 #dc ,vid4 ,mons4 ,renaudot ,memoires de l',acad4 des ,inscript4 tom4 ,i4 #dd ,vid4 infra1 not4 #aa4 #de ,theatrum ,scauri----scena ei triplex in altitudinem ,,ccclx columnarum4----,ima pars scen e marmore fuit3 media e vitro3 summa e tabulis inauratis4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #ae4 #df ,a4 ,v4 #fgh4 ,hard4 not4 ,plin4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #h4 #dg ,agrippa in thermis1 quas ,rom fecit1 figlinum opus encausto pinxit1 in reliquis albaria adornavit3 non dubi vitreas facturus cameras1 si prius inventum id fuisset1 aut a parietibus scen--,scauri pervenisset in cameras4 ,lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #be4 4 #fd4 #dh ,seneca1 exposing the luxury of the ,romans with regard to their baths1 says1 ,pauper sibi videtur ac sordidus1 nisi parietes magnis ac pretiosis orbibus refulserint--nisi vitro absconditur camera4--,ep4 #hf4 #di ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bb4 4 #de4 #ej ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bb4 4 #de4 #ea ,vid4 ,salmasius in a passage to be produced hereafter4 #eb ,hist4 de l',acad4 des ,inscrip4 tom4 ,i4 #ec ,montfauc4 ,antiq4 vol4 ,,iii4 part i4 lib4 iii4 c4 #d4 ,lipsius in loc4 c4 #ed ,qudam nostr demum prodiisse memori scimus2 ut speculariorum usum1 perlucente test1 clarum transmittentium lumen4 ,sen4 ep4 #ij4 #ee ,quod fenestris obducebatur ad translucendum1 ac lucem admittendam specular vetens ,latini vocrunt4 ,idque ex speculari lapide1 qu est 1 aut ex vitro fiebat1 aut ali translucid materi4 ,nam specular dictum1 non quod ex speculari lapide factum esset1 sed quod visum transmitteret1 ac per id speculari liceret4 ,salm4 ,exerc4 ,plin4 in ,solin4 tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #gga4 #ef ,villa's of the ,anc4 illustrated1 p4 iv4 #eg ,one of ,pliny's cautions for preserving apples is--,austros specularibus arcere4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xv4 c4 #af4 ,martial further informs us1 that the ,romans used to screen their orchards of choice fruit-trees with specularia4 ,lib4 viii4 epig4 #ad4 #eh ,i suppose he means that of ,fortuna ,seia4 ,lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bb4 #ei ,salmasius1 speaking of the custom of adorning chambers with glass1 says--,quod proxim tatem suam incepisse fieri narrat ,plinius4 ,quum ,m4 ,scaurus----,ex4 ,plin4 tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #hed4 ,i do not find this expresly asserted by ,pliny3 but it might have been so in fact4 ,this fashion indeed was not begun till after ,agrippa had built his therm3 but if we suppose that to have been even as late as his third consulship1 viz4 ante ,christ4 #bg4 7,helvicus71 when he erected the ,pantheon 7or at least its portico71 near adjoining to those therm1 there would have been sufficient room1 from that period to the birth of ,pliny 7viz4 anno ,christi #bd71 for the introduction of this usage4 #fj ,plin4 ,ep4 ,v4 ,i4 #aaa4 #fa ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bf4 4 #ff4 #fb ,vid4 supra4 #fc ,anno ,christi #hj4 #fd ,in order to justify my placing the testimony of this ,father so high1 ,i would observe1 that ,st4 ,jerome 7,de ,scriptor4 ,eccles47 says1 that ,lactantius--,extrem senectute magister ,csaris ,crispi filii ,constantini in ,gallia fuit4 ,he must probably have exercised this charge between anno ,christi #cji1 when ,constantine began to reign1 and #cbj4 ,if he was then of a great age1 he might have composed the treatise1 out of which this authority is produced1 and which was one of the earliest of his works1 that are extant 7,vid4 ,sparkii prf4 ad ,lactant471 #dj years before1 viz4 about anno ,christi #bhj2 which brings us up to #bjj