,library ,association of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,this ,association was founded on #eth ,october1 #ahgg1 at the conclusion of the ,international ,conference of ,librarians held at the ,london ,institution1 under the presidency of the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,winter ,jones1 then principal librarian of the ,british ,museum4 ,its objects are3 7a7 to encourage and aid by every means in its power the establishment of new libraries2 7b7 to endeavour to secure better legislation for rate-supported libraries2 7c7 to unite all persons engaged or interested in library work1 for the purpose of promoting the best possible administration of libraries2 and 7d7 to encourage bibliographical research4 ,the ,association has1 by the invitation of the ,local ,authorities1 held its ,annual ,meetings in the following towns3 ,oxford1 ,manchester1 ,edinburgh1 ,london1 ,cambridge1 ,liverpool1 ,dublin1 ,plymouth1 ,birmingham1 ,glasgow1 ,reading1 ,nottingham1 and ,paris4 ,the ,annual ,subscription is ,,one ,,guinea1 payable in advance1 on #ast ,january4 ,the ,life ,subscription is ,,fifteen ,,guineas4 ,any person actually engaged in library administration may become a member1 without election1 on payment of the ,subscription to the ,treasurer4 ,any person not so engaged may be elected at the ,monthly or ,annual ,meetings4 ,library ,assistants1 approved by the ,council1 are admitted on payment of a ,subscription of ,,half-,a-,,guinea4 ,the official organ of the ,association is ,the ,library1 which is issued monthly and sent free to members4 ,other publications of the ,association are the ,transactions and ,proceedings of the various ,annual ,meetings1 ,the ,library ,chronicle1 #ahhd-ahhh1 #e vols41 and ,the ,library ,association ,year-,book 7price one shilling71 in which will be found full particulars of the work accomplished by the ,association in various departments4 ,a small ,museum of ,library ,appliances has been opened in the ,clerkenwell ,public ,library1 ,skinner ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 and will be shown to any one interested in library administration4 ,it contains ,specimens of ,apparatus1 ,catalogues1 ,forms1 c41 and is the nucleus of a larger collection contemplated by the ,association4 ,all communications connected with the ,association should be addressed to ,mr4 ,j4 ,y4 ,w4 ,,macalister1 #bj ,hanover ,square1 ,london1 ,w4 ,subscriptions should be paid to ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,tedder1 ,hon4 ,treasurer1 ,athenum ,club1 ,pall ,mall1 ,london1 ,w4 ,,cotgreave',s ,,library ,,indicator4 ,this ,invention is now in use in some #bjj ,public ,libraries 7#cj in ,london and ,suburbs71 and has everywhere given great satisfaction4 ,the following is a brief summary of its more useful features3 #a4 ,show at a glance both to borrower and ,librarian the books or magazines in or out4 ,also the titles can be shown to the borrower if desired4 #b4 ,who has any book that is out1 and how long it has been out4 #c4 ,the names of every borrower that has had any book since it was added to the ,library4 #d4 ,the dates of accession1 binding1 or replacement of any book4 #e4 ,the title1 author1 number of volumes1 and date of publication4 #f4 ,the book any individual has out1 and every book he has had out since joining the library4 #g4 ,if a borrower's ticket has been misplaced in the indicator1 it will instantly denote1 if referred to1 the exact number where such ticket will be found4 #h4 ,it will show at a glance by a colour arrangement the number of books issued each day or week1 and consequently which are overdue4 #i4 ,stocktaking can be carried out in one quarter of the time usually required1 and without calling the books in4 #aj4 ,wherever it has been adopted the cost of labour and losses of books have been very greatly reduced1 so much so that in a very short time it has recouped the cost of purchase4 ,thus all book-keeping or other record may be entirely dispensed with4 ,,sole ,,agent ,,and ,,manufacturer3 ,w4 ,,morgan1 #ba ,,cannon ,,street1 ,,birmingham4 ,cotgreave's ,rack for ,periodicals and ,magazines4 ,this design is now used in a large number of ,libraries and ,reading ,rooms with great advantage4 ,periodicals of any size can be kept alphabetically arranged either in covers or without4 ,there are no clips1 springs1 or other mechanical fittings1 but everything is as simple as can be4 ,,manufacturer3 ,,wake ,,dean1 #aaa ,,london ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,e4 ,cotgreave's ,solid ,leather ,covers for ,periodicals4 ,these covers are made of solid leather and will last longer than a dozen of any other material4 ,several ,libraries have had them in use for a dozen years or more1 without any appearance of wear4 ,,manufacturer3 ,w4 ,,morgan1 #ba ,,cannon ,,street1 ,,birmingham4 ,n4,b4 ,any special information required may be obtained from the inventor1 ,a4 ,,cotgreave1 ,public ,libraries1 ,west ,ham1 ,london1 ,e4 ,illustration3 ,,remington ,,standard ,,typewriter4 ,illustration3 ,,contractors ,,to ,h4 ,m4 ,,government ,used and endorsed as the best everywhere4 ,the following is one of the strongest testimonials which could possibly be received3-- ,,american ,,newspaper ,,publishers' ,,association4 ,,officers3 ,president1 ,,james ,w4 ,,scott--,chicago ,herald4 ,vice-,president1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,woods--,boston ,herald4 ,secretary and ,treasurer1 ,l4 ,l4 ,,morgan--,new ,haven ,register4 ,,executive ,,committee3 ,w4 ,c4 ,,bryant--,brooklyn ,times4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,knapp--,st4 ,louis ,republic4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,butler--,buffalo ,news4 ,m4 ,a4 ,mc,r,a,e--,cincinnati ,post and ,st4 ,louis ,chronicle4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,pease--,woonsocket ,reporter4 ,address all communications to the ,secretary1 care ,,new ,,york ,,office1 #bjf ,,potter ,,building4 ,to the ,members of the ,american ,newspaper ,publishers' ,association4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,may #aa1 #ahib4 ,,gentlemen1 ,the undersigned1 a committee appointed by the ,president to investigate into the merits of the various typewriting machines with a view to the adoption of some machine for the use of members of this association1 respectfully report that in their judgment1 all things having been considered1 the 8,remington0 is the machine which they would recommend for adoption1 believing that in its superiority of design and excellence of workmanship1 its great simplicity1 durability and easy manipulation1 it is more desirable for use in newspaper offices than any other4 ,in addition1 the fact that it is understood and operated by a great many thousands of young men and women1 that the use of it is being taught not only in the public schools1 but in commercial schools and colleges throughout the land1 and1 its being generally referred to as the standard3 the large number of offices which the company have scattered throughout the country1 making it easy to have repairs made at the least expense1 have all had some effect in basing their judgment4 ,l4 ,l4 ,,morgan1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,seymour1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,bryant4 ,,write ,,for ,,further ,,information3 ,,wyckoff1 ,,seamans ,,and ,,benedict1 #ajj ,gracechurch ,st41 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,library ,association ,series ,,edited ,,by ,,the ,,hon4 ,,secretaries ,,of ,,the ,,association ,no4 #a4 ,,library ,,appliances ,,by ,,james ,d4 ,,brown ,,the ,,aberdeen ,,university ,,press4 ,the ,library ,association ,series ,,edited ,,by ,j4 ,y4 ,w4 ,,macalister ,,and ,,thomas ,,mason ,,hon4 ,,secretaries ,,of ,,the ,,association ,no4 #a4 ,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,library ,,appliances3 ,,the ,,technical ,,equipment ,,of ,,libraries3 ,,fittings1 ,,furniture1 ,,charging ,,systems1 ,,forms1 ,,recipes c4 ,,by ,,james ,d4 ,,brown ,,clerkenwell ,,public ,,library1 ,,london ,,published ,,for ,,the ,,association ,,by ,,david ,,stott #cgj ,,oxford ,,street1 ,w4 ,,london #ahib ,,price ,,one ,,shilling ,,net ,,preface4 ,the ,council of the ,library ,association have arranged for the issue of a series of ,handbooks on the various departments of ,library work and management4 ,each ,handbook has been entrusted to an acknowledged expert in the subject with which he will deal--and will contain the fullest and latest information that can be obtained4 ,every branch of library work and method will be dealt with in detail1 and the series will include a digest of ,public ,library ,law and an account of the origin and growth of the ,public ,library ,movement in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the comprehensive thoroughness of the one now issued is1 the ,editors feel1 an earnest of the quality of the whole series4 ,to mere amateurs1 it may appear that it deals at needless length with matters that are perfectly familiar2 but it is just this kind of thing that is really wanted by the people for whom ,mr4 ,brown's ,handbook is intended4 ,it seems a simple matter to order a gross of chairs for a library2 but only experience teaches those little points about their construction which make so much difference as regards economy and comfort4 ,with this ,handbook in their possession1 a new committee1 the members of which may never have seen the inside of a public library1 may furnish and equip the institution under their charge as effectively as if an experienced library manager had lent his aid4 ,the second issue of the series will be on 8,staff10 by ,mr4 ,peter ,cowell1 ,chief ,librarian of the ,liverpool ,free ,public ,libraries4 ,,the ,,editors4 ,,london1 ,august1 #ahib4 ,,library ,,appliances4 ,,the ,,technical ,,equipment ,,of ,,libraries1 ,,including ,,fittings ,,and ,,furniture1 ,,records1 ,,forms1 ,,recipes1 c4 ,,by ,,james ,d4 ,,brown1 ,,librarian1 ,,clerkenwell ,,public ,,library1 ,,london4 ,this ,handbook bears some analogy to the division 8miscellaneous0 usually found in most library classifications4 ,it is in some respects1 perhaps1 more exposed to the action of heterogeneity than even that refuge of doubt 8polygraphy10 as 8miscellaneous0 is sometimes seen disguised2 but the fact of its limits being so ill-defined gives ample scope for comprehensiveness1 while affording not a little security to the compiler1 should it be necessary to deprecate blame on the score of omissions or other faults4 ,there is1 unfortunately1 no single comprehensive word or phrase which can be used to distinguish the special sort of library apparatus here described--8appliances0 being at once too restricted or too wide1 according to the standpoint adopted4 ,indeed there are certain bibliothecal sophists who maintain that anything is a library appliance1 especially the librarian himself2 while others will have it that1 when the paste-pot and scissors are included1 the appliances of a library have been named4 ,to neither extreme will this tend1 but attention will be strictly confined to the machinery and implements wherewith libraries1 public and other1 are successfully conducted4 ,it would be utterly impossible1 were it desirable1 to describe1 or even mention1 every variety of fitting or appliance which ingenuity and the craving for change have introduced1 and the endeavour shall be accordingly to notice the more generally established apparatus1 and their more important modifications4 ,it is almost needless to point out that very many of the different methods of accomplishing the same thing1 hereinafter described1 result from similar causes to those which led in former times to such serious political complications in the kingdom of ,liliput4 ,there are several ways of getting into an egg1 and many ways of achieving one end in library affairs1 and the very diversity of these methods shows that thought is active and improvement possible4 ,as ,butler has it-- 8,opiniators naturally differ ,from other men3 as wooden legs are stiffer ,than those of pliant joints1 to yield and bow1 ,which way soe'er they are design'd to go04 ,hence it happens that all library appliances are subject to the happy influences of disagreement1 which1 in course of time1 leads to entire changes of method and a general broadening of view4 ,many of these differences arise from local conditions1 or have their existence in experiment and the modification of older ideas1 so that actual homogeneity in any series of the appliances described in this ,handbook must not be expected4 ,it will be sufficient if the young librarian finds enough of suggestion and information to enable him to devise a system of library management in its minor details which shall be consistent and useful4 ,,fittings ,,and ,,furniture4 ,to some extent the arrangement of fittings and furniture will be dealt with in the ,handbook on ,buildings1 so that it will only be necessary here to consider their construction1 variety1 and uses4 ,,book-,,cases1 ,,shelves1 c4 ,standard cases or presses1 designed for what is called the 8stack0 system of arrangement1 are constructed with shelves on both sides1 and are intended to stand by themselves on the floor4 ,they are without doors or glass fronts1 and their dimensions must be decided entirely by the requirements of each library and the class of books they are to contain4 ,for ordinary lending libraries a very convenient double case with ten shelves of books to the tier can be made about #i feet #f inches