,transcriber ,note    ,text emphasis    
denoted by ,italics and ,bold4          
,,manual                                
,,of                                    
,,the ,,apiary1                         
,,by                                    
,a4 ,j4 ,,cook1                         
,professor of ,entomology               
,,in ,,the                              
,,michigan ,,state ,,agricultural       
,,college4                              
,,fourth ,,edition1      ,,revised1     
,,enlarged1 ,,mostly ,,re-,,written     
,,and ,,beautifully ,,illustrated4      
,,sixth ,,thousand4                     
,,chicago1 ,,ills43 ,,thomas ,g4        
,,newman  ,,son                         
#ahgi4            ,entered according to 
,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgh1 by
                            ,,thomas ,g4
 ,,newman  ,,son1       ,in the ,office 
of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at      
,washington1 ,d4 ,c4                    
,,to ,,the                              
,,reverend ,l4 ,l4 ,,langstroth1        

,,the                      ,,inventor   
,,of ,,the ,,movable ,,frame ,,hive1    
,,the                 ,,huber ,,of      
,,america1 ,,and ,,the ,,greatest       
,,master ,,of                   ,,pure  
,,and ,,applied ,,science1 ,,as         
,,relating ,,to                         
,,apiculture1 ,,in ,,the ,,world2 ,,this
 ,,manual                               
,,is ,,gratefully ,,dedicated           
,,by                                    
,,the ,,author4          ,,preface ,,to 
,,first ,,edition4      ,,the ,,apiary4 
,why another treatise on this subject8  
,have we not ,langstroth1 and  ,quinby1 
and ,king1 and ,bevan1 and ,hunter8     
,yes2 all of these4 ,each of  which has 
done excellent service in promoting an  
important industry4  ,each of which     
possesses peculiar and striking         
excellences4 ,yet none  of these combine
 all of the qualities desirable in a    
popular manual4  ,hence1 the excuse for 
another claimant for public favor4      
,every cultured  apiarist laments that  

there is no text-book which possesses   
all of  the following very desirable    
characters3 ,simple style1 full in its  
discussions1 cheap1 disinterested1 up   
with the times4 ,it is for the          
bee-keeping public to decide whether    
this treatise meets any more fully  the 
demands made by the latest discoveries  
and improvements1 by the  wants of those
 eager to learn1 and by the superior    
intelligence which  is now enlisted in  
the interests of the ,apiary4    ,the   
following is1 in substance1 the same as 
the course of lectures  which ,i have   
given each year to the students of the  
,michigan  ,agricultural ,college1 and  
their desire1 as expressed in repeated  
requests1 has led to this publication4  
,it will be my desire to consider       
subjects of merely scientific interest  
and value1 as fully as scientific       
students can reasonably desire2 and1    
that such discussions may not confuse or
 perplex those who only read or  study  
with practical ends in view1 a very full

 index is added1 so that  the           
whereabouts of any topic1 either of     
practical or scientific value1  can be  
easily ascertained4    ,in considering  
the various subjects of interest to the 
bee-keeper1 ,i  am greatly indebted to  
the authors mentioned above1 and also to
 the  following journals1 all worthy of 
high commendation3 ,gleanings in ,bee   
,culture1 ,american ,bee ,journal1      
,bee-,keepers' ,magazine1 and ,bee      
,world4    ,the illustrations for this  
manual were nearly all drawn by the     
author  from the natural object4        
,michigan ,agricultural ,college1       
,lansing1 ,may #a1 #ahgf4               
,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4      
,i little thought when ,i sent out1 less
 than two years ago1 the first          
edition--#c1jjj copies--of my little1   
unpretending1 ,manual of the  ,apiary1  
that more than #b1jjj copies would be   
sold in less than one  year1 and that in
 less than two years a second edition   
would be  demanded by the apiarists of  

our country4    ,the very kindly reviews
 and flattering notices by apiarian1    
scientific1  and other journals1 both   
,american and foreign1 and the approval1
 as  expressed by numerous friendly     
letters1 of our most eminent apiarists1 
as also the unprecedented sale of this  
little work1 have not only  been very   
gratifying1 but also assure me that ,i  
was quite right in the  opinion that the
 time was ripe for some such treatise4  
,at the urgent request of many apiarian 
friends1 in response to the             
oft-repeated desire of my many students1
 some of whom are becoming  leading     
apiculturists in our country1 and at the
 suggestion of many  noted apiarists    
with whom ,i have no personal           
acquaintance1 ,i now  send forth this   
second edition1 greatly enlarged1 mostly
 re-written1  even more fully           
illustrated1 and containing the latest  
scientific  discoveries1 and most recent
 improvements in methods of apiarian    
management and bee-keeping apparatus4   

,it is impossible for me to state how   
greatly ,i am indebted to our  excellent
 ,american bee periodicals1 and         
enterprising and intelligent  apiarists1
 for many--yea1 for most--of the        
valuable thoughts and  suggestions which
 may be found in the following pages4 ,i
 am tempted  to mention names of those  
whose aid and favors have been          
especially  useful1 but find the list so
 large that ,i must1 perforce1 forego   
the  privilege1 and only refer to such  
persons in the text4    ,with the hope  
that this second edition may reach even 
more who desire  instruction in this    
pleasing art1 and that it may still     
further advance  the interests of       
scientific apiculture4 ,i send it forth 
to all those  who wish to study more    
deeply into the mysteries of insect     
life1 or  to gain further knowledge of  
one of the most fascinating as well as  
profitable of arts4    ,i make no       
apology for inserting so much of science
 in the following  pages4 ,from the     

letters of inquiry which ,i am          
constantly receiving1  especially from  
apiarists1 ,i am convinced that the     
people are mentally  hungry for just    
such food4 ,to satisfy and stimulate    
just such  appetites is1 ,i am sure1    
very desirable4    ,i recommend nothing 
in this treatise that ,i have not proved
 valuable by  actual trial1 unless ,i   
mention some eminent person as advising 
it2 nor  do ,i announce any fact or     
scientific truth that ,i have not       
verified1  except as ,i give it on the  
authority of some competent person4     
,for most of the figures of the second  
edition lam indebted to one of my       
pupils1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,holdsworth1 whose 
skill as an artist needs no praise4     
,appended to this volume is a very full 
index which will be a great aid  to the 
student4          ,,contents4           
,,introduction4      ,who ,may ,keep    
,bees                                   
#aa      ,specialists                   
#aa      ,amateurs                      

#aa    ,who are ,specially ,interdicted 
#ab    ,inducements to ,bee-,keeping    
#ab      ,recreation                    
#ab      ,profit                        
#ac      ,excellence as an ,amateur     
,pursuit                      #ae       
,adaptation to ,women                   
#ae      ,improves the ,mind and        
,observation                     #ag    
,yields ,delicious ,food                
#ag    ,what ,successful ,bee-,keeping  
,requires                    #ah        
,mental ,effort                         
#ah      ,experience ,necessary         
#ah      ,learn from ,others            
#ah      ,aid from ,conventions         
#ai      ,aid from ,bee ,papers         
#ai        ,american ,bee ,journal      
#ai        ,gleanings in ,bee ,culture  
#bj        ,bee-,keepers' ,magazine     
#ba      ,books for the ,apiarist       
#ba        ,langstroth on the           
,honey-,bee                         #ba 
,quinby's ,mysteries of ,bee-,keeping   
#bb        ,king's ,text-,book          

#bb        ,a1 ,b1 ,c of ,bee ,culture  
#bb        ,foreign ,works              
#bb      ,promptitude                   
#bc      ,enthusiasm                    
#bd      ,,part ,i4    ,natural ,history
 of the ,honey ,bee4    ,,chapter ,i4   
,the ,bee's ,place in the ,animal       
,kingdom                   #bg      ,the
 ,branch of the ,honey-,bee             
#bg      ,the ,class of the ,honey-,bee 
#bh      ,the ,order of the ,honey-,bee 
#cj      ,the ,sub-,order of the        
,honey-,bee                        #ca  
,the ,family of the ,honey-,bee         
#cd      ,the ,genus of the ,honey-,bee 
#ch      ,the ,species of the           
,honey-,bee                          #da
      ,the ,varieties of the ,honey-,bee
                        #da             
,german1 or ,black ,bee                 
#da      ,italian1 or ,ligurian         
#da      ,fasciata1 or ,egyptian        
#db      ,other ,varieties              
#dc    ,bibliography                    
#dd      ,valuable ,books on ,entomology

                          #dg           
,,chapter ,,ii4      ,anatomy and       
,physiology                             
#dh    ,anatomy of ,insects             
#dh      ,organs of the ,head           
#dh      ,appendages of the ,thorax     
#ee      ,internal ,anatomy             
#ef      ,secretory ,organs             
#fa      ,sex ,organs                   
#fb      ,transformations               
#ff        ,the ,egg                    
#fg        ,the ,larva                  
#fh        ,the ,pupa                   
#fh        ,the ,imago ,stage           
#gj      ,incomplete ,transformations   
#gj    ,anatomy and ,physiology of the  
,honey ,bee                 #ga         
,three ,kinds of ,bees in ,each ,colony 
#ga        ,the ,queen                  
#ga        ,the ,drone                  
#hf        ,the ,neuters or ,workers    
#ij    ,,chapter ,,iii4      ,swarming1 
or ,natural ,method of increase         
#aja    ,,chapter ,,iv4      ,products  
of ,bees1 their ,origin and ,function   

#ajd      ,honey                        
#ajd      ,wax                          
#ajf      ,pollen1 or ,bee-,bread       
#aaa      ,propolis                     
#aab    ,bibliography                   
#aac      ,part ,,ii4      ,the apiary1 
its ,care and ,management               
#aae    ,,introduction4                 
,preparation                            
#aag      ,read a ,good ,manual         
#aag      ,visit some ,apiarist         
#aag      ,take a ,college ,course      
#aah      ,decide on a ,plan            
#aah    ,how to ,procure our ,bees      
#aah    ,kind of ,bees to ,purchase     
#aai    ,in ,what ,kind of ,hives       
#aai    ,when to ,purchase              
#aai    ,how ,much to ,pay              
#abj    ,where to ,locate               
#abj    ,,chapter ,v4      ,hives and   
,boxes                                  
#abb      ,box ,hives                   
#abb      ,movable ,comb ,hives         
#abc        ,the ,langstroth ,hive      
#abc          ,character of the ,hive   

#abd            ,the ,bottom ,board     
#abg            ,the ,cover             
#abi            ,the ,frames            
#acb              ,how to ,construct the
 ,frames                  #acc          
,a ,block for making ,frames            
#acd            ,cover for ,frames      
#acf            ,division ,board        
#acg        ,the ,huber ,hive           
#ach      ,apparatus for ,securing ,comb
 ,honey                    #ada         
,boxes                                  
#adb        ,small ,frames or ,sections 
#add          ,requisites of ,good      
,sections                      #add     
,description                            
#add        ,how to ,place ,sections in 
,position                  #adg         
,sections in ,frames                    
#adg          ,sections in ,racks       
#adi    ,,chapter ,,vi4      ,position  
and ,arrangement of the ,apiary         
#aeb      ,position                     
#aeb      ,arrangement of ,ground       
#aeb      ,preparation for each ,colony 

#aec    ,,chapter ,,vii4      ,to       
,transfer ,bees                         
#aef    ,,chapter ,,viii4      ,feeding 
and ,feeders                            
#aei      ,how ,much to ,feed           
#aei      ,how to ,feed                 
#afj    ,,chapter ,,ix4      ,queen     
,rearing                                
#afc      ,how to ,rear ,queens         
#afc      ,nuclei                       
#afe      ,shall we ,clip the ,queen's  
,wing8                      #afh        
,,chapter ,x4      ,increase of         
,colonies                               
#aga      ,swarming                     
#aga        ,hiving ,swarms             
#agc      ,to ,prevent ,second ,swarms  
#age      ,to ,prevent ,swarming        
#agf      ,how ,best to ,increase       
#agg      ,dividing                     
#agg        ,how to ,divide             
#agg    ,,chapter ,,xi4      ,italians  
and ,italianizing                       
#ahj      ,all ,should ,keep ,only      
,italians                        #ahc   

,how to ,italianize                     
#ahc      ,how to ,introduce a ,queen   
#ahc      ,to ,get ,italian ,queens     
#ahe      ,rearing and ,shipping ,queens
                          #ahf          
,to ,ship ,queens                       
#ahf        ,to ,move ,colonies         
#ahg    ,,chapter ,,xii4                
,extracting and the ,extractors         
#ahh      ,honey ,extractor             
#ahh        ,what ,style to ,buy        
#ahi      ,use of the ,extractor        
#aia      ,when to use the ,extractor   
#aib      ,how to ,extract              
#aid    ,,chapter ,,xiii4      ,handling
 ,bees                                  
#aie      ,the ,best ,bee ,veil         
#aif      ,to ,quiet ,bees              
#aig      ,bellows ,smoker              
#aih        ,the ,quinby ,smoker        
#aih        ,the ,bingham ,smoker       
#aii      ,how to ,smoke ,bees          
#bja      ,to ,cure ,stings             
#bja      ,the ,sweat ,theory           
#bja    ,,chapter ,,xiv4      ,comb     

,foundation                             
#bjc      ,history                      
#bjc      ,american ,foundation         
#bjd      ,how ,foundation is ,made     
#bjf      ,to ,secure the ,wax ,sheets  
#bjf      ,use of ,foundation           
#bjg      ,to ,fasten the ,foundation   
#bji      ,save the ,wax                
#baa        ,methods                    
#baa    ,,chapter ,,xv4      ,marketing 
,honey                                  
#bac      ,how to ,invigorate the       
,market                         #bac    
,extracted ,honey                       
#bad      ,how to ,tempt the ,consumer  
#bad      ,comb ,honey                  
#bae        ,rules to be ,observed      
#bae    ,,chapter ,,xvi4      ,honey    
,plants                                 
#bah      ,what are the ,valuable ,honey
 ,plants8                  #bbj         
,description with ,practical ,remarks   
#bbb          ,april ,plants            
#bbc          ,may ,plants              
#bbe          ,june ,plants             

#bbh          ,july ,plants             
#bcg          ,august and ,september    
,plants                      #bdb       
,books on ,botany                       
#bdd          ,practical ,conclusions   
#bdd    ,,chapter ,,xvii4               
,wintering ,bees                        
#bdf      ,the ,cause of ,disastrous    
,wintering                    #bdf      
,requisite to ,safe ,wintering--,good   
,food               #bdh        ,secure 
,late ,breeding                         
#bdi        ,to ,secure and ,maintain   
,proper ,temperature          #bdi      
,box for ,packing                       
#bej      ,chaff ,hives                 
#bea      ,wintering in ,cellar or      
,house                         #beb     
,burying ,bees                          
#bed      ,spring ,dwindling            
#bed    ,,chapter ,,xviii4      ,the    
,house ,apiary                          
#bee      ,description                  
#bee      ,are they ,desirable          
#bef      ,the ,case as it ,now ,stands 

#bef    ,,chapter ,,xix4      ,evils    
that ,confront the ,apiarist            
#beh      ,robbing                      
#beh      ,disease                      
#bei      ,foul ,brood                  
#bei        ,remedies                   
#bfj      ,enemies of ,bees             
#bfb        ,the ,bee ,moth             
#bfb          ,history                  
#bff          ,remedies                 
#bff        ,bee ,killer                
#bfg        ,bee ,louse                 
#bfh          ,important ,suggestion    
#bfi        ,bee ,hawk                  
#bfi        ,tachina ,fly               
#bgj        ,spiders                    
#bga        ,ants                       
#bga        ,wasps                      
#bga        ,the ,king ,bird            
#bgb        ,toads                      
#bgb        ,mice                       
#bgb    ,,chapter ,,xx4      ,calendar  
and ,axioms                             
#bgd      ,work for ,different ,months  
#bgd        ,january                    

#bgd        ,february                   
#bgd        ,march                      
#bgd        ,april                      
#bge        ,may                        
#bge        ,june                       
#bge        ,july                       
#bge        ,august                     
#bge        ,september                  
#bgf        ,october                    
#bgf        ,november                   
#bgf        ,december                   
#bgf      ,axioms                       
#bgg      ,,illustrations4        #a4   
,trachea                                
#bh      #b4 ,respiratory ,apparatus of 
a ,bee                     #bi      #c4 
,bee's ,wings                           
#ch      #d4 ,head of ,drone            
#ci      #e4 ,head of ,worker           
#ci      #f4 ,head of ,bee              
#di      #g4 ,thorax of ,bee            
#ee      #h4 ,nervous ,system of ,drone 
#eh      #i4 ,alimentary ,canal         
#fj     #aj4 ,male ,organs of ,bee      
#fc     #aa4 ,queen ,organs             

#fd     #ab4 ,larva of ,bee             
#fh     #ac4 ,pupa of ,bee              
#fi     #ad4 ,queen ,bee                
#gb     #ae4 ,labium of ,queen          
#gc     #af4 ,part of ,queen's ,leg     
#gd     #ag4 ,drone                     
#hf     #ah4 ,part of ,drone's ,leg     
#hg     #ai4 ,worker ,bee               
#ij     #bj4 ,tongue of ,worker ,bee    
#ia     #ba4 ,jaw of ,queen1 ,drone and 
,worker                     #ib     #bb4
 ,part of ,posterior ,leg of            
,worker--outside           #ic     #bc4 
,part of ,posterior ,leg of             
,worker--inside            #id     #bd4 
,anterior ,leg of ,worker               
#id     #be4 ,sting of ,worker          
#ie     #bf4 ,egg and ,brood            
#ig     #bg4 ,wax ,scales               
#ajf     #bh4 ,honey-,comb              
#aji     #bi4 ,langstroth ,hive         
#abd     #cj4 ,body of ,hive            
#abe     #ca4 ,bevel ,gauge             
#abf     #cb4 ,bottom-,board            
#abh     #cc4 ,two-,story ,hive         

#acj     #cd4 ,cover to ,hive           
#aca     #ce4 ,frame                    
#acc     #cf4 ,frame1 with              
,cross-,section of ,top-,bar            
#acd     #cg4 ,block for making ,frames 
#ace     #ch4 ,division-,board          
#acg     #ci4 ,part of ,quinby ,hive    
#aci     #dj4 ,part of ,bingham ,hive   
#adj     #da4 ,glass ,honey ,box        
#adb     #db4 ,isham ,honey ,box        
#adc     #dc4 ,harbison ,section ,frame 
#adc     #dd4 ,chisel                   
#add     #de4 ,block for ,section       
,making                          #ade   
#df4 ,hetherington ,separator           
#adf     #dg4 ,dove-tailed ,section     
#adf     #dh4 ,phelps ,section          
#adg     #di4 ,section ,frame           
#adh     #ej4 ,sections in ,frame       
#adi     #ea4 ,southard's ,section ,back
                           #aej     #eb4
 ,wheeler's ,section ,back              
#aej     #ec4 ,hive in ,shade of        
,ever-green                       #aee  
#ed4 ,feeder                            

#afj     #ee4 ,simplicity ,feeder       
#afa     #ef4 ,queen-cell ,inserted in  
,comb                       #afg        
#eg4 ,shipping ,queen ,cage             
#ahg     #eh4 ,everett's ,extractor     
#ahi     #ei4 ,comb ,basket for         
,extractor                         #aij 
#fj4 ,knife for ,uncapping              
#aia     #fa4 ,knife with ,curved ,point
                           #aia     #fb4
 ,bee-,veil                             
#aif     #fc4 ,quinby ,smokers          
#aii     #fd4 ,bingham ,smoker          
#aii     #fe4 ,comb ,foundation         
#bjc     #ff4 ,comb ,foundation ,machine
                           #bje     #fg4
 ,comb ,foundation ,cutter              
#bjf     #fh4 ,block for ,fastening     
,foundation                    #baj     
#fi4 ,presser for ,block                
#baa     #gj4 ,wax ,extractor           
#bab     #ga4 ,prize ,crate             
#baf     #gb4 ,heddon ,crate            
#bag     #gc4 ,maple                    
#bbb     #gd4 ,willow                   

#bbc     #ge4 ,judas ,tree              
#bbd     #gf4 ,american ,wistaria       
#bbe     #gg4 ,chinese ,wistaria        
#bbf     #gh4 ,barberry                 
#bbf     #gi4 ,white ,sage              
#bbg     #hj4 ,white or ,dutch ,clover  
#bbh     #ha4 ,alsike ,clover           
#bbi     #hb4 ,melilot ,clover          
#bcj     #hc4 ,borage                   
#bcj     #hd4 ,mignonette               
#bca     #he4 ,okra                     
#bca     #hf4 ,mint                     
#bcb     #hg4 ,pollen of ,milk-,weed    
#bcc     #hh4 ,black ,mustard           
#bcc     #hi4 ,rape                     
#bcd     #ij4 ,tulip                    
#bce     #ia4 ,teasel                   
#bcf     #ib4 ,cotton                   
#bcf     #ic4 ,basswood                 
#bcg     #id4 ,figwort                  
#bch     #ie4 ,button-,bush             
#bdj     #if4 ,rocky ,mountain ,bee     
,plant                          #bci    
#ig4 ,boneset                           
#bda     #ih4 ,buckwheat                

#bdb     #ii4 ,golden ,rod              
#bdc    #ajj4 ,sun ,flower              
#bdc    #aja4 ,packing-,box for ,winter 
#bej    #ajb4 ,gallery of ,moth ,larva  
#bfb    #ajc4 ,moth ,larva in ,comb     
#bfc    #ajd4 ,moth ,larv               
#bfd    #aje4 ,moth ,cocoons            
#bfd    #ajf4 ,moth with ,wings ,spread 
#bfd    #ajg4 ,male and ,female ,moths  
#bfe    #ajh4 ,bee-,killer              
#bfh    #aji4 ,bee ,louse               
#bfh    #aaj4 ,tachina ,fly             
#bgj    #aaa4 ,munn ,hive               
#bgi    #aab4 ,munn's ,triangular ,hive 
#bhj    #aac4 ,lecanium ,tulipiferas    
#bhh    #aad4 ,stem of ,motherwort      
#bhi    #aae4 ,fruit and ,leaf of       
,motherwort                      #bij   
#aaf4 ,motherwort ,bloom                
#bia    #aag4 ,sour-,wood               
#bib    #aah4 ,stinging-,bug--natural   
size                        #bid        
#aai4 ,magnified twice                  
#bid    #abj4 ,beak1 magnified          
#bid    #aba4 ,antenna1 magnified       

#bie    #abb4 ,anterior leg1 exterior   
view                       #bie    #abc4
             interior view              
#bie    #abd4 ,claw1 extended           
#bif    #abe4 ,middle leg1 magnified    
#bif    #abf4 ,southern ,bee-,killer    
#big    #abg4 ,wings extended           
#big    #abh4 ,head of                  
#bih    #abi4 ,wing of                  
#bii    #aca4 ,foot of                  
#bih    #acj4 ,wing of ,asilus          
,missouriensis                      #cjj
    #acb4 ,honey-,comb ,coral           
#cja    #acc4 ,wasp-stone ,coral        
#cjb        ,,introduction4        ,,who
 ,,may ,,keep ,,bees4                   
,,specialists4    ,any person who is    
cautious1 observing1 and prompt to do   
whatever the  needs of his business     
require1 with no thought of delay1 may  
make  apiculture a specialty1 with      
almost certain prospects of success4    
,he must also be willing to work with   
,spartan energy during the busy  season1
 and must persist1 though sore          

discouragement1 and even dire           
misfortune1 essay to thwart his plans   
and rob him of his coveted gains4  ,as  
in all other vocations1 such are the men
 who succeed in apiculture4  ,i make no 
mention of capital to begin with1 or    
territory on which  to locate2 for men  
of true metal--men whose energy of mind 
and body  bespeak success in            
advance--will solve these questions long
 before  their experience and knowledge 
warrant their assuming the charge of    
large apiaries4      ,,amateurs4        
,apiculture1 as an avocation1 may be    
safely recommended to those of  any     
business or profession1 who possess the 
above named qualities1  and control a   
little space for their bees1 a few rods 
from street and  neighbor1 or a flat    
roof whereupon hives may securely rest  
7,c4 ,f4 ,muth1  of ,cincinnati1 keeps  
his bees very successfully on the top of
 his  store1 in the very heart of a     
large city71 and who are able to devote 
a little time1 when required1 to care   

for their bees4 ,the amount of  time    
will of course vary with the number of  
colonies kept1 but with  proper         
management this time may be granted at  
any period of the day or  week1 and thus
 not interfere with the regular         
business4 ,thus residents  of country1  
village1 or city1 male or female1 who   
may wish to be  associated with and     
study natural objects1 and add to their 
income and  pleasure1 will find here1 an
 ever-waiting opportunity4 ,to the      
ladies1  shut out from fresh air and    
sunshine1 till pallor and languor point 
sadly to departing health1 and vigor1   
and to men the nature of whose  business
 precludes air and exercise1 apiculture 
cannot be too highly  recommended as an 
avocation4      ,,who ,,are ,,specially 
,,interdicted4    ,there are a few      
people1 whose systems seem to be        
specially susceptible  to the poison    
intruded with the bee's sting4          
,sometimes such persons1 if  even stung 
on the foot1 will be so thoroughly      

poisoned that their eyes  will swell so 
they cannot see1 and will suffer with   
fever for days1  and1 very rarely1      
individuals are so sensitive to this    
poison that a  bee-sting proves fatal4  
,i hardly need say1 that such people    
should  never keep bees4 ,many persons1 
among whom were the noted ,kleine and   
,gunther1 are at first very susceptible 
to the poison1 but spurred on by  their 
enthusiasm1 they persist1 and soon      
become so inoculated that they          
experience no serious injury from the   
stings4 ,it is a well-recognized  fact1 
that each successive sting is less      
powerful to work harm4 ,every           
bee-keeper is almost sure to receive an 
occasional sting1 though with  the      
experienced these are very rare1 and the
 occasion neither of fear  nor anxiety4 
,,inducements ,,to ,,bee-,,keeping4     
,,recreation4    ,among the attractive  
features of apiculture1 ,i mention the  
pleasure  which it offers its votaries4 
,there is a fascination about the       

apiary which is indescribable4 ,nature  
is always presenting the most           
pleasurable surprises to those on the   
alert to receive them4 ,and among  the  
insect hosts1 especially bees1 the      
instincts and habits are so             
inexplicable and marvelous1 that the    
student of this department of  nature   
never ceases to meet with exhibitions   
that move him1 no less  with wonder than
 with admiration4 ,thus1 bee-keeping    
affords most  wholesome recreation1     
especially to any who love to look in   
upon the  book of nature1 and study the 
marvelous pages she is ever waiting to  
present4 ,to such1 the very fascination 
of their pursuit is of itself  a rich   
reward for the time and labor expended4 
,i doubt if there is  any other class of
 manual laborers who engage in their    
business1 and  dwell upon it1 with the  
same fondness as do bee-keepers4        
,indeed1 to  meet a scientific          
bee-keeper is to meet an enthusiast4 ,a 
thorough study  of the wonderful economy

 of the hive must1 from its very nature1
 go  hand-in-hand with delight and      
admiration4 ,i once asked an extensive  
apiarist1 who was also a farmer1 why he 
kept bees4 ,the answer was              
characteristic3 ,even if ,i could not   
make a good deal the most money  with my
 bees1 ,i should still keep them for the
 real pleasure they  bring me4 ,but     
yesterday ,i asked the same question of 
,prof4 ,daniels1  ,president of the     
,grand ,rapids schools1 whose official  
duties are very  severe4 ,said he3 ,for 
the restful pleasure which ,i receive in
 their  management4 ,i am very sure1    
that were there no other inducement     
than that of pleasure1 ,i should be slow
 to part with these models of  industry1
 whose marvelous instincts and wondrous 
life-habits are ever  ministering to my 
delight and astonishment4    ,a year    
ago1 ,i received a visit from my old    
friend and ,college  classmate1 ,o4     
,clute1 of ,keokuk1 ,iowa4 ,of course ,i
 took him to see our  apiary1 and as we 

looked at the bees and their handiwork1 
just as the  nectar from golden-rod and 
asters was flooding the honey-cells2 he 
became enraptured1 took my little       
,manual of the ,apiary home with him1   
and at once subscribed for the old      
,american ,bee ,journal4 ,he very soon  
purchased several colonies of bees1 and 
has found so much of pleasure  and      
recreation in the duties imposed by his 
new charge1 that he has  written me     
several times1 expressing gratitude that
 ,i had led him into  such a work of    
love and pleasure4    ,,profits4    ,the
 profits1 too1 of apiculture1 urge its  
adoption as a pursuit4 ,when  we        
consider the comparatively small amount 
of capital invested1 the  relatively    
small amount of labor and expense       
attending its operations1  we are       
surprised at the abundant reward that is
 sure to wait upon its  intelligent     
practice4 ,i do not wish to be          
understood here as claiming  that       
labor--yes1 real hard1 back-aching      

labor--is not required in the  apiary4  
,the specialist1 with his hundred or    
more colonies1 will have1  at certain   
seasons1 right hard and vigorous work4  
,yet this will be  both pleasant and    
,healthful1 and will go hand-in-hand    
with thought1  so that brain and muscle 
will work together4 ,yet this time of   
hard1  physical labor will only continue
 for five or six months1 and for the    
balance of the year the apiarist has or 
may have comparative leisure4  ,nor do  
,i think that all will succeed4 ,the    
fickle1 careless1 indolent1  heedless   
man1 will as surely fail in apiculture1 
as in any other  calling4 ,but ,i       
repeat1 in the light of many years of   
experience1 where  accurate weight1     
measure1 and counting of change has     
given no heed to  conjecture1 that there
 is no manual labor pursuit1 where the  
returns  are so large1 when compared    
with the labor and expense4    ,an      
intelligent apiarist may invest in bees 
any spring in ,michigan1 with  the      

absolute certainty of more than doubling
 his investment the first  season2 while
 a net gain of #djj per cent1 brings no 
surprise to the  experienced apiarists  
of our ,state4 ,this of course applies  
only to a  limited number of colonies4  
,nor is ,michigan superior to other     
,states  as a location for the apiarist4
 ,during the past season1 the poorest ,i
  ever knew1 our fifteen colonies of    
bees in the ,college apiary1 have       
netted us over #bjj4 ,in #ahgf1 each    
colony gave a net return of #bd4jd1     
while in #ahge1 our bees gave a profit1 
above all expense1 of over #djj  per    
cent1 of their entire value in the      
spring4 ,mr4 ,fisk ,bangs1 who          
graduated at our ,college one year      
since1 purchased last spring seven      
colonies of bees4 ,the proceeds of these
 seven colonies have more than  paid all
 expenses1 including first cost of bees1
 in honey sold1 while  there are now    
sixteen colonies1 as clear gain1 if we  
do not count  the labor1 and we hardly  

need do so1 as it has in no wise        
interfered  with the regular duties of  
the owner4 ,several farmers of our      
,state  who possess good apiaries and   
good improved farms1 have told me that  
their apiaries were more profitable than
 all the remainder of their  farms4 ,who
 will doubt the profits of apiculture in
 the face of friend  ,doolittle's       
experience8 ,he has realized #f1jjj1 in 
five years1 simply  from the honey taken
 from fifty colonies4 ,this #f1jjj is in
 excess of  all expenses except his own 
time4 ,add to this the increase of      
stocks1  and then remember that one man 
can easily care for #ajj colonies1 and  
we have a graphic picture of apiarian   
profits4 ,bee-keeping made ,adam  ,grimm
 a wealthy man4 ,it brought to ,capt4   
,hetherington over #aj1jjj  as the cash 
receipts of a single year's honey-crop4 
,it enabled ,mr4  ,harbison1 so it is   
reported1 to ship from his own apiary1  
eleven  car-loads of comb-honey as the  
product of a single season4 ,what       

greater  recommendation has any pursuit8
 ,opportunity for money-making1 even    
with  hardships and privations1 is      
attractive and seldom disregarded2 such 
opportunity with labor that brings1 in  
itself1 constant delight1 is  surely    
worthy of attention4    ,,excellence    
,,as ,,an ,,amateur ,,pursuit4          
,again1 there is no business1 and ,i    
speak from experience1 that serves  so  
well as an avocation4 ,it offers        
additional funds to the poorly paid1    
out-door air to the clerk and           
office-hand1 healthful exercise to the  
person of sedentary habits1 and superb  
recreation to the student or            
professional man1 and especially to him 
whose life-work is of that  dull1       
hum-drum1 routine order that seems to   
rob life of all zest4 ,the  labor1 too1 
required in keeping bees1 can1 with a   
little thought and  management1 be so   
planned1 if but few colonies are kept1  
as not to  infringe upon the time       
demanded by the regular occupation4     

,indeed1 ,i  have never been more       
heartily thanked1 than by such parsons  
as named  above1 and that1 too1 because 
,i called them to consider--which       
usually  means to adopt--the pleasing   
duties of the apiary4    ,,adaptation   
,,to ,,women4    ,apiculture may also   
bring succor to those whom society has  
not been  over-ready to favor--our      
women4 ,widowed mothers1 dependent      
girls1 the  weak and the feeble1 all may
 find a blessing in the easy1 pleasant1 
and  profitable labors of the apiary4   
,of course1 women who lack vigor and    
health1 can care for but very few       
colonies1 and must have sufficient      
strength to bend over and lift the      
small-sized frames of comb when  loaded 
with honey1 and to carry empty hives4   
,with the proper thought  and           
management1 full colonies need never be 
lifted1 nor work done in  the hot       
sunshine4 ,yet right here let me add1   
and emphasize the truth1  that only     
those who will let energetic thought and

 skillful plan1 and  above all          
promptitude and persistence1 make up for
 physical weakness1  should enlist as   
apiarists4 ,usually a stronger body1 and
 improved  health1 the results of pure  
air1 sunshine1 and exercise1 will make  
each successive day's labor more easy1  
and will permit a corresponding  growth 
in the size of the apiary for each      
successive season4 ,one of the  most    
noted apiarists1 not only in ,america   
but in the world1 sought in  bee-keeping
 her lost health1 and found not only    
health1 but reputation  and influence4  
,some of the most successful apiarists  
in our country are  women4 ,of these1   
many were led to adopt the pursuit      
because of waning  health1 grasping at  
this as the last and successful weapon  
with which  to vanquish the grim        
monster4 ,said ,cyula ,linswik--whose   
excellent and  beautifully written      
articles have so often charmed the      
readers of the  bee publications1 and   
who has had five years of successful    

experience  as an apiarist--in a paper  
read before our ,michigan ,convention of
  ,march1 #ahgg3 ,i would gladly        
purchase exemption from in-door work1   
on washing-day1 by two days' labor among
 the bees1 and ,i find two  hours' labor
 at the ironing-table more fatiguing    
than two hours of the  severest toil the
 apiary can exact4 99 99 99 ,i repeat1  
that apiculture  offers to many women   
not only pleasure but profit4 99 99 99  
,though the  care of a few colonies     
means only recreation1 the woman who    
experiments  in bee-keeping somewhat    
extensively1 will find that it means1 at
 some  seasons1 genuine hard work4 99 99
 99 ,there is risk in the business1  ,i 
would not have you ignore this fact1 but
 an experience of five  years has led me
 to believe that the risk is less than  
is generally  supposed4 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,b4   
,baker1 of ,lansing1 ,michigan1 who has 
kept bees  very successfully for four   
years1 read an admirable paper before   
the  same ,convention1 in which she     

said3 ,but ,i can say1 having tried     
both1  7keeping boarding-house and      
apiculture17 ,i give bee-keeping the    
preference1 as more profitable1         
healthful1 independent and enjoyable4 99
  99 99 ,i find the labors of the apiary
 more endurable than working over a     
cook-stove in-doors1 and more pleasant  
and conducive to health4 99 99 99 ,i    
believe that many of our delicate and   
invalid ladies would find renewed  vigor
 of body and mind in the labors and     
recreations of the apiary4 99 99  99 ,by
 beginning in the early spring1 when the
 weather was cool and the  work light1  
,i became gradually accustomed to       
out-door labor1 and by  mid-summer found
 myself as well able to endure the heat 
of the sun as  my husband1 who has been 
accustomed to it all his life4          
,previously1 to  attend an open-air     
picnic was to return with a head-ache4  
99 99 99 ,my own  experience in the     
apiary has been a source of interest and
 enjoyment  far exceeding my            

anticipations4 ,although ,mrs4 ,baker   
commenced with but  two colonies of     
bees1 her net profits the first season  
were over #ajj2  the second year but a  
few cents less than #cjj2 and the third 
year  about #bej4 ,the proof of the     
pudding is in the eating2 so1 too1 such 
words as given above1 show that         
apiculture offers special inducements   
to our sisters to become either amateur 
or professional apiarists4    ,,improves
 ,,the ,,mind ,,and ,,the ,,observation4
    ,successful apiculture demands close
 and accurate observation1 and hard1    
continuous thought and study1 and this1 
too1 in the wondrous realm of  nature4  
,in all this1 the apiarist receives     
manifold and substantial  advantages4   
,in the cultivation of the habit of     
observation1 a person  becomes          
constantly more able1 useful and        
susceptible to pleasure1  results which 
also follow as surely on the habit of   
thought and  study4 ,it is hardly       
conceivable that the wide-awake         

apiarist1 who is  so frequently busy    
with his wonder-working comrades of the 
hive1 can  ever be lonely1 or feel time 
hanging heavily on his hands4 ,the mind 
is occupied1 and there is no chance for 
ennui4 ,the whole tendency1  too1 of    
such thought and study1 where nature is 
the subject1 is to  refine the taste1   
elevate the desires1 and ennoble        
manhood4 ,once get  our youth1 with     
their susceptible natures1 engaged in   
such wholesome  study1 and we shall have
 less reason to fear the vicious        
tendencies  of the street1 or the luring
 vices and damning influences of the    
saloon4 ,thus apiculture spreads an     
intellectual feast1 that even the  old  
philosophers would have coveted2        
furnishes the rarest food for the       
observing faculties1 and1 best of all1  
by keeping its votaries face  to face   
with the matchless creations of the ,all
 ,father1 must draw  them toward ,him   
who went about doing good1 and in whom  
there was no  guile4    ,,yields        

,,delicious ,,food4    ,a last          
inducement to apiculture1 certainly not 
unworthy of mention1 is  the offerings  
it brings to our tables4 ,health1 yea1  
our very lives1  demand that we should  
eat sweets4 ,it is a truth that our     
sugars1 and  especially our commercial  
syrups1 are so adulterated as to be     
often  poisonous4 ,the apiary1 in lieu  
of these1 gives us one of the most      
delicious and wholesome of sweets1 which
 has received merited praise1  as food  
fit for the gods1 from the most ancient 
time till the present  day4 ,to ever    
have within reach the beautiful1        
immaculate comb1 or the  equally        
grateful nectar1 right from the         
extractor1 is certainly a  blessing of  
no mean order4 ,we may thus supply our  
families and friends  with a most       
necessary and desirable food element1   
and this with no  cloud of fear from    
vile1 poisonous adulterations4          
,,what ,,successful ,,bee-,,keeping     
,,requires4    ,,mental ,,effort4    ,no

 one should commence this business who  
is not willing to read1 think  and      
study4 ,to be sure1 the ignorant and    
unthinking may stumble on  success for a
 time1 but sooner or later1 failure will
 set her seal upon  their efforts4      
,those of our apiarists who have studied
 the hardest1  observed the closest1 and
 thought the deepest1 have even passed  
the  late terrible winters with but     
slight loss4    ,of course the novice   
will ask4 ,how and what shall ,i study8 
,,experience ,,necessary4    ,nothing   
will take the place of real experience4 
,commence with a few  colonies1 even one
 or two is best1 and make the bees your 
companions  at every possible           
opportunity4 ,note every change1 whether
 of the bees1  their development1 or    
work1 and then by earnest thought strive
 to  divine the cause4    ,,learn ,,from
 ,,others4    ,great good will also come
 from visiting other apiarists4 ,note   
their  methods and apiarian apparatus4  
,strive by conversation to gain new and 

valuable ideas1 and gratefully adopt    
whatever is found1 by comparison1  to be
 an improvement upon your own past      
system and practice4    ,,aid ,,from    
,,conventions4    ,attend conventions   
whenever distance and means render this 
possible4  ,here you will not only be   
made better by social intercourse with  
those  whose occupation and study make  
them sympathetic and congenial1 but you 
will find a real conservatory of        
scientific truths1 valuable hints1  and 
improved instruments and methods4 ,and  
the apt attention--rendered  possible by
 your own experience--which you will    
give to essays1  discussions and private
 conversations1 will so enrich your     
mind1 that  you will return to your home
 encouraged1 and able to do better work1
  and to achieve higher success4 ,i have
 attended nearly all the meetings  of   
the ,michigan ,convention1 and never yet
 when ,i was not well paid for  all     
trouble and expense by the many1 often  
very valuable1 suggestions  which ,i    

received4 ,these ,i would carry home1   
and test as commanded by  the ,apostle3 
,prove all things and hold fast that    
which is good4    ,,aid ,,from ,,bee    
,,publications4    ,every apiarist1 too1
 should take and read at least one of   
the three  excellent bee publications   
that are issued in our country4 ,it has 
been suggested that ,francis ,huber's   
blindness was an advantage to  him1 as  
he thus had the assistance of two pairs 
of eyes1 his wife's  and servant's1     
instead of one4 ,so1 too1 of the        
apiarist who reads the  bee             
publications4 ,he has the aid of the    
eyes1 and the brains1 too1  of hundreds 
of intelligent and observing            
bee-keepers4 ,who is it that  squanders 
his money on worse than useless patents 
and fixtures8 ,he who  cannot afford to 
take a bee-journal4    ,it would be     
invidious and uncalled for to recommend 
any one of these  valuable papers to the
 exclusion of the others4 ,each has its 
peculiar  excellences1 and all who can1 

may well secure all of them to aid and  
direct their ways4    ,,american ,,bee  
,,journal4    ,this1 the oldest bee     
publication1 is not only peculiar for   
its age1  but for the ability with which
 it has been managed1 with scarce any   
exception1 even from its first          
appearance4 ,samuel ,wagner1 its founder
  and long its editor1 had few superiors
 in breadth of culture1 strength  of    
judgment1 and practical and historic    
knowledge of apiculture4  ,with what    
pleasure we remember the elegant1 really
 classic1 diction  of the editorials1   
the dignified bearing1 and freedom from 
asperities  which marked the old        
,american ,bee ,journal as it made its  
monthly  visits fresh from the editorial
 supervision of ,mr4 ,samuel ,wagner4   
,some one has said that there is        
something in the very atmosphere of  a  
scholarly gentleman1 that impresses all 
who approach him4 ,i have  often        
thought1 as memory reverted to the old  
,american ,bee ,journal1 or  as ,i have 

re-read the numbers which bear the      
impress of ,mr4 ,wagner's  superior     
learning1 that1 though the man is gone1 
the stamp of his  noble character and   
classical culture is still on these     
pages1 aiding1  instructing1 elevating1 
all who are so fortunate as to possess  
the  early volumes of this periodical4  
,i am also happy to state that the      
,american ,bee ,journal is again in good
 hands1 and that its old prestige  is   
fully restored4 ,mr4 ,newman is an      
experienced editor1 a man of  excellent 
judgment and admirable balance1 a man   
who demonstrates his  dislike of        
criminations and recriminations by      
avoiding them2 who has  no special      
inventions or pet theories to push1 and 
is thus almost sure  to be disinterested
 and unbiased in the advice he offers   
who lends his  aid and favor to our     
,conventions1 which do so much to spread
 apiarian  knowledge4 ,and when ,i add1 
that he brings to his editorial aid the 
most able1 experienced and educated     

apiarists of the world1 ,i surely  have 
spoken high but just praise1 of the     
,american ,bee ,journal1 whose  enviable
 reputation extends even to distant     
lands4 ,it is edited by  ,thomas ,g4    
,newman1 at ,chicago4 ,price1 #b4jj a   
year4    ,,gleanings ,,in ,,bee         
,,culture4    ,this periodical makes up 
for its brief history of only five      
years1  by the vigor and energy which   
has characterized it from the first4    
,its editor is an active apiarist1 who  
is constantly experimenting2 a  terse1  
able writer1 and brimming-full of good  
nature and enthusiasm4  ,i am free to   
say1 that in practical apiculture ,i am 
more indebted to  ,mr4 ,root than to any
 other one person1 except ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 
,langstroth4 ,i  also think that1 with  
few exceptions1 he has done more for the
 recent  advancement of practical       
apiculture than any other person in our 
country4 ,yet ,i have often regretted   
that ,mr4 ,root is so inimical to       
conventions1 and that he often so       

stoutly praises that with which he  has 
had so brief an experience1 and must    
consequently know so little4  ,this     
trait makes it imperative that the      
apiarist read discriminately1  and then 
decide for himself4 ,in case of an      
innovation1 wait for  ,mr4 ,root's      
continued approval1 else prove its value
 before general  adoption4 ,this        
sprightly little journal is edited by   
,a4 ,i4 ,root1  ,medina1 ,ohio4 ,price1 
#a4jj a year4    ,,bee-,,keeper',s      
,,magazine4    ,i have read this        
periodical less1 and1 of course know    
less of it than  of the others4 ,it is  
well edited1 and certainly has many very
 able  contributors4 ,both ,mr4 ,king   
and ,mr4 ,root deal largely in their own
  wares1 and1 of course1 give space to  
their advertisement1 yet1 in all  my    
dealings with them1 and ,i have dealt   
largely with ,mr4 ,root1 ,i have  ever  
found them prompt and reliable4 ,the    
,magazine is edited by ,a4 ,j4  ,king1  
,new ,york4 ,price1 #a4ej a year4       

,,books ,,for ,,the ,,apiarist4         
,having read very many of the books     
treating of apiculture1 both  ,american 
and foreign1 ,i can freely recommend    
such a course to others4  ,each book has
 peculiar excellences1 and each one may 
be read with  interest and profit4      
,,langstroth ,,on ,,the ,,honey ,,bee4  
,of course1 this treatise will ever     
remain a classic in bee-literature4  ,i 
cannot over-estimate the benefits which 
,i have received from the  study of its 
pages4 ,it was a high1 but deserved     
encomium1 which ,j4  ,hunter1 of        
,england1 in his ,manual of             
,bee-,keeping1 paid to this work3  ,it  
is unquestionably the best bee-book in  
the ,english language4    ,the style of 
this work is so admirable1 the subject  
matter so replete  with interest1 and   
the entire book so entertaining1 that it
 is a  desirable addition to any        
library1 and no thoughtful1 studious    
apiarist  can well be without it4 ,it is
 especially happy in detailing the      

methods  of experimentation1 and in     
showing with what caution the true      
scientist  establishes principles or    
deduces conclusions4 ,the work is       
wonderfully  free from errors1 and had  
the science and practice of apiculture  
remained stationary1 there would have   
been little need of another  work2 but  
as some of the most important           
improvements in apiculture are  not     
mentioned1 the book alone would be a    
very unsatisfactory guide to  the       
apiarist of to-day4 ,price1 #b4jj4      
,,quinby',s ,,mysteries ,,of            
,,bee-,,keeping4    ,this is a plain1   
sensible treatise1 written by one of    
,america's most  successful bee-keepers4
 ,it proceeds1 ,i think1 on a wrong     
basis in  supposing that those who read 
bee-books will use the old box-hives1   
especially as the author is constantly  
inferring that other hives are  better4 
,it contains many valuable truths1 and  
when first written was a  valuable      
auxiliary to the bee-keeper4 ,i         

understand that the work has  been      
revised by ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,root4 ,price1  
#a4ej4    ,,king',s ,,text-,,book4      
,this is a compilation of the above     
works1 and has recently been  revised1  
so that it is abreast of the times4 ,it 
is to be regretted that  the publisher  
did not take more pains with his work1  
as the typography  is very poor4 ,the   
price is #a4jj4    ,a ,b ,c ,,of        
,,bee-,,culture4    ,this work was      
issued in numbers1 but is now complete4 
,it is arranged  in the convenient form 
of our cyclopdias1 is printed in fine   
style1  on beautiful paper1 and is to be
 well illustrated4 ,i need hardly say   
that the style is pleasing and vigorous4
 ,the subject matter will1 of  course1  
be fresh1 embodying the most recent     
discoveries and inventions  pertaining  
to bee-keeping4 ,that it may be kept    
abreast of apiarian  progress1 the type 
is to be kept in position1 so that each 
new  discovery may be added as soon as  
made4 ,the price is #a4jj4    ,,foreign 

,,works4    ,bevan1 revised by ,munn1 is
 exceedingly interesting1 and shows by  
its  able historical chapters1 admirable
 scientific disquisitions1 and  frequent
 quotations and references to practical 
and scientific writers  on bees and     
bee-keeping1 both ancient and modern1   
that the writers were  men of extensive 
reading and great scientific ability4   
,the book is of  no practical value to  
us1 but to the student it will be read  
with great  interest4 ,next to          
,langstroth1 ,i value this work most    
highly of any in  my library that treat 
of bees and bee-keeping1 if ,i may      
except back  volumes of the             
bee-publications4    ,the ,apiary1 or   
,bees1 ,bee-,hives and ,bee ,culture1 by
 ,alfred ,neighbour1  ,london1 is a     
fresh1 sprightly little work1 and as the
 third edition has  just appeared1 is1  
of course1 up with the times4 ,the book 
is in nice  dress1 concise1 and very    
readable1 and ,i am glad to commend it4 
,a less interesting work1 though by no  

means without merit1 is the  ,manual of 
,bee-,keeping1 by ,john ,hunter1        
,london4 ,this is also recent4  ,i think
 these works would be received with     
little favor among ,american  apiarists4
 ,they are exponents of ,english        
apiculture1 which in method  would seem 
clumsy to ,americans4 ,in fact1 ,i think
 ,i may say that in  implements and     
perhaps ,i may add methods1 the         
,english1 ,french1 ,germans  and        
,italians1 are behind our ,american     
apiarists1 and hence their  text-books  
and journals compare illy with ours4 ,i 
believe the many  intelligent foreign   
apiarists who have come to this country 
and are  now honored members of our own 
fraternity1 will sustain this position4 
,foreign scientists are ahead of        
,american1 but we glean and utilize     
their facts and discoveries as soon as  
made known4 ,salicylic acid is          
discovered by a ,german to be a remedy  
for foul brood1 yet ten times as  many  
,american as foreign apiarists know of  

this and practice by the  knowledge4 ,in
 practical fields1 on the other hand1 as
 also in skill and  delicacy of         
invention1 we are1 ,i think1 in advance4
 ,so our apiarists  have little need to 
go abroad for either books or papers4   
,,promptitude4    ,another absolute     
requirement of successful bee-keeping1  
is prompt  attention to all its varied  
duties4 ,neglect is the rock on which   
many  bee-keepers1 especially farmers1  
find too often that they have wrecked   
their success4 ,i have no doubt that    
more colonies die from starvation1  than
 from all the bee maladies known to the 
bee-keeper4 ,and why is  this8 ,neglect 
is the apicide4 ,i feel sure that the   
loss each season by  absconding colonies
 is almost incalculable1 and whom must  
we blame8  ,neglect4 ,the loss every    
summer by enforced idleness of queen and
  workers1 just because room is denied  
them1 is very great4 ,who is the  guilty
 party8 ,plainly1 neglect4 ,in these and
 in a hundred other ways1  indifference 

to the needs of the bees1 which require 
but a few moments1  greatly lessen the  
profits of apiculture4 ,if we would be  
successful1  promptitude must be our    
motto4 ,each colony of bees requires but
 very  little care and attention4 ,our  
every interest demands that this be not 
denied1 nor even granted grudgingly4    
,the very fact that this attention  is  
slight1 renders it more liable to be    
neglected2 but this neglect  always     
involves loss--often disaster4          
,,enthusiasm4    ,enthusiasm1 or an     
ardent love of its duties is very       
desirable1 if not  an absolute          
requisite1 to successful apiculture4 ,to
 be sure1 this is  a quality whose      
growth1 with even slight opportunity1 is
 almost sure4  ,it only demands         
perseverance4 ,the beginner1 without    
either experience  or knowledge1 may    
meet with                               
discouragements--unquestionably will4   
,swarms will be lost1 colonies will fail
 to winter1 the young apiarist  will    

become nervous1 which fact will be noted
 by the bees with great  disfavor1 and  
if opportunity permits1 will meet       
reproof more sharp  than pleasant4 ,yet1
 with ,,persistence1 all these          
difficulties quickly  vanish4 ,every    
contingency will be foreseen and        
provided against1 and  the myriad of    
little workers will become as manageable
 and may be  fondled as safely as a pet 
dog or cat1 and the apiarist will       
minister  to their needs with the same  
fearlessness and self-possession that he
  does to his gentlest cow or favorite  
horse4 ,persistence in the face of  all 
those discouragements which are so sure 
to confront inexperience1  will surely  
triumph4 ,in-sooth1 he who appreciates  
the beautiful and  marvelous1 will soon 
grow to love his companions of the hive1
 and the  labor attendant upon their    
care and management4 ,nor will this love
  abate till it has kindled into        
enthusiasm4    ,true1 there may be      
successful apiarists who are impelled by

 no warmth  of feeling1 whose superior  
intelligence1 system and promptitude1   
stand  in lieu of and make amends for   
absence of enthusiasm4 ,yet ,i believe  
such are rare1 and certainly they work  
at great disadvantage4                  
,,part ,,first4                         
,,natural ,,history                     
,,of                                    
,,the ,,honey ,,bee4                    
,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,the          
,,honey-,,bee4                          
,,chapter ,i4                    ,,the  
,,bee',s ,,place ,,in ,,the ,,animal    
,,kingdom4      ,it is estimated by     
,heer and other eminent naturalists1    
that there  are more than #bej1jjj      
species of living animals4 ,it will be  
both  interesting and profitable to look
 in upon this vast host1 that we  may   
know the position and relationship of   
the bee to all this mighty  concourse of
 life4    ,,branch ,,of ,,the           
,,honey-,,bee4    ,the great ,french    
naturalist1 ,cuvier1 a friend of        

,napoleon ,i41  grouped all animals     
which exhibit a ring structure into one 
branch1  appropriately named            
,articulates1 as this term indicates the
 jointed  or articulated structure which
 so obviously characterizes most of the 
members of this group4    ,the terms    
joint and articulation1 as used here1   
have a technical  meaning4 ,they refer  
not only to the hinge or place of union 
of two  parts1 but also to the parts    
themselves4 ,thus1 the parts of an      
insect's legs1 as well as the surfaces  
of union1 are styled joints or          
articulations4 ,all apiarists who have  
examined carefully the structure  of a  
bee1 will at once pronounce it an       
,articulate4 ,not only is its  body1    
even from head to sting1 composed of    
joints1 but by close  inspection we find
 the legs1 the antenn1 and even the     
mouth-parts1  likewise1 jointed4    ,in 
this branch1 too1 we place the          
,crustacea--which includes the          
rollicking cray-fish or lobster1 so     

indifferent as to whether he moves      
forward1 backward or sidewise1 the      
shorter crab1 the sow-bug1 lively  and  
plump1 even in its dark1 damp home under
 old boards1 etc41 and the  barnacles1  
which fasten to the bottom of ships1 so 
that vessels are  often freighted with  
life within and without4    ,the worms1 
too1 are ,articulates1 though in some of
 these1 as the leech1  the joints are   
very obscure4 ,the bee1 then1 which     
gives us food1 is  related to the       
dreaded tape-worm with its hundred of   
joints1 which1  mayhaps1 robs us of the 
same food after we have eaten it1 and   
the  terrible pork-worm or trichina1    
which may consume the very muscles we   
have developed in caring for our pets of
 the apiary4    ,the body-rings of      
,articulates form a skeleton1 firm as in
 the bee and  lobster1 or more or less  
soft as in the worms4 ,this skeleton1   
unlike  that of ,vertebrates or         
back-bone animals1 to which we belong1  
is  outside1 and thus serves to protect 

the inner1 softer parts1 as well  as to 
give them attachment1 and to give       
strength and solidity to the  animal4   
,this ring-structure1 so beautifully    
marked in our golden-banded  ,italians1 
usually makes it easy to separate1 at   
sight1 animals of this  branch from the 
,vertebrates1 with their usually bony   
skeleton2 from  the less active         
,molluscan branch1 with their soft1     
sack-like bodies1  familiar to us in the
 snail1 the clam1 the oyster1 and the   
wonderful  cuttle-fish--the devil-fish  
of ,victor ,hugo--with its long1 clammy 
arms1  strange ink-bag and often        
prodigious size2 from the ,radiate      
branch1  with its elegant star-fish1    
delicate but gaudy jelly fish1 and coral
  animals1 the tiny architects of       
islands and even continents and from    
the lowest1 simplest4 ,protozoan branch1
 which includes animals so  minute that 
we owe our very knowledge of them to the
 microscope1 so  simple that they have  
been regarded as the apron-strings which

 tie  plants to animals4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4    ,a ,trachea 
magnified4    ,,the ,,class ,,of ,,the  
,,honey-,,bee4    ,our subject belongs  
to the class ,insecta1 which is mainly  
characterized  by breathing air usually 
through a very complicated system of    
air-tubes4 ,these tubes 7,fig4 #a71     
which are constantly branching1 and     
almost infinite in number1 are very     
peculiar in their structure4 ,they  are 
formed of a spiral thread1 and thus     
resemble a hollow cylinder  formed by   
closely winding a fine wire spirally    
about a pipe-stem1  so as to cover it1  
and then withdrawing the latter1 leaving
 the  wire unmoved4 ,nothing is more    
surprising and interesting1 than this   
labyrinth of beautiful tubes1 as seen in
 dissecting a bee under the  microscope4
 ,i have frequently detected myself     
taking long pauses1 in  making          
dissections of the honey-bee1 as my     
attention would be fixed  in admiration 
of this beautiful breathing apparatus4  

,in the bee these  tubes expand into    
large lung-like sacks 7,fig4 #b1 f71 one
 each side of  the body4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4    ,respiratory
 ,apparatus of ,bee1 magnified4--,after 
,duncan4    ,doubtless some of my       
readers have associated the quick       
movements  and surprising activity of   
birds and most mammals with their       
well-developed lungs1 so1 too1 in such  
animals as the bees1 we see the         
relation between this intricate system  
of air-tubes--their lungs--and  the     
quick1 busy life which has been         
proverbial of them since the  earliest  
time4 ,the class ,insecta also includes 
the spiders1 scorpions1  with their     
caudal sting so venomous1 and mites1    
which have in lieu  of the tubes1       
lung-like sacks1 and the myriapods1 or  
thousand-legged  worms--those dreadful  
creatures1 whose bite1 in case of the   
tropical  centipedes or flat species1   
have a well-earned reputation of being  
poisonous and deadly4    ,the class     

,insecta does not include the           
water-breathing ,crustacea1 with  their 
branchi or gills1 nor the worms1 which  
have #aaj lungs or gills  but their     
skin1 if we except some marine forms1   
which have simple  dermal appendages1   
which1 answer to branchi4    ,,order    
,,of ,,the ,,honey-,,bee4    ,the       
honey-bee belongs to the order          
,hexapods1 or true ,insects4 ,the first 
term is appropriate1 as all have in the 
imago or last stage1 six legs4  ,nor is 
the second term less applicable1 as the 
word insect comes from  the ,latin and  
means to cut in1 and in no other        
articulates does the  ring structure    
appear #hj marked upon merely a         
superficial examination4  ,more than    
this1 the true insects when fully       
developed have1 unlike  all other       
articulates1 three well-marked divisions
 of the body 7,fig4  #b71 namely3 the   
head 7,fig4 #b1 a71 which contains the  
antenn 7,fig4  #b1 d71 the horn-like    
appendages common to all insects2 eyes  

7,fig4  #b1 e7 and mouth organs2 the    
thorax 7,fig4 #b1 b71 which bears the   
legs 7,fig4 #b1 g71 and wings1 when they
 are present2 and lastly1 the  abdomen  
7,fig4 #b1 c71 which1 though usually    
memberless1 contains  the ovipositor1   
and when present1 the sting4 ,insects1  
too1 undergo a  more striking           
metamorphosis than do most animals4     
,when first hatched  they are worm-like 
and called larv 7,fig4 #ab71 which means
 masked2  afterward they are frequently 
quiescent1 and would hardly be supposed 
to be animals at all4 ,they are then    
known as pup1 or as in case of  bees as 
nymphs 7,fig4 #ac74 ,at last there comes
 forth the imago with  compound eyes1   
antenn and wings4 ,in some insects the  
transformations  are said to be         
incomplete1 that is the larva1 pupa and 
imago differ  little except in size1 and
 that the latter possesses wings4 ,we   
see in  our bugs1 lice1 locusts and     
grasshoppers1 illustrations of insects  
with  incomplete transformations4 ,in   

such cases there is a marked resemblance
  from the egg to the adult4    ,as will
 be seen by the above description the   
spiders1 which have only  two divisions 
to their bodies1 only simple eyes1 no   
antenn1 eight  legs1 and no             
transformations 7if we except the       
partial transformations  of the mites71 
as also the myriapods1 which have no    
marked divisions of  the body1 and no   
compound eyes--which are always present 
in the mature  insect--many legs and no 
transformations1 do not belong to the   
order  ,insects4    ,,sub-,,order ,,of  
,,the ,,honey ,,bee4    ,the honey bee  
belongs to the sub-order ,hymenoptera   
7from two ,greek  words meaning membrane
 and wings71 which also includes the    
wasps1  ants1 ichneumon-flies and       
saw-flies4 ,this group contains insects 
which  possess a tongue by which they   
may suck 7,fig4 #bj1 a71 and strong     
jaws 7,fig4 #ba7 for biting4 ,thus the  
bees can sip the honeyed sweets of      
flowers1 and also gnaw away mutilated   

comb4 ,they have1 besides1 four  wings1 
and undergo complete transformations4   
,there are among insects strange        
resemblances4 ,insects of one sub-order 
will show a marked likeness to those of 
another4 ,this is known as  mimicry1 and
 sometimes is wonderfully striking      
between very distant  groups4 ,darwin   
and ,wallace suppose it is a developed  
peculiarity1  not always possessed by   
the species1 and comes through the laws 
of  variation1 and natural selection to 
serve the purpose of protection4  ,now1 
right here we have a fine illustration  
of this mimicry4 ,just the  other day ,i
 received through ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root1 an
 insect which he and  the person sending
 it to him supposed to be a bee1 and    
desired to know  whether it was a       
mal-formed honey-bee or some other      
species4 ,now1 this  insect1 though     
looking in a general way much like a    
bee1 had only two  wings1 had no jaws1  
while its antenn were closer together in
 front  and mere stubs4 ,in fact1 it was

 no bee at all1 but belonged to the     
sub-order ,diptera1 or two-wing flies4  
,i have received several similar        
insects1 with like inquiries4 ,among    
,diptera there are several families1  as
 the strid or bot-flies1 the ,syrphid--a
 very useful family1 as  the larv or    
maggots live on plant-lice--whose       
members are often seen  sipping sweets  
from flowers1 or trying to rob honey and
 other bees--the  one referred to above 
belonged to this family--and the        
,bombyliid1  which in color1 form and   
hairy covering are strikingly like wild 
and  domesticated bees4 ,the maggots of 
these feed on the larv of various of    
our wild bees1 and of course the mother 
fly must steal into the nests  of the   
latter to lay her eggs4 ,so in these    
cases1 there is seeming  evidence that  
the mimicry may serve to protect these  
fly-tramps1 as  they steal in to pilfer 
the coveted sweets or lay the fatal     
eggs4  ,possibly1 too1 they may have a  
protective scent1 as ,i have seen them  

enter a hive in safety1 though a        
bumble-bee essaying to do the same1     
found the way barricaded with myriad    
cimeters each with a poisoned tip4      
,some authors have placed ,coleoptera or
 beetles as the highest of  insects1    
others claim for ,lepidoptera or        
butterflies and moths a  first place1   
while others1 and with the best of      
reasons1 claim for  ,hymenoptera the    
highest position4 ,the moth is admired  
for the glory  of its coloring and      
elegance of its form1 the beetle for the
 luster  and brilliancy of its elytra or
 wing-covers2 but these insects only    
revel in nature's wealth1 and live and  
die without labor or purpose4           
,hymenoptera usually less gaudy1        
generally quite plain and unattractive  
in color1 are yet the most highly       
endowed among insects4 ,they live with  
a purpose in view1 and are the best     
models of industry to be found  among   
animals4 ,our bees practice a division  
of labor the ants are still  better     

political economists1 as they have a    
specially endowed class  in the         
community who are the soldiers1 and thus
 are the defenders of  each ant-kingdom4
 ,ants also conquer other communities1  
take their  inhabitants captive and     
reduce them to abject slavery--requiring
 them  to perform a large portion1 and  
sometimes the whole labor of the        
community4 ,ants tunnel streams1 and in 
the tropics some leaf-eating  species   
have been observed to show no mean order
 of intelligence1 as  some ascend trees 
to cut off the leafy twigs1 while others
 remain  below1 and carry these branches
 through their tunnels to their         
under-ground homes4    ,the parasitic   
,hymenoptera1 are so called because they
 lay their eggs in  other insects1 that 
their offspring may have fresh meat not 
only at  birth1 but so long as they need
 food1 as the insect fed upon generally 
lives till the young parasite1 which is 
working to disembowel it1  is           
full-grown4 ,thus this steak is ever    

fresh as life itself4 ,these  parasitic 
insects show wondrous intelligence1 or  
sense development1 in  discovering this 
prey4 ,i have caught ichneumon-flies--a 
family of these  parasites--boring      
through an eighth or quarter-inch of    
solid beech  or maple wood1 and upon    
examination ,i found the prospective    
victim  further on in direct line with  
the insect auger1 which was to intrude  
the fatal egg4 ,i have also watched     
ichneumon-flies depositing eggs in      
leaf-rolling caterpillars1 so surrounded
 with tough hickory leaves  that the fly
 had to pierce several thicknesses to   
place the egg in its  snugly-ensconced  
victim4 ,upon putting these leaf-rolling
 caterpillars  in a box1 ,i reared1 of  
course1 the ichneumon-fly and not the   
moth4 ,and  is it instinct or reason    
that enables these flies to gauge the   
number  of their eggs to the size of the
 larva which is to receive them1 so     
that there may be no danger of famine   
and starvation1 for true it is  that    

while small caterpillars will receive   
but one egg1 large ones may  receive    
several4 ,how strange1 too1 the habits  
of the saw-fly1 with its  wondrous      
instruments more perfect than any saws  
of human workmanship1  and the          
gall-flies1 whose poisonous sting as    
they fasten their eggs to  the oak1     
willow or other leaves1 causes the      
abnormal growth of food for  the still  
unhatched young4 ,the providing and     
caring for their young1  which are at   
first helpless1 is peculiar among       
insects1 with slight  exception1 to the 
,hymenoptera1 and among all animals is  
considered  a mark of high rank4 ,such  
marvels of instinct1 if we may not call 
it intelligence1 such acumen of sense   
perception1 such habits--that  must go  
hand-in-hand with the most harmonious of
 communities known  among animals1 of   
whatever branch--all these1 no less than
 the compact  structure1 small size and 
specialized organs of nicest finish1    
more  than warrant that grand trio of   

,american naturalists1 ,agassiz1 ,dana  
and  ,packard1 in placing ,hymenoptera  
as first in rank among insects4 ,as we  
shall detail the structure and habits of
 the highest of the high--the  bees--in 
the following pages1 ,i am sure no one  
will think to degrade  the rank of these
 wonders of the animal kingdom4         
,,family ,,of ,,the ,,honey-,,bee4      
,the honey-bee belongs to the family    
,apid1 of ,leach1 which includes not    
only the hive bee1 but all insects which
 feed their helpless young1 or  larv1   
entirely on pollen1 or honey and pollen4
    ,the insects of this family have    
broad heads1 elbowed antenn 7,fig4  #b1 
d7 which are usually thirteen-jointed in
 the males1 and only  twelve-jointed in 
the females4 ,the jaws or mandibles     
7,fig4 #ba7 are  very strong1 and often 
toothed2 the tongue or ligula 7,fig4    
#bj1 a71  as also the second jaws or    
maxill 7,fig4 #bj1 c71 one each side the
  tongue1 are long1 though in some cases
 much shorter than in others1  and      

frequently the tongue when not in use is
 folded back1 once or  more1 under the  
head4 ,all the insects of this family   
have a stiff  spine on all four of the  
anterior legs1 at the end of the tibia1 
or  the third joint from the body1      
called the tibial spur1 and all1 except 
the genus ,apis1 which includes the     
honey-bee1 in which the posterior  legs 
have no tibial spurs1 have two tibial   
spurs on the posterior  legs4 ,all of   
this family except one parasitic genus1 
have the first  joint or tarsus of the  
posterior foot1 much widened1 and this  
together  with the broad tibia 7,fig4   
#b1 h7 is hollowed out 7,fig4 #bb1 p71  
forming quite a basin or basket on the  
outer side1 in nearly all the  species2 
and generally1 this basket is made      
deeper by a rim of stiff  hairs4 ,these 
receptacles or pollen baskets are only  
found of course  on such individuals of 
each community as gather pollen4 ,a few 
of the  ,apid--thieves by               
nature--cuckoo-like1 steal unbidden into

 the nests of  others1 usually          
bumble-bees1 and here lay their eggs4   
,as their young  are fed and fostered by
 another1 they gather no pollen1 and    
hence like  drone bees need not1 and    
have not pollen baskets4 ,the young of  
these  lazy tramps1 starve out the real 
insect babies of these homes1 by  eating
 their food1 and in some cases1 it is   
said1 being unable like  the young      
cuckoos to hurl these rightful children 
from the nest1 they  show an equal if   
not greater depravity by eating them1   
not waiting  for starvation to get them 
out of the way4 ,these parasites        
illustrate  mimicry1 already described1 
as they look so like the foster mothers 
of  their own young1 that unscientific  
eyes would often fail to distinguish    
them4 ,probably the bumble-bees are no  
sharper1 or they would refuse  ingress  
to these merciless vagrants4    ,the    
larv 7,fig4 #ab7 of all insects of this 
family are  maggot-like--wrinkled1      
footless1 tapering at both ends1 and1 as

 before  stated1 feed upon pollen and   
honey4 ,they are helpless1 and thus1 all
  during their babyhood--the larv       
state--the time when all insects are    
most ravenous1 and the only time when   
many insects take food1 the  time when  
all growth in size1 except such         
enlargement as is required  by          
egg-development1 occurs1 these infant   
bees have to be fed by their  mothers or
 elder sisters4 ,they have a mouth with 
soft lips1 and weak  jaws1 yet it is    
doubtful if all or much of their food is
 taken in at  this opening4 ,there is   
some reason to believe that they1 like  
many  maggots--such as the ,hessian-fly 
larv--absorb much of their food  through
 the body walls4 ,from the mouth leads  
the intestine1 which has  no anal       
opening4 ,so there are no excreta other 
than gas and vapor4 ,what  commendation 
for their food1 all capable of          
nourishment1 and thus all  assimilated4 
,to this family belongs the genus of    
stingless bees1 ,melipona1 of  ,mexico  

and ,south ,america1 which store honey  
not only in the hexagonal  brood-cells1 
but in great wax reservoirs4 ,they1 like
 the unkept  hive-bee1 build in hollow  
logs4 ,they are exceedingly numerous in 
each colony1 and it has thus been       
thought that there were more than  one  
queen4 ,they are also very prodigal of  
wax1 and thus may possess  a prospective
 commercial importance in these days of 
artificial  comb-foundation4 ,in this   
genus the basal joint of the tarsus is  
triangular1 and they have two           
submarginal cells1 not three1 to the    
front wings4 ,they are also smaller than
 our common bees1 and have wings  that  
do not reach to the tip of their        
abdomens4    ,another genus of stingless
 bees1 the genus ,trigona1 have the     
wings  longer than the abdomens1 and    
their jaws toothed4 ,these1 unlike the  
,melipona1 are not confined to the ,new 
,world1 but are met in ,africa1  ,india 
and ,australasia4 ,these build their    
combs in tall trees1 fastening  them to 

the branches much as does the ,apis     
dorsata1 soon to be  mentioned4    ,of  
course insects of the genus ,bombus--our
 common bumble-bees--belong  to this    
family4 ,here the tongue is very long1  
the bee large1 the  sting curved1 with  
the barbs very short and few4 ,only the 
queen  survives the winter4 ,in spring  
she forms her nest under some sod or    
board1 hollowing out a basin in the     
earth1 and after storing a mass  of     
bee-bread--probably a mixture of honey  
and pollen--she deposits  several eggs  
in the mass4 ,the larv so soon as       
hatched out1 eat out  thimble-shaped    
spaces1 which in time become even       
larger1 and not  unlike in form the     
queen-cells of our hive-bees4 ,when the 
bees issue  from these cells the same   
are strengthened by wax4 ,later in the  
season  these coarse wax cells become   
very numerous4 ,some may be made as     
cells  and not termed as above4 ,the wax
 is dark1 and doubtless contains much   
pollen1 as do the cappings and          

queen-cells of the honey-bees4 ,at      
first the bees are all workers1 later   
queens appear1 and still later  males4  
,all1 or nearly all1 entomologists speak
 of two sizes of queen  bumble-bees1 the
 large and the small4 ,the small appear 
early in the  season1 and the large     
late4 ,a student of our ,college1 ,mr4  
,n4 ,p4 ,graham1  who last year had a   
colony of bumble-bees in his room the   
whole season1  thinks this an error4 ,he
 believes that the individuals of the   
,bombus  nest exactly correspond with   
those of the ,apis4 ,the queens1 like   
those  of bees1 are smaller before      
mating and active laying4 ,may not this 
be  another case like that of the two   
kinds of worker-bees which deceived     
even ,huber1 an error consequent upon   
lack of careful and prolonged           
observation8    ,in ,xylocopa or the    
carpenter-bees1 which much resemble the 
bumble-bees1  we have a fine example of 
a boring insect4 ,with its strong       
mandibles or  jaws it cuts long tunnels1

 often one or two feet long in the      
hardest  wood4 ,these burrows are       
divided by chip partitions into cells1  
and in  each cell is left the bee-bread 
and an egg4    ,the mason-bee--well     
named--constructs cells of earth and    
gravel1 which  by aid of its spittle it 
has power to cement1 so that they are   
harder  than brick4    ,the tailor or   
leaf-cutting bees1 of the genus         
,megachile1 make wonderful  cells from  
variously shaped pieces of leaves4      
,these are always  mathematical in form1
 usually circular and oblong1 and are   
cut--by the  insect's making scissors of
 its jaws--from various leaves1 the rose
  being a favorite4 ,i have found these 
cells made almost wholly of the  petals 
or flower leaves of the rose4 ,the cells
 are made by gluing  these leaf-sections
 in concentric layers1 letting them     
over-lap4 ,the  oblong sections form the
 walls of the cylinder1 while the       
circular  pieces are crowded as we press
 circular wads into our shot-guns1 and  

are used at the ends or for partitions  
where several cells are placed          
together4 ,when complete1 the single    
cells are in form and size much  like a 
revolver cartridge4 ,when several are   
placed together1 which is  usually the  
case1 they are arranged end to end1 and 
in size and form  are quite like a small
 stick of candy1 though not more than   
one-third  as long4 ,these cells ,i have
 found in the grass1 partially buried in
 the  earth1 in crevices1 and in one    
case knew of their being built in the   
folds of a partially-knit sock1 which a 
good house-wife had chanced to  leave   
stationary for some days4 ,these        
leaf-cutters have rows of hairs         
underneath1 with which they carry       
pollen4 ,i have noticed them each       
summer for some years swarming on the   
,virginia creeper1 often called         
woodbine1 while in blossom1 in quest of 
pollen1 though ,i never saw a  single   
hive-bee on these vines4 ,the           
tailor-bees often cut the foliage  of   

the same vines quite badly4    ,i have  
often reared beautiful bees of the genus
 ,osmia1 which are also  called         
mason-bees4 ,their glistening colors of 
blue and green possess a  luster and    
reflection unsurpassed even by the      
metals themselves4 ,these  rear their   
young in cells of mud1 in mud-cells     
lining hollow weeds  and shrubs1 and in 
burrows which they dig in the hard      
earth4 ,in early  summer1 during warm   
days1 these glistening gems of life are 
frequently  seen in walks and drives    
intent on gathering earth for mortar1 or
  digging holes1 and will hardly escape 
identification by the observing         
apiarist1 as their form is so much like 
that of our honey-bees4 ,they  are      
smaller2 yet their broad head1 prominent
 eyes1 and general form1  are very like 
those of the equally quick and active1  
yet more soberly  attired1 workers of   
the apiary4    ,other bees--the numerous
 species of the genus ,nomada1 and of   
,apathus1  are the black sheep in the   

family ,apid4 ,these tramps1 already    
referred  to1 like the ,english cuckoo  
and our ,american cow-blackbird1 steal  
in  upon the unwary1 and1 though all    
unbidden1 lay their eggs2 in this way   
appropriating food and lodgings for     
their own yet unborn4 ,thus these       
insect vagabonds impose upon the        
unsuspecting foster-mothers in these    
violated homes4 ,and these same         
foster-mothers show by their tender     
care of these merciless intruders1 that 
they are miserably fooled1 for  they    
carefully guard and feed infant bees1   
which with age will in turn  practice   
this same nefarious trickery4    ,i     
reluctantly withhold further particulars
 of this wonderful bee  family4 ,when   
first ,i visited ,messrs4 ,townley and  
,davis1 of this ,state1  ,i was struck  
with the fine collection of wild bees   
which each had made4  ,yet1 unknowingly1
 they had incorporated many that were   
not bees4 ,of  course1 many apiarists   
will wish to make such collections and  

also to  study our wild bees4 ,i hope   
the above will prove efficient aid4 ,i  
hope1  too1 that it will stimulate      
others1 especially youth1 to the        
valuable  and intensely interesting     
study of these wonders of nature4 ,i am 
glad1  too1 to open to the reader a page
 from the book of nature so replete     
with attractions as is the above4 ,nor  
do ,i think ,i have taken too much      
space in revealing the strange and      
marvelous instincts1 and wonderfully    
varied habits1 of this highest of insect
 families1 at the head of  which4 ,stand
 our own fellow-laborers and companions 
of the apiary4    ,illustration3 ,fig4  
#c4      ,a4--,anterior ,wing of a ,bee4
 #a1 #b1 #c4--,sub-costal or ,cubital   
,cells4    ,b4--,secondary or ,posterior
 ,wing1 a hooks to attach to ,primary   
,wing4      ,,the ,,genus ,,of ,,the    
,,honey-,,bee4    ,the genus ,apis      
includes all bees that have no tibial   
spurs on the  posterior legs4 ,they have
 three cubital or sub-costal cells 7#a1 