years after the overthrow of ,herculaneum1 as above4 #fe ,lib4 i4 c4 #bj4 ,see this subject largely discussed in ,bodus ,stapel ,comment4 in ,theoph4 p4 #aef4 et seq4 #ff ,opera omnia ,c4 ,b4 edit4 #aeih4 p4 #fd4 #fg ,usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #ef4 ,lichen plicatus ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #aaed4 ,muscus arboreus3 ,usnea ,officin4 ,c4 ,b4 ,raii ,syn4 ,,iii4 p4 #fd4 #fh ,usnea barbata loris tenuibus fibrosis ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #fc4 ,lichen barbatus ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #aaee4 ,quercus excrementum villosum ,c4 ,b4 p4 #dbb4 ,bauhine took this to be the true ,usnea ,arabum4 #fi ,usnea ceratoides candicans glabra et odorata ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #ga4 ,muscus arboreus candicans et odorifer ,camelli ,raii ,hist4 ,,iii4 ,append4 p4 #c4 #gj ,civil and ,natural ,history of ,jamaica1 p4 #hj4 #ga ,hist4 ,plant4 ,i4 par4 ii4 p4 #hh4 #gb ,flor4 ,lap4 p4 #cdb4 4 ,flor4 ,suec4 ,ed4 ,,ii4 p4 #daf4 #gc ,flor4 ,lap4 p4 #cdh4 #gd ,hist4 ,plant4 ,i4 p4 #aae4 #ge ,usnea jubata nigricans4 ,dillen4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #fd4 ,lichen jubatus ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #aaee4 ,muscus corallinis saxatilis fniculaceus1 ,rock-hair4 ,raii ,syn4 ,,iii4 p4 #fe4 n4 #g4 #gf ,usnea capillacea et nodosa ,dillen4 ,hist4 ,musc4 #fj4 ,muscus arboreus nodosus ,c4 ,b4 p4 #cfa4 ,raii ,syn4 ,,iii4 p4 #fe4 n4 #d4 #gg ,raii ,hist4 ,pl4 ,,iii4 p4 #bh4 #gh ,natural ,history of ,norway1 p4 #adh4 #gi ,usnea capillacea citrina frutriculi specie4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #gc4 ,muscus aureus tenuissimus ,merret4 ,pin4 p4 #gi4 ,raii syn4 p4 #fe4 n4 #h4 #hj ,flor4 ,suec4 ,ed4 ,,ii4 p4 #dbg4 #ha ,hist4 ,plant4 ,,iii4 ,p4 ii4 lib4 #i4 p4 #bgc4 #hb ,usnea dichotoma compressa segmentis capillaceis teretibus4 ,hist4 ,musc4 #gb4 ,muscus arboreus aurantiacus flaminibus tenuissimis ,pluk4 ,alm4 p4 #bed4 ,raii ,hist4 ,,iii4 #bh4 #hc ,coralloides corniculis longioribus et rarioribus4 ,dillen4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #ajc4 ,muscus corniculatus ,ger4 p4 #acgb4 ,park4 #acjh4 ,raii ,hist4 ,i4 p4 #aab4 ,,iii4 p4 #bh4 ,lichenoides tubulosum cinereum minus crustaceum minusque ramosum ,raii ,syn4 #c4 p4 #fg4 #hd ,coralloides montanum fruticuli specie ubique candicans ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #ajg4 ,lichen rangiferinus ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #aaec4 ,muscus corallinus4 ,tab4 ,ger4 em4 #he ,flor4 ,lappon4 p4 #ccb4 #hf ,enum4 ,stirp4 ,helv4 p4 #fi4 ,n4 #ch4 #hg ,the ,novaccol are a people originally sprung from the ,finlanders3 they fixed themselves in ,lapland not long since1 and traffick with the old inhabitants4 #hh ,coralloides crispum et botryforme ,alpinum ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #aad4 ,lichen paschalis ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 ,lichenoides non tubulum cinereum ramosum totum crustaceum ,raii ,syn4 ,,iii4 #ff4 ,n4 #aa4 ,this moss is not common in ,england4 ,dr4 ,dillenius found it upon some of the mountains in ,wales4 ,it is found in many places on ,charley-forest1 ,leicestershire4 #hi ,flor4 ,lappon4 ,n4 #dhi4 #ij ,coralloides corniculatum fasciculare tinctorium fuci teretis facie ,dillen4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #abj4 ,cladonia tophacea ,hill4 ,hist4 ,pl4 p4 #ic4 ,fucus capillaris tinctorius ,raii ,hist4 ,i4 p4 #gd4 ,lichen 7,rocelia7 fruticulosus solidus aphyllus subramosus tuberculis alternis ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #aaed4 #ia ,l',art de la ,teinture des lains et des ,etoffes de lain2 ,paris #agej1 p4 #edc4 #ib ,raii ,hist4 ,plant4 ,i4 p4 #gd4 #ic ,nova ,plant4 ,gener4 p4 #gh4 #id ,coralloides schyphiforme tuberculis fuscis ,hist4 ,musc4 #gi4 ,lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum4 ,raii ,syn4 ,,iii4 p4 #fh4 ,pyxidium margine leviter serrato4 ,hill4 ,hist4 ,plant4 p4 #id4 #ie ,willis ,pharm4 ,rational4 sect4 ,i4 cap4 #f4 de tussi puerorum convulsiva4 #if ,de ,are et ,morbis epidemicis1 p4 #gf1 #gg4 vol4 ,i4 #ig ,lowthorp's ,abridgment1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ffj4 #ih ,lichenoides tartareum tinctorium candidum tuberculis atris4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #abh4 #ii ,lichen 7calcareus7 leprosus candidus tuberculis atris ,spec4 ,plant4 #aadj4 #ajj ,lichenoides leprosum tinctorium scutellis lapidum ,caneri figura ,hist4 ,musc4 #acj4 ,lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum scutellare cinereum4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #gj4 #aja ,tournefort's ,voyage to the ,levant1 ,eng4 edit4 ,lond4 #agda4 in #h1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bdh4 #ajb ,lichenoides tartareum farinaceum scutellarum umbone fusco4 ,hist4 ,musc4 #acb4 ,placodium bracteis majusculis limbo albo cinctis ,hill4 ,hist4 ,pl4 p4 #ig4 #ajc ,flor4 ,suec4 ,ed4 ,,ii4 p4 #djg4 #ajd ,lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum acetabulis majoribus luteis limbis argenteis ,raii ,syn4 p4 #ga4 ,n4 #df4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #acb4 #aje ,vide conom4 ,natur4 in ,amn4 ,acad4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ag4 #ajf ,lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et cirrosum ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #hh4 ,lichenoides crusta foliosa superne cinereo-glauca1 inferne nigra et cirrosa scutellis nigricantibus4 ,r4 ,syn4 p4 #gb4 #ajg ,lichenoides saxatile tinctorium foliis pilosis purpureis ,raii ,syn4 p #gd4 ,n4 #gj4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #ahe4 ,lichen petrus purpureus ,derbiensis ,park4 ,theat4 p4 #acae4 ,lichen omphalodes ,lin4 ,spec4 ,pl4 #aadc4 #ajh ,park4 ,theat4 ,botan4 p4 #acae4 #aji ,raii ,hist4 ,plant4 p4 #aaf4 #aaj ,flor4 ,lappon4 p4 #cdc4 ,v4 #aaa ,otherwise called arnotto4 #aab ,lichenoides vulgare sinuosum foliis et scutellis luteis4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #ahj4 ,lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata flavescens4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #gb4 ,n4 #ei4 #aac ,flor4 ,suec4 ,ed4 ,,ii4 p4 #daf4 ,n4 #ajic4 #aad ,linnus has intitled this moss ,lichen 7stygius7 imbricatus1 folio is palmatis incurvis atris4 ,fl4 ,suec4 ,i4 #idi4 ,spec4 ,plant4 #aadc4 ,fl4 ,suec4 ,,ii4 ,n4 #ajgi4 #aae ,lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum4 ,hist4 ,musc4 #agj4 ,lichenoides arboreum ramosum angustioribus cinereo-virescentibus ramulis4 ,raii ,syn4 #ge4 ,lichen calicaris ,lin4 ,spec4 ,plant4 #aadf4 #aaf ,lichenoides fuciforme tinctorium corniculis longioribus et acutioribus4 ,hist4 ,musc4 #afh4 ,platysma corniculatum4 ,hill ,hist4 ,plant4 #ij4 ,lichen fuciformis ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #aadg4 #aag ,lichenoides digitatum cinereum lactuc foliis sinuosis ,dillen4 ,hist4 ,musc4 #bjj4 ,platysma sinuosum scutellis ovato-rotundis ,hill ,hist4 ,pl4 #hi4 ,lichen caninus ,lin4 ,sp4 ,pl4 #aadi4 #aah ,see ,lowthorp's ,abridgment1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bhd4 #aai ,dr4 ,van ,swieten4 ,see ,comment4 in ,boerh4 ,aphor4 4 #aadg4 #abj ,mechanical ,account of ,poisons1 ed4 #dth1 p4 #aef4 #aba ,lichenoides pulmonium reticulatum vulgare marginibus peltiferis ,dill4 ,hist4 ,musc4 #bab4 ,lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #gf4 ,musc4 pulmonarius ,c4 ,b4 #abb ,dillen4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #bac4 #abc ,lichenoides digitatum lte virens verrucis nigris notatum4 ,ibid4 p4 #bjg4 #abd ,boerhaav4 ,aphorism4 4 #ihb4 #abe ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fi4 ,de ,tnia4 #abf ,musca apiformis1 tota fusca1 cauda obtusa1 ex ejula caudata in latrinis degente orta4 ,raii ,hist4 ,insect1 p4 #bgb4 #abg ,faun4 ,suecica1 ,n4 #ajhd4 #abh ,see two cases nearly of this kind observed by ,dr4 ,lister4 ,lowthorp's ,abridgment1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ace4 #abi ,lichenoides rigidum eryngii folia referens ,dillen4 ,hist4 ,musc4 p4 #bji4 ,raii ,syn4 p4 #gg4 ,lichen foliis oblongis laciniatis marginibus conniventibus ciliaribus4 ,flor4 ,lappon4 ,hall4 ,helv4 #ge4 ,lichen 7islandicus7 foliaceus adscendens laciniatus marginibus elevatis ciliaribus ,lin4 ,flor4 ,suec4 ,i4 #iei4 ,,ii4 #ajhe4 ,mat4 ,med4 ,n4 #dic4 ,spec4 ,plant4 #aade4 #acj ,raii ,hist4 ,plant4 p4 #aad4 #aca ,flor4 ,lappon4 ,n4 #dde4 #acb ,horrebow's ,natural ,history of ,iceland1 p4 #cf4 #acc ,for the first account1 see part first1 p4 #cib4 #acd ,sic in regist4 et postea haud semel4 #ace ,sic in regist4 #acf ,sic in regist4 #acg ,sic in regist4 #ach ,sic in regist4 #aci ,sic in regist4 #adj ,page #bhe4 edit4 ,lugd4 ,batav4 #afbe4 #ada ,page #fha4 edit4 ,london1 #afca4 #adb ,wood ,hist4 et ,antiqu4 ,universit4 ,oxon4 lib4 i4 p4 #bie4 and ,athen4 ,oxon4 vol4 ,i4 col4 #bcg4 #adc ,hist4 ,antiquit4 ,universit4 ,oxon4 ubi supra4 #add ,page #bij1 #b;d edit4 #ade ,when the emperor goes out or comes into the palace1 this bell is rung4 #adf ,in these two houses are ,jesuits of other nations4 ,they are stiled ,portuguese1 because these houses and churches depend on the mission of the ,jesuits founded by the king of ,portugal4 #adg ,there are beaten there the five watches of the night4 ,the sound is heard thro' the whole city4 #adh ,yong lo1 emperor of the last dynasty ,ming1 built these two towers4 #adi ,the tribunals of the ministers and grand masters of the emperor's house are in the inclosure ,tse kin4 #aej ,the feet are different in ,china2 but #ahjj feet always make a ly4 ,according to the measure of the foot the ly will be greater or less4 #aea ,this power is called in ,china the dynasty ,leao4 #aeb ,there is extant1 in the ,chinese and ,tartar ,mantcheou languages1 an history of the dynasty of ,ki tan4 #aec ,of which dynasty there is extant a very curious history4 #aed ,book ,i4 ,part ii4 ,prop4 #c4 ,experiment #h4 of his ,optics4 #aee ,if 1 1 1 1 c4 be supposed to represent the co-sines of the angles #cfj n1 #b #cfj n1 #c #cfj n1 c4 7the radius being unity72 then the roots of the equation z - #a #j 7expressing the several values of p1 q1 r1 s1 c47 will be truly defined by #a1 7 - #a71 - 7 - #a71 7 - #a71 - 7 - #a71 c4 ,the demonstration of this will be given farther on4 #aef ,because - 7#a - xx7 and - 7#a - ,,xx7 are known to express the fluxions of the circular arcs whose co-sines are x and ,x1 it is evident1 if those arcs be supposed in any constant ratio of #a to n1 that n 7#a - xx7 7#a - ,,xx71 and consequently that n 7xx - #a7 7 n 7-#a 7#a - xx77 7-#a 7#a - ,,xx77 7,,xx - #a74 ,from whence1 by taking the fluents1 n ,log4 7x 7xx - #a77 7or ,log4 7x 7xx - #a777 ,log4 ,x 7,,xx - #a72 and consequently 7x 7xx - #a77 ,x 7,,xx - #a73 whence also1 seeing x - 7xx - #a7 is the reciprocal of x 7xx - #a71 and ,x - 7,,xx - #a7 of ,x 7,,xx - #a71 it is likewise evident1 that 7x - 7xx - #a77 ,x - 7,,xx - #a74 ,hence1 not only the truth of the above assumption1 but what has been advanced in relation to the roots of the equation z - #a #j1 will appear manifest4 ,for if x 