,,united ,,states ,,tariff ,,commission ,,synthetic ,,resins ,,and ,,their ,,raw ,,materials ,,report ,no4 #aca ,,second ,,series ,illustration ,,recent ,,reports ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,tariff ,,commission ,,reports ,,to ,,the ,,president ,under the ,rate ,adjustment ,provisions 7,sec4 #ccf7 of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj ,dressed or ,dyed ,furs1 ,report ,no4 #abb1 ,second ,series1 #aicg #j4je ,slide ,fasteners 7,zippers71 ,report ,no4 #aac1 ,second ,series1 #aicf 4#aj ,under the ,unfair ,practices ,provisions 7,sec4 #ccg7 of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj ,coilable ,metal ,rules1 ,report ,no4 #ajf1 ,second ,series1 #aicf 4#je ,,reports ,,to ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,senate ,under the ,general ,powers ,provision 7,sec4 #ccb7 of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj ,nets and ,netting and ,other ,fishing ,gear1 ,report ,no4 #aag1 ,second ,series1 #aicg 4#aj ,salmon and ,other ,fish1 ,report ,no4 #aba1 ,second ,series1 #aicg 4#ae ,subsidies and ,bounties to ,fisheries ,enterprises by ,foreign ,countries1 ,report ,no4 #aaf1 ,second ,series1 #aicf 4#ae ,tuna ,fish1 ,report ,no4 #aji1 ,second ,series1 #aicf 4#aj ,wood ,pulp and ,pulpwood1 ,report ,no4 #abf1 ,second ,series1 #aich 4#cj ,,other ,,reports ,,under ,,the ,,general ,,powers ,,provision ,,of ,,the ,,tariff ,,act ,,of #aicj ,dominion and ,colonial ,statistics1 ,report ,no4 #abg1 ,second ,series1 #aich 4#aj ,dyes and ,other ,synthetic ,organic ,chemicals in the ,united ,states1 #aicg1 ,report ,no4 #acb1 ,second ,series1 #aich 4#aj ,extent of ,equal ,tariff ,treatment in ,foreign ,countries1 ,report ,no4 #aai1 ,second ,series1 #aicg 4#ae ,the ,mica ,industry1 ,report ,no4 #acj1 ,second ,series1 #aich 4#be ,chemical ,nitrogen1 ,report ,no4 #aad1 ,second ,series1 #aicg 4#be ,flat ,glass and ,related ,glass ,products1 ,report ,no4 #abc1 ,second ,series1 #aicg 4#ce ,iron and ,steel1 ,report ,no4 #abh1 ,second ,series1 #aich 4#fj ,cutlery ,products1 ,report ,no4 #abi1 ,second ,series1 #aicg 4#ae ,,trade ,,agreements ,,information ,trade ,agreement ,with ,canada 7a summary of the provisions of this agreement71 ,report ,no4 #aaa1 ,second ,series1 #aicf 4#ae ,miscellaneous ,reports ,changes in ,import ,duties ,since the ,passage of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj1 ,miscellaneous ,series1 #aicg 4#aj ,rules of ,practice and ,procedure 7,sixth ,revision7 and ,laws ,relating to the ,united ,states ,tariff ,commission1 ,miscellaneous ,series1 #aich 4#aj ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 at the prices indicated ,,united ,,states ,,tariff ,,commission ,washington ,,errata ,since publication of the report on ,synthetic ,resins the ,commission's attention has been called to certain necessary corrections4 ,page #cg--b;d line under heading 8,production in the ,united ,states0 ,strike out 8,the ,resinous ,products and ,chemical ,co41 ,inc410 and insert 8,rohm and ,haas10 ,page #aed--,last item under 8,vinyl ,resins0 ,transfer the name of ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours and ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 to line below so that it will not be opposite a trade name4 ,this company manufactures ,vinyl ,resins but not 8,koroseal04 ,december #aich ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the errata have been corrected for this e-text1 together with a number of sundry typos4 ,,united ,,states ,,tariff ,,commission ,,synthetic ,,resins ,,and ,,their ,,raw ,,materials ,a ,,survey ,,of ,,the ,,types ,,and ,,uses ,,of ,,synthetic ,,resins1 ,,the ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,industry1 ,,and ,,the ,,trade ,,in ,,resins ,,and ,,raw ,,materials1 ,,with ,,particular ,,reference ,,to ,,factors ,,essential ,,to ,,tariff ,,consideration ,,under ,,the ,,general ,,provisions ,,of ,,section #ccb1 ,,title ,,iii1 ,,part ,,ii1 ,,tariff ,,act ,,of #aicj ,,report ,no4 #aca ,,second ,,series ,illustration ,,united ,,states ,,government ,,printing ,,office ,,washington3 #aich ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #be cents ,,united ,,states ,,tariff ,,commission ,,raymond ,b4 ,,stevens1 ,chairman ,,henry ,f4 ,,grady1 ,vice ,chairman ,,edgar ,b4 ,,brossard ,,oscar ,b4 ,,ryder ,e4 ,,dana ,,durand ,a4 ,,manuel ,,fox ,,sidney ,,morgan1 ,secretary ,address ,all ,communications ,,united ,,states ,,tariff ,,commission ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,page ,acknowledgment ,,xi #a4 ,introduction #a ,scope and purpose #b ,fundamental definitions #b ,tariff history #c ,broadening use of synthetic resins #d ,relation of synthetic resins to their raw materials #e ,sources of information #g #b4 ,summary3 ,growth of the industry #g ,raw materials #h ,resins #i ,the industry abroad #aj ,international trade #aj #c4 ,tar-acid resins #aa ,the three stages of a tar-acid resin #ac ,classification of tar-acid resins #ac ,processes of resin manufacture #ad ,production in the ,united ,states #ae ,imports into the ,united ,states #af ,exports from the ,united ,states #ag ,tar-acid resins for molding3 ,molding powders and pellets #ah ,the molding of tar-acid resins #ai ,production of tar-acid molding resins #ai ,cast phenolic resins3 ,process of manufacture #bj ,uses #bj ,patents and licensing #ba ,production of cast phenolic resins #ba ,imports and exports #ba ,tar-acid resins for laminating #ba ,uses of tar-acid resin laminated products #bb ,production of tar-acid resins for laminating #bc ,imports into the ,united ,states #bd ,exports from the ,united ,states #bd ,tar-acid resins for surface coatings3 ,types of resin used and the resultant coatings #bd ,production in the ,united ,states #be ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states #be ,tar-acid resins in adhesives #be ,tar-acid resins for other uses #bf #d4 ,alkyd resins3 ,description and uses #bf ,development and patents #bg ,classification of alkyd resins3 ,unmodified drying alkyd resins #bh ,drying alkyd resins1 modified with natural materials #bi ,drying alkyd resins1 modified with other synthetic resins #bi ,drying alkyd resins1 modified with other synthetic resins and oil extended #bi ,semidrying alkyd resins #bi ,nondrying alkyd resins #cj ,miscellaneous modified alkyd resins #cj ,alkyd resins in water dispersion #cj ,alkyd resins in molding compositions and other uses #cj ,pigments and solvents in alkyd resins #ca ,production in the ,united ,states #ca ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states #cb #e4 ,urea resins3 ,description and uses #cb ,production in the ,united ,states #cd ,united ,states imports and exports #ce #f4 ,acrylate resins3 ,properties and uses #ce ,production in the ,united ,states #cg ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states #ch #g4 ,coumarone and indene resins3 ,description and uses #ch ,production in the ,united ,states #ci ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states #ci #h4 ,petroleum resins3 ,properties and uses #ci ,production #da ,imports and exports #da #i4 ,polystyrene resins3 ,properties and uses #da ,production in the ,united ,states #db ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states #db #aj4 ,vinyl resins #dc ,description and uses3 ,polyvinyl acetate resins #dd ,copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride #df ,polyvinyl chloride resins #dg ,polyvinyl chloroacetate resins #dg ,divinyl acetylene and synthetic rubber #dg ,production in the ,united ,states #dh ,imports into the ,united ,states #dh ,exports from the ,united ,states #ej #aa4 ,other synthetic resins3 ,adipic acid resins #ej ,aniline resins #ej ,citric acid resins #ej ,diphenyl resins #ea ,furfural resins #ea ,resins from sugar #ea ,sulphonamide resins #ea #ab4 ,the organization of the synthetic resin industry3 ,horizontal relationships between resin producers #eb ,vertical relationships between resin producers3 ,tar-acid resins for molding #ec ,tar-acid resins for laminating #ed ,cast phenolic resins #ed ,tar-acid resins for coatings #ee ,tar-acid resins for miscellaneous uses #ee ,alkyd resins made from phthalic anhydride #ee ,alkyd resins made from maleic anhydride #ee ,urea resins for molding #ef ,urea resins for other uses #ef ,coumarone and indene resins #ef ,other resins #ef ,relationship of the resin industry to other industries3 ,the chemical industry #ef ,the surface-coating industry #eg ,the electric industry #eg ,the auto industry #eg #ac4 ,the ,united ,states tariff and international trade in synthetic resins #eh ,rapid expansion in home markets #ei ,the effect of patents on international trade #ei ,the ,united ,states tariff on resins and resin products3 ,synthetic resins #fj ,articles made of synthetic resin #fa #ad4 ,synthetic resin prices1 properties1 and uses3 ,synthetic resins as substitutes #fb ,motives for substitution #fc ,materials displaced by synthetic resins #fc ,competition between synthetic resins #fc ,resins classified by cost #fd ,the physical properties of a resin and its uses #fe #ae4 ,synthetic resins in other countries3 ,germany3 ,production #ge ,tar-acid resins #ge ,alkyd resins #gf ,urea resins #gf ,polystyrene and vinyl resins #gf ,uses of synthetic resins #gf ,organization #gg ,foreign trade #gg ,great ,britain3 ,production #gh ,tar-acid resins #gi ,urea resins #gi ,acrylate resins #gi ,aniline resin #gi ,organization #gi ,foreign trade #hj ,france3 ,producers #hj ,foreign trade #ha ,czechoslovakia #hb ,italy #hb ,japan #hc ,production #hc ,canada #hd ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics #he ,netherlands #he ,denmark #hf ,poland #hf #af4 ,raw materials for alkyd resins #hf ,naphthalene3 ,recovery of naphthalene #hg ,description and uses #hg ,united ,states production #hh ,organization of the industry #hi ,trend of production #hi ,world production #ij ,germany #ia ,great ,britain #ib ,belgium #ic ,czechoslovakia #ic ,france #id ,poland #id ,netherlands #id ,canada #id ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics #id ,japan #id ,united ,states imports3 ,rates of duty #ie ,import statistics #if ,united ,states exports #ih ,competitive conditions #ih ,phthalic anhydride3 ,description and uses #ih ,united ,states production #ajj ,production in other countries #aja ,united ,states foreign trade #aja ,competitive conditions #aja ,polybasic acids other than phthalic anhydride3 ,maleic acid and anhydride #ajb ,malic acid and malomalic acid #ajb ,adipic acid #ajb ,succinic acid and anhydride #ajb ,fumaric acid #ajb ,glycerin3 ,description and uses #ajc ,united ,states production #ajc ,production in other countries #ajd ,international trade #ajd ,united ,states imports #aje ,united ,states exports #ajg ,competitive conditions #ajh #ag4 ,raw materials for tar-acid resins3 ,the tar acids #aji ,phenol3 ,description and uses #aaj ,united ,states production #aaa ,grades produced for resins #aab ,producers #aab ,world production #aac ,united ,states imports3 ,rates of duty #aad ,import statistics #aad ,united ,states exports #aaf ,competitive conditions #aaf ,the cresols1 xylenols1 and cresylic acid3 ,description and uses3 ,the cresols #aag ,metacresol #aah ,orthocresol #aah ,paracresol #aah ,metaparacresol #aah ,cresol #aah ,the xylenols #aah ,other high-boiling tar acids #aai ,cresylic acid #aai ,united ,states production3 ,the cresols #abj ,the xylenols #abj ,other high-boiling tar acids #abj ,cresylic acid #abj ,foreign production #abb ,united ,states imports3 ,rates of duty #abd ,import statistics #abe ,united ,states exports #aca ,competitive conditions #aca ,synthetic tar acids other than phenol #acb ,para tertiary amyl phenol #acc ,para tertiary butyl phenol #acc ,phenyl phenols #acc ,resorcinol #acc ,formaldehyde3 ,description and uses #acc ,united ,states production #acd ,production in other countries #acd ,united ,states imports and exports #acd ,competitive conditions #ace ,hexamethylenetetramine3 ,description and uses #acf ,united ,states production #acf ,production in other countries #acf ,united ,states imports and exports #acf ,competitive conditions #acg ,furfural #acg #ah4 ,raw materials for urea resins3 ,urea #ach ,thiourea #aci #ai4 ,raw materials for vinyl resins3 ,description and uses #adj ,united ,states production #adj ,united ,states imports #ada ,competitive conditions #ada ,,appendixes ,appendix ,a4 ,statistical tables on foreign trade in raw material for synthetic resins #add ,appendix ,b4 ,trade names for synthetic resins made in the ,united ,states #aec ,appendix ,c4 ,trade names for synthetic resins made in ,great ,britain #aee ,appendix ,d4 ,trade names for synthetic resins made in ,germany #aef ,appendix ,e4 ,list of ,united ,states manufacturers of raw materials for synthetic resins #aeh ,appendix ,f4 ,glossary #afj ,,tables ,no4 #a4 ,synthetic resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aiba-cg #h #b4 ,tar-acid resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 by type of raw material1 #aicc-cg #ad #c4 ,tar-acid resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aibg-cg #ae #d4 ,synthetic resins of coal-tar origin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiai-cg #af #e4 ,synthetic resins of coal-tar origin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by principal sources1 in specified years #aibi-cg #ag #f4 ,cast phenolic resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicd-cg #ba #g4 ,alkyd resins from phthalic and maleic anhydride3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicc-cg #ca #h4 ,urea resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicc-cg #ce #i4 ,resoglas and ,trolitul3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aicc-cg #dc #aj4 ,synthetic resins classified under paragraph #aa3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aica-cg #di #aa4 ,vinyl acetate resins3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aicd-cg #di #ab4 ,mowilith resins3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aicb-cg #di #ac4 ,synthetic resins3 ,united ,states production and imports1 #aicd-cg #eh #ad4 ,comparison of the international trade of the ,united ,states in synthetic resins and in certain raw materials for resins1 #aicd-cg #eh #ae4 ,tariff classification and rates of duty in ,tariff act of #aicj upon certain articles made of synthetic resin #fa #af4 ,manufactured articles n4 s4 p4 f4 in which synthetic resin is the chief binding agent3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aica-cg #fb #ag4 ,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,properties that affect appearance #ff #ah4 ,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,molding properties #fh #ai4 ,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,strength properties #gj #bj4 ,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,heat properties #ga #ba4 ,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,electrical properties #gb #bb4 ,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,specific gravity1 specific volume1 and resistance to other substances #gc #bc4 ,synthetic resins3 ,german exports1 #aicj-cg #gg #bd4 ,synthetic resins3 ,german exports1 by countries1 #aicd-cg #gh #be4 ,synthetic resins3 ,production in ,great ,britain1 #aicd and #ce #gh #bf4 ,synthetic resins3 ,imports into the ,united ,kingdom1 #aicj-cf #hj #bg4 ,synthetic resins3 ,exports from the ,united ,kingdom1 #aicj-cf #hj #bh4 ,synthetic resins3 ,french imports1 by types1 and countries1 #aica and #aicc-cg #ha #bi4 ,synthetic resins3 ,french exports1 #aica and #aicc-cg #hb #cj4 ,manufactures of tar-acid resins3 ,production in ,japan1 #aibi-ce #hd #ca4 ,prices of gums and resins in the ,netherlands1 #aicf #hf #cb4 ,synthetic resins3 ,netherland imports by countries #aica and #aicc-cg #hf #cc4 ,crude naphthalene3 ,united ,states production1 #aiah-cg #hh #cd4 ,refined naphthalene3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aiag-cg #hi #ce4 ,naphthalene 7all grades73 ,world production1 by countries1 #aicc and #aice #ij #cf4 ,naphthalene3 ,german production1 imports1 exports1 and apparent consumption1 #aibh-cg #ib #cg4 ,naphthalene3 ,production in ,great ,britain1 in specified years #ib #ch4 ,naphthalene3 ,exports from the ,united ,kingdom1 #aibh-cf #ic #ci4 ,naphthalene3 ,belgian production1 #aibh-ce #ic #dj4 ,naphthalene3 ,czechoslovak production1 #aibh-ce #ic #da4 ,crude naphthalene3 ,polish production1 #aibh-cf #id #db4 ,naphthalene3 ,rates of duty upon imports into the ,united ,states1 #aiaf-ch #ie #dc4 ,crude naphthalene 7solidifying at less than #gi ,c473 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiai-cg #if #dd4 ,refined naphthalene 7solidifying at or above #gi ,c473 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiai-cg #if #de4 ,crude naphthalene 7solidifying under #gi ,c473 ,united ,states imports for consumption from principal sources1 in specified years #ig #df4 ,crude naphthalene3 ,united ,states production1 imports1 and apparent consumption1 in specified years #ih #dg4 ,phthalic anhydride3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aiag-cg #ajj #dh4 ,glycerin3 ,united ,states production1 #aiai-cg #ajc #di4 ,glycerin3 ,united ,states production for sale1 #aiai-ce #ajd #ej4 ,glycerin3 ,imports and exports of principal countries1 #aica and #aicc-cg #aje #ea4 ,glycerin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiai-bj and #aibc-cg #ajf #eb4 ,crude glycerin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption from ,cuba1 #aiai-cg #ajg #ec4 ,crude glycerin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption from ,philippine ,islands1 #aibe-cg #ajg #ed4 ,glycerin3 ,united ,states exports1 #aiai-cg #ajh #ee4 ,refined glycerin3 ,united ,states production1 imports1 exports1 and apparent consumption1 in specified years #ajh #ef4 ,tar acids3 ,commercial and chemical names1 boiling points1 and average percent in coal tar #aji #eg4 ,tar acids available in coal tar produced and distilled in #aicf #aaj #eh4 ,phenol3 ,estimated consumption by industries1 #aicf-cg #aaa #ei4 ,phenol3 ,united ,states production and sales1 in specified years1 #aiah-cg #aab #fj4 ,phenol3 ,estimated annual production1 by countries1 #aicc-ce #aac #fa4 ,phenol3 ,rates of duty upon imports into the ,united ,states1 #aiaf-cg #aad #fb4 ,phenol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiaj-cg #aae #fc4 ,all distillates of tar yielding below #aij ,c41 an amount of tar acids equal to or more than #e percent3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiah-cg #aae #fd4 ,phenol3 ,united ,states exports1 #aiah-bd #aaf #fe4 ,phenol3 ,united ,states exports1 #aicd-cf #aaf #ff4 ,phenol3 ,united ,states production1 imports1 exports1 and apparent consumption1 in specified years1 #aiah-cg #aag #fg4 ,meta1 ortho1 and para cresols3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicd #abj #fh4 ,refined cresylic acid3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aibi-cg #aba #fi4 ,cresol3 ,german production1 in specified years #abb #gj4 ,cresol3 ,german imports and exports in specified years #abb #ga4 ,cresol3 ,production in ,czechoslovakia in specified years #abc #gb4 ,cresylic acid3 ,british exports1 by countries1 #aicc-cg #abc #gc4 ,the cresols3 ,rates of duty upon ,united ,states imports1 #aiaf-cg #abd #gd4 ,cresylic acid3 ,rates of duty upon ,united ,states imports1 #aiaf-cg #abe #ge4 ,metacresol1 orthocresol1 and paracresol1 #ij percent or more pure3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aibj and #aibc-cg #abe #gf4 ,metacresol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption by principal sources1 in specified years #abf #gg4 ,orthocresol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption by principal sources1 in specified years #abg #gh4 ,paracresol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption by principal sources1 in specified years #abh #gi4 ,crude cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aibd-cg #abi #hj4 ,refined cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 in specified years1 #aiai-cg #abi #ha4 ,crude cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption by principal sources1 in specified years1 #aibi-cg #acj #hb4 ,refined cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption by principal countries1 in specified years #acj #hc4 ,the cresols3 ,comparison of production and imports1 #aicd #acb #hd4 ,formaldehyde3 ,united ,states production and sales1 in specified years #acd #he4 ,formaldehyde3 ,united ,states exports to principal markets1 in specified years #ace #hf4 ,hexamethylenetetramine3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aibc and #aibe-cg #acf #hg4 ,hexamethylenetetramine3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aibc-cg #acg #hh4 ,urea3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiai-bj and #aibc-cg #ach #hi4 ,urea3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by countries1 #aica and #aicc-cg #aci #ij4 ,thiourea3 ,united ,states imports through the ,new ,york customs district1 #aica-cg #adj #ia4 ,vinyl acetate1 unpolymerized3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aica-cg #ada #ib4 ,naphthalene3 ,german imports and exports1 by countries1 #aibi and #aicb-cg #add #ic4 ,crude naphthalene3 ,belgian imports and exports1 #aicb-cg #adf #id4 ,refined naphthalene3 ,belgian imports and exports1 #aicb-cg #adg #ie4 ,crude and refined naphthalene3 ,netherland imports and exports1 by countries1 #aibi and #aicb-cg #adh #if4 ,refined naphthalene3 ,canadian imports1 by countries1 #aibh-bi and #aicb-cg #aej #ig4 ,naphthalene3 ,japanese imports by countries1 #aibh-bi and #aicb-cf #aej #ih4 ,crude glycerin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by countries1 #aibi and #aica-cg #aea #ii4 ,refined glycerin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by countries1 #aibi and #aica-cg #aeb ,,illustrations ,chart4 ,derivation of certain synthetic resins #f ,preform press making pellets for use in molding #ah ,vacuum cleaner parts of tar-acid resin illustrating the intricate molded shapes possible #ai ,radio cabinet and telephone sets of molded tar-acid resin #ai ,cast phenolic resins4 ,standard shapes and small articles fabricated from them #bj ,laminating sheet press #bb ,gears made of laminated tar-acid resin #bb ,cocktail lounge using tar-acid laminated decorative materials #bc ,thermostat case of molded urea resin #cc ,scales case of molded urea resin #cc ,airplane cockpit enclosures of cast acrylate resin #cf ,spectacle lenses molded to optical prescription from acrylate resin #cg ,molded polystyrene resins #db ,,acknowledgment ,in the preparation of this report1 the ,commission had the services of ,paul ,k4 ,lawrence1 ,prentice ,n4 ,dean1 and others of the ,commission's staff4 #a4 ,,introduction ,this survey deals with the several commercially important types of synthetic resins covered by paragraphs #b1 #aa1 and #bh of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj and with the raw materials necessary for their production4 ,it is made under the general investigatory powers of the ,tariff ,commission as provided in section #ccb of that act4 ,the field of synthetic resins is a comparatively new one1 most of its commercial development having occurred within the past #aj years4 ,in #aicg the domestic output was more than #afj million pounds as compared with slightly more than #aj million pounds in #aibg4 ,the first important patents on synthetic resins were granted about #be years ago4 ,these patents covered phenolic resins probably intended for use as substitutes for certain natural resins4 ,it was soon found that these synthetics offered possibilities of application vastly greater than the natural materials4 ,at first progress in their application was slow as is usually the case with new products4 ,during the ,world ,war the shortage of phenol promoted interest in the use of the other tar acids as raw materials for synthetic resins and intensive research developed resins from the cresols and higher boiling tar acids4 ,these resins possessed properties sufficiently different from those made from phenol to establish them permanently4 ,in the meantime research on other types of resins was carried on in the ,united ,states and in ,europe4 ,the tar-acid resins for molding were the only commercially important ones on the market until about #aibi4 ,about that time1 however1 new commercial products began to appear rapidly4 ,cast phenolic resins became available as material for novelties of unusual brilliancy and beauty1 the urea resins to meet the requirements for light colored thermosetting resins in molded articles1 and the alkyd resins for use in new surface coatings which replaced conventional paint materials4 ,later there followed a number of thermoplastic materials offering new and unusual properties4 ,vinyl resins found application in molded products and in safety glass4 ,the acrylate resins became the nearest approach to organic glass yet developed4 ,the polystyrene resins1 long in the research stage1 made their commercial appearance in #aicg4 ,resins from petroleum1 from furfural1 from adipic acid1 and from aniline are on the market4 ,many others are under investigation and some of them will undoubtedly become important4 ,the versatility of synthetic resins is most unusual4 ,in various uses they have successfully displaced glass1 wood1 metal1 hard rubber1 bone1 glue1 cellulose plastics1 protein plastics1 and conventional paint materials4 ,they compete with glass in shades and reflectors and offer properties which will increase their use for this purpose4 ,cases for scales1 radios1 and clocks1 formerly of wood and metal1 are now made of these synthetic resins4 ,scope and purpose4 ,this survey deals with the synthetic resins1 the nature and trade in the raw materials necessary for their production1 the processes by which they are made1 trade in them in the ,united ,states and between nations1 and the nature of the competition which they meet4 ,it does not go into the details of manufacture of and trade in the multitude of articles made of synthetic resins but stops at the point where these materials are turned over to the resin fabricator4 ,the synthetic resins are but one of four broad groups of organic plastics4 ,the others--natural resins1 cellulose ethers and esters1 and protein plastics--are discussed herein only as they relate to or compete with the synthetic resins4 ,the purpose of the survey is to bring together in one publication the available information on synthetic resins so as to provide a basis for consideration of future tariff problems4 ,because the industries involved are comparatively young and are expanding rapidly1 their present day importance is not generally realized4 ,the rapidity with which the synthetic resin industry is developing causes any comprehensive report on the subject to be practically out of date before it can be published4 ,notwithstanding the progress made each year in the quantity of production1 new applications1 and new commercial products1 the industry may be said to be still in the industrial nursery4 ,this circumstance necessarily limits the period during which any treatment of the subject will be representative4 ,fundamental definitions4 ,the scope of this report has been stated to include synthetic resins up to the point where they are further manufactured1 and the raw materials used in producing them4 ,it was also stated that natural resins and synthetic plastics other than resins1 such as the cellulose compounds and modified rubber compounds1 are excluded4 ,the boundaries of these categories are therefore important4#a ,the term 8resin0 was formerly applied exclusively to a group of natural products1 principally of vegetable origin1 although at least one important resin1 shellac1 is of animal origin4#b ,these natural resins are widely used in paints1 varnishes1 and lacquers for decorative and protective surface coatings4 ,they also have extensive use in textile impregnation1 adhesives1 soap1 paper1 and in cold-molded articles4 ,in recent years the natural resins have had to compete with synthetic products1 and each gravitates toward uses which demand the quality or combination of qualities which it can most completely supply4 ,a resin may be defined as a semisolid or solid1 complex1 amorphous mixture of organic compounds with no definite melting point and no tendency to crystallize4 ,the resins are characterized by a typical luster and a conchoidal fracture rather than by definite chemical composition4 ,the term includes natural resins1 such as colophony 7ordinary rosin71 copal1 damar1 lac1 mastic1 sandarac1 shellac1 etc41 sometimes called gums or gum resins although none of them are true gums4 ,a synthetic resin is a resin made by synthesis from nonresinous organic compounds4 ,the term includes materials ranging from viscous liquids to hard1 infusible1 amorphous solids4 ,as a rule synthetic resins possess properties distinct from those of natural resins4 ,the term 8plastics10 sometimes applied to synthetic resins1 also includes many materials which are not resins4 ,a plastic is anything possessing plasticity2 that is1 anything which can be deformed under mechanical stress without losing its coherence or its ability to keep its new form4 ,according to this definition the term includes such materials as putty1 cement1 clay1 glass1 and metals1 as well as certain modified natural or semisynthetic products1 such as cellulose acetate1 cellulose nitrate1 and casein more commonly so designated4 ,to speak of the plastics industries is almost meaningless because of their enormous scope1 including as they do those producing cement1 ceramics1 confectionery and rubber1 as well as those producing the semisynthetic products mentioned4 ,the resin industry embraces two main types of materials1 thermoplastic and thermosetting4 ,thermoplastic materials are those which1 although rigid at normal temperatures1 may be deformed and molded under heat and pressure4 ,among such materials are the cellulose esters1 acrylate resins1 vinyl resins1 polystyrene resins1 etc4 ,the recent development of injection molding has given thermoplastics a new significance4 ,thermosetting substances are thermoplastic at some stage of their existence1 but become hard1 rigid1 and permanently infusible upon the application of the proper heat and pressure4 ,they are then irreversible whereas the thermoplastics are reversible4 ,outstanding among the thermosetting resins are tar-acid resins1 urea resins1 and the alkyd resins4 ,tariff history4 ,the earliest mention of synthetic resins in the tariff laws of the ,united ,states was the provision in group ,,iii of the ,emergency ,tariff ,act of #aiaf for a duty of #cj percent ad valorem and #e cents per pound on synthetic phenolic resins4 ,none of the non-coal-tar synthetic resins were specifically mentioned prior to the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,the ,tariff ,act of #aibb 7par4 #bh7 provided for synthetic phenolic resin and all resinlike products1 solid1 semisolid or liquid1 prepared from phenol1 cresol1 phthalic anhydride1 coumarone1 indene1 or from any other article or material provided for in paragraph #bg or #aedi4 ,the rate of duty was #fj percent ad valorem based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value and #g cents per pound1 with a provision that the ad valorem rate should be reduced to #de percent #b years after the passage of the act4 ,the ,tariff ,commission made two investigations of synthetic resins under section #caf of the act of #aibb4 ,the first was undertaken ,april #af1 #aibf1 upon complaints of several domestic manufacturers1 of unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the importation and sale of synthetic phenolic resin1 ,form ,c1 and articles made wholly or in part therefrom1 in infringement of the patent rights of the ,bakelite ,corporation4 ,following the investigation1 the ,commission recommended on ,may #be1 #aibg1 that this material 7as described under ,united ,states ,patents ,no4 #idb1hji and #a1dbd1gch7 be excluded from entry into the ,united ,states4 ,importers appealed from the findings of the ,commission to the ,court of ,customs ,appeals1 and the judicial proceedings were ended on ,october #ac1 #aicj1 by denial of a writ of certiorari for the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states to review the judgment of the ,court of ,customs and ,patent ,appeals4 ,the latter court had held1 among other things1 that there was substantial evidence in support of each finding of the ,commission4 ,on ,november #bf1 #aicj1 the ,treasury ,department issued an order prohibiting the importation of synthetic phenolic resin1 ,form ,c1 with certain exceptions4 7,t4 ,d4 #dddaa47 ,the second investigation by the ,tariff ,commission was instituted on ,december #bc1 #aibg1 also under section #caf of the act of #aibb4 ,it concerned unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the importation into the ,united ,states of laminated products of paper or other materials and insoluble1 infusible condensation products of phenols and formaldehyde4 ,the ,commission recommended to the ,president that1 until ,march #d1 #aibi1 inclusive1 certain products covered by ,united ,states ,letters ,patent ,nos4 #a1jah1che1 #a1jai1djf1 and #a1jcg1gai be excluded from entry into the ,united ,states4 ,these products were laminated cloth1 paper or the like1 combined with insoluble1 infusible condensation products of phenols and formaldehyde4 ,the order of the ,president prohibiting the importation was contained in ,t4 ,d4 #dbhja issued ,june #aa1 #aibh4 ,under the ,tariff ,act of #aicj1 practically no changes were made in the provisions of paragraph #bh that concern coal-tar synthetic resins4 ,paragraph #b was extended to include1 among other things1 the resins 7polymers7 of certain organic compounds4 ,the only commercial products covered by this provision are the vinyl resins4 ,the rate of duty was #cj percent ad valorem on foreign value and #f cents per pound4 ,under the trade agreement with ,canada1 the duty on vinyl acetate1 polymerized or unpolymerized1 and on synthetic resins made in chief value therefrom was reduced to #ae percent ad valorem and #c cents per pound 7effective ,jan4 #a1 #aicf74 ,the ,tariff ,act of #aicj contains a provision1 in paragraph #aa1 for synthetic gums and resins not specially provided for1 #d cents per pound and #cj percent ad valorem on foreign value4 ,broadening use of synthetic resins4 ,the application of synthetic resins has extended into practically every branch of industry4 ,this marked expansion is not surprising when the adaptability of these products is considered4 ,their uses range from jewelry and bottle closures to building materials2 from adhesives and new types of surface coatings to light reflectors and shades4 ,they are being substituted for natural materials1 such as wood1 metal1 and glass at an increasing rate4 ,they have provided new uses for raw materials formerly used in antiseptics1 disinfectants1 explosives1 embalming fluids1 fertilizers1 moth repellants1 and as solvents4 ,the speed of expansion of their use in resin manufacture has been such as to create a serious shortage of some of these raw materials4 ,new applications for synthetic resins appear almost daily4 ,they are used in furniture1 wall panels1 builders' hardware1 electrical fixtures1 and in thousands of small appliances4 ,the automobile industry is probably the largest single user4 ,an interesting application here is in silent gears and shaft bearings where the use of synthetic resins makes water lubrication possible4 ,other automotive uses are in distributor heads1 horn buttons1 gear shift knobs1 dome light reflectors1 control knobs and the finishing lacquers4 ,additional uses contemplated for the near future are in accelerator pedals and instrument panels4 ,a new type of safety glass in which vinyl resins are used was introduced in #aicf4 ,in decorative uses remarkable progress has been made4 ,panels of laminated resins are widely used in store fronts1 lobbies of office buildings1 and hotels2 doors faced with this material are in use4 ,the liner ,queen ,mary is paneled1 in part1 with laminated resins1 as is the annex to the ,library of ,congress4 ,lamp shades of urea resin are used in many ,pullman cars and are available for home and office use4 ,other things being equal1 the cheaper a synthetic resin1 the more widely it may be applied as a substitute for other materials4 ,as a result many an apparently useless byproduct1 such as oat hulls which yield furfural1 is either already used or being tested as a source of raw material4 ,other materials which have already found a place or may do so1 are soybean meal1 sugar1 and certain petroleum distillates4 ,each of the important groups of synthetic resins has been sponsored by one or more manufacturers of established reputation and large capital resources4 ,when a product reaches the commercial stage1 after heavy research cost1 its future importance is therefore usually assured4 ,relation of synthetic resins to their raw materials4 ,most of the commercially important synthetic resins are derived directly or indirectly from coal4 ,the chart 7p4 #f7 shows the derivation of certain synthetic resins from the principal raw materials used in their manufacture and the intermediate products back to the original source of the material4 ,the polystyrene resins1 for example1 are made by polymerizing styrene or vinyl benzene4 ,although basically from ethylene and benzene1 vinyl benzene may be formed in several ways4 ,ethylene is found in the gases from the destructive distillation of coal but is obtained commercially by cracking natural gas or petroleum4 ,styrene1 found already formed in the light oil fractions from coal tar1 causes gum-forming in motor benzol and certain industrial gases4 ,when coke and lime are mixed and heated in an electric furnace to #b1jjj ,c41 calcium carbide is formed4 ,this compound with water yields acetylene1 the starting point for a long list of important products1 including several types of synthetic resins4 ,when acetylene gas is passed through acetic acid 7itself obtained from acetylene7 vinyl acetate is obtained4 ,if hydrochloric acid is used instead of acetic acid1 vinyl chloride is obtained4 ,these compounds1 when polymerized1 yield the vinyl resins4 ,the acrylate resins may be obtained from the same basic raw material by an entirely different procedure4 ,synthetic rubber is also derived from acetylene1 as are acetic anhydride and acetic acid 7used in making cellulose acetate plastics7 and many other chemicals of commercial importance4 ,illustration3 ,derivation of certain synthetic resins4 ,when naphthalene 7from coal tar7 is treated with air at elevated temperatures1 phthalic anhydride is formed4 ,substituting benzene for naphthalene yields maleic anhydride4 ,both of these substances when condensed with glycerin1 a byproduct of the soap industry1 yield alkyd resins4 ,the tar acids from coal tar1 either separated or mixed1 when condensed with formaldehyde give the highly important tar-acid resins4 ,or if formaldehyde is condensed with urea1 obtained from carbon dioxide and ammonia1 the urea resins are formed4 ,the chart indicates the synthetic resins which are thermoplastic1 that is1 which become plastic again upon reheating1 and those which are thermosetting1 that is1 pass into an infusible stage at a certain critical temperature and pressure and do not again become plastic upon subsequent reheating4 ,sources of information4 ,the data used in this report were obtained from a great variety of sources4 ,the several ,american and ,british trade journals were freely consulted as were the various text books on this subject4 ,much of the information on the domestic industry was obtained by personal contact with producers and by correspondence4 ,field work included visits to most of the domestic producers of resins and a representative group of fabricators4 ,information of this type which was nonconfidential or which could be combined so as not to reveal individual operations was invaluable4 ,even where it was such that it could not be published it became part of the general background4 ,the data pertaining to the industry in foreign countries were1 for the most part1 furnished the ,tariff ,commission by ,department of ,commerce representatives stationed abroad1 in response to inquiries by the ,commission4 #b4 ,,summary ,growth of the industry4 ,the coal-tar synthetic resin industry in the ,united ,states began on a small scale some years before the ,world ,war4 ,the output then was confined to a few types of tar-acid resins and the applications were quite limited until #aibg1 when certain of the basic patents expired4 ,the output of about #a4e million pounds in #aiba had increased to more than #ac million pounds in #aibg and the average unit value of sales had dropped from #ha cents per pound to #dg cents4 ,production continued to increase and the unit value to decrease annually until #aicb when general economic conditions forced a slight curtailment for #a year4 ,since then the annual increase in volume and variety has been rapid4 ,production of non-coal-tar synthetic resins was started on a small scale in #aibi when both urea and vinyl resins entered the picture4 ,commercial production of the petroleum resins began in #aicf and of the acrylate resins in #aicg4 ,table #a shows the production and sales of coal-tar resins and of non-coal-tar resins1 from #aiba through #aicg4 ,,table #a4--,synthetic resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aiba-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sales ,year ,production ------------------------------------ ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,pounds ,pounds ,coal-tar resins3#a #aiba #a1fdc1gif #a1fgd1def #a1ceb1aff #j4ha #aibb #e1idd1acc #f1dae1ica #d1cae1aif 4#fg #aibc-bf 7#b7 #aibg #ac1deb1bcj #ac1jhd1cac #f1jid1fef 4#dg #aibh #bj1daa1dfe #bj1ggh1hef #g1baa1ieh 4#ce #aibi #cc1jcf1dij #cj1ffj1eac #aj1cic1cig 4#cc #aicj #cj1hfg1geb #bd1jad1jic #g1cbc1fef 4#cj #aica #cd1agi1jjj #bi1cdc1jjj #g1hfb1jjj 4#bg #aicb #bi1jci1jjj #bc1hia1jjj #e1jja1jjj 4#ba #aicc #da1fbh1dhe #ca1feg1fec #g1bch1efj 4#bc #aicd #ef1jei1dhi #dc1cej1hgf #aj1abf1hdi 4#bc #aice #ij1iac1afb #fe1ibc1ccd #ab1ggg1aie 4#ai #aicf #aag1cja1ghj #hf1bac1gce #ag1jef1jii 4#bj #aicg #ada1jih1hdd #ajh1bhd1age #bj1afe1jfd 4#ai ,non-coal-tar resins3 #aicb #a1hih1jjj #a1ghg1jjj #gif1jjj 4#de #aicc #c1ega1gag #c1bef1daa #a1gde1ajb 4#ed #aicd 7#b7 #c1ejj1hbi #a1dia1ade 4#dc #aice 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 #aicf #ae1faa1jda #ad1gff1fdj #c1eia1dfg 4#bd #aicg #ba1jje1hfi #ah1hia1bgg #e1fhj1fjj 4#cj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,does not include resins from adipic acid1 coumarone and indene1 hydrocarbon1 polystyrene1 succinic acid and sulfonamides4 ,with the exception of coumarone and indene resins in recent years production of the resins not included was small4 #b ,not publishable4 ,figures would reveal operations of individual producers4 ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,many factors have contributed to the growth of the synthetic resin industry4 ,among these are the intensive research and development work carried on by many individuals and firms2 their widespread application in many fields competing with wood1 metal1 and glass2 and the development of processes for raw materials which have greatly reduced their cost and made their wider use possible4 ,raw materials4--,although the chief raw materials consumed in the synthetic resin industry are coal-tar derivatives and formaldehyde1 many others are utilized4 ,the rapid expansion of the industry has created new demands for materials in increasing quantities and has not only increased the markets for well-known materials but has resulted in the production on a huge scale of materials entirely new to commerce4 ,practically all the raw materials now used can be derived from a few natural substances1 such as air1 water1 coal1 petroleum crudes1 salt1 sulphur1 and limestone4 ,the air yields nitrogen which may be converted to ammonia1 a raw material for urea1 one of the components of the urea resins4 ,coal1 as is well known1 yields a great variety of substances1 many of which are essential to synthetic resin manufacture4 ,benzene is the starting point for synthetic phenol2 naphthalene is used to make phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride2 coke is converted to calcium carbide1 which in turn yields acetylene1 acetic acid1 and many other synthetics2 carbon monoxide which is converted to methanol and formaldehyde2 and the natural tar acids such as phenol1 the cresols1 and the xylenols4 ,limestone is a component of calcium carbide1 and salt yields needed alkalies and acids4 ,water is broken down1 and the hydrogen is converted to ammonia1 methanol1 formaldehyde1 and ethylene4 ,some idea of the expansion in production of these raw materials whose principal use is in synthetic resins may be had by comparing the output in #aibc of tar acids1 formaldehyde1 phthalic anhydride1 maleic anhydride1 urea1 vinyl acetate1 and vinyl chloride1 which amounted to #ce million pounds1 with the output of #bgj million pounds in #aicf4 ,the manufacture of these materials is largely by coal-tar distilling companies and makers of chemicals4 ,resins4--,the coal-tar resins are the most important in quantity1 value1 and variety of application4 ,this class includes four groups3 7a7 tar acid1 7b7 alkyd1 7c7 coumarone and indene1 and 7d7 polystyrene4 ,of these1 resins from tar acids 7phenol1 cresols1 and xylenols7 are produced in the largest quantity1 the output having increased from about #ae million pounds in #aicb to about #hj million pounds in #aicg4 ,in the latter year about #dj percent of the consumption of tar acid resins was in molded articles1 #be percent in paint and varnishes1 #bj percent in laminated products1 and #ae percent in miscellaneous uses4 ,the alkyd resins have shown a remarkable increase in output4 ,production totaled slightly less than #aj million pounds in #aicc2 in #aicg it amounted to about #fa million pounds4 ,practically all of the alkyds have been consumed in paints and varnishes4 ,the coumarone and indene resins have increased steadily over a number of years and are now one of the most important groups4 ,the polystyrene resins have been in an experimental stage for a long time1 with the volume of production small4 ,in #aicg1 however1 commercial production of a water-white product was announced1 and it is believed that the output of these resins will increase sharply in the near future4 ,the non-coal-tar resins were of little importance prior to #aicj and production amounted to less than #b million pounds in #aicb4 ,since then1 however1 progress has been rapid1 both in types and output4 ,resins from urea constitute an important part of this class and the output has increased practically every year since #aibi when production was started4 ,most of the output is used in molded articles where light and pastel shades are required4 ,in #aicf1 for the first time1 appreciable quantities were consumed in laminating and in surface coatings4 ,the vinyl resins have been produced in increasing quantities for the past #h years4 ,production reached a new high in #aicg1 and with the acceptance of this type of resin for safety glass laminations it is expected that the output will increase materially in the near future4 ,in #aicg the application in surface coatings1 molded articles1 and laminations were of approximately equal importance4 ,the acrylate resins are among the newest commercial developments in this industry4 ,of the several types now manufactured1 one appears valuable in surface coatings and adhesives and another1 in the form of its cast or molded polymer1 in airplane windows1 machined articles1 and lenses4 ,petroleum resins were first produced in commercial quantities in #aicf1 but the output in that year was appreciable4 ,these low-priced synthetics are used in surface coatings1 laminations1 and miscellaneous uses4 ,the industry abroad4 ,world production of synthetic resins at this time is estimated at #cjj million pounds annually1 of which the ,united ,states accounts for #de percent4 ,germany produces about #bg percent and ,great ,britain about #bj percent of the total and a number of countries including ,france1 ,italy1 ,czechoslovakia1 ,canada1 and ,japan produce the remainder4 ,practically all types are made in ,germany and ,great ,britain although in lesser quantities than here4 ,the urea resins originated abroad1 as did the acrylates and polystyrenes4 ,commercial development of the synthetic resins abroad has been somewhat behind that in the ,united ,states1 although in recent years the increase there has been so rapid as to seriously affect the international raw material market4 ,germany1 formerly one of our principal sources of crude naphthalene1 for a time restricted exports of that commodity in order to conserve the available supply for home consumption1 presumably in alkyd resins4 ,great ,britain1 formerly the principal exporter of phenol1 has found it necessary to supplement production of natural phenol with synthetic phenol4 ,it is possible that in the future similar conditions may arise in world markets for cresylic acid4 ,international trade4 ,international trade in the synthetic resins has been small4 ,germany has been the principal exporting country4 ,there are a number of reasons for the negligible movement of these materials in international trade1 the chief of which are active home markets in the principal producing countries2 the existence of patents of a basic nature which limited trade to the owners and licencees under them2 affiliation of producing companies in different countries with allocation of the world market2 and high tariff barriers in many countries4 ,the principal domestic producer of tar-acid resins is affiliated with firms in ,germany1 the ,united ,kingdom1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,canada1 and ,japan4 ,the two principal ,american makers of urea resins have or have had agreements as to patents1 exchange of technical information1 and probably markets1 with producers in ,great ,britain4 ,similar conditions exist with other types of resins4 ,in #aicg production of all synthetic resins in the ,united ,states amounted to #afb million pounds and imports to less than #fgd1jjj pounds 7see table #ac1 p4 #eh74 ,production of tar-acid resins in that year amounted to #gi4h million pounds2 alkyd resins to #fa4b million pounds and all coal-tar resins to #ada million pounds4 ,imports of all coal-tar synthetic resins 7which would include both tar acid and alkyd as well as others7 amounted to only #ai1jjj pounds4 ,coal-tar resins are dutiable at #g cents per pound and #de percent ad valorem based on ,american selling price4 ,on the small imports in #aicg the duty collected averaged #ed percent ad valorem on ,american selling price and would have averaged much higher had it been calculated upon foreign value as are most duties4 ,in #aicg the production of non-coal-tar resins totaled about #ba million pounds4 ,in that year imports of non-coal-tar resins totaled #fe1jjj pounds4 ,imports of non-coal-tar resins1 other than vinyl resins1 amounted to less than #b1jjj pounds4 ,these were dutiable at #d cents per pound and #cj percent ad valorem on foreign value1 equivalent on the average to #dh percent ad valorem4 ,the vinyl resins have been imported into the ,united ,states in increasing quantities in recent years4 ,the principal foreign producer1 in ,canada1 developed markets in the ,united ,states1 but is a joint owner of a plant now under construction in this country4 ,imports of vinyl resins in #aicg were #fec1jjj pounds4 ,these were dutiable at #c cents per pound and #ae percent ad valorem on foreign value1 equivalent to #be percent ad valorem4 ,it is apparent that foreign competition with ,united ,states producers in the home market has been and is likely to continue insignificant under existing duties4 ,with a large home market and generally favorable conditions with respect to the necessary raw materials and the technical skills1 this situation would probably continue even under lower duties4 ,moreover1 as international trade develops in these materials1 this country is more likely to be a net exporter than a net importer4 #c4 ,,tar-,,acid ,,resins ,the tar-acid resins were the first true synthetic resins to appear in commerce1 but they were preceded by two plastics1 celluloid and casein4 ,probably the first successful attempt to make a semisynthetic or modified natural product as a substitute for natural materials was the discovery of celluloid in #ahfh by ,john ,wesley ,hyatt4 ,by treating cotton with nitric acid he obtained a material which could be substituted for ivory in billiard balls4 ,the ,celluloid ,corporation grew out of this discovery and the product was widely used to replace amber1 ivory1 mother-of-pearl1 tortoise shell and other materials4 ,the discovery of casein plastic took place in #ahij4 ,adolph ,spitteler of ,hamburg1 ,germany1 in trying to make a white blackboard1 found that casein 7from milk7 could be hardened by treating it with formaldehyde4 ,casein plastics are now widely used in buttons1 buckles1 and other ornaments4 ,as early as #ahgb the reactions between coal-tar acids and aldehydes were being studied1 and by #aijj many research workers were investigating phenol-formaldehyde condensation products4 ,during the period #aijj-aiaj1 the study of these products increased greatly1 both with regard to process of production and to applications1 such as its substitution for shellac and other natural resins4 ,united ,states ,patents ,nos4 #idb1fii and #idb1hji issued ,december #g1 #aiji1 to ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,baekeland and commonly known as the heat and pressure patents were probably the basic patents on phenol-formaldehyde resins4 ,baekeland so modified these resins by methods of hardening under heat and pressure that rigid molded articles could be made4 ,the range of uses of tar-acid-formaldehyde molding compositions has steadily widened4 ,molded articles such as pencil and pen barrels1 ash trays1 bottle closures1 parts for automobiles1 cameras1 precision instruments1 dynamos1 motors1 and other electrical equipment1 cafeteria trays1 table and counter tops are well known to the public4 ,during the life of these and other basic patents issued about #aiji the domestic production of phenol-formaldehyde molding compositions was practically restricted to one company4 ,since the expiration of these patents in #aibf a number of other producers have been established4 ,in #aicg there were #cf domestic makers of tar-acid-formaldehyde resins for molding1 laminating1 and surface coating applications4 ,the early work done on phenol-formaldehyde resins gave dark-colored products which were too hard and brittle to be machined or worked on a lathe4 ,investigations by ,f4 ,pollak and ,a4 ,ostersetzer1 in ,vienna1 resulted in a process for the manufacture of cast phenolic resin with a range of color possibilities from water-white transparency through all shades and degrees of translucency and opaqueness4 ,this product is cast into sheets1 rods1 tubes1 and special castings1 all of which may be turned or milled on automatic machines4 ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1hed1fjj1 issued ,april #ai1 #aicb1 to ,f4 ,pollak and ,a4 ,ostersetzer and assigned to ,pollopas1 ,ltd41 ,london1 is considered the basic patent for cast phenolic resins4 ,american rights under this and related patents are owned by the ,catalin ,corporation of ,america who have licensed other domestic makers4 ,the ,german equivalent of rights under this patent is owned by a subsidiary of ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,aktiengesellschaft and rights under the ,french equivalent by tablissements ,kuhlmann4 ,in the early days of the phenol-formaldehyde resin industry 7#aiji-af7 there was considerable uneasiness about the supply of phenol4 ,world production was not large and ,germany and ,england controlled most of it4 ,the output of the ,united ,states was almost entirely for medicinal use1 although our potential production was large 7see p4 #aaa74 ,this situation caused many research workers to study the resins made from other tar acids1 principally meta and para cresols and the xylenols4 ,the investigations resulted in many new types of resins and in modifications of the phenol-formaldehyde type4 ,the ,world ,war changed conditions materially4 ,imports of phenol were shut off and prices soared4 ,production of synthetic phenol was begun1 and1 although the wartime production went into explosives1 its development had an important bearing on the synthetic resin industry4 ,unusual demand for phenol1 toluene1 and other coal-tar crudes resulted in a great expansion of production4 ,with the cessation of hostilities there was an ample supply of cheap phenol and the expansion of the coal-tar industry continued so that the supply of tar acids kept pace with the new demand for use in the production of synthetic resin4 ,in #aibf1 the early patents on resins from tar acids began to expire and the second era of the industry began4 ,since that year most of the research work has been for materials that would give different properties to the resultant resins4 ,the past #aj years have seen a greater diversification in the manufacture of resins from tar acids and substantial reductions in their prices4 ,tar-acid resins averaged #a4bi per pound in #aibj1 #bc cents per pound in #aicd1 and #ai cents per pound in #aicg4 ,the production of certain resins of this class which are soluble in drying oils has been an important achievement4 ,they yield varnishes of improved type that are quick-drying4 ,the three stages of a tar-acid resin4 ,about #bh years ago the ,journal of ,industrial and ,engineering ,chemistry published the original paper of ,dr4 ,leo ,h4 ,baekeland on the ,synthesis1 ,constitution1 and ,uses of ,bakelite4 ,according to ,baekeland's theory1 the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde consists of condensation and polymerization taking place in three stages4 ,the first product formed1 called 8initial condensation product ,a0 is usually a liquid or semisolid which on continued heating is converted to 8intermediate condensation product ,b40 ,b is an insoluble solid which can be softened by heat1 and is the material used by molders1 laminators1 and other fabricators4 ,the final stage1 known as 8final condensation product ,c10 is probably the result of polymerization of ,b1 by heat and pressure4 ,c product is infusible1 indifferent to all solvents1 and cannot be distilled or melted2 hence the tar-acid resins belong to the thermosetting group4 ,the conversion to ,c takes place in the presses of the molder or final fabricator of the resin4 ,this theory is generally accepted and the designations of the several stages are in universal use in the trade4 ,classification of tar-acid resins4 ,all the synthetic resins obtained by the condensation of a tar acid1 or a mixture of tar acids1 with an aldehyde are popularly called phenolic resins1 regardless of whether they are made from phenol1 the isomeric cresols1 xylenols1 other high boiling tar acids1 or any mixture of these materials4 ,a more accurate designation and that used in this survey is tar-acid resins1 reserving the term phenolic resins for those made from pure phenol4 ,the tar-acid resins might be classified in a number of ways2 for example1 by composition1 physical form1 or general application4 ,each of these has its shortcomings4 ,to classify them by composition1 that is1 by the kind of tar acid used1 is not satisfactory because of the vast number of types made from mixed tar acids4 ,for the purpose of this discussion it seems best to classify the tar-acid resins by their general application into six groups3 for molding1 for casting1 for laminating1 for surface coating 7paints1 varnishes1 and lacquers71 for adhesives1 and for miscellaneous uses4 ,in #aicg approximately #ff percent of the ,united ,states production of tar-acid resins was made from phenol2 #ah percent from phenol-cresol mixtures2 #ac percent from cresol-cresylic acid mixtures2 and #c percent from cresol-xylenol mixtures4 ,table #b shows for recent years production and sales of tar-acid resins by type of raw material4 ,pure phenol is used for cast resins4 ,molding resins are usually made from pure phenol or from tar-acid mixtures1 chiefly phenol4 ,laminating and coating resins are usually made from mixtures containing substantial amounts of the cresols and xylenols 7frequently spoken of by the trade as cresylic acid74 ,,table #b4--,tar-acid resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 by type of raw material1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,phenol ,tar-acid mixtures#a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sales ,sales ,year,production--------------------,pro duction--------------------- 7net resin ,quantity 7net resin ,quantity content7 7net resin ,value content7 7net resin ,value content7 content7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj pounds pounds dollars pounds pounds dollars #aicc #be1afc #ba1hea #e1chc #f1ece #f1aeb #a1ahb #aicd #bi1ggg #bg1iie #g1ccb #aj1hhg #h1jia #a1gje #aice #cf1cbc #cd1eig #f1efh #af1fed #ab1cga #b1bjj #aicf #ea1fjc #di1jec #i1dai #ah1gdg #ab1ijh #b1cbe #aicg #eb1dgb #ej1bji #h1faf #bg1cgc #bc1ccg #d1fhe ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,phenol-cresol ,cresol-cresylic ,cresol-xylenol mixtures acid mixtures mixtures ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,production,sales 7net,production,sales 7net,production,sales 7net 7net resin resin 7net resin resin 7net resin resin content7 content7 content7 content7 content7 content7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds #aicg #ad1jdf #ac1bch #aj1gjb #h1dfg #b1fbe #a1fcb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,includes phenol-cresol mixtures1 cresol-cresylic acid mixtures1 and cresol-xylenol mixtures4 ,for #aicg1 where it is possible1 the totals of tar-acid mixtures are broken down into these three groups4 ,source3 ,dyes and ,other ,synthetic ,organic ,chemicals in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,processes of resin manufacture4 ,the processes of and patents for the manufacture of tar-acid-formaldehyde resins are numerous4 ,no attempt is made here to describe in detail the several processes of manufacture or the endless number of variations and modifications4 ,in general the processes in operation may be designated 7a7 one stage wet1 7b7 two stage wet1 and 7c7 dry4 ,the one-stage wet process consists in heating molecular proportions of tar acid and formaldehyde 7#dj-percent solution7 in the presence of an acid or alkaline catalyst4 ,the formaldehyde is added all at once and the reaction proceeds with the elimination of water4 ,the difficulty with this process is that of obtaining uniform batches because it cannot be controlled exactly4 ,the two-stage process is probably the one most widely used today and consists in introducing formaldehyde in two or more stages as the reaction progresses4 ,much better process control and more uniform results are so obtained4 ,a soluble1 fusible resin is formed from which the water is easily removed4 ,fillers and pigments may be added during the latter part of the operation4 ,the dry process is the least important and is used only where cast resins are being made4 ,light-colored1 transparent resins are obtained and the operation is carried on to the final stage 7,c resin74 ,in this process the aldehyde used is solid paraformaldehyde or hexamethylenetetramine4 ,these materials are more costly than formaldehyde solution4 ,proportions of raw materials used vary widely--,baekeland suggested #g mols of formaldehyde and #f mols of phenol 7#baj parts of #ajj-percent formaldehyde to #efd parts of phenol71 with a yield of resin equivalent to #aah percent of the phenol4 ,larger proportions of formaldehyde are said to increase the yield to as much as #adj percent of the phenol4 ,catalysts used to aid in the condensation of the reacting bodies may be acids or bases4 ,certain properties of the resins may be varied by the kind and quantity of catalyst used4 ,large proportions of basic or acidic catalysts may affect the filler or metal inserts4 ,basic catalysts used include caustic soda1 caustic potash1 ammonia1 carbonates1 and alkali sulphites4 ,acid catalysts are usually one of the mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid4 ,while formaldehyde in the form of a #dj-percent solution is the principal aldehyde used with the tar acids1 certain other aldehydes are used in small amounts4 ,among these are acetaldehyde1 butyraldehyde1 benzaldehyde1 and others4 ,resins from furfural and phenol are discussed as 8,furfural ,resins10 