,,practical ,,hints ,,to ,,builders ,,and ,,those ,,contemplating ,,building4 ,fourth ,edition4 7#ade1jjj7 ,facts ,worth ,considering ,,relating ,,to ,foundation1 ,cellar1 ,kitchen1 ,chimney1 ,cistern1 ,brick-work1 ,mortar1 ,heating1 ,ventilation1 ,the ,roof1 and many items of interest to ,builders4 ,copyrighted #ahij1 by ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co4 ,the ,national ,sheet ,metal ,roofing ,co4 ,,sole ,,manufacturers ,,of ,walter's ,patent ,standard1 and ,cooper's ,patent ,queen ,anne ,metallic ,shingles and ,siding ,plates1 #eaj ,,to #ebj ,,east ,,twentieth ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,press of ,w4 ,j4 ,pell1 #ib ,john ,street1 ,new ,york4 #ahij4 ,,index4 ,,page ,architect1 ,the1 #d ,architects and ,builders1 #af ,brick-work1 #cd ,building4--,selecting a ,site1 #e ,buildings covered with ,metal ,shingles1 #hj ,buildings4--,old ,materials1 #db ,building4--,our ,specialties1 #ie ,buildings1 ,sheet ,metal ,work for1 #he ,building ,paper1 #dg ,colors1 #aj1 #dh1 #ff ,chimneys1 #ag ,cellar1 ,the1 #bb ,cistern1 ,the1 #df ,conductor or ,leader ,pipe1 ,cooper's1 #ef ,construction1 ,inside1 #hc ,design for ,cottages1 #h1 #ab1 #ah1 #bd1 #ca1 #ch1 #ea1 #eh ,deadening and ,fire-,proofing ,floors1 #fj ,elbows1 ,cooper's ,curved1 #gf ,floors1 ,fire-,proofing1 #fj ,finials and ,how to ,set ,them1 #gc1 #gd ,foundation1 ,the1 #f ,guarantee1 ,our1 #ea ,gold ,medal ,award1 #g ,heating1 #dd ,kitchen1 ,the1 #bi ,metal ,shingles1 compared with ,wood1 #bf 8 8 8 8 ,slate1 #cf 8 8 8 8 ,ordinary ,tin ,roofing1 #cg 8 8 ,samples of1 #cj1 #ga 8 8 ,queen ,anne1 #dj 8 8 ,directions for ,laying1 #fa 8 8 ,how ,made1 #gh ,measure1 ,surface1 #da ,mortar8 ,what is ,good1 #ad ,roof ,paint1 #ba1 #ci 8 ,valleys or ,gutters1 #ac1 #bc1 #he ,roof1 ,the1 #bh 8 ,comparative ,pitch of1 #ej ,roofing1 ,broad-,rib1 #gb ,ridge ,coping1 #ed ,sheathing1 ,the ,best1 #de ,testimonials1 #hg ,ventilation1 #ee1 #gc ,what ,our ,goods ,are1 #bj1 #ce1 #fh1 #gj1 #gg ,walter's ,patent and ,what ,it ,is1 #bj ,illustration ,preface4 ,the object of this little book is to give to builders a few practical hints that can be used in their endeavors to erect a home that is proposed to be durable1 comfortable and healthy4 ,they are susceptible of being improved to an extent that will meet the wishes of the most extravagant builder1 or simplified to suit purse and requirements of a builder with moderate means4 ,we have left out generalities1 and offer the reader solid facts that are valuable to every one engaged in the ever pleasant task of constructing a home4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 #eaj ,,to #ebj ,,east ,,twentieth ,,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,practical ,hints to ,builders4 ,,the ,,architect4 ,shall we employ one8 ,yes1 if the work is sufficiently important to justify it1 and it is a very modest house indeed that is not4 ,as the professional architect is generally a graduate of one of the building trades1 and has gravitated to that position because of his peculiar fitness for it1 it stands to reason1 some will think1 that from among the many builders one can be selected who is capable of taking the contract and presiding as architect4 ,to such persons we would say3 ,you are not familiar with the functions of an architect1 when considered separate from the builder4 ,the architect can save you money4 ,he discovers your wants1 your likes1 and your dislikes2 he reduces them to a tangible form2 he draws up the specifications so minutely that every variety of material and labor is distinctly set forth as to its quality and kind4 ,when completed1 plans and specifications are presented to a builder for an estimate2 he knows exactly what is expected of him4 ,there is no chance for controversy or quibble2 all has been settled by the owner through his architect4 ,in consequence1 if several contractors estimate upon the building1 it is known that their figures are all upon the same basis4 ,we will say in general he can save you from five to twenty per cent4 in cost2 will give you better construction and proportions1 and add a value to your house1 apart from its first cost1 that if it does not sell for more1 it will sell more readily than if built without his service4 ,,selecting ,a ,,building ,,site4 ,there are but few persons who are in a position to locate their proposed home just where they would most desire it4 ,but1 fortunately1 most any building site is capable of being made to look well1 it the style of architecture selected harmonizes with the surroundings4 ,it is of the first importance that the location be a healthy one4 ,better rent all your life than ignore that4 ,avoid the neighborhood of swamps and stagnant water1 or where the cellar1 7if you have one7 to your house1 from the nature of the location1 will be damp4 ,large bodies of water1 or running water is never unhealthy2 but on the contrary1 it is in many ways conducive to health4 ,some very uninviting1 rugged and neglected spots1 can1 with but little expense and an appropriate building1 be made exceedingly beautiful4 ,one of the prettiest school-houses ,i ever saw was built on a lot given by a farmer for a district school4 ,it did look as if the piece of ground was worthless for any purpose2 it was rocky1 overgrown with briers and bushes1 and a tiny stream ran across the lot1 jumping from rock to rock1 alongside of which1 on a level spot but little larger than room for a building1 a house with steep roof and turret was built1 and the adjacent hillside made a splendid study and playground for the scholars4 ,when completed the building and grounds was a model of what a country school-house should be4 ,while an elevation is at all times desirable1 a hill is not4 ,the exposure to the storms in winter1 and the tiresome walk in summer1 is to be avoided4 ,a few native trees1 if on the ground to furnish shade1 are desirable4 ,the water supply1 too1 is to be considered4 ,most architects say a ,southern exposure is the best1 but this depends on your location4 ,for ,southern homes the ,east is preferable4 ,,foundation4 ,illustration ,just how deep to excavate to start the foundation of a house depends on the climate and soil4 ,always dig trenches below the frost line in any soil4 ,this is sufficient if the subsoil is solid2 if the subsoil is not solid1 go deep enough to reach solid earth4 ,in saying this1 we are supposing you are not building in a swamp1 where it is often necessary to drive piles upon which to start a solid foundation4 ,stone is generally used for foundation walls where it is convenient1 and it makes the best4 ,hard pressed brick1 laid with mortar composed of one part of hydraulic lime and two parts sharp sand1 makes a foundation not inferior to stone for all practical purposes4 ,by using the above mortar1 dampness will not ascend from the ground to injure the floor joists4 ,mortar made from common lime or sand1 though commonly used1 is objectionable for foundations1 because dampness will ascend even above the floor joists1 if the floor is not several feet above the ground4 ,it is often the case that hydraulic lime cannot be conveniently had4 ,in that case a layer of slate or coarse paper1 well saturated with pitch1 laid between the brick seams below the line of joists1 will answer the same purpose1 and is less expensive4 ,see that the space between the joists is filled with brick1 flush with the under-side of floor boards4 ,this prevents ,mr4 ,rat1 or other members of his interesting family1 from sitting in these little corners and gnawing into the room above1 or climbing between the siding to the upper floors4 ,if this little matter is attended to right1 neither rats or mice can enter the house1 except through the doors4 ,to keep them from burrowing underneath the foundation walls1 let the thickness of one brick project outward at the bottom of the foundation4 ,on burrowing downward1 a rat soon reaches this shelf1 and following it around till he arrives at the place he started from1 becomes disgusted1 or is supposed to1 as he is not seen about the house again4 ,it is always better to have the foundation broader at the bottom than the thickness of wall intended to be used4 ,this is necessary in all brick houses1 unless on a rock bottom4 ,see that the space under the ground floor is left clear of rubbish before the floor is laid1 and grating built in the wall for ventilation4 ,this opening can be closed in winter to secure additional warmth4 ,the cellar is closely related to the foundation2 we give some hints on its construction on page #bb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fac-simile of ,gold ,medal awarded to ,,walter',s ,,patent ,,metallic ,,shingles4 ,these shingles have received twenty-eight other awards for merit in the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the plans and elevations of cottages presented in this book have each been specially prepared for some individual by an eminent architect1 and the proportions and details can be relied upon4 ,illustration3 ,design ,i4--,front ,elevation4 ,,ten-,,room1 ,,two-,,story ,,house4 ,estimated ,cost1 with ,bath and ,furnace1 #e1jjj to #f1jjj4 ,roof to be covered with #aj #ad ,galvanized ,tin ,shingles2 porches with same2 tower with #g #aj1 same quality2 use attic vents on main roof1 and ,no4 #a ,six-foot ,finial on apex of tower4 ,illustration3 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,design ,i4--7,elevation1 page #h47 ,,colors4--,for ,exterior and ,interior4 ,as your house nears completion1 it is well to decide upon colors4 ,that is a distinctive feature which is to give tone and beauty1 and make your house in some respects different from all others4 ,the question of painting is often a mere matter of preserving the structure1 and not a question of beauty or harmony of colors1 or what would be best suited to the surroundings2 it is too often the case that but little regard is paid to those nice perceptions that make one man's work many times more valuable than another4 ,strong contrasts of color should be avoided4 ,light tints are preferable to strong colors4 ,think of a house painted black1 red1 yellow1 or green4 ,let the surroundings suggest what the exterior colors should be4 ,a house surrounded by trees and shrubbery will admit of white1 with white tinted trimmings1 such as cornices1 corner-boards1 window and door frames2 but for half the year the green foliage of the trees is turned to brown1 which but partially relieves the glaring white4 ,this is why that color is not a favorite for exteriors4 ,as a rule1 select a light color for the body of the house1 and darken that for the trimmings4 ,for interior wood-work select light wood colors2 let none be darker than walnut4 ,oak1 chestnut1 ash1 white walnut1 maple and cherry make a beautiful finish by simply oiling1 and varnishing if a gloss is preferred4 ,very light shades of ochre make beautiful ceilings which can be ornamented with suitable designs1 using darker but delicate shades of other light colors4 ,here is where the taste and skill of the painter comes in1 and unless you are an adept1 don't fail to consult an experienced decorator for your inside walls4 ,for houses of moderate cost we think nothing is equal to solid colors for inside walls4 ,let the colors be light and cheerful1 and the rooms of different shades4 7,see page #dh74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,if you are interested in ,roofing1 send for our ,price ,list and ,discount ,sheet1 which is special to the trade4 ,we are pioneers in the introduction of practical metal shingles1 and no imitator has yet produced their equal4 ,our goods are largely used throughout the ,united ,states and ,canadas2 are used by the ,government and ,railroads2 approved by the ,fire ,insurance ,companies1 and many leading ,architects and ,builders4 ,they are lighter than slate1 and will last longer without repairs2 and the low rate of insurance on our roofing will1 in a short time1 more than balance the difference in price where wood shingles are cheaper4 ,as seen by the cut1 our shingles are the same to-day as when first introduced4 ,remember1 no cleats or springs are necessary in using our shingles4 ,the lock is simple and perfect1 with corrugations across the top1 and bracing corrugations across the exposed end of the shingles1 which stiffen and hold the shingles firmly to the underlying courses4 ,they are easily applied1 and any one who can lay a wood shingle can lay these4 ,we furnish them in four sizes1 made from charcoal roofing tin1 painted both sides and unpainted1 galvanized tin plate1 which is superior to galvanized iron1 cold rolled copper1 and steel plates4 ,we keep on hand a full line of roofing sundries4 ,illustration3 ,fac-simile of beginning of first two courses4 ,our ,shingles received the highest and only award for metal shingles at the ,american ,institute1 held in this city1 ,october1 #ahhf1 and ,new ,orleans ,exposition1 #ahhe4 ,,wholesale ,,agents4 ,,richard ,,knisely ,,son1 #ahd ,south ,jefferson ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ills4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,montague ,,co41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,pacific ,coast4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,walters1 ,denver1 ,col4 ,,phillips ,,buttorff ,,mfg4 ,co41 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,,canada ,,galvanizing ,,and ,,steel ,,roofing ,,co41 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,,machwirth ,,bros41 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y4 ,,jerome ,,twichell ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,lawson ,,co41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,the ,national ,sheet ,metal ,roofing ,company1 #eaj1 #eab1 #ead1 #eaf1 #eah1 #ebj ,,east #bj,,th ,,st41 ,,new ,,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,c4--,front and ,side ,elevation4 ,,seven-,,room1 ,,two-,,story ,,house4 ,estimated ,cost1 with ,bath and ,furnace1 #a1hjj to #b1jjj4 ,,roof ,,valleys ,,or ,,gutters4 ,it is generally known to builders and roofers that the greatest amount of wear upon all kinds of roofs is in the valleys or gutters4 ,therefore1 that part of the roof1 whether covered with slate1 tin or wood shingles1 should be of the best material1 and free from the annoying possibility of cracking4 ,this trouble is always caused by expansion and contraction of the metal4 ,the usual method is to make the valley of the desired length1 and1 after shaping to the roof-boards1 to nail each side firmly4 ,the result is1 with the summer heat1 a buckle is often formed at some point between the two ends4 ,in cold weather the buckle draws out1 and in course of time1 if the joints in the middle do not give way1 a leak will appear1 caused by the metal cracking4 ,this will not occur with our roof valleys1 because we amply provide for the expansion and contraction of the same4 ,we particularly call the attention of dealers in building material to our ,queen ,anne ,valley4 ,it is salable1 durable and cheap1 always ready to apply2 can be used by any workman capable of laying slate1 tin or wood shingles4 7,see page #bc74 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,design ,c4--7,elevations1 page #ab47 ,illustration ,,what ,,is ,,good ,,mortar8 ,to a casual observer mortar is mud1 but to a builder who understands the chemistry of mortar it is a compound of water1 lime and sand1 and when properly prepared forms an indestructible cement4 ,fresh slacked lime1 when brought in contact with clean1 sharp sand1 adheres strongly to the surface of each grain1 and forms the silicate of lime4 ,at the same time the drying mortar absorbs carbonic acid from the atmosphere1 forming with it lime-stone1 which in time becomes a rock in solidity4 ,now1 all mortar is good or bad in proportion to the purity of the ingredients and their relative affinity for each other4 ,the adhesive properties of mortar are nullified by loam or clay in sand1 or the stale condition of lime used4 ,loam mortar adheres freely to the surface of walls or ceilings4 ,so does mud if thrown against an upright surface2 but water dissolves it4 ,it dries quickly1 but does not harden with age4 ,the foundation of many frame1 and the entire walls of many brick houses are built with poor mortar1 when the materials for good could be had at the same price4 ,water1 lime1 sand and hair are the ingredients for plasterers' mortar in about the following proportions3 ,one bushel unslacked lime and four bushels sharp sand2 7to this add twenty-four pounds of dry hair for every one hundred yards1 when used for 8scratch0 or first coat17 and water sufficient to make it of proper consistency4 ,after being properly mixed1 the mortar should stand from three to ten days before using4 ,however1 the time it should stand depends upon the susceptibility of the lime to slack4 ,some lime requires a month1 while good lime slacks immediately4 ,age improves mortar1 provided it is kept wet1 and makes it work easier under the workman's trowel4 ,as it is the keys formed by pressing the mortar against the lathing on the ceiling that holds it to its place1 there should be a relative width of lath and key space to insure strength sufficient to prevent its falling4 ,ignorance of this1 and poor mortar1 is the cause of falling ceilings4 ,lath one inch wide1 #g_/af inches thick1 placed #g_/af inches apart will insure good strong work4 ,the second coat needs but a very small quantity of hair4 ,fifty bushels sand1 and twelve and one-half bushels unslacked lime1 will make mortar enough to cover one hundred square yards4 ,if mortar freezes before it is dry it loses its cementing properties and becomes in common phase rotten1 but if the sand used is clean1 and it remains frozen without thawing until it is dry1 it is not injured4 ,the best way to treat a house in which the plastering is not dry1 and cannot be kept from freezing before it dries1 is to throw the house open1 and let it freeze for eight or ten days1 or until the plastering freezes dry4 ,cisterns should be plastered inside with mortar made of equal parts of hydraulic lime and clean sand4 ,for brick work above foundations use one part unslacked lime to four parts sand4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,the ,,independent10 #bea ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,october #bhth1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,the shingles from your respected concern used on my new house look splendidly1 and