,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics & ,bold4 ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,api>y1 ,,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,cook1 ,pr(essor ( ,entomology ,,9 ,,! ,,mi*igan ,,/ate ,,agricultural ,,college4 ,,f\r? ,,edition1 ,,revis$1 ,,enl>g$1 ,,mo/ly ,,re-,,writt5 ,,& ,,beautifully ,,illu/rat$4 ,,six? ,,?\s&4 ,,*icago1 ,,ills43 ,,?omas ,g4 ,,newman ,,son #ahgi4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgh1 by ,,?omas ,g4 ,,newman ,,son1 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,l4 ,l4 ,,lang/ro?1 ,,! ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,movable ,,frame ,,hive1 ,,! ,,hub] ,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,& ,,! ,,greate/ ,,ma/] ,,( ,,pure ,,& ,,appli$ ,,sci5ce1 ,,z ,,relat+ ,,to ,,apiculture1 ,,9 ,,! ,,_w2 ,,?is ,,manual ,,is ,,gratefully ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,,! ,,api>y4 ,:y ano!r treatise on ?is subject8 ,h we n ,lang/ro?1 & ,qu9by1 & ,k+1 & ,bevan1 & ,hunt]8 ,yes2 all ( ^!4 ,ea* ( :i* has done excell5t s]vice 9 promot+ an important indu/ry4 ,ea* ( :i* possesses peculi> & /rik+ excell5ces4 ,yet none ( ^! comb9e all ( ! qualities desirable 9 a popul> manual4 ,h5ce1 ! excuse = ano!r claimant = public favor4 ,e cultur$ api>i/ lam5ts t !re is no text-book :i* possesses all ( ! foll[+ v desirable *>act]s3 ,simple /yle1 full 9 its discussions1 *eap1 dis9t]e/$1 up ) ! times4 ,x is = ! bee-keep+ public to decide :e!r ?is treatise meets any m fully ! dem&s made by ! late/ discov]ies & improvem5ts1 by ! wants ( ^? eag] to le>n1 & by ! sup]ior intellig5ce :i* is n[ enli/$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,api>y4 ,! foll[+ is1 9 sub/ance1 ! same z ! c\rse ( lectures :i* ,i h giv5 ea* ye> to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college1 & _! desire1 z express$ 9 repeat$ reque/s1 has l$ to ?is publication4 ,x w be my desire to consid] subjects ( m]ely sci5tific int]e/ & value1 z fully z sci5tific /ud5ts c reasonably desire2 &1 t su* discussions may n confuse or p]plex ^? :o only read or /udy ) practical ends 9 view1 a v full index is add$1 s t ! :]eab\ts ( any topic1 ei!r ( practical or sci5tific value1 c be easily asc]ta9$4 ,9 consid]+ ! v>i\s subjects ( int]e/ to ! bee-keep]1 ,i am greatly indebt$ to ! au?ors m5tion$ above1 & also to ! foll[+ j\rnals1 all wor?y ( high comm5dation3 ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture1 ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 ,bee-,keep]s' ,magaz9e1 & ,bee ,_w4 ,! illu/rations = ?is manual 7 ne>ly all drawn by ! au?or f ! natural object4 ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college1 ,lans+1 ,may #a1 #ahgf4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4 ,i little ?\ght :5 ,i s5t out1 less ?an two ye>s ago1 ! fir/ edition--#c1jjj copies--( my little1 unpret5d+1 ,manual ( ! ,api>y1 t m ?an #b1jjj copies w\ld be sold 9 less ?an "o ye>1 & t 9 less ?an two ye>s a second edition w\ld be dem&$ by ! api>i/s ( our c\ntry4 ,! v k9dly reviews & flatt]+ notices by api>ian1 sci5tific1 & o!r j\rnals1 bo? ,am]ican & =eign1 & ! approval1 z express$ by num]\s fri5dly lett]s1 ( our mo/ em95t api>i/s1 z also ! unprec$5t$ sale ( ?is little "w1 h n only be5 v gratify+1 b also assure me t ,i 0 q "r 9 ! op9ion t ! "t 0 ripe = "s su* treatise4 ,at ! urg5t reque/ ( _m api>ian fri5ds1 9 response to ! (t-repeat$ desire ( my _m /ud5ts1 "s ( :om are becom+ lead+ apiculturi/s 9 our c\ntry1 & at ! sugge/ion ( _m not$ api>i/s ) :om ,i h no p]sonal acqua9tance1 ,i n[ s5d =? ?is second edition1 greatly enl>g$1 mo/ly re-writt51 ev5 m fully illu/rat$1 & conta9+ ! late/ sci5tific discov]ies1 & mo/ rec5t improvem5ts 9 me?ods ( api>ian managem5t & bee-keep+ app>atus4 ,x is impossible = me to /ate h[ greatly ,i am indebt$ to our excell5t ,am]ican bee p]iodicals1 & ent]pris+ & intellig5t api>i/s1 = _m--yea1 = mo/--( ! valuable ?\ghts & sugge/ions :i* may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,i am tempt$ to m5tion names ( ^? ^: aid & favors h be5 especially useful1 b f9d ! li/ s l>ge t ,i mu/1 p]=ce1 =ego ! privilege1 & only ref] to su* p]sons 9 ! text4 ,) ! hope t ?is second edition may rea* ev5 m :o desire in/ruction 9 ?is pleas+ art1 & t x may /ill fur!r advance ! int]e/s ( sci5tific apiculture4 ,i s5d x =? to all ^? :o wi% to /udy m deeply into ! my/]ies ( insect life1 or to ga9 fur!r k ( "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ z well z pr(itable ( arts4 ,i make no apology = ins]t+ s mu* ( sci5ce 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,f ! lett]s ( inquiry :i* ,i am con/antly receiv+1 especially f api>i/s1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! p are m5tally hungry = j su* food4 ,to satisfy & /imulate j su* appetites is1 ,i am sure1 v desirable4 ,i recomm5d no?+ 9 ?is treatise t ,i h n prov$ valuable by actual trial1 unless ,i m5tion "s em95t p]son z advis+ x2 nor d ,i ann\nce any fact or sci5tific tru? t ,i h n v]ifi$1 except z ,i give x on ! au?ority ( "s compet5t p]son4 ,= mo/ ( ! figures ( ! second edition lam indebt$ to "o ( my pupils1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,holdswor?1 ^: skill z an arti/ ne$s no praise4 ,app5d$ to ?is volume is a v full index :i* w be a great aid to ! /ud5t4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 ,:o ,may ,keep ,bees #aa ,speciali/s #aa ,amateurs #aa ,:o are ,specially ,int]dict$ #ab ,inducem5ts to ,bee-,keep+ #ab ,recreation #ab ,pr(it #ac ,excell5ce z an ,amateur ,pursuit #ae ,adaptation to ,wom5 #ae ,improves ! ,m9d & ,obs]vation #ag ,yields ,delici\s ,food #ag ,:at ,successful ,bee-,keep+ ,requires #ah ,m5tal ,ef=t #ah ,exp]i5ce ,necess>y #ah ,le>n f ,o!rs #ah ,aid f ,conv5tions #ai ,aid f ,bee ,pap]s #ai ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal #ai ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture #bj ,bee-,keep]s' ,magaz9e #ba ,books = ! ,api>i/ #ba ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey-,bee #ba ,qu9by's ,my/]ies ( ,bee-,keep+ #bb ,k+'s ,text-,book #bb ,a1 ,b1 ,c ( ,bee ,culture #bb ,=eign ,works #bb ,promptitude #bc ,en?usiasm #bd ,,"p ,i4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,honey ,bee4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,bee's ,place 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom #bg ,! ,bran* ( ! ,honey-,bee #bg ,! ,class ( ! ,honey-,bee #bh ,! ,ord] ( ! ,honey-,bee #cj ,! ,sub-,ord] ( ! ,honey-,bee #ca ,! ,family ( ! ,honey-,bee #cd ,! ,g5us ( ! ,honey-,bee #ch ,! ,species ( ! ,honey-,bee #da ,! ,v>ieties ( ! ,honey-,bee #da ,g]man1 or ,black ,bee #da ,italian1 or ,ligurian #da ,fasciata1 or ,egyptian #db ,o!r ,v>ieties #dc ,bibliography #dd ,valuable ,books on ,entomology #dg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,anatomy & ,physiology #dh ,anatomy ( ,insects #dh ,organs ( ! ,head #dh ,app5dages ( ! ,?orax #ee ,int]nal ,anatomy #ef ,secretory ,organs #fa ,sex ,organs #fb ,trans=mations #ff ,! ,egg #fg ,! ,l>va #fh ,! ,pupa #fh ,! ,imago ,/age #gj ,incomplete ,trans=mations #gj ,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,honey ,bee #ga ,?ree ,k9ds ( ,bees 9 ,ea* ,colony #ga ,! ,que5 #ga ,! ,drone #hf ,! ,neut]s or ,work]s #ij ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,sw>m+1 or ,natural ,me?od ( increase #aja ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,products ( ,bees1 _! ,orig9 & ,function #ajd ,honey #ajd ,wax #ajf ,poll51 or ,bee-,bread #aaa ,propolis #aab ,bibliography #aac ,"p ,,ii4 ,! api>y1 its ,c>e & ,managem5t #aae ,,introduction4 ,prep>ation #aag ,read a ,good ,manual #aag ,visit "s ,api>i/ #aag ,take a ,college ,c\rse #aah ,decide on a ,plan #aah ,h[ to ,procure our ,bees #aah ,k9d ( ,bees to ,pur*ase #aai ,9 ,:at ,k9d ( ,hives #aai ,:5 to ,pur*ase #aai ,h[ ,mu* to ,pay #abj ,:]e to ,locate #abj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,hives & ,boxes #abb ,box ,hives #abb ,movable ,comb ,hives #abc ,! ,lang/ro? ,hive #abc ,"* ( ! ,hive #abd ,! ,bottom ,bo>d #abg ,! ,cov] #abi ,! ,frames #acb ,h[ to ,con/ruct ! ,frames #acc ,a ,block = mak+ ,frames #acd ,cov] = ,frames #acf ,division ,bo>d #acg ,! ,hub] ,hive #ach ,app>atus = ,secur+ ,comb ,honey #ada ,boxes #adb ,small ,frames or ,sections #add ,requisites ( ,good ,sections #add ,description #add ,h[ to ,place ,sections 9 ,position #adg ,sections 9 ,frames #adg ,sections 9 ,racks #adi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,position & ,arrangem5t ( ! ,api>y #aeb ,position #aeb ,arrangem5t ( ,gr\nd #aeb ,prep>ation = ea* ,colony #aec ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,to ,transf] ,bees #aef ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,fe$+ & ,fe$]s #aei ,h[ ,mu* to ,fe$ #aei ,h[ to ,fe$ #afj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,que5 ,re>+ #afc ,h[ to ,re> ,que5s #afc ,nuclei #afe ,%all we ,clip ! ,que5's ,w+8 #afh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,increase ( ,colonies #aga ,sw>m+ #aga ,hiv+ ,sw>ms #agc ,to ,prev5t ,second ,sw>ms #age ,to ,prev5t ,sw>m+ #agf ,h[ ,be/ to ,increase #agg ,divid+ #agg ,h[ to ,divide #agg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,italians & ,italianiz+ #ahj ,all ,%\ld ,keep ,only ,italians #ahc ,h[ to ,italianize #ahc ,h[ to ,introduce a ,que5 #ahc ,to ,get ,italian ,que5s #ahe ,re>+ & ,%ipp+ ,que5s #ahf ,to ,%ip ,que5s #ahf ,to ,move ,colonies #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,extract+ & ! ,extractors #ahh ,honey ,extractor #ahh ,:at ,/yle to ,buy #ahi ,use ( ! ,extractor #aia ,:5 to use ! ,extractor #aib ,h[ to ,extract #aid ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,h&l+ ,bees #aie ,! ,be/ ,bee ,veil #aif ,to ,quiet ,bees #aig ,bell[s ,smok] #aih ,! ,qu9by ,smok] #aih ,! ,b+ham ,smok] #aii ,h[ to ,smoke ,bees #bja ,to ,cure ,/+s #bja ,! ,sweat ,!ory #bja ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,comb ,f\ndation #bjc ,hi/ory #bjc ,am]ican ,f\ndation #bjd ,h[ ,f\ndation is ,made #bjf ,to ,secure ! ,wax ,%eets #bjf ,use ( ,f\ndation #bjg ,to ,fa/5 ! ,f\ndation #bji ,save ! ,wax #baa ,me?ods #baa ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,m>ket+ ,honey #bac ,h[ to ,invigorate ! ,m>ket #bac ,extract$ ,honey #bad ,h[ to ,tempt ! ,consum] #bad ,comb ,honey #bae ,rules to be ,obs]v$ #bae ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,honey ,plants #bah ,:at are ! ,valuable ,honey ,plants8 #bbj ,description ) ,practical ,rem>ks #bbb ,april ,plants #bbc ,may ,plants #bbe ,june ,plants #bbh ,july ,plants #bcg ,augu/ & ,septemb] ,plants #bdb ,books on ,botany #bdd ,practical ,conclusions #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,w9t]+ ,bees #bdf ,! ,cause ( ,disa/r\s ,w9t]+ #bdf ,requisite to ,safe ,w9t]+--,good ,food #bdh ,secure ,late ,bre$+ #bdi ,to ,secure & ,ma9ta9 ,prop] ,temp]ature #bdi ,box = ,pack+ #bej ,*aff ,hives #bea ,w9t]+ 9 ,cell> or ,h\se #beb ,bury+ ,bees #bed ,spr+ ,dw9dl+ #bed ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! ,h\se ,api>y #bee ,description #bee ,are !y ,desirable #bef ,! ,case z x ,n[ ,/&s #bef ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,evils t ,confront ! ,api>i/ #beh ,robb+ #beh ,disease #bei ,f\l ,brood #bei ,rem$ies #bfj ,enemies ( ,bees #bfb ,! ,bee ,mo? #bfb ,hi/ory #bff ,rem$ies #bff ,bee ,kill] #bfg ,bee ,l\se #bfh ,important ,sugge/ion #bfi ,bee ,hawk #bfi ,ta*9a ,fly #bgj ,spid]s #bga ,ants #bga ,wasps #bga ,! ,k+ ,bird #bgb ,toads #bgb ,mice #bgb ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,cal5d> & ,axioms #bgd ,"w = ,diff]5t ,mon?s #bgd ,janu>y #bgd ,febru>y #bgd ,m>* #bgd ,april #bge ,may #bge ,june #bge ,july #bge ,augu/ #bge ,septemb] #bgf ,octob] #bgf ,novemb] #bgf ,decemb] #bgf ,axioms #bgg ,,illu/rations4 #a4 ,tra*ea #bh #b4 ,respiratory ,app>atus ( a ,bee #bi #c4 ,bee's ,w+s #ch #d4 ,head ( ,drone #ci #e4 ,head ( ,work] #ci #f4 ,head ( ,bee #di #g4 ,?orax ( ,bee #ee #h4 ,n]v\s ,sy/em ( ,drone #eh #i4 ,alim5t>y ,canal #fj #aj4 ,male ,organs ( ,bee #fc #aa4 ,que5 ,organs #fd #ab4 ,l>va ( ,bee #fh #ac4 ,pupa ( ,bee #fi #ad4 ,que5 ,bee #gb #ae4 ,labium ( ,que5 #gc #af4 ,"p ( ,que5's ,leg #gd #ag4 ,drone #hf #ah4 ,"p ( ,drone's ,leg #hg #ai4 ,work] ,bee #ij #bj4 ,tongue ( ,work] ,bee #ia #ba4 ,jaw ( ,que51 ,drone & ,work] #ib #bb4 ,"p ( ,po/]ior ,leg ( ,work]--outside #ic #bc4 ,"p ( ,po/]ior ,leg ( ,work]--inside #id #bd4 ,ant]ior ,leg ( ,work] #id #be4 ,/+ ( ,work] #ie #bf4 ,egg & ,brood #ig #bg4 ,wax ,scales #ajf #bh4 ,honey-,comb #aji #bi4 ,lang/ro? ,hive #abd #cj4 ,body ( ,hive #abe #ca4 ,bevel ,gauge #abf #cb4 ,bottom-,bo>d #abh #cc4 ,two-,/ory ,hive #acj #cd4 ,cov] to ,hive #aca #ce4 ,frame #acc #cf4 ,frame1 ) ,cross-,section ( ,top-,b> #acd #cg4 ,block = mak+ ,frames #ace #ch4 ,division-,bo>d #acg #ci4 ,"p ( ,qu9by ,hive #aci #dj4 ,"p ( ,b+ham ,hive #adj #da4 ,glass ,honey ,box #adb #db4 ,i%am ,honey ,box #adc #dc4 ,h>bison ,section ,frame #adc #dd4 ,*isel #add #de4 ,block = ,section ,mak+ #ade #df4 ,he!r+ton ,sep>ator #adf #dg4 ,dove-tail$ ,section #adf #dh4 ,phelps ,section #adg #di4 ,section ,frame #adh #ej4 ,sections 9 ,frame #adi #ea4 ,s\?>d's ,section ,back #aej #eb4 ,:eel]'s ,section ,back #aej #ec4 ,hive 9 ,%ade ( ,ev]-gre5 #aee #ed4 ,fe$] #afj #ee4 ,simplicity ,fe$] #afa #ef4 ,que5-cell ,ins]t$ 9 ,comb #afg #eg4 ,%ipp+ ,que5 ,cage #ahg #eh4 ,ev]ett's ,extractor #ahi #ei4 ,comb ,basket = ,extractor #aij #fj4 ,knife = ,uncapp+ #aia #fa4 ,knife ) ,curv$ ,po9t #aia #fb4 ,bee-,veil #aif #fc4 ,qu9by ,smok]s #aii #fd4 ,b+ham ,smok] #aii #fe4 ,comb ,f\ndation #bjc #ff4 ,comb ,f\ndation ,ma*9e #bje #fg4 ,comb ,f\ndation ,cutt] #bjf #fh4 ,block = ,fa/5+ ,f\ndation #baj #fi4 ,press] = ,block #baa #gj4 ,wax ,extractor #bab #ga4 ,prize ,crate #baf #gb4 ,h$don ,crate #bag #gc4 ,maple #bbb #gd4 ,will[ #bbc #ge4 ,judas ,tree #bbd #gf4 ,am]ican ,wi/>ia #bbe #gg4 ,*9ese ,wi/>ia #bbf #gh4 ,b>b]ry #bbf #gi4 ,:ite ,sage #bbg #hj4 ,:ite or ,dut* ,clov] #bbh #ha4 ,alsike ,clov] #bbi #hb4 ,melilot ,clov] #bcj #hc4 ,borage #bcj #hd4 ,mignonette #bca #he4 ,okra #bca #hf4 ,m9t #bcb #hg4 ,poll5 ( ,milk-,we$ #bcc #hh4 ,black ,mu/>d #bcc #hi4 ,rape #bcd #ij4 ,tulip #bce #ia4 ,teasel #bcf #ib4 ,cotton #bcf #ic4 ,basswood #bcg #id4 ,figwort #bch #ie4 ,button-,bu% #bdj #if4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,bee ,plant #bci #ig4 ,boneset #bda #ih4 ,buck:eat #bdb #ii4 ,gold5 ,rod #bdc #ajj4 ,sun ,fl[] #bdc #aja4 ,pack+-,box = ,w9t] #bej #ajb4 ,gall]y ( ,mo? ,l>va #bfb #ajc4 ,mo? ,l>va 9 ,comb #bfc #ajd4 ,mo? ,l>v #bfd #aje4 ,mo? ,cocoons #bfd #ajf4 ,mo? ) ,w+s ,spread #bfd #ajg4 ,male & ,female ,mo?s #bfe #ajh4 ,bee-,kill] #bfh #aji4 ,bee ,l\se #bfh #aaj4 ,ta*9a ,fly #bgj #aaa4 ,munn ,hive #bgi #aab4 ,munn's ,triangul> ,hive #bhj #aac4 ,lecanium ,tulipif]as #bhh #aad4 ,/em ( ,mo!rwort #bhi #aae4 ,fruit & ,leaf ( ,mo!rwort #bij #aaf4 ,mo!rwort ,bloom #bia #aag4 ,s\r-,wood #bib #aah4 ,/++-,bug--natural size #bid #aai4 ,magnifi$ twice #bid #abj4 ,beak1 magnifi$ #bid #aba4 ,ant5na1 magnifi$ #bie #abb4 ,ant]ior leg1 ext]ior view #bie #abc4 int]ior view #bie #abd4 ,claw1 ext5d$ #bif #abe4 ,middle leg1 magnifi$ #bif #abf4 ,s\!rn ,bee-,kill] #big #abg4 ,w+s ext5d$ #big #abh4 ,head ( #bih #abi4 ,w+ ( #bii #aca4 ,foot ( #bih #acj4 ,w+ ( ,asilus ,miss\ri5sis #cjj #acb4 ,honey-,comb ,coral #cja #acc4 ,wasp-/one ,coral #cjb ,,introduction4 ,,:o ,,may ,,keep ,,bees4 ,,speciali/s4 ,any p]son :o is cauti\s1 obs]v+1 & prompt to d :atev] ! ne$s ( 8 bus9ess require1 ) no ?\ght ( delay1 may make apiculture a specialty1 ) almo/ c]ta9 prospects ( success4 ,he mu/ also be will+ to "w ) ,sp>tan en]gy dur+ ! busy season1 & mu/ p]si/1 ?\gh sore disc\ragem5t1 & ev5 dire mis=tune1 essay to ?w>t 8 plans & rob him ( 8 covet$ ga9s4 ,z 9 all o!r vocations1 su* are ! m5 :o succe$ 9 apiculture4 ,i make no m5tion ( capital to beg9 )1 or t]ritory on :i* to locate2 = m5 ( true metal--m5 ^: en]gy ( m9d & body bespeak success 9 advance--w solve ^! que/ions long be=e _! exp]i5ce & k w>rant _! assum+ ! *>ge ( l>ge api>ies4 ,,amateurs4 ,apiculture1 z an avocation1 may be safely recomm5d$ to ^? ( any bus9ess or pr(ession1 :o possess ! above nam$ qualities1 & control a little space = _! bees1 a few rods f /reet & neighbor1 or a flat ro( :]eupon hives may securely re/ 7,c4 ,f4 ,mu?1 ( ,c9c9nati1 keeps 8 bees v successfully on ! top ( 8 /ore1 9 ! v he>t ( a l>ge city71 & :o are able to devote a little "t1 :5 requir$1 to c>e = _! bees4 ,! am\nt ( "t w ( c\rse v>y ) ! numb] ( colonies kept1 b ) prop] managem5t ?is "t may be grant$ at any p]iod ( ! day or week1 & ?us n int]f]e ) ! regul> bus9ess4 ,?us resid5ts ( c\ntry1 village1 or city1 male or female1 :o may wi% to be associat$ ) & /udy natural objects1 & add to _! income & pleasure1 w f9d "h1 an ev]-wait+ opportunity4 ,to ! ladies1 %ut out f fre% air & sun%9e1 till pallor & languor po9t sadly to dep>t+ heal?1 & vigor1 & to m5 ! nature ( ^: bus9ess precludes air & ex]cise1 apiculture _c be too highly recomm5d$ z an avocation4 ,,:o ,,are ,,specially ,,int]dict$4 ,!re are a few p1 ^: sy/ems seem to be specially susceptible to ! poison intrud$ ) ! bee's /+4 ,sometimes su* p]sons1 if ev5 /ung on ! foot1 w be s ?or\ghly poison$ t _! eyes w swell s !y _c see1 & w suff] ) fev] = days1 &1 v r>ely1 individuals are s s5sitive to ?is poison t a bee-/+ proves fatal4 ,i h>dly ne$ say1 t su* p %\ld nev] keep bees4 ,_m p]sons1 among :om 7 ! not$ ,kle9e & ,gun!r1 are at fir/ v susceptible to ! poison1 b spurr$ on by _! en?usiasm1 !y p]si/1 & soon become s inoculat$ t !y exp]i5ce no s]i\s injury f ! /+s4 ,x is a well-recogniz$ fact1 t ea* successive /+ is less p[]ful to "w h>m4 ,e bee-keep] is almo/ sure to receive an occasional /+1 ?\gh ) ! exp]i5c$ ^! are v r>e1 & ! occasion nei!r ( fe> nor anxiety4 ,,inducem5ts ,,to ,,bee-,,keep+4 ,,recreation4 ,among ! attractive features ( apiculture1 ,i m5tion ! pleasure :i* x (f]s its vot>ies4 ,!re is a fasc9ation ab\t ! api>y :i* is indescribable4 ,nature is always pres5t+ ! mo/ pleasurable surprises to ^? on ! al]t to receive !m4 ,& among ! insect ho/s1 especially bees1 ! in/9cts & habits are s inexplicable & m>vel\s1 t ! /ud5t ( ?is dep>tm5t ( nature nev] ceases to meet ) exhibitions t move him1 no less ) wond] ?an ) admiration4 ,?us1 bee-keep+ af=ds mo/ :olesome recreation1 especially to any :o love to look 9 ^u ! book ( nature1 & /udy ! m>vel\s pages %e is ev] wait+ to pres5t4 ,to su*1 ! v fasc9ation ( _! pursuit is ( itself a ri* rew>d = ! "t & labor exp5d$4 ,i d\bt if !re is any o!r class ( manual labor]s :o engage 9 _! bus9ess1 & dwell ^u x1 ) ! same fondness z d bee-keep]s4 ,inde$1 to meet a sci5tific bee-keep] is to meet an en?usia/4 ,a ?or\gh /udy ( ! wond]ful economy ( ! hive mu/1 f its v nature1 g h&-9-h& ) delight & admiration4 ,i once ask$ an ext5sive api>i/1 :o 0 also a f>m]1 :y he kept bees4 ,! answ] 0 *>act]i/ic3 ,ev5 if ,i c\ld n make a good deal ! mo/ money ) my bees1 ,i %\ld /ill keep !m = ! real pleasure !y br+ me4 ,b ye/]day ,i ask$ ! same "q ( ,pr(4 ,daniels1 ,presid5t ( ! ,gr& ,rapids s*ools1 ^: (ficial duties are v sev]e4 ,said he3 ,= ! re/ful pleasure :i* ,i receive 9 _! managem5t4 ,i am v sure1 t 7 !re no o!r inducem5t ?an t ( pleasure1 ,i %\ld be sl[ to "p ) ^! models ( indu/ry1 ^: m>vel\s in/9cts & wondr\s life-habits are ev] m9i/]+ to my delight & a/oni%m5t4 ,a ye> ago1 ,i receiv$ a visit f my old fri5d & ,college classmate1 ,o4 ,clute1 ( ,keokuk1 ,i[a4 ,( c\rse ,i took him to see our api>y1 & z we look$ at ! bees & _! h&iwork1 j z ! nect> f gold5-rod & a/]s 0 flood+ ! honey-cells2 he became enraptur$1 took my little ,manual ( ! ,api>y home ) him1 & at once subscrib$ = ! old ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal4 ,he v soon pur*as$ sev]al colonies ( bees1 & has f\nd s mu* ( pleasure & recreation 9 ! duties impos$ by 8 new *>ge1 t he has writt5 me sev]al times1 express+ gratitude t ,i _h l$ him into su* a "w ( love & pleasure4 ,,pr(its4 ,! pr(its1 too1 ( apiculture1 urge its adoption z a pursuit4 ,:5 we consid] ! comp>atively small am\nt ( capital inve/$1 ! relatively small am\nt ( labor & exp5se att5d+ its op]ations1 we are surpris$ at ! abundant rew>d t is sure to wait ^u its intellig5t practice4 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood "h z claim+ t labor--yes1 real h>d1 back-a*+ labor--is n requir$ 9 ! api>y4 ,! speciali/1 ) 8 hundr$ or m colonies1 w h1 at c]ta9 seasons1 "r h>d & vigor\s "w4 ,yet ?is w be bo? pleasant & ,heal?ful1 & w g h&-9-h& ) ?\ght1 s t bra9 & muscle w "w toge!r4 ,yet ?is "t ( h>d1 physical labor w only cont9ue = five or six mon?s1 & = ! balance ( ! ye> ! api>i/ has or may h comp>ative leisure4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t all w succe$4 ,! fickle1 c>eless1 indol5t1 he$less man1 w z surely fail 9 apiculture1 z 9 any o!r call+4 ,b ,i repeat1 9 ! light ( _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 :]e accurate weight1 measure1 & c\nt+ ( *ange has giv5 no he$ to conjecture1 t !re is no manual labor pursuit1 :]e ! returns are s l>ge1 :5 comp>$ ) ! labor & exp5se4 ,an intellig5t api>i/ may inve/ 9 bees any spr+ 9 ,mi*igan1 ) ! absolute c]ta9ty ( m ?an d\bl+ 8 inve/m5t ! fir/ season2 :ile a net ga9 ( #djj p] c5t1 br+s no surprise to ! exp]i5c$ api>i/s ( our ,/ate4 ,?is ( c\rse applies only to a limit$ numb] ( colonies4 ,nor is ,mi*igan sup]ior to o!r ,/ates z a location = ! api>i/4 ,dur+ ! pa/ season1 ! poore/ ,i ev] knew1 our fifte5 colonies ( bees 9 ! ,college api>y1 h nett$ u ov] #bjj4 ,9 #ahgf1 ea* colony gave a net return ( #bd4jd1 :ile 9 #ahge1 our bees gave a pr(it1 above all exp5se1 ( ov] #djj p] c5t1 ( _! entire value 9 ! spr+4 ,mr4 ,fisk ,bangs1 :o graduat$ at our ,college "o ye> s9ce1 pur*as$ la/ spr+ sev5 colonies ( bees4 ,! proce$s ( ^! sev5 colonies h m ?an paid all exp5ses1 includ+ fir/ co/ ( bees1 9 honey sold1 :ile !re are n[ sixte5 colonies1 z cle> ga91 if we d n c\nt ! labor1 & we h>dly ne$ d s1 z x has 9 no wise int]f]$ ) ! regul> duties ( ! own]4 ,sev]al f>m]s ( our ,/ate :o possess good api>ies & good improv$ f>ms1 h told me t _! api>ies 7 m pr(itable ?an all ! rema9d] ( _! f>ms4 ,:o w d\bt ! pr(its ( apiculture 9 ! face ( fri5d ,doolittle's exp]i5ce8 ,he has realiz$ #f1jjj1 9 five ye>s1 simply f ! honey tak5 f fifty colonies4 ,?is #f1jjj is 9 excess ( all exp5ses except 8 own "t4 ,add to ?is ! increase ( /ocks1 & !n rememb] t "o man c easily c>e = #ajj colonies1 & we h a graphic picture ( api>ian pr(its4 ,bee-keep+ made ,adam ,grimm a weal?y man4 ,x br\ght to ,capt4 ,he!r+ton ov] #aj1jjj z ! ca% receipts ( a s+le ye>'s honey-crop4 ,x enabl$ ,mr4 ,h>bison1 s x is report$1 to %ip f 8 own api>y1 elev5 c>-loads ( comb-honey z ! product ( a s+le season4 ,:at great] recomm5dation has any pursuit8 ,opportunity = money-mak+1 ev5 ) h>d%ips & privations1 is attractive & seldom disreg>d$2 su* opportunity ) labor t br+s1 9 itself1 con/ant delight1 is surely wor?y ( att5tion4 ,,excell5ce ,,z ,,an ,,amateur ,,pursuit4 ,aga91 !re is no bus9ess1 & ,i speak f exp]i5ce1 t s]ves s well z an avocation4 ,x (f]s additional funds to ! poorly paid1 out-door air to ! cl]k & (fice-h&1 heal?ful ex]cise to ! p]son ( s$5t>y habits1 & sup]b recreation to ! /ud5t or pr(essional man1 & especially to him ^: life-"w is ( t dull1 hum-drum1 r\t9e ord] t seems to rob life ( all ze/4 ,! labor1 too1 requir$ 9 keep+ bees1 c1 ) a little ?\ght & managem5t1 be s plann$1 if b few colonies are kept1 z n to infr+e ^u ! "t dem&$ by ! regul> occupation4 ,inde$1 ,i h nev] be5 m he>tily ?ank$1 ?an by su* p>sons z nam$ above1 & t1 too1 because ,i call$ !m to consid]--:i* usually means to adopt--! pleas+ duties ( ! api>y4 ,,adaptation ,,to ,,wom54 ,apiculture may also br+ succor to ^? :om society has n be5 ov]-ready to favor--our wom54 ,wid[$ mo!rs1 dep5d5t girls1 ! weak & ! feeble1 all may f9d a bless+ 9 ! easy1 pleasant1 & pr(itable labors ( ! api>y4 ,( c\rse1 wom5 :o lack vigor & heal?1 c c>e = b v few colonies1 & mu/ h suffici5t /r5g? to b5d ov] & lift ! small-siz$ frames ( comb :5 load$ ) honey1 & to c>ry empty hives4 ,) ! prop] ?\ght & managem5t1 full colonies ne$ nev] be lift$1 nor "w done 9 ! hot sun%9e4 ,yet "r "h let me add1 & emphasize ! tru?1 t only ^? :o w let en]getic ?\ght & skillful plan1 & above all promptitude & p]si/5ce1 make up = physical weakness1 %\ld enli/ z api>i/s4 ,usually a /rong] body1 & improv$ heal?1 ! results ( pure air1 sun%9e1 & ex]cise1 w make ea* successive day's labor m easy1 & w p]mit a correspond+ gr[? 9 ! size ( ! api>y = ea* successive season4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ api>i/s1 n only 9 ,am]ica b 9 ! _w1 s\ght 9 bee-keep+ h] lo/ heal?1 & f\nd n only heal?1 b reputation & influ5ce4 ,"s ( ! mo/ successful api>i/s 9 our c\ntry are wom54 ,( ^!1 _m 7 l$ to adopt ! pursuit because ( wan+ heal?1 grasp+ at ?is z ! la/ & successful weapon ) :i* to vanqui% ! grim mon/]4 ,said ,cyula ,l9swik--^: excell5t & beautifully writt5 articles h s (t5 *>m$ ! read]s ( ! bee publications1 & :o has _h five ye>s ( successful exp]i5ce z an api>i/--9 a pap] read be=e our ,mi*igan ,conv5tion ( ,m>*1 #ahgg3 ,i w\ld gladly pur*ase exemption f 9-door "w1 on wa%+-day1 by two days' labor among ! bees1 & ,i f9d two h\rs' labor at ! iron+-table m fatigu+ ?an two h\rs ( ! sev]e/ toil ! api>y c exact4 99 99 99 ,i repeat1 t apiculture (f]s to _m wom5 n only pleasure b pr(it4 99 99 99 ,?\gh ! c>e ( a few colonies means only recreation1 ! woman :o exp]im5ts 9 bee-keep+ some:at ext5sively1 w f9d t x means1 at "s seasons1 g5u9e h>d "w4 99 99 99 ,!re is risk 9 ! bus9ess1 ,i w\ld n h y ignore ?is fact1 b an exp]i5ce ( five ye>s has l$ me to believe t ! risk is less ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,b4 ,bak]1 ( ,lans+1 ,mi*igan1 :o has kept bees v successfully = f\r ye>s1 read an admirable pap] be=e ! same ,conv5tion1 9 :i* %e said3 ,b ,i c say1 hav+ tri$ bo?1 7keep+ bo>d+-h\se & apiculture17 ,i give bee-keep+ ! pref]5ce1 z m pr(itable1 heal?ful1 indep5d5t & enjoyable4 99 99 99 ,i f9d ! labors ( ! api>y m endurable ?an work+ ov] a cook-/ove 9-doors1 & m pleasant & conducive to heal?4 99 99 99 ,i believe t _m ( our delicate & invalid ladies w\ld f9d r5ew$ vigor ( body & m9d 9 ! labors & recreations ( ! api>y4 99 99 99 ,by beg9n+ 9 ! e>ly spr+1 :5 ! wea!r 0 cool & ! "w light1 ,i became gradually accu/om$ to out-door labor1 & by mid-summ] f\nd myself z well able to endure ! heat ( ! sun z my husb&1 :o has be5 accu/om$ to x all 8 life4 ,previ\sly1 to att5d an op5-air picnic 0 to return ) a head-a*e4 99 99 99 ,my own exp]i5ce 9 ! api>y has be5 a s\rce ( int]e/ & enjoym5t f> exce$+ my anticipations4 ,al?\gh ,mrs4 ,bak] comm5c$ ) b two colonies ( bees1 h] net pr(its ! fir/ season 7 ov] #ajj2 ! second ye> b a few c5ts less ?an #cjj2 & ! ?ird ye> ab\t #bej4 ,! pro( ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+2 s1 too1 su* words z giv5 above1 %[ t apiculture (f]s special inducem5ts to our si/]s to become ei!r amateur or pr(essional api>i/s4 ,,improves ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,obs]vation4 ,successful apiculture dem&s close & accurate obs]vation1 & h>d1 cont9u\s ?\ght & /udy1 & ?is1 too1 9 ! wondr\s realm ( nature4 ,9 all ?is1 ! api>i/ receives manifold & sub/antial advantages4 ,9 ! cultivation ( ! habit ( obs]vation1 a p]son becomes con/antly m able1 useful & susceptible to pleasure1 results :i* also foll[ z surely on ! habit ( ?\ght & /udy4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t ! wide-awake api>i/1 :o is s frequ5tly busy ) 8 wond]-work+ comrades ( ! hive1 c ev] be lonely1 or feel "t hang+ heavily on 8 h&s4 ,! m9d is occupi$1 & !re is no *ance = ennui4 ,! :ole t5d5cy1 too1 ( su* ?\ght & /udy1 :]e nature is ! subject1 is to ref9e ! ta/e1 elevate ! desires1 & ennoble manhood4 ,once get our y\?1 ) _! susceptible natures1 engag$ 9 su* :olesome /udy1 & we %all h less reason to fe> ! vici\s t5d5cies ( ! /reet1 or ! lur+ vices & damn+ influ5ces ( ! saloon4 ,?us apiculture spreads an intellectual fea/1 t ev5 ! old philosoph]s w\ld h covet$2 furni%es ! r>e/ food = ! obs]v+ faculties1 &1 be/ ( all1 by keep+ its vot>ies face to face ) ! mat*less creations ( ! ,all ,fa!r1 mu/ draw !m t[>d ,him :o w5t ab\t do+ good1 & 9 :om !re 0 no guile4 ,,yields ,,delici\s ,,food4 ,a la/ inducem5t to apiculture1 c]ta9ly n unwor?y ( m5tion1 is ! (f]+s x br+s to our tables4 ,heal?1 yea1 our v lives1 dem& t we %\ld eat sweets4 ,x is a tru? t our sug>s1 & especially our comm]cial syrups1 are s adult]at$ z to be (t5 poison\s4 ,! api>y1 9 lieu ( ^!1 gives u "o ( ! mo/ delici\s & :olesome ( sweets1 :i* has receiv$ m]it$ praise1 z food fit = ! gods1 f ! mo/ anci5t "t till ! pres5t day4 ,to ev] h )9 rea* ! beautiful1 immaculate comb1 or ! equally grateful nect>1 "r f ! extractor1 is c]ta9ly a bless+ ( no mean ord]4 ,we may ?us supply our families & fri5ds ) a mo/ necess>y & desirable food elem5t1 & ?is ) no cl\d ( fe> f vile1 poison\s adult]ations4 ,,:at ,,successful ,,bee-,,keep+ ,,requires4 ,,m5tal ,,ef=t4 ,no "o %\ld comm5ce ?is bus9ess :o is n will+ to read1 ?9k & /udy4 ,to be sure1 ! ignorant & un?9k+ may /umble on success = a "t1 b soon] or lat]1 failure w set h] seal ^u _! ef=ts4 ,^? ( our api>i/s :o h /udi$ ! h>de/1 obs]v$ ! close/1 & ?\ght ! deepe/1 h ev5 pass$ ! late t]rible w9t]s ) b slight loss4 ,( c\rse ! novice w ask4 ,h[ & :at %all ,i /udy8 ,,exp]i5ce ,,necess>y4 ,no?+ w take ! place ( real exp]i5ce4 ,comm5ce ) a few colonies1 ev5 "o or two is be/1 & make ! bees y\r companions at e possible opportunity4 ,note e *ange1 :e!r ( ! bees1 _! developm5t1 or "w1 & !n by e>ne/ ?\ght /rive to div9e ! cause4 ,,le>n ,,f ,,o!rs4 ,great good w also come f visit+ o!r api>i/s4 ,note _! me?ods & api>ian app>atus4 ,/rive by conv]sation to ga9 new & valuable ideas1 & gratefully adopt :atev] is f\nd1 by comp>ison1 to be an improvem5t ^u y\r own pa/ sy/em & practice4 ,,aid ,,f ,,conv5tions4 ,att5d conv5tions :5ev] di/ance & means r5d] ?is possible4 ,"h y w n only be made bett] by social int]c\rse ) ^? ^: occupation & /udy make !m sympa!tic & cong5ial1 b y w f9d a real cons]vatory ( sci5tific tru?s1 valuable h9ts1 & improv$ in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,& ! apt att5tion--r5d]$ possible by y\r own exp]i5ce--:i* y w give to essays1 discussions & private conv]sations1 w s enri* y\r m9d1 t y w return to y\r home enc\rag$1 & able to d bett] "w1 & to a*ieve high] success4 ,i h att5d$ ne>ly all ! meet+s ( ! ,mi*igan ,conv5tion1 & nev] yet :5 ,i 0 n well paid = all tr\ble & exp5se by ! _m1 (t5 v valuable1 sugge/ions :i* ,i receiv$4 ,^! ,i w\ld c>ry home1 & te/ z comm&$ by ! ,apo/le3 ,prove all ?+s & hold fa/ t :i* is good4 ,,aid ,,f ,,bee ,,publications4 ,e api>i/1 too1 %\ld take & read at lea/ "o ( ! ?ree excell5t bee publications t are issu$ 9 our c\ntry4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,francis ,hub]'s bl9dness 0 an advantage to him1 z he ?us _h ! assi/ance ( two pairs ( eyes1 8 wife's & s]vant's1 in/ead ( "o4 ,s1 too1 ( ! api>i/ :o reads ! bee publications4 ,he has ! aid ( ! eyes1 & ! bra9s1 too1 ( hundr$s ( intellig5t & obs]v+ bee-keep]s4 ,:o is x t squ&]s 8 money on worse ?an useless pat5ts & fixtures8 ,he :o _c af=d to take a bee-j\rnal4 ,x w\ld be invidi\s & uncall$ = to recomm5d any "o ( ^! valuable pap]s to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs4 ,ea* has its peculi> excell5ces1 & all :o c1 may well secure all ( !m to aid & direct _! ways4 ,,am]ican ,,bee ,,j\rnal4 ,?is1 ! olde/ bee publication1 is n only peculi> = its age1 b = ! ability ) :i* x has be5 manag$1 ) sc>ce any exception1 ev5 f its fir/ appe>ance4 ,samuel ,wagn]1 its f\nd] & long its editor1 _h few sup]iors 9 bread? ( culture1 /r5g? ( judgm5t1 & practical & hi/oric k ( apiculture4 ,) :at pleasure we rememb] ! elegant1 really classic1 diction ( ! editorials1 ! dignifi$ be>+1 & fre$om f asp]ities :i* m>k$ ! old ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal z x made its mon?ly visits fre% f ! editorial sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,samuel ,wagn]4 ,"s "o has said t !re is some?+ 9 ! v atmosph]e ( a s*ol>ly g5tleman1 t impresses all :o approa* him4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght1 z memory rev]t$ to ! old ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 or z ,i h re-read ! numb]s :i* be> ! impress ( ,mr4 ,wagn]'s sup]ior le>n+1 t1 ?\gh ! man is gone1 ! /amp ( 8 noble "* & classical culture is /ill on ^! pages1 aid+1 in/ruct+1 elevat+1 all :o are s =tunate z to possess ! e>ly volumes ( ?is p]iodical4 ,i am also happy to /ate t ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal is aga9 9 good h&s1 & t its old pre/ige is fully re/or$4 ,mr4 ,newman is an exp]i5c$ editor1 a man ( excell5t judgm5t & admirable balance1 a man :o demon/rates 8 dislike ( crim9ations & recrim9ations by avoid+ !m2 :o has no special inv5tions or pet !ories to pu%1 & is ?us almo/ sure to be dis9t]e/$ & unbias$ 9 ! advice he (f]s :o l5ds 8 aid & favor to our ,conv5tions1 :i* d s mu* to spread api>ian k4 ,& :5 ,i add1 t he br+s to 8 editorial aid ! mo/ able1 exp]i5c$ & educat$ api>i/s ( ! _w1 ,i surely h spok5 high b j praise1 ( ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 ^: enviable reputation ext5ds ev5 to di/ant l&s4 ,x is edit$ by ,?omas ,g4 ,newman1 at ,*icago4 ,price1 #b4jj a ye>4 ,,glean+s ,,9 ,,bee ,,culture4 ,?is p]iodical makes up = its brief hi/ory ( only five ye>s1 by ! vigor & en]gy :i* has *>act]iz$ x f ! fir/4 ,its editor is an active api>i/1 :o is con/antly exp]im5t+2 a t]se1 able writ]1 & brimm+-full ( good nature & en?usiasm4 ,i am free to say1 t 9 practical apiculture ,i am m indebt$ to ,mr4 ,root ?an to any o!r "o p]son1 except ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 ,lang/ro?4 ,i also ?9k t1 ) few exceptions1 he has done m = ! rec5t advancem5t ( practical apiculture ?an any o!r p]son 9 our c\ntry4 ,yet ,i h (t5 regrett$ t ,mr4 ,root is s inimical to conv5tions1 & t he (t5 s /\tly praises t ) :i* he has _h s brief an exp]i5ce1 & mu/ consequ5tly "k s little4 ,?is trait makes x imp]ative t ! api>i/ read discrim9ately1 & !n decide = himself4 ,9 case ( an innovation1 wait = ,mr4 ,root's cont9u$ approval1 else prove its value be=e g5]al adoption4 ,?is sprightly little j\rnal is edit$ by ,a4 ,i4 ,root1 ,m$9a1 ,ohio4 ,price1 #a4jj a ye>4 ,,bee-,,keep]',s ,,magaz9e4 ,i h read ?is p]iodical less1 &1 ( c\rse "k less ( x ?an ( ! o!rs4 ,x is well edit$1 & c]ta9ly has _m v able contributors4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,k+ & ,mr4 ,root deal l>gely 9 _! own w>es1 &1 ( c\rse1 give space to _! adv]tisem5t1 yet1 9 all my deal+s ) !m1 & ,i h dealt l>gely ) ,mr4 ,root1 ,i h ev] f\nd !m prompt & reliable4 ,! ,magaz9e is edit$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,k+1 ,new ,york4 ,price1 #a4ej a ye>4 ,,books ,,= ,,! ,,api>i/4 ,hav+ read v _m ( ! books treat+ ( apiculture1 bo? ,am]ican & =eign1 ,i c freely recomm5d su* a c\rse to o!rs4 ,ea* book has peculi> excell5ces1 & ea* "o may be read ) int]e/ & pr(it4 ,,lang/ro? ,,on ,,! ,,honey ,,bee4 ,( c\rse1 ?is treatise w ev] rema9 a classic 9 bee-lit]ature4 ,i _c ov]-e/imate ! b5efits :i* ,i h receiv$ f ! /udy ( its pages4 ,x 0 a high1 b des]v$ encomium1 :i* ,j4 ,hunt]1 ( ,engl&1 9 8 ,manual ( ,bee-,keep+1 paid to ?is "w3 ,x is unque/ionably ! be/ bee-book 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! /yle ( ?is "w is s admirable1 ! subject matt] s replete ) int]e/1 & ! entire book s ent]ta9+1 t x is a desirable addition to any libr>y1 & no ?\ghtful1 /udi\s api>i/ c well be )\t x4 ,x is especially happy 9 detail+ ! me?ods ( exp]im5tation1 & 9 %[+ ) :at caution ! true sci5ti/ e/abli%es pr9ciples or d$uces conclusions4 ,! "w is wond]fully free f errors1 & _h ! sci5ce & practice ( apiculture rema9$ /ation>y1 !re w\ld h be5 little ne$ ( ano!r "w2 b z "s ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts 9 apiculture are n m5tion$1 ! book alone w\ld be a v unsatisfactory guide to ! api>i/ ( to-day4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,,qu9by',s ,,my/]ies ,,( ,,bee-,,keep+4 ,?is is a pla91 s5sible treatise1 writt5 by "o ( ,am]ica's mo/ successful bee-keep]s4 ,x proce$s1 ,i ?9k1 on a wrong basis 9 suppos+ t ^? :o read bee-books w use ! old box-hives1 especially z ! au?or is con/antly inf]r+ t o!r hives are bett]4 ,x conta9s _m valuable tru?s1 & :5 fir/ writt5 0 a valuable auxili>y to ! bee-keep]4 ,i und]/& t ! "w has be5 revis$ by ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,root4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,k+',s ,,text-,,book4 ,?is is a compilation ( ! above works1 & has rec5tly be5 revis$1 s t x is abrea/ ( ! times4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! publi%] did n take m pa9s ) 8 "w1 z ! typography is v poor4 ,! price is #a4jj4 ,a ,b ,c ,,( ,,bee-,,culture4 ,?is "w 0 issu$ 9 numb]s1 b is n[ complete4 ,x is arrang$ 9 ! conv5i5t =m ( our cyclopdias1 is pr9t$ 9 f9e /yle1 on beautiful pap]1 & is to be well illu/rat$4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ! /yle is pleas+ & vigor\s4 ,! subject matt] w1 ( c\rse1 be fre%1 embody+ ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies & inv5tions p]ta9+ to bee-keep+4 ,t x may be kept abrea/ ( api>ian progress1 ! type is to be kept 9 position1 s t ea* new discov]y may be add$ z soon z made4 ,! price is #a4jj4 ,,=eign ,,works4 ,bevan1 revis$ by ,munn1 is exce$+ly int]e/+1 & %[s by its able hi/orical *apt]s1 admirable sci5tific disquisitions1 & frequ5t quotations & ref]5ces to practical & sci5tific writ]s on bees & bee-keep+1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 t ! writ]s 7 m5 ( ext5sive read+ & great sci5tific ability4 ,! book is ( no practical value to u1 b to ! /ud5t x w be read ) great int]e/4 ,next to ,lang/ro?1 ,i value ?is "w mo/ highly ( any 9 my libr>y t treat ( bees & bee-keep+1 if ,i may except back volumes ( ! bee-publications4 ,! ,api>y1 or ,bees1 ,bee-,hives & ,bee ,culture1 by ,alfr$ ,neighb\r1 ,london1 is a fre%1 sprightly little "w1 & z ! ?ird edition has j appe>$1 is1 ( c\rse1 up ) ! times4 ,! book is 9 nice dress1 concise1 & v readable1 & ,i am glad to comm5d x4 ,a less int]e/+ "w1 ?\gh by no means )\t m]it1 is ! ,manual ( ,bee-,keep+1 by ,john ,hunt]1 ,london4 ,?is is also rec5t4 ,i ?9k ^! works w\ld be receiv$ ) little favor among ,am]ican api>i/s4 ,!y are expon5ts ( ,engli% apiculture1 :i* 9 me?od w\ld seem clumsy to ,am]icans4 ,9 fact1 ,i ?9k ,i may say t 9 implem5ts & p]haps ,i may add me?ods1 ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]mans & ,italians1 are beh9d our ,am]ican api>i/s1 & h5ce _! text-books & j\rnals comp>e illy ) ours4 ,i believe ! _m intellig5t =eign api>i/s :o h come to ?is c\ntry & are n[ honor$ memb]s ( our own frat]nity1 w su/a9 ?is position4 ,=eign sci5ti/s are ahead ( ,am]ican1 b we glean & utilize _! facts & discov]ies z soon z made kn[n4 ,salicylic acid is discov]$ by a ,g]man to be a rem$y = f\l brood1 yet t5 times z _m ,am]ican z =eign api>i/s "k ( ?is & practice by ! k4 ,9 practical fields1 on ! o!r h&1 z also 9 skill & delicacy ( inv5tion1 we are1 ,i ?9k1 9 advance4 ,s our api>i/s h little ne$ to g abroad = ei!r books or pap]s4 ,,promptitude4 ,ano!r absolute requirem5t ( successful bee-keep+1 is prompt att5tion to all its v>i$ duties4 ,neglect is ! rock on :i* _m bee-keep]s1 especially f>m]s1 f9d too (t5 t !y h wreck$ _! success4 ,i h no d\bt t m colonies die f />vation1 ?an f all ! bee maladies kn[n to ! bee-keep]4 ,& :y is ?is8 ,neglect is ! apicide4 ,i feel sure t ! loss ea* season by abscond+ colonies is almo/ incalculable1 & :om mu/ we blame8 ,neglect4 ,! loss e summ] by en=c$ idl5ess ( que5 & work]s1 j because room is d5i$ !m1 is v great4 ,:o is ! guilty p>ty8 ,pla9ly1 neglect4 ,9 ^! & 9 a hundr$ o!r ways1 indiff]5ce to ! ne$s ( ! bees1 :i* require b a few mom5ts1 greatly less5 ! pr(its ( apiculture4 ,if we w\ld be successful1 promptitude mu/ be our motto4 ,ea* colony ( bees requires b v little c>e & att5tion4 ,our e int]e/ dem&s t ?is be n d5i$1 nor ev5 grant$ grudg+ly4 ,! v fact t ?is att5tion is slight1 r5d]s x m liable to be neglect$2 b ?is neglect always involves loss--(t5 disa/]4 ,,en?usiasm4 ,en?usiasm1 or an ard5t love ( its duties is v desirable1 if n an absolute requisite1 to successful apiculture4 ,to be sure1 ?is is a quality ^: gr[?1 ) ev5 slight opportunity1 is almo/ sure4 ,x only dem&s p]sev]ance4 ,! beg9n]1 )\t ei!r exp]i5ce or k1 may meet ) disc\ragem5ts--unque/ionably w4 ,sw>ms w be lo/1 colonies w fail to w9t]1 ! "y api>i/ w become n]v\s1 :i* fact w be not$ by ! bees ) great disfavor1 & if opportunity p]mits1 w meet repro( m %>p ?an pleasant4 ,yet1 ) ,,p]si/5ce1 all ^! difficulties quickly vani%4 ,e cont+5cy w be =ese5 & provid$ aga9/1 & ! myriad ( little work]s w become z manageable & may be fondl$ z safely z a pet dog or cat1 & ! api>i/ w m9i/] to _! ne$s ) ! same fe>lessness & self-possession t he does to 8 g5tle/ c[ or favorite horse4 ,p]si/5ce 9 ! face ( all ^? disc\ragem5ts :i* are s sure to confront inexp]i5ce1 w surely triumph4 ,9-soo?1 he :o appreciates ! beautiful & m>vel\s1 w soon gr[ to love 8 companions ( ! hive1 & ! labor att5dant ^u _! c>e & managem5t4 ,nor w ?is love abate till x has k9dl$ into en?usiasm4 ,true1 !re may be successful api>i/s :o are impell$ by no w>m? ( feel+1 ^: sup]ior intellig5ce1 sy/em & promptitude1 /& 9 lieu ( & make am5ds = abs5ce ( en?usiasm4 ,yet ,i believe su* are r>e1 & c]ta9ly !y "w at great disadvantage4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,honey ,,bee4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,bee',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,he] & o!r em95t naturali/s1 t !re are m ?an #bej1jjj species ( liv+ animals4 ,x w be bo? int]e/+ & pr(itable to look 9 ^u ?is va/ ho/1 t we may "k ! position & relation%ip ( ! bee to all ?is mighty conc\rse ( life4 ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,! great ,fr5* naturali/1 ,cuvi]1 a fri5d ( ,napoleon ,i41 gr\p$ all animals :i* exhibit a r+ /ructure into "o bran*1 appropriately nam$ ,articulates1 z ?is t]m indicates ! jo9t$ or articulat$ /ructure :i* s obvi\sly *>act]izes mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,! t]ms jo9t & articulation1 z us$ "h1 h a te*nical mean+4 ,!y ref] n only to ! h+e or place ( union ( two p>ts1 b also to ! p>ts !mselves4 ,?us1 ! p>ts ( an insect's legs1 z well z ! surfaces ( union1 are /yl$ jo9ts or articulations4 ,all api>i/s :o h exam9$ c>efully ! /ructure ( a bee1 w at once pron\nce x an ,articulate4 ,n only is its body1 ev5 f head to /+1 compos$ ( jo9ts1 b by close inspection we f9d ! legs1 ! ant5n1 & ev5 ! m\?-p>ts1 likewise1 jo9t$4 ,9 ?is bran*1 too1 we place ! ,cru/acea--:i* includes ! rollick+ cray-fi% or lob/]1 s indiff]5t z to :e!r he moves =w>d1 backw>d or sidewise1 ! %ort] crab1 ! s[-bug1 lively & plump1 ev5 9 its d>k1 damp home "u old bo>ds1 etc41 & ! b>nacles1 :i* fa/5 to ! bottom ( %ips1 s t vessels are (t5 freight$ ) life )9 & )\t4 ,! worms1 too1 are ,articulates1 ?\gh 9 "s ( ^!1 z ! lee*1 ! jo9ts are v obscure4 ,! bee1 !n1 :i* gives u food1 is relat$ to ! dread$ tape-worm ) its hundr$ ( jo9ts1 :i*1 mayhaps1 robs u ( ! same food aft] we h eat5 x1 & ! t]rible pork-worm or tri*9a1 :i* may consume ! v muscles we h develop$ 9 c>+ = our pets ( ! api>y4 ,! body-r+s ( ,articulates =m a skeleton1 firm z 9 ! bee & lob/]1 or m or less s(t z 9 ! worms4 ,?is skeleton1 unlike t ( ,v]tebrates or back-bone animals1 to :i* we belong1 is outside1 & ?us s]ves to protect ! inn]1 s(t] p>ts1 z well z to give !m atta*m5t1 & to give /r5g? & solidity to ! animal4 ,?is r+-/ructure1 s beautifully m>k$ 9 our gold5-b&$ ,italians1 usually makes x easy to sep>ate1 at sight1 animals ( ?is bran* f ! ,v]tebrates1 ) _! usually bony skeleton2 f ! less active ,molluscan bran*1 ) _! s(t1 sack-l bodies1 famili> to u 9 ! snail1 ! clam1 ! oy/]1 & ! wond]ful cuttle-fi%--! devil-fi% ( ,victor ,hugo--) its long1 clammy arms1 /range ink-bag & (t5 prodigi\s size2 f ! ,radiate bran*1 ) its elegant />-fi%1 delicate b gaudy jelly fi%1 & coral animals1 ! t9y ar*itects ( isl&s & ev5 cont95ts & f ! l[e/1 simple/4 ,protozoan bran*1 :i* includes animals s m9ute t we owe our v k ( !m to ! microscope1 s simple t !y h be5 reg>d$ z ! apron-/r+s :i* tie plants to animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a ,tra*ea magnifi$4 ,,! ,,class ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,our subject belongs to ! class ,insecta1 :i* is ma9ly *>act]iz$ by brea?+ air usually ?r\gh a v complicat$ sy/em ( air-tubes4 ,^! tubes 7,fig4 #a71 :i* are con/antly bran*+1 & almo/ inf9ite 9 numb]1 are v peculi> 9 _! /ructure4 ,!y are =m$ ( a spiral ?read1 & ?us resemble a holl[ cyl9d] =m$ by closely w9d+ a f9e wire spirally ab\t a pipe-/em1 s z to cov] x1 & !n )draw+ ! latt]1 leav+ ! wire unmov$4 ,no?+ is m surpris+ & int]e/+1 ?an ?is labyr9? ( beautiful tubes1 z se5 9 dissect+ a bee "u ! microscope4 ,i h frequ5tly detect$ myself tak+ long pauses1 9 mak+ dissections ( ! honey-bee1 z my att5tion w\ld be fix$ 9 admiration ( ?is beautiful brea?+ app>atus4 ,9 ! bee ^! tubes exp& into l>ge lung-l sacks 7,fig4 #b1 f71 "o ea* side ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,respiratory ,app>atus ( ,bee1 magnifi$4--,aft] ,duncan4 ,d\btless "s ( my read]s h associat$ ! quick movem5ts & surpris+ activity ( birds & mo/ mammals ) _! well-develop$ lungs1 s1 too1 9 su* animals z ! bees1 we see ! relation betwe5 ?is intricate sy/em ( air-tubes--_! lungs--& ! quick1 busy life :i* has be5 prov]bial ( !m s9ce ! e>lie/ "t4 ,! class ,insecta also includes ! spid]s1 scorpions1 ) _! caudal /+ s v5om\s1 & mites1 :i* h 9 lieu ( ! tubes1 lung-l sacks1 & ! myriapods1 or ?\s&-legg$ worms--^? dreadful creatures1 ^: bite1 9 case ( ! tropical c5tip$es or flat species1 h a well-e>n$ reputation ( be+ poison\s & deadly4 ,! class ,insecta does n include ! wat]-brea?+ ,cru/acea1 ) _! bran*i or gills1 nor ! worms1 :i* h #aaj lungs or gills b _! sk91 if we except "s m>9e =ms1 :i* h simple d]mal app5dages1 :i*1 answ] to bran*i4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,! honey-bee belongs to ! ord] ,hexapods1 or true ,insects4 ,! fir/ t]m is appropriate1 z all h 9 ! imago or la/ /age1 six legs4 ,nor is ! second t]m less applicable1 z ! ^w insect comes f ! ,lat9 & means to cut 91 & 9 no o!r articulates does ! r+ /ructure appe> #hj m>k$ ^u m]ely a sup]ficial exam9ation4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! true insects :5 fully develop$ h1 unlike all o!r articulates1 ?ree well-m>k$ divisions ( ! body 7,fig4 #b71 namely3 ! head 7,fig4 #b1 a71 :i* conta9s ! ant5n 7,fig4 #b1 d71 ! horn-l app5dages common to all insects2 eyes 7,fig4 #b1 e7 & m\? organs2 ! ?orax 7,fig4 #b1 b71 :i* be>s ! legs 7,fig4 #b1 g71 & w+s1 :5 !y are pres5t2 & la/ly1 ! abdom5 7,fig4 #b1 c71 :i*1 ?\gh usually memb]less1 conta9s ! ovipositor1 & :5 pres5t1 ! /+4 ,insects1 too1 und]go a m /rik+ metamorphosis ?an d mo/ animals4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$ !y are worm-l & call$ l>v 7,fig4 #ab71 :i* means mask$2 aft]w>d !y are frequ5tly quiesc5t1 & w\ld h>dly be suppos$ to be animals at all4 ,!y are !n kn[n z pup1 or z 9 case ( bees z nymphs 7,fig4 #ac74 ,at la/ !re comes =? ! imago ) comp\nd eyes1 ant5n & w+s4 ,9 "s insects ! trans=mations are said to be incomplete1 t is ! l>va1 pupa & imago diff] little except 9 size1 & t ! latt] possesses w+s4 ,we see 9 our bugs1 lice1 locu/s & gras%opp]s1 illu/rations ( insects ) incomplete trans=mations4 ,9 su* cases !re is a m>k$ resemblance f ! egg to ! adult4 ,z w be se5 by ! above description ! spid]s1 :i* h only two divisions to _! bodies1 only simple eyes1 no ant5n1 eight legs1 & no trans=mations 7if we except ! p>tial trans=mations ( ! mites71 z also ! myriapods1 :i* h no m>k$ divisions ( ! body1 & no comp\nd eyes--:i* are always pres5t 9 ! mature insect--_m legs & no trans=mations1 d n belong to ! ord] ,insects4 ,,sub-,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,honey ,,bee4 ,! honey bee belongs to ! sub-ord] ,hym5opt]a 7f two ,greek words mean+ membrane & w+s71 :i* also includes ! wasps1 ants1 i*neumon-flies & saw-flies4 ,?is gr\p conta9s insects :i* possess a tongue by :i* !y may suck 7,fig4 #bj1 a71 & /rong jaws 7,fig4 #ba7 = bit+4 ,?us ! bees c sip ! honey$ sweets ( fl[]s1 & also gnaw away mutilat$ comb4 ,!y h1 besides1 f\r w+s1 & und]go complete trans=mations4 ,!re are among insects /range resemblances4 ,insects ( "o sub-ord] w %[ a m>k$ lik5ess to ^? ( ano!r4 ,?is is kn[n z mimicry1 & sometimes is wond]fully /rik+ betwe5 v di/ant gr\ps4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace suppose x is a develop$ peculi>ity1 n always possess$ by ! species1 & comes ?r\gh ! laws ( v>iation1 & natural selection to s]ve ! purpose ( protection4 ,n[1 "r "h we h a f9e illu/ration ( ?is mimicry4 ,j ! o!r day ,i receiv$ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root1 an insect :i* he & ! p]son s5d+ x to him suppos$ to be a bee1 & desir$ to "k :e!r x 0 a mal-=m$ honey-bee or "s o!r species4 ,n[1 ?is insect1 ?\gh look+ 9 a g5]al way mu* l a bee1 _h only two w+s1 _h no jaws1 :ile its ant5n 7 clos] toge!r 9 front & m]e /ubs4 ,9 fact1 x 0 no bee at all1 b belong$ to ! sub-ord] ,dipt]a1 or two-w+ flies4 ,i h receiv$ sev]al simil> insects1 ) l inquiries4 ,among ,dipt]a !re are sev]al families1 z ! /rid or bot-flies1 ! ,syrphid--a v useful family1 z ! l>v or maggots live on plant-lice--^: memb]s are (t5 se5 sipp+ sweets f fl[]s1 or try+ to rob honey & o!r bees--! "o ref]r$ to above belong$ to ?is family--& ! ,bombyliid1 :i* 9 color1 =m & hairy cov]+ are /rik+ly l wild & dome/icat$ bees4 ,! maggots ( ^! fe$ on ! l>v ( v>i\s ( our wild bees1 & ( c\rse ! "m fly mu/ /eal into ! ne/s ( ! latt] to lay h] eggs4 ,s 9 ^! cases1 !re is seem+ evid5ce t ! mimicry may s]ve to protect ^! fly-tramps1 z !y /eal 9 to pilf] ! covet$ sweets or lay ! fatal eggs4 ,possibly1 too1 !y may h a protective sc5t1 z ,i h se5 !m ent] a hive 9 safety1 ?\gh a bumble-bee essay+ to d ! same1 f\nd ! way b>ricad$ ) myriad cimet]s ea* ) a poison$ tip4 ,"s au?ors h plac$ ,coleopt]a or beetles z ! highe/ ( insects1 o!rs claim = ,lepidopt]a or butt]flies & mo?s a fir/ place1 :ile o!rs1 & ) ! be/ ( reasons1 claim = ,hym5opt]a ! highe/ position4 ,! mo? is admir$ = ! glory ( its color+ & elegance ( its =m1 ! beetle = ! lu/] & brilliancy ( its elytra or w+-cov]s2 b ^! insects only revel 9 nature's weal?1 & live & die )\t labor or purpose4 ,hym5opt]a usually less gaudy1 g5]ally q pla9 & unattractive 9 color1 are yet ! mo/ highly end[$ among insects4 ,!y live ) a purpose 9 view1 & are ! be/ models ( indu/ry to be f\nd among animals4 ,our bees practice a division ( labor ! ants are /ill bett] political economi/s1 z !y h a specially end[$ class 9 ! community :o are ! soldi]s1 & ?us are ! def5d]s ( ea* ant-k+dom4 ,ants also conqu] o!r communities1 take _! inhabitants captive & r$uce !m to abject slav]y--requir+ !m to p]=m a l>ge portion1 & sometimes ! :ole labor ( ! community4 ,ants tunnel /reams1 & 9 ! tropics "s leaf-eat+ species h be5 obs]v$ to %[ no mean ord] ( intellig5ce1 z "s asc5d trees to cut (f ! leafy twigs1 :ile o!rs rema9 bel[1 & c>ry ^! bran*es ?r\gh _! tunnels to _! "u-gr\nd homes4 ,! p>asitic ,hym5opt]a1 are s call$ because !y lay _! eggs 9 o!r insects1 t _! (fspr+ may h fre% meat n only at bir?1 b s long z !y ne$ food1 z ! insect f$ ^u g5]ally lives till ! "y p>asite1 :i* is work+ to disemb[el x1 is full-gr[n4 ,?us ?is /eak is ev] fre% z life itself4 ,^! p>asitic insects %[ wondr\s intellig5ce1 or s5se developm5t1 9 discov]+ ?is prey4 ,i h caught i*neumon-flies--a family ( ^! p>asites--bor+ ?r\gh an eigh? or qu>t]-in* ( solid bee* or maple wood1 & ^u exam9ation ,i f\nd ! prospective victim fur!r on 9 direct l9e ) ! insect aug]1 :i* 0 to intrude ! fatal egg4 ,i h also wat*$ i*neumon-flies deposit+ eggs 9 leaf-roll+ cat]pill>s1 s surr\nd$ ) t\gh hickory leaves t ! fly _h to pi]ce sev]al ?icknesses to place ! egg 9 its snugly-ensconc$ victim4 ,^u putt+ ^! leaf-roll+ cat]pill>s 9 a box1 ,i re>$1 ( c\rse1 ! i*neumon-fly & n ! mo?4 ,& is x in/9ct or reason t enables ^! flies to gauge ! numb] ( _! eggs to ! size ( ! l>va :i* is to receive !m1 s t !re may be no dang] ( fam9e & />vation1 = true x is t :ile small cat]pill>s w receive b "o egg1 l>ge ones may receive sev]al4 ,h[ /range1 too1 ! habits ( ! saw-fly1 ) its wondr\s in/rum5ts m p]fect ?an any saws ( human workman%ip1 & ! gall-flies1 ^: poison\s /+ z !y fa/5 _! eggs to ! oak1 will[ or o!r leaves1 causes ! abnormal gr[? ( food = ! /ill unhat*$ "y4 ,! provid+ & c>+ = _! "y1 :i* are at fir/ helpless1 is peculi> among insects1 ) slight exception1 to ! ,hym5opt]a1 & among all animals is consid]$ a m>k ( high rank4 ,su* m>vels ( in/9ct1 if we may n call x intellig5ce1 su* acum5 ( s5se p]ception1 su* habits--t mu/ g h&-9-h& ) ! mo/ h>moni\s ( communities kn[n among animals1 ( :atev] bran*--all ^!1 no less ?an ! compact /ructure1 small size & specializ$ organs ( nice/ f9i%1 m ?an w>rant t gr& trio ( ,am]ican naturali/s1 ,agassiz1 ,dana & ,pack>d1 9 plac+ ,hym5opt]a z fir/ 9 rank among insects4 ,z we %all detail ! /ructure & habits ( ! highe/ ( ! high--! bees--9 ! foll[+ pages1 ,i am sure no "o w ?9k to degrade ! rank ( ^! wond]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,,family ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,! honey-bee belongs to ! family ,apid1 ( ,lea*1 :i* includes n only ! hive bee1 b all insects :i* fe$ _! helpless "y1 or l>v1 entirely on poll51 or honey & poll54 ,! insects ( ?is family h broad heads1 elb[$ ant5n 7,fig4 #b1 d7 :i* are usually ?irte5-jo9t$ 9 ! males1 & only twelve-jo9t$ 9 ! females4 ,! jaws or m&ibles 7,fig4 #ba7 are v /rong1 & (t5 too!d2 ! tongue or ligula 7,fig4 #bj1 a71 z also ! second jaws or maxill 7,fig4 #bj1 c71 "o ea* side ! tongue1 are long1 ?\gh 9 "s cases mu* %ort] ?an 9 o!rs1 & frequ5tly ! tongue :5 n 9 use is fold$ back1 once or m1 "u ! head4 ,all ! insects ( ?is family h a /iff sp9e on all f\r ( ! ant]ior legs1 at ! end ( ! tibia1 or ! ?ird jo9t f ! body1 call$ ! tibial spur1 & all1 except ! g5us ,apis1 :i* includes ! honey-bee1 9 :i* ! po/]ior legs h no tibial spurs1 h two tibial spurs on ! po/]ior legs4 ,all ( ?is family except "o p>asitic g5us1 h ! fir/ jo9t or t>sus ( ! po/]ior foot1 mu* wid5$1 & ?is toge!r ) ! broad tibia 7,fig4 #b1 h7 is holl[$ out 7,fig4 #bb1 p71 =m+ q a bas9 or basket on ! out] side1 9 ne>ly all ! species2 & g5]ally1 ?is basket is made deep] by a rim ( /iff hairs4 ,^! receptacles or poll5 baskets are only f\nd ( c\rse on su* individuals ( ea* community z ga!r poll54 ,a few ( ! ,apid--?ieves by nature--cuckoo-l1 /eal unbidd5 into ! ne/s ( o!rs1 usually bumble-bees1 & "h lay _! eggs4 ,z _! "y are f$ & fo/]$ by ano!r1 !y ga!r no poll51 & h5ce l drone bees ne$ n1 & h n poll5 baskets4 ,! "y ( ^! lazy tramps1 />ve out ! real insect babies ( ^! homes1 by eat+ _! food1 & 9 "s cases1 x is said1 be+ unable l ! "y cuckoos to hurl ^! rightful *ildr5 f ! ne/1 !y %[ an equal if n great] depravity by eat+ !m1 n wait+ = />vation to get !m out ( ! way4 ,^! p>asites illu/rate mimicry1 already describ$1 z !y look s l ! fo/] mo!rs ( _! own "y1 t unsci5tific eyes w\ld (t5 fail to di/+ui% !m4 ,probably ! bumble-bees are no %>p]1 or !y w\ld refuse +ress to ^! m]ciless vagrants4 ,! l>v 7,fig4 #ab7 ( all insects ( ?is family are maggot-l--wr9kl$1 footless1 tap]+ at bo? ends1 &1 z be=e /at$1 fe$ ^u poll5 & honey4 ,!y are helpless1 & ?us1 all dur+ _! babyhood--! l>v /ate--! "t :5 all insects are mo/ rav5\s1 & ! only "t :5 _m insects take food1 ! "t :5 all gr[? 9 size1 except su* enl>gem5t z is requir$ by egg-developm5t1 occurs1 ^! infant bees h to be f$ by _! mo!rs or eld] si/]s4 ,!y h a m\? ) s(t lips1 & weak jaws1 yet x is d\btful if all or mu* ( _! food is tak5 9 at ?is op5+4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t !y1 l _m maggots--su* z ! ,hessian-fly l>v--absorb mu* ( _! food ?r\gh ! body walls4 ,f ! m\? leads ! inte/9e1 :i* has no anal op5+4 ,s !re are no excreta o!r ?an gas & vapor4 ,:at comm5dation = _! food1 all capable ( n\ri%m5t1 & ?us all assimilat$4 ,to ?is family belongs ! g5us ( /+less bees1 ,melipona1 ( ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* /ore honey n only 9 ! hexagonal brood-cells1 b 9 great wax res]voirs4 ,!y1 l ! unkept hive-bee1 build 9 holl[ logs4 ,!y are exce$+ly num]\s 9 ea* colony1 & x has ?us be5 ?\ght t !re 7 m ?an "o que54 ,!y are also v prodigal ( wax1 & ?us may possess a prospective comm]cial importance 9 ^! days ( artificial comb-f\ndation4 ,9 ?is g5us ! basal jo9t ( ! t>sus is triangul>1 & !y h two subm>g9al cells1 n ?ree1 to ! front w+s4 ,!y are also small] ?an our common bees1 & h w+s t d n rea* to ! tip ( _! abdom5s4 ,ano!r g5us ( /+less bees1 ! g5us ,trigona1 h ! w+s long] ?an ! abdom5s1 & _! jaws too!d4 ,^!1 unlike ! ,melipona1 are n conf9$ to ! ,new ,_w1 b are met 9 ,africa1 ,india & ,au/ralasia4 ,^! build _! combs 9 tall trees1 fa/5+ !m to ! bran*es mu* z does ! ,apis dorsata1 soon to be m5tion$4 ,( c\rse insects ( ! g5us ,bombus--our common bumble-bees--belong to ?is family4 ,"h ! tongue is v long1 ! bee l>ge1 ! /+ curv$1 ) ! b>bs v %ort & few4 ,only ! que5 survives ! w9t]4 ,9 spr+ %e =ms h] ne/ "u "s sod or bo>d1 holl[+ out a bas9 9 ! e>?1 & aft] /or+ a mass ( bee-bread--probably a mixture ( honey & poll5--%e deposits sev]al eggs 9 ! mass4 ,! l>v s soon z hat*$ out1 eat out ?imble-%ap$ spaces1 :i* 9 "t become ev5 l>g]1 & n unlike 9 =m ! que5-cells ( our hive-bees4 ,:5 ! bees issue f ^! cells ! same are /r5g!n$ by wax4 ,lat] 9 ! season ^! co>se wax cells become v num]\s4 ,"s may be made z cells & n t]m$ z above4 ,! wax is d>k1 & d\btless conta9s mu* poll51 z d ! capp+s & que5-cells ( ! honey-bees4 ,at fir/ ! bees are all work]s1 lat] que5s appe>1 & /ill lat] males4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 entomologi/s speak ( two sizes ( que5 bumble-bees1 ! l>ge & ! small4 ,! small appe> e>ly 9 ! season1 & ! l>ge late4 ,a /ud5t ( our ,college1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,p4 ,graham1 :o la/ ye> _h a colony ( bumble-bees 9 8 room ! :ole season1 ?9ks ?is an error4 ,he believes t ! individuals ( ! ,bombus ne/ exactly correspond ) ^? ( ! ,apis4 ,! que5s1 l ^? ( bees1 are small] be=e mat+ & active lay+4 ,may n ?is be ano!r case l t ( ! two k9ds ( work]-bees :i* deceiv$ ev5 ,hub]1 an error consequ5t ^u lack ( c>eful & prolong$ obs]vation8 ,9 ,xylocopa or ! c>p5t]-bees1 :i* mu* resemble ! bumble-bees1 we h a f9e example ( a bor+ insect4 ,) its /rong m&ibles or jaws x cuts long tunnels1 (t5 "o or two feet long 9 ! h>de/ wood4 ,^! burr[s are divid$ by *ip p>titions into cells1 & 9 ea* cell is left ! bee-bread & an egg4 ,! mason-bee--well nam$--con/ructs cells ( e>? & gravel1 :i* by aid ( its spittle x has p[] to cem5t1 s t !y are h>d] ?an brick4 ,! tailor or leaf-cutt+ bees1 ( ! g5us ,mega*ile1 make wond]ful cells f v>i\sly %ap$ pieces ( leaves4 ,^! are always ma!matical 9 =m1 usually circul> & oblong1 & are cut--by ! insect's mak+ scissors ( its jaws--f v>i\s leaves1 ! rose be+ a favorite4 ,i h f\nd ^! cells made almo/ :olly ( ! petals or fl[] leaves ( ! rose4 ,! cells are made by glu+ ^! leaf-sections 9 conc5tric lay]s1 lett+ !m ov]-lap4 ,! oblong sections =m ! walls ( ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! circul> pieces are cr[d$ z we press circul> wads into our %ot-guns1 & are us$ at ! ends or = p>titions :]e sev]al cells are plac$ toge!r4 ,:5 complete1 ! s+le cells are 9 =m & size mu* l a revolv] c>tridge4 ,:5 sev]al are plac$ toge!r1 :i* is usually ! case1 !y are arrang$ end to end1 & 9 size & =m are q l a small /ick ( c&y1 ?\gh n m ?an "o-?ird z long4 ,^! cells ,i h f\nd 9 ! grass1 p>tially buri$ 9 ! e>?1 9 crevices1 & 9 "o case knew ( _! be+ built 9 ! folds ( a p>tially-knit sock1 :i* a good h\se-wife _h *anc$ to leave /ation>y = "s days4 ,^! leaf-cutt]s h r[s ( hairs und]nea?1 ) :i* !y c>ry poll54 ,i h notic$ !m ea* summ] = "s ye>s sw>m+ on ! ,virg9ia creep]1 (t5 call$ woodb9e1 :ile 9 blossom1 9 que/ ( poll51 ?\gh ,i nev] saw a s+le hive-bee on ^! v9es4 ,! tailor-bees (t5 cut ! foliage ( ! same v9es q badly4 ,i h (t5 re>$ beautiful bees ( ! g5us ,osmia1 :i* are also call$ mason-bees4 ,_! gli/5+ colors ( blue & gre5 possess a lu/] & reflection unsurpass$ ev5 by ! metals !mselves4 ,^! re> _! "y 9 cells ( mud1 9 mud-cells l9+ holl[ we$s & %rubs1 & 9 burr[s :i* !y dig 9 ! h>d e>?4 ,9 e>ly summ]1 dur+ w>m days1 ^! gli/5+ gems ( life are frequ5tly se5 9 walks & drives int5t on ga!r+ e>? = mort>1 or digg+ holes1 & w h>dly escape id5tification by ! obs]v+ api>i/1 z _! =m is s mu* l t ( our honey-bees4 ,!y are small]2 yet _! broad head1 prom95t eyes1 & g5]al =m1 are v l ^? ( ! equally quick & active1 yet m sob]ly attir$1 work]s ( ! api>y4 ,o!r bees--! num]\s species ( ! g5us ,nomada1 & ( ,apa?us1 are ! black %eep 9 ! family ,apid4 ,^! tramps1 already ref]r$ to1 l ! ,engli% cuckoo & our ,am]ican c[-blackbird1 /eal 9 ^u ! unw>y1 &1 ?\gh all unbidd51 lay _! eggs2 9 ?is way appropriat+ food & lodg+s = _! own yet unborn4 ,?us ^! insect vagabonds impose ^u ! unsuspect+ fo/]-mo!rs 9 ^! violat$ homes4 ,& ^! same fo/]-mo!rs %[ by _! t5d] c>e ( ^! m]ciless intrud]s1 t !y are mis]ably fool$1 = !y c>efully gu>d & fe$ infant bees1 :i* ) age w 9 turn practice ?is same nef>i\s trick]y4 ,i reluctantly )hold fur!r p>ticul>s ( ?is wond]ful bee family4 ,:5 fir/ ,i visit$ ,messrs4 ,t[nley & ,davis1 ( ?is ,/ate1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! f9e collection ( wild bees :i* ea* _h made4 ,yet1 unkn[+ly1 !y _h incorporat$ _m t 7 n bees4 ,( c\rse1 _m api>i/s w wi% to make su* collections & also to /udy our wild bees4 ,i hope ! above w prove effici5t aid4 ,i hope1 too1 t x w /imulate o!rs1 especially y\?1 to ! valuable & int5sely int]e/+ /udy ( ^! wond]s ( nature4 ,i am glad1 too1 to op5 to ! read] a page f ! book ( nature s replete ) attractions z is ! above4 ,nor d ,i ?9k ,i h tak5 too mu* space 9 reveal+ ! /range & m>vel\s in/9cts1 & wond]fully v>i$ habits1 ( ?is highe/ ( insect families1 at ! head ( :i*4 ,/& our own fell[-labor]s & companions ( ! api>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a4--,ant]ior ,w+ ( a ,bee4 #a1 #b1 #c4--,sub-co/al or ,cubital ,cells4 ,b4--,second>y or ,po/]ior ,w+1 a hooks to atta* to ,prim>y ,w+4 ,,! ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,! g5us ,apis includes all bees t h no tibial spurs on ! po/]ior legs4 ,!y h ?ree cubital or sub-co/al cells 7#a1 #b1 #c1 ,fig4 #c7--! second r[ f ! co/al or ant]ior edge--on ! front or prim>y w+s4 ,on ! inn] side ( ! po/]ior basal t>sus1 opposite ! poll5 baskets1 9 ! neut]s or work]s1 are r[s ( hairs 7,fig4 #bc7 :i* are probably us$ 9 collect+ poll54 ,9 ! males1 :i* d no "w except to f]tilize ! que5s1 ! l>ge comp\nd eyes meet above1 cr[d+ ! ?ree simple eyes bel[ 7,fig4 #d71 :ile 9 ! work]s 7,fig4 #e7 & que5s ^! simple eyes1 call$ ocelli 7,fig4 #e71 are above1 & ! comp\nd eyes 7,fig4 #e7 wide ap>t4 ,! que5s & drones h weak jaws1 ) a rudim5t>y too? 7,fig4 #ba1 b71 %ort tongues1 & no poll5 baskets1 ?\gh !y h ! broad tibia & wide basal t>sus 7,fig4 #af1 p74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,head ( ,drone1 magnifi$4 ,ant5n4 ,comp\nd ,eyes4 ,simple ,eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,head ( ,work]1 magnifi$4 ,ant5n4 ,comp\nd ,eyes4 ,simple ,eyes4 ,!re is "s d\bt z to ! numb] ( species ( ?is g5us1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,apis ,ligu/ica ( ,sp9ola1 or ,italian bee1 ! ,apis fascial a ( ,latreille1 or ,egyptian bee1 are only v>ieties ( ! ,apis mellifica1 :i* also includes ! ,g]man or black bee4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,smi?1 an able entomologi/1 consid]s ,apis dorsata ( ,india & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,apis zonata ( ! same isl&s1 ,apis ,indica ( ,india & ,*9a1 & ,apis florea ( ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,*9a & ,borneo1 z di/9ct species4 ,he ?9ks1 also1 t ,apis ,adansoni & ,apis nigroc9cta are di/9ct1 b ?9ks !y may be v>ieties ( ,apis ,indica4 ,"s reg>d ,apis unicolor z a di/9ct species1 b x is probably a v>iety ( ,apis dorsata4 ,z ,apis mellifica has n be5 f\nd 9 ,india1 & is a native ( ,europe1 ,we/]n ,asia & ,africa1 x seems q probable t sev]al ( ! above may turn out to be only v>ieties ( ,apis mellifica4 ,if !re are only color & size to di/+ui% !m1 &1 inde$1 "o may add habits1 !n we may suspect1 ) good reason1 ! validity ( ! above arrangem5t4 ,if !re is /ructural diff]5ce1 z ,mr4 ,wallace says !re is1 9 ! male dorsata1 !n we may call !m diff]5t species4 ,! ,italian c]ta9ly has a long] tongue ?an ! ,g]man1 yet t is n suffici5t to sep>ate !m z species4 ,apis zonata & ,apis unicolor1 bo? ( ! ,ea/ ,indies are said to be v black4 ,apis dorsata is l>ge1 susp5ds its combs to ! bran*es ( trees--9 r>e cases our own bees h be5 kn[n to d ! same--is said to be cross1 to h a v long tongue1 to be l>g] ?an our common bee1 & to make l>g] cells4 ,apis florea is small1 only half z l>ge z ,apis mellifica1 ( diff]5t =m1 :ile ! po/]ior t>sus ( ! male is lob$4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+1 & p]haps pr(itable1 to import ^! v>i\s species1 & see h[ m>k$ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ours4 ,su* "w c be be/ accompli%$ ?r\gh our ,national ,association4 ,v likely1 z we come to "k ^! f>-(f bees z we "k ! ,g]man & ,italian1 we %all f9d t _! amiability1 size1 habits ( comb-build+1 & l5g!n$ organs1 are only peculi>ities develop$ by climate & surr\nd+ conditions1 & %all sweep !m all into ! "o species4 ,apis mellifica1 to be reg>d$ z we n[ reg>d ! ,italian & ,egyptian1 z only v>ieties4 ,x seems /range t ! g5us ,apis %\ld n h be5 native to ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,)\t d\bt !re 7 no bees ( ?is g5us "h till introduc$ by ! ,caucasian race4 ,x seems m /range1 z we f9d t all ! cont95ts & isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e ab\nd ) repres5tatives4 ,x is "o m illu/ration ( ! /range1 inextricable puzzles connect$ ) geographical di/ribution ( animals4 ,,species ,,( ,,our ,,honey-,,bees4 ,! bees at pres5t dome/icat$ unque/ionably belong to ! ,apis mellifica4 ,! "* ( ?is species w appe> 9 ! next *apt]1 z we proce$ ) _! anatomy & physiology4 ,z be=e /at$1 ?is species is native exclusively to ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e1 ?\gh x has be5 introduc$ :]ev] civiliz$ man has tak5 up 8 abode4 ,,v>ieties or ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,,g]man ,,or ,,black ,,bee4 ,! ,g]man or black bee is ! v>iety be/ kn[n1 z ?r\gh all ! ages x has be5 mo/ widely di/ribut$4 ,! "n ,g]man ref]s to locality1 :ile ! "n black is a misnom]1 z ! bee is a gray-black4 ,! que51 & 9 a less degree ! drones1 are d>k]1 :ile ! legs & "u surface ( ! =m] are br[n1 or copp] color1 & ( ! latt] light-gray4 ,! tongue ( ! black work] ,i h f\nd1 by repeat$ dissections & comp>isons made bo? by myself & by my pupils1 is %ort] ?an t ( ! ,italian work]1 & g5]ally less hairy4 ,! black bees h be5 kn[n no long] ?an ! ,italians1 z we f9d ! latt] 7 kn[n bo? to ,ari/otle1 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c1 & to ,virgil1 ! great ,roman poet1 :o sung ( ! v>iegat$ gold5 bee1 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c42 & we c only acc\nt = ! wid] di/ribution ( ! ,g]man bee by consid]+ ! m vigor\s pu%+ habits ( ! ,g]manic races1 :o n only ov]-ran & infus$ life into ,s\!rn ,europe1 b h vitaliz$ all ,*ri/5dom4 ,,ligurian ,,or ,,italian ,,bee4 ,! ,italian bee 7see frontis-plate7 is *>act]iz$ z a v>iety1 n only by diff]5ce ( color1 habits1 & activity1 b also by possess+ a little long] tongue4 ,^! bees 7 fir/ describ$ z di/9ct f ! ,g]man race by ,sp9ola1 9 #ahje1 :o gave ! "n ,ligurian bee1 :i* "n prevails2 9 ,europe4 ,! "n comes f a prov9ce ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 nor? ( ! ,ligurian ,gulf1 or ,gulf ( ,g5oa4 ,?is region is %ut (f f ,nor!rn ,europe by ! ,alps1 & ?us ^! bees 7 kept ap>t f ! ,g]man bees1 & 9 w>m]1 m g5ial ,italy1 0 develop$ a di/9ct race1 our beautiful ,italians4 ,9 #ahdc1 ,von ,bald5/e9 procur$ a colony ( ^! bees1 :i* he _h previ\sly obs]v$ z peculi>1 :ile /ation$ z a milit>y capta9 9 ,italy4 ,he publi%$ 8 exp]i5ce 9 #ahdh1 :i* 0 read by ,dzi]zon1 :o became int]e/$1 & ?r\gh him ! ,italian became g5]ally introduc$ into ,g]many4 ,9 #ahei1 six ye>s aft] ,dzi]zon's fir/ importation1 ! ,italian v>iety 0 introduc$ into ,engl& by ,neighb\r1 ! au?or ( ! valuable treatise already ref]r$ to4 ,! same ye>1 ,messrs ,wagn] & ,colv9 import$ ! ,italians f ,dzi]zon's api>y into ,am]ica2 & 9 #ahfj1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,p>sons br\ght ! fir/ colonies t 7 import$ direct f ,italy4 ,! ,italian work] 7see frontis-plate7 is quickly di/+ui%$ by ! bright-yell[ r+s at ! base ( ! abdom54 ,if ! colony is pure1 e bee w %[ ?ree ( ^! gold5 girdles4 ,! two fir/ segm5ts or r+s ( ! abdom51 except at _! po/]ior bord]1 & also ! base or ant]ior bord] ( ! ?ird1 w be ( ?is orange-yell[ hue4 ,! re/ ( ! back or dorsal surface w be mu* z 9 ! ,g]man race4 ,und]nea?1 ! abdom51 except = a great] or less di/ance at ! tip1 w also be yell[1 :ile ! same color appe>s m or less /rongly m>k$ on ! legs4 ,! work]s1 too1 h long] ligul or tongues 7,fig4 #bj7 ?an d ! ,g]man race1 & _! tongues are also a little m hairy4 ,!y are also m active1 & less incl9$ to /+4 ,! que5 has ! entire base ( h] abdom51 & sometimes ne>ly ! :ole ( x1 orange yell[4 ,! v>iation z to am\nt ( color 9 ! que5s1 is q /rik+4 ,sometimes v d>k que5s are import$ "r f ! ,ligurian hills1 yet all ! work]s w we> ! badge ( purity--! ?ree gold5 b&s4 ,! drones1 too1 are q v>iable4 ,sometimes ! r+s & pat*es ( yell[ w be v prom95t1 !n1 aga91 q indi/9ct4 ,b ! und]side ( ! body is always1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 ma9ly yell[4 ,,! ,,fasciata ,,or ,,egyptian ,,race4 ,! ^w fasciata means b&$1 z ! ,egyptian bee is v broadly b&$ ) yell[4 ,i h nev] se5 ^! bees1 b f descriptions by ,latreille1 ,kirby1 & ,bevan1 ,i und]/& t all ! bees are r small]1 m slim1 & mu* m yell[ ?an ! ,italians4 ,h]r ,vogel /ates t !y ga!r no propolis1 b t ea* colony conta9s a numb] ( small drone-lay+ que5s4 ,^! bees 7 probably ! ones :i*1 ) ! k9e ( ! anci5t goodly l& ( promise1 gave ! ri* pabulum1 t gave ! reputation3 fl[+ ) milk & honey4 ,!y are ?us ! olde/ ( dome/icat$ bees4 ,^!1 too1 are said to h be5 mov$ 9 rude boats or rafts up & d[n ! ,nile1 z ! fl[] pa/urage seem$ to require4 ,! bees are said to be v active1 to be pro( aga9/ ! cold1 & h also be5 reput$ v cross4 ,,o!r ,,v>ieties4 ,!re are sev]al o!r d\btful v>ieties :i* are receiv+ "s att5tion f ! ,g]man api>i/s1 & are honor$ ) att5tion at ! great meet+s ( ,au/ria & ,g]many1 z we le>n f ! bee-publications ( ^? c\ntries4 ,! ,cyprian bee1 f ! ,isle ( ,cyprus1 z its "n indicates1 is yell[1 & probably an (fspr+ f ! ,italian or ,egyptian4 ,s f> z we c le>n1 x has no m]its :i* w make x pref]r$ to ! ,italian4 ,"s say x is m beautiful1 o!rs t x is less amiable4 ,o!r v>ieties1 :i* are n probably di/9ct races1 or at lea/ may n be1 are ! ,hea?1 ! ,c>niolan or ,kra9] & ! ,h]zegov9ian4 ,!y are n consid]$ sup]ior to ! ,g]man & ,italian4 ,a v>iety ( our ,italian :i* has r[s ( :ite hairs unusually di/9ct1 is be+ sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! "n ( ,alb9os4 ,t !y are a di/9ct race is n at all likely4 ,9 fact1 ,i h notic$ among our ,italian /ocks e ye>1 ! s-call$ ,alb9os4 ,,bibliography4 ,x w\ld be a pleas+ duty1 & n an unpr(itable "o1 to give 9 ?is connection a complete hi/ory ( entomology s f> z x relates to ,apis mellifica4 ,yet1 ?is w\ld take mu* space1 & z !re is q a full hi/ory 9 books t ,i %all recomm5d to ^? :o are eag] to "k m ( ?is int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory1 ,i w n g into details4 ,ari/otle wrote ( bees m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,virgil1 9 8 f\r? ,georgic1 gave to ! _w ! views !n extant on ?is subject1 ga!r$ l>gely f ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle4 ,! poetry w ev] be rem>kable = its beauty & elegance--w\ld t z mu* c\ld be said = ! subject matt]1 :i*1 ?\gh full ( int]e/1 is also full ( errors4 ,a little lat] ,columella1 ?\gh usually c>eful & accurate 9 8 obs]vations1 /ill gave voice to ! prevail+ errors1 ?\gh mu* t he wrote 0 valuable1 & m 0 curi\s4 ,pl9y1 ! ,eld]1 :o wrote 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d41 help$ to cont9ue ! errone\s op9ions :i* previ\s au?ors _h giv51 & n cont5t ) ?is1 he add$ op9ions ( 8 own1 :i* 7 n only )\t f\ndation1 b 7 (t5 ! p]fection ( absurdity4 ,aft] ?is1 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s pass$ ) no progress 9 natural hi/ory2 ev5 = two c5turies aft] ! revival ( le>n+1 we f9d no?+ wor?y ( note4 ,swamm]dam1 a ,dut* entomologi/1 9 ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury1 wrote a g5]al hi/ory ( insects1 also1 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,bees4 ,he & 8 ,engli% cotempor>y1 ,ray1 %[$ _! ability z naturali/s by f\nd+ _! sy/ems on ! insect trans=mations4 ,!y also reviv$ ! /udy & practice ( anatomy1 :i* _h slept s9ce its fir/ introduction by ,ari/otle1 z ! great /epp+-/one 9 zoological progress4 ,ray also gave special att5tion to ,hym5opt]a1 & 0 mu* aid$ by ,will\ghby & ,li/]4 ,at ?is "t ,h>vey1 s ju/ly not$ = 8 discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 ann\nc$ 8 celebrat$ dictum1 ,omnia ex ovo1--all life f eggs--:i* 0 completely e/abli%$ by ! not$ ,italians1 ,r$i & ,malpighi4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ! great ,l9nu--! brilliant ,/> ( ! ,nor?--publi%$ 8 ,sy/em ,natur1 & ?rew a flood ( light on ! :ole subject ( natural hi/ory4 ,8 division ( insects 0 f\nd$ ^u pres5ce1 or abs5ce1 & *>act]i/ics1 ( w+s4 ,?is1 l ,swamm]dam's basis1 0 too n>r[1 yet 8 conclusions 7 rem>kably correct4 ,l9nu is not$ = 8 accurate descriptions1 & especially = 8 gift ( ! b9omial me?od ( nam+ plants & animals1 giv+ 9 ! "n ! g5us & species1 z1 ,apis mellifica4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ to introduce classes & ord]s1 z we n[ und]/& !m4 ,:5 we consid] ! am\nt & "* ( ! "w ( ! great ,sw$e we c b place him among ! fir/1 if n z ! fir/1 ( naturali/s4 ,cotempor>y ) ,l9nu 7also writt5 ,l9n7 0 ,ge(froy1 :o did valuable "w 9 def9+ new g5]a4 ,9 ! la/ half ( ! c5tury appe>$ ! great "w ( a ma/] 9 entomology1 ,de,geer1 :o bas$ 8 arrangem5t ( insects on ! "* ( w+s & jaws1 & ?us discov]$ ano!r ( nature's keys to aid him 9 unlock+ h] my/]ies4 ,kirby well says3 ,he unit$ 9 himself ! highe/ m]it ( almo/ e dep>tm5t ( entomology4 ,z a sci5ti/1 an anatomi/1 a physiologi/1 & z ! obs]vant hi/orian ( ! habits & economy ( insects1 he is above all praise4 ,:at a spr+ ( self-improvem5t1 enjoym5t & ( public usefulness1 is su* an ability to obs]ve1 z 0 possess$ by ! great ,de,geer4 ,contempor>y ) ,l9nu & ,de,geer 0 ,raumur1 ( ,france1 ^: exp]im5ts & rese>*es are ( special int]e/ to api>i/s4 ,p]haps no entomologi/ has done m to reveal ! natural hi/ory ( bees4 ,especially to be comm5d$ are 8 me?od ( exp]im5t+1 8 pati5ce 9 inve/igation1 ! elegance & felicity ( 8 ^w pictures1 &1 above all1 8 devotion to tru?4 ,we %all h occasion to speak ( ?is consci5ti\s & indefatigable work] 9 ! great %op ( insect-life frequ5tly 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,bonnet1 ( ,g5eva1 ! able correspond5t ( ,raumur1 also did valuable "w1 9 :i* ! lov] ( bees has a special int]e/4 ,bonnet is specially not$ = 8 discov]y & elucidation ( p>!nog5esis--t anomal\s mode ( reproduction--z x occurs among ! ,aphides or plant-lice1 ?\gh he did n discov] t our bees1 9 ! production ( drones1 illu/rate ! same doctr9e4 ,?\gh ! au?or ( no sy/em1 he gave mu* aid to ,raumur 9 8 sy/ematic labors4 ,at ?is same p]iod sy/ematic entomology receiv$ great aid f ,lyonnet's valuable "w4 ,?is au?or dissect$ & expla9$ ! developm5t ( a cat]pill>4 ,8 descriptions & illu/rations are wond]ful1 & w proclaim 8 ability z long z entomology is /udi$1 & !y1 to quote ,bonnet1 demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,we h next to speak ( ! great ,dane1 ,fabricius--a /ud5t ( ,l9nu--:o publi%$ 8 works f #agge to #agih1 & ?us 0 revolutioniz+ sy/ematic entomology at ! same "t t we ( ,am]ica 7 revolutioniz+ gov]nm5t4 ,he made ! m\? organs ! basis ( 8 classification1 & ?us foll[$ 9 ! pa? :i* ,de,geer _h m>k$ out1 ?\gh x 0 sc>cely beat5 by ! latt] :ile ,fabricius left x wide & deep4 ,8 classes & ord]s are no improvem5t on1 9 fact1 are n ne>ly z correct1 z 7 8 old ma/]'s4 ,9 8 description ( g5]a--:]e he pret5d$ to foll[ nature--he has r5d]$ valuable s]vice ,9 lead+ sci5ti/s to /udy p>ts1 be=e little reg>d$1 & ?us to bett] e/abli% aff9ities1 he did a mo/ valuable "w4 ,8 "w is a /&>d1 & %\ld be ?or\ghly /udi$ by all entomologi/s4 ,j at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 appe>$ ! greate/ ,roman ( !m all1 ! great ,latreille1 ( ,france1 ^: "n we h s frequ5tly us$ 9 ! classification ( ! honey-bee4 ,8 is call$ ! ,elective ,sy/em1 z he us$ w+s1 m\?-p>ts1 trans=mations1 9 fact1 all ! organs--! entire /ructure4 ,he gave u our ,family ,apid1 our g5us ,apis1 &1 z w be rememb]$1 he describ$ sev]al ( ! species ( ?is g5us4 ,9 our /udy ( ?is great man's "w1 we con/antly m>vel at 8 ext5sive rese>*es & rem>kable tal5ts4 ,lam>k1 ( ?is "t1 except t he c\ld see no ,god 9 nature1 did v admirable "w4 ,s1 too1 did ,cuvi]1 ( ,napoleon's "t1 & ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,lea*1 ( ,engl&4 ,s9ce !n we h _h ho/s ( work]s 9 ?is field1 & _m wor?y ( n only m5tion b praise2 yet ! "w has be5 to rub up & g>ni%1 r ?an to create4 ,s ,i w close ?is brief hi/ory ) a notice ( au?ors :o are v s]viceable to su* z may desire to glean f>!r ( ! treasures ( sy/ematic entomology2 only rem>k+ t at ! end ( ! next *apt] ,i %all ref] to ^? :o h be5 p>ticul>ly s]viceable 9 develop+ ! anatomy & physiology ( insects1 especially ( bees4 ,,valuable ,,books ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,entomology4 ,= m]e classification1 no "w is equal to ,we/wood on ,insects--two volumes4 ,9 ?is ! descriptions & illu/rations are v full & p]fect1 mak+ x easy to /udy ! families1 & ev5 g5]a1 ( all ! sub-ord]s4 ,?is "w & ! foll[+ are out ( pr9t1 b c be got ) little tr\ble at second-h& book-/ores4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce--,introduction to ,entomology--is a v complete "w4 ,x treats ( ! classification1 /ructure1 habits1 g5]al economy ( insects1 & gives a hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,x is an invaluable "w1 & a great acquisition to any libr>y4 ,dr4 ,pack>d's ,guide to ! ,/udy ( insects is a valuable "w1 & be+ ,am]ican1 is specially to be recomm5d$4 ,! ,reports ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,h>ris1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,fit*1 & ( ,pr(4 ,c4 ,v4 ,riley1 w also be f\nd ( great value & int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all give fir/ ! g5]al anatomy ( insects2 !n ! anatomy1 & /ill m wond]ful physiology ( ! honey-bee4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,insects4 ,9 all insects ! body is divid$ into ?ree well-m>k$ portions 7,fig4 #b73 ! head 7,figs4 #d & #e71 :i* conta9s ! m\?-organs1 ! eyes1 bo? ! comp\nd & :5 pres5t ! simple1 & ! ant5n2 ! ?orax1 :i* is compos$ ( ?ree r+s1 & gives support to ! "o or two pairs ( w+s1 & to ! ?ree pairs ( legs2 & ! abdom51 :i* is compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( r+s1 & gives support to ! ext]nal sex-organs1 & :5 pres5t to ! /+4 ,)9 ! ?orax !re are little m ?an muscles1 z ! conc5trat$ /r5g? ( insects1 :i* enables !m to fly ) su* rapidity1 dwells 9 ?is conf9$ space4 ,)9 ! abdom51 on ! o!r h&1 are ! sex-organs1 by f> ! great] & m important portions ( ! alim5t>y canal1 & o!r important organs4 ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,head4 ,( ^! ! m\? organs 7,fig4 #f7 are mo/ prom95t4 ,^! consi/ ( an upp] lip--labrum--& "u lip--labium--& two pairs ( jaws :i* move sidewise2 ! /rong]1 horny jaws1 call$ m&ibles1 & ! m membran\s1 b usually long]1 maxill4 ,! labrum 7,fig4 #f1 l7 is well describ$ 9 ! "n upp] lip4 ,x is atta*$1 usually1 by a movable jo9t to a simil>ly %ap$ piece above x1 call$ clypeus 7,fig4 #f1 c71 & ?is latt] to ! broad epicranium 7,fig4 #f1 o71 :i* conta9s ! ant5n1 ! comp\nd1 &1 :5 pres5t1 ! simple eyes4 ,! labium 7,fig4 #ae7 is n describ$ by ! "n "u lip1 z its base =ms ! floor ( ! m\?1 & its tip ! tongue4 ,! base is usually broad1 & is call$ ! m5tum1 & f ?is ext5ds ! tongue 7,fig4 #ae1 a7 or ligula4 ,on ei!r side1 ne> ! junction ( ! ligula & m5tum1 arises a jo9t$ organ r>ely abs5t1 call$ ! labial palpus 7,fig4 #f1 k k71 or1 toge!r1 ! labial palpi4 ,j )9 ! angle =m$ by ^! latt] & ! ligula arise ! p>agloss 7,fig4 #ae1 d71 "o on ei!r side4 ,^! are (t5 want+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,head ( ,bee mu* magnifi$4 o--,epicranium e e--,comp\nd eyes4 a a--,ant5n1 c--,clypeus4 l--,labrum4 m--,jaws4 m x--#b;d ,jaws4 k k--,labial palpi1 t--,ligula4 ,! jaws or m&ibles 7,fig4 #f1 m1 m7 arise "o on ei!r side j bel[ & at ! side ( ! labrum1 or upp] lip4 ,^! "w sidewise in/ead ( up & d[n z 9 high] animals1 are frequ5tly v h>d & %>p1 & sometimes arm$ ) "o or m tee?4 ,a rudim5t>y too? 7,fig4 #ba1 b7 is visible on ! jaws ( drone & que5 bees4 ,b5ea? ! jaws or m&ibles1 & ins]t$ a little f>!r back1 are ! second jaws or maxill 7,fig4 #f1 m x71 less d5se & firm ?an ! m&ibles1 b f> m complex4 ,!y arise by a small jo9t1 ! c>do1 next ?is is a l>g] jo9t1 ! /ipes1 f ?is ext5ds on ! inside ! broad lac9ia 7,fig4 #bj1 c7 or blade1 usually fr+$ ) hairs on its inn] edge1 t[>ds ! m\?2 :ile on ! outside ( ! /ipes are ins]t$ !--f "o to sev]al jo9t$--maxill>y palpi4 ,9 bees ^! are v small1 & consi/ ( two jo9ts1 & 9 "s insects are :olly want+4 ,sometimes1 z 9 "s ( ! beetles1 !re is a ?ird memb] runn+ f ! /ipes betwe5 ! palpus & lac9ia call$ ! galea4 ,! maxill also move sidewise1 & probably aid 9 hold+ & turn+ ! food :ile x is cru%$ by ! h>d] jaws1 ?\gh 9 "s cases !y1 too1 aid 9 triturat+ ! food4 ,^! m\? p>ts are v v>iable 9 =m 9 diff]5t insects4 ,9 butt]flies & mo?s1 two-w+ flies & bugs1 !y are trans=m$ into a tube1 :i* 9 ! la/ two gr\ps =ms a h>d1 /rong beak or pi]c]1 well exemplifi$ 9 ! mosquito & b$-bug4 ,9 all ! o!r insects we f9d !m mu* z 9 ! bees1 ) ! sep>ate p>ts v>y+ greatly 9 =m1 to agree ) ! habits & "* ( _! possessors4 ,no wond] ,de,geer & ,fabricius detect$ ^! v>y+ =ms z /rongly indicative ( ! nature ( ! insect1 & no wond]1 too1 t 9 _! use !y 7 s successful 9 =m+ a natural classification4 ,e api>i/ w receive great b5efit by dissect+ ^! p>ts & /udy+ _! =m & relations = himself4 ,by gett+ 8 *ildr5 int]e/$ 9 ! same1 he w h conf]r$ ^u !m "o ( ! r>e/ ( bless+s4 ,to dissect ^! p>ts1 fir/ remove ! head & c>efully p9 x to a cork1 pass+ ! p9 ?r\gh1 well back betwe5 ! eyes4 ,n[ sep>ate ! p>ts by two ne$le po9ts1 made by ins]t+ a ne$le = half its l5g? into a p9e /ick ! %ape ( a pipe-/em1 leav+ ! po9t project+ = an in* or m4 ,) "o ( ^! 9 ea* h& comm5ce op]ations4 ,! head may be ei!r side up4 ,mu* may be le>n$ 9 dissect+ l>ge insects1 ev5 ) no glass2 b 9 all cases1 & especially 9 small insects1 a good l5s w be ( great value4 ,! be/ l5s is "o ( ,tolles'1 sold by ,mr4 ,/odd>d1 ( ! ,bo/on optical works4 ,^! are v excell5t & ?us high pric$1 co/+ #ad4jj4 ,gray's triplet h&-l5ses are v good1 are *eap1 & c be procur$ = ab\t #b4jj ( any optician4 ,! h&le %\ld h a hole ?r\gh x to p]mit ( m\nt+ x above ! object1 s t x w hold itself4 ,tolles' l5ses are easily m\nt$1 9 a /& :i* any "o c contrive & make 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,i value my ,tolles' l5s ev5 m highly ?an my l>ge comp\nd microscope1 :i* co/ #aej4 ,7 ,i oblig$ to "p ) ei!r1 ! latt] w\ld g4 ,i require my /ud5ts to d a great deal ( dissect+1 :i* !y enjoy v mu* & f9d v valuable4 ,i w\ld mu* r t my boy w\ld become int]e/$ 9 su* /udy1 ?an to h him possessor ( inf9ite gold r+s1 or ev5 a huge gold wat*1 ) a trem5d\s *>m4 ,let su* pleas+ recreation ga9 ! att5tion ( our boys1 & !y w ev] contribute to our delight1 & n sadd5 u ) anxiety & fe>4 ,! ant5n 7,fig4 #f1 a1 a7 are ! horn-l jo9t$ organs situat$ betwe5 or bel[ & 9 front ( ! l>ge comp\nd eyes ( all insects4 ,!y are sometimes %ort1 z 9 ! h\se-fly1 & sometimes v long1 z 9 ! gras%opp]s4 ,!y are ei!r /raight1 curv$ or elb[$ 7,fig4 #f74 ,9 =m1 too1 !y are v v>i\s1 z ?read-l1 tap]+1 too!d1 knobb$1 fr+$1 fea!r$1 etc4 ,x is kn[n t a n]ve passes into ! ant5n1 b _! exact function is little und]/ood4 ,t !y s]ve z mo/ delicate t\* organs no api>i/ c d\bt4 ,t !y s]ve z organs ( smell or he>+ is n prov$4 ,t insects are consci\s ( s\nds ,i ?9k no obs]v+ p]son c d\bt4 ,x is prov$ by ! call ( ! katy-did1 ! cicada & ! cricket4 ,:at api>i/1 too1 has n notic$ ! effect ( v>i\s s\nds made by ! bees ^u _! comrades ( ! hive4 ,h[ contagi\s ! %>p note ( ang]1 ! l[ hum ( fe>1 & ! pleasant tone ( a new sw>m z !y comm5ce to ent] _! new home4 ,n[1 :e!r insects take note ( ^! vibrations1 z we recognize pit*1 or :e!r !y j di/+ui% ! tremor1 ,i ?9k no "o kn[s4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t _! delicate t\*-organs may enable !m to discrim9ate betwe5 vibrations1 ev5 m acutely1 ?an c we by use ( our e>s4 ,a slight j> w quickly awak5 a colony ( hybrids1 :ile a l\d noise w pass unnotic$4 ,if insects c appreciate ) great delicacy ! diff]5t vibratory conditions ( ! air by an excessive developm5t ( ! s5se ( t\*1 !n und\bt$ly ! ant5n may be great aids4 ,dr4 ,clem5s ?\ght t insects c\ld only detect atmosph]ic vibrations4 ,s1 too1 ?\ght ,l9nu & ,bonnet4 ,siebold ?9ks1 z ! ant5n receive b "o n]ve1 & are pla9ly t\*-organs1 !y _c be organs ( he>+4 ,kirby has notic$ t "s mo?s turn _! ant5n t[>ds ! direction f :i* noise proce$s1 & ?us argues t ant5n are organs ( he>+4 ,grote1 = a simil> reason1 ?9ks t ! d5sely fea!r$ ant5n ( ! males ( v>i\s night mo?s1 s]ve bo? = smell & he>+4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,m4 ,may] & ,mr4 ,c4 ,johnson 7see ,am]ican ,naturali/1 vol4 #h1 p4 #egd7 h by v>i\s +5i\s exp]im5ts1 prov$ conclusively1 t ! delicate1 beautifully fea!r$ ant5n ( ! male mosquito are organs ( he>+4 ,t insects h a v ref9$ s5se ( smell is beyond "q4 ,h[ quickly ! c>rion-fly f9ds ! c>cass1 ! scav5g] ! fil?1 & ! bee ! preci\s nect>4 ,i h re>$ female mo?s 9 my /udy1 & h be5 greatly surpris$ on ! day ( _! leav+ _! cocoons1 to f9d my room sw>m+ ) males4 ,^! bridegrooms ent]$ an op5 w9d[ 9 ! second-/ory ( a brick build+4 ,h[ delicate mu/ h be5 ! s5se by :i* !y 7 l$ to make ! visit1 & ?us made to grace my cab9et4 ,bees1 too1 h be5 kn[n to da% aga9/ a %utt] beh9d :i* 7 fl[]s1 ?us %[+ ! sup]iority ( _! p]ception ( odors1 z also _! poor vision4 ,b odors are c>ri$ by ! air1 & mu/ rea* ! insect ?r\gh ?is m$ium4 ,is x n probable1 t ! v>i\s brea?+ m\?s ( insects are also s _m noses1 & t _! delicate l9+ membranes ab\nd+ )1 n]ve filam5ts1 are ! great odor s5t9els8 ,?is view 0 ma9ta9$ by bo? ,lehman & ,cuvi]1 & expla9s ?is delicate p]ception ( sc5ts1 z ! brea?+ m\?s are l>ge & num]\s1 & mo/ s 9 insects l bees & mo?s1 :i* are mo/ s5sitive to odors4 ,h[ quickly ! bees notice ! sc5t ( a /range bee or que51 or ! peculi> odor ( ! v5om4 ,i h kn[n a bee to /+ a glove1 & 9 a trice ! glove w\ld be z a p9-cu%ion1 ) /+s 9 lieu ( p9s4 ,sometimes ! bees w d>t = _m feet1 guid$ by ?is odor4 ,yet ! odor is v pung5t1 z ,i h frequ5tly smelt ! poison be=e ,i felt ! /+4 ,i h tri$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,hub] & ,lubbock1 & "k t su* insects z bees & ants w take no note ( food aft] ! loss ( _! ant5n4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ?is is a capital op]ation4 ,) loss ( ant5n1 insects lose control ( _! motions1 & 9 _m ways %[ great di/urbance4 ,is x n probable !n t remov+ ! ant5n de/roys ! desire = food1 z does amputation ) ourselves8 ,kirby believes ) ,hub]1 t !re is a sc5t organ4 ,hub]'s exp]im5ts on :i* he bas$ ?is op9ion are1 z usual1 v int]e/+4 ,he pres5t$ a co>se hair dipp$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e--a sub/ance v repugnant to bees--to v>i\s p>ts ( a bee engross$ 9 sipp+ honey4 ,! bee made no objection1 ev5 ?\gh x t\*$ ! ligula1 until x approa*$ ! m\? above ! m5tum1 :5 %e became mu* di/urb$4 ,he also fill$ a bee's m\? ) pa/e1 :i* soon h>d5$1 aft] :i* ! bee paid no he$ to honey plac$ ne> x4 ,?is 0 n s conclusive1 z ! bee may h be5 s di/urb$ z to lose its appetite4 ,i h exp]im5t$ a good deal1 & am incl9$ to ! foll[+ op9ion3 ,! ant5n are v delicate t\*-organs or feel]s1 & are s important 9 _! function & connection t removal produces a sev]e %ock1 b fur!r we "k b little ab\t _! function1 if !y h o!r1 & f ! v nature ( ! problem we w f9d x v difficult ( solution4 ,! eyes are ( two k9ds1 ! comp\nd1 :i* are always pres5t 9 mature insects1 & ! ocelli or simple eyes1 :i* may or may n be pres5t4 ,:5 pres5t !re are usually ?ree1 :i* if we jo9 by l9es1 we w describe a triangle1 9 ! v]tices ( ^: angles are ! ocelli4 ,r>ely !re are b two ocelli1 & v r>ely b "o4 ,! simple eyes 7,fig4 #d1 f f f7 are circul>1 & possess a cornea1 l5s & ret9a1 :i* receives ! n]ve ( sight4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,raumur & ,swamm]dam1 :i* consi/$ 9 cov]+ ! eyes ) v>ni%1 !y conclud$ t vision ) ^! simple eyes is v indi/9ct1 ?\gh by !m ! insect c di/+ui% light4 ,"s h ?\ght t ^! simple eyes 7 = vision at slight di/ances4 ,l>v1 l spid]s & myriapods1 h only simple eyes4 ,! comp\nd eyes 7,fig4 #b1 e7 are simply a clu/] ( simple eyes1 are situat$ "o on ei!r side ( ! head1 & v>y mu* 9 =m & size4 ,betwe5 or bel[ ^! are ins]t$ ! ant5n4 ,sometimes ^! la/ are ins]t$ 9 a not* ( ! eyes1 & 9 a few cases actually divide ea* eye into two eyes4 ,! eyes may meet above z 9 drones 7,fig4 #d71 mo/ two-w+ flies & dragon-flies1 or !y may be consid]ably sep>at$1 z 9 ! work]-bees 7,fig4 #e74 ,! sep>ate facets or simple eyes1 ( ea* comp\nd eye1 are hexagonal1 or six-sid$1 & 9 ! microscope look n unlike a section ( honey-comb4 ,! numb] ( ^! is prodigi\s--,leeuw5hoek actually c\nt$ #ab1jjj 9 ! eye ( a dragon-fly--:ile "s butt]flies h1 ov] #ag1jjj4 ,! comp\nd eyes are motionless1 b f _! size & sub-sph]ical %ape1 !y give q a range ( vision4 ,x is n likely t !y are capable ( adju/m5t to accord ) diff]5t di/ances1 & x has be5 suppos$1 f ! direct d>t+ flight ( bees to _! hives1 & ! awkw>d "w !y make 9 f9d+ a hive :5 mov$ only = a %ort di/ance1 t _! eyes are be/ suit$ to long vision4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock has prov$1 by "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) /rips ( color$ pap]1 t bees c di/+ui% colors4 ,honey 0 plac$ on a blue /rip1 beside sev]al o!rs ( v>i\s colors4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! bees he *ang$ ! position ( ?is /rip1 & ^u _! return ! bees w5t to ! blue /rip r ?an to ! old position4 ,our practical api>i/s h long be5 aw>e ( ?is fact1 & h con=m$ _! practice to ! k1 9 giv+ a v>iety ( colors to _! hives4 ,api>i/s h frequ5tly not$ t bees h a r>e faculty ( m>k+ positions1 b1 = slight di/ances1 _! s5se ( color w correct mi/akes :i* w\ld occur if position alone 0 guide4 ,,app5dages ,,( ,,! ,,?orax4 ,! organs ( flight are ! mo/ noticeable app5dages ( ! ?orax4 ,! w+s are usually f\r1 ?\gh ! ,dipt]a h b two1 & "s insects--z ! work] ants--h none4 ,! front or prim>y w+s 7,fig4 #c1 ,a7 are usually l>g] ?an ! second>y or h9d w+s 7,fig4 #c1 ,b71 & ?us ! mesa?oracic or middle r+ ( ! ?orax1 to :i* !y are atta*$1 is usually l>g] ?an ! meta?orax or ?ird r+4 ,! w+s consi/ ( a broad frame-"w ( ve9s 7,fig4 #c71 cov]$ by a ?91 t\gh membrane4 ,! ma9 ribs or ve9s are v>iable 9 numb]1 :ile t[>ds ! extremity ( ! w+ are m or less cross-ve9s1 divid+ ?is portion ( ! w+s into m or less cells4 ,9 ! high] gr\ps ^! cells are few1 & q important 9 classify+4 ,especially useful are ! cells 9 ! second r[1 f ! frontal or co/al edge ( ! front w+s1 call$ ! sub-co/al cells4 ,?us 9 ! g5us ,apis !re are ?ree su* cells 7,fig4 #c1 ,a1 #a1 #b1 #c71 :ile 9 ! ,melipona !re are only two4 ,! ribs or ve9s consi/ ( a tube )9 a tube4 ,! inn] "o =m+ an air tube1 ! out] "o c>ry+ blood4 ,on ! co/al edge ( ! second>y w+s we (t5 f9d hooks1 to atta* x to ! front w+s 7,fig4 #c1 ,b1 a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,?orax ( ,bee magnifi$ ?ree times4 a1 a1 a--,muscles4 b1 b--,cru/4 ,! w+s are mov$ by p[]ful muscles1 compactly locat$ 9 ! ?orax 7,fig4 #g1 a1 a1 a71 ^: /r5g?1 z well z ! rapidity ( ! vibrations ( ! w+s :5 flight is rapid are really beyond computation4 ,?9k ( a t9y fly out/ripp+ ! fleete/ horse 9 ! *ase1 & !n m>vel at ?is wondr\s me*anism4 ,! legs 7,fig4 #b1 g1 g1 g7 are six 9 numb] 9 all mature insects1 two on ! l[] side ( ea* r+ ( ! ?orax4 ,^! are long or %ort1 weak or /rong1 accord+ to ! habit ( ! insect4 ,ea* leg consi/s ( ! foll[+ jo9ts or p>ts3 ,! cox 7,fig4 #bd71 :i* move l a ball & socket jo9t 9 ! close-fitt+ coxal cavities ( ! body-r+s4 ,next to ^! foll[ 9 ord] ! broad tracant]1 ! l>ge1 broad femur 7,fig4 #b1 g1 #a71 ! long1 slim tibia 7,fig4 #b1 g1 #b71 frequ5tly be>+ /rong sp9es at or ne> its end1 call$ tibial spurs1 & foll[$ by ! f "o to five-jo9t$ t>si 7,fig4 #b1 g1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #c74 ,all ^! p>ts move freely ^u ea* o!r1 & w v>y 9 =m to agree ) _! use4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ t>sal jo9t are two hook$ claws 7,fig4 #b1 g1 #d71 betwe5 :i* are ! pulvilli1 :i* are n air-pumps z usually describ$1 b r gl&s1 :i* secrete a /icky sub/ance :i* enables insects to /ick to a smoo? wall1 ev5 ?\gh x be above !m4 ,! legs1 9 fact ! :ole cru/1 is m or less d5se & h>d1 ow+ to ! deposit )9 ! /ructure ( a h>d sub/ance kn[n z *it9e4 ,,int]nal ,,anatomy ,,( ,,insects4 ,! muscles ( insects are usually :iti%4 ,sometimes ,i h notic$ q a p9ki% hue ab\t ! muscles ( ! ?orax4 ,!y v>y 9 =m & position to accord ) _! use4 ,! me*anism ( contraction is ! same z 9 high] animals4 ,! ultimate fib]s ( ! volunt>y muscles1 :5 highly magnifi$1 %[ ! /ri or cross-l9es ! same z d ! volunt>y muscles ( v]tebrates1 & are v beautiful z microscopic objects4 ,! sep>ate muscles are n b\nd toge!r by a membrane z 9 high] animals4 ,9 insects ! muscles are widely di/ribut$1 ?\gh1 z we %\ld expect1 !y are conc5trat$ 9 ! ?orax & head4 ,9 insects ( swifte/ flight1 l ! bee1 ! ?orax 7,fig4 #g1 a1 a1 a7 is almo/ entirely compos$ ( muscles2 ! sophagus1 :i* c>ries ! food to ! /oma*1 be+ v small4 ,at ! base ( ! jaws1 too1 ! muscles are l>ge & firm4 ,! numb] ( muscles is a/\nd+4 ,lyonnet c\nt$ ov] #c1jjj 9 a s+le cat]pill>1 ne>ly eight times z _m z are f\nd 9 ! human body4 ,! /r5g?1 too1 ( insects is prodigi\s4 ,!re mu/ be quality 9 muscles1 = muscles z l>ge z ^? ( ! elephant1 & z /rong z ^? ( ! flea1 w\ld n ne$ ! fulcrum :i* ! old philosoph] dem&$1 9 ord] to move ! _w4 ,fleas h be5 made to draw m9iature cannon1 *a9s1 & ev5 wagons _m hundr$ times heavi] ?an !mselves4 ,! n]ves ( insects are 9 no wise peculi> s f> z kn[n1 except 9 position4 ,z 9 our bodies1 "s are knott$ or h ganglia1 & "s are n4 ,! ma9 n]v\s cord runs along ! "u or v5tral side ( ! body 7,fig4 #h71 sep>ates ne> ! head1 & aft] pass+ ar\nd ! sophagus1 enl>ges to =m ! l>ge/ ( ! ganglia1 :i* s]ves z a bra94 ,! m9ute n]ves ext5d ev]y:]e1 & 9 squeez+ out ! visc]a ( an insect are easily visible4 ,! organs ( circulation 9 insects are q insignificant4 ,! he>t is a long tube situat$ along ! back1 & receives ! blood at valvul> op5+s along its sides :i* only p]mit ! fluid to pass 91 :5 by contraction x is =c$ t[>ds ! head & empti$ into ! g5]al cavity4 ,?us ! he>t only s]ves to keep ! blood 9 motion4 ,accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 !re are no special vessels to c>ry ! blood to v>i\s organs4 ,nor are !y necess>y1 z ?is nutritive fluid ev]y:]e ba!s ! alim5t>y canal1 & ?us easily receives nutrim5t1 or gives wa/e by osmosis1 ev]y:]e surr\nds ! tra*e or air-tubes--! insect's lungs--& ?us receives t mo/ ne$ful ( all food1 oxyg51 & gives ! baneful c>bonic acid1 ev]y:]e t\*es ! v>i\s organs1 & gives & takes z ! vital op]ations ( ! animal require4 ,! blood is light color$1 & almo/ de/itute ( discs or corpuscles1 :i* are s num]\s 9 ! blood ( high] animals1 & :i* give our blood its r$ color4 ,! function ( ^! discs is to c>ry oxyg51 & z oxyg5 is c>ri$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! body by ! ubiquit\s air-tubes ( insects1 we see ! discs are n ne$$4 ,except ^! semi-fluid discs1 :i* are real organs1 & n\ri%$ z are o!r organs1 ! blood ( high] animals is entirely fluid1 9 all normal conditions1 & conta9s n ! organs !mselves or any "p ( !m1 b only ! elem5ts1 :i* are absorb$ by ! tissue & conv]t$ into ! organs1 or1 to be sci5tific1 are assimilat$4 ,z ! blood ( insects is ne>ly de/itute ( ^! discs1 x is almo/ :olly fluid1 & is almo/ :olly made up ( nutriti\s sub/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,n]v\s ,sy/em ( ! ,drone magnifi$ f\r times4 ,! respiratory or brea?+ sy/em ( insects has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,along ! sides ( ! body are ! spiracles or brea?+ m\?s1 :i* v>y 9 numb]4 ,^! are arm$ ) a complex valvul> arrangem5t :i* excludes du/ or o!r noxi\s p>ticles4 ,^! spiracles are l9$ ) a delicate membrane :i* ab\nds ) n]ves1 :i* 7 ref]r$ to 9 speak+ ( !m z smell+ organs4 ,f ^! ext5d ! labyr9? ( air-tubes 7,fig4 #b1 f1 f71 :i* brea! vitaliz+ oxyg5 into e "p ( ! insect organism4 ,9 ! m active insects--z 9 bees--! ma9 tra*e1 "o on ea* side ( ! abdom51 are exp&$ into l>ge air-sacks 7,fig4 #b1 f74 ,insects (t5 %[ a respiratory motion1 :i* 9 bees is (t5 v m>k$4 ,newport has %[n t 9 bees ! rapidity ( ! respiration gauges ! heat 9 ! hive1 & ?us we see :y bees1 9 times ( sev]e cold1 :i* !y essay to keep at bay by =c$ respiration1 consume mu* food1 exhale mu* f\l air & moi/ure1 & are liable to disease4 ,newport f\nd t 9 cases ( sev]e cold !re w\ld be q a rise ( m]cury 9 a !rmomet] :i* he susp5d$ 9 ! hive amid/ ! clu/]4 ,9 ! l>va /ate1 _m insects brea! by fr+e-l gills4 ,! l>val mosquito has gills 9 =m ( hairy tufts1 :ile 9 ! l>val dragon-fly ! gills are inside ! rectum1 or la/ "p ( ! inte/9e4 ,?is insect1 by a muscul> ef=t1 draws ! wat] sl[ly 9 at ! anus1 :5 x ba!s ^! s+ul>ly-plac$ bran*i1 & !n makes x s]ve a fur!r turn by =cibly expell+ x1 :5 ! insect is s5t d>t+ ahead4 ,?us ?is curi\s app>atus n only furni%es oxyg51 b also a mode ( motion4 ,9 ! pupa2 ( insects !re is little or no motion1 yet important organic *anges are tak+ place--! worm-l1 ignoble1 creep+1 (t5 repulsive l>va1 is soon to appe> z ! airy1 beautiful1 active1 almo/ e!real imago4 ,s oxyg51 ! mo/ ess5tial--! s9e qua non--( all animal food1 is /ill ne$$4 ,! bees are too wise to seal ! brood-cell ) imp]vi\s wax1 b r add ! por\s capp+1 made ( wax & poll54 ,! pup no less ?an ! l>v ( "s two-w+ flies1 :i* live 9 wat]1 h long tubes :i* rea* f> out = ! vivify+ air1 & are ?us call$ rat-tail$4 ,ev5 ! pup ( ! mosquito1 await+ 9 its liquid home ! glad "t :5 x %all unfold its t9y w+s & pipe its w>-note1 has a simil> arrangem5t to secure ! gase\s pabulum4 ,! dige/ive app>atus ( insects is v int]e/+1 &1 z 9 our own class ( animals1 v>ies v mu* 9 l5g? & complexity1 z ! ho/s ( insects v>y 9 _! habits4 ,z 9 mammals & birds1 ! l5g?1 ) "s /rik+ exceptions1 v>ies ) ! food4 ,c>nivor\s or fle%-eat+ insects h a %ort alim5t>y canal1 :ile 9 ^? t fe$ on vegetable food x is mu* long]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,alim5t>y ,canal4 o--,honey /oma*4 b--,true /oma*4 c--,ur9>y tubes4 d--,inte/9e4 ,! m\? ,i h already describ$4 ,foll[+ ?is is ! ?roat or ph>ynx1 !n ! sophagus or gullet1 :i* may exp&1 z 9 ! bee1 to =m a honey or suck+ /oma* 7,fig4 #i1 o71 may h an atta*$ crop l ! *ick51 or may run z a uni=m tube z 9 our bodies1 to ! true /oma* 7,fig4 #i1 b74 ,foll[+ ?is is ! inte/9e--sep>at$ by "s into an ileum & a rectum--:i* ends 9 a v5t or anus4 ,9 ! m\? are saliv>y gl&s1 :i* 9 l>v t =m cocoons are ! s\rce ( silk4 ,9 ! gl&s ?is is a viscid fluid1 b z x leaves ! duct x *anges in/antly into ! gossam] ?read4 ,bees & wasps use ?is saliva 9 build+ _! /ructures4 ,) x & mud "s wasps make mort>2 ) x & wood1 o!rs _! pap] cells ) x & wax1 ! bee fa%ions ! ribbons t are to =m ! beautiful comb4 ,l9+ ! entire alim5t>y canal are muc\s gl&s :i* secrete a viscid fluid t keeps ! tube s(t1 & promotes ! passage ( food4 ,! true /oma* 7,fig4 #i1 b7 is v muscul>1 & (t5 a gizz>d1 z 9 ! crickets1 :]e its int]ior is l9$ ) tee?4 ,! int]ior ( ! /oma* is gl&ul>1 = secret+ ! ga/ric juice :i* is to liquify ! food1 t x may be absorb$1 or pass ?r\gh ! walls ( ! canal into ! blood4 ,atta*$ to ! l[] portion ( ! /oma* are num]\s ur9>y tubes 7,fig4 #i1 c7 ?\gh ,cuvi]1 & ev5 ,kirby1 call ^! bile tubes4 ,siebold ?9ks "s ( ! muc\s gl&s secrete bile1 & o!rs act z a pancreas4 ,! inte/9e :5 %ort1 z 9 l>v & mo/ c>nivora1 is /raight & b little if any long] ?an ! abdom51 :ile 9 mo/ plant eat]s x is long & ?us zig-zag 9 its c\rse4 ,/range z x may seem1 ! fecal pellets ( "s insects are beautiful 9 =m1 & ( o!rs pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,9 "s cat]pill>s !y are b>rel-%ap$1 arti/ically flut$1 ( brilliant hue1 & if fossiliz$1 w\ld be greatly admir$1 z h be5 ! coprolites--fossil feces ( quadrup$s--if set z gems 9 jewelry4 ,z x is1 !y w\ld =m no mean p>lor ornam5t4 ,9 o!r insects1 z ! ,aphides or plant-lice1 ! excrem5t1 z well z ! fluid t escapes 9 "s species f special tubes call$ ! nect>ies1 is v sweet1 & 9 abs5ce ( floral nect>1 w (t5 be appropriat$ by bees & convey$ to ! hives4 ,imag9ation w\ld make ?is a bitt] draught1 s "h1 z else:]e 9 life1 ! bitt] & sweet are m+l$4 ,9 ^? insects t suck _! food1 z bees1 butt]flies1 mo?s1 two-w+ flies & bugs1 ! feces are wat]y or liquid1 :ile 9 case ( solid food ! excrem5t is solid4 ,,secretory ,,organs ,,( ,,insects4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! saliv>y gl&s1 :i* ,kirby gives z di/9ct f ! true silk-secret+ tubes1 ?\gh ,newport gives !m z "o & ! same4 4 ,9 _m insects ^! seem abs5t4 ,i h also spok5 ( ! muc\s gl&s1 ! ur9>y tubules1 etc4 ,besides ^!1 !re are o!r secretions :i* s]ve = purposes ( def5se3 ,9 ! que5 & work]s ( bees1 & 9 ants & wasps1 ! poison intrud$ ) ! /+ is an example4 ,?is is secret$ by gl&s at ! po/]ior ( ! abdom51 /or$ 9 sacks 7,fig4 #be1 c71 & extrud$ ?r\gh ! /+1 z occasion requires4 ,i "k ( no insects t poison :ile !y bite1 except x be mosquitoes1 gnats1 etc41 & 9 ^! cases no special secret+ organ has be5 discov]$4 ,p]haps ! beak itself secretes an irritat+ sub/ance4 ,a few exce$+ly beautiful cat]pill>s are cov]$ ) bran*+ sp9es1 :i* /+ ab\t l a nettle4 ,we h two su* species4 ,!y are gre51 & ( r>e attraction1 s t to capture !m is wor? ! slight inconv5i5ce aris+ f _! irritat+ punctures4 ,"s insects1 l bugs1 secrete a disgu/+ fluid or gas :i* af=ds protection1 z by its /5* x r5d]s ^! fil?y bugs s (f5sive t ev5 a hungry bird or half-fami%$ insect passes !m by on ! o!r side4 ,"s insects secrete a gas :i* is /or$ 9 a sack at ! po/]ior end ( ! body1 & %ot =? ) an explosion 9 case t dang] ?reat5s ?us by noise & smoke x />tles its enemy1 :i* beats a retreat4 ,i h he>d ! little bomb>di] beetle at su* times1 ev5 at consid]able di/ances4 ,! frightful reports ab\t ! t]rible horn ( ! tomato-worm l>va are m]e nons5se4 ,a m h>mless animal does n exi/4 ,my little boy ( f\r ye>s1 & girl ( only two1 us$ to br+ !m to me la/ summ]1 & fondle !m z admir+ly z w\ld _! fa!r ^u receiv+ !m f ! delight$ *ildr54 ,if we except bees & wasps1 !re are no true insects t ne$ be fe>$2 nor ne$ we except !m1 = ) fair usage ev5 !y1 are seldom provok$ to use _! cruel weapon4 ,,sex ,,organs ,,( ,,insects4 ,! male organs consi/ fir/ ( ! te/es 7,fig4 #aj1 a7 :i* are d\ble organs4 ,!re may be f "o1 z 9 ! drone bee1 to sev]al1 z 9 "s beetles1 on ea* side ! abdom9al cavity4 ,9 ^! vesicles gr[ ! sp]m cells or sp]matozoa1 :i*1 :5 lib]at$1 pass ?r\gh a long convolut$ tube1 ! vas-def]5s 7,fig4 #aj1 b1 b71 into ! sem9al sack 7,fig4 #aj1 c1 c71 :]e1 9 connection ) muc\s1 !y are /or$4 ,9 mo/ insects !re are gl&ul> sacks 7,fig4 #aj1 d7 jo9$ to ^! sem9al receptacles1 :i* 9 ! male bee or drone are v l>ge4 ,! sp]m cells m+l$ ) ^! viscid secretions1 z !y appe> 9 ! sem9al receptacle1 ready = use1 =m ! sem9al fluid4 ,ext5d+ f ^! sem9al receptacles is ! ejaculatory duct 7,fig4 #aj1 e1 f1 g71 :i* 9 copulation c>ries ! male fluid to ! p5is 7,fig4 #aj1 d71 ?r\gh :i* x passes to ! sp]ma!ca ( ! female4 ,beside ?is latt] organ are ! %ea?1 ! clasp]s :5 pres5t1 & 9 ! male bee ^? l>ge yell[ sacks 7,fig4 #aj1 i71 :i* are (t5 se5 to d>t =? z ! drone is held 9 ! w>m h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,male ,organs ( ,drone1 mu* magnifi$4 a--,te/es4 e--,common duct4 b1 b--,vasa def]5tia4 f1 g--,ejaculatory sack4 c1 c--,sem9al sacks4 h--,p5is4 d--,gl&ul> sacks4 i--,yell[ saccules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,que5 ,organs1 greatly magnifi$4 a1 a--,ov>ies4 d--,/+4 b--,oviducts4 e--,sp]ma!ca4 c--,oviduct4 ,! female organs 7,fig4 #aa7 consi/ ( ! ov>ies 7,fig4 #aa1 a1 a71 :i* are situat$ "o on ei!r side ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,f ^! ext5d ! two oviducts1 7,fig4 #aa1 b71 :i* unite into ! common oviduct 7,fig4 #aa1 c7 ?r\gh :i* ! eggs pass 9 deposition4 ,9 _m insects !re is beside ?is oviduct1 & connect$ ) x1 a sack 7,fig4 #aa1 e7 call$ ! sp]ma!ca1 :i* receives ! male fluid 9 copulation1 & :i*1 by extrud+ its cont5ts1 mu/ ev] aft] d ! "w ( impregnation4 ,?is sack 0 discov]$ & its use sugge/$ by ,malpighi z e>ly z #afhf1 b its function 0 n fully demon/rat$ till #agib1 :5 ! great anatomi/1 ,john ,hunt]1 %[$ t 9 copulation ?is 0 fill$4 ,! ov>ies are multitubul> organs4 ,9 "s insects !re are b v few tubes--two or ?ree2 :ile 9 ! que5 bee !re are m ?an "o hundr$4 ,9 ^! tubes ! ova or eggs gr[1 z d ! sp]m cells 9 ! vesicles ( ! te/es4 ,! numb] ( eggs is v>iable4 ,"s insects1 z ! mud-wasps1 produce v few1 :ile ! que5 :ite-ant extrudes millions4 ,! end ( ! oviduct1 call$ ! ovipositor1 is wond]ful 9 its v>iations4 ,sometimes x consi/s ( conc5tric r+s1 l a spy-glass :i* may be pu%$ out or drawn 92 sometimes ( a long tube arm$ ) aug]s or saws ( wond]ful f9i%1 to prep>e = eggs2 or aga9 ( a tube :i* may also s]ve z a /+4 ,mo/ au?ors /ate t insects copulate only once1 or at lea/ t ! female only meets ! male b once4 ,my pupil1 ,clem5t ,s4 ,/rang1 :o made a special /udy ( ! /ructure & habits ( bugs dur+ ! pa/ season1 notic$ t ! squa%-bugs mat$ _m times4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r ^! females possess$ ! sp]ma!ca4 ,9 "s cases1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel1 ! male is kill$ by ! copulatory act4 ,i ?9k ?is curi\s fatality is limit$ to few species4 ,to /udy visc]a1 :i* ( c\rse requires v c>eful dissection1 we ne$ m app>atus ?an has be5 yet describ$4 ,"h a good l5s is indisp5sable4 ,a small dissect+ knife1 a delicate pair ( =ceps1 & "s small1 %>p-po9t$ dissect+ scissors--^? ( ! r5[n$ ,swamm]dam 7 s f9e at ! po9t t x requir$ a l5s to %>p5 !m--:i* may also s]ve to clip ! w+s ( que5s--are requisite to satisfactory "w4 ,specim5s put 9 alcohol w be improv$1 z ! oil w be dissolv$ out & ! muscle h>d5$4 ,plac+ !m 9 hot wat] w d ne>ly z well1 9 :i* case oil ( turp5t9e w dissolve (f ! fat4 ,?is may be appli$ ) a camel's-hair bru%4 ,by dissect+ "u wat] ! loose portions w float (f1 & r5d] effective "w m easy4 ,swamm]dam1 :o _h t mo/ valuable requisite to a naturali/1 unlimit$ pati5ce1 n only dissect$ out ! p>ts1 b ) small glass tubes1 f9e z a hair1 he inject$ ! v>i\s tubes z ! alim5t>y canal & air-tubes4 ,my read]1 :y may n y look 9 ^u ^? wondr\s beauties & m>vels ( ,god's own h&iwork--nature's gr& exposition8 ,fa!r1 :y w\ld n a set ( dissect+ in/rum5ts be a mo/ suitable gift to y\r son8 ,y might ?us s[ ! se$ :i* w\ld g]m9ate into a ,swamm]dam1 & t on y\r own he>?-/one4 ,messrs4 ,editors1 :y d n y1 among y\r api>ian supplies1 keep boxes ( ^! in/rum5ts1 & ?us aid to light ! tor* ( g5ius & ha/5 api>ian rese>*8 ,,trans=mations ,,( ,,insects4 ,:at 9 all ! realm ( nature is s wor?y to awak5 delight & admiration z ! a/oni%+ *anges :i* insects und]go8 ,j ?9k ( ! sluggi%1 repulsive cat]pill>1 dragg+ its heavy =m ov] clod or bu%1 or m9+ 9 dirt & fil?1 *ang$1 by ! w& ( nature's great magician1 fir/ into ! motionless *rysalis1 deck$ ) gre5 & gold1 & beautiful z ! gem t glitt]s on ! f+] ( beauty1 !n bur/+ =? z ! graceful1 gorge\s butt]fly2 :i*1 by its brilliant t9ts & elegant poise1 out-rivals ev5 ! birds among ! life-jewels ( nature1 & is made fit to revel 9 all h] decorative weal?4 ,! little fly1 too1 ) w+s dy$ 9 ra9b[-hues1 flitt+ l1 a fairy f leaf to fl[]1 0 b ye/]day ! repulsive maggot1 revel+ 9 ! v]ie/ fil? ( decay+ nature4 ,! grub to-day drags its slimy %ape ?r\gh ! slums ( e>?1 on :i* x fatt5s2 to-morr[ x w glitt] z ! brilliant sett+ 9 ! bracelets & e>-drops ( ! gay & ?\ghtless belle4 ,!re are f\r sep>ate /ages 9 ! developm5t ( insects3 ,! egg /ate1 ! l>va1 ! pupa1 & ! imago4 ,,! ,,egg4 ,?is is n unlike ! same 9 high] animals4 ,x has its yolk & its surr\nd+ :ite or album51 l ! eggs ( all mammals1 & f>!r1 ! delicate %ell1 :i* is famili> 9 ! eggs ( birds & reptiles4 ,eggs ( insects are (t5 beautiful 9 =m & color1 & n infrequ5tly ribb$ & flut$ z by a ma/]-h&4 ,! =m ( eggs is v v>i\s--sph]ical1 oval1 cyl9drical1 oblong1 /raight & curv$ 7,fig4 #bf1 b74 ,all insects seem to be guid$ by a wond]ful k1 or in/9ct1 or intellig5ce1 9 ! plac+ ( eggs on or ne> ! peculi> food ( ! l>va4 ,ev5 ?\gh 9 _m cases su* food is no "p ( ! alim5t ( ! imago insect4 ,! fly has ! ref9$ habits ( ! epicure1 f ^: cup x da9tily sips1 yet its eggs are plac$ 9 ! horse-dropp+s ( /able & pa/ure4 ,inside ! egg wond]ful *anges soon comm5ce1 & _! consummation is a t9y l>va4 ,some:at simil> *anges c be easily & mo/ pr(itably /udi$ by break+ & exam9+ a h5's egg ea* successive day ( incubation4 ,z ) ! egg ( our own species & ( all high] animals1 s1 too1 ! egg ( insects1 or ! yolk1 ! ess5tial "p--! :ite is only food1 s to speak--soon segm5ts or divides into a great _m cells1 ^! soon unite into a membrane--! bla/od]m--& ?is is ! initial animal4 ,?is bla/od]m soon =ms a s+le sack1 & n a d\ble sack1 "o above ! o!r1 z 9 our own v]tebrate bran*4 ,?is sack1 look+ l a m9iature bag ( gra91 gr[s1 by absorption1 becomes articulat$1 & by budd+ out is soon provid$ ) ! v>i\s memb]s4 ,z 9 high] animals1 ^! *anges are consequ5t ^u heat1 & usually1 n always1 ^u ! incorporations )9 ! eggs ( ! g]m cells f ! male1 :i* ent] ! eggs at op5+s call$ micropyles4 ,! "t x takes ! embryo inside ! egg to develop is gaug$ by heat1 & w1 !re=e1 v>y ) ! season & temp]ature1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t species x v>ies f days to mon?s4 ,! numb] ( eggs1 too1 :i* an insect may produce1 is subject to wide v>iation4 ,"s insects produce b "o1 two or ?ree1 :ile o!rs1 l ! que5 bee & :ite ant1 lay ?\s&s1 & 9 case ( ! ant1 millions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,l>va ( ,bee4 ,,! ,,l>va ,,( ,,insects4 ,f ! egg comes ! l>va1 also call$ grub1 maggot1 cat]pill>1 & v errone\sly worm4 ,^! are worm-%ap$ 7,fig4 #ab71 usually h /rong jaws1 simple eyes1 & ! body pla9ly m>k$ into r+ divisions4 ,(t5 z 9 case ( "s grubs1 l>val bees & maggots1 !re are no legs4 ,9 mo/ grubs !re are six legs1 two to ea* ( ! ?ree r+s succe$+ ! head4 ,besides ^!1 cat]pill>s h usually t5 prop-legs f>!r back on ! body1 ?\gh a few--! loop]s or measur+ cat]pill>s--h only f\r or six1 :ile ! l>v ( ! saw-flies h f twelve to sixte5 ( ! false or prop-legs4 ,! alim5t>y canal ( l>val insects is usually %ort1 direct & q simple1 :ile ! sex-organs are slightly if at all develop$4 ,! l>v ( insects are voraci\s eat]s--inde$1 _! only "w seems to be to eat & gr[ fat4 ,z ! entire gr[? occurs at ?is /age1 _! gorm&iz+ habits are ! m excusable4 ,i h (t5 be5 a/oni%$ at ! am\nt ( food t ! insects 9 my bre$+ cases w\ld consume4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* insects rema9 z l>v is v v>iable4 ,! maggot revels 9 decay+ meat b two or ?ree days2 ! l>val bee eats its ri* pabulum = ne>ly a week2 ! apple-tree bor] gnaws away = ?ree ye>s2 :ile ! sev5te5-ye> cicada rema9s a l>va = m ?an sixte5 ye>s1 grop+ 9 d>kness1 & fe$+ on roots1 only to come =? = a few days ( hil>ity1 sun%9e1 & c\rt%ip4 ,surely1 "h is pati5ce exce$+ ev5 t ( ,swamm]dam4 ,! "n l>va1 mean+ mask$1 0 giv5 to ?is /age by ,l9nu1 z ! mature =m ( ! insect is hidd51 & _c be ev5 div9$ by ! unle>n$4 ,,! ,,pupa ,,( ,,insects4 ,9 ?is /age ! insect is 9 pr(\nd repose1 z if re/+ aft] its long meal1 ! bett] to enjoy its active1 sportive days--! joy\s honey-moon--soon to come4 ,9 ?is /age ! insect may look l a se$2 z 9 ! co>ctate pupa ( dipt]a1 s famili> 9 ! flax-se$ /ate ( ! ,hessian-fly1 or 9 ! pupa ( ! *eese-maggot or ! meat-fly4 ,?is same =m1 ) m or less modification1 prevails 9 butt]fly pup1 call$1 because ( _! gold5 spots1 *rysalids1 & 9 ! pup ( mo?s4 ,o!r pup1 z 9 case ( bees 7,fig4 #ac1 g7 & beetles1 look n unlike ! mature insect ) its ant5n1 legs1 & w+s closely b\nd to ! body by a ?9 membrane1 h5ce ! "n :i* ,l9n gave--ref]r+ to ?is condition--z ! insect looks z if wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 ! old cruel way ( tortur+ ! infant1 z if x ne$$ hold+ toge!r4 ,ari/otle call$ pup nymphs--a "n n[ giv5 to ?is /age 9 bees--:i* "n 0 adopt$ by _m entomologi/s ( ! sev5tee? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,inside ! pupa sk9 great *anges are 9 progress1 = ei!r by modify+ ! l>val organs or develop+ p>ts entirely new1 by use ( ! accumulat$ mat]ial /or$ by ! l>va dur+ its prolong$ banquet1 ! wond]ful trans=mation f ! sluggi%1 worm-l l>va to ! active1 bird-l imago is accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,pupa or ,nymph ( ,bee1 slightly magnifi$4 ,sometimes ! pupa is surr\nd$ by a silk5 cocoon1 ei!r ?ick1 z ! cocoon ( "s mo?s1 or ?91 z are ! cocoons ( bees4 ,^! cocoons are spun by ! l>v z _! la/ toil be=e assum+ ! re/ful pupa /ate4 ,! l5g? ( "t 9 ! pupa-/age is v v>i\s1 la/+ f a few days to z _m mon?s4 ,sometimes insects :i* are two-brood$ rema9 z pupa b a few days 9 summ]1 :ile 9 w9t] !y are mon?s pass+ ! quiesc5t p]iod4 ,our cabbage-butt]fly illu/rates ?is peculi>ity4 ,o!rs1 l ! ,hessian-fly & codl+-mo?1 rema9 ?r\gh ! long1 cold mon?s z l>v4 ,h[ wond]ful is ?is6 ,! fir/ brood ( l>v *ange to pup at once1 ! la/ brood1 ?\gh ! wea!r be j z hot1 wait ov] inside ! cocoon till ! w>m days ( com+ spr+4 ,,! ,,imago ,,/age4 ,?is t]m ref]s to ! la/ or w+$ =m1 & 0 giv5 by ,l9n because ! image ( ! insect is n[ real & n mask$ z :5 9 ! l>va /ate4 ,n[ ! insect has its full-=m$ legs & w+s1 its comp\nd eyes1 complex m\?-p>ts1 & ! fully develop$ sex-organs4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole purpose ( ! insect n[ seems to be to reproduce itself4 ,_m insects d n ev5 eat1 only flit 9 m]ry m>riage mood = a brief space1 :5 ! male flees ?is life to be quickly foll[$ by ! female1 %e only wait+ to place h] eggs :]e ! prospective infants may f9d suitable food4 ,"s insects n only place _! eggs1 b fe$ & c>e = _! "y1 z is true ( ants1 wasps & bees4 ,aga91 z 9 case ( "s species ( ants & bees1 abortive females p]=m all1 or mo/ ( ! labor 9 c>+ = ! "y4 ,! life ( ! imago also v>ies mu* z to duration4 ,"s live b = a day1 o!rs make m]ry = sev]al days1 :ile a few species live = mon?s4 ,v few imagos survive ! :ole ye>4 ,,incomplete ,,trans=mations4 ,"s insects1 l ! bugs1 lice1 gras%opp]s & locu/s1 are q alike at all /ages ( gr[?1 aft] leav+ ! egg4 ,! only app>5t diff]5ce is ! small] size & ! abs5ce or incomplete developm5t ( ! w+s 9 ! l>v & pup4 ,! habits & /ructure f fir/ to la/ seem to be mu* ! same4 ,"h1 z be=e1 ! full developm5t ( ! sex-organs occurs only 9 ! imago4 ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,bee4 ,) a k ( ! anatomy & "s glimpses ( ! physiology ( insects 9 g5]al1 we %all n[ f9d x easy to le>n ! special anatomy & physiology ( ! highe/ insects ( ! ord]4 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,bees ,,9 ,,ea* ,,family4 ,z we h already se51 a v rem>kable feature 9 ! economy ( ! honey-bee1 describ$ ev5 by ,ari/otle1 :i* is true ( _m o!r bees1 & also ( ants & _m wasps1 is ! pres5ce 9 ea* family ( ?ree di/9ct k9ds1 :i* diff] 9 =m1 color1 /ructure1 size1 habits & function4 ,?us we h ! que51 a numb] ( drones1 & a f> great] numb] ( work]s4 ,hub]1 ,bevan1 ,munn & ,kirby also speak ( a f\r? k9d black] ?an ! usual work]s4 ,^! are accid5tal1 & are1 z conclusively %[n by ,von ,b]leps*1 ord9>y work]s1 m deeply color$ by loss ( hair1 dampness1 or "s o!r atmosph]ic condition4 ,am]ican api>i/s are too famili> ) ^! black bees1 = aft] our sev]e w9t]s !y prevail 9 ! colony1 &1 z rem>k$ by ! not$ ,b>on1 ,!y quickly disappe>4 ,munn also tells ( a fif? k9d1 ) a top-knot1 :i* appe>s at sw>m+ seasons4 ,i am at a great loss to "k :at he ref]s to1 unless x be ! poll5 masses ( ! asclepias or milk-we$1 :i* sometimes fa/5 to our bees & become a sev]e burd54 ,,! ,,que5 ,,bee4 ,! que5 7,fig4 #ad71 al?\gh ref]r$ to z ! "m bee1 0 call$ ! k+ by ,virgil1 ,pl9y1 & by writ]s z late z ! la/ c5tury1 ?\gh 9 ! anci5t ,bee ,ma/]'s ,f>ewell1 by ,john ,hall1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agif1 ,i f9d an admirable description ( ! que5 bee1 ) h] function correctly /at$4 ,raumur z quot$ by ,wildman on ,bees1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #aggj1 says ?is ?ird sort has a grave & s$ate walk1 is arm$ ) a /+1 & is "m ( all ! o!rs4 ,hub]1 to :om e api>i/ owes s mu*1 & :o1 ?\gh bl9d1 ?r\gh ! aid ( 8 devot$ wife & intellig5t s]vant1 ,frances ,burn5s1 develop$ s _m int]e/+ facts1 demon/rat$ ! fact ( ! que5's mat]nity4 ,?is au?or's "w1 second edition1 publi%$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahjh1 gives a full hi/ory ( 8 wond]ful obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 & mu/ ev] rank ) ,lang/ro? z a classic1 wor?y ( /udy by all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,que5 ,bee1 magnifi$4 ,! que51 !n1 is ! "m bee1 9 o!r words1 a fully develop$ female4 ,h] ov>ies 7,fig4 #aa1 a1 a7 are v l>ge1 ne>ly fill+ h] long abdom54 ,! tubes already describ$ z compos+ !m are v num]\s1 :ile ! sp]ma!ca 7,fig4 #aa1 e7 is pla9ly visible4 ,?is is muscul>1 receives abundant n]ves1 & ?us1 )\t d\bt1 may or may n be compress$ to =ce ! sp]m cells 9 contact ) ! eggs z !y pass by ! duet4 ,leuck>t e/imates t ! sp]ma!ca w hold m ?an #be1jjj1jjj sp]matozoa4 ,! possession ( ! ov>ies & att5dant organs1 is ! *ief /ructural peculi>ity :i* m>ks ! que51 z ^! are ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( females among all animals4 ,b %e has o!r peculi>ities wor?y ( m5tion ,%e is long] ?an ei!r drones or work]s1 be+ m ?an sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 &1 ) h] long tap]+ abdom51 is n )\t real grace & beauty4 ,! que5's m\? organs1 too1 are develop$ to a less degree ?an are ^? ( ! work]-bees4 ,h] jaws 7,fig4 #ba1 b7 or m&ibles are weak]1 ) a rudim5t>y too?1 & h] tongue or ligula 7,fig4 #ae1 a71 z also ! labial palpi 7,fig4 #ae1 b7 & maxill are consid]ably %ort]4 ,h] eyes1 l ! same 9 ! work]-bee 7,fig4 #e71 are small] ?an ^? ( ! drones1 & d n meet above4 ,s ! ?ree ocelli are situat$ above & betwe54 ,! que5's w+s1 too1 7,fig4 #ad7 are relatively %ort] ?an ^? ei!r ( ! work]s or drones1 = in/ead ( atta9+ to ! end ( ! body1 !y rea* b little beyond ! ?ird jo9t ( ! abdom54 ,! que51 ?\gh %e has ! *>act]i/ic po/]ior tibia & basal t>sus 7,fig4 #af1 p71 9 respect to bread?1 has n ! cavity & surr\nd+ hairs1 :i* =m ! poll5 baskets ( ! work]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,labium ( ,que54 a--,ligula4 b--,labial palpi4 d1 d--,p>agloss4 ,! que5 possesses a /+ 7,fig4 #aa1 d7 :i* is long] ?an t ( ! work]s1 & resembles t ( ! bumble-bees 9 be+ curv$1 & t ( bumble-bees & wasps 9 hav+ few & %ort b>bs--! little projections :i* po9t back l ! b>b ( a fi%-hook1 & :i*1 9 case ( ! work]s1 prev5t ! )draw+ ( ! in/rum5t1 :5 once fairly ins]t$4 ,:ile !re are sev5 q prom95t b>bs on ea* %aft ( ! work]'s /+1 !re are only ?ree on ^? ( ! que51 & ^! are v %ort1 &1 z 9 a work]'s /+1 !y are successively %ort] z we rec$e f ! po9t ( ! weapon4 ,ari/otle says t ! que5 w seldom use h] /+1 :i* ,i h f\nd true4 ,i h (t5 tri$ to provoke a que5's ang]1 b nev] ) any evid5ce ( success4 ,neighb\r 7page #ad1 note7 gives ?ree cases :]e que5s us$ _! /+s1 9 "o ( :i* cases %e 0 disabl$ f f>!r egg-lay+4 ,%e /+s ) slight effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,"p ( ,leg ( ,que51 magnifi$4 t--,tibia4 p--,broad5$ tibia & basal t>sus4 t s--,t>sal jo9ts4 ,! que51 l ! neut]s1 is develop$ f an impregnat$ egg1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c\ld only come f a que5 t _h previ\sly mat$4 ,^! eggs are n plac$ 9 a horizontal cell1 b 9 "o specially prep>$ = _! reception 7,fig4 #bf1 i74 ,^! que5 cells are usually built on ! edge ( ! comb1 or ar\nd an op5+ 9 x1 :i* is necessitat$ f _! size & =m1 z usually ! combs are too close toge!r to p]mit _! location else:]e4 ,^! cells ext5d ei!r v]tically or diagonally d[nw>d1 are compos$ ( 0 mix$ ) poll51 & 9 size & =m mu* resemble a pea-nut4 ,! eggs mu/ be plac$ 9 ^! cells1 ei!r by ! que5 or work]s4 ,hub]1 :o ?\gh bl9d _h wondr\s eyes1 also witness$ ! act4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 eggs 9 ^! cells1 & )\t exception 9 ! exact position 9 :i* ! que5 always places h] eggs 9 ! o!r cells4 ,john ,hall1 9 ! old "w already ref]r$ to1 ^: descriptions1 ?\gh p5n$ s long ago1 are wond]fully accurate1 & indicate great c>e1 c&or1 & consci5ti\s tru?fulness1 ass]ts t ! que5 is five times z long lay+ a royal egg z %e is ! o!rs4 ,f ! "* ( 8 "w1 & its e>ly publication1 ,i c b ?9k t he _h witness$ ?is r>e sight4 ,"s c&id api>i/s ( our own "t & c\ntry--,e4 ,gallup among ! re/--claim to h witness$ ! act4 ,! eggs are s well glu$1 & are s delicate1 t1 ) ,neighb\r1 ,i d\bt ! possibility ( a removal4 ,! oppon5ts to ?is view base _! belief on a suppos$ discord betwe5 ! que5 & neut]s4 ,?is antagonism is inf]r$1 & ,i h b little fai? 9 ! inf]5ce1 or ! argum5t f x4 ,i "k t :5 royal cells are to be torn d[n1 & in*oate que5s de/roy$1 ! work]s aid ! que5 9 ?is de/ruction4 ,i h also se5 que5s pass by ungu>d$ que5-cells1 & yet respect !m4 ,i h also se5 sev]al "y que5s dwell+ amicably toge!r 9 ! same hive4 ,is x n probable t ! bees are unit$ 9 :atev] is to be accompli%$1 & t :5 que5s are to be de/roy$ all spr+ to ! "w1 & :5 !y are to live all reg>d !m z sacr$8 ,x is true t ! actions ( bees are controll$ & influ5c$ by ! surr\nd+ conditions or circum/ances1 b ,i h yet to see satisfactory pro( ( ! old !ory t ^! conditions impress diff]5tly ! que5 & ! work]s4 ,! conditions :i* lead to ! build+ ( que5-cells & ! peopl+ ( ! same are--loss ( que51 :5 a work] l>va f "o to f\r days old w be surr\nd$ by a cell inability ( a que5 to lay impregnat$ eggs1 h] sp]ma!ca hav+ become empti$2 great numb] ( work]-bees 9 ! hive2 re/rict$ qu>t]s2 ! que5 n hav+ place to deposit eggs1 or ! work]s little or no room to /ore honey & lack ( v5tilation1 s t ! hive becomes too close4 ,^! la/ ?ree conditions are mo/ likely to occur at times ( great honey secretion4 ,a que5 may be develop$ f an egg1 or f a work] l>va less ?an ?ree days old4 ,mr4 ,doolittle has kn[n que5s to be re>$ f work] l>v tak5 at f\r-&-a-half days f hat*+4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! cells adjac5t to ! "o conta9+ ! select$ l>va are remov$1 & ! l>va surr\nd$ by a royal cell4 ,! developm5t ( ! que5 l>va is mu* l t ( ! work]1 soon to be detail$1 except t x is m rapid1 & is f$ ri*] & m pl5te\s food1 call$ royal jelly4 ,?is peculi> food1 z also its use & abundance 9 ! cell1 0 fir/ describ$ by ,s*ira*1 a ,saxon cl]gyman1 :o wrote a "w on bees 9 #agga4 ,accord+ to ,hunt]1 ?is royal pabulum is ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an t ( ! common l>v4 ,x is ?ick1 l ri* cream2 slightly yell[1 & s abundant t ! que5 l>va n only floats 9 x dur+ all its p]iod ( gr[?1 b q a l>ge am\nt rema9s aft] h] que5%ip vacates ! cell4 ,we (t5 f9d ?is royal jelly 9 incomplete que5-cells1 )\t l>v4 ,mr4 ,qu9by sugge/s t ?is is /or$ = future use4 ,:at a my/]i\s circum/ance is ?is3 ,^! royal scions simply receive a m abundant & sumptu\s diet1 & occupy a m ample habitation--= ,i h m ?an once confirm$ ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,qu9by1 t ! direction ( ! cell is immat]ial--& yet :at a m>vel\s trans=mation4 ,n only are ! ov>ies develop$ & fill$ ) eggs1 b ! m\?-organs1 ! w+'s1 ! legs1 & ! /+1 aye1 & ! size1 =m & habits are all wondr\sly *ang$4 ,t ! developm5t ( p>ts %\ld be accel]at$1 & ! size increas$ is n s surpris+--z 9 bre$+ o!r insects ,i h frequ5tly f\nd t k9d & am\nt ( food1 w\ld ha/5 or ret>d gr[?1 & might ev5 cause a dw>f$ imago--b t x %\ld s ess5tially modify ! /ructure1 is c]ta9ly a r>e & unique circum/ance1 h>dly to be f\nd except "h & 9 relat$ animals4 ,bevan has sugge/$ t f]tile work]s'1 :ile l>v1 h receiv$ "s ( ?is royal jelly1 f _! position ne> a develop+ que54 ,lang/ro? supposes t !y receive "s royal jelly1 purposely giv5 by ! work]s1 & ,i _h previ\sly ?