,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face text betwe5 equal signs1 & blacklett] text betwe5 tildes4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is e-text4 ,! ,rural ,sci5ce ,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,! ,,f>m/ead ,illu/ration ,,! ,,f>m/ead ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,rural ,,home ,,& ,,! ,,lay-,,out ,,( ,,! ,,f>m ,,by ,,isaac ,,phillips ,,rob]ts ,director ( ! ,college ( ,agriculture & ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity2 au?or ( 8,! ,f]tility ( ! ,l&0 ,,fif? ,,edition ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aiaj ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aijj ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,set up & electrotyp$ ,janu>y1 #aijj ,repr9t$ ,augu/1 #aijb2 ,janu>y1 #aije2 ,augu/1 #aijg2 ,june1 #aiaj ,m\nt ,pleasant ,press ,j4 ,horace ,mc,farland ,company ,h>risburg1 ,p5nsylvania ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,pages ,i4 ,,rural ,,homes #a-aa ,,ii4 ,,! ,,f>m ,,z ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,income #ab-db ,,iii4 ,,educational ,,opportunity ,,on ,,! ,,f>m #dc-ec ,,iv4 ,,selection ,,& ,,pur*ase ,,( ,,f>ms #ed-fd ,v4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,f>m] ,,to ,,! ,,lawy] 7,by ,hon4 ,de,forest ,van,vleet7 #fe-gc ,,vi4 ,,locat+ ,,! ,,h\se #gd-hf ,,vii4 ,,plann+ ,,rural ,,build+s #hg-aca ,,viii4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,h\se--,,g5]al ,,lay-,,out #acb-aeg ,build+ ! ,f\ndations #ach ,wood5 ,h\ses--,! ,frame #adb ,,ix4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,h\se1 ,,conclud$--,,outside ,,cov]+1 ,,pa9t+ #aeh-ahj ,v5e]$ ,h\ses #afh ,old ,h\ses #agj ,pa9t+ ! ,h\se #agc ,x4 ,,inside ,,f9i%1 ,,heat+1 ,,& ,,v5tilation #aha-aib ,heat+ & ,v5tilation #aij ,,xi4 ,,h\se ,,furni%+ ,,& ,,decoration 7,by ,pr(essor ,m>y ,rob]ts ,smi?7 #aic-bjc ,,xii4 ,,cleanl9ess ,,& ,,sanitation--,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,sewage 7,by ,pr(essor ,m>y ,rob]ts ,smi?7 #bjd-bbc ,wat] ,supply & ,sewage #bag ,,xiii4 ,,h\sehold ,,adm9i/ration1 ,,economy1 ,,& ,,com=t 7,by ,pr(essor ,m>y ,rob]ts ,smi?7 #bbd-bcf ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,home ,,y>d 7,by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey7 #bcg-bdh ,,xv4 ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,b>ns #bdi-bfe ,location #bee ,plann+ ! ,b>n #bei ,wat] ,supply #bfa ,,xvi4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,b>n--,,! ,,basem5t #bff-bhg ,excavation #bfh ,walls #bga ,floors #bgg ,/alls #bhj ,mang]s & ,ties #bhe ,,xvii4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,b>n--,,! ,,sup]/ructure #bhh-big ,,xviii4 ,,remodel+ ,,old ,,b>ns #bih-cje ,,xix4 ,,outbuild+s ,,& ,,accessories #cjf-cbj ,p\ltry ,h\ses #cjf ,pigg]ies #caa ,! ,silo #caf ,,xx4 ,,lightn+ ,,protection 7,by ,h4 ,h4 ,norris1 ,m4,e47 #cba-cce ,metal ,ro(s #cbd ,protect+ ,wood5 ,ro(s #cbf ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,fields #ccf-cde ,f5ces #ccf ,or*>ds #cdj ,f>m ,g>d5 #cda ,,index #cdf ,,! ,,f>m/ead ,,*apt] ,i ,,rural ,,homes ,man is made p>tly by h]$ity1 p>tly by environm5t2 bo? may be controll$ & modifi$ to a f> great] ext5t ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,9 speak+ ( f>m life1 its disadvantages are frequ5tly emphasiz$1 :ile its possible advantages z an environm5t = ! developm5t ( ! f9e/ quality ( human nature are z (t5 ignor$ or ov]look$4 ,nature1 ) h] ev]-v>y+ =m & color1 beauty & symmetry1 is =gott5 9 ! city2 ! %ady =e/1 ! mead[ brook1 ! wav+ fields1 are unkn[n4 ,!re1 in/ead1 is incessant noise1 ! clang & cla% ( trade1 t[]+ & ugly build+s1 skies d>k5$ by ! smoke ( factories1 *ildr5 :o nev] saw a tree or play$ else:]e ?an ^u a h>d & fil?y pavem5t2 & wor/ ( all is ! n]ve-de/roy+ ha/e & unequal competition1 we>+ out body & s\l4 ,9 rural life1 h[ev] tame & lonely1 ! home is n m]ely a few squ>e feet h$g$ 9 by brick walls1 b ! :ole wide c\ntryside3 ! b>ns1 ! fields1 ! woods1 ! or*>ds1 ! animals wild & dome/icat$1 ! outlook ov] hill & valley--^! all con/itute ! f>m]'s home4 ,! manufactur] locates 8 factory 9 "s by-/reet or suburb :]e l& is *eap1 & z f> z possible f ! resid5ce "p ( ! city2 8 home is f> remov$ f ^! unsightly surr\nd+s4 ,b ! f>m] mu/ live )9 a few hundr$ feet ( 8 b>ns & outbuild+s1 & if ^! be ugly & dirty1 ! beauty & com=t ( ! home are sadly m>r$4 ,if ! f>m]1 !n1 has ! :ole l&scape z a backgr\nd = 8 home1 he mu/ on ! o!r h& modify 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s s z to ov]come _! almo/ inevitable unsightl9ess4 ,besides ! ev]-pres5t beauties ( nature1 c\ntry life has c]ta9 o!r advantages ov] ! city3 x is ! place to develop ! /rong heal?-physique4 ,! luxury ( ri* & popul\s communities t5ds to produce puny & en]vat$ citiz5s2 ! excessive toil1 bad air1 limit$ space & scant food ( ! poor t5d to degrade & de/roy body & s\l2 b ! com=table simplicity1 space1 air1 sunlight & abundant food ( ! op5 c\ntry give opportunity = ! f9e/ developm5t ( ! human animal4 ,x is true t ev5 on ! f>m !re are sometimes ov]work & privation2 b1 at ! wor/1 ^! _c be s sev]e z 9 cities s long z ! sun %9es1 ! w9d bl[s1 & gre5 ?+s gr[ = ! work] out ( doors4 ,"h ! *ild may be born "r & n\ri%$ by pure food & air4 ,x is surr\nd$ by animals ^: life & motion become an inc5tive to action1 & :o become its companions )\t dang] ( moral contam9ation4 ,! lamb1 ! calf1 ! colt1 are f> saf] playmates ?an ! city ur*9 precoci\sly wise 9 evil ways4 ,pr(essor ,amos ,g4 ,w>n] says t 8*ildr5 re>$ 9 in/itutions are mu* bel[ p> because !y lack ! p[] ( initiative40 ,! f>m *ild has an incessant1 v>i$ & unconsci\s tra9+ ( ! eye1 ! h&1 & ! m9d4 ,:ile he is develop+ /r5g?1 symmetry1 c\rage1 ! m5tal is be+ cord9at$ ) ! physical4 ,! h& is made to obey ! w1 :ile ! fact t ! h&icraft is made useful l5ds *>m & delight to ! "w4 ,! city *ild mu/ try to le>n1 by a c\rse ( manual tra9+ 9 "s public s*ool1 :at ! c\ntry *ild picks up unconsci\sly 9 ! natural process ( play & "w4 ,aft] half a c5tury1 ,i look back to "o ( ! happie/ mom5ts ( my life1 :5 ,i pres5t$ my "m ) a dove-tail$ wood5 fl[] box1 pa9t$ bright r$4 ,t fl[] box fir/ taught me h[ to make wood take ! =m desir$4 ,:ile ! fl[] box has long s9ce rott$1 ! bo>d-runn] sl$ sma%$1 ! wat] :eel brok51 & ! boat lies rott5 9 ! bottom ( ! lake1 ! "t sp5t ^u !m 0 n ?r[n away1 = !y gave me ! inspiration & p[] to 8boss0 wood1 & ?is p[] has s]v$ me well 9 _m an em]g5cy4 ,z k beg9s to dom9ate ! h& & tra9 x to *ange ! =m & "* ( ?+s1 c]ta9 physical laws are discov]$4 ,if ! sail is made too l>ge or ! boat too n>r[1 a cold ba? is ! result4 ,if ! sl$ runn]s are too %ort & r\gh1 ! s*ool-mate arrives at ! bottom ( ! hill fir/4 ,no s*oolma/] 0 ne$$1 = :5 "o ( ^! natural laws 0 brok5 or ignor$1 ! p5alty foll[$ quickly & ) full =ce4 ,s1 9 a ?\s& ways1 ! y\? is taught respect = ! laws :i* gov]n matt]4 ,all ?is leads ! y\? on ! f>m1 if full play & direction are giv51 to inve/igate ev]y?+ 9 sight1 to discov] t !re are o!r ?an physical laws4 ,! high] laws puzzle him greatly1 give him mu* conc]n1 lead to d\bts1 = !y are too ab/ract & too f>-rea*+ = 8 y\?ful compreh5sion4 ,! physical laws h be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to be ev] true & /able1 & ! y\? _c b believe t moral & spiritual laws are equally s4 ,?is is ! %eet an*or :i* holds him to belief 9 !m1 h[ev] imp]fectly he may und]/& !m4 ,he is anxi\s to inve/igate1 ev5 to exp]im5t along ^! l9es1 b is disappo9t$ because ! results _c be set d[n 9 p\nds or feet or units ( en]gy4 ,if "h on ! f>m ! m5tal & physical h be5 kept heal?y & active1 ! moral & spiritual w develop z naturally z ! fruit f ! blossom4 ,! developm5t ( spiritual fruit to high p]fection is sl[1 because ! p[] to ?9k & reason correctly & ab/ractly comes only ) age1 exp]i5ce & m5tal developm5t4 ,b ! greate/ advantage ( c\ntry life lies 9 ! opportunity = ! promotion ( heal?y family relations4 ,p>5ts naturally f9d _! *ief happ9ess 9 ! education & developm5t ( _! *ildr52 & 9 "t ! *ildr5 /imulate ! p>5ts4 ,! %>+ ( common labors f babyhood up1 ! work+ toge!r = common int]e/s & ambition1 :i* f>m life especially entails1 produce ! mo/ :olesome family relations4 ,! mo/ valuable "p ( any p]son's education is really 9 ! home4 ,to 8help fa!r & "m0 becomes ! keynote ( a *ild's life1 & unselfi%1 will+ s]vice is ! fir/ & la/ & be/ lesson ( morality & religion4 ,! pride 9 hone/ & capable ance/ors1 ! natural & :olesome ambition = ! future ( ! *ildr51 fill up a measure ( cont5tm5t difficult to f9d else:]e4 ,9 su* a family !re ne$ be no?+ to conceal2 life takes on dignity 9 place ( affectation1 hone/y in/ead ( %am2 x has simplicity1 pure affections1 fidelity4 ,artificial sex di/9ctions disappe>2 m5 & wom5 may d t :i* is ne$ful & human1 ! woman 9 ! field1 ! man 9 ! h\se1 if desirable1 %>+ _! common1 heal?ful activities4 ,all ?is is v well1 "s w say1 b h[ %all su* a home be ma9ta9$ on ! income ( ! f>m8 8,f>m+ doesn't pay40 ,?is /atem5t is unv]ifi$1 &1 c>ry+ on its face1 z x does1 a little tru?1 is mislead+4 ,does f>m+ pay8 ,does any?+ pay8 ,:at is pay8 ,all dep5ds ^u h[ y value ! curr5cy 9 :i* ! pay is receiv$4 ,is 8wisdom bett] ?an rubies80 ,are ! say+s ( ! wise/ & be/ ( m5 true8 8,give me nei!r ri*es nor pov]ty4 ,get wisdom1 get und]/&+4 ,take fa/ hold ( in/ruction40 ,a mod]n ?9k]1 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 9 ! report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,connecticut ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #ahih1 puts x 9 ?is wise3 8,b !re is ano!r cause ( appreh5sion :i* ,i ought to m5tion1 p]haps f\nd$ ^u ! probable t5d5cies ( our sociological & economic conditions1 especially z !y apply to rural communities4 ,!re is a t5d5cy t[>ds a division ( e/ates z population increases1 & ! pr(its ( f>m+ are (t5 s small t educat$ ta/es1 x is ?\ght1 _c be satisfi$ on ! f>m4 ,!re are ^? :o believe t because ( ^! two facts we are ourselves drift+ t[>ds an ,am]ican peasantry4 ,let u take ! second proposition fir/1--t ! pr(its ( f>m+ are s small t educat$ ta/es _c be satisfi$ & gratifi$ on ! f>m4 ,n[ ,i grant ?is to be true if ! measure ( ! satisfaction ( an educat$ ta/e is money2 b ,i d5y x mo/ /r5u\sly if ! satisfaction ( an educat$ ta/e lies 9 a pur] & bett] life4 ,we mu/ make ?is di/9ction v deep & broad1 = x is a fundam5tal "o4 ,i believe we h made a mi/ake 9 tea*+ agriculture1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 by putt+ ! emphasis on ! money we make out ( x4 ,i d n believe t p are to become weal?y on ! f>m1 z a few d 9 manufactur+2 ,i %\ld n hold out t hope to m54 ,!re are c]ta9 m5 "h & !re :o h great executive ability1 :o see ! /rategic po9ts & take advantage ( !m1 :o c make a success ( f>m+ ! same z !y w\ld at ! mak+ ( %oes1 or h>nesses1 or buttons1 or any?+ else4 ,b z a g5]al ?+1 ! f>m] %\ld be taught t ! f>m is n ! place to become weal?y4 ,i d n believe x is4 ,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld n g on ! f>m ) t idea 9 view4 ,b if ,i want$ to live a happy life1 if ,i want$ to h at my comm& indep5d5ce & ! com=ts ( liv+1 ,i d n "k :]e ,i c\ld bett] f9d !m ?an on ! f>m2 = ^? v ?+s :i* appeal to an educat$ ta/e are ! ?+s :i* ! f>m] does n h to buy1--!y are ! ?+s :i* are 8 already40 ,! weal?y few ( ! cities give voice to ! ?\ght t ! f>m+ classes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are always on ! v]ge ( pov]ty1 yet 9 ! la/ c5tury !y h rescu$ f b>b>ism & solitude ne>ly all ( ! arable l& ( ! two billion acres ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates are compos$4 ,m ?an f\r million five hundr$ ?\s& f>m homes h be5 plant$1 valu$ at m ?an ?irte5 billion doll>s4 ,mu* hue & cry has be5 rais$ ( late ab\t f>m mortgages4 ,if ! facts 7 kn[n1 x is m ?an probable t ! f>m]s1 z a :ole1 h assets 9 mortgages1 promissory notes & sav+s banks amply suffici5t to liquidate all su* out/&+ obligations4 ,add$ to ! real e/ate1 ! f>m]s own implem5ts & ma*9es valu$ at five hundr$ millions ( doll>s1 & _! live /ock1 ^u t5 ?\s& hills1 numb]s "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five millions1 valu$ at m ?an two billions ( doll>s1 :ile ! annual value ( ! f>m products is betwe5 two & ?ree billions ( doll>s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! values are nom9al1 ! true value be+ 9 mo/ cases m ?an d\ble ^! am\nts4 ,! f>m]s are n n[ 9 dang] ( becom+ paup]s4 ,f ! f>ms come m ?an half ( ! college /ud5ts4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is probable t ! income ( ! f>m]s exce$s ?ree billion doll>s annually4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t !re is little or no direct outgo = r5t ( h\se1 & t ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! food is produc$ at home1 & t ^! items are seldom tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! /ati/ics ( income1 x appe>s t ! f>m]'s real income is mu* l>g] ?an is usually e/imat$ 9 money4 ,9 o!r words1 a five hundr$ doll> net income on ! f>m1 "u ! conditions :i* n[ prevail1 provides = a m com=table liv+ ?an does a ?\s& doll>s 9 ! city4 ,b ^! results ( ! labors ( ! f>m] z set =? 9 figures1 tell b half ! /ory1 = no?+ is said 9 ^! c5sus reports ( an empire r$eem$1 ( ! ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( miles ( road con/ruct$1 ( riv]s spann$1 ( ! s*ool h\se by e roadside1 or ( ! *ur* spires :i* m>k ! progress ( agriculture & civilization 9 c\ntryside1 9 village & 9 hamlet4 ,! c5sus report does n give ! numb] or value ( ! great m5 & noble wom5 :i* ! rural homes h produc$1 ?\gh !y are ! mo/ valuable product ( ! f>ms4 ,x says no?+ ab\t ! p]5nial rural spr+s f :i* fl[1 9 a nev]-end+ /ream1 /atesm51 div9es1 mission>ies1 tea*]s1 /ud5ts & bus9ess m54 ,al?\gh m ?an half ( ^! life-giv+ en]gies ( ! nation & civilization come directly f ! rural homes1 ! c5sus report gives no clue by :i* ! value ( ^!1 ! nation's weal? & p[]1 c be asc]ta9$4 ,look+ ov] all ! trades & pr(essions :i* are foll[$ by civiliz$ & b>b>\s peoples1 none give opportunity = re>+ ! family "u s ne>ly ideal conditions z does ! pr(ession ( agriculture3 none furni% su* good conditions = re>+ *ildr5 & = develop+ !m into /rong1 natural & useful m5 & wom54 ,"h1 !n1 on ^! broad acres ( ,am]ica1 "u ! flag :i* we love1 we are to help trans=m ! rude surr\nd+s ( ! pione] & ! slov5ly homes ( ! c>eless into pure & beautiful nurs]ies ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4 ,hav+ %[n1 9 "p1 :at a rural life has to (f] to ^? :o are tra9$ to appreciate ! beauties ( nature & to obey h] laws1 & hav+ %[n t ! av]age f>m] always has an assur$ ?\gh mode/ income1 & t ! bett] f>m]s h an ample income = ma9ta9+ improv$ rural homes1 ! fur!r discussion ( h[ !y may be made to m9i/] to ! natural long+s = broad] & m ref9$ lives may be tak5 up4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,f>m ,,z ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,income ,if x _c be %[n t ! pr(ession ( agriculture (f]s z good opportunities = secur+1 ) a fair degree ( c]ta9ty1 :at all %\ld prize1--a beautiful & com=table home & a mode/ surplus1--!n ?is little volume w be = ! mo/ "p useless & uncall$ =1 z ! foll[+ *apt]s presuppose an income suffici5t = ma9ta9+ a home1 & = gratify+1 9 "p at lea/1 ! simple1 educat$ ta/es ( ! bett] class ( ,am]ican f>m]s4 ,9 8,! ,f]tility ( ! ,l&0 ,i attempt$ to set =? "s fundam5tal pr9ciples :i*1 if foll[$1 %\ld result 9 su* increas$ incomes z to ju/ify ! pres5t book4 ,a com=table home mu/ be secur$ f ! products ( field & /able1 ) a reasonable exp5diture ( physical en]gy1 or f>m+ 9 its highe/ s5se is a failure4 ,9 addition1 f>m+ mu/ give fair opportunity = tra9+ & educat+ families1 & = mak+ provision = old age & un=ese5 cont+5cies4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] ! annual income ( ! f>m] has be5 set =?1 &1 approximately1 ! accumulat$ e>n+s ( ! rural population4 ,un=tunately1 we are s %ort-sight$ t ! pres5t--! doll>--blunts ! appreciation ( ! high] & m endur+ values :i* spr+ f well conduct$ f>ms4 ,?is be+ s1 ( necessity mu* /ress mu/ be laid on imm$iate b5efits :i* fl[ f a well ord]$ f>m life4 ,:ile x is n propos$ to write "h ( ! details ( f>m managem5t along ! l9es ( greate/ f9ancial results1 yet some?+ mu/ be said1 at lea/ 9 g5]al1 ab\t ! me?ods mo/ likely to produce ! necess>y compet5ce4 ,a fairly lib]al income & f9ancial res]ve give1 or %\ld give1 "s leisure4 ,leisure gives opportunity = /udy & recreation1 )\t :i* life becomes "o ev]-revolv+ r\nd ( "w1 & results 9 produc+ an automatic animal4 ,if ?is is to be avoid$1 f>-rea*+ plans mu/ be laid1 en]gy direct$ into its mo/ effici5t *annels1 & "t & res\rces economiz$4 ,all ?is implies tra9+ & education direct$1 prim>ily1 along ! l9es :i* broad5 & ennoble1 & ^? ( ! occupation to be foll[$4 ,= c5turies1 ! high] education has be5 9 ! direction ( ! humanities1 :ile education along te*nical & non-pr(essional l9es1 until rec5tly1 has be5 conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,prior to ! pres5t c5tury1 :at provision 0 made = cord9at+ ! h&s & intellects ( ! indu/rial classes8 ,none at all4 ,is x any wond]1 !n1 t ! f>m] & me*anic1 until rec5tly1 receiv$ b meag] rew>ds = _! ef=ts8 ,all ?is is n[ *ang$4 ,already ! indu/rial classes are enabl$ to secure f> m ( ! necess>ies & luxuries ( life = a giv5 p]iod ( "w ?an c\ld _! ance/ors4 ,9 e /ate & t]ritory "o or m colleges h be5 equipp$ & end[$ to tea*1 among o!r ?+s1 8su* bran*es ( le>n+ z are relat$ to agriculture & ! me*anic arts1 444 9 ord] to promote ! lib]al & practical education ( ! indu/rial classes 9 ! sev]al pursuits & pr(essions ( life40 ,9 addition to ?is provision1 ,congress gives to ea* /ate & t]ritory #ae1jjj annually = conduct+ exp]im5ts & inve/igations 9 agriculture4 ,9 #ahij ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t supplem5t$ ! b5efactions ( #ahfb by appropriat+ annually #ae1jjj to ea* ( ! ,l& ,grant colleges2 ?is sum has n[ be5 increas$ & f9ally fix$ at #be1jjj1 = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! dep>tm5ts ( agriculture & me*anic arts4 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ! /ates h made additional appropriations = agriculture1 9 "s cases v lib]al ones4 ,at fir/1 !re 0 a /rong prejudice aga9/ ^! colleges devot$ to ! improvem5t ( ! indu/ries & ^? engag$ 9 !m1 b ?is has ne>ly disappe>$4 ,a broad] view ( education n[ prevails ?an =m]ly4 ,! mod]n colleges & univ]sities ?9k x n undignifi$ to (f] o!r ?an f\r ye> c\rses ( /udy prec$$ by difficult entrance requirem5ts4 ,_m c\rses ( f six weeks to "o or two ye>s are n[ op5 to ^? :o prize k above a diploma4 ,mo/ ( ^! c\rses are giv5 at su* seasons ( ! ye> z be/ suit ! pupils4 ,9 ,am]ica all doors :i* lead to k h at la/ be5 op5$1 & all e>ne/ /ud5ts may ent] & f9d tea*]s await+ !m4 ,! effect ( ! rec5t *anges 9 college c\rses has be5 mo/ m>k$ & b5eficial4 ,_m ( ! colleges h1 z f> z possible1 adopt$ ! words ( ! f\nd] ( ,cornell ,univ]sity3 8,i w\ld f\nd an in/itution :]e any p]son c f9d in/ruction 9 any /udy40 ,! foll[+ data %[ ! incomes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,l& ,grant colleges = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahig4 ,! table is cond5s$ f "o rec5tly publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 ,income ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,l& ,grant ,colleges = ! ,ye> ,end+ ,june #cj1 #ahig ,int]e/ on ,int]e/ ,u4 ,s4 ,appro- ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories ,l& ,grant on ,o!r priations1 ( #ahfb ,funds ,act ( #ahij ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,alabama 7,auburn7 #bj1bhj4jj 444 #ab1jab4jj ,alabama 7,normal7 444 444 #i1ihh4jj ,arkansas 7,fayetteville7 #aj1djj4jj 444 #af1jjj4jj ,arkansas 7,p9e ,bluff7 444 444 #f1jjj4jj ,cali=nia 7,b]keley7 #dc1fai4cc 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,colorado 7,=t ,coll9s7 #c1bch4iiaji1iig4ah #bb1jjj4jj ,connecticut 7,/orrs7 #f1gej4jj 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,delaw>e 7,new>k7 #d1ihj4jj 444 #ag1fjj4jj ,delaw>e 7,dov]7 444 444 #d1djj4jj ,florida 7,lake ,city7 #i1ajg4jj 444 #aa1jjj4jj ,florida 7,tallahassee7 444 444 #aa1jjj4jj ,georgia 7,a!ns7 #af1ied4jj 444 #ad1fff4ff ,georgia 7,college7 444 444 #f1ccc4jj ,idaho 7,mosc[7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,ill9ois 7,*ampla97 #bc1bda4aj #ejj4jj #bb1jjj4jj ,indiana 7,lafayette7 #ag1jjj4jj #c1hcj4dh #bb1jjj4jj ,i[a 7,ames7 #dg1gbi4ge 444 #bc1jjj4jj ,kansas 7,manhattan7 #ej1fhi4ej 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,k5tucky 7,lex+ton7 444 444 #ah1haj4jj ,k5tucky 7,frank=t7 444 444 #c1aij4jj ,l\isiana 7,baton ,r\ge7 444 444 444 ,l\isiana 7,new ,orleans7 444 444 #aa1cdf4jj ,ma9e 7,orono7 #e1iae4jj #d1jjj4jj #bb1jjj4jj ,m>yl& 7,college ,p>k7 #f1adb4cj 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,massa*usetts 7,amh]/7 #g1cjj4jj #c1hbj4bc #ad1fff4ff ,massa*usetts 7,bo/on7 #e1hif4jj #ce1jjj4jj #g1fff4fg ,mi*igan 7,agricultural ,college7 #ci1jji4ff #chf4cd #bb1jjj4jj ,m9nesota 7,/4 ,an?ony ,p>k7 #bg1daj4ee #ba1hef4jj #bc1jjj4jj ,mississippi 7,agricult'l ,college7 #e1iad4ej 444 #aj1bag4jh ,mississippi 7,we/ ,side7 #f1had4ej 444 #aa1jjj4jj ,miss\ri 7,columbia7 #af1ajj4jj #f1dfi4eh #bj1hjd4jb ,miss\ri 7,rolla7 #d1jbe4jj #f1dfi4eh #e1bja4jj ,miss\ri 7,jeff]son ,city7 444 444 #a1aie4ih ,montana 7,bozeman7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,nebraska 7,l9coln7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,nevada 7,r5o7 #d1dfd4hi #a1hjc4ee #bb1jjj4jj ,new ,hamp%ire 7,durham7 #d1hjj4jj #c1hhj4ej #bc1jjj4jj ,new ,j]sey 7,new ,brunswick7 #f1fdd4jj 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,new ,mexico 7,mesilla ,p>k7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,new ,york 7,i?aca7 #cd1dbh4hj #cad1djg4ea #bb1jjj4jj ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,we/ ,raleigh7 444 444 444 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,gre5sboro7 444 444 444 ,nor? ,dakota 7,agri4 ,college7 444 #cib4if #bb1jjj4jj ,ohio 7,woo/]7 #ca1dej4eh #a1eaa4fc #bb1jjj4jj ,oklahoma 7,/illwat]7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,oregon 7,corvallis7 #g1afd4fh 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,p5nsylvania 7,/ate ,college7 #be1fcg4dc #e1chb4eg #bb1jjj4jj ,rhode ,isl& 7,k+/on7 #a1ejj4jj #a1jjj4jj #bb1jjj4jj ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7,clemson ,college7 #e1ged4jj #c1eab4cf #aa1jjj4jj ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7,orangeburg7 #e1jjj4jj 444 #aa1jjj4jj ,s\? ,dakota 7,brook+s7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,t5nessee 7,knoxville7 #bc1gfj4jj #a1fej4jj #bb1jjj4jj ,texas 7,college ,/ation7 #ad1bhj4jj 444 #af1ejj4jj ,texas 7,prairieview7 444 444 #e1ejj4jj ,utah 7,logan7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,v]mont 7,burl+ton7 #h1acj4jj #a1ejj4jj #bb1jjj1jj ,virg9ia 7,blacksburg7 #bj1feh4gb 444 #ad1fff4fg ,virg9ia 7,hampton7 #aj1cbi4cf #cj1bfd4fa #g1ccc4cc ,wa%+ton 7,pullman7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ,we/ ,virg9ia 7,morgant[n7 #e1bbc4jj #a1dhe4jj #ag1jjj4jj ,we/ ,virg9ia 7,f>m7 444 444 #e1jjj4jj ,wiscons9 7,madison7 #ab1bej4jj #ad1jjj4jj #bc1jjj4jj ,wyom+ 7,l>amie7 444 444 #bb1jjj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #fji1iib4fdegd1abj4jha1jji1jig4jg ,/ate 444 ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories ,appropria- ,miscellane- tions ous ,total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,alabama 7,auburn7 #h1gdf4hc #b1hba4bj #dc1hfj4jc ,alabama 7,normal7 #d1jjj4jj #af1hih4dd #cj1hhf4dd ,arkansas 7,fayetteville7 #bf1iaa4jj #a1bjj4jj #ed1faa4jj ,arkansas 7,p9e ,bluff7 444 #dah4be #f1dah4be ,cali=nia 7,b]keley7 #acc1dae4df #ab1ahj4dh #caa1bab4de ,colorado 7,=t ,coll9s7 #ch1hib4ja 444 #fd1aca4jj ,connecticut 7,/orrs7 #bf1hjj4jj 444 #ee1eej4jj ,delaw>e 7,new>k7 444 #a1fbj4gd #bd1bjj4gd ,delaw>e 7,dov]7 #d1jjj4jj 444 #h1djj4jj ,florida 7,lake ,city7 #e1jjj4jj #a1hif4hh #bg1jjc4jj ,florida 7,tallahassee7 #d1jjj4jj 444 #ae1jjj4jj ,georgia 7,a!ns7 #bi1jjj4jj #a1fjj4jj #fb1bbj4ff ,georgia 7,college7 444 444 #f1ccc4jj ,idaho 7,mosc[7 #f1jjj4jj #cci4hj #bh1hci4hj ,ill9ois 7,*ampla97 #aba1bad4ic #da1cje4ji #baa1eia4fj ,indiana 7,lafayette7 #eh1efb4if #bi1eeb4ce #abg1aae4ca ,i[a 7,ames7 #cg1bcb4aj #di1cig4di #aeg1cei4cd ,kansas 7,manhattan7 #af1eeg4gj #i1cbc4hh #ih1ega4jh ,k5tucky 7,lex+ton7 #cb1dbi4cb #f1fhj4fa #eg1hai4ic ,k5tucky 7,frank=t7 #e1jjj4jj #gf4jj #h1bff4jj ,l\isiana 7,baton ,r\ge7 444 444 444 ,l\isiana 7,new ,orleans7 #i1jjj4jj #dci4df #bj1ghe4df ,ma9e 7,orono7 #bj1jjj4jj #bj1jja4ac #ga1iaf4ac ,m>yl& 7,college ,p>k7 #i1jjj4jj #ah1jjj4jj #ee1adb4cj ,massa*usetts 7,amh]/7 #ae1jjj4jj #a1ibj4jj #db1gjf4hi ,massa*usetts 7,bo/on7 #be1jjj4jj #bec1jgf4bc #cah1fch4ij ,mi*igan 7,agricultural ,college7 #aj1jjj4jj #ab1hbe4fb #hd1bba4fb ,m9nesota 7,/4 ,an?ony ,p>k7 #agd1ccb4ei #gd1dif4dh #cba1jie4fb ,mississippi 7,agricult'l ,college7 #bb1ejj4jj #ad1eig4if #ec1bbg4ed ,mississippi 7,we/ ,side7 #g1jjj4jj 444 #bd1had4ej ,miss\ri 7,columbia7 #c1gfb4cd #e1jbb4gc #eb1aeh4fg ,miss\ri 7,rolla7 #e1dgf4fe #b1aib4af #bc1cfd4ci ,miss\ri 7,jeff]son ,city7 444 444 #a1aie4ih ,montana 7,bozeman7 #b1ejj4aj #b1dci4eg #bf1ici4eg ,nebraska 7,l9coln7 #abc1egb4ej #g1hja4ec #aec1cgd4jc ,nevada 7,r5o7 #af1bej4jj #cbg4ce #dd1hde4gi ,new ,hamp%ire 7,durham7 #e1ejj4jj #a1adh4jj #dj1cbh4ej ,new ,j]sey 7,new ,brunswick7 444 #ba1agj4cg #di1had4cg ,new ,mexico 7,mesilla ,p>k7 #ai1gib4ja #hge4gj #db1ffg4ga ,new ,york 7,i?aca7 #be1jjj4jj #aia1ffj4jg #ehg1dif4ch ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,we/ ,raleigh7 444 444 444 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,gre5sboro7 #ab1ejj4jj #aeg4ib #ab1feg4ib ,nor? ,dakota 7,agri4 ,college7 #bg1jjj4jj #c1ddf4fb #eb1hci4eh ,ohio 7,woo/]7 #aah1ijf4ec #age1adj4ci #cdi1jji4ac ,oklahoma 7,/illwat]7 #ejj4jj #c1cia4jj #be1eia4jj ,oregon 7,corvallis7 #a1hed4gi #a1cdb4cg #cb1cfa4hd ,p5nsylvania 7,/ate ,college7 #de1jjj4jj #h1cdj4bg #ajf1cfj4bg ,rhode ,isl& 7,k+/on7 #aj1jjj4jj #f1jjj4jj #dj1ejj4jj ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7,clemson ,college7 #ed1jec4bi #gjj4jj #ge1jai4fe ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7,orangeburg7 #ac1jjj4jj #a4jj #bi1jja4jj ,s\? ,dakota 7,brook+s7 #e1ijj4jj #h1jch4ab #ce1ich4ab ,t5nessee 7,knoxville7 #a1fgd4jj #g1bga4hi #ef1cee4hi ,texas 7,college ,/ation7 #bb1ejj4jj #i1cfa4ci #fb1fda4ci ,texas 7,prairieview7 #ae1gjj4jj #aj1hcf4gh #cb1jcf4gh ,utah 7,logan7 #bb1jjj4jj #e1haa4hc #di1haa4hc ,v]mont 7,burl+ton7 #f1jjj4jj #af1fjc4ji #ed1bcc4ji ,virg9ia 7,blacksburg7 #ae1gej4jj #ab1ceb4dh #fc1dbg4hg ,virg9ia 7,hampton7 444 #aji1aaj4df #aeg1jcg4gf ,wa%+ton 7,pullman7 #bi1jjj4jj 444 #ea1jjj4jj ,we/ ,virg9ia 7,morgant[n7 #ch1jfj4jj #aj1cae4ac #gb1jhc4ac ,we/ ,virg9ia 7,f>m7 #ad1ejj4jj #fjj4jj #bj1ajj4jj ,wiscons9 7,madison7 #bhe1jjj4jj #dg1jjj4jj #cha1bej4jj ,wyom+ 7,l>amie7 #g1dbe4jj #gge4ei #cj1bjj4ei ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #a1hba1jgb4jaa1bci1ijb4ije1bjc1ehj4hb ,x has be5 ?\ght /range t ! f>m]s did n m quickly see & appreciate ! valuable opportunities (f]$ to _! *ildr54 ,b :y %\ld !y at once appreciate & value ! pr9cely provisions :i* 7 be+ made = !m8 ,) no opportunity = education along ! l9es ( _! pr(ession1 foll[+ a m or less despis$ call+1 f be+ ! butt & je/ ( ^? :o _h _h educational advantages f "t immemorial1 h[ c\ld !y at once und]/& ! value & f>-rea*+ effects ( ! new ord] ( ?+s8 ,!n1 too1 ^! lib]al provisions 7 made some:at 9 advance ( ! times4 ,! pione] mu/ fir/ r$eem ! l& f ! wild]ness1 fight ! physical battles & endure ! h>d%ips ( a new c\ntry4 ,z soon z ^! primitive conditions pass$ away1 ! f>m]s made an ef=t to br+ _! pr(ession up to a high intellectual plane & make x a delightful & honorable call+4 ,! evolution f ! primitive to ! complex1 f ! age ( toil to ! age ( ?\ght1 f excessive muscul> ef=t to a m intellig5t direction ( en]gy1 f ! n>r[ & prejudic$ to ! broad & lib]al1 f ! co>se & ugly to ! ref9$ & beautiful1 is proce$+ rapidly1 & is 9 "p realiz$4 ,:at happi] task ?an to give direction & help1 sympa?y & enc\ragem5t to ^! new-born desires6 ,! "p :i* ! y\?s on ! f>m are tak+ 9 ?is evolution leads naturally to a high] intellectual plane1 & h5ce to a m rational und]/&+ & full] compreh5sion ( :at ! rural home %\ld be4 ,?is desire to gratify ! love = ! true & beautiful1 :i* has be5 gr[+ up by reason ( ! bett] education1 leads directly to ! secur+ ( an income suffici5tly l>ge to gratify ! m ref9$ & newly acquir$ ta/es4 ,tak+ ! rural population z we f9d x1 ) add$ wants & new aspirations1 & ) a some:at bett] und]/&+ ( ! value ( a m ext5d$ culture1 x w be se5 t a m rational sy/em ( agriculture1 a m economic exp5diture ( en]gy1 & a cle>] compreh5sion ( ! highe/ & mo/ economical use ( money mu/ be secur$ if ! objects s\ght are atta9$4 ,to secure ! results desir$1 x mu/ be %[n h[ a compet5ce c be secur$ )\t excessive toil1 h[ ! results ( "w may be put to ! be/ uses1 & la/ly1 b n lea/1 x mu/ be %[n :at is really valuable1 :at real1 :at sub/antial1 :at polite1 :at beautiful1 :at wor?y ( intellig5t ,am]icans4 ,on ! o!r h&1 vulg> display mu/ be %[n to be vulg>1 %oddy mu/ be unmask$1 ! effect ( ap+ ! uncultur$ ri* set =?1 & t :i* is unreal & t :i* goes = naught b vanity display$ "u _! true colors1--t comp>isons may be made1 & t tru] conceptions ( life1 its duties & obligations1 may be secur$4 ,h[ may a compet5ce be obta9$8 ,briefly1 by secur+ a k ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! bus9ess or und]tak+ ent]$ into1 & by conduct+ ! bus9ess or und]tak+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! modes ( action or laws :i* apply to ! specific case 9 h&4 ,:at are "s ( ! dom9ant laws :i* %\ld gov]n ! f>m] & f>m practices8 ,! f>m] %\ld specialize along ^? l9es = :i* 8 ta/e & tra9+1 9 "p at lea/1 fit him4 ,to be m specific3 ,a f>m] w %[ y 8 potato pat* ) pride1 b n a ^w w be said ab\t 8 "w animals & _! (fspr+1 :i* look l ,b>num's woolly horse4 ,!n ! fir/ pr9ciple ( agriculture is1 foll[ up successes4 ,9 ?is case1 ! man has l& & skill 9 potato culture :i* %\ld lead him directly to success4 ,:y n ea* ye> increase ! output ( potatoes1 & let "s horseman bre$ ! horses8 ,i h no e> or ta/e = music2 :y %\ld ,i sp5d "t 9 ?rumm+ a piano & 9 mak+ ! life ( my neighbors mis]able8 ,i love a bird & am int]e/$ 9 all its ways1 its beauty & its life4 ,:y n /udy ! birds1 & let !m make ! music8 ,mu* ( life's en]gy is sp5t 9 try+ to adju/ squ>e pegs to r\nd holes & r\nd pegs to squ>e holes1 & life may be sp5t be=e ! adju/m5t is complete4 ,mod]n civilization t5ds to specialization4 ,m5 v>y z widely z d ! />s4 ,!re is a place = ev]yone & "s "o to fill ! place1 if ?is great mass ( unlike units c only be sort$ & fitt$ into ! complex problem ( civilization4 ,! fir/ "q1 & ! "q :i* %\ld be repeat$ (t5 is1 ,:at am ,i good =2 :at bran* or bran*es ( agriculture w give me ! greate/ pleasure & pr(it8 ,hav+ answ]$ ?is "q1 pursue ! "w ?r\gh all disc\ragem5ts to a successful issue4 ,x is possible y h no capacity = f>m life1 &1 s9ce y _c buy a capacity1 bett] g directly to t[n & !re fit y\rself into y\r environm5t4 ,i h kn[n m5 to toil _m ye>s on a f>m1 & ne> ! close ( life to be driv5 to t[n by ! %]iff4 ,!re !y made n only a liv+1 b secur$ a mode/ compet5ce 9 conduct+ "s little "o-horse bus9ess1 ! pr(its or losses ( :i* c\ld be c\nt$ up e night4 ,! f>m1 ) all its complexities1 ) its pr(its & losses a ye> or five ye>s 9 ! future1 0 too l>ge & f>-rea*+ = _! n>r[ und]/&+s4 ,all are n s =tunate4 ,"s rem9d u ( ! ,quak]'s dog :i* he sold to 8 fri5d & recomm5d$ z a good coon dog4 ,! dog prov$ to be a failure & 0 return$ to ! sell]1 :o said1 8,i am mu* surpris$4 ,!e believes t no?+ 0 creat$ 9 va91 does !e n1 ,ephraim80 8,mo/ c]ta9ly ,i believe t ! ,creator made all ?+s = "s b5efic5t purpose40 8,i1 too1 believe ?is1 & ,i _h tri$ t dog = ev]y?+ else "u ! heav5s b coons1 s ,i 0 c]ta9 he mu/ be a good coon dog40 ,a compet5cy is always 9 sight 9 ?is c\ntry = ^? :o d well ^? ?+s :i* are suit$ to _! ta/es & tra9+4 ,a compet5ce may be secur$ by foll[+ ^? bran*es ( f>m+ :i* require ! m9imum ( labor & ! maximum ( skill & tra9+4 ,my fri5d ( ,we/field1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,s*o5feld1 f ,g]many1 has six acres ( l&1 a "p ( :i* is cov]$ ) glass4 ,he did t t]rible ?+1--ran 9 debt = ! full pur*ase price ( ! l&4 ,x & ! valuable improvem5ts ^u x are n[ paid =4 ,8 mode/ home is valu$ at #f1jjj4 ,:ile pay+ = x a l>ge family has be5 rais$ & educat$1 ! elde/ boy ent]+ ,annapolis ,naval ,academy ) a high /&+4 ,x is possible t ?is son w "o day be ackn[l$g$ z ! intellectual & social equal ( ! ari/ocracy ( ,g]many %\ld he ev] visit ! fa!rl& ( 8 p>5ts4 ,b :y ?is long acc\nt ( a n infrequ5t occurr5ce8 ,to %[ h[ x 0 done3 ,?is ,g]man1 ?\gh untra9$1 succe$$ f ! fir/ 9 produc+ sup]ior c>nations4 ,he foll[$ up 8 successes1 & sold ! product ( bra9s in/ead ( ! f]tility ( 8 little f>m4 ,mr4 ,s*o5feld sold 9 ,buffalo dur+ "o ye>--,octob] #a1 #ahif1 to ,septemb] #cj1 #ahig--;c>nations 7#hj1idf fl[]s7 = ! net sum1 ov] commissions1 ( #gai4jh4 ,! am\nt ( plant-food remov$ by ! #hj1idf c>nations 0 z foll[s3 ,nitrog5 ,phosphoric acid ,pota% #e lbs4 #d ozs4 #b lbs4 #c ozs4 #aj lbs4 #h ozs4 7valu$ at #a4cb7 ,! table bel[ %[s ! am\nt ( plant-food remov$ by #hef bu%els ( :eat1 be+ ! am\nt :i*1 at #hd c5ts p] bu%el 7! av]age price ( :eat = ! la/ t5 ye>s 9 c5tral ,new ,york71 w\ld br+ #gai4jh1 ! am\nt receiv$ = ! c>nations4 ,nitrog5 ,phosphoric acid ,pota% #ijd lbs4 #dcg lbs4 #bih lbs4 7valu$ at #aeh4cd7 ,9 addition1 #bj1jjj fl[]s us$ 9 mak+ fl[] displays = w$d+s1 & ! l1 7 sold at retail1 by ! doz51 = #dej4hj4 ,! net returns = fl[]s sold dur+ ! fiscal ye> end+ ,septemb] #cj1 #ahig1 am\nt$ to #a1afi4hh4 ,! exp5ses1 includ+ taxes1 insurance & #aj p] c5t on ! capital1 7 #gij4fg4 ,?is includes ! co/ ( rais+ #ab1jjj plants1 ab\t #f1jjj ( :i* nett$ #bfc4bd4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 !n1 ! net income f ! "o lead+ indu/ry--fl[]s--aft] pay+ #aj p] c5t on inve/$ capital1 coal1 commission & workm5's bills1 0 #fdb4de1 ) an additional prospective income f ! #f1jjj plants :i* rema9$ unsold4 ,:5 ,i la/ visit$ ?is g5tleman1 he in=m$ me t he _h all ! l& he want$4 ,s9ce t "t he has pur*as$ eight acres adjo9+1 has made "s improvem5ts ^u ! l&1 & n[ values x at #b1jjj4 ,he /at$ incid5tally t ! reason he made 8 pur*ase 0 t ! l& 0 9 ! m>ket1 & he want$ control ( x t he might *oose 8 neighbor4 ,! l&1 he says1 is n[ 9 ! m>ket1 al?\gh x paid #i p] c5t1 cle> ( all exp5ses1 on a valuation ( #b1jjj4 ,! "q is (t5 discuss$ z to h[ mu* l& is necess>y to secure a compet5ce4 ,"h we f9d t six acres suffices4 ,a l>ge family has be5 f$ *iefly f ! products ( ! or*>ds1 v9ey>d & g>d51 & ! *ildr5 are receiv+ a practical &1 9 "s cases1 a lib]al education4 ,all ?is has be5 accompli%$ because ! man quickly le>n$ ! value ( sci5tific agriculture & 0 wise en\gh to foll[ up 8 successes4 ,n only foll[ up success1 b le>n to d ! difficult ?+s2 !re w always be a ?rong seek+ to d ! easy ?+s1--?+s :i* require ! maximum ( muscle & ! m9imum ( bra9s4 ,:y d su* multitudes seek ?is h>d1 easy "w8 ,because !y w n cons5t to endure ! toil1 %all ,i say1 ( acquir+ ! p[] to ?9k deeply1 accurately & effectively4 ,"s ( our sympa?y is ?r[n away ^u ^! muscul> work]s4 ,_! desires are few1 _! wants simple1 _! appetites good1 & _! sleep peaceful4 ,let u %[ !m ! way to a high] life1 op5 ! doors to ^? :o *oose to ent]1 & fret n because all w n ent] 94 8,"s are & mu/ be great] ?an ! re/1 ,m ri*1 m wise2 b :o inf]s f h5ce ,t su* are happi]1 %ocks all common s5se40 ,! man :o fells ! trees 9 ! woods may receive #ae c5ts p] h\r2 ! man :o controls ! c>riage ( ! great sawmill & decides on ! in/ant :at %ape & dim5sions ! lumb] %all take may receive #be c5ts p] h\r = simply mov+ a little lev]2 a ?ird man causes a piece ( ! wood to take on ! =ms ( beauty = ! great /aircase1 & may receive #ej c5ts p] h\r2 ! f\r? furni%es ! design = ?is beautiful /aircase1 & may receive #a an h\r4 ,! man :o does ! s-call$ 8h>d0 "w receives ! lea/ pay4 ,:y8 ,because x is ! lea/ difficult4 ,?is diff]5ce ( remun]ation holds good on ! f>m4 ,mu%rooms sell = #ej c5ts p] p\nd2 maize = "o-half c5t p] p\nd4 ,:y8 ,because anybody1 ev5 a squaw1 c raise maize1 b only a specially skill$ g>d5] c succe$ 9 mu%room culture4 ,ho?\se lambs br+ f #f to #aj :5 two mon?s old2 a poorly br$ %eep at two ye>s ( age may br+ f #b to #d4 ,:y8 ,! bre$+ & fe$+ ( ! "o is easy2 ( ! o!r difficult4 ,9 #ahig ! rais+ ( potatoes 0 difficult4 ,! blights1 ! bugs & ! beetles 7 pres5t 9 full =ce4 ,good potatoes 9 ! middle & ea/]n /ates rose to #fe c5ts p] bu%el :olesale4 ,! man :o wat*$ & f\ght intellig5tly secur$ #cjj bu%els p] acre & a ready m>ket2 ! c>eless man & ! man :o %\ld h be5 rais+ horses or *ick5s secur$ #cj bu%els p] acre & a sl[ m>ket4 ,:y8 ,because unusual difficulties 7 pres5t1 & ! man :o 0 able to cope ) !m drew ! prize ( #aie p] acre = 8 potatoes4 ,?is successful potato rais] ! previ\s ye> secur$ m ?an #cjj bu%els p] acre1 & sold !m = #be c5ts p] bu%el1 b ev5 at ?is l[ price !y br\ght m ?an #ge p] acre4 ,if f #bjj to #cjj p] c5t pr(it c be secur$ & ! limit ( pr(it n rea*$ by rais+ "o ( ! mo/ common products ( ! f>m1 :at possibilities loom up = secur+ a compet5ce f ^? products :i* require great] skill & k ?an ! rais+ ( potatoes8 ,consid] ! crops :i* are suppos$ to give promise ( secur+ little or no pr(its at ! pres5t l[ prices1 z :eat1 maize1 hay & oats4 ,"o man1 on l& naturally bel[ ! av]age1 has secur$ dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s an av]age ( ne>ly #ce bu%els ( :eat1 & 9 a few cases #dj bu%els p] acre4 ,! av]age yield = ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhi 0 a %ade less ?an #ad bu%els p] acre4 ,dur+ ! same ye> ! av]age yield ( oats 0 #bh4eg bu%els p] acre1 & hay1 includ+ su* o!r crops z are us$ = =age1 av]ag$ #a4bf tons p] acre4 ,good f>m]s secure #dj to #ej bu%els ( oats1 & #b to #b tons ( hay1 & 9 propiti\s ye>s #ej to #fj bu%els ( oats & #c tons ( hay p] acre4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #a & #b47 ,^! latt] yields always %[ l>ge pr(its & lead to a compet5cy1 :ile ! av]age yield usually gives no pr(it4 ,if ! av]age yield gives only a b>e subsi/5ce1 :at mu/ be ! condition ( ^? :o secure mu* less ?an ! av]age8 ,if "o man raises #ce bu%els ( :eat1 five o!r m5 mu/ ea* raise #aj bu%els to secure an av]age yield ( #ad bu%els p] acre4 ,"s entire /ates--z1 = in/ance1 ,mississippi1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee1--h an av]age ( #f1 #f & #i bu%els1 respectively1 p] acre4 ,:at is ! rem$y8 ,/op rais+ :eat1 & raise some?+ bett] adapt$ to soil & climate1 or g to t[n & sell peanuts4 ,"s ( ^! m5 :o utt]ly fail to compreh5d ! laws ( :eat culture may be good 8coon dogs10 aft] all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,?irty-five-bu%el :eat field 7,cornell ,univ]sity74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,eight-bu%el :eat field1 on a f>m adjo9+ t %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x w be said t if ! yield p] acre be d\bl$1 ! m>ket w be s flood$ t no "o w receive pr(its4 ,?is is ! old sc>ecr[4 ,no f>m] c control ! prices ( 8 product4 ,! law ( supply & dem& is inexorable4 ,:at he may d is to improve quality1 dim9i% co/1 r$uce area1 f9d ! be/ m>ket & ! products mo/ s\ght1 & increase ! production f a giv5 area4 ,if he raises ! yield f #bj to #ce bu%els1 :ile ! yield ( 8 neighbor rema9s at #aj bu%els & prices rema9 l[1 we %all soon see a f9e illu/ration ( 8! survival ( ! fitte/40 ,! #ce bu%els w yield a fair remun]ation = ! "w exp5d$ 9 production :5 prices are at ! l[e/4 ,:5 !y are high ! pr(its are #bjj to #cjj p] c5t4 ,:eat1 = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 has av]ag$ #hd c5ts p] bu%el 9 ,june 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,all[ #c = ! /raw ( ! l[] yield1 & if ! :eat 0 sold at ! av]age price1 ! total income p] acre w\ld be #aa4dj4 ,= ! /raw ( ! l>g] yield all[ #f1 :i*1 add$ to ! :eat at ! av]age price1 w\ld give a gross income p] acre ( #ce4dj4 ,! co/ ( rais+ & m>ket+ an acre ( :eat1 includ+ #e = r5tal ( l& & #b = f]tiliz]s1 may be set d[n at f #ae to #bj 9 ,new ,york4 ,if ! mo/ successful compels ! less successful f>m] to /op rais+ :eat at a loss1 :at w ! latt] d ) 8 l&8 ,bett] give x away ?an lose by f>m+ x4 ,bett] ab&on ! f>m & g to t[n & set up a second-h& clo?+ /ore4 ,!re is always at lea/ a small pr(it 9 t bus9ess4 ,9 c5tral ,new ,york a l>ge h]d ( dairy c[s 0 te/$1 & ! own] ( ! h]d 0 in=m$ t ab\t "o-f\r? ( 8 c[s 7 q pr(itable1 "o-half paid _! bo>d bill & a little m1 & "o-f\r? 7 kept at a consid]able loss4 ,he 0 advis$ to dispose ( ! unpr(itable c[s4 ,8 answ] 01 8,b :at w ,i d = c[s80 ,!n1 to secure a compet5ce1 ! crops & ! l& :i* uni=mly produce loss mu/ be ab&on$4 ,h[ x worries ! city p5ny-a-l9] & h[ x rejoices ! successful f>m] to see l& ?r[n out ( cultivation--8ab&on$40 ,to me no?+ is s enc\rag+ 9 agriculture z ?is lately acquir$ k :i* reveals ! fact t va/ areas h be5 cle>$ & br\ght "u cultivation :i* %\ld h be5 left undi/urb$1 except to h>ve/ ! mature trees & protect ! "y plants f ravages ( fire & cattle4 ,z ! blackb]ry bu%es1 ye> by ye>1 creep d[n ! /eep hillsides & ov] ! rock-cov]$ fields1 "o rejoices at ! pione] "w ^! mode/1 h>dy1 tap-root$ plants are accompli%+4 ,h[ wisely & well !y fit ! soil = a high] & m noble class ( plants1 & h[ surely 9 "t !y cov] ! %ame & nak$ness ( "m e>?6 ,! rural population has made _m s]i\s mi/akes1 toil+ to reclaim l& :i* 0 n wor? reclaim+1 n wor?y ( an intellig5t f>m]4 ,b h[ c\ld !y "k bett]8 ,n "o college ( =e/ry 9 all ?is great l& up to #ahih1 & z yet b "o 9 its infancy6 ,until ! la/ g5]ation n a s+le s*ool ( agriculture1 sc>cely a book obta9able :i* might give direct help to ! rural ,am]ican boy & girl6 ,!re=e1 ! f>m] %\ld n be blam$ = ! wa/eful & unsci5tific treatm5t ( =e/ & field4 ,all ?is leads to ! conclusion t to secure a compet5ce1 l&s ( high & v>i$ agricultural capabilities1 l&s wor?y ( an intellig5t ,am]ican1 %\ld be select$ ^u :i* to build & ma9ta9 rural homes4 ,quantity ( f>m products we h 9 abundance2 bett] quality is :at is want$1 s9ce quality may improve prices & wid5 m>kets4 ,to assi/ 9 secur+ a compet5ce "s specialization is advisable4 ,sometimes ?is has be5 c>ri$ s f> z to "w s]i\s disa/]4 ,_m f>ms 9 we/]n ,new ,york h be5 almo/ exclusively devot$ to ! rais+ ( grapes1 :i*1 :5 abundant or mod]ately s1 sold at ru9\s prices4 ,x is notic$ t :]e only an eigh? or a f\r? ( ! f>m 0 devot$ to v9es1 ! yield 0 n only proportionately l>g] b ! quality bett] ?an :]e ne>ly all ! l& 0 us$ z a v9ey>d4 ,:]ev] div]sifi$ agriculture 0 c>ri$ on to a limit$ ext5t & plantations 7 re/rict$1 ! l[ price ( grapes made no s]i\s inroads on ! income4 ,:]e all ! l& 0 giv5 up to grapes1 "w 0 int]mitt5t1 ! f>m] be+ ov]task$ at "o season ( ! ye> & idle at ano!r4 ,! demoraliz+ effect on ! f>m]s & _! families ( ?is army ( unre/ra9$ y\?s & l\ng]s ( ! city1 :i*1 = a brief p]iod1 sw>ms 9 ! di/ricts devot$ to specializ$ crops1 z grapes1 b]ries & hops1 is m>k$4 ,! baleful result ( rais+ a s+le or few products 9 ext5d$ di/ricts may be se5 9 ,cali=nia & ! great :eat di/ricts ( ! nor?we/4 ,9 su* localities !re is little or no true home life1 ) its duties & re/ra9ts2 m5 & boys are h]d$ toge!r l cattle1 sleep :]e !y may1 & subsi/ z be/ !y c4 ,! "w is h>d1 & f sun to sun = two or ?ree mon?s1 :5 x abruptly ceases1 & ! workm5 are left to f9d employm5t z be/ !y may1 or adopt ! life & habits ( ! pr(essional tramp4 ,x is difficult to "n any?+ m demoraliz+ to m51 & especially to boys1 ?an int]mitt5t labor2 & ! high] ! wages paid & ! %ort] ! p]iod ( s]vice1 ! m demoraliz+ ! effect4 ,if !re 7 no o!r reason = practic+ a some:at div]sifi$ agriculture1 ! welf>e ( ! workman & 8 family %\ld =m a suffici5t "o4 ,happily1 _m l>ge & demoraliz+ :eat ran*es are be+ divid$ into small f>ms1 ^u :i* are be+ re>$ ! ro(-tree1 *ildr51 fruits & fl[]s4 ,to secure a compet5ce1 no m activities %\ld be ent]$ into ?an c be prosecut$ ) vigor & at a pr(it4 ,on ! o!r h&1 too few activities t5d to /agnation & deg5]ation4 ,m5tal p[]1 l _m o!r ?+s1 increases ) legitimate use & dim9i%es ) disuse4 ,! f>m] :o simply raises & sells maize is (t5 poor 9 pocket & defici5t 9 und]/&+4 ,! college graduate :o attempts b a few easy ?+s seldom becomes a ripe s*ol>4 ,to secure a compet5ce1 ! petty outgoes %\ld be met by weekly receipts f petty products4 ,i h kn[n s _m f>m]s to succe$ by specializ+ mod]ately along "o or two l9es1 :ile hold+ on to div]sifi$ agriculture1 9 "p at lea/1 t ,i am tempt$ to give a s+le illu/ration z a sample ( ?