wide #h feet #f inches high1 including cornice and plinth #ah inches deep--the depth of the shelves being about #i inches1 their length #c feet1 and their thickness1 as finished1 not less than nor more than #a inch4 ,such a case will hold about #ahjj volumes in #hvo and #abmo sizes1 and the top shelf can be reached by a middle-sized person from a step or stool #ab inches high4 ,lower cases should be provided if rapidity of service is particularly required and there is plenty of floor space to carry the stock4 ,the top shelf of a case #g feet high1 including cornice and plinth1 can be reached from the floor by any one of ordinary height1 small boys and girls of course excluded4 ,these cases are made with middle partitions between the backs of the shelves1 though some librarians prefer a simple framework of uprights1 cornice1 and plinth4 ,for the sake of security and the necessary rigidity a central partition ought to be included1 and if this is formed of thin boarding1 double and crossing diagonally1 with a strong iron strap between screwed tight into the outer uprights1 all tendency to bulging will be obviated1 and the cases will be firm and workmanlike4 ,the skeleton or framework cases have to be stayed in all directions by iron rods and squares fixed in the floor1 and1 when empty1 look very unsightly and rickety2 besides1 books get pushed or tumble over on to the adjoining shelf1 and the plea of ventilation1 which is practically the only recommendation for this plan of construction1 loses much of its weight in a lending library where most of the books are in circulation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4a--,,standard ,,book-,,case4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4b--,,standard ,,book-,,case ,,without ,,partition4 ,the shelves should have rounded edges1 and ought not to exceed #c or #c #f in length4 ,if longer ones are used they must be thin1 in order to be easily moved1 and so these become bent in course of time1 especially if heavy books are placed on them4 ,the objection to long shelves which are very thick is simply that they are unhandy and difficult to move and waste valuable space4 ,all shelves should be movable1 and if possible interchangeable4 ,no paint or varnish should be applied to any surface with which the books come in contact1 but there is nothing to be said against polishing4 ,indeed1 to reduce as far as possible the constant friction to which books are exposed in passing to and from their resting-places1 it ought to be remembered that smooth surfaces are advantageous4 ,few libraries can afford leather-covered shelves like those of the ,british ,museum1 but all can have smoothness and rounded edges4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,ledged ,,wall ,,book-,,case4 ,reference library cases are constructed similarly to those above described2 but as folio and quarto books require storage in this department1 it is necessary to make provision for them4 ,this is usually done by making the cases with projecting bases1 rising at least #c high1 and in the enlarged space so obtained fair-sized folios and quartos can be placed4 ,very large volumes of plates or maps should be laid flat on shelves made to slide over hard wood runners like trays1 as they frequently suffer much damage from standing upright4 ,a special1 many-shelved press should be constructed for books of this generally valuable class1 and each volume should be allowed a tray for itself4 ,if the tray is covered with leather1 felt1 or baize1 so much the better4 ,wall cases1 and cases arranged in bays or alcoves1 are generally much more expensive than the plain standards just described1 because1 as they are intended for architectural effect as well as for storage1 they must be ornamental1 and possibly made from superior woods4 ,the plan of arranging books round the walls has been almost entirely abandoned in modern lending libraries1 but there are still many librarians and architects who prefer the bay arrangement for reference departments4 ,the matter of arrangement is one1 however1 which depends largely upon the shape and lighting of rooms1 means of access1 and requirements of each library1 and must be settled accordingly4 ,the question of material is very important1 but of course it depends altogether upon the amount which is proposed to be spent on the fittings4 ,it is very desirable that the cases should be made durable and handsome1 as it is not pleasant to have bad workmanship and ugly fittings in a centre of 8sweetness and light04 ,for the standards previously mentioned there can be nothing better or cheaper than sound ,american or ,baltic yellow pine1 with1 in reference cases1 oak ledges4 ,this wood is easily worked1 wears very well1 and can be effectively stained and varnished to look like richer and more expensive woods4 ,of course if money is no object1 oak1 mahogany1 or walnut can be used2 but the cost of such materials usually works out to nearly double that of softer woods4 ,cases with heavily moulded cornices should be boarded over the top1 and not left with huge empty receptacles for dust and cobwebs4 ,this caution is tendered1 because joiners very often leave the space made by the cornice vacant and exposed4 ,,shelf ,,fittings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,metal ,,shelf ,,fitting4 ,shelf fittings for wooden book-presses are required in all modern libraries where movable shelves are almost universally used4 ,cases with fixed shelves are much cheaper than those fitted with one of the button or other spacing arrangements now in the market1 but the serious disadvantage of having to size the books to fit the shelves disposes of any argument that can be urged on behalf of fixtures4 ,there are many varieties of shelf fitting designed to assist in the necessary differential spacing of shelves1 from the old-fashioned1 and by no means cheap1 wooden ratchet and bar arrangement to the comparatively recent metal stud4 ,the fitting which is most often adopted in new libraries is that of ,messrs4 ,e4 ,tonks1 of ,birmingham4 ,it consists of metal strips1 perforated at #a-;inch intervals1 let into the uprights of the cases and small gun-metal studs for supporting the shelves4 ,as is shown in the illustration1 the studs fit into the perforations and support the shelves on little points which sink into the wood1 and prevent tilting or sliding4 ,the strips should not go either to the top or bottom of the uprights1 and at least two feet can be saved in every division by stopping #f inches from both ends4 ,though rather more expensive than pegs1 or the studs mentioned below1 it is very desirable to have ,tonks' fittings1 because of their superiority to all others in the matters of convenience and ease in adjusting4 ,another form of stud often used is the one shaped like this ,illustration which fits into holes drilled in the uprights and supports the shelf on the lower rectangular part4 ,these are most effective in operation when let into grooves as broad as the studs1 otherwise the shelves must be cut shorter than the width of the divisions2 and in that case end spaces are caused and security is considerably sacrificed4 ,the peg part of this stud is very apt in course of time1 to enlarge the wooden holes1 and when any series of shelves have to be frequently moved1 the result of such enlargement is to make the studs drop out4 ,if perforated metal strips are used1 of course the price immediately goes up1 and there is then no advantage over the ,tonks' fitting4 ,another form of peg for use in the same kind of round hole is that similar in shape to the pegs used for violins1 and1 like them1 demanding much judicious thumbing before they can be properly adjusted4 ,there are many other kinds of shelf fitting in the market1 but none of them are so well known or useful as those just described4 ,,iron ,,book-,,cases4 ,the iron book-cases manufactured by ,messrs4 ,lucy ,co4 of ,oxford are very convenient1 and in buildings designed as fire-proof1 in basements1 or in certain cases where much weight is wanted to be carried1 they should be useful4 ,they can be fitted up as continuous wall-cases1 or supplied as standards holding books on both sides4 ,the size ,b1 #g #f high #d #a wide #a #c deep1 will hold about #fdj demy #hvo books1 and the ironwork costs #d1 shelves #a #ds4 ,other sizes are made1 and the continuous wall-shelving is charged per yard run--#g feet high1 #c #cs42 shelves of wood1 #ab inches deep1 #es4 each2 if iron1 felt covered1 #ds4 #f;d4 each4 ,the durability of these cases is beyond question1 and the expense is not great when their security1 strength1 and neatness are considered4 ,the arrangement for spacing the shelves is convenient and effective4 ,the sliding iron book-cases swung in the galleries of the ,british ,museum1 and their prototype#c at ,bethnal ,green ,free ,library1 ,london1 have been so often and so fully described elsewhere#d that it is needless to do more here than to briefly refer to them4 ,the ,british ,museum pattern1 the invention of ,mr4 ,jenner of the ,printed ,books ,department1 consists of a double case suspended from strong runners1 which can be pushed against the permanent cases when not in use1 or pulled out when books are required4 ,only libraries with very wide passages between the cases could use them1 and only then by greatly strengthening the ordinary wooden presses in existence4#e ,the revolving wooden book-cases now so extensively used for office purposes1 and in clubs or private libraries1 can be bought for #c and upwards4 ,they should not be placed for public use in ordinary libraries to which all persons have access1 though there is no reason why subscription libraries and kindred institutions should not have them for the benefit of their members4 ,other fittings connected with book-cases are press and shelf numbers1 contents or classification frames1 blinds1 and shelf-edging4 ,the press marks used in the fixed location are sometimes painted or written in gold over the cases1 but white enamelled copper tablets1 with the numbers or letters painted in black or blue1 are much more clear and effective4 ,they cost only a few pence each4 ,the numbering of shelves for the movable location1 or their lettering for the fixed location1 is usually done by means of printed labels4 ,these are sold in sheets1 gummed and perforated1 and can be supplied in various sizes in consecutive series at prices ranging from #bs4 #f;d4 per #ajjj for numbers1 and #a;d4 or #b;d4 each for alphabets4 ,shelf numbers can also be stamped on in gold or written with paint1 and brass numbers are also made for the purpose1 but the cost is very great4 ,the little frames used for indicating the contents of a particular case or division are usually made of brass1 and have their edges folded over to hold the cards4 ,some are made like the sliding carte-de-visite frames1 but the object in all is the same1 namely--to carry descriptive cards referring to the contents or classification of book-cases4 ,they are most often used in reference libraries where readers are allowed direct access to the shelves1 and are commonly screwed to the uprights4 ,a convenient form is that used with numbered presses1 and the card bears such particulars as these-- ---------------------------- ,,shelf4 ,,case #eid4 ---------------------------- ,a ,buffon's ,nat4 ,hist4 ,b ,geological ,rec4 ,c ,sach's ,bot42 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,d c4 ,e c4 ,f c4 ---------------------------- ,others bear the book numbers1 while some simply refer to the shelf contents as part of a particular scheme of classification1 viz43-- #idaa ,northern ,scotland4 ,to keep these contents-cards clean it is usual to cover them with little squares of glass4 ,glazed book-cases are not recommended1 wire-work being much better in cases where it is necessary to have locked doors4 ,the mesh of the wire-work should be as fine as possible1 because valuable bindings are sometimes nail-marked and scratched by inquisitive persons poking through at the books4 ,it is only in very special circumstances that locked presses are required1 such as when they are placed in a public reading-room or in a passage1 and though glazed book-cases are a tradition among house furnishers1 no librarian will have them if it can possibly be avoided4 ,their preservative value is very questionable1 and books do very well in the open1 while there can be no two opinions as to their being a source of considerable trouble4 ,blinds concealed in the cornices of book-cases are sometimes used1 their object being to protect the books from dust during the night1 but they do not seem to be wanted in public libraries4 ,in regard to the various shelf-edgings seen in libraries1 leather is only ornamental1 certainly not durable2 while scalloped cloth1 though much more effective1 may also be dispensed with4 ,,counters1 ,,cupboards1 c4 ,to the practical librarian a good counter is a source of perennial joy4 ,it is not only the theatre of war1 and the centre to which every piece of work undertaken by the library converges1 but it is a barrier over which are passed most of the suggestions and criticisms which lead to good work1 and from which can be gleaned the best idea of the business accomplished4 ,for these reasons alone a first-class counter is very desirable4 ,as in every other branch of library management1 local circumstances must govern the size and shape of the counter to be provided4 ,lending libraries using indicators require a different kind of counter