#b1 #c1  ,fig4 #c7--the second row from 
the costal or anterior edge--on the     
front  or primary wings4 ,on the inner  
side of the posterior basal tarsus1     
opposite the pollen baskets1 in the     
neuters or workers1 are rows of  hairs  
7,fig4 #bc7 which are probably used in  
collecting pollen4 ,in the  males1 which
 do no work except to fertilize the     
queens1 the large  compound eyes meet   
above1 crowding the three simple eyes   
below 7,fig4  #d71 while in the workers 
7,fig4 #e7 and queens these simple eyes1
 called  ocelli 7,fig4 #e71 are above1  
and the compound eyes 7,fig4 #e7 wide   
apart4  ,the queens and drones have weak
 jaws1 with a rudimentary tooth 7,fig4  
#ba1 b71 short tongues1 and no pollen   
baskets1 though they have the  broad    
tibia and wide basal tarsus 7,fig4 #af1 
p74    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4    ,head
 of ,drone1 magnified4    ,antenn4      
,compound ,eyes4 ,simple ,eyes4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4    ,head of    
,worker1 magnified4    ,antenn4         

,compound ,eyes4 ,simple ,eyes4         
,there is some doubt as to the number of
 species of this genus1 it is  certain  
that the ,apis ,ligustica of ,spinola1  
or ,italian bee1 the ,apis  fascial a of
 ,latreille1 or ,egyptian bee1 are only 
varieties of the ,apis  mellifica1 which
 also includes the ,german or black bee4
    ,mr4 ,f4 ,smith1 an able            
entomologist1 considers ,apis dorsata of
 ,india  and the ,east ,indies1 ,apis   
zonata of the same islands1 ,apis       
,indica of  ,india and ,china1 and ,apis
 florea of ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,china and  
,borneo1  as distinct species4 ,he      
thinks1 also1 that ,apis ,adansoni and  
,apis  nigrocincta are distinct1 but    
thinks they may be varieties of ,apis   
,indica4 ,some regard ,apis unicolor as 
a distinct species1 but it is  probably 
a variety of ,apis dorsata4 ,as ,apis   
mellifica has not been  found in ,india1
 and is a native of ,europe1 ,western   
,asia and ,africa1  it seems quite      
probable that several of the above may  

turn out to be  only varieties of ,apis 
mellifica4 ,if there are only color and 
size to  distinguish them1 and1 indeed1 
one may add habits1 then we may suspect1
  with good reason1 the validity of the 
above arrangement4 ,if there  is        
structural difference1 as ,mr4 ,wallace 
says there is1 in the male  dorsata1    
then we may call them different species4
 ,the ,italian certainly  has a longer  
tongue than the ,german1 yet that is not
 sufficient to  separate them as        
species4 ,apis zonata and ,apis         
unicolor1 both of the  ,east ,indies are
 said to be very black4 ,apis dorsata is
 large1 suspends  its combs to the      
branches of trees--in rare cases our own
 bees have  been known to do the        
same--is said to be cross1 to have a    
very long  tongue1 to be larger than our
 common bee1 and to make larger cells4  
,apis florea is small1 only half as     
large as ,apis mellifica1 of  different 
form1 while the posterior tarsus of the 
male is lobed4    ,it would be very     

interesting1 and perhaps profitable1 to 
import these  various species1 and see  
how marked is the difference between    
them  and ours4 ,such work can be best  
accomplished through our ,national      
,association4 ,very likely1 as we come  
to know these far-off bees as we  know  
the ,german and ,italian1 we shall find 
that their amiability1 size1  habits of 
comb-building1 and lengthened organs1   
are only peculiarities  developed by    
climate and surrounding conditions1 and 
shall sweep them  all into the one      
species4 ,apis mellifica1 to be regarded
 as we now  regard the ,italian and     
,egyptian1 as only varieties4    ,it    
seems strange that the genus ,apis      
should not have been native to  the     
,american continent4 ,without doubt     
there were no bees of this genus  here  
till introduced by the ,caucasian race4 
,it seems more strange1 as  we find that
 all the continents and islands of the  
,eastern hemisphere  abound with        
representatives4 ,it is one more        

illustration of the  strange1           
inextricable puzzles connected with     
geographical distribution  of animals4  
,,species ,,of ,,our ,,honey-,,bees4    
,the bees at present domesticated       
unquestionably belong to the ,apis      
mellifica4 ,the character of this       
species will appear in the next         
chapter1 as we proceed with their       
anatomy and physiology4 ,as before      
stated1 this species is native          
exclusively to the ,eastern hemisphere1 
though it has been introduced wherever  
civilized man has taken up his  abode4  
,,varieties or ,,the ,,honey-,,bee4     
,,german ,,or ,,black ,,bee4    ,the    
,german or black bee is the variety best
 known1 as through all  the ages it has 
been most widely distributed4 ,the name 
,german refers  to locality1 while the  
name black is a misnomer1 as the bee is 
a  gray-black4 ,the queen1 and in a less
 degree the drones1 are darker1  while  
the legs and under surface of the former
 are brown1 or copper  color1 and of the

 latter light-gray4 ,the tongue of the  
black worker  ,i have found1 by repeated
 dissections and comparisons made both  
by  myself and by my pupils1 is shorter 
than that of the ,italian worker1  and  
generally less hairy4 ,the black bees   
have been known no longer than  the     
,italians1 as we find the latter were   
known both to ,aristotle1 the  fourth   
century ,b4 ,c1 and to ,virgil1 the     
great ,roman poet1 who sung of  the     
variegated golden bee1 the first century
 ,b4 ,c42 and we can only  account for  
the wider distribution of the ,german   
bee by considering  the more vigorous   
pushing habits of the ,germanic races1  
who not only  over-ran and infused life 
into ,southern ,europe1 but have        
vitalized all  ,christendom4            
,,ligurian ,,or ,,italian ,,bee4    ,the
 ,italian bee 7see frontis-plate7 is    
characterized as a variety1  not only by
 difference of color1 habits1 and       
activity1 but also by  possessing a     
little longer tongue4 ,these bees were  

first described as  distinct from the   
,german race by ,spinola1 in #ahje1 who 
gave the name  ,ligurian bee1 which name
 prevails2 in ,europe4 ,the name comes  
from a  province of ,northern ,italy1   
north of the ,ligurian ,gulf1 or ,gulf  
of  ,genoa4 ,this region is shut off    
from ,northern ,europe by the ,alps1 and
  thus these bees were kept apart from  
the ,german bees1 and in warmer1  more  
genial ,italy1 was developed a distinct 
race1 our beautiful  ,italians4    ,in  
#ahdc1 ,von ,baldenstein procured a     
colony of these bees1 which he  had     
previously observed as peculiar1 while  
stationed as a military  captain in     
,italy4 ,he published his experience in 
#ahdh1 which was read  by ,dzierzon1 who
 became interested1 and through him the 
,italian became  generally introduced   
into ,germany4 ,in #ahei1 six years     
after ,dzierzon's  first importation1   
the ,italian variety was introduced into
 ,england by  ,neighbour1 the author of 
the valuable treatise already referred  

to4  ,the same year1 ,messrs ,wagner and
 ,colvin imported the ,italians from    
,dzierzon's apiary into ,america2 and in
 #ahfj1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,parsons brought   
the first colonies that were imported   
direct from ,italy4    ,the ,italian    
worker 7see frontis-plate7 is quickly   
distinguished by  the bright-yellow     
rings at the base of the abdomen4 ,if   
the colony is  pure1 every bee will show
 three of these golden girdles4 ,the two
 first  segments or rings of the        
abdomen1 except at their posterior      
border1  and also the base or anterior  
border of the third1 will be of this    
orange-yellow hue4 ,the rest of the back
 or dorsal surface will be much  as in  
the ,german race4 ,underneath1 the      
abdomen1 except for a greater  or less  
distance at the tip1 will also be       
yellow1 while the same  color appears   
more or less strongly marked on the     
legs4 ,the workers1  too1 have longer   
ligul or tongues 7,fig4 #bj7 than do the
 ,german race1  and their tongues are   

also a little more hairy4 ,they are also
 more  active1 and less inclined to     
sting4 ,the queen has the entire base of
  her abdomen1 and sometimes nearly the 
whole of it1 orange yellow4 ,the        
variation as to amount of color in the  
queens1 is quite striking4  ,sometimes  
very dark queens are imported right from
 the ,ligurian hills1  yet all the      
workers will wear the badge of          
purity--the three golden  bands4    ,the
 drones1 too1 are quite variable4       
,sometimes the rings and patches  of    
yellow will be very prominent1 then1    
again1 quite indistinct4 ,but  the      
underside of the body is always1 so far 
as ,i have observed1 mainly  yellow4    
,,the ,,fasciata ,,or ,,egyptian ,,race4
    ,the word fasciata means banded1 as 
the ,egyptian bee is very broadly       
banded with yellow4 ,i have never seen  
these bees1 but from descriptions  by   
,latreille1 ,kirby1 and ,bevan1 ,i      
understand that all the bees are  rather
 smaller1 more slim1 and much more      

yellow than the ,italians4  ,herr ,vogel
 states that they gather no propolis1   
but that each colony  contains a number 
of small drone-laying queens4 ,these    
bees were  probably the ones which1 with
 the kine of the ancient goodly land of 
promise1 gave the rich pabulum1 that    
gave the reputation3 flowing with  milk 
and honey4 ,they are thus the oldest of 
domesticated bees4 ,these1  too1 are    
said to have been moved in rude boats or
 rafts up and down  the ,nile1 as the   
flower pasturage seemed to require4 ,the
 bees are said  to be very active1 to be
 proof against the cold1 and have also  
been  reputed very cross4    ,,other    
,,varieties4    ,there are several other
 doubtful varieties which are receiving 
some  attention from the ,german        
apiarists1 and are honored with         
attention  at the great meetings of     
,austria and ,germany1 as we learn from 
the  bee-publications of those          
countries4 ,the ,cyprian bee1 from the  
,isle of  ,cyprus1 as its name          

indicates1 is yellow1 and probably an   
offspring  from the ,italian or         
,egyptian4 ,so far as we can learn1 it  
has no merits  which will make it       
preferred to the ,italian4 ,some say it 
is more  beautiful1 others that it is   
less amiable4 ,other varieties1 which   
are  not probably distinct races1 or at 
least may not be1 are the ,heath1 the   
,carniolan or ,krainer and the          
,herzegovinian4 ,they are not considered
  superior to the ,german and ,italian4 
,a variety of our ,italian which has    
rows of white hairs unusually  distinct1
 is being sold in the ,united ,states   
under the name of ,albinos4  ,that they 
are a distinct race is not at all       
likely4 ,in fact1 ,i have  noticed among
 our ,italian stocks every year1 the    
so-called ,albinos4      ,,bibliography4
    ,it would be a pleasing duty1 and   
not an unprofitable one1 to give in     
this connection a complete history of   
entomology so far as it relates  to     
,apis mellifica4 ,yet1 this would take  

much space1 and as there is  quite a    
full history in books that ,i shall     
recommend to those who are  eager to    
know more of this interesting department
 of natural history1 ,i  will not go    
into details4    ,aristotle wrote of    
bees more than three hundred years ,b4  
,c4 ,about  three hundred years later1  
,virgil1 in his fourth ,georgic1 gave to
 the  world the views then extant on    
this subject1 gathered largely from  the
 writings of ,aristotle4 ,the poetry    
will ever be remarkable for its  beauty 
and elegance--would that as much could  
be said for the subject  matter1 which1 
though full of interest1 is also full of
 errors4 ,a  little later ,columella1   
though usually careful and accurate in  
his  observations1 still gave voice to  
the prevailing errors1 though much  that
 he wrote was valuable1 and more was    
curious4 ,pliny1 the ,elder1  who wrote 
in the first century ,a4 ,d41 helped to 
continue the erroneous  opinions which  
previous authors had given1 and not     

content with this1  he added opinions of
 his own1 which were not only without   
foundation1  but were often the         
perfection of absurdity4    ,after this1
 nearly two thousand years passed with  
no progress in  natural history2 even   
for two centuries after the revival of  
learning1  we find nothing worthy of    
note4 ,swammerdam1 a ,dutch             
entomologist1 in  the middle of the     
#agth century1 wrote a general history  
of insects1  also1 ,the ,natural        
,history of ,bees4 ,he and his ,english 
cotemporary1  ,ray1 showed their ability
 as naturalists by founding their       
systems  on the insect transformations4 
,they also revived the study and        
practice of anatomy1 which had slept    
since its first introduction by         
,aristotle1 as the great stepping-stone 
in zoological progress4 ,ray  also gave 
special attention to ,hymenoptera1 and  
was much aided by  ,willoughby and      
,lister4 ,at this time ,harvey1 so      
justly noted for his  discovery of the  

circulation of the blood1 announced his 
celebrated  dictum1 ,omnia ex ovo1--all 
life from eggs--which was completely    
established by the noted ,italians1     
,redi and ,malpighi4 ,toward the  middle
 of the #ahth century1 the great        
,linnus--the brilliant ,star  of the    
,north--published his ,system ,natur1   
and threw a flood of  light on the whole
 subject of natural history4 ,his       
division of insects  was founded upon   
presence1 or absence1 and               
characteristics1 of wings4  ,this1 like 
,swammerdam's basis1 was too narrow1 yet
 his conclusions were  remarkably       
correct4 ,linnus is noted for his       
accurate descriptions1 and  especially  
for his gift of the binomial method of  
naming plants and  animals1 giving in   
the name the genus and species1 as1     
,apis mellifica4  ,he was also the first
 to introduce classes and orders1 as we 
now  understand them4 ,when we consider 
the amount and character of the work  of
 the great ,swede we can but place him  

among the first1 if not as the  first1  
of naturalists4 ,cotemporary with       
,linnus 7also written ,linn7  was       
,geoffroy1 who did valuable work in     
defining new genera4 ,in the last  half 
of the century appeared the great work  
of a master in entomology1  ,de,geer1   
who based his arrangement of insects on 
the character of wings  and jaws1 and   
thus discovered another of nature's keys
 to aid him  in unlocking her mysteries4
 ,kirby well says3 ,he united in himself
  the highest merit of almost every     
department of entomology4 ,as a         
scientist1 an anatomist1 a physiologist1
 and as the observant historian  of the 
habits and economy of insects1 he is    
above all praise4 ,what a  spring of    
self-improvement1 enjoyment and of      
public usefulness1 is such  an ability  
to observe1 as was possessed by the     
great ,de,geer4    ,contemporary with   
,linnus and ,de,geer was ,raumur1 of    
,france1 whose  experiments and         
researches are of special interest to   

apiarists4  ,perhaps no entomologist has
 done more to reveal the natural history
  of bees4 ,especially to be commended  
are his method of experimenting1  his   
patience in investigation1 the elegance 
and felicity of his word  pictures1 and1
 above all1 his devotion to truth4 ,we  
shall have  occasion to speak of this   
conscientious and indefatigable worker  
in the  great shop of insect-life       
frequently in the following pages4      
,bonnet1  of ,geneva1 the able          
correspondent of ,raumur1 also did      
valuable work1  in which the lover of   
bees has a special interest4 ,bonnet is 
specially  noted for his discovery and  
elucidation of parthenogenesis--that    
anomalous mode of reproduction--as it   
occurs among the ,aphides  or           
plant-lice1 though he did not discover  
that our bees1 in the  production of    
drones1 illustrate the same doctrine4   
,though the author  of no system1 he    
gave much aid to ,raumur in his         
systematic labors4    ,at this same     

period systematic entomology received   
great aid from  ,lyonnet's valuable     
work4 ,this author dissected and        
explained the  development of a         
caterpillar4 ,his descriptions and      
illustrations are  wonderful1 and will  
proclaim his ability as long as         
entomology is  studied1 and they1 to    
quote ,bonnet1 demonstrate the existence
 of ,god4    ,we have next to speak of  
the great ,dane1 ,fabricius--a student  
of  ,linnus--who published his works    
from #agge to #agih1 and thus was       
revolutionizing systematic entomology at
 the same time that we of  ,america were
 revolutionizing government4 ,he made   
the mouth organs  the basis of his      
classification1 and thus followed in the
 path which  ,de,geer had marked out1   
though it was scarcely beaten by the    
latter  while ,fabricius left it wide   
and deep4 ,his classes and orders are no
  improvement on1 in fact1 are not      
nearly as correct1 as were his old      
master's4 ,in his description of        

genera--where he pretended to follow    
nature--he has rendered valuable service
 ,in leading scientists to study  parts1
 before little regarded1 and thus to    
better establish affinities1  he did a  
most valuable work4 ,his work is a      
standard1 and should be  thoroughly     
studied by all entomologists4    ,just  
at the close of the last century1       
appeared the greatest ,roman  of them   
all1 the great ,latreille1 of ,france1  
whose name we have so  frequently used  
in the classification of the honey-bee4 
,his is called  the ,elective ,system1  
as he used wings1 mouth-parts1          
transformations1  in fact1 all the      
organs--the entire structure4 ,he gave  
us our ,family  ,apid1 our genus ,apis1 
and1 as will be remembered1 he described
 several  of the species of this genus4 
,in our study of this great man's work1 
we  constantly marvel at his extensive  
researches and remarkable talents4      
,lamark1 of this time1 except that he   
could see no ,god in nature1 did  very  

admirable work4 ,so1 too1 did ,cuvier1  
of ,napoleon's time1 and the  learned   
,dr4 ,leach1 of ,england4 ,since then we
 have had hosts of workers  in this     
field1 and many worthy of not only      
mention but praise2 yet  the work has   
been to rub up and garnish1 rather than 
to create4 ,so ,i  will close this brief
 history with a notice of authors who   
are very  serviceable to such as may    
desire to glean farther of the treasures
  of systematic entomology2 only        
remarking that at the end of the next   
chapter ,i shall refer to those who have
 been particularly serviceable  in      
developing the anatomy and physiology of
 insects1 especially of bees4           
,,valuable ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,student
 ,,of ,,entomology4    ,for mere        
classification1 no work is equal to     
,westwood on ,insects--two  volumes4 ,in
 this the descriptions and illustrations
 are very full and  perfect1 making it  
easy to study the families1 and even    
genera1 of all  the sub-orders4 ,this   

work and the following are out of print1
 but can  be got with little trouble at 
second-hand book-stores4    ,kirby and  
,spence--,introduction to               
,entomology--is a very complete work4   
,it treats of the classification1       
structure1 habits1 general economy of   
insects1 and gives a history of the     
subject4 ,it is an invaluable work1  and
 a great acquisition to any library4    
,dr4 ,packard's ,guide to the ,study of 
insects is a valuable work1 and  being  
,american1 is specially to be           
recommended4    ,the ,reports of ,dr4   
,t4 ,harris1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,fitch1 and of    
,prof4 ,c4 ,v4 ,riley1  will also be    
found of great value and interest4      
,,chapter ,,ii4    ,,anatomy ,,and      
,,physiology4      ,in this chapter ,i  
shall give first the general anatomy of 
insects2 then  the anatomy1 and still   
more wonderful physiology of the        
honey-bee4      ,,anatomy ,,of          
,,insects4    ,in all insects the body  
is divided into three well-marked       

portions  7,fig4 #b73 the head 7,figs4  
#d and #e71 which contains the          
mouth-organs1  the eyes1 both the       
compound and when present the simple1   
and the  antenn2 the thorax1 which is   
composed of three rings1 and gives      
support to the one or two pairs of      
wings1 and to the three pairs of  legs2 
and the abdomen1 which is composed of a 
variable number of rings1  and gives    
support to the external sex-organs1 and 
when present to the  sting4 ,within the 
thorax there are little more than       
muscles1 as the  concentrated strength  
of insects1 which enables them to fly   
with such  rapidity1 dwells in this     
confined space4 ,within the abdomen1 on 
the  other hand1 are the sex-organs1 by 
far the greater and more important      
portions of the alimentary canal1 and   
other important organs4    ,,organs ,,of
 ,,the ,,head4    ,of these the mouth   
organs 7,fig4 #f7 are most prominent4   
,these consist  of an upper             
lip--labrum--and under lip--labium--and 

two pairs of jaws  which move sidewise2 
the stronger1 horny jaws1 called        
mandibles1 and  the more membranous1 but
 usually longer1 maxill4 ,the labrum    
7,fig4 #f1  l7 is well described in the 
name upper lip4 ,it is attached1        
usually1  by a movable joint to a       
similarly shaped piece above it1 called 
clypeus  7,fig4 #f1 c71 and this latter 
to the broad epicranium 7,fig4 #f1 o71  
which contains the antenn1 the compound1
 and1 when present1 the simple  eyes4   
,the labium 7,fig4 #ae7 is not described
 by the name under lip1 as its  base    
forms the floor of the mouth1 and its   
tip the tongue4 ,the base  is usually   
broad1 and is called the mentum1 and    
from this extends the  tongue 7,fig4    
#ae1 a7 or ligula4 ,on either side1 near
 the junction of  the ligula and mentum1
 arises a jointed organ rarely absent1  
called  the labial palpus 7,fig4 #f1 k  
k71 or1 together1 the labial palpi4     
,just within the angle formed by these  
latter and the ligula arise the         

paragloss 7,fig4 #ae1 d71 one on either 
side4 ,these are often wanting4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4    ,head of    
,bee much magnified4      o--,epicranium
    e e--,compound eyes4    a           
a--,antenn1    c--,clypeus4             
l--,labrum4    m--,jaws4    m x--#b;d   
,jaws4    k k--,labial palpi1           
t--,ligula4      ,the jaws or mandibles 
7,fig4 #f1 m1 m7 arise one on either    
side just  below and at the side of the 
labrum1 or upper lip4 ,these work       
sidewise  instead of up and down as in  
higher animals1 are frequently very hard
  and sharp1 and sometimes armed with   
one or more teeth4 ,a rudimentary  tooth
 7,fig4 #ba1 b7 is visible on the jaws  
of drone and queen bees4    ,beneath the
 jaws or mandibles1 and inserted a      
little farther back1 are  the second    
jaws or maxill 7,fig4 #f1 m x71 less    
dense and firm than  the mandibles1 but 
far more complex4 ,they arise by a small
 joint1 the  cardo1 next this is a      
larger joint1 the stipes1 from this     

extends on  the inside the broad lacinia
 7,fig4 #bj1 c7 or blade1 usually       
fringed  with hairs on its inner edge1  
towards the mouth2 while on the outside 
of the stipes are inserted the--from one
 to several jointed--maxillary  palpi4  
,in bees these are very small1 and      
consist of two joints1 and in  some     
insects are wholly wanting4 ,sometimes1 
as in some of the beetles1  there is a  
third member running from the stipes    
between the palpus and  lacinia called  
the galea4 ,the maxill also move        
sidewise1 and probably  aid in holding  
and turning the food while it is crushed
 by the harder  jaws1 though in some    
cases they1 too1 aid in triturating the 
food4    ,these mouth parts are very    
variable in form in different insects4  
,in  butterflies and moths1 two-wing    
flies and bugs1 they are transformed    
into a tube1 which in the last two      
groups forms a hard1 strong beak  or    
piercer1 well exemplified in the        
mosquito and bed-bug4 ,in all the  other

 insects we find them much as in the    
bees1 with the separate  parts varying  
greatly in form1 to agree with the      
habits and character  of their          
possessors4 ,no wonder ,de,geer and     
,fabricius detected these  varying forms
 as strongly indicative of the nature of
 the insect1 and  no wonder1 too1 that  
in their use they were so successful in 
forming a  natural classification4      
,every apiarist will receive great      
benefit by dissecting these parts and   
studying their form and relations for   
himself4 ,by getting his children       
interested in the same1 he will have    
conferred upon them one of the  rarest  
of blessings4    ,to dissect these      
parts1 first remove the head and        
carefully pin it  to a cork1 passing the
 pin through1 well back between the     
eyes4 ,now  separate the parts by two   
needle points1 made by inserting a      
needle  for half its length into a pine 
stick the shape of a pipe-stem1 leaving 
the point projecting for an inch or     

more4 ,with one of these in each  hand  
commence operations4 ,the head may be   
either side up4 ,much may be  learned in
 dissecting large insects1 even with no 
glass2 but in all  cases1 and especially
 in small insects1 a good lens will be  
of great  value4 ,the best lens is one  
of ,tolles'1 sold by ,mr4 ,stoddard1 of 
the  ,boston optical works4 ,these are  
very excellent and thus high priced1    
costing #ad4jj4 ,gray's triplet         
hand-lenses are very good1 are cheap1   
and can be procured for about #b4jj of  
any optician4 ,the handle should  have a
 hole through it to permit of mounting  
it above the object1 so  that it will   
hold itself4 ,tolles' lenses are easily 
mounted1 in a stand  which any one can  
contrive and make in twenty minutes4 ,i 
value my  ,tolles' lens even more highly
 than my large compound microscope1     
which  cost #aej4 ,were ,i obliged to   
part with either1 the latter would go4  
,i require my students to do a great    
deal of dissecting1 which they  enjoy   

very much and find very valuable4 ,i    
would much rather that my  boy would    
become interested in such study1 than to
 have him possessor  of infinite gold   
rings1 or even a huge gold watch1 with a
 tremendous  charm4 ,let such pleasing  
recreation gain the attention of our    
boys1  and they will ever contribute to 
our delight1 and not sadden us with     
anxiety and fear4    ,the antenn 7,fig4 
#f1 a1 a7 are the horn-like jointed     
organs situated  between or below and in
 front of the large compound eyes of all
  insects4 ,they are sometimes short1 as
 in the house-fly1 and sometimes  very  
long1 as in the grasshoppers4 ,they are 
either straight1 curved or  elbowed     
7,fig4 #f74 ,in form1 too1 they are very
 various1 as thread-like1  tapering1    
toothed1 knobbed1 fringed1 feathered1   
etc4 ,it is known  that a nerve passes  
into the antenn1 but their exact        
function is  little understood4 ,that   
they serve as most delicate touch organs
 no  apiarist can doubt4 ,that they     

serve as organs of smell or hearing is  
not proved4 ,that insects are conscious 
of sounds ,i think no observing  person 
can doubt4 ,it is proved by the call of 
the katy-did1 the cicada  and the       
cricket4 ,what apiarist1 too1 has not   
noticed the effect of  various sounds   
made by the bees upon their comrades of 
the hive4 ,how  contagious the sharp    
note of anger1 the low hum of fear1 and 
the  pleasant tone of a new swarm as    
they commence to enter their new home4  
,now1 whether insects take note of these
 vibrations1 as we recognize  pitch1 or 
whether they just distinguish the       
tremor1 ,i think no one  knows4 ,there  
is some reason to believe that their    
delicate touch-organs  may enable them  
to discriminate between vibrations1 even
 more acutely1  than can we by use of   
our ears4 ,a slight jar will quickly    
awaken a  colony of hybrids1 while a    
loud noise will pass unnoticed4 ,if     
insects  can appreciate with great      
delicacy the different vibratory        

conditions  of the air by an excessive  
development of the sense of touch1 then 
undoubtedly the antenn may be great     
aids4 ,dr4 ,clemens thought that        
insects could only detect atmospheric   
vibrations4 ,so1 too1 thought  ,linnus  
and ,bonnet4 ,siebold thinks1 as the    
antenn receive but one  nerve1 and are  
plainly touch-organs1 they cannot be    
organs of hearing4  ,kirby has noticed  
that some moths turn their antenn       
towards the  direction from which noise 
proceeds1 and thus argues that antenn   
are  organs of hearing4 ,grote1 for a   
similar reason1 thinks that the densely 
feathered antenn of the males of various
 night moths1 serve both for  smell and 
hearing4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,m4 ,mayer and ,mr4 
,c4 ,johnson 7see ,american             
,naturalist1 vol4 #h1 p4 #egd7 have by  
various ingenious experiments1  proved  
conclusively1 that the delicate1        
beautifully feathered antenn  of the    
male mosquito are organs of hearing4    
,that insects have a very refined sense 

of smell is beyond question4 ,how       
quickly the carrion-fly finds the       
carcass1 the scavenger the filth1 and   
the bee the precious nectar4    ,i have 
reared female moths in my study1 and    
have been greatly  surprised on the day 
of their leaving their cocoons1 to find 
my room  swarming with males4 ,these    
bridegrooms entered an open window in   
the  second-story of a brick building4  
,how delicate must have been the sense  
by which they were led to make the      
visit1 and thus made to grace my        
cabinet4 ,bees1 too1 have been known to 
dash against a shutter behind  which    
were flowers1 thus showing the          
superiority of their perception  of     
odors1 as also their poor vision4 ,but  
odors are carried by the air1  and must 
reach the insect through this medium4   
,is it not probable1 that  the various  
breathing mouths of insects are also so 
many noses1 and  that their delicate    
lining membranes abounding with1 nerve  
filaments1  are the great odor          

sentinels8 ,this view was maintained by 
both ,lehman  and ,cuvier1 and explains 
this delicate perception of scents1 as  
the  breathing mouths are large and     
numerous1 and most so in insects like   
bees and moths1 which are most sensitive
 to odors4 ,how quickly the  bees notice
 the scent of a strange bee or queen1 or
 the peculiar odor  of the venom4 ,i    
have known a bee to sting a glove1 and  
in a trice the  glove would be as a     
pin-cushion1 with stings in lieu of     
pins4 ,sometimes  the bees will dart for
 many feet1 guided by this odor4 ,yet   
the odor  is very pungent1 as ,i have   
frequently smelt the poison before ,i   
felt  the sting4 ,i have tried the      
experiments of ,huber and ,lubbock1 and 
know  that such insects as bees and ants
 will take no note of food after the    
loss of their antenn4 ,but we must      
remember that this is a capital         
operation4 ,with loss of antenn1 insects
 lose control of their motions1  and in 
many ways show great disturbance4 ,is it

 not probable then that  removing the   
antenn destroys the desire for food1 as 
does amputation  with ourselves8 ,kirby 
believes with ,huber1 that there is a   
scent organ4  ,huber's experiments on   
which he based this opinion are1 as     
usual1 very  interesting4 ,he presented 
a coarse hair dipped in oil of          
turpentine--a  substance very repugnant 
to bees--to various parts of a bee      
engrossed  in sipping honey4 ,the bee   
made no objection1 even though it       
touched the  ligula1 until it approached
 the mouth above the mentum1 when she   
became  much disturbed4 ,he also filled 
a bee's mouth with paste1 which soon    
hardened1 after which the bee paid no   
heed to honey placed near it4  ,this was
 not so conclusive1 as the bee may have 
been so disturbed as  to lose its       
appetite4 ,i have experimented a good   
deal1 and am inclined  to the following 
opinion3 ,the antenn are very delicate  
touch-organs  or feelers1 and are so    
important in their function and         

connection that  removal produces a     
severe shock1 but further we know but   
little about  their function1 if they   
have other1 and from the very nature of 
the  problem we will find it very       
difficult of solution4    ,the eyes are 
of two kinds1 the compound1 which are   
always present in  mature insects1 and  
the ocelli or simple eyes1 which may or 
may not  be present4 ,when present there
 are usually three1 which if we join by 
lines1 we will describe a triangle1 in  
the vertices of whose angles  are the   
ocelli4 ,rarely there are but two       
ocelli1 and very rarely but  one4       
,the simple eyes 7,fig4 #d1 f f f7 are  
circular1 and possess a cornea1  lens   
and retina1 which receives the nerve of 
sight4    ,from the experiments of      
,raumur and ,swammerdam1 which consisted
 in  covering the eyes with varnish1    
they concluded that vision with  these  
simple eyes is very indistinct1 though  
by them the insect can  distinguish     
light4 ,some have thought that these    

simple eyes were for  vision at slight  
distances4 ,larv1 like spiders and      
myriapods1 have  only simple eyes4      
,the compound eyes 7,fig4 #b1 e7 are    
simply a cluster of simple eyes1  are   
situated one on either side of the head1
 and vary much in form and  size4       
,between or below these are inserted the
 antenn4 ,sometimes these  last are     
inserted in a notch of the eyes1 and in 
a few cases actually  divide each eye   
into two eyes4    ,the eyes may meet    
above as in drones 7,fig4 #d71 most     
two-wing flies  and dragon-flies1 or    
they may be considerably separated1 as  
in the  worker-bees 7,fig4 #e74 ,the    
separate facets or simple eyes1 of each 
compound eye1 are hexagonal1 or         
six-sided1 and in the microscope  look  
not unlike a section of honey-comb4 ,the
 number of these is                     
prodigious--,leeuwenhoek actually       
counted #ab1jjj in the eye of a         
dragon-fly--while some butterflies have1
 over #ag1jjj4 ,the compound  eyes are  

motionless1 but from their size and     
sub-spherical shape1 they  give quite a 
range of vision4 ,it is not likely that 
they are capable  of adjustment to      
accord with different distances1 and it 
has been  supposed1 from the direct     
darting flight of bees to their hives1  
and  the awkward work they make in      
finding a hive when moved only for a    
short distance1 that their eyes are best
 suited to long vision4    ,sir ,john   
,lubbock has proved1 by some interesting
 experiments with  strips of colored    
paper1 that bees can distinguish colors4
 ,honey was  placed on a blue strip1    
beside several others of various colors4
 ,in  the absence of the bees he changed
 the position of this strip1 and  upon  
their return the bees went to the blue  
strip rather than to the  old position4 
,our practical apiarists have long been 
aware of this  fact1 and have conformed 
their practice to the knowledge1 in     
giving  a variety of colors to their    
hives4 ,apiarists have frequently noted 

that bees have a rare faculty of marking
 positions1 but1 for slight  distances1 
their sense of color will correct       
mistakes which would occur  if position 
alone was guide4    ,,appendages ,,of   
,,the ,,thorax4    ,the organs of flight
 are the most noticeable appendages of  
the thorax4  ,the wings are usually     
four1 though the ,diptera have but two1 
and some  insects--as the worker        
ants--have none4 ,the front or primary  
wings  7,fig4 #c1 ,a7 are usually larger
 than the secondary or hind wings       
7,fig4 #c1 ,b71 and thus the            
mesathoracic or middle ring of the      
thorax1  to which they are attached1 is 
usually larger than the metathorax or   
third ring4 ,the wings consist of a     
broad frame-work of veins 7,fig4 #c71   
covered by a thin1 tough membrane4 ,the 
main ribs or veins are variable  in     
number1 while towards the extremity of  
the wing are more or less  cross-veins1 
dividing this portion of the wings into 
more or less  cells4 ,in the higher     

groups these cells are few1 and quite   
important in  classifying4 ,especially  
useful are the cells in the second row1 
from  the frontal or costal edge of the 
front wings1 called the sub-costal      
cells4 ,thus in the genus ,apis there   
are three such cells 7,fig4 #c1 ,a1  #a1
 #b1 #c71 while in the ,melipona there  
are only two4 ,the ribs or veins        
consist of a tube within a tube4 ,the   
inner one forming an air tube1 the      
outer one carrying blood4 ,on the costal
 edge of the secondary wings we  often  
find hooks1 to attach it to the front   
wings 7,fig4 #c1 ,b1 a74                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4    ,thorax of  
,bee magnified three times4    a1 a1    
a--,muscles4 b1 b--,crust4    ,the wings
 are moved by powerful muscles1         
compactly located in the  thorax 7,fig4 
#g1 a1 a1 a71 whose strength1 as well as
 the rapidity of  the vibrations of the 
wings when flight is rapid are really   
beyond  computation4 ,think of a tiny   
fly outstripping the fleetest horse in  

the  chase1 and then marvel at this     
wondrous mechanism4    ,the legs 7,fig4 
#b1 g1 g1 g7 are six in number in all   
mature insects1  two on the lower side  
of each ring of the thorax4 ,these are  
long or  short1 weak or strong1         
according to the habit of the insect4   
,each leg  consists of the following    
joints or parts3 ,the cox 7,fig4 #bd71  
which  move like a ball and socket joint
 in the close-fitting coxal cavities  of
 the body-rings4 ,next to these follow  
in order the broad tracanter1  the      
large1 broad femur 7,fig4 #b1 g1 #a71   
the long1 slim tibia 7,fig4 #b1  g1 #b71
 frequently bearing strong spines at or 
near its end1 called  tibial spurs1 and 
followed by the from one to five-jointed
 tarsi 7,fig4  #b1 g1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #c1   
#c74 ,all these parts move freely upon  
each other1  and will vary in form to   
agree with their use4 ,at the end of the
 last  tarsal joint are two hooked claws
 7,fig4 #b1 g1 #d71 between which are   
the pulvilli1 which are not air-pumps as

 usually described1 but rather  glands1 
which secrete a sticky substance which  
enables insects to stick  to a smooth   
wall1 even though it be above them4 ,the
 legs1 in fact the  whole crust1 is more
 or less dense and hard1 owing to the   
deposit  within the structure of a hard 
substance known as chitine4             
,,internal ,,anatomy ,,of ,,insects4    
,the muscles of insects are usually     
whitish4 ,sometimes ,i have noticed     
quite a pinkish hue about the muscles of
 the thorax4 ,they vary in form  and    
position to accord with their use4 ,the 
mechanism of contraction is  the same as
 in higher animals4 ,the ultimate fibers
 of the voluntary  muscles1 when highly 
magnified1 show the stri or cross-lines 
the same  as do the voluntary muscles of
 vertebrates1 and are very beautiful as 
microscopic objects4 ,the separate      
muscles are not bound together by  a    
membrane as in higher animals4 ,in      
insects the muscles are widely          
distributed1 though1 as we should       

expect1 they are concentrated in  the   
thorax and head4 ,in insects of swiftest
 flight1 like the bee1 the  thorax      
7,fig4 #g1 a1 a1 a7 is almost entirely  
composed of muscles2 the  sophagus1     
which carries the food to the stomach1  
being very small4  ,at the base of the  
jaws1 too1 the muscles are large and    
firm4 ,the  number of muscles is        
astounding4 ,lyonnet counted over #c1jjj
 in a single  caterpillar1 nearly eight 
times as many as are found in the human 
body4  ,the strength1 too1 of insects is
 prodigious4 ,there must be quality  in 
muscles1 for muscles as large as those  
of the elephant1 and as  strong as those
 of the flea1 would not need the fulcrum
 which the old  philosopher demanded1 in
 order to move the world4 ,fleas have   
been made  to draw miniature cannon1    
chains1 and even wagons many hundred    
times  heavier than themselves4    ,the 
nerves of insects are in no wise        
peculiar so far as known1 except  in    
position4 ,as in our bodies1 some are   

knotted or have ganglia1 and  some are  
not4    ,the main nervous cord runs     
along the under or ventral side of the  
body 7,fig4 #h71 separates near the     
head1 and after passing around the      
sophagus1 enlarges to form the largest  
of the ganglia1 which serves as  a      
brain4 ,the minute nerves extend        
everywhere1 and in squeezing out the    
viscera of an insect are easily visible4
    ,the organs of circulation in       
insects are quite insignificant4 ,the   
heart  is a long tube situated along the
 back1 and receives the blood at        
valvular openings along its sides which 
only permit the fluid to pass  in1 when 
by contraction it is forced towards the 
head and emptied into  the general      
cavity4 ,thus the heart only serves to  
keep the blood in  motion4 ,according to
 the best authorities1 there are no     
special vessels  to carry the blood to  
various organs4 ,nor are they necessary1
 as this  nutritive fluid everywhere    
bathes the alimentary canal1 and thus   

easily  receives nutriment1 or gives    
waste by osmosis1 everywhere surrounds  
the trache or air-tubes--the insect's   
lungs--and thus receives that  most     
needful of all food1 oxygen1 and gives  
the baneful carbonic acid1  everywhere  
touches the various organs1 and gives   
and takes as the vital  operations of   
the animal require4    ,the blood is    
light colored1 and almost destitute of  
discs or  corpuscles1 which are so      
numerous in the blood of higher animals1
 and  which give our blood its red      
color4 ,the function of these discs is  
to  carry oxygen1 and as oxygen is      
carried everywhere through the body by  
the ubiquitous air-tubes of insects1 we 
see the discs are not needed4  ,except  
these semi-fluid discs1 which are real  
organs1 and nourished as  are other     
organs1 the blood of higher animals is  
entirely fluid1 in  all normal          
conditions1 and contains not the organs 
themselves or any  part of them1 but    
only the elements1 which are absorbed by

 the tissue  and converted into the     
organs1 or1 to be scientific1 are       
assimilated4  ,as the blood of insects  
is nearly destitute of these discs1 it  
is  almost wholly fluid1 and is almost  
wholly made up of nutritious  substance4
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4    ,nervous
 ,system of the ,drone magnified four   
times4    ,the respiratory or breathing 
system of insects has already been      
referred to4 ,along the sides of the    
body are the spiracles or breathing     
mouths1 which vary in number4 ,these are
 armed with a complex valvular          
arrangement which excludes dust or other
 noxious particles4 ,these  spiracles   
are lined with a delicate membrane which
 abounds with nerves1  which were       
referred to in speaking of them as      
smelling organs4 ,from  these extend the
 labyrinth of air-tubes 7,fig4 #b1 f1   
f71 which  breathe vitalizing oxygen    
into every part of the insect organism4 
,in  the more active insects--as in     
bees--the main trache1 one on each  side

 of the abdomen1 are expanded into large
 air-sacks 7,fig4 #b1 f74  ,insects     
often show a respiratory motion1 which  
in bees is often very  marked4 ,newport 
has shown that in bees the rapidity of  
the respiration  gauges the heat in the 
hive1 and thus we see why bees1 in times
 of  severe cold1 which they essay to   
keep at bay by forced respiration1      
consume much food1 exhale much foul air 
and moisture1 and are liable  to        
disease4 ,newport found that in cases of
 severe cold there would be  quite a    
rise of mercury in a thermometer which  
he suspended in the  hive amidst the    
cluster4 ,in the larva state1 many      
insects breathe by  fringe-like gills4  
,the larval mosquito has gills in form  
of hairy  tufts1 while in the larval    
dragon-fly the gills are inside the     
rectum1  or last part of the intestine4 
,this insect1 by a muscular effort1     
draws  the water slowly in at the anus1 
when it bathes these singularly-placed  
branchi1 and then makes it serve a      

further turn by forcibly expelling  it1 
when the insect is sent darting ahead4  
,thus this curious apparatus  not only  
furnishes oxygen1 but also a mode of    
motion4 ,in the pupa2 of  insects there 
is little or no motion1 yet important   
organic changes are  taking place--the  
worm-like1 ignoble1 creeping1 often     
repulsive larva1  is soon to appear as  
the airy1 beautiful1 active1 almost     
ethereal  imago4 ,so oxygen1 the most   
essential--the sine qua non--of all     
animal  food1 is still needed4 ,the bees
 are too wise to seal the brood-cell    
with impervious wax1 but rather add the 
porous capping1 made of wax and  pollen4
 ,the pup no less than the larv of some 
two-wing flies1 which  live in water1   
have long tubes which reach far out for 
the vivifying  air1 and are thus called 
rat-tailed4 ,even the pup of the        
mosquito1  awaiting in its liquid home  
the glad time when it shall unfold its  
tiny  wings and pipe its war-note1 has a
 similar arrangement to secure the      

gaseous pabulum4    ,the digestive      
apparatus of insects is very            
interesting1 and1 as in our  own class  
of animals1 varies very much in length  
and complexity1 as  the hosts of insects
 vary in their habits4 ,as in mammals   
and birds1  the length1 with some       
striking exceptions1 varies with the    
food4  ,carnivorous or flesh-eating     
insects have a short alimentary canal1  
while in those that feed on vegetable   
food it is much longer4                 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4    ,alimentary 
,canal4      o--,honey stomach4         
b--,true stomach4    c--,urinary tubes4 
d--,intestine4      ,the mouth ,i have  
already described4 ,following this is   
the throat or  pharynx1 then the        
sophagus or gullet1 which may expand1 as
 in the  bee1 to form a honey or sucking
 stomach 7,fig4 #i1 o71 may have an     
attached crop like the chicken1 or may  
run as a uniform tube as in  our bodies1
 to the true stomach 7,fig4 #i1 b74     
,following this is the                  

intestine--separated by some into an    
ileum and a rectum--which ends  in a    
vent or anus4 ,in the mouth are salivary
 glands1 which in larv  that form       
cocoons are the source of silk4 ,in the 
glands this is a  viscid fluid1 but as  
it leaves the duct it changes instantly 
into  the gossamer thread4 ,bees and    
wasps use this saliva in building their 
structures4 ,with it and mud some wasps 
make mortar2 with it and wood1  others  
their paper cells with it and wax1 the  
bee fashions the ribbons  that are to   
form the beautiful comb4    ,lining the 
entire alimentary canal are mucous      
glands which secrete a  viscid fluid    
that keeps the tube soft1 and promotes  
the passage of food4    ,the true       
stomach 7,fig4 #i1 b7 is very muscular1 
and often a gizzard1  as in the         
crickets1 where its interior is lined   
with teeth4 ,the  interior of the       
stomach is glandular1 for secreting the 
gastric juice  which is to liquify the  
food1 that it may be absorbed1 or pass  

through  the walls of the canal into the
 blood4 ,attached to the lower portion  
of  the stomach are numerous urinary    
tubes 7,fig4 #i1 c7 though ,cuvier1 and 
even ,kirby1 call these bile tubes4     
,siebold thinks some of the mucous      
glands secrete bile1 and others act as a
 pancreas4    ,the intestine when short1
 as in larv and most carnivora1 is      
straight and but little if any longer   
than the abdomen1 while in  most plant  
eaters it is long and thus zig-zag in   
its course4 ,strange  as it may seem1   
the fecal pellets of some insects are   
beautiful in  form1 and of others       
pleasant to the taste4 ,in some         
caterpillars  they are barrel-shaped1   
artistically fluted1 of brilliant hue1  
and if fossilized1 would be greatly     
admired1 as have been the               
coprolites--fossil feces of             
quadrupeds--if set as gems in jewelry4  
,as  it is1 they would form no mean     
parlor ornament4 ,in other insects1 as  
the ,aphides or plant-lice1 the         

excrement1 as well as the fluid that    
escapes in some species from special    
tubes called the nectaries1 is  very    
sweet1 and in absence of floral nectar1 
will often be appropriated  by bees and 
conveyed to the hives4 ,imagination     
would make this a bitter  draught1 so   
here1 as elsewhere in life1 the bitter  
and sweet are  mingled4 ,in those       
insects that suck their food1 as bees1  
butterflies1  moths1 two-wing flies and 
bugs1 the feces are watery or liquid1   
while  in case of solid food the        
excrement is solid4    ,,secretory      
,,organs ,,of ,,insects4    ,i have     
already spoken of the salivary glands1  
which ,kirby gives as  distinct from the
 true silk-secreting tubes1 though      
,newport gives  them as one and the     
same4 4 ,in many insects these seem     
absent4 ,i have  also spoken of the     
mucous glands1 the urinary tubules1 etc4
 ,besides  these1 there are other       
secretions which serve for purposes of  
defense3  ,in the queen and workers of  

bees1 and in ants and wasps1 the poison 
intruded with the sting is an example4  
,this is secreted by glands at  the     
posterior of the abdomen1 stored in     
sacks 7,fig4 #be1 c71 and  extruded     
through the sting1 as occasion requires4
 ,i know of no insects  that poison     
while they bite1 except it be           
mosquitoes1 gnats1 etc41 and  in these  
cases no special secreting organ has    
been discovered4 ,perhaps  the beak     
itself secretes an irritating substance4
 ,a few exceedingly  beautiful          
caterpillars are covered with branching 
spines1 which  sting about like a       
nettle4 ,we have two such species4 ,they
 are green1  and of rare attraction1 so 
that to capture them is worth the slight
  inconvenience arising from their      
irritating punctures4 ,some insects1    
like bugs1 secrete a disgusting fluid or
 gas which affords protection1  as by   
its stench it renders these filthy bugs 
so offensive that even a  hungry bird or
 half-famished insect passes them by on 

the other side4  ,some insects secrete a
 gas which is stored in a sack at the   
posterior  end of the body1 and shot    
forth with an explosion in case that    
danger  threatens thus by noise and     
smoke it startles its enemy1 which beats
 a  retreat4 ,i have heard the little   
bombardier beetle at such times1 even   
at considerable distances4 ,the         
frightful reports about the terrible    
horn of the tomato-worm larva are mere  
nonsense4 ,a more harmless animal  does 
not exist4 ,my little boy of four years1
 and girl of only two1 used  to bring   
them to me last summer1 and fondle them 
as admiringly as would  their father    
upon receiving them from the delighted  
children4    ,if we except bees and     
wasps1 there are no true insects that   
need be  feared2 nor need we except     
them1 for with fair usage even they1 are
  seldom provoked to use their cruel    
weapon4    ,,sex ,,organs ,,of          
,,insects4    ,the male organs consist  
first of the testes 7,fig4 #aj1 a7 which

 are  double organs4 ,there may be from 
one1 as in the drone bee1 to several1   
as in some beetles1 on each side the    
abdominal cavity4 ,in these  vesicles   
grow the sperm cells or spermatozoa1    
which1 when liberated1  pass through a  
long convoluted tube1 the vas-deferens  
7,fig4 #aj1 b1  b71 into the seminal    
sack 7,fig4 #aj1 c1 c71 where1 in       
connection with  mucous1 they are       
stored4 ,in most insects there are      
glandular sacks  7,fig4 #aj1 d7 joined  
to these seminal receptacles1 which in  
the male  bee or drone are very large4  
,the sperm cells mingled with these     
viscid  secretions1 as they appear in   
the seminal receptacle1 ready for use1  
form the seminal fluid4 ,extending from 
these seminal receptacles is the        
ejaculatory duct 7,fig4 #aj1 e1 f1 g71  
which in copulation carries the  male   
fluid to the penis 7,fig4 #aj1 d71      
through which it passes to the          
spermatheca of the female4 ,beside this 
latter organ are the sheath1 the        

claspers when present1 and in the male  
bee those large yellow sacks  7,fig4    
#aj1 i71 which are often seen to dart   
forth as the drone is held  in the warm 
hand4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4      
,male ,organs of ,drone1 much magnified4
      a--,testes4                       
e--,common duct4    b1 b--,vasa         
deferentia4          f1 g--,ejaculatory 
sack4    c1 c--,seminal sacks4          
h--,penis4    d--,glandular sacks4      
i--,yellow saccules4      ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #aa4    ,queen ,organs1 greatly  
magnified4      a1 a--,ovaries4         
d--,sting4    b--,oviducts4             
e--,spermatheca4    c--,oviduct4        
,the female organs 7,fig4 #aa7 consist  
of the ovaries 7,fig4 #aa1 a1 a71  which
 are situated one on either side of the 
abdominal cavity4 ,from  these extend   
the two oviducts1 7,fig4 #aa1 b71 which 
unite into  the common oviduct 7,fig4   
#aa1 c7 through which the eggs pass in  
deposition4 ,in many insects there is   
beside this oviduct1 and connected  with

 it1 a sack 7,fig4 #aa1 e7 called the   
spermatheca1 which receives  the male   
fluid in copulation1 and which1 by      
extruding its contents1  must ever after
 do the work of impregnation4    ,this  
sack was discovered and its use         
suggested by ,malpighi as early  as     
#afhf1 but its function was not fully   
demonstrated till #agib1 when  the great
 anatomist1 ,john ,hunter1 showed that  
in copulation this was  filled4 ,the    
ovaries are multitubular organs4 ,in    
some insects there are  but very few    
tubes--two or three2 while in the queen 
bee there are  more than one hundred4   
,in these tubes the ova or eggs grow1 as
 do  the sperm cells in the vesicles of 
the testes4 ,the number of eggs is      
variable4 ,some insects1 as the         
mud-wasps1 produce very few1 while the  
queen white-ant extrudes millions4 ,the 
end of the oviduct1 called the          
ovipositor1 is wonderful in its         
variations4 ,sometimes it consists of   
concentric rings1 like a spy-glass which

 may be pushed out or drawn in2         
sometimes of a long tube armed with     
augers or saws of wonderful finish1  to 
prepare for eggs2 or again of a tube    
which may also serve as a sting4        
,most authors state that insects        
copulate only once1 or at least that    
the female only meets the male but once4
 ,my pupil1 ,clement ,s4 ,strang1  who  
made a special study of the structure   
and habits of bugs during the  past     
season1 noticed that the squash-bugs    
mated many times4 ,it would be          
interesting to know whether these       
females possessed the spermatheca4 ,in  
some cases1 as we shall see in the      
sequel1 the male is killed by the       
copulatory act4 ,i think this curious   
fatality is limited to few species4     
,to study viscera1 which of course      
requires very careful dissection1  we   
need more apparatus than has been yet   
described4 ,here a good  lens is        
indispensable4 ,a small dissecting      
knife1 a delicate pair of  forceps1 and 

some small1 sharp-pointed dissecting    
scissors--those of  the renowned        
,swammerdam were so fine at the point   
that it required  a lens to sharpen     
them--which may also serve to clip the  
wings of  queens--are requisite to      
satisfactory work4 ,specimens put in    
alcohol  will be improved1 as the oil   
will be dissolved out and the muscle    
hardened4 ,placing them in hot water    
will do nearly as well1 in which  case  
oil of turpentine will dissolve off the 
fat4 ,this may be applied  with a       
camel's-hair brush4 ,by dissecting under
 water the loose portions  will float   
off1 and render effective work more     
easy4 ,swammerdam1 who  had that most   
valuable requisite to a naturalist1     
unlimited patience1  not only dissected 
out the parts1 but with small glass     
tubes1 fine  as a hair1 he injected the 
various tubes as the alimentary canal   
and  air-tubes4 ,my reader1 why may not 
you look in upon those wondrous         
beauties and marvels of ,god's own      

handiwork--nature's grand exposition8   
,father1 why would not a set of         
dissecting instruments be a most        
suitable gift to your son8 ,you might   
thus sow the seed which would  germinate
 into a ,swammerdam1 and that on your   
own hearth-stone4 ,messrs4  ,editors1   
why do not you1 among your apiarian     
supplies1 keep boxes of  these          
instruments1 and thus aid to light the  
torch of genius and hasten  apiarian    
research8    ,,transformations ,,of     
,,insects4    ,what in all the realm of 
nature is so worthy to awaken delight   
and  admiration as the astonishing      
changes which insects undergo8 ,just    
think of the sluggish1 repulsive        
caterpillar1 dragging its heavy form    
over clod or bush1 or mining in dirt and
 filth1 changed1 by the wand  of        
nature's great magician1 first into the 
motionless chrysalis1  decked with green
 and gold1 and beautiful as the gem that
 glitters on  the finger of beauty1 then
 bursting forth as the graceful1        

gorgeous  butterfly2 which1 by its      
brilliant tints and elegant poise1      
out-rivals  even the birds among the    
life-jewels of nature1 and is made fit  
to  revel in all her decorative wealth4 
,the little fly1 too1 with wings  dyed  
in rainbow-hues1 flitting like1 a fairy 
from leaf to flower1 was  but yesterday 
the repulsive maggot1 reveling in the   
veriest filth of  decaying nature4 ,the 
grub to-day drags its slimy shape       
through the  slums of earth1 on which it
 fattens2 to-morrow it will glitter as  
the brilliant setting in the bracelets  
and ear-drops of the gay and            
thoughtless belle4    ,there are four   
separate stages in the development of   
insects3 ,the egg  state1 the larva1 the
 pupa1 and the imago4    ,,the ,,egg4   
,this is not unlike the same in higher  
animals4 ,it has its yolk and  its      
surrounding white or albumen1 like the  
eggs of all mammals1 and  farther1 the  
delicate shell1 which is familiar in the
 eggs of birds and  reptiles4 ,eggs of  

insects are often beautiful in form and 
color1 and  not infrequently ribbed and 
fluted as by a master-hand4 ,the form of
  eggs is very various--spherical1 oval1
 cylindrical1 oblong1 straight  and     
curved 7,fig4 #bf1 b74 ,all insects seem
 to be guided by a wonderful  knowledge1
 or instinct1 or intelligence1 in the   
placing of eggs on or  near the peculiar
 food of the larva4 ,even though in many
 cases such  food is no part of the     
aliment of the imago insect4 ,the fly   
has the  refined habits of the epicure1 
from whose cup it daintily sips1 yet its
  eggs are placed in the horse-droppings
 of stable and pasture4    ,inside the  
egg wonderful changes soon commence1 and
 their consummation  is a tiny larva4   
,somewhat similar changes can be easily 
and most  profitably studied by breaking
 and examining a hen's egg each         
successive day of incubation4 ,as with  
the egg of our own species and  of all  
higher animals1 so1 too1 the egg of     
insects1 or the yolk1 the  essential    

part--the white is only food1 so to     
speak--soon segments or  divides into a 
great many cells1 these soon unite into 
a membrane--the  blastoderm--and this is
 the initial animal4 ,this blastoderm   
soon  forms a single sack1 and not a    
double sack1 one above the other1 as  in
 our own vertebrate branch4 ,this sack1 
looking like a miniature bag  of grain1 
grows1 by absorption1 becomes           
articulated1 and by budding  out is soon
 provided with the various members4 ,as 
in higher animals1  these changes are   
consequent upon heat1 and usually1 not  
always1 upon  the incorporations within 
the eggs of the germ cells from the     
male1  which enter the eggs at openings 
called micropyles4 ,the time it takes   
the embryo inside the egg to develop is 
gauged by heat1 and will1  therefore1   
vary with the season and temperature1   
though in different  species it varies  
from days to months4 ,the number of     
eggs1 too1 which  an insect may produce1
 is subject to wide variation4 ,some    

insects  produce but one1 two or three1 
while others1 like the queen bee and    
white ant1 lay thousands1 and in case of
 the ant1 millions4    ,illustration3   
,fig4 #ab4    ,larva of ,bee4    ,,the  
,,larva ,,of ,,insects4    ,from the egg
 comes the larva1 also called grub1     
maggot1 caterpillar1  and very          
erroneously worm4 ,these are worm-shaped
 7,fig4 #ab71 usually  have strong jaws1
 simple eyes1 and the body plainly      
marked into ring  divisions4 ,often as  
in case of some grubs1 larval bees and  
maggots1  there are no legs4 ,in most   
grubs there are six legs1 two to each of
  the three rings succeeding the head4  
,besides these1 caterpillars have       
usually ten prop-legs farther back on   
the body1 though a few--the  loopers or 
measuring caterpillars--have only four  
or six1 while the  larv of the saw-flies
 have from twelve to sixteen of the     
false or  prop-legs4 ,the alimentary    
canal of larval insects is usually      
short1  direct and quite simple1 while  

the sex-organs are slightly if at all   
developed4 ,the larv of insects are     
voracious eaters--indeed1 their  only   
work seems to be to eat and grow fat4   
,as the entire growth occurs  at this   
stage1 their gormandizing habits are the
 more excusable4 ,i  have often been    
astonished at the amount of food that   
the insects in  my breeding cases would 
consume4 ,the length of time which      
insects  remain as larv is very         
variable4 ,the maggot revels in decaying
 meat  but two or three days2 the larval
 bee eats its rich pabulum for nearly  a
 week2 the apple-tree borer gnaws away  
for three years2 while the              
seventeen-year cicada remains a larva   
for more than sixteen years1  groping in
 darkness1 and feeding on roots1 only to
 come forth for a few  days of hilarity1
 sunshine1 and courtship4 ,surely1 here 
is patience  exceeding even that of     
,swammerdam4 ,the name larva1 meaning   
masked1 was  given to this stage by     
,linnus1 as the mature form of the      

insect is  hidden1 and cannot be even   
divined by the unlearned4    ,,the      
,,pupa ,,of ,,insects4    ,in this stage
 the insect is in profound repose1 as if
 resting after  its long meal1 the      
better to enjoy its active1 sportive    
days--the  joyous honey-moon--soon to   
come4 ,in this stage the insect may look
  like a seed2 as in the coarctate pupa 
of diptera1 so familiar in  the         
flax-seed state of the ,hessian-fly1 or 
in the pupa of the  cheese-maggot or the
 meat-fly4 ,this same form1 with more or
 less  modification1 prevails in        
butterfly pup1 called1 because of their 
golden spots1 chrysalids1 and in the pup
 of moths4 ,other pup1 as in  case of   
bees 7,fig4 #ac1 g7 and beetles1 look   
not unlike the mature  insect with its  
antenn1 legs1 and wings closely bound to
 the body by  a thin membrane1 hence the
 name which ,linn gave--referring to    
this  condition--as the insect looks as 
if wrapped in swaddling clothes1  the   
old cruel way of torturing the infant1  

as if it needed holding  together4      
,aristotle called pup nymphs--a name now
 given to this stage  in bees--which    
name was adopted by many entomologists  
of the seventeeth  and eighteenth       
centuries4 ,inside the pupa skin great  
changes are in  progress1 for either by 
modifying the larval organs or          
developing  parts entirely new1 by use  
of the accumulated material stored by   
the  larva during its prolonged banquet1
 the wonderful transformation  from the 
sluggish1 worm-like larva to the active1
 bird-like imago is  accomplished4      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4    ,pupa or   
,nymph of ,bee1 slightly magnified4     
,sometimes the pupa is surrounded by a  
silken cocoon1 either thick1 as  the    
cocoon of some moths1 or thin1 as are   
the cocoons of bees4 ,these  cocoons are
 spun by the larv as their last toil    
before assuming  the restful pupa state4
 ,the length of time in the pupa-stage  
is  very various1 lasting from a few    
days to as many months4 ,sometimes      

insects which are two-brooded remain as 
pupa but a few days in summer1  while in
 winter they are months passing the     
quiescent period4 ,our                  
cabbage-butterfly illustrates this      
peculiarity4 ,others1 like the          
,hessian-fly and codling-moth1 remain   
through the long1 cold months as  larv4 
,how wonderful is this6 ,the first brood
 of larv change to pup  at once1 the    
last brood1 though the weather be just  
as hot1 wait over  inside the cocoon    
till the warm days of coming spring4    
,,the ,,imago ,,stage4    ,this term    
refers to the last or winged form1 and  
was given by ,linn  because the image of
 the insect is now real and not masked  
as when in  the larva state4 ,now the   
insect has its full-formed legs and     
wings1 its  compound eyes1 complex      
mouth-parts1 and the fully developed    
sex-organs4  ,in fact1 the whole purpose
 of the insect now seems to be to       
reproduce  itself4 ,many insects do not 
even eat1 only flit in merry marriage   

mood  for a brief space1 when the male  
flees this life to be quickly followed  
by the female1 she only waiting to place
 her eggs where the prospective  infants
 may find suitable food4 ,some insects  
not only place their eggs1  but feed and
 care for their young1 as is true of    
ants1 wasps and bees4  ,again1 as in    
case of some species of ants and bees1  
abortive females  perform all1 or most  
of the labor in caring for the young4   
,the life  of the imago also varies much
 as to duration4 ,some live but for a   
day1 others make merry for several days1
 while a few species live for  months4  
,very few imagos survive the whole year4
    ,,incomplete ,,transformations4     
,some insects1 like the bugs1 lice1     
grasshoppers and locusts1 are  quite    
alike at all stages of growth1 after    
leaving the egg4 ,the only  apparent    
difference is the smaller size and the  
absence or incomplete  development of   
the wings in the larv and pup4 ,the     
habits and  structure from first to last

 seem to be much the same4 ,here1 as    
before1  the full development of the    
sex-organs occurs only in the imago4    
,,anatomy ,,and ,,physiology ,,of ,,the 
,,honey-,,bee4    ,with a knowledge of  
the anatomy and some glimpses of the    
physiology  of insects in general1 we   
shall now find it easy to learn the     
special  anatomy and physiology of the  
highest insects of the order4    ,,three
 ,,kinds ,,of ,,bees ,,in ,,each        
,,family4    ,as we have already seen1 a
 very remarkable feature in the economy 
of  the honey-bee1 described even by    
,aristotle1 which is true of many  other
 bees1 and also of ants and many wasps1 
is the presence in each  family of three
 distinct kinds1 which differ in form1  
color1 structure1  size1 habits and     
function4 ,thus we have the queen1 a    
number of drones1  and a far greater    
number of workers4 ,huber1 ,bevan1 ,munn
 and ,kirby  also speak of a fourth kind
 blacker than the usual workers4 ,these 
are  accidental1 and are1 as            

conclusively shown by ,von ,berlepsch1  
ordinary  workers1 more deeply colored  
by loss of hair1 dampness1 or some other
  atmospheric condition4 ,american      
apiarists are too familiar with these   
black bees1 for after our severe winters
 they prevail in the colony1  and1 as   
remarked by the noted ,baron1 ,they     
quickly disappear4 ,munn  also tells of 
a fifth kind1 with a top-knot1 which    
appears at swarming  seasons4 ,i am at a
 great loss to know what he refers to1  
unless it be  the pollen masses of the  
asclepias or milk-weed1 which sometimes 
fasten  to our bees and become a severe 
burden4    ,,the ,,queen ,,bee4    ,the 
queen 7,fig4 #ad71 although referred to 
as the mother bee1 was called  the king 
by ,virgil1 ,pliny1 and by writers as   
late as the last century1  though in the
 ancient ,bee ,master's ,farewell1 by   
,john ,hall1 published  in ,london in   
#agif1 ,i find an admirable description 
of the queen bee1  with her function    
correctly stated4 ,raumur as quoted by  

,wildman on  ,bees1 published in ,london
 in #aggj1 says this third sort has a   
grave  and sedate walk1 is armed with a 
sting1 and is mother of all the  others4
    ,huber1 to whom every apiarist owes 
so much1 and who1 though blind1  through
 the aid of his devoted wife and        
intelligent servant1 ,frances  ,burnens1
 developed so many interesting facts1   
demonstrated the fact of  the queen's   
maternity4 ,this author's work1 second  
edition1 published in  ,edinburgh1 in   
#ahjh1 gives a full history of his      
wonderful observations  and experiments1
 and must ever rank with ,langstroth as 
a classic1  worthy of study by all4     
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4    ,queen     
,bee1 magnified4    ,the queen1 then1 is
 the mother bee1 in other words1 a fully
 developed  female4 ,her ovaries 7,fig4 
#aa1 a1 a7 are very large1 nearly       
filling  her long abdomen4 ,the tubes   
already described as composing them are 
very numerous1 while the spermatheca    
7,fig4 #aa1 e7 is plainly visible4      

,this is muscular1 receives abundant    
nerves1 and thus1 without doubt1  may or
 may not be compressed to force the     
sperm cells in contact  with the eggs as
 they pass by the duet4 ,leuckart       
estimates that the  spermatheca will    
hold more than #be1jjj1jjj spermatozoa4 
,the possession of the ovaries and      
attendant organs1 is the chief          
structural peculiarity which marks the  
queen1 as these are the  characteristic 
marks of females among all animals4 ,but
 she has other  peculiarities worthy of 
mention ,she is longer than either      
drones or  workers1 being more than     
seven-eighths of an inch in length1 and1
  with her long tapering abdomen1 is not
 without real grace and beauty4  ,the   
queen's mouth organs1 too1 are developed
 to a less degree than  are those of the
 worker-bees4 ,her jaws 7,fig4 #ba1 b7  
or mandibles  are weaker1 with a        
rudimentary tooth1 and her tongue or    
ligula 7,fig4  #ae1 a71 as also the     
labial palpi 7,fig4 #ae1 b7 and maxill  

are  considerably shorter4 ,her eyes1   
like the same in the worker-bee 7,fig4  
#e71 are smaller than those of the      
drones1 and do not meet above4 ,so the  
three ocelli are situated above and     
between4 ,the queen's wings1 too1       
7,fig4 #ad7 are relatively shorter than 
those either of the workers or  drones1 
for instead of attaining to the end of  
the body1 they reach but  little beyond 
the third joint of the abdomen4 ,the    
queen1 though she has  the              
characteristic posterior tibia and basal
 tarsus 7,fig4 #af1 p71 in  respect to  
breadth1 has not the cavity and         
surrounding hairs1 which  form the      
pollen baskets of the workers4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4    ,labium of 
,queen4      a--,ligula4                
b--,labial palpi4    d1 d--,paragloss4  
,the queen possesses a sting 7,fig4 #aa1
 d7 which is longer than that of  the   
workers1 and resembles that of the      
bumble-bees in being curved1 and  that  
of bumble-bees and wasps in having few  

and short barbs--the little  projections
 which point back like the barb of a    
fish-hook1 and which1  in case of the   
workers1 prevent the withdrawing of the 
instrument1  when once fairly inserted4 
,while there are seven quite prominent  
barbs  on each shaft of the worker's    
sting1 there are only three on those of 
the queen1 and these are very short1    
and1 as in a worker's sting1 they  are  
successively shorter as we recede from  
the point of the weapon4  ,aristotle    
says that the queen will seldom use her 
sting1 which ,i have  found true4 ,i    
have often tried to provoke a queen's   
anger1 but never  with any evidence of  
success4 ,neighbour 7page #ad1 note7    
gives three  cases where queens used    
their stings1 in one of which cases she 
was  disabled from farther egg-laying4  
,she stings with slight effect4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4    ,part of   
,leg of ,queen1 magnified4              
t--,tibia4    p--,broadened tibia and   
basal tarsus4    t s--,tarsal joints4   

,the queen1 like the neuters1 is        
developed from an impregnated egg1      
which1 of course1 could only come from a
 queen that had previously  mated4      
,these eggs are not placed in a         
horizontal cell1 but in one  specially  
prepared for their reception 7,fig4 #bf1
 i74 ,these queen  cells are usually    
built on the edge of the comb1 or around
 an opening  in it1 which is            
necessitated from their size and form1  
as usually the  combs are too close     
together to permit their location       
elsewhere4 ,these  cells extend either  
vertically or diagonally downward1 are  
composed of  was mixed with pollen1 and 
in size and form much resemble a        
pea-nut4  ,the eggs must be placed in   
these cells1 either by the queen or     
workers4  ,huber1 who though blind had  
wondrous eyes1 also witnessed the act4  
,i  have frequently seen eggs in these  
cells1 and without exception in  the    
exact position in which the queen always
 places her eggs in the  other cells4   