\s&s :i* h come "u my notice4 ,a ,scot*man & 8 family ( f\r little *ildr5 l&$ 9 nor!rn ,indiana ) ?ree to f\r hundr$ doll>s2 to ?is 0 add$ z mu* m by day labor4 ,a f>m ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty acres 0 pur*as$1 "o hundr$ acres ( :i* 7 adapt$ to :eat1 corn & clov]4 ,?irty acres 7 m>%y pa/ure l&2 ! balance1 timb]4 ,:eat 0 select$ z ! great income crop1 :i* 0 supplem5t$ by ! sale ( "o to ?ree horses ye>ly4 ,! butt] f a doz5 c[s1 ! *ick5s1 ducks1 & _! eggs1 7 tak5 to ! city once ea* week4 ,! result 0 t at ! end ( ! ye> !re 7 no debts ( subsi/5ce to be paid4 ,?is left all ! money receiv$ = ! :eat & horses to be appli$ t[>ds liquidat+ ! mortgage4 ,9 a few ye>s a l>ge1 com=table h\se 0 built4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! pur*ase ( ano!r f>m1 & /ill ano!r1 until ea* *ild 0 provid$ ) a home & facilities = secur+ a mode/ income4 ,?is %rewd ,scot*man succe$$ because he neglect$ nei!r little nor great ?+s4 ,) :at pride ! writ]1 9 #ahfc1 deposit$ #a1gjj 9 bank1 ! product ( a s+le wool crop6--& ! little f>m ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty acres 0 n all devot$ to wool-rais+4 ,if a "y man c secure a lov+1 helpful wife1 f\r good c[s & en\gh l& to produce fe$ = !m1 ) room left = an ample g>d51 a b]ry pat* & a small or*>d1 he may consid] himself ri*1 & if he be able & intellig5t he w soon h a compet5ce4 ,! f>m]1 ( necessity1 goes to ! city or village once ea* week = supplies :i* _c well be produc$ on ! f>m4 ,he %\ld return1 if possible1 ) m money ?an he _h :5 he left home4 ,x is n ! big mortgage :i* 0 giv5 = "p ( ! pur*ase price ( ! f>m :i* %\ld make him unhappy1 b ! /eadily increas+ little *>ges accumulat+ on ! tradesm5's l$g]s until ?is 8hone/0 f>m] dreads to meet a score ( 8 t[n acqua9tances4 ,! f>m] :o1 f 8 well-pa9t$ cov]$ democrat wagon1 sells ! product ( 8 skill & labor looks to me q z dignifi$ z does ! m]*ant :o sells nails & codfi%1 turp5t9e & bobb9s1 pat5t m$ic9es & jews'-h>ps1 none ( :i* repres5ts 8 own skill or labor4 ,f>m+ w nev] be c>ri$ on 9 ,am]ica by tru/s or syndicates4 ,a comb9e c run fifty nail factories or brew]ies1 b n fifty f>ms1 at a pr(it1 because f>m+ is too difficult1 requires too close sup]vision & frequ5t *ange ( details & comb9ations1 & new plans to meet ! ev]-*ang+ conditions ( climate & soil4 ,! conditions :i* surr\nd agriculture 9 ,am]ica put a quietus =ev] on 8bonanza f>m+10 & t5d to ! re>+ ( ideal homes & ! accumulation ( mode/ incomes4 ,m9+-f>m+ on virg91 f]tile1 unob/ruct$ areas c be successfully prosecut$ only = a "t4 8,! ,r$ riv] valley native soils conta9 f 4#ce to 4#dj ( nitrog51 :ile ! soils :i* h be5 "u cultivation 79 :eat7 = twelve to fifte5 ye>s conta9 f 4#b to 4#c ( a p] c5t40#a ,ano!r important po9t3 ,:5 humus is tak5 out ( ! native soil z above1 only 4#jb ( a p] c5t ( ! phosphoric acid is soluble by ord9>y *emical me?ods1 :ile 9 ! native soil ?ree or f\r times z mu* phosphoric acid is soluble & is associat$ ) ! humus4 ,all[+ t an acre ( soil "o foot deep weighs #a1hjj tons1 ! native soil w\ld conta9 f #ab1fjj to #ad1djj p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre1 :ile ! cultivat$ soil w\ld conta9 f #g1bjj to #aj1hjj p\nds p] acre4 ,if ! av]age am\nt ( nitrog5 9 native soils 7#ac1ejj p\nds p] acre71 & ! av]age 9 ! soil aft] x _h be5 cropp$ twelve to fifte5 ye>s 7#i1jjj p\nds p] acre71 are comp>$1 x w be se5 t ! soil has lo/ #d1ejj p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre1 or m ?an "o-?ird 7probably "o-half7 ( ! nitrog5 :i* c\ld well be made available1 & ?is 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 #a ,h5ry ,snyd]1 ,bulls4 #cj1 #dd1 ,m9n4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,see 8,f]tility ( ! ,l&10 p4 #bef4 ,fifte5 crops ( :eat ( #be bu%els p] acre require #dcc p\nds ( nitrog51 or "o-t5? ( ! am\nt :i* ! soil lo/ dur+ ! ye>s ( cropp+4 ,?is soil1 "u 8bonanza f>m+10 has lo/ outright nitrog5 suffici5t = #aee crops1 ea* requir+ z mu* nitrog5 z does a crop ( #be bu%els ( :eat p] acre4 ,:5 ! am\nt wa/$ on a s+le acre is multipli$ by ! acres ( ! va/1 f]tile :eat pla9s ( ! we/1 :]e 8bonanza f>m+0 is c>ri$ on1 ! loss ( nitrog5 to our c\ntry is se5 to be s great z to appal ! ?\ghtful man :o looks =w>d to ! g5]ations :o w want ?is elem5t 9 ! n di/ant future4 ,happily1 ?is 8bonanza f>m+0 has its own cure4 ,:5 m9+-f>m+ r$uces ! yield s t pr(its vani%1 !n ^! great f>ms w be cut up into mode/-siz$ ones1 true homes w rise1 int]mitt5t labor & ! tramp h>ve/-h& w disappe>1 & ! la/ & only condition :i* t5ds to produce an un9/ruct$ peasant class w cease to exi/4 ,! o!r great 8bonanza0 indu/ry :i* /ill rema9s & :i* affects agriculture1 & ! l& directly1 is lumb]+4 ,?is1 l 8bonanza0 :eat f>m+1 may be class$ z a m9+ indu/ry1 c>ri$ on at ! surface in/ead ( 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,)\t rational direction1 re/ra9t or control1 ?is agricultural m9+ goes on until ! s\rces f :i* ! pr(its are drawn are s deplet$ z to be no long] pr(itable4 ,!re is no home or compet5cy = ! f>m boys 9 ! lumb] camp or on ! great :eat f>m4 ,"h ! rule is to take all & return no?+4 ,aft] ! ax & ! b9d]1 comes ! fire to complete ! wanton de/ruction4 ,! %ade-giv+ & moi/ure-cons]v+ bru%1 /ubble & /raw1 & all liv+ plants1 are de/roy$1 & no?+ b ! m9]al matt]1 unmix$ ) surface humus1 rema9s4 ,a black5$ wa/e1 devoid ( animal or vegetable life1 is left beh9d4 ,no homes c be re>$ "h1 no compet5ce secur$ until nature1 assi/$ by man 9 ! com+ ye>s1 sl[ly re/ores ! cov]+ & productivity ( ! soil4 ,?is unwise treatm5t ( ! l& mu/ soon come to an end2 !n ! h>dy home-build] w h opportunity to repair1 by m rational me?ods1 "s ( ! wanton & unnecess>y wa/e4 ,is x too mu* to hope t be=e ! close ( ano!r decade e /ate & t]ritory w h a s*ool ( =e/ry1 & t all national =e/ doma9s w h be5 br\ght "u rational sup]vision & control8 ,! future home-build]s w ne$ !m1 & ! pres5t own]s ( homes h a "r to a %>e ( ! b5efits :i* fl[ f intellig5tly manag$ =e/ pres]ves4 ,x is n en\gh to %[ t intellig5t f>m+ is highly remun]ative at ! pres5t "t2 provision mu/ be made by :i* ! *ildr5 & ! *ildr5's *ildr51 = all g5]ations1 may h opportunity = secur+ a compet5ce f rural pursuits4 ,c a compet5ce & a com=table home be secur$ by ! r5t]8 ,if n1 :y n8 ,%all ! f>m] put 8 little capital into a home & run 9 debt = supplies & necess>y equipm5t2 or _h he bett] r5t1 & />t ev58 ,?is dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! individual4 ,a successful c\ntry life does n dep5d ^u own+ ! l& 9 fee simple4 ,"h is a picture ( :at may be call$ 8a c\ntry g5tleman0 7,fig4 #c74 ,he1 8 fa!r & 8 gr&fa!r1 all h be5 r5t]s ( ! same f>m4 ,he has a compet5ce & an assur$ income4 ,?is hue & cry ab\t r5t+ has no t]rors = ^? :o h be5 r5t]s & h f\nd t ?is is (t5 ! mo/ satisfactory way to />t :5 capital is limit$4 ,! m]*ant ( limit$ means inv>iably r5ts ! build+ 9 :i* he does bus9ess1 because x is saf] & usually m economical to r5t ?an to pur*ase ! bus9ess block4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a f>m] & a r5t]4 ,9 an old city ( #ab1jjj inhabitants1 x 0 f\nd t #hd p] c5t ( ! bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on 9 r5t$ rooms4 ,! tr\ble 9 r5t+ f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates lies *iefly 9 ! fact t !re are no well dige/$ laws or old cu/oms :i* help to guide ! r5t] & r5tee4 ,a few simple laws w\ld provide = adju/+ ! value ( bett]m5ts remov$ f or put ^u ! f>m at any "t4 ,long leases1 ) inducem5ts to long occupancy1 w\ld give ! r5tee a p]man5t occupi]4 ,! r5t] has q z good a *ance ( f9ally secur+ a home 9 fee simple z has ! man :o pur*ases & mortgages heavily4 ,! possession ( a valuable f>m & an assur$ income1 especially 9 a new c\ntry1 is (t5 mo/ surely & easily secur$ by r5t+ = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,good f>m+ pays lib]al pr(its ev5 on r5t$ l&4 ,if !re is failure1 x is ! man & n ! occupation :i* causes x4 ,! fault w n be 89 ! moon10 b 9 ourselves if we fail or become und]l+s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,educational ,,opportunity ,,on ,,! ,,f>m ,m & m we are com+ to believe t ! rural di/rict s*ools (f] b few opportunities = educat+ ! f>m]s' *ildr54 ,v>i\s s*emes h be5 recomm5d$ = provid+ bett] & m conv5i5t educational facilities4 ,"o proposition is fir/ to improve ! pr9cipal highways4 ,?is1 x is ?\ght1 w make x possible to run 'buses or c>riages twice daily to transport ! *ildr5 to & f "s c5trally locat$ grad$ s*ool4 ,su* s*emes are usually propos$ by "s "o :o has seldom se5 a c\ntry s*ool-h\se & :o is totally unacqua9t$ ) ! conditions :i* prevail 9 rural communities4 ,admitt+1 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 t tea*] & pupil 9 ! c\ntry are n s f> advanc$ 9 book-lore z !y are 9 ! city1 h[ does x happ5 t ! c\ntry y\?s are able to ma9ta9 !mselves on an educational level ) ! pupils ( ! grad$ s*ools :5 !y meet !m 9 ! academy & college8 ,is x n q possible t ! wide opportunities enjoy$ by ! c\ntry y\? = becom+ acqua9t$ ) natural objects ( use & beauty are a full (fset1 s f> z tra9+ is conc]n$1 = ! m sy/ematic in/ruction giv5 9 ! city s*ools8 ,i c b look ) "s degree ( solicitude on ! effect on civilization & on ! home1 ( palatial hotels1 & great s*ool build+s1 fill$ ) het]og5e\s masses ( *ildr51 9 :i* love1 solicitude & sacrifices1 ea* = all1 h little opportunity = gr[? & developm5t4 ,! family seems to be ! sacr$ unit ( civilization & morality4 ,a full & suffici5t reason mu/ be giv5 = mass+ m51 mu* m *ildr51 9 a s+le great /ructure1 !reby de/roy+ ! quiet & break+ ! sacr$ ties ( ! home4 ,:at good reasons c be (f]$ = mass+ *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( six & twelve 9 an uncom=table s*ool-room8 ,*ildr5 d n /udy2 !y le>n little except :5 !y read ! lesson 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! tea*] :o is able to amplify & expla9 ! lesson 9 h&4 ,s5d+ ^! little ones to s*ool is a relic ( ! primeval days1 :51 by reason ( l>ge families1 lack ( tra9+ & excessive toil ( ! p>5ts1 !re 0 no o!r way b to make nurs]y maids ( ! s*ool-tea*]s4 ,i h a vivid recollection ( ^? e>ly days :5 ,i 0 cr[d$ into a #af #bj s*ool-h\se1 ) two score o!r b\nd+1 mis*iev\s ur*9s1 all seat$ on ! h>d side ( unback$1 long-legg$ slab b5*es1 :i* left our b>e legs1 = :i* ! flies _h a lik+1 to dangle betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,true1 all ?is has n[ be5 improv$1 & good & appropriate seats are usually provid$1 b ?is only ameliorates ! conditions2 x does n cure !m4 ,if ! p>5ts :o h lo/ some?+ ( _! fir/ love = _! *ildr51 or :o are too lazy or c>eless or ignorant to tea* !m1 w g to ^! pat5t-seat$ s*ool-rooms & sit = five mortal h\rs on "o ( ^! h>d1 wood51 uncu%ion$ seats1 !y w no long] place _! t5d] *ildr5 9 ^! mod]niz$ /ocks4 ,y :o no long] h ! hot blood & re/less n]v\s en]gy ( y\? make long faces & compla9 bitt]ly f y\r well cu%ion$ pew1 if ! ov]-e>ne/ pa/or prolongs 8 s]mon t5 m9utes beyond ! cu/om>y "t4 ,x may be said t _m1 nev]!less1 secur$ a prim>y education "u ^! unfavorable conditions4 ,b ,i did n2 ,i receiv$ x at my "m's knee 9 ! old kit*51 "s ( x be=e daylight4 ,ab\t all ,i got 9 t old s*ool-h\se 7 kicks & cuffs f boys :o 7 old] & /rong] ?an ,i1 & r\nd %\ld]s f sitt+ ?r\gh _m we>y h\rs on backless b5*es1 & bli/]$ h&s 9 puni%m5t = my unre/ra9$ int]e/ 9 ?+s 9 g5]al1 & 9 my s*ool-mates 9 p>ticul>4 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) ! opportunities :i* a f>m life gives = education8 ,x is to emphasize ! ne$ ( m home tra9+1 m p]sonal att5tion by ! p>5ts1 & a m natural & rational education ( ^? :om x has be5 our responsibility to br+ into exi/5ce1 & ^u ^: %\ld]s w re/ ! weal or woe ( our c\ntry4 ,9 ^! rural homes1 *ildr5 %\ld be re>$ & educat$ until !y h rea*$ ! po9t beyond :i* _! p>5ts or ! old] *ildr5 _c c>ry !m4 ,! *ild1 :5 only two or ?ree ye>s old1 beg9s to le>n h&icraft1 p]=ms "s little helpful act = ano!r2 x is be+ taught to "w4 ,z x becomes m mature x is to d useful ?+s2 b :o ?9ks ( keep+ ! *ild ( eight to t5 ye>s ( age at cont9u\s "w = five or six h\rs daily8 ,:y n c>ry on ! *ild's m5tal education along ^! natural l9es 9 ! same mann] z x receives its prim>y te*nical education8 ,i am almo/ p]suad$ t ! f>m]s' *ildr5 w\ld be bett] (f if ! old r$ s*ool-h\se on ! du/y1 treeless f\r corn]s 0 ab&on$1 & ! responsibility = ! education ( ! *ildr5 up to twelve or f\rte5 ye>s ( age 0 ?r[n ^u ! p>5ts4 ,z x is1 ! p>5ts :o h receiv$ a fairly good prim>y education become ru/y & illit]ate simply f non-use ( ! education :i* !y _h :5 !y left ! s*ools4 ,if ! unexcell$ opportunities :i* rural life (f]s = secur+ a prim>y education 7 only utiliz$1 !re w\ld be few] c\ntry y\?s hat+ ev5 ! sight ( t r$ s*ool-h\se :i* has receiv$ su* honorable m5tion4 ,x has be5 glorifi$ 9 e ,f\r? ( ,july oration1 b x /ill rema9s n only unevolutioniz$ b ev5 deg5]at$4 ,if y ev] imag9$ t ! be/ provision has be5 made = tea*+ ! little ones1 sp5d a day 9 "o ( ^! s*ool-h\ses4 ,take "s book ) y t is z ab/ract & useless to y z ! *ildr5 believe _! books to be to !m1 & make ! attempt to memorize a s+le page1 or essay to write a composition on 8,! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l10 or on 8,! ,wisdom ( ,annex+ ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s40 ,meantime1 classes are recit+ 9 falsetto voices2 ! tea*] is giv+ _m admonitions & mak+ dire ?reats2 a fe/ive bumblebee has f\nd its way ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ & makes z mu* commotion among ! timid girls z a m\se at a tea-p>ty4 ,n[ a dog b>ks1 & ! boys "k t ,b[s] has safely tre$ a squirrel4 ,be=e y h _h "t to collect y\r ?\ghts a lu/y f>m boy1 p]*$ on a creak+ wa91 :oop+ l\dly to 8 team1 goes rattl+ by4 ,/ay a week & f9i% y\r composition1 & see h[ fa/ y\r *ildr5 are secur+ disjo9t$ fractions ( an education4 ,a half-h\r ( cont9u\s1 quiet1 int5sifi$ /udy at home is wor? m ?an a day 9 _m a s*ool-room :]e little muddy driblets ( k are be+ dol$ out to ! *ildr54 ,y may say t y h no "t to tea* *ildr54 ,bus9ess is too press+1 & y are already ov]work$4 ,y %\ld h ?\ght ( t soon]1 & be5 :olly selfi% & sav$ ! money & "t y sp5t to p]suade t beautiful maid5 to jo9 y & help p]=m ! duties & functions ( life4 ,y w c]ta9ly agree t home education is ! be/1 ! ideal education4 ,= a *ild1 an h\r or two ( /udy & recreation a day1 an equal "t employ$ 9 useful "w1 & ! re/ ( ! day sp5t 9 pick+ up fun & facts1 bo? ( :i* may be f\nd 9 abundance on ! old f>m1 is ! natural way to secure a broad prim>y f\ndation1 ^u :i* to re/ a lib]al education4 ,aft] ! *ild has rea*$ ! age ( t5 or twelve & has _h c>eful home tra9+1 :at provision c be made = cont9u+ its education dur+ ! next f\r to six ye>s8 ,two or m di/ricts might be jo9$ to =m "o1 = grad$ s*ool purposes4 ,on e f>m is1 or %\ld be1 a sp>e horse & a light wagon2 a few doll>s w\ld provide a /able ne> ! s*ool build+4 ,su* an arrangem5t w\ld p]mit ! *ildr5 to drive to & f ! c5tral s*ool1 al?\gh ! di/ance might be two or ?ree miles4 ,all ?is means t ! *ildr5 w be ar\nd ! family fireside 9 ! ev5+ in/ead ( on ! /reet1 z is too frequ5tly ! case :5 !y are s5t to ! village or city s*ool & rema9 dur+ ! week4 ,all ?is keeps ! boys & girls 9 sympa?y & heal?ful t\* ) home life & _! p>5ts1 until "* has be5 /r5g!n$ by age & k4 ,"h1 9 ^! c\ntry & village grad$ s*ools1 ! home life1 ) its re/ra9ts & duties1 is pres]v$4 ,only ! m5tally /rong or ! c\rage\s & aspir+ w seek ! halls ( high] le>n+1 f :i*1 if !y t5d to g a/ray or neglect _! "w1 !y are quickly return$ to ! bosom ( _! families4 ,if ! c5tral grad$ s*ool is impracticable 9 "s cases1 !n a few families might jo9 & employ a private in/ructor2 ?is w\ld be f> *eap] & m satisfactory ?an to s5d ! *ildr5 away f home4 ,x is n s mu* lack ( facilities z a lack ( an appreciation ( ! true value ( an education :i* deb>s ! c\ntry y\? f secur+ ev5 a :olesome & logical prim>y education4 ,! value ( an education = citiz5%ip mu/ be plac$ fir/1 & its value z a money-mak+ p[] second4 ,n[ ! fir/ "q t is usually ask$ is1 ,w an education help to secure a position or to make money8 ,! "q1 ,w an education help to a nobl] citiz5%ip8 is n ev5 ?\ght (4 ,we %all h no evolution 9 rural tra9+ until ! p>5ts secure a cle>] conception ( ! true value ( an education4 ,evolution along educational l9es has already begun1 & x is n difficult to see _m b5eficial effects ( ! *ang$ me?ods4 ,m4 ,demol9s' rec5t book has ?is to say3 8#8,x is useless to d5y ! sup]iority ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,we may be vex$ by ?is sup]iority1 b ! fact rema9s1 despite our vexation4'444 ,consid]+ ! sup]iority conclusively prov$1 ! au?or proce$s to se>* = ! cause ( ?is sup]iority4 ,he f9ds ! secret ( ?is irresi/ible p[] ( ! ,anglo-,saxon _w 9 ! education ( its y\?1 9 ! direction giv5 to /udies1 to ! _s :i* reigns 9 ! s*ool4 ,! ,engli% & ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h p]ceiv$ t ! ne$s ( ! "t require t y\? %\ld be tra9$ to become practical1 en]getic m51 & n public function>ies or pure m5 ( lett]s1 :o "k life only f :at !y le>n 9 books4 ,m4 ,demol9s has p]sonally /udi$ ) c>e "s prom95t ,engli% s*ools4 ,9 ^! he f\nd ! s*ool build+s1 n z 9 ,france1 imm5se /ructures ) ! aspect ( a b>rack or a prison1 b ! pupils 7 di/ribut$ among cottages1 9 :i* ef=ts 7 made to give ! place ! appe>ance ( a home4 ,!y 7 n surr\nd$ by high walls1 b !re 0 an abundance ( air & light & space & v]dure4 ,9 place ( ! odi\s refectories ( ! ,fr5* colleges1 ! d9+-room 0 l t ( a family1 & ! pr(essors & director ( ! s*ool1 ) 8 wife & daught]s1 sat at table ) ! pupils40#b #b ,editorial1 8,lit]>y ,dige/10 ,july #b1 #ahih4 ,"h is se5 ! beg9n+ ( bett] me?ods 9 prim>y education4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,am]ica1 ?is sy/em ne$s b little modification to fit x to ! rural home4 ,all else mu/ yield to ! inborn rights ( ! *ildr54 ,if t ,brussels c>pet :i* adorns ! d>k & unus$ p>lor mu/ be pull$ up & "s ( ! wor/ pictures relegat$ to ! g>ret1 9 ord] t provision = a s*ool-room = ! *ildr5 ( ! family or = ^? ( ! imm$iate neighborhood may be made1 !n pull x up4 ,receive ! visitor 9 ! sitt+-room or on ! v]&a1 & let ! neighborly *at be :]e !re is 8air1 & light1 & space1 & v]dure40 ,r$uce ! above picture ( an ,engli% s*ool to suit environm5t1 & we h ! family z a unit2 ! "m & h] companion z tea*]s2 & we %all h n only ! appe>ance ( home1 b a true home1 :]e duty comm&s & love obeys4 ,?is is no f>-fet*$ picture2 x is "o drawn f _m obs]v$ in/ances ( ^! f>m home s*ools4 ,! y\?s on ! f>m h a "r to a lib]al education if !y desire x2 !y own ! e>?1 & :y %\ld !y n h ! be/ x af=ds if !y make good use ( :at ! e>? & all t !re9 is has to (f]4 ,:5 we come to ! high] education1 !re are good & suffici5t reasons :y pupils %\ld be mass$4 ,at ! college1 exp5sive & r>e appliances1 great laboratories & museums1 ample & exp5sive libr>ies1 & di/+ui%$ & able tea*]s1 mu/ be provid$4 ,!n1 too1 ! pupils ( ! college h arriv$ at t p]iod ( maturity :i* gives !m a fair degree ( self-re/ra9t & discretion4 ,connect$1 z ,i h be5 = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ) college life1 ,i h _h _m opportunities to obs]ve ! fre%ness1 vigor & purity ( _m ( ! c\ntry lads & lasses :o come directly f ! heal?y1 solid home in/ruction ( _! p>5ts4 ,i am well aw>e t ?is *apt] w n revolutionize rural prim>y education4 ,i d n want x to d s4 ,revolution de/roys2 evolution builds4 ,b if ^! brief words ( "o :o receiv$ until ne> manhood ! ?\ghtful1 lov+ home tra9+ ( a "m1 :o said1 8,i receiv$ a bett] education ?an my p>5ts did1 &1 come :at w1 ,i det]m9e t my *ildr5 %all h bett] opportunities = secur+ an education ?an ,i _h10 %all p]suade "s t ! f>m home is ! natural1 ! appo9t$ place = tra9+ *ildr5 until !y h pass$ ! critical m5tal & physical p]iod ( life1 ,i %all be cont5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,selection ,,& ,,pur*ase ,,( ,,f>ms ,9 select+ a f>m1 _m ?+s %\ld be consid]$4 ,"o pur*as] may lay /ress on ! quality or productivity ( ! l&1 ano!r on its location z to m>ket1 ano!r z to ! outlook or sc5]y1 & ano!r z to ! society 9 ! imm$iate locality4 ,"s w\ld be unhappy if f> remov$ f city or t[n1 :ile o!rs delight 9 _m broad acres f> remov$ f ! busy cr[d4 ,all ^! diff]5t phases ( ! subject1 ) _m o!rs1 %\ld be consid]$ be=e ! pur*ase is made4 ,x is seldom t a f>m c be secur$ :i* fulfils all desirable conditions2 !re=e1 su* *oice %\ld be made z w mo/ fully meet ! desires & ta/es ( ! pur*as]4 ,"s f>ms are pur*as$ ) little or no ?\ght ( _! produc+ a livelihood1 :ile o!rs are select$ l>gely = ! purpose ( secur+ pr(its 9 _! cultivation1 & o!rs are b\ght because !y are expect$ to furni% safe & pr(itable inve/m5ts4 ,x is evid5t t no specific or ev5 g5]al rule c be =mulat$ :i* w be applicable to all pur*as]s1 s9ce ta/es1 tra9+1 ne$s & desires ( ! pur*as] v>y widely2 nev]!less1 a discussion ( ! subject may be pr(itable4 ,^? :o secure _! income & pr(its by agriculture alone %\ld lay /ress on f\r ?+s2 viz41 heal?fulness1 environm5t1 quality ( l&1 & wat] supply4 ,)\t heal?1 life (t5 becomes a burd52 !re=e1 climatic conditions1 soil & surr\nd+s1 s f> z !y relate to physical & m5tal vigor1 %\ld be consid]$ fir/4 ,b heal? & vigor are n all1 = if ! moral1 intellectual & social conditions ( ! p 9 ! neighborhood are undesirable1 ! *ildr5 may take ! road :i* leads t[>ds semi-b>b>ism4 ,?is road is op5 to all1 9 city & c\ntry1 b p>5ts %\ld avoid ?ru/+ _! *ildr5 into x4 ,*ur*1 & social cong5ial & ,god-fe>+ associates %\ld be accessible to ! gr[+ family4 ,*ildr5 are & mu/ be active1 physically & m5tally1 if !y are to gr[ /raight2 & if provisions are n made = direct+ _! en]gies into prop] *annels1 !y are likely to f9d improp] ones4 ,:]ev] ! f>m] s[s n a full abundance ( good se$s1 we$s are c]ta9 to spr+ up4 ,! f>m mu/ provide a fair & lib]al income1 because want br+s lack ( true pride1 bre$s c>elessness1 ev5 hatr$ ( o!rs1 fil*es self-respect & c\rage4 ,!re=e1 if pr(its are desir$1 good l&1 l& ( wide agricultural capabilities1 %\ld be select$4 ,! great] v>iety ( crops ! l& is capable ( produc+ & ! m v>ieties ! f>m] raises1 provid$ he does n exce$ 8 m5tal & executive capabilities1 ! bett] w be 8 education & tra9+4 ,frequ5tly ! pur*as] has too little means1 & feels t he mu/ secure *eap l&s1 :i* too (t5 are situat$ f> f ! railway m>kets & c5t]s ( activity4 ,9 su* a case1 he places himself outside ! activities ( ! t[ns1 :i* are extremely helpful to him if he be wise en\gh to *oose ! good & refuse ! evil :i* !y (f]4 ,( c\rse1 mu* dep5ds on ! good s5se ( ! p>5ts & ! inh]itance & tra9+ ( ! *ildr5 z to h[ mu* !y w imbibe ( t :i* is good & h[ mu* !y w refuse ( t :i* is evil4 ,*ildr5 _c be plac$ entirely beyond evil influ5ces1 b !y c be prev5t$ f becom+ too famili> ) !m4 8,vice is a mon/] ( s frightful mi51 ,z1 to be hat$1 ne$s b to be se52 ,yet se5 too (t1 famili> ) h] face1 ,we fir/ endure1 !n pity1 !n embrace40 ,already some?+ has be5 said ) reg>d to an abundant supply ( wat]1 b x may n be out ( place to emphasize ! necessity ( secur+ heal?ful wat] = h\sehold purposes4 ,mod]n sci5ce has reveal$ ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( diseases are introduc$ into ! sy/em by means ( dr9k+ wat] 7see ,*apt] ,,xii74 ,all dr9k+ wat] may be boil$2 x may be said t x %\ld be1 = 9 too _m cases wat] t appe>s limpid & pure1 drawn f s\rces :i* h e appe>ance ( be+ uncontam9at$1 is n only dang]\s b sometimes deadly4 ,c>eful physicians recomm5d t all wat] be filt]$1 b s _m ( ! filt]s are imp]fect & are s badly neglect$ t !re is no c]ta9ty t filt]$ wat] is entirely safe2 !re=e1 x may be said t ! only safe way is to boil all dr9k+ wat]4 ,z ! /reams & soil become m & m contam9at$ by unsanit>y conditions1 x is only 9 r>e cases t safe wat] c be secur$ naturally4 ,:5 wells or /reams become l[1 or :5 /reams are quickly flu%$ by heavy ra9s1 inv>iably !re is dang] t ! wat] :i* !y conta9 may be impure4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to provide an abundance ( wat]1 & t us$ = h\sehold purposes %\ld be treat$ 9 su* mann] z w make x entirely heal?ful4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! subject f f\r lead+ /&po9ts1 ^? ( less importance may be tak5 up4 ,x is usually n wise to pur*ase a f>m1 h[ev] well x may fulfil ! requirem5ts ( heal?fulness1 desirable environm5t & productivity1 if ! l&s by :i* x is surr\nd$ are poor1 s9ce man1 9 "o respect1 is l ! tree toad1 :i* p>takes l>gely ( ! color ( ! ?+ to :i* x adh]es4 ,! ,fr5* h a prov]b :i* runs 9 ?is wise3 8,tell me :]e y live1 & ,i w tell y y\r "n40 ,translat$ into mod]n ?\ght1 x w\ld read3 8,tell me y\r environm5t1 & ,i w tell y y\r "*40 ,beauty ( natural sc5]y may n be entirely ignor$1 al?\gh utility1 ! doll>1 mu/ be kept prom95tly 9 view4 ,"o c af=d to economize 9 ! liv+ exp5ses 9 _m ways n dream$ ( by ^? :o load ! f>m table ) a sup]abundance ( good ?+s1 if x be necess>y to d s1 to secure beautiful surr\nd+s4 ,x may be only a "q ( *oice betwe5 a mod]ate subsi/5ce & a reposeful environm5t1 or an ov]load$ table ) un9spir+ surr\nd+s4 ,natural z well z artificial beauty & pleasurable environm5t h _! values4 ,a c]ta9 lot on "o /reet sells = #a1jjj1 ano!r "o on ! same /reet = #ejj4 ,!y are bo? )9 easy rea* ( ! bus9ess c5t]1 on ! same /reet-c> l9e1 ( ! same size1 & h ! same elevation4 ,:y ! diff]5ce 9 price8 ,because ( environm5t4 ,a seat 9 ! dress circle at ! !at] co/s a doll>1 "o 9 ! peanut gall]y t5 c5ts4 ,! play c be se5 z well ) a glass 9 ! *eap seat z 9 ! m exp5sive "o4 ,!n environm5t has value1 z well z l& & build+s4 ,! value ( ! f>m may be greatly modifi$ by ! improvem5ts ^u x4 ,x is well to ask1 ,is ! h\se well locat$8 ,may x n h to be virtually rebuilt be=e x is at all satisfactory8 ,w x be necess>y to move & repair b>ns be=e !y are at all suit$ to _! purposes8 ,! improvem5ts may be too ext5d$ = ! ne$s ( ! pur*as]4 ,"s f>ms are ov]load$ ) build+s 7,fig4 #d72 "s h badly arrang$1 unsightly build+s1 too good to de/roy & too ugly & unh&y = ei!r economy or pleasure4 ,f>m build+s are n a direct s\rce ( income & are exp5sive to keep 9 repair2 !re=e1 !re w\ld bett] be a slight defici5cy ( !m ?an an ill arrang$ surplus4 ,all o!r p]man5t improvem5ts1 su* z or*>ds1 plantations1 f5ces1 & ! l1 %\ld be c>efully consid]$4 ,a good be>+ or*>d ( only a few acres may s]ve to furni% en\gh pr(it ea* ye> to liquidate taxes & int]e/ *>ges4 ,! or*>d may be *eap] at #ejj p] acre ?an ! balance ( ! f>m is at #ge p] acre1 or x may be only an incumbrance ( good l&4 ,is ! f>m naturally or artificially dra9$8 ,if n1 w #ce p] acre h to be sp5t 9 ?or\gh dra9+ be=e ! l& is really satisfactory8 ,if n dra9$1 w x br+ con/ant disappo9tm5t8 ,f5ces1 lanes & ! necessity = !m1 ! am\nt & location ( inf]ior l& z pa/ure l&1 ! k9d ( we$s ab\t ! f>m1 z well z ! am\nt1 k9d & location ( timb]1 %\ld be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,too _m build+s = eighty acres ( l&4 ,l& devot$ to m>ket-g>d5+ %\ld be ne> ! m>ket t[n :]e ! p]i%able products are to be sold4 ,vegetables %\ld rea* ! m>ket e>ly 9 _! season 9 a fre% & pres5table condition & *eaply1 if satisfactory pr(its are desir$4 ,!n l& :i* c be till$ e>ly 7w>m or s&y l&71 ?\gh x may conta9 a comp>atively small am\nt ( natural plant-food1 w be m satisfactory ?an ri*1 cold l& situat$ f>!r f ! m>ket4 ,an acre ( poor1 s&y l& ne> ! m>ket may be wor?1 to ! g>d5]1 ?ree or f\r times z mu* z an acre ( ! m di/ant f]tile upl&4 ,ne> ! t[n1 manures1 :i* are s necess>y to =ce _m m>ket-g>d5 products1 c be procur$ *eaply & 9 abundance4 ,! add$ di/ance ( ev5 "o or two miles f ! swit* or %ipp+ /ation may h an important effect on pr(its4 ,l& situat$ f> f m>ket may well be devot$ to /ock-rais+ & su* o!r products z may be m>ket$ infrequ5tly or at leisure4 ,z yet1 agricultural me?ods 9 ,am]ica are s new t !y h n adju/$ !mselves to ! gr[+ cities1 nor h specializ$ crops f\nd _! appropriate localities4 ,too (t5 are se5 truck f>ms locat$ half a score ( miles f ! city1 & ! meat-produc+ f>ms )9 sight ( x4 ,z ! c\ntry becomes old]1 ! v>i$ activities 9 agriculture w fit !mselves into _! appropriate localities1 z !y h already done 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! dairyman ( ! ,*annel isl&s has long s9ce le>n$ t ! piebald cattle ( ! p\ld]s are n suit$ to 8 wants1 & ! bo] ( ! l[l& kn[s t ! meek-ey$1 ?9-sk9n$ ,j]sey is n be/ adapt$ to 8 cold1 w9dy c\ntry & wet pa/ures4 ,co/ ( tillage %\ld be consid]$ :5 valu+ l&4 ,:5 produc$ on friable l&1 crops may be secur$ at mu* less co/ ?an on t5aci\s clay4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile s&y soils are ! mo/ easily cultivat$1 !y are ev] dem&+ m plant-food1 & h5ce are n well adapt$ to grass or g5]al agriculture1 z ! exp5se ( keep+ !m productive is usually s great z to preclude pr(its4 ,except 9 special cases1 z 9 truck f>m+1 x is *eap] to pur*ase natural plant-food 9 ! soil ?an artificial f]tility4 ,"o acre ( l& may h pot5tial plant-food suffici5t "u sup]ior tillage = "o hundr$ crops1 :ile ano!r unaid$ w yield b half z _m1 & yet ! two pieces ( l& are (t5 pric$ at ! same figure4 ,9 o!r words1 l& ( high productive p[] is usually *eap] ?an l& ( l[ productive p[]4 ,a good f>m may be *eap] at #ej p] acre ?an a poor "o z a gift4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 is ! road to ! f>m4 ,e free-born ,am]ican dem&s a public highway 9 front ( 8 h\se2 if f>ms are small !re mu/ !n be a highway ab\t e mile1 or1 at mo/1 e two miles4 ,?is leads to cutt+ up ! c\ntry into enl>g$ *eck]bo>ds1 to a multiplication ( highways s great t none ( !m c be kept passably good )\t ov]tax+ ! l& :i* adjo9s !m4 ,on acc\nt ( ! cont\r ( ! l& ov] :i* !y pass1 "s roads are extremely difficult & are well describ$ by ! man :o1 :5 ask$ h[ f> x 0 f a c]ta9 t[n to ano!r "o1 answ]$3 8,?irty miles1 & x's up hill bo? ways40 ,z ,i write ?is ,i look out ^u a wa%$ clay road :i* /ret*es up & on t[>ds ! horizon = six we>y miles1 s /eep t ! team mu/ ma9ta9 a walk = ! :ole di/ance 9 asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,:at is l& wor? at ! o!r end ( ?is road1 z comp>$ ) t :i* lies six miles away 9 ! o!r direction1 along a smoo?1 level pike8 ,e gr[n f>m boy %\ld h a good horse & a good road ^u :i* to drive1 if he be wor?y ( su* a noble animal z ! horse4 ,:5 he />ts = himself let him locate on a good road4 ,!re are always en\gh p]sons :o are n ?ankful = advice1 especially if x be 9 a book1 :o are look+ = *eap l& at ! end ( ! hilly road4 ,_m f>ms are pur*as$ by "y m5 j />t+ out 9 life be=e judgm5t has be5 develop$ by exp]i5ce1 :ile m5 ( mature ye>s take 9 ! :ole problem1 or r s]ies ( problems1 easily & at once4 ,! novice w\ld d well to make a li/ ( ! topics enum]at$ above1 & add to !m su* o!rs z appeal to 8 ta/es or conditions & !n /udy !m1 "o at a "t2 9 fact1 !re is no?+ left = ! "y man to d b to make out a score-c>d ^u :i* he records 8 judgm5t 9 numb]s z he inve/igates ea* phase ( ! difficult problem ( select+ a f>m4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,f>m] ,,to ,,! ,,lawy] ,d\btless m ?an "o read] w be a/oni%$1 p]haps ev5 horrifi$1 to ?9k t ! writ] %\ld s]i\sly sugge/ t !re ought to be any relation :atev] betwe5 ! f>m] & ! lawy]4 ,x has come to be g5]ally believ$ by _m f>m]s t lawy]s are at be/ a necess>y evil1 :i* x is well to avoid if possible2 b1 /range z x may appe>1 ?is v feel+ is responsible = mu* ( ! litigation1 ) its att5dant loss & sometimes ru91 9 :i* too _m f>m]s h be5 engag$4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is %ort *apt] to treat ( ! subject ( law1 or to try to lay d[n any rules to be bl9dly foll[$ 9 legal matt]s4 ,an old & le>n$ lawy]1 :o _h all 8 life be5 engag$ 9 a c\ntry practice1 once told me t ! mo/ prolific s\rces ( litigation 7 alleg$ text-books ( law1 be>+ su* allur+ & s$uctive titles z 8,e ,man 8 own ,lawy]10 or 8,! ,f>m]'s own ,law ,book40 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 a weal?y manufactur] ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york s5t a bright son to a law s*ool1 to help prep>e him = a bus9ess c>e]4 ,at ! end ( 8 c\rse ! pr\d fa!r 0 pres5t at comm5cem5t1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation ) 8 son1 said3 8,well1 ,john1 ,i suppose y h le>n$ a great deal40 ,john answ]$1 8,i h le>n$ "o ?+ :i* ,i ?9k is ( value2 & t is1 if any legal matt] comes up 9 ! c\rse ( my bus9ess1 to consult ! v be/ lawy] ,i c f9d40 ,t "y man _h really le>n$ some?+ wor? f> m ?an ! co/ ( 8 c\rse 9 ! college ( law4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no o!r ( ! s-call$ le>n$ pr(essions :i* is s exact+ & :i* requires m devotion & /udy = its ma/]y4 ,"s ( ! brighte/ m5 9 ?is c\ntry h devot$ a lifetime to ! /udy & practice ( law1 only to h j ent]$ its broad field z !y h be5 compell$ to lay d[n _! "w4 ,h[ futile1 !n1 w\ld be ! attempt to make e man 8 own lawy]6 ,! real purpose ( ?is *apt] is to op5 ! eyes ( ! f>m] to ! necessity ( a clos] relation%ip betwe5 himself & ! lawy]1--! family lawy]1 if y please1 hav+ 8 confid5ce to ! same ext5t z t ( ! family doctor4 ,mo/ f>m]s desire a com=table & a beautiful home1 & x is to aid su* t ?is book is writt54 ,su* a f>m] w\ld d\btless consult a build] or an ar*itect z to ! f\ndation1 walls1 plan & mat]ials ( ! home to be con/ruct$1 & he w\ld act wisely2 b h[ _m w\ld ?9k s f> z to consult a lawy] z to ! v f\ndation ^u :i* 8 home & 8 future happy occupancy ( x re/3 ! title to ! f>m4 ,too _m times he is satisfi$ ) ! s]vices ( ! village solons1--! %oemak] :o is a not>y public1 ! ju/ice ( ! peace1 or ! pettifogg] :o daily ov]rules ! supreme c\rt or ! c\rt ( appeals4 ,ye>s aft] he has pur*as$ 8 f>m1 he f9ds1 p]haps1 t "s man has giv5 a de$ ^: wife has n sign$1 & ^u ! dea? ( ! woman's husb& our f>m] fri5d is confront$ ) a law suit2 & he f9ds t ?is wife1 :o did n sign ! de$1 is entitl$ to d[] 9 8 f>m1 ! use ( "o-?ird ( its value at ! "t h] husb& gave ! de$1 = life4 ,su* cases are frequ5t1 & might easily be prev5t$ by submitt+ an ab/ract ( ! title to a lawy] at a co/ ( #e or less4 ,! flaw 9 ! title may be a mortgage or judgm5t1 or a failure ( all ! heirs ( a deceas$ p]son1 some:]e along ! *a9 ( title1 to jo9 9 ! de$2 all ( :i* might be ov]look$ by ! ord9>y bus9ess man1 & yet be readily detect$ by a lawy]4 ,"s day ! f>m] may be annoy$ by ! encroa*m5t ( a neighbor ^u 8 f>m1 &1 :5 9 ! mid/ ( a litigation1 f9d t ! description ( 8 f>m is s defective t !re is no relief4 ,i h 9 my possession a de$ ( a valuable f>m conta9+ ?is description3 8,beg9n+ on ! ---- road at ! s\? end ( a pile ( f\r-foot wood2 runn+ !nce we/w>dly to a black *]ry tree1 !nce nor!rly to a /ake1 !nce ea/]ly to a p9e /ump 9 ! c5t] ( ! road1 & !nce s\!rly to ! place ( beg9n+1 conta9+ #ajj acres1 m or less40 ,= fifty ye>s ?is description has be5 copi$1 a score ( times1 by ! v>i\s ju/ices ( ! peace & not>ies public ( ! neighbor+ hamlet1 b =tunately1 h[ev]1 x has nev] devolv$ ^u ! own]s to e/abli% ! b\nd>ies ( t f>m4 ,! fir/ lawy] :o got hold ( ?is p>ticul> de$ insi/$ ^u su* a description z w\ld be tangible & c]ta94 ,n _m ye>s ago a mortgage on a valuable f>m 9 ,tompk9s c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 0 =eclos$1 & dur+ ! =eclosure x 0 discov]$ t ?is mortgage cov]$ ab\t fifty acres ( ,cayuga lake1 & :at _h be5 suppos$ to be a valuable mortgage 0 depreciat$ "o-half by reason ( ! neglect & incompet5ce ( ! c\ntry conveyanc]4 ,s1 too1 !re are que/ions z to l9e f5ces1 wat] c\rses1 rights ( way1 encroa*m5t ^u ! highway1 & an innum]able tra9 ( ?reat5+ evils1 cont9ually aris+1 any "o ( :i*1 if neglect$ or ref]r$ to ! _m wiseacres common to e community1 may lead to co/ly litigation1 or ev5 to ! loss ( ! f>m itself4 ,a bit ( c\nsel at ! "r "t1 :i* is :5 ! matt] fir/ appe>s1 w prev5t1 at trifl+ co/1 all ! att5dant evils ( a law suit4 ,su* in/ances are v common 9 ! exp]i5ce ( e lawy] :o enjoys ev5 a mod]ate c\ntry practice2 & x is an al>m+ fact t p]haps fifty p] c5t ( ! titles to all ! f>ms1 especially 9 ! old] /ates1 h flaws m or less s]i\s1 any "o ( :i* is a microbe ( tr\ble1 liable to ass]t itself :5 lea/ expect$4 ,?is be+ s1 ! g5]al & inflexible rule %\ld ev] prevail1 nev] to take a de$ ( prop]ty )\t an ab/ract ( title :i* has be5 exam9$ by a compet5t attorney4 ,! s-call$ maxims ( law1 (t5 repeat$ & di/ort$1 especially 9 f>m+ communities1 are extremely dang]\s to foll[4 ,!y may h "s f\ndation 9 fact1 b z almo/ all rules ( law h _! exceptions1 & z no "o n v]s$ 9 ! law is compet5t to pass ^u !m1 !y %\ld nev] be bl9dly foll[$ by a layman4 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t3 ,n long ago a prosp]\s f>m]1 rely+ ^u ! (t-repeat$ ass]tion t tw5ty ye>s ( peaceable possession gave title1 became involv$ 9 a lawsuit ) ! t[n ov] a f5ce :i* _h be5 built 9 ! highway adjac5t to 8 f>m4 ,he 0 an a/oni%$ man :5 ! lawy] :om he consult$ told him t possession = a ?\s& ye>s ( ! l& claim$ w\ld n give him title z aga9/ ! public4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible t a f>m]1 :o w drive 8 horse = miles to h him %od by an exp]t1 or :o w summon a vet]9>ian to treat a sick c[1 w be satisfi$ to consult :at someone has brightly t]m$ a necessity lawy]1--because necessity kn[s no law1--^u matt]s affect+ 8 f>m1 8 home1 or 8 compet5ce1 r ?an ! exp]i5c$ lawy]4 ,! c[ might be replac$ = =ty or fifty doll>s if a mi/ake 0 made1 b ! f>m1 ! compet5ce1 h co/ a lifetime ( labor4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ example ( neglect on ! "p ( ! f>m] is 9 reg>d to ! disposal ( ! fruits ( 8 life-"w4 ,x is true t anybody c draw a w1 & yet ! fact t m5 & wom5 all[ anybody to draw _! wills is productive ( m fat fees ?an arise f any o!r s\rce4 ,n long ago an acqua9tance1 :o did n realize ! tru? ( ! old adage t 8a little k is a dang]\s ?+10 drew 8 own w1 &1 be+ *ildless1 s\ght to leave 8 prop]ty to 8 wife1 :o _h be5 ! p>tn] ( 8 labors 9 a long life ( toil4 ,! law ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york requires two witnesses to a w4 ,he procur$ only "o1 & ^u 8 dea? ! prop]ty1 :i* husb& & wife _h ) s mu* toil secur$1 0 = ! mo/ "p scatt]$ among di/ant relatives1 almo/ /rang]s1 because he 0 afraid ( lawy]s & _! fees4 ,9 all ! v>i$ bus9ess :i* a f>m] w meet1--! giv+ ( notes1 mortgages1 etc41 or1 bett]1 ! tak+ ( mortgages1 bills ( sale1 & promissory notes1--x is well to rememb] t diff]5t conditions ( fact make necess>y diff]5t int]pretations ( ! law1 & t x is usually unsafe to foll[ a neighborhood prec$5t4 ,(t5times y may be call$ ^u to transact bus9ess :]e x is n conv5i5t to consult a lawy]4 ,9 su* cases1 & 9 all transactions ( any magnitude or possible importance1 all talk1 or ! ess5ce ( x1 %\ld be r$uc$ to writ+4 ,!n x _c get away or be di/ort$ or =gott51 & is 9 good %ape to submit1 at ! fir/ opportunity1 to y\r lawy]1 :o1 if an error has be5 made1 c1 :ile ! matt] is fre%1 m easily correct x4 ,rememb] t a contract is simply a meet+ ( ! m9ds ( ! contract+ p>ties1 & ! be/ drawn contract possible is "o t /ates1 9 language simple & concise1 :at ea* means z express$ by ^w ( m\?4 ,mo/ ( ! litigation s mu* fe>$ by ! f>m] is due to ! f>m] himself & 8 neglect to seek an ounce ( prev5tive4 ,x is true t !re are rascally lawy]s2 s1 too1 !re are di%one/ m5 9 e trade1 occupation or pr(ession1 b !y are g5]ally easily locat$4 ,if ?is *apt] %all lead ! f>m] to feel t 8 bus9ess is f>m+1 t 8a jack-at-all-trades is ma/] ( none10 & t ! law1 ju/ly int]pret$ & en=c$ by ^? :o "k x ?or\ghly & well1 is to be ! f\ndation ( 8 success1 ! gu>antee ( 8 home ?r\gh life1 & ! *annel ( its prop] disposal aft] dea?1 !n x has n be5 writt5 9 va94 ,rememb] t ! prov9ce ( ! true lawy] is to keep 8 cli5t out ( tr\ble1 r ?an to get him out ( tr\ble4 ,an hone/ lawy]1 ( :om1 ?ank ,heav51 !re are v _m1 not)/&+ ! popul> prejudice ( ^? :o h suff]$ f litigation1 w always try to /e] y cle> ( litigation & loss4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 always consult a lawy] 9 matt]s affect+ y\r f>m or prop]ty4 ,! av]age fees ( a lifetime w n exce$ fifty doll>s1 & (t5times valuable advice w be giv5 free4 ,select "o 9 :om y h confid5ce1 & /ick to him4 ,become 8 fri5d1 & let ! relation be "o ( mutual confid5ce4 ,d n neglect to ask him a "q because y fe> he w ?9k y dumb2 he probably kn[s less ab\t f>m+ ?an y d ab\t law4 ,he w ne$ y\r advice & influ5ce 9 m9or matt]s z mu* z y ne$ 84 ,call on him :5 y are 9 t[n1 & he w be glad to see y4 ,v (t5 he w answ] y\r "q gratis4 ,:5 he *>ges y :at may seem a l>ge fee1 rememb] t y are pay+ = skill$ labor1 & t y are entitl$ to exp5d z mu* = ! possible welf>e & happ9ess ( y\r family z y exp5d ^u ! *oice /ock 9 y\r /ables4 ,f>m]s1 m ?an any o!r class ( m51 p]haps1 are prone to neglect legal matt]s1 or place !m 9 incompet5t h&s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,locat+ ,,! ,,h\se ,s9ce m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! life ( ! f>m] & 8 family are sp5t 9 sight ( home1 m ?an "o-half ( life 9 ! h\se1 & m ?an "o-f\r? 9 b$1 ! h\se1 ! place :]e !y live1 %\ld receive mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,hav+ secur$ suffici5t l& to ma9ta9 a home1 & hav+ made c]ta9 t ^! l&s are productive & pr(itable1 a problem is pres5t$ 9 locat+ & build+ ! h\se :i* dem&s a high degree ( intellig5ce1 long1 pa9/ak+ /udy1 & a good und]/&+ ( :at con/itutes fitness1 beauty & durability4 ,life 9 ! c\ntry gives "o ! idea ( repose1 ( /r5g? & bread?1 ( l>g5ess1 ( solidity & durability1 ( heal?y1 symmetrical1 solid developm5t4 ,?+s :i* are evanesc5t1 unreal1 %oddy2 ?+s :i* are simply = %[ or vulg> display2 ?+s :i* h ! appe>ance ( ap+ t :i* may be appropriate "u diff]5t conditions1 b are totally out ( place 9 rural life1 mu/ be avoid$ if utility1 natural beauty & com=t1 economy & repose are to be secur$4 ,! pione] 9 ! wood$ di/ricts built ! home 9 "s seque/]$ nook or valley at ! base ( ! hill or table l&1 :]e ! spr+ or ! /ream issu$ f ! wood-cov]$ heights4 ,! rural h\se ( ! pione] all[$ free circulation ( ! fro/y air2 ! problem ( v5tilation !y solv$ )\t kn[+ x4 ,unwitt+ly !y adopt$ ! correct pr9ciple2 viz41 v5tilation by _m small1 g5tle /reams ( air in/ead ( by a few l>ge op5+s1 :i* create dang]\s drafts4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t our =efa!rs ov]did ! v5tilation 9 mo/ cases1 & rheumatism & *ilbla9s 7 ! result2 b ! pr9ciple 0 correct4 ,n[ ! spr+ has dri$ up1 ! wat] f ! de=e/$ hills comes ru%+ to ! l[l&s until ! /reams ov]fl[ _! banks1 & ^! & o!r *ang$ conditions indicate t ! future f>m/eads %\ld be erect$ on high] l&1 on ! slopes ( ! hills4 ,f ! "o extreme we h gone1 9 "s cases1 to ! o!r1 & ! home has be5 built on ! v apex ( "s l(ty hill4 ,su* locations may be well adapt$ = summ] resid5ces1 :]e little or no f>m+ is c>ri$ on1 b are n suitable = ! f>m home4 ,n[ t ! h\se is con/ruct$ by m skill$ workm5 ?an =m]ly1 & out ( bett] mat]ial1 !re is little ne$ ( locat+ ! home 9 ! %elt]$ nook1 except possibly 9 ! extreme nor?1 or on pla9s subject to tornadoes4 ,! object 9 locat+ ! h\se on some:at elevat$ l&s is f\rfold4 ,fir/1 air dra9age4 ,9 deep1 crook$1 n>r[ valleys ! air is pocket$1 especially at night1 & ! damp1 cold air settles 9 ! l[e/ l& z c]ta9ly z wat] f9ds ! l[-ly+ pool4 ,9 ^! pockets betwe5 ! hills1 fro/s come e>ly & rema9 late4 ,:ile travel+ 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 ! late summ] & fall1 ,i c\ld n b obs]ve h[ e little break 9 ! hillside & e n>r[ valley 0 fill$ at sunrise1 to ! cre/ ( ! adjo9+ hill1 ) a d5se fog4 ,sl[ly ! sun1 z x approa*$ ! z5i?1 dissipat$ ! fog1 b ! n>r[ valleys 7 (t5 free f fog = only a few h\rs ea* day4 ,"h ! home might be situat$ well up ! m\nta9 side1 z %[n at ! "r 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,a h\se 9 ! bottom ( ! valley & "o on ! m\nta9 side4 ,9 a little pocket ab\t tw5ty feet deep1 =m$ by hills1 ) a road embankm5t at its m\?1 fruits fail$1 al?