7xx - #a7 be put z1 then will z 7 7x 7xx - #a777 ,x 7,,xx - #a73 where1 assuming ,x #a co-s4 #j co-s4 #cfj co-s4 #b #cfj co-s4 #c #cfj1 c4 the equation will become z #a1 or z - #a #j2 and the different values of x1 in the expression 7x 7xx - #a77 for the root z1 will consequently be the co-sines of the arcs1 #j n1 #cfj n1 7#b #cfj7 n1 c4 these arcs being the corresponding submultiples of those above1 answering to the co-sine ,x 7 #a74----;,in the same manner1 if ,x be taken -#a co-s4 #ahj co-s4 #c #ahj co-s4 #e #ahj1 c4 then will z -#a1 or z #a #j2 and the values of x will1 in this case1 be the co-sines of #ahj n1 #c 7#ahj n71 #e 7#ahj n71 c4 #aeg ,avellana purgatrix2 in ,french1 medicinier4 #aeh ,this refers to ,mr4 ,baker's having supposed1 that old iron and old brass may be mixt sometimes1 and melted down together4 #aei ,vide ,wilkins's real ,character1 p4 #aca4 ,bellon4 aquat4 p4 #ccj4 #afj ,some of the ,pour-contrel kind have but one row of suckers on the arms3 such an one ,i have seen1 whose arms were thirty inches long4 #afa ,of this ,i gave an account some years ago1 in my attempt towards a ,natural ,history of the ,polype1 chap4 v4 #afb ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #a4 #afc ,de ,num4 quibusd4 ,sam4 et ,phn4 c4 ,dissert4 p4 #ef-ei4 ,tab4 ,,ii4 ,oxon4 #agej4 #afd ,marm4 ,palmyren4 a ,cl4 ,dawk4 edit4 pass4 #afe ,vid4 ,hadr4 ,reland4 ,palst4 ,illustrat4 p4 #ajad4 ,traject4 ,batavor4 #agad4 ,erasm4 ,frl4 ad ,annal4 ,compendiar4 ,reg4 ,rer4 ,syr4 ,tab4 ,,viii4 c4 ,vienn1 #aged4 #aff ,de ,antiq4 ,hebror4 et ,grcor4 ,lit4 ,libel4 ,joan4 ,baptist4 ,biancon4 p4 #ca1 #cb4 ,bononi1 #agdh4 #afg #a4 ,maccab4 i4 #aj4 #afh ,hadr4 ,reland4 ,de ,num4 ,vet4 ,hebr4 pass4 ,trajecti ad ,rhenum1 #agji4 #afi ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #b4 #agj ,honor4 ,arigon4 ,num4 ,phnic4 ,tab4 ,i4 ,num4 #c1 #f4 ,tarvisii1 #agde4 #aga ,nicol4 ,haym ,roman4 ,del ,tesor4 ,britan4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #ajf4 ,in ,londra1 #agai4 #agb ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #c4 #agc ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #c4 #agd ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #c4 #age ,see the ,phnician ,numerals in ,plate xxxii4 #agf ,philosoph4 ,transact4 ,vol4 xlviii4 ,par4 ii4 p4 #gbf4 #agg ,de ,num4 quibusd4 ,sam4 et ,phn4 c4 ,dissert4 p4 #ei-fa4 ,tab4 ,,ii4 ,oxon4 #agej4 #agh ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #d4 #agi ,haym1 ubi sup4 p4 #ajg4 #ahj ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #e4 #aha ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #e4 #ahb ,honor4 ,arigon4 ,num4 ,phnic4 ,tab4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,tarvisii1 #agde4 #ahc ,id4 ibid4 ,tab4 ,i4 ,n4 #e4 #ahd ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #f4 #ahe ,see p4 #gic1 #gid4 #ahf ,see plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #g4 #ahg ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #h4 #ahh ,recherches ,curieuses des ,monoyes de ,france c4 ,par ,claude ,bouterou1 p4 #cc4 ,a ,paris1 #afff4 #ahi ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #i4 #aij ,honor4 ,arigon4 ubi sup4 ,tab4 ,i4 ,num4 #b4 #aia ,claud4 ,bouterou1 ubi sup4 p4 #bd4 #aib ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #i4 #aic ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #i4 #aid ,mmoires de ,litterature1 tirs des ,registres c4 ,tom4 xxiv4 p4 #fd4 ,a ,paris1 #agef4 #aie ,the whole note1 here referred to1 in the original runs thus4 8,j'avois l ce ,mmoire l',acadmie en #agdi1 je le communiquai dans le mme temps un tranger qui se trouvoit alors ,paris1 qui ayant pass tout de suite en ,angleterre1 fit part un docteur d',oxford de