,ja9 7,bharat,literature74              
,,*aitanya ,,& ,,! ,,vai%nava ,,poets   
,,( ,,b5gal    ,,! ,,indian ,,antiqu>y1 
,a ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,rese>*  ,,9 
,,ar*,,ology1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,lit]ature1    
,,languages1 ,,philosophy1 ,,religion1  
,,folklore1 c41 c41 c4   ,,edit$ ,,by   
,,jas4 ,,burgess1 ,m4,r4,a4,s41         
,f4,r4,g4,s4   ,,vol4 ,,ii4--#ahgc      
,bombay1 ,education ,society's ,press   
,scann$ & edit$ by ,*ri/oph] ,m4 ,weim]1
 ,may #bjjb    ,,*aitanya ,,& ,,!       
,,vai%nava ,,poets ,,( ,,b5gal4         
,,/udies ,,9 ,,b5gali ,,poetry ,,( ,,!  
,,fifte5? ,,& ,,sixte5? ,,c5turies4     
,,by ,,john ,,beames1 ,j4,c4,s41        
,m4,r4,a4,s4 c4   ,,! ,,padkalpat>u1 or 
'wi%-grant+ tree ( song1' may be        
consid]$ z ! scriptures ( ! ,vai%4nava  
sect 9 ,b5gal4  ,9 =m x is a collection 
( songs writt5 by v>i\s poets 9 v>i\s   
ages1 s arrang$ z to exhibit a complete 
s]ies ( poems on ! topics & t5ets :i*   
con/itute ! religi\s views ( ! sect4  ,!
 book has be5 put toge!r 9 rec5t times1 

& takes ! read] ?r\gh ! prelim9>y       
consecration1 invocations & introductory
 c]emonies1 ! rise & progress ( ! mutual
 love ( ,rdh & ,k4ri%4na1 & w9ds up ) ! 
usual clos+ & val$ictory hymns4  ,be=e  
beg9n+ an analysis ( ?is collection s   
rem>kable f _m po9ts ( view1 x w        
probably be ( "s assi/ance ev5 to ^? :o 
h /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ,vai%4navism1 if ,i  
/ate briefly ! lead+ po9ts 9 ! life (   
,*aitanya1 & ! pr9cipal features ( !    
religion :i* he develop$1 r ?an actually
 f\nd$4  ,bisambh> 7,vi%vambh>a7 ,mir 0 
! y\nge/ son ( ,jagann? ,mir1 a         
,brahman1 native ( ! di/rict ( ,sylhet 9
 ,ea/]n ,b5gal1 :o _h emigrat$ be=e !   
bir? ( 8 son to ,nadiya 7,nabadwpa71 !  
capital ( ,b5gal4  ,footnote3 ,! facts  
:i* "h foll[ are tak5 f !               
,*aitanya*>itmrita1 a metrical life (   
,*aitanya1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 probably 
writt5 by a contempor>y ( ! tea*]       
himself4  ,! /yle has un=tunately be5   
mu* mod]niz$1 b ev5 s1 ! book is "o ( ! 
olde/ extant works 9 ,b5gali4  ,my      

e/eem$ fri5d ,babu ,jagadi%na? ,ray has 
k9dly gone ?r\gh ! book1 a task = :i* ,i
 _h n leisure1 & m>k$ "s ( ! sali5t     
po9ts = me4  ,8 "m 0 ,sa*i ,debi1       
daught] ( ,nilmb> ,*akrav>ti4  ,%e bore 
to ,jagann? eight daught]s :o all di$   
"y2 h] fir/-born *ild1 h[ev]1 0 a son   
nam$ ,bisw>p1 :o aft]w>ds "u ! "n (     
,nityn& became ! *ief disciple ( 8 m    
fam\s bro!r4  ,bisambh> 0 born at       
,nadiya 9 ! ev5+ ( ! ,purnima or day ( !
 full moon ( ,phlgun #adjg ,sakbda1     
correspond+ to ! latt] "p ( ,febru>y or 
beg9n+ ( ,m>* ,a4,d4 #adhf4  ,x is not$ 
t !re 0 an eclipse ( ! moon on t day4   
,by ! aid ( ^! indications ^? :o c>e to 
d s c f9d out ! exact day4  ,footnote3  
,!re 0 an eclipse ( ! moon be=e midnight
 ,feb4 #ah1 ,o4,s4 #adhf4  ,! passages 9
 ! orig9al are3--     r ,k4ri%4na !     
,visible became inc>nate 9 ,nabadwip1   
,= =ty-eight ye>s visibly he sport$2    
,! exact 7date7 ( 8 bir? 7is7 aka #adjg1
   ,9 #adee he return$ to heav54   ,&   
aga9--     ,on ! full moon ( ,phlgun at 

