,illustration3 ,a ,tribute of ,,regard1 ,,presented ,,by ,thy ,affectionate ,friend ,illustration3 ,frontispiece4 ,the ,farm ,yard4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,a ,,farm ,,house2 ,,or1 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,various ,,subjects ,,connected ,,with ,,rural ,,economy4 ,,embellished ,,with ,,beautiful ,,plates4 ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,visit ,,to ,,london40 ,,seventh ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and ,,corrected ,by ,t4,h4 ,,london3 ,,william ,,darton1 #eh1 ,,holborn ,,hill4 ,and to be had of all ,booksellers4 #ahbj4 7,entered at ,stationers' ,hall47 ,,price ,,half-,a-,,crown4 ,,preface4 ,this little ,work was undertaken to excite the attention of those children1 who live in the country1 to the various objects by which they are surrounded2 and to furnish those residing in the metropolis and other large cities1 with some information relative to rural economy1 which their situation prevents them acquiring by personal observation4 ,the author acknowledges that she is totally incompetent deeply to discuss the phenomena of nature1 or the science of agriculture2 she should indeed think it inconsistent to introduce scientific researches into a ,work of this kind4 ,but a slight investigation of the simple arts by which the nourishment of man is effected1 or of some of those wonders of creative power which daily present themselves to view1 cannot1 in her opinion1 be deemed an improper exercise even at an early age4 ,,visits ,,to ,a ,,farm ,,house4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,cows4 8,what a delightful morning60 exclaimed little ,arthur ,benson on opening his eyes1 and seeing the sun shine bright into his room2 8,charles1 ,charles10 continued he1 turning to his brother1 who was still asleep1 8let us get up directly1 and we shall have time for a little walk before grandpapa and grandmamma come down stairs40 ,charles obeyed the summons1 and they were soon dressed4 ,they then went into the garden1 and from the garden into the field adjoining2 both highly pleased with all they saw1 for they had never slept out of ,london before1 and the country was quite a new scene to them4 8,see10 said ,charles1 8how all the cows are gathered together by that gate2 and here comes a man they call old ,ralph with a pail on his arm4 ,pray1 ,ralph1 what do the cows want there80 8,they want to be milked10 said ,ralph1 8and through that gate is the way to the farm yard40 8,are you going to milk them1 and may we come with you80 inquired ,arthur4 ,leave being given1 they tripped along by the side of the good old servant2 but both stood at some distance behind when they came near the cows1 as they felt rather afraid of going close to such large animals4 8,why1 now1 masters1 what is there to be afraid of80 said ,ralph1 who found they had left off talking and suddenly shrunk back4 8,the cows will not hurt you1 if you do not hurt them40 8,don't they sometimes toss people with their great horns80 asked ,charles4 8,here and there you may meet with a vicious one10 replied the man1 8but in common they are very gentle40 ,arthur4 ,i remember my papa told me never to run in the way of the cows that we meet in ,london streets4 ,ralph4 ,aye1 that is a very different thing4 ,the poor cattle are not used to be there1 so sometimes they may be frightened2 and then1 the butchers are often cruel1 and will beat and drive them about1 as ,i have heard1 so that for what ,i know it may be best to keep out of their way2 but here there is nothing of the sort4 ,i do not ill use them1 and they are always quiet with me4 ,the little ,bensons then recovered from their fears1 and wanted to milk the cows themselves4 ,the trial was made1 and they were surprised to find that they were not able to do it as well as ,ralph4 ,had they been older1 they would have known that there are many things which are easy to those who are accustomed to do them1 that one who had never tried would find difficult4 8,pray1 ,ralph10 asked ,arthur1 8why has the young calf that thing full of spikes round his mouth8 ,see1 he wants to suck the black cow1 and she will not let him4 ,cannot you take it off80 8,oh no1 master ,arthur1 it is time the calf should be weaned4 ,he is old enough now to eat grass1 and we want the milk for the dairy2 so we put the spikes on him1 and because of them1 as they would hurt her1 the mother will not let him suck any more40 8,is he to be killed80 inquired ,charles4 8,not at present10 replied the old man4 8,master means to keep him to draw in the team40 8,to draw in the team60 said ,charles with some surprise4 8,yes10 returned ,ralph2 8we have always a team of oxen4 ,you may see them ploughing in that field yonder2 just there10 continued he1 pointing with his finger1 8beyond the holly hedge40 8,i see them2 ,i see them10 said ,arthur4 8,poor creatures6 how slow they go6 ,are not they tired1 ,ralph80 8,no1 sir10 replied ,ralph1 8they do not move so quick as horses2 but they are vastly stronger4 ,and though it is not always quite so easy to manage them1 yet on the whole they answer very well40 ,ralph had now finished milking3 and taking the little boys into the stable1 he showed them a baby calf1 as he called it1 that was to be sold to the butcher the next day4 ,illustration3 ,page #f4 ,the baby ,calf4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #e1 #ahae4 8,o you pretty little thing60 said ,arthur4 8,only look1 ,charles1 at these spots on its back4 ,i should like to have it for my own4 ,why must it be killed1 pray80 ,ralph4 ,to serve us for food1 master ,arthur4 ,if we were to suffer all the cattle to live1 they would eat all the grass and corn that we could grow2 and then we should be starved1 and you would not like that4 ,arthur4 ,no1 ,i don't want to starve2 only ,i do not like to have things killed4 ,at this moment ,mr4 ,mansfield came into the stable4 8,we were talking about this poor calf1 grandpapa10 said ,charles4 8,ralph says it is to be killed to-morrow to make veal4 ,i am sorry for it2 it has such a pretty coat60 8,it cannot be helped1 my dear10 replied his grandfather4 8,but when it is dead1 do you know what will be done with its pretty coat80 ,the boys answering they did not1 8,it will be sold10 said he1 8to the tanner1 who dresses the skins of cattle1 or hides as they are called2 and when it is properly prepared1 it makes that beautiful1 smooth kind of leather1 that the large books you were looking at last night were bound with4 ,it is often prepared to write upon1 and is then called vellum4 ,the skins of oxen and cows make a thick coarse leather1 such as the soles of our boots and shoes40 8,and what becomes of the hair80 asked ,charles4 8,after the hide has been soaked for a long time10 replied ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8it comes off easily1 and is put into that kind of mortar which is used to plaster walls1 in order to keep them from crumbling and falling away4 ,did you never see in a white wall broken down in part1 a heap of short hairs1 and here and there perhaps a little loose piece of mortar hanging to them80 ,arthur said he had1 but he did not know it was cow-hair2 and added1 he could not have thought it could have been of any use4 8,every thing is of use1 my dear10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield4 8,i doubt if you can name a part of the cow that will not turn to some account40 8,what the hoofs1 grandpapa80 said ,charles4 8,yes1 ,charles10 returned ,mr4 ,mansfield4 8,the hoofs and the parings of the skin1 by being boiled down to a strong jelly1 make the glue which carpenters use to join things together40 ,arthur4 ,the horns--,oh1 ,i know what is done with the horns4 ,i have seen horn lanterns1 and ,i have got a little box at home that mamma says is made of horn4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,very well1 ,arthur4 ,and you may have seen boxes1 and knife-handles1 and combs1 and many other things1 made of the bones of the ox4 ,even the dung is of some use4 ,it is a good manure for land2 it is used in the process for bleaching linen2 and poor women pick it up when it is dry1 and make fires of it1 to save coals4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,dairy4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield1 hearing how much her little grandsons had been pleased with the cows1 after breakfast took them into the dairy1 to show them what was done with the milk which those useful animals give in such large quantities4 ,the dairy was a little room with a brick floor1 facing the north1 and kept very cool1 by means of a latticed window that let in fresh air4 ,it was necessary that it should be built in that way1 because heat soon turns milk sour4 ,round the room were fixed a sort of trays lined with lead1 which then were all filled with milk4 8,grandmamma1 what is to be done with this milk80 inquired ,arthur4 8,it is set for cream10 answered ,mrs4 ,mansfield2 8and the cream will be made into butter40 ,charles4 ,how is butter made1 pray8 ,grandmamma4 ,come here1 and ,i will show you4 ,the milk is poured into these trays1 which are not deep1 but broad1 so as to cover a large space4 ,when it has stood some time1 the cream or greasy part1 which at first is mixed with the milk1 rises to the top in the manner you now see4 ,then it is skimmed off with this ladle1 and put into a pan by itself4 ,this is done twice a-day2 and when there is cream enough1 it is churned into butter4 ,charles4 ,is there any churn here1 grandmamma8 ,sister ,kate has got a plaything churn1 but ,i never saw one fit for real use4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield pointed to a large barrel fixed on a stand1 with a winch handle to turn it1 and told him that was the churn4 ,charles was surprised1 and said it was not at all like his sister's4 ,grandmamma4 ,perhaps not4 ,sometimes they are made like a pail1 with a long stick to pull up and down2 but these ,i have give less trouble1 and1 ,i believe1 are now common4 ,illustration3 ,page #ad4 ,the ,dairy4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #e1 #ahae4 ,arthur4 ,well1 grandmamma1 how is this used8 ,grandmamma4 ,the cream is put in through that little square door1 which is then shut quite close2 and when the churn has been turned a good while1 it is changed into butter4 ,charles4 ,so then butter is nothing but cream shaken about8 ,i should like to see it made4 ,grandmamma4 ,you cannot see it now1 my dear1 because ,rose churned yesterday4 ,but ,i will give you a little cream in a phial3 and you may shake it till you make it into butter4 ,arthur4 ,oh1 can we make it so8 ,i should like it very much indeed1 if you please1 ma'am4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield fetched a phial1 and the two boys amused themselves a long time with their experiment4 ,but they found that with all their pains they could not turn the whole into butter2 their grandmamma told them there was always some waste2 that it was called buttermilk1 and given to the pigs4 ,arthur and ,charles1 quite proud of their success1 went to look for ,rose1 that they might tell her they could make butter as well as she4 ,they found her in the dairy1 where their attention was drawn to a new circumstance4 ,rose was standing before a large tub1 full of a white substance rather thicker than jelly1 which she was very diligently employed in breaking4 ,they forgot the butter they had intended to boast of1 and both began to ask a variety of questions1 which she answered with great good humour4 ,both the ,boys4 ,what is that for8 ,what are you doing now1 ,rose8 ,rose4 ,making cheese4 ,charles4 ,making cheese8 ,well1 since ,i have been at my grandpapa's1 ,i have seen things ,i never saw before4 ,arthur4 ,but how do you make it1 ,rose8 ,what have you got there8 ,rose4 ,curd4 ,arthur4 ,what is curd8 ,rose4 ,it is made from milk1 master ,arthur4 ,when the cream is taken off1 we take the milk and mix it with rennet1 and then-- ,arthur4 ,rennet6 ,what is that8 ,rose4 ,a sour juice that is made by boiling a part of the inside of a calf4 ,we put a little rennet to the milk1 which makes it part into curds and whey4 ,this thick white part is the curd1 and the thin watery part is called whey4 ,arthur4 ,is that the whey people take for a cold8 ,rose4 ,no4 ,that kind of whey is made with wine instead of rennet2 but the curd parts just in the same manner as this4 ,charles4 ,i will ask our ,sally to let me look at it the next time she makes whey4 ,but why do you break it8 ,rose4 ,that there may be no lumps4 ,wait a little1 if you please1 and you shall see how ,i go on4 ,she then took a large round bag made of coarse cloth1 into which she put all the curd1 and pressed it with very heavy weights in order to squeeze out as much of the whey as she could4 ,this done1 she turned it out of the bag into a vat which has holes like a cullender1 and1 leaving it to drain1 then told them the cheese was finished4 8,i did not know10 said ,charles1 8it was so easy to make cheese4 ,but what is the rind1 pray80 8',tis the same as the rest10 replied ,rose2 8only1 being left to the air1 it grows hard in time40 ,then leading them into another room1 she showed them a great number of cheeses2 some were still soft1 having been lately made2 others1 that had been longer kept1 were grown quite hard4 8,what is the whey good for8' asked ,charles1 as they came back through the dairy4 8,we give it to the pigs10 said ,rose4 8,so then10 said ,arthur to himself as he walked away1 8butter and cheese are both made from milk2 but the butter is the greasy part1 and the cheese is the curdy40 8,yes1 master ,arthur10 said ,rose1 8you are right1 for that is our way of making butter and cheese in this country3 but in many places1 where richer cheese is made1 they use the milk without skimming off the cream2 and to make good cream cheese1 the cream only is used when skimmed from the milk40 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,pigs4 ,when dinner-time came1 it happened that there were brought to table some custards and gooseberry tarts1 of which ,charles was tempted to eat very greedily4 ,he had already been twice helped1 and the servant was going to carry away the remainder of a tart that had been left in the dish1 when ,charles1 not satisfied whilst any remained1 stopped him1 and once more filled his plate with