\gh !y fl\ri%$ on ! adjo9+ l&1 :]e !re 0 good air dra9age 7,fig4 #f74 ,if fruits d n ?rive on ^! undra9$ areas1 ! natural conclusion is t ! *ildr5 w n4 ,x is f\nd t ! upp] /ories ( city build+s are heal?i] ?an ! l[] ones1 & t ! gr\nd floor is ! mo/ unheal?y ( all4 ,?is is ! only objection to a "o-/ory h\se4 ,on ! level prairies little opportunity is (f]$ = locat+ ! h\se above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,=tunately1 _m ( ! prairies are undulat+1 & furni% mo/ beautiful locations = c\ntry homes4 ,mu* may be done1 ev5 9 ! level c\ntry1 to ov]come ! disadvantages ( ! site by plac+ ! cell> ( ! h\se only two or ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd & grad+ up to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! top ( ! wall4 ,a pool or two1 or a m9iature lake ne> ! b>ns1 & skilful plant+ ( trees w l5d a div]sity & *>m well wor? ! att5tion & "t giv5 to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,a fro/y pocket4 ,a pool may be made by scoop+ a place 9 h>d e>? or by damm+ a /ream 7,fig4 #g74 ,if no wat] is all[$ to fl[ ov] ! dam & x is rais$ "s two feet above ! ov]fl[s1 x w s]ve e purpose z well z an exp5sive gr\t or /one /ructure4 ,x w be notic$ 9 ! picture t provision has be5 made by digg+ %all[ dit*es on ! "r & left = c>ry+ (f ! surplus wat] :5 ! m9iature lake is full4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! dam1 a tr5* two feet wide1 at "r angles to ! /ream1 %\ld be dug to ! dep? ( "o foot1 or until solid gr\nd1 unmix$ ) vegetable matt]1 is rea*$4 ,fill ! tr5* ) clayey e>? :i* is free f humus1 :i* w prev5t ! dam f leak+ at ! bottom :]e x meets ! natural soil4 ,! /ream :i* fe$s ! lake or pond %\ld be small1 & ne$ n be p]5nial if ! dam is rais$ z high z x %\ld be4 ,if ! wat] is damm$ back to ! dep? ( twelve to f\rte5 feet1 & ! banks ( ! pond are r /eep 7,a1 ,fig4 #g71 a cool1 useful m9iature lake w be =m$1 & n an unsightly m>%1 dur+ ! dry mon?s ( summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,a useful pond4 ,dryi%1 gravelly soil & subsoil is to be mu* pref]r$ z a site = a h\se to clayey or d>k1 damp soil :i* conta9s mu* humus4 ,if ! ideal soil _c be secur$1 !n ?or\gh dra9age %\ld be provid$4 ,9 locat+ on a g5tle declivity1 !re is a con/ant t5d5cy = wat] to p5etrate ! wall next ! hillside or to pass "u ! wall & appe> 9 ! bottom ( ! cell>4 ,unless ?is c c]ta9ly be prev5t$1 ano!r location _h bett] be select$4 ,! h\se %\ld be situat$ on some:at elevat$ gr\nd1 to promote bo? surface & h\se dra9age4 ,if x is ! purpose to introduce into ! h\se m wat] ?an has be5 furni%$ h]et(ore1 !n full provision %\ld be made = c>ry+ all wa/e wat] & fecal matt] to a safe di/ance f ! h\se1 & to d ?is beyond a p]adv5ture1 suffici5t fall mu/ be secur$ to give p]man5cy to ! "w & an unob/ruct$ outlet4 ,"o ( ! objections urg$ aga9/ a c\ntry home is t x is 8too quiet10 too mu* %ut up f ! outside _w4 ,?is1 9 "p1 is true4 ,x detracts mu* f ! enjoym5t & beauty ( ! c\ntry home if vision is %ut 9 to a few acres j ab\t ! h\se4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] is n cont5t to live "u ! conditions :i* delight ! ,transvaal ,dut* f>m]1 s isolat$ t he _c see ! smoke f 8 neighbor's *imney nor he> ! b>k ( 8 neighbor's dog4 ,:5 visit+ ! home ( ! ,hon4 ,edw9 ,morgan1 ,i f\nd t he 0 hav+ ?ree l>ge trees cut d[n4 ,x seem$ to ! un9/ruct$ l v&alism4 ,:5 ask$ ! reason = sacrific+ ^! noble trees1 n\ri%$ & t5d$ = half a c5tury1 he answ]$3 8,i h _m m trees1 b ,i h b "o lake--,cayuga--& ,i mu/ h vi/as ?r\gh :i* ,i c wat* ! :ite sail1 ! cre/$ waves1 ! ev]-*ang+ colors ( ! wat] z ! w9ds op5 vi/as 9 ! fleecy cl\ds4 ,i love ! trees n less1 b ! s(t reflection ( ! moonbeams on ! rippl+ wave m1 & s ! trees mu/ give way40 ,! outlook f ! v9e-cov]$ v]&a %\ld be broad & ext5d$4 ,if possible1 ! hill & dale1 ! /ream & wood1 neighbors' h\ses ne/l$ 9 plantations ( trees & %rubs1 all %\ld be 9 sight4 ,z life advances1 ,i see m & m cle>ly ! effect ( t noble lake1 its n[ boi/]\s n[ placid surface ( ! rippl+ wat] :i* lav$ ! /ony bea*4 ,i see its effect on t 8t[-head$0 lad :o at "o "t brea/$ ! waves1 at ano!r sat dreamily ca/+ pebbles into ! cle> expanse1 wond]+ :at life _h 9 /ore1 :at ! great unkn[n _w (f]$ = ! nut-br[n1 high-temp]$1 crude c\ntry boy4 ,!n plant ! c\ntry home :]e nature 9 h] happie/ moods has %[]$ h] ri*e/ gifts6 ,b beauty loses mu* ( its *>m :]e heal?y vigor gives n ! p[] to appreciate & enjoy x4 ,s ! h\se %\ld be locat$ on a heal?y em95ce4 ,b x is n easy to f9d a location :i* %all comb9e conv5i5ce1 beauty1 air & wat] dra9age1 & heal?fulness all 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,9 ! case ( ! f>m]1 conv5i5ce z to c>ry+ on ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! f>m & heal?fulness are p>am\nt4 ,dra9age may be artificially improv$1 vi/as op5$1 m9iature lakes con/ruct$1 & surr\nd+s made m beautiful4 ,! f>m & its equipm5t is ! work%op1 & mu/ be conv5i5t 9 all its appo9tm5ts1 or mu* en]gy is sp5t = naught2 heal? mu/ be ma9ta9$ at ! highe/1 or "w may become b toil & drudg]y4 ,9 locat+ a h\se1 its relation to ! size ( ! f>m1 its productiv5ess & agricultural capabilities %\ld be consid]$4 ,9 locat+ ! site1 two places %\ld be c>efully avoid$3 ,fir/1 at ! end ( a long lane 9 ! middle ( ! f>m4 ,x may be said t ! build+s =m ! natural nucleus 9 & ar\nd :i* ! "w c5t]s1 & !re=e !y %\ld be plac$ ne> ! middle ( ! e/ate4 ,b ! "w c>ri$ on 9 ! fields =ms b a small "p ( ! f>m]'s activities4 ,he mu/ ev]1 9 ^! mod]n times1 be 9 t\* ) ! s*ool1 ! *ur*1 ! po/ (fice1 ! railway1 ! m>ket1 & 8 neighbors4 ,:5 an infrequ5t call is made at ! end ( ?is long lane1 ! *ildr5 appe> l fright5$ de] z !y seek %elt] 9 ! %rubb]y or beh9d ! corn] ( a build+1 & ! m ! inh]it$ timidity & res]ve1 ! wild] !y appe>4 ,! o!r location to be avoid$ is )9 a few feet ( ! highway4 ,su* locations are only admissible 9 ! city1 :]e l& sells by ! squ>e foot4 ,:at =tunes are sometimes sp5t 9 ! city to secure "s amplitude ( space betwe5 ! du/y1 noisy /reet & ! resid5ce6 ,:at dignity & repose an ample1 well kept h\se-y>d gives to ev5 a pla91 mode/ h\se6 ,! effect ( ! mi/ake ( locat+ ! h\se too close to ! highway is (t5 acc5tuat$ by locat+ ! b>ns on ! o!r side & imm$iately ^u ! highway1 & 9 front ( ! h\se4 ,! location ( ! h\se1 z to ! highway1 %\ld be gov]n$1 9 "p1 by ! size & productive p[] ( ! f>m4 ,if ample acres & means are available1 !n ! gr\nds %\ld be ample2 if limit$1 ! gr\nds %\ld be made to correspond4 ,9 mod]ate-siz$ hold+s1 a cle> space ( f #ajj to #bjj feet betwe5 ! h\se & ! highway1 & wid? equal to or exce$+ ! l5g?1 w give room = a few %ade trees & an ample grass plat4 ,! site %\ld be ei!r suit$ to ! h\se or ! h\se to ! site4 ,!re=e1 ! "* ( ! propos$ h\se & ! site %\ld be consid]$ at ! same "t4 ,"o location may be suit$ to a "o-/ory1 ano!r to a two-/ory h\se4 ,no location is suit$ to a /ory-&-a-half h\se4 ,x may be said t on mo/ f>ms ! h\se is already locat$1 & has gr\p$ ar\nd x plantations & b>ns4 ,9 _m cases x w\ld be inexp$i5t to *ange ! site ( ! h\se1 z ?is w\ld necessitate _m *anges ( outbuild+s & o!r p]man5t improvem5ts4 ,b if a c>eful inspection is made ( f>m/eads1 x w appe> t _m ( ! h\ses are 9 ne$ ( repairs & additions1 & t ! co/ ( mak+ !m w\ld be b slightly increas$ if ei!r ! h\se or ! outbuild+s 7 remov$ to a m desirable site4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases1 ! old b>ns %\ld be ga!r$ toge!r into "o /ructure1 or into two at mo/1 & adapt$ to ! ne$s ( mod]n agriculture 7z w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]74 ,all *anges presuppose well matur$ plans & long & c>eful /udy ( problems :i* w h to be solv$ if ! location ( ! h\se or b>n is *ang$4 ,! scope1 & p>ticul>ly ! co/1 ( ! *anges %\ld be kn[n approximately be=e ! execution ( ! plan beg9s4 8,= :i* ( y1 int5d+ to build a t[]1 sitte? n d[n & c\nte? ! co/1 :e!r he h suffici5t to f9i% x8 ,le/ haply aft] he ha? laid ! f\ndation1 & is n able to f9i% x1 all t behold x beg9 to mock him1 say+1 ?is man began to build & 0 n able to f9i%40 ,f> bett] live 9 ! old h\se1 ) its inconv5i5ces1 & get ! greate/ possible happ9ess out ( ! anci5t /ructure1 ?an to build a new "o & cov] x ) %9+ pa9ts ( _m colors & a mortgage :i* /icks long] ?an ! pa9ts4 ,"s ( ^! old f>m h\ses embody _m beautiful & reposeful *>act]i/ics1 are well locat$1 & ne$ only slight modifications to make !m fit ! site z nicely z a bird fits its ne/4 ,if ?\ght c be awak5$ z to ! possibilities ( ^! neglect$ homes & "s in=mation imp>t$ z to _! treatm5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 if ! eyes & und]/&+ c be tra9$ to take 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( beauty1 dignity1 fitness1 & repose1 we %all soon see few] ar*itectural mon/rosities4 ,t !re are n m is a wond]4 ,:at lad or lass has ev] _h ! slighte/ in/ruction by tea*] 9 rural or city s*ool along ! l9es ( fitness1 beauty1 & heal?fulness ( sites = c\ntry homes8 ,! few y\?s :o rea* ! in/itutions ( high] le>n+ are sc>cely bett] (f4 ,"s ( ^! are taught to see ! beauties & wond]s ( nature ?r\gh a microscope1 &1 9 r>e cases1 "o may be taught to obs]ve ! l9es ( symmetry & =m z exhibit$ 9 a poor pla/] ca/ ( "s my?ological ,roman w>rior2 b z = any in/ruction :i* leads directly to a broad und]/&+ or ke5 appreciation ( nature 9 h] broad]1 happi]1 & gr&] aspects1 x is pa9fully conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,s1 is x any wond] t ! f>m] is defici5t 9 appreciation ( ! fitness & beauty ( ! tree-clad1 g5tly roll+ plateau = a home site1 :5 ! 8lib]ally0 educat$ fail to see ! innum]able beauty-spots :i* cov] ! face ( nature8 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,plann+ ,,rural ,,build+s ,! f>m h\se is n :at is call$1 a 8pay+ inve/m5t40 ,x is n a direct s\rce ( income2 nei!r c ! o!r rural build+s be said to produce a direct income4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! f>m h\se c fulfil b f\r purposes if prop]ly plann$ & well con/ruct$3 ! h\se may s]ve to keep ! family w>m 9 cold wea!r1 cool 9 hot wea!r1 dry 9 wet wea!r1 & to gratify a love = ! beautiful4 ,s9ce ! f>m h\se z a pay+ inve/m5t is usually a failure1 if x does n supply ! wants ( ! h\sehold & fulfil its object1 x becomes a failure inde$4 ,! fir/ great mi/ake :i* ! prosp]\s f>m] usually makes is to inve/ too mu* money 9 exp5sive1 ha/ily plann$ build+s4 ,! h\se %\ld be built to s]ve its inmates2 too (t5 ! inmates become ! s]vants ( ! h\se4 ,a f>m]'s wife _c well af=d to devote "o room 9 ! ov]cr[d$ h\se to ! /orage ( exp5sive1 useless uphol/]y & bric-a-brac1 nor "t to keep !m pres5table & 9 ord]4 ,! debt incurr$ = a "p ( ! pur*ase price ( ! f>m =bids ! employm5t ( help to keep 9 ord] ?is home museum ( ?+s useful & beautiful1 & ?+s useless & ugly4 ,if pla9ness1 durability1 & natural beauty 9 p>lor1 sitt+-room & *amb] w\ld only become fa%ionable1 :at a burd5 w\ld be remov$ f ! %\ld]s ( h\sewives1 bo? 9 c\ntry & city6 ,! "t is at h& :5 heal? & intellig5ce %\ld c\nt = m among ,am]ican wom5 ?an %[ & ! possession ( a m9iature uphol/]y %op4 ,! furni%+s ( ! rooms %\ld m9i/] to ! com=t ( _! own]1 & n t5d to make life burd5some4 ,n infrequ5tly f>m]s ( en]gy & ability become possess$ ( m ?an a compet5ce ne> ! close ( life4 ,hav+ liv$ 9 some:at re/rict$ circum/ances1 !y ?9k to make ! close ( life m com=table & luxuri\s4 ,s1 not)/&+ ! fact t mo/ ( ! *ildr5 h left ! pat]nal ro(1 !y set ab\t build+ a l>ge h\se1 te> d[n or remodel1 & add to ! outbuild+s2 & at ! close ( life !y leave ! possessions encumb]$ & a f>m ov]load$ ) build+s z an inh]itance to a *ild unable1 by reason ( y\? & inexp]i5ce1 to secure a compet5ce suffici5t to live & keep up repairs4 ,a beautiful f>m ( #ahj acres1 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 is provid$ ) ! foll[+ build+s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,! build+s on a #ahj-;acre f>m4 ,a h\se1 "p #b-1 & "p #a-/ory1 #aaj feet long4 ,a horse b>n1 #cj by #hj feet4 ,a gra9 b>n1 #dj by #hj feet4 ,a /raw %$1 #bj by #cj feet4 ,a ma*9]y & husk+ b>n1 #bj by #hj feet4 ,a hay b>n1 #af by #cj feet4 ,a c>t %$ & *ick5 h\se1 #bj by #bd feet4 ,a pigg]y1 #bj by #bd feet4 ,a corn crib1 #ab by #ah feet4 ,a c>riage h\se1 #bd by #cb feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,! f>m h\se t is too big = ! f>m4 ,"s ( ?is lay-out is %[n 9 ,figures #h1 #i1 & #aj4 ,^! build+s c\ld n h co/ less ?an #ae1jjj4 ,a fair valuation ( ! f>m at ! pres5t "t w\ld be #ad1jjj to #af1jjj4 ,! family :i* n[ occupies ! h\se consi/s ( man & wife1 "o *ild1 & two regul> employes1 "o ( :om has 8 own home4 ,! fa!r ov]load$ ! f>m ) build+s1 8 son is /ruggl+ to keep !m 9 repair1 & ! wife labors to keep unus$ rooms pres5table4 ,^! build+s might well s]ve = a section ( l& & a family ( tw5ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,scatt]$ f>m build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a cosy f>m h\se4 ,ano!r h\se n f> f ?is "o 0 built ne>ly a c5tury ago 7,fig4 #aa74 ,if ! upp] /ory 0 a full in/ead ( a half-/ory1 x w\ld fulfil all ! dem&s ( a h\se1 except possibly beauty4 ,x /&s on a r /eep front slope1 :i* /ops abruptly on ! %ore ( "o ( our beautiful inl& lakes 7,fig4 #ab74 ,by reason ( ! /eep incl9e at ! front ( ! h\se1 a tall build+ w\ld be f> less beautiful ?an ?is lean-to1 sev]ely pla9 /ructure4 ,?is simple old h\se has a re/ful1 almo/ beautiful appe>ance :5 view$ 9 conjunction ) ! trees1 ! /eep1 slop+ lawn1 & ! broad1 placid lake4 ,! %ad$ v]&a gives ! idea ( social repose f> m ?an does ! =mal1 /iff1 re/rict$ "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 :i* has sc>cely room = two easy *airs1 & is s con/ruct$ t no grateful %ade is secur$4 ,woe be to ! man :o de/roys ?is re/ful old h\se & sub/itutes = x a l(ty1 n>r[-wai/$ "o adorn$ ) peaks & spires1 bay w9d[s & a filigree cornice6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! lake view 9 front ( ! h\se4 ,be=e gr\nd is brok5 = ! f\ndation1 c>efully consid]$ plans suit$ to ! site1 ! size & productiv5ess ( ! f>m1 & ! probable income1 %\ld h be5 made4 ,x may be said t ! size ( ! h\se %\ld be gov]n$ by ! size1 or ! probable size1 ( ! family4 ,b 8x is bett] to dwell 9 ! corn] ( ! h\se-top ?an 9 a wide h\se0 ) insuffici5t means to ma9ta9 x4 ,! g5]al plans %\ld be outl9$ at lea/ a ye> be=e a new build+ or ext5sive enl>gem5t ( ! old is begun4 ,! h\ses :i* are to be built 9 ! future %\ld be plann$ ) a view to great] economy1 conv5i5ce1 beauty1 & durability4 ,!re is n[ little excuse = erect+ poor1 uncom=table1 inconv5i5t h\ses on ! f>m4 ,true1 ! rural population is h&icapp$1 = few city ar*itects h made any /udy ( ! pla9 rural h\se1 & few] h paid any att5tion :atev] to f>m b>n con/ruction4 ,ev5 if ar*itects _h giv5 att5tion to ! ne$s ( ! rural population1 ! f>m] w\ld feel t he c\ld h>dly af=d to pay #ajj to #bjj = ! plans ( a h\se co/+ #a1jjj to #b1jjj1 exclusive ( ! labor :i* ! own]1 8 m5 & teams 7 able to p]=m ^u x4 ,! task ( plann+ a c\ntry h\se is too great = ! c\ntry c>p5t]2 he _c ev5 int]pret plans correctly2 8 range ( obs]vation & tra9+ h be5 too limit$4 ,!n1 :o is to plan ! h\se8 ,:y1 ! f>m] & 8 family1 & x w take at lea/ two ye>s ( /udy & obs]vation ( o!r h\ses & _! mod]n conv5i5ces be=e intellig5t1 crude plans & in/ructions are ready to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! draughtsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a h\se ( sev5 gables4 ,few p]sons are orig9al2 !re=e1 if ! little conv5i5ces :i* help to light5 "w & make life m pleasurable are to f9d a place 9 ! h\se1 !y mu/ be se5 9 o!r h\ses4 ,all m5 h m ideas ?an any "o man2 !re=e1 ! range ( /udy %\ld be wide1 t :atev] is suitable to ! conditions may be adopt$4 ,aft] hav+ built _m f>m h\ses & b>ns1 & hav+ made a long & mo/ c>eful /udy ( !m1 ,i e/imate t f #cj to #dj p] c5t ( ! co/ ( f>m build+s is useless1 & sometimes worse ?an ?r[n away4 ,a small f>m h\se on a mode/-siz$ f>m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! site is beautiful1 & is wor?y ( a h\se bett] fitt$ to ! situation1 ! f>m1 & ! f>m]4 ,! illu/ration %[s sev5 gables1 & ! h\se1 !re=e1 might s]ve z a model = a "w ( fiction2 b ! left-h& side ( ! h\se is l unto ! "r-h& side1 s x w n d = fiction1 = if ! tru? mu/ be told1 !re are elev5 gables & tw5ty-two valleys on ?is h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,filigree "w is exp5sive1 & does n look well on a f>m h\se4 ,! v9e-cov]$ v]&a is mo/ beautiful1 & looks cool & com=table1 b !re are too _m v9es1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few days 9 summ] at midday1 ! air "u ?is v]&a w\ld be damp & uncom=table4 ,x is f> bett] to secure %ade by means ( awn+s & a few tall1 well trimm$ %ade trees1 :i* preclude dampness & p]mit air dra9age1 ?an to ov]burd5 ! v]&a ) v9es4 ,! cov]+ ( ?is v]&a is an unprotect$ floor1 & ext5ds along ! front & well ar\nd bo? sides4 ,notice ! too exp5sive balu/rade & frequ5t fancy po/s1 an enl>g$ section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,all ( ?is exp5sive wood5 mat]ial is expos$ to our ev]-*angeful1 pa9t-de/roy+ climate4 ,! t9smi?1 ! pa9t]1 & ! c>p5t] w reap a ri* h>ve/ if ! ext]nal "p ( ?is h\se is kept 9 ord]4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to call att5tion to ! *amb]s1 :i*1 ( necessity1 mu/ be ( su* a "* z to preclude com=t1 beauty & repose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,gr\nd plan ( a h\se :i* is out ( "* on a f>m4 ,a h\se built aft] ! gr\nd plan1 ,fig4 #ae1 might make a n unpleas+ picture 9 ! l&scape1 b x w\ld n be appropriate = ! f>m1 & w\ld be unnecess>ily exp5sive 9 con/ruction & ma9t5ance4 ,x w\ld be difficult to heat1 on acc\nt ( ! great surface exposure due to ! brok5 outl9es & num]\s corn]s1 :i* are seldom air-tight4 ,! /yle might n be altoge!r inappropriate = a *eap seaside cottage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,a good model = a f>m h\se1 hav+ /rong l9es & mu* "*4 ,a re> view ( a some:at l>g] h\se is giv5 7,fig4 #af74 ,x w\ld n cause ! pass]by to /op & />e4 ,x may be comp>$ to a well1 appropriately1 & simply dress$ lady1 :ile ! o!r is a rem9d] ( ! ov]-dress$1 furbel[$ damsel1 :o attracts ! prolong$ />e & ! ?\ghtless comm5ts ( e sidewalk idl]4 ,"h are se5 repose1 beauty1 elem5ts ( durability1 & fre$om f exp5sive ornam5tation & repairs4 ,a back view ( ?is h\se has be5 %[n purposely to emphasize ! fact t ! re> side ( a h\se may be made ne>ly z beautiful z ! front side4 ,x w\ld be improv$ bo? 9 looks & conv5i5ce if a p>tially enclos$ por* 7 plac$ ov] ! door & two ( ! w9d[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,gr\nd plan ( ! h\se %[n 9 ,figs4 #af & #ai4 ,! plann+ ( a h\se is n difficult if wants are cle>ly def9$ & ! pr9ciples ( economy1 dignity1 durability & repose1 z appli$ to ! ext]ior ( ! h\se1 are fairly well und]/ood4 ,if ! site is ample1 & x always is 9 ! c\ntry1 y h b to draw a rectangle1 ! l5g? ( :i* is "o-?ird to "o-f\r? long] ?an its bread?4 ,fig4 #ag is a gr\nd plan ( ! h\se %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! f>m h\se %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah is locat$ ?irty feet f a du/y1 muddy1 mu*-travel$ public highway4 ,opposite to x1 & imm$iately on ! road1 are locat$ ! ill-kept f>m build+s4 ,h[ ! aromas ( ! /ables & kit*5 are to be kept ea* on its respective side ( ! road is a "q difficult to solve4 ,"h1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! wife %[$ bett] tra9+ & m comm5dable pride 9 h] surr\nd+s & h] work%op ?an ! husb&4 ,%e may coax him "s day to set a few trees1 :i* may s]ve 9 "p to hide 8 work%op on ! o!r side4 ,!re are _m ?+s ab\t ?is f>m h\se :i* are comm5dable1 & ! only wond] is t s few mi/akes 7 made 9 plann+ x4 ,f>m]s' wives mu/ h a sort ( natural intuition2 h[ else c ! fewness ( _! mi/akes be expla9$1 = !y h seldom receiv$ ! slighte/ in/ruction along ! l9es ( h\se-build+4 ,true1 ! t[] on ! corn] is exp5sive & inappropriate1 b if ! h\se _h an appropriate sett+ ( trees & %rubs x might be beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! h\se is too fancy4 ,! small projections make x look weak4 ,! view is n attractive4 ,! f>m h\se %\ld h "o l>ge b$-room on ! fir/ floor1 a well appo9t$ kit*5 & liv+ room4 ,:5 ! size1 numb]1 & arrangem5t ( ! o!r rooms are fix$1 ! l9es :i* b\nd ! outside ( ! rooms w n1 ( necessity1 always co9cide ) ! rectangul> l9es4 ,on "o side ! h\se may ext5d slightly ov]1 on ano!r fall %ort ( ! l9es :i* b\nd ! rectangle4 ,does ! rectangle embody fitness & beauty8 ,if ! manufactur$ ?+s by :i* we are surr\nd$ are not$1 x w be se5 h[ _m ( !m are rectangul>4 ,! book1 ! %eet ( pap]1 ! pamphlet1 ! photograph1 ! picture frame on ! wall1 ! rug on ! floor1 ! writ+ case1 ! *iffoni]1 ! trunk1 & ?\s&s ( objects ( use & beauty naturally take ! rectangul> =m3 !n :y n ! h\se8 ,man con/ructs along ! l9es ( acute1 obtuse1 & "r angles unless !re are specific reasons = adopt+ curves1 :ile nature's modes adh]e closely to circul> & curv$ outl9es4 ,a front view ( a sub/antial1 appropriate h\se front+ to ! we/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,x is ! h\se ( :i* a re> view is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! wide1 project+ eaves1 ! simple ro( ov] ! second-/ory w9d[s1 & ! pla9 v]&a1 all protect ! w9d[s f /orm & ! gl>+ aft]noon sun4 ,! eave-tr\gh ne> ! edge ( ! ro( s]ves to relieve ! pla9ness ( ! project+ ro(1 :i* really has no cornice4 ,! side & ends ( "s ( ! raft]s are se51 & no attempt has be5 made to box !m 94 ,! treatm5t is dignifi$1 pla91 inexp5sive1 & suitable1--!re=e x is beautiful4 ,! plant+ at ! left is too ?ick = any b a dry climate4 ,a l(ty elm tree w\ld s]ve bett] = %ad+ ! v]&a 9 ! late aft]noon1 & p]mit ( bett] air dra9age4 ,! trees %[n are decidu\s1 & !re=e _c =m an ideal w9t] w9dbreak4 ,if !y 7 ev]gre5s !y w\ld be entirely too close to ! h\se4 ,! m\rnful sigh+ ( ev]gre5 trees 9 ! bleak ,novemb] w9ds does n promote *e]fulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a dignifi$1 re/ful1 economical h\se4 ,f\r college build+s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 & #bd4 ,s*ool build+s c h>dly be said to be a "p ( ! f>m lay-out1 b !y w s]ve q z well z f>m build+s to educate ! ta/e & to tra9 ! eye & ! judgm5t4 ,! read] w see at once :i* two ( ^! build+s are mo/ dignifi$ & pleas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,univ]sity build+1--gray /one & tile ro(4 ,9 ! s*ools1 ! p ( ! rural di/ricts h _h no in/ruction :i* w\ld lead !m to c>efully obs]ve & comp>e build+s ( any k9d2 & h5ce1 ) b r>e exceptions1 !y are ill-qualifi$ to make an intellig5t /udy ( !m4 ,!y are totally unprep>$ to grasp ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n ! erection ( /ructures on ! f>m1 & totally ignorant ( ! pr9ciples to be obs]v$ :5 l>ge public build+s are plann$ & erect$4 ,=tunately or un=tunately1 "s f>m]s w be call$ ^u to judge ( ! plans = s*ool & o!r public build+s4 ,! plans = a presid5t's h\se & an exp5sive college build+ 7 submitt$ to a bo>d ( ?irte5 tru/ees ( a fl\ri%+ agricultural college4 ,t5 ( ^! tru/ees 7 f>m]s ( m ?an local reputation4 ,i =be> giv+ illu/rations ( ! results3 suffice x to say1 t happily ! h\se fell d[n be=e x 0 ro($ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,univ]sity build+1--r$ brick & slate ro(4 ,a s*ool build+ = ! high] education %\ld be light & airy2 b light does n ent] a build+ freely ?r\gh n>r[ w9d[s plac$ 9 ?ick /one or brick walls4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ! effect ( n>r[ & wide w9d[s 9 ! light+ ( a build+4 ,obs]ve ! %ad[ ca/ by ! wall betwe5 ! two n>r[ w9d[s4 ,! sun is directly 9 front ( ! w9d[s = b a small "p ( ! day4 ,usually x ent]s at a m or less acute angle1 9 :i* case a w9d[ ?ree feet wide may be m ?an twice z effici5t 9 light+ a room z "o two feet wide1 & a f\r-foot w9d[ ?ree or f\r times z effici5t z "o half its wid?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,%[+ ! great] proportionate am\nt ( light admitt$ by "o broad w9d[1 z comp>$ ) two n>r[ ones ( equal comb9$ op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,univ]sity laboratories1--r$ brick & slate ro(4 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 & #bd s]ve to illu/rate "s ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* %\ld be obs]v$ 9 con/ruct+ exp5sive public build+s1 & !y may also s]ve = comp>ison1 & = educat+ ! eye & ! judgm5t4 ,! k acquir$ 9 a /udy ( ^! build+s may be useful 9 ! plann+ & erection ( rural homes1 = 9 "s respects all build+s %\ld be alike4 ,! f>m] seldom has opportunity to contra/ & /udy l>ge deta*$ build+s 9 :i* beauty1 dignity1 durability1 &1 above all1 utility1 are comb9$1 & he seldom plans & erects m ?an "o home/ead2 !re=e1 _m build+s %\ld be obs]v$1 ! desirable & undesirable features not$ & discuss$ ?or\ghly be=e ! erection ( a new /ructure1 h[ev] simple x may be1 is begun4 ,x requires no little k to con/ruct 9 ! be/ mann] ev5 a mod]n *ick5 h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,univ]sity build+1--gray /one & slate ro(4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! f\r s*ool build+s1 s diff]5t 9 "*1 may n be dismiss$ at once4 ,!y are introduc$ = ! purpose ( ar\s+ int]e/ & = giv+ opportunity to /udy ! pr9ciples ( ext]nal con/ruction4 ,! true pr9ciples once ma/]$1 _! application to rural homes w n be difficult4 ,if ,fig4 #bj be /udi$ c>efully1 x w be notic$ t ! l9es are dignifi$1 re/ful & ev5 beautiful1 al?\gh ! build+ is con/ruct$ on /raight l9es1 ) little attempt at ornam5tation4 ,?is build+ is sometimes tak5 = an art gall]y1 & s x is1 = 9 x is taught ! f9e art ( butt] mak+4 ,its /rong tile ro(1 ample projection ( eaves1 & fre$om f peaks & valleys give assurance t ?is build+1 b>r+ accid5ts1 w /& = c5turies ) slight repair1 & be m beautiful z "t tones d[n & s(t5s ! colors4 ,! build+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba satisfies nei!r eye nor judgm5t4 ,x is a noble build+ z to size & mat]ial1 b are n ! tw5ty m9iature peaks out ( place8 ,x does n h ! appe>ance ( a re/ful s*ool build+1 b ( a mammo? seaside hotel4 ,! _m little gables might h be5 comb9$ into a few l>ge1 noble ones1 :i* w\ld h giv5 abundant light & l5t dignity & *>m to ?is well built /ructure4 ,if we n[ transf] our ?\ght f ! l>ge build+s to ! brick dwell+ h\se 7,fig4 #be71 we f9d ! same /rong l9es1 ! same dignity1 & ! same durability ( ro( /ructure1 ) a little add$ ornam5tation1 z are f\nd 9 "s s*ool build+s4 ,x %\ld h be5 two-/ory in/ead ( a /ory & a half1 & ! v]&a might well h be5 m ample4 ,?is h\se1 too1 l ! l>ge /one /ructure 7,fig4 #bj7 is re/ful & satisfy+4 ,"o in/9ctively sees t ! co/ ( ma9t5ance ( ?is durable /ructure w be comp>atively little4 ,if ?is h\se be comp>$ ) ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 x w be easily se5 h[ mu* m appropriate & beautiful x is4 ,"o is built ( cream brick & ro($ ) s(t-color$ tile2 ! o!r is ro($ ) poor %+les1 has a *eap hemlock frame1 & is sid$ ) wood1 :i* is cov]$ ) gaudy1 ready mix$ e>? pa9ts1 :i* may fade out be=e ! bill = !m is paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,a simple & attractive little dwell+ h\se4 ,"s day a g5ius w set =? = ! f>m]1 9 simple language & illu/rations1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* %\ld be foll[$ 9 ! build+ ( rural homes4 ,:5 t "t comes ! pres5t *ildr5 w !n be mature & w h be5 s en]giz$ by nature-/udy "w1 :i* is n[ be+ introduc$ s ext5sively 9 ! s*ools1 z to be able to appreciate & pr(it by su* lit]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,ano!r type ( dwell+ h\se4 ,"s ( ! tree-emb[]$ f>m h\ses h su* a re/ful look & (t5 embody su* true l9es ( beauty t x seems almo/ sacrilegi\s to *ange !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( !m are s ill adapt$ to f>m life1 s unh&y & uncom=table1 t radical *anges %\ld be made4 ,aft] ! f>m] has prosp]$1 he naturally has a desire to build a new h\se or to trans=m ! old "o1 n only to secure ne$$ conv5i5ces1 b t great] beauty & a m luxuri\s home may be secur$4 ,x is difficult = him to f9d adequate help to solve ! problem if he keeps ! co/ )9 reasonable limits4 ,he may "k :]e to beg92 he seldom kn[s :]e he w end4 ,usually ! fir/ ?\ght %\ld be to pres]ve ! old home1 or ! great] "p ( x4 ,! ar*itect is almo/ c]ta9 to advise demolition & ! erection ( a new h\se1 ass]t+ t ! new /ructure w be no m exp5sive ?an ! remodel+ ( ! old1 :i* may or may n be true4 ,b he does n always "k :at is be/1 z he is usually unfamili> ) ! f>m]s' ne$s & traditions4 ,sacr$ associations usually clu/] r\nd ! old f>m h\se2 e room & door & w9d[ may be associat$ ) "s epo* 9 life's hi/ory4 ,?r\gh yond] door came ! happy bride a half c5tury ago2 9 yond] room ! *ildr5 7 born2--e nook & corn] has "s tale to tell1 "s happy association4 ,we cross oceans & m\nta9s to view ! bir?places & homes 7:i* happily sometimes are pres]v$ & held sacr$7 ( a ,burns & a ,%akespe>e4 ,!n is x n well to pres]ve ! f>m h\ses1 :]e possibly are ! bir?places ( _m 8,cromwells guiltless ( _! c\ntry's blood40 ,! fir/ ?\ght1 !n1 %\ld be to save & improve ! old h\se1 n to de/roy x4 ,b mo/ ( ^! f>m h\ses are ei!r too l[ or too high3 t is1 !y are nei!r "o- nor two-/ori$1 b a /ory & a half4 ,a two-/ory w+ may (t5 be plac$ ei!r at ! front or side1 & may s]ve to give dignity to ! h\se2 or a l[] room or two1 a few com=table *amb]s1 & an entrance hall or ve/ibule may be add$4 ,su* addition w\ld make x possible to remove ! l[1 flat-ro($1 leaky kit*5 to m appropriate qu>t]s4 ,! =m]ly unus$ p>lor might be trans=m$ into a liv+-room1 ! =m] liv+-room into a d9+-room1 & ! old d9+-room into a kit*54 ,! details by :i* ?is evolution is made mu/1 ( necessity1 be work$ out by ^? :o are to occupy ! h\se4 ,t home is enjoy$ be/ :i* is plann$ by ^? :o h to pay ! bills2 !re=e1 ,i %all n g into detail ( arrangem5t4 ,my object w h be5 accompli%$ if ,i succe$ 9 creat+ a great] respect & love = ! h\ses ( our ance/ors1 & %all h /ay$ ! h& ( ! iconocla/4 ,any "o c de/roy1 b few c create4 ,s reason$ ! college graduate on 8 return to ! old home/ead4 ,! old h\se 7,fig4 #bg7 0 improv$ by mak+ slight additions & "s m9or *anges4 ,ev5 ! gre5 w9d[ bl9ds & ! :ite sid+ 7 n di/urb$1 only bright5$ by ! use ( old-fa%ion$1 unadult]at$ pa9ts4 ,! major ef=t 0 along ! l9e ( improv+ ! live /ock & mak+ ! acres m productive1 soon result+ 9 surplus funds1 :i* 7 us$ to erect ! l>ge & commodi\s b>n4 ,simultane\sly ) ! b>n came ! iceh\se1 & ! w9dmill = pump+ wat]4 ,! obs]vant pass]-by in/9ctively kn[s t "h are all ! outw>d indications ( morality1 intellig5ce1 & a rational & progressive sy/em ( agriculture4 ,if ! family be judg$ by :at is se5 9 ?is picture ( ! f>m above gr\nd1 ! conclusion mu/ be rea*$ t "h is a true home4 ,h[ diff]5t ! impression is :5 we look ?r\gh ! op5 roadside gate 9 ! next picture 7,fig4 #bh76 ,lack ( intellig5t purpose & ( neatness & ?rift is writt5 ^u e /ructure1 & is especially %[n by ! want ( any logical plan 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! num]\s small /ructures4 ,! h\se1 :i* /&s j to ! "r ( ! beautiful tree1 is mod]n 9 _m respects1 b ! front is support$ by num]\s ,grecian columns ne>ly tw5ty feet long1 z inappropriate & z useless = a f>m-h\se z is a coon's tail on a lady's hat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! old home/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,lack ( intellig5t purpose4 ,in/9ctively we judge p at fir/ sight1 & l>gely by ! clo!s !y we> & ! mann] ( we>+ !m4 ,s we judge1 & (t5 v accurately1 ( families by ! h\ses :i* %elt] !m & ! objects :i* surr\nd !m4 ,"o c easily tell mu* ( ! "* ( a man by ! /yle & tip ( 8 hat4 ,:at noble de$s1 :at l(ty aspirations 9 ?is day & age ( pl5ty & opportunity1 %\ld we expect to h bir? & fruition 9 ! h\se %[n 9 illu/ration ,fig4 #bi6 ,?is build+ is n locat$ 9 ! c\ntry1 b 9 ! suburbs ( a small1 prosp]\s inl& city4 ,un=tunately1 ?is village is unlike _m beautiful c\ntry villages & small cities 9 we/]n ,new ,york 9 :i* !re are no poor p4 ,:at a depress+ effect ?is build+ mu/ h on ! well br$ c\ntry lad :o passes x weekly on 8 j\rney to & f ! po/ (fice6 ,b h[ easy to g f "o extreme to ! o!r6 ,too _m f>m h\ses /& alone1 unreliev$ by noble trees or by mode/ plant+ ( appropriate %rubb]y1 look+ 9 ! di/ance at ! sett+ sun l l(ty1 :itewa%$ sepul*res4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h\se may be made d>k & damp by ov]-plant+4 ,! h\se %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj is a com=table1 fairly attractive /one /ructure1 b is made gloomy & damp by ! sup]abundance ( ev]gre5 & decidu\s trees :i* fill all ! space1 b>ely ?irty feet1 betwe5 ! h\se & ! highway4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,environm5t (t5 makes ! man4 ,! *ur*1 z well z ! f>m h\se1 is or %\ld be ! home ( ! f>m]2 b ! *ur*1 l ! individual1 may become pr\d1 9 :i* case ! old meet+-h\se is demoli%$ & replac$ by a mod]n new "o1 :i* may s]ve = a "t to /imulate lagg>ds & appe> to take ! place ( *ang$ purposes 9 life4 ,b ! debt saddl$ on ! congregation t5ds to drive ! *ur*-go]s to ! re> seats & ev5tually out ( doors4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t a c\ntry *ur* c\ld n well be too small4 ,man is a greg>i\s animal1 & does n enjoy *ur*-go+ :5 ! seats are b p>tially occupi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,buri$ 9 trees4 ,! opposite extreme f ,fig4 #bf4 ,! pla91 sub/antial /one *ur* %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca is locat$ 9 a sp>sely settl$ di/rict on ! w9dy prairies ( ,kansas4 ,x is c]ta9ly mo/ appropriate & fits its environm5t2 all x lacks to make x beautiful is a suitable sett+ ( trees & %rubb]y4 ,x w\ld !n s]ve z a rem9d] ( 8,god's fir/ temple n made ) h&s10 & n ( "o made ) a jig-saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a pla91 sub/antial /one *ur*4 8,x is a pla91 rugg$1 au/]e /ructure1 l ! m5 :o built x1 & any proposal to mod]nize x w\ld be receiv$ ) disfavor2 = x means m to ! p ?an m]ely a *ur* build+--x is a sacr$ possession t is a "p ( _! life10 & x is an appropriate monum5t to ! /urdy religi\s "* ( ! pione]s :o /ood 9 ! =efront z a wall gu>d+ human rights & lib]ties 9 ^? /ormy days ( ! pa/4 ,! c\ntry *ur* %\ld be z truly a "p ( ! f>m /ructure z are ! h\se & b>n1 locat$ on l& held 9 fee simple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,:]e horses are kept4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,:]e boys & girls are taught4 ,! s*ool-h\se also1 z well z ! *ur*1 %\ld =m a "p ( ! f>m above gr\nd4 ,we sometimes build p>lors = ! pictures1 & palaces = ! horses & cattle1 & neglect ! s*ool-h\se4 ,a city ( #ab1jjj inhabitants 9 c5tral ,new ,york has _m exp5sive /ables1 "s ( !m works ( art4 ,! b>n %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb is n m ?an half a mile f ! s*ool-h\se %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! beautiful /able might s]ve z a well appo9t$ dwell+ h\se by mak+ a few m9or *anges4 ,:ile su* build+s are be+ con/ruct$1 ! c\ntry s*ool-h\se1 ! pride ( ! ,am]ican1 is left to fall into decay2 or1 if rebuilt1 x is locat$ too (t5 on a little scrap ( l& :i* may be almo/ wor?less1 z ?\gh l& 9 ,am]ica 7 ! mo/ preci\s ( all our inh]itance4 ,?is s*ool-h\se is design$ to provide accommodations = bo? f>m & city *ildr5 liv+ 9 ! suburbs4 ,! s*ool-h\se has n a tree = %ade nor a %rub to admire1 situat$ on ! commons among we$s & rocks1 provid$ ) "o dilapidat$ ou?\se unscre5$ by f5ce or tree or v9e or %rub1 :ile ! /able is surr\nd$ ) r>e trees & %rubs arti/ically arrang$ & a smoo?ly %av5 lawn4 ,are horses & cattle wor? m ?an boys & girls8 ,to leave ! read] to inf] t all s*ool-h\ses are l ! "o %[n w\ld be mislead+4 ,a m pleas+ illu/ration is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,"h ! meet+-h\se1 ! s*ool-h\se1 & a bit ( ! f>m are %[n 9 juxtaposition1 z !y 7 f\nd at ! meet+ ( ! roads 9 a %ady grove4 ,s9ce moral "* %\ld be ! f\ndation ^u :i* to symmetrically build intellig5ce & indu/ry1 ! *ur* may be treat$ fir/4 ,:ile tak+ ! photograph1 ,i 0 /ruck by ! inexp5sive "* ( ! meet+-h\se4 ,! outside cov]+ 0 ( pla91 mat*$1 v]tical bo>ds1 b !y 7 kept well pa9t$ & !re=e look$ neat1 & ! seats 7 entirely com=table4 ,i judge t "h true1 practical religion f9ds a cong5ial home1 = a long l9e ( com=table %$s 7 be+ built to h\se ! horses dur+ ! h\rs ( devotion4 ,!n1 too1 ! %$s w s]ve a d\bly humane purpose1 = :]e ! pupils live long di/ances f ! s*ool ! horse driv5 9 ! morn+ w h com=table qu>t]s until ! s*ool closes 9 ! ev5+4 ,a public wat]-tr\gh ne> by1 kept full f a spr+1 gave evid5ce t ?is little *ur* & ! s*ool-h\se 7 pot5t factors 9 promot+ civilization4 ,to ! "r is se5 a lad pl[+4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ?is picture is repres5t$ ! ?ree great corn]-/ones ( civilization ^u :i* to build a symmetrical1 beautiful sup]/ructure4 ,to build on ei!r "o alone is to insure disappo9tm5t2 :5 life is gr\nd$ on all ?ree ! result is practical religion & intellig5ce ev5tuat+ 9 a bett] und]/&+ ( ! complex soil & ! int]relations ( nature's modes ( action4 ,x means /eady & effective employm5t1 ! ab&onm5t ( nomadic life1 & 9 lieu !re( a p]man5t home & an abundant supply ( ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life4 ,! ,bible1 ! s*ool book1 & ! pl[ %\ld all be engrav5 & int]tw9$ 9 our mod]n civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,s*ool h\se & *ur* at ! corn]s4 ,s f> ! g5]al *>act]i/ics1 fitness1 durability & beauty ( ! c\ntry f>m h\se h be5 discuss$ & illu/rat$1 toge!r ) su* public build+s z are directly relat$ to rural life4 ,b hav+ discuss$ ! size1 be/ proportions1 & mo/ suitable mat]ials = ! h\se1 & hav+ put !m into visible =m1 ! build+ may be made hide\s & unnecess>ily exp5sive by c>eless or ignorant treatm5t ( ext]nal details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! sway-back h\se4 ,mo/ ( ! f>m]s :o n[ occupy ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,alleghanies came f ! ea/ & br\ght ) !m a v>i$ assortm5t ( /yles ( ar*itecture inh]it$ f ! _m ,european c\ntries f :i* !y or _! ance/ors came4 ,^! p1 ?\gh ( limit$ means1 _h pride & t5acity ( purpose1 & !y c\ld n easily *ange to ! pla9 & appropriate ext]ior treatm5t ( ! f>m h\se4 ,?is inh]itance & p]si/5ce1 z %[n 9 ! f>m h\ses ( ! middle /ates1 is fitly illu/rat$ by ! exp5sive & heavy return cornice1 ! massive columns1 & ! complicat$ & ornate entablatures :i* are suppos$ to adorn an o!rwise pla9 h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! exp5sive box cornice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,a pla9 & durable cornice4 ,i h said t !re is no place = ! /ory-&-a-half h\se4 ,"h is %[n 7,fig4 #ce7 ! results ( two s]i\s mi/akes2 viz41 an ef=t to build a *eap frame ( su* a =m t x is almo/ impossible to tie ! build+ toge!r1 ) ! result t ! ro( is 9 dang] ( collaps+2 & ! attempt to beautify ?is *eap /ructure by ov]-heavy1 complicat$ cornices4 ,an enl>g$ detail$ draw+ ( a typical return cornice is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,on ! "r is %[n a cross-section outl9e ( ! memb]s ( ! cornice4 ,!re are t5 ( !m4 ,! m\ld+s are n[ 8/uck0 by ma*9]y1 b ^! 7 made by h&1 & #aj & #h 7 =m$ ( two pieces ea*1 mak+ twelve memb]s 9 all4 ,! inf9ite pa9s & labor 9 prep>+ ! mat]ial & plac+ x _c be realiz$ except by a c>p5t] :o has sp5t weeks & mon?s 9 saw+ out1 9 plan+ & 8/ick+10 & mit]+ su* an elaborate sy/em ( useless ornam5tation4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! cornice1 or r projection1 ( a h\se 7,fig4 #ai7 :i* co/ #f1jjj4 ,fig4 #cf %[s a project+ eave ( sc>cely "o foot4 ,! next illu/ration 7,fig4 #cg7 %[s "o ( ne>ly two feet4 ,! latt] is f> sup]ior to ! =m] 9 t x is q z beautiful1 is inexp5sive1 & protects ! ext]nal pa9t & woodwork f> m ?an does ! =m]4 ,! piece at ! top ( ! raft] s]ves to cov] ! project+ cornice1 & z a ro(-bo>d z well1 & gives opportunity to place ! eave tr\gh well outside1 :i* prev5ts damage to ! h\se %\ld x ev] leak4 ,! frieze bo>d is simple & s]ves its purpose well4 ,x has tak5 a long "t to le>n t a wood5 ro( :i* is at lea/ "o-?ird pit* is f> m durable ?an ! flat ro( %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,"h ! return cornice is c>ri$ across ! entire end ( ! h\se1 & ! gable is ceil$ ) pla9 mat*$ bo>ds1 bo? likely to leak & to rapidly become pa9tless4 ,_m v]&a & por* floors & outside doors h no ro( ov] !m1 or o!r protection4 ,?is is poor economy4 ,x w\ld be bett] to r$uce ! cornice to ! fewe/ possible memb]s1 if x 7 necess>y to d s1 9 ord] to secure means to ro( ! v]&a1 :i*1 unprotect$1 decays rapidly4 ,or ! money exp5d$ on ! cornice1 :i* results 9 nei!r use nor beauty1 might well suffice = ! build+ ( an additional room1 or to provide _m conv5i5ces1 su* z hot & cold wat]1 /orm sa%1 & w9d[ scre5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! old-"t gable end cornice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,framework ( a %ip4 ,:5 ! f>m] rea*$ ! f]tile1 treeless prairies he 0 compell$ to economize 9 lumb]4 ,"s g5ius soon discov]$ t ! be/ & mo/ sci5tific me?od ( con/ruct+ ! frame ( a h\se 0 along ! l9es ( %ip con/ruction 7,fig4 #ci73 t is1 ribs1 jo9$ to a sill or sills1 encircl+ ! entire /ructure & plac$ at equal di/ances ap>t4 ,two keels or sills jo9$ toge!r by joi/s1 /raight ribs--joi/s--in/ead ( curv$ ones1 a ro( in/ead ( a deck1 & ! balloon frame 7,fig4 #dj7--! be/ ( all frames :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1--0 inv5t$4 ,unwitt+ly ! %ip con/ruction1 slightly modifi$1 0 adopt$4 ,9 ?is frame ! we/]n] dep>t$ radically f ! /yle ( 8 ance/ors1 b he c\ld n be satisfi$ ) a pla9 ov]sail projection4 ,he c\ld n af=d ! heavy box cornice4 ,hav+ succe$$ s well on ! frame1 he set ab\t inv5t+ a new /yle ( decoration = ! project+ eaves1 b ! cornice 0 n a success4 ,! decorations %[n 9 ,figs4 #da & #db s]ve to make hide\s _m a *eap dry-goods-box h\se1 :i* bli/]s & cracks 9 ! hot prairie w9ds4 ,^! h\ses sometimes receive no pa9t or "o coat1 or at mo/ two1 & 9 a few ye>s1 :at ) /orm & sun1 mis*iev\s boys & w9d cracks1 ?is g+]-bread1 dog-e>$ cornice1 made ( in* lumb] by ! use ( scroll saw1 looks z dilapidat$ z a college boy aft] a cane-ru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! balloon frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,! jig-saw cornice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,too elaborate & %ort-liv$4 ,! ?\ght ( p]man5t beauty1 z well z economy & usefulness1 %\ld ent] into ! plans ( a h\se4 ,b :at is beauty8 ,i am well aw>e t _m ( my read]s w n agree ) me1 = 8,! /&>d ( beauty (ttimes x do? v>y3 ,two pretty girls are ,eliza & ,m>y40 ,!y may be v unlike1 yet bo? beautiful4 ,f ! f>m]'s /&po9t x may be said t ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( beauty are fitness1 naturalness & simplicity4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,build+ ,,! ,,h\se--,,g5]al ,,lay-,,out ,! read] w und]/& t no attempt is made to treat ?is subject 9 detail nor /rictly f ! ar*itect's viewpo9t4 ,a casual obs]vation w make x self-evid5t t ! /ructures on f>ms h receiv$ little att5tion z to beauty ( =m1 economy ( con/ruction1 or adaptation ( means to ends4 ,l _m o!rs1 ,i h not$ all ?is & h made a some:at c>eful /udy ( ! causes :i* usually h produc$ ?is want ( h>mony1 durability1 adaptability & economy 9 ! con/ruction ( rural home/eads4 ,! _m illu/rations ( detail are design$ to emphasize und]ly+ pr9ciples4 ,pr9ciples are always ! same3 details may be v>i$ to suit conditions4 ,:ile ! num]\s illu/rations are meant to expla9 ! details1 x is believ$ t !y w also give help to a l>ge "p ( ! rural population :o h _h little opportunity to secure any adequate in/ruction 9 ! art & sci5ce ( home build+4 ,usually ! cell> w\ld bett] be ext5d$ "u ! entire h\se1 al?