ev5 0 ! "l's bir?   ,at t "t by div9e   
provision !re 0 an eclipse ( ! moon4    
--,*4 ,i4 xiii4 #ch4   ,9 accordance ) !
 usual ,b5gali sup]/ition t if a man's  
real "n be kn[n he may be bewit*$ or    
subject to ! influ5ce ( ! evil eye1 !   
real "n giv5 at bir? is n made kn[n at !
 "t1 b ano!r "n is giv5 by :i* !        
individual is usually call$4 ,no "o b ! 
fa!r & "m & prie/ "k ! real "n4         
,bisambh>'s usual "n 9 *ildhood 0 ,nimi1
 & by ?is he 0 g5]ally kn[n to 8        
neighb\rs4  ,9 p]son1 if ! description (
 him 9 ! ,*aitanya*>itmrita 7,bk4 ,i4   
iii47 is to be consid]$ z hi/orical1 he 
0 h&some1 tall 7six feet71 ) long arms1 
9 col\r a light br[n1 ) expressive eyes1
 a sonor\s voice1 & v sweet & w9n+      
mann]s4  ,he is frequ5tly call$ ,gaurang
 or ,gaur*&ra1 i4e41 ! pale1 or ! pale  
moon1 9 contra/ to ! ,kri%na ( !        
,bhagvat :o is repres5t$ z v black4  ,! 
"n ,*aitanya lit]ally means 's\l1       
intellect1' b 9 ! special & te*nical    
s5se 9 :i* ! tea*] himself adopt$ x1 x  

appe>s to mean p]ceptible1 or           
appreciable by ! s5ses4  ,he took ! "n r
 ,k4ri%4na ,*aitanya to intimate t he 0 
himself an inc>nation ( ! god1 9 o!r    
words1 ,k4ri%4na made visible to ! s5ses
 ( mank9d4  ,! ,*>itmrita be+ compos$ by
 "o ( 8 disciples1 is writt5 ?r\gh\t on 
?is supposition4  ,*aitanya is always   
spok5 ( z an inc>nation ( ,k4ri%4na1 & 8
 bro!r ,nityn& z a re-appe>ance (       
,bal>m4  ,9 ord] to keep up !           
resemblance to ,k4ri%4na1 ! ,*>itmrita  
treats u to a long s]ies ( /ories ab\t  
,*aitanya's *ildi% sports among ! "y    
,h9du wom5 ( ! village4  ,!y are n wor? 
relat+1 & are probably purely fictiti\s2
 ! ,b5galis ( to-day mu/ be v diff]5t f 
:at _! ance/ors 71 if su* pranks z are  
relat$ 9 ! ,*>itmrita 7 quietly p]mitt$ 
to g on4  ,*aitanya1 h[ev]1 seems to h  
be5 ecc5tric ev5 z a y\?2 wond]ful      
/ories are told ( 8 p[]s ( intellect &  
memory1 h[1 = in/ance1 he defeat$ 9     
argum5t ! mo/ le>n$ ,p&its4  ,a great   
deal is said ab\t 8 halluc9ations &     

trances ?r\gh\t 8 life1 & we may p]haps 
conclude t he 0 m or less insane at all 
times1 or r he 0 "o ( ^? /range         
en?usia/s :o wield su* deep &           
irresi/ible influ5ce ov] ! masses by    
virtue ( t v condition ( m9d :i* bord]s 
on madness4  ,:5 he 0 ab\t eighte5 8    
fa!r di$1 & he soon aft]w>ds m>ri$      
,la*hmi ,debi1 daught] ( ,balabhadra    
,a*rjya1 & ent]$ on ! c>e] ( a griha/ha 
or h\sehold]1 tak+ 9 pupils :om he      
in/ruct$ 9 ord9>y secul> le>n+4  ,he    
does n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h kept to ?is   
quiet life = long2 he w5t (f on a w&]+  
t\r all ov] ,ea/]n ,b5gal1 begg+ & s++1 
& is said to h collect$ a great deal (  
money & made a consid]able "n = himself4
  ,on 8 return he f\nd 8 fir/ wife _h   
di$ 9 8 abs5ce1 & he m>ri$ aga9 "o      
,bi%nupriy1 conc]n+ :om no?+ fur!r is   
said4  ,soon aft] he w5t to ,gay to (f] 
! usual pi4n4da to ! manes ( 8 ance/ors4
  ,x 0 on 8 return f ,gay1 :5 he 0 ab\t 
#bc ye>s ( age1 t he began s]i\sly to   
/>t 8 new cre$4  ,x 0 n[1 writes ,babu  