it4 ,the footman stared2 and his grandpapa and grandmamma looked at him with surprise1 but said nothing4 ,in the evening ,mr4 ,mansfield led his grandsons into the yard1 just at the time his man was giving the pigs their supper4 ,arthur and ,charles were diverted at the eagerness with which the whole family squeaked and grunted over their food1 which they devoured with the utmost haste1 treading one over another as they scrambled for a share4 8,o grandpapa10 exclaimed ,charles1 8how droll it is to see the pigs eat6 ,look there6 look there6 ,one has got a cabbage leaf1 and another wants it4 ,now it has got it away1 and it eats it as fast as ever it can4 ,and now it is come for more4 ,i dare say they will soon empty the trough40 8,perhaps so10 replied his grandpapa1 smiling4 8,pigs are as fond of cabbage leaves and bean stalks1 as little boys are of gooseberry pie40 ,charles blushed4 8,hey1 ,charles60 continued he1 putting his hand upon his head so as to look full in his face1 8this is not the first time to-day ,i thought ,i had a pig for my companion4 ,do you know any body that ate voraciously1 and at last emptied the dish80 ,charles softly answered1 8,yes1 sir40 8,well1 ,i believe he is ashamed of his greediness10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield2 8,i only advise him another time to be more upon his guard for fear we should take him for a pig40 ,as they were sauntering about1 a sow with a fine litter of pigs at her heels came across the yard4 8,pray1 sir10 asked ,arthur1 8how many pigs may a sow have at once80 8,from ten to twenty10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield4 8,but as she has not milk enough to suckle so many1 she casts off some1 and seldom brings up more than twelve40 ,arthur4 ,what food do they like best1 sir8 ,illustration3 ,page #bd4 ,the ,pigs4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #e1 #ahae4 ,grandpapa4 ,they are not very difficult4 ,they will eat almost any kind of rubbish and offal3 but vegetables of all sorts are best for them4 ,cabbage stalks1 potatoe parings1 bean and pea shells1 they like very well2 and it is a good way to turn them out into the forests1 where they meet with plenty of acorns1 and mast nuts that grow upon beach trees4 ,with their long snouts they turn up the ground1 that they may get at the roots or plants3 to prevent this1 we are obliged to have a ring thrust through their noses1 otherwise they would do a great deal of mischief4 ,charles4 ,are they of much use1 grandpapa8 ,grandpapa4 ,not whilst they are alive4 ,when dead1 the flesh1 you know1 is eaten1 and is called pork1 or bacon if salted in a particular manner4 ,the lard1 or some of the fat1 is used in making many sorts of plasters1 and the bristles are formed into brushes of various kinds2 and are used by shoemakers and others in sewing leather1 instead of needles4 ,arthur4 ,i like little pigs much better than ,i do great old ones4 ,grandpapa4 ,i cannot say the hog is a favourite animal with me4 ,he is not only ugly1 but his habits of life are disagreeable4 ,you may have observed that he is very fond of grouting in the mire4 ,neither his grunting nor his squeaking is pleasant music2 and the whole race are so greedy1 that1 if they have food enough1 they will eat till they are too heavy to stand on their legs2 even then they will lie on their sides1 and eat still4 ,sometimes the sow will go so far as to devour her own young4 ,arthur4 ,indeed8 ,the unnatural brute6 ,grandpapa4 ,i should have told you that their stomach is made very large1 and requires an unusual quantity of food4 ,but if we are disgusted with the manners of a hog1 we should be careful not to imitate them2 as filth1 gluttony1 and want of natural affection1 must surely be ten times more shocking in the creature man1 who is blessed with reason4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,sheep-,shearing4 ,the following day being appointed for sheep-shearing1 a number of men and boys assembled at an early hour in the great barn4 ,arthur and ,charles went with their grandpapa to see the process1 and were greatly pleased with the hurry and bustle of the scene4 ,the sheep were penned in a fold close to the barn1 and were fetched away by the lads one by one1 as fast as the shearers were ready for them4 ,a few days before1 they had all been washed at a mill-pond1 so that their fleeces were beautifully white1 and they were so thick as to make the animals appear almost twice as large as they really were4 ,illustration3 ,page #bh4 ,sheep ,shearing4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #e1 #ahae4 ,arthur observed with surprise1 that the poor creatures were perfectly quiet during the time of their being shorn2 although they struggled with terror when they were first brought out1 and bleated piteously as soon as they were set at liberty4 ,he wondered at the ease with which the men laid them on the ground1 and afterwards turned them over from side to side1 as was necessary in the course of the shearing4 ,after watching one of the shearers for some time1 he began the following conversation with him3-- ,arthur4 ,good man1 does not it hurt the sheep to be pulled about in that way8 ,the ,man4 ,they do not like it2 but ,i try to hurt them as little as ,i can4 ,arthur4 ,are you not afraid of cutting them with the shears1 when you put them down into the middle of the wool8 ,the ,man4 ,we take care to feel our way1 but now and then they get an unlucky snip4 ,that man there1 that stands by the door1 has some tar that he puts to them if they chance to be hurt4 ,arthur4 ,poor things6 how cold they must feel when they lose such a quantity of wool6 ,the ,man4 ,it is time they should be shorn now1 master4 ,this is their winter coat1 as one may say2 and if it was left much longer1 by little and little it would fall off of itself4 ,arthur4 ,then why don't you let it come off of itself1 instead of taking all this trouble1 and teasing the sheep8 ,the ,man4 ,my service to you1 sir6 ,what1 are we to lose the wool1 or to follow the sheep from place to place wherever they choose to stray1 in order to gather it after them8 ,no1 no2 they may suffer a little at first1 but if the weather is warm they soon get over it4 ,arthur4 ,how many can you shear in a day1 good man8 ,the ,man4 ,why1 fifty1 more or less4 ,the quickest hands can finish one in ten minutes4 ,charles during this time was helping a little girl to pick up the loose locks of wool that were scattered over the floor4 ,his brother turned round1 and saw how he was employed4 ,what should he do8 ,every one was busy besides himself1 and he could not bear to be the only idle person4 ,a message came to fetch away one of the women1 whose task it was to roll up the fleeces and pile them together on a heap4 ,arthur offered to take her place2 and1 after a few trials1 he learned to tie them up very dexterously4 ,he continued at this employment for some time1 and rejoiced to find himself of some use4 ,mr4 ,mansfield at length called the two boys to go away4 ,they immediately obeyed2 and ,charles1 taking hold of his grandpapa's hand1 asked him if he did not think a sheep-shearing was a most charming thing4 ,grandpapa4 ,it does very well in its season1 my dear boy4 ,wool is so useful1 that the shearing-time always gives me pleasure4 ,arthur4 ,what shall you do with it1 grandpapa8 ,grandpapa4 ,i shall sell it to the wool-stapler2 and1 after it has passed through the hands of different manufacturers1 you may perhaps meet with it again in some shop1 though so altered as not to be known for the same4 ,it will then be in the shape of flannel1 worsted1 cloth1 or perhaps some kind of stuff4 8,that is all very droll10 said ,charles4 8,but when will there be another sheep-shearing1 grandpapa80 8,not till this day twelvemonth1 my dear10 returned ,mr4 ,mansfield4 8,wool does not grow very fast4 ,in two or three weeks you will see the sheep covered with a little short wool2 and the traces of the shears will then be worn away4 ,as winter comes on1 it grows thicker and longer2 but that is not a time to rob them of their fleece4 ,at last the year will come round1 and then they will be again ready for the shearer40 8,i am fond of sheep10 said ,arthur2 8and ,i like little lambs1 they look so innocent40 ,grandpapa4 ,they are gentle1 timid creatures1 and require the care of man more than almost any other animal2 as they have neither strength to defend themselves when attacked by their enemies1 nor swiftness to run from danger4 ,arthur4 ,and they pay us for the care we take of them1 by letting us have their wool8 ,grandpapa4 ,indeed they do1 ,arthur2 but not by their wool alone1 for they are useful in more ways than one4 ,mutton1 which you know is the flesh of the sheep1 is one of the most wholesome meats we have2 some parts of the fat are melted down to make tallow4 ,the skin is sometimes made into parchment1 and sometimes into leather1 for gloves1 shoes1 and other things3 and parts of the guts are twisted into strings for musical instruments4 ,charles4 ,what enemies have sheep1 grandpapa8 ,you have said they can't defend themselves against their enemies4 ,grandpapa4 ,wherever there are wild beasts1 ,charles1 they have many enemies1 as they all prey upon the sheep4 ,eagles will attack young lambs2 so will foxes2 and even dogs1 if they are fierce1 and not properly trained4 ,arthur4 ,but ,i have often seen a dog along with a flock of sheep4 ,grandpapa4 ,yes2 the breed that is called the shepherd's dog is very useful in managing them4 ,they seldom bite1 but will fetch those back that have gone astray2 and by barking at them alone1 guide the whole flock much more easily than a man can do4 ,when they have done their business1 you may see them come back to the shepherd1 and follow him as quietly as possible4 ,in the evening a supper was provided to refresh the shearers after their hard day's work1 consisting of legs of mutton1 and plum-puddings1 with plenty of good ale4 ,all was jollity and mirth4 ,during the day a constant buz of many voices might have been heard even at some distance from the barn2 but the business they were engaged in did not allow time for much talk4 ,at night1 on the contrary1 they had nothing to do but to divert themselves1 and every tongue was heard4 ,they told merry stories without end1 sang songs1 and drank to the health of their kind master4 ,mr4 ,mansfield himself staid with them for some time1 encouraging them to be cheerful1 and walked about to see that every body was helped4 ,at length1 he left the party1 followed by his grand-children1 who immediately retired to rest1 highly satisfied with the pleasures of the day4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,a ,walk through the ,fields4 ,the next morning1 ,mr4 ,mansfield asked the little boys if they were disposed for a walk4 ,arthur replied that he should like it very much2 but ,charles said he would rather stay at home with his grandmamma2 accordingly they set off without him4 8,what pretty purple flowers grow in that field60 observed ,arthur1 when they had proceeded a little way4 8,pray1 grandpapa1 what are they80 8,that is a field of clover10 replied ,mr4 ,mansfield2 8and it will soon be cut for hay40 ,arthur4 ,i never saw such pretty hay as that4 ,grandpapa4 ,oh1 there will be no beauty in it4 ,on the contrary1 it looks much coarser and browner than what is made of common grass1 which is called meadow hay4 ,arthur4 ,what becomes of the flowers then8 ,grandpapa4 ,they dry and wither away4 ,you do not suppose they would live when cut down4 ,did you ever see how hay is made8 ,arthur4 ,yes1 a great many times4 ,a number of men and women go into a field and turn the grass1 and then they put it into cocks1 and afterwards make a stack of it4 ,grandpapa4 ,why do they do all that8 ,arthur4 ,to make it into hay4 ,grandpapa4 ,yes4 ,but why does turning it about make grass into hay8 ,arthur said he did not know4 ,grandpapa4 ,then ,i will tell you4 ,the grass when cut down is full of moisture4 ,if you squeeze a blade in your fingers1 it will be damp2 and that dampness is called sap4 ,now1 while the sap is in it the grass will not keep4 ,if you were to make it into a stack1 it would soon rot1 and smell so putrid you would not like to go near it4 ,but when it is turned about to the sun and the wind1 till the sap is dried away1 there is no more danger1 and you may stack it1 and keep it for a long time4 ,arthur4 ,but if ,i had a field1 grandpapa1 ,i would never make hay4 ,my horses should go in and eat the grass when they wanted it2 and ,i would save myself the trouble of working for them4 ,grandpapa4 ,i am afraid1 ,arthur1 you would make a lazy farmer4 ,do not you know that nothing in this world is to be had without trouble8 and if you are so very sparing of your pains1 ,i fear you will not succeed very well4 ,arthur4 ,why not1 pray1 sir8 ,grandpapa4 ,did you ever take notice of the grass in the winter8 ,arthur4 ,yes2 ,i believe it is then short and black4 ,grandpapa4 ,the blackness is nothing but the earth among it2 it is very thin at that time of the year4 ,did you ever observe a field just before it was cut for hay8 ,arthur4 ,oh1 yes4 ,do you know1 grandpapa1 we all took a walk in a field a little while ago2 and the grass was so very long that it came up to the top of my legs2 and little ,kate cried1 and could not get on at all4 ,grandpapa4 ,you see then1 that as there is much grass in summer and but little in winter1 your horses at one time would have more than they could eat1 and at another would starve4 ,yet this would be owing to your own fault3 for ,god gives enough for the whole year2 and all he requires of us is1 that we should in the season of plenty lay up for the time of need4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,walk continued4 ,the next field they came to was sown with rye1 which ,mr4 ,mansfield said was a species of corn2 and1 although much coarser than wheat1 was frequently made into bread1 and in many places formed the chief food of the poor4 ,he desired his grandson to gather an ear or two1 that he might learn to distinguish between that and barley1 which grew in the field through which they were next to pass4 ,arthur pulled up a root of rye1 and then ran to overtake his grandfather1 who by this time had got over the stile1 and was slowly crossing the barley field4 8,well1 ,arthur1 what difference do you find in