,john ,hall1 in the old work already    
referred to1 whose  descriptions1 though
 penned so long ago1 are wonderfully    
accurate1 and  indicate great care1     
candor1 and conscientious truthfulness1 
asserts  that the queen is five times as
 long laying a royal egg as she is the  
others4 ,from the character of his work1
 and its early publication1  ,i can but 
think that he had witnessed this rare   
sight4 ,some candid  apiarists of our   
own time and country--,e4 ,gallup among 
the rest--claim  to have witnessed the  
act4 ,the eggs are so well glued1 and   
are so  delicate1 that1 with ,neighbour1
 ,i doubt the possibility of a removal4 
,the opponents to this view base their  
belief on a supposed discord  between   
the queen and neuters4 ,this antagonism 
is inferred1 and ,i  have but little    
faith in the inference1 or the argument 
from it4 ,i  know that when royal cells 
are to be torn down1 and inchoate queens
  destroyed1 the workers aid the queen  
in this destruction4 ,i have also  seen 

queens pass by unguarded queen-cells1   
and yet respect them4 ,i have  also seen
 several young queens dwelling amicably 
together in the same  hive4 ,is it not  
probable that the bees are united in    
whatever is to  be accomplished1 and    
that when queens are to be destroyed all
 spring  to the work1 and when they are 
to live all regard them as sacred8 ,it  
is true that the actions of bees are    
controlled and influenced by  the       
surrounding conditions or circumstances1
 but ,i have yet to see  satisfactory   
proof of the old theory that these      
conditions impress  differently the     
queen and the workers4 ,the conditions  
which lead to  the building of          
queen-cells and the peopling of the same
 are--loss of  queen1 when a worker     
larva from one to four days old will be 
surrounded  by a cell inability of a    
queen to lay impregnated eggs1 her      
spermatheca  having become emptied2     
great number of worker-bees in the hive2
  restricted quarters2 the queen not    

having place to deposit eggs1 or the    
workers little or no room to store honey
 and lack of ventilation1 so  that the  
hive becomes too close4 ,these last     
three conditions are most  likely to    
occur at times of great honey secretion4
    ,a queen may be developed from an   
egg1 or from a worker larva less  than  
three days old4 ,mr4 ,doolittle has     
known queens to be reared from  worker  
larv taken at four-and-a-half days from 
hatching4 ,in this  latter case1 the    
cells adjacent to the one containing the
 selected  larva are removed1 and the   
larva surrounded by a royal cell4 ,the  
development of the queen larva is much  
like that of the worker1 soon to  be    
detailed1 except that it is more rapid1 
and is fed richer and more  plenteous   
food1 called royal jelly4 ,this peculiar
 food1 as also its use  and abundance in
 the cell1 was first described by       
,schirach1 a ,saxon  clergyman1 who     
wrote a work on bees in #agga4          
,according to ,hunter1 this  royal      

pabulum is richer in nitrogen than that 
of the common larv4 ,it  is thick1 like 
rich cream2 slightly yellow1 and so     
abundant that the  queen larva not only 
floats in it during all its period of   
growth1 but  quite a large amount       
remains after her queenship vacates the 
cell4 ,we  often find this royal jelly  
in incomplete queen-cells1 without larv4
  ,mr4 ,quinby suggests that this is    
stored for future use4    ,what a       
mysterious circumstance is this3 ,these 
royal scions simply  receive a more     
abundant and sumptuous diet1 and occupy 
a more ample  habitation--for ,i have   
more than once confirmed the statement  
of ,mr4  ,quinby1 that the direction of 
the cell is immaterial--and yet what  a 
marvelous transformation4 ,not only are 
the ovaries developed and  filled with  
eggs1 but the mouth-organs1 the wing's1 
the legs1 and  the sting1 aye1 and the  
size1 form and habits are all wondrously
  changed4 ,that the development of     
parts should be accelerated1 and the    

size increased is not so surprising--as 
in breeding other insects  ,i have      
frequently found that kind and amount of
 food1 would hasten  or retard growth1  
and might even cause a dwarfed          
imago--but that it  should so           
essentially modify the structure1 is    
certainly a rare and  unique            
circumstance1 hardly to be found except 
here and in related  animals4 ,bevan has
 suggested that fertile workers'1 while 
larv1  have received some of this royal 
jelly1 from their position near a       
developing queen4 ,langstroth supposes  
that they receive some royal  jelly1    
purposely given by the workers1 and ,i  
had previously thought  this reasonable1
 and probably true4 ,but these pests of 
the apiarist1  and especially of the    
breeder1 almost always1 so far as ,i    
have  observed1 make their appearance in
 colonies long queenless1 and ,i have   
noticed a case similar to that given by 
,quinby1 where these occurred  in a     
nucleus where no queen had been         

developed4 ,may it not be true1  that a 
desire for eggs stimulates growth of the
 ovaries1 growth of eggs  in the ovarian
 tubes1 and consequent ability to       
deposit4 ,the common  high-holder1      
,colaptes auratus--a bird belonging to  
the woodpecker  family1 usually lays    
five eggs1 and only five2 but let cruel 
hands rob  her of these promises of     
future loved ones--and wondrous to      
relate1  she continues to lay more than 
a score4 ,one thus treated1 here on  the
 ,college campus1 actually laid more    
than thirty eggs4 ,so we see  that      
animal desires may influence and move   
organs that are generally  independent  
of the will4    ,the larval queen is    
longer and more rapid of development    
than the other  larv4 ,when developed   
from the egg--as in case of normal      
swarming--the  larva feeds for five     
days1 when the cell is capped by the    
workers4  ,the infant queen then spins  
her cocoon1 which occupies about one    
day4  ,the end of the cocoon is left    

open4 ,some one has suggested that this 
is an act of thoughtful generosity on   
the part of the queen larva1  thus to   
render her own destruction more easy1   
should the welfare of  the colony demand
 it1 as now a sister queen may safely   
give the fatal  sting4 ,the queen now   
spends nearly three days in absolute    
repose4 ,such  rest is common to all    
cocoon-spinning larv4 ,the spinning1    
which is  done by a rapid motion to and 
fro of the head1 always carrying the    
delicate thread1 much like the moving   
shuttle of the weaver1 seems to  bring  
exhaustion and need of repose4 ,she now 
assumes the nymph or pupa  state 7,fig4 
#bf1 i74 ,at the end of the sixteenth   
day she comes forth a  queen4 ,huber    
states that when a queen emerges1 the   
bees are thrown into  a joyous          
excitement1 so that he noted a rise in  
the temperature of the  hive from #ib   
,f4 to #ajd ,f4 ,i have never tested    
this matter accurately1  but ,i have    
failed to notice any marked             

demonstration on the natal day  of her  
lady-ship the queen1 or extra respect   
paid her as a virgin4 ,when  queens are 
started from worker larv1 they will     
issue as images in ten  or twelve days  
from the date of their new prospects4   
,mr4 ,doolittle  writes me that he has  
known them to issue in eight and        
one-half days4    ,as the queen's       
development is probably due to superior 
quality and  increased quantity of food1
 it would stand to reason that queens   
started from eggs are preferable2 the   
more so1 as under normal  circumstances1
 ,i believe1 they are almost always thus
 started4 ,the best  experience sustains
 this position4 ,as the proper food and 
temperature  could best be secured in a 
full colony--and here again the natural 
economy of the hive adds to our         
argument--we should infer that the  best
 queens would be reared in strong       
colonies1 or at least kept in  such     
colonies till the cells were capped4    
,experience also confirms  this view4   

,as the quantity and quality of food1   
and the general  activity of the bees is
 directly connected with the full       
nourishment  of the queen-larva1 and as 
these are only at the maximum in times  
of  active gathering--the time when     
queen-rearing is naturally started by   
the bees--we should also conclude that  
queens reared at such seasons  are      
superior4 ,my experience--and ,i have   
carefully observed in this              
connection--most emphatically sustains  
this view4    ,five or six days after   
issuing from the cell--,neighbour says  
the third  day--if the day is pleasant1 
the queen goes forth on her marriage    
flight otherwise she will improve the   
first pleasant day thereafter  for this 
purpose4 ,huber was the first to prove  
that impregnation  always takes place on
 the wing4 ,bonnet also proved that the 
same  is true of ants1 though in this   
case millions of queens and drones      
often swarm out at once4 ,i have myself 
witnessed several of these  wholesale   

matrimonial excursions among ants4 ,i   
have also frequently  taken bumble-bees 
in copulo while on the wing4 ,i have    
also noticed  both ants and bumble-bees 
to fall while united probably borne down
 by  the expiring males4 ,that          
butterflies6 moths1 dragon-flies1 etc41 
mate  on the wing is a matter of common 
observation4 ,that it is possible to    
impregnate queens when confined1 ,i     
think very doubtful4 ,the queens will   
caress the drones1 but the latter seem  
not to heed their advances4 ,that  this 
ever has been done ,i also question1    
though many think they have  positive   
proof that it has occurred4 ,yet1 as    
there are so many chances  to be        
mistaken1 and as experience and         
observation are so excessive  against   
the possibility1 ,i think that these may
 be cases of hasty or  inaccurate       
judgment4 ,many1 very many1 with myself1
 have followed ,huber  in clipping the  
queen's wing1 only to produce a sterile 
or drone-laying  queen4 ,prof ,leuckart 

believes that successful mating demands 
that the  large air-sacks 7,fig4 #b1 f7 
of the drones shall be filled1 which he 
thinks is only possible during flight4  
,the demeanor of the drones leads  me to
 think1 that the excitement of flight1  
like the warmth of the  hand1 is        
necessary to induce the sexual impulse4 
,i presume1 that in all the future1     
,huber's statement that the queen  must 
take wing to be impregnated1 will remain
 unrefuted4 ,yet it will do  no harm to 
keep trying4 ,success may come4 ,mating1
 too1 in green-houses  or rooms is also 
impracticable4 ,i have given this       
thorough trial4 ,the  drones are        
incorrigible cowards1 and their         
inordinate fear seems even  to overcome 
the sexual desires4    ,if the queen    
fails to find an admirer the first day1 
she will go forth  again and again till 
she succeeds4 ,huber stated that after  
twenty-one  days the case is hopeless4  
,bevan states that if impregnated from  
the  fifteenth to the twenty-first she  

will be largely a drone-laying queen4   
,that such absolute dates can be fixed  
in either of the above cases is  very   
questionable4 ,yet1 all experienced     
breeders know that queens kept  through 
the winter as virgins are sure to remain
 so4 ,it is quite likely  that the long 
inactivity of the spermatheca wholly or 
in part paralyzes  it1 so that queens   
that are late in mating cannot          
impregnate the eggs  as she desires4    
,this would accord with what we know of 
muscular  organs4 ,berlepsch believed   
that a queen that commenced laying as a 
virgin could never lay impregnated eggs1
 even though she afterwards  mated4     
,langstroth thought that he had observed
 to the contrary4    ,if the queen be   
observed after a successful wedding     
tour1 she will  be seen to bear the     
marks of success in the pendant drone   
appendages1  consisting of the penis1   
the yellow cul-de-sacks1 and the hanging
  thread-like ducts4    ,it is not at   
all likely that a queen1 after she has  

met a drone1 ever  leaves the hive again
 except that she leaves with a swarm4   
,some of the  observing apiarists think 
that an old queen may be again          
impregnated4  ,the fact that queens1    
with clipped wings1 are as long fertile 
as  others1 makes me think that cases   
which have led to such conclusions  are 
capable of other explanation4    ,if the
 queen lays eggs before meeting the     
drones1 or if for any reason  she fails 
to mate1 her eggs will only produce male
 bees4 ,this strange                    
anomaly--development of the eggs without
 impregnation--was discovered  and      
proved by ,dzierzon1 in #ahde4 ,dr4     
,dzierzon1 who1 as a student of         
practical and scientific apiculture1    
must rank with the great ,huber1 is  a  
,roman ,catholic priest of ,carlesmarkt1
 ,germany4 ,this doctrine--called       
parthenogenesis1 which means produced   
from a virgin--is still doubted  by some
 quite able bee-keepers1 though the     
proofs are irrefragable3  #ast4 ,unmated

 queens will lay eggs that will develop1
 but drones always  result4 #b;d4 ,old  
queens often become drone-layers1 but   
examination shows  that the spermatheca 
is void of seminal fluid4 ,such an      
examination  was first made by ,prof4   
,siebold1 the great ,german anatomist1  
in #ahac1  and later by ,leuckart and   
,leidy4 ,i have myself made several such
  examinations4 ,the spermatheca can    
easily be seen by the unaided vision1   
and by crushing it on a glass slide1 by 
compressing with a thin glass  cover1   
the difference between the contained    
fluid in the virgin and  impregnated    
queen is very patent1 even with a low   
power4 ,in the latter  it is more viscid
 and yellow1 and the vesicle more       
distended4 ,by use  of a high power1 the
 active spermatozoa or germ-cells become
 visible4  #c;d4 ,eggs in drone-cells   
are found by the microscopist to be void
 of the  sperm-cells1 which are always  
found in all other fresh-laid eggs4     
,this  most convincing1 and interesting 

observation1 was first made by ,von     
,siebold1 at the suggestion of          
,berlepsch4 ,it is quite difficult to   
show  this4 ,leuckart tried before ,von 
,siebold1 at ,berlepsch's apiary1 but   
failed4 ,i have also tried to discover  
these germ-cells in worker-eggs1  but as
 yet have been unsuccessful4 ,siebold   
has noted the same facts in  eggs of    
wasps4 #dth4 ,dr4 ,dnhoff1 of ,germany1 
in #ahee1 took an egg from  a           
drone-cell1 and by artificial           
impregnation produced a worker-bee4     
,such an operation1 to be successful1   
must be performed as soon as the  egg is
 laid4    ,parthenogenesis1 in the      
production of males1 has also been found
  by ,siebold to be true of other bees  
and wasps1 and of some of the  lower    
moths1 in the production of both males  
and females4 ,while the  great ,bonnet  
first discovered what may be noticed on 
any summer day1  all about us1 even on  
the house-plants at our very windows1   
that  parthenogenesis is best           

illustrated by the aphides or plant     
lice4 ,in  the fall males and females   
appear1 which mate1 when the female lays
  eggs1 which in the spring produce only
 females2 these again produce  only     
females1 and thus on1 for several       
generations1 till with the  cold of     
autumn come again the males and females4
 ,bonnet observed  seven successive     
generations of productive virgins4      
,duval noted  nine generations in seven 
months1 while ,kyber observed production
  exclusively by parthenogenesis in a   
heated room for four years4 ,so1 we     
see1 that this strange and almost       
incredible method of increase1 is not   
rare in the great insect world4         
,about two days after she is            
impregnated1 the queen1 under normal    
circumstances1 commences to lay1 usually
 worker-eggs1 and as the  condition of  
the hive seldom impels to swarming the  
same summer1 so  that no drones are     
required1 she usually lays no others the
 first  season4    ,it is frequently    

noticed that the young queen at first   
lays quite  a number of drone-eggs4     
,queen-breeders often observe this in   
their  nuclei4 ,this continues for only 
a few days4 ,this does not seem strange4
  ,the act of forcing the sperm-cells   
from the spermatheca is muscular and    
voluntary1 and that these muscles should
 not always act promptly at  first1 is  
not strange1 nor is it unprecedented4   
,mr4 ,wagner suggested  that the size of
 the cell determined the sex1 as in the 
small cells  the pressure on the abdomen
 forced the fluid from the spermatheca4 
,mr4  ,quinby also favored this view4 ,i
 greatly question this theory4 ,all     
observing apiarists have known eggs to  
be laid in worker-cells1 ere the  cell  
was hardly commenced1 when there could  
be no pressure4 ,in case of             
queen-cells1 too1 if the queen does lay 
the eggs--as ,i believe--these  would be
 unimpregnated1 as the cell is very     
large4 ,i know the queen  sometimes     
passes from drone to worker-cells very  

abruptly while laying1  as ,i have      
witnessed such a procedure--the same    
that so greatly rejoiced  the late      
,baron of ,berlepsch1 after weary hours 
of watching--but  that she can thus     
control at the instant this process of  
adding or  withholding the sperm-cells1 
certainly seems not so strange as that  
the spermatheca1 hardly bigger than a   
pin-head1 could supply these  cells for 
months1 yes1 and for years4 ,who that   
has seen the bot-fly  dart against the  
horse's legs1 and as surely leave the   
tiny yellow egg1  can doubt but that    
insects possess very sensitive oviducts1
 and can  extrude the minute eggs just  
at pleasure4 ,that a queen may force    
single  eggs1 at will1 past the mouth of
 the spermatheca1 and at the same time  
add or withhold the sperm-cells1 is1 ,i 
think1 without question1 true4  ,what   
gives added force to this view1 is the  
fact that other bees1  wasps and ants   
exercise the same volition1 and can have
 no aid from  cell-pressure1 as all the 

eggs are laid in receptacles of the same
  size4 ,but the ,baron of ,berlepsch1  
worthy to be a friend of ,dzierzon1  has
 fully decided the matter4 ,he has shown
 that old drone cells are as  small as  
new worker-cells1 and yet each harbors  
its own brood4 ,very  small queens1 too1
 make no mistakes4 ,with no drone-cells1
 the queen  will sometimes lay          
drone-eggs in worker-cells1 in which    
drones will  then be reared4 ,and will1 
if she must1 though with great          
reluctance1  lay worker-eggs in         
drone-cells4    ,before laying an egg1  
the queen takes a look into the cell1   
probably  to see if all is right4 ,if   
the cell contains any honey1 pollen1 or 
an egg1 she usually passes it by1 though
 when crowded1 a queen will  sometimes1 
especially if young1 insert two or three
 eggs in a cell1  and sometimes1 in such
 cases1 she drops them1 when the bees   
show  their dislike of waste1 and       
appreciation of good living1 by making a
  breakfast of them4 ,if the queen finds

 the cell to her liking1 she  turns     
about1 inserts her abdomen1 and in an   
instant the tiny egg is  glued1 in      
position 7,fig4 #bf1 b7 to the bottom of
 the cell4    ,the queen1 when          
considered in relation to the other bees
 of the colony1  possesses a surprising 
longevity4 ,it is not surprising for her
 to  attain the age of three years in   
the full possession of her powers1      
while they have been known to do good   
work for five years4 ,queens1  often at 
the expiration of one1 two1 three or    
four years1 depending on  their vigor   
and excellence1 either cease to be      
fertile1 or else become  impotent to lay
 impregnated eggs--the spermatheca      
having become emptied  of its           
sperm-cells4 ,in such cases the workers 
usually supersede the  queen2 that is   
they destroy the old queen1 ere all the 
worker-eggs are  gone1 and take of the  
few remaining ones to start queen-cells1
 and thus  rear young1 fertile and      
vigorous queens4    ,it sometimes       

happens1 though rarely1 that a          
fine-looking queen1 with  full-formed   
ovaries1 and large spermatheca1         
well-filled with male  fluid1 will      
deposit freely1 but none of the eggs    
will hatch4 ,readers  of the            
bee-publications know that ,i have      
frequently received such for            
dissection4 ,the first ,i ever got was a
 remarkably fine-looking ,italian1      
received from the late ,dr4 ,hamlin1 of 
,tennessee4 ,all such queens that ,i    
have examined seem perfect1 even though 
scrutinized with a high-power           
objective4 ,we can only say that the egg
 is at fault1 as frequently  transpires 
with higher animals1 even to the        
highest4 ,these females are  barren2    
through some fault with the ovaries1 the
 eggs grown therein  are sterile4 ,to   
detect just what is the trouble with the
 egg is a very  difficult problem1 if it
 is capable of solution at all4 ,i have 
tried to  determine the ultimate cause1 
but without success4    ,the function of

 the queen is simply to lay eggs1 and   
thus keep the  colony populous2 and this
 she does with an energy that is fairly 
startling4 ,a good queen in her best    
estate will lay two or three  thousand  
eggs a day4 ,i have seen a queen in my  
observing hive1 lay  for some time at   
the rate of four eggs per minute1 and   
have proved by  actual computation of   
brood cells1 that a queen may lay over  
three  thousand eggs in a day4          
,langstroth and ,berlepsch both saw     
queens lay at  the rate of six eggs a   
minute4    ,the latter had a queen that 
laid three thousand and twenty-one eggs 
in #bd hours1 by actual count1 and in   
#bj days she laid fifty-seven  thousand4
 ,this queen continued prolific for five
 years1 and must have  laid1 says the   
,baron1 at a low estimate1 more than    
#a1cjj1jjj eggs4  ,dzierzon says queens 
may lay #a1jjj1jjj eggs1 and ,i think   
these authors  have not exaggerated4    
,yet1 with even these figures as an     
advertisement1  the queen bee cannot    

boast of superlative fecundity1 as the  
queen  white-ant--an insect closely     
related to the bees in habits1 though   
not in structure1 as the white-ants are 
lace-wings and belong to the  sub-order 
,neuroptera1 which includes our         
day-flies1 dragon-flies1  etc4--is known
 to lay over #hj1jjj eggs daily4 ,yet   
this poor helpless  thing1 whose abdomen
 is the size of a man's thumb1 and      
composed almost  wholly of eggs1 while  
the rest of her body is not larger than 
the  same in our common ants1 has no    
other amusement2 she cannot walk2 she   
cannot even feed herself or care for her
 eggs4 ,what wonder then that  she      
should attempt big things in the way of 
egg-laying8 ,she has nothing  else to   
do1 or to feel proud of4    ,different  
queens vary as much in fecundity as do  
different breeds of  fowls4 ,some queens
 are so prolific that they fairly demand
 hives of  ,india rubber to accommodate 
them1 keeping their hives gushing with  
bees and profitable activity while      

others are so inferior1 that the        
colonies make a poor1 sickly effort to  
survive at all1 and usually  succumb    
early1 before those adverse             
circumstances which are ever  waiting to
 confront all life on the globe4 ,the   
activity of the queen1  too1 is governed
 largely by the activity of the workers4
 ,the queen will  either lay sparingly1 
or stop altogether1 in the interims of  
storing  honey1 while1 on the other     
hand1 she is stimulated to lay to her   
utmost  capacity1 when all is life and  
activity in the hive4    ,it would seem 
that the queen either reasons from      
conditions1 is taught  by instinct1 or  
else that without her volition the      
general activity  of the worker-bees    
stimulates the ovaries1 how1 we know    
not1 to grow  more eggs4 ,we know that  
such a stimulus is born of desire1 in   
case of  the high-holder1 already       
referred to4 ,that the queen may have   
control  of the activity of her ovaries1
 either directly or indirectly1 through 

reflex nervous action induced by the    
general excitement of the bees1  which  
always follows active storing1 is not   
only possible1 but quite  likely4       
,the old poetical notion that the queen 
is the revered and admired  sovereign of
 the colony1 whose pathway is ever lined
 by obsequious  courtiers1 whose person 
is ever the recipient of loving         
caresses1  and whose will is law in this
 bee-hive kingdom1 controlling all the  
activities inside the hive1 and leading 
the colony whithersoever they  may go1  
is unquestionably mere fiction4 ,in the 
hive1 as in the world1  individuals are 
valued for what they are worth4 ,the    
queen1 as the most  important           
individual1 is regarded with solicitude1
 and her removal  or loss noted with    
consternation1 as the welfare of the    
colony is  threatened2 yet1 let the     
queen become useless1 and she is        
despatched  with the same absence of    
emotion that characterizes the          
destruction of  the drones when they    

have become supernumeraries4 ,it is very
 doubtful  if emotion or sentimentality 
are ever moving forces among the lower  
animals4 ,there are probably certain    
natural principles that govern  in the  
economy of the hive1 and aught that     
conspires against1 or  tends to         
intercept the action of these           
principles1 becomes an enemy  to the    
bees4 ,all are interested1 and doubtless
 more united than is  generally         
believed1 in a desire to promote the    
free action of these  principles4 ,no   
doubt the principle of antagonism among 
the various bees  has been overrated4   
,even1 the drones1 when they are being  
killed off  in the autumn1 make a sickly
 show of defense1 as much as to say1 the
  welfare of the colony demands that    
such worthless vagrants should be       
exterminated2 so mote it be2 go ahead4  
,the statement1 too1 that there  is     
often serious antagonism between the    
queen and workers1 as to the            
destruction or preservation of inchoate 

queens1 yet in the cell1 is a  matter   
which may well be investigated4 ,it is  
most probable that what  tends most for 
the prosperity of the colony is well    
understood by all1  and without doubt   
there is harmonious action among all the
 denizens of  the hive1 to foster that  
which will advance the general welfare1 
or to  make war on whatever may tend to 
interfere with it4 ,if the course of    
any of the bees seems wavering and      
inconsistent1 we may rest assured  that 
circumstances have changed1 and that    
could we perceive the bearing  of all   
the surrounding conditions1 all would   
appear consistent and  harmonious4      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4    ,drone     
,bee1 magnified4    ,,the ,,drones4     
,these are the male bees1 and are       
generally found in the hive only  from  
,may to ,november3 though they may      
remain all winter1 and are not          
infrequently absent during the summer4  
,their presence or absence  depends on  
the present and prospective condition of

 the colony4 ,if they  are needed1 or   
likely to be needed1 then they are      
present4 ,there are  in nature several  
hundred in each colony4 ,the number may 
and should  be greatly reduced by the   
apiarist4 ,these 7,fig4 #ag7 are shorter
 than  the queen1 being less than       
three-fourths of an inch in length1 are 
more robust and bulky than either the   
queen or workers1 and are easily        
recognized when flying by their loud1   
startling hum4 ,as in other  societies1 
the least useful make the most noise4   
,this loud hum is  caused by the less   
rapid vibration of their large1 heavy   
wings4 ,their  flight is more heavy and 
lumbering than that of the workers4     
,their  ligula1 labial palpi1 and       
maxill--like the same in the queen      
bee--are  short1 while their jaws 7,fig4
 #ba1 a7 possess the rudimentary tooth1 
and are much the same in form as those  
of the queen1 but are heavier1  though  
not so strong as those of the workers4  
,their eyes 7,fig4 #d7  are very        

prominent1 meet above1 and thus the     
simple eyes are thrown  forward4 ,their 
posterior legs are convex on the outside
 7,fig4 #ah71 so1  like the queens1 they
 have no pollen baskets4 ,the drones are
 without  the defensive organ1 having no
 sting1 while their special sex-organs  
7,fig4 #aj7 are not unlike those of     
other insects1 and have already been    
sufficiently described4                 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4    ,part of   
,leg of ,drone1 magnified4              
t--,tibia4    p--,broadened tibia and   
basal tarsus4    t s--,joints of        
,tarsus1    c--,claws4      ,it was     
discovered by ,dzierzon1 in #ahde1 that 
the drones hatch from  unimpregnated    
eggs4 ,this strange phenomenon1         
seemingly so incredible1  is as has been
 shown in speaking of the queen1 easily 
proved and beyond  question4 ,these eggs
 may come from an unimpregnated queen1 a
 fertile  worker--which will soon be    
further described--or from an           
impregnated  queen1 which may           

voluntarily prevent impregnation4 ,such 
eggs may be  placed in the larger       
horizontal cells 7,fig4 #bh1 a71 in     
manner already  described4 ,as stated by
 ,bevan1 the drone feeds six and a half 
days as  a larva1 before the cell is    
capped4 ,the capping of the drone-cells 
is  very convex1 and projects beyond the
 plane of the same in worker-cells1  so 
that the drone brood is easily          
distinguished from worker1 and from  the
 darker color--the wax being thicker and
 less pure--the capping of  both drone  
and worker brood-cells enable us easily 
to distinguish them  from honey-cells4  
,in twenty-four days from the laying of 
the egg1 the  drones come forth from the
 cells4 ,of course variation of         
temperature1  and other conditions1 as  
variable amount of diet1 may slightly   
retard  or advance the development of   
any brood1 in the different stages4 ,the
  drones--in fact all bees--when they   
first emerge from the cells1 are  gray1 
soft1 and appear generally              

unsophisticated4    ,just what the      
longevity of the male bee is1 ,i am     
unable to state4 ,it  is probable1      
judging from analogy1 that they live    
till accident1 the  worker bees1 or the 
performance of their natural function   
causes their  death4 ,the worker-bees   
are liable to kill off the drones1 which
 they  do by constantly biting and      
worrying them4 ,they may also destroy   
the  drone-brood4 ,it is not very rare  
to see workers carrying out immature    
drones even in mid-summer4 ,at the same 
time1 too1 they may destroy  inchoate   
queens4 ,such action is prompted by a   
sudden check in the  yield of honey1 and
 with the drones is most common at the  
close of  the season4 ,the bees seem    
very cautious and far-sighted4 ,if the  
signs  of the times presage a famine1   
they stay all proceedings looking to    
the increase of colonies4 ,on the other 
hand1 unlimited honey1 rapid  increase  
of brood1 crowded quarters--whatever the
 age of the queen--is  sure to bring    

many of the male bees4 ,while any       
circumstances that  indicate a future   
need of drones will prevent their       
destruction even in  late autumn4       
,the function of the drones is solely to
 impregnate the queen1 though  when     
present they may add animal heat4 ,that 
their nutrition is active1  is suggested
 by the fact1 that upon dissection1 we  
always find their  capacious stomachs   
filled with honey4    ,impregnation of  
the queen always takes place1 as before 
stated1 while  on the wing1 outside the 
hive1 usually during the heat of warm   
sunshiny  days4 ,after mating1 the drone
 organs adhere to the queen1 and may be 
seen hanging to her for some hours4 ,the
 copulatory act is fatal to the  drones4
 ,by holding a drone in the hand1 the   
ejection of the sex-organs  is often    
produced1 and always followed by        
immediate death4 ,as the  queen only    
meets a single drone1 and that only     
once1 it might be asked  why nature was 
so improvident as to decree hundreds of 

drones to an  apiary or colony1 whereas 
a score would suffice as well4 ,nature  
takes  cognizance of the importance of  
the queen1 and as she goes forth amidst 
the myriad dangers of the outer world1  
it is safest and best that her  stay    
abroad be not protracted2 that the      
experience be not repeated1  and        
especially1 that her meeting a drone be 
not delayed4 ,hence the  superabundance 
of drones--especially under natural     
conditions1 isolated  in forest homes1  
where ravenous birds are ever on the    
alert for insect  game--is most wise and
 provident4 ,nature is never penny wise 
and pound  foolish4 ,in our apiaries the
 need is wanting1 and the condition1 as 
it  exists in nature1 is not enforced4  
,the fact that parthenogenesis prevails 
in the production of the drones1  has   
led to the theory that from a pure      
queen1 however mated1 must ever  come a 
pure drone4 ,my own experience and      
observation1 which ,i believe  are those
 of all apiarists1 has confirmed this   

theory4 ,yet1 if the  impure mating of  
our cows1 horses1 and fowls1 renders the
 females of  mixed blood ever afterward1
 as is believed and taught by many who  
would  seem most competent to           
judge--though ,i must say ,i am somewhat
 skeptical  in the matter--then we must 
look closely as to our bees1 for        
certainly1  if a mammal1 and especially 
a fowl1 is tainted by impure mating1    
then  we may expect the same of insects4
 ,in fowls such influence1 if it        
exists1 must come simply from the       
presence in the female generative       
organs of the germ-cells1 or            
spermatozoa1 and in mammals1 too1 there 
is little more than this1 for though    
they are viviparous1 so that the  union 
and contact of the offspring and mother 
seems very intimate1  during ftal       
development1 yet there is no            
intermingling of the blood1  for a      
membrane ever separates that of the     
mother from that of the  ftus1 and only 
the nutritious and waste elements pass  

from one to the  other4 ,to claim that  
the mother is tainted through the       
circulation1  is like claiming that the 
same result would follow her inhaling   
the  breath of her progeny after birth4 
,i can only say1 that ,i believe this   
whole matter is still involved in doubt1
 and still needs more careful1          
scientific and prolonged observation4   
,,the ,,neuters1 ,,or ,,worker-,,bees4  
,these1 called the bees1 by ,aristotle1 
and even by ,wildman and ,bevan1  are by
 far the most numerous individuals of   
the hive--there being from  #ae1jjj to  
#dj1jjj in every good colony4 ,it is    
possible for a colony to  be even much  
more populous than this4 ,these are also
 the smallest bees  of the colony1 as   
they measure but little more than       
one-half of an inch  in length 7,fig4   
#ai74    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4      
,worker-,bee1 magnified4    ,the        
workers--as taught by ,schirach1 and    
proved by ,mlle4 ,jurine1 of  ,geneva1  
,switzerland1 who1 at the request of    

,huber1 sought for and  found1 by aid of
 her microscope1 the abortive           
ovaries--are undeveloped  females4      
,rarely1 and probably very rarely1      
except that a colony is long  or often  
queenless1 as is frequently true of our 
nuclei1 these bees are  so far developed
 as to produce eggs1 which1 of course1  
would always  be drone eggs4 ,such      
workers--known as fertile--were first   
noticed by  ,riem1 while ,huber actually
 saw one in the act of egg-laying4      
,except  in the power to produce eggs1  
they seem not unlike the other workers4 
,huber supposed that these were reared  
in cells contiguous to royal  cells1 and
 thus received royal food by accident4  
,the fact1 as stated by  ,mr4 ,quinby1  
that these occur in colonies where      
queen-larv were never  reared1 is fatal 
to the above theory4 ,langstroth and    
,berlepsch thought  that these bees1    
while larv1 were fed1 though too        
sparingly1 with the  royal aliment1 by  
bees in need of a queen1 and hence the  

accelerated  development4 ,such may be  
the true explanation4 ,yet if1 as some  
apiarists aver1 these appear where no   
brood has been fed1 and so must  be     
common workers1 changed after leaving   
the cell1 as the result of a  felt need1
 then we must conclude that development 
and growth--as with  the                
high-holder--spring from desire4 ,the   
generative organs are very  sensitive1  
and exceedingly susceptible to          
impressions1 and we may yet  have much  
to learn as to the delicate forces which
 will move them to  growth and activity4
 ,though these fertile workers are a    
poor substitute  for a queen1 as they   
are incapable of producing any but      
drones1 and are  surely the harbingers  
of death and extinction to the colony1  
yet they  seem to satisfy the workers1  
for they will not brook the presence of 
a  queen when a fertile worker is in the
 hive1 nor will they suffer the         
existence in the hive of a queen-cell1  
even though capped4 ,they seem  to be   

satisfied1 though they have very slight 
reason to be so4 ,these  fertile workers
 lay indifferently in large or small    
cells--often place  several eggs in a   
single cell1 and show their incapacity  
in various  ways4    ,illustration3     
,fig4 #bj4    ,tongue of a ,worker-,bee1
 much magnified4      a--,ligula4       
c1 c--,maxill4    b1 b--,labial palpi4  
d--,paragloss4    ,the average length of
 a black worker's tongue1 as compared   
with this  from an ,italian1 would be   
from base to a4    ,the workers1 as     
might be surmised by the importance and 
variety of  their functions1 are        
structurally very peculiar ,their       
tongues 7,fig4 #bj1  a71 labial palpi   
7,fig4 #bj1 b1 b71 and maxill 7,fig4    
#bj1 c1 c71  are very much elongated1   
while the former is very hairy1 and     
doubles  under the throat when not in   
use4 ,the length of the ligula enables  
them  to reach into flowers with long   
tubes1 and by aid of the hairs they lap 
up the nectar4 ,when the tongue is big  

with its adhering load of sweet1  it is 
doubled back1 enclosed by the labial    
palpi and maxill1 and then  extended1   
thus losing its load of nectar1 which at
 the same time is  sucked into the large
 honey-stomach4 ,the bees1 at will1 can 
force the  honey back from the          
honey-stomach1 when it is stored in the 
honey-cells  or given to the other bees4
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4           
a--,jaw of drone4    b--,jaw of queen4  
c--,jaw of worker4      ,the jaws 7,fig4
 #ba1 c7 are very strong1 without the   
rudimentary tooth1  while the cutting   
edge is semi-conical1 so that when the  
jaws are  closed they form an imperfect 
cone4 ,thus these are well formed to cut
  comb1 knead wax1 and perform their    
various functions4 ,their eyes 7,fig4   
#e7 are like those of the queen1 while  
their wings1 like those of the  drones1 
attain the end of the body4 ,these      
organs 7,fig4 #c71 as in all  insects   
with rapid flight1 are slim and strong1 
and1 by their more or  less rapid       

vibrations1 give the variety of tone    
which characterizes  their hum4 ,thus we
 have the rapid movements and high pitch
 of anger1  and the slow motion and     
mellow note of content and joy4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4    ,part of   
,posterior ,leg of ,worker1 outside1    
much magnified4      t--,tibia4         
b--,rim of hairs4    p--,pollen basket4 
t s--,joint of tarsi1    c--,claws4     
,on the outside of the posterior tibia  
and basal tarsus is a cavity1  made more
 deep by its rim of hairs1 known as the 
pollen basket 7,fig4  #bb1 p74 ,in these
 pollen baskets is compacted the pollen1
 which is  gathered by the mouth organs1
 and carried back by the four anterior  
legs4 ,opposite the pollen baskets are  
regular rows of golden hairs  7,fig4    
#bc1 e71 which probably aid in storing  
and compacting the pollen  balls4    ,on
 the anterior legs of the workers1      
between the femur and tibia1 is a       
curious notch 7,fig4 #bd1 ,c71 covered  
by a spur 7,fig4 #bd1 ,b74 ,for  several

 years this has caused speculation among
 my students1 and has  attracted the    
attention of observing apiarists4 ,some 
have supposed that  it aided bees in    
reaching deeper down into tubular       
flowers1 others that  it was used in    
scraping off pollen1 and still others   
that it enabled  bees to hold on when   
clustering4 ,the first two functions may
 belong to  this1 though other honey and
 pollen-gathering bees do not possess   
it4  ,the latter function is performed  
by the claws at the end of the tarsi4   
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4    ,part of   
,worker's ,posterior ,leg1 inside1 much 
magnified4      e--,rows of hairs4      
t--,tibia4    c--,claws4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4    ,anterior  
,leg of ,worker1 magnified4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4    ,worker's  
,sting1 magnified4      a--,tube4    b  
b--,barbed spears drawn out of tube and 
turned back1    c--,poison sack4        
d--,muscles4      ,the workers1 too1    
possess an organ of defense 7,fig4 #be71

 which they  are quick to use if        
occasion requires4 ,this is not curved  
as in the  queen1 but straight4 ,the    
gland which secretes the poison is      
double1  and the sack 7,fig4 #be1 c71 in
 which it is stored1 is as large as  a  
flax-seed4 ,the sting proper1 is a      
triple organ1 consisting of  three sharp
 spears1 very smooth and of exquisite   
polish4 ,the most  highly-wrought steel 
instruments1 under a high magnifier1    
look rough  and unfinished1 while the   
parts of the sting show no such         
inequalities4  ,one of these spears     
7,fig4 #be1 a7 is canaliculate--that is1
 it forms  an imperfect tube--and in    
this canal work the other two 7,fig4    
#be1 b1  b71 which fill the vacant      
space1 and thus the three make a        
complete  tube1 and through this tube1  
which connects with the poison sack1    
passes the poison4 ,the slender spears  
which work in the tube are  marvelously 
sharp1 and project beyond it when used1 
and are worked  alternately by small but

 powerful muscles 7,fig4 #be1 d71 so    
they may  pass through buckskin1 or even
 the thick scarf-skin of the hand4      
,these  are also barbed at the end with 
teeth1 seven of which are prominent1    
which extend out and back like the barb 
of a fish-hook4 ,hence the  sting cannot
 be withdrawn1 if it penetrates any firm
 substance1 and  so when used1 it is    
drawn from the bee1 and carries with it 
a portion  of the alimentary canal1 thus
 costing the poor bee its life4 ,darwin 
suggests that bees and wasps were       
developed from the saw-flies1 and  that 
the barbs on the sting are the old-time 
saws1 transformed into the  spear-like  
barbs4 ,he does not explain why these   
are so much shorter  and more obscure in
 the queen1 and in other bees and wasps4
 ,the  honey-stomach or crop in the     
workers 7,fig4 #i1 o7 is well developed1
  though no larger than those in the    
drones4 ,whether it is more complex  in 
structure1 ,i do not know4    ,the      
workers hatch from an impregnated egg1  

which can only come from a  queen that  
has met a drone1 and is always laid in  
the small1 horizontal  cell4 ,these eggs
 are in no wise different1 so far as we 
can see1 from  those which are laid in  
the drone or queen-cells4 ,all are      
cylindrical  and slightly curved 7,fig4 
#bf1 b1 c7 and are fastened by one end  
to  the bottom of the cell1 and a little
 to one side of the centre4 ,as  already
 shown1 these are voluntarily fertilized
 by the queen as she  extrudes them1    
preparatory to fastening them in the    
cells4 ,these eggs1  though so          
small--one-sixteenth of an inch         
long--may be easily seen by  holding the
 comb so that the light will shine into 
the cells4 ,with  experience1 they are  
detected almost at once1 but ,i have    
often found  it quite difficult to make 
the novice see them1 though very plainly
  visible to my experienced eye4        
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4    ,egg and   
,brood4      b and c--,eggs4    d1 e1 f 
and g--,various sizes of larv4          

h--,pupa4    i--,pupa of queen1 in      
queen-cell4    k1 k--,caps4      ,the   
egg hatches in three days4 ,the larva   
7,fig4 #bf1 d1 e1 f1 g71  incorrectly   
called grub1 maggot--and even           
caterpillar1 by ,hunter--is  white1     
footless1 and lies coiled up in the cell
 till near maturity4 ,it  is fed a      
whitish fluid1 though this seems to be  
given grudgingly1 as  it never seems to 
have more than it wishes to eat1 so it  
is fed quite  frequently by the mature  
workers4 ,it would seem that the workers
 fear  an excessive development1 which1 
as we have seen1 is most mischievous    
and ruinous1 and work to prevent the    
same1 by a mean and meager diet4  ,the  
food is composed of pollen and honey4   
,certainly of pollen1 for1  as ,i have  
repeatedly proved1 without pollen1 no   
brood will be reared4  ,probably some   
honey is incorporated1 as sugar is an   
essential in the  nutrition of all      
animals1 and we could hardly account for
 the excessive  amount of honey         

consumed1 while breeding1 by the extra  
amount consumed  by the bees1 consequent
 upon the added exercise required in    
caring  for the brood4 ,m4 ,quinby1     
,doolittle1 and others1 say water is    
also an  element of this food4 ,but bees
 often breed very rapidly when they do  
not leave the hive at all1 and so water1
 other than that contained in  the      
honey1 etc41 cannot be added4 ,this     
makes it a question if water is  ever   
added4 ,the time when bees seem to need 
water1 and so repair to the  rill and   
the pond1 is during the heat of summer1 
when they are most  busy4 ,may this not 
be quaffed to slake their own thirst8   
,in six days the cell is capped over by 
the worker-bees4 ,this cap is  composed 
of pollen and wax1 so it is darker1 more
 porous1 and more  easily broken than   
the caps of the honey-cells2 it is also 
more convex  7,fig4 #bf1 k74 ,the larva1
 now full grown1 having lapped up all   
the  food placed before it1 surrounds   
itself with a silken cocoon1 so         

excessively thin that it requires a     
great number to appreciably reduce  the 
size of the cells4 ,these always remain 
in the cell1 after the  bees1 escape1   
and give to old comb its dark color and 
great strength4  ,yet they are so thin1 
that cells used even for a dozen years1 
seem to  serve as well for brood as when
 first used4 ,in three days the insect  
assumes the pupa state 7,fig4 #bf1 h74  
,in all insects the spinning of  the    
cocoon seems an exhaustive process1 for 
so far as ,i have observed1  and that is
 quite at length1 this act is succeeded 
by a variable period  of repose4 ,the   
pupa is also called a nymph4 ,by cutting
 open cells it is  easy to determine    
just the date of forming the cocoon1 and
 of changing  to the pupa state4 ,the   
pupa looks like the mature bee with all 
its  appendages bound close about it1   
though the color is still whitish3      
,in twenty-one days the bee emerges from
 the cell4 ,the old writers were  quite 
mistaken in thinking that the advent of 

these was an occasion  of joy and       
excitement among the bees4 ,all         
apiarists have noticed how  utterly     
unmoved the bees are1 as they push over 
and crowd by these  new-comers in the   
most heedless and discourteous manner   
imaginable4  ,wildman tells of seeing   
the workers gathering pollen and honey  
the same  day that they came forth from 
the cells4 ,this idea is quickly        
disproved  if we ,italianize black-bees4
 ,we know that for some days these young
  bees do not leave the hive at all1    
except in case of swarming1 when  bees  
even too young to fly will essay to go  
with the crowd4 ,these  young bees1 like
 the young drones and queens1 are much  
lighter for the  first few days4    ,the
 worker-bees never attain a great age4  
,those reared in autumn may  live for   
eight or nine months1 and if in         
queenless stocks1 where little  labor is
 performed1 even longer2 while those    
reared in spring will wear  out in      
three1 and when most busy1 will often   

die in from thirty to  forty-five days4 
,none of these bees survive the year    
through1 so there  is a limit to the    
number which may exist in a colony4 ,as 
a good queen  will lay1 when in her best
 estate1 three thousand eggs daily1 and 
as  the workers live from one to three  
months1 it might seem that forty        
thousand was too small a figure for the 
number of workers4 ,without  doubt a    
greater number is possible4 ,that it is 
rare is not surprising1  when we        
remember the numerous accidents and     
vicissitudes that must ever  attend the 
individuals of these populous           
communities4    ,the function of the    
worker-bees is to do all the manual     
labor of the  hives4 ,they secrete the  
wax1 which forms in small pellets 7,fig4
 #bg1  a1 a7 under the over-lapping     
rings under the abdomen4 ,i have found  
these wax-scales on both old and young4 
,according to ,fritz ,mller1 the        
admirable ,german observer1 so long a   
traveler in ,south ,america1 the  bees  

of the genus melipona secrete the wax on
 the back4    ,the young bees build the 
comb1 ventilate the hive1 feed the larv 
and  cap the cells4 ,the older          
bees--for1 as readily seen in           
,italianizing1  the young bees do not go
 forth for the first one or two         
weeks--gather  the honey1 collect the   
pollen1 or bee-bread1 as it is generally
 called1  bring in the propolis or bee  
glue1 which is used to close openings1  
and  as a cement1 supply the hive with  
water7871 defend the hive from all      
improper intrusion1 destroy drones when 
their day of grace is past1  kill and   
arrange for replacing worthless queens1 
destroy inchoate  queens1 drones1 or    
even workers1 if circumstances demand   
it1 and lead  forth a portion of the    
bees when the conditions impel them to  
swarm4    ,when there are no young bees1
 the old bees will act as house-keepers 
and nurses1 which they otherwise refuse 
to do4 ,the young bees1 on the  other   
hand1 will not go forth to glean1 even  

though there be no old  bees to do this 
necessary part of bee-duties4 ,an       
indirect function of  all the bees is to
 supply animal heat1 as the very life of
 the bees  require that the temperature 
inside the hive be maintained at a rate 
considerably above freezing4 ,in the    
chemical processes attendant upon       
nutrition1 much heat is generated1      
which1 as first shown by ,newport1  may 
be considerably augmented at the        
pleasure of the bees1 by forced         
respiration4 ,the bees1 too1 by a rapid 
vibration of their wings1 have  the     
power to ventilate their hives1 and thus
 reduce the temperature1  when the      
weather is hot4 ,thus they moderate the 
heat of summer1 and  temper the cold of 
winter4    ,illustration3 ,under        
,surface of ,bee1 showing ,wax between  
,segments4          ,,chapter ,,iii4    
,,swarming ,,or ,,natural ,,method ,,of 
,,increase4      ,the natural method by 
which an increase of colonies among bees
 is  secured1 is of great interest1 and 

though it has been closely observed1    
and assiduously studied for a long      
period1 and has given rise to  theories 
as often absurd as sound1 yet1 even now1
 it is a fertile  field for             
investigation1 and will repay any who   
may come with the true  spirit of       
inquiry1 for there is much concerning it
 which is involved  in mystery4 ,why do 
bees swarm at unseemly times8 ,why is   
the swarming  spirit so excessive at    
times and so restrained at other        
seasons8 ,these  and other questions we 
are too apt to refer to erratic         
tendencies of  the bees1 when there is  
no question but that they follow        
naturally upon  certain conditions1     
perhaps intricate and obscure1 which it 
is the  province of the investigator to 
discover4 ,who shall be first to unfold 
the principles which govern these1 as   
all other actions of the bees8    ,in   
the spring or early summer1 when the    
hive has become populous1 and  storing  
very active1 the queen1 as if conscious 

that a home could  be overcrowded1 and  
foreseeing such danger1 commences to    
deposit  drone-eggs in drone-cells1     
which the worker-bees1 perhaps moved by 
like considerations1 begin to construct1
 if they are not already in  existence4 
,in fact1 drone comb is almost sure of  
construction at such  times4 ,no sooner 
is the drone brood well under way1 than 
the large1  awkward1 queen-cells are    
commenced1 often to the number of ten or
  fifteen1 though there may be not more 
than three or four4 ,in these1  eggs are
 placed1 and the rich royal jelly added1
 and soon1 often before  the cells are  
even capped--and very rarely before a   
cell is built1 if  the bees are crowded1
 the hives unshaded1 the ventilation    
insufficient1  or the honey-yield very  
bountiful--some bright day1 usually     
about ten  o'clock1 after an unusual    
disquiet both inside and outside the    
hive1  a large part of the              
worker-bees--being off duty for the day1
 and  having previously loaded their    

honey-sacks--rush forth from the hive   
as if alarmed by the cry of fire1 the   
queen among the number1 though  she is  
by no means among the first1 and        
frequently is quite late in  her exit4  
,the bees1 thus started on their quest  
for a new home1 after  many uproarious  
gyrations about the old one1 dart forth 
to alight upon  some bush1 limb1 or     
fence1 though in one case ,i have known 
the first  swarm of bees to leave at    
once1 for parts unknown1 without even   
waiting  to cluster4 ,after thus        
meditating for the space of from one to 
three  hours1 upon a future course1 they
 again take wing and leave for their    
new home1 which they have probably      
already sought out4    ,some suppose the
 bees look up a home before leaving the 
hive1 while  others claim that scouts   
are in search of one while the bees are 
clustered4 ,the fact that bees take a   
right-line to their new home1  and fly  
too rapidly to look as they go1 would   
argue that a home is  prempted1 at      

least1 before the cluster is dissolved4 
,the fact that  the cluster remains     
sometimes for hours--even over          
night--and at other  times for a brief  
period1 would lead us to infer that the 
bees cluster1  in waiting for a new home
 to be found4 ,yet1 why do bees         
sometimes  alight after flying a long   
distance1 as did a first swarm the past 
season1 upon our ,college grounds8 ,was 
their journey long1 so that they  must  
needs stop to rest1 or were they flying 
at random1 not knowing  whither they    
were going8    ,if for any reason the   
queen should fail to join the bees1 and 
perhaps  rarely1 when she is among them1
 they will1 after having clustered1     
return to their old home4 ,the youngest 
bees will remain in the old  hive1 to   
which those bees1 if there are any such1
 which are abroad  in quest of stores   
will return4 ,the presence of young bees
 on the  ground--those with flight too  
feeble to join the rovers--will always  
mark the previous home of the emigrants4

 ,soon1 in seven or eight days1  perhaps
 rarely a little later1 the first queen 
will come forth from her  cell1 and in  
two or three days she will or may lead a
 new colony forth1  but before she does 
this1 the peculiar note1 known as the   
piping of the  queen1 may be heard4     
,this piping sounds like peep1 peep1 is 
shrill and  clear1 and can be plainly   
heard by placing the ear to the hive1   
nor  would it be mistaken4 ,it is       
followed by a lower1 hoarser note1 made 
by  a queen still within the cell4      
,some have supposed that the cry of the 
liberated queen was that of  hate1 while
 that by the queen still imprisoned was 
either of enmity or  fear4 ,never will  
an after-swarm leave1 unless preceded by
 this peculiar  note4    ,at successive 
periods of one or two days1 one1 two1 or
 even three more  colonies may issue    
from the old home4 ,these last swarms   
will all be  heralded by the piping of  
the queen4 ,they will be less particular
 as  to the time of day when they issue1

 as they have been known to leave       
before sun-rise1 and even after sun-set4
 ,the well-known apiarist1 ,mr4  ,a4 ,f4
 ,moon1 once knew a swarm to issue by   
moon-light4 ,they will1 too1  as a rule1
 cluster farther from the hive4 ,the    
after swarms are preceded  by the queen1
 and in case swarming is delayed1 may be
 attended by a  plurality of queens4    
,berlepsch and ,langstroth both saw     
eight queens  issue with a swarm1 while1
 others report even more4 ,these virgin 
queens  fly very rapidly1 so the swarm  
will seem more active and definite in   
their course than will first swarms4    
,the cutting short of swarming          
preparations before the second1 third1  
or  even the first swarm issues1 is by  
no means a rare occurrence4 ,this is    
effected by the bees' destroying the    
queen-cells1 and sometimes by a  general
 extermination of the drones1 and is    
generally to be explained  by a         
cessation of the honey yield4 ,cells    
thus destroyed are easily  recognized1  

as they are torn open from the side1 and
 not cut back from  the end4            
,swarming out at other times1 especially
 in late winter and spring1 is          
sometimes noticed by apiarists4 ,this is
 due to famine1 mice1 or some  other    
disturbing circumstance1 which makes the
 hive intolerable to the  bees4         
,,chapter ,,iv4    ,,products ,,of      
,,bees2 ,,their ,,origin ,,and          
,,function4      ,among all insects1    
bees stand first in the variety of the  
useful  products which they give us2 and
 next to the silk-moths in the          
importance of these products4 ,they seem
 the more remarkable and  important1 in 
that so few insects yield articles of   
commercial value4  ,true1 the cochineal 
insect1 a species of bark-louse1 gives  
us an  important coloring material2 the 
lac insect1 of the same family1 gives   
us the important element of our best    
glue--shellac2 the blister-beetles      
afford an article prized by the         
physician1 while we are indebted to  one

 of the gall-flies for a valuable       
element of ink ,but the honey-bee       
affords not only a delicious article of 
food1 but also another article  of no   
mean commercial rank--namely1 wax4 ,we  
will proceed to examine the  various    
products which come from bees4          
,,honey4    ,of course the first product
 of bees1 not only to attract attention1
 but  also in importance1 is honey4 ,and
 what is honey8 ,we can only say that   
it is a sweet substance gathered from   
flowers and other sources1 by the  bees4
 ,we cannot1 therefore1 give its        
chemical composition1 which would  be as
 varied as the sources from which it    
comes4 ,we cannot even call  it a sugar1
 for it may be1 and always is composed  
of various sugars1  and thus it is easy 
to understand why honey varies so much  
in richness1  color1 flavor1 and effects
 on digestion4 ,in fact1 it is very     
doubtful  if honey is a manufactured    
article at all4 ,it seems most likely   
that the bees only collect it as it is  

distilled by myriad leaves  and flowers1
 and store it up1 that it may minister  
to their and our  necessities4 ,to be   
sure1 some writers contend that it      
undergoes some  change while in the     
bee's stomach2 but the rapidity with    
which they  store1 and the seeming      
entire similarity between honey and     
sugar fed  to them1 and the same        
immediately extracted from the comb1 has
 led me  to believe that the            
transforming power of the stomach is    
very slight1  if1 indeed1 it exists at  
all4 ,to be sure1 ,i have fed sugar1    
giving bees  empty combs at night-fall1 
and found the flavor of honey early the 
next morning4 ,in this case1 honey might
 have been already in the bees'         
stomachs1 or might have been carried    
from other portions of the hive4  ,the  
method of collecting the honey has      
already been described4 ,the  principles
 of lapping and suction are both        
involved in the operation4    ,when the 
stomach is full1 the bee repairs to the 

hive1 and regurgitates  its precious    
load1 either giving it to the bees or   
storing it in the  cells4 ,mr4          
,doolittle claims that the bees that    
gather1 give all their  honey to the    
other bees1 which latter store it in the
 cells4 ,this honey  remains for some   
time uncapped that it may ripen1 by     
which process the  water is partially   
evaporated1 and the honey rendered      
thicker4 ,if the  honey remains         
uncapped1 or is removed from the cells1 
it will generally  granulate1 if the    
temperature be reduced below #gj4 ,this 
is probably  owing to the presence of   
the cane-sugar1 and is a good           
indication1 as  it denotes superior     
quality4 ,some honey1 as that from the  
,south1 and  some from ,california1     
seems to remain liquid indefinitely4    
,some kinds  of our own honey           
crystallize much more readily than      
others4 ,but that  granulation is a test
 that honey is pure1 is untrue2 that it 
is a sign  of superior excellence1 ,i   

think quite probable4    ,when there are
 no flowers1 or when the flowers yield  
no sweets1 the  bees1 ever desirous to  
add to their stores1 frequently essay to
 rob  other colonies1 and often visit   
the refuse of cider mills1 or suck  up  
the oozing sweets of various plant or   
bark lice1 thus adding1 may  be1        
unwholesome food to their usually       
delicious and refined stores4  ,it is a 
curious fact that the queen never lays  
her maximum number of  eggs except when 
storing is going on4 ,in fact1 in the   
interims of  honey-gathering1 egg-laying
 not infrequently ceases altogether4    
,the  queen seems discreet1 gauging the 
size of her family by the probable      
means of support4    ,again1 in times of
 extraordinary yields of honey1 the     
storing is so  rapid that the hive      
becomes so filled that the queen is     
unable to  lay her full quota of eggs2  
in fact1 ,i have seen the brood very    
much  reduced in this way1 which1 of    
course1 greatly depleted the colony4    

,this might be called ruinous           
prosperity4 ,the natural use of the     
honey  is to furnish the mature bees    
with food1 and when mixed with pollen1  
to  form the diet of the young bees4    
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4    ,under-side
 ,abdomen1 magnified4      a1 a1        
etc4--,wax pellets4    ,wax-,scales in  
situ1 magnified4      w--,wax-scale4    
,,wax4    ,the product of the bees1     
second in importance1 is wax4 ,this is a
 solid1  unctious substance1 and is1 as 
shown by its chemical composition1 a    
fat-like material1 though not as some   
authors assert1 the fat of bees4  ,as   
already observed1 this is a secretion   
formed in pellets1 the shape  of an     
irregular pentagon 7,fig4 #bg1 w71      
underneath the abdomen4 ,these  pellets 
are light-colored1 very thin and        
fragile1 and are secreted by  and molded
 upon the membrane towards the body from
 the wax-pockets4  ,neighbour speaks of 
the wax oozing through pores from the   
stomach4 ,this  is not the case1 but1 as

 with the synovial fluid about our own  
joints1  is formed by the secreting     
membrane1 and does not pass through     
holes1  as water through a sieve4 ,there
 are four of these wax-pockets on each  
side1 and thus there may be eight       
wax-scales on a bee at one time4 ,this  
wax can be secreted by the bees1 when   
fed on pure sugar1 as shown by  ,huber1 
which experiment ,i have verified4 ,i   
removed all honey and comb  from my     
observing-hive1 left the bees for       
twenty-four hours to digest  all food   
which might be in their stomachs1 then  
fed pure sugar1 which  was better than  
honey1 as ,prof4 ,r4 ,f4 ,kedzie has    
shown by analysis that  not only        
filtered honey1 but even the nectar     
which he collected right  from the      
flowers themselves1 contains nitrogen4  
,the bees commenced  at once to build   
comb1 and continued for several days1 so
 long as ,i  kept them confined4 ,this  
is1 as we should suppose2 sugar contains
  hydrogen and oxygen in proportion to  

form water1 while the third  element1   
carbon1 is in the same or about the same
 proportion as the  oxygen4 ,now1 the   
fats usually contain little oxygen1 and 
a good deal  of carbon and hydrogen4    
,thus1 the sugar by losing some of its  
oxygen  would contain the requisite     
elements for fat4 ,it was found true in 
the  days of slavery in the ,south1 that
 the negroes of ,louisiana1 during the  
gathering of the cane1 would become very
 fat4 ,they ate much sugar2 they  gained
 much fat4 ,now1 wax is a fat-like      
substance1 not that it is the  animal   
fat of bees1 as often asserted--in fact 
it contains much less  hydrogen1 as will
 be seen by the following formula from  
,hess3      ,oxygen       #g4ej         
,carbon      #gi4cj    ,hydrogen        
#ac4bj    --but it is a special         
secretion for a special purpose1 and    
from its  composition1 we should        
conclude that it might be secreted from 
a purely  saccharine diet1 and          
experiment confirms the conclusion4 ,it 

has been  found that bees require about 
twenty pounds of honey to secrete one of
  wax4    ,that nitrogenous food is     
necessary1 as claimed by ,langstroth and
  ,neighbour1 is not true4 ,yet1 in the 
active season1 when muscular  exertion  
is great1 nitrogenous food must be      
imperatively necessary to  supply the   
waste1 and give tone to the body4 ,some 
may be desirable even  in the quiet of  
winter4 ,now1 as secretion of wax       
demands a healthy  condition of the bee1
 it indirectly requires some nitrogenous
 food4    ,it is asserted1 that to      
secrete wax1 bees need to hang in       
compact  clusters or festoons1 in       
absolute repose4 ,such quiet would      
certainly  seem conducive to most active
 secretion4 ,the same food could not go 
to form wax1 and at the same time supply
 the waste of tissue which  ever follows
 upon muscular activity4 ,the cow1 put  
to hard toil1 could  not give so much   
milk4 ,but ,i find1 upon examination1   
that the bees1  even the most aged1     

while gathering in the honey season1    
yield up  the wax-scales1 the same as   
those within the hive4 ,during the      
active  storing of the past season1     
especially when comb-building was in    
rapid progress1 ,i found that nearly    
every bee taken from the flowers        
contained the wax-scales of varying     
sizes in the wax-pockets4 ,by the       
activity of the bees1 these are not     
infrequently loosed from their          
position1 and fall to the bottom of the 
hive4    ,it is probable that wax       
secretion is not forced upon the bees1  
but  only takes place as required4 ,so  
the bees1 unless wax is demanded1 may   
perform other duties4 ,whether this     
secretion is a matter of the bee's      
will1 or whether it is excited by the   
surrounding conditions without  any     
thought1 are questions yet to be        
settled4    ,these wax-scales are       
loosened by the claws1 and carried to   
the mouth  by the anterior legs1 where  
they are mixed with saliva1 and after   

the  proper kneading by the jaws1 in    
which process it assumes a bright       
yellow hue--but loses none of its       
translucency--it is formed into that    
wonderful and exquisite structure1 the  
comb4    ,honey-comb is wonderfully     
delicate1 the wall of a new cell being  
only  about #a-ahj of an inch in        
thickness1 and so formed as to combine  
the  greatest strength with the least   
expense of material and room4 ,it has   
been a subject of admiration since the  
earliest time4 ,that the form is  a     
matter of necessity1 as some claim--the 
result of pressure--and not  of         
bee-skill1 is not true4 ,the hexagonal  
form is assumed at the very  start of   
the cells1 when there can be no         
pressure4 ,the wasp builds the  same    
form1 though unaided4 ,the assertion    
that the cells1 even the drone  and     
worker-cells1 are absolutely uniform and
 perfect1 is also untrue1  as a little  
inspection will convince any one4 ,the  
late ,prof4 ,wyman  proved that an exact

 hexagonal cell does not exist4 ,he     
showed that the  size varies2 so that in
 a distance of ten worker-cells1 there  
may be a  variation of one diameter4    
,and this in natural1 not distorted     
cells4  ,this variation of one-fifth of 
an inch in ten cells is extreme1 but a  
variation of one-tenth of an inch is    
common4 ,the sides1 as also the  angles1
 are not constant4 ,the rhombic faces   
forming the bases of the  cells also    
vary4    ,the bees change from worker   
7,fig4 #bh1 c7 to drone-cells 7,fig4    
#bh1  a71 which are one-fifth larger1   
and vice versa1 not by any system       
7,fig4 #bh1 b71 but simply by enlarging 
or contracting4 ,it usually  takes about
 four rows to complete the              
transformation1 though the number  of   
deformed cells varies from two to eight4
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4           
,rhombs1 ,pyramidal ,bases1 and         
,gross-sections of ,cells illustrated4  
,honey-,comb4      a--,drone-cells1     
b--,deformed cells4    c--,worker-cells4

    d d--,queen-cells4      ,the        
structure of each cell is quite complex1
 yet full of interest4  ,the base is a  
triangular pyramid 7,fig4 #bh1 e7 whose 
three faces are  rhombs1 and whose apex 
forms the very centre of the floor of   
the cell4  ,from the six free or        
non-adjacent edges of the three rhombs  
extend the  lateral walls or faces of   
the cell4 ,the apex of this basal       
pyramid is  a point where the contiguous
 faces of three cells on the opposite   
side  meet1 and form the angles of the  
bases of three cells on the opposite    
side of the comb4 ,thus1 the base of    
each cell forms one-third of the  base  
of each of three opposite cells4 ,one   
side thus braces the other1  and adds   
much to the strength of the comb4 ,each 
cell1 then1 is in form  of a hexagonal  
prism1 terminating in a flattened       
triangular pyramid4    ,the bees usually
 build several combs at once1 and carry 
forward  several cells on each side of  
each comb1 constantly adding to the     

number1 by additions to the edge4 ,huber
 first observed the process of          
comb-building1 noticing the bees        
abstract the wax-scales1 carry them  to 
the mouth1 add the frothy saliva1 and   
then knead and draw out the  yellow     
ribbons which were fastened to the top  
of the hive1 or added to  the comb      
already commenced4    ,the diameter of  
the worker-cells 7,fig4 #bh1 c7 averages
 little more  than one-fifth of an      
inch--,raumur says two and three-fifths 
lines or  twelfths of an inch4 ,while   
the drone-cells 7,fig4 #bh1 a7 are a    
little  more than one-fourth of an inch1
 or1 according to ,raumur1 three and    
one-third lines4 ,but this distinguished
 author was quite wrong when he  said3  
,these are the invariable dimensions of 
all cells that ever were  or ever will  
be made4 ,the depth of the worker-cells 
is a little less  than half an inch2 the
 drone-cells are slightly extended so as
 to be  a little more than half an inch 
deep4 ,these cells are often drawn out  

so as to be an inch long1 when used     
solely as honey receptacles4 ,the       
capping of the brood-cells is dark1     
porous1 and convex1 while that of  the  
honey is white and concave4    ,the     
character of the cells1 as to size1 that
 is whether they are drone  or worker1  
seems to be determined by the relative  
abundance of bees  and honey4 ,if the   
bees are abundant and honey needed1 or  
if there is  no queen to lay eggs1      
drone-comb 7,fig4 #bh1 a7 is invariably 
built1  while if there are few bees1 and
 of course little honey needed1 then    
worker-comb 7,fig4 #bh1 c7 is almost as 
invariably formed4    ,all comb when    
first formed is clear and transparent4  
,the fact that  it is often dark and    
opaque implies that it has been long    
used as  brood-comb1 and the opacity is 
due to the innumerable thin cocoons     
which line the cells4 ,these may be     
separated by dissolving the wax2  which 
may be done by putting it in boiling    
alcohol4 ,such comb need  not be        

discarded1 for if composed of           
worker-cells1 it is still very  valuable
 for breeding purposes1 and should not  
be destroyed till the  cells are too    
small for longer service1 which1 will   
not occur till  after many years of use4
 ,the function1 then1 of the wax1 is to 
make  comb1 and caps for the            
honey-cells1 and1 combined with pollen1 
to form  queen-cells 7,fig4 #bh1 d7 and 
caps for the brood-cells4 7,see         
,appendix1  page #cja74      ,,pollen1  
,,or ,,bee-,,bread4    ,an ancient      
,greek author states that in ,hymettus  
the bees tied little  pebbles to their  
legs to hold them down4 ,this fanciful  
conjecture  probably arose from seeing  
the pollen balls on the bees' legs4     
,even such scientists as ,raumur1       
,bonnet1 ,swammerdam1 and many apiarists
  of the last century1 thought they saw 
in these pollen-balls the source  of    
wax4 ,but ,huber1 ,john ,hunter1        
,duchet1 ,wildman1 and others1 noticed  
the presence and function of the        

wax-pellets already described1 and  were
 aware that the pollen served a         
different purpose4    ,this substance1  
like honey1 is not secreted1 nor        
manufactured by the  bees1 only         
collected4 ,the bees usually obtain it  
from the stamens of  flowers4 ,but if   
they gain access to flour when there is 
no bloom1 they  will take this in lieu  
of pollen1 in which case the former term
 used  above becomes a misnomer1 though 
usually the bee-bread consists almost   
wholly of pollen4    ,as already        
intimated1 the pollen is conveyed in the
 pollen-baskets  7,fig4 #bb1 p7 of the  
posterior legs1 to which it is conveyed 
by the  other legs1 and compressed into 
little oval masses4 ,the motions in this
  conveyance are exceedingly rapid4 ,the
 bees not infrequently come to the      
hives1 not only with replete            
pollen-baskets1 but with their whole    
under  surface thoroughly dusted4       
,dissection will also show that the same
 bee  may have her sucking stomach      

distended with honey4 ,thus the bees    
make  the most of their opportunities4  
,it is a curious fact1 noticed even  by 
,aristotle1 that the bees1 during any   
trip1 gather only a single  kind of     
pollen1 or only gather from one species 
of bloom4 ,hence1 while  different bees 
may have different colors of pollen1 the
 pellets of  bee-bread on any single bee
 will be uniform in color throughout4   
,it is  possible that the material is   
more easily collected and compacted when
  homogeneous4    ,the pollen is usually
 deposited in the small or worker cells1
 and is  unloaded by a scraping motion  
of the posterior legs1 the pollen       
baskets  being first lowered into the   
cells4 ,the bee thus freed1 leaves the  
wheat-like masses thus deposited to be  
packed by other bees4 ,the cells1  which
 may or may not have the same color of  
pollen throughout1 are  never filled    
quite to the top1 and not infrequently  
the same cell may  contain both pollen  
and honey4 ,such a condition is easily  

ascertained  by holding the comb between
 the eye and the sun4 ,if there is no   
pollen it will be wholly translucent2   
otherwise there will be opaque  patches4
 ,a little experience will make this    
determination easy1 even  if the comb is
 old4 ,it is often stated that queenless
 colonies gather  no pollen1 but this is
 not true1 though very likely they      
gather less  than they otherwise would4 
,it is probable that pollen1 at least   
when  honey is added1 contains all the  
essential elements of animal food4 ,it  
certainly contains the very important   
principle1 which is not found in        
honey--nitrogenous material4    ,the    
function of bee-bread is to help furnish
 the brood with proper  food4 ,in fact1 
brood-rearing would be impossible       
without it4 ,and though  it is certainly
 not essential to the nourishment of the
 bees when in  repose1 it still may be  
so1 and unquestionably is1 in time of   
active  labor4      ,,propolis4    ,this
 substance1 also called bee-glue1 is    

collected as the bees collect  pollen1  
and not made nor secreted4 ,it is the   
product of various  resinous buds1 and  
may be seen to glisten on the opening   
buds of the  hickory and horse-chestnut1
 where it frequently serves the         
entomologist  by capturing small        
insects4 ,from such sources1 from the   
oozing gum of  various trees1 from      
varnished furniture1 and from old       
propolis about  unused hives1 that have 
previously seen service1 do the bees    
secure  their glue4 ,probably the       
gathering of bees about coffins to      
collect  their glue from the varnish1   
led to the custom of rapping on the     
hives  to inform the bees1 in case of a 
death in the family1 that they might    
join as mourners4 ,this custom still    
prevails1 as ,i understand1 in some     
parts of the ,south4 ,this substance has
 great adhesive force1 and  though soft 
and pliable when warm1 becomes very hard
 and unyielding  when cold4    ,the use 
of this substance is to cement the combs

 to their supports1  to fill up all     
rough places inside the hive1 to seal up
 all crevices  except the place of exit1
 which they often contract1 and even to 
cover any foreign substance that cannot 
be removed4 ,intruding snails  have thus
 been imprisoned inside the hive4       
,raumur found a snail thus  encased2    
,maraldi1 a slug similarly entombed2    
while ,i have myself  observed a bombus1
 which had been stripped by the bees of 
wings1 hair1  etc41 in their vain       
attempts at removal1 also encased in    
this unique  style of a sarcophagus1    
fashioned by the bees4                  
,,bibliography4    ,for those who wish  
to pursue these interesting subjects    
more at length1  ,i would recommend the 
following authors as specially          
desirable3 ,kirby  and ,spence1         
,introduction to ,entomology2 ,duncan's 
,transformations of  ,insects2          
,packard's ,guide to the ,study of      
,insects 7,american72 ,f4 ,huber's  ,new
 ,observations on the ,natural ,history 

of ,bees2 ,bevan on the ,honey  ,bee2   
,langstroth on the ,honey ,bee          
7,american72 ,neighbour on ,the ,apiary4
    ,i have often been asked to         
recommend such treatises1 and ,i        
heartily  commend all of the above4 ,the
 first and fourth are now out of print1 
but can be had by leaving orders at     
second-hand book-stores4                
,,part ,,second4                        
,,the ,,apiary2                         
,its ,care and ,management4             
,motto3--,keep all ,colonies ,strong6   
,,introduction ,,to ,,part ,,ii4        
,,starting ,,an ,,apiary4    ,in        
apiculture1 as in all other pursuits1 it
 is all-important to make a  good       
beginning4 ,this demands preparation on 
the part of the apiarist1  procuring of 
bees1 and location of his apiary4       
,,preparation4    ,before starting in   
the business1 the prospective bee-keeper
 should  inform himself in the art4     
,,read ,a ,,good ,,manual4    ,to do    
this1 he should procure some good       

manual1 and thoroughly study1           
especially the practical part of the    
business2 and if accustomed to  read1   
think and study1 should carefully read  
the whole work4 ,otherwise1  he will    
avoid confusion by only studying the    
methods of practice1  leaving the       
principles and science1 to strengthen1  
and be strengthened  by1 his experience4
 ,unless a student1 he had better not   
take a journal  till he begins the      
actual work1 as so much unclassified    
information1  without any experience to 
correct1 arrange1 and select1 will but  
mystify4 ,for the same reason1 he may   
well be content with reading a  single  
work1 till experience1 and a thorough   
study of this one1 makes  him more able 
to discriminate2 and the same reasoning 
will preclude his  taking more than one 
bee-periodical1 until he has had at     
least a year's  actual experience4      
,,visit ,,some ,,apiarist4    ,in this  
work of self-preparation1 he will find  
great aid in visiting  the nearest      

successful and intelligent apiarist4 ,if
 successful1 such an  one will have a   
reputation2 if intelligent1 he will take
 the journals1  and will show by his    
conversation that he knows of the       
methods and  views of his brother       
apiarists1 and above all1 he will not   
think he  knows it all1 and that his is 
the only way to success4 ,learn all you 
can of such1 an one1 but always let your
 own judgment and common sense  sit as  
umpire1 that you make no plans or       
decisions that your judgment  does not  
fully sustain4      ,,take ,a ,,college 
,,course4    ,it will be most wise to   
take a course in some ,college1 if this 
is  practicable1 where apiculture is    
thoroughly discussed4 ,here you will    
not only get the best training as to    
your chosen business1 as you will       
study1 see and handle1 and thus will    
have the very best aids to decide  as to
 methods1 system and apparatus1 but will
 also receive that general  culture1    
which will greatly enhance life's       

pleasures and usefulness1  and which    
ever proves the best capital in any     
vocation4      ,,decide ,,on ,a ,,plan4 
,after such a course as suggested above1
 it will be easy to decide  as to       
location1 hives1 style of honey to      
raise1 and general system  of           
management4 ,but here1 as in all the    
arts1 all our work should be  preceded  
by a well-digested plan of operations4  
,as with the farmer and  gardener1 only 
he who works to a plan can hope for the 
best success4  ,of course1 such plans   
will vary1 as we grow in wisdom and     
experience4  ,a good maxim to govern all
 plans is1 go slow4 ,a good rule1 which 
will insure the above1 ,pay as you go4  
,make the apiary pay for all            
improvements in advance4 ,demand that   
each year's credits exceed its  debits2 
and that you may surely accomplish this1
 keep an accurate  account of all your  
receipts and expenses4 ,this will be a  
great aid in  arranging the plans for   
each successive year's operations4      

,above all1 avoid hobbies1 and be slow  
to adopt sweeping changes4 ,prove  all  
things1 and hold fast that which is     
good4      ,,how ,,to ,,procure ,,our   
,,first ,,colonies4    ,to procure      
colonies from which to form an apiary1  
it is always best  to get them near at  
hand4 ,we thus avoid the shock of       
transportation1  can see the bees before
 we purchase1 and in case there is any  
seeming  mistake1 can easily gain a     
personal explanation1 and secure a      
speedy  adjustment of any real wrong4   
,,kind ,,of ,,bees ,,to ,,purchase4     
,at the same price always take          
,italians1 as undoutedly they are best4 
,if  black bees can be secured for      
three1 or even for two dollars less per 
colony1 by all means take them1 as they 
can be ,italianized at a profit  for the
 difference in cost1 and1 in the        
operation1 the young apiarist  will gain
 valuable experience4    ,our motto1    
too1 will demand that we only purchase  
strong colonies4 ,if1  as recommended1  

the purchaser sees the colonies before  
the bargain is  closed1 it will be easy 
to know that the colonies are strong4   
,if the  bees1 as they come rushing out1
 remind you of ,vesuvius at her best1 or
  bring to mind the gush and rush at the
 nozzle of the fireman's hose1  then    
buy4 ,in the hives of such colonies1 all
 combs will be covered with  bees1 and  
in the honey season1 brood will be      
abundant4      ,,in ,,what ,,kind ,,of  
,,hives4    ,as plans are already made1 
of course it is settled as to the style 
of  hive to be used4 ,now1 if bees can  
be procured in such hives1 they will  be
 worth just as much more than though in 
any other hive1 as it costs  to make the
 hive and transfer the bees4 ,this will 
be certainly as much  as three dollars4 
,no apiarist will tolerate1 unless for  
experiment1  two styles of hives in his 
apiary4 ,therefore1 unless you find bees
  in such hives as you are to use1 it   
will be best to buy them in box  hives  
and transfer 7see ,chapter ,,vii47 to   

your own hives1 as such bees  can always
 be bought at reduced rates4 ,in case   
the person from whom  you purchase will 
take the hives back at a fair rate1     
after you have  transferred the bees to 
your own hives1 then purchase in any    
style of  movable comb hive1 as it is   
easier to transfer from a movable comb  
hive1 than from a box hive4      ,,when 
,,to ,,purchase4    ,it is safe to      
purchase any time in the summer4 ,in    
,april or ,may--of  course you only     
purchase strong stocks--if in the       
latitude of ,new ,york  or ,chicago--it 
will be earlier further south--you can  
afford to pay  more1 as you will secure 
the increase both of honey and bees4 ,if
 you  desire to purchase in autumn1 that
 you may gain by the experience of      
wintering1 either demand that the one of
 whom you purchase insure the  safe     
wintering of the bees1 or else that he  
reduce the selling price1  at least     
one-third1 from his rates the next      
,april4 ,otherwise the novice  had      

better wait and purchase in spring4 ,if 
you are to transfer at once1  it is     
almost imperative that you buy in       
spring1 as it is vexatious1  especially 
for the novice1 to transfer when the    
hives are crowded with  brood and honey4
      ,,how ,,much ,,to ,,pay4    ,of   
course the market1 which will ever be   
governed by supply and demand1  must    
guide you4 ,but to aid you1 ,i will     
append what at present would be  a      
reasonable schedule of prices almost    
anywhere in the ,united ,states3  ,for  
box hives1 crowded with black           
bees--,italians would rarely be found   
in such hives--five dollars per colony  
is a fair price4 ,for black bees  in    
hives such as you desire to use1 eight  
dollars would be reasonable4  ,for pure 
,italians in such hives1 ten dollars is 
not too much4    ,if the person of whom 
you purchase1 will take back the movable
 hives  after you transfer the bees1 you
 can afford to pay five dollars for     
black bees1 and seven dollars for pure  