,jagadi%na?1 t he op5ly condemn$ ! ,h9du
 rituali/ic sy/em ( c]emonies z be+ a   
body )\t a s\l1 dis[n$ ! in/itution (   
ca/e z be+ abhorr5t to a lov+ god all ^:
 creatures 7 "o 9 8 eyes1 prea*$ !      
efficacy ( adoration & love & extoll$ ! 
excell5ce & sanctity ( ! "n1 & ! utt]+ &
 s++ ( ! "n ( god z inf9itely sup]ior to
 b>r5 sy/em )\t fai?4  ,*aitanya1 h[ev]1
 z ! ,babu po9ts out1 0 n ! orig9ator ( 
?is !ory1 b appe>s to h borr[$ x f 8    
neighb\r ,adwaita ,a*rjya1 ^: cu/om x 01
 aft] p]=m+ 8 daily ritual1 to g to !   
banks ( ! ,ganges & call al\d = ! com+ (
 ! god :o %\ld sub/itute love & fai? =  
m]e rites & c]emonies4  ,?is cu/om is   
/ill adh]$ to by ,vai%4navas4 ,!        
,*>itmrita veils ! priority ( ,adwaita  
adroitly by /at+ t x 0 he :o by 8       
au/]ities ha/5$ ! com+ ( ,k4ri%4na 9 !  
avat> ( ,*aitanya4     ,i praise t rev]$
 tea*] ,adwaita ( wond]ful actions1     
,by ^: fav\r ev5 ! ignorant may p]ceive 
! 7div9ity7     p]sonifi$4     --,*4 ,i4
 vi4   ,?us 9 ,sanskrit v]ses at ! head 

( t *apt] :i* s+s ! virtues ( ,adwaita3 
by 9 ! ,b5gali portion ( ! same *apt] x 
is ass]t$ t ,adwaita 0 himself an       
inc>nation ( a "p ( ! div9ity1 e4g4--   
,! tea*] ,adwaita is a special portion (
 god4   ,& ! au?or goes on to say t     
,adwaita 0 fir/ ! tea*] !n ! pupil (    
,*aitanya4  ,! probability is t         
,adwaita1 l ! majority ( 8 c\ntrym51 0 m
 addict$ to m$itation ?an to action4  ,!
 idea :i* 9 8 m9d gave rise to no?+ m   
?an indef9ite long+s :5 transfus$ into !
 e>ne/ fi]y nature ( ,*aitanya1 exp&$   
into a fai? :i* mov$ & l$ captive ! s\ls
 ( ?\s&s4  ,8 bro!r ,nityn& 0 n[ assum$ 
to be an inc>nation ( ,bal>m1 & took 8  
place z second-9-comm& 9 consequ5ce4  ,!
 practice ( meet+ = wor%ip & to         
celebrate ,sankrtans 0 n[ in/itut$2 !   
meet+s took place 9 ! h\se ( a disciple 
,sribs1 & 7 q private4  ,! new          
religioni/s met ) "s opposition1 & a    
good deal ( mock]y4  ,"o night on leav+ 
_! r5dezv\s1 !y f\nd on ! door-/ep r$   
fl[]s & goats' blood1 emblems ( ! wor%ip

 ( ,durg1 & abom9ations 9 ! eyes ( a    
,vai%4nava4 ,^! 7 put !re by a ,brahman 
nam$ ,gopal4  ,*aitanya curs$ him = 8   
practical joke1 & we are told t he      
became a lep] 9 consequ5ce4  ,!         
opposition 0 to a great ext5t1 h[ev]1   
provok$ by ! ,vai%4navas1 :o seem to h  
be5 v ecc5tric & extravagant 9 _!       
conduct4  ,e ?+ t ,k4ri%4na _h done     
,*aitanya mu/ d too1 ?us we read ( 8    
danc+ on ! %\ld]s ( ,mur>i ,gupta1 "o ( 
8 adh]5ts2 & 8 foll[]s1 l himself1 _h   
fits1 foam$ at ! m\?1 & w5t (f into     
convulsions1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( "s     
revivali/s ( mod]n times4  ,! "y /ud5ts 
at ! ,sanskrit s*ools 9 ,nadiya         
naturally f\nd all ?is v amus+1 & crack$
 jokes to _! he>ts' cont5t on ! crazy   
en?usia/s4  ,9 ,janu>y #aeaj1 ,*aitanya 
sudd5ly took x into 8 head to become a  
,sanyasi or ascetic1 & receiv$          
initiation at ! h&s ( ,ke%ab ,bhrati (  
,katwa4  ,"s say he did ?is to ga9      
respect & cr$it z a religi\s prea*]1    
o!rs say x 0 done 9 consequ5ce ( a curse