l'explication que j'avois donne de la mdaille de ,jonathan4 ,ce dernier m'a fait l'honneur de l'adopter dans une savante ,dissertation imprime a ,oxford en #agej1 la suite d'une autre ,dissertation sur deux inscriptions ,phniciennes40 ,mmoires de ,litterature1 tirs des ,registres de l',acadmie ,royale des ,inscriptions ,belles-,lettres1 c4 ,tom4 xxiv4 p4 #fj4 ,a ,paris1 #agef4 ,for the better understanding of this note1 it will be proper to observe1 that the stranger therein mentioned was ,m4 ,brucker1 ,professor of ,history in the ,university of ,basil2 with whom ,i contracted an acquaintance when at ,oxford1 towards the close of ,march #agej4 ,this gentleman then informed me1 that ,m4 l',abb ,barthelemy communicated to him draughts of three ,samaritan coins of ,jonathan1 prince and high-priest of the ,jews4 ,he added1 that one of these exhibited the words 2 which1 according to him1 ,m4 l',abb ,barthelemy interpreted of ,alexander the ,great1 taking the piece to have been twice struck4 ,this ,m4 ,brucker afterwards in a great measure confirmed1 by a letter he wrote to me at ,oxford2 which ,i published intire in #agej1 and endeavoured to prove1 that the foregoing inscription was to be understood of ,alexander ,i4 king of ,syria1 and not of ,alexander the ,great4 ,the ,samaritan inscription1 which ,m4 ,brucker only just touched upon1 as is manifest from his letter1 ,i likewise attempted to explain2 producing proper vouchers1 in support of what ,i advanced4 ,thus stands the fact1 which seems to have given some offence to ,m4 l',abb1 stated in the most concise manner possible2 and from it1 thus stated1 as ,i apprehend1 are naturally deducible the following observations4 #a4 ,as ,i differed in opinion from ,m4 l',abb1 with regard to the words 1 as well as in several other respects1 and supported by indisputable authorities what ,i in all points advanced1 without receiving from any person whatsoever the least information relative thereto2 it very evidently appears1 that ,i did not adopt ,m4 l',abb's explication of the coin in question4 #b4 ,by publishing ,m4 ,brucker's letter1 which ,i have still by me1 intire1 ,i both did him justice1 and clearly acknowledged ,m4 l',abb to have first discovered the medals it treats of to belong to ,jonathan1 prince and high-priest of the ,jews2 and therefore have by no means endeavoured1 as he would insinuate1 to rob him of the glory of such a discovery4 #c4 ,as ,m4 l',abb in effect owns himself to have seen my dissertation1 and has 7if ,m4 ,brucker rightly informed me7 since the reading of his memoir1 substituted my notion1 relating to the words1 1 in the room of his own2 some people may perhaps imagine1 that ,i have at least as much reason to recriminate on this occasion1 as he had to charge me with the adoption of his explication4 ,nay1 as he expresly acquaints the public1 that ,m4 ,brucker imparted to me the very interpretation of the coin he 7,m4 l',abb7 had before communicated to him1 and as this interpretation most evidently makes it to have been first struck in the reign of ,alexander the ,great2 every unprejudiced person1 unacquainted with the elevated genius and extensive erudition of ,m4 l',abb1 will be strongly induced to believe1 that there would be no great injustice in a recrimination4 ,but far be it from me to retort the accusation upon ,m4 l',abb4 ,his uncommon learning1 his singular modesty1 his strict honour1 his utter contempt of vanity and ostentation in every shape1 so conspicuous to all the world1 must set him infinitely above the reach of such an imputation4 ,however1 notwithstanding the superior merit and exalted abilities of ,m4 l',abb1 notwithstanding the known aversion of the ,french writers to the practice