,italians4 ,if you purchase in the      
fall1 require #cc per cent1 discount on 
these rates4      ,,where ,,to ,,locate4
    ,if apiculture is an avocation1 then
 your location will be fixed by your    
principal business or profession4 ,and  
here ,i may state1 that if we may  judge
 from reports which come from nearly    
every section of the ,united  ,states1  
from ,maine to ,texas1 and from ,florida
 to ,oregon1 you can hardly  go amiss   
anywhere in our goodly land4    ,if you 
are to engage as a specialist1 then you 
can select first with  reference to     
society and climate1 after which it will
 be well to secure  a succession of     
natural honey-plants 7,chap4 ,,xvi471 by
 virtue of your  locality4 ,it will also
 be well to look for reasonable         
prospects of a  good home market1 as    
good home markets are1 and must ever be1
 the most  desirable4 ,it will be       
desirable1 too1 that your neighborhood  
is not  overstocked with bees4 ,it is a 
well-established fact1 that apiarists   

with few colonies receive relatively    
larger profits than those with  large   
apiaries4 ,while this may be owing in   
part to better care1 much  doubtless    
depends on the fact that there is not an
 undue proportion of  bees to the number
 of honey-plants1 and consequent        
secretion of nectar4  ,to have the      
undisputed monopoly of an area reaching 
at least four  miles in every direction 
from your apiary1 is unquestionably a   
great  advantage4    ,if you desire to  
begin two kinds of business1 so that    
your dangers from  possible misfortune  
may be lessened1 then a small           
farm--especially  a fruit farm--in some 
locality where fruit-raising is         
successfully  practiced1 will be very   
desirable4 ,you thus add others of the  
luxuries  of life to the products of    
your business1 and at the same time may 
create additional pasturage for your    
bees by simply attending to your  other 
business4 ,in this case1 your location  
becomes a more complex  matter1 and will

 demand still greater thought and       
attention4 ,some of  ,michigan's most   
successful apiarists are also noted as  
successful  pomologists4    ,for        
position and arrangement of apiary see  
,chapter ,,vi4          ,,chapter ,v4   
,,hives ,,and ,,boxes      ,an early    
choice among the innumerable hives is of
 course demanded2  and here let me state
 with emphasis1 that none of the        
standard hives  are now covered by      
patents1 so let no one buy rights4      
,success by  the skillful apiarist with 
almost any hive is possible4 ,yet1      
without  question1 some hives are far   
superior to others1 and for certain     
uses1  and with certain persons1 some   
hives are far preferable to others1     
though all may be meritorious4 ,as a    
change in hives1 after one is once      
engaged in apiculture1 involves much    
time1 labor and expense1 this  becomes  
an important question1 and one worthy   
earnest consideration by  the           
prospective apiarist4 ,i shall give it a

 first place1 and a thorough            
consideration1 in this discussion of    
practical apiculture4                   
,,box-,,hives4    ,i feel free to say   
that no person who reads1 thinks1 and   
studies--and  success in apiculture can 
be promised to no other--will ever be   
content  to use the old box-hives4 ,in  
fact1 thought and intelligence1 which   
imply an eagerness to investigate1 are  
essential elements in the  apiarist's   
character4 ,and to such an one a        
box-hive would be valued  just in       
proportion to the amount of             
kindling-wood it contained4 ,a very     
serious fault with one of our principal 
bee-books1 which otherwise is  mainly   
excellent in subject matter and         
treatment1 is the fact that it  presumes
 its readers to be box-hive men4 ,as    
well make emperors1 kings1  and chivalry
 the basis of good government1 in an    
essay written for  ,american readers4 ,i
 shall entirely ignore box-hives in the 
following  discussions1 for ,i believe  

no sensible1 intelligent apiarists1 such
  as read books1 will tolerate them1 and
 that1 supposing they would1 it  would  
be an expensive mistake1 which ,i have  
no right to encourage1 in  fact1 am     
bound to discourage1 not only for the   
benefit of individuals1  but also for   
the art itself4    ,to be sure of       
success1 the apiarist must be able to   
inspect the whole  interior of the hive 
at his pleasure1 must be able to        
exchange combs  from one hive to        
another1 to regulate the movements of   
the 'bees3  by destroying queen-cells1  
by giving or withholding drone-comb1  by
 extracting the honey1 by introducing   
queens1 and by many other  manipulations
 to be explained1 which are only        
practicable with a  movable-frame hive4 
,,movable-,,comb ,,hives4    ,there are1
 at present1 two types of the           
movable-comb hive in use among  us1 each
 of which is unquestionably valuable1 as
 each has advocates  among our most     
intelligent1 successful and extensive   

apiarists4 ,each1  too1 has been        
superseded by the other1 to the         
satisfaction of the  person making the  
change4 ,the kind most used consists of 
a box1 in  which hang the frames which  
hold the combs4 ,the adjacent frames are
 so  far separated that the combs1 which
 just fill them1 shall be the proper    
distance apart4 ,in the other kind1 the 
frames are wider than the comb1  and    
when in position are close together1 and
 of themselves form two  sides of a box4
 ,when in use1 these frames are         
surrounded by a second  box1 without a  
bottom1 which1 with them1 rests on a    
bottom board4 ,each  of these kinds is  
represented by various forms1 sizes1    
etc41 where the  details are varied to  
suit the apiarist's notion4 ,yet1 ,i    
believe that  all hives in present use1 
worthy of recommendation1 fall within   
one or  the other of the above named    
types4      ,,the ,,langstroth ,,hive4  
,this 7,fig4 #bi7 is the hive most in   
use among ,americans and ,britons1  if  

not among all who practice improved     
apiculture4 ,it is stated  that the late
 ,major ,munn was first to invent this  
style of hive4 ,he  states 7see ,bevan1 
p4 #cg7 that he first used it in #ahcd4 
,but1 as  suggested by ,neighbour in his
 valuable hand-book1 the invention was  
of no avail to apiarists1 as it was     
either unknown1 or else ignored  by     
practical men4 ,this invention also     
originated independently with  ,rev4 ,l4
 ,l4 ,langstroth1 who brought it forth  
in #ahea1 so perfect1 that  it needed   
scarce any improvement2 and for this    
gift1 as well as his  able researches in
 apiculture1 as given in his invaluable 
book1 ,the  ,honey-,bee1 he has         
conferred a benefit upon our art which  
cannot be  over-estimated1 and for which
 we1 as apiarists1 cannot be too        
grateful4  ,it was his book--one of my  
old teachers1 for which ,i have no word 
of  chiding--that led me to some of the 
most delightful investigations of  my   
life4 ,it was his invention--the        

,langstroth hive--that enabled me  to   
make those investigations4 ,for one1 ,i 
shall always revere the name  of        
,langstroth1 as a great leader in       
scientific apiculture1 both in  ,america
 and throughout the world4 ,his name    
must ever stand beside that  of         
,dzierzon and the elder ,huber4 ,surely 
this hive1 which left the hands  of the 
great master in so perfect a form1 that 
even the details remain  unchanged by   
many of our first bee-keepers1 should   
ever bear his name4  ,thus1 though ,i   
prefer and use the size of frame first  
used1 ,i believe1  by ,mr4 ,gallup1     
still ,i use the ,langstroth hive4 7,see
 ,appendix1 page  #bhg74                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4               
,,character ,,of ,,the ,,hive4    ,the  
main feature of the hive should be      
simplicity1 which1 would exclude  doors1
 drawers1 and traps of all kinds4 ,the  
body should be made of  good pine or    
white-wood lumber1 one inch thick1      
thoroughly seasoned1  and planed on both

 sides4 ,it should be simply a plain box
 7,fig4 #cj71  without top or bottom1   
and of a size and form to suit the      
apiarist4  ,the size will depend upon   
our purpose4 ,if we desire no           
comb-honey1 or  desire comb-honey in    
frames1 the hive may contain #d1jjj     
cubic inches4  ,if we desire honey in   
boxes1 it should not contain over       
#b1jjj1 and may  be even smaller4 ,if   
the hive is to be a two-story one--that 
is1 one  hive above a similar hive below
 7,fig4 #bi7--;,i prefer that it should 
be eighteen inches long1 twelve inches  
wide1 and twelve inches deep1  inside   
measure4 ,if simply small frames or     
boxes are to be used above1  ,i would   
have the hive at least two feet long4 ,a
 three-fourths inch  rabbet should be   
cut from the top of the sides or ends as
 the apiarist  prefers1 on the inside   
7,fig4 #cj1 c74    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#cj    ,the rabbet may equal a little   
more than one-half the thickness of  the
 board4 ,heavy tin strips 7,fig4 #cc71  

three-fourths of an inch  wide1 should  
be tacked to the side below the rabbet1 
so as to reach  one-fourth of an inch   
above the shoulder4 ,these are to bear  
the frames1  and are convenient1 as they
 prevent the frames from becoming glued 
to  the hive4 ,we are thus able to      
loosen the frames without jarring the   
bees4 ,i would not have hives without   
such tin rabbets1 though some           
apiarists1 among whom is ,mr4 ,james    
,heddon1 of this ,state1 whose rank  as 
a successful apiarist is very high1 do  
not like them4 ,the objection  to them  
is cost1 and liability of the frames to 
move when the hive is  moved4 ,but with 
their use we are not compelled to pry   
the frames loose1  and are not so likely
 to irritate the bees1 while making an  
examination  of the contents of the     
hive1 which arguments are conclusive    
with me4    ,any one who is not a       
skilled mechanic1 especially if he has  
not a  buzz-saw1 had better join the    
sides of his hives after the style of   

making common dry-goods boxes 7,fig4    
#cj74 ,in this case1 the sides not      
rabbeted should project by1 else the    
corners will have to be stopped up      
where they were rabbeted4               
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4               
,bevel-,gauge4    ,the mechanic may     
prefer to bevel the ends of the boards1 
and unite  them by a miter-joint 7,fig4 
#cc74 ,this looks a little better1      
otherwise  is not superior to the other 
method4 ,it is difficult to form        
accurate  joints--and as everything     
about the hive should be ,,accurate and 
,,uniform--this style is not to be      
recommended to the general apiarist4    
,to miter with a hand-saw unless one is 
very skillful1 requires a  perfect      
miter-box1 and1 even then1 much care is 
required to secure  perfect joints4     
,with a buzz-saw this is easier4 ,we    
have only to make a  carrier as follows3
 ,take two boards 7,fig4 #ca4 a1 b71    
each one foot  in length1 and dove-tail 
them together1 as though with two others

  you meant to make a square box4 ,be   
sure that they form a perfect           
right-angle4 ,then bevel the ends       
opposite the angle1 and unite these     
with a third board 7,fig4 #ca1 c71      
firmly nailed to the others4 ,we  thus  
have a triangular pyramid4 ,through one 
of the shorter faces make  longitudinal 
slits 7,fig4 #ca1 d71 so that this can  
be bolted firmly  to the saw-table4 ,in 
use1 the longer face will reach the saw1
 and from  thence will slant up and     
back4 ,along the back edge of this a    
narrow  board 7,fig4 #ca1 e7 should be  
nailed1 which will project an inch above
  it4 ,this will keep the board to be   
beveled in line with the carrier1  and  
will retain the right angles4 ,of course
 the boards for the hive  must be       
perfect rectangles1 and of just the     
right length and width1  before the     
bevels are cut4    ,such a carrier      
7,fig4 #ca7 ,i ordered for my ,barnes'  
saw1 from a  cabinet-maker4 ,it was made
 of hard wood1 all three joints         

dove-tailed1  and nicely finished1 at a 
cost of #a4ej4    ,in sawing the ends   
and sides of the hive1 whether by hand  
or with a  buzz-saw1 use should be made 
of a guide1 so that perfect uniformity  
will be secured4      ,,the ,,bottom    
,,board4    ,for a bottom board or stand
 7,fig4 #cb71 we should have a single   
one-inch  board 7,fig4 #cb1 b7 just as  
wide as the hive1 and four inches       
longer1  if the bees are to enter at the
 end of the hive1 and as long1 and four 
inches wider1 if the bees are to enter  
at the side4 ,this is nailed  to two    
pieces of two by four1 or two by two    
scantling 7,fig4 #cb1 a1  a74 ,thus the 
hive rests two or four inches from the  
ground4 ,these  scantlings should extend
 at one end eight inches beyond the     
board1 and  these projections be beveled
 from the edge of the board1 to the     
lower  outer corner of the scantling4   
,upon these beveled edges nail a board  
7,fig4 #cb1 d71 which shall reach from  
the edge of the bottom board to  the    

ground4 ,we thus have the               
alighting-board1 whose upper edge should
  be beveled1 so as to fit closely to   
the bottom board4 ,if the hives are  to 
be carried into a cellar to winter1 this
 alighting-board 7,fig4 #ca1  d7 had    
better be separate1 otherwise it is more
 convenient to have it  attached4 ,it   
may be made separate at first1 or may be
 easily separated  by sawing off the    
beveled portion of the scantlings4      
,should the apiarist desire his bees to 
enter at the side of the hive1  the     
scantling 7,fig4 #cb1 a1 a7 should run  
the other way1 and the  alighting-board 
7,fig4 #cb1 d7 should be longer1 and    
changed to the  side4 ,i have tried     
both1 and see no difference1 so the     
matter may be  controlled by the taste  
of the apiarist4    ,illustration3 ,fig4
 #cb4    ,for an opening to the hive    
7,fig4 #cb1 c71 ,i would bevel the      
middle of  the edge of the bottom board1
 next to the inclined board4 ,at the    
edge1  this bevel should be             

three-quarters of an inch deep and four 
inches  wide4 ,it may decrease in both  
width and depth as it runs back1 till   
at a distance of four inches1 it is     
one-half an inch wide and five          
thirty-seconds of an inch deep4 ,this   
may terminate the opening1 though  the  
shoulder at the end may be beveled off1 
if desired4    ,with this bottom board  
the bees are near the ground1 and with  
the  slanting board in front1 even the  
most tired and heavily-laden will  not  
fail to gain the hive1 as they come in  
with their load of stores4  ,in spring1 
too1 many bees are saved1 as they come  
in on windy days1  by low hives and an  
alighting-board4 ,no hive should be more
 than  four inches from the ground1 and 
no hive should be without the  slanting 
alighting-board4 ,with this opening1    
too1 the entrance can be  contracted in 
case of robbing1 or entirely closed when
 desired1 by  simply moving the hive    
back4    ,some apiarists cut an opening 
in the side of the hive1 and regulate   

the size by tin slides or triangular    
blocks 7,fig4 #bi72 others form an      
opening by sliding the hive forward     
beyond the bottom board--which ,i  would
 do with the above in hot weather when  
storing was very rapid--but  for        
simplicity1 cheapness and convenience1  
,i have yet to see an opening  superior 
to the above4 ,i think1 too1 ,i am a    
competent judge1 as ,i have  at least a 
half-dozen styles in present use4    ,i 
strongly urge1 too1 that only this one  
opening be used4 ,auger holes  about the
 hive1 and entrances on two sides1 are  
worse than useless4 ,by  enlarging this 
opening1 we secure ample ventilation1   
even in sultry  ,august1 and when we    
contract the entrance1 no bees are lost 
by finding  the usual door closed4      
,some of our best bee-keepers1 as       
,messrs4 ,heddon1 ,baldridge1 etc41     
prefer that the bottom board be nailed  
to the hive 7,fig4 #ci74 ,i have  such  
hives2 have had for years1 but strongly 
object to them4 ,they  will not permit a

 quick clearing of the bottom board1    
when we give  a cleansing flight in     
winter1 or when we commence operations  
in  spring1 which1 especially if there  
is a quart or more of dead bees1  is    
very desirable4 ,nor with their use can 
we contract the opening  in cold        
weather1 or to stop robbing1 without the
 blocks 7,fig4 #bi71  tins or other     
traps4 ,simplicity should be the motto  
in hive-making4  ,the arguments in favor
 of such fastening are3 ,convenience in 
moving  colonies1 and in feeding1 as we 
have not to fasten the bottoms when we  
desire to ship our bees1 and to feed we 
have only to pour our liquids  into the 
hives4    ,of course1 such points are   
not essential--only matters of          
convenience4  ,let each one decide for  
himself1 which experience will enable   
him to do4      ,,the ,,cover ,,of ,,the
 ,,hive4    ,the cover 7,fig4 #cc1 a7   
should be about six inches high1 and    
like the  lid of a trunk4 ,the length   
and breadth may be the same as the body 

of  the hive1 and fit on with beveled   
edges 7,fig4 #cc71 the body having  the 
outer edge beveled1 and the cover the   
inner4 ,if we thus join the  cover and  
hive with a mitered-joint1 we must not  
be satisfied with  anything less than   
perfection1 else in case of storms1 the 
rain will  beat into our hives1 which   
should never be permitted4 ,such covers 
can  be fastened to the hives with      
hinges1 or by hooks and staples4 ,but   
unless the apiarist is skilled in the   
use of tools1 or hires a mechanic  to   
make his hives1 it will be more         
satisfactory to make the cover just     
large enough 7,fig4 #bi7 to shut over   
and rest on shoulders formed either  by 
nailing inch strips around the body of  
the hive1 one inch from the  top1 or    
else inside the cover 7,fig4 #bi74 ,if  
it is preferred to have a  two-story    
hive1 with the upper story 7,fig4 #cc1  
b7 just like the lower  7,fig4 #cc1 c71 
this 7,fig4 #ec7 may join the lower by a
 miter-joint1  while a cover 7,fig4 #cc1

 a7 two inches high1 may join this with 
a  similar joint4    ,illustration3     
,fig4 #cc4    ,if the upper story shuts 
over the lower and rests on a shoulder  
7,fig4  #bi7 it may still be made to    
take the same sized frame1 by nailing   
pieces one-half an inch square to the   
corners1 whose length shall equal  the  
distance from the rabbet in the lower   
story to the bottom board4  ,now nail to
 these upright pieces1 parallel to the  
rabbeted faces below1  a three-eighths  
inch board as wide as the pieces are    
long4 ,the top of  these thin boards    
will take the place of the rabbet in the
 lower story4  ,this style1 which is    
adopted in the two-story hives as made  
by ,mr4  ,langstroth 7,fig4 #bi71 will  
permit in the upper story the same      
frames  as used in the lower story1     
while two more can be inserted4 ,upon   
this  upper story a shallow cover will  
rest4 ,such covers1 if desired1 may  be 
made roof-like 7,fig4 #cd71 by cutting  
end pieces1 7,fig #cd1 b7 in  form of   

the gable of a house4 ,in this case     
there will be two slanting  boards      
7,fig4 #cd1 a1 a71 instead of one that  
is horizontal1 to carry  off the rain4  
,the slanting boards should project at  
the ends 7,fig4 #cd1  d71 for           
convenience in handling4 ,in such covers
 we need thin1 narrow  ridge-boards     
7,fig4 #cd1 c71 to keep all perfectly   
dry4 ,these covers  look neat1 are not  
so apt to check1 and will dry much      
quicker after a  rain4    ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #cd4    ,if we secure comb-honey 
in crates1 and winter out-doors--in     
which case  we shall need to protect in 
the ,northern ,states--it will be       
convenient  to have a box of the same   
general form as the main body of the    
hive1  from six to eight inches deep1   
just large enough to set over the body  
of the hive and rest on shoulder-strips1
 and without top or bottom2  this to    
have such a cover as just described4    
,such is the arrangement  of ,southard  
and ,ranney1 of ,kalamazoo1 which1 on   

the score of simplicity  and            
convenience1 has much to recommend it4  
,in the above ,i have said nothing about
 porticos 7,fig4 #bi74 ,if hives are    
shaded as they should be1 these are     
useless1 and ,i believe that in no  case
 will they pay4 ,to be sure1 they are   
nice for spider-webs1 and a  shady place
 in which bees may cluster2 but such are
 inconvenient places  to study the      
wondrous fabrics of the spider1 even    
were he a friend of  the bees1 and the  
most successful apiarist will not force 
his bees to  hang in idle clusters about
 the hive4      ,,the ,,frames4    ,the 
form and size of frames1 though not     
quite as various as the persons  who use
 them1 are still very different4 ,some  
prefer large frames4 ,i  first used one 
ten by eighteen inches1 and afterward a 
shallow frame  about seven by eighteen  
7,fig4 #bi74 ,the advantage claimed for 
large  frames is that there are less to 
handle1 and time is saved2 yet may  not 
smaller frames be handled so much more  

dexterously1 especially if  they are to 
be handled through all the long day1 as 
to compensate1  in part at least1 for   
the number8 ,the advantage of the       
shallow frame  is1 as claimed1 that the 
bees will go into boxes more readily2   
yet  they are not considered so safe for
 out-door wintering4 ,this is the  style
 recommended and used by ,mr4           
,langstroth1 which fact may account  for
 its popularity in the ,united ,states4 
,another frame in common use1  is one   
about one foot square4 ,i use one eleven
 inches square4 ,the  reasons that ,i   
prefer this form are1 that the comb     
seldom breaks from  the frame1 the      
frames are convenient for nuclei1 and   
save the expense  of constructing extra 
nucleus hives1 and that these frames    
permit the  most compact arrangement for
 winter and spring1 and thus enable us  
to  economize heat4 ,by use of a        
division board1 we can1 by using eight  
of these frames1 occupy just a cubic    
foot of space in spring1 and by         

repeated experiments ,i have found that 
a hive so constructed that the  bees    
always cover the combs during the early 
cold weather1 always gives  the best    
results4 ,as the honey season comes on  
more can be added1 till  we have reached
 twelve1 as many1 ,i think1 as will ever
 be needed for  brood4 ,this was the    
size of frame preferred by ,mr4 ,gallup1
 and is the  one used by ,messrs4 ,davis
 and ,doolittle1 and many others of our 
most  successful apiarists4 ,that this  
size is imperative is1 of course1 not   
true2 that it combines as many desirable
 points as any other1 ,i think1  is     
true4 ,for apiarists who are not very   
strong1 especially for ladies1  it is   
beyond question superior to all others4 
,,how ,,to ,,construct ,,the ,,frames4  
,in this description1 ,i shall suppose  
that the frames desired are of the  form
 and size 7,fig4 #ce7 which ,i use4 ,it 
will be easy1 for any who may  desire1  
to change the form at pleasure4 ,for the
 top-bar 7,fig4 #ce1 a7  of the frame1  

use a triangular strip twelve and       
three-quarter inches  long1 with each   
face of the triangle one inch across4   
,seven-eighths  of an inch from each end
 of this1 form a shoulder1 by sawing    
from one  angle to within one-fourth of 
an inch of the opposite face1 so that   
when the piece is split out from the    
end1 these projections shall be  just   
one-fourth of an inch thick throughout4 
,for the side pieces 7,fig4  #ce1 b1 b71
 take strips eleven inches long1        
seven-eighths of an inch  wide1 and     
one-fourth of an inch thick4 ,tack with 
small brads the end of  two of these    
strips firmly to the shoulder of the    
top-bar1 taking pains  that the end     
touches squarely against the projection4
 ,now tack to the  opposite ends or     
bottoms1 the ends of a similar strip    
7,fig4 #ce1 d7  eleven and a half inches
 long4 ,we shall thus have a square     
frame4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4     
,if comb-foundation is to be used1 and  
certainly it will be by the             

enterprising apiarist1 then the top-bar 
7,fig4 #cf1 a7 should be  twelve and    
three-quarters inches by one-quarter by 
one inch1 with a  rectangular1 instead  
of a triangular1 projection below 7,fig4
 #cf1 b71  which should be one-fourth by
 one-eighth inch1 the longest direction 
up and down4 ,this should be entirely to
 one side of the centre1 so  that when  
the foundation 7,fig4 #cf1 c7 is pressed
 against this piece  it will hang       
exactly from the centre of the top-bar4 
,if preferred1 the  bottom of the frame 
7,fig4 #cf1 e7 need not be more than    
half as wide  or thick as described     
above4    ,the timber should be         
thoroughly seasoned1 and of the best    
pine or  white-wood4 ,care should be    
taken that the frame be made so as to   
hang  vertically1 when suspended on the 
rabbets of the hive4 ,to secure this    
very important point--true frames that  
will always hang true--they  should     
always be made around a guide4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4    ,frame1    

also ,cross-,section of ,top-,bar4      
,a ,,block ,,for ,,making ,,frames4     
,this may be made as follows3 ,take a   
rectangular board 7,fig4 #cg7 eleven    
and a quarter by thirteen and a half    
inches4 ,on both ends of one face  of   
this1 nail hard-wood pieces 7,fig4 #cg1 
e1 e7 one inch square and  eleven inches
 long1 so that one end 7,fig4 #cg1 g1 g7
 shall lack  one-fourth inch of reaching
 the edge of the board4 ,on the other   
face of  the board1 nail a strip 7,fig4 
#cg1 c7 four inches wide and eleven and 
a quarter inches long1 at right-angles  
to it1 and in such position that  the   
ends shall just reach to the edges of   
the board4 ,midway between the  one inch
 square pieces1 screw on another        
hard-wood strip 7,fig4 #cg1 d7  one inch
 square and four inches long1 parallel  
with and three-fourths  of an inch from 
the edge4 ,to the bottom of this1 screw 
a semi-oval  piece of hoop-steel 7,fig4 
#cg1 b1 b71 which shall bend around and 
press against the square strips4 ,the   

ends of this should not reach  quite to 
the bottom of the board4 ,near the ends 
of this spring1 fasten1  by rivets1 an  
inch strap 7,fig4 #cg1 a71 which shall  
be straight when  thus riveted4 ,these  
dimensions are for frames eleven inches 
square1  inside measure1 and must be    
varied for other sizes4                 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4    ,to use    
this block1 we crowd the end-bars of our
 frames between the  steel springs      
7,fig4 #cg1 b1 b7 and the square strips 
7,fig4 #cg1 e1  e72 then lay on our     
top-bar and nail1 after which we invert 
the block  and nail the bottom-bar1 as  
we did the top-bar4 ,now press down on  
the  strap 7,fig4 #cg1 a71 which will   
loosen the frame1 when it may be        
removed1 all complete and true4 ,such a 
gauge not only insures perfect  frames1 
but demands that every piece shall be   
cut with great accuracy4  ,and some such
 arrangement should always be used in   
making the frames4    ,the projecting   
ends of the top-bar will rest on the    

tins 7,fig4 #cc71  and thus the frame   
can be easily loosened at any time      
without jarring  the bees1 as the frames
 will not be glued fast1 as they would  
in case  they rested on the wooden      
rabbets4 ,the danger of killing bees is 
also  abolished by use of the tins4     
,when the frames are in the hive there  
should be at least a  three-sixteenths  
inch space between the sides and bottom 
of the  frames1 and the sides and bottom
 of the hive4 ,even doubling this would 
do no harm2 though a much wider space   
would very likely receive comb1  and be 
troublesome4 ,frames that fit close in  
the hive1 or that reach to  the bottom1 
are very inconvenient and undesirable4  
,to secure against  this1 our lumber    
must be thoroughly seasoned1 else when  
shrinkage takes  place our frames may   
touch the bottom-board4    ,the distance
 between the frames may be one-fourth of
 an inch1 though  a slight variation    
either way does no harm4 ,some men1 of  
very precise  habits1 prefer nails or   

wire staples in the side of the frames1 
at top  and bottom1 which project just a
 quarter of an inch1 so as to maintain  
this unvarying distance2 or staples in  
the bottom of the hive to secure  the   
same end4 ,mr4 ,langstroth so arranged  
his frames1 and ,mr4 ,palmer1  of ,hart1
 ,michigan1 whose neatness is only      
surpassed by his success1  does the same
 thing4 ,i have had hives with these    
extra attachments1 but  found them no   
special advantage4 ,i think we can      
regulate the distance  with the eye1 so 
as to meet every practical demand1 and  
thus save the  expense and trouble which
 the above attachments cost4            
,,cover ,,for ,,frames4    ,nothing that
 ,i have ever tried is equal to a quilt 
for this purpose4  ,it is a good        
absorbent of moisture1 preserves the    
heat in spring and  winter1 and can be  
used in summer without jarring or       
crushing the bees4  ,this should be a   
real quilt1 made of firm unbleached     
factory1 duck1  or cambric--,i have used

 the first with entire satisfaction for 
four  years--enclosing a thick layer of 
batting1 and hemmed about the edges4    
,my wife quilts and hems them on a      
machine4 ,the quilting is in squares1   
and all is made in less than fifteen    
minutes4 ,the quilt should be a  little 
larger than the top of the hive1 so that
 after all possible  shrinkage1 it will 
still cover closely4 ,thus1 when this is
 put on1 no  bees can ever get above it4
 ,when we use the feeder1 it may be     
covered  by the quilt1 and a flap cut in
 the latter1 just above the hole in the 
feeder1 enables us to feed without      
disturbing the bees1 though ,i place    
the feeder at the end of the chamber1   
wherein are the bees1 and have  only to 
double the quilt back when ,i feed4 ,the
 only objection that ,i  know to the    
quilt is1 that the bees will fasten     
propolis1 and even  comb1 between it and
 the frames1 and this looks bad4 ,a     
little care  'will make this a small    
objection4 ,mr4 ,langstroth used a board

 above  the frames1 which ,mr4 ,heddon  
uses even now4 ,perhaps ,mr4 ,heddon    
never  used the quilts4 ,perhaps his    
love of order and neatness caused him to
  discard them4 ,still1 ,i feel to thank
 ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root for calling my      
attention to quilts4    ,illustration3  
,fig4 #ch4      ,,division ,,board4     
,a close-fitting division board 7,fig4  
#ch7 for contracting the chamber1  is   
very important1 and though unappreciated
 by many excellent  apiarists1 still no 
hive is complete without it4 ,i find it 
especially  valuable in winter and      
spring1 and useful at all seasons4 ,this
 is  made the same form as the frames1  
though all below the top-bar--which     
consists of a strip thirteen inches long
 by one inch by three-eighths1  and is  
nailed firmly to the board below--is a  
solid inch board 7,fig4  #ch1 b71 which 
is exactly one foot square1 so that it  
fits closely to  the inside of the hive4
 ,if desired1 the edges 7,fig4 #ch1 e1  
e7 can be  beveled1 as seen in the      

figure4 ,when this is inserted in the   
hive it  entirely separates the chamber 
into two chambers1 so that an insect    
much smaller than a bee could not pass  
from the one to the other4 ,mr4  ,a4 ,i4
 ,root makes one of cloth1 chaff1 etc4  
,yet1 ,i think few apiarists  would     
bother with so much machinery4 ,mr4 ,w4 
,l4 ,porter1 ,secretary of the          
,michigan ,association1 makes the board 
a little loose1 and then inserts  a     
rubber strip in a groove sawed in the   
edges4 ,this keeps the board  snug1 and 
makes its insertion easy1 even though   
heat may shrink or damp  may swell      
either the board or hive4 ,i have not   
tried this1 but like the  suggestion4   
,the use of the division board is to    
contract the chamber in winter1 to  vary
 it so as to keep combs covered in      
spring1 to convert the hive  into a     
nucleus hive1 and to contract the       
chamber in the upper-story of  a        
two-story hive1 when first adding frames
 to secure surplus comb-honey4          

,,the ,,huber ,,hive4    ,the other type
 of hives originated when ,huber hinged 
several of his  leaf or unicomb hives   
together1 so that the frames would open 
like the  leaves of a book2 though it   
has been stated that the ,grecians had1 
in  early times1 something similar4     
,in #ahff1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,f4 ,bingham1 then  
of ,new ,york1 improved upon the ,huber 
hive1 securing a patent on his          
triangular frame hive4 ,this1 so far as 
,i  can judge1 was the ,huber hive made 
practical4    ,in #ahfh1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4   
,snow1 then of ,new ,york1 now of       
,minnesota1 procured  a patent on his   
hive1 which was essentially the same as 
the hives now  known as the ,quinby and 
,bingham hives4    ,soon after1 the late
 ,mr4 ,quinby brought forth his hive1   
which is  essentially the same as the   
above1 only differing in details4 ,no   
patent  was obtained by ,mr4 ,quinby1   
whose great heart and boundless         
generosity  endeared him to all         
acquaintances4 ,those who knew him best1

 never  tire of praising the unselfish  
acts and life of this noble man4 ,if we 
except ,mr4 ,langstroth1 no man has     
probably done so much to promote  the   
interest and growth of improved         
apiculture in the ,united ,states4  ,his
 hive1 his book1 his views of wintering1
 his introduction of the                
bellows-smoker--a gift to apiarists--all
 speak his praise as a man and  an      
apiarist4    ,the fact that the ,bingham
 hive1 as now made1 is a great favorite 
with  those who have used it1 and is    
pronounced by so capable a judge as ,mr4
  ,heddon1 to be the best movable-comb  
hive in existence1 that ,mr4 ,quinby    
preferred this style or type of hive1   
that the ,quinby form is used  by the   
,hetherington brothers4 ,captain ,j4    
,e41 the prince of ,american  apiarists1
 and ,o4 ,j41 whose neatness1 precision1
 and mechanical skill  are enough to    
awaken envy2 that the ,russell hive is  
but a modification  of the same type1   
are surely enough to awaken curiosity   

and bespeak a  description4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4    ,frame1    
,bottom-,board and ,frame-,support of   
,quinby ,hive4    ,the ,quinby hive     
7,fig4 #ci71 as used by the             
,hetherington brothers1  consists of a  
series of rectangular frames 7,fig4 #ci7
 twelve by  seventeen inches1 outside   
measure4 ,the ends of these frames are  
one  and a half inches wide and half an 
inch thick4 ,the top and bottom one     
inch wide and half an inch thick4 ,the  
outer half of the ends projects         
one-fourth of an inch beyond the top and
 bottom4 ,this projection is  lined with
 sheet iron1 which is inserted in a     
groove which runs one  inch into each   
end of the end-pieces and are tacked by 
the same nails  that fasten the end-bars
 to the top and bottom-bars4 ,this iron 
at the  end of the bar bends in at      
right-angles 7,fig4 #ci1 a1 a71 and     
extends  one-fourth of an inch parallel 
with the top and bottom-bars4 ,thus1    
when  these frames stand side by side1  

the ends are close1 while half-inch     
openings extend between the top and     
bottom-bars of adjacent frames4  ,the   
bottom-bars1 too1 are one-fourth of an  
inch from the bottom-board4  ,tacked to 
the bottom-board1 in line with the      
position of the back  end-bars of the   
frames is an inch strip of sheet-iron   
7,fig4 #ci1 b1  b7 sixteen inches in    
length4 ,one-third of this strip1 from  
the front  edge back1 is bent over so it
 lies not quite in contact with the     
second  third1 while the posterior third
 receives the tacks which hold it to    
the bottom-board4 ,now1 when in use this
 iron flange receives the hooks  on the 
corners of the frames1 so that the      
frames are held firmly1 and  can only be
 moved back and sidewise4 ,in looking at
 the bees we can  separate the combs at 
once1 at any place4 ,the chamber can be 
enlarged  or diminished simply by adding
 or withdrawing frames4 ,as the hooks   
are  on all four corners of the frames1 
the frames can be either end back1  or  

either side up4 ,boards with the iron   
hooks close the sides of the  brood     
cavity1 while a quilt covers the frames4
    ,the entrance 7,fig4 #ci1 e7 is cut 
in the bottom-board as already          
explained1 except that the lateral edges
 are kept parallel4 ,a strip of         
sheet-iron 7,fig4 #ci1 d7 is tacked     
across this1 on which rest the ends  of 
the front end-bars of the frames which  
stand above1 and underneath  which pass 
the bees as they come to and go from the
 hive4 ,a box1  without bottom and with 
movable top1 covers all1 leaving a space
 from  four to six inches above and on  
all sides between it and the frames4    
,this gives chance to pack with chaff in
 winter1 and for side and top  storing  
in sections or boxes in summer4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4    ,frames and
 ,bottom-,board of the ,bingham ,hive4  
,the ,bingham hive 7,fig4 #dj7 is not   
only remarkably simple1 but is as       
remarkable for its shallow depth2 the   
frames being only five inches  high4    

,these have no bottom-bar4 ,the end-bars
 are one and a half inches  wide1 and   
the top-bar square4 ,the nails that hold
 the end-bars pass  into the end of the 
top-bar1 which is usually placed        
diagonally1 so  that an edge1 not a     
face1 is below2 though some are made    
with a face  below 7,fig4 #dj1 f71 to be
 used when comb is transferred4 ,the    
frames  are held together by two wires1 
one at each end4 ,each wire 7,fig4 #dj1 
a7 is a little longer than twice the    
width of the hive when the  maximum     
number of frames are used4 ,the ends of 
each wire are united  and placed about  
nails 7,fig4 #dj1 b1 b7 in the ends of  
the boards  7,fig4 #dj1 c1 c7 which form
 the sides of the brood-chamber4 ,a     
small  stick 7,fig4 #dj1 a7 spreads     
these wires1 and brings the frames close
  together4 ,a box without bottom and   
with movable cover1 is placed about  the
 frames4 ,this is large enough and high 
enough to permit of chaff  packing in   
winter and spring4 ,the bottom-board may

 be made like the  one already          
described4 ,mr4 ,bingham does not bevel 
the bottom-board1  but places lath under
 three sides of the brood-chamber1 the  
lath being  nailed to the               
bottom-board--and then uses the blocks  
to contract the  entrance 7,fig4 #dj1   
g74    ,the advantages of this hive are1
 simplicity1 great space above for      
surplus frames or boxes1 capability of  
being placed one hive above  another to 
any height desired1 while the frames may
 be reversed1 end  for end1 or bottom   
for top1 or the whole brood-chamber     
turned up-side  down4 ,thus1 by         
doubling1 we may have a depth of ten    
inches for winter4    ,the objection    
which ,i have found in the similar      
,russell hive1 is danger  of killing    
bees in rapid handling4 ,in the ,russell
 hive the side-bars  are halved         
together1 and held in place by          
ingeniously contrived wire  hooks4      
,there are no bottom-bars4 ,i have used 
none of these except  the ,russell4     

,they can be manipulated with rapidity1 
if we care not  how many bees we crush4 
,it hurts me to kill a bee1 and so ,i   
find the  ,langstroth style more quickly
 manipulated4 ,mr4 ,snow1 too1 who was  
the  first to make the above style of   
hive1 has discarded it in favor of the  
,langstroth4 ,his objection to the      
above1 is the fact that the various     
combs are not sure to be so built as to 
be interchangeable4 ,yet that  such     
apiarists as those above named prefer   
these ,huber hives1 after  long use of  
the other style1 is certainly not       
without significance4           99      
99       99       99       99           
,,apparatus ,,for ,,procuring           
,,comb-,,honey4    ,although ,i feel    
sure that extracted-honey will grow more
 and more into  favor1 yet it will never
 supersede the beautiful comb1 which1   
from its  exquisite flavor and          
attractive appearance1 has always been1 
and always  will be1 admired and        
desired4 ,so1 no hive is complete       

without its  arrangement of boxes1      
section-frames1 and crates1 all         
constructed with  the view of securing  
this delectable comb-honey in the form  
that will  be most irresistible4        
,,boxes4    ,these are for surplus      
comb-honey in the most salable form4    
,they may be  of any size that best     
suits the taste of the apiarist1 and the
 pulse of  the market4    ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #da4    ,it is well that the     
sides of these be of glass4 ,such 7,fig4
 #da7 may be  made as follows3 ,for top 
and bottom procure soft-wood boards     
one-fourth  of an inch thick and of the 
size desired1 one for the bottom and the
  other for the top of the box4 ,take   
four pieces half an inch square  and as 
long as the desired height of the       
honey-box4 ,in two adjacent  sides of   
these saw grooves in which may slip     
common glass4 ,these  are for corner    
pieces4 ,now tack with small brads the  
corners of the  bottom-board to the ends
 of these pieces1 then slide in the     

glass1  and in similar way tack the     
top-board to the other ends4 ,through   
the  bottom-board holes may be bored so 
that the bees may enter4 ,a similar  box
 is made by ,a4 ,h4 ,russell1 of        
,adrian1 ,mich41 except that tin forms  
the corners4 ,these may be made to take 
from one to three combs1 and are        
certainly very attractive4 ,if made     
small and set in a crate so that all    
could be removed at once1 they would    
leave little to be desired4 ,the  ,isham
 box 7,fig4 #db7 is essentially like the
 ,russell2 only the tin at  the corners 
is fastened differently4 ,surely1 all   
great minds do run in  the same channel4
 ,another form 7,fig4 #dc7 which ,i find
 very desirable1  and which ,i used in  
,california 7where they were introduced 
by ,mr4  ,harbison7 more than ten years 
ago1 is made as follows3 ,dress off     
common  lath so that they are smooth1   
cut off two lengths the desired height  
of  the box1 and one the desired width2 
tack this last piece to the ends of  the

 other two1 and to the other end tack a 
similar strip only half as  wide4 ,we   
now have a square frame4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4               
,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4    ,place such
 frames side by side till a box is made 
of the desired  length4 ,to hold these  
together1 we have now only to tack on   
either  side one or two pieces of tin1  
putting a tack into each section1 thus  
forming a compact box without ends4 ,the
 end frames should have a whole  piece  
of lath for the bottom1 and grooves     
should be cut in the bottom  and top    
laths1 so that a glass may be put in the
 ends4 ,of course there  is ample chance
 for the bees to enter from below4 ,now1
 by placing  small pieces of comb1 or   
artificial comb foundation1 which ranks 
as a  discovery with the movable-frame  
hive and honey-extractor1 on the top  of
 each frame 7,fig4 #dc71 the bees will  
be led to construct a separate  comb in 
each frame1 and each frame may be sold  
by the retail dealer  separately1 by    

simply drawing the tacks from the tins4 
,barker and  ,dicer1 of ,marshall1      
,michigan1 make a very neat sectional   
honey-box1  which is quite like the     
above1 except that paper pasted over the
 frames  takes the place of the tins4   
,these1 too1 have wood separators as    
used  and sold by the gentlemen named4  
,the honey-boxes may be placed directly 
on the frames1 or in case the queen     
makes trouble by entering them to       
deposit eggs--a trouble which ,i have   
seldom met1 perhaps because ,i  give her
 enough to do below--we can plaice      
strips one-fourth of an inch  square    
between the frames and boxes4 ,in case  
we work extensively for  box honey1 we  
should have a rack or crate so made that
 we can remove  all the boxes at once2  
in which case to examine the bees we    
would not  have to remove all the boxes 
separately4      ,,small ,,frames ,,or  
,,sections4    ,honey in boxes1 unless  
they consist of sections as just        
described1  cannot compete with honey in

 small frames1 in our present markets1  
and  without doubt they will fall more  
and more into disfavor4 ,in fact1  there
 is no apparatus for securing comb-honey
 that promises so well as  these        
sections4 ,that they are just the thing 
to enable us to tickle the  market is   
shown by their rapid growth in popular  
favor4 ,three years  ago ,i predicted1  
at one of our ,state ,conventions1 that 
they would soon  replace boxes1 and was 
laughed at4 ,nearly all who then        
laughed1 now  use these sections4 ,they 
are cheap1 and with their use we can get
 more  honey1 and in a form that will   
make it irresistible4      ,,requisites 
,,of ,,good ,,sections    ,the wood     
should be white1 the size small1 from   
four to six inches  square1 the sections
 capable of being glassed1 at least on  
the faces1  not too much cut off from   
brood-chamber1 cheap1 easily made1 and  
so  arranged as to be put on or taken   
off the hive en masse4    ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #dd4      ,,description4    ,the 

style of section which ,i think will    
soon replace all others1 is  easily     
made1 as follows3 ,for a section four   
inches square take a strip  of clean1   
white veneer--cut from basswood1 poplar 
or white-wood--such  as is used to make 
berry-boxes1 two inches wide and twenty 
inches long2  for larger sections make  
it proportionally longer4 ,make a       
shallow cut  every four inches at       
right-angles to the sides--though they  
will do  this1 if asked to1 at the      
factory4 ,now with a chisel 7,fig4 #dd7 
four  inches long1 with one-eighth inch 
projections at right-angles to  the main
 blade1 cut out sections on the opposite
 edges of the main  strip--which will   
leave openings one-eighth inch by four  
inches1  between the first and second   
shallow cut and the third and fourth4   
,we  now bend this around a square block
 7,fig4 #de7 which will just fill  it1  
letting the ends over-lap1 and drive    
through these over-lapping  sections one
 or two small wrought brads on to an    

iron1 7,fig4 #de1 b7  set into the      
block1 by which they will be clinched4  
,or1 by using glue1  we may dispense    
with the block4 ,now1 if your market    
requires glassed  sections1 or if you   
wish to insert dividers1 either tin or  
wood1 glue  posts one-fourth of an inch 
square1 four in each section along the  
uncut sides one-eighth inch from the    
edges4 ,the ends of these will just     
come flush with the gouged edges above  
and below4 ,now1 by use of tins  such as
 are used to fasten window-glass1 these 
can be glassed1 or if  desired1 each one
 can receive a tin or wooden separator4 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4    ,if this   
gluing in of the pieces is thought too  
troublesome1 we may  still achieve the  
same end by using tin separators in our 
crates1 and  then glass our sections by 
cutting a square glass1 just the size of
 the  section1 outside measure1 and with
 heavy white paper paste two of these   
glass to the sections4 ,this makes each 
section perfectly close1 and  is the    

method devised by ,southard and ,ranney 
for practice the coming  season4 ,a     
paste made of dextrine1 tragacanth1 or  
even flour1 will  answer to fasten the  
strips of paper1 which need not be more 
than one  inch wide4 ,a little carbolic 
acid1 or salicylic acid in solution1    
will  keep the paste from souring4      
,every apiarist can make these sections 
for himself1 and thus save  freight and 
profits of making4 ,they are neat1 very 
cheap--costing but  two mills each--and 
are made strong by use of the glued     
posts4 ,they  are also light4 ,very soon
 our customers will object to buying    
wood  and glass1 if our unglassed       
sections of comb-honey are kept in close
  glassed crates4    ,illustration3     
,fig4 #df4    ,the ,hetherington        
brothers make a very neat section1 as   
follows3 ,the top  and bottom are each  
two inches wide1 of one-quarter inch    
white pine4  ,these receive a groove    
one-eighth inch from the ends1 which    
receives  the sides1 one inch wide and  

one-eighth inch thick1 which is pressed 
through to a central position and glued4
 ,this section is five and a  half      
inches square4 ,they use wooden dividers
 7,fig4 #df1 a7 one-eighth  of an inch  
thick1 as long as the section1 but one  
inch less in height1  so that below and 
above is a half-inch space1 which       
permits the bees to  pass readily from  
one section to another4 ,these are held 
by a half-inch  strip of tin 7,fig4 #df1
 b1 b71 which passes through a groove   
7,fig4 #df1  c7 in the ends of the      
dividers1 and reaches half an inch      
farther2  then turns at right-angles and
 ends in a point 7,fig4 #df1 b71 which1 
when in use1 sticks into the top or     
bottom pieces2 and so the four  points  
hold the dividers in place4 ,when ready 
to sell1 they insert  half-inch glass in
 the grooves each side the narrow       
side-pieces1 and  with tins fasten glass
 on the faces1 and have a very handsome 
section4  ,i think this preferable to   
the ,russell or ,isham box or section1  

as the  one-inch strip of wood covers   
the part of the comb where it is        
fastened  to the sides1 which is never  
attractive1 while the rest is all       
glassed4  ,such sections were praised in
 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati last season 
as  very fine and neat2 equal1 if not   
superior1 to all others4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4    ,a4 ,i4    
,root prefers sections made as are      
children's toy-blocks1 the  sides       
fastened by a sort of mortise and tennon
 arrangement 7,fig4 #dg74 ,i  have      
received from ,mr4 ,james ,heddon a     
similar section1 but neater and  more   
finished1 which is made in ,vermont4    
,these are too complex to be  made      
without machinery1 are no better for    
their fancy corners--in fact1  they are 
not as strong as is desirable--and1 as  
we cannot afford to  purchase our       
apparatus when we can as well make it   
ourselves1 ,i cannot  recommend them for
 general use4      ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#dh4    ,the ,phelps-,wheeler-,betsinger

 sections 7,fig4 #dh7 are essentially   
the  same4 ,the top and bottom are a    
little more narrow than the sides1 and  
are nailed to them4 ,the ,wheeler       
sections-invented and patented by ,mr4  
,geo4 ,t4 ,wheeler1 ,mexico1 ,new ,york1
 in #ahgj--;are remarkable for being    
the first 7,fig4 #eb1 ,k7 to be used    
with tin separators 7,fig4 #eb1 ,m74    
,instead of making the bottoms          
one-quarter of an inch narrower for a   
passage1 ,mr4 ,wheeler made an opening  
in the bottom1 as does ,mr4 ,russell4   
,,how ,,to ,,place ,,sections ,,in      
,,position4    ,there are two methods1  
each of which is excellent1 and has1 as 
it well  may1 earnest advocates--one by 
use of crates1 the other by frames4     
,,sections ,,in ,,frames4    ,i prefer  
this method1 perhaps because ,i have    
used it most4 ,these frames  7,fig4 #di7
 are made the same size as the frames in
 the brood-chamber1  except that they   
are made of strips two inches wide1 and 
one-fourth of  an inch thick1 though the

 bottom-bar is a quarter of an inch     
narrower1  so that when two frames are  
side by side1 there is one-fourth of an 
inch space between the bottom bars1     
though the top and side pieces are      
close together4 ,the sections are of    
such a size 7,fig4 #ej1 ,k7 that  four1 
or six1 or nine1 etc41 will just fill   
one of the large frames4  ,nailed to one
 side of each large frame are two tin   
strips 7,fig4 #ej1  t1 t7 as long as the
 frame1 and as wide into one inch as are
 the  sections4 ,these are tacked half  
an inch from the top and the bottom of  
the large frames1 and so are opposite   
the sections1 thus permitting the  bees 
to pass readily from one tier of        
sections to another1 as do the  narrower
 top and bottom-bars of the sections1   
from those below to those  above4 ,i    
learned of such an arrangement of       
sections from ,a4 ,i4 ,root4            
,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4    ,captain   
,hetherington tells me that ,mr4 ,quinby
 used them years ago4 ,the  tin         

arrangement1 though unlike ,mr4         
,wheeler's 7,fig4 #eb1 ,m71 would  be   
readily suggested by it4 ,it is more    
trouble to make these frames  if we have
 the tins set in so as just to come     
flush with the edge  of the end-bars of 
the frames1 but then the frames would   
hang close  together1 and would not be  
so stuck together with propolis4 ,these 
may  be hung in the second story of a   
two-story hive1 and just so many as  to 
fill the same--my hives will take       
nine--or they can be put below1  beside 
the brood-combs4 ,mr4 ,doolittle1 in    
case he hangs these below1  inserts a   
perforated division-board1 so that the  
queen will not enter  the sections and  
lay eggs4 ,i used them very successfully
 last summer  without division-boards1  
and neither brood nor pollen were placed
 in  a single cell4 ,perhaps wider tins 
would prevent this should it occur4  ,in
 long hives--the ,new ,idea--which ,i   
find very satisfactory1 after  several  
years' trial1 especially for extracted  

honey--,i have used these  frames of    
sections1 and with the best success4    
,the ,italians entered  them at once1   
and filled them even more quickly than  
other bees filled  the sections in the  
upper story4 ,in fact1 one great        
advantage of these  sections in the     
frames is the ,obvious and ample        
passage-ways1 inviting  the bees to     
enter them4 ,but in our desire to make  
ample and inviting  openings1 caution is
 required that we do not over-do the    
matter1 and  invite the queen to        
injurious intrusion4 ,so we have        
,charybdis and  ,scylla1 and must1 by   
study1 learn to so steer between1 as to 
avoid both  dangers4    ,illustration3  
,fig4 #ej4      ,,sections ,,in ,,racks4
    ,these are to use in lieu of large  
frames1 to hold sections1 and are  very 
convenient when we wish to set the      
sections only one deep above  the       
brood-chamber4 ,though1 if desired1 we  
can place one rack above  another1 and  
so have sections two1 and even three    

deep4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4    ,southard  
and ,ranney1 of ,kalamazoo1 use a very  
neat rack 7,fig4 #ea71 in  which they   
use the thin veneer sections which we   
recommend as superior  to all others for
 the general apiarist4 ,they have used  
these with  excellent success1 but      
without separators1 which they wish to  
insert4  ,perhaps by taking out the     
board partitions 7,fig4 #ea1 ,b1 ,b71   
and  putting tin separators the other   
way across1 they would accomplish  their
 object4 ,in this case1 the ends of the 
adjacent sections would not  be         
separated1 and the width of the rack    
would just accommodate two1  three1 or  
four sections1 to be governed by size of
 hive and sections4  ,the sheet-iron    
rests 7,fig4 #ea1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h7 which1    
with their bent edges1  just raise the  
rack one-fourth of an inch from the     
brood frames1 would  then run the other 
way1 and give the requisite strength4   
,thus1 the  tins would not be liable to 

bend1 as they would if run the shorter  
way  of the rack4 ,the end-board1 too   
7,fig4 #ea4 ,a71 would be a side-board1 
and the strips 7,fig4 #ea1 ,g1 ,g71 with
 the intervening glass1 would be  at the
 ends4    ,the ,wheeler rack 7,fig4 #eb7
 simply holds the sections1 while each  
section is glassed separately4          
,captain ,hetherington sets a rack of   
sections above the frames1 and  stands  
sections one above the other on the side
 for side storing4  ,mr4 ,doolittle     
makes a rack by placing frames1 such as 
,i have  described--except they are only
 half as high1 and hold but two         
sections--side by side1 where they are  
held by tacking a stick on top  across  
each end of the row4 ,he also places two
 tiers1 two deep1 at each  end of the   
brood-chamber1 if he desires to give so 
much room4    ,all apiarists who desire 
to work for comb honey which will sell1 
will  certainly use the sections1 and   
either adjust them by use of frames or  
crates4      ,,foot-,,power ,,saw4      

,every apiarist who keeps upwards of    
fifty colonies of bees1 and makes       
apiculture a specialty1 will find a foot
 power saw a very valuable  apparatus4  
,i have now used the admirable combined 
foot-power saw of ,w4 ,f4  ,john        
,barnes for a year1 and find that it    
grows in value each month4 ,it  permits 
rapid work1 insures uniformity1 and     
enables the apiarist to  give a finish  
to his work that would rival that of the
 cabinet-maker4    ,those who procure   
such a machine should learn to file and 
set the saws1  and should never run the 
machine when not in perfect order4      
,,chapter ,,vi4    ,,position ,,and     
,,arrangement ,,of ,,apiary4      ,as it
 is desirable to have our apiary grounds
 so fixed as to give the  best results1 
and as this costs some money and more   
labor1 it should  be done once for all4 
,as plan and execution in this direction
 must  needs precede even the purchase  
of bees1 this subject deserves an early 
consideration4 ,hence1 we will proceed  

to consider position1 arrangement  of   
grounds1 and preparation for each       
individual colony4      ,,position4     
,of course1 it is of first importance   
that the apiary be near at hand4  ,in   
city or village this is imperative4 ,in 
the country or at suburban  homes1 we   
have more choice1 but close proximity to
 the house is of  much importance4 ,in a
 city1 it may be necessary to follow    
friend  ,muth's example1 and locate on  
the house-tops1 where1 despite the      
inconvenience1 we may achieve success4  
,the lay of the ground is not           
important1 though if a hill1 it should  
not be very steep4 ,it may slope  in any
 direction1 but better any way than     
toward the north4      ,,arrangement    
,,of ,,grounds4    ,unless sandy1 these 
should be well drained4 ,if a grove     
offers inviting  shade1 accept it1 but  
trim high to avoid damp4 ,such a grove  
could soon  be formed of basswood and   
tulip trees1 which1 as we shall see1 are
  very desirable1 as their bloom offers 

plenteous and most delicious  honey4    
,even ,virgil urges shade of palm and   
olive1 also that we screen  the bees    
from winds4 ,wind-screens are very      
desirable1 especially on  the windward  
side4 ,such a screen may be formed of a 
tall board fence1  which1 if it         
surrounds the grounds1 will also serve  
to protect against  thieves4 ,yet these 
are gloomy and forbidding1 and will be  
eschewed by  the apiarist who has an eye
 to sthetics4 ,ever-green screens1      
either  of ,norway spruce1 ,austrian or 
other pine1 or arbor vit1 each or all1  
are not only very effective1 but are    
quickly grown1 inexpensive1 and  add    
greatly to the beauty of the grounds4   
,if the apiary is large1 a  small1 neat1
 inexpensive house1 in the centre of the
 apiary grounds1 is  indispensable4     
,this will serve in winter as a shop for
 making hives1  frames1 etc41 and as a  
store-house for honey1 while in summer  
it will  be used for extracting1        
transferring1 storing1 bottling1 etc4   

,in  building this1 it will be well to  
construct a frost-proof1 thoroughly     
drained1 dark1 and well-ventilated      
cellar4 ,to secure the thorough         
ventilation1 pass a tube1 which may be  
made of tile1 from near the  bottom1    
through the earth to the surface2 and   
another1 from near the  bottom1 to the  
chimney or stove-pipe above4            
,,preparation ,,for ,,each ,,colony4    
,virgil was right in recommending shade 
for each colony4 ,bees are forced  to   
cluster outside the hive1 where the     
hives are subjected to the full  force  
of the sun's rays4 ,by the intense heat1
 the temperature inside  becomes like   
that of an oven1 and the wonder is that 
they do not desert  entirely4 ,i have   
known hives1 thus unprotected1 to be    
covered by bees1  idling outside1 when  
by simply shading the hives1 all would  
go merrily  to work4 ,the combs1 too1   
and foundation especially1 are liable1  
in  unshaded hives1 to melt and fall    
down1 which is very damaging to the     

bees1 and very vexatious to the         
apiarist4 ,the remedy for all this is to
  always have the hives so situated that
 they will be entirely shaded all       
through the heat of the day4 ,this might
 be done by constructing a shed  or     
house1 but these are expensive and      
inconvenient1 and1 therefore1 to  be    
discarded4 ,perhaps the ,coe            
house-apiary 7,chap4 ,,xviii7 may prove 
an  exception2 but1 as yet1 we have no  
reliable assurance of the fact4    ,if  
the apiarist has a convenient grove1    
this may be trimmed high1 so  as not to 
be damp1 and will fulfill every         
requirement4 ,so arrange the  hives that
 while they are shaded through all the  
heat of the day1 they  will receive the 
sun's rays early and late1 and thus the 
bees will  work more hours4 ,i always   
face my hives to the east4 ,if no grove 
is at  command1 the hives maybe placed  
on the north of a ,concord grape-vine1  
or other vigorous variety1 as the       
apiarist may prefer4 ,this should be    

trained to a trellis1 which may be made 
by setting two posts1 either  of cedar  
or oak4 ,let these extend four or five  
feet above the ground1  and be three or 
four feet apart4 ,connect them at       
intervals of eighteen  inches with three
 galvanized wires1 the last one being at
 the top of  the posts4 ,thus we can    
have shade and grapes1 and can see for  
ourselves  that bees do not injure      
grapes4 ,if preferred1 we may use       
ever-greens  for this purpose1 which can
 be kept low1 and trimmed square and    
close  on the north4 ,these can be got  
at once1 and are superior in that they  
furnish ample shade at all seasons4     
,norway spruce is the best4 ,these      
should be at least six feet apart4 ,a4  
,i4 ,root's idea of having the  vines of
 each succeeding row divide the spaces  
of the previous row1  in quincunx order1
 is very good2 though ,i should prefer  
the rows in  this case to be four1      
instead of three feet apart1 especially 
with  ever-greens4 ,until protecting    

shade can be thus permanently secured1  
boards should be arranged for temporary 
protection4 ,many apiarists  economize  
by using fruit trees for this purpose1  
which1 from their  spreading tops1      
answer very well4    ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4       
,root's idea of having sawdust under and
 about the hives is1  ,i think1 a good  
one4 ,the hives of the ,michigan        
,agricultural ,college  7,fig4 #ec7 are 
protected by ever-greens1 trimmed close 
on the north  side4 ,a space four feet  
by six1 north of the shrubs1 was then   
dug out  to a depth of four inches1 and 
filled with sawdust 7,fig4 #ec1 f71     
underlying which were old bricks1 so    
that nothing would grow up through  the 
sawdust4 ,the sawdust thus extends one  
foot back1 or west of the  hive1 three  
feet north1 and the same distance to the
 east or front side  of the hive4 ,this 
makes it neat about the hive1 and       
largely removes  the danger of losing   
the queen in handling the bees2 as      
should she  fall outside the hive1 the  

sharp-sighted apiarist would be very    
likely  indeed to see her4    ,mr4 ,j4  
,h4 ,nellis1 the able ,secretary of the 
,north-,eastern ,bee-,keepers'          
,association1 objects to sawdust1 as he 
thinks it rots too quickly1 and  blows  
about badly4 ,he would use sand or      
gravel instead4 ,i have tried  both     
gravel and sawdust1 and prefer the      
latter1 as explained above4  ,by having 
the sawdust a little below the general  
surface1 and adding  a little once in   
four or five years1 it keeps all nice   
and agreeable4  ,after the ever-greens  
are well started1 all the space between 
the  sawdust areas should be in grass1  
and kept neatly mown4 ,this takes but  a
 little time1 and makes the apiary      
always pleasant and inviting4           
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4               
,,chapter ,,vii4    ,,to ,,transfer     
,,bees4      ,as you may have purchased 
your bees in box hives1 and so1 of      
course1  will desire to transfer them   
immediately into movable-frame hives1   

or1  as already suggested1 you may wish 
to transfer from one movable-frame  to  
another1 ,i will now proceed to describe
 the process4    ,the best time to      
transfer is early in the season1 when   
there is but  little honey in the hives1
 though it may be done at any time1 if  
sufficient caution is used3 still it    
should never be done except on  warm    
days1 when the bees are actively engaged
 in storing4 ,after the  bees are busy  
at work1 approach the old hive1 blow a  
little smoke into  the entrance to quiet
 the bees1 then carry the hive off a few
 feet1  and turn it bottom up4 ,place a 
box over the hive--it will make no      
difference whether it fits it close or  
not1 if the bees are so smoked  as to be
 thoroughly alarmed--and with a stick   
rap on the lower hive for  about twenty 
minutes4 ,the bees will fill with honey 
and go with the  queen into the upper   
hive and cluster4 ,if towards the last  
we carefully  set the box off once or   
twice1 and vigorously shake the hive1   

and then  replace the box1 we will      
hasten the emigration of the bees1 and  
make it  more complete4 ,i got this     
suggestion from ,mr4 ,baldridge4 ,a few 
young  bees will still remain in the old
 hive1 but these will do no harm4 ,now  
put the box on the old stand1 leaving   
the edge raised so that the bees  which 
were out may enter1 and so all the bees 
can get air4 ,if other  bees do not     
trouble1 as they usually will not if    
busily gathering1 we  can proceed in the
 open air4 ,if they do we must go into  
some room4  ,i have frequently          
transferred the comb in my kitchen1 and 
often in  a barn4 ,now knock the old    
hive apart1 cut the combs from the      
sides1  and get the combs out of the old
 hive with just as little breakage as   
possible4 ,mr4 ,baldridge1 if           
transferring in spring1 saws the combs  
and cross-sticks loose from the sides1  
turns the hive into the natural         
position1 then strikes against the top  
of the hive with a hammer till  the     

fastenings are broken loose1 when he    
lifts the hive1 and the combs  are all  
free and in convenient shape for rapid  
work4    ,we now need a barrel1 set on  
end1 on which we place a board fifteen  
to  twenty inches square1 covered with  
several thicknesses of cloth4 ,some     
apiarists think the cloth useless1 but  
it serves1 ,i think1 to prevent  injury 
to comb1 brood or honey4 ,we now place a
 comb on this cloth1 and  a frame on the
 comb1 and cut out the comb the size of 
the inside of the  frame1 taking pains  
to save all the brood4 ,now crowd the   
frame over  the comb1 so that the latter
 will be in the same position that it   
was  when in the old hive2 that is1 so  
the honey will be above--the position   
is not very important--then fasten the  
comb in the frame1 by winding  about all
 one or two small wires or pieces of    
wrapping twine4 ,to raise  the frame and
 comb before fastening1 raise the board 
beneath till the  frame is vertical4    
,set this frame in the new hive1 and    

proceed with  the others in the same way
 till we have all the worker-comb--that 
with  small cells--fastened in4 ,to     
secure the pieces1 which we shall find  
abundant at the end1 take thin pieces of
 wood1 one-half inch wide and a  trifle 
longer than the frame is deep1 place    
these in pairs either side  the comb1   
extending up and down1 and enough to    
hold the pieces secure  till the bees   
shall fasten them1 and secure the strips
 by winding with  small wire1 just above
 and below the frame1 or else tack them 
to the  frame with small tacks4         
,captain ,hetherington has invented and 
practices a very neat method of         
fastening comb into frames4 ,in         
constructing his frames1 he bores small 
holes through the top1 side1 and        
bottom-bars of his frames1 about two    
inches apart2 these holes are just large
 enough to permit the passage  of the   
long spines of the hawthorn4 ,now1 in   
transferring comb1 he has  but to stick 
these thorns through into the comb to   

hold it securely4  ,he can also use all 
the pieces1 and still make a neat and   
secure frame  of comb4 ,he finds this   
arrangement convenient1 too1 in         
strengthening  insecure combs4 ,in      
answer to my inquiry1 this gentleman    
said it paid  well to bore such holes in
 all his frames1 which are eleven by    
sixteen  inches1 inside measure4 ,i     
discarded such frames because of the    
liability of the comb to fall out4      
,mr4 ,baldridge makes wads of comb1 or  
comb-cappings1 which he finds  good1 and
 by pressing these against the edges of 
the comb he wishes to  fasten1 he       
fastens them to the frames1 quickly and 
securely4    ,having fastened all the   
worker-comb that we can into the        
frames--of  course all the other1 and   
all bright drone-comb1 will be preserved
 for  use as guide-comb--and placed the 
frames in the new hive--these should  be
 put together if they contain brood1    
especially if the colony is not  very   
strong1 and the empty frames to one     

side--we then place our hive  on the    
stand1 pushing it forward so that the   
bees can enter anywhere  along the      
alighting-board1 and then shake all the 
bees from the box1  and any young bees  
that may have clustered on any part of  
the old hive1  or on the floor or       
ground1 where we transferred the comb1  
immediately  in front4 ,they will enter 
at once and soon be at work1 all the    
busier  for having passed from the old  
house into the new4 ,in two or three    
days1 remove the wires or strings and   
sticks1 when we shall find the  combs   
all fastened and smoothed off1 and the  
bees as busily engaged as  though their 
present home had always been the seat of
 their labors4  ,in case we practice the
 methods of either ,captain             
,hetherington or ,mr4  ,baldridge1 there
 will be nothing to remove1 and we need 
only go and  congratulate the bees in   
view of their new and improved home4    
,of course1 in transferring from one    
frame to another1 the matter is  much   

simplified4 ,in this case1 after        
thoroughly smoking the bees1 we  have   
but to lift the frames1 and shake or    
brush the bees into the new  hive4 ,for 
a brush1 a chicken or turkey wing1 or a 
large wing or tail  feather from a      
turkey1 goose or peacock1 serves        
admirably4 ,now1 cut out  the comb in   
the best form to accommodate the new    
frames1 and fasten  as already          
suggested4 ,after the combs are all     
transferred1 shake all  remaining bees  
in front of the new hive1 which has     
already been placed  on the stand       
previously occupied by the old hive4    
,,chapter ,,viii4    ,,feeding ,,and    
,,feeders4      ,as already stated1 it  
is only when the worker-bees are storing
 that  the queen deposits to the full   
extent of her capability1 and that      
brood-rearing is at its height4 ,in     
fact1 when storing ceases1 general      
indolence characterizes the hive4       
,hence1 if we would achieve the  best   
success1 we must keep the workers       

active1 even before gathering           
commences1 as also in the interims of   
honey secretion by the flowers2  and to 
do this we must feed sparingly before   
the advent of bloom in  the spring1 and 
whenever the neuters are forced to      
idleness during any  part of the season1
 by the absence of honey-producing      
flowers4 ,for a  number of years1 ,i    
have tried experiments in this direction
 by feeding  a portion of my colonies   
early in the season1 and in the         
intervals  of honey-gathering1 and      
always with marked results in favor of  
the  practice4    ,every apiarist1      
whether novice or veteran1 will receive 
ample reward  by practicing stimulative 
feeding early in the season2 then his   
hive  at the dawn of the white clover   
era will be redundant with bees1 well   
filled with brood1 and in just the trim 
to receive a bountiful harvest  of this 
most delicious nectar4    ,feeding1 too1
 is often necessary to secure sufficient
 stores for  winter--for no apiarist1   

worthy the name1 will suffer his        
faithful1  willing subjects to starve1  
when so little care and expense will    
prevent it4      ,,how ,,much ,,to      
,,feed4    ,if we only wish to          
stimulate1 the amount fed need not be   
great4 ,a  half pound a day1 or even    
less1 will be all that is necessary to  
encourage the bees to active preparation
 for the good time coming4 ,for         
information in regard to supplying      
stores for winter see ,chapter ,,xvii4  
,,what ,,to ,,feed4    ,for this purpose
 ,i would feed coffee ,a sugar1 reduced 
to the  consistency of honey1 or else   
extracted honey kept over from the      
previous year4 ,the price of the latter 
will decide which is the  most          
profitable4 ,honey1 too1 that has been  
drained or forced out of  cappings1     
etc41 is good1 and only good to feed4   
,many advise feeding the  poorer grades 
of sugar in spring4 ,my own experience  
makes me question  the policy of ever   
using such feed for bees4 ,the policy1  

too1 of  feeding glucose ,i much        
question4 ,in all feeding1 unless       
extracted honey  is what we are using1  
we cannot exercise too great care that  
such feed  is not carried to the surplus
 boxes4 ,only let our customers once    
taste  sugar in their comb-honey1 and   
not only is our own reputation gone1 but
  the whole fraternity is injured4 ,in  
case we wish to have our combs in  the  
sections filled or capped1 we must feed 
extracted honey1 which may  often be    
done with great advantage4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4               
,division-,board ,feeder4    ,lower part
 of the face of the can removed1 to show
 float1 etc4      ,,how ,,to ,,feed4    
,the requisites of a good feeder are3   
,cheapness1 a form to admit quick       
feeding1 to permit no loss of heat1 and 
so arranged that we can feed  without in
 any way disturbing the bees4 ,the      
feeder 7,fig4 #ed7 which ,i  have used  
with the best satisfaction1 is a        
modified division-board1  the top-bar of

 which 7,fig4 #ed1 b7 is two inches     
wide4 ,from the upper  central portion1 
beneath the top-bar1 a rectangular      
piece1 the size of  an oyster-can1 is   
replaced with an oyster-can 7,fig #ed1  
g71 after the  top of the latter has    
been removed4 ,a vertical piece of wood 
7,fig4 #ed1  d7 is fitted into the can  
so as to separate a space about one inch
  square1 on one side from the balance  
of the chamber4 ,this piece does  not   
reach quite to the bottom of the can1   
there being a one-eighth  inch space    
beneath4 ,in the top-bar there is an    
opening 7,fig4 #ed1 e7  just above the  
smaller space below4 ,in the larger     
space is a wooden  float 7,fig4 #ed1 f7 
full of holes4 ,on one side1 opposite   
the larger  chamber of the can1 a       
half-inch piece of the top 7,fig4 #ed1  
c7 is cut  off1 so that the bees can    
pass between the can and top-bar on to  
the  float1 where they can sip the feed4
 ,the feed is turned into the hole  in  
the top-bar 7,fig4 #ed1 e71 and without 

touching a bee1 passes down  under the  
vertical strip 7,fig4 #ed1 d7 and raises
 the float 7,fig4 #ed1  f74 ,the can may
 be tacked to the board at the ends near
 the top4  ,two or three tacks through  
the can into the vertical piece 7,fig4  
#ed1  d7 will hold the latter firmly in 
place2 or the top-bar may press on  the 
vertical piece so that it cannot move4  
,crowding a narrow piece of  woolen     
cloth between the can and board1 and    
nailing a similar strip  around the     
beveled edge of the division-board makes
 all snug4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 
,shuck's ,boss ,bee-,feeder4            
,simplicity ,bee-,feeder4    ,one of our
 students suggests the name ,perfection 
for this feeder4  ,the feeder is placed 
at the end of the brood-chamber 7page   
#acg71 and  the top-bar covered by the  
quilt4 ,to feed1 we have only to fold   
the  quilt over1 when with a tea-pot we 
pour the feed into the hole in the      
top-bar4 ,if a honey-board is used1     
there must be a hole in this just  above

 the hole in the division-board feeder4 
,in either case1 no bees  can escape1   
the heat is confined1 and our           
division-board feeder is but  little    
more expensive than a division-board    
alone4    ,some apiarists prefer a quart
 tin can with finely perforated cover4  
,this is filled with liquid1 the cover  
put on1 and the whole quickly  inverted 
and set above a hole in the quilt4      
,owing to the pressure of  the air1 the 
liquid will not descend so rapidly that 
the bees cannot  sip it up4    ,many    
other styles of feeders are in use1 as  
the ,simplicity and  ,boss1 but ,i have 
yet to see one that in all respects     
equals the one  figured and described   
above4    ,the best time to feed is just
 at night-fall4 ,in this case the feed  
will  be carried away before the next   
day1 and the danger to weak colonies    
from robbing is not so great4    ,in    
feeding during the cold days of ,april1 
all should be close above  the bees to  
economize the heat4 ,in all feeding1    

care is requisite that  we may not spill
 the feed about the apiary1 as this may1
 and very  generally will1 induce       
robbing4          ,,chapter ,,ix4       
,,queen ,,rearing4      ,suppose the    
queen is laying two thousand eggs a day1
 and that the full  number of bees is   
forty thousand1 or even more--though the
 bees are  liable to so many accidents1 
and as the queen does not always lay to 
her full capacity1 it is quite probable 
that this is about an average           
number--it will be seen that each day   
that a colony is without a queen  there 
is a loss equal to about one-twentieth  
of the working force of  the colony1 and
 this is a compound loss1 as the        
aggregate loss of  any day is its       
special loss1 augmented by the several  
losses of the  previous days4 ,now1 as  
queens are liable to die1 to become     
impotent1  and as the act of increasing 
colonies demands the absence of queens1 
unless the apiarist has extra ones at   
his command1 it is imperative1  would we

 secure the best results1 to ever have  
at hand extra queens4 ,so  the young    
apiarist must early learn      ,,how    
,,to ,,rear ,,queens4    ,as queens may 
be needed by the last of ,may1          
preparations looking  to the early      
rearing of queens must commence early4  
,when preparing  the colonies for winter
 the previous autumn1 be sure to place  
some  drone-comb somewhere near the     
centre of the colony that has given the 
best results the previous season4 ,in   
,march1 and certainly by the first  of  
,april1 see that all colonies have      
plenty of bee-bread4 ,if necessary1     
place unbolted flour1 that of rye or    
oats is best1 in shallow troughs  near  
the hives4 ,it may be well to give the  
whole apiary the benefit of  such       
feeding before the flowers yield pollen4
 ,yet1 ,i have found that  here in      
,central ,michigan1 bees can usually    
gather pollen by the first  week of     
,april1 which ,i think is as early as   
they should be allowed to  fly1 and1 in 