give entire satisfaction4 ,they are far better than any metal shingles ,i have previously used on other buildings1 which ,i have had torn off and thrown away as worthless4 ,at times we were flooded by the water under their 7want of7 protection1 and we could not stop the leaks4 ,noah in the ark ,i am sure was1 fortunately1 not troubled with leaks such as we endured for years2 if he had been all would have been drowned4 ,now1 under your protection1 we are all right and still alive4 ,faithfully1 ,,henry ,c4 ,,bowen1 ,,chandler4 ,,to ,,architects ,,and ,,builders4 ,there is no detail of house building more important than the roof4 ,upon it depends to a great degree the durability and preservation of the whole structure4 ,the number of good houses with mottled ceilings and cracked plastering1 to be seen all over the country1 are reminders of the necessity of securing the best material and faultless construction for this important part of your dwelling4 ,the advantages we claim for our ,tin ,shingle1 over the ordinary mode of applying sheet metal for roofing purposes1 consists in its ,superior ,strength1 ,freedom from ,wrinkles and ,cracking1 7which cannot at all times be prevented where sheet metal is put on in continuous sheets72 and in being the ,most ,ornamental and ,durable of all sheet metal roof coverings4 ,now1 in answer to this last assertion you may say1 ,how can this be8 ,is not the same quality of tin as durable when applied in one form as another8 ,we answer1 ,by no means4 ,the writer--and we presume the reader--has seen tin roofs worked1 and walked over in the necessary finishing up1 to such an extent as to seriously damage the roof4 ,the ,tin ,roofers' mallets1 seamers1 tongs1 and sliding over the roof1 do more real damage to the surface of tin plate than several years' wear4 ,we entirely overcome this difficulty1 as no part of the exposed surface of our ,tin ,shingles are struck with a mallet or hammer in applying them4 ,again1 where metal plates are put together in continuous sheets1 moisture1 which condenses underneath for want of ventilation1 settles in the cross-seams and causes decay1 and the ordinary metal roof when removed invariably shows this to be the case1 while the other part of the plate shows no perceptible wear4 ,our form of metal roofing has no cross-seams1 and has sufficient ventilation to prevent the condensation of moisture underneath1 making it by many years the most durable form of metal roofing ever offered to the ,american people4 ,our object is to furnish the building public with a better form of roofing material1 attractive in appearance1 without the objections of the heavy slate1 the clumsy shingle1 or the plain ribbed metal roof2 and at a price that claims the attention of ,architects and ,builders of the whole country4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 #eaj ,,to #ebj ,,east ,,twentieth ,,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,chimneys4 ,illustration ,we will not moralize on the evils of smoky chimneys1 but just tell you in plain language how to construct them so they will not smoke4 ,make the throat of the fire-place not more than half the size of the flue2 carefully smooth the inside of the flue1 and have it of the same area all the way to near the top of the chimney1 when it should be gradually tapered inward to about half the area of the flue4 ,at the extreme top1 the cap stone should slant from the opening in all directions downward at an angle of about twenty degrees4 ,this will insure a good draught and prevent the smoke blowing downward4 ,no two fire-places should enter the same flue2 neither should a stove-pipe enter a flue unless the fire-place is closed4 ,each stove and fire-place should have its own flue4 ,the size necessary for a flue depends on the fuel to be used4 ,soft or ,bituminous coal requires a flue nearly double the size of one where ,anthracite is to be used2 an open fire-place for wood1 larger flues than either4 ,for instance1 an #h #h inch flue answers for ,anthracite1 because it makes but little soot1 while if ,bituminous coal is used1 #h #ab is none too large4 ,you will find in houses all over the country flues smaller than the above1 and a corresponding number of smoky chimneys1 which it is impossible to remedy without re-building from the bottom up4 ,the carelessness displayed in chimney construction is astonishing4 ,as the work is hid from view on completion1 be watchful during the process of construction from the ground up4 ,all chimneys should1 if possible1 extend above the apex or comb of roof1 and should be built of good hard burnt brick1 and no woodwork should be allowed to enter within five inches of inside of flue1 and not within twelve inches anywhere near the fire-place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,h4--,front ,elevation4 ,,eight-,,room1 ,,two-,,story ,,house4 ,estimated ,cost1 with ,bath and ,furnace1 #c1ejj to #d1jjj4 ,roof covered with #aj #ad ,no4 #a ,standard ,tin ,shingles2 gables with ,queen ,anne2 second story1 sides1 with #g #aj ,standard ,tin ,shingles2 and porches with ,broad ,rib ,tin ,roofing2 use ,no4 #b ,five-foot ,finial on tower4 ,illustration3 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,design ,h4--7,elevation1 page #ah47 99 99 99 99 99 ,a retired plumber thus gives a point for the gratuitous relief of householders3 8,just before retiring at night pour into the clogged pipe enough liquid soda lye to fill the #8trap' or bent part of the pipe4 ,be sure that no water runs in it until the next morning4 ,during the night the lye will convert all the offal into soft soap1 and the first current of water in the morning will wash it away and clear the pipe clean as new40 ,,the ,,walter',s ,,patent1 ,,and ,,what ,,it ,,is4 ,previous to the granting of a patent to ,john ,walter1 in #ahhb1 there were no tin shingles manufactured for the trade in the ,united ,states1 with the exception of those which covered more than two-thirds of their surface to get one-third exposed to the weather2 the same is commonly done with wood shingles4 ,this made them too expensive for general use4 ,the ,walter's patent made it practical to expose five-sixths of the surface and only conceal one-sixth of the shingle4 ,this great saving at once reduced the cost of metal shingles over one-half1 and enabled the ,national ,sheet ,metal ,roofing ,co41 which controls this patent1 to put on the market the best metal roofing in the world1 at prices that compete with ordinary wood shingles4 7,see 8,comparative ,cost10 pages #bf and #bg47 ,how this was done is best expressed in the claim granted the patentee1 copied from the ,united ,states ,official ,gazette3 8,a metal roofing plate having a gutter formed by corrugations at one side1 and a perforated flange at the side of the gutter1 whereby it shall be nailed to the roof of a house2 a broad corrugation at the other side adapted to form a seam with the adjoining edge of a corresponding plate1 substantially as shown and described40 ,illustration ,the advantage of this lock is that it makes a water-tight seam without soldering or hammering down4 ,the plates are joined as easy as crossing two sticks1 with ample provision for expansion and contraction4 ,this lock is the perfection of simplicity2 there is no exposed seam where water is liable to lodge and cause rust2 no cleats are used1 and no tin springs are necessary to hold the side edges of connecting plates to prevent water seeping through4 ,,painting ,,sheet-,,metal ,,roofs4 ,the subject of painting sheet-metal roofs is one of great importance1 says the ,builder1 ,decorator and ,wood-,worker1 not only on account of the protection afforded1 but because the material1 when properly colored1 can be made pleasant to the eye when placed in exposed positions4 ,while many kinds of paint have been discovered and patented1 composed of a great variety of materials1 it is a question if there is a substance used that is an effective substitute for linseed oil1 regarding the effectiveness of which an authority on the subject says3 8,by consulting experienced and unbiased painters you will learn the fact that there is no vehicle pigments at all approaching linseed oil in effectiveness and durability1 especially for exposure to the weather4 ,a good paint must be both hard and elastic4 ,it requires hardness to prevent abrasion and wear1 and elasticity to prevent cracking from expansion and contraction4 ,nothing but linseed oil will give these qualities1 for1 strange as it may seem to many in these days of novelties1 the pigments really add but very little to the effectiveness of paints4 ,mark1 we say the best of pigments1 for many pigments are the reverse of protective1 and are really destructive to both the vehicles and the material which they are supposed to protect4 ,for example1 coal tar and all its products1 whether called dead oil1 asphalt1 rubber1 etc41 are of the class just described1 and their use at any price1 especially for covering sheet-metals1 is a wanton waste of money4 ,extended experiments have demonstrated that there is no better pigment for metal than a good iron ore ground to an impalpable powder4 ,to be most thoroughly effective the pigment must be intimately incorporated with the vehicle1 which can best be done only by grinding them together in a stone mill by steam power40 ,it is of the greatest importance that sheet-metal roofs1 especially those made of iron1 should be protected from the action of the elements1 as when so protected there is hardly any limit to the time they will last4 ,in order that the paint should be effective1 it should be applied before the iron has had an opportunity to rust1 and the first coat should be of the best quality and applied in the best manner2 or if it is defective it is plain that it will not only require repainting far sooner than it should1 but no matter how good the subsequent coatings of paint are1 they cannot be effective if founded on an original coating which has commenced to crack or peel1 as it certainly will if not prepared with the best methods and materials4 ,another important point to be observed in the painting of sheet-metal is that the paint should not be too thick1 as it is the linseed oil that is to be depended on to furnish protection1 and as the action of the air on the surface of the exposed oil gives it a particularly hard surface1 two thin coats of paint are much more durable than one thick one4 ,remember1 it is the rust-preventing qualities of linseed oil1 combined with the oxide of iron1 that makes steel or iron sheets resist the corrosive action of oxygen1 which is ever present in the atmosphere4 7,see page #aja47 ,,the ,,cellar4 ,the cellar under a dwelling house has many advocates4 ,it is a convenient1 cool place1 and nineteen times out of twenty is a damp1 dark1 musty1 foul-smelling place4 ,it cannot well be otherwise and be a cellar4 ,it is a store-room for all sorts of vegetables2 odds and ends of most everything are laid away in that dark retreat4 ,it is the favorite resort of spiders1 toads and other creeping things2 it is the unrelenting enemy 787 of the family physician1 the breeding-place of malaria1 which unceasingly sends its poisonous vapors into every part of the dwelling above it4 ,it would be suicide for one to make it their sleeping room4 ,but if you insist upon having a cellar under your house1 and will not put it under the corn-crib or carriage-house1 see that it is properly constructed4 ,this is more important than most of the other parts of the house1 for upon it in a great measure depends the health of your entire family4 ,the floor of the cellar should be hard and dry1 with no woodwork in its construction4 ,to obtain this result1 cover the floor about three inches deep with coarse gravel1 or broken stone1 well pounded to a level surface4 ,fill this with a thin mortar1 composed of one part hydraulic cement and two parts sharp sand1 smoothing it off with a trowel or plasterer's level4 ,when we mention sharp sand1 we mean coarse1 clean sand4 ,build a flue1 say #h #ab inches 7with an opening next to the floor of the cellar fully that size71 from the bottom of cellar foundation alongside of and extending to top of kitchen chimney1 the heat of which will create a constant1 upward current of air from the cellar4 ,on the opposite side of cellar from this ventilating flue make an air inlet near the ceiling for the purpose of supplying fresh air to the cellar4 ,this will keep the cellar dry and the atmosphere healthy4 ,put a wire netting over the opening to prevent the entrance of rats and mice4 ,if from the nature of the location1 or other causes1 a cellar is damp1 dig a trench all around a little below and outside of the foundation wall2 this trench should be covered with flat stones and earth filled in a little above the surface line1 so that surface water will flow from1 and not settle next to1 the foundation walls4 ,when the cellar is completed whitewash the walls and ceiling4 ,,our 8,,queen ,,anne0 ,,valley1 ,,for ,,slate1 ,,tin ,,or ,,wood ,,shingles4 ,illustration ,patented ,october #cjth1 #ahhc4 ,this cut fairly illustrates our improvement4 ,the corrugations at the side keep the edges rigid1 and prevent the edges from dipping into any space that may be between the roof boards where they are not laid close4 ,besides this1 they dispense with the necessity of chalk lines1 and hold the shingle or slate from lying close upon the metal1 preventing decay both of wood and metal4 ,a convenience and benefit to every builder4 ,to be used where the pitch of the roof is equal to that necessary in using the ordinary shingle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,g4--,front ,elevation4 ,,eight-,,room1 ,,two-,,story ,,house4 ,estimated ,cost1 with ,bath and ,furnace1 #c1jjj to #c1ejj4 ,roof to be covered with #aj #ad ,no4 #a ,standard ,tin ,shingles2 gables with #g #aj1 same quality2 and porches with ,broad-,rib ,tin ,plate ,roofing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,smithtown ,,branch1 ,l4 ,i41 ,november #bgth1 #ahhf4 ,dear ,sirs3--,during the recent very heavy storms--wind and rain--the roof on my house1 put on with ,walter's ,patent ,tin ,shingles1 stood the test2 not a single leak has ever been discovered1 not even around the chimneys1 valleys1 nor where the roof of the wing butts up against the main building4 ,the work was done in ,april last1 and never leaked1 and ,i think never will1 as long as the material lasts4 ,you will remember how reluctant ,i was to try the shingles1 but ,i am now glad that ,i did so1 for ,i not only have a good first-class roof--fire-proof--but ,i also have the handsomest roof in our town4 ,i promised you ,i would come in and see you1 and tell you how ,i liked the shingles1 but not having done so1 ,i write you this4 ,yours very truly1 ,,coe ,d4 ,,smith4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,design ,g4--7,elevation1 page #bd47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,bedford1 ,,mass41 ,june #bdth1 #ahhg4 ,gentlemen3--,the ,metallic ,shingles1 which were put on by you on the roof of the ,new ,bristol ,county ,jail and ,house of ,correction at this place1 are entirely satisfactory in every respect1 the manner in which the plates are rolled overcoming all objections to the expansion and contraction of the metal4 ,those that were put on here were of hard rolled copper1 and have now turned a beautiful bronze color1 and is very much admired by all who have seen it4 ,the roof cannot but be an extremely desirable roof1 and ,i do not see that it can need repairs of any kind for years to come4 ,yours very truly1 ,,robert ,h4 ,,slack1 ,architect4 ,,wood ,,and ,,metal ,,shingles4 ,,comparative ,,cost4 ,illustration ,we are often asked if our metal shingles are as cheap as wood shingles4 ,while we cannot consistently say they are not2 still1 if we say they are1 they refer to our price list1 which necessitates an explanation something like this3 ,we will suppose a dwelling is to be built to cost1 say #b1ejj4 ,such a house will usually require about #bj squares of roof covering1 which1 if done with wood shingles1 fixes the cost of fire insurance about one-quarter of one per cent4 higher than a metal roof during its existence4 ,this extends not only to the house1 but all contained in such roofed houses4 ,and this is the case1 no matter how good the wood shingles are4 ,in making this comparison1 we will consider such shingles as are generally used in the older settled portions of the country4 ,we are aware that shingles made from well-matured timber1 straight-grained1 free from sap and wind-shakes1 full length1 hand drawn to five-eighths of an inch at the butt1 four inches wide1 and carefully put on make a good1 durable roof4 ,but shingles of that kind are only to be had in the thinly settled portions of the country4 ,it is the broad1 thin1 split or sawed shingles1 found in all markets1 which we contend are more expensive than our metal shingles4 ,these do not last1 on an average1 more than fifteen years1 and after ten years the repairs are a continual expense until removed and replaced with new material1 which is not often done until some of the woodwork is badly damaged1 and ceiling cracked and stained from frequent leakages4 ,on the other hand1 tin shingles will last for any length of time1 if painted once in every five or six years1 and show no perceptible wear4 ,cost of a ,,tin ,,shingle ,roof for a period of ,fifteen ,years4 ,twenty squares of ,tin ,shingles1 at #f4ge per square #ace #jj ,labor of putting on same #aj #jj ,one coat of paint after roof is laid #h #jj -------- ,total cost of same #aec #jj ,one coat of paint at expiration of five years #aj #jj ,one coat of paint at expiration of ten years #aj #jj ,one coat of paint at expiration of fifteen years #aj #jj ,insurance on #b1ejj for fifteen years1 at one-half of one per cent4 per annum #ahg #ej ------- ,total cost at expiration of fifteen years #cgj #ej ,cost of a ,,wood ,,shingle ,roof for a ,period of ,fifteen ,years4 ,twenty squares of ,wood ,shingles1 at #c4ge per square #fe #jj ,putting on same #bj #jj ,expense of five years' repairs1 after expiration of ten years2 damage to roof and ceiling caused by leakage not counted #ae #jj ,insurance on #b1ejj for fifteen years1 at three-quarters of one percent4 per annum #bha #be ,expense of covering at expiration of fifteen years #he #jj ------- ,total #dff #be ,making a difference in favor of ,tin ,shingles in a period of fifteen years of #ie4ge ,,the ,,roof4 ,illustration3 7,for ,finials1 see page #gd47 ,a roof for your house is indispensable1 and because it is so1 let it be a good one4 ,no part of your house is subject to the same amount of exposure1 and there is no part independent of its protection4 ,if you have built for the personal comfort of yourself and family1 do not slight the roof because cheap1 plain material is the most convenient4 ,there is really no economy in doing so4 ,it is outside1 to be sure1 but1 like the chimney1 it is a necessity4 ,as we cannot ignore it1 we must try to make it1 as a part of the house1 attractive4 ,no money spent on the house will add more to its selling value than that expended in taste and material for the roof4 ,illustration ,the difference expended in favor of good material adds to every part of the structure4 ,the roof is about the first thing the prospective purchaser sees4 ,he cannot help it2 it is right before his eyes4 ,his first impressions are the hardest to overcome4 ,a good roof must be1 first1 rain-proof2 second1 fire-proof2 third1 light in weight2 fourth1 durable2 fifth1 ornamental2 sixth1 not liable to get out of order4 ,you can have your house covered with such a roof1 and not pass the limited boundaries of economy4 ,read carefully the pages of this little book devoted to roofing materials and sundries4 ,,the ,,kitchen4 ,somehow1 our architects and builders habitually neglect to study the requirements of the kitchen1 but persist in constructing for this use a plainly constructed room1 generally cramped in size1 with no means of escaping the great heat generated by the range or stove1 which in the hot months of summer is almost unbearable4 ,if men were often obliged to remain in such a place1 a large part of the day during the hot season1 they would be quick to seize upon any plan which would mitigate the heat4 ,but as their wives1 daughters or 8help0 preside in that department1 they offer no amendment to the long-established mode of kitchen construction4 ,now1 a kitchen can be so constructed that even with the largest size family-stove or range in use1 it will be as comfortable as any other room in the house1 and at an expense not to exceed the cost of the stove or range used4 ,to do this1 build of brick a large open fire-place1 say from three to twelve inches broader than the length of the stove or range to be used1 and from front to rear deep enough to receive the same4 ,it is best to set an ordinary cook-stove with the side to the front1 so that the oven door can be convenient4 ,the oven door1 of course1 on the opposite side is permanently closed4 ,the range being differently constructed can readily be set in the brick enclosure or open fire-place1 the walls of which should be built perpendicular to the floor1 and about five feet high4 ,the back wall should be sufficiently thick to commence at this point a smoke-flue #h #ab inches1 with an opening to receive the smoke-pipe from the range or stove1 and continue it out through the roof of house 7see 8,chimneys072 resting on the walls of this open fire-place build1 either with wood or brick1 a tapering flue1 so that after emerging from the roof it will expose an opening of not less than four square feet4 ,a cap should be put over this to prevent an entrance of rain1 but not to contract the draught space4 ,you will see by this arrangement you have a large chimney with a fire-place at the bottom large enough to receive the stove or range4 ,now construct a sliding sash with double strength glass1 and balanced with weights1 with the upper end of sash inside the draught flue1 and the lower end to reach within a foot of the floor1 and about four inches from the side of stove4 ,you will readily perceive that the heat from the stove inside the flue will constantly cause a strong draught between the bottom of the sash and the floor1 which will prevent heat from escaping into the kitchen1 keeping it as cool as any room in the house4 ,even with the sash up1 the draught will take nearly all the heat through the flue over the stove1 carrying with it the steam and odor during the process of cooking4 ,a coat of whitewash inside the brick-work will add to the appearance and give light1 which is shadowed by the flue4 ,the kitchen should be large and light1 and1 if possible1 be joined by a broad covered porch1 upon which much of the kitchen work can be done in warm weather4 ,as this little book is merely hints to builders1 we cannot go into the details of hot and cold water1 stationary wash-tubs and such matters4 ,but we will say1 more important than all this is a well-constructed drain pipe1 not less than three inches in diameter1 leading from the kitchen sink to a point some distance 7according to the nature of the ground7 from the house4 ,this pipe inside the kitchen1 should have a trap to prevent offensive odors escaping into the room4 ,,sample ,,shingles4 ,we will send free1 and charges paid1 samples of our ,,walter',s ,,patent ,,shingles 7three pieces7 to any address in the ,united ,states on receipt of five two-cent stamps2 this does not pay us one-half the expense1 but we propose to make the cost as light as possible to those interested in building4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,f4--,front ,elevation4 ,,seven-,,room1 ,,two-,,story ,,house4 ,estimated ,cost1 with ,bath and ,furnace1 #b1cjj to #b1fjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bronze ,,metal ,,shingles4--,we believe we are the first to offer ,bronze ,metal ,shingles to the ,world2 certainly the first to manufacture them in the ,united ,states4 ,no other metal known for house covering is their equal1 not excepting copper1 which in its pure state is rather soft and pliable1 unless of a weight to practically exclude its use4 ,bronze ,metal is hard1 rigid and sufficiently ductile to make the most serviceable roofing material for public and first-class private buildings in the world4 ,any house designed to exist as a memorial of man's sagacity and thrift should be covered with these shingles4 ,they are as enduring as marble2 they will wear for any length of time4 ,we make them in three sizes--#g by #aj1 #aj by #ad1 and ,queen ,anne style4 ,prices furnished upon application4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 ,office1 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,f4--,side ,elevation4 ,roof to be covered with #aj #ad ,no4 #a ,standard ,tin ,shingles2 gables with #g #aj1 same quality2 and porches with ,broad-,rib ,tin ,roofing4 ,use attic ventilators and lights 7see page #gc7 on main roof4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lititz1 ,,pa41 ,february #bgth1 #ahhe4 ,dear ,sirs3--,i was the first man in this town to cover my new house1 built last summer1 with ,walter's ,patent ,charcoal ,tin ,shingles1 and will say that they have given1 thus far1 entire satisfaction4 ,they are not only ornamental but durable1 and since my roof has introduced them in our town1 a great many have been put on1 all giving satisfaction4 ,i am sure that this is the material for roofing houses in the future4 ,they are better than any other roof now in use1 and will take the place of wood shingles1 which are getting scarce1 and also of slate roofs1 which are broken by storms4 ,mine has stood the test of the severest storms1 during the summer and winter1 known here for many years1 and has proven itself what you claim it is--absolutely wind1 rain and storm-proof4 ,,johnson ,,miller1 ,secretary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,design ,f4--7,elevations1 pages #ca and #cb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cedar ,,bluff1 ,,ala41 ,february #bjth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,enclosed find exchange for one hundred and forty and #ej_/ajj dollars to cover bill roofing4 ,i am delighted with the ,walter's shingle1 and the universal verdict of all who have seen my roof is that it is a perfect beauty4 ,you will hear from me again1 and you may expect other orders from this place4 ,yours truly1 ,r4 ,,lawrence4 ,,brick-,,work4 8,brick from the run of the kiln0 will answer for most houses2 those of even color1 well-burnt and regular shape1 should be selected for the outside walls and chimneys4 ,those of irregular shape1 too hard or too soft for outside walls1 can be used for filling in1 or partition walls4 ,no soft burnt brick should be allowed where exposed to the weather4 ,supposing the foundation is finished1 and first-floor joists are laid1 commence by filling between joists1 flush with the top of joists and even with the inside of foundation walls1 so no shelves are left between the joists for the purpose shown in hints under the head of 8,foundation10 page #f4 ,if the inside of outside walls are to be furred1 be prepared to insert strips about the thickness of common lath between brick joints at points where base boards are to be put1 and to fasten long strips or grounds as called by plasterers4 ,no mortar should be put between the lath strip and the brick1 but let the lath be pressed by the surface of the upper and lower brick2 the natural settling of the wall will hold the lath tight enough to bear any amount of nailing4 ,for doors and windows1 insert pieces same thickness1 but large enough to receive the casings4 ,these thin pieces inserted in the mortar joints are better and cheaper than plugs or wooden brick1 which are apt to shrink and become loose when the brick-work dries4 ,it is very important that flues for ventilation and chimneys be properly started 7see 8,chimneys07 and carried through the roof to a height1 if possible1 above the apex of the roof4 ,ventilating flues should run alongside the chimney flues where the construction favors them4 ,too much care cannot be taken in building these flues4 ,they should be carefully and smoothly plastered on the inside1 and no wood-work be allowed nearer than five inches from the inside of flue4 ,it is customary to use headers 7cross bricks7 every five courses1 to bind the walls together4 ,many people object to headers1 and prefer to expose only the edge surface of the brick4 ,this can be done by clipping the inside courses of outside brick so as to allow the middle course to lay angular across the wall1 with opposite courses resting half way between and on the outside courses1 or by using square brick4 ,the latter is a saving of labor if they can be had at a reasonable price4 ,the thickness of walls depends entirely upon the size of structure to be built4 ,for ordinary dwelling-houses1 twelve inches is thick enough for outside walls and nine inches for partition walls4 ,mortar for brick-work above foundation should be made of one part of good lime1 slacked at time of mixing the mortar1 and four parts of screened sharp sand4 ,the cementing qualities of sand and fresh lime depend on the purity of the sand4 ,by pure sand we mean that which is free from loam or clay4 ,,standard ,,charcoal ,,roofing ,,tin ,,shingles4 ,our ,standard ,charcoal ,roofing ,tin ,shingles are made of such brands as 8,mansel10 8,dean10 8,worcester10 8,p4 ,t4 ,l40 c41 and guaranteed to be first-class1 well-coated plates1 perfect in finish4 ,next comes our ,galvanized 7re-dipped7 shingle2 this is our ,standard ,tin ,shingle1 taken after it is made and dipped into melted zinc1 adding a second coat of fully twenty pounds on each square1 giving with the tin1 a more durable coating than that used on galvanized iron1 making it absolutely rust-proof and saving painting4 ,next is what we call 8,old ,process0 or 8,m4 ,f40 ,this is what is known as 8,old ,style10 8,double-,dipped10 8,old ,method10 and other names1 but what is really a very superior article of roofing plate1 having a much heavier coating than 8,standard10 but1 like it1 has to be painted4 ,there are many brands of practically one quality in the market1 and1 having no choice ourselves1 we supply the brand preferred2 but if the best is asked for1 we send 8,old ,process10 believing it to be equal to any4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co4 ,,things ,,are ,,only ,,good ,,or ,,bad ,,by ,,comparison4 ,,walter',s ,,patent ,,metallic ,,shingles ,,compared ,,with ,,slate4 ,our shingles are not one-sixth the weight of slate1 which greatly reduces the cost of the frame-work of roof4 ,they readily conform to the shape of a roof1 which slate will not do4 ,slate is not thoroughly fire-proof1 as heat from an adjoining building on fire will cause the slate to crack1 which would destroy the best roof in a few minutes1 leaving the sheeting exposed4 ,especially is this the case if water is thrown on them while hot4 ,our shingles are free from the many accidents to which slate roofs are liable1 such as cracking from shrinkage of wood-work to which they are attached2 breaking1 caused by necessary repairs to the valleys or chimneys2 and the effect of frost on defective slate4 ,such defects cannot always be avoided by ordinary observation4 ,all builders of experience are aware of the expensive repairs necessary to keep a slate roof in good order1 but perhaps the most inconsistent thing connected with the whole roofing business is the fact that nineteen-twentieths of all the houses covered with slate have gutters lined with the same material of which our shingles are made1 while slate was used for covering because of its supposed durability4 ,should anything fall on our shingles it would probably dent them without causing a break2 but should it perforate them1 the shingles can be replaced by another1 or a leak can be soldered1 and fire from an adjoining roof cannot more than injure the paint4 ,they will cool off rapidly1 retaining their shape4 ,,walter',s ,,patent ,,tin ,,shingles ,,compared ,,with ,,ordinary ,,tin ,,roofing4 ,of this we speak with the advantage of many years' experience as practical roofers4 ,the great difficulty metal roofers have to contend with is contraction and expansion of the metal under the changes of temperature4 ,this cause alone calls for continued repairs in all flat lock or standing seam roofs1 and the seams underneath are receptacles for any moisture which may condense on the underside of the metal4 ,all such roofs first show decay in the cross seams1 and this1 while the body of the plates shows no sign of decay4 ,our shingles have no cross seam1 and are sufficiently ventilated to prevent condensation of moisture2 while a glance at their construction shows at once that the difficulty caused by contraction and expansion is successfully overcome4 ,our shingles do not require the skilled labor which is necessary to lay the flat lock or standing groove metal roofing1 while the time required to lay a given surface is much less4 ,in estimating the difference of cost between the ordinary tin roofing and our shingle1 a steep roof house alone must be taken in consideration1 as our shingle is not proposed for a flat roof4 7,see 8,comparative ,cost10 pages #bf and #bg47 ,,roofing ,,sundries4 ,we were the first to manufacture a full line of ,valley1 ,hip and ,ridge ,coping1 ,gable1 c41 to enable the builder or roofer to use them at a reasonable price1 and are the only factory in ,america prepared to furnish such trimming in any quantity2 and while they are not absolutely necessary1 they greatly lessen the amount of labor and cost of laying1 besides adding a finish to the roof not otherwise obtained1 so that the saving in labor will pay the additional cost4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,e4--,front and ,side ,elevation4 ,,six-,,room ,,cottage4 ,estimated ,cost1 with ,bath and ,furnace1 #b1jjj to #b1cjj4 ,use ,broad-,rib ,steel ,plate with attic vents 7see page #gc7 for roof1 and #aj #ad ,no4 #b ,metal ,shingles for gables4 ,illustration3 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,design ,e4--,elevations1 page #ch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,roof ,,paint4--,we use the best ,brown ,mineral ,oxide of ,iron1 roasted and double-ground1 mixed with boiled linseed oil1 grinding them together1 and adding only enough turpentine to dry in the air in seventy-two hours4 ,we first dip the shingles1 and after they have stood a short time1 and before the paint has set1 they are carefully gone over with a brush1 insuring an even1 perfect coat1 not obtainable in any ordinary way of painting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all tin roofers1 who have experience1 know the importance of putting on a second coat4 ,in spite of the best care in laying1 more or less paint is scratched off1 and without a second coat the roof is not finished4 ,architects and builders always require it1 and if a heavy single coat of paint is given the roof every five or six years1 there will be no perceptible wear on the tin1 insuring many years' service4 ,,our ,,new ,,patent4 ,illustration3 ,patented ,april #dth1 #ahhb4 ,patented ,nov4 #hth1 #ahhg4 ,our ,queen ,anne ,shingles are designed expressly to meet a want often expressed for an attractive and artistic roof covering and outside decorating4 ,they are not intended to take the place of our ,standard ,walter's ,patent1 which for general use are incomparable1 but less ornamental than the ,queen ,anne ,shingles4 ,they have bold clean cut lines1 producing1 from the effects of light and shade1 the most striking and artistic roof yet produced by metallic shingles or tiles4 ,for church spires1 belt coursing1 towers or mansard roofing1 they cannot be excelled4 ,the cut illustrates the kind of finish used at the eaves and verge board4 ,the same ridge coping used for our ,standard ,shingles can be used for this4 ,this shingle must be seen to be appreciated4 ,we recommend the ,bronze ,metal1 or the ,galvanized ,shingles for use on public or first-class private buildings1 because such buildings should be covered with the best roofing material to be had4 99 99 99 99 99 ,each superficial foot of brick wall1 #d inches thick requires #g brick4 #h 8 8 8 #ae 8 #ab 8 8 8 #bb 8 #af 8 8 8 #bi 8 #bj 8 8 8 #cg 8 #bd 8 8 8 #de 8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,surface ,,measure4--,all roofers compute roofing jobs by squares1 which means #ajj square feet1 or #aj feet square4 ,if you go to your architect or roofer and ask him how much it will take or cost to cover your roof1 he will first ascertain how many square feet there are to be covered2 and if1 for example1 there are #b1ejj square feet he will tell you there are twenty-five squares to be covered2 and in order to intelligently supply what is wanted1 we put up our shingles in boxes of one square each2 that is to