,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,t>iff ,,commission ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,,& ,,_! ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,report ,no4 #aca ,,second ,,s]ies ,illu/ration ,,rec5t ,,reports ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,t>iff ,,commission ,,reports ,,to ,,! ,,presid5t ,"u ! ,rate ,adju/m5t ,provisions 7,sec4 #ccf7 ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj ,dress$ or ,dy$ ,furs1 ,report ,no4 #abb1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicg #j4je ,slide ,fa/5]s 7,zipp]s71 ,report ,no4 #aac1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicf 4#aj ,"u ! ,unfair ,practices ,provisions 7,sec4 #ccg7 ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj ,coilable ,metal ,rules1 ,report ,no4 #ajf1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicf 4#je ,,reports ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,s5ate ,"u ! ,g5]al ,p[]s ,provision 7,sec4 #ccb7 ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj ,nets & ,nett+ & ,o!r ,fi%+ ,ge>1 ,report ,no4 #aag1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicg 4#aj ,salmon & ,o!r ,fi%1 ,report ,no4 #aba1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicg 4#ae ,subsidies & ,b\nties to ,fi%]ies ,ent]prises by ,=eign ,c\ntries1 ,report ,no4 #aaf1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicf 4#ae ,tuna ,fi%1 ,report ,no4 #aji1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicf 4#aj ,wood ,pulp & ,pulpwood1 ,report ,no4 #abf1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aich 4#cj ,,o!r ,,reports ,,"u ,,! ,,g5]al ,,p[]s ,,provision ,,( ,,! ,,t>iff ,,act ,,( #aicj ,dom9ion & ,colonial ,/ati/ics1 ,report ,no4 #abg1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aich 4#aj ,dyes & ,o!r ,syn!tic ,organic ,*emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aicg1 ,report ,no4 #acb1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aich 4#aj ,ext5t ( ,equal ,t>iff ,treatm5t 9 ,=eign ,c\ntries1 ,report ,no4 #aai1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicg 4#ae ,! ,mica ,indu/ry1 ,report ,no4 #acj1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aich 4#be ,*emical ,nitrog51 ,report ,no4 #aad1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicg 4#be ,flat ,glass & ,relat$ ,glass ,products1 ,report ,no4 #abc1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicg 4#ce ,iron & ,/eel1 ,report ,no4 #abh1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aich 4#fj ,cutl]y ,products1 ,report ,no4 #abi1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicg 4#ae ,,trade ,,agreem5ts ,,in=mation ,trade ,agreem5t ,) ,canada 7a summ>y ( ! provisions ( ?is agreem5t71 ,report ,no4 #aaa1 ,second ,s]ies1 #aicf 4#ae ,miscellane\s ,reports ,*anges 9 ,import ,duties ,s9ce ! ,passage ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj1 ,miscellane\s ,s]ies1 #aicg 4#aj ,rules ( ,practice & ,proc$ure 7,six? ,revision7 & ,laws ,relat+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,t>iff ,commission1 ,miscellane\s ,s]ies1 #aich 4#aj ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 at ! prices indicat$ ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,t>iff ,,commission ,wa%+ton ,,errata ,s9ce publication ( ! report on ,syn!tic ,res9s ! ,commission's att5tion has be5 call$ to c]ta9 necess>y corrections4 ,page #cg--b;d l9e "u head+ 8,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates0 ,/rike out 8,! ,res9\s ,products & ,*emical ,co41 ,inc410 & ins]t 8,rohm & ,haas10 ,page #aed--,la/ item "u 8,v9yl ,res9s0 ,transf] ! "n ( ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs & ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 to l9e bel[ s t x w n be opposite a trade "n4 ,?is company manufactures ,v9yl ,res9s b n 8,koroseal04 ,decemb] #aich ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! errata h be5 correct$ = ?is e-text1 toge!r ) a numb] ( sundry typos4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,t>iff ,,commission ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,,& ,,_! ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,types ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,syn!tic ,,res9s1 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,indu/ry1 ,,& ,,! ,,trade ,,9 ,,res9s ,,& ,,raw ,,mat]ials1 ,,) ,,p>ticul> ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,factors ,,ess5tial ,,to ,,t>iff ,,consid]ation ,,"u ,,! ,,g5]al ,,provisions ,,( ,,section #ccb1 ,,title ,,iii1 ,,"p ,,ii1 ,,t>iff ,,act ,,( #aicj ,,report ,no4 #aca ,,second ,,s]ies ,illu/ration ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,wa%+ton3 #aich ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #be c5ts ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,t>iff ,,commission ,,raymond ,b4 ,,/ev5s1 ,*airman ,,h5ry ,f4 ,,grady1 ,vice ,*airman ,,edg> ,b4 ,,bross>d ,,osc> ,b4 ,,ryd] ,e4 ,,dana ,,dur& ,a4 ,,manuel ,,fox ,,sidney ,,morgan1 ,secret>y ,address ,all ,communications ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,t>iff ,,commission ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,ackn[l$gm5t ,,xi #a4 ,introduction #a ,scope & purpose #b ,fundam5tal def9itions #b ,t>iff hi/ory #c ,broad5+ use ( syn!tic res9s #d ,relation ( syn!tic res9s to _! raw mat]ials #e ,s\rces ( in=mation #g #b4 ,summ>y3 ,gr[? ( ! indu/ry #g ,raw mat]ials #h ,res9s #i ,! indu/ry abroad #aj ,int]national trade #aj #c4 ,t>-acid res9s #aa ,! ?ree /ages ( a t>-acid res9 #ac ,classification ( t>-acid res9s #ac ,processes ( res9 manufacture #ad ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ae ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates #af ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ag ,t>-acid res9s = mold+3 ,mold+ p[d]s & pellets #ah ,! mold+ ( t>-acid res9s #ai ,production ( t>-acid mold+ res9s #ai ,ca/ ph5olic res9s3 ,process ( manufacture #bj ,uses #bj ,pat5ts & lic5s+ #ba ,production ( ca/ ph5olic res9s #ba ,imports & exports #ba ,t>-acid res9s = lam9at+ #ba ,uses ( t>-acid res9 lam9at$ products #bb ,production ( t>-acid res9s = lam9at+ #bc ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bd ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bd ,t>-acid res9s = surface coat+s3 ,types ( res9 us$ & ! resultant coat+s #bd ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #be ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #be ,t>-acid res9s 9 adhesives #be ,t>-acid res9s = o!r uses #bf #d4 ,alkyd res9s3 ,description & uses #bf ,developm5t & pat5ts #bg ,classification ( alkyd res9s3 ,unmodifi$ dry+ alkyd res9s #bh ,dry+ alkyd res9s1 modifi$ ) natural mat]ials #bi ,dry+ alkyd res9s1 modifi$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s #bi ,dry+ alkyd res9s1 modifi$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s & oil ext5d$ #bi ,semidry+ alkyd res9s #bi ,nondry+ alkyd res9s #cj ,miscellane\s modifi$ alkyd res9s #cj ,alkyd res9s 9 wat] disp]sion #cj ,alkyd res9s 9 mold+ compositions & o!r uses #cj ,pigm5ts & solv5ts 9 alkyd res9s #ca ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ca ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #cb #e4 ,urea res9s3 ,description & uses #cb ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #cd ,unit$ ,/ates imports & exports #ce #f4 ,acrylate res9s3 ,prop]ties & uses #ce ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #cg ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ch #g4 ,c\m>one & ind5e res9s3 ,description & uses #ch ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ci ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ci #h4 ,petroleum res9s3 ,prop]ties & uses #ci ,production #da ,imports & exports #da #i4 ,poly/yr5e res9s3 ,prop]ties & uses #da ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #db ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #db #aj4 ,v9yl res9s #dc ,description & uses3 ,polyv9yl acetate res9s #dd ,copolym]s ( v9yl acetate & v9yl *loride #df ,polyv9yl *loride res9s #dg ,polyv9yl *loroacetate res9s #dg ,div9yl acetyl5e & syn!tic rubb] #dg ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #dh ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates #dh ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ej #aa4 ,o!r syn!tic res9s3 ,adipic acid res9s #ej ,anil9e res9s #ej ,citric acid res9s #ej ,diph5yl res9s #ea ,furfural res9s #ea ,res9s f sug> #ea ,sulphonamide res9s #ea #ab4 ,! organization ( ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry3 ,horizontal relation%ips betwe5 res9 produc]s #eb ,v]tical relation%ips betwe5 res9 produc]s3 ,t>-acid res9s = mold+ #ec ,t>-acid res9s = lam9at+ #ed ,ca/ ph5olic res9s #ed ,t>-acid res9s = coat+s #ee ,t>-acid res9s = miscellane\s uses #ee ,alkyd res9s made f ph?alic anhydride #ee ,alkyd res9s made f maleic anhydride #ee ,urea res9s = mold+ #ef ,urea res9s = o!r uses #ef ,c\m>one & ind5e res9s #ef ,o!r res9s #ef ,relation%ip ( ! res9 indu/ry to o!r indu/ries3 ,! *emical indu/ry #ef ,! surface-coat+ indu/ry #eg ,! electric indu/ry #eg ,! auto indu/ry #eg #ac4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iff & int]national trade 9 syn!tic res9s #eh ,rapid expansion 9 home m>kets #ei ,! effect ( pat5ts on int]national trade #ei ,! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iff on res9s & res9 products3 ,syn!tic res9s #fj ,articles made ( syn!tic res9 #fa #ad4 ,syn!tic res9 prices1 prop]ties1 & uses3 ,syn!tic res9s z sub/itutes #fb ,motives = sub/itution #fc ,mat]ials displac$ by syn!tic res9s #fc ,competition betwe5 syn!tic res9s #fc ,res9s classifi$ by co/ #fd ,! physical prop]ties ( a res9 & its uses #fe #ae4 ,syn!tic res9s 9 o!r c\ntries3 ,g]many3 ,production #ge ,t>-acid res9s #ge ,alkyd res9s #gf ,urea res9s #gf ,poly/yr5e & v9yl res9s #gf ,uses ( syn!tic res9s #gf ,organization #gg ,=eign trade #gg ,great ,brita93 ,production #gh ,t>-acid res9s #gi ,urea res9s #gi ,acrylate res9s #gi ,anil9e res9 #gi ,organization #gi ,=eign trade #hj ,france3 ,produc]s #hj ,=eign trade #ha ,cze*oslovakia #hb ,italy #hb ,japan #hc ,production #hc ,canada #hd ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics #he ,ne!rl&s #he ,d5m>k #hf ,pol& #hf #af4 ,raw mat]ials = alkyd res9s #hf ,naph?al5e3 ,recov]y ( naph?al5e #hg ,description & uses #hg ,unit$ ,/ates production #hh ,organization ( ! indu/ry #hi ,tr5d ( production #hi ,_w production #ij ,g]many #ia ,great ,brita9 #ib ,belgium #ic ,cze*oslovakia #ic ,france #id ,pol& #id ,ne!rl&s #id ,canada #id ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics #id ,japan #id ,unit$ ,/ates imports3 ,rates ( duty #ie ,import /ati/ics #if ,unit$ ,/ates exports #ih ,competitive conditions #ih ,ph?alic anhydride3 ,description & uses #ih ,unit$ ,/ates production #ajj ,production 9 o!r c\ntries #aja ,unit$ ,/ates =eign trade #aja ,competitive conditions #aja ,polybasic acids o!r ?an ph?alic anhydride3 ,maleic acid & anhydride #ajb ,malic acid & malomalic acid #ajb ,adipic acid #ajb ,succ9ic acid & anhydride #ajb ,fum>ic acid #ajb ,glyc]93 ,description & uses #ajc ,unit$ ,/ates production #ajc ,production 9 o!r c\ntries #ajd ,int]national trade #ajd ,unit$ ,/ates imports #aje ,unit$ ,/ates exports #ajg ,competitive conditions #ajh #ag4 ,raw mat]ials = t>-acid res9s3 ,! t> acids #aji ,ph5ol3 ,description & uses #aaj ,unit$ ,/ates production #aaa ,grades produc$ = res9s #aab ,produc]s #aab ,_w production #aac ,unit$ ,/ates imports3 ,rates ( duty #aad ,import /ati/ics #aad ,unit$ ,/ates exports #aaf ,competitive conditions #aaf ,! cresols1 xyl5ols1 & cresylic acid3 ,description & uses3 ,! cresols #aag ,metacresol #aah ,or?ocresol #aah ,p>acresol #aah ,metap>acresol #aah ,cresol #aah ,! xyl5ols #aah ,o!r high-boil+ t> acids #aai ,cresylic acid #aai ,unit$ ,/ates production3 ,! cresols #abj ,! xyl5ols #abj ,o!r high-boil+ t> acids #abj ,cresylic acid #abj ,=eign production #abb ,unit$ ,/ates imports3 ,rates ( duty #abd ,import /ati/ics #abe ,unit$ ,/ates exports #aca ,competitive conditions #aca ,syn!tic t> acids o!r ?an ph5ol #acb ,p>a t]ti>y amyl ph5ol #acc ,p>a t]ti>y butyl ph5ol #acc ,ph5yl ph5ols #acc ,resorc9ol #acc ,=maldehyde3 ,description & uses #acc ,unit$ ,/ates production #acd ,production 9 o!r c\ntries #acd ,unit$ ,/ates imports & exports #acd ,competitive conditions #ace ,hexame?yl5etetram9e3 ,description & uses #acf ,unit$ ,/ates production #acf ,production 9 o!r c\ntries #acf ,unit$ ,/ates imports & exports #acf ,competitive conditions #acg ,furfural #acg #ah4 ,raw mat]ials = urea res9s3 ,urea #ach ,?i\rea #aci #ai4 ,raw mat]ials = v9yl res9s3 ,description & uses #adj ,unit$ ,/ates production #adj ,unit$ ,/ates imports #ada ,competitive conditions #ada ,,app5dixes ,app5dix ,a4 ,/ati/ical tables on =eign trade 9 raw mat]ial = syn!tic res9s #add ,app5dix ,b4 ,trade names = syn!tic res9s made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aec ,app5dix ,c4 ,trade names = syn!tic res9s made 9 ,great ,brita9 #aee ,app5dix ,d4 ,trade names = syn!tic res9s made 9 ,g]many #aef ,app5dix ,e4 ,li/ ( ,unit$ ,/ates manufactur]s ( raw mat]ials = syn!tic res9s #aeh ,app5dix ,f4 ,gloss>y #afj ,,tables ,no4 #a4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aiba-cg #h #b4 ,t>-acid res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 by type ( raw mat]ial1 #aicc-cg #ad #c4 ,t>-acid res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aibg-cg #ae #d4 ,syn!tic res9s ( coal-t> orig93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiai-cg #af #e4 ,syn!tic res9s ( coal-t> orig93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s #aibi-cg #ag #f4 ,ca/ ph5olic res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicd-cg #ba #g4 ,alkyd res9s f ph?alic & maleic anhydride3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicc-cg #ca #h4 ,urea res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicc-cg #ce #i4 ,resoglas & ,trolitul3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aicc-cg #dc #aj4 ,syn!tic res9s classifi$ "u p>agraph #aa3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aica-cg #di #aa4 ,v9yl acetate res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aicd-cg #di #ab4 ,m[ili? res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aicb-cg #di #ac4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & imports1 #aicd-cg #eh #ad4 ,comp>ison ( ! int]national trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 syn!tic res9s & 9 c]ta9 raw mat]ials = res9s1 #aicd-cg #eh #ae4 ,t>iff classification & rates ( duty 9 ,t>iff act ( #aicj ^u c]ta9 articles made ( syn!tic res9 #fa #af4 ,manufactur$ articles n4 s4 p4 f4 9 :i* syn!tic res9 is ! *ief b9d+ ag5t3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aica-cg #fb #ag4 ,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,prop]ties t affect appe>ance #ff #ah4 ,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,mold+ prop]ties #fh #ai4 ,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,/r5g? prop]ties #gj #bj4 ,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,heat prop]ties #ga #ba4 ,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,electrical prop]ties #gb #bb4 ,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,specific gravity1 specific volume1 & resi/ance to o!r sub/ances #gc #bc4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,g]man exports1 #aicj-cg #gg #bd4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,g]man exports1 by c\ntries1 #aicd-cg #gh #be4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,production 9 ,great ,brita91 #aicd & #ce #gh #bf4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #aicj-cf #hj #bg4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #aicj-cf #hj #bh4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,fr5* imports1 by types1 & c\ntries1 #aica & #aicc-cg #ha #bi4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,fr5* exports1 #aica & #aicc-cg #hb #cj4 ,manufactures ( t>-acid res9s3 ,production 9 ,japan1 #aibi-ce #hd #ca4 ,prices ( gums & res9s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 #aicf #hf #cb4 ,syn!tic res9s3 ,ne!rl& imports by c\ntries #aica & #aicc-cg #hf #cc4 ,crude naph?al5e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 #aiah-cg #hh #cd4 ,ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aiag-cg #hi #ce4 ,naph?al5e 7all grades73 ,_w production1 by c\ntries1 #aicc & #aice #ij #cf4 ,naph?al5e3 ,g]man production1 imports1 exports1 & app>5t consumption1 #aibh-cg #ib #cg4 ,naph?al5e3 ,production 9 ,great ,brita91 9 specifi$ ye>s #ib #ch4 ,naph?al5e3 ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #aibh-cf #ic #ci4 ,naph?al5e3 ,belgian production1 #aibh-ce #ic #dj4 ,naph?al5e3 ,cze*oslovak production1 #aibh-ce #ic #da4 ,crude naph?al5e3 ,poli% production1 #aibh-cf #id #db4 ,naph?al5e3 ,rates ( duty ^u imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiaf-ch #ie #dc4 ,crude naph?al5e 7solidify+ at less ?an #gi ,c473 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiai-cg #if #dd4 ,ref9$ naph?al5e 7solidify+ at or above #gi ,c473 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiai-cg #if #de4 ,crude naph?al5e 7solidify+ "u #gi ,c473 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption f pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s #ig #df4 ,crude naph?al5e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 imports1 & app>5t consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s #ih #dg4 ,ph?alic anhydride3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aiag-cg #ajj #dh4 ,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 #aiai-cg #ajc #di4 ,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates production = sale1 #aiai-ce #ajd #ej4 ,glyc]93 ,imports & exports ( pr9cipal c\ntries1 #aica & #aicc-cg #aje #ea4 ,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiai-bj & #aibc-cg #ajf #eb4 ,crude glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption f ,cuba1 #aiai-cg #ajg #ec4 ,crude glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption f ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #aibe-cg #ajg #ed4 ,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates exports1 #aiai-cg #ajh #ee4 ,ref9$ glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 imports1 exports1 & app>5t consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s #ajh #ef4 ,t> acids3 ,comm]cial & *emical names1 boil+ po9ts1 & av]age p]c5t 9 coal t> #aji #eg4 ,t> acids available 9 coal t> produc$ & di/ill$ 9 #aicf #aaj #eh4 ,ph5ol3 ,e/imat$ consumption by indu/ries1 #aicf-cg #aaa #ei4 ,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiah-cg #aab #fj4 ,ph5ol3 ,e/imat$ annual production1 by c\ntries1 #aicc-ce #aac #fa4 ,ph5ol3 ,rates ( duty ^u imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiaf-cg #aad #fb4 ,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiaj-cg #aae #fc4 ,all di/illates ( t> yield+ bel[ #aij ,c41 an am\nt ( t> acids equal to or m ?an #e p]c5t3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiah-cg #aae #fd4 ,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates exports1 #aiah-bd #aaf #fe4 ,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates exports1 #aicd-cf #aaf #ff4 ,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 imports1 exports1 & app>5t consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiah-cg #aag #fg4 ,meta1 or?o1 & p>a cresols3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicd #abj #fh4 ,ref9$ cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aibi-cg #aba #fi4 ,cresol3 ,g]man production1 9 specifi$ ye>s #abb #gj4 ,cresol3 ,g]man imports & exports 9 specifi$ ye>s #abb #ga4 ,cresol3 ,production 9 ,cze*oslovakia 9 specifi$ ye>s #abc #gb4 ,cresylic acid3 ,briti% exports1 by c\ntries1 #aicc-cg #abc #gc4 ,! cresols3 ,rates ( duty ^u ,unit$ ,/ates imports1 #aiaf-cg #abd #gd4 ,cresylic acid3 ,rates ( duty ^u ,unit$ ,/ates imports1 #aiaf-cg #abe #ge4 ,metacresol1 or?ocresol1 & p>acresol1 #ij p]c5t or m pure3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aibj & #aibc-cg #abe #gf4 ,metacresol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s #abf #gg4 ,or?ocresol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s #abg #gh4 ,p>acresol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s #abh #gi4 ,crude cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aibd-cg #abi #hj4 ,ref9$ cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-cg #abi #ha4 ,crude cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aibi-cg #acj #hb4 ,ref9$ cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption by pr9cipal c\ntries1 9 specifi$ ye>s #acj #hc4 ,! cresols3 ,comp>ison ( production & imports1 #aicd #acb #hd4 ,=maldehyde3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 9 specifi$ ye>s #acd #he4 ,=maldehyde3 ,unit$ ,/ates exports to pr9cipal m>kets1 9 specifi$ ye>s #ace #hf4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aibc & #aibe-cg #acf #hg4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aibc-cg #acg #hh4 ,urea3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiai-bj & #aibc-cg #ach #hi4 ,urea3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by c\ntries1 #aica & #aicc-cg #aci #ij4 ,?i\rea3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports ?r\gh ! ,new ,york cu/oms di/rict1 #aica-cg #adj #ia4 ,v9yl acetate1 unpolym]iz$3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aica-cg #ada #ib4 ,naph?al5e3 ,g]man imports & exports1 by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aicb-cg #add #ic4 ,crude naph?al5e3 ,belgian imports & exports1 #aicb-cg #adf #id4 ,ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,belgian imports & exports1 #aicb-cg #adg #ie4 ,crude & ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,ne!rl& imports & exports1 by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aicb-cg #adh #if4 ,ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,canadian imports1 by c\ntries1 #aibh-bi & #aicb-cg #aej #ig4 ,naph?al5e3 ,japanese imports by c\ntries1 #aibh-bi & #aicb-cf #aej #ih4 ,crude glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aica-cg #aea #ii4 ,ref9$ glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aica-cg #aeb ,,illu/rations ,*>t4 ,d]ivation ( c]ta9 syn!tic res9s #f ,pre=m press mak+ pellets = use 9 mold+ #ah ,vacuum clean] p>ts ( t>-acid res9 illu/rat+ ! intricate mold$ %apes possible #ai ,radio cab9et & telephone sets ( mold$ t>-acid res9 #ai ,ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,/&>d %apes & small articles fabricat$ f !m #bj ,lam9at+ %eet press #bb ,ge>s made ( lam9at$ t>-acid res9 #bb ,cocktail l\nge us+ t>-acid lam9at$ decorative mat]ials #bc ,!rmo/at case ( mold$ urea res9 #cc ,scales case ( mold$ urea res9 #cc ,airplane cockpit enclosures ( ca/ acrylate res9 #cf ,spectacle l5ses mold$ to optical prescription f acrylate res9 #cg ,mold$ poly/yr5e res9s #db ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is report1 ! ,commission _h ! s]vices ( ,paul ,k4 ,lawr5ce1 ,pr5tice ,n4 ,dean1 & o!rs ( ! ,commission's /aff4 #a4 ,,introduction ,?is survey deals ) ! sev]al comm]cially important types ( syn!tic res9s cov]$ by p>agraphs #b1 #aa1 & #bh ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj & ) ! raw mat]ials necess>y = _! production4 ,x is made "u ! g5]al inve/igatory p[]s ( ! ,t>iff ,commission z provid$ 9 section #ccb ( t act4 ,! field ( syn!tic res9s is a comp>atively new "o1 mo/ ( its comm]cial developm5t hav+ occurr$ )9 ! pa/ #aj ye>s4 ,9 #aicg ! dome/ic output 0 m ?an #afj million p\nds z comp>$ ) slightly m ?an #aj million p\nds 9 #aibg4 ,! fir/ important pat5ts on syn!tic res9s 7 grant$ ab\t #be ye>s ago4 ,^! pat5ts cov]$ ph5olic res9s probably int5d$ = use z sub/itutes = c]ta9 natural res9s4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ^! syn!tics (f]$ possibilities ( application va/ly great] ?an ! natural mat]ials4 ,at fir/ progress 9 _! application 0 sl[ z is usually ! case ) new products4 ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w> ! %ortage ( ph5ol promot$ int]e/ 9 ! use ( ! o!r t> acids z raw mat]ials = syn!tic res9s & int5sive rese>* develop$ res9s f ! cresols & high] boil+ t> acids4 ,^! res9s possess$ prop]ties suffici5tly diff]5t f ^? made f ph5ol to e/abli% !m p]man5tly4 ,9 ! meantime rese>* on o!r types ( res9s 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,europe4 ,! t>-acid res9s = mold+ 7 ! only comm]cially important ones on ! m>ket until ab\t #aibi4 ,ab\t t "t1 h[ev]1 new comm]cial products began to appe> rapidly4 ,ca/ ph5olic res9s became available z mat]ial = novelties ( unusual brilliancy & beauty1 ! urea res9s to meet ! requirem5ts = light color$ !rmosett+ res9s 9 mold$ articles1 & ! alkyd res9s = use 9 new surface coat+s :i* replac$ conv5tional pa9t mat]ials4 ,lat] !re foll[$ a numb] ( !rmopla/ic mat]ials (f]+ new & unusual prop]ties4 ,v9yl res9s f\nd application 9 mold$ products & 9 safety glass4 ,! acrylate res9s became ! ne>e/ approa* to organic glass yet develop$4 ,! poly/yr5e res9s1 long 9 ! rese>* /age1 made _! comm]cial appe>ance 9 #aicg4 ,res9s f petroleum1 f furfural1 f adipic acid1 & f anil9e are on ! m>ket4 ,_m o!rs are "u inve/igation & "s ( !m w und\bt$ly become important4 ,! v]satility ( syn!tic res9s is mo/ unusual4 ,9 v>i\s uses !y h successfully displac$ glass1 wood1 metal1 h>d rubb]1 bone1 glue1 cellulose pla/ics1 prote9 pla/ics1 & conv5tional pa9t mat]ials4 ,!y compete ) glass 9 %ades & reflectors & (f] prop]ties :i* w increase _! use = ?is purpose4 ,cases = scales1 radios1 & clocks1 =m]ly ( wood & metal1 are n[ made ( ^! syn!tic res9s4 ,scope & purpose4 ,?is survey deals ) ! syn!tic res9s1 ! nature & trade 9 ! raw mat]ials necess>y = _! production1 ! processes by :i* !y are made1 trade 9 !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & betwe5 nations1 & ! nature ( ! competition :i* !y meet4 ,x does n g into ! details ( manufacture ( & trade 9 ! multitude ( articles made ( syn!tic res9s b /ops at ! po9t :]e ^! mat]ials are turn$ ov] to ! res9 fabricator4 ,! syn!tic res9s are b "o ( f\r broad gr\ps ( organic pla/ics4 ,! o!rs--natural res9s1 cellulose e!rs & e/]s1 & prote9 pla/ics--are discuss$ h]e9 only z !y relate to or compete ) ! syn!tic res9s4 ,! purpose ( ! survey is to br+ toge!r 9 "o publication ! available in=mation on syn!tic res9s s z to provide a basis = consid]ation ( future t>iff problems4 ,because ! indu/ries involv$ are comp>atively "y & are exp&+ rapidly1 _! pres5t day importance is n g5]ally realiz$4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry is develop+ causes any compreh5sive report on ! subject to be practically out ( date be=e x c be publi%$4 ,not)/&+ ! progress made ea* ye> 9 ! quantity ( production1 new applications1 & new comm]cial products1 ! indu/ry may be said to be /ill 9 ! indu/rial nurs]y4 ,?is circum/ance necess>ily limits ! p]iod dur+ :i* any treatm5t ( ! subject w be repres5tative4 ,fundam5tal def9itions4 ,! scope ( ?is report has be5 /at$ to include syn!tic res9s up to ! po9t :]e !y are fur!r manufactur$1 & ! raw mat]ials us$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,x 0 also /at$ t natural res9s & syn!tic pla/ics o!r ?an res9s1 su* z ! cellulose comp\nds & modifi$ rubb] comp\nds1 are exclud$4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ^! categories are !re=e important4#a ,! t]m 8res90 0 =m]ly appli$ exclusively to a gr\p ( natural products1 pr9cipally ( vegetable orig91 al?\gh at lea/ "o important res91 %ellac1 is ( animal orig94#b ,^! natural res9s are widely us$ 9 pa9ts1 v>ni%es1 & lacqu]s = decorative & protective surface coat+s4 ,!y also h ext5sive use 9 textile impregnation1 adhesives1 soap1 pap]1 & 9 cold-mold$ articles4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! natural res9s h _h to compete ) syn!tic products1 & ea* gravitates t[>d uses :i* dem& ! quality or comb9ation ( qualities :i* x c mo/ completely supply4 ,a res9 may be def9$ z a semisolid or solid1 complex1 amorph\s mixture ( organic comp\nds ) no def9ite melt+ po9t & no t5d5cy to cry/allize4 ,! res9s are *>act]iz$ by a typical lu/] & a con*oidal fracture r ?an by def9ite *emical composition4 ,! t]m includes natural res9s1 su* z colophony 7ord9>y ros971 copal1 dam>1 lac1 ma/ic1 s&>ac1 %ellac1 etc41 sometimes call$ gums or gum res9s al?\gh none ( !m are true gums4 ,a syn!tic res9 is a res9 made by syn!sis f nonres9\s organic comp\nds4 ,! t]m includes mat]ials rang+ f visc\s liquids to h>d1 infusible1 amorph\s solids4 ,z a rule syn!tic res9s possess prop]ties di/9ct f ^? ( natural res9s4 ,! t]m 8pla/ics10 sometimes appli$ to syn!tic res9s1 also includes _m mat]ials :i* are n res9s4 ,a pla/ic is any?+ possess+ pla/icity2 t is1 any?+ :i* c be de=m$ "u me*anical /ress )\t los+ its coh]5ce or its ability to keep its new =m4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition ! t]m includes su* mat]ials z putty1 cem5t1 clay1 glass1 & metals1 z well z c]ta9 modifi$ natural or semisyn!tic products1 su* z cellulose acetate1 cellulose nitrate1 & case9 m commonly s designat$4 ,to speak ( ! pla/ics indu/ries is almo/ mean+less because ( _! enorm\s scope1 includ+ z !y d ^? produc+ cem5t1 c]amics1 confection]y & rubb]1 z well z ^? produc+ ! semisyn!tic products m5tion$4 ,! res9 indu/ry embraces two ma9 types ( mat]ials1 !rmopla/ic & !rmosett+4 ,!rmopla/ic mat]ials are ^? :i*1 al?\gh rigid at normal temp]atures1 may be de=m$ & mold$ "u heat & pressure4 ,among su* mat]ials are ! cellulose e/]s1 acrylate res9s1 v9yl res9s1 poly/yr5e res9s1 etc4 ,! rec5t developm5t ( injection mold+ has giv5 !rmopla/ics a new significance4 ,!rmosett+ sub/ances are !rmopla/ic at "s /age ( _! exi/5ce1 b become h>d1 rigid1 & p]man5tly infusible ^u ! application ( ! prop] heat & pressure4 ,!y are !n irrev]sible :]eas ! !rmopla/ics are rev]sible4 ,out/&+ among ! !rmosett+ res9s are t>-acid res9s1 urea res9s1 & ! alkyd res9s4 ,t>iff hi/ory4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( syn!tic res9s 9 ! t>iff laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! provision 9 gr\p ,,iii ( ! ,em]g5cy ,t>iff ,act ( #aiaf = a duty ( #cj p]c5t ad valorem & #e c5ts p] p\nd on syn!tic ph5olic res9s4 ,none ( ! non-coal-t> syn!tic res9s 7 specifically m5tion$ prior to ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,! ,t>iff ,act ( #aibb 7p>4 #bh7 provid$ = syn!tic ph5olic res9 & all res9like products1 solid1 semisolid or liquid1 prep>$ f ph5ol1 cresol1 ph?alic anhydride1 c\m>one1 ind5e1 or f any o!r article or mat]ial provid$ = 9 p>agraph #bg or #aedi4 ,! rate ( duty 0 #fj p]c5t ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value & #g c5ts p] p\nd1 ) a provision t ! ad valorem rate %\ld be r$uc$ to #de p]c5t #b ye>s aft] ! passage ( ! act4 ,! ,t>iff ,commission made two inve/igations ( syn!tic res9s "u section #caf ( ! act ( #aibb4 ,! fir/ 0 und]tak5 ,april #af1 #aibf1 ^u compla9ts ( sev]al dome/ic manufactur]s1 ( unfair me?ods ( competition & unfair acts 9 ! importation & sale ( syn!tic ph5olic res91 ,=m ,c1 & articles made :olly or 9 "p !refrom1 9 infr+em5t ( ! pat5t rights ( ! ,bakelite ,corporation4 ,foll[+ ! inve/igation1 ! ,commission recomm5d$ on ,may #be1 #aibg1 t ?is mat]ial 7z describ$ "u ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5ts ,no4 #idb1hji & #a1dbd1gch7 be exclud$ f entry into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,import]s appeal$ f ! f9d+s ( ! ,commission to ! ,c\rt ( ,cu/oms ,appeals1 & ! judicial proce$+s 7 end$ on ,octob] #ac1 #aicj1 by d5ial ( a writ ( c]tior>i = ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to review ! judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,cu/oms & ,pat5t ,appeals4 ,! latt] c\rt _h held1 among o!r ?+s1 t !re 0 sub/antial evid5ce 9 support ( ea* f9d+ ( ! ,commission4 ,on ,novemb] #bf1 #aicj1 ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t issu$ an ord] prohibit+ ! importation ( syn!tic ph5olic res91 ,=m ,c1 ) c]ta9 exceptions4 7,t4 ,d4 #dddaa47 ,! second inve/igation by ! ,t>iff ,commission 0 in/itut$ on ,decemb] #bc1 #aibg1 also "u section #caf ( ! act ( #aibb4 ,x conc]n$ unfair me?ods ( competition & unfair acts 9 ! importation into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( lam9at$ products ( pap] or o!r mat]ials & insoluble1 infusible cond5sation products ( ph5ols & =maldehyde4 ,! ,commission recomm5d$ to ! ,presid5t t1 until ,m>* #d1 #aibi1 inclusive1 c]ta9 products cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates ,lett]s ,pat5t ,nos4 #a1jah1che1 #a1jai1djf1 & #a1jcg1gai be exclud$ f entry into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! products 7 lam9at$ clo?1 pap] or ! l1 comb9$ ) insoluble1 infusible cond5sation products ( ph5ols & =maldehyde4 ,! ord] ( ! ,presid5t prohibit+ ! importation 0 conta9$ 9 ,t4 ,d4 #dbhja issu$ ,june #aa1 #aibh4 ,"u ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj1 practically no *anges 7 made 9 ! provisions ( p>agraph #bh t conc]n coal-t> syn!tic res9s4 ,p>agraph #b 0 ext5d$ to include1 among o!r ?+s1 ! res9s 7polym]s7 ( c]ta9 organic comp\nds4 ,! only comm]cial products cov]$ by ?is provision are ! v9yl res9s4 ,! rate ( duty 0 #cj p]c5t ad valorem on =eign value & #f c5ts p] p\nd4 ,"u ! trade agreem5t ) ,canada1 ! duty on v9yl acetate1 polym]iz$ or unpolym]iz$1 & on syn!tic res9s made 9 *ief value !refrom 0 r$uc$ to #ae p]c5t ad valorem & #c c5ts p] p\nd 7effective ,jan4 #a1 #aicf74 ,! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj conta9s a provision1 9 p>agraph #aa1 = syn!tic gums & res9s n specially provid$ =1 #d c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p]c5t ad valorem on =eign value4 ,broad5+ use ( syn!tic res9s4 ,! application ( syn!tic res9s has ext5d$ into practically e bran* ( indu/ry4 ,?is m>k$ expansion is n surpris+ :5 ! adaptability ( ^! products is consid]$4 ,_! uses range f jewelry & bottle closures to build+ mat]ials2 f adhesives & new types ( surface coat+s to light reflectors & %ades4 ,!y are be+ sub/itut$ = natural mat]ials1 su* z wood1 metal1 & glass at an increas+ rate4 ,!y h provid$ new uses = raw mat]ials =m]ly us$ 9 antiseptics1 dis9fectants1 explosives1 embalm+ fluids1 f]tiliz]s1 mo? repellants1 & z solv5ts4 ,! spe$ ( expansion ( _! use 9 res9 manufacture has be5 su* z to create a s]i\s %ortage ( "s ( ^! raw mat]ials4 ,new applications = syn!tic res9s appe> almo/ daily4 ,!y are us$ 9 furniture1 wall panels1 build]s' h>dw>e1 electrical fixtures1 & 9 ?\s&s ( small appliances4 ,! automobile indu/ry is probably ! l>ge/ s+le us]4 ,an int]e/+ application "h is 9 sil5t ge>s & %aft be>+s :]e ! use ( syn!tic res9s makes wat] lubrication possible4 ,o!r automotive uses are 9 di/ributor heads1 horn buttons1 ge> %ift knobs1 dome light reflectors1 control knobs & ! f9i%+ lacqu]s4 ,additional uses contemplat$ = ! ne> future are 9 accel]ator p$als & in/rum5t panels4 ,a new type ( safety glass 9 :i* v9yl res9s are us$ 0 introduc$ 9 #aicf4 ,9 decorative uses rem>kable progress has be5 made4 ,panels ( lam9at$ res9s are widely us$ 9 /ore fronts1 lobbies ( (fice build+s1 & hotels2 doors fac$ ) ?is mat]ial are 9 use4 ,! l9] ,que5 ,m>y is panel$1 9 "p1 ) lam9at$ res9s1 z is ! annex to ! ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,lamp %ades ( urea res9 are us$ 9 _m ,pullman c>s & are available = home & (fice use4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! *eap] a syn!tic res91 ! m widely x may be appli$ z a sub/itute = o!r mat]ials4 ,z a result _m an app>5tly useless byproduct1 su* z oat hulls :i* yield furfural1 is ei!r already us$ or be+ te/$ z a s\rce ( raw mat]ial4 ,o!r mat]ials :i* h already f\nd a place or may d s1 are soybean meal1 sug>1 & c]ta9 petroleum di/illates4 ,ea* ( ! important gr\ps ( syn!tic res9s has be5 sponsor$ by "o or m manufactur]s ( e/abli%$ reputation & l>ge capital res\rces4 ,:5 a product rea*es ! comm]cial /age1 aft] heavy rese>* co/1 its future importance is !re=e usually assur$4 ,relation ( syn!tic res9s to _! raw mat]ials4 ,mo/ ( ! comm]cially important syn!tic res9s are d]iv$ directly or indirectly f coal4 ,! *>t 7p4 #f7 %[s ! d]ivation ( c]ta9 syn!tic res9s f ! pr9cipal raw mat]ials us$ 9 _! manufacture & ! int]m$iate products back to ! orig9al s\rce ( ! mat]ial4 ,! poly/yr5e res9s1 = example1 are made by polym]iz+ /yr5e or v9yl b5z5e4 ,al?\gh basically f e?yl5e & b5z5e1 v9yl b5z5e may be =m$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,e?yl5e is f\nd 9 ! gases f ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal b is obta9$ comm]cially by crack+ natural gas or petroleum4 ,/yr5e1 f\nd already =m$ 9 ! light oil fractions f coal t>1 causes gum-=m+ 9 motor b5zol & c]ta9 indu/rial gases4 ,:5 coke & lime are mix$ & heat$ 9 an electric furnace to #b1jjj ,c41 calcium c>bide is =m$4 ,?is comp\nd ) wat] yields acetyl5e1 ! />t+ po9t = a long li/ ( important products1 includ+ sev]al types ( syn!tic res9s4 ,:5 acetyl5e gas is pass$ ?r\gh acetic acid 7itself obta9$ f acetyl5e7 v9yl acetate is obta9$4 ,if hydro*loric acid is us$ in/ead ( acetic acid1 v9yl *loride is obta9$4 ,^! comp\nds1 :5 polym]iz$1 yield ! v9yl res9s4 ,! acrylate res9s may be obta9$ f ! same basic raw mat]ial by an entirely diff]5t proc$ure4 ,syn!tic rubb] is also d]iv$ f acetyl5e1 z are acetic anhydride & acetic acid 7us$ 9 mak+ cellulose acetate pla/ics7 & _m o!r *emicals ( comm]cial importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,d]ivation ( c]ta9 syn!tic res9s4 ,:5 naph?al5e 7f coal t>7 is treat$ ) air at elevat$ temp]atures1 ph?alic anhydride is =m$4 ,sub/itut+ b5z5e = naph?al5e yields maleic anhydride4 ,bo? ( ^! sub/ances :5 cond5s$ ) glyc]91 a byproduct ( ! soap indu/ry1 yield alkyd res9s4 ,! t> acids f coal t>1 ei!r sep>at$ or mix$1 :5 cond5s$ ) =maldehyde give ! highly important t>-acid res9s4 ,or if =maldehyde is cond5s$ ) urea1 obta9$ f c>bon dioxide & ammonia1 ! urea res9s are =m$4 ,! *>t indicates ! syn!tic res9s :i* are !rmopla/ic1 t is1 :i* become pla/ic aga9 ^u reheat+1 & ^? :i* are !rmosett+1 t is1 pass into an infusible /age at a c]ta9 critical temp]ature & pressure & d n aga9 become pla/ic ^u subsequ5t reheat+4 ,s\rces ( in=mation4 ,! data us$ 9 ?is report 7 obta9$ f a great v>iety ( s\rces4 ,! sev]al ,am]ican & ,briti% trade j\rnals 7 freely consult$ z 7 ! v>i\s text books on ?is subject4 ,mu* ( ! in=mation on ! dome/ic indu/ry 0 obta9$ by p]sonal contact ) produc]s & by correspond5ce4 ,field "w includ$ visits to mo/ ( ! dome/ic produc]s ( res9s & a repres5tative gr\p ( fabricators4 ,in=mation ( ?is type :i* 0 nonconfid5tial or :i* c\ld be comb9$ s z n to reveal individual op]ations 0 invaluable4 ,ev5 :]e x 0 su* t x c\ld n be publi%$ x became "p ( ! g5]al backgr\nd4 ,! data p]ta9+ to ! indu/ry 9 =eign c\ntries 71 = ! mo/ "p1 furni%$ ! ,t>iff ,commission by ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce repres5tatives /ation$ abroad1 9 response to inquiries by ! ,commission4 #b4 ,,summ>y ,gr[? ( ! indu/ry4 ,! coal-t> syn!tic res9 indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates began on a small scale "s ye>s be=e ! ,_w ,w>4 ,! output !n 0 conf9$ to a few types ( t>-acid res9s & ! applications 7 q limit$ until #aibg1 :5 c]ta9 ( ! basic pat5ts expir$4 ,! output ( ab\t #a4e million p\nds 9 #aiba _h increas$ to m ?an #ac million p\nds 9 #aibg & ! av]age unit value ( sales _h dropp$ f #ha c5ts p] p\nd to #dg c5ts4 ,production cont9u$ to increase & ! unit value to decrease annually until #aicb :5 g5]al economic conditions =c$ a slight curtailm5t = #a ye>4 ,s9ce !n ! annual increase 9 volume & v>iety has be5 rapid4 ,production ( non-coal-t> syn!tic res9s 0 />t$ on a small scale 9 #aibi :5 bo? urea & v9yl res9s ent]$ ! picture4 ,comm]cial production ( ! petroleum res9s began 9 #aicf & ( ! acrylate res9s 9 #aicg4 ,table #a %[s ! production & sales ( coal-t> res9s & ( non-coal-t> res9s1 f #aiba ?r\gh #aicg4 ,,table #a4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aiba-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sales ,ye> ,production ------------------------------------ ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,coal-t> res9s3#a #aiba #a1fdc1gif #a1fgd1def #a1ceb1aff #j4ha #aibb #e1idd1acc #f1dae1ica #d1cae1aif 4#fg #aibc-bf 7#b7 #aibg #ac1deb1bcj #ac1jhd1cac #f1jid1fef 4#dg #aibh #bj1daa1dfe #bj1ggh1hef #g1baa1ieh 4#ce #aibi #cc1jcf1dij #cj1ffj1eac #aj1cic1cig 4#cc #aicj #cj1hfg1geb #bd1jad1jic #g1cbc1fef 4#cj #aica #cd1agi1jjj #bi1cdc1jjj #g1hfb1jjj 4#bg #aicb #bi1jci1jjj #bc1hia1jjj #e1jja1jjj 4#ba #aicc #da1fbh1dhe #ca1feg1fec #g1bch1efj 4#bc #aicd #ef1jei1dhi #dc1cej1hgf #aj1abf1hdi 4#bc #aice #ij1iac1afb #fe1ibc1ccd #ab1ggg1aie 4#ai #aicf #aag1cja1ghj #hf1bac1gce #ag1jef1jii 4#bj #aicg #ada1jih1hdd #ajh1bhd1age #bj1afe1jfd 4#ai ,non-coal-t> res9s3 #aicb #a1hih1jjj #a1ghg1jjj #gif1jjj 4#de #aicc #c1ega1gag #c1bef1daa #a1gde1ajb 4#ed #aicd 7#b7 #c1ejj1hbi #a1dia1ade 4#dc #aice 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 #aicf #ae1faa1jda #ad1gff1fdj #c1eia1dfg 4#bd #aicg #ba1jje1hfi #ah1hia1bgg #e1fhj1fjj 4#cj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,does n include res9s f adipic acid1 c\m>one & ind5e1 hydroc>bon1 poly/yr5e1 succ9ic acid & sulfonamides4 ,) ! exception ( c\m>one & ind5e res9s 9 rec5t ye>s production ( ! res9s n includ$ 0 small4 #b ,n publi%able4 ,figures w\ld reveal op]ations ( individual produc]s4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m factors h contribut$ to ! gr[? ( ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry4 ,among ^! are ! int5sive rese>* & developm5t "w c>ri$ on by _m individuals & firms2 _! widespread application 9 _m fields compet+ ) wood1 metal1 & glass2 & ! developm5t ( processes = raw mat]ials :i* h greatly r$uc$ _! co/ & made _! wid] use possible4 ,raw mat]ials4--,al?\gh ! *ief raw mat]ials consum$ 9 ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry are coal-t> d]ivatives & =maldehyde1 _m o!rs are utiliz$4 ,! rapid expansion ( ! indu/ry has creat$ new dem&s = mat]ials 9 increas+ quantities & has n only increas$ ! m>kets = well-kn[n mat]ials b has result$ 9 ! production on a huge scale ( mat]ials entirely new to comm]ce4 ,practically all ! raw mat]ials n[ us$ c be d]iv$ f a few natural sub/ances1 su* z air1 wat]1 coal1 petroleum crudes1 salt1 sulphur1 & lime/one4 ,! air yields nitrog5 :i* may be conv]t$ to ammonia1 a raw mat]ial = urea1 "o ( ! compon5ts ( ! urea res9s4 ,coal1 z is well kn[n1 yields a great v>iety ( sub/ances1 _m ( :i* are ess5tial to syn!tic res9 manufacture4 ,b5z5e is ! />t+ po9t = syn!tic ph5ol2 naph?al5e is us$ to make ph?alic anhydride & maleic anhydride2 coke is conv]t$ to calcium c>bide1 :i* 9 turn yields acetyl5e1 acetic acid1 & _m o!r syn!tics2 c>bon monoxide :i* is conv]t$ to me?anol & =maldehyde2 & ! natural t> acids su* z ph5ol1 ! cresols1 & ! xyl5ols4 ,lime/one is a compon5t ( calcium c>bide1 & salt yields ne$$ alkalies & acids4 ,wat] is brok5 d[n1 & ! hydrog5 is conv]t$ to ammonia1 me?anol1 =maldehyde1 & e?yl5e4 ,"s idea ( ! expansion 9 production ( ^! raw mat]ials ^: pr9cipal use is 9 syn!tic res9s may be _h by comp>+ ! output 9 #aibc ( t> acids1 =maldehyde1 ph?alic anhydride1 maleic anhydride1 urea1 v9yl acetate1 & v9yl *loride1 :i* am\nt$ to #ce million p\nds1 ) ! output ( #bgj million p\nds 9 #aicf4 ,! manufacture ( ^! mat]ials is l>gely by coal-t> di/ill+ companies & mak]s ( *emicals4 ,res9s4--,! coal-t> res9s are ! mo/ important 9 quantity1 value1 & v>iety ( application4 ,?is class includes f\r gr\ps3 7a7 t> acid1 7b7 alkyd1 7c7 c\m>one & ind5e1 & 7d7 poly/yr5e4 ,( ^!1 res9s f t> acids 7ph5ol1 cresols1 & xyl5ols7 are produc$ 9 ! l>ge/ quantity1 ! output hav+ increas$ f ab\t #ae million p\nds 9 #aicb to ab\t #hj million p\nds 9 #aicg4 ,9 ! latt] ye> ab\t #dj p]c5t ( ! consumption ( t> acid res9s 0 9 mold$ articles1 #be p]c5t 9 pa9t & v>ni%es1 #bj p]c5t 9 lam9at$ products1 & #ae p]c5t 9 miscellane\s uses4 ,! alkyd res9s h %[n a rem>kable increase 9 output4 ,production total$ slightly less ?an #aj million p\nds 9 #aicc2 9 #aicg x am\nt$ to ab\t #fa million p\nds4 ,practically all ( ! alkyds h be5 consum$ 9 pa9ts & v>ni%es4 ,! c\m>one & ind5e res9s h increas$ /eadily ov] a numb] ( ye>s & are n[ "o ( ! mo/ important gr\ps4 ,! poly/yr5e res9s h be5 9 an exp]im5tal /age = a long "t1 ) ! volume ( production small4 ,9 #aicg1 h[ev]1 comm]cial production ( a wat]-:ite product 0 ann\nc$1 & x is believ$ t ! output ( ^! res9s w increase %>ply 9 ! ne> future4 ,! non-coal-t> res9s 7 ( little importance prior to #aicj & production am\nt$ to less ?an #b million p\nds 9 #aicb4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 progress has be5 rapid1 bo? 9 types & output4 ,res9s f urea con/itute an important "p ( ?is class & ! output has increas$ practically e ye> s9ce #aibi :5 production 0 />t$4 ,mo/ ( ! output is us$ 9 mold$ articles :]e light & pa/el %ades are requir$4 ,9 #aicf1 = ! fir/ "t1 appreciable quantities 7 consum$ 9 lam9at+ & 9 surface coat+s4 ,! v9yl res9s h be5 produc$ 9 increas+ quantities = ! pa/ #h ye>s4 ,production rea*$ a new high 9 #aicg1 & ) ! acceptance ( ?is type ( res9 = safety glass lam9ations x is expect$ t ! output w increase mat]ially 9 ! ne> future4 ,9 #aicg ! application 9 surface coat+s1 mold$ articles1 & lam9ations 7 ( approximately equal importance4 ,! acrylate res9s are among ! newe/ comm]cial developm5ts 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,( ! sev]al types n[ manufactur$1 "o appe>s valuable 9 surface coat+s & adhesives & ano!r1 9 ! =m ( its ca/ or mold$ polym]1 9 airplane w9d[s1 ma*9$ articles1 & l5ses4 ,petroleum res9s 7 fir/ produc$ 9 comm]cial quantities 9 #aicf1 b ! output 9 t ye> 0 appreciable4 ,^! l[-pric$ syn!tics are us$ 9 surface coat+s1 lam9ations1 & miscellane\s uses4 ,! indu/ry abroad4 ,_w production ( syn!tic res9s at ?is "t is e/imat$ at #cjj million p\nds annually1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates acc\nts = #de p]c5t4 ,g]many produces ab\t #bg p]c5t & ,great ,brita9 ab\t #bj p]c5t ( ! total & a numb] ( c\ntries includ+ ,france1 ,italy1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ,canada1 & ,japan produce ! rema9d]4 ,practically all types are made 9 ,g]many & ,great ,brita9 al?\gh 9 less] quantities ?an "h4 ,! urea res9s orig9at$ abroad1 z did ! acrylates & poly/yr5es4 ,comm]cial developm5t ( ! syn!tic res9s abroad has be5 some:at beh9d t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh 9 rec5t ye>s ! increase !re has be5 s rapid z to s]i\sly affect ! int]national raw mat]ial m>ket4 ,g]many1 =m]ly "o ( our pr9cipal s\rces ( crude naph?al5e1 = a "t re/rict$ exports ( t commodity 9 ord] to cons]ve ! available supply = home consumption1 presumably 9 alkyd res9s4 ,great ,brita91 =m]ly ! pr9cipal export] ( ph5ol1 has f\nd x necess>y to supplem5t production ( natural ph5ol ) syn!tic ph5ol4 ,x is possible t 9 ! future simil> conditions may arise 9 _w m>kets = cresylic acid4 ,int]national trade4 ,int]national trade 9 ! syn!tic res9s has be5 small4 ,g]many has be5 ! pr9cipal export+ c\ntry4 ,!re are a numb] ( reasons = ! negligible movem5t ( ^! mat]ials 9 int]national trade1 ! *ief ( :i* are active home m>kets 9 ! pr9cipal produc+ c\ntries2 ! exi/5ce ( pat5ts ( a basic nature :i* limit$ trade to ! own]s & lic5cees "u !m2 affiliation ( produc+ companies 9 diff]5t c\ntries ) allocation ( ! _w m>ket2 & high t>iff b>ri]s 9 _m c\ntries4 ,! pr9cipal dome/ic produc] ( t>-acid res9s is affiliat$ ) firms 9 ,g]many1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,canada1 & ,japan4 ,! two pr9cipal ,am]ican mak]s ( urea res9s h or h _h agreem5ts z to pat5ts1 ex*ange ( te*nical in=mation1 & probably m>kets1 ) produc]s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,simil> conditions exi/ ) o!r types ( res9s4 ,9 #aicg production ( all syn!tic res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to #afb million p\nds & imports to less ?an #fgd1jjj p\nds 7see table #ac1 p4 #eh74 ,production ( t>-acid res9s 9 t ye> am\nt$ to #gi4h million p\nds2 alkyd res9s to #fa4b million p\nds & all coal-t> res9s to #ada million p\nds4 ,imports ( all coal-t> syn!tic res9s 7:i* w\ld include bo? t> acid & alkyd z well z o!rs7 am\nt$ to only #ai1jjj p\nds4 ,coal-t> res9s are dutiable at #g c5ts p] p\nd & #de p]c5t ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price4 ,on ! small imports 9 #aicg ! duty collect$ av]ag$ #ed p]c5t ad valorem on ,am]ican sell+ price & w\ld h av]ag$ mu* high] _h x be5 calculat$ ^u =eign value z are mo/ duties4 ,9 #aicg ! production ( non-coal-t> res9s total$ ab\t #ba million p\nds4 ,9 t ye> imports ( non-coal-t> res9s total$ #fe1jjj p\nds4 ,imports ( non-coal-t> res9s1 o!r ?an v9yl res9s1 am\nt$ to less ?an #b1jjj p\nds4 ,^! 7 dutiable at #d c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p]c5t ad valorem on =eign value1 equival5t on ! av]age to #dh p]c5t ad valorem4 ,! v9yl res9s h be5 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 increas+ quantities 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! pr9cipal =eign produc]1 9 ,canada1 develop$ m>kets 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b is a jo9t own] ( a plant n[ "u con/ruction 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,imports ( v9yl res9s 9 #aicg 7 #fec1jjj p\nds4 ,^! 7 dutiable at #c c5ts p] p\nd & #ae p]c5t ad valorem on =eign value1 equival5t to #be p]c5t ad valorem4 ,x is app>5t t =eign competition ) ,unit$ ,/ates produc]s 9 ! home m>ket has be5 & is likely to cont9ue insignificant "u exi/+ duties4 ,) a l>ge home m>ket & g5]ally favorable conditions ) respect to ! necess>y raw mat]ials & ! te*nical skills1 ?is situation w\ld probably cont9ue ev5 "u l[] duties4 ,moreov]1 z int]national trade develops 9 ^! mat]ials1 ?is c\ntry is m likely to be a net export] ?an a net import]4 #c4 ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9s ,! t>-acid res9s 7 ! fir/ true syn!tic res9s to appe> 9 comm]ce1 b !y 7 prec$$ by two pla/ics1 celluloid & case94 ,probably ! fir/ successful attempt to make a semisyn!tic or modifi$ natural product z a sub/itute = natural mat]ials 0 ! discov]y ( celluloid 9 #ahfh by ,john ,wesley ,hyatt4 ,by treat+ cotton ) nitric acid he obta9$ a mat]ial :i* c\ld be sub/itut$ = ivory 9 billi>d balls4 ,! ,celluloid ,corporation grew out ( ?is discov]y & ! product 0 widely us$ to replace amb]1 ivory1 "m-(-pe>l1 tortoise %ell & o!r mat]ials4 ,! discov]y ( case9 pla/ic took place 9 #ahij4 ,adolph ,spittel] ( ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 9 try+ to make a :ite blackbo>d1 f\nd t case9 7f milk7 c\ld be h>d5$ by treat+ x ) =maldehyde4 ,case9 pla/ics are n[ widely us$ 9 buttons1 buckles1 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,z e>ly z #ahgb ! reactions betwe5 coal-t> acids & aldehydes 7 be+ /udi$1 & by #aijj _m rese>* work]s 7 inve/igat+ ph5ol-=maldehyde cond5sation products4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #aijj-aiaj1 ! /udy ( ^! products increas$ greatly1 bo? ) reg>d to process ( production & to applications1 su* z its sub/itution = %ellac & o!r natural res9s4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5ts ,nos4 #idb1fii & #idb1hji issu$ ,decemb] #g1 #aiji1 to ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,baekel& & commonly kn[n z ! heat & pressure pat5ts 7 probably ! basic pat5ts on ph5ol-=maldehyde res9s4 ,baekel& s modifi$ ^! res9s by me?ods ( h>d5+ "u heat & pressure t rigid mold$ articles c\ld be made4 ,! range ( uses ( t>-acid-=maldehyde mold+ compositions has /eadily wid5$4 ,mold$ articles su* z p5cil & p5 b>rels1 a% trays1 bottle closures1 p>ts = automobiles1 cam]as1 precision in/rum5ts1 dynamos1 motors1 & o!r electrical equipm5t1 cafet]ia trays1 table & c\nt] tops are well kn[n to ! public4 ,dur+ ! life ( ^! & o!r basic pat5ts issu$ ab\t #aiji ! dome/ic production ( ph5ol-=maldehyde mold+ compositions 0 practically re/rict$ to "o company4 ,s9ce ! expiration ( ^! pat5ts 9 #aibf a numb] ( o!r produc]s h be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 #cf dome/ic mak]s ( t>-acid-=maldehyde res9s = mold+1 lam9at+1 & surface coat+ applications4 ,! e>ly "w done on ph5ol-=maldehyde res9s gave d>k-color$ products :i* 7 too h>d & brittle to be ma*9$ or work$ on a la!4 ,inve/igations by ,f4 ,pollak & ,a4 ,o/]setz]1 9 ,vi5na1 result$ 9 a process = ! manufacture ( ca/ ph5olic res9 ) a range ( color possibilities f wat]-:ite transp>5cy ?r\gh all %ades & degrees ( transluc5cy & opaqu5ess4 ,?is product is ca/ into %eets1 rods1 tubes1 & special ca/+s1 all ( :i* may be turn$ or mill$ on automatic ma*9es4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1hed1fjj1 issu$ ,april #ai1 #aicb1 to ,f4 ,pollak & ,a4 ,o/]setz] & assign$ to ,pollopas1 ,ltd41 ,london1 is consid]$ ! basic pat5t = ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,am]ican rights "u ?is & relat$ pat5ts are own$ by ! ,catal9 ,corporation ( ,am]ica :o h lic5s$ o!r dome/ic mak]s4 ,! ,g]man equival5t ( rights "u ?is pat5t is own$ by a subsidi>y ( ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,akti5gesells*aft & rights "u ! ,fr5* equival5t by tablissem5ts ,kuhlmann4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ph5ol-=maldehyde res9 indu/ry 7#aiji-af7 !re 0 consid]able uneas9ess ab\t ! supply ( ph5ol4 ,_w production 0 n l>ge & ,g]many & ,engl& controll$ mo/ ( x4 ,! output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 almo/ entirely = m$ic9al use1 al?\gh our pot5tial production 0 l>ge 7see p4 #aaa74 ,?is situation caus$ _m rese>* work]s to /udy ! res9s made f o!r t> acids1 pr9cipally meta & p>a cresols & ! xyl5ols4 ,! inve/igations result$ 9 _m new types ( res9s & 9 modifications ( ! ph5ol-=maldehyde type4 ,! ,_w ,w> *ang$ conditions mat]ially4 ,imports ( ph5ol 7 %ut (f & prices so>$4 ,production ( syn!tic ph5ol 0 begun1 &1 al?