fact1 as early as they will fly with    
sufficient regularity  to make it pay to
 feed the meal4 ,i much question1 after 
some years of  experiment1 if it ever   
pays to give the bees a substitute for  
pollen4    ,the colony under            
consideration1 should be given frames   
containing  bee-bread which was stored  
the previous year4 ,at the same time1   
,march  or ,april1 commence stimulative 
feeding4 ,if you have another colony    
equally good with the first1 also give  
that the pollen1 and commence  giving it
 honey or syrup1 but only worker-comb   
should be in the  brood-chamber4 ,this  
will prevent the close in-breeding which
 would  of necessity occur if both      
queens and drones were reared in the    
same  colony2 and which1 though regarded
 as deleterious in the breeding of  all 
animals1 should be practiced in case one
 single queen is of decided  superiority
 to all others of the apiary4    ,very  
likely in ,april1 drone-eggs will be    
laid in drone-comb4 ,i have had  drones 

flying on the first of ,may4 ,as soon as
 the drones commence to  hatch out1     
remove the queen and all eggs and       
uncapped brood from some  good1 strong  
colony1 and replace it with eggs or     
brood just hatched  from the colony that
 is being fed1 or if two equally good   
colonies have  been stimulated1 from the
 one in which no drone-comb was placed4 
,the  queen which has been removed may  
be used in making a new colony1 in      
manner soon to be described under       
dividing or increasing the number  of   
colonies4 ,this queenless colony will   
immediately commence forming            
queen-cells 7,fig4 #ef74 ,sometimes     
these are formed to the number of       
fifteen or twenty1 and they are started1
 too1 in a full1 vigorous  colony1 in   
fact1 under the most favorable          
conditions4 ,cutting off  edges of the  
comb1 or cutting holes in the same where
 there are eggs  or larv2 just hatched1 
will almost always insure the starting  
of  queen-cells in such places4 ,it will

 be noticed1 too1 that our queens  are  
started from eggs or from larv but just 
hatched1 as we have given  the bees no  
other1 and so are fed the royal pabulum 
from the first4  ,thus1 we have met     
every possible requisite to secure the  
most superior  queens4 ,by removal of   
the queen we also secure a large number 
of cells1  while if we waited for the   
bees to start the cells preparatory to  
natural swarming1 in which case we      
secure the two desirable conditions     
named above1 we shall probably fail to  
secure so many cells1 and may  have to  
wait longer than we can afford4    ,even
 the apiarist who keeps black bees and  
desires no others1 or  who has only pure
 ,italians1 will still find that it pays
 to practice  this selection1 for1 as   
with the poultry fancier1 or the breeder
 of  our larger domestic animals1 so1   
too1 the apiarist is ever observing     
some individuals of marked superiority1 
and he who carefully selects  such      
queens to breed from1 will be the one   

whose profits will make him  rejoice1   
and whose apiary will be worthy of all  
commendation4 ,as will  be patent to    
all1 by the above process we exercise a 
care in breeding  which is not surpassed
 by the best breeders of horses and     
cattle1 and  which no wise apiarist will
 ever neglect4    ,after we have removed
 all the queen-cells1 in manner soon to 
be  described1 we can again supply eggs1
 or newly-hatched larv--always  from    
those queens which close observation has
 shown to be the most  vigorous and     
prolific in the apiary--and thus keep   
the same queenless  colony or colonies1 
engaged in starting queen-cells till we 
have all we  desire4 ,yet we must not   
fail to keep this colony strong by the  
addition  of capped brood1 which we may 
take from any hive as most convenient4  
,i have good reason to believe that     
queen-cells should not be started  after
 the first of ,september1 as ,i have    
observed that late queens are  not only 
less prolific1 but shorter lived4 ,in   

nature1 late queens are  rarely         
produced1 and if it is true that they   
are inferior1 it might  be explained in 
the fact1 that the ovaries remain so    
long inactive4  ,as queens that are long
 unmated are utterly worthless1 so1 too1
 mated  queens long inactive are        
enfeebled4    ,in a week the cells are  
capped1 and the apiarist is ready to    
form his      ,,nuclei4    ,a nucleus is
 simply a miniature colony of bees--a   
hive and colony on  a small scale1 for  
the purpose of rearing and keeping      
queens4 ,we want  the queens1 but can   
afford to each nucleus only a few bees4 
,the nucleus  hive1 if we use frames not
 more than one foot square1 need be     
nothing  more than an ordinary hive1    
with chamber confined by a              
division-board  to the capacity of three
 frames4 ,if our frames are large1 then 
it may  be thought best to construct    
special nucleus hives4 ,these are small 
hives1 need not be more than six inches 
each way1 that is1 in length1  breadth1 

and thickness1 and made to contain from 
four to six frames  of corresponding    
size4 ,these frames are filled with     
comb4 ,i have for  the last two or three
 years used the first named style of    
nucleus hive1  and have found it        
advantageous to have a few long hives   
made1 each to  contain five chambers1   
while each chamber is entirely separate 
from  the one next to it1 is five inches
 wide1 and is covered by a separate1    
close-fitting board1 and the whole by a 
common cover4 ,the entrance for  the two
 end chambers is at the ends near the   
same side of the hive4  ,the middle     
chamber has its entrance at the middle  
of the side near  which are the end     
entrances1 while the other two chambers 
open on  the opposite side1 as far apart
 as is possible4 ,the outside might be  
painted different colors to correspond  
with the divisions1 if thought          
necessary1 especially on the side with  
two openings4 ,yet ,i have never  taken 
this precaution1 nor have ,i been       

troubled much by losing queens4  ,they  
have almost invariably entered their own
 apartments when returning  from their  
wedding tour4 ,these hives ,i use to    
keep queens during the  summer4 ,except 
the apiarist engages in queen-rearing   
extensively as  a business1 ,i doubt the
 propriety of building such special     
nucleus  hives4 ,the usual hives are    
good property to have in the apiary1    
will  soon be needed1 and may be        
economically used for all nuclei4 ,in   
spring  ,i make use of my hives which   
are prepared for prospective summer use1
  for my nuclei4 ,now go to different   
hives of the apiary1 and take out  three
 frames for each nucleus1 at least one  
of which has brood1 and  so on1 till    
there are as many nuclei prepared as you
 have queen-cells  to dispose of ,the   
bees should be left adhering to the     
frames of comb1  only we must be certain
 that the queen is not among them1 as   
this  would take the queen from where   
she is most needed1 and would lead to   

the sure destruction of one queen-cell4 
,to be sure of this1 never take  such   
frames till you have seen the queen1    
that you may be sure she is  left       
behind4 ,i usually shake off into the   
nucleus the bees from one or  two more  
frames1 so that1 even after the old bees
 have returned1 there  will still be a  
sufficient number of young bees left in 
the nucleus to  keep the temperature at 
a proper height4 ,if any desire the     
nuclei with  smaller frames1 these      
frames must of course be filled with    
comb1 and  then we can shake bees       
immediately into the nuclei1 as given   
above1  till they shall have sufficient 
to preserve a proper temperature4 ,in   
this case the queen-cell should be      
inserted just before the bees are       
added2 in the other case1 either before 
or after4 ,such special articles  about 
the apiary are costly and inconvenient4 
,i believe that ,i should  use hives    
even with the largest frames for nuclei4
 ,in this case we  should need to give  

more bees4 ,to insert the               
queen-cell--for we are  now to give one 
to each nucleus1 so we can never form   
more nuclei than  we have capped        
queen-cells--we first cut them out1     
commencing to cut  on either side the   
base of the cell1 at least one-half inch
 distant1  we must not in the least     
compress the cell1 then cutting up and  
out  for two inches1 then across        
opposite the cell4 ,this leaves the cell
  attached to a wedge-shaped piece of   
comb 7,fig4 #ef71 whose apes is next    
the cell4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4  
,a similar cut in the middle frame of   
the nucleus1 which in case of the       
regular frames is the one containing    
brood1 will furnish an opening  to      
receive the wedge containing the cell4  
,the comb should also be cut  away      
beneath 7,fig4 #ef71 so that the cell   
cannot be compressed4 ,after  all the   
nuclei have received their cells and    
bees1 they have only  to be set in a    
shady place and watched to see that     

sufficient bees  remain4 ,should too    
many leave1 give them more by removing  
the cover  and shaking a frame loaded   
with bees over the nucleus2 keep the    
opening  nearly closed1 and cover the   
bees with a quilt4 ,the main caution in 
all this is to be sure not to get any   
old queen in a nucleus4 ,in  two or     
three days the queens will hatch1 and in
 a week longer will  have become        
fertilized1 and that1 too1 in case of   
the first queens1  by selected drones1  
for as yet there are no other in the    
apiary1 and  the apiarist will possess  
from ten to thirty-five queens1 which   
will  prove his best stock in trade4 ,i 
cannot over-estimate the advantage of   
ever having extra queens4 ,to secure    
pure mating later1 we must cut all      
drone-comb from inferior colonies1 so   
that they shall rear no drones4  ,if    
drone larv are in uncapped cells1 they  
may be killed by sprinkling  the comb   
with cold water4 ,by giving the jet of  
water some force they  may be washed    

out1 or we may throw them out with the  
extractor1 then  use the comb for       
starters in our sections4 ,by keeping   
empty frames1 and  empty cells in the   
nuclei1 the bees may be kept active2 yet
 with so few  bees1 one cannot expect   
very much from the nuclei4 ,after       
cutting all  the queen-cells from our   
old hive1 we can again insert eggs1 as  
above  suggested1 and obtain another lot
 of cells1 or1 if we have a sufficient  
number1 we can leave a single           
queen-cell1 and this colony will soon be
  the happy possessor of a queen1 and   
just as flourishing as if the even      
tenor of its ways had not been          
disturbed4      ,,shall ,,we ,,clip     
,,the ,,queen',s ,,wing8    ,in the     
above operation1 as in many other       
manipulations of the hive1  we shall    
often gain sight of the queen1 and can1 
if we desire1 clip  her wing1 if she has
 met the drone1 that in no case she     
shall lead the  colony away to parts    
unknown4 ,this does not injure the      

queen1 as some  have claimed4 ,general  
,adair once stated that such treatment  
injured the  queen1 as it cut off some  
of the air-tubes1 which view was        
approved by  so excellent a naturalist  
as ,dr4 ,packard4 ,yet we are sure that 
this is  all a mistake4 ,the air-tube   
and blood-vessel1 as we have seen1 go to
  the wings to carry nourishment to     
these members4 ,with the wing goes the  
necessity of nourishment and the need of
 the tubes4 ,as well say that  the      
amputation of the human leg or arm would
 enfeeble the constitution1  as it would
 cut off the supply of blood4    ,many  
of our best apiarists have practiced    
this clipping of the queen's  wings for 
years4 ,yet1 these queens show no       
diminution of vigor3 we  should suppose 
they would be even more vigorous1 as    
useless organs  are always nourished at 
the expense of the organism1 and if     
entirely  useless1 are seldom long      
continued by nature4 ,the ants set us an
  example in this matter1 as they bite  

the wings off their queens1 after       
mating has transpired4 ,they mean that  
the queen ant shall remain  at home     
nolens volens1 and why shall not we     
require the same of  the queen bee8     
,were it not for the necessity of       
swarming in nature1  we should doubtless
 have been anticipated in this matter by
 nature  herself4 ,still1 if the queen  
essays to go with a swarm1 and if the   
apiarist is not at hand1 she will very  
likely be lost1 never regaining  the    
hive2 but in this case the bees will be 
saved1 as they will  return without     
fail4 ,i always mean to be so watchful1 
keeping my hives  shaded1 giving ample  
room1 and dividing or increasing1 as to 
prevent  natural swarming4 ,but in lieu 
of such caution ,i see no objection to  
clipping the queen's wing1 and would    
advise it4    ,some apiarists clip one  
primary wing the first year1 the        
secondary the  second year1 the other   
primary the third1 and if age of the    
queen  permits1 the remaining wing the  

fourth year4 ,yet1 such data1 with other
  matters of interest and importance1   
better be kept on a slate or card1  and 
firmly attached to the hive1 or else    
kept in a record1 opposite the  number  
of the hive4 ,the time required to find 
the queen is sufficient  argument       
against the queen-wing record44 ,it is  
not an argument  against the once       
clipping of the queen's wings1 for1 in  
the nucleus  hives1 queens are readily  
found1 and even in full colonies this is
 not  very difficult1 especially if we  
heed the dictates of interest and keep  
,italians4 ,it will be best1 even though
 we have to look up black queens1  in   
full colonies4 ,the loss of one good    
colony1 or the vexatious trouble  of    
separating two or three swarms which had
 clustered together1 would  soon        
vanquish this argument of time4    ,to  
clip the queen's wing1 take hold of her 
wings with the left thumb  and index    
finger--never grasp her body1 especially
 her abdomen1 as  this will be very apt 

to injure her--raise her off the comb1  
then  turn from the bees1 place her     
gently on a board or any convenient     
object--even the knee will do--she will 
thus stand on her feet1 and  not trouble
 by constantly passing her legs up by   
her wings1 where they1  too1 would be in
 danger of being cut off4 ,now1 take a  
small pair of  scissors1 and with the   
right hand open them1 carefully pass one
 blade  under one of the front wings1   
shut the blades1 and all is over4 ,some 
apiarists complain that queens thus     
handled often receive a foreign  scent1 
and are destroyed by the bees4 ,i have  
clipped hundreds1 and  never lost one4  
,i believe that the above method will   
not be open to  this objection4 ,should 
the experience of any one prove to the  
contrary1  the drawing on of a kid      
glove1 or even the fingers of one1 might
 remove  the difficulty4      ,,fertile 
,,workers4    ,we have already referred 
to 7pp4 #gg and #ij7 and described      
fertile  workers4 ,as these can only    

produce unimpregnated eggs1 they are1 of
  course1 valueless1 and unless         
superseded by a queen1 will soon cause  
the destruction of the colony4 ,as their
 presence often prevents the  acceptance
 of cells or a queen1 by the common     
workers1 they are a  serious pest4      
,the absence of worker brood1 and the   
abundant and careless deposition  of    
eggs--some cells being skipped1 while   
others have received several  eggs--are 
pretty sure indications of their        
presence4    ,to rid a colony of these1 
unite it with some colony with a good   
queen1  after which the colony may be   
divided if very strong4 ,simply         
exchanging  places of a colony with a   
fertile worker1 and a good strong       
colony1  will often cause the           
destruction of the wrong-doer4 ,in this 
case1  brood should be given to the     
colony which had the fertile worker1    
that they may rear a queen2 or better1 a
 queen-cell or queen should  be given   
them4 ,caging a queen in a hive1 with a 

fertile worker1 for  thirty-six hours1  
will often cause the bees to accept her4
 ,shaking the  bees off the frames two  
rods from the hive1 will often rid them 
of the  counterfeit queen1 after which  
they will receive a queen-cell or a     
queen4          ,,chapter ,x4           
,,increase ,,of ,,colonies4      ,no    
subject will be of more interest to the 
beginner1 than that of  increasing      
stocks4 ,he has one or two1 he desires  
as many score1 or1 if  very aspiring1 as
 many hundred1 and if a ,hetherington or
 a ,harbison1 as  many thousand4 ,this  
is a subject1 too1 that may well engage 
the thought  and study of men of no     
inconsiderable experience4 ,i believe   
that many  veterans are not practicing  
the best methods in obtaining an        
increase  of stocks4    ,before         
proceeding to name the ways1 or to      
detail methods1 let me state  and       
enforce1 that it is always safest1 and  
generally wisest1 especially  for the   
beginner1 to be content with doubling1  

and certainly1 with  tripling1 his      
number of colonies each season4         
,especially let all  remember the motto1
 ,keep all colonies strong4    ,there   
are two ways to increase3 ,the natural1 
known as swarming1 already  described   
under natural history of the bee2 and   
artificial1 improperly  styled          
artificial swarming4 ,this is also      
called1 and very properly1  too1        
dividing4      ,,swarming4    ,to       
prevent anxiety and constant watching1  
and to secure a more equable  division  
of bees1 and1 as ,i know1 more honey1 it
 is better to provide  against swarming 
entirely by use of means which will     
appear in the  sequel4 ,but as this     
requires some experience1 and1 as often1
 through  neglect1 either necessary or  
culpable1 swarms may issue1 every       
apiarist  should be ever ready with both
 means and knowledge for immediate      
action4 ,of course1 the hives were all  
made the previous winter1 and  will     
never be wanting4 ,neglect to provide   

hives before the swarming  season1 is   
convincing proof that the wrong pursuit 
has been chosen4    ,if1 as we have     
advised1 the queen has her wing clipped1
 the matter  becomes very simple1 in    
fact1 so much simplified that were there
 no  other argument1 this would be      
sufficient to recommend the practice of 
cutting the queen's wing4 ,now1 if      
several swarms cluster together1 we     
have not to separate them1 they will    
separate of themselves and return  to   
their old home4 ,to migrate without the 
queen means death1 and life  is sweet   
even to bees1 and is not to be willingly
 given up except for  home and kindred4 
,neither has the apiarist to climb      
trees1 to secure  his bees from bushy   
trunks1 from off the lattice-work or    
pickets of  his fence1 from the very top
 of a tall1 slender1 fragile fruit tree1
  or other most inconvenient places4    
,nor will he even be tempted to pay  his
 money for patent hivers4 ,he knows his 
bees will return to their  old quarters1

 so he is not perturbed by the fear of  
loss1 or plans  to capture the          
unapproachable4 ,it requires no effort  
to possess his  soul in patience4 ,if he
 wishes no increase1 he steps out1 takes
 the  queen by the remaining wings1 as  
she emerges from the hive1 soon after   
the bees commence their hilarious       
leave-taking1 puts her in a cage1  opens
 the hive1 destroys1 or1 if he wishes to
 use them1 cuts out the  queen cells as 
already described 7page #afg71 gives    
more room--either  by adding boxes or   
taking out some of the frames of brood1 
as they may  well be spared1 places the 
cage enclosing the queen under the      
quilt1  and leaves the bees to return at
 their pleasure4 ,at night-fall the     
queen is liberated1 and very likely the 
swarming fever subdued for the  season4 
,if it is desired to hive the absconding
 swarm with a nucleus colony1  exchange 
the places of the old hive containing   
the caged queen1 and the  nucleus1 to   
which the swarm will then come4 ,remove 

queen-cells from the  old hives as      
before1 give some of the combs of brood 
to the nucleus1  which is now a full    
colony1 and empty frames1 with comb or  
foundation  starters1 or1 if you have   
them1 empty combs to both1 liberate the 
queen at night and all is well1 and the 
apiarist rejoices in a new  colony4 ,if 
the apiarist has neglected to form      
nuclei1 and so has no  extra queens--and
 this is a neglect--and wishes to hive  
his swarm  separately1 he places his    
caged queen in an empty hive1 with which
 he  replaces the old hive till the bees
 return1 then this new hive1 with  queen
 and bees1 and1 still better1 with a    
frame or two of brood1  honey1 etc41 in 
the middle1 which were taken from the   
old hive1 is  set on a new stand4 ,the  
old hive1 with all the queen-cells      
except the  largest and finest one      
removed1 is set back1 so that the       
apiarist has  forestalled the issue of  
after-swarms1 except that other         
queen-cells  are afterward started1     

which is not likely to happen4 ,the old 
queen  is liberated as before1 and we   
are in the way of soon having two good  
colonies4 ,some apiarists cage the queen
 and let the bees return1 then  divide  
the colony as soon to be described4     
,some extensive apiarists1 who desire to
 prevent increase of colonies1  cage the
 old queen1 destroy cells1 and exchange 
this hive--after  taking out three or   
four frames of brood to strengthen      
nuclei--with  one that recently swarmed4
 ,thus a colony that recently sent out a
  swarm1 but retained their queen1 has  
probably1 from the decrease of  bees1   
loss of brood and removal of            
queen-cells1 lost the swarming  fever1  
and if we give them plenty of room and  
ventilation1 they will  accept the bees 
from a new swarm1 and spend their future
 energies in  storing honey4 ,southard  
and ,ranney have been very successful in
 the  practice of this method4 ,if      
building of drone-comb in the empty     
frames  which replaced the brood-frames 

removed1 should vex the apiarist--,dr4  
,southard says they had no such         
trouble--it could be prevented by giving
  worker-foundation4 ,if the swarming   
fever is not broken up1 we shall  only  
have to repeat the operation again in a 
few days4      ,,hiving ,,swarms4       
,but in clipping wings1 some queens may 
be omitted1 or from taste1 or  other    
motive1 some bee-keepers may not desire 
to deform her royal  highness4 ,then the
 apiarist must possess the means to save
 the  would-be rovers4 ,the means are   
good hives in readiness1 some kind of  a
 brush--a turkey-wing will do--and a bag
 or basket1 with ever open  top1 which  
should be at least eighteen inches in   
diameter1 and this  receptacle so made  
that it may be attached to the end of a 
pole1 and  two such poles1 one very long
 and the other of medium length4        
,now1 let us attend to the method3 ,as  
soon as the cluster commences to  form1 
place the hive on the ground near by1   
leaving the entrance widely  open1 which

 with our bottom-board only requires    
that we draw the hive  forward an inch  
,or more over the alighting-board4 ,as  
soon as the bees  are fully clustered1  
we must manage as best we can to empty  
the whole  cluster in front of the hive4
 ,as the bees are full of honey we need 
have little fear of stings4 ,should the 
bees be on a twig that could be         
sacrificed1 this might be easily out off
 with either a knife or saw1  and so    
carefully as hardly to disturb the bees2
 then carry and shake  the bees in front
 of the hive1 when with joyful hum they 
will at once  proceed to enter4 ,if the 
twig must not be cut1 shake them all    
into the  basket1 and empty before the  
hive4 ,should they be on a tree trunk1  
or  a fence1 then brush them with the   
wing into the basket1 and proceed as    
before4 ,if they are high up on a tree1 
take the pole and basket1 and  perhaps a
 ladder will also be necessary4         
,always let ingenuity have its perfect  
work1 not forgetting that the  object to

 be gained is to get just as many of the
 bees as is possible  on the            
alighting-board in front of the hive4   
,carelessness as to the  quantity might 
involve the loss of the queen1 which    
would be serious4  ,the bees to ill not 
remain unless the queen enters the hive4
 ,should a  cluster form where it is    
impossible to brush or shake them off1  
they  can be driven into a basket1 or   
hive1 by holding it above them and      
blowing smoke among them4 ,as soon as   
they are nearly all in--a few  may be   
flying around1 but if the queen is in   
the new hive1 they will  go back to     
their old home1 or find the new         
one--which ,mr4 ,betsinger  says they   
will always do1 if it is not far        
removed--remove the hive to  its        
permanent stand4 ,all washes are more   
than useless4 ,it is better  that the   
hive be clean and pure4 ,with such1 if  
they are shaded1 bees  will generally be
 satisfied4 ,but assurance will be made 
doubly sure by  giving them a frame of  

brood1 in all stages of growth1 from the
 old  hive4 ,this may be inserted before
 the work of hiving is commenced4 ,mr4  
,betsinger thinks this will cause them  
to leave2 but ,i think he will  not be  
sustained by the experience of other    
apiarists4 ,he certainly  is not by     
mine4 ,i never knew but one colony to   
leave uncapped brood2  ,i have often    
known them to swarm out of an empty hive
 once or twice1  and to be returned1    
after brood had been placed in the hive1
 when they  accepted the changed        
conditions1 and went at once to work4   
,this seems  reasonable1 too1 in view of
 the attachment of bees for their nest  
of  brood1 as also from analogy4 ,how   
eager the ant to convey her larv and    
pup--the so-called eggs--to a place of  
safety1 when the nest has been  invaded 
and danger threatens4 ,bees doubtless   
have the same desire to  protect their  
young1 and as they cannot carry them    
away to a new home1  they remain to care
 for them in one that may not be quite  

to their  taste4    ,if it is not       
desired to increase1 the bees may be    
given to a colony  which has previously 
swarmed1 after removing from the latter 
all  queen-cells1 and adding to the room
 by giving boxes and removing some      
frames of brood to strengthen nuclei4   
,this plan is practiced by ,dr4         
,southard4 ,we may even return the bees 
to their old home by taking the  same   
precautionary measures1 with a good hope
 that storing and not  swarming will    
engage their attention in future2 and if
 we exchange  their position with that  
of a nucleus1 we shall be still more    
likely  to succeed in overcoming the    
desire to swarm2 though some seasons1   
usually when honey is being gathered    
each day for long intervals1 but  not in
 large quantities1 the desire and       
determination of some colonies  to swarm
 is implacable4 ,room1 ventilation1     
changed position of hive1  each and all 
will fail4 ,then we can do no better    
than to gratify the  propensity1 by     

giving the swarm a new home1 and make an
 effort      ,,to ,,prevent ,,second    
,,swarms4    ,as already stated1 the    
wise apiarist will always have on hand  
extra  queens4 ,now1 if he does not     
desire to form nuclei 7as already       
explained71 and thus use these queen    
cells1 he will at once cut them  all    
out1 and destroy them1 and give the old 
colony a fertile queen4  ,the method of 
introduction will be given hereafter1   
though in such  cases there is very     
little danger incurred by giving them a 
queen at  once4 ,and by thoroughly      
smoking the bees1 and sprinkling with   
sweetened  water1 and daubing the new   
queen with honey1 we may be almost sure 
of  success4 ,if desired1 the           
queen-cells can be used in forming      
nuclei1  in manner before described4 ,in
 this way we save our colony from being 
without a fertile queen for at least    
thirteen1 days1 and that1 too1  in the  
very height of the honey season1 when   
time is money4 ,if extra  queens are    

wanting1 we have only to look carefully 
through the old hive  and remove all but
 one of the queen-cells4 ,a little care 
will certainly  make sure work1 as1     
after swarming1 the old hive is so      
thinned of bees1  that only carelessness
 will overlook queen-cells in such a    
quest4      ,,to ,,prevent ,,swarming4  
,as yet we can only partly avert        
swarming4 ,mr4 ,quinby offered a large  
reward for a perfect non-swarming hive1 
and never had to make the  payment4 ,mr4
 ,hazen attempted it1 and partially     
succeeded1 by granting  much space to   
the bees1 so that they should not be    
impelled to vacate  for lack of room4'  
,the ,quinby hive already described1 by 
the large  capability of the            
brood-chamber1 and ample opportunity for
 top and  side-storing1 looks to the    
same end4 ,but we may safely say that a 
perfect non-swarming hive or system is  
not yet before the bee-keeping  public4 
,the best aids toward non-swarming are  
shade1 ventilation1  and roomy hives4   

,but as we shall see in the sequel1 much
 room in the  brood-chamber1 unless we  
work for extracted honey--by which means
 we  may greatly repress the swarming   
fever--prevents our obtaining honey  in 
a desirable style4 ,if we add sections1 
unless the connection is  quite free--in
 which case the queen is apt to enter   
them and greatly  vex us--we must crowd 
some to send the bees into the sections4
 ,such  crowding is almost sure to lead 
to swarming4 ,i have1 by abrading the   
combs of capped honey in the            
brood-chamber1 as suggested to me by    
,mr4  ,m4 ,m4 ,baldridge--causing the   
honey to run down from the combs--sent  
the  bees crowding to the sections1 and 
thus deferred or prevented swarming4    
,it is possible that by extracting      
freely when storing is very rapid1  and 
then by rapidly feeding the extracted   
honey in the interims of  honey         
secretion1 we might prevent swarming1   
secure very rapid breeding1  and still  
get our honey in sections4 ,too few     

experiments1 to be at all  decisive1    
have led me to look favorably in this   
direction4    ,the keeping of colonies  
queenless1 in order to secure honey     
without  increase1 as practiced and     
advised by some even of our             
distinguished  apiarists1 seems to me a 
very questionable practice1 to which ,i 
cannot even lend my approval by so much 
as detailing the method4 ,i  would      
rather advise3 keeping a1 queen1 and the
 workers all at work in  every hive1 if 
possible1 all the time4      ,,how ,,to 
,,multiply ,,colonies ,,with ,,the      
,,best ,,results4    ,we have already   
seen the evils of natural swarming1 for1
 even though no  stock is too much      
reduced in numbers1 no colony lost by   
not receiving  prompt attention1 no     
,sunday quiet disturbed1 and no time    
wasted in  anxious watching1 yet1 at    
best1 the old colony is queenless for   
about  two weeks1 a state of things     
which no apiarist can or should afford4 
,the true policy then is to practice    

artificial swarming1 as just  described1
 where we save time by cutting the      
queen's-wing1 and save  loss by         
permitting no colony to remain          
queenless1 or still better to           
,,divide4    ,this method will secure   
uniform colonies1 will increase our     
number  of colonies just to our liking1 
will save time1 and that1 too1 when     
time is most valuable1 and is in every  
respect safer and preferable to         
swarming4 ,i have practiced dividing    
ever since ,i have kept bees1 and  never
 without the best results4      ,,how   
,,to ,,divide4    ,by the process       
already described1 we have secured a    
goodly number of  fine queens1 which    
will be in readiness at the needed time4
 ,now1 as  soon as the white clover     
harvest is well commenced1 early in     
,june1 we  may commence operations4 ,if 
we have but one colony to divide1 it is 
well to wait till they become pretty    
populous1 but not till they swarm4      
,take one of our waiting hives1 which   

now holds a nucleus with fertile  queen1
 and remove the same close along side   
the colony we wish to  divide4 ,this    
must only be done on warm days when the 
bees are active1  and better be done1   
while the bees are busy1 in the middle  
of the  day4 ,remove the division-board 
of the new hive1 and then remove five   
combs1 well loaded with brood1 and of   
course containing some honey1  from the 
old colony1 bees and all1 to the new    
hive4 ,also take the  remaining frames  
and shake the bees into the new hive4   
,only be sure  that the queen still     
remains in the old hive4 ,fill both the 
hives  with empty frames--if the frames 
are filled with empty comb it will be   
still better1 if not it will pay to give
 starters or full frames of             
foundation--and return the new hive to  
its former position4 ,the old  bees will
 return to the old colony1 while the    
young ones will remain  peaceably with  
the new queen4 ,the old colony will now 
contain at least  seven frames of brood1

 honey1 etc41 the old queen1 and plenty 
of bees1  so that they will work on as  
though naught had transpired1 though    
perhaps moved to a little harder effort 
by the added space and five  empty      
frames4 ,the empty frames may be all    
placed at one end1 or placed  between   
the others1 though not so as to divide  
brood4    ,the new colony will have     
eight frames of brood1 comb1 etc41 three
 from  the nucleus and five from the old
 colony1 a young fertile queen1 plenty  
of bees1 those of the previous nucleus  
and the young bees from the old  colony1
 and will work with a surprising vigor1 
often even eclipsing the  old colony4   
,if the apiarist has several colonies1  
it is better to make the new  colony    
from several old colonies1 as follows3  
,take one frame of  brood-comb from each
 of six old colonies1 or two from each  
of three1  and carry them1 bees and all1
 and place with the nucleus4 ,only1 be  
sure that no queen is removed4 ,fill all
 the hives with empty combs1  or        

foundation instead of frames1 as before4
 ,in this way we increase  without in   
the least disturbing any of the         
colonies1 and may add a  colony every   
day or two1 or perhaps several1         
depending on the size  of our apiary1   
and can thus always1 so my experience   
says1 prevent  swarming4    ,by taking  
only brood that is all capped1 we can   
safely add one or two  frames to each   
nucleus every week1 without adding any  
bees1 as there  would be no danger of   
loss by chilling the brood4 ,in this    
way1 as we  remove no bees1 we have to  
spend no time in looking for the queen1 
and  may build up our nuclei into full  
stocks1 and keep back the swarming      
impulse with great facility4    ,these  
are unquestionably the best methods to  
divide1 and so ,i will not  complicate  
the subject by detailing others4 ,the   
only objection that  can be urged       
against them1 and even this does not    
apply to the last1  is that we must seek
 out the queen in each hive1 or at least

 be sure  that we do not remove her1    
though this is by no means so tedious if
 we  have ,italians1 as of course we all
 will4 ,i might give other methods      
which would render unnecessary this     
caution1 but they are to my mind        
inferior1 and not to be recommended4 ,if
 we proceed as above described1  the    
bees will seldom prepare to swarm at    
all1 and if they do they will  be       
discovered in the act1 by such frequent 
examinations1 and the work  may be cut  
short by at once dividing such colonies 
as first explained1  and destroying     
their queen-cells1 or1 if desired1 using
 them for  forming new nuclei4          
,,chapter ,,xi4    ,,italians ,,and     
,,italianizing4      ,the history and   
description of ,italians 7see           
,frontis-plate7 have  already been      
considered 7p4 #da71 so it only remains 
to discuss the  subject in a practical  
light4    ,the superiority of the       
,italians seems at present a mooted     
question4  ,a few among the able        

apiarists in our country take the ground
 that a  thorough balancing of qualities
 will make as favorable a showing for   
the ,german1 as for the ,italian bees4  
,i think1 too1 that the late ,baron  of 
,berlepsch held to the same view4    ,i 
think ,i am capable of acting as judge  
on this subject4 ,i have never  sold a  
half-dozen queens in my life1 and so    
have not been unconsciously  influenced 
by self-interest4 ,in fact1 ,i have     
never had1 if ,i except  two years1 any 
direct interest in bees at all1 and all 
my work and  experiments had only the   
promotion and spread of truth as the    
ultimatum4    ,again1 ,i have kept both 
blacks and ,italians side by side1 and  
carefully  observed and noted results   
during eight years of my experience4 ,i 
have  carefully collected data as to    
increase of brood1 rapidity of storing1 
early and late habits in the day and    
season1 kinds of flowers visited1       
amiability1 etc41 and ,i believe that to
 say that they are not superior  to     

black bees1 is like saying that a       
,duchess among short-horns is in no     
wise superior to the lean1 bony kine of 
,texas2 or that our ,essex and          
,berkshire swine are no whit better than
 the cadaverous lank breeds1  with      
infinite noses1 that1 happily1 are now  
so rare among us4 ,the  ,italians are   
far superior to the ,german bees in many
 respects1 and  more--though ,i am      
acquainted with all the works on        
apiculture printed  in our language1 and
 have an extensive acquaintance with the
 leading  apiarists of our country from 
,maine to ,california1 yet ,i know of   
scarcely a baker's dozen that have had  
opportunity to form a correct  judgment1
 that do not give strong preference to  
the ,italians4 ,that  these men are     
honest1 is beyond question2 that those  
who disagree  with us are equally so1   
there is no doubt4 ,the black bees are  
in some  respects superior to the       
,italians1 and if a bee-keeper's methods
 cause  him to give these points undue  

importance1 in forming his judgments1   
then his conclusions may be wrong4      
,faulty management1 too1 may lead to    
wrong conclusions4    ,the ,italians    
certainly possess the following points  
of superiority3    ,first4 ,they possess
 longer tongues 7,fig4 #bj71 and so can 
gather from  flowers which are useless  
to the black bee4 ,this point has       
already  been sufficiently considered   
7p4 #db74 ,how much value hangs upon    
this  structural peculiarity1 ,i am     
unable to state4 ,i have frequently     
seen ,italians working on red clover4 ,i
 never saw a black bee thus  employed4  
,it is easy to see that this might be1  
at certain times and  certain seasons1 a
 very material aid4 ,how much of the    
superior storing  qualities of the      
,italians is due to this lengthened     
ligula1 ,i am unable  to say4           
,second4 ,they are more active1 and with
 the same opportunities will  collect a 
good deal more honey4 ,this is a matter 
of observation1 which  ,i have tested   

over and over again4 ,yet ,i will give  
the figures of  another3 ,mr4 ,doolittle
 secured from two colonies1 #cji lbs4   
and #cja  lbs41 respectively1 of box    
honey1 during the past season4 ,these   
surprising figures1 the best he could   
give1 were from his best ,italian       
stocks4 ,similar testimony comes from   
,klein and ,dzierzon over the sea1  and 
from hosts of our own apiarists4        
,third4 ,they work earlier and later4   
,this is not only true of the day1  but 
of the season4 ,on cool days in spring1 
,i have seen the dandelions  swarming   
with ,italians1 while not a black bee   
was to be seen4 ,on ,may  #gth1 #ahgg1  
,i walked less than one-half a mile1 and
 counted sixty-eight  bees gathering    
from dandelions1 yet only two were black
 bees4 ,this  might be considered an    
undesirable feature1 as tending to      
spring  dwindling4 ,yet1 with the proper
 management1 to be described while      
considering the subject of wintering1 we
 think this no objection1 but a  great  

advantage4    ,fourth4 ,they are far    
better to protect their hives against   
robbers4  ,robbers that attempt to      
plunder ,italians of their hard-earned  
stores  soon find that they have dared  
to beard the lion in his den4 ,this is  
so patent1 that even the advocates of   
black bees are ready to concede  it4    
,fifth4 ,they are almost proof against  
the ravages of the bee-moth's  larv4    
,this is also universally conceded4     
,sixth4 ,the queens are decidedly more  
prolific4 ,this is probably in part  due
 to the greater and more constant       
activity of the neuters4 ,this  is      
observable at all seasons1 but very     
striking when building up in  spring4   
,no one who will take the pains to note 
the increase of brood  will long remain 
in doubt on this point4    ,seventh4    
,they are less apt to breed in winter1  
when it is desirable to  have the bees  
very quiet4    ,eighth4 ,the queen is   
more readily found1 which is a great    
advantage4  ,in the various             

manipulations of the apiary1 it is      
frequently desirable  to find the queen4
 ,in full colonies ,i would rather find 
three ,italian  queens than one black   
one4 ,where time is money1 this becomes 
a matter  of much importance4    ,ninth4
 ,the bees are more disposed to adhere  
to the comb while being  handled1 which 
some might regard a doubtful compliment1
 though ,i  consider it a desirable     
quality4    ,tenth4 ,they are1 in my    
judgment1 less liable to rob other bees4
 ,they  will find honey when the blacks 
gather none1 and the time for robbing   
is when there is no gathering4 ,this may
 explain the above peculiarity4         
,eleventh4 ,and1 in my estimation1 a    
sufficient ground for preference1  did  
it stand alone1 the ,italian bees are   
far more amiable4 ,years ago  ,i got rid
 of my black bees1 because they were so 
cross4 ,two years ago ,i  got two or    
three colonies1 that my students might  
see the difference1  but to my regret2  
for1 as we removed the honey in the     

autumn1 they  seemed perfectly furious1 
like demons1 seeking whom they might    
devour1  and this1 too1 despite the     
smoker1 while the far more numerous     
,italians  were safely handled1 even    
without smoke4 ,the experiment at least 
satisfied a large class of students as  
to superiority4 ,mr4 ,quinby  speaks in 
his book of their being cross1 and      
,captain ,hetherington tells  me1 that  
if not much handled1 they are more cross
 than the blacks4  ,from my own         
experience1 ,i cannot understand this4  
,hybrids are even  more cross than are  
the pure black bees1 but otherwise are  
nearly as  desirable as the pure        
,italians4    ,i have kept these two    
races side by side for years1 ,i have   
studied them  most carefully1 and ,i    
feel sure that none of the above eleven 
points of  excellence is too strongly   
stated4    ,the black bees will go into 
close boxes more readily than ,italians1
 but  if we use the sectional frames1   
and on other grounds we can afford to   

use no other1 we shall find1 with the   
more ample connection between the       
brood-chamber and sections1 that even   
here1 as ,mr4 ,doolittle and many       
others have shown1 the ,italians still  
give the best returns4    ,i have some  
reasons to think that the blacks are    
more hardy1 and have  found many        
apiarists who agree with me4 ,yet1      
others of wide experience1  think that  
there is no difference1 while still     
others think the  ,italians more hardy4 
,the ,italian bees are said to dwindle  
worse in spring1 which1 as they  are    
more active1 is quite probable4 ,as ,i  
have never had a case of  serious spring
 dwindling1 ,i cannot speak from        
experience4 ,if the  bee-keeper prevents
 early spring flying1 which is very     
detrimental to  either black or ,italian
 bees1 this point will have no weight1  
even if  well taken4      ,,all ,,should
 ,,keep ,,only ,,italians4    ,the      
advantages of the ,italians1 which have 
been considered thus fully1  are more   

than sufficient to warrant the exclusion
 of all other bees  from the apiary4    
,truly1 no one need to be urged to a    
course1 that adds  to the ease1 profit1 
and agreeableness of his vocation4      
,,how ,,to ,,italianize4    ,from what  
has been already explained regarding the
 natural history of  bees1 it will be   
seen that all we have to do to change   
our bees1 is  to change our queens4     
,hence1 to ,italianize a colony1 we have
 only to  procure and introduce an      
,italian queen4      ,,how ,,to         
,,introduce ,a ,,queen4    ,in dividing 
colonies1 where we give our queen to a  
colony composed  wholly of young bees1  
it is safe and easy to introduce a queen
 in the  manner explained in the section
 on artificial swarming4 ,to introduce a
  queen to a colony composed of old bees
 more care is required4 ,first1  we     
should seek out the old queen and       
destroy her1 then cage our  ,italian    
queen in a wire cage1 which may be made 
by winding a strip of  wire-cloth1 three

 and one-half inches wide1 and          
containing fifteen  to twenty meshes to 
the inch1 about the finger4 ,let it lap 
each way  one-half inch1 then cut it    
off4 ,ravel out the half inch on each   
side1  and weave in the ends of the     
wires1 forming a tube the size of the   
finger4 ,we now have only to put the    
queen in the tube1 and pinch the  ends  
together1 and the queen is caged4 ,the  
cage containing the queen  should be    
inserted between two adjacent combs     
containing honey1 each of  which will   
touch it4 ,the queen can thus sip honey 
as she needs it4 ,if  we fear the queen 
may not be able to sip the honey through
 the meshes  of the wire1 we may dip a  
piece of clean sponge in honey and      
insert it  in the upper end of the cage 
before we compress this end4 ,this will 
furnish the queen with the needed food4 
,in forty-eight hours we again  open the
 hive1 after a thorough smoking1 also   
the cage1 which is easily  done by      
pressing the upper end1 at right-angles 

to the direction of the  pressure when  
we closed it4 ,in doing this do not     
remove the cage4 ,now  keep watch1 and  
if1 as the bees enter the cage or as the
 queen emerges1  the bees attack her1   
secure her immediately and re-cage her  
for another  forty-eight hours4 ,i      
usually let some honey drip on the queen
 as soon  as the cage is opened4 ,some  
think this renders the bees more        
amiable4 ,i  have introduced many queens
 in this manner1 and have very rarely   
been  unsuccessful4    ,mr4 ,dadant     
stops the cage with a plug of wood1 and 
when he goes to  liberate the queen     
replaces the wooden stop with one of    
comb1 and  leaves the bees to liberate  
the queen by eating out the comb4 ,i    
have  tried this1 but with no better    
success than ,i have had with the above 
method1 while with this plan the queen  
is surely lost if the bees do  not      
receive her kindly4 ,mr4 ,betsinger uses
 a larger cage1 open at one  end1 which 
is pressed against the comb till the    

mouth of the cage  reaches the middle of
 it4 ,if ,i understand him1 the queen is
 thus held  by cage and comb till the   
bees liberate her4 ,i have never tried  
this  plan4 ,when bees are not storing1 
especially if robbers are abundant1  it 
is more difficult to succeed1 and at    
such time the utmost caution  will      
occasionally fail of success if the bees
 are old4    ,a young queen1 just       
emerging from a cell1 can almost always 
be safely  given at once to the colony1 
after destroying the old queen4    ,a   
queen cell is usually received with     
favor4 ,if we adopt this course we  must
 be careful to destroy all other        
queen-cells that may be formed2  and if 
the one we supply is destroyed1 wait    
seven days1 then destroy  all their     
queen-cells1 and they are sure to accept
 a cell4 ,but to save  time ,i should   
always introduce a queen4    ,if we are 
to introduce an imported queen1 or one  
of very great value1  we might make a   
new colony1 all of young bees1 as       

already described4  ,smoke them well1   
sprinkle with sweetened water1 daub the 
queen with  honey1 and introduce        
immediately4 ,this method would involve 
really no  risk4 ,if the apiarist was   
still afraid1 he could make assurance   
still  more sure by taking combs of     
brood where the young bees were rapidly 
escaping from the cells2 there would    
soon be enough young bees to  cluster   
about the queen1 and soon enough bees   
for a good colony4 ,this  plan would not
 be advisable except in warm weather1   
and care is also  required to protect   
from robbers4 ,the colony might be set  
in the cellar  for a few days1 in which 
case it would be safe even in early     
spring4    ,by having a colony thus     
,italianized in the fall1 we may        
commence the  next spring1 and1 as      
described in the section explaining the 
formation  of artificial swarms1 we may 
control our rearing of drones1 queens1  
and  all1 and ere another autumn have   
only the beautiful1 pure1 amiable1  and 

active ,italians4 ,i have done this     
several times1 and with the most        
perfect satisfaction4 ,i think by making
 this change in blood1 we add  certainly
 two dollars to the value of each       
colony1 and ,i know of no  other way to 
make money so easily and pleasantly4    
,,to ,,get ,,our ,,italian ,,queen4     
,send to some reliable breeder1 and ask 
for a queen worth at least five         
dollars4 ,it is the mania now to rear   
and sell cheap queens4 ,these are       
reared--must be reared--without care1   
and will1 ,i fear1 prove very  cheap4   
,it is a question1 if any more sure way 
could be devised to  injure our stocks  
than the dollar queen business1 which is
 now so  popular4 ,it is quite probable 
that much of the superiority of ,italian
  bees is owing to the care and careful 
selection in breeding4 ,such  careful   
selection in-breeding1 either with black
 or ,italian bees1 is  what will augment
 the value of our apiaries4    ,the     
tendency of the dollar queen business is

 to disseminate the  inferior queens1   
many of which will appear in every      
apiary4 ,these  should be killed1 not   
sold4 ,yet1 many an apiarist will think 
even the  poorest queens are worth a    
dollar4 ,my friend1 ,mrs4 ,baker1 bought
 a  dollar ,albino queen last season    
which was not worth a cent4 ,yet it     
cost only a dollar1 and1 of course1 no  
satisfaction could be secured or  even  
asked for4 ,i think it behooves         
apiarists to think of this matter1  and 
see if dollar queens are not very dear4 
,i have thrown away three  dollars on   
them1 and have concluded to pay more and
 buy cheaper in  future4    ,i believe  
our breeders should be encouraged to    
give us the best2 to  study the art of  
breeding1 and never send out an inferior
 queen4 ,in  this way we may hope to    
keep up the character of our apiaries1  
and the  reputation of ,italians4 ,else 
we are safer under the old system where 
natural selection retained the best1 by 
the survival of the fittest4            

,,rearing ,,and ,,shipping ,,queens4    
,i have already explained the matter of 
queen-rearing4 ,after many  inquiries1  
and some experience1 ,i much doubt if   
any apiarist can afford  to rear queens1
 such as apiarists wish to buy1 for less
 than four or  five dollars4 ,only the  
best should be sold1 and no pains should
 be  spared by the breeder to secure    
such queens4      ,,to ,,ship ,,queens4 
,this is a very simple matter4 ,we have 
only to secure a square block  two      
inches each way1 and one and a half     
inches deep--a hole bored  into a       
two-inch plank to within a quarter of an
 inch of the bottom  serves admirably4  
,in this should be inserted a piece of  
capped  honey1 which has been entirely  
cleaned by bees4 ,bees will speedily    
perform this work1 if the comb          
containing the honey is placed on the   
alighting-board4 ,this must be fastened 
into the shipping-box1 which  is easily 
done1 by pinning it with a slender      
wooden pin1 which passes  through holes 

previously bored in the box4 ,we now    
cover the open  chamber with fine       
wire-cloth1 put in our queen and fifteen
 or twenty  bees1 and she is ready to   
ship4 ,any uncapped honey to daub the   
queen  is almost sure to prove fatal4   
,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root furnishes a cage     
already provisioned with sugar  7,fig4  
#eg71 which is very neat and safe4 ,i   
have received queens from  ,tennessee1  
which were fed exclusively on candy1 and
 came in excellent  condition4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4      ,,to     
,,move ,,colonies4    ,should we desire 
to purchase ,italian or other colonies1 
the only  requisites to safe transport  
are3 ,a wire-cloth cover for            
ventilation1  secure fastening of the   
frames so they cannot possibly move1 and
 combs  old enough so that they shall   
not break down and fall out4 ,i would   
never advise moving bees in winter1     
though it has often been done with      
entire safety4 ,i should wish the bees  
to have a flight very soon after  such  

disturbance4          ,,chapter ,,xii4  
,,extracting1 ,,and ,,the ,,extractor4  
,the brood-chamber is often so filled   
with honey that the queen has no  room  
to lay her eggs1 especially if there is 
any neglect to give other  room for     
storing4 ,honey1 too1 in brood-combs is 
unsalable1 because the  combs are dark1 
and the size undesirable4 ,comb1 too1 is
 very valuable1  and should never be    
taken from the bees1 except when desired
 to render  the honey more marketable4  
,hence1 the apiarist finds a very       
efficient  auxiliary in the      ,,honey
 ,,extractor4    ,no doubt some have    
expected and claimed too much for this  
machine4 ,it  is equally true1 that some
 have blundered quite as seriously in an
  opposite direction4 ,for1 since ,mr4  
,langstroth gave the movable frame  to  
the world1 the apiarist has not been so 
deeply indebted to any  inventor as to  
him who gave us the ,mell ,extractor1   
,herr von ,hruschka1  of ,germany4 ,even
 if there was no sale for extracted     

honey--aye1 more1  even if it must be   
thrown away1 which will never be        
necessary1 as it  may always be fed to  
the bees with profit1 even then ,i would
 pronounce  the extractor an invaluable 
aid to every bee-keeper4    ,the        
principle which makes this machine      
effective is that of centrifugal  force1
 and it was suggested to ,major von     
,hruschka1 by noticing that  a piece of 
comb which was twirled by his boy at the
 end of a string1  was emptied of its   
honey4 ,herr von ,hruschka's machine was
 essentially  like those now so common1 
though in lightness and convenience     
there has  been a marked improvement4   
,his machine consisted of a wooden tub1 
with  a vertical axle in the centre1    
which revolved in a socket fastened to  
the bottom of the vessel1 while from the
 top of the tub1 fastenings  extended to
 the axle1 which projected for a        
distance above4 ,the axle  was thus held
 exactly in the centre of the tub4      
,attached to the axle  was a frame or   

rack to hold the comb1 whose outer face 
rested against  a wire-cloth4 ,the axle 
with its attached frame1 which latter   
held the  uncapped comb1 was made to    
revolve by rapidly unwinding a string1  
which had been previously wound about   
the top of the axle1 after the  style of
 top-spinning4 ,replace the wooden tub  
with one of tin1 and the  string with   
gearing1 and it will be seen that we    
have essentially the  neat extractor of 
to-day4 ,as the machine is of foreign   
invention1 it  is not covered by a      
patent1 and may be made by any one      
without let or  hindrance4 ,a good      
machine may be bought for eight dollars4
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4           
,,what ,,style ,,to ,,buy4    ,the      
machine should be as light as is        
consistent with strength4 ,it is  best  
that the can be stationary1 and that    
only a light frame be made to  revolve  
with the comb4 ,it is desirable that the
 machine should run with  gearing1 not  
only for ease1 but also to insure or    

allow an even motion1  so that we need  
not throw even drone larv from the      
brood-cells4 ,the  arrangement for exit 
of the honey should permit a speedy and 
perfect  shut-off4 ,a molasses gate is  
excellent to serve for a faucet4 ,i     
should  also prefer that the can hold   
considerable honey--thirty or forty     
pounds--before it would be necessary to 
let the honey flow from it4    ,in case 
of small frames1 like the ones ,i have  
described as most  desirable to my mind1
 ,i should prefer that the rack might   
hold four  frames4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4         
,hetherington has found that winding the
 rack with  fine wire1 serves better    
than wire-cloth to resist the combs1    
while  permitting the honey to pass4    
,the rack should set so low in the can  
that no honey would ever be thrown over 
the top to daub the person  using the   
machine4 ,i think that a wire basket1   
with a tin bottom1 and  made to hook on 
to the comb-rack 7,fig4 #eh1 a1 a7 which
 will hold  pieces of comb not in       

frames1 a desirable improvement to an   
extractor4  ,such baskets are appended  
to the admirable extractor 7,fig4 #eh7  
made by  ,mr4 ,b4 ,o4 ,everett1 of      
,toledo1 ,ohio1 which1 though           
essentially like the  extractor of ,mr4 
,a4 ,i4 ,root1 has substantial          
improvements1 and is the  cheapest1 and 
,i think the best extractor1 that ,i    
have used or seen4    ,illustration3    
,fig4 #ei4    ,i have tried machines    
where the sides of the rack 7,fig4 #ei7 
inclined  down and in1 for the purpose  
of holding pieces of comb1 but found    
them  unsatisfactory4 ,the combs would  
not be sustained4 ,yet1 if the frames   
were long and narrow1 so that the end of
 the frame would have to rest  on the   
bottom of the rack1 instead of hanging  
as it does in the hive1  such an incline
 might be of use to prevent the top of  
the frame from  falling in1 before we   
commence to turn the machine4    ,the   
inside1 if metal1 which is lighter and  
to be preferred to wood1  as it does not

 sour or absorb the honey1 should be    
either of tin or  galvanized iron1 so as
 not to rust4 ,a cover to protect the   
honey from  dust1 when not in use1 is   
very desirable4 ,the cloth cover1       
gathered  around the edge by a rubber1  
as made by ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root1 is       
excellent  for this purpose4 ,as no     
capped honey could be extracted1 it is  
necessary to uncap it1 which is done by 
shaving off the thin caps4 ,to  do this1
 nothing is better than the new ,bingham
  ,hetherington honey  knife 7,fig4     
#fj74 ,after a thorough trial of this   
knife1 here at the  ,college1 we        
pronounce it decidedly superior to any  
other that we have  used1 though we have
 several of the principal knives made in
 the ,united  ,states4 ,it is1 perhaps1 
sometimes desirable to have a curved    
point  7,fig4 #fa71 though this is not  
at all essential4    ,illustration3     
,fig4 #fj4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 
,,use ,,of ,,the ,,extractor4           
,although some of our most experienced  

apiarists say nay1 it is  nevertheless a
 fact1 that the queen often remains     
idle1 or extrudes  her eggs only to be  
lost1 simply because there are no empty 
cells4 ,the  honey yield is so great    
that the workers occupy every available 
space1  and sometimes even they become  
unwilling idlers1 simply because of     
necessity4 ,seldom a year has passed but
 that ,i have noticed some of my  most  
prolific queens thus checked in duty4   
,it is probable that just the  proper   
arrangement and best management of      
frames for surplus would make  such     
occasions rare2 yet1 ,i have seen the   
brood-chamber in two-story  hives1 with 
common frames above--the very best      
arrangement to promote  storing above   
the brood-chamber--so crowded as to     
force the queen  either to idleness or  
to egg-laying in the upper frames4 ,this
 fact1  as also the redundant brood1 and
 excessive storing that follows upon    
extracting from the brood-chamber1 make 
me emphatic upon this point1            

notwithstanding the fact that some men  
of wide experience and great            
intelligence1 think me wrong4    ,the   
extractor also enables the apiarist to  
secure honey-extracted  honey--in poor  
seasons1 when he could get very little1 
if any1 in  sections or boxes4    ,by   
use of the extractor1 at any time or    
season1 the apiarist can secure  nearly 
if not quite double the amount of honey1
 that he could get in  combs4    ,the   
extractor enables us to remove uncapped 
honey in the fall1 which1  if left in   
the hive1 may cause disease and death4  
,by use of the extractor1 too1 we can   
throw the honey from our surplus        
brood-combs in the fall1 and thus have a
 salable article1 and have the  empty   
combs1 which are invaluable for use the 
next spring4 ,we now have  in our apiary
 one hundred and fifty such empty combs4
    ,if the revolving racks of the      
extractor have a wire basket attachment1
  at the bottom as ,i have suggested1   
the uncapped sections can be  emptied in

 the fall1 if desired1 and pieces of    
drone-comb cut from the  brood-chamber1 
which are so admirable for starters in  
the sections1 can  be emptied of their  
honey at any season4    ,by use of the  
extractor1 we can furnish at one-half   
the price we ask  for comb-honey1 an    
article which is equal1 if not superior1
 to the best  comb-honey1 and which1    
were it not for appearance alone1 would 
soon  drive the latter from the market4 
,,when ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,extractor4    
,if extracted honey can be sold for     
fifteen1 or even twelve cents1 the      
extractor may be used profitably the    
summer through2 otherwise use it        
sufficiently often that there may always
 be empty worker-cells in the           
brood-chamber4    ,it is often required 
with us during the three great honey    
harvests--the  white clover1 basswood1  
and that of fall flowers4 ,i have always
  extracted the honey so frequently as  
to avoid much uncapping4 ,if the  honey 
was thin1 ,i would keep it in a dry warm

 room1 or apply a mild  heat1 that it   
might thicken1 and escape danger from   
fermentation4 ,yet1  so many have       
sustained a loss by extracting          
prematurely1 that ,i urge  all never to 
extract till after the bees have sealed 
the cells4 ,the  labor of uncapping1    
with the excellent honey knives now at  
our command1  is so light1 that we can  
afford to run no risk that the honey    
produced  at our apiaries shall sour and
 become worthless4    ,if the honey     
granulates1 it can be reduced to the    
fluid state with no  injury1 by healing1
 though the temperature should never    
rise above #bjj  ,f4 ,this can best be  
done by placing the vessel containing   
the honey  in another containing water1 
though if the second vessel be set on a 
stove1 a tin basin or pieces of wood    
should prevent the honey vessel  from   
touching the bottom1 else the honey     
would burn4 ,as before stated1  the best
 honey is always sure to crystallize1   
but it may be prevented  by keeping it  

in a temperature which is constantly    
above #hj ,f4 ,if  canned honey is set  
on top a furnace in which a fire is kept
 burning1  it will remain liquid        
indefinitely4    ,to render the honey   
free from small pieces of comb1 or other
  impurities1 it should either be passed
 through a cloth or wire sieve--,i      
purposely refrain from the use of the   
word strainer1 as we should  neither use
 the word strained1 nor allow it to be  
used1 in connection  with extracted     
honey--or else draw it off into a       
barrel1 with a faucet  or molasses gate 
near the lower end1 and after all       
particles of solid  matter have risen to
 the top1 draw off the clear honey from 
the bottom4  ,in case of very thick     
honey1 this method is not so            
satisfactory as the  first4 ,i hardly   
need say that honey1 when heated1 is    
thinner1 and will  of course pass more  
readily through common toweling or fine 
wire-cloth4    ,never allow the queen to
 be forced to idleness for want of empty

 cells4  ,extract all uncapped honey in 
the fall1 and the honey from all the    
brood-combs not needed for winter4 ,the 
honey1 too1 should be thrown  from      
pieces of drone-comb which are cut from 
the brood-frames1 and from  the uncapped
 comb in sections at the close of the   
season4      ,,how ,,to ,,extract4      
,the apiarist should possess one or two 
light boxes1 of sufficient size  to hold
 all the frames from a single hive4     
,these should have convenient  handles1 
and a close-fitting cover1 which will   
slide easily either  way4 ,these will be
 more easily used if they rest on legs1 
which will  raise their tops say three  
feet from the ground4 ,now1 go to two or
  three colonies1 take enough combs1 and
 of the right kind for a colony4  ,the  
bees may be shaken off or brushed off   
with a large feather4 ,if the  bees are 
troublesome1 close the box as soon as   
each comb is placed  inside4 ,extract   
the honey from these1 using care not to 
turn so hard  as to throw out the brood4

 ,if necessary1 with a thin knife pare  
off  the caps1 and after throwing the   
honey from one side1 turn the comb      
around1 and extract it from the other4  
,if combs are of very different         
weights1 it will be better for the      
extractor to use those of nearly  equal 
weights on opposite sides1 as the strain
 will be much less4 ,now  take these    
combs to another colony1 whose combs    
shall be replaced by  them4 ,then close 
the hive1 extract this second set of    
combs1 and thus  proceed till the honey 
has all been extracted4 ,at the close1  
the one or  two colonies from which the 
first combs were taken shall receive pay
  from the last set extracted1 and thus1
 with much saving of time1 little       
disturbance of bees1 and the least      
invitation to robbing1 in case there  is
 no gathering1 we have gone rapidly     
through the apiary4      ,,to ,,keep    
,,extracted ,,honey4    ,extracted      
honey1 if to be sold in cans or bottles1
 may be run into them  from the         

extractor4 ,the honey should be thick1  
and the vessels may be  sealed or       
corked1 and boxed at once4    ,if large 
quantities of honey are extracted1 it   
may be most conveniently  kept in       
barrels4 ,these should be first-class1  
and ought to be waxed  before using     
them1 to make assurance doubly sure     
against any leakage4  ,to wax the       
barrels1 we may use beeswax1 but        
paraffine is cheaper1  and just as      
efficient4 ,three or four quarts of the 
hot paraffine or  wax should be turned  
into the barrel1 the bung driven in     
tight1 the  barrel twirled in every     
position1 after which the bung is       
loosened by  a blow with the hammer1 and
 the residue of the wax turned out4     
,economy  requires that the barrels be  
warm when waxed1 so that only a thin    
coat  will be appropriated4    ,large   
tin cans1 waxed and soldered at the     
openings after being filled1  are cheap1
 and may be the most desirable          
receptacles for extracted  honey4       

,extracted honey should always be kept  
in dry apartments4          ,,chapter   
,,xiii4    ,,handling ,,bees4      ,but 
some one asks the question1 shall we not
 receive those merciless  stings1 or be 
introduced to what ,josh calls the      
business end of the  bee8 ,perhaps there
 is no more causeless1 or more common   
dread1 in  existence1 than this of bees'
 stings4 ,when bees are gathering1 they 
will never sting unless provoked4 ,when 
at the hives--especially if             
,italians--they will rarely make an     
attack4 ,the common belief1 too1 that   
some persons are more liable to attack  
than others1 is1 ,i think1 put  too     
strong4 ,with the best opportunity to   
judge1 with our hundreds of  students1  
,i think ,i may safely say that one is  
almost always as liable  to attack as   
another1 except that he is more quiet1  
or does not greet  the usually amiable  
passer-by1 with those terrific thrusts1 
which would  vanquish even a practiced  
pugilist4 ,occasionally a person may    

have  a peculiar odor about his person  
that angers bees and invites their      
darting tilts1 with drawn swords1       
venom-tipped1 yet1 though ,i take my    
large classes each season1 at frequent  
intervals1 to see and handle  the bees1 
each for himself1 ,i still await the    
first proof of the fact1  that one      
person is more liable to be stung than  
another1 providing each  carries himself
 with that composed and dignified       
bearing1 that is so  pleasing to the    
bees4 ,true1 some people1 filled with   
dread1 and the  belief that bees regard 
them with special hate and malice1 are  
so ready  for the battle1 that they     
commence the strife with nervous        
head-shakes  and beating of the air1 and
 thus force the bees to battle1 nolens  
volens4 ,i believe that only such are   
regarded with special aversion by  the  
bees4 ,hence1 ,i believe that no one    
need be stung4    ,bees should never be 
jarred1 nor irritated by quick motions4 
,those with  nervous temperaments--and  

,i plead very guilty on this point--need
 not  give up1 but at first better      
protect their faces1 and perhaps even   
their hands1 till time and experience   
show them that fear is vain2 then  they 
will divest themselves of all such      
useless encumbrances4 ,bees  are more   
cross when they are gathering no honey1 
and at such times1  black bees and      
hybrids1 especially1 are so irritable   
that even the  experienced apiarist will
 wish a veil4      ,,the ,,best         
,,bee-,,veil4    ,this should be made of
 black tarlatan1 sewed up like a bag1 a 
half  yard long1 without top or bottom1 
and with a diameter of the rim of a     
common straw-hat4 ,gather the top with  
braid1 so that it will just slip  over  
the crown of the hat--else1 sew it to   
the edge of the rim of some  cheap1 cool
 hat1 in fact1 ,i prefer this style--and
 gather the bottom  with rubber cord or 
rubber tape1 so that it may be drawn    
over the hat  rim1 and then over the    
head1 as we adjust the hat4             

,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4    ,some      
prefer to dispense with the rubber cord 
at the bottom 7,fig4 #fb71  and have the
 veil long so as to be gathered in by   
the coat or dress4 ,if  the black       
tarlatan troubles by coloring the shirt 
or collar1 the lower  part may be made  
of white netting4 ,when in use1 the     
rubber cord draws  the lower part close 
about the neck1 or the lower part tucks 
within the  coat or vest 7,fig4 #fb71   
and we are safe4 ,this kind of a veil is
 cool1  does not impede vision at all1  
and can be made by any woman at a cost  
of less than twenty cents4 ,common      
buckskin or sheep-skin gloves can be    
used1 as it will scarcely pay to get    
special gloves for the purpose1  for the
 most timid person--,i speak from       
experience--will soon consider  gloves  
an unnecessary nuisance4    ,special    
rubber gloves are sold by those who keep
 on hand apiarian  supplies4    ,some   
apiarists think that dark clothing is   
specially obnoxious to bees4    ,for    

ladies1 my friend1 ,mrs4 ,baker1        
recommends a dress which1 by use  of the
 rubber skirt-lift or other device1 can 
be instantly raised or  lowered4 ,this  
will be convenient in the apiary1 and   
tidy anywhere4 ,the  ,gabrielle style is
 preferred1 and of a length just to     
reach the floor4  ,it should be belted  
at the waist1 and cut down from the neck
 in front1  one-third the length of the 
waist1 to permit the tucking in of the  
veil4 ,the under-waist should fasten    
close about the neck4 ,the sleeves      
should be quite long to allow free use  
of the arms1 and gathered in  with a    
rubber cord at the wrist1 which will hug
 the rubber gauntlets  or arm1 and      
prevent bees from crawling up the       
sleeves4 ,the pantalets  should be      
straight and full1 and should also have 
the rubber cord in  the hem to draw them
 close about the top of the shoes4      
,mrs4 ,baker also places great stress on
 the wet head-cap1 which she  believes  
the men even would find a great comfort4

 ,this is a simple1  close-fitting cap1 
made of two thicknesses of coarse       
toweling4 ,the head  is wet with cold   
water1 and the cap wet in the same1     
wrung out1 and  placed on the head4     
,mrs4 ,baker would have the dress neat  
and clean1 and so trimmed that  the lady
 apiarist would ever be ready to greet  
her brother or sister  apiarists4 ,in   
such a dress there is no danger of      
stings1 and with it  there is that show 
of neatness and taste1 without which no 
pursuit  could attract the attention1 or
 at least the patronage1 of our refined 
women4      ,,to ,,quiet ,,bees4    ,in 
harvest seasons1 the bees1 especially if
 ,italians1 can almost always  be       
handled without their showing           
resentment4 ,but at other times1 and    
whenever they object to necessary       
familiarity1 we have only to cause  them
 to fill with honey to render them      
harmless1 unless we pinch them4  ,this  
can be done by closing the hive so that 
the bees cannot get out1  and then      

rapping on the hive for four or five    
minutes4 ,those within  will fill with  
honey1 those without will be tamed by   
surprise1 and  all will be quiet4       
,sprinkling the bees with sweetened     
water will also  tend to render them    
amiable1 and will make them more ready  
to unite1  to receive a queen1 and less 
apt to sting4 ,still another method1    
more  convenient1 is to smoke the bees4 
,a little smoke blown among the bees    
will scarcely ever fail to quiet them1  
though ,i have known black bees  in     
autumn1 to be very slow to yield4 ,dry  
cotton cloth1 closely wound  and sewed  
or tied1 or better1 pieces of dry1      
rotten wood1 are excellent  for the     
purpose of smoking4 ,these are easily   
handled1 and will burn for  a long time4
 ,but best of all is a                  
,,bellows-,,smoker4    ,this is a tin   
tube attached to a bellows4 ,cloth or   
rotten wood can be  burned in the tube1 
and will remain burning a long time4    
,the smoke can  be directed at pleasure1

 the bellows easily worked1 and the     
smoker used  without any disagreeable   
effects or danger from fire4 ,it can be 
got  from any dealer in bee apparatus1  
and only costs from #a4be to #b4jj4 ,i  
most heartily recommend it to all4      
,there are two smokers in use1 which ,i 
have found very valuable1 and  both of  
which are worthy of recommendation4     
,,the ,,quinby ,,smoker4    ,this smoker
 7,fig4 #fc1 a7 was a gift to           
bee-keepers by the late ,mr4  ,quinby1  
and not patented2 though ,i supposed it 
was1 and so stated  in a former edition 
of this work4 ,though a similar device  
had been  previously used in ,europe1   
without doubt ,mr4 ,quinby was not aware
  of the fact1 and as he was the person 
to bring it to the notice of            
bee-keepers1 and to make it so perfect  
as to challenge the attention  and win  
the favor of apiarists instanter1 he is 
certainly worthy of  great praise1 and  
deserving of hearty gratitude4 ,this    
smoker1 until a  better one appeared1   

was a very valuable and desirable       
instrument4 ,its  faults were1 lack of  
strength1 too small a fire-tube1 too    
little draft  when not in use1 so that  
the fire would go out1 and too great    
liability  to fall over on the side1    
when the fire was sure to be            
extinguished4  ,many of these defects1  
however1 have been corrected1 and other 
improvements made in a new smoker1      
called the ,improved ,quinby 7,fig4 #fc1
  b74    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4      
,,the ,,bingham ,,smoker4    ,this      
smoker 7,fig4 #fd7 not only meets all   
the requirements1 which are  wanting in 
the old ,quinby smoker1 but shows by its
 whole construction1  that it has not   
only as a whole1 but in every part1 been
 subject to the  severest test1 and the 
closest1 thought and study4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4    ,at first  
sight this seems an improved copy of    
,mr4 ,quinby's smoker1 and  so ,i first 
thought1 though ,i only saw it in ,mr4  
,bingham's hand at a  ,convention4 ,i   

have since used it1 examined it in every
 part1 and have  to say that it is not a
 ,quinby smoker4 ,the bellows1 the      
valve1 the  cut-off1 and even the form1 
are all peculiar4 ,the special point to 
be  commended1 and1 ,i suppose1 the only
 one patentable1 is the cut-off  between
 the bellows and fire-tube1 so that the 
fire seldom goes out1  while even       
hard-wood1 as suggested by the inventor1
 forms an excellent  and ever-ready     
fuel4 ,the valve for the entrance of air
 to the bellows1  permits rapid work1   
the spring is of the best clock-spring  
material1  the leather perfect1 not     
split sheep-skin1 while the whole       
construction  of the bellows1 and the   
plan of the fire-screen and cut-off     
draft1 show  much thought and ingenuity4
 ,i am thus full in this description1   
that ,i  may not only benefit my        
readers1 all of whom will want a smoker1
 but  also out of gratitude to ,mr4     
,bingham1 who has conferred such a favor
  on ,american apiarists4 ,there are    

three sizes1 which may be bought for    
#a4jj1 #a4ej and #a4ge1 respectively1   
including postage4    ,mr4 ,bingham1 to 
protect himself1 and preserve the       
quality of his  invention1 has procured 
a patent4 ,this1 provided he has only   
patented  his own invention1 is         
certainly his right1 which ,i think     
honesty  requires us all to respect4    
,like ,mr4 ,langstroth1 he has given us 
a  valuable instrument2 let us see that 
he is not defrauded out of the  justly  
earned reward for his invention4        
,brother apiarists1 let us cease this   
unjust clamor against patents  and      
patentees4 ,if a man procures a patent  
on a worthless thing1 let  him alone1   
and where is the damage8 ,if a man      
procures a patent on a  valuable and    
desirable invention1 then buy it1 or pay
 for the right to  make it1 and thus    
keep the ,eighth and ,tenth             
,commandments 7,exodus1 #bjth  chap41   
#hth and #ajth verses74 ,let us never   
buy an article unless we know  it is    

valuable and desirable for us1 no matter
 how stoutly importuned2  but for       
honesty's sake1 and that we may         
encourage more inventions1 let  us      
respect a man's patent as we would any  
other property4 ,if we are  in doubt as 
to the correctness of some person's     
claim1 let us not be  forced to pay a   
bonus1 but first write to some candid   
editor or other  authority1 and if we   
find a man has a right to the article1  
then pay  as we would any other debt4 ,i
 should be very suspicious of any man's 
honesty who was not willing to respect  
such rights4      ,,to ,,smoke ,,bees4  
,approach the hive1 blow a little smoke 
in at the entrance1 then open  from     
above1 and blow in smoke as required4   
,if at any time the bees seem           
irritable1 a few puffs from the smoker  
will subdue them4 ,thus1 any  person may
 handle his bees with perfect freedom   
and safety4 ,if at any  time the        
fire-chamber and escape-pipe become     
filled with soot1 they can  easily be   

cleaned by revolving an iron or         
hard-wood stick inside of  them4        
,,to ,,cure ,,stings4    ,in case a     
person is stung1 he should step back a  
little for a moment1  as the pungent    
odor of the venom is likely to anger the
 bees and induce  further stinging4 ,the
 sting should be withdrawn1 and if the  
pain is  such as to prove troublesome1  
apply a little ammonia4 ,the venom is an
  acid1 and is neutralized by the       
alkali4 ,pressing over the sting with   
the barrel of a watch-key is also said  
to be of some use in staying the        
progress of the poison in the           
circulation of the blood4 ,in case      
horses  are badly stung1 as sometimes   
happens1 they should be taken as        
speedily  as possible into a barn 7a    
man1 too1 may escape angry bees by      
entering  a building71 where the bees   
will seldom follow1 then wash the horses
 in  soda water1 and cover with blankets
 wet in cold water4      ,,the ,,sweat  
,,theory4    ,it is often stated that   

sweaty horses and people are obnoxious  
to the  bees1 and hence1 almost sure    
targets for their barbed arrows4 ,in    
warm  weather ,i perspire most          
profusely1 yet am scarcely ever stung1  
since  ,i have learned to control my    
nerves4 ,i once kept my bees in the     
front  yard--they looked beautiful on   
the green lawn--within two rods of a    
main thoroughfare1 and not infrequently 
let my horse1 covered with  sweat upon  
my return from a drive1 crop the grass1 
while cooling off1  right in the same   
yard4 ,of course1 there was some danger1
 but ,i never  knew my horse to get     
stung4 ,why1 then1 the theory8 ,may not 
the more  frequent stings be consequent 
upon the warm1 nervous condition of the 
individual8 ,the man is more ready to   
strike and jerk1 the horse to  stamp and
 switch4 ,the switching of the horse's  
tail1 like the whisker  trap of a full  
beard1 will anger even a good-natured   
bee4 ,i should  dread the motions more  
than the sweat1 though it may be true   

that there  is a peculiarity in the odor
 from either the sensible or insensible 
perspiration of some persons1 that      
angers the bees and provokes the use  of
 their terrible weapons4                
,,chapter ,,xiv4    ,,comb ,,foundation4
      ,every apiarist of experience     
knows that empty combs in frames1       
comb-guides in the sections1 to tempt   
the bees and to insure the proper       
position of the full combs1 in fact1    
combs of almost any kind or shape1  are 
of great importance4 ,so every skillful 
apiarist is very careful  to save all   
drone-comb that is cut out of the       
brood-chamber--where it  is worse than  
useless1 as it brings with it myriads of
 those useless  gormands1 the drones--to
 kill the eggs1 remove the brood1 or    
extract  the honey1 and to transfer it  
to the sections4 ,he is equally careful 
to keep all his worker-comb1 so long as 
the cells are of proper size  to        
domicile full-sized larv1 and never to  
sell any comb1 or even  comb-honey1     

unless a much greater price makes it    
desirable4    ,no wonder1 then1 if comb 
is so desirable1 that ,german thought   
and  ,yankee ingenuity have devised     
means of giving the bees at least a     
start  in this important1 yet expensive 
work of comb-building1 and hence the    
origin of another great aid to the      
apiarist--comb foundation 7,fig4 #fe74  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4               
,,history4    ,for more than twenty     
years the ,germans have used impressed  
sheets of  wax as a foundation for comb1
 as it was first made by ,herr ,mehring1
 in  #aheg4 ,these sheets are four or   
five times as thick as the partition at 
the centre of natural comb1 which is    
very thin1 only #a-ahj of an inch       
thick4 ,this is pressed between metal   
plates so accurately formed that  the   
wax receives rhomboidal impressions     
which are a fac simile of the  basal    
wall or partition between the opposite  
cells of natural comb4 ,the  thickness  
of this sheet is no objection1 as it is 

found that the bees  almost always thin 
it down to the natural thickness1 and   
probably use  the shavings to form the  
walls4      ,,american ,,foundation4    
,mr4 ,wagner secured a patent on        
foundation in #ahfa1 but as the article 
was already in use in ,germany1 the     
patent was1 as we understand1 of no     
legal value1 and certainly1 as it did   
nothing to bring this desirable  article
 into use1 it had no virtual value4 ,mr4
 ,wagner was also the  first to suggest 
the idea of rollers4 ,in ,langstroth's  
work1 edition  of #ahei1 p4 #cgc1 occurs
 the following1 in reference to printing
 or  stamping combs3 ,mr4 ,wagner       
suggests forming these outlines with a  
simple instrument somewhat like a wheel 
cake cutter4 ,when a large  number are  
to be made1 a machine might easily be   
constructed which  would stamp them with
 great rapidity4 ,in #ahff1 the ,king   
,brothers1 of  ,new ,york1 in accordance
 with the above suggestion1 invented the
 first  machine with rollers1 the       

product of which they tried but failed  
to  get patented4 ,these stamped rollers
 were less than two inches long4  ,this 
machine was useless1 and failed to bring
 foundation into general  use4    ,in   
#ahgd1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,weiss1 a poor   
,german1 invented the machine which     
brought the foundation into general use4
 ,his machine had lengthened            
rollers--they being six inches long--and
 shallow grooves between the  pyramidal 
projections1 so that there was a very   
shallow cell raised  from the basal     
impression as left by the ,german       
plates4 ,this was the  machine on which 
was made the beautiful and practical    
foundation sent  out by ,john ,long1 in 
#ahgd and #ahge1 and which proved to the
 ,american  apiarists that foundation   
machines1 and foundation1 too1 were to  
be a  success4 ,i used some of this     
early foundation1 and have been no more 
successful with that made by the        
machines of to-day4 ,to ,frederick      
,weiss1 then1 are ,americans and the    

world indebted for this invaluable  aid 
to the apiarist4 ,yet1 the poor old man 
has1 ,i fear1 received very  meager     
profits from this great invention1 while
 some writers ignore  his services      
entirely1 not granting him the poor meed
 of the honor4  ,since that time many   
machines have been made1 without even a 
thank you1  as ,i believe1 to this old  
man1 ,weiss4 ,does not this show that   
patents1  or something--a higher        
morality1 if you please--is necessary1  
that  men may secure justice8 ,true1    
faulty foundation1 and faulty machines  
were already in use1 but it was the     
inventive skill of ,mr4 ,weiss that     
made foundation cheap and excellent1 and
 thus popularized it with the  ,american
 apiarists4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4
    ,these ,weiss machines turn out the 
comb-foundation not only of  exquisite  
mold1 but with such rapidity that it can
 be made cheap  and practicable4        
,heretofore these machines have been    
sold at an  enormous profit4 ,last      