\gh x is nei!r wise nor heal?y to /ore l>ge quantities ( mat]ial 9 x :i*1 if n c>$ =1 may decay & vitiate ! air 9 ! rooms above4 ,if ! cell> be prop]ly con/ruct$ !re is no objection to /or+ family supplies ( fruit & vegetables = ! w9t] 9 ?is p>tly und]gr\nd room4 ,l>ge quantities ( vegetables held = future sale %\ld n f9d /orage 9 ! h\se cell>4 ,n[ t ! floors ( h\ses are made tight1 (t5 d\ble ) pap] betwe51 & c>pets or rugs to cov] !m1 ! cold no long] ent]s ! cell> ?r\gh ! floor4 ,! cell> wall may !re=e ext5d upw>ds on ?ree sides1 well above gr\nd1 t opportunity may be giv5 = ! introduction ( light & air4 ,) only s+le-glaz$ cell> w9d[s1 no build+ pap]1 & floors & bo>d+ ( unseason$ lumb]1 ! pione] 0 compell$ to place ! cell> well "u gr\nd1 or bank ! walls ) manure if ! w9t]'s supply ( vegetables 0 to be made secure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,cell> "u ! upright only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,cell> "u ! entire h\se4 ,a common =m ( ! f\ndation = f>m h\ses is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc--;a ma9 /ructure1 re9=c$ by a w+ :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 has no cell> "u x4 ,fig4 #dd %[s ! cell> "u ! :ole /ructure4 ,if ! walls ( ! unexcavat$ w+ are plac$ #c feet bel[ gr\nd1 z !y %\ld be 9 a cold climate1 & ext5d #b feet above gr\nd1 x w take m /one to con/ruct ! f\ndation walls ( ! h\se ) a cell> "u only a "p ?an :5 x ext5ds "u ! entire /ructure4 ,! /one sav$ by leav+ out ! wall betwe5 ! two sections ( ! h\se w m ?an suffice = build+ ! walls ( ! w+ to _! full height4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x w\ld co/ slightly m = excavation ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,s9ce cell>s1 :5 appropriately us$1 are 9 "s respects ! mo/ useful & *eape/ rooms 9 ! /ructure1 !re is no economy 9 n plac+ !m "u ! entire h\se4 ,a cell> may be divid$ by #d-;in* brick walls into v>i\s rooms1 correspond+ 9 %ape to ^? above1 !reby secur+ = ! p>titions 9 ! sup]/ructure1 sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 9 ord] t ! vegetables1 fruit1 milk1 & furnace may be sep>ate "o f ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,a foot+ c\rse "u ! cell> wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,%[+ a lay] ( mat]ial to /op v]m94 ,to prev5t rats f ent]+ ! cell> "u ! walls1 ei!r "o ( two me?ods may be adopt$4 ,a foot+-c\rse project+ beyond ! outside ( ! wall arre/s ! rod5ts1 = hav+ dug d[n to x !y h n suffici5t intellig5ce to dig ar\nd ! foot+-c\rse 7,fig4 #de74 ,or ! desir$ result may be accompli%$ by plac+ a ?9 lay] ( refuse brok5 glass aga9/ ! outside ( ! wall two to ?ree feet f ! surface ( ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #df74 ,cell>s w\ld be mu* improv$ if !y _h high] ceil+s4 ,at lea/ #g feet %\ld be all[$ betwe5 ! cell> floor & ! "u side ( ! ov]head joi/s4 ,all cell>s %\ld h concrete floors & pla/]$ ceil+s1 = bo? w>m? & cleanl9ess4 ,9 an extremely rigor\s climate1 ! upp] angle ( ! wall %\ld be la!d & pla/]$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,protect+ ! cell> f fro/ by pla/]+ across ! upp] corn]s4 ,if ! front cell> wall & ! great] "p ( ! side walls ext5d #b to #c feet above ! e>?1 a good siz$ w9d[ 7:i* may be s+le- or d\ble-glaz$7 c be secur$4 ,! re> walls %\ld ext5d n m ?an "o foot above gr\nd4 ,if ! e>? slopes re>w>d1 !n grade up to ! wall until n m ?an two /eps w be necess>y to rea* ! kit*5 floor2 x is easi] to climb a g5tle asc5t ?an /eps4 ,! front /eps are us$ b a comp>atively few times1 :ile ! re> ones are us$ _m times1 s x matt]s little if ! front ( ! h\se is sev]al /eps above grade4 ,x makes a visitor unhappy to "k t ! busy h\sewife mu/ desc5d ?ree /eps1 walk =ty feet & asc5d two /eps to rea* ! well plat=m1 !n rev]se ! j\rney1 to secure ! dr9k ( cold wat] desir$ 7,fig4 #dh74 ,! illu/ration 9 ,fig4 #di %[s h[ ! f>m] solv$ ! difficulty by build+ an elevat$ plank walk f ! kit*5 to ! well4 ,fig4 #ej %[s h[ he might h solv$ x 9 ano!r way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! daily r\te to ! well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,a %ort-cut to ! well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,an elevat$ e>? walk to ! well4 ,! hillside wall may be kept dry & ! cell> free f wat] by dra9age or by back+ ! wall ) loose rubble /one1 or by bo? 7,fig4 #ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a rubble /one back+ & a dra9 at ! bottom4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,f\ndations ,! walls %\ld be plac$ bel[ ! fro/ l9e & h fairly broad bases1 /&+ on naturally or artificially dra9$ e>?4 ,p]haps no "p ( ! h\se /ructure receives s little att5tion z d ! f\ndation walls2 !re=e1 ,i %all ent] some:at into ! details ( con/ruction4 ,bricks :i* h be5 rec5tly burn$ & ^? :i* d n conta9 consid]able quantities ( moi/ure %\ld be ?or\ghly wet be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! wall4 ,if ! mort> sets too quickly by reason ( ! dryness ( ! bricks1 a /rong wall _c be secur$1 h[ev] good ! mort> may be 9 :i* !y are laid4 ,! f\ndation walls = mo/ h\ses1 h[ev]1 are made ( /ones laid 9 mort> compos$ ( lime or cem5t1 or a mixture ( ! two1 & s&4 ,a l>ge proportion ( all ! s& us$ = f\ndation "w is m>k$ly inf]ior1 & ! mort> is usually v imp]fectly mix$4 ,if wat] lime is us$ ) ! s& x is frequ5tly old1 & if old1 inf]ior4 ,ev5 ! cem5ts det]iorate some:at ) age1 & ! common /one lime is (t5 us$ aft] x is p>tially or entirely air-slak$4 ,if ! b9d+ mat]ial be inf]ior & ! s& h quantities ( f9e e>? or vegetable matt] mix$ ) x1 x w be se5 h[ impossible x is to secure a /rong & b9d+ mort>4 ,ev5 if fre% lime & %>p s& are us$1 9 accordance ) ! usual specifications 9 build+ contracts1 ! mort> bond may /ill be weak by reason ( c>eless or imp]fect mix+4 ,all mort>1 ev5 t us$ = lay+ /ones & bricks1 %\ld be mix$ until a lime film surr\nds e p>ticle ( s&4 ,pla/]+ ! outside ( ! wall bel[ ! grade l9e & po9t+ ! wall above _c make a firm1 good wall out ( "o :i* has be5 c>elessly laid or "o b$d$ 9 inf]ior mort>4 ,*imneys may provide = "o or m flues4 ,bett] draft is likely to be secur$ :5 sep>ate flues are provid$ = ea* /ove or heat] ?an :5 "o flue s]ves = two or m /oves4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #eb1 %[s ?ree flues 9 "o /ack or *imney4 ,"o is = ! furnace1 ano!r = ! fireplace1 & ano!r = ! laundry /ove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,?ree flues 9 ! *imney1 "o ( !m lead+ f a fire-place4 ,all *imneys %\ld h broad foot+ c\rses1 :i* %\ld re/ on solid e>? to prev5t settl+4 ,!y %\ld n be support$ by means ( brackets 7,fig4 #ec7 or on ! tops ( small cupbo>ds atta*$ to ! wall4 ,*imney walls ( only #d-;in* ?ickness are n safe2 if !y be d\ble1 or #h in*es ?ick1 ! numb] ( bricks requir$ are increas$ by m ?an #ajj p] c5t1 & ! co/ ( ! f\ndation is also increas$4 ,! heavy walls are objectionable by reason ( add$ weight & co/1 & because ( ! room !y occupy4 ,! introduction ( fire-clay *imney l9+ makes x possible to con/ruct safe *imneys ) #d-;in* walls4 ,!n1 too1 ! l9+ co/s r less ?an ! extra c\rse ( brick1 & ! complet$ flue is smoo? & ( uni=m dim5sions on ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,*imney /&+ on a bracket4 ,! op5+s made 9 ! frame = ! *imney are (t5 too small1 9 :i* case ! *imney is likely to be 8hung0 on ei!r ! joi/s or raft]s4 ,!re %\ld be a cle> space betwe5 ! woodwork & *imney4 ,if ! op5+ 9 ! frame is too small1 ! mason w be tempt$ to clip ! brick :]e ! *imney passes by ! wood & !n re/ore ! *imney to its full size :5 ! ob/ruction is pass$4 ,?is results 9 hang+ ! *imney on "s memb] ( ! frame4 ,%\ld ! f\ndation settle1 ! wall may "p & sp>ks may !n easily rea* ! dry wood 9 ! room or at ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,x is believ$ t ! f>m]1 aft] read+ ^! l9es1 may secure a good wall & "o :i* fulfils ! specifications1 if he wat*es ! "w c>efully z x progresses4 ,if he does1 he w h a mu* bett] wall ?an ! av]age4 ,s9ce ! mat]ial & ! k9d ( "w desir$ v>y s widely1 x is n wise to lay d[n any fa/ rule = ! proportions ( ! b9d+ mat]ial & s& :i* may be us$4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! proportions v>y f #a ( lime or cem5t to #b ( s&1 to #a ( ! =m] & #f ( ! latt]4 ,,wood5 ,,h\ses--,,! ,,frame ,almo/ any v>iety ( wood w suffice = ! frame ( ! h\se1 provid$ x does n twi/ & spr+ out ( %ape too mu* be=e or aft] x is put into ! build+4 ,s9ce ! sills are to be plac$ on solid1 cont9u\s walls1 !y ne$ n be l>ge4 ,! only objection to box & small sills is t !y may all[ too easy access ( air & rod5ts f ! walls ( ! rooms to ! cell>1 & vice v]sa1 unless ! spaces above ! sills & betwe5 ! /udd+ are brick$ 9 z high z ! top ( ! fir/ ti] ( joi/s4 ,a r\gh floor laid be=e ! upright /udd+ is plac$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,?is fir/ floor %\ld be laid diagonally1 = ! "o :i* is laid imm$iately ^u x %\ld n be plac$ ei!r p>allel or at "r angles to ! bo>ds ( ! fir/ floor1 or p>allel ) ! joi/s4 ,a little reflection w reveal ! reasons = all ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! r\gh floor laid be=e ! /udd+ is erect$4 ,joi/s %\ld be bridg$4 ,fig4 #ee %[s ! m common me?od ( bridg+4 ,! joi/s may be #b #h 9 small1 inexp5sive h\ses1 & #b #aj or #b #ab 9 l>ge ones1 bridg$ once 9 a #ab-;foot span1 twice 9 a #af-1 & ?ree times 9 an #ah- or #bj-;foot span4 ,! bridg+ is ( ! utmo/ importance & %\ld nev] be omitt$1 z x s]ves to /r5g!n ! floor jo9ts & prev5ts ! disagreeable trembl+ ( ! floors s annoy+ 9 _m ( ! old] h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,bridg+ ! joi/s4 ,! /udd+ = a balloon frame is ei!r #b #d1 #b #e or #b #f1 & ! l5g? desir$4 ,! #b #d /udd+ are too light = an ample two-/ory h\se1 & !y d n give en\gh ?ickness ( wall = ! mo/ desirable w9d[- & door-jambs4 ,! doors are n held firmly 9 place1 & :5 !y are clos$ quickly by ! w9d or by *ildr51 ! pla/]+ is injur$4 ,/udd+ #e in*es broad1 =tifi$ by outside diagonal bo>d+ 7,fig4 #ef71 gives ! ideal conditions unless ! h\se is unusually l>ge1 9 :i* case ! /udd+ %\ld be #f in*es broad4 ,! diagonal bo>d+ co/s a trifle m 9 mat]ial & labor ?an ! horizontal1 b x is s mu* sup]ior t ! extra exp5se may well be incurr$4 ,e bo>d =ms a d\ble brace1 "o :]e nail$ to ! /udd+ & "o :]e ! sid+ or 8clap bo>ds0 are nail$ to ! r\gh bo>ds & ! /uds4 ,no?+ has yet be5 discov]$ :i* is s satisfactory1 & :i* gives su* /r5g? & protection to ! frame z does ?is prelim9>y diagonal bo>d+1 cov]$ ) pap]4 ,:5 complet$ x =ms a wall op5 en\gh to prev5t dry rot & tight en\gh to prev5t ! entrance ( w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a wall /r5g!n$ by diagonal %ea?+4 ,! second-/ory joi/s re/ on /r+]s or light gird]s #a #e in*es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,if ! gird] is set flu% ) ! inside ( ! /ud1 ,a1 ! la?s mu/ lie directly ^u ! face ( ! girt4 ,?is gives no room = ! mort> to =m cl9*es beh9d ! la?4 ,?is #e-;in* gird] swells :5 ! mort> is put on & %r9ks :5 x dries1 :i* may result 9 a crack 9 ! wall 9 ! angle ne> ,a4 ,s9ce1 by reason ( faulty con/ruction1 !re are no cl9*es beh9d ! la?1 ! pla/]+ becomes loos5$1 & ?is is likely to be ! beg9n+ ( s]i\s tr\ble4 ,if ! gird] is let 9 s t its face is n flu% ) ! inside ( ! /ud & !n furr[$ out ) small pieces ( la?1 ! effects ( ! %r9k+ ( ! gird] w be obviat$ & room w be left = cl9*es beh9d ! la?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,second-/ory joi/4 ,9 w9dy1 cold climates1 :]e lumb] is at all abundant1 a second bo>d+ may be plac$ inside1 cov]$ ) pap] & furr[$ out ) a s+le ?ickness ( la? to all[1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ! =mation ( cl9*es4 ,!re is no objection to bo>d+ horizontally on ! inside1 if ! outside has be5 bo>d$ diagonally4 ,! t]m 8r\gh bo>d+0 has be5 us$1 b x %\ld be said t ! bo>d+ :i* =ms ! fir/ cov]+1 sometimes call$ %ea?+1 %\ld be br\ght to uni=m ?ickness & mat*$ or rabbet$4 ,:]ev] great] /r5g? ( wall is desir$ ?an c be =m$ by a s+le #b #e /udd+1 z at ! corn]s1 or by a s+le #b #aj joi/1 z :]e p>titions are to be plac$1 x is bett] to spike two or m pieces toge!r ?an to h pieces saw$ ( ! dim5sions desir$4 ,^! made-up pieces or timb]s are /rong] ?an solid pieces ( ! same "* & dim5sions1 s9ce ! cont9uity ( ! cross-gra9 ( ! wood is brok5 9 ! made-up pieces4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( l>ge bridges ! timb]s1 :]e expos$ to ! wea!r1 are made up ( small] timb]s1 s9ce !y are !n n only /rong] b m durable & less subject to dry rot ?an if !y are solid 7,fig4 #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,con/ruction ( a l>ge bridge4 ,plates are made up ( mat]ial #b in*es ?ick & z broad z ! /udd+ is wide1 d\bl$1 ) jo9ts mismat*$4 ,?is mo/ valuable pr9ciple ( build+ up timb]s ( sev]al ?9 pieces is a some:at rec5t practice4 ,:]e v l>ge timb]s are requir$1 z 9 truss$ or self-support+ ro(s1 ! timb]s ( :i* are n expos$ to view1 !y are frequ5tly made up ( bo>ds #a in* ?ick & z broad z ! v]tical dim5sions desir$4 ,?is me?od is sometimes us$ 9 con/ruct+ timb]s = bo? h\ses & b>ns 7,fig4 #ei74 ,ro(s ( h\ses are1 ( necessity1 extremely v>iable1 z ! h\se is n plann$ to suit ! ro(1 b ! ro( to suit ! h\se4 ,flat metal ro(s ( all k9ds %\ld be avoid$1 z f> z possible1 on ! f>m h\se1 h[ev] well !y may be adapt$ to build+s 9 ! city4 ,metal ro(s are n objectionable 9 !mselves1 b only :5 !y are laid flat on f>m h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,a made-up plate1 con/ruct$ ( bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,%[+ ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction ( ,fig4 #ei4 ,! pit* ( ro(s1 l _! %ape1 is also v>iable4 ,no?+ bel[ "o-?ird pit* %\ld be us$ except = special conditions4 ,9 ,fig4 #ch1 page #abg1 is an illu/ration ( ! common pit* ( ro(s 9 fa%ion fifty ye>s ago4 ,"s ro(s 7 ev5 flatt] ?an ! "o %[n4 ,! fa%ion n[ is to con/ruct h\se ro(s ) ne>ly or q half pit*4 ,:ile /eep ro(s are desirable if made ( wood1 !re is "s dang] t ! *ange f ! ne>ly flat ro( to ! /eep "o w be c>ri$ too f> 7see ,fig4 #ac1 page #ie74 ,v>i\s pit*es ( ro(s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,/eep ro(s d n require z /rong raft]s1 ?ru/ less ^u ! plates1 are m durable1 & are less likely to leak ?an flat ro(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,pit*es ( ro(s4--1 1 1 4 ,s9ce ro(s are ( v>i\s pit*es1 !y require raft]s ( v>i\s l5g?s & bevels4 ,f>m]s & _m c>p5t]s h mu* difficulty 9 gett+ ! l5g? & bevels ( bo? raft]s & braces4 ,mo/ c>p5t]s' squ>es h s-call$ brace rules /amp$ ^u _! tongues4#c ,^! give ! l5g? ( ! brace = ! %ort] & m common runs1#d b !y d n give ! angles ( ! ends ( ! brace4 ,!n1 too1 ! l5g? is giv5 9 in*es & hundr$?s ( in*es1 & c>p5t]s' squ>es are n divid$ into hundr$?s1 s ?is complicat$ brace-rule is z useful z a /eam :i/le on an ox-c>t4 #c ,! %ort end ( ! squ>e4 #d ,! p]p5dicul> & horizontal di/ances cov]$ by ! brace4 ,! me?ods by :i* ! l5g? & bevels ( any memb] ( a frame :i* dep>ts f any o!r memb] at an angle are s easily und]/ood t ! wond] is t all are n famili> ) !m4 ,= a simple illu/ration1 let x be suppos$ t raft]s = a build+ #ah feet broad1 ) "o-?ird pit*1 are to be laid out 7,fig4 #fb74 ,! raft]1 ,r1 takes ! =m ( a brace4 ,! run is #i feet horizontally or half ! wid? ( ! build+1 & #f feet p]p5dicul>ly4 ,if ! squ>e be laid ^u ! /ick design$ = ! raft]1 z #f is to #i1 "o side ( ! squ>e w give ! %ort] & ! o!r ! long] angle or bevel 7,fig4 #fc74 ,if ! squ>e is laid on #ab times at #i & #f in*es1 x w give ! l5g? ( ! raft]1 = #ab times #i is #ajh1 half ! wid? ( ! build+1 & #ab times #f is #gb1 ! height ( ! peak above ! plates4 ,if ! squ>e is laid on #ah #ab in*es1 ! proportion is pres]v$1 & h5ce ! angles2 ! squ>e w\ld only h to be laid on six times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,lay+ out a ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,lay+ out a raft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,lay+ out a timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,a brace4 ,consid] a build+ #bj feet broad & #f in*es above "o-?ird pit*4 ,! half ( #bj feet equals #aj feet1 or #abj in*es4 ,sev5 feet #b in*es 7#hf in*es7 is ! height ( ! peak above ! plate4 ,x is quickly se5 t ?is problem1 l ! o!r1 c be solv$ 9 m ?an "o way4 ,if ! long end ( ! squ>e is laid on at #bj in*es & ! %ort end at #ad in*es1 & ?is is repeat$ six times1 bo? ! bevels & ! l5g? w be secur$ 7,fig4 #fd71 = #f multipli$ by #bj equals #abj in*es1 half ! wid? ( ! build+1 & #f multipli$ by #ad equals #hf in*es1 ! height ( ! peak4 ,or ! long end ( ! squ>e might be laid on at #bd & ! %ort end at #ae five times1 b squ>es are n m>k$ 9 fif?s ( in*es1 h5ce ! previ\s me?od w\ld be be/4#e ,! same results w\ld be rea*$ by lay+ ! squ>e on at #ae & #aj in*es2 eight /eps w\ld !n be requir$ in/ead ( six4 ,! long] & few] ! /eps )9 ! limits ( ! squ>e1 ! bett]4 #e ,s9ce ! squ>e is laid on1 see ,figs4 #fa1 #fb1 9 ! same mann] z = cutt+ a /air2 ea* "o ( ^! spaces is call$ a 8/ep40 ,if x is desir$ to cut a brace #c #d feet run1 #c /eps1 us+ ! l5g?s #ab & #af1 w give bo? ! l5g? ( ! brace & ! bevels 7,fig4 #fe74 ,take a raft] :i* has a projection requir+ a not* to be cut 9 ! l[] side1 & ! same rule w apply4 ,! l9e ,a1 ,fig4 #ff1 is horizontal & ! face ( ! plate is p]p5dicul>2 !re=e1 ! l9e ,b mu/ be at "r angles to ,a4 ,! only ?+ n[ to be det]m9$ is h[ deep ! not* %all be1 = x is evid5t t if ! l9e ,a repres5ts ! long end ( ! squ>e & ,b ! %ort end ( ! squ>e1 ! not* w fit ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,adju/+ to ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! raft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! raft] trimm$ on ! out] end4 ,t "p ( ! raft] :i* ext5ds ov] ! build+ may be r$uc$ 9 size1 b usually x is well to leave x entire 7z 9 ,fig4 #fg7 if ! h\se is l>ge4 ,if ! l[] end ( ! raft] %\ld appe> too heavy1 x may be treat$ z 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! bevels at ! ends ( ! raft]s are ! same z at ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #ff74 ,! outl9es ( a /ory-&-a-half h\se1 :i* =m is mo/ undesirable = v>i\s reasons1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,! *amb]s _c be well light$ or air$4 ,! outl9es ( ! room int]f]e ) ! plac+ ( furniture1 & su* *amb]s are f> m uncom=table 9 w>m wea!r ?an are ^? 9 two-/ory h\ses4 ,x w be se5 t ! coll>-beam1 ,c1 mu/ be plac$ s f> above ! foot ( ! raft]s 9 ord] to get a fair height ( ceil+1 t x has little b9d+ p[]1 & t ! build+ _c be ti$ toge!r at ! plates 9 ! c5t]1 s9ce ! tie w\ld int]f]e ) ! door 9 ! cross wall4 ,x w also be se5 t ! second-/ory joi/s are s f> bel[ ! plates t _! p[] to hold ! build+ toge!r is small4 ,_m ( ! "o-&-a-half-/ory h\ses h 8sway-back$0 peaks because ( ?is faulty con/ruction4 7,see ,fig4 #ce1 page #abd1 brok5-back h\se47 ,if /ory-&-a-half h\ses mu/ be built1 !n !y %\ld be cov]$ by ro(s hav+ at lea/ "o-half pit*1 9 :i* case ! coll>-beams c\ld be plac$ relatively l[] & ! ?ru/ on ! plates w\ld be v mu* dim9i%$ by ! /eep] ro( 7,fig4 #gj74 ,"o-1 two-1 ?ree- or m /ori$ h\ses are easily & c]ta9ly prev5t$ f spread+ s9ce "o ti] ( joi/s always co9cides ) ! foot ( ! raft]s1 to :i* !y c be securely fa/5$4 ,=tunately1 ! /ory-&-a-half h\se is less con/ruct$ ?an =m]ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,outl9e ( a /ory-&-a-half h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,half pit* & an effici5t coll>-beam4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,build+ ,,! ,,h\se1 ,,conclud$4--,,outside ,,cov]+1 ,,pa9t+ ,t "p ( ! h\se :i* ( necessity mu/ be expos$ to ! buffet+s ( sn[ & ra91 w9d & sun1 %\ld be consid]$ m c>efully ?an any o!r "p except ! f\ndation4 ,if economy dem&s1 ! doors1 floors1 ba? rooms1 & w>drobes may be ( pla9 & inexp5sive mat]ial1 = lat] !y may be replac$ :5 means ju/ify additional exp5diture2 b if ! outside cov]+ be faulty1 ! h\se is a p>tial failure f ! beg9n+4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple to be obs]v$ is to place all projections int5d$ to s]ve z wat]-tables at some:at acute angles1 = if plac$ at ne>ly "r angles ) ! sides ( ! h\se1 ra9s accompani$ by heavy w9ds w c]ta9ly rea* ! framework4 ,! wat]-tables :i* cr[n ! top ( ! base-bo>d are m expos$ ?an ^? :i* are high] up1 & !re=e %\ld be /eep & rabbet$ to prev5t ! wat] f rea*+ ! sills4 ,! too usual me?od is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,an enl>g$ view ( a bett] /yle ( wat]-table is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,a faulty wat]-table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,a good wat]-table4 ,outside w9d[ frame sills :i* h insuffici5t pit* t5d to become wat]-soak$1 & n infrequ5tly ! l[] memb] ( ! w9d[ itself rots by reason ( ! wat] :i* drives 9 & rema9s "u ! sill ( ! w9d[ = consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,figs4 #gc & #gd %[ p]fect & faulty me?ods ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,p]fect con/ruction ( w9d[ sill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,faulty con/ruction4 ,! sid+ ( a h\se = v>i\s reasons w\ld bett] be put on horizontally1 al?\gh mat]ial put on ?is way1 unless x is kept well pa9t$1 is n s durable z :5 plac$ v]tically4 ,! horizontal cov]+ is m beautiful1 l5ds itself bett] to ! num]\s op5+s1 & gives bett] protection f cold & w9d ?an does ! v]tical cov]+4 ,if ! build+ is n to be pa9t$1 !n ! cov]+ w\ld bett] be plac$ v]tically4 ,ne>ly all wood5 h\ses are cov]$ ) ei!r ?9 lap-sid+ or in* sid+1 prep>$ 9 v>i\s ways & kn[n by v>i\s names4 ,! in* or novelty sid+ 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! ,we/1 & co/s b little m ?an ! lap-sid+1 because1 be+ ?ick]1 x c be made ( some:at inf]ior lumb]4 ,! novelty or rabbet$ cov]+ gives great] /r5g? to ! build+ & is mu* m quickly & *eaply put on4 ,x may be said t ?is /yle ( cov]+ is extremely faulty if plac$ on ! build+ 9 ! usual way1 namely1 be=e ! doors & w9d[s & corn] bo>ds are 9 position4 ,if ! same me?od ( plac+ ! mat]ial be practic$ z 9 plac+ ! lap-sid+1 !n ! objections to ?is class ( sid+ disappe> to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ge1 %[s ! novelty1 or drop1 or ,o ,g sid+ 7,a71 ! rabbet$ 7,b7 & lap-sid+ 7,c74 ,x w readily be se5 t if a drop 7,a7 or rabbet$ 7,b7 sid+ be put on be=e ! w9d[ frames are plac$1 z is ! usual cu/om1 an op5+ 7x7 is left "u ! fac+ ( ! w9d[ frame :i* ext5ds ?r\gh to ! /udd+4 ,?is p]mits ! ra91 9 a driv+ /orm1 to pass horizontally along ?is op5+ to ! /udd+ & !n d[nw>d along ! framework ( ! build+4 ,_m in/ances c\ld be cit$ 9 :i* ^! op5+s h _h to be fill$ by triangul> blocks ( wood or putty1 & ev5 !n ! wat] 0 n entirely exclud$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,=ms ( sid+4 ,?is me?od ( cov]+ h\ses or ev5 b>ns ) ?is new k9d ( sid+ is usually disappo9t+ & wa/eful ( mat]ial4 ,all t is ga9$ is a little m facility & *eapness 9 plac+ ! cov]+4 ,if x is put on1 z x %\ld be1 aft] ! w9d[ & door frames are set1 x is m difficult & m exp5sive to place ?an lap-sid+4 ,no way ( cov]+ a wood5 h\se has be5 f\nd sup]ior to ! "o-half in* lap-sid+ ) jo9ts tight en\gh at ! frames & corn]s1 9 conjunction ) ! pa9t1 to make wat]-tight jo9ts4 ,! lap %\ld n be less ?an "o in*1 & ! nails %\ld be s plac$ t 9 case ( consid]able %r9kage 9 ! sid+ ! inside w give or ev5 *eck1 in/ead ( ! outside 7z74 ,if made z at y1 ! outside w *eck4 ,?is implies t ! nails are to be driv5 r m ?an "o-half in* above ! edge ( ! sid+4 ,! nails :i* hold ! out] cov]+ %\ld ei!r be set & putti$1 or ! heads %\ld be left ev5 ) or slightly above ! surface ( ! wood1 t ! pa9t may cov] all p>ts ( ! nail head4 ,if ! nails are driv5 too f> 9 ! heads are n fully cov]$ & protect$ by ! pa9t1 9 :i* case !y w ru/ & pres5t an unsightly appe>ance4 ,"s "o has said t if a woman's feet1 h&s1 & head are well & appropriately clo!d1 ! balance ( ! dress may be pla9 & simple1 & yet %e w h an elegant appe>ance4 ,s1 if a h\se has a good f\ndation & a suitable & well-plac$ ro(1 ! balance ( ! outside may be extremely pla9 & yet x w be beautiful4 ,"s ( our mod]n h\ses re/ on unpo9t$1 poorly con/ruct$1 & n>r[ f\ndations1 are b$eck$ ) peaks1 pigeon l(ts1 & dog-e>$ cornices1 & rem9d "o ( ! susp5d]less1 b>efoot$ d>ky cr[n$ ) a ca/-(f silk hat4 ,if ! f\ndation is too small & %abbily built1 no am\nt ( pa9t & cornice c relieve ! h\se f a look ( %abby g5tility4 ,a few br[n or cream-color$ /ones or bricks1 :5 plac$ on ! outside ( ! f\ndation :]e x %[s above gr\nd1 w give dignity1 beauty & a sub/antial look to ! :ole h\se4 ,x may d = x :at a nickel does = "o's %oes4 ,! ro( ( ! f>m h\se1 & = t matt] ( all o!r h\ses1 %\ld1 9 ! try+ climate ( ,am]ica1 h an ample projection4 ,an abbreviat$ cornice may be admissible if ! build+ is con/ruct$ ( /one :i* is ( suffici5t d5sity to resi/ ! ,am]ican too? ( "t4 ,fig4 #gf %[s a section ( an abbreviat$ & a well ext5d$ cornice4 ,! h\se :i* has ?is %ort-cut cornice /&s )9 a few hundr$ feet ( ! "o ) ! wide project+ eaves4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s x has be5 necess>y to pa9t ! =m] twice z (t5 z ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,deep & n>r[ cornices4 ,! ro( cov]+ w\ld bett] be ( slate or tiles1 = ! "t has pass$ = build+ tempor>y1 make-%ift h\ses1 ?\gh !y might h s]v$ _! purpose well 9 a new & rapidly develop+ c\ntry4 ,) r>e exceptions1 ! h\ses to be built 9 ! future %\ld be p]man5tly locat$1 well built1 & ( durable mat]ial4 ,! slates :i* compose a ro( %\ld be n m ?an #h in*es wide & %\ld n be put on ro(s ( less ?an "o-?ird pit*1 s9ce !y are only d\ble-lapp$ & d n lie z closely1 "o ^u ! o!r1 z d %+les1 :i* are laid triple-lapp$4 ,slate & tile ro(s are comp>atively heavy1 & h5ce require /rong] ro( /ructures ?an %+les4 ,! ro( bo>d+ = slate ro(s %\ld be mat*$--tongu$ & groov$--& cov]$ ) pap] to prev5t cold & draughts ( air f pass+ into ! attic4 ,s9ce slates1 on acc\nt ( _! some:at r\gh surfaces1 d n lie closely toge!r1 ! w9d is likely to pass ?r\gh ! cracks 9 ! ro(1 if !re are any1 & c>ry sn[ & ra9 into ! upp] "p ( ! h\se2 !re=e ! ro( cov]+ imm$iately "u ! slates %\ld be virtually air-tight4 ,! ro( bo>ds = a %+le ro( %\ld be n>r[ & laid ) op5+s ( f #a to #b in*es betwe5 ! bo>ds4 ,ra9 & sn[ seldom drive up & ?r\gh ! %+le ro(1 & s9ce wood5 ro(s are m likely to rot out ?an to we> out1 ! m p]fectly ! %+les are dri$ out aft] a /orm ! bett]4 ,! n>r[ ro( bo>ds & ! spaces betwe5 !m all[ ! %+les to dry quickly1 & !re=e are bett] ?an mat*$ bo>ds4 ,! %ort1 or common1 %+le ( comm]ce is #af in*es long1 - to -in* ?ick at "o end1 & ( an in* at ! o!r1 & is comput$ at #d in*es wide4 ,a bun* ( %+les conta9s "o f\r? ( a ?\s&4 ,x %\ld h #be d\ble c\rses & ! b& %\ld be #bj in*es long4 ,n infrequ5tly !re is a c\rse or two want+1 or ! b&s are an in* or s %ort4 ,hav+ ?is data1 "o c easily det]m9e if ! bun* is ( legal size4 ,a little *eat+ is n uncommonly done by plac+ ! %+les 9 ! bun* loosely4 ,?is c be detect$ by exam9+ ! bun*es at ! ?ick ends ( ! %+les4 ,!oretically1 #a1jjj %+les %\ld cov] #aj feet squ>e1 or #ajj squ>e feet1 kn[n 9 c>p5try z 8a squ>e10 if ! %+les are laid #d in*es to ! wea!r4 ,s9ce %+les are usually laid #d to #e in*es to ! wea!r1 #a1jjj %+les %\ld cov] ab\t #abj squ>e feet4 ,two-?irds ( ! l[] "p ( ! ro( may be laid #d in*es1 & ! upp] ?ird #d or #e in*es to ! wea!r1 if ! ro( is n flat4 ,if %+les are treat$ ) lime wat] or dilut$ gas t>1 or be pa9t$ z !y are laid1 ! life ( ! ro( may be prolong$4 ,! pa9t+ ( ro(s ) t> or common e>? or m9]al pa9ts1 aft] !y are laid1 does little or no good 9 pres]v+ !m4 ,sometimes pa9t+ is resort$ to to make ! ro( h>monize ) ! color ( ! sides ( ! build+4 ,nei!r extremely n>r[ nor extremely wide %+les are desirable4 ,^? f #c to #f in*es wide1 :5 c>efully laid1 are satisfactory4 ,ea* %+le %\ld receive b two nails2 "o is usually en\gh1 & ^! %\ld be plac$ ab\t ( an in* f ! edges1 & ab\t #a in* above ! po9t :]e ! butts ( ! next c\rse w come4 ,:5 ! c\rses above are laid ^u ! %+le hav+ b "o nail1 two or ?ree o!r nails1 :i* are driv5 9 ! c\rses above1 w s]ve to help hold x 9 position4 ,! jo9ts ( %+le ro(s %\ld be d\ble brok53 t is1 ! jo9ts 9 ! %+les ( "o c\rse %\ld n co9cide ) ! jo9ts ( ! fir/ or second c\rse bel[4 ,consult ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,! lay+ ( %+les4 ,if two nails be driv5 9 ! sides ( an unseason$ %+le1 :5 x %r9ks x is likely to split 9 ! middle2 & 9 lay+ a ro( ! jo9t imm$iately above ! c\rse "u consid]ation is likely to come at or ne> ! middle ( ! %+le1 :i* splits by reason ( ! %r9k+4 ,! case is /ill worse :5 ?ree nails are put 9 a %+le1 = !n x is almo/ c]ta9 to split 9 ! middle & imm$iately 9 l9e ) ! jo9t 9 ! c\rse above4 ,unsci5tific plac+ ( %+les & insuffici5t mix+ ( mort> results 9 an unsatisfactory h\se1 bo? inside & outside1 h[ev] good ! mat]ials may be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,a v5e]$ wall4 ,,v5e]$ ,,h\ses ,a mo/ excell5t way to secure a w>m1 durable h\se1 & "o t w require ! m9imum ( c>e-tak+1 is to fir/ con/ruct a #d-;in* wall aft] ! balloon patt]n1 z has be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,to ?is frame1 %ea?+ surfac$ on "o side is atta*$4 ,! #d-;in* brick wall is securely fa/5$ to ! wood5 /ructure by means ( #cj-p5ny spikes1 "o at ea* /udd+1 :i* are driv5 9 at ! top ( e sev5 c\rses ( brick4 7,see ,fig4 #gh47 ,a wood5 h\se may also be v5e]$ ) /one1 ! v5e]+ be+ held 9 place by means ( metal an*ors atta*$ to ! bo>d+4 ,! f\ndation ne$s to be a little /rong] ?an = ! wood5 h\se1 & mu/ be provid$ ) a /one wat]-table = receiv+ ! v5e]+4 ,9 a v5e]$ h\se1 all ! lightness & dryness ( a wood5 h\se are secur$ on ! inside & on ! outside all ! durability & solidity ( a brick or /one h\se4 ,:5 ! v5e]+ is ( h>d-burn$1 cream-color$ or neutrally t9t$ brick or br[n /one1 ! effect is extremely pleas+4 ,! fir/ co/ ( su* a h\se is some:at m ?an an all-wood h\se1 b its great] durability & fre$om f con/ant repairs makes x no m exp5sive 9 ! end4 ,:5 "o builds su* a h\se & cov]s x ) a /eep slate ro(1 he feels t he has build$ = _m com+ g5]ations4 ,x is n necess>y to speak 9 detail ( /one & brick h\ses1 s9ce su* /ructures are q exp5sive1 & _! con/ruction %\ld always be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( exp]ts4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to discuss !m g5]ally4 ,! co/ ( build+ brick h\ses is ne>ly twice z great z ^? ( wood2 /one h\ses co/ m ?an brick h\ses4 ,! f\ndations ( brick or /one /ructures mu/ be broad & plac$ deep 9 ! gr\nd1 to su/a9 ! great weight plac$ ^u !m4 ,h[ev] mu* pa9s has be5 tak51 ! walls ( ! sup]/ructure (t5 crack by reason ( ! unequal settl+ ( ! f\ndation or by unequal /ra9 on ! walls1 due to ! w9d[ & door op5+s4 ,once ! walls are crack$ !y become unsightly1 & _c well be re/or$ )\t be+ rebuilt4 ,unless ! w9d[s are extra l>ge ! h\se w n be well light$ because ( ! ?ick walls4 7,see ,fig4 #bd1 p4 #ajh47 ,! walls d n heat & cool z quickly z d wood5 walls1 h5ce brick & especially /one h\ses are likely to be damp1 s9ce ! w>m air ( ! rooms t5ds to "p ) its moi/ure :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! relatively cool walls4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! walls to cond5se moi/ure may be obviat$ by /udd+ & pla/]+ !m on ! inside1 b all ?is adds to ! exp5se4 ,until build+ mat]ial becomes mu* less exp5sive ?an x n[ is1 ! f>m] w\ld bett] build ei!r a wood5 or v5e]$ h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,re-sid+ an old wall4 ,,old ,,h\ses ,h\ses :i* 7 built "s "t ago & be=e build+ pap] & bett] me?ods ( con/ruction 7 9 vogue1 are usually too cold & (t5 extremely unsatisfactory4 ,! outside cov]+ may be w>p$ & crack$ & too (t5 pa9tless4 ,:]e ^! conditions prevail ! h\se may be re-sid$ )\t remov+ ! old cov]+4 ,! w9d[ frames1 corn] bo>ds1 & l memb]s :i* receive ! sid+ are built out by plac+ b&s ar\nd ! frames & on ! corn] bo>ds ( suffici5t ?ickness to receive ! new second sid+4 ,/rong build+ pap] is !n plac$ ov] ! old sid+1 & /rips "o in* ?ick & two in*es broad are nail$ imm$iately ^u x & ov] ! sev]al /uds ( ! old frame4 7,fig4 #gi47 ,! h\se is n[ ready to receive new sid+4 ,if pap] be laid on ! floors & a well season$ second floor be laid ^u x1 !y w be greatly improv$ at slight co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,faulty gutt] or eave tr\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,well con/ruct$ gutt]4 ,eave tr\ghs %\ld be plac$ outside ! p]p5dicul> l9e ( ! walls to prev5t wat] f ent]+ ! h\se %\ld ! tr\ghs leak or ov]fl[ f be+ fill$ ) ice4 ,eave tr\ghs are frequ5tly made ( t9 :i* is too n>r[1 9 :i* case1 especially on flat ro(s1 ! wat] w back up "u ! %+les & run ov] t "p ( ! gutt] :i* lies hidd5 9 ! ro(4 ,! elevation ( ! front edge ( ! gutt] %\ld be at lea/ #b in*es bel[ ! extreme upp] edge ( ! t9 ( :i* ! gutt] is made4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #hj & #ha47 ,gutt]s plac$ at ! end ( ! raft]s are usually n z durable z ^? plac$ on ! ro(1 b if c>efully put up s t !y w keep _! position !y s]ve _! purpose well & may be made to give additional beauty to ! eaves ( ! ro(4 ,! conductors :i* lead ! wat] f ! gutt]s to ! gr\nd %\ld be made l>ge & ( corrugat$ mat]ial1 t expansion may be provid$ = %\ld !y become fill$ ) ice4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t us+ too n>r[ t9 = gutt]s is d\bly applicable to ! valleys4 ,op5 valleys are bett] ?an clos$4 ,all t9 us$ = gutt]s or valleys %\ld be pa9t$ on bo? sides be=e x is plac$ ^u ! ro(1 & all us$ ab\t ! outside ( ! build+ %\ld be kept well pa9t$1 z x is m economical to pa9t (t5 ?an to m5d leaks4 ,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,h\se ,aft] mu* solicitude & money h be5 exp5d$ on ! con/ruction ( ! h\se1 x is poor economy to let x suff] = want ( pa9t4 ,n infrequ5tly ! h\se is plann$ s l>ge1 or s mu* is sp5t on its erection t means are n at h& = fully protect+ ! outside ) suitable pa9ts4 ,z to ! colors ( pa9ts or _! comb9ations1 little c be said1 s9ce ta/es & conditions are extremely v>iable4 ,a f>m h\se %\ld h its own di/9ctive features1 & its own p]sonality1 & :ile x may be simil> to _m o!r h\ses x %\ld n be a duplicate ( any o!r "o4 ,9 manufactur+ t[ns long r[s ( h\ses are built1 ea* "o ! exact duplicate ( all ! o!rs 9 %ape1 dim5sions1 & color4 ,! effect is abom9able4 ,?is illu/ration ( exact imitation only goes to %[ h[ necess>y x is to h div]sity ( /yle 9 ! h\ses !mselves & v>iation 9 ! colors ( ! pa9ts if ! maximum beauty ( ! home & adaptation to l&scape & site are secur$4 ,9 pa9t+ ! f>m h\se beauty %\ld n be ignor$1 b beauty may n be compatible ) durability & necess>y economy4 ,! f>m home may & %\ld be plac$ 9 su* beautiful environm5t t ! pa9t :i* cov]s x s9ks into comp>ative insignificance z comp>$ to ! pa9t+ ( ! city h\se2 !re=e ! elem5ts ( economy & durability play z important p>ts 9 ! pa9t+ ( f>m h\ses z does beauty4 ,ev5 a great1 pla91 two-/ory :ite f>m h\se ) gre5 w9d[-bl9ds c be made to look beautiful & home-l if x has a suitable sett+ ( noble trees4 ,if ! outside cov]+ ( ! h\se is plac$ "s "t be=e x receives its fir/ coat ( pa9t1 ! wood t5ds to *eck & usually becomes too dry = apply+ x4 ,if expos$ = "s days to ! direct rays ( ! sun be=e pa9t+1 s mu* ( ! oil ( ! pa9t w be tak5 up by ! wood t !re w n be en\gh left to b9d ! m9]al matt] ( ! pa9t to ! wood4 ,?is is especially ! case :]e an attempt is made to complete ! pa9t+ by ! application ( b two coats1 9 :i* case1 ! fir/ or prime coat mu/ conta9 relatively mu* m9]al mat]ial & little oil1 & mu/ be spread ?ickly if ! surfaces are to be well cov]$ by ! two coats4 ,n infrequ5tly1 ! outside woodwork is swoll5 & some:at displac$ by ra9s be=e ! ro( is 9 place4 ,ev5 aft] x has dri$ out ! ideal conditions are n secur$4 ,! ro( %\ld be plac$ z soon z ! sid+ is complet$1 or if possible be=e4 ,! c>p5t] %\ld put on ! fir/1 or prime1 coat z fa/ z ! h\se is sid$2 t is1 ! woodwork :i* has be5 plac$ f "o scaffold or /age %\ld be pa9t$ f ! scaffold be=e ! "o above is con/ruct$4 ,! corn] bo>ds1 w9d[ sa%1 & frame %\ld receive "o coat ( pa9t be=e !y leave ! %op4 ,! prime coat may be ( yell[ o*re mix$ ) "s :ite lead1 s9ce ! aft] pa9t+ ) ! desir$ color w cov] ! yell[ if two coats be appli$4 ,good yell[ o*re is a mo/ durable pa9t :5 prop]ly mix$ & spread1 al?\gh x may be said t ! m :ite lead us$ 9 ! prime coat ! bett]4 ,yell[ o*re %\ld conta9 a l>ge p] c5t ( iron2 :5 o*res are compos$ l>gely ( color$ clay !y are inf]ior4 ,! pa9t = ! fir/ coat %\ld1 9 any case1 be ?91 s9ce ! oil :i* x conta9s plays an important "p4 ,?is fir/ coat t5ds1 or %\ld t5d1 to fill ! wood ) oil s t ! oil 9 ! aft] coat w mo/ly rema9 ) ! pa9t1 & n leave x & pass into ! wood1 !reby de/roy+ its b9d+ =ce4 ,too mu* /ress c h>dly be laid on ! necessity ( rubb+ ! fir/ coat into ! wood by vigor\s use ( ! bru%4 ,to realize ! value ( ?is pr9ciple "o has b to visit a fir/-class c>riage manufactory & obs]ve ! me?ods :i* are 9 use to prep>e a c>riage body = its f9al coat ( d>k pa9t & v>ni%4 ,9 too _m cases ! fir/ coat ( pa9t is mix$ too ?ickly & is n press$ into ! pores ( ! wood z x %\ld be1 9 :i* case ! pa9t may ei!r peel or rub (f 9 a few ye>s4 ,! c\ntry boy dress$ 9 8 be/ black suit (t5 has a rem9d] ( ?is if he *ances to lean aga9/ ! outside ( ! old c\ntry *ur* :ile 8wait+ = meet+ to take up40 ,all outside pa9t+1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ coat1 %\ld be done1 z f> z possible1 9 cool wea!r4 ,e>ly spr+ & late fall1 :5 flies & du/ are n pres5t1 are ! be/4 ,if ! h\se is built 9 ! summ]1 ! second coat may be put on 9 ! fall & ! ?ird coat ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! pa9t ( ! second coat may be a little ?ick] ?an t ( ! fir/1 & t ( ! ?ird a little ?ick] ?an ! second4 ,if ! be/ job is desir$ ! pa9t = all ?ree coats %\ld be mix$ ?9n] ?an is cu/om>y1 9 :i* case a f\r? coat w be requir$ ! foll[+ fall4 ,! h\se w n[ h a poli% simil> to ! well pa9t$ c>riage body1 &1 l x1 w resi/ moi/ure & rema9 good = a long "t4 ,if a build+ is to be pa9t$ at all x w\ld bett] be pa9t$ at ! beg9n+ & be kept well pa9t$1 z x is ! m economical 9 ! end4 ,bett] curtail ! size ( ! h\se ?an to build x s l>ge t ! outside cov]+ mu/ be neglect$4 ,! oil us$ 9 pa9ts is usually d]iv$ f ! vegetable oil f\nd 9 flax or l9se$4 ,al?\gh _m o!r k9ds ( oils h be5 tri$1 no?+ has be5 discov]$ :i* c take ! place1 9 pa9ts1 ( l9se$ oil4 ,?is is mo/ rem>kable1 = !re are _m vegetable oils :i* are v simil> to ?is "o4 ,l9se$ oil is exp5sive z comp>$ ) sev]al o!r k9ds1 h5ce _m attempts h be5 made to f9d an oil equally z good = pa9t+2 s f> z ,i am able to le>n1 none h be5 discov]$4 ,l9se$ oil 9 pa9ts1 :5 dri$1 =ms a h>d1 t\gh1 gluey coat+ :i* s]ves to b9d firmly ! p>ticles ( pa9t toge!r1 & to ! wood1 & to exclude wat] z no o!r oil does2 h5ce if any o!r oil is mix$ ) ! l9se$ oil1 x is said to be adult]at$4 ,at ! pres5t "t l9se$ oil is adult]at$ 9 "s cases1 & x is believ$ t ?is adult]ation is ! *ief cause ( ! lack ( durability 9 _m ( ! ready-mix$ pa9ts4 ,if l9se$ oil be mix$ ) o!r oils :i* are want+ 9 its valuable *>act]i/ic1 x is c]ta9 t su* oils w n b9d ! p>ticles ( pa9t toge!r z !y %\ld be b\nd4 ,at pres5t ! only protection is to pur*ase gu>ante$ pure oil ( deal]s :o are reliable beyond p]adv5ture4 ,outside pa9t+ %\ld be done ) unboil$ oil unless1 on acc\nt ( ! wea!r1 boil$ oil mu/ be us$ to ha/5 dry+4 ,9 extreme cases a dri] 7li?>ge7 is us$4 ,! dry+ process %\ld n be rapid 9 outside pa9t+1 z sl[ dry+ promotes durability4 ,! sub/ances mix$ ) ! oil to =m pa9ts are extremely v>iable 9 composition & color4 ,"s are good1 & are usually relatively high pric$4 ,o!rs are inf]ior & relatively l[ pric$4 ,n[ t s _m br&s ( ready-mix$ pa9ts ( _m t9ts are 9 common use1 x is impracticable to analyze all ( !m & det]m9e _! quality s t ! inf]ior may be di/+ui%$ f ! sup]ior4 ,!re appe>s to be b two ways out ( ?is s]i\s dilemma3 use ! be/ br&s ( ! ready-mix$ pa9ts & await results1 or pur*ase pure :ite lead & z9c pa9ts & pure oil1 & t9t to suit ta/es & conditions4 ,h]et(ore1 to d ?is successfully has requir$ mu* skill & pati5ce1 especially if ! h\se 0 to be pa9t$ 9 _m colors4 ,pa9ts are n[ s univ]sally adult]at$ t ,i deem x my duty to call att5tion to a company :i* virtually gu>antees ! mat]ial sold4 ,! ,national ,lead ,company makes :ite pa9ts ( pure :ite lead & pure l9se$ oil4 ,x also manufactures pure t9t+ colors1 at lea/ ! company s adv]tise1 & )\t d\bt w\ld be liable = damages %\ld ! pa9ts prove to be adult]at$4 ,sample t9t c>ds are furni%$ & directions giv5 z to ! quantity & k9d ( t9t+ mat]ial to be mix$ ) ! :ite pa9t to give ! desir$ color4 ,all ?is greatly simplifies pa9t+1 & if ^! pa9ts are pure1 z repres5t$1 ! f>m] w h no difficulty 9 secur+ pure pa9t ( any t9t desir$4 ,! f>m] :o desires a beautifully pa9t$ h\se1 & simplicity1 may well re/rict ! colors ( ! pa9ts he uses to two1 be+ c>eful t !y are 9 h>mony1 "o ) ! o!r1 & ) ! "* ( ! h\se & its surr\nd+s4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! composition ( "s common pa9ts 7,no4 #a 0 analyz$ at ! ,cornell ,exp4 ,/a41 ! o!rs at ! ,i[a ,/ation73 ,i4 ,! pa9t kn[n z :ite lead1 :5 pure1 is a basic c>bonate ( lead mix$ 9 oil4 ,a sample %[$-- ,:ite lead #ic4fb ,oil & undet]m9$ #f4ch ,!re 0 no evid5ce ( adult]ation4 ,,ii4 ,:ite lead-- ,:ite lead #da4ab ,b>ium sulfate #cj4bi ,z9c oxide #bh4ei ,adult]at$ ) b>ium sulfate & z9c oxide4 ,b>ium sulfate is v heavy2 9 fact1 9 nature x is kn[n z heavy sp>4 ,,iii4 ,v5etian r$1 dry-- ,f]ric oxide #bd4ab ,calcium c>bonate #ff4cf ,calcium sulfate ,undet]m9$ #i4eb ,adult]at$ ) calcium c>bonate & calcium sulfate4 ,v5etian r$ is f]ric oxide1 or a natural r$ oxide ( iron4 ,calcium c>bonate is *alk or lime/one1 & calcium sulfate is pla/]4 ,,iv4 ,v5etian r$ 9 oil-- ,f]ric oxide #ab4hb ,calcium sulfate #c4ed ,b>ium sulfate #fc4ih ,oil & undet]m9$ #ai4ff -------- #ajj4jj ,adult]at$ ) b>ium sulfate & calcium sulfate4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,inside ,,f9i%1 ,,heat+1 ,,& ,,v5tilation ,z a rule1 h\ses are built too quickly4 ,! frame timb]s are only p>tly season$ :5 plac$2 ! ra9s :i* fall be=e ! h\se is ro($-9 & ! dampness caus$ by pla/]+ all conspire to swell & make damp all portions ( ! wood5 p>ts ( ! /ructure4 ,=m]ly1 ! cas+s ( doors & w9d[s & ! floors 7 plac$ be=e ! rooms 7 pla/]$2 ! bett] practice ( pla/]+ on 8gr\nds0#f & plac+ ! woodwork aft] ! mort> is dry is n[ obs]v$ by ! build]s ( all good h\ses4 ,9 mo/ cases ev5 ^! improv$ me?ods ( con/ruction d n result 9 secur+ :at is want$--tight floors & doors & cas+s :i* w n %r9k & w>p out ( %ape4 ,ne>ly all ( ?is tr\ble may be trac$ to two pr9cipal causes3 ! lumb] :i* con/itutes ! inside f9i% may n be ?or\ghly season$1 or ! h\se may be s damp t ! f9i% swells aft] x is plac$4 ,9 ei!r case1 :5 ! h\se becomes ?or\ghly dri$ out by artificial heat or o!rwise1 unsightly & dirt-hold+ cracks w appe>4 ,:5 exp5sive h>d wood poli%$ floors are laid1 pa9s is tak5 to provide aga9/ %r9kage by kiln-dry+ ! floor bo>ds & by lay+ !m :]e ! air & sun unite to take up extrane\s moi/ure 9 ! rooms & 9 ! floor bo>ds us$4 #f ,n>r[ /rips ( suffici5t ?ickness to receive ! la? & pla/]1 plac$ on ! frame & o!r places :]e ne$$4 ,comp>atively few p]sons c af=d h>d wood floors1 b ?is fact does n preclude hav+ floors )\t wide cracks1 :i* s]ve to reta9 dang]\s & fil?y mat]ial4 ,!re is no reason :y tight floors may n be made ( h>d p9e or o!r suitable mat]ial1 provid$ a little extra pa9s be tak5 9 _! con/ruction4 ,! lay+ ( ! floors %\ld be ! la/ c>p5t] "w done 9 ! new h\se4 ,all ?is implies t a r\gh1 *eap floor has be5 laid :5 ! frame 0 con/ruct$4 ,! r\gh1 diagonally laid sub-floor w co/ some?+ extra1 b x results 9 s _m b5efits t x %\ld nev] be disp5s$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,a pla9 base bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,a complex base bo>d4 ,w9d[s & door frames mu/ h inside cas+s1 & basebo>ds1 kit*5 wa9scot+ & picture mold+s _c well be disp5s$ )4 ,all ^! %\ld be ( ! simple/ & pla9e/ con/ruction4 ,fig4 #hb %[s a cross section ( a pla9 basebo>d1 & ,fig4 #hc "o ( complex con/ruction4 ,two /yles ( fac+s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,! "o /yle =ms lodg+ places = dirt2 ! o!r r$uces du/ cat*+ to ! m9imum4 ,i notice t "s ( ! new] pass5g] coa*es1 ?\gh mo/ elegant1 are built ) smoo? inside f9i%4 ,) ! exception ( ! w9d[ sills !re are no lodg+ places = du/ & c9d]s4 ,! old-fa%ion$ doors ) ?9 panels1 & num]\s mold+s h be5 disc>d$1 & ^? z pla9 & uni=m 9 ?ickness z a pane ( w9d[ glass1 sub/itut$ = !m4 ,! picture mold+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #he1 may s]ve to support ! picture & cat* dirt z well4 ,! o!r illu/ration 7,fig4 #hf7 %[s "o :i* may s]ve q z well = ! purpose desir$ )\t =m+ a du/ %elf4 ,if ! w9d[ sa%es are made ) pla9 bevels & n mold$1 & all o!r w9d[ fixtures1 z /ops & ! l1 are con/ruct$ 9 ! same way1 ! labor ( keep+ ! h\se clean w be greatly r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,two /yles ( fac+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,! common b faulty picture m\ld+4 ,! wa9scot+ & ! ceil+s1 if !y are made ( wood1 %\ld be con/ruct$ ( wide bo>ds1 ! cracks be+ cov]$ ) bevel$ batt5s4 ,! old-fa%ion$1 bead$1 n>r[ ceil+ mat]ial is n only difficult to keep t9t$ or v>ni%$1 b almo/ =bids cleanl9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,a sanit>y picture mold+4 ,mo/ /airs are too /eep2 "s are little bett] ?an ladd]s & m dang]\s4 ,! ris]s 9 ! ma9 /airway %\ld n exce$ #f in*es1 nor ! /eps be less ?an #ab in*es wide4 ,! back /air may h #g to #g in*es ris]s1 & #aj- to #aa-;in* /eps4 ,! be/ & mo/ beautiful /air has "o or m broad l&+s4 ,! spiral or 8corkscrew0 /air is wor/ ( all4 ,! ef=t to economize space by cramp+ ! /air is almo/ univ]sal4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a cramp$ /air & an ample "o may n am\nt to m ?an #ab squ>e feet ( space1 equival5t to ! top ( a small table4 ,true1 ! *ildr5 may g up an easy /air two /eps at a "t1 b :5 _! hair :it5s !y w bless ! man :o knew ! diff]5ce betwe5 an easy1 dignifi$ /air & a /ep-ladd]4 ,dim9i% ! size ( a room1 add a foot to ! wid? ( ! h\se1 d any?+ r ?an cramp ! /airway4 ,z f> z possible pa9t %\ld be kept (f ! inside woodwork4 ,!re are b few v>ieties ( wood :i* may n be made smoo?2 & by ! use ( h>d oil1 :i* is really oil & v>ni% mix$ toge!r1 all woodwork becomes beautiful & c be easily clean$4 ,x appe>s almo/ sacrilegi\s to cov] ! f9e gra9 ( our native woods ) *eap1 adult]at$ pa9t4 ,if "s ( ! woods1 su* z a%1 oak & *e/nut1 be saw$ 8on ! qu>t]0 & prop]ly f9i%$1 !y become m elegant & are 9 bett] ta/e ?an any ( ! import$ high-pric$ woods4 ,! f>m h\se %\ld be pla91 sub/antial1 & durable1 & 9 _m cases !re is suffici5t weal? to make x elegant & ev5 ref9$ by decorat+ ! walls ) a few f9e pictures & provid+ useful books4 ,we judge p some:at by ! furni%+s ( ! rooms 9 :i* !y live1 & by _! appreciation ( ?+s :i* are really beautiful & useful4 ,! com=t & elegance ( ! rooms dep5d q z mu* on ! pla/]$ walls z on _! wood5 f9i%4 ,few ?