 laid on him by a ,brahman :om he _h    
(f5d$4  ,be ?is z x may1 8 craz9ess     
seems n[ to h rea*$ its height4  ,he    
w&]$ (f f 8 home1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to  
,pur to see ! %r9e ( ,jagann?4  ,!nce = 
six ye>s he roam$ all ov] ,india prea*+ 
,vai%4navism1 & return$ at la/ to ,pur1 
:]e he pass$ ! rema9+ eighte5 ye>s ( 8  
life & :]e at l5g? he di$ 9 ! #dh? ye> (
 8 age 9 #aecd ,a4,d4  ,8 ,b5gali       
foll[]s visit$ him = f\r mon?s 9 e ye> &
 "s ( !m always kept wat* ov] him1 = he 
0 n[ q mad4  ,he _h />v$ & prea*$ & sung
 & rav$ himself q out ( 8 s5ses4  ,on "o
 occasion he imag9$ t a po/ 9 8 v]&a 0  
,rdh1 & embrac$ x s h>d z ne>ly to sma% 
8 nose1 & to cov] himself ) blood f     
scrap+ all ! sk9 (f 8 =ehead2 on ano!r  
he walk$ into ! sea 9 a fit (           
ab/raction1 & 0 fi%$ up half dead 9 a   
net by a fi%]man4 ,8 fri5ds took x 9    
turns to wat* by 8 side all night le/ he
 %\ld d himself "s injury4  ,! lead+    
pr9ciple t und]lies ! :ole ( ,*aitanya's
 sy/em is ,bhakti or devotion2 & !      

pr9ciple is exemplifi$ & illu/rat$ by ! 
mutual loves ( ,rdh & ,k4ri%4na4  ,9    
adopt+ ?is illu/ration ( 8 pr9ciple1    
,*aitanya foll[$ ! example ( ! ,bhagavad
 ,gt & ! ,bhgavat ,pur4na1 & he 0       
probably also influ5c$ 9 ! s5sual tone  
he gave to ! :ole by ! poems (          
,jayadeva4  ,! ,bhakta or devotee passes
 ?r\gh five successive /ages1 ,snta or  
resign$ contemplation ( ! deity is !    
fir/1 & f x he passes into ,dsya or !   
practice ( wor%ip & s]vice1 :5ce to     
,skhya or fri5d%ip1 :i* w>ms into       
,btsalya1 filial affection1 & la/ly     
rises to ,mdhurya or e>ne/1 all-engross+
 love4  ,vai%4navism is s+ul>ly l       
,sufiism1 ! resemblance has (t5 be5     
notic$1 & ne$ "h only be briefly trac$4 
,footnote3 ,conf4 ,capt4 ,j4 ,w4        
,graham's pap] ',on ,sufiism1' ,bombay  
,lit]>y ,soc4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #hi 
et seqq42 ,rj5dralla ,mittra's valuable 
introduction to ! ,*aitanya ,*&rodaya   
7,biblio?4 ,ind471 pp4 ii-iv & xv2 also 
,jones' ',my/ical ,poetry ( ! ,p]sians &

 ,h9dus1' ,asiat4 ,res4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4
 #afe-bjg2 & ,leyd51 ',on ! ,ro%5iah    
,sect1 c41' ,z4 ,res4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 pp4   
#cfc-dbh4--;,,ed4  ,) ! latt] ! fir/    
degree is nst or 'humanity' 9 :i* man is
 subject to ! law %>a1 ! second t>kat1  
'! way' ( spiritualism1 ! ?ird arf or   
'k1' & ! f\r? hakkat or '! tru?4' ,"s   
writ]s give a long] s]ies ( grades1     
?us--talab1 'seek+ aft] god2' i%k1      
'love2' marifat1 'insight2' i/ighnh1    
'satisfaction2' tauhd1 'unity2' hairat1 
'ec/acy2' & la/ly fan1 'absorption4'    
,deal+ z x does ) ,god & ,man z two     
factors ( a problem1 ,vai%4navism       
necess>ily ignores ! di/9ctions ( ca/e1 
& ,*aitanya 0 p]fectly consi/5t 9 ?is   
respect1 admitt+ m5 ( all ca/es1 includ+
 ,muhammadans1 to 8 sect4  ,s9ce 8 "t1  
h[ev]1 t /range love ( ca/e-di/9ctions1 
:i* seems s in]adicable f ! soil (      
,india1 has begun aga9 to creep into    
,vai%4navism1 & w probably end by       
e/abli%+ its p[] z firmly 9 ?is sect z 9
 any o!r4  ,al?\gh ! in/itution ( love  