\gh ! w>time production w5t into explosives1 its developm5t _h an important be>+ on ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry4 ,unusual dem& = ph5ol1 tolu5e1 & o!r coal-t> crudes result$ 9 a great expansion ( production4 ,) ! cessation ( ho/ilities !re 0 an ample supply ( *eap ph5ol & ! expansion ( ! coal-t> indu/ry cont9u$ s t ! supply ( t> acids kept pace ) ! new dem& = use 9 ! production ( syn!tic res94 ,9 #aibf1 ! e>ly pat5ts on res9s f t> acids began to expire & ! second era ( ! indu/ry began4 ,s9ce t ye> mo/ ( ! rese>* "w has be5 = mat]ials t w\ld give diff]5t prop]ties to ! resultant res9s4 ,! pa/ #aj ye>s h se5 a great] div]sification 9 ! manufacture ( res9s f t> acids & sub/antial r$uctions 9 _! prices4 ,t>-acid res9s av]ag$ #a4bi p] p\nd 9 #aibj1 #bc c5ts p] p\nd 9 #aicd1 & #ai c5ts p] p\nd 9 #aicg4 ,! production ( c]ta9 res9s ( ?is class :i* are soluble 9 dry+ oils has be5 an important a*ievem5t4 ,!y yield v>ni%es ( improv$ type t are quick-dry+4 ,! ?ree /ages ( a t>-acid res94 ,ab\t #bh ye>s ago ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry publi%$ ! orig9al pap] ( ,dr4 ,leo ,h4 ,baekel& on ! ,syn!sis1 ,con/itution1 & ,uses ( ,bakelite4 ,accord+ to ,baekel&'s !ory1 ! reaction betwe5 ph5ol & =maldehyde consi/s ( cond5sation & polym]ization tak+ place 9 ?ree /ages4 ,! fir/ product =m$1 call$ 8initial cond5sation product ,a0 is usually a liquid or semisolid :i* on cont9u$ heat+ is conv]t$ to 8int]m$iate cond5sation product ,b40 ,b is an insoluble solid :i* c be s(t5$ by heat1 & is ! mat]ial us$ by mold]s1 lam9ators1 & o!r fabricators4 ,! f9al /age1 kn[n z 8f9al cond5sation product ,c10 is probably ! result ( polym]ization ( ,b1 by heat & pressure4 ,c product is infusible1 indiff]5t to all solv5ts1 & _c be di/ill$ or melt$2 h5ce ! t>-acid res9s belong to ! !rmosett+ gr\p4 ,! conv]sion to ,c takes place 9 ! presses ( ! mold] or f9al fabricator ( ! res94 ,?is !ory is g5]ally accept$ & ! designations ( ! sev]al /ages are 9 univ]sal use 9 ! trade4 ,classification ( t>-acid res9s4 ,all ! syn!tic res9s obta9$ by ! cond5sation ( a t> acid1 or a mixture ( t> acids1 ) an aldehyde are popul>ly call$ ph5olic res9s1 reg>dless ( :e!r !y are made f ph5ol1 ! isom]ic cresols1 xyl5ols1 o!r high boil+ t> acids1 or any mixture ( ^! mat]ials4 ,a m accurate designation & t us$ 9 ?is survey is t>-acid res9s1 res]v+ ! t]m ph5olic res9s = ^? made f pure ph5ol4 ,! t>-acid res9s might be classifi$ 9 a numb] ( ways2 = example1 by composition1 physical =m1 or g5]al application4 ,ea* ( ^! has its %ortcom+s4 ,to classify !m by composition1 t is1 by ! k9d ( t> acid us$1 is n satisfactory because ( ! va/ numb] ( types made f mix$ t> acids4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is discussion x seems be/ to classify ! t>-acid res9s by _! g5]al application into six gr\ps3 = mold+1 = ca/+1 = lam9at+1 = surface coat+ 7pa9ts1 v>ni%es1 & lacqu]s71 = adhesives1 & = miscellane\s uses4 ,9 #aicg approximately #ff p]c5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates production ( t>-acid res9s 0 made f ph5ol2 #ah p]c5t f ph5ol-cresol mixtures2 #ac p]c5t f cresol-cresylic acid mixtures2 & #c p]c5t f cresol-xyl5ol mixtures4 ,table #b %[s = rec5t ye>s production & sales ( t>-acid res9s by type ( raw mat]ial4 ,pure ph5ol is us$ = ca/ res9s4 ,mold+ res9s are usually made f pure ph5ol or f t>-acid mixtures1 *iefly ph5ol4 ,lam9at+ & coat+ res9s are usually made f mixtures conta9+ sub/antial am\nts ( ! cresols & xyl5ols 7frequ5tly spok5 ( by ! trade z cresylic acid74 ,,table #b4--,t>-acid res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 by type ( raw mat]ial1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ph5ol ,t>-acid mixtures#a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sales ,sales ,ye>,production--------------------,prod uction--------------------- 7net res9 ,quantity 7net res9 ,quantity cont5t7 7net res9 ,value cont5t7 7net res9 ,value cont5t7 cont5t7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj p\nds p\nds doll>s p\nds p\nds doll>s #aicc #be1afc #ba1hea #e1chc #f1ece #f1aeb #a1ahb #aicd #bi1ggg #bg1iie #g1ccb #aj1hhg #h1jia #a1gje #aice #cf1cbc #cd1eig #f1efh #af1fed #ab1cga #b1bjj #aicf #ea1fjc #di1jec #i1dai #ah1gdg #ab1ijh #b1cbe #aicg #eb1dgb #ej1bji #h1faf #bg1cgc #bc1ccg #d1fhe ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ph5ol-cresol ,cresol-cresylic ,cresol-xyl5ol mixtures acid mixtures mixtures ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,production,sales 7net,production,sales 7net,production,sales 7net 7net res9 res9 7net res9 res9 7net res9 res9 cont5t7 cont5t7 cont5t7 cont5t7 cont5t7 cont5t7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds #aicg #ad1jdf #ac1bch #aj1gjb #h1dfg #b1fbe #a1fcb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,includes ph5ol-cresol mixtures1 cresol-cresylic acid mixtures1 & cresol-xyl5ol mixtures4 ,= #aicg1 :]e x is possible1 ! totals ( t>-acid mixtures are brok5 d[n into ^! ?ree gr\ps4 ,s\rce3 ,dyes & ,o!r ,syn!tic ,organic ,*emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,processes ( res9 manufacture4 ,! processes ( & pat5ts = ! manufacture ( t>-acid-=maldehyde res9s are num]\s4 ,no attempt is made "h to describe 9 detail ! sev]al processes ( manufacture or ! endless numb] ( v>iations & modifications4 ,9 g5]al ! processes 9 op]ation may be designat$ 7a7 "o /age wet1 7b7 two /age wet1 & 7c7 dry4 ,! "o-/age wet process consi/s 9 heat+ molecul> proportions ( t> acid & =maldehyde 7#dj-p]c5t solution7 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid or alkal9e cataly/4 ,! =maldehyde is add$ all at once & ! reaction proce$s ) ! elim9ation ( wat]4 ,! difficulty ) ?is process is t ( obta9+ uni=m bat*es because x _c be controll$ exactly4 ,! two-/age process is probably ! "o mo/ widely us$ today & consi/s 9 introduc+ =maldehyde 9 two or m /ages z ! reaction progresses4 ,mu* bett] process control & m uni=m results are s obta9$4 ,a soluble1 fusible res9 is =m$ f :i* ! wat] is easily remov$4 ,fill]s & pigm5ts may be add$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! op]ation4 ,! dry process is ! lea/ important & is us$ only :]e ca/ res9s are be+ made4 ,light-color$1 transp>5t res9s are obta9$ & ! op]ation is c>ri$ on to ! f9al /age 7,c res974 ,9 ?is process ! aldehyde us$ is solid p>a=maldehyde or hexame?yl5etetram9e4 ,^! mat]ials are m co/ly ?an =maldehyde solution4 ,proportions ( raw mat]ials us$ v>y widely--,baekel& sugge/$ #g mols ( =maldehyde & #f mols ( ph5ol 7#baj p>ts ( #ajj-p]c5t =maldehyde to #efd p>ts ( ph5ol71 ) a yield ( res9 equival5t to #aah p]c5t ( ! ph5ol4 ,l>g] proportions ( =maldehyde are said to increase ! yield to z mu* z #adj p]c5t ( ! ph5ol4 ,cataly/s us$ to aid 9 ! cond5sation ( ! react+ bodies may be acids or bases4 ,c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! res9s may be v>i$ by ! k9d & quantity ( cataly/ us$4 ,l>ge proportions ( basic or acidic cataly/s may affect ! fill] or metal ins]ts4 ,basic cataly/s us$ include cau/ic soda1 cau/ic pota%1 ammonia1 c>bonates1 & alkali sulphites4 ,acid cataly/s are usually "o ( ! m9]al acids su* z hydro*loric acid or sulphuric acid4 ,:ile =maldehyde 9 ! =m ( a #dj-p]c5t solution is ! pr9cipal aldehyde us$ ) ! t> acids1 c]ta9 o!r aldehydes are us$ 9 small am\nts4 ,among ^! are acetaldehyde1 butyraldehyde1 b5zaldehyde1 & o!rs4 ,res9s f furfural & ph5ol are discuss$ z 8,furfural ,res9s10 page #ea4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! production ( t>-acid res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has increas$ m>k$ly 9 ! la/ #aj ye>s4 ,table #c %[s ! production & sales ( all coal-t> res9s 9 #aibg & #aibh 7:5 !re 0 no fur!r break-d[n available b :5 ?is classification 0 made up *iefly ( t>-acid res9s7 & ( t>-acid res9s f #aibi to #aicg4 ,! figures giv5 are 9 net res9 cont5t & d n include fill]s1 modifi]s1 or pigm5ts4 ,f #aibi to #aicg production increas$ f #bf million p\nds to #hj million p\nds2 sales f #be million p\nds valu$ at #i4i million doll>s to #gd million p\nds valu$ at #ac4c million doll>s2 ! value p] p\nd dropp$ f #ci c5ts to #ai c5ts4 ,9 #aicg ! production ( t>-acid res9s = mold+ acc\nt$ = ab\t #dj p]c5t ( ! total2 ^? = surface coat+s1 ab\t #be p]c5t2 ^? = lam9ation1 ab\t #bj p]c5t2 & ^? = miscellane\s uses1 ab\t #ae p]c5t4 ,,table #c4 ,t>-acid res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales #aibg-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sales ,production -------------------------------------- ,ye> 7net res9 ,quantity cont5t7 7net res9 ,value ,unit value cont5t7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds #aibga #ac1deb1bcj #ac1jhd1cac #f1jid1fef #j4dg #aibha #bj1daa1dfe #bj1ggh1hef #g1baa1ieh 4#ce #aibib #bf1bce1gib #be1abi1gja #i1hfi1bgd 4#ci #aicjb #ah1cch1chi #ag1dbh1fhg #f1egf1jbc 4#ch #aicab #bb1fdg1jjj #ba1dif1jjj #f1fdf1jjj 4#ca #aicbb #ag1afc1jjj #ae1jdb1jjj #c1idf1jjj 4#bf #aiccb #ca1fig1ghj #bh1jjb1gii #f1efd1fgj 4#bc #aicdb #dj1ffc1efe #cf1jhf1jjh #i1jcg1hfa 4#be #aiceb #eb1gca1gbh #df1gcc1cgh #h1gcj1dch 4#ai #aicfb #gj1cdi1cbh #fa1ifa1bjj #aa1gdc1igh 4#ai #aicgb #gi1hdd1hbe #gc1ede1hhj #ac1cjj1hgj 4#ai ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,all coal-t> res9s4 #b ,res9s f t> acids only4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,imports ( t>-acid res9s into ! ,unit$ ,/ates are dutiable "u p>agraph #bh at #g c5ts p] p\nd & #de p]c5t ad valorem bas$ ^u ,am]ican sell+ price4 ,discussion ( ?is rate1 o!r re/rictions ^u imports 9 ! e>li] ye>s1 & ( ! rates ^u articles made ( ^! res9s w be f\nd on pages #ei to #fa4 ,imports ( t>-acid res9s are n %[n sep>ately 9 (ficial /ati/ics2 ! classification "u :i* su* imports are ent]$ includes all syn!tic res9s ( coal-t> orig94 ,table #d %[s ! quantity & value ( imports ( all coal-t> res9s s9ce #aiah1 & table #e %[s ! pr9cipal s\rces ( imports = c]ta9 ye>s4 ,invoice analyses ( imports 9 ! la/ #c ye>s %[ only v small quantities ( ph5olic res9s be+ import$4 ,9 #aicd !re 0 an importation ( #iej p\nds ( ,bakelite mold+ comp\nd2 9 #aice imports ( #ajj p\nds ( mold+ comp\nd & #bb p\nds ( am9oph5ol res9 are record$1 & 9 #aicf imports ( ,bakelite filam5t comp\nd total$ #bej p\nds & o!r res9s #h1hea p\nds4 ,ev5 if 9 ! ye>s up to #aicc all ( ! imports ( res9s ( coal-t> orig9 7 t>-acid res9s1 imports ( t>-acid res9s h be5 negligible :5 comp>$ ) production4 ,! smallness ( imports may be acc\nt$ = by a comb9ation ( factors1 7#a7 ! prohibition ( imports ( c]ta9 types1 :i* conflict$ ) pat5t rights2 7#b7 ! rate ( duty ^u imports2 7#c7 ! fact t ! manufacture ( t>-acid res9s develop$ m rapidly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 mo/ =eign c\ntries2 & 7#d7 ! allocation ( m>kets ?r\gh agreem5ts betwe5 affiliat$ produc]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 7,see p4 #eh47 ,,table #d4--,syn!tic res9s ( coal-t> orig93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,comput$ ,comput$ ,ye> ,quantity ,dutiable ,value p] ad valorem specific value p\nd rate rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p\nds ,p]c5t ,p] p\nd #aiai #a1aad #b1hfj #b4eg #cb4j #j4hb #aibj #b1dgi #b1fha #a4jh #cd4f 4#cg #aiba #a1dbj #b1cff #a4fg #cc4j 4#ee #aibb #b1eah #c1dih #a4ci #eb4c 4#gc #aibc #c1ahc #aj1eab #c4cj #fb4a 4#bj #aibd #h1gef #d1ahc 4#dh #fh4i 4#cc #aibe #a1ecg #hhi 4#eh #eg4a 4#cc #aibf #a1fdi #a1bih 4#gi #ec4i 4#db #aibg #aa1cei #d1bff 4#ch #fc4f 4#bd #aibh #fj1edg #aj1ihd 4#ah #hc4f 4#ae #aibi #fg1ebi #ag1ejc 4#bf #gb4j 4#ai #aicj #df1dfd #aj1dag 4#bb #gf4b 4#ag #aica #f1jgd #f1ahj #a4jb #ea4i 4#ec #aicb #f1djc #c1ije 4#fa #ef4e 4#cd #aicc #c1ggf #b1ejh 4#ff #ee4e 4#cg #aicd #ae1gaa #h1fhj 4#ee #eg4g 4#cb #aice #ah1jae #f1jge 4#cd #fe4h 4#bb #aicf #ah1eih #ac1fdc 4#gc #ed4e 4#dj #aicga #ah1igg #ad1bgh 4#ge #ed4c 4#da ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #e4--,syn!tic res9s ( coal-t> orig93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,import$ f-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,g]many #ej1ggj #c1aff #b1gbd #i1hja #b1bbj #aj1gej #ac1iej ,france #bj #b1cca #gdj #big #afh ,unit$ ,k+dom #ccf #a1jfe #ac1bdb #a1igi #b1bae ,switz]l& #c1dgc #a1gha #d1chd #a1gaf ,canada #a1cgb #ace #a1bff #eid ,all o!r c\ntries #af1djc #egg #cab #cdj #ea #ejb ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total #fg1ebi #f1jgd #c1ggf #ae1gaa #ah1jae #ah1eih #ah1igg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,value ---------------------------------------- --------- ,g]many #aa1gga #d1jec #a1iac #e1cjc #a1iei #i1gjj #aa1ifj ,france #ba #a1gfj #dfe #bcf #agg ,unit$ ,k+dom #b1bce #bee #b1dgf #a1jij #fei ,switz]l& #b1fba #a1cjh #b1aed #a1aig ,canada #eja #df #dhf #bad ,all o!r c\ntries #c1dgf #cfg #acj #ej #cf #bdh ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total #ag1ejc #f1ahj #b1ejh #h1fhj #f1jge #ac1fdc #ad1bgh ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,g]many #j4bc #a4bh #j4gj #j4ed #j4hh #j4ij #j4hf ,france #a4je 4#gf 4#fc 4#gi #a4je ,unit$ ,k+dom #f4fe 4#bd 4#ai 4#ee 4#cj ,switz]l& 4#ge 4#gc 4#di 4#gj ,canada 4#cg 4#cd 4#ch 4#cf ,all o!r c\ntries 4#ba 4#fd 4#db 4#ae 4#ga 4#di ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,av]age 4#bf #a4jb 4#ff 4#ee 4#cd 4#gc 4#ge ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p]c5t ( total quantity ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,g]many #ge4b #eb4a #gb4a #fb4d #ab4c #eg4h #gc4e ,france 4#a #ch4d #ai4f #a4f 4#i ,unit$ ,k+dom 4#e #f4h #gc4e #aj4f #aa4g ,switz]l& #bb4a #i4i #bc4f #i4a ,canada #h4g 4#h #f4h #c4a ,all o!r c\ntries #bd4b #i4e #h4c #a4i 4#c #b4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,appreciable quantities ( ph5olic res9s are export$ annually 9 ! =m ( mold+ comp\nds & z f9i%$ articles ( wide v>iety4 ,/ati/ics ( ^! exports are n compil$ sep>ately by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,exportation is limit$ by a numb] ( factors1 su* z lic5s+ agreem5ts1 pat5ts1 allocation ( m>kets1 & high t>iffs or emb>goes 9 c]ta9 c\ntries4 ,! l>ge/ dome/ic mak] is affiliat$ ) produc]s 9 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,canada1 & ,japan4 ,o!r dome/ic firms h agreem5ts z to pat5ts & m>kets ) produc]s 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9s ,,= ,,mold+ ,! t>-acid res9s 7 fir/ develop$ = mold+ & !y are /ill us$ 9 l>ge volume 9 ?is way4 ,an article produc$ 9 l>ge quantity is m likely to be made ( mold$ res94 ,! co/ ( ! mold1 :i* may am\nt to sev]al ?\s& doll>s1 !n becomes v small p] unit produc$4 ,if ! article is ( su* a %ape t x w\ld require a great deal ( labor to produce 9 metal or wood1 x may be produc$ 9 quantity mu* m *eaply f res91 s9ce x w come f ! mold almo/ 9 f9i%$ =m4 ,a few ( ! l>ge mold]s f9d x economical to make _! own res9s :5 !y use "o type 9 l>ge volume or desire "s special modification4 ,mo/ ( ! mold]s buy res9s = mold+ 9 ! =m ( ei!r p[d] or pre-=m$ pellets ready = use4 ,mold+ p[d]s & pellets4 ,mold+ p[d] is made f ,b-/age res9 7see p4 #ac71 a fill]1 a pigm5t1 a lubricant1 & a pla/iciz]4 ,^! mat]ials are mix$ & put ?r\gh rolls at a mod]ate heat & pressure4 ,! res9 s(t5s & amalgamates ) ! o!r mat]ials4 ,x h>d5s ^u cool+ & is gr\nd to p[d]4 ,a pre-=m$ pellet may be made f ! p[d] by pressure2 use 9 ?is =m saves ! "t ( ! mold] :5 fill+ ! mold1 s9ce he is n requir$ to measure ! p[d]4 ,! prop] selection ( ! fill] 9 a mold+ p[d] is important 9 influ5c+ ! quality ( ! mold$ article4 ,fibr\s fill]s improve ! me*anical /r5g? & %ock resi/ance ( ! f9i%$ article4 ,wood fl\r is ! mo/ widely us$ fill] 9 t>-acid res9s z well z 9 o!r !rmosett+ res9s4 ,p9e1 spruce1 & fir are ! pr9cipal k9ds us$1 & consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! bulk1 gum cont5t1 color1 & ! size & %ape ( ! wood p>ticles4 ,color is ! lea/ important s9ce mo/ ( ! t>-acid res9s give br[n or black mold+s4 ,:5 ! mold+ mu/ )/& high temp]atures1 asbe/os fib] is us$ z a fill]4 ,9 articles requir+ high %ock resi/ance1 su* z golf club heads1 a fill] ( pap] pulp is us$4 ,:]e high electrical insulation & dielectric prop]ties are requir$1 gr\nd mica is us$ z ! fill]4 ,c]ta9 inorganic fill]s su* z p[d]$ slate1 gypsum1 b>ium sulphate1 calcium sulphate1 *9a clay1 z9c oxide1 & infusorial e>?s1 are sometimes us$4 ,l>ge proportions ( ^! may be us$ :]e h>dness is m important ?an /r5g?1 z 9 phonograph records4 ,o!r mat]ials us$ include rubb]1 graphite1 horn1 bone1 />*1 pumice1 & cork4 ,color+ matt] us$ may be coal-t> dyes or pigm5ts su* z bone black1 c>bon black1 & iron oxides4 ,pigm5ts are usually m satisfactory1 al?\gh dyes are sometimes pref]r$ 9 articles = insulation4 ,a lubricant is add$ to ! mold+ mixture to ov]come ! t5d5cy to /ick 9 ! mold4 ,metallic soaps1 /e>ates1 & /e>ic acid are ^? mo/ commonly us$4 ,sometimes a pla/iciz] is includ$1 its function be+ to act z a solv5t = ! res91 ?us increas+ ! fl[ ( ! mat]ial 9 ! mold4 ,! pla/iciz] %\ld be "o :i* w become infusible or at lea/ rema9 solid 9 ! mold$ article4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pre=m ,,press ,,mak+ ,,pellets ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,mold+4 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vacuum ,,clean] ,,p>ts ,,( ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,intricate ,,mold$ ,,%apes ,,possible4 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,radio ,,cab9et ,,& ,,telephone ,,set ,,( ,,mold$ ,,t>-,,acid ,,res94 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bag ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a typical mold+ p[d] or pre-=m pellet w conta9 by weight3 ,res9 #dj to #ej p]c5t ,fill] #ce to #ej p]c5t ,pla/iciz] #e p]c5t ,lubricant #a p]c5t ,pigm5t #a p]c5t ,! mold+ ( t>-acid res9s4 ,ord9>ily ! molds us$ are made ( h>d5$ /eel1 highly poli%$4 ,!y mu/ /& work+ pressures ( sev]al ?\s& p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! mold is plac$ 9 a hydraulic press1 heat$ by /eam1 electricity1 or gas1 & ! mold+ mat]ial is plac$ 9 ! mold4 ,! press is clos$ & heat & pressure are appli$4 ,! temp]atures us$ range betwe5 #bej ,f4 & #cfe ,f41 & ! pressures betwe5 #a1jjj & #h1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! mold+ "t dep5ds on ! %ape & size ( ! article & on ! composition ( ! mold+ mat]ial4 ,z little z "o-half m9ute is requir$ = small objects & z long z #aj m9utes = l>ge objects4 ,av]age mold+ "t is ab\t #c m9utes4 ,! article is remov$ f ! mold1 all[$ to cool1 & is !n trimm$1 s&$1 fil$1 or poli%$4 ,s9ce ! mold is highly poli%$1 ! f9i%+ op]ation is usually ne$$ only to remove ! fla%4 ,ins]ts1 su* z metal p>ts 7b9d+ po/s1 electrical contacts1 etc471 or inlays ( poli%$ metal 9 "n plates1 & signs1 are (t5 mold$ 92 ge> %ift knobs are mold$ ov] a holl[ metal core2 rubb] ins]ts are us$ 9 ca/ors1 electrical plugs1 & simil> objects4 ,! mold+ op]ation is an art1 & has made rem>kable progress 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,_m articles mold$ ( t>-acid res9s are well-kn[n to ! public4 ,! automotive indu/ry is ! be/ cu/om]1 us+ su* mold$ p>ts z ge> %ift knobs1 horn buttons1 accel]ator p$als1 light swit*es1 ignition p>ts1 & di/ributor heads4 ,o!r well-kn[n applications are build]s' h>dw>e1 electrical swit* plates1 swit*es & fixtures1 f\nta9 p5s1 radio p>ts1 telephone p>ts1 h&les = /oves1 vacuum clean]s1 & o!r appliances1 buttons1 buckles1 co/ume jewelry1 cam]a cases1 radio cab9ets1 small conta9]s1 & hundr$s ( o!rs4 ,! importance ( t>-acid res9s 9 mold$ articles is %[n by ! fact t m ?an #ge p]c5t ( all syn!tic res9 mold$ articles made 9 #aicg us$ ?is type ( res9 z a b9d]4 ,production ( t>-acid mold+ res9s4 ,dome/ic production ( t>-acid mold+ p[d]s & pellets 0 report$ to ! ,t>iff ,commission by #ae mak]s 9 #aicg4 ,mo/ ( ^! firms h specializ$ 9 res9 developm5t & manufacture4 ,among ! well-kn[n br&s are ,bakelite1 ,durez1 ,durite1 ,res9ox1 ,indur1 & o!rs 7see p4 #aec = li/ ( trade names74 ,/ati/ics ( production & sales ( t>-acid res9s us$ 9 mold+ 7 collect$ sep>ately = ! fir/ "t 9 #aice4 ,!y %[ a net res9 output ( ab\t #ba1jjj1jjj p\nds1 ) sales ( #ah1jjj1jjj p\nds or ab\t #dj p]c5t ( ! total t>-acid res9s4 ,! av]age unit value 0 #ag c5ts p] p\nd4 ,9 #aicg ! production ( t>-acid res9s = mold+ exce$$ #cb1jjj1jjj p\nds1 aga9 ab\t #dj p]c5t ( ! total4 ,^! /ati/ics are bas$ on net res9 & d n include fill]s1 modifi]s1 pigm5ts1 or in]t mat]ial ( any k9d4 ,,ca/ ,,ph5olic ,,res9s ,process ( manufacture4 ,! production ( ca/ ph5olic res9s requires pure mat]ials1 exp5sive equipm5t1 & extreme c>e 9 ! control ( ! op]ation4 ,a mixture ( ph5ol & =maldehyde & a cataly/ 7usually sodium or potassium hydroxide7 is *>g$ into a nickel-l9$ reaction kettle & heat$ until ! wat] sep>ates & is remov$4 ,! reaction is !n all[$ to proce$ to ! desir$ po9t4 ,glyc]9 is add$ to aid 9 =m+ a transp>5t product4 ,all equipm5t1 includ+ pipe l9es1 valves1 & pumps1 is nickel or nickel l9$ except t us$ = =maldehyde1 :i* is made ( alum9um4 ,! res9 is usually made 9 #a1jjj p\nd bat*es1 & ! reaction cycle ranges f #f to #ah h\rs4 ,x is color$ ) soluble coal-t> dyes & ca/ into lead molds4 ,^! are plac$ 9 a heat$ room & all[$ to cure = #c to #f days4 ,! res9 is remov$ f ! mold ) air hamm]s1 & ! lead molds are melt$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! res9 may be *ang$ by v>y+ its wat] cont5t1 by ! addition ( dyes & fill]s1 & by ! addition ( o!r sub/ances to produce "s desir$ effect1 su* z imitation ivory or m>ble4 ,! cl>ity ( ! res9 dep5ds ^u its wat] cont5t--! great] ! degree ( dehydration ! cle>] ! product4 ,range ( colors is complete1 f cry/al cle> to ! d>k] %ades1 ) any degree ( transp>5cy1 transluc5cy1 or opaqu5ess4 ,ca/+ is 9 ! =m ( %eets1 rods1 tubes1 or special =ms suitable = ! production ( buckles1 jewelry1 & o!r small products4 ,molds ( complicat$ %ape _c be us$1 :i* means t mo/ articles if produc$ ( ca/ res9 mu/ be produc$ f /&>d %apes by subsequ5t work+4 ,rec5tly small radio cab9ets h be5 ca/4 ,uses4 ,ca/ ph5olic res9 c be ma*9$ 9 ! same mann] z h>d wood4 ,x mu/ be poli%$ aft] ma*9+1 usually by tumbl+ ) %oe pegs & pumice or ) musl9 :eels4 ,! smoo? f9i% & l[ degree ( heat conduction give ! mat]ial a pleasant feel1 n cold to ! t\* z is metal4 ,! color+ is n sup]ficial & !re=e does n *ip or we> (f4 ,electrical prop]ties are excell5t4 ,a sl[ polym]ization cont9ues = "s "t aft] fabrication1 result+ 9 slight %r9kage4 ,ca/ ph5olic res9s are m>ket$ by ! produc]s z rods1 %eets1 cyl9d]s1 & special ca/+s4 ,/&>d r\nd rods range f in* to m ?an #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,special rods are available 9 su* =ms z squ>e1 hexagon1 octagon1 & flut$4 ,/&>d %eets are 9 sizes f #ab by #bd in*es to #cf by #gb in*es1 & f to #a in* ?ick4 ,/ock cyl9d]s are available 9 a wide range ( inside & outside diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/ ,,ph5olic ,,res9s1 ,,/&>d ,,%apes ,,& ,,small ,,articles ,,fabricat$ ,,f ,,!m4 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ock mat]ial is fabricat$ by a numb] ( firms into an endless v>iety ( articles4 ,among ^! are toilet articles su* z combs1 backs = bru%es1 cosmetic conta9]s1 & tr9kets2 fitt+s = automobiles1 electrical appliances1 furniture1 & display fixtures2 jewelry1 dress ornam5ts1 clock cases1 h&bag frames1 vanity cases1 smok]s' articles1 signs & adv]tis+ specialties1 picture frames1 h&les = cutl]y1 *essm51 p5s1 desk p5hold]s1 p5cils1 & _m o!rs4 ,probably ! l>ge/ consumption is 9 ! mak+ ( buttons & buckles4 ,! ca/ ph5olic res9s are odorless1 ta/eless1 nonflammable1 resi/ant to oils & greases1 & practically nonbreakable4 ,pat5ts & lic5s+4 ,! basic pat5t cov]+ ! manufacture ( ca/ ph5olic res9s is ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1hed1fjj1 issu$ ,april #ai1 #aicb1 to ,f4 ,poliak & ,a4 ,o/]setz]1 ( ,vi5na1 & assign$ to ,pollopas1 ,ltd41 ( ,london4 ,_m o!r pat5ts h be5 grant$ on v>iations & modifications ( ?is "o4 ,! basic process is also pat5t$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canadian pat5t rights 7 pur*as$ by ! ,am]ican ,catal9 ,corporation2 ,g]man rights by ! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft ,indu/rie ,a4 ,g4 7,g]man ,i4 ,g472 ,fr5* rights by ,kuhlmann ,co41 & ,briti% rights by ! ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries4 ,^! lic5s+ arrangem5ts limit$ ! lic5see to sales 9 8 own &1 9 "s in/ances1 ne>by c\ntries4 ,! ,am]ican ,catal9 ,corporation has successfully def5d$ ! validity ( ?is pat5t & has lic5s$ a numb] ( dome/ic manufactur]s to produce ca/ ph5olic res9s on a royalty basis4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 sev5 dome/ic mak]s ( ca/ ph5olic res9s locat$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,p5nsylvania4 ,^! firms produce & m>ket res9s "u ! foll[+ trade names3 ,catal91 ,pry/al1 ,joanite1 ,fib]lon1 ,ph5ol91 & ,m>blette4 ,production ( ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,production 0 initiat$ ab\t #aibi by ! ,am]ican ,catal9 ,corporation4 ,! output increas$ sub/antially e ye> f t ye> ?r\gh #aicc4 ,/ati/ics ( production & sales are n publi%able = ! ye>s prior to #aicd because !y w\ld reveal ! op]ations ( individual firms2 !y are giv5 9 table #f = subsequ5t ye>s4 ,,table #f4--;,ca/ ph5olic res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicd-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,sales ,ye> ,production ------------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds #aicd #d1ifh1dde #d1gic1feh #b1jii1jce #j4dd #aice #e1eff1fba #e1ded1dij #b1bje1hgi 4#dj #aicf #f1aaa1fcb #f1jac1hee #b1dgf1fai 4#da #aicg #e1dei1fed #e1cce1gdf #b1ahj1fbj 4#da ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,s\rce3 ,dyes & ,o!r ,syn!tic ,organic ,*emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,imports & exports4 ,! lic5s+ agreem5ts1 z outl9$ above1 provide = ! allocation ( m>kets = ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,because ( ?is arrangem5t !re are little or no imports & exports ( ?is mat]ial4 ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9s ,,= ,,lam9at+ ,by lam9at+ is meant ! impregnation ( %eets ( pap]1 fib]1 or clo? ) a solution ( syn!tic res9 & ! build+ up ( ^! lay]s into %eets ( re9=c$ syn!tic res9 ( v>i\s ?icknesses4 ,:5 a t>-acid res9 is us$ ! pap] or clo? is imm]s$ 9 or coat$ ) a solution ( ! ,b-/age res91 dri$1 & lay]s ( ! mat]ial are compress$ & consolidat$1 "u heat & pressure to =m %eets1 rods1 tubes1 blocks1 & o!r =ms1 9 ! infusible ,c-/age4 ,! coat+ ( %eets ( pap] ) solutions ( natural res9 & ! compact+ ( ^! %eets by heat & pressure is an old practice1 especially = electrical uses4 ,%ellac & copal h be5 widely us$ & yield a lam9at$ bo>d ( good electrical & me*anical prop]ties :5 us$ at temp]atures "u #gj ,c4 ,above #gj ,c4 ! res9 s(t5s & ! desirable prop]ties are lo/4 ,s9ce temp]atures above #gj ,c4 are n uncommon 9 electrical equipm5t1 ! limitations ( ^! natural res9s 9 ?is use c readily be se54 ,! use ( t>-acid res9s to impregnate insulation mat]ial removes ! temp]ature limitation & o!rwise improves ! product2 insulators s made are widely us$ 9 all sorts ( electrical & radio equipm5t4 ,uses ( t>-acid res9 lam9at$ products4 ,lam9at$ %eets ( t>-acid res9 are made ) pap]1 canvas1 duck1 l951 pulpbo>d1 vulcaniz$ fib]1 plywood1 & o!r mat]ials4 ,pap] is ! mat]ial g5]ally us$ = electrical insulation1 al?\gh clo? is sometimes us$ :5 great] /r5g? is ne$$4 ,canvas is us$ :]e maximum /r5g? is requir$1 z 9 ge>s = automobiles & indu/rial ma*9]y4 ,impregnat$ l95 is adapt$ to pun*$ p>ts & small ge>s4 ,^! lam9at$ mat]ials are uni=mly d5se1 t\gh1 resili5t & light 9 weight4 ,!y are nonabsorptive1 h l[ !rmal conductivity1 & a l[ coeffici5t ( expansion4 ,_! dielectric /r5g? is excell5t & *emically !y are in]t to oils1 br9e1 mo/ acids1 weak alkalies1 & _m solv5ts4 ,/ructurally !y are /rong "u t5sion1 compression1 flexion1 or impact2 !y are easy to ma*9e & are s\nd absorb+4 ,ge>s made ( lam9at$ canvas are widely us$2 !y are sil5t & outwe> ^? made ( metal4 ,! developm5t ( su* ge>s 0 br\ght ab\t by ! dem& = a positive drive )\t ! cla% & clatt] result+ f metal to metal contact4 ,! lam9at$ ge> absorbs vibrations1 elim9ates noise1 & r$uces we>4 ,! lam9at$ mat]ial is "o-sev5? ! weight ( brass1 "o-six? ! weight ( /eel1 "o-fif? ! weight ( ca/ iron & "o-half ! weight ( alum9um4 ,lam9at$ ge> blanks may be cut on automatic ma*9es into helical1 spur1 bevel1 or worm ge>s4 ,tim+ ge>s 9 automobiles are frequ5tly ( ?is type2 !y require no adju/m5t & seldom ne$ replacem5t dur+ ! life ( ! motor4 ,! light weight ( ! mat]ial r$uces to a m9imum fly:eel effect on ! cam%aft4 ,:]e lubrication is difficult a graphite impregnat$ blank may be us$4 ,be>+s made f lam9at$ fabric are successfully us$ 9 heavy roll+ mills :]e !y r$uce replacem5t co/s & decrease p[] consumption4 ,! lam9at$ mat]ial possesses /r5g?1 smoo? surface1 d5sity1 good load c>ry+ capacity1 high impact resi/ance1 nonscor+ prop]ties1 & is practically frictionless4 ,p[] consumption is said to be r$uc$ z mu* z #dj to #fj p]c5t ( t ( metal be>+s & ! life ( ! lam9at$ be>+ has be5 z mu* z #aj times t ( ! metal ones4 ,x replaces ,babbitt metal1 brass1 bronze1 :ite metal1 gun metal1 or lignum vitae 9 ?is application4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lam9at+ ,,%eet ,,press4 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ge>s ,,made ,,( ,,lam9at$ ,,t>-,,acid ,,res94 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocktail ,,l\nge ,,us+ ,,t>-,,acid ,,lam9at$ ,,decorative ,,mat]ial4 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 decorative uses1 lam9at$ mat]ials h made rem>kable progress 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ?is application ! mat]ial made f lam9at$ pap] is v5e]$ on wood or fib] bo>d1 & ! surface is s durable t ref9i%+ is probably n necess>y dur+ ! life ( ! equipm5t4 ,table tops = public rooms su* z re/aurants1 cafet]ias1 & b>s are widely us$ because ( ! beautiful designs obta9able & because ! mat]ial is n discolor$ by light$ cig>ettes1 alcohol or o!r liquids1 & does n *ip or crack4 ,lam9at$ %eets are us$ = ba?room & kit*5 walls1 doors1 w9d[ sills1 /ore & !at] fronts1 lobby walls 9 hotel & (fice build+s1 & c\nt] tops 9 banks & po/ (fices4 ,! l9] ,que5 ,m>y is equipp$ ) panels ( ?is mat]ial z is also ! new ,libr>y ( ,congress ,annex4 ,mo/ ( ! lead+ hotels h in/all$ b> & cocktail l\nges ( lam9at$ mat]ials because ( ! range ( color & ! ease ) :i* novel designs may be c>ri$ out4 ,almo/ any solid color1 design1 or imitation ( ano!r mat]ial may be giv5 ! lam9at$ %eet simply by pr9t+ x ^u ! top %eet ( pap] us$ 9 ! impregnat$ assembly4 ,?us a beautiful piece ( walnut or mahogany may be photograph$1 inexp5sively reproduc$ ^u pap]1 & ! f9i%$ lam9at$ %eet w closely imitate ! poli%$ wood4 ,! comb9ation ( beauty ) long life %\ld p]mit ! widespread use ( ?is type ( mat]ial 9 all sorts ( build+ & equipm5t4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ z a possibility 9 automobile body con/ruction4 ,o!r important uses are 9 trim & door /rips = me*anical refrig]ators1 9 cafet]ia trays1 buckets & special conta9]s1 tires = factory trucks1 textile spools1 m9]s' safety helmets1 gaskets1 valve discs & r+s = pumps1 pulleys1 besides _m o!rs4 ,production ( t>-acid res9s = lam9at+4 ,/ati/ics ( production & sales ( syn!tic res9s = lam9at+ 7 n sep>ately compil$ prior to #aice4 ,s9ce t ye> ! res9s made f cresylic acid h be5 us$ to ! greate/ ext5t 9 lam9at+1 foll[$ by ^? made f ph5ol4 ,t>-acid res9s report$ z 8us$ 9 pa9ts1 v>ni%es1 & lacqu]s0 may include appreciable quantities ( res9 v>ni%es us$ = lam9at+4 ,! total production & sale 9 #aicg ( t>-acid res9s us$ 9 lam9at+1 !re=e1 w\ld be ! sum ( ! #bj p]c5t ( ! total 7see table #c7 report$ = lam9at+ plus "s "p ( ! #be p]c5t report$ = surface coat+s4 ,dome/ic produc]s ( t>-acid res9s = lam9at+ are locat$ 9 ,delaw>e1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,ill9ois1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,p5nsylvania4 ,! mak]s ( ! lam9at$ mat]ials are locat$ 9 ,delaw>e1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,indiana1 & ,connecticut4 ,_! products are m>ket$ "u a numb] ( trade names1 includ+ ,mic>ta1 ,dilecto1 ,celoron1 ,=mica1 ,textolite1 ,ph5olite1 ,insurok1 ,spauldite1 ,syn?ane & ,ph5ol ,fibre4 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re has be5 practically no importation ( syn!tic res9s = lam9at+4 ,imports ( lam9at$ products 7rods1 tubes1 blocks1 /rips1 blanks1 or o!r =ms7 ( :i* syn!tic res9 is ! *ief b9d+ ag5t total$ only #bae p\nds1 valu$ at #fab 9 #aica 7pr9cipally f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom72 #ac p\nds1 valu$ at #ga 9 #aicb2 none 9 #aicc & #aicd2 #fji p\nds1 valu$ at #egi 9 #aice f ,canada1 ,g]many1 & ! ,ne!rl&s2 & #c1bfj p\nds1 valu$ at #i1dfh 9 #aicf f ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exports ( ph5olic or o!r syn!tic res9s = lam9at+ & ( lam9at$ articles are n sep>ately record$ 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 ,x is kn[n t appreciable quantities ( lam9at$ articles are export$ to ,canada1 ,engl&1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9s ,,= ,,surface ,,coat+s ,syn!tic res9s are widely us$ = surface coat+s1 *iefly because ( ! ease ) :i* new types c be produc$ to meet special requirem5ts & because ( _! uni=mity4 ,t>-acid res9 coat+s may be v>i$ 9 composition & prop]ties to meet a p>ticul> purpose4 ,possible v>iations dep5d on ! type or mixture ( t> acid us$ 7ph5ol1 cresols1 xyl5ols1 t]ti>y amyl ph5ol1 t]ti>y butyl ph5ol1 ph5yl ph5ol71 :e!r ! cond5sation takes place 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid or an alkali1 & on ! proportion ( =maldehyde us$4 ,! res9 s =m$ may be modifi$ ) natural res9s1 syn!tic res9s ( ! alkyd type1 fatty acids1 or o!r mat]ials4 ,! almo/ endless opportunities = diff]5t types c1 !re=e1 readily be appreciat$4 ,types ( res9 us$ & ! resultant coat+s4 ,! t>-acid res9s us$ 9 v>ni%es & o!r surface coat+s are usually oil-soluble types4 ,!y may be divid$ into ?ree g5]al classes3 7#a7 ,ph5ol-=maldehyde cond5sation products r5d]$ oil-soluble by *emical comb9ation or physical disp]sion 9 o!r mat]ials1 su* z ros9 & copal2 7#b7 cond5sation products made f t> acids o!r ?an simple ph5ol1 :i* are !mselves soluble 9 dry+ oils & ?9n]s2 & 7#c7 products f ! cond5sation ( ! sub/itut$ ph5ols & =maldehyde4 ,^! ?ree classes ( oil-soluble t>-acid res9s diff] widely 9 _! *emical & physical prop]ties & 9 _! functions4 ,! fir/ gr\p are usually call$ modifi$ ph5olic res9s1 ! second gr\p are ref]r$ to z unmodifi$ or #ajj-p]c5t soluble1 & ! ?ird gr\p are kn[n z sub/itut$ ph5olic res9s4 ,! unmodifi$ res9s are ext5sively us$ 9 long-oil tung v>ni%es1 to :i* !y imp>t great] dry+ spe$1 durability1 & resi/ance to alkalis & gases4 ,! modifi$ types imp>t ! same prop]ties to tung oil v>ni%es b to a less] ext5t4 ,9 addition ! modifi$ types possess consid]able h>dness s t great] gloss & fullness are obta9$4 ,modifi]s are ei!r dry+ oils or natural res9s2 tung oil is ! mo/ widely us$ oil & ros9 ! pr9cipal natural res94 ,sub/itut$ ph5ols su* z p>a t]ti>y amyl ph5ol & p>a t]ti>y butyl ph5ol may be us$ 9 place ( simple ph5ol2 :ile ^! are relatively high pric$ compon5ts1 ! res9s made !refrom h increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s to an appreciable volume because ( _! improv$ prop]ties4 ,o!r syn!tic res9s1 su* z ^? ( ! alkyd1 petroleum1 urea1 & v9yl types1 are sometimes incorporat$ ) ! ph5olics 9 ! same surface coat+ to obta9 "s desir$ prop]ty4 ,! addition ( a pla/iciz]1 su* z tricresyl phosphate or dibutyl ph?alate1 improves ! flexibility ( ! film4 ,_s v>ni%es1 9 :i* ! syn!tic res9 is dissolv$ 9 a solv5t1 are also available4 ,9 ?is type ! soluble fusible res9 7=m ,a7 is dissolv$ 9 an organic solv5t su* z acetone or ! v>i\s alcohols1 & conv]sion ( ! res9 to ! insoluble1 infusible /ate 7=m ,c7 is effect$ by bak+ ! film4 ,coat+s made f t>-acid res9s are widely us$ 9 s-call$ #d-;h\r enamels & v>ni%es1 = bo? int]ior & ext]ior application4 ,!y are also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( l9oleum1 artificial lea!r1 adhesives1 & pr9t+ inks4 ,:5 incorporat$ ) nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate lacqu]s !y improve ! adhesion1 lu/]1 & resi/ance to alkalies4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aicg ! output ( t>-acid res9s = surface coat+s exce$$ #bj million p\nds 7net res974 ,^? f ph5ol & ! sub/itut$ ph5ols acc\nt$ = a v l>ge "p ( ! total4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by res9s f cresylic acids & ! xyl5ols 9 t ord]4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 ab\t #bj dome/ic mak]s ( ?is type ( syn!tic res91 ) factories locat$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ,connecticut1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mi*igan1 ,miss\ri1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,imports ( oil-soluble ph5olic res9s h be5 negligible4 ,?is is due1 9 "p1 to lic5ses & agreem5ts betwe5 c]ta9 dome/ic & =eign mak]s1 to ! rem>kable advancem5t & pione]+ "w done 9 ?is c\ntry1 to ! hold+ ( _m basic pat5ts by ,am]icans1 & to ! relatively high duty on imports4 ,exports ( ^! products1 usually 9 ! =m ( enamels1 v>ni%es1 & lacqu]s1 h be5 appreciable & are probably increas+ ea* ye>4 ,(ficial /ati/ics are n report$ sep>ately4 ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9s ,,9 ,,adhesives ,a comp>atively new use = t>-acid res9s is 9 ! manufacture ( wood adhesives4 ,ord9>y vegetable & animal glues h long be5 us$1 al?\gh _! defici5cies 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics are well kn[n4 ,^! include 7a7 _! inability to produce uni=m products1 7b7 ! t5d5cy ( mo/ alkal9e glues to /a9 wood1 7c7 ! bad effects ( moi/ure on !m1 & ( bact]ia & fungi 9 ! case ( animal glues4 ,! t>-acid res9s h none ( ^! objectionable qualities4 ,be+ *emically in]t !y are free f attack by fungi & bact]ia4 ,moi/ure does n affect !m1 & !y d n /a9 wood4 ,?ree types ( res9s are us$ z wood adhesives1 pr9cipally 9 bond+ plywoods & v5e]s3 7#a7 ,hot press liquid1 7#b7 cold press liquid1 & 7#c7 res9 film4 ,furniture1 radio cab9ets1 games1 & build+ products con/ruct$ f plywoods bond$ ) res9s c be %ipp$ to tropical c\ntries1 ! bond n be+ affect$ by extreme climatic conditions4 ,^! res9 adhesives are m exp5sive ?an ! usual animal & vegetable glues1 a factor :i* has limit$ _! application4 ,_! advantages may1 h[ev]1 op5 up to res9 bond$ plywoods uses 9 :i* ! m ord9>y types are n satisfactory4 ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9s ,,= ,,o!r ,,uses ,! application ( t>-acid res9s 9 ca/+1 mold+1 lam9at+1 surface coat+s1 & adhesives has be5 describ$4 ,!re are _m o!r uses1 b mo/ ( !m approa* ! types ( application dealt )4 ,impregnation ( all sorts ( mat]ials ) t>-acid res9s is an increas+ use2 su* applications are 9 fabrics = aircraft1 crease resi/ant textiles1 wood1 asbe/os1 concrete1 & electrical coils4 ,wood ) res9 =c$ into ! fib] "u pressure is us$ = furniture1 floor+1 heads = golf clubs1 & h&les = ut5sils4 ,res9 is us$ z a b9d] 9 ! manufacture ( brake l9+s = automobiles1 z well z 9 ! manufacture ( abrasive & gr9d+ :eels4 ,an int]e/+ application is 9 ! con/ruction ( corrosion-resi/ant *emical plant equipm5t4 ,9 #aibb ! ,g]man firm ( ,saures*utz ,gesells*aft 0 incorporat$ to fabricate equipm5t compos$ ( a special acid-resi/+ type ( ph5olic res9 & asbe/os4 ,sometime lat] its manufacture 0 />t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all sorts ( indu/rial plant equipm5t is n[ available1 includ+ cyl9drical & rectangul> tanks up to #i feet 9 diamet] & #ab feet high1 pip+ = corrosive liquids & gases1 valves1 pumps1 fans & v5tilators1 filt] press plates & frames1 buckets1 dipp]s1 etc4 ,ano!r new use is = mak+ matrices 9 :i* to mold rubb] pr9t+ plates4 ,su* plates are us$ at pres5t *iefly 9 pr9t+ cotton & pap] bags b ext5sive exp]im5tation promises to broad5 _! use4 ,! matrix is made ( fib] bo>d ( v op5 /ructure impregnat$ ) t>-acid res9 9 ! process ( manufacture4 #d4 ,,alkyd ,,res9s ,description & uses4 ,! alkyd res9s1 us$ pr9cipally 9 pa9ts1 v>ni%es1 & lacqu]s1 are a gr\p ( cond5sation products syn!siz$ by react+ polyhydric alcohols1 su* z glyc]9 & ! glycols1 ) dibasic organic acids1 su* z ph?alic1 maleic1 succ9ic1 & sebacic4 ,! cond5sation product is almo/ always modifi$ to give prop]ties to ! res9 desirable or ess5tial to ! specific application contemplat$4 ,! modify+ ag5t may be a dry+1 semidry+1 or nondry+ oil2 ! fatty acid ( an oil2 a natural res91 su* z ros92 a syn!tic res9 ( ! t>-acid gr\p or ( ! urea-=maldehyde type2 or o!r sub/ance4 ,up to ! pres5t "t unmodifi$ alkyd res9s h n be5 comm]cially important4 ,a wide v>iety ( types is obta9$ by ! use ( diff]5t mat]ials & diff]5t modifi]s4 ,! v>iations beg9 ) ! dibasic acid us$1 & ) ! polyhydric alcohol us$4 ,! modifications possible are practically endless1 & almo/ any fix$ oil or ! correspond+ fatty acid1 & mo/ ( ! natural or syn!tic res9s may be us$4 ,! importance ( ! modifi] is %[n by ! proportion us$ 9 mo/ alkyd res9s4 ,on ! av]age1 approximately #ej p]c5t ( ! total weight ( ! dry+ & semidry+ alkyd res9 products is modifi]1 #cj p]c5t dibasic acid1 & #bj p]c5t polyhydric alcohol4 ,! proportions w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) individual types4 ,c]ta9 types on ! m>ket conta9 only #be p]c5t modifi] :ile o!rs h z mu* z #ge p]c5t4 ,9 a new indu/ry su* z ?is1 rapid *anges 9 types & applications mu/ be expect$4 ,ext5sive rese>* is be+ c>ri$ on by v>i\s gr\ps4 ,! raw mat]ial mak]s are seek+ *eap] products or ^? ) special prop]ties2 ! res9 mak]s are inve/igat+ an endless numb] ( modifications1 & ! mak]s ( surface coat+s are te/+ mo/ ( ! new types (f]$4 ,developm5t & pat5ts4 ,probably ! e>lie/ record ( rese>* lead+ to ! developm5t ( ! alkyds 0 t ( van ,bemmel51 :o report$ 9 a ,g]man te*nical j\rnal 9 #ahef ! sirupy products obta9$ by heat+ toge!r succ9ic acid & glyc]9 or citric acid & glyc]94 ,! fir/ inve/igation ( ! ph?alic anhydride-glyc]9 res9s 0 record$ 9 #aija4c ,watson ,smi?1 :ile engag$ 9 rese>* on ph?ale9 dyes1 obta9$ a transp>5t1 highly refractive res9like sub/ance :5 glyc]9 & ph?alic anhydride 7 heat$ toge!r4 ,smi? recomm5d$ ! product z a cem5t = c]amic w>es4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #aiaj-af ! rese>* laboratories ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 engag$ 9 rese>* on a syn!tic res9 f glyc]9 & ph?alic anhydride4 ,z a result ( ^! /udies num]\s pat5ts 7 grant$ = ?is type ( res9 to :i* ! trade "n ,glyptal 0 appli$4 ,int5sive rese>* 0 c>ri$ on by sev]al firms1 _m v>iations 7 develop$1 & lit]ally hundr$s ( pat5ts 7 grant$4 ,! pa9t & v>ni% indu/ry has be5 und]go+ radical readju/m5t4 ,me?ods & natural products1 :i* = decades or c5turies _h *ang$ v little1 are giv+ way to syn!tic creations ( our laboratories4 ,! fir/ important dep>ture f ! traditional practices 0 ! developm5t ( nitrocellulose lacqu]s4 ,! comm]cial application ( ! alkyd res9s foll[$1 & _! use is increas+ rapidly4 ,because ?is developm5t is /ill comp>atively "y1 ! l>ge numb] ( modifications (f]$ has confus$ ! coat+ manufactur]4 ,x is probable t _m ( ! syn!tic products n[ be+ m>ket$ h no special te*nical or economic ju/ification & t !y w 9 "t lose out 9 competition ) bett] products kn[n at pres5t1 or /ill to be develop$4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1hic1hgc1 dat$ ,janu>y #aj1 #aicc1 grant$ to ,r4 ,h4 ,ki5le & assign$ to ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 0 consid]$ "o ( ! basic pat5ts 9 ?is field4 ,e>ly 9 #aicf x 0 decl>$ invalid 9 a suit claim+ infr+em5t br\ght aga9/ ! ,p>amet ,*emical ,co4 ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! decision 9 ?is case seems to h op5$ ! glyc]9-ph?alic anhydride res9s to a l>ge numb] ( manufactur]s4 ,among ! pr9cipal br&s ( alkyd res9s n[ on ! dome/ic m>ket are ,beckosol1 ,dulux1 ,e/]ol1 ,glyptal1 ,rezyl1 & ,teglac4 ,ea* ( ^! trade names id5tifies a s]ies ( products4 ,classification ( alkyd res9s4 ,a numb] ( classifications ( ! alkyd res9s are possible & practical4 ,s9ce by f> ! mo/ important applications are 9 surface coat+s1 & _! use 9 mold+ compositions is relatively unimportant1 x seems advisable at ?is "t to emphasize ! m important use4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is survey ! foll[+ classification is us$3 7#a7 ,dry+ alkyd res9s4 7a7 ,unmodifi$4 7b7 ,modifi$ ) natural mat]ials4 7c7 ,modifi$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s4 7d7 ,modifi$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s & oil ext5d$4 7#b7 ,semidry+ alkyd res9s4 7#c7 ,nondry+ alkyd res9s4 7#d7 ,miscellane\s modifi$ alkyd res9s4 7#e7 ,alkyd res9s 9 wat] disp]sion4 7#f7 ,alkyd res9s 9 mold+ compositions4 ,at lea/ #ge p]c5t ( ! alkyd res9 f9i%es us$ at pres5t are ( ! dry+ type & ab\t #ae p]c5t ( ! nondry+ type4 ,unmodifi$ dry+ alkyd res9s4--,?is class ( alkyd res9s consi/s ( a s]ies ( comp\nds made f polyhydric alcohols1 polybasic acids1 & fatty acids 9 *emical comb9ation4 ,! alcohol is usually glyc]91 & ! polybasic acid l>gely ph?alic anhydride or acid1 al?\gh o!rs1 su* z maleic anhydride 7acid7 are increas+ rapidly 9 importance4 ,! fatty acid or oil us$ may be l9se$1 tung1 p]illa1 hempse$1 soybean1 sunfl[]1 saffl[]1 or o!r dry+ oil4 ,x is believ$ t tung oil & p]illa oil are ! mo/ important at ?is "t4 ,unmodifi$ dry+ alkyd res9s are *>act]iz$ by excell5t durability b limit$ resi/ance to wat] 9 air-dri$ f9i%es4 ,bo? 9 air-dri$ & 9 bak$ f9i%es !y are out/&+ z to flexibility1 quick dry+1 long lu/] life1 & p]man5t adhesion4 ,_! pr9cipal uses are 9 f9i%es = int]ior walls & woodwork1 automobiles1 coat+s on /eel su* z = refrig]ators1 railway equipm5t1 bridges1 adv]tis+ signs1 & li?ograph$ conta9]s4 ,9 ^! applications ! products ( ?is type compete ) nitrocellulose lacqu]s & ! old] types ( v>ni%es & pa9ts4 ,:ile ! initial co/ is high]1 great] durability is obta9$ toge!r ) fa/] dry+1 flexibility1 & h>dness4 ,probably ! l>ge/ field = surface coat+s is outdoor wood f9i%es4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to adapt pure alkyd f9i%es to ?is use b ) limit$ success because ! h>d & non-por\s f9i% does n p]mit ! escape ( moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! wood & ! pressure develop$ f vaporization ( ! moi/ure by ! sun's rays t5ds to lift ! coat+ f ! wood surface4 ,rec5tly x has be5 f\nd practicable to incorporate f #ae to #bj p]c5t alkyd res9s 9 conv5tional types ( outdoor pa9ts = wood4 ,"h ! use ( alkyds has contribut$ great] durability & ret5tion ( fre% appe>ance ov] a long] p]iod4 ,pa9ts ( ?is type are n[ on ! retail m>ket4 ,dry+ alkyd res9s modifi$ ) natural mat]ials4--,?is type ( alkyd res9 is modifi$ pr9cipally ) natural res9s1 su* z ros91 dam>1 ma/ic1 %ellac1 or copal4 ,! use ( ^! natural res9s imp>ts h>dness to ! res9 b %ort5s its durability4 ,!y make ! product less exp5sive1 p]mit easi] incorporation ( ! dry+ oil1 & 9 "s in/ances increase ! wat] resi/ance4 ,_! pr9cipal application is to modify nitrocellulose lacqu]s & lacqu] seal]s1 9 ord] to imp>t gloss1 h>dness1 & easy s&+4 ,x has be5 said t ! comm]cial production ( dry+ alkyds modifi$ ) natural res9s 0 z important a developm5t 9 ! surface coat+ indu/ry z ! discov]y ( ! alkyds !mselves4 ,dry+ alkyd res9s modifi$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s4--,dry+ alkyd res9s may be modifi$ ) t>-acid =maldehyde res9s1 t>-acid furfural res9s1 urea-=maldehyde res9s1 petroleum res9s1 & ! c\m>one & ind5e res9s4 ,modification ) t>-acid res9s gives a quick] sett+1 h>d] dry+ f9i% ) a high] gloss4 ,alkyd res9s s modifi$ are adapt$ to bo? air-dry+ & bak$ und]coats & f9i%es2 !y h good durability & adhesion & good resi/ance to grease1 oils1 alcohol & abrasion4 ,= "s uses ! t>-acid res9 modification gives bett] qualities ?an ei!r compon5t possesses alone1 b 9 light color$ f9i%es x has a t5d5cy to cause ! f9i% to yell[4 ,coat+s made ( dry+ alkyd res9s modifi$ ) t> acid res9s are widely us$ on automobile *assis1 f5d]s1 & bodies1 ma*9]y coat+s1 /eel fixtures & toys2 !y are especially suitable = prim]s1 und]coats1 & f9i%es on metal4 ,modification ) urea res9s produces bak$-f9i% coat+s4 ,z mu* z #dj p]c5t ( ! urea res9 is incorporat$4 ,x makes possible coat+s ) a full range ( p]man5t colors & improves _! h>dness & m>-pro(ness1 :]eas )\t ! ureas ! comb9ation ( color range ) h>dness _h be5 difficult to obta94 ,! urea res9 modifi$ alkyds f9d use on metal surfaces ( articles :i* mu/ /& r\gh h&l+1 su* z toys1 furniture1 & motors4 ,modification ) petroleum res9s produces air-dri$ f9i%es4 ,= indu/rial use on metal !y give coat+s ) bett] adhesion1 disp]sion ( pigm5ts1 & resi/ance to acids1 alkalies1 & moi/ure at a l[] co/ ?an is obta9$ by e/] gum or t>-acid res9 modification4 ,! petroleum res9 modification m9imizes sk9n+ & improves ! lu/] & ! fl[4 ,dry+ alkyd res9s modifi$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s & oil ext5d$4--,excell5t wat] resi/ance & v]satility are ! *>act]i/ics ( f9i%es made ( alkyd res9s modifi$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s 7usually t>-acid7 & oil ext5d$4 ,! incorporation ( dry+ oils gives a l[ co/ f9i% ) bett] compatibility & bru%+ & ) ! comb9$ prop]ties ( a quick-sett+ v>ni% & an alkyd res94 ,al?\gh n s durable or quick sett+ z ! unmodifi$ f9i%es1 !y h bett] wat] resi/ance4 ,^! f9i%es may be bru%$ or spray$1 air-dri$ or bak$4 ,!y h wide indu/rial & ar*itectural uses4 ,semidry+ alkyd res9s4--,cottonse$ oil is ! pr9cipal modifi] 9 semidry+ alkyd res9s4 ,alkyd res9s ( ?is type are us$ 9 f9i%es requir+ maximum gloss & color ret5tion4 ,:5 bak$ on metal at high temp]atures !y %[ no t5d5cy to wr9kle4 ,!y are us$ z re9=c+ ag5ts to increase flexibility & durability1 & to pla/icize o!r f9i%es4 ,nondry+ alkyd res9s4--,! nondry+ or nonoxidiz+ alkyd res9s are ^? conta9+ a nondry+ oil1 su* z ca/or oil or coconut oil1 or ! fatty acid ( a nondry+ oil1 su* z /e>ic1 palmitic1 or oleic acid4 ,nondry+ oils make ! res9 less s5sitive to heat h>d5+ & imp>t great] flexibility4 ,^! res9s are us$ pr9cipally z pla/iciz]s 9 nitrocellulose lacqu]s4 ,9 ?is use !y h ! advantage ( bett] ret5tion ( pla/iciz+ effici5cy ?an o!r pla/iciz]s1 _m ( :i* are lo/ by evaporation1 migration1 absorption1 or oxidation4 ,^! modifi$ nitrocellulose lacqu]s1 ei!r cle> or pigm5t$1 are us$ = coat+ wood1 composition bo>d1 clo?1 pap]1 rubb]1 lea!r1 & simil> surfaces4 ,miscellane\s modifi$ alkyd res9s4--,?is gr\p includes alkyd res9s modifi$ ) mat]ials o!r ?an ^? already discuss$4 ,to date 7#aich7 !re has be5 little1 if any1 comm]cial production ( su* res9s4 ,!re are _m modifi]s :i* h be5 sugge/$ & :i* might be us$ b = ! fact t !y are too exp5sive4 ,among ^! are butyl alcohol & b5zoic acid4 ,alkyd res9s 9 wat] disp]sion4--,emulsions ( alkyd res9s 9 wat] are n[ available = use 9 cle> & pigm5t$ coat+s4 ,^! are sold 9 ! =m ( pa/e conta9+ #dj to #ej p]c5t solids & are dilut$ ) wat] at ! "t ( application4 ,!y are especially suitable = coat+ por\s surfaces1 su* z brick1 concrete1 pla/]1 /ucco1 & masonry ( all k9ds4 ,!y are appli$ by bru%+ or spray+ & !y comb9e ! ease ( application ( wat] pa9ts ) ! durability1 wa%ability1 & h>dness ( oil pa9ts4 ,!y dry quickly1 & ! dri$ film _c aga9 be dissolv$ or susp5d$ 9 wat]2 ! coat+ c !re=e be wa%$ or1 aft] sev]al weeks1 scrubb$ ) cleans]s4 ,comp>$ ) oil pa9ts1 !y give bett] cov]age1 are easi] to apply1 & co/ appreciably less4 ,comp>$ ) o!r types ( wat] pa9ts1 su* z kalsom9e1 !y give a glossi] coat+ ( great] durability & sup]ior appe>ance2 !y seal por\s surfaces bett]2 _! cov]+ capacity is great]2 & _! appli$ co/ is slightly less p] squ>e y>d ( surface4 ,coat+s ( ?is type may be appli$ directly ov] fre% pla/] )\t a siz+ coat1 s9ce !y all[ ! cur+ ( ! pla/] to cont9ue4 ,! usual pa9t pigm5ts may be incorporat$4 ,a special use ( ! wat] disp]s$ alkyds is on asphalt or t> s9ce !y are nonble$+ 9 ! solv5ts ( ^! mat]ials4 ,?is quality p]mits _! use = traffic & zone m>k]s on /reets4 ,alkyd res9s 9 mold+ compositions & o!r uses4--,! alkyd res9s are mu* less important z b9d]s 9 mold$ articles ?an 9 coat+s & f9i%es4 ,conv]sion ( ! res9 to ! insoluble infusible =m is extremely sl[1 requir+ days z comp>$ ) m9utes = ! t>-acid & urea res9s4 ,! alkyds are us$ z b9d]s = flake1 p[d]1 & split mica to produce insulation mat]ial ( high electrical /r5g?4 ,o!r uses are 9 ! production ( l9oleums2 gaskets2 brake l9+s2 lam9at$ fabric1 pap]1 & c>dbo>d %eets2 pr9t+ inks2 & coat$ pap]1 textiles1 & lea!rs4 ,pigm5ts & solv5ts 9 alkyd f9i%es4 ,s9ce ! alkyd res9s are l>gely us$ 9 surface coat+s & f9i%es & s9ce ?is application 9 ?is field is produc+ great *anges 9 ! indu/ry1 x is appropriate to consid] ! effect ( _! use on o!r mat]ials4 ,! av]age alkyd res9 consi/s ( #ej p]c5t glyc]ol ph?alate modifi$ ) #ej p]c5t oil1 fatty acid1 natural res91 or syn!tic res94 ,! alkyd & modifi] are dissolv$ 9 a solv5t1 usually a coal-t> light oil su* z toluol1 or xylol1 or a petroleum solv5t1 & pigm5t$ ) titanium dioxide or o!r pigm5t4 ,highly basic pigm5ts su* z z9c oxide1 c>bonate :ite lead1 :it+ & alum9um hydrate 7all important pigm5ts 9 ! conv5tional types ( f9i%es7 are n us$ 9 alkyd f9i%es4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,prior to #aibi1 ! dome/ic production ( res9s f ph?alic anhydride 0 conf9$ l>gely to "o mak]4 ,! quantities produc$ 7 relatively small4 ,9 #aibi !re 7 ?ree produc]s1 ! volume ( ^: production exce$$ "o million p\nds = ! fir/ "t4 ,beg9n+ ) #aicc ! ,t>iff ,commission collect$ & compil$ production & sales /ati/ics = ^! res9s4 ,!y are %[n 9 table #g4 ,,table #g4--;,alkyd res9s f ph?alic & maleic anhydride3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,sales ,ye> ,numb] ( ,production ---------------------------------- mak]s ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds #aicc #f #i1icj1gje #c1fed1hed #fgc1hij #j4ah #aicd #aj #ae1bai1bdg #g1jhd1fjb #a1jbb1dcf 4#ad #aice #ae #cd1cab1gac #ae1hcf1idb #c1dhb1jgh 4#bb #aicfa #ca #df1ieb1deb #bd1beb1ece #e1cab1aba 4#bb #aicga #ci #fa1bed1jai #cd1gch1bie #f1hfd1aid 4#bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,includes res9s f maleic anhydride4 ,s\rce3 ,dyes & ,o!r ,syn!tic ,organic ,*emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,9 #aicc !re 7 #f mak]s ( res9s f ph?alic anhydride1 9 #aice !re 7 #ae1 & 9 #aicg !re 7 #ce4 ,! #aicg output ( alkyd res9s f ph?alic anhydride 0 #eh1dej1jcb p\nds net res91 ) sales ( #cb1ehc1cjg p\nds valu$ at #f1ddf1jaa4 ,produc+ plants are well scatt]$ ?r\gh nor!rn & ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aicf few] ?an "o-?ird ( ! mak]s acc\nt$ = ab\t #ij p]c5t ( ! output4 ,! dome/ic production ( res9s f maleic anhydride 0 report$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aicc4 ,! output 9 t ye> consi/$ ( exp]im5tal quantities produc$ by two firms4 ,a small increase 9 production occurr$ 9 #aicd :5 ano!r mak] began op]ation4 ,9 #aicf !re 7 eight produc]s & ! output 0 _m times t ( #aicd4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 #ab mak]s ( ^! res9s ) an output ( #b1hjc1ihg p\nds & sales ( #b1aed1ihh p\nds1 valu$ at #dah1ahc4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s p]sons 9 ! indu/ry t 9 volume ( production & sales ! res9s f maleic anhydride w 9 ! ne> future approa* t obta9$ f ph?alic anhydride4 ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no imports ( alkyd res9s h be5 record$ 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 ,exports ( alkyd res9 coat+s & f9i%es are n sep>ately %[n1 b data collect$ f ! sev]al produc]s %[ t appreciable quantities 7 export$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 pr9cipally to ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries4 #e4 ,,urea ,,res9s ,"o ( ! mo/ important s]ies ( !rmosett+ res9s is ! gr\p made by cond5s+ urea & =maldehyde4 ,z e>ly z #ahig x 0 discov]$ t an amorph\s cond5sation product 0 obta9$ f ! reaction ( urea & =maldehyde4 ,! cle> glass-l mass obta9$ l$ to consid]able rese>* "w t[>d ! developm5t ( a sub/itute = glass4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! res9 obta9$ absorb$ moi/ure1 result+ 9 a dimm+ ( its lu/]1 & t on /&+ = a "t1 ! cond5sation cont9u$ produc+ cracks1 fissures1 & disfigurem5ts 9 ! mold$ article4 ,9 #aibf a successful comm]cial product 0 develop$ 9 ,engl& by ! use ( ?i\rea4 ,co/ ( production1 h[ev]1 0 high4 ,! addition ( ?i\rea gave ! product great] /r5g? & wat] resi/ance ?an t obta9$ ) urea alone b ret>d$ ! rate ( cure4 ,also ! sulphur pres5t attack$ /eel molds1 :i* necessitat$ ! use ( exp5sive *romium plat$ or /a9less /eel molds4 ,ab\t #aibi ! fir/ successful /raight urea product 0 p]fect$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 f\nd t a fill]1 su* z highly ref9$ alpha cellulose1 m9imiz$ ! /resses4 ,! fill] 7z mu* z #cj to #dj p]c5t is usually incorporat$71 de/roys ! transp>5cy b p]mits ! manufacture ( transluc5t articles 9 a wide range ( color4 ,_m ( ! colors possible ) ! urea res9s1 p>ticul>ly ! light %ades1 _c at pres5t be obta9$ 9 mold$ t>-acid res9s4 ,an int]e/+ fact conc]n+ ^! res9s is t !y are produc$ indirectly f f\r gases3 ,ammonia1 c>bon dioxide1 hydrog51 & c>bon monoxide4 ,ammonia & c>bon dioxide react to =m urea1 & hydrog5 & c>bon monoxide yield me?yl alcohol :i* is conv]t$ to =maldehyde4 ,description & uses4 ,! urea res9s are out/&+ l>gely because ( _! brilliancy & dep? ( color1 prop]ties n readily obta9$ 9 o!r !rmosett+ res9s4 ,be+ odorless & ta/eless & completely resi/ant to oils & greases1 !y are adapt$ to use 9 ! manufacture ( cosmetic conta9]s4 ,conc5trat$ acids & alkalies attack ! res94 ,! electrical prop]ties ( ! urea res9s comp>e favorably ) ^? ( ! t>-acid res9s4 ,!y h a l[] p[] factor at high-frequ5cies ?an ! t>-acid res9s1 & are replac+1 to "s ext5t1 e/abli%$ mat]ials 9 heavy duty electrical equipm5t :]e 8track+0 causes tr\ble4 ,mold$ articles made f urea res9s are resili5t b n unbreakable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!rmo/at ,,case ,,( ,,mold$ ,,urea ,,res94 ,s\rce3 ,plaskon ,company1 ,inc41 #baab ,sylvan ,av5ue1 ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scales ,,case ,,( ,,mold$ ,,urea ,,res94 ,s\rce3 ,plaskon ,company1 ,inc41 #baab ,sylvan ,av5ue1 ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,! important uses ( ! urea res9s are dictat$ by _! pleas+ color & appe>ance4 ,9 #aice ! l>ge/ outlets 7 9 buttons & buckles1 9 bottle closures1 & 9 su* premium items z biscuit cutt]s & c]eal b[ls di/ribut$ by a l>ge food manufactur]4 ,tablew>e1 ba?room fixtures1 all sorts ( conta9]s & closures1 h\s+s = radios1 clocks1 scales1 & o!r ma*9es = retail /ores1 & light-color$ wall plates & swit*es1 knobs1 h&les1 & trim on da% panels ( automobiles1 & h&les & trimm+ on gas & electric ranges 7 among ! widespread applications ( ! urea res9s4 ,9 #aich probably ! fa/e/ gr[+ outlet = urea res9s is 9 light+ equipm5t4 ,use 9 packag+1 9 closures1 & 9 h\s+s1 is also increas+4 ,tablew>e1 ! pr9cipal outlet = a numb] ( ye>s1 is decl9+ m>k$ly4 ,a comp>atively new use is 9 %ades & reflectors1 replac+ opal glass4 ,! unpigm5t$ res9 is highly transluc5t & gives high light transmission & an exceptional degree ( light diffusion4 ,^! prop]ties1 toge!r ) l[ unit manufactur+ co/s1 r$uc$ %ipp+ co/s1 & resi/ance to breakage make ! urea res9s an ideal mat]ial = all sorts ( %ades & reflectors = direct & indirect light+ fixtures4 ,_m ( ! %ades us$ 9 railway c>s are ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! res9 is available 9 degrees ( d5s5ess & opacity to give p>ticul> ratios ( reflection & transmission4 ,reflectors z l>ge z #bh in*es 9 diamet] are on ! m>ket4 ,al?\gh mold$ articles are ! l>ge outlets = ! urea res9s1 o!r applications are ( increas+ importance4 ,sirups us$ to impregnate pap] & clo? are us$ 9 lam9at+ & ! result+ mat]ials h unusual decorative possibilities4 ,! surface is h>d & durable & ! wide range ( colors possible p]mits v attractive applications4 ,! urea res9s are us$ bo? z ! pr9cipal b9d+ mat]ial = lam9at$ %eets or on ! surface lam9ae ( %eets :]e t>-acid res9s are us$ z ! *ief b9d]4 ,! latt] practice p]mits a wide color range 9 decorative mat]ials )\t loss ( /r5g? or o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! t>-acid res9s4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 sev5 mak]s1 & _! production ( urea res9s = lam9at+ acc\nt$ = slightly less ?an #aj p]c5t ( ! total ( all urea res9s4 ,ano!r application ( urea res9s :i* has gr[n rapidly 9 ! pa/ #b ye>s is 9 comb9ation ) alkyd res9s 9 surface coat+s4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 ?ree mak]s1 & _! output ( urea res9s = coat+s am\nt$ to m ?an #aj p]c5t ( ! total production ( urea4 ,until rec5tly ! use ( urea res9s 9 pa9ts & v>ni%es 0 disc\rag$ by _! insolubility 9 organic solv5ts & _! in/ability4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! lack ( color1 _! high transp>5cy1 _! h>dness1 & _! fre$om f aft]-yell[+ 7 desirable *>act]i/ics4 ,! developm5t ( me?ods = prep>+ cond5sates1 :i* ov]come ! undesirable prop]ties1 has made available res9s = ?is use4 ,!y are m>ket$ z wat]-:ite visc\s solutions 9 a mixture ( organic solv5ts & are int5d$ = use 9 bak+ f9i%es4 ,!y _c be us$ alone because ! cur$ res9 is extremely h>d & brittle & lacks adhesion4 ,:5 comb9$ ) m ela/ic film-=m+ mat]ials su* z dry+ or nondry+ oil alkyd res9s1 !y produce coat+s t are m>-pro(1 resi/ant to alcohol1 grease1 oil1 & fruit acids1 & available 9 a full range ( colors4 ,applications are 9 metal furniture f9i%es1 toys1 refrig]ators1 c1 & drum coat+s4 ,! value ( urea res9s z adhesives has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s & "o ( ! fir/ pat5ts issu$ = su* use 0 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1cee1hcd grant$ 9 #aibj4 ,comm]cial developm5t & application1 h[ev]1 did n take place until ! la/ #b ye>s4 ,sev]al br&s ( urea adhesives are n[ on ! m>ket4 ,^! meet ! ne$ = a hot-press adhesive :i* is appli$ 9 liquid =m1 cures rapidly at mod]ate temp]atures1 & is economical4 ,= great] economy1 ! urea adhesive may be mix$ ) v>i\s proportions ( fl\r 7up to #ej p]c5t7 )\t affect+ its wat] resi/ance4 ,dilut$ ?us x comes )9 ! co/ range ( animal & vegetable glues & is m durable4 ,at pres5t1 x sells = #ah to #bj c5ts p] p\nd2 mix+ x ) #ej p]c5t fl\r gives an adhesive = plywood1 co/+ ab\t #aj c5ts p] p\nd4 ,9 #aicg ?ree produc]s made urea res9s = ?is use4 ,o!r uses are 9 ! treatm5t ( textiles to obta9 crease-pro( prop]ties & 9 ! impregnation ( wood4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1iea1iid issu$ on ,m>* #bj1 #aicd1 reports ! prep>ation ( artificial silk f urea res9s4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,comm]cial production ( urea res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 report$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aibi4 ,e>ly 9 t ye> ! ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co4 conclud$ an arrangem5t ) ! ,briti% ,cyanides ,co4 ( ,engl& = ! ,am]ican rights to manufacture & sell 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a res9 made f urea1 ?i\rea1 & =maldehyde & m>ket$ z ,beetle mold+ p[d]4 ,a manufactur+ unit 0 built at ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j41 & 9 #aicj ! output 0 sub/antial4 ,9 #aica ano!r produc]1 ! ,tol$o ,syn!tic ,products ,co41 began manufacture ( urea res9s4 ,sev]al ye>s prior to t "t ! ,tol$o ,scale ,co4 />t$ a se>* = a mat]ial light 9 weight to replace ! heavy porcela9-on-/eel us$ 9 cases = scales4 ,! se>* l$ to ! urea res9s & to comm]cial production by _! subsidi>y4 ,9 #aice ! ,tol$o ,syn!tic ,products ,company rea*$ an agreem5t ) ! ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries ( ,engl& = ! int]*ange ( te*nical & comm]cial in=mation & ( free pat5t lic5ses on urea mold+ & lam9at+ res9s4 ,! "n ( ! dome/ic firm 0 lat] *ang$ to ! ,plaskon ,co4 ,9 #aicb ! ,unyte ,corporation />t$ comm]cial production ( urea res9s at ,grasselli1 ,n4 ,j4 ,?is firm 0 affiliat$ ) ! ,am]ican ,i4 ,g4 ,corporation4 ,late 9 #aicf ! ,plaskon ,co4 took ov] ! ,unyte ,corporation4 ,! output ( urea res9s increas$ m>k$ly 9 #aicf & #aicg4 ,/ati/ics = ^? ye>s _c be publi%$ )\t disclos+ op]ations ( individual firms4 ,x may be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! increase 9 bo? ye>s ov] ! previ\s ye> 0 consid]ably great] ?an = any e>li] p]iod4 ,mo/ ( ! production 0 us$ 9 mold$ articles al?