,november1 #ahgg1 ,i expostulated with  
one of the  manufacturers of ,american  
machines1 because of the high price1    
saying1  as ,i looked at one of the     
machines3 ,these ought to be sold for   
thirty  or forty dollars1 instead of one
 hundred dollars4 ,he replied that such 
machines--with rollers1 not plates--that
 gave the foundation the exact  figure  
of natural comb1 were only made1 he     
thought1 by the person who  made his    
machines1 and thus convinced me that    
said person should be  rewarded1 amply  
rewarded1 for his invention4 ,but as ,i 
have since  learned that this is only   
the ,weiss machine1 and does no more    
perfect  work1 ,i now think ,mr4 ,weiss 
should receive the super-extra profits4 
,even with machines at one hundred      
dollars1 foundation was profitable1  as 
,i with many others have found4 ,but    
with the present price--forty  dollars1 
which ,i think1 judging from the        
simplicity of the machine1  advertised  
at that price 7,fig4 #ff71 must be      

reduced still lower--we can  hardly     
conceive what an immense business this  
is soon to become4      ,,how           
,,foundation ,,is ,,made4    ,the       
process of making the foundation is very
 simple4 ,thin sheets of  wax1 as thin  
as is consistent with strength1 are     
simply passed between  the rollers1     
which are so made as to stamp worker or 
drone foundation1  as may be desired4   
,the rollers are well covered with      
starch-water to  secure against         
adhesion4 ,two men can roll out about   
four hundred pounds  per day4           
,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4      ,,to     
,,secure ,,the ,,wax ,,sheets4    ,to   
make the thin sheets of wax1 ,mr4 ,a4   
,i4 ,root takes sheets or plates  of    
galvanized iron with a wooden handle4   
,these are cooled by dipping in         
ice-water1 and then are dipped two1 or  
three times if the wax is very  hot1 in 
the melted wax1 which is maintained at  
the proper temperature  by keeping it in
 a double-walled vessel1 with hot water 

in the outer  chamber4 ,such a boiler1  
too1 prevents burning of the wax1 which 
would  ruin it1 while it is being       
melted4 ,after dipping the plates in the
 wax1  they are again dipped1 when      
dripping has ceased1 into the cold      
water1  after which the sheets of wax   
are cleaved off1 the plates brushed1    
wiped1 cooled1 and dipped again4 ,the   
boiler used in melting the wax  has the 
gate with a fine wire sieve attached    
near the top1 so that  the wax as it is 
drawn off into the second boiler1 will  
be thoroughly  cleansed4 ,mr4 ,root     
states that two men and a boy will thus 
make four  hundred pounds of wax sheets 
in a day4    ,others use wooden plates  
on which to mold the sheets1 while the  
,hetherington brothers prefer1 and are  
very successful with a wooden  cylinder1
 which is made to revolve in the melted 
wax1 and is so hinged1  that it can be  
speedily raised above or lowered into   
the liquid4    ,for cutting foundation1 
nothing is so admirable as the ,carlin  

cutter  7,fig4 #fg1 a71 which is like   
the wheel glass-cutters sold in the     
shops1 except that a larger wheel of tin
 takes the place of the one of  hardened
 steel4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root has suggested
 a grooved board 7,fig4 #fg1  b7 to go  
with the above1 the distance between the
 grooves being equal  to the desired    
width of the strips of comb foundation  
to be cut4      ,,use ,,of ,,foundation4
    ,i have used foundation1 as have    
many other more extensive apiarists1    
with perfect success in the             
section-boxes4 ,the bees have so thinned
 it  that even epicures could not tell  
comb-honey with such foundation1 from   
that wholly made by the bees4 ,yet1 ,i  
forbear recommending it for such  use4  
,when such men as ,hetherington1 ,moore1
 ,ellwood1 and ,l4 ,c4 ,root1  protest  
against a course1 it is well to pause   
before we adopt it2 so1  while ,i have  
used foundation1 ,i think with some     
small advantage in  sections and boxes  
for three years1 ,i shall still         

pronounce against it4    ,it will not be
 well to have the word artificial       
hitched on to our  comb-honey4 ,i think 
it exceedingly wise to maintain         
inviolate in the  public mind the idea  
that comb-honey is par excellence1 a    
natural  product4 ,and as ,captain      
,hetherington aptly suggests1 this      
argument is  all the more weighty1 in   
view of the filthy condition of much of 
our  commercial beeswax4    ,again1 our 
bees may not always thin the foundation1
 and we risk our  reputation in selling 
it in comb-honey1 and an unquestioned   
reputation  is too valuable to be       
endangered in this way1 especially as in
 these  days of adulteration1 we may not
 know how much paraffine1 etc41 there   
is in our foundation1 unless we make it 
ourselves4    ,lastly1 there is no great
 advantage in its use in the sections1  
as  drone-comb is better1 and with      
caution and care this can be secured  in
 ample quantities to furnish very       
generous starters for all our  sections4

 ,this will readily adhere1 if the edge 
be dipped into melted  beeswax1 and     
applied to the sections4    ,if any one 
should still be disposed to make such   
use of foundation1  they should only    
purchase of very reliable parties1 that 
they may  be sure to use only such wax  
as is genuine1 yellow1 clean1 and       
certainly unmixed with paraffine1 or any
 of the commercial products  which were 
first used to adulterate the wax4 ,only 
pure1 clean1  unbleached wax should be  
used in making foundation4 ,we should be
 very  careful not to put on the market 
any comb-honey where the foundation  had
 not been properly thinned by the bees4 
,perhaps a very fine needle  would      
enable one to determine this point      
without injury to the honey4    ,but the
 most promising use of foundation1 to   
which there can be no  objection1 is in 
the brood-chamber4 ,it is astonishing to
 see how  rapidly the bees will extend  
the cells1 and how readily the queen    
will  stock them with eggs if of the    

right size1 five cells to the inch4     
,the foundation should always be the    
right size either for worker  or        
drone-comb4 ,of course the latter size  
would never be used in  the             
brood-chamber4 ,the advantage of        
foundation is1 first1 to insure         
worker-comb1 and thus worker-brood1 and 
second1 to furnish wax1 so that  the    
bees may be free to gather honey4 ,we   
proved in our apiary the past  two      
seasons1 that by use of foundation1 and 
a little care in pruning  out the       
drone-comb1 we could limit or even      
exclude drones from our  hives1 and we  
have but to examine the capacious and   
constantly crowded  stomachs of these   
idlers1 to appreciate the advantage of  
such a course4  ,bees may occasionally  
tear down worker-cells and build        
drone-cells in  their place2 but such   
action1 ,i believe1 is not sufficiently 
extensive  to ever cause anxiety4 ,i am 
also certain that bees that have to     
secrete wax to form comb1 do much less  

gathering4 ,wax secretion seems         
voluntary1 and when rapid seems to      
require quiet and great consumption  of 
food4 ,if we make two artificial        
colonies equally strong1 supply the  one
 with combs1 and withhold them from the 
other1 we will find that  this last     
sends much fewer bees to the fields1    
while all the bees are  more or less    
engaged in wax secretion4 ,thus the     
other colony gains  much more rapidly in
 honey1 first1 because more bees are    
storing2  second1 because less food is  
consumed4 ,this is undoubtedly the      
reason  why extracted-honey can be      
secured in far greater abundance than   
can  comb-honey4    ,the foundation if  
used the full depth of the frame1       
stretches so that  many cells are so    
enlarged as to be used for drone-brood4 
,this demands1  if we use the sheets    
unstrengthened1 that they only be used  
as guides1  not reaching more than      
one-third of the depth of the frame4    
,strips not  less than four inches wide 

will not sag to do any harm4 ,the       
foundation1  too1 should not quite reach
 the sides of the frame1 as by expansion
 it  is liable to warp and bend4        
,captain ,j4 ,e4 ,hetherington has      
invented a  cure for this stretching and
 warping1 by strengthening the          
foundation4  ,to do this1 he runs       
several fine copper wires into the      
foundation as it  passes through the    
machine4    ,i understand1 too1 that    
,mr4 ,m4 ,metcalf1 of this ,state1 has a
 similar  device now being patented4    
,this is a valuable suggestion1 as it   
permits full-sized sheets of  foundation
 to be inserted in the frames4 ,i       
presume that very soon all              
worker-foundation will contain such     
wires4      ,,to ,,fasten ,,the         
,,foundation4    ,in the thin sections1 
the foundation can best be fastened by  
use of  the melted wax4 ,to accomplish  
this1 ,i have used a block made thus3   
,saw  a fifteen-sixteenths inch board so
 that it will just exactly fill a       

section4 ,screw this to a second board1 
which is one-half inch broader  each    
way1 so that the larger under board will
 project one-quarter of  an inch each   
side the top board4 ,now set the section
 over the top  board1 place the         
foundation1 cut a trifle shorter than   
the inside of  the section1 within1     
close to the top and one side of the    
section1 and  cause it to adhere by     
running on a little of the melted wax1  
which1 by  use of a kerosene lamp or    
stove1 may be kept melted4 ,if the basin
 is  double-walled1 with water in the   
outer chamber and wax in the inner1 it  
is much safer1 as then the wax will     
never burn4    ,if the tops of the      
sections are thick1 they may be grooved1
 and by  crowding the foundation into   
the groove1 and1 if necessary1 pressing 
it  with a thin wedge1 it will be       
securely held4    ,illustration3 ,fig4  
#fh4    ,this last method will work     
nicely in case of fastening into the    
brood-frames4 ,but ,i have found that ,i

 could fasten them rapidly  and very    
securely by simply pressing them against
 the rectangular  projection from the   
top-bar already described 7page #acd74  
,in this case  a block 7,fig1 #fh1 a7   
should reach up into the frame from the 
side  which is nearest to the           
rectangular projection--it will be      
remembered  that the projection 7,fig4  
#cf7 is a little to one side of the     
centre  of the top-bar1 so that the     
foundation shall hang exactly in the    
centre--so far that its upper surface   
would be exactly level with the  upper  
surface of the rectangular projection4  
,this block1 like the one  described    
above1 has shoulders 7,fig4 #fh1 f71 so 
that it will always  reach just the     
proper distance into the frame4 ,it is  
also rabbeted at  the edge where the    
projection of the top-bar of the frame  
will rest1  7,fig4 #fh1 b71 so that the 
projection has a solid support1 and will
  not split off with pressure4 ,we now  
set our frame on this block1 lay  on our

 foundation1 cut the size we desire1    
which1 unless strengthened1  will be as 
long as the frame1 and about four inches
 wide4 ,the  foundation will rest firmly
 on the projection and block1 and touch 
the  top-bar1 at every point4 ,we now   
take a board as thick as the projection 
is deep1 and as wide 7,fig4 #fi1 d7 as  
the frame is long1 which may  be trimmed
 off1 so as to have a convenient handle 
7,fig4 #fi1 e71  and by wetting the edge
 of this 7,fig4 #fi1 d7 either in water1
 or1  better1 starch-water1 and pressing
 with it on the foundation above the    
projection1 the foundation will be made 
to adhere firmly to the latter1  when   
the frame may be raised with the block1 
taken off1 and another  fastened as     
before4 ,i have practiced this plan for 
two years1 and have  had admirable      
success4 ,i have very rarely known the  
foundation to drop1  though it must be  
remembered that our hives are shaded1   
and our frames  small4    ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #fi4    ,the above methods are   

successful1 but probably will receive   
valuable  modifications at the hands of 
the ingenius apiarists of our land4     
,study  in this direction will          
unquestionably pay1 as the use of this  
material  is going to be very extensive1
 and any improvements will be hailed    
with  joy by the bee-keeping fraternity4
      ,,save ,,the ,,wax4    ,as        
foundation is becoming so popular1 and  
is destined to come into  general use1  
it behooves us all to be very careful   
that no old comb  goes to waste4 ,soiled
 drone-comb1 old1 worthless worker-comb1
 and all  fragments that cannot be used 
in the hives1 together with cappings1   
after the honey is drained out through a
 coarse bag or colander--which  process 
may be hastened by a moderate heat1 not 
sufficient to melt the  wax1 and        
frequent stirring--should be melted1    
cleansed1 and molded  into cakes of wax1
 soon to be again stamped1 not by the   
bees1 but by  wondrous art4             
,,methods4    ,a slow and wasteful      

method is to melt in a vessel of heated 
water1  and to purify by turning off the
 top1 or allowing to cool1 when the     
impurities at the bottom are scraped    
off1 and the process repeated till  all 
impurities are eliminated4    ,a better 
method to separate the wax is to put it 
into a strong1 rather  coarse bag1 then 
sink this in water and boil4 ,at        
intervals the comb in  the bag should be
 pressed and stirred4 ,the wax will     
collect on top of  the water4    ,to    
prevent the bag from burning1 it should 
be kept from touching the  bottom of the
 vessel by inverting a basin in the     
bottom of the latter1  or else by using 
a double-walled vessel4 ,the process    
should be repeated  till the wax is     
perfectly cleansed4    ,but1 as wax is  
to become so important1 and as the above
 methods are  slow1 wasteful1 and apt to
 give a poor quality of wax1            
specialists1  and even amateurs who keep
 as many as ten or twenty colonies of   
bees1 may well procure a wax extractor  

7,fig4 #gj74 ,this is also a  foreign   
invention1 the first being made by      
,prof4 ,gerster1 of ,berne1             
,switzerland4 ,these cost from five to  
seven dollars1 are made of tin1  are    
very convenient and admirable1 and can  
be procured of any dealer in  apiarian  
supplies4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4  
,by this invention1 all the wax1 even of
 the oldest combs1 can be  secured1 in  
beautiful condition1 and as it is       
perfectly neat1 there  is no danger of  
provoking the best woman in the world1  
as we are in  danger of doing by use of 
either of the above methods--for what is
 more  untidy and perplexing than to    
have wax boil over on the stove1 and    
perhaps get on to the floor1 and be     
generally scattered about4    ,all      
pieces of comb should be put into a     
close box1 and if any larv are  in it1  
the comb should be melted so frequently 
that it would not smell  badly4 ,by     
taking pains1 both in collecting and    
melting1 the apiarist  will be surprised

 at the close of the season1 as he views
 his numerous  and beautiful cakes of   
comb1 and rejoice as bethinks how little
 trouble  it has all cost4              
,,chapter ,,xv4    ,,marketing ,,honey4 
,no subject merits more attention by the
 apiarist than that of marketing  honey4
 ,there is no question but that the     
supply is going to continually          
increase1 hence1 to sustain the price we
 must stimulate the demand1 and  by     
doing this we shall not only supply the 
people with a food element  which is    
necessary to health1 but we shall also  
supersede in part the  commercial       
syrups1 which are so adulterated as not 
only to be crowded  with filth the most 
revolting1 but are often even teeming   
with poison4  7,report of ,michigan     
,board of ,health for #ahgd1 pp4        
#ge-gi47 ,to bring1  then1 to our       
neighbor's table the pure1 wholesome1   
delicious nectar1  right from the hive1 
is philanthropy1 whether he realizes it 
or not4    ,nor is it difficult to      

stimulate the demand4 ,i have given     
special  attention to this topic for the
 last few years1 and am free to say1    
that not a tithe of the honey is        
consumed in our country that might and  
should be4      ,,how ,,to ,,invigorate 
,,the ,,markets4    ,first4 ,see that no
 honey goes to market from your apiary  
that is not  in the most inviting form  
possible4 ,grade all the honey          
thoroughly1  and expect prices to       
correspond with the grade4 ,see that    
every package  and vessel is not only   
attractive1 but so arranged as not to   
make the  dealer any trouble or cause   
him any vexation4 ,one leaky can or     
crate  may do great injury4    ,second4 
,see that every grocer in your vicinity 
has honey constantly on  hand4 ,do all  
you can to build up a home market4 ,the 
advice to sell to  only one or two      
dealers is wrong and pernicious4        
,whether we are to buy  or sell1 we     
shall find almost always that it will be
 most satisfactory  to deal with men    

whom we know1 and who are close at hand4
 ,only when  you outgrow your home      
market should you ship to distant       
places4 ,this  course will limit the    
supply in the large cities1 and thus    
raise the  prices in the great marts1   
whose prices fix those in the country4  
,be  sure to keep honey constantly in   
the markets4    ,third4 ,insist that    
each grocer makes the honey very        
conspicuous4 ,if  necessary1 supply     
large1 fine labels1 with your own name  
almost as  prominent as is that of the  
article4    ,fourth4 ,deliver the honey 
in small lots1 so that it will be sure  
to  be kept in inviting form1 and1 if   
possible1 attend to the delivery        
yourself1 that you may know that all is 
done decently and in order4    ,fifth4  
,instruct your grocers that they may    
make the honey show to the  best effect1
 and thus captivate the purchaser       
through the sight alone4    ,sixth4     
,call local conventions1 that all in the
 community may know and  practice the   

best methods1 so that the markets may   
not be demoralized  by poor1 unsalable  
honey4    ,of course1 the method of     
preparation will depend largely1 and    
vary  greatly1 upon the style of honey  
to be sold1 so we will consider these   
kinds separately4      ,,extracted      
,,honey4    ,as before intimated1       
extracted honey has all the flavor1 and 
is in  every way equal1 if not          
superior--comb itself is innutritious1  
and very  indigestible--to comb-honey4  
,when people once know its              
excellence--know  that it is not        
strained--let us1 as apiarists1 strive  
in every way  to kill that word--then   
the demand for this article will be     
vastly  increased1 to the advantage both
 of the consumer and the apiarist4      
,explain to each grocer what we mean by 
the word extracted1 and ask  him to     
spread wide the name and character of   
the honey4 ,leave cups  of the honey    
with the editors and men of influence1  
and get them to  discuss its origin and 

merits4 ,i speak from experience1 when  
,i say that  in these ways the          
reputation and demand for extracted     
honey can be  increased to a surprising 
degree1 and with astonishing rapidity4  
,,how ,,to ,,tempt ,,the ,,consumer4    
,first4 ,have it chiefly in small       
cups--jelly cups are best4 ,many        
persons will pay twenty-five cents for  
an article1 when if it cost  fifty cents
 they would not think of purchasing4    
,second4 ,only put it in such vessels as
 jelly cups or glass fruit jars1  etc41 
that will be useful in every household  
when the honey is gone1  that the buyer 
may feel that the vessel is clear gain4 
,third4 ,explain to the grocer that if  
kept above the temperature of  #gj or   
#hj ,f41 it will not granulate1 that    
granulation is a pledge  of purity and  
superiority1 and show him how easy it is
 to reduce the  crystals1 and ask him to
 explain this to his customers4 ,if     
necessary1  liquify some of the         
granulated honey in his presence4       

,lastly4 ,if you do not deliver the     
honey yourself1 be sure that the        
vessels will not leak in transit4 ,it is
 best1 in case jelly cups are  used1    
that they be filled at the grocery4 ,and
 don't forget the large  label1 which   
gives the kind of honey1 grade1 and     
producer's name4      ,,comb-,,honey4   
,this1 from its wondrous beauty1        
especially when light-colored and       
immaculate1 will always be a coveted    
article for the table1 and will  ever1  
with proper care1 bring the highest     
price paid for honey4 ,so it  will      
always be best to work for this1 even   
though we may not be able to  procure it
 in such ample profusion as we may the  
extracted4 ,he who has  all kinds1 will 
be able to satisfy every demand1 and    
will most surely  meet with success4    
,,rules ,,to ,,be ,,observed4    ,this1 
too1 should be chiefly in small sections
 7,fig4 #ej71 for1 as  before stated1   
such are the packages that surely sell4 
,sections from  four to six inches      

square will just fill a plate nicely1   
and look very  tempting to the proud    
house-wife1 especially if some epicurean
 friends  are to be entertained4    ,the
 sections should surely be in place at  
the dawn of the white clover  season1 so
 that the apiarist may secure the most  
of this irresistible  nectar1 chaste as 
if capped by the very snow itself4 ,they
 should be  taken away as soon as       
capped1 as delay makes them highways of 
travel  for the bees1 which always mar  
their beauty4    ,when removed1 if      
demanded1 glass the sections1 but before
 this1 we  should place them in hives   
one upon another1 or special boxes made 
tight1 with a close cover1 in which to  
store either brood-frames in  winter or 
sections at any season1 and sulphur     
them4 ,this is quickly and  easily done 
by use of the smoker4 ,get the fire in  
the smoker well to  burning1 add the    
sulphur1 then place this in the top     
hive1 or top of  the special box4 ,the  
sulphurous fumes will descend and deal  

out death  to all moth larv4 ,this      
should always be done before shipping   
the  honey1 if we regard our reputations
 as precious4 ,it is well to do this    
immediately upon removal1 and also two  
weeks after1 so as to destroy  the moth 
larv not hatched when the sections are  
removed4    ,if separators have been    
used1 these sections are in good        
condition to  be glassed1 and are also  
in nice shape to ship even without      
glass1 as  they may stand side by side  
and not mar the comb4    ,illustration3 
,fig4 #ga4    ,the shipping-crate 7,fig4
 #ga7 should be strong1 neat and cheap1 
with  handles as seen in ,fig4 #ga--such
 handles are also convenient in  the    
ends of the hives1 and can be cut in an 
instant by having the  circular-saw set 
to wabble4 ,with handles the crate is   
more convenient1  and is more sure to be
 set on its bottom4 ,the crate should   
also be  glassed1 as the sight of the   
comb will say3 ,handle with care4       
,mr4 ,heddon also makes a larger crate  

7,fig4 #gb71 which is neat and  cheap4  
,muth's crate is like ,heddon's1 only   
smaller4    ,it is well1 too1 to wrap   
the sections in paper1 as thus breakage 
of one  will not mean general ruin4     
,however1 this would be unnecessary in  
case  the sections were of veneer and   
glassed1 as before described4           
,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4    ,in        
groceries1 where the apiarist keeps     
honey for sale1 it will pay him  to     
furnish his own boxes4 ,these should be 
made of white-wood1 very  neat1 and     
glassed in front to show the honey1 and 
the cover so fixed  that unglassed      
sections--and these1 probably1 will soon
 become the most  popular--cannot be    
punched or fingered4 ,be sure1 too1 that
 the label1  with kind of honey1 grade1 
and name of apiarist1 be so plain that  
he  who runs may read4    ,comb-honey   
that is to be kept in the cool weather  
of autumn1 or the  cold of winter1 must 
be kept in warm rooms1 or the comb will 
break  from the section when handled4   

,by keeping it quite warm for some days 
previous to shipment1 it may be sent to 
market even in winter1 but must  be     
handled very carefully1 and must make a 
quick transit4    ,above all1 let taste 
and neatness ever be your motto4        
,,chapter ,,xvi4    ,,honey ,,plants4   
,as bees do not make honey1 but only    
gather it1 and as honey is mainly       
derived from certain flowers1 it of     
course follows that the apiarist's      
success will depend largely upon the    
abundance of honey-secreting  plants in 
the vicinity of his apiary4 ,true it is 
that certain bark  and plant lice       
secrete a kind of liquid sweet--honey of
 doubtful  reputation--which1 in the    
dearth of anything better1 the bees seem
  glad to appropriate4 ,i have thus seen
 the bees thick about a large           
bark-louse which attacks the tulip tree1
 and thus often destroys one  of our    
best honey trees4 ,this is an           
undescribed species of the genus        
,lecanium4 ,i have also seen them thick 

about three species of plant  lice4     
,one1 the ,pemphigus imbricator1 ,fitch1
 works on the beech  tree4 ,its abdomen 
is thickly covered with long wool1 and  
it makes a  comical show as it wags this
 up and down upon the least disturbance4
  ,the leaves of trees attacked by this 
louse1 as also those beneath the  trees1
 are fairly gummed with a sweetish      
substance4 ,i have found that  the bees 
avoid this substance1 except at times of
 extreme drouth and  long protracted    
absence of honeyed bloom4 ,it was the   
source of no  inconsiderable stores     
during the terribly parched autumn of   
,chicago's  great disaster4 7,see       
,appendix1 page #bhf74    ,another      
species of ,pemphigus gives rise to     
certain solitary plum-like  galls1 which
 appear on the upper surface of the red 
elm4 ,these galls  are hollow1 with a   
thin skin1 and within the hollows are   
the lice1  which secrete an abundant    
sweet that often attracts the bees to a 
feast  of fat things1 as the gall is    

torn apart1 or cracks open1 so that the 
sweet exudes4 ,this sweet is anything   
but disagreeable1 and may not be        
unwholesome to the bees4    ,another    
aphis1 of a black hue1 works on the     
branches of our willows1  which they    
often entirely cover1 and thus greatly  
damage another tree  valuable for both  
honey and pollen4 ,were it not that they
 seldom are  so numerous two years in   
succession1 they would certainly banish 
from  among us one of our most          
ornamental and valuable honey-producing 
trees4 ,these are fairly thronged in    
,september and ,october1 and not        
unfrequently in spring and summer if the
 lice are abundant1 by bees1  wasps1    
ants1 and various two-winged flies1 all 
eager to lap1 up the  oozing sweets4    
,this louse is doubtless the ,lachnus   
dentatus1 of ,le  ,baron1 and the ,aphis
 salicti1 of ,harris4    ,bees also get1
 in some regions1 a sort of honey-dew1  
which enables them  to add to their     
stores with surprising rapidity4 ,i     

remember one morning  while riding on   
horse-back along the ,sacramento river1 
in ,california1 ,i  broke off a willow  
twig beside the road when1 to my        
surprise1 ,i found  it was fairly decked
 with drops of honey4 ,upon further     
examination ,i  found the willow foliage
 was abundantly sprinkled by these      
delicious  drops4 ,these shrubs were    
undisturbed by insects1 nor were they   
under  trees4 ,here then was a real case
 of honey-dew1 which must have been     
distilled through the night by the      
leaves4 ,i never saw any such           
phenomenon in ,michigan1 yet others     
have4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,atkins1 an accurate 
and conscientious observer1 has noted   
this honey-dew more than once  here in  
,central ,michigan4    ,bees also get   
some honey from oozing sap1 some of     
questionable repute  from about cider   
mills1 some from grapes and other fruit 
which have  been crushed1 or eaten and  
torn by wasps and other insects4 ,that  
bees  ever tear the grapes is a question

 of which ,i have failed to receive  any
 personal proof1 though for years ,i    
have been carefully seeking  it4 ,i have
 lived among the vineyards of           
,california1 and have often  watched    
bees about vines in ,michigan1 but never
 saw bees tear open  the grapes4 ,i have
 laid crushed grapes in the apiary1 when
 the bees  were not gathering1 and were 
ravenous for stores1 which1 when covered
  with sipping bees1 were replaced with 
sound grape-clusters1 which in  no      
instance were mutilated4 ,i have thus   
been led to doubt if bees  ever attack  
sound grapes1 though quick to improve   
the opportunities  which the oriole's   
beak and the stronger jaws of wasps     
offer them4  ,still1 ,prof4 ,riley feels
 sure that bees are sometimes thus      
guilty1  and ,mr4 ,bidwell tells me he  
has frequently seen bees rend sound     
grapes1 which they did with their feet4 
,yet1 if this is the case1 it  is       
certainly of rare occurrence1 and is    
more than compensated by the  great aid 

which the bees afford the fruit-grower  
in the great work of                    
cross-fertilization1 which is           
imperatively necessary to his success1  
as  has been so well shown by ,dr4 ,asa 
,gray and ,mr4 ,chas4 ,darwin4 ,it is   
true  that cross-fertilization of the   
flowers1 which can only be accomplished 
by insects1 and early in the season by  
the honey-bee1 is often1 if  not always1
 necessary to a full yield of fruit and 
vegetables4 ,i am  informed by ,prof ,w4
 ,w4 ,tracy1 that the gardeners in the  
vicinity of  ,boston keep bees that they
 may perform this duty4 ,even then1 if  
,mr4  ,bidwell and ,prof4 ,riley are    
right1 and the bee does1 rarely--for    
surely  this is very rare1 if           
ever--destroy grapes1 still they are1   
beyond any  possible question1          
invaluable aids to the pomologist4      
,but the principal source of honey is   
still from the flowers4      ,,what     
,,are ,,the ,,valuable ,,honey ,,plants8
    ,in the northeastern part of our    

country the chief reliance for ,may is  
the fruit-blossoms1 willows1 and sugar  
maples4 ,in ,june white clover  yields  
largely of the most attractive honey1   
both as to appearance and  flavor4 ,in  
,july the incomparable basswood makes   
both bees and apiarist  jubilant4 ,in   
,august buckwheat offers a tribute1     
which we welcome1  though it be dark and
 pungent in flavor1 while with us in    
,michigan1  ,august and ,september give 
us a profusion of bloom which yields to 
no  other in the richness of its        
capacity to secrete honey1 and is not   
cut-off till the autumn frosts--usually 
about ,september #ae4    ,thousands of  
acres of golden rod1 boneset1 asters1   
and other autumn  flowers of our new    
northern counties1 as yet have blushed  
unseen1  with fragrance wasted4 ,this   
unoccupied territory1 unsurpassed in its
  capability for fruit production1      
covered with grand forests of maple  and
 basswood1 and spread with the richest  
of autumn bloom1 offers  opportunities  

to the practical apiarist rarely equaled
 except in  the ,pacific ,states1 and   
not even there1 when other privileges   
are  considered4 ,in these localities1  
two or three hundred pounds to the      
colony is no surprise to the apiarist1  
while even four or five hundred  are not
 isolated cases4    ,in the following   
table will be found a list of valuable  
honey-plants4  ,those in the first      
column are annual1 biennial or          
perennial2 the  annual being enclosed in
 a parenthesis thus3 772 the biennial   
enclosed  in brackets thus3 2 while     
those in the second column are shrubs or
  trees2 the names of shrubs being      
enclosed in a parenthesis4 ,the date of 
commencement of bloom is1 of course1 not
 invariable4 ,the one appended1  in case
 of plants which grow in our ,state1 is 
about average for ,central  ,michigan4  
,those plants whose names appear in     
small capitals yield very  superior     
honey4 ,those with 7a7 are useful for   
other purposes than  honey secretion4   

,all but those with a 99 are native or  
very common in  ,michigan4 ,those       
written in the plural refer to more than
 one species4  ,those followed by a  are
 very numerous in species4 ,of course ,i
 have  not named all1 as that would     
include some hundreds which have been   
observed at the college1 taking nearly  
all of the two great orders  ,composit  
and ,rosace4 ,i have only aimed to give 
the most important1  omitting many      
foreign plants of notoriety1 as ,i have 
had no personal  knowledge of them3     
,,date4           ,annuals or           
,perennials4        ,april              
,dandelion4    ,april and ,may          
,strawberry4 7a7    ,may and ,june      
99,white ,sage1 ,california    ,may and 
,june   99,sumac1 ,california4    ,may  
and ,june   99,coffee ,berry1           
,california    ,june to ,july   ,,white 
,,clover4 7a7    ,june to ,july         
,,alsike ,,clover4 7a7    ,june to ,july
   99,,sweet ,,clover4    ,june to ,july
   99,horehound4 ,weed4    ,june to     

,july   ,ox-eyed ,daisy--,bad    ,june  
to ,july   ,bush ,honeysuckle4    ,june 
to ,august 99,sage4    ,june to ,august 
,motherwort4    ,june to frost          
997,borage47    ,june to frost          
997,cotton47 7a7    ,june to frost      
,silk or ,milk ,weeds4    ,june to frost
  7,mustard7    ,june to frost          
997,rape47 7a7    ,june to frost  ,st4  
,john's ,wort4    ,june to frost        
7,,mignonette47 7a7    ,july            
7,corn47 7a7    ,july                   
997,teasel47 7a7    ,july to ,august    
99,catnip4 7a7    ,july to ,august      
,asparagus4 7a7    ,july to ,august     
997,rocky ,m't4 ,bee ,plant7    ,july to
 frost  ,boneset4    ,july to frost     
,bergamot4    ,july to frost  ,figwort4 
,august         7,buckwheat47 7a7       
,august         7,snap-dragon47         
,august to frost7,,golden ,,rod47       
,august to frost,asters4    ,august to  
frost,marsh ,sun-,flowers4    ,august to
 frost,tick-,seed4    ,august to        
frost,beggar-,ticks4    ,august to      

frost,spanish ,needles4          ,,date4
           ,shrubs or ,trees4           
,march and ,ap'l ,red or ,soft          
,maple47a7    ,march and ,ap'l ,poplar  
or ,aspen4    ,march and ,ap'l ,silver  
,maple4    ,march and ,ap'l 99,judas    
,tree4    ,may            7,shad-bush47 
,may            7,alder47    ,may       
,maples-,sugar ,maple 7a7    ,may       
,crab ,apple4    ,may                   
7,hawthorns47                    ,fruit 
,trees--,apple1    ,may4                
,plum1 ,cherry1 ,pear1                  
etc4 7a7    ,may            ,currant and
 ,gooseberry4 7a7    ,may               
997,wistaria ,vine-,south7              
7,chinese ,wistaria    ,may             
,vine--,south47    ,may and ,june       
7,barberry47    ,may and ,june          
7,grape-vine47 7a7    ,may and ,june    
,tulip-tree4    ,may and ,june          
7,sumac47    ,june                      
,wild-,plum4    ,june           7,black 
,raspberry47 7a7    ,june               
,locusts4    ,june           7,,red     

,,raspberry47 7a7    ,june              
7,blackberry47    ,june to ,july        
99,sour-wood--,south4    ,july          
7,button ,bush47    ,july               
,,basswood4 7a7    ,july                
7,virginia ,creeper47 7a7    ,july to   
,august 99,pepper-tree1 ,cal'a4    ,july
 to ,sept   997,st4 ,john's ,worts47    
,august         7,late ,sumac47         
,august to ,sept499,red ,gum1           
,california4      ,,description ,,with  
,,practical ,,remarks4    ,as this      
subject of bee pasturage is of such     
prime importance1 and as  the interest  
in the subject is so great and          
wide-spread1 ,i feel that  details with 
illustrations will be more than         
warranted4    ,illustration3 ,fig4      
#ge4--,maple4    ,we have abundant      
experience to show that forty or fifty  
colonies of  bees1 take the seasons as  
they average1 are all that a single     
place  will sustain to the greatest     
advantage4 ,then1 how significant the   
fact1 that when the season is the best1 

full three times that number  of        
colonies will find ample resources to   
keep all employed4 ,so this  subject of 
artificial pasturage becomes one well   
worthy close study and  observation4    
,the subject1 too1 is a very important  
one in reference to  the location of the
 apiary4    ,it is well to remember in  
this connection1 that two or three miles
  should be regarded as the limit of    
profitable gathering4 ,that is1         
apiaries of from fifty to one hundred or
 more colonies1 should not be  nearer   
than four or five miles of each other4  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4-,willow4      
,,april ,,plants4    ,as we have already
 seen1 the apiarist does not secure the 
best results1  even in the early spring1
 except the bees are encouraged by the  
increase of their stores of pollen and  
honey2 hence1 in case we do  not        
practice stimulative feeding--and many  
will not--it becomes very  desirable to 
have some early bloom4 ,happily1 in all 
sections of the  ,united ,states our    

desires are not in vain4    ,early in   
spring there are many scattering wild   
flowers1 as the  blood-root             
7,sanguinaria canadensis71 liver-leaf   
7,hepatica  acutiloba71 and various     
others of the crowfoot family1 as also  
many  species of cress1 which belong to 
the mustard family1 etc41 all of  which 
are valuable and important4    ,the     
maples 7,fig4 #gc71 which are all       
valuable honey plants1 also  contribute 
to the early stores4 ,especially        
valuable are the silver  maples 7,acer  
dasycarpum71 and the red or soft maples 
7,acer rubrum71  as they bloom so very  
early1 long before the leaves appear4   
,the bees  work on these1 here in       
,michigan1 the first week of ,april1 and
 often  in ,march4 ,they are also       
magnificent shade trees1 especially     
those  that have the weeping habit4     
,their early bloom is very pleasing1    
their summer form and foliage beautiful1
 while their flaming tints  in autumn   
are indescribable4 ,the foreign maples1 

sycamore1 ,acer  pseudo-platanus1 and   
,norway1 ,acer platanoides1 are also    
very  beautiful4 ,whether superior to   
ours as honey plants1 ,i am unable to   
say4    ,the willows1 too 7,fig4 #gd71  
rival the maples in the early period of 
bloom4 ,some are very early1 blossoming 
in ,march1 while others1 like the  white
 willow 7,salix alba7 7,fig4 #gd71 bloom
 in ,may4 ,the flowers on one  tree or  
bush of the willow are all pistillate1  
that is1 have pistils1  but no stamens1 
while on others they are all staminate1 
having no  pistils4 ,on the former1 they
 can gather only honey1 on the latter   
only  pollen4 ,that the willow furnishes
 both honey and pollen is attested  by  
the fact that ,i saw both kinds of      
trees1 the pistillate and the           
staminate1 thronged with bees the past  
season4 ,the willow1 too1 from  its     
elegant form and silvery foliage1 is one
 of our finest shade trees4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,judas ,tree
    ,in the south of ,michigan1 and     

thence southward to ,kentucky1 and even 
beyond1 the ,judas tree1 or red-bud1    
,cercis canadensis 7,fig4 #ge71  is not 
only worthy of cultivation as a honey   
plant1 but is also  very attractive1 and
 well deserving of attention for its    
ornamental  qualities alone4 ,this      
blooms from ,march to ,may1 according to
 the  latitude4    ,the poplars--not the
 tulip--also bloom in ,april1 and are   
freely visited  by the bees4 ,the wood  
is immaculate1 and i used for           
toothpicks4 ,why  not use it for        
honey-boxes8    ,illustration3 ,fig4    
#gf4--;,american ,wistaria4      ,,may  
,,plants4    ,in ,may we have the grand 
sugar maple1 ,acer saccharinum 7,fig4   
#gc71  incomparable for beauty1 also all
 our various fruit trees1 peach1        
cherry1 plum1 apple1 etc41 in fact all  
the ,rosace family4 ,our  beautiful     
,american ,wistaria1 ,wistaria          
frutescens 7,fig4 #gf71 the  very       
ornamental climber1 or the still more   
lovely ,chinese ,wistaria1  ,wistaria   

sinensis 7,fig4 #gg71 which has longer  
racemes than the  native1 and often     
blossoms twice in the season4 ,these are
 the woody  twiners for the apiarist4   
,the barberry1 too1 ,berberis vulgaris  
7,fig4  #gh71 comes after fruit         
blossoms1 and is thronged with bees in  
search  of nectar in spring1 as with    
children in winter1 in quest of the     
beautiful scarlet berries1 so pleasingly
 tart4    ,illustration3 ,fig4          
#gg4--;,chinese ,wistaria4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,barberry4  
,in ,california1 the sumac1 the coffee  
berry1 and the famous white sage  7,fig4
 #gi71 keep the bees full of activity4  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,white ,sage4
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,white or
 ,dutch ,clover4      ,,june ,,plants4  
,with ,june comes the incomparable white
 or ,dutch clover1 ,trifolium  repens   
7,fig4 #hj71 whose chaste and modest    
bloom betokens the  beautiful1 luscious1
 and unrivalled sweets which are hidden 
in its  corolla tube4 ,also its sister1 

,alsike or ,swedish1 ,trifolium hybrida 
7,fig4 #ha71 which seems to resemble    
both the white and red clover4 ,it is  a
 stronger grower than the white1 and has
 a whitish blossom tinged with  pink4   
,this forms excellent pasture and hay   
for cattle1 sheep1 etc41  and may well  
be sown by the apiarist4 ,it will often 
pay apiarists to  furnish neighbor      
farmers with seed as an inducement to   
grow this par  excellent honey plant4   
,like white clover1 it blooms all       
through ,june  into ,july4 ,both of     
these should be sown early in spring    
with timothy1  five or six pounds of    
seed to the acre1 in the same manner    
that red  clover seed is sown4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4--;,alsike     
,clover4    ,illustration3 ,fig4        
#hb4--,melilot ,clover4                 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,borage4    
,sweet clover1 yellow and white1        
,melilotus officinalis 7,fig4 #hb71 and 
,melilotus alba1 are well named4 ,they  
bloom from the middle of ,june to  the  

middle of ,july4 ,their perfume scents  
the air for long distances1  and the hum
 of bees that throng their flowers is   
like music to the  apiarist's ear4 ,the 
honey1 too1 is just exquisite4 ,these   
clovers are  biennial1 not blooming the 
first season1 and dying after they bloom
 the  second season4 ,another           
disagreeable fact1 they have no value   
except for  honey4 ,they are said to    
become pernicious weeds if allowed to   
spread4    ,the other clovers--lucerne1 
yellow trefoil1 scarlet trefoil1 and    
alfalfa--have not proved of any value   
with us1 perhaps owing to  locality4    
,borage1 ,borago officinalis 7,fig4     
#hc71 an excellent bee plant1 blooms    
from ,june till frost1 and is visited by
 bees even in very rainy  weather4 ,it  
seems not to be a favorite1 but is      
eagerly visited when all  others fail to
 yield nectar4    ,illustration3 ,fig4  
#hd4--,mignonette4    ,illustration3    
,fig4 #he4--,okra4    ,mignonette1      
,reseda odorata 7,fig4 #hd71 blooms from

 the middle of ,june  till frost1 is    
unparalleled for its sweet odor1        
furnishes nectar in  profusion1 and is  
well worthy cultivation4 ,it does not   
secrete well in  wet weather1 but in    
favorable weather it is hardly equalled4
    ,okra or gumbo1 ,hibiscus           
esculentus1 7,fig4 #he71 also blooms in 
,june4  ,it is as much sought after by  
the bees in quest of honey1 as by the   
cook in search of a savory vegetable1 or
 one to give tone to soup4    ,sage1    
,salvia officinalis1 horehound1         
,marrubium vulgare1 motherwort1         
,leonurus cardiaca1 and catnip1 ,nepeta 
cataria1 which latter does  not commence
 to bloom till ,july1 all furnish nice  
white honey1 remain  in bloom a long    
time1 and are very desirable1 as they   
are in bloom in  the honey dearth of    
,july and ,august4 ,they1 like many     
others of the mint  family 7,fig4 #hf71 
are thronged with bees during the season
 of bloom4    ,illustration3 ,fig4      
#hf4--,mint4    ,the first and last are 

of commercial importance1 and all may   
well be  introduced by apiarists1       
wherever there is any space or waste    
ground4    ,the silk or milk-weed       
furnishes abundant nectar from ,june to 
frost1 as  there are several species of 
the genus ,asclepias1 which is          
wide-spread  in our country4 ,this is   
the plant which has large pollen masses 
which  often adhere to the legs of bees 
7,fig4 #hg71 and sometimes so entrap    
them as to cause their death4 ,prof4    
,riley once very graciously advised     
planting them to kill bees4 ,i say      
graciously1 as ,i have watched these    
very closely1 and am sure they do little
 harm1 and are rich in nectar4  ,seldom 
a bee gets caught so as to hold it long1
 and when these awkward  masses are     
carried away with the bee1 they are     
usually left at the door  of the hive1  
where ,i have often seen them in        
considerable numbers4 ,the  river bank  
hard by our apiary is lined with these  
sweet-smelling herbs1  and we would like

 even more4    ,illustration3 ,fig4     
#hg4--,pollen of ,milk-weed4            
,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4--;,black      
,mustard4    ,black mustard1 ,sinapis   
nigra 7,fig4 #hh7 white mustard1        
,sinapis  alba1 and rape1 ,brassica     
campestris 7,fig4 #hi71 all look much   
alike1  and are all admirable bee       
plants1 as they furnish much and        
beautiful  honey4 ,the first1 if        
self-sown1 blooms ,july #ast1 the others
 ,june #ast2  the first about eight     
weeks after sowing1 the others about    
four4 ,the  mustards bloom for four     
weeks1 rape for three4 ,these are all   
specially  commendable1 as they may be  
made to bloom during the honey dearth of
  ,july and ,august1 and are valuable   
plants to raise for the seed4 ,rape     
seems to be very attractive to insects1 
as the flea beetles and the  blister    
beetles are often quite too much for it1
 though they do not  usually destroy the
 plants till after they have blossomed4 
,i have  several times purchased what   

purported to be ,chinese mustard1 dwarf 
and  tall1 but ,prof4 ,beal1 than whom  
there is no better authority1 tells  me 
they are only the white and black1 and  
certainly1 they are no whit  better as  
bee plants4 ,these plants1 with         
buckwheat1 the mints1 borage  and       
mignonette1 are specially interesting1  
as they cover1 or may be  made to cover1
 the honey dearth from about ,july #bjth
 to ,august #bjth4    ,illustration3    
,fig4 #hi4--,rape4    ,the mustards and 
rape may be planted in drills about     
eight inches  apart1 any time from ,may 
#ast to ,july #aeth4 ,four quarts will  
sow an  acre4    ,illustration3 ,fig4   
#ij4--,tulip    ,in this month blooms   
the tulip tree1 ,liriodendron tulipifera
  7,fig4 #ij7--often called poplar in   
the ,south--which is not only an        
excellent honey producer1 but is one of 
our most stately and admirable          
shade-trees4 ,now1 too1 bloom the       
sumacs1 though one species blooms in    
,may1 the wild plum1 the raspberries1   

whose nectar is unsurpassed in  color   
and flavor1 and the blackberry4 ,corn1  
too1 is said by many to  yield largely  
of honey as well as pollen1 and the     
teasel1 ,dipsacus  fullonum 7,fig4 #ia71
 is said1 not only by ,mr4 ,doolittle1  
but by ,english  and ,german apiarists1 
to yield richly of beautiful honey4     
,this last1  too1 has commercial        
importance4 ,the blackberry opens its   
petals in  ,june1 and also the fragrant 
locust1 which1 from its rapid growth1   
beautiful form and handsome foliage1    
would rank among our first shade  trees1
 except that it is so tardy in spreading
 its canopy of green1 and  so liable to 
ruinous attack by the borers1 which last
 peculiarity it  shares with the        
incomparable maples4 ,washing the trunks
 of the trees in  ,june and ,july with  
soft soap1 will in great part remove    
this trouble4    ,illustration3 ,fig4   
#ia4--,teasel4    ,illustration3 ,fig4  
#ib4--;,cotton4    ,now1 too1 our       
brothers of the ,south reap a rich      

harvest from the  great staple1 cotton  
7,fig4 #ib71 which commences to bloom   
early in  ,june1 and remains in blossom 
even to ,october4 ,this belongs to the  
same family--,mallow--as the hollyhock1 
and like it1 blooms and fruits  through 
the season4      ,,july ,,plants4       
,early in this month opens the far-famed
 basswood or linden1 ,tilia  ,americana 
7,fig4 #ic71 which1 for the profusion   
and quality of its honey  has no        
superior4 ,the tree1 too1 from its great
 spreading top and fine  foliage1 is    
magnificent for shade4 ,five of these   
trees are within two  rods of my study  
window1 and their grateful fragrance1   
and beautiful  form and shade1 have     
often been the subject of remark by     
visitors4    ,illustration3 ,fig4       
#ic4--;,basswood4    ,figwort1          
,scrophularia nodosa 7,fig4 #id71 often 
called rattle-weed1 as  the seeds will  
rattle in the pod1 and carpenter's      
square1 as it has  a square stalk1 is an
 insignificant looking weed1 with       

inconspicuous  flowers1 that afford     
abundant nectar from the middle of ,july
 till  frost4 ,i have received almost as
 many for identification as ,i have of  
the asters and golden-rods4 ,prof4 ,beal
 remarked to me a year or two  since1   
that it hardly seemed possible that it  
could be so valuable4  ,we cannot always
 rightly estimate by appearances alone4 
,it is a very  valuable plant to be     
scattered in waste places4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,figwort4   
,that beautiful and valuable honey      
plant1 from ,minnesota1 ,colorado1 and  
the ,rocky ,mountains1 cleome1 or the   
,rocky ,mountain bee-plant1 ,cleome     
integrifolia 7,fig4 #if71 if self-sown1 
or sown early in spring1 blooms  by the 
middle of ,july1 and lasts for long     
weeks4 ,nor can anything be  more gay   
than these brilliant flowers1 alive with
 bees all through the  long fall4 ,this 
should be planted in fall or spring1 in 
drills two feet  apart1 the plants six  
inches apart in the drills4 ,the seeds1 

which grow  in pods1 are very numerous1 
and are said to be valuable for         
chickens4  ,now1 too1 commence to bloom 
the numerous eupatoriums1 or bonesets1  
or  thoroughworts 7,fig4 #ig71 which    
fill the marshes of our country1 and    
the hives as well1 with their rich      
golden nectar--precursors of that       
profusion of bloom of this composite    
order1 whose many species are  even now 
budding in preparation for the sea of   
flowers which will deck  the marsh-lands
 of ,august and ,september4 ,wild       
bergamot1 too1 ,monarda  fistulosa1     
which1 like the thistles1 is of         
importance to the apiarist1  blooms in  
,july4    ,illustration3 ,fig4          
#ie4--;,button ,bush4    ,illustration3 
,fig4 #if4--,rocky ,mountain            
,bee-,plant4    ,the little shrub of our
 marshes1 appropriately named           
button-bush1  ,cephalanthus             
occidentalis1 7,fig4 #ie71 also shares  
the attention  of the bees with the     
linden2 while apiarists of the ,south   

find the  sour-wood1 or sorrel tree1    
,oxydendrum arboreum1 a valuable honey  
tree4 ,this belongs to the ,heath       
family1 which includes the far-famed    
heather bloom of ,england4 ,it also     
includes our whortleberry1 cranberry1   
blueberry1 and one plant which has no   
enviable reputation1 as  furnishing     
honey1 which is very poisonous1 even    
fatal to those who eat1  the mountain   
laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia4 ,yet1 a near 
relative of the  ,south ,andromeda      
nitida1 is said to furnish beautiful and
 wholesome  honey in great quantities4  
,the ,virginia creeper also blooms in   
,july4  ,i wish ,i could say that this  
beautiful vine1 transplendent in autumn1
  is a favorite with the honey-bee4     
,though it often1 nay always1 swarms    
with wild bees when in blossom1 yet ,i  
never saw a honey-bee visit the  ample  
bloom amidst its rich1 green1 vigorous  
foliage4 ,now1 too1 the  ,st4 ,john's   
wort1 ,hypericum1 with its many species1
 both shrubby and  herbaceous1 offers   

bountiful contributions to the delicious
 stores of  the honey-bee4 ,the catnip1 
too1 ,nepeta cataria1 and our cultivated
  asparagus--which if uncut in spring   
will bloom in ,june--so delectable  for 
the table1 and so elegant for trimming  
table meats and for banquets  in autumn1
 come now to offer their nectarian      
gifts4    ,illustration3 ,fig4          
#ig4--;,boneset4      ,,august ,,and    
,,september ,,plants4    ,the cultivated
 buckwheat1 ,fagopyrum esculentum1      
7,fig4 #ih71 usually  blooms in ,august1
 as it is sown the first of ,july--three
 pecks per  acre is the amount to       
sow--but by sowing the first of ,june1  
it may be  made to bloom the middle of  
,july1 when there is generally1 in most 
localities1 an absence of               
nectar-secreting flowers4 ,the honey is 
inferior in color and flavor1 though    
some people prefer this to all  other   
honey4 ,the silver-leaf buckwheat blooms
 longer1 has more numerous  flowers1 and
 thus yields more grain than the common 

variety4    ,now1 too1 come the numerous
 golden-rods4 ,the species of this      
genus1  ,solidago 7,fig4 #ii71 in the   
,eastern ,united ,states1 number nearly 
two-score1 and occupy all kinds of      
soils1 and are at home on upland1       
prairie and morass4 ,they yield         
abundantly of rich1 golden honey1 with  
flavor that is unsurpassed by any other4
 ,fortunate the apiarist who can  boast 
of a thicket of ,solidagoes in his      
locality4    ,illustration3 ,fig4       
#ih4--;,buckwheat4    ,illustration3    
,fig4 #ii4--;,golden-,rod4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,aster4    
,the many plants usually styled         
sun-flowers1 because of their           
resemblance to our cultivated plants of 
that name1 which deck the  hill-side1   
meadow and marsh-land1 now unfurl their 
showy involucres1  and open their modest
 corollas1 to invite the myriad insects 
to sip  the precious nectar which each  
of the clustered flowers secretes4 ,our 
cultivated sun-flowers1 ,i think1 are   

indifferent honey plants1 though  some  
think them big with beauty1 and their   
seeds are relished by  poultry4 ,but the
 asters 7,fig4 #ajj71 so wide-spread1   
the beggar-ticks1  ,bidens1 and         
,spanish-needles of our marshes1 the    
tick-seed1  ,coreopsis1 also1 of the    
low1 marshy places1 with hundreds more  
of  the great family ,composit1 are     
replete with precious nectar1 and with  
favorable seasons make the apiarist who 
dwells in their midst jubilant1  as he  
watches the bees1 which fairly flood the
 hives with their rich  and delicious   
honey4 ,in all of this great family1 the
 flowers are small  and inconspicuous1  
clustered in compact heads1 and when the
 plants are  showy with bloom1 like the 
sun-flowers1 the brilliancy is due to   
the  involucre1 or bracts which serve as
 a frill to decorate the more modest    
flowers4    ,i have thus mentioned the  
most valuable honey plants of our       
country4  ,of course there are many     
omissions4 ,let all apiarists1 by       

constant  observation1 help to fill up  
the list4      ,,book ,,on ,,botany4    
,i am often asked what books are best to
 make apiarists botanists4 ,i am  glad  
to answer this question1 as the study of
 botany will not only be  valuable      
discipline1 but will also furnish       
abundant pleasure1 and more1  give      
important practical information4 ,gray's
 ,lessons1 and ,manual of  ,botany1 in  
one volume1 published by ,ivison1       
,phinney1 ,blakeman  ,co41  ,new ,york1 
is the most desirable treatise on this  
subject4      ,,practical ,,conclusions4
    ,it will pay well for the apiarist  
to decorate his grounds with soft and   
silver maples1 for their beauty and     
early bloom4 ,if his soil is rich1      
sugar maples and lindens may well serve 
a similar purpose4 ,the ,judas  tree1   
too1 and tulip trees1 both ,north and   
,south1 may well be made to  ornament   
the apiarist's home4 ,for vines1 obtain 
the wistarias4    ,sow and encourage the
 sowing of ,alsike clover and           

silver-leaf buckwheat  in your          
neighborhood4 ,be sure that your wife1  
children and bees1 can  often repair to 
a large bed of the new giant or         
grandiflora mignonette1  and remember   
that it1 with cleome and borage1 blooms 
till frost4  ,study the bee plants of   
your region1 and then study the above   
table1  and provide for a succession1   
remembering that the mustards1 rape  and
 buckwheat may be made to bloom almost  
at pleasure1 by sowing  at the proper   
time4 ,don't forget that borage and the 
mustards seem  comparatively indifferent
 to wet weather4 ,be sure that all waste
 places  are stocked with motherwort1   
catnip1 asters1 etc4 7,see ,appendix1   
page  #bhi74    ,the above dates are    
only true for the most part in ,michigan
 and  ,northern ,ohio1 and for more     
,southern latitudes must be varied1     
which by  comparison of a few1 as the   
fruit trees1 becomes no difficult       
matter4          ,,chapter ,,xvii4      
,,wintering ,,bees4      ,this is a     

subject1 of course1 of paramount        
importance to the apiarist1  as this is 
the rock on which some of even the most 
successful have  recently split4 ,yet ,i
 come fearlessly to consider this       
question1  as from all the multitude of 
disasters ,i see no occasion for        
discouragement4 ,if the problem of      
successful wintering has not been       
solved already1 it surely will be1 and  
that speedily4 ,so important  an        
interest was never yet vanquished by    
misfortune1 and there is  no reason to  
think that history is now going to be   
reversed4 ,even  the worst aspect of the
 case--in favor of which ,i think1      
though in  opposition to such excellent 
apiarists as ,marvin1 ,heddon1 etc41    
that  there is no proof1 and but few    
suggestions even--that these calamities 
are the effects of an epidemic1 would be
 all powerless to dishearten  men       
trained to reason from effect to cause4 
,even an epidemic--which  would by no   
means skip by the largest1 finest       

apiaries1 owned and  controlled by the  
wisest1 most careful1 and most          
thoughtful1 as has  been the case in the
 late winters of our discontent1 nor    
only choose  winters of excessive cold1 
or following great drouth and absence of
  honey secretion in which to work its  
havoc--would surely yield to man's      
invention4      ,,the ,,cause ,,of      
,,disastrous ,,wintering4    ,epidemic1 
then1 being set aside as no factor in   
the solution1 to what  shall we ascribe 
such wide-spread disasters8 ,i fully    
believe1 and  to no branch of this      
subject have ,i given more thought1     
study1 and  observation1 that all the   
losses may be traced either to          
unwholesome  food1 failure in late      
breeding of the previous year1 extremes 
of  temperature1 or to protracted cold  
with excessive dampness4 ,i know from   
actual and wide-spread observation1 that
 the severe loss of #ahgj and  #ahga was
 attended in this part of ,michigan with
 unsuitable honey in the  hive4 ,the    

previous autumn was unprecedentedly dry4
 ,flowers were rare1  and storing was   
largely from insect secretion1 and      
consequently the  stores were           
unwholesome4 ,i tasted of honey from    
many hives only to find  it most        
nauseating4 ,i fully believe that had   
the honey been thoroughly  extracted the
 previous autumn1 and the bees fed good 
honey or sugar1 no  loss would have been
 experienced4 ,at least it is           
significant that all  who did so1       
escaped1 even where their neighbors all 
failed4 ,nor less  so the fact that when
 ,i discovered eight of my twelve       
colonies dead1  and four more just      
alive1 ,i cleaned the remaining ones all
 out1 and to  one no worse nor better   
than the others ,i gave good capped     
honey stored  early the previous summer1
 while the others were left with their  
old  stores1 that one lived and gave the
 best record ,i have ever known1 the    
succeeding season1 while all the others 
died4    ,again1 suppose that after the 

basswood season in ,july1 there is no   
storing of honey1 either from want of   
space1 or from lack of bloom4 ,in  this 
case brood-rearing ceases4 ,yet if the  
weather is dry and warm1  as of course  
it will be in ,august and ,september1   
the bees continue to  wander about1     
death comes apace1 and by autumn the    
bees are reduced  in numbers1 old in    
days1 and illy prepared to brave the    
winter and  perform the duties of       
spring4 ,i fully believe that if all the
 colonies  of our ,state and country had
 been kept breeding by proper use of the
  extractor1 and feeding1 even till into
 ,october1 we should have had a         
different record1 especially as to      
spring dwindling1 and consequent  death4
 ,in the autumn of #ahgb ,i kept my bees
 breeding till the first of  ,october4  
,the following winter ,i had no loss1   
while my neighbors lost  all of their   
bees4    ,extremes of heat and cold are 
also detrimental to the bees4 ,if the   
temperature of the hive becomes too high

 the bees become restless1 fat  more    
than they ought1 and if confined to     
their hives are distended with  their   
fces1 become diseased1 besmear their    
comb and hives1 and die4 ,if  when they 
become thus disturbed1 they could have a
 purifying flight1  all would be well4  
,again1 if the temperature becomes      
extremely low1 the bees to keep up  the 
animal heat must take more food2 they   
are uneasy1 exhale much  moisture1 which
 may settle and freeze on the outer     
combs about the  cluster1 preventing the
 bees from getting the needed food1 and 
thus in  this case both dysentery and   
starvation confront the bees4 ,that able
  and far-seeing apiarist the lamented  
,m4 ,quinby1 was one of the first to    
discover this fact2 and here as         
elsewhere gave advice that if heeded1   
would have saved great loss and sore    
disappointment4    ,i have little doubt1
 in fact ,i know from actual            
investigation1 that in  the past severe 
winters1 those bees which under         

confinement have been  subject to severe
 extremes1 are the ones that have       
invariably perished4  ,had the bees been
 kept in a uniform temperature ranging  
from #ce to #de  ,f41 the record would  
have been materially changed4           
,excessive moisture1 too1 especially in 
cases of protracted cold1 is  always to 
be avoided4 ,bees1 like all other       
animals1 are constantly  giving off     
moisture1 which of course will be       
accelerated if the bees  become         
disturbed1 and are thus led to consume  
more food4 ,this moisture  not only acts
 as explained above1 but also induces   
fungous growths4 ,the  mouldy comb is   
not wholesome1 though it may never cause
 death4 ,hence  another necessity of    
sufficient warmth to drive this moisture
 from  the hive and some means to absorb
 it without opening the hive above  and 
permitting a current1 which will disturb
 the bees1 and cause the  greater       
consumption of honey4      ,,the        
,,requisite ,,to ,,safe                 

,,wintering--,,good ,,food4    ,to      
winter safely1 then1 demands that the   
bees have thirty pounds  by weight not  
guess--,i have known three cases when   
guessing meant  starvation--of good     
capped honey 7coffee ,a sugar is just as
 good74 ,if  desired this may be fed as 
previously explained1 which should be   
done  so early that all will be capped  
during the warm days of ,october4 ,let  
us be wary how we trust even            
crystallized glucose4 ,it might be safe 
during a warm winter1 when the bees     
would have frequent flights1 yet  prove 
disastrous in a cold winter4 ,let us use
 it cautiously till its  merits are     
assured4 ,i prefer1 too1 that some of   
the comb in the centre  of the hive has 
empty cells1 to give a better chance to 
cluster1 and  that all the combs have a 
small hole through the centre1 that the 
bees  may pass freely through4 ,this    
hole may simply be cut with a knife1 or 
a tin tube the size of one's finger may 
be driven through the comb1  and left in

 if desired1 in which case the comb     
should be pushed out  of the tube1 and  
the tube be no longer than the comb is  
thick4 ,this  perforatory work ,i always
 do early in ,october1 when ,i extract  
all  uncapped honey1 take out all frames
 after ,i have given them the #cj  lbs41
 by weight1 of honey1 confine the space 
with a division-board1  cover with the  
quilt and chaff1 and then leave         
undisturbed till the  cold of ,november 
calls for further care4      ,,secure   
,,late ,,breeding4    ,keep the bees    
breeding till the first of ,october4    
,except in years of  excessive drouth1  
this will occur in many parts of        
,michigan without  extra care4 ,failure 
may result from the presence of         
worthless queens4  ,any queens which    
seem not to be prolific should be       
superseded whenever  the fact becomes   
evident4 ,i regard this as most         
important4 ,few know  how much is lost  
by tolerating feeble1 impotent queens in
 the apiary1  whose ability can only    

keep the colonies alive4 ,never keep    
such queens  about4 ,here1 then1 is     
another reason for always keeping extra 
queens  on hand4 ,even with excellent   
queens1 a failure in the honey yield    
may cause breeding to cease4 ,in such   
cases1 we have only to feed as  directed
 under the head of feeding4      ,,to   
,,secure ,,and ,,maintain ,,the ,,proper
 ,,temperature4    ,we ought also to    
provide against extremes of temperature4
 ,it is  desirable to keep the          
temperature between #ce and #ej ,f4     
through the  entire winter1 from        
,november to ,april4 ,if no cellar or   
house is at  hand1 this maybe           
accomplished as follows3 ,some pleasant 
dry day in late  ,october or early      
,november1 raise the stand and place    
straw beneath2  then surround the hive  
with a box a foot outside the hive1 with
 movable  top and open on the east2 or  
else have a long wooden tube1 opposite  
the entrance1 to permit flight4 ,this   
tube should be six or eight  inches     

square1 to permit easy examination in   
winter4 ,the same end may  be gained by 
driving stakes and putting boards       
around4 ,when we crowd  between the box 
and the hive either straw1 chaff1 or    
shavings4 ,after  placing a good        
thickness of straw above the hive1 lay  
on the cover  of the box1 or cover with 
boards4 ,this preserves against changes 
of  temperature during the winter1 and  
also permits the bees to fly if it      
becomes necessary from a protracted     
period of warm winter weather4 ,i  have 
thus kept all my bees safely during two 
of the disastrous winters4    ,as there 
is at present no plan of wintering1     
which promises to serve  so well for all
 our apiarists1 in view of its          
cheapness1 ease1  convenience1 and      
universal efficiency1 ,i will describe  
in detail the  box now in use at the    
,college1 which costs only one dollar   
per hive1  and which is convenient to   
store away in summer4    ,illustration3 
,fig4 #aja4      ,,box ,,for ,,packing4 

,the sides of this 7,fig4 #aja1 a1 a71  
facing east and west are three  and a   
half feet long1 two feet high on the    
south end1 and two and a  half feet on  
the north4 ,they are in one piece1 which
 is secured by  nailing the boards which
 form them to cleats1 which are one inch
 from  the ends4 ,the north end 7,fig4  
#aja1 b7 is three feet by two and a     
half feet1 the south 7,fig4 #aja1 b71   
three feet by two1 and made the  same as
 are the sides4 ,the slanting top of the
 sides 7,fig4 #aja1 a1  a7 is made by   
using for the upper board1 the strip    
formed by sawing  diagonally from corner
 to corner a board six inches wide and  
three  feet long4 ,the cover 7,fig4     
#aja1 g71 which is removed in the       
figure1  is large enough to cover the   
top and project one inch at both ends4  
,it  should be battened1 and held in one
 piece by cleats 7,fig4 #aja1 h7  four  
inches wide1 nailed on to the ends4     
,these will drop over the ends  of the  
box1 and thus hold the cover in place1  

and prevent rain and snow  from driving 
in4 ,when in place this slanting cover  
permits the rain  to run off easily1 and
 will dry quickly after a storm4 ,by a  
single  nail at each corner the four    
sides may be tacked together about the  
hives1 when they can be packed in with  
straw 7,fig4 #aja71 which should  be    
carefully done if the day is cold1 so as
 not to disquiet the bees4  ,at the     
centre and bottom of the east side      
7,fig4 #aja1 c71 cut out a  square eight
 inches each way1 and between this and  
the hive place a  bottomless tube 7the  
top of this tube is represented as      
removed in  figure to show entrance to  
hive71 before putting around the straw  
and  adding the cover4 ,this box should 
be put in place before the bleak  cold  
days of ,november1 and retained in      
position till the stormy winds  of      
,april are passed by4 ,this permits the 
bees to fly when very warm  weather     
comes in winter or spring1 and requires 
no attention from the  apiarist4 ,by    

placing two or three hives close        
together in autumn--yet  never move the 
colonies more than three or four feet at
 any one time1  as such removals involve
 the loss of many bees--one box may be  
made to  cover all1 and at less expense4
 ,late in ,april these may be removed   
and  packed away1 and the straw carried 
away1 or removed a short distance  and  
burned4      ,,chaff ,,hives4           
,messrs4 ,townley1 ,butler1 ,root1 and  
others1 prefer chaff hives1 which  are  
simply double-walled hives1 with the    
four or five inch chambers  filled with 
chaff4 ,the objection to these ,i take  
to be3 ,first1 ,danger  that so limited 
a space would not answer in severe      
seasons2 ,second1  ,that such cumbrous  
hives would be inconvenient to handle in
 summer2  and1 ,third1 ,a matter of     
expense4 ,that they would in part supply
 the  place of shade1 is1 perhaps1 in   
their favor1 while ,mr4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root   
thinks they are not expensive4          
,,wintering ,,in ,,cellar ,,or ,,house4 