t[>ds ! div9e nature1 & ! doctr9e t ?is 
love 0 reciprocat$1 7 c]ta9ly a great   
improvem5t on ! morbid gloom (          
iva-wor%ip1 ! col\rless negativ5ess (   
,buddhism1 & ! *ildi% intricacy (       
c]emonies :i* =m$ ! religion ( ! mass ( 
ord9>y ,h9dus1 /ill we _c f9d mu* to    
admire 9 x4  ,!re seems to be some?+    
almo/ contradictory 9 repres5t+ ! highe/
 & pure/ emotions ( ! m9d by images     
drawn f ! l[e/ & mo/ animal passions4   
,ut matrona m]etrici disp> erit atque   
discolor4   ,s mu/ also ,vai%4navism    
diff] f true religion1 ! fle% f ! _s1 ! 
impure f ! pure4  ,! s++ ( hymns ab\t   
,rdh & ,k4ri%4na is mu* old] ?an        
,*aitanya's age4  ,n to m5tion ,jayadeva
 & 8 beautiful1 ?\gh s5sual1 ,gtagov9da4
  ,footnote3 ,x is _m ye>s n[ s9ce ,i   
read ,gitagov9da z a text-book at       
college1 b ! impression ,i /ill reta9 is
 t x 0 9 _m p>ts f> too w>m = ,european 
ta/es4  ,bidyapati1 ! e>lie/ ( ,b5gali  
poets1 & ,*a4n4di ,ds bo? prec$$        
,*aitanya1 & he himself is /at$ to h be5

 fond ( s++ _! v]ses4  ,!re 0 !re=e a   
consid]able mass ( hymns ready to 8 h&1 
& 8 contempor>ies & foll[]s add$ l>gely 
to ! numb]2 ! poems ( ! ,padakalpat>u 9 
consequ5ce are ( all ages f ! fifte5?   
c5tury d[nw>ds2 moreov]1 z ,vai%4navism 
aspires to be a religion = ! masses1 !  
aim ( its support]s has always be5 to   
write 9 ! vulg> tongue1 a =tunate       
circum/ance :i* r5d]s ?is va/ body (    
lit]ature extremely valuable to !       
philologi/1 s9ce x c be reli$ on z      
repres5t+ ! spok5 language ( its day m  
accurately ?an ^? pret5ti\s works ^:    
au?ors despis$ ev]y?+ b ,sanskrit4  ,!  
,padakalpat>u1 to keep up ! metaphor (  
its "n ?r\gh\t1 is divid$ into #d akhas 
or 'bran*es1' & ea* ( ^! into #h or #aj 
pallabas or small] bran*es1 'b\ghs4'  ,x
 %\ld be expla9$ t ! krtans are         
celebrat$ ) consid]able c]emony4  ,!re  
is fir/ a consecration bo? ( ! p]=m]s & 
in/rum5ts ) fl[]s1 inc5se1 & sweetmeats4
  ,?is is call$ ! adhibs4  ,! pr9cipal  
p]=m] !n s+s "o song aft] ano!r1 ! o!rs 

play+ ! drum & cymbals 9 "t1 & jo9+ 9 ! 
*orus2 z ! p]=mance goes on _m ( !m get 
excit$ & wildly frantic1 & roll ab\t on 
! gr\nd4  ,:5 ! p]=mance is ov] ! drum  
is respectfully spr9kl$ ) *&ana or      
s&alwood pa/e1 & hung up4  ,sev]al      
p]=mances g on = days till a :ole akh   
has be5 sung ?r\gh1 & ,i believe x is   
always cu/om>y to g ?r\gh at lea/ "o    
,pallab at a sitt+1 h[ev] long x may be4
  ,! ,b5gali ,krtan 9 fact resembles v  
mu* ! ,bhajans & ,ka?s common 9 ! ,m>4?a
 c\ntry1 & ea* poem 9 l5g?1 & (t5 9     
subject1 is simil> to ! ,abhangas (     
,tuk>m & o!rs 9 t prov9ce4  ,! fir/     
,pallab conta9s #bg hymns1 ( ^! #h are  
by ,gob9d ,ds1 #h by ,bai%nab ,ds1 #c by
 ,br9dban ,ds1 ! re/ by m9or ma/]s4     
,br9dban ,ds & ,p>ame%w> ,ds 7          
contempor>ies ( ,*aitanya1 ! o!rs--     
includ+ ,gob9d ,ds1 :o is p]haps ! mo/  
volum9\s writ] ( all- -are subsequ5t to 
him4  ,( ! hymns !mselves ! fir/ five   
are invocations ( ,*aitanya & ,nityn&1 &
 "o is 9 praise ( ! c]emony ( ,krtan4   