+s are m annoy+ ?an poor walls1 :i* may fall at any "t ^u ! furniture & rugs1 & may ev5 endang] ! lives ( ! little ones4 ,) quick-lime & s& & an hone/ & effici5t workman1 a good1 durable wall may be secur$2 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ! joi/s & /udd+ are /rong en\gh to prev5t vibration :5 ! floors are walk$ ^u or ! doors are clos$ quickly4 ,9 pla/]+1 ! gre5-coat f9i% %\ld n be adopt$1 s9ce poor] walls w inevitably be ! result ?an by ! scrat*-coat me?od4 ,to ! new settl] on ! prairies liv+ 9 a cov]$ wagon1 ! "t consum$ 9 build+ a h\se 0 important2 !re=e ! second coat ( pla/] 0 put on a few h\rs aft] ! fir/4 ,! pressure requir$ to spread1 level1 & smoo? ! second coat (t5 di/urb$ ! cl9*es =m$ by ! fir/ coat4 ,! bond ( ^! mort> cl9*es be+ brok5 or di/urb$1 ! wall 0 made weak4 ,x is well kn[n t if ! bond betwe5 ! la? & mort> is once brok5 aft] ! mort> sets1 x nev] reunites4 ,! only safe way to place a wall :5 ! common mort> is us$ is by ! scrat*-coat me?od4 ,?is consi/s 9 all[+ ! fir/ coat to become fully dry1 hav+1 h[ev]1 scrat*$ ! surface ( ! pla/] slightly soon aft] x is put on4 ,:5 x is p]fectly dry ! second coat is plac$1 & :5 ?is is dry1 a ?ird 7skim7 coat may be add$1 :i* %\ld be b little ?ick] ?an :itewa%4 ,?is leaves ! wall smoo? & ne>ly :ite4 ,h[ev]1 _m walls are n[ f9i%$ on ! second coat :i* is left level b r\gh1 & may be t9t$ by mix+ color+ mat]ial ) ! mort>4 ,! quality ( ! wall dep5ds l>gely ^u ! mix+ ( ! mort> & ! am\nt ( firm tr[el+ :i* x receives4 ,! few] int]/ices betwe5 ! p>ticles ( s& ! bett]4 ,firm1 p]si/5t tr[el+ t5ds to r$uce int]/ices1 & h5ce to make ! wall firm & /rong4 ,pla/]$ walls are mu* /r5g!n$ by be+ pa9t$1 & :]ev] su* pa9t+ is appropriate1 z 9 ! ba?room1 w>drobe1 & kit*51 !y %\ld receive two coats ( light cream color or o!r w>m-color$ pa9t4 ,a new mixture1 cem5t & hair1 or wood-fib]1 has be5 put on ! m>ket1 & is likely to be us$ ext5sively1 = :5 prop]ly us$ a /rong]1 h>d]1 & m durable wall is secur$ ?an by us+ ! ord9>y /one lime & s& mort>4 ,?is cem5t is sold "u a v>iety ( names1 & is usually kn[n by ! build]s "u ! g5]ic "n1 adamant or adamant pla/]4 ,x is put up 9 b>rel packages1 & sells 9 c5tral ,new ,york f #b to #b4ej p] b>rel1 :olesale4 ,x is mix$ 9 small quantities imm$iately be=e us+1 9 ! proportion ( "o ( cem5t to two ( %>p s&4 ,"o b>rel suffices = ?irty squ>e y>ds ( two-coat "w1 ?ree-f\r?-in* gr\nds be+ us$2 sev5-eigh?-in* gr\nds are requir$ = ?ree-coat "w4 ,z mort> made ( ?is mat]ial sets quickly1 ! la?s %\ld be ?or\ghly wet be=e ! mort> is appli$1 & ! rooms %\ld be clos$ :ile ! "w is progress+1 or ! mort> w h>d5 too rapidly4 ,n only pla/]+ mort>1 b t us$ = o!r purposes :i* dep5ds on cem5t = its b9d+ =ce1 %\ld n be all[$ to dry out rapidly4 ,"o s]i\s objection is urg$ aga9/ walls made ( cem5t mort>1--x be+ said t !y are s resonant z to be annoy+4 ,to ov]come ?is objection ! walls ( "o public build+ 7 cov]$ ) burlap & pa9t$4 ,not)/&+ ! objections rais$ aga9/ cem5t pla/]$ walls1 !y are likely to come into common use1 s9ce !y are s sup]ior 9 h>dness & durability to ! old /yle wall4 ,ord9>ily1 a full ye> %\ld be allott$ = build+ ! h\se1 & x %\ld n be occupi$ until x has become ?or\ghly dri$ out4 ,p]haps ?is h9t ( ! unsanit>y condition ( a damp h\se may be suffici5t = ! ,am]ican4 ,9 ,g]many ! law requires t a new h\se mu/ h be5 complet$ a full half ye> be=e x may be occupi$4 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilation ,9 ! future z 9 ! pa/1 mo/ f>m h\ses1 )\t d\bt1 w be heat$ by /oves4 ,h[ev]1 "s f>m]s w desire ei!r an air1 wat]1 or /eam heat]4 ,air heat]s are dang]\s1 because if ! valves are n prop]ly manag$1 ! pipes may become sup]heat$ & may set ! build+ on fire4 ,!y c>ry f9e du/ into ! rooms1 & ! heat _c be ev5ly di/ribut$ :5 ! h\se is expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! w9d1 z x usually is 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! sy/em ( heat+ by means ( hot wat] has _m objections :5 us$ 9 ! f>m h\se4 ,! wat] 9 ! pipes is likely to freeze at night 9 ! unus$ rooms if x is cut (f2 if x is left on1 all ! rooms mu/ be heat$1 :i* is frequ5tly n desirable4 ,!n1 too1 heat _c be secur$ z quickly 9 ! morn+ z desir$1 & 9 case ( too mu* heat1 ! rooms cool sl[ly unless doors or w9d[s are op5$4 ,! fir/ co/ ( plac+ a /eam heat+ plant is exp5sive1 b once 9 place x is mo/ satisfactory4 ,:]ev] /eam p[] c be us$ to advantage 9 ! dairy1 ! /eam plant might well be plac$ 9 "o end ( ! summ] kit*5 or 9 ! wood h\se1 :]e x may be sep>at$ f ! balance ( ! room by a p>tition4 ,!re is no m dang] ( fire f a boil] ?an f a /ove4 ,! "o plant :i* furni%es /eam & hot wat] = v>i\s purposes1 su* z *urn+1 saw+ wood1 & pump+ wat]1 ne$ n be m exp5sive if x also is made to s]ve = heat+ ! h\se4 ,a simple contrivance n[ 9 common use1--:5 sev]al build+s are heat$ f a c5tral /ation1--s]ves to gov]n ! am\nt & pressure ( /eam introduc$ into ! build+4 ,! f>m /eam plant %\ld be situat$1 :5 possible1 bel[ ! level ( ! radiators on ! fir/ floor1 t ! w>m wat] f ! cond5s$ /eam may be us$ aga9 9 ! boil] in/ead ( cold wat]4 ,9 ! long run1 ?is sy/em w\ld heat ! h\se m *eaply ?an /oves1 require less c>e-tak+1 & be clean] & m satisfactory 9 e way4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t v5tilation2 & too (t5 ! sy/ems applicable to v5tilat+ l>ge1 ov]cr[d$ rooms & public halls h be5 appli$ to dwell+s4 ,h[ev] complex & difficult ! v5tilation ( l>ge build+s may be1 ! v5tilation ( a room 9 a dwell+ is simple4 ,if !re are two or m w9d[s 9 a room1 ideal v5tilation c be secur$ by rais+ ! l[] & l[]+ ! upp] sa% z mu* z desir$4 ,by ?is me?od ?ree /reams ( air are all[$ to ent] or leave ! room1 z !re w be op5+s at ! top1 bottom & middle ( ! w9d[s4 ,! impure air is l>gely f\nd at ! top ( ! room & at ! bottom4 ,if1 !n1 ! w>m] & light] air is all[$ to escape at ! top1 ! cold] air w ru% 9 at ! bottom1 :i* w result 9 keep+ x mov+ z wat] moves :5 ! infl[ is at or ne> ! bottom ( a vessel & ! outfl[ ne> ! top4 ,:5ev] only "o w9d[ c be secur$ 9 ! sleep+ room1 l>ge transoms %\ld be plac$ ov] ! doors into ! hall4 ,:ile ?is me?od does n v5tilate z well z ! o!r1 x s]ves to keep ! air pure 9 ! *amb]4 ,:5 !re are _m rooms situat$ on "o hall1 ! hall %\ld be v5tilat$ by means ( w9d[s at its end1 or at ! top ( ! h\se4 ,_m f>m h\ses are ov]-v5tilat$ 9 w9t]1 ! cold air ent]+ ! loose casem5ts until ! wa% wat] exp&s & breaks ! pit*]4 ,9 su* cases /orm sa%es are a necessity1 & are m economical ?an fea!r b$s or coal 9 pres]v+ a liv+ temp]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h\se ,,furni%+ ,,& ,,decoration ,h\se furni%+s d n exi/ = !mselves1 b z a backgr\nd = ! p :o live among !m4 ,j z ! trees1 rocks1 fields & animals h = _! sett+ ! gre5 e>? & ! blue sky1 & z pictures h a backgr\nd1 a middle di/ance & a =egr\nd1 s human be+s h _! sett+4 ,if ! sett+ be m /rik+ or m elegant ?an ! p = :om x exi/s1 !y are made uncom=table & ov]%ad[$ by x2 if mean] & ugli] ?an !y1 ! p are belittl$ by x4 ,h[ _m h\ses !re are ^: furni%+s are mu* m attractive ?an _! inhabitants6 ,a woman ( sup]ficial education & trivial "* has ! di/9ction ( hav+ ! mo/ beautiful libr>y 9 h] /ate2 r[s on r[s ( ! be/ books1 9 beautiful b9d+s1 9 a room ( ! mo/ arti/ic design1 & nobody to read !m4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! woman & h] environm5t is pitiful4 ,! h\se & its cont5ts %\ld be an outgr[? ( ! ta/es1 habits & occupation ( its own]s4 ,f>m life 9 its be/ aspect is a synonym = bread?1 g5]osity1 simplicity1 cleanl9ess1 abundance ( sunlight1 fre% air & good food1 ! beauty ( nature1 fre$om f /iff =mality--^! are ! ?+s :i* ! city dwell] envies ! f>m]4 ,! equipm5t ( ! h\se %\ld express ?is bread?1 beauty1 & fre$om ( life4 ,x foll[s f ?is t _m pieces ( furniture & "s k9ds ( decoration :i* are (f]$ 9 ! %ops are q out ( place 9 a c\ntry h\se4 ,imitation is1 !re=e1 a dang]\s pr9ciple1 = x is likely to lead to ! *oice & pur*ase ( articles :i*1 h[ev] suitable = "s o!r family & pretty 9 !mselves1 are :olly inappropriate 9 ! case ( ! pur*as]4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 consid]ations :i* %\ld always be tak5 into acc\nt 9 h\se-furni%+3 heal?1 suitability1 & beauty4 ,! ord] ( ^! is (t5 rev]s$ to ! p]man5t injury ( ! h\sewife4 ,! fir/ law ( hygi5e is t no?+ c be suitable :i* is n :olesome = ^? :o are to use x2 ! fir/ law ( decorative art is t no?+ is beautiful :i* is n :olly suitable4 ,if ^! pr9ciples %\ld be appli$ to ! furni%+ ( c\ntry h\ses1 !y w\ld taboo d>k1 ?ick w9d[ drap]ies1 ne>ly all bric-a-brac1 heavy uphol/]$ furniture1 p>lor tea-tables fill$ ) delicate 7& g5]ally du/y7 *9a1 & _m o!r ?+s :i* h be5 copi$ f ! un:olesome & p]haps necess>y cu/oms ( city life4 ,ta/e is a matt] ( cultivation1 z mu* z effici5cy or hone/y2 ! habitual application ( its fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 "o's own h\sehold1 & ! see+ ( beautiful ?+s else:]e1 are ! *ief means ( its developm5t4 ,man obta9$ 8 fir/ conception ( beauty f ! =m & color :i* he saw 9 ! _w ab\t him1 & we h only to apply ! pr9ciples :i* are !re app>5t1 9 ord] to develop good ta/e4 ,nature provides an imm5se & comp>atively neutral backgr\nd2 ,nature always makes curves1 nev] angles2 ,nature bl5ds ! mo/ %>ply contra/+ colors toge!r 9 ! butt]fly's w+1 9 ! poppies 9 a mead[1 & 9 ! fea!rs ( ! rob9's brea/4 ,! great] "p ( ! _w is 9 s(t colors1 br[ns & grays1 dull gre5s & dull blues2 ! brilliant yell[s1 r$s1 p9ks1 purples & blues are always 9 v small quantities aga9/ ?is v l>ge1 neutral backgr\nd4 ,s9ce ! furni%+s ( a h\se are ! sett+ ( ! p1 none ( !m %\ld be m conspicu\s ?an ! p4 ,:atev] brilliant color !re is mu/ be 9 relatively small quantities aga9/ a s(t backgr\nd4 ,no?+ ei!r 9 =m or color %\ld 8/ick out40 ,if ! g5]al pr9ciples j laid d[n be appli$ to ! details ( h\se furni%+1 we %all f9d t _m matt]s mu/ be *ang$4 ,s9ce ! h\sewife mu/ usually d h] own "w ) v little or1 at mo/1 inadequate help1 ev]y?+ %\ld be plann$ to save h] /r5g?4 ,if we rememb]1 also1 t ! fir/ ef=t ( good h\sekeep+ is to keep dirt out ( ! h\se1 & ! second to get x out at once1 x w appe> t c>pets are unsanit>y4 ,x has already be5 %[n t good floors are n[ to be _h easily & *eaply4 ,if prop]ly pa9t$ or f9i%$ ) oil & wax1 !y =m ! be/ f\ndation = ta/eful & cleanly h\sekeep+4 ,c>pets n only keep ! dirt 9 ! h\se1 b !y involve t annual bugbe>1 h\se-clean+4 ,ev5 :5 ! floors are old & poor1 ! space ar\nd ! edge ( a rug may be putti$ & pa9t$ s z to look v well :5 ! rug is put d[n4 ,by rugs1 ,i d n mean sev]al little rugs1 l oases 9 ! slipp]y surface1 or at ! doorways to trip ! unw>y1 b a good1 g5]\s-siz$ rug :i* j escapes ! edges ( ! heavi] furniture ar\nd ! sides ( ! room2 :i* is sub/antial en\gh n to roll up1 & :i* is yet small en\gh to be c>ri$ 9 & out by "o p]son4 ,if ! woodwork & pictures be wip$ ) a damp clo?1 ! w9d[s wa%$1 ! floor du/$1 & ! rug beat5 out ( doors1 n[ & !n1 no su* t]rible upheaval z h\se-clean+ usually implies1 is necess>y4 ,rugs may be _h ready-made ( +ra91 ,japanese cotton1 & jute1 ,brussels1 & m exp5sive mat]ials1 b %\ld always be heavy en\gh to lie flat )\t fa/5+ & l>ge en\gh to cov] ! entire portion ( ! floor :i* is to be walk$ ^u4 ,! uncov]$ space %\ld usually n be wid] ?an "o & "o-half feet4 ,all furniture t is n actually built into or fa/5$ to ! wall & floors %\ld be easily movable & easily clean$4 ,?is at once precludes ! pur*ase ( heavy1 uphol/]$ *airs & l>ge s(as4 ,wick] & rattan furniture1 ?\gh n s arti/ic & co/ly z antique wood1 is v light1 & ) good removable hair cu%ions1 may be made q z com=table & f> m cleanly ?an uphol/]$ plu% & damask4 ,! cu%ions may be beat5 at ! same "t z ! rugs1 & ! du/ ?us tak5 out ( ! h\se4 ,:ite enamel$ b$/eads & wa%/&s are rapidly sup]s$+ ! heavy wood5 ones4 ,x is a curi\s fact t al?\gh ! p]sons ( a family are ( v>i\s sizes & ages1 *airs are /ill b\ght by ! half doz51 )\t ref]5ce to ! p :o are to sit ^u !m4 ,ev5 9 su* m9or matt]s z *airs & tea-cups1 "s acc\nt %\ld be tak5 ( individuality4 ,if all furniture be select$ ) ^! simple pr9ciples 9 m9d1 i4 e41 hygi5ic cleanl9ess1 ! m9imum ( labor = ! h\sewife1 & ! com=t ( ^? :o are to use x1 !re rema9s only "o o!r way 9 :i* to g a/ray3 x may /ill be sup]latively & positively ugly2 or x may be com=table1 sanit>y1 easily mov$1 & yet be m]ely negatively ugly2 or x may be made decorative by its graceful =m1 ! color ( its cov]+1 or ! c>v+ ^u x4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( arti/ic decoration is t x mu/ be :olly subord9at$ to ! use ( ! object :i* x adorns4 ,= in/ance1 w9d[s are = two purposes3 to light ! h\se & = see+ out4 ,if a w9d[ op5s on a b>ny>d or "s unpleasant prospect1 y may put up a sa% curta9 ( light silk or musl94 ,?us y obta9 light b no view4 ,b if y wi% to see out ( ! w9d[1 sa% curta9s are absurd4 ,9 ! ord9>y private h\se1 elaborate & heavy w9d[ curta9s are out ( place1 bo? = sanit>y & arti/ic reasons4 ,:5ev] cleanl9ess is a prime object1 drap]y %\ld be movable & wa%able4 ,silk & velvet drap]ies are only to be tol]at$ :]e !re is a ret9ue ( maids to keep !m clean4 ,! facility & *eapness ( mill-"w & la!-"w 9 wood has vitiat$ ! ta/e ( ,am]icans to a t]rible degree4 ,ne>ly all ready-made furniture is groov$1 ma*9e-c>v$1 & ornam5t$ 9 a way to violate n only ! pr9ciples ( beauty1 b ( /r5g? & cleanl9ess z well4 ,ornam5t t does n mean any?+ is n m]ely commonplace b ugly4 ,!re are f\r *airs ( diff]5t patt]ns1 & co/+ f #a4ej to #ae1 9 ! room :]e ,i sit2 all ( !m h legs4 ,n[1 legs are int5d$ z a support1 yet all ^! are groov$ & bead$ & holl[$ out 9 spots1 s t twice z mu* mat]ial z is necess>y has be5 us$ to insure support4 ,! ornam5tation is n pretty1 ! holl[s are inevitably full ( du/1 & !y mean absolutely no?+ to anybody :o sees !m4 ,on ! front crosspiece ( "o l>ge *air is glu$ a design ( leaves 9 oak1 by way ( ornam5t4 ,if ^! _h be5 c>v$ out ^u a beautiful /rip ( wood by ! h& ( a cunn+ workman1 !y w\ld at lea/ h meant a man's ?\ght & skill4 ,z !y are1 !y sugge/ m]ely a ma*9e & a glue pot1 & ?\s&s ( o!rs z hide\s z !y4 ,contra/ ) ?is g+]bread furniture ! pla91 sub/antial colonial *airs & tables & sidebo>ds1 made ( beautiful wood1 almo/ )\t ornam5tation1 ) %apely1 sl5d]1 & /rong legs & s(tly poli%$ by h&4 ,*eapness & quantity h be5 secur$ by ma*9]y at ! exp5se ( beauty & /r5g?4 ,if ! pr9ciple ?us illu/rat$ be true1 !n x foll[s t patt]ns ( any sort1 :e!r 9 c>pets1 wall pap]1 *9a1 or drap]y1 mu/ be v c>efully us$ t !y may n be m conspicu\s ?an t :i* !y decorate4 ,! floor & ! wall are ! basis bo? ( color-s*eme & decoration4 ,!y are ! backgr\nd ( ! p :o are to live !re2 !y %\ld1 !re=e1 be r inconspicu\s1 s(t & indef9ite 9 effect1 & z becom+ z possible to ! human figures4 ,if ! climate be sunny & ! room well light$1 ! walls & floor may be d>k & ri* 9 effect2 if ! climate be unc]ta9 & (t5 cl\dy1 or ! room badly light$1 ! effect %\ld be light & gay4 ,color is ! *ief means ( produc+ ?is result3 ! walls & floors ( liv+ rooms %\ld be ( s(t1 neutral br[n1 yell[1 r$1 gre51 or w>m gray t9ts4 ,blue1 ?\gh v lovely :5 c>efully us$1 is cold 9 effect1 & seldom satisfactory = liv+ rooms1 :ile ! blue grays are positively *ill+4 ,yell[ 9 pal] or ri*] %ades1 dep5d+ on ! light+ ( ! room1 is uni=mly *e]ful & satisfy+2 next to x rank ! v>i\s t]ra cotta %ades4 ,nei!r rug nor wall-cov]+ %\ld h l>ge1 /rik+ designs2 if hav+ patt]n at all1 x %\ld r be ( an indef9ite1 w&]+ design l ! ,japanese jute rugs1 or ( small inconspicu\s conv5tional design1 su* z may be f\nd 9 ! be/ ,brussels c>pet4 ,if ! floors1 h[ev]1 be poor & old !y may be cov]$ v inexp5sively ) ?ick1 /rong build+ pap] :i* comes 9 beautiful t9ts & ! rug may be laid on top ( ?is2 or ) d5im on top ( newspap]s1 :i* is only a little m exp5sive1 & :i* may be _h 9 a v>iety ( beautiful %ades2 or1 be/ ( all1 ) matt+ on top ( pap]4 ,matt+ is especially desirable because ! du/ sifts ?r\gh bel[1 & does n rise easily :5 swept4 ,b ! money sp5t to cov] up a poor floor w\ld (t5 s]ve to lay a good new "o1 & ?is %\ld be done :5ev] possible4 ,= kit*5 &1 9 "s cases1 = a d9+ room floor z well1 no?+ is s satisfactory z l9oleum4 ,x is imp]vi\s1 w>m1 s(t to ! foot1 easily kept 9 ord] by an occasional coat ( oil1 & to be _h 9 agreeable patt]ns4 ,x may also be us$ l d5im1 build+ pap]1 & matt+1 to cov] up bad floors1 & z a basis = ! rug2 :ile m exp5sive1 x is also mu* m satisfactory ?an any?+ except a good h>dwood floor4 ,!re is (t5 f> too great contra/ betwe5 ! furni%+s ( ! liv+ room & ! p>lor2 betwe5 ! 8sp>e room0 & ! family b$rooms4 ,! money sp5t 9 elegance :i* is %ut up 9 a room r>ely us$ w\ld s]ve to add mu* to ! com=t ( ! :ole family4 ,! gue/ w enjoy ! hospitality (f]$ all ! m if n treat$ too c]emoni\sly4 ,! furni%+ ( ! liv+ room %\ld always include sev]al easy *airs1 a good l\nge1 a place = books & magaz9es1 & a ?or\ghly good read+ lamp4 ,if x c be af=d$1 a small room (f ! sitt+ room = writ+ & /udy is v desirable4 ,x %\ld conta9 book %elves1 a l>ge writ+ table or desk1 & a good lamp4 ,b if ! extra room _c be _h1 ! desk & book %elves may be plac$ 9 ! p>lor4 ,!re %\ld c]ta9ly be "s place :]e ! *ildr5 may /udy or any memb] ( ! family may read & write un9t]rupt$4 ,x is z irksome to write )\t prop] appliances z to ba! )\t prop] facilities4 ,! furniture & decorations ( b$rooms c sc>cely be too simple2 ! walls may be light] & gay] ?an ^? ( liv+ rooms4 ,blue & :ite or pale gre5 & :ite may be us$ z color-s*emes = v sunny b$rooms1 yell[ or p9k & :ite = less sunny ones4 ,"o or two s+le1 :ite1 enamell$ iron b$/eads1 a wa%/&1 a bureau or a *e/ ( draw]s ) glass above1 two or ?ree l[1 light *airs1 & a table or desk at :i* "o may write1 is an ample furni%+1 if !re be a good closet or w>drobe4 ,! rug ne$ be only l>ge en\gh to cov] ! space 9 front ( ! b$1 bureau1 & /&1 if ! floor be well mat*$ & pa9t$ or oil$4 ,a b$room %\ld give ! impression ( spotlessness & com=t2 ev]y?+ %\ld be wa%able or cleanable2 unless us$ also z a sitt+ room1 x %\ld n h a sup]flu\s article 9 x4 ,mats1 bric-a-brac1 ev5 _m pictures1 are q out ( place4 ,s9ce co/1 /yles & ta/es diff] s widely 9 diff]5t localities1 no detail$ directions c or %\ld be giv5 t w be g5]ally applicable4 ,if ! pr9ciples illu/rat$ 9 ?is *apt] be correct1 !y w s]ve to guide & to develop ! ta/e ( _m diff]5t k9ds ( p]sons4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,cleanl9ess ,,& ,,sanitation--,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,sewage ,fil? & disease h gone h& 9 h& f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w2 b only dur+ ! la/ qu>t]-c5tury h we kn[n ! true cause ( infection1 & :y x is s closely associat$ ) dirt4 ,! dang] ( uncleanl9ess lies 9 ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 microscopic organisms belong+ to ! vegetable k+dom1 kn[n popul>ly z microbes or g]ms1 b m prop]ly z bact]ia4 ,bact]ia1 l ! plants ) :i* we are m famili>1 ?rive 9 moi/ure & mod]ate heat1 b diff] f !m 9 _m respects4 ,"s ( ! m /rik+ diff]5ces are /ructure & me?od ( reproduction1 _m ( !m possess+ ! faculty ( gr[+ )\t sunlight4 ,bact]ia are compos$ ( m9ute masses ( vegetable matt] :i* v>y f "o t5-?\s&? to "o-?irty ?\s&? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & !y reproduce by simple division4 ,?is process ( multiplication may occur z (t5 z once 9 half an h\r2 ?us imm5se numb]s may develop 9 a v %ort "t4 ,"u conditions unfavorable = gr[?1 "s species may =m )9 _! int]ior d5se masses :i* are call$ spores4 ,^! resemble ! se$s ( high] plants 9 _! function ( di/ribut+ ! species & 9 pres]v+ life ?r\gh int]vals ( "t unfavorable = cont9u\s multiplication4 ,bact]ia may be classifi$ 9 sev]al ways1 b = ! discussion ( cleanl9ess & sanitation1 ! simple/ division is into ! h>mless & ! injuri\s4 ,! h>mless =ms live mo/ly on dead organic matt]1 caus+ nitrification1 f]m5tation1 & putrefaction2 !y break d[n ! m complex organic comp\nds into simpl] ones1 s t !y c be us$ aga9 z food = plants4 ,famili> examples ( ?is are se5 9 ! decay ( meat & vegetables4 ,?is class is m num]\s1 mu* h>di] ?an ! o!r1 & comprises an ov]:elm+ly l>ge proportion ( ! bact]ia 9 nature4 ,bact]ia are f\nd almo/ con/antly 9 wat]1 9 soil1 & 9 air4 ,consequ5tly !y are pres5t 9 all our food1 except t :i* has be5 heat$ to kill !m4 ,c]ta9 bact]ia are normal inhabitants ( ! m\?1 ?roat & inte/9es1 :ile o!rs f9d suitable conditions = gr[? on ! sk9 & 9 ! accumulation ( sub/ances excret$ 9 ! p]spiration4 ,ow+ to ! %ort "t :i* has be5 devot$ to ! /udy ( bact]ia & _! functions1 clos] att5tion has be5 paid to ! h>mful or pa?og5ic bact]ia because ( _! relation to human heal?4 ,?is "o-sid$ /udy ( bact]iology has bl9d$ u to ! b5efic5t action ( _m bact]ia1 & has caus$ u mu* unnecess>y fe> ( _! pres5ce 9 food4 ,! h>mful bact]ia cause disease ei!r indirectly ?r\gh poisons :i* !y excrete 9 food products1 or directly by poisons or tox9s :i* !y =m :5 liv+ )9 ! body4 ,al?\gh h>mless bact]ia are ev]y:]e pres5t1 ! pa?og5ic or h>mful v>ieties are ord9>ily mu* less num]\s4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ! s-call$ h>mless bact]ia are ! cause ( c]ta9 decompositions ( vegetable & animal matt] ) ! =mation ( sub/ances :i* are detrim5tal to heal?4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! occasional cases ( meat1 fi%1 & oy/] poison+4 ,! pa?og5ic bact]ia1 su* z ^? ( tub]culosis1 typhoid fev]1 diph!ria1 & ! l1 con/itute1 z has be5 already /at$1 a small numb] ( species4 ,^! are dissem9at$ ?r\gh v>i\s *annels1 su* z ! milk & ! wat] supply1 & by p]sons directly4 ,:5 !y are introduc$ into dirty & un:olesome homes1 !y f9d 9 ! fil? suitable conditions = _! multiplication1 ) ! usual consequ5ce ( caus+ m or less disease 9 ! family4 ,! human body possesses m or less p[] ( resi/ance to bact]ia1 b if ^! natural =ces _c ov]come _! invasion1 !y 9 turn w be successful & produce disease4 ,once infect$ ) disease-produc+ bact]ia1 a h\se %\ld be r5ovat$ f attic to cell>1 & subject$ to ! action ( ag5ts possess+ ! p[] ( de/roy+ ! pa?og5ic organisms4 ,num]\s means are employ$ to kill bact]ia1 among !m be+ ! use ( dis9fectants 9 ! =m ( liquids or gases1 & ! application ( heat4 ,! li/ ( *emical dis9fectants is long1 b ow+ to _! co/1 a relatively small numb] are available = ! dis9fection ( h\ses4 ,! use ( c>bolic acid1 copp]as1 :itewa%1 & ! fumes ( burn+ sulfur are famili> dis9fectants us$ = ?is purpose4 ,among ! dis9fectants :i* c be appli$ directly to w\nds1 to prev5t suppuration1 are weak solutions ( corrosive sublimate & ( c>bolic acid4 ,! great] numb] ( bact]ia1 pa?og5ic or h>mless1 :i* d n =m spores1 are de/roy$ by a temp]ature ( #aee degrees ,fahr5heit = tw5ty m9utes4 ,v few resi/ ! boil+ po9t2 ?us wat] may be made safe by boil+1 & milk by ,pa/euriz+ at #aee degrees = tw5ty m9utes4 ,cold m]ely *ecks ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 b1 ord9>ily1 does n de/roy !m4 ,sunlight & fre% air are especially unfavorable to !m2 !re=e ! h\se %\ld be sunny1 & b$s1 b$rooms & liv+ rooms ?or\ghly air$4 ,if !re be no organic matt] to s]ve z nutrim5t = !m1 !y _c multiply2 !re=e ! body1 ! clo?+1 & ! dwell+ %\ld be kept z clean z possible4 ,= ?is reason ! fir/ te/ ( good sanitation is ! imm$iate removal ( all wa/e matt] f ! h\se1 & ! fir/ prev5tive ( disease is p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi sugge/ions h be5 made conc]n+ ! site1 location1 & dra9age ( ! f>m h\se4 ,! k9d1 numb]1 & conv5i5ce ( ! sanit>y appliances1 su* z hot wat] boil]s1 closets1 lavatories1 & ba?s1 are *iefly dep5d5t ^u ! wat]-supply4 ,if !re be an abundance f a t[n wat]-ma91 or f a w9dmill or h\se-tank :i* w give "s pressure1 ! problem ( plumb+ is comp>atively easy2 b if !re be no su* supply1 x becomes f> m difficult4 ,a good wat] supply 9 ! h\se is ( ! fir/ importance2 !re=e1 = sev]al reasons1 plumb+ conv5i5ces less5 ! "w ( ! h\sewife by half1 !y enc\rage ! practice ( t virtue :i* is 8next to godl9ess10 & if prop]ly arrang$ !y d away ) _m sanit>y dang]s4 ,p]sonal cleanl9ess is irksome en\gh ) e conv5i5ce = wa%+ & ba?+4 ,:5 !re is no conv5i5ce except a wa% bas9 & a qu>t or two ( hot wat]1 habitual cleanl9ess is practically impossible4 ,9 ?is respect t[n & city life h an imm5se advantage ov] rural life4 ,a woman :o _h mov$ f t[n to c\ntry = ! sake ( h] husb&'s heal?1 0 ask$ h[ %e lik$ x3 %e said1 8,x is delightful1 b ,i sometimes ?9k ,i _c endure x on acc\nt ( ?is na/y privy & no ba?-room40 ,cleanl9ess ( ! sk9 is hygi5ically f> m important ?an cleanl9ess ( clo?+4 ,9 a?letics & gymna/ics1 ! ba? foll[+ ! ex]cise is consid]$ an ess5tial "p ( _! hygi5ic value2 h[ mu* m necess>y1 !n1 is opportunity = frequ5t ba?+1 :]e ! family1 bo? 9 & out ( doors1 d daily manual labor :i* causes mu* p]spiration1 & :i* is (t5 v dirty6 ,! rec5t movem5t 9 cities to provide public ba?-h\ses = ! poor 9 t5em5ts %\ld n out/rip ! f>m]'s ef=t to obta9 equally good facilities4 ,if !re be a suffici5t wat] supply available1 !re %\ld be 9 e h\se a hot wat] boil] ( at lea/ tw5ty gallons capacity1 atta*$ to ! kit*5 range1 to supply hot wat] = laundry "w & ba?+2 a kit*5 s9k & a ba?-tub1 ea* ) hot & cold wat] faucets & wa/e pipe to sew] or cesspool2 & a wat]-closet4 ,^! are ! ess5tials2 b1 if possible1 a /ation>y wa% /& & two laundry tubs1 ) hot & cold wat] pipes1 %\ld also be provid$4 ,9 ! f>m h\se x w save exp5se & _m /eps = ! h\sewife1 & w enc\rage frequ5t use1 if all ^! be locat$ on ! fir/ floor2 ! boil] 9 a cupbo>d 9 ! wall ( ! kit*51 :i* may be %ut 9 summ] & op5$ 9 w9t]2 ! s9k 9 ! kit*51 or if pref]r$1 9 a pantry betwe5 ! d9+ room & kit*52 ! ba?-room & /ation>y wa%/& 9 a room ei!r op5+ out ( ! kit*5 or out ( ! family b$room1 or out ( a re> passage2 ! wat]-closet %\ld be 9 "s well v5tilat$ space1 on an outside wall1 :]e ! noise ( ! fixture w be z little he>d z possible4 ,x %\ld h an outside z well z an inside entrance4 ,x is cu/om>y to place ! closet 9 ! ba?-room1 b ?is (t5 int]f]es ) ! g5]al use ( ! wa%/& & ba?-tub by ! family1 & %\ld be avoid$4 ,! ne>] all plumb+ fixtures are to ea* o!r1 ! less exp5sive !y are to put 92 !re=e 9 plann+ ! fir/ floor1 ?is po9t %\ld receive special consid]ation4 ,c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples apply to all plumb+1 & may s]ve to te/ ! v>i\s k9ds ( fixtures (f]$ = sale4 ,all f\l & effete matt] %\ld be imm$iately & completely remov$ f ! h\se2 any back curr5t ( f\l air into ! h\se %\ld be prev5t$1 & any communication betwe5 ! sew] or ! cesspool & ! wat] supply %\ld be made impossible4 ,fixtures %\ld be z simple 9 con/ruction z possible & easily accessible4 ,pipes 7 =m]ly enclos$ 9 ! walls1 b 9 ! f9e/ new build+s 9 cities1 are n[ plac$ altoge!r 9 sight1 & pa9t$ ! color ( ! walls1 or ( ! woodwork4 ,! sew] pipe1 on rea*+ ! level ( ! gr\nd1 %\ld pass directly out ( ! h\se1 & %\ld nev] be c>ri$ along "u ! fir/ floor ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates & on ! ,pacific coa/1 pipes may run on ! outside ( ! h\se1 ?us fulfill+ ideally ! pr9ciple t wa/e matt] %\ld be remov$ f ! h\se z soon z possible4 ,a few ye>s ago !re 0 mu* controv]sy ov] ! plac+ ( v5t pipes 9 traps & 9 bran*es4 ,g]h>d & ! old] sanit>ians advise a complicat$ & elaborate use ( !m1 b ,putnam & ! m rec5t au?orities consid] ?or\gh v5tilation ( ! soil pipe at top & bottom q suffici5t4 ,! mat]ial ( fixtures %\ld be good 7n extravagant71 & ! workman%ip %\ld be ( ! v be/4 ,! effici5cy ( any sanit>y conv5i5ce dep5ds almo/ z mu* ^u ! c>e ) :i* x is put 9 z ^u its mat]ial & /yle4 ,b ( all ! pr9ciples ( sanit>y plumb+1 probably ! mo/ important is frequ5t & ?or\gh flu%+1 if possible ) hot wat]4 ,any fixture w become f\l & dang]\s if !re is n wat] en\gh & "u suffici5t =ce to sc\r x out ?or\ghly4 ,hav+ laid d[n c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* apply to plumb+ fixtures g5]ally1 we may n[ consid] ^! fixtures m 9 detail4 ,pipes %\ld be r heavy4 ,wa/e pipes are g5]ally too l>ge1 & !re=e d n sc\r well2 !y ne$ be only ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet] = "o or m closets 9 an ord9>y h\se1 & f "o to "o & a-half in*es = wa%b[ls1 s9ks1 & tubs2 !y %\ld always be ( uni=m size1 i4 e41 8full-bore0 ?r\gh\t4 ,soil pipes %\ld nev] run level1 b z ne>ly z possible at a uni=m slope ( n less ?an "o foot 9 fifty4 ,! kit*5 s9k may be ( :ite porcela91 enamel$ iron1 pa9t$ iron1 or granite w>e1 any ( :i* mat]ials are s]viceable & desirable2 or ( wood1 l9$ ) lead1 z9c1 copp] or slate1 all ( :i* are m or less undesirable1 because aft] "s use1 ! wat] & fil? is apt to get 9 betwe5 ! wood & its cov]+1 or because !y are n durable4 ,! s9k %\ld h z little woodwork ab\t x z possible1 s9ce wood is por\s &1 !re=e1 collects fil?4 ,x %\ld be set op5 on brackets1 & n ov] a d>k1 moi/1 dirt-collect+1 back-break+ closet4 ,flu%+ is especially important 9 ! case ( ! kit*5 s9k because ( ! grease4 ,! be/ plumb+ provides a grease-trap outside ! h\se1 :i* may be easily clean$2 b :e!r outside or imm$iately b5ea? ! s9k1 ! trap %\ld h a screw-plug1 s t x may be frequ5tly clean$4 ,x foll[s t ! kit*5 wa/e pipe %\ld n be too l>ge1 %\ld h a good incl9e1 & if possible no abrupt curves1 s t cool+ grease 9 ! wat] may n h>d5 on ! sides ( ! pipe & f9ally fill x up4 ,! use ( a *eap wire scre5 g>bage basket 9 ! s9k w prev5t ! small p>ticles ( wa/e f pass+ d[n ! pipe4 ,ba?-tubs ( :ite e>!nw>e or 8porcela90 are ! mo/ exp5sive1 ! mo/ durable & v heavy2 ( :ite enamel$ iron1 are less exp5sive & heavy1 durable if c>efully us$1 imp]vi\s & cleanly2 ^? ( copp]1 t9n$ & plani%$1 d5t easily & ! t9n+ we>s (f1 b are fairly durable & /ill less exp5sive2 ^? ( wood-fib] are n v common1 b are imp]vi\s1 light & cleanly4 ,! /ation>y wa%/& b[l & top are usually ( m>ble2 ! outlet ( ! b[l %\ld n be small] ?an ! wa/epipe2 ! trap %\ld be ne> ! b[l1 & h a screw plug1 s t ob/ructions may be easily remov$4 ,!re is an imm5se v>iety ( wat]-closets2 ^? %\ld be especially avoid$ :i* h moveable ma*9]y 9 connection ) ! b[l1 su* z ! pan1 valve1 & plung] closets4 ,"s ( ^! are v inexp5sive1 b !y are objectionable1 ei!r because !y ru/ & accumulate fil?1 or because !y get out ( ord] easily4 ,! =ms ( closets )\t movable ma*9]y 9 connection ) ! b[l1 t is1 9 :i* ! ma*9]y is connect$ ) ! flu%+ ci/]n1 su* z ! hopp]1 ! siphon-jet1 & ! wa%\t closets1 are to be pref]r$4 ,any wa%\t or hopp] closet b\ght f a responsible firm is likely to give satisfaction1 if ?or\ghly flu%$ & kept 9 ord]4 ,/ation>y laundry tubs are ( less importance ?an ^! o!r plumb+ fixtures1 s9ce !re are sev]al excell5t wa%+ ma*9es ! use ( :i* does away ) ! necessity = !m4 ,if "o mu/ *oose betwe5 ! two1 ! wa%+ ma*9e w be mo/ useful2 b if "o wi%es to h laundry tubs also1 !y come 9 porcela91 soap/one1 granite1 & wood1 ! latt] be+ ! lea/ desirable4 ,if ! wat] supply be limit$1 z :5 a tank is suppli$ by pump+ f a ci/]n1 ! hot wat] boil]1 ! ba?-tub1 & ! /ation>y wa%/& may be arrang$ almo/ z easily z :5 !re is an abundance ( wat]2 b x may be necess>y to sub/itute ! dry-closet = ! wat]-closet4 ,:5 no tank supply is available1 & all wat] mu/ be c>ri$ f a ci/]n or f ! well 9 ! y>d1 ! co/ ( plumb+ is v small & ! discom=t v great4 ,w>m wat] mu/ be suppli$ *iefly f a res]voir at ! back ( ! range1 ?us mak+ frequ5t ba?+ v inconv5i5t1 ev5 if a regul> ba?-tub be provid$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a cesspool be built 9 ! y>d1 ! kit*5 s9k1 ! slop-hopp]1 ! ba?-tub1 & ! laundry tub may h wa/e pipes to x4 ,su* wa/e pipes save j half ! "w1 = ! wat] has to be c>ri$ only to ! fixture1 n away f x aga94 ,x ?us seems wor? :ile to h ! fixtures1 ev5 ?\gh !y s]ve only half _! purpose4 ,a slop-hopp] ) pipe to ! cesspool1 on ! same level & ne> ! kit*51 = wa/e wa% wat]1 etc41 f ! *amb]s1 saves _m /eps1 & is f> m sanit>y ?an ?r[+ slops on ! gr\nd outside ! h\se or c>ry+ !m to ! ou?\se4 ,! *ief problem is ! ou?\se1 or privy vault4 ,!re is no m disgu/+ or unsanit>y feature ( rural life ?an ?is ill-smell+1 dirty hole 9 ! gr\nd1 f :i* ! fil? p]meates ! surr\nd+ soil1 & may contam9ate ! wat] supply4 ,mu* discom=t & "s dige/ive ills arise f ! necessity--especially = wom5--( go+ a consid]able di/ance 9 cold wea!r & at night1 to su* places4 ,! closet %\ld1 !re=e1 be z ne> ! h\se z is compatible ) dec5cy1 & %\ld be rea*$ by a cov]$ walkway4 ,if prop]ly built & regul>ly dis9fect$ & clean$1 x ne$ be nei!r disgu/+ nor unsanit>y4 ,! wood5 h\se %\ld nev] be pap]$ nor c>pet$1 b %\ld be pa9t$ or :itewa%$ ye>ly & kept scrupul\sly clean4 ,! habitual use ( a%es or dry e>? 9 ! receptacle & an occasional application ( "s dis9fectant1 su* z copp]as or *loride ( lime1 is necess>y4 ,if draw]s are us$ 9 ! privy1 !y may be haul$ out frequ5tly by horse2 & ) ! lib]al use ( road du/1 no (f5se arises4 ,! writ] kn[s a c\ntry h\se 9 :i* dry-e>? closets are "u ! h\se-ro(1 & yet !re is no unpleasantness4 ,s9ce ! well is s easily contam9at$ by ! seep+ ?r\gh ! soil ( manure & human wa/e matt]1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! privy vault %\ld be bel[ ! s\rce ( wat] supply & z f> z possible f x4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! details ( con/ruction ( ! privy vault are giv51 ! relative location ( x1 & ! wat] supply4 ,plumb+ fixtures1 l all o!r me*anical contrivances1 to be effici5t1 require to be kept 9 p]fect ord]4 ,frequ5t1 ?or\gh flu%+ ) hot wat] :5ev] possible1 & dis9fection ( ! closet & ! s9k1 are especially desirable4 ,if all fixtures be set 8op50 & all pipes 9 sight1 any leakage may be easily detect$ & rem$i$4 ,if ! pipes be pa9t$ ) :ite lead1 ! defect w be discov]$ by ! discoloration ( ! pa9t4 ,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,sewage ,wat] 9 abundance = ! dome/ic animals %\ld be provid$ by means ( artificial pools or lakes1 situat$ on l& high] ?an ! b>ns1 b if !y mu/ be plac$ bel[ ! level ( ! build+s1 a]motors or w9dmills may be easily made to elevate x to any reasonable height4 ,x is difficult to expla9 :y m m9iature lakes1 9 :i* to /ore wat] = all except cul9>y purposes1 are n con/ruct$4 ,9 ,fig4 #g x is %[n h[ easily ^! pools may be made )\t exp5sive /one dams1 & aft] ! fa%ion ( ^? con/ruct$ 9 _m ( ! s\!rn /ates4 ,wells1 9 _m places1 mu/ be deep1 & !n (t5 furni% b a meag] supply ( wat]1 :ile ci/]ns l>ge en\gh to supply all wants are exp5sive4 ,9 addition to artificial lakes1 wells1 & ci/]ns1 !re are (t5 /reams1 or be/ ( all1 spr+s1 to be drawn ^u4 ,9 any case1 a full & cont9u\s supply ( wat] %\ld be provid$ be=e build+s are con/ruct$ if annoyance1 loss1 & unnecess>y labor are to be obviat$ & ! be/ sanit>y conditions secur$ 9 ! h\se4 ,unless ! wat] is br\ght into ! h\se "u a con/ant pressure1 "o or m /orage tanks %\ld be provid$4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ at su* elevations z w secure at lea/ "s pressure on ! fir/ floor above ! cell>4 ,! /orage tank may h a capacity ( f "o to five b>rels1 & may be con/ruct$ ( r\gh or plan$ two-in* planks & l9$ ) galvaniz$ iron1 if ! wat] is to be us$ = cul9>y purposes2 if n1 x may be l9$ ) lead4 ,! tank1 :i* may be ( any %ape desir$1 may be plac$ on supports ne> ! ceil+ ( ! ba?-room1 or ! room :i* conta9s ! commode1 or at "o end 9 ! upp] "p ( ! clo!s-press2 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ! dis*>ge pipe is made s l>ge t "u no cont+5cies w ! tank ov]fl[4 ,if ! h\se is fairly l>ge & ! ci/]n capaci\s1 suffici5t wat] may be pump$ into ! tank f ! ci/]n 9 a few m9utes to supply all wants = ! day4 ,f ! tank x w fl[ by gravity into ! hot wat] boil] & to all o!r po9ts desir$ :i* are n above ! tank4 ,if wat] be rais$ by means ( an a]motor1 a /orage tank w /ill be necess>y1 z ! w9d may fail to op]ate ! motor = an entire day4 ,by :atev] means wat] is secur$1 ! supply %\ld be ample at all times4 ,spr+s & wells 9 ! middle & nor!rn /ates1 & ci/]ns 9 ! s\!rn /ates w1 9 mo/ cases1 s]ve to supply ! potable wat] ne$$1 b ^! are too (t5 inadequate to supply ! l>ge dem& = wat] made by ! animals1 & ! extra dem& = wat] 9 ! h\se made by clean] & m sanit>y me?ods ( liv+4 ,9 us+ wat] 9 ! h\sehold1 x becomes mix$ ) a great v>iety ( organic sub/ances :i* pollute x1 & :i* t5d to putrefaction & decay4 ,z ^! v>i\s organic sub/ances break d[n1 num]\s comp\nds are produc$1 _m ( :i* endang] n only heal? b life itself2 x is !re=e evid5t t all soil$ wat] %\ld be remov$ f ! h\se imm$iately & by ! %orte/ practical r\te4 ,b :at to d ) ! pollut$ wat] aft] x has be5 remov$ f ! rooms1 becomes "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( mod]n civilization4 ,! fir/ ?\ght is to empty ?is sewage into /reams & lakes2 b ^? liv+ on ! /reams & 9 ! cities mu/ secure _! wat]-supply f ^! s\rces4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! /reams %\ld n be pollut$4 ,! next ?\ght is to di/ribute ! sewage ov] ! l&1 b ?is me?od is usually an exp5sive "o1 & seldom c en\gh s&y l& be secur$ to absorb & filt] ! va/ quantities ( sewage :i* mod]n conditions make necess>y4 ,on ! f>m ! same difficulties are pres5t$1 & ! problem to be solv$ diff]s 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d4 ,if dry-e>? closets are us$ on ! f>m1 !re is /ill ! kit*5 & laundry sewage to be provid$ =4 ,:ile dispos+ ( ?is1 provision may also be made = ! night-soil1 ?us obviat+ two sy/ems ( remov+ wa/e f ! h\se4 ,h[ev]1 ! e>?-closet w r$uce ! am\nt ( liquid sewage & increase ! temptation to dis*>ge x into ! /reams :i*1 above all ?+s1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,if por\s or s&y l&s c be f\nd )9 reasonable di/ance ( ! dwell+1 & yet n too ne> to x to endang] heal? or pollute ! wat] supply1 a cesspool may be con/ruct$4 ,a hole "s t5 feet 9 circumf]5ce & t5 to twelve feet deep1 dug 9 ! e>?1 wall$ ) /one )\t mort>1 may s]ve = cat*+ & filt]+ ! sewage4 ,on top ( ! wall1 :i* %\ld n rea* ! surface ( ! gr\nd by ab\t two feet1 lay two pieces ( railroad iron1 & on ^! place l>ge flat /ones1 cov]+ all ) dirt1 provid+1 h[ev]1 = v5tilation by means ( a #d-;in* iron pipe1 :i* %\ld be long en\gh to rea* a little above ! surface ( ! gr\nd :5 all is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,plan ( a cesspool4 ,if ! soil is n z por\s z is desir$1 lay sev]al tile or /one dra9s at a dep? ( ?ree to five feet1 & ext5d !m f ! cesspool "s di/ance out into ! field or gr\nds beyond4 7,fig4 #hg47 ,^! dra9s %\ld h free outlets1 & ! long] !y are ! bett]4 ,at ! outlet ( ! dra9s plant will[s or "s o!r wat]-lov+1 fa/-gr[+ trees4 ,^! w take up & utilize va/ quantities ( liquid & decompos$ solids1 & if ! h\sehold is ( only ord9>y size no nuisance w result4 ,if wat] is limit$ & ! dry-e>? closet mu/ be adopt$1 !n ! cesspool = ! kit*5 & laundry liquids ne$ n be made s l>ge z describ$1 b may be built 9 ! same mann]4 ,! dry-e>? closet may be built z foll[s3 ,con/ruct a privy ( suitable size1 #e to #bj feet f ! mo/ conv5i5t re> door1 & connect x by a cov]$ walk to ! h\se4 ,! small build+ %\ld be plac$ n less ?an two feet above ! gr\nd1 on a good1 tight wall1 :i* %\ld ext5d "u ?ree sides ( ! build+1 ! o!r side to be furni%$ ) a h+$ door4 ,secure a l>ge1 iron-top1 dump :eelb>r[1 :i* may s]ve to hold all fcal matt]4 ,?is may be empti$ weekly or mon?ly into a ne>by tr5*1 previ\sly prep>$4 ,a few %ovelfuls ( e>? ?r[n ^u ! excreta w effectually arre/ any (f5sive odors :i* might o!rwise arise4 ,be=e ! gr\nd freezes 9 ! fall dig a tr5* ( suffici5t l5g? to conta9 ! fcal matt] dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 cold wea!r ! b>r[ may be inv]t$ ov] ! tr5*1 & by ! application ( a few qu>ts ( hot wat] to ! iron bottom ! froz5 mat]ial w be releas$4 ,:5 ! gr\nd ?aws1 ! accumulat$ matt] may be cov]$4 ,:ile ! mat]ial is froz5 !re w be no dang] f x4 ,x %\ld be said t ?is tr5* w\ld bett] be dug ne> a r[ ( trees or o!r /rong-gr[+ p]5nial plants4 ,^! w quickly take up ! products ( ! night-soil :i* might1 9 r>e cases1 t5d to contam9ate ! soil-wat]4 ,if b little ( ! night-soil be deposit$ 9 "o place1 ! e>? & plants--two mo/ effici5t dis9fectants--may be tru/$ to pres]ve good sanit>y conditions4 ,h[ev]1 pa9s %\ld be tak5 to discov] if1 by any possible means1 ! sewage may f9d its way into ! well4 ,an intellig5t inspection ( ! soil1 ! /ratification ( x & ! rocks1 w reveal ! direction :i* ! soil-wat] takes2 b if ! cesspool & ! dra9s are plac$ "s di/ance f ! dwell+1 no contam9ation w take place "u any circum/ances1 s9ce ! am\nt ( sewage is s small & ! p[] ( plants & soil to take up ! dang]\s products ( sewage is s great4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,h\sehold ,,adm9i/ration1 ,,economy1 ,,& ,,com=t ,9 colonial times1 be=e s _m ( ! h\sehold op]ations 7 transf]r$ to %ops & manufactories1 wom5 7 produc]s almo/ z mu* z m52 b 9 mod]n times wom5 are m & m conc]n$ ) h[ money %all be sp5t4 ,! woman is /ill a produc] :5 %e cooks an egg1 m5ds a g>m5t1 or sweeps a room2 b ! "q ( h[ mu* or h[ little c be _h out ( ! family income has become relatively m & m h] conc]n4 ,9 ,europe1 f> m ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 att5tion is giv5 by ! wom5 to ! economical exp5diture ( ! family res\rces4 ,a prov9cial ,fr5* girl is tra9$ f h] *ildhood = h\sehold duties4 ,%e assi/s h] "m n only 9 ord] to le>n ! f9] arts ( h\sewif]y1 b especially ! judici\s exp5diture ( money4 ,! ,fr5* husb& leaves ! apportionm5t ( ! family income almo/ :olly to 8 wife's discretion4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! prosp]ity ( ! family dep5ds q z mu* on ! wise use ( ! income z ^u ! size ( t income4 ,! fir/ ess5tial ( good h\sehold managem5t is t ! h\sewife %\ld "k def9itely h[ mu* !re is to sp5d4 ,no?+ is m productive ( m>ital discont5t ?an ! habit :i* _m husb&s h ( dol+ out money to ! wife at irregul> times & 9 indef9ite am\nts4 ,x de/roys ! wife's self-respect1 x places h] 9 a degrad$ position be=e h] *ildr51 & x removes all inc5tive to ?rift4 ,x n infrequ5tly supplies a p[]ful motive = deceit4 ,if ! wife is inexp]i5c$1 unwise1 or extravagant 9 ! use ( money1 s mu* ! m reason :y ! husb& %\ld pati5tly & firmly tea* h] h[ to sp5d1 bo? = h] own sake & t ( ! family welf>e4 ,an arrangem5t by :i* ! wife controls ! exp5diture ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! income is v easy :5ev] ! man receives a sal>y or regul> daily wages4 ,a regul> income t5ds to develop ?rift & to tea* p to avoid debt2 b !re is always a t5d5cy to live up to ! limit ( x1 & ! m>g9 = sav+ & = extra pleasures is always small4 ,sal>i$ p seldom get deeply 9 debt1 b !y z seldom become v ri*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] ! family income is irregul>1 z f f>m+ & mo/ o!r k9ds ( bus9ess1 ! problem ( h\sehold f9anci]+ is mu* m difficult & requires bo? great] self-control & bett] judgm5t4 ,x is usually possible = su* families to det]m9e ^u a def9ite m9imum am\nt :i* may be c\nt$ ^u = ord9>y liv+ exp5ses4 ,! m>g9 above ?is may v>y widely1 b if ! scale ( liv+ be habitually adju/$ to come )9 ! m9imum income1 !re w be no t]ror ( debt4 ,! exp5diture ( ! surplus1 :5 x comes1 becomes a unique & unexpect$ pleasure4 ,:atev] ! plan adopt$ = di/ribut+ ! family income1 ! wife %\ld h at h] comm& & %\ld be expect$ to live )91 a def9ite %>e ( ! income4 ,aft] ! m9imum exp5ses ( ! family h be5 det]m9$1 ! next mo/ important "q is h[ & :5 !y %all be paid out4 ,ca% paym5ts are mu* to be pref]r$4 ,!y h two advantages3 :oev] pays ca% asks no favor ( ! tradesman1 & comm&s ! be/ quality at a giv5 price4 ,! tradesman :o l5ds money by all[+ ! paym5t ( bills to be po/pon$1 mu/ pay = 8 goods & mu/ h int]e/ on ! money necess>y to c>ry on a cr$it bus9ess4 ,he mu/ necess>ily1 !re=e1 reimburse himself by *>g+ a high] price1 or by giv+ a poor] article4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t cr$it co/s some?+4 ,! ca% cu/om] is always consid]$ a good cu/om]1 & c always h ! fir/ *oice ( ! m>ket1 & favors if any are desir$4 ,:5ev] mon?ly or qu>t]ly bills are run1 ! debtor is apt to acquire a mo/ dang]\s habit--! habit ( sp5d+ n[1 to pay at "s future "t4 ,! m remote ! "t1 ! m dang]\s ! habit4 ,x is evid5t t ! (t5] bills are paid1 ! less likelihood !re is ( mi/akes & deceit4 ,if bills mu/ be run1 x %\ld nev] be = long] ?an a mon?1 & prompt paym5t ( !m is a solemn obligation4 ,! article %\ld be done )\t r ?an ! sell] ask$ to wait = 8 money4 ,:atev] plan ! h\sewife adopts w be condition$ by ! cu/oms ( ! locality 9 :i* %e lives & by ! habits ( ! local tradesman4 ,wom5 wa/e mu* "t & en]gy 9 buy+ ?+s "o by "o2 !y sp5d 9 ?is way1 too1 mu* m ?an !y realize1 & !n !y wond] :]e ! money has gone4 ,*9a1 l951 & ! /ock ( clo?+ necess>y = *anges ( season1 %\ld be b\ght by ! set1 or quantity1 m>k$ & prep>$ = use at regul> int]vals4 ,wom5 buy a coll> or two1 a pair ( /ock+s1 a bit ( ribbon1 a bread plate1 a few glasses1 etc41 & !n are surpris$ t !y seem to h v little = ! money4 ,unless ! h\sewife be really poor1 or unless ! money be dol$ out to h] irregul>ly1 x w inv>iably pay to buy 9 quantity ?