here hinted at1 and their most generous and candid treatment hitherto of those belonging to the ,british nation1 it will perhaps hereafter be thought expedient1 by the ,,academy ,,of ,,inscriptions ,,and ,,belles ,,lettres1 not frequently to suffer an interval of seven years to elapse1 between the reading and publication of their memoirs4 ,for by such unaccountable delays1 if often repeated1 a handle may possibly be given to many of the haughty islanders of reflecting upon1 or at least entertaining unfavourable sentiments of1 some of the members of that illustrious body4 ,see ,de ,num4 quibusd4 ,sam4 ,phn4 c4 ,dissert4 p4 #fa-gb4 ,oxon4 #agej4 #aif ,f4 ,henric4 ,nor4 ,veronens4 ,an4 et ,epoch4 ,syromaced4 c4 p4 #dad-dbd4 ,lipsi1 #afif4 #aig ,erasm4 ,frl4 ,annal4 ,compend4 ,reg4 et ,rer4 ,syr4 p4 #aac4 ,vienn1 #aged4 #aih ,joan4 ,harduin4 ,op4 ,select4 p4 #aee1 #aef4 ,amst4 #agji4 ,joan4 ,foy-,vaillant ,bellovac4 ,numismat4 r4 ,imperator4 c4 ,par4 ,alt4 p4 #ig4 ,parisiis1 #afie4 #aii ,iidem ibid4 alib4 #bjj ,f4 ,henr4 ,nor4 ,veronens4 ubi sup4 #bja ,diod4 ,sic4 lib4 xix4 ,plutarch4 in ,demetr4 ,appian4 in ,syriac4 #bjb ,f4 ,henr4 ,nor4 ,veronens4 ubi sup4 #bjc ,erasm4 ,frl4 ubi sup4 p4 #ci4 ,joan4 ,foy-,vaill4 ,seleucidar1 ,imper4 p4 #a-aej4 ,lutet4 ,parisior4 #afha4 #bjd ,joan4 ,foy-,vaill4 ,erasm4 ,frl4 ,nicol4 ,haym ,roman4 c4 #bje ,see above1 p4 #gic1 #gid4 #bjf ,erasm4 ,frl4 ubi sup4 p4 #aja4 #bjg #a4 ,maccab4 i4 #aj4 #bjh ,see ,plate xxxi4 #bji ,see ,plate xxxii4 #baj ,it may not however be amiss to remark1 that most of the forms of the ,phnician centenary and decimal numeral characters rather resemble the correspondent ,palmyrene numerals of ,gruter than those of ,mr4 ,dawkins2 as will be obvious to every one1 who shall think proper to compare all those different characters one with another4 ,philosoph4 ,transact4 ,vol4 xlviii4 ,par4 ii4 p4 #gba1 #gda4 #baa ,see ,plate xxxi4 ,fig4 #e4 ,arigon4 ,tab4 ,,ii4 ,num4 #aa4 #bab ,see above1 p4 #gia1 #gib4 #bac ,nicol4 ,haym ,roman4 ubi sup4 p4 #ajj4 ,erasm4 ,frl4 ubi sup4 p4 #aaa4 ,tab4 ,,xv4 #bad ,joan4 ,foy-,vaill4 ubi sup4 p4 #bch4 ,erasm4 ,frl4 ubi sup4 p4 #eg4 ,tab4 ,,vii4 ,num4 #a4 #bae ,nicol4 ,haym ,roman4 ubi sup4 p4 #aja4 ,erasm4 ,frl4 ubi sup4 p4 #aaa4 #baf ,nicol4 ,haym ,roman4 ubi sup4 p4 #aje1 #ajf4 #bag ,joan4 ,foy-,vaill4 ubi sup4 p4 #bjj4 ,erasm4 ,frl4 ubi sup4 p4 #fc4 ,tab4 ,,viii4 ,num4 #cj4 #bah ,hadr4 ,reland4 ,palst4 ,illustrat4 p4 #ajad4 #bai ,nicol4 ,haym ,roman4 ubi sup4 p4 #ajj1 #aja4 #bbj ,joan4 ,foy-,vaill4 ubi sup4 p4 #cge1 #cgh4 ,haym1 ubi sup4 p4 #ajj4 ,erasm4 ,frl4 ubi sup4 p4 #aaa4 ,tab4 ,,xv4 #bba ,gul4 ,bevereg4 ,institut4 ,chronologic4 p4 #bgh-cca4 ,eond4 #agba4 #bbb ,oleosis magna tribuitur efficacia1 qu maxime experimento ,fr4 ,rhedi videtur confirmata1 dum muscas et alia insecta variis liquoribus immersa in vivis permansisse refert1 exceptis aliis oleo perunctis et infusis1 qu invicem mortua vitam non receperunt1 licet radiis solaribus fuerint exposita4 ,equidem libenter concedo hc omnia veritati esse consona1 atque etiam oleosa1 ut ol4 oliv4 rapar4 et amygd4 dulc4 non sine fructu adhiberi3 sed scire licet minime illa eo unquam scopo posse offerri1 ut vermes enecent1 quia admodum magna oleorum copia requireretur1 si immediat vermes per totum intestinorum volumen dispersos deberent extinguere4 ,multo magis oleosa in gravibus a lumbricis symptomatibus ideo censerem utilia1 quia sensibiles intestinorum tunicas spasmo constrictas relaxant1 et mucilagine quasi obliniunt atque defendunt1 ut postea acriora quadam et purgantia remedia magis secure et sine lsione exhiberi possint4 ,ita ego spius mirabili cum effectu ad vermes enecandos et symptomata lenienda ol4 amygd4 d4 