\ght ?is reasonable1 & probably true4 ,b ^! pe/s ( ! api>i/1 & especially ( ! bre$]1 almo/ always1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 make _! appe>ance 9 colonies long que5less1 & ,i h notic$ a case simil> to t giv5 by ,qu9by1 :]e ^! occurr$ 9 a nucleus :]e no que5 _h be5 develop$4 ,may x n be true1 t a desire = eggs /imulates gr[? ( ! ov>ies1 gr[? ( eggs 9 ! ov>ian tubes1 & consequ5t ability to deposit4 ,! common high-hold]1 ,colaptes auratus--a bird belong+ to ! woodpeck] family1 usually lays five eggs1 & only five2 b let cruel h&s rob h] ( ^! promises ( future lov$ ones--& wondr\s to relate1 %e cont9ues to lay m ?an a score4 ,"o ?us treat$1 "h on ! ,college campus1 actually laid m ?an ?irty eggs4 ,s we see t animal desires may influ5ce & move organs t are g5]ally indep5d5t ( ! w4 ,! l>val que5 is long] & m rapid ( developm5t ?an ! o!r l>v4 ,:5 develop$ f ! egg--z 9 case ( normal sw>m+--! l>va fe$s = five days1 :5 ! cell is capp$ by ! work]s4 ,! infant que5 !n sp9s h] cocoon1 :i* occupies ab\t "o day4 ,! end ( ! cocoon is left op54 ,"s "o has sugge/$ t ?is is an act ( ?\ghtful g5]osity on ! "p ( ! que5 l>va1 ?us to r5d] h] own de/ruction m easy1 %\ld ! welf>e ( ! colony dem& x1 z n[ a si/] que5 may safely give ! fatal /+4 ,! que5 n[ sp5ds ne>ly ?ree days 9 absolute repose4 ,su* re/ is common to all cocoon-sp9n+ l>v4 ,! sp9n+1 :i* is done by a rapid motion to & fro ( ! head1 always c>ry+ ! delicate ?read1 mu* l ! mov+ %uttle ( ! weav]1 seems to br+ exhau/ion & ne$ ( repose4 ,%e n[ assumes ! nymph or pupa /ate 7,fig4 #bf1 i74 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? day %e comes =? a que54 ,hub] /ates t :5 a que5 em]ges1 ! bees are ?r[n into a joy\s excitem5t1 s t he not$ a rise 9 ! temp]ature ( ! hive f #ib ,f4 to #ajd ,f4 ,i h nev] te/$ ?is matt] accurately1 b ,i h fail$ to notice any m>k$ demon/ration on ! natal day ( h] lady-%ip ! que51 or extra respect paid h] z a virg94 ,:5 que5s are />t$ f work] l>v1 !y w issue z images 9 t5 or twelve days f ! date ( _! new prospects4 ,mr4 ,doolittle writes me t he has kn[n !m to issue 9 eight & "o-half days4 ,z ! que5's developm5t is probably due to sup]ior quality & increas$ quantity ( food1 x w\ld /& to reason t que5s />t$ f eggs are pref]able2 ! m s1 z "u normal circum/ances1 ,i believe1 !y are almo/ always ?us />t$4 ,! be/ exp]i5ce su/a9s ?is position4 ,z ! prop] food & temp]ature c\ld be/ be secur$ 9 a full colony--& "h aga9 ! natural economy ( ! hive adds to our argum5t--we %\ld inf] t ! be/ que5s w\ld be re>$ 9 /rong colonies1 or at lea/ kept 9 su* colonies till ! cells 7 capp$4 ,exp]i5ce also confirms ?is view4 ,z ! quantity & quality ( food1 & ! g5]al activity ( ! bees is directly connect$ ) ! full n\ri%m5t ( ! que5-l>va1 & z ^! are only at ! maximum 9 times ( active ga!r+--! "t :5 que5-re>+ is naturally />t$ by ! bees--we %\ld also conclude t que5s re>$ at su* seasons are sup]ior4 ,my exp]i5ce--& ,i h c>efully obs]v$ 9 ?is connection--mo/ emphatically su/a9s ?is view4 ,five or six days aft] issu+ f ! cell--,neighb\r says ! ?ird day--if ! day is pleasant1 ! que5 goes =? on h] m>riage flight o!rwise %e w improve ! fir/ pleasant day !reaft] = ?is purpose4 ,hub] 0 ! fir/ to prove t impregnation always takes place on ! w+4 ,bonnet also prov$ t ! same is true ( ants1 ?\gh 9 ?is case millions ( que5s & drones (t5 sw>m out at once4 ,i h myself witness$ sev]al ( ^! :olesale matrimonial excursions among ants4 ,i h also frequ5tly tak5 bumble-bees 9 copulo :ile on ! w+4 ,i h also notic$ bo? ants & bumble-bees to fall :ile unit$ probably borne d[n by ! expir+ males4 ,t butt]flies6 mo?s1 dragon-flies1 etc41 mate on ! w+ is a matt] ( common obs]vation4 ,t x is possible to impregnate que5s :5 conf9$1 ,i ?9k v d\btful4 ,! que5s w c>ess ! drones1 b ! latt] seem n to he$ _! advances4 ,t ?is ev] has be5 done ,i also "q1 ?\gh _m ?9k !y h positive pro( t x has occurr$4 ,yet1 z !re are s _m *ances to be mi/ak51 & z exp]i5ce & obs]vation are s excessive aga9/ ! possibility1 ,i ?9k t ^! may be cases ( ha/y or inaccurate judgm5t4 ,_m1 v _m1 ) myself1 h foll[$ ,hub] 9 clipp+ ! que5's w+1 only to produce a /]ile or drone-lay+ que54 ,pr( ,leuck>t believes t successful mat+ dem&s t ! l>ge air-sacks 7,fig4 #b1 f7 ( ! drones %all be fill$1 :i* he ?9ks is only possible dur+ flight4 ,! demeanor ( ! drones leads me to ?9k1 t ! excitem5t ( flight1 l ! w>m? ( ! h&1 is necess>y to induce ! sexual impulse4 ,i presume1 t 9 all ! future1 ,hub]'s /atem5t t ! que5 mu/ take w+ to be impregnat$1 w rema9 unrefut$4 ,yet x w d no h>m to keep try+4 ,success may come4 ,mat+1 too1 9 gre5-h\ses or rooms is also impracticable4 ,i h giv5 ?is ?or\gh trial4 ,! drones are incorrigible c[>ds1 & _! inord9ate fe> seems ev5 to ov]come ! sexual desires4 ,if ! que5 fails to f9d an admir] ! fir/ day1 %e w g =? aga9 & aga9 till %e succe$s4 ,hub] /at$ t aft] tw5ty-"o days ! case is hopeless4 ,bevan /ates t if impregnat$ f ! fifte5? to ! tw5ty-fir/ %e w be l>gely a drone-lay+ que54 ,t su* absolute dates c be fix$ 9 ei!r ( ! above cases is v que/ionable4 ,yet1 all exp]i5c$ bre$]s "k t que5s kept ?r\gh ! w9t] z virg9s are sure to rema9 s4 ,x is q likely t ! long inactivity ( ! sp]ma!ca :olly or 9 "p p>alyzes x1 s t que5s t are late 9 mat+ _c impregnate ! eggs z %e desires4 ,?is w\ld accord ) :at we "k ( muscul> organs4 ,b]leps* believ$ t a que5 t comm5c$ lay+ z a virg9 c\ld nev] lay impregnat$ eggs1 ev5 ?\gh %e aft]w>ds mat$4 ,lang/ro? ?\ght t he _h obs]v$ to ! contr>y4 ,if ! que5 be obs]v$ aft] a successful w$d+ t\r1 %e w be se5 to be> ! m>ks ( success 9 ! p5dant drone app5dages1 consi/+ ( ! p5is1 ! yell[ cul-de-sacks1 & ! hang+ ?read-l ducts4 ,x is n at all likely t a que51 aft] %e has met a drone1 ev] leaves ! hive aga9 except t %e leaves ) a sw>m4 ,"s ( ! obs]v+ api>i/s ?9k t an old que5 may be aga9 impregnat$4 ,! fact t que5s1 ) clipp$ w+s1 are z long f]tile z o!rs1 makes me ?9k t cases :i* h l$ to su* conclusions are capable ( o!r explanation4 ,if ! que5 lays eggs be=e meet+ ! drones1 or if = any reason %e fails to mate1 h] eggs w only produce male bees4 ,?is /range anomaly--developm5t ( ! eggs )\t impregnation--0 discov]$ & prov$ by ,dzi]zon1 9 #ahde4 ,dr4 ,dzi]zon1 :o1 z a /ud5t ( practical & sci5tific apiculture1 mu/ rank ) ! great ,hub]1 is a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/ ( ,c>lesm>kt1 ,g]many4 ,?is doctr9e--call$ p>!nog5esis1 :i* means produc$ f a virg9--is /ill d\bt$ by "s q able bee-keep]s1 ?\gh ! pro(s are irrefragable3 #a/4 ,unmat$ que5s w lay eggs t w develop1 b drones always result4 #b;d4 ,old que5s (t5 become drone-lay]s1 b exam9ation %[s t ! sp]ma!ca is void ( sem9al fluid4 ,su* an exam9ation 0 fir/ made by ,pr(4 ,siebold1 ! great ,g]man anatomi/1 9 #ahac1 & lat] by ,leuck>t & ,leidy4 ,i h myself made sev]al su* exam9ations4 ,! sp]ma!ca c easily be se5 by ! unaid$ vision1 & by cru%+ x on a glass slide1 by compress+ ) a ?9 glass cov]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! conta9$ fluid 9 ! virg9 & impregnat$ que5 is v pat5t1 ev5 ) a l[ p[]4 ,9 ! latt] x is m viscid & yell[1 & ! vesicle m di/5d$4 ,by use ( a high p[]1 ! active sp]matozoa or g]m-cells become visible4 #c;d4 ,eggs 9 drone-cells are f\nd by ! microscopi/ to be void ( ! sp]m-cells1 :i* are always f\nd 9 all o!r fre%-laid eggs4 ,?is mo/ conv9c+1 & int]e/+ obs]vation1 0 fir/ made by ,von ,siebold1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,b]leps*4 ,x is q difficult to %[ ?is4 ,leuck>t tri$ be=e ,von ,siebold1 at ,b]leps*'s api>y1 b fail$4 ,i h also tri$ to discov] ^! g]m-cells 9 work]-eggs1 b z yet h be5 unsuccessful4 ,siebold has not$ ! same facts 9 eggs ( wasps4 #d?4 ,dr4 ,dnh(f1 ( ,g]many1 9 #ahee1 took an egg f a drone-cell1 & by artificial impregnation produc$ a work]-bee4 ,su* an op]ation1 to be successful1 mu/ be p]=m$ z soon z ! egg is laid4 ,p>!nog5esis1 9 ! production ( males1 has also be5 f\nd by ,siebold to be true ( o!r bees & wasps1 & ( "s ( ! l[] mo?s1 9 ! production ( bo? males & females4 ,:ile ! great ,bonnet fir/ discov]$ :at may be notic$ on any summ] day1 all ab\t u1 ev5 on ! h\se-plants at our v w9d[s1 t p>!nog5esis is be/ illu/rat$ by ! aphides or plant lice4 ,9 ! fall males & females appe>1 :i* mate1 :5 ! female lays eggs1 :i* 9 ! spr+ produce only females2 ^! aga9 produce only females1 & ?us on1 = sev]al g5]ations1 till ) ! cold ( autumn come aga9 ! males & females4 ,bonnet obs]v$ sev5 successive g5]ations ( productive virg9s4 ,duval not$ n9e g5]ations 9 sev5 mon?s1 :ile ,kyb] obs]v$ production exclusively by p>!nog5esis 9 a heat$ room = f\r ye>s4 ,s1 we see1 t ?is /range & almo/ incr$ible me?od ( increase1 is n r>e 9 ! great insect _w4 ,ab\t two days aft] %e is impregnat$1 ! que51 "u normal circum/ances1 comm5ces to lay1 usually work]-eggs1 & z ! condition ( ! hive seldom impels to sw>m+ ! same summ]1 s t no drones are requir$1 %e usually lays no o!rs ! fir/ season4 ,x is frequ5tly notic$ t ! "y que5 at fir/ lays q a numb] ( drone-eggs4 ,que5-bre$]s (t5 obs]ve ?is 9 _! nuclei4 ,?is cont9ues = only a few days4 ,?is does n seem /range4 ,! act ( =c+ ! sp]m-cells f ! sp]ma!ca is muscul> & volunt>y1 & t ^! muscles %\ld n always act promptly at fir/1 is n /range1 nor is x unprec$5t$4 ,mr4 ,wagn] sugge/$ t ! size ( ! cell det]m9$ ! sex1 z 9 ! small cells ! pressure on ! abdom5 =c$ ! fluid f ! sp]ma!ca4 ,mr4 ,qu9by also favor$ ?is view4 ,i greatly "q ?is !ory4 ,all obs]v+ api>i/s h kn[n eggs to be laid 9 work]-cells1 ere ! cell 0 h>dly comm5c$1 :5 !re c\ld be no pressure4 ,9 case ( que5-cells1 too1 if ! que5 does lay ! eggs--z ,i believe--^! w\ld be unimpregnat$1 z ! cell is v l>ge4 ,i "k ! que5 sometimes passes f drone to work]-cells v abruptly :ile lay+1 z ,i h witness$ su* a proc$ure--! same t s greatly rejoic$ ! late ,b>on ( ,b]leps*1 aft] we>y h\rs ( wat*+--b t %e c ?us control at ! in/ant ?is process ( add+ or )hold+ ! sp]m-cells1 c]ta9ly seems n s /range z t ! sp]ma!ca1 h>dly bigg] ?an a p9-head1 c\ld supply ^! cells = mon?s1 yes1 & = ye>s4 ,:o t has se5 ! bot-fly d>t aga9/ ! horse's legs1 & z surely leave ! t9y yell[ egg1 c d\bt b t insects possess v s5sitive oviducts1 & c extrude ! m9ute eggs j at pleasure4 ,t a que5 may =ce s+le eggs1 at w1 pa/ ! m\? ( ! sp]ma!ca1 & at ! same "t add or )hold ! sp]m-cells1 is1 ,i ?9k1 )\t "q1 true4 ,:at gives add$ =ce to ?is view1 is ! fact t o!r bees1 wasps & ants ex]cise ! same volition1 & c h no aid f cell-pressure1 z all ! eggs are laid 9 receptacles ( ! same size4 ,b ! ,b>on ( ,b]leps*1 wor?y to be a fri5d ( ,dzi]zon1 has fully decid$ ! matt]4 ,he has %[n t old drone cells are z small z new work]-cells1 & yet ea* h>bors its own brood4 ,v small que5s1 too1 make no mi/akes4 ,) no drone-cells1 ! que5 w sometimes lay drone-eggs 9 work]-cells1 9 :i* drones w !n be re>$4 ,& w1 if %e mu/1 ?\gh ) great reluctance1 lay work]-eggs 9 drone-cells4 ,be=e lay+ an egg1 ! que5 takes a look into ! cell1 probably to see if all is "r4 ,if ! cell conta9s any honey1 poll51 or an egg1 %e usually passes x by1 ?\gh :5 cr[d$1 a que5 w sometimes1 especially if "y1 ins]t two or ?ree eggs 9 a cell1 & sometimes1 9 su* cases1 %e drops !m1 :5 ! bees %[ _! dislike ( wa/e1 & appreciation ( good liv+1 by mak+ a breakfa/ ( !m4 ,if ! que5 f9ds ! cell to h] lik+1 %e turns ab\t1 ins]ts h] abdom51 & 9 an in/ant ! t9y egg is glu$1 9 position 7,fig4 #bf1 b7 to ! bottom ( ! cell4 ,! que51 :5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! o!r bees ( ! colony1 possesses a surpris+ longevity4 ,x is n surpris+ = h] to atta9 ! age ( ?ree ye>s 9 ! full possession ( h] p[]s1 :ile !y h be5 kn[n to d good "w = five ye>s4 ,que5s1 (t5 at ! expiration ( "o1 two1 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 dep5d+ on _! vigor & excell5ce1 ei!r cease to be f]tile1 or else become impot5t to lay impregnat$ eggs--! sp]ma!ca hav+ become empti$ ( its sp]m-cells4 ,9 su* cases ! work]s usually sup]s$e ! que52 t is !y de/roy ! old que51 ere all ! work]-eggs are gone1 & take ( ! few rema9+ ones to />t que5-cells1 & ?us re> "y1 f]tile & vigor\s que5s4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 ?\gh r>ely1 t a f9e-look+ que51 ) full-=m$ ov>ies1 & l>ge sp]ma!ca1 well-fill$ ) male fluid1 w deposit freely1 b none ( ! eggs w hat*4 ,read]s ( ! bee-publications "k t ,i h frequ5tly receiv$ su* = dissection4 ,! fir/ ,i ev] got 0 a rem>kably f9e-look+ ,italian1 receiv$ f ! late ,dr4 ,haml91 ( ,t5nessee4 ,all su* que5s t ,i h exam9$ seem p]fect1 ev5 ?\gh scrut9iz$ ) a high-p[] objective4 ,we c only say t ! egg is at fault1 z frequ5tly transpires ) high] animals1 ev5 to ! highe/4 ,^! females are b>r52 ?r\gh "s fault ) ! ov>ies1 ! eggs gr[n !re9 are /]ile4 ,to detect j :at is ! tr\ble ) ! egg is a v difficult problem1 if x is capable ( solution at all4 ,i h tri$ to det]m9e ! ultimate cause1 b )\t success4 ,! function ( ! que5 is simply to lay eggs1 & ?us keep ! colony popul\s2 & ?is %e does ) an en]gy t is fairly />tl+4 ,a good que5 9 h] be/ e/ate w lay two or ?ree ?\s& eggs a day4 ,i h se5 a que5 9 my obs]v+ hive1 lay = "s "t at ! rate ( f\r eggs p] m9ute1 & h prov$ by actual computation ( brood cells1 t a que5 may lay ov] ?ree ?\s& eggs 9 a day4 ,lang/ro? & ,b]leps* bo? saw que5s lay at ! rate ( six eggs a m9ute4 ,! latt] _h a que5 t laid ?ree ?\s& & tw5ty-"o eggs 9 #bd h\rs1 by actual c\nt1 & 9 #bj days %e laid fifty-sev5 ?\s&4 ,?is que5 cont9u$ prolific = five ye>s1 & mu/ h laid1 says ! ,b>on1 at a l[ e/imate1 m ?an #a1cjj1jjj eggs4 ,dzi]zon says que5s may lay #a1jjj1jjj eggs1 & ,i ?9k ^! au?ors h n exagg]at$4 ,yet1 ) ev5 ^! figures z an adv]tisem5t1 ! que5 bee _c boa/ ( sup]lative fecundity1 z ! que5 :ite-ant--an insect closely relat$ to ! bees 9 habits1 ?\gh n 9 /ructure1 z ! :ite-ants are lace-w+s & belong to ! sub-ord] ,neuropt]a1 :i* includes our day-flies1 dragon-flies1 etc4--is kn[n to lay ov] #hj1jjj eggs daily4 ,yet ?is poor helpless ?+1 ^: abdom5 is ! size ( a man's ?umb1 & compos$ almo/ :olly ( eggs1 :ile ! re/ ( h] body is n l>g] ?an ! same 9 our common ants1 has no o!r amusem5t2 %e _c walk2 %e _c ev5 fe$ h]self or c>e = h] eggs4 ,:at wond] !n t %e %\ld attempt big ?+s 9 ! way ( egg-lay+8 ,%e has no?+ else to d1 or to feel pr\d (4 ,diff]5t que5s v>y z mu* 9 fecundity z d diff]5t bre$s ( f[ls4 ,"s que5s are s prolific t !y fairly dem& hives ( ,india rubb] to accommodate !m1 keep+ _! hives gu%+ ) bees & pr(itable activity :ile o!rs are s inf]ior1 t ! colonies make a poor1 sickly ef=t to survive at all1 & usually succumb e>ly1 be=e ^? adv]se circum/ances :i* are ev] wait+ to confront all life on ! globe4 ,! activity ( ! que51 too1 is gov]n$ l>gely by ! activity ( ! work]s4 ,! que5 w ei!r lay sp>+ly1 or /op altoge!r1 9 ! int]ims ( /or+ honey1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 %e is /imulat$ to lay to h] utmo/ capacity1 :5 all is life & activity 9 ! hive4 ,x w\ld seem t ! que5 ei!r reasons f conditions1 is taught by in/9ct1 or else t )\t h] volition ! g5]al activity ( ! work]-bees /imulates ! ov>ies1 h[1 we "k n1 to gr[ m eggs4 ,we "k t su* a /imulus is born ( desire1 9 case ( ! high-hold]1 already ref]r$ to4 ,t ! que5 may h control ( ! activity ( h] ov>ies1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 ?r\gh reflex n]v\s action induc$ by ! g5]al excitem5t ( ! bees1 :i* always foll[s active /or+1 is n only possible1 b q likely4 ,! old poetical notion t ! que5 is ! rev]$ & admir$ sov]eign ( ! colony1 ^: pa?way is ev] l9$ by obsequi\s c\rti]s1 ^: p]son is ev] ! recipi5t ( lov+ c>esses1 & ^: w is law 9 ?is bee-hive k+dom1 controll+ all ! activities inside ! hive1 & lead+ ! colony :i!rsoev] !y may g1 is unque/ionably m]e fiction4 ,9 ! hive1 z 9 ! _w1 individuals are valu$ = :at !y are wor?4 ,! que51 z ! mo/ important individual1 is reg>d$ ) solicitude1 & h] removal or loss not$ ) con/]nation1 z ! welf>e ( ! colony is ?reat5$2 yet1 let ! que5 become useless1 & %e is despat*$ ) ! same abs5ce ( emotion t *>act]izes ! de/ruction ( ! drones :5 !y h become sup]num]>ies4 ,x is v d\btful if emotion or s5tim5tality are ev] mov+ =ces among ! l[] animals4 ,!re are probably c]ta9 natural pr9ciples t gov]n 9 ! economy ( ! hive1 & aught t conspires aga9/1 or t5ds to int]cept ! action ( ^! pr9ciples1 becomes an enemy to ! bees4 ,all are int]e/$1 & d\btless m unit$ ?an is g5]ally believ$1 9 a desire to promote ! free action ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,no d\bt ! pr9ciple ( antagonism among ! v>i\s bees has be5 ov]rat$4 ,ev51 ! drones1 :5 !y are be+ kill$ (f 9 ! autumn1 make a sickly %[ ( def5se1 z mu* z to say1 ! welf>e ( ! colony dem&s t su* wor?less vagrants %\ld be ext]m9at$2 s mote x be2 g ahead4 ,! /atem5t1 too1 t !re is (t5 s]i\s antagonism betwe5 ! que5 & work]s1 z to ! de/ruction or pres]vation ( in*oate que5s1 yet 9 ! cell1 is a matt] :i* may well be inve/igat$4 ,x is mo/ probable t :at t5ds mo/ = ! prosp]ity ( ! colony is well und]/ood by all1 & )\t d\bt !re is h>moni\s action among all ! d5iz5s ( ! hive1 to fo/] t :i* w advance ! g5]al welf>e1 or to make w> on :atev] may t5d to int]f]e ) x4 ,if ! c\rse ( any ( ! bees seems wav]+ & inconsi/5t1 we may re/ assur$ t circum/ances h *ang$1 & t c\ld we p]ceive ! be>+ ( all ! surr\nd+ conditions1 all w\ld appe> consi/5t & h>moni\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,drone ,bee1 magnifi$4 ,,! ,,drones4 ,^! are ! male bees1 & are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! hive only f ,may to ,novemb]3 ?\gh !y may rema9 all w9t]1 & are n infrequ5tly abs5t dur+ ! summ]4 ,_! pres5ce or abs5ce dep5ds on ! pres5t & prospective condition ( ! colony4 ,if !y are ne$$1 or likely to be ne$$1 !n !y are pres5t4 ,!re are 9 nature sev]al hundr$ 9 ea* colony4 ,! numb] may & %\ld be greatly r$uc$ by ! api>i/4 ,^! 7,fig4 #ag7 are %ort] ?an ! que51 be+ less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 are m robu/ & bulky ?an ei!r ! que5 or work]s1 & are easily recogniz$ :5 fly+ by _! l\d1 />tl+ hum4 ,z 9 o!r societies1 ! lea/ useful make ! mo/ noise4 ,?is l\d hum is caus$ by ! less rapid vibration ( _! l>ge1 heavy w+s4 ,_! flight is m heavy & lumb]+ ?an t ( ! work]s4 ,_! ligula1 labial palpi1 & maxill--l ! same 9 ! que5 bee--are %ort1 :ile _! jaws 7,fig4 #ba1 a7 possess ! rudim5t>y too?1 & are mu* ! same 9 =m z ^? ( ! que51 b are heavi]1 ?\gh n s /rong z ^? ( ! work]s4 ,_! eyes 7,fig4 #d7 are v prom95t1 meet above1 & ?us ! simple eyes are ?r[n =w>d4 ,_! po/]ior legs are convex on ! outside 7,fig4 #ah71 s1 l ! que5s1 !y h no poll5 baskets4 ,! drones are )\t ! def5sive organ1 hav+ no /+1 :ile _! special sex-organs 7,fig4 #aj7 are n unlike ^? ( o!r insects1 & h already be5 suffici5tly describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,"p ( ,leg ( ,drone1 magnifi$4 t--,tibia4 p--,broad5$ tibia & basal t>sus4 t s--,jo9ts ( ,t>sus1 c--,claws4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,dzi]zon1 9 #ahde1 t ! drones hat* f unimpregnat$ eggs4 ,?is /range ph5om5on1 seem+ly s incr$ible1 is z has be5 %[n 9 speak+ ( ! que51 easily prov$ & beyond "q4 ,^! eggs may come f an unimpregnat$ que51 a f]tile work]--:i* w soon be fur!r describ$--or f an impregnat$ que51 :i* may volunt>ily prev5t impregnation4 ,su* eggs may be plac$ 9 ! l>g] horizontal cells 7,fig4 #bh1 a71 9 mann] already describ$4 ,z /at$ by ,bevan1 ! drone fe$s six & a half days z a l>va1 be=e ! cell is capp$4 ,! capp+ ( ! drone-cells is v convex1 & projects beyond ! plane ( ! same 9 work]-cells1 s t ! drone brood is easily di/+ui%$ f work]1 & f ! d>k] color--! wax be+ ?ick] & less pure--! capp+ ( bo? drone & work] brood-cells enable u easily to di/+ui% !m f honey-cells4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r days f ! lay+ ( ! egg1 ! drones come =? f ! cells4 ,( c\rse v>iation ( temp]ature1 & o!r conditions1 z v>iable am\nt ( diet1 may slightly ret>d or advance ! developm5t ( any brood1 9 ! diff]5t /ages4 ,! drones--9 fact all bees--:5 !y fir/ em]ge f ! cells1 are gray1 s(t1 & appe> g5]ally unsophi/icat$4 ,j :at ! longevity ( ! male bee is1 ,i am unable to /ate4 ,x is probable1 judg+ f analogy1 t !y live till accid5t1 ! work] bees1 or ! p]=mance ( _! natural function causes _! dea?4 ,! work]-bees are liable to kill (f ! drones1 :i* !y d by con/antly bit+ & worry+ !m4 ,!y may also de/roy ! drone-brood4 ,x is n v r>e to see work]s c>ry+ out immature drones ev5 9 mid-summ]4 ,at ! same "t1 too1 !y may de/roy in*oate que5s4 ,su* action is prompt$ by a sudd5 *eck 9 ! yield ( honey1 & ) ! drones is mo/ common at ! close ( ! season4 ,! bees seem v cauti\s & f>-sight$4 ,if ! signs ( ! times presage a fam9e1 !y /ay all proce$+s look+ to ! increase ( colonies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unlimit$ honey1 rapid increase ( brood1 cr[d$ qu>t]s--:atev] ! age ( ! que5--is sure to br+ _m ( ! male bees4 ,:ile any circum/ances t indicate a future ne$ ( drones w prev5t _! de/ruction ev5 9 late autumn4 ,! function ( ! drones is solely to impregnate ! que51 ?\gh :5 pres5t !y may add animal heat4 ,t _! nutrition is active1 is sugge/$ by ! fact1 t ^u dissection1 we always f9d _! capaci\s /oma*s fill$ ) honey4 ,impregnation ( ! que5 always takes place1 z be=e /at$1 :ile on ! w+1 outside ! hive1 usually dur+ ! heat ( w>m sun%9y days4 ,aft] mat+1 ! drone organs adh]e to ! que51 & may be se5 hang+ to h] = "s h\rs4 ,! copulatory act is fatal to ! drones4 ,by hold+ a drone 9 ! h&1 ! ejection ( ! sex-organs is (t5 produc$1 & always foll[$ by imm$iate dea?4 ,z ! que5 only meets a s+le drone1 & t only once1 x might be ask$ :y nature 0 s improvid5t z to decree hundr$s ( drones to an api>y or colony1 :]eas a score w\ld suffice z well4 ,nature takes cognizance ( ! importance ( ! que51 & z %e goes =? amid/ ! myriad dang]s ( ! out] _w1 x is safe/ & be/ t h] /ay abroad be n protract$2 t ! exp]i5ce be n repeat$1 & especially1 t h] meet+ a drone be n delay$4 ,h5ce ! sup]abundance ( drones--especially "u natural conditions1 isolat$ 9 =e/ homes1 :]e rav5\s birds are ev] on ! al]t = insect game--is mo/ wise & provid5t4 ,nature is nev] p5ny wise & p\nd fooli%4 ,9 our api>ies ! ne$ is want+1 & ! condition1 z x exi/s 9 nature1 is n en=c$4 ,! fact t p>!nog5esis prevails 9 ! production ( ! drones1 has l$ to ! !ory t f a pure que51 h[ev] mat$1 mu/ ev] come a pure drone4 ,my own exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 :i* ,i believe are ^? ( all api>i/s1 has confirm$ ?is !ory4 ,yet1 if ! impure mat+ ( our c[s1 horses1 & f[ls1 r5d]s ! females ( mix$ blood ev] aft]w>d1 z is believ$ & taught by _m :o w\ld seem mo/ compet5t to judge--?\gh ,i mu/ say ,i am some:at skeptical 9 ! matt]--!n we mu/ look closely z to our bees1 = c]ta9ly1 if a mammal1 & especially a f[l1 is ta9t$ by impure mat+1 !n we may expect ! same ( insects4 ,9 f[ls su* influ5ce1 if x exi/s1 mu/ come simply f ! pres5ce 9 ! female g5]ative organs ( ! g]m-cells1 or sp]matozoa1 & 9 mammals1 too1 !re is little m ?an ?is1 = ?\gh !y are vivip>\s1 s t ! union & contact ( ! (fspr+ & "m seems v intimate1 dur+ ftal developm5t1 yet !re is no int]m+l+ ( ! blood1 = a membrane ev] sep>ates t ( ! "m f t ( ! ftus1 & only ! nutriti\s & wa/e elem5ts pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,to claim t ! "m is ta9t$ ?r\gh ! circulation1 is l claim+ t ! same result w\ld foll[ h] inhal+ ! brea? ( h] prog5y aft] bir?4 ,i c only say1 t ,i believe ?is :ole matt] is /ill involv$ 9 d\bt1 & /ill ne$s m c>eful1 sci5tific & prolong$ obs]vation4 ,,! ,,neut]s1 ,,or ,,work]-,,bees4 ,^!1 call$ ! bees1 by ,ari/otle1 & ev5 by ,wildman & ,bevan1 are by f> ! mo/ num]\s individuals ( ! hive--!re be+ f #ae1jjj to #dj1jjj 9 e good colony4 ,x is possible = a colony to be ev5 mu* m popul\s ?an ?is4 ,^! are also ! smalle/ bees ( ! colony1 z !y measure b little m ?an "o-half ( an in* 9 l5g? 7,fig4 #ai74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,work]-,bee1 magnifi$4 ,! work]s--z taught by ,s*ira*1 & prov$ by ,mlle4 ,jur9e1 ( ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&1 :o1 at ! reque/ ( ,hub]1 s\ght = & f\nd1 by aid ( h] microscope1 ! abortive ov>ies--are undevelop$ females4 ,r>ely1 & probably v r>ely1 except t a colony is long or (t5 que5less1 z is frequ5tly true ( our nuclei1 ^! bees are s f> develop$ z to produce eggs1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld always be drone eggs4 ,su* work]s--kn[n z f]tile--7 fir/ notic$ by ,riem1 :ile ,hub] actually saw "o 9 ! act ( egg-lay+4 ,except 9 ! p[] to produce eggs1 !y seem n unlike ! o!r work]s4 ,hub] suppos$ t ^! 7 re>$ 9 cells contigu\s to royal cells1 & ?us receiv$ royal food by accid5t4 ,! fact1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,qu9by1 t ^! occur 9 colonies :]e que5-l>v 7 nev] re>$1 is fatal to ! above !ory4 ,lang/ro? & ,b]leps* ?\ght t ^! bees1 :ile l>v1 7 f$1 ?\gh too sp>+ly1 ) ! royal alim5t1 by bees 9 ne$ ( a que51 & h5ce ! accel]at$ developm5t4 ,su* may be ! true explanation4 ,yet if1 z "s api>i/s av]1 ^! appe> :]e no brood has be5 f$1 & s mu/ be common work]s1 *ang$ aft] leav+ ! cell1 z ! result ( a felt ne$1 !n we mu/ conclude t developm5t & gr[?--z ) ! high-hold]--spr+ f desire4 ,! g5]ative organs are v s5sitive1 & exce$+ly susceptible to impressions1 & we may yet h mu* to le>n z to ! delicate =ces :i* w move !m to gr[? & activity4 ,?\gh ^! f]tile work]s are a poor sub/itute = a que51 z !y are incapable ( produc+ any b drones1 & are surely ! h>b+]s ( dea? & ext9ction to ! colony1 yet !y seem to satisfy ! work]s1 = !y w n brook ! pres5ce ( a que5 :5 a f]tile work] is 9 ! hive1 nor w !y suff] ! exi/5ce 9 ! hive ( a que5-cell1 ev5 ?\gh capp$4 ,!y seem to be satisfi$1 ?\gh !y h v slight reason to be s4 ,^! f]tile work]s lay indiff]5tly 9 l>ge or small cells--(t5 place sev]al eggs 9 a s+le cell1 & %[ _! incapacity 9 v>i\s ways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,tongue ( a ,work]-,bee1 mu* magnifi$4 a--,ligula4 c1 c--,maxill4 b1 b--,labial palpi4 d--,p>agloss4 ,! av]age l5g? ( a black work]'s tongue1 z comp>$ ) ?is f an ,italian1 w\ld be f base to a4 ,! work]s1 z might be surmis$ by ! importance & v>iety ( _! functions1 are /ructurally v peculi> ,_! tongues 7,fig4 #bj1 a71 labial palpi 7,fig4 #bj1 b1 b71 & maxill 7,fig4 #bj1 c1 c71 are v mu* elongat$1 :ile ! =m] is v hairy1 & d\bles "u ! ?roat :5 n 9 use4 ,! l5g? ( ! ligula enables !m to rea* into fl[]s ) long tubes1 & by aid ( ! hairs !y lap up ! nect>4 ,:5 ! tongue is big ) its adh]+ load ( sweet1 x is d\bl$ back1 enclos$ by ! labial palpi & maxill1 & !n ext5d$1 ?us los+ its load ( nect>1 :i* at ! same "t is suck$ into ! l>ge honey-/oma*4 ,! bees1 at w1 c =ce ! honey back f ! honey-/oma*1 :5 x is /or$ 9 ! honey-cells or giv5 to ! o!r bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 a--,jaw ( drone4 b--,jaw ( que54 c--,jaw ( work]4 ,! jaws 7,fig4 #ba1 c7 are v /rong1 )\t ! rudim5t>y too?1 :ile ! cutt+ edge is semi-conical1 s t :5 ! jaws are clos$ !y =m an imp]fect cone4 ,?us ^! are well =m$ to cut comb1 knead wax1 & p]=m _! v>i\s functions4 ,_! eyes 7,fig4 #e7 are l ^? ( ! que51 :ile _! w+s1 l ^? ( ! drones1 atta9 ! end ( ! body4 ,^! organs 7,fig4 #c71 z 9 all insects ) rapid flight1 are slim & /rong1 &1 by _! m or less rapid vibrations1 give ! v>iety ( tone :i* *>act]izes _! hum4 ,?us we h ! rapid movem5ts & high pit* ( ang]1 & ! sl[ motion & mell[ note ( cont5t & joy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,"p ( ,po/]ior ,leg ( ,work]1 outside1 mu* magnifi$4 t--,tibia4 b--,rim ( hairs4 p--,poll5 basket4 t s--,jo9t ( t>si1 c--,claws4 ,on ! outside ( ! po/]ior tibia & basal t>sus is a cavity1 made m deep by its rim ( hairs1 kn[n z ! poll5 basket 7,fig4 #bb1 p74 ,9 ^! poll5 baskets is compact$ ! poll51 :i* is ga!r$ by ! m\? organs1 & c>ri$ back by ! f\r ant]ior legs4 ,opposite ! poll5 baskets are regul> r[s ( gold5 hairs 7,fig4 #bc1 e71 :i* probably aid 9 /or+ & compact+ ! poll5 balls4 ,on ! ant]ior legs ( ! work]s1 betwe5 ! femur & tibia1 is a curi\s not* 7,fig4 #bd1 ,c71 cov]$ by a spur 7,fig4 #bd1 ,b74 ,= sev]al ye>s ?is has caus$ speculation among my /ud5ts1 & has attract$ ! att5tion ( obs]v+ api>i/s4 ,"s h suppos$ t x aid$ bees 9 rea*+ deep] d[n into tubul> fl[]s1 o!rs t x 0 us$ 9 scrap+ (f poll51 & /ill o!rs t x enabl$ bees to hold on :5 clu/]+4 ,! fir/ two functions may belong to ?is1 ?\gh o!r honey & poll5-ga!r+ bees d n possess x4 ,! latt] function is p]=m$ by ! claws at ! end ( ! t>si4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,"p ( ,work]'s ,po/]ior ,leg1 inside1 mu* magnifi$4 e--,r[s ( hairs4 t--,tibia4 c--,claws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,ant]ior ,leg ( ,work]1 magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,work]'s ,/+1 magnifi$4 a--,tube4 b b--,b>b$ spe>s drawn out ( tube & turn$ back1 c--,poison sack4 d--,muscles4 ,! work]s1 too1 possess an organ ( def5se 7,fig4 #be71 :i* !y are quick to use if occasion requires4 ,?is is n curv$ z 9 ! que51 b /raight4 ,! gl& :i* secretes ! poison is d\ble1 & ! sack 7,fig4 #be1 c71 9 :i* x is /or$1 is z l>ge z a flax-se$4 ,! /+ prop]1 is a triple organ1 consi/+ ( ?ree %>p spe>s1 v smoo? & ( exquisite poli%4 ,! mo/ highly-wr\ght /eel in/rum5ts1 "u a high magnifi]1 look r\gh & unf9i%$1 :ile ! p>ts ( ! /+ %[ no su* inequalities4 ,"o ( ^! spe>s 7,fig4 #be1 a7 is canaliculate--t is1 x =ms an imp]fect tube--& 9 ?is canal "w ! o!r two 7,fig4 #be1 b1 b71 :i* fill ! vacant space1 & ?us ! ?ree make a complete tube1 & ?r\gh ?is tube1 :i* connects ) ! poison sack1 passes ! poison4 ,! sl5d] spe>s :i* "w 9 ! tube are m>vel\sly %>p1 & project beyond x :5 us$1 & are work$ alt]nately by small b p[]ful muscles 7,fig4 #be1 d71 s !y may pass ?r\gh bucksk91 or ev5 ! ?ick sc>f-sk9 ( ! h&4 ,^! are also b>b$ at ! end ) tee?1 sev5 ( :i* are prom95t1 :i* ext5d out & back l ! b>b ( a fi%-hook4 ,h5ce ! /+ _c be )drawn1 if x p5etrates any firm sub/ance1 & s :5 us$1 x is drawn f ! bee1 & c>ries ) x a portion ( ! alim5t>y canal1 ?us co/+ ! poor bee its life4 ,d>w9 sugge/s t bees & wasps 7 develop$ f ! saw-flies1 & t ! b>bs on ! /+ are ! old-"t saws1 trans=m$ into ! spe>-l b>bs4 ,he does n expla9 :y ^! are s mu* %ort] & m obscure 9 ! que51 & 9 o!r bees & wasps4 ,! honey-/oma* or crop 9 ! work]s 7,fig4 #i1 o7 is well develop$1 ?\gh no l>g] ?an ^? 9 ! drones4 ,:e!r x is m complex 9 /ructure1 ,i d n "k4 ,! work]s hat* f an impregnat$ egg1 :i* c only come f a que5 t has met a drone1 & is always laid 9 ! small1 horizontal cell4 ,^! eggs are 9 no wise diff]5t1 s f> z we c see1 f ^? :i* are laid 9 ! drone or que5-cells4 ,all are cyl9drical & slightly curv$ 7,fig4 #bf1 b1 c7 & are fa/5$ by "o end to ! bottom ( ! cell1 & a little to "o side ( ! c5tre4 ,z already %[n1 ^! are volunt>ily f]tiliz$ by ! que5 z %e extrudes !m1 prep>atory to fa/5+ !m 9 ! cells4 ,^! eggs1 ?\gh s small--"o-sixte5? ( an in* long--may be easily se5 by hold+ ! comb s t ! light w %9e into ! cells4 ,) exp]i5ce1 !y are detect$ almo/ at once1 b ,i h (t5 f\nd x q difficult to make ! novice see !m1 ?\gh v pla9ly visible to my exp]i5c$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,egg & ,brood4 b & c--,eggs4 d1 e1 f & g--,v>i\s sizes ( l>v4 h--,pupa4 i--,pupa ( que51 9 que5-cell4 k1 k--,caps4 ,! egg hat*es 9 ?ree days4 ,! l>va 7,fig4 #bf1 d1 e1 f1 g71 incorrectly call$ grub1 maggot--& ev5 cat]pill>1 by ,hunt]--is :ite1 footless1 & lies coil$ up 9 ! cell till ne> maturity4 ,x is f$ a :iti% fluid1 ?\gh ?is seems to be giv5 grudg+ly1 z x nev] seems to h m ?an x wi%es to eat1 s x is f$ q frequ5tly by ! mature work]s4 ,x w\ld seem t ! work]s fe> an excessive developm5t1 :i*1 z we h se51 is mo/ mis*iev\s & ru9\s1 & "w to prev5t ! same1 by a mean & meag] diet4 ,! food is compos$ ( poll5 & honey4 ,c]ta9ly ( poll51 =1 z ,i h repeat$ly prov$1 )\t poll51 no brood w be re>$4 ,probably "s honey is incorporat$1 z sug> is an ess5tial 9 ! nutrition ( all animals1 & we c\ld h>dly acc\nt = ! excessive am\nt ( honey consum$1 :ile bre$+1 by ! extra am\nt consum$ by ! bees1 consequ5t ^u ! add$ ex]cise requir$ 9 c>+ = ! brood4 ,m4 ,qu9by1 ,doolittle1 & o!rs1 say wat] is also an elem5t ( ?is food4 ,b bees (t5 bre$ v rapidly :5 !y d n leave ! hive at all1 & s wat]1 o!r ?an t conta9$ 9 ! honey1 etc41 _c be add$4 ,?is makes x a "q if wat] is ev] add$4 ,! "t :5 bees seem to ne$ wat]1 & s repair to ! rill & ! pond1 is dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 :5 !y are mo/ busy4 ,may ?is n be quaff$ to slake _! own ?ir/8 ,9 six days ! cell is capp$ ov] by ! work]-bees4 ,?is cap is compos$ ( poll5 & wax1 s x is d>k]1 m por\s1 & m easily brok5 ?an ! caps ( ! honey-cells2 x is also m convex 7,fig4 #bf1 k74 ,! l>va1 n[ full gr[n1 hav+ lapp$ up all ! food plac$ be=e x1 surr\nds itself ) a silk5 cocoon1 s excessively ?9 t x requires a great numb] to appreciably r$uce ! size ( ! cells4 ,^! always rema9 9 ! cell1 aft] ! bees1 escape1 & give to old comb its d>k color & great /r5g?4 ,yet !y are s ?91 t cells us$ ev5 = a doz5 ye>s1 seem to s]ve z well = brood z :5 fir/ us$4 ,9 ?ree days ! insect assumes ! pupa /ate 7,fig4 #bf1 h74 ,9 all insects ! sp9n+ ( ! cocoon seems an exhau/ive process1 = s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 & t is q at l5g?1 ?is act is succe$$ by a v>iable p]iod ( repose4 ,! pupa is also call$ a nymph4 ,by cutt+ op5 cells x is easy to det]m9e j ! date ( =m+ ! cocoon1 & ( *ang+ to ! pupa /ate4 ,! pupa looks l ! mature bee ) all its app5dages b\nd close ab\t x1 ?\gh ! color is /ill :iti%3 ,9 tw5ty-"o days ! bee em]ges f ! cell4 ,! old writ]s 7 q mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t ! adv5t ( ^! 0 an occasion ( joy & excitem5t among ! bees4 ,all api>i/s h notic$ h[ utt]ly unmov$ ! bees are1 z !y pu% ov] & cr[d by ^! new-com]s 9 ! mo/ he$less & disc\rte\s mann] imag9able4 ,wildman tells ( see+ ! work]s ga!r+ poll5 & honey ! same day t !y came =? f ! cells4 ,?is idea is quickly disprov$ if we ,italianize black-bees4 ,we "k t = "s days ^! "y bees d n leave ! hive at all1 except 9 case ( sw>m+1 :5 bees ev5 too "y to fly w essay to g ) ! cr[d4 ,^! "y bees1 l ! "y drones & que5s1 are mu* light] = ! fir/ few days4 ,! work]-bees nev] atta9 a great age4 ,^? re>$ 9 autumn may live = eight or n9e mon?s1 & if 9 que5less /ocks1 :]e little labor is p]=m$1 ev5 long]2 :ile ^? re>$ 9 spr+ w we> out 9 ?ree1 & :5 mo/ busy1 w (t5 die 9 f ?irty to =ty-five days4 ,none ( ^! bees survive ! ye> ?r\gh1 s !re is a limit to ! numb] :i* may exi/ 9 a colony4 ,z a good que5 w lay1 :5 9 h] be/ e/ate1 ?ree ?\s& eggs daily1 & z ! work]s live f "o to ?ree mon?s1 x might seem t =ty ?\s& 0 too small a figure = ! numb] ( work]s4 ,)\t d\bt a great] numb] is possible4 ,t x is r>e is n surpris+1 :5 we rememb] ! num]\s accid5ts & vicissitudes t mu/ ev] att5d ! individuals ( ^! popul\s communities4 ,! function ( ! work]-bees is to d all ! manual labor ( ! hives4 ,!y secrete ! wax1 :i* =ms 9 small pellets 7,fig4 #bg1 a1 a7 "u ! ov]-lapp+ r+s "u ! abdom54 ,i h f\nd ^! wax-scales on bo? old & "y4 ,accord+ to ,fritz ,mll]1 ! admirable ,g]man obs]v]1 s long a travel] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! bees ( ! g5us melipona secrete ! wax on ! back4 ,! "y bees build ! comb1 v5tilate ! hive1 fe$ ! l>v & cap ! cells4 ,! old] bees--=1 z readily se5 9 ,italianiz+1 ! "y bees d n g =? = ! fir/ "o or two weeks--ga!r ! honey1 collect ! poll51 or bee-bread1 z x is g5]ally call$1 br+ 9 ! propolis or bee glue1 :i* is us$ to close op5+s1 & z a cem5t1 supply ! hive ) wat]7871 def5d ! hive f all improp] intrusion1 de/roy drones :5 _! day ( grace is pa/1 kill & arrange = replac+ wor?less que5s1 de/roy in*oate que5s1 drones1 or ev5 work]s1 if circum/ances dem& x1 & lead =? a portion ( ! bees :5 ! conditions impel !m to sw>m4 ,:5 !re are no "y bees1 ! old bees w act z h\se-keep]s & nurses1 :i* !y o!rwise refuse to d4 ,! "y bees1 on ! o!r h&1 w n g =? to glean1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no old bees to d ?is necess>y "p ( bee-duties4 ,an indirect function ( all ! bees is to supply animal heat1 z ! v life ( ! bees require t ! temp]ature inside ! hive be ma9ta9$ at a rate consid]ably above freez+4 ,9 ! *emical processes att5dant ^u nutrition1 mu* heat is g5]at$1 :i*1 z fir/ %[n by ,newport1 may be consid]ably augm5t$ at ! pleasure ( ! bees1 by =c$ respiration4 ,! bees1 too1 by a rapid vibration ( _! w+s1 h ! p[] to v5tilate _! hives1 & ?us r$uce ! temp]ature1 :5 ! wea!r is hot4 ,?us !y mod]ate ! heat ( summ]1 & temp] ! cold ( w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,"u ,surface ( ,bee1 %[+ ,wax betwe5 ,segm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,sw>m+ ,,or ,,natural ,,me?od ,,( ,,increase4 ,! natural me?od by :i* an increase ( colonies among bees is secur$1 is ( great int]e/1 & ?\gh x has be5 closely obs]v$1 & assidu\sly /udi$ = a long p]iod1 & has giv5 rise to !ories z (t5 absurd z s\nd1 yet1 ev5 n[1 x is a f]tile field = inve/igation1 & w repay any :o may come ) ! true _s ( inquiry1 = !re is mu* conc]n+ x :i* is involv$ 9 my/]y4 ,:y d bees sw>m at unseemly times8 ,:y is ! sw>m+ _s s excessive at times & s re/ra9$ at o!r seasons8 ,^! & o!r que/ions we are too apt to ref] to erratic t5d5cies ( ! bees1 :5 !re is no "q b t !y foll[ naturally ^u c]ta9 conditions1 p]haps intricate & obscure1 :i* x is ! prov9ce ( ! inve/igator to discov]4 ,:o %all be fir/ to unfold ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ^!1 z all o!r actions ( ! bees8 ,9 ! spr+ or e>ly summ]1 :5 ! hive has become popul\s1 & /or+ v active1 ! que51 z if consci\s t a home c\ld be ov]cr[d$1 & =esee+ su* dang]1 comm5ces to deposit drone-eggs 9 drone-cells1 :i* ! work]-bees1 p]haps mov$ by l consid]ations1 beg9 to con/ruct1 if !y are n already 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 drone comb is almo/ sure ( con/ruction at su* times4 ,no soon] is ! drone brood well "u way1 ?an ! l>ge1 awkw>d1 que5-cells are comm5c$1 (t5 to ! numb] ( t5 or fifte51 ?\gh !re may be n m ?an ?ree or f\r4 ,9 ^!1 eggs are plac$1 & ! ri* royal jelly add$1 & soon1 (t5 be=e ! cells are ev5 capp$--& v r>ely be=e a cell is built1 if ! bees are cr[d$1 ! hives un%ad$1 ! v5tilation insuffici5t1 or ! honey-yield v b\ntiful--"s bright day1 usually ab\t t5 o'clock1 aft] an unusual disquiet bo? inside & outside ! hive1 a l>ge "p ( ! work]-bees--be+ (f duty = ! day1 & hav+ previ\sly load$ _! honey-sacks--ru% =? f ! hive z if al>m$ by ! cry ( fire1 ! que5 among ! numb]1 ?\gh %e is by no means among ! fir/1 & frequ5tly is q late 9 h] exit4 ,! bees1 ?us />t$ on _! que/ = a new home1 aft] _m upro>i\s gyrations ab\t ! old "o1 d>t =? to alight ^u "s bu%1 limb1 or f5ce1 ?\gh 9 "o case ,i h kn[n ! fir/ sw>m ( bees to leave at once1 = p>ts unkn[n1 )\t ev5 wait+ to clu/]4 ,aft] ?us m$itat+ = ! space ( f "o to ?ree h\rs1 ^u a future c\rse1 !y aga9 take w+ & leave = _! new home1 :i* !y h probably already s\ght out4 ,"s suppose ! bees look up a home be=e leav+ ! hive1 :ile o!rs claim t sc\ts are 9 se>* ( "o :ile ! bees are clu/]$4 ,! fact t bees take a "r-l9e to _! new home1 & fly too rapidly to look z !y g1 w\ld argue t a home is prempt$1 at lea/1 be=e ! clu/] is dissolv$4 ,! fact t ! clu/] rema9s sometimes = h\rs--ev5 ov] night--& at o!r times = a brief p]iod1 w\ld lead u to inf] t ! bees clu/]1 9 wait+ = a new home to be f\nd4 ,yet1 :y d bees sometimes alight aft] fly+ a long di/ance1 z did a fir/ sw>m ! pa/ season1 ^u our ,college gr\nds8 ,0 _! j\rney long1 s t !y mu/ ne$s /op to re/1 or 7 !y fly+ at r&om1 n kn[+ :i!r !y 7 go+8 ,if = any reason ! que5 %\ld fail to jo9 ! bees1 & p]haps r>ely1 :5 %e is among !m1 !y w1 aft] hav+ clu/]$1 return to _! old home4 ,! y\nge/ bees w rema9 9 ! old hive1 to :i* ^? bees1 if !re are any su*1 :i* are abroad 9 que/ ( /ores w return4 ,! pres5ce ( "y bees on ! gr\nd--^? ) flight too feeble to jo9 ! rov]s--w always m>k ! previ\s home ( ! emigrants4 ,soon1 9 sev5 or eight days1 p]haps r>ely a little lat]1 ! fir/ que5 w come =? f h] cell1 & 9 two or ?ree days %e w or may lead a new colony =?1 b be=e %e does ?is1 ! peculi> note1 kn[n z ! pip+ ( ! que51 may be he>d4 ,?is pip+ s\nds l peep1 peep1 is %rill & cle>1 & c be pla9ly he>d by plac+ ! e> to ! hive1 nor w\ld x be mi/ak54 ,x is foll[$ by a l[]1 ho>s] note1 made by a que5 /ill )9 ! cell4 ,"s h suppos$ t ! cry ( ! lib]at$ que5 0 t ( hate1 :ile t by ! que5 /ill imprison$ 0 ei!r ( enmity or fe>4 ,nev] w an aft]-sw>m leave1 unless prec$$ by ?is peculi> note4 ,at successive p]iods ( "o or two days1 "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree m colonies may issue f ! old home4 ,^! la/ sw>ms w all be h]ald$ by ! pip+ ( ! que54 ,!y w be less p>ticul> z to ! "t ( day :5 !y issue1 z !y h be5 kn[n to leave be=e sun-rise1 & ev5 aft] sun-set4 ,! well-kn[n api>i/1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,moon1 once knew a sw>m to issue by moon-light4 ,!y w1 too1 z a rule1 clu/] f>!r f ! hive4 ,! aft] sw>ms are prec$$ by ! que51 & 9 case sw>m+ is delay$1 may be att5d$ by a plurality ( que5s4 ,b]leps* & ,lang/ro? bo? saw eight que5s issue ) a sw>m1 :ile1 o!rs report ev5 m4 ,^! virg9 que5s fly v rapidly1 s ! sw>m w seem m active & def9ite 9 _! c\rse ?an w fir/ sw>ms4 ,! cutt+ %ort ( sw>m+ prep>ations be=e ! second1 ?ird1 or ev5 ! fir/ sw>m issues1 is by no means a r>e occurr5ce4 ,?is is effect$ by ! bees' de/roy+ ! que5-cells1 & sometimes by a g5]al ext]m9ation ( ! drones1 & is g5]ally to be expla9$ by a cessation ( ! honey yield4 ,cells ?us de/roy$ are easily recogniz$1 z !y are torn op5 f ! side1 & n cut back f ! end4 ,sw>m+ out at o!r times1 especially 9 late w9t] & spr+1 is sometimes notic$ by api>i/s4 ,?is is due to fam9e1 mice1 or "s o!r di/urb+ circum/ance1 :i* makes ! hive intol]able to ! bees4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,products ,,( ,,bees2 ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,function4 ,among all insects1 bees /& fir/ 9 ! v>iety ( ! useful products :i* !y give u2 & next to ! silk-mo?s 9 ! importance ( ^! products4 ,!y seem ! m rem>kable & important1 9 t s few insects yield articles ( comm]cial value4 ,true1 ! co*9eal insect1 a species ( b>k-l\se1 gives u an important color+ mat]ial2 ! lac insect1 ( ! same family1 gives u ! important elem5t ( our be/ glue--%ellac2 ! bli/]-beetles af=d an article priz$ by ! physician1 :ile we are indebt$ to "o ( ! gall-flies = a valuable elem5t ( ink ,b ! honey-bee af=ds n only a delici\s article ( food1 b also ano!r article ( no mean comm]cial rank--namely1 wax4 ,we w proce$ to exam9e ! v>i\s products :i* come f bees4 ,,honey4 ,( c\rse ! fir/ product ( bees1 n only to attract att5tion1 b also 9 importance1 is honey4 ,& :at is honey8 ,we c only say t x is a sweet sub/ance ga!r$ f fl[]s & o!r s\rces1 by ! bees4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 give its *emical composition1 :i* w\ld be z v>i$ z ! s\rces f :i* x comes4 ,we _c ev5 call x a sug>1 = x may be1 & always is compos$ ( v>i\s sug>s1 & ?us x is easy to und]/& :y honey v>ies s mu* 9 ri*ness1 color1 flavor1 & effects on dige/ion4 ,9 fact1 x is v d\btful if honey is a manufactur$ article at all4 ,x seems mo/ likely t ! bees only collect x z x is di/ill$ by myriad leaves & fl[]s1 & /ore x up1 t x may m9i/] to _! & our necessities4 ,to be sure1 "s writ]s cont5d t x und]goes "s *ange :ile 9 ! bee's /oma*2 b ! rapidity ) :i* !y /ore1 & ! seem+ entire simil>ity betwe5 honey & sug> f$ to !m1 & ! same imm$iately extract$ f ! comb1 has l$ me to believe t ! trans=m+ p[] ( ! /oma* is v slight1 if1 inde$1 x exi/s at all4 ,to be sure1 ,i h f$ sug>1 giv+ bees empty combs at night-fall1 & f\nd ! flavor ( honey e>ly ! next morn+4 ,9 ?is case1 honey might h be5 already 9 ! bees' /oma*s1 or might h be5 c>ri$ f o!r portions ( ! hive4 ,! me?od ( collect+ ! honey has already be5 describ$4 ,! pr9ciples ( lapp+ & suction are bo? involv$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! /oma* is full1 ! bee repairs to ! hive1 & regurgitates its preci\s load1 ei!r giv+ x to ! bees or /or+ x 9 ! cells4 ,mr4 ,doolittle claims t ! bees t ga!r1 give all _! honey to ! o!r bees1 :i* latt] /ore x 9 ! cells4 ,?is honey rema9s = "s "t uncapp$ t x may rip51 by :i* process ! wat] is p>tially evaporat$1 & ! honey r5d]$ ?ick]4 ,if ! honey rema9s uncapp$1 or is remov$ f ! cells1 x w g5]ally granulate1 if ! temp]ature be r$uc$ bel[ #gj4 ,?is is probably ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ! cane-sug>1 & is a good indication1 z x d5otes sup]ior quality4 ,"s honey1 z t f ! ,s\?1 & "s f ,cali=nia1 seems to rema9 liquid indef9itely4 ,"s k9ds ( our own honey cry/allize mu* m readily ?an o!rs4 ,b t granulation is a te/ t honey is pure1 is untrue2 t x is a sign ( sup]ior excell5ce1 ,i ?9k q probable4 ,:5 !re are no fl[]s1 or :5 ! fl[]s yield no sweets1 ! bees1 ev] desir\s to add to _! /ores1 frequ5tly essay to rob o!r colonies1 & (t5 visit ! refuse ( cid] mills1 or suck up ! ooz+ sweets ( v>i\s plant or b>k lice1 ?us add+1 may be1 un:olesome food to _! usually delici\s & ref9$ /ores4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! que5 nev] lays h] maximum numb] ( eggs except :5 /or+ is go+ on4 ,9 fact1 9 ! int]ims ( honey-ga!r+1 egg-lay+ n infrequ5tly ceases altoge!r4 ,! que5 seems discreet1 gaug+ ! size ( h] family by ! probable means ( support4 ,aga91 9 times ( extraord9>y yields ( honey1 ! /or+ is s rapid t ! hive becomes s fill$ t ! que5 is unable to lay h] full quota ( eggs2 9 fact1 ,i h se5 ! brood v mu* r$uc$ 9 ?is way1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 greatly deplet$ ! colony4 ,?is might be call$ ru9\s prosp]ity4 ,! natural use ( ! honey is to furni% ! mature bees ) food1 & :5 mix$ ) poll51 to =m ! diet ( ! "y bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,"u-side ,abdom51 magnifi$4 a1 a1 etc4--,wax pellets4 ,wax-,scales 9 situ1 magnifi$4 w--,wax-scale4 ,,wax4 ,! product ( ! bees1 second 9 importance1 is wax4 ,?is is a solid1 uncti\s sub/ance1 & is1 z %[n by its *emical composition1 a fat-l mat]ial1 ?\gh n z "s au?ors ass]t1 ! fat ( bees4 ,z already obs]v$1 ?is is a secretion =m$ 9 pellets1 ! %ape ( an irregul> p5tagon 7,fig4 #bg1 w71 und]nea? ! abdom54 ,^! pellets are light-color$1 v ?9 & fragile1 & are secret$ by & mold$ ^u ! membrane t[>ds ! body f ! wax-pockets4 ,neighb\r speaks ( ! wax ooz+ ?r\gh pores f ! /oma*4 ,?is is n ! case1 b1 z ) ! synovial fluid ab\t our own jo9ts1 is =m$ by ! secret+ membrane1 & does n pass ?r\gh holes1 z wat] ?r\gh a sieve4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! wax-pockets on ea* side1 & ?us !re may be eight wax-scales on a bee at "o "t4 ,?is wax c be secret$ by ! bees1 :5 f$ on pure sug>1 z %[n by ,hub]1 :i* exp]im5t ,i h v]ifi$4 ,i remov$ all honey & comb f my obs]v+-hive1 left ! bees = tw5ty-f\r h\rs to dige/ all food :i* might be 9 _! /oma*s1 !n f$ pure sug>1 :i* 0 bett] ?an honey1 z ,pr(4 ,r4 ,f4 ,k$zie has %[n by analysis t n only filt]$ honey1 b ev5 ! nect> :i* he collect$ "r f ! fl[]s !mselves1 conta9s nitrog54 ,! bees comm5c$ at once to build comb1 & cont9u$ = sev]al days1 s long z ,i kept !m conf9$4 ,?is is1 z we %\ld suppose2 sug> conta9s hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 proportion to =m wat]1 :ile ! ?ird elem5t1 c>bon1 is 9 ! same or ab\t ! same proportion z ! oxyg54 ,n[1 ! fats usually conta9 little oxyg51 & a good deal ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,?us1 ! sug> by los+ "s ( its oxyg5 w\ld conta9 ! requisite elem5ts = fat4 ,x 0 f\nd true 9 ! days ( slav]y 9 ! ,s\?1 t ! negroes ( ,l\isiana1 dur+ ! ga!r+ ( ! cane1 w\ld become v fat4 ,!y ate mu* sug>2 !y ga9$ mu* fat4 ,n[1 wax is a fat-l sub/ance1 n t x is ! animal fat ( bees1 z (t5 ass]t$--9 fact x conta9s mu* less hydrog51 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ =mula f ,hess3 ,oxyg5 #g4ej ,c>bon #gi4cj ,hydrog5 #ac4bj --b x is a special secretion = a special purpose1 & f its composition1 we %\ld conclude t x might be secret$ f a purely sac*>9e diet1 & exp]im5t confirms ! conclusion4 ,x has be5 f\nd t bees require ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( honey to secrete "o ( wax4 ,t nitrog5\s food is necess>y1 z claim$ by ,lang/ro? & ,neighb\r1 is n true4 ,yet1 9 ! active season1 :5 muscul> ex]tion is great1 nitrog5\s food mu/ be imp]atively necess>y to supply ! wa/e1 & give tone to ! body4 ,"s may be desirable ev5 9 ! quiet ( w9t]4 ,n[1 z secretion ( wax dem&s a heal?y condition ( ! bee1 x indirectly requires "s nitrog5\s food4 ,x is ass]t$1 t to secrete wax1 bees ne$ to hang 9 compact clu/]s or fe/oons1 9 absolute repose4 ,su* quiet w\ld c]ta9ly seem conducive to mo/ active secretion4 ,! same food c\ld n g to =m wax1 & at ! same "t supply ! wa/e ( tissue :i* ev] foll[s ^u muscul> activity4 ,! c[1 put to h>d toil1 c\ld n give s mu* milk4 ,b ,i f9d1 ^u exam9ation1 t ! bees1 ev5 ! mo/ ag$1 :ile ga!r+ 9 ! honey season1 yield up ! wax-scales1 ! same z ^? )9 ! hive4 ,dur+ ! active /or+ ( ! pa/ season1 especially :5 comb-build+ 0 9 rapid progress1 ,i f\nd t ne>ly e bee tak5 f ! fl[]s conta9$ ! wax-scales ( v>y+ sizes 9 ! wax-pockets4 ,by ! activity ( ! bees1 ^! are n infrequ5tly loos$ f _! position1 & fall to ! bottom ( ! hive4 ,x is probable t wax secretion is n =c$ ^u ! bees1 b only takes place z requir$4 ,s ! bees1 unless wax is dem&$1 may p]=m o!r duties4 ,:e!r ?is secretion is a matt] ( ! bee's w1 or :e!r x is excit$ by ! surr\nd+ conditions )\t any ?\ght1 are que/ions yet to be settl$4 ,^! wax-scales are loos5$ by ! claws1 & c>ri$ to ! m\? by ! ant]ior legs1 :]e !y are mix$ ) saliva1 & aft] ! prop] knead+ by ! jaws1 9 :i* process x assumes a bright yell[ hue--b loses none ( its transluc5cy--x is =m$ into t wond]ful & exquisite /ructure1 ! comb4 ,honey-comb is wond]fully delicate1 ! wall ( a new cell be+ only ab\t #a-ahj ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & s =m$ z to comb9e ! greate/ /r5g? ) ! lea/ exp5se ( mat]ial & room4 ,x has be5 a subject ( admiration s9ce ! e>lie/ "t4 ,t ! =m is a matt] ( necessity1 z "s claim--! result ( pressure--& n ( bee-skill1 is n true4 ,! hexagonal =m is assum$ at ! v />t ( ! cells1 :5 !re c be no pressure4 ,! wasp builds ! same =m1 ?\gh unaid$4 ,! ass]tion t ! cells1 ev5 ! drone & work]-cells1 are absolutely uni=m & p]fect1 is also untrue1 z a little inspection w conv9ce any "o4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,wyman prov$ t an exact hexagonal cell does n exi/4 ,he %[$ t ! size v>ies2 s t 9 a di/ance ( t5 work]-cells1 !re may be a v>iation ( "o diamet]4 ,& ?is 9 natural1 n di/ort$ cells4 ,?is v>iation ( "o-fif? ( an in* 9 t5 cells is extreme1 b a v>iation ( "o-t5? ( an in* is common4 ,! sides1 z also ! angles1 are n con/ant4 ,! rhombic faces =m+ ! bases ( ! cells also v>y4 ,! bees *ange f work] 7,fig4 #bh1 c7 to drone-cells 7,fig4 #bh1 a71 :i* are "o-fif? l>g]1 & vice v]sa1 n by any sy/em 7,fig4 #bh1 b71 b simply by enl>g+ or contract+4 ,x usually takes ab\t f\r r[s to complete ! trans=mation1 ?\gh ! numb] ( de=m$ cells v>ies f two to eight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,rhombs1 ,pyramidal ,bases1 & ,gross-sections ( ,cells illu/rat$4 ,honey-,comb4 a--,drone-cells1 b--,de=m$ cells4 c--,work]-cells4 d d--,que5-cells4 ,! /ructure ( ea* cell is q complex1 yet full ( int]e/4 ,! base is a triangul> pyramid 7,fig4 #bh1 e7 ^: ?ree faces are rhombs1 & ^: apex =ms ! v c5tre ( ! floor ( ! cell4 ,f ! six free or non-adjac5t edges ( ! ?ree rhombs ext5d ! lat]al walls or faces ( ! cell4 ,! apex ( ?is basal pyramid is a po9t :]e ! contigu\s faces ( ?ree cells on ! opposite side meet1 & =m ! angles ( ! bases ( ?ree cells on ! opposite side ( ! comb4 ,?us1 ! base ( ea* cell =ms "o-?ird ( ! base ( ea* ( ?ree opposite cells4 ,"o side ?us braces ! o!r1 & adds mu* to ! /r5g? ( ! comb4 ,ea* cell1 !n1 is 9 =m ( a hexagonal prism1 t]m9at+ 9 a flatt5$ triangul> pyramid4 ,! bees usually build sev]al combs at once1 & c>ry =w>d sev]al cells on ea* side ( ea* comb1 con/antly add+ to ! numb]1 by additions to ! edge4 ,hub] fir/ obs]v$ ! process ( comb-build+1 notic+ ! bees ab/ract ! wax-scales1 c>ry !m to ! m\?1 add ! fro?y saliva1 & !n knead & draw out ! yell[ ribbons :i* 7 fa/5$ to ! top ( ! hive1 or add$ to ! comb already comm5c$4 ,! diamet] ( ! work]-cells 7,fig4 #bh1 c7 av]ages little m ?an "o-fif? ( an in*--,raumur says two & ?ree-fif?s l9es or twelf?s ( an in*4 ,:ile ! drone-cells 7,fig4 #bh1 a7 are a little m ?an "o-f\r? ( an in*1 or1 accord+ to ,raumur1 ?ree & "o-?ird l9es4 ,b ?is di/+ui%$ au?or 0 q wrong :5 he said3 ,^! are ! inv>iable dim5sions ( all cells t ev] 7 or ev] w be made4 ,! dep? ( ! work]-cells is a little less ?an half an in*2 ! drone-cells are slightly ext5d$ s z to be a little m ?an half an in* deep4 ,^! cells are (t5 drawn out s z to be an in* long1 :5 us$ solely z honey receptacles4 ,! capp+ ( ! brood-cells is d>k1 por\s1 & convex1 :ile t ( ! honey is :ite & concave4 ,! "* ( ! cells1 z to size1 t is :e!r !y are drone or work]1 seems to be det]m9$ by ! relative abundance ( bees & honey4 ,if ! bees are abundant & honey ne$$1 or if !re is no que5 to lay eggs1 drone-comb 7,fig4 #bh1 a7 is inv>iably built1 :ile if !re are few bees1 & ( c\rse little honey ne$$1 !n work]-comb 7,fig4 #bh1 c7 is almo/ z inv>iably =m$4 ,all comb :5 fir/ =m$ is cle> & transp>5t4 ,! fact t x is (t5 d>k & opaque implies t x has be5 long us$ z brood-comb1 & ! opacity is due to ! innum]able ?9 cocoons :i* l9e ! cells4 ,^! may be sep>at$ by dissolv+ ! wax2 :i* may be done by putt+ x 9 boil+ alcohol4 ,su* comb ne$ n be disc>d$1 = if compos$ ( work]-cells1 x is /ill v valuable = bre$+ purposes1 & %\ld n be de/roy$ till ! cells are too small = long] s]vice1 :i*1 w n occur till aft] _m ye>s ( use4 ,! function1 !n1 ( ! wax1 is to make comb1 & caps = ! honey-cells1 &1 comb9$ ) poll51 to =m que5-cells 7,fig4 #bh1 d7 & caps = ! brood-cells4 7,see ,app5dix1 page #cja74 ,,poll51 ,,or ,,bee-,,bread4 ,an anci5t ,greek au?or /ates t 9 ,hymettus ! bees ti$ little pebbles to _! legs to hold !m d[n4 ,?is fanciful conjecture probably arose f see+ ! poll5 balls on ! bees' legs4 ,ev5 su* sci5ti/s z ,raumur1 ,bonnet1 ,swamm]dam1 & _m api>i/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 ?\ght !y saw 9 ^! poll5-balls ! s\rce ( wax4 ,b ,hub]1 ,john ,hunt]1 ,du*et1 ,wildman1 & o!rs1 notic$ ! pres5ce & function ( ! wax-pellets already describ$1 & 7 aw>e t ! poll5 s]v$ a diff]5t purpose4 ,?is sub/ance1 l honey1 is n secret$1 nor manufactur$ by ! bees1 only collect$4 ,! bees usually obta9 x f ! /am5s ( fl[]s4 ,b if !y ga9 access to fl\r :5 !re is no bloom1 !y w take ?is 9 lieu ( poll51 9 :i* case ! =m] t]m us$ above becomes a misnom]1 ?\gh usually ! bee-bread consi/s almo/ :olly ( poll54 ,z already intimat$1 ! poll5 is convey$ 9 ! poll5-baskets 7,fig4 #bb1 p7 ( ! po/]ior legs1 to :i* x is convey$ by ! o!r legs1 & compress$ into little oval masses4 ,! motions 9 ?is conveyance are exce$+ly rapid4 ,! bees n infrequ5tly come to ! hives1 n only ) replete poll5-baskets1 b ) _! :ole "u surface ?or\ghly du/$4 ,dissection w also %[ t ! same bee may h h] suck+ /oma* di/5d$ ) honey4 ,?us ! bees make ! mo/ ( _! opportunities4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 notic$ ev5 by ,ari/otle1 t ! bees1 dur+ any trip1 ga!r only a s+le k9d ( poll51 or only ga!r f "o species ( bloom4 ,h5ce1 :ile diff]5t bees may h diff]5t colors ( poll51 ! pellets ( bee-bread on any s+le bee w be uni=m 9 color ?r\gh\t4 ,x is possible t ! mat]ial is m easily collect$ & compact$ :5 homog5e\s4 ,! poll5 is usually deposit$ 9 ! small or work] cells1 & is unload$ by a scrap+ motion ( ! po/]ior legs1 ! poll5 baskets be+ fir/ l[]$ into ! cells4 ,! bee ?us fre$1 leaves ! :eat-l masses ?us deposit$ to be pack$ by o!r bees4 ,! cells1 :i* may or may n h ! same color ( poll5 ?r\gh\t1 are nev] fill$ q to ! top1 & n infrequ5tly ! same cell may conta9 bo? poll5 & honey4 ,su* a condition is easily asc]ta9$ by hold+ ! comb betwe5 ! eye & ! sun4 ,if !re is no poll5 x w be :olly transluc5t2 o!rwise !re w be opaque pat*es4 ,a little exp]i5ce w make ?is det]m9ation easy1 ev5 if ! comb is old4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t que5less colonies ga!r no poll51 b ?is is n true1 ?\gh v likely !y ga!r less ?an !y o!rwise w\ld4 ,x is probable t poll51 at lea/ :5 honey is add$1 conta9s all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( animal food4 ,x c]ta9ly conta9s ! v important pr9ciple1 :i* is n f\nd 9 honey--nitrog5\s mat]ial4 ,! function ( bee-bread is to help furni% ! brood ) prop] food4 ,9 fact1 brood-re>+ w\ld be impossible )\t x4 ,& ?\gh x is c]ta9ly n ess5tial to ! n\ri%m5t ( ! bees :5 9 repose1 x /ill may be s1 & unque/ionably is1 9 "t ( active labor4 ,,propolis4 ,?is sub/ance1 also call$ bee-glue1 is collect$ z ! bees collect poll51 & n made nor secret$4 ,x is ! product ( v>i\s res9\s buds1 & may be se5 to gli/5 on ! op5+ buds ( ! hickory & horse-*e/nut1 :]e x frequ5tly s]ves ! entomologi/ by captur+ small insects4 ,f su* s\rces1 f ! ooz+ gum ( v>i\s trees1 f v>ni%$ furniture1 & f old propolis ab\t unus$ hives1 t h previ\sly se5 s]vice1 d ! bees secure _! glue4 ,probably ! ga!r+ ( bees ab\t c(f9s to collect _! glue f ! v>ni%1 l$ to ! cu/om ( rapp+ on ! hives to in=m ! bees1 9 case ( a dea? 9 ! family1 t !y might jo9 z m\rn]s4 ,?is cu/om /ill prevails1 z ,i und]/&1 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\?4 ,?is sub/ance has great adhesive =ce1 & ?\gh s(t & pliable :5 w>m1 becomes v h>d & unyield+ :5 cold4 ,! use ( ?is sub/ance is to cem5t ! combs to _! supports1 to fill up all r\gh places inside ! hive1 to seal up all crevices except ! place ( exit1 :i* !y (t5 contract1 & ev5 to cov] any =eign sub/ance t _c be remov$4 ,intrud+ snails h ?us be5 imprison$ inside ! hive4 ,raumur f\nd a snail ?us encas$2 ,m>aldi1 a slug simil>ly entomb$2 :ile ,i h myself obs]v$ a bombus1 :i* _h be5 /ripp$ by ! bees ( w+s1 hair1 etc41 9 _! va9 attempts at removal1 also encas$ 9 ?is unique /yle ( a s>cophagus1 fa%ion$ by ! bees4 ,,bibliography4 ,= ^? :o wi% to pursue ^! int]e/+ subjects m at l5g?1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! foll[+ au?ors z specially desirable3 ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,introduction to ,entomology2 ,duncan's ,trans=mations ( ,insects2 ,pack>d's ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,insects 7,am]ican72 ,f4 ,hub]'s ,new ,obs]vations on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,bees2 ,bevan on ! ,honey ,bee2 ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey ,bee 7,am]ican72 ,neighb\r on ,! ,api>y4 ,i h (t5 be5 ask$ to recomm5d su* treatises1 & ,i he>tily comm5d all ( ! above4 ,! fir/ & f\r? are n[ out ( pr9t1 b c be _h by leav+ ord]s at second-h& book-/ores4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,! ,,api>y2 ,its ,c>e & ,managem5t4 ,motto3--,keep all ,colonies ,/rong6 ,,introduction ,,to ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,/>t+ ,,an ,,api>y4 ,9 apiculture1 z 9 all o!r pursuits1 x is all-important to make a good beg9n+4 ,?is dem&s prep>ation on ! "p ( ! api>i/1 procur+ ( bees1 & location ( 8 api>y4 ,,prep>ation4 ,be=e />t+ 9 ! bus9ess1 ! prospective bee-keep] %\ld in=m himself 9 ! art4 ,,read ,a ,,good ,,manual4 ,to d ?is1 he %\ld procure "s good manual1 & ?or\ghly /udy1 especially ! practical "p ( ! bus9ess2 & if accu/om$ to read1 ?9k & /udy1 %\ld c>efully read ! :ole "w4 ,o!rwise1 he w avoid confusion by only /udy+ ! me?ods ( practice1 leav+ ! pr9ciples & sci5ce1 to /r5g!n1 & be /r5g!n$ by1 8 exp]i5ce4 ,unless a /ud5t1 he _h bett] n take a j\rnal till he beg9s ! actual "w1 z s mu* unclassifi$ in=mation1 )\t any exp]i5ce to correct1 arrange1 & select1 w b my/ify4 ,= ! same reason1 he may well be cont5t ) read+ a s+le "w1 till exp]i5ce1 & a ?or\gh /udy ( ?is "o1 makes him m able to discrim9ate2 & ! same reason+ w preclude 8 tak+ m ?an "o bee-p]iodical1 until he has _h at lea/ a ye>'s actual exp]i5ce4 ,,visit ,,"s ,,api>i/4 ,9 ?is "w ( self-prep>ation1 he w f9d great aid 9 visit+ ! ne>e/ successful & intellig5t api>i/4 ,if successful1 su* an "o w h a reputation2 if intellig5t1 he w take ! j\rnals1 & w %[ by 8 conv]sation t he kn[s ( ! me?ods & views ( 8 bro!r api>i/s1 & above all1 he w n ?9k he kn[s x all1 & t 8 is ! only way to success4 ,le>n all y c ( su*1 an "o1 b always let y\r own judgm5t & common s5se sit z umpire1 t y make no plans or decisions t y\r judgm5t does n fully su/a94 ,,take ,a ,,college ,,c\rse4 ,x w be mo/ wise to take a c\rse 9 "s ,college1 if ?is is practicable1 :]e apiculture is ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,"h y w n only get ! be/ tra9+ z to y\r *os5 bus9ess1 z y w /udy1 see & h&le1 & ?us w h ! v be/ aids to decide z to me?ods1 sy/em & app>atus1 b w also receive t g5]al culture1 :i* w greatly enhance life's pleasures & usefulness1 & :i* ev] proves ! be/ capital 9 any vocation4 ,,decide ,,on ,a ,,plan4 ,aft] su* a c\rse z sugge/$ above1 x w be easy to decide z to location1 hives1 /yle ( honey to raise1 & g5]al sy/em ( managem5t4 ,b "h1 z 9 all ! arts1 all our "w %\ld be prec$$ by a well-dige/$ plan ( op]ations4 ,z ) ! f>m] & g>d5]1 only he :o works to a plan c hope = ! be/ success4 ,( c\rse1 su* plans w v>y1 z we gr[ 9 wisdom & exp]i5ce4 ,a good maxim to gov]n all plans is1 g sl[4 ,a good rule1 :i* w insure ! above1 ,pay z y g4 ,make ! api>y pay = all improvem5ts 9 advance4 ,dem& t ea* ye>'s cr$its exce$ its debits2 & t y may surely accompli% ?is1 keep an accurate acc\nt ( all y\r receipts & exp5ses4 ,?is w be a great aid 9 arrang+ ! plans = ea* successive ye>'s op]ations4 ,above all1 avoid hobbies1 & be sl[ to adopt sweep+ *anges4 ,prove all ?+s1 & hold fa/ t :i* is good4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,procure ,,our ,,fir/ ,,colonies4 ,to procure colonies f :i* to =m an api>y1 x is always be/ to get !m ne> at h&4 ,we ?us avoid ! %ock ( transportation1 c see ! bees be=e we pur*ase1 & 9 case !re is any seem+ mi/ake1 c easily ga9 a p]sonal explanation1 & secure a spe$y adju/m5t ( any real wrong4 ,,k9d ,,( ,,bees ,,to ,,pur*ase4 ,at ! same price always take ,italians1 z und\t$ly !y are be/4 ,if black bees c be secur$ = ?ree1 or ev5 = two doll>s less p] colony1 by all means take !m1 z !y c be ,italianiz$ at a pr(it = ! diff]5ce 9 co/1 &1 9 ! op]ation1 ! "y api>i/ w ga9 valuable exp]i5ce4 ,our motto1 too1 w dem& t we only pur*ase /rong colonies4 ,if1 z recomm5d$1 ! pur*as] sees ! colonies be=e ! b>ga9 is clos$1 x w be easy to "k t ! colonies are /rong4 ,if ! bees1 z !y come ru%+ out1 rem9d y ( ,vesuvius at h] be/1 or br+ to m9d ! gu% & ru% at ! nozzle ( ! fireman's hose1 !n buy4 ,9 ! hives ( su* colonies1 all combs w be cov]$ ) bees1 & 9 ! honey season1 brood w be abundant4 ,,9 ,,:at ,,k9d ,,( ,,hives4 ,z plans are already made1 ( c\rse x is settl$ z to ! /yle ( hive to be us$4 ,n[1 if bees c be procur$ 9 su* hives1 !y w be wor? j z mu* m ?an ?