say1 each box of one square will cover one hundred square feet after they have been put on4 ,,old ,,materials4 ,in tearing down old work be as careful as in putting up new4 ,old material should never be destroyed simply because it is old4 ,when putting away old stuff see that it is protected from rain and the atmosphere4 ,it costs about #ae per cent4 extra to work up old material1 and this fact should be borne in mind1 as ,i have known several contractors who paid dearly for their 8whistle0 in estimating on working up second-hand material4 ,these remarks apply to wood-work only4 ,in using old bricks1 stone1 slate and other miscellaneous materials1 it is as well to add double price for working up4 ,workmen do not care to handle old material1 and justly so4 ,it is ruinous to tools1 painful to handle1 and very destructive to clothing4 ,in my experience ,i always found it pay to advance the wages of workmen--skilled mechanics--while working up old material4 ,this encouraged the men and spurred them to better efforts4 ,sash frames1 with sash weights1 locks and trim complete1 may be taken out of old buildings that are being taken down and preserved just as good as new by screwing slats and braces on them1 which not only keeps the frame square1 but prevents the glass from being broken4 ,doors1 frames and trims may also be kept in good order until used1 by taking the same precautions as in window frames4 ,old scantlings and joists should have all nails drawn or hammered in before piling away4 ,counters1 shelving1 drawers and other store-fittings should be kindly dealt with4 ,they will be wanted sooner or later4 ,take care of the locks1 hinges1 bolts1 keys and other hardware4 ,each individual piece represents money in a greater or lesser sum4 ,old flooring can seldom be utilized1 though ,i have seen it used for temporary purposes1 such as fencing1 covering of veranda floors while finishing work on plastering1 etc4 ,as a rule1 however1 it does not pay to take it up carefully and preserve it4 ,conductor pipes1 metallic cornices1 and sheet metal work generally1 can seldom be made available a second time though all is worth caring for1 as some parties may use it for repairs4 ,sinks1 wash-basins1 bath-tubs1 traps1 heating appliances1 grates1 mantels and hearth-stones should be moved with care4 ,they are always worth money and may be used in many places as substitutes for more inferior fixings4 ,marble mantels require the most careful handling4 ,perhaps the most difficult fixings about a house to adapt a second time are the stairs4 ,yet ,i have known where a man has so managed to put up new buildings that the old stairs taken from another building just suited4 ,this may have been a 8favorable accident10 but the initiated reader will understand him4 ,seldom such accidents can occur4 ,rails1 balusters and newels may be utilized much readier than stairs1 as the rail may be lengthened or shortened to suit variable conditions4 ,gas fixtures should be cared for and stowed away in some dry place4 ,they can often be made available1 and are not easily renovated if soiled or tarnished4 ,it is not wise to employ men who have nothing but their strength to recommend them4 ,as a rule they are like bears--have more strength than knowledge1 and lack of the latter is often an expensive desideratum4 ,employ for taking down the work good careful mechanics1 and do not have the work 8rushed through40 ,rushers of this sort are expensive4 ,never send old material to a mill to be sawed or planed1 no matter how carefully nails1 pebbles and sand have been hunted for1 the saw or planer knives will most assuredly find some you have overlooked1 then there will be trouble at the mill4 ,have some mercy for the workman's tools4 ,if it can be avoided do not work up old stuff into fine work4 ,if not avoidable pay the workman something extra because of injury to tools4 ,don't grumble if you do not get as good results from the use of old material as from new4 ,the workman has much to contend with while working up old nail-speckled1 sand-covered material4 ,builder and ,woodworker4 ,,heating4 ,illustration3 ,,steam ,,and ,,warm ,,air ,,combined4 ,i once knew a church building committee who planned and built quite a large church1 and when ,i was called in to arrange for heating the building with a large furnace1 the furnace committee were astonished when told that the building committee had forgotten the fact that the hot-air furnace required a chimney4 ,the construction of many houses suggests that houses built in the hot months of summer needed no special provision for heating4 ,this is an important subject1 and should be carefully considered in the construction of the plainest house4 ,always take climate1 location and fuel into consideration4 ,the open fire place1 with fire on the hearth1 is without doubt the most cheerful and healthful4 ,this is the favorite and best mode for plain country homes4 ,but in all instances1 for churches and public halls1 the open fire-place is not to be depended upon4 ,there is a variety of good steam-heaters and hot-air furnaces to choose from4 ,consult the parties from whom you buy as to the size of heater required2 its location1 size of cold-air duct1 register1 pipe1 etc4 ,for small rural churches that have no basement1 construct a small room under the front entrance or vestibule2 eight feet square1 inside measure1 is sufficient4 ,near its floor have a cold-air entrance leading to the furnace4 ,cover the opening with wire netting to prevent the entrance of mice4 ,use brick for the room1 building the walls eight inches thick2 leave openings #b #d inches1 about one foot apart all around the bottom next to the floor4 ,carry the wall close to the ceiling1 and make it tight by plastering carefully inside and out where it joins the ceiling4 ,cover the ceiling1 by nailing to joists1 with bright sheets of tin1 and white-wash the brick-work inside4 ,for entrance make a door #f #c feet4 ,a plain wooden one will answer4 ,in the aisle of the church1 immediately over this room1 put a large grating1 such as your furnace-men will suggest4 ,in this room place your furnace1 and have it large enough to heat the room above during the coldest weather without excessive firing4 ,with a larger capacity than necessary1 the furnace will last longer1 burn less coal1 and give better results in every respect4 ,as the furnace will radiate considerable heat1 this can be utilized by running a pipe of proper size from the room to the vestibule or some other room4 ,the objection to using this heat in the church is the noise of firing up1 which would be annoying during church service4 ,however1 a furnace properly attended will not need firing during church service4 ,remember1 a large volume of warm air is what you want1 and not a small volume of hot air4 ,never cover the grating or close the cold-air duct to cool off while there is fire in the furnace1 but open the doors or windows of the church and check the fire4 ,the closing of the grating or cold-air duct will injure the castings of the furnace by overheating them4 ,,close ,,sheathing ,,the ,,best4 ,while a rain-proof roof can be made with our shingles1 our system1 as well as all metal or slate roofing should not be put upon open sheathing4 ,if walked upon the metal will not support the weight1 and bends out of shape1 and the roof is blamed4 ,in high latitudes where we have driving storms of fine snow or 8blizzards10 we specify close sheathing covered by paper 7using same rules as for laying slate74 ,we will then guarantee a perfect roof4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,the ,,cistern4 ,three things are all that are necessary to supply any family with the purest and best water in the world for drinking1 cooking and washing purposes3 a well-constructed cistern1 a clean roof and a rain-fall4 ,illustration3 ,,cut-,,off ,,attachment4 ,a4 ,to connect with down pipe4 ,b4 ,outlet for waste water4 ,c4 ,leads to filter or cistern4 ,d4 ,is adjustable to fit box ,c4 ,e4 ,fastenings to wall of house4 ,f4 ,side view of ,d4 ,g4 ,handle to adjust ,d4 7,not patented2 can be made by any tinsmith47 ,these are within the reach of every one able to own a home4 ,by a cistern we mean an excavation in the earth from twelve to twenty-five feet deep4 ,dig deep if you want cold water all the year round4 ,from eighteen to twenty-five feet will produce it4 ,if your cistern is dug in a clayey soil1 there is no use of brick lining2 but if in gravel1 sandy or rocky soil1 line the inside with hard1 well burnt brick1 and do the work well2 using for mortar equal parts of hydraulic lime and clean1 sharp sand4 ,when completed1 plaster the inside carefully with the same mortar4 ,if the walls are clay plaster immediately on the sides and bottom1 without lining with brick4 ,no roofing material is better for collecting chemically pure water than tin1 and none so bad as wood shingles4 ,they hold dirt which no ordinary shower will wash off1 and furnish organic matter which is disagreeable to the taste and smell2 the porous nature of wood makes it the home of myriads of insects1 the remains of which are eventually deposited in the cistern and poison its waters4 ,no such objections can be urged against tin roofing4 ,a short shower cleanses it thoroughly4 ,water-pipes leading into the cistern in every case should have a cut-off attachment within easy reach4 ,there are several on the market1 but those having no inside arrangement to get out of order1 or obstruct the direct passage of water into either the cistern or waste-pipe1 are the best4 ,the water should be strained before entering the cistern4 ,this can be built of brick and be underground1 or a cask can be used above ground4 ,a strong1 iron-bound linseed oil barrel answers the purpose4 ,its construction is very simple4 ,take out one end of the cask and perforate it with a sufficient number of one-inch auger holes2 lay four brick on edge in the bottom of the cask1 and let the perforated cask head rest upon them4 ,then fill the cask three-quarters full of charcoal1 pounding it down on top pretty hard4 ,put on top of the charcoal clean1 coarse gravel to within three inches of the top of cask2 make a covering with an opening to receive the water which flows from the roof1 and convey the water from the bottom of cask to the cistern4 ,at least once a year this filter should be emptied and cleansed1 putting in new charcoal and washing the gravel carefully4 ,let no summer months' water run into the cistern4 ,see that the first rain of a shower is used to wash the dust and soot from your roof before it is turned into the cistern1 and you will have an abundance of water not equaled by any well or spring4 ,,building ,,papers4 ,illustration ,,neponset ,,paper is absolutely water-proof and air-tight1 is clean to handle1 not tarred felt1 but far more durable4 ,its resistance to air and dampness renders it unsurpassed under clapboards1 iron roofing and wood or tin shingles4 ,,climax is a light1 clean1 pink1 colored paper2 useful for any purpose where building paper is required2 is much cheaper than ,neponset1 but not water-proof4 ,the use of building paper under roofing or clapboards adds greatly to the ease of warming a building4 ,by its use you save fuel and your house is more comfortable4 ,its cost is nominal compared with its advantages4 ,we keep a large stock and fill orders promptly4 ,,colors ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,them4 ,blue and yellow makes green4 ,white and yellow makes buff4 ,white1 yellow and black makes drab4 ,white and black makes lead4 ,white and black makes gray4 ,white1 black and blue makes pearl4 ,white and lake makes pink4 ,white1 blue and black makes slate4 ,red1 black and blue makes brown4 ,red1 black and yellow makes maroon4 ,red and yellow makes orange4 ,blue and lake makes purple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,marine ,,barracks1 ,,navy ,,yard1 ,,pensacola1 ,,fla41 ,october #bb;d1 #ahhg4 ,,sirs3--,in compliance with your request1 ,i have to say that about a year ago ,i was called upon to decide which of several kinds of roofing material to select for two barrack buildings1 which ,i was constructing for the ,government at this place4 ,owing to the heat and moisture of the climate1 very destructive to wood1 and the proximity of the ,gulf of ,mexico1 which makes what is known as a salt atmosphere1 very injurious to iron roofing1 ,i was induced to try your system1 and ordered the #ad #bj size1 ,i4 ,c4 ,standard1 some painted and some galvanized4 ,as it was previously almost unknown to me1 ,i had to assume the risk of its success1 and have since watched it very closely2 the more so1 as it was laid by soldiers entirely unfamiliar with it4 ,after the first rain a close inspection failed to reveal a single leak4 ,i have had it inspected after every heavy rain since then with the same result4 ,on the #bjth inst4 we had the severest gale for many years1 and the roofs not only resisted it in every way1 but there was no rattle1 which could not be said of our other tin roofs 7old system74 ,you can refer any one to me for commendation of these points which are established2 also of its architectural beauty1 and ,i have little doubt as to the rest1 for we painted it very carefully on both sides4 ,i am1 ,sirs1 very respectfully yours1 ,,henry ,,clay ,,cochrane1 ,captain ,u4 ,s4 ,marine ,corps1 ,commanding ,post4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the combination of cherry and light oak proves an excellent one for over-mantels1 for1 in addition to contrast of grain1 and figure1 and hue1 is that of the high polish of which cherry is susceptible with the somewhat ridgy surface of the oak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one coat of paint takes #bj lbs4 of lead and #d gals4 of oil per #ajj square yards4 ,the second coat1 #dj lbs4 lead1 #d gals4 oil2 the third1 the same as the second--say #ajj lbs4 lead1 #ab gals4 oil per #ajj square yards1 for three coats4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one gallon priming colors covers #ej square yards4 8 white zinc 8 #ej 8 8 white lead 8 #dd 8 8 lead color 8 #ej 8 8 black paint 8 #ej 8 8 stone color 8 #dd 8 8 yellow paint 8 #dd 8 8 blue color 8 #de 8 8 green paint 8 #de 8 8 bright emerald 8 #be 8 8 bronze green 8 #ge 8 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,pitch ,,of ,,roofs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,j4--,front ,elevation4 ,,eight-,,room1 ,,two-,,story ,,house4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,guarantee4 ,we guarantee our shingles as follows3 ,if you will use them1 and they are properly put on in accordance with our instructions1 and if they do not then give satisfaction1 we agree to replace your roof1 free of expense to you1 with equally expensive material1 any time within two years from the time you put them on4 ,in addition to this1 we may be able to give you a local reference1 as our goods are in use in every ,state and ,territory4 ,we call your attention to the price list1 and we will be pleased to make you discounts on application4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,j4--,side ,elevation4 ,cover roof with ,no4 #a ,standard #aj #ad ,tin ,shingles2 use attic vents 7see page #gc7 on main roof1 and cover belt courses with #g #aj ,tin ,shingles1 same quality as those for main roof4 ,the plans and elevations of cottages presented in this book have each been specially prepared for some individual by an eminent architect1 and the proportions and details can be relied upon4 ,illustration3 ,second ,floor4 ,first ,floor4 ,design ,j4--7,elevations1 pages #ea and #eb47 ,,showing ,,application ,,of ,,our ,,ridge ,,or ,,hip ,,coping4 ,illustration3 ,plain ,ridge4 ,illustration3 ,manner of ,fastening ,climax ,ridge to ,roof ,boards4 ,illustration3 ,showing ,climax ,ridge and ,gable ,finish4 ,these cuts are good illustrations of our ,ridge ,finish1 which is also used as ,hip ,coping4 ,it is secured to the roof comb by nailing through the flange1 which rests on each side of the comb4 ,it makes a durable and neat finish2 is of great assistance to workmen not skilled in metal roofing1 and its cost is no more than the labor and material necessary in making the regular standing seam used by roofers in finishing the comb of sheet metal roofs4 ,,for ,,re-,,covering4--,use our ,roofing2 no other has the conveniences for rapid laying4 ,,ventilation4 ,illustration3 ,the 8,attic0 ,sky-light and ,ventilator4 7,see page #gh47 ,as you value health1 study well this important subject1 which is oftener neglected in constructing dwellings than any other detail4 ,an experienced and observant man can pick from those whom he meets on the street men or women who habitually sleep in badly ventilated rooms4 ,the florist will study and practice the best means to ventilate his propagating house1 and ignore the necessity of the same principle for himself and family4 ,everything that breathes--and what living thing does not8--needs a change of air to remain in a healthy condition4 ,leaves are the lungs of plants1 and1 deprived of this change1 soon assume a delicate1 sickly hue4 ,why should the human family1 in full possession of reasoning powers1 ignore the lesson that is every day before them8 ,by ventilation we mean a system that will constantly supply the dwelling with fresh air2 at the same time it draws the vitiated atmosphere from each hall and room in the house4 ,this can be done during the process of erection in a simple1 effectual and inexpensive manner4 ,even if it should cost more than you feel inclined to pay1 the result will justify the expense4 ,there is no better way of creating upward draught than the open fire-place1 or a flue built with an opening near the floor4 ,such flues should not be less than #h #h inches for an ordinary size bedroom1 and should1 if possible1 be built alongside of the chimney flue1 and extend through the house-top without openings1 except the one nearest the floor in the room it starts from4 ,as vitiated air is heavier than pure air1 and is always nearest the floor1 the artificial draught caused by a long1 upright flue is constantly at work carrying the lower atmosphere from each room in which these upward and outward draught flues are built4 ,to supply the rooms with fresh air1 corresponding flues must be built similar in size and construction to the above4 ,commence them with outside openings about on a level with the first floor joists1 extending upward1 and end with openings inward