than those which use ledgers or card-charging systems1 and reference libraries must have them according to the plan of arrangement followed for the books4 ,a lending library counter where no indicator is used need not be a very formidable affair1 but it ought to afford accommodation for at least six persons standing abreast1 and have space for a screened desk and a flap giving access to the public side4 ,on the staff side should be plenty of shelves1 cupboards1 and drawers1 and it may be found desirable to place in it a locked till also for the safe-keeping of money received for fines1 catalogues1 c4 ,all counter-tops should project several inches beyond the front to keep back the damage-working toes of the public1 and on the staff side a space of at least #c inches should be left under the pot-board4 ,a height of #c feet and a width of #b feet will be found convenient dimensions for reference and non-indicator lending library counters4 ,where indicators are used a width of #ah inches and a height of #cj of #cb inches will be found best4 ,if the counter is made too high and wide neither readers nor assistants can conveniently see or reach the top numbers4 ,as regards length1 everything will depend on the indicator used and the size of the library4 ,an idea of the comparative size of some indicators may be got from the following table3-- ,counter space required for #ab1jjj numbers ,cotgreave #ae feet4 0 0 0 ,elliot 7small7 #af feet4 0 0 0 ,duplex 7small7 #bb feet4 0 0 0 0 7full7 #cb feet4 0 0 0 ,elliot 7full7 #cf feet4 ,allowing #ab feet of counter space for service of readers1 #b feet for desk space1 and #b feet for flap1 a ,cotgreave indicator for #ab1jjj numbers would mean a counter #ca feet long1 a small ,elliot #cb feet1 a small ,duplex #ch feet1 a full ,duplex #dh feet1 and a full ,elliot #eb feet4 ,for double the quantity of numbers the smallest indicator would require a counter #df feet long1 and the largest one #hh feet4 ,these are important points to bear in mind when planning the counter2 though it must be said generally that1 in nearly every instance where a ,library ,committee has proceeded with the fitting of a new building before appointing a librarian1 they are over-looked1 because the architect invariably provides a counter about #f feet long1 #c feet wide1 and #c feet high1 with a carved front of surpassing excellence6 ,what has been already said respecting materials applies with equal force to this class of fitting2 but it should be added that a good hard-wood counter will likely last for ever4 ,some librarians who use card catalogues prefer to keep them in drawers opening to the public side of the reference library counter4 ,this point is worth remembering in connection with the fitting of the reference department4 ,in addition to the store cupboards provided behind the counters there should be plenty of wall or other presses fixed in convenient places for holding stationery1 supplies of forms1 c4 ,locked store presses are also useful2 and every large library should have a key-press1 in which should be hung every public key belonging to the building1 properly numbered and labelled to correspond with a list pasted inside the press itself4 ,these useful little cabinets are infinitely superior to the caretaker's pocket1 and much inconvenience is avoided by their use4 ,desks for the staff use should be made with a beading all round the top and at bottom of slope to prevent papers1 pens1 and ink from falling or being pushed over4 ,superintendents' desks should be made large1 and to stand on a double pedestal of drawers1 so that they may be high enough for useful oversight and capacious enough for stationery or other supplies4 ,there is an admirable specimen of a superintendent's desk in the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow4 ,,furniture4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4f ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,tables for reading or writing at are best made in the form of a double desk1 ,illustration which gives readers the most convenience1 and affords an effective but unobtrusive means of mutual oversight4 ,the framing and rails should be as shallow as possible1 so as not to interfere with the comfort of readers1 and elaborately turned or carved legs should be avoided1 because certain to harbour dust1 and likely to form resting-places for feet4 ,tables with flat tops resting on central pedestals1 and without side rails1 are very useful in general reading-rooms1 the free leg space being a decided advantage4 ,long tables are not recommended1 nor are narrow ones which accommodate readers on one side only4 ,the former are obstructive1 and the latter are neither economical as regards the seating of readers1 nor of much use for the necessary mutual oversight which ought to be promoted among the public4 ,very good dimensions for reading-room tables are #h to #aj feet long by #c to #c feet #f inches wide by #b feet #f inches high4 ,but the librarian who wishes to consult the varying requirements of his readers will have his tables made different heights--some #bi1 some #cj1 and some #cb inches high4 ,whatever materials may be used for the framing and legs of tables1 let the tops be hard-wood1 like ,american or ,english oak1 mahogany1 or walnut4 ,teak is handsome and very durable1 but its cost is much more than the better known woods4 ,yellow pine is too soft and looks common1 and should not be used for tops unless the most rigid economy is absolutely necessary4 ,heavy tables1 like those used in clubs1 are not recommended4 ,ink wells1 if provided at all1 should be let in flush with the tops of the desk tables1 and ought to have sliding brass covers1 with thumb-notches for moving instead of knobs4 ,two common forms of library tables are shown in the annexed illustrations4 ,the one on pedestals need not have such large brackets1 and the ends can easily be allowed to project at least #ah inches from the pedestals in order to admit of readers sitting at them4 ,in connection with tables there are various kinds of reading slopes made for large books1 of which those with movable supporters working in a ratcheted base are the most useful4 ,but there are endless varieties of such reading desks or stands in existence1 and some invalid-appliance makers manufacture many different kinds4 ,,periodical ,,racks4 ,librarians are not unanimous as regards the treatment of the current numbers of periodicals4 ,some maintain that they should be spread all over the tables of the reading-room in any order1 to ensure that all shall receive plenty of attention at the hands of readers1 whether they are wanted or not for perusal4 ,others hold the opinion that the periodicals in covers should be spread over the tables1 but in some recognised order1 alphabetical or otherwise4 ,yet another section will have it that this spreading should be accompanied by fixing1 and that each cover should be fastened in its place on the table4 ,finally1 many think that the magazines1 c41 should be kept off the tables entirely1 and be arranged in racks where they will be accessible without littering the room1 and at the same time serve as a sort of indicator to periodicals which are in or out of use4 ,for the unfixed alphabetical arrangement several appliances have been introduced4 ,at ,manchester the periodicals are arranged on raised desks along the middle of the tables4 ,in the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 each table is surmounted by a platform raised on brackets which carries the magazine covers1 without altogether obstructing the reader's view of the room and his neighbours4 ,each periodical is given a certain place on the elevated carriers1 and this is indicated to the reader by a label fixed on the rail behind the cover4 ,on the cover itself is stamped the name of the periodical and its table number4 ,each table has a list of the periodicals belonging to it shown in a glazed tablet at the outer end of the platform support4 ,wolverhampton and ,st4 ,martin's1 ,london1 furnish very good examples of the fixed arrangement4 ,in the former library each periodical is fastened to its table by a rod1 and has appropriated to it a chair1 so that removal and disarrangement cannot occur4 ,in the latter those located in the newsroom are fastened on stands where chairs cannot be used1 and the arrangement is more economical as regards space than at ,wolverhampton4 ,the periodicals in the magazine room are fixed by cords to the centre of the table and signboards indicate the location of each periodical4 ,this seems to be the best solution of the difficulty after all4 ,every periodical in this library is fixed1 more or less1 and it is therefore easy to find out if a periodical is in use4 ,the rack system has many advocates1 and can be seen both in libraries and clubs in quite a variety of styles4 ,at the ,london ,institution there is an arrangement of rails and narrow beaded shelves on the wall1 which holds a large number of periodicals not in covers1 and seems to work very well4 ,the rails are fastened horizontally about two inches from the walls at a distance above the small shelf sufficient to hold and keep upright the periodicals proposed to be placed on it1 and a small label bearing a title being fixed on the rail1 the corresponding periodical is simply dropped behind it on to the shelf1 and so remains located4 ,a similar style of rail-rack has been introduced for time-tables1 c41 in several libraries1 and has been found very useful4 ,another style of periodical-rack is that invented by ,mr4 ,alfred ,cotgreave1 whereby periodicals are displayed on two sides of a large board1 and secured in their places by means of clips4 ,the same inventor has also an arrangement similar to that described as in the ,london ,institution for magazines in covers4 ,the ordinary clip-rack used largely by newsvendors has been often introduced in libraries where floor space was not available1 and is very convenient for keeping in order the shoals of presented periodicals1 which live and die like mushrooms1 and scarcely ever justify the expense of a cover4 ,an improvement on the usual perpendicular wall-rack just mentioned is that used in the ,national ,liberal ,club1 ,london1 which revolves on a stand1 and can be made to hold two or three dozen periodicals or newspapers1 according to dimensions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,periodical ,,rack4 ,the racks just mentioned are all designed to hold periodicals without covers1 but there are several kinds in existence for holding them in their covers4 ,among such are the table supports1 in metal and wood1 on the same principle as shelf book-holders1 in which the magazines lie in their cases on their fore-edges1 and are distinguished by having the titles lettered along the back or otherwise4 ,probably the best of all the racks devised for periodicals in their cases is that on the system of overlapping sloping shelves1 shown in the illustration4 ,the idea of this rack is simply that the covers should lie on the shelves with only the title exposed4 ,they are retained in place by a beading just deep enough to afford a catch for one cover1 and so avoid the chance of their being hidden by another periodical laid above4 ,these racks can also be made single to stand against the wall if floor space is not available4 ,oak1 walnut1 and mahogany are the best woods to use1 but pitch or ordinary yellow pine may also be used4 ,,newspaper ,,stands4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,newspaper ,,stand4 ,the day has not yet come when octavo-sized newspapers will obviate the necessity for expensive and obstructive stands on which the day's news is spread in the manner least conducive to the comfort of readers4 ,the man who runs and reads has no necessity for much study1 while he who stands and reads does so with the consciousness that at any moment he may be elbowed from his studies by impatient news-seekers1 and be subjected to the added discomfort of being made a leaning pillar for half-a-dozen persons to embrace4 ,meanwhile it is necessary to provide convenient reading desks for the broadsheets which are issued4 ,it is cheaper to have double stands1 holding four spread papers1 than single ones1 holding only two1 though there is certainly less comfort to readers with the larger size4 ,the illustration shows a single stand1 but it should be remembered that the design can be made much heavier and richer4 ,the dimensions should be for double stands #g #f long1 #b #f high for slope1 and about #c from floor to bottom of slope4 ,single ones should be #d long1 with the other measurements as before4 ,half-stands for going against the wall have only the slope to the front1 and are generally made in long lengths to cover the whole side of a room4 ,the slope should not in any case be made either too steep or too great--the former always causing the papers to droop1 and the latter placing the upper parts beyond the sight of short persons4 ,before adopting any type of stand1 it is advisable to visit a few other libraries and examine their fittings4 ,it is so much easier to judge what is liked best by actual examination4 ,fittings for holding the newspapers in their places are generally made of wood or brass1 and there are many different kinds in use4 ,the wooden ones usually consist of a narrow oak bar1 fitted with spikes to keep the paper up1 hinged at top and secured at bottom of the slope by a staple and padlock1 or simply by a button4 ,the brass ones include some