\gh 9 any o!r hive1 z x co/s to make ! hive & transf] ! bees4 ,?is w be c]ta9ly z mu* z ?ree doll>s4 ,no api>i/ w tol]ate1 unless = exp]im5t1 two /yles ( hives 9 8 api>y4 ,!re=e1 unless y f9d bees 9 su* hives z y are to use1 x w be be/ to buy !m 9 box hives & transf] 7see ,*apt] ,,vii47 to y\r own hives1 z su* bees c always be b\ght at r$uc$ rates4 ,9 case ! p]son f :om y pur*ase w take ! hives back at a fair rate1 aft] y h transf]r$ ! bees to y\r own hives1 !n pur*ase 9 any /yle ( movable comb hive1 z x is easi] to transf] f a movable comb hive1 ?an f a box hive4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,pur*ase4 ,x is safe to pur*ase any "t 9 ! summ]4 ,9 ,april or ,may--( c\rse y only pur*ase /rong /ocks--if 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york or ,*icago--x w be e>li] fur!r s\?--y c af=d to pay m1 z y w secure ! increase bo? ( honey & bees4 ,if y desire to pur*ase 9 autumn1 t y may ga9 by ! exp]i5ce ( w9t]+1 ei!r dem& t ! "o ( :om y pur*ase insure ! safe w9t]+ ( ! bees1 or else t he r$uce ! sell+ price1 at lea/ "o-?ird1 f 8 rates ! next ,april4 ,o!rwise ! novice _h bett] wait & pur*ase 9 spr+4 ,if y are to transf] at once1 x is almo/ imp]ative t y buy 9 spr+1 z x is vexati\s1 especially = ! novice1 to transf] :5 ! hives are cr[d$ ) brood & honey4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,to ,,pay4 ,( c\rse ! m>ket1 :i* w ev] be gov]n$ by supply & dem&1 mu/ guide y4 ,b to aid y1 ,i w app5d :at at pres5t w\ld be a reasonable s*$ule ( prices almo/ any:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,= box hives1 cr[d$ ) black bees--,italians w\ld r>ely be f\nd 9 su* hives--five doll>s p] colony is a fair price4 ,= black bees 9 hives su* z y desire to use1 eight doll>s w\ld be reasonable4 ,= pure ,italians 9 su* hives1 t5 doll>s is n too mu*4 ,if ! p]son ( :om y pur*ase1 w take back ! movable hives aft] y transf] ! bees1 y c af=d to pay five doll>s = black bees1 & sev5 doll>s = pure ,italians4 ,if y pur*ase 9 ! fall1 require #cc p] c5t1 disc\nt on ^! rates4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,locate4 ,if apiculture is an avocation1 !n y\r location w be fix$ by y\r pr9cipal bus9ess or pr(ession4 ,& "h ,i may /ate1 t if we may judge f reports :i* come f ne>ly e section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,ma9e to ,texas1 & f ,florida to ,oregon1 y c h>dly g amiss any:]e 9 our goodly l&4 ,if y are to engage z a speciali/1 !n y c select fir/ ) ref]5ce to society & climate1 aft] :i* x w be well to secure a succession ( natural honey-plants 7,*ap4 ,,xvi471 by virtue ( y\r locality4 ,x w also be well to look = reasonable prospects ( a good home m>ket1 z good home m>kets are1 & mu/ ev] be1 ! mo/ desirable4 ,x w be desirable1 too1 t y\r neighborhood is n ov]/ock$ ) bees4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact1 t api>i/s ) few colonies receive relatively l>g] pr(its ?an ^? ) l>ge api>ies4 ,:ile ?is may be ow+ 9 "p to bett] c>e1 mu* d\btless dep5ds on ! fact t !re is n an undue proportion ( bees to ! numb] ( honey-plants1 & consequ5t secretion ( nect>4 ,to h ! undisput$ monopoly ( an area rea*+ at lea/ f\r miles 9 e direction f y\r api>y1 is unque/ionably a great advantage4 ,if y desire to beg9 two k9ds ( bus9ess1 s t y\r dang]s f possible mis=tune may be less5$1 !n a small f>m--especially a fruit f>m--9 "s locality :]e fruit-rais+ is successfully practic$1 w be v desirable4 ,y ?us add o!rs ( ! luxuries ( life to ! products ( y\r bus9ess1 & at ! same "t may create additional pa/urage = y\r bees by simply att5d+ to y\r o!r bus9ess4 ,9 ?is case1 y\r location becomes a m complex matt]1 & w dem& /ill great] ?\ght & att5tion4 ,"s ( ,mi*igan's mo/ successful api>i/s are also not$ z successful pomologi/s4 ,= position & arrangem5t ( api>y see ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hives ,,& ,,boxes ,an e>ly *oice among ! innum]able hives is ( c\rse dem&$2 & "h let me /ate ) emphasis1 t none ( ! /&>d hives are n[ cov]$ by pat5ts1 s let no "o buy rights4 ,success by ! skillful api>i/ ) almo/ any hive is possible4 ,yet1 )\t "q1 "s hives are f> sup]ior to o!rs1 & = c]ta9 uses1 & ) c]ta9 p]sons1 "s hives are f> pref]able to o!rs1 ?\gh all may be m]itori\s4 ,z a *ange 9 hives1 aft] "o is once engag$ 9 apiculture1 involves mu* "t1 labor & exp5se1 ?is becomes an important "q1 & "o wor?y e>ne/ consid]ation by ! prospective api>i/4 ,i %all give x a fir/ place1 & a ?or\gh consid]ation1 9 ?is discussion ( practical apiculture4 ,,box-,,hives4 ,i feel free to say t no p]son :o reads1 ?9ks1 & /udies--& success 9 apiculture c be promis$ to no o!r--w ev] be cont5t to use ! old box-hives4 ,9 fact1 ?\ght & intellig5ce1 :i* imply an eag]ness to inve/igate1 are ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! api>i/'s "*4 ,& to su* an "o a box-hive w\ld be valu$ j 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( k9dl+-wood x conta9$4 ,a v s]i\s fault ) "o ( our pr9cipal bee-books1 :i* o!rwise is ma9ly excell5t 9 subject matt] & treatm5t1 is ! fact t x presumes its read]s to be box-hive m54 ,z well make emp]ors1 k+s1 & *ivalry ! basis ( good gov]nm5t1 9 an essay writt5 = ,am]ican read]s4 ,i %all entirely ignore box-hives 9 ! foll[+ discussions1 = ,i believe no s5sible1 intellig5t api>i/s1 su* z read books1 w tol]ate !m1 & t1 suppos+ !y w\ld1 x w\ld be an exp5sive mi/ake1 :i* ,i h no "r to enc\rage1 9 fact1 am b\nd to disc\rage1 n only = ! b5efit ( individuals1 b also = ! art itself4 ,to be sure ( success1 ! api>i/ mu/ be able to inspect ! :ole int]ior ( ! hive at 8 pleasure1 mu/ be able to ex*ange combs f "o hive to ano!r1 to regulate ! movem5ts ( ! 'bees3 by de/roy+ que5-cells1 by giv+ or )hold+ drone-comb1 by extract+ ! honey1 by introduc+ que5s1 & by _m o!r manipulations to be expla9$1 :i* are only practicable ) a movable-frame hive4 ,,movable-,,comb ,,hives4 ,!re are1 at pres5t1 two types ( ! movable-comb hive 9 use among u1 ea* ( :i* is unque/ionably valuable1 z ea* has advocates among our mo/ intellig5t1 successful & ext5sive api>i/s4 ,ea*1 too1 has be5 sup]s$$ by ! o!r1 to ! satisfaction ( ! p]son mak+ ! *ange4 ,! k9d mo/ us$ consi/s ( a box1 9 :i* hang ! frames :i* hold ! combs4 ,! adjac5t frames are s f> sep>at$ t ! combs1 :i* j fill !m1 %all be ! prop] di/ance ap>t4 ,9 ! o!r k9d1 ! frames are wid] ?an ! comb1 & :5 9 position are close toge!r1 & ( !mselves =m two sides ( a box4 ,:5 9 use1 ^! frames are surr\nd$ by a second box1 )\t a bottom1 :i*1 ) !m1 re/s on a bottom bo>d4 ,ea* ( ^! k9ds is repres5t$ by v>i\s =ms1 sizes1 etc41 :]e ! details are v>i$ to suit ! api>i/'s notion4 ,yet1 ,i believe t all hives 9 pres5t use1 wor?y ( recomm5dation1 fall )9 "o or ! o!r ( ! above nam$ types4 ,,! ,,lang/ro? ,,hive4 ,?is 7,fig4 #bi7 is ! hive mo/ 9 use among ,am]icans & ,britons1 if n among all :o practice improv$ apiculture4 ,x is /at$ t ! late ,major ,munn 0 fir/ to inv5t ?is /yle ( hive4 ,he /ates 7see ,bevan1 p4 #cg7 t he fir/ us$ x 9 #ahcd4 ,b1 z sugge/$ by ,neighb\r 9 8 valuable h&-book1 ! inv5tion 0 ( no avail to api>i/s1 z x 0 ei!r unkn[n1 or else ignor$ by practical m54 ,?is inv5tion also orig9at$ indep5d5tly ) ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 ,lang/ro?1 :o br\ght x =? 9 #ahea1 s p]fect1 t x ne$$ sc>ce any improvem5t2 & = ?is gift1 z well z 8 able rese>*es 9 apiculture1 z giv5 9 8 invaluable book1 ,! ,honey-,bee1 he has conf]r$ a b5efit ^u our art :i* _c be ov]-e/imat$1 & = :i* we1 z api>i/s1 _c be too grateful4 ,x 0 8 book--"o ( my old tea*]s1 = :i* ,i h no ^w ( *id+--t l$ me to "s ( ! mo/ delightful inve/igations ( my life4 ,x 0 8 inv5tion--! ,lang/ro? hive--t enabl$ me to make ^? inve/igations4 ,= "o1 ,i %all always rev]e ! "n ( ,lang/ro?1 z a great lead] 9 sci5tific apiculture1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,8 "n mu/ ev] /& beside t ( ,dzi]zon & ! eld] ,hub]4 ,surely ?is hive1 :i* left ! h&s ( ! great ma/] 9 s p]fect a =m1 t ev5 ! details rema9 un*ang$ by _m ( our fir/ bee-keep]s1 %\ld ev] be> 8 "n4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,i pref] & use ! size ( frame fir/ us$1 ,i believe1 by ,mr4 ,gallup1 /ill ,i use ! ,lang/ro? hive4 7,see ,app5dix1 page #bhg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,hive4 ,! ma9 feature ( ! hive %\ld be simplicity1 :i*1 w\ld exclude doors1 draw]s1 & traps ( all k9ds4 ,! body %\ld be made ( good p9e or :ite-wood lumb]1 "o in* ?ick1 ?or\ghly season$1 & plan$ on bo? sides4 ,x %\ld be simply a pla9 box 7,fig4 #cj71 )\t top or bottom1 & ( a size & =m to suit ! api>i/4 ,! size w dep5d ^u our purpose4 ,if we desire no comb-honey1 or desire comb-honey 9 frames1 ! hive may conta9 #d1jjj cubic in*es4 ,if we desire honey 9 boxes1 x %\ld n conta9 ov] #b1jjj1 & may be ev5 small]4 ,if ! hive is to be a two-/ory "o--t is1 "o hive above a simil> hive bel[ 7,fig4 #bi7--;,i pref] t x %\ld be eighte5 in*es long1 twelve in*es wide1 & twelve in*es deep1 inside measure4 ,if simply small frames or boxes are to be us$ above1 ,i w\ld h ! hive at lea/ two feet long4 ,a ?ree-f\r?s in* rabbet %\ld be cut f ! top ( ! sides or ends z ! api>i/ pref]s1 on ! inside 7,fig4 #cj1 c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,! rabbet may equal a little m ?an "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d4 ,heavy t9 /rips 7,fig4 #cc71 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide1 %\ld be tack$ to ! side bel[ ! rabbet1 s z to rea* "o-f\r? ( an in* above ! %\ld]4 ,^! are to be> ! frames1 & are conv5i5t1 z !y prev5t ! frames f becom+ glu$ to ! hive4 ,we are ?us able to loos5 ! frames )\t j>r+ ! bees4 ,i w\ld n h hives )\t su* t9 rabbets1 ?\gh "s api>i/s1 among :om is ,mr4 ,james ,h$don1 ( ?is ,/ate1 ^: rank z a successful api>i/ is v high1 d n l !m4 ,! objection to !m is co/1 & liability ( ! frames to move :5 ! hive is mov$4 ,b ) _! use we are n compell$ to pry ! frames loose1 & are n s likely to irritate ! bees1 :ile mak+ an exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! hive1 :i* argum5ts are conclusive ) me4 ,any "o :o is n a skill$ me*anic1 especially if he has n a buzz-saw1 _h bett] jo9 ! sides ( 8 hives aft] ! /yle ( mak+ common dry-goods boxes 7,fig4 #cj74 ,9 ?is case1 ! sides n rabbet$ %\ld project by1 else ! corn]s w h to be /opp$ up :]e !y 7 rabbet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,bevel-,gauge4 ,! me*anic may pref] to bevel ! ends ( ! bo>ds1 & unite !m by a mit]-jo9t 7,fig4 #cc74 ,?is looks a little bett]1 o!rwise is n sup]ior to ! o!r me?od4 ,x is difficult to =m accurate jo9ts--& z ev]y?+ ab\t ! hive %\ld be ,,accurate & ,,uni=m--?is /yle is n to be recomm5d$ to ! g5]al api>i/4 ,to mit] ) a h&-saw unless "o is v skillful1 requires a p]fect mit]-box1 &1 ev5 !n1 mu* c>e is requir$ to secure p]fect jo9ts4 ,) a buzz-saw ?is is easi]4 ,we h only to make a c>ri] z foll[s3 ,take two bo>ds 7,fig4 #ca4 a1 b71 ea* "o foot 9 l5g?1 & dove-tail !m toge!r1 z ?\gh ) two o!rs y meant to make a squ>e box4 ,be sure t !y =m a p]fect "r-angle4 ,!n bevel ! ends opposite ! angle1 & unite ^! ) a ?ird bo>d 7,fig4 #ca1 c71 firmly nail$ to ! o!rs4 ,we ?us h a triangul> pyramid4 ,?r\gh "o ( ! %ort] faces make longitud9al slits 7,fig4 #ca1 d71 s t ?is c be bolt$ firmly to ! saw-table4 ,9 use1 ! long] face w rea* ! saw1 & f !nce w slant up & back4 ,along ! back edge ( ?is a n>r[ bo>d 7,fig4 #ca1 e7 %\ld be nail$1 :i* w project an in* above x4 ,?is w keep ! bo>d to be bevel$ 9 l9e ) ! c>ri]1 & w reta9 ! "r angles4 ,( c\rse ! bo>ds = ! hive mu/ be p]fect rectangles1 & ( j ! "r l5g? & wid?1 be=e ! bevels are cut4 ,su* a c>ri] 7,fig4 #ca7 ,i ord]$ = my ,b>nes' saw1 f a cab9et-mak]4 ,x 0 made ( h>d wood1 all ?ree jo9ts dove-tail$1 & nicely f9i%$1 at a co/ ( #a4ej4 ,9 saw+ ! ends & sides ( ! hive1 :e!r by h& or ) a buzz-saw1 use %\ld be made ( a guide1 s t p]fect uni=mity w be secur$4 ,,! ,,bottom ,,bo>d4 ,= a bottom bo>d or /& 7,fig4 #cb71 we %\ld h a s+le "o-in* bo>d 7,fig4 #cb1 b7 j z wide z ! hive1 & f\r in*es long]1 if ! bees are to ent] at ! end ( ! hive1 & z long1 & f\r in*es wid]1 if ! bees are to ent] at ! side4 ,?is is nail$ to two pieces ( two by f\r1 or two by two scantl+ 7,fig4 #cb1 a1 a74 ,?us ! hive re/s two or f\r in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,^! scantl+s %\ld ext5d at "o end eight in*es beyond ! bo>d1 & ^! projections be bevel$ f ! edge ( ! bo>d1 to ! l[] out] corn] ( ! scantl+4 ,^u ^! bevel$ edges nail a bo>d 7,fig4 #cb1 d71 :i* %all rea* f ! edge ( ! bottom bo>d to ! gr\nd4 ,we ?us h ! alight+-bo>d1 ^: upp] edge %\ld be bevel$1 s z to fit closely to ! bottom bo>d4 ,if ! hives are to be c>ri$ into a cell> to w9t]1 ?is alight+-bo>d 7,fig4 #ca1 d7 _h bett] be sep>ate1 o!rwise x is m conv5i5t to h x atta*$4 ,x may be made sep>ate at fir/1 or may be easily sep>at$ by saw+ (f ! bevel$ portion ( ! scantl+s4 ,%\ld ! api>i/ desire 8 bees to ent] at ! side ( ! hive1 ! scantl+ 7,fig4 #cb1 a1 a7 %\ld run ! o!r way1 & ! alight+-bo>d 7,fig4 #cb1 d7 %\ld be long]1 & *ang$ to ! side4 ,i h tri$ bo?1 & see no diff]5ce1 s ! matt] may be controll$ by ! ta/e ( ! api>i/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,= an op5+ to ! hive 7,fig4 #cb1 c71 ,i w\ld bevel ! middle ( ! edge ( ! bottom bo>d1 next to ! incl9$ bo>d4 ,at ! edge1 ?is bevel %\ld be ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep & f\r in*es wide4 ,x may decrease 9 bo? wid? & dep? z x runs back1 till at a di/ance ( f\r in*es1 x is "o-half an in* wide & five ?irty-seconds ( an in* deep4 ,?is may t]m9ate ! op5+1 ?\gh ! %\ld] at ! end may be bevel$ (f1 if desir$4 ,) ?is bottom bo>d ! bees are ne> ! gr\nd1 & ) ! slant+ bo>d 9 front1 ev5 ! mo/ tir$ & heavily-lad5 w n fail to ga9 ! hive1 z !y come 9 ) _! load ( /ores4 ,9 spr+1 too1 _m bees are sav$1 z !y come 9 on w9dy days1 by l[ hives & an alight+-bo>d4 ,no hive %\ld be m ?an f\r in*es f ! gr\nd1 & no hive %\ld be )\t ! slant+ alight+-bo>d4 ,) ?is op5+1 too1 ! entrance c be contract$ 9 case ( robb+1 or entirely clos$ :5 desir$1 by simply mov+ ! hive back4 ,"s api>i/s cut an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! hive1 & regulate ! size by t9 slides or triangul> blocks 7,fig4 #bi72 o!rs =m an op5+ by slid+ ! hive =w>d beyond ! bottom bo>d--:i* ,i w\ld d ) ! above 9 hot wea!r :5 /or+ 0 v rapid--b = simplicity1 *eapness & conv5i5ce1 ,i h yet to see an op5+ sup]ior to ! above4 ,i ?9k1 too1 ,i am a compet5t judge1 z ,i h at lea/ a half-doz5 /yles 9 pres5t use4 ,i /rongly urge1 too1 t only ?is "o op5+ be us$4 ,aug] holes ab\t ! hive1 & entrances on two sides1 are worse ?an useless4 ,by enl>g+ ?is op5+1 we secure ample v5tilation1 ev5 9 sultry ,augu/1 & :5 we contract ! entrance1 no bees are lo/ by f9d+ ! usual door clos$4 ,"s ( our be/ bee-keep]s1 z ,messrs4 ,h$don1 ,baldridge1 etc41 pref] t ! bottom bo>d be nail$ to ! hive 7,fig4 #ci74 ,i h su* hives2 h _h = ye>s1 b /rongly object to !m4 ,!y w n p]mit a quick cle>+ ( ! bottom bo>d1 :5 we give a cleans+ flight 9 w9t]1 or :5 we comm5ce op]ations 9 spr+1 :i*1 especially if !re is a qu>t or m ( dead bees1 is v desirable4 ,nor ) _! use c we contract ! op5+ 9 cold wea!r1 or to /op robb+1 )\t ! blocks 7,fig4 #bi71 t9s or o!r traps4 ,simplicity %\ld be ! motto 9 hive-mak+4 ,! argum5ts 9 favor ( su* fa/5+ are3 ,conv5i5ce 9 mov+ colonies1 & 9 fe$+1 z we h n to fa/5 ! bottoms :5 we desire to %ip our bees1 & to fe$ we h only to p\r our liquids into ! hives4 ,( c\rse1 su* po9ts are n ess5tial--only matt]s ( conv5i5ce4 ,let ea* "o decide = himself1 :i* exp]i5ce w enable him to d4 ,,! ,,cov] ,,( ,,! ,,hive4 ,! cov] 7,fig4 #cc1 a7 %\ld be ab\t six in*es high1 & l ! lid ( a trunk4 ,! l5g? & bread? may be ! same z ! body ( ! hive1 & fit on ) bevel$ edges 7,fig4 #cc71 ! body hav+ ! out] edge bevel$1 & ! cov] ! inn]4 ,if we ?us jo9 ! cov] & hive ) a mit]$-jo9t1 we mu/ n be satisfi$ ) any?+ less ?an p]fection1 else 9 case ( /orms1 ! ra9 w beat into our hives1 :i* %\ld nev] be p]mitt$4 ,su* cov]s c be fa/5$ to ! hives ) h+es1 or by hooks & /aples4 ,b unless ! api>i/ is skill$ 9 ! use ( tools1 or hires a me*anic to make 8 hives1 x w be m satisfactory to make ! cov] j l>ge en\gh 7,fig4 #bi7 to %ut ov] & re/ on %\ld]s =m$ ei!r by nail+ in* /rips ar\nd ! body ( ! hive1 "o in* f ! top1 or else inside ! cov] 7,fig4 #bi74 ,if x is pref]r$ to h a two-/ory hive1 ) ! upp] /ory 7,fig4 #cc1 b7 j l ! l[] 7,fig4 #cc1 c71 ?is 7,fig4 #ec7 may jo9 ! l[] by a mit]-jo9t1 :ile a cov] 7,fig4 #cc1 a7 two in*es high1 may jo9 ?is ) a simil> jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,if ! upp] /ory %uts ov] ! l[] & re/s on a %\ld] 7,fig4 #bi7 x may /ill be made to take ! same siz$ frame1 by nail+ pieces "o-half an in* squ>e to ! corn]s1 ^: l5g? %all equal ! di/ance f ! rabbet 9 ! l[] /ory to ! bottom bo>d4 ,n[ nail to ^! upright pieces1 p>allel to ! rabbet$ faces bel[1 a ?ree-eigh?s in* bo>d z wide z ! pieces are long4 ,! top ( ^! ?9 bo>ds w take ! place ( ! rabbet 9 ! l[] /ory4 ,?is /yle1 :i* is adopt$ 9 ! two-/ory hives z made by ,mr4 ,lang/ro? 7,fig4 #bi71 w p]mit 9 ! upp] /ory ! same frames z us$ 9 ! l[] /ory1 :ile two m c be ins]t$4 ,^u ?is upp] /ory a %all[ cov] w re/4 ,su* cov]s1 if desir$1 may be made ro(-l 7,fig4 #cd71 by cutt+ end pieces1 7,fig #cd1 b7 9 =m ( ! gable ( a h\se4 ,9 ?is case !re w be two slant+ bo>ds 7,fig4 #cd1 a1 a71 in/ead ( "o t is horizontal1 to c>ry (f ! ra94 ,! slant+ bo>ds %\ld project at ! ends 7,fig4 #cd1 d71 = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,9 su* cov]s we ne$ ?91 n>r[ ridge-bo>ds 7,fig4 #cd1 c71 to keep all p]fectly dry4 ,^! cov]s look neat1 are n s apt to *eck1 & w dry mu* quick] aft] a ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,if we secure comb-honey 9 crates1 & w9t] out-doors--9 :i* case we %all ne$ to protect 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates--x w be conv5i5t to h a box ( ! same g5]al =m z ! ma9 body ( ! hive1 f six to eight in*es deep1 j l>ge en\gh to set ov] ! body ( ! hive & re/ on %\ld]-/rips1 & )\t top or bottom2 ?is to h su* a cov] z j describ$4 ,su* is ! arrangem5t ( ,s\?>d & ,ranney1 ( ,kalamazoo1 :i*1 on ! score ( simplicity & conv5i5ce1 has mu* to recomm5d x4 ,9 ! above ,i h said no?+ ab\t porticos 7,fig4 #bi74 ,if hives are %ad$ z !y %\ld be1 ^! are useless1 & ,i believe t 9 no case w !y pay4 ,to be sure1 !y are nice = spid]-webs1 & a %ady place 9 :i* bees may clu/]2 b su* are inconv5i5t places to /udy ! wondr\s fabrics ( ! spid]1 ev5 7 he a fri5d ( ! bees1 & ! mo/ successful api>i/ w n =ce 8 bees to hang 9 idle clu/]s ab\t ! hive4 ,,! ,,frames4 ,! =m & size ( frames1 ?\gh n q z v>i\s z ! p]sons :o use !m1 are /ill v diff]5t4 ,"s pref] l>ge frames4 ,i fir/ us$ "o t5 by eighte5 in*es1 & aft]w>d a %all[ frame ab\t sev5 by eighte5 7,fig4 #bi74 ,! advantage claim$ = l>ge frames is t !re are less to h&le1 & "t is sav$2 yet may n small] frames be h&l$ s mu* m dext]\sly1 especially if !y are to be h&l$ ?r\gh all ! long day1 z to comp5sate1 9 "p at lea/1 = ! numb]8 ,! advantage ( ! %all[ frame is1 z claim$1 t ! bees w g into boxes m readily2 yet !y are n consid]$ s safe = out-door w9t]+4 ,?is is ! /yle recomm5d$ & us$ by ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 :i* fact may acc\nt = its popul>ity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r frame 9 common use1 is "o ab\t "o foot squ>e4 ,i use "o elev5 in*es squ>e4 ,! reasons t ,i pref] ?is =m are1 t ! comb seldom breaks f ! frame1 ! frames are conv5i5t = nuclei1 & save ! exp5se ( con/ruct+ extra nucleus hives1 & t ^! frames p]mit ! mo/ compact arrangem5t = w9t] & spr+1 & ?us enable u to economize heat4 ,by use ( a division bo>d1 we c1 by us+ eight ( ^! frames1 occupy j a cubic foot ( space 9 spr+1 & by repeat$ exp]im5ts ,i h f\nd t a hive s con/ruct$ t ! bees always cov] ! combs dur+ ! e>ly cold wea!r1 always gives ! be/ results4 ,z ! honey season comes on m c be add$1 till we h rea*$ twelve1 z _m1 ,i ?9k1 z w ev] be ne$$ = brood4 ,?is 0 ! size ( frame pref]r$ by ,mr4 ,gallup1 & is ! "o us$ by ,messrs4 ,davis & ,doolittle1 & _m o!rs ( our mo/ successful api>i/s4 ,t ?is size is imp]ative is1 ( c\rse1 n true2 t x comb9es z _m desirable po9ts z any o!r1 ,i ?9k1 is true4 ,= api>i/s :o are n v /rong1 especially = ladies1 x is beyond "q sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,con/ruct ,,! ,,frames4 ,9 ?is description1 ,i %all suppose t ! frames desir$ are ( ! =m & size 7,fig4 #ce7 :i* ,i use4 ,x w be easy1 = any :o may desire1 to *ange ! =m at pleasure4 ,= ! top-b> 7,fig4 #ce1 a7 ( ! frame1 use a triangul> /rip twelve & ?ree-qu>t] in*es long1 ) ea* face ( ! triangle "o in* across4 ,sev5-eigh?s ( an in* f ea* end ( ?is1 =m a %\ld]1 by saw+ f "o angle to )9 "o-f\r? ( an in* ( ! opposite face1 s t :5 ! piece is split out f ! end1 ^! projections %all be j "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick ?r\gh\t4 ,= ! side pieces 7,fig4 #ce1 b1 b71 take /rips elev5 in*es long1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* wide1 & "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick4 ,tack ) small brads ! end ( two ( ^! /rips firmly to ! %\ld] ( ! top-b>1 tak+ pa9s t ! end t\*es squ>ely aga9/ ! projection4 ,n[ tack to ! opposite ends or bottoms1 ! ends ( a simil> /rip 7,fig4 #ce1 d7 elev5 & a half in*es long4 ,we %all ?us h a squ>e frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,if comb-f\ndation is to be us$1 & c]ta9ly x w be by ! ent]pris+ api>i/1 !n ! top-b> 7,fig4 #cf1 a7 %\ld be twelve & ?ree-qu>t]s in*es by "o-qu>t] by "o in*1 ) a rectangul>1 in/ead ( a triangul>1 projection bel[ 7,fig4 #cf1 b71 :i* %\ld be "o-f\r? by "o-eigh? in*1 ! longe/ direction up & d[n4 ,?is %\ld be entirely to "o side ( ! c5tre1 s t :5 ! f\ndation 7,fig4 #cf1 c7 is press$ aga9/ ?is piece x w hang exactly f ! c5tre ( ! top-b>4 ,if pref]r$1 ! bottom ( ! frame 7,fig4 #cf1 e7 ne$ n be m ?an half z wide or ?ick z describ$ above4 ,! timb] %\ld be ?or\ghly season$1 & ( ! be/ p9e or :ite-wood4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! frame be made s z to hang v]tically1 :5 susp5d$ on ! rabbets ( ! hive4 ,to secure ?is v important po9t--true frames t w always hang true--!y %\ld always be made ar\nd a guide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,frame1 also ,cross-,section ( ,top-,b>4 ,a ,,block ,,= ,,mak+ ,,frames4 ,?is may be made z foll[s3 ,take a rectangul> bo>d 7,fig4 #cg7 elev5 & a qu>t] by ?irte5 & a half in*es4 ,on bo? ends ( "o face ( ?is1 nail h>d-wood pieces 7,fig4 #cg1 e1 e7 "o in* squ>e & elev5 in*es long1 s t "o end 7,fig4 #cg1 g1 g7 %all lack "o-f\r? in* ( rea*+ ! edge ( ! bo>d4 ,on ! o!r face ( ! bo>d1 nail a /rip 7,fig4 #cg1 c7 f\r in*es wide & elev5 & a qu>t] in*es long1 at "r-angles to x1 & 9 su* position t ! ends %all j rea* to ! edges ( ! bo>d4 ,midway betwe5 ! "o in* squ>e pieces1 screw on ano!r h>d-wood /rip 7,fig4 #cg1 d7 "o in* squ>e & f\r in*es long1 p>allel ) & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* f ! edge4 ,to ! bottom ( ?is1 screw a semi-oval piece ( hoop-/eel 7,fig4 #cg1 b1 b71 :i* %all b5d ar\nd & press aga9/ ! squ>e /rips4 ,! ends ( ?is %\ld n rea* q to ! bottom ( ! bo>d4 ,ne> ! ends ( ?is spr+1 fa/51 by rivets1 an in* /rap 7,fig4 #cg1 a71 :i* %all be /raight :5 ?us rivet$4 ,^! dim5sions are = frames elev5 in*es squ>e1 inside measure1 & mu/ be v>i$ = o!r sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,to use ?is block1 we cr[d ! end-b>s ( our frames betwe5 ! /eel spr+s 7,fig4 #cg1 b1 b7 & ! squ>e /rips 7,fig4 #cg1 e1 e72 !n lay on our top-b> & nail1 aft] :i* we inv]t ! block & nail ! bottom-b>1 z we did ! top-b>4 ,n[ press d[n on ! /rap 7,fig4 #cg1 a71 :i* w loos5 ! frame1 :5 x may be remov$1 all complete & true4 ,su* a gauge n only insures p]fect frames1 b dem&s t e piece %all be cut ) great accuracy4 ,& "s su* arrangem5t %\ld always be us$ 9 mak+ ! frames4 ,! project+ ends ( ! top-b> w re/ on ! t9s 7,fig4 #cc71 & ?us ! frame c be easily loos5$ at any "t )\t j>r+ ! bees1 z ! frames w n be glu$ fa/1 z !y w\ld 9 case !y re/$ on ! wood5 rabbets4 ,! dang] ( kill+ bees is also aboli%$ by use ( ! t9s4 ,:5 ! frames are 9 ! hive !re %\ld be at lea/ a ?ree-sixte5?s in* space betwe5 ! sides & bottom ( ! frames1 & ! sides & bottom ( ! hive4 ,ev5 d\bl+ ?is w\ld d no h>m2 ?\gh a mu* wid] space w\ld v likely receive comb1 & be tr\blesome4 ,frames t fit close 9 ! hive1 or t rea* to ! bottom1 are v inconv5i5t & undesirable4 ,to secure aga9/ ?is1 our lumb] mu/ be ?or\ghly season$1 else :5 %r9kage takes place our frames may t\* ! bottom-bo>d4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! frames may be "o-f\r? ( an in*1 ?\gh a slight v>iation ei!r way does no h>m4 ,"s m51 ( v precise habits1 pref] nails or wire /aples 9 ! side ( ! frames1 at top & bottom1 :i* project j a qu>t] ( an in*1 s z to ma9ta9 ?is unv>y+ di/ance2 or /aples 9 ! bottom ( ! hive to secure ! same end4 ,mr4 ,lang/ro? s arrang$ 8 frames1 & ,mr4 ,palm]1 ( ,h>t1 ,mi*igan1 ^: neatness is only surpass$ by 8 success1 does ! same ?+4 ,i h _h hives ) ^! extra atta*m5ts1 b f\nd !m no special advantage4 ,i ?9k we c regulate ! di/ance ) ! eye1 s z to meet e practical dem&1 & ?us save ! exp5se & tr\ble :i* ! above atta*m5ts co/4 ,,cov] ,,= ,,frames4 ,no?+ t ,i h ev] tri$ is equal to a quilt = ?is purpose4 ,x is a good absorb5t ( moi/ure1 pres]ves ! heat 9 spr+ & w9t]1 & c be us$ 9 summ] )\t j>r+ or cru%+ ! bees4 ,?is %\ld be a real quilt1 made ( firm unblea*$ factory1 duck1 or cambric--,i h us$ ! fir/ ) entire satisfaction = f\r ye>s--enclos+ a ?ick lay] ( batt+1 & hemm$ ab\t ! edges4 ,my wife quilts & hems !m on a ma*9e4 ,! quilt+ is 9 squ>es1 & all is made 9 less ?an fifte5 m9utes4 ,! quilt %\ld be a little l>g] ?an ! top ( ! hive1 s t aft] all possible %r9kage1 x w /ill cov] closely4 ,?us1 :5 ?is is put on1 no bees c ev] get above x4 ,:5 we use ! fe$]1 x may be cov]$ by ! quilt1 & a flap cut 9 ! latt]1 j above ! hole 9 ! fe$]1 enables u to fe$ )\t di/urb+ ! bees1 ?\gh ,i place ! fe$] at ! end ( ! *amb]1 :]e9 are ! bees1 & h only to d\ble ! quilt back :5 ,i fe$4 ,! only objection t ,i "k to ! quilt is1 t ! bees w fa/5 propolis1 & ev5 comb1 betwe5 x & ! frames1 & ?is looks bad4 ,a little c>e 'w make ?is a small objection4 ,mr4 ,lang/ro? us$ a bo>d above ! frames1 :i* ,mr4 ,h$don uses ev5 n[4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,h$don nev] us$ ! quilts4 ,p]haps 8 love ( ord] & neatness caus$ him to disc>d !m4 ,/ill1 ,i feel to ?ank ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root = call+ my att5tion to quilts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,,division ,,bo>d4 ,a close-fitt+ division bo>d 7,fig4 #ch7 = contract+ ! *amb]1 is v important1 & ?\gh unappreciat$ by _m excell5t api>i/s1 /ill no hive is complete )\t x4 ,i f9d x especially valuable 9 w9t] & spr+1 & useful at all seasons4 ,?is is made ! same =m z ! frames1 ?\gh all bel[ ! top-b>--:i* consi/s ( a /rip ?irte5 in*es long by "o in* by ?ree-eigh?s1 & is nail$ firmly to ! bo>d bel[--is a solid in* bo>d 7,fig4 #ch1 b71 :i* is exactly "o foot squ>e1 s t x fits closely to ! inside ( ! hive4 ,if desir$1 ! edges 7,fig4 #ch1 e1 e7 c be bevel$1 z se5 9 ! figure4 ,:5 ?is is ins]t$ 9 ! hive x entirely sep>ates ! *amb] into two *amb]s1 s t an insect mu* small] ?an a bee c\ld n pass f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root makes "o ( clo?1 *aff1 etc4 ,yet1 ,i ?9k few api>i/s w\ld bo!r ) s mu* ma*9]y4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,port]1 ,secret>y ( ! ,mi*igan ,association1 makes ! bo>d a little loose1 & !n ins]ts a rubb] /rip 9 a groove saw$ 9 ! edges4 ,?is keeps ! bo>d snug1 & makes its ins]tion easy1 ev5 ?\gh heat may %r9k or damp may swell ei!r ! bo>d or hive4 ,i h n tri$ ?is1 b l ! sugge/ion4 ,! use ( ! division bo>d is to contract ! *amb] 9 w9t]1 to v>y x s z to keep combs cov]$ 9 spr+1 to conv]t ! hive into a nucleus hive1 & to contract ! *amb] 9 ! upp]-/ory ( a two-/ory hive1 :5 fir/ add+ frames to secure surplus comb-honey4 ,,! ,,hub] ,,hive4 ,! o!r type ( hives orig9at$ :5 ,hub] h+$ sev]al ( 8 leaf or unicomb hives toge!r1 s t ! frames w\ld op5 l ! leaves ( a book2 ?\gh x has be5 /at$ t ! ,grecians _h1 9 e>ly times1 some?+ simil>4 ,9 #ahff1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,f4 ,b+ham1 !n ( ,new ,york1 improv$ ^u ! ,hub] hive1 secur+ a pat5t on 8 triangul> frame hive4 ,?is1 s f> z ,i c judge1 0 ! ,hub] hive made practical4 ,9 #ahfh1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,sn[1 !n ( ,new ,york1 n[ ( ,m9nesota1 procur$ a pat5t on 8 hive1 :i* 0 ess5tially ! same z ! hives n[ kn[n z ! ,qu9by & ,b+ham hives4 ,soon aft]1 ! late ,mr4 ,qu9by br\ght =? 8 hive1 :i* is ess5tially ! same z ! above1 only diff]+ 9 details4 ,no pat5t 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,qu9by1 ^: great he>t & b\ndless g5]osity ende>$ him to all acqua9tances4 ,^? :o knew him be/1 nev] tire ( prais+ ! unselfi% acts & life ( ?is noble man4 ,if we except ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 no man has probably done s mu* to promote ! int]e/ & gr[? ( improv$ apiculture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 hive1 8 book1 8 views ( w9t]+1 8 introduction ( ! bell[s-smok]--a gift to api>i/s--all speak 8 praise z a man & an api>i/4 ,! fact t ! ,b+ham hive1 z n[ made1 is a great favorite ) ^? :o h us$ x1 & is pron\nc$ by s capable a judge z ,mr4 ,h$don1 to be ! be/ movable-comb hive 9 exi/5ce1 t ,mr4 ,qu9by pref]r$ ?is /yle or type ( hive1 t ! ,qu9by =m is us$ by ! ,he!r+ton bro!rs4 ,capta9 ,j4 ,e41 ! pr9ce ( ,am]ican api>i/s1 & ,o4 ,j41 ^: neatness1 precision1 & me*anical skill are en\gh to awak5 envy2 t ! ,russell hive is b a modification ( ! same type1 are surely en\gh to awak5 curiosity & bespeak a description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,frame1 ,bottom-,bo>d & ,frame-,support ( ,qu9by ,hive4 ,! ,qu9by hive 7,fig4 #ci71 z us$ by ! ,he!r+ton bro!rs1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( rectangul> frames 7,fig4 #ci7 twelve by sev5te5 in*es1 outside measure4 ,! ends ( ^! frames are "o & a half in*es wide & half an in* ?ick4 ,! top & bottom "o in* wide & half an in* ?ick4 ,! out] half ( ! ends projects "o-f\r? ( an in* beyond ! top & bottom4 ,?is projection is l9$ ) %eet iron1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 a groove :i* runs "o in* into ea* end ( ! end-pieces & are tack$ by ! same nails t fa/5 ! end-b>s to ! top & bottom-b>s4 ,?is iron at ! end ( ! b> b5ds 9 at "r-angles 7,fig4 #ci1 a1 a71 & ext5ds "o-f\r? ( an in* p>allel ) ! top & bottom-b>s4 ,?us1 :5 ^! frames /& side by side1 ! ends are close1 :ile half-in* op5+s ext5d betwe5 ! top & bottom-b>s ( adjac5t frames4 ,! bottom-b>s1 too1 are "o-f\r? ( an in* f ! bottom-bo>d4 ,tack$ to ! bottom-bo>d1 9 l9e ) ! position ( ! back end-b>s ( ! frames is an in* /rip ( %eet-iron 7,fig4 #ci1 b1 b7 sixte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,"o-?ird ( ?is /rip1 f ! front edge back1 is b5t ov] s x lies n q 9 contact ) ! second ?ird1 :ile ! po/]ior ?ird receives ! tacks :i* hold x to ! bottom-bo>d4 ,n[1 :5 9 use ?is iron flange receives ! hooks on ! corn]s ( ! frames1 s t ! frames are held firmly1 & c only be mov$ back & sidewise4 ,9 look+ at ! bees we c sep>ate ! combs at once1 at any place4 ,! *amb] c be enl>g$ or dim9i%$ simply by add+ or )draw+ frames4 ,z ! hooks are on all f\r corn]s ( ! frames1 ! frames c be ei!r end back1 or ei!r side up4 ,bo>ds ) ! iron hooks close ! sides ( ! brood cavity1 :ile a quilt cov]s ! frames4 ,! entrance 7,fig4 #ci1 e7 is cut 9 ! bottom-bo>d z already expla9$1 except t ! lat]al edges are kept p>allel4 ,a /rip ( %eet-iron 7,fig4 #ci1 d7 is tack$ across ?is1 on :i* re/ ! ends ( ! front end-b>s ( ! frames :i* /& above1 & und]nea? :i* pass ! bees z !y come to & g f ! hive4 ,a box1 )\t bottom & ) movable top1 cov]s all1 leav+ a space f f\r to six in*es above & on all sides betwe5 x & ! frames4 ,?is gives *ance to pack ) *aff 9 w9t]1 & = side & top /or+ 9 sections or boxes 9 summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,frames & ,bottom-,bo>d ( ! ,b+ham ,hive4 ,! ,b+ham hive 7,fig4 #dj7 is n only rem>kably simple1 b is z rem>kable = its %all[ dep?2 ! frames be+ only five in*es high4 ,^! h no bottom-b>4 ,! end-b>s are "o & a half in*es wide1 & ! top-b> squ>e4 ,! nails t hold ! end-b>s pass into ! end ( ! top-b>1 :i* is usually plac$ diagonally1 s t an edge1 n a face1 is bel[2 ?\gh "s are made ) a face bel[ 7,fig4 #dj1 f71 to be us$ :5 comb is transf]r$4 ,! frames are held toge!r by two wires1 "o at ea* end4 ,ea* wire 7,fig4 #dj1 a7 is a little long] ?an twice ! wid? ( ! hive :5 ! maximum numb] ( frames are us$4 ,! ends ( ea* wire are unit$ & plac$ ab\t nails 7,fig4 #dj1 b1 b7 9 ! ends ( ! bo>ds 7,fig4 #dj1 c1 c7 :i* =m ! sides ( ! brood-*amb]4 ,a small /ick 7,fig4 #dj1 a7 spreads ^! wires1 & br+s ! frames close toge!r4 ,a box )\t bottom & ) movable cov]1 is plac$ ab\t ! frames4 ,?is is l>ge en\gh & high en\gh to p]mit ( *aff pack+ 9 w9t] & spr+4 ,! bottom-bo>d may be made l ! "o already describ$4 ,mr4 ,b+ham does n bevel ! bottom-bo>d1 b places la? "u ?ree sides ( ! brood-*amb]1 ! la? be+ nail$ to ! bottom-bo>d--& !n uses ! blocks to contract ! entrance 7,fig4 #dj1 g74 ,! advantages ( ?is hive are1 simplicity1 great space above = surplus frames or boxes1 capability ( be+ plac$ "o hive above ano!r to any height desir$1 :ile ! frames may be rev]s$1 end = end1 or bottom = top1 or ! :ole brood-*amb] turn$ up-side d[n4 ,?us1 by d\bl+1 we may h a dep? ( t5 in*es = w9t]4 ,! objection :i* ,i h f\nd 9 ! simil> ,russell hive1 is dang] ( kill+ bees 9 rapid h&l+4 ,9 ! ,russell hive ! side-b>s are halv$ toge!r1 & held 9 place by +5i\sly contriv$ wire hooks4 ,!re are no bottom-b>s4 ,i h us$ none ( ^! except ! ,russell4 ,!y c be manipulat$ ) rapidity1 if we c>e n h[ _m bees we cru%4 ,x hurts me to kill a bee1 & s ,i f9d ! ,lang/ro? /yle m quickly manipulat$4 ,mr4 ,sn[1 too1 :o 0 ! fir/ to make ! above /yle ( hive1 has disc>d$ x 9 favor ( ! ,lang/ro?4 ,8 objection to ! above1 is ! fact t ! v>i\s combs are n sure to be s built z to be int]*angeable4 ,yet t su* api>i/s z ^? above nam$ pref] ^! ,hub] hives1 aft] long use ( ! o!r /yle1 is c]ta9ly n )\t significance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,procur+ ,,comb-,,honey4 ,al?\gh ,i feel sure t extract$-honey w gr[ m & m into favor1 yet x w nev] sup]s$e ! beautiful comb1 :i*1 f its exquisite flavor & attractive appe>ance1 has always be51 & always w be1 admir$ & desir$4 ,s1 no hive is complete )\t its arrangem5t ( boxes1 section-frames1 & crates1 all con/ruct$ ) ! view ( secur+ ?is delectable comb-honey 9 ! =m t w be mo/ irresi/ible4 ,,boxes4 ,^! are = surplus comb-honey 9 ! mo/ salable =m4 ,!y may be ( any size t be/ suits ! ta/e ( ! api>i/1 & ! pulse ( ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,x is well t ! sides ( ^! be ( glass4 ,su* 7,fig4 #da7 may be made z foll[s3 ,= top & bottom procure s(t-wood bo>ds "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick & ( ! size desir$1 "o = ! bottom & ! o!r = ! top ( ! box4 ,take f\r pieces half an in* squ>e & z long z ! desir$ height ( ! honey-box4 ,9 two adjac5t sides ( ^! saw grooves 9 :i* may slip common glass4 ,^! are = corn] pieces4 ,n[ tack ) small brads ! corn]s ( ! bottom-bo>d to ! ends ( ^! pieces1 !n slide 9 ! glass1 & 9 simil> way tack ! top-bo>d to ! o!r ends4 ,?r\gh ! bottom-bo>d holes may be bor$ s t ! bees may ent]4 ,a simil> box is made by ,a4 ,h4 ,russell1 ( ,adrian1 ,mi*41 except t t9 =ms ! corn]s4 ,^! may be made to take f "o to ?ree combs1 & are c]ta9ly v attractive4 ,if made small & set 9 a crate s t all c\ld be remov$ at once1 !y w\ld leave little to be desir$4 ,! ,i%am box 7,fig4 #db7 is ess5tially l ! ,russell2 only ! t9 at ! corn]s is fa/5$ diff]5tly4 ,surely1 all great m9ds d run 9 ! same *annel4 ,ano!r =m 7,fig4 #dc7 :i* ,i f9d v desirable1 & :i* ,i us$ 9 ,cali=nia 7:]e !y 7 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,h>bison7 m ?an t5 ye>s ago1 is made z foll[s3 ,dress (f common la? s t !y are smoo?1 cut (f two l5g?s ! desir$ height ( ! box1 & "o ! desir$ wid?2 tack ?is la/ piece to ! ends ( ! o!r two1 & to ! o!r end tack a simil> /rip only half z wide4 ,we n[ h a squ>e frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,place su* frames side by side till a box is made ( ! desir$ l5g?4 ,to hold ^! toge!r1 we h n[ only to tack on ei!r side "o or two pieces ( t91 putt+ a tack into ea* section1 ?us =m+ a compact box )\t ends4 ,! end frames %\ld h a :ole piece ( la? = ! bottom1 & grooves %\ld be cut 9 ! bottom & top la?s1 s t a glass may be put 9 ! ends4 ,( c\rse !re is ample *ance = ! bees to ent] f bel[4 ,n[1 by plac+ small pieces ( comb1 or artificial comb f\ndation1 :i* ranks z a discov]y ) ! movable-frame hive & honey-extractor1 on ! top ( ea* frame 7,fig4 #dc71 ! bees w be l$ to con/ruct a sep>ate comb 9 ea* frame1 & ea* frame may be sold by ! retail deal] sep>ately1 by simply draw+ ! tacks f ! t9s4 ,b>k] & ,dic]1 ( ,m>%all1 ,mi*igan1 make a v neat sectional honey-box1 :i* is q l ! above1 except t pap] pa/$ ov] ! frames takes ! place ( ! t9s4 ,^!1 too1 h wood sep>ators z us$ & sold by ! g5tlem5 nam$4 ,! honey-boxes may be plac$ directly on ! frames1 or 9 case ! que5 makes tr\ble by ent]+ !m to deposit eggs--a tr\ble :i* ,i h seldom met1 p]haps because ,i give h] en\gh to d bel[--we c plaice /rips "o-f\r? ( an in* squ>e betwe5 ! frames & boxes4 ,9 case we "w ext5sively = box honey1 we %\ld h a rack or crate s made t we c remove all ! boxes at once2 9 :i* case to exam9e ! bees we w\ld n h to remove all ! boxes sep>ately4 ,,small ,,frames ,,or ,,sections4 ,honey 9 boxes1 unless !y consi/ ( sections z j describ$1 _c compete ) honey 9 small frames1 9 our pres5t m>kets1 & )\t d\bt !y w fall m & m into disfavor4 ,9 fact1 !re is no app>atus = secur+ comb-honey t promises s well z ^! sections4 ,t !y are j ! ?+ to enable u to tickle ! m>ket is %[n by _! rapid gr[? 9 popul> favor4 ,?ree ye>s ago ,i pr$ict$1 at "o ( our ,/ate ,conv5tions1 t !y w\ld soon replace boxes1 & 0 laugh$ at4 ,ne>ly all :o !n laugh$1 n[ use ^! sections4 ,!y are *eap1 & ) _! use we c get m honey1 & 9 a =m t w make x irresi/ible4 ,,requisites ,,( ,,good ,,sections ,! wood %\ld be :ite1 ! size small1 f f\r to six in*es squ>e1 ! sections capable ( be+ glass$1 at lea/ on ! faces1 n too mu* cut (f f brood-*amb]1 *eap1 easily made1 & s arrang$ z to be put on or tak5 (f ! hive en masse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,description4 ,! /yle ( section :i* ,i ?9k w soon replace all o!rs1 is easily made1 z foll[s3 ,= a section f\r in*es squ>e take a /rip ( clean1 :ite v5e]--cut f basswood1 popl> or :ite-wood--su* z is us$ to make b]ry-boxes1 two in*es wide & tw5ty in*es long2 = l>g] sections make x proportionally long]4 ,make a %all[ cut e f\r in*es at "r-angles to ! sides--?\gh !y w d ?is1 if ask$ to1 at ! factory4 ,n[ ) a *isel 7,fig4 #dd7 f\r in*es long1 ) "o-eigh? in* projections at "r-angles to ! ma9 blade1 cut out sections on ! opposite edges ( ! ma9 /rip--:i* w leave op5+s "o-eigh? in* by f\r in*es1 betwe5 ! fir/ & second %all[ cut & ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,we n[ b5d ?is ar\nd a squ>e block 7,fig4 #de7 :i* w j fill x1 lett+ ! ends ov]-lap1 & drive ?r\gh ^! ov]-lapp+ sections "o or two small wr\ght brads on to an iron1 7,fig4 #de1 b7 set into ! block1 by :i* !y w be cl9*$4 ,or1 by us+ glue1 we may disp5se ) ! block4 ,n[1 if y\r m>ket requires glass$ sections1 or if y wi% to ins]t divid]s1 ei!r t9 or wood1 glue po/s "o-f\r? ( an in* squ>e1 f\r 9 ea* section along ! uncut sides "o-eigh? in* f ! edges4 ,! ends ( ^! w j come flu% ) ! g\g$ edges above & bel[4 ,n[1 by use ( t9s su* z are us$ to fa/5 w9d[-glass1 ^! c be glass$1 or if desir$1 ea* "o c receive a t9 or wood5 sep>ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,if ?is glu+ 9 ( ! pieces is ?\ght too tr\blesome1 we may /ill a*ieve ! same end by us+ t9 sep>ators 9 our crates1 & !n glass our sections by cutt+ a squ>e glass1 j ! size ( ! section1 outside measure1 & ) heavy :ite pap] pa/e two ( ^! glass to ! sections4 ,?is makes ea* section p]fectly close1 & is ! me?od devis$ by ,s\?>d & ,ranney = practice ! com+ season4 ,a pa/e made ( dextr9e1 tragacan?1 or ev5 fl\r1 w answ] to fa/5 ! /rips ( pap]1 :i* ne$ n be m ?an "o in* wide4 ,a little c>bolic acid1 or salicylic acid 9 solution1 w keep ! pa/e f s\r+4 ,e api>i/ c make ^! sections = himself1 & ?us save freight & pr(its ( mak+4 ,!y are neat1 v *eap--co/+ b two mills ea*--& are made /rong by use ( ! glu$ po/s4 ,!y are also light4 ,v soon our cu/om]s w object to buy+ wood & glass1 if our unglass$ sections ( comb-honey are kept 9 close glass$ crates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,! ,he!r+ton bro!rs make a v neat section1 z foll[s3 ,! top & bottom are ea* two in*es wide1 ( "o-qu>t] in* :ite p9e4 ,^! receive a groove "o-eigh? in* f ! ends1 :i* receives ! sides1 "o in* wide & "o-eigh? in* ?ick1 :i* is press$ ?r\gh to a c5tral position & glu$4 ,?is section is five & a half in*es squ>e4 ,!y use wood5 divid]s 7,fig4 #df1 a7 "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 z long z ! section1 b "o in* less 9 height1 s t bel[ & above is a half-in* space1 :i* p]mits ! bees to pass readily f "o section to ano!r4 ,^! are held by a half-in* /rip ( t9 7,fig4 #df1 b1 b71 :i* passes ?r\gh a groove 7,fig4 #df1 c7 9 ! ends ( ! divid]s1 & rea*es half an in* f>!r2 !n turns at "r-angles & ends 9 a po9t 7,fig4 #df1 b71 :i*1 :5 9 use1 /icks into ! top or bottom pieces2 & s ! f\r po9ts hold ! divid]s 9 place4 ,:5 ready to sell1 !y ins]t half-in* glass 9 ! grooves ea* side ! n>r[ side-pieces1 & ) t9s fa/5 glass on ! faces1 & h a v h&some section4 ,i ?9k ?is pref]able to ! ,russell or ,i%am box or section1 z ! "o-in* /rip ( wood cov]s ! "p ( ! comb :]e x is fa/5$ to ! sides1 :i* is nev] attractive1 :ile ! re/ is all glass$4 ,su* sections 7 prais$ 9 ,new ,york & ,c9c9nati la/ season z v f9e & neat2 equal1 if n sup]ior1 to all o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root pref]s sections made z are *ildr5's toy-blocks1 ! sides fa/5$ by a sort ( mortise & t5non arrangem5t 7,fig4 #dg74 ,i h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,james ,h$don a simil> section1 b neat] & m f9i%$1 :i* is made 9 ,v]mont4 ,^! are too complex to be made )\t ma*9]y1 are no bett] = _! fancy corn]s--9 fact1 !y are n z /rong z is desirable--&1 z we _c af=d to pur*ase our app>atus :5 we c z well make x ourselves1 ,i _c recomm5d !m = g5]al use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! ,phelps-,:eel]-,bets+] sections 7,fig4 #dh7 are ess5tially ! same4 ,! top & bottom are a little m n>r[ ?an ! sides1 & are nail$ to !m4 ,! ,:eel] sections-inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,t4 ,:eel]1 ,mexico1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahgj--;are rem>kable = be+ ! fir/ 7,fig4 #eb1 ,k7 to be us$ ) t9 sep>ators 7,fig4 #eb1 ,m74 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! bottoms "o-qu>t] ( an in* n>r[] = a passage1 ,mr4 ,:eel] made an op5+ 9 ! bottom1 z does ,mr4 ,russell4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,place ,,sections ,,9 ,,position4 ,!re are two me?ods1 ea* ( :i* is excell5t1 & has1 z x well may1 e>ne/ advocates--"o by use ( crates1 ! o!r by frames4 ,,sections ,,9 ,,frames4 ,i pref] ?is me?od1 p]haps because ,i h us$ x mo/4 ,^! frames 7,fig4 #di7 are made ! same size z ! frames 9 ! brood-*amb]1 except t !y are made ( /rips two in*es wide1 & "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick1 ?\gh ! bottom-b> is a qu>t] ( an in* n>r[]1 s t :5 two frames are side by side1 !re is "o-f\r? ( an in* space betwe5 ! bottom b>s1 ?\gh ! top & side pieces are close toge!r4 ,! sections are ( su* a size 7,fig4 #ej1 ,k7 t f\r1 or six1 or n9e1 etc41 w j fill "o ( ! l>ge frames4 ,nail$ to "o side ( ea* l>ge frame are two t9 /rips 7,fig4 #ej1 t1 t7 z long z ! frame1 & z wide into "o in* z are ! sections4 ,^! are tack$ half an in* f ! top & ! bottom ( ! l>ge frames1 & s are opposite ! sections1 ?us p]mitt+ ! bees to pass readily f "o ti] ( sections to ano!r1 z d ! n>r[] top & bottom-b>s ( ! sections1 f ^? bel[ to ^? above4 ,i le>n$ ( su* an arrangem5t ( sections f ,a4 ,i4 ,root4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,capta9 ,he!r+ton tells me t ,mr4 ,qu9by us$ !m ye>s ago4 ,! t9 arrangem5t1 ?\gh unlike ,mr4 ,:eel]'s 7,fig4 #eb1 ,m71 w\ld be readily sugge/$ by x4 ,x is m tr\ble to make ^! frames if we h ! t9s set 9 s z j to come flu% ) ! edge ( ! end-b>s ( ! frames1 b !n ! frames w\ld hang close toge!r1 & w\ld n be s /uck toge!r ) propolis4 ,^! may be hung 9 ! second /ory ( a two-/ory hive1 & j s _m z to fill ! same--my hives w take n9e--or !y c be put bel[1 beside ! brood-combs4 ,mr4 ,doolittle1 9 case he hangs ^! bel[1 ins]ts a p]=at$ division-bo>d1 s t ! que5 w n ent] ! sections & lay eggs4 ,i us$ !m v successfully la/ summ] )\t division-bo>ds1 & nei!r brood nor poll5 7 plac$ 9 a s+le cell4 ,p]haps wid] t9s w\ld prev5t ?is %\ld x occur4 ,9 long hives--! ,new ,idea--:i* ,i f9d v satisfactory1 aft] sev]al ye>s' trial1 especially = extract$ honey--,i h us$ ^! frames ( sections1 & ) ! be/ success4 ,! ,italians ent]$ !m at once1 & fill$ !m ev5 m quickly ?an o!r bees fill$ ! sections 9 ! upp] /ory4 ,9 fact1 "o great advantage ( ^! sections 9 ! frames is ! ,obvi\s & ample passage-ways1 invit+ ! bees to ent] !m4 ,b 9 our desire to make ample & invit+ op5+s1 caution is requir$ t we d n ov]-d ! matt]1 & invite ! que5 to injuri\s intrusion4 ,s we h ,*>ybdis & ,scylla1 & mu/1 by /udy1 le>n to s /e] betwe51 z to avoid bo? dang]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,,sections ,,9 ,,racks4 ,^! are to use 9 lieu ( l>ge frames1 to hold sections1 & are v conv5i5t :5 we wi% to set ! sections only "o deep above ! brood-*amb]4 ,?\gh1 if desir$1 we c place "o rack above ano!r1 & s h sections two1 & ev5 ?ree deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,s\?>d & ,ranney1 ( ,kalamazoo1 use a v neat rack 7,fig4 #ea71 9 :i* !y use ! ?9 v5e] sections :i* we recomm5d z sup]ior to all o!rs = ! g5]al api>i/4 ,!y h us$ ^! ) excell5t success1 b )\t sep>ators1 :i* !y wi% to ins]t4 ,p]haps by tak+ out ! bo>d p>titions 7,fig4 #ea1 ,b1 ,b71 & putt+ t9 sep>ators ! o!r way across1 !y w\ld accompli% _! object4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ends ( ! adjac5t sections w\ld n be sep>at$1 & ! wid? ( ! rack w\ld j accommodate two1 ?ree1 or f\r sections1 to be gov]n$ by size ( hive & sections4 ,! %eet-iron re/s 7,fig4 #ea1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h7 :i*1 ) _! b5t edges1 j raise ! rack "o-f\r? ( an in* f ! brood frames1 w\ld !n run ! o!r way1 & give ! requisite /r5g?4 ,?us1 ! t9s w\ld n be liable to b5d1 z !y w\ld if run ! %ort] way ( ! rack4 ,! end-bo>d1 too 7,fig4 #ea4 ,a71 w\ld be a side-bo>d1 & ! /rips 7,fig4 #ea1 ,g1 ,g71 ) ! int]v5+ glass1 w\ld be at ! ends4 ,! ,:eel] rack 7,fig4 #eb7 simply holds ! sections1 :ile ea* section is glass$ sep>ately4 ,capta9 ,he!r+ton sets a rack ( sections above ! frames1 & /&s sections "o above ! o!r on ! side = side /or+4 ,mr4 ,doolittle makes a rack by plac+ frames1 su* z ,i h describ$--except !y are only half z high1 & hold b two sections--side by side1 :]e !y are held by tack+ a /ick on top across ea* end ( ! r[4 ,he also places two ti]s1 two deep1 at ea* end ( ! brood-*amb]1 if he desires to give s mu* room4 ,all api>i/s :o desire to "w = comb honey :i* w sell1 w c]ta9ly use ! sections1 & ei!r adju/ !m by use ( frames or crates4 ,,foot-,,p[] ,,saw4 ,e api>i/ :o keeps upw>ds ( fifty colonies ( bees1 & makes apiculture a specialty1 w f9d a foot p[] saw a v valuable app>atus4 ,i h n[ us$ ! admirable comb9$ foot-p[] saw ( ,w4 ,f4 ,john ,b>nes = a ye>1 & f9d t x gr[s 9 value ea* mon?4 ,x p]mits rapid "w1 insures uni=mity1 & enables ! api>i/ to give a f9i% to 8 "w t w\ld rival t ( ! cab9et-mak]4 ,^? :o procure su* a ma*9e %\ld le>n to file & set ! saws1 & %\ld nev] run ! ma*9e :5 n 9 p]fect ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,position ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,api>y4 ,z x is desirable to h our api>y gr\nds s fix$ z to give ! be/ results1 & z ?is co/s "s money & m labor1 x %\ld be done once = all4 ,z plan & execution 9 ?is direction mu/ ne$s prec$e ev5 ! pur*ase ( bees1 ?is subject des]ves an e>ly consid]ation4 ,h5ce1 we w proce$ to consid] position1 arrangem5t ( gr\nds1 & prep>ation = ea* individual colony4 ,,position4 ,( c\rse1 x is ( fir/ importance t ! api>y be ne> at h&4 ,9 city or village ?is is imp]ative4 ,9 ! c\ntry or at suburban homes1 we h m *oice1 b close proximity to ! h\se is ( mu* importance4 ,9 a city1 x may be necess>y to foll[ fri5d ,mu?'s example1 & locate on ! h\se-tops1 :]e1 despite ! inconv5i5ce1 we may a*ieve success4 ,! lay ( ! gr\nd is n important1 ?\gh if a hill1 x %\ld n be v /eep4 ,x may slope 9 any direction1 b bett] any way ?an t[>d ! nor?4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,gr\nds4 ,unless s&y1 ^! %\ld be well dra9$4 ,if a grove (f]s invit+ %ade1 accept x1 b trim high to avoid damp4 ,su* a grove c\ld soon be =m$ ( basswood & tulip trees1 :i*1 z we %all see1 are v desirable1 z _! bloom (f]s pl5te\s & mo/ delici\s honey4 ,ev5 ,virgil urges %ade ( palm & olive1 also t we scre5 ! bees f w9ds4 ,w9d-scre5s are v desirable1 especially on ! w9dw>d side4 ,su* a scre5 may be =m$ ( a tall bo>d f5ce1 :i*1 if x surr\nds ! gr\nds1 w also s]ve to protect aga9/ ?ieves4 ,yet ^! are gloomy & =bidd+1 & w be es*ew$ by ! api>i/ :o has an eye to /hetics4 ,ev]-gre5 scre5s1 ei!r ( ,norway spruce1 ,au/rian or o!r p9e1 or arbor vit1 ea* or all1 are n only v effective1 b are quickly gr[n1 inexp5sive1 & add greatly to ! beauty ( ! gr\nds4 ,if ! api>y is l>ge1 a small1 neat1 inexp5sive h\se1 9 ! c5tre ( ! api>y gr\nds1 is indisp5sable4 ,?is w s]ve 9 w9t] z a %op = mak+ hives1 frames1 etc41 & z a /ore-h\se = honey1 :ile 9 summ] x w be us$ = extract+1 transf]r+1 /or+1 bottl+1 etc4 ,9 build+ ?is1 x w be well to con/ruct a fro/-pro(1 ?or\ghly dra9$1 d>k1 & well-v5tilat$ cell>4 ,to secure ! ?or\gh v5tilation1 pass a tube1 :i* may be made ( tile1 f ne> ! bottom1 ?r\gh ! e>? to ! surface2 & ano!r1 f ne> ! bottom1 to ! *imney or /ove-pipe above4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,ea* ,,colony4 ,virgil 0 "r 9 recomm5d+ %ade = ea* colony4 ,bees are =c$ to clu/] outside ! hive1 :]e ! hives are subject$ to ! full =ce ( ! sun's rays4 ,by ! int5se heat1 ! temp]ature inside becomes l t ( an ov51 & ! wond] is t !y d n des]t entirely4 ,i h kn[n hives1 ?us unprotect$1 to be cov]$ by bees1 idl+ outside1 :5 by simply %ad+ ! hives1 all w\ld g m]rily to "w4 ,! combs1 too1 & f\ndation especially1 are liable1 9 un%ad$ hives1 to melt & fall d[n1 :i* is v damag+ to ! bees1 & v vexati\s to ! api>i/4 ,! rem$y = all ?is is to always h ! hives s situat$ t !y w be entirely %ad$ all ?r\gh ! heat ( ! day4 ,?is might be done by con/ruct+ a %$ or h\se1 b ^! are exp5sive & inconv5i5t1 &1 !re=e1 to be disc>d$4 ,p]haps ! ,coe h\se-api>y 7,*ap4 ,,xviii7 may prove an exception2 b1 z yet1 we h no reliable assurance ( ! fact4 ,if ! api>i/ has a conv5i5t grove1 ?is may be trimm$ high1 s z n to be damp1 & w fulfill e requirem5t4 ,s arrange ! hives t :ile !y are %ad$ ?r\gh all ! heat ( ! day1 !y w receive ! sun's rays e>ly & late1 & ?us ! bees w "w m h\rs4 ,i always face my hives to ! ea/4 ,if no grove is at comm&1 ! hives maybe plac$ on ! nor? ( a ,concord grape-v9e1 or o!r vigor\s v>iety1 z ! api>i/ may pref]4 ,?is %\ld be tra9$ to a trellis1 :i* may be made by sett+ two po/s1 ei!r ( c$> or oak4 ,let ^! ext5d f\r or five feet above ! gr\nd1 & be ?ree or f\r feet ap>t4 ,connect !m at int]vals ( eighte5 in*es ) ?ree galvaniz$ wires1 ! la/ "o be+ at ! top ( ! po/s4 ,?us we c h %ade & grapes1 & c see = ourselves t bees d n injure grapes4 ,if pref]r$1 we may use ev]-gre5s = ?is purpose1 :i* c be kept l[1 & trimm$ squ>e & close on ! nor?4 ,^! c be got at once1 & are sup]ior 9 t !y furni% ample %ade at all seasons4 ,norway spruce is ! be/4 ,^! %\ld be at lea/ six feet ap>t4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root's idea ( hav+ ! v9es ( ea* succe$+ r[ divide ! spaces ( ! previ\s r[1 9 qu9cunx ord]1 is v good2 ?\gh ,i %\ld pref] ! r[s 9 ?is case to be f\r1 in/ead ( ?ree feet ap>t1 especially ) ev]-gre5s4 ,until protect+ %ade c be ?us p]man5tly secur$1 bo>ds %\ld be arrang$ = tempor>y protection4 ,_m api>i/s economize by us+ fruit trees = ?is purpose1 :i*1 f _! spread+ tops1 answ] v well4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root's idea ( hav+ sawdu/ "u & ab\t ! hives is1 ,i ?9k1 a good "o4 ,! hives ( ! ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college 7,fig4 #ec7 are protect$ by ev]-gre5s1 trimm$ close on ! nor? side4 ,a space f\r feet by six1 nor? ( ! %rubs1 0 !n dug out to a dep? ( f\r in*es1 & fill$ ) sawdu/ 7,fig4 #ec1 f71 und]ly+ :i* 7 old bricks1 s t no?+ w\ld gr[ up ?r\gh ! sawdu/4 ,! sawdu/ ?us ext5ds "o foot back1 or we/ ( ! hive1 ?ree feet nor?1 & ! same di/ance to ! ea/ or front side ( ! hive4 ,?is makes x neat ab\t ! hive1 & l>gely removes ! dang] ( los+ ! que5 9 h&l+ ! bees2 z %\ld %e fall outside ! hive1 ! %>p-sight$ api>i/ w\ld be v likely inde$ to see h]4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,nellis1 ! able ,secret>y ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,bee-,keep]s' ,association1 objects to sawdu/1 z he ?9ks x rots too quickly1 & bl[s ab\t badly4 ,he w\ld use s& or gravel in/ead4 ,i h tri$ bo? gravel & sawdu/1 & pref] ! latt]1 z expla9$ above4 ,by hav+ ! sawdu/ a little bel[ ! g5]al surface1 & add+ a little once 9 f\r or five ye>s1 x keeps all nice & agreeable4 ,aft] ! ev]-gre5s are well />t$1 all ! space betwe5 ! sawdu/ areas %\ld be 9 grass1 & kept neatly m[n4 ,?is takes b a little "t1 & makes ! api>y always pleasant & invit+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,to ,,transf] ,,bees4 ,z y may h pur*as$ y\r bees 9 box hives1 & s1 ( c\rse1 w desire to transf] !m imm$iately into movable-frame hives1 or1 z already sugge/$1 y may wi% to transf] f "o movable-frame to ano!r1 ,i w n[ proce$ to describe ! process4 ,! be/ "t to transf] is e>ly 9 ! season1 :5 !re is b little honey 9 ! hives1 ?\gh x may be done at any "t1 if suffici5t caution is us$3 /ill x %\ld nev] be done except on w>m days1 :5 ! bees are actively engag$ 9 /or+4 ,aft] ! bees are busy at "w1 approa* ! old hive1 bl[ a little smoke into ! entrance to quiet ! bees1 !n c>ry ! hive (f a few feet1 & turn x bottom up4 ,place a box ov] ! hive--x w make no diff]5ce :e!r x fits x close or n1 if ! bees are s smok$ z to be ?or\ghly al>m$--& ) a /ick rap on ! l[] hive = ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,! bees w fill ) honey & g ) ! que5 into ! upp] hive & clu/]4 ,if t[>ds ! la/ we c>efully set ! box (f once or twice1 & vigor\sly %ake ! hive1 & !n replace ! box1 we w ha/5 ! emigration ( ! bees1 & make x m complete4 ,i got ?is sugge/ion f ,mr4 ,baldridge4 ,a few "y bees w /ill rema9 9 ! old hive1 b ^! w d no h>m4 ,n[ put ! box on ! old /&1 leav+ ! edge rais$ s t ! bees :i* 7 out may ent]1 & s all ! bees c get air4 ,if o!r bees d n tr\ble1 z !y usually w n if busily ga!r+1 we c proce$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,if !y d we mu/ g into "s room4 ,i h frequ5tly transf]r$ ! comb 9 my kit*51 & (t5 9 a b>n4 ,n[ knock ! old hive ap>t1 cut ! combs f ! sides1 & get ! combs out ( ! old hive ) j z little breakage z possible4 ,mr4 ,baldridge1 if transf]r+ 9 spr+1 saws ! combs & cross-/icks loose f ! sides1 turns ! hive into ! natural position1 !n /rikes aga9/ ! top ( ! hive ) a hamm] till ! fa/5+s are brok5 loose1 :5 he lifts ! hive1 & ! combs are all free & 9 conv5i5t %ape = rapid "w4 ,we n[ ne$ a b>rel1 set on end1 on :i* we place a bo>d fifte5 to tw5ty in*es squ>e1 cov]$ ) sev]al ?icknesses ( clo?4 ,"s api>i/s ?9k ! clo? useless1 b x s]ves1 ,i ?9k1 to prev5t injury to comb1 brood or honey4 ,we n[ place a comb on ?is clo?1 & a frame on ! comb1 & cut out ! comb ! size ( ! inside ( ! frame1 tak+ pa9s to save all ! brood4 ,n[ cr[d ! frame ov] ! comb1 s t ! latt] w be 9 ! same position t x 0 :5 9 ! old hive2 t is1 s ! honey w be above--! position is n v important--!n fa/5 ! comb 9 ! frame1 by w9d+ ab\t all "o or two small wires or pieces ( wrapp+ tw9e4 ,to raise ! frame & comb be=e fa/5+1 raise ! bo>d b5ea? till ! frame is v]tical4 ,set ?is frame 9 ! new hive1 & proce$ ) ! o!rs 9 ! same way till we h all ! work]-comb--t ) small cells--fa/5$ 94 ,to secure ! pieces1 :i* we %all f9d abundant at ! end1 take ?9 pieces ( wood1 "o-half in* wide & a trifle long] ?an ! frame is deep1 place ^! 9 pairs ei!r side ! comb1 ext5d+ up & d[n1 & en\gh to hold ! pieces secure till ! bees %all fa/5 !m1 & secure ! /rips by w9d+ ) small wire1 j above & bel[ ! frame1 or else tack !m to ! frame ) small tacks4 ,capta9 ,he!r+ton has inv5t$ & practices a v neat me?od ( fa/5+ comb into frames4 ,9 con/ruct+ 8 frames1 he bores small holes ?r\gh ! top1 side1 & bottom-b>s ( 8 frames1 ab\t two in*es ap>t2 ^! holes are j l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! passage ( ! long sp9es ( ! haw?orn4 ,n[1 9 transf]r+ comb1 he has b to /ick ^! ?orns ?r\gh into ! comb to hold x securely4 ,he c also use all ! pieces1 & /ill make a neat & secure frame ( comb4 ,he f9ds ?is arrangem5t conv5i5t1 too1 9 /r5g!n+ insecure combs4 ,9 answ] to my inquiry1 ?is g5tleman said x paid well to bore su* holes 9 all 8 frames1 :i* are elev5 by sixte5 in*es1 inside measure4 ,i disc>d$ su* frames because ( ! liability ( ! comb to fall out4 ,mr4 ,baldridge makes wads ( comb1 or comb-capp+s1 :i* he f9ds good1 & by press+ ^! aga9/ ! edges ( ! comb he wi%es to fa/51 he fa/5s !m to ! frames1 quickly & securely4 ,hav+ fa/5$ all ! work]-comb t we c into ! frames--( c\rse all ! o!r1 & all bright drone-comb1 w be pres]v$ = use z guide-comb--& plac$ ! frames 9 ! new hive--^! %\ld be put toge!r if !y conta9 brood1 especially if ! colony is n v /rong1 & ! empty frames to "o side--we !n place our hive on ! /&1 pu%+ x =w>d s t ! bees c ent] any:]e along ! alight+-bo>d1 & !n %ake all ! bees f ! box1 & any "y bees t may h clu/]$ on any "p ( ! old hive1 or on ! floor or gr\nd1 :]e we transf]r$ ! comb1 imm$iately 9 front4 ,!y w ent] at once & soon be at "w1 all ! busi] = hav+ pass$ f ! old h\se into ! new4 ,9 two or ?ree days1 remove ! wires or /r+s & /icks1 :5 we %all f9d ! combs all fa/5$ & smoo!d (f1 & ! bees z busily engag$ z ?\gh _! pres5t home _h always be5 ! seat ( _! labors4 ,9 case we practice ! me?ods ( ei!r ,capta9 ,he!r+ton or ,mr4 ,baldridge1 !re w be no?+ to remove1 & we ne$ only g & congratulate ! bees 9 view ( _! new & improv$ home4 ,( c\rse1 9 transf]r+ f "o frame to ano!r1 ! matt] is mu* simplifi$4 ,9 ?is case1 aft] ?or\ghly smok+ ! bees1 we h b to lift ! frames1 & %ake or bru% ! bees into ! new hive4 ,= a bru%1 a *ick5 or turkey w+1 or a l>ge w+ or tail fea!r f a turkey1 goose or peacock1 s]ves admirably4 ,n[1 cut out ! comb 9 ! be/ =m to accommodate ! new frames1 & fa/5 z already sugge/$4 ,aft] ! combs are all transf]r$1 %ake all rema9+ bees 9 front ( ! new hive1 :i* has already be5 plac$ on ! /& previ\sly occupi$ by ! old hive4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fe$+ ,,& ,,fe$]s4 ,z already /at$1 x is only :5 ! work]-bees are /or+ t ! que5 deposits to ! full ext5t ( h] capability1 & t brood-re>+ is at its height4 ,9 fact1 :5 /or+ ceases1 g5]al indol5ce *>act]izes ! hive4 ,h5ce1 if we w\ld a*ieve ! be/ success1 we mu/ keep ! work]s active1 ev5 be=e ga!r+ comm5ces1 z also 9 ! int]ims ( honey secretion by ! fl[]s2 & to d ?is we mu/ fe$ sp>+ly be=e ! adv5t ( bloom 9 ! spr+1 & :5ev] ! neut]s are =c$ to idl5ess dur+ any "p ( ! season1 by ! abs5ce ( honey-produc+ fl[]s4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s1 ,i h tri$ exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction by fe$+ a portion ( my colonies e>ly 9 ! season1 & 9 ! int]vals ( honey-ga!r+1 & always ) m>k$ results 9 favor ( ! practice4 ,e api>i/1 :e!r novice or vet]an1 w receive ample rew>d by practic+ /imulative fe$+ e>ly 9 ! season2 !n 8 hive at ! dawn ( ! :ite clov] era w be r$undant ) bees1 well fill$ ) brood1 & 9 j ! trim to receive a b\ntiful h>ve/ ( ?is mo/ delici\s nect>4 ,fe$+1 too1 is (t5 necess>y to secure suffici5t /ores = w9t]--= no api>i/1 wor?y ! "n1 w suff] 8 fai?ful1 will+ subjects to />ve1 :5 s little c>e & exp5se w prev5t x4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,to ,,fe$4 ,if we only wi% to /imulate1 ! am\nt f$ ne$ n be great4 ,a half p\nd a day1 or ev5 less1 w be all t is necess>y to enc\rage ! bees to active prep>ation = ! good "t com+4 ,= in=mation 9 reg>d to supply+ /ores = w9t] see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,:at ,,to ,,fe$4 ,= ?is purpose ,i w\ld fe$ c(fee ,a sug>1 r$uc$ to ! consi/5cy ( honey1 or else extract$ honey kept ov] f ! previ\s ye>4 ,! price ( ! latt] w decide :i* is ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,honey1 too1 t has be5 dra9$ or =c$ out ( capp+s1 etc41 is good1 & only good to fe$4 ,_m advise fe$+ ! poor] grades ( sug> 9 spr+4 ,my own exp]i5ce makes me "q ! policy ( ev] us+ su* fe$ = bees4 ,! policy1 too1 ( fe$+ glucose ,i mu* "q4 ,9 all fe$+1 unless extract$ honey is :at we are us+1 we _c ex]cise too great c>e t su* fe$ is n c>ri$ to ! surplus boxes4 ,only let our cu/om]s once ta/e sug> 9 _! comb-honey1 & n only is our own reputation gone1 b ! :ole frat]nity is injur$4 ,9 case we wi% to h our combs 9 ! sections fill$ or capp$1 we mu/ fe$ extract$ honey1 :i* may (t5 be done ) great advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,division-,bo>d ,fe$]4 ,l[] "p ( ! face ( ! c remov$1 to %[ float1 etc4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fe$4 ,! requisites ( a good fe$] are3 ,*eapness1 a =m to admit quick fe$+1 to p]mit no loss ( heat1 & s arrang$ t we c fe$ )\t 9 any way di/urb+ ! bees4 ,! fe$] 7,fig4 #ed7 :i* ,i h us$ ) ! be/ satisfaction1 is a modifi$ division-bo>d1 ! top-b> ( :i* 7,fig4 #ed1 b7 is two in*es wide4 ,f ! upp] c5tral portion1 b5ea? ! top-b>1 a rectangul> piece1 ! size ( an oy/]-c1 is replac$ ) an oy/]-c 7,fig #ed1 g71 aft] ! top ( ! latt] has be5 remov$4 ,a v]tical piece ( wood 7,fig4 #ed1 d7 is fitt$ into ! c s z to sep>ate a space ab\t "o in* squ>e1 on "o side f ! balance ( ! *amb]4 ,?is piece does n rea* q to ! bottom ( ! c1 !re be+ a "o-eigh? in* space b5ea?4 ,9 ! top-b> !re is an op5+ 7,fig4 #ed1 e7 j above ! small] space bel[4 ,9 ! l>g] space is a wood5 float 7,fig4 #ed1 f7 full ( holes4 ,on "o side1 opposite ! l>g] *amb] ( ! c1 a half-in* piece ( ! top 7,fig4 #ed1 c7 is cut (f1 s t ! bees c pass betwe5 ! c & top-b> on to ! float1 :]e !y c sip ! fe$4 ,! fe$ is turn$ into ! hole 9 ! top-b> 7,fig4 #ed1 e71 & )\t t\*+ a bee1 passes d[n "u ! v]tical /rip 7,fig4 #ed1 d7 & raises ! float 7,fig4 #ed1 f74 ,! c may be tack$ to ! bo>d at ! ends ne> ! top4 ,two or ?ree tacks ?r\gh ! c into ! v]tical piece 7,fig4 #ed1 d7 w hold ! latt] firmly 9 place2 or ! top-b> may press on ! v]tical piece s t x _c move4 ,cr[d+ a n>r[ piece ( wool5 clo? betwe5 ! c & bo>d1 & nail+ a simil> /rip ar\nd ! bevel$ edge ( ! division-bo>d makes all snug4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,%uck's ,boss ,bee-,fe$]4 ,simplicity ,bee-,fe$]4 ,"o ( our /ud5ts sugge/s ! "n ,p]fection = ?is fe$]4 ,! fe$] is plac$ at ! end ( ! brood-*amb] 7page #acg71 & ! top-b> cov]$ by ! quilt4 ,to fe$1 we h only to fold ! quilt ov]1 :5 ) a tea-pot we p\r ! fe$ into ! hole 9 ! top-b>4 ,if a honey-bo>d is us$1 !re mu/ be a hole 9 ?is j above ! hole 9 ! division-bo>d fe$]4 ,9 ei!r case1 no bees c escape1 ! heat is conf9$1 & our division-bo>d fe$] is b little m exp5sive ?an a division-bo>d alone4 ,"s api>i/s pref] a qu>t t9 c ) f9ely p]=at$ cov]4 ,?is is fill$ ) liquid1 ! cov] put on1 & ! :ole quickly inv]t$ & set above a hole 9 ! quilt4 ,ow+ to ! pressure ( ! air1 ! liquid w n desc5d s rapidly t ! bees _c sip x up4 ,_m o!r /yles ( fe$]s are 9 use1 z ! ,simplicity & ,boss1 b ,i h yet to see "o t 9 all respects equals ! "o figur$ & describ$ above4 ,! be/ "t to fe$ is j at night-fall4 ,9 ?is case ! fe$ w be c>ri$ away be=e ! next day1 & ! dang] to weak colonies f robb+ is n s great4 ,9 fe$+ dur+ ! cold days ( ,april1 all %\ld be close above ! bees to economize ! heat4 ,9 all fe$+1 c>e is requisite t we may n spill ! fe$ ab\t ! api>y1 z ?is may1 & v g5]ally w1 induce robb+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,que5 ,,re>+4 ,suppose ! que5 is lay+ two ?