page #ea4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,the production of tar-acid resins in the ,united ,states has increased markedly in the last #aj years4 ,table #c shows the production and sales of all coal-tar resins in #aibg and #aibh 7when there was no further break-down available but when this classification was made up chiefly of tar-acid resins7 and of tar-acid resins from #aibi to #aicg4 ,the figures given are in net resin content and do not include fillers1 modifiers1 or pigments4 ,from #aibi to #aicg production increased from #bf million pounds to #hj million pounds2 sales from #be million pounds valued at #i4i million dollars to #gd million pounds valued at #ac4c million dollars2 the value per pound dropped from #ci cents to #ai cents4 ,in #aicg the production of tar-acid resins for molding accounted for about #dj percent of the total2 those for surface coatings1 about #be percent2 those for lamination1 about #bj percent2 and those for miscellaneous uses1 about #ae percent4 ,,table #c4 ,tar-acid resins3 ,united ,states production and sales #aibg-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sales ,production -------------------------------------- ,year 7net resin ,quantity content7 7net resin ,value ,unit value content7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,pounds ,pounds #aibga #ac1deb1bcj #ac1jhd1cac #f1jid1fef #j4dg #aibha #bj1daa1dfe #bj1ggh1hef #g1baa1ieh 4#ce #aibib #bf1bce1gib #be1abi1gja #i1hfi1bgd 4#ci #aicjb #ah1cch1chi #ag1dbh1fhg #f1egf1jbc 4#ch #aicab #bb1fdg1jjj #ba1dif1jjj #f1fdf1jjj 4#ca #aicbb #ag1afc1jjj #ae1jdb1jjj #c1idf1jjj 4#bf #aiccb #ca1fig1ghj #bh1jjb1gii #f1efd1fgj 4#bc #aicdb #dj1ffc1efe #cf1jhf1jjh #i1jcg1hfa 4#be #aiceb #eb1gca1gbh #df1gcc1cgh #h1gcj1dch 4#ai #aicfb #gj1cdi1cbh #fa1ifa1bjj #aa1gdc1igh 4#ai #aicgb #gi1hdd1hbe #gc1ede1hhj #ac1cjj1hgj 4#ai ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,all coal-tar resins4 #b ,resins from tar acids only4 ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,imports into the ,united ,states4 ,imports of tar-acid resins into the ,united ,states are dutiable under paragraph #bh at #g cents per pound and #de percent ad valorem based upon ,american selling price4 ,discussion of this rate1 other restrictions upon imports in the earlier years1 and of the rates upon articles made of these resins will be found on pages #ei to #fa4 ,imports of tar-acid resins are not shown separately in official statistics2 the classification under which such imports are entered includes all synthetic resins of coal-tar origin4 ,table #d shows the quantity and value of imports of all coal-tar resins since #aiah1 and table #e shows the principal sources of imports for certain years4 ,invoice analyses of imports in the last #c years show only very small quantities of phenolic resins being imported4 ,in #aicd there was an importation of #iej pounds of ,bakelite molding compound2 in #aice imports of #ajj pounds of molding compound and #bb pounds of aminophenol resin are recorded1 and in #aicf imports of ,bakelite filament compound totaled #bej pounds and other resins #h1hea pounds4 ,even if in the years up to #aicc all of the imports of resins of coal-tar origin were tar-acid resins1 imports of tar-acid resins have been negligible when compared with production4 ,the smallness of imports may be accounted for by a combination of factors1 7#a7 the prohibition of imports of certain types1 which conflicted with patent rights2 7#b7 the rate of duty upon imports2 7#c7 the fact that the manufacture of tar-acid resins developed more rapidly in the ,united ,states than in most foreign countries2 and 7#d7 the allocation of markets through agreements between affiliated producers in different countries4 7,see p4 #eh47 ,,table #d4--,synthetic resins of coal-tar origin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,computed ,computed ,year ,quantity ,dutiable ,value per ad valorem specific value pound rate rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pounds ,percent ,per pound #aiai #a1aad #b1hfj #b4eg #cb4j #j4hb #aibj #b1dgi #b1fha #a4jh #cd4f 4#cg #aiba #a1dbj #b1cff #a4fg #cc4j 4#ee #aibb #b1eah #c1dih #a4ci #eb4c 4#gc #aibc #c1ahc #aj1eab #c4cj #fb4a 4#bj #aibd #h1gef #d1ahc 4#dh #fh4i 4#cc #aibe #a1ecg #hhi 4#eh #eg4a 4#cc #aibf #a1fdi #a1bih 4#gi #ec4i 4#db #aibg #aa1cei #d1bff 4#ch #fc4f 4#bd #aibh #fj1edg #aj1ihd 4#ah #hc4f 4#ae #aibi #fg1ebi #ag1ejc 4#bf #gb4j 4#ai #aicj #df1dfd #aj1dag 4#bb #gf4b 4#ag #aica #f1jgd #f1ahj #a4jb #ea4i 4#ec #aicb #f1djc #c1ije 4#fa #ef4e 4#cd #aicc #c1ggf #b1ejh 4#ff #ee4e 4#cg #aicd #ae1gaa #h1fhj 4#ee #eg4g 4#cb #aice #ah1jae #f1jge 4#cd #fe4h 4#bb #aicf #ah1eih #ac1fdc 4#gc #ed4e 4#dj #aicga #ah1igg #ad1bgh 4#ge #ed4c 4#da ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #e4--,synthetic resins of coal-tar origin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by principal sources1 in specified years1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,imported from-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,germany #ej1ggj #c1aff #b1gbd #i1hja #b1bbj #aj1gej #ac1iej ,france #bj #b1cca #gdj #big #afh ,united ,kingdom #ccf #a1jfe #ac1bdb #a1igi #b1bae ,switzerland #c1dgc #a1gha #d1chd #a1gaf ,canada #a1cgb #ace #a1bff #eid ,all other countries #af1djc #egg #cab #cdj #ea #ejb ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total #fg1ebi #f1jgd #c1ggf #ae1gaa #ah1jae #ah1eih #ah1igg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,value ---------------------------------------- --------- ,germany #aa1gga #d1jec #a1iac #e1cjc #a1iei #i1gjj #aa1ifj ,france #ba #a1gfj #dfe #bcf #agg ,united ,kingdom #b1bce #bee #b1dgf #a1jij #fei ,switzerland #b1fba #a1cjh #b1aed #a1aig ,canada #eja #df #dhf #bad ,all other countries #c1dgf #cfg #acj #ej #cf #bdh ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total #ag1ejc #f1ahj #b1ejh #h1fhj #f1jge #ac1fdc #ad1bgh ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,germany #j4bc #a4bh #j4gj #j4ed #j4hh #j4ij #j4hf ,france #a4je 4#gf 4#fc 4#gi #a4je ,united ,kingdom #f4fe 4#bd 4#ai 4#ee 4#cj ,switzerland 4#ge 4#gc 4#di 4#gj ,canada 4#cg 4#cd 4#ch 4#cf ,all other countries 4#ba 4#fd 4#db 4#ae 4#ga 4#di ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,average 4#bf #a4jb 4#ff 4#ee 4#cd 4#gc 4#ge ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,percent of total quantity ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,germany #ge4b #eb4a #gb4a #fb4d #ab4c #eg4h #gc4e ,france 4#a #ch4d #ai4f #a4f 4#i ,united ,kingdom 4#e #f4h #gc4e #aj4f #aa4g ,switzerland #bb4a #i4i #bc4f #i4a ,canada #h4g 4#h #f4h #c4a ,all other countries #bd4b #i4e #h4c #a4i 4#c #b4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,exports from the ,united ,states4 ,appreciable quantities of phenolic resins are exported annually in the form of molding compounds and as finished articles of wide variety4 ,statistics of these exports are not compiled separately by the ,department of ,commerce4 ,exportation is limited by a number of factors1 such as licensing agreements1 patents1 allocation of markets1 and high tariffs or embargoes in certain countries4 ,the largest domestic maker is affiliated with producers in ,great ,britain1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,canada1 and ,japan4 ,other domestic firms have agreements as to patents and markets with producers in ,england1 ,germany1 and other countries4 ,,tar-,,acid ,,resins ,,for ,,molding ,the tar-acid resins were first developed for molding and they are still used in large volume in this way4 ,an article produced in large quantity is more likely to be made of molded resin4 ,the cost of the mold1 which may amount to several thousand dollars1 then becomes very small per unit produced4 ,if the article is of such a shape that it would require a great deal of labor to produce in metal or wood1 it may be produced in quantity much more cheaply from resin1 since it will come from the mold almost in finished form4 ,a few of the large molders find it economical to make their own resins when they use one type in large volume or desire some special modification4 ,most of the molders buy resins for molding in the form of either powder or pre-formed pellets ready for use4 ,molding powders and pellets4 ,molding powder is made from ,b-stage resin 7see p4 #ac71 a filler1 a pigment1 a lubricant1 and a plasticizer4 ,these materials are mixed and put through rolls at a moderate heat and pressure4 ,the resin softens and amalgamates with the other materials4 ,it hardens upon cooling and is ground to powder4 ,a pre-formed pellet may be made from the powder by pressure2 use in this form saves the time of the molder when filling the mold1 since he is not required to measure the powder4 ,the proper selection of the filler in a molding powder is important in influencing the quality of the molded article4 ,fibrous fillers improve the mechanical strength and shock resistance of the finished article4 ,wood flour is the most widely used filler in tar-acid resins as well as in other thermosetting resins4 ,pine1 spruce1 and fir are the principal kinds used1 and consideration must be given to the bulk1 gum content1 color1 and the size and shape of the wood particles4 ,color is the least important since most of the tar-acid resins give brown or black moldings4 ,when the molding must withstand high temperatures1 asbestos fiber is used as a filler4 ,in articles requiring high shock resistance1 such as golf club heads1 a filler of paper pulp is used4 ,where high electrical insulation and dielectric properties are required1 ground mica is used as the filler4 ,certain inorganic fillers such as powdered slate1 gypsum1 barium sulphate1 calcium sulphate1 china clay1 zinc oxide1 and infusorial earths1 are sometimes used4 ,large proportions of these may be used where hardness is more important than strength1 as in phonograph records4 ,other materials used include rubber1 graphite1 horn1 bone1 starch1 pumice1 and cork4 ,coloring matter used may be coal-tar dyes or pigments such as bone black1 carbon black1 and iron oxides4 ,pigments are usually more satisfactory1 although dyes are sometimes preferred in articles for insulation4 ,a lubricant is added to the molding mixture to overcome the tendency to stick in the mold4 ,metallic soaps1 stearates1 and stearic acid are those most commonly used4 ,sometimes a plasticizer is included1 its function being to act as a solvent for the resin1 thus increasing the flow of the material in the mold4 ,the plasticizer should be one which will become infusible or at least remain solid in the molded article4 ,illustration3 ,,preform ,,press ,,making ,,pellets ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,molding4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,vacuum ,,cleaner ,,parts ,,of ,,tar-,,acid ,,resin ,,illustrating ,,the ,,intricate ,,molded ,,shapes ,,possible4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,radio ,,cabinet ,,and ,,telephone ,,set ,,of ,,molded ,,tar-,,acid ,,resin4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bag ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a typical molding powder or pre-form pellet will contain by weight3 ,resin #dj to #ej percent ,filler #ce to #ej percent ,plasticizer #e percent ,lubricant #a percent ,pigment #a percent ,the molding of tar-acid resins4 ,ordinarily the molds used are made of hardened steel1 highly polished4 ,they must stand working pressures of several thousand pounds per square inch4 ,the mold is placed in a hydraulic press1 heated by steam1 electricity1 or gas1 and the molding material is placed in the mold4 ,the press is closed and heat and pressure are applied4 ,the temperatures used range between #bej ,f4 and #cfe ,f41 and the pressures between #a1jjj and #h1jjj pounds per square inch4 ,the molding time depends on the shape and size of the article and on the composition of the molding material4 ,as little as one-half minute is required for small objects and as long as #aj minutes for large objects4 ,average molding time is about #c minutes4 ,the article is removed from the mold1 allowed to cool1 and is then trimmed1 sanded1 filed1 or polished4 ,since the mold is highly polished1 the finishing operation is usually needed only to remove the flash4 ,inserts1 such as metal parts 7binding posts1 electrical contacts1 etc471 or inlays of polished metal in name plates1 and signs1 are often molded in2 gear shift knobs are molded over a hollow metal core2 rubber inserts are used in castors1 electrical plugs1 and similar objects4 ,the molding operation is an art1 and has made remarkable progress in recent years4 ,many articles molded of tar-acid resins are well-known to the public4 ,the automotive industry is the best customer1 using such molded parts as gear shift knobs1 horn buttons1 accelerator pedals1 light switches1 ignition parts1 and distributor heads4 ,other well-known applications are builders' hardware1 electrical switch plates1 switches and fixtures1 fountain pens1 radio parts1 telephone parts1 handles for stoves1 vacuum cleaners1 and other appliances1 buttons1 buckles1 costume jewelry1 camera cases1 radio cabinets1 small containers1 and hundreds of others4 ,the importance of tar-acid resins in molded articles is shown by the fact that more than #ge percent of all synthetic resin molded articles made in #aicg used this type of resin as a binder4 ,production of tar-acid molding resins4 ,domestic production of tar-acid molding powders and pellets was reported to the ,tariff ,commission by #ae makers in #aicg4 ,most of these firms have specialized in resin development and manufacture4 ,among the well-known brands are ,bakelite1 ,durez1 ,durite1 ,resinox1 ,indur1 and others 7see p4 #aec for list of trade names74 ,statistics of production and sales of tar-acid resins used in molding were collected separately for the first time in #aice4 ,they show a net resin output of about #ba1jjj1jjj pounds1 with sales of #ah1jjj1jjj pounds or about #dj percent of the total tar-acid resins4 ,the average unit value was #ag cents per pound4 ,in #aicg the production of tar-acid resins for molding exceeded #cb1jjj1jjj pounds1 again about #dj percent of the total4 ,these statistics are based on net resin and do not include fillers1 modifiers1 pigments1 or inert material of any kind4 ,,cast ,,phenolic ,,resins ,process of manufacture4 ,the production of cast phenolic resins requires pure materials1 expensive equipment1 and extreme care in the control of the operation4 ,a mixture of phenol and formaldehyde and a catalyst 7usually sodium or potassium hydroxide7 is charged into a nickel-lined reaction kettle and heated until the water separates and is removed4 ,the reaction is then allowed to proceed to the desired point4 ,glycerin is added to aid in forming a transparent product4 ,all equipment1 including pipe lines1 valves1 and pumps1 is nickel or nickel lined except that used for formaldehyde1 which is made of aluminum4 ,the resin is usually made in #a1jjj pound batches1 and the reaction cycle ranges from #f to #ah hours4 ,it is colored with soluble coal-tar dyes and cast into lead molds4 ,these are placed in a heated room and allowed to cure for #c to #f days4 ,the resin is removed from the mold with air hammers1 and the lead molds are melted4 ,the appearance of the resin may be changed by varying its water content1 by the addition of dyes and fillers1 and by the addition of other substances to produce some desired effect1 such as imitation ivory or marble4 ,the clarity of the resin depends upon its water content--the greater the degree of dehydration the clearer the product4 ,range of colors is complete1 from crystal clear to the darker shades1 with any degree of transparency1 translucency1 or opaqueness4 ,casting is in the form of sheets1 rods1 tubes1 or special forms suitable for the production of buckles1 jewelry1 and other small products4 ,molds of complicated shape cannot be used1 which means that most articles if produced of cast resin must be produced from standard shapes by subsequent working4 ,recently small radio cabinets have been cast4 ,uses4 ,cast phenolic resin can be machined in the same manner as hard wood4 ,it must be polished after machining1 usually by tumbling with shoe pegs and pumice or with muslin wheels4 ,the smooth finish and low degree of heat conduction give the material a pleasant feel1 not cold to the touch as is metal4 ,the coloring is not superficial and therefore does not chip or wear off4 ,electrical properties are excellent4 ,a slow polymerization continues for some time after fabrication1 resulting in slight shrinkage4 ,cast phenolic resins are marketed by the producers as rods1 sheets1 cylinders1 and special castings4 ,standard round rods range from inch to more than #e inches in diameter4 ,special rods are available in such forms as square1 hexagon1 octagon1 and fluted4 ,standard sheets are in sizes from #ab by #bd inches to #cf by #gb inches1 and from to #a inch thick4 ,stock cylinders are available in a wide range of inside and outside diameters4 ,illustration3 ,,cast ,,phenolic ,,resins1 ,,standard ,,shapes ,,and ,,small ,,articles ,,fabricated ,,from ,,them4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,stock material is fabricated by a number of firms into an endless variety of articles4 ,among these are toilet articles such as combs1 backs for brushes1 cosmetic containers1 and trinkets2 fittings for automobiles1 electrical appliances1 furniture1 and display fixtures2 jewelry1 dress ornaments1 clock cases1 handbag frames1 vanity cases1 smokers' articles1 signs and advertising specialties1 picture frames1 handles for cutlery1 chessmen1 pens1 desk penholders1 pencils1 and many others4 ,probably the largest consumption is in the making of buttons and buckles4 ,the cast phenolic resins are odorless1 tasteless1 nonflammable1 resistant to oils and greases1 and practically nonbreakable4 ,patents and licensing4 ,the basic patent covering the manufacture of cast phenolic resins is ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1hed1fjj1 issued ,april #ai1 #aicb1 to ,f4 ,poliak and ,a4 ,ostersetzer1 of ,vienna1 and assigned to ,pollopas1 ,ltd41 of ,london4 ,many other patents have been granted on variations and modifications of this one4 ,the basic process is also patented in ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 and other countries4 ,united ,states and ,canadian patent rights were purchased by the ,american ,catalin ,corporation2 ,german rights by the ,interessen ,gemeinschaft ,industrie ,a4 ,g4 7,german ,i4 ,g472 ,french rights by ,kuhlmann ,co41 and ,british rights by the ,imperial ,chemical ,industries4 ,these licensing arrangements limited the licensee to sales in his own and1 in some instances1 nearby countries4 ,the ,american ,catalin ,corporation has successfully defended the validity of this patent and has licensed a number of domestic manufacturers to produce cast phenolic resins on a royalty basis4 ,in #aicg there were seven domestic makers of cast phenolic resins located in ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 and ,pennsylvania4 ,these firms produce and market resins under the following trade names3 ,catalin1 ,prystal1 ,joanite1 ,fiberlon1 ,phenolin1 and ,marblette4 ,production of cast phenolic resins4 ,production was initiated about #aibi by the ,american ,catalin ,corporation4 ,the output increased substantially every year from that year through #aicc4 ,statistics of production and sales are not publishable for the years prior to #aicd because they would reveal the operations of individual firms2 they are given in table #f for subsequent years4 ,,table #f4--;,cast phenolic resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicd-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,sales ,year ,production ------------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,pounds ,pounds #aicd #d1ifh1dde #d1gic1feh #b1jii1jce #j4dd #aice #e1eff1fba #e1ded1dij #b1bje1hgi 4#dj #aicf #f1aaa1fcb #f1jac1hee #b1dgf1fai 4#da #aicg #e1dei1fed #e1cce1gdf #b1ahj1fbj 4#da ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,source3 ,dyes and ,other ,synthetic ,organic ,chemicals in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,imports and exports4 ,the licensing agreements1 as outlined above1 provide for the allocation of markets for cast phenolic resins4 ,because of this arrangement there are little or no imports and exports of this material4 ,,tar-,,acid ,,resins ,,for ,,laminating ,by laminating is meant the impregnation of sheets of paper1 fiber1 or cloth with a solution of synthetic resin and the building up of these layers into sheets of reinforced synthetic resin of various thicknesses4 ,when a tar-acid resin is used the paper or cloth is immersed in or coated with a solution of the ,b-stage resin1 dried1 and layers of the material are compressed and consolidated1 under heat and pressure to form sheets1 rods1 tubes1 blocks1 and other forms1 in the infusible ,c-stage4 ,the coating of sheets of paper with solutions of natural resin and the compacting of these sheets by heat and pressure is an old practice1 especially for electrical uses4 ,shellac and copal have been widely used and yield a laminated board of good electrical and mechanical properties when used at temperatures under #gj ,c4 ,above #gj ,c4 the resin softens and the desirable properties are lost4 ,since temperatures above #gj ,c4 are not uncommon in electrical equipment1 the limitations of these natural resins in this use can readily be seen4 ,the use of tar-acid resins to impregnate insulation material removes the temperature limitation and otherwise improves the product2 insulators so made are widely used in all sorts of electrical and radio equipment4 ,uses of tar-acid resin laminated products4 ,laminated sheets of tar-acid resin are made with paper1 canvas1 duck1 linen1 pulpboard1 vulcanized fiber1 plywood1 and other materials4 ,paper is the material generally used for electrical insulation1 although cloth is sometimes used when greater strength is needed4 ,canvas is used where maximum strength is required1 as in gears for automobiles and industrial machinery4 ,impregnated linen is adapted to punched parts and small gears4 ,these laminated materials are uniformly dense1 tough1 resilient and light in weight4 ,they are nonabsorptive1 have low thermal conductivity1 and a low coefficient of expansion4 ,their dielectric strength is excellent and chemically they are inert to oils1 brine1 most acids1 weak alkalies1 and many solvents4 ,structurally they are strong under tension1 compression1 flexion1 or impact2 they are easy to machine and are sound absorbing4 ,gears made of laminated canvas are widely used2 they are silent and outwear those made of metal4 ,the development of such gears was brought about by the demand for a positive drive without the clash and clatter resulting from metal to metal contact4 ,the laminated gear absorbs vibrations1 eliminates noise1 and reduces wear4 ,the laminated material is one-seventh the weight of brass1 one-sixth the weight of steel1 one-fifth the weight of cast iron and one-half the weight of aluminum4 ,laminated gear blanks may be cut on automatic machines into helical1 spur1 bevel1 or worm gears4 ,timing gears in automobiles are frequently of this type2 they require no adjustment and seldom need replacement during the life of the motor4 ,the light weight of the material reduces to a minimum flywheel effect on the camshaft4 ,where lubrication is difficult a graphite impregnated blank may be used4 ,bearings made from laminated fabric are successfully used in heavy rolling mills where they reduce replacement costs and decrease power consumption4 ,the laminated material possesses strength1 smooth surface1 density1 good load carrying capacity1 high impact resistance1 nonscoring properties1 and is practically frictionless4 ,power consumption is said to be reduced as much as #dj to #fj percent of that of metal bearings and the life of the laminated bearing has been as much as #aj times that of the metal ones4 ,it replaces ,babbitt metal1 brass1 bronze1 white metal1 gun metal1 or lignum vitae in this application4 ,illustration3 ,,laminating ,,sheet ,,press4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,gears ,,made ,,of ,,laminated ,,tar-,,acid ,,resin4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,cocktail ,,lounge ,,using ,,tar-,,acid ,,laminated ,,decorative ,,material4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,in decorative uses1 laminated materials have made remarkable progress in recent years4 ,in this application the material made from laminated paper is veneered on wood or fiber board1 and the surface is so durable that refinishing is probably not necessary during the life of the equipment4 ,table tops for public rooms such as restaurants1 cafeterias1 and bars are widely used because of the beautiful designs obtainable and because the material is not discolored by lighted cigarettes1 alcohol or other liquids1 and does not chip or crack4 ,laminated sheets are used for bathroom and kitchen walls1 doors1 window sills1 store and theater fronts1 lobby walls in hotel and office buildings1 and counter tops in banks and post offices4 ,the liner ,queen ,mary is equipped with panels of this material as is also the new ,library of ,congress ,annex4 ,most of the leading hotels have installed bar and cocktail lounges of laminated materials because of the range of color and the ease with which novel designs may be carried out4 ,almost any solid color1 design1 or imitation of another material may be given the laminated sheet simply by printing it upon the top sheet of paper used in the impregnated assembly4 ,thus a beautiful piece of walnut or mahogany may be photographed1 inexpensively reproduced upon paper1 and the finished laminated sheet will closely imitate the polished wood4 ,the combination of beauty with long life should permit the widespread use of this type of material in all sorts of building and equipment4 ,it has been suggested as a possibility in automobile body construction4 ,other important uses are in trim and door strips for mechanical refrigerators1 in cafeteria trays1 buckets and special containers1 tires for factory trucks1 textile spools1 miners' safety helmets1 gaskets1 valve discs and rings for pumps1 pulleys1 besides many others4 ,production of tar-acid resins for laminating4 ,statistics of production and sales of synthetic resins for laminating were not separately compiled prior to #aice4 ,since that year the resins made from cresylic acid have been used to the greatest extent in laminating1 followed by those made from phenol4 ,tar-acid resins reported as 8used in paints1 varnishes1 and lacquers0 may include appreciable quantities of resin varnishes used for laminating4 ,the total production and sale in #aicg of tar-acid resins used in laminating1 therefore1 would be the sum of the #bj percent of the total 7see table #c7 reported for laminating plus some part of the #be percent reported for surface coatings4 ,domestic producers of tar-acid resins for laminating are located in ,delaware1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,illinois1 ,massachusetts1 and ,pennsylvania4 ,the makers of the laminated materials are located in ,delaware1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,illinois1 ,pennsylvania1 ,indiana1 and ,connecticut4 ,their products are marketed under a number of trade names1 including ,micarta1 ,dilecto1 ,celoron1 ,formica1 ,textolite1 ,phenolite1 ,insurok1 ,spauldite1 ,synthane and ,phenol ,fibre4 ,imports into the ,united ,states4 ,there has been practically no importation of synthetic resins for laminating4 ,imports of laminated products 7rods1 tubes1 blocks1 strips1 blanks1 or other forms7 of which synthetic resin is the chief binding agent totaled only #bae pounds1 valued at #fab in #aica 7principally from the ,united ,kingdom72 #ac pounds1 valued at #ga in #aicb2 none in #aicc and #aicd2 #fji pounds1 valued at #egi in #aice from ,canada1 ,germany1 and the ,netherlands2 and #c1bfj pounds1 valued at #i1dfh in #aicf from ,austria1 ,germany1 and the ,united ,kingdom4 ,exports from the ,united ,states4 ,exports of phenolic or other synthetic resins for laminating and of laminated articles are not separately recorded in official statistics4 ,it is known that appreciable quantities of laminated articles are exported to ,canada1 ,england1 and other countries4 ,,tar-,,acid ,,resins ,,for ,,surface ,,coatings ,synthetic resins are widely used for surface coatings1 chiefly because of the ease with which new types can be produced to meet special requirements and because of their uniformity4 ,tar-acid resin coatings may be varied in composition and properties to meet a particular purpose4 ,possible variations depend on the type or mixture of tar acid used 7phenol1 cresols1 xylenols1 tertiary amyl phenol1 tertiary butyl phenol1 phenyl phenol71 whether the condensation takes place in the presence of an acid or an alkali1 and on the proportion of formaldehyde used4 ,the resin so formed may be modified with natural resins1 synthetic resins of the alkyd type1 fatty acids1 or other materials4 ,the almost endless opportunities for different types can1 therefore1 readily be appreciated4 ,types of resin used and the resultant coatings4 ,the tar-acid resins used in varnishes and other surface coatings are usually oil-soluble types4 ,they may be divided into three general classes3 7#a7 ,phenol-formaldehyde condensation products rendered oil-soluble by chemical combination or physical dispersion in other materials1 such as rosin and copal2 7#b7 condensation products made from tar acids other than simple phenol1 which are themselves soluble in drying oils and thinners2 and 7#c7 products from the condensation of the substituted phenols and formaldehyde4 ,these three classes of oil-soluble tar-acid resins differ widely in their chemical and physical properties and in their functions4 ,the first group are usually called modified phenolic resins1 the second group are referred to as unmodified or #ajj-percent soluble1 and the third group are known as substituted phenolic resins4 ,the unmodified resins are extensively used in long-oil tung varnishes1 to which they impart greater drying speed1 durability1 and resistance to alkalis and gases4 ,the modified types impart the same properties to tung oil varnishes but to a lesser extent4 ,in addition the modified types possess considerable hardness so that greater gloss and fullness are obtained4 ,modifiers are either drying oils or natural resins2 tung oil is the most widely used oil and rosin the principal natural resin4 ,substituted phenols such as para tertiary amyl phenol and para tertiary butyl phenol may be used in place of simple phenol2 while these are relatively high priced components1 the resins made therefrom have increased in recent years to an appreciable volume because of their improved properties4 ,other synthetic resins1 such as those of the alkyd1 petroleum1 urea1 and vinyl types1 are sometimes incorporated with the phenolics in the same surface coating to obtain some desired property4 ,the addition of a plasticizer1 such as tricresyl phosphate or dibutyl phthalate1 improves the flexibility of the film4 ,spirit varnishes1 in which the synthetic resin is dissolved in a solvent1 are also available4 ,in this type the soluble fusible resin 7form ,a7 is dissolved in an organic solvent such as acetone or the various alcohols1 and conversion of the resin to the insoluble1 infusible state 7form ,c7 is effected by baking the film4 ,coatings made from tar-acid resins are widely used in so-called #d-;hour enamels and varnishes1 for both interior and exterior application4 ,they are also used in the manufacture of linoleum1 artificial leather1 adhesives1 and printing inks4 ,when incorporated with nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate lacquers they improve the adhesion1 luster1 and resistance to alkalies4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,in #aicg the output of tar-acid resins for surface coatings exceeded #bj million pounds 7net resin74 ,those from phenol and the substituted phenols accounted for a very large part of the total4 ,they were followed by resins from cresylic acids and the xylenols in that order4 ,in #aicg there were about #bj domestic makers of this type of synthetic resin1 with factories located in ,california1 ,connecticut1 ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 ,michigan1 ,missouri1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,rhode ,island4 ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states4 ,imports of oil-soluble phenolic resins have been negligible4 ,this is due1 in part1 to licenses and agreements between certain domestic and foreign makers1 to the remarkable advancement and pioneering work done in this country1 to the holding of many basic patents by ,americans1 and to the relatively high duty on imports4 ,exports of these products1 usually in the form of enamels1 varnishes1 and lacquers1 have been appreciable and are probably increasing each year4 ,official statistics are not reported separately4 ,,tar-,,acid ,,resins ,,in ,,adhesives ,a comparatively new use for tar-acid resins is in the manufacture of wood adhesives4 ,ordinary vegetable and animal glues have long been used1 although their deficiencies in certain characteristics are well known4 ,these include 7a7 their inability to produce uniform products1 7b7 the tendency of most alkaline glues to stain wood1 7c7 the bad effects of moisture on them1 and of bacteria and fungi in the case of animal glues4 ,the tar-acid resins have none of these objectionable qualities4 ,being chemically inert they are free from attack by fungi and bacteria4 ,moisture does not affect them1 and they do not stain wood4 ,three types of resins are used as wood adhesives1 principally in bonding plywoods and veneers3 7#a7 ,hot press liquid1 7#b7 cold press liquid1 and 7#c7 resin film4 ,furniture1 radio cabinets1 games1 and building products constructed from plywoods bonded with resins can be shipped to tropical countries1 the bond not being affected by extreme climatic conditions4 ,these resin adhesives are more expensive than the usual animal and vegetable glues1 a factor which has limited their application4 ,their advantages may1 however1 open up to resin bonded plywoods uses in which the more ordinary types are not satisfactory4 ,,tar-,,acid ,,resins ,,for ,,other ,,uses ,the application of tar-acid resins in casting1 molding1 laminating1 surface coatings1 and adhesives has been described4 ,there are many other uses1 but most of them approach the types of application dealt with4 ,impregnation of all sorts of materials with tar-acid resins is an increasing use2 such applications are in fabrics for aircraft1 crease resistant textiles1 wood1 asbestos1 concrete1 and electrical coils4 ,wood with resin forced into the fiber under pressure is used for furniture1 flooring1 heads for golf clubs1 and handles for utensils4 ,resin is used as a binder in the manufacture of brake linings for automobiles1 as well as in the manufacture of abrasive and grinding wheels4 ,an interesting application is in the construction of corrosion-resistant chemical plant equipment4 ,in #aibb the ,german firm of ,saureschutz ,gesellschaft was incorporated to fabricate equipment composed of a special acid-resisting type of phenolic resin and asbestos4 ,sometime later its manufacture was started in the ,united ,states4 ,all sorts of industrial plant equipment is now available1 including cylindrical and rectangular tanks up to #i feet in diameter and #ab feet high1 piping for corrosive liquids and gases1 valves1 pumps1 fans and ventilators1 filter press plates and frames1 buckets1 dippers1 etc4 ,another new use is for making matrices in which to mold rubber printing plates4 ,such plates are used at present chiefly in printing cotton and paper bags but extensive experimentation promises to broaden their use4 ,the matrix is made of fiber board of very open structure impregnated with tar-acid resin in the process of manufacture4 #d4 ,,alkyd ,,resins ,description and uses4 ,the alkyd resins1 used principally in paints1 varnishes1 and lacquers1 are a group of condensation products synthesized by reacting polyhydric alcohols1 such as glycerin and the glycols1 with dibasic organic acids1 such as phthalic1 maleic1 succinic1 and sebacic4 ,the condensation product is almost always modified to give properties to the resin desirable or essential to the specific application contemplated4 ,the modifying agent may be a drying1 semidrying1 or nondrying oil2 the fatty acid of an oil2 a natural resin1 such as rosin2 a synthetic resin of the tar-acid group or of the urea-formaldehyde type2 or other substance4 ,up to the present time unmodified alkyd resins have not been commercially important4 ,a wide variety of types is obtained by the use of different materials and different modifiers4 ,the variations begin with the dibasic acid used1 and with the polyhydric alcohol used4 ,the modifications possible are practically endless1 and almost any fixed oil or the corresponding fatty acid1 and most of the natural or synthetic resins may be used4 ,the importance of the modifier is shown by the proportion used in most alkyd resins4 ,on the average1 approximately #ej percent of the total weight of the drying and semidrying alkyd resin products is modifier1 #cj percent dibasic acid1 and #bj percent polyhydric alcohol4 ,the proportions will1 of course1 vary with individual types4 ,certain types on the market contain only #be percent modifier while others have as much as #ge percent4 ,in a new industry such as this1 rapid changes in types and applications must be expected4 ,extensive research is being carried on by various groups4 ,the raw material makers are seeking cheaper products or those with special properties2 the resin makers are investigating an endless number of modifications1 and the makers of surface coatings are testing most of the new types offered4 ,development and patents4 ,probably the earliest record of research leading to the development of the alkyds was that of van ,bemmelen1 who reported in a ,german technical journal in #ahef the sirupy products obtained by heating together succinic acid and glycerin or citric acid and glycerin4 ,the first investigation of the phthalic anhydride-glycerin resins was recorded in #aija4c ,watson ,smith1 while engaged in research on phthalein dyes1 obtained a transparent1 highly refractive resinlike substance when glycerin and phthalic anhydride were heated together4 ,smith recommended the product as a cement for ceramic wares4 ,during the period #aiaj-af the research laboratories of the ,general ,electric ,co41 engaged in research on a synthetic resin from glycerin and phthalic anhydride4 ,as a result of these studies numerous patents were granted for this type of resin to which the trade name ,glyptal was applied4 ,intensive research was carried on by several firms1 many variations were developed1 and literally hundreds of patents were granted4 ,the paint and varnish industry has been undergoing radical readjustment4 ,methods and natural products1 which for decades or centuries had changed very little1 are giving way to synthetic creations of our laboratories4 ,the first important departure from the traditional practices was the development of nitrocellulose lacquers4 ,the commercial application of the alkyd resins followed1 and their use is increasing rapidly4 ,because this development is still comparatively young1 the large number of modifications offered has confused the coating manufacturer4 ,it is probable that many of the synthetic products now being marketed have no special technical or economic justification and that they will in time lose out in competition with better products known at present1 or still to be developed4 ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1hic1hgc1 dated ,january #aj1 #aicc1 granted to ,r4 ,h4 ,kienle and assigned to the ,general ,electric ,co41 was considered one of the basic patents in this field4 ,early in #aicf it was declared invalid in a suit claiming infringement brought against the ,paramet ,chemical ,co4 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the decision in this case seems to have opened the glycerin-phthalic anhydride resins to a large number of manufacturers4 ,among the principal brands of alkyd resins now on the domestic market are ,beckosol1 ,dulux1 ,esterol1 ,glyptal1 ,rezyl1 and ,teglac4 ,each of these trade names identifies a series of products4 ,classification of alkyd resins4 ,a number of classifications of the alkyd resins are possible and practical4 ,since by far the most important applications are in surface coatings1 and their use in molding compositions is relatively unimportant1 it seems advisable at this time to emphasize the more important use4 ,for the purpose of this survey the following classification is used3 7#a7 ,drying alkyd resins4 7a7 ,unmodified4 7b7 ,modified with natural materials4 7c7 ,modified with other synthetic resins4 7d7 ,modified with other synthetic resins and oil extended4 7#b7 ,semidrying alkyd resins4 7#c7 ,nondrying alkyd resins4 7#d7 ,miscellaneous modified alkyd resins4 7#e7 ,alkyd resins in water dispersion4 7#f7 ,alkyd resins in molding compositions4 ,at least #ge percent of the alkyd resin finishes used at present are of the drying type and about #ae percent of the nondrying type4 ,unmodified drying alkyd resins4--,this class of alkyd resins consists of a series of compounds made from polyhydric alcohols1 polybasic acids1 and fatty acids in chemical combination4 ,the alcohol is usually glycerin1 and the polybasic acid largely phthalic anhydride or acid1 although others1 such as maleic anhydride 7acid7 are increasing rapidly in importance4 ,the fatty acid or oil used may be linseed1 tung1 perilla1 hempseed1 soybean1 sunflower1 safflower1 or other drying oil4 ,it is believed that tung oil and perilla oil are the most important at this time4 ,unmodified drying alkyd resins are characterized by excellent durability but limited resistance to water in air-dried finishes4 ,both in air-dried and in baked finishes they are outstanding as to flexibility1 quick drying1 long luster life1 and permanent adhesion4 ,their principal uses are in finishes for interior walls and woodwork1 automobiles1 coatings on steel such as for refrigerators1 railway equipment1 bridges1 advertising signs1 and lithographed containers4 ,in these applications the products of this type compete with nitrocellulose lacquers and the older types of varnishes and paints4 ,while the initial cost is higher1 greater durability is obtained together with faster drying1 flexibility1 and hardness4 ,probably the largest field for surface coatings is outdoor wood finishes4 ,several attempts have been made to adapt pure alkyd finishes to this use but with limited success because the hard and non-porous finish does not permit the escape of moisture contained in the wood and the pressure developed from vaporization of the moisture by the sun's rays tends to lift the coating from the wood surface4 ,recently it has been found practicable to incorporate from #ae to #bj percent alkyd resins in conventional types of outdoor paints for wood4 ,here the use of alkyds has contributed greater durability and retention of fresh appearance over a longer period4 ,paints of this type are now on the retail market4 ,drying alkyd resins modified with natural materials4--,this type of alkyd resin is modified principally with natural resins1 such as rosin1 damar1 mastic1 shellac1 or copal4 ,the use of these natural resins imparts hardness to the resin but shortens its durability4 ,they make the product less expensive1 permit easier incorporation of the drying oil1 and in some instances increase the water resistance4 ,their principal application is to modify nitrocellulose lacquers and lacquer sealers1 in order to impart gloss1 hardness1 and easy sanding4 ,it has been said that the commercial production of drying alkyds modified with natural resins was as important a development in the surface coating industry as the discovery of the alkyds themselves4 ,drying alkyd resins modified with other synthetic resins4--,drying alkyd resins may be modified with tar-acid formaldehyde resins1 tar-acid furfural resins1 urea-formaldehyde resins1 petroleum resins1 and the coumarone and indene resins4 ,modification with tar-acid resins gives a quicker setting1 harder drying finish with a higher gloss4 ,alkyd resins so modified are adapted to both air-drying and baked undercoats and finishes2 they have good durability and adhesion and good resistance to grease1 oils1 alcohol and abrasion4 ,for some uses the tar-acid resin modification gives better qualities than either component possesses alone1 but in light colored finishes it has a tendency to cause the finish to yellow4 ,coatings made of drying alkyd resins modified with tar acid resins are widely used on automobile chassis1 fenders1 and bodies1 machinery coatings1 steel fixtures and toys2 they are especially suitable for primers1 undercoats1 and finishes on metal4 ,modification with urea resins produces baked-finish coatings4 ,as much as #dj percent of the urea resin is incorporated4 ,it makes possible coatings with a full range of permanent colors and improves their hardness and mar-proofness1 whereas without the ureas the combination of color range with hardness had been difficult to obtain4 ,the urea resin modified alkyds find use on metal surfaces of articles which must stand rough handling1 such as toys1 furniture1 and motors4 ,modification with petroleum resins produces air-dried finishes4 ,for industrial use on metal they give coatings with better adhesion1 dispersion of pigments1 and resistance to acids1 alkalies1 and moisture at a lower cost than is obtained by ester gum or tar-acid resin modification4 ,the petroleum resin modification minimizes skinning and improves the luster and the flow4 ,drying alkyd resins modified with other synthetic resins and oil extended4--,excellent water resistance and versatility are the characteristics of finishes made of alkyd resins modified with other synthetic resins 7usually tar-acid7 and oil extended4 ,the incorporation of drying oils gives a low cost finish with better compatibility and brushing and with the combined properties of a quick-setting varnish and an alkyd resin4 ,although not so durable or quick setting as the unmodified finishes1 they have better water resistance4 ,these finishes may be brushed or sprayed1 air-dried or baked4 ,they have wide industrial and architectural uses4 ,semidrying alkyd resins4--,cottonseed oil is the principal modifier in semidrying alkyd resins4 ,alkyd resins of this type are used in finishes requiring maximum gloss and color retention4 ,when baked on metal at high temperatures they show no tendency to wrinkle4 ,they are used as reinforcing agents to increase flexibility and durability1 and to plasticize other finishes4 ,nondrying alkyd resins4--,the nondrying or nonoxidizing alkyd resins are those containing a nondrying oil1 such as castor oil or coconut oil1 or the fatty acid of a nondrying oil1 such as stearic1 palmitic1 or oleic acid4 ,nondrying oils make the resin less sensitive to heat hardening and impart greater flexibility4 ,these resins are used principally as plasticizers in nitrocellulose lacquers4 ,in this use they have the advantage of better retention of plasticizing efficiency than other plasticizers1 many of which are lost by evaporation1 migration1 absorption1 or oxidation4 ,these modified nitrocellulose lacquers1 either clear or pigmented1 are used for coating wood1 composition board1 cloth1 paper1 rubber1 leather1 and similar surfaces4 ,miscellaneous modified alkyd resins4--,this group includes alkyd resins modified with materials other than those already discussed4 ,to date 7#aich7 there has been little1 if any1 commercial production of such resins4 ,there are many modifiers which have been suggested and which might be used but for the fact that they are too expensive4 ,among these are butyl alcohol and benzoic acid4 ,alkyd resins in water dispersion4--,emulsions of alkyd resins in water are now available for use in clear and pigmented coatings4 ,these are sold in the form of paste containing #dj to #ej percent solids and are diluted with water at the time of application4 ,they are especially suitable for coating porous surfaces1 such as brick1 concrete1 plaster1 stucco1 and masonry of all kinds4 ,they are applied by brushing or spraying and they combine the ease of application of water paints with the durability1 washability1 and hardness of oil paints4 ,they dry quickly1 and the dried film cannot again be dissolved or suspended in water2 the coating can therefore be washed or1 after several weeks1 scrubbed with cleansers4 ,compared with oil paints1 they give better coverage1 are easier to apply1 and cost appreciably less4 ,compared with other types of water paints1 such as kalsomine1 they give a glossier coating of greater durability and superior appearance2 they seal porous surfaces better2 their covering capacity is greater2 and their applied cost is slightly less per square yard of surface4 ,coatings of this type may be applied directly over fresh plaster without a sizing coat1 since they allow the curing of the plaster to continue4 ,the usual paint pigments may be incorporated4 ,a special use of the water dispersed alkyds is on asphalt or tar since they are nonbleeding in the solvents of these materials4 ,this quality permits their use for traffic and zone markers on streets4 ,alkyd resins in molding compositions and other uses4--,the alkyd resins are much less important as binders in molded articles than in coatings and finishes4 ,conversion of the resin to the insoluble infusible form is extremely slow1 requiring days as compared with minutes for the tar-acid and urea resins4 ,the alkyds are used as binders for flake1 powder1 and split mica to produce insulation material of high electrical strength4 ,other uses are in the production of linoleums2 gaskets2 brake linings2 laminated fabric1 paper1 and cardboard sheets2 printing inks2 and coated paper1 textiles1 and leathers4 ,pigments and solvents in alkyd finishes4 ,since the alkyd resins are largely used in surface coatings and finishes and since this application in this field is producing great changes in the industry1 it is appropriate to consider the effect of their use on other materials4 ,the average alkyd resin consists of #ej percent glycerol phthalate modified with #ej percent oil1 fatty acid1 natural resin1 or synthetic resin4 ,the alkyd and modifier are dissolved in a solvent1 usually a coal-tar light oil such as toluol1 or xylol1 or a petroleum solvent1 and pigmented with titanium dioxide or other pigment4 ,highly basic pigments such as zinc oxide1 carbonate white lead1 whiting and aluminum hydrate 7all important pigments in the conventional types of finishes7 are not used in alkyd finishes4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,prior to #aibi1 the domestic production of resins from phthalic anhydride was confined largely to one maker4 ,the quantities produced were relatively small4 ,in #aibi there were three producers1 the volume of whose production exceeded one million pounds for the first time4 ,beginning with #aicc the ,tariff ,commission collected and compiled production and sales statistics for these resins4 ,they are shown in table #g4 ,,table #g4--;,alkyd resins from phthalic and maleic anhydride3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,sales ,year ,number of ,production ---------------------------------- makers ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pounds ,pounds #aicc #f #i1icj1gje #c1fed1hed #fgc1hij #j4ah #aicd #aj #ae1bai1bdg #g1jhd1fjb #a1jbb1dcf 4#ad #aice #ae #cd1cab1gac #ae1hcf1idb #c1dhb1jgh 4#bb #aicfa #ca #df1ieb1deb #bd1beb1ece #e1cab1aba 4#bb #aicga #ci #fa1bed1jai #cd1gch1bie #f1hfd1aid 4#bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,includes resins from maleic anhydride4 ,source3 ,dyes and ,other ,synthetic ,organic ,chemicals in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,in #aicc there were #f makers of resins from phthalic anhydride1 in #aice there were #ae1 and in #aicg there were #ce4 ,the #aicg output of alkyd resins from phthalic anhydride was #eh1dej1jcb pounds net resin1 with sales of #cb1ehc1cjg pounds valued at #f1ddf1jaa4 ,producing plants are well scattered through northern and eastern ,united ,states4 ,in #aicf fewer than one-third of the makers accounted for about #ij percent of the output4 ,the domestic production of resins from maleic anhydride was reported for the first time in #aicc4 ,the output in that year consisted of experimental quantities produced by two firms4 ,a small increase in production occurred in #aicd when another maker began operation4 ,in #aicf there were eight producers and the output was many times that of #aicd4 ,in #aicg there were #ab makers of these resins with an output of #b1hjc1ihg pounds and sales of #b1aed1ihh pounds1 valued at #dah1ahc4 ,it is the opinion of some persons in the industry that in volume of production and sales the resins from maleic anhydride will in the near future approach that obtained from phthalic anhydride4 ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states4 ,no imports of alkyd resins have been recorded in official statistics4 ,exports of alkyd resin coatings and finishes are not separately shown1 but data collected from the several producers show that appreciable quantities were exported in recent years1 principally to ,central and ,south ,american countries4 #e4 ,,urea ,,resins ,one of the most important series of thermosetting resins is the group made by condensing urea and formaldehyde4 ,as early as #ahig it was discovered that an amorphous condensation product was obtained from the reaction of urea and formaldehyde4 ,the clear glass-like mass obtained led to considerable research work toward the development of a substitute for glass4 ,it was found1 however1 that the resin obtained absorbed moisture1 resulting in a dimming of its luster1 and that on standing for a time1 the condensation continued producing cracks1 fissures1 and disfigurements in the molded article4 ,in #aibf a successful commercial product was developed in ,england by the use of thiourea4 ,cost of production1 however1 was high4 ,the addition of thiourea gave the product greater strength and water resistance than that obtained with urea alone but retarded the rate of cure4 ,also the sulphur present attacked steel molds1 which necessitated the use of expensive chromium plated or stainless steel molds4 ,about #aibi the first successful straight urea product was perfected in the ,united ,states4 ,it was found that a filler1 such as highly refined alpha cellulose1 minimized the stresses4 ,the filler 7as much as #cj to #dj percent is usually incorporated71 destroys the transparency but permits the manufacture of translucent articles in a wide range of color4 ,many of the colors possible with the urea resins1 particularly the light shades1 cannot at present be obtained in molded tar-acid resins4 ,an interesting fact concerning these resins is that they are produced indirectly from four gases3 ,ammonia1 carbon dioxide1 hydrogen1 and carbon monoxide4 ,ammonia and carbon dioxide react to form urea1 and hydrogen and carbon monoxide yield methyl alcohol which is converted to formaldehyde4 ,description and uses4 ,the urea resins are outstanding largely because of their brilliancy and depth of color1 properties not readily obtained in other thermosetting resins4 ,being odorless and tasteless and completely resistant to oils and greases1 they are adapted to use in the manufacture of cosmetic containers4 ,concentrated acids and alkalies attack the resin4 ,the electrical properties of the urea resins compare favorably with those of the tar-acid resins4 ,they have a lower power factor at high-frequencies than the tar-acid resins1 and are replacing1 to some extent1 established materials in heavy duty electrical equipment where 8tracking0 causes trouble4 ,molded articles made from urea resins are resilient but not unbreakable4 ,illustration3 ,,thermostat ,,case ,,of ,,molded ,,urea ,,resin4 ,source3 ,plaskon ,company1 ,inc41 #baab ,sylvan ,avenue1 ,toledo1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,scales ,,case ,,of ,,molded ,,urea ,,resin4 ,source3 ,plaskon ,company1 ,inc41 #baab ,sylvan ,avenue1 ,toledo1 ,ohio4 ,the important uses of the urea resins are dictated by their pleasing color and appearance4 ,in #aice the largest outlets were in buttons and buckles1 in bottle closures1 and in such premium items as biscuit cutters and cereal bowls distributed by a large food manufacturer4 ,tableware1 bathroom fixtures1 all sorts of containers and closures1 housings for radios1 clocks1 scales1 and other machines for retail stores1 and light-colored wall plates and switches1 knobs1 handles1 and trim on dash panels of automobiles1 and handles and trimming on gas and electric ranges were among the widespread applications of the urea resins4 ,in #aich probably the fastest growing outlet for urea resins is in lighting equipment4 ,use in packaging1 in closures1 and in housings1 is also increasing4 ,tableware1 the principal outlet for a number of years1 is declining markedly4 ,a comparatively new use is in shades and reflectors1 replacing opal glass4 ,the unpigmented resin is highly translucent and gives high light transmission and an exceptional degree of light diffusion4 ,these properties1 together with low unit manufacturing costs1 reduced shipping costs1 and resistance to breakage make the urea resins an ideal material for all sorts of shades and reflectors for direct and indirect lighting fixtures4 ,many of the shades used in railway cars are of this material4 ,the resin is available in degrees of denseness and opacity to give particular ratios of reflection and transmission4 ,reflectors as large as #bh inches in diameter are on the market4 ,although molded articles are the large outlets for the urea resins1 other applications are of increasing importance4 ,sirups used to impregnate paper and cloth are used in laminating and the resulting materials have unusual decorative possibilities4 ,the surface is hard and durable and the wide range of colors possible permits very attractive applications4 ,the urea resins are used both as the principal binding material for laminated sheets or on the surface laminae of sheets where tar-acid resins are used as the chief binder4 ,the latter practice permits a wide color range in decorative materials without loss of strength or other characteristics of the tar-acid resins4 ,in #aicg there were seven makers1 and their production of urea resins for laminating accounted for slightly less than #aj percent of the total of all urea resins4 ,another application of urea resins which has grown rapidly in the past #b years is in combination with alkyd resins in surface coatings4 ,in #aicg there were three makers1 and their output of urea resins for coatings amounted to more than #aj percent of the total production of urea4 ,until recently the use of urea resins in paints and varnishes was discouraged by their insolubility in organic solvents and their instability4 ,on the other hand1 their lack of color1 their high transparency1 their hardness1 and their freedom from after-yellowing were desirable characteristics4 ,the development of methods for preparing condensates1 which overcome the undesirable properties1 has made available resins for this use4 ,they are marketed as water-white viscous solutions in a mixture of organic solvents and are intended for use in baking finishes4 ,they cannot be used alone because the cured resin is extremely hard and brittle and lacks adhesion4 ,when combined with more elastic film-forming materials such as drying or nondrying oil alkyd resins1 they produce coatings that are mar-proof1 resistant to alcohol1 grease1 oil1 and fruit acids1 and available in a full range of colors4 ,applications are in metal furniture finishes1 toys1 refrigerators1 can1 and drum coatings4 ,the value of urea resins as adhesives has been known for many years and one of the first patents issued for such use was ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1cee1hcd granted in #aibj4 ,commercial development and application1 however1 did not take place until the last #b years4 ,several brands of urea adhesives are now on the market4 ,these meet the need for a hot-press adhesive which is applied in liquid form1 cures rapidly at moderate temperatures1 and is economical4 ,for greater economy1 the urea adhesive may be mixed with various proportions of flour 7up to #ej percent7 without affecting its water resistance4 ,diluted thus it comes within the cost range of animal and vegetable glues and is more durable4 ,at present1 it sells for #ah to #bj cents per pound2 mixing it with #ej percent flour gives an adhesive for plywood1 costing about #aj cents per pound4 ,in #aicg three producers made urea resins for this use4 ,other uses are in the treatment of textiles to obtain crease-proof properties and in the impregnation of wood4 ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1iea1iid issued on ,march #bj1 #aicd1 reports the preparation of artificial silk from urea resins4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,commercial production of urea resins in the ,united ,states was reported for the first time in #aibi4 ,early in that year the ,american ,cyanamid ,co4 concluded an arrangement with the ,british ,cyanides ,co4 of ,england for the ,american rights to manufacture and sell in the ,united ,states a resin made from urea1 thiourea1 and formaldehyde and marketed as ,beetle molding powder4 ,a manufacturing unit was built at ,bound ,brook1 ,n4 ,j41 and in #aicj the output was substantial4 ,in #aica another producer1 the ,toledo ,synthetic ,products ,co41 began manufacture of urea resins4 ,several years prior to that time the ,toledo ,scale ,co4 started a search for a material light in weight to replace the heavy porcelain-on-steel used in cases for scales4 ,the search led to the urea resins and to commercial production by their subsidiary4 ,in #aice the ,toledo ,synthetic ,products ,company reached an agreement with the ,imperial ,chemical ,industries of ,england for the interchange of technical and commercial information and of free patent licenses on urea molding and laminating resins4 ,the name of the domestic firm was later changed to the ,plaskon ,co4 ,in #aicb the ,unyte ,corporation started commercial production of urea resins at ,grasselli1 ,n4 ,j4 ,this firm was affiliated with the ,american ,i4 ,g4 ,corporation4 ,late in #aicf the ,plaskon ,co4 took over the ,unyte ,corporation4 ,the output of urea resins increased markedly in #aicf and #aicg4 ,statistics for those years cannot be published without disclosing operations of individual firms4 ,it may be stated1 however1 that the increase in both years over the previous year was considerably greater than for any earlier period4 ,most of the production was used in molded articles although appreciable quantities were consumed in laminated articles1 in surface coatings1 in the impregnation of fabric1 and in adhesives4 ,there were #aj domestic makers of these resins in #aicg4 ,domestic production and sales of urea resins are shown in table #h4 ,,table #h4--,urea resins3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sales ,year ,production ---------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,pounds ,pounds #aicc #c1bcd1cef #b1igg1gia #a1dbb1fga #j4dh #aicd #c1dgj1iaf #c1aae1fjh #a1bij1hjb 4#da #aice #d1bjb1ecf #d1jje1jhc #a1hbh1efe 4#df #aicf-cg 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #a ,not publishable2 figures would reveal operations of individual firms4 ,source3 ,dyes and ,other ,synthetic ,organic ,chemicals in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,united ,states imports and exports4 ,resins obtained from urea and thiourea1 if imported1 would probably be classified under paragraph #aa of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,the present rate of duty under this classification is #d cents per pound and #cj percent ad valorem4 ,there has been no importation of these resins4 ,this is due principally to the international licensing arrangements which usually include the allocation of markets4 ,exports are not shown separately in official statistics4 #f4 ,,acrylate ,,resins ,a new development of widespread importance in the synthetic resin industry is the commercial production of the polymers of certain derivatives of acrylic acid4 ,the commercial exploitation of the acrylates is another example of the belated realization of the value of substances known for many years4 ,acrylic acid has been known for