patented fittings1 such as ,cummings'1 made by ,messrs4 ,denison of ,leeds1 and ,hills'1 invented by the library superintendent of ,bridgeport1 ,connecticut4 ,the former is a rod working on an eccentric bed1 and is turned with a key to tighten or loosen it2 the latter works on a revolving pivot secured in the middle of the desk1 and is intended more particularly for illustrated periodicals1 like the ,graphic1 c41 which require turning about to suit the pictures4 ,the 8,burgoyne0 spring rod made by the ,north of ,england ,school ,furnishing ,co41 ,darlington and ,london1 is very effective1 neat1 and comparatively inexpensive4 ,it is secured by a catch1 which requires a key to open it1 but it is simply snapped down over the paper when changes are made4 ,other varieties of brass holders are those secured by ordinary locks or strong thumb-screws4 ,in cases where the rods have no spikes 7which are not recommended7 or buttons1 or which do not lie in grooves1 it is advisable to have on them two stout rubber rings1 which will keep the papers firmly pressed in their places1 and so prevent slipping4 ,a half-inch beading along the bottom of the slope is sometimes useful in preventing doubling down and slipping4 ,the names of the papers may be either gilded or painted on the title-board1 or they may be done in black or blue letters on white enamelled title-pieces and screwed to the head board4 ,these latter are very cheap1 durable1 and clear4 ,some librarians prefer movable titles2 and in this case grooved holders or brass frames must be provided to hold the names1 which can be printed on stiff cards1 or painted on wood or bone tablets4 ,the brass rail at the foot of the slope1 shown in the illustration1 is meant to prevent readers from leaning on the papers with their arms4 ,by some librarians it is thought quite unnecessary1 by others it is considered essential2 but it is really a matter for the decision of every individual librarian4 ,,chairs ,,and ,,miscellaneous ,,matters4 ,the chairs made in ,buckinghamshire and ,oxfordshire are the best and cheapest in the market1 and more satisfaction will result from orders placed direct with the makers than from purchasing at an ordinary furniture dealer's4 ,it is better to have small chairs made with the back and back legs all in one piece1 thus1 ,illustration rather than with legs and back rails all separately glued into the seat like this1 ,illustration4 ,the reason is of course that by the former plan of construction greater strength is obtained1 and future trouble in the way of repairs will be largely obviated4 ,avoid showy chairs1 and everything that smacks of the cheap furniture market4 ,it will strengthen the chairs to have hat rails as well as ordinary side rails1 and be a convenience to readers as well4 ,they should cross from the bottom side rail1 thus1 ,illustration4 ,arm-chairs should be provided at discretion4 ,in magazine rooms where there is a rack1 tables can be largely dispensed with if arm-chairs are used4 ,if neither wood-block flooring nor linoleum is used1 the chairs may with great advantage be shod with round pieces of sole leather screwed through a slightly sunk hole to the ends of the legs4 ,these deaden the noise of moving greatly1 and are more durable than india-rubber4 ,two or three dozen of chairs more than are actually required should be ordered4 ,umbrella stands are best patronised when attached to the tables1 like ordinary pew ones4 ,an umbrella stand close to the door is such an obvious temptation to the thief that careful readers never use them on any consideration4 ,of rails for fixing to the tables there are many kinds1 but probably the hinged pew variety1 plain rail1 or rubber wheel1 all with water-pans1 will serve most purposes4 ,many libraries make no provision at all either of hat rails or umbrella stands1 for the simple reason that #ej of the readers do not enter to stay1 while #ii never remove their hats4 ,in proprietary libraries everything is different1 and an approach to comforts of the sort indicated must be made4 ,the standard hat rack and umbrella stand combined1 like that used in clubs1 schools1 the ,house of ,commons1 c41 is the best for such institutions4 ,show-cases ought to be well made by one of the special firms who make this class of fitting4 ,glass sides and sliding trays1 with hinged and locked backs1 are essential4 ,for museum purposes all sorts of special cases are required1 and the only way to find out what is best is to visit one or two good museums for the purpose4 ,,technical ,,appliances4 ,,charging ,,systems ,,and ,,indicators4--,the charging of books includes every operation connected with the means taken to record issues and returns1 whether in lending or reference libraries4 ,although the word 8charging0 refers mainly to the actual entry or booking of an issue to the account of a borrower1 it has been understood in recent years to mean the whole process of counter work in circulating libraries4 ,it is necessary to make this explanation at the outset1 as many young librarians understand the meaning of the word differently4 ,for example1 one bright young man on being asked what was the system of 8charging0 pursued in his library responded3 8,oh6 just a penny for the ticket60 ,and another equally intelligent assistant replied to the same question3 8,we don't charge anything unless you keep books more than the proscribed time60 ,before proceeding to describe some of the existing systems it may be wise to impress on assistants in libraries the advisability of trying to think for themselves in this matter4 ,there is nothing more discouraging than to find young librarians slavishly following the methods bequeathed by their predecessors1 because in no sphere of public work is there a larger field for substantial improvement1 or less reason to suppose that readers are as easily satisfied as they were thirty years ago4 ,the truth is that every library method is more or less imperfect in matters of detail1 and there are numerous directions in which little improvements tending to greater homogeneity and accuracy can be effected4 ,it is all very well1 and likewise easy1 to sit at the feet of some bibliothecal ,gameliel1 treasuring his dicta as incontrovertible1 and at the same time assuming that the public is utterly indifferent to efficiency and simplicity of system4 ,but it ought to be seriously considered that everything changes1 and that the public knowledge of all that relates to their welfare increases every day2 so that the believer in a dolce far niente policy must be prepared for much adverse criticism1 and possibly for improvements being effected in his despite1 which is very unpleasant4 ,in libraries conducted for profit1 everything likely to lead to extension of business1 or to the increased convenience of the public1 is at once adopted1 and it is this sort of generous flexibility which ought to be more largely imported into public library management4 ,a suitable reverence for the good work accomplished in the past should be no obstacle to improvement and enlargement of ideas in the future4 ,,ledgers4 ,the present state of the question of charging turns largely on the respective merits of indicator and non-indicator systems1 or1 in other words1 whether the burden of ascertaining if books are in or out should be placed on readers or the staff4 ,there is much to be said on both sides1 and reason to suppose that the final solution lies with neither4 ,the non-indicator systems come first as a matter of seniority4 ,the advantages of all ledger and card-charging systems are claimed to be that readers are admitted directly to the benefit of intercourse with the staff2 that they are saved the trouble of discovering if the numbers they want are in2 that they are in very many cases better served1 because more accustomed to explain their wants2 that less counter space is required2 that the initial expense of an indicator is saved2 and1 finally1 that with a good staff borrowers can be more quickly attended to4 ,some of these statements may be called in question1 but they represent the views of librarians who have tried both systems4 ,from the readers' point of view there can hardly be a doubt but that the least troublesome system is the most acceptable2 and it is only fair to the non-indicator systems to assert that they are the least troublesome to borrowers4 ,the original method of charging1 still used in many libraries1 consisted in making entries of all issues in a day-book ruled to show the following particulars3-- ,,date ,,of ,,issue4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,progressive,title of ,class ,date of ,name of ,no4 ,no4 ,book4 ,letter4,no4 ,vols4,return4,borrower4 of ,fines4 ,card4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #b #c ,but after a time certain economies were introduced1 columns #b1 #g1 and #i being omitted1 and day-books in this later form1 perhaps with the arrangement slightly altered1 are in common use now4 ,of course it is plain that a book on issue was entered in the first vacant line of the day-book1 and the progressive number1 borrower's number1 and date were carried on to its label4 ,on return1 the particulars on the label pointed out the day and issue number1 and the book was duly marked off4 ,it will at once be seen that this form of ledger only shows what books are out1 but cannot readily show the whereabouts of any particular volume without some trouble4 ,as to what book any reader has is another question which cannot be answered without much waste of time4 ,a third disadvantage is that as borrowers retain their tickets there is very little to prevent unscrupulous persons from having more books out at one time than they should4 ,a fourth weakness of this ledger is that time is consumed in marking off1 and books are not available for re-issue until they are marked off4 ,for various reasons some librarians prefer a system of charging direct to each borrower instead of journalising the day's operations as above described4 ,these records were at one time kept in ledgers1 each borrower being apportioned a page or so1 headed with full particulars of his name1 address1 guarantor1 date of the expiry of his borrowing right1 c4 ,these ledgers were ruled to show date of issue1 number of book1 and date of return1 and an index had to be consulted at every entry4 ,now-a-days this style of ledger is kept on cards arranged alphabetically or numerically1 and is much easier to work4 ,subscription and commercial circulating libraries use the system extensively4 ,the main difficulty with this system was to find out who had a particular book2 and 8overdues0 were hard to discover1 and much time was consumed in the process4 ,to some extent both these defects could be remedied by keeping the borrowers' cards and arranging them in dated trays1 so that as books were returned and the cards gradually weeded out from the different days of issue1 a deposit of overdue borrowers' cards pointing to their books would result4 ,another form of ledger is just the reverse of the last1 the reader being charged to the book instead of the book to the reader4 ,this is a specimen3-- ,k #eidb4 ,,wood--,,east ,,lynne4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,date of,borrowers',date of,date of,borrowers',date of ,issue4 ,no4 ,return4,issue4 ,no4 ,return4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #d ,may #cie #ah ,may #f ,june #cdba ,every book has a page or more1 according to popularity1 and there can hardly be a doubt of its superiority to the personal ledger1 because the question of a book's whereabouts is more often raised than what book a given reader has4 ,dates of issue and return are stamped1 and all books are available for issue on return4 ,the borrowers' cards1 if kept in dated trays as above1 show at once 8overdues0 and who have books out4 ,but the 8overdues0 can be ascertained also by periodical examination of the ledger4 ,in this system book ledgers are as handy as cards4 ,in both of the ledger systems above described classified day sheets for statistical purposes are used4 ,they are generally ruled thus3-- ,,date4 ------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ------------------ and the issues are recorded by means of strokes or other figures4 ,at one time it was considered an ingenious arrangement to have a series of boxes lettered according to classes1 with locked doors and apertures at the top1 in which a pea could be dropped for every issue in any class2 but this seems to have been now completely abandoned4 ,certainly neither the sheet-stroking nor pea-dropping method of getting at the number of daily issues can be recommended1 because in both cases the account is at the mercy of assistants1 who may either neglect to make such charges1 or register some dozen issues at a time to account for intervals spent in idling4 ,an application slip is the best solution of the difficulty4 ,this can either be filled up by the assistants or the borrowers4 ,in certain libraries these slips are of some permanence1 being made of stout paper in long narrow strips1 on which borrowers enter their ticket-numbers and the numbers and classes of the books they would like4 ,the assistant stamps the current date against the book had out1 and the slips1 after the statistics are compiled from them1 are sorted in order of borrowers' numbers and placed in dated trays4 ,of course when the borrower returns the book1 his list is looked out1 and the name of the returned book heavily cancelled and another work