\s& eggs a day1 & t ! full numb] ( bees is =ty ?\s&1 or ev5 m--?\gh ! bees are liable to s _m accid5ts1 & z ! que5 does n always lay to h] full capacity1 x is q probable t ?is is ab\t an av]age numb]--x w be se5 t ea* day t a colony is )\t a que5 !re is a loss equal to ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( ! work+ =ce ( ! colony1 & ?is is a comp\nd loss1 z ! aggregate loss ( any day is its special loss1 augm5t$ by ! sev]al losses ( ! previ\s days4 ,n[1 z que5s are liable to die1 to become impot5t1 & z ! act ( increas+ colonies dem&s ! abs5ce ( que5s1 unless ! api>i/ has extra ones at 8 comm&1 x is imp]ative1 w\ld we secure ! be/ results1 to ev] h at h& extra que5s4 ,s ! "y api>i/ mu/ e>ly le>n ,,h[ ,,to ,,re> ,,que5s4 ,z que5s may be ne$$ by ! la/ ( ,may1 prep>ations look+ to ! e>ly re>+ ( que5s mu/ comm5ce e>ly4 ,:5 prep>+ ! colonies = w9t] ! previ\s autumn1 be sure to place "s drone-comb some:]e ne> ! c5tre ( ! colony t has giv5 ! be/ results ! previ\s season4 ,9 ,m>*1 & c]ta9ly by ! fir/ ( ,april1 see t all colonies h pl5ty ( bee-bread4 ,if necess>y1 place unbolt$ fl\r1 t ( rye or oats is be/1 9 %all[ tr\ghs ne> ! hives4 ,x may be well to give ! :ole api>y ! b5efit ( su* fe$+ be=e ! fl[]s yield poll54 ,yet1 ,i h f\nd t "h 9 ,c5tral ,mi*igan1 bees c usually ga!r poll5 by ! fir/ week ( ,april1 :i* ,i ?9k is z e>ly z !y %\ld be all[$ to fly1 &1 9 fact1 z e>ly z !y w fly ) suffici5t regul>ity to make x pay to fe$ ! meal4 ,i mu* "q1 aft] "s ye>s ( exp]im5t1 if x ev] pays to give ! bees a sub/itute = poll54 ,! colony "u consid]ation1 %\ld be giv5 frames conta9+ bee-bread :i* 0 /or$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,at ! same "t1 ,m>* or ,april1 comm5ce /imulative fe$+4 ,if y h ano!r colony equally good ) ! fir/1 also give t ! poll51 & comm5ce giv+ x honey or syrup1 b only work]-comb %\ld be 9 ! brood-*amb]4 ,?is w prev5t ! close 9-bre$+ :i* w\ld ( necessity occur if bo? que5s & drones 7 re>$ 9 ! same colony2 & :i*1 ?\gh reg>d$ z delet]i\s 9 ! bre$+ ( all animals1 %\ld be practic$ 9 case "o s+le que5 is ( decid$ sup]iority to all o!rs ( ! api>y4 ,v likely 9 ,april1 drone-eggs w be laid 9 drone-comb4 ,i h _h drones fly+ on ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,z soon z ! drones comm5ce to hat* out1 remove ! que5 & all eggs & uncapp$ brood f "s good1 /rong colony1 & replace x ) eggs or brood j hat*$ f ! colony t is be+ f$1 or if two equally good colonies h be5 /imulat$1 f ! "o 9 :i* no drone-comb 0 plac$4 ,! que5 :i* has be5 remov$ may be us$ 9 mak+ a new colony1 9 mann] soon to be describ$ "u divid+ or increas+ ! numb] ( colonies4 ,?is que5less colony w imm$iately comm5ce =m+ que5-cells 7,fig4 #ef74 ,sometimes ^! are =m$ to ! numb] ( fifte5 or tw5ty1 & !y are />t$1 too1 9 a full1 vigor\s colony1 9 fact1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,cutt+ (f edges ( ! comb1 or cutt+ holes 9 ! same :]e !re are eggs or l>v2 j hat*$1 w almo/ always insure ! />t+ ( que5-cells 9 su* places4 ,x w be notic$1 too1 t our que5s are />t$ f eggs or f l>v b j hat*$1 z we h giv5 ! bees no o!r1 & s are f$ ! royal pabulum f ! fir/4 ,?us1 we h met e possible requisite to secure ! mo/ sup]ior que5s4 ,by removal ( ! que5 we also secure a l>ge numb] ( cells1 :ile if we wait$ = ! bees to />t ! cells prep>atory to natural sw>m+1 9 :i* case we secure ! two desirable conditions nam$ above1 we %all probably fail to secure s _m cells1 & may h to wait long] ?an we c af=d4 ,ev5 ! api>i/ :o keeps black bees & desires no o!rs1 or :o has only pure ,italians1 w /ill f9d t x pays to practice ?is selection1 =1 z ) ! p\ltry fanci]1 or ! bre$] ( our l>g] dome/ic animals1 s1 too1 ! api>i/ is ev] obs]v+ "s individuals ( m>k$ sup]iority1 & he :o c>efully selects su* que5s to bre$ f1 w be ! "o ^: pr(its w make him rejoice1 & ^: api>y w be wor?y ( all comm5dation4 ,z w be pat5t to all1 by ! above process we ex]cise a c>e 9 bre$+ :i* is n surpass$ by ! be/ bre$]s ( horses & cattle1 & :i* no wise api>i/ w ev] neglect4 ,aft] we h remov$ all ! que5-cells1 9 mann] soon to be describ$1 we c aga9 supply eggs1 or newly-hat*$ l>v--always f ^? que5s :i* close obs]vation has %[n to be ! mo/ vigor\s & prolific 9 ! api>y--& ?us keep ! same que5less colony or colonies1 engag$ 9 />t+ que5-cells till we h all we desire4 ,yet we mu/ n fail to keep ?is colony /rong by ! addition ( capp$ brood1 :i* we may take f any hive z mo/ conv5i5t4 ,i h good reason to believe t que5-cells %\ld n be />t$ aft] ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 z ,i h obs]v$ t late que5s are n only less prolific1 b %ort] liv$4 ,9 nature1 late que5s are r>ely produc$1 & if x is true t !y are inf]ior1 x might be expla9$ 9 ! fact1 t ! ov>ies rema9 s long inactive4 ,z que5s t are long unmat$ are utt]ly wor?less1 s1 too1 mat$ que5s long inactive are enfeebl$4 ,9 a week ! cells are capp$1 & ! api>i/ is ready to =m 8 ,,nuclei4 ,a nucleus is simply a m9iature colony ( bees--a hive & colony on a small scale1 = ! purpose ( re>+ & keep+ que5s4 ,we want ! que5s1 b c af=d to ea* nucleus only a few bees4 ,! nucleus hive1 if we use frames n m ?an "o foot squ>e1 ne$ be no?+ m ?an an ord9>y hive1 ) *amb] conf9$ by a division-bo>d to ! capacity ( ?ree frames4 ,if our frames are l>ge1 !n x may be ?\ght be/ to con/ruct special nucleus hives4 ,^! are small hives1 ne$ n be m ?an six in*es ea* way1 t is1 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 & made to conta9 f f\r to six frames ( correspond+ size4 ,^! frames are fill$ ) comb4 ,i h = ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s us$ ! fir/ nam$ /yle ( nucleus hive1 & h f\nd x advantage\s to h a few long hives made1 ea* to conta9 five *amb]s1 :ile ea* *amb] is entirely sep>ate f ! "o next to x1 is five in*es wide1 & is cov]$ by a sep>ate1 close-fitt+ bo>d1 & ! :ole by a common cov]4 ,! entrance = ! two end *amb]s is at ! ends ne> ! same side ( ! hive4 ,! middle *amb] has its entrance at ! middle ( ! side ne> :i* are ! end entrances1 :ile ! o!r two *amb]s op5 on ! opposite side1 z f> ap>t z is possible4 ,! outside might be pa9t$ diff]5t colors to correspond ) ! divisions1 if ?\ght necess>y1 especially on ! side ) two op5+s4 ,yet ,i h nev] tak5 ?is precaution1 nor h ,i be5 tr\bl$ mu* by los+ que5s4 ,!y h almo/ inv>iably ent]$ _! own ap>tm5ts :5 return+ f _! w$d+ t\r4 ,^! hives ,i use to keep que5s dur+ ! summ]4 ,except ! api>i/ engages 9 que5-re>+ ext5sively z a bus9ess1 ,i d\bt ! propriety ( build+ su* special nucleus hives4 ,! usual hives are good prop]ty to h 9 ! api>y1 w soon be ne$$1 & may be economically us$ = all nuclei4 ,9 spr+ ,i make use ( my hives :i* are prep>$ = prospective summ] use1 = my nuclei4 ,n[ g to diff]5t hives ( ! api>y1 & take out ?ree frames = ea* nucleus1 at lea/ "o ( :i* has brood1 & s on1 till !re are z _m nuclei prep>$ z y h que5-cells to dispose ( ,! bees %\ld be left adh]+ to ! frames ( comb1 only we mu/ be c]ta9 t ! que5 is n among !m1 z ?is w\ld take ! que5 f :]e %e is mo/ ne$$1 & w\ld lead to ! sure de/ruction ( "o que5-cell4 ,to be sure ( ?is1 nev] take su* frames till y h se5 ! que51 t y may be sure %e is left beh9d4 ,i usually %ake (f into ! nucleus ! bees f "o or two m frames1 s t1 ev5 aft] ! old bees h return$1 !re w /ill be a suffici5t numb] ( "y bees left 9 ! nucleus to keep ! temp]ature at a prop] height4 ,if any desire ! nuclei ) small] frames1 ^! frames mu/ ( c\rse be fill$ ) comb1 & !n we c %ake bees imm$iately into ! nuclei1 z giv5 above1 till !y %all h suffici5t to pres]ve a prop] temp]ature4 ,9 ?is case ! que5-cell %\ld be ins]t$ j be=e ! bees are add$2 9 ! o!r case1 ei!r be=e or aft]4 ,su* special articles ab\t ! api>y are co/ly & inconv5i5t4 ,i believe t ,i %\ld use hives ev5 ) ! l>ge/ frames = nuclei4 ,9 ?is case we %\ld ne$ to give m bees4 ,to ins]t ! que5-cell--= we are n[ to give "o to ea* nucleus1 s we c nev] =m m nuclei ?an we h capp$ que5-cells--we fir/ cut !m out1 comm5c+ to cut on ei!r side ! base ( ! cell1 at lea/ "o-half in* di/ant1 we mu/ n 9 ! lea/ compress ! cell1 !n cutt+ up & out = two in*es1 !n across opposite ! cell4 ,?is leaves ! cell atta*$ to a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( comb 7,fig4 #ef71 ^: apes is next ! cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a simil> cut 9 ! middle frame ( ! nucleus1 :i* 9 case ( ! regul> frames is ! "o conta9+ brood1 w furni% an op5+ to receive ! w$ge conta9+ ! cell4 ,! comb %\ld also be cut away b5ea? 7,fig4 #ef71 s t ! cell _c be compress$4 ,aft] all ! nuclei h receiv$ _! cells & bees1 !y h only to be set 9 a %ady place & wat*$ to see t suffici5t bees rema94 ,%\ld too _m leave1 give !m m by remov+ ! cov] & %ak+ a frame load$ ) bees ov] ! nucleus2 keep ! op5+ ne>ly clos$1 & cov] ! bees ) a quilt4 ,! ma9 caution 9 all ?is is to be sure n to get any old que5 9 a nucleus4 ,9 two or ?ree days ! que5s w hat*1 & 9 a week long] w h become f]tiliz$1 & t1 too1 9 case ( ! fir/ que5s1 by select$ drones1 = z yet !re are no o!r 9 ! api>y1 & ! api>i/ w possess f t5 to ?irty-five que5s1 :i* w prove 8 be/ /ock 9 trade4 ,i _c ov]-e/imate ! advantage ( ev] hav+ extra que5s4 ,to secure pure mat+ lat]1 we mu/ cut all drone-comb f inf]ior colonies1 s t !y %all re> no drones4 ,if drone l>v are 9 uncapp$ cells1 !y may be kill$ by spr9kl+ ! comb ) cold wat]4 ,by giv+ ! jet ( wat] "s =ce !y may be wa%$ out1 or we may ?r[ !m out ) ! extractor1 !n use ! comb = />t]s 9 our sections4 ,by keep+ empty frames1 & empty cells 9 ! nuclei1 ! bees may be kept active2 yet ) s few bees1 "o _c expect v mu* f ! nuclei4 ,aft] cutt+ all ! que5-cells f our old hive1 we c aga9 ins]t eggs1 z above sugge/$1 & obta9 ano!r lot ( cells1 or1 if we h a suffici5t numb]1 we c leave a s+le que5-cell1 & ?is colony w soon be ! happy possessor ( a que51 & j z fl\ri%+ z if ! ev5 t5or ( its ways _h n be5 di/urb$4 ,,%all ,,we ,,clip ,,! ,,que5',s ,,w+8 ,9 ! above op]ation1 z 9 _m o!r manipulations ( ! hive1 we %all (t5 ga9 sight ( ! que51 & c1 if we desire1 clip h] w+1 if %e has met ! drone1 t 9 no case %e %all lead ! colony away to p>ts unkn[n4 ,?is does n injure ! que51 z "s h claim$4 ,g5]al ,adair once /at$ t su* treatm5t injur$ ! que51 z x cut (f "s ( ! air-tubes1 :i* view 0 approv$ by s excell5t a naturali/ z ,dr4 ,pack>d4 ,yet we are sure t ?is is all a mi/ake4 ,! air-tube & blood-vessel1 z we h se51 g to ! w+s to c>ry n\ri%m5t to ^! memb]s4 ,) ! w+ goes ! necessity ( n\ri%m5t & ! ne$ ( ! tubes4 ,z well say t ! amputation ( ! human leg or arm w\ld enfeeble ! con/itution1 z x w\ld cut (f ! supply ( blood4 ,_m ( our be/ api>i/s h practic$ ?is clipp+ ( ! que5's w+s = ye>s4 ,yet1 ^! que5s %[ no dim9ution ( vigor3 we %\ld suppose !y w\ld be ev5 m vigor\s1 z useless organs are always n\ri%$ at ! exp5se ( ! organism1 & if entirely useless1 are seldom long cont9u$ by nature4 ,! ants set u an example 9 ?is matt]1 z !y bite ! w+s (f _! que5s1 aft] mat+ has transpir$4 ,!y mean t ! que5 ant %all rema9 at home nol5s vol5s1 & :y %all n we require ! same ( ! que5 bee8 ,7 x n = ! necessity ( sw>m+ 9 nature1 we %\ld d\btless h be5 anticipat$ 9 ?is matt] by nature h]self4 ,/ill1 if ! que5 essays to g ) a sw>m1 & if ! api>i/ is n at h&1 %e w v likely be lo/1 nev] rega9+ ! hive2 b 9 ?is case ! bees w be sav$1 z !y w return )\t fail4 ,i always mean to be s wat*ful1 keep+ my hives %ad$1 giv+ ample room1 & divid+ or increas+1 z to prev5t natural sw>m+4 ,b 9 lieu ( su* caution ,i see no objection to clipp+ ! que5's w+1 & w\ld advise x4 ,"s api>i/s clip "o prim>y w+ ! fir/ ye>1 ! second>y ! second ye>1 ! o!r prim>y ! ?ird1 & if age ( ! que5 p]mits1 ! rema9+ w+ ! f\r? ye>4 ,yet1 su* data1 ) o!r matt]s ( int]e/ & importance1 bett] be kept on a slate or c>d1 & firmly atta*$ to ! hive1 or else kept 9 a record1 opposite ! numb] ( ! hive4 ,! "t requir$ to f9d ! que5 is suffici5t argum5t aga9/ ! que5-w+ record44 ,x is n an argum5t aga9/ ! once clipp+ ( ! que5's w+s1 =1 9 ! nucleus hives1 que5s are readily f\nd1 & ev5 9 full colonies ?is is n v difficult1 especially if we he$ ! dictates ( int]e/ & keep ,italians4 ,x w be be/1 ev5 ?\gh we h to look up black que5s1 9 full colonies4 ,! loss ( "o good colony1 or ! vexati\s tr\ble ( sep>at+ two or ?ree sw>ms :i* _h clu/]$ toge!r1 w\ld soon vanqui% ?is argum5t ( "t4 ,to clip ! que5's w+1 take hold ( h] w+s ) ! left ?umb & index f+]--nev] grasp h] body1 especially h] abdom51 z ?is w be v apt to injure h]--raise h] (f ! comb1 !n turn f ! bees1 place h] g5tly on a bo>d or any conv5i5t object--ev5 ! knee w d--%e w ?us /& on h] feet1 & n tr\ble by con/antly pass+ h] legs up by h] w+s1 :]e !y1 too1 w\ld be 9 dang] ( be+ cut (f4 ,n[1 take a small pair ( scissors1 & ) ! "r h& op5 !m1 c>efully pass "o blade "u "o ( ! front w+s1 %ut ! blades1 & all is ov]4 ,"s api>i/s compla9 t que5s ?us h&l$ (t5 receive a =eign sc5t1 & are de/roy$ by ! bees4 ,i h clipp$ hundr$s1 & nev] lo/ "o4 ,i believe t ! above me?od w n be op5 to ?is objection4 ,%\ld ! exp]i5ce ( any "o prove to ! contr>y1 ! draw+ on ( a kid glove1 or ev5 ! f+]s ( "o1 might remove ! difficulty4 ,,f]tile ,,work]s4 ,we h already ref]r$ to 7pp4 #gg & #ij7 & describ$ f]tile work]s4 ,z ^! c only produce unimpregnat$ eggs1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 valueless1 & unless sup]s$$ by a que51 w soon cause ! de/ruction ( ! colony4 ,z _! pres5ce (t5 prev5ts ! acceptance ( cells or a que51 by ! common work]s1 !y are a s]i\s pe/4 ,! abs5ce ( work] brood1 & ! abundant & c>eless deposition ( eggs--"s cells be+ skipp$1 :ile o!rs h receiv$ sev]al eggs--are pretty sure indications ( _! pres5ce4 ,to rid a colony ( ^!1 unite x ) "s colony ) a good que51 aft] :i* ! colony may be divid$ if v /rong4 ,simply ex*ang+ places ( a colony ) a f]tile work]1 & a good /rong colony1 w (t5 cause ! de/ruction ( ! wrong-do]4 ,9 ?is case1 brood %\ld be giv5 to ! colony :i* _h ! f]tile work]1 t !y may re> a que52 or bett]1 a que5-cell or que5 %\ld be giv5 !m4 ,cag+ a que5 9 a hive1 ) a f]tile work]1 = ?irty-six h\rs1 w (t5 cause ! bees to accept h]4 ,%ak+ ! bees (f ! frames two rods f ! hive1 w (t5 rid !m ( ! c\nt]feit que51 aft] :i* !y w receive a que5-cell or a que54 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,increase ,,( ,,colonies4 ,no subject w be ( m int]e/ to ! beg9n]1 ?an t ( increas+ /ocks4 ,he has "o or two1 he desires z _m score1 or1 if v aspir+1 z _m hundr$1 & if a ,he!r+ton or a ,h>bison1 z _m ?\s&4 ,?is is a subject1 too1 t may well engage ! ?\ght & /udy ( m5 ( no inconsid]able exp]i5ce4 ,i believe t _m vet]ans are n practic+ ! be/ me?ods 9 obta9+ an increase ( /ocks4 ,be=e proce$+ to "n ! ways1 or to detail me?ods1 let me /ate & en=ce1 t x is always safe/1 & g5]ally wise/1 especially = ! beg9n]1 to be cont5t ) d\bl+1 & c]ta9ly1 ) tripl+1 8 numb] ( colonies ea* season4 ,especially let all rememb] ! motto1 ,keep all colonies /rong4 ,!re are two ways to increase3 ,! natural1 kn[n z sw>m+1 already describ$ "u natural hi/ory ( ! bee2 & artificial1 improp]ly /yl$ artificial sw>m+4 ,?is is also call$1 & v prop]ly1 too1 divid+4 ,,sw>m+4 ,to prev5t anxiety & con/ant wat*+1 & to secure a m equable division ( bees1 &1 z ,i "k1 m honey1 x is bett] to provide aga9/ sw>m+ entirely by use ( means :i* w appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,b z ?is requires "s exp]i5ce1 &1 z (t51 ?r\gh neglect1 ei!r necess>y or culpable1 sw>ms may issue1 e api>i/ %\ld be ev] ready ) bo? means & k = imm$iate action4 ,( c\rse1 ! hives 7 all made ! previ\s w9t]1 & w nev] be want+4 ,neglect to provide hives be=e ! sw>m+ season1 is conv9c+ pro( t ! wrong pursuit has be5 *os54 ,if1 z we h advis$1 ! que5 has h] w+ clipp$1 ! matt] becomes v simple1 9 fact1 s mu* simplifi$ t 7 !re no o!r argum5t1 ?is w\ld be suffici5t to recomm5d ! practice ( cutt+ ! que5's w+4 ,n[1 if sev]al sw>ms clu/] toge!r1 we h n to sep>ate !m1 !y w sep>ate ( !mselves & return to _! old home4 ,to migrate )\t ! que5 means dea?1 & life is sweet ev5 to bees1 & is n to be will+ly giv5 up except = home & k9dr$4 ,nei!r has ! api>i/ to climb trees1 to secure 8 bees f bu%y trunks1 f (f ! lattice-"w or pickets ( 8 f5ce1 f ! v top ( a tall1 sl5d]1 fragile fruit tree1 or o!r mo/ inconv5i5t places4 ,nor w he ev5 be tempt$ to pay 8 money = pat5t hiv]s4 ,he kn[s 8 bees w return to _! old qu>t]s1 s he is n p]turb$ by ! fe> ( loss1 or plans to capture ! unapproa*able4 ,x requires no ef=t to possess 8 s\l 9 pati5ce4 ,if he wi%es no increase1 he /eps out1 takes ! que5 by ! rema9+ w+s1 z %e em]ges f ! hive1 soon aft] ! bees comm5ce _! hil>i\s leave-tak+1 puts h] 9 a cage1 op5s ! hive1 de/roys1 or1 if he wi%es to use !m1 cuts out ! que5 cells z already describ$ 7page #afg71 gives m room--ei!r by add+ boxes or tak+ out "s ( ! frames ( brood1 z !y may well be sp>$1 places ! cage enclos+ ! que5 "u ! quilt1 & leaves ! bees to return at _! pleasure4 ,at night-fall ! que5 is lib]at$1 & v likely ! sw>m+ fev] subdu$ = ! season4 ,if x is desir$ to hive ! abscond+ sw>m ) a nucleus colony1 ex*ange ! places ( ! old hive conta9+ ! cag$ que51 & ! nucleus1 to :i* ! sw>m w !n come4 ,remove que5-cells f ! old hives z be=e1 give "s ( ! combs ( brood to ! nucleus1 :i* is n[ a full colony1 & empty frames1 ) comb or f\ndation />t]s1 or1 if y h !m1 empty combs to bo?1 lib]ate ! que5 at night & all is well1 & ! api>i/ rejoices 9 a new colony4 ,if ! api>i/ has neglect$ to =m nuclei1 & s has no extra que5s--& ?is is a neglect--& wi%es to hive 8 sw>m sep>ately1 he places 8 cag$ que5 9 an empty hive1 ) :i* he replaces ! old hive till ! bees return1 !n ?is new hive1 ) que5 & bees1 &1 /ill bett]1 ) a frame or two ( brood1 honey1 etc41 9 ! middle1 :i* 7 tak5 f ! old hive1 is set on a new /&4 ,! old hive1 ) all ! que5-cells except ! l>ge/ & f9e/ "o remov$1 is set back1 s t ! api>i/ has =e/all$ ! issue ( aft]-sw>ms1 except t o!r que5-cells are aft]w>d />t$1 :i* is n likely to happ54 ,! old que5 is lib]at$ z be=e1 & we are 9 ! way ( soon hav+ two good colonies4 ,"s api>i/s cage ! que5 & let ! bees return1 !n divide ! colony z soon to be describ$4 ,"s ext5sive api>i/s1 :o desire to prev5t increase ( colonies1 cage ! old que51 de/roy cells1 & ex*ange ?is hive--aft] tak+ out ?ree or f\r frames ( brood to /r5g!n nuclei--) "o t rec5tly sw>m$4 ,?us a colony t rec5tly s5t out a sw>m1 b reta9$ _! que51 has probably1 f ! decrease ( bees1 loss ( brood & removal ( que5-cells1 lo/ ! sw>m+ fev]1 & if we give !m pl5ty ( room & v5tilation1 !y w accept ! bees f a new sw>m1 & sp5d _! future en]gies 9 /or+ honey4 ,s\?>d & ,ranney h be5 v successful 9 ! practice ( ?is me?od4 ,if build+ ( drone-comb 9 ! empty frames :i* replac$ ! brood-frames remov$1 %\ld vex ! api>i/--,dr4 ,s\?>d says !y _h no su* tr\ble--x c\ld be prev5t$ by giv+ work]-f\ndation4 ,if ! sw>m+ fev] is n brok5 up1 we %all only h to repeat ! op]ation aga9 9 a few days4 ,,hiv+ ,,sw>ms4 ,b 9 clipp+ w+s1 "s que5s may be omitt$1 or f ta/e1 or o!r motive1 "s bee-keep]s may n desire to de=m h] royal highness4 ,!n ! api>i/ mu/ possess ! means to save ! w\ld-be rov]s4 ,! means are good hives 9 read9ess1 "s k9d ( a bru%--a turkey-w+ w d--& a bag or basket1 ) ev] op5 top1 :i* %\ld be at lea/ eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?is receptacle s made t x may be atta*$ to ! end ( a pole1 & two su* poles1 "o v long & ! o!r ( m$ium l5g?4 ,n[1 let u att5d to ! me?od3 ,z soon z ! clu/] comm5ces to =m1 place ! hive on ! gr\nd ne> by1 leav+ ! entrance widely op51 :i* ) our bottom-bo>d only requires t we draw ! hive =w>d an in* ,or m ov] ! alight+-bo>d4 ,z soon z ! bees are fully clu/]$1 we mu/ manage z be/ we c to empty ! :ole clu/] 9 front ( ! hive4 ,z ! bees are full ( honey we ne$ h little fe> ( /+s4 ,%\ld ! bees be on a twig t c\ld be sacrific$1 ?is might be easily out (f ) ei!r a knife or saw1 & s c>efully z h>dly to di/urb ! bees2 !n c>ry & %ake ! bees 9 front ( ! hive1 :5 ) joyful hum !y w at once proce$ to ent]4 ,if ! twig mu/ n be cut1 %ake !m all into ! basket1 & empty be=e ! hive4 ,%\ld !y be on a tree trunk1 or a f5ce1 !n bru% !m ) ! w+ into ! basket1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,if !y are high up on a tree1 take ! pole & basket1 & p]haps a ladd] w also be necess>y4 ,always let +5uity h its p]fect "w1 n =gett+ t ! object to be ga9$ is to get j z _m ( ! bees z is possible on ! alight+-bo>d 9 front ( ! hive4 ,c>elessness z to ! quantity might involve ! loss ( ! que51 :i* w\ld be s]i\s4 ,! bees to ill n rema9 unless ! que5 ent]s ! hive4 ,%\ld a clu/] =m :]e x is impossible to bru% or %ake !m (f1 !y c be driv5 into a basket1 or hive1 by hold+ x above !m & bl[+ smoke among !m4 ,z soon z !y are ne>ly all 9--a few may be fly+ ar\nd1 b if ! que5 is 9 ! new hive1 !y w g back to _! old home1 or f9d ! new "o--:i* ,mr4 ,bets+] says !y w always d1 if x is n f> remov$--remove ! hive to its p]man5t /&4 ,all wa%es are m ?an useless4 ,x is bett] t ! hive be clean & pure4 ,) su*1 if !y are %ad$1 bees w g5]ally be satisfi$4 ,b assurance w be made d\bly sure by giv+ !m a frame ( brood1 9 all /ages ( gr[?1 f ! old hive4 ,?is may be ins]t$ be=e ! "w ( hiv+ is comm5c$4 ,mr4 ,bets+] ?9ks ?is w cause !m to leave2 b ,i ?9k he w n be su/a9$ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!r api>i/s4 ,he c]ta9ly is n by m9e4 ,i nev] knew b "o colony to leave uncapp$ brood2 ,i h (t5 kn[n !m to sw>m out ( an empty hive once or twice1 & to be return$1 aft] brood _h be5 plac$ 9 ! hive1 :5 !y accept$ ! *ang$ conditions1 & w5t at once to "w4 ,?is seems reasonable1 too1 9 view ( ! atta*m5t ( bees = _! ne/ ( brood1 z also f analogy4 ,h[ eag] ! ant to convey h] l>v & pup--! s-call$ eggs--to a place ( safety1 :5 ! ne/ has be5 invad$ & dang] ?reat5s4 ,bees d\btless h ! same desire to protect _! "y1 & z !y _c c>ry !m away to a new home1 !y rema9 to c>e = !m 9 "o t may n be q to _! ta/e4 ,if x is n desir$ to increase1 ! bees may be giv5 to a colony :i* has previ\sly sw>m$1 aft] remov+ f ! latt] all que5-cells1 & add+ to ! room by giv+ boxes & remov+ "s frames ( brood to /r5g!n nuclei4 ,?is plan is practic$ by ,dr4 ,s\?>d4 ,we may ev5 return ! bees to _! old home by tak+ ! same precaution>y measures1 ) a good hope t /or+ & n sw>m+ w engage _! att5tion 9 future2 & if we ex*ange _! position ) t ( a nucleus1 we %all be /ill m likely to succe$ 9 ov]com+ ! desire to sw>m2 ?\gh "s seasons1 usually :5 honey is be+ ga!r$ ea* day = long int]vals1 b n 9 l>ge quantities1 ! desire & det]m9ation ( "s colonies to sw>m is implacable4 ,room1 v5tilation1 *ang$ position ( hive1 ea* & all w fail4 ,!n we c d no bett] ?an to gratify ! prop5sity1 by giv+ ! sw>m a new home1 & make an ef=t ,,to ,,prev5t ,,second ,,sw>ms4 ,z already /at$1 ! wise api>i/ w always h on h& extra que5s4 ,n[1 if he does n desire to =m nuclei 7z already expla9$71 & ?us use ^! que5 cells1 he w at once cut !m all out1 & de/roy !m1 & give ! old colony a f]tile que54 ,! me?od ( introduction w be giv5 h]eaft]1 ?\gh 9 su* cases !re is v little dang] incurr$ by giv+ !m a que5 at once4 ,& by ?or\ghly smok+ ! bees1 & spr9kl+ ) sweet5$ wat]1 & daub+ ! new que5 ) honey1 we may be almo/ sure ( success4 ,if desir$1 ! que5-cells c be us$ 9 =m+ nuclei1 9 mann] be=e describ$4 ,9 ?is way we save our colony f be+ )\t a f]tile que5 = at lea/ ?irte51 days1 & t1 too1 9 ! v height ( ! honey season1 :5 "t is money4 ,if extra que5s are want+1 we h only to look c>efully ?r\gh ! old hive & remove all b "o ( ! que5-cells4 ,a little c>e w c]ta9ly make sure "w1 z1 aft] sw>m+1 ! old hive is s ?9n$ ( bees1 t only c>elessness w ov]look que5-cells 9 su* a que/4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,sw>m+4 ,z yet we c only p>tly av]t sw>m+4 ,mr4 ,qu9by (f]$ a l>ge rew>d = a p]fect non-sw>m+ hive1 & nev] _h to make ! paym5t4 ,mr4 ,haz5 attempt$ x1 & p>tially succe$$1 by grant+ mu* space to ! bees1 s t !y %\ld n be impell$ to vacate = lack ( room4' ,! ,qu9by hive already describ$1 by ! l>ge capability ( ! brood-*amb]1 & ample opportunity = top & side-/or+1 looks to ! same end4 ,b we may safely say t a p]fect non-sw>m+ hive or sy/em is n yet be=e ! bee-keep+ public4 ,! be/ aids t[>d non-sw>m+ are %ade1 v5tilation1 & roomy hives4 ,b z we %all see 9 ! sequel1 mu* room 9 ! brood-*amb]1 unless we "w = extract$ honey--by :i* means we may greatly repress ! sw>m+ fev]--prev5ts our obta9+ honey 9 a desirable /yle4 ,if we add sections1 unless ! connection is q free--9 :i* case ! que5 is apt to ent] !m & greatly vex u--we mu/ cr[d "s to s5d ! bees into ! sections4 ,su* cr[d+ is almo/ sure to lead to sw>m+4 ,i h1 by abrad+ ! combs ( capp$ honey 9 ! brood-*amb]1 z sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,baldridge--caus+ ! honey to run d[n f ! combs--s5t ! bees cr[d+ to ! sections1 & ?us def]r$ or prev5t$ sw>m+4 ,x is possible t by extract+ freely :5 /or+ is v rapid1 & !n by rapidly fe$+ ! extract$ honey 9 ! int]ims ( honey secretion1 we might prev5t sw>m+1 secure v rapid bre$+1 & /ill get our honey 9 sections4 ,too few exp]im5ts1 to be at all decisive1 h l$ me to look favorably 9 ?is direction4 ,! keep+ ( colonies que5less1 9 ord] to secure honey )\t increase1 z practic$ & advis$ by "s ev5 ( our di/+ui%$ api>i/s1 seems to me a v que/ionable practice1 to :i* ,i _c ev5 l5d my approval by s mu* z detail+ ! me?od4 ,i w\ld r advise3 keep+ a1 que51 & ! work]s all at "w 9 e hive1 if possible1 all ! "t4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,multiply ,,colonies ,,) ,,! ,,be/ ,,results4 ,we h already se5 ! evils ( natural sw>m+1 =1 ev5 ?\gh no /ock is too mu* r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 no colony lo/ by n receiv+ prompt att5tion1 no ,sunday quiet di/urb$1 & no "t wa/$ 9 anxi\s wat*+1 yet1 at be/1 ! old colony is que5less = ab\t two weeks1 a /ate ( ?+s :i* no api>i/ c or %\ld af=d4 ,! true policy !n is to practice artificial sw>m+1 z j describ$1 :]e we save "t by cutt+ ! que5's-w+1 & save loss by p]mitt+ no colony to rema9 que5less1 or /ill bett] to ,,divide4 ,?is me?od w secure uni=m colonies1 w increase our numb] ( colonies j to our lik+1 w save "t1 & t1 too1 :5 "t is mo/ valuable1 & is 9 e respect saf] & pref]able to sw>m+4 ,i h practic$ divid+ ev] s9ce ,i h kept bees1 & nev] )\t ! be/ results4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,divide4 ,by ! process already describ$1 we h secur$ a goodly numb] ( f9e que5s1 :i* w be 9 read9ess at ! ne$$ "t4 ,n[1 z soon z ! :ite clov] h>ve/ is well comm5c$1 e>ly 9 ,june1 we may comm5ce op]ations4 ,if we h b "o colony to divide1 x is well to wait till !y become pretty popul\s1 b n till !y sw>m4 ,take "o ( our wait+ hives1 :i* n[ holds a nucleus ) f]tile que51 & remove ! same close along side ! colony we wi% to divide4 ,?is mu/ only be done on w>m days :5 ! bees are active1 & bett] be done1 :ile ! bees are busy1 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,remove ! division-bo>d ( ! new hive1 & !n remove five combs1 well load$ ) brood1 & ( c\rse conta9+ "s honey1 f ! old colony1 bees & all1 to ! new hive4 ,also take ! rema9+ frames & %ake ! bees into ! new hive4 ,only be sure t ! que5 /ill rema9s 9 ! old hive4 ,fill bo? ! hives ) empty frames--if ! frames are fill$ ) empty comb x w be /ill bett]1 if n x w pay to give />t]s or full frames ( f\ndation--& return ! new hive to its =m] position4 ,! old bees w return to ! old colony1 :ile ! "y ones w rema9 peaceably ) ! new que54 ,! old colony w n[ conta9 at lea/ sev5 frames ( brood1 honey1 etc41 ! old que51 & pl5ty ( bees1 s t !y w "w on z ?\gh naught _h transpir$1 ?\gh p]haps mov$ to a little h>d] ef=t by ! add$ space & five empty frames4 ,! empty frames may be all plac$ at "o end1 or plac$ betwe5 ! o!rs1 ?\gh n s z to divide brood4 ,! new colony w h eight frames ( brood1 comb1 etc41 ?ree f ! nucleus & five f ! old colony1 a "y f]tile que51 pl5ty ( bees1 ^? ( ! previ\s nucleus & ! "y bees f ! old colony1 & w "w ) a surpris+ vigor1 (t5 ev5 eclips+ ! old colony4 ,if ! api>i/ has sev]al colonies1 x is bett] to make ! new colony f sev]al old colonies1 z foll[s3 ,take "o frame ( brood-comb f ea* ( six old colonies1 or two f ea* ( ?ree1 & c>ry !m1 bees & all1 & place ) ! nucleus4 ,only1 be sure t no que5 is remov$4 ,fill all ! hives ) empty combs1 or f\ndation in/ead ( frames1 z be=e4 ,9 ?is way we increase )\t 9 ! lea/ di/urb+ any ( ! colonies1 & may add a colony e day or two1 or p]haps sev]al1 dep5d+ on ! size ( our api>y1 & c ?us always1 s my exp]i5ce says1 prev5t sw>m+4 ,by tak+ only brood t is all capp$1 we c safely add "o or two frames to ea* nucleus e week1 )\t add+ any bees1 z !re w\ld be no dang] ( loss by *ill+ ! brood4 ,9 ?is way1 z we remove no bees1 we h to sp5d no "t 9 look+ = ! que51 & may build up our nuclei into full /ocks1 & keep back ! sw>m+ impulse ) great facility4 ,^! are unque/ionably ! be/ me?ods to divide1 & s ,i w n complicate ! subject by detail+ o!rs4 ,! only objection t c be urg$ aga9/ !m1 & ev5 ?is does n apply to ! la/1 is t we mu/ seek out ! que5 9 ea* hive1 or at lea/ be sure t we d n remove h]1 ?\gh ?is is by no means s t$i\s if we h ,italians1 z ( c\rse we all w4 ,i might give o!r me?ods :i* w\ld r5d] unnecess>y ?is caution1 b !y are to my m9d inf]ior1 & n to be recomm5d$4 ,if we proce$ z above describ$1 ! bees w seldom prep>e to sw>m at all1 & if !y d !y w be discov]$ 9 ! act1 by su* frequ5t exam9ations1 & ! "w may be cut %ort by at once divid+ su* colonies z fir/ expla9$1 & de/roy+ _! que5-cells1 or1 if desir$1 us+ !m = =m+ new nuclei4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,italians ,,& ,,italianiz+4 ,! hi/ory & description ( ,italians 7see ,frontis-plate7 h already be5 consid]$ 7p4 #da71 s x only rema9s to discuss ! subject 9 a practical light4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,italians seems at pres5t a moot$ "q4 ,a few among ! able api>i/s 9 our c\ntry take ! gr\nd t a ?or\gh balanc+ ( qualities w make z favorable a %[+ = ! ,g]man1 z = ! ,italian bees4 ,i ?9k1 too1 t ! late ,b>on ( ,b]leps* held to ! same view4 ,i ?9k ,i am capable ( act+ z judge on ?is subject4 ,i h nev] sold a half-doz5 que5s 9 my life1 & s h n be5 unconsci\sly influ5c$ by self-int]e/4 ,9 fact1 ,i h nev] _h1 if ,i except two ye>s1 any direct int]e/ 9 bees at all1 & all my "w & exp]im5ts _h only ! promotion & spread ( tru? z ! ultimatum4 ,aga91 ,i h kept bo? blacks & ,italians side by side1 & c>efully obs]v$ & not$ results dur+ eight ye>s ( my exp]i5ce4 ,i h c>efully collect$ data z to increase ( brood1 rapidity ( /or+1 e>ly & late habits 9 ! day & season1 k9ds ( fl[]s visit$1 amiability1 etc41 & ,i believe t to say t !y are n sup]ior to black bees1 is l say+ t a ,du*ess among %ort-horns is 9 no wise sup]ior to ! lean1 bony k9e ( ,texas2 or t our ,essex & ,b]k%ire sw9e are no :it bett] ?an ! cadav]\s lank bre$s1 ) inf9ite noses1 t1 happily1 are n[ s r>e among u4 ,! ,italians are f> sup]ior to ! ,g]man bees 9 _m respects1 & m--?\gh ,i am acqua9t$ ) all ! works on apiculture pr9t$ 9 our language1 & h an ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! lead+ api>i/s ( our c\ntry f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia1 yet ,i "k ( sc>cely a bak]'s doz5 t h _h opportunity to =m a correct judgm5t1 t d n give /rong pref]5ce to ! ,italians4 ,t ^! m5 are hone/1 is beyond "q2 t ^? :o disagree ) u are equally s1 !re is no d\bt4 ,! black bees are 9 "s respects sup]ior to ! ,italians1 & if a bee-keep]'s me?ods cause him to give ^! po9ts undue importance1 9 =m+ 8 judgm5ts1 !n 8 conclusions may be wrong4 ,faulty managem5t1 too1 may lead to wrong conclusions4 ,! ,italians c]ta9ly possess ! foll[+ po9ts ( sup]iority3 ,fir/4 ,!y possess long] tongues 7,fig4 #bj71 & s c ga!r f fl[]s :i* are useless to ! black bee4 ,?is po9t has already be5 suffici5tly consid]$ 7p4 #db74 ,h[ mu* value hangs ^u ?is /ructural peculi>ity1 ,i am unable to /ate4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 ,italians work+ on r$ clov]4 ,i nev] saw a black bee ?us employ$4 ,x is easy to see t ?is might be1 at c]ta9 times & c]ta9 seasons1 a v mat]ial aid4 ,h[ mu* ( ! sup]ior /or+ qualities ( ! ,italians is due to ?is l5g!n$ ligula1 ,i am unable to say4 ,second4 ,!y are m active1 & ) ! same opportunities w collect a good deal m honey4 ,?is is a matt] ( obs]vation1 :i* ,i h te/$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,yet ,i w give ! figures ( ano!r3 ,mr4 ,doolittle secur$ f two colonies1 #cji lbs4 & #cja lbs41 respectively1 ( box honey1 dur+ ! pa/ season4 ,^! surpris+ figures1 ! be/ he c\ld give1 7 f 8 be/ ,italian /ocks4 ,simil> te/imony comes f ,kle9 & ,dzi]zon ov] ! sea1 & f ho/s ( our own api>i/s4 ,?ird4 ,!y "w e>li] & lat]4 ,?is is n only true ( ! day1 b ( ! season4 ,on cool days 9 spr+1 ,i h se5 ! d&elions sw>m+ ) ,italians1 :ile n a black bee 0 to be se54 ,on ,may #g?1 #ahgg1 ,i walk$ less ?an "o-half a mile1 & c\nt$ sixty-eight bees ga!r+ f d&elions1 yet only two 7 black bees4 ,?is might be consid]$ an undesirable feature1 z t5d+ to spr+ dw9dl+4 ,yet1 ) ! prop] managem5t1 to be describ$ :ile consid]+ ! subject ( w9t]+1 we ?9k ?is no objection1 b a great advantage4 ,f\r?4 ,!y are f> bett] to protect _! hives aga9/ robb]s4 ,robb]s t attempt to plund] ,italians ( _! h>d-e>n$ /ores soon f9d t !y h d>$ to be>d ! lion 9 8 d54 ,?is is s pat5t1 t ev5 ! advocates ( black bees are ready to conc$e x4 ,fif?4 ,!y are almo/ pro( aga9/ ! ravages ( ! bee-mo?'s l>v4 ,?is is also univ]sally conc$$4 ,six?4 ,! que5s are decid$ly m prolific4 ,?is is probably 9 "p due to ! great] & m con/ant activity ( ! neut]s4 ,?is is obs]vable at all seasons1 b v /rik+ :5 build+ up 9 spr+4 ,no "o :o w take ! pa9s to note ! increase ( brood w long rema9 9 d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,sev5?4 ,!y are less apt to bre$ 9 w9t]1 :5 x is desirable to h ! bees v quiet4 ,eigh?4 ,! que5 is m readily f\nd1 :i* is a great advantage4 ,9 ! v>i\s manipulations ( ! api>y1 x is frequ5tly desirable to f9d ! que54 ,9 full colonies ,i w\ld r f9d ?ree ,italian que5s ?an "o black "o4 ,:]e "t is money1 ?is becomes a matt] ( mu* importance4 ,n9?4 ,! bees are m dispos$ to adh]e to ! comb :ile be+ h&l$1 :i* "s might reg>d a d\btful complim5t1 ?\gh ,i consid] x a desirable quality4 ,t5?4 ,!y are1 9 my judgm5t1 less liable to rob o!r bees4 ,!y w f9d honey :5 ! blacks ga!r none1 & ! "t = robb+ is :5 !re is no ga!r+4 ,?is may expla9 ! above peculi>ity4 ,elev5?4 ,&1 9 my e/imation1 a suffici5t gr\nd = pref]5ce1 did x /& alone1 ! ,italian bees are f> m amiable4 ,ye>s ago ,i got rid ( my black bees1 because !y 7 s cross4 ,two ye>s ago ,i got two or ?ree colonies1 t my /ud5ts might see ! diff]5ce1 b to my regret2 =1 z we remov$ ! honey 9 ! autumn1 !y seem$ p]fectly furi\s1 l demons1 seek+ :om !y might dev\r1 & ?is1 too1 despite ! smok]1 :ile ! f> m num]\s ,italians 7 safely h&l$1 ev5 )\t smoke4 ,! exp]im5t at lea/ satisfi$ a l>ge class ( /ud5ts z to sup]iority4 ,mr4 ,qu9by speaks 9 8 book ( _! be+ cross1 & ,capta9 ,he!r+ton tells me1 t if n mu* h&l$1 !y are m cross ?an ! blacks4 ,f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i _c und]/& ?is4 ,hybrids are ev5 m cross ?an are ! pure black bees1 b o!rwise are ne>ly z desirable z ! pure ,italians4 ,i h kept ^! two races side by side = ye>s1 ,i h /udi$ !m mo/ c>efully1 & ,i feel sure t none ( ! above elev5 po9ts ( excell5ce is too /rongly /at$4 ,! black bees w g into close boxes m readily ?an ,italians1 b if we use ! sectional frames1 & on o!r gr\nds we c af=d to use no o!r1 we %all f9d1 ) ! m ample connection betwe5 ! brood-*amb] & sections1 t ev5 "h1 z ,mr4 ,doolittle & _m o!rs h %[n1 ! ,italians /ill give ! be/ returns4 ,i h "s reasons to ?9k t ! blacks are m h>dy1 & h f\nd _m api>i/s :o agree ) me4 ,yet1 o!rs ( wide exp]i5ce1 ?9k t !re is no diff]5ce1 :ile /ill o!rs ?9k ! ,italians m h>dy4 ,! ,italian bees are said to dw9dle worse 9 spr+1 :i*1 z !y are m active1 is q probable4 ,z ,i h nev] _h a case ( s]i\s spr+ dw9dl+1 ,i _c speak f exp]i5ce4 ,if ! bee-keep] prev5ts e>ly spr+ fly+1 :i* is v detrim5tal to ei!r black or ,italian bees1 ?is po9t w h no weight1 ev5 if well tak54 ,,all ,,%\ld ,,keep ,,only ,,italians4 ,! advantages ( ! ,italians1 :i* h be5 consid]$ ?us fully1 are m ?an suffici5t to w>rant ! exclusion ( all o!r bees f ! api>y4 ,truly1 no "o ne$ to be urg$ to a c\rse1 t adds to ! ease1 pr(it1 & agreeabl5ess ( 8 vocation4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,italianize4 ,f :at has be5 already expla9$ reg>d+ ! natural hi/ory ( bees1 x w be se5 t all we h to d to *ange our bees1 is to *ange our que5s4 ,h5ce1 to ,italianize a colony1 we h only to procure & introduce an ,italian que54 ,,h[ ,,to ,,introduce ,a ,,que54 ,9 divid+ colonies1 :]e we give our que5 to a colony compos$ :olly ( "y bees1 x is safe & easy to introduce a que5 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ! section on artificial sw>m+4 ,to introduce a que5 to a colony compos$ ( old bees m c>e is requir$4 ,fir/1 we %\ld seek out ! old que5 & de/roy h]1 !n cage our ,italian que5 9 a wire cage1 :i* may be made by w9d+ a /rip ( wire-clo?1 ?ree & "o-half in*es wide1 & conta9+ fifte5 to tw5ty me%es to ! in*1 ab\t ! f+]4 ,let x lap ea* way "o-half in*1 !n cut x (f4 ,ravel out ! half in* on ea* side1 & weave 9 ! ends ( ! wires1 =m+ a tube ! size ( ! f+]4 ,we n[ h only to put ! que5 9 ! tube1 & p9* ! ends toge!r1 & ! que5 is cag$4 ,! cage conta9+ ! que5 %\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 two adjac5t combs conta9+ honey1 ea* ( :i* w t\* x4 ,! que5 c ?us sip honey z %e ne$s x4 ,if we fe> ! que5 may n be able to sip ! honey ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! wire1 we may dip a piece ( clean sponge 9 honey & ins]t x 9 ! upp] end ( ! cage be=e we compress ?is end4 ,?is w furni% ! que5 ) ! ne$$ food4 ,9 =ty-eight h\rs we aga9 op5 ! hive1 aft] a ?or\gh smok+1 also ! cage1 :i* is easily done by press+ ! upp] end1 at "r-angles to ! direction ( ! pressure :5 we clos$ x4 ,9 do+ ?is d n remove ! cage4 ,n[ keep wat*1 & if1 z ! bees ent] ! cage or z ! que5 em]ges1 ! bees attack h]1 secure h] imm$iately & re-cage h] = ano!r =ty-eight h\rs4 ,i usually let "s honey drip on ! que5 z soon z ! cage is op5$4 ,"s ?9k ?is r5d]s ! bees m amiable4 ,i h introduc$ _m que5s 9 ?is mann]1 & h v r>ely be5 unsuccessful4 ,mr4 ,dadant /ops ! cage ) a plug ( wood1 & :5 he goes to lib]ate ! que5 replaces ! wood5 /op ) "o ( comb1 & leaves ! bees to lib]ate ! que5 by eat+ out ! comb4 ,i h tri$ ?is1 b ) no bett] success ?an ,i h _h ) ! above me?od1 :ile ) ?is plan ! que5 is surely lo/ if ! bees d n receive h] k9dly4 ,mr4 ,bets+] uses a l>g] cage1 op5 at "o end1 :i* is press$ aga9/ ! comb till ! m\? ( ! cage rea*es ! middle ( x4 ,if ,i und]/& him1 ! que5 is ?us held by cage & comb till ! bees lib]ate h]4 ,i h nev] tri$ ?is plan4 ,:5 bees are n /or+1 especially if robb]s are abundant1 x is m difficult to succe$1 & at su* "t ! utmo/ caution w occasionally fail ( success if ! bees are old4 ,a "y que51 j em]g+ f a cell1 c almo/ always be safely giv5 at once to ! colony1 aft] de/roy+ ! old que54 ,a que5 cell is usually receiv$ ) favor4 ,if we adopt ?is c\rse we mu/ be c>eful to de/roy all o!r que5-cells t may be =m$2 & if ! "o we supply is de/roy$1 wait sev5 days1 !n de/roy all _! que5-cells1 & !y are sure to accept a cell4 ,b to save "t ,i %\ld always introduce a que54 ,if we are to introduce an import$ que51 or "o ( v great value1 we might make a new colony1 all ( "y bees1 z already describ$4 ,smoke !m well1 spr9kle ) sweet5$ wat]1 daub ! que5 ) honey1 & introduce imm$iately4 ,?is me?od w\ld involve really no risk4 ,if ! api>i/ 0 /ill afraid1 he c\ld make assurance /ill m sure by tak+ combs ( brood :]e ! "y bees 7 rapidly escap+ f ! cells2 !re w\ld soon be en\gh "y bees to clu/] ab\t ! que51 & soon en\gh bees = a good colony4 ,?is plan w\ld n be advisable except 9 w>m wea!r1 & c>e is also requir$ to protect f robb]s4 ,! colony might be set 9 ! cell> = a few days1 9 :i* case x w\ld be safe ev5 9 e>ly spr+4 ,by hav+ a colony ?us ,italianiz$ 9 ! fall1 we may comm5ce ! next spr+1 &1 z describ$ 9 ! section expla9+ ! =mation ( artificial sw>ms1 we may control our re>+ ( drones1 que5s1 & all1 & ere ano!r autumn h only ! beautiful1 pure1 amiable1 & active ,italians4 ,i h done ?is sev]al times1 & ) ! mo/ p]fect satisfaction4 ,i ?9k by mak+ ?is *ange 9 blood1 we add c]ta9ly two doll>s to ! value ( ea* colony1 & ,i "k ( no o!r way to make money s easily & pleasantly4 ,,to ,,get ,,our ,,italian ,,que54 ,s5d to "s reliable bre$]1 & ask = a que5 wor? at lea/ five doll>s4 ,x is ! mania n[ to re> & sell *eap que5s4 ,^! are re>$--mu/ be re>$--)\t c>e1 & w1 ,i fe>1 prove v *eap4 ,x is a "q1 if any m sure way c\ld be devis$ to injure our /ocks ?an ! doll> que5 bus9ess1 :i* is n[ s popul>4 ,x is q probable t mu* ( ! sup]iority ( ,italian bees is ow+ to ! c>e & c>eful selection 9 bre$+4 ,su* c>eful selection 9-bre$+1 ei!r ) black or ,italian bees1 is :at w augm5t ! value ( our api>ies4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! doll> que5 bus9ess is to dissem9ate ! inf]ior que5s1 _m ( :i* w appe> 9 e api>y4 ,^! %\ld be kill$1 n sold4 ,yet1 _m an api>i/ w ?9k ev5 ! poore/ que5s are wor? a doll>4 ,my fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,bak]1 b\ght a doll> ,alb9o que5 la/ season :i* 0 n wor? a c5t4 ,yet x co/ only a doll>1 &1 ( c\rse1 no satisfaction c\ld be secur$ or ev5 ask$ =4 ,i ?9k x behooves api>i/s to ?9k ( ?is matt]1 & see if doll> que5s are n v de>4 ,i h ?r[n away ?ree doll>s on !m1 & h conclud$ to pay m & buy *eap] 9 future4 ,i believe our bre$]s %\ld be enc\rag$ to give u ! be/2 to /udy ! art ( bre$+1 & nev] s5d out an inf]ior que54 ,9 ?is way we may hope to keep up ! "* ( our api>ies1 & ! reputation ( ,italians4 ,else we are saf] "u ! old sy/em :]e natural selection reta9$ ! be/1 by ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,,re>+ ,,& ,,%ipp+ ,,que5s4 ,i h already expla9$ ! matt] ( que5-re>+4 ,aft] _m inquiries1 & "s exp]i5ce1 ,i mu* d\bt if any api>i/ c af=d to re> que5s1 su* z api>i/s wi% to buy1 = less ?an f\r or five doll>s4 ,only ! be/ %\ld be sold1 & no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ by ! bre$] to secure su* que5s4 ,,to ,,%ip ,,que5s4 ,?is is a v simple matt]4 ,we h only to secure a squ>e block two in*es ea* way1 & "o & a half in*es deep--a hole bor$ into a two-in* plank to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! bottom s]ves admirably4 ,9 ?is %\ld be ins]t$ a piece ( capp$ honey1 :i* has be5 entirely clean$ by bees4 ,bees w spe$ily p]=m ?is "w1 if ! comb conta9+ ! honey is plac$ on ! alight+-bo>d4 ,?is mu/ be fa/5$ into ! %ipp+-box1 :i* is easily done1 by p9n+ x ) a sl5d] wood5 p91 :i* passes ?r\gh holes previ\sly bor$ 9 ! box4 ,we n[ cov] ! op5 *amb] ) f9e wire-clo?1 put 9 our que5 & fifte5 or tw5ty bees1 & %e is ready to %ip4 ,any uncapp$ honey to daub ! que5 is almo/ sure to prove fatal4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root furni%es a cage already provision$ ) sug> 7,fig4 #eg71 :i* is v neat & safe4 ,i h receiv$ que5s f ,t5nessee1 :i* 7 f$ exclusively on c&y1 & came 9 excell5t condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,to ,,move ,,colonies4 ,%\ld we desire to pur*ase ,italian or o!r colonies1 ! only requisites to safe transport are3 ,a wire-clo? cov] = v5tilation1 secure fa/5+ ( ! frames s !y _c possibly move1 & combs old en\gh s t !y %all n break d[n & fall out4 ,i w\ld nev] advise mov+ bees 9 w9t]1 ?\gh x has (t5 be5 done ) entire safety4 ,i %\ld wi% ! bees to h a flight v soon aft] su* di/urbance4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,extract+1 ,,& ,,! ,,extractor4 ,! brood-*amb] is (t5 s fill$ ) honey t ! que5 has no room to lay h] eggs1 especially if !re is any neglect to give o!r room = /or+4 ,honey1 too1 9 brood-combs is unsalable1 because ! combs are d>k1 & ! size undesirable4 ,comb1 too1 is v valuable1 & %\ld nev] be tak5 f ! bees1 except :5 desir$ to r5d] ! honey m m>ketable4 ,h5ce1 ! api>i/ f9ds a v effici5t auxili>y 9 ! ,,honey ,,extractor4 ,no d\bt "s h expect$ & claim$ too mu* = ?is ma*9e4 ,x is equally true1 t "s h blund]$ q z s]i\sly 9 an opposite direction4 ,=1 s9ce ,mr4 ,lang/ro? gave ! movable frame to ! _w1 ! api>i/ has n be5 s deeply indebt$ to any inv5tor z to him :o gave u ! ,mell ,extractor1 ,h]r von ,hrus*ka1 ( ,g]many4 ,ev5 if !re 0 no sale = extract$ honey--aye1 m1 ev5 if x mu/ be ?r[n away1 :i* w nev] be necess>y1 z x may always be f$ to ! bees ) pr(it1 ev5 !n ,i w\ld pron\nce ! extractor an invaluable aid to e bee-keep]4 ,! pr9ciple :i* makes ?is ma*9e effective is t ( c5trifugal =ce1 & x 0 sugge/$ to ,major von ,hrus*ka1 by notic+ t a piece ( comb :i* 0 twirl$ by 8 boy at ! end ( a /r+1 0 empti$ ( its honey4 ,h]r von ,hrus*ka's ma*9e 0 ess5tially l ^? n[ s common1 ?\gh 9 lightness & conv5i5ce !re has be5 a m>k$ improvem5t4 ,8 ma*9e consi/$ ( a wood5 tub1 ) a v]tical axle 9 ! c5tre1 :i* revolv$ 9 a socket fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :ile f ! top ( ! tub1 fa/5+s ext5d$ to ! axle1 :i* project$ = a di/ance above4 ,! axle 0 ?us held exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! tub4 ,atta*$ to ! axle 0 a frame or rack to hold ! comb1 ^: out] face re/$ aga9/ a wire-clo?4 ,! axle ) its atta*$ frame1 :i* latt] held ! uncapp$ comb1 0 made to revolve by rapidly unw9d+ a /r+1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly w\nd ab\t ! top ( ! axle1 aft] ! /yle ( top-sp9n+4 ,replace ! wood5 tub ) "o ( t91 & ! /r+ ) ge>+1 & x w be se5 t we h ess5tially ! neat extractor ( to-day4 ,z ! ma*9e is ( =eign inv5tion1 x is n cov]$ by a pat5t1 & may be made by any "o )\t let or h9drance4 ,a good ma*9e may be b\ght = eight doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,,:at ,,/yle ,,to ,,buy4 ,! ma*9e %\ld be z light z is consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,x is be/ t ! c be /ation>y1 & t only a light frame be made to revolve ) ! comb4 ,x is desirable t ! ma*9e %\ld run ) ge>+1 n only = ease1 b also to insure or all[ an ev5 motion1 s t we ne$ n ?r[ ev5 drone l>v f ! brood-cells4 ,! arrangem5t = exit ( ! honey %\ld p]mit a spe$y & p]fect %ut-(f4 ,a molasses gate is excell5t to s]ve = a faucet4 ,i %\ld also pref] t ! c hold consid]able honey--?irty or =ty p\nds--be=e x w\ld be necess>y to let ! honey fl[ f x4 ,9 case ( small frames1 l ! ones ,i h describ$ z mo/ desirable to my m9d1 ,i %\ld pref] t ! rack might hold f\r frames4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,he!r+ton has f\nd t w9d+ ! rack ) f9e wire1 s]ves bett] ?an wire-clo? to resi/ ! combs1 :ile p]mitt+ ! honey to pass4 ,! rack %\ld set s l[ 9 ! c t no honey w\ld ev] be ?r[n ov] ! top to daub ! p]son us+ ! ma*9e4 ,i ?9k t a wire basket1 ) a t9 bottom1 & made to hook on to ! comb-rack 7,fig4 #eh1 a1 a7 :i* w hold pieces ( comb n 9 frames1 a desirable improvem5t to an extractor4 ,su* baskets are app5d$ to ! admirable extractor 7,fig4 #eh7 made by ,mr4 ,b4 ,o4 ,ev]ett1 ( ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 :i*1 ?\gh ess5tially l ! extractor ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root1 has sub/antial improvem5ts1 & is ! *eape/1 & ,i ?9k ! be/ extractor1 t ,i h us$ or se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,i h tri$ ma*9es :]e ! sides ( ! rack 7,fig4 #ei7 incl9$ d[n & 91 = ! purpose ( hold+ pieces ( comb1 b f\nd !m unsatisfactory4 ,! combs w\ld n be su/a9$4 ,yet1 if ! frames 7 long & n>r[1 s t ! end ( ! frame w\ld h to re/ on ! bottom ( ! rack1 in/ead ( hang+ z x does 9 ! hive1 su* an incl9e might be ( use to prev5t ! top ( ! frame f fall+ 91 be=e we comm5ce to turn ! ma*9e4 ,! inside1 if metal1 :i* is light] & to be pref]r$ to wood1 z x does n s\r or absorb ! honey1 %\ld be ei!r ( t9 or galvaniz$ iron1 s z n to ru/4 ,a cov] to protect ! honey f du/1 :5 n 9 use1 is v desirable4 ,! clo? cov]1 ga!r$ ar\nd ! edge by a rubb]1 z made by ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root1 is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,z no capp$ honey c\ld be extract$1 x is necess>y to uncap x1 :i* is done by %av+ (f ! ?9 caps4 ,to d ?is1 no?+ is bett] ?an ! new ,b+ham ,he!r+ton honey knife 7,fig4 #fj74 ,aft] a ?or\gh trial ( ?is knife1 "h at ! ,college1 we pron\nce x decid$ly sup]ior to any o!r t we h us$1 ?\gh we h sev]al ( ! pr9cipal knives made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is1 p]haps1 sometimes desirable to h a curv$ po9t 7,fig4 #fa71 ?\gh ?is is n at all ess5tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,extractor4 ,al?\gh "s ( our mo/ exp]i5c$ api>i/s say nay1 x is nev]!less a fact1 t ! que5 (t5 rema9s idle1 or extrudes h] eggs only to be lo/1 simply because !re are no empty cells4 ,! honey yield is s great t ! work]s occupy e available space1 & sometimes ev5 !y become unwill+ idl]s1 simply because ( necessity4 ,seldom a ye> has pass$ b t ,i h notic$ "s ( my mo/ prolific que5s ?us *eck$ 9 duty4 ,x is probable t j ! prop] arrangem5t & be/ managem5t ( frames = surplus w\ld make su* occasions r>e2 yet1 ,i h se5 ! brood-*amb] 9 two-/ory hives1 ) common frames above--! v be/ arrangem5t to promote /or+ above ! brood-*amb]--s cr[d$ z to =ce ! que5 ei!r to idl5ess or to egg-lay+ 9 ! upp] frames4 ,?is fact1 z also ! r$undant brood1 & excessive /or+ t foll[s ^u extract+ f ! brood-*amb]1 make me emphatic ^u ?is po9t1 not)/&+ ! fact t "s m5 ( wide exp]i5ce & great intellig5ce1 ?9k me wrong4 ,! extractor also enables ! api>i/ to secure honey-extract$ honey--9 poor seasons1 :5 he c\ld get v little1 if any1 9 sections or boxes4 ,by use ( ! extractor1 at any "t or season1 ! api>i/ c secure ne>ly if n q d\ble ! am\nt ( honey1 t he c\ld get 9 combs4 ,! extractor enables u to remove uncapp$ honey 9 ! fall1 :i*1 if left 9 ! hive1 may cause disease & dea?4 ,by use ( ! extractor1 too1 we c ?r[ ! honey f our surplus brood-combs 9 ! fall1 & ?us h a salable article1 & h ! empty combs1 :i* are invaluable = use ! next spr+4 ,we n[ h 9 our api>y "o hundr$ & fifty su* empty combs4 ,if ! revolv+ racks ( ! extractor h a wire basket atta*m5t1 at ! bottom z ,i h sugge/$1 ! uncapp$ sections c be empti$ 9 ! fall1 if desir$1 & pieces ( drone-comb cut f ! brood-*amb]1 :i* are s admirable = />t]s 9 ! sections1 c be empti$ ( _! honey at any season4 ,by use ( ! extractor1 we c furni% at "o-half ! price we ask = comb-honey1 an article :i* is equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ! be/ comb-honey1 & :i*1 7 x n = appe>ance alone1 w\ld soon drive ! latt] f ! m>ket4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,extractor4 ,if extract$ honey c be sold = fifte51 or ev5 twelve c5ts1 ! extractor may be us$ pr(itably ! summ] ?r\gh2 o!rwise use x suffici5tly (t5 t !re may always be empty work]-cells 9 ! brood-*amb]4 ,x is (t5 requir$ ) u dur+ ! ?ree great honey h>ve/s--! :ite clov]1 basswood1 & t ( fall fl[]s4 ,i h always extract$ ! honey s frequ5tly z to avoid mu* uncapp+4 ,if ! honey 0 ?91 ,i w\ld keep x 9 a dry w>m room1 or apply a mild heat1 t x might ?ick51 & escape dang] f f]m5tation4 ,yet1 s _m h su/a9$ a loss by extract+ prematurely1 t ,i urge all nev] to extract till aft] ! bees h seal$ ! cells4 ,! labor ( uncapp+1 ) ! excell5t honey knives n[ at our comm&1 is s light1 t we c af=d to run no risk t ! honey produc$ at our api>ies %all s\r & become wor?less4 ,if ! honey granulates1 x c be r$uc$ to ! fluid /ate ) no injury1 by heal+1 ?\gh ! temp]ature %\ld nev] rise above #bjj ,f4 ,?is c be/ be done by plac+ ! vessel conta9+ ! honey 9 ano!r conta9+ wat]1 ?\gh if ! second vessel be set on a /ove1 a t9 bas9 or pieces ( wood %\ld prev5t ! honey vessel f t\*+ ! bottom1 else ! honey w\ld burn4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! be/ honey is always sure to cry/allize1 b x may be prev5t$ by keep+ x 9 a temp]ature :i* is con/antly above #hj ,f4 ,if cann$ honey is set on top a furnace 9 :i* a fire is kept burn+1 x w rema9 liquid indef9itely4 ,to r5d] ! honey free f small pieces ( comb1 or o!r impurities1 x %\ld ei!r be pass$ ?r\gh a clo? or wire sieve--,i purposely refra9 f ! use ( ! ^w /ra9]1 z we %\ld nei!r use ! ^w /ra9$1 nor all[ x to be us$1 9 connection ) extract$ honey--or else draw x (f into a b>rel1 ) a faucet or molasses gate ne> ! l[] end1 & aft] all p>ticles ( solid matt] h ris5 to ! top1 draw (f ! cle> honey f ! bottom4 ,9 case ( v ?ick honey1 ?is me?od is n s satisfactory z ! fir/4 ,i h>dly ne$ say t honey1 :5 heat$1 is ?9n]1 & w ( c\rse pass m readily ?r\gh common t[el+ or f9e wire-clo?4 ,nev] all[ ! que5 to be =c$ to idl5ess = want ( empty cells4 ,extract all uncapp$ honey 9 ! fall1 & ! honey f all ! brood-combs n ne$$ = w9t]4 ,! honey1 too1 %\ld be ?r[n f pieces ( drone-comb :i* are cut f ! brood-frames1 & f ! uncapp$ comb 9 sections at ! close ( ! season4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,extract4 ,! api>i/ %\ld possess "o or two light boxes1 ( suffici5t size to hold all ! frames f a s+le hive4 ,^! %\ld h conv5i5t h&les1 & a close-fitt+ cov]1 :i* w slide easily ei!r way4 ,^! w be m easily us$ if !y re/ on legs1 :i* w raise _! tops say ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,n[1 g to two or ?ree colonies1 take en\gh combs1 & ( ! "r k9d = a colony4 ,! bees may be %ak5 (f or bru%$ (f ) a l>ge fea!r4 ,if ! bees are tr\blesome1 close ! box z soon z ea* comb is plac$ inside4 ,extract ! honey f ^!1 us+ c>e n to turn s h>d z to ?r[ out ! brood4 ,if necess>y1 ) a ?9 knife p>e (f ! caps1 & aft] ?r[+ ! honey f "o side1 turn ! comb ar\nd1 & extract x f ! o!r4 ,if combs are ( v diff]5t weights1 x w be bett] = ! extractor to use ^? ( ne>ly equal weights on opposite sides1 z ! /ra9 w be mu* less4 ,n[ take ^! combs to ano!r colony1 ^: combs %all be replac$ by !m4 ,!n close ! hive1 extract ?is second set ( combs1 & ?us proce$ till ! honey has all be5 extract$4 ,at ! close1 ! "o or two colonies f :i* ! fir/ combs 7 tak5 %all receive pay f ! la/ set extract$1 & ?us1 ) mu* sav+ ( "t1 little di/urbance ( bees1 & ! lea/ invitation to robb+1 9 case !re is no ga!r+1 we h gone rapidly ?r\gh ! api>y4 ,,to ,,keep ,,extract$ ,,honey4 ,extract$ honey1 if to be sold 9 cans or bottles1 may be run into !m f ! extractor4 ,! honey %\ld be ?ick1 & ! vessels may be seal$ or cork$1 & box$ at once4 ,if l>ge quantities ( honey are extract$1 x may be mo/ conv5i5tly kept 9 b>rels4 ,^! %\ld be fir/-class1 & ought to be wax$ be=e us+ !m1 to make assurance d\bly sure aga9/ any leakage4 ,to wax ! b>rels1 we may use beeswax1 b p>aff9e is *eap]1 & j z effici5t4 ,?ree or f\r qu>ts ( ! hot p>aff9e or wax %\ld be turn$ into ! b>rel1 ! bung driv5 9 tight1 ! b>rel twirl$ 9 e position1 aft] :i* ! bung is loos5$ by a bl[ ) ! hamm]1 & ! residue ( ! wax turn$ out4 ,economy requires t ! b>rels be w>m :5 wax$1 s t only a ?9 coat w be appropriat$4 ,l>ge t9 cans1 wax$ & sold]$ at ! op5+s aft] be+ fill$1 are *eap1 & may be ! mo/ desirable receptacles = extract$ honey4 ,extract$ honey %\ld always be kept 9 dry ap>tm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,h&l+ ,,bees4 ,b "s "o asks ! "q1 %all we n receive ^? m]ciless /+s1 or be introduc$ to :at ,jo% calls ! bus9ess end ( ! bee8 ,p]haps !re is no m causeless1 or m common dread1 9 exi/5ce1 ?an ?is ( bees' /+s4 ,:5 bees are ga!r+1 !y w nev] /+ unless provok$4 ,:5 at ! hives--especially if ,italians--!y w r>ely make an attack4 ,! common belief1 too1 t "s p]sons are m liable to attack ?an o!rs1 is1 ,i ?9k1 put too /rong4 ,) ! be/ opportunity to judge1 ) our hundr$s ( /ud5ts1 ,i ?9k ,i may safely say t "o is almo/ always z liable to attack z ano!r1 except t he is m quiet1 or does n greet ! usually amiable pass]-by1 ) ^? t]rific ?ru/s1 :i* w\ld vanqui% ev5 a practic$ pugili/4 ,occasionally a p]son may h a peculi> odor ab\t 8 p]son t ang]s bees & invites _! d>t+ tilts1 ) drawn swords1 v5om-tipp$1 yet1 ?\gh ,i take my l>ge classes ea* season1 at frequ5t int]vals1 to see & h&le ! bees1 ea* = himself1 ,i /ill await ! fir/ pro( ( ! fact1 t "o p]son is m liable to be /ung ?an ano!r1 provid+ ea* c>ries himself ) t compos$ & dignifi$ be>+1 t is s pleas+ to ! bees4 ,true1 "s p1 fill$ ) dread1 & ! belief t bees reg>d !m ) special hate & malice1 are s ready = ! battle1 t !y comm5ce ! /rife ) n]v\s head-%akes & beat+ ( ! air1 & ?us =ce ! bees to battle1 nol5s vol5s4 ,i believe t only su* are reg>d$ ) special av]sion by ! bees4 ,h5ce1 ,i believe t no "o ne$ be /ung4 ,bees %\ld nev] be j>r$1 nor irritat$ by quick motions4 ,^? ) n]v\s temp]am5ts--& ,i plead v guilty on ?is po9t--ne$ n give up1 b at fir/ bett] protect _! faces1 & p]haps ev5 _! h&s1 till "t & exp]i5ce %[ !m t fe> is va92 !n !y w dive/ !mselves ( all su* useless encumbrances4 ,bees are m cross :5 !y are ga!r+ no honey1 & at su* times1 black bees & hybrids1 especially1 are s irritable t ev5 ! exp]i5c$ api>i/ w wi% a veil4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,bee-,,veil4 ,?is %\ld be made ( black t>latan1 sew$ up l a bag1 a half y>d long1 )\t top or bottom1 & ) a diamet] ( ! rim ( a common /raw-hat4 ,ga!r ! top ) braid1 s t x w j slip ov] ! cr[n ( ! hat--else1 sew x to ! edge ( ! rim ( "s *eap1 cool hat1 9 fact1 ,i pref] ?is /yle--& ga!r ! bottom ) rubb] cord or rubb] tape1 s t x may be drawn ov] ! hat rim1 & !n ov] ! head1 z we adju/ ! hat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,"s pref] to disp5se ) ! rubb] cord at ! bottom 7,fig4 #fb71 & h ! veil long s z to be ga!r$ 9 by ! coat or dress4 ,if ! black t>latan tr\bles by color+ ! %irt or coll>1 ! l[] "p may be made ( :ite nett+4 ,:5 9 use1 ! rubb] cord draws ! l[] "p close ab\t ! neck1 or ! l[] "p tucks )9 ! coat or ve/ 7,fig4 #fb71 & we are safe4 ,?is k9d ( a veil is cool1 does n imp$e vision at all1 & c be made by any woman at a co/ ( less ?an tw5ty c5ts4 ,common bucksk9 or %eep-sk9 gloves c be us$1 z x w sc>cely pay to get special gloves = ! purpose1 = ! mo/ timid p]son--,i speak f exp]i5ce--w soon consid] gloves an unnecess>y nuisance4 ,special rubb] gloves are sold by ^? :o keep on h& api>ian supplies4 ,"s api>i/s ?9k t d>k clo?+ is specially obnoxi\s to bees4 ,= ladies1 my fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,bak]1 recomm5ds a dress :i*1 by use ( ! rubb] skirt-lift or o!r device1 c be in/antly rais$ or l[]$4 ,?is w be conv5i5t 9 ! api>y1 & tidy any:]e4 ,! ,gabrielle /yle is pref]r$1 & ( a l5g? j to rea* ! floor4 ,x %\ld be belt$ at ! wai/1 & cut d[n f ! neck 9 front1 "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! wai/1 to p]mit ! tuck+ 9 ( ! veil4 ,! "u-wai/ %\ld fa/5 close ab\t ! neck4 ,! sleeves %\ld be q long to all[ free use ( ! arms1 & ga!r$ 9 ) a rubb] cord at ! wri/1 :i* w hug ! rubb] gauntlets or arm1 & prev5t bees f crawl+ up ! sleeves4 ,! pantalets %\ld be /raight & full1 & %\ld also h ! rubb] cord 9 ! hem to draw !m close ab\t ! top ( ! %oes4 ,mrs4 ,bak] also places great /ress on ! wet head-cap1 :i* %e believes ! m5 ev5 w\ld f9d a great com=t4 ,?is is a simple1 close-fitt+ cap1 made ( two ?icknesses ( co>se t[el+4 ,! head is wet ) cold wat]1 & ! cap wet 9 ! same1 wrung out1 & plac$ on ! head4 ,mrs4 ,bak] w\ld h ! dress neat & clean1 & s trimm$ t ! lady api>i/ w\ld ev] be ready to greet h] bro!r or si/] api>i/s4 ,9 su* a dress !re is no dang] ( /+s1 & ) x !re is t %[ ( neatness & ta/e1 )\t :i* no pursuit c\ld attract ! att5tion1 or at lea/ ! patronage1 ( our ref9$ wom54 ,,to ,,quiet ,,bees4 ,9 h>ve/ seasons1 ! bees1 especially if ,italians1 c almo/ always be h&l$ )\t _! %[+ res5tm5t4 ,b at o!r times1 & :5ev] !y object to necess>y famili>ity1 we h only to cause !m to fill ) honey to r5d] !m h>mless1 unless we p9* !m4 ,?is c be done by clos+ ! hive s t ! bees _c get out1 & !n rapp+ on ! hive = f\r or five m9utes4 ,^? )9 w fill ) honey1 ^? )\t w be tam$ by surprise1 & all w be quiet4 ,spr9kl+ ! bees ) sweet5$ wat] w also t5d to r5d] !m amiable1 & w make !m m ready to unite1 to receive a que51 & less apt to /+4 ,/ill ano!r me?od1 m conv5i5t1 is to smoke ! bees4 ,a little smoke bl[n among ! bees w sc>cely ev] fail to quiet !m1 ?\gh ,i h kn[n black bees 9 autumn1 to be v sl[ to yield4 ,dry cotton clo?1 closely w\nd & sew$ or ti$1 or bett]1 pieces ( dry1 rott5 wood1 are excell5t = ! purpose ( smok+4 ,^! are easily h&l$1 & w burn = a long "t4 ,b be/ ( all is a ,,bell[s-,,smok]4 ,?is is a t9 tube atta*$ to a bell[s4 ,clo? or rott5 wood c be burn$ 9 ! tube1 & w rema9 burn+ a long "t4 ,! smoke c be direct$ at pleasure1 ! bell[s easily work$1 & ! smok] us$ )\t any disagreeable effects or dang] f fire4 ,x c be got f any deal] 9 bee app>atus1 & only co/s f #a4be to #b4jj4 ,i mo/ he>tily recomm5d x to all4 ,!re are two smok]s 9 use1 :i* ,i h f\nd v valuable1 & bo? ( :i* are wor?y ( recomm5dation4 ,,! ,,qu9by ,,smok]4 ,?is smok] 7,fig4 #fc1 a7 0 a gift to bee-keep]s by ! late ,mr4 ,qu9by1 & n pat5t$2 ?\gh ,i suppos$ x 01 & s /at$ 9 a =m] edition ( ?is "w4 ,?