\gh appreciable quantities 7 consum$ 9 lam9at$ articles1 9 surface coat+s1 9 ! impregnation ( fabric1 & 9 adhesives4 ,!re 7 #aj dome/ic mak]s ( ^! res9s 9 #aicg4 ,dome/ic production & sales ( urea res9s are %[n 9 table #h4 ,,table #h4--,urea res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sales ,ye> ,production ---------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds #aicc #c1bcd1cef #b1igg1gia #a1dbb1fga #j4dh #aicd #c1dgj1iaf #c1aae1fjh #a1bij1hjb 4#da #aice #d1bjb1ecf #d1jje1jhc #a1hbh1efe 4#df #aicf-cg 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #a ,n publi%able2 figures w\ld reveal op]ations ( individual firms4 ,s\rce3 ,dyes & ,o!r ,syn!tic ,organic ,*emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,unit$ ,/ates imports & exports4 ,res9s obta9$ f urea & ?i\rea1 if import$1 w\ld probably be classifi$ "u p>agraph #aa ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,! pres5t rate ( duty "u ?is classification is #d c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p]c5t ad valorem4 ,!re has be5 no importation ( ^! res9s4 ,?is is due pr9cipally to ! int]national lic5s+ arrangem5ts :i* usually include ! allocation ( m>kets4 ,exports are n %[n sep>ately 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 #f4 ,,acrylate ,,res9s ,a new developm5t ( widespread importance 9 ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry is ! comm]cial production ( ! polym]s ( c]ta9 d]ivatives ( acrylic acid4 ,! comm]cial exploitation ( ! acrylates is ano!r example ( ! belat$ realization ( ! value ( sub/ances kn[n = _m ye>s4 ,acrylic acid has be5 kn[n = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s1 & ! polym] ( me?yl acrylate 0 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahhj4 ,x 0 n until #aibg1 h[ev]1 t a suitable me?od = _! comm]cial production 0 develop$4 ,! /udy ( ! _m d]ivatives ( acrylic & me?acrylic acids leads to ! conclusion t ^? ( greate/ practical application 9 ! res9 field are ! l[] e/]s1 su* z me?yl & e?yl1 polym]iz$ sep>ately or toge!r4 ,colorless transp>5cy1 /ability aga9/ ag+1 !rmopla/icity1 & *emical resi/ance to _m reag5ts are ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! acrylate res9s4 ,9 consi/5cy !y range f s(t1 /icky1 semiliquids to h>d1 t\gh1 !rmopla/ic solids4 ,s9ce ^! widely v>y+ prop]ties are obta9$ by control ( manufactur+ conditions1 r ?an by ! use ( pla/iciz]s1 ! res9s reta9 _! initial prop]ties indef9itely4 ,ag+ & wea!r+ h no effect z !y are /able "u exposure to heat1 light1 & oxidiz+ ag5ts4 ,! me?acrylates are h>d] & t\gh] b less ela/ic ?an ! acrylates4 ,prop]ties & uses4 ,! acrylate res9s are m>ket$ 9 a numb] ( =ms1 su* z solutions 9 organic solv5ts1 disp]sions 9 wat]1 solid ca/ %eets1 rods & tubes1 & mold+ p[d]s4 ,all ( ^! are di/+ui%able f _m o!r res9s by _! colorless transp>5cy1 adhesive qualities1 great ela/icity1 & *emical resi/ance4 ,! brilliant wat]-:ite color makes x possible to secure masses hav+ a high degree ( light transmission & great optical cl>ity4 ,! e>lie/ comm]cial use ( ! acrylate res9s 0 9 lam9at$ safety glass m>ket$ z ,plexigum 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & z ,luglas & ,sigla 9 ,europe4 ,! ext5sibility & ela/icity ( ! res9 film gives ! lam9at$ glass a flexible or yield+ type ( break :5 subject$ to a h>d impact4 ,hav+ excell5t adhesion to glass !re is no ne$ ( an auxili>y cem5t to bond ! res9 to ! glass1 nor is x necess>y to seal ! edges s9ce ! res9 has good resi/ance to moi/ure4 ,! acrylate res9 us$ = ?is purpose is 9 ! =m ( a visc\s solution 9 an organic solv5t4 ,a film is appli$ to ea* %eet ( glass1 ! solv5t remov$ by dry+1 & ! %eets are press$ toge!r4 ,! h>d] acrylic res9s are us$ 9 ! =m ( solid !rmopla/ics4 ,me?yl me?acrylate is ( special int]e/4 ,z ! monom] is a mobile liquid x c be ca/-polym]iz$ to a solid ( any desir$ %ape 9 pr$esign$ molds or produc$ 9 f9ely divid$ =m = use z mold+ p[d]4 ,! ca/ res9 is m>ket$ 9 ?is c\ntry z ,cry/alite1 ,plexiglas & ,lucite1 & 9 ,engl& z ,diakon4 ,! solid acrylate res9s are cle>] ?an ca/ ph5olic res9s1 n z brittle z ! poly/yr5e res9s1 & n z t\gh z cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose pla/ics4 ,_! transp>5cy & resi/ance to ag+ & wea!r p]mit _! use 9 applications n previ\sly consid]$ = syn!tic res9s4 ,%eets ( ?is res9 may be =m$ or mold$ into _m useful %apes4 ,! aircraft indu/ry has f\nd !m suitable = w9d%ields & cockpit enclosures to effect /reaml9+ & ?us greatly r$uce w9d resi/ance4 ,me?yl me?acrylate is probably ! ne>e/ approa* to organic glass ?us f> develop$4 ,its optical prop]ties make x suitable = spectacle l5ses1 cam]a l5ses1 magnify+ glasses1 & protective goggles4 ,spectacle l5ses are n[ be+ made to prescription by mold+4 ,x is e/imat$ t #ijj molds w supply ! requirem5ts ( ab\t #ih p]c5t ( ! prescriptions4 ,! excell5t light transmitt+ quality ( me?yl me?acrylate p]mits its use 9 edge light+1 adv]tis+ displays1 & in/rum5t dials4 ,x is also us$ 9 inspection w9d[s 9 v>i\s types ( ma*9]y :]e curv$ sections are necess>y & :]e glass might be brok54 ,a syn!tic res9 comb9+ ! prop]ties m5tion$1 toge!r ) high t5sile & impact /r5g?1 good dielectric prop]ties1 ultraviolet transmission1 & resi/ance to wat]1 oil1 acids1 & alkalies is an important contribution4 ,! acrylates may be color$ or h fill]s add$ to give any desir$ transluc5cy or opaqu5ess4 ,!y c be saw$1 cut1 blank$1 turn$1 drill$1 gr\nd1 poli%$1 & s&$ mu* ! same z are nitrocellulose pla/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,airplane ,,cockpit ,,enclosures ,,( ,,ca/ ,,acrylate ,,res94 ,s\rce3 ,rohm ,haas ,company1 #bbb ,w4 ,wa%+ton ,squ>e1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectacle ,,l5ses ,,mold$ ,,to ,,optical ,,prescription ,,f ,,acrylate ,,res94 ,s\rce3 ,rohm ,haas ,company1 #bbb ,w4 ,wa%+ton ,squ>e1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,a new & int]e/+ application ( ! acrylate res9s is z mold$ reflectors 9 a sy/em ( indirect highway light+4 ,! reflectors are press$ f colorless1 transp>5t me?yl me?acrylate res9 & are #a in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are assembl$ 9 a press$ metal h\s+ to =m a d\ble fac+ m>k] :i* is snap-lock$ to ! top ( an angle iron po/4 ,! po/s are s locat$ t ! reflectors are accurately align$ #c feet above ! pavem5t edge4 ,an in/allation has be5 made on ,u4 ,s4 ,highway ,no4 #af betwe5 ,detroit & ,lans+1 ,mi*41 at a co/ ( ab\t #cdj p] mile4 ,! motori/ provides 8 own light f 8 headlights :i* /rikes ! reflectors & is return$ z a n>r[ beam ( brilliant illum9ation4 ,! *ief ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,public ,roads /ates t ?is is a def9ite contribution to ! safety & utility ( ! highways at night4 ,! reflector is a gr\p ( t9y cube corn]s1 ov] #cjj 9 ea* disk4 ,ea* cube corn] is a complete retrodirective optical sy/em2 a light ray ent]+ ! front surface is reflect$ f surface to surface ( ! cube & aft] ! ?ird reflection is direct$ back t[>d ! headlight reg>dless ( ! entrance angle4 ,if ! cubes are made ) a high degree ( dim5sional accuracy1 ! reflect$ light has a high c&lep[]1 /rong en\gh to be se5 = a mile4 ,o!r uses = ^! res9s are 9 s\nd record+ records1 d5tures1 telephone & radio transmitt] diaphragms1 novelties1 & light+ fixtures4 ,! monom] 7unpolym]iz$ me?yl me?acrylate7 may be us$ to impregnate wood1 clo?1 wallbo>d1 cork1 pap]1 electrical coils1 tile1 or /one1 & !n polym]iz$ to =m ! res94 ,pap] & clo? s treat$ h _m uses1 su* z 9 ! electrical & food-packag+ indu/ries4 ,lam9at$ %eets f9d wide possibilities = use 9 ! aircraft field1 & = lamp %ades4 ,wood may be impregnat$ ) z mu* z #fj p]c5t ( ! monom]4 ,solutions ( ^! res9s 9 organic solv5ts1 su* z e?yl5e di*loride1 e?yl acetate1 & toluol1 are us$ 9 surface coat+s1 und]coats on difficult adhesion jobs1 to impregnate pap] & textiles1 & 9 insulation4 ,^! coat+ solutions are m>ket$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! trade "n ,acryloids & 9 ,europe "u ! trade names1 ,borron1 ,plexigum1 & ,acronol4 ,!y may be bru%$1 spray$1 dipp$1 & bak$4 ,bak+ is recomm5d$ to give a high] gloss1 bett] adhesion1 & a h>d] film4 ,! dri$ film has an ela/icity ( #a1jjj p]c5t at ord9>y room temp]ature & ! light transmission ( cle> films is int]m$iate betwe5 ord9>y w9d[ glass & qu>tz4 ,acrysol is an adhesive consi/+ ( a disp]sion ( ! res9 9 wat] & is recomm5d$ = use :]e adhesion is difficult1 z on rubb] or rubb]iz$ surfaces4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,comm]cial production ( acrylate res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 />t$ 9 #aica by ,rohm & ,haas1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 "u ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5ts ,nos4 #a1chh1jaf ( ,augu/ #af1 #aiba1 & #a1hbi1bjh ( ,octob] #bg1 #aica4 ,comm]cial production ( me?yl me?acrylate res9s 0 />t$ 9 #aicg by ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co4 ,?is developm5t is "u ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1ihj1dhc1 issu$ 9 #aicd4 ,! liquid monom] is produc$ at ,belle1 ,w4 ,va41 & %ipp$ to ,arl+ton1 ,n4 ,j41 :]e x is polym]iz$ by heat to ! solid res94 ,! output ( acrylate res9s 0 h>dly m ?an exp]im5tal 9 #aice b increas$ some:at 9 #aicf & v appreciably 9 #aicg4 ,al?\gh /ati/ics ( production are n publi%able1 x c be /at$ t 9 #aicg ! output approa*$ t ( o!r syn!tic res9s made 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,! prop]ties ( ^! res9s indicate v l>ge comm]cial production 9 ! ne> future4 ,prices ( ! sev]al types are /ill high z comp>$ ) o!r res9s b %\ld ev5tually be some:at l[] ?an ^? ( cellulose acetate & nitrocellulose pla/ics & slightly high] ?an ^? ( ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re h be5 no record$ imports ( acrylate res9s4 ,! two dome/ic produc]s h agreem5ts1 lic5ses1 or affiliations ) ! pr9cipal =eign mak]s ( ^! products1 "o 9 ,engl& & "o 9 ,g]many4 ,su* arrangem5ts w\ld acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( imports1 except = sample or exp]im5tal lots1 & might also limit export m>kets4 #g4 ,,c\m>one ,,& ,,ind5e ,,res9s ,c\m>one & ind5e are pres5t 9 appreciable quantities 9 c]ta9 coal-t> fractions1 especially 9 ! solv5t naph?a fractions di/ill+ betwe5 #afj & #aij ,c4 ,no attempt is made to isolate !m f ! solv5t naph?a4 ,su* a proc$ure w\ld be difficult & exp5sive &1 s9ce polym]ization readily takes place 9 dilute solutions1 x is m economical to use fractions ( solv5t naph?a ri* 9 ^! sub/ances4 ,! res9s obta9$ are mixtures ( polym]iz$ c\m>one & polym]iz$ ind5e4 ,! solv5t naph?a mu/ be ref9$ by fractional di/illation & ! polym]ization v c>efully controll$4 ,! polym]iz+ ag5t is usually sulphuric acid al?\gh metallic salts1 su* z alum9um *loride1 are sometimes us$4 ,! yield & color ( ! res9 are affect$ by temp]ature & am\nt ( acid us$4 ,light color$ res9s are ! mo/ desirable4 ,aft] polym]ization ! acid or metallic salt is remov$1 ! product wa%$ & neutraliz$ & f9ally di/ill$4 ,sev]al byproducts1 su* z naph?a1 p>ac\m>one soap1 & high boil+ oils1 are also obta9$4 ,description & uses4 ,c\m>one & ind5e res9s are produc$ & m>ket$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! trade names ,cum> & ,neville4 ,a numb] ( grades are available1 includ+ ! foll[+3 ,designation3 ,melt+ po9t ,rubb] grade1 s(t #ej- #fe ,c4 ,m$ium s(t #fe- #he ,c4 ,rubb] grade1 h>d #he-ajj ,c4 ,m$ium h>d #ajj-ace ,c4 ,v>ni% grade #ace-afj ,c4 ,9 addition to ^!1 c]ta9 types are produc$ = special purposes4 ,! c\m>one & ind5e res9s are us$ to a l>ge ext5t 9 v>ni%es = metal & wood4 ,9 ?is application !y may be us$ to replace all or "p ( ! high] pric$ natural res9s &1 to "s ext5t1 e/] gum4 ,_! application is some:at limit$ by _! r %ort durability & ela/icity4 ,!y are neutral1 nonoxidiz+ & nonsaponifiable & imp>t to v>ni%es great] in]tness & adhesion1 fair dielectric /r5g?1 & %ort] dry+ "t ?an _m ( ! natural res9s4 ,!y _c be us$ 9 nitrocellulose lacqu] s9ce !y are n compatible ) t pla/ic4 ,ano!r important use ( ^! res9s is z an +r$i5t 9 ma/ic floor tile1 9 ! production ( :i* a !rmopla/ic b9d] is us$4 ,orig9ally1 asphalt 0 us$1 b dem& = light color$ tile necessitat$ "s o!r b9d]1 ! requirem5ts = :i* 7 met by ! c\m>one & ind5e res9s4 ,! next l>ge/ application ( ^! res9s is 9 rubb] comp\nd+1 _! effect be+ to s(t5 ! rubb] dur+ mill+ & to facilitate its h&l+ on rolls4 ,!y d n affect ! ag+ qualities ( rubb] & are us$ z a s(t5] = reclaim$ z well z = new rubb]4 ,c\m>one & ind5e res9s are us$1 to "s ext5t1 9 l9oleum1 = impregnat+ ro(+ felt1 9 electrical & friction tapes1 pap] & clo? siz+1 pr9t+ inks1 brake l9+s1 adhesives1 artificial lea!r1 oil clo?1 & %oe poli%es4 ,z a sub/itute = *icle z mu* z #aj p]c5t may be incorporat$ 9 ! *ew+ gum mixture4 ,_! application 9 mold$ articles is v limit$ because ( _! brittl5ess & l[ t5sile /r5g?4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are ?ree dome/ic mak]s ( ^! res9s4 ,/ati/ics ( production & sales _c be publi%$ )\t disclos+ ! op]ations ( individual companies4 ,! output1 h[ev]1 has increas$ appreciably 9 rec5t ye>s & ?is type ( syn!tic res9 is n[ among ! mo/ important produc$4 ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re h be5 no record$ imports ( c\m>one & ind5e res9s 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,?is is und]/&able because ! duty alone w\ld usually be m ?an ! dome/ic price4#d ,(ficial export /ati/ics d n sep>ately record ^! res9s1 al?\gh quantities are export$ to ne>by c\ntries1 includ+ ,canada4 #h4 ,,petroleum ,,res9s ,consid]able rese>* "w has be5 done on ! syn!sis ( res9s f petroleum4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t crack$ petroleum di/illates1 :5 /or$ = a "t1 h a t5d5cy to =m gums4 ,?is t5d5cy is s pron\nc$ t inhibitors are add$ to arre/ su* =mation4 ,^! gums are ( little value z res9s1 b x is possible to obta9 good v>ni% res9s by oxidation or controll$ polym]ization ( c]ta9 di/illates ( petroleum crack+4 ,by c>efully controll+ op]ations1 res9s ( v>i$ prop]ties are obta9$ & sev]al ( !m h become comm]cially important4 ,! unsaturat$ comp\nds1 l>gely olef9s & diolef9s1 pres5t 9 highly crack$ petroleum di/illates c be polym]iz$1 ) c]ta9 cataly/s4 ,! res9 produc$ dep5ds ^u ! types ( unsaturat$ hydroc>bons pres5t & ^u ! conditions ( polym]ization4 ,prop]ties & uses4 ,sev]al types ( petroleum res9s are on ! m>ket1 "o made f ! 8polym] slop0 obta9$ 9 ! high temp]ature1 vapor-phase crack+ op]ation1 & ! o!r prep>$ prim>ily = ! production ( res94 ,! =m] is m>ket$ "u ! trade "n ,petropol & ! latt] z ,santores94 ,! 8,petropol0 res9s are m>ket$ 9 two grades1 ,no4 #aaeh & ,no4 #bach4 ,! specifications = ^! are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,petropol ,no4 #aaeh liquid ,petropol ,no4 #bach liquid ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gravity #ae4e-ah4e #aj-aa ,a4 ,p4 ,i4 ,fla% #age ,f4 m9imum4 #bcj ,f4 m9imum4 ,fire #bae ,f4 m9imum4 #bhj ,f4 m9imum4 ,viscosity #bjj-bbe at #bab ,f4 #bbe-cjj at #baj ,f4 ,p\r #j ,f4 maximum4 #de ,f4 approximate4 ,iod9e ,no4 #aie m9imum4 #bjj m9imum4 ,molecul> weight #cjj approximate4 #dbe approximate4 ,p]c5t solids #fj-fe4 #hj-he4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,miscible 9 all proportions ) petroleum solv5ts4 ,petropol ,no4 #aaeh is us$ by core oil mak]s to replace su* vegetable oils z l9se$1 tung1 & p]illa4 ,x is us$ also z a b9d] & wat]pro(+ ag5t on rock wool insulation1 replac+ ros9 & m9]al oil4 ,= spray+ coal to m9imize du/+1 x has ! advantage ov] calcium *loride ( increas+ ! ,b4 t4 u4 cont5t ( ! fuel4 ,petropol ,no4 #bach is a surface coat+ mat]ial :i* dries by polym]ization4 ,a l[ co/ pa9t is obta9$ by comb9+ a pigm5t & a pla/iciz] ) ! res94 ,su* pa9t dries 9 ab\t "o-f\r? ! "t ( l9se$ oil pa9ts1 adh]es bett] to metal1 & has great] resi/ance to wat]1 acids1 & alkalies4 ,9 v>ni%es & enamels x replaces #ab to #ae p]c5t ( t>-acid res91 m9imizes sk9n+1 & gives a high] lu/] & bett] fl[4 ,ano!r use ( ?is ,petropol is z a b9d] 9 brake l9+s1 replac+ c]ta9 t>-acid res9s4 ,^! two ,petropol res9s are among ! l[e/ pric$ syn!tics1 sell+ at pres5t 7#aich71 9 tank c>lots1 = #b to #e c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! ,santores9s are cle>1 h>d1 neutral products1 melt+ at #ajj ,c4 ,!y are soluble 9 dry+ oils1 accel]ate ! gelat9ation ( tung oil1 are nonreactive ) pigm5ts1 d n yell[ on outdoor exposure1 & are resi/ant to alkalies1 acids1 alcohol1 & wat]4 ,applications are 9 protective coat+s = wood1 metal1 pap]1 lea!r1 cem5t1 pla/]1 & o!r mat]ials1 9 pr9t+ inks1 pla/ic tile1 l9oleum1 & fib] packages4 ,be+ odorless & ta/eless !y may be us$ to l9e food conta9]s4 ,_! high resili5cy & purity recomm5d _! use z a base = *ew+ gum4 ,o!r uses are z an ag5t = wett+ & disp]s+ pigm5ts 9 rubb] & 9 surface coat+s1 to replace e/] gum or modifi$ t>-acid res9s4 ,at pres5t ! ,santores9s are (f]$ at #ae c5ts p] p\nd 9 lots ( #bj1jjj p\nds or m4 ,_! approximate specifications are3 ,appe>ance ,a cle> h>d res94 ,melt+ po9t #aaj to #abj ,c4 ,a4 ,s4 ,t4 ,m4 7,r+ ,ball74 ,acid value #j to #a4 ,iod9e value #abe to #ace4 ,specific gravity 7at #bj ,c47 #a4jb or #h4e lbs4 p] gallon4 ,color 7#ej p]c5t solution by weight 9 toluol7 #ac to #ae ,g>dn] ,holt /&>d4 ,odor slight :5 cold1 sweet & aromatic :5 melt$4 ,soluble 9 aromatic hydroc>bons1 petroleum ?9n]s1 turp5t9e1 & v>ni% oils4 ,insoluble 9 alcohols1 e/]s1 ketones1 & n completely compatible ) nitrocellulose4 ,production4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates two mak]s ( petroleum res9s are produc+ 9 comm]cial quantities & sev]al o!rs are c>ry+ on ext5sive rese>*4 ,production 0 small 9 #aice1 b increas$ 9 #aicf & 9 #aicg4 ,! developm5t & expansion ( ^! res9s ov] ! pa/ #b ye>s indicate t !y w become important4 ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re has be5 no importation ( petroleum res9s into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exports h be5 conf9$ to samples & exp]im5tal quantities4 #i4 ,,poly/yr5e ,,res9s ,! poly/yr5e res9s are !rmopla/ic products discov]$ ab\t #ajj ye>s ago & are !re=e ! olde/ syn!tic res9s kn[n4 ,_! practical application has be5 greatly ret>d$ by ! lack ( inexp5sive raw mat]ials ( high purity & by ! difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,e?yl5e1 f petroleum or natural gas1 is comb9$ ) b5z5e1 f byproduct coke-ov5 op]ations1 to =m e?yl b5z5e1 :i* is crack$ to v9yl b5z5e or /yr5e4 ,?is monom] is polym]iz$ by heat at #ajj-aej ,c4 ,! res9 may be extremely t\gh or v brittle1 dep5d+ on ! conditions ( polym]ization4 ,products hav+ diff]5t prop]ties are obta9$ by 7a7 l[ temp]ature polym]ization1 7b7 high temp]ature polym]ization1 & 7c7 catalytic polym]ization4 ,! l[-temp]ature polym]s1 sometimes designat$ z alpha-meta/yrol1 are produc$ by polym]izations ( v9yl b5z5e at temp]atures "u #age ,c4 ,a transp>5t res91 colorless to light yell[1 is produc$ :i* is rem>kably t\gh1 has excell5t t5sile /r5g?1 unusually good dielectric prop]ties1 & is resi/ant to mo/ *emicals4 ,polym]ization at high temp]atures 7above #age ,c47 yields a brittle res9 designat$ z beta-meta/yrol4 ,?is type is transp>5t b usually d>k 9 color1 has l[ t5sile /r5g? & %ock resi/ance4 ,:5 v9yl b5z5e is polym]iz$ 9 ! pres5ce ( cataly/s1 ! result+ res9 is simil> to res9s obta9$ at high temp]atures1 except t x is light] 9 color4 ,x is sometimes designat$ z gamma-meta/yrol4 ,oxidiz+ ag5ts are usually ! cataly/s4 ,cle>1 colorless1 vitre\s res9s are obta9$ by exclud+ air dur+ polym]ization4 ,prop]ties & uses4 ,poly/yr5e res9 is a cle>1 colorless1 highly !rmopla/ic mold+ mat]ial ) high insulat+ prop]ty1 moi/ure resi/ance1 in]tness1 dim5sional /ability1 & impact /r5g?4 ,x c be mold$ directly by heat & pressure1 & ! mold$ articles are rem>kably resi/ant to discoloration by light4 ,poly/yr5e has a dielectric con/ant ( #b4f1 a p[] factor ( #j4jb p]c5t1 & is equival5t to fus$ qu>tz z an electrical insulator ( l[ dielectric loss4 ,films ( #j4jjb in* ?ickness h a dielectric /r5g? ( m ?an #b1jjj volts p] mil ?ickness1 :i* is bett] ?an t ( any o!r available syn!tic res9 & ev5 bett] ?an t ( %ellac4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( ! res9 is #e1ejj to #g1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & its impact resi/ance rema9s un*ang$ at temp]atures z l[ z m9us #gj ,c4 ,x transmits all wave l5g?s ( light d[n to #c1jjj ,ang/rom units4 ,poly/yr5e is adapt$ to l>ge scale production ( transp>5t1 transluc5t1 & opaque mold+s 9 a wide v>iety ( colors4 ,x is easily mold$ by injection processes1 s(t5+ at ab\t #aej ,f4 & is mold$ at #cjj to #cge ,f41 "u #c1jjj to #cj1jjj p\nds pressure p] squ>e in*4 ,z mu* z #dj p]c5t fill] may be us$ )\t s]i\sly affect+ ! t5sile /r5g?1 al?\gh ! fill] does affect ! dielectric prop]ties4 ,s9ce ! res9 is !rmopla/ic !re is no wa/e 9 ! mold+ op]ation2 scrap mat]ial may be regr\nd & us$ aga94 ,! unusual prop]ties ( ^! poly/yr5e res9s %\ld give !m widespread applications :5 ! co/ is l[ en\gh to make !m competitive ) o!r mat]ials4 ,pot5tially l>ge volume outlets are 9 radio frequ5cy insulation2 9 d5tures because ( ! /r5g?1 l[ specific gravity1 ease ( color+1 & abs5ce ( odor & ta/e ( ! mat]ial2 9 electrical p>ts = subm>9e & aircraft /orage batt]y cases & sep>ators2 & = ! manufacture ( glass eyes4 ,o!r possible applications ( poly/yr5e res9s are 9 metal lacqu]s & 9 light color$ enamels4 ,_! t\ghness & light color1 toge!r ) _! solubility 9 *eap solv5ts1 sugge/ _! use = ^! purposes4 ,su* lacqu]s are said to be quick-dry+1 resi/ant to wat]1 & mod]ately s to acids & alkalies4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s1 ! ,naugatuck ,*emical ,division ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb] ,co4 produc$ small quantities ( poly/yr5e res9s1 :i* 7 m>ket$ "u ! trade "n ,victron :5 = g5]al purposes & "u ! trade "n ,m>velyn :5 = use 9 d5tures4 ,little progress 0 made because ( high co/s & failure to produce a wat]-:ite product4 ,! sales price 0 betwe5 #a4ej & #b p] p\nd4 ,e>ly 9 #aicg ! ,naugatuck ,*emical ,division transf]r$ its pat5ts on poly/yr5e res9s to ! ,c>bide & ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corporation4 ,! ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 ,midl&1 ,mi*41 late 9 #aicg ann\nc$ comm]cial production ( cle>1 colorless poly/yr5e 9 sev]al =ms4 ,/yron is ! trade "n = ! res9 f ?is s\rce4 ,9 ,janu>y #aich1 ! ,bakelite ,corporation ann\nc$ ,bakelite ,poly/yr5e4 ,! plants manufactur+ poly/yr5e h a capacity 9 excess ( #b1jjj1jjj p\nds a ye>1 & ! res9 is curr5tly (f]$ at #gb c5ts p] p\nd4 ,at lea/ "o o!r dome/ic firm is do+ rese>* on ! poly/yr5es & expects to produce comm]cially 9 ! ne> future4 ,imports into & exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at lea/ two comm]cial types ( poly/yr5e res9s are produc$ abroad4 ,bo? are made 9 ,g]many & m>ket$ "u ! trade names ,resoglas & ,trolitul4 ,resoglas is a wat]-:ite1 transp>5t !rmopla/ic res9 s(t5+ at ab\t #aej ,c4 ,its wat] absorption is l[1 x is nonoxidiz+1 & does n discolor on wea!r+ & bak+4 ,appreciable quantities are produc$ 9 ,g]many & ! sales price !re 0 report$ to h be5 #dj c5ts p] p\nd dur+ #aicf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mold$ ,,poly/yr5e ,,res9s4 ,s\rce3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,small quantities ( ,resoglas & ,trolitul h be5 import$ f ,g]many 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,table #i %[s ! quantities import$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,,table #i4--,resoglas & ,trolitul3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,resoglas 7poly/yrol7 ,trolitul ,ye> ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,quantity ,value ,unit value,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds #aicc #gga 7#a7 #fgb 7#a7 #aicd #iia 7#a7 #bjj 7#a7 #aice #aaj #ig #j4hh #d1fjh #c1ghb #j4hb #aicf #b1bbj #a1ija 4#hf #d1fga #c1fda 4#gh #aicgb ,none ,none #f1ghh #d1jgg 4#fj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,n available4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,analyses ( invoices ( p>agraph #bh1 act ( #aicj--,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,) ! m advanc$ developm5t ( poly/yrol res9s 9 ,g]many prior to #aich1 evid5c$ by l>g] comm]cial production1 by wid] application1 by ! m>ket+ ( a wat]-:ite product at a consid]ably l[] price1 x might be expect$ t imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h be5 9 consid]ably l>g] am\nt ?an %[n 9 table #i4 ,t !y 7 small 0 probably due to ! high rate ( duty :i* made !m exp5sive z comp>$ ) o!r syn!tic res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ?us limit$ _! m>ket to uses 9 :i* ! o!rs 7 less satisfactory4 ,resoglas 0 report$ to h be5 sell+ = #dj c5ts p] p\nd 9 ,g]many4 ,! import$ res9 is assess$ = duty "u ! provisions ( p>agraph #bh ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj at #de p]c5t ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price 7z a competitive product7 & #g c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! ,am]ican sell+ price ( ! res9 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until late 9 #aicg1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau ( ,cu/oms1 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 0 #a4he p] p\nd4 ,! duty 0 !re=e #ij c5ts p] p\nd4 ,imports ( ,trolitul 7 valu$ at #ge c5ts p] p\nd1 giv+ a co/ ( #a4ge p] p\nd laid d[n1 duty paid1 9 dome/ic m>kets4 ,) ! pres5t ,am]ican sell+ price ( #gb c5ts p] p\nd1 ! duty w\ld be approximately #cf c5ts p] p\nd4 #aj4 ,,v9yl ,,res9s ,v9yl acetate1 v9yl *loride1 & to a less] ext5t v9yl *loroacetate1 are ! raw mat]ials 7monom]s7 = ! sev]al v9yl res9s comm]cially produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,g]many4 ,^! are all e/]s ( ! hypo!tical v9yl alcohol & are made by ! action ( acetic & hydro*loric acids on acetyl5e4 ,! spontane\s polym]ization ( v9yl d]ivatives has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s1 al?\gh its significance & indu/rial application h be5 realiz$ only rec5tly4 ,v9yl acetate1 probably ! mo/ important ( ! v9yl e/]s1 0 discov]$ 9 #aiab & fir/ made 9 ,canada 9 #aiag4 ,v9yl res9s may be classifi$ into 7a7 polyv9yl acetate1 7b7 copolym]s ( v9yl acetate & v9yl *loride1 7c7 polyv9yl *loride1 & 7d7 polyv9yl *loroacetate4 ,description & uses4 ,polyv9yl acetate res9s4--,! sev]al comm]cial types ( v9yl acetate res9s are m>ket$ "u ! trade names ,v9yloid ,a1 ,alv>1 ,gelva1 ,=mv>1 & ,m[ili?4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a product ( ,c>bide & ,c>bon ,*emicals ,co41 ,new ,york1 ! next ?ree are products ( ,%aw9igan ,*emicals ,limit$1 ,%aw9igan ,falls1 ,canada1 & ! la/ is made by ! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft ,indu/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,g]many4 ,v9yloid ,a & ,gelva repres5t ! simple/ s]ies ( v9yl acetate res9s & are made by polym]iz+ ! monom]4 ,! s(t5+ po9t & viscosity ( ! polyv9yl acetate res9s increase ) high] polym]ization4 ,su* res9s are colorless1 ta/eless1 odorless1 !rmopla/ic products4 ,!y are soluble 9 coal-t> solv5ts & are compatible ) c]ta9 alkyd res9s1 t>-acid res9s1 & natural res9s4 ,films ( polyv9yl acetate res9 are n discolor$ by exposure1 & aft] irradiation !y become opaque to ultraviolet light1 are h>d & t\gh1 & h good adh]5ce & endurance4 ,_! dielectric /r5g? is good & !y d n %[ a c>bon track aft] ! passage ( an electric arc4 ,v>i\s grades hav+ s(t5+ po9ts f #hj to #bjj ,c4 are available4 ,polyv9yl acetate res9s are us$ 9 mak+ transp>5t pap]s1 pap] to metal lam9ations1 glass9e pap]s = food packag+1 z a sub/itute = *icle 9 *ew+ gum1 & z a compon5t ( pa9ts1 v>ni%es1 & lacqu]s4 ,!y h ! desirable prop]ties ( compatibility1 durability1 resi/ance to abrasion1 & ru/ inhibition 9 ! surface-coat+ use4 ,hav+ ! same refractive index z pyrex glass1 !y leave no l9e ( dem>cation :5 us$ z a cem5t = t mat]ial4 ,!y h be5 us$ to /iff5 toe-caps 9 %oes & articles made f pap] pulp susp5sions4 ,gelvas are n mold$ z su* because ( _! t5d5cy to cold fl[4 ,!y are us$1 h[ev]1 z a b9d] = gr\nd m9]al fill]s 9 adv]tis+ signs & = wood fl\r 9 mold$ artificial wood c>v+s4 ,9 nitrocellulose lacqu]s !y improve ! adhesion1 lu/]1 & t\ghness4 ,alv>s are made by replac+ "p or all ( ! acetate gr\ps 9 ,gelva ) acetaldehyde4 ,_! viscosity v>ies ) ! degree ( polym]ization & _! prop]ties v>y accord+ to ! ext5t ( replacem5t ( ! acetate gr\ps4 ,! ,alv> types d n cold fl[ :5 mold$1 are t\gh]1 h>d]1 & h bett] adhesion b are less resi/ant to wea!r+ ?an ! ,gelva types4 ,o!r prop]ties are ab\t ! same z ^? ( ! ,gelvas4 ,alv>s hav+ #gj to #hj p]c5t acetate gr\p replacem5t are us$ *iefly 9 _s type v>ni%es1 lacqu]s1 & enamels t mu/ /& exposure to wea!r4 ,ano!r ,alv> type is us$ 9 injection & press mold+4 ,! high b9d+ p[] ( ! res9 p]mits ! use ( l>ge p]c5tages ( fill] )\t loss ( desirable prop]ties4 ,su* mold+s may be ma*9$ & poli%$1 & take ins]ts1 su* z ! wood core 9 %oe heels4 ,flexible phonograph & transcription records made f ! ,alv>s h ga9$ wide approval4 ,an #he p]c5t 7acetate replacem5t7 type has bett] impact /r5g? & is us$ 9 toilet articles4 ,%eets1 rods1 & tubes ( ?is res9 may be ma*9$ 9 mu* ! same way z nitrocellulose pla/ic & us$ :]e non9flammability is an asset4 ,=mv>s are made by replac+ "p or all ( ! acetate gr\ps 9 ,gelva ) =maldehyde4 ,^! res9s are colorless1 odorless1 ta/eless1 & !rmopla/ic4 ,!y h high] s(t5+ po9ts & great] t5sile & impact /r5g? ?an ! ,alv>s4 ,!y are resi/ant to alcohols1 coal-t> solv5ts1 fats1 oils1 or wat]4 ,moi/ure transmission rate ?r\gh a film ( ?is res9 is ab\t "o-t5? t ?r\gh reg5]at$ cellulose & "o-f\r? t ?r\gh cellulose acetate4 ,! grades ( ! ,=mv>s available are designat$ by ! ext5t ( replacem5t ( ! acetate gr\p4 ,! #ge-p]c5t replacem5t type has excell5t me*anical /r5g? & flexibility & is unaffect$ by sunlight4 ,=mv>s ( #ie p]c5t acetate displacem5t h a t5sile /r5g? z high z #aj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* & (f] possibilities 9 ! manufacture ( artificial silk & photographic film4 ,! v9yl res9s h made possible a new type ( safety glass sup]ior to any h]et(ore m>ket$4 ,by cond5s+ butylaldehyde ) v9yl acetate1 a polym] is obta9$ :i* is us$ z ! inn] lay] betwe5 two %eets ( glass4 ,heat & pressure secure complete adhesion & yield a %eet ) great] resi/ance to breakage at l[ temp]atures ?an ! types n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,al?\gh safety glass 0 inv5t$ 9 #aije1 & _m sub/itutes = ! orig9al nitrocellulose inn] lay] h be5 propos$1 only two rea*$ comm]cial importance be=e ! developm5t ( ! v9yl res9s4 ,^! are cellulose acetate & ! acrylate res9s4 ,safety glass us$ 9 automobile w9d%ields up to ab\t #aicj discolor$ aft] a ye> or two ( s]vice4 ,?is discoloration 0 due to ! action ( ! act9ic rays ( ! sun on ! nitrocellulose lay]4 ,s9ce #aicj ?is difficulty has be5 l>gely ov]come by us+ an act9ic ray filt] glass 7a special glass ) a high iron cont5t7 9 front ( ! nitrocellulose %eet1 or by us+ cellulose acetate1 :i* is n discolor$ to ! same ext5t by light1 z a sub/itute = nitrocellulose4 ,bo? cellulose nitrate & cellulose acetate1 h[ev]1 h a t5d5cy to lose t\ghness & /r5g? at l[ temp]atures1 to absorb moi/ure1 & to sep>ate f ! glass ar\nd ! edge unless seal$1 & to lose _! pla/iciz] & %r9k4 ,al?\gh a va/ improvem5t ov] ord9>y plate glass1 lam9at$ glass made ) cellulose nitrate or acetate has ! s]i\s defect ( be+ brittle at l[ temp]atures1 su* z prevail 9 ! w9t]s ( nor!rn ,/ates4 ,x is easily %att]$ at z]o ,fahr5heit1 :ile at #fj ,f4 & above x is q /rong4 ,?is %ortcom+ l$ to ! developm5t ( ! v9yl res9 %eet = safety glass ) a rem>kable degree ( t\ghness4 ,at normal temp]atures x has rubb]like t\ghness :i*1 al?\gh decreas$ at l[ temp]atures1 is n punctur$ by ! impact ( a half-p\nd /eel ball fall+ f a #cj-;foot height at m9us #aj ,f41 :]eas nitrocellulose or acetate lam9at$ glass )/&s ! impact ( a fall f n great] ?an "o-t5? ?is height4 ,a fur!r advantage ( ! v9yl %eet is t x is wat] resi/ant1 mak+ ! seal+ ( ! edges ( ! glass unnecess>y & ?us r$uc+ co/s4 ,exposure to ultraviolet light 9 ,florida sunlight = m ?an #b ye>s did n discolor x4 ,! _m desirable prop]ties ( ! v9yl res9s1 z outl9$ above1 indicate _! widespread use 9 lam9at$ safety glass :5 x is available 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,x is e/imat$ t our annual output ( safety glass int]lay] %eets exce$s #ag1jjj1jjj p\nds1 ( :i* #be to #cj p]c5t are = w9d%ields1 & #gj to #ge p]c5t = side & back w9d[s ( automobiles4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! s]ies ( ,m[ili?s made 9 ,g]many is polym]iz$ v9yl acetate4 ,x is recomm5d$ z an +r$i5t ( wat]-:ite lacqu]s4 ,x is compatible ) nitrocellulose & is extremely durable & n dis9tegrat$ or discolor$ on exposure to wea!r4 ,copolym]s ( v9yl acetate & v9yl *loride4--,! simultane\s polym]ization ( mixtures ( v9yl acetate & v9yl *loride yields res9s ) ! desirable prop]ties ( ! two reactants4 ,! ext5t ( pla/icity is l>gely controll$ by v>y+ ! ratio ( ! v9yl d]ivatives4 ,res9s high 9 v9yl *loride cont5t are bett] suit$ to mold+1 & ^? high 9 v9yl acetate are bett] lacqu] +r$i5ts4 ,^! res9s are m>ket$ z ,v9ylites by ! ,c>bide & ,c>bon ,*emicals ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,!y are !rmopla/ic1 odorless1 ta/eless1 & practically nonflammable4 ,_! out/&+ prop]ties are resi/ance to wat]1 soap1 acids1 alkalies1 & alcohol1 & _! /r5g? & good dielectric prop]ties4 ,_! /ability to light is improv$ by ! addition ( ultraviolet absorb+ comp\nds & _! /ability to heat by ! addition ( lead oleate1 calcium /e>ate1 or o!r bases4 ,wat] absorption & compatibility ) o!r res9s is increas$ z ! *loride cont5t increases4 ,! pr9cipal types ( copolym]s are3 ,v9ylite ,,vyn1 high molecul> weight4 ,?is res9 is us$ 9 d5tures :]e good fatigue resi/ance1 impact /r5g?1 & t5sile /r5g? are requir$4 ,x conta9s #he to #hh p]c5t v9yl *loride4 ,v9ylite ,,vyn1 m$ium molecul> weight4 ,?is res9 is us$ 9 g5]al mold+ & ext5d+ applications includ+ %eets1 rods1 & tubes4 ,its v9yl *loride cont5t av]ages #he to #hh p]c5t4 ,v9ylite ,,vyn1 l[ molecul> weight4 ,?is res9 is us$ 9 mold+s1 coat$ pap]1 lacqu]s1 floor tile1 phonograph records1 & felt impregnation4 ,x conta9s #he to #hh p]c5t v9yl *loride4 ,v9ylite ,,vyc4 ,?is res9 ( l[ molecul> weight is compatible ) nitrocellulose & is us$ 9 lacqu]s & f9i%es = indu/rial applications4 ,lacqu]s f ! ,v9ylites are call$ ,v9yloids4 ,! ,v9ylites = mold+ are !rmopla/ic & %r9k v little1 mak+ !m applicable to l>ge mold+s4 ,!y may be us$ 9 ext5sion processes su* z too?-bru% pre=ms1 pipe l9+1 & wall trim4 ,fill]s & pigm5ts may be add$1 al?\gh pigm5ts conta9+ iron & z9c h h>mful effects on ! /ability ( ! res94 ,! fill]s us$ are wood fl\r1 mica1 talc1 & alpha cellulose4 ,fill]s r$uce ! me*anical /r5g? ( ! res9 & less5 its resi/ance to wat]4 ,pla/iciz]s1 su* z dibutyl ph?alate or tricresyl phosphate1 give a s(t]1 m flexible res94 ,res9s f ! copolym]s resemble ! cellulose d]ivatives 9 _! mold+ *>act]i/ics1 me*anical /r5g?1 & appe>ance4 ,9 lacqu]s ! ,v9ylites (f] high resi/ance to wat]1 oils1 & *emicals4 ,! dry+ ( su* lacqu]s is by evaporation r ?an by oxidation4 ,!y are suitable = l9+ food conta9]s1 coat+ concrete1 coat+ pap] = bottle cap l9]s1 & z a /iff5] = box toes ( %oes4 ,_! mo/ successful application at pres5t is z an inside coat+ = be] cans4 ,floor tile conta9+ ^! res9s mix$ ) slate fl\r or o!r fill] has good possibilities4 ,polyv9yl *loride res9s4--,v9yl *loride may be polym]iz$ to give nonflammable res9s ( v>y+ solubilities4 ,! completely polym]iz$ res9 is practically insoluble at ord9>y temp]atures & is us$ z a rubb] sub/itute4 ,x is m>ket$ z ,koroseal by ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,rubb] ,co41 ,akron1 ,o4 ,comp>$ ) natural rubb]1 x has great] resi/ance to acids1 alkalies1 oils1 & alcohol1 m flex+ life1 bett] resi/ance to sunlight1 wat]1 & oxidation4 ,solutions ( ?is res9 m>ket$ z ,korolac are us$ 9 special types ( v>ni%es4 ,polyv9yl *loroacetate res9s4--,^! res9s kn[n z ,m[ili?s are made 9 ,g]many4 ,application is l>gely = surface coat+4 ,practically no in=mation on ?is type is available4 ,div9yl acetyl5e & syn!tic rubb]4--,two products closely relat$ to ^? describ$ above b probably n syn!tic res9s z def9$ = ?is discussion are div9yl acetyl5e1 a syn!tic dry+ oil1 & ,neopr5e1 a syn!tic rubb]4 ,acetyl5e1 :5 pass$ into a solution ( copp] *loride & ammonium *loride1 comb9es ) itself4 ,:5 two molecules ( acetyl5e react monov9yl acetyl5e is =m$1 & :5 ?ree molecules ( acetyl5e react div9yl acetyl5e is =m$4 ,monov9yl acetyl5e reacts ) hydro*loric acid to give *loropr5e1 :i* is polym]iz$ to syn!tic rubb] or ,neopr5e4 ,div9yl acetyl5e is a colorless liquid :i* d>k5s on exposure to light & :i* has an onionlike odor4 ,:5 polym]iz$ liquids are =m$1 !n z ! reaction progresses visc\s products & f9ally insoluble1 infusible1 in]t res9s4 ,by arre/+ ! reaction be=e ! gel po9t is rea*$1 an amb] color$ heavy liquid1 soluble 9 aromatic hydroc>bons1 is obta9$4 ,s9ce div9yl acetyl5e w cont9ue to polym]ize at ord9>y temp]atures1 ?is prop]ty is tak5 advantage ( 9 us+ x z a basis = pa9ts1 "u ! "n 8syn!tic dry+ oil40 ,cle>1 amb] films are obta9$ f solutions ( ?is oil 9 solv5t naph?a4 ,div9yl acetyl5e is quick dry+1 is _m times m imp]vi\s to moi/ure ?an l9se$ oil1 & is !rmosett+4 ,x is n attack$ by solv5ts b is attack$ by /rong oxidiz+ ag5ts1 & ! gell$ mat]ial may ignite spontane\sly4 ,al?\gh n classifi$ z a res91 syn!tic rubb] is discuss$ "h because ( its close *emical relation%ip to ! v9yl res9s4 ,x is made comm]cially by ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del41 & is m>ket$ z ,neopr5e4 ,x is sold z a pla/ic polym] :i* is vulcaniz$ & process$ mu* ! same z natural rubb] except t sulphur is n ess5tial to vulcanization4 ,syn!tic rubb] is high] 9 price ?an natural rubb]1 b x has c]ta9 prop]ties :i* make x suitable = s]vice conditions :]e natural rubb] is unsatisfactory4 ,among ^! prop]ties are its resi/ance to gasol9e1 oils1 & greases1 & to elevat$ temp]atures4 ,x does n *eck or crack on exposure to sunlight1 nor does x oxidize z rapidly z natural rubb]4 ,its pr9cipal applications are 9 special gaskets1 pr9t+ rolls1 jackets = high t5sion cable1 l9+s = gasol9e or oil hose l9es1 balloon fabrics1 diaphragms = regulators1 & pack+ = compressors4 ,its exi/5ce acts z a limit to ! increase 9 ! price ( natural rubb] & assures a supply 9 em]g5cies4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! products describ$ are comm]cially produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 o!rs 9 ,canada or 9 ,g]many4 ,^? made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are usually n made by m ?an "o firm1 s t /ati/ics ( production & sales are n publi%able4 ,! v9yl acetate res9s h be5 produc$ pr9cipally 9 ,canada2 ! copolym]s ( v9yl *loride & v9yl acetate are dome/ic products4 ,9 #aice ! ,unit$ ,/ates output ( all v9yl res9s exce$$ #a1jjj1jjj p\nds1 a figure t 0 increas$ 9 #aicf & #aicg4 ,! ,canadian output ( ,gelva & ,alv> has rea*$ comm]cial quantities2 t ( ,=mv> is /ill conf9$ to exp]im5tal plant lots4 ,! acceptance ( v9yl res9 %eets = safety glass w greatly increase ! output 9 #aich4 ,! basic pat5t1 kn[n z ! ,morrison-,blaike pat5t1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,no4 #b1jcf1jib issu$ on ,m>* #ca1 #aicf1 is own$ by ,%aw9igan ,*emicals1 ,ltd41 ,montreal1 ,canada1 :o h lic5s$ sev]al dome/ic produc]s4 ,! monom] 7v9yl acetate7 is n[ produc$ at ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 by ! ,niacet ,*emicals ,corp41 :i* is jo9tly own$ by ?is ,canadian firm1 ,c>bide & ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corporation1 & ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co4 ,x is also produc$ by du ,pont at ,belle1 ,w4 ,va4 ,x is %ipp$1 9 tank c>s1 to polym]ization & %eet-=m+ plants at ,indian ,or*>d1 ,mass41 ,arl+ton1 ,n4 ,j41 & ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va4 ,! ,indian ,or*>d plant1 kn[n z ! ,%aw9igan ,res9 ,products ,co41 & jo9tly own$ by ! ,canadian firm & ! ,fib]loid ,corporation1 is n[ 9 op]ation4 ,! plant ( ! du ,pont ,company at ,arl+ton1 ,n4 ,j41 began production 9 ,may #aich1 & t ( ,c>bide & ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp1 at ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va41 is 9 production4 ,^! plants h a comb9$ annual capacity ( ab\t #aj million p\nds ( v9yl res9 %eets4 ,accord+ to pres5t plans ?is new safety glass w be available = #aici model automobiles4 ,! res9 %eet to be us$ is #j4jjae in* ?ick z comp>$ ) ! #j4jjbe in* ?ickness ( ! pres5t cellulose acetate & nitrocellulose %eet4 ,sev]al trade names h be5 adopt$ = ! v9yl res9 %eets1 among :i* are ,v9ylite ,x1 & ,butv>4 ,! lic5ses grant$ to dome/ic mak]s "u ! ,morrison-,blaike pat5t also p]mit !m to make v9yl acetate res9s = purposes o!r ?an safety-glass %eets4 ,consid]able progress has be5 made 9 adapt+ ^! res9s to injection mold+ op]ations = ! production ( too?-bru% h&les1 combs1 closures1 & o!r p>ts4 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! (ficial /ati/ics ( imports ( v9yl res9s prior to #aicf are n satisfactory = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,imports c\ld be ent]$ "u ei!r p>agraph #b or p>agraph #aa & c\ld be includ$ ei!r ) ! /ati/ics ( imports ( v9yl acetate 7see table #ia1 page #ada7 or be ?r[n into a g5]al gr\p ( non-coal-t> syn!tic gums & res9s1 n4 s4 p4 f41 :i* 9 addition to v9yl res9s w\ld include ! acrylates & ureas4 ,table #aj gives imports ( syn!tic res9s "u p>agraph #aa ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,,table #aj4--,syn!tic res9s classifi$ "u p>agraph #aa3a ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption #aica-cg ------------------------------------ ,ye> ,quantity ,value ,unit value ------------------------------------ ,p\nds #aica #dec #agc #j4ch #aicb #ded #bi 4#jf #aicc #a1abj #dif 4#dd #aicd #d1jhd #a1egf 4#ci #aice #c1aje #a1hjd 4#eh #aicf #adf #fe 4#de #aicgb #a1ifc #dci 4#bb ------------------------------------ #a ,/ati/ical classification #hch4iad1 syn!tic gums & res9s1 n4 s4 p4 f4 7n coal t>7 #aica-ce2 #hch4ici same1 o!r ?an ^? 9 *ief value ( v9yl acetate1 #aicf & #aicg4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission f (ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,a bett] idea ( ! imports ( v9yl res9s prior to #aicf is obta9$ by an invoice analysis ( imports ?r\gh ! ,port ( ,new ,york "u p>agraphs #b & #aa4 ,table #aa %[s imports ( v9yl acetate res9s bas$ on su* an analysis = #aicd & #aice & on (ficial /ati/ics = ! ye>s #aicf & #aicg4 ,simil>ly table #ab %[s imports ( ,m[ili? res9s bas$ ^u import analysis = ! p]iod #aicb-aice1 & ^u (ficial /ati/ics = #aicf & #aicg4 ,,table #aa4--,v9yl acetate res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aicd-cg --------------------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity ,value ,unit value --------------------------------------- ,p\nds --------------------------------------- #aicda #db1jjj #aicea #bdj1jjj #aicfb #fjj1hjh #add1ghb #j4bd #aicgbc #feb1gcj #bja1bac 4#ca --------------------------------------- #a ,invoice analysis ( imports ent]$ ?r\gh ! ,new ,york cu/oms di/rict4 #b ,/ati/ical classification #hag4eh 7p>4 #b71 v9yl acetate1 polym]iz$1 & syn!tic res9s made 9 *ief value f v9yl acetate1 n4 s4 p4 f4 7exclud+ imports f ,g]many7 & #hch4ich 7p>4 #aa71 syn!tic res9s made 9 *ief value f v9yl acetate1 n4 e4 s4 #c ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission f (ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,,table #ab4--,m[ili? res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aicb-cg --------------------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity ,value ,unit value --------------------------------------- ,p\nds --------------------------------------- #aicba #eee #bbi #j4da #aicca #gda #bdg 4#cc #aicda #b1iej #a1ffh 4#eg #aicea #c1cgb #c1age 4#id #aicfb #g1jef #b1daj 4#cd #aicgbc #bbj #cjh #a4dj --------------------------------------- #a ,analysis ( invoices ( imports ent]$ ?r\gh ! ,new ,york cu/oms di/rict4 #b ,imports f ,g]many "u /ati/ical classification #hag4eh 7p>4 #b71 v9yl acetate1 polym]iz$1 & syn!tic res9s made 9 *ief value ( v9yl acetate4 #c ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission f (ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,prior to ,janu>y #a1 #aicf1 ! rate ( duty on imports ( v9yl res9s 0 #f c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p]c5t ad valorem "u p>agraph #b1 & #d c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p]c5t ad valorem "u p>agraph #aa ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,"u ! t]ms ( ! trade agreem5t ) ,canada1 ! duty "u bo? p>agraphs 0 r$uc$ to #c c5ts p] p\nd & #ae p]c5t ad valorem4 ,?is rate 0 g5]aliz$ to ! o!r c\ntries f :i* we h receiv$ imports1 ) ! exception ( ,g]many4 ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exports ( v9yl res9s are n sep>ately %[n 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 #aa4 ,,o!r ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,! syn!tic res9s already discuss$ are ^? 9 sub/antial comm]cial production b1 by no means1 ! only ones kn[n or produc$4 ,sev]al ?\s& new ones h be5 report$ & ! se>* cont9ues 9 laboratories ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,a successful new product mu/ be "o made f inexp5sive raw mat]ials or mu/ possess "s prop]ty or advantage t w p]mit its sale at a price level above t ( o!r res9s4 ,no attempt is "h made to li/ ! ho/ ( less important res9s4 ,c]ta9 ones ( unusual int]e/ or possess+ unique prop]ties are describ$ bel[4 ,^! include res9s obta9$ f adipic acid1 anil9e1 citric acid1 diph5yl1 furfural1 lign91 sug>1 & sulphonamide4 ,adipic acid res9s4 ,! res9s f adipic acid are class$ z alkyd res9s4 ,^? obta9$ by ! cond5sation ( adipic acid & glyc]9 are s(t & rubb]y & are us$ to "s ext5t 9 surface coat+s & 9 photographic films4 ,9 ^! ! res9 is =m$ 9 ?ree /ages z 9 o!r alkyd types3 ,a soluble liquid1 a visc\s rubb]y product1 & a =m insoluble 9 ! usual solv5ts4 ,comm]cial dome/ic production ( ^! res9s 0 report$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aice & ! output has increas$ ea* ye> s9ce !n4 ,anil9e res9s4 ,res9s obta9$ by cond5s+ anil9e & =maldehyde h be5 develop$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,mu* ( ! rese>* on ?is type ( res9 0 done 9 ,switz]l& by ! ,ciba ,co41 :i* holds a numb] ( pat5ts on x4 ,! ,swiss product1 call$ ,cibanite1 has excell5t electrical & me*anical prop]ties4 ,at lea/ "o dome/ic manufactur] is lic5s$ "u ! ,swiss-own$ pat5ts4 ,citric acid res9s4 ,consid]able int]e/ has rec5tly be5 manife/ 9 syn!tic res9s d]iv$ f citric acid4 ,! %>p decl9e 9 ! price ( citric acid1 z a result ( l>ge scale syn!sis f sug> has plac$ x )9 ! realm ( possibility z a raw mat]ial = syn!tic res9s4 ,! citric acid res9s1 class$ z alkyd res9s1 are obta9$ by cond5s+ citric acid & glyc]94 ,comm]cial production is said to h />t$ 9 ,europe1 b !re is no kn[n dome/ic production z yet4 ,diph5yl res9s4 ,a s]ies ( products kn[n z ,aroclors & made by *lor9at+ diph5yl are available 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,diph5yl 0 comm]cially produc$ = ! fir/ "t by ,swann ,rese>*1 ,inc41 at ,anni/on1 ,ala41 ab\t #aibh4 ,! dem& = x z a heat-transf] m$ium result$ 9 l>ge scale output4 ,lat] x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 ( ! *lor9at$ comp\nds ( diph5yl possess valuable res9 prop]ties4 ,! ,aroclors range f a cle> mobile oily liquid to an amb] color$ transp>5t solid4 ,!y are !rmopla/ic1 d n polym]ize or oxidize1 & are !re=e nondry+4 ,!y may be dissolv$ 9 v>ni% oils1 su* z tung oil & l9se$ oil1 to give v>ni%es :i* are resi/ant to alkali & wat]4 ,! diph5yl res9s are good adhesives on metal & glass & give /rong jo9ts betwe5 su* surfaces4 ,!y h a high dielectric con/ant1 resi/ivity1 & a l[ p[] factor4 ,_! *ief use is 9 wire insulation4 ,! dome/ic production ( *lor9at$ diph5yls is1 at pres5t1 solely by ! ,monsanto ,*emical ,company1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,furfural res9s4 ,l>ge scale comm]cial production ( furfural1 an aldehyde obta9$ f oat hulls & o!r f>m wa/e1 has made x available = syn!tic res9 manufacture4 ,t>-acid furfural res9s possess c]ta9 out/&+ prop]ties1 su* z great dim5sional accuracy1 great reaction spe$ to ! infusible solid /age1 & unusual /r5g? & t\ghness4 ,!y are available 9 d>k %ades only4 ,pr9t+ plates z l>ge z ^? ( metropolitan daily pap]s are mold$ f !m z are radio tube bases1 all sorts ( electrical p>ts1 & ma*9$ p>ts requir+ great dim5sional accuracy4 ,o!r uses are 9 abrasive :eels1 v>ni%es1 & adhesives4 ,probably ! l>ge/ dome/ic mak] ( furfural res9s is ! ,durite ,pla/ics ,division ( ,/okes & ,smi? ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,res9s f sug>4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to utilize sug> z a raw mat]ial = syn!tic res9s4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1idi1hca1 dat$ ,m>* #f1 #aicd1 claims a process = ! manufacture ( mold+ comp\nds by cond5s+ sac*>ide ) aldehydes & urea4 ,pure sucrose yields a cle>1 colorless1 nonresili5t res91 :ile molasses & cane sug> give d>k-color$ res9s4 ,! trade "n ,sakaloid is us$ to designate c]ta9 ( ^! res9s2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no kn[n dome/ic production4 ,sucrolite is ! trade "n ( a br& ( res9s f sug> produc$ 9 ,europe4 ,sulphonamide res9s4 ,! sulphonamide res9s 7 develop$ f p>a tolu5esulphonamide1 a byproduct obta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( sac*>9 7syn!tic sweet5+ ag5t74 ,p>a tolu5esulphonamide1 cond5s$ ) =maldehyde or o!r aldehyde1 =ms a visc\s mass :i*1 on heat+1 is conv]t$ to a h>d colorless res94 ,su* res9s are compatible ) cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose 9 lacqu]s1 ! comb9ation yield+ cle>1 colorless lacqu]s ( good gloss & adhesion4 ,o!r possible uses are z an adhesive 9 safety glass1 9 c]ta9 mold+ compositions1 9 insulat+ mat]ials1 & to delu/] artificial silk4 ,dome/ic production ( sulphonamide res9 is entirely by ! ,monsanto ,*emical ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,x is m>ket$ "u ! trade "n ,santolite4 #ab4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,syn!tic ,,res9 ,,indu/ry ,! discussion ( ! v>i\s syn!tic res9s on pages #aa to #eb c>ries 9 ea* case1 "u ! head+ ( production1 a notation ( ! numb] ( companies produc+ t p>ticul> res92 & ! discussion on pages #hf to #ada ( important raw mat]ials = ^! res9s describes briefly ! conditions "u :i* ^! mat]ials are produc$4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! int]relation%ips betwe5 indu/ries produc+ ! sev]al res9s1 & ! relation ( ! res9 indu/ries to _! raw mat]ials & to "s ( ! important res9-consum+ indu/ries4 ,no description ( ! organization ( a rapidly exp&+ indu/ry c be expect$ to rema9 accurate = long4 ,b reg>dless ( future *anges t may be expect$1 ! g5]al patt]n seems def9ite en\gh to make possible a few broad g5]alizations4 ,at pres5t ! produc]s ( syn!tic res9s may be classifi$ 9 two gr\ps3 ^? mak+ alkyd & t>-acid res9s1 & ^? mak+ all o!r syn!tic res9s4 ,! alkyd res9s & ! t>-acid res9s are produc$ 9 l>ge volume1 & = ^! res9s ! pat5t situation is su* t !re is no?+ to exclude new produc]s4 ,! result has be5 t new firms h ent]$ ! field & !re has be5 a m>k$ t5d5cy = conc]ns us+ ^! res9s on a l>ge scale to produce !m4 ,?is g5]al situation may be expect$ to cont9ue z long z ! volume ( consumption ( ^! res9s is ris+4 ,b :5 consumption levels (f1 x w\ld n be surpris+ if increas$ competition = new bus9ess result$ 9 consolidations ( "s ( ! produc+ units4 ,ea* ( ! o!r syn!tic res9s is produc$ by a small numb] ( firms & ?is may be expect$ to cont9ue z long z ! production ( a p>ticul> res9 is small1 or basic pat5ts dom9ate ! situation4 ,:5 & if ! situation 9 ^! respects *anges = "s ( ! o!r res9s1 !y w probably develop ! same t5d5cies z n[ exi/ 9 ! production ( ! t>-acid & alkyd res9s4 ,horizontal relation%ips betwe5 res9 produc]s4 ,horizontal relation%ips betwe5 companies are ^? betwe5 diff]5t units 9 ! same indu/ry 7say two t>-acid res9 produc]s71 or 9 diff]5t indu/ries ea* op]at+ at ! same /age ( indu/rial production 7say a t>-acid res9 produc] & a produc] ( urea res974 ,z a rule1 ext5sive horizontal relation%ips are n common 9 relatively "y indu/ries1 & ?is is true ( ! production ( syn!tic res9s4 ,9 g5]al1 x has n be5 necess>y to absorb competitors to a*ieve a great] volume ( sales1 & ef=ts h be5 direct$ to exploit+ ! possibilities ( expansion 9 a gr[+ m>ket4 ,?is necessitat$ solv+ te*nical problems conc]n+ improvem5t ( ! product & its production on an ev] l>g] scale2 legal problems reg>d+ pat5ts 7protection ( ^? own$1 & ! policy to be adopt$ t[>d unadjudicat$ pat5ts own$ by o!rs72 & ! m>ket+ problem ( conv9c+ prospective cu/om]s ( ! wor? ( a new product4 ,^! & o!r problems incid5tal to successful competitive production & sale ( a giv5 type ( syn!tic res9 h be5 suffici5t to re/ra9 ! desire to produce m ?an "o type4 ,! pat5t situation ( mo/ syn!tic res9s is extremely complicat$4 ,9 ! case ( t>-acid mold+ res9s ! basic ,baekel& pat5ts h expir$1 b = o!r syn!tic res9s ei!r ! basic pat5t is /ill 9 =ce1 or x is difficult to say :i* is ! basic pat5t1 because ( lack ( adjudication by ! c\rts4 ,9 all cases doz5s ( supplem5t>y pat5ts are 9 =ce & sometimes hundr$s4 ,z a result ! pat5t situation1 ?\gh "o ( ! b>s aga9/ ent]+ into a new field1 frequ5tly =ces "s relation%ip betwe5 produc+ units 9 ! same syn!tic res9 field4 ,ca/ ph5olic res9s af=d an example ( pat5t-lic5s+ ( sev]al corporations by ano!r ) ! paym5t ( royalties z comp5sation4 ,9 a numb] ( o!r bran*es ( ! res9 indu/ry1 su* z ! lam9at$ t>-acid res9s & ! alkyd res9s1 ! mutual desire ( produc]s to avoid litigation has app>5tly result$ 9 8g5tlem5's agreem5ts0 n to sue4 ,v]tical relation%ips ( res9 produc]s4 ,a v]tical relation%ip is "o betwe5 produc]s op]at+ at diff]5t /ages ( indu/rial production1 su* z a firm produc+ res9 & a firm produc+ a res9 raw mat]ial or betwe5 ! =m] & a firm t is a res9 consum]4 ,! inc5tive = a consum+ indu/ry op]at+ on a l>ge scale to make its own res9s is naturally great] ?an = "o us+ only small quantities4 ,!re=e we may expect to f9d in/ances :]e a process consum+ ! res9 9 quantity & res9 manufacture are bo? p]=m$ by ! same company provid$ o!r conditions 7su* z ! pat5t situation & k ( ! art ( manufacture7 are favorable4 ,t>-acid res9s = mold+4--,! pres5t practice ( mold+ res9s is favorable to l>ge-scale production4 ,! %ap+ ( ! mold is exp5sive1 involv+ skill$ labor ^u h>d5$ /eel2 b once ! mold is made x may be us$ to produce t5s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( units4 ,subsequ5t labor ^u ! mold$ product is usually limit$ to ! simple task ( smoo?+ ! l9e :]e ! fla% is brok5 (f1 s9ce ! product comes f ! mold 9 ! color & ) ! surface & %ape desir$4 ,! usual arrangem5t at ! pres5t "t is to h a batt]y ( presses1 gr\p$ ar\nd c5tral units :i* supply hydraulic pressure & /eam = heat4 ,a measur$ am\nt ( mold+ p[d] or a pellet ( compress$ mold+ p[d] is appli$ to ea* cavity by ! press op]ator1 :o controls by h& ! "t ( application ( heat & pressure & removes ! article f ! press4 ,! cycle is a matt] ( m9utes1 & s9ce ea* cycle produces a f9i%$ article if ! mold+ is l>ge1 or a numb] ( !m if x is small1 daily production p] work] is high4 ,! e/imat$ av]age co/s ( ! diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! process h be5 apportion$ z foll[s3 ! co/ ( raw mat]ial is ab\t "o-?ird ! co/ ( ! f9i%$ product2 & ! comb9$ co/ ( ! mold allocat$ p] unit1 ! labor co/ p] unit1 & ov]head ! rema9+ two ?irds4#e ,on small runs labor co/ & p>ticul>ly allocat$ mold co/ w\ld be mu* high]1 s t mold+ is usually uneconomic :]e only small quantities ( ! f9i%$ product are desir$4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 eight mold]s t produc$ _! own t>-acid res9s 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,"o ( ^! mold]s 0 ! ?ird l>ge/ produc] ( su* res9s4 ,9 ! same ye> six produc]s ( t>-acid res9s = mold+1 includ+ ! fir/1 second1 f\r?1 & fif? l>ge/1 conf9$ _! activities to res9 mak+4 ,"o produc] ( raw mat]ials = t>-acid res9s also made ! res9 on a mod]ate scale4 ,?is picture ( int]/age relation%ip z x exi/$ 9 #aicg may be some:at modifi$ by new developm5ts 9 mold+ presses4 ,!re are n[ available self-conta9$ presses :i* are n dep5d5t ^u o!r units = _! supplies ( heat & pressure & :i* are ei!r semiautomatic or automatic4 ,! semiautomatic press requires an op]ator = *>g+ ! cavity & remov+ ! mold$ product1 b once adju/$ automatically applies ! heat & pressure & controls ! "t ( ! press+ cycle4 ,! automatic press1 adapt$ z yet only to ! simpl] mold+s1 requires no att5tion :atev]4 ,^! presses are m exp5sive1 b may be set up any:]e & require less skill$ labor4 ,!re is ! possibility t !y may be in/all$ by "s indu/rial us]s ( mold$ articles1 & ?us take "s bus9ess f ! cu/om mold]4 ,if ?is occurs1 su* mold]s w presumably buy _! res9 f companies t are prim>ily res9 mak]s1 s9ce _! requirem5ts ( ! mat]ial w\ld n ord9>ily be l>ge en\gh to ju/ify mak+ _! own4 ,t>-acid res9s = lam9at+4--,! manufacture ( lam9at$ res9 products is mo/ economic :5 done on a l>ge scale1 9 :i* case ! impregnation ( ! pap] or fabric becomes a cont9u\s process1 ! mat]ial fe$+ f a roll ?r\gh res9 sirup & !n ?r\gh dry+ t[]s1 :]e "t & heat may be controll$4 ,! impregnat$ mat]ial conta9s res9 9 ! ,b-/age4 ,! mat]ial is !n cut up & ! %eets pil$ toge!r 7! numb] dep5d+ on ! ?ickness desir$7 & s5t to huge presses :i*1 ) heat & pressure1 compact & unite ! lay]s & conv]t ! res9 to ! ,c-/age4 ,if x is desir$ to produce decorative panels ) a smoo? surface1 ! top %eet us$ is "o color$ or pr9t$ ) a design 7p]haps a photographic reproduction ( ! surface ( a cab9et wood7 & plac$ betwe5 poli%$ *romium-plat$ metal %eets be=e go+ to ! press4 ,rods & coil =ms z well z flat %eets are commonly made f lam9at$ mat]ial4 ,any ( ^! =ms may und]go subsequ5t fabrication2 rods & coil =ms cut to requir$ l5g?1 ?9 %eets /amp$ to %ape1 ge> blanks cut to f9al =m on automatic ge> ma*9es1 & decorative panels saw$ to %ape4 ,_m lam9ators pur*ase all _! res9 requirem5ts1 b a numb] ( !m make "p or all ( ! t>-acid res9 !y use4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 sev5 lam9ators :o made t>-acid res9s 7includ+ ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? l>ge/ produc]s ( su* res9s7 & f\r produc]s ( t>-acid res9s = ?is use 7includ+ ! l>ge/7 :i* did no lam9at+4 ,ca/ ph5olic res9s4--,! firms produc+ ca/ ph5olic res9s m>ket !m 9 %eets1 rods1 & tubes4 ,! ca/+s are made 9 molds ( lead or glass1 & ! range ( possible %apes is limit$4 ,! consum]s ( ^! products fabricate !m into f9i%$ =m by cutt+1 turn+1 & poli%+1 mu* z !y might fabricate wood or s(t metal4 ,s9ce consid]able labor is requir$ p] unit1 fabrication is n p>ticul>ly adapt$ to l>ge-scale production4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 n9e produc]s ( ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,"o ( ! small] produc]s 0 also a fabricator ( ca/ res9s1 & ano!r a produc] ( raw mat]ials us$ 9 mak+ ! res94 ,t>-acid res9s = coat+s4--,! use ( t>-acid res9s 9 surface coat+s has be5 ov]%ad[$ by ! m rapid developm5t ( alkyd res9s4 ,nev]!less ! volume ( t>-acid res9s us$ z raw mat]ials by v>ni% & lacqu] manufactur]s is gr[+ rapidly4 ,!y are us$ 9 m>9e v>ni%es unmodifi$ by o!r syn!tic res9s1 b to a great] ext5t 9 comb9ation ) o!r pla/ics1 especially ! alkyds & nitrocellulose4 ,! coat+ indu/ry includes _m units produc+ on a l>ge z well z a great] numb] produc+ on a small] scale4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are n produc+ _! own t>-acid res9s4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 #aa produc]s ( t> acid res9s = coat+s 7includ+ ! ?ree l>ge/7 :o conf9$ _! activities to res9 production4 ,9 addition !re 7 eight manufactur]s ( v>ni%es & lacqu]s & "o produc] ( res9 raw mat]ials1 :o also produc$ t>-acid res9s = use 9 coat+s4 ,t>-acid res9s = miscellane\s uses4--,! *ief uses = t>-acid res9s o!r ?an = mold+1 ca/+1 lam9at+1 & 9 coat+s are z a bond+ mat]ial1 & z an adhesive4 ,^! res9s =m a valuable bond+ ag5t = asbe/os 9 brake l9+s & *emical tanks1 = abrasives & = gr\nd cork 9 special uses4 ,z an adhesive !y are us$ 9 mak+ moi/ure-resi/ant plywood4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 five produc]s ( t>-acid res9s = miscellane\s uses1 includ+ ! l>ge/1 :o conf9$ _! activities to ! mak+ ( res9s & two1 includ+ ! second l>ge/1 :o also made products 9 :i* ^! res9s 7 consum$4 ,alkyd res9s made f ph?alic anhydride4--,! rapid increase 9 ! production ( alkyd res9s = use 9 coat+s is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! :ole res9 indu/ry4 ,!y g into v>ni%es1 lacqu]s1 & enamels = spray+1 bru%+1 & dipp+4 ,! coat+s may be air-dri$1 ) a wide range ( dry+ "t1 or dri$ by ov5 bak+4 ,! volume ( alkyd res9s us$ by ! coat+ indu/ry has gr[n s l>ge t a numb] ( coat+ firms h gone into ! production ( alkyds & n[ make "p or all ( _! own requirem5ts4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 #bd pa9t1 v>ni%1 & lacqu] firms produc+ alkyd res9s4 ,includ$ 9 ?is numb] 7 ! fir/ & second l>ge/ produc]s ( su* res9s4 ,elev5 produc]s ( ^! res9s1 includ+ ! ?ird & f\r? l>ge/1 made alkyd res9s = sale only4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps includ$ "o firm :i* also made ph?alic anhydride4 ,alkyd res9s made f maleic anhydride4--,9 #aicg !re 7 sev5 produc]s ( alkyd res9s f maleic anhydride :o produc$ = sale only4 ,?is gr\p includ$ ! two l>ge/ produc]s & also "o firm :i* produc$ maleic anhydride4 ,9 addition !re 7 five pa9t1 v>ni%1 & lacqu] firms produc+ "p or all ( _! ne$s ( res9s ( ?is type4 ,! g5]al conditions "u :i* ^! res9s are consum$ are ! same z = alkyd res9s made f ph?alic anhydride4 ,urea res9s = mold+4--,! conditions "u :i* urea res9s are mold$ are n greatly diff]5t f ^? already discuss$ = t>-acid res9s4 ,! mold+ cycle is some:at long] &1 because ( ! light colors us$1 special precautions mu/ be tak5 to prev5t discoloration ( ! mold$ product by dirt or flecks ( mold+ p[d] f o!r op]ations1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air or ^u ! p]son ( ! labor]4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 f\r produc]s ( urea res9s = mold+4 ,?ree ( !m1 includ+ ! two l>ge/1 produc$ = sale only2 ! o!r consum$ 8 own production4 ,urea res9s = o!r uses4--,until rec5tly urea res9s 7 ?\ght ( exclusively = mold+1 b !y are n[ be+ us$ = lam9at+1 = surface coat+s1 & also z an adhesive4 ,ord9>ily ! ureas are us$ only 9 impregnat+ ! outside lam9ae ( a lam9at$ %eet :]e !y are valuable = ! light colors !y make possible4 ,! volume ( urea res9s us$ 9 surface coat+s is small comp>$ ) ! alkyd or t>-acid res9s us$ = ?is purpose1 b is increas+4 ,! use ( urea res9s 9 adhesives is /ill new b promises to become important4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 f\r produc]s ( ! ureas = uses o!r ?an mold+1 :o produc$ = sale only2 & two produc]s :o consum$ _! own product4 ,c\m>one & ind5e res9s4--,c\m>one & ind5e res9s are produc$ 9 connection ) ! production ( solv5t naph?a4 ,!re 7 ?ree produc]s 9 #aicg1 all ( :om sold _! product4 ,^! res9s g into v>ni%es1 :]e !y replace natural res9s or e/] gum4 ,o!r res9s4--,9 #aicg !re 7 f\r produc]s ( v9yl res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & two ( ^! also produc$ _! raw mat]ials4 ,! v9yl res9s 7 us$ *iefly 9 surface coat+s1 mold+1 & 9 safety glass4 ,! poly/yr5e res9s1 us$ *iefly = mold+ & lam9at+1 7 (f]$ by two produc]s = ! fir/ "t 9 #aicg4 ,two o!r produc]s (f]$ acrylate res9s1 :i* are ca/1 mold$1 or us$ 9 surface coat+s4 ,9 ! same ye> petroleum res9s 7 sold 9 good volume1 _! only produc] obta9+ !m z a byproduct ( ! oil indu/ry4 ,relation%ip ( ! res9 indu/ry to o!r indu/ries4 ,! t]m 8syn!tic res9 indu/ry0 is a v broad "o1 ref]r+ 9 reality to a gr\p ( indu/ries produc+ ! v>i$ syn!tic res9s--mu* z ! t]m 8/eel indu/ry0 includes ! manufacture ( pig iron1 /ructural /eel1 t9 plate1 & wire4 ,b x is int]e/+ to exam9e briefly ! connection ( ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry ) "s ( ! o!r l>ge indu/rial gr\p+s4 ,relation%ip to ! *emical indu/ry4--,s9ce ! processes involv$ 9 ! production ( ! syn!tic res9s are ess5tially ( a *emical nature1 ! :ole indu/ry might be legitimately class$ z a bran* ( ! *emical indu/ry4 ,hi/orically1 ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates develop$ outside ( ! *emical indu/ry z x 0 con/itut$ at ! "t1 b ) ! passage ( ye>s & ! developm5t ( a great] v>iety ( res9s ! connections h multipli$4 ,*emical companies supply "s ( ! important raw mat]ials = syn!tic res9s2 _! skill$ exp]ts possess ! te*nical tra9+ to develop new res9 processes2 _! rese>* programs f "t to "t lead to ! discov]y ( valuable facts reg>d+ res92 & !y possess1 or c1 m easily ?an a new company1 obta9 ! capital necess>y to exploit a process4 ,at pres5t ! int]e/ ( ! l>ge *emical corporations 9 syn!tic res9s ranges f active p>ticipation to app>5t indiff]5ce2 b ! gr[+ numb] ( corporations ?