about a hundred years1 and the polymer of methyl acrylate was first described in #ahhj4 ,it was not until #aibg1 however1 that a suitable method for their commercial production was developed4 ,the study of the many derivatives of acrylic and methacrylic acids leads to the conclusion that those of greatest practical application in the resin field are the lower esters1 such as methyl and ethyl1 polymerized separately or together4 ,colorless transparency1 stability against aging1 thermoplasticity1 and chemical resistance to many reagents are the general characteristics of the acrylate resins4 ,in consistency they range from soft1 sticky1 semiliquids to hard1 tough1 thermoplastic solids4 ,since these widely varying properties are obtained by control of manufacturing conditions1 rather than by the use of plasticizers1 the resins retain their initial properties indefinitely4 ,aging and weathering have no effect as they are stable under exposure to heat1 light1 and oxidizing agents4 ,the methacrylates are harder and tougher but less elastic than the acrylates4 ,properties and uses4 ,the acrylate resins are marketed in a number of forms1 such as solutions in organic solvents1 dispersions in water1 solid cast sheets1 rods and tubes1 and molding powders4 ,all of these are distinguishable from many other resins by their colorless transparency1 adhesive qualities1 great elasticity1 and chemical resistance4 ,the brilliant water-white color makes it possible to secure masses having a high degree of light transmission and great optical clarity4 ,the earliest commercial use of the acrylate resins was in laminated safety glass marketed as ,plexigum in the ,united ,states and as ,luglas and ,sigla in ,europe4 ,the extensibility and elasticity of the resin film gives the laminated glass a flexible or yielding type of break when subjected to a hard impact4 ,having excellent adhesion to glass there is no need of an auxiliary cement to bond the resin to the glass1 nor is it necessary to seal the edges since the resin has good resistance to moisture4 ,the acrylate resin used for this purpose is in the form of a viscous solution in an organic solvent4 ,a film is applied to each sheet of glass1 the solvent removed by drying1 and the sheets are pressed together4 ,the harder acrylic resins are used in the form of solid thermoplastics4 ,methyl methacrylate is of special interest4 ,as the monomer is a mobile liquid it can be cast-polymerized to a solid of any desired shape in predesigned molds or produced in finely divided form for use as molding powder4 ,the cast resin is marketed in this country as ,crystalite1 ,plexiglas and ,lucite1 and in ,england as ,diakon4 ,the solid acrylate resins are clearer than cast phenolic resins1 not as brittle as the polystyrene resins1 and not as tough as cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose plastics4 ,their transparency and resistance to aging and weather permit their use in applications not previously considered for synthetic resins4 ,sheets of this resin may be formed or molded into many useful shapes4 ,the aircraft industry has found them suitable for windshields and cockpit enclosures to effect streamlining and thus greatly reduce wind resistance4 ,methyl methacrylate is probably the nearest approach to organic glass thus far developed4 ,its optical properties make it suitable for spectacle lenses1 camera lenses1 magnifying glasses1 and protective goggles4 ,spectacle lenses are now being made to prescription by molding4 ,it is estimated that #ijj molds will supply the requirements of about #ih percent of the prescriptions4 ,the excellent light transmitting quality of methyl methacrylate permits its use in edge lighting1 advertising displays1 and instrument dials4 ,it is also used in inspection windows in various types of machinery where curved sections are necessary and where glass might be broken4 ,a synthetic resin combining the properties mentioned1 together with high tensile and impact strength1 good dielectric properties1 ultraviolet transmission1 and resistance to water1 oil1 acids1 and alkalies is an important contribution4 ,the acrylates may be colored or have fillers added to give any desired translucency or opaqueness4 ,they can be sawed1 cut1 blanked1 turned1 drilled1 ground1 polished1 and sanded much the same as are nitrocellulose plastics4 ,illustration3 ,,airplane ,,cockpit ,,enclosures ,,of ,,cast ,,acrylate ,,resin4 ,source3 ,rohm ,haas ,company1 #bbb ,w4 ,washington ,square1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,illustration3 ,,spectacle ,,lenses ,,molded ,,to ,,optical ,,prescription ,,from ,,acrylate ,,resin4 ,source3 ,rohm ,haas ,company1 #bbb ,w4 ,washington ,square1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,a new and interesting application of the acrylate resins is as molded reflectors in a system of indirect highway lighting4 ,the reflectors are pressed from colorless1 transparent methyl methacrylate resin and are #a inches in diameter4 ,they are assembled in a pressed metal housing to form a double facing marker which is snap-locked to the top of an angle iron post4 ,the posts are so located that the reflectors are accurately aligned #c feet above the pavement edge4 ,an installation has been made on ,u4 ,s4 ,highway ,no4 #af between ,detroit and ,lansing1 ,mich41 at a cost of about #cdj per mile4 ,the motorist provides his own light from his headlights which strikes the reflectors and is returned as a narrow beam of brilliant illumination4 ,the chief of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,public ,roads states that this is a definite contribution to the safety and utility of the highways at night4 ,the reflector is a group of tiny cube corners1 over #cjj in each disk4 ,each cube corner is a complete retrodirective optical system2 a light ray entering the front surface is reflected from surface to surface of the cube and after the third reflection is directed back toward the headlight regardless of the entrance angle4 ,if the cubes are made with a high degree of dimensional accuracy1 the reflected light has a high candlepower1 strong enough to be seen for a mile4 ,other uses for these resins are in sound recording records1 dentures1 telephone and radio transmitter diaphragms1 novelties1 and lighting fixtures4 ,the monomer 7unpolymerized methyl methacrylate7 may be used to impregnate wood1 cloth1 wallboard1 cork1 paper1 electrical coils1 tile1 or stone1 and then polymerized to form the resin4 ,paper and cloth so treated have many uses1 such as in the electrical and food-packaging industries4 ,laminated sheets find wide possibilities for use in the aircraft field1 and for lamp shades4 ,wood may be impregnated with as much as #fj percent of the monomer4 ,solutions of these resins in organic solvents1 such as ethylene dichloride1 ethyl acetate1 and toluol1 are used in surface coatings1 undercoats on difficult adhesion jobs1 to impregnate paper and textiles1 and in insulation4 ,these coating solutions are marketed in the ,united ,states under the trade name ,acryloids and in ,europe under the trade names1 ,borron1 ,plexigum1 and ,acronol4 ,they may be brushed1 sprayed1 dipped1 and baked4 ,baking is recommended to give a higher gloss1 better adhesion1 and a harder film4 ,the dried film has an elasticity of #a1jjj percent at ordinary room temperature and the light transmission of clear films is intermediate between ordinary window glass and quartz4 ,acrysol is an adhesive consisting of a dispersion of the resin in water and is recommended for use where adhesion is difficult1 as on rubber or rubberized surfaces4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,commercial production of acrylate resins in the ,united ,states was started in #aica by ,rohm and ,haas1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 under ,united ,states ,patents ,nos4 #a1chh1jaf of ,august #af1 #aiba1 and #a1hbi1bjh of ,october #bg1 #aica4 ,commercial production of methyl methacrylate resins was started in #aicg by ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co4 ,this development is under ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1ihj1dhc1 issued in #aicd4 ,the liquid monomer is produced at ,belle1 ,w4 ,va41 and shipped to ,arlington1 ,n4 ,j41 where it is polymerized by heat to the solid resin4 ,the output of acrylate resins was hardly more than experimental in #aice but increased somewhat in #aicf and very appreciably in #aicg4 ,although statistics of production are not publishable1 it can be stated that in #aicg the output approached that of other synthetic resins made in commercial quantities4 ,the properties of these resins indicate very large commercial production in the near future4 ,prices of the several types are still high as compared with other resins but should eventually be somewhat lower than those of cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose plastics and slightly higher than those of cast phenolic resins4 ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states4 ,there have been no recorded imports of acrylate resins4 ,the two domestic producers have agreements1 licenses1 or affiliations with the principal foreign makers of these products1 one in ,england and one in ,germany4 ,such arrangements would account for the absence of imports1 except for sample or experimental lots1 and might also limit export markets4 #g4 ,,coumarone ,,and ,,indene ,,resins ,coumarone and indene are present in appreciable quantities in certain coal-tar fractions1 especially in the solvent naphtha fractions distilling between #afj and #aij ,c4 ,no attempt is made to isolate them from the solvent naphtha4 ,such a procedure would be difficult and expensive and1 since polymerization readily takes place in dilute solutions1 it is more economical to use fractions of solvent naphtha rich in these substances4 ,the resins obtained are mixtures of polymerized coumarone and polymerized indene4 ,the solvent naphtha must be refined by fractional distillation and the polymerization very carefully controlled4 ,the polymerizing agent is usually sulphuric acid although metallic salts1 such as aluminum chloride1 are sometimes used4 ,the yield and color of the resin are affected by temperature and amount of acid used4 ,light colored resins are the most desirable4 ,after polymerization the acid or metallic salt is removed1 the product washed and neutralized and finally distilled4 ,several byproducts1 such as naphtha1 paracoumarone soap1 and high boiling oils1 are also obtained4 ,description and uses4 ,coumarone and indene resins are produced and marketed in the ,united ,states under the trade names ,cumar and ,neville4 ,a number of grades are available1 including the following3 ,designation3 ,melting point ,rubber grade1 soft #ej- #fe ,c4 ,medium soft #fe- #he ,c4 ,rubber grade1 hard #he-ajj ,c4 ,medium hard #ajj-ace ,c4 ,varnish grade #ace-afj ,c4 ,in addition to these1 certain types are produced for special purposes4 ,the coumarone and indene resins are used to a large extent in varnishes for metal and wood4 ,in this application they may be used to replace all or part of the higher priced natural resins and1 to some extent1 ester gum4 ,their application is somewhat limited by their rather short durability and elasticity4 ,they are neutral1 nonoxidizing and nonsaponifiable and impart to varnishes greater inertness and adhesion1 fair dielectric strength1 and shorter drying time than many of the natural resins4 ,they cannot be used in nitrocellulose lacquer since they are not compatible with that plastic4 ,another important use of these resins is as an ingredient in mastic floor tile1 in the production of which a thermoplastic binder is used4 ,originally1 asphalt was used1 but demand for light colored tile necessitated some other binder1 the requirements for which were met by the coumarone and indene resins4 ,the next largest application of these resins is in rubber compounding1 their effect being to soften the rubber during milling and to facilitate its handling on rolls4 ,they do not affect the aging qualities of rubber and are used as a softener for reclaimed as well as for new rubber4 ,coumarone and indene resins are used1 to some extent1 in linoleum1 for impregnating roofing felt1 in electrical and friction tapes1 paper and cloth sizing1 printing inks1 brake linings1 adhesives1 artificial leather1 oil cloth1 and shoe polishes4 ,as a substitute for chicle as much as #aj percent may be incorporated in the chewing gum mixture4 ,their application in molded articles is very limited because of their brittleness and low tensile strength4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,there are three domestic makers of these resins4 ,statistics of production and sales cannot be published without disclosing the operations of individual companies4 ,the output1 however1 has increased appreciably in recent years and this type of synthetic resin is now among the most important produced4 ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states4 ,there have been no recorded imports of coumarone and indene resins in recent years4 ,this is understandable because the duty alone would usually be more than the domestic price4#d ,official export statistics do not separately record these resins1 although quantities are exported to nearby countries1 including ,canada4 #h4 ,,petroleum ,,resins ,considerable research work has been done on the synthesis of resins from petroleum4 ,it has long been known that cracked petroleum distillates1 when stored for a time1 have a tendency to form gums4 ,this tendency is so pronounced that inhibitors are added to arrest such formation4 ,these gums are of little value as resins1 but it is possible to obtain good varnish resins by oxidation or controlled polymerization of certain distillates of petroleum cracking4 ,by carefully controlling operations1 resins of varied properties are obtained and several of them have become commercially important4 ,the unsaturated compounds1 largely olefins and diolefins1 present in highly cracked petroleum distillates can be polymerized1 with certain catalysts4 ,the resin produced depends upon the types of unsaturated hydrocarbons present and upon the conditions of polymerization4 ,properties and uses4 ,several types of petroleum resins are on the market1 one made from the 8polymer slop0 obtained in the high temperature1 vapor-phase cracking operation1 and the other prepared primarily for the production of resin4 ,the former is marketed under the trade name ,petropol and the latter as ,santoresin4 ,the 8,petropol0 resins are marketed in two grades1 ,no4 #aaeh and ,no4 #bach4 ,the specifications for these are as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,petropol ,no4 #aaeh liquid ,petropol ,no4 #bach liquid ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gravity #ae4e-ah4e #aj-aa ,a4 ,p4 ,i4 ,flash #age ,f4 minimum4 #bcj ,f4 minimum4 ,fire #bae ,f4 minimum4 #bhj ,f4 minimum4 ,viscosity #bjj-bbe at #bab ,f4 #bbe-cjj at #baj ,f4 ,pour #j ,f4 maximum4 #de ,f4 approximate4 ,iodine ,no4 #aie minimum4 #bjj minimum4 ,molecular weight #cjj approximate4 #dbe approximate4 ,percent solids #fj-fe4 #hj-he4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,miscible in all proportions with petroleum solvents4 ,petropol ,no4 #aaeh is used by core oil makers to replace such vegetable oils as linseed1 tung1 and perilla4 ,it is used also as a binder and waterproofing agent on rock wool insulation1 replacing rosin and mineral oil4 ,for spraying coal to minimize dusting1 it has the advantage over calcium chloride of increasing the ,b4 t4 u4 content of the fuel4 ,petropol ,no4 #bach is a surface coating material which dries by polymerization4 ,a low cost paint is obtained by combining a pigment and a plasticizer with the resin4 ,such paint dries in about one-fourth the time of linseed oil paints1 adheres better to metal1 and has greater resistance to water1 acids1 and alkalies4 ,in varnishes and enamels it replaces #ab to #ae percent of tar-acid resin1 minimizes skinning1 and gives a higher luster and better flow4 ,another use of this ,petropol is as a binder in brake linings1 replacing certain tar-acid resins4 ,these two ,petropol resins are among the lowest priced synthetics1 selling at present 7#aich71 in tank carlots1 for #b to #e cents per pound4 ,the ,santoresins are clear1 hard1 neutral products1 melting at #ajj ,c4 ,they are soluble in drying oils1 accelerate the gelatination of tung oil1 are nonreactive with pigments1 do not yellow on outdoor exposure1 and are resistant to alkalies1 acids1 alcohol1 and water4 ,applications are in protective coatings for wood1 metal1 paper1 leather1 cement1 plaster1 and other materials1 in printing inks1 plastic tile1 linoleum1 and fiber packages4 ,being odorless and tasteless they may be used to line food containers4 ,their high resiliency and purity recommend their use as a base for chewing gum4 ,other uses are as an agent for wetting and dispersing pigments in rubber and in surface coatings1 to replace ester gum or modified tar-acid resins4 ,at present the ,santoresins are offered at #ae cents per pound in lots of #bj1jjj pounds or more4 ,their approximate specifications are3 ,appearance ,a clear hard resin4 ,melting point #aaj to #abj ,c4 ,a4 ,s4 ,t4 ,m4 7,ring ,ball74 ,acid value #j to #a4 ,iodine value #abe to #ace4 ,specific gravity 7at #bj ,c47 #a4jb or #h4e lbs4 per gallon4 ,color 7#ej percent solution by weight in toluol7 #ac to #ae ,gardner ,holt standard4 ,odor slight when cold1 sweet and aromatic when melted4 ,soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons1 petroleum thinners1 turpentine1 and varnish oils4 ,insoluble in alcohols1 esters1 ketones1 and not completely compatible with nitrocellulose4 ,production4 ,in the ,united ,states two makers of petroleum resins are producing in commercial quantities and several others are carrying on extensive research4 ,production was small in #aice1 but increased in #aicf and in #aicg4 ,the development and expansion of these resins over the past #b years indicate that they will become important4 ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states4 ,there has been no importation of petroleum resins into the ,united ,states4 ,exports have been confined to samples and experimental quantities4 #i4 ,,polystyrene ,,resins ,the polystyrene resins are thermoplastic products discovered about #ajj years ago and are therefore the oldest synthetic resins known4 ,their practical application has been greatly retarded by the lack of inexpensive raw materials of high purity and by the difficulties experienced in their manufacture4 ,ethylene1 from petroleum or natural gas1 is combined with benzene1 from byproduct coke-oven operations1 to form ethyl benzene1 which is cracked to vinyl benzene or styrene4 ,this monomer is polymerized by heat at #ajj-aej ,c4 ,the resin may be extremely tough or very brittle1 depending on the conditions of polymerization4 ,products having different properties are obtained by 7a7 low temperature polymerization1 7b7 high temperature polymerization1 and 7c7 catalytic polymerization4 ,the low-temperature polymers1 sometimes designated as alpha-metastyrol1 are produced by polymerizations of vinyl benzene at temperatures under #age ,c4 ,a transparent resin1 colorless to light yellow1 is produced which is remarkably tough1 has excellent tensile strength1 unusually good dielectric properties1 and is resistant to most chemicals4 ,polymerization at high temperatures 7above #age ,c47 yields a brittle resin designated as beta-metastyrol4 ,this type is transparent but usually dark in color1 has low tensile strength and shock resistance4 ,when vinyl benzene is polymerized in the presence of catalysts1 the resulting resin is similar to resins obtained at high temperatures1 except that it is lighter in color4 ,it is sometimes designated as gamma-metastyrol4 ,oxidizing agents are usually the catalysts4 ,clear1 colorless1 vitreous resins are obtained by excluding air during polymerization4 ,properties and uses4 ,polystyrene resin is a clear1 colorless1 highly thermoplastic molding material with high insulating property1 moisture resistance1 inertness1 dimensional stability1 and impact strength4 ,it can be molded directly by heat and pressure1 and the molded articles are remarkably resistant to discoloration by light4 ,polystyrene has a dielectric constant of #b4f1 a power factor of #j4jb percent1 and is equivalent to fused quartz as an electrical insulator of low dielectric loss4 ,films of #j4jjb inch thickness have a dielectric strength of more than #b1jjj volts per mil thickness1 which is better than that of any other available synthetic resin and even better than that of shellac4 ,the tensile strength of the resin is #e1ejj to #g1jjj pounds per square inch1 and its impact resistance remains unchanged at temperatures as low as minus #gj ,c4 ,it transmits all wave lengths of light down to #c1jjj ,angstrom units4 ,polystyrene is adapted to large scale production of transparent1 translucent1 and opaque moldings in a wide variety of colors4 ,it is easily molded by injection processes1 softening at about #aej ,f4 and is molded at #cjj to #cge ,f41 under #c1jjj to #cj1jjj pounds pressure per square inch4 ,as much as #dj percent filler may be used without seriously affecting the tensile strength1 although the filler does affect the dielectric properties4 ,since the resin is thermoplastic there is no waste in the molding operation2 scrap material may be reground and used again4 ,the unusual properties of these polystyrene resins should give them widespread applications when the cost is low enough to make them competitive with other materials4 ,potentially large volume outlets are in radio frequency insulation2 in dentures because of the strength1 low specific gravity1 ease of coloring1 and absence of odor and taste of the material2 in electrical parts for submarine and aircraft storage battery cases and separators2 and for the manufacture of glass eyes4 ,other possible applications of polystyrene resins are in metal lacquers and in light colored enamels4 ,their toughness and light color1 together with their solubility in cheap solvents1 suggest their use for these purposes4 ,such lacquers are said to be quick-drying1 resistant to water1 and moderately so to acids and alkalies4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,for a number of years1 the ,naugatuck ,chemical ,division of the ,united ,states ,rubber ,co4 produced small quantities of polystyrene resins1 which were marketed under the trade name ,victron when for general purposes and under the trade name ,marvelyn when for use in dentures4 ,little progress was made because of high costs and failure to produce a water-white product4 ,the sales price was between #a4ej and #b per pound4 ,early in #aicg the ,naugatuck ,chemical ,division transferred its patents on polystyrene resins to the ,carbide and ,carbon ,chemicals ,corporation4 ,the ,dow ,chemical ,co41 ,midland1 ,mich41 late in #aicg announced commercial production of clear1 colorless polystyrene in several forms4 ,styron is the trade name for the resin from this source4 ,in ,january #aich1 the ,bakelite ,corporation announced ,bakelite ,polystyrene4 ,the plants manufacturing polystyrene have a capacity in excess of #b1jjj1jjj pounds a year1 and the resin is currently offered at #gb cents per pound4 ,at least one other domestic firm is doing research on the polystyrenes and expects to produce commercially in the near future4 ,imports into and exports from the ,united ,states4 ,at least two commercial types of polystyrene resins are produced abroad4 ,both are made in ,germany and marketed under the trade names ,resoglas and ,trolitul4 ,resoglas is a water-white1 transparent thermoplastic resin softening at about #aej ,c4 ,its water absorption is low1 it is nonoxidizing1 and does not discolor on weathering and baking4 ,appreciable quantities are produced in ,germany and the sales price there was reported to have been #dj cents per pound during #aicf4 ,illustration3 ,,molded ,,polystyrene ,,resins4 ,source3 ,bakelite ,corporation1 #bdg ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,small quantities of ,resoglas and ,trolitul have been imported from ,germany in recent years4 ,table #i shows the quantities imported in recent years4 ,,table #i4--,resoglas and ,trolitul3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,resoglas 7polystyrol7 ,trolitul ,year ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,quantity ,value ,unit value,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,pounds ,pounds #aicc #gga 7#a7 #fgb 7#a7 #aicd #iia 7#a7 #bjj 7#a7 #aice #aaj #ig #j4hh #d1fjh #c1ghb #j4hb #aicf #b1bbj #a1ija 4#hf #d1fga #c1fda 4#gh #aicgb ,none ,none #f1ghh #d1jgg 4#fj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,not available4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,analyses of invoices of paragraph #bh1 act of #aicj--,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,with the more advanced development of polystyrol resins in ,germany prior to #aich1 evidenced by larger commercial production1 by wider application1 by the marketing of a water-white product at a considerably lower price1 it might be expected that imports into the ,united ,states would have been in considerably larger amount than shown in table #i4 ,that they were small was probably due to the high rate of duty which made them expensive as compared with other synthetic resins in the ,united ,states and thus limited their market to uses in which the others were less satisfactory4 ,resoglas was reported to have been selling for #dj cents per pound in ,germany4 ,the imported resin is assessed for duty under the provisions of paragraph #bh of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj at #de percent ad valorem based on ,american selling price 7as a competitive product7 and #g cents per pound4 ,the ,american selling price of the resin made in the ,united ,states until late in #aicg1 as determined by the ,bureau of ,customs1 ,treasury ,department1 was #a4he per pound4 ,the duty was therefore #ij cents per pound4 ,imports of ,trolitul were valued at #ge cents per pound1 giving a cost of #a4ge per pound laid down1 duty paid1 in domestic markets4 ,with the present ,american selling price of #gb cents per pound1 the duty would be approximately #cf cents per pound4 #aj4 ,,vinyl ,,resins ,vinyl acetate1 vinyl chloride1 and to a lesser extent vinyl chloroacetate1 are the raw materials 7monomers7 for the several vinyl resins commercially produced in the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,germany4 ,these are all esters of the hypothetical vinyl alcohol and are made by the action of acetic and hydrochloric acids on acetylene4 ,the spontaneous polymerization of vinyl derivatives has been known for many years1 although its significance and industrial application have been realized only recently4 ,vinyl acetate1 probably the most important of the vinyl esters1 was discovered in #aiab and first made in ,canada in #aiag4 ,vinyl resins may be classified into 7a7 polyvinyl acetate1 7b7 copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride1 7c7 polyvinyl chloride1 and 7d7 polyvinyl chloroacetate4 ,description and uses4 ,polyvinyl acetate resins4--,the several commercial types of vinyl acetate resins are marketed under the trade names ,vinyloid ,a1 ,alvar1 ,gelva1 ,formvar1 and ,mowilith4 ,the first of these is a product of ,carbide and ,carbon ,chemicals ,co41 ,new ,york1 the next three are products of ,shawinigan ,chemicals ,limited1 ,shawinigan ,falls1 ,canada1 and the last is made by the ,interessen ,gemeinschaft ,industrie ,a4 ,g41 ,germany4 ,vinyloid ,a and ,gelva represent the simplest series of vinyl acetate resins and are made by polymerizing the monomer4 ,the softening point and viscosity of the polyvinyl acetate resins increase with higher polymerization4 ,such resins are colorless1 tasteless1 odorless1 thermoplastic products4 ,they are soluble in coal-tar solvents and are compatible with certain alkyd resins1 tar-acid resins1 and natural resins4 ,films of polyvinyl acetate resin are not discolored by exposure1 and after irradiation they become opaque to ultraviolet light1 are hard and tough1 and have good adherence and endurance4 ,their dielectric strength is good and they do not show a carbon track after the passage of an electric arc4 ,various grades having softening points from #hj to #bjj ,c4 are available4 ,polyvinyl acetate resins are used in making transparent papers1 paper to metal laminations1 glassine papers for food packaging1 as a substitute for chicle in chewing gum1 and as a component of paints1 varnishes1 and lacquers4 ,they have the desirable properties of compatibility1 durability1 resistance to abrasion1 and rust inhibition in the surface-coating use4 ,having the same refractive index as pyrex glass1 they leave no line of demarcation when used as a cement for that material4 ,they have been used to stiffen toe-caps in shoes and articles made from paper pulp suspensions4 ,gelvas are not molded as such because of their tendency to cold flow4 ,they are used1 however1 as a binder for ground mineral fillers in advertising signs and for wood flour in molded artificial wood carvings4 ,in nitrocellulose lacquers they improve the adhesion1 luster1 and toughness4 ,alvars are made by replacing part or all of the acetate groups in ,gelva with acetaldehyde4 ,their viscosity varies with the degree of polymerization and their properties vary according to the extent of replacement of the acetate groups4 ,the ,alvar types do not cold flow when molded1 are tougher1 harder1 and have better adhesion but are less resistant to weathering than the ,gelva types4 ,other properties are about the same as those of the ,gelvas4 ,alvars having #gj to #hj percent acetate group replacement are used chiefly in spirit type varnishes1 lacquers1 and enamels that must stand exposure to weather4 ,another ,alvar type is used in injection and press molding4 ,the high binding power of the resin permits the use of large percentages of filler without loss of desirable properties4 ,such moldings may be machined and polished1 and take inserts1 such as the wood core in shoe heels4 ,flexible phonograph and transcription records made from the ,alvars have gained wide approval4 ,an #he percent 7acetate replacement7 type has better impact strength and is used in toilet articles4 ,sheets1 rods1 and tubes of this resin may be machined in much the same way as nitrocellulose plastic and used where noninflammability is an asset4 ,formvars are made by replacing part or all of the acetate groups in ,gelva with formaldehyde4 ,these resins are colorless1 odorless1 tasteless1 and thermoplastic4 ,they have higher softening points and greater tensile and impact strength than the ,alvars4 ,they are resistant to alcohols1 coal-tar solvents1 fats1 oils1 or water4 ,moisture transmission rate through a film of this resin is about one-tenth that through regenerated cellulose and one-fourth that through cellulose acetate4 ,the grades of the ,formvars available are designated by the extent of replacement of the acetate group4 ,the #ge-percent replacement type has excellent mechanical strength and flexibility and is unaffected by sunlight4 ,formvars of #ie percent acetate displacement have a tensile strength as high as #aj1jjj pounds per square inch and offer possibilities in the manufacture of artificial silk and photographic film4 ,the vinyl resins have made possible a new type of safety glass superior to any heretofore marketed4 ,by condensing butylaldehyde with vinyl acetate1 a polymer is obtained which is used as the inner layer between two sheets of glass4 ,heat and pressure secure complete adhesion and yield a sheet with greater resistance to breakage at low temperatures than the types now in general use4 ,although safety glass was invented in #aije1 and many substitutes for the original nitrocellulose inner layer have been proposed1 only two reached commercial importance before the development of the vinyl resins4 ,these are cellulose acetate and the acrylate resins4 ,safety glass used in automobile windshields up to about #aicj discolored after a year or two of service4 ,this discoloration was due to the action of the actinic rays of the sun on the nitrocellulose layer4 ,since #aicj this difficulty has been largely overcome by using an actinic ray filter glass 7a special glass with a high iron content7 in front of the nitrocellulose sheet1 or by using cellulose acetate1 which is not discolored to the same extent by light1 as a substitute for nitrocellulose4 ,both cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate1 however1 have a tendency to lose toughness and strength at low temperatures1 to absorb moisture1 and to separate from the glass around the edge unless sealed1 and to lose their plasticizer and shrink4 ,although a vast improvement over ordinary plate glass1 laminated glass made with cellulose nitrate or acetate has the serious defect of being brittle at low temperatures1 such as prevail in the winters of northern ,states4 ,it is easily shattered at zero ,fahrenheit1 while at #fj ,f4 and above it is quite strong4 ,this shortcoming led to the development of the vinyl resin sheet for safety glass with a remarkable degree of toughness4 ,at normal temperatures it has rubberlike toughness which1 although decreased at low temperatures1 is not punctured by the impact of a half-pound steel ball falling from a #cj-;foot height at minus #aj ,f41 whereas nitrocellulose or acetate laminated glass withstands the impact of a fall from not greater than one-tenth this height4 ,a further advantage of the vinyl sheet is that it is water resistant1 making the sealing of the edges of the glass unnecessary and thus reducing costs4 ,exposure to ultraviolet light in ,florida sunlight for more than #b years did not discolor it4 ,the many desirable properties of the vinyl resins1 as outlined above1 indicate their widespread use in laminated safety glass when it is available in sufficient quantities4 ,it is estimated that our annual output of safety glass interlayer sheets exceeds #ag1jjj1jjj pounds1 of which #be to #cj percent are for windshields1 and #gj to #ge percent for side and back windows of automobiles4 ,at least one of the series of ,mowiliths made in ,germany is polymerized vinyl acetate4 ,it is recommended as an ingredient of water-white lacquers4 ,it is compatible with nitrocellulose and is extremely durable and not disintegrated or discolored on exposure to weather4 ,copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride4--,the simultaneous polymerization of mixtures of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride yields resins with the desirable properties of the two reactants4 ,the extent of plasticity is largely controlled by varying the ratio of the vinyl derivatives4 ,resins high in vinyl chloride content are better suited to molding1 and those high in vinyl acetate are better lacquer ingredients4 ,these resins are marketed as ,vinylites by the ,carbide and ,carbon ,chemicals ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,they are thermoplastic1 odorless1 tasteless1 and practically nonflammable4 ,their outstanding properties are resistance to water1 soap1 acids1 alkalies1 and alcohol1 and their strength and good dielectric properties4 ,their stability to light is improved by the addition of ultraviolet absorbing compounds and their stability to heat by the addition of lead oleate1 calcium stearate1 or other bases4 ,water absorption and compatibility with other resins is increased as the chloride content increases4 ,the principal types of copolymers are3 ,vinylite ,,vyn1 high molecular weight4 ,this resin is used in dentures where good fatigue resistance1 impact strength1 and tensile strength are required4 ,it contains #he to #hh percent vinyl chloride4 ,vinylite ,,vyn1 medium molecular weight4 ,this resin is used in general molding and extending applications including sheets1 rods1 and tubes4 ,its vinyl chloride content averages #he to #hh percent4 ,vinylite ,,vyn1 low molecular weight4 ,this resin is used in moldings1 coated paper1 lacquers1 floor tile1 phonograph records1 and felt impregnation4 ,it contains #he to #hh percent vinyl chloride4 ,vinylite ,,vyc4 ,this resin of low molecular weight is compatible with nitrocellulose and is used in lacquers and finishes for industrial applications4 ,lacquers from the ,vinylites are called ,vinyloids4 ,the ,vinylites for molding are thermoplastic and shrink very little1 making them applicable to large moldings4 ,they may be used in extension processes such as tooth-brush preforms1 pipe lining1 and wall trim4 ,fillers and pigments may be added1 although pigments containing iron and zinc have harmful effects on the stability of the resin4 ,the fillers used are wood flour1 mica1 talc1 and alpha cellulose4 ,fillers reduce the mechanical strength of the resin and lessen its resistance to water4 ,plasticizers1 such as dibutyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate1 give a softer1 more flexible resin4 ,resins from the copolymers resemble the cellulose derivatives in their molding characteristics1 mechanical strength1 and appearance4 ,in lacquers the ,vinylites offer high resistance to water1 oils1 and chemicals4 ,the drying of such lacquers is by evaporation rather than by oxidation4 ,they are suitable for lining food containers1 coating concrete1 coating paper for bottle cap liners1 and as a stiffener for box toes of shoes4 ,their most successful application at present is as an inside coating for beer cans4 ,floor tile containing these resins mixed with slate flour or other filler has good possibilities4 ,polyvinyl chloride resins4--,vinyl chloride may be polymerized to give nonflammable resins of varying solubilities4 ,the completely polymerized resin is practically insoluble at ordinary temperatures and is used as a rubber substitute4 ,it is marketed as ,koroseal by ,b4 ,f4 ,goodrich ,rubber ,co41 ,akron1 ,o4 ,compared with natural rubber1 it has greater resistance to acids1 alkalies1 oils1 and alcohol1 more flexing life1 better resistance to sunlight1 water1 and oxidation4 ,solutions of this resin marketed as ,korolac are used in special types of varnishes4 ,polyvinyl chloroacetate resins4--,these resins known as ,mowiliths are made in ,germany4 ,application is largely for surface coating4 ,practically no information on this type is available4 ,divinyl acetylene and synthetic rubber4--,two products closely related to those described above but probably not synthetic resins as defined for this discussion are divinyl acetylene1 a synthetic drying oil1 and ,neoprene1 a synthetic rubber4 ,acetylene1 when passed into a solution of copper chloride and ammonium chloride1 combines with itself4 ,when two molecules of acetylene react monovinyl acetylene is formed1 and when three molecules of acetylene react divinyl acetylene is formed4 ,monovinyl acetylene reacts with hydrochloric acid to give chloroprene1 which is polymerized to synthetic rubber or ,neoprene4 ,divinyl acetylene is a colorless liquid which darkens on exposure to light and which has an onionlike odor4 ,when polymerized liquids are formed1 then as the reaction progresses viscous products and finally insoluble1 infusible1 inert resins4 ,by arresting the reaction before the gel point is reached1 an amber colored heavy liquid1 soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons1 is obtained4 ,since divinyl acetylene will continue to polymerize at ordinary temperatures1 this property is taken advantage of in using it as a basis for paints1 under the name 8synthetic drying oil40 ,clear1 amber films are obtained from solutions of this oil in solvent naphtha4 ,divinyl acetylene is quick drying1 is many times more impervious to moisture than linseed oil1 and is thermosetting4 ,it is not attacked by solvents but is attacked by strong oxidizing agents1 and the gelled material may ignite spontaneously4 ,although not classified as a resin1 synthetic rubber is discussed here because of its close chemical relationship to the vinyl resins4 ,it is made commercially by ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del41 and is marketed as ,neoprene4 ,it is sold as a plastic polymer which is vulcanized and processed much the same as natural rubber except that sulphur is not essential to vulcanization4 ,synthetic rubber is higher in price than natural rubber1 but it has certain properties which make it suitable for service conditions where natural rubber is unsatisfactory4 ,among these properties are its resistance to gasoline1 oils1 and greases1 and to elevated temperatures4 ,it does not check or crack on exposure to sunlight1 nor does it oxidize as rapidly as natural rubber4 ,its principal applications are in special gaskets1 printing rolls1 jackets for high tension cable1 linings for gasoline or oil hose lines1 balloon fabrics1 diaphragms for regulators1 and packing for compressors4 ,its existence acts as a limit to the increase in the price of natural rubber and assures a supply in emergencies4 ,production in the ,united ,states4 ,some of the products described are commercially produced in the ,united ,states2 others in ,canada or in ,germany4 ,those made in the ,united ,states are usually not made by more than one firm1 so that statistics of production and sales are not publishable4 ,the vinyl acetate resins have been produced principally in ,canada2 the copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate are domestic products4 ,in #aice the ,united ,states output of all vinyl resins exceeded #a1jjj1jjj pounds1 a figure that was increased in #aicf and #aicg4 ,the ,canadian output of ,gelva and ,alvar has reached commercial quantities2 that of ,formvar is still confined to experimental plant lots4 ,the acceptance of vinyl resin sheets for safety glass will greatly increase the output in #aich4 ,the basic patent1 known as the ,morrison-,blaike patent1 ,united ,states ,no4 #b1jcf1jib issued on ,march #ca1 #aicf1 is owned by ,shawinigan ,chemicals1 ,ltd41 ,montreal1 ,canada1 who have licensed several domestic producers4 ,the monomer 7vinyl acetate7 is now produced at ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 by the ,niacet ,chemicals ,corp41 which is jointly owned by this ,canadian firm1 ,carbide and ,carbon ,chemicals ,corporation1 and ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co4 ,it is also produced by du ,pont at ,belle1 ,w4 ,va4 ,it is shipped1 in tank cars1 to polymerization and sheet-forming plants at ,indian ,orchard1 ,mass41 ,arlington1 ,n4 ,j41 and ,charleston1 ,w4 ,va4 ,the ,indian ,orchard plant1 known as the ,shawinigan ,resin ,products ,co41 and jointly owned by the ,canadian firm and the ,fiberloid ,corporation1 is now in operation4 ,the plant of the du ,pont ,company at ,arlington1 ,n4 ,j41 began production in ,may #aich1 and that of ,carbide and ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp1 at ,charleston1 ,w4 ,va41 is in production4 ,these plants have a combined annual capacity of about #aj million pounds of vinyl resin sheets4 ,according to present plans this new safety glass will be available for #aici model automobiles4 ,the resin sheet to be used is #j4jjae inch thick as compared with the #j4jjbe inch thickness of the present cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose sheet4 ,several trade names have been adopted for the vinyl resin sheets1 among which are ,vinylite ,x1 and ,butvar4 ,the licenses granted to domestic makers under the ,morrison-,blaike patent also permit them to make vinyl acetate resins for purposes other than safety-glass sheets4 ,considerable progress has been made in adapting these resins to injection molding operations for the production of tooth-brush handles1 combs1 closures1 and other parts4 ,imports into the ,united ,states4 ,the official statistics of imports of vinyl resins prior to #aicf are not satisfactory for purposes of comparison4 ,imports could be entered under either paragraph #b or paragraph #aa and could be included either with the statistics of imports of vinyl acetate 7see table #ia1 page #ada7 or be thrown into a general group of non-coal-tar synthetic gums and resins1 n4 s4 p4 f41 which in addition to vinyl resins would include the acrylates and ureas4 ,table #aj gives imports of synthetic resins under paragraph #aa of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,,table #aj4--,synthetic resins classified under paragraph #aa3a ,united ,states imports for consumption #aica-cg ------------------------------------ ,year ,quantity ,value ,unit value ------------------------------------ ,pounds #aica #dec #agc #j4ch #aicb #ded #bi 4#jf #aicc #a1abj #dif 4#dd #aicd #d1jhd #a1egf 4#ci #aice #c1aje #a1hjd 4#eh #aicf #adf #fe 4#de #aicgb #a1ifc #dci 4#bb ------------------------------------ #a ,statistical classification #hch4iad1 synthetic gums and resins1 n4 s4 p4 f4 7not coal tar7 #aica-ce2 #hch4ici same1 other than those in chief value of vinyl acetate1 #aicf and #aicg4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,compiled by the ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission from official statistics of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,commerce4 ,a better idea of the imports of vinyl resins prior to #aicf is obtained by an invoice analysis of imports through the ,port of ,new ,york under paragraphs #b and #aa4 ,table #aa shows imports of vinyl acetate resins based on such an analysis for #aicd and #aice and on official statistics for the years #aicf and #aicg4 ,similarly table #ab shows imports of ,mowilith resins based upon import analysis for the period #aicb-aice1 and upon official statistics for #aicf and #aicg4 ,,table #aa4--,vinyl acetate resins3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aicd-cg --------------------------------------- ,year ,quantity ,value ,unit value --------------------------------------- ,pounds --------------------------------------- #aicda #db1jjj #aicea #bdj1jjj #aicfb #fjj1hjh #add1ghb #j4bd #aicgbc #feb1gcj #bja1bac 4#ca --------------------------------------- #a ,invoice analysis of imports entered through the ,new ,york customs district4 #b ,statistical classification #hag4eh 7par4 #b71 vinyl acetate1 polymerized1 and synthetic resins made in chief value from vinyl acetate1 n4 s4 p4 f4 7excluding imports from ,germany7 and #hch4ich 7par4 #aa71 synthetic resins made in chief value from vinyl acetate1 n4 e4 s4 #c ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,compiled by the ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission from official statistics of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,commerce4 ,,table #ab4--,mowilith resins3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aicb-cg --------------------------------------- ,year ,quantity ,value ,unit value --------------------------------------- ,pounds --------------------------------------- #aicba #eee #bbi #j4da #aicca #gda #bdg 4#cc #aicda #b1iej #a1ffh 4#eg #aicea #c1cgb #c1age 4#id #aicfb #g1jef #b1daj 4#cd #aicgbc #bbj #cjh #a4dj --------------------------------------- #a ,analysis of invoices of imports entered through the ,new ,york customs district4 #b ,imports from ,germany under statistical classification #hag4eh 7par4 #b71 vinyl acetate1 polymerized1 and synthetic resins made in chief value of vinyl acetate4 #c ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,compiled by the ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission from official statistics of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,commerce4 ,prior to ,january #a1 #aicf1 the rate of duty on imports of vinyl resins was #f cents per pound and #cj percent ad valorem under paragraph #b1 and #d cents per pound and #cj percent ad valorem under paragraph #aa of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,under the terms of the trade agreement with ,canada1 the duty under both paragraphs was reduced to #c cents per pound and #ae percent ad valorem4 ,this rate was generalized to the other countries from which we have received imports1 with the exception of ,germany4 ,exports from the ,united ,states4 ,exports of vinyl resins are not separately shown in official statistics4 #aa4 ,,other ,,synthetic ,,resins ,the synthetic resins already discussed are those in substantial commercial production but1 by no means1 the only ones known or produced4 ,several thousand new ones have been reported and the search continues in laboratories throughout the world4 ,a successful new product must be one made from inexpensive raw materials or must possess some property or advantage that will permit its sale at a price level above that of other resins4 ,no attempt is here made to list the host of less important resins4 ,certain ones of unusual interest or possessing unique properties are described below4 ,these include resins obtained from adipic acid1 aniline1 citric acid1 diphenyl1 furfural1 lignin1 sugar1 and sulphonamide4 ,adipic acid resins4 ,the resins from adipic acid are classed as alkyd resins4 ,those obtained by the condensation of adipic acid and glycerin are soft and rubbery and are used to some extent in surface coatings and in photographic films4 ,in these the resin is formed in three stages as in other alkyd types3 ,a soluble liquid1 a viscous rubbery product1 and a form insoluble in the usual solvents4 ,commercial domestic production of these resins was reported for the first time in #aice and the output has increased each year since then4 ,aniline resins4 ,resins obtained by condensing aniline and formaldehyde have been developed in recent years4 ,much of the research on this type of resin was done in ,switzerland by the ,ciba ,co41 which holds a number of patents on it4 ,the ,swiss product1 called ,cibanite1 has excellent electrical and mechanical properties4 ,at least one domestic manufacturer is licensed under the ,swiss-owned patents4 ,citric acid resins4 ,considerable interest has recently been manifest in synthetic resins derived from citric acid4 ,the sharp decline in the price of citric acid1 as a result of large scale synthesis from sugar has placed it within the realm of possibility as a raw material for synthetic resins4 ,the citric acid resins1 classed as alkyd resins1 are obtained by condensing citric acid and glycerin4 ,commercial production is said to have started in ,europe1 but there is no known domestic production as yet4 ,diphenyl resins4 ,a series of products known as ,aroclors and made by chlorinating diphenyl are available in commercial quantities4 ,diphenyl was commercially produced for the first time by ,swann ,research1 ,inc41 at ,anniston1 ,ala41 about #aibh4 ,the demand for it as a heat-transfer medium resulted in large scale output4 ,later it was found that certain of the chlorinated compounds of diphenyl possess valuable resin properties4 ,the ,aroclors range from a clear mobile oily liquid to an amber colored transparent solid4 ,they are thermoplastic1 do not polymerize or oxidize1 and are therefore nondrying4 ,they may be dissolved in varnish oils1 such as tung oil and linseed oil1 to give varnishes which are resistant to alkali and water4 ,the diphenyl resins are good adhesives on metal and glass and give strong joints between such surfaces4 ,they have a high dielectric constant1 resistivity1 and a low power factor4 ,their chief use is in wire insulation4 ,the domestic production of chlorinated diphenyls is1 at present1 solely by the ,monsanto ,chemical ,company1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,furfural resins4 ,large scale commercial production of furfural1 an aldehyde obtained from oat hulls and other farm waste1 has made it available for synthetic resin manufacture4 ,tar-acid furfural resins possess certain outstanding properties1 such as great dimensional accuracy1 great reaction speed to the infusible solid stage1 and unusual strength and toughness4 ,they are available in dark shades only4 ,printing plates as large as those of metropolitan daily papers are molded from them as are radio tube bases1 all sorts of electrical parts1 and machined parts requiring great dimensional accuracy4 ,other uses are in abrasive wheels1 varnishes1 and adhesives4 ,probably the largest domestic maker of furfural resins is the ,durite ,plastics ,division of ,stokes and ,smith ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,resins from sugar4 ,many attempts have been made to utilize sugar as a raw material for synthetic resins4 ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1idi1hca1 dated ,march #f1 #aicd1 claims a process for the manufacture of molding compounds by condensing saccharide with aldehydes and urea4 ,pure sucrose yields a clear1 colorless1 nonresilient resin1 while molasses and cane sugar give dark-colored resins4 ,the trade name ,sakaloid is used to designate certain of these resins2 there is1 however1 no known domestic production4 ,sucrolite is the trade name of a brand of resins from sugar produced in ,europe4 ,sulphonamide resins4 ,the sulphonamide resins were developed from para toluenesulphonamide1 a byproduct obtained in the manufacture of saccharin 7synthetic sweetening agent74 ,para toluenesulphonamide1 condensed with formaldehyde or other aldehyde1 forms a viscous mass which1 on heating1 is converted to a hard colorless resin4 ,such resins are compatible with cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose in lacquers1 the combination yielding clear1 colorless lacquers of good gloss and adhesion4 ,other possible uses are as an adhesive in safety glass1 in certain molding compositions1 in insulating materials1 and to deluster artificial silk4 ,domestic production of sulphonamide resin is entirely by the ,monsanto ,chemical ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,it is marketed under the trade name ,santolite4 #ab4 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,synthetic ,,resin ,,industry ,the discussion of the various synthetic resins on pages #aa to #eb carries in each case1 under the heading of production1 a notation of the number of companies producing that particular resin2 and the discussion on pages #hf to #ada of important raw materials for these resins describes briefly the conditions under which these materials are produced4 ,we shall now consider the interrelationships between industries producing the several resins1 and the relation of the resin industries to their raw materials and to some of the important resin-consuming industries4 ,no description of the organization of a rapidly expanding industry can be expected to remain accurate for long4 ,but regardless of future changes that may be expected1 the general pattern seems definite enough to make possible a few broad generalizations4 ,at present the producers of synthetic resins may be classified in two groups3 those making alkyd and tar-acid resins1 and those making all other synthetic resins4 ,the alkyd resins and the tar-acid resins are produced in large volume1 and for these resins the patent situation is such that there is nothing to exclude new producers4 ,the result has been that new firms have entered the field and there has been a marked tendency for concerns using these resins on a large scale to produce them4 ,this general situation may be expected to continue as long as the volume of consumption of these resins is rising4 ,but when consumption levels off1 it would not be surprising if increased competition for new business resulted in consolidations of some of the producing units4 ,each of the other synthetic resins is produced by a small number of firms and this may be expected to continue as long as the production of a particular resin is small1 or basic patents dominate the situation4 ,when and if the situation in these respects changes for some of the other resins1 they will probably develop the same tendencies as now exist in the production of the tar-acid and alkyd resins4 ,horizontal relationships between resin producers4 ,horizontal relationships between companies are those between different units in the same industry 7say two tar-acid resin producers71 or in different industries each operating at the same stage of industrial production 7say a tar-acid resin producer and a producer of urea resin74 ,as a rule1 extensive horizontal relationships are not common in relatively young industries1 and this is true of the production of synthetic resins4 ,in general1 it has not been necessary to absorb competitors to achieve a greater volume of sales1 and efforts have been directed to exploiting the possibilities of expansion in a growing market4 ,this necessitated solving technical problems concerning improvement of the product and its production on an ever larger scale2 legal problems regarding patents 7protection of those owned1 and the policy to be adopted toward unadjudicated patents owned by others72 and the marketing problem of convincing prospective customers of the worth of a new product4 ,these and other problems incidental to successful competitive production and sale of a given type of synthetic resin have been sufficient to restrain the desire to produce more than one type4 ,the patent situation of most synthetic resins is extremely complicated4 ,in the case of tar-acid molding resins the basic ,baekeland patents have expired1 but for other synthetic resins either the basic patent is still in force1 or it is difficult to say which is the basic patent1 because of lack of adjudication by the courts4 ,in all cases dozens of supplementary patents are in force and sometimes hundreds4 ,as a result the patent situation1 though one of the bars against entering into a new field1 frequently forces some relationship between producing units in the same synthetic resin field4 ,cast phenolic resins afford an example of patent-licensing of several corporations by another with the payment of royalties as compensation4 ,in a number of other branches of the resin industry1 such as the laminated tar-acid resins and the alkyd resins1 the mutual desire of producers to avoid litigation has apparently resulted in 8gentlemen's agreements0 not to sue4 ,vertical relationships of resin producers4 ,a vertical relationship is one between producers operating at different stages of industrial production1 such as a firm producing resin and a firm producing a resin raw material or between the former and a firm that is a resin consumer4 ,the incentive for a consuming industry operating on a large scale to make its own resins is naturally greater than for one using only small quantities4 ,therefore we may expect to find instances where a process consuming the resin in quantity and resin manufacture are both performed by the same company provided other conditions 7such as the patent situation and knowledge of the art of manufacture7 are favorable4 ,tar-acid resins for molding4--,the present practice of molding resins is favorable to large-scale production4 ,the shaping of the mold is expensive1 involving skilled labor upon hardened steel2 but once the mold is made it may be used to produce tens or hundreds of thousands of units4 ,subsequent labor upon the molded product is usually limited to the simple task of smoothing the line where the flash is broken off1 since the product comes from the mold in the color and with the surface and shape desired4 ,the usual arrangement at the present time is to have a battery of presses1 grouped around central units which supply hydraulic pressure and steam for heat4 ,a measured amount of molding powder or a pellet of compressed molding powder is applied to each cavity by the press operator1 who controls by hand the time of application of heat and pressure and removes the article from the press4 ,the cycle is a matter of minutes1 and since each cycle produces a finished article if the molding is large1 or a number of them if it is small1 daily production per worker is high4 ,the estimated average costs of the different elements in the process have been apportioned as follows3 the cost of raw material is about one-third the cost of the finished product2 and the combined cost of the mold allocated per unit1 the labor cost per unit1 and overhead the remaining two thirds4#e ,on small runs labor cost and particularly allocated mold cost would be much higher1 so that molding is usually uneconomic where only small quantities of the finished product are desired4 ,in #aicg there were eight molders that produced their own tar-acid resins in whole or in part4 ,one of these molders was the third largest producer of such resins4 ,in the same year six producers of tar-acid resins for molding1 including the first1 second1 fourth1 and fifth largest1 confined their activities to resin making4 ,one producer of raw materials for tar-acid resins also made the resin on a moderate scale4 ,this picture of interstage relationship as it existed in #aicg may be somewhat modified by new developments in molding presses4 ,there are now available self-contained presses which are not dependent upon other units for their supplies of heat and pressure and which are either semiautomatic or automatic4 ,the semiautomatic press requires an operator for charging the cavity and removing the molded product1 but once adjusted automatically applies the heat and pressure and controls the time of the pressing cycle4 ,the automatic press1 adapted as yet only to the simpler moldings1 requires no attention whatever4 ,these presses are more expensive1 but may be set up anywhere and require less skilled labor4 ,there is the possibility that they may be installed by some industrial users of molded articles1 and thus take some business from the custom molder4 ,if this occurs1 such molders will presumably buy their resin from companies that are primarily resin makers1 since their requirements of the material would not ordinarily be large enough to justify making their own4 ,tar-acid resins for laminating4--,the manufacture of laminated resin products is most economic when done on a large scale1 in which case the impregnation of the paper or fabric becomes a continuous process1 the material feeding from a roll through resin sirup and then through drying towers1 where time and heat may be controlled4 ,the impregnated material contains resin in the ,b-stage4 ,the material is then cut up and the sheets piled together 7the number depending on the thickness desired7 and sent to huge presses which1 with heat and pressure1 compact and unite the layers and convert the resin to the ,c-stage4 ,if it is desired to produce decorative panels with a smooth surface1 the top sheet used is one colored or printed with a design 7perhaps a photographic reproduction of the surface of a cabinet wood7 and placed between polished chromium-plated metal sheets before going to the press4 ,rods and coil forms as well as flat sheets are commonly made from laminated material4 ,any of these forms may undergo subsequent fabrication2 rods and coil forms cut to required length1 thin sheets stamped to shape1 gear blanks cut to final form on automatic gear machines1 and decorative panels sawed to shape4 ,many laminators purchase all their resin requirements1 but a number of them make part or all of the tar-acid resin they use4 ,in #aicg there were seven laminators who made tar-acid resins 7including the second1 third1 and fourth largest producers of such resins7 and four producers of tar-acid resins for this use 7including the largest7 which did no laminating4 ,cast phenolic resins4--,the firms producing cast phenolic resins market them in sheets1 rods1 and tubes4 ,the castings are made in molds of lead or glass1 and the range of possible shapes is limited4 ,the consumers of these products fabricate them into finished form by cutting1 turning1 and polishing1 much as they might fabricate wood or soft metal4 ,since considerable labor is required per unit1 fabrication is not particularly adapted to large-scale production4 ,in #aicg there were nine producers of cast phenolic resins4 ,one of the smaller producers was also a fabricator of cast resins1 and another a producer of raw materials used in making the resin4 ,tar-acid resins for coatings4--,the use of tar-acid resins in surface coatings has been overshadowed by the more rapid development of alkyd resins4 ,nevertheless the volume of tar-acid resins used as raw materials by varnish and lacquer manufacturers is growing rapidly4 ,they are used in marine varnishes unmodified by other synthetic resins1 but to a greater extent in combination with other plastics1 especially the alkyds and nitrocellulose4 ,the coating industry includes many units producing on a large as well as a greater number producing on a smaller scale4 ,in general1 they are not producing their own tar-acid resins4 ,in #aicg there were #aa producers of tar acid resins for coatings 7including the three largest7 who confined their activities to resin production4 ,in