\gh a simil> device _h be5 previ\sly us$ 9 ,europe1 )\t d\bt ,mr4 ,qu9by 0 n aw>e ( ! fact1 & z he 0 ! p]son to br+ x to ! notice ( bee-keep]s1 & to make x s p]fect z to *all5ge ! att5tion & w9 ! favor ( api>i/s in/ant]1 he is c]ta9ly wor?y ( great praise1 & des]v+ ( he>ty gratitude4 ,?is smok]1 until a bett] "o appe>$1 0 a v valuable & desirable in/rum5t4 ,its faults 71 lack ( /r5g?1 too small a fire-tube1 too little draft :5 n 9 use1 s t ! fire w\ld g out1 & too great liability to fall ov] on ! side1 :5 ! fire 0 sure to be ext+ui%$4 ,_m ( ^! defects1 h[ev]1 h be5 correct$1 & o!r improvem5ts made 9 a new smok]1 call$ ! ,improv$ ,qu9by 7,fig4 #fc1 b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,,! ,,b+ham ,,smok]4 ,?is smok] 7,fig4 #fd7 n only meets all ! requirem5ts1 :i* are want+ 9 ! old ,qu9by smok]1 b %[s by its :ole con/ruction1 t x has n only z a :ole1 b 9 e "p1 be5 subject to ! sev]e/ te/1 & ! close/1 ?\ght & /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems an improv$ copy ( ,mr4 ,qu9by's smok]1 & s ,i fir/ ?\ght1 ?\gh ,i only saw x 9 ,mr4 ,b+ham's h& at a ,conv5tion4 ,i h s9ce us$ x1 exam9$ x 9 e "p1 & h to say t x is n a ,qu9by smok]4 ,! bell[s1 ! valve1 ! cut-(f1 & ev5 ! =m1 are all peculi>4 ,! special po9t to be comm5d$1 &1 ,i suppose1 ! only "o pat5table1 is ! cut-(f betwe5 ! bell[s & fire-tube1 s t ! fire seldom goes out1 :ile ev5 h>d-wood1 z sugge/$ by ! inv5tor1 =ms an excell5t & ev]-ready fuel4 ,! valve = ! entrance ( air to ! bell[s1 p]mits rapid "w1 ! spr+ is ( ! be/ clock-spr+ mat]ial1 ! lea!r p]fect1 n split %eep-sk91 :ile ! :ole con/ruction ( ! bell[s1 & ! plan ( ! fire-scre5 & cut-(f draft1 %[ mu* ?\ght & +5uity4 ,i am ?us full 9 ?is description1 t ,i may n only b5efit my read]s1 all ( :om w want a smok]1 b also out ( gratitude to ,mr4 ,b+ham1 :o has conf]r$ su* a favor on ,am]ican api>i/s4 ,!re are ?ree sizes1 :i* may be b\ght = #a4jj1 #a4ej & #a4ge1 respectively1 includ+ po/age4 ,mr4 ,b+ham1 to protect himself1 & pres]ve ! quality ( 8 inv5tion1 has procur$ a pat5t4 ,?is1 provid$ he has only pat5t$ 8 own inv5tion1 is c]ta9ly 8 "r1 :i* ,i ?9k hone/y requires u all to respect4 ,l ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 he has giv5 u a valuable in/rum5t2 let u see t he is n defraud$ out ( ! ju/ly e>n$ rew>d = 8 inv5tion4 ,bro!r api>i/s1 let u cease ?is unju/ clamor aga9/ pat5ts & pat5tees4 ,if a man procures a pat5t on a wor?less ?+1 let him alone1 & :]e is ! damage8 ,if a man procures a pat5t on a valuable & desirable inv5tion1 !n buy x1 or pay = ! "r to make x1 & ?us keep ! ,eigh? & ,t5? ,comm&m5ts 7,exodus1 #bj? *ap41 #h? & #aj? v]ses74 ,let u nev] buy an article unless we "k x is valuable & desirable = u1 no matt] h[ /\tly importun$2 b = hone/y's sake1 & t we may enc\rage m inv5tions1 let u respect a man's pat5t z we w\ld any o!r prop]ty4 ,if we are 9 d\bt z to ! correctness ( "s p]son's claim1 let u n be =c$ to pay a bonus1 b fir/ write to "s c&id editor or o!r au?ority1 & if we f9d a man has a "r to ! article1 !n pay z we w\ld any o!r debt4 ,i %\ld be v suspici\s ( any man's hone/y :o 0 n will+ to respect su* rights4 ,,to ,,smoke ,,bees4 ,approa* ! hive1 bl[ a little smoke 9 at ! entrance1 !n op5 f above1 & bl[ 9 smoke z requir$4 ,if at any "t ! bees seem irritable1 a few puffs f ! smok] w subdue !m4 ,?us1 any p]son may h&le 8 bees ) p]fect fre$om & safety4 ,if at any "t ! fire-*amb] & escape-pipe become fill$ ) soot1 !y c easily be clean$ by revolv+ an iron or h>d-wood /ick inside ( !m4 ,,to ,,cure ,,/+s4 ,9 case a p]son is /ung1 he %\ld /ep back a little = a mom5t1 z ! pung5t odor ( ! v5om is likely to ang] ! bees & induce fur!r /++4 ,! /+ %\ld be )drawn1 & if ! pa9 is su* z to prove tr\blesome1 apply a little ammonia4 ,! v5om is an acid1 & is neutraliz$ by ! alkali4 ,press+ ov] ! /+ ) ! b>rel ( a wat*-key is also said to be ( "s use 9 /ay+ ! progress ( ! poison 9 ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,9 case horses are badly /ung1 z sometimes happ5s1 !y %\ld be tak5 z spe$ily z possible into a b>n 7a man1 too1 may escape angry bees by ent]+ a build+71 :]e ! bees w seldom foll[1 !n wa% ! horses 9 soda wat]1 & cov] ) blankets wet 9 cold wat]4 ,,! ,,sweat ,,!ory4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t sweaty horses & p are obnoxi\s to ! bees1 & h5ce1 almo/ sure t>gets = _! b>b$ arr[s4 ,9 w>m wea!r ,i p]spire mo/ pr(usely1 yet am sc>cely ev] /ung1 s9ce ,i h le>n$ to control my n]ves4 ,i once kept my bees 9 ! front y>d--!y look$ beautiful on ! gre5 lawn--)9 two rods ( a ma9 ?or\ghf>e1 & n infrequ5tly let my horse1 cov]$ ) sweat ^u my return f a drive1 crop ! grass1 :ile cool+ (f1 "r 9 ! same y>d4 ,( c\rse1 !re 0 "s dang]1 b ,i nev] knew my horse to get /ung4 ,:y1 !n1 ! !ory8 ,may n ! m frequ5t /+s be consequ5t ^u ! w>m1 n]v\s condition ( ! individual8 ,! man is m ready to /rike & j]k1 ! horse to /amp & swit*4 ,! swit*+ ( ! horse's tail1 l ! :isk] trap ( a full be>d1 w ang] ev5 a good-natur$ bee4 ,i %\ld dread ! motions m ?an ! sweat1 ?\gh x may be true t !re is a peculi>ity 9 ! odor f ei!r ! s5sible or ins5sible p]spiration ( "s p]sons1 t ang]s ! bees & provokes ! use ( _! t]rible weapons4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,comb ,,f\ndation4 ,e api>i/ ( exp]i5ce kn[s t empty combs 9 frames1 comb-guides 9 ! sections1 to tempt ! bees & to insure ! prop] position ( ! full combs1 9 fact1 combs ( almo/ any k9d or %ape1 are ( great importance4 ,s e skillful api>i/ is v c>eful to save all drone-comb t is cut out ( ! brood-*amb]--:]e x is worse ?an useless1 z x br+s ) x myriads ( ^? useless gorm&s1 ! drones--to kill ! eggs1 remove ! brood1 or extract ! honey1 & to transf] x to ! sections4 ,he is equally c>eful to keep all 8 work]-comb1 s long z ! cells are ( prop] size to domicile full-siz$ l>v1 & nev] to sell any comb1 or ev5 comb-honey1 unless a mu* great] price makes x desirable4 ,no wond]1 !n1 if comb is s desirable1 t ,g]man ?\ght & ,yankee +5uity h devis$ means ( giv+ ! bees at lea/ a />t 9 ?is important1 yet exp5sive "w ( comb-build+1 & h5ce ! orig9 ( ano!r great aid to ! api>i/--comb f\ndation 7,fig4 #fe74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,,hi/ory4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s ! ,g]mans h us$ impress$ %eets ( wax z a f\ndation = comb1 z x 0 fir/ made by ,h]r ,mehr+1 9 #aheg4 ,^! %eets are f\r or five times z ?ick z ! p>tition at ! c5tre ( natural comb1 :i* is v ?91 only #a-ahj ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is is press$ betwe5 metal plates s accurately =m$ t ! wax receives rhomboidal impressions :i* are a fac simile ( ! basal wall or p>tition betwe5 ! opposite cells ( natural comb4 ,! ?ickness ( ?is %eet is no objection1 z x is f\nd t ! bees almo/ always ?9 x d[n to ! natural ?ickness1 & probably use ! %av+s to =m ! walls4 ,,am]ican ,,f\ndation4 ,mr4 ,wagn] secur$ a pat5t on f\ndation 9 #ahfa1 b z ! article 0 already 9 use 9 ,g]many1 ! pat5t 01 z we und]/&1 ( no legal value1 & c]ta9ly1 z x did no?+ to br+ ?is desirable article into use1 x _h no virtual value4 ,mr4 ,wagn] 0 also ! fir/ to sugge/ ! idea ( roll]s4 ,9 ,lang/ro?'s "w1 edition ( #ahei1 p4 #cgc1 occurs ! foll[+1 9 ref]5ce to pr9t+ or /amp+ combs3 ,mr4 ,wagn] sugge/s =m+ ^! outl9es ) a simple in/rum5t some:at l a :eel cake cutt]4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] are to be made1 a ma*9e might easily be con/ruct$ :i* w\ld /amp !m ) great rapidity4 ,9 #ahff1 ! ,k+ ,bro!rs1 ( ,new ,york1 9 accordance ) ! above sugge/ion1 inv5t$ ! fir/ ma*9e ) roll]s1 ! product ( :i* !y tri$ b fail$ to get pat5t$4 ,^! /amp$ roll]s 7 less ?an two in*es long4 ,?is ma*9e 0 useless1 & fail$ to br+ f\ndation into g5]al use4 ,9 #ahgd1 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,weiss1 a poor ,g]man1 inv5t$ ! ma*9e :i* br\ght ! f\ndation into g5]al use4 ,8 ma*9e _h l5g!n$ roll]s--!y be+ six in*es long--& %all[ grooves betwe5 ! pyramidal projections1 s t !re 0 a v %all[ cell rais$ f ! basal impression z left by ! ,g]man plates4 ,?is 0 ! ma*9e on :i* 0 made ! beautiful & practical f\ndation s5t out by ,john ,long1 9 #ahgd & #ahge1 & :i* prov$ to ! ,am]ican api>i/s t f\ndation ma*9es1 & f\ndation1 too1 7 to be a success4 ,i us$ "s ( ?is e>ly f\ndation1 & h be5 no m successful ) t made by ! ma*9es ( to-day4 ,to ,fr$]ick ,weiss1 !n1 are ,am]icans & ! _w indebt$ = ?is invaluable aid to ! api>i/4 ,yet1 ! poor old man has1 ,i fe>1 receiv$ v meag] pr(its f ?is great inv5tion1 :ile "s writ]s ignore 8 s]vices entirely1 n grant+ him ! poor me$ ( ! honor4 ,s9ce t "t _m ma*9es h be5 made1 )\t ev5 a ?ank y1 z ,i believe1 to ?is old man1 ,weiss4 ,does n ?is %[ t pat5ts1 or some?+--a high] morality1 if y please--is necess>y1 t m5 may secure ju/ice8 ,true1 faulty f\ndation1 & faulty ma*9es 7 already 9 use1 b x 0 ! inv5tive skill ( ,mr4 ,weiss t made f\ndation *eap & excell5t1 & ?us popul>iz$ x ) ! ,am]ican api>i/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,^! ,weiss ma*9es turn out ! comb-f\ndation n only ( exquisite mold1 b ) su* rapidity t x c be made *eap & practicable4 ,h]et(ore ^! ma*9es h be5 sold at an enorm\s pr(it4 ,la/ ,novemb]1 #ahgg1 ,i expo/ulat$ ) "o ( ! manufactur]s ( ,am]ican ma*9es1 because ( ! high price1 say+1 z ,i look$ at "o ( ! ma*9es3 ,^! ought to be sold = ?irty or =ty doll>s1 in/ead ( "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,he repli$ t su* ma*9es--) roll]s1 n plates--t gave ! f\ndation ! exact figure ( natural comb1 7 only made1 he ?\ght1 by ! p]son :o made 8 ma*9es1 & ?us conv9c$ me t said p]son %\ld be rew>d$1 amply rew>d$1 = 8 inv5tion4 ,b z ,i h s9ce le>n$ t ?is is only ! ,weiss ma*9e1 & does no m p]fect "w1 ,i n[ ?9k ,mr4 ,weiss %\ld receive ! sup]-extra pr(its4 ,ev5 ) ma*9es at "o hundr$ doll>s1 f\ndation 0 pr(itable1 z ,i ) _m o!rs h f\nd4 ,b ) ! pres5t price--=ty doll>s1 :i* ,i ?9k1 judg+ f ! simplicity ( ! ma*9e1 adv]tis$ at t price 7,fig4 #ff71 mu/ be r$uc$ /ill l[]--we c h>dly conceive :at an imm5se bus9ess ?is is soon to become4 ,,h[ ,,f\ndation ,,is ,,made4 ,! process ( mak+ ! f\ndation is v simple4 ,?9 %eets ( wax1 z ?9 z is consi/5t ) /r5g?1 are simply pass$ betwe5 ! roll]s1 :i* are s made z to /amp work] or drone f\ndation1 z may be desir$4 ,! roll]s are well cov]$ ) />*-wat] to secure aga9/ adhesion4 ,two m5 c roll out ab\t f\r hundr$ p\nds p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,,to ,,secure ,,! ,,wax ,,%eets4 ,to make ! ?9 %eets ( wax1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root takes %eets or plates ( galvaniz$ iron ) a wood5 h&le4 ,^! are cool$ by dipp+ 9 ice-wat]1 & !n are dipp$ two1 or ?ree times if ! wax is v hot1 9 ! melt$ wax1 :i* is ma9ta9$ at ! prop] temp]ature by keep+ x 9 a d\ble-wall$ vessel1 ) hot wat] 9 ! out] *amb]4 ,su* a boil]1 too1 prev5ts burn+ ( ! wax1 :i* w\ld ru9 x1 :ile x is be+ melt$4 ,aft] dipp+ ! plates 9 ! wax1 !y are aga9 dipp$1 :5 dripp+ has ceas$1 into ! cold wat]1 aft] :i* ! %eets ( wax are cleav$ (f1 ! plates bru%$1 wip$1 cool$1 & dipp$ aga94 ,! boil] us$ 9 melt+ ! wax has ! gate ) a f9e wire sieve atta*$ ne> ! top1 s t ! wax z x is drawn (f into ! second boil]1 w be ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,mr4 ,root /ates t two m5 & a boy w ?us make f\r hundr$ p\nds ( wax %eets 9 a day4 ,o!rs use wood5 plates on :i* to mold ! %eets1 :ile ! ,he!r+ton bro!rs pref]1 & are v successful ) a wood5 cyl9d]1 :i* is made to revolve 9 ! melt$ wax1 & is s h+$1 t x c be spe$ily rais$ above or l[]$ into ! liquid4 ,= cutt+ f\ndation1 no?+ is s admirable z ! ,c>l9 cutt] 7,fig4 #fg1 a71 :i* is l ! :eel glass-cutt]s sold 9 ! %ops1 except t a l>g] :eel ( t9 takes ! place ( ! "o ( h>d5$ /eel4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root has sugge/$ a groov$ bo>d 7,fig4 #fg1 b7 to g ) ! above1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! grooves be+ equal to ! desir$ wid? ( ! /rips ( comb f\ndation to be cut4 ,,use ,,( ,,f\ndation4 ,i h us$ f\ndation1 z h _m o!r m ext5sive api>i/s1 ) p]fect success 9 ! section-boxes4 ,! bees h s ?9n$ x t ev5 epicures c\ld n tell comb-honey ) su* f\ndation1 f t :olly made by ! bees4 ,yet1 ,i =be> recomm5d+ x = su* use4 ,:5 su* m5 z ,he!r+ton1 ,moore1 ,ellwood1 & ,l4 ,c4 ,root1 prote/ aga9/ a c\rse1 x is well to pause be=e we adopt x2 s1 :ile ,i h us$ f\ndation1 ,i ?9k ) "s small advantage 9 sections & boxes = ?ree ye>s1 ,i %all /ill pron\nce aga9/ x4 ,x w n be well to h ! ^w artificial hit*$ on to our comb-honey4 ,i ?9k x exce$+ly wise to ma9ta9 inviolate 9 ! public m9d ! idea t comb-honey is p> excell5ce1 a natural product4 ,& z ,capta9 ,he!r+ton aptly sugge/s1 ?is argum5t is all ! m weighty1 9 view ( ! fil?y condition ( mu* ( our comm]cial beeswax4 ,aga91 our bees may n always ?9 ! f\ndation1 & we risk our reputation 9 sell+ x 9 comb-honey1 & an unque/ion$ reputation is too valuable to be endang]$ 9 ?is way1 especially z 9 ^! days ( adult]ation1 we may n "k h[ mu* p>aff9e1 etc41 !re is 9 our f\ndation1 unless we make x ourselves4 ,la/ly1 !re is no great advantage 9 its use 9 ! sections1 z drone-comb is bett]1 & ) caution & c>e ?is c be secur$ 9 ample quantities to furni% v g5]\s />t]s = all our sections4 ,?is w readily adh]e1 if ! edge be dipp$ into melt$ beeswax1 & appli$ to ! sections4 ,if any "o %\ld /ill be dispos$ to make su* use ( f\ndation1 !y %\ld only pur*ase ( v reliable p>ties1 t !y may be sure to use only su* wax z is g5u9e1 yell[1 clean1 & c]ta9ly unmix$ ) p>aff9e1 or any ( ! comm]cial products :i* 7 fir/ us$ to adult]ate ! wax4 ,only pure1 clean1 unblea*$ wax %\ld be us$ 9 mak+ f\ndation4 ,we %\ld be v c>eful n to put on ! m>ket any comb-honey :]e ! f\ndation _h n be5 prop]ly ?9n$ by ! bees4 ,p]haps a v f9e ne$le w\ld enable "o to det]m9e ?is po9t )\t injury to ! honey4 ,b ! mo/ promis+ use ( f\ndation1 to :i* !re c be no objection1 is 9 ! brood-*amb]4 ,x is a/oni%+ to see h[ rapidly ! bees w ext5d ! cells1 & h[ readily ! que5 w /ock !m ) eggs if ( ! "r size1 five cells to ! in*4 ,! f\ndation %\ld always be ! "r size ei!r = work] or drone-comb4 ,( c\rse ! latt] size w\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! brood-*amb]4 ,! advantage ( f\ndation is1 fir/1 to insure work]-comb1 & ?us work]-brood1 & second1 to furni% wax1 s t ! bees may be free to ga!r honey4 ,we prov$ 9 our api>y ! pa/ two seasons1 t by use ( f\ndation1 & a little c>e 9 prun+ out ! drone-comb1 we c\ld limit or ev5 exclude drones f our hives1 & we h b to exam9e ! capaci\s & con/antly cr[d$ /oma*s ( ^! idl]s1 to appreciate ! advantage ( su* a c\rse4 ,bees may occasionally te> d[n work]-cells & build drone-cells 9 _! place2 b su* action1 ,i believe1 is n suffici5tly ext5sive to ev] cause anxiety4 ,i am also c]ta9 t bees t h to secrete wax to =m comb1 d mu* less ga!r+4 ,wax secretion seems volunt>y1 & :5 rapid seems to require quiet & great consumption ( food4 ,if we make two artificial colonies equally /rong1 supply ! "o ) combs1 & )hold !m f ! o!r1 we w f9d t ?is la/ s5ds mu* few] bees to ! fields1 :ile all ! bees are m or less engag$ 9 wax secretion4 ,?us ! o!r colony ga9s mu* m rapidly 9 honey1 fir/1 because m bees are /or+2 second1 because less food is consum$4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! reason :y extract$-honey c be secur$ 9 f> great] abundance ?an c comb-honey4 ,! f\ndation if us$ ! full dep? ( ! frame1 /ret*es s t _m cells are s enl>g$ z to be us$ = drone-brood4 ,?is dem&s1 if we use ! %eets un/r5g!n$1 t !y only be us$ z guides1 n rea*+ m ?an "o-?ird ( ! dep? ( ! frame4 ,/rips n less ?an f\r in*es wide w n sag to d any h>m4 ,! f\ndation1 too1 %\ld n q rea* ! sides ( ! frame1 z by expansion x is liable to w>p & b5d4 ,capta9 ,j4 ,e4 ,he!r+ton has inv5t$ a cure = ?is /ret*+ & w>p+1 by /r5g!n+ ! f\ndation4 ,to d ?is1 he runs sev]al f9e copp] wires into ! f\ndation z x passes ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,i und]/&1 too1 t ,mr4 ,m4 ,metcalf1 ( ?is ,/ate1 has a simil> device n[ be+ pat5t$4 ,?is is a valuable sugge/ion1 z x p]mits full-siz$ %eets ( f\ndation to be ins]t$ 9 ! frames4 ,i presume t v soon all work]-f\ndation w conta9 su* wires4 ,,to ,,fa/5 ,,! ,,f\ndation4 ,9 ! ?9 sections1 ! f\ndation c be/ be fa/5$ by use ( ! melt$ wax4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ,i h us$ a block made ?us3 ,saw a fifte5-sixte5?s in* bo>d s t x w j exactly fill a section4 ,screw ?is to a second bo>d1 :i* is "o-half in* broad] ea* way1 s t ! l>g] "u bo>d w project "o-qu>t] ( an in* ea* side ! top bo>d4 ,n[ set ! section ov] ! top bo>d1 place ! f\ndation1 cut a trifle %ort] ?an ! inside ( ! section1 )91 close to ! top & "o side ( ! section1 & cause x to adh]e by runn+ on a little ( ! melt$ wax1 :i*1 by use ( a k]os5e lamp or /ove1 may be kept melt$4 ,if ! bas9 is d\ble-wall$1 ) wat] 9 ! out] *amb] & wax 9 ! inn]1 x is mu* saf]1 z !n ! wax w nev] burn4 ,if ! tops ( ! sections are ?ick1 !y may be groov$1 & by cr[d+ ! f\ndation into ! groove1 &1 if necess>y1 press+ x ) a ?9 w$ge1 x w be securely held4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,?is la/ me?od w "w nicely 9 case ( fa/5+ into ! brood-frames4 ,b ,i h f\nd t ,i c\ld fa/5 !m rapidly & v securely by simply press+ !m aga9/ ! rectangul> projection f ! top-b> already describ$ 7page #acd74 ,9 ?is case a block 7,fig1 #fh1 a7 %\ld rea* up into ! frame f ! side :i* is ne>e/ to ! rectangul> projection--x w be rememb]$ t ! projection 7,fig4 #cf7 is a little to "o side ( ! c5tre ( ! top-b>1 s t ! f\ndation %all hang exactly 9 ! c5tre--s f> t its upp] surface w\ld be exactly level ) ! upp] surface ( ! rectangul> projection4 ,?is block1 l ! "o describ$ above1 has %\ld]s 7,fig4 #fh1 f71 s t x w always rea* j ! prop] di/ance into ! frame4 ,x is also rabbet$ at ! edge :]e ! projection ( ! top-b> ( ! frame w re/1 7,fig4 #fh1 b71 s t ! projection has a solid support1 & w n split (f ) pressure4 ,we n[ set our frame on ?is block1 lay on our f\ndation1 cut ! size we desire1 :i*1 unless /r5g!n$1 w be z long z ! frame1 & ab\t f\r in*es wide4 ,! f\ndation w re/ firmly on ! projection & block1 & t\* ! top-b>1 at e po9t4 ,we n[ take a bo>d z ?ick z ! projection is deep1 & z wide 7,fig4 #fi1 d7 z ! frame is long1 :i* may be trimm$ (f1 s z to h a conv5i5t h&le 7,fig4 #fi1 e71 & by wett+ ! edge ( ?is 7,fig4 #fi1 d7 ei!r 9 wat]1 or1 bett]1 />*-wat]1 & press+ ) x on ! f\ndation above ! projection1 ! f\ndation w be made to adh]e firmly to ! latt]1 :5 ! frame may be rais$ ) ! block1 tak5 (f1 & ano!r fa/5$ z be=e4 ,i h practic$ ?is plan = two ye>s1 & h _h admirable success4 ,i h v r>ely kn[n ! f\ndation to drop1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t our hives are %ad$1 & our frames small4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,! above me?ods are successful1 b probably w receive valuable modifications at ! h&s ( ! +5ius api>i/s ( our l&4 ,/udy 9 ?is direction w unque/ionably pay1 z ! use ( ?is mat]ial is go+ to be v ext5sive1 & any improvem5ts w be hail$ ) joy by ! bee-keep+ frat]nity4 ,,save ,,! ,,wax4 ,z f\ndation is becom+ s popul>1 & is de/9$ to come into g5]al use1 x behooves u all to be v c>eful t no old comb goes to wa/e4 ,soil$ drone-comb1 old1 wor?less work]-comb1 & all fragm5ts t _c be us$ 9 ! hives1 toge!r ) capp+s1 aft] ! honey is dra9$ out ?r\gh a co>se bag or col&]--:i* process may be ha/5$ by a mod]ate heat1 n suffici5t to melt ! wax1 & frequ5t /irr+--%\ld be melt$1 cleans$1 & mold$ into cakes ( wax1 soon to be aga9 /amp$1 n by ! bees1 b by wondr\s art4 ,,me?ods4 ,a sl[ & wa/eful me?od is to melt 9 a vessel ( heat$ wat]1 & to purify by turn+ (f ! top1 or all[+ to cool1 :5 ! impurities at ! bottom are scrap$ (f1 & ! process repeat$ till all impurities are elim9at$4 ,a bett] me?od to sep>ate ! wax is to put x into a /rong1 r co>se bag1 !n s9k ?is 9 wat] & boil4 ,at int]vals ! comb 9 ! bag %\ld be press$ & /irr$4 ,! wax w collect on top ( ! wat]4 ,to prev5t ! bag f burn+1 x %\ld be kept f t\*+ ! bottom ( ! vessel by inv]t+ a bas9 9 ! bottom ( ! latt]1 or else by us+ a d\ble-wall$ vessel4 ,! process %\ld be repeat$ till ! wax is p]fectly cleans$4 ,b1 z wax is to become s important1 & z ! above me?ods are sl[1 wa/eful1 & apt to give a poor quality ( wax1 speciali/s1 & ev5 amateurs :o keep z _m z t5 or tw5ty colonies ( bees1 may well procure a wax extractor 7,fig4 #gj74 ,?is is also a =eign inv5tion1 ! fir/ be+ made by ,pr(4 ,g]/]1 ( ,b]ne1 ,switz]l&4 ,^! co/ f five to sev5 doll>s1 are made ( t91 are v conv5i5t & admirable1 & c be procur$ ( any deal] 9 api>ian supplies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,by ?is inv5tion1 all ! wax1 ev5 ( ! olde/ combs1 c be secur$1 9 beautiful condition1 & z x is p]fectly neat1 !re is no dang] ( provok+ ! be/ woman 9 ! _w1 z we are 9 dang] ( do+ by use ( ei!r ( ! above me?ods--= :at is m untidy & p]plex+ ?an to h wax boil ov] on ! /ove1 & p]haps get on to ! floor1 & be g5]ally scatt]$ ab\t4 ,all pieces ( comb %\ld be put into a close box1 & if any l>v are 9 x1 ! comb %\ld be melt$ s frequ5tly t x w\ld n smell badly4 ,by tak+ pa9s1 bo? 9 collect+ & melt+1 ! api>i/ w be surpris$ at ! close ( ! season1 z he views 8 num]\s & beautiful cakes ( comb1 & rejoice z be?9ks h[ little tr\ble x has all co/4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,m>ket+ ,,honey4 ,no subject m]its m att5tion by ! api>i/ ?an t ( m>ket+ honey4 ,!re is no "q b t ! supply is go+ to cont9ually increase1 h5ce1 to su/a9 ! price we mu/ /imulate ! dem&1 & by do+ ?is we %all n only supply ! p ) a food elem5t :i* is necess>y to heal?1 b we %all also sup]s$e 9 "p ! comm]cial syrups1 :i* are s adult]at$ z n only to be cr[d$ ) fil? ! mo/ revolt+1 b are (t5 ev5 teem+ ) poison4 7,report ( ,mi*igan ,bo>d ( ,heal? = #ahgd1 pp4 #ge-gi47 ,to br+1 !n1 to our neighbor's table ! pure1 :olesome1 delici\s nect>1 "r f ! hive1 is philan?ropy1 :e!r he realizes x or n4 ,nor is x difficult to /imulate ! dem&4 ,i h giv5 special att5tion to ?is topic = ! la/ few ye>s1 & am free to say1 t n a ti! ( ! honey is consum$ 9 our c\ntry t might & %\ld be4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,invigorate ,,! ,,m>kets4 ,fir/4 ,see t no honey goes to m>ket f y\r api>y t is n 9 ! mo/ invit+ =m possible4 ,grade all ! honey ?or\ghly1 & expect prices to correspond ) ! grade4 ,see t e package & vessel is n only attractive1 b s arrang$ z n to make ! deal] any tr\ble or cause him any vexation4 ,"o leaky c or crate may d great injury4 ,second4 ,see t e groc] 9 y\r vic9ity has honey con/antly on h&4 ,d all y c to build up a home m>ket4 ,! advice to sell to only "o or two deal]s is wrong & p]nici\s4 ,:e!r we are to buy or sell1 we %all f9d almo/ always t x w be mo/ satisfactory to deal ) m5 :om we "k1 & :o are close at h&4 ,only :5 y outgr[ y\r home m>ket %\ld y %ip to di/ant places4 ,?is c\rse w limit ! supply 9 ! l>ge cities1 & ?us raise ! prices 9 ! great m>ts1 ^: prices fix ^? 9 ! c\ntry4 ,be sure to keep honey con/antly 9 ! m>kets4 ,?ird4 ,insi/ t ea* groc] makes ! honey v conspicu\s4 ,if necess>y1 supply l>ge1 f9e labels1 ) y\r own "n almo/ z prom95t z is t ( ! article4 ,f\r?4 ,deliv] ! honey 9 small lots1 s t x w be sure to be kept 9 invit+ =m1 &1 if possible1 att5d to ! deliv]y y\rself1 t y may "k t all is done dec5tly & 9 ord]4 ,fif?4 ,in/ruct y\r groc]s t !y may make ! honey %[ to ! be/ effect1 & ?us captivate ! pur*as] ?r\gh ! sight alone4 ,six?4 ,call local conv5tions1 t all 9 ! community may "k & practice ! be/ me?ods1 s t ! m>kets may n be demoraliz$ by poor1 unsalable honey4 ,( c\rse1 ! me?od ( prep>ation w dep5d l>gely1 & v>y greatly1 ^u ! /yle ( honey to be sold1 s we w consid] ^! k9ds sep>ately4 ,,extract$ ,,honey4 ,z be=e intimat$1 extract$ honey has all ! flavor1 & is 9 e way equal1 if n sup]ior--comb itself is innutriti\s1 & v indige/ible--to comb-honey4 ,:5 p once "k its excell5ce--"k t x is n /ra9$--let u1 z api>i/s1 /rive 9 e way to kill t ^w--!n ! dem& = ?is article w be va/ly increas$1 to ! advantage bo? ( ! consum] & ! api>i/4 ,expla9 to ea* groc] :at we mean by ! ^w extract$1 & ask him to spread wide ! "n & "* ( ! honey4 ,leave cups ( ! honey ) ! editors & m5 ( influ5ce1 & get !m to discuss its orig9 & m]its4 ,i speak f exp]i5ce1 :5 ,i say t 9 ^! ways ! reputation & dem& = extract$ honey c be increas$ to a surpris+ degree1 & ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,tempt ,,! ,,consum]4 ,fir/4 ,h x *iefly 9 small cups--jelly cups are be/4 ,_m p]sons w pay tw5ty-five c5ts = an article1 :5 if x co/ fifty c5ts !y w\ld n ?9k ( pur*as+4 ,second4 ,only put x 9 su* vessels z jelly cups or glass fruit j>s1 etc41 t w be useful 9 e h\sehold :5 ! honey is gone1 t ! buy] may feel t ! vessel is cle> ga94 ,?ird4 ,expla9 to ! groc] t if kept above ! temp]ature ( #gj or #hj ,f41 x w n granulate1 t granulation is a pl$ge ( purity & sup]iority1 & %[ him h[ easy x is to r$uce ! cry/als1 & ask him to expla9 ?is to 8 cu/om]s4 ,if necess>y1 liquify "s ( ! granulat$ honey 9 8 pres5ce4 ,la/ly4 ,if y d n deliv] ! honey y\rself1 be sure t ! vessels w n leak 9 transit4 ,x is be/1 9 case jelly cups are us$1 t !y be fill$ at ! groc]y4 ,& don't =get ! l>ge label1 :i* gives ! k9d ( honey1 grade1 & produc]'s "n4 ,,comb-,,honey4 ,?is1 f its wondr\s beauty1 especially :5 light-color$ & immaculate1 w always be a covet$ article = ! table1 & w ev]1 ) prop] c>e1 br+ ! highe/ price paid = honey4 ,s x w always be be/ to "w = ?is1 ev5 ?\gh we may n be able to procure x 9 su* ample pr(usion z we may ! extract$4 ,he :o has all k9ds1 w be able to satisfy e dem&1 & w mo/ surely meet ) success4 ,,rules ,,to ,,be ,,obs]v$4 ,?is1 too1 %\ld be *iefly 9 small sections 7,fig4 #ej71 =1 z be=e /at$1 su* are ! packages t surely sell4 ,sections f f\r to six in*es squ>e w j fill a plate nicely1 & look v tempt+ to ! pr\d h\se-wife1 especially if "s epicurean fri5ds are to be ent]ta9$4 ,! sections %\ld surely be 9 place at ! dawn ( ! :ite clov] season1 s t ! api>i/ may secure ! mo/ ( ?is irresi/ible nect>1 *a/e z if capp$ by ! v sn[ itself4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 away z soon z capp$1 z delay makes !m highways ( travel = ! bees1 :i* always m> _! beauty4 ,:5 remov$1 if dem&$1 glass ! sections1 b be=e ?is1 we %\ld place !m 9 hives "o ^u ano!r1 or special boxes made tight1 ) a close cov]1 9 :i* to /ore ei!r brood-frames 9 w9t] or sections at any season1 & sulphur !m4 ,?is is quickly & easily done by use ( ! smok]4 ,get ! fire 9 ! smok] well to burn+1 add ! sulphur1 !n place ?is 9 ! top hive1 or top ( ! special box4 ,! sulphur\s fumes w desc5d & deal out dea? to all mo? l>v4 ,?is %\ld always be done be=e %ipp+ ! honey1 if we reg>d our reputations z preci\s4 ,x is well to d ?is imm$iately ^u removal1 & also two weeks aft]1 s z to de/roy ! mo? l>v n hat*$ :5 ! sections are remov$4 ,if sep>ators h be5 us$1 ^! sections are 9 good condition to be glass$1 & are also 9 nice %ape to %ip ev5 )\t glass1 z !y may /& side by side & n m> ! comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,! %ipp+-crate 7,fig4 #ga7 %\ld be /rong1 neat & *eap1 ) h&les z se5 9 ,fig4 #ga--su* h&les are also conv5i5t 9 ! ends ( ! hives1 & c be cut 9 an in/ant by hav+ ! circul>-saw set to wabble4 ,) h&les ! crate is m conv5i5t1 & is m sure to be set on its bottom4 ,! crate %\ld also be glass$1 z ! sight ( ! comb w say3 ,h&le ) c>e4 ,mr4 ,h$don also makes a l>g] crate 7,fig4 #gb71 :i* is neat & *eap4 ,mu?'s crate is l ,h$don's1 only small]4 ,x is well1 too1 to wrap ! sections 9 pap]1 z ?us breakage ( "o w n mean g5]al ru94 ,h[ev]1 ?is w\ld be unnecess>y 9 case ! sections 7 ( v5e] & glass$1 z be=e describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,9 groc]ies1 :]e ! api>i/ keeps honey = sale1 x w pay him to furni% 8 own boxes4 ,^! %\ld be made ( :ite-wood1 v neat1 & glass$ 9 front to %[ ! honey1 & ! cov] s fix$ t unglass$ sections--& ^!1 probably1 w soon become ! mo/ popul>--_c be pun*$ or f+]$4 ,be sure1 too1 t ! label1 ) k9d ( honey1 grade1 & "n ( api>i/1 be s pla9 t he :o runs may read4 ,comb-honey t is to be kept 9 ! cool wea!r ( autumn1 or ! cold ( w9t]1 mu/ be kept 9 w>m rooms1 or ! comb w break f ! section :5 h&l$4 ,by keep+ x q w>m = "s days previ\s to %ipm5t1 x may be s5t to m>ket ev5 9 w9t]1 b mu/ be h&l$ v c>efully1 & mu/ make a quick transit4 ,above all1 let ta/e & neatness ev] be y\r motto4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,honey ,,plants4 ,z bees d n make honey1 b only ga!r x1 & z honey is ma9ly d]iv$ f c]ta9 fl[]s1 x ( c\rse foll[s t ! api>i/'s success w dep5d l>gely ^u ! abundance ( honey-secret+ plants 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 api>y4 ,true x is t c]ta9 b>k & plant lice secrete a k9d ( liquid sweet--honey ( d\btful reputation--:i*1 9 ! de>? ( any?+ bett]1 ! bees seem glad to appropriate4 ,i h ?us se5 ! bees ?ick ab\t a l>ge b>k-l\se :i* attacks ! tulip tree1 & ?us (t5 de/roys "o ( our be/ honey trees4 ,?is is an undescrib$ species ( ! g5us ,lecanium4 ,i h also se5 !m ?ick ab\t ?ree species ( plant lice4 ,"o1 ! ,pemphigus imbricator1 ,fit*1 works on ! bee* tree4 ,its abdom5 is ?ickly cov]$ ) long wool1 & x makes a comical %[ z x wags ?is up & d[n ^u ! lea/ di/urbance4 ,! leaves ( trees attack$ by ?is l\se1 z also ^? b5ea? ! trees1 are fairly gumm$ ) a sweeti% sub/ance4 ,i h f\nd t ! bees avoid ?is sub/ance1 except at times ( extreme dr\? & long protract$ abs5ce ( honey$ bloom4 ,x 0 ! s\rce ( no inconsid]able /ores dur+ ! t]ribly p>*$ autumn ( ,*icago's great disa/]4 7,see ,app5dix1 page #bhf74 ,ano!r species ( ,pemphigus gives rise to c]ta9 solit>y plum-l galls1 :i* appe> on ! upp] surface ( ! r$ elm4 ,^! galls are holl[1 ) a ?9 sk91 & )9 ! holl[s are ! lice1 :i* secrete an abundant sweet t (t5 attracts ! bees to a fea/ ( fat ?+s1 z ! gall is torn ap>t1 or cracks op51 s t ! sweet exudes4 ,?is sweet is any?+ b disagreeable1 & may n be un:olesome to ! bees4 ,ano!r aphis1 ( a black hue1 works on ! bran*es ( our will[s1 :i* !y (t5 entirely cov]1 & ?us greatly damage ano!r tree valuable = bo? honey & poll54 ,7 x n t !y seldom are s num]\s two ye>s 9 succession1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly bani% f among u "o ( our mo/ ornam5tal & valuable honey-produc+ trees4 ,^! are fairly ?rong$ 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 & n unfrequ5tly 9 spr+ & summ] if ! lice are abundant1 by bees1 wasps1 ants1 & v>i\s two-w+$ flies1 all eag] to lap1 up ! ooz+ sweets4 ,?is l\se is d\btless ! ,la*nus d5tatus1 ( ,le ,b>on1 & ! ,aphis salicti1 ( ,h>ris4 ,bees also get1 9 "s regions1 a sort ( honey-dew1 :i* enables !m to add to _! /ores ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,i rememb] "o morn+ :ile rid+ on horse-back along ! ,sacram5to riv]1 9 ,cali=nia1 ,i broke (f a will[ twig beside ! road :51 to my surprise1 ,i f\nd x 0 fairly deck$ ) drops ( honey4 ,^u fur!r exam9ation ,i f\nd ! will[ foliage 0 abundantly spr9kl$ by ^! delici\s drops4 ,^! %rubs 7 undi/urb$ by insects1 nor 7 !y "u trees4 ,"h !n 0 a real case ( honey-dew1 :i* mu/ h be5 di/ill$ ?r\gh ! night by ! leaves4 ,i nev] saw any su* ph5om5on 9 ,mi*igan1 yet o!rs h4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,atk9s1 an accurate & consci5ti\s obs]v]1 has not$ ?is honey-dew m ?an once "h 9 ,c5tral ,mi*igan4 ,bees also get "s honey f ooz+ sap1 "s ( que/ionable repute f ab\t cid] mills1 "s f grapes & o!r fruit :i* h be5 cru%$1 or eat5 & torn by wasps & o!r insects4 ,t bees ev] te> ! grapes is a "q ( :i* ,i h fail$ to receive any p]sonal pro(1 ?\gh = ye>s ,i h be5 c>efully seek+ x4 ,i h liv$ among ! v9ey>ds ( ,cali=nia1 & h (t5 wat*$ bees ab\t v9es 9 ,mi*igan1 b nev] saw bees te> op5 ! grapes4 ,i h laid cru%$ grapes 9 ! api>y1 :5 ! bees 7 n ga!r+1 & 7 rav5\s = /ores1 :i*1 :5 cov]$ ) sipp+ bees1 7 replac$ ) s\nd grape-clu/]s1 :i* 9 no in/ance 7 mutilat$4 ,i h ?us be5 l$ to d\bt if bees ev] attack s\nd grapes1 ?\gh quick to improve ! opportunities :i* ! oriole's beak & ! /rong] jaws ( wasps (f] !m4 ,/ill1 ,pr(4 ,riley feels sure t bees are sometimes ?us guilty1 & ,mr4 ,bidwell tells me he has frequ5tly se5 bees r5d s\nd grapes1 :i* !y did ) _! feet4 ,yet1 if ?is is ! case1 x is c]ta9ly ( r>e occurr5ce1 & is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! great aid :i* ! bees af=d ! fruit-gr[] 9 ! great "w ( cross-f]tilization1 :i* is imp]atively necess>y to 8 success1 z has be5 s well %[n by ,dr4 ,asa ,gray & ,mr4 ,*as4 ,d>w94 ,x is true t cross-f]tilization ( ! fl[]s1 :i* c only be accompli%$ by insects1 & e>ly 9 ! season by ! honey-bee1 is (t51 if n always1 necess>y to a full yield ( fruit & vegetables4 ,i am in=m$ by ,pr( ,w4 ,w4 ,tracy1 t ! g>d5]s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on keep bees t !y may p]=m ?is duty4 ,ev5 !n1 if ,mr4 ,bidwell & ,pr(4 ,riley are "r1 & ! bee does1 r>ely--= surely ?is is v r>e1 if ev]--de/roy grapes1 /ill !y are1 beyond any possible "q1 invaluable aids to ! pomologi/4 ,b ! pr9cipal s\rce ( honey is /ill f ! fl[]s4 ,,:at ,,are ,,! ,,valuable ,,honey ,,plants8 ,9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( our c\ntry ! *ief reliance = ,may is ! fruit-blossoms1 will[s1 & sug> maples4 ,9 ,june :ite clov] yields l>gely ( ! mo/ attractive honey1 bo? z to appe>ance & flavor4 ,9 ,july ! incomp>able basswood makes bo? bees & api>i/ jubilant4 ,9 ,augu/ buck:eat (f]s a tribute1 :i* we welcome1 ?\gh x be d>k & pung5t 9 flavor1 :ile ) u 9 ,mi*igan1 ,augu/ & ,septemb] give u a pr(usion ( bloom :i* yields to no o!r 9 ! ri*ness ( its capacity to secrete honey1 & is n cut-(f till ! autumn fro/s--usually ab\t ,septemb] #ae4 ,?\s&s ( acres ( gold5 rod1 boneset1 a/]s1 & o!r autumn fl[]s ( our new nor!rn c\nties1 z yet h blu%$ unse51 ) fragrance wa/$4 ,?is unoccupi$ t]ritory1 unsurpass$ 9 its capability = fruit production1 cov]$ ) gr& =e/s ( maple & basswood1 & spread ) ! ri*e/ ( autumn bloom1 (f]s opportunities to ! practical api>i/ r>ely equal$ except 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates1 & n ev5 !re1 :5 o!r privileges are consid]$4 ,9 ^! localities1 two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds to ! colony is no surprise to ! api>i/1 :ile ev5 f\r or five hundr$ are n isolat$ cases4 ,9 ! foll[+ table w be f\nd a li/ ( valuable honey-plants4 ,^? 9 ! fir/ column are annual1 bi5nial or p]5nial2 ! annual be+ enclos$ 9 a p>5!sis ?us3 772 ! bi5nial enclos$ 9 brackets ?us3 2 :ile ^? 9 ! second column are %rubs or trees2 ! names ( %rubs be+ enclos$ 9 a p>5!sis4 ,! date ( comm5cem5t ( bloom is1 ( c\rse1 n inv>iable4 ,! "o app5d$1 9 case ( plants :i* gr[ 9 our ,/ate1 is ab\t av]age = ,c5tral ,mi*igan4 ,^? plants ^: names appe> 9 small capitals yield v sup]ior honey4 ,^? ) 7a7 are useful = o!r purposes ?an honey secretion4 ,all b ^? ) a 99 are native or v common 9 ,mi*igan4 ,^? writt5 9 ! plural ref] to m ?an "o species4 ,^? foll[$ by a are v num]\s 9 species4 ,( c\rse ,i h n nam$ all1 z t w\ld include "s hundr$s :i* h be5 obs]v$ at ! college1 tak+ ne>ly all ( ! two great ord]s ,composit & ,rosace4 ,i h only aim$ to give ! mo/ important1 omitt+ _m =eign plants ( notoriety1 z ,i h _h no p]sonal k ( !m3 ,,date4 ,annuals or ,p]5nials4 ,april ,d&elion4 ,april & ,may ,/rawb]ry4 7a7 ,may & ,june 99,:ite ,sage1 ,cali=nia ,may & ,june 99,sumac1 ,cali=nia4 ,may & ,june 99,c(fee ,b]ry1 ,cali=nia ,june to ,july ,,:ite ,,clov]4 7a7 ,june to ,july ,,alsike ,,clov]4 7a7 ,june to ,july 99,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,june to ,july 99,horeh\nd4 ,we$4 ,june to ,july ,ox-ey$ ,daisy--,bad ,june to ,july ,bu% ,honeysuckle4 ,june to ,augu/ 99,sage4 ,june to ,augu/ ,mo!rwort4 ,june to fro/ 997,borage47 ,june to fro/ 997,cotton47 7a7 ,june to fro/ ,silk or ,milk ,we$s4 ,june to fro/ 7,mu/>d7 ,june to fro/ 997,rape47 7a7 ,june to fro/ ,/4 ,john's ,wort4 ,june to fro/ 7,,mignonette47 7a7 ,july 7,corn47 7a7 ,july 997,teasel47 7a7 ,july to ,augu/ 99,catnip4 7a7 ,july to ,augu/ ,asp>agus4 7a7 ,july to ,augu/ 997,rocky ,m't4 ,bee ,plant7 ,july to fro/ ,boneset4 ,july to fro/ ,b]gamot4 ,july to fro/ ,figwort4 ,augu/ 7,buck:eat47 7a7 ,augu/ 7,snap-dragon47 ,augu/ to fro/7,,gold5 ,,rod47 ,augu/ to fro/,a/]s4 ,augu/ to fro/,m>% ,sun-,fl[]s4 ,augu/ to fro/,tick-,se$4 ,augu/ to fro/,begg>-,ticks4 ,augu/ to fro/,spani% ,ne$les4 ,,date4 ,%rubs or ,trees4 ,m>* & ,ap'l ,r$ or ,s(t ,maple47a7 ,m>* & ,ap'l ,popl> or ,asp54 ,m>* & ,ap'l ,silv] ,maple4 ,m>* & ,ap'l 99,judas ,tree4 ,may 7,%ad-bu%47 ,may 7,ald]47 ,may ,maples-,sug> ,maple 7a7 ,may ,crab ,apple4 ,may 7,haw?orns47 ,fruit ,trees--,apple1 ,may4 ,plum1 ,*]ry1 ,pe>1 etc4 7a7 ,may ,currant & ,gooseb]ry4 7a7 ,may 997,wi/>ia ,v9e-,s\?7 7,*9ese ,wi/>ia ,may ,v9e--,s\?47 ,may & ,june 7,b>b]ry47 ,may & ,june 7,grape-v9e47 7a7 ,may & ,june ,tulip-tree4 ,may & ,june 7,sumac47 ,june ,wild-,plum4 ,june 7,black ,raspb]ry47 7a7 ,june ,locu/s4 ,june 7,,r$ ,,raspb]ry47 7a7 ,june 7,blackb]ry47 ,june to ,july 99,s\r-wood--,s\?4 ,july 7,button ,bu%47 ,july ,,basswood4 7a7 ,july 7,virg9ia ,creep]47 7a7 ,july to ,augu/ 99,pepp]-tree1 ,cal'a4 ,july to ,sept 997,/4 ,john's ,worts47 ,augu/ 7,late ,sumac47 ,augu/ to ,sept499,r$ ,gum1 ,cali=nia4 ,,description ,,) ,,practical ,,rem>ks4 ,z ?is subject ( bee pa/urage is ( su* prime importance1 & z ! int]e/ 9 ! subject is s great & wide-spread1 ,i feel t details ) illu/rations w be m ?an w>rant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,maple4 ,we h abundant exp]i5ce to %[ t =ty or fifty colonies ( bees1 take ! seasons z !y av]age1 are all t a s+le place w su/a9 to ! greate/ advantage4 ,!n1 h[ significant ! fact1 t :5 ! season is ! be/1 full ?ree times t numb] ( colonies w f9d ample res\rces to keep all employ$4 ,s ?is subject ( artificial pa/urage becomes "o well wor?y close /udy & obs]vation4 ,! subject1 too1 is a v important "o 9 ref]5ce to ! location ( ! api>y4 ,x is well to rememb] 9 ?is connection1 t two or ?ree miles %\ld be reg>d$ z ! limit ( pr(itable ga!r+4 ,t is1 api>ies ( f fifty to "o hundr$ or m colonies1 %\ld n be ne>] ?an f\r or five miles ( ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4-,will[4 ,,april ,,plants4 ,z we h already se51 ! api>i/ does n secure ! be/ results1 ev5 9 ! e>ly spr+1 except ! bees are enc\rag$ by ! increase ( _! /ores ( poll5 & honey2 h5ce1 9 case we d n practice /imulative fe$+--& _m w n--x becomes v desirable to h "s e>ly bloom4 ,happily1 9 all sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates our desires are n 9 va94 ,e>ly 9 spr+ !re are _m scatt]+ wild fl[]s1 z ! blood-root 7,sangu9>ia canad5sis71 liv]-leaf 7,hepatica acutiloba71 & v>i\s o!rs ( ! cr[foot family1 z also _m species ( cress1 :i* belong to ! mu/>d family1 etc41 all ( :i* are valuable & important4 ,! maples 7,fig4 #gc71 :i* are all valuable honey plants1 also contribute to ! e>ly /ores4 ,especially valuable are ! silv] maples 7,ac] dasyc>pum71 & ! r$ or s(t maples 7,ac] rubrum71 z !y bloom s v e>ly1 long be=e ! leaves appe>4 ,! bees "w on ^!1 "h 9 ,mi*igan1 ! fir/ week ( ,april1 & (t5 9 ,m>*4 ,!y are also magnific5t %ade trees1 especially ^? t h ! weep+ habit4 ,_! e>ly bloom is v pleas+1 _! summ] =m & foliage beautiful1 :ile _! flam+ t9ts 9 autumn are indescribable4 ,! =eign maples1 sycamore1 ,ac] pseudo-platanus1 & ,norway1 ,ac] platanoides1 are also v beautiful4 ,:e!r sup]ior to ours z honey plants1 ,i am unable to say4 ,! will[s1 too 7,fig4 #gd71 rival ! maples 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( bloom4 ,"s are v e>ly1 blossom+ 9 ,m>*1 :ile o!rs1 l ! :ite will[ 7,salix alba7 7,fig4 #gd71 bloom 9 ,may4 ,! fl[]s on "o tree or bu% ( ! will[ are all pi/illate1 t is1 h pi/ils1 b no /am5s1 :ile on o!rs !y are all /am9ate1 hav+ no pi/ils4 ,on ! =m]1 !y c ga!r only honey1 on ! latt] only poll54 ,t ! will[ furni%es bo? honey & poll5 is atte/$ by ! fact t ,i saw bo? k9ds ( trees1 ! pi/illate & ! /am9ate1 ?rong$ ) bees ! pa/ season4 ,! will[1 too1 f its elegant =m & silv]y foliage1 is "o ( our f9e/ %ade trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,judas ,tree ,9 ! s\? ( ,mi*igan1 & !nce s\?w>d to ,k5tucky1 & ev5 beyond1 ! ,judas tree1 or r$-bud1 ,c]cis canad5sis 7,fig4 #ge71 is n only wor?y ( cultivation z a honey plant1 b is also v attractive1 & well des]v+ ( att5tion = its ornam5tal qualities alone4 ,?is blooms f ,m>* to ,may1 accord+ to ! latitude4 ,! popl>s--n ! tulip--also bloom 9 ,april1 & are freely visit$ by ! bees4 ,! wood is immaculate1 & i us$ = too?picks4 ,:y n use x = honey-boxes8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,am]ican ,wi/>ia4 ,,may ,,plants4 ,9 ,may we h ! gr& sug> maple1 ,ac] sac*>9um 7,fig4 #gc71 incomp>able = beauty1 also all our v>i\s fruit trees1 pea*1 *]ry1 plum1 apple1 etc41 9 fact all ! ,rosace family4 ,our beautiful ,am]ican ,wi/>ia1 ,wi/>ia frutesc5s 7,fig4 #gf71 ! v ornam5tal climb]1 or ! /ill m lovely ,*9ese ,wi/>ia1 ,wi/>ia s95sis 7,fig4 #gg71 :i* has long] racemes ?an ! native1 & (t5 blossoms twice 9 ! season4 ,^! are ! woody tw9]s = ! api>i/4 ,! b>b]ry1 too1 ,b]b]is vulg>is 7,fig4 #gh71 comes aft] fruit blossoms1 & is ?rong$ ) bees 9 se>* ( nect> 9 spr+1 z ) *ildr5 9 w9t]1 9 que/ ( ! beautiful sc>let b]ries1 s pleas+ly t>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,*9ese ,wi/>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,b>b]ry4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! sumac1 ! c(fee b]ry1 & ! fam\s :ite sage 7,fig4 #gi71 keep ! bees full ( activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,:ite ,sage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,:ite or ,dut* ,clov]4 ,,june ,,plants4 ,) ,june comes ! incomp>able :ite or ,dut* clov]1 ,trifolium rep5s 7,fig4 #hj71 ^: *a/e & mode/ bloom betok5s ! beautiful1 lusci\s1 & unrivall$ sweets :i* are hidd5 9 its corolla tube4 ,also its si/]1 ,alsike or ,sw$i%1 ,trifolium hybrida 7,fig4 #ha71 :i* seems to resemble bo? ! :ite & r$ clov]4 ,x is a /rong] gr[] ?an ! :ite1 & has a :iti% blossom t+$ ) p9k4 ,?is =ms excell5t pa/ure & hay = cattle1 %eep1 etc41 & may well be s[n by ! api>i/4 ,x w (t5 pay api>i/s to furni% neighbor f>m]s ) se$ z an inducem5t to gr[ ?is p> excell5t honey plant4 ,l :ite clov]1 x blooms all ?r\gh ,june into ,july4 ,bo? ( ^! %\ld be s[n e>ly 9 spr+ ) timo?y1 five or six p\nds ( se$ to ! acre1 9 ! same mann] t r$ clov] se$ is s[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--;,alsike ,clov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,melilot ,clov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,borage4 ,sweet clov]1 yell[ & :ite1 ,melilotus (fic9alis 7,fig4 #hb71 & ,melilotus alba1 are well nam$4 ,!y bloom f ! middle ( ,june to ! middle ( ,july4 ,_! p]fume sc5ts ! air = long di/ances1 & ! hum ( bees t ?rong _! fl[]s is l music to ! api>i/'s e>4 ,! honey1 too1 is j exquisite4 ,^! clov]s are bi5nial1 n bloom+ ! fir/ season1 & dy+ aft] !y bloom ! second season4 ,ano!r disagreeable fact1 !y h no value except = honey4 ,!y are said to become p]nici\s we$s if all[$ to spread4 ,! o!r clov]s--luc]ne1 yell[ trefoil1 sc>let trefoil1 & alfalfa--h n prov$ ( any value ) u1 p]haps ow+ to locality4 ,borage1 ,borago (fic9alis 7,fig4 #hc71 an excell5t bee plant1 blooms f ,june till fro/1 & is visit$ by bees ev5 9 v ra9y wea!r4 ,x seems n to be a favorite1 b is eag]ly visit$ :5 all o!rs fail to yield nect>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,mignonette4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,okra4 ,mignonette1 ,res$a odorata 7,fig4 #hd71 blooms f ! middle ( ,june till fro/1 is unp>allel$ = its sweet odor1 furni%es nect> 9 pr(usion1 & is well wor?y cultivation4 ,x does n secrete well 9 wet wea!r1 b 9 favorable wea!r x is h>dly equall$4 ,okra or gumbo1 ,hibiscus escul5tus1 7,fig4 #he71 also blooms 9 ,june4 ,x is z mu* s\ght aft] by ! bees 9 que/ ( honey1 z by ! cook 9 se>* ( a savory vegetable1 or "o to give tone to s\p4 ,sage1 ,salvia (fic9alis1 horeh\nd1 ,m>rubium vulg>e1 mo!rwort1 ,leonurus c>diaca1 & catnip1 ,nepeta cat>ia1 :i* latt] does n comm5ce to bloom till ,july1 all furni% nice :ite honey1 rema9 9 bloom a long "t1 & are v desirable1 z !y are 9 bloom 9 ! honey de>? ( ,july & ,augu/4 ,!y1 l _m o!rs ( ! m9t family 7,fig4 #hf71 are ?rong$ ) bees dur+ ! season ( bloom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,m9t4 ,! fir/ & la/ are ( comm]cial importance1 & all may well be introduc$ by api>i/s1 :]ev] !re is any space or wa/e gr\nd4 ,! silk or milk-we$ furni%es abundant nect> f ,june to fro/1 z !re are sev]al species ( ! g5us ,asclepias1 :i* is wide-spread 9 our c\ntry4 ,?is is ! plant :i* has l>ge poll5 masses :i* (t5 adh]e to ! legs ( bees 7,fig4 #hg71 & sometimes s entrap !m z to cause _! dea?4 ,pr(4 ,riley once v graci\sly advis$ plant+ !m to kill bees4 ,i say graci\sly1 z ,i h wat*$ ^! v closely1 & am sure !y d little h>m1 & are ri* 9 nect>4 ,seldom a bee gets caught s z to hold x long1 & :5 ^! awkw>d masses are c>ri$ away ) ! bee1 !y are usually left at ! door ( ! hive1 :]e ,i h (t5 se5 !m 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,! riv] bank h>d by our api>y is l9$ ) ^! sweet-smell+ h]bs1 & we w\ld l ev5 m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,poll5 ( ,milk-we$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--;,black ,mu/>d4 ,black mu/>d1 ,s9apis nigra 7,fig4 #hh7 :ite mu/>d1 ,s9apis alba1 & rape1 ,brassica campe/ris 7,fig4 #hi71 all look mu* alike1 & are all admirable bee plants1 z !y furni% mu* & beautiful honey4 ,! fir/1 if self-s[n1 blooms ,july #a/1 ! o!rs ,june #a/2 ! fir/ ab\t eight weeks aft] s[+1 ! o!rs ab\t f\r4 ,! mu/>ds bloom = f\r weeks1 rape = ?ree4 ,^! are all specially comm5dable1 z !y may be made to bloom dur+ ! honey de>? ( ,july & ,augu/1 & are valuable plants to raise = ! se$4 ,rape seems to be v attractive to insects1 z ! flea beetles & ! bli/] beetles are (t5 q too mu* = x1 ?\gh !y d n usually de/roy ! plants till aft] !y h blossom$4 ,i h sev]al times pur*as$ :at purport$ to be ,*9ese mu/>d1 dw>f & tall1 b ,pr(4 ,beal1 ?an :om !re is no bett] au?ority1 tells me !y are only ! :ite & black1 & c]ta9ly1 !y are no :it bett] z bee plants4 ,^! plants1 ) buck:eat1 ! m9ts1 borage & mignonette1 are specially int]e/+1 z !y cov]1 or may be made to cov]1 ! honey de>? f ab\t ,july #bj? to ,augu/ #bj?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,rape4 ,! mu/>ds & rape may be plant$ 9 drills ab\t eight in*es ap>t1 any "t f ,may #a/ to ,july #ae?4 ,f\r qu>ts w s[ an acre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,tulip ,9 ?is mon? blooms ! tulip tree1 ,liriod5dron tulipif]a 7,fig4 #ij7--(t5 call$ popl> 9 ! ,s\?--:i* is n only an excell5t honey produc]1 b is "o ( our mo/ /ately & admirable %ade-trees4 ,n[1 too1 bloom ! sumacs1 ?\gh "o species blooms 9 ,may1 ! wild plum1 ! raspb]ries1 ^: nect> is unsurpass$ 9 color & flavor1 & ! blackb]ry4 ,corn1 too1 is said by _m to yield l>gely ( honey z well z poll51 & ! teasel1 ,dipsacus fullonum 7,fig4 #ia71 is said1 n only by ,mr4 ,doolittle1 b by ,engli% & ,g]man api>i/s1 to yield ri*ly ( beautiful honey4 ,?is la/1 too1 has comm]cial importance4 ,! blackb]ry op5s its petals 9 ,june1 & also ! fragrant locu/1 :i*1 f its rapid gr[?1 beautiful =m & h&some foliage1 w\ld rank among our fir/ %ade trees1 except t x is s t>dy 9 spread+ its canopy ( gre51 & s liable to ru9\s attack by ! bor]s1 :i* la/ peculi>ity x %>es ) ! incomp>able maples4 ,wa%+ ! trunks ( ! trees 9 ,june & ,july ) s(t soap1 w 9 great "p remove ?is tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,teasel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,cotton4 ,n[1 too1 our bro!rs ( ! ,s\? reap a ri* h>ve/ f ! great /aple1 cotton 7,fig4 #ib71 :i* comm5ces to bloom e>ly 9 ,june1 & rema9s 9 blossom ev5 to ,octob]4 ,?is belongs to ! same family--,mall[--z ! hollyhock1 & l x1 blooms & fruits ?r\gh ! season4 ,,july ,,plants4 ,e>ly 9 ?is mon? op5s ! f>-fam$ basswood or l9d51 ,tilia ,am]icana 7,fig4 #ic71 :i*1 = ! pr(usion & quality ( its honey has no sup]ior4 ,! tree1 too1 f its great spread+ top & f9e foliage1 is magnific5t = %ade4 ,five ( ^! trees are )9 two rods ( my /udy w9d[1 & _! grateful fragrance1 & beautiful =m & %ade1 h (t5 be5 ! subject ( rem>k by visitors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--;,basswood4 ,figwort1 ,scrophul>ia nodosa 7,fig4 #id71 (t5 call$ rattle-we$1 z ! se$s w rattle 9 ! pod1 & c>p5t]'s squ>e1 z x has a squ>e /alk1 is an insignificant look+ we$1 ) inconspicu\s fl[]s1 t af=d abundant nect> f ! middle ( ,july till fro/4 ,i h receiv$ almo/ z _m = id5tification z ,i h ( ! a/]s & gold5-rods4 ,pr(4 ,beal rem>k$ to me a ye> or two s9ce1 t x h>dly seem$ possible t x c\ld be s valuable4 ,we _c always rightly e/imate by appe>ances alone4 ,x is a v valuable plant to be scatt]$ 9 wa/e places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,figwort4 ,t beautiful & valuable honey plant1 f ,m9nesota1 ,colorado1 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 cleome1 or ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 bee-plant1 ,cleome integrifolia 7,fig4 #if71 if self-s[n1 or s[n e>ly 9 spr+1 blooms by ! middle ( ,july1 & la/s = long weeks4 ,nor c any?+ be m gay ?an ^! brilliant fl[]s1 alive ) bees all ?r\gh ! long fall4 ,?is %\ld be plant$ 9 fall or spr+1 9 drills two feet ap>t1 ! plants six in*es ap>t 9 ! drills4 ,! se$s1 :i* gr[ 9 pods1 are v num]\s1 & are said to be valuable = *ick5s4 ,n[1 too1 comm5ce to bloom ! num]\s eupatoriums1 or bonesets1 or ?or\ghworts 7,fig4 #ig71 :i* fill ! m>%es ( our c\ntry1 & ! hives z well1 ) _! ri* gold5 nect>--precursors ( t pr(usion ( bloom ( ?is composite ord]1 ^: _m species are ev5 n[ budd+ 9 prep>ation = ! sea ( fl[]s :i* w deck ! m>%-l&s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,wild b]gamot1 too1 ,mon>da fi/ulosa1 :i*1 l ! ?i/les1 is ( importance to ! api>i/1 blooms 9 ,july4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,button ,bu%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,rocky ,m\nta9 ,bee-,plant4 ,! little %rub ( our m>%es1 appropriately nam$ button-bu%1 ,cephalan?us occid5talis1 7,fig4 #ie71 also %>es ! att5tion ( ! bees ) ! l9d52 :ile api>i/s ( ! ,s\? f9d ! s\r-wood1 or sorrel tree1 ,oxyd5drum arboreum1 a valuable honey tree4 ,?is belongs to ! ,hea? family1 :i* includes ! f>-fam$ hea!r bloom ( ,engl&4 ,x also includes our :ortleb]ry1 cranb]ry1 blueb]ry1 & "o plant :i* has no enviable reputation1 z furni%+ honey1 :i* is v poison\s1 ev5 fatal to ^? :o eat1 ! m\nta9 laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia4 ,yet1 a ne> relative ( ! ,s\? ,&rom$a nitida1 is said to furni% beautiful & :olesome honey 9 great quantities4 ,! ,virg9ia creep] also blooms 9 ,july4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld say t ?is beautiful v9e1 transpl5d5t 9 autumn1 is a favorite ) ! honey-bee4 ,?\gh x (t51 nay always1 sw>ms ) wild bees :5 9 blossom1 yet ,i nev] saw a honey-bee visit ! ample bloom amid/ its ri*1 gre51 vigor\s foliage4 ,n[1 too1 ! ,/4 ,john's wort1 ,hyp]icum1 ) its _m species1 bo? %rubby & h]bace\s1 (f]s b\ntiful contributions to ! delici\s /ores ( ! honey-bee4 ,! catnip1 too1 ,nepeta cat>ia1 & our cultivat$ asp>agus--:i* if uncut 9 spr+ w bloom 9 ,june--s delectable = ! table1 & s elegant = trimm+ table meats & = banquets 9 autumn1 come n[ to (f] _! nect>ian gifts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,boneset4 ,,augu/ ,,& ,,septemb] ,,plants4 ,! cultivat$ buck:eat1 ,fagopyrum escul5tum1 7,fig4 #ih71 usually blooms 9 ,augu/1 z x is s[n ! fir/ ( ,july--?ree pecks p] acre is ! am\nt to s[--b by s[+ ! fir/ ( ,june1 x may be made to bloom ! middle ( ,july1 :5 !re is g5]ally1 9 mo/ localities1 an abs5ce ( nect>-secret+ fl[]s4 ,! honey is inf]ior 9 color & flavor1 ?\gh "s p pref] ?is to all o!r honey4 ,! silv]-leaf buck:eat blooms long]1 has m num]\s fl[]s1 & ?us yields m gra9 ?an ! common v>iety4 ,n[1 too1 come ! num]\s gold5-rods4 ,! species ( ?is g5us1 ,solidago 7,fig4 #ii71 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 numb] ne>ly two-score1 & occupy all k9ds ( soils1 & are at home on upl&1 prairie & morass4 ,!y yield abundantly ( ri*1 gold5 honey1 ) flavor t is unsurpass$ by any o!r4 ,=tunate ! api>i/ :o c boa/ ( a ?icket ( ,solidagoes 9 8 locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,buck:eat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--;,gold5-,rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,a/]4 ,! _m plants usually /yl$ sun-fl[]s1 because ( _! resemblance to our cultivat$ plants ( t "n1 :i* deck ! hill-side1 mead[ & m>%-l&1 n[ unfurl _! %[y involucres1 & op5 _! mode/ corollas1 to invite ! myriad insects to sip ! preci\s nect> :i* ea* ( ! clu/]$ fl[]s secretes4 ,our cultivat$ sun-fl[]s1 ,i ?9k1 are indiff]5t honey plants1 ?\gh "s ?9k !m big ) beauty1 & _! se$s are reli%$ by p\ltry4 ,b ! a/]s 7,fig4 #ajj71 s wide-spread1 ! begg>-ticks1 ,bid5s1 & ,spani%-ne$les ( our m>%es1 ! tick-se$1 ,coreopsis1 also1 ( ! l[1 m>%y places1 ) hundr$s m ( ! great family ,composit1 are replete ) preci\s nect>1 & ) favorable seasons make ! api>i/ :o dwells 9 _! mid/ jubilant1 z he wat*es ! bees1 :i* fairly flood ! hives ) _! ri* & delici\s honey4 ,9 all ( ?is great family1 ! fl[]s are small & inconspicu\s1 clu/]$ 9 compact heads1 & :5 ! plants are %[y ) bloom1 l ! sun-fl[]s1 ! brilliancy is due to ! involucre1 or bracts :i* s]ve z a frill to decorate ! m mode/ fl[]s4 ,i h ?us m5tion$ ! mo/ valuable honey plants ( our c\ntry4 ,( c\rse !re are _m omissions4 ,let all api>i/s1 by con/ant obs]vation1 help to fill up ! li/4 ,,book ,,on ,,botany4 ,i am (t5 ask$ :at books are be/ to make api>i/s botani/s4 ,i am glad to answ] ?is "q1 z ! /udy ( botany w n only be valuable discipl9e1 b w also furni% abundant pleasure1 & m1 give important practical in=mation4 ,gray's ,lessons1 & ,manual ( ,botany1 9 "o volume1 publi%$ by ,ivison1 ,ph9ney1 ,blakeman ,co41 ,new ,york1 is ! mo/ desirable treatise on ?is subject4 ,,practical ,,conclusions4 ,x w pay well = ! api>i/ to decorate 8 gr\nds ) s(t & silv] maples1 = _! beauty & e>ly bloom4 ,if 8 soil is ri*1 sug> maples & l9d5s may well s]ve a simil> purpose4 ,! ,judas tree1 too1 & tulip trees1 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 may well be made to ornam5t ! api>i/'s home4 ,= v9es1 obta9 ! wi/>ias4 ,s[ & enc\rage ! s[+ ( ,alsike clov] & silv]-leaf buck:eat 9 y\r neighborhood4 ,be sure t y\r wife1 *ildr5 & bees1 c (t5 repair to a l>ge b$ ( ! new giant or gr&iflora mignonette1 & rememb] t x1 ) cleome & borage1 blooms till fro/4 ,/udy ! bee plants ( y\r region1 & !n /udy ! above table1 & provide = a succession1 rememb]+ t ! mu/>ds1 rape & buck:eat may be made to bloom almo/ at pleasure1 by s[+ at ! prop] "t4 ,don't =get t borage & ! mu/>ds seem comp>atively indiff]5t to wet wea!r4 ,be sure t all wa/e places are /ock$ ) mo!rwort1 catnip1 a/]s1 etc4 7,see ,app5dix1 page #bhi74 ,! above dates are only true = ! mo/ "p 9 ,mi*igan & ,nor!rn ,ohio1 & = m ,s\!rn latitudes mu/ be v>i$1 :i* by comp>ison ( a few1 z ! fruit trees1 becomes no difficult matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,w9t]+ ,,bees4 ,?is is a subject1 ( c\rse1 ( p>am\nt importance to ! api>i/1 z ?is is ! rock on :i* "s ( ev5 ! mo/ successful h rec5tly split4 ,yet ,i come fe>lessly to consid] ?is "q1 z f all ! multitude ( disa/]s ,i see no occasion = disc\ragem5t4 ,if ! problem ( successful w9t]+ has n be5 solv$ already1 x surely w be1 & t spe$ily4 ,s important an int]e/ 0 nev] yet vanqui%$ by mis=tune1 & !re is no reason to ?9k t hi/ory is n[ go+ to be rev]s$4 ,ev5 ! wor/ aspect ( ! case--9 favor ( :i* ,i ?9k1 ?\gh 9 opposition to su* excell5t api>i/s z ,m>v91 ,h$don1 etc41 t !re is no pro(1 & b few sugge/ions ev5--t ^! calamities are ! effects ( an epidemic1 w\ld be all p[]less to di%e>t5 m5 tra9$ to reason f effect to cause4 ,ev5 an epidemic--:i* w\ld by no means skip by ! l>ge/1 f9e/ api>ies1 own$ & controll$ by ! wise/1 mo/ c>eful1 & mo/ ?\ghtful1 z has be5 ! case 9 ! late w9t]s ( our discont5t1 nor only *oose w9t]s ( excessive cold1 or foll[+ great dr\? & abs5ce ( honey secretion 9 :i* to "w its havoc--w\ld surely yield to man's inv5tion4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,disa/r\s ,,w9t]+4 ,epidemic1 !n1 be+ set aside z no factor 9 ! solution1 to :at %all we ascribe su* wide-spread disa/]s8 ,i fully believe1 & to no bran* ( ?is subject h ,i giv5 m ?\ght1 /udy1 & obs]vation1 t all ! losses may be trac$ ei!r to un:olesome food1 failure 9 late bre$+ ( ! previ\s ye>1 extremes ( temp]ature1 or to protract$ cold ) excessive dampness4 ,i "k f actual & wide-spread obs]vation1 t ! sev]e loss ( #ahgj & #ahga 0 att5d$ 9 ?is "p ( ,mi*igan ) unsuitable honey 9 ! hive4 ,! previ\s autumn 0 unprec$5t$ly dry4 ,fl[]s 7 r>e1 & /or+ 0 l>gely f insect secretion1 & consequ5tly ! /ores 7 un:olesome4 ,i ta/$ ( honey f _m hives only to f9d x mo/ nauseat+4 ,i fully believe t _h ! honey be5 ?or\ghly extract$ ! previ\s autumn1 & ! bees f$ good honey or sug>1 no loss w\ld h be5 exp]i5c$4 ,at lea/ x is significant t all :o did s1 escap$1 ev5 :]e _! neighbors all fail$4 ,nor less s ! fact t :5 ,i discov]$ eight ( my twelve colonies dead1 & f\r m j alive1 ,i clean$ ! rema9+ ones all out1 & to "o no worse nor bett] ?an ! o!rs ,i gave good capp$ honey /or$ e>ly ! previ\s summ]1 :ile ! o!rs 7 left ) _! old /ores1 t "o liv$ & gave ! be/ record ,i h ev] kn[n1 ! succe$+ season1 :ile all ! o!rs di$4 ,aga91 suppose t aft] ! basswood season 9 ,july1 !re is no /or+ ( honey1 ei!r f want ( space1 or f lack ( bloom4 ,9 ?is case brood-re>+ ceases4 ,yet if ! wea!r is dry & w>m1 z ( c\rse x w be 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 ! bees cont9ue to w&] ab\t1 dea? comes apace1 & by autumn ! bees are r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 old 9 days1 & illy prep>$ to brave ! w9t] & p]=m ! duties ( spr+4 ,i fully believe t if all ! colonies ( our ,/ate & c\ntry _h be5 kept bre$+ by prop] use ( ! extractor1 & fe$+1 ev5 till into ,octob]1 we %\ld h _h a diff]5t record1 especially z to spr+ dw9dl+1 & consequ5t dea?4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahgb ,i kept my bees bre$+ till ! fir/ ( ,octob]4 ,! foll[+ w9t] ,i _h no loss1 :ile my neighbors lo/ all ( _! bees4 ,extremes ( heat & cold are also detrim5tal to ! bees4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! hive becomes too high ! bees become re/less1 fat m ?an !y ought1 & if conf9$ to _! hives are di/5d$ ) _! fces1 become diseas$1 besme> _! comb & hives1 & die4 ,if :5 !y become ?us di/urb$1 !y c\ld h a purify+ flight1 all w\ld be well4 ,aga91 if ! temp]ature becomes extremely l[1 ! bees to keep up ! animal heat mu/ take m food2 !y are uneasy1 exhale mu* moi/ure1 :i* may settle & freeze on ! out] combs ab\t ! clu/]1 prev5t+ ! bees f gett+ ! ne$$ food1 & ?us 9 ?is case bo? dys5t]y & />vation confront ! bees4 ,t able & f>-see+ api>i/ ! lam5t$ ,m4 ,qu9by1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to discov] ?is fact2 & "h z else:]e gave advice t if he$$1 w\ld h sav$ great loss & sore disappo9tm5t4 ,i h little d\bt1 9 fact ,i "k f actual inve/igation1 t 9 ! pa/ sev]e w9t]s1 ^? bees :i* "u conf9em5t h be5 subject to sev]e extremes1 are ! ones t h inv>iably p]i%$4 ,_h ! bees be5 kept 9 a uni=m temp]ature rang+ f #ce to #de ,f41 ! record w\ld h be5 mat]ially *ang$4 ,excessive moi/ure1 too1 especially 9 cases ( protract$ cold1 is always to be avoid$4 ,bees1 l all o!r animals1 are con/antly giv+ (f moi/ure1 :i* ( c\rse w be accel]at$ if ! bees become di/urb$1 & are ?us l$ to consume m food4 ,?is moi/ure n only acts z expla9$ above1 b also induces fung\s gr[?s4 ,! m\ldy comb is n :olesome1 ?\gh x may nev] cause dea?4 ,h5ce ano!r necessity ( suffici5t w>m? to drive ?is moi/ure f ! hive & "s means to absorb x )\t op5+ ! hive above & p]mitt+ a curr5t1 :i* w di/urb ! bees1 & cause ! great] consumption ( honey4 ,,! ,,requisite ,,to ,,safe ,,w9t]+--,,good ,,food4 ,to w9t] safely1 !n1 dem&s t ! bees h ?irty p\nds by weight n guess--,i h kn[n ?ree cases :5 guess+ meant />vation--( good capp$ honey 7c(fee ,a sug> is j z good74 ,if desir$ ?is may be f$ z previ\sly expla9$1 :i* %\ld be done s e>ly t all w be capp$ dur+ ! w>m days ( ,octob]4 ,let u be w>y h[ we tru/ ev5 cry/alliz$ glucose4 ,x might be safe dur+ a w>m w9t]1 :5 ! bees w\ld h frequ5t flights1 yet prove disa/r\s 9 a cold w9t]4 ,let u use x cauti\sly till its m]its are assur$4 ,i pref]1 too1 t "s ( ! comb 9 ! c5tre ( ! hive has empty cells1 to give a bett] *ance to clu/]1 & t all ! combs h a small hole ?r\gh ! c5tre1 t ! bees may pass freely ?r\gh4 ,?is hole may simply be cut ) a knife1 or a t9 tube ! size ( "o's f+] may be driv5 ?r\gh ! comb1 & left 9 if desir$1 9 :i* case ! comb %\ld be pu%$ out ( ! tube1 & ! tube be no long] ?an ! comb is ?ick4 ,?is p]=atory "w ,i always d e>ly 9 ,octob]1 :5 ,i extract all uncapp$ honey1 take out all frames aft] ,i h giv5 !m ! #cj lbs41 by weight1 ( honey1 conf9e ! space ) a division-bo>d1 cov] ) ! quilt & *aff1 & !n leave undi/urb$ till ! cold ( ,novemb] calls = fur!r c>e4 ,,secure ,,late ,,bre$+4 ,keep ! bees bre$+ till ! fir/ ( ,octob]4 ,except 9 ye>s ( excessive dr\?1 ?is w occur 9 _m p>ts ( ,mi*igan )\t extra c>e4 ,failure may result f ! pres5ce ( wor?less que5s4 ,any que5s :i* seem n to be prolific %\ld be sup]s$$ :5ev] ! fact becomes evid5t4 ,i reg>d ?is z mo/ important4 ,few "k h[ mu* is lo/ by tol]at+ feeble1 impot5t que5s 9 ! api>y1 ^: ability c only keep ! colonies alive4 ,nev] keep su* que5s ab\t4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r reason = always keep+ extra que5s on h&4 ,ev5 ) excell5t que5s1 a failure 9 ! honey yield may cause bre$+ to cease4 ,9 su* cases1 we h only to fe$ z direct$ "u ! head ( fe$+4 ,,to ,,secure ,,& ,,ma9ta9 ,,! ,,prop] ,,temp]ature4 ,we ought also to provide aga9/ extremes ( temp]ature4 ,x is desirable to keep ! temp]ature betwe5 #ce & #ej ,f4 ?r\gh ! entire w9t]1 f ,novemb] to ,april4 ,if no cell> or h\se is at h&1 ?is maybe accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,"s pleasant dry day 9 late ,octob] or e>ly ,novemb]1 raise ! /& & place /raw b5ea?2 !n surr\nd ! hive ) a box a foot outside ! hive1 ) movable top & op5 on ! ea/2 or else h a long wood5 tube1 opposite ! entrance1 to p]mit flight4 ,?is tube %\ld be six or eight in*es squ>e1 to p]mit easy exam9ation 9 w9t]4 ,! same end may be ga9$ by driv+ /akes & putt+ bo>ds ar\nd4 ,:5 we cr[d betwe5 ! box & ! hive ei!r /raw1 *aff1 or %av+s4 ,aft] plac+ a good ?ickness ( /raw above ! hive1 lay on ! cov] ( ! box1 or cov] ) bo>ds4 ,?is pres]ves aga9/ *anges ( temp]ature dur+ ! w9t]1 & also p]mits ! bees to fly if x becomes necess>y f a protract$ p]iod ( w>m w9t] wea!r4 ,i h ?us kept all my bees safely dur+ two ( ! disa/r\s w9t]s4 ,z !re is at pres5t no plan ( w9t]+1 :i* promises to s]ve s well = all our api>i/s1 9 view ( its *eapness1 ease1 conv5i5ce1 & univ]sal effici5cy1 ,i w describe 9 detail ! box n[ 9 use at ! ,college1 :i* co/s only "o doll> p] hive1 & :i* is conv5i5t to /ore away 9 summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,,box ,,= ,,pack+4 ,! sides ( ?is 7,fig4 #aja1 a1 a71 fac+ ea/ & we/ are ?ree & a half feet long1 two feet high on ! s\? end1 & two & a half feet on ! nor?4 ,!y are 9 "o piece1 :i* is secur$ by nail+ ! bo>ds :i* =m !m to cleats1 :i* are "o in* f ! ends4 ,! nor? end 7,fig4 #aja1 b7 is ?ree feet by two & a half feet1 ! s\? 