,with large apiaries the above method is
 expensive1 and specialists  may prefer 
a cellar or special depository1 which ,i
 think are quite as  safe1 though they  
demand attention and perhaps labor in   
winter4 ,after  my experience in the    
winter of #ahgd and #ahge1 losing all my
 bees by  keeping them in a house with  
double walls filled in with sawdust1 in 
which the thermometer indicated a       
temperature below zero for several      
weeks1 in which time my strongest       
colonies literally starved to death  in 
the manner already described1 ,i        
hesitate to recommend a house above     
ground for ,michigan1 though with very  
numerous colonies it might  do4 ,such a 
house must1 if it answer the purpose1   
keep an equable  temperature1 at least  
#c and not more than #aj above freezing1
 be  perfectly dark1 and ventilated with
 tubes above and below1 so arranged  as 
to be closed or opened at pleasure1 and 
not admit a ray of light4    ,a cellar  
in which we are sure of our ability to  

control the  temperature1 needs to be   
also dry1 dark1 and quiet1 and          
ventilated as  described above4 ,as     
already stated1 the ventilator to bring 
air may  well be made of tile1 and pass 
through the earth for some feet and then
  open at the bottom of the cellar4 ,if 
possible1 the ventilator that  carries  
the foul air off should be connected    
with a stove pipe in a  room above1 with
 its lower end reaching to the bottom of
 the cellar4  ,the ,college apiary      
cellar is grouted throughout1 which     
makes it more  dry and neat4 ,of course 
it should be thoroughly drained4    ,the
 colonies should be put into the        
depository when the hives are dry1      
before cold weather1 and should remain  
till ,april2 though in ,january  and    
,march1 if there are days that are warm1
 they should be taken out  and the bees 
permitted to fly1 though not unless they
 seem uneasy and  soil the entrance to  
their hives4 ,always when taken out they
 should  be placed on their old stands1 

so that no bees may be lost4 ,towards   
night1 when all are quiet1 return them  
to the cellar4 ,i would not  remove bees
 till towards night1 as it is better    
that they have a good  flight1 and then 
become quiet4 ,when moved out it is very
 desirable  to brush away all dead bees 
which is an argument in favor of a      
movable  bottom-board4 ,in moving the   
hives1 great care should be exercised   
not  to jar them4 ,it were better if the
 bees should not know that they were    
being moved at all4    ,that the        
moisture may be absorbed1 ,i cover the  
bees with a quilt1 made  of coarse      
factory cloth1 enclosing a layer of     
cotton batting4 ,above  this ,i fill in 
with straw which is packed in so closely
 that the cover  may be removed without 
the straw falling out4 ,if desirable the
 straw  may be cut--or chaff may be     
used--and may be confined in a bag made 
of  factory1 so that it resembles a     
pillow4 ,i now use these and like them4 
,this is not only an excellent          

absorbent1 but preserves the heat1 and  
may well remain1 till the following     
,june4    ,i have found it advantageous1
 when preparing my bees for winter1 in  
,october1 to contract the chamber by use
 of a division board4 ,this is  very    
desirable if wintered out doors1 and    
with frames a foot square is  very      
easily accomplished4 ,by use of eight   
frames the space 7one cubic  foot7 is   
very compact1 and serves to economize   
the heat1 not only in  winter1 but in   
spring4 ,by thus using a division board 
with only three  frames1 ,i have been   
very successful in wintering nuclei4 ,we
 have only  to guard against low        
temperature4    ,perhaps ,i ought to say
 that all colonies should be strong in  
autumn2  but ,i have said before1 never 
have weak colonies4 ,yet for fear some  
have been negligent4 ,i remark that weak
 colonies should be united in  preparing
 for winter4 ,to do this1 approximate   
the colonies each day  four or five feet
 till they are side by side4 ,now remove

 the poorest  queen1 then smoke         
thoroughly1 sprinkle both colonies with 
sweetened  water scented with essence of
 peppermint1 putting a sufficient number
  of the best frames and all the bees   
into one of the hives1 and then set     
this midway between the position of the 
hives at the commencement of  the       
uniting4 ,the bees will unite peaceably1
 and make a strong colony4  ,uniting    
colonies may pay at other seasons4 ,it  
may seem rash to some1  yet ,i fully    
believe that if the above suggestions   
are carried out in  full1 ,i may        
guarantee successful wintering4 ,but if 
we do lose our  bees--with all our      
hives1 combs and honey1 we can buy      
colonies in the  spring1 with a perfect 
certainty of making #bjj or #cjj per    
cent1 on  our investment4 ,even with the
 worst condition of things1 we are still
  ahead1 in way of profit1 of most other
 vocations4      ,,burying ,,bees4      
,another way to winter safely and very  
economically1 is to bury the  bees4 ,if 

this is practiced the ground should     
either be sandy or well  drained4 ,if we
 can choose a side-hill it should be    
done4 ,beneath the  hives and around    
them1 straw should be placed4 ,i should 
advise leaving  the entrance well open1 
yet secure against mice4 ,the hives     
should all  be placed beneath the       
surface level of the earth1 then form a 
mound  above them sufficient to preserve
 against extreme warmth or cold4 ,a     
trench about the mound to carry the     
water off quickly is desirable4 ,in     
this arrangement the ground acts as a   
moderator4 ,five colonies thus  treated 
the past winter1 7#ahgg-h7 lost all told
 less than one-half gill  of bees4 ,as  
this method has not been so long tried1 
as the others1 ,i  would suggest        
caution4 ,try it with a few colonies1   
till you are assured  as to the best    
arrangement1 and of its efficacy4 ,i am 
inclined to think  that it is next to a 
good snow-bank1 as a winter repository4 
,,spring ,,dwindling4    ,as already    

suggested1 this is not to be feared if  
we keep our bees  breeding till late    
autumn4 ,it may be further prevented by 
forbidding  late autumn flights1        
frequent flights in winter1 when the    
weather is  warm1 and too early flying  
in spring4 ,these may all be curtailed  
or  prevented by the packing system as  
described above1 as thus prepared  the  
bees will not feel the warmth1 and so   
will remain quiet in the  hive4 ,nine   
colonies which ,i have packed have been 
remarkably quiet1  and are in excellent 
condition this1 ,february #beth1 while  
two others  unpacked have flown day     
after day1 much1 ,i fear1 to their      
injury4 ,i  would leave bees in the     
packing till near ,may1 and in the      
cellar or  ground1 till early flowers   
bloom1 that we may secure against too   
rapid  demise of bees in spring4        
,,chapter ,,xviii4    ,,the ,,house     
,,apiary4      ,,description4    ,this  
is a double-walled house1 which may be  
rectangular or octagonal in  form4 ,the 

outer wall should be of brick1 and made 
as thin as possible4  ,inside of this   
there should be wooden strips two-inches
 thick1 which  should receive a layer of
 paper-sheeting inside1 which may be    
held by  nailing strips two-inches wide 
immediately inside the first mentioned  
strips4 ,these last strips should       
receive lath1 after which all should  be
 plastered4 ,this may cost more than a  
purely wooden structure1 but  it will be
 more nearly frost-proof than any other 
kind of wall1 and in  the end will be   
the cheapest4 ,there will be two dead   
air-chambers1 each  two inches deep1 one
 between the paper and brick1 the other 
between the  paper and the plaster4 ,the
 entire wall will be at least eight     
inches  thick4 ,if desired1 it may be   
made less thick by using one-inch       
strips1  though for our very severe     
winters the above is none too thick4    
,the  doors and windows should be double
 and should all shut closely against    
rubber4 ,the outer ones should consist  

of glass1 and should be so hung  as to  
swing out1 and in hot weather should be 
replaced with door1 and  window-screens1
 of coarse1 painted1 wire gauze4 ,a     
small window just  above each colony of 
bees is quite desirable4    ,somewhere  
in the walls there should be a          
ventilating tube--a brick flue  would be
 very good--which should open into the  
room just above the  floor4 ,above it   
might open into the attic1 which should 
be well aired4  ,ventilators such as are
 so common on barns might be used4      
,the pipe for admitting air1 should1 as 
in the cellar before described1  pass   
through the ground and enter the floor  
from below4 ,a good cellar1  well       
ventilated and thoroughly dry will be   
convenient1 and should not  be          
neglected4 ,i would have the building   
but one story1 with joists  in ceiling  
above eight inches thick4 ,above these  
,i would sheet with  building paper1    
fastened by nailing strips two inches   
deep on top1  above which ,i would ceil 

with matched boards4 ,i should lath and 
plaster  below the joists4 ,the hives1  
which are to be kept constantly in this 
house1 may rest on two rows of shelves1 
one at the floor1 the other  three feet 
high1 and should be arranged for both   
top and side storing  in the small      
section frames4 ,indeed1 the hive need  
only consist of  the two rabbeted       
side-boards 7,fig4 #cj1 c71 and a       
division-board  with quilt4 ,the        
entrances of course pass through the    
wall4 ,an  alighting-board1 so hinged as
 to be let down in summer1 but tightly  
closed over the entrance during very    
severe winter weather1 ,i should  think 
would be very desirable4 ,between the   
double windows1 which it  will be       
remembered shut closely against rubber1 
sacks of chaff may be  placed in winter1
 if found necessary to keep the proper  
temperature4  ,with few colonies this   
might be very necessary4 ,the adjacent  
entrances  should vary in color1 so that
 young queens would not go astray1 when 

they returned from their ,marriage      
flight4      ,,are ,,they ,,desirable8  
,as yet1 ,i think this question cannot  
be answered4 ,some who have tried  them1
 among whom are ,messrs4 ,russell and   
,heddon1 of this ,state1  pronounce     
against them4 ,perhaps they have faulty 
houses1 perhaps they  have had too brief
 an experience to judge correctly4      
,others1 among whom  are ,messrs4 ,a4   
,i4 ,root1 ,burch1 and ,nellis1 have    
tried them1 and are  loud in their      
favor4 ,i think these first trials are  
hardly conclusive1  as perfection seldom
 comes in any system with the first     
experience4  ,that the early use of     
these houses has met with so much favor1
 seems  to argue that with more         
experience1 and greater perfection1 they
 may  become popular4 ,yet ,i would urge
 people to be slow to adopt these       
costly houses1 as enough will do so to  
thoroughly test the matter2  when1 if   
they prove a desideratum1 all can build2
 whereas1 if they  prove worthless1 we  

shall not have to regret money          
squandered1 in the  adoption of what was
 of doubtful value4      ,,the ,,case   
,,as ,,it ,,now ,,stands4    ,the       
desirable points as they now appear1    
are3 ,first4 ,the bees are in  condition
 to winter with no trouble or anxiety4  
,second4 ,the bees  are handled in the  
house1 and as they fly at once to the   
windows1  where they can be suffered to 
escape1 they are very easily and safely 
handled1 even with little or no         
protection4 ,third4 ,as we can extract1 
manipulate honey boxes1 etc41 right in  
the same house1 it is desirable  on the 
score of convenience4 ,fourth4 ,as the  
bees are protected from  the sudden rise
 of the out-door temperature1 they will 
be kept from  frequent flights during   
the cold1 forbidding days of fall1      
winter and  spring1 and will thus be    
more secure against spring dwindling4   
,fifth4  ,as the bees are so independent
 of out-door heat1 because of the thick 
walls1 with intervening-air-spaces1 they

 are found less inclined to  swarm4     
,sixth4 ,we can lock our house1 and know
 that thieves cannot steal  our         
hard-earned property4    ,the objections
 to them are3 ,first4 ,the bees leave   
the hives while being  handled1 crawl   
about the house1 from which it is       
difficult to dislodge  them1 especially 
the young bees4 ,this objection may     
disappear with  improved houses and     
practice4 ,second4 ,in very severe      
winters1 like that  of #ahgd and #ahge1 
they may not offer sufficient           
protection1 yet they  would be much     
safer than chaff hives1 as there would  
be many colonies  all mutually helping  
each other to maintain the requisite    
temperature1  and the walls might be    
even thicker than specified above1      
without  any serious inconvenience4     
,third4 ,some think it pleasanter and   
more  desirable to handle bees          
out-doors1 where all is unconfined4     
,fourth4  ,the cost of the house2 yet   
this is only for once in a life-time1   

and  saves providing shade1 sawdust1    
packing-boxes1 complex hives1 etc4      
,so1 we see the question is too complex 
to be settled except by careful         
experiment1 and this1 too1 for a series 
of years4 ,there are so many now  in use
 in the various ,states1 that the       
question must soon be settled4 ,i       
predict that these structures will grow 
more and more into favor4               
,,chapter ,,xix4    ,,evils ,,that      
,,confront ,,the ,,apiarist4      ,there
 are various dangers that are likely to 
vex the apiarist1 and even  to stand in 
the way of successful apiculture4--,yet1
 with knowledge1  most1 if not all of   
these evils may be wholly vanquished4   
,among these  are3 ,robbing among the   
bees1 disease1 and depredations from    
other  animals4      ,,robbing4    ,this
 is a trouble that often very greatly   
annoys the inexperienced4  ,bees only   
rob at such times as the general        
scarcity of nectar forbids  honest      
gains4 ,when the question comes3 ,famine

 or theft1 like many  another1 they are 
not slow to choose the latter4 ,it is   
often induced by  working with the bees 
at such times1 especially if honey is   
scattered  about or left lying around   
the apiary4 ,it is especially to be     
feared in  spring1 when colonies are apt
 to be weak in both honey and bees1 and 
thus are unable to protect their own    
meager stores4 ,the remedies for  this  
evil are not far to seek3    ,first4    
,strong colonies are very rarely        
molested1 and are almost sure  to defend
 themselves against marauders2 hence1 it
 is only the weaklings  of the          
apiarist's flock that are in danger4    
,therefore1 regard for our  motto1 ,keep
 all colonies strong1 will secure       
against harm from this  cause4          
,second4 ,italians1 as before stated1   
are fully able1 and quite as ready1  to 
protect their rights against neighboring
 tramps4 ,woe be to the  thieving bee   
that dares to violate the sacred rights 
of the home of  our beautiful ,italians4

 ,for such temerity is almost sure to   
cost the  intruder its life4    ,but    
weak colonies1 like our nuclei1 and     
those too of black bees1 are  still     
easily kept from harm4 ,usually1 the    
closing of the entrance so  that but a  
single bee can pass through1 is all     
sufficient4 ,with the  hive we have     
recommended1 this is easily accomplished
 by simply moving  the hive back4       
,another way to secure such colonies    
against robbing is to move them  into   
the cellar for a few days4 ,this is a   
further advantage1 as less  food is     
eaten1 and the strength of the          
individual bees is conserved by  the    
quiet1 and as there is no nectar in the 
fields no loss is suffered4    ,in all  
the work of the apiary at times of no   
honey gathering1 we cannot  be too      
careful to keep all honey from the bees 
unless placed in the  hives4 ,the hives1
 too1 should not be kept open long at a 
time4 ,neat1  quick work should be the  
watch-word4 ,during times when robbers  

are  essaying to practice their         
nefarious designs1 the bees are likely  
to be  more than usually irritable1 and 
likely to resent intrusion2 hence the   
importance of more than usual caution1  
if it is desired to introduce a  queen4 
,,disease4    ,the common               
dysentery--indicated by the bees soiling
 their hives1 as  they void their feces 
within instead of without--which has    
been so  free1 of late1 to work havoc in
 our apiaries1 is1 without doubt1 ,i    
think1 consequent upon wrong management 
on the part of the apiarist1 as  already
 suggested in ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,as the  
methods to prevent this have  already   
been sufficiently considered1 we pass to
 the terrible      ,,foul ,,brood4      
,this disease1 said to have been known  
to ,aristotle--though this is  doubtful1
 as a stench attends common             
dysentery--though it has occurred  in   
our ,state as well as in ,states about  
us1 is not familiar to me1 ,i  having   
never seen but one case1 and that on    

,kelly's ,island1 in the  summer of     
#ahge1 where ,i found it had reduced the
 colonies on that  ,island to two4 ,no  
bee malady can compare with this in     
malignancy4 ,by  it ,dzierzon once lost 
his whole apiary of #ejj colonies4--,mr4
 ,e4 ,rood1  first ,president of the    
,michigan ,association1 has lost his    
bees two or  three times by this same   
terrible plague4    ,the symptoms are as
 follows3 ,decline in the prosperity of 
the colony1  because of failure to rear 
brood4 ,the brood seems to putrefy1     
becomes  brown and salvy1 and gives off 
a stench1 which is by no means          
agreeable1 while later1 the caps are    
concave instead of convex1 and  have a  
little hole through them4    ,there is  
no longer any doubt as to the cause of  
this fearful plague4  ,like the fell    
,pebrine1 which came so near            
exterminating the silk  worm1 and a most
 lucrative and extensive industry in    
,europe1 it1 as  conclusively shown by  
,drs4 ,preusz and ,shnfeld1 of ,germany1

 is the  result of fungous or vegetable 
growth4 ,shnfeld not only infected      
healthy bee larv1 but those of other    
insects1 both by means of the           
putrescent foul brood1 and by taking the
 spores4    ,fungoid growths are very   
minute1 and the spores are so           
infinitesimally  small as often to elude
 the sharp detection of the expert      
microscopist4  ,most of the terrible1   
contagious diseases that human flesh is 
heir to1  like typhus1 diphtheria1      
cholera1 small pox1 c41 c41 are now     
thought  to be due to microscopic germs1
 and hence to be spread from home to    
home1 and from hamlet to hamlet1 it is  
only necessary that the spores1  the    
minute seeds1 either by contact or by   
some sustaining air current1  be brought
 to new soil of flesh blood or other    
tissue--their garden  spot--when they at
 once spring into growth1 and thus lick 
up the very  vitality of their victims4 
,the huge mushroom will grow in a night4
 ,so  too1 these other plants--the      

disease germs--will develop with        
marvelous  rapidity2 and hence the      
horrors of yellow fever1 scarlatina1 and
  cholera4    ,to cure such diseases1   
the fungi must be killed4 ,to prevent   
their  spread1 the spores must be       
destroyed1 or else confined4 ,but as    
these  are so small1 so light1 and so   
invisible--easily borne and wafted by   
the slightest zephyr of summer1 this is 
often a matter of the utmost            
difficulty4    ,in ,foul ,brood these   
germs feed on the larv of the bees1 and 
thus  convert life and vigor into death 
and decay4 ,if we can kill this         
miniature forest of the hive1 and       
destroy the spores1 we shall  extirpate 
the terrible plague4      ,,remedies4   
,if we can find a substance that will   
prove fatal to the fungi1  and yet not  
injure the bees1 the problem is solved4 
,our ,german  scientists--those masters 
in scientific research and discovery1   
have  found this valuable fungicide in  
salicylic acid1 an extract from the     

same willows that give us pollen and    
nectar4 ,this cheap white powder is     
easily soluble in alcohol1 and when     
mixed with borax in water4    ,mr4      
,hilbert1 one of the most thoughtful of 
,german bee-keepers1 was  the first to  
effect a radical cure of foul brood in  
his apiary by  the use of this          
substance4 ,he dissolved fifty grains of
 the acid in  five hundred grains of    
pure spirits4 ,one drop of this in a    
grain of  distilled water is the mixture
 he applied4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,muth1 from   
whom  the above facts as to ,herr       
,hilbert are gathered1 suggests a       
variation  in the mixture4    ,mr4 ,muth
 suggests an improvement1 which takes   
advantage of the fact  that the acid1   
which alone is very insoluble in water1 
is1 when  mixed with borax1 soluble4    
,his recipe is as follows3 ,one hundred 
and  twenty-eight grains of salicylic   
acid1 one hundred and twenty-eight      
grains of soda borax1 and sixteen ounces
 distilled water4 ,there is no  reason  

why water without distillation should   
not do as well4    ,this remedy is      
applied as follows3 ,first uncap all the
 brood1 then  throw the fluid over the  
comb in a fine spray4 ,this will not    
injure the  bees1 but will prove fatal  
to the fungi4    ,if the bees are       
removed to an empty hive1 and given no  
comb for three  or four days1 till they 
have digested all the honey in their    
stomachs1  and then prevented visiting  
the affected hive1 they are said to be  
out of danger4 ,it would seem that the  
spores are in the honey1 and  by taking 
that1 the contagion is administered to  
the young bees4 ,the  honey may be      
purified from these noxious germs1 by   
subjecting it to  the boiling           
temperature1 which is generally1 if not 
always1 fatal to  the spores of fungoid 
life4 ,by immersing the combs in a      
salicylic acid  solution1 or sprinkling 
them with the same1 they would be       
rendered  sterile1 and could be used    
without much fear of spreading          

contagion4  ,the disease is probably    
spread by robber bees visiting affected 
hives1  and carrying with them in the   
honey the fatal germs4    ,i have found 
that a paste made of gum tragacanth and 
water is very  superior1 and ,i much    
prefer it for either general or special 
use to  gum ,arabic4 ,yet it soon       
sours--which means that it is nourishing
 these  fungoid plants--and thus becomes
 disagreeable4 ,i have found that a     
very little salicylic acid will render  
it sterile1 and thus preserve it        
indefinitely4      ,,enemies ,,of       
,,bees4    ,swift was no mean           
entomologist1 as shown in the following 
stanza3        ,the little fleas that do
 us tease1         ,have lesser fleas to
 bite them1       ,and these again have 
lesser fleas1         ,and so ad        
infinitum4    ,bees are no exception to 
this law1 as they have to brave the     
attacks of  reptiles1 birds1 and other  
insects4 ,in fact1 they are beset with  
perils  at home1 and perils abroad1     

perils by night and perils by day4      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4      ,,the   
,,bee ,,moth--,galleria ,cereana1 ,fabr4
    ,this insect belongs to the family  
of snout moths1 ,pyralid4 ,this snout   
is not the tongue1 but the palpi1 which 
fact was not known by ,mr4  ,langstroth1
 who is usually so accurate1 as he      
essayed to correct ,dr4  ,harris1 who   
stated correctly1 that the tongue1 the  
ligula1 was very  short and hardly      
visible4 ,this family includes the      
destructive hop  moth1 and the noxious  
meal and clover moths1 and its members  
are very  readily recognized by their   
unusually long palpi1 the so-called     
snouts4    ,illustration3 ,fig1 #ajc4   
,the eggs of the bee moth are white1    
globular and very small4 ,these  are    
usually pushed into crevices by the     
female moth as she extrudes  them1 which
 she can easily do by aid of her        
spy-glass-like ovipositor4  ,they may be
 laid in the hive1 in the crevice       
underneath it or about  the             

entrance4--,soon these eggs hatch1 when 
the gray1 dirty looking  caterpillars1  
with brown heads1 seek the comb on which
 they feed4 ,to  better protect         
themselves from the bees1 they wrap     
themselves in a  silken tube 7,fig4     
#ajb7 which they have power to spin4    
,they remain in  this tunnel of silk    
during all their growth1 enlarging it as
 they eat4  ,by looking closely1 the    
presence of these larv may be known by  
this  robe of glistening silk1 as it    
extends in branching outlines 7,fig4    
#ajc7  along the surface of the comb4 ,a
 more speedy detection1 even1 than the  
defaced comb1 comes from the particles  
of comb1 intermingled with the          
powder-like droppings of the            
caterpillars1 which will always be seen 
on  the bottom-board in case the        
moth-larv are at work4 ,soon1 in three  
or  four weeks1 the larv are full grown 
7,fig1 #ajd74 ,now the six jointed1  and
 the ten prop-legs--making sixteen in   
all1 the usual number of                

caterpillars--are plainly visible4      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4    ,these    
larv are about an inch long1 and show1  
by their plump  appearance1 that they at
 least1 can digest comb4 ,they now spin 
their  cocoons1 either in some crevice  
about the hive1 or1 if very numerous1   
singly 7,fig4 #aje1 a7 or in clusters   
7,fig4 #aje1 b7 on the comb1 or  even in
 the drone-cells 7,fig4 #aje1 c7 in     
which they become pup1 and  in two      
weeks1 even less1 sometimes1 during the 
extreme heat of summer1  the moths again
 appear4 ,in winter1 they may remain as 
pup for months4  ,the moths or          
millers--sometimes incorrectly called   
moth-millers--are  of an obscure gray   
color1 and thus so mimic old boards1    
that they  are very readily passed      
unobserved by the apiarist4 ,they are   
about  three-fourths of an inch long1   
and expand 7,fig4 #ajf7 nearly one and  
one-fourth inches4 ,the females 7,fig4  

#ajg7 are darker than the males  7,fig4 
#ajg71 possess a longer snout1 and are  
usually a little larger4  ,the wings1   
when the moths are quiet 7,fig4 #ajg7   
are flat on the back for  a narrow      
space1 then slope very abruptly4 ,they  
rest by day1 yet1 when  disturbed1 will 
dart forth with great swiftness1 so     
,raumur styled them  nimble-footed4     
,they are active by night1 when they    
essay to enter the  hive and deposit    
their one or two hundred eggs4 ,if the  
females are held  in the hand they will 
often extrude their eggs2 in fact1 they 
have been  known to do this even after  
the head and thorax were severed from   
the  abdomen1 and still more strange1   
while the latter was being dissected4   
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg4    ,it is    
generally stated that these are         
two-brooded1 the first moths  occurring 
in ,may1 the second in ,august4 ,yet1 as
 ,i have seen these moths  in every     
month from ,may to ,september1 and as ,i
 have proved by actual  observation that

 they may pass from egg to moth in less 
than six weeks1  ,i think under         
favorable conditions there may be even  
three broods a  year4 ,it is true that  
the varied conditions of temperature--as
 the moth  larv may grow in a deserted  
hive1 in one with few bees1 or one      
crowded  with bee life--will have much  
to do with the rapidity of development4 
,circumstances may so retard growth and 
development that there may not  be more 
than two1 and possibly1 in extreme      
cases1 more than one brood  in a season4
    ,it is stated by ,mr ,quinby that a 
freezing temperature will kill these    
insects in all stages1 while ,mr4       
,betsinger thinks that a deserted hive  
is safe1 neither of which assertions are
 correct4 ,i have seen hives1  whose    
bees were killed by the severe winter1  
crowded with moth pup or  chrysalids the
 succeeding summer4 ,i have subjected   
both larv and pup  to the freezing      
temperature without injuring them4 ,i   
believe1 in very  mild winters1 the moth

 and the chrysalids might be so         
protected as to  escape unharmed1 even  
outside the hive4 ,it is probable too1  
that the  insects may pass the winter in
 any one of the various stages4         
,,history4    ,these moths were known to
 writers of antiquity1 as even          
,aristotle tells  of their injuries4    
,they are wholly of oriental origin1 and
 are often  referred to by ,european    
writers as a terrible pest4 ,dr4        
,kirtland1 the  able scientist1 the     
first ,president of our ,american ,bee  
,convention1  whose decease we have just
 had to mourn1 once said in a letter to 
,mr4  ,langstroth1 that the moth was    
first introduced into ,america in #ahje1
  though bees had been introduced long  
before4 ,they first seemed to be  very  
destructive4 ,it is quite probable1 as  
has been suggested1 that the  bees had  
to learn to fear and repel them2 for1   
unquestionably1 bees do  grow in        
wisdom4--,in fact1 may not the whole of 
instinct be inherited  knowledge1 which 

once had to be acquired by the animal4  
,surely bees  and other animals learn to
 battle new enemies1 and vary their     
habits  with changed conditions1 and    
they also transmit this knowledge and   
their acquired habits to their          
offspring1 as illustrated by setter  and
 pointer dogs4 ,in time1 may not this   
account for all those varied  actions1  
usually ascribed to instinct8 ,at least1
 ,i believe the bee to  be a creature of
 no small intelligence4      ,,remedies4
    ,in ,europe1 late writers give very 
little space to this moth4 ,once  a     
serious pest1 it has now ceased to      
alarm1 or even disquiet the  intelligent
 apiarist4 ,in fact1 we may almost call 
it a blessed evil1 as  it will destroy  
the bees of the heedless1 and thus      
prevent injury to  the markets by their 
unsalable honey1 while to the attentive 
bee-keeper  it will work no injury at   
all4 ,neglect and ignorance are the moth
  breeders4    ,as already stated1      
,italian bees are rarely injured by     

moths1 and strong  colonies never4 ,as  
the enterprising apiarist will only     
possess these1  it is clear that he is  
free from danger4 ,the intelligent      
apiarist will  also provide1 not only   
against weak1 but queenless colonies as 
well1  which from their abject          
discouragement1 are the surest victims  
to moth  invasion4 ,knowing that        
destruction is sure1 they seem1 if not  
to court  death1 to make no effort to   
delay it4    ,in working with bees1 an  
occasional web will be seen glistening  
in the comb1 which should be picked out 
with a knife till the  manufacturer--the
 ruthless larva--is found1 when it      
should be crushed4  ,any larva seen     
about the bottom board1 seeking a place 
to spin its  cocoon1 or any pup1 either 
on comb or in crack1 should also be     
killed4  ,if1 through carelessness1 a   
colony has become hopelessly victimized 
by these filthy1 stinking1 wax          
devourers1 then the bees and any combs  
not attacked should be transferred to   

another hive1 after which the  old hive 
should be sulphured by use of the       
smoker1 as before described  7page      
#baf71 then by giving one or two each of
 the remaining combs to  strong         
colonies1 after killing any pup that may
 be on them1 they will  be cleaned and  
used1 while by giving the enfeebled     
colony brood1 if it  has any vigor      
remaining1 and if necessary a good      
queen1 it will soon be  rejoicing in    
strength and prosperity4    ,we have    
already spoken of caution as to comb    
honey and frames of comb  7page #baf71  
and so need not speak further of them4  
,,bee ,,killer--,asilus ,missouriensis1 
,riley4    ,this is a two-winged fly1 of
 the predacious family ,asilid1 which   
attacks1 and takes captive the bee and  
then feeds upon its fluids4 ,it  is     
confined to the southern part of our    
country4    ,the fly 7,fig4 #ajh7 has a 
long1 pointed abdomen1 strong wings1 and
 is  very powerful4 ,i have seen an     
allied species attack and overcome the  

powerful tiger-beetle1 whereupon ,i took
 them both with my net1 and now  have   
them pinned1 as they were captured1 in  
our ,college cabinet4 ,these  flies     
delight in the warm sunshine1 are very  
quick on the wing1 and are  thus not    
easily captured4 ,it is to be hoped that
 they will not become  very numerous4   
,if they should1 ,i hardly know how they
 could be kept  from their evil work4   
,frightening them1 or catching with a   
net might  be tried1 yet these methods  
would irritate the bees1 and need to be 
tried before they are recommended4 ,i   
have received specimens of this  fly    
from nearly every ,southern ,state4     
,there are very similar flies  ,north1  
belonging to the same genus1 but as yet 
we have no account of  their attacking  
bees1 though such a habit might easily  
be acquired1 and  attacks here would not
 be surprising4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#ajh4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aji4     
,imago4 ,larva4                         
,,bee-,,louse--,branla ,cca1 ,nitsch4   

,this louse 7,fig4 #aji7 is a wingless  
,dipteron1 and one of the uniques  among
 insects4 ,it is a blind1 spider-like   
parasite1 and serves as  a very good    
connecting link between insects and     
spiders1 or1 still  better1 between the 
,diptera1 where it belongs1 and the     
,hemiptera1 which  contains the bugs and
 most of the lice4 ,it assumes the      
semi-pupa  state almost as soon as      
hatched1 and strangest of all1 is1      
considering  the size of the bee on     
which it lives1 and from which it sucks 
its  nourishment1 enormously large4 ,two
 or three1 and sometimes even more1     
7the new ,encyclopedia ,britannica says 
#ej or #ajj71 are often found on  a     
single bee4 ,when we consider their     
great size we cannot wonder that  they  
very soon devitalize the bees4          
,these1 as yet1 have done little damage1
 except in the south of  ,continental   
,europe4 ,the fact that they have not   
become naturalized  in the northern part
 of the ,continent1 ,england or         

,america1 would go  to show that there  
is something inimical to their welfare  
in our  climate1 especially as they are 
constantly being introduced1 coming as  
hangers-on to our imported bees4 ,within
 a year ,i have received them  from no  
less than three sources--twice from ,new
 ,york and once from                    
,pennsylvania--each time taken from bees
 just received from ,italy4 ,the  only  
way that ,i could suggest to rid bees of
 them would be to make the  entrance to 
the hive small1 so that as the bees     
enter1 they would be  scraped off4      
,,important ,,suggestion4    ,in view of
 the serious nature of this pest and the
 difficulty in the  way of its          
extinction1 ,i would urge importers1 and
 people receiving  imported queens1 to  
be very careful to see that these lice1 
which1  from their size1 are so easily  
discovered1 are surely removed before   
any queen harboring them is introduced4 
,this advice is especially  important1  
in view of the similarity in climate of 

our own beautiful  ,south1 to the sunny 
slopes of ,france and ,italy4 ,very     
likely the lice  could not flourish in  
our ,southern ,states1 but there would  
be great  cause to fear the results of  
its introduction into our ,eldorado1 the
  genial ,states of the ,west4 ,in      
,california1 they might be even worse   
than  the drouth1 as they might come as 
a permanent1 not a temporary evil4      
,,bee ,,hawk--,libellula4    ,this      
large1 fine lace wing is a neuropterous 
insect4 ,it works in the  ,southern     
,states and is called                   
,mosquito-hawk4--,insects of the same   
genus are called dragon flies1 devil's1 
darning-needles1 c4 ,these are          
exceedingly predacious4 ,in fact1 the   
whole sub-order is insectivorous4  ,from
 its four netted1 veined wings1 we can  
tell it at once from  the asilus before 
mentioned1 which has but two wings4 ,the
 ,bee or  ,mosquito-hawk is resplendent 
with metallic green1 while the ,bee     
,killer  is of sober gray4 ,the         

,mosquito ,hawk is not inaptly named1 as
 it not  only preys on other insects1   
swooping down upon them with the        
dexterity  of a hawk1 but its graceful  
gyrations1 as it sports in the warm     
sunshine at noonday1 are not unlike     
those of our graceful hawks and         
falcons4 ,these insects are found most  
abundant near water1 as they lay  their 
eggs in water1 where the larv live and  
feed upon other animals4  ,the larv are 
peculiar in breathing by gills in their 
rectum4 ,the same  water that bathes    
these organs and furnishes oxygen1 is   
sent out in a  jet1 and thus sends the  
insect darting along4 ,the larv also    
possess  enormous jaws1 which formidable
 weapons are masked till it is desired  
to use them1 when the dipper-shaped mask
 is dropped or unhinged and the         
terrible jaws open and close upon the   
unsuspecting victim1 which has  but a   
brief time to bewail its temerity4    ,a
 writer from ,georgia1 in ,gleanings1   
volume #f1 page #ce1 states that  these 

destroyers are easily scared away1 or   
brought down by boys with  whips1 who   
soon become as expert in capturing the  
insects1 as are the  latter in seizing  
the bees4 ,the insects are very wild and
 wary1 and ,i  should suppose this      
method would be very efficient4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj4              
,,tachina ,,fly4    ,from descriptions  
which ,i have received1 ,i feel certain 
that there is a  two-winged fly1        
probably of the genus ,tachina 7,fig4   
#aaj71 that works  on bees4 ,i have     
never seen these1 though ,i have        
repeatedly requested  those who have1 to
 send them to me4 ,my friend1 ,mr4 ,j4  
,l4 ,davis1 put  some sick looking bees 
into a cage1 and hatched the flies which
 he  told me looked not unlike a small  
house fly4 ,it is the habit of these    
flies1 which belong to the same family  
as our house flies1 which they  much    
resemble1 to lay their eggs on other    
insects4 ,their young1 upon  hatching1  
burrow into the insect that is being    

victimized1 and grow  by eating it4 ,it 
would be difficult to cope with this    
evil1 should it  become of great        
magnitude4 ,we may well hope that this  
habit of eating  bees is an exceptional 
one with it4      ,,spiders4    ,these  
sometimes spread their nets so as to    
capture bees4 ,if  porticos--which are1 
,i think1 worse than a useless          
expense--are  omitted1 there will very  
seldom be any cause for complaints      
against the  spiders1 which on the whole
 are friends4 ,as the bee-keeper who    
would  permit spiders to worry his bees 
would not read books1 ,i will discuss   
this subject no further4      ,,ants4   
,these cluster about the hives in spring
 for warmth1 and seldom1 if  ever1 ,i   
think1 do any harm4 ,should the apiarist
 feel nervous1 he can  very readily     
brush them away1 or destroy them by use 
of any of the  fly poisons which are    
kept in the markets4 ,as these poisons  
are made  attractive by adding sweets1  
we must be careful to preclude the bees 

from gaining access to them4 ,as we     
should use them in spring1 and as we    
then need to keep the quilt or          
honey-board close above the bees1 and   
as the ants cluster above the brood     
chamber1 it is not difficult to         
practice poisoning4 ,one year ,i tried  
,paris green with perfect success4      
,,wasps4    ,i have never seen bees     
injured by wasps4 ,in the ,south1 as in 
,europe1 we  hear of such depredations4 
,i have received wasps1 sent by our     
southern  brothers1 which were caught   
destroying bees4 ,the wasps are very    
predacious1 and do immense benefit by   
capturing and eating our insect  pests4 
,i have seen wasps carry off            
currant-worms with a celerity that  was 
most refreshing4    ,as the solitary    
wasps are too few in numbers to do much 
damage--even if  they ever do any--any  
great damage which may occur would      
doubtless come  from the social         
paper-makers4 ,in this case1 we have    
only to find the  nests and apply the   

torch1 or hold the muzzle of a shot-gun 
to the nest  and shoot4 ,this should be 
done at night-fall when the wasps have  
all  gathered home4 ,let us not forget  
that the wasps do much good1 and so  not
 practice wholesale slaughter unless we 
have strong evidence against  them4     
,,the ,,king ,,bird--,tyrannus          
,carolinensis4    ,this bird1 often     
called the bee-martin1 is one of the    
fly-catchers1 a  very valuable family of
 birds1 as they are wholly              
insectivorous1 and  do immense good by  
destroying our insect pests4 ,the king  
bird is the  only one of them in the    
,united ,states that deserves censure4  
,another1  the chimney swallow of       
,europe1 has the same evil habit4 ,our  
chimney  swallow has no evil ways4 ,i am
 sure1 from personal observation1 that  
these birds capture and eat the workers1
 as well as drones2 and ,i dare  say1   
they would pay no more respect to the   
finest ,italian ,queen4 ,yet1  in view  
of the good that these birds do1 unless 

they are far more  numerous and         
troublesome than ,i have ever observed  
them to be1 ,i should  certainly be slow
 to recommend the death warrant4        
,,the ,,toads4    ,the same may be said 
of the toads1 which may often be seen   
sitting  demurely at the entrance of the
 hives1 and lapping up the full-laden   
bees with the lightning-like movement of
 their tongues1 in a manner  which can  
but be regarded with interest1 even by  
him who suffers loss4  ,mr4 ,moon1 the  
well known apiarist1 made this an       
objection to low hives2  yet1 the       
advantage of such hives far more than   
compensates1 and with a  bottom-board1  
such as described in the chapter on     
hives1 we shall find  that the toads do 
very little damage4      ,,mice4        
,these little pests are a consummate    
nuisance about the apiary4 ,they  enter 
the hives in winter1 mutilate the comb1 
irritate1 perhaps  destroy1 the bees1   
and create a very offensive stench4     
,they often  greatly injure comb which  

is outside the hive1 destroy smokers1 by
  eating the leather off the bellows1   
and if they get at the seeds of  honey  
plants1 they never retreat till they    
make a complete work of  destruction4   
,in the house and cellar1 these plagues 
should be1 by use of eat or  trap1      
completely exterminated4 ,if we winter  
on the summer stands1 the  entrance     
should be so contracted that mice cannot
 enter the hive4 ,in  case of packing as
 ,i have recommended1 ,i should prefer a
 more ample  opening1 which may be      
safely secured by taking a piece of wire
 cloth  or perforated tin1 and tacking  
it over the entrance1 letting it come   
within one-fourth of an inch of the     
bottom-board4 ,this will give more  air1
 and still preclude the entrance of     
these miserable vermin4 7,see           
,appendix1 page #bic74                  
,,chapter ,,xx4    ,,calendar ,,and     
,,axioms4      ,,work ,,for ,,different 
,,months4#a    ,footnote #a3 ,these     
dates are arranged for the ,northern    

,states1 where  the fruit trees blossom 
about the first of ,may4 ,by noting     
these  flowers1 the dates can be easily 
changed to suit any locality    ,though 
every live apiarist will take one1 at   
least1 of the three  excellent journals 
relating to this art1 printed in our    
country1 in  which the necessary work of
 each month will be detailed1 yet it may
 be  well to give some brief hints in   
this place4      ,,january4    ,during  
this month the bees will need little    
attention4--,should the  bees in the    
cellar or depository become uneasy1     
which will not happen  if the requisite 
precautions are taken1 and there come a 
warm day1 it  were well to set them on  
their summer stands1 that they may enjoy
 a  purifying flight4 ,at night when all
 are again quiet return them to the     
cellar4--,while out ,i would clean the  
bottom-boards1 especially if there  are 
many dead bees4 ,this is the time1 too1 
to read1 visit1 study and  plan for the 
ensuing season's work4      ,,february4 

,no advice is necessary further than    
that given for ,january1 though if  the 
bees have a good fly in ,january1 they  
will scarcely need attention  in this   
month4 ,the presence of snow on the     
ground need not deter the  apiarist from
 giving his bees a flight1 providing the
 day is warm and  still4 ,it is better  
to let them alone if they are quiet4    
,,march4    ,bees should still be kept  
housed1 and those outside still retain  
about  them the packing of straw1       
shavings1 c4 ,frequent flights do no    
good1  and wear out the bees4 ,colonies 
that are uneasy1 and besmear their      
hives should be set out1 and allowed a  
good flight and then returned4    ,the  
colony or colonies from which we desire 
to rear queens and drones  should now be
 fed1 to stimulate breeding4 ,by careful
 pruning1 too1  we may and should       
prevent the rearing of drones in any but
 the best  colonies4 ,if from lack of   
care the previous autumn1 any of our    
stocks  are short of stores1 now is when

 it will be felt4 ,in such cases feed   
either honey1 sugar1 syrup1 or place    
candy on top of the frames beneath  the 
quilt4      ,,april4    ,early in this  
month the bees may all be set out4 ,it  
will be best to  feed all1 and give all 
access to flour1 when they will work at 
it1  though usually they can get pollen 
as soon as they can fly out to          
advantage4 ,keep the brood chamber      
contracted so that the frames will  all 
be covered1 and cover well above the    
bees to economize heat4      ,,may4     
,prepare nuclei to start extra queens4  
,feed sparingly till bloom  appears4    
,give room for storing4 ,extract if     
necessary1 and keep close  watch1 that  
you may anticipate and forestall any    
attempt to swarm4 ,now1  too1 is the    
best time to transfer4      ,,june4     
,keep all colonies supplied with        
vigorous1 prolific queens4 ,divide the  
colonies1 as may be desired1 especially 
enough to prevent attempts at  swarming4
 ,extract if necessary or best2 adjust  

frames or sections1 if  comb honey is   
desired1 and be sure to keep all the    
white clover honey1  in whatever form   
taken1 separate from all other4 ,now is 
the best time  to ,italianize4          
,,july4    ,the work this month is about
 the same as that of ,june4--,supersede 
all  poor and feeble queens4 ,keep the  
basswood honey by itself1 and remove    
boxes or frames as soon as full4 ,be    
sure that queens and workers have       
plenty of room to do their best1 and    
suffer not the hot sun to strike  the   
hives4      ,,august4    ,do not fail to
 supersede impotent queens4 ,between    
basswood and fall  bloom it may pay to  
feed sparingly4 ,give plenty of room for
 queen and  workers as fall storing     
commences4      ,,september4    ,remove 
all surplus boxes and frames as soon as 
storing ceases1 which  usually occurs   
about the middle of this month2 feed    
sparingly till the  first of ,october4  
,if robbing occurs1 contract the        
entrance of the hive  robbed4 ,if it is 

desired to feed honey or sugar for      
winter1 it should  be done the last of  
this month4      ,,october4    ,prepare 
colonies for winter4 ,see that all have 
at least thirty pounds1  by weight1 of  
good1 capped honey1 and that all are    
strong in bees4  ,contract the chamber1 
by using division board1 and cover well 
with the  quilt4 ,be sure that one or   
two central frames of comb contain many 
empty cells1 and that all have a central
 hole through which the bees  can pass4 
,,november4    ,before the cold days    
come1 remove the bees to the cellar or  
depository1  or pack about those left   
out on the summer stands4               
,,december4    ,now is the time to make 
hives1 honey-boxes1 c41 for the coming  
year4  ,also labels for hives4 ,these   
may just contain the name of the colony1
  in which case the full record will be 
kept in a book2 or the label may  be    
made to contain a full register as to   
time of formation1 age of  queen1 c41 c4
 ,slates are also used for the same     

purpose4    ,i know from experience that
 any who heed all of the above may      
succeed  in bee-keeping1--may win a     
double success3--,receive pleasure and  
make  money4 ,i feel sure that many     
experienced apiarists will find advice  
that it may pay to follow4 ,it is       
probable that errors abound1 and        
certain that much remains unsaid1 for of
 all apiarists it is true that  what    
they do not know is greatly in excess of
 what they do know4      ,,axioms4      
,the following axioms1 given by ,mr4    
,langstroth1 are just as true to-day  as
 they were when written by that noted   
author3    ,there are a few first       
principles in bee-keeping which ought to
 be as  familiar to the ,apiarist as the
 letters of the alphabet4    ,first4    
,bees gorged with honey never volunteer 
an attack4    ,second4 ,bees may always 
be made peaceable by inducing them to   
accept of  liquid sweets4    ,third4    
,bees1 when frightened by smoke or by   
drumming on their hives1  fill          

themselves with honey and lose all      
disposition to sting1 unless  they are  
hurt4    ,fourth4 ,bees dislike any     
quick movements about their hives1      
especially any motion which jars their  
combs4    ,fifth4 ,in districts where   
forage is abundant only for a short     
period1  the largest yield of honey will
 be secured by a very moderate  increase
 of stocks4    ,sixth4 ,a moderate      
increase of colonies in any one season1 
will1 in  the long run1 prove to be the 
easiest1 safest1 and cheapest mode of   
managing bees4    ,seventh4 ,queenless  
colonies1 unless supplied with a queen1 
will  inevitably dwindle away1 or be    
destroyed by the bee-moth1 or by        
robber-bees4    ,eighth4 ,the formation 
of new colonies should ordinarily be    
confined  to the season when bees are   
accumulating honey2 and if this1 or any 
other operation1 must be performed when 
forage is scarce1 the greatest          
precautions should be used to prevent   
robbing4    ,the essence of all         

profitable bee-keeping is contained in  
,oettl's  ,golden ,rule3 ,,keep ,,your  
,,stocks ,,strong4 ,if you cannot       
succeed in doing  this1 the more money  
you invest in bees1 the heavier will be 
your  losses2 while1 if your stocks are 
strong1 you will show that you are  a   
bee-master1 as well as  bee-keeper1 and 
may safely calculate on  generous       
returns from your industrious subjects4 
,keep all colonies strong4              
,,appendix4      ,,history ,,of         
,,movable ,,frames4    ,movable frames  
have revolutionized bee-keeping1 and so 
out-rank the  reaper and mower1 and     
equal the cotton-gin4 ,few inventions   
have exerted  so powerful an influence  
upon the art which they serve4 ,their   
history  will ever be a subject of      
exceeding interest to bee-keepers1 and  
their  inventor worthy the highest      
regard as the greatest benefactor of our
  art4 ,in writing their history1 ,i    
have no personal interest or bias1 and  
am only impelled by a love of truth and 

justice4 ,i am the more eager  to write 
this history1 as some of our apiarists1 
and they among the  best informed and   
most influential 7,american ,bee        
,journal1 vol4 #ad1  p4 #chj71 are      
misinformed in the premises4 ,in        
obtaining the data for  this account1 ,i
 am under many obligations to our great 
,american master  in apiculture4 ,rev4  
,l4 ,l4 ,langstroth1 whose thorough     
knowledge and  extensive library have   
been wholly at my command4    ,we are   
informed by ,george ,wheeler1 in his    
,journey into ,greece1  published in    
#afhb1 page #daa1 that the ,greeks had  
partial control of  the combs4 ,the tops
 of the willow hives are covered with   
broad flat  sticks4 ,along each of these
 sticks the bees fasten their combs2 so 
that  a comb may be taken out whole4    
,swammerdam had no control of the comb1 
nor had ,raumur4 ,the latter used       
narrow hives1 which contained but two   
combs2 but these were stationary4       
,huber was the first to construct a hive

 which gave him control of the  combs   
and access to the interior of the hive4 
,in ,august1 #ahgi1 ,huber  wrote to    
,bonnet as follows3 ,i took several     
small fir boxes1 a foot  square and     
fifteen lines wide1 and joined them     
together by hinges1 so  that they could 
be opened and shut like the leaves of a 
book4 ,when  using a hive of this       
description1 we took care to fix a comb 
in each  frame1 and then introduced all 
the bees4--7,edinburgh edition of       
,huber1  p4 #d74 ,although ,morlot and  
others attempted to improve this hive1  
it  never gained favor with practical   
apiarists4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4
    ,the first person to adjust frames  
in a case appears to have been ,mr4 ,w4 
,augustus ,munn1 of ,england4 ,i have in
 my possession a letter from ,mr4       
,munn1 dated ,november #ith1 #ahfc1 in  
which he states that the hive had  been 
in use since #ahcd4 ,the first printed  
description of any of his  hives        
appeared in the ,gardener's ,chronicle  

for #ahdc4 ,this article  was written by
 a lady1 and signed ,e4 ,m4 ,w4 ,its    
premature publication  made it          
impossible for ,mr4 ,munn to secure a   
patent in ,great ,britain4  ,in #ahdc he
 secured a patent in ,france4 ,the hive 
patented is fully  described in his     
,description of the ,bar and ,frame     
,hive1 published in  ,london1 in #ahdd4 
,there is also a figure 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,i
 copy from the  work which is before me1
 pp4 #g and #h3 ,an oblong box is       
formed1 about  thirty inches long1      
sixteen inches high1 and twelve inches  
broad4 ,one  of the long sides is       
constructed to open with hinges1 and to 
hang on  a level with the bottom4 ,as   
many grooves half an inch broad1 half an
  inch deep1 and about #i inches long1  
are formed #a inches apart on  the      
inside of the bottom of the box1 as its 
length will admit4 ,at the  top are     
corresponding grooves to those made in  
the bottom of the box4  ,the bee-frames 
are made of half inch mahogany1 being   

#ab inches high1  #i inches long1 and   
not more than half an inch broad1       
sliding into the  fifteen grooves formed
 on the bottom1 and kept securely in    
their places  by the upper grooves1 and 
by propolis1 the author might well have 
added4 ,american apiarists need not be  
told that such a hive would be  wholly  
impracticable4 ,without bees in it1 the 
changes of weather would  make the      
sliding of the frames very difficult2   
with the bees inside1  the removal of   
the frames would be practically         
impossible4    ,illustration3 ,fig4     
#aab4    ,in #ahea ,mr4 ,munn issued a  
second edition of his book1 in the      
preface of  which ,i find the following3
 ,having materially simplified the      
bar-frame  hive1 by forming the 'oblong 
bar-frames' into 'triangular frames1'   
and  making them lift out of the top1   
instead of the back of the bee-box1  ,i 
have republished the pamphlet4 ,the     
triangular hive 7,fig4 #aab7 is         
described and figured1 and is the same  

as found illustrated in ,munn's  ,bevan 
on the ,honey ,bee4 ,this hive1 although
 a possible improvement on  the other1  
is costly1 intricate1 and still very    
impracticable4 ,in the  price-list of   
,j4 ,pettitt1 ,dover1 ,england1 #ahfd1  
,i find this hive priced  at #c #cs41 or
 about #ae4jj4 ,from the figure we learn
 that there were  some wide spaces about
 the frames4 ,these would of course be  
filled with  comb1 and render the hives 
entirely unsuitable for common use4     
,that  this hive lacked the essential   
requisites to success is evident from   
words penned by the inventor in #ahfc3  
,the hive matters little if the         
pasturage is good4 ,and it is easy to   
see from the complex arrangement  of the
 frames1 and the wide spaces about them1
 that as ,mr4 ,munn said1  referring to 
his hive1 ,when left to themselves the  
bees shut up the  shop4 ,had invention  
stopped with ,major ,munn's hive1 we    
should to-day  be using the old box     
hive1 and sighing in vain for a better4 

,neighbour  well says 7#c;d edition1 p4 
#abi73 ,probably the reason of the      
invention's  failure was the            
expensiveness of the ,major's fittings1 
which make the  hive appear more like   
some astronomical instrument1 than a box
 for  bees4 ,be this as it may1 there   
was no such thing as a frame hive in use
  in ,england till #ahfj4    ,it would  
seem strange1 that after going so far   
,major ,munn should have  failed to give
 bee-keepers a hive of value4 ,yet with 
his view that  smoke injured the bees   
and brood 7#b;d edition1 p4 #ba71 we can
 readily  see1 that with his hive and   
black bees1 a man would need the skin   
of a rhinoceros1 and nerves of brass1 to
 do much by way of actual  manipulation 
for practical purposes4 ,it has been    
truly said that ,the  ,huber hive can be
 used with far greater ease and safety1 
by a novice1  than can ,munn's4    ,it  
will be seen by reference to ,bee       
,culture with ,movable ,frames1         
published by ,pastor ,george ,kleine1   

,hanover1 ,germany1 in #ahec1 p4 #e1    
that a druggist by the name of ,schmidt1
 in a work which he published  in       
,freiburg1 in #ahea1 entitled1 ,the ,new
 ,bee ,homes1 describes a hive  with the
 ,huber leaves having prolonged tops    
which hung on rabbets1 much  as do our  
frames4 ,these ,huber leaves were       
close-fitting1 and so not  practical4   
,kleine regarded this as inferior to the
 ,huber hive1 in that  the combs must be
 taken out from above4 ,with a side     
opening he thinks  it would be a        
material improvement4 ,it is evident    
from ,kleine's work1  that he knew      
nothing either of ,munn or his hive4    
,in #ahdg1 ,jacob ,shaw1 ,jr41 then of  
,hinckley1 ,ohio1 published in the      
,scientific ,american1 ,march #eth1     
#ahdg1 p4 #ahg1 the description of a    
hive devised by him4 ,a person who has  
seen the hive tells me that as          
described and first used1 this hive had 
close-fitting frames1 which  rested in a
 double-walled tin box4 ,by turning hot 

water into the  chamber1 the frames     
would be loosened4 ,we do not wonder    
that1 as ,mr4  ,shaw deposed1 he only   
made one hive1 and that he could only   
persuade  one colony of the several     
which he tried1 to accept the situation1
 and  that this one soon perished4 ,he  
got no surplus1 and wisely set the hive 
aside4    ,in #ahdg1 the well known     
agricultural writer1 ,solon ,robinson1  
suggested  in an article published in   
the ,albany ,cultivator2 a tin hive made
  up of unicomb apartments which should 
set close side by side1 and be          
connected by inter-communicating holes4 
,of course1 such a hive would  only     
succeed in the imagination4    ,m4      
,debeauvoys published1 in #ahdg1 the    
#b;d edition of ,guide de               
l',apiculteur1 at ,angers1 ,france1 in  
which he described a movable comb  hive1
 to meet the practical wants of ,french 
bee-keepers4 ,this hive  was not only no
 improvement on that of ,huber1 but even
 less easy of  manipulation4 ,the       

top-bar and uprights of the frames were 
close-fitting  to the top and sides of  
the hive4 ,says ,m4 ,hamet1 editor of   
the ,french  bee paper1 in his work1    
,cours ,pratique ,d',apiculture1 #ahei  
edition3  ,the removal of the frames is 
more difficult than from the ,huber     
hive1 and it has never been accepted by 
the practical bee-keepers of  ,france4  
,mr4 ,chas4 ,dadant describes this hive1
 which he once made  and used1 in the   
,american ,bee ,journal1 vol4 #g1 p4    
#aig4 ,he says of  it3 ,the hive worked 
well when new and empty2 but after the  
bees had  glued the frames1 it was      
difficult to remove them without        
breaking  the combs4 ,it would have been
 entirely impossible to remove them at  
all1 without separating the ends of the 
hive from the frames with a  chisel4    
,this hive1 which had gained #b1ejj     
proselytes in ,france1 was  very soon   
abandoned by all1 and the disciples of  
,debeauvoys returned  to the            
old-fashioned straw hive4 ,he adds1     

further1 that these hives  were         
disastrous to ,french bee culture4 ,once
 misled by movable frames1  they ever   
afterwards refused them even for trial4 
,of course ,mr4 ,s4  ,s4 ,fisher1 once  
commissioner of patents1 and an expert1 
could see  nothing in this hive1 or any 
of the inventor's modifications of it1  
to  invalidate the ,langstroth patent4  
,how grateful all ,american apiarists   
should be1 that ,mr4 ,langstroth's      
invention was of a different type4      
,as already stated1 bars were used      
centuries ago in ,greece4 ,della ,rocca1
  in a work published in #agij1 also    
describes bars as used by him4          
,schirach used slats across the top of a
 box with rear-opening doors1 as  early 
as #agga4 ,in ,key's work1 ,ancient ,bee
 ,master's ,farewell1 ,london1  #agif1  
p4 #db1 such hives are described1 and   
beautifully illustrated1  plate #a1     
figs4 #b and #c4 ,bevan1 ,london1 #ahch1
 describes on p4 #hb a  similar hive1   
with the bars set in rabbets1 which is  

figured on p4 #hc4    ,in #ahce1        
,dzierzon1 who has been to ,germany what
 ,langstroth has to  ,america1 commenced
 bee-culture4 ,three years later he     
adopted the bar  hive1 and although     
these bar hives were previously of      
little value  to practical apiculture1  
in his hands they became a most valuable
  instrument4 ,to remove the combs1 the 
great ,german master had to cut  them   
loose from the sides of the hives4 ,yet 
from his great skill in  handling them1 
his studious habits1 and invaluable     
researches1 which  gave to the world the
 knowledge of parthenogenesis among     
bees1 his hive  and system marked a new 
era in ,german apiculture4    ,in #ahea1
 our own ,langstroth1 without any       
knowledge of what foreign  apiarian     
inventors had done1 save what he could  
find in ,huber1 and  edition #ahch of   
,bevan1 invented the hive now in common 
use among the  advanced apiarists of    
,america4 ,it is this hive1 the greatest
 apiarian  invention ever made1 that has

 placed ,american apiculture in advance 
of that of all other countries4 ,what   
practical bee-keeper of ,america  could 
say with ,h4 ,hamet1 edition #ahfa1 p4  
#aff1 that the improved hives  were     
without value except to the amateur1 and
 inferior for practical  purposes8 ,our 
apiarists not native to our shores1 like
 the late ,adam  ,grimm and ,mr4 ,chas4 
,dadant1 always conceded that ,mr4      
,langstroth was  the inventor of this   
hive1 and always proclaimed its         
usefulness4  ,well did the late ,mr4 ,s4
 ,wagner1 the honest1 fearless1         
scholarly  and truth-loving editor of   
the early volumes of the ,american ,bee 
,journal1 himself of ,german origin1    
say3 ,when ,mr4 ,langstroth took  up    
this subject1 he well knew what ,huber  
had done1 and saw wherein  he had       
failed--failing1 possibly1 only because 
he aimed at nothing  more than          
constructing an observing hive1 suitable
 for his purposes4  ,mr4 ,langstroth's  
object was other and higher4 ,he aimed  

at making  frames movable1              
interchangeable1 and practically        
serviceable in bee  culture4 ,and how   
true what follows3 ,nobody before ,mr4  
,langstroth  ever succeeded in devising 
a mode of making and using a movable    
frame  that was of any practical value  
in bee culture4 ,no man in the world1   
beside ,mr4 ,langstroth1 was so         
conversant with this whole subject as   
was ,mr4 ,wagner4 ,his extensive library
 and thorough knowledge made him  a     
competent judge4 ,now that the invention
 is public property1 men will  cease to 
falsify and even perjure themselves1 to 
rob an old man1 whose  words1 writings1 
and whole life1 shine with untarnished  
ingenuousness4  ,and very soon all will 
unite with the great majority of        
intelligent  ,american apiarists of     
to-day1 in rendering to this benefactor 
of  our art1 the credit2 though he has  
been hopelessly deprived of the         
pecuniary benefits of his great         
invention4    ,mr4 ,langstroth1 though  

he knew of no previous invention of     
frames  contained in a case1 when he    
made his invention1 in #ahea1 does not  
profess to have been the first to have  
invented them4 ,every page of his  book 
shows his transparent honesty1 and      
desire to give all due credit  to other 
writers and inventors4 ,he does claim1  
and very justly1 to  have invented the  
first practical frame hive1 the one     
described in his  patent1 applied for in
 ,january1 #ahea1 and in all three      
editions of his  book4    ,while the    
name of the late ,baron ,von ,berlepsch 
will always stand in the  front rank of 
apiarists1 he never gave the world any  
description of a  movable frame hive1   
until ,mr4 ,langstroth had applied for a
 patent1 and  not until the ,langstroth 
hive was largely in use4    ,it has been
 claimed that ,mr4 ,andrew ,harbison    
invented and used in his  father's      
apiary1 previous to #ahea1 the          
,langstroth hive4 ,in the ,dollar       
,newspaper for ,january #ba1 #aheg1 a   

brother1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,harbison1 who    
also lived with his father at the time  
the invention is said to have  been     
made1 says3 ,i will venture the         
prediction that both ,quinby's  hive and
 mine will ere long be cast aside1 to   
give place to a hive  constructed in    
such a manner that the apiarian can have
 access to  every part of the hive at   
pleasure1 without injury to the colony4 
,in this particular both ,mr4 ,quinby   
and myself have singly failed4  ,the    
invention of such a hive was reserved   
for ,mr4 ,langstroth4 ,it is            
significant that ,j4 ,s4 ,harbison1     
another brother1 who was also with his  
father at the time1 in his ,bee         
,culture1 ,san ,francisco1 #ahfa1 speaks
  of the ,langstroth hive1 p4 #adi1 but 
not of that of his brother4 ,it  has    
also been claimed that ,w4 ,a4          
,flanders1 ,martin ,metcalf1 and ,edward
  ,townley1 each invented this hive     
prior to ,mr6 ,langstroth's invention4  
,yet1 each of these gentlemen wrote a   

book1 in which no mention is  made of   
such an invention4 ,well might ,mr4     
,langstroth say1 ,i can well  understand
 what ,job meant when he said1 ',o6 that
 my enemy had written  a book4' ,it is  
also stated that ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,moon was 
a prior inventor  of this hive4 ,mr4    
,moon's own testimony1 that he not only 
abandoned his  invention1 being unable  
to secure straight combs1 but even      
forgot all  about it1 till it was       
discovered in an old rubbish pile1 shows
 that he  did nothing that would1 in    
court1 overthrow ,mr4 ,langstroth's     
claims1 or  that in the least conferred 
any benefit upon bee-keepers4 ,mr4      
,maxwell1  of ,mansfield1 ,ohio1 was    
another who is said to have anticipated 
,mr4  ,langstroth4 ,yet ,mr4 ,maxwell's 
own son swears that he helped his father
  make all his hives1 and that his      
father never used a movable frame  till 
after #ahea4 ,solon ,robinson thought   
his brother4 ,dr4 ,robinson1 of         
,jamaica ,plains1 near ,boston1 made and

 used movable frame hives prior  to     
#aheb4 ,the wife of ,dr4 ,robinson      
testified that her husband bought a     
right to use the ,langstroth hive1 and  
with it made his first movable  frames4 
,every claim1 both at home and abroad1  
to the invention of a practical  movable
 frame hive1 prior to that of ,mr4      
,langstroth1 when examined1  is found to
 have no substantial foundation4 ,all   
previous hives were  plainly inferior to
 the improved ,huber hive as described  
in ,bevan1 p4  #ajf4 ,it is a sad blot  
upon ,american apiculture1 that he who  
raised  it to the proud height which it 
occupies to-day1 should have been       
shamefully defrauded of the just reward 
for his great invention4 ,but  it gives 
me the greatest pleasure to state1 that 
by no possible word  could ,i gather    
that ,mr4 ,langstroth feels any         
bitterness towards those  who seem      
wilfully to have stolen his invention1  
while with a mantle  of charity1 great  
as is his noble heart1 he covers the    

thousands who  either thought he had no 
valid claim1 or else that the purchase  
of a  right from others1 entitled them  
to his invention4 ,as an inventor and   
writer on apiculture1 ,mr4 ,langstroth  
will ever be held in grateful  memory4  
,how earnestly will ,american apiarists 
desire that he may be  spared to us     
until he completes his autobiography1   
that we may learn  how he arrived at his
 great discovery1 and may study the     
methods by  which he gleaned so many    
rich and valuable truths4           99  
99       99       99       99           
,,lecanium ,,tulipifer--,cook4    ,in   
the summer of #ahgj1 this louse1 which1 
so far as ,i know1 has never  yet been  
described1 and for which ,i propose the 
above very appropriate  name1           
tulipifer--the ,lecanium of the tulip   
tree--was very common on  the tulip     
trees about the ,college lawns4 ,so     
destructive were they that  some of the 
trees were killed outright1 others were 
much injured1 and  had not the lice for 

some unknown reason ceased to thrive1 we
 should  soon have missed from our      
grounds one of our most attractive      
trees4    ,since the date above given1  
,i have received these insects1 through 
the  several editors of our excellent   
bee papers1 from many of the ,states1   
especially those bordering the ,ohio    
,river4 ,in ,tennessee they seem very   
common1 as they are often noticed in    
abundance on the fine stately  tulip    
trees of that goodly ,state--in the     
,south this tulip tree is  called the   
poplar1 which is very incorrect1 as it  
is in no way related  to the latter4    
,the poplar belongs to the willow       
family2 the tulip to  the magnolia1     
which families are wide apart4 ,in      
,pennsylvania the louse  has been       
noticed on the cucumber tree--,magnolia 
acuminata4    ,wherever the tulip-tree  
lice have been observed sucking the sap 
and  vitality from the trees1 there the 
bees have also been seen1 lapping  up a 
sweet juicy exudation1 which is secreted

 by the lice4 ,in #ahgj ,i  observed    
that our tulip trees were alive with    
bees and wasps1 even  as late as        
,august1 though the trees are in blossom
 only in ,june4  ,examination showed    
that the exuding sweets from these lice 
were what  attracted the bees4 ,this was
 observed with some anxiety1 as the     
secretion gives off a very nauseating   
odor4    ,the oozing secretions from    
this and other lice1 not only of the    
bark-louse family 7,coccid71 but of the 
plant-louse family 7,aphid71  are often 
referred to as honey-dew4 ,would it not 
be better to speak of  these as insect  
secretions1 and reserve the name        
honey-dew for sweet  secretions from    
plants1 other than those which come from
 the flowers8      ,,natural ,,history  
,,of ,,the ,,lecanium ,,tulipifer4      
,the fully developed insect1 like all   
bark lice1 is in the form of a  scale   
7,fig4 #aac1 #a71 closely applied to the
 limb or twig on which it  works4 ,this 
insect1 like most of its genus1 is      

brown1 very convex  above1 7,fig4 #aac1 
#a71 and concave beneath1 7,fig4 #aac1  
#b74 ,on the under  side is a           
cotton-like secretion1 which serves to  
enfold the eggs4  ,underneath the       
species in question are two transverse  
parallel lines of  this white down1     
7,fig4 #aac1 #b74 ,one of them1 probably
 the anterior1 is  nearly marginal1 and 
is interrupted in the middle2 while the 
other is  nearly central1 and in place  
of the interruption at the middle1 it   
has  a ,v-shaped projection back or away
 from the other line4 ,the form of the  
scale is quadrangular1 and not unlike   
that of a turtle1 7,fig4 #aac1 #a74     
,when fully developed it is a little    
more than #c-af of an inch long1 and  a 
little more than  as wide4    ,here at  
,lansing1 the small1 yellow1 oval eggs  
appear late in ,august4  ,in ,tennessee 
they would be found under the scales in 
their cotton  wrappings many days       
earlier4 ,the eggs are #a-dj of an inch 
long1 and  #a-fe of an inch wide4 ,these

 eggs1 which are very numerous1 hatch in
  the locality of their development1 and
 the young or larval lice1 quite  in    
contrast with their dried1 inert1       
motionless parents1 are spry  and       
active4 ,they are oval1 7,figs4 #aac1 #c
 and #d71 yellow2 and #a-bc of  an inch 
long1 and #a-dj of an inch wide4 ,the   
eyes1 antenna 7,fig4 #aac1  #e71 and    
legs1 7,fig4 #aac1 #f71 are plainly     
visible when magnified #cj  or #dj      
diameters4 ,the #i-;jointed abdomen is  
deeply emarginate1 or cut  into         
posteriorly1 7,fig4 #aac1 #c71 and on   
each side of this slit is a  projecting 
stylet or hair1 7,figs4 #aac1 #c and    
#d71 while from between the  eyes1 on   
the under side of the head1 extends the 
long recurved beak1  7,fig4 #aac1 #d74  
,the larv soon leave the scales1 crawl  
about the tree1  and finally fasten by  
inserting their long slender beaks1 when
 they so  pump up the sap that they grow
 with surprising rapidity4 ,in a few    
weeks  their legs and antenn seem to    

disappear as they become relatively so  
small1 and the scale-like form is       
assumed4 ,in the following summer the   
scale is full-formed and the eggs are   
developed4 ,soon the scale1 which  is   
but the carcass of the once active      
louse1 drops from the tree1 and  the    
work of destruction is left to the young
 lice1 a responsibility  which they seem
 quite ready to assume4                 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4    ,in my    
observations ,i have detected no males4 
,judging from others of the  bark-lice1 
these must possess wings1 and will never
 assume the scale  form1 though ,prof4  
,p4 ,k ,uhler writes me that the males  
of some bark  lice are apterous4        
,,remedies4    ,if valued shade or honey
 trees are attacked by these insatiate  
destroyers1 they could probably be saved
 by discreet pruning--cutting  off the  
affected branches before serious injury 
was done1 or by  syringing the trees    
with a solution of whale oil1 soap--or  
even common  soft soap would do--just as

 the young lice are leaving the scales4 
,it  would be still better to have the  
solution hot4 ,whitman's ,fountain ,pump
  is admirable for making such          
applications4    ,fig4 #a is slightly   
magnified2 the others are largely       
magnified4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,illustration3  
,fig4 #aad4      ,,motherwort ,,as ,a   
,,honey ,,plant4    7,leonurus cardiaca 
,l47    ,perhaps none of our common     
herbs promises better1 as a honey plant1
  than the one in question4 ,it is a    
very hardy perennial1 and once          
introduced in waste places1 it is sure  
to hold its own1 until it  becomes      
desirable to extirpate it1 when1 at     
man's bidding1 it quickly  lets go its  
hold1 so that it is not a dangerous     
plant to introduce4  ,the blossoms      
appear at this place about ,june #beth1 
and persist for a  full month1 and      
during the entire time are crowded with 
bees1 whatever  may be the character of 
the weather1 whether wet or dry1 warm or

 cool1  whether the plant is in the     
midst of honey plants or isolated4 ,we  
are  thus assured that the plant is     
constantly secreting nectar1 and is also
  a favorite with bees4 ,rape1 mustards 
and borage seem indifferent to the      
weather1 but are not favorites with the 
bees4 ,motherwort1 then1 has  three     
admirable qualities3 ,it is long in     
bloom1 the flowers afford fine  honey at
 all times1 and it is a favorite with   
the bees4 ,if it could be  made to bloom
 about three weeks later1 coming in just
 after basswood1  it would have nearly  
all the desired qualities4 ,i think that
 we might  bring this about by mowing   
the plants in ,may4 ,i am led to this   
opinion  from the fact that some plants 
which we set back by transplanting in   
,may1 are still in bloom this ,august   
#ajth1 and are now alive with1 bees1    
dividing their attention with the       
beautiful cleome1 which1 is now in  full
 bloom1 and fairly noisy with bees4     
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4              

,,description ,,of ,,the ,,plant4       
,the stalk is square 7,fig4 #aad71      
branching1 and when cultivated1 attains 
a height of some four feet2 though1 as  
it grows in waste places1 it  is seldom 
more than three feet4 ,the branches1 and
 also the leaves1  are opposite 7,figs4 
#aad and #aae71 and in the axiles of the
 latter are  whorls of blossoms 7,figs4 
#aae and #aaf71 which succeed each other
 from  below to the top of the branching
 stems4 ,the corolla is like that of    
all the mints1 while the calyx has five 
teeth1 which are sharp and  spine-like  
in the nutlets as they appear at the    
base of the leaves  7,fig4 #aae74 ,as   
they near the top1 the whorls of        
blossoms and succeeding  seeds are      
successively nearer together1 and       
finally become very crowded  at the apex
 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,the leaves are long and 
palmately lobed 7,fig4  #aae74 ,the     
small blossom is purple4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4      ,,the   
,,sour-,,wood ,,tree4    ,the sorrel    

tree 7,oxydendrum arboreum7 7,fig4      
#aag71 so called because  of the acidity
 of the leaves1 is a native of the      
,south1 but has  been grown even as far 
north as ,new ,york4 ,it often attains  
no mean  dimensions in its native home  
along the ,alleghanies1 often reaching  
upward more than fifty feet1 and        
acquiring a diameter of twelve or       
fifteen inches4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#aag4    ,the flowers are arranged in   
racemes1 are more drooping than         
represented  in the figure1 are white1  
and with the beautiful foliage make an  
ornamental tree of high rank4 ,the bark 
is rough1 and the wood so soft  as to be
 worthless1 either as fuel or for use in
 the arts4 ,as a honey  tree1 it is very
 highly esteemed2 in fact1 it is the    
linden of the  ,south4      ,,the       
,,japan ,,medlar4    ,i have received   
from ,j4 ,m4 ,putnam1 of ,new ,orleans1 
,la41 flowers of the  ,mespilus         
,japonica1 or ,japan plum4 ,he states   
that it bears a most  delicious fruit1  

blooms from ,august till ,january1      
unless cut off by a  severe frost1 and  
is proof against ordinary frosts4 ,he   
states that it  furnishes abundance of  
delicious honey1 and that1 too1 when his
 bees  were gathering from no other     
source4    ,the ,mespilus ,germanica    
grows in ,england1 and is much praised  
for its  fruit4 ,from ,mr4 ,putnam's    
account1 the ,m4 ,japonica is           
unprecedented  in its length of bloom4  
,we think two months a long time4 ,we   
pay high  tribute to mignonette1 cleome 
and borage1 when we tell of four months 
of bloom2 but this is mild praise when  
compared with this ,japan plum1  which  
flowers from ,august first till         
,january4    ,the flowers are in a dense
 panicle1 and were still fragrant after 
their  long journey4 ,the leaf is       
lanceolate1 and very thick1 some like   
the wax  plant4 ,i should say it was an 
evergreen4 ,the apiarists of the ,south 
are  to be congratulated on this        
valuable acquisition to their bee       

forage4 ,i  hope it will thrive ,north  
as well as ,south4           99       99
       99       99       99      ,,the  
,,stinging-,,bug4--,phymata ,erosa1     
,fabr4    ,this insect is very widely   
distributed throughout the ,united      
,states4  ,i have received it from      
,maryland to ,missouri on the ,south1   
and from  ,michigan to ,minnesota on the
 ,north4 ,the insect will lie concealed 
among  the flowers1 and upon occasion   
will grasp a bee1 hold it off at arm's  
length1 and suck out its blood and life4
    ,this is a ,hemipteran1 or true bug1
 and belongs to the family ,phymatid    
,uhr4 ,it is the ,phymata ,erosa1       
,fabr41 the specific name erosa         
referring to its jagged appearance4 ,it 
is also called the stinging  bug1 in    
reference to its habit of repelling     
intrusion by a painful  thrust with its 
sharp1 strong2 beak4    ,illustration3  
,fig4 #aah4--,side view1 natural size4  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,magnified  
twice4    ,illustration3 ,fig4          

#abj4--;,beak1 much magnified4    ,the  
stinging bug 7,fig4 #aah7 is somewhat   
jagged in appearance1 about             
three-eighths of an inch long1 and      
generally of a yellow color2 though     
this latter seems quite variable4       
,frequently there is a distinct         
greenish hue4 ,beneath the abdomen1 and 
on the back of the head1 thorax  and    
abdomen1 it is more or less specked with
 brown2 while across the  dorsal aspect 
of the broadened abdomen is a marked    
stripe of brown  7,fig4 #aai d1 d74     
,sometimes this stripe is almost        
wanting1 sometimes  a mere patch1 while 
rarely the whole abdomen1 is very       
slightly marked1  and as often we find  
it almost wholly brown above and below4 
,the legs  7,fig4 #aai1 #f71 beak and   
antenn 7,fig4 #aai1 a7 are greenish     
yellow4  ,the beak 7,fig4 #abj7 has     
three joints 7,fig4 #abj1 a1 b1 c7 and a
 sharp  point 7,fig4 #abj1 d74          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,antenna1  
much magnified4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 

#abb4--;,anterior ,leg1                 
magnified--exterior view4               
,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4--;,interior  
view4    ,this beak is not only the     
great weapon of offense1 but also the   
organ  through which the food is sucked4
 ,by the use of this1 the insect has    
gained the soubriquet of stinging bug4  
,this compact jointed beak is  peculiar 
to all true bugs1 and by observing it   
alone1 we are able to  distinguish all  
the very varied forms of this group4    
,the antenna 7,fig4  #aba7 is2          
four-jointed4 ,the first joint 7,fig4   
#aba1 a7 is short1 the  second and third
 7,fig4 #aba1 b and c7 are long and     
slim1 while the  terminal one 7,fig4    
#aba1 d7 is much enlarged4 ,this        
enlarged joint  is one of the           
characteristics of the genus ,phymata1  
as described  by ,latreille4 ,but the   
most curious structural peculiarity of  
this  insect1 and the chief character of
 the genus ,phymata1 is the enlarged    
anterior legs 7,figs4 #abb1 #abc and    

#abd74 ,these1 were they only to aid  in
 locomotion1 would seem like awkward1   
clumsy organs1 but when we  learn that  
they are used to grasp and hold their   
prey1 then we can but  appreciate and   
admire their modified form4 ,the femur  
7,fig4 #abb1 b7  and the tarsus 7,fig4  
#abb1 a7 are toothed1 while the latter  
is greatly  enlarged4 ,from the interior
 lower aspect of the femur 7,fig4 #abc7 
is the  small tibia1 while on the lower 
edge of the tarsus 7,fig4 #abc1 d7 is a 
cavity in which rests the single claw4  
,the other four legs 7,fig4 #abe7  are  
much as usual4    ,illustration3 ,fig4  
#abd4--;,claw1 extended4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,middle     
,leg1 much magnified4    ,this insect1  
as already intimated1 is very           
predaceous1 lying in wait1  often almost
 concealed1 among flowers1 ready to     
capture and destroy  unwary plant-lice1 
caterpillars1 beetles1 butterflies1     
moths1 and  even bees and wasps4 ,we    
have already noticed how well prepared  

it is  for this work by its jaw-like    
anterior legs1 and its sharp1 strong1   
sword-like beak4    ,it is often caught 
on the golden rod4 ,this plant1 from its
 very  color1 tends to conceal the hug1 
and from the very character of the      
plant--being attractive as a honey plant
 to bees--the slow bug is  enabled to   
catch the spry and active honey-bee4    
,as ,prof4 ,uhler well says of the      
stinging-bug3 ,it is very useful in     
destroying caterpillars and other       
vegetable-feeding insects1 but is not   
very discriminating in its tastes1 and  
would as soon seize the useful          
honey-bee as the pernicious saw-fly4    
,and he might have added that it  is    
equally indifferent to the virtues of   
our friendly insects like the  parasitic
 and predaceous species4    ,we note1   
then1 that this bug is not wholly evil1 
and as its destruction  would be        
well-nigh impossible1 for it is as      
widely scattered as are the  flowers in 
which it lurks1 we may well rest its    

case1 at least until  its               
destructiveness becomes more serious    
than at present4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,illustration3  
,fig4 #abf4    ,illustration3 ,fig4     
#abg4      ,,the ,,southern             
,,bee-,,killers4    ,mallophora orcina  
and ,mallophora bomboides4    ,i have   
received from several of our            
enterprising bee-keepers of the         
,south--,tennessee1 ,georgia and        
,florida--the above insects1 with the   
information that they dart forth from   
some convenient perch1 and with  swift  
and sure aim1 grasp a bee1 bear it to   
some bush1 when they  leisurely suck out
 all but the mere crust1 and cast away  
the remains4  ,the bee which is thus    
victimized1 is readily known by the     
small hole  in the back1 through which  
the juices were pumped out4    ,the     
insects plainly belong to the family    
,asilid1 the same that  includes the    
,missouri bee-killer1 ,asilus           
,missouriensis1 the ,nebraska           

bee-killer1 ,promachus bastardi1 and    
other predatory insects1 several  of    
which1 ,i regret to say1 have the same  
evil habit of killing and  devouring our
 friends of the hive4    ,the characters
 of this family1 as given by ,loew1 one 
of the greatest  authorities on         
,diptera1 or two-winged flies1 are      
prolonged basal cells  of the wings1    
third longitudinal vein bifurcate1 third
 joint of antenna  simple1 under lip    
forming a horny sheath1 empodium1 a     
projection below  and beneath the claws 
7,fig4 #aca1 c71 a horny bristle4       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4    ,the      
insects in question belong to ,loew's   
third group1 ,asilina1 as the  antenn   
end in a bristle 7,fig4 #abh71 while the
 second longitudinal vein  of the wing  
7,fig4 #abi1 b7 runs into the first     
7,fig4 #abi1 a74    ,the genus is       
,mallophora4 ,the venation of the wings 
much resembles  that of the genus       
,promachus1 the same that contains the  