,!re is no?+ v rem>kable 9 any ( !m4    
,numb] #e may be tak5 z a specim51 z x  
is p]haps ! be/ ( ! bat*4     ,n&'s son1
 lov] ( ! ,gops1 "l ( ,rdh1 ! playful   
,sym3   ,is he1 ,sa*i's son1 ! ,indra ( 
,nadiya1 ! he>t-*>m+ dwell+ ( gods &    
sa9ts2 victory to him :o is love embodi$
 to 8 own belov$1 hail6 hail to him :o  
is ! joy ( ! exi/5ce ( 8 well-belov$6   
hail to ! delight ( ! eyes ( 8 comrades 
9 ,braj6 hail to ! *>m ( ! sight ( !    
wom5 ( ,nadiya6 hail6 hail to ,sridam1  
,sudam1 ,subal1 & ,arjun1 ,footnote3    
,names ( ,*aitanya's disciples4 b\nd by 
love to him ^: =m is z a new cl\d6 hail 
to ,rm & ! re/1 beautiful & de>         
companions6 hail to ! *>m]1 !           
incomp>able ,gora 7,*aitanya76 hail to !
 mighty y\ng] bro!r ( ,bal>m6 hail6 hail
 to ,nityn& 7:o is7 joy 7p]sonifi$76    
,hail to him :o de/roys ! fe> ( good m51
 ! object ( ! hope ( ,gob9d ,ds6  ,i    
w\ld call att5tion "h1 once = all1 to   
:at is "o ( ! pr9cipal *>ms ( ,vai%4nava
 hymns1 ! exquisitely musical rhy?m &   

cad5ce4  ,!y seem made to be sung1 &    
trip (f ! tongue ) a lilt & grace :i*   
are irresi/ible4  ,?is hymn is int]e/+ z
 %ew+ h[ completely ,*aitanya is by 8   
foll[]s inve/$ ) ! attributes (1 &      
id5tifi$ )1 ,k4r%4na2 x has no o!r      
special m]its2 nor any?+ specially      
int]e/+ f a philological po9t ( view z x
 is ne>ly all ,sansk4rit4  ,! next six  
are 9 praise ( ! sect itself1 (         
,adwaita1 & ! pr9cipal disciples4  ,t on
 ,adwaita by 8 contempor>y ,br9daban ,ds
 gives a lively picture ( ! old         
,brahman1 !n foll[ sev5 9 praise ( !    
,krtanias or ! old                      
ma/]-s+]s--,bidyapati1 ,jayadeva1       
,*a4n4di ,ds2 !n f\r on ,k4ri%4na &     
,rdh1 conta9+ only a succession ( epi!ts
 l9k$ toge!r by jay6 jay6  ,! tw5ty-?ird
 beg9s ! adhibs or consecration1 & is   
curi\s less = its language ?an = !      
description x gives ( ! c]emonies       
practis$4  ,x is by ! old ma/]s         
,p>ame%w> & ,br9daban1 ) ! conclud+     
portion by a y\ng] ma/] ,bansi4  ,! poem