7,fig4 #aja1 b71 ?ree feet by two1 & made ! same z are ! sides4 ,! slant+ top ( ! sides 7,fig4 #aja1 a1 a7 is made by us+ = ! upp] bo>d1 ! /rip =m$ by saw+ diagonally f corn] to corn] a bo>d six in*es wide & ?ree feet long4 ,! cov] 7,fig4 #aja1 g71 :i* is remov$ 9 ! figure1 is l>ge en\gh to cov] ! top & project "o in* at bo? ends4 ,x %\ld be batt5$1 & held 9 "o piece by cleats 7,fig4 #aja1 h7 f\r in*es wide1 nail$ on to ! ends4 ,^! w drop ov] ! ends ( ! box1 & ?us hold ! cov] 9 place1 & prev5t ra9 & sn[ f driv+ 94 ,:5 9 place ?is slant+ cov] p]mits ! ra9 to run (f easily1 & w dry quickly aft] a /orm4 ,by a s+le nail at ea* corn] ! f\r sides may be tack$ toge!r ab\t ! hives1 :5 !y c be pack$ 9 ) /raw 7,fig4 #aja71 :i* %\ld be c>efully done if ! day is cold1 s z n to disquiet ! bees4 ,at ! c5tre & bottom ( ! ea/ side 7,fig4 #aja1 c71 cut out a squ>e eight in*es ea* way1 & betwe5 ?is & ! hive place a bottomless tube 7! top ( ?is tube is repres5t$ z remov$ 9 figure to %[ entrance to hive71 be=e putt+ ar\nd ! /raw & add+ ! cov]4 ,?is box %\ld be put 9 place be=e ! bleak cold days ( ,novemb]1 & reta9$ 9 position till ! /ormy w9ds ( ,april are pass$ by4 ,?is p]mits ! bees to fly :5 v w>m wea!r comes 9 w9t] or spr+1 & requires no att5tion f ! api>i/4 ,by plac+ two or ?ree hives close toge!r 9 autumn--yet nev] move ! colonies m ?an ?ree or f\r feet at any "o "t1 z su* removals involve ! loss ( _m bees--"o box may be made to cov] all1 & at less exp5se4 ,late 9 ,april ^! may be remov$ & pack$ away1 & ! /raw c>ri$ away1 or remov$ a %ort di/ance & burn$4 ,,*aff ,,hives4 ,messrs4 ,t[nley1 ,butl]1 ,root1 & o!rs1 pref] *aff hives1 :i* are simply d\ble-wall$ hives1 ) ! f\r or five in* *amb]s fill$ ) *aff4 ,! objection to ^! ,i take to be3 ,fir/1 ,dang] t s limit$ a space w\ld n answ] 9 sev]e seasons2 ,second1 ,t su* cumbr\s hives w\ld be inconv5i5t to h&le 9 summ]2 &1 ,?ird1 ,a matt] ( exp5se4 ,t !y w\ld 9 "p supply ! place ( %ade1 is1 p]haps1 9 _! favor1 :ile ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root ?9ks !y are n exp5sive4 ,,w9t]+ ,,9 ,,cell> ,,or ,,h\se4 ,) l>ge api>ies ! above me?od is exp5sive1 & speciali/s may pref] a cell> or special depository1 :i* ,i ?9k are q z safe1 ?\gh !y dem& att5tion & p]haps labor 9 w9t]4 ,aft] my exp]i5ce 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgd & #ahge1 los+ all my bees by keep+ !m 9 a h\se ) d\ble walls fill$ 9 ) sawdu/1 9 :i* ! !rmomet] indicat$ a temp]ature bel[ z]o = sev]al weeks1 9 :i* "t my /ronge/ colonies lit]ally />v$ to dea? 9 ! mann] already describ$1 ,i hesitate to recomm5d a h\se above gr\nd = ,mi*igan1 ?\gh ) v num]\s colonies x might d4 ,su* a h\se mu/1 if x answ] ! purpose1 keep an equable temp]ature1 at lea/ #c & n m ?an #aj above freez+1 be p]fectly d>k1 & v5tilat$ ) tubes above & bel[1 s arrang$ z to be clos$ or op5$ at pleasure1 & n admit a ray ( light4 ,a cell> 9 :i* we are sure ( our ability to control ! temp]ature1 ne$s to be also dry1 d>k1 & quiet1 & v5tilat$ z describ$ above4 ,z already /at$1 ! v5tilator to br+ air may well be made ( tile1 & pass ?r\gh ! e>? = "s feet & !n op5 at ! bottom ( ! cell>4 ,if possible1 ! v5tilator t c>ries ! f\l air (f %\ld be connect$ ) a /ove pipe 9 a room above1 ) its l[] end rea*+ to ! bottom ( ! cell>4 ,! ,college api>y cell> is gr\t$ ?r\gh\t1 :i* makes x m dry & neat4 ,( c\rse x %\ld be ?or\ghly dra9$4 ,! colonies %\ld be put into ! depository :5 ! hives are dry1 be=e cold wea!r1 & %\ld rema9 till ,april2 ?\gh 9 ,janu>y & ,m>*1 if !re are days t are w>m1 !y %\ld be tak5 out & ! bees p]mitt$ to fly1 ?\gh n unless !y seem uneasy & soil ! entrance to _! hives4 ,always :5 tak5 out !y %\ld be plac$ on _! old /&s1 s t no bees may be lo/4 ,t[>ds night1 :5 all are quiet1 return !m to ! cell>4 ,i w\ld n remove bees till t[>ds night1 z x is bett] t !y h a good flight1 & !n become quiet4 ,:5 mov$ out x is v desirable to bru% away all dead bees :i* is an argum5t 9 favor ( a movable bottom-bo>d4 ,9 mov+ ! hives1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to j> !m4 ,x 7 bett] if ! bees %\ld n "k t !y 7 be+ mov$ at all4 ,t ! moi/ure may be absorb$1 ,i cov] ! bees ) a quilt1 made ( co>se factory clo?1 enclos+ a lay] ( cotton batt+4 ,above ?is ,i fill 9 ) /raw :i* is pack$ 9 s closely t ! cov] may be remov$ )\t ! /raw fall+ out4 ,if desirable ! /raw may be cut--or *aff may be us$--& may be conf9$ 9 a bag made ( factory1 s t x resembles a pill[4 ,i n[ use ^! & l !m4 ,?is is n only an excell5t absorb5t1 b pres]ves ! heat1 & may well rema91 till ! foll[+ ,june4 ,i h f\nd x advantage\s1 :5 prep>+ my bees = w9t]1 9 ,octob]1 to contract ! *amb] by use ( a division bo>d4 ,?is is v desirable if w9t]$ out doors1 & ) frames a foot squ>e is v easily accompli%$4 ,by use ( eight frames ! space 7"o cubic foot7 is v compact1 & s]ves to economize ! heat1 n only 9 w9t]1 b 9 spr+4 ,by ?us us+ a division bo>d ) only ?ree frames1 ,i h be5 v successful 9 w9t]+ nuclei4 ,we h only to gu>d aga9/ l[ temp]ature4 ,p]haps ,i ought to say t all colonies %\ld be /rong 9 autumn2 b ,i h said be=e1 nev] h weak colonies4 ,yet = fe> "s h be5 neglig5t4 ,i rem>k t weak colonies %\ld be unit$ 9 prep>+ = w9t]4 ,to d ?is1 approximate ! colonies ea* day f\r or five feet till !y are side by side4 ,n[ remove ! poore/ que51 !n smoke ?or\ghly1 spr9kle bo? colonies ) sweet5$ wat] sc5t$ ) ess5ce ( pepp]m9t1 putt+ a suffici5t numb] ( ! be/ frames & all ! bees into "o ( ! hives1 & !n set ?is midway betwe5 ! position ( ! hives at ! comm5cem5t ( ! unit+4 ,! bees w unite peaceably1 & make a /rong colony4 ,unit+ colonies may pay at o!r seasons4 ,x may seem ra% to "s1 yet ,i fully believe t if ! above sugge/ions are c>ri$ out 9 full1 ,i may gu>antee successful w9t]+4 ,b if we d lose our bees--) all our hives1 combs & honey1 we c buy colonies 9 ! spr+1 ) a p]fect c]ta9ty ( mak+ #bjj or #cjj p] c5t1 on our inve/m5t4 ,ev5 ) ! wor/ condition ( ?+s1 we are /ill ahead1 9 way ( pr(it1 ( mo/ o!r vocations4 ,,bury+ ,,bees4 ,ano!r way to w9t] safely & v economically1 is to bury ! bees4 ,if ?is is practic$ ! gr\nd %\ld ei!r be s&y or well dra9$4 ,if we c *oose a side-hill x %\ld be done4 ,b5ea? ! hives & ar\nd !m1 /raw %\ld be plac$4 ,i %\ld advise leav+ ! entrance well op51 yet secure aga9/ mice4 ,! hives %\ld all be plac$ b5ea? ! surface level ( ! e>?1 !n =m a m\nd above !m suffici5t to pres]ve aga9/ extreme w>m? or cold4 ,a tr5* ab\t ! m\nd to c>ry ! wat] (f quickly is desirable4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! gr\nd acts z a mod]ator4 ,five colonies ?us treat$ ! pa/ w9t]1 7#ahgg-h7 lo/ all told less ?an "o-half gill ( bees4 ,z ?is me?od has n be5 s long tri$1 z ! o!rs1 ,i w\ld sugge/ caution4 ,try x ) a few colonies1 till y are assur$ z to ! be/ arrangem5t1 & ( its efficacy4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x is next to a good sn[-bank1 z a w9t] repository4 ,,spr+ ,,dw9dl+4 ,z already sugge/$1 ?is is n to be fe>$ if we keep our bees bre$+ till late autumn4 ,x may be fur!r prev5t$ by =bidd+ late autumn flights1 frequ5t flights 9 w9t]1 :5 ! wea!r is w>m1 & too e>ly fly+ 9 spr+4 ,^! may all be curtail$ or prev5t$ by ! pack+ sy/em z describ$ above1 z ?us prep>$ ! bees w n feel ! w>m?1 & s w rema9 quiet 9 ! hive4 ,n9e colonies :i* ,i h pack$ h be5 rem>kably quiet1 & are 9 excell5t condition ?is1 ,febru>y #be?1 :ile two o!rs unpack$ h fl[n day aft] day1 mu*1 ,i fe>1 to _! injury4 ,i w\ld leave bees 9 ! pack+ till ne> ,may1 & 9 ! cell> or gr\nd1 till e>ly fl[]s bloom1 t we may secure aga9/ too rapid demise ( bees 9 spr+4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,api>y4 ,,description4 ,?is is a d\ble-wall$ h\se1 :i* may be rectangul> or octagonal 9 =m4 ,! out] wall %\ld be ( brick1 & made z ?9 z possible4 ,inside ( ?is !re %\ld be wood5 /rips two-in*es ?ick1 :i* %\ld receive a lay] ( pap]-%eet+ inside1 :i* may be held by nail+ /rips two-in*es wide imm$iately inside ! fir/ m5tion$ /rips4 ,^! la/ /rips %\ld receive la?1 aft] :i* all %\ld be pla/]$4 ,?is may co/ m ?an a purely wood5 /ructure1 b x w be m ne>ly fro/-pro( ?an any o!r k9d ( wall1 & 9 ! end w be ! *eape/4 ,!re w be two dead air-*amb]s1 ea* two in*es deep1 "o betwe5 ! pap] & brick1 ! o!r betwe5 ! pap] & ! pla/]4 ,! entire wall w be at lea/ eight in*es ?ick4 ,if desir$1 x may be made less ?ick by us+ "o-in* /rips1 ?\gh = our v sev]e w9t]s ! above is none too ?ick4 ,! doors & w9d[s %\ld be d\ble & %\ld all %ut closely aga9/ rubb]4 ,! out] ones %\ld consi/ ( glass1 & %\ld be s hung z to sw+ out1 & 9 hot wea!r %\ld be replac$ ) door1 & w9d[-scre5s1 ( co>se1 pa9t$1 wire gauze4 ,a small w9d[ j above ea* colony ( bees is q desirable4 ,some:]e 9 ! walls !re %\ld be a v5tilat+ tube--a brick flue w\ld be v good--:i* %\ld op5 into ! room j above ! floor4 ,above x might op5 into ! attic1 :i* %\ld be well air$4 ,v5tilators su* z are s common on b>ns might be us$4 ,! pipe = admitt+ air1 %\ld1 z 9 ! cell> be=e describ$1 pass ?r\gh ! gr\nd & ent] ! floor f bel[4 ,a good cell>1 well v5tilat$ & ?or\ghly dry w be conv5i5t1 & %\ld n be neglect$4 ,i w\ld h ! build+ b "o /ory1 ) joi/s 9 ceil+ above eight in*es ?ick4 ,above ^! ,i w\ld %eet ) build+ pap]1 fa/5$ by nail+ /rips two in*es deep on top1 above :i* ,i w\ld ceil ) mat*$ bo>ds4 ,i %\ld la? & pla/] bel[ ! joi/s4 ,! hives1 :i* are to be kept con/antly 9 ?is h\se1 may re/ on two r[s ( %elves1 "o at ! floor1 ! o!r ?ree feet high1 & %\ld be arrang$ = bo? top & side /or+ 9 ! small section frames4 ,inde$1 ! hive ne$ only consi/ ( ! two rabbet$ side-bo>ds 7,fig4 #cj1 c71 & a division-bo>d ) quilt4 ,! entrances ( c\rse pass ?r\gh ! wall4 ,an alight+-bo>d1 s h+$ z to be let d[n 9 summ]1 b tightly clos$ ov] ! entrance dur+ v sev]e w9t] wea!r1 ,i %\ld ?9k w\ld be v desirable4 ,betwe5 ! d\ble w9d[s1 :i* x w be rememb]$ %ut closely aga9/ rubb]1 sacks ( *aff may be plac$ 9 w9t]1 if f\nd necess>y to keep ! prop] temp]ature4 ,) few colonies ?is might be v necess>y4 ,! adjac5t entrances %\ld v>y 9 color1 s t "y que5s w\ld n g a/ray1 :5 !y return$ f _! ,m>riage flight4 ,,are ,,!y ,,desirable8 ,z yet1 ,i ?9k ?is "q _c be answ]$4 ,"s :o h tri$ !m1 among :om are ,messrs4 ,russell & ,h$don1 ( ?is ,/ate1 pron\nce aga9/ !m4 ,p]haps !y h faulty h\ses1 p]haps !y h _h too brief an exp]i5ce to judge correctly4 ,o!rs1 among :om are ,messrs4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root1 ,bur*1 & ,nellis1 h tri$ !m1 & are l\d 9 _! favor4 ,i ?9k ^! fir/ trials are h>dly conclusive1 z p]fection seldom comes 9 any sy/em ) ! fir/ exp]i5ce4 ,t ! e>ly use ( ^! h\ses has met ) s mu* favor1 seems to argue t ) m exp]i5ce1 & great] p]fection1 !y may become popul>4 ,yet ,i w\ld urge p to be sl[ to adopt ^! co/ly h\ses1 z en\gh w d s to ?or\ghly te/ ! matt]2 :51 if !y prove a desid]atum1 all c build2 :]eas1 if !y prove wor?less1 we %all n h to regret money squ&]$1 9 ! adoption ( :at 0 ( d\btful value4 ,,! ,,case ,,z ,,x ,,n[ ,,/&s4 ,! desirable po9ts z !y n[ appe>1 are3 ,fir/4 ,! bees are 9 condition to w9t] ) no tr\ble or anxiety4 ,second4 ,! bees are h&l$ 9 ! h\se1 & z !y fly at once to ! w9d[s1 :]e !y c be suff]$ to escape1 !y are v easily & safely h&l$1 ev5 ) little or no protection4 ,?ird4 ,z we c extract1 manipulate honey boxes1 etc41 "r 9 ! same h\se1 x is desirable on ! score ( conv5i5ce4 ,f\r?4 ,z ! bees are protect$ f ! sudd5 rise ( ! out-door temp]ature1 !y w be kept f frequ5t flights dur+ ! cold1 =bidd+ days ( fall1 w9t] & spr+1 & w ?us be m secure aga9/ spr+ dw9dl+4 ,fif?4 ,z ! bees are s indep5d5t ( out-door heat1 because ( ! ?ick walls1 ) int]v5+-air-spaces1 !y are f\nd less incl9$ to sw>m4 ,six?4 ,we c lock our h\se1 & "k t ?ieves _c /eal our h>d-e>n$ prop]ty4 ,! objections to !m are3 ,fir/4 ,! bees leave ! hives :ile be+ h&l$1 crawl ab\t ! h\se1 f :i* x is difficult to dislodge !m1 especially ! "y bees4 ,?is objection may disappe> ) improv$ h\ses & practice4 ,second4 ,9 v sev]e w9t]s1 l t ( #ahgd & #ahge1 !y may n (f] suffici5t protection1 yet !y w\ld be mu* saf] ?an *aff hives1 z !re w\ld be _m colonies all mutually help+ ea* o!r to ma9ta9 ! requisite temp]ature1 & ! walls might be ev5 ?ick] ?an specifi$ above1 )\t any s]i\s inconv5i5ce4 ,?ird4 ,"s ?9k x pleasant] & m desirable to h&le bees out-doors1 :]e all is unconf9$4 ,f\r?4 ,! co/ ( ! h\se2 yet ?is is only = once 9 a life-"t1 & saves provid+ %ade1 sawdu/1 pack+-boxes1 complex hives1 etc4 ,s1 we see ! "q is too complex to be settl$ except by c>eful exp]im5t1 & ?is1 too1 = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,!re are s _m n[ 9 use 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates1 t ! "q mu/ soon be settl$4 ,i pr$ict t ^! /ructures w gr[ m & m into favor4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,evils ,,t ,,confront ,,! ,,api>i/4 ,!re are v>i\s dang]s t are likely to vex ! api>i/1 & ev5 to /& 9 ! way ( successful apiculture4--,yet1 ) k1 mo/1 if n all ( ^! evils may be :olly vanqui%$4 ,among ^! are3 ,robb+ among ! bees1 disease1 & depr$ations f o!r animals4 ,,robb+4 ,?is is a tr\ble t (t5 v greatly annoys ! inexp]i5c$4 ,bees only rob at su* times z ! g5]al sc>city ( nect> =bids hone/ ga9s4 ,:5 ! "q comes3 ,fam9e or !ft1 l _m ano!r1 !y are n sl[ to *oose ! latt]4 ,x is (t5 induc$ by work+ ) ! bees at su* times1 especially if honey is scatt]$ ab\t or left ly+ ar\nd ! api>y4 ,x is especially to be fe>$ 9 spr+1 :5 colonies are apt to be weak 9 bo? honey & bees1 & ?us are unable to protect _! own meag] /ores4 ,! rem$ies = ?is evil are n f> to seek3 ,fir/4 ,/rong colonies are v r>ely mole/$1 & are almo/ sure to def5d !mselves aga9/ m>aud]s2 h5ce1 x is only ! weakl+s ( ! api>i/'s flock t are 9 dang]4 ,!re=e1 reg>d = our motto1 ,keep all colonies /rong1 w secure aga9/ h>m f ?is cause4 ,second4 ,italians1 z be=e /at$1 are fully able1 & q z ready1 to protect _! rights aga9/ neighbor+ tramps4 ,woe be to ! ?iev+ bee t d>es to violate ! sacr$ rights ( ! home ( our beautiful ,italians4 ,= su* tem]ity is almo/ sure to co/ ! intrud] its life4 ,b weak colonies1 l our nuclei1 & ^? too ( black bees1 are /ill easily kept f h>m4 ,usually1 ! clos+ ( ! entrance s t b a s+le bee c pass ?r\gh1 is all suffici5t4 ,) ! hive we h recomm5d$1 ?is is easily accompli%$ by simply mov+ ! hive back4 ,ano!r way to secure su* colonies aga9/ robb+ is to move !m into ! cell> = a few days4 ,?is is a fur!r advantage1 z less food is eat51 & ! /r5g? ( ! individual bees is cons]v$ by ! quiet1 & z !re is no nect> 9 ! fields no loss is suff]$4 ,9 all ! "w ( ! api>y at times ( no honey ga!r+1 we _c be too c>eful to keep all honey f ! bees unless plac$ 9 ! hives4 ,! hives1 too1 %\ld n be kept op5 long at a "t4 ,neat1 quick "w %\ld be ! wat*-^w4 ,dur+ times :5 robb]s are essay+ to practice _! nef>i\s designs1 ! bees are likely to be m ?an usually irritable1 & likely to res5t intrusion2 h5ce ! importance ( m ?an usual caution1 if x is desir$ to introduce a que54 ,,disease4 ,! common dys5t]y--indicat$ by ! bees soil+ _! hives1 z !y void _! feces )9 in/ead ( )\t--:i* has be5 s free1 ( late1 to "w havoc 9 our api>ies1 is1 )\t d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 consequ5t ^u wrong managem5t on ! "p ( ! api>i/1 z already sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,z ! me?ods to prev5t ?is h already be5 suffici5tly consid]$1 we pass to ! t]rible ,,f\l ,,brood4 ,?is disease1 said to h be5 kn[n to ,ari/otle--?\gh ?is is d\btful1 z a /5* att5ds common dys5t]y--?\gh x has occurr$ 9 our ,/ate z well z 9 ,/ates ab\t u1 is n famili> to me1 ,i hav+ nev] se5 b "o case1 & t on ,kelly's ,isl&1 9 ! summ] ( #ahge1 :]e ,i f\nd x _h r$uc$ ! colonies on t ,isl& to two4 ,no bee malady c comp>e ) ?is 9 malignancy4 ,by x ,dzi]zon once lo/ 8 :ole api>y ( #ejj colonies4--,mr4 ,e4 ,rood1 fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,mi*igan ,association1 has lo/ 8 bees two or ?ree times by ?is same t]rible plague4 ,! symptoms are z foll[s3 ,decl9e 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! colony1 because ( failure to re> brood4 ,! brood seems to putrefy1 becomes br[n & salvy1 & gives (f a /5*1 :i* is by no means agreeable1 :ile lat]1 ! caps are concave in/ead ( convex1 & h a little hole ?r\gh !m4 ,!re is no long] any d\bt z to ! cause ( ?is fe>ful plague4 ,l ! fell ,pebr9e1 :i* came s ne> ext]m9at+ ! silk worm1 & a mo/ lucrative & ext5sive indu/ry 9 ,europe1 x1 z conclusively %[n by ,drs4 ,preusz & ,%nfeld1 ( ,g]many1 is ! result ( fung\s or vegetable gr[?4 ,%nfeld n only infect$ heal?y bee l>v1 b ^? ( o!r insects1 bo? by means ( ! putresc5t f\l brood1 & by tak+ ! spores4 ,fungoid gr[?s are v m9ute1 & ! spores are s inf9itesimally small z (t5 to elude ! %>p detection ( ! exp]t microscopi/4 ,mo/ ( ! t]rible1 contagi\s diseases t human fle% is heir to1 l typhus1 diph!ria1 *ol]a1 small pox1 c41 c41 are n[ ?\ght to be due to microscopic g]ms1 & h5ce to be spread f home to home1 & f hamlet to hamlet1 x is only necess>y t ! spores1 ! m9ute se$s1 ei!r by contact or by "s su/a9+ air curr5t1 be br\ght to new soil ( fle% blood or o!r tissue--_! g>d5 spot--:5 !y at once spr+ into gr[?1 & ?us lick up ! v vitality ( _! victims4 ,! huge mu%room w gr[ 9 a night4 ,s too1 ^! o!r plants--! disease g]ms--w develop ) m>vel\s rapidity2 & h5ce ! horrors ( yell[ fev]1 sc>lat9a1 & *ol]a4 ,to cure su* diseases1 ! fungi mu/ be kill$4 ,to prev5t _! spread1 ! spores mu/ be de/roy$1 or else conf9$4 ,b z ^! are s small1 s light1 & s invisible--easily borne & waft$ by ! slighte/ zephyr ( summ]1 ?is is (t5 a matt] ( ! utmo/ difficulty4 ,9 ,f\l ,brood ^! g]ms fe$ on ! l>v ( ! bees1 & ?us conv]t life & vigor into dea? & decay4 ,if we c kill ?is m9iature =e/ ( ! hive1 & de/roy ! spores1 we %all extirpate ! t]rible plague4 ,,rem$ies4 ,if we c f9d a sub/ance t w prove fatal to ! fungi1 & yet n injure ! bees1 ! problem is solv$4 ,our ,g]man sci5ti/s--^? ma/]s 9 sci5tific rese>* & discov]y1 h f\nd ?is valuable fungicide 9 salicylic acid1 an extract f ! same will[s t give u poll5 & nect>4 ,?is *eap :ite p[d] is easily soluble 9 alcohol1 & :5 mix$ ) borax 9 wat]4 ,mr4 ,hilb]t1 "o ( ! mo/ ?\ghtful ( ,g]man bee-keep]s1 0 ! fir/ to effect a radical cure ( f\l brood 9 8 api>y by ! use ( ?is sub/ance4 ,he dissolv$ fifty gra9s ( ! acid 9 five hundr$ gra9s ( pure spirits4 ,"o drop ( ?is 9 a gra9 ( di/ill$ wat] is ! mixture he appli$4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,mu?1 f :om ! above facts z to ,h]r ,hilb]t are ga!r$1 sugge/s a v>iation 9 ! mixture4 ,mr4 ,mu? sugge/s an improvem5t1 :i* takes advantage ( ! fact t ! acid1 :i* alone is v insoluble 9 wat]1 is1 :5 mix$ ) borax1 soluble4 ,8 recipe is z foll[s3 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight gra9s ( salicylic acid1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight gra9s ( soda borax1 & sixte5 ounces di/ill$ wat]4 ,!re is no reason :y wat] )\t di/illation %\ld n d z well4 ,?is rem$y is appli$ z foll[s3 ,fir/ uncap all ! brood1 !n ?r[ ! fluid ov] ! comb 9 a f9e spray4 ,?is w n injure ! bees1 b w prove fatal to ! fungi4 ,if ! bees are remov$ to an empty hive1 & giv5 no comb = ?ree or f\r days1 till !y h dige/$ all ! honey 9 _! /oma*s1 & !n prev5t$ visit+ ! affect$ hive1 !y are said to be out ( dang]4 ,x w\ld seem t ! spores are 9 ! honey1 & by tak+ t1 ! contagion is adm9i/]$ to ! "y bees4 ,! honey may be purifi$ f ^! noxi\s g]ms1 by subject+ x to ! boil+ temp]ature1 :i* is g5]ally1 if n always1 fatal to ! spores ( fungoid life4 ,by imm]s+ ! combs 9 a salicylic acid solution1 or spr9kl+ !m ) ! same1 !y w\ld be r5d]$ /]ile1 & c\ld be us$ )\t mu* fe> ( spread+ contagion4 ,! disease is probably spread by robb] bees visit+ affect$ hives1 & c>ry+ ) !m 9 ! honey ! fatal g]ms4 ,i h f\nd t a pa/e made ( gum tragacan? & wat] is v sup]ior1 & ,i mu* pref] x = ei!r g5]al or special use to gum ,arabic4 ,yet x soon s\rs--:i* means t x is n\ri%+ ^! fungoid plants--& ?us becomes disagreeable4 ,i h f\nd t a v little salicylic acid w r5d] x /]ile1 & ?us pres]ve x indef9itely4 ,,enemies ,,( ,,bees4 ,swift 0 no mean entomologi/1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ /anza3 ,! little fleas t d u tease1 ,h less] fleas to bite !m1 ,& ^! aga9 h less] fleas1 ,& s ad inf9itum4 ,bees are no exception to ?is law1 z !y h to brave ! attacks ( reptiles1 birds1 & o!r insects4 ,9 fact1 !y are beset ) p]ils at home1 & p]ils abroad1 p]ils by night & p]ils by day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,,! ,,bee ,,mo?--,gall]ia ,c]eana1 ,fabr4 ,?is insect belongs to ! family ( sn\t mo?s1 ,pyralid4 ,?is sn\t is n ! tongue1 b ! palpi1 :i* fact 0 n kn[n by ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 :o is usually s accurate1 z he essay$ to correct ,dr4 ,h>ris1 :o /at$ correctly1 t ! tongue1 ! ligula1 0 v %ort & h>dly visible4 ,?is family includes ! de/ructive hop mo?1 & ! noxi\s meal & clov] mo?s1 & its memb]s are v readily recogniz$ by _! unusually long palpi1 ! s-call$ sn\ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig1 #ajc4 ,! eggs ( ! bee mo? are :ite1 globul> & v small4 ,^! are usually pu%$ into crevices by ! female mo? z %e extrudes !m1 :i* %e c easily d by aid ( h] spy-glass-l ovipositor4 ,!y may be laid 9 ! hive1 9 ! crevice und]nea? x or ab\t ! entrance4--,soon ^! eggs hat*1 :5 ! gray1 dirty look+ cat]pill>s1 ) br[n heads1 seek ! comb on :i* !y fe$4 ,to bett] protect !mselves f ! bees1 !y wrap !mselves 9 a silk5 tube 7,fig4 #ajb7 :i* !y h p[] to sp94 ,!y rema9 9 ?is tunnel ( silk dur+ all _! gr[?1 enl>g+ x z !y eat4 ,by look+ closely1 ! pres5ce ( ^! l>v may be kn[n by ?is robe ( gli/5+ silk1 z x ext5ds 9 bran*+ outl9es 7,fig4 #ajc7 along ! surface ( ! comb4 ,a m spe$y detection1 ev51 ?an ! defac$ comb1 comes f ! p>ticles ( comb1 int]m+l$ ) ! p[d]-l dropp+s ( ! cat]pill>s1 :i* w always be se5 on ! bottom-bo>d 9 case ! mo?-l>v are at "w4 ,soon1 9 ?ree or f\r weeks1 ! l>v are full gr[n 7,fig1 #ajd74 ,n[ ! six jo9t$1 & ! t5 prop-legs--mak+ sixte5 9 all1 ! usual numb] ( cat]pill>s--are pla9ly visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,^! l>v are ab\t an in* long1 & %[1 by _! plump appe>ance1 t !y at lea/1 c dige/ comb4 ,!y n[ sp9 _! cocoons1 ei!r 9 "s crevice ab\t ! hive1 or1 if v num]\s1 s+ly 7,fig4 #aje1 a7 or 9 clu/]s 7,fig4 #aje1 b7 on ! comb1 or ev5 9 ! drone-cells 7,fig4 #aje1 c7 9 :i* !y become pup1 & 9 two weeks1 ev5 less1 sometimes1 dur+ ! extreme heat ( summ]1 ! mo?s aga9 appe>4 ,9 w9t]1 !y may rema9 z pup = mon?s4 ,! mo?s or mill]s--sometimes incorrectly call$ mo?-mill]s--are ( an obscure gray color1 & ?us s mimic old bo>ds1 t !y are v readily pass$ unobs]v$ by ! api>i/4 ,!y are ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long1 & exp& 7,fig4 #ajf7 ne>ly "o & "o-f\r? in*es4 ,! females 7,fig4 #ajg7 are d>k] ?an ! males 7,fig4 #ajg71 possess a long] sn\t1 & are usually a little l>g]4 ,! w+s1 :5 ! mo?s are quiet 7,fig4 #ajg7 are flat on ! back = a n>r[ space1 !n slope v abruptly4 ,!y re/ by day1 yet1 :5 di/urb$1 w d>t =? ) great swiftness1 s ,raumur /yl$ !m nimble-foot$4 ,!y are active by night1 :5 !y essay to ent] ! hive & deposit _! "o or two hundr$ eggs4 ,if ! females are held 9 ! h& !y w (t5 extrude _! eggs2 9 fact1 !y h be5 kn[n to d ?is ev5 aft] ! head & ?orax 7 sev]$ f ! abdom51 & /ill m /range1 :ile ! latt] 0 be+ dissect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t ^! are two-brood$1 ! fir/ mo?s occurr+ 9 ,may1 ! second 9 ,augu/4 ,yet1 z ,i h se5 ^! mo?s 9 e mon? f ,may to ,septemb]1 & z ,i h prov$ by actual obs]vation t !y may pass f egg to mo? 9 less ?an six weeks1 ,i ?9k "u favorable conditions !re may be ev5 ?ree broods a ye>4 ,x is true t ! v>i$ conditions ( temp]ature--z ! mo? l>v may gr[ 9 a des]t$ hive1 9 "o ) few bees1 or "o cr[d$ ) bee life--w h mu* to d ) ! rapidity ( developm5t4 ,circum/ances may s ret>d gr[? & developm5t t !re may n be m ?an two1 & possibly1 9 extreme cases1 m ?an "o brood 9 a season4 ,x is /at$ by ,mr ,qu9by t a freez+ temp]ature w kill ^! insects 9 all /ages1 :ile ,mr4 ,bets+] ?9ks t a des]t$ hive is safe1 nei!r ( :i* ass]tions are correct4 ,i h se5 hives1 ^: bees 7 kill$ by ! sev]e w9t]1 cr[d$ ) mo? pup or *rysalids ! succe$+ summ]4 ,i h subject$ bo? l>v & pup to ! freez+ temp]ature )\t injur+ !m4 ,i believe1 9 v mild w9t]s1 ! mo? & ! *rysalids might be s protect$ z to escape unh>m$1 ev5 outside ! hive4 ,x is probable too1 t ! insects may pass ! w9t] 9 any "o ( ! v>i\s /ages4 ,,hi/ory4 ,^! mo?s 7 kn[n to writ]s ( antiquity1 z ev5 ,ari/otle tells ( _! injuries4 ,!y are :olly ( ori5tal orig91 & are (t5 ref]r$ to by ,european writ]s z a t]rible pe/4 ,dr4 ,kirtl&1 ! able sci5ti/1 ! fir/ ,presid5t ( our ,am]ican ,bee ,conv5tion1 ^: decease we h j _h to m\rn1 once said 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 t ! mo? 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,am]ica 9 #ahje1 ?\gh bees _h be5 introduc$ long be=e4 ,!y fir/ seem$ to be v de/ructive4 ,x is q probable1 z has be5 sugge/$1 t ! bees _h to le>n to fe> & repel !m2 =1 unque/ionably1 bees d gr[ 9 wisdom4--,9 fact1 may n ! :ole ( in/9ct be inh]it$ k1 :i* once _h to be acquir$ by ! animal4 ,surely bees & o!r animals le>n to battle new enemies1 & v>y _! habits ) *ang$ conditions1 & !y also transmit ?is k & _! acquir$ habits to _! (fspr+1 z illu/rat$ by sett] & po9t] dogs4 ,9 "t1 may n ?is acc\nt = all ^? v>i$ actions1 usually ascrib$ to in/9ct8 ,at lea/1 ,i believe ! bee to be a creature ( no small intellig5ce4 ,,rem$ies4 ,9 ,europe1 late writ]s give v little space to ?is mo?4 ,once a s]i\s pe/1 x has n[ ceas$ to al>m1 or ev5 disquiet ! intellig5t api>i/4 ,9 fact1 we may almo/ call x a bless$ evil1 z x w de/roy ! bees ( ! he$less1 & ?us prev5t injury to ! m>kets by _! unsalable honey1 :ile to ! att5tive bee-keep] x w "w no injury at all4 ,neglect & ignorance are ! mo? bre$]s4 ,z already /at$1 ,italian bees are r>ely injur$ by mo?s1 & /rong colonies nev]4 ,z ! ent]pris+ api>i/ w only possess ^!1 x is cle> t he is free f dang]4 ,! intellig5t api>i/ w also provide1 n only aga9/ weak1 b que5less colonies z well1 :i* f _! abject disc\ragem5t1 are ! sure/ victims to mo? invasion4 ,kn[+ t de/ruction is sure1 !y seem1 if n to c\rt dea?1 to make no ef=t to delay x4 ,9 work+ ) bees1 an occasional web w be se5 gli/5+ 9 ! comb1 :i* %\ld be pick$ out ) a knife till ! manufactur]--! ru?less l>va--is f\nd1 :5 x %\ld be cru%$4 ,any l>va se5 ab\t ! bottom bo>d1 seek+ a place to sp9 its cocoon1 or any pup1 ei!r on comb or 9 crack1 %\ld also be kill$4 ,if1 ?r\gh c>elessness1 a colony has become hopelessly victimiz$ by ^! fil?y1 /9k+1 wax dev\r]s1 !n ! bees & any combs n attack$ %\ld be transf]r$ to ano!r hive1 aft] :i* ! old hive %\ld be sulphur$ by use ( ! smok]1 z be=e describ$ 7page #baf71 !n by giv+ "o or two ea* ( ! rema9+ combs to /rong colonies1 aft] kill+ any pup t may be on !m1 !y w be clean$ & us$1 :ile by giv+ ! enfeebl$ colony brood1 if x has any vigor rema9+1 & if necess>y a good que51 x w soon be rejoic+ 9 /r5g? & prosp]ity4 ,we h already spok5 ( caution z to comb honey & frames ( comb 7page #baf71 & s ne$ n speak fur!r ( !m4 ,,bee ,,kill]--,asilus ,miss\ri5sis1 ,riley4 ,?is is a two-w+$ fly1 ( ! pr$aci\s family ,asilid1 :i* attacks1 & takes captive ! bee & !n fe$s ^u its fluids4 ,x is conf9$ to ! s\!rn "p ( our c\ntry4 ,! fly 7,fig4 #ajh7 has a long1 po9t$ abdom51 /rong w+s1 & is v p[]ful4 ,i h se5 an alli$ species attack & ov]come ! p[]ful tig]-beetle1 :]eupon ,i took !m bo? ) my net1 & n[ h !m p9n$1 z !y 7 captur$1 9 our ,college cab9et4 ,^! flies delight 9 ! w>m sun%9e1 are v quick on ! w+1 & are ?us n easily captur$4 ,x is to be hop$ t !y w n become v num]\s4 ,if !y %\ld1 ,i h>dly "k h[ !y c\ld be kept f _! evil "w4 ,fright5+ !m1 or cat*+ ) a net might be tri$1 yet ^! me?ods w\ld irritate ! bees1 & ne$ to be tri$ be=e !y are recomm5d$4 ,i h receiv$ specim5s ( ?is fly f ne>ly e ,s\!rn ,/ate4 ,!re are v simil> flies ,nor?1 belong+ to ! same g5us1 b z yet we h no acc\nt ( _! attack+ bees1 ?\gh su* a habit might easily be acquir$1 & attacks "h w\ld n be surpris+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,imago4 ,l>va4 ,,bee-,,l\se--,branla ,cca1 ,nits*4 ,?is l\se 7,fig4 #aji7 is a w+less ,dipt]on1 & "o ( ! uniques among insects4 ,x is a bl9d1 spid]-l p>asite1 & s]ves z a v good connect+ l9k betwe5 insects & spid]s1 or1 /ill bett]1 betwe5 ! ,dipt]a1 :]e x belongs1 & ! ,hemipt]a1 :i* conta9s ! bugs & mo/ ( ! lice4 ,x assumes ! semi-pupa /ate almo/ z soon z hat*$1 & /range/ ( all1 is1 consid]+ ! size ( ! bee on :i* x lives1 & f :i* x sucks its n\ri%m5t1 enorm\sly l>ge4 ,two or ?ree1 & sometimes ev5 m1 7! new ,encyclop$ia ,britannica says #ej or #ajj71 are (t5 f\nd on a s+le bee4 ,:5 we consid] _! great size we _c wond] t !y v soon devitalize ! bees4 ,^!1 z yet1 h done little damage1 except 9 ! s\? ( ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,! fact t !y h n become naturaliz$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,cont95t1 ,engl& or ,am]ica1 w\ld g to %[ t !re is some?+ inimical to _! welf>e 9 our climate1 especially z !y are con/antly be+ introduc$1 com+ z hang]s-on to our import$ bees4 ,)9 a ye> ,i h receiv$ !m f no less ?an ?ree s\rces--twice f ,new ,york & once f ,p5nsylvania--ea* "t tak5 f bees j receiv$ f ,italy4 ,! only way t ,i c\ld sugge/ to rid bees ( !m w\ld be to make ! entrance to ! hive small1 s t z ! bees ent]1 !y w\ld be scrap$ (f4 ,,important ,,sugge/ion4 ,9 view ( ! s]i\s nature ( ?is pe/ & ! difficulty 9 ! way ( its ext9ction1 ,i w\ld urge import]s1 & p receiv+ import$ que5s1 to be v c>eful to see t ^! lice1 :i*1 f _! size1 are s easily discov]$1 are surely remov$ be=e any que5 h>bor+ !m is introduc$4 ,?is advice is especially important1 9 view ( ! simil>ity 9 climate ( our own beautiful ,s\?1 to ! sunny slopes ( ,france & ,italy4 ,v likely ! lice c\ld n fl\ri% 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b !re w\ld be great cause to fe> ! results ( its introduction into our ,eldorado1 ! g5ial ,/ates ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 !y might be ev5 worse ?an ! dr\?1 z !y might come z a p]man5t1 n a tempor>y evil4 ,,bee ,,hawk--,libellula4 ,?is l>ge1 f9e lace w+ is a neuropt]\s insect4 ,x works 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & is call$ ,mosquito-hawk4--,insects ( ! same g5us are call$ dragon flies1 devil's1 d>n+-ne$les1 c4 ,^! are exce$+ly pr$aci\s4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole sub-ord] is insectivor\s4 ,f its f\r nett$1 ve9$ w+s1 we c tell x at once f ! asilus be=e m5tion$1 :i* has b two w+s4 ,! ,bee or ,mosquito-hawk is respl5d5t ) metallic gre51 :ile ! ,bee ,kill] is ( sob] gray4 ,! ,mosquito ,hawk is n inaptly nam$1 z x n only preys on o!r insects1 swoop+ d[n ^u !m ) ! dext]ity ( a hawk1 b its graceful gyrations1 z x sports 9 ! w>m sun%9e at noonday1 are n unlike ^? ( our graceful hawks & falcons4 ,^! insects are f\nd mo/ abundant ne> wat]1 z !y lay _! eggs 9 wat]1 :]e ! l>v live & fe$ ^u o!r animals4 ,! l>v are peculi> 9 brea?+ by gills 9 _! rectum4 ,! same wat] t ba!s ^! organs & furni%es oxyg51 is s5t out 9 a jet1 & ?us s5ds ! insect d>t+ along4 ,! l>v also possess enorm\s jaws1 :i* =midable weapons are mask$ till x is desir$ to use !m1 :5 ! dipp]-%ap$ mask is dropp$ or unh+$ & ! t]rible jaws op5 & close ^u ! unsuspect+ victim1 :i* has b a brief "t to bewail its tem]ity4 ,a writ] f ,georgia1 9 ,glean+s1 volume #f1 page #ce1 /ates t ^! de/roy]s are easily sc>$ away1 or br\ght d[n by boys ) :ips1 :o soon become z exp]t 9 captur+ ! insects1 z are ! latt] 9 seiz+ ! bees4 ,! insects are v wild & w>y1 & ,i %\ld suppose ?is me?od w\ld be v effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,,ta*9a ,,fly4 ,f descriptions :i* ,i h receiv$1 ,i feel c]ta9 t !re is a two-w+$ fly1 probably ( ! g5us ,ta*9a 7,fig4 #aaj71 t works on bees4 ,i h nev] se5 ^!1 ?\gh ,i h repeat$ly reque/$ ^? :o h1 to s5d !m to me4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,davis1 put "s sick look+ bees into a cage1 & hat*$ ! flies :i* he told me look$ n unlike a small h\se fly4 ,x is ! habit ( ^! flies1 :i* belong to ! same family z our h\se flies1 :i* !y mu* resemble1 to lay _! eggs on o!r insects4 ,_! "y1 ^u hat*+1 burr[ into ! insect t is be+ victimiz$1 & gr[ by eat+ x4 ,x w\ld be difficult to cope ) ?is evil1 %\ld x become ( great magnitude4 ,we may well hope t ?is habit ( eat+ bees is an exceptional "o ) x4 ,,spid]s4 ,^! sometimes spread _! nets s z to capture bees4 ,if porticos--:i* are1 ,i ?9k1 worse ?an a useless exp5se--are omitt$1 !re w v seldom be any cause = compla9ts aga9/ ! spid]s1 :i* on ! :ole are fri5ds4 ,z ! bee-keep] :o w\ld p]mit spid]s to worry 8 bees w\ld n read books1 ,i w discuss ?is subject no fur!r4 ,,ants4 ,^! clu/] ab\t ! hives 9 spr+ = w>m?1 & seldom1 if ev]1 ,i ?9k1 d any h>m4 ,%\ld ! api>i/ feel n]v\s1 he c v readily bru% !m away1 or de/roy !m by use ( any ( ! fly poisons :i* are kept 9 ! m>kets4 ,z ^! poisons are made attractive by add+ sweets1 we mu/ be c>eful to preclude ! bees f ga9+ access to !m4 ,z we %\ld use !m 9 spr+1 & z we !n ne$ to keep ! quilt or honey-bo>d close above ! bees1 & z ! ants clu/] above ! brood *amb]1 x is n difficult to practice poison+4 ,"o ye> ,i tri$ ,p>is gre5 ) p]fect success4 ,,wasps4 ,i h nev] se5 bees injur$ by wasps4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 z 9 ,europe1 we he> ( su* depr$ations4 ,i h receiv$ wasps1 s5t by our s\!rn bro!rs1 :i* 7 caught de/roy+ bees4 ,! wasps are v pr$aci\s1 & d imm5se b5efit by captur+ & eat+ our insect pe/s4 ,i h se5 wasps c>ry (f currant-worms ) a cel]ity t 0 mo/ refre%+4 ,z ! solit>y wasps are too few 9 numb]s to d mu* damage--ev5 if !y ev] d any--any great damage :i* may occur w\ld d\btless come f ! social pap]-mak]s4 ,9 ?is case1 we h only to f9d ! ne/s & apply ! tor*1 or hold ! muzzle ( a %ot-gun to ! ne/ & %oot4 ,?is %\ld be done at night-fall :5 ! wasps h all ga!r$ home4 ,let u n =get t ! wasps d mu* good1 & s n practice :olesale slaught] unless we h /rong evid5ce aga9/ !m4 ,,! ,,k+ ,,bird--,tyrannus ,c>ol95sis4 ,?is bird1 (t5 call$ ! bee-m>t91 is "o ( ! fly-cat*]s1 a v valuable family ( birds1 z !y are :olly insectivor\s1 & d imm5se good by de/roy+ our insect pe/s4 ,! k+ bird is ! only "o ( !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t des]ves c5sure4 ,ano!r1 ! *imney swall[ ( ,europe1 has ! same evil habit4 ,our *imney swall[ has no evil ways4 ,i am sure1 f p]sonal obs]vation1 t ^! birds capture & eat ! work]s1 z well z drones2 & ,i d>e say1 !y w\ld pay no m respect to ! f9e/ ,italian ,que54 ,yet1 9 view ( ! good t ^! birds d1 unless !y are f> m num]\s & tr\blesome ?an ,i h ev] obs]v$ !m to be1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly be sl[ to recomm5d ! dea? w>rant4 ,,! ,,toads4 ,! same may be said ( ! toads1 :i* may (t5 be se5 sitt+ demurely at ! entrance ( ! hives1 & lapp+ up ! full-lad5 bees ) ! lightn+-l movem5t ( _! tongues1 9 a mann] :i* c b be reg>d$ ) int]e/1 ev5 by him :o suff]s loss4 ,mr4 ,moon1 ! well kn[n api>i/1 made ?is an objection to l[ hives2 yet1 ! advantage ( su* hives f> m ?an comp5sates1 & ) a bottom-bo>d1 su* z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on hives1 we %all f9d t ! toads d v little damage4 ,,mice4 ,^! little pe/s are a consummate nuisance ab\t ! api>y4 ,!y ent] ! hives 9 w9t]1 mutilate ! comb1 irritate1 p]haps de/roy1 ! bees1 & create a v (f5sive /5*4 ,!y (t5 greatly injure comb :i* is outside ! hive1 de/roy smok]s1 by eat+ ! lea!r (f ! bell[s1 & if !y get at ! se$s ( honey plants1 !y nev] retreat till !y make a complete "w ( de/ruction4 ,9 ! h\se & cell>1 ^! plagues %\ld be1 by use ( eat or trap1 completely ext]m9at$4 ,if we w9t] on ! summ] /&s1 ! entrance %\ld be s contract$ t mice _c ent] ! hive4 ,9 case ( pack+ z ,i h recomm5d$1 ,i %\ld pref] a m ample op5+1 :i* may be safely secur$ by tak+ a piece ( wire clo? or p]=at$ t91 & tack+ x ov] ! entrance1 lett+ x come )9 "o-f\r? ( an in* ( ! bottom-bo>d4 ,?is w give m air1 & /ill preclude ! entrance ( ^! mis]able v]m94 7,see ,app5dix1 page #bic74 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,cal5d> ,,& ,,axioms4 ,,"w ,,= ,,diff]5t ,,mon?s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,^! dates are arrang$ = ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :]e ! fruit trees blossom ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,by not+ ^! fl[]s1 ! dates c be easily *ang$ to suit any locality ,?\gh e live api>i/ w take "o1 at lea/1 ( ! ?ree excell5t j\rnals relat+ to ?is art1 pr9t$ 9 our c\ntry1 9 :i* ! necess>y "w ( ea* mon? w be detail$1 yet x may be well to give "s brief h9ts 9 ?is place4 ,,janu>y4 ,dur+ ?is mon? ! bees w ne$ little att5tion4--,%\ld ! bees 9 ! cell> or depository become uneasy1 :i* w n happ5 if ! requisite precautions are tak51 & !re come a w>m day1 x 7 well to set !m on _! summ] /&s1 t !y may enjoy a purify+ flight4 ,at night :5 all are aga9 quiet return !m to ! cell>4--,:ile out ,i w\ld clean ! bottom-bo>ds1 especially if !re are _m dead bees4 ,?is is ! "t1 too1 to read1 visit1 /udy & plan = ! ensu+ season's "w4 ,,febru>y4 ,no advice is necess>y fur!r ?an t giv5 = ,janu>y1 ?\gh if ! bees h a good fly 9 ,janu>y1 !y w sc>cely ne$ att5tion 9 ?is mon?4 ,! pres5ce ( sn[ on ! gr\nd ne$ n det] ! api>i/ f giv+ 8 bees a flight1 provid+ ! day is w>m & /ill4 ,x is bett] to let !m alone if !y are quiet4 ,,m>*4 ,bees %\ld /ill be kept h\s$1 & ^? outside /ill reta9 ab\t !m ! pack+ ( /raw1 %av+s1 c4 ,frequ5t flights d no good1 & we> out ! bees4 ,colonies t are uneasy1 & besme> _! hives %\ld be set out1 & all[$ a good flight & !n return$4 ,! colony or colonies f :i* we desire to re> que5s & drones %\ld n[ be f$1 to /imulate bre$+4 ,by c>eful prun+1 too1 we may & %\ld prev5t ! re>+ ( drones 9 any b ! be/ colonies4 ,if f lack ( c>e ! previ\s autumn1 any ( our /ocks are %ort ( /ores1 n[ is :5 x w be felt4 ,9 su* cases fe$ ei!r honey1 sug>1 syrup1 or place c&y on top ( ! frames b5ea? ! quilt4 ,,april4 ,e>ly 9 ?is mon? ! bees may all be set out4 ,x w be be/ to fe$ all1 & give all access to fl\r1 :5 !y w "w at x1 ?\gh usually !y c get poll5 z soon z !y c fly out to advantage4 ,keep ! brood *amb] contract$ s t ! frames w all be cov]$1 & cov] well above ! bees to economize heat4 ,,may4 ,prep>e nuclei to />t extra que5s4 ,fe$ sp>+ly till bloom appe>s4 ,give room = /or+4 ,extract if necess>y1 & keep close wat*1 t y may anticipate & =e/all any attempt to sw>m4 ,n[1 too1 is ! be/ "t to transf]4 ,,june4 ,keep all colonies suppli$ ) vigor\s1 prolific que5s4 ,divide ! colonies1 z may be desir$1 especially en\gh to prev5t attempts at sw>m+4 ,extract if necess>y or be/2 adju/ frames or sections1 if comb honey is desir$1 & be sure to keep all ! :ite clov] honey1 9 :atev] =m tak51 sep>ate f all o!r4 ,n[ is ! be/ "t to ,italianize4 ,,july4 ,! "w ?is mon? is ab\t ! same z t ( ,june4--,sup]s$e all poor & feeble que5s4 ,keep ! basswood honey by itself1 & remove boxes or frames z soon z full4 ,be sure t que5s & work]s h pl5ty ( room to d _! be/1 & suff] n ! hot sun to /rike ! hives4 ,,augu/4 ,d n fail to sup]s$e impot5t que5s4 ,betwe5 basswood & fall bloom x may pay to fe$ sp>+ly4 ,give pl5ty ( room = que5 & work]s z fall /or+ comm5ces4 ,,septemb]4 ,remove all surplus boxes & frames z soon z /or+ ceases1 :i* usually occurs ab\t ! middle ( ?is mon?2 fe$ sp>+ly till ! fir/ ( ,octob]4 ,if robb+ occurs1 contract ! entrance ( ! hive robb$4 ,if x is desir$ to fe$ honey or sug> = w9t]1 x %\ld be done ! la/ ( ?is mon?4 ,,octob]4 ,prep>e colonies = w9t]4 ,see t all h at lea/ ?irty p\nds1 by weight1 ( good1 capp$ honey1 & t all are /rong 9 bees4 ,contract ! *amb]1 by us+ division bo>d1 & cov] well ) ! quilt4 ,be sure t "o or two c5tral frames ( comb conta9 _m empty cells1 & t all h a c5tral hole ?r\gh :i* ! bees c pass4 ,,novemb]4 ,be=e ! cold days come1 remove ! bees to ! cell> or depository1 or pack ab\t ^? left out on ! summ] /&s4 ,,decemb]4 ,n[ is ! "t to make hives1 honey-boxes1 c41 = ! com+ ye>4 ,also labels = hives4 ,^! may j conta9 ! "n ( ! colony1 9 :i* case ! full record w be kept 9 a book2 or ! label may be made to conta9 a full regi/] z to "t ( =mation1 age ( que51 c41 c4 ,slates are also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,i "k f exp]i5ce t any :o he$ all ( ! above may succe$ 9 bee-keep+1--may w9 a d\ble success3--,receive pleasure & make money4 ,i feel sure t _m exp]i5c$ api>i/s w f9d advice t x may pay to foll[4 ,x is probable t errors ab\nd1 & c]ta9 t mu* rema9s unsaid1 = ( all api>i/s x is true t :at !y d n "k is greatly 9 excess ( :at !y d "k4 ,,axioms4 ,! foll[+ axioms1 giv5 by ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 are j z true to-day z !y 7 :5 writt5 by t not$ au?or3 ,!re are a few fir/ pr9ciples 9 bee-keep+ :i* ought to be z famili> to ! ,api>i/ z ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,fir/4 ,bees gorg$ ) honey nev] volunte] an attack4 ,second4 ,bees may always be made peaceable by induc+ !m to accept ( liquid sweets4 ,?ird4 ,bees1 :5 fright5$ by smoke or by drumm+ on _! hives1 fill !mselves ) honey & lose all disposition to /+1 unless !y are hurt4 ,f\r?4 ,bees dislike any quick movem5ts ab\t _! hives1 especially any motion :i* j>s _! combs4 ,fif?4 ,9 di/ricts :]e =age is abundant only = a %ort p]iod1 ! l>ge/ yield ( honey w be secur$ by a v mod]ate increase ( /ocks4 ,six?4 ,a mod]ate increase ( colonies 9 any "o season1 w1 9 ! long run1 prove to be ! easie/1 safe/1 & *eape/ mode ( manag+ bees4 ,sev5?4 ,que5less colonies1 unless suppli$ ) a que51 w inevitably dw9dle away1 or be de/roy$ by ! bee-mo?1 or by robb]-bees4 ,eigh?4 ,! =mation ( new colonies %\ld ord9>ily be conf9$ to ! season :5 bees are accumulat+ honey2 & if ?is1 or any o!r op]ation1 mu/ be p]=m$ :5 =age is sc>ce1 ! greate/ precautions %\ld be us$ to prev5t robb+4 ,! ess5ce ( all pr(itable bee-keep+ is conta9$ 9 ,oettl's ,gold5 ,rule3 ,,keep ,,y\r ,,/ocks ,,/rong4 ,if y _c succe$ 9 do+ ?is1 ! m money y inve/ 9 bees1 ! heavi] w be y\r losses2 :ile1 if y\r /ocks are /rong1 y w %[ t y are a bee-ma/]1 z well z bee-keep]1 & may safely calculate on g5]\s returns f y\r indu/ri\s subjects4 ,keep all colonies /rong4 ,,app5dix4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,movable ,,frames4 ,movable frames h revolutioniz$ bee-keep+1 & s out-rank ! reap] & m[]1 & equal ! cotton-g94 ,few inv5tions h ex]t$ s p[]ful an influ5ce ^u ! art :i* !y s]ve4 ,_! hi/ory w ev] be a subject ( exce$+ int]e/ to bee-keep]s1 & _! inv5tor wor?y ! highe/ reg>d z ! greate/ b5efactor ( our art4 ,9 writ+ _! hi/ory1 ,i h no p]sonal int]e/ or bias1 & am only impell$ by a love ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,i am ! m eag] to write ?is hi/ory1 z "s ( our api>i/s1 & !y among ! be/ in=m$ & mo/ influ5tial 7,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #chj71 are mis9=m$ 9 ! premises4 ,9 obta9+ ! data = ?is acc\nt1 ,i am "u _m obligations to our great ,am]ican ma/] 9 apiculture4 ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 ,lang/ro?1 ^: ?or\gh k & ext5sive libr>y h be5 :olly at my comm&4 ,we are in=m$ by ,george ,:eel]1 9 8 ,j\rney into ,greece1 publi%$ 9 #afhb1 page #daa1 t ! ,greeks _h p>tial control ( ! combs4 ,! tops ( ! will[ hives are cov]$ ) broad flat /icks4 ,along ea* ( ^! /icks ! bees fa/5 _! combs2 s t a comb may be tak5 out :ole4 ,swamm]dam _h no control ( ! comb1 nor _h ,raumur4 ,! latt] us$ n>r[ hives1 :i* conta9$ b two combs2 b ^! 7 /ation>y4 ,hub] 0 ! fir/ to con/ruct a hive :i* gave him control ( ! combs & access to ! int]ior ( ! hive4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahgi1 ,hub] wrote to ,bonnet z foll[s3 ,i took sev]al small fir boxes1 a foot squ>e & fifte5 l9es wide1 & jo9$ !m toge!r by h+es1 s t !y c\ld be op5$ & %ut l ! leaves ( a book4 ,:5 us+ a hive ( ?is description1 we took c>e to fix a comb 9 ea* frame1 & !n introduc$ all ! bees4--7,ed9burgh edition ( ,hub]1 p4 #d74 ,al?\gh ,morlot & o!rs attempt$ to improve ?is hive1 x nev] ga9$ favor ) practical api>i/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,! fir/ p]son to adju/ frames 9 a case appe>s to h be5 ,mr4 ,w4 ,augu/us ,munn1 ( ,engl&4 ,i h 9 my possession a lett] f ,mr4 ,munn1 dat$ ,novemb] #i?1 #ahfc1 9 :i* he /ates t ! hive _h be5 9 use s9ce #ahcd4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ description ( any ( 8 hives appe>$ 9 ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle = #ahdc4 ,?is article 0 writt5 by a lady1 & sign$ ,e4 ,m4 ,w4 ,its premature publication made x impossible = ,mr4 ,munn to secure a pat5t 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 #ahdc he secur$ a pat5t 9 ,france4 ,! hive pat5t$ is fully describ$ 9 8 ,description ( ! ,b> & ,frame ,hive1 publi%$ 9 ,london1 9 #ahdd4 ,!re is also a figure 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,i copy f ! "w :i* is be=e me1 pp4 #g & #h3 ,an oblong box is =m$1 ab\t ?irty in*es long1 sixte5 in*es high1 & twelve in*es broad4 ,"o ( ! long sides is con/ruct$ to op5 ) h+es1 & to hang on a level ) ! bottom4 ,z _m grooves half an in* broad1 half an in* deep1 & ab\t #i in*es long1 are =m$ #a in*es ap>t on ! inside ( ! bottom ( ! box1 z its l5g? w admit4 ,at ! top are correspond+ grooves to ^? made 9 ! bottom ( ! box4 ,! bee-frames are made ( half in* mahogany1 be+ #ab in*es high1 #i in*es long1 & n m ?an half an in* broad1 slid+ into ! fifte5 grooves =m$ on ! bottom1 & kept securely 9 _! places by ! upp] grooves1 & by propolis1 ! au?or might well h add$4 ,am]ican api>i/s ne$ n be told t su* a hive w\ld be :olly impracticable4 ,)\t bees 9 x1 ! *anges ( wea!r w\ld make ! slid+ ( ! frames v difficult2 ) ! bees inside1 ! removal ( ! frames w\ld be practically impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,9 #ahea ,mr4 ,munn issu$ a second edition ( 8 book1 9 ! preface ( :i* ,i f9d ! foll[+3 ,hav+ mat]ially simplifi$ ! b>-frame hive1 by =m+ ! 'oblong b>-frames' into 'triangul> frames1' & mak+ !m lift out ( ! top1 in/ead ( ! back ( ! bee-box1 ,i h republi%$ ! pamphlet4 ,! triangul> hive 7,fig4 #aab7 is describ$ & figur$1 & is ! same z f\nd illu/rat$ 9 ,munn's ,bevan on ! ,honey ,bee4 ,?is hive1 al?\gh a possible improvem5t on ! o!r1 is co/ly1 intricate1 & /ill v impracticable4 ,9 ! price-li/ ( ,j4 ,pettitt1 ,dov]1 ,engl&1 #ahfd1 ,i f9d ?is hive pric$ at #c #cs41 or ab\t #ae4jj4 ,f ! figure we le>n t !re 7 "s wide spaces ab\t ! frames4 ,^! w\ld ( c\rse be fill$ ) comb1 & r5d] ! hives entirely unsuitable = common use4 ,t ?is hive lack$ ! ess5tial requisites to success is evid5t f words p5n$ by ! inv5tor 9 #ahfc3 ,! hive matt]s little if ! pa/urage is good4 ,& x is easy to see f ! complex arrangem5t ( ! frames1 & ! wide spaces ab\t !m1 t z ,mr4 ,munn said1 ref]r+ to 8 hive1 ,:5 left to !mselves ! bees %ut up ! %op4 ,_h inv5tion /opp$ ) ,major ,munn's hive1 we %\ld to-day be us+ ! old box hive1 & sigh+ 9 va9 = a bett]4 ,neighb\r well says 7#c;d edition1 p4 #abi73 ,probably ! reason ( ! inv5tion's failure 0 ! exp5siv5ess ( ! ,major's fitt+s1 :i* make ! hive appe> m l "s a/ronomical in/rum5t1 ?an a box = bees4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re 0 no su* ?+ z a frame hive 9 use 9 ,engl& till #ahfj4 ,x w\ld seem /range1 t aft] go+ s f> ,major ,munn %\ld h fail$ to give bee-keep]s a hive ( value4 ,yet ) 8 view t smoke injur$ ! bees & brood 7#b;d edition1 p4 #ba71 we c readily see1 t ) 8 hive & black bees1 a man w\ld ne$ ! sk9 ( a rh9oc]os1 & n]ves ( brass1 to d mu* by way ( actual manipulation = practical purposes4 ,x has be5 truly said t ,! ,hub] hive c be us$ ) f> great] ease & safety1 by a novice1 ?an c ,munn's4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,bee ,culture ) ,movable ,frames1 publi%$ by ,pa/or ,george ,kle9e1 ,hanov]1 ,g]many1 9 #ahec1 p4 #e1 t a druggi/ by ! "n ( ,s*midt1 9 a "w :i* he publi%$ 9 ,freiburg1 9 #ahea1 entitl$1 ,! ,new ,bee ,homes1 describes a hive ) ! ,hub] leaves hav+ prolong$ tops :i* hung on rabbets1 mu* z d our frames4 ,^! ,hub] leaves 7 close-fitt+1 & s n practical4 ,kle9e reg>d$ ?is z inf]ior to ! ,hub] hive1 9 t ! combs mu/ be tak5 out f above4 ,) a side op5+ he ?9ks x w\ld be a mat]ial improvem5t4 ,x is evid5t f ,kle9e's "w1 t he knew no?+ ei!r ( ,munn or 8 hive4 ,9 #ahdg1 ,jacob ,%aw1 ,jr41 !n ( ,h9ckley1 ,ohio1 publi%$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,m>* #e?1 #ahdg1 p4 #ahg1 ! description ( a hive devis$ by him4 ,a p]son :o has se5 ! hive tells me t z describ$ & fir/ us$1 ?is hive _h close-fitt+ frames1 :i* re/$ 9 a d\ble-wall$ t9 box4 ,by turn+ hot wat] into ! *amb]1 ! frames w\ld be loos5$4 ,we d n wond] t1 z ,mr4 ,%aw depos$1 he only made "o hive1 & t he c\ld only p]suade "o colony ( ! sev]al :i* he tri$1 to accept ! situation1 & t ?is "o soon p]i%$4 ,he got no surplus1 & wisely set ! hive aside4 ,9 #ahdg1 ! well kn[n agricultural writ]1 ,solon ,rob9son1 sugge/$ 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,albany ,cultivator2 a t9 hive made up ( unicomb ap>tm5ts :i* %\ld set close side by side1 & be connect$ by int]-communicat+ holes4 ,( c\rse1 su* a hive w\ld only succe$ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,m4 ,debeauvoys publi%$1 9 #ahdg1 ! #b;d edition ( ,guide de l',apiculteur1 at ,ang]s1 ,france1 9 :i* he describ$ a movable comb hive1 to meet ! practical wants ( ,fr5* bee-keep]s4 ,?is hive 0 n only no improvem5t on t ( ,hub]1 b ev5 less easy ( manipulation4 ,! top-b> & uprights ( ! frames 7 close-fitt+ to ! top & sides ( ! hive4 ,says ,m4 ,hamet1 editor ( ! ,fr5* bee pap]1 9 8 "w1 ,c\rs ,pratique ,d',apiculture1 #ahei edition3 ,! removal ( ! frames is m difficult ?an f ! ,hub] hive1 & x has nev] be5 accept$ by ! practical bee-keep]s ( ,france4 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,dadant describes ?is hive1 :i* he once made & us$1 9 ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 vol4 #g1 p4 #aig4 ,he says ( x3 ,! hive work$ well :5 new & empty2 b aft] ! bees _h glu$ ! frames1 x 0 difficult to remove !m )\t break+ ! combs4 ,x w\ld h be5 entirely impossible to remove !m at all1 )\t sep>at+ ! ends ( ! hive f ! frames ) a *isel4 ,?is hive1 :i* _h ga9$ #b1ejj proselytes 9 ,france1 0 v soon ab&on$ by all1 & ! disciples ( ,debeauvoys return$ to ! old-fa%ion$ /raw hive4 ,he adds1 fur!r1 t ^! hives 7 disa/r\s to ,fr5* bee culture4 ,once misl$ by movable frames1 !y ev] aft]w>ds refus$ !m ev5 = trial4 ,( c\rse ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,fi%]1 once commission] ( pat5ts1 & an exp]t1 c\ld see no?+ 9 ?is hive1 or any ( ! inv5tor's modifications ( x1 to invalidate ! ,lang/ro? pat5t4 ,h[ grateful all ,am]ican api>i/s %\ld be1 t ,mr4 ,lang/ro?'s inv5tion 0 ( a diff]5t type4 ,z already /at$1 b>s 7 us$ c5turies ago 9 ,greece4 ,della ,rocca1 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #agij1 also describes b>s z us$ by him4 ,s*ira* us$ slats across ! top ( a box ) re>-op5+ doors1 z e>ly z #agga4 ,9 ,key's "w1 ,anci5t ,bee ,ma/]'s ,f>ewell1 ,london1 #agif1 p4 #db1 su* hives are describ$1 & beautifully illu/rat$1 plate #a1 figs4 #b & #c4 ,bevan1 ,london1 #ahch1 describes on p4 #hb a simil> hive1 ) ! b>s set 9 rabbets1 :i* is figur$ on p4 #hc4 ,9 #ahce1 ,dzi]zon1 :o has be5 to ,g]many :at ,lang/ro? has to ,am]ica1 comm5c$ bee-culture4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he adopt$ ! b> hive1 & al?\gh ^! b> hives 7 previ\sly ( little value to practical apiculture1 9 8 h&s !y became a mo/ valuable in/rum5t4 ,to remove ! combs1 ! great ,g]man ma/] _h to cut !m loose f ! sides ( ! hives4 ,yet f 8 great skill 9 h&l+ !m1 8 /udi\s habits1 & invaluable rese>*es1 :i* gave to ! _w ! k ( p>!nog5esis among bees1 8 hive & sy/em m>k$ a new era 9 ,g]man apiculture4 ,9 #ahea1 our own ,lang/ro?1 )\t any k ( :at =eign api>ian inv5tors _h done1 save :at he c\ld f9d 9 ,hub]1 & edition #ahch ( ,bevan1 inv5t$ ! hive n[ 9 common use among ! advanc$ api>i/s ( ,am]ica4 ,x is ?is hive1 ! greate/ api>ian inv5tion ev] made1 t has plac$ ,am]ican apiculture 9 advance ( t ( all o!r c\ntries4 ,:at practical bee-keep] ( ,am]ica c\ld say ) ,h4 ,hamet1 edition #ahfa1 p4 #aff1 t ! improv$ hives 7 )\t value except to ! amateur1 & inf]ior = practical purposes8 ,our api>i/s n native to our %ores1 l ! late ,adam ,grimm & ,mr4 ,*as4 ,dadant1 always conc$$ t ,mr4 ,lang/ro? 0 ! inv5tor ( ?is hive1 & always proclaim$ its usefulness4 ,well did ! late ,mr4 ,s4 ,wagn]1 ! hone/1 fe>less1 s*ol>ly & tru?-lov+ editor ( ! e>ly volumes ( ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 himself ( ,g]man orig91 say3 ,:5 ,mr4 ,lang/ro? took up ?is subject1 he well knew :at ,hub] _h done1 & saw :]e9 he _h fail$--fail+1 possibly1 only because he aim$ at no?+ m ?an con/ruct+ an obs]v+ hive1 suitable = 8 purposes4 ,mr4 ,lang/ro?'s object 0 o!r & high]4 ,he aim$ at mak+ frames movable1 int]*angeable1 & practically s]viceable 9 bee culture4 ,& h[ true :at foll[s3 ,nobody be=e ,mr4 ,lang/ro? ev] succe$$ 9 devis+ a mode ( mak+ & us+ a movable frame t 0 ( any practical value 9 bee culture4 ,no man 9 ! _w1 beside ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 0 s conv]sant ) ?is :ole subject z 0 ,mr4 ,wagn]4 ,8 ext5sive libr>y & ?or\gh k made him a compet5t judge4 ,n[ t ! inv5tion is public prop]ty1 m5 w cease to falsify & ev5 p]jure !mselves1 to rob an old man1 ^: words1 writ+s1 & :ole life1 %9e ) unt>ni%$ +5u\sness4 ,& v soon all w unite ) ! great majority ( intellig5t ,am]ican api>i/s ( to-day1 9 r5d]+ to ?is b5efactor ( our art1 ! cr$it2 ?\gh he has be5 hopelessly depriv$ ( ! pecuni>y b5efits ( 8 great inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 ?\gh he knew ( no previ\s inv5tion ( frames conta9$ 9 a case1 :5 he made 8 inv5tion1 9 #ahea1 does n pr(ess to h be5 ! fir/ to h inv5t$ !m4 ,e page ( 8 book %[s 8 transp>5t hone/y1 & desire to give all due cr$it to o!r writ]s & inv5tors4 ,he does claim1 & v ju/ly1 to h inv5t$ ! fir/ practical frame hive1 ! "o describ$ 9 8 pat5t1 appli$ = 9 ,janu>y1 #ahea1 & 9 all ?ree editions ( 8 book4 ,:ile ! "n ( ! late ,b>on ,von ,b]leps* w always /& 9 ! front rank ( api>i/s1 he nev] gave ! _w any description ( a movable frame hive1 until ,mr4 ,lang/ro? _h appli$ = a pat5t1 & n until ! ,lang/ro? hive 0 l>gely 9 use4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ,mr4 ,&rew ,h>bison inv5t$ & us$ 9 8 fa!r's api>y1 previ\s to #ahea1 ! ,lang/ro? hive4 ,9 ! ,doll> ,newspap] = ,janu>y #ba1 #aheg1 a bro!r1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,h>bison1 :o also liv$ ) 8 fa!r at ! "t ! inv5tion is said to h be5 made1 says3 ,i w v5ture ! pr$iction t bo? ,qu9by's hive & m9e w ere long be ca/ aside1 to give place to a hive con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] t ! api>ian c h access to e "p ( ! hive at pleasure1 )\t injury to ! colony4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> bo? ,mr4 ,qu9by & myself h s+ly fail$4 ,! inv5tion ( su* a hive 0 res]v$ = ,mr4 ,lang/ro?4 ,x is significant t ,j4 ,s4 ,h>bison1 ano!r bro!r1 :o 0 also ) 8 fa!r at ! "t1 9 8 ,bee ,culture1 ,san ,francisco1 #ahfa1 speaks ( ! ,lang/ro? hive1 p4 #adi1 b n ( t ( 8 bro!r4 ,x has also be5 claim$ t ,w4 ,a4 ,fl&]s1 ,m>t9 ,metcalf1 & ,edw>d ,t[nley1 ea* inv5t$ ?is hive prior to ,mr6 ,lang/ro?'s inv5tion4 ,yet1 ea* ( ^! g5tlem5 wrote a book1 9 :i* no m5tion is made ( su* an inv5tion4 ,well might ,mr4 ,lang/ro? say1 ,i c well und]/& :at ,job meant :5 he said1 ',o6 t my enemy _h writt5 a book4' ,x is also /at$ t ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,moon 0 a prior inv5tor ( ?is hive4 ,mr4 ,moon's own te/imony1 t he n only ab&on$ 8 inv5tion1 be+ unable to secure /raight combs1 b ev5 =got all ab\t x1 till x 0 discov]$ 9 an old rubbi% pile1 %[s t he did no?+ t w\ld1 9 c\rt1 ov]?r[ ,mr4 ,lang/ro?'s claims1 or t 9 ! lea/ conf]r$ any b5efit ^u bee-keep]s4 ,mr4 ,maxwell1 ( ,mansfield1 ,ohio1 0 ano!r :o is said to h anticipat$ ,mr4 ,lang/ro?4 ,yet ,mr4 ,maxwell's own son swe>s t he help$ 8 fa!r make all 8 hives1 & t 8 fa!r nev] us$ a movable frame till aft] #ahea4 ,solon ,rob9son ?\ght 8 bro!r4 ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ( ,jamaica ,pla9s1 ne> ,bo/on1 made & us$ movable frame hives prior to #aheb4 ,! wife ( ,dr4 ,rob9son te/ifi$ t h] husb& b\ght a "r to use ! ,lang/ro? hive1 & ) x made 8 fir/ movable frames4 ,e claim1 bo? at home & abroad1 to ! inv5tion ( a practical movable frame hive1 prior to t ( ,mr4 ,lang/ro?1 :5 exam9$1 is f\nd to h no sub/antial f\ndation4 ,all previ\s hives 7 pla9ly inf]ior to ! improv$ ,hub] hive z describ$ 9 ,bevan1 p4 #ajf4 ,x is a sad blot ^u ,am]ican apiculture1 t he :o rais$ x to ! pr\d height :i* x occupies to-day1 %\ld h be5 %amefully defraud$ ( ! j rew>d = 8 great inv5tion4 ,b x gives me ! greate/ pleasure to /ate1 t by no possible ^w c\ld ,i ga!r t ,mr4 ,lang/ro? feels any bitt]ness t[>ds ^? :o seem wilfully to h /ol5 8 inv5tion1 :ile ) a mantle ( *>ity1 great z is 8 noble he>t1 he cov]s ! ?\s&s :o ei!r ?\ght he _h no valid claim1 or else t ! pur*ase ( a "r f o!rs1 entitl$ !m to 8 inv5tion4 ,z an inv5tor & writ] on apiculture1 ,mr4 ,lang/ro? w ev] be held 9 grateful memory4 ,h[ e>ne/ly w ,am]ican api>i/s desire t he may be sp>$ to u until he completes 8 autobiography1 t we may le>n h[ he arriv$ at 8 great discov]y1 & may /udy ! me?ods by :i* he glean$ s _m ri* & valuable tru?s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecanium ,,tulipif]--,cook4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgj1 ?is l\se1 :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has nev] yet be5 describ$1 & = :i* ,i propose ! above v appropriate "n1 tulipif]--! ,lecanium ( ! tulip tree--0 v common on ! tulip trees ab\t ! ,college lawns4 ,s de/ructive 7 !y t "s ( ! trees 7 kill$ outright1 o!rs 7 mu* injur$1 & _h n ! lice = "s unkn[n reason ceas$ to ?rive1 we %\ld soon h miss$ f our gr\nds "o ( our mo/ attractive trees4 ,s9ce ! date above giv51 ,i h receiv$ ^! insects1 ?r\gh ! sev]al editors ( our excell5t bee pap]s1 f _m ( ! ,/ates1 especially ^? bord]+ ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,9 ,t5nessee !y seem v common1 z !y are (t5 notic$ 9 abundance on ! f9e /ately tulip trees ( t goodly ,/ate--9 ! ,s\? ?is tulip tree is call$ ! popl>1 :i* is v incorrect1 z x is 9 no way relat$ to ! latt]4 ,! popl> belongs to ! will[ family2 ! tulip to ! magnolia1 :i* families are wide ap>t4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ! l\se has be5 notic$ on ! cucumb] tree--,magnolia acum9ata4 ,:]ev] ! tulip-tree lice h be5 obs]v$ suck+ ! sap & vitality f ! trees1 !re ! bees h also be5 se51 lapp+ up a sweet juicy exudation1 :i* is secret$ by ! lice4 ,9 #ahgj ,i obs]v$ t our tulip trees 7 alive ) bees & wasps1 ev5 z late z ,augu/1 ?\gh ! trees are 9 blossom only 9 ,june4 ,exam9ation %[$ t ! exud+ sweets f ^! lice 7 :at attract$ ! bees4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ ) "s anxiety1 z ! secretion gives (f a v nauseat+ odor4 ,! ooz+ secretions f ?is & o!r lice1 n only ( ! b>k-l\se family 7,coccid71 b ( ! plant-l\se family 7,aphid71 are (t5 ref]r$ to z honey-dew4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to speak ( ^! z insect secretions1 & res]ve ! "n honey-dew = sweet secretions f plants1 o!r ?an ^? :i* come f ! fl[]s8 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,lecanium ,,tulipif]4 ,! fully develop$ insect1 l all b>k lice1 is 9 ! =m ( a scale 7,fig4 #aac1 #a71 closely appli$ to ! limb or twig on :i* x works4 ,?is insect1 l mo/ ( its g5us1 is br[n1 v convex above1 7,fig4 #aac1 #a71 & concave b5ea?1 7,fig4 #aac1 #b74 ,on ! "u side is a cotton-l secretion1 :i* s]ves to enfold ! eggs4 ,und]nea? ! species 9 "q are two transv]se p>allel l9es ( ?is :ite d[n1 7,fig4 #aac1 #b74 ,"o ( !m1 probably ! ant]ior1 is ne>ly m>g9al1 & is int]rupt$ 9 ! middle2 :ile ! o!r is ne>ly c5tral1 & 9 place ( ! int]ruption at ! middle1 x has a ,v-%ap$ projection back or away f ! o!r l9e4 ,! =m ( ! scale is quadrangul>1 & n unlike t ( a turtle1 7,fig4 #aac1 #a74 ,:5 fully develop$ x is a little m ?an #c-af ( an in* long1 & a little m ?an z wide4 ,"h at ,lans+1 ! small1 yell[1 oval eggs appe> late 9 ,augu/4 ,9 ,t5nessee !y w\ld be f\nd "u ! scales 9 _! cotton wrapp+s _m days e>li]4 ,! eggs are #a-dj ( an in* long1 & #a-fe ( an in* wide4 ,^! eggs1 :i* are v num]\s1 hat* 9 ! locality ( _! developm5t1 & ! "y or l>val lice1 q 9 contra/ ) _! dri$1 in]t1 motionless p>5ts1 are spry & active4 ,!y are oval1 7,figs4 #aac1 #c & #d71 yell[2 & #a-bc ( an in* long1 & #a-dj ( an in* wide4 ,! eyes1 ant5na 7,fig4 #aac1 #e71 & legs1 7,fig4 #aac1 #f71 are pla9ly visible :5 magnifi$ #cj or #dj diamet]s4 ,! #i-;jo9t$ abdom5 is deeply em>g9ate1 or cut into po/]iorly1 7,fig4 #aac1 #c71 & on ea* side ( ?is slit is a project+ /ylet or hair1 7,figs4 #aac1 #c & #d71 :ile f betwe5 ! eyes1 on ! "u side ( ! head1 ext5ds ! long recurv$ beak1 7,fig4 #aac1 #d74 ,! l>v soon leave ! scales1 crawl ab\t ! tree1 & f9ally fa/5 by ins]t+ _! long sl5d] beaks1 :5 !y s pump up ! sap t !y gr[ ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,9 a few weeks _! legs & ant5n seem to disappe> z !y become relatively s small1 & ! scale-l =m is assum$4 ,9 ! foll[+ summ] ! scale is full-=m$ & ! eggs are develop$4 ,soon ! scale1 :i* is b ! c>cass ( ! once active l\se1 drops f ! tree1 & ! "w ( de/ruction is left to ! "y lice1 a responsibility :i* !y seem q ready to assume4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,9 my obs]vations ,i h detect$ no males4 ,judg+ f o!rs ( ! b>k-lice1 ^! mu/ possess w+s1 & w nev] assume ! scale =m1 ?