+s :i* are n p]i%able1 & :i* ! h\sehold we>s out &1 !re=e1 habitually ne$s4 ,h&k]*iefs1 /ock+s1 und]clo?+1 *9a1 dr9k+ glasses1 co/ less by ! doz5 & half-doz5 ?an by ! piece4 ,lamp *imneys are cont9ually brok51 toilet pap] & soap us$ up1 yet v few h\sekeep]s realize t !y wa/e bo? "t & en]gy1 beside suff]+ inconv5i5ce1 :5 !y buy ^! "o at a "t4 ,buy+ piecemeal is demoraliz+1 z well z wa/eful1 because x is unsy/ematic4 ,successful h\sekeep+ involves att5tion to numb]less details2 if by p]iodic in/ead ( incessant att5tion "s ( ^! c be dispos$ ( 9 ! mass1 !re w be imm5se sav+ ( en]gy4 ,_m h\sekeep]s w object to ?is1 ei!r because x involves ! imm$iate exp5diture ( a l>g] sum ( money = "o class ( articles1 or because1 n hav+ m :olesome social & intellectual int]e/s1 !y f9d recreation 9 w&]+ f /ore to /ore1 or c\nt] to c\nt]1 pric+ mu* & buy+ little2 or because !y love to f9d 8a b>ga940 ,! in/9ct to get some?+ 8*eap10 t is1 to get some?+ = no?+1 or1 m prop]ly1 to get m ?an we pay =1 lies v deep 9 human nature4 ,because wom5 h usually liv$ f h& to m\?1 )\t =esight1 x has p]haps be5 exagg]at$ 9 !m4 ,!re are ! b>ga9-hunt]s1 & !re are ! b>ga9-scorn]s2 bo? are d\btless equally illogical4 ,:5 an article is ph5om5ally *eap1 x is s1 usually1 ei!r because too _m ( its k9d are on ! m>ket1 or because ! sell] is sacrific+ a normal pr(it to draw g5]al cu/om1 or because ! p :o h produc$ x h done s at less ?an a dec5t liv+ wage1 or because x is go+ or gone out ( fa%ion4 ,good buy]s are rightfully suspici\s ( b>ga9s4 ,no "o %\ld be will+ to buy or use articles :i* h be5 produc$ at />vation wages "u wret*$ sanit>y conditions4 ,x is nev] good economy to buy ?+s :i* are gone out ( fa%ion unless "o is q satisfi$ to be out ( fa%ion4 ,if ! article (f]$ on ! b>ga9 c\nt] be ( good quality1 & 9 /aple use 9 ! h\sehold1 x is (t5 well wor? buy+4 ,flannels1 l95s1 sometimes wool5 dress goods ( inconspicu\s patt]ns1 may be b\ght at ! end ( ! season mu* *eap] ?an at ! beg9n+1 & are a good inve/m5t if "o has money to sp>e & is sure :at is go+ to be ne$$ by ! family4 ,ov] aga9/ ! money sav$ 9 secur+ a b>ga91 mu/ always be reckon$ ! "t & en]gy us$ 9 f9d+ x1 & ! risks t its quality may prove inf]ior1 or t x may be unsuitable :5 f9ally us$4 ,if a woman has no?+ bett] to d ) h] "t & /r5g? ?an to hunt b>ga9s1 !re is no?+ fur!r to be said2 b if %e has1 x is usually m economical & m satisfactory to buy ! articles ne$$ = def9ite use at a reliable place & at a fair price4 ,all ! sugge/ions t h be5 made imply accurate k on ! "p ( ! h\sekeep]4 ,a ?or\ghly tra9$ h\sekeep] ( long exp]i5ce may possibly keep all ! h\sehold detail 9 h& )\t keep+ books ( acc\nt1 b x is absolutely impossible = ! inexp]i5c$ or unsy/ematic h\sekeep] to d s4 ,! m5tal tra9+ involv$ 9 keep+ an accurate acc\nt ( family income & exp5diture is z valuable z a c\rse 9 ma!matics4 ,= h] own self-discipl9e1 z well z = ! bett] di/ribution ( ! family income1 e h\sekeep] %\ld keep an itemiz$ acc\nt4 ,until %e c balance h] acc\nt accurately at ! end ( e mon? %e has n le>n$ ! a b c ( ?or\gh h\sekeep+4 ,aft] hav+ le>n$ to d ?is easily1 %e may1 p]haps1 all[ h]self a v small m>g9 = ^? 8sundries0 :i* h n be5 put d[n1 & :i* w\ld wa/e valuable "t to hunt out4 ,e h\sewife kn[s by exp]i5ce t x is n ! regul> meat & groc]y bills t eat up ! income2 if adequate c>e is tak5 ( !m1 !y c be r$uc$ to a def9ite scale & kept !re2 b x is ! incid5tals4 ,a sy/em ( accurate acc\nts w spe$ily %[ h[ _m ( ^! are extravagant or unnecess>y4 ,book-keep+ is a bugbe> to mo/ wom51 *iefly because ! sy/em :i* !y und]take is too complicat$4 ,! simple/ =m is ! be/4 ,any blank book may be us$2 put d[n on ! "r h& side ev]y?+ b\ght2 on ! left side all money receiv$2 at ! end ( ! week or mon? ! total sum ( ! "r-h& column plus ! money /ill on h& %\ld equal ! total ( ! left-h& column4 ,if x does n1 "s item has be5 omitt$ or n accurately ent]$4 ,x is bett] 9 ! beg9n+ to balance ! acc\nt at lea/ once a week1 = !n inaccuracies c be m easily trac$4 ,! secret ( success is to put d[n at ! "t ( ! transaction :at has be5 receiv$ & sp5t4 ,:5 ! acc\nt has be5 balanc$1 a second /ep is mu* m int]e/+4 ,9 ano!r book or 9 ! back ( ! day-book1 if x be l>ge en\gh1 op5 sev]al acc\nts on sep>ate pages1 z foll[s3 groc]ies1 meats1 fuel1 clo?+1 subscriptions & *>ities1 incid5tals1 etc4 ,copy ea* item f ! day-book into its prop] acc\nt2 at ! end ( a mon? or ye>1 by add+ up ^! sep>ate acc\nts1 ! h\sewife c tell exactly :at proportion ( ! income has be5 sp5t = ea* class4 ,mr4 ,lawes1 ! fam\s ,engli% agriculturi/1 :5 travel+ 9 ,am]ica1 0 able to quote accurately ! co/ ( ! v>i\s items ( exp5diture 9 8 own h\se4 ,economy is a relative1 n an absolute ?+4 ,economy ( money is (t5 wa/efulness ( life1 yet extravagance1 on ! o!r h&1 is a s]i\s cause ( human deg5]ation4 ,) ! exception ( poor managem5t1 poor s]vice is probably ! mo/ wa/eful factor ( all 9 ! h\sehold1 yet !re are conditions 9 :i* poor s]vice is c]ta9ly less wa/eful ( ! family res\rces1 ?an none at all4 ,! end ( h\sekeep+ is ! heal?1 com=t1 & s]5ity ( ! family4 ,! two ma9 factors 9 produc+ ?is result are ! family income & ! "m's /r5g? & en]gy4 ,sav+1 h[ev] desirable1 is m]ely an incid5tal end4 ,! "m's intellig5ce1 !re=e1 if %e be 9 comm& ( h] fair %>e ( ! income1 mu/ be us$ to save n only money b h] own res\rces4 ,! lack ( nutriti\s1 palatable food & ( nurs+ 9 illness1 ! lack ( s]vice :5 ! "m is weak5$ by labor & *ild-be>+1 is sometimes economy ) mo/ disa/r\s results4 ,heal? & s]5ity are wor? m to ! family ?an h\ses & a bank acc\nt4 ,a good education giv5 to an intellig5t *ild is wor? t5 times its co/ sav$ up = him to inh]it 9 middle life4 ,e device1 !re=e1 :i* saves ! h\sewife's en]gy is a true economy4 ,a clo!s-wa%+ ma*9e1 a cab9et table1 a slop-hopp] = kit*5 & *amb] wa/e-liquids1 are all obta9able & ( special value 9 sav+ labor4 ,9 plann+ ! kit*51 economy ( /eps 9 rea*+ wat] & fuel %\ld be consid]$4 ,*9a %\ld be kept ei!r 9 wall cupbo>ds op5+ on "o side into ! d9+-room1 on ! o!r into ! kit*51 or 9 a pantry betwe5 d9+-room & kit*54 ,kit*5 ut5sils ne$ no long] be ( black1 heavy1 ugly iron1 b ( granite w>e1 nickel plate1 & alum9um2 !y may be plac$ 9 %elves close to ! range1 or hung along ! wall beside x4 ,a dumb wait] or h& elevator1 f kit*5 to cell>1 saves mu* go+ up & d[n /airs4 ,! height ( s9ks & "w-tables %\ld be adapt$ to t ( ! woman :o works ov] !m4 ,a tall /ool--a cl]k's /ool--9 ! kit*5 all[s ! h\sewife to sit :ile do+ "s k9ds ( "w4 ,di/ances betwe5 s9k1 range1 di%es1 & /ore-room1 %\ld be z %ort z possible1 :ile ! v5tilation & light+ ( ! kit*5 %\ld be p>ticul>ly good4 ,e /ep up & d[n f kit*5 to %$1 or kit*5 to cell>1 is an extra dra9 on ! ov]tax$ woman4 ,small1 *eap contrivances1 su* z di%-mops1 iron di%-clo?s1 pan-scrap]s1 small scrubb+-bru%es1 wire scre5 g>bage-pans1 & _m o!rs1 light5 ! "w & make x possible = ! h\sewife to be m da9ty 9 h] p]sonal appe>ance4 ,9 no respect does f>m life diff] m f city life ?an 9 ! k9d ( food provid$ & ! me?od ( s]v+ x4 ,! f>m]'s table is load$ d[n ) a great abundance & v>iety ( food1 all plac$ on ! table at once1 & (t5 ri* & indige/ible4 ,! city table has half z mu*1 bo? 9 v>iety & quantity1 s]v$ da9tily 9 c\rses4 ,! city h\sewife provides v>iety f meal to meal1 seldom repeat+ any di%1 except ! /aple ones1 m ?an once or twice a week2 ! rural h\sewife puts a l>ge v>iety ( ! same ?+s on ! table at e meal4 ,abundance ( well cook$1 appetiz+ food !re %\ld be1 b v>iety f meal to meal1 & f day to day1 is f> pref]able to excessive v>iety at any "o meal4 ,n only is x bett] = ! dige/ion to eat ( a v few k9ds ( food at "o meal2 b1 s9ce novelty /imulates appetite1 any p>ticul> di% w be m appetiz+ if n s]v$ too frequ5tly4 ,! f>m]'s family1 :ile v economical 9 ! exp5diture ( money1 is (t5 v wa/eful ( food4 ,vegetables1 fruit1 *ick5s1 pork rais$ on ! f>m1 seem to co/ no money1 b !y co/ mu* vital en]gy1 :i* is q z valuable4 ,! value ( milk1 butt]1 & eggs is recogniz$1 because x is cu/om>y to sell !m 9 t[n2 b ! co/ 9 ! labor ( ^? :o raise & ^? :o prep>e food1 is (t5 ov]look$4 ,! f>m]'s table is ?us n only ov]load$1 b really extravagant4 ,"h1 aga91 quality is m desirable ?an v>iety2 simplicity %\ld accompany abundance4 ,s9ce rural life involves a c]ta9 degree ( isolation1 ! family mu/ keep 9 t\* ) ! _w *iefly ?r\gh lit]ature4 ,ev5 at ! sacrifice ( "s ( ! ri* v>iety ( food on ! table or ( new clo!s1 books & pap]s %\ld be provid$4 ,! local newspap] is apt to conta9 little beside local gossip2 x %\ld be supplem5t$ ) an agricultural pap] & a family j\rnal1 a h\sekeep+ magaz9e1 a *ildr5's magaz9e1 if !re be *ildr51 & o!r g5]al magaz9es if !y c be af=d$4 ,b bett] ?an ! g5]al magaz9es1 w\ld be ! gradual pur*ase ( ! /&>d works ( hi/ory1 travel1 poetry1 & fiction4 ,a musical in/rum5t1 a small libr>y1 & int]e/+ games w d m ?an admonition to keep "y p at home4 ,*ildr5 naturally want a good "t2 if x is n provid$ = !m at home !y w g to o!r & p]haps less desirable places to get x4 ,) ! increase ( appliances1 & ) ! add$ social & intellectual dem&s1 c\ntry z well z city life is becom+ m complicat$ & exact+4 ,! h\sewife1 ^: physical /r5g? is sc>cely equal to ! dem&s ( h\sekeep+ & *ild-be>+1 mu/ develop h] intellig5ce & :et h] judgm5t4 ,%e mu/ f9d easi] & wis] ways ( do+ ! necess>y drudg]y1 & make bra9s d an increas+ "p ( ! labor =m]ly accompli%$ by muscle4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,home ,,y>d ,! y>d1 z well z ! h\se1 %\ld be plann$4 ,x %\ld be conv5i5t1 neat1 h&some1 re/ful4 ,x w ne$ plant+ ) trees1 %rubs1 h]bs & grass2 b ^! ?+s %\ld n be scatt]$ promiscu\sly ov] ! place1 = !n !y mean no?+4 ,e plant %\ld h "s relation to ! g5]al plan or design ( ! place4 ,! fir/ ?+ to consid] 9 ! mak+ ( a fit sett+ = ! h\se is to lay out ! plan or design2 ! la/ ?+ is to select ! p>ticul> k9ds ( plants to be us$4 ,! place %\ld be a picture4 ,x %\ld be "o ?+1 n _m ?+s4 ,if ! design is correct & ! plant+ is well done1 all p>ts w be 9 h>mony & ! place w appeal to "o z a :ole4 ,if ! bu%es & trees are scatt]$ promiscu\sly ov] ! y>d1 !n !re is no c5tral idea & ! att5tion is fix$ ^u ! details r ?an ^u ! place4 ,figs4 #hh & #hi illu/rate ^! contra/s4 ,! "o c5tral ?\ght or idea 9 home gr\nds is ! h\se4 ,!re=e1 make ! h\se emphatic4 ,let x /& out boldly1 z 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,keep ! c5t] ( ! place op54 ,d n clutt] x ) trees1 fl[] b$s & o!r di/ract+ ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! common or nurs]y type ( plant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,! prop] or pictorial type ( plant+4 ,if ! h\se is to be made emphatic1 give x a flank+4 ,plant trees or bu%es1 or bo?1 on ! sides4 ,back x up1 also1 ) trees4 ,if x sets 9 front ( a natural wood or an or*>d1 ! effect is bett]4 ,if ! c\ntry is b>e & bald beh9d x1 plant tall trees !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,a mode/ & direct driveway4 ,make z few walks & drives z possible4 ,!y are always unsightly & exp5sive4 ,let !m lead to _! de/9ation by ! mo/ direct curves4 ,d n make !m crook$2 = crook$ walks & drives are exp5sive4 ,g5tle curves are m retir$ & mode/ ?an awkw>d & labori\s ones4 ,fig4 #ij %[s a good1 easy curve4 ,if possible1 place ! walk or drive at ! side1 r ?an 9 ! c5t]3 avoid cutt+ up ! lawn4 ,mo/ ( ! plant+ %\ld be 9 masses4 ,plants pres5t a bold] front :5 /&+ toge!r4 ,a gr\p is "o ?+2 scatt]$ %rubs are _m ?+s1 & !y div]t & di/ract ! att5tion4 ,by mass+1 "o secures endless comb9ations ( light & %ade1 ( color1 & ( =m4 ,aga9/ ! mass-plant+1 fl[]s %[ (f be/2 !y h a backgr\nd1 z a picture has :5 x hangs on a wall4 ,"o canna or g]anium /&+ j 9 front ( heavy foliage makes m %[ ?an d a doz5 plants :5 /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! lawn2 x is m easily c>$ =1 & x does n spoil ! lawn4 ,a fl[] b$ 9 ! middle ( ! sw>d spoils a lawn1 z a spot soils ! table-clo?4 ,fl[]s at ! side1 or jo9$ to ! o!r plant+1 are a "p ( ! picture2 9 ! middle ( ! lawn !y are only a spot ( color & mean no?+ except t ! gr[] did n "k :]e to put !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,a good h\se2 b ! home is only half built4 ,take ^! sugge/ions to he>t4 ,consid] :i* y l ! bett]1 ,fig4 #ia or #ib4 ,consid]1 also1 h[ ,fig4 #ib w\ld look if plants 7 scatt]$ all ov] ! y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,a h\se & a home4 ,plants are difficult to gr[ 9 little holes 9 ! sod4 ,! grass takes ! moi/ure4 ,!y are always 9 ! way4 ,! y>d 9 ,fig4 #ib c be m[n ) a field m[]4 ,! bu%es take c>e ( !mselves4 ,if "o dies1 x matt]s little3 o!rs fill ! gaps4 ,if pigwe$s come up among/ !m1 little or no h>m is done4 ,!y add to ! v>iety ( foliage effect4 ,"o does n feel t he mu/ /op 8 cultivat+ or %eep-%e>+ to dig !m out4 ,9 ! fall1 ! leaves bl[ (f ! op5 lawn & are held 9 ! bu%es2 !re !y make an ideal mul*1 & !y ne$ n be remov$ 9 ! spr+4 ,9 front ( ?is %rubb]y a space two or ?ree feet wide may be left = fl[]s4 ,"h s[ & plant ) a free h&4 ,h suffici5t poppies & hollyhocks & p9ks & lilies & petunias to supply e memb] ( ! family & e neighbor4 ,aga9/ ! backgr\nd !y gl[ l coals or lie z s(t z ! sn[4 ,fill 9 ! corn]s ( ! place4 ,r\nd (f ! angul>ities4 ,?r[ a mass ( h]bage into ! corn] by ! /eps 7,fig4 #ic73 !n y w n ne$ to saw (f ! grass ) a but*] knife4 ,plant a v9e & "s l[ plants along ! f\ndations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! corn] by ! /eps4 ,:5 ^! ma9 or fundam5tal ?+s are consid]$1 !n "s ( ! incid5tal ?+s may be consid]$4 ,if y are fond ( "s p>ticul> plant1 z ! hydrangea1 plant x 9 "s prom95t place 9 front ( ! %rub bord]4 ,y may want a tree to %ade a w9d[ or a por*3 plant x4 ,y may want a pile ( odd /ones & relics3 put !m 9 ! back y>d1 or at ! side1 :]e y may enjoy !m unmole/$4 ,y may h any k9d ( plant y want1 only put x 9 ! "r place4 ,h an eye to ! views4 ,build y\r h\se ) ref]5ce to !m1 if y c4 ,d n plant s z to hide ! good ones4 ,plant heavily 9 ! direction ( (f5sive views4 ,plant s z to obscure ! b>ny>d2 or else move ! b>ny>d back ( ! b>n1 or clean x up4 ,leave ! front ( ! b>n op53 y want to see x f ! h\se4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,! ,,"w ,! lawn1 !n1 is ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,x is ! canvas on :i* we are to pa9t a picture ( home & com=t4 ,9 _m cases ! y>d is already level or well grad$ & has a good sod1 & x is n necess>y to pl[ & re-se$4 ,x %\ld be said t ! sod on old lawns c be r5ew$ )\t pl[+ x up4 ,9 ! b>e or ?9 places1 scrat* up ! gr\nd ) an iron-too!d rake1 apply a little f]tiliz]1 & s[ m se$4 ,we$y lawns are ^? 9 :i* ! sod is poor4 ,x may be necess>y to pull out ! we$s2 b aft] !y are out ! l& %\ld be quickly cov]$ ) sod or !y w come 9 aga94 ,annual we$s1 z pigwe$s & ragwe$1 c usually be cr[d$ out by m]ely secur+ a heavi] sod4 ,a little clov] se$ w (t5 be a good addition1 = x supplies nitrog5 & has an excell5t me*anical effect on ! soil4 ,! ideal "t to prep>e ! l& is 9 ! fall1 be=e ! heavy ra9s come4 ,!n s[ 9 ! fall1 & aga9 9 e>ly spr+ on a late sn[4 ,h[ev]1 ! "w may be done 9 ! spr+1 b ! dang] is t x w be put (f s long t ! "y grass w n become e/abli%$ be=e ! dry1 hot wea!r comes4 ,! be/ lawn grass = ,new ,york is ,june-grass1 or blue-grass4 ,se$sm5 "k x z ,poa prat5sis4 ,x weighs b #ad p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,n less ?an ?ree bu%els %\ld be s[n to ! acre4 ,we want _m v small /ems ( grass1 n a few l>ge ones2 = we are mak+ a lawn1 n a mead[4 ,d n s[ gra9 ) ! grass se$4 ,! ,june-grass gr[s sl[ly at fir/1 h[ev]1 & !re=e x is a good plan to s[ timo?y ) x1 at ! rate ( two or ?ree qu>ts to ! acre4 ,! timo?y comes up quickly & makes a gre52 & ! ,june-grass w cr[d x out 9 a ye> or two4 ,if ! l& is h>d & incl9$ to be too dry1 "s k9d ( clov] w greatly assi/ ! ,june-grass4 ,r$ clov] is too l>ge & co>se = ! lawn4 ,crimson clov] is excell5t1 = x is an annual1 & x does n become unsightly 9 ! lawn4 ,:ite clov] is p]haps be/1 s9ce x n only helps ! grass b looks well 9 ! sod4 ,"o or two p\nds ( se$ is g5]ally suffici5t = an acre4 ,at fir/ ! we$s w come up4 ,d n pull !m4 ,m[ ! lawn z soon z !re is any gr[? l>ge en\gh to m[4 ,( c\rse1 ! lawn-m[] is be/1 b "o c h a good place )\t x4 ,p]haps a h& lawn-m[] 7"o ) l>ge :eels & n less ?an #af-;in* cut7 c be us$ to keep ! sw>d close j ab\t ! h\se2 !n ! field-m[] may be us$ n[ & !n = ! rema9d]4 ,"h is ano!r advantage1 z ,i h said1 ( ! op5-c5t]$ y>d :i* ,i h recomm5d$2 x is easily m[n4 ,x w\ld be a fussy matt] to m[ a y>d plant$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ,fig4 #hh2 b "o l ,fig4 #hi is easily manag$4 ,! bord]s %\ld be plant$ ?ickly4 ,pl[ up ! /rip4 ,nev] plant ^! trees & bu%es 9 holes cut 9 ! sod4 ,scatt] ! bu%es & trees promiscu\sly 9 ! n>r[ bord]4 ,9 home gr\nds1 x is easy to run ?r\gh ^! bord]s occasionally ) a cultivator1 = ! fir/ ye> or two4 ,make ! edges ( ! bord] irregul>4 ,plant ! l[e/ bu%es on ! inn] edge t[>d ! h\se4 ,= all su* ?+s z lilacs1 mock oranges1 ,japan qu9ces1 & bu%es t are f\nd along ! roadsides1 two or ?ree feet ap>t is ab\t "r4 ,"s w die anyway4 ,cut !m back "o-half :5 !y are plant$4 ,!y w look ?9 & /iff = two or ?ree ye>s2 b aft] t !y w cr[d ! spaces full1 lop ov] on ! sod1 & make a bill[ ( gre54 ,prep>e ! l& well1 plant c>efully1 & let ! bu%es alone4 ,we n[ come to ! details1--! p>ticul> k9ds ( plants to use4 ,"o great pr9ciple w simplify ! matt]3 ! ma9 plant+ %\ld be = foliage effects4 ,t is1 ?9k fir/ ( giv+ ! place a heavy bord]-mass4 ,fl[]s are m]e decorations4 ,select ^? trees & %rubs :i* are ! commone/1 because !y are *eape/1 h>die/ & mo/ likely to gr[4 ,!re is no f>m s poor t en\gh plants _c be secur$1 )\t money1 = ! home y>d4 ,y w f9d ! plants 9 ! woods1 9 old y>ds1 along ! f5ces4 ,x is little matt] if no "o kn[s _! names4 ,:at is h&som] ?an a tangl$ f5ce-r[8 ,scatt] 9 a few trees along ! f5ce & ab\t ! build+s1 p>ticul>ly if ! place is l>ge & b>e4 ,maples1 basswood1 elms1 a%es1 buttonwood1 pepp]idge1 oaks1 bee*es1 bir*es1 hickories1 popl>s1 a few trees ( p9e or spruce or hemlock1--any ( ^! are excell5t4 ,if ! c\ntry is bleak1 a r heavy plant+ ( ev]gre5s ab\t ! bord]1 9 ! place ( s mu* %rubb]y1 is excell5t4 ,= %rubs1 use ! common ?+s to be f\nd 9 ! woods & swales1 toge!r ) roots1 :i* c be _h 9 e old y>d4 ,will[s1 osi]s1 wit*-hazel1 dogwood1 wild roses1 ?orn apples1 haws1 eld]s1 sumac1 wild honeysuckles1--^! & o!rs c be f\nd 9 abundance4 ,f old y>ds c be secur$ sn[balls1 spireas1 lilacs1 =sy?ias1 mock oranges1 roses1 sn[b]ries1 b>b]ries1 fl[]+ currants1 honeysuckles1 & ! l4 ,v9es c be us$ to excell5t purpose on ! outbuild+s or on ! por*es4 ,! common wild ,virg9ia creep] is ! mo/ s]viceable4 ,on brick or /one h\ses ! ,bo/on ivy or ,japanese ampelopsis may be us$1 unless ! location is v bleak4 ,?is is n h>dy 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,honeysuckles1 clematis & bitt]-sweet are also attractive4 ,b[]s are always int]e/+ to *ildr52 & act9idia & akebia 7to be _h at nurs]ies7 are be/ = ?is purpose4 ,if a regul> fl[] g>d5 is want$1 place at ! side or re> ( ! place1 :]e a lib]al piece ( l& c be devot$ to x4 ,into ^! native %rub bord]s1 ?r[ "s color f nurs]y-gr[n bu%es if y *oose4 ,mix 9 spireas1 weigelas1 roses--any?+ y l4 ,a r>e or /range plant may be introduc$ n[ & !n1 if !re is any money ) :i* to buy su* ?+s4 ,plant x at "s conspicu\s po9t j 9 front ( ! bord]1 :]e x w %[ (f well1 be out ( ! way1 & h "s relation to ! re/ ( ! plant+4 ,two or ?ree purple-leav$ or v>iegat$-leav$ bu%es w add mu* _s & v]ve to ! place2 b too _m ( !m make ! place look fussy & ov]done4 ,y c h a botanic g>d5 ( y\r own1 ev5 ?\gh y d n "k ! "n ( a s+le plant2 & y\r home w be a picture at ! same "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,b>ns ,mod]n agriculture requires l>ge & commodi\s b>ns & o!r /ructures to h\se ! crops1 ! animals1 tools1 & implem5ts4 ,especially is ?is true :5 mix$ f>m+ is conduct$ 9 an int5sifi$ & economical way4 ,9 e>ly days "o or1 at mo/1 two l[ b>ns ( #cj by #dj feet 7 suppos$ to supply all %elt] accommodations requir$ = a f>m ( "o hundr$ acres4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 on ! same f>ms1 may (t5 be se5 a b>n #fj by #hj feet & d\ble ! height ( ! old /ructures1 ) a w+ "o-half ( ! capacity ( ! ma9 b>n to :i* x is atta*$1 ?is s+le /ructure provid+ m ?an six times ! cubic space ( two ( ! old b>ns4 ,"o sizable f>m 9 ,tompk9s c\nty1 ,new ,york1 _h1 = _m ye>s1 a s+le b>n #cj by #dj feet ) #ad-;foot po/s4 ,x n[ has a b>n :i* provides m ?an fifte5 times ! room ( ! old "o1 & yet x is sc>cely l>ge en\gh to h\se ! animals & crops ( ?is mode/ f>m4 ,naturally1 ! que/ions arise1 are ^! l>ge /ructures necess>y1 & :at *anges 9 agriculture h tak5 place to create a ne$ = su* mammo? /ructures8 ,!y are necess>ily exp5sive1 & too (t5 dw>f & belittle ! h\se :5 plac$ ne> x4 ,mod]n advanc$ f>m]s secure ne>ly or q d\ble ! av]age yield ( crops ( _! gr&fa!rs4 ,?is is an indisputable fact1 not)/&+ ! hue & cry ab\t ! decad5ce ( ! rural population4 ,! facts are t "s are f>m+ mu* bett] ?an ! old] g5]ations & "s mu* worse4 ,mu* ( ! good l& is produc+ m b\ntifully ?an ev] be=e1 & "s ( ! poor] l&s h be5 s badly manag$1 & h become s deplet$ 9 _! productive p[] z to be ne>ly wor?less1 & %\ld be ?r[n out ( cultivation & left to recup]ate until unborn g5]ations require !m4 ,m live /ock is kept n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,! numb] ( mil* c[s1 horses1 & mules 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ m ?an #ej p] c5t betwe5 #ahgj & #ahij1 & o!r cattle increas$ dur+ ! same p]iod #aej p] c5t4 ,not)/&+ ?is fact1 ! live /ock on _m f>ms has be5 greatly dim9i%$4 ,!n1 too1 progressive f>m]s believe x to be economy to provide %elt] = animals & crops1 manures & implem5ts4 ,! old cu/om ( /ack+ ! hay & gra91 ( all[+ ! f>m animals to t\gh5 9 ! w9t]'s bla/ 9 field & b>ny>d1 & ! manures to lea* & blea* "u ! eaves ( ! build+ has1 9 "p1 be5 ab&on$ & bett] me?ods sub/itut$4 ,^! new me?ods require bett]1 l>g]1 & m commodi\s f>m b>ns4 ,! mod]n & humane ?\ght is1 to make all ( ! animals z com=table1 accord+ to _! ne$s & conditions1 z is _! own] 9 8 well appo9t$ h\se1 & to protect ev]y?+ t is wor? protect+ f ! /orms4 ,!re are two fairly di/9ct me?ods ( con/ruct+ f>m build+s3 ! conc5trat$ & ! di/ributive4 ,! "o aims to provide ! room ne$$ by "o or two l>ge /ructures2 ! o!r by means ( _m deta*$ small build+s1 ea*1 :]e practicable1 devot$ to a special purpose4 ,! la/ me?od 0 ! outgr[? ( ! conditions :i* usually prevail$ 9 a new c\ntry4 ,fir/ came ! rude h\se & ! log /able4 ,! /able 0 foll[$ by ! mode/ b>n1 usually ( ! regulation size1 #cj by #dj feet1 ) #ab-1 #ad-1 or1 9 r>e cases1 #af-;foot po/s4 ,z ! arable l& increas$ ano!r b>n 0 built1 !n a %$1 !n a wagon-h\se2 foll[$ by a corn-crib1 a *ick5-h\se1 a pig-p51 & lat] a %eep-b>n1 c[-b>n1 a hay-b>n1 all ! room 9 ! fir/ & second b>ns be+ by ?is "t requir$ = gra94 ,outside ! gra9 di/ricts ! build+s 7 modifi$ to suit conditions1 b ! practice ( con/ruct+ _m small /ructures 0 n *ang$4 ,! build+s 7 erect$ )\t any compreh5sive plan z to ! f>m/ead z a :ole4 ,?is necessitat$ _m f5ces1 gates1 y>ds1 & a maze ( muddy byways 9 :i* ! dock & o!r we$s1 disc>d$ implem5ts1 & ! flotsam & jetsam ( ! f>m f\nd opportunity to gr[ or to rot4 ,d :at "o might1 ! f>m/ead c\ld nev] be made to look neat & tidy4 ,n infrequ5tly1 twelve to fifte5 sep>ate /ructures may be se5 on a f>m ( eighty acres4 ,! f>m]s :o own ^! /ructures are n to be criticis$ too sev]ely4 ,!y inh]it$ ! me?od ( build+ & (t5 ! build+s1 & no "o1 s f>1 has deign$ to give !m help by treat+ su* plebeian subjects z ! improvem5t ( unsightly /ys1 /ables1 %$s1 & b>ns4 ,if ! conc5trat$ me?od be adopt$1 9 case ( fire all is swept away2 if ! di/ributive1 "s ( ! build+s may be sav$4 ,!re are s _m ?+s to be ga9$1 h[ev]1 by adopt+ ! conc5trat$ me?od t con/ruction w\ld bett] be along ?is l9e & !n tru/ to ! insurance company to make good ! losses by fire1 %\ld any occur4 ,comp>e ,figs4 #aad1 #aai4 ,f>m labor]s receive fully d\ble ! wages1 except 9 h>ve/ "t1 :i* !y did fifty ye>s ago2 !re=e1 ! b>ns %\ld be plann$ ) ! view ( economiz+ labor4 ,?is c be/ be secur$ by re>+ a s+le /ructure1 r ?an sev]al1 = x is evid5t t if ! live /ock1 tools1 implem5ts & prov5d] be plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 economy 9 p]=m+ ! "w ab\t ! build+s w be secur$4 ,h[ev]1 x is (t5 conv5i5t to h a sep>ate build+ op5 on "o side = /or+ f>m wagons & heavy implem5ts & tools4 ,gra91 hay & /ov] are all unload$ mo/ economically by means ( sl+s & hay =k1 op]at$ by horse-p[]1 b ! unload+ by horse-p[] implies high b>ns1 ) m[s measurably unob/ruct$ by timb]s4 ,economy ( space also implies deep m[s1 s9ce a m[ tw5ty feet deep holds m ?an two m[s t5 feet deep4 ,high1 l>ge build+s require f> less outside bo>d+ & ro( ?an small1 l[1 deta*$ build+s :i* conta91 toge!r1 ! same /orage capacity4 ,economy 9 con/ruction & ma9t5ance1 conv5i5ce ( tempor>ily %elt]+ & remov+ manures1 ease ( c>ry+ on "w 9 ! build+1 & beauty1 all indicate ! wisdom ( adopt+ ! conc5trat$ me?od 9 ! con/ruction ( f>m b>ns4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to economize 9 b>n con/ruction by adopt+ ! octagon =m4 ,?is =m secures a great] enclos$ area = a giv5 surface cov]+ ?an ! squ>e or rectangul> =m4 ,b all ( ! angles 9 ! frame are m exp5sive to make ?an are "r angles4 ,x requires m labor & "t to saw (f a timb] at an angle ( #ce degrees ?an at "r angles4 ,true1 ?is =m l5ds itself to a ro( /ructure free f ob/ruct+ timb]s1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x does n give opportunity = ! plac+ ( conv5i5t tracks = elevat+ ! prov5d]4 ,s f> ! pros & cons may be said to balance4 ,x is only :5 ! attempt is made to divide ! octagon /ructure into /ables & rooms1 comp>tm5ts & m[s1 t its inconv5i5t %ape is fully realiz$4 ,ev]y?+ is out ( squ>e4 ,! divisions =m obtuse & acute angles1 or arcs ( a circle1 almo/ )\t numb]4 ,all ?is implies extra exp5se 9 ! int]nal con/ruction & usually a great wa/e ( space4 ,! illu/rations ( ^! b>ns h a c]ta9 *>m difficult to resi/1 b "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t f>m]s :o h made a /udy ( ! octagon b>n & h us$ x1 decide t rectangul> b>ns are mu* to be pref]r$4 ,"s :o h built octagon b>ns speak well ( !m1 b ?is might naturally be expect$4 ,a woman g5]ally speaks well ( h] husb& aft] %e has secur$ him1 h[ev] faulty he may be4 ,,location ,! location ( ! propos$ /ructure %\ld be consid]$ ) ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e be=e ent]+ ^u ! con/ruction ( a new build+ or ! remodel+ ( an old "o4 ,too (t5 a s+le idea dom9ates ! location4 ,"s ?irty ye>s s9ce ,i decid$ to erect a l>ge basem5t b>n4 ,! h\se1 a mode/1 com=table /ructure1 0 locat$ at a suitable di/ance f ! highway1 on a g5tle slope4 ,to utilize ! highway = driv+ ! animals to & f pa/ure1 & to save ! use ( ! f\r? ( an acre ( l& & ! build+ ( "s tw5ty rods ( f5ce1 ! b>n 0 locat$ ne>] ! highway ?an ! h\se4 ,?is necessitat$ locat+ ! b>ny>d betwe5 ! highway & ! b>n4 ,i nev] discov]$ ?is fooli% mi/ake till ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 age & /udy _h improv$ my judgm5t & opportunity _h be5 giv5 = wide obs]vation & comp>ison4 ,n[ :5 ,i revisit ! f>m x is all too pla9 z to :]e ! b>n %\ld h be5 locat$4 ,?is l>ge b>n made ! h\se appe> mu* small] ?an be=e1 & f "o approa* ! f>m _h ! appe>ance ( be+ unt5ant$1 z ! b>n hid ! h\se4 ,x is humiliat+1 b h[ c\ld ,i h kn[n bett] at t "t ( life1 ) ideas ( b>n build+ inh]it$ & ) nei!r book nor tea*] to guide me8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,too _m b>n ro(s1 & too ne> ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,h[ ^! b>ns may be mov$ & conc5trat$4 ,! b>n %\ld be locat$ f> en\gh f ! h\se to prev5t ! aromas ( ! /ables & kit*5 f m+l+1 & at su* a di/ance z n to s]i\sly endang] ei!r "o1 if ! o!r %\ld be de/roy$ by fire4 ,if possible1 ! b>n %\ld be on l[] gr\nd ?an ! h\se1 t no wa% or seepage f x may t5d t[>d ! h\se1 & = o!r sanit>y reasons4 ,! l[] level w assi/ to make ! b>ns inconspicu\s4 ,"o hundr$ feet is ! m9imum di/ance :i* %\ld int]v5e betwe5 ^! inflammable & exp5sive /ructures1 except 9 a v cold climate1 :]e ! h\se & ! b>n may be connect$ by a cov]$ way4 ,see ,figs4 #id & #ie4 ,?is way ne$ n be exp5sive1 & %\ld be s con/ruct$ t x c be pull$ d[n 9 a few m9utes 9 case ( fire4 ,x ne$ n be high1 & ! ro( might pit* b "o way & be compos$1 9 "p at lea/1 ( glass4 ,if ! entire ro( 0 ( glass "o side ( ! cov]$ walk might well be us$ 9 ! spr+ = gr[+ e>ly vegetables4 ,if ! manure be prop]ly c>$ = at ! f> end ( ! b>n1 good sanit>y conditions w\ld be pres]v$4 ,! refuse ( ! /ables1 if left expos$ at ! b>ns 9 ! summ]1 =ms bre$+ gr\nd = flies1 :i* rea* ! h\se if x be ne>4 ,! sub/itution ( electric /reet c>s1 = horse c>s :i* necessitat$ num]\s /ables1 has noticeably dim9i%$ flies 9 ! cities4 ,!re %\ld be room betwe5 ! h\se & b>n = a score or m ( l>ge trees1 :i* may s]ve1 9 "p1 to scre5 ea* build+ f ! o!r 9 case ( fire1 to %ade ! walk betwe5 ! two build+s1 &1 9 "p1 ! b>n itself4 ,no tree is bett] adapt$ = ?is purpose ?an ! :ite elm4 ,! op5 b>ny>d %\ld1 :]ev] possible1 be disc>d$1 = x t5ds to increase ! wa/+ ( manures & ! co/ ( gett+ !m to ! field2 to ! multiplication ( f5ces & flies1 & to unnecess>y exposure ( animals4 ,:y n sub/itute paddocks or small fields ( a few acres = ! wa/eful1 exp5sive b>ny>d8 ,if ! animals ne$ ex]cise !y %\ld take x at suitable times 9 closely-sodd$ fields1 or cov]$ y>ds1 r ?an 9 conf9$ b>ny>ds fill$ ) a mixture ( /raw1 mud & manure4 ,a few acres ne> ! b>n might be surr\nd$ ) a wov5 wire f5ce1 :i* w\ld s]ve admirably = an ex]cis+ y>d4 ,! sod on ?is small area might become s]i\sly injur$ 9 a ye> or two1 b ! field w\ld be enri*$ by ! dropp+s ( ! animals4 ,! field 9 su* case c\ld be pl[$ & ! wire us$ to enclose ano!r paddock4 ,b x w be _m ye>s be=e ! op5 b>ny>d c be1 or w be1 entirely ab&on$4 ,:at may1 & %\ld be done imm$iately1 is to place x at ! re>1 in/ead ( at ! front ( ! b>n1 & to cease us+ x = baptiz+ manures1 & z a /orage area = miscellane\s odds & ends4 ,if "s *ange is n made1 ! f>m boy may f9d a *amb] w9d[ f :i* a m re/ful & inspir+ view may be secur$ ?an f ! "o ?r\gh :i* he n[ views daily ! evid5ces ( ?riftlessness & wa/e4 ,,plann+ ,,! ,,b>n ,make a good /udy ( _m b>ns at %ort range2 note :at features are good1 :at faulty1 :at useless2 by ?is means mu* w h be5 le>n$ & _m mi/akes w be avoid$4 ,decide approximately ! capacity :i* w be requir$4 ,fir/1 draw a rectangul> diagram ( ! b>n1 !n proce$ to ! propos$ location & take a seat2 make a mo/ c>eful /udy ( ! approa*1 ! incl9e ( ! l&1 note :]e f5ces & gates w be necess>y1 :]e & h[ ! wat] is to be introduc$--9 fact1 take 9 ! :ole problem ( ! environm5t ( ! propos$ /ructure4 ,!n imag9e t y see ! b>n1 & t y h j arriv$ f t[n "s /ormy night ) y\r wife & baby2 9 imag9ation help !m out ( ! c>riage4 ,imag9e y h a span ( "y1 re/less horses :i* y h driv5 to get !m us$ to city ways be=e sell+ !m4 ,t w make y ?9k ( a plat=m onto :i* ! family may /ep f ! c>riage :ile y are hold+ ! colts4 ,consid] h[ _m big doors y w h to op5 be=e ! colts are made com=table = ! night4 ,are ! democrat wagon & ! colts to be kept on ! same floor1 or "o up-/airs & ! o!r d[n8 ,or is ! c>riage 9 "o build+ situat$ f\r rods f ! horses8 ,h[ _m gates & doors h y op5$ & clos$ s9ce y arriv$8 ,?9k x all ov]1 & !n g to ! h\se & talk x ov] ) y\r wife1 = "s day %e may drive to t[n1 & on h] return f9d t bo? y & ! f>m h&s are 9 ! field1 & t !re is no "o to help h] put ! team away4 ,aft] imag9ation has pictur$ ! conditions :i* are likely to prevail1 !n beg9 to cauti\sly modify ! rectangul> diagram2 surr\nd x ) dott$ l9es1 :i* may repres5t roads1 f5ces1 gates1 lanes1 & adjunct build+s4 ,!n take a re/2 lay ! sket* away = a "t2 /udy b>ns 9 ! neighborhood2 c\ncil ) ! wife aga91 = %e may h to g to ! b>n (t54 ,aft] a ye> ( fai?ful & intellig5t plann+ y may be able to place a well dige/$ r\gh sket* ( ! propos$ /ructure 9 ! h&s ( a draughtsman4 ,,wat] ,,supply ,x w\ld seem to be unnecess>y to repeat ! axiom1 8,no wat]1 no plant or animal life10 b s _m build+s1 bo? public & private1 are locat$ & con/ruct$ be=e ! problem ( supply+ an ample1 p]5nial supply ( potable wat] is solv$1 t x seems necess>y to briefly treat ?is subject4 ,sev]al public in/itutions ) :i* ,i h be5 famili> h erect$ exp5sive /ructures be=e supply+ wat] = !m4 ,?ree & sometimes five sep>ate attempts 7 made to furni% wat] = ! use ( ! plant1 none ( :i* 7 entirely successful4 ,! am\nt ( wat] ne$$ & ! conditions "u :i* x mu/ be secur$ are s v>iable t few specific directions c be giv54 ,"o simple1 c]ta9 & *eap way ( secur+ wat] = ! b>n is usually neglect$4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,s\?1 by reason ( peculi> geological =mations1 ! practice ( con/ruct+ pools or /orage res]voirs has become common4 ,a slight depression or draw or swale is select$ & damm$ by us+ ! e>? f ! bottom ( ! propos$ pool & f ! high] l& adjo9+4 ,no /one or wood is necess>y to support ! dam4 ,! only precaution necess>y is to h a broad base 7see ,fig4 #g71 & to provide suffici5tly l>ge outfl[s or spillways1 "o on ei!r end ( ! dam1 t ! pool may nev] rise high] ?an )9 two feet f ! top ( ! dam4 ,! surface soil1 if x conta9s mu* vegetable matt]1 %\ld be scrap$ (f a /rip ?ree to f\r feet wide & z long z ! dam1 & ! depression fill$ ) e>?--clay is be/--t conta9s little or no organic matt]4 ,if ! bottom ( ! dam :]e x meets ! normal e>? is con/ruct$ ) sods1 or o!r mat]ial :i* w decay1 9 "t ! wat] w f9d its way ?r\gh ! por\s e>?4 ,! pools ( ! ,s\?1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 sometimes h an extreme dep? ( #ab to #ae feet1 & may cov] a fraction ( an acre or sev]al acres4 ,i h kn[n "o ( ^! pools to furni% wat] = a hundr$ head ( cattle dur+ a long cont9u$ dr\ght4 ,x is difficult to expla9 :y m pools1 lakes & fi% ponds are n con/ruct$4 ,possibly ! reasons are t !re is a prejudice aga9/ !m1 & well !re may be1 s9ce !y are usually s %all[ t ! wat] becomes impure1 & s9ce x is n g5]ally realiz$ t a sub/antial dam c be erect$ by ! use ( e>? alone4 ,if x is ?\ght advisable n to all[ ! animals to g to ! pool1 x may be f5c$1 s9ce x is n exp5sive to lay a pipe 9 ! dam1 :5 x is be+ con/ruct$1 on a level ) ! bottom ( ! pool1 ! out] end ( ! pipe be+ furni%$ ) a ball & cock to regulate ! fl[ ( wat] into ! tr\gh4 ,usually x is n advisable to build ci/]ns = /or+ wat] = b>n use1 s9ce !y are too exp5sive if built z l>ge z ne$$4 ,a c[ requires f =ty to eighty p\nds ( wat] daily 9 ! summ]4 ,if sixty p\nds be tak5 z ! av]age1 x w be se5 t x w\ld require a ci/]n ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty b>rels capacity to supply a h]d ( fifty animals = "o mon?4 ,9 "s cases ! wat] ( a /ream or well may be s highly *>g$ ) ! products ( magnesian lime/one z to produce goitre1 9 :i* case s(t wat] %\ld be suppli$ = ! horses4 ,/reams or spr+s are (t5 available = summ]1 b !y seldom supply ideal wat] conditions 9 w9t]4 ,"y animals1 & especially c[s 9 milk1 %\ld n be requir$ to dr9k wat] at a l[ temp]ature or be =c$ to travel long di/ances = x 9 cold wea!r4 ,! only really satisfactory me?od ( supply+ ! dome/ic animals ) wat] is to br+ x into ! b>n1 & if ! wat] 9 ! pipes is n "u pressure1 a small /orage tank may be plac$ 9 a m[ & surr\nd$ by /raw4 ,su* /orage tank may be built1 if small1 out ( r\gh #b-;in* plank1 spik$ toge!r1 or1 if l>ge1 ( #b- by #d-;in* scantl+1 spik$ flatwise "o ^u ! o!r2 9 bo? cases ! tank is l9$ ) galvaniz$ iron4 ,all b>ns provid$ ) /eam boil]s %\ld also be provid$ ) a few small /eam pipes lead+ to ! wat] boxes1 t ! dr9k+ wat] ( ! animals may be rais$ 9 w9t] to #ih ,fahr4 ,animals d n reli% lukew>m wat] 9 ! w9t]1 b !y really enjoy hot wat]4 ,! economy & safety ( us+ hot dr9k+ wat] w ju/ify ! exp5se ( provid+ x4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! w9t] dairy & :5 horses h sev]e w9t] "w4 ,an ov]heat$1 tir$ horse may dr9k all ! hot wat] he desires )\t dang]4 ,wat] tak5 into ! /oma* at #dj ,fahr4 mu/ absorb heat en\gh f ! sy/em to raise x to ab\t #ii4 ,to d ?is food mu/ be burn$1 z lit]ally z coal is burn$ 9 ! boil] to heat wat]4 ,x requires m units ( heat to raise a p\nd ( wat] "o degree 9 temp]ature ?an any o!r sub/ance except two or ?ree ( ! gases4 ,!re are n[ s _m /yles ( really good air motors or w9d mills1 t wat] f wells may be pump$ at a m9imum co/ into /orage tanks4 ,!re is no long] any excuse = pump+ wat] by h& = any consid]able numb] ( animals1 nor = compell+ !m to seek wat] 9 cold wea!r at "s di/ant /ream4 ,z has be5 said1 !re are _m ways ( secur+ a supply ( wat] = ! b>n4 ,! details ( accompli%+ ! results desir$ are _m1 b ! result %\ld always be ! same3 an abundant supply ( wat] )9 ! b>n "u m or less pressure4 ,if ?is is n secur$ ! plans ( a b>n1 z a :ole1 are unsatisfactory4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,build+ ,,! ,,b>n--,,! ,,basem5t ,squ>+ ! f\ndation site is a simple op]ation1 yet few are able to p]=m x1 & x is seldom t a surveyor is at h&4 ,build+s are s g5]ally plac$ ) _! fronts p>allel to ! highway or ! private way1 t ! road may be assum$ to be ! base l9e4 ,f\r /akes set 9 ! middle ( ! road1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #if1 e/abli% ! base l9e1 f :i* is measur$ ! di/ance f ! road at :i* x is desir$ to place ! build+4 ,! /akes ,a & ,b %\ld be plac$ f>!r ap>t ?an ! wid? ( ! front ( ! build+2 !y are connect$ by a l9e :i* is p>allel to ! road & =ms ! p]man5t base l9e4 ,next ! /akes ,c & ,d are plac$1 & also connect$ by a l9e4 ,) a #aj-;foot pole1 six feet are measur$ (f on ei!r l9e1 beg9n+ at ! int]section ( ! l9es1 & eight feet on ! o!r l9e4 ,if ! l9e ,c to ,d is at "r angles to ! l9e ,,ab1 ! #aj-;foot measure w j rea* f #f to #h1 s9ce #f multipli$ by #f1 plus #h multipli$ by #h1 equals #ajj1 & ! squ>e root ( #ajj is #aj4 ,%\ld ! #aj-;foot measure be long] ?an f #f to #h1 ! /ake ,d is mov$ to ! left until ! pole rea*es f #f to #h2 if ! measure is too %ort to rea* f #f to #h1 ! /ake is mov$ to ! "r4 ,all ( ^! measurem5ts %\ld be gone ov] two or ?ree times1 z 9 mov+ ! /ake ! l9es may /ret* or %r9k4 ,ei!r a p9 or a p5cil m>k may be us$ to indicate ! measurem5ts on ! l9es at #f & #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,locat+ ! b>n4 ,if ! build+ is to be #bf feet deep1 t di/ance is measur$ on ! l9e ,,cd & ! same di/ance f ! l9e ,,ab4 ,/akes are !n driv5 & a l9e drawn f ,e to ,f1 & 9 l mann] a l9e is drawn f ,g to ,h4 ,! "w is v]ifi$ by squ>+ ! la/ angle z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,! eight dots repres5t /akes driv5 9 ev5 ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 at j #aj feet f ! corn]s4 ,s9ce x w be necess>y to remove ! l9es be=e ! horse scrap] c be us$ 9 excavat+1 & z ! con/ruction /akes at ! corn]s w be di/urb$1 ! %ort /akes become necess>y t ! l9es may be re/or$ z ! "w proce$s & ! excavation kept squ>e & true4 ,x w be se5 t a l9e drawn f ,a to ,b w re/ore ! base l9e1 & 9 l mann] ! o!r l9es may be quickly reproduc$4 ,x w be necess>y1 too1 to re/ore ^! l9es be=e ! f\ndation wall is begun4 ,by 8plumb+0 d[nw>d f ! re/or$ l9es1 o!r l9es may be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! excavation1 :i* w be duplicates ( ^? fir/ drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! orig9al incl9e or slope is too /eep4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! orig9al slope is n /eep en\gh4 ,,excavation ,b>ns are n[ usually built ) a basem5t /ory4 ,?is implies t ! build+ is to be plac$ on m or less slop+ gr\nd1 9 :i* case ! removal ( "s e>? w be necess>y4 ,! basem5t /ory %\ld ext5d well above gr\nd1 to economize con/ruction & to secure dry walls & floors4 ,x is a great mi/ake to place animals 9 cell>s4 ,! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #ig %[s an incl9e r too /eep2 & 9 ,fig4 #ih "o t is n /eep en\gh4 ,x is bett] to place ! b>n :]e want$1 ev5 if ! incl9e has to be *ang$1 ?an to place x 9 an unh&y position t ! be/ slope may be secur$4 ,x is n difficult to con/ruct a basem5t b>n on level or ne>ly level l&4 ,9 ! latt] case1 all ( ! basem5t walls may be ( wood1 s9ce provision c be made = a driveway to ! second floor by means ( a reta9+ wall built "s t5 or twelve feet f ! b>n2 ! space betwe5 ! wall & ! b>n may be bridg$ 7,fig4 #ii74 ,ca/-(f /eel or iron rails =m durable & excell5t sleep]s = su* a bridge1 ! plank be+ kept 9 place by spik+ two-in* pieces1 "o on ei!r end on top ( ! bridge plank4 ,9 case no reta9+ wall is built1 & ! e>? lies imm$iately aga9/ ! basem5t wall 7,fig4 #ajj71 dampness may be l>gely prev5t$ f rea*+ ! /able & ! animals by build+ a second wall across ! side or end ( ! b>n1 inclos+ a space or room = roots imm$iately "u ! driveway4 ,! floor ov] ?is root-cell> %\ld be deaf5$ to prev5t fro/ ent]+ f above 7,fig4 #aja74 ,! second wall w rema9 comp>atively dry1 s9ce no damp e>? re/s aga9/ x4 ,?is location ( ! root-cell> makes x conv5i5t = unload+ ! roots ?r\gh trap doors 9 ! floor1 :i* are kept p>tly op5 = a "t aft] ! roots h be5 put 91 to prev5t !m f heat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,bridge into ! b>n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,an embankm5t entrance1 ) reta9+ walls hold+ ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,deaf5+ or pack+ ! floor1 to keep out cold4 ,,walls ,! f\ndation walls = b>ns ne$ n necess>ily ext5d bel[ fro/1 if ! e>? is z dry z x %\ld be2 = a slight settl+ ( ! build+ does n result 9 injury1 z 9 ! pla/]$ h\se4 ,all t is necess>y is to make ! walls broad & /rong & to h !m well dra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,good & faulty con/ruction 9 a wall4 ,masons und]/& ! necessity ( bond+ /one walls1 & "k h[ to p]=m ! "w2 b too (t5 !y are c>eless1 & !re=e ne$ to be sup]vis$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ajb1 a well bond$ wall is %[n at ! left end1 & "o imp]fectly bond$ at ! o!r4 ,if ! wall %\ld *ance to pull endwise a crack w\ld appe> to ! "r ( ! dott$ l9e1 s9ce 9 ! sev5 lay]s %[n !re is b "o /one1 ,a1 t has suffici5t contact to bond ! two /ones ^u :i* x re/s4 ,! wall %\ld also h its face & back side ti$ toge!r or bond$1 or x may split ap>t ne> ! middle4 ,two walls1 "o ( :i* is prop]ly bond$1 ! o!r is n1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,"o lay] only ( /one c be %[n 9 ! diagram1 b x w readily be se5 t if ! c\rse :i* is plac$ on ! "o %[n is laid l x1--t is1 if ! faulty bond+ ne> ! back side be cont9u$ = sev]al c\rses--! wall w pull ap>t4 ,! small1 n>r[ /ones h be5 plac$ at ! back side ( ! wall1 & ! good /ones 9 ! front ( ! wall2 ?is is all v well1 b "s long /ones %\ld rea* f ! back side ( ! wall to ne> ! face1 if ! bond is made good4 ,no /one %\ld rea* entirely ?r\gh ! wall1 s9ce 9 cold wea!r ! fro/ w foll[ ?r\gh su* /ones f face to re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,poorly & prop]ly bond$4 ,!re is no economy 9 us+ mort> :i* is poorly mix$ or t :i* conta9s too mu* s& & too little lime or cem5t4 ,if ! lime or cem5t1 t is1 ! b9d+ mat]ial1 does n come into imm$iate contact ) e p>ticle ( s&1 !n ! mort> w be weak4 ,if n en\gh ( ! cem5t or lime is us$1 ! bond w also be weak4 ,= /one walls n m ?an f\r p>ts ( s& to "o ( cem5t or lime %\ld be us$4 ,if ! s& be %>p & clean a mu* /rong] mort> is secur$ ?an :5 x is compos$ 9 "p ( rott5 s& mix$ ) vegetable matt]4 ,if ! mat]ials are good & !y are mix$ 9 ! "r proportion1 /ill good mort> w n be secur$ unless !y be ?or\ghly mix$4 ,! be/ masons use ! lea/ mort>1 :ile poor masons are wa/eful ( x4 ,! prices giv5 bel[ are n applicable to ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates1 b !y may s]ve to decide ! relative proportions ( s& & lime :i* %\ld be us$1 & ! k9d ( lime :i* c be us$ mo/ economically4 ,wat] lime retails at ab\t eighty c5ts p] b>rel1 & ?ree p>ts ( s& & "o ( lime1 if ! latt] is fre%1 %\ld make a /rong mort>4 ,wat] lime det]iorates rapidly ) age1 :ile ! high] pric$ cem5ts det]iorate q sl[ly4 ,/one lime %\ld be fre% & 9 no case air-slak$4 ,x co/s ab\t "o doll> a b>rel & may be mix$ ?ree ( s& to "o ( lime4 ,ros5dale cem5t co/s ab\t #a4be p] b>rel1 & may be mix$ f\r to "o4 ,portl& cem5t co/s ab\t #c p] b>rel1 & if us$ in/ead ( ! *eap] mat]ials nam$ above1 may be mix$ five to "o4 ,x %\ld always be us$ = po9t+ walls & 9 ! con/ruction ( cem5t$ floors1 9 :i* case x %\ld be mix$ two or ?ree to "o4 ,all ?is presupposes t ! mort> is s ?or\ghly mix$ t a lime film w surr\nd e p>ticle ( s&4 ,! cem5t & wat] lime is mix$ ) ! s& be=e x is wet1 & ?is dry mix+ %\ld be mo/ ?or\gh1 z ! /r5g? ( ! mort> is l>gely dep5d5t on ! uni=m incorporation ( ! cem5t ) ! s&4 ,?is mix+ c be mu* m p]fectly done :5 ! mat]ial is dry ?an aft] x is wet4 ,o!r precautions are necess>y4 ,! mort> %\ld conta9 ! m9imum ( wat] :i* w p]mit x to "w freely1 & :5 ! mort> is us$ x %\ld be solidifi$1 t is1 pu%$ toge!r by means ( a tr[el or by ! mat]ial :i* is laid ^u x4 ,9 case ( cem5t or gr\t floors1 ! mat]ial %\ld be p\nd$ ?or\ghly4 ,! object ( all ?is is to compel ea* p>ticle ( s& to firmly t\* o!r p>ticles4 ,! t5d5cy to 8wat]-log0 mort>1 to save labor 9 spread+ x1 is too common4 ,if1 f any cause1 ! basem5t walls mu/ be l>gely ( /one1 ! t5d5cy = !m to ga!r moi/ure may be some:at ov]come by pla/]+ !m ) cem5t mort>1 or /udd+ may be plac$ aga9/ ! walls ^u :i* unmat*$ bo>ds may be nail$ 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,! w>m air ( ! /able _c !n rea* ! relatively cold walls1 & little cond5sation w appe> on ! bo>ds1 s9ce !y are always m ne>ly ! temp]ature ( ! /able ?an are ! /one4 ,wood5 basem5t walls are pref]able 9 all ways to ^? con/ruct$ ( /one1 gr\t or brick1 :]ev] ! e>? does n re/ aga9/ !m4 ,an excell5t me?od ( con/ruct+ ! walls ( ! basem5t /ory is %[n 9 a section ( ! fir/ /ory1 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,! /udd+ %\ld be #b #f in*es1 ) %ort pieces ( #b #d plac$ edgewise betwe5 !m to s]ve z outside nail+ girts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,l9+ ! basem5t wall4 ,a broad1 /eep wat]-table is plac$ j above ! upp] end ( ! /udd+ to receive ! bo>d+ above ! basem5t & to improve ! outside appe>ance ( ! build+4 ,aft] ! outside bo>d+ ( ! basem5t & ! w9d[ frames are plac$1 ! inside ( ! wall is bo>d$ horizontally ) unmat*$ season$ lumb]1 & z ! bo>ds are be+ put on1 ! holl[ wall space is fill$ ) %ort /raw or /raw & *aff4 ,?is con/ruction has prov$ to be ! mo/ satisfactory ( any tri$4 ,! wall is *eap1 durable1 dry1 excludes ! cold1 & /ill all[s a little fre% air to ent] ! /ables gradually4 ,objection has be5 made to ?is con/ruction on ! gr\nd t x h>bors mice & rats4 ,aft] hav+ us$ build+s ) walls ( ?is "* = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ,i mu/ say t ! objection is n well tak54 ,,floors ,! floor ( ! fir/ /ory %\ld be p>tly ( wood & p>tly ( cem5t or ( brick4 ,all void+s ( ! animals %\ld be remov$ f ! /able at lea/ once a day4 ,all[+ ! manure to drop ?r\gh grat+s1 ) ! view ( lett+ x rema9 !re m ?an "o day1 is decid$ly wrong1 & any arrangem5t :i* does n admit ( ! ?or\gh clean+ & air+ ( ! /able daily is objectionable4 ,nor is ! practice ( wa%+ out ! /ables economical1 s9ce x necessitates great wa/e ( manure or too great exp5se 9 c>+ = & remov+ ! dilut$ excreta4 ,if ! floors & /able be well clean$ ) %ovel & broom1 & du/$ ) gypsum1 dry e>?1 sawdu/1 or *affy mat]ial1 good sanit>y conditions w be secur$ easily & *eaply4 ,:ile ! /ables are be+ clean$ & treat$ !y %\ld also be air$4 ,! animals meantime %\ld be all[$ to /ret* _! limbs1 by :i* x is n meant t !y %\ld be hook+ "o ano!r ar\nd a muddy b>ny>d1 or runn+ foot races up & d[n ! lane4 ,on ! "o h&1 x may be all well en\gh = ^? :o sell animals at fabul\s prices & h long bank acc\nts1 to procure wat]-pro( blankets = !m1 & to accompany !m on _! regul> daily 8con/itutional40 ,! o!r extreme is :]e ! animals are fa/5$ by ! head or neck by contrivances n always com=table1 & left /&+ = six mon?s )\t be+ remov$ f _! /all4 ,is !re n a happy m$ium betwe5 ^! two extremes8 ,illu/ration3 ,top left rooms3 #d #aj & #aj #aa4 ,midway wid?3 #aj4 ,ov]-all wid?3 #cb4 ,bottom left room3 #aj #aa4 ,wid? ( /alls3 #c #f4 ,ov]-all l5g?3 #hj4 ,room c5tral bottom3 #c #f4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,basem5t cattle /able4 ,at ! "r is a cross-section ( ! /able1 %[+ ! convex cem5t midway4 ,animals are m com=table on a wood5 floor ?an on "o built ( ei!r brick1 cem5t1 or asphalt4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 mo/ ( ! floor ( ! basem5t %\ld be con/ruct$ ( m durable mat]ial ?an wood4 ,if ! animals are kept fully b$d$1 z !y usually are n1 !n x w\ld be be/ to disc>d wood5 floors entirely4 ,fig4 #aje %[s a basem5t floor design$ = cattle4 ,! "p :]e ! animals /& is ( wood1 ! balance ( h>d or pavem5t brick set edgewise on a b$ ( s&4 ,! cem5t or gr\t floor may be sub/itut$ = ! brick if desir$4 ,if ! cracks betwe5 ! bricks 9 ! floor are fill$ ) ?9 cem5t mort>1 ! floor becomes wat]-tight1 ?