addition there were eight manufacturers of varnishes and lacquers and one producer of resin raw materials1 who also produced tar-acid resins for use in coatings4 ,tar-acid resins for miscellaneous uses4--,the chief uses for tar-acid resins other than for molding1 casting1 laminating1 and in coatings are as a bonding material1 and as an adhesive4 ,these resins form a valuable bonding agent for asbestos in brake linings and chemical tanks1 for abrasives and for ground cork in special uses4 ,as an adhesive they are used in making moisture-resistant plywood4 ,in #aicg there were five producers of tar-acid resins for miscellaneous uses1 including the largest1 who confined their activities to the making of resins and two1 including the second largest1 who also made products in which these resins were consumed4 ,alkyd resins made from phthalic anhydride4--,the rapid increase in the production of alkyd resins for use in coatings is one of the most remarkable in the whole resin industry4 ,they go into varnishes1 lacquers1 and enamels for spraying1 brushing1 and dipping4 ,the coatings may be air-dried1 with a wide range of drying time1 or dried by oven baking4 ,the volume of alkyd resins used by the coating industry has grown so large that a number of coating firms have gone into the production of alkyds and now make part or all of their own requirements4 ,in #aicg there were #bd paint1 varnish1 and lacquer firms producing alkyd resins4 ,included in this number were the first and second largest producers of such resins4 ,eleven producers of these resins1 including the third and fourth largest1 made alkyd resins for sale only4 ,each of these groups included one firm which also made phthalic anhydride4 ,alkyd resins made from maleic anhydride4--,in #aicg there were seven producers of alkyd resins from maleic anhydride who produced for sale only4 ,this group included the two largest producers and also one firm which produced maleic anhydride4 ,in addition there were five paint1 varnish1 and lacquer firms producing part or all of their needs of resins of this type4 ,the general conditions under which these resins are consumed are the same as for alkyd resins made from phthalic anhydride4 ,urea resins for molding4--,the conditions under which urea resins are molded are not greatly different from those already discussed for tar-acid resins4 ,the molding cycle is somewhat longer and1 because of the light colors used1 special precautions must be taken to prevent discoloration of the molded product by dirt or flecks of molding powder from other operations1 carried through the air or upon the person of the laborer4 ,in #aicg there were four producers of urea resins for molding4 ,three of them1 including the two largest1 produced for sale only2 the other consumed his own production4 ,urea resins for other uses4--,until recently urea resins were thought of exclusively for molding1 but they are now being used for laminating1 for surface coatings1 and also as an adhesive4 ,ordinarily the ureas are used only in impregnating the outside laminae of a laminated sheet where they are valuable for the light colors they make possible4 ,the volume of urea resins used in surface coatings is small compared with the alkyd or tar-acid resins used for this purpose1 but is increasing4 ,the use of urea resins in adhesives is still new but promises to become important4 ,in #aicg there were four producers of the ureas for uses other than molding1 who produced for sale only2 and two producers who consumed their own product4 ,coumarone and indene resins4--,coumarone and indene resins are produced in connection with the production of solvent naphtha4 ,there were three producers in #aicg1 all of whom sold their product4 ,these resins go into varnishes1 where they replace natural resins or ester gum4 ,other resins4--,in #aicg there were four producers of vinyl resins in the ,united ,states1 and two of these also produced their raw materials4 ,the vinyl resins were used chiefly in surface coatings1 molding1 and in safety glass4 ,the polystyrene resins1 used chiefly for molding and laminating1 were offered by two producers for the first time in #aicg4 ,two other producers offered acrylate resins1 which are cast1 molded1 or used in surface coatings4 ,in the same year petroleum resins were sold in good volume1 their only producer obtaining them as a byproduct of the oil industry4 ,relationship of the resin industry to other industries4 ,the term 8synthetic resin industry0 is a very broad one1 referring in reality to a group of industries producing the varied synthetic resins--much as the term 8steel industry0 includes the manufacture of pig iron1 structural steel1 tin plate1 and wire4 ,but it is interesting to examine briefly the connection of the synthetic resin industry with some of the other large industrial groupings4 ,relationship to the chemical industry4--,since the processes involved in the production of the synthetic resins are essentially of a chemical nature1 the whole industry might be legitimately classed as a branch of the chemical industry4 ,historically1 the synthetic resin industry in the ,united ,states developed outside of the chemical industry as it was constituted at the time1 but with the passage of years and the development of a greater variety of resins the connections have multiplied4 ,chemical companies supply some of the important raw materials for synthetic resins2 their skilled experts possess the technical training to develop new resin processes2 their research programs from time to time lead to the discovery of valuable facts regarding resin2 and they possess1 or can1 more easily than a new company1 obtain the capital necessary to exploit a process4 ,at present the interest of the large chemical corporations in synthetic resins ranges from active participation to apparent indifference2 but the growing number of corporations thought of as chemical which are now engaged in experimental production would seem to indicate that in time they will be increasingly important in the production of synthetic resins4 ,some of the larger chemical companies that are important producers of synthetic resins in #aich are3 ,american ,cyanamid ,co ,urea resins4 ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corporation ,vinyl resins4 ,dow ,chemical ,co ,polystyrene resins4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co ,alkyd1 acrylate1 vinyl resins4 ,monsanto ,chemical ,co ,petroleum resins4 ,relationship to the surface coating industry4--,the use of tar-acid1 alkyd1 urea1 and vinyl resins as raw material for the surface coating industry has already been mentioned1 and also the fact that the coating industry is manufacturing a substantial part of its consumption of alkyd resins4 ,at present the synthetic resins go chiefly into varnishes1 lacquers1 and enamels for inside use and into finishes for outside use on metal4 ,now that coatings incorporating synthetic resins are successfully adapted to outside finishes on wood1 the incentive for the production of resins by the coating industry will presumably increase because of the large volume of house paints sold4 ,relationship to the electric industry4--,the electric industry offered one of the first large markets for synthetic resin products4 ,molded and laminated parts for appliances and fixtures gave good insulation at ordinary voltages1 and frequently allowed a simplification of the design4 ,this development1 coming at a time of rapid expansion in the manufacture of electric equipment1 was a distinct benefit to both the electrical and synthetic resin industries4 ,the larger electrical manufacturing firms soon began to do their own molding and laminating and became important as custom molders4 ,later the ,general ,electric ,co4 and the ,westinghouse ,electric ,manufacturing ,co4 manufactured their own tar-acid resins4 ,another important outlet for synthetic resins appeared with the development of the radio industry4 ,radio now offers a market for special synthetic resins possessing high dielectric constants at radio frequencies1 and much larger volumes of tar-acid and urea resins are used in molding the smaller cabinets4 ,as a rule the radio industry purchases its resin products already molded to order4 ,the relationship to the auto industry4--,the automobile manufacturing industry and makers of automobile parts together furnish a substantial market for synthetic resins4 ,in general1 the automobile manufacturers purchase parts made of resin1 already fabricated2 parts makers usually purchase the resins they require4 ,the ,ford ,motor ,co4 makes tar-acid resins for its own use4 ,working parts1 such as timer heads and horn buttons1 are usually of molding tar acid resin2 the timing gear usually of laminated tar-acid resin4 ,for decorative parts1 such as dash instrument knobs and radiator ornaments1 urea and cast phenolic resins have been used4 ,most of these parts are small1 but altogether they have taken a substantial volume of synthetic resin4 ,safety glass for automobile windshields is now being made from vinyl resin4 ,the future possibilities are difficult to appraise4 ,the automobile industry is constantly experimenting with new materials and methods1 and its policy of bringing out models annually makes possible rapid adoption of new developments4 ,molded window frames have been tried1 and such a use1 or use for the complete instrument panel1 would obviously consume synthetic resins in much larger volume4 ,even whole motor car bodies of laminated resin have been suggested4 #ac4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,tariff ,,and ,,international ,,trade ,,in ,,synthetic ,,resins ,synthetic resins enter into the foreign trade of the ,united ,states only to a small extent4 ,this becomes apparent if a comparison is made between the ,united ,states production of these resins and our imports and exports of them4 ,table #ac gives the imports and production of synthetic resins in the ,united ,states for #aicd through #aicg4 ,exports are so small that they are not separately reported4 ,,table #ac4--,synthetic resins3 ,united ,states production and imports1 #aicd-cg ,pounds ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,production in the ,united ,states#a #ef1jei1dhi #ie1acc1chd #acb1iab1hba #afb1ajd1gac ,imports into the ,united ,states #b #ai1gie #b #ba1abj #c #fbf1fjh #c #fgc1hhj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a ,does not include coumarone and indene resins1 sulfonamide resins4 #b ,does not include imports of vinyl acetate resins which were not shown separately until #aicf4 #c ,includes vinyl acetate resins and all other types imported4 ,the small size of the international trade in synthetic resins is also emphasized if we compare the imports of all synthetic resins with the imports or exports of some of the important raw materials used in their manufacture4 ,table #ad makes such a comparison4 ,,table #ad4--;,comparison of international trade of the ,united ,states in synthetic resins and in certain raw materials for resins1 #aicd-cg #a1jjj pounds ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,imports into or exports from the ,united ,states #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,imports3 ,resins #bj #ba #fbg #fgd ,crude cresylic acid#b #g1ccb #g1jaj #ac1gid #af1gde ,crude naphthalene #dg1iie #dh1dee #ci1hjf #eb1ffd ,crude glycerin #ae1jha #h1bbj #aa1adi #ac1dda ,refined glycerin #b1bad #fi #c1ddg #g1ece ,exports3 ,phenol #cbi #cbc #adi 7#c7 ,formaldehyde #b1eig #b1eih #a1hdd #b1hfe ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,conversion factor #h4g pounds per gallon4 #c ,not available4 ,there are three factors that together largely account for the small size of our foreign trade in synthetic resins4 ,as a result of the comparative youth of the resin industry1 the complicated patent situation1 and the substantial tariff rates upon imports of resins into the ,united ,states1 domestic producers have experienced little competition from abroad4 ,the first two of these forces plus the tariff barriers of other countries have caused them to pay little attention to export markets4 ,but it should be observed that both of the first two forces will become less important with the passage of time4 ,when home markets have been more fully exploited1 problems of production have become less pressing1 and most of the basic patents on resins have expired1 international trade in synthetic resins may be expected to increase from its present low levels4 ,if this occurs1 the ,united ,states1 with its large scale production for the home market and with its generally favorable position with regard to the raw materials and the technical skills necessary1 is more likely to become a net exporter than a net importer of synthetic resins4 ,rapid expansion of business in home markets4 ,being young industries and having potentially large home markets awaiting development1 the synthetic resin industries in the ,united ,states naturally began by concentrating first on their numerous production problems to meet a rapidly expanding domestic demand1 improving their products and devising useful applications4 ,the tar-acid-formaldehyde resins for molding were the first to develop4 ,the industry producing them may be said to have started around #aiaj1 but did not become important until after the ,world ,war1 when the drop in price of phenol made the resins available at lower prices4 ,the alkyd resins and the urea-formaldehyde resins in the ,united ,states began to be important in #aibi and #aicj1 respectively4 ,the others may be said to be still in their earliest stages of development as industries1 however much research work may have been done as to their properties and production4 ,the effect of patents on international trade4 ,a second factor involved in limiting international trade in resins is that relating to patents4 ,the basic patents on tar-acid resins have expired2 but while they were in force1 they prevented imports into the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,united ,states a valid patent can be enforced at law not only against domestic products which infringe but also against imports4 ,in addition to court action1 the provisions of our tariff law prohibiting unfair competition in the import trade were invoked to prevent entry of synthetic phenolic 7tar-acid7 resin1 form ,c1 but when the basic patent for this material expired1 the exclusion order no longer applied to single color material1 except in the matter of certain marking requirements4#f ,the patent situation may militate against exports as well as imports4 ,where a company owns foreign patents it may set up a company to exploit them abroad1 or it may license their use by others4 ,again1 mutual interest may dictate an exchange 7by cross-licensing7 of certain patents4 ,international licensing of patents is usually accompanied by divisions of international markets through formal or informal understanding4 ,such agreements may outlive the life of the patents1 especially if bolstered with financial connections4 ,but unless the original producers continue to dominate their respective markets1 any agreements between them are likely to diminish in importance1 because after the patents expire new competitors would have a free hand in foreign as well as domestic markets4 ,the original ,united ,states producer of tar-acid resins set up or licensed companies to manufacture in a number of foreign countries4 ,the urea-formaldehyde process was developed in ,europe and the first ,american producer was a licensee of a ,british corporation4 ,similar arrangements exist with regard to most of the other resins4 ,the ,united ,states tariff on resins and resin products4 ,synthetic resins4--,imports of tar-acid1 alkyd1 coumarone and indene1 styrol1 adipic1 and aniline resins are dutiable under the provisions of paragraph #bh of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj1 which reads in part3 8synthetic phenolic resin and all resinlike products prepared from phenol1 cresol1 phthalic anhydride1 coumarone1 indene1 or from any other article or material provided for in paragraph #bg coal-tar intermediates or paragraph #afea coal-tar crudes1 all these products whether in a solid1 semisolid1 or liquid condition2 444 #de per centum ad valorem based on ,american selling price#g or ,united ,states value#h and #g cents per pound40 ,where these resins are produced in the ,united ,states1 imports are 8competitive0 and the dutiable value is based upon ,american selling price4 ,if the ,american selling price is higher than the foreign value1 the effect of this method of valuation is to increase the duty to which imports are subject4 ,the duty of #de per cent ad valorem and #g cents per pound was equivalent to #ed per cent ad valorem on the ,american selling price of the small imports of coal-tar resins in #aicg4 ,if it could calculated upon foreign value it would be much higher4 ,synthetic resins of non-coal-tar origin1 except vinyl resins1 are dutiable under paragraph #aa1 which reads 8synthetic gums and resins not specially provided for1 #d cents per pound and #cj per centum ad valorem0 on foreign value4 ,this rate was the equivalent of #dh per cent ad valorem upon the small amount of imports in #aicg4 ,the most important resins included are the urea and acrylate resins4 ,between #aicj and #aicf there was some doubt whether vinyl resins were dutiable under paragraph #aa at the rate quoted or under paragraph #b which provided for 8vinyl alcohol 444 homologues and polymers of all the foregoing2 ethers1 esters1 salts and nitrogenous compounds of any of the foregoing1 whether polymerized or unpolymerized1 444 not specially provided for1 #f cents per pound and #cj per centum ad valorem0 on foreign value4 ,but the ,canadian trade agreement1 effective ,january #a1 #aicf1 reduced the rate on vinyl resins under either paragraph #b or paragraph #aa to #c cents per pound and #ae percent ad valorem4#i ,the reduced rate was equivalent to #be percent ad valorem upon the imports in #aicg4 ,under these rates1 imports of synthetic resins1 other than vinyl resins1 have been insignificant4#aj ,after the reduction of duty1 imports of vinyl resins in #aicf amounted to approximately #fjj1jjj pounds1 valued at #ade1jjj and in #aicg to #fej1jjj pounds1 valued at #bjj1jjj4 7,see table #aa47 ,articles made of synthetic resins4--,laminated products of which synthetic resin is the chief binding agent and manufactures of such products are dutiable under paragraph #aeci 7b7 at the following rates3 #ae cents per pound and #be percent on laminated sheets or plates#aa2 #ej cents per pound and #dj percent on laminated rods1 tubes1 blocks1 strips1 blanks1 or other forms2 and #ej cents per pound and #dj percent on manufactures of such laminated products4 ,paragraph #aeci 7b7 also provides a duty of #ej cents per pound and #dj percent on manufactures of any other product of which any synthetic resin is the chief binding agent4 ,these are1 for the most part1 molded synthetic resin articles4 ,paragraph #aeci 7b7 does not cover articles made entirely of synthetic resin 7cast synthetic resin articles74 ,such articles unless specifically provided for in the law are dutiable under paragraph #aeeh as manufactured articles1 not specially provided for1 at #bj percent ad valorem4 ,a great many articles1 which are made in whole or in part of synthetic resin1 are not dutiable under either paragraph #aeci 7b7 or paragraph #aeeh4 ,these are articles which are specifically mentioned in other paragraphs and subject to the duties provided therein4 ,table #ae lists a number of them4 ,,table #ae4--,tariff classification and rates of duty in ,tariff ,act of #aicj on certain articles made of synthetic resin ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,article ,tariff ,rate of duty paragraph ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,beads #aejc #ge percent ad valorem4 ,buttons #aeaj #de percent ad valorem4 ,dice1 dominoes1 chessmen1 and poker chips #aeab #ej percent ad valorem4 ,phonograph records #aedb #cj percent ad valorem4 ,cigar and cigarette holders #aeeb #e cents each plus #fj percent ad valorem4 ,ash trays1 humidors1 etc4 #aeeb #fj percent ad valorem4 ,umbrella handles #aeed #ge percent ad valorem4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,in general1 the available statistics of imports do not segregate imports of the specified articles made of synthetic resin from those of the same articles made of other materials2 and the same situation is true of imports of unspecified articles wholly of synthetic resin which enter under paragraph #aeeh4 ,imports of manufactured articles1 n4 s4 p4 f4 in which synthetic resin is the chief binding agent under paragraph #aeci have been small4 ,figures for recent years are given in table #af4 ,,table #af4--,manufactured articles n4 s4 p4 f4 in which synthetic resin is the chief binding agent3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,type #aica #aicb #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ,laminated products3 ,sheets and plates #aj #ac ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #bae #ac ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #bjc #dec #ghg #ghc ,nonlaminated #ag1fbc #h1eaa #e1ceb #e1gbi -------------------------------- ,total #ah1jda #h1ihg #f1aci #f1ebe ,value 7dollars7 ,laminated products3 ,sheets and plates #i #af ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #fab #ga ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #a1jja #hhc #b1acc #b1bii ,nonlaminated products #ca1iib #aj1aac #g1iad #aj1fgc -------------------------------- ,total #cc1fje #aa1jgf #aj1jdg #ab1ihh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,type #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ,laminated products3 ,sheets and plates ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #fji #ead #ffh ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #a1gjc #c1bfj #aj1cig ,nonlaminated #h1dbc #h1jfi #h1gei ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #aj1gce #aa1hdc #ai1hbd ,value 7dollars7 ,laminated products3 ,sheets and plates ,rods1 tubes1 blocks1 etc4 #egi #a1cbi #a1ibj ,manufactures1 n4 e4 s4 #c1ggh #i1dfh #ci1bcb ,nonlaminated products #aa1jfd #aj1hdf #ah1jja ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #ae1dba #ba1fdc #ei1aec ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,compiled from ,department of ,commerce statistics4 #ad4 ,,synthetic ,,resin ,,prices1 ,,properties1 ,,and ,,uses ,synthetic resins as substitutes4 ,any new material will in the course of time be applied to the uses for which it has special advantages1 displacing older materials which formerly served those purposes4 ,the resulting product may sometimes be used in the same manner as before1 or the properties of the substitute material may widen the usefulness of the finished product1 or even make possible a product almost wholly new4 ,before the development of molded synthetic resins1 electrical plugs and sockets were usually made of porcelain or molded of marble dust and shellac4 ,in this use substitution has been almost complete4 ,wall plates for electric switches and outlets were usually of brass4 ,today molded tar-acid or molded urea resins are substituted in part4 ,in neither of these examples has the substituted material any important effect upon the use of the product4 ,an example of a substitute material widening the usefulness of the product is afforded by a new computing scale1 where a molded urea resin casing 7substituted for metal in the older model7 has aided in decreasing the weight and has improved the appearance4 ,another example is the use of laminated synthetic resin coil forms in radio frequency transformers which1 because of their better electrical properties at high frequencies1 have aided in the design of more compact units4 ,examples of synthetic resins making possible a wholly new product are more difficult to find1 but the following will serve as illustrations3 ,cast acrylate sheets to form curved cockpit enclosures for airplanes2 molded acrylate buttons for reflecting road markers2 and new special coatings1 which make possible the use of metal cans for preserving foods and beverages hitherto impossible to can without loss of flavor4 ,motives for substitution4 ,one of the most important reasons why a manufacturer may decide to substitute a synthetic resin for another material is the resulting economy in the sense of economy in total costs4 ,as a rule1 the synthetic resin will be more expensive pound for pound than the material for which it is substituted2 but frequently the manufacturing cost is enough lower to more than make good the difference in material cost1 because the resin part will come from the mold almost in finished form1 whereas the part made of wood or metal will require considerable fabrication4 ,in some cases there may be a saving in marketing costs4 ,for example1 the shades for large office fixture lights are now made of synthetic resin as well as of opal glass4 ,the resin shades are less expensive to ship because they are lighter and require less expensive packing4 ,another incentive toward substitution is to give novelty1 and hence sales appeal1 to an old product4 ,in many cases the use of synthetic resins fits in with the present tendency to redesign an old-style product so that it will be more compact1 have more pleasing lines1 and more color4 ,still another incentive toward substitution is to give the product greater usefulness1 or lower costs in use4 ,the great expansion in the use of synthetic resins in surface coatings has come about because1 with these materials1 coatings can be developed to fit special purposes1 and dry rapidly1 which means an important saving to those who use them4 ,materials displaced by synthetic resins4 ,the wide range of uses to which synthetic resins are now applied implies that the materials displaced are numerous4 ,for example1 cast or wrought iron or steel is displaced in timing gears and in many small machine parts1 such as cradle-type telephones2 nonferrous metals in small machine parts and novelties1 such as inexpensive bracelets2 glass in lamp shades and in cosmetic containers2 natural resins in lacquers2 plastics1 such as cellulose acetate in safety glass or cellulose nitrate in colored lacquers2 other adhesives in bonding plywood2 and cork or metal in bottle closures4 ,in general1 the quantity of material displaced is a very small part of that material's total market4 ,frequently1 however1 industries producing the finished product have had to make substantial changes in their equipment in order to use synthetic resins4 ,this has been true in the button industry1 in the bottle closure industry1 in the varnish and lacquer industry1 and in the various electrical supply industries2 and readjustment is now proceeding in the fancy container industry and in the safety glass industry4 ,competition between synthetic resins4 ,any particular synthetic resin must compete for its market with other synthetic resins1 as well as with other materials4 ,the basis of choice or substitution will be the same as that which has already been briefly discussed in connection with the displacement of other materials by resins4 ,as between a number of resins with properties fitting them for a particular use1 the total costs of using each will be compared and the choice will go to the least expensive2 but where a resin has special advantages in a particular use it may win out over a less expensive resin4 ,it should be emphasized that this battle of materials for markets is a never-ending one4 ,the fact that a specific synthetic resin has achieved a certain position is no guarantee that it may not lose it wholly or in part to some newer resin or other material4 ,thus cast phenolic resin was for a time the only resin available in light colors but urea resins became available in pastel shades and more recently water-clear polystyrene and acrylate resins have come on the market4 ,until recently tar-acid resins were without competition in laminating1 but urea resins now are used to some extent for the surface laminae and the tar-acid resins now face a potential threat in a new product offered to laminators4 ,if the use of this cellulose sheet1 which looks much like blotting paper and which has lignin incorporated in it to act as a binder in the press1 should materially decrease the cost of laminated sheets1 it will mean serious new competition for the tar-acid laminating resins4 ,the general effect of the increase in number of types of synthetic resin has been to modify the market outlook of the producers of each type4 ,they are now more inclined to view the market as being limited by the price at which they can supply their product and by the physical properties of each resin rather than attempt to exploit it as a universal resin for all purposes4 ,resins classified by cost4 ,at present the resins produced in largest volume are the alkyd resins for use in surface coatings2 the tar-acid resins for molding1 laminating1 and surface coatings2 the urea resins1 chiefly for moldings2 and the cast phenolic resins4 ,roughly1 the price per pound of pure resin material#ab for these various resins may be compared as follows3 ,average sales price of net resin1 #aicg 7per pound7 ,type of resin3 ,cast phenolic #j4da ,tar-acid3 ,for molding 4#ah ,for laminating 4#ac ,for coatings 4#ag ,alkyd 4#bj ,urea 4#de ,because the cost of the filler is less per pound than the cost of the resin1 the cost of the tar-acid and urea molding powders will be less than the figures given for the pure resin4 ,on the other hand1 wholesale prices paid by consumers will include transportation and distribution costs not included in the figures of manufacturers' sales4 ,vinyl resins1 acrylate resins1 and polystyrene resins are at present produced in much smaller volume than those just listed4 ,if and when the volume of production is increased the price may be decreased4 ,in #aicg1 the price per pound of pure resin#ab was as follows3 ,average sales price of net resin1 #aicg 7per pound7 ,type of resin3 ,vinyl #j4fi ,acrylate #a4ff ,early in #aich1 acrylate resins were being offered for sale at #he cents per pound for molding powder and #a4be per pound for the cast material2 polystyrene resins at #gb cents per pound4 ,petroleum resins1 in #aicg1 sold for an average of #b cents per pound net resin content4#ab ,this low price puts them beyond competition of the other synthetic resins in the uses in laminating and coating to which they are adapted4 ,the physical properties of a resin and its uses4 ,a more expensive resin will be used in preference to a cheaper one1 only if the higher cost is more than offset by some physical property1 such as color1 which makes it more desirable in a particular use4 ,the most common molding resin at present is the tar-acid type1 but it is available only in the darker colors and therefore has been at a disadvantage1 where a light color is desired1 in competition with cellulose nitrate 7celluloid7 and cellulose acetate plastics or with urea and cast phenolic resins4 ,in recent years the production of cellulose acetate molding compounds and of urea resins has increased rapidly1 largely under this stimulus4 ,the desire for color also promises well for the future of the acrylate and polystyrene resins which are produced in water-clear grades or colored with dyes or pigments4 ,,table #ag4--,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,properties that affect appearance ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,type ,machining ,clarity ,color ,burning rate qualities possibilities ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour ,fair to ,opaque ,limited ,very low filler4 good ,molded1 mineral do do do ,nil filler4 ,molded1 fabric do do do ,approximately filler4 nil ,laminated1 paper ,fair to do do ,very low base4 excellent ,laminated1 fabric do do do do base4 ,laminated1 asbestos do do do ,approximately cloth base4 nil ,cast ,excellent,transparent1 ,unlimited ,very low translucent1 opaque ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler4 ,fair to ,opaque ,limited do good ,mineral filler4 do do do ,nil ,fabric filler4 do do do do ,urea--,formaldehyde4 ,fair ,translucent1 ,unlimited ,very low opaque pastel shades ,vinyl1 unfilled4 ,good ,transparent1 ,unlimited ,nil translucent1 pastels opaque to black ,vinyl1 filled4 ,excellent do do ,approximately 7organic nil filler7 ,acrylate ,very good,transparent ,unlimited ,slow 7#ie light transmission7 ,polystyrene ,poor to ,transparent1 do do good opaque ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound4 do ,opaque ,limited1 ,high 7wood pastels filler7 excluded ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory4 ,poor do ,dark colors ,nil only ,refractory4 do do ,gray do ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber4 ,translucent1 ,unlimited do opaque ,modified isomerized ,good ,transparent do ,slow rubber4 ,hard rubber4 ,fair ,opaque ,limited ,medium ,casein ,good ,translucent1 ,unlimited ,very low opaque ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose do ,transparent1 do ,slow translucent1 opaque ,cellulose acetate do do do do sheet ,cellulose acetate do do do do molding ,cellulose nitrate do do do ,very high ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,type ,effect of age ,effect of ,refractive sunlight index ,no#a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour ,none ,light shades filler4 discolor ,molded1 mineral do do filler4 ,molded1 fabric do do filler4 ,laminated1 paper ,improves ,lowers base4 mechanical surface and resistance electrical properties ,laminated1 fabric do do base4 ,laminated1 asbestos do cloth base4 ,cast ,hardens ,colors #a4e-a4g slightly may fade ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler4 do ,light shades discolor ,mineral filler4 do do ,fabric filler4 do do ,urea--,formaldehyde4 do ,none #a4ed-a4f ,vinyl1 unfilled4 ,strength ,darkens #a4ec unaffected ,vinyl1 filled4 ,none ,discolors ,acrylate do ,none #a4di ,polystyrene do ,yellows #a4fg ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound4 ,none ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory4 ,refractory4 ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber4 ,slight ,darkens #a4ef embrittlement ,modified isomerized ,none ,slight rubber4 surface crazing ,hard rubber4 do ,discolors surface1 resistivity decrease ,casein ,hardens ,colors slightly may fade ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose ,slight ,slight #a4dg ,cellulose acetate do do #a4di-a4ej sheet ,cellulose acetate do do #a4dg-a4ej molding ,cellulose nitrate ,slight ,discolors and #a4ej hardening becomes brittle ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,specified refractive degree4 ,,note4--,the values for the properties in this table are based upon maximum and minimum figures submitted to ,modern ,plastics by a number of manufacturers of each type of material4 ,differences in test procedures and sizes of test specimens may lead to erroneous conclusions in some cases if direct comparisons are attempted4 ,special grades of materials are often available which excel in one particular property4 ,source3 ,modern ,plastics1 vol4 #ae1 no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,october #aicg4 ,,table #ah4--,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,molding properties ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,general ,compression ,compression ,type4 molding molding molding qualities temperature pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,f4 ,pounds per square inch ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler ,excellent #bhj-cfj #a1fjj-d1ejj ,molded1 mineral filler ,excellent #bgj-cej #a1fjj-f1jjj to fair ,molded1 fabric filler ,good to fair #bgj-ccj #c1jjj-h1jjj ,laminated1 paper base #bej-cfe #a1jjj-c1jjj ,laminated1 fabric base #bej-cfe #a1jjj-c1jjj ,laminated1 asbestos cloth #bej-cbe #a1jjj-c1jjj base ,cast ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler ,excellent #ccj-djj #a1jjj-c1jjj ,mineral filler do #ccj-cfj #a1jjj-c1jjj ,fabric filler ,good to fair #cjj-cfj #a1jjj-c1jjj ,urea--,formaldehyde 7alpha ,excellent #bij-cbe #a1ejj-f1jjj cellulose filler7 ,vinyl1 unfilled ,good #bdj-bge #a1ejj-b1jjj ,vinyl1 filled ,excellent #bej-cjj #b1jjj-b1ejj ,acrylate do #bhe-cae #a1ejj-e1jjj ,polystyrene ,good #bhj-cbe #cjj-b1jjj ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound do #bdj #a1jjj-a1bjj ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory ,fair #d1jjj-ab1jjj ,refractory do #d1jjj-ab1jjj ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber do #bjj-bbe #b1jjj-e1jjj ,modified isomerized rubber ,good #bfj-cjj #a1bjj-d1jjj ,hard rubber ,fair #bhe-cej #a1bjj-a1hjj ,casein ,poor #bjj-bbe #b1jjj-b1ejj ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose ,excellent #bab-cjj #a1jjj-e1jjj ,cellulose acetate sheet do #baj-cbj #ejj-e1jjj ,cellulose acetate molding do #bej-cej #ejj-e1jjj ,cellulose nitrate ,good #ahe-bej #b1jjj-e1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,injection ,injection ,compression ,type4 molding molding ratio temperature pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,f4 ,pounds per square inch ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #bge-cge #b1jjj-aj1jjj #b4e-c4j ,molded1 mineral filler #bge-cej #b1jjj-ae1jjj #b4b-g4a ,molded1 fabric filler #b4e-aa4j ,laminated1 paper base #a4e-c4j ,laminated1 fabric base #a4e-c4j ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base ,cast ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #bej-bij #cjj-e1jjj #b4e-c4j ,mineral filler #bej-bij #cjj-e1jjj #b4e-f4j ,fabric filler #bej-bij #cjj-ej1jjj #d4j-ae4j ,urea--,formaldehyde 7alpha #c4j cellulose filler7 ,vinyl1 unfilled #b4j ,vinyl1 filled #a4e-c4e ,acrylate #cbe-dge #c1jjj-cj1jjj #b4j ,polystyrene #cjj-cge #c1jjj-cj1jjj #b4e ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory #b4e ,refractory #c4e ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber #b4j-c4j ,modified isomerized rubber #c4j ,hard rubber #ahj-bbj #b1jjj-e1jjj #d4j-f4j ,casein ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #b4b-b4i ,cellulose acetate sheet ,cellulose acetate molding #cjj-ddj #c1jjj-cj1jjj #b4j-b4h ,cellulose nitrate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mold ,effect ,type4 shrinkage on metal inserts ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,inches per inch ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #j4jjf-j4jaj ,inert4 ,molded1 mineral filler 4#jjb- 4#jjf ,do4 ,molded1 fabric filler 4#jjc- 4#jjg ,do4 ,laminated1 paper base ,do4 ,laminated1 fabric base ,do4 ,laminated1 asbestos cloth ,do4 base ,cast ,do4 ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler 4#jje- 4#jji ,do4 ,mineral filler 4#jjb- 4#jjf ,do4 ,fabric filler 4#jjbe-4jjf ,do4 ,urea--,formaldehyde 7alpha 4#jjg- 4#jaa ,do4 cellulose filler7 ,vinyl1 unfilled 4#jja ,not used4 ,vinyl1 filled 4#jjj ,inert4 ,acrylate 4#jjb- 4#jjc ,polystyrene 4#jjb-4jjbe ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound 4#jjb ,do4 ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory 4#jjj- 4#jbb ,do4 ,refractory 4#jjj ,do4 ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ,modified isomerized rubber 4#jjj ,do4 ,hard rubber ,casein ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose 4#jjjc-4jjjg ,do4 ,cellulose acetate sheet 7#a7 ,do4 ,cellulose acetate molding 7#a7 ,do4 ,cellulose nitrate ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,positive and injection #j4jjb-j4jjc2 semipositive #j4jje-j4jjg2 flash #j4jjh-j4jji4 ,,note4--,the values for the properties in this table are based upon maximum and minimum figures submitted to ,modern ,plastics by a number of manufacturers of each type of material4 ,differences in test procedures and sizes of test specimens may lead to erroneous conclusions in some cases if direct comparisons are attempted4 ,special grades of materials are often available which excel in one particular property4 ,source3 ,modern ,plastics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,october #aicg4 ,table #ag lists the properties which affect appearance and gives in addition to the color range1 the clarity1 material1 the burning rate1 the effect of age and sunlight1 the refractive index1 and the machining quality of each synthetic resin4 ,table #ah lists molding properties of synthetic resins4 ,of special interest are the possibilities of using a resin in injection molding4 ,the thermoplastic resins and plastics 7see softening point in table #bj7 are generally preferred to the thermosetting materials for injection molding because they permit the reuse of material otherwise wasted4 ,table #ai lists the strength properties of the synthetic resins2 table #bj the heat properties2 table #ba the electrical properties2 and table #bb the resistance to acids1 alkalies1 and solvents4 ,all of these qualities are important in some uses and each quality may be paramount in a few4 ,each material has its limitations and its special advantages and the consuming industry must choose the one best suited to its purposes4 ,the tie-up between specific properties and particular uses is exemplified by vinyl resins1 which because of their great elasticity at low temperatures1 are used in safety glass1 and by the polystyrene resins1 which because of their electrical properties at high frequencies1 are used in laminated electrical parts4 ,as production of the various resins increases new uses will probably be found for most of them4 ,,table #ai4--,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,strength properties ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,type ,tensile ,elongation ,modulus of strength elasticity ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pounds per ,percent ,pounds per square inch square inch ,synthetic resins3 #aj ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #f1jjj-aa1jjj #aj-ae ,molded1 mineral filler #e1jjj-aj1jjj #aj-de ,molded1 fabric filler #f1ejj- #h1jjj #g-ab ,laminated1 paper base #f1jjj-ac1jjj #e-bj ,laminated1 fabric base #h1jjj-ab1jjj #e-ae ,laminated1 asbestos cloth #i1jjj base ,cast #e1jjj-ab1jjj #e-ae ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #e1jjj-ab1jjj #aj-be ,mineral filler #d1jjj-ab1jjj #aj-de ,fabric filler #e1jjj-aj1jjj #g-ab ,urea--,formaldehyde #h1jjj-ac1jjj #af ,vinyl1 unfilled #h1jjj-aj1jjj #c4e-d4a ,vinyl1 filled #f1jjj-ab1jjj #c4e-h4e ,acrylate #g1jjj- #i1jjj #a4j #f ,polystyrene #e1ejj- #g1ejj #a4j #d4f-e4a ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound #ijj- #b1jjj ,cold molded ,nonrefractory ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ,modified isomerized rubber #d1cjj #j4jac #d4g ,hard rubber #d1jjj-aj1jjj #h-ae #e4c ,casein #g1fjj #e4a-e4g ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #b1jjj- #g1jjj #b4h ,cellulose acetate sheet #f1jjj-aa1jjj #bj-ee #a-c ,cellulose acetate molding #c1ejj-aj1jjj #aj-dh #b-d ,cellulose nitrate #e1jjj-aj1jjj #aj-dj #b-d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,type ,compressive ,flexural strength strength ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pounds per ,pounds per square inch square inch ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #af1jjj-cf1jjj #h1jjj-ae1jjj ,molded1 mineral filler #ah1jjj-cf1jjj #h1jjj-bj1jjj ,molded1 fabric filler #bj1jjj-cb1jjj #aj1jjj-ac1jjj ,laminated1 paper base #bj1jfj-dj1jjj #ac1jjj-bj1jjj ,laminated1 fabric base #bj1jjj-dd1jjj #ac1jjj-bj1jjj ,laminated1 asbestos cloth #ah1jjj-dj1jjj #ag1jjj base ,cast #ae1jjj-cj1jjj ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #bh1jjj-cf1jjj #aj1jjj-af1jjj ,mineral filler #bd1jjj-cf1jjj #h1jjj-ad1jjj ,fabric filler #bf1jjj-cj1jjj #aj1jjj-af1jjj ,urea--,formaldehyde #bd1jjj-ce1jjj #ac1jjj-ae1jjj ,vinyl1 unfilled #aj1jjj-ac1jjj ,vinyl1 filled ,acrylate #h1jjj #ae1jjj-ag1jjj ,polystyrene #ac1jjj-ac1ejj #f1ejj- #h1jjj ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,cold molded #f1jjj-ae1jjj #e1cjj- #g1ejj ,nonrefractory #af1jjj #f1jjj ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ,modified isomerized rubber #h1ejj-aa1jjj #g1jjj- #i1jjj ,hard rubber #h1jjj-ab1jjj ,casein ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose ,cellulose acetate sheet #d1jjj-af1jjj ,cellulose acetate molding #aa1jjj-af1jjj #e1bjj- #h1hjj ,cellulose nitrate ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,type ,impact strength#a ,hardness#b 7foot pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,brinell ,no ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #j4aj-j4bh2 ,i1 ,n #cj-de ,molded1 mineral filler #j4aa-j4cf2 ,i1 ,n ,molded1 fabric filler #j4d-b4d2 ,i1 ,n ,laminated1 paper base #j4d-a4b2 ,i1 ,n #bd-dj ,laminated1 fabric base #j4h-e4b2 ,i1 ,n #cj-de ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base ,cast #j4a-a4e2 ,i1 ,n #cj-de ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #j4jh-j4eb2 ,c1 ,n #cce-dj ,mineral filler #j4jh-j4dh2 ,c1 ,n #cdd-df ,fabric filler #a4f-c4a2 ,c1 ,n #ccj-ce ,urea--,formaldehyde #j4g-a4e2 ,c1 ,u #ddh-ed ,vinyl1 unfilled #j4c-j4f2 ,i1 ,n #ae-be ,vinyl1 filled #j4a-j4g2 ,i1 ,n #ae-be ,acrylate #j4be-j4e2 ,c1 ,n #dah-bj ,polystyrene #j4af-j4be2 ,i1 ,n #bj-cj ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,cold molded #j4d2 ,c ,nonrefractory #j4d2 ,c ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber #c4j2 ,c1 ,u ,modified isomerized rubber #b4f-f4b2 ,i1 ,n #ehe-ij ,hard rubber #j4e2 ,i #ca ,casein #a4j2 ,i #bc ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #a-d2 ,i1 ,n 7per in4 sq47 ,cellulose acetate sheet #b-g2 ,c1 ,n 7per in4 sq47 #ff-aa ,cellulose acetate molding #c-ab2 ,c1 ,n 7per in4 sq47 #ff-g4e ,cellulose nitrate #c-ab2 ,c1 ,n 7per in4 sq47 #fh-aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a ,,astm ,d#bef-cd,t4 ,c ,charpy2 ,i izod2 ,n notched2 ,u unnotched4 #b #b4e mm ball2 #be kg4 load unless otherwise noted4 #c #ej kg4 load4 #d #aj mm4 ball2 #ejj kg4 load4 #e ,shore4 #f #aj kg4 load4 ,,note4--,the values for the properties in this table are based upon maximum and minimum figures submitted to ,modern ,plastics by a number of manufacturers of each type of material4 ,differences in test procedures and sizes of test specimens may lead to erroneous conclusions in some cases if direct comparisons are attempted4 ,special grades of materials are often available which excel in one particular property4 ,source3 ,modern ,plastics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj2 ,october #aicg4 ,,table #bj4--,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,heat properties ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,thermal ,specific conductivity heat ----------------------------------- ,type #aj calories per second per square centimeter ,calories per per #a;,c4 ,c4 per gram per centimeter ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #d-ab4b #j4ce-j4cf ,molded1 mineral filler #h-bj #j4be-j4ce ,molded1 fabric filler #c-e #j4cj-j4ce ,laminated1 paper base #e-h #j4c -#j4d ,laminated1 fabric base #e-h #j4c -#j4d ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base ,cast #c-e #j4c- #j4d ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #c4e-e #j4c- #j4d ,mineral filler #aj-bj #j4c- #j4d ,fabric filler #e-h #j4c- #j4d ,urea--,formaldehyde #g4ac ,vinyl1 unfilled #d #j4bdd ,vinyl1 filled ,varies ,varies ,acrylate #d4c-f4h #j4de ,styrol #a4i #j4cbd ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ,modified isomerized rubber #b4f-b4i ,hard rubber #c4b #j4cc ,casein ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose ,cellulose acetate sheet #e4d-h4g #j4c- #j4d ,cellulose acetate molding #e4d-h4g #j4c- #j4de ,cellulose nitrate #c4a-e4a #j4cd-j4ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,thermal ,resistance to expansion continuous heat ----------------------------------- ,type #aj per ,c4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #c4g-g4e #cej ,molded1 mineral filler #b4e-d #dej ,molded1 fabric filler #b-f #bej-cej ,laminated1 paper base #b #bab-cjj ,laminated1 fabric base #c #bab-cej ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base #b #djj-ejj ,cast #b4h #afj ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #c #bhj-djj ,mineral filler #b #cej-ejj ,fabric filler #d4e #bhj-cej ,urea--,formaldehyde #a4e #afj ,vinyl1 unfilled #f4i ,vinyl1 filled ,varies ,acrylate #h4e ,styrol #aj4b ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound #aej-aij ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory #ejj ,refractory #a1cjj ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ,modified isomerized rubber #g-h ,hard rubber #h4j ,casein #h ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose ,cellulose acetate sheet #ad-af #adj-ahj ,cellulose acetate molding #ad-af #adj-ahj ,cellulose nitrate #ab-af ca4 #adj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,softening ,distortion point under heat ----------------------- ,type ,tendency ,f4 ,f4 to cold flow ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler ,none #bdj-bhe ,none4 ,molded1 mineral filler do4 ,do4 ,molded1 fabric filler do4 ,do4 ,laminated1 paper base do4 #cbj ,do4 ,laminated1 fabric base do4 ,do4 ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base do4 ,do4 ,cast ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler ,chars #dej #bfh-bhh ,do4 ,mineral filler ,chars #eej #bgg-big ,do4 ,fabric filler ,chars #djj ,do4 ,urea--,formaldehyde ,none #bfj ,do4 ,vinyl1 unfilled #acj-afj #adj-aej ,slight4 ,vinyl1 filled #acj-afj #adj-aeh ,do4 ,acrylate #agj-bce #aeh ,do4 ,styrol #aaj-bjj #ahe ,do4 ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound #aej ,do4 ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber #age-bcj #adj ,do4 ,modified isomerized rubber #afe-bbj #afg-bba ,do4 ,hard rubber #aej-aij ,do4 ,casein #bjj ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #baj-bff ,cellulose acetate sheet #adj-bcj #abb-bab ,do4 ,cellulose acetate molding #ade-bfj #abb-bab ,do4 ,cellulose nitrate #afj-aie ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,note4--,the values for the properties in this table are based upon maximum and minimum figures submitted to ,modern ,plastics by a number of manufacturers of each type of material4 ,differences in test procedures and sizes of test specimens may lead to erroneous conclusions in some cases if direct comparisons are attempted4 ,special grades of materials are often available which excel in one particular property4 ,source3 ,modern ,plastics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,october #aicg4 ,,table #ba4--,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,electrical properties ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,volume resistivity ,breakdown 7#ej percent voltage1 #fj ,type relative humidity7 cycles 7volts 7ohm cms7 per mil 7instantaneous77 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #aj-aj #cjj-ejj ,molded1 mineral filler #aj-aj #bej-djj ,molded1 fabric filler #aj-aj #cjj-dej ,laminated1 paper base #aj-aj #djj-a1cjj ,laminated1 fabric base #aj-aj #aej-fjj ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base #ij ,cast #aj-aj #cjj-dej ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #aj-aj #djj-fjj ,mineral filler #aj-aj #bjj-ejj ,fabric filler #j4d #aj #bjj-ejj ,urea--,formaldehyde 7#b-b4h7 #aj #fej-gbj ,vinyl1 unfilled #aj #djj-ejj ,vinyl1 filled #aj #cej-djj ,acrylate #aj #dhj ,polystyrene #aj-aj #ejj-gjj ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound #ajj-djj ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory #a4c #aj #he ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber #b1cjj ,modified isomerized rubber 7#e-g7 #aj ,hard rubber #aj-aj #bej-ijj ,casein #djj-gjj ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #a1ejj ,cellulose acetate sheet 7#e-cj7 #aj #hjj-b1ejj ,cellulose acetate molding 7#d4b-f4b7 #aj #hjj-hej ,cellulose nitrate 7#b-cj7 #aj #fjj-a1bjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dielectric constant ----------------------------- ,type #fj cycles#aj cycles#aj cycles ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #e-ab #d-h #d4e-h ,molded1 mineral filler #e-bj #d4e-bj #d4e-bj ,molded1 fabric filler #e-aj #d4e-f #d4e-f ,laminated1 paper base #d-f ,laminated1 fabric base #d4e-g ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base ,cast #e-aj #e-g ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #d-h #f-g4e ,mineral filler #d4e-bj #e-ah ,fabric filler #d4e-f #e-g4e ,urea--,formaldehyde #f4f #f ,vinyl1 unfilled #d ,vinyl1 filled #d4g #d ,acrylate #d-f #b4h ,polystyrene #b4f #b4fe #b4g ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory #ae #f ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ca4 #c ,modified isomerized rubber #b4g #b4fh ,hard rubber #b4h #c ,casein #f4ae-f4h ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #c4gb ,cellulose acetate sheet #e4a-g4e #d4b-e4c ,cellulose acetate molding #e4h-f4j #d4d-d4f ,cellulose nitrate #f4g-g4c #f4ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,power factor -------------------------------- ,type #fj cycles #aj cycles#aj cycles ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler #j4jd-j4cj #j4jd-j4ae #j4jce-j4a ,molded1 mineral filler #j4aj-j4cj #j4aj-j4ae #j4jje-j4a ,molded1 fabric filler #j4jh-j4cj #j4jh-j4bj #j4jd-j4a ,laminated1 paper base #j4jb-j4je ,laminated1 fabric base #j4jb-j4jh ,laminated1 asbestos cloth base ,cast #j4jbe-j4bj #j4jje-j4jhj4ja-j4jde ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #j4jd-j4ae #j4jce-j4a ,mineral filler #j4a-j4ae #j4jd-j4a ,fabric filler #j4jh-j4bj #j4jce-j4a ,urea--,formaldehyde #j4jcd #j4ja-j4jc ,vinyl1 unfilled #j4jadc #j4jage ,vinyl1 filled #j4jb-j4ae #j4jb-j4jfe ,acrylate #j4jf-j4jh #j4jb ,polystyrene #j4jjjc #j4jjja #j4jjja ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory #j4bj #j4jg ,refractory ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber #j4jjc ,modified isomerized rubber #j4jjf #j4jjaf ,hard rubber #j4jjc-j4jjh ,casein #j4jeb ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #j4jaa ,cellulose acetate sheet #j4jbe-j4jg #j4jch-j4jia ,cellulose acetate molding #j4jdb-j4jeh #j4jch-j4jdb ,cellulose nitrate #j4jfb-j4add #j4jgd-j4jig ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note4--,the values for the properties in this table are based upon maximum and minimum figures submitted to ,modern ,plastics by a number of manufacturers of each type of material4 ,differences in test procedures and sizes of test specimens may lead to erroneous conclusions in some cases if direct comparisons are attempted4 ,special grades of materials are often available which excel in one particular property4 ,source3 ,modern ,plastics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,october #aicg4 ,,table #bb4--,synthetic resins and other plastics3 ,specific gravity1 specific volume1 and resistance to other substances ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,water ,type ,specific ,specific absorption1 gravity volume immersion #bd hours#a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,synthetic resins3 ,cubic inches ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 per pound ,molded1 wood flour filler #a4cd-a4eb #bj4g-ah4b #j4b-j4f ,molded1 mineral filler #a4gj-b4ji #af4d-ac4c #j4ja-j4c ,molded1 fabric filler #a4cg-a4dj #bj4b-ai4h #a4j-a4c ,laminated1 paper base #a4cd-a4ee #bj4g-ag4h #j4e-i4j ,laminated1 fabric base #a4cd-a4ee #bj4g-ag4h #j4e-i4j ,laminated1 asbestos cloth #a4f-a4fe #ag4c-af4h #j4e base ,cast #a4bg-a4cb #ba4h-bj4j #j4ja-j4e ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler #a4c-a4d #ba4c-ai4h #j4b-j4f ,mineral filler #a4f-b4j #ag4c-ac4i #j4ja-j4ae ,fabric filler #a4c-a4d #ba4c-ai4h #j4h-a4d ,urea--,formaldehyde #a4dh-a4ej #ah4g-af4e #a-b ,vinyl1 unfilled #a4cd-a4cf #bj4g-bj4d #j4je-j4ae ,vinyl1 filled #a4ce-b4e #bj4e-aa4a #j4b-d4j ,acrylate #a4ah #bc4c #j4c ,polystyrene #a4je-a4jg #bf4c-be4h #j ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound #a4a-b4g #be4b-aj4c ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory #a4ih-b4j #ad4j-ac4i #a4e ,refractory #b4b #ab4f #j4e-ae ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber #a4e #ah4e #j4a-j4c ,modified isomerized rubber#a4jf #bf4a #j4jb ,hard rubber #a4ab-a4h #bd4g-ae4d #j4jb ,casein #a4ce #bj4e #c-g ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose #a4ad #bd4c #fa4be ,cellulose acetate sheet #a4bg-a4cg #ba4h-bj4b #a4e-c4j ,cellulose acetate molding #a4bg-a4fc #ba4h-ag4j #a4d-b4h ,cellulose nitrate #a4ce-a4fj #bj4e-ag4c #a4j-c4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,type ,effect of weak ,effect of strong acids acids ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler ,none to slight4,varies#b ,molded1 mineral filler do do#b ,molded1 fabric filler do do#b ,laminated1 paper base do do#b ,laminated1 fabric base do do#b ,laminated1 asbestos cloth do do#b base ,cast do ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler do do#b ,mineral filler do do#b ,fabric filler do do#b ,urea--,formaldehyde do ,decomposed or surface attacked ,vinyl1 unfilled ,resistant ,resistant ,vinyl1 filled ,dependent on ,dependent on filler4 filler4 ,acrylate ,none ,oxidizing acids attack surface4 ,polystyrene do ,none ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,deteriorates ,deteriorates ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory ,slight ,decomposes ,refractory ,decomposes do ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ,resistant ,resistant ,modified isomerized rubber do do ,hard rubber do ,attacked by oxidizing acids ,casein do ,decomposes ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose ,slight ,decomposes ,cellulose acetate sheet do do ,cellulose acetate molding do do ,cellulose nitrate do do ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,type ,effect of ,effect of ,effect of weak strong organic alkalies alkalies solvents ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,synthetic resins3 ,tar-acid--,formaldehyde3 ,molded1 wood flour filler ,slight to ,decomposes ,none4#c marked ,molded1 mineral filler do do do#c ,molded1 fabric filler do do do#c ,laminated1 paper base do do do#c ,laminated1 fabric base do do do#c ,laminated1 asbestos cloth do do do#c base ,cast do do do ,tar-acid--,furfural3 ,wood flour filler do do do ,mineral filler do do do ,fabric filler do do do ,urea--,formaldehyde do do do ,vinyl1 unfilled ,resistant ,resistant 7#d74 ,vinyl1 filled ,dependent on,dependent on7#d74 filler4 filler4 ,acrylate ,none ,slight 7#e74 ,polystyrene do ,none ,widely soluble4 ,other plastics3 ,shellac compound ,deteriorates,deteriorates,attacked by some4 ,cold molded3 ,nonrefractory ,decomposes ,decomposes do ,refractory ,none ,none ,none4 ,rubber compounds3 ,chlorinated rubber ,resistant ,resistant ,soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons4 ,modified isomerized rubber do do ,attacked by some4 ,hard rubber do do do ,casein ,softens ,decomposes ,resistant4 ,cellulose compounds3 ,ethyl cellulose ,none ,none4 ,widely soluble4 ,cellulose acetate sheet ,slight ,decomposes 7#g74 ,cellulose acetate molding do do 7#g74 ,cellulose nitrate do do 7#g74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,,astm ,d#dh-cc4 #b ,decomposed by oxidizing acids2 reducing and organic acids no effect4 #c ,on bleed-proof materials4 #d ,resists alcohols1 aliphatic hydrocarbons1 and oils4 ,soluble in ketones and esters2 swells in aromatic hydrocarbons4 #e ,soluble in ketones1 esters1 and aromatic hydrocarbons4 #f #dh hours4 #g ,soluble in ketones and esters2 softened by alcohols2 little affected by hydrocarbons4 ,,note4--,the values for the properties in this table are based upon maximum and minimum figures submitted to ,modern ,plastics by a number of manufacturers of each type of material4 ,differences in test procedure and sizes of test specimens may lead to erroneous conclusions in some cases if direct comparisons are attempted4 ,special grades of materials are often available which excel in one particular property4 ,source3 ,modern ,plastics1 vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 opp4 p4 #abj4 ,october #aicg4 #ae4 ,,synthetic ,,resins ,,in ,,other ,,countries ,large-scale production of synthetic resins is confined principally to the ,united ,states1 ,germany1 and ,great ,britain4 ,there is small production in many other countries1 of which the most important are ,france1 ,italy1 ,czechoslovakia1 ,canada1 and ,japan4 ,in #aicd the world output was estimated at #ace million pounds1 of which the ,united ,states produced about #dd percent1 ,germany #bf percent1 and ,great ,britain #bd percent4 ,in #aicg world output was estimated at #cfj million pounds1 the ,united ,states' share of the total being almost #ej percent1 followed by #bg percent for ,germany1 #bj percent for ,great ,britain1 and the remaining #c percent scattered4 ,european estimates indicate that about #dj percent of the output goes into surface coatings and that #fj percent of the surface-coating resins are tar-acid and #dj percent alkyds4 ,the ,tariff ,commission found that in #aicg #ej percent of the ,united ,states production of all synthetic resins went into surface coatings1 #bg percent into molded articles1 and the remaining #bc percent into laminating and miscellaneous uses4 ,approximately three-fourths of the surface-coating resins were alkyds and one-fourth tar-acid resins4 ,,germany ,production4 ,in recent years ,germany's production of synthetic resins has increased rapidly1 each succeeding year registering the attainment of a new record4 ,in #aicc production totaled #ag1ejj1jjj pounds and by #aice had increased to #ee1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,a further expansion of about #cj percent to #gj1jjj1jjj pounds in #aicf and present production trends indicate a gain of about #dj percent more in #aicg1 to an estimated total of #ajj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,although tar-acid resins comprise the bulk of the ,german output1 considerable gains are shown for other types1 notably injection molding resins of the polystyrene and vinyl types4 ,the development of completely automatic injection molding machinery has given an impetus to these types4 ,while technical progress1 including improvement of molding equipment1 has contributed to the expanded production1 the use of synthetic resins in ,germany has had a strong stimulus because they are made almost wholly of domestic materials4 ,under the 8,four-,year ,plan0 for the greatest possible national economic independence1 synthetic resins are replacing imported materials1 such as the heavier nonferrous metals1 iron1 hardwoods1 cork1 and natural gums and resins in many uses4 ,this displacement of materials has also affected such domestic products as glass and porcelain1 which caused the ,government to intervene and impose restrictions upon the use of resins for purposes adequately served by other materials of ,german origin4 ,germany's expanding production of synthetic resin has also been aided by a sharp increase in exports1 which have increased well over #ajj percent since #aicb4 ,tar-acid resins4--,german output of tar-acid resins has been estimated at #ce million pounds in #aicd1 at #di million pounds in #aice1 and at #fc million pounds in #aicf4 ,such resins comprise the bulk of the ,german production of molding resins4 ,there are at least seven producers of tar-acid resins in ,germany and nine producers of molding powders and pellets4 ,tar-acid resins for surface coatings are produced by a number of these concerns4 ,among the important makers in ,germany are ,the ,bakelite ,gesellschaft 7organized in #aiaj to operate under the ,baekeland patents72 the explosives and munitions firm of ,dynamit ,a4,g42 ,dr4 ,kurt ,albert ,g4m4b4,h42 the ,i4,g4 ,farbenindustrie2 ,beckacite ,kunstharzfabrik ,g4m4b4,h42 and ,rohm ,haas ,a4,g4 ,the ,beckacite firm has associates in the ,united ,states and in the ,united ,kingdom1 and ,rohm ,haas1 an associate in the ,united ,states4 ,alkyd resins4--,the manufacture of alkyd resins has developed in ,germany in the past few years4 ,demand for these resins has been given a marked impetus by the development of a new standardized substitute for linseed-oil varnish known as ,el ,varnish1 the use of which is required by the ,control ,board for ,industrial ,fats for certain interior and exterior painting4 ,there are five makers of resins for paints1 varnishes1 and lacquers4 ,the output of alkyd resins has increased sharply since #aicd1 probably reaching #aj million pounds in #aicf4 ,urea resins4--,the output of urea resins in ,germany is relatively small2 two of the more important types are known as ,locron and ,pollopas4 ,polystyrene and vinyl resins4--,in #aicf ,germany's production of thermoplastic resins exceeded #a million pounds1 principally of the polystyrene and vinyl types4 ,among the vinyl resins are ,acronal and ,mowilith1 both of which are manufactured by the ,i4,g4 ,farbenindustrie4 ,this combine also produces several types of polystyrene resins known as ,mollit and ,metastyrol4 ,dynamit ,a4,g4 produces a polystyrene resin known as ,trolitul4 ,uses of synthetic resins4 ,the original and most important use of synthetic resins in ,germany was for electrical insulation4 ,this use was so extensive that the industry was organized in #aibd into an association known as non-rubber insulation materials industry4 ,materials were standardized and classified into #ad types1 of which #e were tar-acid resins and #a was a urea resin4 ,every type must meet certain specifications in order to be recognized by the ,reich ,testing ,institute4 ,more than #ajj firms produce insulating materials meeting the institute's specifications4 ,radio panels of the popular sets sponsored by the ,government are made of synthetic resins4 ,consumption in the automobile industry is increasing for such parts as instrument panels1 electrical equipment1 steering wheels1 gear-shift knobs1 and numerous others4 ,the latest airplanes show increased use of synthetic resins1 where they contribute light weight1 great strength1 and resistance to corrosion4 ,in cameras and moving-picture equipment1 wood and metal have been in part replaced by synthetic resins4 ,other applications of resins in ,germany include bearings for rolling mills1 goggles and spectacles 7including the lens71 and perfume and medicine bottles4 ,resins for surface coatings are undergoing rapid development in ,germany1 owing to the shortage of linseed oil4 ,alkyd resins in coatings are being promoted by the ,government1 which prohibits or limits the use of the older oil-type coatings for certain uses so as to decrease the use of linseed oil and other paint oils that must be imported and hence require outlays of foreign exchange4 ,penalties have been imposed for violating the regulations4#ac ,organization4 ,the synthetic-resin industry in ,germany is a unit within the national industrial organization4 ,it is a subdivision of the industrial chemical group1 called ,fachgruppe ,kunststoffe1 or ,group #ac of the #ai trade groups in the chemical division4 ,this subdivision controls casein and cellulose plastics as well as synthetic resins1 and is further divided as follows3 7#a7 ,casein plastics1 7#b7 cast phenolic resins1 7#c7 molding compositions1 7#d7 resins for lacquers1 7#e7 celluloid and zellon1 7#f7 transparent sheeting1 7#g7 linoleum1 and 7#h7 miscellaneous 7such as vulcanized fiber1 bottle caps1 and die-casting resins74 ,there are two cartels distinct from the national organization1 which expressly excludes all functions and activities of cartels4 ,one cartel represents the firms interested in molding compositions and the other those interested in synthetic resins for other purposes4 ,some of the producers are members of both cartels4 ,foreign trade4 ,imports of synthetic resins are negligible1 although the duty of #d4f cents per pound 7#be marks per #ajj kilograms7 on imports into ,germany is not prohibitive4 ,exports have increased practically every year since #aicj1 when they were first recorded separately4 ,table #bc shows the quantity and value of exports in recent years4 ,,table #bc4--,synthetic resins3 ,german exports1 #aicj-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,hardening resins ,nonhardening resins ---------------------------------------- -- ,year ,value ,value #a1jjj --------------#a1jjj -------------- pounds#a1jjj #a1jjj pounds#a1jjja1jjj marks dollars marksdollars ---------------------------------------- ------- #aicj #b1edi #a1igc #dgb #aica #c1gge #b1geg #fea #aicb #c1afb #b1aab #eja #aicc #d1jji #b1fbe #hja #f1fbhc1eff #a1jhh #aicd #d1ibd #c1afb #a1bdf #g1jgfc1dae #a1cdf #aice #d1idh #b1iic #a1bjf #f1ibac1dde #a1chh #aicf #f1cib #c1eja #a1daa #g1gfdc1hbj #a1eci #aicga #h1gjf #d1djb #a1ggjaj1hffe1chi #b1aag ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,german exports of synthetic resins are1 for the most part1 destined to ,european countries1 most of which have increased their purchases considerably in recent years4 ,exports to ,latin ,american countries have increased recently1 especially to ,brazil4 ,table #bd shows the distribution of exports in recent years4 ,,table #bd4--,synthetic resins3 ,german exports1 by countries1 #aicd-cg ,thousands of marks ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,destination #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,austria #bei #ceb #ddf #eic ,belgium #bae #bei #big #dbj ,czechoslovakia #cdg #cde #fjd #hbe ,denmark #caf #cia #dgc #edj ,france #fbf #fea #fhj #gcd ,great ,britain #a1bdg #efc #eif #hdd ,hungary #bdj #ace #ahb7b7 ,italy #beb #cei #ebc #fae ,netherlands #ecj #egb #fdea1jca ,spain #bbe #cjb #agh #eg ,sweden #dae #deg #dfc #fia ,switzerland #gba #gje #gad #gdi ,other ,european countries #cgj #fah #gjf7b7 ,argentina #bej #bjg #aid7b7 ,brazil #df #gg #aji7b7 ,other ,latin ,american countries #ag #ah #ge7b7 ,all other countries #eja #dbg #dcfb1fib -------------------- ,total #f1eggf1dchg1cbai1gia ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,included in all other countries4 ,source3 ,official ,german statistics4 ,,great ,,britain#ad ,as in most other countries1 the history of the synthetic-resin industry in ,great ,britain begins with the acquisition of rights by a ,british concern to manufacture under the original ,bakelite patents4 ,the ,damard ,lacquer ,co41 ,ltd4 was probably the pioneer maker of phenolic resins in ,england4 ,the principal product was a baking lacquer sold under the trade name ,damarda1 marketed for and used principally as a coating to prevent corrosion on brass4 ,the outbreak of the ,world ,war created such an urgent demand for laminated materials that this firm started production of them for the ,british ,government4 ,in #aibf this concern was merged with ,mouldesite1 ,ltd4 and ,redmanol1 ,ltd41 under the name of ,bakelite1 ,ltd4 ,production4 ,statistics of production of synthetic resins in ,great ,britain are available only for #aicd and #aice4 ,they are given in table #be4 ,,table #be4--,synthetic resins3 ,production in ,great ,britain1 #aicd and #aice ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,type #aicd #aice ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,pounds ,pounds ,solid1 liquid1 cured1 uncured1 and hardened#be1eeh1djjac1bhc1bjj ,molding powder1 #ej percent or more resin #be1hgb1jjj ,laminated sheets1 rods1 blocks1 tubes #a1afd1hjj #a1fdf1djj -------------------- ,total #bf1gbc1bjjdj1hja1fjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,source3 ,great ,britain4 ,board of ,trade1 ,census of ,production4 ,capital invested in the ,british industry is reported as #ae1jjj1jjj pounds sterling and direct employment as #bj1jjj people4 ,tar-acid resins4--,many large moldings are made in ,england1 such as large radio cases1 desk files1 trays1 and drain boards4 ,cast phenolic resin production has just been started in ,england4 ,among the novelties recently produced in ,england is a toy railway molded of tar-acid resin4 ,the trains and track spacers are of nonconducting resin2 the molded rails are made conductive by a thin covering of metal which is pressed in and secured at the ends4 ,two trains may be run on the same set of rails at different speeds1 or one can go forward and another backward1 since the two outer rails are separate conductors1 the third rail acting as a common return4 ,molded piano parts are being tried in an attempt to solve the troubles hitherto encountered with wood1 owing to variations in humidity4 ,resins have long been used in facing the keys1 but the production of piano action parts has presented many technical difficulties4 ,the secret of success with molded resin parts lies in molding the joints in position when the main body is molded4 ,there are #hh sections in each piano4 ,urea resins4--,british ,cyanides1 ,ltd41 well-known makers of synthetic resins in ,england1 acquired the ,pollopas patents for the manufacture of urea resins in the ,united ,kingdom1 in certain continental ,european countries1 and in the ,british ,empire except ,canada4 ,the agreement called for a full exchange of patents and other information with the other licensees of the ,pollopas patents4 ,these arrangements were made for the purpose of consolidating the patent position and for the pooling of technical data already existing on manufacture1 with the object of improving quality4 ,acrylate resins4--,an outstanding development in ,great ,britain has been the production of the thermoplastic resins known as ,diakon and ,perspex4 ,these are made from methyl methacrylate and are developments of the ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd4 ,diakon is for molding powders and ,perspex is in the form of cast sheets1 rods1 tubes1 and optical forms4 ,these new commercial resins are considered the best combination thus far obtained of strength1 transparency1 and light weight4 ,applications in ,england include fittings for aircraft1 transparent inspection covers for machinery1 medical equipment1 instrument windows1 lenses and prisms in optical systems1 and aircraft windscreens4 ,they are used in subways for lenses for deflecting and diffusing light and in battery cases and coil forms4 ,the general properties of the acrylate resins include transparency to both visible and ultraviolet light1 almost unlimited color range1 resistance to acids and alkalies1 and superior electrical properties4 ,aniline resin4--,panilax is an aniline-formaldehyde condensation product made in ,england4 ,it has high electrical and thermal insulating properties1 great mechanical strength1 is odorless and odor repelling1 and practically unaffected by water1 oil1 and alkalies4 ,organization4 ,most of the ,british producers of synthetic resins are members of the ,british ,plastics ,federation1 ,ltd4 ,several years ago a #aj-year contract was made between the ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd4 and the ,toledo ,synthetic ,products ,co4 7now ,plaskon ,co47 of ,toledo1 ,ohio4 ,this agreement provides for an exchange of all technical and commercial information on urea-resin products and processes and the granting of free licenses under present or future patents4 ,agreements probably also exist between the ,british ,bakelite ,co4 and the ,american firm on tar-acid resins2 between ,nobel ,chemical ,finishes1 ,ltd4 and ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co4 on alkyd resins2 between ,british ,thompson ,houston ,co41 ,ltd41 and the ,general ,electric ,co4 on alkyd resins2 between ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd4 and du ,pont on acrylate resins2 and between ,beetle ,products ,co4 and ,american ,cyanamid ,co4 on urea resins4 ,foreign trade in resins4 ,british imports of synthetic resins1 by principal sources1 are shown in table #bf4 ,,table #bf4--,synthetic resins3 ,imports into the ,united ,kingdom1 in selected years1 #aicj-cf #a1jjj pounds ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,source #aicj #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,british countries4 #a 7#a7 #e #b #ai #bd ,germany #ejh #a1fba #b1bfg #b1bei #a1dgf #iad ,netherlands #fgi #ffg #aea #aad 7#b7 7#b7 ,,united ,,states #aai #bbi #fef #ijb #ihf #a1jef ,all other countries #fe #bha #bdf #beg #cbc #dce ---------------------------------------- ,total #a1cgb #b1gih #c1dgj #c1ecd #b1hjd #b1dbi ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,less than #ejj4 #b ,included in 8,all other countries40 ,source3 ,official statistics of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,british exports of synthetic resins to principal countries are shown in table #bg4 ,,table #bg4--,synthetic resins3 ,exports from the ,united ,kingdom1 in selected years1 #aicj-cf #a1jjj pounds ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,source #aicj #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,british countries #ach #agj #iib #a1cej #a1ghh #b1gcb ,sweden #dj #fi #bdb #deb #eeh #fej ,denmark 7#a7 7#a7 #ii #adj #aei #aej ,belgium 7#a7 7#a7 #ajd #bje #bcg #bjc ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 #di #ie 7#a7 7#a7 ,argentina 7#a7 7#a7 #bh #aih #aef #bch ,all other countries #ajd #aga #cff #eje #gce #a1jhd ---------------------------------------- ,total #bhb #daj #a1hhj #b1ide #c1fcc #e1jeg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,not available2 included in 8,all other countries40 ,source3 ,official statistics of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,,france#ae ,producers4 ,statistics of ,french production and sales of synthetic resin are not available4 ,larousse ,commercial ,illustr describes the ,french synthetic resin industry as not important and estimates the output in #aicj at #b1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,the ,revue ,gnral des ,matires ,plastiques1 most important technical review in ,france1 estimates the production in #aica as about #c1ejj1jjj pounds4 ,the comparatively few ,french companies producing synthetic resins are1 for the most part1 under ,british or ,german control4 ,the types of synthetic resin made in ,france1 the trade names1 and the names of the manufacturers1 follow3 ,bakelite4--,tar-acid molding compounds and laminating materials2 cast phenolic resins2 ,cie ,la ,bakelite1 ,bezous1 ,seine4 ,plastose and ,ferodo4--,tar-acid molding compounds2 ,socit ,ferodo-,plastose1 ,saint ,ouen1 ,seine4 ,pollopas4--,urea molding compounds and laminating materials2 tablissements ,kuhlmann1 ,paris4 ,foreign trade4 ,french imports of synthetic resins are classified under tariff item ,no4 #jcgf bis3 ,synthetic resins 7solid or resinous products of the ,bakelite1 ,albertol1 ,plastose types1 etc47 derived from the condensation of aldehydes with phenols1 amines1 and amides4 ,several subclassifications are shown3 7a7 ,soluble in oil and not polymerizable1 7b7 which may be rendered insoluble and infusible1 and 7c7 infusible4 ,imports in recent years1 from principal sources1 are shown in table #bh4 ,,table #bh4--,synthetic resins3 ,french imports1 by types and by countries1 #aica and #aicc-cg ,pounds ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,source #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,soluble in oil ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,germany #efc1hfja1jjc1hfja1cei1fjja1afd1dgja1jhe 1gff 7#b7 ,,united ,,states #agd1ijj #abf1bhj #ahe1fhj #bhd1deh #afb1fii 7#b7 ,united ,kingdom#ahd1hjj #aca1abj #hj1ebj #aji1ghi #ah1ifj 7#b7 ,austria #ce1fdj #afb1ehj #aic1efd #ege1ahj 7#b7 ,netherlands #di1gbj #af1gee 7#b7 7#b7 ,all other countries #d1fbj #e1gbj #c1jhj #aa1jbc #cc1jfi 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #ibh1ahja1ceb1cdja1gia1dfja1gdd1jeia1hge 1hida1gid1ihe ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,molding compounds ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,united ,kingdom #ba1ghj #ga1jfj #aj1cdj #aa1bdc #bc1ehi 7#b7 ,germany #bdh1fjj #di1jfj #bj1dfj #fh1efc #ci1bdb 7#b7 ,switzerland #ac1bjj #ca1ijj #aa1dfd 7#b7 7#b7 ,,united ,,states #aa1bbj #ah1ibj #bb1ffj #bj1jfb #ff1gii 7#b7 ,belgium #ca1bdj #di1ejj #g1gaf 7#b7 7#b7 ,all other countries #c1jhj #d1hdj #f1agc #e1gcb 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #bhd1fhj #ahc1dhj #aci1gjj #abe1bba #ace1cfb #aje1chj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,molded1 cast1 and laminated articles ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,germany #ab1ihj #g1gjj #d1hdj #i1jci #ag1heg 7#b7 ,netherlands #bbj 7#b7 ,austria #d1hdj #ddj #bbj 7#b7 ,united ,kingdom #bbj 7#b7 ,,united ,,states #bbj #bbj 7#b7 ,all other countries #a1cbj #a1ihd 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #ai1adj #h1cfj #e1bhj #i1dgi #ai1hda #h1cgg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,not separately reported4 ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,exports of synthetic resins from ,france1 by principal markets1 are shown in table #bi4 ,,table #bi4--,synthetic resins3 ,french exports #aica and #aicc-cg ,pounds ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,destination #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,belgium #bjc1jfj #bbd1ahj #ahf1ghj #aac1geg #afe1efe 7#a7 ,argentina #fi1jhj #ia1cjj 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,switzerland #af1idj #ab1ghg #cg1beh 7#a7 ,italy #ab1ihj 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,all other countries #d1hdj #bi1bfj #ae1ahj #ed1hie #cf1cgf 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #bbj1hhj #cbb1ebj #caj1bjj #aha1dci #bci1aii #dag1ggb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,not separately reported4 ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,,czechoslovakia ,production of phenolic resins in ,czechoslovakia has increased rapidly in recent years and is ample to supply domestic requirements4 ,most of the raw materials are imported from ,germany1 ,great ,britain1 and ,france1 but formaldehyde is produced locally in sufficient quantities4 ,the principal makers of synthetic resins in ,czechoslovakia are3 7#a7 ,bratislavska tovarna na kable ,bratislava4 7#b7 ,schreiber ,co4 ,lipnik 7#c7 ,ing4 ,alex ,reiber ,sered 7#d7 ,j4 ,elias ,prague 7#e7 ,mathias ,oechsler ,sohn ,riegersdorf 7#f7 ,j4 ,batistello1 ,jr4 ,gablonz ,resin products are widely used by the electrical industries for wall plates1 plugs1 switches1 fuse boxes1 etc4 ,other articles made of synthetic resins are3 handles and knobs for furniture and kitchen equipment1 bottle caps1 fountain pens and pencils1 clock and radio housings1 tableware1 cutlery handles1 trays1 buttons1 toilet ware and toys4 ,imports of synthetic resins in #aicd totaled #a1bgj1ejj pounds2 ,germany supplied #df percent and ,great ,britain #bb percent of this total4 ,exports of synthetic resins during the same year amounted to #aff1edj pounds and went principally to ,poland1 ,yugoslavia1 ,germany1 and ,argentina4 ,,italy ,the ,societa ,italiana ,resine1 an affiliate of the important chemical firm1 ,chimiche ,forestali1 is a leading maker of tar-acid resins in ,italy4 ,a new and modern plant is located at ,milan in close proximity to the electrical and textile industries1 both important markets for resins4 ,in #aicf the ,ministry of ,corporations granted ,montecatini ,societe ,generale per l',industria ,mineraria1 ,milan1 a permit to develop a factory for alkyd resins2 and also ,societe ,italiana ,ebonite and ,sostituti1 ,milan1 one to produce tar-acid resins4 ,in #aicg a permit was granted to ,montecatini ,s4,a4 for a plant to manufacture acrylic acid resins at the ,villadossola works of the ,soc4 ,elletrochimica del ,toce4 ,,japan#af ,the history of the synthetic resin industry in ,japan goes back to #aiac when ,dr4 ,jokichi ,takamine1 discoverer of adrenalin and takadiastase1 acquired the right to manufacture and sell tar-acid resin ,products in ,japan4 ,the business was financed by the ,sankyo ,co41 ,ltd41 and a factory was built at ,shinagawa1 near ,tokyo4 ,in #aibc a subsidiary company known as the ,japan ,bakelite ,co41 ,ltd41 was formed with a paid-in capital of #a1bjj1jjj yen4 ,this firm considers itself an affiliate of the ,bakelite ,corporation of the ,united ,states and1 according to an existing agreement1 cannot export to the ,united ,states4 ,its territory includes the ,japanese ,empire and ,manchukuo4 ,china is considered an open market4 ,the original plant at ,shinagawa was partially destroyed by fire in #aiai1 and the following year was moved to ,mukojima1 ,tokyo4 ,the firm makes tar-acid resins1 and a full line of products covered by the patents of the ,american concern4 ,included are laminated sheets1 molding compounds1 molded articles1 surface coating resins1 laminated resin gears and spindles for rayon mills4 ,an interesting development is the adaption of tar-acid resin lacquers to the production of ,japanese lacquer ware such as bowls1 vases1 etc4 ,since the establishment of the ,japan ,bakelite ,co41 several other firms have started the production of synthetic resins4 ,the ,tokyo ,electric ,co41 an affiliate of the ,general ,electric ,co41 makes tar-acid resins under the trade name ,tecolite4 ,products are used principally for insulation1 although molding compositions and molded articles such as are used by the electrical trade are commercially produced4 ,the ,matsushita ,electrical ,works at ,osaka are producers of tar-acid resins and articles made therefrom4 ,the output is used largely for radio and electrical equipment4 ,the ,nissholite ,manufacturing ,co41 ,ltd41 with a factory at ,yasui-cho1 ,uzumasa1 ,kyoto specializes in decorative laminated material sold under the trade name ,nissholite4 ,the ,japan ,nitrogenous ,fertilizer ,co4 7,nippon ,chisso ,hirijo ,kabushiki ,kaisha7 is an important maker of tar-acid resins1 marketing them under the trade names ,chissolite1 ,safeloid1 and ,minaloid4 ,the ,yokahama ,resin ,co41 a relatively small company1 produces tar-acid resins and markets them in the form of molding powders4 ,the firms listed account for practically all of the ,japanese production of synthetic resins and for about #ej percent of the molded articles made from them4 ,the remaining #ej percent of the output of molded articles is made by a large number of small firms1 the majority being household industries4 ,it is reported that there are about #b1jjj of these so-called plants already engaged in this relatively new industry4 ,production4 ,the ,japanese production of manufactures of tar-acid resin reported by the ,department of ,commerce and ,industry is shown in table #cj4 ,these data include the output of plants employing more than five operators and apparently account for only half of the total4 ,,table #cj4--,manufactures of tar-acid resins3 ,production in ,japan1 #aibi-ce ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,value -------------------------------------- ,year ,quantity ,of quantity ,additional#a ,total reported ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pounds #aibi #bh1fha #df1eid #abe1djd #aga1iih #aicj #fjg1hjj #eb1dji #ddb1ehc #did1iib #aica #gdd1aai #ii1ijg #bfh1eid #cfh1eja #aicb #bhf1dbb #cf1ehd #cfg1bbj #djc1hjd #aicc #bbi1hed #bf1gdg #eaf1ijc #edc1fej #aicd #a1dce1igg #aic1heg #ibf1iea #a1abj1hjh #aice #c1agf1dda #dgg1ebf #ibc1edf #a1dja1jgb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,quantity not reported4 ,source3 ,factory statistics of ,department of ,commerce and ,industry1 ,japan4 ,estimates from other sources of ,japanese productions of tar-acid resins indicate an output of #b1fjj1jjj pounds of resin and #c1fjj1jjj pounds of molded resin articles in #aicc1 and of #d1ijj1jjj pounds of resin and #g1ejj1jjj pounds of resin articles in #aice4 ,it was recently announced that the ,gosei ,chemical ,co4 will manufacture vinyl resins in ,japan4 ,this firm's principal interest is in acetate fiber and rayon manufacture4 ,later in #aicf the ,showa ,fertilizer ,co4 announced the successful development of a process for making urea4 ,urea resins are in commercial production by the ,toyo ,gosei ,kagaku ,kogyo ,k4,k41 an affiliate of ,chugoku ,toyo ,k4,k4 ,the resin industry in ,japan is expected to undergo considerable development in the near future4 ,raw materials are available in sufficient quantities and the art of molding is fairly well developed4 ,,canada ,the producers of synthetic resins in ,canada are3 ,bakelite ,corporation of ,canada1 ,ltd4 ,toronto4 ,shawinigan ,chemicals1 ,ltd4 ,shawinigan ,falls4 ,canadian ,general ,electric ,co4 ,toronto4 ,canadian ,industries1 ,ltd4 ,toronto4 ,the ,bakelite ,corporation of ,canada1 ,ltd41 an affiliate of the firm of the same name in the ,united ,states1 was formed in #aibe4 ,this plant makes molding materials1 laminating materials1 and an extensive line of technical varnishes4 ,molded parts were made at this factory until #aicb4 ,shawinigan ,chemicals1 ,ltd4 is the pioneer organic chemical maker in ,canada4 ,a modern plant at ,shawinigan ,falls1 ,quebec1 produces synthetic acetic acid1 acetaldehyde1 vinyl acetate1 vinyl resins1 and other chemicals4 ,the vinyl resins manufactured by this firm have already been described 7see p4 #dd74 ,appreciable quantities of these resins have been exported to the ,united ,states in the past but the construction of a factory 7jointly owned by ,shawinigan ,chemicals1 ,ltd41 and the ,fiberloid ,corporation7 at ,indian ,orchard1 ,mass41 for the manufacture of vinyl resins will probably result in a decrease of exports from ,canada to the ,united ,states4 ,the ,canadian ,general ,electric ,co4 makes alkyd resins for use in surface coatings4 ,phthalic anhydride and other raw materials are imported from the ,united ,states4 ,canadian ,industries1 ,ltd41 produces alkyd resins at a plant in ,toronto1 ,ontario4 ,there are about #ad molders of synthetic resins in ,canada1 of which all but #c are in ,ontario4 ,these firms make a general line of molded articles including electrical articles1 closures1 costume jewelry1 and smokers' accessories4 ,appreciable quantities of molded articles are imported from the ,united ,states and smaller quantities from ,germany4 ,,union ,,of ,,soviet ,,socialist ,,republics ,the synthetic resin industry in the ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics is concentrated in two public departments1 known as ,public ,commissariates3 7a7 ,public ,department for ,heavy ,industry and 7b7 ,public ,department for ,light ,industry4 ,the ,department for ,heavy ,industry1 known as ,soyuzchemplastmass1 controls the following plants3 #a4 ,karbolit-pawod in ,ljubatschani1 producing tar-acid resin laminated fabric known as ,textolite4 #b4 ,karbolit-stroj in ,ljubatschani1 making cast phenolic resins4 #c4 ,karbolitni-pawer in ,dubrowka1 making tar-acid resin molding compounds4 ,this plant has at least #cej molding presses producing electrical parts and automotive parts4 ,the number of presses was to have been increased to #a1jjj in #aicg4 #d4 ,komsomolskaja prawda in ,leningrad manufactures articles1 including phone sets1 from cast phenolic resins4 #e4 ,ochtenski ,chimkombinat in ,ochta4 ,this plant makes nitrocellulose plastics4 ,no information could be obtained by our ,charg d',affaires at ,moscow concerning its production of synthetic resins1 although it is believed to be considerable4 ,the ,department for ,light ,industry has a resin section known as ,mosplastmass producing casein plastics only4 ,,the ,,netherlands ,there has been no production of synthetic resins in the ,netherlands2 but a plant is under construction 7,october #aicg7 at ,groningen for the manufacture of alkyd resins4 ,the manufacture of surface coating and electrical parts from imported resins is carried on1 chiefly by ,n4 ,v4 ,philips' ,gloeilampenfabrieken1 ,afdeeling ,inkoop1 ,eindhaven1 manufacturers of radios1 filament lamps1 and electrical appliances4 ,efforts are being made to employ resins for other purposes1 such as the bonding of plywood and the manufacture of closures and novelties1 but little has been accomplished thus far4 ,the relatively high cost of the resins is the principal difficulty4 ,molding compounds and laminated sheets1 rods1 and tubes are imported from ,germany1 ,great ,britain1 ,austria1 and the ,united ,states4 ,the paint1 varnish1 and lacquer industry in the ,netherlands has been experimenting with synthetic resins for several years4 ,alkyd resins of the glycerol phthalate type are being used by ,dutch paint makers1 imported principally from ,germany and ,austria4 ,in spite of high cost1 they have been found to have many advantages1 especially better and more uniform quality4 ,the prices of gums and resins in the ,netherlands during the latter part of #aicf are shown in table #ca4 ,,table #ca4--,prices of gums and resins in the ,netherlands1 #aicf ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,florins per ,type #ajj kilos ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,damar #cg4 ,congo copal 7various qualities7 #ab to #de4 ,indian copal 7various qualities7 #bj to #ce4 ,kauri 7various qualities7 #be to #bjj4 ,shellac 7various qualities7 #cg to #eb4 ,pine resin 7rosin7 7various qualities7#ac to #ad4 ,synthetic resins #hj to #abj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,the ,dutch aviation industry is using tar-acid resins to bond plywood for wing surfacing on ,fokker-type wooden planes4 ,the advantages obtained are excellent adhesiveness and resistance to moisture and temperature changes4 ,in this application they have replaced casein4 ,germany supplies more than #he percent of the ,netherland imports of synthetic resins1 as shown in table #cb4 ,,table #cb4--,synthetic resins3 ,netherland imports by countries1 #aica and #aicc-cg ,pounds ---------------------------------------- -- ,source #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- -- ,germany #a1bjc1cica1beg1efha1bjg1heg ,united ,kingdom #h1ebj #dg1hdc #fd1deh ,austria #fc1geh #g1big #cj1hhf ,,united ,,states #c1afh #bd1aic #bg1dcd ,belgium #b1fdj #c1ibc ,france #c1abj #d1abi ,czechoslovakia #c1cbf #d1idh ,switzerland #a1ghi #d1aic ,other countries #a1dej #a1jbg #b1fbi --------------------------- ,total #a1bhh1jdda1ced1aaba1ccg1cic ---------------------------------------- -- ,pounds ---------------------------------------- -- ,source #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- -- ,germany #a1cea1ehaa1dij1cajb1ddi1caa ,united ,kingdom #id1efe #cce1jiia1bbc1eec ,austria #fc1fdb 7#b7 #acb1bgf ,,united ,,states #ej1hhh 7#b7 7#b7 ,belgium #a1ead 7#b7 7#b7 ,france #faf 7#b7 7#b7 ,czechoslovakia 7#b7 7#b7 ,switzerland 7#b7 7#b7 ,other countries #a1egc #baf1jea #bjg1bcb --------------------------- ,total #a1efd1cgib1jda1dfjd1jab1cgb ---------------------------------------- -- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,not separately reported4 ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,,denmark ,the annual output of synthetic resins in ,denmark is about #ejj1jjj pounds1 almost entirely of the tar-acid type4 ,bakelite is produced by the ,nordiske ,kabel and ,traadfabrikker ,a4 ,s4 ,fabrikvej at ,copenhagen4 ,other brands made in ,denmark are ,nokait1 ,helomit1 and ,etronit4 ,there are #ad manufacturers of finished products1 making electrical equipment principally4 ,,poland ,production of synthetic resins in ,poland in #aicf totaled #ffj1jjj pounds1 entirely of the tar-acid type4 #af4 ,,raw ,,materials ,,for ,,alkyd ,,resins ,the alkyd resins are made chiefly from phthalic anhydride and glycerin4 ,phthalic anhydride in turn is made from naphthalene4 ,polybasic acids such as maleic1 succinic1 etc41 may also be used with glycerin to form alkyd resins4 ,naphthalene1 phthalic anhydride1 maleic and other polybasic acids1 and glycerin are discussed in the order named4 ,,naphthalene ,the discovery of naphthalene in coal tar was made simultaneously by ,garden and ,brande in #ahai1 and its composition was determined by ,faraday in #ahbf and later by ,laurent in #ahcb4 ,naphthalene is almost invariably a constituent of the products obtained when organic matter is heated to comparatively high temperatures4 ,for example1 it is formed in small quantities when acetylene1 alcohol1 acetic acid1 benzene1 or toluene are heated to high temperatures4 ,together with certain aromatic hydrocarbons it is formed in the cracking of petroleum and in the hydrogenation of petroleum fractions4 ,naphthalene is a constituent of the principal varieties of tar produced from coal in the manufacture of gas and coke under ordinary conditions1 but not of low-temperature tar4 ,it is present in coal gas although its presence must be kept as low as possible to avoid blocking service pipes in cold weather4 ,the proportion in gas tar varies with the kinds of coal used and is greater the higher the temperature used during carbonization2 it usually amounts to #d to #f percent but is sometimes as much as #aj percent4 ,in tars obtained from byproduct coke ovens the proportion of naphthalene and other aromatic hydrocarbons depends on the type of oven used4 ,byproduct coke-oven tar averages #aj to #aa percent naphthalene2 blast-furnace tar contains only very small amounts4 ,processes to synthesize naphthalene were described as early as #ahgc by ,aronheim1 in #ahgf by ,wroden and ,znatowicz1 and in #ahhd by ,baeyer and ,perkin4 ,english ,patent ,no4 #bf1jfa of #ahih claims that it may be obtained by heating barium carbide with barium hydroxide to a high temperature4 ,none of these processes has become of commercial importance4 ,recovery of naphthalene4 ,naphthalene is recovered in the distillation of coal tar1 in the fraction boiling at #ahj to #bej ,c41 in the creosote oil fraction boiling at #bdj to #bgj ,c4 and most abundantly in the carbolate or middle oil fraction boiling at #bjj to #bej ,c4 ,when these fractions are allowed to cool most of the naphthalene crystallizes out and is separated by draining and hot-pressing4 ,this crude material is partially purified by washing with hot caustic soda solution to remove tar acids and then with mineral acid to remove basic substances4 ,refined naphthalene is obtained by subliming1 or preferably by distilling the crude product4 ,description and uses4 ,the ,tariff ,act of #aicj defines crude naphthalene as naphthalene solidifying under #gi ,c4 after the removal of all water present2 and refined naphthalene as that having a solidifying point at or above #gi ,c4 after the removal of all water present4 ,crude grades1 melting between #gj and #gh4e ,c41 are found in commerce as yellow1 red1 or brown crystalline solids4 ,these grades are used in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride and other coal-tar intermediates2 in the manufacture of lampblack2 to enrich illuminating gas and sometimes motor fuel2 in synthetic tanning materials2 and in certain insecticides4 ,probably its most important outlets are as a raw material for phthalic anhydride 7see p4 #ih7 and refined naphthalene4 ,refined grades1 melting above #gi ,c41 are marketed as white1 crystalline lumps or flakes4 ,their principal uses are in the manufacture of intermediates1 dyes1 medicinals1 solvents1 and textile assistants2 as moth repellants2 as a lubricant when mixed with rapeseed oil2 to remove the 8bloom0 from lubricating oils2 as a preservative for rubber goods and animal skins2 and in explosives 7trinitro naphthalene74 ,in #aicf more than #ge coal-tar intermediates made from naphthalene were commercially produced in the ,united ,states4 ,of the #ge million pounds of these intermediates produced in that year1 #ca million pounds were phthalic anhydride1 an important component of synthetic resins of the alkyd type4 ,united ,states production4 ,crude naphthalene is produced in the ,united ,states by byproduct coke-oven operators1 gas works that produce their own coal tar1 and also by firms that purchase coal tar and distill it4 ,statistics of production by groups are shown in table #cc4 ,,table #cc4--;,crude naphthalene3 ,united ,states production1 #aiah-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,by producers of tar ,by purchasers of tar ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,quantity ,unit ,quantity ,unit ,value value ,value value ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a1jjj ,per #a1jjj ,per pounds pound pounds pound #aiah #dj1acha1bha1ddj #j4jcb #aiai #ab1fab #cbg1bja 4#jcj #aibc #aa1hgb #bja1hbd #j1jag #da1dec #feb1adh 4#jaf #aibe #i1bci #ib1chi 4#jaj #cd1ace #eai1ggc 4#jae #aibf #g1gdg #ajj1gji 4#jac #de1aff #did1ihf 4#jaa #aibg #h1cjc #ia1cca 4#jaa #de1bih #dgj1hjf 4#jaj #aibh #aab1ahb #adf1ahf 4#jab #ce1ahj #cie1jei 4#jaa #aibi #aai1gfa #caf1ahb 4#jaf #ai1ejb #cff1dia 4#jbj #aicj #aab1fdj #aea1fha 4#jab #ah1fag #cjd1egd 4#jbj #aica #ag1fbc #gf1bbi 4#jaj #ac1caa #aii1ffe 4#jae #aicb #ad1fcb #da1fij 4#ji #h1ifa #abe1dec 4#jad #aicc #af1fah #ff1aha 4#jaj #bd1jjc #cfj1jdj 4#jae #aicd #aaj1gdc #aci1ffe 4#jac #bg1agi #dhi1bbb 4#jah #aice #aab1icg #afh1ahe 4#jac #cd1gaf #fbd1hij 4#jah #aicf #acg1eeb #fjj1hcf 4#jaf #ea1ihd #a1aie1fcb 4#jbc #aicg #afj1giga1bae1idb 4#jbj #ee1ahb #a1ede1ajj 4#jbh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------- ,total production -------------------------------- ,quantity ,unit ,value value -------------------------------- #a1jjj ,per pounds pound #aiah #dj1acha1bha1ddjj4jcb #aiai #ab1fab #cbg1bja 4#jbf #aibc #ec1cbe #hec1igb 4#jaf #aibe #dc1cgd #fab1afb 4#jad #aibf #eb1iac #eie1fie 4#jaa #aibg #ec1fja #efb1acg 4#jaj #aibh #dg1cfb #eda1bde 4#jaa #aibi #ci1bfc #fhb1fgc 4#jag #aicj #ca1beg #def1bee 4#jae #aica #bj1icd #bge1hid 4#jac #aicb #ac1eic #afg1adc 4#jab #aicc #cj1fba #dbf1bba 4#jad #aicd #cg1ibb #fbh1hhg 4#jaf #aice #dg1fec #gic1jge 4#jag #aicf #hi1ecf #a1gif1dfh 4#jbj #aicg #aae1igi #b1ffg1ebb 4#jbc -------------------------------- #a ,crude and refined4 ,refined naphthalene included here is probably small so that the figures here and those for total production are substantially accurate4 ,source3 ,bureau of ,mines and ,u4,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,refined naphthalene is obtained from domestic crude1 imported crude1 and recently from petroleum cracking and hydrogenation4 ,table #cd shows the annual production and sales of refined naphthalene since #aiaf4 ,the difference between the figures for the quantity produced and that sold represents the amount used by refiners in the manufacture of other products4 ,,table #cd4--,refined naphthalene3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aiag-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,production ,sales ,year ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,quantity ,value ,value ,quantity ,value ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,per #a1jjj #a1jjj ,per pounds dollars pound pounds dollars pound #aiag #ce1cdc #b1ccd #j4jg #aiah #bh1aab #b1afc 4#jh #aiai #ag1fbe #a1afa 4#jg #aibj #cj1bca #b1cji 4#jh #aiba #ac1eed #ac1ahc #gda #j4jef #aibb #ag1dbj #ad1jfj #gid 4#jeg #aibc #bh1ahd #ba1hga #a1bga 4#jeh #aibd #ae1cbd #aa1ifa #fjc 4#jej #aibe #ag1eha #ab1ejh #faj 4#jdi #aibf #ah1jgb #ab1def #egf 4#jdf #aibg #ba1bcc 7#a7 #aibh #bd1iib 7#a7 #aibi #ca1add #ba1abj #a1jbg 4#jdi #aicj #ca1ief #bj1aga #idi 4#jdg #aica #cd1iei #ba1bfj #hbi 4#jci #aicb #be1hbe #ah1hgg #ghc 4#jda #aicc #db1gjh #bh1feh #a1jfe 4#jcg #aicd #ch1gcj #ba1beg #a1ajj 4#jeb #aice #df1efd #bh1gfa #a1bab 4#jdb #aicf #eb1fid #cj1dii #a1hda 4#jfj #aicg #eb1aid #bi1feg #a1hic 4#jfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,not publishable4 ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,organization of the industry4--,there are #aj domestic producers of crude naphthalene1 operating #eb tar-distilling plants in the following ,states3 ,ohio 7#g71 ,pennsylvania 7#f71 ,illinois and ,new ,york 7#e each71 ,alabama1 ,minnesota1 and ,new ,jersey 7#c each71 ,missouri1 ,rhode ,island1 ,wisconsin1 ,utah1 ,west ,virginia 7#b each71 and ,michigan1 ,massachusetts1 ,maryland1 ,kentucky1 ,oregon1 ,connecticut1 ,tennessee1 ,indiana1 ,virginia1 and ,washington 7#a each74 ,although these plants do not all recover naphthalene as such1 they are equipped to recover a crude mixture of naphthalene and tar acids for shipment to a central extracting and refining plant4 ,the principal producing plants are located in ,pennsylvania 7#b71 ,new ,jersey 7#b71 ,illinois 7#a71 ,indiana 7#a71 and ,west ,virginia 7#a74 ,the purchasers of tar produced #gg percent of the total output of crude naphthalene in #aice and #eh percent in #aicf4 ,there are #h producers of refined naphthalene located in the following ,states3 ,new ,jersey 7#c71 ,pennsylvania 7#b71 ,california1 ,indiana1 and ,ohio 7#a each74 ,trend of production4--,although the ,united ,states is the largest producer of coal tar1 the limited demand for the main products of tar distillation 7creosote oil and pitch7 has tended to restrict the amount distilled1 thereby reducing the output of naphthalene and the tar acids to a point where the domestic output was not sufficient to meet our requirements4 ,as a result1 large quantities of these products have been imported4 ,in #aicf we produced #efj million gallons of coal tar1 containing from #djj million to #ejj million pounds of naphthalene4#ag ,in the same year we distilled about #cjj million gallons of tar1 containing #bcj million to #bgj million pounds of naphthalene1#ag and our actual recovery of crude naphthalene was #hi1ecf1jjj pounds4 ,early in #aice the price of crude naphthalene was about #a4e cents per pound or #ae cents per gallon1 at which level there was little incentive to isolate it from the various fractions of tar distillation4 ,late in #aice and in #aicf a serious shortage in naphthalene prevailed1 largely because of increased demand by synthetic resin makers but also because of restrictions on exports from certain ,european countries4 ,the price of the crude then advanced in domestic markets to from #b4e to #c cents per pound1 with the demand greatly exceeding the supply4 ,between #aicj and #aicf the apparent consumption of crude naphthalene 7production plus imports7 increased from #ei million to #abi million pounds1 or more than #ajj percent4 ,during the same period production increased from #ca million to #hi million pounds2 and imports increased from #bg million pounds in #aicj to #dh million pounds in #aice but declined to #dj million pounds in #aicf4 ,domestic producers of naphthalene are increasing their output1 and they state that continued prices of #b4e to #c cents per pound for naphthalene solidifying at about #ge ,c4 or slightly higher will stimulate production sufficiently to meet all present and near-future requirements4 ,estimates obtained in the summer of #aicf from the large tar distillers and a petroleum refiner indicate that production was appreciably greater in #aicg than in #aice4 ,these estimates included the potential output of two new tar distillation plants under construction1 the topping of large quantities of tar 7hitherto used as fuel without removing any of the products71 the recovery of appreciable quantities of naphthalene by several petroleum refiners1 and increased output by other producers4 ,imports of crude naphthalene in #aicg amounted to #eb1ffd1bgg pounds valued at #a1acc1aeg1 or #b4b cents per pound4 ,world production4 ,the output of naphthalene in the principal producing countries1 in #aicc and #aice1 is shown in table #ce4 ,most of these statistics were estimated from the output of tar or of other distillation products given in official reports of the countries or in consular reports4 ,the figures in table #ce indicate that the output in #aice was an increase of about #ajj million pounds over #aicc or #da percent4 ,notwithstanding this sharp increase in world production1 consumers had difficulty in obtaining their requirements4 ,it is believed that the world output in #aicg substantially exceeded that in #aice4 ,,table #ce4--,naphthalene 7all grades73 ,world production1 by countries1 #aicc and #aice ,in thousands of pounds -------------------------------- ,country #aicc #aice -------------------------------- ,germany #aji1adh #ade1ecj ,great ,britain #de1gejaee1jjj ,,united ,,states #cj1fbj #dg1fec ,france #cj1jjjacc1jjj ,netherlands #aae1jjjaae1jjj ,belgium #aa1jbeabe1jjj ,czechoslovakia #f1hce #aj1hje ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #aaj1jjjaae1jjj ,poland #ae1jjj #ah1jjj ,spain #aa1bej #ab1jjj ,italy #ab1ejj #ac1jjj ,canada #ab1jjj #ac1jjj ,total #bfi1abh #cfb1ihh -------------------------------- #a ,estimated4 ,source3 ,official statistics of the several countries and consular reports4 ,germany4--,germany is the largest producer of naphthalene and the third largest producer of coal tar4 ,with increased production of coal tar and intensive efforts to recover the maximum of naphthalene there has been a larger output of naphthalene in recent years1 but increased consumption has created a scarcity in ,germany as in all other important producing countries4 ,as a result1 greatly reduced quantities are available for export1 a situation that is in marked contrast to earlier periods when superabundant production created a marketing problem4 ,the manufacture of phthalic anhydride for alkyd resins is requiring increased quantities of naphthalene4 ,the demand for alkyd resins has been given a marked impetus by the development of a new standardized linseed oil varnish substitute known as ,el ,varnish1 the use of which is required by the ,control ,board for ,industrial ,fats in ,germany for certain interior and exterior painting 7see p4 #gg74 ,increased requirements for other important purposes such as intermediates1 dyes1 black pigments1 and explosives have also contributed to the scarcity of naphthalene4 ,in order to conserve domestic supplies1 the ,reich ,government1 from ,december #aice until late in #aicg prohibited its export without special permit4 ,the prospect of continued strong domestic demand apparently will curtail for an indefinite period the quantities available for export4 ,the international scarcity of naphthalene resulted in a sharp increase in its price in ,germany as elsewhere4 ,the export embargo augmented the domestic ,german supply1 although a shortage still existed and large consumers found it difficult to secure adequate amounts4 ,the shortage of foreign exchange greatly curtailed imports of naphthalene from nearby countries4 ,the ,german ,government issued a decree requiring that beginning ,july #a1 #aicf1 the entire national output of coal tar should be delivered to plants equipped for the recovery of tar products distilling up to #bdj ,c4 7naphthalene boils at #bah ,c474 ,this measure assured maximum recovery of benzol1 toluol1 xylol1 solvent naphtha1 phenol1 cresol1 xylenol1 other tar acids1 and naphthalene4 ,the decree contemplated an official list of distillation units1 and all tar producers were required to report to the official trade control board for mineral oil their monthly output1 quantities distilled1 and quantities delivered to other distillation plants4 ,german production1 imports1 exports1 and apparent consumption of naphthalene are shown in table #cf4 ,production increased from #ajh million pounds in #aibh to #adf million pounds in #aice2 imports decreased from #i to #d million pounds2 exports decreased from #dh to #bb million pounds2 and apparent consumption increased from #fi to #abh million pounds in the same years4 ,,table #cf4--,naphthalene3 ,german production1 imports1 exports1 and apparent consumption1 #aibh-cg ,in thousands of pounds ---------------------------------------- --- ,year,production,imports,exports ,apparent consumption#a ---------------------------------------- --- #aibh #ajh1agc #i1dga #dh1ccb #fi1cab #aibi #abd1cfb #h1jcb #ci1gci #ib1fee #aicj #ajc1aid #c1hib #cd1fad #gb1dgb #aica #ib1afi #b1djc #ci1jgg #ee1die #aicb #ij1fbf #ieb #bi1gbj #fa1heb #aicc #aji1adh #g1dhc #ca1hdb #hd1ghc #aicd #acb1cjj #h1fda #ce1jdd #aje1hia #aice #ade1ecj #d1bdf #bb1afi #abg1fjc #aicf 7#b7 #dic #h1aec 7#b7 #aicg 7#b7 #cc #bd1iff 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- --- #a ,production plus imports1 minus exports4 #b ,not available4 ,sources3 ,consular reports 7production72 ,der auswartige ,handel 7imports and exports74 ,imports of naphthalene into ,germany in past years have been supplied by nearby countries1 notably the ,saar 7which became an integral part of ,germany in ,february #aice71 ,belgium1 ,czechoslovakia1 ,poland1 the ,soviet ,union1 and others4 ,the ,united ,states has been the most important foreign market for ,german naphthalene1 taking from #ej to #ge percent of the total quantity exported4 ,other important buyers were ,belgium1 ,italy1 ,japan1 and ,france4 ,table #ib 7see p4 #add7 shows the quantity and value of imports and exports by countries in recent years4 ,great ,britain4--,the recovery and distillation of coal tar in ,great ,britain is highly developed4 ,the annual output of tar1 principally gas-works tar1 is somewhat smaller than in the ,united ,states1 although the quantities distilled for the recovery of separate components exceed the quantities distilled in the ,united ,states4 ,in #aice the tar distilled in ,england and ,wales totaled #ccj million gallons and in ,scotland1 #ca million gallons1 or a combined total of #cfa million gallons as compared with about #bhj million distilled in this country4 ,production of naphthalene in ,great ,britain is shown in table #cg4 ,,table #cg4--,naphthalene3 ,production in ,great ,britain1 in specified years --------------------- ,year ,production --------------------- #a1jjj pounds #aibd #ac1gcj #aicj #da1djj #aicc #de1gej #aicea #ee1jjj #aicfa #gj1jjj ------------------- #a ,estimated4 ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,table #ch shows exports of naphthalene from ,great ,britain in recent years4 ,the ,united ,states has been the best customer1 in most recent years taking #ej percent or more of the total exported4 ,our imports from ,great ,britain have been entirely crude naphthalene1 duty-free4 ,imports of naphthalene into ,great ,britain are not shown separately in official statistics4 ,it is known that the ,netherlands exported small quantities to ,great ,britain in #aibi and #aicc4 ,,table #ch4--,naphthalene3 ,exports from the ,united ,kingdom ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,quantity ,value ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,year ,to all countries ,to ,united ,states ,to all ,to ,united--------------------------------- --- countries ,states ,pounds ,dollars#a ,pounds ,dollars#a sterling sterling ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj pounds pounds #aibh #e1acb 7#b7 #bj1fjg #ajj1bgh 7#b7 7#b7 #aibi #i1ahe #d1cab #cb1cdh #aeg1aaj #ab1eeh #fj1iic #aicb #aa1acb #g1ead #bf1hfi #id1bje #ad1bgd #ej1jdf #aicc #ad1gah #aj1dhj #ch1agb #afa1gbh #ai1fjd #hc1jei #aicd #aa1iee #f1dib #ce1bbf #agg1ead #ac1jbe #fe1fcg #aice #ad1dij #g1iii #di1ici #bdd1ghi #ah1dac #ij1bef #aicf #bf1ccb #ac1dab #abj1cgb #eih1ceg #df1aeh #bbi1ddg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,conversion to dollars at annual average quotations of the ,federal ,reserve ,board4 #b ,not available4 ,source3 ,the ,trade of the ,united ,kingdom1 #aibi and #aicf4 ,belgium4--,the distillation of coal tar is one of the oldest and most important branches of the ,belgian chemical industry4 ,approximately #ij batteries of byproduct-coke ovens1 with a total of #c1jjj ovens are in operation4 ,practically all of the coal tar produced in these operations is distilled for the recovery of the several products4 ,the output of naphthalene is shown in table #ci4 ,,table #ci4--,naphthalene3 ,belgian production1 #aibh-ce --------------------- ,year ,quantity --------------------- #a1jjj pounds #aibh #bf1jjj #aibi #bf1ejj #aicj #bd1bjj #aica #bb1jjj #aicc #ab1jjj #aicea #be1jjj ------------------- #a ,estimated4 ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,belgian imports and exports of naphthalene1 by countries1 are shown in tables #ic and #id 7see pp4 #adf1 #adg74 ,belgium is a net importer of crude naphthalene and a net exporter of refined naphthalene4 ,in #aicg1 it imported #i million pounds and exported #f4g million of crude2 it imported only #ai thousand pounds and exported #ad million pounds of refined4 ,czechoslovakia4--,the annual output of naphthalene in ,czechoslovakia is shown in table #dj4 ,,table #dj4--,naphthalene3 ,czechoslovak production1 in specified years1 #aibh-ce ------------------ ,year ,quantity ------------------ #a1jjj pounds #aibh #e1gcc #aicj #f1agd #aica #b1bje #aicb #a1edc #aicc #f1hce #aicd #i1jdj #aice #aj1hje ----------------- ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,france4--,naphthalene is produced in ,france by a number of manufacturers1 most of whom consume their production in their own factories4 ,the ,french output is said to be insufficient to meet domestic requirements4 ,estimated production is given as approximately #cj million pounds annually4 ,appreciable quantities are imported from nearby countries4 ,imports from ,belgium in recent years average between #a million and #c million pounds4 ,poland4--,production of crude naphthalene in ,poland is shown in table #da4 ,,table #da4--;,crude naphthalene3 ,polish production1 #aibh-cf ------------------ ,year ,quantity ------------------ #a1jjj pounds #aibh #d1gjh #aibi #e1beg #aicj #c1ibe #aica #c1dhf #aicb #c1gjd #aicc #d1gie #aicd #g1gje #aice #e1jba #aicf #b1hcf ------------------ ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,the ,netherlands4--,statistics of production are not available4 ,exports in recent years1 however1 have averaged about #aj million pounds annually4 ,it is believed that the production of crude naphthalene exceeds #ae million pounds a year4 ,table #ie 7see p4 #adh7 shows ,netherland imports and exports of naphthalene by countries in recent years4 ,imports in #aicg amounted to #b million pounds and exports to #ae million pounds4 ,canada4--,statistics of production are not available4 ,the annual output of crude naphthalene is estimated at #b to #c million pounds4 ,imports of refined naphthalene are usually about #a million pounds 7see table #if1 p4 #aej74 ,exports are probably small1 although in #aibi and #aicd those to the ,united ,states alone were over #a million pounds4 ,the ,soviet ,union4--,statistics of production of naphthalene in the ,soviet ,union are not available4 ,the annual output has been estimated at #aj million pounds in #aicc and #ae million pounds in #aice4 ,exports have increased substantially in recent years1 those to the ,united ,states from #a million pounds in #aicd to #f million pounds in #aice4 ,exports to ,germany were #cfa thousand pounds in #aicc2 #a million pounds in #aicd2 and #eca thousand pounds in #aice4 ,japan4--,japanese production of naphthalene has been small compared with the output of other tar products4 ,the output of crude naphthalene in #aicd was reported to have been #cha thousand pounds4 ,expansion of the byproduct coking industry in ,japan and ,manchuria has increased the production of coal tar1 byproduct ammonia1 and benzol4 ,japan has imported large quantities of naphthalene in recent years1 principally from ,germany and ,belgium4 ,the increased consumption in ,europe may so reduce supplies from these sources as to cause ,japan to increase the recovery at home4 ,japanese imports of naphthalene from principal sources1 are shown in table #ig 7see p4 #aej74 ,in #aicf1 #ab4f million pounds were imported4 ,united ,states imports4 ,rates of duty4--,prior to ,september #h1 #aiaf1 all grades of naphthalene were imported free of duty4 ,since that time crude naphthalene has remained free but refined naphthalene has been subject to the tariff treatment shown in table #db4 ,,table #db4--,naphthalene3 ,rates of duty upon imports into the ,united ,states1 #aiaf-ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,rate of duty ----------------------- ,period ,authority ,crude ,refined ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf ,free ,free ,free under par4 #deb of the act of #aiac and under previous acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to do4 #ae percent ad ,revenue ,act of #aiaf4 ,sept4 #h1 #aiba4 valorem and #b cents per pound4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiba1 to do4 #ae percent ad ,emergency ,tariff ,act of ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 valorem and #aiba4 7,title ,v1 #b cents prohibited imports for per pound4 #c months except when not obtainable in sufficient quantities or on reasonable terms as to quality1 price1 and terms of delivery74 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to do4 #ee percent ad ,crude1 free under par4 #aedi ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 valorem and and refined dutiable #g cents under par4 #bg of the per pound4#a ,tariff ,act of #aibb4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to do4 #dj percent ad ,ad valorem rate on refined ,june #ag1 #aicj4 valorem and reduced as provided for #g cents in ,tariff ,act of #aibb4 per pound4#a ,june #ah1 #aicj1 to do4 do4 ,crude1 free under par4 #afea ,apr4 #cj1 #aice4 and refined dutiable under par4 #bg ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,may #a1 #aice1 to-- do4 #bj percent ad ,refined reduced under valorem and trade agreement #c cents with ,belgium4#b per pound4#a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a ,ad valorem based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value4 #b ,generalized to all countries which do not discriminate against ,united ,states products4 ,under the ,tariff ,act of #aicj1 crude naphthalene is on the free list#ah and refined naphthalene is dutiable at #g cents per pound and #dj percent ad valorem on the basis of ,american selling price1 since it is competitive with refined naphthalene produced in this country4#ai ,under the trade agreement with ,belgium1 effective ,may #a1 #aice1 the duty on refined naphthalene was reduced to #bj percent#bj ad valorem and #c cents per pound on imports from that country4 ,under the ,trade ,agreements ,act this reduction applies also to imports from all other countries which do not discriminate against commerce of the ,united ,states4 ,in ,july #aich ,germany was the only one not receiving the reduced rate1 exports from that country being subject to the rates specified under the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,import statistics4--,table #dc shows imports of crude naphthalene 7solidifying at less than #gi ,c47 and table #dd of refined naphthalene 7solidifying at or above #gi ,c47 ,the unit invoice values of imports of refined naphthalene in #aibd1 #aibf1 #aibg1 #aibh1 and #aice indicate that the imported product was probably not naphthalene as recorded but one of its derivatives provided for elsewhere in paragraph #bg4 ,,table #dc4--;,crude naphthalene 7solidifying at less than #gi ,c473 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 in specified years1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,calendar year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value ,value per pound ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a1jjj pounds #aiai ,free #c1bci #ib1bfe #j4jbh #aibj do4 #ae1jab #ecj1bai 4#jce #aibc do4 #bj1iib #ege1gjb 4#jbg #aibd do4 #e1bfg #if1dia 4#jah #aibe do4 #a1ihj #bf1eic 4#jac #aibf do4 #f1ifc #abf1jhh 4#jah #aibg do4 #f1egf #aca1dcf 4#jbj #aibh do4 #ai1ibf #ceg1fgi 4#jah #aibi do4 #ce1jjg #eih1gah 4#jag #aicj do4 #bg1ffg #cig1bib 4#jad #aica do4 #cj1iga #cah1egh 4#jac #aicb do4 #bg1jjb #bcd1eeg 4#jji #aicc do4 #db1ghf #dea1jai 4#jaj #aicd do4 #dg1iie #ffi1chc 4#jad #aice do4 #dh1dee #fdc1bdi 4#jac #aicf do4 #ci1hjf #ghe1cif 4#jbj #aicga do4 #eb1ffd #a1acc1aeg 4#jbb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #dd4--,refined naphthalene 7solidifying at or above #gi ,c73 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 in specified years1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,computed ,calendar year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value ,unit ad value valorem rate ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,pounds ,percent #aiai #ae percent #b cents #g1fej #chdj4jej #fd4h per pound #aibj do4 #c1fig1efbdaf1agb 4#aab #cg4b #aibc #ee percent #g cents #i1fje #aid 4#jbj #dja4f per pound #aibd do4 #d1edi #a1adg 4#beb #hb4h #aibe do4 #aibf #dj percent #g cents #dbd #abe 4#bie #fc4g per pound #aibg do4 #ah1ffh #c1jgg 4#afe #hb4e #aibh do4 #bg #f 4#bbb #ga4e #aibi do4 #aicj do4 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag do4 ,june #ah-;,dec4 #ca ,none #aica do4 #aicb do4 #aicc do4 #aicd do4 #ff #f 4#jia #aaf4g #aice do4#a #ii #ca 4#cac #fb4d #aicf #bj percent #c cents #cj #bj 4#ffg #ej4e per pound#b #aicgc do4#b #e1jee #a1jhe 4#bae #cf4c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,from ,germany4 ,no imports under trade agreement rate4 #b ,belgo-,luxemburg trade agreement rate4 #c ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,table #de shows the principal sources of our imports of crude naphthalene in recent years4 ,germany was the principal source until #aicf2 the ,united ,kingdom1 previously the next most important source1 was first in #aicf and #aicg4 ,in the last three years appreciable quantities have been received from ,poland1 ,czechoslovakia1 and the ,soviet ,union1 hitherto unimportant sources4 ,,table #de4--;,crude naphthalene 7solidifying under #gi ,c473 ,united ,states imports for consumption from principal sources1 in specified years ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,source #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,quantity in thousands of pounds ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,germany #ba1ica #ag1ddd #bj1gig #bb1bai ,belgium #b1eca #bec #d1igj #g1cad ,united ,kingdom #h1jif #aa1cci #ae1gjd #f1ifh ,poland and ,danzig #e1gff ,canada #a1dhh #cca #bbc #a1jgc ,netherlands #dd #icg #a1jib #fba ,czechoslovakia #b1ihd ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #a1jej ,all other countries #iah #ffg ------------------------------------ ,total #ce1jjg #cj1iga #db1ghf #dg1iie ------------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------------ ,germany #chb1jgh #agj1dfc #bdb1eja #cbf1fjg ,belgium #dh1ejh #b1ejf #eg1bdc #ij1dbd ,united ,kingdom #abd1dbg #abc1hij #ace1hec #gh1ifh ,poland and ,danzig #hi1jjb ,canada #bc1cdd #c1hjh #b1gbi #ah1gjc ,netherlands #fad #aa1hcg #ab1fic #h1gci ,czechoslovakia #dd1cga ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #ab1efi ,all other countries #ai1gdg #f1jgd ------------------------------------ ,total #eih1gah #cah1egh #dea1jai #ffi1chc ------------------------------------ ,value per pound ------------------------------------ ,germany #j4jag #j4jaj #j4jab #j4jae ,belgium 4#jai 4#jaj 4#jab 4#jab ,united ,kingdom 4#jae 4#jaa 4#jji 4#jaa ,poland and ,danzig 4#jae ,canada 4#jaf 4#jaa 4#jab 4#jag ,netherlands 4#jad 4#jac 4#jab 4#jad ,czechoslovakia 4#jae ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 4#jab ,all other countries 4#jbb 4#jji ------------------------------------ ,average 4#jag 4#jaj 4#jaa 4#jad ------------------------------------ ,percent of total quantity ------------------------------------ ,germany #fb4g #ef4c #dh4f #df4c ,belgium #g4b 4#h #aa4f #ae4c ,united ,kingdom #bc4a #cf4f #cf4g #ad4e ,poland and ,danzig #ab4j ,canada #d4c #a4a 4#e #b4b ,netherlands 4#a #c4j #b4f #a4c ,czechoslovakia #f4b ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #b4b ,all other countries #b4f #b4b ------------------------------------ ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,source #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------- ,quantity in thousands of pounds ---------------------------------------- ------- ,germany #ae1gdb #b1gab #ab1abi ,belgium #b1chh #b1jbe #a1iie ,united ,kingdom #aj1fhi #af1cja #ag1eid ,poland and ,danzig #e1jge #a1ifi #b1cab ,canada #gf #bee #gcd ,netherlands #a1cdd #c1gid #c1cei ,czechoslovakia #f1ifj #f1eie #f1dad ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #f1aeh #e1ade #g1jia ,all other countries #bb #a1jaj #a1jch ---------------------------- ,total #dh1dee #ci1hjf #eb1ffd ---------------------------- ,value ---------------------------- ,germany #bcj1hbj #ge1cad #bhg1ija ,belgium #ca1cge #ee1ejc #ea1bbg ,united ,kingdom #abc1ede #bgc1ifd #cdj1gfj ,poland and ,danzig #fc1iib #ce1dci #ee1ahd ,canada #a1afi #d1jic #g1ida ,netherlands #ai1gbd #aje1djd #ic1jde ,czechoslovakia #ih1jii #abj1ebi #abh1aig ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #gd1ced #ig1hae #adf1cca ,all other countries #aga #ag1cce #bb1ega ---------------------------- ,total #fdc1bdi #ghe1cif #a1acc1aeg ---------------------------- ,value per pound ---------------------------- ,germany #j4jae #j4jbh #j4jbd ,belgium 4#jac 4#jbg 4#jbf ,united ,kingdom 4#jab 4#jag 4#jai ,poland and ,danzig 4#jac 4#jah 4#jbd ,canada 4#jae 4#jaf 4#jaa ,netherlands 4#jae 4#jbh 4#jbh ,czechoslovakia 4#jad 4#jah 4#jbj ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 4#jab 4#jai 4#jba ,all other countries 4#jjh 4#jag 4#jbb ---------------------------- ,average 4#jac 4#jbj 4#jbb ---------------------------- ,percent of total quantity ---------------------------- ,germany #cb4e #f4h #bc4j ,belgium #ad4i #e4a #c4h ,united ,kingdom #bb4j #da4j #cc4d ,poland and ,danzig #aj4e #e4j #d4d ,canada 4#b 4#f #a4d ,netherlands #b4h #i4e #f4d ,czechoslovakia #ad4d #af4f #ab4b ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 #ab4g #ab4i #ac4d ,all other countries #b4e #b4j ---------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,compiled from official statistics of the ,united ,states ,department of ,commerce4 ,united ,states exports4 ,exports are not shown separately2 it is doubtful if any naphthalene is exported4 ,demand in the ,united ,states has exceeded domestic production4 ,competitive conditions4 ,the commercial development and widespread application of surface coatings and finishes made from alkyd resins1 in which phthalic anhydride and glycerin are the principal components1 has resulted in a world-wide shortage of naphthalene1 which