\ght ( z *emical :i* are n[ engag$ 9 exp]im5tal production w\ld seem to indicate t 9 "t !y w be increas+ly important 9 ! production ( syn!tic res9s4 ,"s ( ! l>g] *emical companies t are important produc]s ( syn!tic res9s 9 #aich are3 ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co ,urea res9s4 ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corporation ,v9yl res9s4 ,d[ ,*emical ,co ,poly/yr5e res9s4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co ,alkyd1 acrylate1 v9yl res9s4 ,monsanto ,*emical ,co ,petroleum res9s4 ,relation%ip to ! surface coat+ indu/ry4--,! use ( t>-acid1 alkyd1 urea1 & v9yl res9s z raw mat]ial = ! surface coat+ indu/ry has already be5 m5tion$1 & also ! fact t ! coat+ indu/ry is manufactur+ a sub/antial "p ( its consumption ( alkyd res9s4 ,at pres5t ! syn!tic res9s g *iefly into v>ni%es1 lacqu]s1 & enamels = inside use & into f9i%es = outside use on metal4 ,n[ t coat+s incorporat+ syn!tic res9s are successfully adapt$ to outside f9i%es on wood1 ! inc5tive = ! production ( res9s by ! coat+ indu/ry w presumably increase because ( ! l>ge volume ( h\se pa9ts sold4 ,relation%ip to ! electric indu/ry4--,! electric indu/ry (f]$ "o ( ! fir/ l>ge m>kets = syn!tic res9 products4 ,mold$ & lam9at$ p>ts = appliances & fixtures gave good insulation at ord9>y voltages1 & frequ5tly all[$ a simplification ( ! design4 ,?is developm5t1 com+ at a "t ( rapid expansion 9 ! manufacture ( electric equipm5t1 0 a di/9ct b5efit to bo? ! electrical & syn!tic res9 indu/ries4 ,! l>g] electrical manufactur+ firms soon began to d _! own mold+ & lam9at+ & became important z cu/om mold]s4 ,lat] ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co4 & ! ,we/+h\se ,electric ,manufactur+ ,co4 manufactur$ _! own t>-acid res9s4 ,ano!r important outlet = syn!tic res9s appe>$ ) ! developm5t ( ! radio indu/ry4 ,radio n[ (f]s a m>ket = special syn!tic res9s possess+ high dielectric con/ants at radio frequ5cies1 & mu* l>g] volumes ( t>-acid & urea res9s are us$ 9 mold+ ! small] cab9ets4 ,z a rule ! radio indu/ry pur*ases its res9 products already mold$ to ord]4 ,! relation%ip to ! auto indu/ry4--,! automobile manufactur+ indu/ry & mak]s ( automobile p>ts toge!r furni% a sub/antial m>ket = syn!tic res9s4 ,9 g5]al1 ! automobile manufactur]s pur*ase p>ts made ( res91 already fabricat$2 p>ts mak]s usually pur*ase ! res9s !y require4 ,! ,=d ,motor ,co4 makes t>-acid res9s = its own use4 ,work+ p>ts1 su* z tim] heads & horn buttons1 are usually ( mold+ t> acid res92 ! tim+ ge> usually ( lam9at$ t>-acid res94 ,= decorative p>ts1 su* z da% in/rum5t knobs & radiator ornam5ts1 urea & ca/ ph5olic res9s h be5 us$4 ,mo/ ( ^! p>ts are small1 b altoge!r !y h tak5 a sub/antial volume ( syn!tic res94 ,safety glass = automobile w9d%ields is n[ be+ made f v9yl res94 ,! future possibilities are difficult to appraise4 ,! automobile indu/ry is con/antly exp]im5t+ ) new mat]ials & me?ods1 & its policy ( br++ out models annually makes possible rapid adoption ( new developm5ts4 ,mold$ w9d[ frames h be5 tri$1 & su* a use1 or use = ! complete in/rum5t panel1 w\ld obvi\sly consume syn!tic res9s 9 mu* l>g] volume4 ,ev5 :ole motor c> bodies ( lam9at$ res9 h be5 sugge/$4 #ac4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,t>iff ,,& ,,int]national ,,trade ,,9 ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,syn!tic res9s ent] into ! =eign trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates only to a small ext5t4 ,?is becomes app>5t if a comp>ison is made betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates production ( ^! res9s & our imports & exports ( !m4 ,table #ac gives ! imports & production ( syn!tic res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #aicd ?r\gh #aicg4 ,exports are s small t !y are n sep>ately report$4 ,,table #ac4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & imports1 #aicd-cg ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates#a #ef1jei1dhi #ie1acc1chd #acb1iab1hba #afb1ajd1gac ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates #b #ai1gie #b #ba1abj #c #fbf1fjh #c #fgc1hhj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a ,does n include c\m>one & ind5e res9s1 sulfonamide res9s4 #b ,does n include imports ( v9yl acetate res9s :i* 7 n %[n sep>ately until #aicf4 #c ,includes v9yl acetate res9s & all o!r types import$4 ,! small size ( ! int]national trade 9 syn!tic res9s is also emphasiz$ if we comp>e ! imports ( all syn!tic res9s ) ! imports or exports ( "s ( ! important raw mat]ials us$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,table #ad makes su* a comp>ison4 ,,table #ad4--;,comp>ison ( int]national trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 syn!tic res9s & 9 c]ta9 raw mat]ials = res9s1 #aicd-cg #a1jjj p\nds ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,imports into or exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,imports3 ,res9s #bj #ba #fbg #fgd ,crude cresylic acid#b #g1ccb #g1jaj #ac1gid #af1gde ,crude naph?al5e #dg1iie #dh1dee #ci1hjf #eb1ffd ,crude glyc]9 #ae1jha #h1bbj #aa1adi #ac1dda ,ref9$ glyc]9 #b1bad #fi #c1ddg #g1ece ,exports3 ,ph5ol #cbi #cbc #adi 7#c7 ,=maldehyde #b1eig #b1eih #a1hdd #b1hfe ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,conv]sion factor #h4g p\nds p] gallon4 #c ,n available4 ,!re are ?ree factors t toge!r l>gely acc\nt = ! small size ( our =eign trade 9 syn!tic res9s4 ,z a result ( ! comp>ative y\? ( ! res9 indu/ry1 ! complicat$ pat5t situation1 & ! sub/antial t>iff rates ^u imports ( res9s into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dome/ic produc]s h exp]i5c$ little competition f abroad4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! =ces plus ! t>iff b>ri]s ( o!r c\ntries h caus$ !m to pay little att5tion to export m>kets4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t bo? ( ! fir/ two =ces w become less important ) ! passage ( "t4 ,:5 home m>kets h be5 m fully exploit$1 problems ( production h become less press+1 & mo/ ( ! basic pat5ts on res9s h expir$1 int]national trade 9 syn!tic res9s may be expect$ to increase f its pres5t l[ levels4 ,if ?is occurs1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) its l>ge scale production = ! home m>ket & ) its g5]ally favorable position ) reg>d to ! raw mat]ials & ! te*nical skills necess>y1 is m likely to become a net export] ?an a net import] ( syn!tic res9s4 ,rapid expansion ( bus9ess 9 home m>kets4 ,be+ "y indu/ries & hav+ pot5tially l>ge home m>kets await+ developm5t1 ! syn!tic res9 indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates naturally began by conc5trat+ fir/ on _! num]\s production problems to meet a rapidly exp&+ dome/ic dem&1 improv+ _! products & devis+ useful applications4 ,! t>-acid-=maldehyde res9s = mold+ 7 ! fir/ to develop4 ,! indu/ry produc+ !m may be said to h />t$ ar\nd #aiaj1 b did n become important until aft] ! ,_w ,w>1 :5 ! drop 9 price ( ph5ol made ! res9s available at l[] prices4 ,! alkyd res9s & ! urea-=maldehyde res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to be important 9 #aibi & #aicj1 respectively4 ,! o!rs may be said to be /ill 9 _! e>lie/ /ages ( developm5t z indu/ries1 h[ev] mu* rese>* "w may h be5 done z to _! prop]ties & production4 ,! effect ( pat5ts on int]national trade4 ,a second factor involv$ 9 limit+ int]national trade 9 res9s is t relat+ to pat5ts4 ,! basic pat5ts on t>-acid res9s h expir$2 b :ile !y 7 9 =ce1 !y prev5t$ imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a valid pat5t c be en=c$ at law n only aga9/ dome/ic products :i* infr+e b also aga9/ imports4 ,9 addition to c\rt action1 ! provisions ( our t>iff law prohibit+ unfair competition 9 ! import trade 7 invok$ to prev5t entry ( syn!tic ph5olic 7t>-acid7 res91 =m ,c1 b :5 ! basic pat5t = ?is mat]ial expir$1 ! exclusion ord] no long] appli$ to s+le color mat]ial1 except 9 ! matt] ( c]ta9 m>k+ requirem5ts4#f ,! pat5t situation may militate aga9/ exports z well z imports4 ,:]e a company owns =eign pat5ts x may set up a company to exploit !m abroad1 or x may lic5se _! use by o!rs4 ,aga91 mutual int]e/ may dictate an ex*ange 7by cross-lic5s+7 ( c]ta9 pat5ts4 ,int]national lic5s+ ( pat5ts is usually accompani$ by divisions ( int]national m>kets ?r\gh =mal or in=mal und]/&+4 ,su* agreem5ts may outlive ! life ( ! pat5ts1 especially if bol/]$ ) f9ancial connections4 ,b unless ! orig9al produc]s cont9ue to dom9ate _! respective m>kets1 any agreem5ts betwe5 !m are likely to dim9i% 9 importance1 because aft] ! pat5ts expire new competitors w\ld h a free h& 9 =eign z well z dome/ic m>kets4 ,! orig9al ,unit$ ,/ates produc] ( t>-acid res9s set up or lic5s$ companies to manufacture 9 a numb] ( =eign c\ntries4 ,! urea-=maldehyde process 0 develop$ 9 ,europe & ! fir/ ,am]ican produc] 0 a lic5see ( a ,briti% corporation4 ,simil> arrangem5ts exi/ ) reg>d to mo/ ( ! o!r res9s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iff on res9s & res9 products4 ,syn!tic res9s4--,imports ( t>-acid1 alkyd1 c\m>one & ind5e1 /yrol1 adipic1 & anil9e res9s are dutiable "u ! provisions ( p>agraph #bh ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj1 :i* reads 9 "p3 8syn!tic ph5olic res9 & all res9like products prep>$ f ph5ol1 cresol1 ph?alic anhydride1 c\m>one1 ind5e1 or f any o!r article or mat]ial provid$ = 9 p>agraph #bg coal-t> int]m$iates or p>agraph #afea coal-t> crudes1 all ^! products :e!r 9 a solid1 semisolid1 or liquid condition2 444 #de p] c5tum ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price#g or ,unit$ ,/ates value#h & #g c5ts p] p\nd40 ,:]e ^! res9s are produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 imports are 8competitive0 & ! dutiable value is bas$ ^u ,am]ican sell+ price4 ,if ! ,am]ican sell+ price is high] ?an ! =eign value1 ! effect ( ?is me?od ( valuation is to increase ! duty to :i* imports are subject4 ,! duty ( #de p] c5t ad valorem & #g c5ts p] p\nd 0 equival5t to #ed p] c5t ad valorem on ! ,am]ican sell+ price ( ! small imports ( coal-t> res9s 9 #aicg4 ,if x c\ld calculat$ ^u =eign value x w\ld be mu* high]4 ,syn!tic res9s ( non-coal-t> orig91 except v9yl res9s1 are dutiable "u p>agraph #aa1 :i* reads 8syn!tic gums & res9s n specially provid$ =1 #d c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p] c5tum ad valorem0 on =eign value4 ,?is rate 0 ! equival5t ( #dh p] c5t ad valorem ^u ! small am\nt ( imports 9 #aicg4 ,! mo/ important res9s includ$ are ! urea & acrylate res9s4 ,betwe5 #aicj & #aicf !re 0 "s d\bt :e!r v9yl res9s 7 dutiable "u p>agraph #aa at ! rate quot$ or "u p>agraph #b :i* provid$ = 8v9yl alcohol 444 homologues & polym]s ( all ! =ego+2 e!rs1 e/]s1 salts & nitrog5\s comp\nds ( any ( ! =ego+1 :e!r polym]iz$ or unpolym]iz$1 444 n specially provid$ =1 #f c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p] c5tum ad valorem0 on =eign value4 ,b ! ,canadian trade agreem5t1 effective ,janu>y #a1 #aicf1 r$uc$ ! rate on v9yl res9s "u ei!r p>agraph #b or p>agraph #aa to #c c5ts p] p\nd & #ae p]c5t ad valorem4#i ,! r$uc$ rate 0 equival5t to #be p]c5t ad valorem ^u ! imports 9 #aicg4 ,"u ^! rates1 imports ( syn!tic res9s1 o!r ?an v9yl res9s1 h be5 insignificant4#aj ,aft] ! r$uction ( duty1 imports ( v9yl res9s 9 #aicf am\nt$ to approximately #fjj1jjj p\nds1 valu$ at #ade1jjj & 9 #aicg to #fej1jjj p\nds1 valu$ at #bjj1jjj4 7,see table #aa47 ,articles made ( syn!tic res9s4--,lam9at$ products ( :i* syn!tic res9 is ! *ief b9d+ ag5t & manufactures ( su* products are dutiable "u p>agraph #aeci 7b7 at ! foll[+ rates3 #ae c5ts p] p\nd & #be p]c5t on lam9at$ %eets or plates#aa2 #ej c5ts p] p\nd & #dj p]c5t on lam9at$ rods1 tubes1 blocks1 /rips1 blanks1 or o!r =ms2 & #ej c5ts p] p\nd & #dj p]c5t on manufactures ( su* lam9at$ products4 ,p>agraph #aeci 7b7 also provides a duty ( #ej c5ts p] p\nd & #dj p]c5t on manufactures ( any o!r product ( :i* any syn!tic res9 is ! *ief b9d+ ag5t4 ,^! are1 = ! mo/ "p1 mold$ syn!tic res9 articles4 ,p>agraph #aeci 7b7 does n cov] articles made entirely ( syn!tic res9 7ca/ syn!tic res9 articles74 ,su* articles unless specifically provid$ = 9 ! law are dutiable "u p>agraph #aeeh z manufactur$ articles1 n specially provid$ =1 at #bj p]c5t ad valorem4 ,a great _m articles1 :i* are made 9 :ole or 9 "p ( syn!tic res91 are n dutiable "u ei!r p>agraph #aeci 7b7 or p>agraph #aeeh4 ,^! are articles :i* are specifically m5tion$ 9 o!r p>agraphs & subject to ! duties provid$ !re94 ,table #ae li/s a numb] ( !m4 ,,table #ae4--,t>iff classification & rates ( duty 9 ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj on c]ta9 articles made ( syn!tic res9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,article ,t>iff ,rate ( duty p>agraph ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,beads #aejc #ge p]c5t ad valorem4 ,buttons #aeaj #de p]c5t ad valorem4 ,dice1 dom9oes1 *essm51 & pok] *ips #aeab #ej p]c5t ad valorem4 ,phonograph records #aedb #cj p]c5t ad valorem4 ,cig> & cig>ette hold]s #aeeb #e c5ts ea* plus #fj p]c5t ad valorem4 ,a% trays1 humidors1 etc4 #aeeb #fj p]c5t ad valorem4 ,umbrella h&les #aeed #ge p]c5t ad valorem4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 g5]al1 ! available /ati/ics ( imports d n segregate imports ( ! specifi$ articles made ( syn!tic res9 f ^? ( ! same articles made ( o!r mat]ials2 & ! same situation is true ( imports ( unspecifi$ articles :olly ( syn!tic res9 :i* ent] "u p>agraph #aeeh4 ,imports ( manufactur$ articles1 n4 s4 p4 f4 9 :i* syn!tic res9 is ! *ief b9d+ ag5t "u p>agraph #aeci h be5 small4 ,figures = rec5t ye>s are giv5 9 table #af4 ,,table #af4--,manufactur$ articles n4 s4 p4 f4 9 :i* syn!tic res9 is ! *ief b9d+ ag5t3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,type #aica #aicb #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ,lam9at$ products3 ,%eets & plates #aj #ac ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #bae #ac ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #bjc #dec #ghg #ghc ,nonlam9at$ #ag1fbc #h1eaa #e1ceb #e1gbi -------------------------------- ,total #ah1jda #h1ihg #f1aci #f1ebe ,value 7doll>s7 ,lam9at$ products3 ,%eets & plates #i #af ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #fab #ga ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #a1jja #hhc #b1acc #b1bii ,nonlam9at$ products #ca1iib #aj1aac #g1iad #aj1fgc -------------------------------- ,total #cc1fje #aa1jgf #aj1jdg #ab1ihh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,type #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ,lam9at$ products3 ,%eets & plates ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #fji #ead #ffh ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #a1gjc #c1bfj #aj1cig ,nonlam9at$ #h1dbc #h1jfi #h1gei ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #aj1gce #aa1hdc #ai1hbd ,value 7doll>s7 ,lam9at$ products3 ,%eets & plates ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #egi #a1cbi #a1ibj ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #c1ggh #i1dfh #ci1bcb ,nonlam9at$ products #aa1jfd #aj1hdf #ah1jja ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #ae1dba #ba1fdc #ei1aec ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce /ati/ics4 #ad4 ,,syn!tic ,,res9 ,,prices1 ,,prop]ties1 ,,& ,,uses ,syn!tic res9s z sub/itutes4 ,any new mat]ial w 9 ! c\rse ( "t be appli$ to ! uses = :i* x has special advantages1 displac+ old] mat]ials :i* =m]ly s]v$ ^? purposes4 ,! result+ product may sometimes be us$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 or ! prop]ties ( ! sub/itute mat]ial may wid5 ! usefulness ( ! f9i%$ product1 or ev5 make possible a product almo/ :olly new4 ,be=e ! developm5t ( mold$ syn!tic res9s1 electrical plugs & sockets 7 usually made ( porcela9 or mold$ ( m>ble du/ & %ellac4 ,9 ?is use sub/itution has be5 almo/ complete4 ,wall plates = electric swit*es & outlets 7 usually ( brass4 ,today mold$ t>-acid or mold$ urea res9s are sub/itut$ 9 "p4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! examples has ! sub/itut$ mat]ial any important effect ^u ! use ( ! product4 ,an example ( a sub/itute mat]ial wid5+ ! usefulness ( ! product is af=d$ by a new comput+ scale1 :]e a mold$ urea res9 cas+ 7sub/itut$ = metal 9 ! old] model7 has aid$ 9 decreas+ ! weight & has improv$ ! appe>ance4 ,ano!r example is ! use ( lam9at$ syn!tic res9 coil =ms 9 radio frequ5cy trans=m]s :i*1 because ( _! bett] electrical prop]ties at high frequ5cies1 h aid$ 9 ! design ( m compact units4 ,examples ( syn!tic res9s mak+ possible a :olly new product are m difficult to f9d1 b ! foll[+ w s]ve z illu/rations3 ,ca/ acrylate %eets to =m curv$ cockpit enclosures = airplanes2 mold$ acrylate buttons = reflect+ road m>k]s2 & new special coat+s1 :i* make possible ! use ( metal cans = pres]v+ foods & bev]ages hi!rto impossible to c )\t loss ( flavor4 ,motives = sub/itution4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important reasons :y a manufactur] may decide to sub/itute a syn!tic res9 = ano!r mat]ial is ! result+ economy 9 ! s5se ( economy 9 total co/s4 ,z a rule1 ! syn!tic res9 w be m exp5sive p\nd = p\nd ?an ! mat]ial = :i* x is sub/itut$2 b frequ5tly ! manufactur+ co/ is en\gh l[] to m ?an make good ! diff]5ce 9 mat]ial co/1 because ! res9 "p w come f ! mold almo/ 9 f9i%$ =m1 :]eas ! "p made ( wood or metal w require consid]able fabrication4 ,9 "s cases !re may be a sav+ 9 m>ket+ co/s4 ,= example1 ! %ades = l>ge (fice fixture lights are n[ made ( syn!tic res9 z well z ( opal glass4 ,! res9 %ades are less exp5sive to %ip because !y are light] & require less exp5sive pack+4 ,ano!r inc5tive t[>d sub/itution is to give novelty1 & h5ce sales appeal1 to an old product4 ,9 _m cases ! use ( syn!tic res9s fits 9 ) ! pres5t t5d5cy to r$esign an old-/yle product s t x w be m compact1 h m pleas+ l9es1 & m color4 ,/ill ano!r inc5tive t[>d sub/itution is to give ! product great] usefulness1 or l[] co/s 9 use4 ,! great expansion 9 ! use ( syn!tic res9s 9 surface coat+s has come ab\t because1 ) ^! mat]ials1 coat+s c be develop$ to fit special purposes1 & dry rapidly1 :i* means an important sav+ to ^? :o use !m4 ,mat]ials displac$ by syn!tic res9s4 ,! wide range ( uses to :i* syn!tic res9s are n[ appli$ implies t ! mat]ials displac$ are num]\s4 ,= example1 ca/ or wr\ght iron or /eel is displac$ 9 tim+ ge>s & 9 _m small ma*9e p>ts1 su* z cradle-type telephones2 nonf]r\s metals 9 small ma*9e p>ts & novelties1 su* z inexp5sive bracelets2 glass 9 lamp %ades & 9 cosmetic conta9]s2 natural res9s 9 lacqu]s2 pla/ics1 su* z cellulose acetate 9 safety glass or cellulose nitrate 9 color$ lacqu]s2 o!r adhesives 9 bond+ plywood2 & cork or metal 9 bottle closures4 ,9 g5]al1 ! quantity ( mat]ial displac$ is a v small "p ( t mat]ial's total m>ket4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 indu/ries produc+ ! f9i%$ product h _h to make sub/antial *anges 9 _! equipm5t 9 ord] to use syn!tic res9s4 ,?is has be5 true 9 ! button indu/ry1 9 ! bottle closure indu/ry1 9 ! v>ni% & lacqu] indu/ry1 & 9 ! v>i\s electrical supply indu/ries2 & readju/m5t is n[ proce$+ 9 ! fancy conta9] indu/ry & 9 ! safety glass indu/ry4 ,competition betwe5 syn!tic res9s4 ,any p>ticul> syn!tic res9 mu/ compete = its m>ket ) o!r syn!tic res9s1 z well z ) o!r mat]ials4 ,! basis ( *oice or sub/itution w be ! same z t :i* has already be5 briefly discuss$ 9 connection ) ! displacem5t ( o!r mat]ials by res9s4 ,z betwe5 a numb] ( res9s ) prop]ties fitt+ !m = a p>ticul> use1 ! total co/s ( us+ ea* w be comp>$ & ! *oice w g to ! lea/ exp5sive2 b :]e a res9 has special advantages 9 a p>ticul> use x may w9 out ov] a less exp5sive res94 ,x %\ld be emphasiz$ t ?is battle ( mat]ials = m>kets is a nev]-end+ "o4 ,! fact t a specific syn!tic res9 has a*iev$ a c]ta9 position is no gu>antee t x may n lose x :olly or 9 "p to "s new] res9 or o!r mat]ial4 ,?us ca/ ph5olic res9 0 = a "t ! only res9 available 9 light colors b urea res9s became available 9 pa/el %ades & m rec5tly wat]-cle> poly/yr5e & acrylate res9s h come on ! m>ket4 ,until rec5tly t>-acid res9s 7 )\t competition 9 lam9at+1 b urea res9s n[ are us$ to "s ext5t = ! surface lam9ae & ! t>-acid res9s n[ face a pot5tial ?reat 9 a new product (f]$ to lam9ators4 ,if ! use ( ?is cellulose %eet1 :i* looks mu* l blott+ pap] & :i* has lign9 incorporat$ 9 x to act z a b9d] 9 ! press1 %\ld mat]ially decrease ! co/ ( lam9at$ %eets1 x w mean s]i\s new competition = ! t>-acid lam9at+ res9s4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! increase 9 numb] ( types ( syn!tic res9 has be5 to modify ! m>ket outlook ( ! produc]s ( ea* type4 ,!y are n[ m incl9$ to view ! m>ket z be+ limit$ by ! price at :i* !y c supply _! product & by ! physical prop]ties ( ea* res9 r ?an attempt to exploit x z a univ]sal res9 = all purposes4 ,res9s classifi$ by co/4 ,at pres5t ! res9s produc$ 9 l>ge/ volume are ! alkyd res9s = use 9 surface coat+s2 ! t>-acid res9s = mold+1 lam9at+1 & surface coat+s2 ! urea res9s1 *iefly = mold+s2 & ! ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,r\ghly1 ! price p] p\nd ( pure res9 mat]ial#ab = ^! v>i\s res9s may be comp>$ z foll[s3 ,av]age sales price ( net res91 #aicg 7p] p\nd7 ,type ( res93 ,ca/ ph5olic #j4da ,t>-acid3 ,= mold+ 4#ah ,= lam9at+ 4#ac ,= coat+s 4#ag ,alkyd 4#bj ,urea 4#de ,because ! co/ ( ! fill] is less p] p\nd ?an ! co/ ( ! res91 ! co/ ( ! t>-acid & urea mold+ p[d]s w be less ?an ! figures giv5 = ! pure res94 ,on ! o!r h&1 :olesale prices paid by consum]s w include transportation & di/ribution co/s n includ$ 9 ! figures ( manufactur]s' sales4 ,v9yl res9s1 acrylate res9s1 & poly/yr5e res9s are at pres5t produc$ 9 mu* small] volume ?an ^? j li/$4 ,if & :5 ! volume ( production is increas$ ! price may be decreas$4 ,9 #aicg1 ! price p] p\nd ( pure res9#ab 0 z foll[s3 ,av]age sales price ( net res91 #aicg 7p] p\nd7 ,type ( res93 ,v9yl #j4fi ,acrylate #a4ff ,e>ly 9 #aich1 acrylate res9s 7 be+ (f]$ = sale at #he c5ts p] p\nd = mold+ p[d] & #a4be p] p\nd = ! ca/ mat]ial2 poly/yr5e res9s at #gb c5ts p] p\nd4 ,petroleum res9s1 9 #aicg1 sold = an av]age ( #b c5ts p] p\nd net res9 cont5t4#ab ,?is l[ price puts !m beyond competition ( ! o!r syn!tic res9s 9 ! uses 9 lam9at+ & coat+ to :i* !y are adapt$4 ,! physical prop]ties ( a res9 & its uses4 ,a m exp5sive res9 w be us$ 9 pref]5ce to a *eap] "o1 only if ! high] co/ is m ?an (fset by "s physical prop]ty1 su* z color1 :i* makes x m desirable 9 a p>ticul> use4 ,! mo/ common mold+ res9 at pres5t is ! t>-acid type1 b x is available only 9 ! d>k] colors & !re=e has be5 at a disadvantage1 :]e a light color is desir$1 9 competition ) cellulose nitrate 7celluloid7 & cellulose acetate pla/ics or ) urea & ca/ ph5olic res9s4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! production ( cellulose acetate mold+ comp\nds & ( urea res9s has increas$ rapidly1 l>gely "u ?is /imulus4 ,! desire = color also promises well = ! future ( ! acrylate & poly/yr5e res9s :i* are produc$ 9 wat]-cle> grades or color$ ) dyes or pigm5ts4 ,,table #ag4--,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,prop]ties t affect appe>ance ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,type ,ma*9+ ,cl>ity ,color ,burn+ rate qualities possibilities ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r ,fair to ,opaque ,limit$ ,v l[ fill]4 good ,mold$1 m9]al d d d ,nil fill]4 ,mold$1 fabric d d d ,approximately fill]4 nil ,lam9at$1 pap] ,fair to d d ,v l[ base4 excell5t ,lam9at$1 fabric d d d d base4 ,lam9at$1 asbe/os d d d ,approximately clo? base4 nil ,ca/ ,excell5t,transp>5t1 ,unlimit$ ,v l[ transluc5t1 opaque ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill]4 ,fair to ,opaque ,limit$ d good ,m9]al fill]4 d d d ,nil ,fabric fill]4 d d d d ,urea--,=maldehyde4 ,fair ,transluc5t1 ,unlimit$ ,v l[ opaque pa/el %ades ,v9yl1 unfill$4 ,good ,transp>5t1 ,unlimit$ ,nil transluc5t1 pa/els opaque to black ,v9yl1 fill$4 ,excell5t d d ,approximately 7organic nil fill]7 ,acrylate ,v good,transp>5t ,unlimit$ ,sl[ 7#ie light transmission7 ,poly/yr5e ,poor to ,transp>5t1 d d good opaque ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd4 d ,opaque ,limit$1 ,high 7wood pa/els fill]7 exclud$ ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory4 ,poor d ,d>k colors ,nil only ,refractory4 d d ,gray d ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb]4 ,transluc5t1 ,unlimit$ d opaque ,modifi$ isom]iz$ ,good ,transp>5t d ,sl[ rubb]4 ,h>d rubb]4 ,fair ,opaque ,limit$ ,m$ium ,case9 ,good ,transluc5t1 ,unlimit$ ,v l[ opaque ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose d ,transp>5t1 d ,sl[ transluc5t1 opaque ,cellulose acetate d d d d %eet ,cellulose acetate d d d d mold+ ,cellulose nitrate d d d ,v high ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,type ,effect ( age ,effect ( ,refractive sunlight index ,no#a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r ,none ,light %ades fill]4 discolor ,mold$1 m9]al d d fill]4 ,mold$1 fabric d d fill]4 ,lam9at$1 pap] ,improves ,l[]s base4 me*anical surface & resi/ance electrical prop]ties ,lam9at$1 fabric d d base4 ,lam9at$1 asbe/os d clo? base4 ,ca/ ,h>d5s ,colors #a4e-a4g slightly may fade ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill]4 d ,light %ades discolor ,m9]al fill]4 d d ,fabric fill]4 d d ,urea--,=maldehyde4 d ,none #a4ed-a4f ,v9yl1 unfill$4 ,/r5g? ,d>k5s #a4ec unaffect$ ,v9yl1 fill$4 ,none ,discolors ,acrylate d ,none #a4di ,poly/yr5e d ,yell[s #a4fg ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd4 ,none ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory4 ,refractory4 ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb]4 ,slight ,d>k5s #a4ef embrittlem5t ,modifi$ isom]iz$ ,none ,slight rubb]4 surface craz+ ,h>d rubb]4 d ,discolors surface1 resi/ivity decrease ,case9 ,h>d5s ,colors slightly may fade ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose ,slight ,slight #a4dg ,cellulose acetate d d #a4di-a4ej %eet ,cellulose acetate d d #a4dg-a4ej mold+ ,cellulose nitrate ,slight ,discolors & #a4ej h>d5+ becomes brittle ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,specifi$ refractive degree4 ,,note4--,! values = ! prop]ties 9 ?is table are bas$ ^u maximum & m9imum figures submitt$ to ,mod]n ,pla/ics by a numb] ( manufactur]s ( ea* type ( mat]ial4 ,diff]5ces 9 te/ proc$ures & sizes ( te/ specim5s may lead to errone\s conclusions 9 "s cases if direct comp>isons are attempt$4 ,special grades ( mat]ials are (t5 available :i* excel 9 "o p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,s\rce3 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 vol4 #ae1 no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,octob] #aicg4 ,,table #ah4--,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,mold+ prop]ties ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,g5]al ,compression ,compression ,type4 mold+ mold+ mold+ qualities temp]ature pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,f4 ,p\nds p] squ>e in* ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] ,excell5t #bhj-cfj #a1fjj-d1ejj ,mold$1 m9]al fill] ,excell5t #bgj-cej #a1fjj-f1jjj to fair ,mold$1 fabric fill] ,good to fair #bgj-ccj #c1jjj-h1jjj ,lam9at$1 pap] base #bej-cfe #a1jjj-c1jjj ,lam9at$1 fabric base #bej-cfe #a1jjj-c1jjj ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? #bej-cbe #a1jjj-c1jjj base ,ca/ ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] ,excell5t #ccj-djj #a1jjj-c1jjj ,m9]al fill] d #ccj-cfj #a1jjj-c1jjj ,fabric fill] ,good to fair #cjj-cfj #a1jjj-c1jjj ,urea--,=maldehyde 7alpha ,excell5t #bij-cbe #a1ejj-f1jjj cellulose fill]7 ,v9yl1 unfill$ ,good #bdj-bge #a1ejj-b1jjj ,v9yl1 fill$ ,excell5t #bej-cjj #b1jjj-b1ejj ,acrylate d #bhe-cae #a1ejj-e1jjj ,poly/yr5e ,good #bhj-cbe #cjj-b1jjj ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd d #bdj #a1jjj-a1bjj ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory ,fair #d1jjj-ab1jjj ,refractory d #d1jjj-ab1jjj ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] d #bjj-bbe #b1jjj-e1jjj ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] ,good #bfj-cjj #a1bjj-d1jjj ,h>d rubb] ,fair #bhe-cej #a1bjj-a1hjj ,case9 ,poor #bjj-bbe #b1jjj-b1ejj ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose ,excell5t #bab-cjj #a1jjj-e1jjj ,cellulose acetate %eet d #baj-cbj #ejj-e1jjj ,cellulose acetate mold+ d #bej-cej #ejj-e1jjj ,cellulose nitrate ,good #ahe-bej #b1jjj-e1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,injection ,injection ,compression ,type4 mold+ mold+ ratio temp]ature pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,f4 ,p\nds p] squ>e in* ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #bge-cge #b1jjj-aj1jjj #b4e-c4j ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #bge-cej #b1jjj-ae1jjj #b4b-g4a ,mold$1 fabric fill] #b4e-aa4j ,lam9at$1 pap] base #a4e-c4j ,lam9at$1 fabric base #a4e-c4j ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base ,ca/ ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #bej-bij #cjj-e1jjj #b4e-c4j ,m9]al fill] #bej-bij #cjj-e1jjj #b4e-f4j ,fabric fill] #bej-bij #cjj-ej1jjj #d4j-ae4j ,urea--,=maldehyde 7alpha #c4j cellulose fill]7 ,v9yl1 unfill$ #b4j ,v9yl1 fill$ #a4e-c4e ,acrylate #cbe-dge #c1jjj-cj1jjj #b4j ,poly/yr5e #cjj-cge #c1jjj-cj1jjj #b4e ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory #b4e ,refractory #c4e ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] #b4j-c4j ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #c4j ,h>d rubb] #ahj-bbj #b1jjj-e1jjj #d4j-f4j ,case9 ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #b4b-b4i ,cellulose acetate %eet ,cellulose acetate mold+ #cjj-ddj #c1jjj-cj1jjj #b4j-b4h ,cellulose nitrate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mold ,effect ,type4 %r9kage on metal ins]ts ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,in*es p] in* ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #j4jjf-j4jaj ,in]t4 ,mold$1 m9]al fill] 4#jjb- 4#jjf ,d4 ,mold$1 fabric fill] 4#jjc- 4#jjg ,d4 ,lam9at$1 pap] base ,d4 ,lam9at$1 fabric base ,d4 ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? ,d4 base ,ca/ ,d4 ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] 4#jje- 4#jji ,d4 ,m9]al fill] 4#jjb- 4#jjf ,d4 ,fabric fill] 4#jjbe-4jjf ,d4 ,urea--,=maldehyde 7alpha 4#jjg- 4#jaa ,d4 cellulose fill]7 ,v9yl1 unfill$ 4#jja ,n us$4 ,v9yl1 fill$ 4#jjj ,in]t4 ,acrylate 4#jjb- 4#jjc ,poly/yr5e 4#jjb-4jjbe ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd 4#jjb ,d4 ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory 4#jjj- 4#jbb ,d4 ,refractory 4#jjj ,d4 ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] 4#jjj ,d4 ,h>d rubb] ,case9 ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose 4#jjjc-4jjjg ,d4 ,cellulose acetate %eet 7#a7 ,d4 ,cellulose acetate mold+ 7#a7 ,d4 ,cellulose nitrate ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,positive & injection #j4jjb-j4jjc2 semipositive #j4jje-j4jjg2 fla% #j4jjh-j4jji4 ,,note4--,! values = ! prop]ties 9 ?is table are bas$ ^u maximum & m9imum figures submitt$ to ,mod]n ,pla/ics by a numb] ( manufactur]s ( ea* type ( mat]ial4 ,diff]5ces 9 te/ proc$ures & sizes ( te/ specim5s may lead to errone\s conclusions 9 "s cases if direct comp>isons are attempt$4 ,special grades ( mat]ials are (t5 available :i* excel 9 "o p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,s\rce3 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,octob] #aicg4 ,table #ag li/s ! prop]ties :i* affect appe>ance & gives 9 addition to ! color range1 ! cl>ity1 mat]ial1 ! burn+ rate1 ! effect ( age & sunlight1 ! refractive index1 & ! ma*9+ quality ( ea* syn!tic res94 ,table #ah li/s mold+ prop]ties ( syn!tic res9s4 ,( special int]e/ are ! possibilities ( us+ a res9 9 injection mold+4 ,! !rmopla/ic res9s & pla/ics 7see s(t5+ po9t 9 table #bj7 are g5]ally pref]r$ to ! !rmosett+ mat]ials = injection mold+ because !y p]mit ! reuse ( mat]ial o!rwise wa/$4 ,table #ai li/s ! /r5g? prop]ties ( ! syn!tic res9s2 table #bj ! heat prop]ties2 table #ba ! electrical prop]ties2 & table #bb ! resi/ance to acids1 alkalies1 & solv5ts4 ,all ( ^! qualities are important 9 "s uses & ea* quality may be p>am\nt 9 a few4 ,ea* mat]ial has its limitations & its special advantages & ! consum+ indu/ry mu/ *oose ! "o be/ suit$ to its purposes4 ,! tie-up betwe5 specific prop]ties & p>ticul> uses is exemplifi$ by v9yl res9s1 :i* because ( _! great ela/icity at l[ temp]atures1 are us$ 9 safety glass1 & by ! poly/yr5e res9s1 :i* because ( _! electrical prop]ties at high frequ5cies1 are us$ 9 lam9at$ electrical p>ts4 ,z production ( ! v>i\s res9s increases new uses w probably be f\nd = mo/ ( !m4 ,,table #ai4--,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,/r5g? prop]ties ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,type ,t5sile ,elongation ,modulus ( /r5g? ela/icity ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,p\nds p] ,p]c5t ,p\nds p] squ>e in* squ>e in* ,syn!tic res9s3 #aj ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #f1jjj-aa1jjj #aj-ae ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #e1jjj-aj1jjj #aj-de ,mold$1 fabric fill] #f1ejj- #h1jjj #g-ab ,lam9at$1 pap] base #f1jjj-ac1jjj #e-bj ,lam9at$1 fabric base #h1jjj-ab1jjj #e-ae ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? #i1jjj base ,ca/ #e1jjj-ab1jjj #e-ae ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #e1jjj-ab1jjj #aj-be ,m9]al fill] #d1jjj-ab1jjj #aj-de ,fabric fill] #e1jjj-aj1jjj #g-ab ,urea--,=maldehyde #h1jjj-ac1jjj #af ,v9yl1 unfill$ #h1jjj-aj1jjj #c4e-d4a ,v9yl1 fill$ #f1jjj-ab1jjj #c4e-h4e ,acrylate #g1jjj- #i1jjj #a4j #f ,poly/yr5e #e1ejj- #g1ejj #a4j #d4f-e4a ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd #ijj- #b1jjj ,cold mold$ ,nonrefractory ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #d1cjj #j4jac #d4g ,h>d rubb] #d1jjj-aj1jjj #h-ae #e4c ,case9 #g1fjj #e4a-e4g ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #b1jjj- #g1jjj #b4h ,cellulose acetate %eet #f1jjj-aa1jjj #bj-ee #a-c ,cellulose acetate mold+ #c1ejj-aj1jjj #aj-dh #b-d ,cellulose nitrate #e1jjj-aj1jjj #aj-dj #b-d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,type ,compressive ,flexural /r5g? /r5g? ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p\nds p] ,p\nds p] squ>e in* squ>e in* ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #af1jjj-cf1jjj #h1jjj-ae1jjj ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #ah1jjj-cf1jjj #h1jjj-bj1jjj ,mold$1 fabric fill] #bj1jjj-cb1jjj #aj1jjj-ac1jjj ,lam9at$1 pap] base #bj1jfj-dj1jjj #ac1jjj-bj1jjj ,lam9at$1 fabric base #bj1jjj-dd1jjj #ac1jjj-bj1jjj ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? #ah1jjj-dj1jjj #ag1jjj base ,ca/ #ae1jjj-cj1jjj ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #bh1jjj-cf1jjj #aj1jjj-af1jjj ,m9]al fill] #bd1jjj-cf1jjj #h1jjj-ad1jjj ,fabric fill] #bf1jjj-cj1jjj #aj1jjj-af1jjj ,urea--,=maldehyde #bd1jjj-ce1jjj #ac1jjj-ae1jjj ,v9yl1 unfill$ #aj1jjj-ac1jjj ,v9yl1 fill$ ,acrylate #h1jjj #ae1jjj-ag1jjj ,poly/yr5e #ac1jjj-ac1ejj #f1ejj- #h1jjj ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,cold mold$ #f1jjj-ae1jjj #e1cjj- #g1ejj ,nonrefractory #af1jjj #f1jjj ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #h1ejj-aa1jjj #g1jjj- #i1jjj ,h>d rubb] #h1jjj-ab1jjj ,case9 ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose ,cellulose acetate %eet #d1jjj-af1jjj ,cellulose acetate mold+ #aa1jjj-af1jjj #e1bjj- #h1hjj ,cellulose nitrate ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,type ,impact /r5g?#a ,h>dness#b 7foot p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,br9ell ,no ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #j4aj-j4bh2 ,i1 ,n #cj-de ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #j4aa-j4cf2 ,i1 ,n ,mold$1 fabric fill] #j4d-b4d2 ,i1 ,n ,lam9at$1 pap] base #j4d-a4b2 ,i1 ,n #bd-dj ,lam9at$1 fabric base #j4h-e4b2 ,i1 ,n #cj-de ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base ,ca/ #j4a-a4e2 ,i1 ,n #cj-de ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #j4jh-j4eb2 ,c1 ,n #cce-dj ,m9]al fill] #j4jh-j4dh2 ,c1 ,n #cdd-df ,fabric fill] #a4f-c4a2 ,c1 ,n #ccj-ce ,urea--,=maldehyde #j4g-a4e2 ,c1 ,u #ddh-ed ,v9yl1 unfill$ #j4c-j4f2 ,i1 ,n #ae-be ,v9yl1 fill$ #j4a-j4g2 ,i1 ,n #ae-be ,acrylate #j4be-j4e2 ,c1 ,n #dah-bj ,poly/yr5e #j4af-j4be2 ,i1 ,n #bj-cj ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,cold mold$ #j4d2 ,c ,nonrefractory #j4d2 ,c ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] #c4j2 ,c1 ,u ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #b4f-f4b2 ,i1 ,n #ehe-ij ,h>d rubb] #j4e2 ,i #ca ,case9 #a4j2 ,i #bc ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #a-d2 ,i1 ,n 7p] 94 sq47 ,cellulose acetate %eet #b-g2 ,c1 ,n 7p] 94 sq47 #ff-aa ,cellulose acetate mold+ #c-ab2 ,c1 ,n 7p] 94 sq47 #ff-g4e ,cellulose nitrate #c-ab2 ,c1 ,n 7p] 94 sq47 #fh-aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a ,,a/m ,d#bef-cd,t4 ,c ,*>py2 ,i izod2 ,n not*$2 ,u unnot*$4 #b #b4e mm ball2 #be kg4 load unless o!rwise not$4 #c #ej kg4 load4 #d #aj mm4 ball2 #ejj kg4 load4 #e ,%ore4 #f #aj kg4 load4 ,,note4--,! values = ! prop]ties 9 ?is table are bas$ ^u maximum & m9imum figures submitt$ to ,mod]n ,pla/ics by a numb] ( manufactur]s ( ea* type ( mat]ial4 ,diff]5ces 9 te/ proc$ures & sizes ( te/ specim5s may lead to errone\s conclusions 9 "s cases if direct comp>isons are attempt$4 ,special grades ( mat]ials are (t5 available :i* excel 9 "o p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,s\rce3 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj2 ,octob] #aicg4 ,,table #bj4--,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,heat prop]ties ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,!rmal ,specific conductivity heat ----------------------------------- ,type #aj calories p] second p] squ>e c5timet] ,calories p] p] #a;,c4 ,c4 p] gram p] c5timet] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #d-ab4b #j4ce-j4cf ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #h-bj #j4be-j4ce ,mold$1 fabric fill] #c-e #j4cj-j4ce ,lam9at$1 pap] base #e-h #j4c -#j4d ,lam9at$1 fabric base #e-h #j4c -#j4d ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base ,ca/ #c-e #j4c- #j4d ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #c4e-e #j4c- #j4d ,m9]al fill] #aj-bj #j4c- #j4d ,fabric fill] #e-h #j4c- #j4d ,urea--,=maldehyde #g4ac ,v9yl1 unfill$ #d #j4bdd ,v9yl1 fill$ ,v>ies ,v>ies ,acrylate #d4c-f4h #j4de ,/yrol #a4i #j4cbd ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #b4f-b4i ,h>d rubb] #c4b #j4cc ,case9 ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose ,cellulose acetate %eet #e4d-h4g #j4c- #j4d ,cellulose acetate mold+ #e4d-h4g #j4c- #j4de ,cellulose nitrate #c4a-e4a #j4cd-j4ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,!rmal ,resi/ance to expansion cont9u\s heat ----------------------------------- ,type #aj p] ,c4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #c4g-g4e #cej ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #b4e-d #dej ,mold$1 fabric fill] #b-f #bej-cej ,lam9at$1 pap] base #b #bab-cjj ,lam9at$1 fabric base #c #bab-cej ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base #b #djj-ejj ,ca/ #b4h #afj ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #c #bhj-djj ,m9]al fill] #b #cej-ejj ,fabric fill] #d4e #bhj-cej ,urea--,=maldehyde #a4e #afj ,v9yl1 unfill$ #f4i ,v9yl1 fill$ ,v>ies ,acrylate #h4e ,/yrol #aj4b ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd #aej-aij ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory #ejj ,refractory #a1cjj ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #g-h ,h>d rubb] #h4j ,case9 #h ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose ,cellulose acetate %eet #ad-af #adj-ahj ,cellulose acetate mold+ #ad-af #adj-ahj ,cellulose nitrate #ab-af ca4 #adj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,s(t5+ ,di/ortion po9t "u heat ----------------------- ,type ,t5d5cy ,f4 ,f4 to cold fl[ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] ,none #bdj-bhe ,none4 ,mold$1 m9]al fill] d4 ,d4 ,mold$1 fabric fill] d4 ,d4 ,lam9at$1 pap] base d4 #cbj ,d4 ,lam9at$1 fabric base d4 ,d4 ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base d4 ,d4 ,ca/ ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] ,*>s #dej #bfh-bhh ,d4 ,m9]al fill] ,*>s #eej #bgg-big ,d4 ,fabric fill] ,*>s #djj ,d4 ,urea--,=maldehyde ,none #bfj ,d4 ,v9yl1 unfill$ #acj-afj #adj-aej ,slight4 ,v9yl1 fill$ #acj-afj #adj-aeh ,d4 ,acrylate #agj-bce #aeh ,d4 ,/yrol #aaj-bjj #ahe ,d4 ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd #aej ,d4 ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] #age-bcj #adj ,d4 ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #afe-bbj #afg-bba ,d4 ,h>d rubb] #aej-aij ,d4 ,case9 #bjj ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #baj-bff ,cellulose acetate %eet #adj-bcj #abb-bab ,d4 ,cellulose acetate mold+ #ade-bfj #abb-bab ,d4 ,cellulose nitrate #afj-aie ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,note4--,! values = ! prop]ties 9 ?is table are bas$ ^u maximum & m9imum figures submitt$ to ,mod]n ,pla/ics by a numb] ( manufactur]s ( ea* type ( mat]ial4 ,diff]5ces 9 te/ proc$ures & sizes ( te/ specim5s may lead to errone\s conclusions 9 "s cases if direct comp>isons are attempt$4 ,special grades ( mat]ials are (t5 available :i* excel 9 "o p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,s\rce3 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,octob] #aicg4 ,,table #ba4--,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,electrical prop]ties ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,volume resi/ivity ,breakd[n 7#ej p]c5t voltage1 #fj ,type relative humidity7 cycles 7volts 7ohm cms7 p] mil 7in/antane\s77 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #aj-aj #cjj-ejj ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #aj-aj #bej-djj ,mold$1 fabric fill] #aj-aj #cjj-dej ,lam9at$1 pap] base #aj-aj #djj-a1cjj ,lam9at$1 fabric base #aj-aj #aej-fjj ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base #ij ,ca/ #aj-aj #cjj-dej ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #aj-aj #djj-fjj ,m9]al fill] #aj-aj #bjj-ejj ,fabric fill] #j4d #aj #bjj-ejj ,urea--,=maldehyde 7#b-b4h7 #aj #fej-gbj ,v9yl1 unfill$ #aj #djj-ejj ,v9yl1 fill$ #aj #cej-djj ,acrylate #aj #dhj ,poly/yr5e #aj-aj #ejj-gjj ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd #ajj-djj ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory #a4c #aj #he ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] #b1cjj ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] 7#e-g7 #aj ,h>d rubb] #aj-aj #bej-ijj ,case9 #djj-gjj ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #a1ejj ,cellulose acetate %eet 7#e-cj7 #aj #hjj-b1ejj ,cellulose acetate mold+ 7#d4b-f4b7 #aj #hjj-hej ,cellulose nitrate 7#b-cj7 #aj #fjj-a1bjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dielectric con/ant ----------------------------- ,type #fj cycles#aj cycles#aj cycles ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #e-ab #d-h #d4e-h ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #e-bj #d4e-bj #d4e-bj ,mold$1 fabric fill] #e-aj #d4e-f #d4e-f ,lam9at$1 pap] base #d-f ,lam9at$1 fabric base #d4e-g ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base ,ca/ #e-aj #e-g ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #d-h #f-g4e ,m9]al fill] #d4e-bj #e-ah ,fabric fill] #d4e-f #e-g4e ,urea--,=maldehyde #f4f #f ,v9yl1 unfill$ #d ,v9yl1 fill$ #d4g #d ,acrylate #d-f #b4h ,poly/yr5e #b4f #b4fe #b4g ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory #ae #f ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ca4 #c ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #b4g #b4fh ,h>d rubb] #b4h #c ,case9 #f4ae-f4h ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #c4gb ,cellulose acetate %eet #e4a-g4e #d4b-e4c ,cellulose acetate mold+ #e4h-f4j #d4d-d4f ,cellulose nitrate #f4g-g4c #f4ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,p[] factor -------------------------------- ,type #fj cycles #aj cycles#aj cycles ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #j4jd-j4cj #j4jd-j4ae #j4jce-j4a ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #j4aj-j4cj #j4aj-j4ae #j4jje-j4a ,mold$1 fabric fill] #j4jh-j4cj #j4jh-j4bj #j4jd-j4a ,lam9at$1 pap] base #j4jb-j4je ,lam9at$1 fabric base #j4jb-j4jh ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? base ,ca/ #j4jbe-j4bj #j4jje-j4jhj4ja-j4jde ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #j4jd-j4ae #j4jce-j4a ,m9]al fill] #j4a-j4ae #j4jd-j4a ,fabric fill] #j4jh-j4bj #j4jce-j4a ,urea--,=maldehyde #j4jcd #j4ja-j4jc ,v9yl1 unfill$ #j4jadc #j4jage ,v9yl1 fill$ #j4jb-j4ae #j4jb-j4jfe ,acrylate #j4jf-j4jh #j4jb ,poly/yr5e #j4jjjc #j4jjja #j4jjja ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory #j4bj #j4jg ,refractory ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] #j4jjc ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] #j4jjf #j4jjaf ,h>d rubb] #j4jjc-j4jjh ,case9 #j4jeb ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #j4jaa ,cellulose acetate %eet #j4jbe-j4jg #j4jch-j4jia ,cellulose acetate mold+ #j4jdb-j4jeh #j4jch-j4jdb ,cellulose nitrate #j4jfb-j4add #j4jgd-j4jig ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note4--,! values = ! prop]ties 9 ?is table are bas$ ^u maximum & m9imum figures submitt$ to ,mod]n ,pla/ics by a numb] ( manufactur]s ( ea* type ( mat]ial4 ,diff]5ces 9 te/ proc$ures & sizes ( te/ specim5s may lead to errone\s conclusions 9 "s cases if direct comp>isons are attempt$4 ,special grades ( mat]ials are (t5 available :i* excel 9 "o p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,s\rce3 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,octob] #aicg4 ,,table #bb4--,syn!tic res9s & o!r pla/ics3 ,specific gravity1 specific volume1 & resi/ance to o!r sub/ances ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wat] ,type ,specific ,specific absorption1 gravity volume imm]sion #bd h\rs#a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,syn!tic res9s3 ,cubic in*es ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 p] p\nd ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] #a4cd-a4eb #bj4g-ah4b #j4b-j4f ,mold$1 m9]al fill] #a4gj-b4ji #af4d-ac4c #j4ja-j4c ,mold$1 fabric fill] #a4cg-a4dj #bj4b-ai4h #a4j-a4c ,lam9at$1 pap] base #a4cd-a4ee #bj4g-ag4h #j4e-i4j ,lam9at$1 fabric base #a4cd-a4ee #bj4g-ag4h #j4e-i4j ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? #a4f-a4fe #ag4c-af4h #j4e base ,ca/ #a4bg-a4cb #ba4h-bj4j #j4ja-j4e ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] #a4c-a4d #ba4c-ai4h #j4b-j4f ,m9]al fill] #a4f-b4j #ag4c-ac4i #j4ja-j4ae ,fabric fill] #a4c-a4d #ba4c-ai4h #j4h-a4d ,urea--,=maldehyde #a4dh-a4ej #ah4g-af4e #a-b ,v9yl1 unfill$ #a4cd-a4cf #bj4g-bj4d #j4je-j4ae ,v9yl1 fill$ #a4ce-b4e #bj4e-aa4a #j4b-d4j ,acrylate #a4ah #bc4c #j4c ,poly/yr5e #a4je-a4jg #bf4c-be4h #j ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd #a4a-b4g #be4b-aj4c ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory #a4ih-b4j #ad4j-ac4i #a4e ,refractory #b4b #ab4f #j4e-ae ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] #a4e #ah4e #j4a-j4c ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb]#a4jf #bf4a #j4jb ,h>d rubb] #a4ab-a4h #bd4g-ae4d #j4jb ,case9 #a4ce #bj4e #c-g ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose #a4ad #bd4c #fa4be ,cellulose acetate %eet #a4bg-a4cg #ba4h-bj4b #a4e-c4j ,cellulose acetate mold+ #a4bg-a4fc #ba4h-ag4j #a4d-b4h ,cellulose nitrate #a4ce-a4fj #bj4e-ag4c #a4j-c4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,type ,effect ( weak ,effect ( /rong acids acids ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] ,none to slight4,v>ies#b ,mold$1 m9]al fill] d d#b ,mold$1 fabric fill] d d#b ,lam9at$1 pap] base d d#b ,lam9at$1 fabric base d d#b ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? d d#b base ,ca/ d ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] d d#b ,m9]al fill] d d#b ,fabric fill] d d#b ,urea--,=maldehyde d ,decompos$ or surface attack$ ,v9yl1 unfill$ ,resi/ant ,resi/ant ,v9yl1 fill$ ,dep5d5t on ,dep5d5t on fill]4 fill]4 ,acrylate ,none ,oxidiz+ acids attack surface4 ,poly/yr5e d ,none ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,det]iorates ,det]iorates ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory ,slight ,decomposes ,refractory ,decomposes d ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ,resi/ant ,resi/ant ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] d d ,h>d rubb] d ,attack$ by oxidiz+ acids ,case9 d ,decomposes ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose ,slight ,decomposes ,cellulose acetate %eet d d ,cellulose acetate mold+ d d ,cellulose nitrate d d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,type ,effect ( ,effect ( ,effect ( weak /rong organic alkalies alkalies solv5ts ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,syn!tic res9s3 ,t>-acid--,=maldehyde3 ,mold$1 wood fl\r fill] ,slight to ,decomposes ,none4#c m>k$ ,mold$1 m9]al fill] d d d#c ,mold$1 fabric fill] d d d#c ,lam9at$1 pap] base d d d#c ,lam9at$1 fabric base d d d#c ,lam9at$1 asbe/os clo? d d d#c base ,ca/ d d d ,t>-acid--,furfural3 ,wood fl\r fill] d d d ,m9]al fill] d d d ,fabric fill] d d d ,urea--,=maldehyde d d d ,v9yl1 unfill$ ,resi/ant ,resi/ant 7#d74 ,v9yl1 fill$ ,dep5d5t on,dep5d5t on7#d74 fill]4 fill]4 ,acrylate ,none ,slight 7#e74 ,poly/yr5e d ,none ,widely soluble4 ,o!r pla/ics3 ,%ellac comp\nd ,det]iorates,det]iorates,attack$ by "s4 ,cold mold$3 ,nonrefractory ,decomposes ,decomposes d ,refractory ,none ,none ,none4 ,rubb] comp\nds3 ,*lor9at$ rubb] ,resi/ant ,resi/ant ,soluble 9 aromatic hydroc>bons4 ,modifi$ isom]iz$ rubb] d d ,attack$ by "s4 ,h>d rubb] d d d ,case9 ,s(t5s ,decomposes ,resi/ant4 ,cellulose comp\nds3 ,e?yl cellulose ,none ,none4 ,widely soluble4 ,cellulose acetate %eet ,slight ,decomposes 7#g74 ,cellulose acetate mold+ d d 7#g74 ,cellulose nitrate d d 7#g74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,,a/m ,d#dh-cc4 #b ,decompos$ by oxidiz+ acids2 r$uc+ & organic acids no effect4 #c ,on ble$-pro( mat]ials4 #d ,resi/s alcohols1 aliphatic hydroc>bons1 & oils4 ,soluble 9 ketones & e/]s2 swells 9 aromatic hydroc>bons4 #e ,soluble 9 ketones1 e/]s1 & aromatic hydroc>bons4 #f #dh h\rs4 #g ,soluble 9 ketones & e/]s2 s(t5$ by alcohols2 little affect$ by hydroc>bons4 ,,note4--,! values = ! prop]ties 9 ?is table are bas$ ^u maximum & m9imum figures submitt$ to ,mod]n ,pla/ics by a numb] ( manufactur]s ( ea* type ( mat]ial4 ,diff]5ces 9 te/ proc$ure & sizes ( te/ specim5s may lead to errone\s conclusions 9 "s cases if direct comp>isons are attempt$4 ,special grades ( mat]ials are (t5 available :i* excel 9 "o p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,s\rce3 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,octob] #aicg4 #ae4 ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,,9 ,,o!r ,,c\ntries ,l>ge-scale production ( syn!tic res9s is conf9$ pr9cipally to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 & ,great ,brita94 ,!re is small production 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are ,france1 ,italy1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ,canada1 & ,japan4 ,9 #aicd ! _w output 0 e/imat$ at #ace million p\nds1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ ab\t #dd p]c5t1 ,g]many #bf p]c5t1 & ,great ,brita9 #bd p]c5t4 ,9 #aicg _w output 0 e/imat$ at #cfj million p\nds1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates' %>e ( ! total be+ almo/ #ej p]c5t1 foll[$ by #bg p]c5t = ,g]many1 #bj p]c5t = ,great ,brita91 & ! rema9+ #c p]c5t scatt]$4 ,european e/imates indicate t ab\t #dj p]c5t ( ! output goes into surface coat+s & t #fj p]c5t ( ! surface-coat+ res9s are t>-acid & #dj p]c5t alkyds4 ,! ,t>iff ,commission f\nd t 9 #aicg #ej p]c5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates production ( all syn!tic res9s w5t into surface coat+s1 #bg p]c5t into mold$ articles1 & ! rema9+ #bc p]c5t into lam9at+ & miscellane\s uses4 ,approximately ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface-coat+ res9s 7 alkyds & "o-f\r? t>-acid res9s4 ,,g]many ,production4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,g]many's production ( syn!tic res9s has increas$ rapidly1 ea* succe$+ ye> regi/]+ ! atta9m5t ( a new record4 ,9 #aicc production total$ #ag1ejj1jjj p\nds & by #aice _h increas$ to #ee1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,a fur!r expansion ( ab\t #cj p]c5t to #gj1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aicf & pres5t production tr5ds indicate a ga9 ( ab\t #dj p]c5t m 9 #aicg1 to an e/imat$ total ( #ajj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,al?\gh t>-acid res9s comprise ! bulk ( ! ,g]man output1 consid]able ga9s are %[n = o!r types1 notably injection mold+ res9s ( ! poly/yr5e & v9yl types4 ,! developm5t ( completely automatic injection mold+ ma*9]y has giv5 an impetus to ^! types4 ,:ile te*nical progress1 includ+ improvem5t ( mold+ equipm5t1 has contribut$ to ! exp&$ production1 ! use ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,g]many has _h a /rong /imulus because !y are made almo/ :olly ( dome/ic mat]ials4 ,"u ! 8,f\r-,ye> ,plan0 = ! greate/ possible national economic indep5d5ce1 syn!tic res9s are replac+ import$ mat]ials1 su* z ! heavi] nonf]r\s metals1 iron1 h>dwoods1 cork1 & natural gums & res9s 9 _m uses4 ,?is displacem5t ( mat]ials has also affect$ su* dome/ic products z glass & porcela91 :i* caus$ ! ,gov]nm5t to int]v5e & impose re/rictions ^u ! use ( res9s = purposes adequately s]v$ by o!r mat]ials ( ,g]man orig94 ,g]many's exp&+ production ( syn!tic res9 has also be5 aid$ by a %>p increase 9 exports1 :i* h increas$ well ov] #ajj p]c5t s9ce #aicb4 ,t>-acid res9s4--,g]man output ( t>-acid res9s has be5 e/imat$ at #ce million p\nds 9 #aicd1 at #di million p\nds 9 #aice1 & at #fc million p\nds 9 #aicf4 ,su* res9s comprise ! bulk ( ! ,g]man production ( mold+ res9s4 ,!re are at lea/ sev5 produc]s ( t>-acid res9s 9 ,g]many & n9e produc]s ( mold+ p[d]s & pellets4 ,t>-acid res9s = surface coat+s are produc$ by a numb] ( ^! conc]ns4 ,among ! important mak]s 9 ,g]many are ,! ,bakelite ,gesells*aft 7organiz$ 9 #aiaj to op]ate "u ! ,baekel& pat5ts72 ! explosives & munitions firm ( ,dynamit ,a4,g42 ,dr4 ,kurt ,alb]t ,g4m4b4,h42 ! ,i4,g4 ,f>b59du/rie2 ,beckacite ,kun/h>zfabrik ,g4m4b4,h42 & ,rohm ,haas ,a4,g4 ,! ,beckacite firm has associates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ,rohm ,haas1 an associate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,alkyd res9s4--,! manufacture ( alkyd res9s has develop$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,dem& = ^! res9s has be5 giv5 a m>k$ impetus by ! developm5t ( a new /&>diz$ sub/itute = l9se$-oil v>ni% kn[n z ,el ,v>ni%1 ! use ( :i* is requir$ by ! ,control ,bo>d = ,indu/rial ,fats = c]ta9 int]ior & ext]ior pa9t+4 ,!re are five mak]s ( res9s = pa9ts1 v>ni%es1 & lacqu]s4 ,! output ( alkyd res9s has increas$ %>ply s9ce #aicd1 probably rea*+ #aj million p\nds 9 #aicf4 ,urea res9s4--,! output ( urea res9s 9 ,g]many is relatively small2 two ( ! m important types are kn[n z ,locron & ,pollopas4 ,poly/yr5e & v9yl res9s4--,9 #aicf ,g]many's production ( !rmopla/ic res9s exce$$ #a million p\nds1 pr9cipally ( ! poly/yr5e & v9yl types4 ,among ! v9yl res9s are ,acronal & ,m[ili?1 bo? ( :i* are manufactur$ by ! ,i4,g4 ,f>b59du/rie4 ,?is comb9e also produces sev]al types ( poly/yr5e res9s kn[n z ,mollit & ,meta/yrol4 ,dynamit ,a4,g4 produces a poly/yr5e res9 kn[n z ,trolitul4 ,uses ( syn!tic res9s4 ,! orig9al & mo/ important use ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,g]many 0 = electrical insulation4 ,?is use 0 s ext5sive t ! indu/ry 0 organiz$ 9 #aibd into an association kn[n z non-rubb] insulation mat]ials indu/ry4 ,mat]ials 7 /&>diz$ & classifi$ into #ad types1 ( :i* #e 7 t>-acid res9s & #a 0 a urea res94 ,e type mu/ meet c]ta9 specifications 9 ord] to be recogniz$ by ! ,rei* ,te/+ ,in/itute4 ,m ?an #ajj firms produce insulat+ mat]ials meet+ ! in/itute's specifications4 ,radio panels ( ! popul> sets sponsor$ by ! ,gov]nm5t are made ( syn!tic res9s4 ,consumption 9 ! automobile indu/ry is increas+ = su* p>ts z in/rum5t panels1 electrical equipm5t1 /e]+ :eels1 ge>-%ift knobs1 & num]\s o!rs4 ,! late/ airplanes %[ increas$ use ( syn!tic res9s1 :]e !y contribute light weight1 great /r5g?1 & resi/ance to corrosion4 ,9 cam]as & mov+-picture equipm5t1 wood & metal h be5 9 "p replac$ by syn!tic res9s4 ,o!r applications ( res9s 9 ,g]many include be>+s = roll+ mills1 goggles & spectacles 7includ+ ! l5s71 & p]fume & m$ic9e bottles4 ,res9s = surface coat+s are und]go+ rapid developm5t 9 ,g]many1 ow+ to ! %ortage ( l9se$ oil4 ,alkyd res9s 9 coat+s are be+ promot$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* prohibits or limits ! use ( ! old] oil-type coat+s = c]ta9 uses s z to decrease ! use ( l9se$ oil & o!r pa9t oils t mu/ be import$ & h5ce require outlays ( =eign ex*ange4 ,p5alties h be5 impos$ = violat+ ! regulations4#ac ,organization4 ,! syn!tic-res9 indu/ry 9 ,g]many is a unit )9 ! national indu/rial organization4 ,x is a subdivision ( ! indu/rial *emical gr\p1 call$ ,fa*gruppe ,kun//(fe1 or ,gr\p #ac ( ! #ai trade gr\ps 9 ! *emical division4 ,?is subdivision controls case9 & cellulose pla/ics z well z syn!tic res9s1 & is fur!r divid$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,case9 pla/ics1 7#b7 ca/ ph5olic res9s1 7#c7 mold+ compositions1 7#d7 res9s = lacqu]s1 7#e7 celluloid & zellon1 7#f7 transp>5t %eet+1 7#g7 l9oleum1 & 7#h7 miscellane\s 7su* z vulcaniz$ fib]1 bottle caps1 & die-ca/+ res9s74 ,!re are two c>tels di/9ct f ! national organization1 :i* expressly excludes all functions & activities ( c>tels4 ,"o c>tel repres5ts ! firms int]e/$ 9 mold+ compositions & ! o!r ^? int]e/$ 9 syn!tic res9s = o!r purposes4 ,"s ( ! produc]s are memb]s ( bo? c>tels4 ,=eign trade4 ,imports ( syn!tic res9s are negligible1 al?\gh ! duty ( #d4f c5ts p] p\nd 7#be m>ks p] #ajj kilograms7 on imports into ,g]many is n prohibitive4 ,exports h increas$ practically e ye> s9ce #aicj1 :5 !y 7 fir/ record$ sep>ately4 ,table #bc %[s ! quantity & value ( exports 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,,table #bc4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,g]man exports1 #aicj-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,h>d5+ res9s ,nonh>d5+ res9s ---------------------------------------- -- ,ye> ,value ,value #a1jjj --------------#a1jjj -------------- p\nds#a1jjj #a1jjj p\nds#a1jjja1jjj m>ks doll>s m>ksdoll>s ---------------------------------------- ------- #aicj #b1edi #a1igc #dgb #aica #c1gge #b1geg #fea #aicb #c1afb #b1aab #eja #aicc #d1jji #b1fbe #hja #f1fbhc1eff #a1jhh #aicd #d1ibd #c1afb #a1bdf #g1jgfc1dae #a1cdf #aice #d1idh #b1iic #a1bjf #f1ibac1dde #a1chh #aicf #f1cib #c1eja #a1daa #g1gfdc1hbj #a1eci #aicga #h1gjf #d1djb #a1ggjaj1hffe1chi #b1aag ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,g]man exports ( syn!tic res9s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 de/9$ to ,european c\ntries1 mo/ ( :i* h increas$ _! pur*ases consid]ably 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,exports to ,lat9 ,am]ican c\ntries h increas$ rec5tly1 especially to ,brazil4 ,table #bd %[s ! di/ribution ( exports 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,,table #bd4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,g]man exports1 by c\ntries1 #aicd-cg ,?