procured as before4 ,there are various kinds of ticket-books issued for this purpose1 some with counterfoils and detachable cheques1 and others with similar perforated slips and ruled columns for lists of books wanted to read4 ,messrs4 ,lupton ,co4 of ,birmingham1 ,mr4 ,ridal of ,rotherham ,free ,library1 and ,messrs4 ,waterston ,sons1 stationers1 ,edinburgh1 all issue different varieties of call-books1 or lists of wants4 ,some libraries provide slips of paper1 on which the assistant jots down the book-number after the borrower hands it in with his ticket-number written in thus3-- -------------- ,,ticket4 ,,book4 -------------- #eifc ,c #dca -------------- ,these are simply filed at the moment of service1 and become the basis of the statistical entry for each day's operations4 ,such slips save the loss of time which often arises when careful entries have to be made on day-sheets or books1 and there can be no question as to their greater accuracy4 ,these are the main points in connection with the most-used class of day-books and ledgers4 ,,card-,,charging ,,systems4 ,somewhat akin to the ledger systems are the various card- and pocket-charging methods which work without the intervention of an indicator4 ,there are several of such systems in existence both in ,britain and the ,united ,states1 most of them having features in common1 but all distinguished by differences on points of detail4 ,at ,bradford a pocket system has long been in use4 ,it is worked as follows3 ,every book has attached to one of the inner sides of its boards a linen pocket1 with a table of months for dating1 and an abstract of the lending rules4 ,within this pocket is a card on which are the number and class of the book1 its title and author4 ,to each reader is issued on joining a cloth-covered card and a pocket made of linen1 having on one side the borrower's number1 name1 address1 c41 and on the other side a calendar4 ,the pockets are kept in numerical order at the library1 and the readers retain their cards4 ,when a borrower wishes a book1 he hands in a list of numbers and his card to the assistant1 who procures the first book he finds in4 ,he next selects from the numerical series of pockets the one bearing the reader's number4 ,the title card is then removed from the book and placed in the reader's numbered pocket1 and the date is written in the date column of the book pocket4 ,this completes the process at the time of service4 ,at night the day's issues are classified and arranged in the order of the book numbers1 after the statistics are made up and noted in the sheet ruled for the purpose1 and are then placed in a box bearing the date of issue4 ,when a book is returned the assistant turns up its date of issue1 proceeds to the box of that date1 and removes the title card1 which he replaces in the book4 ,the borrower's pocket is then restored to its place among its fellows4 ,the advantages of this plan are greater rapidity of service as compared with the ledger systems1 and a mechanical weeding out of overdues somewhat similar to what is obtained by the 8,duplex0 indicator system described further on4 ,its disadvantages are the absence of permanent record1 and the danger which exists of title cards getting into the wrong pockets4 ,a system on somewhat similar lines is worked at ,liverpool and ,chelsea1 the difference being that in these libraries a record is made of the issues of books4 ,it has the additional merit of being something in the nature of a compromise between a ledger and an indicator system1 so that to many it will recommend itself on these grounds alone4 ,the ,cotgreave indicator is in this system used for fiction and juvenile books only1 and as the records of issues are made on cards1 the indicator is simply used to show books out and in4 ,mr4 ,george ,parr1 of the ,london ,institution1 is the inventor of an admirable card-ledger1 and though it has been in use for a number of years its merits do not seem to be either recognised or widely known4 ,the main feature of this system1 which was described at the ,manchester meeting of the ,l4,a4,u4,k4 in #ahgi1 is a fixed alphabetical series of borrowers' names on cards1 behind which other cards descriptive of books issued are placed4 ,the system is worked as follows3 ,every book has a pocket inside the board somewhat similar to that used at ,bradford and ,chelsea1 in which is a card bearing the title and number of the book4 ,when the book is issued the card is simply withdrawn and placed1 with a coloured card to show the date1 behind the borrower's card in the register4 ,when it is returned the title card is simply withdrawn from behind the borrower's card1 replaced in the book1 and the transaction is complete4 ,this is the brief explanation of its working1 but ,mr4 ,parr has introduced many refinements and devices whereby almost any question that can be raised as regards who has a book1 when it was issued1 and what book a given person has1 can be answered with very little labour4 ,this is accomplished by means of an ingenious system of projecting guides on the cards1 together with different colours for each #ajjj members1 and with these aids a ready means is afforded of accurately finding the location in the card-ledger of any given book or borrower4 ,as regards its application to a popular public library1 the absence of a permanent record would in most cases be deemed objectionable1 but there seems no reason why1 with certain modifications1 it could not be adapted to the smaller libraries1 where neither pocket systems nor indicators are in use4 ,this very ingenious and admirable system suggests what seems in theory a workable plan for any library up to #aj1jjj volumes4 ,instead of making a fixed alphabet of borrowers1 as in ,mr4 ,parr's model1 a series of cards might be prepared1 one for each book in the library1 in numerical order1 distributed in hundreds and tens1 shown by projections to facilitate finding4 ,a label would be placed in each book1 ruled to take the borrower's number and date of issue1 and a borrower's card like that used for ,mr4 ,elliot's indicator1 ruled to take the book numbers only4 ,when a book is asked for1 all that the assistant has to do is to write its number in the borrower's card1 the number of the borrower's card and the date on the book label1 and then to issue the book1 having left the borrower's card in the register4 ,the period of issue could be indicated by differently coloured cards to meet the overdue question1 and a simple day-sheet ruled for class letters and numbers of books issued would serve for statistical purposes4 ,the register of book-numbers could be used as an indicator by the staff in many cases1 and such a plan would be as easily worked1 as economical1 and as accurate as most of the charging systems in use in small libraries4 ,there are many other card-charging systems in use1 but most of them are worked only in the ,united ,states4 ,a large number of ,british libraries1 especially those established under the 8,public ,libraries ,acts10 use one or other of the various indicators which have been introduced since #ahgj1 and it now becomes necessary to describe some of these4 ,,indicators4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4g--;,,elliot',s ,,indicator4 ,the first indicator of any practical use was that invented by ,mr4 ,john ,elliot1 of ,wolverhampton1 in #ahgj4 ,previous to that date various make-shift contrivances had been used to aid the staff in finding what books were in or out without the trouble of actually going to the shelves1 chief among which was a board drilled with numbered holes to receive pegs when the books represented by the numbers were out4 ,elliot's indicator is a large framework of wood1 divided1 as shown in the engraving1 into ten divisions by wooden uprights1 on which are fastened printed columns of numbers #a to #ajj1 #aja to #bjj1 c41 representing volumes in the library4 ,between each number1 in the spaces between the uprights1 are fastened small tin slides1 forming a complete series of tiny shelves for the reception of borrowers' tickets1 which are placed against the numbers of the books taken out4 ,the numbers are placed on both sides of the indicator1 which is put on the counter1 with one side glazed to face the borrowers4 ,its working is simple3 ,every borrower receives on joining a ticket in the shape of a book1 having spaces ruled to show the numbers of books and dates of issue1 with the ends coloured red and green4 ,on looking at the indicator the borrower sees so many vacant spaces opposite numbers1 and so many occupied by cards1 and if the number he wishes is shown blank he knows it is in and may be applied for4 ,he accordingly does so1 and the assistant procures the book1 writes in the borrower's card the number and date of issue1 and on the issue-label of the book the reader's ticket-number and date4 ,when the book is returned the assistant simply removes the borrower's card from the space and returns it1 and the transaction is complete4 ,a day-sheet is commonly used for noting the number of issues2 but1 of course1 application forms can also be used4 ,the coloured ends of the borrowers' tickets are used to show overdue books1 red being turned outwards one fortnight1 or whatever the time allowed may be1 and green the next4 ,towards the end of the second period the indicator is searched for the first colour1 and the 8overdues0 noted4 ,the main defect of the ,elliot indicator lies in the danger which exists of readers' tickets being placed in the wrong spaces1 when they are practically lost4 ,the 8,cotgreave0 indicator1 invented by ,mr4 ,alfred ,cotgreave1 now librarian of ,west ,ham1 ,london1 differs from the ,elliot in principle and appearance1 and is more economical in the space required4 ,it consists of an iron frame1 divided into columns of #ajj by means of wooden uprights and tin slides2 but has numbered blank books in every space1 instead of an alternation of numbered uprights and spaces4 ,into each space is fitted a movable metal case1 cloth-covered1 containing a miniature ledger ruled to carry a record of borrowers' numbers and dates of issue4 ,these cases are turned up at each end1 thus ,illustration1 and the book-number appears at one end on a red ground and at the other on a blue ground4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4h--;,,cotgreave',s ,,indicator ,the blue end is shown to the public to indicate books in1 and the red end to indicate books out4 ,the ordinary method of working it is as follows3 ,the borrower1 having found the number of the book wanted indicated in 7blue71 asks for it by number at the counter1 and hands over his ticket4 ,the assistant1 having procured the book1 next withdraws the indicator-book and enters in the first blank space the reader's ticket-number and the date1 reverses the little ledger to show the number out1 and leaves in it the borrower's card2 stamps or writes the date on the issue-label of the book1 and gives it to the reader4 ,on return the indicator number is simply turned round1 and the borrower receives back his card4 8,overdues0 can be shown by means of coloured clips1 or by having the borrowers' cards shaped or coloured1 and issues are recorded on day-sheets1 or by means of application forms4 ,there are1 however1 endless ways of working both the ,elliot and ,cotgreave indicators1 though there is only space to describe the most elementary forms4 ,like every other department of library work1 the working of an indicator-charging system will bear careful thought1 and leave room for original developments4 ,the 8,duplex0 indicator1 invented by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,robertson1 librarian of ,aberdeen1 has several novel features which call for attention4 ,a full-sized ,duplex indicator occupies #e ft4 #d in4 of counter space for every #bjjj numbers1 while a smaller pattern for a similar number occupies #c ft4 #h in4 of counter space1 both being #d ft4 high1 and is a frame fitted with slides in the manner of the ,cotgreave and ,elliot indicators4 ,it is also a catalogue1 and the numbers and titles of books are given on the blocks which fit into numbered spaces4 ,each block has a removable and reversible sheet for carrying a record consisting of borrower's number1 number in ticket-register1 and date of issue4 ,the borrowers' cards are made of wood1 and also bear a removable slip for noting the numbers of books read4 ,when a book is asked for the assistant proceeds first to the indicator and removes the block1 which bears on its surface the location marks and accession number of the book1 and on one end the number and title of the book2 the other being coloured red to indicate out1 but also bearing the number4 ,he then carries the reader's number on to the block1 and having got and issued the book1 leaves the block and card on a tray4 ,this is all that is done at the moment of issue1 and it is simple enough1 all the registration being postponed till another time4 ,the assistant who does this takes a tray of blocks and cards and sits down in front of the ticket-register1 which is a frame divided into compartments1 consecutively numbered up to five hundred or more1 and bearing the date of issue4 ,he then selects a card and block1 carries the book-number on to the borrower's card1 and the number of the first vacant ticket-register compartment1 with the date1 on to the book block1 and leaves the borrower's card in the register4 ,probably the statistical returns will also be made up at this time4 ,the blocks are then