the growth of these two kinds of corn80 asked ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,arthur4 ,indeed1 grandpapa1 ,i don't see any1 except that the rye grows very high1 as high as the top of your hat1 and that the barley only comes to my elbow4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,that is one difference1 to be sure4 ,examine them well1 and perhaps you may discover some other4 ,arthur4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i see1 sir4 ,the spikes of the rye are neither so fine nor so long as in the barley4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,very true again4 ,so you see you need never mistake between them4 ,the straw of the rye is the longest1 but the beard 7you should not call it the spikes7 is shorter and coarser4 ,arthur4 ,i think the long beard of the barley gives it rather a silky look1 as it waves about with the wind4 ,pray1 grandpapa1 is barley sown to make bread too8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,sometimes it is used for that purpose2 but the greatest part of what we grow in ,england is for making beer4 ,arthur4 ,beer6 ,is it possible that barley can make beer8 ,do you know1 sir1 how it is done8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,yes2 and you shall hear1 if you wish to know4 ,all grain is the seed of the plant2 and before it can be put to any use it must be taken out of the ear4 ,now1 to do that1 it is thrashed with an instrument called a flail4 ,i suppose you have seen one1 have you not8 ,arthur4 ,i remember once passing at some distance from a barn1 where a man was swinging something about1 that looked like a bent stick2 and he beat the ground with it1 and somebody said he was thrashing4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,that he certainly was4 ,the corn was spread upon the barn-floor1 and he was beating out the grain with a flail4 ,the next business is to separate it from the chaff1 or outside skin4 ,this is sometimes done by turning a machine very quickly so as to cause a wind1 which blows away the chaff1 for it is as light as a feather4 ,a more simple method is1 to throw the corn across from one side of the barn to the other1 against the wind4 ,the chaff1 being so light1 is soon blown back1 whilst the corn goes on a little further1 and falls in a heap by itself4 ,arthur4 ,but1 dear grandpapa1 what has this to do with making beer8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,all in good time1 my dear boy4 ,you must get at the barley before you can use it1 must you not8 ,the method of winnowing ,i have described1 relates principally to wheat 7for barley is without chaff72 but the barley must be thrashed1 and separated from the ear2 after which it is put for some days into a cistern of water4 ,it is then taken out and laid in heaps2 when it ferments1 and is ready to shoot out in the same manner as if sown in the ground4 ,afterwards it is spread thinly over a floor1 and frequently turned2 and when partly dry is carried to a kiln1 a kind of oven1 where it is dried4 ,having passed through all this process it is called malt1 and the man whose business it is1 is termed a maltster4 ,arthur4 ,i thought brewers made beer8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,you were right4 ,brewers buy malt4 ,they grind it1 and then pour hot water upon it1 to get out its strength and goodness4 ,the liquor thus obtained1 which is sweet-wort1 becomes the most valuable part of the commodity2 for the malt has lost its virtue1 and is called grains1 and is only used to feed pigs and cattle4 ,the wort is afterwards boiled with hops1 which give it a bitterish taste instead of a sickly sweet1 and keep it wholesome and good4 ,then it takes the name of beer2 and after fermenting for a little while may be put into casks and kept for use4 ,and now1 ,arthur1 do you think that you understand brewing8 ,shall you recollect that malt is barley prepared in a particular way8 and that beer is made by pouring warm water on the malt1 and afterwards boiling it with hops8 ,arthur4 ,i think ,i shall1 grandpapa4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,the ,pony4 ,as ,mr4 ,mansfield and ,arthur were returning from their walk1 in a lane at a little distance from the house they were met by ,charles1 who had mounted a pony belonging to his grandfather3 it had taken fright1 and was running away at full speed4 ,mr4 ,mansfield stopped it by catching hold of the bridle2 and as soon as he was satisfied that no mischief had happened1 and ,charles was sufficiently recovered to be able to talk1 he inquired what had led him to try his skill in horsemanship4 ,illustration3 ,page #eb4 ,charles on the ,poney4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #e1 #ahae4 8,why1 grandpapa10 replied ,charles1 8,robert had just come home with the pony1 and left him at the gate2 and ,i wanted to ride2 so ,i got upon him1 and he ran away with me40 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,as you have never been used to ride1 my dear ,charles1 you had better not get upon strange horses when you are alone4 ,i wonder too that ,plover should run away2 he is in general very gentle4 ,charles4 ,at first he would keep his head over the gate1 and ,i could not get him to move4 ,so ,i hit him with a stick ,i had in my hand1 and that set him off in a gallop4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,i fancy all was owing to your want of skill2 for ,plover is a very quiet creature1 and easily managed2 but he will not bear ill usage2 therefore1 if you beat him much1 ,i am not surprised at the accident4 ,arthur4 ,i am sure1 grandpapa1 ,charles did not mean to be cruel1 and use the horse ill4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,he is so good a boy that ,i do not suspect him of it2 and ,i only meant to give him a caution against another time4 ,no1 my dear children1 ,i hope you will never take pleasure in wanton cruelty4 ,my heart has often ached at the barbarities ,i have seen practised on poor dumb creatures4 ,arthur4 ,once when ,i was walking with papa1 we saw a man beating a horse about the head with the butt end of his whip1 and my papa advised him not to do so2 but he said it was his own horse1 and he had a right to do as he liked4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,nothing can give a man a right to be cruel4 ,we may1 it is true1 make what use we please of our beasts1 as long as we treat them well1 for they were made for our convenience2 but ,god ,almighty has given to them life and feeling the same as he has to us2 and we make him angry with us whenever we use them ill4 8,i often think1 grandpapa1 that it is very strange such large creatures as these10 said ,arthur1 patting ,plover1 who now walked quietly by the side of his master1 8should suffer us to get upon their backs1 and manage them as we please4 ,they are much stronger than we are2 and ,i wonder they do not drive us away1 and not carry us1 and refuse to draw our coaches and do every thing we like40 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,it would be astonishing1 ,arthur1 if we did not consider that our reason gives us a great advantage over all brutes4 ,some of them1 it is true1 are much larger1 some much stronger1 and others much swifter than we2 but by means of our understanding we can conquer the strongest1 and tame the fiercest of them4 ,charles4 ,how can we tame them1 pray1 sir8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,by methods which they cannot resist4 ,plover is stronger than you1 but a boy of your size who understands riding would be able to manage him4 ,he would pull the bridle on this side1 or on that1 according as he wished him to turn2 and as he pulled1 the bit would hurt the horse's mouth just enough to make him willing to go where he was wanted3 therefore1 by our knowing how to manage a bit and a bridle1 we are more than a match for a horse in spite of his great strength4 ,arthur4 ,i understand you now1 grandpapa4 ,and ,i have something to tell you4 ,as we were taking a walk a little while ago1 a dog came barking and snapping1 and ,i thought he was going to bite me2 but my mamma called out1 8,don't be frightened1 ,arthur2 pick up a stone to throw at the dog1 and it will send him away40 ,so ,i did1 and to be sure he slunk off at once4 ,now was not it my reason that made me conquer the dog1 though the dog could bite harder than myself8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,exactly so4 ,you see1 then1 that although our bodies are naturally weak and helpless1 yet by our reason we are furnished with the means of strength and defence4 ,so ,god has ordained2 and therefore1 though he will not suffer us to be cruel to any of his creatures1 yet1 as our ,bible tells us1 he said at the beginning of the world1 that the fear and dread of man should be for ever upon all animals4 ,as ,mr4 ,mansfield finished these words1 they reached the stable yard1 and ,ralph came forward to unharness the pony4 8,plover must be shod to-morrow1 sir10 said he1 as he looked at one of his hinder feet4 8,is not it cruel1 grandpapa10 asked ,charles1 8to drive nails into the horse's feet80 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,no1 my dear1 it is not4 ,the nails only go into the hoofs1 which are very hard1 and have not any feeling2 but if we did not put on these iron shoes1 the hoofs1 hard as they are1 would soon be battered to pieces when they travel over rough and gravelled ground4 ,arthur4 ,dead horses are of no use2 are they1 sir8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,their flesh is given to dogs2 but the skin1 when converted into leather1 is used for making harness and some other things4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,a ,visit to the ,windmill4 8,do you know1 my dear10 said ,mrs4 ,mansfield to her husband1 when they were sitting at tea1 8the miller has forgotten to send home the flour he promised to let us have last week2 and ,sarah has just told me we have not enough in the house to bake to-morrow6 ,so what must we do8 ,can you spare one of the men to go over and inquire about it80 8,i am afraid1 my dear10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8they are all busy at present2 but when ,ralph comes in he may go of the errand40 8,it has just occurred to me10 rejoined ,mrs4 ,mansfield1 8that if you are disposed for another walk this fine evening1 you might go yourself and take the children with you2 and it will be a nice treat to them1 for ,i know they have never seen a mill40 8,ah1 do go1 grandpapa2 will you1 grandpapa8 it will be so very delightful60 said both the boys at the same instant4 8,well1 bring me my hat then10 said their indulgent grandfather4 8,i did not intend to stir again to-night2 but if it will give you pleasure1 my dear boys----0 8,thank you1 sir6 thank you1 sir60 cried ,charles1 running for the hat4 8,i hope you won't be tired though10 said ,arthur4 8,you shall rest upon my shoulder all the way2 and do not be afraid of leaning all your weight1 for ,i shall be able to bear it very well40 8,you shall have my shoulder to rest upon too10 exclaimed ,charles3 8,so ,i dare say1 grandpapa1 you will not be tired40 8,indeed10 replied ,mr4 ,mansfield1 putting one hand upon the shoulder of each1 as he rose from the chair1 8with two such kind little supporters1 ,i shall not be easily fatigued40 ,as they walked1 ,charles expressed his joy that they were going to see the inside of a mill1 which was what he had long wished to do4 8,and1 pray10 inquired he1 8what is it like80 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,that you will see when you get to it3 in the mean time1 ,arthur1 examine this wheat4 ,i showed you barley and rye in the morning4 8,there is no beard to this10 said ,arthur4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,no2 and the ear is heavier and larger4 ,gather one1 and count the number of grains it contains4 ,charles pulled violently1 and drew up a root that had seven stalks growing from it4 ,illustration3 ,farm ,house ,page #fd4 ,the ,mill4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #e1 #ahae4 8,hold1 you wasteful little fellow60 cried his grandpapa4 8,i did not tell you to root up my field at one stroke4 ,let me see1 however4 ,observe what a wonderful increase here is4 ,these seven stalks have all sprung from one single grain1 and each ear contains1 perhaps1 twenty grains2 which gives us in all a hundred and forty grains instead of one40 ,arthur4 ,that is astonishing1 indeed6 ,so there always grows a hundred and forty times as much wheat as is sown8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,no1 no1 ,i did not say that4 ,in this instance it is so2 and sometimes it may even happen to produce more2 but a great deal of seed rots in the ground1 without ever growing at all3 of what does come up1 some is spoilt before it is ripe1 and the ears that come to perfection do not all yield so well as these4 ,i believe1 therefore1 that taking the kingdom throughout1 we only gather about eight times the quantity we sow4 ,arthur4 ,how long is wheat growing1 pray1 sir8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,nine or ten months generally4 ,no sooner is the harvest of one year got in1 than we begin to prepare for that of the ensuing year4 ,we plough the land1 and sow it again immediately4 ,some seed1 indeed1 is not sown before the spring1 but that never produces quite such good crops4 ,charles4 ,what is the use of ploughing1 grandpapa8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,to break up the earth1 which would otherwise get so hard that no corn could grow in it4 ,when a field has been ploughed1 a man walks over it1 and scatters the seed all over the field4 ,then it is raked in by an instrument full of great iron teeth1 called a harrow4 ,care must afterwards be taken to keep it free from weeds1 but besides that nothing more can be done4 ,it is left for the rain to water1 and the sun to ripen it4 ,charles4 ,and when it is quite ripe1 then the harvest comes1 does it not1 sir8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,yes4 ,then the reapers go into the field1 and cut down the corn with their sickles4 ,they tie it up in bundles1 which are called sheaves1 when it is carried into barns1 and thrashed out for use4 ,as they were conversing in this manner they arrived at the mill2 and when ,mr4 ,mansfield had given his orders1 he asked leave to lead his grandchildren over it4 ,he then explained to them1 how the sails1 being turned round by the wind1 were the occasion of turning different wheels in the inside of the building4 ,he next pointed out to them two large flat stones1 shut up in a kind of box4 8,you may see10 said he1 8that all the corn is made to pass between these stones4 ,the understone is fixed2 but the upper one turns round1 and presses so heavily upon it1 as to bruise and grind the corn to powder40 8,i understand you1 grandpapa10 returned ,charles4 8,and is that all that is done here80 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,not all1 ,charles2 for the corn1 though ground into meal1 wants sifting4 ,to do that1 there is a contrivance called a boulting engine1 and you may look at it if you step this way4 ,mr4 ,mansfield then opened a little door in the large wooden box1 or bin1 that contained the engine2 when a quantity of fine flour flew out into their faces1 and powdered them all over4 ,the boulter was made of frame-work1 five or six feet long1 round which a canvas was tightly strained4 8,now10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8the meal is put into this boulting machine1 which turns round1 you see1 very fast when the mill is at work4 ,the quickness of its motion causes the fine flour to fly off through the canvas2 but the coarse and husky part1 which is bran1 not being able to do that1 falls to the bottom by itself4 ,the use of shutting it up in this box1 is to prevent the flour from being scattered over the mill40 ,the ,bensons and their grandfather remained at the mill till they had thoroughly examined every part of it4 ,they received much pleasure from seeing the different wheels and contrivances1 and were diverted to find1 when they came away1 that they were so covered with flour as to look almost as white as millers4 ,as they were returning home1 ,arthur observed1 that having first seen the wheat growing1 and afterwards ground1 they only wanted now to know how flour was made into bread1 to understand the whole process from beginning to end4 ,mr4 ,mansfield replied1 that he could easily explain that4 ,the flour was mixed with a proper quantity of water1 and a little yeast put in to make it rise4 8,this10 said he1 8is well kneaded together1 and then it is put into an oven and baked40 8,but what is yeast80 inquired ,charles4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,a scum that rises on the top of new beer4 ,arthur4 ,have not ,i1 sir1 seen to-day1 some of all the different kinds of corn that grow here8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,i do not recollect our having met with oats4 ,they do not grow in one compact ear like the rest1 for every grain has a separate little foot-stalk to itself4 ,in this part of the country they are chiefly given to horses2 but in ,scotland1 and the north of ,england1 oatmeal cakes are frequently eaten instead of bread4 8,and now10 continued he1 8,i am not sorry to find myself near home4 ,you1 ,arthur1 may likewise be glad to rest yourself1 for you have been stumping about almost all day40 ,the boys declared they were not at all tired1 and thanked their grandpapa for the pleasure he had procured them4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,poultry4 8,grandmamma1 pray where are you going80 asked ,charles one morning1 on seeing his grandmother walk out at the garden door4 8,to feed my chickens1 my love10 returned she4 8,then ,i will go with you1 if ,i may10 said ,charles4 8,and so will ,i10 said ,arthur3 and he threw down his peg-top in a corner4 8,my speckled hen10 said ,mrs4 ,mansfield1 8came off her nest1 yesterday1 with a fine brood of chickens40 ,arthur4 ,that is the one1 is not it1 ma'am1 that has been sitting so close ever since we came8 ,grandmamma4 ,yes1 and for a fortnight before1 which makes in all three weeks2 the time hens always sit on their eggs4 ,charles4 ,i think they must be tired of keeping still so long4 ,grandmamma4 ,i believe1 ,charles1 you would be tired of such confinement2 but birds do not seem to mind it at all4 ,though so active at other times2 when they have laid their eggs1 they are quite contented to sit still till the young ones are hatched4 ,arthur4 ,do all birds sit for three weeks1 grandmamma8 ,grandmamma4 ,no3 ducks and geese sit for a month2 and pigeons and smaller birds for about a fortnight4 ,now you may give them some of these grits1 and then you will have the pleasure of seeing them peck4 ,charles4 ,let me have a handful1 if you please4 ,chick1 chick1 chick1 chick6 come here1 poor chickey1 and ,i will give you something to eat4 ,dear grandmamma6 they will not let me catch them2 and look at the old hen1 she is almost ready to fly at me4 ,grandmamma4 ,she is afraid you are going to hurt her chickens1 when she sees you run after them4 ,hens are often very fierce1 if any one offers to meddle with their young ones4 ,charles4 ,well then1 poor things6 ,i will not take you up in my hand1 but ,i will give you your food on the ground4 ,how pretty they look6 ,they are the colour of my canary bird4 ,arthur4 ,i see the old hen does not eat much herself4 ,she only pecks about the grits1 to show them to her chickens4 ,grandmamma4 ,she is a very good mother2 so we will give her some barley4 ,that is the best food for the old ones4 ,arthur4 ,see1 ,charles1 how oddly they drink6 ,they turn up their heads whenever they swallow4 ,grandmamma4 ,by that means they let the water trickle down their throats4 ,illustration3 ,farm ,house ,page #gf4 ,the ,poultry ,yard4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #e1 #ahae4 ,arthur4 ,then why do not we do so when we drink8 ,grandmamma4 ,because our throats are not formed the same as birds'2 for we are provided with a muscle1 which carries down the liquor by its motion4 ,charles4 ,how the pretty creatures creep under their mother's wings6 and she puffs her feathers out1 and makes herself as large as she can to cover them all4 ,grandmamma4 ,you see how ,providence has provided for the welfare of all his creatures4 ,whilst they are too young to take care of themselves1 he gives to the parent a strong affection towards them1 and wisdom sufficient to bring them up4 ,the mother1 though generally timorous1 and easily frightened1 to preserve her young ones will boldly turn round and face almost any danger4 ,you observed that the hen forgot her own hunger1 when she was teaching the little chickens to peck2 now she covers them with her wings to keep them from the cold1 which1 as they are not completely fledged1 would probably kill them if it were not for her care4 ,charles4 ,and what will she do when these little things are grown as big as she is8 ,grandmamma4 ,long before that time she will have cast them off4 ,brutes never care for their young when they are able to shift for themselves4 ,arthur4 ,that is very different from us4 ,i do not think my mamma will cast us off as long as she lives4 ,grandmamma4 ,i do not think she will4 ,and ,i hope1 my dear boys1 that in return you will never neglect her4 ,a chicken1 you see1 could not be reared unless the hen took care of it2 but a child requires constant attention for many years2 and even when grown up1 the fondness of the parents still continues4 ,surely1 then1 nothing can excuse ingratitude and undutifulness towards them4 ,arthur4 ,no1 grandmamma3 so for the future ,i will always mind what my papa and mamma say to me2 and ,i will try never to do any thing that ,i think they won't like4 ,grandmamma4 ,that is a very good resolution1 and ,i hope you will keep to it4---- ,well1 ,charles1 what do you say to the pigeons8 ,they are pretty birds1 are they not8 ,charles4 ,indeed1 ma'am1 they are4 ,i was looking at them falling head over heels1 when up in the air4 ,grandmamma4 ,those are called tumblers1 that fly in that way4 ,there are many kinds of pigeons4 ,the white ones out there1 with tails that stand up somewhat like hens'1 are called fan-tails4 ,arthur4 ,what must we feed the pigeons with8 ,grandmamma4 ,you may give them a few tares1 if you like2 but here we have no occasion to supply them with much food1 for they come to the barn doors1 and pick up the corn that is scattered about4 ,charles4 ,are all those one brood1 that sit together on the top of that cart-house8 ,grandmamma4 ,no4 ,pigeons never lay more than two eggs at one time2 and the pair that are hatched commonly continue mates to one another all their lives4 ,charles4 ,now let us look at the ducks and geese1 if you please4 ,the pond is nearly covered with them1 ,i see4 ,arthur4 ,how very small some of them are6 ,i should have thought that they were too young to be able to swim4 ,grandmamma4 ,oh1 they take to the water as soon as they leave the egg-shell4 ,they are web-footed1 and that enables them to swim4 ,charles4 ,what is being web-footed1 ma'am8 ,grandmamma4 ,having a skin to fill up all the space between the toes4 ,when they swim1 they paddle1 or strike with their broad feet against the water2 which gives them motion onwards4 ,arthur4 ,i suppose1 grandmamma1 you keep poultry for the sake of eating them6 ,grandmamma4 ,you are right4 ,but do you know what is done with the feathers8 ,charles4 ,no4 ,arthur4 ,i do1 ma'am4 ,beds and pillows are stuffed with them4 ,grandmamma4 ,and what use is made of the long quill feathers1 that grow in the goose's wing8 ,arthur4 ,i never have been told4 ,grandmamma4 ,the quill part1 by being cut into shape1 is converted into pens for writing4 ,charles4 ,do only geese furnish pens8 ,grandmamma4 ,some people write with crow-quills3 but they are too small for a bold hand2 so that they are very little used4 ,the quills of the turkey are too hard2 and those of ducks and chickens1 on the contrary1 are as much too soft4 ,swan quills1 however1 make excellent pens2 but they are too scarce to be in general use4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,the ,deer4 ,in ,mr4 ,mansfield's neighbourhood resided a ,mr4 ,ashley1 a gentleman of large fortune1 and of a very obliging disposition4 ,he had heard that ,arthur and ,charles ,benson were at their grandpapa's on a visit1 and one day he sent for them to play with his son ,william1 a little boy nearly of their own age4 ,the ,bensons went1 and ,william took them into the park1 where they amused themselves for some time by the play of trap-ball4 ,the game was at last suddenly broken off by master ,ashley1 who threw down the bat upon the ground1 exclaiming that his pretty tame fawn was coming in sight1 and that he must go and stroke it4 ,the ,bensons were rather sorry to be interrupted in their play2 but1 as they had been early taught1 that it was often necessary to give up their own inclinations to the wishes of others1 they left off with the utmost good humour4 8,look at the pretty creature60 said ,william ,ashley1 caressing the fawn4 8,i wish ,i had a bit of bread here3 it would eat it out of my hand40 8,i have found a piece of biscuit in the corner of my pocket10 said ,charles4 8,here it is4 ,i will feed it1 if you please40 8,how old is he80 inquired ,arthur4 8,six weeks1 or two months1 ,i do not recollect which10 replied ,william4 8,but see1 here comes the mother6 ,i thought she could not be far off1 for does never desert their young ones until the end of the summer40 ,the little party was still admiring the fawn1 when ,mr4 ,ashley came1 and told them that dinner was almost ready4 8,we will come1 papa10 said ,william1 8as soon as we have done counting the spots upon my little fawn's back40 8,pray10 inquired ,charles1 8are all deer spotted80 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,no3 their colour is various4 ,some are of a reddish cast1 some of a deep brown1 some white1 and others spotted like these4 ,observe the herd that are feeding under those trees1 and you will see a great difference amongst them4 8,and those1 sir10 said ,arthur1 8have all fine branching horns40 8,they are stags10 returned ,mr4 ,ashley4 8,the does are the females1 and never have any horns4 ,but perhaps you did not know that even stags are without1 for a part of every year80 ,arthur4 ,indeed1 sir1 ,i did not1 and shall be obliged to you if you will tell me about it4 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,i will readily4 ,towards the latter end of ,february1 stags shed their horns1 and soon after fresh ones begin to grow4 ,these are at first very tender2 and the flies1 when they are in that state1 are often extremely troublesome to the poor animals4 ,whilst the horns are off1 they separate from each other1 and endeavour to hide themselves from every other creature1 as they are then incapable of making any defence2 but in about three months1 when the new ones have grown to their full size1 they associate together again in large herds4 ,after these observations1 the whole party returned to the house1 and entered the dining-parlour1 and their conversation was interrupted by the inquiries which ,mrs4 ,ashley made1 after the health of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,mansfield3 but soon after dinner1 ,william renewed the subject1 by asking his father1 whether he might be permitted the next season to hunt with the stag hounds8 ,mr4 ,ashley replied1 that he was much too young2 and then turning to ,charles1 he asked him if it was his wish also to be a sportsman8 8,indeed1 sir10 returned ,charles1 8,i don't thoroughly understand what you mean by a sportsman2 and ,i never wished nor even thought about it40 8,oh1 a sportsman10 said ,william1 8is a man who is fond of hunting and shooting1 and other field sports2 and if you knew what they were1 ,i am sure you would like them1 for ,i think they must be the greatest pleasures of life40 8,in what way do they hunt80 inquired ,arthur4 ,william4 ,why1 a stag is turned out into the country1 and then1 fly where he will1 a whole pack of dogs follow him in full cry2 and a number of gentlemen1 mounted on fine horses1 gallop after with the greatest possible speed3 and they don't mind what they come to2 for they leap over gates1 and hedges1 and ditches1 and ride down hills that are almost as steep as precipices2 and at last1 when the stag can run no further1 he is caught by the dogs1 who kill him2 but sometimes his life is saved1 that he may be hunted again another day4 8,what a cruel diversion60 exclaimed ,arthur1 shocked at