\gh ?is is n necess>y except 9 ! gutt]s4 ,! gr\nd und]nea? ! wood5 floor %\ld be level$ & p\nd$1 & cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( salt to pres]ve ! wood4 ,! plank :i* =ms ! side ( ! drip %\ld be ( oak or "s o!r durable wood4 ,! #b #d pieces to :i* ! floor is nail$ :5 fir/ built1 ne$ n be replac$ :5 !y rot1 s9ce ! dirt und]nea? w be smoo? & h>d4 ,! l>ge nails :i* fa/5 ! floor to ! oak piece at ! re> & ! mang]s comb9$ w suffice to keep ! floor plank 9 place2 ! only object 9 plac+ ! nail+ pieces at fir/ is to facilitate con/ruction4 ,! plank ( ! floor %\ld be ( "s uni=m /&>d wid?1 z #h1 #aj1 or #ab in*es wide1 t repairs may be made quickly :5 ! floor gives way4 ,,/alls ,:5 a dairy ( "s size is kept1 ! c[s may be arrang$ 9 d\ble r[s4 ,fifty c[s c\ld be cr[d$ into a b>n #hj #cb feet4 ,b fifty c[s ( #hjj p\nds ea* weigh #dj1jjj p\nds2 & if ! /able is t5 feet f ! top ( ! l[] floor to ! bottom ( ! upp] floor1 x w\ld conta9 only #be1fjj cubic feet ( air space4 ,?is is manife/ly too little1 z #a cubic foot ( air space %\ld be all[$ = ea* p\nd ( live animal4 ,_m /ables1 9 fact mo/ /ables1 provide b "o-half ( a cubic foot ( air space = ea* p\nd ( live animal kept 9 !m2 9 su* case x is impossible to keep ! air approximately pure or ! /able dec5tly sweet4 ,to realize :at ?is means1 suppose a b$*amb] be con/ruct$ = a man weigh+ #afj p\nds4 ,if "o foot ( air space be provid$ = ea* p\nd ( live weight1 ! *amb] might be built #d feet wide1 #g feet long & #f feet high4 ,?is w\ld give #afh cubic feet ( air space4 ,if ! b$*amb] be made proportionally z l>ge z are mo/ c[ /ables1 its dim5sions w\ld be #c feet wide1 #f feet long & #d feet high4 ,to insure good air 9 su* a sleep+ room "o side ( x w\ld h to be knock$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,a sw+ w9d[ = /able4 ,if "o or two box-/alls & "o fe$-b9 are provid$ 9 an #hj #cb-;foot b>n1 ) #ab-;foot ceil+s 7,fig4 #aje71 & room = a hallway1 #c feet wide1 be left at "o end ( ! build+1 x w !n accommodate ?irty-n9e animals4 ,ea* "o w\ld h #hjj cubic feet ( air space1 ! requir$ am\nt4 ,! fir/ /ory ( mo/ c[ /ables is ab\t sev5 feet4 ,x is se5 h[ easily ! /able may be ov]cr[d$4 ,a high /ory gives opportunity = long w9d[s & = plac+ !m well up f ! floor1 & = good v5tilation4 ,if ! ceil+ is to be r$uc$ 9 height1 :i* x well may be1 ! build+ %\ld be proportionately long]4 ,a section ( a "p ( ! inside ( ! wall ) sw+ w9d[s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be ( "o sa% & hung ne> ! middle1 z %[n1 by means ( a piece ( iron ( an in* 9 diamet] & #d in*es long4 ,a hole = ! reception ( ! iron1 & ( ! same size1 is made ?r\gh ! w9d[ sa% & ext5ds into ! jambs ( ! frame ab\t "o in*4 ,a button on ! side ( ! jamb is us$ to hold ! w9d[ p>tly op5 :5 requir$4 ,?is all[s cool air to pass 9 at ! bottom & ! w>m1 vitiat$ air to pass out at ! top 9 small1 brok5 /reams4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 case ( a /orm no ra9 or /rong curr5t ( air c rea* ! /able4 ,usually too few & too small w9d[s are provid$1 ?r\gh :i* ! manure f ! /ables is n unfrequ5tly ?r[n4 ,"s additional v5tilators %\ld be provid$2 ^! may consi/ ( wood5 tubes ext5d+ f ! ceil+ ?r\gh ! ro(1 s con/ruct$ t ! f\l air may ent] !m4 ,!y ne$ n be num]\s or l>ge1 z ! w9d[s :5 slightly op5 =m excell5t v5tilators4 ,two ?+s %\ld be kept prom95tly 9 view 9 v5tilation3 fir/1 no /rong draughts ( air1 or1 z a di/+ui%$ pr(essor puts x1 8great gobs ( raw air10 %\ld be introduc$2 second1 v5tilators %\ld v5tilate bo? at ! ceil+ & ! floor1 z 9 ^! two places w be f\nd ! mo/ impure air4 ,ample air space is mo/ economically secur$ by high ceil+s1 r ?an by horizontal enl>gem5t4 ,! air c be kept reasonably pure by ! introduction1 at sev]al po9ts ne> ! l[] floor1 ( small volumes ( sl[ly mov+ fre% air4 ,two /airs %\ld lead f ! basem5t to ! second floor 9 all l>ge b>ns to economize "t2 ! op5+s 9 ! upp] floor _h be/ be provid$ ) flap doors1 :i* c be left op5 9 muggy1 w>m wea!r to assi/ v5tilation1 or clos$ 9 cold wea!r to economize w>m?4 ,_m v>ieties ( /an*ion = conf9+ cattle 9 /alls are 9 use1 "s really good1 b mo/ly defective 9 "o or m respects4 ,x w\ld take too mu* space to describe all ( ! v>i\s contrivances & to illu/rate !m & to call att5tion to _! good & objectionable po9ts4 ,"s conf9e ! animals too closely1 o!rs give too mu* fre$om & all[ !m to become soil$2 "s are too exp5sive1 & "s are n durable4 ,i %all describe b "o k9d ( fa/5+ & mang] :i*1 aft] try+ num]\s pat5t arrangem5ts1 has be5 f\nd to be excell5t4 ,x is q possible t !re are bett] ones4 ,! "o ?+ :i* has be5 le>n$ ab\t /an*ions by exp]im5tation & obs]vation is t !y may be s complicat$ & h&y z to be unh&y4 ,! size & "* ( ! 8drip10 ! com=t & cleanl9ess ( ! animals1 ! ease ( fa/5+ & unfa/5+1 ! noise or quiet ( ! /able1 & ! effect on ! animals1 %\ld all be consid]$4 ,:ile us+ "o /an*ion1 ! animals became wild & made frantic ef=ts to pull _! heads out :5 ! att5dant approa*$ to unfa/5 !m4 ,z soon z ano!r fa/5+ 0 introduc$ !y became docile4 ,) "o /an*ion !y w\ld lie d[n m frequ5tly ?an ) ano!r4 ,) "o k9d ( mang] ! animals are tempt$ to hook "o ano!r1 & 9 rea*+ = food w\ld fall ^u _! knees & injure !mselves4 ,mo/ ( ! contrivances 7 n easily adju/able1 s t :5 ! size1 or r l5g?1 ( ! animals v>i$ ! /&+ room 0 ei!r too %ort or too long4 ,"s _h po/s to su/a9 ! /an*ions2 ^! int]cept$ ! light & prev5t$ an unob/ruct$ survey ( ! animal4 ,!y gave ! /ables a =bidd+1 d>k1 prison-l appe>ance4 ,! individual /alls %\ld be1 = smalli% animals1 #c feet #f in*es f c5t] to c5t]1 & #c feet #h in*es = l>g] animals4 ,! p>titions betwe5 ! animals ne$ ext5d only f> en\gh backw>d & upw>d to prev5t !m f rea*+ ea* o!r ) _! horns4 ,:5 di%orn+ is practic$ ! p>titions may be l[] ?an :5 x is n4 ,,mang]s ,,& ,,ties ,! cross section ( a floor & ! skeleton ( a bracket ^u :i* ! mang]s are built are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! mang]s ( cattle /ables %\ld be easily movable4 ,?is c be accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,con/ruct "o m bracket ?an ! numb] ( /alls requir$ 9 ! l9e ( mang]s4 ,place "o ( ! brackets at ! end & "o int]m$iate betwe5 e pair ( /alls2 fa/5 !m lightly to ! floor ) nails1 :i* %\ld be remov$ :5 ! mang]s are complet$4 ,fig4 #ajg also %[s ! cross section ( ! brackets1 ) bottom1 front1 & back side ( ! mang] plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! build+ ( a mang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,newton cattle tie4 ,! ,newton cattle tie 7,fig4 #ajh71 ?\gh r exp5sive1 has prov$ mo/ satisfactory4 ,x is made ( "o piece ( r\nd1 durable wood1 z a%1 ab\t #a in*es 9 diamet] & b5t at ! corn]s1 & is furni%$ ) a flat r+ :i* encircles ! b[ at ! middle1 to :i* is atta*$ a swivel2 to ?is is fa/5$ a rope to encircle ! animal's neck1 ! rope be+ furni%$ ) suitable fa/5+s at ! ends4 ,! b[s are atta*$ to ! divisions on a level or a little above ! animal's ?roat :5 /&+2 :5 ly+ d[n ! b[ re/s on top ( ! mang]1 :i* is ab\t #a feet l[] ?an ! ends ( ! b[4 ,x w be se5 t s9ce ! b[ describes an arc ( a circle 9 pass+ d[nw>d1 x t5ds to pull ! animal t[>ds ! mang] :5 x lies d[n1 & h5ce away f ! soil$ drip4 ,9 midsumm] w9d[ curta9s1 drawn dur+ milk+ "t1 s]ve to quiet ! flies & ! c[s1 z does also a light spray+ ( ! animals ) k]os5e be=e !y are turn$ out 9 ! morn+4 ,a blanket tack$ ov] ! entrance door to ! c[ /able w bru% mo/ ( ! flies (f ! cattle z !y ent]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,build+ ,,! ,,b>n--,,! ,,sup]/ructure ,! k9d ( sup]/ructure be/ to be adopt$ = ! b>n dep5ds on _m conditions4 ,! balloon con/ruction may be us$ = small b>ns1 b l>ge ones naturally require l>ge timb]s or _m small ones1 h5ce ! old /yle ( frame-"w1 ) "s modification1 is usually adopt$4 ,9 mod]n b>n build+s ! ma9 timb]s are r$uc$ 9 size1 m & light] braces are us$ 9 lieu ( ! l>ge mortis$ & p9n$ braces4 ,!y are cut ) smoo?1 angl$ ends & spik$ to po/s & beams4 ,a brace ( #b #d in*es is inexp5sive1 & all[s ( foll[+ ! old rule ( plac+ a brace 9 e angle made by ! pr9cipal timb]s4 ,ano!r modification %\ld be adopt$3 ! joi/s1 s f> z possible1 %\ld re/ on sills & beams & n be ga9$ into !m4 ,x is unwise & unsci5tific to cut ga9s = ! reception ( ! ends ( ! joi/s at consid]able exp5se1 s9ce su* ga9s weak5 bo? joi/s & sills4 ,9 mo/ cases ! joi/s may be plac$ on top ( ! sills1 !reby obviat+ ! necessity ( fram+1 :ile pres]v+ ! /r5g? ( sill & joi/ entire4 ,:5 x is desirable1 z x (t5 is 9 small /ructures1 to h ! top ( ! sill or beam co9cide ) ! tops ( ! joi/s1 x is *eap] & bett] to use a r light timb] & =tify x by nail+ ^u x #b #d-;in* /udd+ 7,fig4 #aji71 !reby avoid+ ! necessity ( cutt+ ga9s1 :ile giv+ additional /r5g? to ! timb] :i* supports ! joi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,lay+ ! joi/4 ,! joi/s 9 b>ns %\ld be bridg$ z 9 h\ses4 ,t "p ( ! b>n floor :i* is above ! root-cell> %\ld be deaf5$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,cleats nail$ on ! sides ( ! joi/s s]ve to support ! %ort bo>ds :i* c>ry ! deaf5+ mat]ial4 ,! #b-;in* space betwe5 ! false & ! true floor is fill$ ) mort> compos$ ( ab\t five or six p>ts ( s& to "o ( lime or cem5t4 ,if all ( ! floor driv5 ^u above ! basem5t is deaf5$1 x w dead5 s\nd & promote w>m? 9 ! l[] /ory4 ,:ile ! balloon frame has be5 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses1 x is only rec5tly t l>ge b>n frames h be5 successfully con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! plank frame has n[ be5 s modifi$ & improv$ t x s]ves well = ! l>ge/ f>m build+4 ,all ( ! frame timb]s are saw$ two in*es ?ick & ( v>iable wid?s1 z requir$4 ,in/ead ( unit+ ! timb]s by means ( mortise & t5on1 !y are fa/5$ ) wire spikes4 ,?is new me?od secures z /rong a frame z ! old1 & saves f #cj to #dj p] c5t ( mat]ial1 :ile ! plank frame is m easily & *eaply erect$ ?an ! l>ge timb]$ frame is4 ,! #b-;in* frame mat]ial c be s plac$ z to direction & position t x w secure ! maximum ( /r5g? ) ! m9imum ( lumb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,b>n frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,cross-section ( ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,built-up po/4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aaj7 %[s "o end ( a #fg #ig-;ft4 b>n1 po/s #ah ft4 long1 rec5tly erect$ at ! ,p5nsylvania ,agricultural ,college4 ,a cross-section at "o side ( ! driv+ floor is also %[n 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,a cross-section ( a built-up po/ is se5 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,x w be se5 t ! build+ is firmly ti$ toge!r1 ! ro( fully support$1 & t no timb]s ob/ruct ! unload+ ( prov5d] by horse p[]4 ,?is new me?od ( con/ruct+ l>ge frames is s little kn[n & ! pr9ciples involv$ are s valuable t ,i app5d a foot note at ! risk ( be+ misund]/ood4#g ,s9ce long1 l>ge timb]s h become exp5sive1 x is probable t ! plank frame w become z common 9 ! ne> future1 9 b>n build+1 z ! balloon frame is 9 h\se build+4 #g ,%awv] ,bros41 ,bellefonta9e1 ,ohio1 furni% models & bills ( mat]ial = plank b>ns at a l[ co/4 ,x is frequ5tly conv5i5t to place horses or o!r animals on ! second floor above o!r animals1 or above a cov]$ y>d1 9 :i* case a tight floor may be made z foll[s 7,fig4 #aac73 ,lay an unmat*$1 r\gh in* floor2 ^u ?is place /rong1 t>r$ build+-pap]1 ) jo9ts well lapp$4 ,saw & prep>e ! #b-;in* planks :i* are to =m ! floors4 ,= e f\r hundr$ squ>e feet ( floor1 procure "o b>rel ( h>d ,tr9idad asphalt & ?ree gallons ( gas t>4 ,a l>ge iron kettle may be us$ = heat+ & mix+ ! mat]ial1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o to t54 ,) an ax remove ! b>rel1 & *op (f & place 9 ! kettle pieces ( asphalt until x is n mu* m ?an "o-half full1 !n add ! due proportion ( gas t>4 ,! kettle %\ld be plac$ 9 a rude ar* & at a little di/ance f ! build+4 ,by means ( a sl[ fire heat ! mat]ial4 ,:5 all is ready1 dip ! hot mixture into a galvaniz$ iron pail & p\r x 9 a small /ream on ! pap]1 spread+ to ! wid? ( ! plank int5d$ to be laid1 by means ( a %+le or paddle4 ,lay ! plank 9 ! hot mat]ial1 be+ c>eful t :5 x is spik$ d[n ! hot asphalt does n fly up into ! face4 ,!n proce$ to lay o!r planks 9 l mann]4 ,f9ally p\r "s ( ! mat]ial into ! cracks if !re %\ld be any4#h #h ,a floor laid1 z describ$1 sev5te5 ye>s ago1 is /ill 9 good repair4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,mak+ a b>n floor4 ,%\ld ! floor become worn 9 "t & ne$ repair+1 ev5 up ! surface by spread+ ?9 cem5t mort> ^u x1 & ^u ?is lay a second plank floor4 ,! cem5t mort> w assi/ 9 mak+ ! floor wat]-tight & 9 prev5t+ dry rot4 ,b>n floors :i* h become mu* worn f driv+ ov] !m may be treat$ 9 l mann]4 ,:]e x seems advisable to place c[s on ! second floor1 & ov] a manure cell>1 ! foll[+ plan may be adopt$3 ,a tight floor1 z 9 ! =m] case1 is built ) drips z %[n2 a small hole is plac$ betwe5 ea* pair ( /alls1 ?r\gh :i* ! void+s ( ! animals may be dropp$ into ! /ory bel[1 ! floor ( :i* is concret$4 ,! objection might be rais$ t ! manure und]nea? ! animals w\ld be objectionable2 b s9ce ! floor ( ! /able describ$ is tight :5 ! op5+s 9 ! drip are clos$1 & ! /ory bel[ is well light$ & v5tilat$1 ! objection does n hold good4 ,z f> z possible1 horses %\ld /& ) _! heads away f ! w9d[s1 z draughts ( air & gl>+ sunlight are try+ to _! eyes4 ,a few box /alls are conv5i5t1 & assi/ 9 provid+ ! two cubic feet ( air space :i* %\ld be all[$ = ea* p\nd ( live weight 9 ! horse b>n4 ,! /able %\ld be s situat$ t ! fumes ( ammonia aris+ f x _c rea* ! h>ness & c>riages1 if !y are highly poli%$ & exp5sive4 ,! horse /able may (t5 be plac$ on ! second floor ( ! w+1 z x br+s x on a level ) ! ma9 driv+ floor & ne> to :]e ! wagons are likely to be kept4 ,! /ory b5ea? ! horses makes an acceptable cov]$ y>d4 ,an (fice1 :i* may be w>m$1 & a repair room %\ld be provid$ 9 "o corn] ( ! b>n or 9 a small deta*$ build+ ne> to x4 ,if ! f>m is ample1 & l>ge am\nts ( hay & gra9 are to be /or$1 in/ead ( build+ a wagon h\se1 ! ma9 b>n might be ext5d$ tw5ty feet1 m or less1 9 l5g?4 ,?is additional room may be us$ = c>riages & light h>ness 9 "p1 & 9 "p = ! /orage ( gra91 meal1 & ! l4 ,! space und]nea? ?is room w\ld s]ve to enl>ge ! c[ /able4 ,! place = wa%+ c>riages might also be locat$ on ! l[] floor1 :]e x w\ld s]ve = /or+ ! milk wagon z well1 & ! space above x c\ld be devot$ to /or+ hay & ! l4 ,b>n w9d[s %\ld h small panes ( glass1 z ! cross b>s ( ! w9d[s s]ve n only to hold ! glass b z f5d]s also4 ,s9ce ! glass 9 b>n w9d[s is likely to be brok51 ! co/ ( repairs is r$uc$ to a m9imum if ! panes are small4 ,a cupola1 if x is l>ge & well proportion$1 may add beauty to ! b>n & s]ve to v5tilate ! m[s1 !reby mak+ !m cool] = ! workm5 ?an !y o!rwise w\ld be4 ,x may also give opportunity = light+ ! m[s & ! floors1 !reby avoid+ ! necessity ( w9d[s at ! side ( ! m[s1 :]e !y are likely to be brok5 & :]e !y are cov]$ z soon z ! b>n is p>tly fill$4 ,hay & gra9 conta9 #bj to #be p] c5t ( moi/ure :5 /or$1 & h5ce t5d to become w>m4 ,! hot1 moi/ air1 due to ?is heat+1 asc5ds to ! ro( or cupola & =ms an easi] passage to ! e>? = electrical dis*>ges ?an ! normal air ( ! build+ does4 ,?und] /orms prevail l>gely ab\t ! "t b>ns are fill$1 h5ce !y %\ld be provid$ ) good lightn+ rods1 t an easi] & saf] way may be provid$ = ! dis*>ges ?an by ! asc5d+ w>m1 moi/ air ( ! build+4 7,see lightn+ rods1 ,*ap4 ,,xx47 ,b>ns n m ?an sixty feet wide may be cov]$ by self-support+ ro(s4 ,! curb or gambrel =m is ! be/4 ,if ! gables are clipp$1 ! co/ w n be mat]ially increas$1 :ile ! /ructure w be mu* improv$ 9 looks4 ,b>ns %\ld h /rong1 wide1 project+ ro(s2 a few extra r[s ( %+les at ! eaves w s]ve to protect ! outside cov]+ & ! framework1 & w improve ! looks ( ! /ructure4 ,%\ld x be decid$ to pa9t ! b>n1 an ample projection w greatly r$uce ! exp5se ( keep+ ! pa9t pres5table4 ,f9ancially speak+1 x does n pay to pa9t ! b>n unless ! bo>d+ is plac$ horizontally4 ,! bo>d+ ( _m unpa9t$ b>ns is /ill 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 al?\gh !y 7 built m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( a c5tury ago1 & _h ro(s project+ b a few in*es ov] sides & ends4 ,protect$ by a ro( projection ( "o to two feet1 r\gh1 v]tical b>n bo>ds may la/ = "o to two hundr$ ye>s )\t pa9t4 ,x may be said1 !n1 t prop]ly con/ruct$ b>ns are pa9t$ to improve _! looks & n to pres]ve !m4 ,:5 ! b>ns are well remov$ f ! h\se & virtually hidd5 by trees1 !y may be left unpa9t$1 b :]e !y are conspicu\s !y %\ld be pa9t$1 t ! b>n may n m> ! beauty ( ! home4 ,! oxide ( iron1 :i* usually has a r$ or r$di% t+e1 mix$ ) pure oil1 =ms a mo/ desirable & satisfactory b>n pa9t4 7,see ,pa9t+ ! ,h\se1 ,*ap4 ,,ix47 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,remodel+ ,,old ,,b>ns ,x is m difficult to remodel old b>ns ?an to build new ones4 ,if ! attempt be made to unite sev]al ( ! deta*$ build+s ) ! view ( mak+ !m into "o symmetrical /ructure1 mu* /udy w be requir$4 ,! frames ( ! old build+s are s /rong & durable t !y %\ld n be ?r[n aside z useless until x is c]ta9 t to utilize !m w\ld be m exp5sive ?an to te> !m d[n & erect o!rs ( new mat]ial4 ,^? massive oak sills & po/s & popl> sw+-beams h = me a mean+ & *>m :i* is lack+ 9 ! light plank & balloon frame con/ruct$ ( knotty1 w9d-%ak5 hemlock or "s o!r *eap wood4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to prove t ! num]\s deta*$ rural build+s s (t5 se5 on ! f>m %\ld be remodel$2 b h[8 ,to illu/rate1 let ! build+s %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad1 :i* is f a photograph1 be tak54 ,move ! f\r l>ge/ build+s to "s suitable site )\t tak+ ! frames d[n1 & out ( ! timb]s ( ! o!r /ructures build a basem5t /ory4 ,x w take j "o-half z mu* mat]ial to bo>d ! new /ructure z ! f\r old ones1 plus t requir$ to fill ! gaps :]e ! old /ructures d n jo9 7see plan1 ,fig4 #aae74 ,^! op5+s1 eight & twelve feet1 are all s %ort t ! frames may be made cont9u\s by means ( light pieces ( mat]ial1 :i* w s]ve = nail+ girts4 ,:5 ! old build+s h be5 unit$1 "s ( ! inside po/s may be 9 inconv5i5t positions4 ,if s1 trusses appropriately plac$ 9 ! m[ /ory w p]mit ! removal ( ! ob/ruct+ po/1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aaf & #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,! scatt]$ build+s on a f>m4 ,! pr(it ( ! f>m is absorb$ 9 do+ ! *ores4 ,if a /eep curb ro(1 :i* may be self-support+ 7,fig4 #aah71 be adopt$1 ! remodel$ /ructure 7,fig4 #aai7 w h m ?an ?ree times ! available space t ! f\r old /ructures _h4 ,x is probable t !re w\ld be ne>ly en\gh dim5sion /uff 9 ! sev5 o!r small /ructures to con/ruct ! basem5t /ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,plan = cond5s+ ! build+s %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,b x may *ance t no basem5t /ory is want$4 ,if s1 ! build+ might be arrang$ z be=e1 or two m ( ! small /ructures might be unit$ to ! f\r l>g] ones :i* x 0 propos$ to use 9 ! =m] case4 ,! b>n w\ld !n pres5t a r l[ appe>ance2 b if ! peaks ( ! curb ro( 7 prop]ly treat$1 t is1 clipp$ 7,fig4 #abj71 ! /ructure w\ld n be void ( beauty4 ,! rebuilt /ructure1 9 any case1 %\ld be plac$ on cont9u\s walls1 n on /one pi]s4 ,if ! po/s ( ! old /ructures are ( unequal l5g?1 ! wall :i* supports ^? hav+ ! %ort] po/s may be built high] ?an = ^? hav+ ! long] po/s1 provid$1 h[ev]1 !re is n too great a diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! po/s ( ! sev]al small /ructures4 ,if !re are f\r or m feet diff]5ce1 x w\ld !n be be/ to splice ! %ort po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,truss+ :]e a po/ is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,a truss$ frame1 :]e a po/ is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,old /yle ( ro( bel[1 & new /yle curb ro( above4 ,! fir/ /ory 9 mo/ ( ! old b>ns is entirely too l[4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by build+ ! outside support+ walls ( ! propos$ remodel$ build+ two to ?ree feet above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is w add z mu* to ! l[] /ory z ! wall is above ! gr\nd1 less ! room requir$ = plac+ ! basem5t floor4 ,if treat$ 9 ?is mann] ! old inside sills1 sleep]s1 & joi/s %\ld be remov$ & ! inside po/ support$ on /one or brick pi]s4 ,all ?is w give opportunity to con/ruct ! basem5t floors on ! gr\nd1 or ne> to x1 & ( su* %ape & mat]ial z ! new plans call =4 ,9 ?is case ! floor might well be made ( gr\t1 s9ce lumb] is exp5sive1 & an ef=t %\ld be made to build p]man5t & durable /ructures4 ,if /able floors are plac$ well up f ! gr\nd & h num]\s cracks betwe5 ! planks1 !y are extremely uncom=table = ! animals4 ,!y are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ uncom=table ( all floors1 z ! air f9ds access to ! /able ?r\gh ! floor1 & x is ne>ly impossible to keep su* /ables com=table 9 cold wea!r4 ,su* con/ruction ( floors is also wa/eful ( manures1 t5ds to produce 8scrat*es0 & o!r foot & leg diseases 9 horses1 & is unsanit>y & altoge!r undesirable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,?is %[s ! f>m/ead 9 ,fig4 #aad1 aft] ! b>ns are ga!r$ 94 ,f9ally1 x may be said t :5 ^! sep>ate /ructures are treat$ 9 ?is inexp5sive mann] )\t add$ basem5t1 ! available capacity ( ! build+ w\ld be d\ble t ( ! old ones1 ! "t ( p]=m+ ! "w 9 ! b>ns w\ld be greatly dim9i%$1 & ! discom=t ( bo? man & bea/ w\ld be ameliorat$4 ,= ! sake ( ! f>m boy & = ! animal :i* he c>es =1 to say no?+ ( economy1 beauty & neatness1 may ,i n ask ^? :o h ^! scatt]$1 unh&y1 uncom=table b>ns1 to /udy well ! illu/rations giv51 :i* %[ ! old & ! new arrangem5t8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,treatm5t ( ! gable4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #aba7 ( ,engli% f>m build+s may be ( int]e/1 ?\gh ?is /yle ( b>n & ! arrangem5t w\ld n be suitable 9 ,am]ica1 ) its rigor\s climate & exp5sive f>m labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,engli% f>m/ead+ plan4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,outbuild+s ,,& ,,accessories ,!re are v>i\s f>m build+s :i* are bett] :5 m or less deta*$ f ! ma9 b>n2 & "s ( ^! may n[ be m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,a p\ltry e/abli%m5t suffici5t = #aej h5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,a moveable coop4 ,,p\ltry ,,h\ses ,until rec5tly comp>atively few p]sons h be5 f9ancially successful 9 ! p\ltry bus9ess :5 l>ge numb]s ( f[ls 7 kept 9 close qu>t]s1 z ! _m ab&on$ dilapidat$ y>d f5ces & build+s te/ify4 ,! reason = su* failures 0 due1 usually1 to all[+ too _m f[ls to run 9 "o flock4 ,x takes a g5ius to see & note ! conditions ( ea* individual animal once daily 9 a flock ( sev]al hundr$ birds4 ,break ! flock up into sev]al small ones1 ea* ( uni=m size & "*1 & ! individual f[l may !n be m easily not$4 ,a s+le diseas$ bird1 if n remov$1 may s]ve to inoculate a :ole flock ) "s contagi\s disease4 ,if ! flock conta9s b tw5ty to ?irty individuals1 ! *ance ( discov]+ a droop+ bird is greatly increas$4 ,?is indicates t ! p\ltry h\se or h\ses %\ld be easily divid$ into r small comp>tm5ts4 ,p\ltry h\ses usually are ab\t #ab feet wide & n m ?an #cj to #dj feet long4 ,if m room is want$ ?an "o h\se furni%es1 ano!r /ructure %\ld be erect$ "s little di/ance f any o!r "o4 ,?is w give bett] opportunity to arrange = l>ge runs or y>ds ?an does "o long1 cont9u\s build+4 ,i h yet to see a l>ge p\ltry e/abli%m5t furni%$ ) y>ds z l>ge z !y %\ld be1 & ,i h se5 b few y>ds :i* 7 prop]ly or fully %ad$4 ,! runs %\ld be l>ge & relatively n>r[1 & set to fruit trees4 ,! plum is be/1 & may be set ! usual di/ance ap>t4 ,! trees %\ld be spray$ & c>$ = z 9 well kept or*>ds1 s9ce ! fruit may *ance to be m pr(itable ?an ! p\ltry4 ,= ! heal? ( ! f[ls & ! welf>e ( ! trees1 clean culture ( ! runs %\ld be adopt$4 ,9 ! case ( p\ltry build+s1 ! di/ributive me?od ( con/ruction %\ld be adopt$ r ?an ! conc5trat$ "o4 ,if ! und]tak+ is begun ) a well matur$ plan1 ^! sev]al small /ructures may n be unsightly :5 view$ z a :ole4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 ( a mode/ p\ltry plant l>ge en\gh = #aej h5s & #ejj *icks1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( ! *icks are sold :5 f ?ree to six mon?s old 7,fig4 #abb74 ,^! /ructures are built on gr\t f\ndation walls to exclude v]m9 & moi/ure4 ,! floors are ( wood1 ! sills & plates #b #d in*es4 ,! bo>d+ is v]tical & d\ble1 ) pap] betwe5 ! two bo>d+s4 ,! outside bo>ds are plan$ & batt5$2 ! ro( bo>ds1 :i* are laid close toge!r1 are cov]$ ) pap] & !n %+l$4 ,! w9d[s provide = light &1 9 "p1 = v5tilation4 ,^! /ructures are dry on ! inside1 & ! temp]ature1 ?\gh n always above ! freez+ po9t 9 cold wea!r1 is com=table4 ,! build+s might be r$uc$ 9 numb] or 9 size1 except ! brood] h\se1 & yet provide = ! same numb] ( birds1 if movable coops = ! small] *ick5s 7 provid$4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #abc7 %[s a durable1 light1 movable coop l>ge en\gh = tw5ty half p\nd *icks4 ,! coop 0 design$ = use on ! lawn4 ,x is inexp5sive1 & protects ! *icks f all _! ord9>y enemies1 bo? day & night4 ,x weighs b #ge p\nds1 & c be mov$ easily by a *ild by means ( a /rap atta*$ to "o end4 ,:5 us$ on ! lawn1 ! coop %\ld be mov$ & clean$ at lea/ once daily1 z fre% pa/ure = ! *icks is !reby provid$1 injury to ! grass prev5t$1 ! lawn be+ b5efit$ by ! excrem5ts4 ,! coop %[n is #d #h feet & #bj in*es high1 unfloor$ except ! cov]$ section1 :i* has a tight floor1 & roo/s & suitable wood5 & scre5 doors4 ,a brood ( *icks 9 su* a coop w\ld =m sup]ior facilities = nature-/udy "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,a l>ge portable coop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,brac+ ! corn]s ( ! frame4 ,:5 p\ltry-rais+ is c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale1 ! movable coops might be built #ab #f or #af #h feet 7,fig4 #abd71 ! latt] ! l>ge/ size :i* is easily movable )\t ! aid ( a horse4 ,! corn]s ( ! sills %\ld be mit]$ & held toge!r by triangul> pieces 7,fig4 #abe74 ,^! coops w be f\nd to be entirely satisfactory :5 us$ 9 a pa/ure or grass paddock ne> ! *ick5 h\se4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) !m1 x 0 f\nd t ! birds did bett] :5 z _m z ?irty or m *icks 7 assign$ to ea* l>ge coop ?an :5 kept 9 ! l>ge1 grassless runs4 ,! foll[+ bill ( p>ticul>s may be ( assi/ance 9 ! con/ruction ( a lawn *ick5-coop3 ,sills #a #d in*es4 ,po/s #b #b in*es1 #bj in*es long4 ,braces #a #a in*4 ,plates #a #b in*es4 ,! cov]$ "p ( ! coop is made ( -in* mat*$ & bead$ h>d p9e2 ! floor ( any light wood -in* or -in*1 mat*$1 b n bead$4 ,,pigg]ies ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,tempor>y %elt] = a brood s[4 ,a pigg]y ( any consid]able size is ! mo/ difficult to plan ( all f>m /ructures4 ,"o ( two me?ods may be adopt$ 9 ! ,ea/ ) fairly satisfactory results4 ,if !re are woods & "s pa/ure l& adjo9+ or ne> to ! b>ns1 *eap sep>ate p5s 7,fig4 #abf71 "o = ea* brood animal1 may be built ne> ! bord] ( ! wood or on ! edge ( x4 ,!re ne$ be little m ?an a slant+ ro(1 ) ! triangul> corn]s at ! ends bo>d$ to keep out ! w9d4 ,! e>? =ms a mo/ com=table b$ if kept dry & cov]$ ?9ly ) leaves or /raw4 ,( c\rse1 ^! p5s are n suitable = brood animals f>r[+ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,:]e b "o litt] ( pigs is rais$ annually1 !re is little difficulty2 if two litt]s a ye> be desir$1 ! fir/ "o %\ld be f>r[$ 9 ,april or ,may1 & ! o!r 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,9 ei!r case ^! *eap deta*$ p5s may be n only satisfactory1 b !y w s]ve to fit into a sy/em ( pig-rais+ :i* may be c>ri$ on at ! m9imum ( labor & exp5se & supplem5t>y foods4 ,by means ( a tank or b>rel m\nt$ on :eels ! animals may be f$1 ei!r once or twice daily1 9 l>ge tr\ghs plac$ 9 ! pa/ure4 ,?is sy/em presupposes ample areas ( grass & woodl&1 :i* %\ld furni% n only a heal?ful run = ! animals b mu* food = !m4 ,usually ! mi/ake is made ( conf9+ pigs 9 small p5s1 :i* may or may n h atta*$ to !m small y>ds or runs4 ,^! are always devoid ( grass1 & (f5sively du/y & fil?y a "p ( ! ye>1 & an impassable mud hole at o!r times4 ,:]ev] circum/ances w p]mit1 !re %\ld be allott$ to ea* brood animal & h] (fspr+ "o-f\r? acre ( l&4 ,two small fields might be provid$1 "o ( :i* w\ld s]ve = pa/ure gr\nd = all ! animals1 :ile ! o!r w\ld be us$ = rais+ crops = soil+ ! pigs or = o!r purposes4 ,:5 ! lot became f]tiliz$ f ! dropp+s ( ! animals & ! grass injur$1 x %\ld be pl[$1 cropp$ & se$$1 ! animals be+ pa/ur$ meantime 9 ! o!r field4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,pig p5s4 ,at ! left is %[n a v]tical section1 ) ! ro( ov] ! re>4 ,y>d on ! "r4 ,*eap b some:at m elaborate p5s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,^! may be built 9 deta*$ pairs1 or sev]al p5s may be plac$ 9 juxtaposition4 ,ea* p51 includ+ ! small outside y>d & fe$+ floor1 bo? unro($1 is #af #af feet4 ,! "p ro($ is #h #h feet4 ,aft] ! pigs h atta9$ "s size1 all doors are op5$ & ! entire h]d may be graz$ 9 "o field4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,a m elaborate pigg]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,elevation ( ! h\se %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh4 ,a bett] b m exp5sive pigg]y1 ,figs4 #abh & #abi1 %[s five p5s1 ?\gh ! plan l5ds itself to a great] or less] numb]4 ,! area devot$ to ea* b$ is #h #h feet4 ,! driveway1 :i* also s]ves = tempor>y /orage ( manures1 is #h feet wide & ext5ds l5g?wise ?r\gh ! build+4 ,! floor ( ! driveway %\ld be ab\t "o foot l[] ?an ! fe$+ & sleep+ floors at ! middle1 & %\ld be pav$ or asphalt$4 7,see cross section1 ,fig4 #abi47 ,! fe$+ floor ^u :i* ! tr\ghs re/ may be #d or #e feet long1 & %\ld desc5d t[>ds ! driv+ floor4 ,ord9>y gates are hung to ! po/s :i* s]ve1 ) ! bo>d+1 to sep>ate ! p5s4 ,^! gates are fa/5$ at ! o!r end ( ! po/s :i* sep>ate ! fe$+ comp>tm5ts4 ,:5 s fa/5$ ea* brood animal has a b$room #h #h1 a receptacle = manure #h #h1 & a fe$+ floor #d #h feet4 ,?is arrangem5t presupposes t mo/ ( ! foods w be f$ 9 ! tr\ghs4 ,if1 :5 ! animals are fir/ plac$ 9 ! p5s1 ! pav$ portion ( ! floor be soil$ ) dirt & wat]1 ! excreta !reaft] w be deposit$ by ! animals on ?is floor & n 9 ! b$room4 ,! pig is really a cleanly animal if x is giv5 a few timely s5sible h9ts4 ,:5 x is desir$ to remove ! manure ! gates are all swung to ! "r or left1 z mo/ conv5i5t1 & !y !n s]ve to fa/5 all ( ! animals 9 ! b$ comp>tm5ts1 & ! driveway is left unob/ruct$4 ,"o ( ! outside op5+s to ! driveway %\ld also be provid$ ) a gate to sw+ 91 z well z an ord9>y door to sw+ out4 ,^! p5s may all be ?r[n op5 9 ! summ] :5 x is desir$ to pa/ure ! h]d4 ,! illu/ration %[s a small w+ atta*$ :i* may s]ve _m useful purposes4 ,a mat*$ upp] floor & abundant light & v5tilation %\ld be provid$4 ,! ro( /ory may be us$ = h\s+ "s corn 9 ! e> & /raw = b$d+4 ,9 cold wea!r ! upp] floor %\ld h "s /raw left on x to promote w>m? 9 ! p5s bel[4 ,! object 9 discuss+ ^! ?ree /yles ( pigg]ies has be5 to emphasize cleanl9ess1 economy ( labor 9 c>+ = ! animals1 ! com=t ( ! animals1 prev5tion ( wanton wa/e ( manure1 & economy 9 ! production ( heal?y sw9e 9 pigg]ies s arrang$ t ! animals may be conv5i5tly graz$ dur+ ! summ]1 & kept reasonably clean & com=table 9 w9t]4 ,,! ,,silo ,! ,egyptians1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,am]ican ,indians all /or$ gra9 9 pits or silos :i* 7 air-tight1 or z ne>ly s z l>ge rude /ructures c\ld be made4 ,! cu/om ( us+ silos = /or+ gra9 9 ,spa9 & ,france nev] became common1 ?\gh sev]al attempts 7 made to pres]ve l>ge quantities ( gra9 = sev]al ye>s1 t ! ov]production ( "o ye> might be kept until !re 7 defici5t h>ve/s4 ,! subject ( ensilag+ gre5 8r\ghage0 mat]ial attract$ att5tion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates soon aft] #ahgj4 ,z e>ly z #ahge1 ,doctor ,manly ,miles1 !n connect$ ) ! ,ill9ois ,indu/rial ,univ]sity1 0 fairly successful 9 pres]v+ ! gre5 tops ( broom corn 9 an e>!n silo4 ,int]e/ 9 ! subject ( pres]v+ gre5 mat]ial 9 silos 0 widely ar\s$ 9 ,am]ica by ! appe>ance ( a book on ensilage1 translat$ 9 #ahgh-i4 ,! book 0 publi%$ 9 ,france 9 #ahgg1 by ,m4 ,augu/e ,g(f>t4 ,:5 ! practice ( ensilag+ gre5 mat]ial = fe$+ animals 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 mu* discussion z to ! con/ruction ( silos4 ,_m advocat$ build+ !m ( /ones1 brick1 or gr\t1 ?\gh "s 7 built ( wood4 ,z a rule1 !y 7 built ei!r squ>e or 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram1 9 a few cases octagonal4 ,exp]i5ce soon %[$ t ! silage 0 pres]v$ bett] 9 ! wood5 silo ?an 9 ^? con/ruct$ ( o!r mat]ial4 ,= ?is reason1 & because ! wood5 silo is mo/ *eaply con/ruct$1 wood is n[ 9 univ]sal use = build+ !m4 ,at fir/ heavy frames 7 erect$ :i* 7 cov]$ ) two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r ?icknesses ( bo>ds4 ,sometimes build+ pap] 0 plac$ betwe5 ! inn] & out] bo>ds4 ,! octagon & ! r\nd silo soon supplant$ ^? hav+ squ>e corn]s4 ,z built1 too (t5 ! walls c\ld n be or 7 n fully v5tilat$4 ,! ?ick walls rema9$ m or less damp ?r\gh\t ! entire ye> or1 if dri$ out :5 empty1 lack ( v5tilation sup]9duc$ dry rot4 ,cases 7 n infrequ5t :]e silos 7 f\nd to be practically useless )\t rebuild+ 9 f\r or five ye>s4 ,:]e ev]y?+ 0 at its be/1 ! frequ5t %r9k+ & swell+ ( ! wood result$ f9ally 9 s de/roy+ its ela/icity t x did n return to its normal size :5 ! silo 0 refill$4 ,s9ce !re 0 no means ( tight5+ ^! silos ! air soon ent]$ !m freely1 :i* result$ 9 s]i\s loss ( fodd]4 ,by reason ( ! co/l9ess & defects ( /one & gr\t silos1 & ! failure 9 _m cases ( squ>e-corn]$ wood5 ones to pres]ve ! mat]ial satisfactorily1 & because ( _! p]i%able nature1 mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! %ape & mat]ial ( silos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,! /ave silo4 ,f all ! evid5ce atta9able1 ! conclusion is rea*$ t ! r\nd1 tall1 /ave silo is be/4 ,x is simple 9 con/ruction1 inexp5sive z comp>$ ) mo/ o!r k9ds1 & reasonably durable4 ,! fact t x dries out fully dur+ ! summ]1 !reby de/roy+ all g]ms ( decay1 c\pl$ ) ! o!r fact t at any "t x c be made tight by means ( ! hoops :i* s]ve to hold ! /aves 9 place1 makes ! r\nd1 /ave silo p> excell5t4 ,! /aves %\ld be two in*es ?ick & f f\r to six in*es wide1 bevell$ to suit ! size ( ! /ructure4 ,! hoops are usually ( r\nd galvaniz$ iron "o-half in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are plac$ ab\t ?ree feet ap>t1 ! spaces betwe5 ! hoops be+ wid] ne> ! top ?an !y are ne> ! bottom4 ,! hoops are made 9 sections ( v>iable l5g?s2 ! ends ( ea* section are furni%$ ) lugs1 t ! hoop may be %ort5$ & ! silo tight5$ ) ease4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #acj7 %[s an em]g5cy silo built ( r\gh gre5 hemlock plank unbevell$1 hoop$ ) 8,am]ican wov5 wire f5ce40 ,x is #bd feet high1 #ab feet 9 diamet]1 co/ #ce1 & has a nom9al capacity ( #ej tons4 ,a flat bo>d ro( s]ves to keep out ! sn[ & mo/ ( ! ra94 ,x is plac$ 9 ! op5 to te/ its durability4 ,x has be5 9 use "o ye>1 & s f> x is entirely satisfactory1 ?\gh ! /aves w\ld be bett] if !y _h be5 bevel$4 ,h[ long w ?is inexp5sive silo la/8 ,t rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,judg+ f o!r silos ( simil> con/ruction :i* 7 erect$ sev]al ye>s ago1 ,i judge x w la/ #ae or #bj ye>s ) slight repairs4 ,:5 left ?us expos$1 w ! silage freeze dur+ ! w9t]8 ,9 extremely cold wea!r 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 :5 ! !rmomet] drops to #aj or #ae bel[ z]o1 ! mat]ial at ! top w freeze4 ,if /raw be spread ov] ! silage to ! dep? ( a few in*es1 x w prev5t ! escape ( heat & freez+4 ,a portion ( ! /raw cov]+ is ?r[n back out ( ! way1 ! silage want$ remov$1 & ! cov]+ return$4 ,su* precaution is only necess>y dur+ a few ( ! colde/ days4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,protection ,,f ,,lightn+ ,a fla% ( lightn+ is "o ( ! mo/ fe>$ ( nature's manife/ations ( p[]2 & yet by ! use ( prop] precautions its ability to injure p]sons & prop]ty c be less5$ greatly4 ,speculations z to ! nature ( lightn+ 7 vague until ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 boldly s5t a kite into ! tee? ( a /orm & tapp$ ! accumulat$ electricity 9 ! cl\d to *>ge "o ( 8 /orage j>s4 ,he connect$ ! cl\d ) 8 j> by a wire made ( a mat]ial :i* he knew w\ld conduct ! electrical *>ge1 & at ! same "t he took ! precaution n to hold ! end ( ?is wire himself4 ,he introduc$ betwe5 ! end ( ! wire & 8 h& a piece ( silk cord1 :i* is a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,_h he tak5 hold ( ! end ( ! wire1 ! *>ge w\ld h pass$ ?r\gh him ) probably fatal results4 ,:at is lightn+8 ,"o naturally inquires = ! reason ( ?is /orage ( electrical en]gy 9 ! cl\ds4 ,! explanation is n =?com+--at lea/ !re is none :i* is entirely satisfactory--b ! facts are well kn[n4 ,! mass ( wat]-vapor :i* =ms ! cl\ds becomes electrically *>g$ j z a rubb] comb does :5 rubb$ on ! hair on a dry day1 or z an ebonite rul] does :5 rubb$ on a cat-sk94 ,p]haps by contact ) ! air1 :i* is 9 motion1 ! p>ticles ( wat] become *>g$1 & by ! union ( multitudes ( ^! ! cl\ds are *>g$ to a trem5d\s pressure4 ,lightn+ c be produc$ artificially on a small scale by means ( electric ma*9es1 & ! results ( /udy ( ^! artificial dis*>ges h be5 to %[ ! foll[+ facts3 ,! air is n a conductor ( electricity1 b :5 ! electrical pressure betwe5 two po9ts becomes suffici5tly great ! electric *>ge jumps sudd5ly betwe5 ! two po9ts at :i* ! pressure exi/s4 ,x punctures a hole = itself ?r\gh ! air4 ,lightn+ is ! result4 ,?is dis*>ge is v viol5t1 & x is accompani$ by a /rong smell ( ozone1 :i* is only v /rong oxyg54 ,if "o 7 to exam9e ! po9ts ( ! electric ma*9e betwe5 :i* ! dis*>ge took place1 !y might be f\nd ei!r hot or cold1 dep5d+ ^u _! size & ! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7 made4 ,"s mat]ials (f] m resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electric *>ge ?an o!rs1 & :5 a consid]able resi/ance is (f]$1 heat is produc$ 9 appreciable am\nts at ! places at :i* ! resi/ance is met4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple w be se5 :5 ! effects ( real lightn+ are consid]$4 ,9 ,figs4 #aca1 #acb1 & #acc are %[n lightn+ fla%es tak5 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,j5n+s4#i ,^! fla%es are s soon ov] t )\t ! aid ( ! s5sitive photographic plate x w\ld be impossible to /udy !m4 ,x w be notic$ t ! pa? ( ! *>ge is n /raight1 b q irregul>2 ?is pa? be+ t 9 :i* !re is ! lea/ resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electricity4 ,"o /range ph5om5on :i* is br\ght out cle>ly 9 ! pictures is t ! dis*>ge v frequ5tly divides into sev]al bran*es4 ,?is is because x f9ds easy pa?s 9 sev]al directions & divides into small] dis*>ges1 ?us f9ally disappe>+4 #i ,^! ?ree pictures are drawn1 by p]mission1 f photographic illu/rations by ,mr4 ,j5n+s 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 vol4 #acc 7#ahib74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,horizontal dis*>ge ( lightn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,me&]+ dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,tree-=m dis*>ge4 ,protection f lightn+4--,hav+ notic$ briefly some?+ ( ! nature ( lightn+1 ! next po9t to be consid]$ is its control1 s t ! dang]\s effects ( a sudd5 dis*>ge may be avoid$4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t by repeat+ ,frankl9's exp]im5t & connect+ ! cl\ds ) ! e>?1 dang]\s fla%es ( lightn+ c be avoid$ to "s ext5t2 & ?is fact has giv5 rise to mu* sw9dl+ on ! "p ( ! 8lightn+-rod man10 :o has frequ5tly impos$ on ! p ?r\gh _! fe> ( ! results ( lightn+ bolts4 ,any p]son ( av]age intellig5ce1 ) ! k ( a few simple pr9ciples1 c put up a rod himself = ! protection ( 8 b>n or dwell+ at a v reasonable exp5se4 ,,metal ,,ro(s ,x has be5 notic$ t metal ro(s protect build+s ev5 :5 no lightn+ rods are us$1 especially if !re are t9 or iron wat] pipes runn+ to ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 /eam & gas pipes are good if connect$ ) ! ro(4 ,t9 & copp] ro(s are n s common 9 ! c\ntry z 9 ! city1 & ?is is "o ( ! _m reasons :y city h\ses are less frequ5tly /ruck by lightn+ ?an c\ntry ones4 ,copp] ro(s are n us$ n[ z !y once 7 on acc\nt ( ! great exp5se2 b f ! electrical /&po9t !y are an excell5t protection to a h\se 9 a ?und] /orm4 ,! writ] has notic$ 9 a room 9 a city h\se1 9 :i* /eam heat is us$1 t ! lightn+ w come 9 & d[n on ! /eam pipes )\t do+ any h>m4 ,if "o w g into a telegraph /ation dur+ a /orm he w frequ5tly notice ! dis*>ges ( lightn+ :i* take place ?r\gh devices provid$ = ! purpose1 & ?is )\t ! lea/ fire risk4 ,?is is an illu/ration ( ! fact t1 if prop]ly provid$ =1 ! dang]\s elem5t c be l>gely elim9at$ f a lightn+ dis*>ge4 ,,protect+ ,,wood5 ,,ro(s ,if a metal ro( is out ( ! "q1 ! protection ( ! wood5 ro( mu/ be provid$ =4 ,v little att5tion has be5 paid 9 ?is c\ntry to ! prop] erection & ma9t5ance ( lightn+ rods4 ,x is n suffici5t to put up a po9t 9 an out-(-!