,nebraska  bee-killer1 though the form  
of these insects is very different4 ,the
  ,nebraska bee-killer is long and slim 
like the ,asilus ,missouriensis  7see   
,fig4 #ajh71 while the one in question  
is much like the neuter  bumble-bee in  
form4    ,in ,mallophora and ,promachus1
 the venation is as represented in ,fig4
  #abi1 where1 as will be seen1 the     
second vein 7,fig4 #abi1 b7 forks1      
while in the genus ,asilus 7,fig4 #acj7 
the third vein is forked1  though in all
 three genera the third joint of the    
antenn 7,fig4 #abh7  ends in a prolonged
 bristle4    ,one of the most common of 
these pests1 which ,i am informed by    
,dr4  ,hagen1 is ,mallophora orcina1    
,wied1 7,fig4 #abf7 is one inch long1   
and  expands one and three-fourths      
inches 7,fig4 #abg74 ,the head 7,fig4   
#abh7  is broad1 the eyes black and     
prominent1 the antenn three-jointed1 the
  last joint terminating in a bristle1  
while the beak is very large1  strong1  
and like the eyes and antenn1 coal      

black4 ,this is mostly  concealed by the
 light yellow hairs1 which are crowded  
thick about the  mouth and between the  
eyes4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi1     
,the thorax is prominent and thickly set
 with light yellow hairs4 ,the  abdomen 
is narrow1 tapering1 and covered with   
yellow hairs except the  tip1 which is  
black4 ,beneath1 the insect is clear    
black1 though there  are scattering     
hairs of a grayish yellow color on the  
black legs4 ,the  pulvilli1 or feet pads
 7,fig4 #aca1 b7 are two in number1     
bright yellow  in color1 surmounted by  
strong black claws 7,fig4 #aca1 a71     
while below  and between is the sharp   
spine 7,fig1 #aca1 c71 technically known
 as  the empodium4    ,i cannot give the
 distinctions which mark the sexes1 nor 
can ,i throw  any light upon the larval 
condition of the insect4    ,the habits 
of the flies are interesting1 if not to 
our liking4 ,their  flight is like the  
wind1 and perched near the hive1 they   
rush upon the  unwary bee returning to  

the hive with its full load of nectar1  
and  grasping it with their hard strong 
legs1 they bear it to some perch  near  
by1 when they pierce the crust1 suck out
 the juices1 and drop the  carcass1 and 
are then ready to repeat the operation4 
,a hole in the bee  shows the cause of  
its sudden taking off4 ,the eviscerated 
bee is not  always killed at once by    
this rude onslaught1 but often can crawl
 some  distance away from where it      
falls1 before it expires4    ,another   
insect nearly as common is the          
,mallophora bomboides1 ,wied4  ,this fly
 might be called a larger edition of the
 one just described1  as in form1 habits
 and appearance1 it closely resembles   
the other4  ,it belongs to the same     
genus1 possessing all the generic       
characters  already pointed out4 ,it is 
very difficult to capture them1 as they 
are  so quick and active4               
,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4    ,this fly 
is one and five-sixteenths inches long1 
and expands two and a  half inches4 ,the

 head and thorax are much as in the     
other species4 ,the  wings are very long
 and strong1 and1 as in the other       
species1 are of a  smoky brown color4   
,the abdomen is short1 pointed1 concave 
from side to  side on the tinder        
surface1 while the grayish yellow hairs 
are abundant  on the legs and whole     
under portion of the body4 ,the color is
 a lighter  yellow than in the other    
species4 ,these insects are powerfully  
built1  and if they become numerous1    
must prove a formidable enemy to the    
bees4    ,another insect very common and
 destructive in ,georgia1 though it     
closely resembles the two just          
described1 is of a different genus4 ,it 
is the ,laphria thoracica of ,fabricius4
 ,in this genus the third vein  is      
forked1 and the third joint of the      
antenna is without the bristle1  though 
it is elongated and tapering4 ,the      
insect is black1 with yellow  hair      
covering the upper surface of the       
thorax4 ,the abdomen is wholly  black   

both above and below1 though the legs   
have yellow hairs on the  femurs and    
tibia4 ,this insect belongs to the same 
family as the others1  and has the same 
habits4 ,it is found ,north as well as  
,south4      ,,honey-,,comb ,,coral4    
,a very common fossil found in many     
parts of the ,eastern and ,northern     
,united ,states1 is1 from its           
appearance1 often called petrified      
honey-comb4 ,we have many such specimens
 in our museum4 ,in some cases  the     
cells are hardly larger than a pin-head2
 in others a quarter of an  inch in     
diameter4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4 
,these 7,fig4 #acb7 are not fossil      
honey-comb as many are led to believe1  
though the resemblance is so striking   
that no wonder that the public          
generally are deceived4 ,these specimens
 are fossil coral1 which the            
paleontologist places in the genus      
,favosites2 favosus being a common      
species in our ,state4 ,they are very   
abundant in the lime rock in  northern  

,michigan1 and are very properly        
denominated honey-stone coral4  ,the    
animals of which these were once the    
skeletons1 so to speak1 are  not insects
 at all1 though often called so by men  
of considerable  information4 ,it would 
be no greater blunder to call an oyster 
or a clam  an insect4    ,the species of
 the genus ,favosites first appeared in 
the ,upper  ,silurian rocks1 culminated 
in the ,devonian1 and disappeared in the
  early ,carboniferous4 ,no insects     
appeared till the ,devonian age1 and  no
 ,hymenoptera--bees1 wasps1 etc4--till  
after the ,carboniferous4 ,so  the      
old-time ,favosites reared its limestone
 columns and helped to  build islands   
and continents untold ages--millions    
upon millions of  years--before any     
flower bloomed1 or any bee sipped the   
precious  nectar4 ,in some specimens of 
this honey-stone coral 7,fig4 #acc71    
there  are to be seen banks of cells1   
much resembling the paper cells of some 
of our wasps4 ,this might be called     

wasp-stone coral1 except that both      
styles were wrought by the self-same    
animals4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4  
,,general ,,index4                      
,,page      ,a ,b ,c of ,bee ,culture   
#bb    ,abdomen of ,insects             
#dh    ,air ,tubes                      
#bh    ,albino ,bees                    
#dc    ,alighting-,board                
#abg      separate from bottom-board    
#abg    ,alsike ,clover--see clover     
#bbh    ,american ,bee ,journal         
#ai    ,amateurs                        
#aa    ,anatomy and ,physiology         
#dh      of bees                        
#ga      of insects                     
#dh      internal                       
#ef    ,antenna                         
#ea    ,ants                            
#bga      remedies for                  
#bga      function                      
#ea    ,apiary1      where to locate    
#abj      grounds                       
#aeb      house--see house apiary       
#bee      position of                   

#aeb    ,apiary ,grounds                
#aeb      arrangement of                
#aeb      improvement of                
#aec      screens for                   
#aeb      shade for                     
#aec    ,apiculture1      adaptation to 
women                           #ae     
as an avocation                         
#ae      fascination of                 
#ab      for amateurs                   
#aa1 #ae      for specialists           
#aa      inducements to                 
#ab        adaptation to women          
#ae        excellence for amateurs      
#ae        improves the mind            
#ag        recreation                   
#ab        yields delicious food        
#ag      profits of                     
#ac      requisites to                  
#ah        conventions                  
#ai        enthusiasm                   
#bd        experience                   
#ah        mental effort                
#ah        persistence                  
#bd        prompt attention             

#bc        publications                 
#ai        study and thought            
#ah        visits to other apiarists    
#ah        work                         
#aa      unsuited to whom               
#ab    ,apid ,family                    
#cd      animals of                     
#ce      instincts of                   
#cd    ,apis ,genus                     
#ch      animals of                     
#dj      characters of                  
#ch    ,apis ,mellifica                 
#da    ,aristotle                       
#dd    ,articulate ,branch              
#bg      animals of                     
#bg    ,artificial ,colonies            
#agg      advantages of                 
#agg      how made                      
#agg      one from one                  
#agg      one from several              
#agh    ,axioms                         
#bgg      ,barberry                     
#bbe      figure                        
#bbf    ,barnes' ,saw                   
#aea    ,basswood                       

#bcg      figure of                     
#bcg    ,bees1      as fertilizers      
#bbj      burying                       
#bed      how to procure                
#aah      injuring fruit                
#bbj      kind to purchase              
#aai      kinds in each colony          
#ga      place in the animal kingdom    
#bg      quieted                        
#aig        by jarring                  
#aih        by smoking                  
#aih      value of                      
#abj      when to purchase              
#aai      who may keep                  
#aa      why keep                       
#ab    ,bee-,bread--see pollen          
#aaa    ,bee ,dress for ,ladies         
#aig    ,bee ,enemies                   
#bfb      ants                          
#bga      bee-hawk                      
#bfi      bee-killer                    
#bfg      bee-louse                     
#bfh      bee-moth                      
#bfb      king-bird                     
#bgb      mice                          

#bgb      spiders                       
#bga      tachina fly                   
#bgj      toads                         
#bgb      wasps                         
#bga    ,bee ,gloves                    
#aig    ,bee ,glue--see propolis        
#aab    ,bee ,hawk                      
#bfi      remedy for                    
#bgj    ,bee-,keepers' ,axioms          
#bgg    ,bee-,keepers' ,magazine        
#ba    ,bee-,killer                     
#bfg      figure of                     
#bfh      remedies for                  
#bfh    ,bee-,louse                     
#bfh      figure of                     
#bfh      remedy for                    
#bfi    ,bee-,moth                      
#bfb      cocoons of                    
#bfd        figure of                   
#bfd      eggs of                       
#bfc        figure of                   
#bfd1 #bfe      larva of                
#bfc        figure of                   
#bfd      remedies                      
#bff      silk tube of                  

#bfc        figure of                   
#bfb1 #bfc    ,bee ,plants--see plants  
#bbj      necessary to success          
#bah      list of                       
#bba    ,bee ,veil                      
#aif      figure of                     
#aif    ,bees ,angered                  
#aie1 #bja      by quick movements      
#aie1 #bja      by sweat                
#bja    ,bees ,subdued                  
#aig    ,beeswax                        
#ajf      from what                     
#ajf      how separated                 
#baa    ,beggar-,ticks                  
#bdd    ,bergamot                       
#bch    ,bevan on the ,honey-,bee       
#bb    ,bevel-,gauge                    
#abf      figure of                     
#abf    ,bevel ,joints                  
#abf    ,bibliography                   
#dd1 #aac    ,bingham ,hive             
#adj      figure of                     
#adj    ,bingham ,smoker                
#aii      figure of                     
#aii    ,black ,bees--see ,german bees  

#da    ,blackberries                    
#bcf    ,blood of ,insects              
#eg    ,body of ,insects                
#dh      parts of                       
#dh    ,bombus                          
#ce    ,boneset                         
#bhh      figure of                     
#bda    ,bonnet                         
#de    ,books for the ,apiarist         
#ba      ,a ,b ,c of ,bee ,culture      
#bb      ,bevan's ,honey-,bee           
#bb1 #aac      foreign                  
#bb      ,gray's ,botany                
#bdd      ,huber                        
#aac      ,hunter's ,manual             
#bc      ,king's ,text-,book            
#eb      ,langstroth on the ,honey-,bee 
#ba      ,neighbour's ,apiary           
#bc1 #aah      ,quinby's ,mysteries     
#bb    ,books for the ,entomologist     
#dg1 #aac      ,duncan's                
,transformations of ,insects            
#aac      ,kirby  ,spence               
#dg      ,packard                       
#dg1 #aac      ,westwood                

#dg      ,reports                       
#dg        ,fitch                       
#dg        ,harris                      
#dg        ,riley                       
#dg    ,borage                          
#bca      figure of                     
#bcj    ,bottom-board                   
#abg      figure of                     
#abh      immovable                     
#abi    ,box ,hives                     
#abb    ,boxes                          
#adb      ,barker  ,dicer               
#adc      crate for                     
#add      figure of                     
#adb1 #adc      ,harbison               
#adb        figure of                   
#adc      ,isham                        
#adb        figure of                   
#adc      position of                   
#add      ,russell                      
#adb      special support for           
#adb      use                           
#adb    ,box ,honey                     
#adb      when to secure                
#bae      where to keep                 

#baf    ,branch                         
#bg      articulata                     
#bg      of the honey-bee               
#bg    ,breathing of ,insects           
#ei    ,breathing-mouths                
#ei    ,buckwheat                       
#bdb      figure of                     
#bdb    ,button-ball                    
#bch      figure of                     
#bdj      ,cages      for introducing   
queen                        #ahd       
for shipping queen                      
#ahf        figure of                   
#ahg    ,calendar                       
#bgd    ,carpenter ,bees                
#cf    ,catnip                          
#bcb1 #bdj    ,chaff ,hives             
#bea    ,chrysalids                     
#fi    ,circulatory ,system             
#eg    ,class                           
#bh      insecta                        
#bh      of the honey-bee               
#bh    ,cleome--see ,rocky ,m't'n bee   
plant              #bch    ,clover      
#bbh      ,alsike                       

#bbh        figure of                   
#bbi      sweet                         
#bbh        figure of                   
#bcj      white                         
#bbh      figure of                     
#bbh    ,clustering ,outside the ,hive  
#aec      cause of                      
#aec      how prevented                 
#aec        adding room                 
#agf        extracting                  
#ahh        shading                     
#aec    ,cocoons                        
#fi      of bees                        
#ih    ,college ,course                 
#aah    ,colonies1      always strong   
#aai      how moved                     
#ahg    ,columella                      
#dd    ,comb                            
#ajh      cells in                      
#aaj        worker                      
#aaj        drone                       
#aaj      figure of                     
#aji      for guide                     
#bjh      how fastened                  
#aeg1 #aeh      how made                

#ajh1 #aaj      transparency of         
#aaj      use of                        
#aaj      what determines kind          
#aaj    ,comb ,foundation               
#bjc      ,american                     
#bjd      figure of                     
#bjc      history of                    
#bjc      how cut                       
#bjg      how fastened                  
#bji      how made                      
#bjf      use of                        
#bjg    ,comb ,foundation ,machine      
#bje      figure of                     
#bje      inventor of                   
#bje    ,comb ,honey                    
#bae      apparatus to secure           
#ada      care of                       
#baf      in boxes                      
#adb      in frames                     
#add      in what form                  
#add1 #bae      marketing               
#bae      when to secure                
#bae    ,conventions                    
#ai    ,corn                            
#bce    ,cotton                         

#bcf      figure of                     
#bcf    ,cover for ,frames              
#abi    ,cover for ,hives               
#abi      figure of                     
#acj1 #aca    ,crates1      section     
#adi      market                        
#baf    ,cyprian ,bee                   
#dc      ,de ,geer                      
#de    ,digestive ,organs               
#fj    ,diseases                        
#bei      dysentery                     
#bdg1 #bei      foul brood              
#bei    ,dissection                     
#ej1 #fe    ,dissecting ,instruments    
#ea1 #fe      lenses                    
#ea1 #fe      needle points             
#ea      dividers--see separators       
#adf    ,dividing ,colonies--see        
artificial        colonies              
#aga1 #agg    ,division-board           
#acg      figure of                     
#acg      use of                        
#ach    ,dollar ,queens                 
#ahf    ,dorsata ,bee                   
#dj    ,dress for ,ladies               

#aig    ,drones                         
#hf      development of                 
#hg      eggs of                        
#hg      eyes of                        
#hf      function of                    
#hc      influence of1 on drone progeny 
#hi      jaws of                        
#hf        figure of                    
#ib      leg of                         
#hf        figure of                    
#hg      longevity of                   
#hh      number of                      
#hf      tongue of                      
#hf      when in hive                   
#hf1 #hh      why so numerous           
#hi    ,dysentery                       
#bdg1 #bei      ,egg                    
#fg      of insects                     
#fg      of bee                         
#if    ,egyptian ,bee                   
#dc    ,empty ,cells                    
#ahh      importance of                 
#ahh      how to secure                 
#ahh    ,entrance to ,hive              
#abh    ,epicranium                     

#dh    ,extractor1      of honey        
#ahh        figure of                   
#ahi        ,everett's                  
#aij        history of                  
#ahh        how to use                  
#aid        knives for                  
#aia          figure of                 
#aia        rack for                    
#ahi          figure of                 
#aij        use of                      
#aia        when to use                 
#aib        wire comb baskets for       
#ahi          figure of                 
#ahi        of wax                      
#bab          figure of                 
#bac    ,extracted ,honey               
#bad      market for                    
#bad    ,extracting ,honey              
#aia      how done                      
#aid      why done                      
#aia      when done                     
#aib    ,eyes of ,insects               
#ec      compound                       
#ed      simple                         
#ed      ,fabricius                     

#df    ,family                          
#cd      apid                           
#cd      of the honey-bee               
#cd    ,feeder                          
#afj      figure of                     
#afj1 #afa    ,feeding                  
#aei      amount to feed                
#aei      use of                        
#aei      what to feed                  
#afj        honey                       
#afj        sugar                       
#afj        flour                       
#afc    ,female ,organs                 
#fd    ,fertile ,workers                
#gg    ,fertilization of ,flowers by    
,bees               #bbj    ,figwort    
#bch      figure of                     
#bch    ,fitch's ,report                
#dg    ,foot-power ,saw                 
#aea    ,foul ,brood                    
#bei      cause                         
#bfj      cure for                      
#bjj      symptoms of                   
#bei    ,foundation                     
#bjc      figure of                     

#bjc      history of                    
#bjc      use of                        
#bjc1 #bjg      how cut                 
#bjg      how fastened                  
#bji      how made                      
#bjf    ,frames                         
#acb      arrangement for surplus       
#adg      block for making              
#acd        figure of                   
#ace      cover for                     
#acf      figure of                     
#acc1 #acd      form of                 
#acb      ,gallup                       
#acc      gauge for construction        
#ace        figure of                   
#ace      inventor of                   
#abc      ,langstroth                   
#acb      number of                     
#acb      section                       
#adh      small--see sections           
#add      space about                   
#acf      space between                 
#acf    ,fruit trees                    
#bbe      ,gallup ,frame                
#acc    ,geoffroy                       

#de    ,genus1      apis                
#ch      of the honey-bee               
#ch    ,german or ,black ,bee           
#ca    ,gleanings in ,bee ,culture      
#bj    ,gloves                          
#aig    ,golden-rod                     
#bdb      figure of                     
#bdc    ,grapes ,injured by ,bees       
#bbj    ,grape ,vines for ,shade        
#aec    ,gunther                        
#ab      ,handling ,bees                
#aie    ,harris' ,injurious ,insects    
#dg    ,harvey                          
#dd    ,head of ,insects                
#dh      organs of                      
#dc    ,heart of ,insects               
#eg    ,hexapods--see ,insects          
#cj    ,hives                           
#abb      alighting-board of            
#abg      ,bingham                      
#adj        figure of                   
#adj      bottom-board of               
#abg        figure of                   
#abh      box not good                  
#abb      chaff                         

#bea      cover of                      
#abi      division-board for            
#acg      entrance to                   
#abh      figure of                     
#abd1 #acj1 #aee      frames for        
#acb      ,huber                        
#ach      joints of                     
#abf        square                      
#abf          figure of                 
#abe        bevel                       
#abf          figure of                 
#acj      ,langstroth                   
#abc        figure of                   
#abd      lumber for                    
#abd      movable comb                  
#abc      movable frame                 
#abb      near the ground               
#abh      nucleus                       
#afe      position of                   
#aed        figure of                   
#aae      ,quinby                       
#aci        figure of                   
#aci      rabbet of                     
#abe      size of                       
#abd    ,honey                          

#ajd      collected1 not secreted       
#ajd      defined                       
#ajd      extracted                     
#aic      for food                      
#ag      granulated1 how dissolved      
#aic      how collected                 
#aje      how deposited                 
#aje      how transported               
#aje      marketing of                  
#bac      natural use of                
#ajf      source of                     
#aje        bark lice                   
#aje1 #bah        honey-dew             
#aje1 #bai        plants                
#aje1 #baj        plant lice            
#aje1 #bah        other sources         
#aje1 #bai    ,honey-,comb--see comb    
#ajh    ,honey ,extractor--see extractor
                 #ahh      figure of    
#ahi      importance of                 
#ahh      requisites of                 
#ahi      use of                        
#aia      when to use                   
#aib    ,honey ,knives                  
#aia      figure of                     

#aia    ,honey ,plants--see plants      
#bah      for ,april                    
#bbc      for ,may                      
#bbe      for ,july                     
#bcg      for ,june                     
#bbh      for ,august                   
#bdb      importance of                 
#bah      list of                       
#bba    ,house ,apiary                  
#bee      advantages of                 
#bef      are they desirable8           
#bef      objections to                 
#beg    ,huber                          
#ga    ,huber ,hive                     
#ach      kinds of                      
#acc    ,hunter's ,manual               
#bc    ,hymenopterous ,insects          
#ca      the highest                    
#cb      parasitic                      
#cb      ,imago                         
#gj    ,insecta                         
#bh      animals of                     
#cj      class                          
#bh    ,insects1 or ,hexapods           
#cj      abdomen of                     

#cj      head of                        
#cj      imago of                       
#cj      larva of                       
#cj      pupa of                        
#cj      thorax of                      
#cj      transformations of             
#ff      transformations1 complete      
#ff      transformations1 incomplete    
#gj    ,introduction of ,cell           
#ahe      figure of                     
#afg    ,introduction of ,queen         
#ahc    ,intestines                     
#fa    ,italian ,bees                   
#da1 #ahj      description of           
#db1 #aha      figure of                
,frontispiece      history of           
#da      superiority of                 
#aha      ,jaws                         
#ej      figure of                      
#ib    ,judas ,tree                     
#bbe      figure of                     
#bbd      ,king ,bird                   
#bg8    ,king's ,text-,book             
#bb    ,kirby  ,spence's ,entomology    
#dg1 #aac      ,labium                  

#dh    ,labrum                          
#dh    ,ladies' ,bee ,dress             
#aig    ,langstroth1 ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4      
#abc    ,langstroth ,frame              
#acb      figure of                     
#abd    ,langstroth ,hive               
#abc      figure of                     
#abd    ,langstroth on the ,honey-,bee  
#ba    ,larva                           
#fh    ,latreille                       
#de    ,leaf-,cutting ,bee              
#cf    ,legs of ,insects                
#ij    ,linnus                          
#de    ,ligula                          
#di      figure of                      
#ia    ,location of ,apiary             
#abj    ,locust ,trees                  
#bcf    ,lyonnet                        
#df      ,male ,organs                  
#fb      figure of                      
#fc    ,mandibles                       
#ej      figure of                      
#ib    ,maple                           
#bbd1 #bbe      figure of               
#bbb    ,market--for honey              

#bac      crate for                     
#baf        figures of                  
#baf1 #bag      for comb                
#bae      for extracted                 
#bad      how to stimulate              
#bac      rules for                     
#bae    ,mason ,bees                    
#cf1 #cg    ,maxill                     
#ej    ,megachile                       
#cf    ,melipona                        
#ce    ,mice                            
#bgb      remedy for                    
#bgb    ,mignonette                     
#bca      figure of                     
#bca    ,milk-,weed                     
#bcb      pollen masses of              
#bcc      figure of                     
#bcc    ,mimicry                        
#ca    ,mouth ,parts                    
#dh      figure of                      
#di      variation of                   
#ej    ,movable-,comb ,hives            
#abc      two types                     
#abc    ,moving ,colonies               
#ahg    ,multiplying ,colonies          

#aga    ,muscles of ,insects            
#ef    ,mustard                         
#bcc      figure of                     
#bcc      ,natural ,history of the      
,honey-,bee                #bg          
,natural ,method of ,increase           
#aga    ,natural ,swarms                
#aga      means to save                 
#agc        implements required         
#agc      not desirable                 
#aga      second swarms prevented       
#age    ,neighbour1 ,the ,apiary        
#bc    ,nerves of ,insects              
#eg      figure of                      
#eh    ,neuters                         
#ij      cocoon of                      
#ih      development of                 
#if      eggs of                        
#if      eyes of                        
#ib      figure of                      
#ij      function of                    
#ii        old workers                  
#ii        young workers                
#ii      honey stomach of               
#ib        figure of                    

#fj      jaws of                        
#ib        figure of                    
#ib      larva of                       
#ig        figure of                    
#ig      longevity of                   
#ii      number of                      
#ij      pollen baskets of              
#ic        figure of                    
#ic      pupa of                        
#ih        figure of                    
#ig      size of                        
#ij      sting of                       
#ie        figure of                    
#ie      tarsi of                       
#ic        figure of                    
#ic1 #id      tibia of                  
#ic      tongue of                      
#ib        figure of                    
#ia      wings of                       
#ib        figure of                    
#ch    ,nymphs                          
#fi      ,order                         
#cj      of insects                     
#cj      of the honey-bee               
#cj    ,osmia                           

#cg    ,ovaries                         
#fd      figure of                      
#fd      ,packard's ,entomology         
#dg    ,palpi                           
#di    ,papers                          
#ai      ,american ,bee ,journal        
#ai      ,bee-,keepers' ,magazine       
#ba      ,gleanings in ,bee ,culture    
#bj    ,paragloss                       
#di    ,parasitic ,insects              
#cb    ,parasitic ,bees                 
#cg    ,parthenogenesis                 
#hj      in bees                        
#hj      in other insects               
#ha    ,plants                          
#bbj      asters                        
#bdc        figure of                   
#bdc      ,april                        
#bbc      ,august                       
#bdb      barberry                      
#bbe        figure of                   
#bbf      basswood                      
#bcg        figure of                   
#bcg      beggar-ticks                  
#bdd      bergamot                      

#bch      blackberry                    
#bcf      boneset                       
#bch        figure of                   
#bda      buckwheat                     
#bdc        figure of                   
#bdc      button-ball                   
#bch        figure of                   
#bdj      catnip                        
#bcb1 #bdj      clover                  
#bbh        ,alsike                     
#bbh          figure of                 
#bbi        sweet                       
#bbh          figure of                 
#bcj        white                       
#bbh          figure of                 
#bbh      coffee berry                  
#bbf      corn                          
#bce      cotton                        
#bcf        figure of                   
#bcf      figwort                       
#bch        figure of                   
#bch      fruit trees                   
#bbe      golden-rod                    
#bdb        figure of                   
#bdc      ,judas tree                   

#bbe        figure of                   
#bbd      ,july                         
#bcg      ,june                         
#bbh      list of                       
#bba      locust                        
#bcf      maples                        
#bba1 #bbe        figure of             
#bbb      milk-weed                     
#bcb        pollen-masses               
#bcb          figure of                 
#bcc      mints                         
#bcb        figure of                   
#bcb      mignonette                    
#bca        figure of                   
#bca      mustard                       
#bcc        figure of                   
#bcc      okra                          
#bcb        figure of                   
#bca      poplar                        
#bbe      rape                          
#bcd        figure of                   
#bcd      ,rocky ,mountain bee          
#bch        figure of                   
#bci      sage                          
#bcb        white                       

#bbf          figure of                 
#bbg      sour-wood                     
#bdj      ,spanish needles              
#bdd      ,st4 ,john's wort             
#bdj      sumac                         
#bbf      teasel                        
#bce        figure of                   
#bcf      tick-seed                     
#bdd      tulip tree                    
#bcd        figure of                   
#bce      willow                        
#bbd        figure of                   
#bbc      wistaria                      
#bbe        ,american                   
#bbe          figure of                 
#bbe        ,chinese                    
#bbe          figure of                 
#bbf    ,pliny                          
#dd    ,poison from ,sting              
#ab      innoculation of                
#ab    ,poison ,sack                    
#ie    ,pollen                          
#aaa      function of                   
#aab      how carried                   
#aaa      nature of                     

#aaa      source of                     
#aaa      where deposited               
#aab    ,preparation for ,apiculture    
#aag      college course                
#aah      plan                          
#aah      read                          
#aag      visit                         
#aag    ,products of ,bees              
#ajd      comb                          
#ajh        figure of                   
#aji      honey                         
#ajd      pollen or bee-bread           
#aaa      propolis or bee-glue          
#aab      wax                           
#ajf    ,products of ,insects           
#ajd    ,propolis or ,bee-,glue         
#aab      function of                   
#aac      nature of                     
#aab      source of                     
#aab    ,publications                   
#ai      ,american ,bee ,journal        
#ai      ,bee-,keepers' ,magazine       
#ba      ,gleanings in ,bee ,culture    
#bj    ,pupa                            
#fh      figure of                      

#fi      ,queen                         
#ga      brood from eggs                
#gh1 #afd      cages                    
#ahd      cell                          
#ge        figure of                    
#aji1 #afg        introduction of       
#afg          figure of                 
#afg        when started                
#afd        where built                 
#afd          figure of                 
#aji      clipping wing of              
#afh        how done                    
#afi        not injurious               
#afh        why done                    
#afi      cocoon of                     
#gg      development of                 
#ge      eggs of                        
#hj1 #ha        how impregnated         
#ha          ,wagner's theory           
#ha      fecundity of                   
#hc1 #hd      figure of                 
#gb      food of larv                   
#gf      function of                    
#hc      how procured                   
#ahe      importance of                 

#afc      impregnation of               
#gh        only on the wing             
#gi      introduction of                
#ahc      laying of                     
#hb      longevity of                   
#hc      must have empty cells          
#ahh      never to be wanting           
#afc1 #agf      never to be poor        
#ahf      no sovereign                  
#he      ovaries of                     
#gb        figure of                    
#fd      oviduct of                     
#fd      piping of                      
#ajb      rearing of                    
#gh1 #afc1 #ahf      sex of             
#ga      shipping                       
#ahf      size of                       
#gb      spermatheca of                 
#gb      sterility of                   
#hc      sting of                       
#ga      tongue of                      
#gc        figure of                    
#gc      wings of                       
#gc    ,queen ,cells                    
#ge      figure of                      

#aji1 #afg      how secured             
#afd      introduction of               
#afg        figure of                   
#afg    ,queen ,rearing                 
#afc1 #ahf    ,queen ,shipping          
#ahf      cage for                      
#ahf        figure of                   
#ahg    ,queen ,white ,ant              
#hd      fecundity of                   
#hd    ,quilt                           
#acf    ,quinby1 ,m4                    
#ach    ,quinby ,hive                   
#aci      figure of                     
#aci    ,quinby's ,mysteries of         
,bee-keeping               #bb          
,quinby ,smoker                         
#aih      figure of                     
#aii      ,rabbets for ,hive            
#abe      of tin                        
#abe    ,races of the ,honey-,bee       
#da      ,egyptian                      
#dc      ,german or black               
#da      ,italian or ,ligurian          
#da        history of                   
#da        characters of                

#db        superiority of               
#aha      other                         
#dc    ,ray                             
#dd    ,raumur                          
#de    ,respiration                     
#ei    ,riley's ,reports                
#dg    ,robbing                         
#beh      how checked                   
#beh      how prevented                 
#bei      when to fear                  
#beh    ,rocky ,mountain ,bee ,plant    
#bch      figure of                     
#bci    ,royal ,jelly                   
#gf    ,russell ,hive                   
#ada      ,salicylic ,acid              
#bfa      use of                        
#bfa    ,sage                           
#bcb      white                         
#bbf        figure of                   
#bbg    ,sawdust                        
#aed    ,saws                           
#aea      ,barnes'                      
#aea      foot-power                    
#aea    ,second ,swarms                 
#ajb    ,secretion                      

#fb    ,secretory ,organs               
#fa    ,sections                        
#adg      dove-tail                     
#adg        figure of                   
#adf      ,hetherington                 
#adf        glassing                    
#adf      ,phelps-,wheeler-,betsinger   
#adg        figure of                   
#adg      veneer                        
#add        glassing                    
#ade    ,section ,block                 
#ade      figure of                     
#ade    ,section ,frame                 
#adg      figure of                     
#adh      where placed                  
#adh    ,section ,rack                  
#adi      ,doolittle                    
#aea      figure of                     
#aej1 #aea      ,southard  ,ranney's    
#aej      use of                        
#adi      ,wheeler                      
#aea    ,senses of ,insects             
#ea      hearing                        
#ea      seeing                         
#ed      smelling                       

#eb      feeling                        
#ea    ,separators                      
#adf1 #aej      figure of               
#adf      tin                           
#adh        figure of                   
#adi1 #aej      wooden                  
#adf        figure of                   
#adf    ,shade for ,hives               
#aec      ever-greens                   
#aed      grape-vines                   
#aec      houses                        
#aec      use of                        
#aec        prevents idleness           
#aec        prevents melting of comb    
#aec    ,smokers                        
#aih      bellows                       
#aih        how used                    
#bja      ,bingham                      
#aii        figure of                   
#aii      ,quinby                       
#aic        figure of                   
#aii    ,sour-wood                      
#bdj    ,spanish ,needles               
#bdd    ,specialists                    
#aa    ,species of the ,honey-,bee      

#da    ,spermatheca                     
#fe    ,spiders                         
#bga    ,spiracles                      
#ei    ,spring ,dwindling               
#bed    ,starting an ,apiary            
#aag    ,sting                          
#ie      figure of                      
#ie    ,stingless ,bees                 
#ce    ,stings                          
#bja      cure of                       
#bja    ,st4 ,john's ,wort              
#bdj    ,stomach                        
#fj      sucking                        
#fj      true                           
#fj    ,sub-,order                      
#ca      ,hymenoptera                   
#ca      of the honey-bee               
#ca    ,sumac                           
#bbf    ,sun-,flower                    
#bdc    ,swammerdam                     
#dd    ,swarming                        
#aja1 #aga      after-swarms            
#ajc      clustering                    
#ajc      drone-brood started           
#aja      old colony--how known         

#ajb      preparation for               
#aja        drone-brood                 
#aja        queen cells                 
#aja      prevented                     
#agf      when to expect                
#agf    ,swarms                         
#agb      hiving                        
#agc        easy method                 
#agb      second                        
#agb        how prevented               
#agb      ,tachina ,fly                 
#bgj      figure of                     
#bgj    ,tailor-,bee                    
#cf    ,teasel                          
#bce      figure of                     
#bcf    ,thorax of ,insects             
#dh      appendages of                  
#ee    ,tick-,seed                      
#bdd    ,toads                          
#bgb    ,tongue                         
#di    ,trachea                         
#bh1 #ei      figure of                 
#bh    ,transferring                    
#aef      method of                     
#afj      when easiest                  

#aef    ,transformations of ,insects    
#ff      incomplete                     
#gj    ,trigona                         
#ce    ,tulip ,tree                     
#bcd      figure of                     
#bce      ,uniting                      
#bec      when advisable                
#bec      ,varieties of the             
,honey-,bee--see races           #da    
,veil                                   
#aif      figure of                     
#aif    ,virgil                         
#dd      ,wagner                        
#ai    ,wagner's ,theory                
#ha    ,wasps                           
#bga      remedies for                  
#bgb    ,water for ,bees                
#ih    ,wax                             
#ajf      composition of                
#ajg      function of                   
#ajh      how secured                   
#baa      importance of                 
#baa      source of                     
#ajf    ,wax ,extractor                 
#bab      figure of                     

#bab    ,wax ,pockets                   
#ajf      figure of                     
#ajf    ,weiss' ,foundation ,machine    
#bjd      figure of                     
#bje    ,westwood on ,insects           
#dg    ,willow                          
#bbd      figure of                     
#bbc    ,wings                          
#fe      clipping                       
#afh      figure of                     
#ch      of drone                       
#hf      of queen                       
#gc      of worker                      
#ib        figure of                    
#ch    ,wintering                       
#bdf      requisites to safe            
#bdh        absorbents above bees       
#bec        chaff hives                 
#bfa        chamber contracted          
#bec        colonies prepared           
#bdh        depositories for            
#beb          cellar                    
#bcb          house                     
#beb          house apiary              
#bee        good food                   

#bdh        late breeding               
#bdi        packing-box                 
#bej          figure of                 
#bej        protected if left out       
#bej      why disastrous                
#bdf        excessive moisture          
#bdh        extremes of temperature     
#bdg        spring dwindling            
#bed        too early cessation of      
storing             #bdg                
unwholesome food                        
#bdg    ,women as ,bee-,keepers         
#ae    ,workers--see ,neuters           
#ij      fertile                        
#gg1 #ij    ,wistaria                   
#bbe      ,american                     
#bbe        figure of                   
#bbe      ,chinese                      
#bbe        figure of                   
#bbf      ,xylocopa                     
#cf      ,,index ,,to ,,appendix4       
,bark ,louse                            
#bhf      of ,tulip ,tree               
#bhf    ,bee ,enemies                   
#bhf1 #bic    ,berlepsch                

#bhd      ,debeauvoys' ,hive            
#bhb    ,della ,rocca                   
#bhc    ,dzierzon                       
#bhc    ,dzierzon ,hive                 
#bhc      ,fossil ,honey ,comb          
#cja      figures of                    
#cja1 #cjb      ,grecian ,hives         
#bgh      ,harbison ,hive               
#bhd    ,history of ,movable ,frames    
#bgh    ,hives                          
#bgh      ,berlepsch                    
#bhd      ,debeauvoys                   
#bhb      ,della ,rocca                 
#bhc      ,dzierzon                     
#bhc      ,harbison                     
#bhd      ,huber                        
#bgh      ,langstroth                   
#bhc      ,munn                         
#bgi        figures of                  
#bgi1 #bhj      ,schirach               
#bhc      ,schmidt                      
#bha      ,shaw                         
#bhb      ,insects                      
#bhf1 #bic      ,laphria thoracica      
#cjj      ,lecanium tulipifer           

#bhf      ,mallophora bomboides         
#big      ,mallophora orcina            
#big      ,phymata erosa                
#bic      ,japan ,medlar                
#bic      ,kleine                       
#bha      ,langstroth ,hive             
#bhc    ,laphria thoracica              
#cjj    ,lecanium tulipifer             
#bhf      figure of                     
#bhh      ,mallophora bomboides         
#big              orcina                
#big    ,motherwort                     
#bhi      figures of                    
#bhi1 #bij1 #bia    ,munn ,hive         
#bgi      figures of                    
#bgi1 #bhj      ,phymata erosa          
#bic      figures of                    
#bid1 #bie1 #bif    ,plants             
#bhi      ,japan medlar                 
#bic      ,motherwort                   
#bhi      ,sour-wood                    
#bic      ,raumur                       
#bgh      ,schmidt's ,hive              
#bha    ,schirach's hive                
#bhc    ,shaw's ,hive                   

#bhb    ,sourwood                       
#bib      figure of                     
#bib    ,southern ,bee-killers          
#big      figures of                    
#big1 #bih    ,stinging ,bug            
#bic      figures of                    
#bid1 #bie1 #bif    ,swammerdam         
#bgh      ,triangular ,hive             
#bhj      figure of                     
#bhj                        ,,cook',s   
,,new ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,apiary4     
,,notices ,,by ,,the ,,press4    ,needs 
no recommendation--recommends           
itself4--,western ,rural1 ,chicago4     
,this work is exceedingly               
valuable--indeed indispensable to       
apiarists4--,voice of ,masonry4         
,treating the art in all its different  
branches in a clear1 concise and        
interesting manner4--,the ,canadian     
,entomologist4    ,it is the fullest1   
most practical1 and most satisfactory   
treatise on  the subject now before the 
public4--,country ,gentleman4    ,it    
contains the latest developments of     

science connected with  bee-culture and 
honey production4--,chicago ,evening    
,journal4    ,it contains the latest    
scientific discoveries in apiarian      
management  and bee-keeping             
apparatus4--,prairie ,farmer1 ,chicago4 
,the latest1 fullest1 most practical and
 satisfactory treatise on the  subject1 
now before the public4--,lambton1       
7,canada7 ,advocate4    ,every point    
connected with the subject is handled in
 a clear1  exhaustive1 yet pithy and    
practical manner4--,rural ,new ,yorker4 
,it is both a practical and scientific  
discussion1 and nothing that  could     
interest the bee-raiser is left         
unsaid4--,chicago ,inter-,ocean4    ,the
 most thorough work on the apiary ever  
published1 and the only one             
illustrating the various bee            
plants4--,lansing 7,mich47 ,republican4 
,prof4 ,cook is an entomologist1 a      
botanist1 a ready writer1 a passionate  
lover of the honey-bee1 and his new work
 savors of all these                    

qualities4--,standard1 ,new ,bedford1   
,mass4    ,i feel like thanking ,god    
that we have such a man as ,prof4 ,cook 
to take  hold of the subject of         
bee-culture in the masterly way in which
 he has  done it4--,gleanings in ,bee   
,culture4    ,it is a book which does   
credit to our calling2 one that every   
bee-keeper may welcome as a fit exponent
 of the science which gives  pleasure to
 all who are engaged in it4--,american  
,bee ,journal4    ,the honey-bee comes  
with the perfume of summer flowers1 and 
one of  its best friends1 ,a4 ,j4 ,cook1
 has written its history and habits in a
  handsomely illustrated                
volume4--,american ,poultry ,journal4   
,it is just what might have been        
expected from the distinguished         
author--a work acceptable to the        
ordinary bee-man1 and a delight to the  
student of scientific apiculture4--,bee 
,keepers' ,magazine4    ,cook's new     
,manual of the ,apiary1 comes with high 
encomiums from  ,america2 and certainly 

it appears to have cut the ground from  
under  future book makers1 for some time
 to come4--,british ,bee ,journal4      
,it is the most complete and practical  
treatise on bee-culture in ,europe  or  
,america4 ,the arrangement is           
successive1 and every topic is lucidly  
treated in the ,professor's blithesome1 
light-hearted1 pithy1 suggestive        
style4--,post and ,tribune1 ,detroit1   
,mich4    ,the typography and general   
execution of the work is handsome and   
neat1  and altogether we have a work    
that may be safely recommended as the   
,manual of the ,apiarist--the book1 par 
excellence1 to which all may  revert    
with both pleasure and profit1 for      
instruction in the management  of the   
apiary4--,michigan ,farmer4    ,it must 
rank with ,henderson's manuals1 and     
share with them the praise  of being an 
indispensable adjunct to every          
specialist's library4 ,it is  a         
scientific1 practical book1 a book of   
how to do and why to do1  tersely       

written1 yet fully expressed2 a book to 
the credit of ,american                 
literature4--,scientific ,farmer1       
,boston4    ,finger ,it is printed in   
the best style of the art1 on fine book 
paper  and superbly illustrated4 ,price1
 bound in cloth1 #a4be2 in paper1       
#a4jj1 postpaid4 ,per dozen3 cloth1     
#ab4jj2 paper1 #i4ej4                   
,,thomas ,g4 ,,newman  ,,son1           
,publishers1                 #igb and   
#igd ,west ,madison ,street1 ,,chicago4 
,illustration                           
,,the ,,american ,,bee ,,journal1       
,is an elegant fifty-two paged          
,illustrated ,monthly1                  
,,devoted ,,exclusively ,,to            
,,bee-,,culture1    ,at #a4ej per annum1
 in advance2 ,sample ,copy4 #aj;c4      
,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,hetherington ,cherry    
,valley1 ,n4 ,y41 says3 ,the readers of 
the ,,american ,,bee ,,journal and its  
,present management are1 ,i think1 fit  
,subjects for congratulation4 ,you      
certainly give us a good paper1 and     

none of us hesitate to recommend it to  
the extent of saying that no            
bee-keeper1 great or small1 can afford  
to do without it4    ,i find the ,bee   
,journal an excellent companion and     
adviser4--,l4 ,m4  ,wainwright1         
,noblesville1 ,ind4    ,the ,bee        
,journal is the largest and best bee    
paper published4--,d4 ,l4  ,franklin1   
,boone ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,it has saved me
 #ef4be in hives alone1 to say nothing  
of the other  information4--,r4         
,matthews1 ,pontiac1 ,ill4    ,you have 
worked up the ,american ,bee ,journal   
almost to  perfection4--,orion ,siggins1
 ,west ,hickory1 ,pa4    ,i would not do
 without the ,american ,bee ,journal for
 three times its  price4--,j4 ,e4       
,kearns1 ,waterloo1 ,pa4    ,i have     
learned more from it1 of how to handle  
bees1 than from all other  sources4--,r4
 ,corbett1 ,malden1 ,ill4    ,i consider
 the ,bee ,journal the best bee         
publication--having read them  all4--,j4
 ,e4 ,hunter1 ,jones ,co41 ,iowa4       

,the ,journal grows better every month4 
,no bee man should be without           
it4--,john ,barfoot1 ,new ,canton1 ,ill4
    ,i do not see how any one can do    
with out it4 ,i have had bees for #dj   
years4--,a4 ,m4 ,burnett1 ,valley       
,mills1 ,texas4    ,the ,bee ,journal   
comes loaded with good things4 ,i can   
not see how it  is possible to make it  
so much better every month4--,t4 ,j4    
,ward1 ,st4  ,mary's1 ,ind4    ,if you  
keep on improving the ,bee ,journal as  
you have within the past  year1 it must 
soon become the ne plus ultra of bee    
literature the  ,world over4--,o4 ,w4   
,speer1 ,easton1 ,pa4    ,i am among the
 many who are glad that the ,american   
,bee ,journal fell  into the hands of   
those who have no hobbies to ride nor   
axes to grind4  ,i only express the     
views of many others4--,f4 ,a4 ,snell1  
,milledgeville1  ,ill4                  
,,published ,,on ,,the ,,first ,,day    
,,of ,,every ,,month1 ,,by              
,,thomas ,g4 ,,newman  ,,son1 #igb  #igd

 ,w4 ,madison ,st41 ,chicago4           
,,the ,,american ,,bee ,,journal        
,,appreciative ,,notices4    ,it is the 
most valuable publication on bee-culture
 in ,america4--,sun1  ,anoka1 ,minn4    
,it is authority in all matters         
pertaining to                           
bee-culture4--,republican1 ,mason ,city1
 ,iowa4    ,it stands at the head of    
,american publications devoted to       
bee-culture4--,patriot1 ,springfield1   
,mo4    ,it is a complete guide to those
 interested in                          
bee-culture4--,everybody's ,ledger1     
,lewiston1 ,pa4    ,it is most valuable1
 and will always find a hearty welcome  
in every  apiary4--,herald1 ,los        
,angeles1 ,cal4    ,the ,american ,bee  
,journal2 is a publication of great     
value to all honey  producers4--,daily  
,news1 ,danville1 ,va4    ,we recommend 
the ,american ,bee ,journal1 as the     
ablest bee paper in the  ,united        
,states4--,farmers' ,home ,journal4     
,it is progressive1 interesting and     

valuable to every one who keeps  bees1  
and is ably edited4--,agriculturist1    
,quincy1 ,ill4    ,it is full of useful 
suggestions and instructive articles to 
every one  interested in honey          
producing4--,democrat1 ,allegan1 ,mich4 
,it is full to overflowing with matters 
pertaining to the successful  management
 of the little honey producers--a       
thoroughly live  periodical4--,standard1
 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4    ,the ,journal 
surpasses itself2 each issue improves   
upon the last1 in  the bright1 cheerful 
appearance and instructive influence of 
its whole  composition4--,w4            
,williamson1 ,lexington1 ,ky4    ,the   
,american ,bee ,journal is increasing in
 influence with each number4  ,it is a  
valuable auxiliary to the bee-keeper1   
and should be taken and  read by all    
interested in bee-culture4--,standard1  
,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4    ,i hail the   
coming of the ,bee ,journal with joy4   
,it is the greatest light  we have on   
bee-culture1 bringing ideas1 not only   

from the editor1 but  from all the other
 experienced bee men of the land4--,l4  
,a4 ,taber1  ,holyoke1 ,mass4    ,in its
 department of journalism1 the ,american
 ,bee ,journal stands  without a rival4 
,devoted exclusively to bee-culture and 
the production  of pure honey1 its      
columns are filled with such matter as a
 keeper of  bees can read and profit by4
 ,its table of contents is as full as it
 is  interesting4--,gazette1 ,lewiston1 
,pa4    ,the ,american ,bee ,journal    
ought to be taken by all bee-keepers2 it
 is  neatly printed and replete in      
useful information about bees and honey4
  ,it fully describes the habits of     
those busy extractors of sweets from    
flowers and herbs1 whose products1 with 
the yield from our cows1 makes  our land
 literally flow with milk and           
honey4--,maryland ,farmer4    ,the ,bee 
,journal is pre-eminently above all its 
competitors4 ,it is  full of fire1      
enterprise and vim2 it discusses the    
various questions  pertaining to        

bee-culture with spirit and energetic   
thought2 it is  an honor to its ,editor 
and to the interest which sustains it4  
,it has  no individual axe to grind1 but
 is the fearless champion of all that   
is useful and good2 steadfast1          
unwavering1 honest2 never vacillating   
or swerving2 but true1 as the needle to 
the pole1 to the interest of            
bee-keepers4 ,it should be supported by 
every one interested in bees or         
honey4--,american ,grocer4              
,,thomas ,g4 ,,newman  ,,son1           
,publishers1                   #igb and 
#igd ,west ,madison ,st41 ,,chicago4    
,ha6 ,ha6 ,ha6 ,just ,what ,i ,want6    
,illustration    ,the ,michigan         
,bee-,keepers' ,association1 having all 
the ,smokers before  it1 pronounced     
,bingham's ,patent ,smoker the best4    
,j ,p ,moore1 of ,binghamton1 ,new      
,york1 after using one some time1 said3 
,my ,smoker troubles are all over1 and  
the bee-keepers owe you a debt of       
gratitude4    ,professor ,cook1 of      

,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 says3 
,it is the best  in the market4    ,r4  
,m4 ,argo1 ,lowell1 ,kentucky1 says3 ,it
 is all that any bee-keeper  could      
desire4    ,paul ,l4 ,viallon1 ,bayou   
,goula1 ,louisiana1 writes1 ,april #fth1
 #ahgh3 ,your  ,smokers are far superior
 to any ever invented2 and we           
bee-keepers owe  you a vote of thanks   
for your ,ingenious invention4 ,many may
 try to  improve on yours1 but ,i am    
positive none will make a better one4   
,this is the first and only bellows     
,smoker ever made which would burn      
stove-wood4 ,it burns anything          
combustible1 and needs no care except   
to be refilled once in one or two hours4
 ,works easy1 and will throw a  stream  
of smoke ten feet4 ,it will not go out  
or wear out4 ,it will save  time1 stings
 and money1 and perhaps a valuable      
horse4    ,the inventor is the only     
party having a right to manufacture said
  ,smoker1 and it is safe to buy of him4
      ,large size1    #b inch1 by mail  

#a4ge    ,standard size1 #b inch1  by   
mail #a4ej    ,small size1    #a inch1  
#a4jj    ,address1 ,t4 ,f4 ,,bingham1   
,otsego1 ,allegan ,co41 ,mich4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,bingham  ,,hetherington',s ,,honey    
,,knife4    ,illustration    ,these     
knives are peculiarly constructed1 and  
of the best steel1 finish  and temper4  
,to secure the credit of our invention  
and enable us to  furnish them cheaply1 
and of standard excellence to           
bee-keepers1 we  have had them patented4
    ,in use1 if the combs are held      
upright the caps are carried away from  
the combs so they never touch them after
 being cut off4 ,if the combs  are laid 
on a table to uncap1 the movable        
cap-catcher gathers the wide  sheet of  
caps in a roll1 and easily carries all  
that the largest combs  contain without 
dropping one upon the comb after being  
cut off4 ,the  blade is two inches wide2
 but as only the edge rests on the      
combs1 they  uncap the most delicate    

combs without tearing1 and work as      
easily as if  only one-fourth inch wide4
      ,sent singly1 per express1 for    
#a4jj1    ,with ,movable ,cap-catcher1  
#a4be4    ,as knives are not carried in 
the mail1 we make #aj per cent1         
reduction  from regular retail rates to 
clubs and others who send the money for 
three or more1 to be sent in one        
package4 ,finger ,send for circular4    
,address1    ,,bingham                  
,,hetherington',s1 ,otsego1 ,mich4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,lansing1 ,mich41 ,feb4 #aa1            
#ahgi4--;,after a thorough trial of your
 honey  knife here at the ,college1 we  
pronounce it decidedly superior to any  
other that we have used1 though we have 
several of the principal knives  made in
 the ,united ,states4      ,a4 ,j4      
,cook4    ,middlefield1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4  
#h1 #ahgi4--;,i have been using your    
two-inch  uncapping knife the past      
season4 ,for rapidity and ease in       
operating1  they far excel any knife ,i 

have ever used4 ,its shape and beveled  
edges  make it perfect for uncapping    
uneven and crooked combs4 ,it works     
equally well with either right or left  
stroke4 ,we uncapped hundreds of  combs 
in piece boxes1 and both my associates  
and myself have come to  the conclusion 
that they facilitate the labor fully    
one-half1 and are  perfection itself1   
leaving nothing to be desired4      ,a4 
,g4 ,murphy4    ,cherry ,valley1 ,n4    
,y41 ,jan4 #e1 #ahgi4--;,i received the 
knives all right1  and on account of    
their superiority ,i feel that you1 and 
bee-keepers as  well1 are entitled to a 
report on them4 ,for my own use ,i much 
prefer  them to any knife ,i have ever  
uncapped with1 for the reason that ,i   
can uncap much more honey4 ,a better    
test is in the hands of three or  four  
of my men who used them for several     
consecutive days1 and without  exception
 pronounced them the best knives ,i     
owned4 ,one even went so  far as to     
insist that he could uncap one-third2   

faster than with any  other knife ,i    
had1 and when uncapping prize boxes he  
satisfactorily  demonstrated it4 ,you   
may send me half a dozen for my own     
apiaries4      ,j4 ,e4 ,hetherington4   
,the ,michigan ,bee-,keepers'           
,association especially recommends the  
,bingham   ,hetherington ,honey ,knife  
and the ,bingham ,smoker4      ,muth's  
,all-,metal ,honey ,extractor4          
,patented ,sept4 #bdth1 #ahgh4          
,illustration    ,every bee-keeper is   
aware of the advantages afforded by a   
judicious  use of the ,honey ,extractor4
 ,the inventions of the movable comb    
frames  by ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 ,langstroth1   
and that of the ,honey ,extractor by    
,major v4  ,hruschka1 are the greatest  
achievements in the apiary4 ,they have  
made  it possible to multiply our       
practical results tenfold1 and to put a 
system to bee-culture4    ,quite a      
number of different styles of extractors
 have been made since  their first      
invention1 about #aj or #ab years ago4  

,mine differs from  others by the       
slanting sides of the comb basket1      
arranged above a  receptacle for honey  
in the same tin can1 and with a         
substantial  gearing which requires not 
more than the strength of a child to    
work  the machine all day with ease2    
frames of different sizes1 but smaller  
than the comb-basket1 and pieces of comb
 without a frame1 are placed  against   
the slanting sides1 and without being   
fastened1 emptied of  their contents    
completely1 and1 to the uninitiated1 in 
an incredulous  short time4    ,the     
cells having a downward tendency1 empty 
more readily1 both in  top and bottom of
 frames1 than when in a vertical        
position1 as every  practical test will 
show1 and the flying of honey1 in the   
shape of a  fine spray1 over the top of 
the can is prevented4    ,there is a    
receptacle for #fj lbs4 or more of honey
 in the extractor1  according to the    
depth of the comb-basket1 which can be  
made of any  size desired--for instance1

 for ,langstroth's and ,quinby's frames1
 the  comb-basket is #ah inches deep1   
and the receiver holds about #fe lbs4   
of honey4 ,if the ,american frame is the
 largest to be extracted1 the           
comb-basket is only #ab inches deep1    
while the extractor holds about #adj    
lbs4 of honey before it touches the     
revolving basket and needs to be  drawn 
off by the iron faucet at the bottom4   
,my standard size of comb-basket is #ab 
#ah inches1 and admits the  ,langstroth1
 ,quinby and ,american frames4 ,when    
ordering1 please state the  largest size
 of frames used4    ,when1 after the    
honey season1 a number of small frames  
are unfinished1  six of them can be     
piled against each side of the          
comb-basket for  extraction2 or1 short  
comb-holders1 which are sent with each  
,extractor1  may be hung on each side1  
and only four sections emptied at one   
time4    ,extracting two large frames at
 one time is much the handiest          
arrangement1 and generally satisfies the

 most ambitious2 but the  ,extractor can
 be made large enough to hold four      
frames1 at an  additional cost of #b4ej4
 ,a close-fitting cover keeps dust1     
flies and  bees out when extracting is  
over4 ,i was obliged to cover my        
improvement  with a patent1 merely to   
protect my interest4    ,my ,extractor  
is second to none for all practical     
purposes1 and one of  the cheapest in   
the market in consideration of material 
and workmanship4    ,muth's ,uncapping  
,knife1    ,illustration3 ,,is          
,,thin-,,bladed1 ,,of ,,the ,,best      
,,steel1 ,,handy ,,for ,,the  ,,purposes
 ,,intended ,,and ,,cheap4              
,,price ,,for ,,extractor ,,and ,,knife1
 #ab4jj4                       ,for     
further particulars1 address            
,c4 ,f4 ,,muth1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4        
,,barnes' ,,patent                      
,,foot-,,power ,,machinery4             
,fifteen ,different ,machines1    ,with 
which ,builders1 ,cabinet ,makers1      
,wagon ,makers1 and ,jobbers in         

,miscellaneous work1 can compete as to  
,quality and ,price with  steam-power   
machinery4    ,,will ,,send ,,machines  
,,on ,,trial ,,if ,,desired4    ,every  
,bee-,keeper should have an outfit from 
these ,machines for  hive-making4       
,illustration    ,we give the following 
letter from ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,hogarty1 of   
,wyandotte1  ,kans41 to show their      
usefulness4 ,he says3 ,if any criticise 
your  circular saw1 you can tell them ,i
 use it1 and with one hand1 made all  my
 bee hives for ninety-five stands of    
bees1 including frames and  section     
brace1 and ,i feel perfectly able to do 
the work for one hundred  and fifty     
stands4 99 99 99 ,in order that you may 
know the amount of  work on each of my  
hives1 will say1 they are two feet long1
 by two  feet high1 by about two feet   
wide4 ,they are double walled and double
  bottomed1 with two inch intervening2  
and in addition to the nine  frames1    
there are fifteen cases1 each case      
containing two honey boxes  and two     

division boards1 and three boxes to     
contain chaff for winter  protection4   
,you will see there is an immense amount
 of sawing to be  done1 but ,i have     
found your saw equal to the task        
required of it4    ,we will send our    
illustrated catalogue ,,free on         
application4 ,say where  you read this1 
and address                             
,w4 ,f4  ,,john ,,barnes1               
,rockford1 ,winnebago ,co41 ,ill4       
,,new ,,langstroth ,,bee ,,hive1        
,,with ,,manipulating ,,side4    ,this  
,improvement in the old ,langstroth     
,hive ,is exceedingly valuable1  as it  
allows the closest watching of a colony 
with the greatest ease  and comfort4 ,by
 turning the thumb-screw 7,l7 and       
opening the movable  side 7which takes  
but an instant71 frames can be examined1
 by removing  the loose side-board 7,m71
 the bottom-board may be cleaned--giving
 the  advantages claimed for a loose    
bottom-board1 without its disadvantages4
    ,this ,hive is a combination the    

,langstroth ,hive and ,north ,star      
,hive--as  pated ,june #e1 #ahgg--;and1 
no doubt1 will gain universal           
approbation as  soon as its advantages  
are known4    ,the ,new ,langstroth hive
 is peculiarly adapted for the          
production of  comb honey--its ,honey   
,rack is the best in use1 and is adapted
 to the  use of the ,prize ,boxes4 ,it  
holds #ah ,prize ,boxes1 with the       
separators  between them1 marked ,b ,b  
in the cut4 ,the wedge 7,a7 holds all   
with a  vise-like grasp4 ,the outer     
boxes are glassed as they stand on the  
hive  7,c ,c ,c74 ,by removing the wedge
 7,a7 any box may be instantly removed1 
examined1 returned1 or replaced by an   
empty one--the spaces between the  rows 
readily admitting the fingers for that  
purpose4    ,,sample ,,new ,,langstroth 
,,hive--,nailed1 ,not ,painted4         
,no4 #a4--;,brood ,chamber1 #aj frames1 
portico1 #g-;inch cap--no               
surplus arrangement                     
#b #jj        ,no4 #b4--,same as ,no4   

#a1 with ,comb-,honey ,back1 complete1  
same as         shown by the above cuts 
#c #jj        ,no4 #c4--,same as ,no4   
#a1 but having #bj frames1 and          
,comb-,honey         ,back--a complete  
#c-story hive                           
#c #ge        ,no4 #d4--;,brood         
,chamber1 #aj frames1 and #g-;inch      
story1 with #g         cases containing 
,prize ,boxes and tin ,separators1 for  
surplus ,honey1 with #b-;inch cap       
#c #jj        ,no4 #e4--,same as ,no4   
#d--;but having #aj extra frames--a     
complete         #c-story hive          
#c #ge        ,no4 #f4--;,brood         
,chamber1 with #aj extra frames1 for    
extracting1         and #b-;inch cap1   
#c #jj    ,finger ,if painted1 add #a4jj
 each4 ,finger#b    ,,material ,,for    
,,new ,,langstroth ,,hives4    ,,cut1   
,,ready ,,to ,,nail-7#ad  #ah inches    
inside74      ,in lots of  #e ,no4      
#a--7one-story71 #a #be              #aj
                    #a #bj              
#be                    #a #aj           

#ej                    #a #je           
#ajj                    #a #jj      ,in 
lots of  #e ,no4 #f--7two-story71 #a #hj
              #aj                    #a 
#gj              #be                    
#a #fj              #ej                 
#a #ec             #ajj                 
#a #ej    ,,material ,,for ,,langstroth 
,,frames4    ,,cut1 ,,ready ,,to        
,,nail--7#i  #ag inches outside74       
#ajj frames              #a #ej         
#a1jjj frames             #ad #jj       
#f1jjj frames1 per #a1jjj  #ab #jj      
,finger ,for sale at wholesale and      
retail4 ,address    ,,sperry            
,,chandler1 #igd ,w4 ,madison ,st41     
,,chicago1    ,or at the ,,american     
,,bee ,,journal ,,office4               
,illustration    ,,prices ,,to ,,suit   
,,the ,,times4 ,,langstroth ,,and       
,,modest ,,hives ,,for ,,the ,,million6 
,,honey ,,boxes ,,and ,,sections1       
,plain and dove-tailed1 are large       
specialties4    ,,comb ,,foundation1    
,we are producing in large quantities1  

and of superior quality4 ,our           
facilities are such that we can supply  
in any quantity desired on short        
notice1 and all favoring us with their  
orders shall have prompt and            
satisfactory attention4    ,,wax ,,to   
,,be ,,made ,,into ,,foundation4        
,lots of #ajj lbs4 and upwards sent us1 
with #ab;c4 per lb41 freight  prepaid1  
will be made up and cut to any size1 and
 delivered on board  cars here4         
,,italian ,,queens6    ,the superiority 
of the ,queens reared in our apiaries is
 so well  established1 we shall not here
 detail their merits2 but to those      
wishing honey-producing stock1 combined 
with prolificness1 we will say  they are
 not beaten4      ,dowagiac1 ,michigan1 
,november #bj1 #ahgh4    ,in regard to  
your bees1 if you were my enemy1 and ,i 
had anything to  say about your stock1  
,i should say the truth1 that ,i count  
yours worth  more than twice that or any
 of the numerous strains that ,i have   
tested4  ,they converted me to yellow   

bees11 notwithstanding that they are not
  near as yellow as those ,i had        
formerly4 ,i advise you not to buy1 or  
take as a gift1 any other blood2 but    
just stand right where you are1  and    
perfect the strain by carefully breeding
 out any imperfections  that may show   
themselves1 and breeding in all the good
 qualities your  bees now possess4 ,i   
shall do the same1 purchasing of none   
but you4 ,i  have hybrids crossed by    
your stock1 that are quiet1             
good-natured1 and  splendid             
comb-builders and storers4      ,yours  
truly4 ,,james ,,heddon4    ,extractors1
 ,smokers1 ,bee ,veils1    and          
everything needed in the apiary1        
supplied at the lowest living  rates4   
,order your goods early1 remembering    
that large yields of honey  are only    
obtained by having everything ready for 
securing it4    ,j4 ,,oatman  ,,sons1   
,dundee1 ,ill4                          
,,the ,,best ,,is ,,the ,,cheapest6     
,,coffinberry',s                        

,,excelsior ,,honey ,,extractor6        
,from ,eight to ,fourteen ,dollars4     
,having made several improvements in the
 ,,excelsior ,,extractor for #ahgi1  it 
is now offered to the ,bee-,keepers of  
,america as the ,,most ,,perfect        
,,machine ,,in ,,the ,,market4 ,the     
universal favor with which the          
,,excelsior  ,,extractor was received in
 #ahgh1 has induced other manufacturers 
to  adopt several of its improvements4  
,my experience and experiments of  last 
season1 with the assistance and         
suggestions of skillful workmen1  have  
enabled me to perfect an ,extractor that
 cannot be excelled1 and  can only be   
equaled by being closely imitated4      
,the ,excelsior is made entirely of     
metal1 and is consequently very  light1 
strong and durable1 with lugs at the    
bottom for firmly attaching  to the     
floor if desired4    ,the strong        
over-motion gearing1 so necessary to    
ease in running and  speedy operating1  
was designed and is manufactured        

expressly for the  ,excelsior4 ,a child 
ten years of age can operate the machine
 as rapidly  as it can be supplied with 
combs4    ,the top or cross-band1 to    
which is attached the gearing1 is       
wrought  iron1 three inches broad1 with 
the ends turned down in such manner as  
to thoroughly brace and strengthen the  
can1 and holding the basket  firmly in  
an upright position4    ,the ,comb      
,basket having vertical sides1 insures  
the extracting power  alike for top and 
bottom of frames4 ,the sides of the     
basket being  movable and               
interchangeable1 greatly facilitate the 
operation of  dusting before and        
thoroughly cleaning after use if        
desired4    ,the basket can be taken    
from or replaced in the can in a moment1
 there  being no rusty screws to take   
out or nuts to remove4    ,at the bottom
 of the can1 and below the basket1 is a 
cone or metal  standard1 in the top of  
which revolves the bottom pivot of the  
basket1  thereby giving room for sixty  

or seventy pounds of honey without      
touching the basket or pivot below4     
,nos4 #c1 #d and #e have strainers      
covering the canal leading to the       
faucet1 which obviate the delay of      
several hours in waiting for the  honey 
to settle1 and the tedious and wasteful 
process of skimming4 ,the  faucet being 
below the bottom level of the honey1    
renders unnecessary  the usual tipping  
and wrenching incident to drawing off   
the honey4  ,these also have            
close-fitting metal covers1 which       
entirely exclude  dust1 dirt1 flies and 
bees when not in use4    ,the baskets of
 ,nos4 #d and #e have no center rod     
running from top to  bottom1 which will 
be found very convenient by those who   
uncap both  sides of the comb before    
putting in the basket1 as they can be   
turned  without removal4    ,the strong 
iron handles placed at the sides1 a     
little above the center1  are completely
 side-braced1 and add much to           
convenience in handling4    ,the wire   

baskets are very neat specimens of      
skillful workmanship1  thoroughly braced
 at every point where experience has    
proven it to be  most requisite1 and    
nothing has been omitted that could add 
to its  efficiency4    ,the ,no4 #d1 for
 three frames1 has a triangular basket1 
movable sides1  no center rod1 runs     
smoothly regardless of number of frames1
 and is  fast superseding the demand for
 four-sided baskets4    ,a ,,lower      
,,priced ,,machine4    ,a cheaper       
machine being called for by those having
 but few colonies1  and not making a    
specialty of bee-keeping1 ,i have made a
 special size  to take the ,langstroth  
frame1 and one for the ,american1 to    
sell at  #h4jj each4 ,these have no     
covers or strainer1 and are smaller than
  the #ab4jj and #ad4jj sizes1 but for  
the frames named are equal to the       
others for effective work1 and are the  
best cheap ,extractors made4    ,sizes  
and ,prices3      ,no4 #a4--;,for #b    
,langstroth frames1 #aj  #ah inches     

#h #jj       #b4--;,for #b ,american    
frames1 #ac  #ac inches                 
#h #jj       #c4--;,for #b frames1 #ac  
#bj inches1 or less                     
7which embraces all standard sizes7     
#ab #jj       #d4--;,for #c             
#ab #jj       #e4--;,for #d             
#ad #jj    ,finger ,a liberal discount  
to dealers in ,bee-,keepers' supplies   
and to  parties ordering in quantity4   
,address1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,coffinberry1        
,chicago1  ,ill41    ,or ,american ,bee 
,journal1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 where samples
 can be seen4              ,,rev4 ,a4   
,,salisbury4                     ,,john 
,m4 ,,hayes4                            
,,salisbury  ,,hayes1                   
,illustration                           
,propagators of                         
,,fine ,,queens ,,and ,,bees1           
,from ,imported and ,home-bred ,mothers4
                     ,manufacturers of  
,comb ,foundation1                      
,,hives1                                
,surplus ,honey ,boxes1                 

,,queen ,,shipping ,,cages1 c4          
,dealers in ,,all ,,necessary ,,apiary  
,,supplies4        ,all work executed in
 good style1 and prices to suit the     
times4          ,finger ,send for       
,circular4                              
,,salisbury  ,,hayes1                   
,camargo1 ,douglas ,county1 ,ill4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,friends6 ,if you are in any way       
interested in                           
,bees or ,honey6             ,we will   
with pleasure send you a sample copy of 
our                      ,,monthly      
,,gleanings ,,in ,,bee ,,culture1       
,with a ,descriptive ,price-,list of the
 latest improvements in                 
,,hives1 ,,honey ,,extractors1          
,,artificial ,,comb1                    
,,section ,,honey ,,boxes1      ,all    
books and journals1 and everything      
pertaining to bee culture4              
99       99       99       99       99  
,,nothing ,,patented                    
99       99       99       99       99  

,simply send your address on a postal   
card1 written plainly1 to               
,a4 ,i4 ,,root1 ,medina1 ,ohio4         
,illustration                           
,,hallock  ,,chandler                   
,,designers ,,and ,,engraver            
,,on ,,wood                             
#hi ,madison ,street1                   
,corner of ,dearborn1 ,chicago4         
,finger ,mr4 ,chandler1 of the above    
firm1 being a practical bee-keeper1     
will personally supervise the execution 
of all designs and engravings  for      
bee-keepers and dealers in apiarian     
supplies4    ,finger ,prices ,moderate  
and ,satisfaction ,guaranteed4 ,finger#b
           99       99       99       99
       99                               
,italian ,bees and ,queens1             
,,comb ,,foundation1                    
,,hives1 ,,honey ,,extractors1          
,,surplus ,,honey ,,boxes ,,of ,,every  
,,style1                                
,,foot-,,power ,,saws1       ,,bee      
,,smokers1 ,,seeds ,,for ,,honey        

,,plants1 ,,cases ,,and ,,racks ,,for   
,,hives1               ,,shipping       
,,crates4 ,,honey ,,knives1 ,,queen     
,,cages1                    ,,and       
,,everything ,,useful ,,in ,,an         
,,apiary4        ,finger ,our           
,illustrated ,catalogue of ,implements  
for the ,apiary1       ,,sent ,,free4   
,address1 ,,thomas ,g4 ,,newman  ,,son1 
#igb and #igd ,west ,madison ,st41      
,chicago4                               
,,publications ,,for ,,the ,,apiary1    
,,for ,,sale ,,at ,,the ,,office ,,of   
,the ,american ,bee ,journal1           
#igd ,west ,madison ,street1 ,chicago1  
,ill4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,,cook',s ,,new ,,manual 
,,of ,,the ,,apiary4    ,this is a new  
edition of ,prof4 ,cook's ,manual of the
 ,apiary1 entirely  re-written1 greatly 
enlarged and superbly illustrated4      
,being new1 it is fully up with the     
times on every conceivable subject  that
 interests the apiarist4 ,it is not only
 instructive1 but intensely             

interesting4    ,it comprises a full    
delineation of the anatomy and          
physiology of the  ,honey-,bee1         
illustrated with costly wood engravings1
 full descriptions  of honey-producing  
plants1 trees and shrubs1 c41 splendidly
  illustrated--and last1 though not     
least1 detailed instructions for the    
successful accomplishment of all the    
various manipulations necessary in  the 
apiary4    ,this work is a masterly     
production1 and one that no bee-keeper1 
however  limited his means1 can afford  
to do without4    ,it is printed in the 
best style of the art1 on fine book     
paper1  and superbly illustrated        
throughout4 ,price1 bound in cloth1     
#a4be1  postpaid2 in paper binding1     
#a4jj1 postpaid4      ,,the ,,hive ,,and
 ,,honey-,,bee1 by ,l4 ,l4 ,langstroth4 
,this is a standard volume1 well        
illustrated and nicely printed4 ,price1 
#b4jj4      ,,mysteries ,,of            
,,bee-,,keeping1 by ,m4 ,quinby4    ,the
 author has treated the subject of      

,bee-,keeping in a manner that  cannot  
fail to interest all who read this work4
 ,price1 #a4ej4      ,,the ,,dzierzon   
,,theory2 being a full elucidation of   
,scientific  ,bee-,keeping4    ,this    
theory presents in the form of distinct 
propositions1 the  fundamental          
principles of bee-culture1 and in this  
work the late ,baron  of ,berlepsch     
furnishes a condensed statement of the  
facts and arguments  by which these     
propositions are demonstrated4 ,it is of
 untold value to  beginners and all     
others who desire to study the subject  
of apiculture4  ,it is just what        
thousands want4    ,it contains #fj     
pages and is printed on fine book paper4
 ,price1  postpaid1 #bj cents1 or three 
copies for #ej cents4      ,,honey1 ,,as
 ,,food ,,and ,,medicine1 by the ,editor
 of the ,american ,bee  ,journal4       
,this is a pamphlet of #bd pages1       
discoursing upon the ,ancient ,history  
of ,bees and ,honey2 the nature1        
quality1 sources1 and preparation of    

,honey for the ,market2 ,honey1 as an   
article of ,food1 giving recipes for    
making ,honey ,cakes1 ,cookies1         
,puddings1 ,foam1 ,wines1 c42 and ,honey
  as ,medicine1 followed by many useful 
,recipes4 ,it is intended for           
consumers1 and should be scattered by   
thousands all over the country1  and    
thus assist in creating a demand for    
honey4--,prices3 ,single copies1  #aj   
cents postpaid2 #ae copies for #a4jj by 
mail1 postpaid2 #ajj copies1  with name 
and address of honey-producer printed on
 them1 #e4jj by mail1  postpaid2 #bej   
copies1 by express1 at #d cents each2   
#ejj or more copies1  by express1 at #c 
cents each4 ,it is published in ,german 
also at the same  prices4               
,,wintering ,,bees2 ,how to do it       
,successfully4    ,this contains all the
 ,prize ,essays on this important       
subject that were  read before the      
,centennial ,bee-,keepers' ,association4
 ,the prize 7#be in  gold7 was awarded  
to ,prof4 ,cook's ,essay1 which is      

reported in full in  this pamphlet4     
,it contains #cj pages and is printed on
 fine book paper4 ,price1 #ae  cents1 or
 five copies for #ej cents4             
,,special ,,edition of the ,journal4    
,containing the ,official ,report of the
 ,proceedings of the ,national          
,convention1 hold in ,new ,york1 ,oct41 
#af-ah1 #ahgg1 with all the ,essays  and
 ,discussions1--together with a         
description of the implements for the   
,apiary1 on exhibition at the ,american 
,institute ,fair4--,price #aj cents4    
,finger ,send by ,postal ,money ,order1 
,draft or ,registered ,letter at our    
risk4                          ,,thomas 
,g4 ,,newman  ,,son1                    
#igd ,west ,madison ,street1 ,chicago1  
,ill1             99       99       99  
99       99      ,transcriber ,note     
,minor typos corrected4 ,discrepancies  
between the table of ,contents'  section
 titles and that displayed in the       
,chapter were corrected4 ,the           
,illustrations list ended at number #aaj

 but the volume has #acc numbered       
illustrations4 ,so1 a copy of the list  
for numbers #aaa to #acc was  appended  
from the ,seventh ,edition4