the thought of what the stag must suffer4 8,i am sure ,i could never take pleasure in tormenting a poor animal in that way40 8,we huntsmen do not think of the poor animals10 returned ,mr4 ,ashley4 8,perhaps not1 my dear10 said his wife2 8but your want of thought will not prevent them from feeling pain and terror2 and ,i must own1 ,i am always surprised when men of humanity join in such barbarous sports40 8,do you hunt any thing besides deer80 asked ,charles4 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,yes1 my dear1 foxes and hares2 the former with fox-hounds1 and the latter with harriers4 ,arthur4 ,pray1 sir1 are deer ever wild in this country8 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,not the kind that we have in our parks1 which are fallow deer2 but there is another species1 properly called stags1 somewhat larger1 differing in a few particulars from those that are wild in our forests4 ,i do not mean that every body has a right to take them2 for they are accounted the property of the king4 ,william4 ,i forget1 papa1 where you told me that fallow deer were first brought from4 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,it is said1 they came originally from ,bengal3 but they were brought here from ,norway by ,king ,james the first2 and ,england is now more famous for venison than any other country in the world4 ,charles4 ,is any use made of the skins1 pray1 sir8 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,yes3 the skin both of the buck and doe makes the soft thick leather1 of which gentlemen's riding breeches and gloves are made4 ,the horns are very hard and solid1 and make excellent handles for knives and other utensils4 ,they likewise contain a salt1 called salt of hartshorn1 from which is extracted spirit of hartshorn4 ,mrs4 ,ashley4 ,how should you like to go to ,lapland1 and ride over the snow in a sledge drawn by rein deer8 ,charles4 ,by rein deer1 ma'am8 ,what1 have deer strength enough to draw carriages8 ,mrs4 ,ashley4 ,the rein deer1 my love1 is a very extraordinary creature4 ,it inhabits ,lapland1 and other cold countries1 and answers to the inhabitants the purpose of most of the animals we have among us4 ,it serves them instead of a horse1 and draws their sledges with amazing swiftness over the frozen country4 ,it supplies them too with milk and cheese1 instead of the cow2 and answers the purpose of our sheep1 in furnishing them with warm covering4 ,providence1 who has thus formed the rein deer capable of supplying the numerous wants of man1 has provided with wonderful care for its support4 ,that dreary country1 where no grass will grow1 and not any herb which we are accustomed to see1 is nevertheless covered all over with a species of white moss1 which serves as food for it4 ,this is its only pasture2 and it gets at it in winter1 by scratching away the snow with its hinder legs4 ,arthur4 ,is the rein deer good to eat1 pray1 ma'am8 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,it is4 ,so1 when it has lived about sixteen years1 the ,laplander generally kills him for the sake of his flesh and his skin4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,the ,pheasantry4 ,mr4 ,ashley's pleasure-grounds were very extensive2 and in one corner of the park he had inclosed four or five acres of land for keeping rare and curious birds4 ,early in the afternoon1 he proposed to his young visitors to take a walk to the pheasantry1 as it was called2 an offer which they gladly accepted4 ,they entered the inclosure by going through a pretty cottage1 where an old man lived who had the care of the birds4 ,the cottage was deserted2 but outside the back door they found ,maddox asleep in a chair1 and his little grand-daughter ,peggy hard at work by his side4 ,peggy rose1 and curtsied in a very pretty manner4 ,then having roused the old man1 by telling him that 'squire ,ashley was come1 she sat down again to her needle4 ,but master ,william1 who was very fond of her1 begged she would leave her work while they stayed1 and look after the birds with them4 ,on a grass plot close to the cottage there were three or four hens under baskets2 and they had each a little brood belonging to them1 which the ,bensons mistook for bantams4 ,but ,peggy said they were young pheasants2 their eggs they often set under hens1 as they made the best mothers of any fowl4 8,are these all we are to see80 inquired ,arthur4 8,no1 sir10 replied ,peggy2 8we have many that are full grown2 only they are now scattered about1 and hid among the bushes4 ,i'll call them40 ,she then fetched out a pan with some of their food1 which she scattered over the grass1 calling at the same time in a particular manner4 ,presently several pheasants came from their hiding-places4 ,they were rather shy at first2 but by degrees they ventured nearer1 and at last began to eat the food that was thrown to them4 ,the boys admired their beauty4 ,the plumage of some was of a fine gold colour1 variegated with streaks of purple and green4 ,these they learnt were called gold pheasants4 ,the silver pheasants were very handsome1 although not quite so showy4 ,they were of a clear white1 streaked likewise with purple on the neck and breast4 ,the common pheasant was not equal in beauty to these2 but it had notwithstanding a great variety of colours1 and was remarkably brilliant4 8,what do you feed them with80 asked ,charles4 8,ants' eggs and curds are most proper for them10 said ,peggy3 8but they will eat oats and barley2 and they pick up wood-lice1 and earwigs1 and other insects40 ,a loud squalling now diverted the attention of the little party to another object4 ,they looked up1 and saw it proceeded from a peacock1 which was perched on the top of a high tree4 ,charles inquired if any thing was the matter with him2 he was answered that they always made such noise4 ,a little further in the woods they found another peacock4 ,his beautiful long tail did not trail after him in the usual way1 for he had spread it1 so as to make the feathers stand straight out from his body2 and the eyes1 or large spots in the ends of the feathers1 being raised one above the other1 had a very pretty effect4 ,in this state he marched about with a proud air1 and turned himself round and round1 as if to exhibit his gaudy appearance to every body present4 ,arthur observed another bird with a fine neck and head like the peacock1 but without his beautiful tail4 ,in answer to his inquiries1 ,mr4 ,ashley told him that it was a pea-hen1 and added1 that1 with very few exceptions1 the females1 throughout the feathered race1 were greatly inferior in beauty to the males4 ,the party now returned to the house1 and ,arthur1 who liked to know to what purpose every thing was applied1 asked ,mr4 ,ashley1 what was the use of the fine birds they had seen8 8,they are merely kept as curiosities10 answered that gentleman4 8,now and then we kill a young pea-fowl1 to eat as a delicacy2 but my chief motive in keeping them is1 that ,i may have the pleasure of showing them to my friends40 8,pheasants are eaten sometimes1 ,i know10 said ,charles4 8,yes10 said ,william2 8but not gold and silver pheasants4 ,the common ones that fly about wild1 are killed in the shooting season by the sportsmen1 the same as partridges and other game40 ,charles4 ,what do you mean by game8 ,mr4 ,ashley4 ,game denotes such kind of birds1 or beasts1 as are taken or killed by fowling and hunting4 ,they were now arrived at the house1 and ,mr4 ,ashley left them2 but the boys1 at the request of ,arthur1 resumed their game of trapball4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,the ,story of ,old ,maddox4 ,the next morning at breakfast1 the two boys entertained their grandpapa and grandmamma with a full account of what they had seen on the preceding day2 and both dwelt with particular pleasure on the beauty of the pheasants4 8,did you take notice of ,harry ,maddox1 the old man who has the care of them80 inquired ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,the children replied1 that he was for some time talking with ,mr4 ,ashley2 but that he took no notice of them1 and that they had observed nothing particular about him4 8,that1 man10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8shabby and mean as he now appears1 was once in possession of considerable property4 ,it was his idleness alone that reduced him to poverty40 8,how so1 grandpapa80 inquired ,charles4 8,pray tell us about him40 8,i was going to do so10 returned ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8in the hope that the history of his misfortunes might be a lesson to you1 not to fall into the fault that has occasioned his ruin4 8,maddox's father rented a capital farm1 a few miles from this village4 ,harry was a school-fellow of mine1 so that in his childhood ,i saw a great deal of him4 ,he had some good qualities4 ,he always spoke the truth1 and ,i don't recollect that he ever did any thing spiteful1 or injured another purposely4 ,his great fault was a habit of constant idleness4 ,at play-time1 when the rest of the boys were amusing themselves at their different sports1 ,maddox might always be found sitting on the stump of an old tree1 that once overshadowed the playground2 and all his employment was to scratch up the earth with a stick4 ,this was so constantly the case1 that the stump was called by the boys ,maddox's seat2 and ,i have been told that it still goes by the same name2 though1 most likely1 the circumstance that gave rise to it has long been forgotten4 ,you may suppose that in school hours ,harry did not gain much credit4 ,he was oftener in disgrace than any boy amongst us4 ,he stood near the bottom of the lowest class1 and ,i do not know that he ever made his way much higher4 ,indeed1 how should he8 for all the time that he ought to have spent in learning his lessons1 he passed in merely holding the book in his hand1 or twisting the corners of the leaves40 ,charles4 ,but ,i should have thought he would have been punished if he could not say his lesson2 and he would not like that1 ,i suppose4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,perhaps he did not like punishment2 but he liked the trouble of avoiding it still less4 ,indeed1 after a smart caning1 he would sometimes sit down to his book1 and learn as much in half an hour as most of us could in a whole one4 ,his being able to do so1 as our good master used to say1 made him so much the more inexcusable4 8,if1 ,maddox1 you were dull by nature1 and could not learn10 ,i remember his telling him one day1 when the boy was crying1 and begging not to be flogged1 8,i should pity you2 and1 as long as you did your best1 should never be angry3 but you have really a good understanding1 and this idleness is unpardonable1 and you need not hope to escape correction40 ,correction1 however1 and encouragement1 were equally thrown away upon ,maddox2 and he left school at fifteen1 after having passed a miserable time1 scolded by the masters and derided by the boys4 ,arthur4 ,what became of him then1 grandpapa8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,his father took him home1 intending to bring him up to farming3 but he found he could make nothing of him2 so he put him apprentice to a brewer in a good way of business4 ,however1 ,harry still continued idle1 and learned nothing1 so that when he was out of his time1 his master was very glad to get rid of so useless a hand1 and declared he would have nothing further to say to him2 notwithstanding he was then in want of a partner1 and old ,mr4 ,maddox1 the father1 had offered to advance a considerable sum1 if he would give him a share of the business4 ,some time after this1 he married2 and his father then set him up in a brewery by himself1 and gave him all that was necessary to begin trade with4 ,his success1 however1 was just what might have been expected4 ,he did not like to give himself trouble2 and his beer was so bad1 that nobody would buy it4 ,in short1 he lost all his customers1 and ran into debt2 so that every thing he had was taken away to pay his creditors4 ,the kind father once more received his son1 with his wife and family1 into his own house2 and instead of being angry1 he tried to console him for his misfortunes1 by telling him1 that as long as he had a shilling in the world he should share it with him2 and that1 by industry and frugality1 they might yet do very well4 ,one would have thought that such great kindness1 and the distresses he had brought upon himself1 would have had some effect on the mind of young ,maddox2 and indeed they had3 for a short time1 he went on pretty well1 but he soon relapsed into his former habits of indolence4 ,as long1 however1 as his father lived1 he did not know what it was to want4 ,it is true1 he was accustomed to lie in bed till noon1 and then to doze in an arm chair the greatest part of the day4 ,but his father was always up before the dawn1 and continued to attend to the concerns of his farm till after the sun was set2 for he found that much additional industry was required1 to enable him to support such a large increase to his household4 ,harry at length lost his excellent parent1 and had the misfortune1 not long after1 to bury his wife4 ,charles4 ,ah1 poor ,maddox6 ,how badly off he must have been then1 grandpapa6 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,he was1 indeed1 my dear4 ,all good management was at an end1 both in the house and in the fields4 ,he took no care of his children himself1 nor did he provide any body to look after them for him4 ,his sons1 in consequence of this neglect1 grew up very wild young men4 ,they were always in company with the most worthless fellows in the neighbourhood2 and at last one of them ran away to sea1 and never was heard of more4 ,the youngest girl fell into an ill state of health1 and perished from want of care and nursing4 ,the eldest daughter1 mother to the little ,peggy whom you saw at the cottage1 was the only one of the children that grew up to be a comfort to herself1 or to her family4 ,she married at a very early age1 but1 unfortunately for ,peggy1 died some time ago4 ,arthur4 ,so poor ,peggy has no mother6 ,what a sad thing for her6 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,she has no father neither1 my dear3 but we will talk more of her by and by1 if ,i have not tired you with my long story4 ,charles4 ,oh1 you need not