near the ceiling4 ,each of these openings outside and inside the house should be covered with coarse wire cloth4 ,that made from tinned or galvanized ,no4 #af wire1 with one-half in4 meshes1 is the best4 ,care should be taken in building these flues to have them smoothly plastered on the inside4 ,an ornamental finish can be used at each end if desired4 ,by this arrangement a steady flow of fresh air1 both night and day1 is secured without the ill effects of strong draughts4 ,do not try to economize by using one flue for two or more rooms4 ,good results are only secured by using a set of flues for each room or hall4 ,i have seen ventilating flues built to open through the cornice4 ,that is a bad plan1 for even a slight wind will check the draught while blowing against that side4 ,if the flues are properly finished after passing through the roof the wind will increase the draught4 ,the above suggestions answer equally as well for frame houses4 ,it is easy to construct wood flues between the weatherboarding and lath4 ,,cooper',s ,,conductor ,,or ,,leader ,,pipe4 ,the object of this invention is to supply the builder with a conductor-pipe that will not burst after freezing1 which all pipes without provision for expansion are liable when water is frozen solid in them4 ,the peculiarity of the joint lies in the wedge principle1 applied in a manner which forces the rim of the inside lap hard against the overlapping end with strength sufficient to do without soldering the joints4 ,besides this1 each joint is provided with a fastening which prevents the pipe from settling4 ,this fastening may or may not be used1 but if used in connection with the ordinary pipe hook 7which does not prevent the pipe from settling7 makes a very superior fastening4 ,the ,v-shaped corrugation prevents bursting1 as it allows the pipe to expand when frozen1 thus preventing its bursting4 ,we make two sizes1 three and four inches in diameter1 twenty-eight inches long1 using tin plate1 which we galvanize with zinc after it is formed1 making a pipe superior to any galvanized iron pipe of equal weight4 ,we make the same not galvanized1 but painted one coat inside and out with linseed oil and oxide of iron paint4 ,illustration3 ,,cooper',s ,,conductor ,,or ,,leader ,,pipe4 ,,ample ,,provision ,,for ,,expansion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,design ,b4--,front and ,side ,elevation4 ,,seven-,,room1 ,,two-,,story ,,house4 ,estimated ,cost1 #a1bjj to #a1ejj4 ,cover main roof with ,no4 #b #ad #bj ,metal ,shingles2 gables with same1 and porches with #g #aj1 same quality4 ,attic ventilators will improve the appearance and give additional light to the rooms under roof 7see page #gc74 ,illustration3 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,design ,b4--7,elevations1 page #eh47 ,,nails4 ,illustration ,,steel ,,wire ,,barbed ,,nails are superior to any cut nail made4 ,are lighter1 stronger and easier to drive4 ,holding firmer in the wood1 and having a larger flat head1 they hold the tin to the roof boards much better1 are nearly double the quantity to the pound1 and therefore fully as cheap4 ,,deadening ,,and ,,fire-,,proofing ,,floors4 ,illustration ,this can be accomplished in a simple and inexpensive manner by nailing strips #a #a inches along the side of each joist1 the top edge of each strip to be two inches below the top surface of the joist4 ,on top of these strips lay a floor of rough boards4 ,second-hand material answers every purpose for the floor1 as the boards need not be matched or of even thickness4 ,on the top of this rough floor spread a covering of coarse mortar gauged level with the top edge of the joist4 ,when the mortar is dry lay the floor in the usual manner4 ,it takes a long time for fire to burn through a floor laid in this manner1 and sound is deadened completely by the mass of non-conducting mortar and the double floors4 ,for fire-proofing and deadening partitions in an effective way1 build a four-inch brick wall between the studding4 ,a nail driven every ten or twelve inches in the side of the studding1 on the line of the mortar joint1 will hold the wall firmly between the studding4 ,where brick is scarce or expensive1 sun dried brick made from stiff clay is a good substitute4 ,they can be made #ab #ab inches1 and thick enough to come within of an inch of the lathing4 ,the mortar keys impinging against the wall make the plastering firmer and consequently stronger4 ,the expense of fire-proofing and deadening in this manner is so small1 it is surprising it is not more generally adopted4 ,if the flooring is laid before the mortar used between the joists is dry1 it will cause the boards to swell and may bulge them2 and when they finally become dry will leave ugly looking cracks where they join4 ,remember1 you cannot have a well built house without giving ,nature time to do her work4 ,,directions ,,for ,,laying ,,walter',s ,,patent ,,metallic ,,shingles4 ,illustration3 ,cut ,i4 ,shows manner of finishing with ,climax ,ridge ,stop ,block and ,gable ,end ,finish4 ,commence at the lower left-hand corner4 ,in starting be particular to see that you start straight with the eaves of the building4 ,to do this it is best to draw a chalk line about twelve inches from the eaves2 this distance leaves two inches to project from the eaves1 which in many cases is more than sufficient4 ,if you use our ,gable ,end ,finish 7,cut ,i7 it saves the trouble of fitting the shingles to the verge board1 and adds to the appearance of the roof4 ,after nailing the ,gable ,end ,finish to its place1 press the left-hand edge of the first shingle well under the fold of the ,gable ,end ,finish1 and before nailing it hook two or three shingles with the top edge on a line with your chalk line2 then remove the loose shingles1 and nail the first one which is held to its proper place by the ,gable ,end ,finish4 ,by doing this in starting each course you are sure of a straight line if you follow correctly the gauge lines at the top of each shingle4 ,illustration3 ,cut ,a4 ,shows commencement of first two courses4 ,if your roof has a pitch of six inches to the foot1 or steeper1 let the bottom edge of the shingle rest just above the lower gauge line on the top of the underlying shingle1 as shown in ,cut ,a4 ,but if the pitch of the roof is less than six inches to the foot1 let the shingle entirely cover the lower gauge line1 as shown in ,cut ,b4 ,illustration3 ,cut ,b4 ,we advise against the use of our shingles on roofs of less pitch than five inches to the foot1 unless the lap is increased4 ,as a rule1 we think any roof that can be walked over with safety is too flat for shingles of either wood or metal4 ,illustration3 ,cut ,f4 ,should there be a gutter formed at the eave1 let the shingle rest on it as you would in using the ordinary wood shingle4 7,remember every other course commences with a half shingle1 as shown in ,cuts ,a and ,b47 ,the same rules that govern the laying of slate or the common wood shingle along valleys1 or about chimneys and dormer windows1 are applicable to ours1 except the tin shingles are bent up against the sides of chimneys1 which cannot be done with wood or slate4 ,when our shingles turn up against the sides of chimneys or brick walls1 insert flashing by sawing out the mortar joint above the line of tin work2 where the upper edge of our shingles butts against the brick wall1 as they do on the lower side of chimneys1 cut them off on the line where the chimney comes to the roof1 and use a strip of tin bent in this manner4 7,see ,cut ,f47 ,the upper end at ,a is to fit in mortar joint4 ,the lower edge1 ,b1 is nailed to the sheathing before the shingles are put on4 ,the upper ends of shingles are then to be pressed up under the fold1 ,c4 ,great care should be used in finishing about chimneys and dormers1 the details of which cannot well be explained to suit each case2 but a workman of ordinary skill can suggest the proper manner in which the work should be done to secure thoroughly tight work4 ,it is much easier to secure this result with the use of our shingles than it is with either wood or slate4 ,where the upper end of shingle butts against the side of a frame house1 use the same means as on the lower side of chimneys1 only let there be no bend at the point ,a1 as shown in ,cut ,f2 but let it extend an inch or so up under the weather boarding4 ,where the weather boarding is vertical there is no way of making tight work but to put the tin work1 as before described1 back of the vertical weather board4 ,in laying the valley1 cut the tin so it extends to about one-half inch over the lock1 and bend it under1 as shown in ,cut ,d4 ,we furnish to each customer a small pair of hand-tongs1 which is handy to turn this edge over and pinch it together after the shingle is laid4 ,illustration3 ,cut ,d4 ,the ,cut ,d represents the shingles laid to and from the valley4 ,in starting from the valley it is best to hold several shingles together1 or tack them at the top1 then with a straight-edge mark and cut where they overlap the valley2 and with the hand-tongs edge and lock them to the valley1 as shown in cut ,d4 ,use the ,hip ,coping by nailing the edges to the roof boards1 and press the shingle up under the folds on each side after they are cut to suit the angle of the hip4 7,see ,cut ,e47 ,illustration3 ,cut ,e4 ,as plain as this appears1 we have known men to nail the ,hip ,coping through the folds and on the top of the shingles4 ,we are1 therefore1 particular to say wherever this ,hip1 or our ,plain ,ridge ,coping 7which is the same thing7 is used it should be nailed to the roof boards before the shingles are put on4 ,the fold is made expressly to receive the edge of the shingles4 ,cut ,e shows this coping and the manner of applying it4 ,we desire to impress upon our customers1 who live in the ,northern ,states1 where blizzards and severe snow storms are frequent1 the necessity of using close sheathing1 and if the sheathing is not close1 the use of sheathing paper1 to be laid underneath the shingles2 it adds greatly to the warmth of the house in winter1 and prevents small particles of snow from entering1 it costs but little1 and should always be used under wood1 slate or tin shingles where the best protection is desired4 ,,do ,,not ,,hammer ,,down ,,the ,,joints ,,or ,,lock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,painting ,,department ,,painting4 ,after the mason1 bricklayer1 carpenter1 tinsmith and plasterer comes the painter4 ,at this stage of progress in the work1 the owner usually thinks of moving in2 in fact1 he thinks he should have been living in his new house several weeks ago4 ,if weather conditions have been good1 the representatives of other branches of house building have got along smoothly excepting a little shaking up now and then1 caused mostly by the men occasionally yielding to the seductive influences of ,old ,john ,barleycorn or his rival ,king ,growler4 ,the owner1 having previously engaged or contracted for inside painting1 now calls on the painter4 ,the man of colors and brushes is always ready to promise quick work 7and we are free to say the mysteries of his trade are equal to any reasonable emergency71 and is apt to humor his employer's impatience1 and meekly submits to his wishes knowing that his employer's hurry is his gain4 ,house-builder1 did it ever occur to you that first-class inside painting is a slow process8 ,think of this2 after the first coat is laid1 it should stand long enough to become thoroughly dry1 dry enough to be sand-papered4 ,the second coat should be a little heavier than the first or priming coat4 ,it does not dry as fast as the first4 7,we are speaking of good materials properly proportioned47 ,each coat must be thoroughly dry before it is sand-papered4 ,any kind of good work requires three coats4 ,extra good work--four1 besides varnishing4 ,if you succeed in doing this work inside of four weeks you are fortunate4 ,thus you see it requires time to do good work4 ,time for the men to do theirs1 and time for ,nature to do hers4 ,sometimes ,nature frowns and lowers a curtain of humidity for days at a time1 which prevents the oils from drying4 ,it is possible for your painter to finish all four coats in as many days2 but if he is honest and you have not hurried him unreasonably1 his conscience will suffer4 ,good painting1 like other good things1 is durable1 looks well1 and is the cheapest in the end4 ,good painters pride themselves on doing good work4 ,so if you desire first-class work1 you should give the painter a reasonable price1 and sufficient time in which to do the work properly4 ,there is doubtless more adulteration in paint than in any materials used in house-finishing4 ,so general is this the case that it is often difficult to get pure materials4 ,this is caused by the low price of the products of petroleum1 the earth materials used to adulterate mineral paints1 and the demand for cheap work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,attention1 ,,roofers6 ,our ,,broad ,,rib ,,roofing and ,,steel ,,plate ,,shingles are not protected with a coat of richer metal like those made of tin or terne plate1 and consequently their durability depends upon the paint with which they should be covered4 ,for this purpose nothing1 so far as we know1 is equal to a mixture of pure unboiled linseed oil and the oxide of iron4 ,the ,shingles should have two coats1 one before they are put on1 on both sides 7this we do71 the other immediately after they are laid4 ,this last coat should be repeated every four or five years4 ,remember1 it is the rust-preventing qualities of linseed oil1 combined with the oxide of iron1 that makes steel or iron sheets resist the corrosive action of oxygen1 which is ever present in the atmosphere4 7,see page #aja47 ,a ,,perfect ,,roof4 ,the best can only be obtained by using good materials1 worked into the best form that theory and experience can suggest4 ,,walter',s ,,patent 8,,standard0 ,,and ,,cooper',s ,,patent 8,,queen ,,anne0 ,,metallic ,,shingles ,,and ,,siding1 made from ,tin ,plate1 ,steel ,plate1 ,galvanized ,tin ,plate1 ,bronze ,metal1 and ,copper1 are unrivaled for roof covering4 ,,because they have a perfect lock1 using no cleats1 springs or exposed seams4 ,,because they have no exposed fastenings2 all nail heads are covered as perfectly as those used for wood shingles4 ,,because they can be applied without the necessity of soldering1 and with no other tools than a hammer1 a small pair of hand-tongs and tin shears4 ,,because they break joints by starting each alternate course with a half shingle1 thus bringing the centre of the bottom of each shingle astraddle of the locked shingle below1 securely binding the same and preventing rattling4 ,,because they are easily and rapidly put on1 requiring no odd pieces at the eaves1 gables or comb4 ,,because they lessen the expense of insurance1 which extends not only to the building but to furniture and goods contained therein4 ,,because they do not crack1 split1 warp1 fall off1 rust or burn4 ,,because there are no cross seams or joints where rain or moisture can settle and cause decay4 ,,because we furnish with our shingles1 at moderate cost1 ,valleys1 ,gable ,strips1 ,ridge and ,hip ,coping1 that not only improves the finish of exterior1 but assists the workman to an extent that lessens the cost of applying4 ,manufactured by ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 and for sale by ,dealers in all the principal cities of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,,bartlett ,,hardware ,,co41 ,freeport1 ,ill41 ,january #ajth1 #ahhh4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,dear ,sirs3--,i send you photo4 of my house that you may see how handsome a ,roof the #g #aj ,shingles make4 ,you thought the #aj #ad would have been better1 but this is the finest roof in this country1 and we expect to sell some the present year4 ,everybody admires it4 ,please quote for the coming season's trade4 ,very respectfully1 ,f4 ,,bartlett1 ,president4 ,,what ,,our ,,goods ,,are4 ,in offering our goods to the public1 we desire to say1 briefly1 that the ,walter's ,patent ,metallic ,shingles and ,siding ,plates have now been before this country for nearly eight years1 upwards of twelve thousand buildings have been covered with them in the ,united ,states and ,canada1 and we feel warranted in referring to the owners of every building so covered4 ,our shingles have a concealed nailing flange the entire length of the shingle on one side1 and a perfect lock with a concealed gutter at the side of the nailing flange that provides for expansion and contraction1 with sufficient ventilation to prevent sweating on the under-side1 7causing rust17 so common in the cross seams of flat lock and standing seam1 now in use4 ,our ,galvanized 7,re-dipped7 ,shingle is our ,standard ,tin ,shingle galvanized2 and1 as every square has twenty pounds of zinc coating1 in addition to the first coat of tin1 it will be seen why it is superior to any galvanized iron made4 ,our 8,old ,process0 prices are designed to cover such grades of double-coated plates as 8,old ,style10 8,m4,f410 8,phelp's ,triple ,plate10 8,gilbertson's ,old ,method10 and 8,tregoning ,old ,process10 all superior to the ,standard ,grades1 and higher in price4 ,we quote all but ,galvanized1 painted both sides4 ,if any size or kind is ordered unpainted1 the price will be #be cents per square less4 ,our ,steel ,plate ,shingles are made from sheets of ,bessemer steel rolled as smooth as tin plate1 they are painted the same as the ,standard ,shingles1 and when laid on a roof cannot be distinguished from them4 ,they should be painted every five years with pure linseed oil and oxide of iron 7brown mineral74 ,they will not bear neglect2 in this respect they differ from shingles made from tin plate4 ,the price is somewhat less1 but the greater durability of the ,tin ,shingles is worth more than the difference in price4 ,we make our shingles in four sizes3 ,the smallest1 #g #aj1 7showing an exposed surface1 after laid1 of #e #i inches17 is designed for ,mansards1 ,spires1 ,siding1 and other upright work4 ,the #aj #ad1 7exposed surface1 #h #aa inches17 is the popular size2 and while it works to the best advantage on complicated roofs1 it is equally good for plain ones4 ,the #ad #bj1 7exposed surface1 #ab #ag inches17 is used largely on the plainer roofs1 where a saving in price and labor of putting on is an item4 ,the #bj #bh1 7exposed surface1 #ag #be inches17 is made