 is 9 f\r p>ts & takes ! =m ( a /ory h[ 
,*aitanya held 8 fea/4  ,x runs ?us3--  
#bc4 ,a?a sankirtanasya adhibsa4   ,"o  
day com+ & smil+1 sitt+ 9 ,adwaita's    
h\se1 spake ! son ( ,sa*1 hav+ ,nityn& )
 him & ,adwaita1 sitt+ 9 enjoym5t1 he   
plann$ a great fe/ivity4  ,he>+ ?is1    
smil+ ) joy1 ,st ,?kurn com+ spoke a    
sweet ^w3 he>+ t ) joyful m9d ! son (   
,sa* spoke some:at 9 reg>d to arrang+ ! 
fe/ival4 ',li/51 ,?kurn ,st1,footnote3  
,sta 0 ! wife ( ,adwaita4 br+ !         
,bai%nabs "h2 mak+ press+ invitation to 
!m3 :oso c s+1 :oso c play1 invite !m   
sep>ately1 man by man4'  ,?us ,gora ,rai
 speak+ gave ord]s = an assembly3 '     
,invite ! ,bai%nabs6  ,br+ out ! cymbal 
& drum1 set out full pots pa9t$ ) aloes 
& s&al-pa/e3 plant planta9s1 hang on !m 
g>l&s ( fl[]s1 = ! ,krtan place         
joyfully4  ,) g>l&s1 s&al1 & betelnut1  
ghee1 honey1 & curds consecrate ! drum  
at ev5+-tide4'  ,he>+ ! "l's ^w1 9 lov+ 
mann] %e made accord+ly v>i\s (f]+s )   
fragrant p]fumes3 all cri$ ',h>i1 ,h>i6'

 ?us !y consecrate ! drum2 ,p>ame%w> ,ds
 floats 9 enjoym5t4  ,( ! rema9d] ( !   
adhibs ,i give m]ely a p>aphrase ommit+ 
! num]\s repetitions4  #b4 ,hav+ prep>$ 
! ent]ta9m5t %e invites !m1 k9dly visit 
u1 to y & ,vai%4navas1 ?is is my        
petition1 come & see & complete ! fea/2 
?us entreat+ %e br\ght ! hon\r$ gue/s1  
!y consecrate ! fea/4  ,joyfully !      
,vai%4navas came to ! fea/3 to-morr[ w  
be ! joy ( ! great fe/ivity1 !re w be ! 
enjoym5t ( ! s++ r ,k4ri%4na's sports1  
all w be fill$ ) delight4  ,! m]its ( ! 
assembly ( ! devotees ( r ,k4ri%4na     
,*aitanya s+e? ,br9daban ,ds4  #c4 ,fir/
 set up ! planta9s1 array ! full pots1  
adorn$ ) twigs ( ! mango2 ! ,brahman    
*ants ! ,v$as1 ! wom5 %\t jay6 jay6 &   
all cry ,h>i6 ,h>i6  ,mak+ !            
consecration ) curds & ghi1 all display 
_! joy2 br++ 9 ! ,vai%4navas1 giv+ !m   
g>l&s & s&al-pa/e1 = ! celebration ( !  
,krtan2 joy is 9 ! he>ts ( all1 hi!r    
come ! ,vai%4navas1 to-morr[ w be       
,*aitanya's krtan2 ! virtue ( r         

,k4ri%4na ,*aitanya's "n1 & ! indwell+ (
 r ,nityn& s+e? ,ds ,br9daban4          
,footnote3 ,! poet's "n is inv]t$ to    
make a rhyme = ,krtan 9 ! prec$+ l9e4   
#d4 ,jay6 jay6 9 ,nawadwip2 by ,gorang's
 ord] ,adwaita goes to prep>e !         
consecration ( ! drum4  ,br++ all !     
,vai%4navas ) s\nd ( ,h>i bol1 he       
initiates ! great fea/4  ,he himself    
giv+ g>l&s & s&al-pa/e1 conv]ses ) 8    
belov$ ,vai%4navas1 ,gob9d tak+ ! drum  
plays ta-ta-tum tum1 ,adwaita lightly   
cla%es ! cymbals4 ,h>i ,ds beg9s ! song1
 ,sribs keeps "t1 ,gorang dances at !   
krtan celebration4  ,on all sides !     
,vai%4navas cr[d+ e*o ,h>i bol1 to-morr[
 w be ! great fea/4  ,to-day consecrate 
! drum & hang x up1 joyfully sai? ,bansi
 s\nd victory6 victory66  ,hav+ ?us     
conclud$ ! initiatory c]emonies 9 ! l/  
,pallab1 ! #bnd ,pallab beg9s ! real    
,krtan4  ,x conta9s #bf hymns by ma/]s  
:o are mo/ly ( comp>atively rec5t date4 
,( ! old ma/]s ,gob9d ,ds & ,*a4n4di ,ds
 alone appe> 9 ?is ,pallab4  ,we n[     