be afraid of tiring us1 grandpapa4 ,we like to hear you very much1 and ,i want to know how ,maddox went on with his farm4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,why1 he left his farm to take care of itself2 and when the men went to him for directions1 he used to tell them to begone about their business1 and do as they would1 for he should not trouble himself about the matter4 ,so perhaps one wanted to sow beans1 when another wanted to sow corn2 and then they would get into a quarrel1 and not work at all4 ,by this means1 the seed was never put into his fields till after it had begun to grow up in all the country round3 and as he took no care to keep his land clean1 it was always choked with weeds2 and1 in all the time he was a farmer1 he had not a single good crop4 ,his fences too were left in the most ruinous state1 and his neighbour's cattle used to get into his fields through the gaps in the hedges1 and do much mischief among his corn and hay4 ,then sometimes his own beasts trespassed in the same manner upon the grounds of other people1 and he was obliged to pay for the damage they did2 and if they were sent to the pound1 it was some expense to him to redeem them4 ,arthur4 ,what do you mean1 sir1 by saying they were sent to the pound8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,a pound is a small spot inclosed with high rails1 in which cattle that go astray may be confined2 and the person whose office it is to keep the pound claims a certain fee when they are sent for by the owner4 ,maddox's farm belonged to ,mr4 ,ashley2 and when the lease was out1 his landlord refused to grant him another4 ,from the time of the old man's death1 the rents had been very irregularly paid2 and besides1 ,mr4 ,ashley did not choose to let any part of his estate to a man who suffered it to go to ruin4 ,charles4 ,indeed1 ,i think he was in the right4 ,i should not like to have my fields1 that might be kept in nice order1 like yours1 grandpapa1 spoilt from want of proper care4 ,but what became of ,maddox1 then8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,he hired a wretched cottage1 and lived for some time upon the little money he had by him4 ,when that was gone1 he was actually reduced to beggary4 ,he had scarcely a rag to cover him1 and could barely get food to keep him alive4 ,i happened to hear of his miserable situation1 and ,i called on ,mr4 ,ashley1 to consult about what could be done for him4 ,arthur4 ,and what did ,mr4 ,ashley say8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,he said he was sorry to hear of his distress2 and would be glad to relieve him1 if it were in his power4 8,but10 he added1 8what can ,i do8 ,it is not proper to maintain a strong1 hearty man1 like ,maddox1 in idleness4 ,he learned so little when he was young1 that ,i know he can hardly read or write2 therefore1 ,i cannot make him my steward4 ,if ,i hire him as a labourer1 he will not do a day's work in the year2 and ,i am sure1 for the pains he would take1 my deer might all be lost1 or stolen1 if ,i made him deer-keeper40 ,soon after this conversation1 however1 ,mr4 ,ashley inclosed a part of his park1 for keeping pheasants1 and then he resolved to intrust the care of them to ,harry ,maddox1 and ordered that he should take little ,peggy to live with him2 for the poor girl just before had had the misfortune to lose both her parents4 ,charles4 ,oh1 you promised just now to tell us something about ,peggy4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,i have only to say1 that her character is the very reverse of her grandfather's4 ,she is a notable1 active girl1 and does a wonderful deal for her age4 ,as ,mr4 ,maddox still continues the same1 the birds would be sadly neglected1 if it were not for her care4 ,mr4 ,ashley puts her to school1 where she learns to work3 and ,i believe she keeps both her own and the old man's clothes in very tolerable order4 ,the cottage1 too1 is neat and clean1 though there is no one to do any thing but herself4 8,i thought she was a nice girl10 said ,charles4 8,she was at work1 you know1 ,arthur1 yesterday afternoon1 when we went there40 8,yes10 replied ,arthur1 8and the old man was fast asleep4 ,what a contrast between them60 8,you see10 rejoined ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8though she is but a child1 in how respectable a light her industry makes her appear4 ,she acquires the esteem of all who know her1 and she has the satisfaction of feeling that she does not live in vain4 ,as for poor old ,maddox1 ,i don't know from what source his satisfactions can arise4 ,the review of his past life can afford him no comfort2 and if he looks forward to the close of his present existence1 he must be shocked at the account to which he will then be called1 for duties neglected1 talents misemployed1 and a family ruined1 through his want of care40 ,arthur4 ,well1 ,i have often been told that ,i ought to be a good boy1 and mind my lessons2 but ,i did not know before1 that idleness could lead to so much mischief4 ,i always thought that1 when ,i was a man1 ,i should attend to my business as a matter of course4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,ah1 my dear child1 you are much mistaken1 if you suppose that you will be able to get the better of your faults1 only by growing older4 ,now is the time for you to acquire good habits of all sorts2 and if you neglect to do so1 depend upon it1 that when you become a man1 you will find the task only rendered a great deal more difficult1 from having been so long delayed4 8,very true1 my dear10 said ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 8,besides1 little folks should consider1 that it is not their future advantage alone which should lead them to take pains with their studies--it is one of the absolute duties of their infant state4 ,god ,almighty did not mean that any of us should be idle at any time2 and a child who is idle when he ought to be at his book1 as much transgresses the will of ,god1 as a man who neglects his trade1 or a woman who takes no care of her family40 8,i think10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield1 starting up as he looked at his watch1 8that whilst ,i have been prating away in favour of industry1 ,i seem to have forgotten that ,i have a thousand concerns to attend to4 ,but ,i will no longer act in a way so contrary to my precepts4 ,and so good morning to you1 ,i am off till dinner-time40 ,illustration3 ,page #abg4 ,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,a pleasant ,ride4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #ahae4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,a pleasant ,ride4 ,the story of ,maddox had a very good effect upon the minds of the young ,bensons4 ,they immediately brought out their books1 and spent some time in reading and learning their lessons4 ,afterwards ,mrs4 ,mansfield heard them the catechism1 and explained to them some parts of it which they did not clearly understand4 ,when ,mr4 ,mansfield came in to dinner1 he said that he should be obliged in the afternoon to go upon business to a place about ten miles off2 and he asked his wife1 if she would like to accompany him in their one-horse chaise4 8,thank you1 my dear10 returned ,mrs4 ,mansfield2 8but it would give me more pleasure if you would take the boys4 ,i know they would enjoy a ride1 and they have been very good this morning40 8,have they so80 said the obliging grandpapa4 8,why then1 if you will give up your place1 ,i will take them very willingly4 ,i like the company of good children40 ,the party thus settled1 dinner was quickly dispatched2 the chaise stood ready at the door1 and the boys jumped into it with a look of pleasure on their countenances that can more easily be fancied than described4 ,part of the road they were to travel lay through a large forest4 ,here they had an opportunity of seeing a variety of trees2 and ,mr4 ,mansfield answered with the greatest readiness every question they put to him concerning them4 8,what tree is that1 grandpapa80 inquired ,charles1 pointing to one that grew near the road2 8the one1 ,i mean1 that has such an amazing large trunk1 and the branches of it spread so wide all round80 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,it is an oak1 my dear2 the most valuable timber tree that grows4 ,arthur4 ,what are timber trees8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,trees that are used in building houses and ships2 they are principally oaks1 elms1 and ash-trees4 ,arthur4 ,and you say that the oak is the most valuable of them all2 pray what makes it so8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,the wood is very hard1 and tough2 not apt to splinter1 nor liable to be eaten by worms2 and as it remains sound for a great while when under water1 it answers very well for building ships1 or for piles1 or bridges2 in short1 for any thing that requires strength and durability4 ,they now came to a part of the forest where many large oaks had been recently felled4 ,leafless1 and stript of all1 but the stumps of the larger branches1 they lay at length upon the ground1 and made a striking contrast to the green and flourishing trees that grew around4 ,charles inquired1 what made them look so white8 ,mr4 ,mansfield replied1 that they had been stript of their bark1 or outer skin1 which was used by the tanner1 in the process of manufacturing leather4 8,indeed10 added he1 8every part of the oak may be employed in tanning2 the saw-dust1 the leaves1 all have a binding quality1 that1 in process of time1 will harden the raw hide of beasts into leather40 8,acorns grow upon oaks1 don't they1 sir80 said ,charles4 8,to be sure they do10 answered ,arthur4 8,i have seen them in abundance since we have been riding4 ,are they good to eat1 grandpapa80 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,you would find them bitter and disagreeable1 but pigs and deer fatten upon them4 ,did you ever take notice of the cups8 ,as he said this1 he broke off a bough from a tree which they were passing1 and gave it to the boys to examine4 8,would you suppose10 asked he1 8that these large oaks1 that cover so much ground1 and form the glory of the forest1 all sprung from acorns no larger than these80 8,it is very wonderful10 said ,arthur4 8,pray1 sir1 are they long growing80 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,an oak seldom comes to perfection in less than two hundred years1 and they will sometimes live four or five hundred4 ,our ,english oaks are particularly esteemed1 but they are much fewer in number than they once were4 ,in ancient times1 before there were so many inhabitants1 and when cultivation was little attended to1 almost the whole island was but one forest4 ,it has been cleared by degrees1 however1 and converted into corn and pasture land2 and we have only now a few forests of any size4 ,in consequence of this1 oak timber is much scarcer than it used to be4 ,if you go into old houses1 that were built two or three centuries ago1 you will see nothing but oaken floors and oaken wainscots4 ,now the case is altered1 and people are obliged to be contented with wood of a very inferior quality4 ,deal1 for instance1 is much used for the purposes ,i have mentioned4 ,charles4 ,are there any deal trees in this forest1 grandpapa8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,there are no such things as deal trees1 ,charles4 ,it is the wood of the fir1 which1 when cut up into timber1 is called deal4 ,by and by1 ,i will point out to you a plantation of firs1 of which there are several different species4 ,they are all ever-greens2 that is1 they do not lose their leaves in winter4 ,the ,scotch fir is the most hardy1 and thrives well on the bleak mountains of the north4 ,it may likewise be reckoned the most useful2 for it supplies us with the best deal for making masts of ships1 floors1 wainscots1 tables1 boxes1 and other things4 ,the trunk and branches afford excellent pitch and tar4 ,the roots1 when divided into small splinters1 are sometimes burnt by poor people instead of candles4 ,the outer bark is used1 as well as that of the oak1 in tanning leather2 and ,i have heard that there is a place in ,scotland where they make ropes of the inner bark2 and that in some of the northern countries of ,europe1 in times of scarcity1 they grind it1 and mix it with their flour when they make bread4 ,arthur4 ,i see another large tree1 grandpapa1 but it does not look like the oak4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ',tis a beech1 a very useful tree to the cabinet-maker4 ,its branches1 you observe1 slope gently downwards1 instead of growing straight out1 and it is more full of leaf than the oak4 ,that tree on the left is an ash4 ,its foliage is very light4 ,the wood is much used for making implements of husbandry1 particularly hop-poles4 8,and there is a fine stately tree60 observed ,charles2 8is it another beech80 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,no1 ,charles1 that is an elm2 a timber tree of great value4 ,you may often see them in hedgerows1 and they are frequently planted in rows to make avenues in parks4 ,the inner part of the wood is almost as solid and heavy as iron2 and is therefore much used in mill-work1 and to make axle-trees1 keels of boats1 chairs1 and coffins4 8,pray1 pray10 interrupted ,arthur1 8look at that tree a little way off1 how the leaves flutter with the wind6 ,they are in constant motion2 but yet it is very calm1 and all the other trees are still40 8,that tree10 replied ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8is called an aspen1 or trembling poplar4 ,it is the nature of it to be in that constant agitation1 whether the wind is high or not40 8,what is done with the aspen80 inquired ,charles4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,the stem is bored for water-pipes1 and is made into milk-pails1 clogs1 and pattens4 ,the business which ,mr4 ,mansfield had to transact1 detained them so long that it grew very dark as they were returning home2 and the little boys were surprised1 in the midst of the gloom1 to see a bright shining speck upon the ground4 8,what is that1 what is that1 grandpapa80 they exclaimed at the same instant4 8,it looks10 added ,charles1 8as if one of the stars had fallen to the earth40 8,and ,i see another1 and another10 said ,arthur1 laughing3 8oh1 what can they