\s&s ( m>ks ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,de/9ation #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,au/ria #bei #ceb #ddf #eic ,belgium #bae #bei #big #dbj ,cze*oslovakia #cdg #cde #fjd #hbe ,d5m>k #caf #cia #dgc #edj ,france #fbf #fea #fhj #gcd ,great ,brita9 #a1bdg #efc #eif #hdd ,hung>y #bdj #ace #ahb7b7 ,italy #beb #cei #ebc #fae ,ne!rl&s #ecj #egb #fdea1jca ,spa9 #bbe #cjb #agh #eg ,sw$5 #dae #deg #dfc #fia ,switz]l& #gba #gje #gad #gdi ,o!r ,european c\ntries #cgj #fah #gjf7b7 ,arg5t9a #bej #bjg #aid7b7 ,brazil #df #gg #aji7b7 ,o!r ,lat9 ,am]ican c\ntries #ag #ah #ge7b7 ,all o!r c\ntries #eja #dbg #dcfb1fib -------------------- ,total #f1eggf1dchg1cbai1gia ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,includ$ 9 all o!r c\ntries4 ,s\rce3 ,(ficial ,g]man /ati/ics4 ,,great ,,brita9#ad ,z 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 ! hi/ory ( ! syn!tic-res9 indu/ry 9 ,great ,brita9 beg9s ) ! acquisition ( rights by a ,briti% conc]n to manufacture "u ! orig9al ,bakelite pat5ts4 ,! ,dam>d ,lacqu] ,co41 ,ltd4 0 probably ! pione] mak] ( ph5olic res9s 9 ,engl&4 ,! pr9cipal product 0 a bak+ lacqu] sold "u ! trade "n ,dam>da1 m>ket$ = & us$ pr9cipally z a coat+ to prev5t corrosion on brass4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,_w ,w> creat$ su* an urg5t dem& = lam9at$ mat]ials t ?is firm />t$ production ( !m = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 #aibf ?is conc]n 0 m]g$ ) ,m\ldesite1 ,ltd4 & ,r$manol1 ,ltd41 "u ! "n ( ,bakelite1 ,ltd4 ,production4 ,/ati/ics ( production ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,great ,brita9 are available only = #aicd & #aice4 ,!y are giv5 9 table #be4 ,,table #be4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,production 9 ,great ,brita91 #aicd & #aice ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,type #aicd #aice ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,solid1 liquid1 cur$1 uncur$1 & h>d5$#be1eeh1djjac1bhc1bjj ,mold+ p[d]1 #ej p]c5t or m res9 #be1hgb1jjj ,lam9at$ %eets1 rods1 blocks1 tubes #a1afd1hjj #a1fdf1djj -------------------- ,total #bf1gbc1bjjdj1hja1fjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,s\rce3 ,great ,brita94 ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ,c5sus ( ,production4 ,capital inve/$ 9 ! ,briti% indu/ry is report$ z #ae1jjj1jjj p\nds /]l+ & direct employm5t z #bj1jjj p4 ,t>-acid res9s4--,_m l>ge mold+s are made 9 ,engl&1 su* z l>ge radio cases1 desk files1 trays1 & dra9 bo>ds4 ,ca/ ph5olic res9 production has j be5 />t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,among ! novelties rec5tly produc$ 9 ,engl& is a toy railway mold$ ( t>-acid res94 ,! tra9s & track spac]s are ( nonconduct+ res92 ! mold$ rails are made conductive by a ?9 cov]+ ( metal :i* is press$ 9 & secur$ at ! ends4 ,two tra9s may be run on ! same set ( rails at diff]5t spe$s1 or "o c g =w>d & ano!r backw>d1 s9ce ! two out] rails are sep>ate conductors1 ! ?ird rail act+ z a common return4 ,mold$ piano p>ts are be+ tri$ 9 an attempt to solve ! tr\bles hi!rto enc\nt]$ ) wood1 ow+ to v>iations 9 humidity4 ,res9s h long be5 us$ 9 fac+ ! keys1 b ! production ( piano action p>ts has pres5t$ _m te*nical difficulties4 ,! secret ( success ) mold$ res9 p>ts lies 9 mold+ ! jo9ts 9 position :5 ! ma9 body is mold$4 ,!re are #hh sections 9 ea* piano4 ,urea res9s4--,briti% ,cyanides1 ,ltd41 well-kn[n mak]s ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,engl&1 acquir$ ! ,pollopas pat5ts = ! manufacture ( urea res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 c]ta9 cont95tal ,european c\ntries1 & 9 ! ,briti% ,empire except ,canada4 ,! agreem5t call$ = a full ex*ange ( pat5ts & o!r in=mation ) ! o!r lic5sees ( ! ,pollopas pat5ts4 ,^! arrangem5ts 7 made = ! purpose ( consolidat+ ! pat5t position & = ! pool+ ( te*nical data already exi/+ on manufacture1 ) ! object ( improv+ quality4 ,acrylate res9s4--,an out/&+ developm5t 9 ,great ,brita9 has be5 ! production ( ! !rmopla/ic res9s kn[n z ,diakon & ,p]spex4 ,^! are made f me?yl me?acrylate & are developm5ts ( ! ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd4 ,diakon is = mold+ p[d]s & ,p]spex is 9 ! =m ( ca/ %eets1 rods1 tubes1 & optical =ms4 ,^! new comm]cial res9s are consid]$ ! be/ comb9ation ?us f> obta9$ ( /r5g?1 transp>5cy1 & light weight4 ,applications 9 ,engl& include fitt+s = aircraft1 transp>5t inspection cov]s = ma*9]y1 m$ical equipm5t1 in/rum5t w9d[s1 l5ses & prisms 9 optical sy/ems1 & aircraft w9dscre5s4 ,!y are us$ 9 subways = l5ses = deflect+ & diffus+ light & 9 batt]y cases & coil =ms4 ,! g5]al prop]ties ( ! acrylate res9s include transp>5cy to bo? visible & ultraviolet light1 almo/ unlimit$ color range1 resi/ance to acids & alkalies1 & sup]ior electrical prop]ties4 ,anil9e res94--,panilax is an anil9e-=maldehyde cond5sation product made 9 ,engl&4 ,x has high electrical & !rmal insulat+ prop]ties1 great me*anical /r5g?1 is odorless & odor repell+1 & practically unaffect$ by wat]1 oil1 & alkalies4 ,organization4 ,mo/ ( ! ,briti% produc]s ( syn!tic res9s are memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,pla/ics ,f$]ation1 ,ltd4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a #aj-ye> contract 0 made betwe5 ! ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd4 & ! ,tol$o ,syn!tic ,products ,co4 7n[ ,plaskon ,co47 ( ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,?is agreem5t provides = an ex*ange ( all te*nical & comm]cial in=mation on urea-res9 products & processes & ! grant+ ( free lic5ses "u pres5t or future pat5ts4 ,agreem5ts probably also exi/ betwe5 ! ,briti% ,bakelite ,co4 & ! ,am]ican firm on t>-acid res9s2 betwe5 ,nobel ,*emical ,f9i%es1 ,ltd4 & ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co4 on alkyd res9s2 betwe5 ,briti% ,?ompson ,h\/on ,co41 ,ltd41 & ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co4 on alkyd res9s2 betwe5 ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd4 & du ,pont on acrylate res9s2 & betwe5 ,beetle ,products ,co4 & ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co4 on urea res9s4 ,=eign trade 9 res9s4 ,briti% imports ( syn!tic res9s1 by pr9cipal s\rces1 are %[n 9 table #bf4 ,,table #bf4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 select$ ye>s1 #aicj-cf #a1jjj p\nds ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,s\rce #aicj #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,briti% c\ntries4 #a 7#a7 #e #b #ai #bd ,g]many #ejh #a1fba #b1bfg #b1bei #a1dgf #iad ,ne!rl&s #fgi #ffg #aea #aad 7#b7 7#b7 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #aai #bbi #fef #ijb #ihf #a1jef ,all o!r c\ntries #fe #bha #bdf #beg #cbc #dce ---------------------------------------- ,total #a1cgb #b1gih #c1dgj #c1ecd #b1hjd #b1dbi ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,less ?an #ejj4 #b ,includ$ 9 8,all o!r c\ntries40 ,s\rce3 ,(ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,briti% exports ( syn!tic res9s to pr9cipal c\ntries are %[n 9 table #bg4 ,,table #bg4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 select$ ye>s1 #aicj-cf #a1jjj p\nds ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,s\rce #aicj #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,briti% c\ntries #ach #agj #iib #a1cej #a1ghh #b1gcb ,sw$5 #dj #fi #bdb #deb #eeh #fej ,d5m>k 7#a7 7#a7 #ii #adj #aei #aej ,belgium 7#a7 7#a7 #ajd #bje #bcg #bjc ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 #di #ie 7#a7 7#a7 ,arg5t9a 7#a7 7#a7 #bh #aih #aef #bch ,all o!r c\ntries #ajd #aga #cff #eje #gce #a1jhd ---------------------------------------- ,total #bhb #daj #a1hhj #b1ide #c1fcc #e1jeg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,n available2 includ$ 9 8,all o!r c\ntries40 ,s\rce3 ,(ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,france#ae ,produc]s4 ,/ati/ics ( ,fr5* production & sales ( syn!tic res9 are n available4 ,l>\sse ,comm]cial ,illu/r describes ! ,fr5* syn!tic res9 indu/ry z n important & e/imates ! output 9 #aicj at #b1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,! ,revue ,gnral des ,matires ,pla/iques1 mo/ important te*nical review 9 ,france1 e/imates ! production 9 #aica z ab\t #c1ejj1jjj p\nds4 ,! comp>atively few ,fr5* companies produc+ syn!tic res9s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 "u ,briti% or ,g]man control4 ,! types ( syn!tic res9 made 9 ,france1 ! trade names1 & ! names ( ! manufactur]s1 foll[3 ,bakelite4--,t>-acid mold+ comp\nds & lam9at+ mat]ials2 ca/ ph5olic res9s2 ,cie ,la ,bakelite1 ,bez\s1 ,se9e4 ,pla/ose & ,f]odo4--,t>-acid mold+ comp\nds2 ,socit ,f]odo-,pla/ose1 ,sa9t ,ou51 ,se9e4 ,pollopas4--,urea mold+ comp\nds & lam9at+ mat]ials2 tablissem5ts ,kuhlmann1 ,p>is4 ,=eign trade4 ,fr5* imports ( syn!tic res9s are classifi$ "u t>iff item ,no4 #jcgf bis3 ,syn!tic res9s 7solid or res9\s products ( ! ,bakelite1 ,alb]tol1 ,pla/ose types1 etc47 d]iv$ f ! cond5sation ( aldehydes ) ph5ols1 am9es1 & amides4 ,sev]al subclassifications are %[n3 7a7 ,soluble 9 oil & n polym]izable1 7b7 :i* may be r5d]$ insoluble & infusible1 & 7c7 infusible4 ,imports 9 rec5t ye>s1 f pr9cipal s\rces1 are %[n 9 table #bh4 ,,table #bh4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,fr5* imports1 by types & by c\ntries1 #aica & #aicc-cg ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,s\rce #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,soluble 9 oil ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,g]many #efc1hfja1jjc1hfja1cei1fjja1afd1dgja1jhe 1gff 7#b7 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #agd1ijj #abf1bhj #ahe1fhj #bhd1deh #afb1fii 7#b7 ,unit$ ,k+dom#ahd1hjj #aca1abj #hj1ebj #aji1ghi #ah1ifj 7#b7 ,au/ria #ce1fdj #afb1ehj #aic1efd #ege1ahj 7#b7 ,ne!rl&s #di1gbj #af1gee 7#b7 7#b7 ,all o!r c\ntries #d1fbj #e1gbj #c1jhj #aa1jbc #cc1jfi 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #ibh1ahja1ceb1cdja1gia1dfja1gdd1jeia1hge 1hida1gid1ihe ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mold+ comp\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #ba1ghj #ga1jfj #aj1cdj #aa1bdc #bc1ehi 7#b7 ,g]many #bdh1fjj #di1jfj #bj1dfj #fh1efc #ci1bdb 7#b7 ,switz]l& #ac1bjj #ca1ijj #aa1dfd 7#b7 7#b7 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #aa1bbj #ah1ibj #bb1ffj #bj1jfb #ff1gii 7#b7 ,belgium #ca1bdj #di1ejj #g1gaf 7#b7 7#b7 ,all o!r c\ntries #c1jhj #d1hdj #f1agc #e1gcb 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #bhd1fhj #ahc1dhj #aci1gjj #abe1bba #ace1cfb #aje1chj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mold$1 ca/1 & lam9at$ articles ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,g]many #ab1ihj #g1gjj #d1hdj #i1jci #ag1heg 7#b7 ,ne!rl&s #bbj 7#b7 ,au/ria #d1hdj #ddj #bbj 7#b7 ,unit$ ,k+dom #bbj 7#b7 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #bbj #bbj 7#b7 ,all o!r c\ntries #a1cbj #a1ihd 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #ai1adj #h1cfj #e1bhj #i1dgi #ai1hda #h1cgg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,n sep>ately report$4 ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,exports ( syn!tic res9s f ,france1 by pr9cipal m>kets1 are %[n 9 table #bi4 ,,table #bi4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,fr5* exports #aica & #aicc-cg ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,de/9ation #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,belgium #bjc1jfj #bbd1ahj #ahf1ghj #aac1geg #afe1efe 7#a7 ,arg5t9a #fi1jhj #ia1cjj 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,switz]l& #af1idj #ab1ghg #cg1beh 7#a7 ,italy #ab1ihj 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,all o!r c\ntries #d1hdj #bi1bfj #ae1ahj #ed1hie #cf1cgf 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #bbj1hhj #cbb1ebj #caj1bjj #aha1dci #bci1aii #dag1ggb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,n sep>ately report$4 ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,,cze*oslovakia ,production ( ph5olic res9s 9 ,cze*oslovakia has increas$ rapidly 9 rec5t ye>s & is ample to supply dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! raw mat]ials are import$ f ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 & ,france1 b =maldehyde is produc$ locally 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,! pr9cipal mak]s ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,cze*oslovakia are3 7#a7 ,bratislavska tov>na na kable ,bratislava4 7#b7 ,s*reib] ,co4 ,lipnik 7#c7 ,+4 ,alex ,reib] ,s]$ 7#d7 ,j4 ,elias ,prague 7#e7 ,ma?ias ,oe*sl] ,sohn ,rieg]sdorf 7#f7 ,j4 ,bati/ello1 ,jr4 ,gablonz ,res9 products are widely us$ by ! electrical indu/ries = wall plates1 plugs1 swit*es1 fuse boxes1 etc4 ,o!r articles made ( syn!tic res9s are3 h&les & knobs = furniture & kit*5 equipm5t1 bottle caps1 f\nta9 p5s & p5cils1 clock & radio h\s+s1 tablew>e1 cutl]y h&les1 trays1 buttons1 toilet w>e & toys4 ,imports ( syn!tic res9s 9 #aicd total$ #a1bgj1ejj p\nds2 ,g]many suppli$ #df p]c5t & ,great ,brita9 #bb p]c5t ( ?is total4 ,exports ( syn!tic res9s dur+ ! same ye> am\nt$ to #aff1edj p\nds & w5t pr9cipally to ,pol&1 ,yugoslavia1 ,g]many1 & ,arg5t9a4 ,,italy ,! ,societa ,italiana ,res9e1 an affiliate ( ! important *emical firm1 ,*imi*e ,=e/ali1 is a lead+ mak] ( t>-acid res9s 9 ,italy4 ,a new & mod]n plant is locat$ at ,milan 9 close proximity to ! electrical & textile indu/ries1 bo? important m>kets = res9s4 ,9 #aicf ! ,m9i/ry ( ,corporations grant$ ,montecat9i ,societe ,g5]ale p] l',indu/ria ,m9]>ia1 ,milan1 a p]mit to develop a factory = alkyd res9s2 & also ,societe ,italiana ,ebonite & ,so/ituti1 ,milan1 "o to produce t>-acid res9s4 ,9 #aicg a p]mit 0 grant$ to ,montecat9i ,s4,a4 = a plant to manufacture acrylic acid res9s at ! ,villadossola works ( ! ,soc4 ,elletro*imica del ,toce4 ,,japan#af ,! hi/ory ( ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry 9 ,japan goes back to #aiac :5 ,dr4 ,joki*i ,takam9e1 discov]] ( adr5al9 & takadia/ase1 acquir$ ! "r to manufacture & sell t>-acid res9 ,products 9 ,japan4 ,! bus9ess 0 f9anc$ by ! ,sankyo ,co41 ,ltd41 & a factory 0 built at ,%9agawa1 ne> ,tokyo4 ,9 #aibc a subsidi>y company kn[n z ! ,japan ,bakelite ,co41 ,ltd41 0 =m$ ) a paid-9 capital ( #a1bjj1jjj y54 ,?is firm consid]s itself an affiliate ( ! ,bakelite ,corporation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &1 accord+ to an exi/+ agreem5t1 _c export to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its t]ritory includes ! ,japanese ,empire & ,man*ukuo4 ,*9a is consid]$ an op5 m>ket4 ,! orig9al plant at ,%9agawa 0 p>tially de/roy$ by fire 9 #aiai1 & ! foll[+ ye> 0 mov$ to ,mukojima1 ,tokyo4 ,! firm makes t>-acid res9s1 & a full l9e ( products cov]$ by ! pat5ts ( ! ,am]ican conc]n4 ,includ$ are lam9at$ %eets1 mold+ comp\nds1 mold$ articles1 surface coat+ res9s1 lam9at$ res9 ge>s & sp9dles = rayon mills4 ,an int]e/+ developm5t is ! adaption ( t>-acid res9 lacqu]s to ! production ( ,japanese lacqu] w>e su* z b[ls1 vases1 etc4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,japan ,bakelite ,co41 sev]al o!r firms h />t$ ! production ( syn!tic res9s4 ,! ,tokyo ,electric ,co41 an affiliate ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 makes t>-acid res9s "u ! trade "n ,tecolite4 ,products are us$ pr9cipally = insulation1 al?\gh mold+ compositions & mold$ articles su* z are us$ by ! electrical trade are comm]cially produc$4 ,! ,matsu%ita ,electrical ,works at ,osaka are produc]s ( t>-acid res9s & articles made !refrom4 ,! output is us$ l>gely = radio & electrical equipm5t4 ,! ,nis%olite ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,ltd41 ) a factory at ,yasui-*o1 ,uzumasa1 ,kyoto specializes 9 decorative lam9at$ mat]ial sold "u ! trade "n ,nis%olite4 ,! ,japan ,nitrog5\s ,f]tiliz] ,co4 7,nippon ,*isso ,hirijo ,kabu%iki ,kai%a7 is an important mak] ( t>-acid res9s1 m>ket+ !m "u ! trade names ,*issolite1 ,safeloid1 & ,m9aloid4 ,! ,yokahama ,res9 ,co41 a relatively small company1 produces t>-acid res9s & m>kets !m 9 ! =m ( mold+ p[d]s4 ,! firms li/$ acc\nt = practically all ( ! ,japanese production ( syn!tic res9s & = ab\t #ej p]c5t ( ! mold$ articles made f !m4 ,! rema9+ #ej p]c5t ( ! output ( mold$ articles is made by a l>ge numb] ( small firms1 ! majority be+ h\sehold indu/ries4 ,x is report$ t !re are ab\t #b1jjj ( ^! s-call$ plants already engag$ 9 ?is relatively new indu/ry4 ,production4 ,! ,japanese production ( manufactures ( t>-acid res9 report$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,indu/ry is %[n 9 table #cj4 ,^! data include ! output ( plants employ+ m ?an five op]ators & app>5tly acc\nt = only half ( ! total4 ,,table #cj4--,manufactures ( t>-acid res9s3 ,production 9 ,japan1 #aibi-ce ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,value -------------------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity ,( quantity ,additional#a ,total report$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p\nds #aibi #bh1fha #df1eid #abe1djd #aga1iih #aicj #fjg1hjj #eb1dji #ddb1ehc #did1iib #aica #gdd1aai #ii1ijg #bfh1eid #cfh1eja #aicb #bhf1dbb #cf1ehd #cfg1bbj #djc1hjd #aicc #bbi1hed #bf1gdg #eaf1ijc #edc1fej #aicd #a1dce1igg #aic1heg #ibf1iea #a1abj1hjh #aice #c1agf1dda #dgg1ebf #ibc1edf #a1dja1jgb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,quantity n report$4 ,s\rce3 ,factory /ati/ics ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,indu/ry1 ,japan4 ,e/imates f o!r s\rces ( ,japanese productions ( t>-acid res9s indicate an output ( #b1fjj1jjj p\nds ( res9 & #c1fjj1jjj p\nds ( mold$ res9 articles 9 #aicc1 & ( #d1ijj1jjj p\nds ( res9 & #g1ejj1jjj p\nds ( res9 articles 9 #aice4 ,x 0 rec5tly ann\nc$ t ! ,gosei ,*emical ,co4 w manufacture v9yl res9s 9 ,japan4 ,?is firm's pr9cipal int]e/ is 9 acetate fib] & rayon manufacture4 ,lat] 9 #aicf ! ,%[a ,f]tiliz] ,co4 ann\nc$ ! successful developm5t ( a process = mak+ urea4 ,urea res9s are 9 comm]cial production by ! ,toyo ,gosei ,kagaku ,kogyo ,k4,k41 an affiliate ( ,*ugoku ,toyo ,k4,k4 ,! res9 indu/ry 9 ,japan is expect$ to und]go consid]able developm5t 9 ! ne> future4 ,raw mat]ials are available 9 suffici5t quantities & ! art ( mold+ is fairly well develop$4 ,,canada ,! produc]s ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,canada are3 ,bakelite ,corporation ( ,canada1 ,ltd4 ,toronto4 ,%aw9igan ,*emicals1 ,ltd4 ,%aw9igan ,falls4 ,canadian ,g5]al ,electric ,co4 ,toronto4 ,canadian ,indu/ries1 ,ltd4 ,toronto4 ,! ,bakelite ,corporation ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 an affiliate ( ! firm ( ! same "n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 =m$ 9 #aibe4 ,?is plant makes mold+ mat]ials1 lam9at+ mat]ials1 & an ext5sive l9e ( te*nical v>ni%es4 ,mold$ p>ts 7 made at ?is factory until #aicb4 ,%aw9igan ,*emicals1 ,ltd4 is ! pione] organic *emical mak] 9 ,canada4 ,a mod]n plant at ,%aw9igan ,falls1 ,quebec1 produces syn!tic acetic acid1 acetaldehyde1 v9yl acetate1 v9yl res9s1 & o!r *emicals4 ,! v9yl res9s manufactur$ by ?is firm h already be5 describ$ 7see p4 #dd74 ,appreciable quantities ( ^! res9s h be5 export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! pa/ b ! con/ruction ( a factory 7jo9tly own$ by ,%aw9igan ,*emicals1 ,ltd41 & ! ,fib]loid ,corporation7 at ,indian ,or*>d1 ,mass41 = ! manufacture ( v9yl res9s w probably result 9 a decrease ( exports f ,canada to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,canadian ,g5]al ,electric ,co4 makes alkyd res9s = use 9 surface coat+s4 ,ph?alic anhydride & o!r raw mat]ials are import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,canadian ,indu/ries1 ,ltd41 produces alkyd res9s at a plant 9 ,toronto1 ,ont>io4 ,!re are ab\t #ad mold]s ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,canada1 ( :i* all b #c are 9 ,ont>io4 ,^! firms make a g5]al l9e ( mold$ articles includ+ electrical articles1 closures1 co/ume jewelry1 & smok]s' accessories4 ,appreciable quantities ( mold$ articles are import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & small] quantities f ,g]many4 ,,union ,,( ,,soviet ,,sociali/ ,,republics ,! syn!tic res9 indu/ry 9 ! ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics is conc5trat$ 9 two public dep>tm5ts1 kn[n z ,public ,commiss>iates3 7a7 ,public ,dep>tm5t = ,heavy ,indu/ry & 7b7 ,public ,dep>tm5t = ,light ,indu/ry4 ,! ,dep>tm5t = ,heavy ,indu/ry1 kn[n z ,soyuz*empla/mass1 controls ! foll[+ plants3 #a4 ,k>bolit-pawod 9 ,ljubats*ani1 produc+ t>-acid res9 lam9at$ fabric kn[n z ,textolite4 #b4 ,k>bolit-/roj 9 ,ljubats*ani1 mak+ ca/ ph5olic res9s4 #c4 ,k>bolitni-paw] 9 ,dubr[ka1 mak+ t>-acid res9 mold+ comp\nds4 ,?is plant has at lea/ #cej mold+ presses produc+ electrical p>ts & automotive p>ts4 ,! numb] ( presses 0 to h be5 increas$ to #a1jjj 9 #aicg4 #d4 ,komsomolskaja prawda 9 ,l5+rad manufactures articles1 includ+ phone sets1 f ca/ ph5olic res9s4 #e4 ,o*t5ski ,*imkomb9at 9 ,o*ta4 ,?is plant makes nitrocellulose pla/ics4 ,no in=mation c\ld be obta9$ by our ,*>g d',affaires at ,mosc[ conc]n+ its production ( syn!tic res9s1 al?\gh x is believ$ to be consid]able4 ,! ,dep>tm5t = ,light ,indu/ry has a res9 section kn[n z ,mospla/mass produc+ case9 pla/ics only4 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,!re has be5 no production ( syn!tic res9s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 b a plant is "u con/ruction 7,octob] #aicg7 at ,gron+5 = ! manufacture ( alkyd res9s4 ,! manufacture ( surface coat+ & electrical p>ts f import$ res9s is c>ri$ on1 *iefly by ,n4 ,v4 ,philips' ,gloeilamp5fabriek51 ,afdeel+ ,inkoop1 ,e9dhav51 manufactur]s ( radios1 filam5t lamps1 & electrical appliances4 ,ef=ts are be+ made to employ res9s = o!r purposes1 su* z ! bond+ ( plywood & ! manufacture ( closures & novelties1 b little has be5 accompli%$ ?us f>4 ,! relatively high co/ ( ! res9s is ! pr9cipal difficulty4 ,mold+ comp\nds & lam9at$ %eets1 rods1 & tubes are import$ f ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 ,au/ria1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pa9t1 v>ni%1 & lacqu] indu/ry 9 ! ,ne!rl&s has be5 exp]im5t+ ) syn!tic res9s = sev]al ye>s4 ,alkyd res9s ( ! glyc]ol ph?alate type are be+ us$ by ,dut* pa9t mak]s1 import$ pr9cipally f ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,9 spite ( high co/1 !y h be5 f\nd to h _m advantages1 especially bett] & m uni=m quality4 ,! prices ( gums & res9s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s dur+ ! latt] "p ( #aicf are %[n 9 table #ca4 ,,table #ca4--,prices ( gums & res9s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 #aicf ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,flor9s p] ,type #ajj kilos ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,dam> #cg4 ,congo copal 7v>i\s qualities7 #ab to #de4 ,indian copal 7v>i\s qualities7 #bj to #ce4 ,kauri 7v>i\s qualities7 #be to #bjj4 ,%ellac 7v>i\s qualities7 #cg to #eb4 ,p9e res9 7ros97 7v>i\s qualities7#ac to #ad4 ,syn!tic res9s #hj to #abj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! ,dut* aviation indu/ry is us+ t>-acid res9s to bond plywood = w+ surfac+ on ,fokk]-type wood5 planes4 ,! advantages obta9$ are excell5t adhesiv5ess & resi/ance to moi/ure & temp]ature *anges4 ,9 ?is application !y h replac$ case94 ,g]many supplies m ?an #he p]c5t ( ! ,ne!rl& imports ( syn!tic res9s1 z %[n 9 table #cb4 ,,table #cb4--,syn!tic res9s3 ,ne!rl& imports by c\ntries1 #aica & #aicc-cg ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- -- ,s\rce #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- -- ,g]many #a1bjc1cica1beg1efha1bjg1heg ,unit$ ,k+dom #h1ebj #dg1hdc #fd1deh ,au/ria #fc1geh #g1big #cj1hhf ,,unit$ ,,/ates #c1afh #bd1aic #bg1dcd ,belgium #b1fdj #c1ibc ,france #c1abj #d1abi ,cze*oslovakia #c1cbf #d1idh ,switz]l& #a1ghi #d1aic ,o!r c\ntries #a1dej #a1jbg #b1fbi --------------------------- ,total #a1bhh1jdda1ced1aaba1ccg1cic ---------------------------------------- -- ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- -- ,s\rce #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- -- ,g]many #a1cea1ehaa1dij1cajb1ddi1caa ,unit$ ,k+dom #id1efe #cce1jiia1bbc1eec ,au/ria #fc1fdb 7#b7 #acb1bgf ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ej1hhh 7#b7 7#b7 ,belgium #a1ead 7#b7 7#b7 ,france #faf 7#b7 7#b7 ,cze*oslovakia 7#b7 7#b7 ,switz]l& 7#b7 7#b7 ,o!r c\ntries #a1egc #baf1jea #bjg1bcb --------------------------- ,total #a1efd1cgib1jda1dfjd1jab1cgb ---------------------------------------- -- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,n sep>ately report$4 ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,,d5m>k ,! annual output ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,d5m>k is ab\t #ejj1jjj p\nds1 almo/ entirely ( ! t>-acid type4 ,bakelite is produc$ by ! ,nordiske ,kabel & ,traadfabrikk] ,a4 ,s4 ,fabrikvej at ,cop5hag54 ,o!r br&s made 9 ,d5m>k are ,nokait1 ,helomit1 & ,etronit4 ,!re are #ad manufactur]s ( f9i%$ products1 mak+ electrical equipm5t pr9cipally4 ,,pol& ,production ( syn!tic res9s 9 ,pol& 9 #aicf total$ #ffj1jjj p\nds1 entirely ( ! t>-acid type4 #af4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,alkyd ,,res9s ,! alkyd res9s are made *iefly f ph?alic anhydride & glyc]94 ,ph?alic anhydride 9 turn is made f naph?al5e4 ,polybasic acids su* z maleic1 succ9ic1 etc41 may also be us$ ) glyc]9 to =m alkyd res9s4 ,naph?al5e1 ph?alic anhydride1 maleic & o!r polybasic acids1 & glyc]9 are discuss$ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,,naph?al5e ,! discov]y ( naph?al5e 9 coal t> 0 made simultane\sly by ,g>d5 & ,br&e 9 #ahai1 & its composition 0 det]m9$ by ,f>aday 9 #ahbf & lat] by ,laur5t 9 #ahcb4 ,naph?al5e is almo/ inv>iably a con/itu5t ( ! products obta9$ :5 organic matt] is heat$ to comp>atively high temp]atures4 ,= example1 x is =m$ 9 small quantities :5 acetyl5e1 alcohol1 acetic acid1 b5z5e1 or tolu5e are heat$ to high temp]atures4 ,toge!r ) c]ta9 aromatic hydroc>bons x is =m$ 9 ! crack+ ( petroleum & 9 ! hydrog5ation ( petroleum fractions4 ,naph?al5e is a con/itu5t ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( t> produc$ f coal 9 ! manufacture ( gas & coke "u ord9>y conditions1 b n ( l[-temp]ature t>4 ,x is pres5t 9 coal gas al?\gh its pres5ce mu/ be kept z l[ z possible to avoid block+ s]vice pipes 9 cold wea!r4 ,! proportion 9 gas t> v>ies ) ! k9ds ( coal us$ & is great] ! high] ! temp]ature us$ dur+ c>bonization2 x usually am\nts to #d to #f p]c5t b is sometimes z mu* z #aj p]c5t4 ,9 t>s obta9$ f byproduct coke ov5s ! proportion ( naph?al5e & o!r aromatic hydroc>bons dep5ds on ! type ( ov5 us$4 ,byproduct coke-ov5 t> av]ages #aj to #aa p]c5t naph?al5e2 bla/-furnace t> conta9s only v small am\nts4 ,processes to syn!size naph?al5e 7 describ$ z e>ly z #ahgc by ,aronheim1 9 #ahgf by ,wrod5 & ,znat[icz1 & 9 #ahhd by ,baey] & ,p]k94 ,engli% ,pat5t ,no4 #bf1jfa ( #ahih claims t x may be obta9$ by heat+ b>ium c>bide ) b>ium hydroxide to a high temp]ature4 ,none ( ^! processes has become ( comm]cial importance4 ,recov]y ( naph?al5e4 ,naph?al5e is recov]$ 9 ! di/illation ( coal t>1 9 ! fraction boil+ at #ahj to #bej ,c41 9 ! creosote oil fraction boil+ at #bdj to #bgj ,c4 & mo/ abundantly 9 ! c>bolate or middle oil fraction boil+ at #bjj to #bej ,c4 ,:5 ^! fractions are all[$ to cool mo/ ( ! naph?al5e cry/allizes out & is sep>at$ by dra9+ & hot-press+4 ,?is crude mat]ial is p>tially purifi$ by wa%+ ) hot cau/ic soda solution to remove t> acids & !n ) m9]al acid to remove basic sub/ances4 ,ref9$ naph?al5e is obta9$ by sublim+1 or pref]ably by di/ill+ ! crude product4 ,description & uses4 ,! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj def9es crude naph?al5e z naph?al5e solidify+ "u #gi ,c4 aft] ! removal ( all wat] pres5t2 & ref9$ naph?al5e z t hav+ a solidify+ po9t at or above #gi ,c4 aft] ! removal ( all wat] pres5t4 ,crude grades1 melt+ betwe5 #gj & #gh4e ,c41 are f\nd 9 comm]ce z yell[1 r$1 or br[n cry/all9e solids4 ,^! grades are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ph?alic anhydride & o!r coal-t> int]m$iates2 9 ! manufacture ( lampblack2 to enri* illum9at+ gas & sometimes motor fuel2 9 syn!tic tann+ mat]ials2 & 9 c]ta9 insecticides4 ,probably its mo/ important outlets are z a raw mat]ial = ph?alic anhydride 7see p4 #ih7 & ref9$ naph?al5e4 ,ref9$ grades1 melt+ above #gi ,c41 are m>ket$ z :ite1 cry/all9e lumps or flakes4 ,_! pr9cipal uses are 9 ! manufacture ( int]m$iates1 dyes1 m$ic9als1 solv5ts1 & textile assi/ants2 z mo? repellants2 z a lubricant :5 mix$ ) rapese$ oil2 to remove ! 8bloom0 f lubricat+ oils2 z a pres]vative = rubb] goods & animal sk9s2 & 9 explosives 7tr9itro naph?al5e74 ,9 #aicf m ?an #ge coal-t> int]m$iates made f naph?al5e 7 comm]cially produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( ! #ge million p\nds ( ^! int]m$iates produc$ 9 t ye>1 #ca million p\nds 7 ph?alic anhydride1 an important compon5t ( syn!tic res9s ( ! alkyd type4 ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,crude naph?al5e is produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by byproduct coke-ov5 op]ators1 gas works t produce _! own coal t>1 & also by firms t pur*ase coal t> & di/ill x4 ,/ati/ics ( production by gr\ps are %[n 9 table #cc4 ,,table #cc4--;,crude naph?al5e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 #aiah-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,by produc]s ( t> ,by pur*as]s ( t> ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,quantity ,unit ,quantity ,unit ,value value ,value value ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a1jjj ,p] #a1jjj ,p] p\nds p\nd p\nds p\nd #aiah #dj1acha1bha1ddj #j4jcb #aiai #ab1fab #cbg1bja 4#jcj #aibc #aa1hgb #bja1hbd #j1jag #da1dec #feb1adh 4#jaf #aibe #i1bci #ib1chi 4#jaj #cd1ace #eai1ggc 4#jae #aibf #g1gdg #ajj1gji 4#jac #de1aff #did1ihf 4#jaa #aibg #h1cjc #ia1cca 4#jaa #de1bih #dgj1hjf 4#jaj #aibh #aab1ahb #adf1ahf 4#jab #ce1ahj #cie1jei 4#jaa #aibi #aai1gfa #caf1ahb 4#jaf #ai1ejb #cff1dia 4#jbj #aicj #aab1fdj #aea1fha 4#jab #ah1fag #cjd1egd 4#jbj #aica #ag1fbc #gf1bbi 4#jaj #ac1caa #aii1ffe 4#jae #aicb #ad1fcb #da1fij 4#ji #h1ifa #abe1dec 4#jad #aicc #af1fah #ff1aha 4#jaj #bd1jjc #cfj1jdj 4#jae #aicd #aaj1gdc #aci1ffe 4#jac #bg1agi #dhi1bbb 4#jah #aice #aab1icg #afh1ahe 4#jac #cd1gaf #fbd1hij 4#jah #aicf #acg1eeb #fjj1hcf 4#jaf #ea1ihd #a1aie1fcb 4#jbc #aicg #afj1giga1bae1idb 4#jbj #ee1ahb #a1ede1ajj 4#jbh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------- ,total production -------------------------------- ,quantity ,unit ,value value -------------------------------- #a1jjj ,p] p\nds p\nd #aiah #dj1acha1bha1ddjj4jcb #aiai #ab1fab #cbg1bja 4#jbf #aibc #ec1cbe #hec1igb 4#jaf #aibe #dc1cgd #fab1afb 4#jad #aibf #eb1iac #eie1fie 4#jaa #aibg #ec1fja #efb1acg 4#jaj #aibh #dg1cfb #eda1bde 4#jaa #aibi #ci1bfc #fhb1fgc 4#jag #aicj #ca1beg #def1bee 4#jae #aica #bj1icd #bge1hid 4#jac #aicb #ac1eic #afg1adc 4#jab #aicc #cj1fba #dbf1bba 4#jad #aicd #cg1ibb #fbh1hhg 4#jaf #aice #dg1fec #gic1jge 4#jag #aicf #hi1ecf #a1gif1dfh 4#jbj #aicg #aae1igi #b1ffg1ebb 4#jbc -------------------------------- #a ,crude & ref9$4 ,ref9$ naph?al5e includ$ "h is probably small s t ! figures "h & ^? = total production are sub/antially accurate4 ,s\rce3 ,bureau ( ,m9es & ,u4,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,ref9$ naph?al5e is obta9$ f dome/ic crude1 import$ crude1 & rec5tly f petroleum crack+ & hydrog5ation4 ,table #cd %[s ! annual production & sales ( ref9$ naph?al5e s9ce #aiaf4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! figures = ! quantity produc$ & t sold repres5ts ! am\nt us$ by ref9]s 9 ! manufacture ( o!r products4 ,,table #cd4--,ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aiag-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,production ,sales ,ye> ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,quantity ,value ,value ,quantity ,value ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,p] #a1jjj #a1jjj ,p] p\nds doll>s p\nd p\nds doll>s p\nd #aiag #ce1cdc #b1ccd #j4jg #aiah #bh1aab #b1afc 4#jh #aiai #ag1fbe #a1afa 4#jg #aibj #cj1bca #b1cji 4#jh #aiba #ac1eed #ac1ahc #gda #j4jef #aibb #ag1dbj #ad1jfj #gid 4#jeg #aibc #bh1ahd #ba1hga #a1bga 4#jeh #aibd #ae1cbd #aa1ifa #fjc 4#jej #aibe #ag1eha #ab1ejh #faj 4#jdi #aibf #ah1jgb #ab1def #egf 4#jdf #aibg #ba1bcc 7#a7 #aibh #bd1iib 7#a7 #aibi #ca1add #ba1abj #a1jbg 4#jdi #aicj #ca1ief #bj1aga #idi 4#jdg #aica #cd1iei #ba1bfj #hbi 4#jci #aicb #be1hbe #ah1hgg #ghc 4#jda #aicc #db1gjh #bh1feh #a1jfe 4#jcg #aicd #ch1gcj #ba1beg #a1ajj 4#jeb #aice #df1efd #bh1gfa #a1bab 4#jdb #aicf #eb1fid #cj1dii #a1hda 4#jfj #aicg #eb1aid #bi1feg #a1hic 4#jfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,n publi%able4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,organization ( ! indu/ry4--,!re are #aj dome/ic produc]s ( crude naph?al5e1 op]at+ #eb t>-di/ill+ plants 9 ! foll[+ ,/ates3 ,ohio 7#g71 ,p5nsylvania 7#f71 ,ill9ois & ,new ,york 7#e ea*71 ,alabama1 ,m9nesota1 & ,new ,j]sey 7#c ea*71 ,miss\ri1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,wiscons91 ,utah1 ,we/ ,virg9ia 7#b ea*71 & ,mi*igan1 ,massa*usetts1 ,m>yl&1 ,k5tucky1 ,oregon1 ,connecticut1 ,t5nessee1 ,indiana1 ,virg9ia1 & ,wa%+ton 7#a ea*74 ,al?\gh ^! plants d n all recov] naph?al5e z su*1 !y are equipp$ to recov] a crude mixture ( naph?al5e & t> acids = %ipm5t to a c5tral extract+ & ref9+ plant4 ,! pr9cipal produc+ plants are locat$ 9 ,p5nsylvania 7#b71 ,new ,j]sey 7#b71 ,ill9ois 7#a71 ,indiana 7#a71 & ,we/ ,virg9ia 7#a74 ,! pur*as]s ( t> produc$ #gg p]c5t ( ! total output ( crude naph?al5e 9 #aice & #eh p]c5t 9 #aicf4 ,!re are #h produc]s ( ref9$ naph?al5e locat$ 9 ! foll[+ ,/ates3 ,new ,j]sey 7#c71 ,p5nsylvania 7#b71 ,cali=nia1 ,indiana1 & ,ohio 7#a ea*74 ,tr5d ( production4--,al?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! l>ge/ produc] ( coal t>1 ! limit$ dem& = ! ma9 products ( t> di/illation 7creosote oil & pit*7 has t5d$ to re/rict ! am\nt di/ill$1 !reby r$uc+ ! output ( naph?al5e & ! t> acids to a po9t :]e ! dome/ic output 0 n suffici5t to meet our requirem5ts4 ,z a result1 l>ge quantities ( ^! products h be5 import$4 ,9 #aicf we produc$ #efj million gallons ( coal t>1 conta9+ f #djj million to #ejj million p\nds ( naph?al5e4#ag ,9 ! same ye> we di/ill$ ab\t #cjj million gallons ( t>1 conta9+ #bcj million to #bgj million p\nds ( naph?al5e1#ag & our actual recov]y ( crude naph?al5e 0 #hi1ecf1jjj p\nds4 ,e>ly 9 #aice ! price ( crude naph?al5e 0 ab\t #a4e c5ts p] p\nd or #ae c5ts p] gallon1 at :i* level !re 0 little inc5tive to isolate x f ! v>i\s fractions ( t> di/illation4 ,late 9 #aice & 9 #aicf a s]i\s %ortage 9 naph?al5e prevail$1 l>gely because ( increas$ dem& by syn!tic res9 mak]s b also because ( re/rictions on exports f c]ta9 ,european c\ntries4 ,! price ( ! crude !n advanc$ 9 dome/ic m>kets to f #b4e to #c c5ts p] p\nd1 ) ! dem& greatly exce$+ ! supply4 ,betwe5 #aicj & #aicf ! app>5t consumption ( crude naph?al5e 7production plus imports7 increas$ f #ei million to #abi million p\nds1 or m ?an #ajj p]c5t4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod production increas$ f #ca million to #hi million p\nds2 & imports increas$ f #bg million p\nds 9 #aicj to #dh million p\nds 9 #aice b decl9$ to #dj million p\nds 9 #aicf4 ,dome/ic produc]s ( naph?al5e are increas+ _! output1 & !y /ate t cont9u$ prices ( #b4e to #c c5ts p] p\nd = naph?al5e solidify+ at ab\t #ge ,c4 or slightly high] w /imulate production suffici5tly to meet all pres5t & ne>-future requirem5ts4 ,e/imates obta9$ 9 ! summ] ( #aicf f ! l>ge t> di/ill]s & a petroleum ref9] indicate t production 0 appreciably great] 9 #aicg ?an 9 #aice4 ,^! e/imates includ$ ! pot5tial output ( two new t> di/illation plants "u con/ruction1 ! topp+ ( l>ge quantities ( t> 7hi!rto us$ z fuel )\t remov+ any ( ! products71 ! recov]y ( appreciable quantities ( naph?al5e by sev]al petroleum ref9]s1 & increas$ output by o!r produc]s4 ,imports ( crude naph?al5e 9 #aicg am\nt$ to #eb1ffd1bgg p\nds valu$ at #a1acc1aeg1 or #b4b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,_w production4 ,! output ( naph?al5e 9 ! pr9cipal produc+ c\ntries1 9 #aicc & #aice1 is %[n 9 table #ce4 ,mo/ ( ^! /ati/ics 7 e/imat$ f ! output ( t> or ( o!r di/illation products giv5 9 (ficial reports ( ! c\ntries or 9 consul> reports4 ,! figures 9 table #ce indicate t ! output 9 #aice 0 an increase ( ab\t #ajj million p\nds ov] #aicc or #da p]c5t4 ,not)/&+ ?is %>p increase 9 _w production1 consum]s _h difficulty 9 obta9+ _! requirem5ts4 ,x is believ$ t ! _w output 9 #aicg sub/antially exce$$ t 9 #aice4 ,,table #ce4--,naph?al5e 7all grades73 ,_w production1 by c\ntries1 #aicc & #aice ,9 ?\s&s ( p\nds -------------------------------- ,c\ntry #aicc #aice -------------------------------- ,g]many #aji1adh #ade1ecj ,great ,brita9 #de1gejaee1jjj ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cj1fbj #dg1fec ,france #cj1jjjacc1jjj ,ne!rl&s #aae1jjjaae1jjj ,belgium #aa1jbeabe1jjj ,cze*oslovakia #f1hce #aj1hje ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #aaj1jjjaae1jjj ,pol& #ae1jjj #ah1jjj ,spa9 #aa1bej #ab1jjj ,italy #ab1ejj #ac1jjj ,canada #ab1jjj #ac1jjj ,total #bfi1abh #cfb1ihh -------------------------------- #a ,e/imat$4 ,s\rce3 ,(ficial /ati/ics ( ! sev]al c\ntries & consul> reports4 ,g]many4--,g]many is ! l>ge/ produc] ( naph?al5e & ! ?ird l>ge/ produc] ( coal t>4 ,) increas$ production ( coal t> & int5sive ef=ts to recov] ! maximum ( naph?al5e !re has be5 a l>g] output ( naph?al5e 9 rec5t ye>s1 b increas$ consumption has creat$ a sc>city 9 ,g]many z 9 all o!r important produc+ c\ntries4 ,z a result1 greatly r$uc$ quantities are available = export1 a situation t is 9 m>k$ contra/ to e>li] p]iods :5 sup]abundant production creat$ a m>ket+ problem4 ,! manufacture ( ph?alic anhydride = alkyd res9s is requir+ increas$ quantities ( naph?al5e4 ,! dem& = alkyd res9s has be5 giv5 a m>k$ impetus by ! developm5t ( a new /&>diz$ l9se$ oil v>ni% sub/itute kn[n z ,el ,v>ni%1 ! use ( :i* is requir$ by ! ,control ,bo>d = ,indu/rial ,fats 9 ,g]many = c]ta9 int]ior & ext]ior pa9t+ 7see p4 #gg74 ,increas$ requirem5ts = o!r important purposes su* z int]m$iates1 dyes1 black pigm5ts1 & explosives h also contribut$ to ! sc>city ( naph?al5e4 ,9 ord] to cons]ve dome/ic supplies1 ! ,rei* ,gov]nm5t1 f ,decemb] #aice until late 9 #aicg prohibit$ its export )\t special p]mit4 ,! prospect ( cont9u$ /rong dome/ic dem& app>5tly w curtail = an indef9ite p]iod ! quantities available = export4 ,! int]national sc>city ( naph?al5e result$ 9 a %>p increase 9 its price 9 ,g]many z else:]e4 ,! export emb>go augm5t$ ! dome/ic ,g]man supply1 al?\gh a %ortage /ill exi/$ & l>ge consum]s f\nd x difficult to secure adequate am\nts4 ,! %ortage ( =eign ex*ange greatly curtail$ imports ( naph?al5e f ne>by c\ntries4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t issu$ a decree requir+ t beg9n+ ,july #a1 #aicf1 ! entire national output ( coal t> %\ld be deliv]$ to plants equipp$ = ! recov]y ( t> products di/ill+ up to #bdj ,c4 7naph?al5e boils at #bah ,c474 ,?is measure assur$ maximum recov]y ( b5zol1 toluol1 xylol1 solv5t naph?a1 ph5ol1 cresol1 xyl5ol1 o!r t> acids1 & naph?al5e4 ,! decree contemplat$ an (ficial li/ ( di/illation units1 & all t> produc]s 7 requir$ to report to ! (ficial trade control bo>d = m9]al oil _! mon?ly output1 quantities di/ill$1 & quantities deliv]$ to o!r di/illation plants4 ,g]man production1 imports1 exports1 & app>5t consumption ( naph?al5e are %[n 9 table #cf4 ,production increas$ f #ajh million p\nds 9 #aibh to #adf million p\nds 9 #aice2 imports decreas$ f #i to #d million p\nds2 exports decreas$ f #dh to #bb million p\nds2 & app>5t consumption increas$ f #fi to #abh million p\nds 9 ! same ye>s4 ,,table #cf4--,naph?al5e3 ,g]man production1 imports1 exports1 & app>5t consumption1 #aibh-cg ,9 ?\s&s ( p\nds ---------------------------------------- --- ,ye>,production,imports,exports ,app>5t consumption#a ---------------------------------------- --- #aibh #ajh1agc #i1dga #dh1ccb #fi1cab #aibi #abd1cfb #h1jcb #ci1gci #ib1fee #aicj #ajc1aid #c1hib #cd1fad #gb1dgb #aica #ib1afi #b1djc #ci1jgg #ee1die #aicb #ij1fbf #ieb #bi1gbj #fa1heb #aicc #aji1adh #g1dhc #ca1hdb #hd1ghc #aicd #acb1cjj #h1fda #ce1jdd #aje1hia #aice #ade1ecj #d1bdf #bb1afi #abg1fjc #aicf 7#b7 #dic #h1aec 7#b7 #aicg 7#b7 #cc #bd1iff 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- --- #a ,production plus imports1 m9us exports4 #b ,n available4 ,s\rces3 ,consul> reports 7production72 ,d] ausw>tige ,h&el 7imports & exports74 ,imports ( naph?al5e into ,g]many 9 pa/ ye>s h be5 suppli$ by ne>by c\ntries1 notably ! ,sa> 7:i* became an integral "p ( ,g]many 9 ,febru>y #aice71 ,belgium1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ,pol&1 ! ,soviet ,union1 & o!rs4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 ! mo/ important =eign m>ket = ,g]man naph?al5e1 tak+ f #ej to #ge p]c5t ( ! total quantity export$4 ,o!r important buy]s 7 ,belgium1 ,italy1 ,japan1 & ,france4 ,table #ib 7see p4 #add7 %[s ! quantity & value ( imports & exports by c\ntries 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,great ,brita94--,! recov]y & di/illation ( coal t> 9 ,great ,brita9 is highly develop$4 ,! annual output ( t>1 pr9cipally gas-works t>1 is some:at small] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh ! quantities di/ill$ = ! recov]y ( sep>ate compon5ts exce$ ! quantities di/ill$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aice ! t> di/ill$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales total$ #ccj million gallons & 9 ,scotl&1 #ca million gallons1 or a comb9$ total ( #cfa million gallons z comp>$ ) ab\t #bhj million di/ill$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,production ( naph?al5e 9 ,great ,brita9 is %[n 9 table #cg4 ,,table #cg4--,naph?al5e3 ,production 9 ,great ,brita91 9 specifi$ ye>s --------------------- ,ye> ,production --------------------- #a1jjj p\nds #aibd #ac1gcj #aicj #da1djj #aicc #de1gej #aicea #ee1jjj #aicfa #gj1jjj ------------------- #a ,e/imat$4 ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,table #ch %[s exports ( naph?al5e f ,great ,brita9 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 ! be/ cu/om]1 9 mo/ rec5t ye>s tak+ #ej p]c5t or m ( ! total export$4 ,our imports f ,great ,brita9 h be5 entirely crude naph?al5e1 duty-free4 ,imports ( naph?al5e into ,great ,brita9 are n %[n sep>ately 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 ,x is kn[n t ! ,ne!rl&s export$ small quantities to ,great ,brita9 9 #aibi & #aicc4 ,,table #ch4--,naph?al5e3 ,exports f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,quantity ,value ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ye> ,to all c\ntries ,to ,unit$ ,/ates ,to all ,to ,unit$---------------------------------- -- c\ntries ,/ates ,p\nds ,doll>s#a ,p\nds ,doll>s#a /]l+ /]l+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj p\nds p\nds #aibh #e1acb 7#b7 #bj1fjg #ajj1bgh 7#b7 7#b7 #aibi #i1ahe #d1cab #cb1cdh #aeg1aaj #ab1eeh #fj1iic #aicb #aa1acb #g1ead #bf1hfi #id1bje #ad1bgd #ej1jdf #aicc #ad1gah #aj1dhj #ch1agb #afa1gbh #ai1fjd #hc1jei #aicd #aa1iee #f1dib #ce1bbf #agg1ead #ac1jbe #fe1fcg #aice #ad1dij #g1iii #di1ici #bdd1ghi #ah1dac #ij1bef #aicf #bf1ccb #ac1dab #abj1cgb #eih1ceg #df1aeh #bbi1ddg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,conv]sion to doll>s at annual av]age quotations ( ! ,f$]al ,res]ve ,bo>d4 #b ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,! ,trade ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #aibi & #aicf4 ,belgium4--,! di/illation ( coal t> is "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ important bran*es ( ! ,belgian *emical indu/ry4 ,approximately #ij batt]ies ( byproduct-coke ov5s1 ) a total ( #c1jjj ov5s are 9 op]ation4 ,practically all ( ! coal t> produc$ 9 ^! op]ations is di/ill$ = ! recov]y ( ! sev]al products4 ,! output ( naph?al5e is %[n 9 table #ci4 ,,table #ci4--,naph?al5e3 ,belgian production1 #aibh-ce --------------------- ,ye> ,quantity --------------------- #a1jjj p\nds #aibh #bf1jjj #aibi #bf1ejj #aicj #bd1bjj #aica #bb1jjj #aicc #ab1jjj #aicea #be1jjj ------------------- #a ,e/imat$4 ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,belgian imports & exports ( naph?al5e1 by c\ntries1 are %[n 9 tables #ic & #id 7see pp4 #adf1 #adg74 ,belgium is a net import] ( crude naph?al5e & a net export] ( ref9$ naph?al5e4 ,9 #aicg1 x import$ #i million p\nds & export$ #f4g million ( crude2 x import$ only #ai ?\s& p\nds & export$ #ad million p\nds ( ref9$4 ,cze*oslovakia4--,! annual output ( naph?al5e 9 ,cze*oslovakia is %[n 9 table #dj4 ,,table #dj4--,naph?al5e3 ,cze*oslovak production1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aibh-ce ------------------ ,ye> ,quantity ------------------ #a1jjj p\nds #aibh #e1gcc #aicj #f1agd #aica #b1bje #aicb #a1edc #aicc #f1hce #aicd #i1jdj #aice #aj1hje ----------------- ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,france4--,naph?al5e is produc$ 9 ,france by a numb] ( manufactur]s1 mo/ ( :om consume _! production 9 _! own factories4 ,! ,fr5* output is said to be insuffici5t to meet dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,e/imat$ production is giv5 z approximately #cj million p\nds annually4 ,appreciable quantities are import$ f ne>by c\ntries4 ,imports f ,belgium 9 rec5t ye>s av]age betwe5 #a million & #c million p\nds4 ,pol&4--,production ( crude naph?al5e 9 ,pol& is %[n 9 table #da4 ,,table #da4--;,crude naph?al5e3 ,poli% production1 #aibh-cf ------------------ ,ye> ,quantity ------------------ #a1jjj p\nds #aibh #d1gjh #aibi #e1beg #aicj #c1ibe #aica #c1dhf #aicb #c1gjd #aicc #d1gie #aicd #g1gje #aice #e1jba #aicf #b1hcf ------------------ ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,! ,ne!rl&s4--,/ati/ics ( production are n available4 ,exports 9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 h av]ag$ ab\t #aj million p\nds annually4 ,x is believ$ t ! production ( crude naph?al5e exce$s #ae million p\nds a ye>4 ,table #ie 7see p4 #adh7 %[s ,ne!rl& imports & exports ( naph?al5e by c\ntries 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,imports 9 #aicg am\nt$ to #b million p\nds & exports to #ae million p\nds4 ,canada4--,/ati/ics ( production are n available4 ,! annual output ( crude naph?al5e is e/imat$ at #b to #c million p\nds4 ,imports ( ref9$ naph?al5e are usually ab\t #a million p\nds 7see table #if1 p4 #aej74 ,exports are probably small1 al?\gh 9 #aibi & #aicd ^? to ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone 7 ov] #a million p\nds4 ,! ,soviet ,union4--,/ati/ics ( production ( naph?al5e 9 ! ,soviet ,union are n available4 ,! annual output has be5 e/imat$ at #aj million p\nds 9 #aicc & #ae million p\nds 9 #aice4 ,exports h increas$ sub/antially 9 rec5t ye>s1 ^? to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #a million p\nds 9 #aicd to #f million p\nds 9 #aice4 ,exports to ,g]many 7 #cfa ?\s& p\nds 9 #aicc2 #a million p\nds 9 #aicd2 & #eca ?\s& p\nds 9 #aice4 ,japan4--,japanese production ( naph?al5e has be5 small comp>$ ) ! output ( o!r t> products4 ,! output ( crude naph?al5e 9 #aicd 0 report$ to h be5 #cha ?\s& p\nds4 ,expansion ( ! byproduct cok+ indu/ry 9 ,japan & ,man*uria has increas$ ! production ( coal t>1 byproduct ammonia1 & b5zol4 ,japan has import$ l>ge quantities ( naph?al5e 9 rec5t ye>s1 pr9cipally f ,g]many & ,belgium4 ,! increas$ consumption 9 ,europe may s r$uce supplies f ^! s\rces z to cause ,japan to increase ! recov]y at home4 ,japanese imports ( naph?al5e f pr9cipal s\rces1 are %[n 9 table #ig 7see p4 #aej74 ,9 #aicf1 #ab4f million p\nds 7 import$4 ,unit$ ,/ates imports4 ,rates ( duty4--,prior to ,septemb] #h1 #aiaf1 all grades ( naph?al5e 7 import$ free ( duty4 ,s9ce t "t crude naph?al5e has rema9$ free b ref9$ naph?al5e has be5 subject to ! t>iff treatm5t %[n 9 table #db4 ,,table #db4--,naph?al5e3 ,rates ( duty ^u imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiaf-ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,rate ( duty ----------------------- ,p]iod ,au?ority ,crude ,ref9$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf ,free ,free ,free "u p>4 #deb ( ! act ( #aiac & "u previ\s acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to d4 #ae p]c5t ad ,rev5ue ,act ( #aiaf4 ,sept4 #h1 #aiba4 valorem & #b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiba1 to d4 #ae p]c5t ad ,em]g5cy ,t>iff ,act ( ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 valorem & #aiba4 7,title ,v1 #b c5ts prohibit$ imports = p] p\nd4 #c mon?s except :5 n obta9able 9 suffici5t quantities or on reasonable t]ms z to quality1 price1 & t]ms ( deliv]y74 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to d4 #ee p]c5t ad ,crude1 free "u p>4 #aedi ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 valorem & & ref9$ dutiable #g c5ts "u p>4 #bg ( ! p] p\nd4#a ,t>iff ,act ( #aibb4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to d4 #dj p]c5t ad ,ad valorem rate on ref9$ ,june #ag1 #aicj4 valorem & r$uc$ z provid$ = #g c5ts 9 ,t>iff ,act ( #aibb4 p] p\nd4#a ,june #ah1 #aicj1 to d4 d4 ,crude1 free "u p>4 #afea ,apr4 #cj1 #aice4 & ref9$ dutiable "u p>4 #bg ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,may #a1 #aice1 to-- d4 #bj p]c5t ad ,ref9$ r$uc$ "u valorem & trade agreem5t #c c5ts ) ,belgium4#b p] p\nd4#a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a ,ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value4 #b ,g5]aliz$ to all c\ntries :i* d n discrim9ate aga9/ ,unit$ ,/ates products4 ,"u ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj1 crude naph?al5e is on ! free li/#ah & ref9$ naph?al5e is dutiable at #g c5ts p] p\nd & #dj p]c5t ad valorem on ! basis ( ,am]ican sell+ price1 s9ce x is competitive ) ref9$ naph?al5e produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4#ai ,"u ! trade agreem5t ) ,belgium1 effective ,may #a1 #aice1 ! duty on ref9$ naph?al5e 0 r$uc$ to #bj p]c5t#bj ad valorem & #c c5ts p] p\nd on imports f t c\ntry4 ,"u ! ,trade ,agreem5ts ,act ?is r$uction applies also to imports f all o!r c\ntries :i* d n discrim9ate aga9/ comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,july #aich ,g]many 0 ! only "o n receiv+ ! r$uc$ rate1 exports f t c\ntry be+ subject to ! rates specifi$ "u ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,import /ati/ics4--,table #dc %[s imports ( crude naph?al5e 7solidify+ at less ?an #gi ,c47 & table #dd ( ref9$ naph?al5e 7solidify+ at or above #gi ,c47 ,! unit invoice values ( imports ( ref9$ naph?al5e 9 #aibd1 #aibf1 #aibg1 #aibh1 & #aice indicate t ! import$ product 0 probably n naph?al5e z record$ b "o ( its d]ivatives provid$ = else:]e 9 p>agraph #bg4 ,,table #dc4--;,crude naph?al5e 7solidify+ at less ?an #gi ,c473 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value ,value p] p\nd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a1jjj p\nds #aiai ,free #c1bci #ib1bfe #j4jbh #aibj d4 #ae1jab #ecj1bai 4#jce #aibc d4 #bj1iib #ege1gjb 4#jbg #aibd d4 #e1bfg #if1dia 4#jah #aibe d4 #a1ihj #bf1eic 4#jac #aibf d4 #f1ifc #abf1jhh 4#jah #aibg d4 #f1egf #aca1dcf 4#jbj #aibh d4 #ai1ibf #ceg1fgi 4#jah #aibi d4 #ce1jjg #eih1gah 4#jag #aicj d4 #bg1ffg #cig1bib 4#jad #aica d4 #cj1iga #cah1egh 4#jac #aicb d4 #bg1jjb #bcd1eeg 4#jji #aicc d4 #db1ghf #dea1jai 4#jaj #aicd d4 #dg1iie #ffi1chc 4#jad #aice d4 #dh1dee #fdc1bdi 4#jac #aicf d4 #ci1hjf #ghe1cif 4#jbj #aicga d4 #eb1ffd #a1acc1aeg 4#jbb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #dd4--,ref9$ naph?al5e 7solidify+ at or above #gi ,c73 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,comput$ ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value ,unit ad value valorem rate ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p\nds ,p]c5t #aiai #ae p]c5t #b c5ts #g1fej #chdj4jej #fd4h p] p\nd #aibj d4 #c1fig1efbdaf1agb 4#aab #cg4b #aibc #ee p]c5t #g c5ts #i1fje #aid 4#jbj #dja4f p] p\nd #aibd d4 #d1edi #a1adg 4#beb #hb4h #aibe d4 #aibf #dj p]c5t #g c5ts #dbd #abe 4#bie #fc4g p] p\nd #aibg d4 #ah1ffh #c1jgg 4#afe #hb4e #aibh d4 #bg #f 4#bbb #ga4e #aibi d4 #aicj d4 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag d4 ,june #ah-;,dec4 #ca ,none #aica d4 #aicb d4 #aicc d4 #aicd d4 #ff #f 4#jia #aaf4g #aice d4#a #ii #ca 4#cac #fb4d #aicf #bj p]c5t #c c5ts #cj #bj 4#ffg #ej4e p] p\nd#b #aicgc d4#b #e1jee #a1jhe 4#bae #cf4c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,f ,g]many4 ,no imports "u trade agreem5t rate4 #b ,belgo-,luxemburg trade agreem5t rate4 #c ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,table #de %[s ! pr9cipal s\rces ( our imports ( crude naph?al5e 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,g]many 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce until #aicf2 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 previ\sly ! next mo/ important s\rce1 0 fir/ 9 #aicf & #aicg4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s appreciable quantities h be5 receiv$ f ,pol&1 ,cze*oslovakia1 & ! ,soviet ,union1 hi!rto unimportant s\rces4 ,,table #de4--;,crude naph?al5e 7solidify+ "u #gi ,c473 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption f pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,s\rce #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,quantity 9 ?\s&s ( p\nds ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,g]many #ba1ica #ag1ddd #bj1gig #bb1bai ,belgium #b1eca #bec #d1igj #g1cad ,unit$ ,k+dom #h1jif #aa1cci #ae1gjd #f1ifh ,pol& & ,danzig #e1gff ,canada #a1dhh #cca #bbc #a1jgc ,ne!rl&s #dd #icg #a1jib #fba ,cze*oslovakia #b1ihd ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #a1jej ,all o!r c\ntries #iah #ffg ------------------------------------ ,total #ce1jjg #cj1iga #db1ghf #dg1iie ------------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------------ ,g]many #chb1jgh #agj1dfc #bdb1eja #cbf1fjg ,belgium #dh1ejh #b1ejf #eg1bdc #ij1dbd ,unit$ ,k+dom #abd1dbg #abc1hij #ace1hec #gh1ifh ,pol& & ,danzig #hi1jjb ,canada #bc1cdd #c1hjh #b1gbi #ah1gjc ,ne!rl&s #fad #aa1hcg #ab1fic #h1gci ,cze*oslovakia #dd1cga ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #ab1efi ,all o!r c\ntries #ai1gdg #f1jgd ------------------------------------ ,total #eih1gah #cah1egh #dea1jai #ffi1chc ------------------------------------ ,value p] p\nd ------------------------------------ ,g]many #j4jag #j4jaj #j4jab #j4jae ,belgium 4#jai 4#jaj 4#jab 4#jab ,unit$ ,k+dom 4#jae 4#jaa 4#jji 4#jaa ,pol& & ,danzig 4#jae ,canada 4#jaf 4#jaa 4#jab 4#jag ,ne!rl&s 4#jad 4#jac 4#jab 4#jad ,cze*oslovakia 4#jae ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 4#jab ,all o!r c\ntries 4#jbb 4#jji ------------------------------------ ,av]age 4#jag 4#jaj 4#jaa 4#jad ------------------------------------ ,p]c5t ( total quantity ------------------------------------ ,g]many #fb4g #ef4c #dh4f #df4c ,belgium #g4b 4#h #aa4f #ae4c ,unit$ ,k+dom #bc4a #cf4f #cf4g #ad4e ,pol& & ,danzig #ab4j ,canada #d4c #a4a 4#e #b4b ,ne!rl&s 4#a #c4j #b4f #a4c ,cze*oslovakia #f4b ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #b4b ,all o!r c\ntries #b4f #b4b ------------------------------------ ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,s\rce #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------- ,quantity 9 ?