comm5ce ! long & m9utely describ$ s]ies 
( emotions & flirtations 7if s l[ly a ^w
 may be us$7 betwe5 ,rdh & ,k4ri%4na1 & 
?is ,pallab & 9 fact ! :ole ( ! fir/    
,skh is on t phase call$ prb>ga or fir/ 
symptoms ( love4  ,9 ,no4 #b1 ,*a4n4di  
,ds repres5ts two ( ,rdh's ,sakhis1 or  
girl-fri5ds1 :isp]+ toge!r z !y wat* h] 
f a di/ance 7! punctuation i4e4 colon   
737 ref]s to ! csura1 n to ! s5se73  ,%e
 /&s outside ! h\se1 a hundr$ times     
re/lessly %e comes & goes3 depress$ 9   
m9d1 ) frequ5t sighs1 %e looks t[>ds !  
kadamba jungle4  ,:y has ,rai 7,radhik7 
become ?us8 s]i\s is h] error1 %e has no
 fe> ( m51 :]e are h] s5ses1 or :at god 
has possess$ h]8  ,con/antly re/less1 %e
 does n cov] h]self ) ! corn] ( h] robe3
 %e sits /ill = a :ile1 !n rises ) a    
/>t1 h] ornam5ts fall ) a clang4        
,y\?ful 9 age1 ( royal desc5t1 & a *a/e 
maid5 to boot3 :at does %e desire1 7:y7 
does h] long+ increase8  ,i _c und]/& h]
 motives3 f h] conduct1 ?is ,i conceive1
 %e has rais$ h] h& to ! moon3          

,footnote3 ,%e has =m$ "s extravagant   
desire4  ,*a4n4di ,ds says ) respect %e 
has fall5 into ! sn>e ( ! black "o      
7,k4ri%4na74  ,?is poem vividly         
expresses ! fir/ symptoms ( love dawn+ 9
 ! girl's he>t1 & f a religi\s po9t (   
view ! fir/ awak5+s ( consci\sness (    
div9e love 9 ! s\l4  ,x is difficult = !
 ,european m9d1 tra9$ to draw a broad   
di/9ction betwe5 ! love ( ,god & love = 
ano!r human be+1 to ent] into a /ate (  
feel+ 9 :i* ! e>?ly & s5sual is made a  
type ( ! heav5ly & spiritual1 b a       
l>ge-s\l$ *>ity may be p]haps able to   
admit t by ?is process1 /range ?\gh x be
 to its own habits & exp]i5ces1 !re may 
h be5 "s improvem5t wr\ght 9 ! inn] life
 ( m5 br\ght up 9 o!r s*ools ( ?\ght2 & 
my own exp]i5ce1 n[ ( f\rte5 ye>s /&+1  
enables me to say t ,vai%4navism does1 9
 spite (1 or p]haps 9 virtue (1 its     
peculi> modus op]&i1 "w a *ange = !     
bett] on ^? :o come "u its influ5ce4    
,two m hymns on ! same subject foll[1 & 
9 ,no4 #e ,rdh h]self breaks sil5ce4  ,9

 ! kadamba grove :at man is 7t7 /&+8    
,:at sort ( ^w com+ is ?is3 ! pl\gh ( ^:
 mean+ has p5etrat$ />tl+ly ! pa? (     
he>+8  ,) a h9t ( union1 ) its mann] (  
p5etrat+ mak+ "o well-nigh mad3  ,my m9d
 is agitat$1 x _c be /ill1 /reams fl[ f 
my eyes3  ,i "k n :at mann] ( man x is  
:o utt]s su* words3  ,i see him n1 my   
he>t is p]turb$1 ,i _c /ay 9 ! h\se3    
,my s\l re/s n1 x flutt]s to & fro 9    
hope ( see+ him3  ,:5 %e sees him1 %e w 
f9d h] s\l1 quo? ,urdbab ,ds4  ,i h left
 myself no space to f9i% ?is ,pallab1 or
 to make rem>ks on ! peculi>ities ( !   
language1 :i* 9 ! old] ma/]s w\ld m     
prop]ly be call$ old ,mai?ila ?an       
,b5gali4  ,x is ne>ly id5tical ) !      
language /ill spok5 9 ,tirhut1 ! anci5t 
,mi?ili1 & 9 ,mung] & ,bhgalpur1 !      
anci5t ,magadha1 ?an mod]n ,b5gali4  ,z 
! ,aryan race grew & multipli$ x        
naturally p\r$ out its surplus          
population 9 ,b5gal1 & x is n only      
philologically obvi\s t ,b5gali is no?+ 
m ?an a fur!r1 & v mod]n developm5t ( ! 

extreme ea/]n dialect ( ,h9di4  ,all ^! 
consid]ations1 h[ev]1 ,i hope /ill fur!r
 to develop at "s future "t4