be80 8,they are glow-worms10 replied ,mr4 ,mansfield2 8and you may find numbers of them1 after dark1 at this time of the year40 8,they are very pretty10 said ,arthur4 8,i should like to see one near4 ,will you be so kind1 sir1 as to stop for a moment1 and let me get out and fetch one80 ,mr4 ,mansfield consented1 and ,arthur jumped out1 and presently returned in triumph with his prize4 ,they then saw that the glow-worm was a small insect1 something bigger than a wood-louse2 and that the brightness proceeded from a part under the tail4 ,the light it gave was strong enough for them to see what time it was by their grandfather's watch1 when held close to it4 8,i have been trying1 grandpapa10 said ,arthur1 after having sat still for some time1 with the glow-worm in his hand1 8to find what it is that occasions the light2 but ,i cannot make it out40 8,i believe1 ,arthur10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield1 smiling1 8that this wonderful little insect has puzzled philosophers much wiser than you4 ,i never heard its luminous appearance explained in a very satisfactory manner2 and not at all in a way that you would understand40 ,charles4 ,there is no difficulty in finding out glow-worms1 let it be ever so dark4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,your observation1 my dear1 brings to my mind a pretty fable ,i once read about a glow-worm2 and the moral of it is1 that we ought not to boast of any external advantages we may possess1 or despise those who happen to be without them2 since the very things we are proud of1 often bring down misfortunes upon us4 ,arthur4 ,but what was the fable1 grandpapa8 ,in my book they always put the fable first2 but you have begun with the moral4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 8,a glow-worm1 vain of her beauty1 began to upbraid a poor humble wood-louse1 that lay beside her4 #8,dost not thou admire my splendid tail1' said she1 #8that sends forth a light almost as glorious as the stars8 ,insignificant reptile that thou art6 wonder at thy boldness1 in venturing so near to one of my brilliant appearance4 ,what admiration wilt thou acquire1 or when wilt thou become the pride and glory of the night8' 8,the wood-louse replied with great humility1 #8,happy in myself1 ,i do not wish to draw the attention of others2 and if ,i have not thy beauty to boast of1 ,i am at least without thy pride4' 8,a nightingale1 who was singing in a neighbouring bush1 attracted by the light of the glow-worm1 flew to the spot where she lay1 and seizing the vain insect in her beak1 carried it away to feast her family4 ,the wood-louse1 concealed in darkness1 escaped the enemy's notice40 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,bees4 ,the next morning1 on the little boys getting up1 they were surprised at hearing a tinkling sound just under their windows4 ,they were induced1 as soon as they were ready1 to run down into the garden1 to see what was going forward4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield was the person who occasioned the noise1 by striking the lid of a tin saucepan with a large key4 8,oh1 grandmamma1 what are you about80 exclaimed ,arthur1 laughing4 8,i should have taken you for my little sister ,kate1 amusing herself by making1 what she would call1 a pretty noise40 8,i do it1 my dear1 to prevent the bees from going away10 replied ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 8,don't you see what swarms are flying about80 8,yes10 returned ,arthur4 8,but what have they to do with the key and the saucepan lid80 ,illustration3 ,page #adb4 ,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,bees4 ,london4 ,published by ,w4 ,darton ,jun4 ,oct4 #a4 #ahae4 8,all these10 said ,mrs4 ,mansfield1 8are young bees1 that have been hatched this summer2 and now that they are grown up1 the hive is too small to contain them4 ,they therefore have left it2 and are going to seek another place for themselves2 and it is generally supposed that a tinkling noise will keep them from going to a distance2 though1 whether it has any effect or not1 ,i cannot pretend to determine40 ,by this time the bees had settled in a cluster on the branch of a tree1 where they all hung together in one great mass4 ,old ,ralph then took an empty hive1 and shook them into it1 having previously covered his hands and face1 that he might not be stung4 8,how do bees make honey1 grandmamma80 inquired ,charles4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,by means of their long trunks they suck up the sweetness that is in the cups of flowers4 ,charles4 ,and is that honey8 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,not until it has been further prepared by the bees1 who swallow it1 and then throw it up again1 after having digested it in their stomachs4 ,charles4 ,bees make wax too1 do not they8 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,yes3 come to this bed of flowers1 and you will see them at work4 8,i observe10 said ,arthur1 after having watched them attentively for some time1 8that they every moment stroke their legs over one another2 is that of any use80 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,it is in order to put the yellow dust1 which they collect from the flowers1 and of which the wax is made1 upon their hinder thighs3 a few short hairs on them form a kind of basket1 on purpose to receive it4 ,when they have collected as much as they can carry1 they fly back to the hive to deposit it there4 ,arthur4 ,and what use do they make of it1 grandmamma8 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,after having kneaded and properly prepared it1 they make it into the honey-comb1 or little cells which contain the honey2 and when the cells are full1 the bees stop them up with a little more wax1 to preserve it as food for the winter4 ,arthur4 ,then how do we get it8 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,the hive is held over brimstone1 which kills the bees1 and then we take out the honey-combs4 ,some people adopt a method of taking the honey without destroying the bees2 but ,i do not know whether that is less cruel in the end2 for the poor things are then frequently starved in the winter1 for want of their proper food4 ,arthur4 ,have not ,i heard something about a queen-bee8 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,very probably you have4 ,there is a queen to every hive2 and she is larger than the rest4 ,she very seldom comes abroad1 and whenever she does1 she is attended by a number of her subjects4 ,they are so much attached to her1 that1 if she dies1 they make a mournful humming1 and unless another queen be given to them1 will at last pine away1 and die too4 8,how very surprising60 said ,charles4 8,who would have thought that such little insects could show so much attachment to each other80 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,the natural history of the bee is full of wonders1 my dear4 ,besides the queen1 there are two different sorts1 the drones and the working bees4 ,the drones seldom leave the hive1 and never assist to procure honey4 ,when the time comes for making up their winter stores1 they are1 therefore1 all killed by the working bees as useless members of society4 ,as they are without stings1 they are unable to defend themselves4 ,the working bees compose the most numerous body of the state4 ,they have the care of the hive1 collect wax and honey from the flowers1 make the wax into combs1 feed the young1 keep the hive clean1 turn out all strangers1 and employ themselves in promoting the general good4 ,arthur4 ,they are very industrious1 indeed1 ,charles6 ,do you recollect ,dr4 ,watts's little hymn about the ,busy ,bee8 ,charles4 ,yes1 brother2 ,i was just thinking of it4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,repeat it then will you1 my love8 ,after the account ,i have been giving you1 we shall attend to it with particular pleasure4 ,charles4 ,how doth the little busy bee ,improve each shining hour6 ,and gather honey all the day ,from every opening flower6 ,how skilfully she builds her cell6 ,how neat she spreads the wax6 ,and labours hard to store it well ,with the sweet food she makes6 ,in work of labour1 or of skill1 ,i would be busy too2 ,for ,satan finds some mischief still ,for idle hands to do4 ,in books1 or work1 or healthful play1 ,let my first years be past2 ,that ,i may give1 for every day1 ,a good account at last4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,an ,evening ,stroll4 ,as the weather was remarkably pleasant1 ,mrs4 ,mansfield proposed having tea earlier than usual1 that they might afterwards have time for a walk2 and the rest of the party approving the scheme1 they set off in high spirits1 the moment that meal was concluded4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield was not a very good walker1 but she leaned upon her husband's arm1 and enjoyed the fineness of the evening4 ,it was not their intention to go to any great distance from home2 so when they came to a stile1 or the stump of a tree1 she sat down to rest herself1 and take a view of the country2 during which time1 the little boys amused themselves by running backwards and forwards1 and would frequently pick up some flower or curious little pebble1 and bring it to their grandpapa1 to inquire its name and use4 ,as they were proceeding gently by the side of a large pond1 they saw a great number of birds skimming over the surface in all directions4 ,in answer to ,arthur's inquiries1 ,mr4 ,mansfield replied that they were swallows1 and that they were flying about in quest of food4 8,what food10 asked ,charles1 8can they possibly expect to find growing upon the pond80 8,flies and insects10 answered his grandfather1 8are the proper food for swallows2 and many of them constantly sport on the water40 8,and swallows10 said ,mrs4 ,mansfield1 8are thought to be of great use1 by destroying so many millions of them1 which would otherwise multiply so fast1 as to be quite a nuisance to the world40 ,charles4 ,can they catch them as they fly8 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,yes1 my dear4 ,their mouths are made large that they may take in their prey the more easily2 and indeed1 every part of the swallow is wonderfully adapted to its nature and manner of living4 ,arthur4 ,how do you mean1 grandmamma8 ,mrs4 ,mansfield4 ,as in pursuit of insects it is necessary for them to be almost constantly on the wing1 their bodies are very light and small2 and the wings being long in proportion1 they fly with great ease and swiftness4 ,this is more particularly needful to them1 because they are birds of passage2 that is1 they go to different countries according to the season of the year4 ,they come over here in large flocks about the middle of ,april2 and in ,october they assemble again in great numbers1 and fly across the sea to some warmer climate4 ,they make their nests with clay1 and line them with feathers and soft grass1 and build them chiefly a little way down the tops of chimneys1 or under the eaves of houses4 ,as they have little occasion to be upon the ground1 their legs are short and ill adapted for walking4 8,your observation1 my dear10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8that swallows are formed in the best manner possible for their habits of life1 is perfectly just2 but it should not be confined to them4 ,the ,god of ,nature has equally adapted every other kind of bird1 and1 ,i may add1 every animal1 to the state for which he designed it40 ,arthur4 ,has he1 indeed1 grandpapa6 ,i wish you would tell me about them1 then4 ,i should like you should give me an account of every creature that lives4 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,oh1 my dear6 ,i am much too ignorant of ,natural ,history to be able to do that4 ,indeed1 ,i know very little of it2 but the more ,i read and the more ,i observe1 the greater reason ,i see to admire the wonderful goodness and wisdom of the ,almighty4 ,at this instant1 ,charles1 who had been running to a little distance1 returned with great speed1 bringing with him1 by the hinder leg1 a dead animal he had picked up1 rather smaller than a common rat1 but broader in proportion to its length4 8,what is this1 what is this80 asked he4 8,a mole10 replied ,mrs4 ,mansfield1 who saw it first4 8,a mole60 repeated her husband3 8,oh1 bring it to us1 then4 ,this little animal1 ,arthur1 will serve as an instance of what ,i was saying2 for no creature can be more exactly suited to its mode of life40 8,how1 sir80 inquired ,arthur4 8,in the first place10 returned ,mr4 ,mansfield1 8you should be informed that the mole lives almost constantly under ground2 as its food consists of worms and little insects that it finds in the earth4 ,it is therefore necessary for it to be able to work its way through the earth2 and if you examine it well1 you will find it admirably constructed for that purpose40 8,indeed10 said ,arthur1 8,i see nothing very particular in it40 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,look at its fore-feet4 ,they are broad1 strong1 and short2 not set straight from the body1 but inclining a little sideways4 ,by means of this position1 it is enabled1 as it burrows its way1 to cast off the mould on each side1 so as to make for itself a hollow passage in the middle4 ,their breadth likewise serves the purpose of hands1 to form their nests1 scoop out the earth1 and seize their prey4 ,the form of the body is equally well contrived4 ,the fore part is thick and strong1 so that it can dig its way with wonderful quickness1 either to pursue its prey or to escape from its enemies2 whilst the hinder parts being small and taper1 enable it to pass easily through the loose earth that the fore-feet had flung behind4 8,it is of a clean black colour10 said ,charles2 8and the hair is short1 thick1 and very soft40 8,true10 said ,mr4 ,mansfield4 8,and the skin is so tough that it would require a sharp knife to cut it4 ,it is not therefore liable to be injured by flints1 or other stones that it may meet with in its passage under ground4 ,now let me see which of you can find its eyes40 ,charles4 ,the eyes1 the eyes6 grandpapa1 this mole must be without eyes6 ,arthur4 ,i would find them if ,i could1 but it certainly has none4 ,mr4 ,mansfield parted the hair1 and pointed out two very small specks4 8,the smallness of the eyes10 said he1 8is