\gh ,pr(4 ,p4 ,k ,uhl] writes me t ! males ( "s b>k lice are apt]\s4 ,,rem$ies4 ,if valu$ %ade or honey trees are attack$ by ^! insatiate de/roy]s1 !y c\ld probably be sav$ by discreet prun+--cutt+ (f ! affect$ bran*es be=e s]i\s injury 0 done1 or by syr++ ! trees ) a solution ( :ale oil1 soap--or ev5 common s(t soap w\ld d--j z ! "y lice are leav+ ! scales4 ,x w\ld be /ill bett] to h ! solution hot4 ,:itman's ,f\nta9 ,pump is admirable = mak+ su* applications4 ,fig4 #a is slightly magnifi$2 ! o!rs are l>gely magnifi$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,,mo!rwort ,,z ,a ,,honey ,,plant4 7,leonurus c>diaca ,l47 ,p]haps none ( our common h]bs promises bett]1 z a honey plant1 ?an ! "o 9 "q4 ,x is a v h>dy p]5nial1 & once introduc$ 9 wa/e places1 x is sure to hold its own1 until x becomes desirable to extirpate x1 :51 at man's bidd+1 x quickly lets g its hold1 s t x is n a dang]\s plant to introduce4 ,! blossoms appe> at ?is place ab\t ,june #be?1 & p]si/ = a full mon?1 & dur+ ! entire "t are cr[d$ ) bees1 :atev] may be ! "* ( ! wea!r1 :e!r wet or dry1 w>m or cool1 :e!r ! plant is 9 ! mid/ ( honey plants or isolat$4 ,we are ?us assur$ t ! plant is con/antly secret+ nect>1 & is also a favorite ) bees4 ,rape1 mu/>ds & borage seem indiff]5t to ! wea!r1 b are n favorites ) ! bees4 ,mo!rwort1 !n1 has ?ree admirable qualities3 ,x is long 9 bloom1 ! fl[]s af=d f9e honey at all times1 & x is a favorite ) ! bees4 ,if x c\ld be made to bloom ab\t ?ree weeks lat]1 com+ 9 j aft] basswood1 x w\ld h ne>ly all ! desir$ qualities4 ,i ?9k t we might br+ ?is ab\t by m[+ ! plants 9 ,may4 ,i am l$ to ?is op9ion f ! fact t "s plants :i* we set back by transplant+ 9 ,may1 are /ill 9 bloom ?is ,augu/ #aj?1 & are n[ alive )1 bees1 divid+ _! att5tion ) ! beautiful cleome1 :i*1 is n[ 9 full bloom1 & fairly noisy ) bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plant4 ,! /alk is squ>e 7,fig4 #aad71 bran*+1 & :5 cultivat$1 atta9s a height ( "s f\r feet2 ?\gh1 z x gr[s 9 wa/e places1 x is seldom m ?an ?ree feet4 ,! bran*es1 & also ! leaves1 are opposite 7,figs4 #aad & #aae71 & 9 ! axiles ( ! latt] are :orls ( blossoms 7,figs4 #aae & #aaf71 :i* succe$ ea* o!r f bel[ to ! top ( ! bran*+ /ems4 ,! corolla is l t ( all ! m9ts1 :ile ! calyx has five tee?1 :i* are %>p & sp9e-l 9 ! nutlets z !y appe> at ! base ( ! leaves 7,fig4 #aae74 ,z !y ne> ! top1 ! :orls ( blossoms & succe$+ se$s are successively ne>] toge!r1 & f9ally become v cr[d$ at ! apex 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,! leaves are long & palmately lob$ 7,fig4 #aae74 ,! small blossom is purple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,,! ,,s\r-,,wood ,,tree4 ,! sorrel tree 7,oxyd5drum arboreum7 7,fig4 #aag71 s call$ because ( ! acidity ( ! leaves1 is a native ( ! ,s\?1 b has be5 gr[n ev5 z f> nor? z ,new ,york4 ,x (t5 atta9s no mean dim5sions 9 its native home along ! ,alleghanies1 (t5 rea*+ upw>d m ?an fifty feet1 & acquir+ a diamet] ( twelve or fifte5 in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,! fl[]s are arrang$ 9 racemes1 are m droop+ ?an repres5t$ 9 ! figure1 are :ite1 & ) ! beautiful foliage make an ornam5tal tree ( high rank4 ,! b>k is r\gh1 & ! wood s s(t z to be wor?less1 ei!r z fuel or = use 9 ! arts4 ,z a honey tree1 x is v highly e/eem$2 9 fact1 x is ! l9d5 ( ! ,s\?4 ,,! ,,japan ,,m$l>4 ,i h receiv$ f ,j4 ,m4 ,putnam1 ( ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 fl[]s ( ! ,mespilus ,japonica1 or ,japan plum4 ,he /ates t x be>s a mo/ delici\s fruit1 blooms f ,augu/ till ,janu>y1 unless cut (f by a sev]e fro/1 & is pro( aga9/ ord9>y fro/s4 ,he /ates t x furni%es abundance ( delici\s honey1 & t1 too1 :5 8 bees 7 ga!r+ f no o!r s\rce4 ,! ,mespilus ,g]manica gr[s 9 ,engl&1 & is mu* prais$ = its fruit4 ,f ,mr4 ,putnam's acc\nt1 ! ,m4 ,japonica is unprec$5t$ 9 its l5g? ( bloom4 ,we ?9k two mon?s a long "t4 ,we pay high tribute to mignonette1 cleome & borage1 :5 we tell ( f\r mon?s ( bloom2 b ?is is mild praise :5 comp>$ ) ?is ,japan plum1 :i* fl[]s f ,augu/ fir/ till ,janu>y4 ,! fl[]s are 9 a d5se panicle1 & 7 /ill fragrant aft] _! long j\rney4 ,! leaf is lanceolate1 & v ?ick1 "s l ! wax plant4 ,i %\ld say x 0 an ev]gre54 ,! api>i/s ( ! ,s\? are to be congratulat$ on ?is valuable acquisition to _! bee =age4 ,i hope x w ?rive ,nor? z well z ,s\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/++-,,bug4--,phymata ,erosa1 ,fabr4 ,?is insect is v widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i h receiv$ x f ,m>yl& to ,miss\ri on ! ,s\?1 & f ,mi*igan to ,m9nesota on ! ,nor?4 ,! insect w lie conceal$ among ! fl[]s1 & ^u occasion w grasp a bee1 hold x (f at arm's l5g?1 & suck out its blood & life4 ,?is is a ,hemipt]an1 or true bug1 & belongs to ! family ,phymatid ,uhr4 ,x is ! ,phymata ,erosa1 ,fabr41 ! specific "n erosa ref]r+ to its jagg$ appe>ance4 ,x is also call$ ! /++ bug1 9 ref]5ce to its habit ( repell+ intrusion by a pa9ful ?ru/ ) its %>p1 /rong2 beak4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,side view1 natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,magnifi$ twice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,beak1 mu* magnifi$4 ,! /++ bug 7,fig4 #aah7 is some:at jagg$ 9 appe>ance1 ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long1 & g5]ally ( a yell[ color2 ?\gh ?is latt] seems q v>iable4 ,frequ5tly !re is a di/9ct gre5i% hue4 ,b5ea? ! abdom51 & on ! back ( ! head1 ?orax & abdom51 x is m or less speck$ ) br[n2 :ile across ! dorsal aspect ( ! broad5$ abdom5 is a m>k$ /ripe ( br[n 7,fig4 #aai d1 d74 ,sometimes ?is /ripe is almo/ want+1 sometimes a m]e pat*1 :ile r>ely ! :ole abdom51 is v slightly m>k$1 & z (t5 we f9d x almo/ :olly br[n above & bel[4 ,! legs 7,fig4 #aai1 #f71 beak & ant5n 7,fig4 #aai1 a7 are gre5i% yell[4 ,! beak 7,fig4 #abj7 has ?ree jo9ts 7,fig4 #abj1 a1 b1 c7 & a %>p po9t 7,fig4 #abj1 d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,ant5na1 mu* magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--;,ant]ior ,leg1 magnifi$--ext]ior view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--;,int]ior view4 ,?is beak is n only ! great weapon ( (f5se1 b also ! organ ?r\gh :i* ! food is suck$4 ,by ! use ( ?is1 ! insect has ga9$ ! s\briquet ( /++ bug4 ,?is compact jo9t$ beak is peculi> to all true bugs1 & by obs]v+ x alone1 we are able to di/+ui% all ! v v>i$ =ms ( ?is gr\p4 ,! ant5na 7,fig4 #aba7 is2 f\r-jo9t$4 ,! fir/ jo9t 7,fig4 #aba1 a7 is %ort1 ! second & ?ird 7,fig4 #aba1 b & c7 are long & slim1 :ile ! t]m9al "o 7,fig4 #aba1 d7 is mu* enl>g$4 ,?is enl>g$ jo9t is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! g5us ,phymata1 z describ$ by ,latreille4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s /ructural peculi>ity ( ?is insect1 & ! *ief "* ( ! g5us ,phymata1 is ! enl>g$ ant]ior legs 7,figs4 #abb1 #abc & #abd74 ,^!1 7 !y only to aid 9 locomotion1 w\ld seem l awkw>d1 clumsy organs1 b :5 we le>n t !y are us$ to grasp & hold _! prey1 !n we c b appreciate & admire _! modifi$ =m4 ,! femur 7,fig4 #abb1 b7 & ! t>sus 7,fig4 #abb1 a7 are too!d1 :ile ! latt] is greatly enl>g$4 ,f ! int]ior l[] aspect ( ! femur 7,fig4 #abc7 is ! small tibia1 :ile on ! l[] edge ( ! t>sus 7,fig4 #abc1 d7 is a cavity 9 :i* re/s ! s+le claw4 ,! o!r f\r legs 7,fig4 #abe7 are mu* z usual4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--;,claw1 ext5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,middle ,leg1 mu* magnifi$4 ,?is insect1 z already intimat$1 is v pr$ace\s1 ly+ 9 wait1 (t5 almo/ conceal$1 among fl[]s1 ready to capture & de/roy unw>y plant-lice1 cat]pill>s1 beetles1 butt]flies1 mo?s1 & ev5 bees & wasps4 ,we h already notic$ h[ well prep>$ x is = ?is "w by its jaw-l ant]ior legs1 & its %>p1 /rong1 sword-l beak4 ,x is (t5 caught on ! gold5 rod4 ,?is plant1 f its v color1 t5ds to conceal ! hug1 & f ! v "* ( ! plant--be+ attractive z a honey plant to bees--! sl[ bug is enabl$ to cat* ! spry & active honey-bee4 ,z ,pr(4 ,uhl] well says ( ! /++-bug3 ,x is v useful 9 de/roy+ cat]pill>s & o!r vegetable-fe$+ insects1 b is n v discrim9at+ 9 its ta/es1 & w\ld z soon seize ! useful honey-bee z ! p]nici\s saw-fly4 ,& he might h add$ t x is equally indiff]5t to ! virtues ( our fri5dly insects l ! p>asitic & pr$ace\s species4 ,we note1 !n1 t ?is bug is n :olly evil1 & z its de/ruction w\ld be well-nigh impossible1 = x is z widely scatt]$ z are ! fl[]s 9 :i* x lurks1 we may well re/ its case1 at lea/ until its de/ructiv5ess becomes m s]i\s ?an at pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,bee-,,kill]s4 ,mallophora orc9a & ,mallophora bomboides4 ,i h receiv$ f sev]al ( our ent]pris+ bee-keep]s ( ! ,s\?--,t5nessee1 ,georgia & ,florida--! above insects1 ) ! in=mation t !y d>t =? f "s conv5i5t p]*1 & ) swift & sure aim1 grasp a bee1 be> x to "s bu%1 :5 !y leisurely suck out all b ! m]e cru/1 & ca/ away ! rema9s4 ,! bee :i* is ?us victimiz$1 is readily kn[n by ! small hole 9 ! back1 ?r\gh :i* ! juices 7 pump$ out4 ,! insects pla9ly belong to ! family ,asilid1 ! same t includes ! ,miss\ri bee-kill]1 ,asilus ,miss\ri5sis1 ! ,nebraska bee-kill]1 ,proma*us ba/>di1 & o!r pr$atory insects1 sev]al ( :i*1 ,i regret to say1 h ! same evil habit ( kill+ & dev\r+ our fri5ds ( ! hive4 ,! *>act]s ( ?is family1 z giv5 by ,loew1 "o ( ! greate/ au?orities on ,dipt]a1 or two-w+$ flies1 are prolong$ basal cells ( ! w+s1 ?ird longitud9al ve9 bifurcate1 ?ird jo9t ( ant5na simple1 "u lip =m+ a horny %ea?1 empodium1 a projection bel[ & b5ea? ! claws 7,fig4 #aca1 c71 a horny bri/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,! insects 9 "q belong to ,loew's ?ird gr\p1 ,asil9a1 z ! ant5n end 9 a bri/le 7,fig4 #abh71 :ile ! second longitud9al ve9 ( ! w+ 7,fig4 #abi1 b7 runs into ! fir/ 7,fig4 #abi1 a74 ,! g5us is ,mallophora4 ,! v5ation ( ! w+s mu* resembles t ( ! g5us ,proma*us1 ! same t conta9s ! ,nebraska bee-kill]1 ?\gh ! =m ( ^! insects is v diff]5t4 ,! ,nebraska bee-kill] is long & slim l ! ,asilus ,miss\ri5sis 7see ,fig4 #ajh71 :ile ! "o 9 "q is mu* l ! neut] bumble-bee 9 =m4 ,9 ,mallophora & ,proma*us1 ! v5ation is z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #abi1 :]e1 z w be se51 ! second ve9 7,fig4 #abi1 b7 =ks1 :ile 9 ! g5us ,asilus 7,fig4 #acj7 ! ?ird ve9 is =k$1 ?\gh 9 all ?ree g5]a ! ?ird jo9t ( ! ant5n 7,fig4 #abh7 ends 9 a prolong$ bri/le4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ( ^! pe/s1 :i* ,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,hag51 is ,mallophora orc9a1 ,wi$1 7,fig4 #abf7 is "o in* long1 & exp&s "o & ?ree-f\r?s in*es 7,fig4 #abg74 ,! head 7,fig4 #abh7 is broad1 ! eyes black & prom95t1 ! ant5n ?ree-jo9t$1 ! la/ jo9t t]m9at+ 9 a bri/le1 :ile ! beak is v l>ge1 /rong1 & l ! eyes & ant5n1 coal black4 ,?is is mo/ly conceal$ by ! light yell[ hairs1 :i* are cr[d$ ?ick ab\t ! m\? & betwe5 ! eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi1 ,! ?orax is prom95t & ?ickly set ) light yell[ hairs4 ,! abdom5 is n>r[1 tap]+1 & cov]$ ) yell[ hairs except ! tip1 :i* is black4 ,b5ea?1 ! insect is cle> black1 ?\gh !re are scatt]+ hairs ( a grayi% yell[ color on ! black legs4 ,! pulvilli1 or feet pads 7,fig4 #aca1 b7 are two 9 numb]1 bright yell[ 9 color1 surm\nt$ by /rong black claws 7,fig4 #aca1 a71 :ile bel[ & betwe5 is ! %>p sp9e 7,fig1 #aca1 c71 te*nically kn[n z ! empodium4 ,i _c give ! di/9ctions :i* m>k ! sexes1 nor c ,i ?r[ any light ^u ! l>val condition ( ! insect4 ,! habits ( ! flies are int]e/+1 if n to our lik+4 ,_! flight is l ! w9d1 & p]*$ ne> ! hive1 !y ru% ^u ! unw>y bee return+ to ! hive ) its full load ( nect>1 & grasp+ x ) _! h>d /rong legs1 !y be> x to "s p]* ne> by1 :5 !y pi]ce ! cru/1 suck out ! juices1 & drop ! c>cass1 & are !n ready to repeat ! op]ation4 ,a hole 9 ! bee %[s ! cause ( its sudd5 tak+ (f4 ,! evisc]at$ bee is n always kill$ at once by ?is rude onslaught1 b (t5 c crawl "s di/ance away f :]e x falls1 be=e x expires4 ,ano!r insect ne>ly z common is ! ,mallophora bomboides1 ,wi$4 ,?is fly might be call$ a l>g] edition ( ! "o j describ$1 z 9 =m1 habits & appe>ance1 x closely resembles ! o!r4 ,x belongs to ! same g5us1 possess+ all ! g5]ic *>act]s already po9t$ out4 ,x is v difficult to capture !m1 z !y are s quick & active4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,?is fly is "o & five-sixte5?s in*es long1 & exp&s two & a half in*es4 ,! head & ?orax are mu* z 9 ! o!r species4 ,! w+s are v long & /rong1 &1 z 9 ! o!r species1 are ( a smoky br[n color4 ,! abdom5 is %ort1 po9t$1 concave f side to side on ! t9d] surface1 :ile ! grayi% yell[ hairs are abundant on ! legs & :ole "u portion ( ! body4 ,! color is a light] yell[ ?an 9 ! o!r species4 ,^! insects are p[]fully built1 & if !y become num]\s1 mu/ prove a =midable enemy to ! bees4 ,ano!r insect v common & de/ructive 9 ,georgia1 ?\gh x closely resembles ! two j describ$1 is ( a diff]5t g5us4 ,x is ! ,laphria ?oracica ( ,fabricius4 ,9 ?is g5us ! ?ird ve9 is =k$1 & ! ?ird jo9t ( ! ant5na is )\t ! bri/le1 ?\gh x is elongat$ & tap]+4 ,! insect is black1 ) yell[ hair cov]+ ! upp] surface ( ! ?orax4 ,! abdom5 is :olly black bo? above & bel[1 ?\gh ! legs h yell[ hairs on ! femurs & tibia4 ,?is insect belongs to ! same family z ! o!rs1 & has ! same habits4 ,x is f\nd ,nor? z well z ,s\?4 ,,honey-,,comb ,,coral4 ,a v common fossil f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/]n & ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 is1 f its appe>ance1 (t5 call$ petrifi$ honey-comb4 ,we h _m su* specim5s 9 our museum4 ,9 "s cases ! cells are h>dly l>g] ?an a p9-head2 9 o!rs a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,^! 7,fig4 #acb7 are n fossil honey-comb z _m are l$ to believe1 ?\gh ! resemblance is s /rik+ t no wond] t ! public g5]ally are deceiv$4 ,^! specim5s are fossil coral1 :i* ! paleontologi/ places 9 ! g5us ,favosites2 favosus be+ a common species 9 our ,/ate4 ,!y are v abundant 9 ! lime rock 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan1 & are v prop]ly d5om9at$ honey-/one coral4 ,! animals ( :i* ^! 7 once ! skeletons1 s to speak1 are n insects at all1 ?\gh (t5 call$ s by m5 ( consid]able in=mation4 ,x w\ld be no great] blund] to call an oy/] or a clam an insect4 ,! species ( ! g5us ,favosites fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks1 culm9at$ 9 ! ,devonian1 & disappe>$ 9 ! e>ly ,c>bonif]\s4 ,no insects appe>$ till ! ,devonian age1 & no ,hym5opt]a--bees1 wasps1 etc4--till aft] ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,s ! old-"t ,favosites re>$ its lime/one columns & help$ to build isl&s & cont95ts untold ages--millions ^u millions ( ye>s--be=e any fl[] bloom$1 or any bee sipp$ ! preci\s nect>4 ,9 "s specim5s ( ?is honey-/one coral 7,fig4 #acc71 !re are to be se5 banks ( cells1 mu* resembl+ ! pap] cells ( "s ( our wasps4 ,?is might be call$ wasp-/one coral1 except t bo? /yles 7 wr\ght by ! self-same animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,,g5]al ,,index4 ,,page ,a ,b ,c ( ,bee ,culture #bb ,abdom5 ( ,insects #dh ,air ,tubes #bh ,alb9o ,bees #dc ,alight+-,bo>d #abg sep>ate f bottom-bo>d #abg ,alsike ,clov]--see clov] #bbh ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal #ai ,amateurs #aa ,anatomy & ,physiology #dh ( bees #ga ( insects #dh int]nal #ef ,ant5na #ea ,ants #bga rem$ies = #bga function #ea ,api>y1 :]e to locate #abj gr\nds #aeb h\se--see h\se api>y #bee position ( #aeb ,api>y ,gr\nds #aeb arrangem5t ( #aeb improvem5t ( #aec scre5s = #aeb %ade = #aec ,apiculture1 adaptation to wom5 #ae z an avocation #ae fasc9ation ( #ab = amateurs #aa1 #ae = speciali/s #aa inducem5ts to #ab adaptation to wom5 #ae excell5ce = amateurs #ae improves ! m9d #ag recreation #ab yields delici\s food #ag pr(its ( #ac requisites to #ah conv5tions #ai en?usiasm #bd exp]i5ce #ah m5tal ef=t #ah p]si/5ce #bd prompt att5tion #bc publications #ai /udy & ?\ght #ah visits to o!r api>i/s #ah "w #aa unsuit$ to :om #ab ,apid ,family #cd animals ( #ce in/9cts ( #cd ,apis ,g5us #ch animals ( #dj *>act]s ( #ch ,apis ,mellifica #da ,ari/otle #dd ,articulate ,bran* #bg animals ( #bg ,artificial ,colonies #agg advantages ( #agg h[ made #agg "o f "o #agg "o f sev]al #agh ,axioms #bgg ,b>b]ry #bbe figure #bbf ,b>nes' ,saw #aea ,basswood #bcg figure ( #bcg ,bees1 z f]tiliz]s #bbj bury+ #bed h[ to procure #aah injur+ fruit #bbj k9d to pur*ase #aai k9ds 9 ea* colony #ga place 9 ! animal k+dom #bg quiet$ #aig by j>r+ #aih by smok+ #aih value ( #abj :5 to pur*ase #aai :o may keep #aa :y keep #ab ,bee-,bread--see poll5 #aaa ,bee ,dress = ,ladies #aig ,bee ,enemies #bfb ants #bga bee-hawk #bfi bee-kill] #bfg bee-l\se #bfh bee-mo? #bfb k+-bird #bgb mice #bgb spid]s #bga ta*9a fly #bgj toads #bgb wasps #bga ,bee ,gloves #aig ,bee ,glue--see propolis #aab ,bee ,hawk #bfi rem$y = #bgj ,bee-,keep]s' ,axioms #bgg ,bee-,keep]s' ,magaz9e #ba ,bee-,kill] #bfg figure ( #bfh rem$ies = #bfh ,bee-,l\se #bfh figure ( #bfh rem$y = #bfi ,bee-,mo? #bfb cocoons ( #bfd figure ( #bfd eggs ( #bfc figure ( #bfd1 #bfe l>va ( #bfc figure ( #bfd rem$ies #bff silk tube ( #bfc figure ( #bfb1 #bfc ,bee ,plants--see plants #bbj necess>y to success #bah li/ ( #bba ,bee ,veil #aif figure ( #aif ,bees ,ang]$ #aie1 #bja by quick movem5ts #aie1 #bja by sweat #bja ,bees ,subdu$ #aig ,beeswax #ajf f :at #ajf h[ sep>at$ #baa ,begg>-,ticks #bdd ,b]gamot #bch ,bevan on ! ,honey-,bee #bb ,bevel-,gauge #abf figure ( #abf ,bevel ,jo9ts #abf ,bibliography #dd1 #aac ,b+ham ,hive #adj figure ( #adj ,b+ham ,smok] #aii figure ( #aii ,black ,bees--see ,g]man bees #da ,blackb]ries #bcf ,blood ( ,insects #eg ,body ( ,insects #dh p>ts ( #dh ,bombus #ce ,boneset #bhh figure ( #bda ,bonnet #de ,books = ! ,api>i/ #ba ,a ,b ,c ( ,bee ,culture #bb ,bevan's ,honey-,bee #bb1 #aac =eign #bb ,gray's ,botany #bdd ,hub] #aac ,hunt]'s ,manual #bc ,k+'s ,text-,book #eb ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey-,bee #ba ,neighb\r's ,api>y #bc1 #aah ,qu9by's ,my/]ies #bb ,books = ! ,entomologi/ #dg1 #aac ,duncan's ,trans=mations ( ,insects #aac ,kirby ,sp5ce #dg ,pack>d #dg1 #aac ,we/wood #dg ,reports #dg ,fit* #dg ,h>ris #dg ,riley #dg ,borage #bca figure ( #bcj ,bottom-bo>d #abg figure ( #abh immovable #abi ,box ,hives #abb ,boxes #adb ,b>k] ,dic] #adc crate = #add figure ( #adb1 #adc ,h>bison #adb figure ( #adc ,i%am #adb figure ( #adc position ( #add ,russell #adb special support = #adb use #adb ,box ,honey #adb :5 to secure #bae :]e to keep #baf ,bran* #bg articulata #bg ( ! honey-bee #bg ,brea?+ ( ,insects #ei ,brea?+-m\?s #ei ,buck:eat #bdb figure ( #bdb ,button-ball #bch figure ( #bdj ,cages = introduc+ que5 #ahd = %ipp+ que5 #ahf figure ( #ahg ,cal5d> #bgd ,c>p5t] ,bees #cf ,catnip #bcb1 #bdj ,*aff ,hives #bea ,*rysalids #fi ,circulatory ,sy/em #eg ,class #bh insecta #bh ( ! honey-bee #bh ,cleome--see ,rocky ,m't'n bee plant #bch ,clov] #bbh ,alsike #bbh figure ( #bbi sweet #bbh figure ( #bcj :ite #bbh figure ( #bbh ,clu/]+ ,outside ! ,hive #aec cause ( #aec h[ prev5t$ #aec add+ room #agf extract+ #ahh %ad+ #aec ,cocoons #fi ( bees #ih ,college ,c\rse #aah ,colonies1 always /rong #aai h[ mov$ #ahg ,columella #dd ,comb #ajh cells 9 #aaj work] #aaj drone #aaj figure ( #aji = guide #bjh h[ fa/5$ #aeg1 #aeh h[ made #ajh1 #aaj transp>5cy ( #aaj use ( #aaj :at det]m9es k9d #aaj ,comb ,f\ndation #bjc ,am]ican #bjd figure ( #bjc hi/ory ( #bjc h[ cut #bjg h[ fa/5$ #bji h[ made #bjf use ( #bjg ,comb ,f\ndation ,ma*9e #bje figure ( #bje inv5tor ( #bje ,comb ,honey #bae app>atus to secure #ada c>e ( #baf 9 boxes #adb 9 frames #add 9 :at =m #add1 #bae m>ket+ #bae :5 to secure #bae ,conv5tions #ai ,corn #bce ,cotton #bcf figure ( #bcf ,cov] = ,frames #abi ,cov] = ,hives #abi figure ( #acj1 #aca ,crates1 section #adi m>ket #baf ,cyprian ,bee #dc ,de ,ge] #de ,dige/ive ,organs #fj ,diseases #bei dys5t]y #bdg1 #bei f\l brood #bei ,dissection #ej1 #fe ,dissect+ ,in/rum5ts #ea1 #fe l5ses #ea1 #fe ne$le po9ts #ea divid]s--see sep>ators #adf ,divid+ ,colonies--see artificial colonies #aga1 #agg ,division-bo>d #acg figure ( #acg use ( #ach ,doll> ,que5s #ahf ,dorsata ,bee #dj ,dress = ,ladies #aig ,drones #hf developm5t ( #hg eggs ( #hg eyes ( #hf function ( #hc influ5ce (1 on drone prog5y #hi jaws ( #hf figure ( #ib leg ( #hf figure ( #hg longevity ( #hh numb] ( #hf tongue ( #hf :5 9 hive #hf1 #hh :y s num]\s #hi ,dys5t]y #bdg1 #bei ,egg #fg ( insects #fg ( bee #if ,egyptian ,bee #dc ,empty ,cells #ahh importance ( #ahh h[ to secure #ahh ,entrance to ,hive #abh ,epicranium #dh ,extractor1 ( honey #ahh figure ( #ahi ,ev]ett's #aij hi/ory ( #ahh h[ to use #aid knives = #aia figure ( #aia rack = #ahi figure ( #aij use ( #aia :5 to use #aib wire comb baskets = #ahi figure ( #ahi ( wax #bab figure ( #bac ,extract$ ,honey #bad m>ket = #bad ,extract+ ,honey #aia h[ done #aid :y done #aia :5 done #aib ,eyes ( ,insects #ec comp\nd #ed simple #ed ,fabricius #df ,family #cd apid #cd ( ! honey-bee #cd ,fe$] #afj figure ( #afj1 #afa ,fe$+ #aei am\nt to fe$ #aei use ( #aei :at to fe$ #afj honey #afj sug> #afj fl\r #afc ,female ,organs #fd ,f]tile ,work]s #gg ,f]tilization ( ,fl[]s by ,bees #bbj ,figwort #bch figure ( #bch ,fit*'s ,report #dg ,foot-p[] ,saw #aea ,f\l ,brood #bei cause #bfj cure = #bjj symptoms ( #bei ,f\ndation #bjc figure ( #bjc hi/ory ( #bjc use ( #bjc1 #bjg h[ cut #bjg h[ fa/5$ #bji h[ made #bjf ,frames #acb arrangem5t = surplus #adg block = mak+ #acd figure ( #ace cov] = #acf figure ( #acc1 #acd =m ( #acb ,gallup #acc gauge = con/ruction #ace figure ( #ace inv5tor ( #abc ,lang/ro? #acb numb] ( #acb section #adh small--see sections #add space ab\t #acf space betwe5 #acf ,fruit trees #bbe ,gallup ,frame #acc ,ge(froy #de ,g5us1 apis #ch ( ! honey-bee #ch ,g]man or ,black ,bee #ca ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture #bj ,gloves #aig ,gold5-rod #bdb figure ( #bdc ,grapes ,injur$ by ,bees #bbj ,grape ,v9es = ,%ade #aec ,gun!r #ab ,h&l+ ,bees #aie ,h>ris' ,injuri\s ,insects #dg ,h>vey #dd ,head ( ,insects #dh organs ( #dc ,he>t ( ,insects #eg ,hexapods--see ,insects #cj ,hives #abb alight+-bo>d ( #abg ,b+ham #adj figure ( #adj bottom-bo>d ( #abg figure ( #abh box n good #abb *aff #bea cov] ( #abi division-bo>d = #acg entrance to #abh figure ( #abd1 #acj1 #aee frames = #acb ,hub] #ach jo9ts ( #abf squ>e #abf figure ( #abe bevel #abf figure ( #acj ,lang/ro? #abc figure ( #abd lumb] = #abd movable comb #abc movable frame #abb ne> ! gr\nd #abh nucleus #afe position ( #aed figure ( #aae ,qu9by #aci figure ( #aci rabbet ( #abe size ( #abd ,honey #ajd collect$1 n secret$ #ajd def9$ #ajd extract$ #aic = food #ag granulat$1 h[ dissolv$ #aic h[ collect$ #aje h[ deposit$ #aje h[ transport$ #aje m>ket+ ( #bac natural use ( #ajf s\rce ( #aje b>k lice #aje1 #bah honey-dew #aje1 #bai plants #aje1 #baj plant lice #aje1 #bah o!r s\rces #aje1 #bai ,honey-,comb--see comb #ajh ,honey ,extractor--see extractor #ahh figure ( #ahi importance ( #ahh requisites ( #ahi use ( #aia :5 to use #aib ,honey ,knives #aia figure ( #aia ,honey ,plants--see plants #bah = ,april #bbc = ,may #bbe = ,july #bcg = ,june #bbh = ,augu/ #bdb importance ( #bah li/ ( #bba ,h\se ,api>y #bee advantages ( #bef are !y desirable8 #bef objections to #beg ,hub] #ga ,hub] ,hive #ach k9ds ( #acc ,hunt]'s ,manual #bc ,hym5opt]\s ,insects #ca ! highe/ #cb p>asitic #cb ,imago #gj ,insecta #bh animals ( #cj class #bh ,insects1 or ,hexapods #cj abdom5 ( #cj head ( #cj imago ( #cj l>va ( #cj pupa ( #cj ?orax ( #cj trans=mations ( #ff trans=mations1 complete #ff trans=mations1 incomplete #gj ,introduction ( ,cell #ahe figure ( #afg ,introduction ( ,que5 #ahc ,inte/9es #fa ,italian ,bees #da1 #ahj description ( #db1 #aha figure ( ,frontispiece hi/ory ( #da sup]iority ( #aha ,jaws #ej figure ( #ib ,judas ,tree #bbe figure ( #bbd ,k+ ,bird #bg8 ,k+'s ,text-,book #bb ,kirby ,sp5ce's ,entomology #dg1 #aac ,labium #dh ,labrum #dh ,ladies' ,bee ,dress #aig ,lang/ro?1 ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 #abc ,lang/ro? ,frame #acb figure ( #abd ,lang/ro? ,hive #abc figure ( #abd ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey-,bee #ba ,l>va #fh ,latreille #de ,leaf-,cutt+ ,bee #cf ,legs ( ,insects #ij ,l9nu #de ,ligula #di figure ( #ia ,location ( ,api>y #abj ,locu/ ,trees #bcf ,lyonnet #df ,male ,organs #fb figure ( #fc ,m&ibles #ej figure ( #ib ,maple #bbd1 #bbe figure ( #bbb ,m>ket--= honey #bac crate = #baf figures ( #baf1 #bag = comb #bae = extract$ #bad h[ to /imulate #bac rules = #bae ,mason ,bees #cf1 #cg ,maxill #ej ,mega*ile #cf ,melipona #ce ,mice #bgb rem$y = #bgb ,mignonette #bca figure ( #bca ,milk-,we$ #bcb poll5 masses ( #bcc figure ( #bcc ,mimicry #ca ,m\? ,p>ts #dh figure ( #di v>iation ( #ej ,movable-,comb ,hives #abc two types #abc ,mov+ ,colonies #ahg ,multiply+ ,colonies #aga ,muscles ( ,insects #ef ,mu/>d #bcc figure ( #bcc ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,honey-,bee #bg ,natural ,me?od ( ,increase #aga ,natural ,sw>ms #aga means to save #agc implem5ts requir$ #agc n desirable #aga second sw>ms prev5t$ #age ,neighb\r1 ,! ,api>y #bc ,n]ves ( ,insects #eg figure ( #eh ,neut]s #ij cocoon ( #ih developm5t ( #if eggs ( #if eyes ( #ib figure ( #ij function ( #ii old work]s #ii "y work]s #ii honey /oma* ( #ib figure ( #fj jaws ( #ib figure ( #ib l>va ( #ig figure ( #ig longevity ( #ii numb] ( #ij poll5 baskets ( #ic figure ( #ic pupa ( #ih figure ( #ig size ( #ij /+ ( #ie figure ( #ie t>si ( #ic figure ( #ic1 #id tibia ( #ic tongue ( #ib figure ( #ia w+s ( #ib figure ( #ch ,nymphs #fi ,ord] #cj ( insects #cj ( ! honey-bee #cj ,osmia #cg ,ov>ies #fd figure ( #fd ,pack>d's ,entomology #dg ,palpi #di ,pap]s #ai ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal #ai ,bee-,keep]s' ,magaz9e #ba ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture #bj ,p>agloss #di ,p>asitic ,insects #cb ,p>asitic ,bees #cg ,p>!nog5esis #hj 9 bees #hj 9 o!r insects #ha ,plants #bbj a/]s #bdc figure ( #bdc ,april #bbc ,augu/ #bdb b>b]ry #bbe figure ( #bbf basswood #bcg figure ( #bcg begg>-ticks #bdd b]gamot #bch blackb]ry #bcf boneset #bch figure ( #bda buck:eat #bdc figure ( #bdc button-ball #bch figure ( #bdj catnip #bcb1 #bdj clov] #bbh ,alsike #bbh figure ( #bbi sweet #bbh figure ( #bcj :ite #bbh figure ( #bbh c(fee b]ry #bbf corn #bce cotton #bcf figure ( #bcf figwort #bch figure ( #bch fruit trees #bbe gold5-rod #bdb figure ( #bdc ,judas tree #bbe figure ( #bbd ,july #bcg ,june #bbh li/ ( #bba locu/ #bcf maples #bba1 #bbe figure ( #bbb milk-we$ #bcb poll5-masses #bcb figure ( #bcc m9ts #bcb figure ( #bcb mignonette #bca figure ( #bca mu/>d #bcc figure ( #bcc okra #bcb figure ( #bca popl> #bbe rape #bcd figure ( #bcd ,rocky ,m\nta9 bee #bch figure ( #bci sage #bcb :ite #bbf figure ( #bbg s\r-wood #bdj ,spani% ne$les #bdd ,/4 ,john's wort #bdj sumac #bbf teasel #bce figure ( #bcf tick-se$ #bdd tulip tree #bcd figure ( #bce will[ #bbd figure ( #bbc wi/>ia #bbe ,am]ican #bbe figure ( #bbe ,*9ese #bbe figure ( #bbf ,pl9y #dd ,poison f ,/+ #ab innoculation ( #ab ,poison ,sack #ie ,poll5 #aaa function ( #aab h[ c>ri$ #aaa nature ( #aaa s\rce ( #aaa :]e deposit$ #aab ,prep>ation = ,apiculture #aag college c\rse #aah plan #aah read #aag visit #aag ,products ( ,bees #ajd comb #ajh figure ( #aji honey #ajd poll5 or bee-bread #aaa propolis or bee-glue #aab wax #ajf ,products ( ,insects #ajd ,propolis or ,bee-,glue #aab function ( #aac nature ( #aab s\rce ( #aab ,publications #ai ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal #ai ,bee-,keep]s' ,magaz9e #ba ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture #bj ,pupa #fh figure ( #fi ,que5 #ga brood f eggs #gh1 #afd cages #ahd cell #ge figure ( #aji1 #afg introduction ( #afg figure ( #afg :5 />t$ #afd :]e built #afd figure ( #aji clipp+ w+ ( #afh h[ done #afi n injuri\s #afh :y done #afi cocoon ( #gg developm5t ( #ge eggs ( #hj1 #ha h[ impregnat$ #ha ,wagn]'s !ory #ha fecundity ( #hc1 #hd figure ( #gb food ( l>v #gf function ( #hc h[ procur$ #ahe importance ( #afc impregnation ( #gh only on ! w+ #gi introduction ( #ahc lay+ ( #hb longevity ( #hc mu/ h empty cells #ahh nev] to be want+ #afc1 #agf nev] to be poor #ahf no sov]eign #he ov>ies ( #gb figure ( #fd oviduct ( #fd pip+ ( #ajb re>+ ( #gh1 #afc1 #ahf sex ( #ga %ipp+ #ahf size ( #gb sp]ma!ca ( #gb /]ility ( #hc /+ ( #ga tongue ( #gc figure ( #gc w+s ( #gc ,que5 ,cells #ge figure ( #aji1 #afg h[ secur$ #afd introduction ( #afg figure ( #afg ,que5 ,re>+ #afc1 #ahf ,que5 ,%ipp+ #ahf cage = #ahf figure ( #ahg ,que5 ,:ite ,ant #hd fecundity ( #hd ,quilt #acf ,qu9by1 ,m4 #ach ,qu9by ,hive #aci figure ( #aci ,qu9by's ,my/]ies ( ,bee-keep+ #bb ,qu9by ,smok] #aih figure ( #aii ,rabbets = ,hive #abe ( t9 #abe ,races ( ! ,honey-,bee #da ,egyptian #dc ,g]man or black #da ,italian or ,ligurian #da hi/ory ( #da *>act]s ( #db sup]iority ( #aha o!r #dc ,ray #dd ,raumur #de ,respiration #ei ,riley's ,reports #dg ,robb+ #beh h[ *eck$ #beh h[ prev5t$ #bei :5 to fe> #beh ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,bee ,plant #bch figure ( #bci ,royal ,jelly #gf ,russell ,hive #ada ,salicylic ,acid #bfa use ( #bfa ,sage #bcb :ite #bbf figure ( #bbg ,sawdu/ #aed ,saws #aea ,b>nes' #aea foot-p[] #aea ,second ,sw>ms #ajb ,secretion #fb ,secretory ,organs #fa ,sections #adg dove-tail #adg figure ( #adf ,he!r+ton #adf glass+ #adf ,phelps-,:eel]-,bets+] #adg figure ( #adg v5e] #add glass+ #ade ,section ,block #ade figure ( #ade ,section ,frame #adg figure ( #adh :]e plac$ #adh ,section ,rack #adi ,doolittle #aea figure ( #aej1 #aea ,s\?>d ,ranney's #aej use ( #adi ,:eel] #aea ,s5ses ( ,insects #ea he>+ #ea see+ #ed smell+ #eb feel+ #ea ,sep>ators #adf1 #aej figure ( #adf t9 #adh figure ( #adi1 #aej wood5 #adf figure ( #adf ,%ade = ,hives #aec ev]-gre5s #aed grape-v9es #aec h\ses #aec use ( #aec prev5ts idl5ess #aec prev5ts melt+ ( comb #aec ,smok]s #aih bell[s #aih h[ us$ #bja ,b+ham #aii figure ( #aii ,qu9by #aic figure ( #aii ,s\r-wood #bdj ,spani% ,ne$les #bdd ,speciali/s #aa ,species ( ! ,honey-,bee #da ,sp]ma!ca #fe ,spid]s #bga ,spiracles #ei ,spr+ ,dw9dl+ #bed ,/>t+ an ,api>y #aag ,/+ #ie figure ( #ie ,/+less ,bees #ce ,/+s #bja cure ( #bja ,/4 ,john's ,wort #bdj ,/oma* #fj suck+ #fj true #fj ,sub-,ord] #ca ,hym5opt]a #ca ( ! honey-bee #ca ,sumac #bbf ,sun-,fl[] #bdc ,swamm]dam #dd ,sw>m+ #aja1 #aga aft]-sw>ms #ajc clu/]+ #ajc drone-brood />t$ #aja old colony--h[ kn[n #ajb prep>ation = #aja drone-brood #aja que5 cells #aja prev5t$ #agf :5 to expect #agf ,sw>ms #agb hiv+ #agc easy me?od #agb second #agb h[ prev5t$ #agb ,ta*9a ,fly #bgj figure ( #bgj ,tailor-,bee #cf ,teasel #bce figure ( #bcf ,?orax ( ,insects #dh app5dages ( #ee ,tick-,se$ #bdd ,toads #bgb ,tongue #di ,tra*ea #bh1 #ei figure ( #bh ,transf]r+ #aef me?od ( #afj :5 easie/ #aef ,trans=mations ( ,insects #ff incomplete #gj ,trigona #ce ,tulip ,tree #bcd figure ( #bce ,unit+ #bec :5 advisable #bec ,v>ieties ( ! ,honey-,bee--see races #da ,veil #aif figure ( #aif ,virgil #dd ,wagn] #ai ,wagn]'s ,!ory #ha ,wasps #bga rem$ies = #bgb ,wat] = ,bees #ih ,wax #ajf composition ( #ajg function ( #ajh h[ secur$ #baa importance ( #baa s\rce ( #ajf ,wax ,extractor #bab figure ( #bab ,wax ,pockets #ajf figure ( #ajf ,weiss' ,f\ndation ,ma*9e #bjd figure ( #bje ,we/wood on ,insects #dg ,will[ #bbd figure ( #bbc ,w+s #fe clipp+ #afh figure ( #ch ( drone #hf ( que5 #gc ( work] #ib figure ( #ch ,w9t]+ #bdf requisites to safe #bdh absorb5ts above bees #bec *aff hives #bfa *amb] contract$ #bec colonies prep>$ #bdh depositories = #beb cell> #bcb h\se #beb h\se api>y #bee good food #bdh late bre$+ #bdi pack+-box #bej figure ( #bej protect$ if left out #bej :y disa/r\s #bdf excessive moi/ure #bdh extremes ( temp]ature #bdg spr+ dw9dl+ #bed too e>ly cessation ( /or+ #bdg un:olesome food #bdg ,wom5 z ,bee-,keep]s #ae ,work]s--see ,neut]s #ij f]tile #gg1 #ij ,wi/>ia #bbe ,am]ican #bbe figure ( #bbe ,*9ese #bbe figure ( #bbf ,xylocopa #cf ,,index ,,to ,,app5dix4 ,b>k ,l\se #bhf ( ,tulip ,tree #bhf ,bee ,enemies #bhf1 #bic ,b]leps* #bhd ,debeauvoys' ,hive #bhb ,della ,rocca #bhc ,dzi]zon #bhc ,dzi]zon ,hive #bhc ,fossil ,honey ,comb #cja figures ( #cja1 #cjb ,grecian ,hives #bgh ,h>bison ,hive #bhd ,hi/ory ( ,movable ,frames #bgh ,hives #bgh ,b]leps* #bhd ,debeauvoys #bhb ,della ,rocca #bhc ,dzi]zon #bhc ,h>bison #bhd ,hub] #bgh ,lang/ro? #bhc ,munn #bgi figures ( #bgi1 #bhj ,s*ira* #bhc ,s*midt #bha ,%aw #bhb ,insects #bhf1 #bic ,laphria ?oracica #cjj ,lecanium tulipif] #bhf ,mallophora bomboides #big ,mallophora orc9a #big ,phymata erosa #bic ,japan ,m$l> #bic ,kle9e #bha ,lang/ro? ,hive #bhc ,laphria ?oracica #cjj ,lecanium tulipif] #bhf figure ( #bhh ,mallophora bomboides #big orc9a #big ,mo!rwort #bhi figures ( #bhi1 #bij1 #bia ,munn ,hive #bgi figures ( #bgi1 #bhj ,phymata erosa #bic figures ( #bid1 #bie1 #bif ,plants #bhi ,japan m$l> #bic ,mo!rwort #bhi ,s\r-wood #bic ,raumur #bgh ,s*midt's ,hive #bha ,s*ira*'s hive #bhc ,%aw's ,hive #bhb ,s\rwood #bib figure ( #bib ,s\!rn ,bee-kill]s #big figures ( #big1 #bih ,/++ ,bug #bic figures ( #bid1 #bie1 #bif ,swamm]dam #bgh ,triangul> ,hive #bhj figure ( #bhj ,,cook',s ,,new ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,api>y4 ,,notices ,,by ,,! ,,press4 ,ne$s no recomm5dation--recomm5ds itself4--,we/]n ,rural1 ,*icago4 ,?is "w is exce$+ly valuable--inde$ indisp5sable to api>i/s4--,voice ( ,masonry4 ,treat+ ! art 9 all its diff]5t bran*es 9 a cle>1 concise & int]e/+ mann]4--,! ,canadian ,entomologi/4 ,x is ! fulle/1 mo/ practical1 & mo/ satisfactory treatise on ! subject n[ be=e ! public4--,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 ,x conta9s ! late/ developm5ts ( sci5ce connect$ ) bee-culture & honey production4--,*icago ,ev5+ ,j\rnal4 ,x conta9s ! late/ sci5tific discov]ies 9 api>ian managem5t & bee-keep+ app>atus4--,prairie ,f>m]1 ,*icago4 ,! late/1 fulle/1 mo/ practical & satisfactory treatise on ! subject1 n[ be=e ! public4--,lambton1 7,canada7 ,advocate4 ,e po9t connect$ ) ! subject is h&l$ 9 a cle>1 exhau/ive1 yet pi?y & practical mann]4--,rural ,new ,york]4 ,x is bo? a practical & sci5tific discussion1 & no?+ t c\ld int]e/ ! bee-rais] is left unsaid4--,*icago ,int]-,ocean4 ,! mo/ ?or\gh "w on ! api>y ev] publi%$1 & ! only "o illu/rat+ ! v>i\s bee plants4--,lans+ 7,mi*47 ,republican4 ,pr(4 ,cook is an entomologi/1 a botani/1 a ready writ]1 a passionate lov] ( ! honey-bee1 & 8 new "w savors ( all ^! qualities4--,/&>d1 ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,i feel l ?ank+ ,god t we h su* a man z ,pr(4 ,cook to take hold ( ! subject ( bee-culture 9 ! ma/]ly way 9 :i* he has done x4--,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture4 ,x is a book :i* does cr$it to our call+2 "o t e bee-keep] may welcome z a fit expon5t ( ! sci5ce :i* gives pleasure to all :o are engag$ 9 x4--,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal4 ,! honey-bee comes ) ! p]fume ( summ] fl[]s1 & "o ( its be/ fri5ds1 ,a4 ,j4 ,cook1 has writt5 its hi/ory & habits 9 a h&somely illu/rat$ volume4--,am]ican ,p\ltry ,j\rnal4 ,x is j :at might h be5 expect$ f ! di/+ui%$ au?or--a "w acceptable to ! ord9>y bee-man1 & a delight to ! /ud5t ( sci5tific apiculture4--,bee ,keep]s' ,magaz9e4 ,cook's new ,manual ( ! ,api>y1 comes ) high encomiums f ,am]ica2 & c]ta9ly x appe>s to h cut ! gr\nd f "u future book mak]s1 = "s "t to come4--,briti% ,bee ,j\rnal4 ,x is ! mo/ complete & practical treatise on bee-culture 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,! arrangem5t is successive1 & e topic is lucidly treat$ 9 ! ,pr(essor's bli!some1 light-he>t$1 pi?y1 sugge/ive /yle4--,po/ & ,tribune1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! typography & g5]al execution ( ! "w is h&some & neat1 & altoge!r we h a "w t may be safely recomm5d$ z ! ,manual ( ! ,api>i/--! book1 p> excell5ce1 to :i* all may rev]t ) bo? pleasure & pr(it1 = in/ruction 9 ! managem5t ( ! api>y4--,mi*igan ,f>m]4 ,x mu/ rank ) ,h5d]son's manuals1 & %>e ) !m ! praise ( be+ an indisp5sable adjunct to e speciali/'s libr>y4 ,x is a sci5tific1 practical book1 a book ( h[ to d & :y to d1 t]sely writt51 yet fully express$2 a book to ! cr$it ( ,am]ican lit]ature4--,sci5tific ,f>m]1 ,bo/on4 ,f+] ,x is pr9t$ 9 ! be/ /yle ( ! art1 on f9e book pap] & sup]bly illu/rat$4 ,price1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #a4be2 9 pap]1 #a4jj1 po/paid4 ,p] doz53 clo?1 #ab4jj2 pap]1 #i4ej4 ,,?omas ,g4 ,,newman ,,son1 ,publi%]s1 #igb & #igd ,we/ ,madison ,/reet1 ,,*icago4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,am]ican ,,bee ,,j\rnal1 ,is an elegant fifty-two pag$ ,illu/rat$ ,mon?ly1 ,,devot$ ,,exclusively ,,to ,,bee-,,culture1 ,at #a4ej p] annum1 9 advance2 ,sample ,copy4 #aj;c4 ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,he!r+ton ,*]ry ,valley1 ,n4 ,y41 says3 ,! read]s ( ! ,,am]ican ,,bee ,,j\rnal & its ,pres5t managem5t are1 ,i ?9k1 fit ,subjects = congratulation4 ,y c]ta9ly give u a good pap]1 & none ( u hesitate to recomm5d x to ! ext5t ( say+ t no bee-keep]1 great or small1 c af=d to d )\t x4 ,i f9d ! ,bee ,j\rnal an excell5t companion & advis]4--,l4 ,m4 ,wa9wright1 ,noblesville1 ,ind4 ,! ,bee ,j\rnal is ! l>ge/ & be/ bee pap] publi%$4--,d4 ,l4 ,frankl91 ,boone ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,x has sav$ me #ef4be 9 hives alone1 to say no?+ ( ! o!r in=mation4--,r4 ,mat!ws1 ,pontiac1 ,ill4 ,y h work$ up ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal almo/ to p]fection4--,orion ,sigg9s1 ,we/ ,hickory1 ,pa4 ,i w\ld n d )\t ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal = ?ree times its price4--,j4 ,e4 ,ke>ns1 ,wat]loo1 ,pa4 ,i h le>n$ m f x1 ( h[ to h&le bees1 ?an f all o!r s\rces4--,r4 ,corbett1 ,mald51 ,ill4 ,i consid] ! ,bee ,j\rnal ! be/ bee publication--hav+ read !m all4--,j4 ,e4 ,hunt]1 ,jones ,co41 ,i[a4 ,! ,j\rnal gr[s bett] e mon?4 ,no bee man %\ld be )\t x4--,john ,b>foot1 ,new ,canton1 ,ill4 ,i d n see h[ any "o c d ) out x4 ,i h _h bees = #dj ye>s4--,a4 ,m4 ,burnett1 ,valley ,mills1 ,texas4 ,! ,bee ,j\rnal comes load$ ) good ?+s4 ,i c n see h[ x is possible to make x s mu* bett] e mon?4--,t4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,ind4 ,if y keep on improv+ ! ,bee ,j\rnal z y h )9 ! pa/ ye>1 x mu/ soon become ! ne plus ultra ( bee lit]ature ! ,_w ov]4--,o4 ,w4 ,spe]1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,i am among ! _m :o are glad t ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal fell into ! h&s ( ^? :o h no hobbies to ride nor axes to gr9d4 ,i only express ! views ( _m o!rs4--,f4 ,a4 ,snell1 ,mill$geville1 ,ill4 ,,publi%$ ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,day ,,( ,,e ,,mon?1 ,,by ,,?omas ,g4 ,,newman ,,son1 #igb #igd ,w4 ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,bee ,,j\rnal ,,appreciative ,,notices4 ,x is ! mo/ valuable publication on bee-culture 9 ,am]ica4--,sun1 ,anoka1 ,m9n4 ,x is au?ority 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to bee-culture4--,republican1 ,mason ,city1 ,i[a4 ,x /&s at ! head ( ,am]ican publications devot$ to bee-culture4--,patriot1 ,spr+field1 ,mo4 ,x is a complete guide to ^? int]e/$ 9 bee-culture4--,ev]ybody's ,l$g]1 ,lewi/on1 ,pa4 ,x is mo/ valuable1 & w always f9d a he>ty welcome 9 e api>y4--,h]ald1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal2 is a publication ( great value to all honey produc]s4--,daily ,news1 ,danville1 ,va4 ,we recomm5d ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 z ! able/ bee pap] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,f>m]s' ,home ,j\rnal4 ,x is progressive1 int]e/+ & valuable to e "o :o keeps bees1 & is ably edit$4--,agriculturi/1 ,qu9cy1 ,ill4 ,x is full ( useful sugge/ions & in/ructive articles to e "o int]e/$ 9 honey produc+4--,democrat1 ,allegan1 ,mi*4 ,x is full to ov]fl[+ ) matt]s p]ta9+ to ! successful managem5t ( ! little honey produc]s--a ?or\ghly live p]iodical4--,/&>d1 ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,! ,j\rnal surpasses itself2 ea* issue improves ^u ! la/1 9 ! bright1 *e]ful appe>ance & in/ructive influ5ce ( its :ole composition4--,w4 ,williamson1 ,lex+ton1 ,ky4 ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal is increas+ 9 influ5ce ) ea* numb]4 ,x is a valuable auxili>y to ! bee-keep]1 & %\ld be tak5 & read by all int]e/$ 9 bee-culture4--,/&>d1 ,c$> ,rapids1 ,i[a4 ,i hail ! com+ ( ! ,bee ,j\rnal ) joy4 ,x is ! greate/ light we h on bee-culture1 br++ ideas1 n only f ! editor1 b f all ! o!r exp]i5c$ bee m5 ( ! l&4--,l4 ,a4 ,tab]1 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,9 its dep>tm5t ( j\rnalism1 ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal /&s )\t a rival4 ,devot$ exclusively to bee-culture & ! production ( pure honey1 its columns are fill$ ) su* matt] z a keep] ( bees c read & pr(it by4 ,its table ( cont5ts is z full z x is int]e/+4--,gazette1 ,lewi/on1 ,pa4 ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal ought to be tak5 by all bee-keep]s2 x is neatly pr9t$ & replete 9 useful in=mation ab\t bees & honey4 ,x fully describes ! habits ( ^? busy extractors ( sweets f fl[]s & h]bs1 ^: products1 ) ! yield f our c[s1 makes our l& lit]ally fl[ ) milk & honey4--,m>yl& ,f>m]4 ,! ,bee ,j\rnal is pre-em95tly above all its competitors4 ,x is full ( fire1 ent]prise & vim2 x discusses ! v>i\s que/ions p]ta9+ to bee-culture ) _s & en]getic ?\ght2 x is an honor to its ,editor & to ! int]e/ :i* su/a9s x4 ,x has no individual axe to gr9d1 b is ! fe>less *ampion ( all t is useful & good2 /eadfa/1 unwav]+1 hone/2 nev] vacillat+ or sw]v+2 b true1 z ! ne$le to ! pole1 to ! int]e/ ( bee-keep]s4 ,x %\ld be support$ by e "o int]e/$ 9 bees or honey4--,am]ican ,groc]4 ,,?omas ,g4 ,,newman ,,son1 ,publi%]s1 #igb & #igd ,we/ ,madison ,/41 ,,*icago4 ,ha6 ,ha6 ,ha6 ,j ,:at ,i ,want6 ,illu/ration ,! ,mi*igan ,bee-,keep]s' ,association1 hav+ all ! ,smok]s be=e x1 pron\nc$ ,b+ham's ,pat5t ,smok] ! be/4 ,j ,p ,moore1 ( ,b+hamton1 ,new ,york1 aft] us+ "o "s "t1 said3 ,my ,smok] tr\bles are all ov]1 & ! bee-keep]s owe y a debt ( gratitude4 ,pr(essor ,cook1 ( ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college1 says3 ,x is ! be/ 9 ! m>ket4 ,r4 ,m4 ,argo1 ,l[ell1 ,k5tucky1 says3 ,x is all t any bee-keep] c\ld desire4 ,paul ,l4 ,viallon1 ,bay\ ,g\la1 ,l\isiana1 writes1 ,april #f?1 #ahgh3 ,y\r ,smok]s are f> sup]ior to any ev] inv5t$2 & we bee-keep]s owe y a vote ( ?anks = y\r ,+5i\s inv5tion4 ,_m may try to improve on y\rs1 b ,i am positive none w make a bett] "o4 ,?is is ! fir/ & only bell[s ,smok] ev] made :i* w\ld burn /ove-wood4 ,x burns any?+ combu/ible1 & ne$s no c>e except to be refill$ once 9 "o or two h\rs4 ,works easy1 & w ?r[ a /ream ( smoke t5 feet4 ,x w n g out or we> out4 ,x w save "t1 /+s & money1 & p]haps a valuable horse4 ,! inv5tor is ! only p>ty hav+ a "r to manufacture said ,smok]1 & x is safe to buy ( him4 ,l>ge size1 #b in*1 by mail #a4ge ,/&>d size1 #b in*1 by mail #a4ej ,small size1 #a in*1 #a4jj ,address1 ,t4 ,f4 ,,b+ham1 ,otsego1 ,allegan ,co41 ,mi*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b+ham ,,he!r+ton',s ,,honey ,,knife4 ,illu/ration ,^! knives are peculi>ly con/ruct$1 & ( ! be/ /eel1 f9i% & temp]4 ,to secure ! cr$it ( our inv5tion & enable u to furni% !m *eaply1 & ( /&>d excell5ce to bee-keep]s1 we h _h !m pat5t$4 ,9 use1 if ! combs are held upright ! caps are c>ri$ away f ! combs s !y nev] t\* !m aft] be+ cut (f4 ,if ! combs are laid on a table to uncap1 ! movable cap-cat*] ga!rs ! wide %eet ( caps 9 a roll1 & easily c>ries all t ! l>ge/ combs conta9 )\t dropp+ "o ^u ! comb aft] be+ cut (f4 ,! blade is two in*es wide2 b z only ! edge re/s on ! combs1 !y uncap ! mo/ delicate combs )\t te>+1 & "w z easily z if only "o-f\r? in* wide4 ,s5t s+ly1 p] express1 = #a4jj1 ,) ,movable ,cap-cat*]1 #a4be4 ,z knives are n c>ri$ 9 ! mail1 we make #aj p] c5t1 r$uction f regul> retail rates to clubs & o!rs :o s5d ! money = ?ree or m1 to be s5t 9 "o package4 ,f+] ,s5d = circul>4 ,address1 ,,b+ham ,,he!r+ton',s1 ,otsego1 ,mi*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lans+1 ,mi*41 ,feb4 #aa1 #ahgi4--;,aft] a ?or\gh trial ( y\r honey knife "h at ! ,college1 we pron\nce x decid$ly sup]ior to any o!r t we h us$1 ?\gh we h sev]al ( ! pr9cipal knives made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a4 ,j4 ,cook4 ,middlefield1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #h1 #ahgi4--;,i h be5 us+ y\r two-in* uncapp+ knife ! pa/ season4 ,= rapidity & ease 9 op]at+1 !y f> excel any knife ,i h ev] us$4 ,its %ape & bevel$ edges make x p]fect = uncapp+ unev5 & crook$ combs4 ,x works equally well ) ei!r "r or left /roke4 ,we uncapp$ hundr$s ( combs 9 piece boxes1 & bo? my associates & myself h come to ! conclusion t !y facilitate ! labor fully "o-half1 & are p]fection itself1 leav+ no?+ to be desir$4 ,a4 ,g4 ,murphy4 ,*]ry ,valley1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #e1 #ahgi4--;,i receiv$ ! knives all "r1 & on acc\nt ( _! sup]iority ,i feel t y1 & bee-keep]s z well1 are entitl$ to a report on !m4 ,= my own use ,i mu* pref] !m to any knife ,i h ev] uncapp$ )1 = ! reason t ,i c uncap mu* m honey4 ,a bett] te/ is 9 ! h&s ( ?ree or f\r ( my m5 :o us$ !m = sev]al consecutive days1 & )\t exception pron\nc$ !m ! be/ knives ,i own$4 ,"o ev5 w5t s f> z to insi/ t he c\ld uncap "o-?ird2 fa/] ?an ) any o!r knife ,i _h1 & :5 uncapp+ prize boxes he satisfactorily demon/rat$ x4 ,y may s5d me half a doz5 = my own api>ies4 ,j4 ,e4 ,he!r+ton4 ,! ,mi*igan ,bee-,keep]s' ,association especially recomm5ds ! ,b+ham ,he!r+ton ,honey ,knife & ! ,b+ham ,smok]4 ,mu?'s ,all-,metal ,honey ,extractor4 ,pat5t$ ,sept4 #bd?1 #ahgh4 ,illu/ration ,e bee-keep] is aw>e ( ! advantages af=d$ by a judici\s use ( ! ,honey ,extractor4 ,! inv5tions ( ! movable comb frames by ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 ,lang/ro?1 & t ( ! ,honey ,extractor by ,major v4 ,hrus*ka1 are ! greate/ a*ievem5ts 9 ! api>y4 ,!y h made x possible to multiply our practical results t5fold1 & to put a sy/em to bee-culture4 ,q a numb] ( diff]5t /yles ( extractors h be5 made s9ce _! fir/ inv5tion1 ab\t #aj or #ab ye>s ago4 ,m9e diff]s f o!rs by ! slant+ sides ( ! comb basket1 arrang$ above a receptacle = honey 9 ! same t9 c1 & ) a sub/antial ge>+ :i* requires n m ?an ! /r5g? ( a *ild to "w ! ma*9e all day ) ease2 frames ( diff]5t sizes1 b small] ?an ! comb-basket1 & pieces ( comb )\t a frame1 are plac$ aga9/ ! slant+ sides1 & )\t be+ fa/5$1 empti$ ( _! cont5ts completely1 &1 to ! un9itiat$1 9 an incr$ul\s %ort "t4 ,! cells hav+ a d[nw>d t5d5cy1 empty m readily1 bo? 9 top & bottom ( frames1 ?an :5 9 a v]tical position1 z e practical te/ w %[1 & ! fly+ ( honey1 9 ! %ape ( a f9e spray1 ov] ! top ( ! c is prev5t$4 ,!re is a receptacle = #fj lbs4 or m ( honey 9 ! extractor1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! comb-basket1 :i* c be made ( any size desir$--= in/ance1 = ,lang/ro?'s & ,qu9by's frames1 ! comb-basket is #ah in*es deep1 & ! receiv] holds ab\t #fe lbs4 ( honey4 ,if ! ,am]ican frame is ! l>ge/ to be extract$1 ! comb-basket is only #ab in*es deep1 :ile ! extractor holds ab\t #adj lbs4 ( honey be=e x t\*es ! revolv+ basket & ne$s to be drawn (f by ! iron faucet at ! bottom4 ,my /&>d size ( comb-basket is #ab #ah in*es1 & admits ! ,lang/ro?1 ,qu9by & ,am]ican frames4 ,:5 ord]+1 please /ate ! l>ge/ size ( frames us$4 ,:51 aft] ! honey season1 a numb] ( small frames are unf9i%$1 six ( !m c be pil$ aga9/ ea* side ( ! comb-basket = extraction2 or1 %ort comb-hold]s1 :i* are s5t ) ea* ,extractor1 may be hung on ea* side1 & only f\r sections empti$ at "o "t4 ,extract+ two l>ge frames at "o "t is mu* ! h&ie/ arrangem5t1 & g5]ally satisfies ! mo/ ambiti\s2 b ! ,extractor c be made l>ge en\gh to hold f\r frames1 at an additional co/ ( #b4ej4 ,a close-fitt+ cov] keeps du/1 flies & bees out :5 extract+ is ov]4 ,i 0 oblig$ to cov] my improvem5t ) a pat5t1 m]ely to protect my int]e/4 ,my ,extractor is second to none = all practical purposes1 & "o ( ! *eape/ 9 ! m>ket 9 consid]ation ( mat]ial & workman%ip4 ,mu?'s ,uncapp+ ,knife1 ,illu/ration3 ,,is ,,?9-,,blad$1 ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,/eel1 ,,h&y ,,= ,,! ,,purposes ,,int5d$ ,,& ,,*eap4 ,,price ,,= ,,extractor ,,& ,,knife1 #ab4jj4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s1 address ,c4 ,f4 ,,mu?1 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 ,,b>nes' ,,pat5t ,,foot-,,p[] ,,ma*9]y4 ,fifte5 ,diff]5t ,ma*9es1 ,) :i* ,build]s1 ,cab9et ,mak]s1 ,wagon ,mak]s1 & ,jobb]s 9 ,miscellane\s "w1 c compete z to ,quality & ,price ) /eam-p[] ma*9]y4 ,,w ,,s5d ,,ma*9es ,,on ,,trial ,,if ,,desir$4 ,e ,bee-,keep] %\ld h an outfit f ^! ,ma*9es = hive-mak+4 ,illu/ration ,we give ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,hog>ty1 ( ,wy&otte1 ,kans41 to %[ _! usefulness4 ,he says3 ,if any criticise y\r circul> saw1 y c tell !m ,i use x1 & ) "o h&1 made all my bee hives = n9ety-five /&s ( bees1 includ+ frames & section brace1 & ,i feel p]fectly able to d ! "w = "o hundr$ & fifty /&s4 99 99 99 ,9 ord] t y may "k ! am\nt ( "w on ea* ( my hives1 w say1 !y are two feet long1 by two feet high1 by ab\t two feet wide4 ,!y are d\ble wall$ & d\ble bottom$1 ) two in* int]v5+2 & 9 addition to ! n9e frames1 !re are fifte5 cases1 ea* case conta9+ two honey boxes & two division bo>ds1 & ?ree boxes to conta9 *aff = w9t] protection4 ,y w see !re is an imm5se am\nt ( saw+ to be done1 b ,i h f\nd y\r saw equal to ! task requir$ ( x4 ,we w s5d our illu/rat$ catalogue ,,free on application4 ,say :]e y read ?is1 & address ,w4 ,f4 ,,john ,,b>nes1 ,rock=d1 ,w9nebago ,co41 ,ill4 ,,new ,,lang/ro? ,,bee ,,hive1 ,,) ,,manipulat+ ,,side4 ,?is ,improvem5t 9 ! old ,lang/ro? ,hive ,is exce$+ly valuable1 z x all[s ! close/ wat*+ ( a colony ) ! greate/ ease & com=t4 ,by turn+ ! ?umb-screw 7,l7 & op5+ ! movable side 7:i* takes b an in/ant71 frames c be exam9$1 by remov+ ! loose side-bo>d 7,m71 ! bottom-bo>d may be clean$--giv+ ! advantages claim$ = a loose bottom-bo>d1 )\t its disadvantages4 ,?is ,hive is a comb9ation ! ,lang/ro? ,hive & ,nor? ,/> ,hive--z pat$ ,june #e1 #ahgg--;&1 no d\bt1 w ga9 univ]sal approbation z soon z its advantages are kn[n4 ,! ,new ,lang/ro? hive is peculi>ly adapt$ = ! production ( comb honey--its ,honey ,rack is ! be/ 9 use1 & is adapt$ to ! use ( ! ,prize ,boxes4 ,x holds #ah ,prize ,boxes1 ) ! sep>ators betwe5 !m1 m>k$ ,b ,b 9 ! cut4 ,! w$ge 7,a7 holds all ) a vise-l grasp4 ,! out] boxes are glass$ z !y /& on ! hive 7,c ,c ,c74 ,by remov+ ! w$ge 7,a7 any box may be in/antly remov$1 exam9$1 return$1 or replac$ by an empty "o--! spaces betwe5 ! r[s readily admitt+ ! f+]s = t purpose4 ,,sample ,,new ,,lang/ro? ,,hive--,nail$1 ,n ,pa9t$4 ,no4 #a4--;,brood ,*amb]1 #aj frames1 portico1 #g-;in* cap--no surplus arrangem5t #b #jj ,no4 #b4--,same z ,no4 #a1 ) ,comb-,honey ,back1 complete1 same z %[n by ! above cuts #c #jj ,no4 #c4--,same z ,no4 #a1 b hav+ #bj frames1 & ,comb-,honey ,back--a complete #c-/ory hive #c #ge ,no4 #d4--;,brood ,*amb]1 #aj frames1 & #g-;in* /ory1 ) #g cases conta9+ ,prize ,boxes & t9 ,sep>ators1 = surplus ,honey1 ) #b-;in* cap #c #jj ,no4 #e4--,same z ,no4 #d--;b hav+ #aj extra frames--a complete #c-/ory hive #c #ge ,no4 #f4--;,brood ,*amb]1 ) #aj extra frames1 = extract+1 & #b-;in* cap1 #c #jj ,f+] ,if pa9t$1 add #a4jj ea*4 ,f+]#b ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,new ,,lang/ro? ,,hives4 ,,cut1 ,,ready ,,to ,,nail-7#ad #ah in*es inside74 ,9 lots ( #e ,no4 #a--7"o-/ory71 #a #be #aj #a #bj #be #a #aj #ej #a #je #ajj #a #jj ,9 lots ( #e ,no4 #f--7two-/ory71 #a #hj #aj #a #gj #be #a #fj #ej #a #ec #ajj #a #ej ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,lang/ro? ,,frames4 ,,cut1 ,,ready ,,to ,,nail--7#i #ag in*es outside74 #ajj frames #a #ej #a1jjj frames #ad #jj #f1jjj frames1 p] #a1jjj #ab #jj ,f+] ,= sale at :olesale & retail4 ,address ,,sp]ry ,,*&l]1 #igd ,w4 ,madison ,/41 ,,*icago1 ,or at ! ,,am]ican ,,bee ,,j\rnal ,,(fice4 ,illu/ration ,,prices ,,to ,,suit ,,! ,,times4 ,,lang/ro? ,,& ,,mode/ ,,hives ,,= ,,! ,,million6 ,,honey ,,boxes ,,& ,,sections1 ,pla9 & dove-tail$1 are l>ge specialties4 ,,comb ,,f\ndation1 ,we are produc+ 9 l>ge quantities1 & ( sup]ior quality4 ,our facilities are su* t we c supply 9 any quantity desir$ on %ort notice1 & all favor+ u ) _! ord]s %all h prompt & satisfactory att5tion4 ,,wax ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,into ,,f\ndation4 ,lots ( #ajj lbs4 & upw>ds s5t u1 ) #ab;c4 p] lb41 freight prepaid1 w be made up & cut to any size1 & deliv]$ on bo>d c>s "h4 ,,italian ,,que5s6 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,que5s re>$ 9 our api>ies is s well e/abli%$1 we %all n "h detail _! m]its2 b to ^? wi%+ honey-produc+ /ock1 comb9$ ) prolificness1 we w say !y are n beat54 ,d[agiac1 ,mi*igan1 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahgh4 ,9 reg>d to y\r bees1 if y 7 my enemy1 & ,i _h any?+ to say ab\t y\r /ock1 ,i %\ld say ! tru?1 t ,i c\nt y\rs wor? m ?an twice t or any ( ! num]\s /ra9s t ,i h te/$4 ,!y conv]t$ me to yell[ bees11 not)/&+ t !y are n ne> z yell[ z ^? ,i _h =m]ly4 ,i advise y n to buy1 or take z a gift1 any o!r blood2 b j /& "r :]e y are1 & p]fect ! /ra9 by c>efully bre$+ out any imp]fections t may %[ !mselves1 & bre$+ 9 all ! good qualities y\r bees n[ possess4 ,i %all d ! same1 pur*as+ ( none b y4 ,i h hybrids cross$ by y\r /ock1 t are quiet1 good-natur$1 & spl5did comb-build]s & /or]s4 ,y\rs truly4 ,,james ,,h$don4 ,extractors1 ,smok]s1 ,bee ,veils1 & ev]y?+ ne$$ 9 ! api>y1 suppli$ at ! l[e/ liv+ rates4 ,ord] y\r goods e>ly1 rememb]+ t l>ge yields ( honey are only obta9$ by hav+ ev]y?+ ready = secur+ x4 ,j4 ,,oatman ,,sons1 ,dundee1 ,ill4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,is ,,! ,,*eape/6 ,,c(f9b]ry',s ,,excelsior ,,honey ,,extractor6 ,f ,eight to ,f\rte5 ,doll>s4 ,hav+ made sev]al improvem5ts 9 ! ,,excelsior ,,extractor = #ahgi1 x is n[ (f]$ to ! ,bee-,keep]s ( ,am]ica z ! ,,mo/ ,,p]fect ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,! ,,m>ket4 ,! univ]sal favor ) :i* ! ,,excelsior ,,extractor 0 receiv$ 9 #ahgh1 has induc$ o!r manufactur]s to adopt sev]al ( its improvem5ts4 ,my exp]i5ce & exp]im5ts ( la/ season1 ) ! assi/ance & sugge/ions ( skillful workm51 h enabl$ me to p]fect an ,extractor t _c be excell$1 & c only be equal$ by be+ closely imitat$4 ,! ,excelsior is made entirely ( metal1 & is consequ5tly v light1 /rong & durable1 ) lugs at ! bottom = firmly atta*+ to ! floor if desir$4 ,! /rong ov]-motion ge>+1 s necess>y to ease 9 runn+ & spe$y op]at+1 0 design$ & is manufactur$ expressly = ! ,excelsior4 ,a *ild t5 ye>s ( age c op]ate ! ma*9e z rapidly z x c be suppli$ ) combs4 ,! top or cross-b&1 to :i* is atta*$ ! ge>+1 is wr\ght iron1 ?ree in*es broad1 ) ! ends turn$ d[n 9 su* mann] z to ?or\ghly brace & /r5g!n ! c1 & hold+ ! basket firmly 9 an upright position4 ,! ,comb ,basket hav+ v]tical sides1 insures ! extract+ p[] alike = top & bottom ( frames4 ,! sides ( ! basket be+ movable & int]*angeable1 greatly facilitate ! op]ation ( du/+ be=e & ?or\ghly clean+ aft] use if desir$4 ,! basket c be tak5 f or replac$ 9 ! c 9 a mom5t1 !re be+ no ru/y screws to take out or nuts to remove4 ,at ! bottom ( ! c1 & bel[ ! basket1 is a cone or metal /&>d1 9 ! top ( :i* revolves ! bottom pivot ( ! basket1 !reby giv+ room = sixty or sev5ty p\nds ( honey )\t t\*+ ! basket or pivot bel[4 ,nos4 #c1 #d & #e h /ra9]s cov]+ ! canal lead+ to ! faucet1 :i* obviate ! delay ( sev]al h\rs 9 wait+ = ! honey to settle1 & ! t$i\s & wa/eful process ( skimm+4 ,! faucet be+ bel[ ! bottom level ( ! honey1 r5d]s unnecess>y ! usual tipp+ & wr5*+ incid5t to draw+ (f ! honey4 ,^! also h close-fitt+ metal cov]s1 :i* entirely exclude du/1 dirt1 flies & bees :5 n 9 use4 ,! baskets ( ,nos4 #d & #e h no c5t] rod runn+ f top to bottom1 :i* w be f\nd v conv5i5t by ^? :o uncap bo? sides ( ! comb be=e putt+ 9 ! basket1 z !y c be turn$ )\t removal4 ,! /rong iron h&les plac$ at ! sides1 a little above ! c5t]1 are completely side-brac$1 & add mu* to conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,! wire baskets are v neat specim5s ( skillful workman%ip1 ?or\ghly brac$ at e po9t :]e exp]i5ce has prov5 x to be mo/ requisite1 & no?+ has be5 omitt$ t c\ld add to its effici5cy4 ,! ,no4 #d1 = ?ree frames1 has a triangul> basket1 movable sides1 no c5t] rod1 runs smoo?ly reg>dless ( numb] ( frames1 & is fa/ sup]s$+ ! dem& = f\r-sid$ baskets4 ,a ,,l[] ,,pric$ ,,ma*9e4 ,a *eap] ma*9e be+ call$ = by ^? hav+ b few colonies1 & n mak+ a specialty ( bee-keep+1 ,i h made a special size to take ! ,lang/ro? frame1 & "o = ! ,am]ican1 to sell at #h4jj ea*4 ,^! h no cov]s or /ra9]1 & are small] ?an ! #ab4jj & #ad4jj sizes1 b = ! frames nam$ are equal to ! o!rs = effective "w1 & are ! be/ *eap ,extractors made4 ,sizes & ,prices3 ,no4 #a4--;,= #b ,lang/ro? frames1 #aj #ah in*es #h #jj #b4--;,= #b ,am]ican frames1 #ac #ac in*es #h #jj #c4--;,= #b frames1 #ac #bj in*es1 or less 7:i* embraces all /&>d sizes7 #ab #jj #d4--;,= #c #ab #jj #e4--;,= #d #ad #jj ,f+] ,a lib]al disc\nt to deal]s 9 ,bee-,keep]s' supplies & to p>ties ord]+ 9 quantity4 ,address1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,c(f9b]ry1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,or ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 :]e samples c be se54 ,,rev4 ,a4 ,,salisbury4 ,,john ,m4 ,,hayes4 ,,salisbury ,,hayes1 ,illu/ration ,propagators ( ,,f9e ,,que5s ,,& ,,bees1 ,f ,import$ & ,home-br$ ,mo!rs4 ,manufactur]s ( ,comb ,f\ndation1 ,,hives1 ,surplus ,honey ,boxes1 ,,que5 ,,%ipp+ ,,cages1 c4 ,deal]s 9 ,,all ,,necess>y ,,api>y ,,supplies4 ,all "w execut$ 9 good /yle1 & prices to suit ! times4 ,f+] ,s5d = ,circul>4 ,,salisbury ,,hayes1 ,cam>go1 ,d\glas ,c\nty1 ,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fri5ds6 ,if y are 9 any way int]e/$ 9 ,bees or ,honey6 ,we w ) pleasure s5d y a sample copy ( our ,,mon?ly ,,glean+s ,,9 ,,bee ,,culture1 ,) a ,descriptive ,price-,li/ ( ! late/ improvem5ts 9 ,,hives1 ,,honey ,,extractors1 ,,artificial ,,comb1 ,,section ,,honey ,,boxes1 ,all books & j\rnals1 & ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to bee culture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,no?+ ,,pat5t$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,simply s5d y\r address on a po/al c>d1 writt5 pla9ly1 to ,a4 ,i4 ,,root1 ,m$9a1 ,ohio4 ,illu/ration ,,hallock ,,*&l] ,,design]s ,,& ,,engrav] ,,on ,,wood #hi ,madison ,/reet1 ,corn] ( ,de>born1 ,*icago4 ,f+] ,mr4 ,*&l]1 ( ! above firm1 be+ a practical bee-keep]1 w p]sonally sup]vise ! execution ( all designs & engrav+s = bee-keep]s & deal]s 9 api>ian supplies4 ,f+] ,prices ,mod]ate & ,satisfaction ,gu>ante$4 ,f+]#b 99 99 99 99 99 ,italian ,bees & ,que5s1 ,,comb ,,f\ndation1 ,,hives1 ,,honey ,,extractors1 ,,surplus ,,honey ,,boxes ,,( ,,e ,,/yle1 ,,foot-,,p[] ,,saws1 ,,bee ,,smok]s1 ,,se$s ,,= ,,honey ,,plants1 ,,cases ,,& ,,racks ,,= ,,hives1 ,,%ipp+ ,,crates4 ,,honey ,,knives1 ,,que5 ,,cages1 ,,& ,,ev]y?+ ,,useful ,,9 ,,an ,,api>y4 ,f+] ,our ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ,implem5ts = ! ,api>y1 ,,s5t ,,free4 ,address1 ,,?omas ,g4 ,,newman ,,son1 #igb & #igd ,we/ ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,publications ,,= ,,! ,,api>y1 ,,= ,,sale ,,at ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 #igd ,we/ ,madison ,/reet1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cook',s ,,new ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,api>y4 ,?is is a new edition ( ,pr(4 ,cook's ,manual ( ! ,api>y1 entirely re-writt51 greatly enl>g$ & sup]bly illu/rat$4 ,be+ new1 x is fully up ) ! times on e conceivable subject t int]e/s ! api>i/4 ,x is n only in/ructive1 b int5sely int]e/+4 ,x comprises a full del9eation ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! ,honey-,bee1 illu/rat$ ) co/ly wood engrav+s1 full descriptions ( honey-produc+ plants1 trees & %rubs1 c41 spl5didly illu/rat$--& la/1 ?\gh n lea/1 detail$ in/ructions = ! successful accompli%m5t ( all ! v>i\s manipulations necess>y 9 ! api>y4 ,?is "w is a ma/]ly production1 & "o t no bee-keep]1 h[ev] limit$ 8 means1 c af=d to d )\t4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ! be/ /yle ( ! art1 on f9e book pap]1 & sup]bly illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,price1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #a4be1 po/paid2 9 pap] b9d+1 #a4jj1 po/paid4 ,,! ,,hive ,,& ,,honey-,,bee1 by ,l4 ,l4 ,lang/ro?4 ,?is is a /&>d volume1 well illu/rat$ & nicely pr9t$4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,,my/]ies ,,( ,,bee-,,keep+1 by ,m4 ,qu9by4 ,! au?or has treat$ ! subject ( ,bee-,keep+ 9 a mann] t _c fail to int]e/ all :o read ?is "w4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,dzi]zon ,,!ory2 be+ a full elucidation ( ,sci5tific ,bee-,keep+4 ,?is !ory pres5ts 9 ! =m ( di/9ct propositions1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( bee-culture1 & 9 ?is "w ! late ,b>on ( ,b]leps* furni%es a cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! facts & argum5ts by :i* ^! propositions are demon/rat$4 ,x is ( untold value to beg9n]s & all o!rs :o desire to /udy ! subject ( apiculture4 ,x is j :at ?\s&s want4 ,x conta9s #fj pages & is pr9t$ on f9e book pap]4 ,price1 po/paid1 #bj c5ts1 or ?ree copies = #ej c5ts4 ,,honey1 ,,z ,,food ,,& ,,m$ic9e1 by ! ,editor ( ! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal4 ,?is is a pamphlet ( #bd pages1 disc\rs+ ^u ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ,bees & ,honey2 ! nature1 quality1 s\rces1 & prep>ation ( ,honey = ! ,m>ket2 ,honey1 z an article ( ,food1 giv+ recipes = mak+ ,honey ,cakes1 ,cookies1 ,pudd+s1 ,foam1 ,w9es1 c42 & ,honey z ,m$ic9e1 foll[$ by _m useful ,recipes4 ,x is int5d$ = consum]s1 & %\ld be scatt]$ by ?\s&s all ov] ! c\ntry1 & ?us assi/ 9 creat+ a dem& = honey4--,prices3 ,s+le copies1 #aj c5ts po/paid2 #ae copies = #a4jj by mail1 po/paid2 #ajj copies1 ) "n & address ( honey-produc] pr9t$ on !m1 #e4jj by mail1 po/paid2 #bej copies1 by express1 at #d c5ts ea*2 #ejj or m copies1 by express1 at #c c5ts ea*4 ,x is publi%$ 9 ,g]man also at ! same prices4 ,,w9t]+ ,,bees2 ,h[ to d x ,successfully4 ,?is conta9s all ! ,prize ,essays on ?is important subject t 7 read be=e ! ,c5t5nial ,bee-,keep]s' ,association4 ,! prize 7#be 9 gold7 0 aw>d$ to ,pr(4 ,cook's ,essay1 :i* is report$ 9 full 9 ?is pamphlet4 ,x conta9s #cj pages & is pr9t$ on f9e book pap]4 ,price1 #ae c5ts1 or five copies = #ej c5ts4 ,,special ,,edition ( ! ,j\rnal4 ,conta9+ ! ,(ficial ,report ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 hold 9 ,new ,york1 ,oct41 #af-ah1 #ahgg1 ) all ! ,essays & ,discussions1--toge!r ) a description ( ! implem5ts = ! ,api>y1 on exhibition at ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ,fair4--,price #aj c5ts4 ,f+] ,s5d by ,po/al ,money ,ord]1 ,draft or ,regi/]$ ,lett] at our risk4 ,,?omas ,g4 ,,newman ,,son1 #igd ,we/ ,madison ,/reet1 ,*icago1 ,ill1 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos correct$4 ,discrepancies betwe5 ! table ( ,cont5ts' section titles & t display$ 9 ! ,*apt] 7 correct$4 ,! ,illu/rations li/ end$ at numb] #aaj b ! volume has #acc numb]$ illu/rations4 ,s1 a copy ( ! li/ = numb]s #aaa to #acc 0 app5d$ f ! ,sev5? ,edition4