from heavier metal1 and is designed for warehouses1 and other large surfaces2 and any of the larger shingles can be used for siding equally as well4 ,we are prepared to make any of the above sizes from any special brand of tin plate in the market1 but for our ,standard goods1 which we carry in stock1 we use a first-class grade of roofing tin plate1 warranted perfect4 ,,samples4 ,we will send free1 and charges paid1 samples of our ,,walter',s ,,patent ,,shingles 7three pieces7 to any address in the ,united ,states on receipt of five two-cent stamps2 this does not pay us one-half the expense1 but we propose to make the cost as light as possible to those interested in building4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co41 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,broad ,,rib ,,roofing1 ,illustration ,like ,our ,shingles1 has a nailing flange the entire length of each sheet4 ,it forms a ,continuous ,rib when applied from eaves to comb with cross seams twenty-five inches apart1 which gives it strength and rigidity not found in roofing where longer sheets are used4 ,it has no protruding anchors1 cleats or rivets2 all nail heads are covered as perfectly as those used for wood shingles4 ,there is no waste in using1 either at comb or eaves4 ,the ,side ,nailing ,flange admits of the roof being fastened to roof boards with any required degree of strength4 ,the ,cross ,seams are formed with a folded lock which allows for contraction and expansion4 ,material4--,each sheet of this roofing is made from ,best ,roofing ,tin1 or ,imported ,siemen's ,sheet ,steel1 which is hard rolled1 tough1 durable and thoroughly coated on both sides with the best ,oxide of ,iron and ,linseed ,oil ,paint4 ,the size of sheets are #bj #bh inches4 ,tools4--,we send with each order one pair of ,metal ,shears1 one ,mallet1 and a ,draw ,tool1 for which we make a charge of two dollars4 ,these tools can be returned to us by express at our expense1 and the purchaser credited1 or the money paid for them returned4 ,important ,improvements in the manufacture of ,steel ,sheets enable us to put this on the market at the same price as ,sheet ,iron ,roofing1 to which it is greatly superior4 ,the ,rib is formed of the ,walter's ,patent ,lock1 and is the same we have used on our shingles for the last seven years4 ,this ,lock has been thoroughly tested1 and it is significant that over #be1jjj1jjj square feet of shingles constructed upon this plan are already in use in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,the application of this ,lock does away with a very large proportion of the work necessary in laying standing seam roofs as ordinarily applied1 such as tonging up the seams1 double seaming1 capping or riveting the ribs1 and making and using cleats or other fastenings4 ,this roofing costs no more than wood shingles in sections where good timber is scarce4 ,each sheet is made from plates #bj #bh inches4 ,,write ,,for ,,prices4 ,illustration ,the ,national ,sheet ,metal ,roofing ,co41 #eaj-ebj ,e4 #bjth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,,the 8,,attic0 ,,sky-,,light ,,and ,,ventilator4 ,illustration ,this is a novelty in roof ventilation1 and possesses the advantage of admitting light as well as ventilating rooms in the garret or immediately under the roof4 ,it can be used on any kind of a slope roof having a pitch of three inches or more to the foot4 ,the front is of double strength glass which is held to its place by a single catch4 ,when used as a ventilator the glass is drawn back to the slant of the roof1 and sheds what water would enter the opening during a rain storm4 ,all the carpenter work necessary in setting the 8,attic0 is to saw a square hole through the roof boards at the time of putting on the roof-covering4 ,we make them to form one plate of our ,broad ,rib ,roofing with which it interlocks4 ,as shown on page #ee1 they can be used equally as well on roofs to be covered with slate or wood shingles as with our ,tin ,shingles4 ,,how ,,to ,,set ,a ,,finial4 ,illustration ,bore a hole in the upper end of the centre-staff and insert in it the lower end of finial rod2 when the centre-staff is put to its place1 plumb the finial rod by moving the lower end of the centre-staff before it is nailed to the floor or cross timbers4 7,see page #gd47 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,,net ,,prices3 #e ,foot #ab4jj4 #f ,foot #ad4dj4 #g ,foot #af4hj4 ,for either ,round1 ,square or ,octagon4 ,no4 #a includes all above the ,shingles4 7,see page #gc47 ,there is no shoddy work about these ,finials4 ,they are heavy1 substantially made and zinc coated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,shipping ,,department 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,coopers ,,crooks4 7,patented ,august #bjth1 #ahhi47 ,complete and in ,sections4 ,fixed and ,adjustable4 ,the most ,perfect ,machine-made ,elbow ever manufactured4 ,first-class ,finish4--,each piece is a perfect section of a curved tube4 ,a ,convenience4--,the sections can be put together to form any angle4 ,durable and ,strong4--,the finished elbows are redipped after being locked and riveted4 ,quality4--,both ,retinned and ,galvanized4 ,perfect in fitting1 uniform in size and quality4 ,just what the practical tinsmith should use for conductors and vent pipes4 ,,adjustable4 ,,fixed4 ,,in ,,sections4 ,size4 ,tin4 ,galv'd4 ,size4 ,tin4 ,galv'd4 ,size4 ,tin4 #c inch #a4ee #b4jj #c inch #b4jj #b4jj #c inch #a4de #d inch #b4hj #c4ij #d inch #c4ij #c4ij #d inch #b4ej ,discount44444444444444444444444444 ,,manufactured ,,only ,,by ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co4 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,,weights4 ,our goods weigh1 when boxed ready for shipment1 as follows3 #ad #bj1 ,no4 #a1 ,standard #hd lbs4 #aj #ad1 8 8 #ib 8 #g #aj1 8 8 #hi 8 #ad #bj1 ,no4 #b1 ,steel #hc 8 #aj #ad1 8 8 #hi 8 #ad #bj1 ,no4 #c1 ,m4 ,f4 #ajj 8 #aj #ad1 8 8 #ajh 8 #g #aj1 8 8 #ajh 8 #ad #bj1 ,no4 #d1 ,galvanized #ajd 8 #aj #ad1 8 8 #aji 8 #g #aj1 8 8 #aji 8 ,queen ,anne1 ,no4 #f1 ,standard #aba 8 8 8 8 ,galvanized #add 8 ,broad ,rib1 ,no4 #h1 ,standard #hh 8 8 8 8 ,steel #hg 8 #ej ft4 ,climax ,ridge ,coping1 ,tin #ef 8 #ej ft4 8 8 8 ,galvanized #ga 8 #ej ft4 ,hip1 ,tin #ch 8 #ej ft4 8 ,galvanized #dc 8 #ej ft4 ,valley1 ,tin #de 8 #ej ft4 8 ,galvanized #ec 8 #ej ft4 ,gable1 ,tin #ab 8 #ej ft4 8 ,galvanized #ae 8 ,,how ,,metal ,,shingles ,,are ,,made4 ,shingles made from wood have been common all over the world for ages4 ,their particular form has remained unchanged because many years' experience has proven it to be the most durable and surest safe-guard against storms4 ,what is true of wood for roof covering is equally true of metal for the same purpose4 ,the first metal roofing made in ,america was tin sheets1 laid shingle fashion1 the overlapped edges of which covered the nail heads which were used to fasten them to the roof boards4 ,many of these old-fashioned metal 7tin plate7 roofs are yet in existence that were covered over one hundred years ago4 ,the writer covered several houses in #ahdi in this manner1 which are in good condition now4 ,the reason why this style of metal roofing was not common was its expense4 ,on page #af we give reasons why it would be more durable than the ordinary mode of laying tin roofing4 ,the use of ,walter's and ,cooper's patent in constructing metal shingles does away with the expense1 which was a great drawback to their use1 and leaves no excuse for the use of cheap1 combustible material4 ,the ,national ,sheet ,metal ,roofing ,co41 of ,new ,york ,city1 have for the past eight years been manufacturing these shingles1 and their use on a vast number of public and private buildings in all parts of the ,united ,states and ,canada attest their superiority4 ,thinking that our readers would be pleased to see the process of making these shingles1 we illustrate on pages #fe and #ge views taken from photographs of their paint and store room4 ,the process requires two press operations for each shingle1 and each press averages a turn out of #d1jjj square feet 7which is #dj squares7 per day4 ,the dies which give shape and form the corrugations of the shingles are faced with polished steel1 which leaves no abrasions where they come in contact with the metal4 ,during the past year they have added four new presses to this department to meet the requirements of the increased demand for their goods4 ,they spare no pains to make their shingles as perfect as the best machinery can make them4 ,all their shingles are carefully inspected before they are boxed and sent to the store room1 from which they are shipped to all parts of the country4 ,the machinery room in which the presses are located is #cg feet wide by #hj feet long1 the painting department is #hj #ee feet1 and the store room the same size4 ,we give these figures that you may form an opinion of the space required to manufacture and handle their goods4 ,the process of painting is first dipping the shingles in a vat of pure linseed oil and oxide of iron paint with just enough turpentine to assist in drying4 ,they are then set on edge and left to drain1 after which they are gone over with a brush and set in racks to dry1 which requires several days1 according to the humidity of the atmosphere4 ,they are all air dried1 no artificial heat being used4 ,their customers are cordially invited to call at any time and see the process of manufacturing4 99 99 99 99 99 8,why don't you mend your roof my man80 ,he drew him closer to the wall1 ,and answered with a lazy drawl3 8,when 't rains so hard ,i never can40 8,why don't you mend it when it's fair80 8,oh1 then it doesn't need repair60 ,he blandly said ,as he turned his head ,and shook the raindrops from his hair4 ,from ,the ,metal ,worker4 ,illustration3 ,,walter',s ,,patent ,,standard ,,shingles4 ,illustration3 ,,cooper',s ,,patent ,,queen ,,anne ,,metallic ,,shingles4 ,,public ,,buildings ,,on ,,which ,,the ,,above ,,metal ,,shingles ,,are ,,used4 ,,religious ,,institutions4 ,independent ,pres4 ,church1 ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,south-,west ,pres4 ,church1 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,methodist ,church1 ,stony ,point1 ,n4 ,y4 ,methodist ,church1 ,graniteville1 ,conn4 ,methodist ,church1 ,broad ,river1 ,conn4 ,asbury ,methodist ,church1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,second ,methodist ,church1 ,kingston1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pisgah ,methodist ,church1 ,pisgah1 ,md4 ,methodist ,church1 ,thomasville1 ,ga4 ,elm ,st4 ,methodist ,church1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,east ,nashville ,methodist ,church1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,methodist ,church1 ,manheim1 ,pa4 ,roman ,catholic ,church1 ,trinidad1 ,col4 ,roman ,catholic ,church1 ,albuquerque1 ,new ,mexico4 ,german ,evangelical ,church1 ,new ,harmony1 ,ind4 ,holy ,apostles' ,p4 ,e4 ,church1 ,st4 ,clair1 ,pa4 ,r4 ,c4 ,church of ,st4 ,cecelia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,r4 ,c4 ,apostolic ,church1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,st4 ,patrick's ,r4 ,c4 ,cathedral1 ,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,baptist ,church1 ,tura1 ,india4 ,winthrop ,st4 ,baptist ,church1 ,taunton1 ,mass4 ,second ,baptist ,church1 ,lawrence1 ,mass4 ,berkeley ,ave4 ,bap4 ,church1 ,berkeley1 ,va4 ,baptist ,church1 ,danbury1 ,conn4 ,colored ,baptist ,church1 ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,christ ,episcopal ,church1 ,richmond1 ,va4 ,st4 ,john's ,epis4 ,church1 ,richmond1 ,va4 ,christ ,episcopal ,church1 ,port ,tobacco1 ,md4 ,st4 ,clement's ,episcopal ,church1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,mission ,church1 ,aintab1 ,turkey4 ,mission ,church1 ,kiota1 ,japan4 ,bethany ,chapel1 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,colonial ,beach ,chapel1 ,va4 ,plymouth ,church1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 ,mc,minville1 ,tenn4 ,first ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 ,jackson1 ,mich4 ,christian ,church1 ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,second ,baptist ,church1 ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,first ,pres4 ,church1 ,gainesville1 ,fla4 ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 ,beatrice1 ,neb4 ,round ,hill ,church1 ,va4 ,st4 ,paul ,lutheran ,church1 ,lititz1 ,pa4 ,salvation ,army ,barracks1 ,south ,norwalk1 ,conn4 ,methodist ,church1 ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,christian ,church1 ,belton1 ,texas4 ,salvation ,army ,barracks1 ,matteawan1 ,n4 ,y4 ,first ,cong4 ,church1 ,daytona1 ,fla4 ,jewish ,synagogue1 ,brunswick1 ,ga4 ,,railroads4 ,savannah1 ,florida and ,western ,r4 ,r4 ,north-,eastern ,r4 ,r4 of ,south ,carolina4 ,western and ,north ,carolina ,r4 ,r4 ,new ,york1 ,susquehanna and ,western ,r4 ,r4 ,chesapeake and ,ohio ,r4 ,r4 ,florida ,railway ,navigation ,company4 ,south ,florida ,railway4 ,virginia ,midland ,railway4 ,richmond and ,danville ,r4 ,r4 ,newport ,news and ,mississippi ,valley ,r4 ,r4 ,chicago and ,evanston ,r4 ,r4 ,jacksonville1 ,tampa and ,key ,west ,r4 ,r4 ,interstate ,rapid ,transit ,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,kansas ,city ,cable ,railway1 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,union ,passenger ,railroad ,co41 ,richmond1 ,va4 ,franklin ,avenue ,line1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,west ,nashville ,railroad ,depot1 ,west ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,st4 ,johns and ,halifax ,r4 ,r4 ,maryland ,central ,r4 ,r4 ,cornwall and ,lebanon ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 ,,educational ,,institutions4 ,de,paw ,college1 ,greencastle1 ,ind4 ,mississippi ,industrial ,institute and ,college1 ,columbus1 ,miss4 ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,tremont1 ,n4 ,y4 ,las ,vegas ,college1 ,las ,vegas1 ,new ,mexico4 ,loyola ,college1 ,collington1 ,md4 ,woodstock ,college1 ,woodstock1 ,md4 ,medical ,college1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,dayel ,college1 ,sparta1 ,tenn4 ,dakota ,university1 ,mitchell1 ,dakota4 ,public ,school1 ,richfield ,springs1 ,n4 ,y4 ,public ,school1 ,greenville1 ,ky4 ,public ,school1 ,mc,cook1 ,neb4 ,public ,school1 ,dodge ,city1 ,kansas4 ,public ,school1 ,marion1 ,ill4 ,public ,school1 ,elizabeth1 ,pa4 ,public ,school1 ,freeport1 ,ill4 ,public ,school1 ,paw ,paw1 ,ill4 ,public ,school1 ,hutchinson1 ,minn4 ,thirteenth ,district ,school1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,tenth ,district ,school1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,thirteenth ,ward ,grammar ,school1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,fogg ,high ,school1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,caldwell ,high ,school1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,tampa ,high ,school1 ,tampa1 ,fla4 ,public ,school1 ,forward ,township1 ,allegheny ,co41 ,pa4 ,tarbox ,school1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,searight ,school1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,niagara ,falls ,museum1 ,niag4 ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hotels and ,state and ,county ,buildings4 ,florida ,state ,capitol1 ,tallahassee1 ,fla4 ,washtenaw ,county ,jail1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,bristol ,county ,house of ,correction1 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,government ,penitentiary1 ,kingston1 ,ont4 ,main ,street ,central ,police ,station1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,united ,states ,soldiers' ,home1 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4 ,wm4 ,houston ,home1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,deaf and ,dumb ,institute1 ,jacksonville1 ,ill4 ,insane ,asylum1 ,fort ,steilacoom1 ,wash4 ,terr4 ,united ,states ,marine ,barracks1 ,pensacola1 ,fla4 ,colorado ,state ,insane ,asylum1 ,pueblo1 ,col4 ,asylum for ,feeble ,minded1 ,beatrice1 ,neb4 ,tenn4 ,insane ,asylum1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,county ,asylum1 ,sparta1 ,tenn4 ,city ,hospital1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,towers of ,minneapolis ,exhibition ,building1 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,horticultural ,hall1 ,world's ,exposition1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,plymount ,county ,agricultural ,society ,building1 ,brockton1 ,mass4 ,public ,library1 ,coldwater1 ,mich4 ,fair ,association ,buildings1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,grand ,army of the ,republic ,hall1 ,janesville1 ,iowa4 ,caledonian ,rink1 ,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,park ,building1 ,west ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,concordia ,association ,building1 ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioners' ,building1 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah4 ,board of ,trade ,bldg41 ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,exchange ,building1 ,west ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,lyons ,water ,works ,buildings1 ,lyons1 ,n4 ,y4 ,water ,works ,buildings1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,city ,water ,works ,buildings1 ,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,barclay ,st4 ,ferry ,house1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,oakland ,mills1 ,taunton1 ,mass4 ,i4 ,o4 ,o4 ,f4 ,building1 ,port ,clinton1 ,ohio4 ,i4 ,o4 ,o4 ,f4 ,building1 ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,masonic ,temple1 ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,masonic ,temple1 ,daytona1 ,fla4 ,union ,county ,court ,house1 ,union1 ,s4 ,c4 ,ford ,county ,court ,house1 ,dodge ,city1 ,kansas4 ,ontonogan ,county ,building1 ,houghton1 ,mich4 ,court ,house1 ,jonesborough1 ,ark4 ,hamilton ,county ,court ,house1 ,texas4 ,menard ,county ,court ,house1 ,texas4 ,h4 ,i4 ,kimball ,hotel1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,burlington ,hotel1 ,burlington1 ,vermont4 ,fayetteville ,hotel1 ,fayetteville1 ,n4 ,c4 ,mitchell ,hotel1 ,thomasville1 ,ga4 ,arlington ,hotel1 ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,summerville ,hotel1 ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,cottage ,hotel1 ,nunda1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,hotel1 ,beatrice1 ,neb4 ,opera ,house1 ,junction ,city1 ,kansas4 ,grand ,opera ,house1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,overland ,casino1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,opera ,house1 ,tavares1 ,fla4 ,north ,river ,steamboat ,co41 ,haverstraw1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,central ,station1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,lower ,station ,house ,stables1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,mechanics' ,union ,hall1 ,no4 #a1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,oneida ,county ,asylum1 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wheeler ,elevator1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ontario ,elevator1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a4 ,w4 ,stevens ,son1 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,buildings1 ,taunton1 ,mass4 ,i4 ,o4 ,u4 ,w4 ,hall1 ,new ,harmony1 ,ind4 ,opera ,house1 ,new ,harmony1 ,ind4 ,,inside ,,construction4 ,by this we do not mean the arrangement or size of rooms1 they may be large or very small1 and in either instance lack the conveniences which may always be provided for by good construction4 ,even a small house can have transoms over all the doors which open into a hall1 proper ventilating flues for all rooms1 and a kitchen that will be comfortable in all seasons1 7see articles under the head of 8,ventilation0 and 8,the ,kitchen407 ,these are essential2 all dwellings1 large or small1 should have them4 ,the windows and doors should be arranged to suit the furniture to be used4 ,you have doubtless seen rooms with windows on two sides1 a door and fire-place on the other4 ,this arrangement makes it impossible for the room to contain an ordinary size bedstead1 without placing it before a window or some other opening4 ,study these things when getting up plans for your house4 ,the dining room should be light and roomy1 fronting the ,east if possible1 as the morning sun is always desirable1 and adds much to the cheerfulness of the family4 ,the kitchen should not connect directly with the dining-room4 ,construct a passage-way1 well ventilated1 between the two rooms2 this will prevent unsavory odors entering the dining-room4 ,the space at each end of the passage can be utilized for the kitchen closets4 ,arrange your rooms so that you will not be compelled to pass through one room to get to another4 ,do not disfigure the walls by driving nails or hooks into the plastering for the purpose of hanging pictures1 but fasten a neat gilt moulding to the side walls all around the room1 about one foot from the ceiling4 ,the moulding should be about one and one-half or two inches wide1 with a groove on its upper side4 ,hooks shaped as an ,s can be placed at any point on this moulding1 and the pictures are to be hung to these hooks4 ,this arrangement is somewhat expensive1 but it is the only proper way in which pictures can be hung4 ,closets4--,no house is complete without ample closets4 ,every lady knows that clothing and wraps cannot be stored away in drawers1 and look well when wanted for use4 ,as closets are expensive we suggest for small houses1 that a room be constructed from four to six feet wide1 and from ten to fifteen feet long1 with a window at one end4 ,make shelves on one side1 and place suitable clothes hooks on the other4 ,in such a room the entire wardrobe and family linen can be properly stored4 ,if you desire a moth-proof room1 the ceiling1 walls and shelves should be made of red cedar4 ,we suggest this clothes room because of its cheapness4 ,each bedroom of large houses should be provided with a clothes closet1 which should be lined with red cedar for the reasons above stated4 ,don't forget to have windows and all outside doors fitted up with light sash and frames covered with woven wire cloth4 ,this material is very cheap1 and can be purchased at any house-furnishing goods store4 ,its use prevents mosquitoes and flies from entering the house4 ,freedom from these summer pests will amply repay you for the expense4 ,during the late fall1 winter and spring months1 the sash and frames can be removed2 they should be stored in some perfectly dry place1 such as a garret1 never in a cellar4 ,speaking of pests reminds us of another kind that breed in cracks and crevices found in most kitchens1 which might lead a thoughtful man to suppose that the builder1 in his kindness of heart1 provided these little hiding places for just such creatures4 ,if you don't want them1 see that there are no cracks left between the wood-work and plastering1 or in any part of the floor or walls of the kitchen4 ,fill with cement 7,plaster of ,paris is good7 all cracks caused by shrinkage of wood-work after the walls are completed and are thoroughly dry4 ,,sheet ,,metal ,,work ,,for ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,buildings4 ,,gutters1 ,,valleys ,,and ,,down ,,pipes4 ,these things are very closely related to the roof1 and like it should be of the best material4 ,a tin gutter hung at the eaves has the advantage of being cheap2 if made of good material and put up with good fastenings is durable1 and suitable for cheap houses and some portions of expensive ones4 ,in all cases where the fastenings are to hang from the roof1 the gutter should be put up before the roof covering is put on1 so the fastenings can be secured to the roof boards instead of on top of the tin1 slate or wood shingles4 ,if the fastenings are nailed on top of the roof covering1 the nails soon become loose1 and the gutter sags4 ,the tinsmith will charge no more for doing his work before the roofers commence1 but it may delay you a day4 ,paint the gutter inside as well as out1 and see that it has sufficient fall to clear itself of water4 ,if you prefer the gutter on the roof near the eaves1 let the sheets of which it is made be of sufficient width to extend far enough up under the roof covering to prevent water 7when the gutter is full7 from overflowing at the back instead of over at the front2 this is a common error4 ,in every instance let this top gutter be outside the wall line1 so in case of leakage the 8drip0 is outside the walls4 ,gutters of this kind1 and all gutters that are soldered and firmly fastened to roof boards 7not hanging gutters71 are liable to crack by expansion and contraction of the metal2 we therefore say1 never put a gutter inside the wall lines if they can be put outside4 ,valleys formed by the joining of two roofs at an angle are usually steep enough to allow the metal sheets to lap on each other and shed water without soldering4 ,such sheets are usually made twenty-eight inches long4 ,their shortness prevents cracking from expansion and contraction even if nailed to roof boards4 ,remember that all trash or dirt that settles on the roof eventually finds its way into the valleys1 gutters and down pipes1 and in a manner scours their surface2 for this reason they receive several fold more wear than the same amount of exposed surface of the roof1 consequently1 should be of better material4 ,few people are aware of the amount of dirt and sand which is carried by the wind and deposited on their house-tops2 for this reason1 if the water is used for drinking or cooking purposes1 the first water that flows from the roof during a rain storm should not be allowed to flow into the cistern4 ,it is always best to have good sized down pipes4 ,as a rule1 for down pipes from hanging gutters1 let the circumference of the pipe equal the girt of the gutter1 and the gutter should be large enough to convey the water which falls on the roof during the heaviest storms4 ,use only curved elbows where a turn in the pipe is to be made1 and at the foot or discharge end4 ,curved elbows are now made by machinery2 they are stronger1 more durable and cost no more than the common hand-made acute kind4 ,we have spoken of good material2 but what is good material when ,tin ,plate is spoken of8 ,the quality of ,tin ,plate depends on its toughness1 and the weight of ,tin or ,terne coating on its surface4 ,the first is easily determined by bending back and forth with the hand1 the latter is not1 unless handled by an expert4 ,the following test will determine the difference1 provided you have different qualities4 ,if the qualities are the same1 or nearly so1 the difference will not be distinguishable4 ,take two pieces of different quality of ,tin or ,terne plates1 say two inches square1 grease one side with any kind of animal fat2 then with a pair of plyers1 hold them separately over a gas or candle jet with one corner obliquely downward1 and the amount of fusible metal which flows from them will determine the difference between good and common4 ,,testimonials4 ,,st4 ,,louis1 ,,mo41 ,april #bfth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,we have used your ,walter's ,metal ,shingles on the most prominent buildings of our city1 all of which have given universal satisfaction both in appearance and durability4 ,as for us1 we can say we give them the preference above all others knowing that when once up there is none its equal4 ,yours truly1 ,,mesker ,,bros4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,augusta1 ,,ga41 ,april #cjth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i have in the past six years used and carefully compared all the leading makes of ,patent ,metallic ,shingles1 and ,i unhesitatingly pronounce your ,walter's ,patent the best shingle on the market4 ,they are simple1 and easy to put on1 and for a handsome1 light and durable roof they are without a parallel4 ,i have used them on many public as well as private buildings in this city1 and they have in all instances given the highest possible satisfaction1 which has won me the esteem and confidence of the public4 ,yours truly1 ,,david ,,slusky4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,las ,,vegas ,,college1 ,,las ,,vegas1 ,n4 ,m41 ,april #bith1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i am glad to inform you that we are very well satisfied with the ,walter's ,metal ,shingles with which the new stone addition of our college is covered4 ,it is about three years since the roof was laid1 and your shingles are keeping yet a very neat and nice appearance1 defying bravely the eating and inclemency of the weather4 ,yours truly1 ,c4 ,m4 ,,capilupi1 ,s4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,office ,,of ,,superintendent1 ,,depaw ,,university1 ,,green ,,castle1 ,,ind41 ,april #cjth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,we beg to say that your ,walter's ,shingles with which our college buildings are covered are very satisfactory4 ,e4 ,t4 ,,chaffee1 ,sup't4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,colorado ,,state ,,insane ,,asylum1 ,,pueblo1 ,,col41 ,april #bgth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i wish to say that the ,walter's ,patent ,metallic ,shingles1 with which our buildings are covered1 we believe to be superior to anything heretofore introduced in the ,west in that line4 ,yours truly1 ,p4 ,r4 ,,thombs1 ,sup't4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daytona1 ,,fla41 ,april #bgth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,we have used your ,metallic ,shingles on the ,first ,congregational ,church at this place4 ,as to durability1 the roof has been on now about three years1 and seems as good as the day it was put on4 ,its appearance is beautiful1 and its rain shedding qualities are perfect4 ,we like the roof first rate1 and can conscientiously recommend them to others4 ,yours very truly1 ,,chas4 ,m4 ,,bingham1 ,pastor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,april #bhth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,we have put the ,walter's ,metallic ,shingles upon many buildings in ,ithaca1 and in each instance our customers have been perfectly satisfied4 ,in our opinion they are the most durable roof we have handled4 ,the writer has his house covered with the ,galvanized ,tin ,shingles1 and believes he has the most durable roof in ,ithaca1 because they need no painting1 or care of any kind whatever4 ,while costing more at the start1 in the end the matter of economy is with the ,walter's ,shingles4 ,yours truly1 ,c4 ,j4 ,,rumsey ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,taunton1 ,,mass41 ,april #beth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,we have used in less than two years about #hjj squares of your ,metallic ,shingles1 and they have given the best of satisfaction in every case1 and in our opinion are far ahead in durability and appearance of either slate or wooden shingles4 ,yours truly1 ,n4 ,,crapo ,,bro4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,winthrop ,,st4 ,,baptist ,,church1 ,,taunton1 ,,mass41 ,may #eth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,we are in every way fully satisfied with the ,walter's ,metal ,shingles which you put on the roof of our church two years ago4 ,it would be difficult to desire a superior roofing4 ,yours very truly1 ,j4 ,k4 ,,wilson1 ,pastor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,centenarian ,m4 ,e4 ,,church1 ,,beatrice1 ,,neb41 ,may #b;d1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i consider the ,walter's ,metal ,shingle an improvement over anything of the past2 superior to slate in appearance2 of less weight and cost1 and just as durable4 ,when properly put in place it can but give the best of satisfaction4 ,can heartily recommend it4 ,respectfully1 ,a4 ,c4 ,,calkins1 ,pastor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,matteawan1 ,n4 ,y41 ,april #beth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i take great pleasure in giving my unprejudiced opinion of ,walter's ,metallic ,shingles4 ,i have been using them for the last three years1 and have never had any fault found with them of all the roofs that ,i have put on1 and ,i have had good practical tinners proclaim to me that they consider it the best tin roofing they have ever seen4 ,it is the roof for me when ,i am building myself4 ,any person adopting this roof1 by giving it a coat of metallic paint every five years1 ,i will warrant them to have a tight roof for two generations4 ,yours truly1 ,,sam',l ,mc,k,e,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,minneapolis1 ,,minn41 ,april #bgth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i have put on in the ,northwest large amounts of your ,metallic ,shingles for others1 and also covered my own residence some five years ago1 and can heartily recommend your goods to any one desiring a substantial and absolutely tight roof of fine appearance1 which gives a roof much better than slate and a lower price4 ,most respectfully yours1 ,m4 ,h4 ,,crittenden4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ann ,,arbor1 ,,mich41 ,may #dth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,my roof was the first one in this city on which your tin shingles were used1 and they have given entire satisfaction4 ,i would not exchange it for any other roof that ,i know of4 ,yours truly1 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,moore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,milford1 ,,delaware1 ,may #ajth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,would say that the ,walter's ,patent ,metallic ,shingles1 put on the ,electric ,light ,station in this town1 by ,w4 ,p4 ,cullen1 are giving entire satisfaction1 making a handsome and durable roof1 much preferable in our judgment to the regular tin roofs usually put on such buildings4 ,very truly yours1 ,w4 ,t4 ,,johnson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,milford1 ,,del41 ,may #aeth1 #ahhh4 ,perhaps it may be of interest to you to know my views of the ,tin ,shingle ,roofing purchased of ,w4 ,p4 ,cullen1 of ,milford1 ,del4 ,i can recommend in the highest degree their use1 as they possess many advantages over any other material used for that purpose4 ,they require no skilled labor1 and are as durable as any tin roof can possibly be4 ,i have watched it during every rainstorm since it was laid1 and not one drop has passed through it to my gratification1 and to the credit of the inventor4 ,i invite the inspection of any one who may contemplate putting on a roof upon any building4 ,respectfully1 ,p4 ,h4 ,,storm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,brockton1 ,,mass41 ,april #bgth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,two years ago the ,brockton ,agricultural ,society covered the roof of their main building with your tin shingles1 and ,i am pleased to inform you that they have given perfect satisfaction4 ,yours truly1 ,h4 ,w4 ,,robinson1 ,president4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,apostles1 ,,st4 ,,clair1 ,,pa41 ,april #beth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,the ,walter's ,patent ,metallic ,shingles have been the covering to the ,rectory of this church since ,september1 #ahhe4 ,they were put on by novices under disadvantageous circumstances1 and have withstood every test that a ,pennsylvania mountainous district changeable weather could give4 ,i talk tin shingles to all my friends4 ,yours truly1 ,,chas4 ,a4 ,,marks1 ,rector4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,natchez1 ,,miss41 ,february #afth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i have been in the tin roofing business for the past #bj years1 and ,i believe that the ,walter's ,patent ,tin ,shingles make the best tin roofing of any of the other patents that are now on the market4 ,i have put on hundreds of squares of them1 and they have given me and the property owners entire satisfaction4 ,i will further say that each box of shingles ,i have bought from them has covered one hundred square feet of roof1 which will be understood by tinners to be a great satisfaction in ordering roofing1 as the rule is that patent roofing falls short after being laid4 ,i have often been asked by different manufacturing companies for my opinion of the roofing that they manufacture1 but this is the first time that ,i have ever given my opinion1 and ,i would not give my opinion now if the ,walter's ,patent ,tin ,shingles did not deserve it4 ,i am1 yours truly1 ,p4 ,w4 ,,mulvihill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,baton ,,rouge1 ,,la41 ,february #bdth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,i beg to say that ,i have used the ,walter's ,patent ,tin ,shingles for some time1 and they have given satisfaction4 ,i think they make the best roofing that can be put on for the money4 ,yours truly1 ,m4 ,j4 ,,williams4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,milford1 ,,del41 ,may #dth1 #ahhh4 ,dear ,sirs3--,this is