to this animal a peculiar happiness4 ,had they been larger1 they would have been liable to frequent injuries1 from the mould falling into them2 and of what use would they be to him1 when destined to pass his whole life where no light could reach him80 ,arthur4 ,but then1 sir1 how do they see to get their food8 ,mr4 ,mansfield4 ,they do not see it1 ,arthur2 they find it out by their smell1 which as well as their hearing is very acute3 so that1 though nearly blind1 they are not without the means of providing for their support1 and of knowing how to avoid danger4 ,the eye is1 therefore1 merely given them to let them know that they are out of the way when they see the light4 ,the mole shows great art in skinning worms1 which it always does before it eats them2 stripping the skin from end to end1 and squeezing out all the contents of the body4 ,during summer they run in search of snails and worms1 in the night-time1 among the grass2 which often makes them the prey of owls4 ,moles do a good deal of mischief in fields and gardens2 because1 by running under the earth1 they loosen the roots of plants and corn4 ,but yet they are of use1 as every thing living is1 in the grand system of ,nature3 their prey would without them so multiply1 that they themselves would commit greater mischief than we fear from moles4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,the ,return ,home4 ,the next day was the day appointed for the young ,bensons to return home4 ,they rose earlier than usual1 that they might have time to walk round the farm1 and take a last look at the objects that had given them so much pleasure4 ,they first went to the poultry-yard1 and took with them some tares1 to feed a pigeon that was grown so tame as to fly down when he saw them1 and perch upon their heads4 ,their next business was to take leave of ,plover the pony1 for whom they had both conceived a great affection2 for1 after ,charles's fright1 ,mr4 ,mansfield had given them several lessons in riding1 and they had learned to manage him tolerably well1 and were exceedingly delighted with the exercise4 ,they were stroking him1 and lamenting that they should have no more rides1 when old ,ralph came up4 ,honest ,ralph was much attached to his master1 and was disposed to love his grandchildren for his sake2 and their constant civility and good humour conspired to make them favourites4 ,as he had heard what they said1 he very obligingly brought out the saddle and bridle2 and1 harnessing the pony1 told them that breakfast was not yet ready1 and that they should have a ride the last morning4 ,these words 8the last morning0 brought the tears into ,charles's eyes2 but as he had a good deal of fortitude1 he strove to suppress them1 and1 mounting ,plover1 galloped away to a distance1 that he might not be seen to cry4 ,presently after ,arthur took his turn1 and1 as it grew late1 they then went in doors4 ,they found ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,mansfield in the parlour1 and the post-chaise1 in which they were to set off1 already at the door4 ,they were therefore obliged to hurry over their breakfast1 that they might not keep their grandfather waiting for them2 for the old gentleman had engaged to accompany his grandsons to ,london1 where he was to remain for a few days4 ,mrs4 ,mansfield kissed both the boys over and over again1 and charged them to give her love to their papa and mamma1 and little sister4 ,she bestowed upon them great commendations for their good conduct and docility during the whole of their stay1 and told them that1 as they had enjoyed their visit1 she hoped they would repeat it at some future opportunity4 ,arthur and ,charles pressed her hand1 and returned her embraces2 but their voices failed when they attempted to thank her for the great kindness she had shown them4 ,at length the moment of separation came2 but before they stepped into the chaise1 they went round to shake hands with all the servants1 who had assembled about the door1 in order to see them set off1 and wish them good-bye4 ,when the carriage drove off1 a gloom hung for a short time upon the countenances of the young travellers2 but it cleared away by degrees1 as their attention was diverted to new objects1 and in a short time they entirely recovered their gaiety4 ,after they had travelled some miles1 ,mr4 ,mansfield informed them that they were then upon a new road1 which a few years before had been cut through a steep hill4 8,you observe10 said he1 8that we have a high bank on each side of us1 so that we seem to be almost buried between the two4 ,the spot where we now are was formerly level with the top of the banks1 and made a part of the same field with them2 and the old road then went several miles further about1 to avoid this hill4 ,but now that the ground has been cut away so as to leave the road on a gentle ascent1 coming this way saves time1 and is less fatiguing to horses40 8,it must have been a work of great labour10 said ,arthur4 8,certainly10 returned ,mr4 ,mansfield2 8but it is nothing in comparison to some works that have been accomplished4 ,what should you think of making canals1 or artificial rivers1 for forty or fifty miles together1 where before was dry land80 8,is it possible10 said ,charles1 8that that should ever have been done60 8,undoubtedly1 my dear1 in several places10 observed ,mr4 ,mansfield4 8,when a number of men1 ,charles1 unite together in the same work1 with prudence and industry1 it is difficult to say what they cannot do40 ,the travellers did not arrive in ,london till late in the evening4 ,arthur and ,charles rejoiced to meet again their dear parents and sister1 from whom they had never before separated2 and they felt1 that though they might enjoy an occasional excursion1 yet for a constancy no place was so happy or desirable as ,,home4 ,,the ,,end4 ,london3 ,william ,darton1 #eh1 ,holborn-,hill4 ,,children',s ,,books ,,published ,,by ,,william ,,darton1 #eh1 ,holborn-hill1 ,london4 #a4 ,a ,,visit to ,,london2 containing a ,description of the principal ,curiosities in the ,british ,metropolis4 ,with six ,copper-plates1 price #bs4 #f;d4 #b4 ,the ,,shipwreck2 or ,misfortune the ,inspirer of virtuous ,sentiments4 ,by ,mrs4 ,pilkington4 #ahmo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 half bound1 with ,copper-plates4 #c4 ,,aunt ,,mary's ,new ,year's ,,gift to ,,good little ,,boys and ,,girls who are ,,learning to ,,read4 ,by the ,author of 8,aunt ,mary's ,tales10 8,ornaments ,discovered10 c4 #ahmo4 price #as4 #f;d4 half bound1 with ,copper-plates4 #d4 ,,stories for ,,children2 chiefly confined to ,words of ,two ,syllables4 ,by the ,author of 8,aunt ,mary's ,tales10 c4 #ahmo4 price #as4 #f;d4 half bound1 with ,copper-plates4 #e4 ,the ,,alchemist4 ,by the ,author of 8,ornaments ,discovered10 c4 #ahmo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 half bound4 #f4 ,the ,,metamorphoses2 or ,effects of ,education3 a ,tale4 ,by the ,author of 8,the ,ornaments ,discovered10 c4 #ahmo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 half bound4 #g4 ,,little ,,lessons for ,,little ,,folks2 containing1 #a4 ,the ,little ,sweepers4 #b4 ,the ,mistake4 #c4 ,the ,widow and her only ,son4 #d4 ,ask and ,learn4 #e4 ,village ,annals2 or ,truth and ,falsehood4 ,by ,mary ,belson1 ,author of 8,industry and ,idleness10 8,modern ,goody ,two-,shoes10 8,adventures of ,thomas ,two-,shoes10 8,william's ,secret10 8,the ,history of ,peggy and her ,mammy10 c4 #ahmo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 half bound4 #h4 ,the ,,young ,,moralist2 consisting of ,allegorical and ,entertaining ,essays1 in ,prose and ,verse4 ,fifth ,edition1 enlarged2 with occasional ,notes and ,illustrations4 ,by ,g4 ,wright1 ,esq4 ,editor of 8,mental ,pleasures10 c4 #ahmo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 half bound1 with ,copper-plates4 #i4 ,the ,,orphan ,,girl2 a ,moral ,tale1 founded on ,facts4 ,by ,mary ,robson1 ,author of 8,ornaments ,discovered10 c4 #ahmo4 price #bs4 half bound1 with ,copper-plates4 #aj4 ,,thirty-,,two ,,remarkable ,,places ,,in ,,old ,,england1 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,plates4 #dj4 ,the ,,wonders of ,,animated ,,nature2 consisting of ,descriptions at large1 and engraved ,representations of the principal ,animals and ,birds in the ,royal ,menageries of ,london and ,paris4 ,translated from ,la ,cepede1 with considerable ,additions by the ,english ,editor4 #hvo4 half bound1 price4 #hs4 #da4 ,the ,,good ,,boy's ,,soliloquy2 containing his ,parent's ,instructions relative to his ,disposition and ,manners4 ,illustrated with ,sixteen ,copper-plates1 price ,one ,shilling4 #db4 ,the ,,first1 or ,,mother',s ,,catechism2 containing ,common ,things necessary to be known at an ,early ,age4 ,by the ,rev4 ,david ,blair2 price #i;d4 #dc4 ,the ,,ornaments ,,discovered4 ,by the ,author of 8,aunt ,mary's ,tales10 8,alchemist10 8,metamorphoses10 8,new ,year's ,gift10 and 8,stories for ,children40 #ahmo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 half bound4 #dd4 ,the ,,rambles of a ,,butterfly4 ,by ,mary ,belson4 ,with ,plates1 #ahmo4 price #bs4 half bound4 #de4 ,a ,,description of the most remarkable ,,trees1 ,,plants1 and ,,shrubs1 in all ,parts of the ,,world2 illustrated with several curious ,anecdotes of their wonderful ,properties3 and at the same time manifesting infinite ,wisdom in the formation of those valuable ,productions so beneficial to all ,mankind4 ,by ,joseph ,taylor1 ,author of 8,tales of the ,robin40 #abmo4 price #ds4 half bound1 with several ,plates4 #df4 ,,portraits of ,,curious ,,characters in ,,london1 c4 with ,descriptive and ,entertaining ,anecdotes4 ,price #as4 sewed1 or #as4 #f;d4 half bound4 ,the ,portraits are accompanied with a ,biographical ,sketch of each ,character1 which will be found highly interesting4 #dg4 ,the ,,adventures and ,,conversations of a ,,summer',s ,,morning3 intended to entertain and instruct the ,minds of ,youth4 ,a ,new ,edition1 improved4 ,by ,wm4 ,wiseacre1 ,esq1 price #as4 #f;d4 half bound4 #dh4 ,the ,,first ,,step to ,,knowledge2 being an easy ,introduction to the various ,english ,spelling ,books4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,goldsmith4 ,twenty-eighth edition1 price #f;d4 #di4 ,the ,,invited ,,alphabet2 or1 ,address of ,a to ,b2 containing his friendly ,proposal for the ,amusement and ,instruction of good ,children1 with ,twenty-five ,engravings on ,copper-plates1 price #as4 #f;d4 #ej4 ,the ,,assembled ,,alphabet2 or1 ,acceptance of ,a's ,invitation2 concluding with a ,glee for three ,voices3 being a ,sequel to the 8,invited ,alphabet40 ,with elegant ,copper-plate ,engravings1 price #as4 #f;d4 #ea4 ,,infantine ,,erudition1 concluding with a ,glee for three ,voices2 to which are added1 the ,figure ,dancers1 ,the whole intended as a ,supplement to the 8,invited0 and 8,assembled0 ,alphabets3 illustrated with beautiful ,copper-plates1 price #as4 #f;d4 #eb4 ,,juvenile ,,plutarch2 containing ,accounts of the ,lives of ,celebrated ,children1 and of the ,infancy of ,persons who have been ,illustrious for their ,virtues or ,talents4 ,with ,plates1 two vols4 price #es4 #ec4 ,the ,,juvenile ,,spectator2 being ,observations on the ,tempers1 ,manners1 and ,foibles1 of various young ,persons1 interspersed with such lively ,matter1 as1 it is presumed1 will amuse as well as instruct4 ,by ,arabella ,argus4 #abmo4 ,two vols4 in one1 price #hs4 neatly half bound1 with several ,copper-plates4 #ed4 ,the ,,wonders of the ,,horse2 recorded in ,anecdotes1 and interspersed with ,poetry4 ,by ,joseph ,taylor1 ,author of 8,tales of the ,robin40 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 half bound1 with ,copper-plates4 #ee4 ,,reflections for the ,,seven ,,days of the ,,week1 written fur the use of the ,young2 and expressly designed for those ,children who are educated at the ,public ,expense4 ,by ,elizabeth ,belson1 price #f;d4 #ef4 ,,classical ,,enigmas1 adapted to every ,month in the ,year2 composed from the ,english and ,roman ,histories1 ,heathen ,mythology1 and ,names of famous ,writers3 to which are added1 ,riddles1 ,transpositions1 ,charades1 and ,queries3 ,meant to amuse ,youths of all ,ages1 and at the same time to exert their ,memories1 by calling to mind what they have read at different times4 ,by ,anne ,ritson1 price #f;d4 #eg4 ,a ,,grammatical ,,catechism1 in two parts1 with ,notes1 for the ,use of ,schools2 exhibiting a ,compendium of ,grammar1 in ,question and ,answer3 designed for the purpose of ,examination in that ,study4 ,by ,mrs4 ,thackwray1 ,walworth4 ,price #as4 #eh4 ,,peggy and her ,,mammy4 ,by ,mary ,elliott1 7late ,belson17 ,author of 8,industry and ,idleness10 c4 ,with ,copper-plates1 price #as4 #ei4 ,,william',s ,,secret4 ,by ,mary ,elliott1 7late ,belson17 ,author of 8,industry and ,idleness10 c4 ,with ,copper-plates1 price #as4 #fj4 ,the ,,wax-,,taper2 or1 ,effects of ,bad ,habits4 ,by ,mary ,elliott1 7late ,belson17 ,author of 8,industry and ,idleness10 c4 ,with ,copper-plates1 price #as4 #fa4 ,a ,new ,,history of ,,england1 from the ,invasion by ,julius ,caesar to the present ,time1 in two ,parts4 ,with many ,copper-plates1 price #as4 each part4 8,the memory of things past ought not to be extinguished by length of time2 nor great and admirable actions remain destitute of glory40 ,herodotus4 #fb4 ,,franklin',s ,,way to ,,wealth2 or1 ,poor ,richard ,improved3 to which is added1 8,how to make ,much of a ,little10 earnestly recommended to the ,industrious ,poor2 also 8,alphabetical ,maxims10 worthy the remembrance and regard of all4 ,an entire new ,edition1 with several ,copper-plates4 ,by ,bob ,short1 price #f;d4 #fc4 ,a ,,new and ,,entertaining ,,alphabet1 for ,young ,children2 where some ,instruction may be gained1 and much ,amusement2 embellished with ,twenty-six ,engravings1 price #f;d4 #fd4 ,,divine and ,,moral ,,songs1 for the use of ,children4 ,by ,isaac ,watts1 ,d4,d4 with many ,plates1 price #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,darton1 ,wholesale ,,bookseller1 #eh1 ,holborn ,hill4 ,,london4 ,maps1 ,charts ,plans of every description4 ,extensive collections of ,books for the ,use of ,,children ,,young ,,people and ,,works of ,,merit as soon as ,published4 ,school ,books in every branch of ,education2 and ,books in all ,languages4 ,arts1 ,sciences1 ,polite ,literature1 either in ,plain or ,elegant ,bindings4