placed reversed in the indicator1 and so are shown out to the public4 ,when a book is returned1 the assistant proceeds to the indicator to turn the block1 and while doing so notes the date and register number1 and then removes and returns the borrower's card4 ,by this process the ticket-register is gradually weeded1 till on the expiry of the period during which books can be kept without fine1 all tickets remaining are removed to the overdue register1 which bears the same date1 and are placed in its compartments according to the order of the ticket-register4 ,a slip bearing those numbers is pinned down the side of the overdue register so that defaulters can easily be found4 ,these are the principal points in the three best indicators yet invented1 and it only remains to note their differences4 ,the ,elliot indicator system makes the charge to the borrower1 and preserves no permanent record of book issues apart from the label in the book itself4 ,the ,cotgreave system charges the borrower to the book1 and does keep a permanent record of the issues4 ,the 8,duplex0 system shows who has had a certain book1 what books a certain reader has had1 in addition to a record on the book itself similar to that kept with the ,elliot and ,cotgreave systems1 but only in a temporary manner4 ,so far as permanency of record is concerned the ,cotgreave is the only indicator which keeps this in itself4 ,the reading done by borrowers is not shown in a satisfactory manner by any of the three systems1 as worked in their elementary stages1 and the ,elliot and ,duplex records are only available when the readers' tickets are in the library and their places known4 ,much difference of opinion exists among librarians as regards the necessity for a double entry charging system1 many experienced men holding that a simple record of the issues of a book is all that is required4 ,others are equally positive that a separate record of a borrower's reading is only a logical outcome of the spirit of public library work1 which aims at preserving1 as well as compiling1 full information touching public use and requirements4 ,in this view the writer agrees1 and strongly recommends every young librarian to avoid the slipshod1 and go in heart and soul for thoroughness4 ,a simple double record of borrowers' reading and books read1 which will give as little trouble to the public as possible1 is much required1 and will repay the attention bestowed on it by the young librarian4 ,where application slips are used1 which give book- and borrower-numbers1 it is a simple matter compiling a daily record of the reading done by each borrower4 ,at several libraries where ,cotgreave's indicator is used1 it is done by the process of pencilling the number of the book taken out on to a card bearing the reader's number4 ,these cards form a numerical register of borrowers1 and are posted up from the application forms4 ,before leaving the subject of charging systems let it again be strongly urged that no system of charging should be adopted without a careful thinking-out of the whole question2 giving due consideration of the matters before raised1 at counters 7p4 #aj7 and above1 touching space and public convenience in the use of indicators4 ,though it is claimed for the indicator that it reduces friction between assistant and public1 facilitates service1 and secures impartiality1 it should be remembered that it is expensive2 occupies much space2 abolishes most of the helpful relations between readers and staff2 quickens service only to the staff2 and after all is not infallible in its working1 especially when used without any kind of cross-check such as is afforded by application forms and separate records of issues to borrowers4 ,reference library charging is usually accomplished by placing the reader's application in the place vacated by the book asked for1 and removing and signing it on return4 ,in some libraries these slips are kept for statistical purposes2 in others they are returned to the reader as a sort of receipt2 and in others1 again1 the form has a detachable portion which is used for the same purpose4 ,in some libraries two different colours of slips are used to facilitate the examination of the shelves on the morning after the issues4 ,,cataloguing ,,apparatus4 ,in this section will be noticed only catalogue-holders1 or accession-frames1 together with any mechanical apparatus used in the production of catalogues4 ,cabinets for holding card-catalogues are made in a variety of styles1 some being drawers fitted into the fronts of counters1 and others being independent stands of drawers4 ,the usual style of cabinet at present used provides for the cards being strung through oval or rounded holes on to brass rods1 which are fixed1 to prevent readers from removing them and so upsetting the order of the cards4 ,the drawers themselves are made to pull out only as far as necessary1 in order to prevent careless users from pulling them out altogether and working destruction to both fittings and arrangement4 ,the construction of these cabinets should only be entrusted to skilled workmen1 and only oak1 walnut1 or other hard woods should be used4 ,as every librarian has his or her own opinion as to how such cabinets should be made and their contents safeguarded1 it will be best to refer inquirers to examples of such catalogues in actual work1 in different styles1 at ,liverpool1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 ,nottingham2 the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 ,guildhall1 ,battersea1 ,st4 ,martin-in-the-,fields1 and ,clerkenwell1 ,london1 and elsewhere4 ,a special cabinet is made by ,messrs4 ,stone of ,banbury1 ,oxon41 but its safeguards require to be improved4 ,a half-falling front locked on to the rod which secures the cards is a very simple and effective plan of keeping order in isolated cabinets4 ,in cases where the backs of the drawers are get-at-able from the staff side of the counter1 even more simple methods of securing the cards1 while giving every facility in the way of making additions1 can be adopted4 ,projecting guides to show in index style the whereabouts of particular parts of the alphabet should be made either of tin or linen-mounted cards4 ,tin lasts best1 although the lettering sometimes rubs off4 ,nothing will satisfy a librarian1 who has a card-catalogue in contemplation1 so much as the comparison of the kinds adopted in different libraries4 ,the chief objection to card cabinets or drawers is the insurmountable one of limitation to public use being fixed by the number of drawers or cabinets4 ,with drawers in a counter front one consulter monopolises one drawer1 while with tiers of three or four drawers in cabinet form never more than two persons can use it with any comfort4 ,the exposure of only one title at a time is another serious drawback1 while the peculiar daintiness of touch requisite for the proper manipulation of the cards makes the use of the catalogue a labour and a perplexity to working people with hardened finger-tips4 ,we think it likely1 therefore1 that catalogues in a large series of handy guard-books1 or in volumes or boxes provided with an arrangement for inserting slips of additions1 will in the future come to be recognised as that best adapted for general use4 ,a card-catalogue for staff use ought in any case to be kept1 either in boxes or covered trays4 ,another catalogue appliance is the accession-frame1 or device for making public all recent additions to the library4 ,of these there are several1 but we need only mention a few as typical of the rest4 ,at some libraries a glazed case with shelves is placed on the counter1 and in this new books are displayed with their titles towards the public4 ,it seems to work very well1 and has been used with success at ,birmingham1 ,lambeth1 and elsewhere1 to make known different classes of literature which are not so popular as they should be4 ,liverpool has1 or had1 a series of frames in which were movable blocks carrying the titles of additions1 and at ,rotherham a somewhat similar plan has been adopted4 ,cardiff shows additions in a frame holding title cards which can be removed by readers and handed over the counter as demand notes4 ,guard-books like those in use at the ,british ,museum are common1 both for additions and general catalogues2 while cards or leaves in volumes laced on cords or rods have been used at ,manchester1 in ,italy1 and generally in ,europe and ,america4 ,a neat box with falling sides for holding catalogue cards is used in the ,university ,library of ,giessen in ,germany1 and seems well adapted for staff use1 or for private and proprietary libraries4 ,latest of all is the ingenious cylindrical catalogue-holder or stand invented by ,mr4 ,mason1 of ,st4 ,martin-in-the-,fields1 ,london4 ,it consists of a broad revolving cylinder1 upon the outer rim of which are placed a number of wooden bars1 each wide enough to take a written or printed author and title entry4 ,these bars are movable1 being designed to slide round the whole circumference of the cylinder1 so that additions can be inserted at any part of the alphabet4 ,each bar represents a book-title1 and the plan of using is that the titles of additions should be mounted on the bars1 leaving spaces for additions1 and so afford a convenient and easily worked accession list in strict alphabetical order4 ,the cylinder is intended to be fixed in a counter front or special stand1 and to be all covered in with the exception of a portion about equal to the size of a demy octavo page1 which will show under glass4 ,the reader turns the cylinder round to the part of the alphabet he wants by simply turning a handle1 and so the whole is shown to him without any waste of public space4 ,,copying ,,machines4 ,typewriters for cataloguing or listing purposes are making slow progress in public libraries2 but it is unquestionable that before long they will be introduced into every large library4 ,their advantages are many1 among them being greater speed1 neatness1 and clearness2 not to speak of the attention always bestowed by the public on printed titles or notices as compared with written ones4 ,if many copies of a list of 8books wanted0 should be required1 the typewriter will make a stencil on waxed paper from which can be printed hundreds of copies4 ,if three or six copies of any title or document are required the typewriter will print them all at once4 ,for card-catalogues it is better to print two or three copies of a title at once1 and mount them on cards afterwards1 making one the author and another the subject entry4 ,the best machines are those called 8type-bar0 writers1 the principle of which is that a circle or row of rods carrying types at the ends1 operated by a key like a pianoforte1 is made to strike on a common centre1 so that a piece of paper fastened at the point of contact is printed by being simply jerked along4 ,the various mechanical devices employed to achieve the different requirements of printing are ingenious1 but vary more or less in every machine4 ,the following machines are recommended for trial before a choice is made3 the ,bar-lock1 the ,caligraph1 the ,hammond1 the ,remington1 and the ,yost4 ,any of the manufacturers or agents will allow a week or fortnight's free trial of the machines1 and this is the most satisfactory way of deciding4 ,recommendations of friends and agents alike should be ignored1 and the librarian should trust to his own liking in the matter4 ,after all is said1 there is really very little difference1 as regards cost and manipulation1 in the best machines1 and the matter resolves itself into a question of meeting the requirements of a particular operator or purpose4 ,in the ,bar-lock the type-bars strike downwards through a narrow inked ribbon4 ,there is a separate key for each type4 ,in the ,caligraph the bars strike upwards through a broad ink ribbon1 and the key-board is arranged with capitals down each side and the lower case letters in the middle4 ,the ,hammond is not a type-bar machine1 but has two sizes of type on different holders which are exchangeable and is operated by keys carrying the names of two or three letters4 ,the type-holder is struck by a striker working from behind1 and the letter is impressed on the paper through an inked ribbon4 ,the keys alter the position of the holder to bring the proper letter or figure against the striker4 ,cards can be printed more easily by the ,hammond than by the other machines4 ,the ,remington1 which has had the longest career1 has a single key-board1 each key representing two letters or figures4 ,the bars strike upwards1 and the construction of the instrument is excellent4 ,the ,yost is a light and compact machine1 which prints direct from an ink pad on to the paper4 ,it has a separate key for each type1 and a very good arrangement for spacing or inserting missed letters4 ,other copying or manifolding machines for manuscript are the ,cyclostyle1 ,mimeograph1 and ,trypograph4 ,the two former are perhaps most useful in libraries2 the ,mimeograph being best for manifolding along with the typewriter4 ,the ordinary screw letter copying press is a necessary adjunct of every librarian's office1 but in libraries with small incomes an 8,anchor0 copying press1 costing about #abs4 #f;d41 will be found to serve all ordinary purposes4 ,,files1 ,,boxes1 ,,book-,,holders1 ,,stamps1 c4 ,letter files are made in a great variety of styles1 from the spiked wire to the elaborate and systematic index of the ,amberg and ,shannon ,companies4 ,a useful series of cheap document files are made by ,messrs4 ,john ,walker ,co4 of ,london1 and comprise manilla paper and cloth envelope1 and box files for alphabetical arrangement1 to hold papers about #aa #i inches1 c4 ,the collapsing accordion files are also made by this firm4 ,single alphabetical files to hold some hundreds of documents are supplied by the ,amberg and ,shannon ,file ,companies in neat box form at a small cost2 and both these makers can supply file-cabinets of any size or for any purpose1 so far as the preservation of documents is concerned4 ,any of the above-named are preferable to the ordinary wire and binder files which pierce and tear documents without keeping them in get-at-able order4 ,sheet-music and prints are best preserved in flat boxes with lids and falling fronts1 though the former1 if kept at all1 is best bound in volumes4 ,print boxes are preferable to portfolios because they are not so apt to crush their contents1 and certainly afford a better protection from dust4 ,pamphlet boxes are made in many styles3 some with hinged lids and falling fronts as in the illustration1 ,fig4 #aa2 some with book-shaped backs and hinged ends1 and others in two parts4 ,most librarians prefer the cloth-covered box with hinged lid and falling front1 which can be made in any form by all box-makers4 ,the kind shown in the illustration above are manufactured by ,messrs4 ,fincham ,co4 of ,london2 but others with a uniformly-sized rim are made in ,glasgow1 ,bradford1 and ,manchester4 ,messrs4 ,marlborough ,co4 of ,london supply boxes made in two parts4 ,for filing unbound magazines and serials the cloth-covered boxes with lids and flaps are most convenient4 ,they should be made of wood when intended for large periodicals like the ,graphic or ,era4 ,american cloth or canvas wrappers are sometimes used for preserving periodicals previous to binding1 but boxes will1 in the long run1 be found most economical1 cleanly and easily used4 ,there are various kinds of binders made for holding a year's numbers of certain periodicals1 in which the parts are either laced with cords or secured by wires to the back4 ,the difficulty with these seems to be that necessary expansion is not always provided against by the appliances supplied4 ,newspapers intended for binding are usually kept on racks and protected from dust by ,american cloth or pasteboard wrappers4 ,in other cases a month's papers are laced on perforated wooden bars and kept in rolls4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,stitching machines are sometimes used for periodicals1 and though probably quicker than ordinary needle and thread sewing1 have certain drawbacks which make their use worthy of some deliberation4 ,in the first place a good machine is expensive and somewhat liable to get out of order1 and in the second place the wires used for the stitching very often rust1 and cause much trouble to the binder both because of the tearing of the periodicals and the difficulty of their removal4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ac-ad4 ,reference might be made here to the 8,fauntleroy0 magazine case designed by ,mr4 ,chivers of ,bath1 in which an ingenious and neat brass fastener is substituted for elastic or leather thongs4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ae-af4 ,application forms are sometimes strung in bundles and left hanging or lying about1 but boxes made to their size and provided with thumb-holes in the sides will be found more convenient and tidy4 ,various sorts of holders are made for keeping books erect on the shelves or on tables1 among which the kinds illustrated above are probably best known4 ,the one shown in ,fig4 #ab1 manufactured by ,walker ,co4 of ,london1 makes an extremely useful device for arranging cards or slips1 as it can be adjusted to any space from of an inch4 ,the others are best adapted for ordinary shelf use4 ,figs4 #ac-ad are made by ,messrs4 ,braby ,co4 of ,deptford1 ,london1 and ,messrs4 ,lewis ,grundy of ,nottingham4 ,figs4 #ae-af were designed by ,mr4 ,mason1 one of the secretaries of the ,library ,association1 and are supplied by ,messrs4 ,wake ,dean of ,london4 ,,stamps1 ,,seals1 c4 ,in addition to labels on the boards1 it is usual in public libraries to stamp the name of the institution on certain fixed places throughout books1 in order to simplify identification in cases of loss1 and to deter intending pilferers from stealing4 ,metal and rubber ink stamps have been in use for a long time1 and are doubtless the simplest to apply and cheapest to procure4 ,the ordinary aniline inks supplied with these stamps are not reliable1 as they can be quite easily removed by the aid of various chemicals4 ,the best ink for the purpose which can be used is printing ink1 but unfortunately it is difficult to apply and takes a very long time to dry thoroughly4 ,the best substitute appears to be the ink for rubber stamps manufactured by ,messrs4 ,stephens of ,london1 which is not by any means so easily removed as the purely aniline kinds4 ,embossing stamps are perhaps more satisfactory as regards indelibility than any of those just mentioned1 but they are generally somewhat clumsy in make and slow in application4 ,the best method of marking books to indicate proprietorship and to insure impossibility of removal is by the use of a perforating stamp1 which will bite several pages at once without disfiguring the book4 ,most of the kinds at present made are rather awkward1 but there seems no reason why a handy perforator in the shape of a pair of pincers should not be well within the mechanical abilities of the average embossing stamp maker4 ,the difficulty with perforating stamps will always be that of having sufficient points to make the letters clear without being too large4 ,dating stamps for lending library labels can be had in revolving form for continuous use1 or in small galleys which can be altered from day to day4 ,the latter are cheaper and more easily applied4 ,seals for public library ,boards which are incorporated can be procured of any engraver at prices ranging from #e to #ej according to design and elaboration4 ,those in lever presses are just as effective as those in screw presses4 ,,ladders1 c4 ,ladders should always be shod with rubber or leather at the foot to prevent slipping1 and an arrangement like that shown in the illustration will be found of service in preventing books from being pushed back in the shelves4 ,the hinged top and top shelf are the invention of ,mr4 ,mac,alister1 one of the secretaries of the ,library ,association1 and the shelf for the books being replaced or taken down was first used at the ,kensington ,public ,library1 ,london4 ,if steps are used instead of ladders they should be made with treads on both sides so that assistants need not turn them about before using4 ,lightness is a very desirable quality both in steps and ladders1 and should be aimed at before durability4 ,there is nothing more tiresome than having to drag about a heavy pair of steps1 and the assistants who are entirely free from them have to be congratulated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,in some large libraries trucks are used for the conveyance of heavy volumes4 ,the light truck1 covered with leather on the surfaces where books rest1 such as is used in the ,british ,museum1 will be found very useful4 ,reference might be made here to the ingenious carrier invented by ,miss ,james of the ,people's ,palace ,library1 ,london1 for the purpose of conveying books from the galleries to the service counter in the middle of the floor4 ,this consists of a box running on a wire cable1 and worked by means of an endless cord and a wheel4 ,for the peculiar purpose for which it was designed it seems to be very satisfactory4 ,there are many other forms of lifts in use for lowering books from galleries1 but very few of them are of general application4 ,in certain parishes in ,london enamelled iron tablets directing to the library have been suspended from the ladder-bars of the street lamps1 to show strangers the whereabouts of the institution4 ,these are effective as a means of advertising the library1 and might be used for a similar purpose in all large towns4 ,,books ,,of ,,record4 ,for maintaining a permanent register of the different kinds of work accomplished in libraries a great number of books are used1 the varieties of which are as numerous as charging systems4 ,it would serve no useful purpose to describe all of these books1 much less their variations1 and so we shall content ourselves by taking a few typical specimens as representative of all the rest4 ,as the names of these various books sufficiently describe their purpose1 it will only be necessary to briefly indicate the uses of the more obscure kinds and give occasional rulings in explanation of the others4 ,the minute book contains a complete history of the work of the library as far as the proceedings of the ,library ,board is concerned1 and in many cases it is really a succinct record of all the most important operations of the institution4 ,it should be well bound in morocco or other strong leather1 and should consist of good quality paper ruled faint and margin1 and paged4 ,the agenda book forms the necessary accompaniment of the minutes1 and is a sort of draft minute book in which all the business to come before the meeting is entered4 ,a plain foolscap folio book1 ruled faint only1 will serve for this purpose4 ,the business is generally entered on one side of the folio and the resolutions of the meeting on the other4 ,to save possible misunderstandings the chairman ought to enter the decisions of the ,board himself1 after reading them over1 and the minutes should be compiled from this record rather than from separate notes made by the clerk4 ,the business books of public libraries are not often kept by the librarian1 except in ,london where the duties of clerk are usually conjoined4 ,for that reason it is perhaps needless to do more than name the cash book1 ledger1 petty cash book1 cash receipt book1 and postage book as the principal records maintained for financial purposes4 ,many librarians unite their issue and receipts from fines books1 while others keep separate records2 but it is best for beginners to keep their cash affairs strictly apart1 and in the ordinary fashion of good business houses4 ,the donation book is the record of all books1 prints1 maps1 or other gifts to the library1 ruled to show the following particulars3 ,author and ,title ,vols4 and ,date ,name and ,address of ,donor ,date of ,receipt ,date of ,acknowledgment and1 sometimes1 the library number4 ,some libraries have this book with a counterfoil1 in which a double entry is made1 and the detachable portion is torn off to form a thanks circular4 ,this is a very convenient style of register4 ,proposition book and suggestion book4 ,in many cases these are nothing more than plain faint ruled folio volumes1 in which readers are allowed to enter suggestions of new books or on the management of the library4 ,often1 however1 the proposition book is ruled to carry the following particulars3 ,book proposed ,publisher and ,price ,date of ,publication ,name and ,address of ,proposer ,decision of ,committee ,date or ,number of ,order 4 ,in other cases a form is supplied to readers desirous of making suggestions of any sort4 ,contract or estimate books are not always used1 but the young librarian will find it of the greatest convenience to keep a chronological record of every estimate received for work to be done in the library4 ,a guard book in which can be pasted the various tenders received1 or an ordinary plain ruled one in which they can be entered1 will be found a perfect treasury of assistance in many cases4 ,an index at the beginning or end can easily be made4 ,inventory books are intended to furnish a complete record of all the library property1 showing when1 from whom1 and at what cost every item of furniture1 fitting1 stationery1 c41 was procured4 ,it can be kept in a specially ruled book1 or in a faint ruled folio1 classified to show the different kinds of supplies4 ,when re-ordering or reckoning up the duration of supplies1 this book will be found of the greatest use4 ,as a record of prices it is also valuable4 ,invoice books are sometimes kept in two forms3 first1 as mere guard books in which paid invoices are pasted2 and second1 as chronological records of every lot of books received by purchase or donation4 ,this very often saves much trouble in fixing the routine in which books should be dealt with when being prepared for public use4 ,the ordinary ruling is as follows3 ,date of ,receipt ,name of ,donor or ,vendor ,first ,word of ,invoice ,no4 of ,vols4 ,total ,cost ,remarks 4 ,in addition to these columns some librarians add spaces for marking with initials when every process connected with the preparation of the books has been finished4 ,location books are used only with the movable system of shelving books and are long narrow volumes ruled to hold #ej lines on a folio1 with the numbers written or printed down one side1 generally running from #a to #aj1jjj4 ,the specimen ruling will show this plainly4 #eja-eej ---------------------------------------- --- ,no4 ,location4 ,author and ,title4 ---------------------------------------- --- #eja #jb #jc ,the first new book awaiting treatment of course receives the first unappropriated number4 ,some location books give additional particulars1 such as a column for the date of accession of books1 which