is a raw material used in making phthalic anhydride4 ,in recent years about one-half of domestic requirements of crude naphthalene have been imported 7see table #df7 from ,europe1 principally ,germany and the ,united ,kingdom4 ,increased demand for the same purposes1 in these countries1 has so reduced the quantities available for export as to create a serious shortage in the ,united ,states4 ,germany placed an embargo on exports late in #aice and continued it until late in #aicg4 ,,table #df4--;,crude naphthalene3 ,united ,states production1 imports1 and apparent consumption in specified years ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,apparent ,percent supplied ,year ,production#a ,imports#b consumption#c by imports ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a1jjj pounds#a1jjj pounds#a1jjj pounds #aibc #ec1cbe #bj1iib #gd1cag #bh #aibg #ec1fja #f1egg #fj1agh #aa #aibi #ci1bfc #ce1jjg #gd1bgj #dg #aica #bj1icd #cj1iga #ea1ije #fj #aicb #ac1eic #bg1jjb #dj1eie #ff #aicc #cj1fba #db1ghf #gc1djg #eh #aicd #cg1ibb #dg1iie #he1iag #ef #aice #dg1fec #dh1dee #if1ajh #ej #aicf #hi1ecf #ci1hjf #abi1cdb #ca #aicgd #aae1igi #eb1ffd #afh1fdc #ca ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,from table #cc4 #b ,from table #dc4 #c ,production plus imports4 #d ,preliminary4 ,vast quantities of naphthalene potentially available in this country were not recovered because of the low prices prevailing until #aicf4 ,since then an increase in the price of crude naphthalene from #a4ee cents to #b4e cents and #c cents per pound has stimulated production and has led to additional recovery4 ,,phthalic ,,anhydride ,description and uses4 ,phthalic anhydride is an aromatic polybasic organic acid anhydride made from naphthalene by vapor phase catalytic oxidation4 ,it is marketed as white needle-shaped crystals or flakes having a melting point of #acj to #aca ,c4 and boiling at #bhd to #bhe ,c4 ,it is the cheapest and most widely used aromatic organic acid4 ,its most important use is in the manufacture of synthetic resins of the alkyd type4 ,other important uses are in dye intermediates2 in phenolphthalein2 in benzoic acid2 in dyes such as indigo1 phloxines1 rhodamines1 erythrosines2 and in esters such as dibutyl phthalate 7widely used as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose lacquers and films and of interest as a greaseless lubricant71 diethyl phthalate 7used as a perfume fixative and denaturant of alcohol71 dimethyl phthalate 7used as a plasticizer in cellulose acetate films71 and diamyl phthalate 7used as a plasticizer74 ,important new processes using phthalic anhydride as a raw material include the syntheses of anthraquinone1 substituted anthraquinones1 and benzoyl benzoic acid4 ,before the ,world ,war phthalic anhydride was made by heating naphthalene with sulphuric acid in the presence of mercury2 the sulphuric acid acted as an oxidizer1 and sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide were liberated4 ,this process was used in ,europe and in the ,united ,states to produce the small quantities of phthalic anhydride needed for the manufacture of certain dyes and intermediates4 ,it proved highly unsatisfactory as to operation2 the yield varying widely from batch to batch4 ,the sales price of the phthalic anhydride produced at that time was as high as #d4be per pound1 whereas it is #ab to #ad cents per pound today4 ,in ,september #aiaf1 ,gibbs and ,conover1 working in the ,color ,laboratory of the ,bureau of ,chemistry and ,soils1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 developed a process for the synthesis of phthalic anhydride by the direct vapor phase catalytic oxidation of naphthalene4 ,this work was done under the ,united ,states ,government's wartime investigation of the manufacture of intermediates and dyes4 ,gibbs and ,conover were granted ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1bhe1aag covering the basic process1 and the invention was assigned to the people of the ,united ,states4 ,this process revolutionized the manufacture of phthalic anhydride1 causing the market price to drop to #b4he per pound in #aiah1 to #df cents per pound in #aibj1 and to #ac cents in #aicj4 ,with each decline in price new outlets were found1 and domestic production increased practically every year1 rising from #bbg1jjj pounds in #aiah to #bc1ejj1jjj pounds in #aice4 ,by a remarkable coincidence the same basic process was developed in ,germany1 by ,alfred ,wohl1 in the laboratories of the ,interessen ,gemeinschaft ,industrie ,a4 ,g4 7,german ,i4 ,g471 at almost the same time that ,gibbs and ,conover made their discovery4 ,in #aibj ,wohl applied for a ,united ,states patent covering this process1 claiming invention in the summer of #aiaf4 ,there was some doubt whether his discovery had been made #b months earlier or #c days later than that of ,gibbs and ,conover1 but in ,july #aicd the ,united ,states ,court of ,customs and ,patent ,appeals rendered a decision in favor of the ,german inventor1 allowing ,wohl's claim filed with the ,german patent office on ,june #bh1 #aiaf4 ,therefore1 ,wohl's claim covering the air oxidization process was upheld and he was granted ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1iga1hhh1 issued ,august #bh1 #aicd and assigned to the ,german ,i4 ,g4 ,several domestic firms began commercial production of phthalic anhydride about #aiah under the patent of ,gibbs and ,conover and have since operated the process continuously4 ,such manufacturers are presumably protected from possible patent litigation and the payment of royalties under the ,wohl patent by section #c of the so-called ,nolan ,act of #aiba1 which states3 8,no patent granted or validated 444 shall affect the right of any citizen of the ,united ,states or his successor in business to continue the manufacture1 use1 or sale commenced before the passage of this ,act1 nor shall the continued manufacture1 use1 or sale by such citizen 444 constitute an infringement40 ,united ,states production4 ,table #dg shows the production and sales of phthalic anhydride from #aiag through #aicg4 ,,table #dg4--,phthalic anhydride3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aiag-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,sales ,year ,production ----------------------- ,unit value ,quantity ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pounds ,pounds #aiag #ach1heg #ach1heg #ehg1bdj #d4bc #aiah #bbg1dad #bbg1dad #fdh1fej #b4he #aiai #bij1fgg #bij1fgg #bij1jcg 4#ii #aibj #gif1baj #gif1baj #cfb1dca 4#df #aiba #bjb1dga #bjb1dga #gi1afb 4#ci #aibb #a1fbi1ahb #a1cag1fbe #dfa1idd 4#ce #aibc #b1cdc1hjb #b1jia1ajj #eif1ejh 4#bi #aibd #b1ghg1cjh #b1bgg1jgc #eef1bfe 4#bd #aibe #c1ijj1ccb #c1efj1dbi #gja1hdj 4#bj #aibf #d1cgi1ajh #c1ddf1age #fjd1idi 4#ah #aibg #d1edi1hbj #d1jfd1dgf #fhf1idf 4#ag #aibh #f1jcj1hed #e1dde1dcb #hhh1aef 4#af #aibi #i1afh1idf #g1dej1jcg #a1adg1iec 4#ae #aicj #f1fic1jja #e1fad1jab #gbd1iji 4#ac #aica 7#a7 #aicb #f1bei1jjj #e1fie1jjj #ffc1jjj 4#ab #aicc #ad1jge1hdd #aa1eic1gaf #a1bga1hhg 4#aa #aicd #bj1fhj1cgi #ac1eaa1bec #a1ege1ghg 4#ab #aice #bc1dba1eeh #ag1ica1ffb #b1aje1acd 4#ab #aicf #ca1bdd1cgh #bb1ije1hgc #b1hbd1dga 4#ab #aicg #de1baj1ghd #ag1efe1ije #b1dib1dgc 4#ad ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,not available4 ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,there are six domestic makers of phthalic anhydride1 with producing units at ,bridgeville1 ,pa41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,deepwater ,point1 ,n4 ,j41 ,saint ,louis1 ,mo41 and ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,five of these firms have been producing in commercial quantities continuously for a number of years and it is therefore believed that these companies may continue to produce without the payment of royalties4 ,new producers using this process1 however1 might be at a disadvantage unless licensed to operate without the payment of royalties by the owner of the patent4 ,the production of phthalic anhydride has increased remarkably since the discovery of the vapor phase catalytic process of manufacture4 ,until #aibb the only large outlet was the coal-tar dye industry4 ,the development of new uses for phthalic esters1 principally dibutyl phthalate1 increased the demand during the period #aibb-bh4 ,with the drop in price of phthalic anhydride1 resins made from it and glycerin became of commercial interest and about #aibi their production began to increase sharply4 ,most of the increased output since that year is accounted for by its use in alkyd resins4 ,as previously stated1 surface coatings made from these resins are now applied to practically all 8indoor0 surfaces1 both wood and metal1 and to 8outdoor0 use on metal4 ,largely as a result of the growing popularity of surface coatings of the alkyd type the domestic production of phthalic anhydride exceeded #de million pounds in #aicg and may reach #ej million pounds in #aich4 ,this estimate is based on the present trend of consumption of alkyd resins and current use therein of phthalic anhydride4 ,should other polybasic acids be used in greater proportion the estimate would have to be revised4 ,considerable research work is being done on certain polybasic acids1 with very promising results in some instances4 ,maleic anhydride is being used commercially1 as are adipic acid1 malic acid1 and succinic acid4 ,other possibilities include such acids as citric1 tartaric1 sebacic1 fumaric1 and oxalic4 ,production in other countries4 ,phthalic anhydride is manufactured in ,germany1 ,england1 ,france1 ,italy1 and ,japan1 but no statistics of foreign production or of international trade are available4 ,the output in ,germany is known to be increasing rapidly and is believed to be the principal reason for the ,german embargo on exports of naphthalene4 ,in ,england there are two makers3 ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd41 and ,monsanto ,chemicals1 ,ltd4 ,the latter is a branch of the ,american firm of the same name4 ,in ,italy1 production was started in #aibh by the ,a4 ,c4 ,n4 ,a4 at ,cengio4 ,capacity is given as #fjj1jjj pounds annually1 and the process is essentially the same as in this country4 ,japanese production is estimated at #f million pounds a year4 ,nihon ,seuryo's plant is the principal one1 and the ,nishijima mill1 at ,osaka1 the next in importance4 ,united ,states foreign trade4 ,imports of phthalic anhydride are dutiable under paragraph #bg at #g cents per pound and #dj percent ad valorem based on ,american selling price4 ,there were practically no imports since the ,world ,war until #aicg1 when #bbc1dca pounds were imported from ,england to relieve a temporary shortage4 ,exports1 if any1 are not shown separately in official statistics4 ,competitive conditions4 ,phthalic anhydride is the cheapest polybasic organic acid and therefore the most widely used in the production of alkyd resins4 ,the rapid rise in consumption of surface coatings and finishes made from these resins presages greater demand for phthalic anhydride 7and glycerin7 in the future1 particularly if this type of outdoor finish for wood is successful4 ,the world-wide shortage of naphthalene1 with attendant sharp increases in price1 raises the question of whether there may not be partial or complete replacement of phthalic anhydride by other polybasic acids in certain types of alkyd resins4 ,the probability of such replacement seems remote unless the use of other polybasic acids1 at present much higher priced1 so improves the properties of the resins as to give a superior product4 ,approximately #ajj pounds of naphthalene are required to produce #aji pounds of phthalic anhydride4 ,naphthalene at #c cents per pound gives phthalic anhydride a raw material cost of #b4ge cents per pound as compared with #a4de cents per pound when naphthalene was #a4ee cents per pound4 ,in other words1 the increase of #a4e cents per pound in naphthalene1 meant an increase of only about #a cents per pound in the raw material cost of phthalic anhydride1 and only approximately cent per pound in the raw material cost of an alkyd resin surface coating containing about #bj-percent phthalic anhydride4 ,,polybasic ,,acids ,,other ,,than ,,phthalic ,,anhydride ,maleic acid and anhydride4 ,maleic anhydride is obtained as a byproduct in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride and as a major product by the vapor phase catalytic oxidation of benzene4 ,domestic production1 still small compared with phthalic anhydride1 has increased many fold during the past two or three years4 ,in #aicg there were three producers of maleic anhydride1 with an output totaling #b1aad1agf pounds4 ,the uses of maleic acid derivatives other than in making resins are minor4 ,malic acid and malomalic acid4 ,malic acid is widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom1 occurring especially in unripe apples4 ,commercially it is obtained by synthesis4 ,domestic production was reported for the first time in #aice4 ,malomalic acid is formed by heating malic acid4 ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1jia1fbg covers a resin made from malic acid and glycerin which will increase the toughness of phthalate resins4 ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1ffg1aih suggests the use of malomalic acid to form resins of glass-like appearance4 ,adipic acid4 ,adipic acid is made by oxidation of cyclohexanol4 ,when condensed with glycerin it yields an alkyd resin which is soft and rubbery and which does not harden when heated4 ,numerous patents have been granted on the preparation of adipic acid and its resins4 ,commercial production of adipic acid was first reported in #aice1 and the output increased in #aicf and in #aicg4 ,succinic acid and anhydride4 ,succinic acid is a white crystalline powder melting at #ahe ,c4 and boiling at #bcd ,c41 with decomposition to succinic anhydride4 ,it may be obtained by the reduction of maleic acid4 ,condensation with glycerin gives a resin tougher and more flexible than is obtained with phthalic anhydride4 ,in #aicg there were two commercial producers of succinic acid4 ,it is believed that small quantities are used in combination with phthalic anhydride in alkyd resins4 ,fumaric acid4 ,fumaric acid is a white crystalline powder obtained by the prolonged heating of or by the action of mineral acids on maleic acid4 ,fumaric acid and maleic acid are structurally identical and the former decomposes at about #bhj ,c41 forming the latter4 ,in #aicg there was one domestic maker of fumaric acid4 ,,glycerin ,description and uses4 ,glycerin 7glycerol7 is a clear1 colorless or almost colorless1 odorless1 syrupy1 hygroscopic liquid4 ,it is obtained as a byproduct of the soap and fatty acid 7oleic acid or red oil and stearic acid7 industries4 ,other sources are insignificant2 glycerin can be produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates such as molasses1 but when glycerin prices are low this process is not profitable4 ,the chief commercial grades of crude glycerin are 8soap lye0 glycerin1 a byproduct of the soap industry1 containing about #hj percent glycerin1 and 8saponification0 grade1 a byproduct of the fatty acid industry1 containing about #hh percent glycerin4 ,chemically pure grades contain about #ie percent and dynamite grades about #ih4e percent glycerin4 ,other grades include 8#cj yellow distilled0 containing about #if percent glycerin4 ,the uses of glycerin are extremely varied1 the most important being in the manufacture of alkyd resins and ester gums2 in the manufacture of nitroglycerin and dynamite2 as a moistening1 antiseptic1 and sweetening agent in tobacco2 in pharmaceutical and medicinal preparations2 and in certain soft drinks1 soaps1 and inks4 ,united ,states production4 ,the output of both the crude and the refined has increased in recent years1 reaching new highs in #aicg4 ,chemically pure glycerin constitutes about #fj percent of the total refined output and dynamite and other grades about #dj percent4 ,in the production statistics shown in table #dh1 grades such as yellow distilled are included with the dynamite grade4 ,since large soap makers refine their own crude glycerin1 the sale of crude is only a small part of the total output4 ,table #dh shows domestic production of glycerin by grades and table #di production for sale4 ,,table #dh4--;,glycerin3 ,united ,states production by grades1 in specified years1 #aiai-cg ,in thousands of pounds ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,refined ,census year ,crude #hj ------------------------------ percent basis ,chemically ,dynamite pure grade grade ,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aiai #fa1gic #cf1fic #be1fee #fb1cdh #aibj #ed1fhh #cb1hfj #ca1ega #fd1dca #aibc #ii1egi #dg1iib #eb1cfi #ajj1cfa #aibd #ie1aed #ec1bdc #cg1cfh #ij1faa #aibe #ajc1djg #ee1ddh #eb1feh #ajh1ajf #aibf #aaf1cfi #fd1dfj #di1egi #aad1jci #aibg #abh1bji #ei1abf #di1bff #ajh1cib #aibh #acj1dii #ff1dai #df1fbb #aac1jda #aibi #adj1jhj #ff1gia #eh1iha #abe1ggb #aicj #ach1fge #fi1fed #ej1igd #abj1fbh #aica #adj1jjb #gj1ebh #dc1cff #aac1hid #aicb #acc1iai #fc1fbd #da1eci #aje1afc #aicc #aai1hab #eh1ehe #de1ecd #ajd1aai #aicd #aec1aae #hj1cei #dh1eec #abh1iab #aice #ada1ahe #gd1gje #dh1fhe #abc1cij #aicf #aed1jif #he1chf #dg1ece #acb1iba #aicg #afg1hhb #ib1hhi #ea1gid #add1fhc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,source3 ,bureau of the ,census1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,commerce4 ,,table #di4--;,glycerin3 ,united ,states production for sale1 in specified years1 #aiai-ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,crude#a ,refined ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,year ,value ,value ,quantity ,value per ,quantity ,value per pound pound ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj pounds ,cents pounds ,cents #aiai #ah1bbh #b1dhb1ggi #ac4f #dg1cgg #aa1dfa1bac #bd4b #aibc #bg1ddd #c1abd1dgj #aa4d #gd1aje #ab1bad1jab #af4e #aibe #cj1gce #d1beh1cea #ac4i #id1cjc #af1iia1bac #ah4j #aibg #bg1jjj #c1idb1iia #ad4f #hi1ehe #ai1ahd1hjf #ba4d #aibi #bh1gij #b1ceh1jca #h4b #aac1adj #ab1gae1fda #aa4b #aica #bg1ecj #a1fgc1gcc #f4a #ajb1eaj #aj1caf1cdg #aj4a #aicab #be1ifd #a1eea1egc #f4j #aja1fae #aj1bbb1hej #aj4a #aicc #bb1afa #a1aia1jjj #e4d #ajg1hec #g1iae1jjj #g4c #aice #bd1jdb #b1cff1dha #i4h #aba1bfb #ab1ihd1fhd #aj4g #a ,by chemical and soap manufacturing plants only4 #b ,adjusted for comparison with #aicc4 ,source3 ,bureau of the ,census1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,commerce4 ,crude glycerin is produced by about #bjj soap makers and by about #ab producers of fatty acids4 ,soap factories are located in more than half the ,states1 the principal ones being in ,ohio1 ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 ,new ,jersey1 ,illinois1 ,california1 and ,pennsylvania2 the fatty acid plants are located in five or six ,states1 ,ohio being of chief importance4 ,most of the smaller producers sell their output of crude glycerin4 ,refiners of glycerin are few in number compared to the producers of crude4 ,the larger soap plants refine their own crude glycerin and in addition purchase crude from other plants for refining4 ,the process of recovering glycerin consists of chemically treating weak glycerin solutions separated from the soap or fatty acids1 and then concentrating and distilling under reduced pressures4 ,the average yield is less than #aj percent but varies from about #i to #ab percent1 depending upon the kinds of oils and fats used4 ,when prices are high every effort is made to recover the maximum yield of glycerin2 when prices are low1 cost of chemical treatment and distillation makes it advisable to allow more glycerin to remain in the soap or to discard the weak solutions4 ,production in other countries4 ,as in the ,united ,states1 glycerin is produced in foreign countries1 as a byproduct of the soap and fatty acid industries4 ,the ,united ,kingdom1 ,germany1 and ,france1 and recently the ,soviet ,union1 are the leading producers4 ,the output in each of these countries is estimated to be less than a third of the output in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,british ,census of #aicj reports the production of crude glycerin in the ,united ,kingdom at #dd million pounds4 ,authentic statistics on production in other leading countries are not available1 but most estimates show lower figures than for the ,united ,kingdom4 ,in some ,european countries the normal production of soap results in more glycerin than can be utilized4 ,international trade4 ,france is the principal net exporter of crude glycerin and the ,united ,kingdom of refined glycerin4 ,the ,netherlands1 ,germany1 and ,france are also net exporters of refined glycerin4 ,the international trade of certain of the more important producing countries in crude and refined glycerin is shown in table #ej4 ,,table #ej4--;,glycerin3 ,imports and exports of principal countries1 #aica and #aicc-cg ,in thousands of pounds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- -- ,imports,exports,imports,exports,imports ,exports ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,crude3 ,,united ,,states#a #h1ghb 7#b7 #d1ihh 7#c7 #ac1gbb 7#c7 ,united ,kingdom #a1gjb #b1ffb #d1ggh #b1iea #dgb #b1hbe ,germany #d1abj #b1cac #e1bcb #b1ici #d1gdf #a1eii ,france #a1bfi #g1ifb #dbf #c1dhh 7#b7 ,netherlands #e1acc #hei #c1jbg #b1cjj #b1fje #c1gif ,refined3 ,,united ,,states #a1iff #cbh #b1ggf 7#c7 #b1bad 7#c7 ,united ,kingdom #b1eai #i1ibf #hbb #ai1hcd #bcj #ai1acd ,germany #ajb #aj1jib #eg #c1efb #bbd #c1hah ,france #agh #c1ihi #aji #a1bdf #ea #ab1bdi ,netherlands #fah #h1ccg #a1add #f1fbj #a1jjh #e1iee ,belgium #ecd #geh #a1aic #dbi #a1bjf #b1cfj ---------------------------------------- -- #aice #aicf #aicgd ---------------------------------------- -- ,imports,exports,imports,exports,imports ,exports ---------------------------------------- -- ,crude3 ,,united ,,states#a #d1jib 7#b7 #h1fhf 7#b7 #aj1aga 7#b7 ,united ,kingdom #a1aai #b1cfe #b1cbb #c1jgj 7#b7 7#c7 ,germany #d1jia #cbf #h1bdg #abb #ac1efg #egh ,france #hfb 7#b7 #a1agf 7#b7 #afd 7#b7 ,netherlands #e1dda #d1iab #g1ahe #e1fdd #i1abg #f1hfe ,refined3 ,,united ,,states #fi #c1ced #c1ddh #a1adf #g1ece #a1cge ,united ,kingdom #b #ae1jcb #ab1iia 7#c7 #af1jbi ,germany #ajh #a1ega #cj #a1aee #ga #ajj ,france #d #ab1aah #aj #i1bfi #i #ag1gej ,netherlands #fid #e1eaf #gci #h1hhe #ejj #aj1ifa ,belgium #iih #a1ide #ahh #a1iha #fea #a1heh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a ,imports from ,cuba and the ,philippines not included in the ,united ,states statistics4 ,these imports1 consisting of crude glycerin1 averaged about #b1bjj1jjj pounds annually for the period #aica-cg4 #b ,included1 if any1 with refined4 #c ,not separately reported4 #d ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,official statistics of each country4 ,united ,states imports4 ,under the ,tariff ,act of #aibb1 paragraph #dc1 imports of crude glycerin were dutiable at #a cent per pound and refined glycerin at #b cents per pound4 ,the ,tariff ,act of #aicj1 paragraph #db1 carries the same rates4 ,imports of crude glycerin from ,cuba enjoy a preferential rate2 they were dutiable at #j4h cent per pound up to ,september #c1 #aicd1 and at #j4d cent per pound thereafter4 ,under the trade agreement with the ,netherlands1 effective ,february #a1 #aicf1 the rate on refined glycerin was reduced from #b cents to #a cents per pound 7 cent plus regular rate on crude1 but not more than #a cents74 ,under the trade agreement with ,france1 effective ,june #ae1 #aicf1 the rate on crude glycerin was reduced from #a cent to #j4h cent1 which automatically further reduced the rate on refined glycerin to #a 7approximately #a4dg7 cents per pound4 ,the rates under these last two trade agreements are generalized to all countries which do not discriminate against our commerce4 ,the amount of glycerin supplied by imports has greatly declined4 ,prior to the ,world ,war1 imports of crude glycerin ranged from #cj million to #dj million pounds annually4 ,after the war imports were less and after #aibi declined to comparatively small quantities1 except in #aicd4 ,imports of refined glycerin were relatively unimportant until #aibd1 except in #aibj4 ,they amounted to almost #aa million pounds in #aibf1 but declined thereafter4 ,some of the imports are reexported with benefit of drawback4 ,in #aicj1 #a1jjf1afd pounds of imported crude glycerin and #cif1gib pounds of imported refined were thus reexported1 chiefly in the refined grades4 ,corresponding figures in #aicb and #aicc were #aig1cca and #aaa1gec pounds of crude1 and #dj1jaa and #aj1jef pounds of refined4 ,statistics of imports other than from ,cuba and the ,philippines are given in table #ea4 ,table #eb shows imports of crude from ,cuba and table #ec imports of crude from the ,philippines4 ,,table #ea4--;,glycerin3 ,united ,states imports#a for consumption #aiai-bj and #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,quantity1 ,computed ,calendar year ,rate of #a1jjj ,value ,unit value ad valorem duty pounds rate1 percent ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,crude ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aiai #a cent per #c1efd #dag1ggd #j4aag #h4e pound #aibj do #bb1bgbb1iab1dcj 4#aca #g4g #aibc do #ad1abja1chb1bdi 4#jih #aj4b #aibd do #ac1feia1dac1eic 4#ajc #i4g #aibe do #ah1fbdb1afa1dac 4#aaf #h4f #aibf do #bf1gbic1hdi1bbb 4#add #f4i #aibg do #ac1fffb1jbf1age 4#adh #f4g #aibh do #c1hhi #bhb1fae 4#jgc #ac4h #aibi do #ac1fha #ghf1eih 4#jeh #ag4d #aicj do #aj1jbb #egg1djf 4#jeh #ag4d #aica do #h1ghb #ddf1hig 4#jea #ai4g #aicb do #c1ieb #ade1cbi 4#jcg #bg4b #aicc do #d1ihh #agf1jhj 4#jce #bh4c #aicd do #ac1gbb #icb1chi 4#jfh #ad4g #aice do #d1jib #cec1ibe 4#jhf #aa4d #aicf ,various#b #h1fhf #icf1cab 4#ajh #g4g #aicgc do #aj1agaa1gaf1cea 4#afi #d4h ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,refined ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aiai #b cents per #ci #d1dga 4#aad #ag4e pound #aibj do #e1chba1agj1jcj 4#bag #i4b #aibc do #ehf #gf1iid 4#aca #ae4b #aibd do #a1eja #bbi1hig 4#aec #ac4a #aibe do #b1jdd #cje1gif 4#aej #ac4d #aibf do #aj1hcib1cbh1icf 4#bae #i4c #aibg do #h1bhia1fig1ccj 4#bje #i4h #aibh do #d1bah #dej1bdg 4#ajg #ah4g #aibi do #e1ceh #dhi1ege 4#jia #ba4i #aicj do #c1acg #bfe1jic 4#jhe #bc4g #aica do #a1iff #adj1ige 4#jgb #bg4i #aicb do #b1cdh #adb1cei 4#jfa #cc4j #aicc do #b1ggf #aff1iia 4#jfj #cc4b #aicd do #b1bad #bjh1ihi 4#jid #ba4b #aice do #fi #h1bgg 4#aba #af4f #aicf ,various#b #c1ddg #eid1jcf 4#agb #h4e #aicgc do #g1ecea1hbg1ahi 4#bdb #f4b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,does not include products of ,cuba 7duty less #bj percent7 and the ,philippine ,islands 7free74 #b ,for changes in rates1 see p4 #aje4 #c ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #eb4--;,crude glycerin3 ,united ,states imports 7for consumption7 from ,cuba1 in specified years1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,computed ,calendar year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value ,unit valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a1jjj pounds ,percent #aiai cent per pound #bdibg1jbc #j4ajh #g4d #aibj do #aci #ba1ida 4#aeh #e4a #aibc do #dbi #dg1dch 4#aaa #g4b #aibd do #gfh #he1iga 4#aab #g4b #aibe do #fbd #gc1ech 4#aah #f4h #aibf do #hceacd1hic 4#afb #e4j #aibg do #a1aaiagj1gbc 4#aec #e4b #aibh do #fij #dh1ifc 4#jga #aa4c #aibi do #iba #fj1aeh 4#jfe #ab4b #aicj do #hdc #ec1ije 4#jfd #aica do #a1aga #fg1gji 4#jeh #ac4h #aicb do #a1bcb #ej1adg 4#jda #ai4g #aicc do #a1baf #ef1gcg 4#jdg #ag4b #aicd ,various#a #a1agh #ib1fib 4#jgi #aice cent per pound #b1eeabbh1jaa 4#jhi #d4e #aicf do #b1afjbcj1cdj 4#ajg #c4h #aicgb do #b1dggcha1fhc 4#aed ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,trade agreement of cent per pound1 effective ,sept4 #c1 #aicd4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #ec4--;,crude glycerin3 ,united ,states imports 7for consumption7 from ,philippine ,islands #aibe-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,calendar year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a1jjj pounds #aibe ,free #af #a1dah #j4jhi #aibf do #ie #ab1aae 4#abh #aibg do #aei #ah1bfa 4#aae #aibh do #ccg #bd1cbg 4#jgb #aibi do #bej #af1gif 4#jfg #aicj do #bgi #ah1hje 4#jfg #aica do #ahj #aj1iic 4#jfa #aicb do #aih #i1aej 4#jdf #aicc do #bfh #ad1jgh 4#jeb #aicd do #aha #ad1ihd 4#jhc #aice do #a1egi #gd1gih 4#jdg #aicf do #cjd #cb1gjh 4#ajh #aicga do #gicade1cdh 4#ahc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,france has usually been the principal source of imports of crude glycerin1 but since #aice ,cuba has ranked first4 ,cuban imports enter at a preferential rate of duty 7#j4h cent per pound on crude until ,september #c1 #aicd1 when it was reduced to #j4d cent74 ,receipts from the ,philippines are duty-free4 ,imports by countries for recent years are given in table #ih1 page #aea4 ,the ,netherlands has generally been the chief source of imports of refined glycerin1 although the ,united ,kingdom was first in #aicd and #aice and ,france first in #aicg4 ,imports by countries for recent years are given in table #ii1 page #aeb4 ,united ,states exports4 ,exports of glycerin are insignificant compared with production and are small compared with imports4 ,they go chiefly to ,mexico and ,canada1 and1 at times1 also to ,cuba1 the ,philippines1 and ,chile4 ,geographic propinquity is probably the principal factor accounting for these exports1 although it is possible that some exports are destined to foreign branch factories of an ,american company for making dynamite4 ,crude and refined grades were not separately distinguished in export statistics1 but it is known that exports consist principally1 if not entirely1 of the refined4 ,in #aicc and #aicd glycerin exports were not reported4 ,statistics of exports are given in table #ed4 ,,table #ed4--;,glycerin3 ,united ,states exports1 in specified years1 #aiai-cg ------------------------------------- ,year ,quantity ,value ,unit value ------------------------------------- ,cents per ,pounds pound #aiai #c1ifc1cib #a1aij1ihd #cj4j #aibj #a1gdb1gjh #dbi1aaf #bd4f #aibc #a1gfg1djg #cah1gfe #ah4j #aibd #a1dae1hhb #bcg1fci #af4h #aibe #a1cfg1aia #bhb1jgh #bj4f #aibf #gfg1fih #aib1bbj #be4j #aibg #fic1add #adc1gjj #bj4g #aibh #b1jea1icg #bei1ajj #ab4f #aibi #a1cgc1fje #aig1ihf #ad4d #aicj #fjg1fij #ajb1hib #af4i #aica #cbh1adc #dh1jie #ad4g #aicb #bfj1cci #bh1fji #aa4j #aicc 7#a7 7#a7 #aicd 7#a7 7#a7 #aice #c1cec1fbe #dej1bdh #ac4d #aicf #a1adf1jbf #ahb1eib #ae4i #aicgba1cge1jcf #cch1adh #bd4f ------------------------------------- #a ,not reported separately4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,competitive conditions4 ,glycerin occurs in chemical combination in animal and vegetable oils and fats4 ,since it is obtained as a byproduct1 the output is dependent primarily upon the output of the major products1 soaps and fatty acids1 and its production is largely independent of demand4 ,at low prices1 however1 less glycerin is recovered4 ,the ,united ,states usually consumes more glycerin than it produces 7see table #ee71 whereas leading ,european producing nations produce more than they consume4 ,in recent years the domestic production has apparently been approaching domestic requirements4 ,a factor tending to decrease demand is the increasing resort to substitutes in various uses1 particularly ethylene glycol1 ethyl alcohol1 and methyl alcohol4 ,on the other hand1 the demand in the resin industry is expanding rapidly4 ,,table #ee4--,refined glycerin3 ,united ,states production1 imports1 exports1 and apparent consumption1 in specified years ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,year ,production#a;,imports#b;,exports#c ,apparent consumption#d ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds #aibg #ajh1cib #h1bhi #fic #aae1ihg #aibi #abe1ggb #e1ceh #a1cgd #abi1geg #aica #aac1hid #a1iff #cbh #aae1eca #aicb #aje1afc #b1cdh #bfj #ajg1bej #aicc #ajd1abj #b1ggf 7#e7 #ajf1hie #aicd #abh1iab #b1bad 7#e7 #aca1abf #aice #abc1cij #fi #c1ced #abj1aje #aicf #acb1ibb #c1ddg #a1adf #ace1bbc #aicgf 7#e7 #g1ece #a1cge 7#e7 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a ,from table #dh 7refined basis74 #b ,from table #ea 7refined74 #c ,from table #ed 7grade not specified1 but chiefly refined74 #d ,production plus imports minus exports4 #e ,not available4 #f ,preliminary4 ,up to #aibd 7except #aibj7 imports consisted principally of crude glycerin1 much of which was refined in the ,united ,states and included in ,united ,states production2 thereafter imports of refined glycerin became important relative to the crude4 ,exports are insignificant compared to either production or imports4 #ag4 ,,raw ,,materials ,,for ,,tar-,,acid ,,resins ,the first tar-acid resins were made from phenol and formaldehyde4 ,as a result this group of resins is frequently spoken of as phenolic resins4 ,this is true despite the fact that coal-tar acids other than phenol1 particularly the cresols and xylenols1 are used in large volume today4 ,,the ,,tar ,,acids ,the term coal-tar acids is applied to certain organic compounds either obtained from or known to be present in coal tar4 ,probably the best known is phenol or carbolic acid1 produced in large quantities in the ,united ,states and abroad4 ,others of commercial importance are ortho1 meta1 and para cresol and the xylenols4 ,all of these are definite chemical compounds available as such or in mixture with other tar acids4 ,cresylic acid is a term widely used in commerce for almost any mixture of tar acids4 ,formerly it was used to designate a mixture of ortho1 meta1 and para cresols in the proportions in which they are found in coal tar4 ,the higher boiling tar acids 7listed in table #ef below the xylenols7 have little or no commercial importance at this time4 ,table #ef lists the tar acids by commercial name1 chemical name1 boiling point of the pure compound1 and average percentage present in coal tar4 ,boiling point is shown because the several tariff classifications covering tar acids under the acts of #aibb and #aicj 7pars4 #bg and #afea7 depend upon distillation range 7boiling points7 for classification and assessment of duty 7see pp4 #aai and #abd74 ,,table #ef4--,tar acids3 ,commercial and chemical names1 boiling points and average percentage present in coal tar ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,average ,commercial name ,chemical name ,boiling percent in point ,c coal tar ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,phenol ,phenol #aha4e #j4g ,orthocresol #b-methyl phenol #aij4h 4#d ,metacresol #c-methyl phenol #bjb4h 4#d ,paracresol #d-methyl phenol #bja4h 4#c #b-c ,xylenol #b-c-;dimethyl phenol #bah4j #b-d ,xylenol #b-d-;dimethyl phenol #baa4e #b-e ,xylenol #b-e-;dimethyl phenol #baa4e 4#b #b-f ,xylenol #b-f-;dimethyl phenol #bab4j #c-d ,xylenol #c-d-;dimethyl phenol #bbe4j #c-e ,xylenol #c-e-;dimethyl phenol #bbj4j ,ortho ethylphenol #b-;ethyl phenol #bjf4e ,meta ethylphenol #c-;ethyl phenol #bag4j ,para ethylphenol #d-;ethyl phenol #bah4e s-methyl ethylphenol#c-methyl-#e-;ethyl phenol #bcb4e 4#e ,iso pseudocumenol #b-c-e-trimethyl phenol #bcc4j ,mesitol #b-d-f-trimethyl phenol #bai4e ,pseudocumenol #b-d-e-trimethyl phenol #bcd4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,source3 ,ellis1 ,chemistry of ,synthetic ,resins4 ,since the quantities of tar acids present in coal tar are small 7see table #ef71 it is usually uneconomical to distill coal tar completely unless the creosote oil and pitch can be marketed profitably4 ,beginning in #aicf1 production of tar acids in the ,united ,states was increased by the practice of topping4 ,topping is the recovery in tar distillation of the light fractions only1 leaving a residual thin enough to flow through the pipe lines to supply fuel to open hearth and other type furnaces4 ,these light fractions contain the naphthalene and tar acids4 ,the practice permits recovery of these products from tar to be used as fuel1 thus providing a new alternative intermediate between the two older practices of either complete distillation or using the undistilled tar as fuel4 ,in the ,united ,states1 consumption of most of the tar acids greatly exceeds the quantities extracted from tar1 necessitating large production of synthetic phenol and importation of large quantities of the cresols and xylenols4 ,the calculated amount of these tar acids present in the tar produced in this country vastly exceeds present day requirements4 ,table #eg shows the approximate amounts of the several tar acids contained in the coal tar produced and distilled in #aicf4 ,these estimates are based on a #aicf production of coal tar of #efj1che1egh gallons and a distillation of #bib1adj1bdi gallons4 ,the calculation is made by using the percentage of tar acids in tar shown in table #ef and converting the gallons to pounds in accordance with the specific weights of the pure tar acids4 ,actual production of all tar acids in the ,united ,states in #aicf was about #bi million pounds4 ,,table #eg4--,tar acids available in coal tar produced and distilled in #aicf --------------------------------------- ,available in ,available in ,tar acid tar produced tar distilled in #aicfa in #aicfb --------------------------------------- #a1jjj pounds#a1jjj pounds ,phenol #cd1iab #ah1bjj ,orthocresol #ai1bgg #aj1jej ,metacresol #ai1bgg #aj1jej ,paracresol #ad1bij #g1dej ,xylenols #aj1bjj #e1caf ,others #be1bjj #ac1bij --------------------------------------- #a #efj1che1egh gallons4 #b #bib1adj1bdi gallons4 ,the several tar acids are discussed in detail under the following heads3 7a7 ,phenol4 7b7 ,the cresols1 xylenols1 and cresylic acid4 7c7 ,synthetic tar acids other than phenol4 ,,phenol ,description and uses4 ,phenol 7commonly called carbolic acid7 is a tar acid obtained from two sources3 7a7 ,from one of the fractions recovered in the distillation of coal tar1 a byproduct resulting from the manufacture of coke in byproduct ovens1 and from the manufacture of coal gas2 7b7 from benzol1 by synthesis4 ,the second source has been the more important since #aibc4 ,phenol1 when pure1 is a colorless substance of interlaced or separate needle-shaped crystals with a characteristic aromatic odor4 ,it is corrosive to the skin and to mucous membrane4 ,when pure it is water white1 melts at about #db ,c41 and boils at about #aha4e ,c4 ,it was discovered in #ahcd by ,runge4 ,phenol is used today chiefly as a component of tar-acid resins4 ,it is also widely used as an antiseptic and disinfectant1 in the manufacture of explosives 7picric acid and ammonium picrate71 and as an intermediate for certain dyes and medicinals4 ,salicylic acid and its derivatives--aspirin1 salol1 and methyl salicylate 7artificial oil of wintergreen7--are important medicinals made from phenol4 ,another use is in the extraction of lubricating oils4 ,the relative importance of these various uses in recent years is indicated by table #eh1 which gives the estimated domestic consumption of phenol by uses in #aicf-cg4 ,,table #eh4--,phenol3 ,estimated consumption by industries1 #aicf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------- ,use ,percent of total consumption ---------------------------------------- ------- ,synthetic resins #fj-fe ,extraction of lubricating oil #e ,insecticides and disinfectants #aj ,dyes and intermediates #e ,other #ae-bj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,united ,states production4 ,prior to #aiad ,united ,states production of phenol averaged about a million pounds a year and was entirely the natural product obtained from distillates of coal tar4 ,increased demand during the ,world ,war was met by several synthetic phenol processes1 which utilized in part the vast quantities of benzol available4 ,our output of phenol reached #fd million pounds in #aiag and #ajg million pounds in #aiah4 ,when the armistice was signed stocks on hand in the ,united ,states totaled between #ce million and #dj million pounds1 estimated at three times the annual consumption at that time for nonmilitary purposes4 ,as a result the price dropped from about #de cents to #f cents a pound1 and the synthetic plants were closed4 ,the limited quantities of phenol available to synthetic resin makers prior to and during the ,world ,war caused much concern to that industry and led to research work for substitutes1 work resulting in the development of many new and modified types of resins in which tar acids other than phenol were used4 ,but notwithstanding the use of these other tar acids the increased demand for synthetic resins used up the accumulated stocks of phenol sooner than was expected4 ,of the phenol produced in the ,united ,states from #aiai through #aibc a large part was natural phenol but the rapid increase in demand and the improvement of processes for synthetic phenol had by #aibc resulted in four companies beginning production of the synthetic article4 ,the rapid increase in output1 from about #c million pounds in #aibc to about #ae million pounds in #aibe1 was almost entirely in synthetic phenol4 ,since then a large part of the domestic production has continued to be synthetic1 although the production of natural phenol since #aice has been about four times that of #aibi4 ,adequate quantities of coal tar are usually available to produce sufficient natural phenol to meet a substantial part of our requirements1 if it were all recovered1 but the quantity actually produced is determined in part by the demand for other coal-tar products1 and in part by the value of the tar as fuel4 ,more than #ej percent of the tar produced has been burned as fuel1 principally at the coke ovens or nearby steel mills4 ,the domestic production and sales of phenol1 natural and synthetic combined1 are shown in table #ei4 ,,table #ei4--,phenol3 ,united ,states production and sales1 in specified years1 #aiah-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,production ,sales ,ratio of sales ,census year------------------------------------ ---- to total ,quantity ,quantity ,value ,unit value production ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj ,percent pounds pounds dollars #aiah #ajf1gid #ajf1gid #cg1bgj #j4ce #aiai #a1edd #a1edd #aef 4#aj #aibc #c1caa #b1ahj #eij 4#bg #ff #aibe #ad1gcd #h1ebd #a1gga 4#ba #eh #aibf #h1fia #e1dhj #ihh 4#ah #fc #aibg #h1jda #d1eie #fhd 4#ae #eg #aibh #aj1bbg #g1gdf #iab 4#ab #gf #aibi #bd1agh #ai1ici #b1bdh 4#aa #hc #aicj #ba1adg #ag1gae #a1igf 4#aa #hd #aica #ag1iha #ad1jjb #a1ddf 4#aj #gh #aicb #ac1ife #ab1aha #a1bfi 4#aj #hg #aicc #cc1bbj #bg1ibc #b1hha 4#aj #hd #aicd #dd1ice #cf1bda #c1hhg 4#aa #ha #aice #dc1dai #cd1ege #c1dca 4#aj #hj #aicf #dh1gbd #dj1idb #d1bce 4#aj #hd #aicg #fe1fij #eg1agf #f1aec 4#aa #hg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,grades produced for resins4--,increased production of phenol in recent years is largely due to the demand from makers of synthetic resins4 ,a number of grades are regularly produced for this purpose1 though it is believed that the technical grade is the principal one used in resins4 ,the several grades are as follows3 7#a7 ,,usp4--,either natural or synthetic4 ,this grade contains not less than #ih percent phenol4 7#b7 ,technical4--,various grades containing from #hj to #ie percent phenol1 of which the two most important are #hb-hd percent and #ij-ib percent4 7#c7 ,mixtures4--,containing from #cj percent to #hj percent phenol and the remainder of the isomeric cresols4 ,producers4--,natural phenol is obtained in the distillation of coal tar and to a smaller extent in the purification of ammonia liquors in coke and gas plants4 ,in #aicg there were four producers of natural phenol with plants located at ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,follansbee1 ,w4 ,va41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 and ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,all these are tar distillers recovering creosote oil1 pitch1 cresylic acid1 naphthalene1 and other crudes from coal tar4 ,synthetic phenol is made from benzene1 either by sulfonation followed by alkaline fusion1 or by chlorination and subsequent heating under pressure with caustic soda4 ,it is produced in large quantities by two firms1 one at ,midland1 ,mich41 and the other at ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,a third producer is building a plant at ,north ,tonawanda1 ,n4 ,y41 using a process recently developed in ,germany4 ,operation of this unit will probably start late in #aich4 ,world production4 ,natural phenol is recovered in practically all ,european countries and in ,japan4 ,germany and the ,united ,kingdom are the principal producers and have also been the leading exporters4 ,synthetic phenol was made in ,germany as early as #aijj1 and during the ,world ,war4 ,plants for synthetic phenol recently installed are now in operation in ,germany1 ,great ,britain1 ,belgium1 and ,italy4 ,table #fj shows the average annual world production of phenol in recent years by countries4 ,half of the total was produced in the ,united ,states4 ,,table #fj4--,phenol3 ,estimated average annual production1 by countries1 #aicc-ce ------------------------------- ,estimated ,produced in-- annual production ------------------------------- #a1jjj pounds ,,united ,,states #da1jjj ,united ,kingdom #ah1jjj ,germany #aj1jjj ,poland #c1jjj ,japan #c1jjj ,czechoslovakia #a1jjj ,belgium #b1jjj ,france #b1jjj ,italy #a1ejj ,spain #gjj ----------------- ,total #hb1bjj ------------------------------- ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,in the ,united ,kingdom1 where tar distillation is a well developed and highly organized industry1 large quantities of gas-works tar1 rich in phenol and other tar acids1 are available4 ,prior to the ,world ,war the ,united ,kingdom was the principal source of phenol1 and of the other products of tar distillation4 ,during the war several synthetic processes of commercial importance were developed1 but they were discontinued after its close4 ,a new synthetic unit has recently been installed in ,england and is now in operation4 ,increasing consumption of phenol in synthetic resins during the last decade1 particularly in the last several years1 has changed the ,united ,kingdom from an exporter to an importer of phenol4 ,estimated consumption of phenol in the ,united ,kingdom is given as #bj million pounds annually--principally in synthetic resins1 and in lesser quantities in dyes1 intermediates1 antiseptics1 and disinfectants4 ,in ,germany the phenol recovered in #aicf amounted to about #bj million pounds1 and recently three commercial units have been installed for the production of synthetic phenol1 one with a reported daily output of #aa1jjj pounds4 ,natural phenol is also recovered in ,belgium1 ,france1 the ,netherlands1 ,czechoslovakia1 ,poland1 ,italy1 and ,spain4 ,synthetic phenol has recently been produced for the first time in ,belgium and ,italy4 ,the quantities normally produced in these countries are small and are supplemented by imports from ,great ,britain and ,germany4 ,the production of phenol in ,japan has increased rapidly and has been sufficient since #aicj to meet domestic requirements4 ,the estimated output increased from #cjj1jjj pounds in #aibg to more than #c million pounds annually in recent years4 ,the ,miike ,dyestuffs ,works is reported to be producing synthetic phenol4 ,united ,states imports4 ,rates of duty4--,prior to ,september #f1 #aiaf1 phenol was imported free of duty4 ,since that date it has been dutiable at the various rates shown in table #fa4 ,under the act of #aicj the rate of duty is #c cents per pound and #bj percent ad valorem on the ,american selling price 7the wholesale price of a similar competitive article manufactured in the ,united ,states74#ba ,,table #fa4--,phenol3 ,rates of duty upon imports into the ,united ,states1 #aiaf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,period ,rate of duty ,authority ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf ,free ,free under ,tariff ,act of #aiac and previous acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to #b cents per pound plus ,under ,revenue ,act of #aiaf4 ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 #ae percent ad valorem on foreign value4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to#g cents per pound plus ,under par4 #bg of ,tariff ,act ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 #ee percent ad valorem of #aibb2 special provision on ,american selling for first #b years4 price#a or ,united ,states value4#b ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to#g cents per pound plus ,under par4 #bg of ,tariff ,act ,nov4 #bi1 #aibg4 #dj percent ad valorem of #aibb1 rate provided on ,american selling for period after the price#a or ,united first #b years4 ,states value4#b ,nov4 #cj1 #aibg1 to #c cents per pound plus ,by ,presidential proclamation ,june #ag1 #aicj4 #bj percent ad valorem following a cost of on ,american selling production investigation price#a or ,united under sec4 #cae of ,tariff ,states value4#b ,act of #aibb4 ,june #ah1 #aicj #c cents per pound plus ,under par4 #bg 7b7 of ,tariff #bj percent ad valorem ,act of #aicj4 on ,american selling price#c or ,united ,states value4#d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a ,as defined in subdivision 7f7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act of #aibb4 #b ,as defined in subdivision 7d7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act of #aibb4 #c ,as defined in subsection 7g7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act of #aicj4 #d ,as defined in subsection 7e7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv1 act of #aicj4 ,import statistics4--,imports for consumption are shown in tables #fb and #fc4 ,table #fb shows imports of phenol or carbolic acid and table #fc imports of 8all distillates of tars yielding below #aij ,c4 an amount of tar acids equal to or more than #e percent40 ,imports under the latter classification prior to #aibh were probably chiefly phenol4 ,phenol imports consist entirely of the natural product4 ,,table #fb4--,phenol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiaj-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,computed ,year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value ,unit valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pounds ,percent #aiaja;,free #d1ejg1ficbge1fjj #j4jfa #aiaaa do #d1cga1jad #bfe1ghj 4#jfa #aiaba do #e1fhf1gjd #eba1deg 4#jib #aiaca do #h1cde1fca #fhh1gga 4#jhc #aiada do #h1cic1baf #eca1ece 4#jfc #aiaea do #c1ajf1dde #agi1fhe 4#jeh #aiafa7b7 #b1bdf1bef #aed1hda 4#jfi #aiagaae percent #b cents #bfe1eai #ag1afh 4#jfe #ec4g per pound #aiah do #bhc1ccg #fb1dig 4#bba #bf4c #aiai do #b1jfa #bfd 4#abh #cd4e #aibj do #a1jdj #bdd 4#bce #be4h #aiba do #bej #adb 4#efh #ai4d #aibb 7#c7 #bhj1bbd #cj1dad 4#aji #ch4j #fi1caj #af1ajb 4#bcj #he4a #aibc #ee percent #g cents #abf1fah #ba1chi 4#afi #if4d per pound #d #aibd 7#e7 #agf1jha #df1ghf 4#bff #ha4d #aibe #dj percent #g cents #bef1abf #eh1ieh 4#bcj #gj4d per pound #d #aibf do #bah1dcg #dg1cea 4#bag #gb4c #aibg 7#f7 #ejj #ajj 4#bjj #ge4j #aibh #bj percent #c cents #a1fec #bih 4#ahj #ci4d per pound #d #aibi do #dcc1che #dd1bbf 4#ajb #ed4c #aicj do #ejj #aae 4#bcj #ci4d #aica do #b1cfe #fci 4#bgj #cc4j #aicb do ,none #aicc do #c1ddj #fda 4#ahf #ch4h #aicd do ,none #aice do #b1fje #baa 4#jha #fc4j #aicf do #ga1dbi #h1cjb 4#aaf #ej4a #aicgg do #cb1bch #c1gfg 4#aag #ej4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,fiscal year4 #b #ae percent ad valorem and #b cents per pound effective ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf4 #c #ee percent ad valorem and #g cents per pound1 effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb4 #d ,ad valorem based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value under acts of #aibb and #aicj4 #e ,ad valorem reduced to #dj percent effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd4 #f ,duty reduced to #bj percent ad valorem and #c cents per pound effective ,nov4 #cj1 #aibg4 #g ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #fc4--;,all distillates of tar yielding below #aij ,c4 an amount of tar acids equal to or more than #e percent3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiah-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,computed ,calendar ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value,unit valuead valorem year rate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pounds ,percent #aiah #ae percent #b cents #a1eejb1jjh #a4cj #af4ic per pound #aiai do #c1agj #d1ehg #a4de #af4gc #aibj do #he1dgdcf1jda 4#dbb #bj4ic #aiba do #af1bdjaa1haa 4#gbg #ah4dc #aibb 7#a7 #cej1gfddb1iab 4#abb #df4bg #aibc #ee percent #g cents #bde1aaicj1cbh 4#abd #aaa4eh per pound#b #aibd 7#c7 #ffb1ichdi1chj 4#jgd #acd4dc #aibe #dj percent #g cents #beb1chbae1dda 4#jfa #aed4da per pound#b #aibf do #a1ajb #e1bcf #d4ge #da4dg #aibg 7#d7 #b #af #h4jj #dj4hh #aibh-cg ,none ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a #ee percent ad valorem and #g cents per pound1 effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb4 #b ,ad valorem based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value under acts of #aibb and #aicj4 #c ,ad valorem reduced to #dj percent1 effective ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd4 #d ,duty reduced to #bj percent ad valorem and #c cents per pound1 effective ,nov4 #cj1 #aibg4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,united ,states exports4 ,exports of phenol have not been separately shown in official statistics since #aibd4 ,in that year they went chiefly to ,panama1 ,japan1 ,cuba1 and ,mexico4 ,table #fd shows exports from #aiah to #aibd1 inclusive1 as furnished by the ,department of ,commerce4 ,,table #fd4--,phenol3 ,united ,states exports1 #aiah-bd --------------------------------- ,year ,quantity ,value ,unit value --------------------------------- ,pounds #aiahf1dgg1hdab1fff1fcd #j4dab #aiaia1bdc1hda #cfc1gdd 4#bib #aibjb1aea1dge #chh1jdg 4#ahj #aiba #bdi1feh #ce1iid 4#add #aibb #bbc1adf #bc1bbc 4#ajd #aibc #bcb1hcj #cd1chi 4#adh #aibd #ea1cfd #h1jaf 4#aef --------------------------------- ,source3 ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,appreciable quantities of phenol have been exported in recent years to ,japan and ,china1 and to ,great ,britain and other ,european countries4 ,export statistics1 collected by the ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission from the several domestic producers1 show the following quantities exported in recent years4 ,,table #fe4--,phenol3 ,united ,states exports1 #aicd-cf ------------------------------- ,year ,quantity ,value ,unit value ------------------------------- ,pounds #aicdb1fbb1ijjcbi1bfi #j4abf #aiceb1iba1hce #cbb1icc 4#aaa #aicfa1beh1bdd #adh1eja 4#aah ------------------------------- ,source3 ,data obtained by the ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission through questionnaires4 ,in #aicd1 the principal destinations in order of importance were ,china1 ,italy1 and ,canada2 in #aice ,germany1 ,china1 ,japan1 and ,belgium2 and in #aicf ,china1 ,belgium1 and the ,netherlands4 ,competitive conditions4 ,before the ,world ,war our average annual consumption of phenol was #e million pounds1 of which about #hj percent was imported from ,great ,britain and ,germany4 ,these countries produced phenol in excess of their consumption1 and phenol was on the free list in the ,united ,states4 ,in ,september #aiaf phenol became dutiable4 ,the demand was increasing rapidly because of the use of phenol in the manufacture of picric acid1 an explosive4 ,to meet the wartime demand at home and abroad large scale production of synthetic phenol sprang up in the ,united ,states4 ,but the end of the war not only shut off the largest part of the demand but left the producers with large stocks on hand4 ,the price dropped sharply and the production of synthetic phenol ceased4 ,since #aibb there has been a gradually increasing demand for phenol in the ,united ,states1 chiefly for use in the manufacture of synthetic resins1 and production has increased to meet this demand as shown in table #ff4 ,,table #ff4--,phenol3 ,united ,states production1 imports1 exports1 and apparent consumption in specified years1 #aiah-cg ,in thousands of pounds ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,year,production#a;,imports#b;,exports#c ,apparent consumption#d ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aiah #ajf1gid #bhe #f1dgh 7#e7 #aiai #a1edd #e #a1bdd 7#e7 #aibc #c1caa #cgb #bcc #c1dej #aibe #ad1gcd #iai 7#f7 7#g7 #aibf #h1fia #bbj 7#f7 7#g7 #aibg #h1jda #a 7#f7 7#g7 #aibh #aj1bbg #b 7#f7 7#g7 #aibi #bd1agh #dcc 7#f7 7#g7 #aicj #ba1adg #a 7#f7 7#g7 #aica #ag1iha #b 7#f7 7#g7 #aicb #ac1ife 7#f7 7#g7 #aicc #cc1bbj #c 7#f7 7#g7 #aicd #dd1ice #b1fbc #db1cab #aice #dc1dai #c #b1ibb #dj1ejj #aicf #dh1gbd #ga #a1beh #dg1ecg #aicg #fe1fij #cb 7#f7 7#g7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,from table #ei4 #b ,from tables #fb and #fc4 #c ,from tables #fd and #fe4 #d ,production plus imports minus exports4 #e ,not calculated because of importance of stocks on hand4 #f ,not available4 #g ,not available because of absence of export figures4 ,exports probably negligible up to #aibi2 substantial in #aicc4 ,the manufacture of synthetic phenol was revived about #aibc4 ,imports were quite small as compared with production1 especially after #aibg4 ,at first this was probably due primarily to the protection given by the duty which had been increased in #aibb4bb ,but with the increase in volume of production in the ,united ,states the price decreased and since #aicc the ,united ,states producers have enjoyed a substantial export business4 ,it may therefore be doubted that in recent years there would have been any substantial imports even if phenol had been free of duty4 ,,the ,,cresols1 ,,xylenols1 ,,and ,,cresylic ,,acid ,reference to table #ef1 page #aji1 will show that1 as distillation of coal tar proceeds and the temperature of distillation is increased1 the phenol fraction is followed in order by the three cresols and then by the six xylenols4 ,each of these tar acids is a definite chemical compound with definite physical properties4 ,consideration of them as raw materials for synthetic resins is complicated by the fact that they are generally used in mixtures and that the commercial term1 cresylic acid1 applied to many of these mixtures has no definite relationship to the precise chemical terminology4 ,yet since the term cresylic acid is so widely used in commerce1 since the tariff provides for imports under that name1 and since the statistics available are in part in terms of cresylic acid and in part in terms of cresols and xylenols it is impossible to present the complete picture on the basis of the correct chemical terminology4 ,description and uses4 ,the cresols4--,the cresols are isomeric tar acids obtained from coal tar by fractional distillation4 ,their combined content averages about #a percent of domestic coal tar4 ,the total cresol content is divided in about the following proportions3 #dj percent metacresol1 #ce percent orthocresol1 and #be percent paracresol4 ,the cresols are marketed in a number of types and grades including mixtures of ortho1 meta1 and para2 mixtures of meta and para2 separated ortho1 meta1 and para2 and also in mixtures with phenol and the xylenols4 ,metacresol 7chemically1 #c-methyl phenol7 is a colorless to yellow liquid with a phenol-like odor4 ,when pure1 it melts at #aa ,c41 boils at #bjb4h ,c41 and has a specific gravity of #a4jc4 ,it is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins1 photographic developers1 explosives1 disinfectant soaps1 paint and varnish removers1 to remove ink from newsprint1 to soften and reclaim rubber1 and in intermediates for dyes and perfume materials4 ,orthocresol 7chemically1 #b-methyl phenol7 is a colorless1 crystalline product with a phenol-like odor1 melting at #cj ,c41 boiling at #aij4h ,c41 and having a specific gravity of #a4jd4 ,it is used in the manufacture of coumarin 7flavor71 antiseptics1 disinfectants1 and fumigants4 ,it is not used to any extent in synthetic resins4 ,paracresol 7chemically1 #d-methyl phenol7 is a colorless1 crystalline substance with a phenol-like odor1 melting at #ce ,c41 boiling at #bja4h ,c41 and having a specific gravity of #a4jc4 ,it is used in the manufacture of intermediates1 dyes1 disinfectants1 and fumigants1 in medicine1 and in mixture with metacresol in synthetic resins4 ,domestic production of synthetic paracresol was announced early in #aich by ,swann ,co41 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,metaparacresol is a combination of approximately #fj percent meta and #dj percent para cresol obtained in the fractional distillation of mixed cresols4 ,the ortho isomer is distilled off1 leaving a residue of metaparacresol4 ,it is widely used in the manufacture of synthetic resins4 ,cresol4--,the term cresol used without further qualification indicates a mixture of the three isomers in substantially the same proportions in which they are found in coal tar4 ,the ,united ,states ,pharmacopoeia describes cresol1 a mixture of isomeric cresols obtained from coal tar1 as a colorless or yellowish to brownish-yellow or a pinkish1 highly refractive liquid1 becoming darker with age and on exposure to light4 ,it is widely used in synthetic resins1 antiseptics and disinfectants1 and in medicine4 ,the xylenols4--,shortly after the original patents on ,bakelite resins expired extensive research was begun for raw materials that would give different properties to the resultant resins4 ,this work led to a study of the high-boiling tar acids1 and methods of recovery for some of them were commercially developed4 ,among those obtained from coal tar are the six isomeric xylenols1 methylethyl phenol1 and one of the trimethyl phenols 7see table #ef74 ,coal tar contains about #j4b percent xylenols and #j4e percent other high-boiling tar acids4 ,the principal uses for these products have been in the preparation of high-phenol coefficient disinfectants1 and recently in the replacement of phenol and cresols in synthetic resins4 ,it was found1 for example1 that #c3 #e xylenol reacts with formaldehyde faster than either metacresol or phenol4 ,numerous patents have been granted on the use of these high-boiling acids in the production of synthetic resins4 ,the xylenols1 when pure1 are colorless1 crystalline substances boiling between #baa and #bbe ,c4 ,they are usually marketed in mixtures containing from #ej to #hj percent xylenols and #bj to #ej percent cresols4 ,there is commercial production of at least one of the separated xylenols 7#c3 #e74 ,an appreciable part of our imports of crude cresylic acid and of our production of cresylic acid contains high percentages of the xylenols4 ,other high-boiling tar acids4--,the other high-boiling tar acids are ortho ethylphenol1 meta ethylphenol1 para ethylphenol1 methyl ethylphenol1 and the three isomeric trimethyl phenols4 ,several of these have been isolated from coal tar4 ,all of them1 when pure1 are crystalline compounds with boiling points ranging between #bjf and #bce ,c4 ,there has been little1 if any1 commercial production of this group up to this time4 ,they are known1 however1 to have very high phenol coefficients1 a property which would make them suitable for use in disinfectants4 ,little is known as yet concerning their application in synthetic resins4 ,cresylic acid4--,cresylic acid is a generic term now applied to mixtures of tar acids in widely varying proportions4 ,as defined in the literature and as formerly used in commerce the term identified a mixture of ortho1 meta1 and para cresols in the proportions in which they occur in coal tar4 ,this proportion is approximately #dj percent metacresol1 #ce percent orthocresol1 and #be percent paracresol4 ,but in recent years the designation cresylic acid has been applied to all sorts of mixtures of tar acids boiling above #aij ,c4 ,practically every maker of synthetic resins1 antiseptics1 and disinfectants has his own specifications for cresylic acid2 it may be any mixture in almost any proportions of the three cresols1 the six isomeric xylenols1 and the higher boiling tar acids4 ,imports of crude cresylic acid are understood to be largely xylenol mixtures containing low percentages of the cresols4 ,this loose application of cresylic acid in recent years is due to the increased commercial application of the high-boiling tar acids1 especially the xylenols4 ,under the ,tariff ,act of #aicj refined cresylic acid1 that having a purity of #ge percent or more1 is dutiable under paragraph #bg at #c cents per pound and #bj percent ad valorem based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value2 while crude cresylic acid1 that having a purity of less than #ge percent1 is free