to say that ,i have used several thousand shingles of ,walter's ,patent on our roof at the ,phosphate ,factory1 put on by ,w4 ,p4 ,cullen1 and up to this time not a single drop of water or a weight of snow has drifted through it1 and if kept properly painted1 ,i believe the roof will last as long as any person could wish it to4 ,w4 ,i4 ,,simpson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,canajoharie1 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #ajth1 #ahhh4 ,gentlemen3--,having ,walter's ,metal ,shingles on two of my buildings1 put on by ,f4 ,h4 ,hodge1 the new ,courier building being sided with them1 ,i feel that ,i am competent to speak of the merits of the shingles4 ,my experience has been entirely satisfactory1 and ,i regard the ,metallic ,shingles as the best roofing and siding extant4 ,if ,i were to build a hundred houses1 and it were possible to use these shingles1 ,i would not hesitate one moment1 as ,i regard them as cheaper and better than any other covering in the market4 ,yours1 c41 ,,willet ,f4 ,,cook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hospital ,,for ,,the ,,insane ,,in ,,washington ,,territory1 ,,fort ,,steilacoom1 ,w4 ,t41 ,may #b;d1 #ahhh4 ,dear ,sirs3--,this institution has passed two winters under cover of ,walter's ,metal ,shingles4 ,our ,winters are very wet1 rain falling most of the time1 but there has been no leak4 ,the shingles are1 therefore1 entirely satisfactory4 ,yours very truly1 ,,john ,w4 ,,waughop1 ,m4 ,d4 ,sup't ,hospital ,insane1 ,w4 ,t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,woodstock ,,college1 ,,howard ,,co41 ,,md41 ,december #hth1 #ahhf4 ,gentlemen3--,it affords me much pleasure to indorse favorably the ,walter's ,patent ,metallic ,shingles4 ,i have used them on our church buildings in ,trinidad1 ,colo41 ,albuquerque1 ,n4 ,m41 and ,woodstock1 ,md4 ,in the first named place they have been in use over two years1 and have withstood1 without detriment1 the very high winds and occasional driving storms of rain and snow for which that ,state is so remarkable4 ,in the other places they are also giving satisfaction in every respect4 ,i consider a roof of this material far superior to the ordinary tin or iron1 both in beauty of design and solidity of construction1 and see no reason why it should not supersede slate1 as it is far less costly1 requires a lighter frame1 is just as much fire or storm-proof1 and equally durable if kept painted4 ,hoping your goods may elicit the patronage they justly deserve1 ,i beg to remain1 gentlemen1 ,yours very truly1 ,,edward ,,barry1 ,s4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,auburn1 ,n4 ,y41 ,november #bfth1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,your esteemed favor of the #afth duly to hand2 by reason of ,mr4 ,stevens' absence from town1 has not had earlier reply4 ,we take great pleasure in speaking a good word for the new roofing we purchased of your house2 we find it all it was recommended to be4 ,the condition in which it came to us rendered it very easy to place upon the roof4 ,it makes a tight and substantial roof1 one which we believe will be as durable as anything we have ever seen4 ,we remain1 with respect1 ,yours very truly1 ,a4 ,w4 ,,stevens ,,son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,penfield ,,center1 ,n4 ,y41 ,october #agth1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,i have used about sixty squares of your metal shingles this year1 and can say they excel any roof ,i have used4 ,they are light1 tight and cannot help being a life-lasting roof1 if they are taken care of4 ,yours truly1 ,g4 ,h4 ,,bacon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sherman1 ,,texas1 ,october #bhth1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,i have been contracting and building fifty years1 #cd years in ,north ,texas4 ,i recommend your metal roofing as the best ,i have ever used1 and that it gives perfect satisfaction1 and if painted every five years it will last a century4 ,yours truly1 ,,geo4 ,,melton1 ,architect and ,builder4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,college ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,cross1 ,,worcester1 ,,mass4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,wallace1 ,sec'y and ,treas'r1 ,nat4 ,sheet ,metal ,roofing ,co4 ,dear ,sir3--,having used your ,galvanized ,tin ,shingles largely in ,maryland1 ,connecticut and here1 and recommended their use in other sections1 ,i have no hesitation in stating that everywhere the results have been completely satisfactory4 ,i shall continue to use the roofing in preference to any that ,i know4 ,yours respectfully1 ,t4 ,w4 ,,hayes1 ,s4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rome1 ,n4 ,y41 ,november #dth1 #ahhi4 ,dear ,sirs3--,nearly two years ago ,i had the steeples of my church covered with your ,galvanized ,metal ,shingles4 ,i have now no hesitation in stating that in my judgment it is the best roofing material in the market4 ,it is very ornamental1 and time seems to have no effect on it1 as it still retains the same color4 ,so pleased were the citizens of this place with the work done on my church1 that many of them are now using the same material in roofing their houses4 ,a4 ,,murphy1 ,pastor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,webster1 ,n4 ,y41 ,october #agth1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,i have used your patent shingles on my grist mill and think there is nothing better for fire1 wind or weather4 ,they are all right4 ,yours truly1 ,b4 ,,sperry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rome1 ,n4 ,y41 ,december #b;d1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,the ,walter's ,metallic ,shingles put on the roof of our new church in this city1 about four months ago1 by ,mr4 ,james ,conley1 are in every way satisfactory to our people1 and the roof is admired by all who see it4 ,i take great pleasure in recommending your shingles to the public as the best material for roofing that ,i have seen4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,bruce1 ,pastor and ,chairman of ,building ,com4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rome1 ,n4 ,y41 ,november #eth1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,we have used your ,metallic ,shingles on the steeples of the ,welsh ,congregational ,church1 at this place1 last summer1 and it seems as good as the day it was put on4 ,its appearance is beautiful and its rain-shedding qualities are perfect4 ,we like the steeple first rate and can conscientiously recommend them to others4 ,they need no painting or care of any kind whatever4 ,these were put on by ,mr4 ,james ,conley1 of ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 ,yours truly1 ,d4 ,e4 ,,prichard1 ,pastor4 ,,james ,,thomas1 ,sec'y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rome1 ,n4 ,y41 ,december #fth1 #ahhi4 ,gentlemen3--,the ,walter's ,metallic ,shingles were first brought to my notice by ,mr4 ,james ,conley1 of this city1 some two years ago1 and ,i made a personal examination and test of same1 and have since specified and had them used in preference on several buildings4 ,they make a light1 handsome and durable roof1 and ,i have yet to hear the first complaint4 ,respectfully1 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,davies1 ,architect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,council ,,grove1 ,,kansas1 ,november #eth1 #ahhi4 ,messrs4 ,,jerome ,,twichell ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,gents3--,yours of the #beth at hand regarding the ,walter's ,shingles4 ,i purchased in the spring the ,walter's ,shingles and used them on my dwelling house4 ,i must say they make the best looking roof and the tightest roof ,i ever saw1 and they are easily laid4 ,i am much pleased with them and can recommend them very highly4 ,yours truly1 ,,thos4 ,j4 ,,higgins1 ,breeder of ,hereford ,cattle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,junction ,,city1 ,,kansas1 ,october #bith1 #ahhi4 ,messrs4 ,,jerome ,,twichell ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,gentlemen3--,replying to yours1 #beth inst41 we have used the ,walter's ,metallic ,shingles on the large three-story building we occupy4 ,this roof was put on nearly two years ago3 the roof has not shown any defects up to this time1 and if kept properly painted will last many years4 ,very respectfully yours1 ,,ziegler ,,hardware ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,kansas ,,city1 ,october #bfth1 #ahhi4 ,messrs4 ,,jerome ,,twichell ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,dear ,sirs3--,in reply to yours ,i have no hesitation in pronouncing the ,walter's ,metallic ,shingles a good roof4 ,it has been on my two-story frame house two years1 and ,i have found it to be perfectly tight1 keeps clean 7an advantage where cistern water is used7 and adds greatly to the appearance of the house4 ,yours truly1 ,m4 ,j4 ,,reilly1 #acjh ,park ,avenue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,weston1 ,,mo41 ,october #cast1 #ahhi4 ,messrs4 ,,jerome ,,twichell ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,gentlemen3--,walter's ,metallic ,shingles bought of you last ,may were put on our school-house1 and ,i am glad to state that they make a tight1 handsome and substantial roof4 ,everybody is pleased with it4 ,i can recommend them to all who want a tight and substantial roof4 ,yours truly1 ,,rev4 ,,chas4 ,,schaaf1 ,pastor of ,catholic ,church4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hutchinson1 ,,kansas1 ,october #bfth1 #ahhi4 ,messrs4 ,,jerome ,,twichell ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,gents3--,we have used almost all kinds of ,metallic ,shingles manufactured1 but find the ,walter's ,shingle makes the best roof of any we have found4 ,they make a tight1 ornamental and durable roof1 and have never given us a particle of trouble1 and we are glad to recommend them to any one wanting a first-class metallic roof4 ,respectfully1 ,,swift1 ,,mankoff ,,congdon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trinidad1 ,,colo41 ,november #afth1 #ahhi4 ,messrs4 ,,jerome ,,twichell ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,dear ,sirs3--,we have used the ,walter's ,patent ,shingles to the satisfaction of all concerned on the following buildings3 ,southern ,hotel1 ,south ,side ,public ,school1 ,jewish ,synagogue and several minor buildings4 ,they undoubtedly make a good roof4 ,yours truly1 ,,schmidt ,,bros4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,,james ,,conley1 ,agent1 ,walter's ,patent ,tin ,shingles1 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dear ,sir3--,i take pleasure in commending the ,walter's ,tin ,shingles1 as applied to my house by you4 ,as you will remember1 the roof was not completed in all its details when the winter set in last year1 and1 at my request1 the scaffolding was left on the different roofs1 more for a test from banking of snow and back-water1 feeling assured that if the shingles survived the test1 ,i would never experience any trouble from that source1 in the future1 when the scaffolding was removed4 ,i was more than satisfied with the test1 as we experienced no trouble from leakage or from any other source4 ,therefore1 ,i take great pleasure in recommending the ,walter's ,patent ,tin ,shingles to whoever contemplates using a metallic shingle for their buildings4 ,i remain1 yours truly1 ,,chas4 ,,wigham1 ,house1 #dah ,floyd ,ave41 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,specialties4 ,,the ,,best ,,of ,,their ,,kind4 ,,metal ,,shingles1 under the ,walter's and ,cooper's ,patents1 made from ,tin ,plates1 ,tin ,plate ,galvanized1 ,steel ,plates and ,copper1 have no equal in the world for roof covering4 ,,curved ,,elbows4--,fixed1 adjustable and in sections4 ,the most perfect machine-made ,elbow ever invented4 ,made from ,tin ,plate1 ,tin ,plate ,re-tinned1 and ,tin ,plate ,galvanized4 ,perfect in form and fitting4 ,the best in the world4 ,,conductor ,,pipe4--,crimp expanding4 ,will not burst by freezing4 ,in sections twenty-eight inches long1 which interlock with each other4 ,two sizes1 three and four inches diameter4 ,,wire ,,nails4--,made from ,steel ,wire4 ,all sizes1 both barbed and plain1 in kegs1 at manufacturers' prices4 ,,dry ,,paint4 7,devils' ,red47--,the very best ,oxide of ,iron4 ,this is ,,not a ,ready-,mixed ,paint4 ,it is ,iron ,ore1 burnt until all deleterious substances are destroyed1 then pulverized and bolted4 ,in a word it is ,,iron ,,rust1 it ,,mixes readily with ,linseed ,oil1 ,,flows freely under the brush1 ,,adheres tenaciously wherever applied4 ,samples ,mailed ,free4 ,,write ,,for ,,illustrated ,,catalogue ,,and ,,prices4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,company1 #eaj to #ebj ,,east ,,twentieth ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,wire ,,nails ,,steel ,,wire ,,nails ,,at ,,manufacturers' ,,prices4 ,all ,kinds of ,wire ,nails1 ,plain or ,barbed1 ,,for ,tin and ,iron ,roofing1 ,tin and ,wooden ,shingles1 ,slate and ,composition ,roofing1 ,carpenters and ,box ,makers1 ,trunk and ,casket ,makers1 ,builders and ,contractors4 ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co4 #eaj ,,to #ebj ,,east #bj,,th ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,frank ,l4 ,,smith1 ,architect1 #bb ,,school ,,street1 7,room #aj17 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,plans for ,specifications ,prepared for ,buildings of every description4 ,low ,cost ,suburban ,dwellings a ,specialty4 ,distance is no obstacle to my serving parties in all parts of the country4 ,correspondence ,solicited4 ,,publisher ,,of ,a ,,cosy ,,home3 ,how ,it was ,built4 ,a ,,discussion ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,methods ,,and ,,materials ,,employed ,,in ,,its ,,construction4 ,the book contains ninety-six pages1 and is handsomely printed on heavy1 tinted paper4 ,is illustrated by designs of ten low-cost houses2 first and second floor plans and front and side elevations of each design are presented4 ,it contains many valuable and practical suggestions for those who would build economically1 and who desire to obtain the greatest value for their money4 ,most of the houses represented have been recently built in the vicinity of ,boston1 and the estimated cost of executing each design is based upon actual figures4 ,if you are interested in house planning and building1 it will pay you to send for this book4 ,sent post-paid1 on receipt of price1 #be;c4 ,,homes ,,of ,,to-,,day1 ,,or1 ,modern ,examples of ,moderate ,cost ,houses4 ,published in four parts1 quarterly4 ,first and second parts now ready4 ,volume will contain #bdj pages1 quarto size1 showing designs of buildings to cost from #bej upwards4 ,over #bjj illustrations1 full set of framing plans1 model specification1 colored frontispiece1 and valuable information for those about to build4 ,four parts1 post-paid1 as issued1 #a4jj4 ,address1 ,f4 ,l4 ,,smith1 ,architect1 #bb ,school ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,bruce ,,cook ,nos4 #bdh #bej ,,pearl ,,st #ahf4 #ahh4 #aij4 ,,water ,,st4 ,n4,y4 ,for ,extra ,roofing specify ,,killey ,,extra or ,,lpl ,,extra4 ,each ,sheet stamped with ,brand4 ,for ,best ,roofing specify ,,tregoning ,,old ,,process4 ,each ,sheet stamped with ,brand4 ,,corrugated ,,leaders4 ,,ixl ,,ventilators4 ,eight ,foot ,seamless ,eave ,troughs and ,gutters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,neponset ,,waterproof ,,paper4 7,patented ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhe47 ,no4 #a ,neponset ,rope ,roofing4 ,for a first-class covering use our ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b ,,neponset ,,rope ,,roofing4 ,this will make a permanent covering at a low cost4 ,black ,neponset ,building4 ,this is without exception the best building paper in the market4 ,cheaper and better than tarred paper4 ,will save fuel4 ,for ,sale by all ,dealers4 ,manufactured solely by ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,steam ,,and ,,warm ,,air ,,combined ,,the ,,economy ,,combination ,steam and ,warm ,air ,heater4 ,a ,low ,pressure ,apparatus4 ,radiates ,steam ,heat with from to #c pounds pressure4 ,one fire generates both ,warm ,air and ,steam1 ,increasing its capacity #be per cent4 over any ,all-,steam ,heater made4 ,the drafts are automatically regulated by the steam pressure4 ,our ,systems of ,warming ,buildings with ,steam ,radiation and ,warm ,air insure ,perfect ,ventilation1 ,and guarantee a uniform and healthful temperature throughout the house4 ,,the 8,,economy0 ,illustration3 ,the ,double ,radiator ,economy ,warm-,air ,furnace4 ,warm-,air ,furnaces ,have a reputation that is neither excelled nor equalled for ,durability1 ,power and ,economy1 and are guaranteed in every respect4 ,,send ,,for ,,catalogue giving full particulars1 descriptions and illustrations of #ca different styles and sizes of ,heaters4 ,manufactured solely by the ,j4 ,f4 ,,pease ,,furnace ,,co4 ,,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,,toronto1 ,,ont41 #ge ,,union ,,street1 ,,boston1 #agg ,,east ,,randolph ,,street1 ,,chicago4 ,,earl ,b4 ,,chace ,,co4 ,,general ,n4 ,y4 ,,managers1 #bjf ,water ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,estimates for ,warming ,buildings ,promptly ,furnished4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,paint6 ,,paint66 ,,paint666 ,illustration ,,your ,,house-,,tops1 ,,barns1 and ,,outhouses1 ,paint6 ,paint66 ,paint666 ,,with ,,devils' ,,red ,,the ,,best ,,oxide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,ground to an ,impalpable ,powder ,,ready to mix with ,linseed ,oil ,,without any other ingredient4 ,if you want the very best results from ,,oxide ,,of ,,iron1 mix only with ,linseed ,oil4 ,if you want a cheap1 vile compound often sold for ,paint1 mix ,oxide of ,iron1 ,benzine1 and a 8,,leetle0 ,oil4 ,,devils' ,,red ,,is ,,not a ,ready-,mixed ,paint4 ,it is ,iron ,ore burnt until all deleterious substances are destroyed1 then pulverized and bolted4 ,in a word it is ,iron ,rust1 it ,,mixes readily with ,linseed ,oil1 ,,flows freely under the brush1 ,,adheres tenaciously wherever applied4 ,,devils' ,,red is ,for ,sale to the ,trade1 ,,only ,,by ,,the ,,national ,,sheet ,,metal ,,roofing ,,co4 #eaj to #ebj ,east #bjth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,in ,packages of #be lbs41 #fj;c42 #ej lbs41 #a4jj2 #ajj lbs41 #a4ge4 ,special ,prices by the ,barrel4 ,samples ,mailed ,free4