ad aliquot cochlearia1 imo j vel ij circa lecti introitum vel summo mane pueris prscripsi sumendum1 subjungendo aliquot horas post pilulas ex extracto panchymagogo ,crollii1 resina jalapp1 et mercurio dulci paratas4 ,hoffmann4 ,supplement4 ad ,med4 ,systemat4 de ,infant4 ,morb4 cap4 #aj4 de ,vermibus4 #bbc ,i have since been informed1 that the boy's parents being extremely poor1 the medicines were left off as soon as he began to recover2 and that1 upon their disuse for some time1 he was again attacked with the same fits as before4 #bbd ,all oils dry more readily after they have been boiled2 by which the superfluous aqueous parts are carried off4 ,drying oils are also made by the addition of such substances1 as absorb humidities4 #bbe ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #dhj4 p4 #bbg4 ,corrections ,contents ,,cvi4 ,a ,discourse on the ,cinnamon ,,cxvi4 ,a ,discourse on the ,cinnamon p4 #eic the sea1 nor to any other accident whatesover1 the sea1 nor to any other accident whatsoever1 p4 #faf and also heard a noise1 like the distant dicharge of a cannon3 and also heard a noise1 like the distant discharge of a cannon3 p4 #fah that the whole weight of his body was supended by it1 that the whole weight of his body was suspended by it1 p4 #fha by almost all the the botanic writers by almost all the botanic writers ,index ,vapour1 remarks on the opinion of ,henry ,eeles1 ,esq2 concerning the ascent of it1 p4 #bdj4 ,vapour1 remarks on the opinion of ,henry ,eles1 ,esq2 concerning the ascent of it1 p4 #bdj4 p4 #gab are pretty spacious inclosures1 each of which has it number4 are pretty spacious inclosures1 each of which has its number4 p4 #gcj ,when it moves upwards1 the click b fixed to the frame1 stops the larger rocket ,c1 ,when it moves upwards1 the click b fixed to the frame1 stops the larger rochet ,c1 p4 #gce which would not be affected by the different refrangibilty of light2 which would not be affected by the different refrangibility of light2 p4 #gda ,having thus got rid of the principal cause of the imperfection of refracting telelescopes ,having thus got rid of the principal cause of the imperfection of refracting telescopes p4 #gei and the same cofficients with the original series and the same coefficients with the original series p4 #gff the measures of the angles expressed by 7#cfj n7 m1 #b 7#cfj n7 m1 #c 7#cfj n7 m1 c4 the measures of the angles expressed by 7#cfj n7 m1 #b 7#cfj n7 m1 #c 7#cfj n7 m1 c4 p4 #gfh ,the soluion of this case1 in a manner a little different1 ,the solution of this case1 in a manner a little different1 p4 #ggc ,we see by this1 that the effects of the poison of the ,manchinelle are different ,we see by this1 that the effects of the poison of the ,manchenille are different p4 #hdb ,i beg leave to subjoin it by way of postcript4 ,i beg leave to subjoin it by way of postscript4 p4 #hdf coverings in different parts of the the world4 coverings in different parts of the world4 ,index ,vapour1 remarks on the opinion of ,henry ,eeles1 ,esq2 concerning the ascent of it1 p4 #bdj4 ,vapour1 remarks on the opinion of ,henry ,eles1 ,esq2 concerning the ascent of it1 p4 #bdj4 ,errata p4 #dig ,also 7#b;a73 vv a3 vv #d;a should be ,also 7#b;a73 vv a3 7#be;b #ba;c7 vv #d;a p4 #edb sin4 7,,ac ,,am7 #b sin4 7,,ac - ,,am7 #b 77b d7 7b - d7 7 7sin4 ,,ac sin4 ,,am7 7sin4 ,,ac - sin4 ,,am74 should be sin4 7,,ac ,,am7 #b sin4 7,,ac - ,,am7 #b 77b d7 7b - d77 7sin4 ,,ac sin4 ,,am7 7sin4 ,,ac - sin4 ,,am74 p4 #hcj hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit #cc1 #ie vel fer #cd in consequentia1 qui tempore should be hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit #cc1 #ie'' vel fer #cd in consequentia1 qui tempore