under paragraph #afea4 ,the provision in paragraph #bg reads1 8cresylic acid which on being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below two hundred and fifteen degrees centigrade1 a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than #ge per centum of the original distillate40 ,under this provision cresylic acid may include an endless number of combinations of tar acids and may or may not contain any of the isomeric cresols4 ,of the #ag or more tar acids known to exist in coal tar 7see table #ef71 only #h have boiling points above #bae ,c4 ,it would seem to be more accurate and more in line with present day usage to have the tariff drop the designation cresylic acid in favor of more definite terms based on composition1 such as cresols and cresol mixes1 xylenol and xylenol mixes1 etc4 ,about #fj percent of our consumption of cresylic acid is in synthetic resins and the remainder in the manufacture of insecticides1 antiseptics1 disinfectants1 and other coal-tar products1 such as intermediates for dyes1 plasticizers for nitrocellulose1 etc4 ,united ,states production4 ,the cresols4--,there is large production of cresol1 metaparacresol1 and orthocresol in the ,united ,states4 ,commercial production of paracresol was reported for the first time in #aicd1 and of metacresol in #aice4 ,statistics of domestic production and sales are publishable only for the year #aicd because of the small number of producers4 ,the output in that year is shown in table #fg4 ,production has increased appreciably since then4 ,,table #fg4--,meta1 ortho1 and para cresols3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aicd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sales ,type ,production --------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pounds ,pounds ,cresol #h1ibi1hcf #h1eei1jdh #egb1gch #j4jg ,metaparacresol #b1jcc1dbd #a1fib1adi #aja1cbd 4#jf ,orthocresol #hce1jaf 7#a7 7#a7 ,paracresol 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,not publishable2 figures would reveal operations of individual firms4 ,source3 ,dyes and ,other ,synthetic ,organic ,chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,the trend of domestic production of the several cresols is upward4 ,in #aicg the output of all grades and types of cresols was #ac1gde1bga pounds with sales of #ac1bea1cde pounds1 valued at #a1jga1ife4 ,the practice of topping coal tar will greatly increase the output of the cresols as well as of other tar acids and naphthalene4 ,there are five domestic producers of cresol1 three each of orthocresol and metaparacresol1 and two of metacresol and paracresol4 ,all except one of these makers recover natural phenol1 cresylic acids1 and other tar acids4 ,refining plants are located at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 and ,follansbee1 ,w4 ,va4 ,domestic production of synthetic paracresol was first announced in #aich4 ,the xylenols4--,there has been a large domestic production of mixed xylenols in recent years4 ,these mixtures1 containing from #ej to #hj percent xylenols1 are marketed as cresylic acid4 ,statistics of domestic production1 and sales are therefore included in table #fh4 ,it is estimated that the output of xylenols and xylenol mixtures in #aice exceeded #gej1jjj pounds and exceeded #a1bej1jjj pounds in #aicg4 ,at least one of the separated xylenols 7#a3 #c3 #e7 has been produced commercially in the ,united ,states since #aice1 but statistics of its production are not publishable4 ,other high-boiling tar acids4--,there was no reported domestic production of the other high-boiling acids prior to #aice and the data obtained for that year are probably incomplete4 ,estimated output was #bjj1jjj pounds in #aice1 #bej1jjj pounds in #aicf1 and #cjj1jjj pounds in #aicg4 ,these estimates are based on production of mixtures of high-boiling acids4 ,cresylic acid4--,domestic production and sales statistics for so-called crude cresylic acid are not publishable4 ,it is known1 however1 that production of the crude is small compared with our output of refined cresylic acid4 ,it is usually more economical for the producer to prepare the mixture of tar acids to the specifications of the purchaser1 rather than to leave part of the refining operations to be performed by the latter4 ,the fact that imports of cresylic acid are chiefly of crude is largely due to the different tariff treatment of crude and refined4 ,domestic production of refined cresylic acid was confined to one or two firms until #aibh1 when there were four makers4 ,statistics of production and sales are not publishable for the years prior to #aibi1 though it may be stated that the annual domestic output increased each year to supply the increased demand4 ,table #fh shows production and sales from #aibi to #aicd1 inclusive4 ,data for later years are not publishable4 ,,table #fh4--,refined cresylic acid3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,sales ,year ,production ----------------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pounds ,pounds ,per pound #aibi #ad1fja1ecd #j4aj #aicj #ag1cje1cjh #af1jbf1djg #a1bfg1aee 4#jh #aica #aj1iid1jjj #aj1cje1jjj #feb1jjj 4#jf #aicb #h1jfj1jjj #d1hje1jjj #bea1jjj 4#je #aicc #ac1hac1ida #aa1ige1dda #fbf1dif 4#je #aicd #aj1idi1hfj #i1bcj1bee #dhi1bca 4#je #aice 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicf 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicg 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,not publishable2 figures would reveal operations of individual firms4 ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,as previously stated1 the composition of cresylic acid has gradually been changed from a mixture of the isomeric cresols to mixtures of cresols1 xylenols1 and high-boiling tar acids4 ,the cresols1 formerly included under cresylic acid statistics1 are now shown separately4 ,for this reason the data in table #fh do not fully reflect the increased output of these tar acids in recent years4 ,statistics for years prior to #aica probably include all of the tar acids except phenol1 while those for subsequent years do not include the separated cresols4 ,in #aicd the production of refined cresylic acid was #aj1idi1hfj pounds1 and in addition recovery of the several cresols amounted to #aa1gih1bgf pounds making a total of #bb1gdh1acf pounds as compared with a total of #ad1fja1ecd pounds in #aibi and #ag1cje1cjh pounds in #aicj4 ,during #aicf and the first part of #aicg a serious shortage of cresylic acid existed in the domestic market owing to increased demand by synthetic resin makers4 ,the output in #aicf exceeded that in #aice and the production in #aicg was appreciably higher than in #aicf4 ,these increases are due to the recovery of appreciable quantities at several new distillation plants1 the topping of large amounts of tar hitherto not processed1 and increased production by present recovery units4 ,there are many grades of cresylic acid1 most of which are prepared by mixing or blending to individual specifications4 ,every large consumer apparently has his own specifications4 ,in addition to these special mixtures there are the following standard blends3 7#a7 ,ninety-nine percent high-boiling1 straw color4 7#b7 ,low-boiling1 straw color4 7#c7 ,special resin grade1 high-boiling4 ,there are four domestic producers of cresylic acid with recovery and refining units at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 and ,follansbee1 ,w4 ,va4 ,the last three mentioned are refining plants operated in conjunction with a number of tar distillation units widely scattered throughout the country4 ,these units usually recover crude tar-acid fractions in the distillation of tar and ship them to these refining plants for separation and refining4 ,all in this group are purchasers of coal tar4 ,the fourth producer operates a byproduct recovery unit in connection with the company's coke-oven operations4 ,part of the coal tar produced is distilled to recover the several products1 including creosote oil1 tar acids1 and naphthalene1 and the residual pitch is mixed with the remaining undistilled tar and used for fuel4 ,the shortage of tar acids and naphthalene in #aicf caused this producer to begin the topping of tar4 ,foreign production4 ,the cresols are produced in the ,united ,kingdom1 ,germany1 ,france1 the ,netherlands1 ,belgium1 and other ,european countries4 ,coal tar recovered in the ,united ,kingdom is principally gas tar1 which is much richer in tar acids than coke-oven tar1 the principal source in the ,united ,states4 ,this is true because low temperature carbonization of coal yields greater quantities of tar acids than are obtained in the tar from byproduct coke ovens4 ,exports to the ,united ,states are chiefly mixtures which can enter as crude cresylic acid4 ,production of cresol in ,germany in recent years is shown in table #fi4 ,,table #fi4--;,cresol3 ,german production1 in specified years ------------------- ,year #a1jjj pounds ------------------- #aibi #bc1had #aicaa #ae1dce #aicc #aa1ghj #aicd #aj1dgf ------------------- #a ,includes #b1hff1jjj pounds of separated ortho1 meta1 and para cresols4 ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,german imports and exports of cresol1 in recent years1 are shown in table #gj4 ,,table #gj4--;,cresol3 ,german imports and exports1 in specified years -------------------- ,year,imports ,exports -------------------- #a1jjj #a1jjj pounds pounds #aibi #b1jcg #h1did #aicj #a1bgg #f1gab #aica #a1hgd #g1ihj #aicb #a1eda #c1ffi #aicc #a1hcb #d1igj #aicd #a1ifj #f1cde #aice #b1aag #h1ebh #aicf #c1gcg #d1eca #aicg #a1ghg #d1dbc -------------------- ,source3 ,consular reports 7#aibi-cc7 and official ,german statistics 7#aicd-cg74 ,the output of cresols in ,czechoslovakia in recent years is shown in table #ga4 ,,table #ga4--;,cresol3 ,production in ,czechoslovakia1 in specified years --------------- ,year ,quantity --------------- #a1jjj pounds #aibh #a1ihd #aica #a1dgg #aicb #a1ajb #aicc #a1eii #aicd #a1iah --------------- ,source3 ,consular reports4 ,cresylic acid is recovered in all the countries of ,europe1 ,great ,britain and ,germany being the leading producers and the principal exporters4 ,increasing demand in these countries for synthetic resins made from cresylic acid has greatly reduced the quantities available for export in recent years4 ,great ,britain is probably the world's largest producer of cresylic acid1 and for many years has been the principal exporter to the ,united ,states4 ,this position is due to the large available supply of gas-house tar1 and to an ample market for all the products of tar distillation4 ,in #aice the tar distilled in ,england1 ,wales1 and ,scotland totaled #cfj million gallons1 of which #ee percent was gas-house tar4 ,british production of all grades of cresylic acid averages between #ce million and #db million pounds annually1 of which from #ab million to #bj million pounds are exported4 ,many ,british producers market their tar products through pools and associations4 ,there is a cresylic acid pool1 a phenol pool1 and at least two creosote oil export associations1 a pitch marketing association1 and a benzol association4 ,one of the principal grades of cresylic acid produced in ,great ,britain is 8,american duty-free specification40 ,table #gb shows ,british exports of cresylic acid1 by countries1 in recent years4 ,,table #gb4--;,cresylic acid3 ,british exports1 by countries1 #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,destination #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,quantity 7in thousands of pounds7 ------------------------------ ,,united ,,states #c1faf #e1ghc #f1aafaa1bif7a7 ,chile #a1cha #b1ieh #b1had #ffb7a7 ,france #ceh #hg #bad #ahi7a7 ,japan #fcb #bjc #fhe #b1jjb7a7 ,all other countries #e1dfd #f1ife #g1ccc #i1bej7a7 ------------------------------ ,total #aa1deaae1iigag1afbbc1ciibf1fig ------------------------------- ,value 7in thousands of dollars7 ------------------------------ ,,united ,,states #adg #bgg #bee #fbj7a7 ,chile #bh #hi #hg #ca7a7 ,france #ba #e #bj #ad7a7 ,japan #ch #bj #dc #aah7a7 ,all other countries #ahi #cjg #ccj #ecg7a7 ------------------------------ ,total #dbb #fih #gcd #a1cba #b1bfb ---------------------------------------- --------- #a ,not available4 ,source3 ,official ,british statistics4 ,imports into the ,united ,states4 ,rates of duty4--,prior to ,september #h1 #aiaf1 the cresols were imported free of duty4 ,since that date they have been subject to the tariff treatment shown in table #gc4 ,,table #gc4--,the cresols3 ,rates of duty upon ,united ,states imports1 #aiaf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,rate of duty ,period ---------------------------------- ,authority ,less than #ge to #ij #ij percent #ge percent percent or more pure pure pure ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf4 ,free ,free ,free ,free under par4 #deb1 ,tariff ,act of #aiac1 and under previous acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to do do #ae percent ,revenue ,act of ,sept4 #h1 #aiba4 ad #aiaf4 valorem and #b cents per pound4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiba1 to do do #ae percent ,emergency ,tariff ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 ad ,act of #aiba4 valorem ,from ,may #bh1 and #b #aiba1 to ,sept4 cents per #ba1 #aibb1 pound4 imports prohibited except when not obtainable in sufficient quantities or on reasonable terms as to quality1 price1 and terms of delivery4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to do #ee percent ad#ee percent ,free under par4 ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 valorem and ad #aedi and #g cents per valorem dutiable under pound4#a and #g par4 #bg of cents per ,tariff ,act of pound4#a #aibb4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to do #dj percent ad#dj percent ,same2 ad valorem ,june #ag1 #aicj4 valorem and ad reduced to #dj #g cents per valorem percent under pound4#a and #g provisions of cents per the ,tariff ,act pound4#a of #aibb4 ,june #ah1 #aicj1 to do do #bj percent ,free under par4 date4 and #c #afea and cents per dutiable under pound4#a par4 #bg of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,ad valorem based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value4 ,under the ,tariff ,act of #aicj metacresol1 orthocresol1 and paracresol as such or in mixture1 if less than #ge percent pure1 would be imported free under paragraph #afea4bc ,if from #ge to #ij percent1 they are dutiable under paragraph #bg at #g cents a pound and #dj percent based upon ,american selling price4#bd ,and if #ij percent pure or more1 they are dutiable under paragraph #bg at #c cents per pound and #bj percent1 based upon ,american selling price4#be ,the duties on cresylic acid in recent years are shown in table #gd4 ,under the ,tariff ,act of #aicj1 cresylic acid less than #ge percent pure is free under paragraph #afea4bc ,if more than #ge percent pure it is dutiable under paragraph #bg 7b7 at #c cents per pound and #bj percent1 based on ,american selling price4#bf ,,table #gd4--;,cresylic acid3 ,rates of duty upon ,united ,states imports1 #aiaf-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,rate of duty --------------------------- ,period ,less than ,authority #ge percent #ge percent pure pure or more ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to ,sept4 #h1 #aiaf4 ,free ,free ,free under par4 #deb of ,tariff ,act of #aiac and previous acts4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiaf1 to do #ae percent ad ,revenue ,act of #aiaf4 ,sept4 #h1 #aiba4 valorem and #b cents per pound4 ,sept4 #i1 #aiba1 to do #ae percent ad ,emergency ,tariff ,act of ,sept4 #ba1 #aibb4 valorem and #aiba4 ,from ,may #bh1 #b cents per #aiba1 to ,sept4 #ba1 pound4 #aibb1 imports prohibited except when not obtainable in sufficient quantities or on reasonable terms as to quality1 price1 and terms of delivery4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibb1 to do #ee percent ad ,free under par4 #aedi ,sept4 #ba1 #aibd4 valorem and and dutiable under #g cents per par4 #bg of the ,tariff pound4#a ,act of #aibb4 ,sept4 #bb1 #aibd1 to do #dj percent ad ,same2 ad valorem ,aug4 #ah1 #aibg4 valorem and reduced to #dj percent #g cents per under provisions of pound4#a the ,tariff ,act of #aibb4 ,aug4 #ai1 #aibg1 to do #bj percent ad ,duty reduced by ,june #ag1 #aicj4 valorem and ,presidential #c cents per proclamation4 pound4#a ,june #ah1 #aicj1 to do #bj percent ad ,free under par4 #afea and date4 valorem and dutiable under par4 #bg #c cents per of the ,tariff ,act of pound4#a #aicj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,ad valorem based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value4 ,import statistics4--,imports of the separated and mixed cresols are combined in official statistics4 ,table #ge shows imports of the cresols 8#ij percent pure or more40 ,there have been no recorded imports of less pure grades4 ,tables #gf1 #gg1 and #gh show1 by principal sources1 imports of metacresol1 orthocresol1 and paracresol1 as obtained from invoice analyses by the ,united ,states ,tariff ,commission4 ,the sum of the three tabulations does not equal the total shown for all cresols in table #ge4 ,the difference in #aicd of #ch1gdd pounds valued at #ab1ijf is accounted for by mixed cresols4 ,undoubtedly the differences in other years may be similarly accounted for4 ,,table #ge4--,metacresol1 orthocresol1 and paracresol1 #ij percent pure or more3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aibj1 and #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit ,computed ,calendar year ,rate of duty#a ,quantity ,value valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pounds ,percent #aibj #b cents per pound #b1dddb1bcjj4iab #ag4g #ae percent #aibc #g cents per pound #h1ged #e1daj 4#fah #ff4c #ee percent #aibd do #ae1cbf #a1iie 4#acj #ajh4h #g cents per pound #a1jjj #ffc 4#ffc #ej4f #dj percent #aibe do #cd1hgd #e1gda 4#afe #hb4e #aibf do #aje1bchae1jdj 4#adc #hi4j #aibg do #agd1jidce1jed 4#bja #gd4h #aibh do #bjg1higcc1fch 4#afb #hc4c #aibi do #bbg1igdcb1jih 4#ada #hi4h #aicj3 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag do #aca1acdad1igc 4#aad #aja4c ,june #ah-;,dec4 #cac cents per pound #ga1ahcaa1gfb 4#afe #da4b #bj percent ------------------------------ ,total1 #aicj #bjb1cagbf1gce 4#acb #gd4i #aica do #aea1egabf1ija 4#agg #ci4g #aicb do #hc1hdhah1ecj 4#bba #ce4h #aicc do #dh1eaaaf1bje 4#ccd #cj4e #aicd do #abd1eihcd1cfa 4#bgf #cb4g #aice do #fe1dfhah1bij 4#bgi #cb4e #aicf do #hc1bgcbg1fhf 4#ccb #cj4e #aicgb do #afg1bghcf1bbg 4#bag #cf4b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,ad valorem rate based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value under the ,tariff ,acts of #aibb and #aicj4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #gf4--,metacresol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption by principal sources1 in specified years ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,imported from #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,united ,kingdom #aac1jeg #iafae1gfiba1jed #f1ejj #f1hjj #dj1hgh ,germany #c1bce #d1dcb ,all other countries#ba1ajf #caa1jbe ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #aag1cih #iafbj1bjaba1jed #f1ejj #f1hjj #ea1ijc ---------------------------------------- ------ ,invoice value ---------------------------------------- ------ ,united ,kingdom 7#d7 7#d7e1bfdh1djjb1fdeb1ehi #f1iea ,germany 7#d7 7#d7 #a1edh ,all other countries 7#d7 7#d7 #cd1bjj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #f1hab #h1djj #b1fde #b1ehi #aa1aea ---------------------------------------- ------ ,invoice unit value ---------------------------------------- ------ ,united ,kingdom 7#d7 7#d7j4ccdj4ciij4djgj4chj #j4agj ,germany 7#d7 7#d7 4#cdi ,all other countries 7#d7 7#d7 4#cha ---------------------------------------- ------ ,average 4#ccg 4#cii 4#djg 4#chj 4#bae ---------------------------------------- ------ ,percent of total quantity ---------------------------------------- ------ ,united ,kingdom #if4cjajj4j #gh4jf #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #gh4gf ,germany #b4gf #ba4id ,all other countries #b4id #cba4bd ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #ajj4jjajj4jajj4jj #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,netherlands4 #c ,switzerland4 #d ,not available4 ,source3 ,invoice analyses1 compiled by ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,,table #gg4--,orthocresol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by principal sources1 in specified years ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,imported from-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,united ,kingdom #aje1gijgi1aihai1edhbe1heebi1abjcc1hafaa b1ajh ,germany #hb1hei #e1iad #aj #aj ,france #d1dhj ,all other countries #cj1fjj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #bai1bdihe1aabai1edhbe1hfebi1acjch1bifaa b1ajh ---------------------------------------- ---- ,invoice value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,united ,kingdom 7#b7 7#b7 #a1eiab1gjgb1ebic1aghad1idj ,germany 7#b7 7#b7 #d #d ,france #ccf ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #a1eia #b1gaa #b1ecc #c1ead #ad1idj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,invoice unit value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,united ,kingdom 7#b7 7#b7 #j4jhaj4ajej4jhgj4jid #j4acc ,germany 7#b7 7#b7 4#djj 4#djj ,france 4#jge ---------------------------------------- ---- ,average 4#jha 4#aje 4#jhg 4#jib 4#acc ---------------------------------------- ---- ,percent of total quantity ---------------------------------------- ---- ,united ,kingdom #dh4be #ic4je #ajj4j #ii4if #ii4ig #hh4cj #ajj4jj ,germany #cg4gi #f4ie 4#jd 4#jc ,france #aa4gj ,all other countries #ac4if ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #ajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jajj4jjajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,not available4 ,source3 ,invoice analyses1 compiled by ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,,table #gh4--,paracresol3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by principal sources1 in specified years ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,imported from-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- --- ,united ,kingdom #b1ehg #deh #f1igbaf1hhiaf1fbe #cb1fff #ad1cch ,netherlands #aa1bdc ,germany #h1hahaa1jbc #f1jgf ,france #ac1bbh #e #f #d ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #b1ehgaa1gja #f1igbch1icebg1fec #ch1gdh #ad1cdb ---------------------------------------- --- ,invoice value ---------------------------------------- --- ,united ,kingdom 7#b77b7 #b1febd1gigd1dheaj1gci #e1dae ,netherlands 7#b77b7 ,germany 7#b77b7 #a1iba #c1jij #c1jgi ,france 7#b77b7 #c1fbf #g #g #c ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #b1febaj1cdd #g1ehb #ac1hbe #e1dah ---------------------------------------- --- ,invoice unit value ---------------------------------------- --- ,united ,kingdom 7#b77b7 #j4chjj4bhdj4bgj #j4cbi #j4cgh ,netherlands 7#b77b7 ,germany 7#b77b7 4#bah 4#bhj 4#ejf ,france 7#b77b7 4#bgd #a4djj #a4afg 4#gej ---------------------------------------- --- ,average 4#chj 4#bff 4#bgd 4#ceg 4#cgh ---------------------------------------- --- ,percent of total quantity ---------------------------------------- --- ,united ,kingdom #ajj4j #c4ib #ajj4j #dc4ch #fj4ab #hd4cj #ii4ig ,netherlands #if4jh ,germany #bb4fe #ci4hf #ae4fh ,france #cc4ig 4#jb 4#jb 4#jc ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #ajj4jajj4jj #ajj4jajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,preliminary4 #b ,not available4 ,source3 ,invoice analyses1 compiled by ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,the processes for recovery of the cresols 7fractional distillation7 usually yield products more than #ge percent pure and most of the consumers of mixed or prepared cresols require products of high purity4 ,this explains why there are no imports less than #ge percent pure1 notwithstanding that they are duty-free under paragraph #afea4 ,under the act of #aicj cresols of #ij percent or greater purity are assessed for duty at #bj percent ad valorem and #c cents per pound while cresols #ge4a to #hi4i percent pure are assessed for duty at #dj percent ad valorem and #g cents per pound4 ,naturally1 since the duty on imports below #ij percent pure is double that on imports over #ij percent pure there are no imports of the former4 ,imports of crude cresylic acid are shown in table #gi and those of refined cresylic acid in table #hj4 ,imports by principal sources are shown in tables #ha and #hb1 for crude and refined1 respectively4 ,,table #gi4--;,crude cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aibd-cg ---------------------------------- ,year ,quantity#a ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------- ,pounds #aibd #b1cbg1ebh #aeg1fdcj4jfh #aibe #b1afc1eeg #abb1gdb 4#jeg #aibf #e1gjb1gdj #cca1eej 4#jeh #aibg #i1acf1eaf #efg1hjb 4#jfb #aibh #aj1fhg1aji #fgh1agg 4#jfc #aibi #ag1hef1gfe #ieb1aaj 4#jec #aicj #i1jji1fgd #eja1dah 4#jef #aica #d1icg1jgh #bdd1fca 4#jej #aicb #d1jgg1gjj #afd1cgi 4#jdj #aicc #e1ebc1gcc #agh1hbd 4#jcb #aicd #g1afc1eaa #bhd1jea 4#jdj #aice #f1hdi1aac #bfe1dhe 4#jci #aicf #ac1dgf1dbg #gbb1ege 4#jed #aicgb #af1cfj1baca1bai1bfh 4#jge ---------------------------------- #a ,conversion factor--#h4e pounds to gallon4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #hj4--,refined cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 in specified years1 #aiai-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,unit ,computed ,calendar year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pounds ,percent #aiai #b cents per #b1jfa #bfdj4abh #cd4e pound plus #ae percent4 #aibj do4 #a1jdj #bdd 4#bce #be4g #aibc #g cents per #b1hae #beg 4#jia #aca4g pound plus #ee percent4#a #aibd3 ,jan4 #a-,sept4 #ba do4#a #fb1hfi #ae1afi 4#bda #hd4j ,sept4 #bb-;,dec4 #cag cents per #cgh1ggg #bi1jff 4#jgg #aca4b pound plus #dj percent4#a ----------------------------------- ,total #dda1fdf #dd1bce #aibe do4#a #ih1fgb #bc1fah 4#bci #fi4b #aibf do4#a #be1icb #d1gdh 4#ahc #gh4b #aibg3 ,jan4 #a-;,aug4 #ah do4#a #a1cbb #igh 4#gdj #di4e ,aug4 #ai-;,dec4 #ca #c cents per #faj1dhh #cg1hif 4#jfb #gf4d pound plus #bj percent4#a ----------------------------------- ,total #faa1haj #ch1hgd #aibh do4#a #igf1ahj #gj1eac 4#jgb #fh4e #aibi do4#a #bb1cdc1ebiahc1cbd 4#jgh #fd4g #aicj #c cents per #a1bge1hgb #if1jdg 4#jge #ff4e pound plus #bj percent4#a #aica do4#a #cgjg1aje #db1aef 4#jfj #gh4g #aicb do4#a #dfda1hii #cg1cbf 4#jeh #hj4b #aicc do4#a #aba1fcd #i1afd 4#jge #ff4e #aicd do4#a #bc1ifd #a1dig 4#jfb #gf4j #aice do4#a #af1fjb #a1abh 4#jfh #ga4e #aicf do4#a #eab #dj 4#jgh #fd4h #aicge do4#a #df1dgi #e1abb 4#aaj #ea4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a ,based on ,american selling price or ,united ,states value4 #b ,drawback paid on #dd percent4 #c ,drawback paid on #hj percent4 #d ,drawback paid on #aje1bhe pounds4 #e ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #ha4--;,crude cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 from principal sources1 in specified years1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,imported from-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #ac1iha1beic1hji1bice1jfj1ibef1ibg1hfe ,germany #c1hgd1djja1jgc1dia #ceg1jcd #bag1ife ,netherlands #a1ajf #ed1bid #bb1jff ,all other countries #bhc1gjh #ag1fha ------------------------------------- ,total #ag1hef1gfed1icg1jghe1ebc1gccg1afc1eaa ------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #gci1che #aij1ccc #afe1ihf #bgf1ihi ,germany #bab1feb #ea1fdc #h1fff #f1bfc ,netherlands #gc #b1fee #eea ,all other countries #bc1fba #gii ------------------------------------- ,total #ieb1aaj #bdd1fca #agh1hbd #bhd1jea ------------------------------------- ,unit value ------------------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #j4jebi #j4jejj #j4jcbh #j4jdjj ,germany 4#jedi 4#jdha 4#jbdc 4#jbhg ,netherlands 4#jffj 4#jdhi 4#jbej ,all other countries 4#jdcb 4#jdeb ------------------------------------- ,average 4#jecc 4#jdie 4#jcbd 4#jcif ------------------------------------- ,percent of total quantity ------------------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #gh4c #gg4b #ia4f #if4g ,germany #ba4g #ba4g #f4e #c4j ,netherlands #a4a 4#d ,all other countries #a4e 4#c ------------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,imported from-- #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- -------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ----------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #f1gec1jjcab1cdd1ibdab1gjd1ajh ,germany #ie1gbg #fbf1hcc #b1dii1cia ,netherlands #ag1dfh ,all other countries #chccdhg1bjb #a1aef1gad ----------------------------- ,total #f1hdi1aacac1dgf1dbgaf1cfj1bac ----------------------------- ,value ----------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #bfb1acg #ffa1gha #ied1iec ,germany #c1cbe #cc1jfh #ahd1hhg ,netherlands #a1aij ,all other countries #bc #cbf1ecf #gi1dbh ----------------------------- ,total #bfe1dhe #gbb1ege #a1bai1bfh ----------------------------- ,unit value ----------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #j4jchh #j4jecf #j4jgeb ,germany 4#jcdg 4#jebh 4#jgdj ,netherlands 4#jfha ,all other countries 4#jfjb 4#jede 4#jfhg ----------------------------- ,average 4#jchh 4#jecf 4#jgde ----------------------------- ,percent of total quantity ----------------------------- ,united ,kingdom #ih4f #ia4fj #gg4fe ,germany #a4d #d4fe #ae4bh ,netherlands 4#ac ,all other countries 7#d7 #c4fb #g4jg ----------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,canada4 #c ,canada and ,france4 #d ,less than one-tenth of #a percent4 ,source3 ,compiled from official statistics of the ,united ,states ,department of ,commerce4 ,,table #hb4--,refined cresylic acid3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 from principal sources1 in specified years1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,imported from-- #aibi #aica #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- --------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------------ ,great ,britain #a1hee1hddfjd1djddef1ghcaba1fcd ,germany #bab1iahajb1gjaahe1jbh ,all other countries #bgd1gfg #hh #ejj ------------------------------ ,total #b1cdc1ebigjg1ajefda1hiiaba1fcd ------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------ ,great ,britain #add1fcjce1jdabd1fjg #i1afd ,germany #ad1fii #g1aae #ab1gad ,all other countries #bc1iie #e ------------------------------ ,total #ahc1cbd #db1aef #cg1cbf #i1afd ------------------------------ ,unit value ------------------------------ ,great ,britain #j4jgh #j4jeh #j4jed #j4jge ,germany 4#jfi 4#jfi 4#jfi ,all other countries 4#jhg 4#jeg ------------------------------ ,average #j4gh 4#jfj 4#jeh 4#jge ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,imported from-- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ---- ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------- ,great ,britain #bc1dfdaf1fjb #df1cgi ,germany #eab ,all other countries #ajj ------------------------- ,total #bc1ifdaf1fjb #eab #df1dgi ------------------------- ,value ------------------------- ,great ,britain #a1daba1abh #e1aja ,germany #dj ,all other countries #he #ba ------------------------- ,total #a1dig #a1abh #dj #e1abb ------------------------- ,unit value ------------------------- ,great ,britain #j4jfjj4jfh #j4aaj ,germany #j4jgh ,all other countries 4#agj 4#baj ------------------------- ,average 4#jfb 4#jfh 4#jgh 4#aaj ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,in #aica practically all imports of refined cresylic acid were from the ,united ,kingdom and consigned to one importer in ,new ,york4 ,in #aicb about #gc percent of the total dutiable imports were consigned to the same firm4 ,from these data and from a conference with representatives of the importer it would appear that the imports were not cresylic acid in its original meaning 7a mixture of cresols in their natural proportions71 nor in the broadened commercial meaning 7including with the cresols1 xylenols and higher boiling tar acids71 but were chiefly a product consisting largely of a single cresol separated from its two isomers4 ,treasury ,decision #dfadf1 effective ,march #aa1 #aicc1 closed the classification of refined cresylic acid to products of this type and imports thereafter under this head have been much smaller4 ,after #aibg substantial amounts of the imports were reexported with benefit of drawback4 ,the imports of crude cresylic acid are also not of the type which the domestic producer would sell by that name4 ,far from being a straight run mixture of the cresol and higher boiling tar acids1 they are usually a mixture of fractions which have been separated1 and then chosen and combined so that they will meet both the tariff requirement 7i4 e41 less than #ge percent of the total product will distill over at #bae ,c47 and the specifications of the purchasers4 ,customer's specifications are so drawn that the product will fill his special needs or can easily be broken down by fractional distillation in this country into elements1 one or more of which will be so usable4 ,thus although imported crude cresylic acid must keep within the limitations set by the tariff it approaches as nearly as possible the type of cresylic acid which1 if produced in this country1 would be termed refined1 since it was produced to meet the specifications of the consumer4 ,united ,states exports4 ,exports of the cresols and of cresylic acid are not shown in official statistics and exports of these products as such are probably negligible1 but there are appreciable exports of antiseptics1 insecticides1 and disinfectants in which they are incorporated1 as well as of products or parts of products molded of resins made from cresylic acid4 ,competitive conditions4 ,british coal tar is principally of gas-house origin and contains a higher percentage of tar acids 7cresylic acid and phenol7 than coke-oven tar1 the principal kind recovered in the ,united ,states4 ,the recovery of these tar acids from either kind of tar is usually not practicable1 unless the distiller can dispose of the major products1 creosote oil and pitch4 ,british distillers have in the past ordinarily had a market for all their products2 exporting large quantities of creosote oil to the ,united ,states1 pitch to continental ,europe1 and tar acids and naphthalene to the ,united ,states1 ,germany1 and other countries4 ,domestic distillers have sold cresylic acid1 creosote oil1 naphthalene1 etc41 in local markets in competition with duty-free imports from the ,united ,kingdom1 the ,netherlands1 ,belgium1 and ,germany1 but have found it difficult to dispose of pitch4 ,the domestic production of coal tar ordinarily exceeded #fjj million gallons1 approximately one-half of which has been burned as fuel4 ,since the profit in distilling depends upon the markets for all of the joint products of the distillation1 the large amount remaining undistilled can be understood4 ,the domestic production of cresylic acid may be expected to increase substantially1 for several reasons3 7#a7 ,the principal foreign producing countries have decreased exports because of increased demand for some of the coal-tar distillation products at home2 7#b7 increased world prices2 and 7#c7 the development of topping1 which allows the production of tar acids and naphthalene from coal tar without complete distillation4 ,imports of refined cresylic acid are unimportant because the duty on the refined is high relative to the duty-free condition of the crude4 ,most of the imports of refined are either reexported or used in the manufacture of one proprietary antiseptic4 ,the principal domestic market for cresylic acid is as a raw material for synthetic resins1 and most of the domestic refined and most of the duty-free imported crude is now consumed by this industry4 ,it may therefore be said that practically all imports of cresylic acid are duty-free and that1 while they are sometimes refined by the consumer1 they compete directly with domestic production of refined grades4 ,phenol1 already discussed1 is closely related to cresylic acid--in chemical composition1 in production by distillation from coal tar1 and in use as a raw material for synthetic resins4 ,to a considerable extent the proportions of phenol and cresylic acid used in the manufacture of tar-acid resins can be altered to take advantage of the changing price differential between the two4 ,all of the separated or mixed cresols are produced in commercial quantities in this country4 ,consumption in the ,united ,states1 especially of types and grades used in synthetic resins1 has increased appreciably in recent years1 and is supplied chiefly by domestic production4 ,a comparison of the quantity and value of domestic production and of imports in #aicd is shown in table #hc4 ,,table #hc4--,the cresols3 ,comparison of production and imports1 #aicd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,production ,imports ,product ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,quantity ,value ,unit value,quantity ,value,unit value ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,pounds ,pounds ,metacresol 7#a7 7#a7 #ba1jedh1djj #j4cii ,paracresol 7#b7 7#b7 #j4cej #ch1iceaj1cdd 4#bff ,metaparacresol #b1jcc1dbdabb1jje 4#jfj 7#a7 7#a7 ,orthocresol #hce1jaf #ff1hja 4#jhj #be1hfe #b1gaa 4#aje ,orthometapara cresol #h1ibi1hcf #fbe1jhh 4#jgj #ch1gddab1ijf 4#ccc ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #aa1gih1bgf #hac1hid #abd1eihcd1cfa ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,none1 production reported for first time in #aice4 #b ,not publishable4 ,sources3 ,production1 ,dyes and ,other ,synthetic ,organic ,chemicals in the ,united ,states2 imports1 invoice analyses1 ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 ,,synthetic ,,tar ,,acids ,,other ,,than ,,phenol ,certain synthetic tar acids other than synthetic phenol are used commercially in the manufacture of synthetic resins in the ,united ,states4 ,among these are para tertiary amyl phenol1 para tertiary butyl phenol1 ortho phenyl phenol1 para phenyl phenol1 and resorcinal4 ,para tertiary amyl phenol4 ,para tertiary amyl phenol is made by reacting amylene with phenol in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst4 ,at ordinary temperatures it is a solid1 melting at about #hh ,c4 and boiling between #bej-bfe ,c4 ,its use is of increasing importance as a component in tar-acid resins1 especially in oil-soluble varnish resins4 ,owing to its phenol coefficient of approximately #fj1 it is also used as a germicide1 fumigant1 and insecticide4 ,commercial production was reported for the first time in #aicc4 ,since then the output has increased appreciably each year1 accompanied by material reductions in sales prices4 ,according to ,united ,states ,patent ,no4 #a1hjj1bie1 dated ,april #ad1 #aica1 a resin fast to light and soluble in oils is obtained by heating #hb parts of p-tertiary amyl phenol with #ij parts of formaldehyde1 in the presence of sodium hydroxide4 ,this substituted phenol resin passes slowly into the infusible state1 thus permitting better control of the reaction4 ,para tertiary butyl phenol4 ,para tertiary butyl phenol is a white solid with an aromatic odor1 melting at approximately #ajj ,c4 ,it is a new commercial product and is used in resins for paints and varnishes4 ,it is the most important resin material in this group4 ,phenyl phenols4 ,both ortho and para phenyl phenol are commercially produced and are used to some extent in resins to replace phenol4 ,the ortho isomer is a white solid boiling at #bhd ,c4 and melting at about #ef ,c4 ,it is used chiefly as a germicide1 though small quantities are used in resins4 ,para phenyl phenol is a white solid melting at about #afe ,c4 and boiling at #cbb ,c4 ,commercial production was reported for the first time in #aicc4 ,the output has increased each year since and the selling price has gradually declined4 ,resorcinol4 ,resorcinol1 usually obtained by fusing meta benzene disulphonic acid with caustic soda1 is a colorless1 crystalline substance with a peculiar odor4 ,it melts at #aai ,c4 and boils at #bgf ,c4 ,it is used in medicine1 in the manufacture of intermediates and dyes1 and to some extent in synthetic resins4 ,resorcinol condenses with formaldehyde at such a rapid rate that some means must be applied to slow up the reaction4 ,it is used to increase the rate of condensation of tar-acid resins and to reduce the danger of sticking or undercure4 ,domestic production of resorcinol has decreased in recent years4 ,its relatively high cost is probably an important factor in limiting its use in synthetic resins4 ,,formaldehyde ,description and uses4 ,at ordinary temperature and pressure formaldehyde is a gas4 ,it enters commerce as formalin1 an aqueous solution containing #dj percent formaldehyde by volume 7#cg percent by weight7 and from #f to #ad percent methyl alcohol4 ,it is generally made by the oxidation of methyl alcohol4 ,commercial formalin contains polymers which tend to precipitate in water solution2 these are kept in solution by allowing from #f to #ad percent methyl alcohol to remain in the solution4 ,the principal use of formaldehyde is in the manufacture of synthetic resins4 ,other uses are 7in the order of their importance73 ,in the manufacture of synthetic indigo2 in the manufacture of hydrosulphite2 as a disinfectant1 deodorant1 and preservative2 as a fungicide2 in embalming fluids2 in tanning leather2 and in the manufacture of coated paper and wallpaper4 ,united ,states production4 ,the domestic output of formaldehyde has increased with the increased demand by resin makers4 ,production and sales in #aicg were more than double those in #aicj4 ,there are three domestic makers1 two of which produce methyl alcohol1 the raw material4 ,their plants are located in ,new ,jersey and ,oklahoma4 ,statistics of production and sales are shown in table #hd4 ,,table #hd4--;,formaldehyde3 ,united ,states production and sales1 in specified years ---------------------------------------- ----- ,production ,sales ,year ------------------------------------ ,quantity ,quantity ,value ,value per lb4 ---------------------------------------- --- #a1jjj #a1jjj pounds pounds #aiad 7#a7 #h1dbf #fee1agd #j4jgh #aiai #be1jjg #ai1ffd #c1ibh1cbb 4#bjj #aiba #i1feg #f1jef #fea1fha 4#ajh #aibb #bc1ieh #af1adj #a1fgf1dja 4#ajd #aibc #bd1jha #ah1hee #b1dgd1ejf 4#aca #aibd #bf1aee #bj1edb #a1iga1jec 4#jif #aibe #ca1def #bc1cib #a1hie1iac 4#jha #aibf #ca1iec #bb1eeb #b1jej1ifg 4#jia #aibg #bi1ibj #bd1eig #b1bef1ecd 4#jib #aibh #ch1gah #bg1icd #b1dia1fae 4#jhi #aibi #ea1ghf 7#b7 7#b7 #aicj #dj1gfc 7#b7 7#b7 #aica 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicb 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #aicc #eb1bcf #df1dbd #b1abb1ibe 4#jdf #aicd-cg 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- --- #a ,not available4 #b ,not publishable2 figures would disclose operations of individual firms4 ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,production in other countries4 ,formaldehyde is produced in ,england1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,czechoslovakia1 ,italy1 ,sweden1 the ,soviet ,union1 ,japan1 and ,canada4 ,production data are not available but ,germany and ,england are probably the leading foreign producers4 ,estimated productive capacity in the ,soviet ,union is given as #aj million pounds annually2 in ,japan #f4e million pounds2 in ,france #d million pounds2 and in ,italy #c million pounds4 ,united ,states imports and exports4 ,imports of formaldehyde have been negligible since #aibj when #dbh1ddd pounds1 valued at #baj1aia1 were imported4 ,there were no imports from #aibh until #aice1 when #cge pounds valued at #gb were imported from ,canada4 ,in #aicf imports amounted to #bj pounds1 valued at #ad1 from ,switzerland4 ,the ,united ,states exports about #e percent of its production of formaldehyde4 ,canada is the principal destination of exports1 and prior to #aicd ,japan was an important market4 ,table #he shows exports of formaldehyde to principal markets1 in recent years4 ,,table #he4--;,formaldehyde3 ,united ,states exports to principal markets1 in specified years1 #aibi-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,exported to-- #aibi #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------------------ ,canada #ai1cba #gaf1acba1jie1hdga1bcf1ajc ,japan #a1dfd1gfc #fbb1djg #gbi1hge #aa1bej ,netherlands ,indies #fbf1fhi #fej1hge #cdd1gbe ,united ,kingdom #cjc #cde1hif #cje ,china #bi1jcj #bbi1gfj #bae1jej #egb1gjj ,all other countries #ddh1jfc #cci1ggg #ccb1aja #dcc1jfh ------------------------------------ ,total #b1ehh1afib1ijd1hdgb1cgc1aghb1eig1hdf ------------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------------ ,canada #d1dje #cf1dga #df1faa #eh1cdh ,japan #abd1daa #cc1cie #dc1bed #efb ,netherlands ,indies #db1hjg #ch1dfb #ae1ecf ,united ,kingdom #eaj #ah1fbi #aib ,china #c1ced #ac1jai #aa1iih #bg1djg ,all other countries #di1gdb #bb1gji #ah1iff #bc1ddd ------------------------------------ ,total #bbe1bbi #afb1fhe #aba1jba #abe1big ------------------------------------ ,unit value ------------------------------------ ,canada #j4bbh #j4jea #j4jdc #j4jdg ,japan 4#jhe 4#jed 4#jei 4#jej ,netherlands ,indies 4#jfh 4#jei 4#jde ,united ,kingdom #a4fhc 4#jed 4#fcj ,china 4#aaf 4#jeg 4#jef 4#jdh ,all other countries 4#aaa 4#jfg 4#jeg 4#jed ------------------------------------ ,average 4#jhg 4#jef 4#jea 4#jdh ------------------------------------ ,percent of total quantity ------------------------------------ ,canada #j4h #bd4g #df4b #dg4f ,japan #ef4f #ba4d #cj4g 4#d ,netherlands ,indies #bd4b #bb4d #ac4c ,united ,kingdom #aa4i ,china #a4a #g4i #i4a #bb4j ,all other countries #ag4c #aa4g #ad4j #af4g ------------------------------------ ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,exported to-- #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------ ,quantity 7pounds7 --------------------------- ,canada #a1dic1iica1aje1bgga1ahg1ffa ,japan ,netherlands ,indies #ga1cge #bjj #cce1bge ,united ,kingdom #b ,china #eih1cdb #dei1dij #ich1gjj ,all other countries #ccd1ajj #bgi1bhi #djc1bcf --------------------------- ,total #b1dig1haja1hdd1behb1hfd1hgb --------------------------- ,value --------------------------- ,canada #hc1hje #ec1jfb #ej1ghj ,japan ,netherlands ,indies #b1hff #ac #ac1daa ,united ,kingdom #a ,china #bh1bci #ai1beh #cd1bgd ,all other countries #ah1fgf #af1ebj #bj1dih --------------------------- ,total #acc1ehf #hh1hed #aah1ifc --------------------------- ,unit value --------------------------- ,canada #j4jef #j4jdh #j4jdc ,japan ,netherlands ,indies 4#jdj 4#jfe 4#jdj ,united ,kingdom 4#ejj ,china 4#jdg 4#jdb 4#jcg ,all other countries 4#jef 4#jei 4#jea --------------------------- ,average 4#jec 4#jdh 4#jdb --------------------------- ,percent of total quantity --------------------------- ,canada #ei4h #ei4i #da4d ,japan ,netherlands ,indies #b4h #aa4g ,united ,kingdom ,china #bd4j #bd4i #cb4h ,all other countries #ac4d #ae4b #ad4a --------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------ #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,competitive conditions4 ,the competitive situation with respect to formaldehyde is determined largely by the output and price of the raw material1 methanol4 ,the ,united ,states produces large quantities of synthetic and natural methanol and is a net exporter of that product4 ,both methanol and formaldehyde are produced in many foreign countries1 and foreign production is expanding4 ,although methanol is now the main1 if not the sole1 raw material utilized in making formaldehyde1 plants for making the latter direct from natural gas1 or from petroleum gas hydrocarbons are contemplated or actually under construction4 ,should such processes develop to an appreciable extent1 the competitive situation of the ,united ,states may change1 but in such case it is unlikely that this country would be so affected as to change its position as a moderate exporter4 ,,hexamethylenetetramine ,description and uses4 ,hexamethylenetetramine is a white crystalline powder made by the interaction of formaldehyde and ammonia4 ,it is used in tar-acid resins to replace formaldehyde1 though its higher cost has limited its use to small proportions as a finishing or hardening agent4 ,other uses are as an internal antiseptic in medicine 7marketed under trade names such as ,urotropin1 ,cystogen1 ,aminoform1 ,urisol1 and ,cystamin71 as an accelerator in the vulcanization of rubber 7a declining use71 and in artificial cork4 ,during the ,world ,war it was used in gas masks as an absorbent for phosgene4 ,united ,states production4 ,the domestic production of hexamethylenetetramine declined during the depression1 but has been increasing in the last few years4 ,production in #aicg1 however1 was still below that of #aibi4 ,statistics of production are shown in table #hf4 ,,table #hf4--;,hexamethylenetetramine3 ,united ,states production and sales1 #aibc1 and #aibe-cg ---------------------------------------- ------ ,production ,sales ,year 7quantity7--------------------------- ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,pounds ,pounds #aibc #a1cha1jgca1aee1jhcigd1hgg #j4hd #aibe #a1feg1iica1ejf1bhf #iid1deh 4#ff #aibf #a1die1bbj 7#a7 7#a7 #aibg #a1cae1bac 7#a7 7#a7 #aibh #a1ffa1fde 7#a7 7#a7 #aibi #b1cfh1jbj 7#a7 7#a7 #aicj #a1hga1fij 7#a7 7#a7 #aica 7#b7 7#b7 #aicb 7#b7 7#b7 #aicc-cg 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,not publishable2 figures would disclose operations of individual firms4 #b ,not available4 ,source3 ,compiled from annual reports of the ,tariff ,commission on dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the ,united ,states4 ,hexamethylenetetramine is made by two firms in ,new ,jersey and by one in ,west ,virginia4 ,the raw materials utilized are formaldehyde and liquid or anhydrous ammonia4 ,one company makes its own requirements of both1 and another makes its own formaldehyde4 ,most of the production of hexamethylenetetramine is sold1 marketed in barrels1 drums1 kegs1 and cans4 ,production in other countries4 ,hexamethylenetetramine is made in a number of foreign countries1 with ,germany probably the leading foreign producer4 ,exports from ,germany declined from #dde1jjj pounds in #aica to #ahb1jjj pounds in #aicd1 the decline being due chiefly to the expansion of production in countries previously large importers1 particularly the ,united ,kingdom1 ,japan1 ,czechoslovakia1 and ,france4 ,united ,states imports and exports4 ,imports of hexamethylenetetramine to the ,united ,states are shown in table #hg4 ,,table #hg4--;,hexamethylenetetramine3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,computed ,calendar year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value ,unit valuead valorem rate ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pounds ,percent #aibc #be percent #dg1cgcbd1gbb #j4ebb #aibd do #c1hbf #c1iih #a4jde #aibe do #bj1gga #aj1dec 4#ejc #aibf do #bc1dha #aj1bcg 4#dcf #aibg do #c1dag #a1gae 4#ejb #aibh do #e1hih #a1fdc 4#bgi #aibi do #e1efb #a1heg 4#ccd #aicj3 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag do ,june #ah-;,dec4 #ca #aa cents per pound #aica do #aicb do #a1ajc #ccf 4#cje #cf4a #aicc do #a1ajc #bic 4#bff #da4d #aicd do #fab #bgc 4#ddf #bd4g #aice do #aicf do #g1dif #a1eaj 4#bja #ed4f #aicga do #aj1hie #h1aig 4#bjj #ed4i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,imports of hexamethylenetetramine in #aibh came principally from the ,united ,kingdom1 the remainder from ,germany4 ,in #aibi they came wholly from ,germany2 in #aicb and #aicc from ,belgium2 and in #aicd principally from ,canada1 with the rest from the ,united ,kingdom4 ,in #aicf ,belgium supplied #g1aff pounds valued at #a1cfh and ,germany #ccj pounds valued at #adb4 ,exports of hexamethylenetetramine are not shown in official statistics4 ,it is known1 however1 that some has been exported1 and that in #aicc1 at least1 exports exceeded imports4 ,competitive conditions4 ,hexamethylenetetramine is made from formaldehyde and ammonia1 of which there are ample supplies in the ,united ,states4 ,the market for hexamethylenetetramine is limited1 and imports are small4 ,it is made in numerous foreign countries1 ,germany being probably the principal potential competitor4 ,,furfural ,furfural is an aldehyde found in oat hulls1 rice hulls1 corn cobs1 bran1 and other farm waste products4 ,commercially it is obtained in the ,united ,states from oat hulls and in the ,soviet ,union from the husks of sunflower seeds4 ,it is a colorless liquid1 boiling at #aeh to #afb ,c4 and freezing at minus #ch ,c4 ,its principal use is in synthetic resins1 of which tar acid-furfural is probably the most important4 ,these resins are used in molding1 for impregnating1 and in coatings4 ,furfural is also used as a solvent for cellulose ethers and esters1 natural gums and resins1 and in the manufacture of derivatives useful as rubber chemicals4 ,domestic production is entirely by one firm1 located in ,iowa4 ,production and sales statistics are not publishable1 but the maker has stated that consumption is in 8terms of millions of pounds per year40 #ah4 ,,raw ,,materials ,,for ,,urea ,,resins ,the principal raw materials entering into the manufacture of urea resins are urea and formaldehyde4 ,formaldehyde has already been discussed 7see pp4 #acc-ace7 and urea and thiourea are discussed below4 ,,urea ,urea is a white crystalline material1 made by condensing carbon dioxide and ammonia under heat and pressure4 ,it is an excellent fertilizer because of its high nitrogen content 7#df4f percent7 but this use is limited by its relatively high cost4 ,urea is an important synthetic resin material1 being a constituent of urea-formaldehyde resins1 known commercially under the trade names ,beetleware and ,plaskon4 ,production of urea in the ,united ,states was started in #aiaf1 when the ,german supply was cut off4 ,in #aibj the domestic output was estimated at more than #bjj1jjj pounds of fertilizer grade4 ,production ceased in #aibb4 ,urea in ammonia solution for use in the manufacture of mixed fertilizer was first produced in #aicc4 ,crystal urea production in the ,united ,states was begun in #aice and was largely made possible by the larger volume of urea in ammonia solution manufactured for fertilizer use4 ,prior to that time our requirements of crystal urea were imported1 principally from ,germany4 ,consumers of resin grade urea report that the domestic product is as good or better than the imported from ,europe4 ,the domestic output of crystal urea in #aicf showed an appreciable increase over that in #aice4 ,statistics of imports of urea are given in table #hh1 showing imports of all grades combined4 ,up to #aica1 and again in #aicf1 the imports were probably all for fertilizer use4 ,from #aica through #aice some portion of the imports went into the manufacture of resins1 but even in this period most of the imports were probably used in fertilizer4 ,,table #hh4--,urea3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aiai-bj and #aibc-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,year ,rate of duty ,quantity ,value ,unit value ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,pounds #aiai #be percent #ad1bij #i1gda #j4fhb #aibj do #bc1fic #ad1jhe 4#eid #aibc #ce percent #de1gaa #e1hib 4#abi #aibd do #id1cjg #ab1hia 4#acg #aibe do #adf1dch #ae1hhf 4#ajh #aibf do #cgg1gbi #cj1cdf 4#jhj #aibg do #hac1abj #ea1gii 4#jfd #aibh do #a1ghh1ibgaja1ijj 4#jeg #aibi do #d1ehh1cacbbh1dja 4#jej #aicj3 ,jan4 #a-;,june #ag do #b1dei1adjabj1bfc 4#jdi ,june #ah-;,dec4 #ca;,free #ag1hdc1hdjgai1ihb 4#jdj #aica do #aa1fie1jdjdde1fgd 4#jch #aicb do #g1bia1bjjbfg1ghg 4#jcg #aicc do #ab1iah1jhjdhc1bch 4#jcg #aicd do #aj1hej1efjdbc1fge 4#jci #aice do #h1ahi1ddjcgi1dbg 4#jdf #aicf do #f1jie1jdjbgb1fgi 4#jde #aicga do #e1big1fjjbff1aff 4#jej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,table #hi shows the sources of imports of urea in recent years4 ,germany has supplied from #ij to #ajj percent of the total quantity1 and ,canada and the ,netherlands the greater part of the remainder4 ,there have been occasional shipments from ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,japan4 ,,table #hi4--,urea3 ,united ,states imports for consumption by countries1 #aica and #aicc-cg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,imported from-- #aica #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- --------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------------ ,germany #aj1dif1fdjab1fdi1bhjaj1ffj1afj ,netherlands #ibb1hhj #adg1hdj #bj1afj ,canada #ahe1ibj #abj1ifj #afh1jjj ,all other countries #hi1fjj #b1bdj ------------------------------ ,total #aa1fie1jdjab1iah1jhjaj1hej1efj ------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------ ,germany #dja1igf #dgc1gjc #dae1ggg ,netherlands #ca1ebc #e1jcd #fff ,canada #i1ajg #d1eja #g1jcb ,all other countries #c1jfh #bjj ------------------------------ ,total #dde1fgd #dhc1bch #dbc1fge ------------------------------ ,unit value ------------------------------ ,germany #j4jch #j4jcg #j4jci ,netherlands 4#jcd 4#jcd 4#jcc ,canada 4#jdi 4#jcg 4#jdb ,all other countries 4#jcd 4#jhi ------------------------------ ,average 4#jch 4#jcg 4#jci ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,imported from-- #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ------ ,quantity 7pounds7 --------------------------- ,germany #g1hfi1abjf1jie1jdje1big1fjj ,netherlands ,canada #cbj1cbj ,all other countries --------------------------- ,total #h1ahi1ddjf1jie1jdje1big1fjj --------------------------- ,value --------------------------- ,germany #cff1cga #bgb1fgi #bff1aff ,netherlands ,canada #ac1jef ,all other countries --------------------------- ,total #cgi1dbg #bgb1fgi #bff1aff --------------------------- ,unit value --------------------------- ,germany #j4jdg #j4jde #j4jej ,netherlands ,canada 4#jda ,all other countries --------------------------- ,average 4#jdf 4#jde 4#jej --------------------------- #a ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,imports of urea enter the ,united ,states free of duty under paragraph #agic of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,in spite of that fact a substantial production in the ,united ,states has been achieved4 ,this is due1 at least to a considerable extent1 to the production of crude urea in ammonia solution1 which is used in ammoniating superphosphates for fertilizer use4 ,it is shipped by tank car but would be difficult to transport by ship4 ,the volume market for this form of the product has aided in the production of crystal urea for both resin and fertilizer use4 ,,thiourea ,thiourea 7thiocarbamide7 is a white crystalline solid1 melting at #ahj ,c4 ,it is made commercially by treating a solution of calcium cyanamide with sulphur and ammonium sulphide or with hydrogen sulphide and ammonia4 ,the principal uses of thiourea are in making intermediates and pharmaceuticals1 as a photographic developer1 as an insecticide1 and in medicine4 ,because of the water resistance it imparts it was for some time widely used in urea resins4 ,during the past few years1 however1 its use in resins has declined sharply owing to its deleterious action on ordinary molds and its slow rate of cure4 ,in molding compounds1 thiourea requires about #aj minutes curing time as compared with #c minutes or less for urea resins and tar-acid resins4 ,since ways have been found to fabricate water-resistant urea resins without using thiourea1 the consumption of thiourea in this use has declined4 ,there is no known commercial domestic production of thiourea4 ,imports through the ,new ,york ,customs ,district1 according to invoice analyses made by the ,tariff ,commission1 are shown in table #ij4 ,thiourea is dutiable at #be percent under paragraph #e of the act of #aicj4 ,,table #ij4--,thiourea3 ,united ,states imports through the ,new ,york ,customs ,district1 #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,year,quantity ,value ,unit value ,source 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aica #ha1efjbd1bed #j4big;,germany and ,switzerland4 #aicb #ai1cdg #d1gfj 4#bdf;,germany4 #aicc #aicd #ae1gch #e1ihb 4#chj ,do4 #aice #bi1dhj #aj1ejj 4#cef ,do4 #aicf #ha1jca #ai1ghb 4#bdd ,do4 #aicg 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a ,not available4 ,source3 ,invoice analyses of paragraph #e1 of ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 ,compiled by ,u4 ,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 #ai4 ,,raw ,,materials ,,for ,,vinyl ,,resins ,vinyl resins are made chiefly from vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride4 ,description and uses4 ,vinyl acetate is an unsaturated ester of the hypothetical vinyl alcohol4 ,it is made from acetylene and acetic acid1 and is a colorless liquid with a pleasant sweetish odor1 boiling at #gc ,c4 ,on account of its tendency to polymerize to polyvinyl acetate1 a trace of copper salt is added for shipment4 ,to render the vinyl acetate chemically active again1 the copper salt is removed by distillation4 ,at present the sole use of vinyl acetate is for the manufacture of synthetic resins4 7,see pp4 #dc-ej47 ,vinyl chloride1 a salt of vinyl alcohol1 is obtained commercially from acetylene4 ,it is a gas 7boiling at about minus #ad ,c47 used in the manufacture of synthetic resins4 ,vinyl chloride mixed with vinyl acetate is polymerized to a synthetic resin4 ,united ,states production4 ,until #aich the one domestic maker of vinyl acetate produced only experimental lots1 the bulk of our requirements being imported from ,canada4 ,in that year large units to manufacture vinyl acetate were built at ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 and at ,belle1 ,w4 ,va4 ,the remarkable properties of safety glass made from vinyl resin sheets1 together with several other new and important applications of these resins1 indicate a demand for vinyl acetate sufficient to warrant these large manufacturing units4 ,the ,united ,states patents covering the processes of manufacture of vinyl acetate are owned by the ,canadian producer1 who has licensed the domestic makers4 ,domestic production of vinyl chloride has increased from experimental quantities in #aibg to large-scale commercial output1 increasing substantially each year since #aicc4 ,united ,states imports4 ,there has been no import of vinyl chloride4 ,imports of vinyl acetate 7unpolymerized71 entirely from ,canada1 are shown in table #ia4 ,,table #ia4--,vinyl acetate1 unpolymerized3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 #aica-cg ----------------------------- ,year ,quantity ,value ,unit 7pounds7 value ----------------------------- #aica #gg1bfi #aa1dhij4adi #aicb #ajd1abi #ad1jec 4#ace #aicc #aei1geg #ba1acd 4#acb #aicd #bag1ahb #ci1dfb 4#ahb #aice #ggf1dbf #adi1hgf #j4aic #aicfa #ddi1ije #eh1dii 4#acj #aicgb #big1dif #ci1jgd 4#aca ----------------------------- #a ,duty reduced from #cj percent ad valorem and #f cents per pound to #ae percent ad valorem and #c cents per pound under ,canadian trade agreement1 effective ,jan4 #a1 #aicf4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,competitive conditions4 ,domestic consumption of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride has increased in recent years from experimental to commercial quantities4 ,many years of intensive research looking toward large outlets for the resins made from these compounds has apparently been successful4 ,the largest single application indicated at this time is for safety glass sheets4 ,the large increase in domestic consumption expected in the immediate future will probably be supplied chiefly from expanding domestic production and imports from ,canada will probably decline even under the reduced trade-agreement duty except to fill possible temporary shortages4 ,,appendixes ,a4 ,statistical tables on foreign trade in raw materials for synthetic resins4 ,b4 ,trade names for synthetic resins made in the ,united ,states4 ,c4 ,trade names for synthetic resins made in ,great ,britain4 ,d4 ,trade names for synthetic resins made in ,germany4 ,e4 ,list of ,united ,states manufacturers of raw materials for synthetic resins4 ,f4 ,glossary4 ,,appendix ,a ,,statistical ,,tables ,,on ,,foreign ,,trade ,,in ,,raw ,,materials ,,for ,,synthetic ,,resins ,,table #ib4--,naphthalene3 ,german imports and exports1 by countries1 #aibi and #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total from all countries #h1jcb1jai #ieb1afg #g1dhb1fcc ---------------------------------------- -- ,czechoslovakia #a1fhh1bhc 7#a7 #b1hci1cjd ,saar ,basin #a1eca1igg 7#a7 #a1hcc1abe ,netherlands #a1deg1jbj 7#a7 #a1afd1jbi ,poland #b1ebd1dhg 7#a7 #hcb1deg ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #bhd1hcd #bdf1jcc #cfa1ccd ---------------------------------------- -- ,value ---------------------------------------- - #a1jjj ,dollars ,dollarsreichsmarks,dollars ,total from all countries #aaj1idh #ab1aab #bga #hb1gjd ---------------------------------------- - ,czechoslovakia #bf1fff 7#a7 #aad #cd1gij ,saar ,basin #ag1chj 7#a7 #ef #ag1jij ,netherlands #ad1iii 7#a7 #bg #h1bdj ,poland #ch1ccb 7#a7 #ca #i1dfa ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #d1gfb #d1gej #bb #f1gad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total to all countries #ci1gch1egfbi1gbj1bac #ca1hdb1adj ---------------------------------------- -- ,,united ,,states #ag1jgj1bahac1hbj1heh #ba1hbd1hgi ,belgium-,luxemburg #h1hce1eif #g1cii1ifj #c1ieh1hjj ,japan 7#a7 7#a7 #hja1aeb ,italy #d1ejj1fia #b1jfh1gig #a1afc1ehi ,netherlands #gcd1egc #bie1heg #bge1acd ---------------------------------------- -- ,value ---------------------------------------- - #a1jjj ,dollars ,dollarsreichsmarks,dollars ,total to all countries #ggd1bef #bhh1gij #a1cib #dbd1hji ---------------------------------------- - ,,united ,,states #cbi1bgc #acb1geh #iba #bha1jgj ,belgium-,luxemburg #ih1ccj #db1gdi #ie #bh1iib ,japan 7#a7 7#a7 #ej #ae1bei ,italy #gh1ccj #bc1cbd #ej #ae1bei ,netherlands #ai1gfa #d1ihg #ba #f1dji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aicd #aice ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total from all countries #h1fdj1icj #d1bde1hci ---------------------------------------- ---- ,czechoslovakia #a1fjb1gdd ,saar ,basin #c1fda1cch #a1abi1heh ,netherlands #bf1jad #ah1jgh ,poland #a1jfj1fcc #cc1gcj ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #a1jbd1jcg #eca1jhh ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj reichsmarks,dollarsreichsmarks,dollars ,total from all countries #bgc #ajg1did #afe #ff1dbf ---------------------------------------- -- ,czechoslovakia #ea #bj1jha ,saar ,basin #gh #cj1gab #be #aj1jfd ,netherlands #b #ghh #a #djc ,poland #bi #aa1dai #b #hje ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r #dh #ah1ijj #bg #aj1hgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total to all countries #ce1jdc1ffj #bb1afi1deh ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,united ,,states #ba1fca1ece #ab1jeb1gfi ,belgium-,luxemburg #e1fhe1ffc #b1jaj1haf ,japan #c1dcd1gfg #a1hhj1ife ,italy #fie1iib #dib1gbh ,netherlands #dbg1iac #dac1adb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj reichsmarks,dollarsreichsmarks,dollars ,total to all countries #a1ejd #eib1bjj #a1jfg #dbi1eec ---------------------------------------- -- ,,united ,,states #hgi #cdf1ajf #dfh #ahh1djg ,belgium-,luxemburg #acj #ea1ahh #ej #bj1abi ,japan #bjc #gi1ica #aca #eb1gch ,italy #cj #aa1hab #bc #i1bei ,netherlands #bi #aa1dai #ai #g1fdi ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total from all countries #dic1afi #cc1jfi ---------------------------------------- ----- ,czechoslovakia 7#a7 7#a7 ,saar ,basin ,netherlands #bh1ffj 7#a7 ,poland 7#a7 7#a7 ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,value ---------------------------------------- --- #a1jjj #a1jjj reichsmarks,dollarsreichsmarks,dollars ,total from all countries #bb #h1hfe #a #djb ---------------------------------------- --- ,czechoslovakia 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,saar ,basin ,netherlands #c #a1bji 7#a7 7#a7 ,poland 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total to all countries #h1aeb1cij #bd1iff1dcd ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,united ,,states #c1dbj1dcg #ad1afg1bja ,belgium-,luxemburg #deg1fge #a1ahd1caa ,japan #bec1ebi #b1jca1ihj ,italy #acd1dha #fae1jhc ,netherlands #aih1dad #ff1ach ---------------------------------------- ----- ,value ---------------------------------------- --- #a1jjj #a1jjj reichsmarks,dollarsreichsmarks,dollars ,total to all countries #gjc #bhc1bhh #a1idi #ghc1egf ---------------------------------------- --- ,,united ,,states #afh #fg1fii #ghi #cag1baj ,belgium-,luxemburg #ba #h1dfb #fj #bd1abb ,japan #bi #aa1fhf #agg #ga1afa ,italy #ah #g1bec #dg #ah1hif ,netherlands #ad #e1fdb #g #b1had ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,not separately shown4 ,source3 ,der ,auswrtige ,handel ,deutschlands1 #aibi4 ,monatliche ,nachweise ber den auswrtigen ,handel1 ,deutschlands1 #aicb-cg4 ,,table #ic4--;,crude naphthalene3 ,belgian imports and exports1 #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicb #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total from all countries #ad1aad1jgj #aj1ice1fih #ae1cbh1cfc ---------------------------------------- ---- ,netherlands #h1ahg1ddc #g1ehc1afc #i1cfc1eih ,germany #e1hjj1gdd #c1abb1haf #e1bij1eii ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dollars ,total from all countries #gd1bii #b1jei #gc1gaa #c1jae #adj1dai ---------------------------------------- -- ,netherlands #da1ceb #a1cbg #dg1ejf #a1hha #hg1fje ,germany #ca1faa #ffa #bc1ffc #igj #de1agf ---------------------------------------- -- ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total to all countries #a1ajb1cjj #e1iee1gbg #c1cie1gde ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,united ,,states #c1iia1dbh #b1dii1cee ,france #hga1fii #a1bfb1ced #ceb1jge ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dollars ,total to all countries #aj1ifd #b1ejc #hi1fje #a1aha #ee1jjc ---------------------------------------- -- ,,united ,,states #a1efb #ee1iah #gjg #cb1ibg ,france #h1djd #ddf #ae1iff #bdc #aa1cag ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total from all countries #ab1aad1gah #ag1ajb1dje #i1agh1daa ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,netherlands #h1ghf1hgd #aj1cae1gfd #e1ihc1jfd ,germany #a1big1fbh #agh1egc 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dolla rs ,total from all countries #c1bii #aba1efb #g1jag #bcg1che #d1bggadd1ceg ---------------------------------------- -------- ,netherlands #b1aci #gh1hah #c1iaf #acb1dgh #b1hjh #id1ggf ,germany #cda #ab1efe #gg #b1fje 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total to all countries #f1gif1ghb #aa1ech1bae #f1gjj1bbj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,united ,,states #a1gji1hhh #b1aai1jfb #a1jji1ibg ,france #b1icj1acd #e1afc1hce #d1chb1gde ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dolla rs ,total to all countries #c1jei #aab1gai #g1jbj #bcg1dhg #c1iahacb1bdj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,united ,,states #edc #bj1jji #a1dfa #di1dbf #dib #af1fjf ,france #a1dfj #ec1gih #c1bbg #aji1afi #b1gfi #ic1dei ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,not separately reported4 ,source3 ,bulletin ,mensuel du ,commerce4 ,,table #id4--,refined naphthalene3 ,belgian imports and exports1 #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicb #aicc #aicd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total from all countries #g1jee #a1cbc #g1bge ---------------------------------------- -- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dollars ,total from all countries #aej #h #bhf #ae #fii ---------------------------------------- -- ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total to all countries #ae1cfb1cad #ae1bih1hbb #ad1gib1dbe ---------------------------------------- ---- ,japan #f1eff1dja #d1ehb1ibb #b1hfg1ebc ,united ,kingdom #fie1ggb #a1big1djg #b1afh1jjd ,argentina #a1jgh1dij #a1acj1eai #ihh1ajb ,british ,india #gib1iie #iif1ibj #a1aec1bbf ,canada #hda1dif #idb1jbf #dba1gdj ,netherlands #ddi1eah #dgb1bbe #eaj1cfe ---------------------------------------- ---- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj #a1jjj ,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dollars ,total to all countries #cbf1jbf #aa1caj #djd1hhi #aj1jcb #dfg1bbd ---------------------------------------- -- ,japan #acj1fej #c1dih #abe1bbf #a1iff #ia1efc ,united ,kingdom #ad1jec #hic #ca1ifi #a1ebd #gj1igh ,argentina #bd1aed #haa #bi1jcc #gai #cc1dhf ,british ,india #ah1hfg #geb #bf1iba #gfd #ce1ehb ,canada #ag1fgj #fif #bd1iaf #cja #ad1jai ,netherlands #i1icd #cge #ac1dbe #cjf #ad1bea ---------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aice #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total from all countries #aab1bad #b1hff #ai1ahj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dolla rs ,total from all countries #gh #b1hgd #h #bga #db #a1dah ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total to all countries #af1adh1fie #aa1dai1afg #ad1jga1cjj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,japan #d1bjb1hdi #c1ddg1aac #b1ead1abf ,united ,kingdom #cae1iai #dee1jbi #a1caf1hjh ,argentina #a1cgf1ggc #igj1fhe #a1agc1gbi ,british ,india #gje1beb #bdc1dgg #gae1agb ,canada #ij1afh 7#a7 7#a7 ,netherlands #iga1ghh #dgg1eaf #ega1dcb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj francs,dollarsfrancs,dollarsfrancs,dolla rs ,total to all countries #aa1bai #dac1djj #i1cia #cag1fih #aa1fjb #cia1eia ---------------------------------------- -------- ,japan #b1idi #ajh1ffe #b1ded #hc1jai #a1fdc #ee1dee ,united ,kingdom #bab #g1hab #dde #ae1jed #hif #cj1bdb ,argentina #igf #ce1ifd #fae #bj1hje #iia #cc1ddh ,british ,india #dih #ah1cej #cba #aj1hei #fdj #ba1fja ,canada #ff #b1dcb 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,netherlands #fie #be1fji #efh #ai1bae #fig #bc1ebe ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,not separately reported4 ,source3 ,bulletin ,mensuel du ,commerce4 ,,table #ie4--;,crude and refined naphthalene3 ,netherland imports and exports by countries1 #aibi and #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------------------- ,total from all countries #hif1ijh #gge1gei #ijh1eig ------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #aia1jdd #dgg1ejh #efi1ead ,germany #gje1hbj #bgj1bfb #ccj1iba ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 #b1cae ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 #ig ------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj ,total from all ,dollars,dollarsguilders,dollars countries #be1hgd #ac1gcc #ch #ai1hhe ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #e1gjh #h1cji #bd #ab1bfe ,germany #bj1aec #d1ifj #ac #f1gge ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 #fha ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 7#a7 #bc ------------------------------------ ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------------------- ,total to all countries #d1haf1dcff1hjg1jfj #aj1ggj1daj ------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg#b1hbj1jdcf1gfh1fca #h1geg1jjf ,germany #a1eaa1hig #a1agd1gde ,,united ,,states #dd1jib #ffa1chj ,united ,kingdom #ccc1ijb 7#a7 #ajj1jja ------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj ,total to all ,dollars,dollarsguilders,dollars countries #di1jeh #dj1ghd #aeh #ha1dij ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #be1ejc #ci1hhf #abd #fc1ibh ,germany #ac1hgg #ag #h1gef ,,united ,,states #dhb #ab #f1ajc ,united ,kingdom #e1eef 7#a7 #b #ich ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicd #aice ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 -------------------------------------- ,total from all countries #a1ahf1cfa #a1agg1bef -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #efh1cbh #ebd1ifb ,germany #ebb1iic #dah1dji ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 7#a7 -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total from all guilders,dollarsguilders,dollars countries #de #cj1bbj #ci #bf1gdg ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #bb #ad1ijc #ba #ac1idg ,germany #ai #ac1acb #ab #g1hag ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ------------------------------------ ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 -------------------------------------- ,total to all countries #i1gfd1chi #aj1hea1daf -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #i1cjg1hba #i1agh1hed ,germany 7#a7 #ag1hdf ,,united ,,states #daj1bbe #fha1ccb ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 7#a7 -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total to all guilders,dollarsguilders,dollars countries #acb #hi1ace #agj #aae1bjd ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #abb #hb1adf #abi #hg1chj ,germany 7#a7 7#a7 7#b7 #beg ,,united ,,states #h #e1ahc #ag #aa1ghb ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aicf #aicg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,imports ,quantity 7pounds7 -------------------------------------- ,total from all countries #a1fff1fgh #b1cfa1abg -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #gjc1bfg #hce1edc ,germany 7#a7 7#a7 ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 ,united ,kingdom #fjd1jfj #a1jec1gii -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total from all guilders,dollarsguilders,dollars countries #hc #ec1eai #aae #fc1cjb ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #db #bg1jhb #fj #cc1jbg ,germany 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,italy 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,united ,kingdom #ba #ac1eda #cf #ai1haf ------------------------------------ ,,exports ,quantity 7pounds7 -------------------------------------- ,total to all countries #ad1dbb1dic #ae1ccj1ghh -------------------------------------- ,belgium-,luxemburg #aj1efh1heb #i1bfa1ebe ,germany 7#a7 7#a7 ,,united ,,states #c1bjg1fic #b1edf1cac ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 7#a7 -------------------------------------- ,value ------------------------------------ #a1jjj #a1jjj ,total to all guilders,dollarsguilders,dollars countries #dce #bhj1dib #eec #cjd1cii ------------------------------------ ,belgium-,luxemburg #bee #afd1dbf #bid #afa1hcb ,germany 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ,,united ,,states #adc #ib1bjh #ajj #ee1jde ,united ,kingdom 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,not separately reported4 #b ,less than #ejj4 ,source3 ,nederland-,jaarstatistiek 7#aibi and #aicb-ce7 and ,maandstatistiek 7#aicf-cg74 ,,table #if4--,refined naphthalene3 ,canadian imports by countries1 #aibh-bi and #aicb-cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aibh #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------- ,total from all countries#efe1hffa1jge1daea1bbc1cgba1jec 1aad ---------------------------------- ,,united ,,states #cb1bgd #d1jdi #ag1efj #i1eec ,united ,kingdom #bf1jjj #h1fjj #cb1djj #adh1add ,belgium 7#b7 #hda1hgfa1ajb1bjc #hie1jdb ---------------------------------- ,value 7,united ,states dollars7 ---------------------------------- ,total from all countries #ah1afb #cb1daa #ba1ghg #bb1jad ---------------------------------- ,,united ,,states #a1dbh #bde #egg #ede #ahh #fif ,united ,kingdom #a1jad #cfc #fgj #c1ggi #ac1fjc ,belgium 7#b7 #be1ijf #ai1dja #ag1feg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicga ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total from all countries#hdd1ibia1cdb1ecjhhd1jeia1bef1b hi ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,united ,,states #c1ade #c1fbj #b1jia #b1jah ,united ,kingdom #dhd1hfha1cba1cajhgi1edha1bed1bga ,belgium #hie1jdbcdg1ief #ag1fjj 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,value 7,united ,states dollars7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total from all countries #be1dhb #dj1jfj #df1fgj #eg1dee ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,united ,,states #bdc #ahe #fif #bdc #ahe ,united ,kingdom #ch1hfe #ch1hfe #df1bbi #eg1bgj ,belgium #aa1dca #dii 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,preliminary4 #b ,not shown separately4 ,source3 ,trade of ,canada4 ,,table #ig4--,naphthalene3 ,japanese imports by countries1 #aibh-bi and #aicb-cf ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aibh #aibi #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- --- ,total from all countries#b1ggc1cbjb1ijb1fhff1gfe1egb #g1hgf1eff ---------------------------------------- --- ,belgium #cgi1ijj #djc1ahjb1heg1ddh #c1iej1jef ,germany #dia1eda #djc1ahja1ice1bac #b1ebe1jcf ,kwangtung ,province #a1gij1gff #hfd1biha1bgb1cgb #afi1igf ---------------------------------------- --- ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #a1jjj;,dollars ,dollars,dollars,dollars yen ,total from all countries #fb1fec #id1ejd #ig1bfe #fbe #afj1bhf ---------------------------------------- -- ,belgium #ab1eca #ad1bia #db1ddh #cji #gi1bde ,germany #af1gjg #ad1bia #bh1aaa #bjj #ea1bia ,kwangtung ,province #bi1bch #ba1ffg #ac1ggd #ac #c1ccd ---------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aicd #aice #aicf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total from all #g1cfd1eeg #h1igi1fif #ab1fda1igg countries ---------------------------------------- -------- ,belgium #a1eij1ach #b1ibf1dcj #c1afc1hja ,germany #d1fgi1fgj #c1dhf1bci #b1gbg1haf ,kwangtung ,province #bda1adf #a1ajc1cbb ---------------------------------------- -------- ,value ---------------------------------------- ----- #a1jjj;,dollars#a1jjj;,dollars#a1jjj;,do llars yen yen yen ,total from all #efj #aff1djd #fig #bjj1jhh #a1fac #dfg1fhj countries ---------------------------------------- ----- ,belgium #abb #cf1beb #bcd #fg1agd #daj #aah1iig ,germany #ceg #ajf1jhc #bhc #ha1bdj #cid #aad1cce ,kwangtung ,province #ab #c1dde #ic #bg1jbj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,source3 ,annual ,return of the ,foreign ,trade of ,japan4 ,,table #ih4--;,crude glycerin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1#a by countries1 #aibi and #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,imported from-- #aibib #aica #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 -------------------------------------- ,france #d1ica1fia #b1eej1dega1fec1hbeb1dee1bfd ,cuba #a1jgd1bga #a1agj1ffga1bcb1baia1baf1cie ,united ,kingdom #c1hdg1cde #a1fca1ajc #ehb1aid #beb1bch ,belgium #gei1ddh #gci1hib #caj1hee #ddj1hfb ,germany #a1jgb1agc #fgd1aji #bfj1jje #bdb1ija ,philippine ,islands 7free7 #bej1afe #ahj1dij #aig1hda #bfh1ddi ,argentina #did1fch #deh1jfh #aed1ebe #bhh1hcb ,netherlands #bfb1bii #dbe1gif #abe1gcc #bbf1iid ,canada #a1cjd1bbj #a1afa1jhe #hj1ddj ,denmark #ed1ihh #age1bgc #abd1bgh ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics #acb1ccd #fd1ifi #hhi1fah ,all other countries #ffh1cbi #iff1jbc #cag1hff #fg1bed -------------------------------------- ,total #ad1hea1ijaaj1acb1ifcd1ihj1dgbf1dgc1jhe -------------------------------------- ,value -------------------------------------- ,france #bhj1jfb #aad1ege #ec1cia #hj1jfh ,cuba #fi1ffh #fg1gji #ej1adg #ef1gcg ,united ,kingdom #baf1cjg #h #b1bfb #ai1hjb #g1gbb ,belgium #di1efh #df1bge #ab1cfb #ag1fbg ,germany #fe1ddf #dj1eif #ab1bdj #aj1gde ,philippine ,islands 7free7 #af1gif #aj1iic #i1aej #ad1jgh ,argentina #bi1geh #bc1ecb #f1eaf #g1idg ,netherlands #ah1ifc #bc1cja #e1cdi #aj1ffd ,canada #fg1hba #ei1die #d1bdf ,denmark #b1iff #i1ceh #e1aga ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics #i1aac #b1gch #cd1jfj ,all other countries #cg1jhd #dg1cdc #ab1fad #b1jgf -------------------------------------- ,total #hfc1eeb #ebe1eii #ahh1eee #bdf1hie -------------------------------------- ,percent of total imports by quantity -------------------------------------- ,france #cc4b #be4b #cc4b #cg4i ,cuba #g4b #aa4f #bd4g #ah4h ,united ,kingdom #be4i #af4a #aa4g #c4i ,belgium #e4a #g4c #f4c #f4h ,germany #g4b #f4g #e4b #c4h ,philippine ,islands 7free7 #a4g #a4h #d4j #d4a ,argentina #c4c #d4e #c4a #d4e ,netherlands #a4h #d4b #b4e #c4e ,canada #h4h #aa4d #a4f ,denmark 4#d #a4g #a4i ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics 4#i #a4c #ac4g ,all other countries #d4e #i4e #f4d #a4a -------------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,imported from-- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicgc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,quantity 7pounds7 --------------------------------------- ,france #d1hhj1jac #egh1fag #a1jeh1fib #b1ajb1ghe ,cuba #a1agh1bchb1eej1fag #b1aei1gda #b1dgf1gij ,united ,kingdom #a1did1dde #egh1bca #a1djc1hhj #a1fdj1fia ,belgium #b1ceh1dgi #beg1bij #djd1cga #hah1ead ,germany #a1eci1iai #aih1gfg #gg1gbc #eah1bca ,philippine ,islands 7free7 #ahj1edia1egh1ebc #cjc1eea #gic1bbe ,argentina #fhj1ddc #ajj1ijb #a1aed1hhh #b1aca1jfh ,netherlands #a1cic1jgb #bfg1cff #a1jcg1aah #cbe1bge ,canada #fbi1hhja1idf1dej #fga1dfe #ccc1hee ,denmark #eh1ddi #ddb1gfh #acc1fga ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics #adf1fie #ad1hhc #b1jag1iib #a1fcd1hgd ,all other countries #eda1jde #adi1bhh #daf1gif #ecb1dea --------------------------------------- ,total #ae1jha1bbgh1bbj1icdaa1adh1iheac1dda1dcj --------------------------------------- ,value --------------------------------------- ,france #cbd1hdj #de1bde #aba1fab #cgj1fbb ,cuba #ib1fib #bbh1jaa #bcj1cdj #cha1fhc ,united ,kingdom #ig1igb #ej1edi #acd1dge #bhd1ggi ,belgium #afj1cja #ai1bag #df1dag #adf1jad ,germany #ajc1dja #bb1fii #h1hgd #ib1ddf ,philippine ,islands 7free7 #ad1ihd #gd1gih #cb1gjh #ade1cdh ,argentina #de1bea #g1igb #aae1aih #cdi1fge ,netherlands #ib1ged #bc1bjh #abg1jej #dg1hih ,canada #ea1gaf #agb1dbf #gj1fgb #ec1jad ,denmark #d1jfb #dg1bef #bf1bbj ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics #aj1acg #a1dfc #bbb1cdg #bed1gde ,all other countries #da1iee #aa1adf #db1daa #ij1ich --------------------------------------- ,total #a1jdj1jfe #fef1gcd #a1aii1cfj #b1bdc1chb --------------------------------------- ,percent of total imports by quantity --------------------------------------- ,france #cb4d #g4a #i4e #ae4f ,cuba #g4h #ca4j #ai4d #ah4d ,united ,kingdom #i4i #g4j #ab4f #ab4b ,belgium #ae4f #c4a #c4f #f4a ,germany #aj4b #b4d 4#g #c4i ,philippine ,islands 7free7 #a4b #ai4b #b4g #e4i ,argentina #d4e #a4b #aj4d #ae4h ,netherlands #i4b #c4c #i4c #b4d ,canada #d4b #bc4g #f4j #b4e ,denmark 4#d #d4j #a4j ,union of ,soviet ,socialist ,republics #a4j 4#b #ah4a #ab4b ,all other countries #c4f #a4h #c4g #d4j --------------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,includes imports from ,cuba and shipments from ,philippine ,islands4 #b ,general imports4 #c ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,table #ii4--,refined glycerin3 ,united ,states imports for consumption1 by countries1 #aibi and #aica-cg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,imported from-- #aibia #aica #aicb #aicc ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,quantity 7pounds7 ------------------------------------ ,netherlands #c1aad1fdba1jed1haja1gje1heeb1aec1dij ,germany #a1hbd1fgb #aig1hij #chd1aca #djf1gaf ,united ,kingdom #afe1ggj #ch1efa #aec1bhi #ej1dba ,france #eib1igi #dd1ije #abe1hhi ,canada #aje #ha1bie #ad1ebj ,czechoslovakia ,all other countries #chh1bhb #dd1hjh #ci1aga ------------------------------------ ,total #e1dic1dgaa1ife1eceb1cdg1ejhb1gge1fhg ------------------------------------ ,value ------------------------------------ ,netherlands #bid1eie #ge1dfb #ajj1dea #acb1agb ,germany #aed1dcb #ag1aeb #bf1ehb #bb1hbf ,united ,kingdom #ah1cja #b1hej #i1fff #c1aaa ,france #dj1jje #b1bgh #g1baj ,canada #ai #e1ejf #a1ceh ,czechoslovakia ,all other countries #cc1chc #b1jbd #a1fgb ------------------------------------ ,total #ejj1gcj #adj1ige #adb1cei #aff1iia ------------------------------------ ,percent of total imports by quantity ------------------------------------ ,netherlands #ef4g #ec4g #gb4g #gg4f ,germany #cc4b #aj4a #af4d #ad4g ,united ,kingdom #c4j #a4i #f4e #a4h ,france #cj4b #a4i #d4e ,canada #d4a 4#f ,czechoslovakia ,all other countries #g4a #a4i #a4d ------------------------------------ ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,imported from-- #aicd #aice #aicf #aicgb ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,quantity 7pounds7 --------------------------------- ,netherlands #gge1jgdaf1iaca1edb1ibdb1ggf1jdf ,germany #bgf1ijh #fjj #cai #ceb1fhj ,united ,kingdom #iea1aifbh1agf #egb1iai #cgc1daf ,france #ehd #dac1iggb1ifg1ebh ,canada #gfe1fgf #ai1ghb ,czechoslovakia #aab1efb #ejf1eih ,all other countries #baj1gfdbb1bic #ci1aaj #eci1jgj --------------------------------- ,total #b1bac1idbfh1effc1ddg1dhgg1ece1abj --------------------------------- ,value --------------------------------- ,netherlands #ff1ddeb1gah #bgc1dcb #fcf1fdd ,germany #bg1aei #beb #abi #if1edb ,united ,kingdom #ic1ich #b1gfj #ii1bjd #gf1jja ,france #ig #gi1bdb #gea1haf ,canada #aad1ebc #d1ibb ,czechoslovakia #ba1fej #adh1fab ,all other countries #ba1ddg #b1dej #e1hef #aab1feb --------------------------------- ,total #bjh1ihi #h1bgg #eid1jcfa1hbg1ahi --------------------------------- ,percent of total imports by quantity --------------------------------- ,netherlands #ce4j #bd4g #dd4g #cf4h ,germany #ab4e 4#i #d4g ,united ,kingdom #dc4j #da4a #af4f #e4j ,france 4#h #ab4j #ci4d ,canada #bb4b 4#c ,czechoslovakia #c4c #f4g ,all other countries #i4e #cb4e #a4b #g4a --------------------------------- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,general imports4 #b ,preliminary4 ,source3 ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states4 ,,appendix ,b ,,trade ,,names ,,for ,,synthetic ,,resins ,,made ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,trade name ,maker ,tar-acid resins3 ,amberol ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,artifex ,artifex ,products ,co41 ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 ,bakelite ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,beckacite ,beck1 ,koller ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,beckasol ,beck1 ,koller ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,beckopol ,beck1 ,koller ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,catalin ,catalin ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,celeron ,continental-,diamond ,fibre ,co41 ,newark1 ,del4 ,coltrock ,colt's ,patent ,fire ,arms ,mfg4 ,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,colasta ,colasta ,co41 ,inc41 ,hoosick ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dilecto ,continental-,diamond ,fibre ,co41 ,newark1 ,del4 ,dura ,paramet ,chemical ,corp41 ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,durez ,general ,plastics1 ,inc41 ,n4 ,tonawanda1 ,n4 ,y4 ,durite ,durite ,plastics1 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,fabroil ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fiberlon ,fiberloid ,corp41 ,indian ,orchard1 ,mass4 ,fibroc ,fibroc ,insulation ,co41 ,valparaiso1 ,ind4 ,gemstone ,a4 ,knoedler ,co41 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,haveg ,haveg ,corp41 ,newark1 ,del4 ,herculite ,colasta ,co41 ,inc41 ,hoosick ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,indur ,reilly ,tar ,chemical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,insurok ,richardson ,co41 ,melrose ,park1 ,ill4 ,joanite ,joanite ,corp41 ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kellite ,kellogg ,switchboard ,supply ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,lewisol ,john ,d4 ,lewis1 ,mansfield1 ,mass4 ,makalot ,makalot ,corp41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,marblette ,marblette ,corp41 ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,micarta ,westinghouse ,electric ,mfg4 ,co41 ,trafford1 ,pa4 ,moldarta ,westinghouse ,electric ,mfg4 ,co41 ,trafford1 ,pa4 ,pandura ,paramet ,chemical ,corp41 ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,panelyte ,panelyte ,corp41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,paranol ,paramet ,chemical ,corp41 ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,phenac ,american ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,phenalin ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,prystal ,catalin ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,resinox ,resinox ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,spauldite ,spaulding ,fibre ,co41 ,tonawanda1 ,n4 ,y4 ,syntex ,jones-,dabney ,co41 ,inc41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,synthane ,synthane ,corp41 ,oaks1 ,pa4 ,taylor ,taylor ,fibre ,co41 ,norristown1 ,pa4 ,textolite ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,waterlite ,watertown ,mfg4 ,co41 ,watertown1 ,conn4 ,other makers of tar acid resins in the ,united ,states include3#bg ,aluminum ,industries1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio2 ,california ,flaxseed ,products ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif42 ,cook ,paint ,varnish ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,ford ,motor ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mich42 ,heresite ,chemical ,co41 ,manitowoc1 ,wis42 ,millergum ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,nubian ,paint ,varnish ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,varcum ,chemical ,co41 ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y42 ,vita ,var ,corp41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,alkyd resins3 ,amberlac ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,aquaplex ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,beckol ,beck1 ,koller ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,beckosol ,beck1 ,koller ,co41 ,inc41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,dulux ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,duraplex ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,esterol ,paramet ,chemical ,corp41 ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,glyptal ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lewisol ,john ,d4 ,lewis1 ,mansfield1 ,mass4 ,makalot ,makalot ,corp41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,paraplex ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,rauzene ,robert ,rauh1 ,inc41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,rezyl ,american ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,syntex ,jones-,dabney ,co41 ,inc41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,teglac ,american ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,other makers of alkyd resins in the ,united ,states include3#bg ,atlas ,powder ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del42 ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ,andrew ,brown ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif42 ,california ,flaxseed ,products1 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif42 ,carboygen ,chemical ,co41 ,garwood1 ,n4 ,j42 ,general ,paint ,co41 ,tulsa1 ,okla42 ,hercules ,powder ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del42 ,nubian ,paint ,varnish1 ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis42 ,valentine ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,urea resins3 ,beetle ,american ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,beckamine ,beck1 ,koller ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,plaskon ,plaskon ,co41 ,inc41 ,toledo1 ,ohio4 ,r,hoplex ,rohm ,haas1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,syntex ,jones-,dabney ,co41 ,inc41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,uformite ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,other makers of urea resins in the ,united ,states include3 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del42 ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,acrylate resins3 ,acryloid ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,acrysol ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,crystalite ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,lucite ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,plexiglas ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,plexigum ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,primal ,resinous ,products ,chemical ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,coumarone-indene resins3 ,cumar ,barrett ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,neville ,neville ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,nevindene ,neville ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,petroleum resins3 ,santo-,resin ,monsanto ,chemical ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,petropol ,pure ,oil ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,polystyrene resins3 ,bakelite polystyrene ,bakelite ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,styron ,dow ,chemical ,co41 ,midland1 ,mich4 ,vinyl resins3 ,butvar ,shawinigan ,products1 ,inc41 ,indian ,orchard1 ,mass4 ,vinyloid ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,vinylite ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,vinal ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,vinylseal ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,flamenol ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,koroseal ,b4 ,f4 ,goodrich ,co41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,,appendix ,c ,,trade ,,names ,,for ,,synthetic ,,resins ,,made ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,trade name ,maker ,tar-acid resins for moulding and laminating3 ,bakelite ,bakelite1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,britsulite ,british ,insulite ,ltd41 ,manchester4 ,elo ,birkby's ,ltd41 ,liversedge1 ,yorkshire4 ,fabrolite ,british ,thompson ,houston ,co41 ,ltd41 ,rugby4 ,holite ,e4 ,s4 ,hole1 ,london4 ,indurite ,indurite ,moulding ,powders ,ltd41 ,radcliffe1 ,lancashire4 ,lorival ,lorival ,mfg4 ,co41 ,ltd41 ,southall1 ,middlesex4 ,mouldrite ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,nestorite ,james ,ferguson ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,permaplastic ,permastic ,ltd41 ,weybridge1 ,surrey4 ,rockite ,f4 ,a4 ,hughes ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,oil soluble tar-acid resins3 ,bakelaque ,attwater ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,preston1 ,lancashire4 ,damard ,bakelite1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,damarda ,bakelite1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,epok ,british ,resin ,products1 ,ltd41 ,kingston-on-,thames4 ,erinite ,erinoid ,ltd41 ,stroud1 ,gloucester4 ,formapex ,ioco ,rubber ,waterproofing ,co41 ,ltd41 ,anniesland1 ,glasgow4 ,keebush ,bushings1 ,ltd41 ,hebburn-on-,tyne4 ,cast phenolic resin3 ,catalin ,catalin ,ltd41 ,waltham ,abbey1 ,essex4 ,urea resins3 ,beetle ,beetle ,products ,co41 ,ltd41 ,oldbury1 ,worcestershire4 ,mouldrite ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,pollopas ,beetle ,products ,co41 ,ltd41 ,oldbury1 ,worcestershire4 ,scarat ,beetle ,products ,co41 ,ltd41 ,oldbury1 ,worcestershire4 ,alkyd resins3 ,albertalates ,albert ,products1 ,ltd41 ,erith1 ,kent4 ,dulux ,nobel ,chemical ,finishes ,ltd41 ,london4 ,glyptal ,british ,thompson ,houston ,co41 ,ltd41 ,rugby4 ,micanite ,micanite and ,insulators ,co41 ,ltd41 ,walthamstow1 ,london4 ,paralac ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,acrylate resins3 ,diakon and ,perspex ,mouldrite ,ltd41 ,division of ,imperial ,chemical ,industries1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,aniline resins3 ,panilax ,micanite and ,insulators ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,,appendix ,d ,,trade ,,names ,,for ,,synthetic ,,resins ,,made ,,in ,,germany ,trade name ,maker ,tar-acid resins3 ,alberid ,dr4 ,kurt ,albert ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,chemische ,fabrik1 ,wiesbaden-,biebrich4 ,albertol ,dr4 ,kurt ,albert ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,chemische ,fabrik1 ,wiesbaden-,biebrich4 ,ambresit ,chemische ,fabrik ,ambra1 ,zittau i4 ,sachsen 7in liquidation74 ,ammoplaste ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,backdura ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,bakelit ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,bakelit ,a 7,resol7 ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,bakelit ,c ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,bezet ,harz ,louis ,blumen1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,boschbakelite ,robert ,bosch ,a4 ,g41 ,stuttgart4 ,celloresen ,louis ,blumer1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,dekorit ,dr4 ,f4 ,raschig ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,ludwigshafen a4 ,rhein4 ,durax ,durophen ,dr4 ,kurt ,albert ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,wiesbaden-,biebrich4 ,elastolith ,herold ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg #cc4 ,ethyl cellulose ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,faturan ,dr4 ,heinr4 ,traun ,sohne1 ,hamburg4 ,ferrozell ,deutsche ,ferrozell ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,augsburg4 ,greif ,faturan ,dr4 ,h4 ,traun ,sohne1 ,hamburg4 ,havegit ,saureschutz ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,herolith ,herold ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg4 ,hornolith ,hornolith ,g4 m b4 ,h41 ,berlin ,s #ei4 ,ivorax ,herold ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg4 ,koraton ,wedig ,reu4 ,kunstharz #bf ,z ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,laccain ,louis ,blumer1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,leukorit ,dr4 ,f4 ,raschig ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,ludwigshafen a4 ,rhein4 ,lithocorn ,a4 ,elhardt ,sohne1 ,kempten1 ,bayern4 ,marbolith ,herold ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg #cc4 ,metakalin ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,neoresit ,august ,nowak ,a4 ,g41 ,bautzen4 ,novolack ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,novotext ,allgemeine ,elektrizitats-,gesellschaft1 ,berlin4 ,ornalith ,herold ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg ,phenolplaste ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,redmanol 7,bakelit ,a7 ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,resenoplast ,louis ,blumer1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,resinit ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,resinole ,dr4 ,f4 ,raschig ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,ludwigshafen a4 ,rhein4 ,resit ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,resol ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,schellackersatz ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,wacker ,gesellschaft fr ,elektrochemische ,industrie ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mnchen4 ,dr4 ,kurt ,albert1 ,wiesbaden-,biebrich4 ,sipilite ,bakelite ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,berlin4 ,supraresen ,louis ,blumer1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,syntellac ,dr4 ,a4 ,wacker ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mnchen4 ,tenazit ,allgemeine ,elektrizitats-,gesellschaft1 ,berlin4 ,toplast ,louis ,blumer1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,trolon ,rheinisch-,westfalische ,sprengstoff ,fabriken1 ,troisdorf4 ,turbax ,jaroslaw's ,erste ,glimmerwarenfabrik1 ,berlin ,,so #cf4 ,vigorith ,dr4 ,f4 ,raschig1 ,ludwigshafen a4 ,rhein4 ,vinnapas ,dr4 ,a4 ,wacker ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mnchen4 ,wackerschellack ,dr4 ,a4 ,wacker ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,mnchen4 ,wenjazit ,kunst-,rohstoff ,a4 ,g41 ,hamburg-,einbeck4 ,alkyd resins3 ,alftalate ,dr4 ,kurt ,albert ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,chemische ,fabrik1 ,wiesbaden-,biebrich4 ,alkydal ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,beckacite ,beckacite ,kunstharzfabrik1 ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,hamburg-,wandsbeck4 ,beckosol ,beckacite ,kunstharzfabrik1 ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,hamburg-,wandsbeck4 ,duxol ,louis ,blumer1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,duxalid ,louis ,blumer1 ,zwickau i4 ,sachsen4 ,geaphthal ,allgemeine ,elektrizitats-,gesellschaft1 ,berlin4 ,glyptal ,dr4 ,kurt ,albert ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ,wiesbaden-,biebrich4 ,urea resins3 ,hares ,l ,h4 ,rommler ,a4 ,g41 ,berlin ,w #fb4 ,locron ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,pluviusin ,kunstharzfabrik ,dr4 ,f4 ,pollack1 ,vienna1 ,german branch ,berlin4 ,pollopas ,rheinisch-,westfalische ,sprengstoff ,fabriken1 ,troisdorf1 ,bez4 ,koln4 ,vinyl resins3 ,acronal ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,mowilith ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,polystyrene resins3 ,metastyrol ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,mollit ,i4 ,g4 ,farbenindustrie1 ,a4 ,g41 ,frankfort-on-,main4 ,trolitul ,rheinisch-,westfalische ,sprengstoff ,fabriken1 ,troisdorf4 ,acrylate resins3 ,plexigum ,rohm ,haas1 ,darmstadt4 ,other resins3 ,coumarone resins ,kokawerke ,chemische ,fabriken ,a4 ,g41 ,berlin ,n4 ,w4 #dj4 ,harz ,no4 #cj ,ciba ,a4 ,g41 ,berlin-,wilmersdorf4 ,harz ,no4 #bch ,ciba ,a4 ,g41 ,berlin-,wilmersdorf4 ,ultrasit ,chemische ,fabrik ,ambra1 ,zittau1 ,sachsen1 7in liquidation74 ,utilith ,deutsche ,rohstoffindustrie1 ,augsburg4 ,,appendix ,e ,,list ,,of ,,united ,,states ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,raw ,,materials ,,for ,,synthetic ,,resins#bh ,phenol3 ,barrett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,bound ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,dow ,chemical ,co41 ,midland1 ,mich4 ,koppers ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,monsanto ,chemical ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,reilly ,tar ,chemical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,cresols3 ,barrett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,bound ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,givaudan-,delawanna1 ,inc41 ,delawanna1 ,n4 ,j4 ,koppers ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,reilly ,tar ,chemical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,swann ,co41 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,xylenols3 ,barrett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,bound ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,reilly ,tar ,chemical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,butyl phenol 7p-tertiary71 ,dow ,chemical ,co41 ,midland1 ,mich4 ,phenyl phenols1 ,dow ,chemical ,co41 ,midland1 ,mich4 ,resorcinol1 tech43 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,pennsylvania ,coal ,products ,co41 ,petrolia1 ,pa4 ,naphthalene3 ,barrett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,calco ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,bound ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,coopers ,creek ,chemical ,co41 ,west ,conshohocken1 ,pa4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,reilly ,tar ,chemical ,corp41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,shell ,chemical ,co41 ,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,standard ,naphthalene ,products ,corp41 ,south ,kearney1 ,n4 ,j4 ,white ,tar ,co4 of ,n4 ,j41 ,inc41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,phthalic acid and anhydride3 ,american ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,barrett ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,monsanto ,chemical ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,national ,aniline ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,maleic acid and anhydride3 ,national ,aniline ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,american ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,monsanto ,chemical ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,malic acid1 ,national ,aniline ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,adipic acid1 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,succinic acid and anhydride3 ,american ,cyanamid ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,national ,aniline ,chemical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,urea1 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,formaldehyde3 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,empire ,oil ,refining ,co41 ,bartlesville1 ,okla4 ,heyden ,chemical ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hexamethylenetetramine1 tech43 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,heyden ,chemical ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,monsanto ,chemical ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,furfural1 ,quaker ,oats ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,vinyl acetate3 ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,co41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,niacet ,chemicals ,corp41 ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,vinyl chloride1 ,carbide ,carbon ,chemicals ,corp41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,appendix ,f ,,glossary#bi ,alkyd resin4--,any condensation product involving a polybasic acid and a polyhydric alcohol4 ,typical examples are phthalic glyceride and its modifications containing combined fatty acids or rosin4 ,representative examples are ,rezyls and ,glyptal4 ,aminoplast4--,general terms for synthetic resins from amino or amido compounds4 ,a typical example is urea-formaldehyde4 ,amorphous4--,devoid of crystalline structure4 ,this condition is rare4 ,many substances which are apparently amorphous show microcrystallinity1 particularly under ,x-ray examination4 ,a-stage resins4--,thermosetting resins reacted only to the initial stage where they are soluble and fusible4 ,the normal stage of a resin used for impregnation4 ,bonding strength4--,the amount of adhesion between a binder and filler4 ,more specifically1 the measure of the extent to which the composite layers of a laminated product are bonded together4 ,brittleness4--,liability to break1 generally to a conchoidal fracture4 ,b-stage resins4--,thermosetting resins reacted to a stage where they soften when heated and swell in contact with liquids but do not entirely fuse or dissolve4 ,this is the preferred stage for the resin in molding compositions4 ,casting4--,forming a material into a shape by pouring it when liquid into a mold4 ,the product from the mold is used as such or mechanically worked in various ways to the final articles1 as by sewing1 cutting1 blanking1 turning1 drilling1 forming1 swaging1 grinding1 polishing1 sanding1 or routing4 ,compressive strength4--,resistance to deformation under applied pressure4 ,condensation4--,a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine with a separation of water or some other simple substance4 ,applied to synthetic resins it means the formation of a resin by combination of a number of molecules with elimination of water1 ammonia1 hydrogen chloride1 or other simple substance4 ,examples of condensation resins are alkyd1 phenol-aldehyde1 and urea-formaldehyde resins4 ,the final products are also called condensation-polymers4 7,see ,polymerization47 ,copolymerization4--,the term applied when two or more substances polymerize at the same time to yield a product which is not a mixture of separate polymers but a complex having properties different from either polymer alone4 ,for example1 vinylite is produced by polymerization of a mixture of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride4 ,c-stage resins4--,thermosetting resins in the final stage in which they are infusible and insoluble4 ,the state of the resin in the final molded article4 ,curing4--,the change of a binder from the soluble-fusible condition to the substantially insoluble-infusible form by chemical action4 ,the heat-setting of a resinoid4 ,action is analogous to vulcanization of rubber4 ,dielectric strength4--,voltage gradient at which a continuous electrical discharge will take place between two electrodes when the material in question is placed between the electrodes and a potential difference is applied to them4 ,elastic4--,a substance which exhibits rubberlike properties or 8high elasticity0 over a wide range of applied forces4 ,elastic deformation4--,when a substance reverts to its original dimensions on release of an applied stress4 ,elastic limit4--,the point at which a body begins to yield under a stress2 that is1 when the stress is equal to or greater than the internal friction4 ,elasticity4--,the property by virtue of which a body reverts to its normal bulk or shape after deformation by an applied force4 ,extrusion molding4--,a molding procedure for extended shapes of uniform cross section1 whereby a heat-softened substance is forced through an orifice of form coinciding with the cross section of the article4 ,flexibility4--,capability of bending without breaking4 ,gums4--,viscous vegetable secretions which harden but1 unlike resins1 are water soluble4 ,the name is often applied1 particularly in the varnish industry1 to natural resins such as copals4 ,hardness4--,property of substances determined by their ability to abrade or indent one another4 ,often measured by the extent or depth of indentation produced by a standard substance under a predetermined load4 ,impact strength4--,the measure of toughness of a material4 ,generally determined by the energy required to break a specimen in one blow4 ,injection molding4--,a molding procedure whereby a heat-softened plastic material is forced from a receptacle into a cavity which gives the article of desired shape4 ,used particularly for thermoplastics since the scrap can be reused4 ,as soon as the composition in the mold cools sufficiently to be rigid1 the mold is opened and the molded article removed4 ,an analogy of injection molding in another field is shown by the linotype machine4 ,inserts4--,parts of a finished molded article which are of different material from the molding composition but are set in place or positioned by the molding operation4 ,laminated products4--,sheets of material united by a binder4 ,for example1 sheets of paper or wood coated and_/or impregnated with a resinous composition and subjected to pressure1 generally with heat4 ,monomer4--,the simplest repeating structural unit of a polymer4 ,for addition polymers this represents the originally unpolymerized compound4 ,phenoplast4--,a general term for phenol-aldehyde resins4 ,synonymous with popular term 8phenolics40 ,plastics4--,all substances that can be molded4 ,in general a plastic is a substance which behaves as a solid at stresses less than a certain amount known as the yield value and as a viscous liquid at stresses greater than this4 ,the name is also applied to substances which originally but not ultimately fulfill this condition4 ,for example1 it is applied to thermoset compositions or resinoids in the final stages4 ,plasticity4--,susceptibility to and the retention of deformation4 ,capacity of taking and retaining the form of a mold4 ,the property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed1 worked1 or molded under larger stresses4 ,polymerization4--,a chemical change resulting in the formation of a new compound whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substances4 ,the products of the reaction are called polymers4 ,to distinguish from those resulting from condensation 7q4 v471 they are often designated addition polymers1 since the reaction is that of successive addition of a large number of relatively small molecules 7monomers7 to form the final polymer4 ,power factor4--,in an insulating material1 the ratio of total power loss 7watts7 in the material to the product of voltage and current in a capacitor in which that material is a dielectric4 ,preforms4--,molding powders converted by pressure and without heat into a denser coherent form which approximates the shape of the final hot-pressed article4 ,molding material converted to preforms has about half the bulk factor of the original powder4 ,other forms of densified composition which do not necessarily approximate the shape of the final molding are tablets1 briquettes1 pellets1 pills1 and balls4 ,resin4--,a term generally referring to a physical condition at room temperature approximating the physical properties of natural resins4 ,however1 the temperature of reference should not be limited to room temperature and the term is here intended to embrace all substances which within a certain temperature range show these1 properties4 ,for example1 many oil-modified alkyd resins are viscous liquids at room temperature but not at lower temperatures2 polystyrene is a resin at room temperature but rubberlike when warmed4 ,resinoids4--,the class name applied to thermosetting resins4 ,temporary thermoplastics4 ,the name is also often applied to the final cured resins4 ,softening point4--,resins have no sharp melting point4 ,application of heat causes gradual change from a brittle or exceedingly thick and slow flowing material to a softer and less viscous liquid4 ,the softening point is the temperature at which the material flows at a definite rate or to a definite distance4 ,synthetic resin4--,a complex1 substantially amorphous1 organic semisolid or solid material 7usually a mixture of substances7 built up by chemical reaction of comparatively simple compounds and1 depending upon the temperature at which the examination is made1 approximating the natural resins in various physical properties3 namely1 luster1 fracture1 comparative brittleness1 insolubility in water1 fusibility or plasticity when heated or exposed to heat and pressure1 and1 at a certain more or less narrow temperature range before fusion1 showing a degree of rubberlike extensibility2 but commonly deviating widely from natural resins in chemical constitution and behavior with reagents4 ,synthetic rubber4--,caoutchouc synthesized in the laboratory4 ,the term is a misnomer and most probably represents an impossibility4 ,tensile strength4--,the greatest internal force per unit of cross section which a material develops before failure under tension4#cj ,thermoplastic4--,the property of softening under heat4 ,all molding materials are thermoplastic at the initial application of heat4 ,one class 7the so-called thermoplastics7 remains soft permanently under heat2 the other 7thermosetting71 after first softening1 sets or cures more or less quickly to a more solid form4 ,a practical distinction is that with the first class the mold must be cooled before the molded article is removed1 but not with the second4 ,a thermoplastic substance is adequately rigid at normal temperatures and under ordinary conditions of stress but is capable of deformation under heat and pressure4 ,thermosetting4--,the property of undergoing a chemical change when heated whereby a hardened product is obtained4 ,property most pronounced in phenol and urea formaldehyde resins and less so with alkyds4 ,a thermosetting substance possesses initially the properties of a thermoplastic but under the influence of heat undergoes chemical change so that it is no longer thermoplastic but becomes permanently infusible4 ,viscosity4--,internal friction or resistance to change of form of a liquid4 ,the constant ratio of shearing stress to rate of shear4 ,water-absorption4--,amount of water taken up when exposed to humid conditions or when immersed4 ,both rate of absorption and total absorption are important1 also change in dimensions4 ,a certain amount of absorbed water may improve mechanical properties but usually weakens electrical characteristics4 ,,footnotes #a ,a glossary of technical terms is included in appendix ,f4 p4 #afj of this report4 ,there are1 however1 certain fundamental terms which it would be advisable to have clearly in mind at this point4 #b ,shellac is a substance secreted by lac insects feeding on certain types of hardwood trees4 #c ,journal of the ,society of ,chemical industry1 #aija4 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #ajge4 #d ,current sales prices in the ,united ,states average between #g and #aj cents per pound and any imports would be dutiable under the provisions of par4 #bh of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj at #de percent ad valorem based on ,american selling price plus #g cents per pound4 ,based on an ,american selling price of #g cents per pound1 the import duty would be slightly more than #aj cents per pound1 while on an ,american selling price of #aj cents per pound the duty would be #aa4e cents per pound4 #e ,zelov1 ,victor ,i4 ,automatic ,molding1 ,pt4 #b1 ,advantages and limitations4 ,modern ,plastics1 v4 #ae1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #bjf2 ,october #aicg4 #f ,for texts and interpretation of exclusion orders see ,treasury ,decisions #daeab2 #dahie2 #dddaa2 #dddia2 #ddggf2 and #ddigg4 #g ,american selling price is defined in section #djb1 7g7 as3 8,the ,american selling price of any article manufactured or produced in the ,united ,states shall be the price1 including the cost of all containers and coverings of whatever nature and all other costs1 charges1 and expenses incident to placing the merchandise in condition packed ready for delivery1 at which such article is freely offered for sale to all purchasers in the principal market of the ,united ,states1 in the ordinary course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities in such market1 or the price that the manufacturer1 producer1 or owner would have received or was willing to receive for such merchandise when sold in the ordinary course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities1 at the time of exportation of the imported article40 #h ,united ,states value is defined in section #djb1 7e7 as3 8,the ,united ,states value of imported merchandise shall be the price at which such or similar imported merchandise is freely offered for sale1 packed ready for delivery1 in the principal market of the ,united ,states to all purchasers1 at the time of exportation of the imported merchandise1 in the usual wholesale quantities and in the ordinary course of trade1 with allowance made for duty1 cost of transportation and insurance1 and other necessary expenses from the place of shipment to the place of delivery1 a commission not exceeding #f per centum1 if any has been paid or contracted to be paid on goods secured otherwise than by purchase1 or profits not to exceed #h per centum and a reasonable allowance for general expenses1 not to exceed #h per centum on purchased goods40 #i ,the reclassifications read3 ,,par4 #b4 8,vinyl acetate1 polymerized or unpolymerized1 and synthetic resins made in chief value therefrom1 not specially provided for40 ,,par4 #aa4 8,synthetic resins made in chief value from vinyl acetate1 not specially provided for40 #aj ,see sections on import under each resin4 #aa ,reduced ,may #bc1 #aicd1 from #be cents per pound and #cj percent by ,presidential proclamation under ,section #ccf of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj4 #ab ,based on the total sales in #aicg reported to the ,tariff ,commission2 sales in dollars dived by quantity 7net resin content74 #ac ,the new consumption-restriction regulations are-- ,exterior use on plaster1 brick1 stone1 and cement3 #a4 ,surfaces already painted with oil paint may be repainted with oil paints1 without restrictions2 #b4 ,surfaces calcimined may be painted with paints containing not more than #ae percent oil2 #c4 ,unpainted surfaces may be painted only with paints free of oil4 ,exterior use on wood3 ,linseed oil paint may be used for the first coat1 and succeeding coats may contain up to #gj percent oil4 ,exterior and interior use on metal3 ,oil paints may be used without restriction4 ,interior use on plaster1 brick1 stone1 and cement3 #a4 ,surfaces already painted with oil paint may only be repainted with paint containing not more than #ae percent oil4 #b4 ,unpainted surfaces must be painted with paint free of oil4 ,interior use on wood1 to be cleaned with soap and soda3 ,el ,varnish and oil varnish may be used for the first coat followed by paint containing up to #gj percent oil4 ,interior use on wood1 not cleaned with soap and soda3 ,as above1 except that succeeding coats may contain not more than #dj percent oil4 #ad ,acknowledgment3 ,most of the information about the industry in ,great ,britain was submitted by ,norman ,inwood of the staff of the ,american consulate general at ,london1 ,england4 #ae ,acknowledgment3 ,information obtained on the synthetic resin industry in ,france was furnished by ,addison ,e4 ,southard1 ,american consul general at ,paris4 #af ,acknowledgment3 ,much of the information on the ,japanese synthetic resin industry included herein was furnished by ,carl ,h4 ,boehringer1 ,assistant ,trade ,commissioner at ,tokyo at the request of the ,u4,s4 ,tariff ,commission4 #ag ,these figures are based on an average naphthalene content of coal tar of slightly less than #aj percent4 ,the total amount contained would1 of course1 not be recovered even under ideal market conditions as to price and demand4 #ah ,par4 #afea4 ,coal-tar products3 444 naphthalene which after the removal of all the water present has a solidifying point less than #gi ,c4 444 7,free74 #ai ,par4 #bg4 ,coal-tar products3 7a7 7#a71 7#e7 444 naphthalene which after the removal of all water present has a solidifying point of #gi ,c4 or above2 all the foregoing products in this paragraph whether obtained1 derived1 or manufactured from coal tar or other sources2 444 #dj percent ad valorem and #g cents per pound4 7c7 ,the ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the ,american selling price 7as defined in subdivision 7g7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv71 of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the ,united ,states4 ,if there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the ,united ,states then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the ,united ,states value1 as defined in subdivision 7e7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv4 7d7 ,for the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner4 #bj ,upon ,american selling price or ,united ,states value4 #ba ,the relevant provisions of this act are as follows3 ,par4 #bg 7b7 444 phenol1 carbolic acid which on being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below one hundred and ninety degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than #e per centum of the original distillate1 4441 and any mixture of any of the foregoing products with any of the products provided for in paragraph #afea1 #bj per centum ad valorem and #c cents per pound4 7c7 ,the ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the ,american selling price 7as defined in subdivision 7g7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv71 of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the ,united ,states4 ,if there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the ,united ,states then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the ,united ,states value1 as defined in subdivision 7e7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv4 7d7 ,for the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this ,act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner4 #bb ,in #aibc the unit value of domestic sales was #bg cents per pound and the duty on imports 7computed specific rate per pound7 was #af cents2 in #aibe the corresponding figures were #ba and #af cents1 respectively4 #bc ,par4 #afea4 ,coal-tar products3 4441 all mixtures of any of these distillates and any of the foregoing pitches1 and all other materials or products found naturally in coal tar1 whether produced or obtained from coal tar or other source1 and not specially provided for in pars4 #bg or #bh4444 #bd ,par4 #bg 7a7 7#b74 ,coal-tar products3 ,all distillates 7except those provided for in sub-paragraph 7b77 of coal tar1 blast-furnace tar1 oil-gas tar1 and water-gas tar1 4441 which on being subjected to distillation yield in the portion distilling below two hundred and fifteen degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than #ge per centum of the original distillate4 #be ,par4 #bg 7b74 ,metacresol having a purity of #ij per centum or more1 orthocresol having a purity of #ij per centum or more1 paracresol having a purity of #ij per centum or more1 444 and any mixture of any of the foregoing products with any of the products provided for in paragraph #afea1 444 ,par4 #bg 7c74 ,the ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the ,american selling price 7as defined in subdivision 7g7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv71 of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the ,united ,states4 ,if there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the ,united ,states then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the ,united ,states value1 as defined in subdivision 7e7 of section #djb1 title ,,iv4 ,par4 #bg 7d74 ,for the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this ,act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner4 #bf ,par4 #bg 7b74 444 cresylic acid which upon being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below two hundred and fifteen degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than #ge per centum of the original distillate4444 #bg ,some of the makers of these products do not care to be identified with their manufacture4 #bh ,some of the makers of these products are not listed because they do not care to be so identified4 #bi ,based on pp4 #cba-d1 ,modern ,plastics1 ,october #aicg4 #cj ,source3 ,peele's ,mining ,engineers' ,handbook1 ,ed4 #a1 p4 #bbji4