\s&s ( p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------- ,g]many #ae1gdb #b1gab #ab1abi ,belgium #b1chh #b1jbe #a1iie ,unit$ ,k+dom #aj1fhi #af1cja #ag1eid ,pol& & ,danzig #e1jge #a1ifi #b1cab ,canada #gf #bee #gcd ,ne!rl&s #a1cdd #c1gid #c1cei ,cze*oslovakia #f1ifj #f1eie #f1dad ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #f1aeh #e1ade #g1jia ,all o!r c\ntries #bb #a1jaj #a1jch ---------------------------- ,total #dh1dee #ci1hjf #eb1ffd ---------------------------- ,value ---------------------------- ,g]many #bcj1hbj #ge1cad #bhg1ija ,belgium #ca1cge #ee1ejc #ea1bbg ,unit$ ,k+dom #abc1ede #bgc1ifd #cdj1gfj ,pol& & ,danzig #fc1iib #ce1dci #ee1ahd ,canada #a1afi #d1jic #g1ida ,ne!rl&s #ai1gbd #aje1djd #ic1jde ,cze*oslovakia #ih1jii #abj1ebi #abh1aig ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #gd1ced #ig1hae #adf1cca ,all o!r c\ntries #aga #ag1cce #bb1ega ---------------------------- ,total #fdc1bdi #ghe1cif #a1acc1aeg ---------------------------- ,value p] p\nd ---------------------------- ,g]many #j4jae #j4jbh #j4jbd ,belgium 4#jac 4#jbg 4#jbf ,unit$ ,k+dom 4#jab 4#jag 4#jai ,pol& & ,danzig 4#jac 4#jah 4#jbd ,canada 4#jae 4#jaf 4#jaa ,ne!rl&s 4#jae 4#jbh 4#jbh ,cze*oslovakia 4#jad 4#jah 4#jbj ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 4#jab 4#jai 4#jba ,all o!r c\ntries 4#jjh 4#jag 4#jbb ---------------------------- ,av]age 4#jac 4#jbj 4#jbb ---------------------------- ,p]c5t ( total quantity ---------------------------- ,g]many #cb4e #f4h #bc4j ,belgium #ad4i #e4a #c4h ,unit$ ,k+dom #bb4j #da4j #cc4d ,pol& & ,danzig #aj4e #e4j #d4d ,canada 4#b 4#f #a4d ,ne!rl&s #b4h #i4e #f4d ,cze*oslovakia #ad4d #af4f #ab4b ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #ab4g #ab4i #ac4d ,all o!r c\ntries #b4e #b4j ---------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f (ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,unit$ ,/ates exports4 ,exports are n %[n sep>ately2 x is d\btful if any naph?al5e is export$4 ,dem& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has exce$$ dome/ic production4 ,competitive conditions4 ,! comm]cial developm5t & widespread application ( surface coat+s & f9i%es made f alkyd res9s1 9 :i* ph?alic anhydride & glyc]9 are ! pr9cipal compon5ts1 has result$ 9 a _w-wide %ortage ( naph?al5e1 :i* is a raw mat]ial us$ 9 mak+ ph?alic anhydride4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ab\t "o-half ( dome/ic requirem5ts ( crude naph?al5e h be5 import$ 7see table #df7 f ,europe1 pr9cipally ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,increas$ dem& = ! same purposes1 9 ^! c\ntries1 has s r$uc$ ! quantities available = export z to create a s]i\s %ortage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g]many plac$ an emb>go on exports late 9 #aice & cont9u$ x until late 9 #aicg4 ,,table #df4--;,crude naph?al5e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 imports1 & app>5t consumption 9 specifi$ ye>s ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,app>5t ,p]c5t suppli$ ,ye> ,production#a ,imports#b consumption#c by imports ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a1jjj p\nds#a1jjj p\nds#a1jjj p\nds #aibc #ec1cbe #bj1iib #gd1cag #bh #aibg #ec1fja #f1egg #fj1agh #aa #aibi #ci1bfc #ce1jjg #gd1bgj #dg #aica #bj1icd #cj1iga #ea1ije #fj #aicb #ac1eic #bg1jjb #dj1eie #ff #aicc #cj1fba #db1ghf #gc1djg #eh #aicd #cg1ibb #dg1iie #he1iag #ef #aice #dg1fec #dh1dee #if1ajh #ej #aicf #hi1ecf #ci1hjf #abi1cdb #ca #aicgd #aae1igi #eb1ffd #afh1fdc #ca ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,f table #cc4 #b ,f table #dc4 #c ,production plus imports4 #d ,prelim9>y4 ,va/ quantities ( naph?al5e pot5tially available 9 ?is c\ntry 7 n recov]$ because ( ! l[ prices prevail+ until #aicf4 ,s9ce !n an increase 9 ! price ( crude naph?al5e f #a4ee c5ts to #b4e c5ts & #c c5ts p] p\nd has /imulat$ production & has l$ to additional recov]y4 ,,ph?alic ,,anhydride ,description & uses4 ,ph?alic anhydride is an aromatic polybasic organic acid anhydride made f naph?al5e by vapor phase catalytic oxidation4 ,x is m>ket$ z :ite ne$le-%ap$ cry/als or flakes hav+ a melt+ po9t ( #acj to #aca ,c4 & boil+ at #bhd to #bhe ,c4 ,x is ! *eape/ & mo/ widely us$ aromatic organic acid4 ,its mo/ important use is 9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s ( ! alkyd type4 ,o!r important uses are 9 dye int]m$iates2 9 ph5olph?ale92 9 b5zoic acid2 9 dyes su* z indigo1 phlox9es1 rhodam9es1 ery?ros9es2 & 9 e/]s su* z dibutyl ph?alate 7widely us$ z a pla/iciz] 9 nitrocellulose lacqu]s & films & ( int]e/ z a greaseless lubricant71 die?yl ph?alate 7us$ z a p]fume fixative & d5aturant ( alcohol71 dime?yl ph?alate 7us$ z a pla/iciz] 9 cellulose acetate films71 & diamyl ph?alate 7us$ z a pla/iciz]74 ,important new processes us+ ph?alic anhydride z a raw mat]ial include ! syn!ses ( an?raqu9one1 sub/itut$ an?raqu9ones1 & b5zoyl b5zoic acid4 ,be=e ! ,_w ,w> ph?alic anhydride 0 made by heat+ naph?al5e ) sulphuric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( m]cury2 ! sulphuric acid act$ z an oxidiz]1 & sulphur dioxide & c>bon dioxide 7 lib]at$4 ,?is process 0 us$ 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to produce ! small quantities ( ph?alic anhydride ne$$ = ! manufacture ( c]ta9 dyes & int]m$iates4 ,x prov$ highly unsatisfactory z to op]ation2 ! yield v>y+ widely f bat* to bat*4 ,! sales price ( ! ph?alic anhydride produc$ at t "t 0 z high z #d4be p] p\nd1 :]eas x is #ab to #ad c5ts p] p\nd today4 ,9 ,septemb] #aiaf1 ,gibbs & ,conov]1 work+ 9 ! ,color ,laboratory ( ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & ,soils1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 develop$ a process = ! syn!sis ( ph?alic anhydride by ! direct vapor phase catalytic oxidation ( naph?al5e4 ,?is "w 0 done "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t's w>time inve/igation ( ! manufacture ( int]m$iates & dyes4 ,gibbs & ,conov] 7 grant$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1bhe1aag cov]+ ! basic process1 & ! inv5tion 0 assign$ to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is process revolutioniz$ ! manufacture ( ph?alic anhydride1 caus+ ! m>ket price to drop to #b4he p] p\nd 9 #aiah1 to #df c5ts p] p\nd 9 #aibj1 & to #ac c5ts 9 #aicj4 ,) ea* decl9e 9 price new outlets 7 f\nd1 & dome/ic production increas$ practically e ye>1 ris+ f #bbg1jjj p\nds 9 #aiah to #bc1ejj1jjj p\nds 9 #aice4 ,by a rem>kable co9cid5ce ! same basic process 0 develop$ 9 ,g]many1 by ,alfr$ ,wohl1 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,int]ess5 ,geme9s*aft ,indu/rie ,a4 ,g4 7,g]man ,i4 ,g471 at almo/ ! same "t t ,gibbs & ,conov] made _! discov]y4 ,9 #aibj ,wohl appli$ = a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t cov]+ ?is process1 claim+ inv5tion 9 ! summ] ( #aiaf4 ,!re 0 "s d\bt :e!r 8 discov]y _h be5 made #b mon?s e>li] or #c days lat] ?an t ( ,gibbs & ,conov]1 b 9 ,july #aicd ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,cu/oms & ,pat5t ,appeals r5d]$ a decision 9 favor ( ! ,g]man inv5tor1 all[+ ,wohl's claim fil$ ) ! ,g]man pat5t (fice on ,june #bh1 #aiaf4 ,!re=e1 ,wohl's claim cov]+ ! air oxidization process 0 upheld & he 0 grant$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1iga1hhh1 issu$ ,augu/ #bh1 #aicd & assign$ to ! ,g]man ,i4 ,g4 ,sev]al dome/ic firms began comm]cial production ( ph?alic anhydride ab\t #aiah "u ! pat5t ( ,gibbs & ,conov] & h s9ce op]at$ ! process cont9u\sly4 ,su* manufactur]s are presumably protect$ f possible pat5t litigation & ! paym5t ( royalties "u ! ,wohl pat5t by section #c ( ! s-call$ ,nolan ,act ( #aiba1 :i* /ates3 8,no pat5t grant$ or validat$ 444 %all affect ! "r ( any citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 8 successor 9 bus9ess to cont9ue ! manufacture1 use1 or sale comm5c$ be=e ! passage ( ?is ,act1 nor %all ! cont9u$ manufacture1 use1 or sale by su* citiz5 444 con/itute an infr+em5t40 ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,table #dg %[s ! production & sales ( ph?alic anhydride f #aiag ?r\gh #aicg4 ,,table #dg4--,ph?alic anhydride3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aiag-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,sales ,ye> ,production ----------------------- ,unit value ,quantity ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,p\nds ,p\nds #aiag #ach1heg #ach1heg #ehg1bdj #d4bc #aiah #bbg1dad #bbg1dad #fdh1fej #b4he #aiai #bij1fgg #bij1fgg #bij1jcg 4#ii #aibj #gif1baj #gif1baj #cfb1dca 4#df #aiba #bjb1dga #bjb1dga #gi1afb 4#ci #aibb #a1fbi1ahb #a1cag1fbe #dfa1idd 4#ce #aibc #b1cdc1hjb #b1jia1ajj #eif1ejh 4#bi #aibd #b1ghg1cjh #b1bgg1jgc #eef1bfe 4#bd #aibe #c1ijj1ccb #c1efj1dbi #gja1hdj 4#bj #aibf #d1cgi1ajh #c1ddf1age #fjd1idi 4#ah #aibg #d1edi1hbj #d1jfd1dgf #fhf1idf 4#ag #aibh #f1jcj1hed #e1dde1dcb #hhh1aef 4#af #aibi #i1afh1idf #g1dej1jcg #a1adg1iec 4#ae #aicj #f1fic1jja #e1fad1jab #gbd1iji 4#ac #aica 7#a7 #aicb #f1bei1jjj #e1fie1jjj #ffc1jjj 4#ab #aicc #ad1jge1hdd #aa1eic1gaf #a1bga1hhg 4#aa #aicd #bj1fhj1cgi #ac1eaa1bec #a1ege1ghg 4#ab #aice #bc1dba1eeh #ag1ica1ffb #b1aje1acd 4#ab #aicf #ca1bdd1cgh #bb1ije1hgc #b1hbd1dga 4#ab #aicg #de1baj1ghd #ag1efe1ije #b1dib1dgc 4#ad ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are six dome/ic mak]s ( ph?alic anhydride1 ) produc+ units at ,bridgeville1 ,pa41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,deepwat] ,po9t1 ,n4 ,j41 ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,mo41 & ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,five ( ^! firms h be5 produc+ 9 comm]cial quantities cont9u\sly = a numb] ( ye>s & x is !re=e believ$ t ^! companies may cont9ue to produce )\t ! paym5t ( royalties4 ,new produc]s us+ ?is process1 h[ev]1 might be at a disadvantage unless lic5s$ to op]ate )\t ! paym5t ( royalties by ! own] ( ! pat5t4 ,! production ( ph?alic anhydride has increas$ rem>kably s9ce ! discov]y ( ! vapor phase catalytic process ( manufacture4 ,until #aibb ! only l>ge outlet 0 ! coal-t> dye indu/ry4 ,! developm5t ( new uses = ph?alic e/]s1 pr9cipally dibutyl ph?alate1 increas$ ! dem& dur+ ! p]iod #aibb-bh4 ,) ! drop 9 price ( ph?alic anhydride1 res9s made f x & glyc]9 became ( comm]cial int]e/ & ab\t #aibi _! production began to increase %>ply4 ,mo/ ( ! increas$ output s9ce t ye> is acc\nt$ = by its use 9 alkyd res9s4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 surface coat+s made f ^! res9s are n[ appli$ to practically all 8indoor0 surfaces1 bo? wood & metal1 & to 8outdoor0 use on metal4 ,l>gely z a result ( ! gr[+ popul>ity ( surface coat+s ( ! alkyd type ! dome/ic production ( ph?alic anhydride exce$$ #de million p\nds 9 #aicg & may rea* #ej million p\nds 9 #aich4 ,?is e/imate is bas$ on ! pres5t tr5d ( consumption ( alkyd res9s & curr5t use !re9 ( ph?alic anhydride4 ,%\ld o!r polybasic acids be us$ 9 great] proportion ! e/imate w\ld h to be revis$4 ,consid]able rese>* "w is be+ done on c]ta9 polybasic acids1 ) v promis+ results 9 "s in/ances4 ,maleic anhydride is be+ us$ comm]cially1 z are adipic acid1 malic acid1 & succ9ic acid4 ,o!r possibilities include su* acids z citric1 t>t>ic1 sebacic1 fum>ic1 & oxalic4 ,production 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,ph?alic anhydride is manufactur$ 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,japan1 b no /ati/ics ( =eign production or ( int]national trade are available4 ,! output 9 ,g]many is kn[n to be increas+ rapidly & is believ$ to be ! pr9cipal reason = ! ,g]man emb>go on exports ( naph?al5e4 ,9 ,engl& !re are two mak]s3 ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd41 & ,monsanto ,*emicals1 ,ltd4 ,! latt] is a bran* ( ! ,am]ican firm ( ! same "n4 ,9 ,italy1 production 0 />t$ 9 #aibh by ! ,a4 ,c4 ,n4 ,a4 at ,c5gio4 ,capacity is giv5 z #fjj1jjj p\nds annually1 & ! process is ess5tially ! same z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,japanese production is e/imat$ at #f million p\nds a ye>4 ,nihon ,seuryo's plant is ! pr9cipal "o1 & ! ,ni%ijima mill1 at ,osaka1 ! next 9 importance4 ,unit$ ,/ates =eign trade4 ,imports ( ph?alic anhydride are dutiable "u p>agraph #bg at #g c5ts p] p\nd & #dj p]c5t ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price4 ,!re 7 practically no imports s9ce ! ,_w ,w> until #aicg1 :5 #bbc1dca p\nds 7 import$ f ,engl& to relieve a tempor>y %ortage4 ,exports1 if any1 are n %[n sep>ately 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 ,competitive conditions4 ,ph?alic anhydride is ! *eape/ polybasic organic acid & !re=e ! mo/ widely us$ 9 ! production ( alkyd res9s4 ,! rapid rise 9 consumption ( surface coat+s & f9i%es made f ^! res9s presages great] dem& = ph?alic anhydride 7& glyc]97 9 ! future1 p>ticul>ly if ?is type ( outdoor f9i% = wood is successful4 ,! _w-wide %ortage ( naph?al5e1 ) att5dant %>p increases 9 price1 raises ! "q ( :e!r !re may n be p>tial or complete replacem5t ( ph?alic anhydride by o!r polybasic acids 9 c]ta9 types ( alkyd res9s4 ,! probability ( su* replacem5t seems remote unless ! use ( o!r polybasic acids1 at pres5t mu* high] pric$1 s improves ! prop]ties ( ! res9s z to give a sup]ior product4 ,approximately #ajj p\nds ( naph?al5e are requir$ to produce #aji p\nds ( ph?alic anhydride4 ,naph?al5e at #c c5ts p] p\nd gives ph?alic anhydride a raw mat]ial co/ ( #b4ge c5ts p] p\nd z comp>$ ) #a4de c5ts p] p\nd :5 naph?al5e 0 #a4ee c5ts p] p\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 ! increase ( #a4e c5ts p] p\nd 9 naph?al5e1 meant an increase ( only ab\t #a c5ts p] p\nd 9 ! raw mat]ial co/ ( ph?alic anhydride1 & only approximately c5t p] p\nd 9 ! raw mat]ial co/ ( an alkyd res9 surface coat+ conta9+ ab\t #bj-p]c5t ph?alic anhydride4 ,,polybasic ,,acids ,,o!r ,,?an ,,ph?alic ,,anhydride ,maleic acid & anhydride4 ,maleic anhydride is obta9$ z a byproduct 9 ! manufacture ( ph?alic anhydride & z a major product by ! vapor phase catalytic oxidation ( b5z5e4 ,dome/ic production1 /ill small comp>$ ) ph?alic anhydride1 has increas$ _m fold dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 ?ree produc]s ( maleic anhydride1 ) an output total+ #b1aad1agf p\nds4 ,! uses ( maleic acid d]ivatives o!r ?an 9 mak+ res9s are m9or4 ,malic acid & malomalic acid4 ,malic acid is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 occurr+ especially 9 unripe apples4 ,comm]cially x is obta9$ by syn!sis4 ,dome/ic production 0 report$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aice4 ,malomalic acid is =m$ by heat+ malic acid4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1jia1fbg cov]s a res9 made f malic acid & glyc]9 :i* w increase ! t\ghness ( ph?alate res9s4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1ffg1aih sugge/s ! use ( malomalic acid to =m res9s ( glass-l appe>ance4 ,adipic acid4 ,adipic acid is made by oxidation ( cyclohexanol4 ,:5 cond5s$ ) glyc]9 x yields an alkyd res9 :i* is s(t & rubb]y & :i* does n h>d5 :5 heat$4 ,num]\s pat5ts h be5 grant$ on ! prep>ation ( adipic acid & its res9s4 ,comm]cial production ( adipic acid 0 fir/ report$ 9 #aice1 & ! output increas$ 9 #aicf & 9 #aicg4 ,succ9ic acid & anhydride4 ,succ9ic acid is a :ite cry/all9e p[d] melt+ at #ahe ,c4 & boil+ at #bcd ,c41 ) decomposition to succ9ic anhydride4 ,x may be obta9$ by ! r$uction ( maleic acid4 ,cond5sation ) glyc]9 gives a res9 t\gh] & m flexible ?an is obta9$ ) ph?alic anhydride4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 two comm]cial produc]s ( succ9ic acid4 ,x is believ$ t small quantities are us$ 9 comb9ation ) ph?alic anhydride 9 alkyd res9s4 ,fum>ic acid4 ,fum>ic acid is a :ite cry/all9e p[d] obta9$ by ! prolong$ heat+ ( or by ! action ( m9]al acids on maleic acid4 ,fum>ic acid & maleic acid are /ructurally id5tical & ! =m] decomposes at ab\t #bhj ,c41 =m+ ! latt]4 ,9 #aicg !re 0 "o dome/ic mak] ( fum>ic acid4 ,,glyc]9 ,description & uses4 ,glyc]9 7glyc]ol7 is a cle>1 colorless or almo/ colorless1 odorless1 syrupy1 hygroscopic liquid4 ,x is obta9$ z a byproduct ( ! soap & fatty acid 7oleic acid or r$ oil & /e>ic acid7 indu/ries4 ,o!r s\rces are insignificant2 glyc]9 c be produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( c>bohydrates su* z molasses1 b :5 glyc]9 prices are l[ ?is process is n pr(itable4 ,! *ief comm]cial grades ( crude glyc]9 are 8soap lye0 glyc]91 a byproduct ( ! soap indu/ry1 conta9+ ab\t #hj p]c5t glyc]91 & 8saponification0 grade1 a byproduct ( ! fatty acid indu/ry1 conta9+ ab\t #hh p]c5t glyc]94 ,*emically pure grades conta9 ab\t #ie p]c5t & dynamite grades ab\t #ih4e p]c5t glyc]94 ,o!r grades include 8#cj yell[ di/ill$0 conta9+ ab\t #if p]c5t glyc]94 ,! uses ( glyc]9 are extremely v>i$1 ! mo/ important be+ 9 ! manufacture ( alkyd res9s & e/] gums2 9 ! manufacture ( nitroglyc]9 & dynamite2 z a moi/5+1 antiseptic1 & sweet5+ ag5t 9 tobacco2 9 ph>maceutical & m$ic9al prep>ations2 & 9 c]ta9 s(t dr9ks1 soaps1 & inks4 ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,! output ( bo? ! crude & ! ref9$ has increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 rea*+ new highs 9 #aicg4 ,*emically pure glyc]9 con/itutes ab\t #fj p]c5t ( ! total ref9$ output & dynamite & o!r grades ab\t #dj p]c5t4 ,9 ! production /ati/ics %[n 9 table #dh1 grades su* z yell[ di/ill$ are includ$ ) ! dynamite grade4 ,s9ce l>ge soap mak]s ref9e _! own crude glyc]91 ! sale ( crude is only a small "p ( ! total output4 ,table #dh %[s dome/ic production ( glyc]9 by grades & table #di production = sale4 ,,table #dh4--;,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates production by grades1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-cg ,9 ?\s&s ( p\nds ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ref9$ ,c5sus ye> ,crude #hj ------------------------------ p]c5t basis ,*emically ,dynamite pure grade grade ,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aiai #fa1gic #cf1fic #be1fee #fb1cdh #aibj #ed1fhh #cb1hfj #ca1ega #fd1dca #aibc #ii1egi #dg1iib #eb1cfi #ajj1cfa #aibd #ie1aed #ec1bdc #cg1cfh #ij1faa #aibe #ajc1djg #ee1ddh #eb1feh #ajh1ajf #aibf #aaf1cfi #fd1dfj #di1egi #aad1jci #aibg #abh1bji #ei1abf #di1bff #ajh1cib #aibh #acj1dii #ff1dai #df1fbb #aac1jda #aibi #adj1jhj #ff1gia #eh1iha #abe1ggb #aicj #ach1fge #fi1fed #ej1igd #abj1fbh #aica #adj1jjb #gj1ebh #dc1cff #aac1hid #aicb #acc1iai #fc1fbd #da1eci #aje1afc #aicc #aai1hab #eh1ehe #de1ecd #ajd1aai #aicd #aec1aae #hj1cei #dh1eec #abh1iab #aice #ada1ahe #gd1gje #dh1fhe #abc1cij #aicf #aed1jif #he1chf #dg1ece #acb1iba #aicg #afg1hhb #ib1hhi #ea1gid #add1fhc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,s\rce3 ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,,table #di4--;,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates production = sale1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,crude#a ,ref9$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ye> ,value ,value ,quantity ,value p] ,quantity ,value p] p\nd p\nd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj p\nds ,c5ts p\nds ,c5ts #aiai #ah1bbh #b1dhb1ggi #ac4f #dg1cgg #aa1dfa1bac #bd4b #aibc #bg1ddd #c1abd1dgj #aa4d #gd1aje #ab1bad1jab #af4e #aibe #cj1gce #d1beh1cea #ac4i #id1cjc #af1iia1bac #ah4j #aibg #bg1jjj #c1idb1iia #ad4f #hi1ehe #ai1ahd1hjf #ba4d #aibi #bh1gij #b1ceh1jca #h4b #aac1adj #ab1gae1fda #aa4b #aica #bg1ecj #a1fgc1gcc #f4a #ajb1eaj #aj1caf1cdg #aj4a #aicab #be1ifd #a1eea1egc #f4j #aja1fae #aj1bbb1hej #aj4a #aicc #bb1afa #a1aia1jjj #e4d #ajg1hec #g1iae1jjj #g4c #aice #bd1jdb #b1cff1dha #i4h #aba1bfb #ab1ihd1fhd #aj4g #a ,by *emical & soap manufactur+ plants only4 #b ,adju/$ = comp>ison ) #aicc4 ,s\rce3 ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,crude glyc]9 is produc$ by ab\t #bjj soap mak]s & by ab\t #ab produc]s ( fatty acids4 ,soap factories are locat$ 9 m ?an half ! ,/ates1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ 9 ,ohio1 ,new ,york1 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ill9ois1 ,cali=nia1 & ,p5nsylvania2 ! fatty acid plants are locat$ 9 five or six ,/ates1 ,ohio be+ ( *ief importance4 ,mo/ ( ! small] produc]s sell _! output ( crude glyc]94 ,ref9]s ( glyc]9 are few 9 numb] comp>$ to ! produc]s ( crude4 ,! l>g] soap plants ref9e _! own crude glyc]9 & 9 addition pur*ase crude f o!r plants = ref9+4 ,! process ( recov]+ glyc]9 consi/s ( *emically treat+ weak glyc]9 solutions sep>at$ f ! soap or fatty acids1 & !n conc5trat+ & di/ill+ "u r$uc$ pressures4 ,! av]age yield is less ?an #aj p]c5t b v>ies f ab\t #i to #ab p]c5t1 dep5d+ ^u ! k9ds ( oils & fats us$4 ,:5 prices are high e ef=t is made to recov] ! maximum yield ( glyc]92 :5 prices are l[1 co/ ( *emical treatm5t & di/illation makes x advisable to all[ m glyc]9 to rema9 9 ! soap or to disc>d ! weak solutions4 ,production 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 glyc]9 is produc$ 9 =eign c\ntries1 z a byproduct ( ! soap & fatty acid indu/ries4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,g]many1 & ,france1 & rec5tly ! ,soviet ,union1 are ! lead+ produc]s4 ,! output 9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries is e/imat$ to be less ?an a ?ird ( ! output 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,briti% ,c5sus ( #aicj reports ! production ( crude glyc]9 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom at #dd million p\nds4 ,au!ntic /ati/ics on production 9 o!r lead+ c\ntries are n available1 b mo/ e/imates %[ l[] figures ?an = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 "s ,european c\ntries ! normal production ( soap results 9 m glyc]9 ?an c be utiliz$4 ,int]national trade4 ,france is ! pr9cipal net export] ( crude glyc]9 & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ref9$ glyc]94 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 ,g]many1 & ,france are also net export]s ( ref9$ glyc]94 ,! int]national trade ( c]ta9 ( ! m important produc+ c\ntries 9 crude & ref9$ glyc]9 is %[n 9 table #ej4 ,,table #ej4--;,glyc]93 ,imports & exports ( pr9cipal c\ntries1 #aica & #aicc-cg ,9 ?\s&s ( p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- -- ,imports,exports,imports,exports,imports ,exports ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,crude3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates#a #h1ghb 7#b7 #d1ihh 7#c7 #ac1gbb 7#c7 ,unit$ ,k+dom #a1gjb #b1ffb #d1ggh #b1iea #dgb #b1hbe ,g]many #d1abj #b1cac #e1bcb #b1ici #d1gdf #a1eii ,france #a1bfi #g1ifb #dbf #c1dhh 7#b7 ,ne!rl&s #e1acc #hei #c1jbg #b1cjj #b1fje #c1gif ,ref9$3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #a1iff #cbh #b1ggf 7#c7 #b1bad 7#c7 ,unit$ ,k+dom #b1eai #i1ibf #hbb #ai1hcd #bcj #ai1acd ,g]many #ajb #aj1jib #eg #c1efb #bbd #c1hah ,france #agh #c1ihi #aji #a1bdf #ea #ab1bdi ,ne!rl&s #fah #h1ccg #a1add #f1fbj #a1jjh #e1iee ,belgium #ecd #geh #a1aic #dbi #a1bjf #b1cfj ---------------------------------------- -- #aice #aicf #aicgd ---------------------------------------- -- ,imports,exports,imports,exports,imports ,exports ---------------------------------------- -- ,crude3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates#a #d1jib 7#b7 #h1fhf 7#b7 #aj1aga 7#b7 ,unit$ ,k+dom #a1aai #b1cfe #b1cbb #c1jgj 7#b7 7#c7 ,g]many #d1jia #cbf #h1bdg #abb #ac1efg #egh ,france #hfb 7#b7 #a1agf 7#b7 #afd 7#b7 ,ne!rl&s #e1dda #d1iab #g1ahe #e1fdd #i1abg #f1hfe ,ref9$3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #fi #c1ced #c1ddh #a1adf #g1ece #a1cge ,unit$ ,k+dom #b #ae1jcb #ab1iia 7#c7 #af1jbi ,g]many #ajh #a1ega #cj #a1aee #ga #ajj ,france #d #ab1aah #aj #i1bfi #i #ag1gej ,ne!rl&s #fid #e1eaf #gci #h1hhe #ejj #aj1ifa ,belgium #iih #a1ide #ahh #a1iha #fea #a1heh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a ,imports f ,cuba & ! ,philipp9es n includ$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates /ati/ics4 ,^! imports1 consi/+ ( crude glyc]91 av]ag$ ab\t #b1bjj1jjj p\nds annually = ! p]iod #aica-cg4 #b ,includ$1 if any1 ) ref9$4 #c ,n sep>ately report$4 #d ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,(ficial /ati/ics ( ea* c\ntry4 ,unit$ ,/ates imports4 ,"u ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aibb1 p>agraph #dc1 imports ( crude glyc]9 7 dutiable at #a c5t p] p\nd & ref9$ glyc]9 at #b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj1 p>agraph #db1 c>ries ! same rates4 ,imports ( crude glyc]9 f ,cuba enjoy a pref]5tial rate2 !y 7 dutiable at #j4h c5t p] p\nd up to ,septemb] #c1 #aicd1 & at #j4d c5t p] p\nd !reaft]4 ,"u ! trade agreem5t ) ! ,ne!rl&s1 effective ,febru>y #a1 #aicf1 ! rate on ref9$ glyc]9 0 r$uc$ f #b c5ts to #a c5ts p] p\nd 7 c5t plus regul> rate on crude1 b n m ?an #a c5ts74 ,"u ! trade agreem5t ) ,france1 effective ,june #ae1 #aicf1 ! rate on crude glyc]9 0 r$uc$ f #a c5t to #j4h c5t1 :i* automatically fur!r r$uc$ ! rate on ref9$ glyc]9 to #a 7approximately #a4dg7 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! rates "u ^! la/ two trade agreem5ts are g5]aliz$ to all c\ntries :i* d n discrim9ate aga9/ our comm]ce4 ,! am\nt ( glyc]9 suppli$ by imports has greatly decl9$4 ,prior to ! ,_w ,w>1 imports ( crude glyc]9 rang$ f #cj million to #dj million p\nds annually4 ,aft] ! w> imports 7 less & aft] #aibi decl9$ to comp>atively small quantities1 except 9 #aicd4 ,imports ( ref9$ glyc]9 7 relatively unimportant until #aibd1 except 9 #aibj4 ,!y am\nt$ to almo/ #aa million p\nds 9 #aibf1 b decl9$ !reaft]4 ,"s ( ! imports are reexport$ ) b5efit ( drawback4 ,9 #aicj1 #a1jjf1afd p\nds ( import$ crude glyc]9 & #cif1gib p\nds ( import$ ref9$ 7 ?us reexport$1 *iefly 9 ! ref9$ grades4 ,correspond+ figures 9 #aicb & #aicc 7 #aig1cca & #aaa1gec p\nds ( crude1 & #dj1jaa & #aj1jef p\nds ( ref9$4 ,/ati/ics ( imports o!r ?an f ,cuba & ! ,philipp9es are giv5 9 table #ea4 ,table #eb %[s imports ( crude f ,cuba & table #ec imports ( crude f ! ,philipp9es4 ,,table #ea4--;,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports#a = consumption #aiai-bj & #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,quantity1 ,comput$ ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( #a1jjj ,value ,unit value ad valorem duty p\nds rate1 p]c5t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,crude ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aiai #a c5t p] #c1efd #dag1ggd #j4aag #h4e p\nd #aibj d #bb1bgbb1iab1dcj 4#aca #g4g #aibc d #ad1abja1chb1bdi 4#jih #aj4b #aibd d #ac1feia1dac1eic 4#ajc #i4g #aibe d #ah1fbdb1afa1dac 4#aaf #h4f #aibf d #bf1gbic1hdi1bbb 4#add #f4i #aibg d #ac1fffb1jbf1age 4#adh #f4g #aibh d #c1hhi #bhb1fae 4#jgc #ac4h #aibi d #ac1fha #ghf1eih 4#jeh #ag4d #aicj d #aj1jbb #egg1djf 4#jeh #ag4d #aica d #h1ghb #ddf1hig 4#jea #ai4g #aicb d #c1ieb #ade1cbi 4#jcg #bg4b #aicc d #d1ihh #agf1jhj 4#jce #bh4c #aicd d #ac1gbb #icb1chi 4#jfh #ad4g #aice d #d1jib #cec1ibe 4#jhf #aa4d #aicf ,v>i\s#b #h1fhf #icf1cab 4#ajh #g4g #aicgc d #aj1agaa1gaf1cea 4#afi #d4h ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ref9$ ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aiai #b c5ts p] #ci #d1dga 4#aad #ag4e p\nd #aibj d #e1chba1agj1jcj 4#bag #i4b #aibc d #ehf #gf1iid 4#aca #ae4b #aibd d #a1eja #bbi1hig 4#aec #ac4a #aibe d #b1jdd #cje1gif 4#aej #ac4d #aibf d #aj1hcib1cbh1icf 4#bae #i4c #aibg d #h1bhia1fig1ccj 4#bje #i4h #aibh d #d1bah #dej1bdg 4#ajg #ah4g #aibi d #e1ceh #dhi1ege 4#jia #ba4i #aicj d #c1acg #bfe1jic 4#jhe #bc4g #aica d #a1iff #adj1ige 4#jgb #bg4i #aicb d #b1cdh #adb1cei 4#jfa #cc4j #aicc d #b1ggf #aff1iia 4#jfj #cc4b #aicd d #b1bad #bjh1ihi 4#jid #ba4b #aice d #fi #h1bgg 4#aba #af4f #aicf ,v>i\s#b #c1ddg #eid1jcf 4#agb #h4e #aicgc d #g1ecea1hbg1ahi 4#bdb #f4b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,does n include products ( ,cuba 7duty less #bj p]c5t7 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7free74 #b ,= *anges 9 rates1 see p4 #aje4 #c ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #eb4--;,crude glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports 7= consumption7 f ,cuba1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,comput$ ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value ,unit valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a1jjj p\nds ,p]c5t #aiai c5t p] p\nd #bdibg1jbc #j4ajh #g4d #aibj d #aci #ba1ida 4#aeh #e4a #aibc d #dbi #dg1dch 4#aaa #g4b #aibd d #gfh #he1iga 4#aab #g4b #aibe d #fbd #gc1ech 4#aah #f4h #aibf d #hceacd1hic 4#afb #e4j #aibg d #a1aaiagj1gbc 4#aec #e4b #aibh d #fij #dh1ifc 4#jga #aa4c #aibi d #iba #fj1aeh 4#jfe #ab4b #aicj d #hdc #ec1ije 4#jfd #aica d #a1aga #fg1gji 4#jeh #ac4h #aicb d #a1bcb #ej1adg 4#jda #ai4g #aicc d #a1baf #ef1gcg 4#jdg #ag4b #aicd ,v>i\s#a #a1agh #ib1fib 4#jgi #aice c5t p] p\nd #b1eeabbh1jaa 4#jhi #d4e #aicf d #b1afjbcj1cdj 4#ajg #c4h #aicgb d #b1dggcha1fhc 4#aed ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,trade agreem5t ( c5t p] p\nd1 effective ,sept4 #c1 #aicd4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #ec4--;,crude glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports 7= consumption7 f ,philipp9e ,isl&s #aibe-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a1jjj p\nds #aibe ,free #af #a1dah #j4jhi #aibf d #ie #ab1aae 4#abh #aibg d #aei #ah1bfa 4#aae #aibh d #ccg #bd1cbg 4#jgb #aibi d #bej #af1gif 4#jfg #aicj d #bgi #ah1hje 4#jfg #aica d #ahj #aj1iic 4#jfa #aicb d #aih #i1aej 4#jdf #aicc d #bfh #ad1jgh 4#jeb #aicd d #aha #ad1ihd 4#jhc #aice d #a1egi #gd1gih 4#jdg #aicf d #cjd #cb1gjh 4#ajh #aicga d #gicade1cdh 4#ahc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,france has usually be5 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( imports ( crude glyc]91 b s9ce #aice ,cuba has rank$ fir/4 ,cuban imports ent] at a pref]5tial rate ( duty 7#j4h c5t p] p\nd on crude until ,septemb] #c1 #aicd1 :5 x 0 r$uc$ to #j4d c5t74 ,receipts f ! ,philipp9es are duty-free4 ,imports by c\ntries = rec5t ye>s are giv5 9 table #ih1 page #aea4 ,! ,ne!rl&s has g5]ally be5 ! *ief s\rce ( imports ( ref9$ glyc]91 al?\gh ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 fir/ 9 #aicd & #aice & ,france fir/ 9 #aicg4 ,imports by c\ntries = rec5t ye>s are giv5 9 table #ii1 page #aeb4 ,unit$ ,/ates exports4 ,exports ( glyc]9 are insignificant comp>$ ) production & are small comp>$ ) imports4 ,!y g *iefly to ,mexico & ,canada1 &1 at times1 also to ,cuba1 ! ,philipp9es1 & ,*ile4 ,geographic prop9quity is probably ! pr9cipal factor acc\nt+ = ^! exports1 al?\gh x is possible t "s exports are de/9$ to =eign bran* factories ( an ,am]ican company = mak+ dynamite4 ,crude & ref9$ grades 7 n sep>ately di/+ui%$ 9 export /ati/ics1 b x is kn[n t exports consi/ pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 ( ! ref9$4 ,9 #aicc & #aicd glyc]9 exports 7 n report$4 ,/ati/ics ( exports are giv5 9 table #ed4 ,,table #ed4--;,glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates exports1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-cg ------------------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity ,value ,unit value ------------------------------------- ,c5ts p] ,p\nds p\nd #aiai #c1ifc1cib #a1aij1ihd #cj4j #aibj #a1gdb1gjh #dbi1aaf #bd4f #aibc #a1gfg1djg #cah1gfe #ah4j #aibd #a1dae1hhb #bcg1fci #af4h #aibe #a1cfg1aia #bhb1jgh #bj4f #aibf #gfg1fih #aib1bbj #be4j #aibg #fic1add #adc1gjj #bj4g #aibh #b1jea1icg #bei1ajj #ab4f #aibi #a1cgc1fje #aig1ihf #ad4d #aicj #fjg1fij #ajb1hib #af4i #aica #cbh1adc #dh1jie #ad4g #aicb #bfj1cci #bh1fji #aa4j #aicc 7#a7 7#a7 #aicd 7#a7 7#a7 #aice #c1cec1fbe #dej1bdh #ac4d #aicf #a1adf1jbf #ahb1eib #ae4i #aicgba1cge1jcf #cch1adh #bd4f ------------------------------------- #a ,n report$ sep>ately4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,competitive conditions4 ,glyc]9 occurs 9 *emical comb9ation 9 animal & vegetable oils & fats4 ,s9ce x is obta9$ z a byproduct1 ! output is dep5d5t prim>ily ^u ! output ( ! major products1 soaps & fatty acids1 & its production is l>gely indep5d5t ( dem&4 ,at l[ prices1 h[ev]1 less glyc]9 is recov]$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates usually consumes m glyc]9 ?an x produces 7see table #ee71 :]eas lead+ ,european produc+ nations produce m ?an !y consume4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! dome/ic production has app>5tly be5 approa*+ dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,a factor t5d+ to decrease dem& is ! increas+ resort to sub/itutes 9 v>i\s uses1 p>ticul>ly e?yl5e glycol1 e?yl alcohol1 & me?yl alcohol4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dem& 9 ! res9 indu/ry is exp&+ rapidly4 ,,table #ee4--,ref9$ glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 imports1 exports1 & app>5t consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ye> ,production#a;,imports#b;,exports#c ,app>5t consumption#d ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds #aibg #ajh1cib #h1bhi #fic #aae1ihg #aibi #abe1ggb #e1ceh #a1cgd #abi1geg #aica #aac1hid #a1iff #cbh #aae1eca #aicb #aje1afc #b1cdh #bfj #ajg1bej #aicc #ajd1abj #b1ggf 7#e7 #ajf1hie #aicd #abh1iab #b1bad 7#e7 #aca1abf #aice #abc1cij #fi #c1ced #abj1aje #aicf #acb1ibb #c1ddg #a1adf #ace1bbc #aicgf 7#e7 #g1ece #a1cge 7#e7 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a ,f table #dh 7ref9$ basis74 #b ,f table #ea 7ref9$74 #c ,f table #ed 7grade n specifi$1 b *iefly ref9$74 #d ,production plus imports m9us exports4 #e ,n available4 #f ,prelim9>y4 ,up to #aibd 7except #aibj7 imports consi/$ pr9cipally ( crude glyc]91 mu* ( :i* 0 ref9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & includ$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates production2 !reaft] imports ( ref9$ glyc]9 became important relative to ! crude4 ,exports are insignificant comp>$ to ei!r production or imports4 #ag4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,t>-,,acid ,,res9s ,! fir/ t>-acid res9s 7 made f ph5ol & =maldehyde4 ,z a result ?is gr\p ( res9s is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ph5olic res9s4 ,?is is true despite ! fact t coal-t> acids o!r ?an ph5ol1 p>ticul>ly ! cresols & xyl5ols1 are us$ 9 l>ge volume today4 ,,! ,,t> ,,acids ,! t]m coal-t> acids is appli$ to c]ta9 organic comp\nds ei!r obta9$ f or kn[n to be pres5t 9 coal t>4 ,probably ! be/ kn[n is ph5ol or c>bolic acid1 produc$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & abroad4 ,o!rs ( comm]cial importance are or?o1 meta1 & p>a cresol & ! xyl5ols4 ,all ( ^! are def9ite *emical comp\nds available z su* or 9 mixture ) o!r t> acids4 ,cresylic acid is a t]m widely us$ 9 comm]ce = almo/ any mixture ( t> acids4 ,=m]ly x 0 us$ to designate a mixture ( or?o1 meta1 & p>a cresols 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 coal t>4 ,! high] boil+ t> acids 7li/$ 9 table #ef bel[ ! xyl5ols7 h little or no comm]cial importance at ?is "t4 ,table #ef li/s ! t> acids by comm]cial "n1 *emical "n1 boil+ po9t ( ! pure comp\nd1 & av]age p]c5tage pres5t 9 coal t>4 ,boil+ po9t is %[n because ! sev]al t>iff classifications cov]+ t> acids "u ! acts ( #aibb & #aicj 7p>s4 #bg & #afea7 dep5d ^u di/illation range 7boil+ po9ts7 = classification & assessm5t ( duty 7see pp4 #aai & #abd74 ,,table #ef4--,t> acids3 ,comm]cial & *emical names1 boil+ po9ts & av]age p]c5tage pres5t 9 coal t> ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,av]age ,comm]cial "n ,*emical "n ,boil+ p]c5t 9 po9t ,c coal t> ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ph5ol ,ph5ol #aha4e #j4g ,or?ocresol #b-me?yl ph5ol #aij4h 4#d ,metacresol #c-me?yl ph5ol #bjb4h 4#d ,p>acresol #d-me?yl ph5ol #bja4h 4#c #b-c ,xyl5ol #b-c-;dime?yl ph5ol #bah4j #b-d ,xyl5ol #b-d-;dime?yl ph5ol #baa4e #b-e ,xyl5ol #b-e-;dime?yl ph5ol #baa4e 4#b #b-f ,xyl5ol #b-f-;dime?yl ph5ol #bab4j #c-d ,xyl5ol #c-d-;dime?yl ph5ol #bbe4j #c-e ,xyl5ol #c-e-;dime?yl ph5ol #bbj4j ,or?o e?ylph5ol #b-;e?yl ph5ol #bjf4e ,meta e?ylph5ol #c-;e?yl ph5ol #bag4j ,p>a e?ylph5ol #d-;e?yl ph5ol #bah4e s-me?yl e?ylph5ol#c-me?yl-#e-;e?yl ph5ol #bcb4e 4#e ,iso pseudocum5ol #b-c-e-trime?yl ph5ol #bcc4j ,mesitol #b-d-f-trime?yl ph5ol #bai4e ,pseudocum5ol #b-d-e-trime?yl ph5ol #bcd4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s\rce3 ,ellis1 ,*emi/ry ( ,syn!tic ,res9s4 ,s9ce ! quantities ( t> acids pres5t 9 coal t> are small 7see table #ef71 x is usually uneconomical to di/ill coal t> completely unless ! creosote oil & pit* c be m>ket$ pr(itably4 ,beg9n+ 9 #aicf1 production ( t> acids 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 increas$ by ! practice ( topp+4 ,topp+ is ! recov]y 9 t> di/illation ( ! light fractions only1 leav+ a residual ?9 en\gh to fl[ ?r\gh ! pipe l9es to supply fuel to op5 he>? & o!r type furnaces4 ,^! light fractions conta9 ! naph?al5e & t> acids4 ,! practice p]mits recov]y ( ^! products f t> to be us$ z fuel1 ?us provid+ a new alt]native int]m$iate betwe5 ! two old] practices ( ei!r complete di/illation or us+ ! undi/ill$ t> z fuel4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 consumption ( mo/ ( ! t> acids greatly exce$s ! quantities extract$ f t>1 necessitat+ l>ge production ( syn!tic ph5ol & importation ( l>ge quantities ( ! cresols & xyl5ols4 ,! calculat$ am\nt ( ^! t> acids pres5t 9 ! t> produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry va/ly exce$s pres5t day requirem5ts4 ,table #eg %[s ! approximate am\nts ( ! sev]al t> acids conta9$ 9 ! coal t> produc$ & di/ill$ 9 #aicf4 ,^! e/imates are bas$ on a #aicf production ( coal t> ( #efj1che1egh gallons & a di/illation ( #bib1adj1bdi gallons4 ,! calculation is made by us+ ! p]c5tage ( t> acids 9 t> %[n 9 table #ef & conv]t+ ! gallons to p\nds 9 accordance ) ! specific weights ( ! pure t> acids4 ,actual production ( all t> acids 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aicf 0 ab\t #bi million p\nds4 ,,table #eg4--,t> acids available 9 coal t> produc$ & di/ill$ 9 #aicf --------------------------------------- ,available 9 ,available 9 ,t> acid t> produc$ t> di/ill$ 9 #aicfa 9 #aicfb --------------------------------------- #a1jjj p\nds#a1jjj p\nds ,ph5ol #cd1iab #ah1bjj ,or?ocresol #ai1bgg #aj1jej ,metacresol #ai1bgg #aj1jej ,p>acresol #ad1bij #g1dej ,xyl5ols #aj1bjj #e1caf ,o!rs #be1bjj #ac1bij --------------------------------------- #a #efj1che1egh gallons4 #b #bib1adj1bdi gallons4 ,! sev]al t> acids are discuss$ 9 detail "u ! foll[+ heads3 7a7 ,ph5ol4 7b7 ,! cresols1 xyl5ols1 & cresylic acid4 7c7 ,syn!tic t> acids o!r ?an ph5ol4 ,,ph5ol ,description & uses4 ,ph5ol 7commonly call$ c>bolic acid7 is a t> acid obta9$ f two s\rces3 7a7 ,f "o ( ! fractions recov]$ 9 ! di/illation ( coal t>1 a byproduct result+ f ! manufacture ( coke 9 byproduct ov5s1 & f ! manufacture ( coal gas2 7b7 f b5zol1 by syn!sis4 ,! second s\rce has be5 ! m important s9ce #aibc4 ,ph5ol1 :5 pure1 is a colorless sub/ance ( int]lac$ or sep>ate ne$le-%ap$ cry/als ) a *>act]i/ic aromatic odor4 ,x is corrosive to ! sk9 & to muc\s membrane4 ,:5 pure x is wat] :ite1 melts at ab\t #db ,c41 & boils at ab\t #aha4e ,c4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcd by ,runge4 ,ph5ol is us$ today *iefly z a compon5t ( t>-acid res9s4 ,x is also widely us$ z an antiseptic & dis9fectant1 9 ! manufacture ( explosives 7picric acid & ammonium picrate71 & z an int]m$iate = c]ta9 dyes & m$ic9als4 ,salicylic acid & its d]ivatives--aspir91 salol1 & me?yl salicylate 7artificial oil ( w9t]gre57--are important m$ic9als made f ph5ol4 ,ano!r use is 9 ! extraction ( lubricat+ oils4 ,! relative importance ( ^! v>i\s uses 9 rec5t ye>s is indicat$ by table #eh1 :i* gives ! e/imat$ dome/ic consumption ( ph5ol by uses 9 #aicf-cg4 ,,table #eh4--,ph5ol3 ,e/imat$ consumption by indu/ries1 #aicf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------- ,use ,p]c5t ( total consumption ---------------------------------------- ------- ,syn!tic res9s #fj-fe ,extraction ( lubricat+ oil #e ,insecticides & dis9fectants #aj ,dyes & int]m$iates #e ,o!r #ae-bj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,prior to #aiad ,unit$ ,/ates production ( ph5ol av]ag$ ab\t a million p\nds a ye> & 0 entirely ! natural product obta9$ f di/illates ( coal t>4 ,increas$ dem& dur+ ! ,_w ,w> 0 met by sev]al syn!tic ph5ol processes1 :i* utiliz$ 9 "p ! va/ quantities ( b5zol available4 ,our output ( ph5ol rea*$ #fd million p\nds 9 #aiag & #ajg million p\nds 9 #aiah4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ /ocks on h& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates total$ betwe5 #ce million & #dj million p\nds1 e/imat$ at ?ree times ! annual consumption at t "t = nonmilit>y purposes4 ,z a result ! price dropp$ f ab\t #de c5ts to #f c5ts a p\nd1 & ! syn!tic plants 7 clos$4 ,! limit$ quantities ( ph5ol available to syn!tic res9 mak]s prior to & dur+ ! ,_w ,w> caus$ mu* conc]n to t indu/ry & l$ to rese>* "w = sub/itutes1 "w result+ 9 ! developm5t ( _m new & modifi$ types ( res9s 9 :i* t> acids o!r ?an ph5ol 7 us$4 ,b not)/&+ ! use ( ^! o!r t> acids ! increas$ dem& = syn!tic res9s us$ up ! accumulat$ /ocks ( ph5ol soon] ?an 0 expect$4 ,( ! ph5ol produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #aiai ?r\gh #aibc a l>ge "p 0 natural ph5ol b ! rapid increase 9 dem& & ! improvem5t ( processes = syn!tic ph5ol _h by #aibc result$ 9 f\r companies beg9n+ production ( ! syn!tic article4 ,! rapid increase 9 output1 f ab\t #c million p\nds 9 #aibc to ab\t #ae million p\nds 9 #aibe1 0 almo/ entirely 9 syn!tic ph5ol4 ,s9ce !n a l>ge "p ( ! dome/ic production has cont9u$ to be syn!tic1 al?\gh ! production ( natural ph5ol s9ce #aice has be5 ab\t f\r times t ( #aibi4 ,adequate quantities ( coal t> are usually available to produce suffici5t natural ph5ol to meet a sub/antial "p ( our requirem5ts1 if x 7 all recov]$1 b ! quantity actually produc$ is det]m9$ 9 "p by ! dem& = o!r coal-t> products1 & 9 "p by ! value ( ! t> z fuel4 ,m ?an #ej p]c5t ( ! t> produc$ has be5 burn$ z fuel1 pr9cipally at ! coke ov5s or ne>by /eel mills4 ,! dome/ic production & sales ( ph5ol1 natural & syn!tic comb9$1 are %[n 9 table #ei4 ,,table #ei4--,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiah-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,production ,sales ,ratio ( sales ,c5sus ye>------------------------------------- --- to total ,quantity ,quantity ,value ,unit value production ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj ,p]c5t p\nds p\nds doll>s #aiah #ajf1gid #ajf1gid #cg1bgj #j4ce #aiai #a1edd #a1edd #aef 4#aj #aibc #c1caa #b1ahj #eij 4#bg #ff #aibe #ad1gcd #h1ebd #a1gga 4#ba #eh #aibf #h1fia #e1dhj #ihh 4#ah #fc #aibg #h1jda #d1eie #fhd 4#ae #eg #aibh #aj1bbg #g1gdf #iab 4#ab #gf #aibi #bd1agh #ai1ici #b1bdh 4#aa #hc #aicj #ba1adg #ag1gae #a1igf 4#aa #hd #aica #ag1iha #ad1jjb #a1ddf 4#aj #gh #aicb #ac1ife #ab1aha #a1bfi 4#aj #hg #aicc #cc1bbj #bg1ibc #b1hha 4#aj #hd #aicd #dd1ice #cf1bda #c1hhg 4#aa #ha #aice #dc1dai #cd1ege #c1dca 4#aj #hj #aicf #dh1gbd #dj1idb #d1bce 4#aj #hd #aicg #fe1fij #eg1agf #f1aec 4#aa #hg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,grades produc$ = res9s4--,increas$ production ( ph5ol 9 rec5t ye>s is l>gely due to ! dem& f mak]s ( syn!tic res9s4 ,a numb] ( grades are regul>ly produc$ = ?is purpose1 ?\gh x is believ$ t ! te*nical grade is ! pr9cipal "o us$ 9 res9s4 ,! sev]al grades are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,,usp4--,ei!r natural or syn!tic4 ,?is grade conta9s n less ?an #ih p]c5t ph5ol4 7#b7 ,te*nical4--,v>i\s grades conta9+ f #hj to #ie p]c5t ph5ol1 ( :i* ! two mo/ important are #hb-hd p]c5t & #ij-ib p]c5t4 7#c7 ,mixtures4--,conta9+ f #cj p]c5t to #hj p]c5t ph5ol & ! rema9d] ( ! isom]ic cresols4 ,produc]s4--,natural ph5ol is obta9$ 9 ! di/illation ( coal t> & to a small] ext5t 9 ! purification ( ammonia liquors 9 coke & gas plants4 ,9 #aicg !re 7 f\r produc]s ( natural ph5ol ) plants locat$ at ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,follansbee1 ,w4 ,va41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 & ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,all ^! are t> di/ill]s recov]+ creosote oil1 pit*1 cresylic acid1 naph?al5e1 & o!r crudes f coal t>4 ,syn!tic ph5ol is made f b5z5e1 ei!r by sulfonation foll[$ by alkal9e fusion1 or by *lor9ation & subsequ5t heat+ "u pressure ) cau/ic soda4 ,x is produc$ 9 l>ge quantities by two firms1 "o at ,midl&1 ,mi*41 & ! o!r at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,a ?ird produc] is build+ a plant at ,nor? ,tonaw&a1 ,n4 ,y41 us+ a process rec5tly develop$ 9 ,g]many4 ,op]ation ( ?is unit w probably />t late 9 #aich4 ,_w production4 ,natural ph5ol is recov]$ 9 practically all ,european c\ntries & 9 ,japan4 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are ! pr9cipal produc]s & h also be5 ! lead+ export]s4 ,syn!tic ph5ol 0 made 9 ,g]many z e>ly z #aijj1 & dur+ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,plants = syn!tic ph5ol rec5tly in/all$ are n[ 9 op]ation 9 ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 ,belgium1 & ,italy4 ,table #fj %[s ! av]age annual _w production ( ph5ol 9 rec5t ye>s by c\ntries4 ,half ( ! total 0 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #fj4--,ph5ol3 ,e/imat$ av]age annual production1 by c\ntries1 #aicc-ce ------------------------------- ,e/imat$ ,produc$ 9-- annual production ------------------------------- #a1jjj p\nds ,,unit$ ,,/ates #da1jjj ,unit$ ,k+dom #ah1jjj ,g]many #aj1jjj ,pol& #c1jjj ,japan #c1jjj ,cze*oslovakia #a1jjj ,belgium #b1jjj ,france #b1jjj ,italy #a1ejj ,spa9 #gjj ----------------- ,total #hb1bjj ------------------------------- ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 :]e t> di/illation is a well develop$ & highly organiz$ indu/ry1 l>ge quantities ( gas-works t>1 ri* 9 ph5ol & o!r t> acids1 are available4 ,prior to ! ,_w ,w> ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ph5ol1 & ( ! o!r products ( t> di/illation4 ,dur+ ! w> sev]al syn!tic processes ( comm]cial importance 7 develop$1 b !y 7 discont9u$ aft] its close4 ,a new syn!tic unit has rec5tly be5 in/all$ 9 ,engl& & is n[ 9 op]ation4 ,increas+ consumption ( ph5ol 9 syn!tic res9s dur+ ! la/ decade1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! la/ sev]al ye>s1 has *ang$ ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f an export] to an import] ( ph5ol4 ,e/imat$ consumption ( ph5ol 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is giv5 z #bj million p\nds annually--pr9cipally 9 syn!tic res9s1 & 9 less] quantities 9 dyes1 int]m$iates1 antiseptics1 & dis9fectants4 ,9 ,g]many ! ph5ol recov]$ 9 #aicf am\nt$ to ab\t #bj million p\nds1 & rec5tly ?ree comm]cial units h be5 in/all$ = ! production ( syn!tic ph5ol1 "o ) a report$ daily output ( #aa1jjj p\nds4 ,natural ph5ol is also recov]$ 9 ,belgium1 ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ,pol&1 ,italy1 & ,spa94 ,syn!tic ph5ol has rec5tly be5 produc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,belgium & ,italy4 ,! quantities normally produc$ 9 ^! c\ntries are small & are supplem5t$ by imports f ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many4 ,! production ( ph5ol 9 ,japan has increas$ rapidly & has be5 suffici5t s9ce #aicj to meet dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,! e/imat$ output increas$ f #cjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aibg to m ?an #c million p\nds annually 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! ,miike ,dye/uffs ,works is report$ to be produc+ syn!tic ph5ol4 ,unit$ ,/ates imports4 ,rates ( duty4--,prior to ,septemb] #f1 #aiaf1 ph5ol 0 import$ free ( duty4 ,s9ce t date x has be5 dutiable at ! v>i\s rates %[n 9 table #fa4 ,"u ! act ( #aicj ! rate ( duty is #c c5ts p] p\nd & #bj p]c5t ad valorem on ! ,am]ican sell+ price 7! :olesale price ( a simil> competitive article manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates74#ba ,,table #fa4--,ph5ol3 ,rates ( duty ^u imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiaf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,p]iod ,rate ( duty ,au?ority ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf ,free ,free "u ,t>iff ,act ( #aiac & previ\s acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to #b c5ts p] p\nd plus ,"u ,rev5ue ,act ( #aiaf4 ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 #ae p]c5t ad valorem on =eign value4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to#g c5ts p] p\nd plus ,"u p>4 #bg ( ,t>iff ,act ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 #ee p]c5t ad valorem ( #aibb2 special provision on ,am]ican sell+ = fir/ #b ye>s4 price#a or ,unit$ ,/ates value4#b ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to#g c5ts p] p\nd plus ,"u p>4 #bg ( ,t>iff ,act ,nov4 #bi1 #aibg4 #dj p]c5t ad valorem ( #aibb1 rate provid$ on ,am]ican sell+ = p]iod aft] ! price#a or ,unit$ fir/ #b ye>s4 ,/ates value4#b ,nov4 #cj1 #aibg1 to #c c5ts p] p\nd plus ,by ,presid5tial proclamation ,june #ag1 #aicj4 #bj p]c5t ad valorem foll[+ a co/ ( on ,am]ican sell+ production inve/igation price#a or ,unit$ "u sec4 #cae ( ,t>iff ,/ates value4#b ,act ( #aibb4 ,june #ah1 #aicj #c c5ts p] p\nd plus ,"u p>4 #bg 7b7 ( ,t>iff #bj p]c5t ad valorem ,act ( #aicj4 on ,am]ican sell+ price#c or ,unit$ ,/ates value4#d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a ,z def9$ 9 subdivision 7f7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act ( #aibb4 #b ,z def9$ 9 subdivision 7d7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act ( #aibb4 #c ,z def9$ 9 subsection 7g7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act ( #aicj4 #d ,z def9$ 9 subsection 7e7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act ( #aicj4 ,import /ati/ics4--,imports = consumption are %[n 9 tables #fb & #fc4 ,table #fb %[s imports ( ph5ol or c>bolic acid & table #fc imports ( 8all di/illates ( t>s yield+ bel[ #aij ,c4 an am\nt ( t> acids equal to or m ?an #e p]c5t40 ,imports "u ! latt] classification prior to #aibh 7 probably *iefly ph5ol4 ,ph5ol imports consi/ entirely ( ! natural product4 ,,table #fb4--,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiaj-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,comput$ ,ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value ,unit valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p\nds ,p]c5t #aiaja;,free #d1ejg1ficbge1fjj #j4jfa #aiaaa d #d1cga1jad #bfe1ghj 4#jfa #aiaba d #e1fhf1gjd #eba1deg 4#jib #aiaca d #h1cde1fca #fhh1gga 4#jhc #aiada d #h1cic1baf #eca1ece 4#jfc #aiaea d #c1ajf1dde #agi1fhe 4#jeh #aiafa7b7 #b1bdf1bef #aed1hda 4#jfi #aiagaae p]c5t #b c5ts #bfe1eai #ag1afh 4#jfe #ec4g p] p\nd #aiah d #bhc1ccg #fb1dig 4#bba #bf4c #aiai d #b1jfa #bfd 4#abh #cd4e #aibj d #a1jdj #bdd 4#bce #be4h #aiba d #bej #adb 4#efh #ai4d #aibb 7#c7 #bhj1bbd #cj1dad 4#aji #ch4j #fi1caj #af1ajb 4#bcj #he4a #aibc #ee p]c5t #g c5ts #abf1fah #ba1chi 4#afi #if4d p] p\nd #d #aibd 7#e7 #agf1jha #df1ghf 4#bff #ha4d #aibe #dj p]c5t #g c5ts #bef1abf #eh1ieh 4#bcj #gj4d p] p\nd #d #aibf d #bah1dcg #dg1cea 4#bag #gb4c #aibg 7#f7 #ejj #ajj 4#bjj #ge4j #aibh #bj p]c5t #c c5ts #a1fec #bih 4#ahj #ci4d p] p\nd #d #aibi d #dcc1che #dd1bbf 4#ajb #ed4c #aicj d #ejj #aae 4#bcj #ci4d #aica d #b1cfe #fci 4#bgj #cc4j #aicb d ,none #aicc d #c1ddj #fda 4#ahf #ch4h #aicd d ,none #aice d #b1fje #baa 4#jha #fc4j #aicf d #ga1dbi #h1cjb 4#aaf #ej4a #aicgg d #cb1bch #c1gfg 4#aag #ej4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,fiscal ye>4 #b #ae p]c5t ad valorem & #b c5ts p] p\nd effective ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf4 #c #ee p]c5t ad valorem & #g c5ts p] p\nd1 effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb4 #d ,ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value "u acts ( #aibb & #aicj4 #e ,ad valorem r$uc$ to #dj p]c5t effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd4 #f ,duty r$uc$ to #bj p]c5t ad valorem & #c c5ts p] p\nd effective ,nov4 #cj1 #aibg4 #g ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #fc4--;,all di/illates ( t> yield+ bel[ #aij ,c4 an am\nt ( t> acids equal to or m ?an #e p]c5t3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiah-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,comput$ ,cal5d> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value,unit valuead valorem ye> rate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p\nds ,p]c5t #aiah #ae p]c5t #b c5ts #a1eejb1jjh #a4cj #af4ic p] p\nd #aiai d #c1agj #d1ehg #a4de #af4gc #aibj d #he1dgdcf1jda 4#dbb #bj4ic #aiba d #af1bdjaa1haa 4#gbg #ah4dc #aibb 7#a7 #cej1gfddb1iab 4#abb #df4bg #aibc #ee p]c5t #g c5ts #bde1aaicj1cbh 4#abd #aaa4eh p] p\nd#b #aibd 7#c7 #ffb1ichdi1chj 4#jgd #acd4dc #aibe #dj p]c5t #g c5ts #beb1chbae1dda 4#jfa #aed4da p] p\nd#b #aibf d #a1ajb #e1bcf #d4ge #da4dg #aibg 7#d7 #b #af #h4jj #dj4hh #aibh-cg ,none ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a #ee p]c5t ad valorem & #g c5ts p] p\nd1 effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb4 #b ,ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value "u acts ( #aibb & #aicj4 #c ,ad valorem r$uc$ to #dj p]c5t1 effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd4 #d ,duty r$uc$ to #bj p]c5t ad valorem & #c c5ts p] p\nd1 effective ,nov4 #cj1 #aibg4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,unit$ ,/ates exports4 ,exports ( ph5ol h n be5 sep>ately %[n 9 (ficial /ati/ics s9ce #aibd4 ,9 t ye> !y w5t *iefly to ,panama1 ,japan1 ,cuba1 & ,mexico4 ,table #fd %[s exports f #aiah to #aibd1 inclusive1 z furni%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,,table #fd4--,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates exports1 #aiah-bd --------------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity ,value ,unit value --------------------------------- ,p\nds #aiahf1dgg1hdab1fff1fcd #j4dab #aiaia1bdc1hda #cfc1gdd 4#bib #aibjb1aea1dge #chh1jdg 4#ahj #aiba #bdi1feh #ce1iid 4#add #aibb #bbc1adf #bc1bbc 4#ajd #aibc #bcb1hcj #cd1chi 4#adh #aibd #ea1cfd #h1jaf 4#aef --------------------------------- ,s\rce3 ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,appreciable quantities ( ph5ol h be5 export$ 9 rec5t ye>s to ,japan & ,*9a1 & to ,great ,brita9 & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,export /ati/ics1 collect$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission f ! sev]al dome/ic produc]s1 %[ ! foll[+ quantities export$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,,table #fe4--,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates exports1 #aicd-cf ------------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity ,value ,unit value ------------------------------- ,p\nds #aicdb1fbb1ijjcbi1bfi #j4abf #aiceb1iba1hce #cbb1icc 4#aaa #aicfa1beh1bdd #adh1eja 4#aah ------------------------------- ,s\rce3 ,data obta9$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission ?r\gh que/ionnaires4 ,9 #aicd1 ! pr9cipal de/9ations 9 ord] ( importance 7 ,*9a1 ,italy1 & ,canada2 9 #aice ,g]many1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,belgium2 & 9 #aicf ,*9a1 ,belgium1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,competitive conditions4 ,be=e ! ,_w ,w> our av]age annual consumption ( ph5ol 0 #e million p\nds1 ( :i* ab\t #hj p]c5t 0 import$ f ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many4 ,^! c\ntries produc$ ph5ol 9 excess ( _! consumption1 & ph5ol 0 on ! free li/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,septemb] #aiaf ph5ol became dutiable4 ,! dem& 0 increas+ rapidly because ( ! use ( ph5ol 9 ! manufacture ( picric acid1 an explosive4 ,to meet ! w>time dem& at home & abroad l>ge scale production ( syn!tic ph5ol sprang up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ! end ( ! w> n only %ut (f ! l>ge/ "p ( ! dem& b left ! produc]s ) l>ge /ocks on h&4 ,! price dropp$ %>ply & ! production ( syn!tic ph5ol ceas$4 ,s9ce #aibb !re has be5 a gradually increas+ dem& = ph5ol 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 *iefly = use 9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s1 & production has increas$ to meet ?is dem& z %[n 9 table #ff4 ,,table #ff4--,ph5ol3 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 imports1 exports1 & app>5t consumption 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiah-cg ,9 ?\s&s ( p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,ye>,production#a;,imports#b;,exports#c ,app>5t consumption#d ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aiah #ajf1gid #bhe #f1dgh 7#e7 #aiai #a1edd #e #a1bdd 7#e7 #aibc #c1caa #cgb #bcc #c1dej #aibe #ad1gcd #iai 7#f7 7#g7 #aibf #h1fia #bbj 7#f7 7#g7 #aibg #h1jda #a 7#f7 7#g7 #aibh #aj1bbg #b 7#f7 7#g7 #aibi #bd1agh #dcc 7#f7 7#g7 #aicj #ba1adg #a 7#f7 7#g7 #aica #ag1iha #b 7#f7 7#g7 #aicb #ac1ife 7#f7 7#g7 #aicc #cc1bbj #c 7#f7 7#g7 #aicd #dd1ice #b1fbc #db1cab #aice #dc1dai #c #b1ibb #dj1ejj #aicf #dh1gbd #ga #a1beh #dg1ecg #aicg #fe1fij #cb 7#f7 7#g7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,f table #ei4 #b ,f tables #fb & #fc4 #c ,f tables #fd & #fe4 #d ,production plus imports m9us exports4 #e ,n calculat$ because ( importance ( /ocks on h&4 #f ,n available4 #g ,n available because ( abs5ce ( export figures4 ,exports probably negligible up to #aibi2 sub/antial 9 #aicc4 ,! manufacture ( syn!tic ph5ol 0 reviv$ ab\t #aibc4 ,imports 7 q small z comp>$ ) production1 especially aft] #aibg4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 probably due prim>ily to ! protection giv5 by ! duty :i* _h be5 increas$ 9 #aibb4bb ,b ) ! increase 9 volume ( production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! price decreas$ & s9ce #aicc ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc]s h enjoy$ a sub/antial export bus9ess4 ,x may !re=e be d\bt$ t 9 rec5t ye>s !re w\ld h be5 any sub/antial imports ev5 if ph5ol _h be5 free ( duty4 ,,! ,,cresols1 ,,xyl5ols1 ,,& ,,cresylic ,,acid ,ref]5ce to table #ef1 page #aji1 w %[ t1 z di/illation ( coal t> proce$s & ! temp]ature ( di/illation is increas$1 ! ph5ol fraction is foll[$ 9 ord] by ! ?ree cresols & !n by ! six xyl5ols4 ,ea* ( ^! t> acids is a def9ite *emical comp\nd ) def9ite physical prop]ties4 ,consid]ation ( !m z raw mat]ials = syn!tic res9s is complicat$ by ! fact t !y are g5]ally us$ 9 mixtures & t ! comm]cial t]m1 cresylic acid1 appli$ to _m ( ^! mixtures has no def9ite relation%ip to ! precise *emical t]m9ology4 ,yet s9ce ! t]m cresylic acid is s widely us$ 9 comm]ce1 s9ce ! t>iff provides = imports "u t "n1 & s9ce ! /ati/ics available are 9 "p 9 t]ms ( cresylic acid & 9 "p 9 t]ms ( cresols & xyl5ols x is impossible to pres5t ! complete picture on ! basis ( ! correct *emical t]m9ology4 ,description & uses4 ,! cresols4--,! cresols are isom]ic t> acids obta9$ f coal t> by fractional di/illation4 ,_! comb9$ cont5t av]ages ab\t #a p]c5t ( dome/ic coal t>4 ,! total cresol cont5t is divid$ 9 ab\t ! foll[+ proportions3 #dj p]c5t metacresol1 #ce p]c5t or?ocresol1 & #be p]c5t p>acresol4 ,! cresols are m>ket$ 9 a numb] ( types & grades includ+ mixtures ( or?o1 meta1 & p>a2 mixtures ( meta & p>a2 sep>at$ or?o1 meta1 & p>a2 & also 9 mixtures ) ph5ol & ! xyl5ols4 ,metacresol 7*emically1 #c-me?yl ph5ol7 is a colorless to yell[ liquid ) a ph5ol-l odor4 ,:5 pure1 x melts at #aa ,c41 boils at #bjb4h ,c41 & has a specific gravity ( #a4jc4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s1 photographic develop]s1 explosives1 dis9fectant soaps1 pa9t & v>ni% remov]s1 to remove ink f newspr9t1 to s(t5 & reclaim rubb]1 & 9 int]m$iates = dyes & p]fume mat]ials4 ,or?ocresol 7*emically1 #b-me?yl ph5ol7 is a colorless1 cry/all9e product ) a ph5ol-l odor1 melt+ at #cj ,c41 boil+ at #aij4h ,c41 & hav+ a specific gravity ( #a4jd4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( c\m>9 7flavor71 antiseptics1 dis9fectants1 & fumigants4 ,x is n us$ to any ext5t 9 syn!tic res9s4 ,p>acresol 7*emically1 #d-me?yl ph5ol7 is a colorless1 cry/all9e sub/ance ) a ph5ol-l odor1 melt+ at #ce ,c41 boil+ at #bja4h ,c41 & hav+ a specific gravity ( #a4jc4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( int]m$iates1 dyes1 dis9fectants1 & fumigants1 9 m$ic9e1 & 9 mixture ) metacresol 9 syn!tic res9s4 ,dome/ic production ( syn!tic p>acresol 0 ann\nc$ e>ly 9 #aich by ,swann ,co41 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 ,metap>acresol is a comb9ation ( approximately #fj p]c5t meta & #dj p]c5t p>a cresol obta9$ 9 ! fractional di/illation ( mix$ cresols4 ,! or?o isom] is di/ill$ (f1 leav+ a residue ( metap>acresol4 ,x is widely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s4 ,cresol4--,! t]m cresol us$ )\t fur!r qualification indicates a mixture ( ! ?ree isom]s 9 sub/antially ! same proportions 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 coal t>4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopoeia describes cresol1 a mixture ( isom]ic cresols obta9$ f coal t>1 z a colorless or yell[i% to br[ni%-yell[ or a p9ki%1 highly refractive liquid1 becom+ d>k] ) age & on exposure to light4 ,x is widely us$ 9 syn!tic res9s1 antiseptics & dis9fectants1 & 9 m$ic9e4 ,! xyl5ols4--,%ortly aft] ! orig9al pat5ts on ,bakelite res9s expir$ ext5sive rese>* 0 begun = raw mat]ials t w\ld give diff]5t prop]ties to ! resultant res9s4 ,?is "w l$ to a /udy ( ! high-boil+ t> acids1 & me?ods ( recov]y = "s ( !m 7 comm]cially develop$4 ,among ^? obta9$ f coal t> are ! six isom]ic xyl5ols1 me?yle?yl ph5ol1 & "o ( ! trime?yl ph5ols 7see table #ef74 ,coal t> conta9s ab\t #j4b p]c5t xyl5ols & #j4e p]c5t o!r high-boil+ t> acids4 ,! pr9cipal uses = ^! products h be5 9 ! prep>ation ( high-ph5ol coeffici5t dis9fectants1 & rec5tly 9 ! replacem5t ( ph5ol & cresols 9 syn!tic res9s4 ,x 0 f\nd1 = example1 t #c3 #e xyl5ol reacts ) =maldehyde fa/] ?an ei!r metacresol or ph5ol4 ,num]\s pat5ts h be5 grant$ on ! use ( ^! high-boil+ acids 9 ! production ( syn!tic res9s4 ,! xyl5ols1 :5 pure1 are colorless1 cry/all9e sub/ances boil+ betwe5 #baa & #bbe ,c4 ,!y are usually m>ket$ 9 mixtures conta9+ f #ej to #hj p]c5t xyl5ols & #bj to #ej p]c5t cresols4 ,!re is comm]cial production ( at lea/ "o ( ! sep>at$ xyl5ols 7#c3 #e74 ,an appreciable "p ( our imports ( crude cresylic acid & ( our production ( cresylic acid conta9s high p]c5tages ( ! xyl5ols4 ,o!r high-boil+ t> acids4--,! o!r high-boil+ t> acids are or?o e?ylph5ol1 meta e?ylph5ol1 p>a e?ylph5ol1 me?yl e?ylph5ol1 & ! ?ree isom]ic trime?yl ph5ols4 ,sev]al ( ^! h be5 isolat$ f coal t>4 ,all ( !m1 :5 pure1 are cry/all9e comp\nds ) boil+ po9ts rang+ betwe5 #bjf & #bce ,c4 ,!re has be5 little1 if any1 comm]cial production ( ?is gr\p up to ?is "t4 ,!y are kn[n1 h[ev]1 to h v high ph5ol coeffici5ts1 a prop]ty :i* w\ld make !m suitable = use 9 dis9fectants4 ,little is kn[n z yet conc]n+ _! application 9 syn!tic res9s4 ,cresylic acid4--,cresylic acid is a g5]ic t]m n[ appli$ to mixtures ( t> acids 9 widely v>y+ proportions4 ,z def9$ 9 ! lit]ature & z =m]ly us$ 9 comm]ce ! t]m id5tifi$ a mixture ( or?o1 meta1 & p>a cresols 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y occur 9 coal t>4 ,?is proportion is approximately #dj p]c5t metacresol1 #ce p]c5t or?ocresol1 & #be p]c5t p>acresol4 ,b 9 rec5t ye>s ! designation cresylic acid has be5 appli$ to all sorts ( mixtures ( t> acids boil+ above #aij ,c4 ,practically e mak] ( syn!tic res9s1 antiseptics1 & dis9fectants has 8 own specifications = cresylic acid2 x may be any mixture 9 almo/ any proportions ( ! ?ree cresols1 ! six isom]ic xyl5ols1 & ! high] boil+ t> acids4 ,imports ( crude cresylic acid are und]/ood to be l>gely xyl5ol mixtures conta9+ l[ p]c5tages ( ! cresols4 ,?is loose application ( cresylic acid 9 rec5t ye>s is due to ! increas$ comm]cial application ( ! high-boil+ t> acids1 especially ! xyl5ols4 ,"u ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj ref9$ cresylic acid1 t hav+ a purity ( #ge p]c5t or m1 is dutiable "u p>agraph #bg at #c c5ts p] p\nd & #bj p]c5t ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value2 :ile crude cresylic acid1 t hav+ a purity ( less ?an #ge p]c5t1 is free "u p>agraph #afea4 ,! provision 9 p>agraph #bg reads1 8cresylic acid :i* on be+ subject$ to di/illation yields 9 ! portion di/ill+ bel[ two hundr$ & fifte5 degrees c5tigrade1 a quantity ( t> acids equal to or m ?an #ge p] c5tum ( ! orig9al di/illate40 ,"u ?is provision cresylic acid may include an endless numb] ( comb9ations ( t> acids & may or may n conta9 any ( ! isom]ic cresols4 ,( ! #ag or m t> acids kn[n to exi/ 9 coal t> 7see table #ef71 only #h h boil+ po9ts above #bae ,c4 ,x w\ld seem to be m accurate & m 9 l9e ) pres5t day usage to h ! t>iff drop ! designation cresylic acid 9 favor ( m def9ite t]ms bas$ on composition1 su* z cresols & cresol mixes1 xyl5ol & xyl5ol mixes1 etc4 ,ab\t #fj p]c5t ( our consumption ( cresylic acid is 9 syn!tic res9s & ! rema9d] 9 ! manufacture ( insecticides1 antiseptics1 dis9fectants1 & o!r coal-t> products1 su* z int]m$iates = dyes1 pla/iciz]s = nitrocellulose1 etc4 ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,! cresols4--,!re is l>ge production ( cresol1 metap>acresol1 & or?ocresol 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,comm]cial production ( p>acresol 0 report$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aicd1 & ( metacresol 9 #aice4 ,/ati/ics ( dome/ic production & sales are publi%able only = ! ye> #aicd because ( ! small numb] ( produc]s4 ,! output 9 t ye> is %[n 9 table #fg4 ,production has increas$ appreciably s9ce !n4 ,,table #fg4--,meta1 or?o1 & p>a cresols3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aicd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sales ,type ,production --------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,cresol #h1ibi1hcf #h1eei1jdh #egb1gch #j4jg ,metap>acresol #b1jcc1dbd #a1fib1adi #aja1cbd 4#jf ,or?ocresol #hce1jaf 7#a7 7#a7 ,p>acresol 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,n publi%able2 figures w\ld reveal op]ations ( individual firms4 ,s\rce3 ,dyes & ,o!r ,syn!tic ,organic ,*emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,! tr5d ( dome/ic production ( ! sev]al cresols is upw>d4 ,9 #aicg ! output ( all grades & types ( cresols 0 #ac1gde1bga p\nds ) sales ( #ac1bea1cde p\nds1 valu$ at #a1jga1ife4 ,! practice ( topp+ coal t> w greatly increase ! output ( ! cresols z well z ( o!r t> acids & naph?al5e4 ,!re are five dome/ic produc]s ( cresol1 ?ree ea* ( or?ocresol & metap>acresol1 & two ( metacresol & p>acresol4 ,all except "o ( ^! mak]s recov] natural ph5ol1 cresylic acids1 & o!r t> acids4 ,ref9+ plants are locat$ at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 & ,follansbee1 ,w4 ,va4 ,dome/ic production ( syn!tic p>acresol 0 fir/ ann\nc$ 9 #aich4 ,! xyl5ols4--,!re has be5 a l>ge dome/ic production ( mix$ xyl5ols 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,^! mixtures1 conta9+ f #ej to #hj p]c5t xyl5ols1 are m>ket$ z cresylic acid4 ,/ati/ics ( dome/ic production1 & sales are !re=e includ$ 9 table #fh4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! output ( xyl5ols & xyl5ol mixtures 9 #aice exce$$ #gej1jjj p\nds & exce$$ #a1bej1jjj p\nds 9 #aicg4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! sep>at$ xyl5ols 7#a3 #c3 #e7 has be5 produc$ comm]cially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce #aice1 b /ati/ics ( its production are n publi%able4 ,o!r high-boil+ t> acids4--,!re 0 no report$ dome/ic production ( ! o!r high-boil+ acids prior to #aice & ! data obta9$ = t ye> are probably incomplete4 ,e/imat$ output 0 #bjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aice1 #bej1jjj p\nds 9 #aicf1 & #cjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aicg4 ,^! e/imates are bas$ on production ( mixtures ( high-boil+ acids4 ,cresylic acid4--,dome/ic production & sales /ati/ics = s-call$ crude cresylic acid are n publi%able4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t production ( ! crude is small comp>$ ) our output ( ref9$ cresylic acid4 ,x is usually m economical = ! produc] to prep>e ! mixture ( t> acids to ! specifications ( ! pur*as]1 r ?an to leave "p ( ! ref9+ op]ations to be p]=m$ by ! latt]4 ,! fact t imports ( cresylic acid are *iefly ( crude is l>gely due to ! diff]5t t>iff treatm5t ( crude & ref9$4 ,dome/ic production ( ref9$ cresylic acid 0 conf9$ to "o or two firms until #aibh1 :5 !re 7 f\r mak]s4 ,/ati/ics ( production & sales are n publi%able = ! ye>s prior to #aibi1 ?