-way place1 & ) a c>eless gr\nd connection1 & !n expect immunity f lightn+4 ,! lightn+ rod w protect a wood5-ro($ build+ if x is prop]ly in/all$2 & 9 ord] t ?is simple b important piece ( app>atus be ?or\ghly und]/ood x w n[ be consid]$ 9 detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be not$ t !re are two =ms ( electric dis*>ge or lightn+ :i* are provid$ = 9 equipp+ a build+ ) lightn+ protection3 ! bru% dis*>ge & ! disruptive dis*>ge4 ,! bru%-=m is s nam$ because ! f9e /ream]s ( sp>ks :i* are emitt$ h some:at ! appe>ance ( a bru%4 ,?is dis*>ge is h>mless1 & "o ( ! important functions ( ! bun* ( po9ts on ! upp] end ( ! lightn+ rod is to quietly take f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e ! electricity !re g5]at$1 & ?us prev5t its accumulation to a dang]\s ext5t4 ,v high t[]s1 su* z /eel w9dmills1 high trees1 & /eeples d ! community a good s]vice 9 ?is respect4 ,b sometimes ! dis*>ges _c be dissipat$ ?r\gh ! bru% =m1 b rea* a high pressure1 & exhibit !mselves ) great viol5ce1 produc+ ! boom+ & crackl+ noise ( ?und]4 ,?is is ! second =m2 & al?\gh ! po9ts may be useful 9 ?is case too1 yet if !y are too f> ap>t ! dis*>ge may n seek !m1 b may take a %ort] pa? ?r\gh ! moi/ hay f :i* ! hot1 damp air is ris+ to ! ro( & =m+ ano!r lightn+ conductor4 ,protection f ?is c be p>tly provid$ by ! use ( sev]al po9ts1 n ov] =ty feet ap>t2 b 9 cases 9 :i* lightn+ is v viol5t & frequ5t1 ! conductor %\ld be run all ar\nd ! edges ( ! ro(1 & 9 sev]al places to ! gr\nd4 ,an exp]im5t made by a not$ electrician "s ye>s ago w illu/rate ?is po9t3 ,a frame 0 made ( iron wire 9 ! %ape ( a b>n1 ! wire repres5t+ ! edges ( ! walls & ro(4 ,! frame 0 connect$ to ! gr\nd1 or 8gr\nd$10 z ! electricians say1 & !n artificial lightn+ 0 all[$ to play ^u x f a di/ance ( a foot or m above4 ,?is gave a model ab\t 9 proportion to ! real b>n & actual lightn+4 ,all ! dis*>ge foll[$ ! wire frame1 & did n ignite a dummy ( gun-cotton :i* 0 plac$ inside4 ,! in/ant t ! metal b>n frame 0 remov$ ! dummy 0 /ruck & burn$ viol5tly4 ,"o c draw 8 own conclusions f an exp]im5t ( ?is sort4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,prop] adju/m5t ( lightn+ rods on a b>n4 ,a b>n prop]ly fitt$ ) lightn+ rods is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acd4 ,! location ( ! po9ts is su* t !re is n m ?an =ty feet betwe5 two adjac5t ones4 ,! rod projects ab\t six feet above ! ro(1 & ^! projections are all connect$ by means ( rod ( ! same =m z ! v]tical conductors4 ,%>p turns are avoid$ 9 erect+ ! conductor1 = an electric dis*>ge w\ld pref] to g /raight ?r\gh ! air r ?an turn a corn]4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to g into "s practical details ( ! con/ruction ( lightn+ rods1 & ! sugge/ions t w be made h be5 includ$ "h because good po9ts or rods may n always be readily obta9able4 ,_! manufacture is easy & c be p]=m$ ) ! limit$ facilities ( a small village4 ,if ! raw mat]ials h to be b\ght at a di/ance1 ?is c be easily done by correspond5ce4 ,p>ts ( ! sy/em3 ,! equipm5t w consi/ ( ?ree p>ts--! conductor & its support1 ! po9ts1 & ! gr\nd connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,support+ a rod4 ,! conductor1 or s-call$ 8rod10 fir/ dem&s att5tion4 ,all metals conduct electricity to "s ext5t1 b c]ta9 ones are v mu* bett] ?an o!rs4 ,= example1 lead1 plat9um1 brass1 & iron are poor conductors1 :i* is equival5t to say+ t !y heat up readily on ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 silv]1 copp]1 & alum9um are good conductors4 ,9 mak+ a lightn+ rod1 ! be/ all-r\nd conductor %\ld be us$1 :5 co/ & conductivity are ! basis = ! selection4 ,z an example1 take ! metals iron1 copp]1 & alum9um = comp>ison4 ,iron is *eape/ 9 price p] p\nd1 b its electrical conductivity is small1 :ile copp]1 ?\gh m exp5sive1 has s mu* m conductivity t to get rid ( a c]ta9 *>ge ( electricity requires mu* less ( x4 ,s ) alum9um1 :i* has slightly less conductivity & :i* co/s m ?an copp]1 b :i* is s light t a rod hav+ ! same conduct+ ability :5 made ( ?is metal actually co/s less ?an "o made ( copp]1 & ! price ( alum9um is con/antly less5+1 :ile t ( copp] _c fall mu* on acc\nt ( ! limit$ supply4 ,to comp>e actual figures1 call ! conductivity ( copp] #ajj1 !n t ( /eel or iron w be ab\t #ah1 & t ( alum9um ab\t #fj4 ,z to relative weights1 copp] weighs ab\t #eej p\nds p] cubic foot1 iron or /eel #dhj1 & alum9um #afj4 ,z ! prices ( ^! mat]ials are con/antly v>y+1 x w\ld be impossible to say at ?is "t :at ! relative co/s w\ld be at any o!r "t2 b x c be said t on ! score ( co/ !re is little *oice among !m4 ,= a numb] ( reasons aside f co/1 copp] is at pres5t ! be/ mat]ial1 & ^! reasons are3 ,t x is small] ?an ! o!rs = a giv5 conduct+ ability1 & ?us is m sightly2 t x is easi] to support on acc\nt ( ?is small size1 & t x c be readily sold]$ to ! gr\nd plate1 :i* w be consid]$ lat]4 ,9 addition to ! mat]ial ( ! lightn+ rod1 its =m is a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,! cable =ms h be5 us$ ext5sively & successfully1 b ! ribbon or flat =m is bett] on acc\nt ( ! small] co/1 & because !re is a great] area expos$ = ! dissipation ( ! heat g5]at$ by ! lightn+ 9 pass+ f ! po9ts to ! gr\nd4 ,a rectangul> section ( ?ree-qu>t]s by "o-eigh? ( an in* is recomm5d$4 ,9 support+ ! conductor f ! wall or ro(1 x %\ld be sep>at$ or 8insulat$0 f ^! surfaces4 ,!re is a slight *ance t ! lightn+ might leave ! conductor if ! build+ 7 wet4 ,a m important reason = ! use ( ! insulator is t ! heat :i* is g5]at$ on ! surface ( ! rod :5 a heavy dis*>ge occurs w n be able1 if support$ away f ! wall1 to heat up any inflammable mat]ial ne> x4 ,fig4 #ace %[s a me?od ( support 9 :i* "o ( ! /&>d insulators us$ 9 runn+ electric light & o!r wires is employ$4 ,^! insulators1 :i* are made ( porcela9 & iron1 c be screw$ into ! wood or into a plug driv5 into ! jo9ts betwe5 ! /ones v readily4 ,! insulator %[n is manufactur$ by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 ( ,s*5ectady1 ,new ,york1 & simil> ones are made by o!r manufactur]s ( electrical mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,effici5t po9ts = a lightn+ rod4 ,9 ord] to attract ! dis*>ge1 ! rods mu/ project "s di/ance above ! ro(1 ab\t #f feet be+ ! prop] height4 ,?is projection mu/ be support$1 & !re are two ways to d ?is4 ,! fir/ is to screw or nail a piece ( timb] to ! side ( ! build+1 project+ ab\t #e feet above ! ro(4 ,two insulators on ?is w provide ! necess>y support = ! rod4 ,z ?is might be consid]$ unsightly 9 "s places1 a neat] b m exp5sive me?od is to use a piece ( -in* copp]1 brass or iron rod = ! upp] #i or #aj feet ( ! rod4 ,?is c be easily jo9$ & sold]$ to ! copp] ribbon & is /rong en\gh to support itself 9 any w9d4 ,a brace f ! v]tical to ! horizontal rod w provide additional support if desir$1 & w give a m sub/antial appe>ance4 ,at ! po9t at :i* ! horizontal rod passes ?r\gh a timb] support1 9 case su* plan is us$1 a hole #a in*es %\ld be bor$ 9 ! timb] to avoid any risk ( its be+ burn$4 ,9 jo9+ ! horizontal to ! v]tical rod1 ! =m] %\ld be b5t up at "r angles = an in*1 & ! surfaces %\ld !n be well clean$ & sold]$4 ,! po9ts = attract+ ! dis*>ge %\ld be made v c>efully1 & ) a view to accommodat+ ! bru% dis*>ge p>ticul>ly4 ,z a rule1 ! m po9ts 9 ! bun* at ! head ( ! rod ! bett] w ! bru% dis*>ge be attract$2 & = ! same reason ^! po9ts %\ld be %>p & bright4 ,^! facts h be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 f :i* x has be5 le>n$ t ! dis*>ge is quiet] & at a l[] pressure f %>p1 bright t]m9als ?an f o!rs4 ,alum9um wire fulfils ! requirem5ts = ! po9ts bett] ?an any o!r metal ( reasonable co/4 ,un=tunately ?is metal is difficult to sold]1 b if ! directions "h giv5 are c>efully foll[$ !re w be no difficulty 9 produc+ a good bun*4 ,! sket* 7,fig4 #acf7 %[s ! g5]al con/ruction4 ,9 ! end ( a block ( copp] ( ! dim5sions %[n1 drill a hole ( an in* 9 diamet] & #a in* deep4 ,cut (f a numb] ( pieces ( alum9um wire1 ( ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ab\t #d in*es long4 ,?is wire c be obta9$ f ! ,pittsburg ,r$uction ,company1 ( ,pittsburg1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,^! wires mu/ !n be fil$ to %>p po9ts on "o end1 ! opposite ends be+ r\gh5$ ) co>se s&pap]4 ,pu% z _m ( ! wires into ! hole 9 ! block z x w hold & b5d ! po9ts back s z to =m a bru%4 ,n[ heat "s sold] 9 a ladle & p\r 9 ar\nd ! l[] ends ( ! alum9um wires1 hav+ fir/ tak5 ! precaution to heat ! copp] block s t ! sold] w fl[ well4 ,! conductor rod is !n sold]$ into a slot fil$ 9 ! l[] end ( ! block1 & ! bun* ( po9ts is complete4 ,! gr\nd connection is ! mo/ important "p ( ! :ole equipm5t4 ,) poor gr\nd connections1 ! rods become a m5ace to a build+ r ?an a protection4 ,examples c\ld be cit$ :]e build+s 7 actually /ruck & de/roy$1 ev5 ?\gh 8app>5tly prop]ly rodd$40 ,9 "o case ! wire ent]$ b two in*es into dry soil1 :ile 9 ano!r ! l[] end 0 buri$ 9 concrete4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial t ! l[] end ( ! rod be connect$ ) moi/ e>? 9 "s way1 z ?is is ! only me?od :i* w insure safety4 ,if !re are wat] pipes 9 ! build+1 !y %\ld be atta*$ to ! rod 9 ! basem5t 9 addition to ! ma9 gr\nd connection4 ,z ! *>ge is to be dissipat$ 9 ! e>?1 x w be necess>y to expose a consid]able area ( metal "u gr\nd4 ,if a spr+ is ne>1 ! rod %\ld be run to ! vic9ity ( ! spr+ & !re sold]$ to ! gr\nd plate1 :i* %\ld be bel[ ! level ( ! surface ( ! spr+4 ,moi/ soil is ! only k9d :i* w conduct electricity1 h5ce ! insi/5ce on a moi/ place = ! t]m9al ( ! rod4 ,9 case ! plate mu/ be plant$ "s di/ance f wat]1 ei!r x mu/ g q deep or x may be plac$ 9 a b>rel ( *>coal or coke buri$ "u ! surface4 ,^! mat]ials w hold :atev] wat] !y receive1 & x is a simple matt] to wet ! soil above su* a t]m9al f "t to "t4 ,! plate itself %\ld be ( copp] & ( an area ( at lea/ #be squ>e feet1 includ+ bo? sides4 ,an old copp] boil]1 flatt5$ out1 makes a *eap & effective gr\nd plate4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m build+s h be5 sav$ f de/ruction by means ( prop]ly in/all$ lightn+ rods1 & x is pla9 t !y are n difficult nor exp5sive to in/all4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,fields ,:ile x is ! prim>y object ( ?is book to discuss ! lay-out ( build+s & _! accessories1 x w\ld be incomplete if some?+ 7 n said ( ! g5]al plan ( ! fields !mselves4 ,,f5ces ,"s t5 ye>s s9ce1 someone e/imat$ t = e doll>'s wor? ( live /ock kept 9 ,new ,york ano!r doll> 0 exp5d$ 9 f5ces to re/ra9 x4 ,x is probable t ?is e/imate is bel[ r ?an above ! facts4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! fir/ co/ ( f5ces & _! ma9t5ance is a s]i\s draft on ! res\rces ( ! f>m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,! old-"t f5ce sy/em on ! "r2 ! pres5t condition on ! left4 ,9 ! pione] days1 :5 ev5 ! be/ ( f5c+ mat]ial 0 s abundant t x 0 burn$ to cle> ! l&1 !re 0 great temptation to split ! t5d] logs into great rails & con/ruct f5ces ) !m4 ,ea* w9t] a few acres ( l& 7 cle>$ & ea* ye>'s cle>+ 0 surr\nd$ by a great t5-rail f5ce1 :i* s]v$ to disc\rage "s ( ! l>g] wild animals f de/roy+ ! crops4 ,x is easily se5 :y our ance/ors 9 ! wood$ di/ricts f5c$ ! f>m into small fields4 ,9 "s cases ! surface /ones 7 s num]\s on ! l& t ! l>g] ones _h to be remov$ to make way = ! pl[4 ,naturally !y 7 us$ = con/ruct+ f5ces1 = ! mo/ economical way to get rid ( ^! too num]\s /ones 0 to make f5ces ( !m4 ,! haul 0 %ort & ! f5ces c\ld be increas$ 9 wid? & height until /orage room 0 provid$ = all ! rocks :i* ! f>m] c>$ to remove4 ,s "h1 too1 ! temptation 0 great to f5ce ! f>m into small fields4 ,! foll[+ diagrams %[ ! fields & ! f5ces z !y 7 on ! old home/ead1 & also z !y are at ! pres5t "t 7,fig4 #acg74 ,*ang$ agricultural conditions imply few] f5ces & ! adoption1 9 "p at lea/1 ( ! soil+ sy/em4 ,!n1 too1 ! introduction ( ! horn-fly makes a radical *ange imp]ative 9 ! summ]+ ( ! dairy4 ,?is wor/ ( all dairy pe/s robs ! c[ ( fle% & ! own] ( pr(it4 ,n[ t ! silo is an assur$ success1 except "u r>e conditions1 soil+1 or ! p>tial soil+ sy/em1 %\ld be adopt$ on _m f>ms1 especially 9 ! dairy di/ricts4 ,! object %\ld be to provide a cont9u\s & full supply ( food1 & com=table conditions = ! animals at all times4 ,9 ,may & ,june ! pa/ures are succul5t & ! grasses usually abundant1 & ! annoy+ flies are n pres5t4 ,:5 ! animals are fir/ turn$ out on ! pa/ures ! nights may be too cold & damp = com=t1 9 :i* case !y may be /abl$ & f$ a small supplem5tal ration2 9 fact1 c[s 9 milk %\ld always receive "s dry1 conc5trat$ food = ! fir/ few weeks aft] !y are turn$ out to grass4 ,(t5 ! e>ly grass is ov]-succul5t & defici5t 9 food con/itu5ts to su* an ext5t t ! c[s _c eat en\gh to su/a9 life & produce ! mo/ pr(itable quantities ( milk4 ,:5 ! pa/ures beg9 to fail1 ! flies appe> & ! days are hot1 manife/ly ! animals w be mo/ com=table 9 ! /ables 9 ! day "t & 9 ! pa/ures at night4 ,?is sy/em w p]mit ( r$uc+ ! pa/ures ne>ly "o-half1 & ! removal ( all f5ces except ^? :i* surr\nd ! p]man5t pa/ure l&4 ,if x is desir$ occasionally to pa/ure a "p ( ! un5clos$ l&1 a light wov5 wire f5ce1 :i* c be easily erect$ & remov$1 may be con/ruct$4 ,all *anges 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( summ]+ animals %\ld be t[>ds small] areas ( pa/ure-l&1 few] f5ces1 m com=table conditions = animals1 economy ( ef=t1 & control ( food-supplies = ! animals at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,9 mo/ ( ! /ates ! laws require ea* f>m] to re/ra9 8 own animals )\t ! aid ( ! neighbors2 h5ce ! road-f5ce1 (t5 ! mo/ unsightly & ill kept ( all ! f5ces1 may be disc>d$4 ,h[ _m ( ! inside f5ces w\ld be/ be remov$ dep5ds ^u circum/ances2 b c]ta9 x is t a m rational sy/em ( re/ra9+ & fe$+ cattle w be adopt$ ?an ! "o n[ almo/ univ]sally 9 use4 ,we _c de/roy ! hornfly2 we c remove ! useless f5ces & h\se ! animals 9 /ables f :i* ! pe/if]\s fle%- & milk-r$uc+ flies are exclud$4 ,,or*>ds ,9 "s fruit di/ricts ! f>m]s are cutt+ d[n _! or*>ds1 say+ t !y _c af=d to bo!r ) !m1 & t fruit-rais+ mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 a l>ge way by speciali/s to be pr(itable4 ,?is is tantam\nt to say+ t !y are n intellig5t & ent]pris+ en\gh to manage six or eight acres ( or*>d successfully1 :ile _! neighbor is compet5t to c>e = t5 times t acreage4 ,! man :o owns ! small] or*>d %\ld1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 secure a relatively l>g] pr(it ?an ! own] ( ! l>ge or*>d1 s9ce he w be able to give x m p]sonal att5tion4 ,! man :o ov]comes ! difficulties ( fruit-rais+ is con/antly add+ to 8 education & p[]1 :ile ! man :o is appall$ ) ! difficulties ( or*>d+1 & falls back on rye1 buck:eat & oats z money-crops1 s9ks 9 intellig5ce & loses c\rage4 ,! or*>d1 :5 intellig5tly c>$ =1 seldom fails to give mu* l>g] pr(its ?an a l area devot$ to ! c]eals4 ,z a rule1 ! mo/ difficult crop to raise or ! mo/ difficult bus9ess is ! "o :i* br+s ! mo/ lib]al rew>d aft] ! difficulties h be5 surm\nt$4 ,:5 conv5i5t1 ! or*>d might well be set to ! nor? or we/ ( ! build+s1 9 mo/ sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b n s close to !m z to prev5t a good air passage betwe5 x & ! dwell+4 ,l[-head$ fruit trees %\ld n be set 9 ! h\se y>d or ne> to x4 ,! trees 9 mo/ or*>ds are set too close toge!r1 & ev5 :5 set appropriate di/ances ap>t x w be f\nd to be unpr(itable1 9 ! long run1 to gr[ two crops on ! same l& at ! same "t1 z :eat or oats & apples4 ,specific directions = ! c>e & managem5t ( or*>ds c n[ be f\nd 9 well writt5 books & bullet9s2 !re=e !re is no occasion = treat+ or*>ds 9 detail "h4 ,suffice x to say t ! f>m] )\t an abundance ( fruits 9 _! season is l ! lad ) empty pockets outside ! circus t5t3 lots ( fruit & fun1 ready to be enjoy$ by ^? :o h made ?\ghtful provision = ! gratification ( desires :i* always come1 soon] or lat]4 ,e f>m] %\ld gr[ mo/ ( ! fruits suit$ to 8 soil & climate1--en\gh to eat & to sell & to give to ! wor?y poor4 ,,f>m ,,g>d5 ,! f>m g>d5 %\ld be ample & conta9 n only en\gh vegetable & small fruits = ! use ( ! family1 b a surplus to sell or to give away4 ,! f>m] us$ to l>ge areas is reluctant to und]take any?+ s small z he imag9es ! g>d5 to be2 h5ce1 too (t5 he pl[s x & leaves ! plant+ & cultivation ( x to ! 8wom5 folks40 ,if he knew h[ to manage a g>d5 he w\ld f9d t ! half-acre ( l& devot$ to small fruits & vegetables c\ld be made ! mo/ pr(itable & pleasurable "p ( ! f>m4 ,high] remun]ation is receiv$ = ! "t sp5t 9 h>ve/+ ! products ( a l>ge1 well kept g>d51 ?an 9 h>ve/+ ! c]eals or milk+ ! c[s4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t !re are good reasons = ! f>m]'s di/a/e = g>d5+1 = ! g>d5s1 z usually laid out1 necessitate ! maximum ( h&-culture & ! m9imum ( horse-culture4 ,! result ( su* g>d5s is a m9imum ( products secur$ by maximum ( ef=t1 & a resultant surplus ( we$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,plan ( a home g>d54 ,! g>d5 %\ld be ab\t f\r times z long z x is broad1 unf5c$ :5 possible1 ne> to ! h\se1 & %\ld be1 9 m9iature1 a f>m ) ! c]eals1 grasses1 & l>ge fruits left out 7,fig4 #ach74 ,! side f>!/ f ! dwell+ %\ld be devot$ to ! p]5nial plants1 su* z grapes1 currants & o!r bu%-fruits4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be plant$ 9 /raight r[s1 ) spaces suffici5tly wide betwe5 ! r[s to admit ( horse-hoe culture4 ,! grapes & blackb]ries might occupy "o r[1 ! raspb]ries & currants a second r[1 rhub>b1 asp>agus & l plants a ?ird r[4 ,! spaces betwe5 ^! v>i\s fruits %\ld be eight feet1 z x is poor economy to s cr[d v9es & bu%es z to =ce !m to /ruggle ! ye> ?r\gh = plant-food & moi/ure4 ,a rod or two ( l&1 m or less1 virtually am\nts to no?+ on ! f>m2 cr[d+ ! plants is only admissible 9 ! city or village4 ,"h ! plants may receive unusual c>e1 & (t5 may be irrigat$ at fruit+ "t f ! city hydrant4 ,! r[s ( ord9>y vegetables may be ?irty in*es ap>t1 except 9 case ( su* plants z onions1 lettuce1 & e>ly beets4 ,^! small1 sl[-gr[+ escul5ts %\ld be plant$ 9 d\ble r[s4 ,/>t+ f ! la/ r[ ( potatoes a ?irty in* space is measur$ (f1 a r[ ( lettuce plant$1 & !n "o foot f ?is a r[ ( beets or onions2 !n leave a space ?irty in*es wide & aga9 plant d\ble r[s1 if m ( ! small escul5ts are want$4 ,! l>g] spaces may be cultivat$ by horse-hoe & ! small] spaces by h&-hoe4 ,! entire g>d5 :i* is to be plant$ 9 ! spr+ %\ld be kept f]tile & pl[$ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 leav+ t "p ( x :i* is n design$ = imm$iate plant+ unh>r[$4 ,x may be necess>y to repl[4 ,x c]ta9ly w be necess>y to cultivate sev]al times t "p ( ! g>d5 :i* is us$ = late-gr[+ crops1 su* z cabbage & cel]y4 ,z a rule1 ! f>m] _c af=d to attempt to raise two crops on ! same l& ! same ye>1 s9ce labor is ev]y?+ & ! use ( l& no?+2 !re=e1 bett] prep>e ! gr\nd by two or ?ree pl[+s = ! late crops1 ?an to attempt to raise !m on l& :i* has p>t$ ) mu* ( its readily available plant-food 9 produc+ ! e>ly crop4 ,!n1 too1 l& :i* has produc$ "o crop is likely to be defici5t 9 moi/ure1 :ile l& t has be5 pl[$ two or ?ree times dur+ ! summ] & kept well h>r[$ w be moi/ & conta9 an abundance ( readily available plant-food4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! l& is cold & (t5 too moi/1 x is be/ to leave ! soil r\gh = a "t if x is n to be plant$ imm$iately1 t x may become some:at dry & w>m4 ,z a rule1 ! g>d5 %\ld n be f5c$1 b ! *ick5s %\ld be re/ra9$ by f5ces a "p ( ! "t2 at o!r times !y may h free access to ! g>d51 :]e !y are (t5 v b5eficial 9 r$uc+ ! insect enemies4 ,,index ,ab&on$ l&s1 significance (1 #ca4 ,agricultural /ati/ics1 #h2 :at !y d n %[1 #aj4 ,agriculturi/s1 :at !y h done1 #h4 ,air space requir$ 9 c[ /ables1 #bha4 ,anglo-,saxon1 cause ( sup]iority1 #ej4 ,animal1 necessity ( ex]cise =1 #bgh2 void+s1 h[ c>$ = 9 /ables1 #bgg4 ,asphalt = /able floors1 #bib4 ,bailey1 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h41 quot$1 #g4 ,bailey1 *ap4 xiv1 #bcg4 ,balloon frames1 #abi4 ,b>ns1 #bhh2 basem5t1 location (1 #bfh2 build+ ! basem5t1 #bff2 connect$ by cov]$ way to h\se1 #beg2 discussion (1 #bdi2 di/ance to locate f h\se1 #beg2 economy 9 con/ruction1 #bec2 excavations =1 #bfh2 high l>ge ones pref]able1 #bec2 location (1 #bee2 octagonal1 discussion (1 #bed2 plann+1 #bei2 size requir$1 #bdi2 wat] supply =1 #bfa2 :y l>ge ones are requir$1 #bej4 ,b>ny>ds1 op5 ones objectionable1 #beh2 paddocks are pref]able to1 #bei4 ,basem5t b>ns1 bridg+ =1 #bfi2 location (1 #bfh2 on level gr\nd1 #bfi2 floors1 h[ to con/ruct1 #bgg2 walls1 h[ to prev5t dampness on1 #bge2 wood pref]able to /one1 #bge4 ,beauty & utility %\ld be comb9$1 #ajg4 ,bonanza f>m+1 cause ( decl9e1 #cf-ch4 ,brick us$ 9 /able floors1 #bgh4 ,build+ ! b>n1 *ap4 xvii1 #bhh2 fram+1 #bhi2 horse /ables1 #bid2 lightn+ rods on b>ns1 #bif2 pa9t+ ! b>n1 #bif2 plank frames1 #bij2 protect+ ! root-cell>1 #bhi2 repair+ old b>n floors1 #bic2 ro( ( b>ns1 #bif2 /able floors1 #bib2 w9d[s1 #bie4 ,cattle1 /an*ions =1 #bhd4 ,cem5t1 ,portl&1 co/ & mix+ (1 #bgd2 proportion (1 to s& 9 mort>1 #bgc4 ,*anges 9 h\ses1 consid]ations1 #he4 ,*ildr51 city & c\ntry comp>$1 #c4 ,ci/]ns z a s\rce ( wat] supply1 #bfc4 ,cleanl9ess1 & sanitation1 wat] supply & sewage1 *ap4 xii1 #bjd2 bact]ia1 h>mful & b5eficial1 #bjd-bjf2 ba? room1 #baj2 ba? tubs1 #bac2 cess pools1 #bbj2 closets1 #baj2 dis9fectants1 #bjg2 dry-e>? closets1 #bbb2 kit*5 s9k1 #bab2 laundry1 #bad2 ou?\ses1 #baf2 p]sonal cleanl9ess1 #bji2 pipes1 #bab2 sewage1 #bai2 wat] closets1 #bad2 wat] supply1 #bag4 ,college build+s & :at !y illu/rate1 #ajd4 ,colleges4 ,l& ,grant1 aim (1 #ad2 end[m5t1 #ad2 data ( incomes1 #ae4 ,compet5ce1 h[ obta9$1 #bj4 ,conc5tration ( b>ns1 #hd4 ,c\nsel at ! "r "t1 #fi4 ,c\ntry *ur*es1 #aai4 ,c\ntry life1 :at x /&s =1 #gd2 :at ?+s h no place 9 x1 #gd4 ,c\ntry s*ool h\ses1 #aai-abb4 ,c[s1 air space requir$ =1 #bhj1 #bha2 mang]s =1 section (1 #bhf4 ,crops1 good & poor1 #bg2 specializ$1 baleful results (1 #cc4 ,dams = artificial pools1 h[ to con/ruct1 #bfb4 ,decorations inside1 #aic4 ,de$s & ab/racts1 #fg4 ,demol9s1 ,m41 quot$1 #ej4 ,economy1 #bbd4 ,educat+ ! eye & judgm5t1 #ajg4 ,education1 by contact ) nature1 #d2 high]1 conc5tration necess>y1 #eb2 high]1 9 ! pa/1 #ac2 indu/rial1 #ad4 ,evolution ( high wages1 #be4 ,ext]nal con/ruction1 pr9ciples (1 #ajh4 ,f>m build+s1 conc5trat$ & di/ributive1 #bea2 conc5trat$ sy/em pref]able1 #beb2 examples ( mi/akes1 #hi4 ,f>m labor]s1 wages receiv$ by1 #bec4 ,f>m]s' contribution to economic /atus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #i4 ,f>ms1 selection (--climatic conditions1 #ee2 *eap l&s1 #ef2 wat] supply1 #eg4 ,f>ms ov]load$ ) build+s1 #hh4 8,f>m+ doesn't pay10 #f4 ,f5ces1 #ccf4 ,fields1 !1 *ap4 xxi1 #ccf4 ,filigree "w1 n = f>m h\ses1 #if4 ,fir/ impressions1 #aaf4 ,floors1 basem5t1 h[ to con/ruct1 #bgg2 c[s to /& ^u1 #bhj2 /able1 wood5 ones pref]able1 #bgh4 ,f\ndations = build+s1 h[ squ>$1 #bff4 ,f\ndation walls1 prop]ly & improp]ly bond$1 #bgb4 ,fro/ pockets1 #gf4 ,furni%+1 #aic4 ,g>d51 f>m1 #cda2 plant+ !1 #cdb4 ,g+]bread cornices1 #acj4 ,gr\nd floor unheal?y1 #gg4 ,gypsum1 use ( 9 /ables1 #bgg4 ,heat+1 #aij4 ,home education sugge/ions1 #dh4 ,home1 old 7%\ld be pres]v$71 #aab2 sugge/ions = improvem5t (1 #aac4 ,home tra9+1 #df4 ,home/ead1 improv+ ! old1 #aad4 ,horn-fly1 ref]5ce to1 #ccg4 ,h\se1 build+ !1 *ap4 viii1 #acb2 brick & /one h\ses1 #afi2 *imneys--flue l9+s1 #adj1 op5+s =1 #ada2 exclud+ v]m9 f !1 #ace2 f\ndations1 build+ !1 #ach2 mort> = f\ndations1 #aci2 protect+ f fro/1 #acf2 ! cell>1 #acc1 #acd2 ,wood5 h\ses--! frame1 #adb2 bridg+ ! joi/s1 #adc2 cutt+ braces & raft]s1 #aej2 diagonal bo>d+1 #add2 gird]s = second-/ory joi/s1 #ade2 made-up timb]s1 #adf2 old h\ses1 #agj2 ro(s--k9ds (1 #adg1 pit* (1 #adi2 /udd+1 size (1 #adc2 ! /ory-&-a-half1 #aee4 ,h\se furni%+ & decoration1 *ap4 xi1 #aic2 c>pets vs4 rugs1 #aif2 decorations1 #bjj2 drap]ies1 #aih2 g5]al pr9ciples1 #aic-aif4 ,h\se1 location (1 #gd2 extremes1 #ge2 on elevat$ l&s1 #gf1 #hj1 #hb4 ,h\se ( pione]1 :]e locat$1 #ge4 ,h\se1 old f>m1 an example ( a good1 #ij-ia4 ,h\se sites--old & new1 #hd4 ,h\se sites to be avoid$1 #hb2 ne> middle ( e/ate1 #hc2 & highway1 #hc4 ,h\se ) _m gables1 #if4 ,h\ses1 expos$ & ov]%ad$1 #aag1 #aah2 plann+1 #id2 /udy+ o!r models1 #ie2 useless co/ (1 #ie4 ,h\ses1 f>m1 n a direct s\rce ( income1 #hg2 mi/akes 9 build+1 #hg2 :at !y are =1 #hg4 ,h\ses1 old f>m1 #he4 ,h\ses1 v5e]$1 #afh4 ,h\sehold adm9i/ration1 economy & com=t1 *ap4 xiii1 #bbd2 a def9ite income1 #bbe2 b>ga9-hunt+1 #bbi2 ca% vs4 cr$it1 #bhf2 economy ( heal?1 #bcb2 keep+ acc\nts1 #bcj2 read+ matt]1 #bce2 sy/ematic buy+1 #bbg2 ! f>m]'s diet1 #bcd2 ! wife's %>e1 #bbe4 ,improvem5ts on ! f>m1 #ei4 ,inappropriate /yles ( ar*itecture1 #abd4 ,inside f9i%1 heat+ & v5tilation1 *ap4 x1 #aha2 basebo>ds1 #ahc2 fac+s1 #ahf2 f9i%1 h>d oil1 #ahf2 floors1 #ahb2 pat5t mort>s1 #ahh2 pla/]$ walls1 #ahf-ahh2 picture m\ld+1 #ahd2 /airs1 #ahe2 wa9scot+1 #ahe2 ,heat+--/eam recomm5d$1 #aia2 sy/ems (1 comp>$1 #aij2 ,v5tilation1 #aia4 ,l& = m>ket-g>d5+1 #fa4 ,l&s1 *eap1 #ef4 ,lawns1 #bdc4 ,lawy] & ! f>m]1 #gc4 ,lawy]1 prov9ce ( ! true1 #gb4 ,lawy]s1 #fe4 ,level c\ntry1 disadvantages ( location 91 ov]come1 #gh4 ,leisure & /udy1 #ac4 ,light & air1 #ajf4 ,lightn+1 artificial1 #cbb2 bru% dis*>ge1 #cbf2 dis*>ges1 #cbc2 disruptive dis*>ge1 #cbf2 protection f1 #cbd2 protection f by metal ro(s1 #cbd2 protection f by /eam & gas pipes1 #cbe2 protect+ wood5 ro(s f1 #cbf4 ,lightn+ protection1 *ap4 xx1 #cba4 ,lightn+ rods1 #cbh-ccf2 insulation (1 #cca2 jo9ts =1 #ccc2 ! conductor1 #cbi2 ! gr\nd connection1 #ccd4 ,lime1 proportion (1 to s& 9 mort>1 #bgc4 ,lime1 /one1 retail price ( p] bbl41 #bgd2 wat]1 retail price ( p] bbl41 #bgd4 ,lumb]+1 effect (1 #ch4 ,mang] = c[s1 cross-section (1 #bhf2 h[ con/ruct$1 #bhe4 ,m>ket-g>d5+1 l& =1 #fa4 ,mi/akes 9 locat+1 #ajj4 ,mort>1 am\nt ( wat] to use 9 mix+1 #bge2 h[ to mix1 #bgc4 ,nature /udy1 #aaa4 ,newton cattle tie illu/rat$ & describ$1 #bhf4 ,norris1 ,h4 ,h41 *ap4 xx1 #cba4 ,occupation1 selection (1 #ba4 ,old b>ns1 remodel+1 #bih4 ,or*>ds1 #cdj2 c>e (1 #cda4 ,outbuild+s & accessories1 *ap4 xix1 #cjf2 pigg]ies1 #caa2 portable coops1 #cji2 p\ltry h\ses1 #cjf2 ! silo1 #caf4 ,outside cov]+1 pa9t+1 *ap4 ix1 #aeh2 cornices1 #afd2 pa9t+ ! h\se1 #agc2 adult]at$ pa9ts1 #agi2 analyses ( pa9ts1 #ahj2 oils = pa9t+1 #agg2 ro(s--con/ruction (1 #afe2 %+les1 #afe2 %+l+1 #afg2 sid+--novelty & lap1 #afj2 ! projections1 #aeh1 #afd2 ! wat]-table1 #aeh2 valleys1 #agc4 ,p>5ts z tea*]s1 #de4 ,pigg]ies1 #caa4 ,pla9 cornices1 #abf4 ,plan1 gr\nd1 n adapt$ to c\ntry1 #ih2 adapt$ to c\ntry1 #ii1 #aja4 ,plant-food1 natural *eap] ?an artificial1 #fb4 ,pools 9 level c\ntry1 #gh4 ,pools 9 ! ,s\?1 h[ con/ruct$1 #bfb4 ,p\ltry ,h\ses1 #cjf4 ,quality 9 f>m products1 #cb4 ,r$ ,riv] valley soil1 nitrog5 91 #cg4 ,remodel+ old b>ns1 *ap4 xviii1 #bih2 comb9+ sev]al old frames1 #bii2 =m ( ro(1 #cjb2 truss+ to elim9ate po/s1 #cja4 ,remun]ation 9 agriculture1 #g4 ,r5t] & r5t+ discuss$1 #dj4 ,road to f>m1 #fc4 ,road f5ces1 may be disc>d$1 #cci4 ,root cell>1 location ( 9 b>n1 #bgj4 ,ros5dale cem5t1 proportion to mix1 #bgd4 ,rural life2 advantages & disadvantages1 #b2 greate/ advantage (1 #e4 ,rural population1 wants & aspirations1 #ai4 ,sanitation1 #bjd4 ,sc5]y1 natural1 its value1 #eh4 ,s*o5feld1 ,mr4 ,g41 an int5sive agriculturi/1 #bb2 8 crops & _! value1 #bc4 ,s*ool1 di/rict1 sket* ( a day 91 #dg4 ,s*ool *ildr51 effects ( mass+1 #dd4 ,s*ools1 rural1 #dc4 ,sewage1 #bjd4 ,%ad[s ca/ by walls1 #ajf4 ,%ip con/ruction ( h\ses1 #abh4 ,silos1 #caf4 ,silo1 ref]5ce to use (1 #ccg4 ,smi?1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,r41 *ap4 xi1 #aic2 *ap4 xii1 #bjd2 *ap4 xiii1 #bbd4 ,soil & subsoil = h\se location1 #hj4 ,soil+ sy/em1 ref]r$ to1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,/able floors1 #bib2 wood5 ones pref]able1 #bgh2 drip 91 h[ con/ruct$1 #bhj2 h[ to secure sanit>y conditions 91 #bgg2 /an*ions = cattle1 #bhd4 ,/alls = c[s1 h[ con/ruct$1 #bhe4 ,/ock on ! f>ms 9 ,u4 ,s4 9 #ahgj & #ahij1 #bej4 ,tillage1 co/ (1 consid]$ 9 l& value1 #fb4 ,types ( dwell+ h\ses1 #aji4 ,van,vleet1 ,d4,f41 *ap4 v1 #fe4 ,v5tilation1 #aia2 pr9ciples (1 #bhc2 secur$ by sw+ w9d[s1 #bhb4 ,v5tilators = /ables1 h[ con/ruct$1 #bhb4 ,v]&a--a poor example1 #if2 outlook f1 #ha2 %ad+1 #ajc4 ,vi/as & views br\ght into ! l&scape1 #ha4 ,w>n]1 ,pr(4 ,amos ,g41 quot$1 #c4 ,walls1 /one1 h[ to bond1 #bgb4 ,wat] = animals1 temp]ature be/ 9 w9t]1 #bfd4 ,wat] supply & sewage1 #bjd4 ,wat] supply1 artificial pools =1 #bfb2 = animals1 %\ld be 9 b>n1 #bfd2 = build+s1 #bfa2 spr+s & /reams1 #bfd4 ,wat]1 cold1 effect ^u ! animal1 #bfe2 lime1 retail price ( p] bbl41 #bgd4 ,wells1 #ga4 ,:eat1 production & co/ (1 #cj4 ,w9d[s1 sw+1 h[ con/ruct$ 9 /ables1 #bhb4 ,writ+1 matt]s ( importance %\ld be 91 #ga4 ,y>d 7! h\se y>d71 *ap4 xiv1 #bcg2 driveways & walks1 #bci2 fl[]s1 #bdg2 plant+1 scatt]$ & 9 gr\ps1 #cci2 ! lawn1 #bdc2 v9es & creep]s1 #bdg4 ,,cyclop$ia ,,( ,,am]ican ,,horticulture ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 assi/$ by ,,wilhelm ,,mill]1 & _m ,exp]t ,cultivators & ,botani/s ,,f\r ,,volumes--,,ov] #bhjj ,,orig9al ,,engrav+s--,,clo?--,,octavo--#bj ,,net ,,p] ,,set--,,half ,,morocco1 #cb ,,net ,,p] ,,set ,?is great "w comprises directions = ! cultivation ( horticultural crops & orig9al descriptions ( all ! species ( fruits1 vegetables1 fl[]s & ornam5tal plants kn[n to be 9 ! m>ket 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 8,x has ! unique di/9ction ( pres5t+ = ! fir/ "t1 9 a c>efully arrang$ & p]fectly accessible =m1 ! be/ k ( ! be/ speciali/s 9 ,am]ica ^u g>d5+1 fruit-gr[+1 vegetable culture1 =e/ry1 & ! l1 z well z exact botanical in=mation4444 ,! contributors are em95t cultivators or speciali/s1 & ! arrangem5t is v sy/ematic1 cle> & conv5i5t = ready ref]5ce40 8,we h "h a "w :i* e ambiti\s g>d5] w wi% to place on 8 %elf beside 8 ,ni*olson & 8 ,l\don1 & = su* us]s ( x a too advanc$ nom5clature w\ld h be5 confus+ to ! la/ degree4 ,) ! safe names "h giv5 !re is little liability to s]i\s p]plexity4 ,!re is a gr[+ impati5ce ) mu* ( ! controv]sy conc]n+ revision ( names ( organisms1 :e!r ( plants or animals4 ,^? inve/igators :o are busi$ ) ! ecological aspects ( organisms1 & also ^? :o are *iefly conc]n$ ) ! application ( plants to ! arts ( agriculture1 horticulture1 & s on1 c>e = ! names ( organisms "u exam9ation only s f> z ^! aid 9 recognition & id5tification4 ,to introduce unnecess>y confusion is a s]i\s blund]4 ,pr(essor ,bailey has avoid$ ! risk ( confusion4 ,9 %ort1 9 range1 treatm5t & edit+1 ! ,cyclop$ia appe>s to be emphatically useful3444 a "w wor?y ( rank+ by ! side ( ! ,c5tury ,diction>y40--,! ,nation4 ,?is "w is sold only by subscription1 & t]ms & fur!r in=mation may be _h ( ! publi%]s4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,books ,,on ,,agriculture ,on ,selection ( ,l&1 etc4 ,?omas ,f4 ,hunt's ,h[ to ,*oose a ,f>m #a #ge net ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d's ,soils3 ,_! ,=mation1 & ,relations to ,climate & ,plant ,gr[? #d #jj net ,isaac ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f>m/ead #a #ej net ,on ,tillage1 ,crops1 etc4 ,f4 ,h4 ,k+'s ,! ,soil #a #ej net ,isaac ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f]tility ( ! ,l& #a #ej net ,elwood ,mead's ,irrigation ,in/itutions #a #be net ,f4 ,h4 ,k+'s ,irrigation & ,dra9age #a #ej net ,wm4 ,e4 ,smy!'s ,! ,conque/ ( ,arid ,am]ica #a #ej net ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees' ,f]tiliz]s #a #be net ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees' ,=age ,crops #a #ej net ,h4 ,snyd]'s ,*emi/ry ( ,plant & ,animal ,life #a #be net ,h4 ,snyd]'s ,soils & ,f]tiliz]s4 ,?ird edition #a #be net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture #a #be net ,w4 ,c4 ,welborn's ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture1 ,s\!rn & ,we/]n #ge net ,j4 ,f4 ,dugg>'s ,agriculture = ,s\!rn ,s*ools #ge net ,on ,plant ,diseases1 etc4 ,george ,massee's ,plant ,diseases #a #fj net ,j4 ,g4 ,lipman's ,bact]ia 9 ,relation to ,c\ntry ,life #a #ej net ,e4 ,c4 ,lodeman's ,! ,spray+ ( ,plants #a #be net ,h4 ,m4 ,w>d's ,disease 9 ,plants 7,engli%7 #a #fj net ,a4 ,s4 ,pack>d's ,a ,text-book on ,entomology #d #ej net ,on ,production ( ,new ,plants ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,plant-,bre$+ #a #be net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,! ,survival ( ! ,unlike #b #jj net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,! ,evolution ( our ,native ,fruits #b #jj net ,w4 ,s4 ,h>wood's ,new ,creations 9 ,plant ,life #a #ge net ,on ,g>d5 ,mak+ ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,practical ,g>d5-,book #a #jj net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,g>d5-,mak+ #a #ej net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,vegetable-,g>d5+ #a #ej net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,horticulturi/'s ,rule ,book #ge net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,=c+-,book #a #be net ,a4 ,fr5*'s ,book ( ,vegetables #a #ge net ,on ,fruit-gr[+1 etc4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,nurs]y-,book #a #ej net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,fruit-gr[+ #a #ej net ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,! ,prun+-,book #a #ej net ,f4 ,w4 ,c>d's ,bu% ,fruits #a #ej net ,on ! ,c>e ( ,live ,/ock ,nelson ,s4 ,mayo's ,! ,diseases ( ,animals #a #ej net ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan's ,! ,fe$+ ( ,animals #a #ej net ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,horse #a #be net ,george ,c4 ,watson's ,f>m ,p\ltry #a #be net ,on ,dairy ,"w ,h5ry ,h4 ,w+'s ,milk & ,its ,products #a #ej net ,c4 ,m4 ,aikman's ,milk #a #be net ,h>ry ,snyd]'s ,dairy ,*emi/ry #a #jj net ,w4 ,d4 ,fro/'s ,laboratory ,guide 9 ,elem5t>y ,bact]iology #a #fj net ,i4 ,p4 ,%eldon's ,! ,f>m & ! ,dairy #a #jj net ,on ,economics & ,organization ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,! ,/ate & ! ,f>m] #a #be net ,h5ry ,c4 ,taylor's ,agricultural ,economics #a #be net ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f>m]'s ,bus9ess ,h&book #a #be net ,george ,t4 ,fair*ild's ,rural ,weal? & ,welf>e #a #be net ,s4 ,e4 ,sp>l+'s ,bus9ess ,organization #a #be net ,9 ! ,citiz5's ,libr>y4 ,includes a *apt] on ,f>m+4 ,kate ,v4 ,/4 ,maur's ,a ,self-,support+ ,home #a #ge net ,kate ,v4 ,/4 ,maur's ,! ,e>?'s ,b\nty #a #ge net ,on ,ev]y?+ ,agricultural ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,agriculture3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,f>ms1 ,climates1 & ,soils4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,f>m ,crops4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,f>m ,animals4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,! ,f>m & ! ,community4 ,price ( sets3 ,clo?1 #bj net2 half-morocco1 #cb net4 ,= fur!r in=mation z to any ( ! above1 address ! publi%]s ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,lessons ,,) ,,plants ,sugge/ions = ,see+ & ,int]pret+ ,"s ( ! ,common ,=ms ( ,vegetation ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,) del9eations f nature by ,w4 ,s4 ,,holdswor?1 ( ! ,agricultural ,college ( ,mi*igan ,,sev5? ,,edition--#dia ,,pages--#ddf ,,illu/rations--#ab,,mo--,,clo?--#a4aj ,,net ,!re are two ways ( look+ at nature4 ,! old way1 :i* y h f\nd s unsatisfactory1 0 to classify ev]y?+--to consid] leaves1 roots1 & :ole plants z =mal h]b>ium specim5s1 =gett+ t ea* _h its own /ory ( gr[? & developm5t1 /ruggle & success1 to tell4 ,no?+ /ifles a natural love = plants m effectually ?an t old way4 ,! new way is to wat* ! life ( e gr[+ ?+1 to look ^u ea* plant z a liv+ creature1 ^: life is a /ory z fasc9at+ z ! /ory ( any favorite h]o4 8,lessons ) ,plants0 is a book ( /ories1 or r1 a book ( plays1 = we c see ea* *apt] act$ out if we take ! tr\ble to look at ! actors4 8,i h sp5t "s "t 9 mo/ delightful exam9ation ( x1 & ! long] ,i look1 ! bett] ,i l x4 ,i f9d x n only full ( int]e/1 b em95tly sugge/ive4 ,i "k ( no book :i* beg9s to d s mu* to op5 ! eyes ( ! /ud5t--:e!r pupil or tea*]--to ! weal? ( mean+ conta9$ 9 simple plant =ms4 ,above all else1 x seems to be full ( sugge/ions t help "o to le>n ! language ( plants1 s !y may talk to him40--,,d>w9 ,l4 ,,b>dwell1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,b+hamton4 8,x is an admirable book1 & _c fail bo? to awak5 int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & to s]ve z a helpful & reliable guide to "y /ud5ts ( plant life4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 fill an important place 9 second>y s*ools1 & comes at an opportune "t1 :5 helps ( ?is k9d are ne$$ & eag]ly s\ght40--,pr(essor ,v4 ,m4 ,,spald+1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,fir/ ,,lessons ,,) ,,plants ,an ,abridgem5t ( ! above #aag ,,pages--#aaf ,,illu/rations--#dj ,,c5ts ,,net ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,botany ,an ,elem5t>y ,text = ,s*ools ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,twelf? ,,edition--#dca ,,pages--#ejj ,,illu/rations--#a4aj ,,net 8,?is book is made = ! pupil3 #8,lessons ,) ,plants' 0 made to supplem5t ! "w ( ! tea*]40 ,?is is ! op5+ s5t5ce ( ! preface1 %[+ t ! book is a companion to 8,lessons ,) ,plants10 :i* has n[ become a /&>d tea*]'s book4 ,! pres5t book is ! h&some/ elem5t>y botanical text-book yet made4 ,! illu/rations illu/rate4 ,!y are arti/ic4 ,! old =mal & unnatural ,botany is be+ rapidly outgr[n4 ,! book disp>ages m]e laboratory "w ( ! old k9d3 ! pupil is taught to see ?+s z !y gr[ & behave4 ,! pupil :o goes ?r\gh ?is book w und]/& ! mean+ ( ! plants :i* he sees day by day4 ,x is a revolt f ! dry-z-du/ tea*+ ( botany4 ,x c>es little = sci5ce = sci5ce's sake1 b its po9t ( view is nature-/udy 9 its be/ s5se4 ,! book is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 any or all ( :i* may be us$ 9 ! s*ool3 ! plant itself2 ! plant 9 its environm5t2 hi/ology1 or ! m9ute /ructure ( plants2 ! k9ds ( plants 7) a key1 & descriptions ( #cjj common species74 ,! introduction conta9s advice to tea*]s4 8,an exce$+ly attractive text-book40--,educational ,review4 8,x is a s*ool book ( ! mod]n me?ods40--,! ,dial4 8,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a bett] manual = s*ools or = individual use40--,! ,outlook4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry ,by ,,h>ry ,,snyd]1 ,b4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 & ,*emi/ ( ! ,m9nesota ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,plant & ,animal ,life ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #djf pages4 #a4be2 by mail1 #a4ce4 8,! language is1 z x %\ld be1 pla9 & simple1 free f all ne$less te*nicality1 & ! /ory ?us told is ( absorb+ int]e/ to e "o1 man or woman1 boy or girl1 :o takes an intellig5t int]e/ 9 f>m life40--,! ,new ,engl& ,f>m]4 8,al?\gh ! book is highly te*nical1 x is put 9 popul> =m & made compreh5sible f ! /&po9t ( ! f>m]2 x deals l>gely ) ^? que/ions :i* arise 9 8 exp]i5ce1 & w prove an invaluable aid 9 c\ntless directions40--,! ,f>m]'s ,voice4 ,dairy ,*emi/ry ,illu/rat$4 #aij pages4 #a net2 by mail1 #a4aj4 8,! book is a valuable "o :i* any dairy f>m]1 or1 inde$1 any "o h&l+ /ock1 may read ) pr(it40--,rural ,new ,york]4 ,soils & ,f]tiliz]s ,?ird ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4be net2 by mail1 #a4ch4 ,a book :i* pres5ts 9 a concise =m ! pr9ciples ( soil f]tility & discusses all ( ! topics relat+ to soils z outl9$ by ! ,committee on ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,agriculture4 ,x conta9s #cej pages1 ) illu/rations1 & treats ( a great v>iety ( subjects1 su* z ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,soils2 ,geological ,=mation1 etc42 ,nitrog5 ( ! ,soil & ,air2 ,f>m ,manures2 ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s1 sev]al *apt]s2 ,rotation ( ,crops2 ,prep>ation ( ,soil = ,crops1 etc4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,new ,,books ,,= ,,! ,,f>m ,,libr>y ,,mr4 ,,bolton ,,hall',s ,?ree ,acres & ,lib]ty ,! au?or discusses ! possibilities ( an acre2 :]e to f9d idle l&2 h[ to select x1 cle> & cultivate x2 ! results to be expect$2 :at an acre may produce2 me?ods1 tools1 equipm5t1 capital1 hotb$s & gre5h\ses2 o!r uses ( l&2 fl[]s2 p\ltry & novel live /ock2 & ne>ly e o!r imag9able topic ( int5sive f>m+ 9 cle>1 def9ite /atem5ts :i* are easily v]ifi$4 ,x is a practical book f cov] to cov]4 ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ge net1 by mail1 #a4hh4 ,by ,,all5 ,,fr5* ,a ,book ( ,vegetables & ,g>d5 ,h]bs ,a ,practical ,h&book & ,plant+ ,table = ! ,home ,g>d5 ,?is book gives complete directions = gr[+ all vegetables cultivable 9 ! climate ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,besides a description ( ea* plant1 its habit1 value1 & use1 ! book conta9s detail$ cultural directions1 cov]+ ! soil1 plant+ di/ances1 times = s[+1 ?9n+ & transplant+1 f]tiliz+1 pick+1 w9t] protection1 r5ewal1 /orage1 & managem5t ( diseases & pe/s4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ge net1 by mail1 #a4hh4 ,by ,,kate ,v4 ,,/4 ,,maur ,a ,self-support+ ,home 8,ea* *apt] is ! detail$ acc\nt ( all ! "w necess>y = "o mon?--9 ! vegetable g>d51 among ! small fruits1 ) ! f[ls1 gu9eas1 rabbits1 cavies1 & 9 e bran* ( husb&ry to be met ) on ! small f>m40--,l\isville ,c\ri]-,j\rnal4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 ,fully illu/rat$ f photographs4 #a4ge net1 by mail1 #a4hh4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,h>wood ,! ,new ,e>? ,a ,recital ( ! ,triumphs ( ,mod]n ,agriculture 9 ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,h>wood %[s 9 a v ent]ta9+ way ! rem>kable progress :i* has be5 made dur+ ! pa/ two g5]ations along all ! l9es :i* h _! focal po9t 9 ! e>?4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ge net1 by mail1 #a4hh4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,cyclop$ia ,,( ,,am]ican ,,agriculture ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,editor ( 8,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,horticulture10 ,au?or ( 8,plant ,bre$+10 8,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture10 etc4 ,,) #ajj ,,full-,,page ,,plates ,,& ,,m ,,?an #b1jjj ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text--,,f\r ,,volumes--,,! ,,set3 ,,clo?1 #bj ,,net--,,half-,,morocco1 #cb ,,net--,,c>riage ,,extra ,volume ,i--,f>ms ,! ,agricultural ,regions--,! ,project+ ( a ,f>m--,! ,soil ,environm5t--,! ,atmosph]e ,environm5t4 ,volume ,,ii--,crops ,! ,plant & ,its ,relations--,! ,manufacture ( ,crop ,products--,nor? ,am]ican ,field ,crops4 ,volume ,,iii--,animals ,! ,animal & ,its ,relations--,! ,manufacture ( ,animal ,products--,nor? ,am]ican ,f>m ,animals4 ,volume ,,iv--,! ,f>m & ! ,community ,economics--,social ,que/ions--,organizations--,hi/ory--,lit ]ature1 etc4 8,indisp5sable to public & ref]5ce libr>ies 444 readily compreh5sible to any p]son ( av]age education40--,! ,nation4 8,! complete/ exi/+ !saurus ( up-to-date facts & op9ions on mod]n agricultural me?ods4 ,x is safe to say t _m ye>s mu/ pass be=e x c be surpass$ 9 compreh5siv5ess1 accuracy1 practical value1 & me*anical excell5ce4 ,x ought to be 9 e libr>y 9 ! c\ntry40--,record ,h]ald1 ,*icago4 ,publi%$ by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! language us$ 9 ?is e-book is t us$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 inconsi/5t1 unusual & ar*aic spell+1 hyph5ation & capitalisation h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ "u ,*anges bel[4 ,dep5d+ 9 ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,"s ( ! l>g] elem5ts are be/ view$ 9 a wide w9d[ or on a wide scre54 ,page #aeb1 ,footnote #e3 ! ref]5ce %\ld be to ,figs4 #fc & #fd4 ,*anges3 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ outside text p>agraphs4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly und]nea? ! p>agraph 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,"s m9or obvi\s typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,9 multiplications & dim5sions1 x & h be5 /&>dis$ to 4 ,page vi3 ,! ,index has be5 add$ to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,page #af-ag3 ,! table has be5 split 9 ord] to fit ! available wid?4 ,page #add3 444 w9d[ & door-jambs 444 *ang$ to 444 w9d[- & door-jambs 4444 ,page #bgd3 ,ros$ale cem5t *ang$ to ,ros5dale cem5t4 ,page #ccc3 #a-af *ang$ to = consi/5cy4 ,page #cej3 ,s*nfield *ang$ to ,s*o5feld z 9 text2 ,van ,vleet1 ,d4 ,f4 *ang$ to ,van,vleet1 ,d4,f4 z 9 ,table ( ,cont5ts4