\gh x may be /at$ t ! annual dome/ic output increas$ ea* ye> to supply ! increas$ dem&4 ,table #fh %[s production & sales f #aibi to #aicd1 inclusive4 ,data = lat] ye>s are n publi%able4 ,,table #fh4--,ref9$ cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,sales ,ye> ,production ----------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p] p\nd #aibi #ad1fja1ecd #j4aj #aicj #ag1cje1cjh #af1jbf1djg #a1bfg1aee 4#jh #aica #aj1iid1jjj #aj1cje1jjj #feb1jjj 4#jf #aicb #h1jfj1jjj #d1hje1jjj #bea1jjj 4#je #aicc #ac1hac1ida #aa1ige1dda #fbf1dif 4#je #aicd #aj1idi1hfj #i1bcj1bee #dhi1bca 4#je #aice 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicf 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicg 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,n publi%able2 figures w\ld reveal op]ations ( individual firms4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! composition ( cresylic acid has gradually be5 *ang$ f a mixture ( ! isom]ic cresols to mixtures ( cresols1 xyl5ols1 & high-boil+ t> acids4 ,! cresols1 =m]ly includ$ "u cresylic acid /ati/ics1 are n[ %[n sep>ately4 ,= ?is reason ! data 9 table #fh d n fully reflect ! increas$ output ( ^! t> acids 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,/ati/ics = ye>s prior to #aica probably include all ( ! t> acids except ph5ol1 :ile ^? = subsequ5t ye>s d n include ! sep>at$ cresols4 ,9 #aicd ! production ( ref9$ cresylic acid 0 #aj1idi1hfj p\nds1 & 9 addition recov]y ( ! sev]al cresols am\nt$ to #aa1gih1bgf p\nds mak+ a total ( #bb1gdh1acf p\nds z comp>$ ) a total ( #ad1fja1ecd p\nds 9 #aibi & #ag1cje1cjh p\nds 9 #aicj4 ,dur+ #aicf & ! fir/ "p ( #aicg a s]i\s %ortage ( cresylic acid exi/$ 9 ! dome/ic m>ket ow+ to increas$ dem& by syn!tic res9 mak]s4 ,! output 9 #aicf exce$$ t 9 #aice & ! production 9 #aicg 0 appreciably high] ?an 9 #aicf4 ,^! increases are due to ! recov]y ( appreciable quantities at sev]al new di/illation plants1 ! topp+ ( l>ge am\nts ( t> hi!rto n process$1 & increas$ production by pres5t recov]y units4 ,!re are _m grades ( cresylic acid1 mo/ ( :i* are prep>$ by mix+ or bl5d+ to individual specifications4 ,e l>ge consum] app>5tly has 8 own specifications4 ,9 addition to ^! special mixtures !re are ! foll[+ /&>d bl5ds3 7#a7 ,n9ety-n9e p]c5t high-boil+1 /raw color4 7#b7 ,l[-boil+1 /raw color4 7#c7 ,special res9 grade1 high-boil+4 ,!re are f\r dome/ic produc]s ( cresylic acid ) recov]y & ref9+ units at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 & ,follansbee1 ,w4 ,va4 ,! la/ ?ree m5tion$ are ref9+ plants op]at$ 9 conjunction ) a numb] ( t> di/illation units widely scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,^! units usually recov] crude t>-acid fractions 9 ! di/illation ( t> & %ip !m to ^! ref9+ plants = sep>ation & ref9+4 ,all 9 ?is gr\p are pur*as]s ( coal t>4 ,! f\r? produc] op]ates a byproduct recov]y unit 9 connection ) ! company's coke-ov5 op]ations4 ,"p ( ! coal t> produc$ is di/ill$ to recov] ! sev]al products1 includ+ creosote oil1 t> acids1 & naph?al5e1 & ! residual pit* is mix$ ) ! rema9+ undi/ill$ t> & us$ = fuel4 ,! %ortage ( t> acids & naph?al5e 9 #aicf caus$ ?is produc] to beg9 ! topp+ ( t>4 ,=eign production4 ,! cresols are produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,belgium1 & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,coal t> recov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is pr9cipally gas t>1 :i* is mu* ri*] 9 t> acids ?an coke-ov5 t>1 ! pr9cipal s\rce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is true because l[ temp]ature c>bonization ( coal yields great] quantities ( t> acids ?an are obta9$ 9 ! t> f byproduct coke ov5s4 ,exports to ! ,unit$ ,/ates are *iefly mixtures :i* c ent] z crude cresylic acid4 ,production ( cresol 9 ,g]many 9 rec5t ye>s is %[n 9 table #fi4 ,,table #fi4--;,cresol3 ,g]man production1 9 specifi$ ye>s ------------------- ,ye> #a1jjj p\nds ------------------- #aibi #bc1had #aicaa #ae1dce #aicc #aa1ghj #aicd #aj1dgf ------------------- #a ,includes #b1hff1jjj p\nds ( sep>at$ or?o1 meta1 & p>a cresols4 ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,g]man imports & exports ( cresol1 9 rec5t ye>s1 are %[n 9 table #gj4 ,,table #gj4--;,cresol3 ,g]man imports & exports1 9 specifi$ ye>s -------------------- ,ye>,imports ,exports -------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj p\nds p\nds #aibi #b1jcg #h1did #aicj #a1bgg #f1gab #aica #a1hgd #g1ihj #aicb #a1eda #c1ffi #aicc #a1hcb #d1igj #aicd #a1ifj #f1cde #aice #b1aag #h1ebh #aicf #c1gcg #d1eca #aicg #a1ghg #d1dbc -------------------- ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports 7#aibi-cc7 & (ficial ,g]man /ati/ics 7#aicd-cg74 ,! output ( cresols 9 ,cze*oslovakia 9 rec5t ye>s is %[n 9 table #ga4 ,,table #ga4--;,cresol3 ,production 9 ,cze*oslovakia1 9 specifi$ ye>s --------------- ,ye> ,quantity --------------- #a1jjj p\nds #aibh #a1ihd #aica #a1dgg #aicb #a1ajb #aicc #a1eii #aicd #a1iah --------------- ,s\rce3 ,consul> reports4 ,cresylic acid is recov]$ 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many be+ ! lead+ produc]s & ! pr9cipal export]s4 ,increas+ dem& 9 ^! c\ntries = syn!tic res9s made f cresylic acid has greatly r$uc$ ! quantities available = export 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,great ,brita9 is probably ! _w's l>ge/ produc] ( cresylic acid1 & = _m ye>s has be5 ! pr9cipal export] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is position is due to ! l>ge available supply ( gas-h\se t>1 & to an ample m>ket = all ! products ( t> di/illation4 ,9 #aice ! t> di/ill$ 9 ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ,scotl& total$ #cfj million gallons1 ( :i* #ee p]c5t 0 gas-h\se t>4 ,briti% production ( all grades ( cresylic acid av]ages betwe5 #ce million & #db million p\nds annually1 ( :i* f #ab million to #bj million p\nds are export$4 ,_m ,briti% produc]s m>ket _! t> products ?r\gh pools & associations4 ,!re is a cresylic acid pool1 a ph5ol pool1 & at lea/ two creosote oil export associations1 a pit* m>ket+ association1 & a b5zol association4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal grades ( cresylic acid produc$ 9 ,great ,brita9 is 8,am]ican duty-free specification40 ,table #gb %[s ,briti% exports ( cresylic acid1 by c\ntries1 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,,table #gb4--;,cresylic acid3 ,briti% exports1 by c\ntries1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,de/9ation #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,quantity 79 ?\s&s ( p\nds7 ------------------------------ ,,unit$ ,,/ates #c1faf #e1ghc #f1aafaa1bif7a7 ,*ile #a1cha #b1ieh #b1had #ffb7a7 ,france #ceh #hg #bad #ahi7a7 ,japan #fcb #bjc #fhe #b1jjb7a7 ,all o!r c\ntries #e1dfd #f1ife #g1ccc #i1bej7a7 ------------------------------ ,total #aa1deaae1iigag1afbbc1ciibf1fig ------------------------------- ,value 79 ?\s&s ( doll>s7 ------------------------------ ,,unit$ ,,/ates #adg #bgg #bee #fbj7a7 ,*ile #bh #hi #hg #ca7a7 ,france #ba #e #bj #ad7a7 ,japan #ch #bj #dc #aah7a7 ,all o!r c\ntries #ahi #cjg #ccj #ecg7a7 ------------------------------ ,total #dbb #fih #gcd #a1cba #b1bfb ---------------------------------------- --------- #a ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,(ficial ,briti% /ati/ics4 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,rates ( duty4--,prior to ,septemb] #h1 #aiaf1 ! cresols 7 import$ free ( duty4 ,s9ce t date !y h be5 subject to ! t>iff treatm5t %[n 9 table #gc4 ,,table #gc4--,! cresols3 ,rates ( duty ^u ,unit$ ,/ates imports1 #aiaf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,rate ( duty ,p]iod ---------------------------------- ,au?ority ,less ?an #ge to #ij #ij p]c5t #ge p]c5t p]c5t or m pure pure pure ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf4 ,free ,free ,free ,free "u p>4 #deb1 ,t>iff ,act ( #aiac1 & "u previ\s acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to d d #ae p]c5t ,rev5ue ,act ( ,sept4 #h1 #aiba4 ad #aiaf4 valorem & #b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiba1 to d d #ae p]c5t ,em]g5cy ,t>iff ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 ad ,act ( #aiba4 valorem ,f ,may #bh1 & #b #aiba1 to ,sept4 c5ts p] #ba1 #aibb1 p\nd4 imports prohibit$ except :5 n obta9able 9 suffici5t quantities or on reasonable t]ms z to quality1 price1 & t]ms ( deliv]y4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to d #ee p]c5t ad#ee p]c5t ,free "u p>4 ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 valorem & ad #aedi & #g c5ts p] valorem dutiable "u p\nd4#a & #g p>4 #bg ( c5ts p] ,t>iff ,act ( p\nd4#a #aibb4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to d #dj p]c5t ad#dj p]c5t ,same2 ad valorem ,june #ag1 #aicj4 valorem & ad r$uc$ to #dj #g c5ts p] valorem p]c5t "u p\nd4#a & #g provisions ( c5ts p] ! ,t>iff ,act p\nd4#a ( #aibb4 ,june #ah1 #aicj1 to d d #bj p]c5t ,free "u p>4 date4 & #c #afea & c5ts p] dutiable "u p\nd4#a p>4 #bg ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value4 ,"u ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj metacresol1 or?ocresol1 & p>acresol z su* or 9 mixture1 if less ?an #ge p]c5t pure1 w\ld be import$ free "u p>agraph #afea4bc ,if f #ge to #ij p]c5t1 !y are dutiable "u p>agraph #bg at #g c5ts a p\nd & #dj p]c5t bas$ ^u ,am]ican sell+ price4#bd ,& if #ij p]c5t pure or m1 !y are dutiable "u p>agraph #bg at #c c5ts p] p\nd & #bj p]c5t1 bas$ ^u ,am]ican sell+ price4#be ,! duties on cresylic acid 9 rec5t ye>s are %[n 9 table #gd4 ,"u ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj1 cresylic acid less ?an #ge p]c5t pure is free "u p>agraph #afea4bc ,if m ?an #ge p]c5t pure x is dutiable "u p>agraph #bg 7b7 at #c c5ts p] p\nd & #bj p]c5t1 bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price4#bf ,,table #gd4--;,cresylic acid3 ,rates ( duty ^u ,unit$ ,/ates imports1 #aiaf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,rate ( duty --------------------------- ,p]iod ,less ?an ,au?ority #ge p]c5t #ge p]c5t pure pure or m ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf4 ,free ,free ,free "u p>4 #deb ( ,t>iff ,act ( #aiac & previ\s acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to d #ae p]c5t ad ,rev5ue ,act ( #aiaf4 ,sept4 #h1 #aiba4 valorem & #b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiba1 to d #ae p]c5t ad ,em]g5cy ,t>iff ,act ( ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 valorem & #aiba4 ,f ,may #bh1 #b c5ts p] #aiba1 to ,sept4 #ba1 p\nd4 #aibb1 imports prohibit$ except :5 n obta9able 9 suffici5t quantities or on reasonable t]ms z to quality1 price1 & t]ms ( deliv]y4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to d #ee p]c5t ad ,free "u p>4 #aedi ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 valorem & & dutiable "u #g c5ts p] p>4 #bg ( ! ,t>iff p\nd4#a ,act ( #aibb4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to d #dj p]c5t ad ,same2 ad valorem ,aug4 #ah1 #aibg4 valorem & r$uc$ to #dj p]c5t #g c5ts p] "u provisions ( p\nd4#a ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aibb4 ,aug4 #ai1 #aibg1 to d #bj p]c5t ad ,duty r$uc$ by ,june #ag1 #aicj4 valorem & ,presid5tial #c c5ts p] proclamation4 p\nd4#a ,june #ah1 #aicj1 to d #bj p]c5t ad ,free "u p>4 #afea & date4 valorem & dutiable "u p>4 #bg #c c5ts p] ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( p\nd4#a #aicj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value4 ,import /ati/ics4--,imports ( ! sep>at$ & mix$ cresols are comb9$ 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 ,table #ge %[s imports ( ! cresols 8#ij p]c5t pure or m40 ,!re h be5 no record$ imports ( less pure grades4 ,tables #gf1 #gg1 & #gh %[1 by pr9cipal s\rces1 imports ( metacresol1 or?ocresol1 & p>acresol1 z obta9$ f invoice analyses by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,t>iff ,commission4 ,! sum ( ! ?ree tabulations does n equal ! total %[n = all cresols 9 table #ge4 ,! diff]5ce 9 #aicd ( #ch1gdd p\nds valu$ at #ab1ijf is acc\nt$ = by mix$ cresols4 ,und\bt$ly ! diff]5ces 9 o!r ye>s may be simil>ly acc\nt$ =4 ,,table #ge4--,metacresol1 or?ocresol1 & p>acresol1 #ij p]c5t pure or m3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aibj1 & #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit ,comput$ ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( duty#a ,quantity ,value valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p\nds ,p]c5t #aibj #b c5ts p] p\nd #b1dddb1bcjj4iab #ag4g #ae p]c5t #aibc #g c5ts p] p\nd #h1ged #e1daj 4#fah #ff4c #ee p]c5t #aibd d #ae1cbf #a1iie 4#acj #ajh4h #g c5ts p] p\nd #a1jjj #ffc 4#ffc #ej4f #dj p]c5t #aibe d #cd1hgd #e1gda 4#afe #hb4e #aibf d #aje1bchae1jdj 4#adc #hi4j #aibg d #agd1jidce1jed 4#bja #gd4h #aibh d #bjg1higcc1fch 4#afb #hc4c #aibi d #bbg1igdcb1jih 4#ada #hi4h #aicj3 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag d #aca1acdad1igc 4#aad #aja4c ,june #ah-;,dec4 #cac c5ts p] p\nd #ga1ahcaa1gfb 4#afe #da4b #bj p]c5t ------------------------------ ,total1 #aicj #bjb1cagbf1gce 4#acb #gd4i #aica d #aea1egabf1ija 4#agg #ci4g #aicb d #hc1hdhah1ecj 4#bba #ce4h #aicc d #dh1eaaaf1bje 4#ccd #cj4e #aicd d #abd1eihcd1cfa 4#bgf #cb4g #aice d #fe1dfhah1bij 4#bgi #cb4e #aicf d #hc1bgcbg1fhf 4#ccb #cj4e #aicgb d #afg1bghcf1bbg 4#bag #cf4b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,ad valorem rate bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value "u ! ,t>iff ,acts ( #aibb & #aicj4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #gf4--,metacresol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,import$ f #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,unit$ ,k+dom #aac1jeg #iafae1gfiba1jed #f1ejj #f1hjj #dj1hgh ,g]many #c1bce #d1dcb ,all o!r c\ntries#ba1ajf #caa1jbe ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #aag1cih #iafbj1bjaba1jed #f1ejj #f1hjj #ea1ijc ---------------------------------------- ------ ,invoice value ---------------------------------------- ------ ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#d7 7#d7e1bfdh1djjb1fdeb1ehi #f1iea ,g]many 7#d7 7#d7 #a1edh ,all o!r c\ntries 7#d7 7#d7 #cd1bjj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #f1hab #h1djj #b1fde #b1ehi #aa1aea ---------------------------------------- ------ ,invoice unit value ---------------------------------------- ------ ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#d7 7#d7j4ccdj4ciij4djgj4chj #j4agj ,g]many 7#d7 7#d7 4#cdi ,all o!r c\ntries 7#d7 7#d7 4#cha ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age 4#ccg 4#cii 4#djg 4#chj 4#bae ---------------------------------------- ------ ,p]c5t ( total quantity ---------------------------------------- ------ ,unit$ ,k+dom #if4cjajj4j #gh4jf #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #gh4gf ,g]many #b4gf #ba4id ,all o!r c\ntries #b4id #cba4bd ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #ajj4jjajj4jajj4jj #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,ne!rl&s4 #c ,switz]l&4 #d ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,invoice analyses1 compil$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,,table #gg4--,or?ocresol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,import$ f-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,unit$ ,k+dom #aje1gijgi1aihai1edhbe1heebi1abjcc1hafaa b1ajh ,g]many #hb1hei #e1iad #aj #aj ,france #d1dhj ,all o!r c\ntries #cj1fjj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #bai1bdihe1aabai1edhbe1hfebi1acjch1bifaa b1ajh ---------------------------------------- ---- ,invoice value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#b7 7#b7 #a1eiab1gjgb1ebic1aghad1idj ,g]many 7#b7 7#b7 #d #d ,france #ccf ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #a1eia #b1gaa #b1ecc #c1ead #ad1idj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,invoice unit value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#b7 7#b7 #j4jhaj4ajej4jhgj4jid #j4acc ,g]many 7#b7 7#b7 4#djj 4#djj ,france 4#jge ---------------------------------------- ---- ,av]age 4#jha 4#aje 4#jhg 4#jib 4#acc ---------------------------------------- ---- ,p]c5t ( total quantity ---------------------------------------- ---- ,unit$ ,k+dom #dh4be #ic4je #ajj4j #ii4if #ii4ig #hh4cj #ajj4jj ,g]many #cg4gi #f4ie 4#jd 4#jc ,france #aa4gj ,all o!r c\ntries #ac4if ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #ajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jajj4jjajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,invoice analyses1 compil$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,,table #gh4--,p>acresol3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,import$ f-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- --- ,unit$ ,k+dom #b1ehg #deh #f1igbaf1hhiaf1fbe #cb1fff #ad1cch ,ne!rl&s #aa1bdc ,g]many #h1hahaa1jbc #f1jgf ,france #ac1bbh #e #f #d ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #b1ehgaa1gja #f1igbch1icebg1fec #ch1gdh #ad1cdb ---------------------------------------- --- ,invoice value ---------------------------------------- --- ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#b77b7 #b1febd1gigd1dheaj1gci #e1dae ,ne!rl&s 7#b77b7 ,g]many 7#b77b7 #a1iba #c1jij #c1jgi ,france 7#b77b7 #c1fbf #g #g #c ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #b1febaj1cdd #g1ehb #ac1hbe #e1dah ---------------------------------------- --- ,invoice unit value ---------------------------------------- --- ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#b77b7 #j4chjj4bhdj4bgj #j4cbi #j4cgh ,ne!rl&s 7#b77b7 ,g]many 7#b77b7 4#bah 4#bhj 4#ejf ,france 7#b77b7 4#bgd #a4djj #a4afg 4#gej ---------------------------------------- --- ,av]age 4#chj 4#bff 4#bgd 4#ceg 4#cgh ---------------------------------------- --- ,p]c5t ( total quantity ---------------------------------------- --- ,unit$ ,k+dom #ajj4j #c4ib #ajj4j #dc4ch #fj4ab #hd4cj #ii4ig ,ne!rl&s #if4jh ,g]many #bb4fe #ci4hf #ae4fh ,france #cc4ig 4#jb 4#jb 4#jc ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #ajj4jajj4jj #ajj4jajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,invoice analyses1 compil$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,! processes = recov]y ( ! cresols 7fractional di/illation7 usually yield products m ?an #ge p]c5t pure & mo/ ( ! consum]s ( mix$ or prep>$ cresols require products ( high purity4 ,?is expla9s :y !re are no imports less ?an #ge p]c5t pure1 not)/&+ t !y are duty-free "u p>agraph #afea4 ,"u ! act ( #aicj cresols ( #ij p]c5t or great] purity are assess$ = duty at #bj p]c5t ad valorem & #c c5ts p] p\nd :ile cresols #ge4a to #hi4i p]c5t pure are assess$ = duty at #dj p]c5t ad valorem & #g c5ts p] p\nd4 ,naturally1 s9ce ! duty on imports bel[ #ij p]c5t pure is d\ble t on imports ov] #ij p]c5t pure !re are no imports ( ! =m]4 ,imports ( crude cresylic acid are %[n 9 table #gi & ^? ( ref9$ cresylic acid 9 table #hj4 ,imports by pr9cipal s\rces are %[n 9 tables #ha & #hb1 = crude & ref9$1 respectively4 ,,table #gi4--;,crude cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aibd-cg ---------------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity#a ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------- ,p\nds #aibd #b1cbg1ebh #aeg1fdcj4jfh #aibe #b1afc1eeg #abb1gdb 4#jeg #aibf #e1gjb1gdj #cca1eej 4#jeh #aibg #i1acf1eaf #efg1hjb 4#jfb #aibh #aj1fhg1aji #fgh1agg 4#jfc #aibi #ag1hef1gfe #ieb1aaj 4#jec #aicj #i1jji1fgd #eja1dah 4#jef #aica #d1icg1jgh #bdd1fca 4#jej #aicb #d1jgg1gjj #afd1cgi 4#jdj #aicc #e1ebc1gcc #agh1hbd 4#jcb #aicd #g1afc1eaa #bhd1jea 4#jdj #aice #f1hdi1aac #bfe1dhe 4#jci #aicf #ac1dgf1dbg #gbb1ege 4#jed #aicgb #af1cfj1baca1bai1bfh 4#jge ---------------------------------- #a ,conv]sion factor--#h4e p\nds to gallon4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #hj4--,ref9$ cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,unit ,comput$ ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,p\nds ,p]c5t #aiai #b c5ts p] #b1jfa #bfdj4abh #cd4e p\nd plus #ae p]c5t4 #aibj d4 #a1jdj #bdd 4#bce #be4g #aibc #g c5ts p] #b1hae #beg 4#jia #aca4g p\nd plus #ee p]c5t4#a #aibd3 ,jan4 #a-,sept4 #ba d4#a #fb1hfi #ae1afi 4#bda #hd4j ,sept4 #bb-;,dec4 #cag c5ts p] #cgh1ggg #bi1jff 4#jgg #aca4b p\nd plus #dj p]c5t4#a ----------------------------------- ,total #dda1fdf #dd1bce #aibe d4#a #ih1fgb #bc1fah 4#bci #fi4b #aibf d4#a #be1icb #d1gdh 4#ahc #gh4b #aibg3 ,jan4 #a-;,aug4 #ah d4#a #a1cbb #igh 4#gdj #di4e ,aug4 #ai-;,dec4 #ca #c c5ts p] #faj1dhh #cg1hif 4#jfb #gf4d p\nd plus #bj p]c5t4#a ----------------------------------- ,total #faa1haj #ch1hgd #aibh d4#a #igf1ahj #gj1eac 4#jgb #fh4e #aibi d4#a #bb1cdc1ebiahc1cbd 4#jgh #fd4g #aicj #c c5ts p] #a1bge1hgb #if1jdg 4#jge #ff4e p\nd plus #bj p]c5t4#a #aica d4#a #cgjg1aje #db1aef 4#jfj #gh4g #aicb d4#a #dfda1hii #cg1cbf 4#jeh #hj4b #aicc d4#a #aba1fcd #i1afd 4#jge #ff4e #aicd d4#a #bc1ifd #a1dig 4#jfb #gf4j #aice d4#a #af1fjb #a1abh 4#jfh #ga4e #aicf d4#a #eab #dj 4#jgh #fd4h #aicge d4#a #df1dgi #e1abb 4#aaj #ea4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a ,bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value4 #b ,drawback paid on #dd p]c5t4 #c ,drawback paid on #hj p]c5t4 #d ,drawback paid on #aje1bhe p\nds4 #e ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #ha4--;,crude cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 f pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,import$ f-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #ac1iha1beic1hji1bice1jfj1ibef1ibg1hfe ,g]many #c1hgd1djja1jgc1dia #ceg1jcd #bag1ife ,ne!rl&s #a1ajf #ed1bid #bb1jff ,all o!r c\ntries #bhc1gjh #ag1fha ------------------------------------- ,total #ag1hef1gfed1icg1jghe1ebc1gccg1afc1eaa ------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #gci1che #aij1ccc #afe1ihf #bgf1ihi ,g]many #bab1feb #ea1fdc #h1fff #f1bfc ,ne!rl&s #gc #b1fee #eea ,all o!r c\ntries #bc1fba #gii ------------------------------------- ,total #ieb1aaj #bdd1fca #agh1hbd #bhd1jea ------------------------------------- ,unit value ------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #j4jebi #j4jejj #j4jcbh #j4jdjj ,g]many 4#jedi 4#jdha 4#jbdc 4#jbhg ,ne!rl&s 4#jffj 4#jdhi 4#jbej ,all o!r c\ntries 4#jdcb 4#jdeb ------------------------------------- ,av]age 4#jecc 4#jdie 4#jcbd 4#jcif ------------------------------------- ,p]c5t ( total quantity ------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #gh4c #gg4b #ia4f #if4g ,g]many #ba4g #ba4g #f4e #c4j ,ne!rl&s #a4a 4#d ,all o!r c\ntries #a4e 4#c ------------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,import$ f-- #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- -------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ----------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #f1gec1jjcab1cdd1ibdab1gjd1ajh ,g]many #ie1gbg #fbf1hcc #b1dii1cia ,ne!rl&s #ag1dfh ,all o!r c\ntries #chccdhg1bjb #a1aef1gad ----------------------------- ,total #f1hdi1aacac1dgf1dbgaf1cfj1bac ----------------------------- ,value ----------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #bfb1acg #ffa1gha #ied1iec ,g]many #c1cbe #cc1jfh #ahd1hhg ,ne!rl&s #a1aij ,all o!r c\ntries #bc #cbf1ecf #gi1dbh ----------------------------- ,total #bfe1dhe #gbb1ege #a1bai1bfh ----------------------------- ,unit value ----------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #j4jchh #j4jecf #j4jgeb ,g]many 4#jcdg 4#jebh 4#jgdj ,ne!rl&s 4#jfha ,all o!r c\ntries 4#jfjb 4#jede 4#jfhg ----------------------------- ,av]age 4#jchh 4#jecf 4#jgde ----------------------------- ,p]c5t ( total quantity ----------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #ih4f #ia4fj #gg4fe ,g]many #a4d #d4fe #ae4bh ,ne!rl&s 4#ac ,all o!r c\ntries 7#d7 #c4fb #g4jg ----------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,canada4 #c ,canada & ,france4 #d ,less ?an "o-t5? ( #a p]c5t4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f (ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,,table #hb4--,ref9$ cresylic acid3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 f pr9cipal s\rces1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,import$ f-- #aibi #aica #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- --------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------------ ,great ,brita9 #a1hee1hddfjd1djddef1ghcaba1fcd ,g]many #bab1iahajb1gjaahe1jbh ,all o!r c\ntries #bgd1gfg #hh #ejj ------------------------------ ,total #b1cdc1ebigjg1ajefda1hiiaba1fcd ------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------ ,great ,brita9 #add1fcjce1jdabd1fjg #i1afd ,g]many #ad1fii #g1aae #ab1gad ,all o!r c\ntries #bc1iie #e ------------------------------ ,total #ahc1cbd #db1aef #cg1cbf #i1afd ------------------------------ ,unit value ------------------------------ ,great ,brita9 #j4jgh #j4jeh #j4jed #j4jge ,g]many 4#jfi 4#jfi 4#jfi ,all o!r c\ntries 4#jhg 4#jeg ------------------------------ ,av]age #j4gh 4#jfj 4#jeh 4#jge ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,import$ f-- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ---- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------- ,great ,brita9 #bc1dfdaf1fjb #df1cgi ,g]many #eab ,all o!r c\ntries #ajj ------------------------- ,total #bc1ifdaf1fjb #eab #df1dgi ------------------------- ,value ------------------------- ,great ,brita9 #a1daba1abh #e1aja ,g]many #dj ,all o!r c\ntries #he #ba ------------------------- ,total #a1dig #a1abh #dj #e1abb ------------------------- ,unit value ------------------------- ,great ,brita9 #j4jfjj4jfh #j4aaj ,g]many #j4jgh ,all o!r c\ntries 4#agj 4#baj ------------------------- ,av]age 4#jfb 4#jfh 4#jgh 4#aaj ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aica practically all imports ( ref9$ cresylic acid 7 f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & consign$ to "o import] 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 #aicb ab\t #gc p]c5t ( ! total dutiable imports 7 consign$ to ! same firm4 ,f ^! data & f a conf]5ce ) repres5tatives ( ! import] x w\ld appe> t ! imports 7 n cresylic acid 9 its orig9al mean+ 7a mixture ( cresols 9 _! natural proportions71 nor 9 ! broad5$ comm]cial mean+ 7includ+ ) ! cresols1 xyl5ols & high] boil+ t> acids71 b 7 *iefly a product consi/+ l>gely ( a s+le cresol sep>at$ f its two isom]s4 ,treasury ,decision #dfadf1 effective ,m>* #aa1 #aicc1 clos$ ! classification ( ref9$ cresylic acid to products ( ?is type & imports !reaft] "u ?is head h be5 mu* small]4 ,aft] #aibg sub/antial am\nts ( ! imports 7 reexport$ ) b5efit ( drawback4 ,! imports ( crude cresylic acid are also n ( ! type :i* ! dome/ic produc] w\ld sell by t "n4 ,f> f be+ a /raight run mixture ( ! cresol & high] boil+ t> acids1 !y are usually a mixture ( fractions :i* h be5 sep>at$1 & !n *os5 & comb9$ s t !y w meet bo? ! t>iff requirem5t 7i4 e41 less ?an #ge p]c5t ( ! total product w di/ill ov] at #bae ,c47 & ! specifications ( ! pur*as]s4 ,cu/om]'s specifications are s drawn t ! product w fill 8 special ne$s or c easily be brok5 d[n by fractional di/illation 9 ?is c\ntry into elem5ts1 "o or m ( :i* w be s usable4 ,?us al?\gh import$ crude cresylic acid mu/ keep )9 ! limitations set by ! t>iff x approa*es z ne>ly z possible ! type ( cresylic acid :i*1 if produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 w\ld be t]m$ ref9$1 s9ce x 0 produc$ to meet ! specifications ( ! consum]4 ,unit$ ,/ates exports4 ,exports ( ! cresols & ( cresylic acid are n %[n 9 (ficial /ati/ics & exports ( ^! products z su* are probably negligible1 b !re are appreciable exports ( antiseptics1 insecticides1 & dis9fectants 9 :i* !y are incorporat$1 z well z ( products or p>ts ( products mold$ ( res9s made f cresylic acid4 ,competitive conditions4 ,briti% coal t> is pr9cipally ( gas-h\se orig9 & conta9s a high] p]c5tage ( t> acids 7cresylic acid & ph5ol7 ?an coke-ov5 t>1 ! pr9cipal k9d recov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! recov]y ( ^! t> acids f ei!r k9d ( t> is usually n practicable1 unless ! di/ill] c dispose ( ! major products1 creosote oil & pit*4 ,briti% di/ill]s h 9 ! pa/ ord9>ily _h a m>ket = all _! products2 export+ l>ge quantities ( creosote oil to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pit* to cont95tal ,europe1 & t> acids & naph?al5e to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,dome/ic di/ill]s h sold cresylic acid1 creosote oil1 naph?al5e1 etc41 9 local m>kets 9 competition ) duty-free imports f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,belgium1 & ,g]many1 b h f\nd x difficult to dispose ( pit*4 ,! dome/ic production ( coal t> ord9>ily exce$$ #fjj million gallons1 approximately "o-half ( :i* has be5 burn$ z fuel4 ,s9ce ! pr(it 9 di/ill+ dep5ds ^u ! m>kets = all ( ! jo9t products ( ! di/illation1 ! l>ge am\nt rema9+ undi/ill$ c be und]/ood4 ,! dome/ic production ( cresylic acid may be expect$ to increase sub/antially1 = sev]al reasons3 7#a7 ,! pr9cipal =eign produc+ c\ntries h decreas$ exports because ( increas$ dem& = "s ( ! coal-t> di/illation products at home2 7#b7 increas$ _w prices2 & 7#c7 ! developm5t ( topp+1 :i* all[s ! production ( t> acids & naph?al5e f coal t> )\t complete di/illation4 ,imports ( ref9$ cresylic acid are unimportant because ! duty on ! ref9$ is high relative to ! duty-free condition ( ! crude4 ,mo/ ( ! imports ( ref9$ are ei!r reexport$ or us$ 9 ! manufacture ( "o propriet>y antiseptic4 ,! pr9cipal dome/ic m>ket = cresylic acid is z a raw mat]ial = syn!tic res9s1 & mo/ ( ! dome/ic ref9$ & mo/ ( ! duty-free import$ crude is n[ consum$ by ?is indu/ry4 ,x may !re=e be said t practically all imports ( cresylic acid are duty-free & t1 :ile !y are sometimes ref9$ by ! consum]1 !y compete directly ) dome/ic production ( ref9$ grades4 ,ph5ol1 already discuss$1 is closely relat$ to cresylic acid--9 *emical composition1 9 production by di/illation f coal t>1 & 9 use z a raw mat]ial = syn!tic res9s4 ,to a consid]able ext5t ! proportions ( ph5ol & cresylic acid us$ 9 ! manufacture ( t>-acid res9s c be alt]$ to take advantage ( ! *ang+ price diff]5tial betwe5 ! two4 ,all ( ! sep>at$ or mix$ cresols are produc$ 9 comm]cial quantities 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially ( types & grades us$ 9 syn!tic res9s1 has increas$ appreciably 9 rec5t ye>s1 & is suppli$ *iefly by dome/ic production4 ,a comp>ison ( ! quantity & value ( dome/ic production & ( imports 9 #aicd is %[n 9 table #hc4 ,,table #hc4--,! cresols3 ,comp>ison ( production & imports1 #aicd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,production ,imports ,product ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,quantity ,value ,unit value,quantity ,value,unit value ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,metacresol 7#a7 7#a7 #ba1jedh1djj #j4cii ,p>acresol 7#b7 7#b7 #j4cej #ch1iceaj1cdd 4#bff ,metap>acresol #b1jcc1dbdabb1jje 4#jfj 7#a7 7#a7 ,or?ocresol #hce1jaf #ff1hja 4#jhj #be1hfe #b1gaa 4#aje ,or?ometap>a cresol #h1ibi1hcf #fbe1jhh 4#jgj #ch1gddab1ijf 4#ccc ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #aa1gih1bgf #hac1hid #abd1eihcd1cfa ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,none1 production report$ = fir/ "t 9 #aice4 #b ,n publi%able4 ,s\rces3 ,production1 ,dyes & ,o!r ,syn!tic ,organic ,*emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 imports1 invoice analyses1 ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 ,,syn!tic ,,t> ,,acids ,,o!r ,,?an ,,ph5ol ,c]ta9 syn!tic t> acids o!r ?an syn!tic ph5ol are us$ comm]cially 9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,among ^! are p>a t]ti>y amyl ph5ol1 p>a t]ti>y butyl ph5ol1 or?o ph5yl ph5ol1 p>a ph5yl ph5ol1 & resorc9al4 ,p>a t]ti>y amyl ph5ol4 ,p>a t]ti>y amyl ph5ol is made by react+ amyl5e ) ph5ol 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid z a cataly/4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures x is a solid1 melt+ at ab\t #hh ,c4 & boil+ betwe5 #bej-bfe ,c4 ,its use is ( increas+ importance z a compon5t 9 t>-acid res9s1 especially 9 oil-soluble v>ni% res9s4 ,ow+ to its ph5ol coeffici5t ( approximately #fj1 x is also us$ z a g]micide1 fumigant1 & insecticide4 ,comm]cial production 0 report$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aicc4 ,s9ce !n ! output has increas$ appreciably ea* ye>1 accompani$ by mat]ial r$uctions 9 sales prices4 ,accord+ to ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1hjj1bie1 dat$ ,april #ad1 #aica1 a res9 fa/ to light & soluble 9 oils is obta9$ by heat+ #hb p>ts ( p-t]ti>y amyl ph5ol ) #ij p>ts ( =maldehyde1 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium hydroxide4 ,?is sub/itut$ ph5ol res9 passes sl[ly into ! infusible /ate1 ?us p]mitt+ bett] control ( ! reaction4 ,p>a t]ti>y butyl ph5ol4 ,p>a t]ti>y butyl ph5ol is a :ite solid ) an aromatic odor1 melt+ at approximately #ajj ,c4 ,x is a new comm]cial product & is us$ 9 res9s = pa9ts & v>ni%es4 ,x is ! mo/ important res9 mat]ial 9 ?is gr\p4 ,ph5yl ph5ols4 ,bo? or?o & p>a ph5yl ph5ol are comm]cially produc$ & are us$ to "s ext5t 9 res9s to replace ph5ol4 ,! or?o isom] is a :ite solid boil+ at #bhd ,c4 & melt+ at ab\t #ef ,c4 ,x is us$ *iefly z a g]micide1 ?\gh small quantities are us$ 9 res9s4 ,p>a ph5yl ph5ol is a :ite solid melt+ at ab\t #afe ,c4 & boil+ at #cbb ,c4 ,comm]cial production 0 report$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aicc4 ,! output has increas$ ea* ye> s9ce & ! sell+ price has gradually decl9$4 ,resorc9ol4 ,resorc9ol1 usually obta9$ by fus+ meta b5z5e disulphonic acid ) cau/ic soda1 is a colorless1 cry/all9e sub/ance ) a peculi> odor4 ,x melts at #aai ,c4 & boils at #bgf ,c4 ,x is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 9 ! manufacture ( int]m$iates & dyes1 & to "s ext5t 9 syn!tic res9s4 ,resorc9ol cond5ses ) =maldehyde at su* a rapid rate t "s means mu/ be appli$ to sl[ up ! reaction4 ,x is us$ to increase ! rate ( cond5sation ( t>-acid res9s & to r$uce ! dang] ( /ick+ or und]cure4 ,dome/ic production ( resorc9ol has decreas$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,its relatively high co/ is probably an important factor 9 limit+ its use 9 syn!tic res9s4 ,,=maldehyde ,description & uses4 ,at ord9>y temp]ature & pressure =maldehyde is a gas4 ,x ent]s comm]ce z =mal91 an aque\s solution conta9+ #dj p]c5t =maldehyde by volume 7#cg p]c5t by weight7 & f #f to #ad p]c5t me?yl alcohol4 ,x is g5]ally made by ! oxidation ( me?yl alcohol4 ,comm]cial =mal9 conta9s polym]s :i* t5d to precipitate 9 wat] solution2 ^! are kept 9 solution by all[+ f #f to #ad p]c5t me?yl alcohol to rema9 9 ! solution4 ,! pr9cipal use ( =maldehyde is 9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s4 ,o!r uses are 79 ! ord] ( _! importance73 ,9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic indigo2 9 ! manufacture ( hydrosulphite2 z a dis9fectant1 deodorant1 & pres]vative2 z a fungicide2 9 embalm+ fluids2 9 tann+ lea!r2 & 9 ! manufacture ( coat$ pap] & wallpap]4 ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,! dome/ic output ( =maldehyde has increas$ ) ! increas$ dem& by res9 mak]s4 ,production & sales 9 #aicg 7 m ?an d\ble ^? 9 #aicj4 ,!re are ?ree dome/ic mak]s1 two ( :i* produce me?yl alcohol1 ! raw mat]ial4 ,_! plants are locat$ 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,oklahoma4 ,/ati/ics ( production & sales are %[n 9 table #hd4 ,,table #hd4--;,=maldehyde3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 9 specifi$ ye>s ---------------------------------------- ----- ,production ,sales ,ye> ------------------------------------ ,quantity ,quantity ,value ,value p] lb4 ---------------------------------------- --- #a1jjj #a1jjj p\nds p\nds #aiad 7#a7 #h1dbf #fee1agd #j4jgh #aiai #be1jjg #ai1ffd #c1ibh1cbb 4#bjj #aiba #i1feg #f1jef #fea1fha 4#ajh #aibb #bc1ieh #af1adj #a1fgf1dja 4#ajd #aibc #bd1jha #ah1hee #b1dgd1ejf 4#aca #aibd #bf1aee #bj1edb #a1iga1jec 4#jif #aibe #ca1def #bc1cib #a1hie1iac 4#jha #aibf #ca1iec #bb1eeb #b1jej1ifg 4#jia #aibg #bi1ibj #bd1eig #b1bef1ecd 4#jib #aibh #ch1gah #bg1icd #b1dia1fae 4#jhi #aibi #ea1ghf 7#b7 7#b7 #aicj #dj1gfc 7#b7 7#b7 #aica 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicb 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicc #eb1bcf #df1dbd #b1abb1ibe 4#jdf #aicd-cg 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- --- #a ,n available4 #b ,n publi%able2 figures w\ld disclose op]ations ( individual firms4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,production 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,=maldehyde is produc$ 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ,italy1 ,sw$51 ! ,soviet ,union1 ,japan1 & ,canada4 ,production data are n available b ,g]many & ,engl& are probably ! lead+ =eign produc]s4 ,e/imat$ productive capacity 9 ! ,soviet ,union is giv5 z #aj million p\nds annually2 9 ,japan #f4e million p\nds2 9 ,france #d million p\nds2 & 9 ,italy #c million p\nds4 ,unit$ ,/ates imports & exports4 ,imports ( =maldehyde h be5 negligible s9ce #aibj :5 #dbh1ddd p\nds1 valu$ at #baj1aia1 7 import$4 ,!re 7 no imports f #aibh until #aice1 :5 #cge p\nds valu$ at #gb 7 import$ f ,canada4 ,9 #aicf imports am\nt$ to #bj p\nds1 valu$ at #ad1 f ,switz]l&4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates exports ab\t #e p]c5t ( its production ( =maldehyde4 ,canada is ! pr9cipal de/9ation ( exports1 & prior to #aicd ,japan 0 an important m>ket4 ,table #he %[s exports ( =maldehyde to pr9cipal m>kets1 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,,table #he4--;,=maldehyde3 ,unit$ ,/ates exports to pr9cipal m>kets1 9 specifi$ ye>s1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,export$ to-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------------------ ,canada #ai1cba #gaf1acba1jie1hdga1bcf1ajc ,japan #a1dfd1gfc #fbb1djg #gbi1hge #aa1bej ,ne!rl&s ,indies #fbf1fhi #fej1hge #cdd1gbe ,unit$ ,k+dom #cjc #cde1hif #cje ,*9a #bi1jcj #bbi1gfj #bae1jej #egb1gjj ,all o!r c\ntries #ddh1jfc #cci1ggg #ccb1aja #dcc1jfh ------------------------------------ ,total #b1ehh1afib1ijd1hdgb1cgc1aghb1eig1hdf ------------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------------ ,canada #d1dje #cf1dga #df1faa #eh1cdh ,japan #abd1daa #cc1cie #dc1bed #efb ,ne!rl&s ,indies #db1hjg #ch1dfb #ae1ecf ,unit$ ,k+dom #eaj #ah1fbi #aib ,*9a #c1ced #ac1jai #aa1iih #bg1djg ,all o!r c\ntries #di1gdb #bb1gji #ah1iff #bc1ddd ------------------------------------ ,total #bbe1bbi #afb1fhe #aba1jba #abe1big ------------------------------------ ,unit value ------------------------------------ ,canada #j4bbh #j4jea #j4jdc #j4jdg ,japan 4#jhe 4#jed 4#jei 4#jej ,ne!rl&s ,indies 4#jfh 4#jei 4#jde ,unit$ ,k+dom #a4fhc 4#jed 4#fcj ,*9a 4#aaf 4#jeg 4#jef 4#jdh ,all o!r c\ntries 4#aaa 4#jfg 4#jeg 4#jed ------------------------------------ ,av]age 4#jhg 4#jef 4#jea 4#jdh ------------------------------------ ,p]c5t ( total quantity ------------------------------------ ,canada #j4h #bd4g #df4b #dg4f ,japan #ef4f #ba4d #cj4g 4#d ,ne!rl&s ,indies #bd4b #bb4d #ac4c ,unit$ ,k+dom #aa4i ,*9a #a4a #g4i #i4a #bb4j ,all o!r c\ntries #ag4c #aa4g #ad4j #af4g ------------------------------------ ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,export$ to-- #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------ ,quantity 7p\nds7 --------------------------- ,canada #a1dic1iica1aje1bgga1ahg1ffa ,japan ,ne!rl&s ,indies #ga1cge #bjj #cce1bge ,unit$ ,k+dom #b ,*9a #eih1cdb #dei1dij #ich1gjj ,all o!r c\ntries #ccd1ajj #bgi1bhi #djc1bcf --------------------------- ,total #b1dig1haja1hdd1behb1hfd1hgb --------------------------- ,value --------------------------- ,canada #hc1hje #ec1jfb #ej1ghj ,japan ,ne!rl&s ,indies #b1hff #ac #ac1daa ,unit$ ,k+dom #a ,*9a #bh1bci #ai1beh #cd1bgd ,all o!r c\ntries #ah1fgf #af1ebj #bj1dih --------------------------- ,total #acc1ehf #hh1hed #aah1ifc --------------------------- ,unit value --------------------------- ,canada #j4jef #j4jdh #j4jdc ,japan ,ne!rl&s ,indies 4#jdj 4#jfe 4#jdj ,unit$ ,k+dom 4#ejj ,*9a 4#jdg 4#jdb 4#jcg ,all o!r c\ntries 4#jef 4#jei 4#jea --------------------------- ,av]age 4#jec 4#jdh 4#jdb --------------------------- ,p]c5t ( total quantity --------------------------- ,canada #ei4h #ei4i #da4d ,japan ,ne!rl&s ,indies #b4h #aa4g ,unit$ ,k+dom ,*9a #bd4j #bd4i #cb4h ,all o!r c\ntries #ac4d #ae4b #ad4a --------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------ #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,competitive conditions4 ,! competitive situation ) respect to =maldehyde is det]m9$ l>gely by ! output & price ( ! raw mat]ial1 me?anol4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produces l>ge quantities ( syn!tic & natural me?anol & is a net export] ( t product4 ,bo? me?anol & =maldehyde are produc$ 9 _m =eign c\ntries1 & =eign production is exp&+4 ,al?\gh me?anol is n[ ! ma91 if n ! sole1 raw mat]ial utiliz$ 9 mak+ =maldehyde1 plants = mak+ ! latt] direct f natural gas1 or f petroleum gas hydroc>bons are contemplat$ or actually "u con/ruction4 ,%\ld su* processes develop to an appreciable ext5t1 ! competitive situation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may *ange1 b 9 su* case x is unlikely t ?is c\ntry w\ld be s affect$ z to *ange its position z a mod]ate export]4 ,,hexame?yl5etetram9e ,description & uses4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e is a :ite cry/all9e p[d] made by ! int]action ( =maldehyde & ammonia4 ,x is us$ 9 t>-acid res9s to replace =maldehyde1 ?\gh its high] co/ has limit$ its use to small proportions z a f9i%+ or h>d5+ ag5t4 ,o!r uses are z an int]nal antiseptic 9 m$ic9e 7m>ket$ "u trade names su* z ,urotrop91 ,cy/og51 ,am9(orm1 ,urisol1 & ,cy/am971 z an accel]ator 9 ! vulcanization ( rubb] 7a decl9+ use71 & 9 artificial cork4 ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w> x 0 us$ 9 gas masks z an absorb5t = phosg5e4 ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,! dome/ic production ( hexame?yl5etetram9e decl9$ dur+ ! depression1 b has be5 increas+ 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,production 9 #aicg1 h[ev]1 0 /ill bel[ t ( #aibi4 ,/ati/ics ( production are %[n 9 table #hf4 ,,table #hf4--;,hexame?yl5etetram9e3 ,unit$ ,/ates production & sales1 #aibc1 & #aibe-cg ---------------------------------------- ------ ,production ,sales ,ye> 7quantity7--------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,p\nds ,p\nds #aibc #a1cha1jgca1aee1jhcigd1hgg #j4hd #aibe #a1feg1iica1ejf1bhf #iid1deh 4#ff #aibf #a1die1bbj 7#a7 7#a7 #aibg #a1cae1bac 7#a7 7#a7 #aibh #a1ffa1fde 7#a7 7#a7 #aibi #b1cfh1jbj 7#a7 7#a7 #aicj #a1hga1fij 7#a7 7#a7 #aica 7#b7 7#b7 #aicb 7#b7 7#b7 #aicc-cg 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,n publi%able2 figures w\ld disclose op]ations ( individual firms4 #b ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,compil$ f annual reports ( ! ,t>iff ,commission on dyes & o!r syn!tic organic *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e is made by two firms 9 ,new ,j]sey & by "o 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! raw mat]ials utiliz$ are =maldehyde & liquid or anhydr\s ammonia4 ,"o company makes its own requirem5ts ( bo?1 & ano!r makes its own =maldehyde4 ,mo/ ( ! production ( hexame?yl5etetram9e is sold1 m>ket$ 9 b>rels1 drums1 kegs1 & cans4 ,production 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e is made 9 a numb] ( =eign c\ntries1 ) ,g]many probably ! lead+ =eign produc]4 ,exports f ,g]many decl9$ f #dde1jjj p\nds 9 #aica to #ahb1jjj p\nds 9 #aicd1 ! decl9e be+ due *iefly to ! expansion ( production 9 c\ntries previ\sly l>ge import]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,japan1 ,cze*oslovakia1 & ,france4 ,unit$ ,/ates imports & exports4 ,imports ( hexame?yl5etetram9e to ! ,unit$ ,/ates are %[n 9 table #hg4 ,,table #hg4--;,hexame?yl5etetram9e3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,comput$ ,cal5d> ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value ,unit valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p\nds ,p]c5t #aibc #be p]c5t #dg1cgcbd1gbb #j4ebb #aibd d #c1hbf #c1iih #a4jde #aibe d #bj1gga #aj1dec 4#ejc #aibf d #bc1dha #aj1bcg 4#dcf #aibg d #c1dag #a1gae 4#ejb #aibh d #e1hih #a1fdc 4#bgi #aibi d #e1efb #a1heg 4#ccd #aicj3 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag d ,june #ah-;,dec4 #ca #aa c5ts p] p\nd #aica d #aicb d #a1ajc #ccf 4#cje #cf4a #aicc d #a1ajc #bic 4#bff #da4d #aicd d #fab #bgc 4#ddf #bd4g #aice d #aicf d #g1dif #a1eaj 4#bja #ed4f #aicga d #aj1hie #h1aig 4#bjj #ed4i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,imports ( hexame?yl5etetram9e 9 #aibh came pr9cipally f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! rema9d] f ,g]many4 ,9 #aibi !y came :olly f ,g]many2 9 #aicb & #aicc f ,belgium2 & 9 #aicd pr9cipally f ,canada1 ) ! re/ f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 #aicf ,belgium suppli$ #g1aff p\nds valu$ at #a1cfh & ,g]many #ccj p\nds valu$ at #adb4 ,exports ( hexame?yl5etetram9e are n %[n 9 (ficial /ati/ics4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t "s has be5 export$1 & t 9 #aicc1 at lea/1 exports exce$$ imports4 ,competitive conditions4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e is made f =maldehyde & ammonia1 ( :i* !re are ample supplies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! m>ket = hexame?yl5etetram9e is limit$1 & imports are small4 ,x is made 9 num]\s =eign c\ntries1 ,g]many be+ probably ! pr9cipal pot5tial competitor4 ,,furfural ,furfural is an aldehyde f\nd 9 oat hulls1 rice hulls1 corn cobs1 bran1 & o!r f>m wa/e products4 ,comm]cially x is obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f oat hulls & 9 ! ,soviet ,union f ! husks ( sunfl[] se$s4 ,x is a colorless liquid1 boil+ at #aeh to #afb ,c4 & freez+ at m9us #ch ,c4 ,its pr9cipal use is 9 syn!tic res9s1 ( :i* t> acid-furfural is probably ! mo/ important4 ,^! res9s are us$ 9 mold+1 = impregnat+1 & 9 coat+s4 ,furfural is also us$ z a solv5t = cellulose e!rs & e/]s1 natural gums & res9s1 & 9 ! manufacture ( d]ivatives useful z rubb] *emicals4 ,dome/ic production is entirely by "o firm1 locat$ 9 ,i[a4 ,production & sales /ati/ics are n publi%able1 b ! mak] has /at$ t consumption is 9 8t]ms ( millions ( p\nds p] ye>40 #ah4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,urea ,,res9s ,! pr9cipal raw mat]ials ent]+ into ! manufacture ( urea res9s are urea & =maldehyde4 ,=maldehyde has already be5 discuss$ 7see pp4 #acc-ace7 & urea & ?i\rea are discuss$ bel[4 ,,urea ,urea is a :ite cry/all9e mat]ial1 made by cond5s+ c>bon dioxide & ammonia "u heat & pressure4 ,x is an excell5t f]tiliz] because ( its high nitrog5 cont5t 7#df4f p]c5t7 b ?is use is limit$ by its relatively high co/4 ,urea is an important syn!tic res9 mat]ial1 be+ a con/itu5t ( urea-=maldehyde res9s1 kn[n comm]cially "u ! trade names ,beetlew>e & ,plaskon4 ,production ( urea 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 />t$ 9 #aiaf1 :5 ! ,g]man supply 0 cut (f4 ,9 #aibj ! dome/ic output 0 e/imat$ at m ?an #bjj1jjj p\nds ( f]tiliz] grade4 ,production ceas$ 9 #aibb4 ,urea 9 ammonia solution = use 9 ! manufacture ( mix$ f]tiliz] 0 fir/ produc$ 9 #aicc4 ,cry/al urea production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 begun 9 #aice & 0 l>gely made possible by ! l>g] volume ( urea 9 ammonia solution manufactur$ = f]tiliz] use4 ,prior to t "t our requirem5ts ( cry/al urea 7 import$1 pr9cipally f ,g]many4 ,consum]s ( res9 grade urea report t ! dome/ic product is z good or bett] ?an ! import$ f ,europe4 ,! dome/ic output ( cry/al urea 9 #aicf %[$ an appreciable increase ov] t 9 #aice4 ,/ati/ics ( imports ( urea are giv5 9 table #hh1 %[+ imports ( all grades comb9$4 ,up to #aica1 & aga9 9 #aicf1 ! imports 7 probably all = f]tiliz] use4 ,f #aica ?r\gh #aice "s portion ( ! imports w5t into ! manufacture ( res9s1 b ev5 9 ?is p]iod mo/ ( ! imports 7 probably us$ 9 f]tiliz]4 ,,table #hh4--,urea3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aiai-bj & #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ye> ,rate ( duty ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p\nds #aiai #be p]c5t #ad1bij #i1gda #j4fhb #aibj d #bc1fic #ad1jhe 4#eid #aibc #ce p]c5t #de1gaa #e1hib 4#abi #aibd d #id1cjg #ab1hia 4#acg #aibe d #adf1dch #ae1hhf 4#ajh #aibf d #cgg1gbi #cj1cdf 4#jhj #aibg d #hac1abj #ea1gii 4#jfd #aibh d #a1ghh1ibgaja1ijj 4#jeg #aibi d #d1ehh1cacbbh1dja 4#jej #aicj3 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag d #b1dei1adjabj1bfc 4#jdi ,june #ah-;,dec4 #ca;,free #ag1hdc1hdjgai1ihb 4#jdj #aica d #aa1fie1jdjdde1fgd 4#jch #aicb d #g1bia1bjjbfg1ghg 4#jcg #aicc d #ab1iah1jhjdhc1bch 4#jcg #aicd d #aj1hej1efjdbc1fge 4#jci #aice d #h1ahi1ddjcgi1dbg 4#jdf #aicf d #f1jie1jdjbgb1fgi 4#jde #aicga d #e1big1fjjbff1aff 4#jej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,table #hi %[s ! s\rces ( imports ( urea 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,g]many has suppli$ f #ij to #ajj p]c5t ( ! total quantity1 & ,canada & ! ,ne!rl&s ! great] "p ( ! rema9d]4 ,!re h be5 occasional %ipm5ts f ,belgium1 ,france1 & ,japan4 ,,table #hi4--,urea3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption by c\ntries1 #aica & #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,import$ f-- #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- --------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------------ ,g]many #aj1dif1fdjab1fdi1bhjaj1ffj1afj ,ne!rl&s #ibb1hhj #adg1hdj #bj1afj ,canada #ahe1ibj #abj1ifj #afh1jjj ,all o!r c\ntries #hi1fjj #b1bdj ------------------------------ ,total #aa1fie1jdjab1iah1jhjaj1hej1efj ------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------ ,g]many #dja1igf #dgc1gjc #dae1ggg ,ne!rl&s #ca1ebc #e1jcd #fff ,canada #i1ajg #d1eja #g1jcb ,all o!r c\ntries #c1jfh #bjj ------------------------------ ,total #dde1fgd #dhc1bch #dbc1fge ------------------------------ ,unit value ------------------------------ ,g]many #j4jch #j4jcg #j4jci ,ne!rl&s 4#jcd 4#jcd 4#jcc ,canada 4#jdi 4#jcg 4#jdb ,all o!r c\ntries 4#jcd 4#jhi ------------------------------ ,av]age 4#jch 4#jcg 4#jci ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,import$ f-- #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------ ,quantity 7p\nds7 --------------------------- ,g]many #g1hfi1abjf1jie1jdje1big1fjj ,ne!rl&s ,canada #cbj1cbj ,all o!r c\ntries --------------------------- ,total #h1ahi1ddjf1jie1jdje1big1fjj --------------------------- ,value --------------------------- ,g]many #cff1cga #bgb1fgi #bff1aff ,ne!rl&s ,canada #ac1jef ,all o!r c\ntries --------------------------- ,total #cgi1dbg #bgb1fgi #bff1aff --------------------------- ,unit value --------------------------- ,g]many #j4jdg #j4jde #j4jej ,ne!rl&s ,canada 4#jda ,all o!r c\ntries --------------------------- ,av]age 4#jdf 4#jde 4#jej --------------------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,imports ( urea ent] ! ,unit$ ,/ates free ( duty "u p>agraph #agic ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,9 spite ( t fact a sub/antial production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 a*iev$4 ,?is is due1 at lea/ to a consid]able ext5t1 to ! production ( crude urea 9 ammonia solution1 :i* is us$ 9 ammoniat+ sup]phosphates = f]tiliz] use4 ,x is %ipp$ by tank c> b w\ld be difficult to transport by %ip4 ,! volume m>ket = ?is =m ( ! product has aid$ 9 ! production ( cry/al urea = bo? res9 & f]tiliz] use4 ,,?i\rea ,?i\rea 7?ioc>bamide7 is a :ite cry/all9e solid1 melt+ at #ahj ,c4 ,x is made comm]cially by treat+ a solution ( calcium cyanamide ) sulphur & ammonium sulphide or ) hydrog5 sulphide & ammonia4 ,! pr9cipal uses ( ?i\rea are 9 mak+ int]m$iates & ph>maceuticals1 z a photographic develop]1 z an insecticide1 & 9 m$ic9e4 ,because ( ! wat] resi/ance x imp>ts x 0 = "s "t widely us$ 9 urea res9s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 its use 9 res9s has decl9$ %>ply ow+ to its delet]i\s action on ord9>y molds & its sl[ rate ( cure4 ,9 mold+ comp\nds1 ?i\rea requires ab\t #aj m9utes cur+ "t z comp>$ ) #c m9utes or less = urea res9s & t>-acid res9s4 ,s9ce ways h be5 f\nd to fabricate wat]-resi/ant urea res9s )\t us+ ?i\rea1 ! consumption ( ?i\rea 9 ?is use has decl9$4 ,!re is no kn[n comm]cial dome/ic production ( ?i\rea4 ,imports ?r\gh ! ,new ,york ,cu/oms ,di/rict1 accord+ to invoice analyses made by ! ,t>iff ,commission1 are %[n 9 table #ij4 ,?i\rea is dutiable at #be p]c5t "u p>agraph #e ( ! act ( #aicj4 ,,table #ij4--,?i\rea3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports ?r\gh ! ,new ,york ,cu/oms ,di/rict1 #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,ye>,quantity ,value ,unit value ,s\rce 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aica #ha1efjbd1bed #j4big;,g]many & ,switz]l&4 #aicb #ai1cdg #d1gfj 4#bdf;,g]many4 #aicc #aicd #ae1gch #e1ihb 4#chj ,d4 #aice #bi1dhj #aj1ejj 4#cef ,d4 #aicf #ha1jca #ai1ghb 4#bdd ,d4 #aicg 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a ,n available4 ,s\rce3 ,invoice analyses ( p>agraph #e1 ( ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 ,compil$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 #ai4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,v9yl ,,res9s ,v9yl res9s are made *iefly f v9yl acetate & v9yl *loride4 ,description & uses4 ,v9yl acetate is an unsaturat$ e/] ( ! hypo!tical v9yl alcohol4 ,x is made f acetyl5e & acetic acid1 & is a colorless liquid ) a pleasant sweeti% odor1 boil+ at #gc ,c4 ,on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to polym]ize to polyv9yl acetate1 a trace ( copp] salt is add$ = %ipm5t4 ,to r5d] ! v9yl acetate *emically active aga91 ! copp] salt is remov$ by di/illation4 ,at pres5t ! sole use ( v9yl acetate is = ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s4 7,see pp4 #dc-ej47 ,v9yl *loride1 a salt ( v9yl alcohol1 is obta9$ comm]cially f acetyl5e4 ,x is a gas 7boil+ at ab\t m9us #ad ,c47 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( syn!tic res9s4 ,v9yl *loride mix$ ) v9yl acetate is polym]iz$ to a syn!tic res94 ,unit$ ,/ates production4 ,until #aich ! "o dome/ic mak] ( v9yl acetate produc$ only exp]im5tal lots1 ! bulk ( our requirem5ts be+ import$ f ,canada4 ,9 t ye> l>ge units to manufacture v9yl acetate 7 built at ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 & at ,belle1 ,w4 ,va4 ,! rem>kable prop]ties ( safety glass made f v9yl res9 %eets1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r new & important applications ( ^! res9s1 indicate a dem& = v9yl acetate suffici5t to w>rant ^! l>ge manufactur+ units4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts cov]+ ! processes ( manufacture ( v9yl acetate are own$ by ! ,canadian produc]1 :o has lic5s$ ! dome/ic mak]s4 ,dome/ic production ( v9yl *loride has increas$ f exp]im5tal quantities 9 #aibg to l>ge-scale comm]cial output1 increas+ sub/antially ea* ye> s9ce #aicc4 ,unit$ ,/ates imports4 ,!re has be5 no import ( v9yl *loride4 ,imports ( v9yl acetate 7unpolym]iz$71 entirely f ,canada1 are %[n 9 table #ia4 ,,table #ia4--,v9yl acetate1 unpolym]iz$3 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 #aica-cg ----------------------------- ,ye> ,quantity ,value ,unit 7p\nds7 value ----------------------------- #aica #gg1bfi #aa1dhij4adi #aicb #ajd1abi #ad1jec 4#ace #aicc #aei1geg #ba1acd 4#acb #aicd #bag1ahb #ci1dfb 4#ahb #aice #ggf1dbf #adi1hgf #j4aic #aicfa #ddi1ije #eh1dii 4#acj #aicgb #big1dif #ci1jgd 4#aca ----------------------------- #a ,duty r$uc$ f #cj p]c5t ad valorem & #f c5ts p] p\nd to #ae p]c5t ad valorem & #c c5ts p] p\nd "u ,canadian trade agreem5t1 effective ,jan4 #a1 #aicf4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,competitive conditions4 ,dome/ic consumption ( v9yl acetate & v9yl *loride has increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s f exp]im5tal to comm]cial quantities4 ,_m ye>s ( int5sive rese>* look+ t[>d l>ge outlets = ! res9s made f ^! comp\nds has app>5tly be5 successful4 ,! l>ge/ s+le application indicat$ at ?is "t is = safety glass %eets4 ,! l>ge increase 9 dome/ic consumption expect$ 9 ! imm$iate future w probably be suppli$ *iefly f exp&+ dome/ic production & imports f ,canada w probably decl9e ev5 "u ! r$uc$ trade-agreem5t duty except to fill possible tempor>y %ortages4 ,,app5dixes ,a4 ,/ati/ical tables on =eign trade 9 raw mat]ials = syn!tic res9s4 ,b4 ,trade names = syn!tic res9s made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c4 ,trade names = syn!tic res9s made 9 ,great ,brita94 ,d4 ,trade names = syn!tic res9s made 9 ,g]many4 ,e4 ,li/ ( ,unit$ ,/ates manufactur]s ( raw mat]ials = syn!tic res9s4 ,f4 ,gloss>y4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,/ati/ical ,,tables ,,on ,,=eign ,,trade ,,9 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,,table #ib4--,naph?al5e3 ,g]man imports & exports1 by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total f all c\ntries #h1jcb1jai #ieb1afg #g1dhb1fcc ---------------------------------------- -- ,cze*oslovakia #a1fhh1bhc 7#a7 #b1hci1cjd ,sa> ,bas9 #a1eca1igg 7#a7 #a1hcc1abe ,ne!rl&s #a1deg1jbj 7#a7 #a1afd1jbi ,pol& #b1ebd1dhg 7#a7 #hcb1deg ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #bhd1hcd #bdf1jcc #cfa1ccd ---------------------------------------- -- ,value ---------------------------------------- - #a1jjj ,doll>s ,doll>srei*sm>ks,doll>s ,total f all c\ntries #aaj1idh #ab1aab #bga #hb1gjd ---------------------------------------- - ,cze*oslovakia #bf1fff 7#a7 #aad #cd1gij ,sa> ,bas9 #ag1chj 7#a7 #ef #ag1jij ,ne!rl&s #ad1iii 7#a7 #bg #h1bdj ,pol& #ch1ccb 7#a7 #ca #i1dfa ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #d1gfb #d1gej #bb #f1gad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total to all c\ntries #ci1gch1egfbi1gbj1bac #ca1hdb1adj ---------------------------------------- -- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ag1jgj1bahac1hbj1heh #ba1hbd1hgi ,belgium-,luxemburg #h1hce1eif #g1cii1ifj #c1ieh1hjj ,japan 7#a7 7#a7 #hja1aeb ,italy #d1ejj1fia #b1jfh1gig #a1afc1ehi ,ne!rl&s #gcd1egc #bie1heg #bge1acd ---------------------------------------- -- ,value ---------------------------------------- - #a1jjj ,doll>s ,doll>srei*sm>ks,doll>s ,total to all c\ntries #ggd1bef #bhh1gij #a1cib #dbd1hji ---------------------------------------- - ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cbi1bgc #acb1geh #iba #bha1jgj ,belgium-,luxemburg #ih1ccj #db1gdi #ie #bh1iib ,japan 7#a7 7#a7 #ej #ae1bei ,italy #gh1ccj #bc1cbd #ej #ae1bei ,ne!rl&s #ai1gfa #d1ihg #ba #f1dji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aicd #aice ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total f all c\ntries #h1fdj1icj #d1bde1hci ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cze*oslovakia #a1fjb1gdd ,sa> ,bas9 #c1fda1cch #a1abi1heh ,ne!rl&s #bf1jad #ah1jgh ,pol& #a1jfj1fcc #cc1gcj ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #a1jbd1jcg #eca1jhh ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj rei*sm>ks,doll>srei*sm>ks,doll>s ,total f all c\ntries #bgc #ajg1did #afe #ff1dbf ---------------------------------------- -- ,cze*oslovakia #ea #bj1jha ,sa> ,bas9 #gh #cj1gab #be #aj1jfd ,ne!rl&s #b #ghh #a #djc ,pol& #bi #aa1dai #b #hje ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #dh #ah1ijj #bg #aj1hgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total to all c\ntries #ce1jdc1ffj #bb1afi1deh ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ba1fca1ece #ab1jeb1gfi ,belgium-,luxemburg #e1fhe1ffc #b1jaj1haf ,japan #c1dcd1gfg #a1hhj1ife ,italy #fie1iib #dib1gbh ,ne!rl&s #dbg1iac #dac1adb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj rei*sm>ks,doll>srei*sm>ks,doll>s ,total to all c\ntries #a1ejd #eib1bjj #a1jfg #dbi1eec ---------------------------------------- -- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #hgi #cdf1ajf #dfh #ahh1djg ,belgium-,luxemburg #acj #ea1ahh #ej #bj1abi ,japan #bjc #gi1ica #aca #eb1gch ,italy #cj #aa1hab #bc #i1bei ,ne!rl&s #bi #aa1dai #ai #g1fdi ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total f all c\ntries #dic1afi #cc1jfi ---------------------------------------- ----- ,cze*oslovakia 7#a7 7#a7 ,sa> ,bas9 ,ne!rl&s #bh1ffj 7#a7 ,pol& 7#a7 7#a7 ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,value ---------------------------------------- --- #a1jjj #a1jjj rei*sm>ks,doll>srei*sm>ks,doll>s ,total f all c\ntries #bb #h1hfe #a #djb ---------------------------------------- --- ,cze*oslovakia 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,sa> ,bas9 ,ne!rl&s #c #a1bji 7#a7 7#a7 ,pol& 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total to all c\ntries #h1aeb1cij #bd1iff1dcd ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #c1dbj1dcg #ad1afg1bja ,belgium-,luxemburg #deg1fge #a1ahd1caa ,japan #bec1ebi #b1jca1ihj ,italy #acd1dha #fae1jhc ,ne!rl&s #aih1dad #ff1ach ---------------------------------------- ----- ,value ---------------------------------------- --- #a1jjj #a1jjj rei*sm>ks,doll>srei*sm>ks,doll>s ,total to all c\ntries #gjc #bhc1bhh #a1idi #ghc1egf ---------------------------------------- --- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #afh #fg1fii #ghi #cag1baj ,belgium-,luxemburg #ba #h1dfb #fj #bd1abb ,japan #bi #aa1fhf #agg #ga1afa ,italy #ah #g1bec #dg #ah1hif ,ne!rl&s #ad #e1fdb #g #b1had ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,n sep>ately %[n4 ,s\rce3 ,d] ,auswrtige ,h&el ,deuts*l&s1 #aibi4 ,monatli*e ,na*weise b] d5 auswrtig5 ,h&el1 ,deuts*l&s1 #aicb-cg4 ,,table #ic4--;,crude naph?al5e3 ,belgian imports & exports1 #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicb #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total f all c\ntries #ad1aad1jgj #aj1ice1fih #ae1cbh1cfc ---------------------------------------- ---- ,ne!rl&s #h1ahg1ddc #g1ehc1afc #i1cfc1eih ,g]many #e1hjj1gdd #c1abb1haf #e1bij1eii ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total f all c\ntries #gd1bii #b1jei #gc1gaa #c1jae #adj1dai ---------------------------------------- -- ,ne!rl&s #da1ceb #a1cbg #dg1ejf #a1hha #hg1fje ,g]many #ca1faa #ffa #bc1ffc #igj #de1agf ---------------------------------------- -- ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total to all c\ntries #a1ajb1cjj #e1iee1gbg #c1cie1gde ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #c1iia1dbh #b1dii1cee ,france #hga1fii #a1bfb1ced #ceb1jge ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total to all c\ntries #aj1ifd #b1ejc #hi1fje #a1aha #ee1jjc ---------------------------------------- -- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #a1efb #ee1iah #gjg #cb1ibg ,france #h1djd #ddf #ae1iff #bdc #aa1cag ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total f all c\ntries #ab1aad1gah #ag1ajb1dje #i1agh1daa ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ne!rl&s #h1ghf1hgd #aj1cae1gfd #e1ihc1jfd ,g]many #a1big1fbh #agh1egc 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total f all c\ntries #c1bii #aba1efb #g1jag #bcg1che #d1bggadd1ceg ---------------------------------------- -------- ,ne!rl&s #b1aci #gh1hah #c1iaf #acb1dgh #b1hjh #id1ggf ,g]many #cda #ab1efe #gg #b1fje 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total to all c\ntries #f1gif1ghb #aa1ech1bae #f1gjj1bbj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #a1gji1hhh #b1aai1jfb #a1jji1ibg ,france #b1icj1acd #e1afc1hce #d1chb1gde ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total to all c\ntries #c1jei #aab1gai #g1jbj #bcg1dhg #c1iahacb1bdj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #edc #bj1jji #a1dfa #di1dbf #dib #af1fjf ,france #a1dfj #ec1gih #c1bbg #aji1afi #b1gfi #ic1dei ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,n sep>ately report$4 ,s\rce3 ,bullet9 ,m5suel du ,comm]ce4 ,,table #id4--,ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,belgian imports & exports1 #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicb #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total f all c\ntries #g1jee #a1cbc #g1bge ---------------------------------------- -- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total f all c\ntries #aej #h #bhf #ae #fii ---------------------------------------- -- ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total to all c\ntries #ae1cfb1cad #ae1bih1hbb #ad1gib1dbe ---------------------------------------- ---- ,japan #f1eff1dja #d1ehb1ibb #b1hfg1ebc ,unit$ ,k+dom #fie1ggb #a1big1djg #b1afh1jjd ,arg5t9a #a1jgh1dij #a1acj1eai #ihh1ajb ,briti% ,india #gib1iie #iif1ibj #a1aec1bbf ,canada #hda1dif #idb1jbf #dba1gdj ,ne!rl&s #ddi1eah #dgb1bbe #eaj1cfe ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total to all c\ntries #cbf1jbf #aa1caj #djd1hhi #aj1jcb #dfg1bbd ---------------------------------------- -- ,japan #acj1fej #c1dih #abe1bbf #a1iff #ia1efc ,unit$ ,k+dom #ad1jec #hic #ca1ifi #a1ebd #gj1igh ,arg5t9a #bd1aed #haa #bi1jcc #gai #cc1dhf ,briti% ,india #ah1hfg #geb #bf1iba #gfd #ce1ehb ,canada #ag1fgj #fif #bd1iaf #cja #ad1jai ,ne!rl&s #i1icd #cge #ac1dbe #cjf #ad1bea ---------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total f all c\ntries #aab1bad #b1hff #ai1ahj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total f all c\ntries #gh #b1hgd #h #bga #db #a1dah ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total to all c\ntries #af1adh1fie #aa1dai1afg #ad1jga1cjj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,japan #d1bjb1hdi #c1ddg1aac #b1ead1abf ,unit$ ,k+dom #cae1iai #dee1jbi #a1caf1hjh ,arg5t9a #a1cgf1ggc #igj1fhe #a1agc1gbi ,briti% ,india #gje1beb #bdc1dgg #gae1agb ,canada #ij1afh 7#a7 7#a7 ,ne!rl&s #iga1ghh #dgg1eaf #ega1dcb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,doll>sfrancs,doll>sfrancs,doll>s ,total to all c\ntries #aa1bai #dac1djj #i1cia #cag1fih #aa1fjb #cia1eia ---------------------------------------- -------- ,japan #b1idi #ajh1ffe #b1ded #hc1jai #a1fdc #ee1dee ,unit$ ,k+dom #bab #g1hab #dde #ae1jed #hif #cj1bdb ,arg5t9a #igf #ce1ifd #fae #bj1hje #iia #cc1ddh ,briti% ,india #dih #ah1cej #cba #aj1hei #fdj #ba1fja ,canada #ff #b1dcb 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,ne!rl&s #fie #be1fji #efh #ai1bae #fig #bc1ebe ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,n sep>ately report$4 ,s\rce3 ,bullet9 ,m5suel du ,comm]ce4 ,,table #ie4--;,crude & ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,ne!rl& imports & exports by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------------------- ,total f all c\ntries #hif1ijh #gge1gei #ijh1eig ------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #aia1jdd #dgg1ejh #efi1ead ,g]many #gje1hbj #bgj1bfb #ccj1iba ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 #b1cae ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 #ig ------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj ,total f all ,doll>s,doll>sguild]s,doll>s c\ntries #be1hgd #ac1gcc #ch #ai1hhe ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #e1gjh #h1cji #bd #ab1bfe ,g]many #bj1aec #d1ifj #ac #f1gge ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #fha ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 7#a7 #bc ------------------------------------ ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------------------- ,total to all c\ntries #d1haf1dcff1hjg1jfj #aj1ggj1daj ------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg#b1hbj1jdcf1gfh1fca #h1geg1jjf ,g]many #a1eaa1hig #a1agd1gde ,,unit$ ,,/ates #dd1jib #ffa1chj ,unit$ ,k+dom #ccc1ijb 7#a7 #ajj1jja ------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj ,total to all ,doll>s,doll>sguild]s,doll>s c\ntries #di1jeh #dj1ghd #aeh #ha1dij ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #be1ejc #ci1hhf #abd #fc1ibh ,g]many #ac1hgg #ag #h1gef ,,unit$ ,,/ates #dhb #ab #f1ajc ,unit$ ,k+dom #e1eef 7#a7 #b #ich ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicd #aice ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 -------------------------------------- ,total f all c\ntries #a1ahf1cfa #a1agg1bef -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #efh1cbh #ebd1ifb ,g]many #ebb1iic #dah1dji ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 7#a7 -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total f all guild]s,doll>sguild]s,doll>s c\ntries #de #cj1bbj #ci #bf1gdg ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #bb #ad1ijc #ba #ac1idg ,g]many #ai #ac1acb #ab #g1hag ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ------------------------------------ ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 -------------------------------------- ,total to all c\ntries #i1gfd1chi #aj1hea1daf -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #i1cjg1hba #i1agh1hed ,g]many 7#a7 #ag1hdf ,,unit$ ,,/ates #daj1bbe #fha1ccb ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 7#a7 -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total to all guild]s,doll>sguild]s,doll>s c\ntries #acb #hi1ace #agj #aae1bjd ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #abb #hb1adf #abi #hg1chj ,g]many 7#a7 7#a7 7#b7 #beg ,,unit$ ,,/ates #h #e1ahc #ag #aa1ghb ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7p\nds7 -------------------------------------- ,total f all c\ntries #a1fff1fgh #b1cfa1abg -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #gjc1bfg #hce1edc ,g]many 7#a7 7#a7 ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 ,unit$ ,k+dom #fjd1jfj #a1jec1gii -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total f all guild]s,doll>sguild]s,doll>s c\ntries #hc #ec1eai #aae #fc1cjb ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #db #bg1jhb #fj #cc1jbg ,g]many 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,unit$ ,k+dom #ba #ac1eda #cf #ai1haf ------------------------------------ ,,exports ,quantity 7p\nds7 -------------------------------------- ,total to all c\ntries #ad1dbb1dic #ae1ccj1ghh -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #aj1efh1heb #i1bfa1ebe ,g]many 7#a7 7#a7 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #c1bjg1fic #b1edf1cac ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 7#a7 -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total to all guild]s,doll>sguild]s,doll>s c\ntries #dce #bhj1dib #eec #cjd1cii ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #bee #afd1dbf #bid #afa1hcb ,g]many 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,,unit$ ,,/ates #adc #ib1bjh #ajj #ee1jde ,unit$ ,k+dom 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,n sep>ately report$4 #b ,less ?an #ejj4 ,s\rce3 ,n$]l&-,ja>/ati/iek 7#aibi & #aicb-ce7 & ,ma&/ati/iek 7#aicf-cg74 ,,table #if4--,ref9$ naph?al5e3 ,canadian imports by c\ntries1 #aibh-bi & #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aibh #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------- ,total f all c\ntries#efe1hffa1jge1daea1bbc1cgba1jec1 aad ---------------------------------- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cb1bgd #d1jdi #ag1efj #i1eec ,unit$ ,k+dom #bf1jjj #h1fjj #cb1djj #adh1add ,belgium 7#b7 #hda1hgfa1ajb1bjc #hie1jdb ---------------------------------- ,value 7,unit$ ,/ates doll>s7 ---------------------------------- ,total f all c\ntries #ah1afb #cb1daa #ba1ghg #bb1jad ---------------------------------- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #a1dbh #bde #egg #ede #ahh #fif ,unit$ ,k+dom #a1jad #cfc #fgj #c1ggi #ac1fjc ,belgium 7#b7 #be1ijf #ai1dja #ag1feg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total f all c\ntries#hdd1ibia1cdb1ecjhhd1jeia1bef1bh i ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #c1ade #c1fbj #b1jia #b1jah ,unit$ ,k+dom #dhd1hfha1cba1cajhgi1edha1bed1bga ,belgium #hie1jdbcdg1ief #ag1fjj 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,value 7,unit$ ,/ates doll>s7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total f all c\ntries #be1dhb #dj1jfj #df1fgj #eg1dee ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,unit$ ,,/ates #bdc #ahe #fif #bdc #ahe ,unit$ ,k+dom #ch1hfe #ch1hfe #df1bbi #eg1bgj ,belgium #aa1dca #dii 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,prelim9>y4 #b ,n %[n sep>ately4 ,s\rce3 ,trade ( ,canada4 ,,table #ig4--,naph?al5e3 ,japanese imports by c\ntries1 #aibh-bi & #aicb-cf ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aibh #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- --- ,total f all c\ntries#b1ggc1cbjb1ijb1fhff1gfe1egb #g1hgf1eff ---------------------------------------- --- ,belgium #cgi1ijj #djc1ahjb1heg1ddh #c1iej1jef ,g]many #dia1eda #djc1ahja1ice1bac #b1ebe1jcf ,kwangtung ,prov9ce #a1gij1gff #hfd1biha1bgb1cgb #afi1igf ---------------------------------------- --- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj;,doll>s ,doll>s,doll>s,doll>s y5 ,total f all c\ntries #fb1fec #id1ejd #ig1bfe #fbe #afj1bhf ---------------------------------------- -- ,belgium #ab1eca #ad1bia #db1ddh #cji #gi1bde ,g]many #af1gjg #ad1bia #bh1aaa #bjj #ea1bia ,kwangtung ,prov9ce #bi1bch #ba1ffg #ac1ggd #ac #c1ccd ---------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aicd #aice #aicf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total f all #g1cfd1eeg #h1igi1fif #ab1fda1igg c\ntries ---------------------------------------- -------- ,belgium #a1eij1ach #b1ibf1dcj #c1afc1hja ,g]many #d1fgi1fgj #c1dhf1bci #b1gbg1haf ,kwangtung ,prov9ce #bda1adf #a1ajc1cbb ---------------------------------------- -------- ,value ---------------------------------------- ----- #a1jjj;,doll>s#a1jjj;,doll>s#a1jjj;,doll >s y5 y5 y5 ,total f all #efj #aff1djd #fig #bjj1jhh #a1fac #dfg1fhj c\ntries ---------------------------------------- ----- ,belgium #abb #cf1beb #bcd #fg1agd #daj #aah1iig ,g]many #ceg #ajf1jhc #bhc #ha1bdj #cid #aad1cce ,kwangtung ,prov9ce #ab #c1dde #ic #bg1jbj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,s\rce3 ,annual ,return ( ! ,=eign ,trade ( ,japan4 ,,table #ih4--;,crude glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1#a by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,import$ f-- #aibib #aica #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 -------------------------------------- ,france #d1ica1fia #b1eej1dega1fec1hbeb1dee1bfd ,cuba #a1jgd1bga #a1agj1ffga1bcb1baia1baf1cie ,unit$ ,k+dom #c1hdg1cde #a1fca1ajc #ehb1aid #beb1bch ,belgium #gei1ddh #gci1hib #caj1hee #ddj1hfb ,g]many #a1jgb1agc #fgd1aji #bfj1jje #bdb1ija ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7free7 #bej1afe #ahj1dij #aig1hda #bfh1ddi ,arg5t9a #did1fch #deh1jfh #aed1ebe #bhh1hcb ,ne!rl&s #bfb1bii #dbe1gif #abe1gcc #bbf1iid ,canada #a1cjd1bbj #a1afa1jhe #hj1ddj ,d5m>k #ed1ihh #age1bgc #abd1bgh ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics #acb1ccd #fd1ifi #hhi1fah ,all o!r c\ntries #ffh1cbi #iff1jbc #cag1hff #fg1bed -------------------------------------- ,total #ad1hea1ijaaj1acb1ifcd1ihj1dgbf1dgc1jhe -------------------------------------- ,value -------------------------------------- ,france #bhj1jfb #aad1ege #ec1cia #hj1jfh ,cuba #fi1ffh #fg1gji #ej1adg #ef1gcg ,unit$ ,k+dom #baf1cjg #h #b1bfb #ai1hjb #g1gbb ,belgium #di1efh #df1bge #ab1cfb #ag1fbg ,g]many #fe1ddf #dj1eif #ab1bdj #aj1gde ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7free7 #af1gif #aj1iic #i1aej #ad1jgh ,arg5t9a #bi1geh #bc1ecb #f1eaf #g1idg ,ne!rl&s #ah1ifc #bc1cja #e1cdi #aj1ffd ,canada #fg1hba #ei1die #d1bdf ,d5m>k #b1iff #i1ceh #e1aga ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics #i1aac #b1gch #cd1jfj ,all o!r c\ntries #cg1jhd #dg1cdc #ab1fad #b1jgf -------------------------------------- ,total #hfc1eeb #ebe1eii #ahh1eee #bdf1hie -------------------------------------- ,p]c5t ( total imports by quantity -------------------------------------- ,france #cc4b #be4b #cc4b #cg4i ,cuba #g4b #aa4f #bd4g #ah4h ,unit$ ,k+dom #be4i #af4a #aa4g #c4i ,belgium #e4a #g4c #f4c #f4h ,g]many #g4b #f4g #e4b #c4h ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7free7 #a4g #a4h #d4j #d4a ,arg5t9a #c4c #d4e #c4a #d4e ,ne!rl&s #a4h #d4b #b4e #c4e ,canada #h4h #aa4d #a4f ,d5m>k 4#d #a4g #a4i ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics 4#i #a4c #ac4g ,all o!r c\ntries #d4e #i4e #f4d #a4a -------------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,import$ f-- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicgc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,quantity 7p\nds7 --------------------------------------- ,france #d1hhj1jac #egh1fag #a1jeh1fib #b1ajb1ghe ,cuba #a1agh1bchb1eej1fag #b1aei1gda #b1dgf1gij ,unit$ ,k+dom #a1did1dde #egh1bca #a1djc1hhj #a1fdj1fia ,belgium #b1ceh1dgi #beg1bij #djd1cga #hah1ead ,g]many #a1eci1iai #aih1gfg #gg1gbc #eah1bca ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7free7 #ahj1edia1egh1ebc #cjc1eea #gic1bbe ,arg5t9a #fhj1ddc #ajj1ijb #a1aed1hhh #b1aca1jfh ,ne!rl&s #a1cic1jgb #bfg1cff #a1jcg1aah #cbe1bge ,canada #fbi1hhja1idf1dej #fga1dfe #ccc1hee ,d5m>k #eh1ddi #ddb1gfh #acc1fga ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics #adf1fie #ad1hhc #b1jag1iib #a1fcd1hgd ,all o!r c\ntries #eda1jde #adi1bhh #daf1gif #ecb1dea --------------------------------------- ,total #ae1jha1bbgh1bbj1icdaa1adh1iheac1dda1dcj --------------------------------------- ,value --------------------------------------- ,france #cbd1hdj #de1bde #aba1fab #cgj1fbb ,cuba #ib1fib #bbh1jaa #bcj1cdj #cha1fhc ,unit$ ,k+dom #ig1igb #ej1edi #acd1dge #bhd1ggi ,belgium #afj1cja #ai1bag #df1dag #adf1jad ,g]many #ajc1dja #bb1fii #h1hgd #ib1ddf ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7free7 #ad1ihd #gd1gih #cb1gjh #ade1cdh ,arg5t9a #de1bea #g1igb #aae1aih #cdi1fge ,ne!rl&s #ib1ged #bc1bjh #abg1jej #dg1hih ,canada #ea1gaf #agb1dbf #gj1fgb #ec1jad ,d5m>k #d1jfb #dg1bef #bf1bbj ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics #aj1acg #a1dfc #bbb1cdg #bed1gde ,all o!r c\ntries #da1iee #aa1adf #db1daa #ij1ich --------------------------------------- ,total #a1jdj1jfe #fef1gcd #a1aii1cfj #b1bdc1chb --------------------------------------- ,p]c5t ( total imports by quantity --------------------------------------- ,france #cb4d #g4a #i4e #ae4f ,cuba #g4h #ca4j #ai4d #ah4d ,unit$ ,k+dom #i4i #g4j #ab4f #ab4b ,belgium #ae4f #c4a #c4f #f4a ,g]many #aj4b #b4d 4#g #c4i ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7free7 #a4b #ai4b #b4g #e4i ,arg5t9a #d4e #a4b #aj4d #ae4h ,ne!rl&s #i4b #c4c #i4c #b4d ,canada #d4b #bc4g #f4j #b4e ,d5m>k 4#d #d4j #a4j ,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics #a4j 4#b #ah4a #ab4b ,all o!r c\ntries #c4f #a4h #c4g #d4j --------------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,includes imports f ,cuba & %ipm5ts f ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 #b ,g5]al imports4 #c ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #ii4--,ref9$ glyc]93 ,unit$ ,/ates imports = consumption1 by c\ntries1 #aibi & #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,import$ f-- #aibia #aica #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,quantity 7p\nds7 ------------------------------------ ,ne!rl&s #c1aad1fdba1jed1haja1gje1heeb1aec1dij ,g]many #a1hbd1fgb #aig1hij #chd1aca #djf1gaf ,unit$ ,k+dom #afe1ggj #ch1efa #aec1bhi #ej1dba ,france #eib1igi #dd1ije #abe1hhi ,canada #aje #ha1bie #ad1ebj ,cze*oslovakia ,all o!r c\ntries #chh1bhb #dd1hjh #ci1aga ------------------------------------ ,total #e1dic1dgaa1ife1eceb1cdg1ejhb1gge1fhg ------------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------------ ,ne!rl&s #bid1eie #ge1dfb #ajj1dea #acb1agb ,g]many #aed1dcb #ag1aeb #bf1ehb #bb1hbf ,unit$ ,k+dom #ah1cja #b1hej #i1fff #c1aaa ,france #dj1jje #b1bgh #g1baj ,canada #ai #e1ejf #a1ceh ,cze*oslovakia ,all o!r c\ntries #cc1chc #b1jbd #a1fgb ------------------------------------ ,total #ejj1gcj #adj1ige #adb1cei #aff1iia ------------------------------------ ,p]c5t ( total imports by quantity ------------------------------------ ,ne!rl&s #ef4g #ec4g #gb4g #gg4f ,g]many #cc4b #aj4a #af4d #ad4g ,unit$ ,k+dom #c4j #a4i #f4e #a4h ,france #cj4b #a4i #d4e ,canada #d4a 4#f ,cze*oslovakia ,all o!r c\ntries #g4a #a4i #a4d ------------------------------------ ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,import$ f-- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicgb ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,quantity 7p\nds7 --------------------------------- ,ne!rl&s #gge1jgdaf1iaca1edb1ibdb1ggf1jdf ,g]many #bgf1ijh #fjj #cai #ceb1fhj ,unit$ ,k+dom #iea1aifbh1agf #egb1iai #cgc1daf ,france #ehd #dac1iggb1ifg1ebh ,canada #gfe1fgf #ai1ghb ,cze*oslovakia #aab1efb #ejf1eih ,all o!r c\ntries #baj1gfdbb1bic #ci1aaj #eci1jgj --------------------------------- ,total #b1bac1idbfh1effc1ddg1dhgg1ece1abj --------------------------------- ,value --------------------------------- ,ne!rl&s #ff1ddeb1gah #bgc1dcb #fcf1fdd ,g]many #bg1aei #beb #abi #if1edb ,unit$ ,k+dom #ic1ich #b1gfj #ii1bjd #gf1jja ,france #ig #gi1bdb #gea1haf ,canada #aad1ebc #d1ibb ,cze*oslovakia #ba1fej #adh1fab ,all o!r c\ntries #ba1ddg #b1dej #e1hef #aab1feb --------------------------------- ,total #bjh1ihi #h1bgg #eid1jcfa1hbg1ahi --------------------------------- ,p]c5t ( total imports by quantity --------------------------------- ,ne!rl&s #ce4j #bd4g #dd4g #cf4h ,g]many #ab4e 4#i #d4g ,unit$ ,k+dom #dc4j #da4a #af4f #e4j ,france 4#h #ab4j #ci4d ,canada #bb4b 4#c ,cze*oslovakia #c4c #f4g ,all o!r c\ntries #i4e #cb4e #a4b #g4a --------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,g5]al imports4 #b ,prelim9>y4 ,s\rce3 ,=eign ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,trade ,,names ,,= ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,trade "n ,mak] ,t>-acid res9s3 ,amb]ol ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,artifex ,artifex ,products ,co41 ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 ,bakelite ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,beckacite ,beck1 ,koll] ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,beckasol ,beck1 ,koll] ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,beckopol ,beck1 ,koll] ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,catal9 ,catal9 ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cel]on ,cont95tal-,diamond ,fibre ,co41 ,new>k1 ,del4 ,coltrock ,colt's ,pat5t ,fire ,arms ,mfg4 ,co41 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,cola/a ,cola/a ,co41 ,inc41 ,hoosick ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dilecto ,cont95tal-,diamond ,fibre ,co41 ,new>k1 ,del4 ,dura ,p>amet ,*emical ,corp41 ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,durez ,g5]al ,pla/ics1 ,inc41 ,n4 ,tonaw&a1 ,n4 ,y4 ,durite ,durite ,pla/ics1 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,fabroil ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fib]lon ,fib]loid ,corp41 ,indian ,or*>d1 ,mass4 ,fibroc ,fibroc ,insulation ,co41 ,valp>aiso1 ,ind4 ,gem/one ,a4 ,kno$l] ,co41 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,haveg ,haveg ,corp41 ,new>k1 ,del4 ,h]culite ,cola/a ,co41 ,inc41 ,hoosick ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,indur ,reilly ,t> ,*emical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,insurok ,ri*>dson ,co41 ,melrose ,p>k1 ,ill4 ,joanite ,joanite ,corp41 ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kellite ,kellogg ,swit*bo>d ,supply ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,lewisol ,john ,d4 ,lewis1 ,mansfield1 ,mass4 ,makalot ,makalot ,corp41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,m>blette ,m>blette ,corp41 ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mic>ta ,we/+h\se ,electric ,mfg4 ,co41 ,traf=d1 ,pa4 ,mold>ta ,we/+h\se ,electric ,mfg4 ,co41 ,traf=d1 ,pa4 ,p&ura ,p>amet ,*emical ,corp41 ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,panelyte ,panelyte ,corp41 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,p>anol ,p>amet ,*emical ,corp41 ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ph5ac ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ph5al9 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,pry/al ,catal9 ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,res9ox ,res9ox ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,spauldite ,spauld+ ,fibre ,co41 ,tonaw&a1 ,n4 ,y4 ,syntex ,jones-,dabney ,co41 ,inc41 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,syn?ane ,syn?ane ,corp41 ,oaks1 ,pa4 ,taylor ,taylor ,fibre ,co41 ,norri/[n1 ,pa4 ,textolite ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wat]lite ,wat]t[n ,mfg4 ,co41 ,wat]t[n1 ,conn4 ,o!r mak]s ( t> acid res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates include3#bg ,alum9um ,indu/ries1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio2 ,cali=nia ,flaxse$ ,products ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif42 ,cook ,pa9t ,v>ni% ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,=d ,motor ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*42 ,h]esite ,*emical ,co41 ,manit[oc1 ,wis42 ,mill]gum ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,nubian ,pa9t ,v>ni% ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,v>cum ,*emical ,co41 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y42 ,vita ,v> ,corp41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,alkyd res9s3 ,amb]lac ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,aquaplex ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,beckol ,beck1 ,koll] ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,beckosol ,beck1 ,koll] ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,dulux ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,duraplex ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,e/]ol ,p>amet ,*emical ,corp41 ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,glyptal ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lewisol ,john ,d4 ,lewis1 ,mansfield1 ,mass4 ,makalot ,makalot ,corp41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,p>aplex ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,rauz5e ,rob]t ,rauh1 ,inc41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,rezyl ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,syntex ,jones-,dabney ,co41 ,inc41 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,teglac ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,o!r mak]s ( alkyd res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates include3#bg ,atlas ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del42 ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ,&rew ,br[n ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif42 ,cali=nia ,flaxse$ ,products1 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif42 ,c>boyg5 ,*emical ,co41 ,g>wood1 ,n4 ,j42 ,g5]al ,pa9t ,co41 ,tulsa1 ,okla42 ,h]cules ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del42 ,nubian ,pa9t ,v>ni%1 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis42 ,val5t9e ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,urea res9s3 ,beetle ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,beckam9e ,beck1 ,koll] ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,plaskon ,plaskon ,co41 ,inc41 ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,r,hoplex ,rohm ,haas1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,syntex ,jones-,dabney ,co41 ,inc41 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,u=mite ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,o!r mak]s ( urea res9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates include3 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del42 ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,acrylate res9s3 ,acryloid ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,acrysol ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,cry/alite ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,lucite ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,plexiglas ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,plexigum ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,primal ,res9\s ,products ,*emical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,c\m>one-ind5e res9s3 ,cum> ,b>rett ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,neville ,neville ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,nev9d5e ,neville ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,petroleum res9s3 ,santo-,res9 ,monsanto ,*emical ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,petropol ,pure ,oil ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,poly/yr5e res9s3 ,bakelite poly/yr5e ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/yron ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 ,midl&1 ,mi*4 ,v9yl res9s3 ,butv> ,%aw9igan ,products1 ,inc41 ,indian ,or*>d1 ,mass4 ,v9yloid ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,v9ylite ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,v9al ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,v9ylseal ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,flam5ol ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,koroseal ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,co41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,trade ,,names ,,= ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,,made ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,trade "n ,mak] ,t>-acid res9s = m\ld+ & lam9at+3 ,bakelite ,bakelite1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,britsulite ,briti% ,insulite ,ltd41 ,man*e/]4 ,elo ,birkby's ,ltd41 ,liv]s$ge1 ,york%ire4 ,fabrolite ,briti% ,?ompson ,h\/on ,co41 ,ltd41 ,rugby4 ,holite ,e4 ,s4 ,hole1 ,london4 ,indurite ,indurite ,m\ld+ ,p[d]s ,ltd41 ,radcliffe1 ,lanca%ire4 ,lorival ,lorival ,mfg4 ,co41 ,ltd41 ,s\?all1 ,middlesex4 ,m\ldrite ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,ne/orite ,james ,f]guson ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,p]mapla/ic ,p]ma/ic ,ltd41 ,weybridge1 ,surrey4 ,rockite ,f4 ,a4 ,hughes ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,oil soluble t>-acid res9s3 ,bakelaque ,attwat] ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,pre/on1 ,lanca%ire4 ,dam>d ,bakelite1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,dam>da ,bakelite1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,epok ,briti% ,res9 ,products1 ,ltd41 ,k+/on-on-,?ames4 ,er9ite ,er9oid ,ltd41 ,/r\d1 ,gl\ce/]4 ,=mapex ,ioco ,rubb] ,wat]pro(+ ,co41 ,ltd41 ,anniesl&1 ,glasg[4 ,keebu% ,bu%+s1 ,ltd41 ,hebburn-on-,tyne4 ,ca/ ph5olic res93 ,catal9 ,catal9 ,ltd41 ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,essex4 ,urea res9s3 ,beetle ,beetle ,products ,co41 ,ltd41 ,oldbury1 ,worce/]%ire4 ,m\ldrite ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,pollopas ,beetle ,products ,co41 ,ltd41 ,oldbury1 ,worce/]%ire4 ,sc>at ,beetle ,products ,co41 ,ltd41 ,oldbury1 ,worce/]%ire4 ,alkyd res9s3 ,alb]talates ,alb]t ,products1 ,ltd41 ,eri?1 ,k5t4 ,dulux ,nobel ,*emical ,f9i%es ,ltd41 ,london4 ,glyptal ,briti% ,?ompson ,h\/on ,co41 ,ltd41 ,rugby4 ,micanite ,micanite & ,insulators ,co41 ,ltd41 ,wal?am/[1 ,london4 ,p>alac ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,acrylate res9s3 ,diakon & ,p]spex ,m\ldrite ,ltd41 ,division ( ,imp]ial ,*emical ,indu/ries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,anil9e res9s3 ,panilax ,micanite & ,insulators ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,trade ,,names ,,= ,,syn!tic ,,res9s ,,made ,,9 ,,g]many ,trade "n ,mak] ,t>-acid res9s3 ,alb]id ,dr4 ,kurt ,alb]t ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,*emis*e ,fabrik1 ,wiesbad5-,biebri*4 ,alb]tol ,dr4 ,kurt ,alb]t ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,*emis*e ,fabrik1 ,wiesbad5-,biebri*4 ,ambresit ,*emis*e ,fabrik ,ambra1 ,zittau i4 ,sa*s5 79 liquidation74 ,ammopla/e ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,backdura ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,bakelit ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,bakelit ,a 7,resol7 ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,bakelit ,c ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,bezet ,h>z ,l\is ,blum51 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,bos*bakelite ,rob]t ,bos* ,a4 ,g41 ,/uttg>t4 ,cellores5 ,l\is ,blum]1 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,dekorit ,dr4 ,f4 ,ras*ig ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,ludwig%af5 a4 ,rhe94 ,durax ,duroph5 ,dr4 ,kurt ,alb]t ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,wiesbad5-,biebri*4 ,ela/oli? ,h]old ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg #cc4 ,e?yl cellulose ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,faturan ,dr4 ,he9r4 ,traun ,sohne1 ,hamburg4 ,f]rozell ,deuts*e ,f]rozell ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,augsburg4 ,greif ,faturan ,dr4 ,h4 ,traun ,sohne1 ,hamburg4 ,havegit ,saures*utz ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,h]oli? ,h]old ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg4 ,hornoli? ,hornoli? ,g4 m b4 ,h41 ,b]l9 ,s #ei4 ,ivorax ,h]old ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg4 ,koraton ,w$ig ,reu4 ,kun/h>z #bf ,z ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,lacca9 ,l\is ,blum]1 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,leukorit ,dr4 ,f4 ,ras*ig ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,ludwig%af5 a4 ,rhe94 ,li?ocorn ,a4 ,elh>dt ,sohne1 ,kempt51 ,bay]n4 ,m>boli? ,h]old ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg #cc4 ,metakal9 ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,neoresit ,augu/ ,n[ak ,a4 ,g41 ,bautz54 ,novolack ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,novotext ,allgeme9e ,elektrizitats-,gesells*aft1 ,b]l94 ,ornali? ,h]old ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg ,ph5olpla/e ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,r$manol 7,bakelit ,a7 ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,res5opla/ ,l\is ,blum]1 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,res9it ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,res9ole ,dr4 ,f4 ,ras*ig ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,ludwig%af5 a4 ,rhe94 ,resit ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,resol ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,s*ellack]satz ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,dr4 ,a4 ,wack] ,gesells*aft fr ,elektro*emis*e ,indu/rie ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mn*54 ,dr4 ,kurt ,alb]t1 ,wiesbad5-,biebri*4 ,sipilite ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,b]l94 ,supr>es5 ,l\is ,blum]1 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,syntellac ,dr4 ,a4 ,wack] ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mn*54 ,t5azit ,allgeme9e ,elektrizitats-,gesells*aft1 ,b]l94 ,topla/ ,l\is ,blum]1 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,trolon ,rhe9is*-,we/falis*e ,spr5g/(f ,fabrik51 ,troisdorf4 ,turbax ,j>oslaw's ,er/e ,glimm]w>5fabrik1 ,b]l9 ,,s #cf4 ,vigori? ,dr4 ,f4 ,ras*ig1 ,ludwig%af5 a4 ,rhe94 ,v9napas ,dr4 ,a4 ,wack] ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mn*54 ,wack]s*ellack ,dr4 ,a4 ,wack] ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mn*54 ,w5jazit ,kun/-,roh/(f ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg-,e9beck4 ,alkyd res9s3 ,alftalate ,dr4 ,kurt ,alb]t ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,*emis*e ,fabrik1 ,wiesbad5-,biebri*4 ,alkydal ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,beckacite ,beckacite ,kun/h>zfabrik1 ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,hamburg-,w&sbeck4 ,beckosol ,beckacite ,kun/h>zfabrik1 ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,hamburg-,w&sbeck4 ,duxol ,l\is ,blum]1 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,duxalid ,l\is ,blum]1 ,zwickau i4 ,sa*s54 ,geaph?al ,allgeme9e ,elektrizitats-,gesells*aft1 ,b]l94 ,glyptal ,dr4 ,kurt ,alb]t ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,wiesbad5-,biebri*4 ,urea res9s3 ,h>es ,l ,h4 ,romml] ,a4 ,g41 ,b]l9 ,w #fb4 ,locron ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,pluvius9 ,kun/h>zfabrik ,dr4 ,f4 ,pollack1 ,vi5na1 ,g]man bran* ,b]l94 ,pollopas ,rhe9is*-,we/falis*e ,spr5g/(f ,fabrik51 ,troisdorf1 ,bez4 ,koln4 ,v9yl res9s3 ,acronal ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,m[ili? ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,poly/yr5e res9s3 ,meta/yrol ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,mollit ,i4 ,g4 ,f>b59du/rie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,trolitul ,rhe9is*-,we/falis*e ,spr5g/(f ,fabrik51 ,troisdorf4 ,acrylate res9s3 ,plexigum ,rohm ,haas1 ,d>m/adt4 ,o!r res9s3 ,c\m>one res9s ,kokaw]ke ,*emis*e ,fabrik5 ,a4 ,g41 ,b]l9 ,n4 ,w4 #dj4 ,h>z ,no4 #cj ,ciba ,a4 ,g41 ,b]l9-,wilm]sdorf4 ,h>z ,no4 #bch ,ciba ,a4 ,g41 ,b]l9-,wilm]sdorf4 ,ultrasit ,*emis*e ,fabrik ,ambra1 ,zittau1 ,sa*s51 79 liquidation74 ,utili? ,deuts*e ,roh/(f9du/rie1 ,augsburg4 ,,app5dix ,e ,,li/ ,,( ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,syn!tic ,,res9s#bh ,ph5ol3 ,b>rett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 ,midl&1 ,mi*4 ,kopp]s ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,monsanto ,*emical ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,reilly ,t> ,*emical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,cresols3 ,b>rett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,givaudan-,delawanna1 ,inc41 ,delawanna1 ,n4 ,j4 ,kopp]s ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,reilly ,t> ,*emical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,swann ,co41 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 ,xyl5ols3 ,b>rett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,reilly ,t> ,*emical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,butyl ph5ol 7p-t]ti>y71 ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 ,midl&1 ,mi*4 ,ph5yl ph5ols1 ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 ,midl&1 ,mi*4 ,resorc9ol1 te*43 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,p5nsylvania ,coal ,products ,co41 ,petrolia1 ,pa4 ,naph?al5e3 ,b>rett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,coop]s ,creek ,*emical ,co41 ,we/ ,con%ohock51 ,pa4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,reilly ,t> ,*emical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,%ell ,*emical ,co41 ,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,/&>d ,naph?al5e ,products ,corp41 ,s\? ,ke>ney1 ,n4 ,j4 ,:ite ,t> ,co4 ( ,n4 ,j41 ,inc41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,ph?alic acid & anhydride3 ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,b>rett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,monsanto ,*emical ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,maleic acid & anhydride3 ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,monsanto ,*emical ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,malic acid1 ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,adipic acid1 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,succ9ic acid & anhydride3 ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,urea1 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,=maldehyde3 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,empire ,oil ,ref9+ ,co41 ,b>tlesville1 ,okla4 ,heyd5 ,*emical ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hexame?yl5etetram9e1 te*43 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,heyd5 ,*emical ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,monsanto ,*emical ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,furfural1 ,quak] ,oats ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,v9yl acetate3 ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,niacet ,*emicals ,corp41 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,v9yl *loride1 ,c>bide ,c>bon ,*emicals ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,app5dix ,f ,,gloss>y#bi ,alkyd res94--,any cond5sation product involv+ a polybasic acid & a polyhydric alcohol4 ,typical examples are ph?alic glyc]ide & its modifications conta9+ comb9$ fatty acids or ros94 ,repres5tative examples are ,rezyls & ,glyptal4 ,am9opla/4--,g5]al t]ms = syn!tic res9s f am9o or amido comp\nds4 ,a typical example is urea-=maldehyde4 ,amorph\s4--,devoid ( cry/all9e /ructure4 ,?is condition is r>e4 ,_m sub/ances :i* are app>5tly amorph\s %[ microcry/all9ity1 p>ticul>ly "u ,x-ray exam9ation4 ,a-/age res9s4--,!rmosett+ res9s react$ only to ! initial /age :]e !y are soluble & fusible4 ,! normal /age ( a res9 us$ = impregnation4 ,bond+ /r5g?4--,! am\nt ( adhesion betwe5 a b9d] & fill]4 ,m specifically1 ! measure ( ! ext5t to :i* ! composite lay]s ( a lam9at$ product are bond$ toge!r4 ,brittl5ess4--,liability to break1 g5]ally to a con*oidal fracture4 ,b-/age res9s4--,!rmosett+ res9s react$ to a /age :]e !y s(t5 :5 heat$ & swell 9 contact ) liquids b d n entirely fuse or dissolve4 ,?is is ! pref]r$ /age = ! res9 9 mold+ compositions4 ,ca/+4--,=m+ a mat]ial into a %ape by p\r+ x :5 liquid into a mold4 ,! product f ! mold is us$ z su* or me*anically work$ 9 v>i\s ways to ! f9al articles1 z by sew+1 cutt+1 blank+1 turn+1 drill+1 =m+1 swag+1 gr9d+1 poli%+1 s&+1 or r\t+4 ,compressive /r5g?4--,resi/ance to de=mation "u appli$ pressure4 ,cond5sation4--,a *emical reaction 9 :i* two or m molecules comb9e ) a sep>ation ( wat] or "s o!r simple sub/ance4 ,appli$ to syn!tic res9s x means ! =mation ( a res9 by comb9ation ( a numb] ( molecules ) elim9ation ( wat]1 ammonia1 hydrog5 *loride1 or o!r simple sub/ance4 ,examples ( cond5sation res9s are alkyd1 ph5ol-aldehyde1 & urea-=maldehyde res9s4 ,! f9al products are also call$ cond5sation-polym]s4 7,see ,polym]ization47 ,copolym]ization4--,! t]m appli$ :5 two or m sub/ances polym]ize at ! same "t to yield a product :i* is n a mixture ( sep>ate polym]s b a complex hav+ prop]ties diff]5t f ei!r polym] alone4 ,= example1 v9ylite is produc$ by polym]ization ( a mixture ( v9yl acetate & v9yl *loride4 ,c-/age res9s4--,!rmosett+ res9s 9 ! f9al /age 9 :i* !y are infusible & insoluble4 ,! /ate ( ! res9 9 ! f9al mold$ article4 ,cur+4--,! *ange ( a b9d] f ! soluble-fusible condition to ! sub/antially insoluble-infusible =m by *emical action4 ,! heat-sett+ ( a res9oid4 ,action is analog\s to vulcanization ( rubb]4 ,dielectric /r5g?4--,voltage gradi5t at :i* a cont9u\s electrical dis*>ge w take place betwe5 two electrodes :5 ! mat]ial 9 "q is plac$ betwe5 ! electrodes & a pot5tial diff]5ce is appli$ to !m4 ,ela/ic4--,a sub/ance :i* exhibits rubb]like prop]ties or 8high ela/icity0 ov] a wide range ( appli$ =ces4 ,ela/ic de=mation4--,:5 a sub/ance rev]ts to its orig9al dim5sions on release ( an appli$ /ress4 ,ela/ic limit4--,! po9t at :i* a body beg9s to yield "u a /ress2 t is1 :5 ! /ress is equal to or great] ?an ! int]nal friction4 ,ela/icity4--,! prop]ty by virtue ( :i* a body rev]ts to its normal bulk or %ape aft] de=mation by an appli$ =ce4 ,extrusion mold+4--,a mold+ proc$ure = ext5d$ %apes ( uni=m cross section1 :]eby a heat-s(t5$ sub/ance is =c$ ?r\gh an orifice ( =m co9cid+ ) ! cross section ( ! article4 ,flexibility4--,capability ( b5d+ )\t break+4 ,gums4--,visc\s vegetable secretions :i* h>d5 b1 unlike res9s1 are wat] soluble4 ,! "n is (t5 appli$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! v>ni% indu/ry1 to natural res9s su* z copals4 ,h>dness4--,prop]ty ( sub/ances det]m9$ by _! ability to abrade or ind5t "o ano!r4 ,(t5 measur$ by ! ext5t or dep? ( ind5tation produc$ by a /&>d sub/ance "u a pr$et]m9$ load4 ,impact /r5g?4--,! measure ( t\ghness ( a mat]ial4 ,g5]ally det]m9$ by ! en]gy requir$ to break a specim5 9 "o bl[4 ,injection mold+4--,a mold+ proc$ure :]eby a heat-s(t5$ pla/ic mat]ial is =c$ f a receptacle into a cavity :i* gives ! article ( desir$ %ape4 ,us$ p>ticul>ly = !rmopla/ics s9ce ! scrap c be reus$4 ,z soon z ! composition 9 ! mold cools suffici5tly to be rigid1 ! mold is op5$ & ! mold$ article remov$4 ,an analogy ( injection mold+ 9 ano!r field is %[n by ! l9otype ma*9e4 ,ins]ts4--,p>ts ( a f9i%$ mold$ article :i* are ( diff]5t mat]ial f ! mold+ composition b are set 9 place or position$ by ! mold+ op]ation4 ,lam9at$ products4--,%eets ( mat]ial unit$ by a b9d]4 ,= example1 %eets ( pap] or wood coat$ &_/or impregnat$ ) a res9\s composition & subject$ to pressure1 g5]ally ) heat4 ,monom]4--,! simple/ repeat+ /ructural unit ( a polym]4 ,= addition polym]s ?is repres5ts ! orig9ally unpolym]iz$ comp\nd4 ,ph5opla/4--,a g5]al t]m = ph5ol-aldehyde res9s4 ,synonym\s ) popul> t]m 8ph5olics40 ,pla/ics4--,all sub/ances t c be mold$4 ,9 g5]al a pla/ic is a sub/ance :i* behaves z a solid at /resses less ?an a c]ta9 am\nt kn[n z ! yield value & z a visc\s liquid at /resses great] ?an ?is4 ,! "n is also appli$ to sub/ances :i* orig9ally b n ultimately fulfill ?is condition4 ,= example1 x is appli$ to !rmoset compositions or res9oids 9 ! f9al /ages4 ,pla/icity4--,susceptibility to & ! ret5tion ( de=mation4 ,capacity ( tak+ & reta9+ ! =m ( a mold4 ,! prop]ty ( solids by virtue ( :i* !y hold _! %ape p]man5tly "u ! action ( small %e>+ /resses b are readily de=m$1 work$1 or mold$ "u l>g] /resses4 ,polym]ization4--,a *emical *ange result+ 9 ! =mation ( a new comp\nd ^: molecul> weight is a multiple ( t ( ! orig9al sub/ances4 ,! products ( ! reaction are call$ polym]s4 ,to di/+ui% f ^? result+ f cond5sation 7q4 v471 !y are (t5 designat$ addition polym]s1 s9ce ! reaction is t ( successive addition ( a l>ge numb] ( relatively small molecules 7monom]s7 to =m ! f9al polym]4 ,p[] factor4--,9 an insulat+ mat]ial1 ! ratio ( total p[] loss 7watts7 9 ! mat]ial to ! product ( voltage & curr5t 9 a capacitor 9 :i* t mat]ial is a dielectric4 ,pre=ms4--,mold+ p[d]s conv]t$ by pressure & )\t heat into a d5s] coh]5t =m :i* approximates ! %ape ( ! f9al hot-press$ article4 ,mold+ mat]ial conv]t$ to pre=ms has ab\t half ! bulk factor ( ! orig9al p[d]4 ,o!r =ms ( d5sifi$ composition :i* d n necess>ily approximate ! %ape ( ! f9al mold+ are tablets1 briquettes1 pellets1 pills1 & balls4 ,res94--,a t]m g5]ally ref]r+ to a physical condition at room temp]ature approximat+ ! physical prop]ties ( natural res9s4 ,h[ev]1 ! temp]ature ( ref]5ce %\ld n be limit$ to room temp]ature & ! t]m is "h int5d$ to embrace all sub/ances :i* )9 a c]ta9 temp]ature range %[ ^!1 prop]ties4 ,= example1 _m oil-modifi$ alkyd res9s are visc\s liquids at room temp]ature b n at l[] temp]atures2 poly/yr5e is a res9 at room temp]ature b rubb]like :5 w>m$4 ,res9oids4--,! class "n appli$ to !rmosett+ res9s4 ,tempor>y !rmopla/ics4 ,! "n is also (t5 appli$ to ! f9al cur$ res9s4 ,s(t5+ po9t4--,res9s h no %>p melt+ po9t4 ,application ( heat causes gradual *ange f a brittle or exce$+ly ?ick & sl[ fl[+ mat]ial to a s(t] & less visc\s liquid4 ,! s(t5+ po9t is ! temp]ature at :i* ! mat]ial fl[s at a def9ite rate or to a def9ite di/ance4 ,syn!tic res94--,a complex1 sub/antially amorph\s1 organic semisolid or solid mat]ial 7usually a mixture ( sub/ances7 built up by *emical reaction ( comp>atively simple comp\nds &1 dep5d+ ^u ! temp]ature at :i* ! exam9ation is made1 approximat+ ! natural res9s 9 v>i\s physical prop]ties3 namely1 lu/]1 fracture1 comp>ative brittl5ess1 insolubility 9 wat]1 fusibility or pla/icity :5 heat$ or expos$ to heat & pressure1 &1 at a c]ta9 m or less n>r[ temp]ature range be=e fusion1 %[+ a degree ( rubb]like ext5sibility2 b commonly deviat+ widely f natural res9s 9 *emical con/itution & behavior ) reag5ts4 ,syn!tic rubb]4--,ca\t*\c syn!siz$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,! t]m is a misnom] & mo/ probably repres5ts an impossibility4 ,t5sile /r5g?4--,! greate/ int]nal =ce p] unit ( cross section :i* a mat]ial develops be=e failure "u t5sion4#cj ,!rmopla/ic4--,! prop]ty ( s(t5+ "u heat4 ,all mold+ mat]ials are !rmopla/ic at ! initial application ( heat4 ,"o class 7! s-call$ !rmopla/ics7 rema9s s(t p]man5tly "u heat2 ! o!r 7!rmosett+71 aft] fir/ s(t5+1 sets or cures m or less quickly to a m solid =m4 ,a practical di/9ction is t ) ! fir/ class ! mold mu/ be cool$ be=e ! mold$ article is remov$1 b n ) ! second4 ,a !rmopla/ic sub/ance is adequately rigid at normal temp]atures & "u ord9>y conditions ( /ress b is capable ( de=mation "u heat & pressure4 ,!rmosett+4--,! prop]ty ( und]go+ a *emical *ange :5 heat$ :]eby a h>d5$ product is obta9$4 ,prop]ty mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ph5ol & urea =maldehyde res9s & less s ) alkyds4 ,a !rmosett+ sub/ance possesses initially ! prop]ties ( a !rmopla/ic b "u ! influ5ce ( heat und]goes *emical *ange s t x is no long] !rmopla/ic b becomes p]man5tly infusible4 ,viscosity4--,int]nal friction or resi/ance to *ange ( =m ( a liquid4 ,! con/ant ratio ( %e>+ /ress to rate ( %e>4 ,wat]-absorption4--,am\nt ( wat] tak5 up :5 expos$ to humid conditions or :5 imm]s$4 ,bo? rate ( absorption & total absorption are important1 also *ange 9 dim5sions4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( absorb$ wat] may improve me*anical prop]ties b usually weak5s electrical *>act]i/ics4 ,,footnotes #a ,a gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms is includ$ 9 app5dix ,f4 p4 #afj ( ?is report4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 fundam5tal t]ms :i* x w\ld be advisable to h cle>ly 9 m9d at ?is po9t4 #b ,%ellac is a sub/ance secret$ by lac insects fe$+ on c]ta9 types ( h>dwood trees4 #c ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical indu/ry1 #aija4 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #ajge4 #d ,curr5t sales prices 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates av]age betwe5 #g & #aj c5ts p] p\nd & any imports w\ld be dutiable "u ! provisions ( p>4 #bh ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj at #de p]c5t ad valorem bas$ on ,am]ican sell+ price plus #g c5ts p] p\nd4 ,bas$ on an ,am]ican sell+ price ( #g c5ts p] p\nd1 ! import duty w\ld be slightly m ?an #aj c5ts p] p\nd1 :ile on an ,am]ican sell+ price ( #aj c5ts p] p\nd ! duty w\ld be #aa4e c5ts p] p\nd4 #e ,zelov1 ,victor ,i4 ,automatic ,mold+1 ,pt4 #b1 ,advantages & limitations4 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 v4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #bjf2 ,octob] #aicg4 #f ,= texts & int]pretation ( exclusion ord]s see ,treasury ,decisions #daeab2 #dahie2 #dddaa2 #dddia2 #ddggf2 & #ddigg4 #g ,am]ican sell+ price is def9$ 9 section #djb1 7g7 z3 8,! ,am]ican sell+ price ( any article manufactur$ or produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ! price1 includ+ ! co/ ( all conta9]s & cov]+s ( :atev] nature & all o!r co/s1 *>ges1 & exp5ses incid5t to plac+ ! m]*&ise 9 condition pack$ ready = deliv]y1 at :i* su* article is freely (f]$ = sale to all pur*as]s 9 ! pr9cipal m>ket ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( trade & 9 ! usual :olesale quantities 9 su* m>ket1 or ! price t ! manufactur]1 produc]1 or own] w\ld h receiv$ or 0 will+ to receive = su* m]*&ise :5 sold 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( trade & 9 ! usual :olesale quantities1 at ! "t ( exportation ( ! import$ article40 #h ,unit$ ,/ates value is def9$ 9 section #djb1 7e7 z3 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates value ( import$ m]*&ise %all be ! price at :i* su* or simil> import$ m]*&ise is freely (f]$ = sale1 pack$ ready = deliv]y1 9 ! pr9cipal m>ket ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to all pur*as]s1 at ! "t ( exportation ( ! import$ m]*&ise1 9 ! usual :olesale quantities & 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( trade1 ) all[ance made = duty1 co/ ( transportation & insurance1 & o!r necess>y exp5ses f ! place ( %ipm5t to ! place ( deliv]y1 a commission n exce$+ #f p] c5tum1 if any has be5 paid or contract$ to be paid on goods secur$ o!rwise ?an by pur*ase1 or pr(its n to exce$ #h p] c5tum & a reasonable all[ance = g5]al exp5ses1 n to exce$ #h p] c5tum on pur*as$ goods40 #i ,! reclassifications read3 ,,p>4 #b4 8,v9yl acetate1 polym]iz$ or unpolym]iz$1 & syn!tic res9s made 9 *ief value !refrom1 n specially provid$ =40 ,,p>4 #aa4 8,syn!tic res9s made 9 *ief value f v9yl acetate1 n specially provid$ =40 #aj ,see sections on import "u ea* res94 #aa ,r$uc$ ,may #bc1 #aicd1 f #be c5ts p] p\nd & #cj p]c5t by ,presid5tial proclamation "u ,section #ccf ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj4 #ab ,bas$ on ! total sales 9 #aicg report$ to ! ,t>iff ,commission2 sales 9 doll>s div$ by quantity 7net res9 cont5t74 #ac ,! new consumption-re/riction regulations are-- ,ext]ior use on pla/]1 brick1 /one1 & cem5t3 #a4 ,surfaces already pa9t$ ) oil pa9t may be repa9t$ ) oil pa9ts1 )\t re/rictions2 #b4 ,surfaces calcim9$ may be pa9t$ ) pa9ts conta9+ n m ?an #ae p]c5t oil2 #c4 ,unpa9t$ surfaces may be pa9t$ only ) pa9ts free ( oil4 ,ext]ior use on wood3 ,l9se$ oil pa9t may be us$ = ! fir/ coat1 & succe$+ coats may conta9 up to #gj p]c5t oil4 ,ext]ior & int]ior use on metal3 ,oil pa9ts may be us$ )\t re/riction4 ,int]ior use on pla/]1 brick1 /one1 & cem5t3 #a4 ,surfaces already pa9t$ ) oil pa9t may only be repa9t$ ) pa9t conta9+ n m ?an #ae p]c5t oil4 #b4 ,unpa9t$ surfaces mu/ be pa9t$ ) pa9t free ( oil4 ,int]ior use on wood1 to be clean$ ) soap & soda3 ,el ,v>ni% & oil v>ni% may be us$ = ! fir/ coat foll[$ by pa9t conta9+ up to #gj p]c5t oil4 ,int]ior use on wood1 n clean$ ) soap & soda3 ,z above1 except t succe$+ coats may conta9 n m ?an #dj p]c5t oil4 #ad ,ackn[l$gm5t3 ,mo/ ( ! in=mation ab\t ! indu/ry 9 ,great ,brita9 0 submitt$ by ,norman ,inwood ( ! /aff ( ! ,am]ican consulate g5]al at ,london1 ,engl&4 #ae ,ackn[l$gm5t3 ,in=mation obta9$ on ! syn!tic res9 indu/ry 9 ,france 0 furni%$ by ,addison ,e4 ,s\?>d1 ,am]ican consul g5]al at ,p>is4 #af ,ackn[l$gm5t3 ,mu* ( ! in=mation on ! ,japanese syn!tic res9 indu/ry includ$ h]e9 0 furni%$ by ,c>l ,h4 ,boehr+]1 ,assi/ant ,trade ,commission] at ,tokyo at ! reque/ ( ! ,u4,s4 ,t>iff ,commission4 #ag ,^! figures are bas$ on an av]age naph?al5e cont5t ( coal t> ( slightly less ?an #aj p]c5t4 ,! total am\nt conta9$ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 n be recov]$ ev5 "u ideal m>ket conditions z to price & dem&4 #ah ,p>4 #afea4 ,coal-t> products3 444 naph?al5e :i* aft] ! removal ( all ! wat] pres5t has a solidify+ po9t less ?an #gi ,c4 444 7,free74 #ai ,p>4 #bg4 ,coal-t> products3 7a7 7#a71 7#e7 444 naph?al5e :i* aft] ! removal ( all wat] pres5t has a solidify+ po9t ( #gi ,c4 or above2 all ! =ego+ products 9 ?is p>agraph :e!r obta9$1 d]iv$1 or manufactur$ f coal t> or o!r s\rces2 444 #dj p]c5t ad valorem & #g c5ts p] p\nd4 7c7 ,! ad valorem rates provid$ 9 ?is p>agraph %all be bas$ ^u ! ,am]ican sell+ price 7z def9$ 9 subdivision 7g7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv71 ( any simil> competitive article manufactur$ or produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if !re is no simil> competitive article manufactur$ or produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !n ! ad valorem rate %all be bas$ ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates value1 z def9$ 9 subdivision 7e7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv4 7d7 ,= ! purposes ( ?is p>agraph any coal-t> product provid$ = 9 ?is act %all be consid]$ simil> to or competitive ) any import$ coal-t> product :i* accompli%es results sub/antially equal to ^? accompli%$ by ! dome/ic product :5 us$ 9 sub/antially ! same mann]4 #bj ,^u ,am]ican sell+ price or ,unit$ ,/ates value4 #ba ,! relevant provisions ( ?is act are z foll[s3 ,p>4 #bg 7b7 444 ph5ol1 c>bolic acid :i* on be+ subject$ to di/illation yields 9 ! portion di/ill+ bel[ "o hundr$ & n9ety degrees c5tigrade a quantity ( t> acids equal to or m ?an #e p] c5tum ( ! orig9al di/illate1 4441 & any mixture ( any ( ! =ego+ products ) any ( ! products provid$ = 9 p>agraph #afea1 #bj p] c5tum ad valorem & #c c5ts p] p\nd4 7c7 ,! ad valorem rates provid$ 9 ?is p>agraph %all be bas$ ^u ! ,am]ican sell+ price 7z def9$ 9 subdivision 7g7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv71 ( any simil> competitive article manufactur$ or produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if !re is no simil> competitive article manufactur$ or produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !n ! ad valorem rate %all be bas$ ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates value1 z def9$ 9 subdivision 7e7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv4 7d7 ,= ! purposes ( ?is p>agraph any coal-t> product provid$ = 9 ?is ,act %all be consid]$ simil> to or competitive ) any import$ coal-t> product :i* accompli%es results sub/antially equal to ^? accompli%$ by ! dome/ic product :5 us$ 9 sub/antially ! same mann]4 #bb ,9 #aibc ! unit value ( dome/ic sales 0 #bg c5ts p] p\nd & ! duty on imports 7comput$ specific rate p] p\nd7 0 #af c5ts2 9 #aibe ! correspond+ figures 7 #ba & #af c5ts1 respectively4 #bc ,p>4 #afea4 ,coal-t> products3 4441 all mixtures ( any ( ^! di/illates & any ( ! =ego+ pit*es1 & all o!r mat]ials or products f\nd naturally 9 coal t>1 :e!r produc$ or obta9$ f coal t> or o!r s\rce1 & n specially provid$ = 9 p>s4 #bg or #bh4444 #bd ,p>4 #bg 7a7 7#b74 ,coal-t> products3 ,all di/illates 7except ^? provid$ = 9 sub-p>agraph 7b77 ( coal t>1 bla/-furnace t>1 oil-gas t>1 & wat]-gas t>1 4441 :i* on be+ subject$ to di/illation yield 9 ! portion di/ill+ bel[ two hundr$ & fifte5 degrees c5tigrade a quantity ( t> acids equal to or m ?an #ge p] c5tum ( ! orig9al di/illate4 #be ,p>4 #bg 7b74 ,metacresol hav+ a purity ( #ij p] c5tum or m1 or?ocresol hav+ a purity ( #ij p] c5tum or m1 p>acresol hav+ a purity ( #ij p] c5tum or m1 444 & any mixture ( any ( ! =ego+ products ) any ( ! products provid$ = 9 p>agraph #afea1 444 ,p>4 #bg 7c74 ,! ad valorem rates provid$ 9 ?is p>agraph %all be bas$ ^u ! ,am]ican sell+ price 7z def9$ 9 subdivision 7g7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv71 ( any simil> competitive article manufactur$ or produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if !re is no simil> competitive article manufactur$ or produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !n ! ad valorem rate %all be bas$ ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates value1 z def9$ 9 subdivision 7e7 ( section #djb1 title ,,iv4 ,p>4 #bg 7d74 ,= ! purposes ( ?is p>agraph any coal-t> product provid$ = 9 ?is ,act %all be consid]$ simil> to or competitive ) any import$ coal-t> product :i* accompli%es results sub/antially equal to ^? accompli%$ by ! dome/ic product :5 us$ 9 sub/antially ! same mann]4 #bf ,p>4 #bg 7b74 444 cresylic acid :i* ^u be+ subject$ to di/illation yields 9 ! portion di/ill+ bel[ two hundr$ & fifte5 degrees c5tigrade a quantity ( t> acids equal to or m ?an #ge p] c5tum ( ! orig9al di/illate4444 #bg ,"s ( ! mak]s ( ^! products d n c>e to be id5tifi$ ) _! manufacture4 #bh ,"s ( ! mak]s ( ^! products are n li/$ because !y d n c>e to be s id5tifi$4 #bi ,bas$ on pp4 #cba-d1 ,mod]n ,pla/ics1 ,octob] #aicg4 #cj ,s\rce3 ,peele's ,m9+ ,eng9e]s' ,h&book1 ,ed4 #a1 p4 #bbji4