is often required when spaces are left for continued sets of a series4 ,the stock book in most libraries forms a numerical catalogue of accessions in the order of their receipt2 giving particulars of edition1 binding1 vendor or donor1 price1 and other information4 ,it is1 therefore1 the most valuable record kept by the library1 if the minute book is excepted4 ,some are classified1 others classify the books in separate columns1 while a few keep the classification in a different book4 ,the following selection of headings will show the variety of rulings in use4 ,at ,bradford a classified stock book is used1 and it is ruled thus3-- 7,,press7 #hej-hii4 ,,class4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,date4 ,,book ,,title4 ,,author4 ,,stock ,,no4 ,,book ,,no4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #hej #hea #heb ,the last column refers to a book in which purchases are entered with a consecutive numbering1 and is an index to the accession of the volumes1 while the stock book shown above is primarily a place book4 ,it is thus rather a shelf register than a record of accession of stock4 ,the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 uses the following headings3 ,date of ,receipt ,author and ,title ,language ,number ,class ,letter ,number of ,vols4 ,new ,work or ,continuation ,book or ,pamphlet ,size ,place of ,publication ,date of ,publication ,condition when ,received ,donor1 if ,presented ,price1 if ,purchased ,discount ,vendor ,collation ,special ,collections ,remarks 4 ,various ,modifications of this stock book are used in different libraries4 ,at ,manchester a much briefer description is given1 namely3 ,date when ,received ,author ,title ,no4 of ,vols4 ,no4 of ,pamphlets ,class ,size ,place of ,publication ,date when ,published ,condition when ,received ,donor1 if ,presented ,price1 if ,purchased ,vendor1 if ,purchased ,remarks 4 ,in this book no provision seems to be made for the number which directs to the place of books or their order of accession4 ,the stock book used at ,lambeth classifies as it goes along1 and has headings as follows3 ,stock ,number ,shelf ,number ,author and ,title ,volumes ,condition #geja ,b #ahgd ,how ,acquired -------------------------- ,vendor or ,donor ,price ,bought ,given ,news ,room ,classification4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,i4 ,remarks ,this is intended for lending library books4 ,for reference libraries the dates of publication and other particulars of edition would be given4 ,at ,liverpool and ,chelsea a cumulative system of classifying is used1 which is shown in the following sample3 ,date ,received ,author ,title ,no4 of ,vols4 ,size ,place of ,publication ,date of ,publication ,bound in ,class ,number ,donor or ,vendor ,price ,net ,total ,class ,accession ,number ,accession ,number ,remarks 4 ,with stock books of the ,glasgow pattern a classification book is commonly used1 in which are entered abstracts of classes1 books1 pamphlets1 purchases1 gifts1 works as distinguished from volumes1 special collections1 totals1 c41 page by page4 ,accuracy is almost inevitable by this method1 owing to the numerous cross checks provided4 ,in some libraries separate stock books are kept for periodicals and annual publications1 but the principle in all is similar to the ordinary stock book4 ,it only remains to add that1 as stock books are records of some importance and permanency1 they ought to be made of the very best materials4 ,the shelf register1 as the name indicates1 is the volume in which a list of the books is kept1 in the order of their arrangement on the shelves4 ,such registers are only required for the fixed plan of location4 ,the most elementary form simply gives the ,press ,mark ,author and ,title ,no4 of ,vols4 ,stock1 ,progressive1 or ,consecutive ,number 2 the last referring to the entry in the accessions or stock book4 ,others are much more elaborate1 being really varieties of classified stock books1 and giving particulars of edition1 price1 c4 ,the main uses of the shelf catalogue or register are to fix the numbers of new books1 and to afford a ready means of taking stock4 ,the varieties of this book are practically endless1 and we shall only give two other specimens3-- ,press ,no4 ,shelf ,letter ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,date of ,shelf ,progressive ,author4 ,short ,place4 ,date4 ,accession4 ,order4 ,number4 ,title4 and ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,remarks4 ,number4 ,author4 ,title of ,book4 ,admitted4 ,duplicate registers give particulars of the accession of duplicate books1 and their destination if sold or exchanged4 ,order and letter books are usually just separate copying books1 but frequently the former are kept with counterfoils1 and sometimes separate ruled forms are used1 and simply copied into an ordinary tissue letter book4 ,binding books or sheets record the volumes sent out for binding or repair1 and usually note the following particulars3-- ,manchester4 ,date of ,sending4 ,press ,mark ,title of ,book for ,lettering ,date of ,return ,binder's ,charge 4 ,bradford4 ,date of ,sending4 ,style ,book ,number ,title ,price 4 ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow4 ,date of ,sending4 ,instruction ,lettering ,date of ,return 4 ,borrowers' and guarantors' registers are sometimes kept in books1 but often on cards1 which are the most convenient4 ,they register names1 addresses1 period of borrowing right1 and guarantors in one case1 and names1 addresses1 and persons guaranteed in the other4 ,in some libraries a record of each borrower's reading is posted on to his card from the book application forms4 ,periodical receipt and check books are for marking off the current numbers of newspapers and magazines as received from the newsagent1 and for checking them each morning as they lie on the tables or racks4 ,ruled sheets and cards are also used for the same purpose4 ,they usually consist of lists of monthly1 weekly1 daily1 and other periodicals1 with rulings to show dates of receipt or finding covering a period of one to six months4 ,issue books1 for recording the issues of books in libraries1 are designed in many styles1 each having reference to the particular requirements of a certain institution4 ,generally1 however1 the particulars preserved include3 ,date ,no4 of ,vols4 ,issued by ,classes ,totals ,weekly or ,monthly ,average 4 ,many give the number of visits to newsrooms and reading-rooms1 while others include the amounts received from fines1 sale of catalogues1 c4 ,one issue book is usually ruled to show the work accomplished in every department1 but many libraries keep separate registers for lending and reference departments4 ,in towns where there are a number of branch libraries the returns of issues1 c41 are often recorded in a very elaborate and complete fashion4 ,the day book or issue ledger has already been referred to under ledger charging systems1 but in addition to these there is an endless variety of daily issue sheets1 some simple and some very complex4 ,it would be useless to give patterns of these1 as the whole question of their adoption hinges on the main system by which each library is managed4 ,work books1 time book and sheets1 scrap books1 and lost and found registers are sufficiently described by their names4 ,the two first are for staff management1 and in large libraries are absolutely necessary2 the work book for noting the duties of each assistant1 and the time book or sheet for recording times of arrival and departure from duty4 ,lost and found registers record thefts1 mutilations1 or other abstractions of library property1 and dates and descriptions of articles found on the premises4 ,these are1 roughly speaking1 the most necessary books of record required in the administration of a public library1 but many others exist which have been designed for special purposes4 ,the ,museum of the ,association contains specimens of many of the books above named1 and librarians are1 as a rule1 glad to show what they have in the way of novelties or variations from standard patterns4 ,,forms ,,and ,,stationery4 ,here again selection is difficult1 owing to the perplexing quantity and variety of forms1 and we shall1 with as little comment as possible1 merely give specimens or indicate uses4 ,precept forms are the requisitions for the library rate presented by ,london ,commissioners to the ,local ,boards or ,vestries4 ,public notices1 rules1 c41 should be boldly printed and displayed in glazed frames4 ,requisition forms are in use in a few of the larger libraries4 ,they are filled up and submitted to the ,library ,committee when supplies are wanted4 ,they seem rather a useless formality where an agenda book is kept4 ,thanks circulars or acknowledgment forms usually bear the arms of the library1 and are engraved on quarto sheets of good paper4 ,many libraries use a simple post-card with a very curt acknowledgment4 ,others use perforated receipt books or donation books with counterfoils1 like those previously described4 ,labels and book-plates for the inside of the boards of books in addition to the name and arms of the library often bear location marks and book numbers1 or the names of donors4 ,paste holds them better than gum1 and is much cleaner4 ,an engraved bookplate of any artistic pretension should be dated and signed by designer and engraver4 ,it is to be regretted that more of our large reference libraries do not use photographic or other reproductions of views of their best rooms for this purpose4 ,the town's arms are inappropriate and meaningless1 while the library interior is of historical interest and germane to the object held in view1 namely1 marking suitably to indicate ownership4 ,issues and rule-labels are chiefly used in lending libraries1 though some reference libraries have labels on which the dates of issues are noted4 ,the issue-labels must be ruled to suit the system of charging adopted1 the ledger systems as a rule requiring something more than mere date slips4 ,the rule-labels usually bear an abstract of the library rules applicable to the borrowing of books4 ,vouchers for lending library borrowers must1 of course1 be arranged according to the general rules of the library2 but in every case the agreement should take the form of a declaration3 8,i1 the undersigned10 or 8,i1 1 do hereby10 or 8,i1 of 1 ratepayer in the 1 do hereby04 ,a large selection of all kinds of these vouchers and applications for the right of borrowing are preserved in the ,museum of the ,library ,association4 ,most librarians bind the vouchers when filled up and numbered in convenient volumes1 or mount them in blank books4 ,borrowers' tickets or cards also are entirely governed by the system of charging as regards shape1 size1 and material4 ,millboard1 pasteboard1 leather1 wood1 and cloth are all used4 ,in cases where borrowers are allowed to retain their cards when they have books out it is advisable to have them rather strongly made1 or else provide cases1 especially when the right of borrowing extends over two years4 ,receipts for fines1 c41 may either be in books of numbered and priced tickets--#a;d41 #b;d41 #c;d41 #f;d41 c4--or in perforated counterfoil books with running numbers4 ,both kinds are extensively used1 as well as tissue books with carbonised paper1 similar to those seen in drapers' shops4 ,application forms for books exist in many varieties1 but chiefly in connection with reference libraries4 ,the number of lending libraries which use the application slips is as yet comparatively small1 but there are indications pointing to a more general adoption of this appliance1 especially where indicators are used4 ,some reference libraries have an elaborate application in duplicate1 one part being retained when the transaction is complete1 and the other returned to the borrower4 ,the plan adopted in the ,british ,museum of charging assistants with issues1 and returning the readers' applications1 is not recommended for imitation4 ,the very special arrangements of the ,museum require special means of working1 which are not suitable for general adoption4 ,on reference library applications1 in addition to the usual admonitory sentences as to books being only for use on the premises1 c41 it is customary to ask for the book number or its press mark1 author and title1 volumes wanted1 reader's name and address1 and date4 ,in addition most libraries include a space for the initials of the assistant who issues and replaces the book1 while some ask for the ages and professions of readers4 ,lending library applications need be no more elaborate than this3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,public ,,library4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,no4 ,,of ,,book ,,wanted4 ,,no4 ,,of ,,borrower',s ,,ticket4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,date4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,or this3-- ,,public ,,library4 ,,lending ,,department4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,book ,,number4,,author ,,and ,,title ,,of ,,book ,,wanted4,,ticket ,,number4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,date4 ,,vols4 ,,issued4 ,renewal slips and post-cards1 and bespoke cards or forms require no description4 ,information circulars and readers' handbooks are becoming more and more general1 and many useful documents of the kind have been issued4 ,the object of all is to direct attention to the library1 its uses1 and contents1 while making more public the rules1 newspapers taken1 hours of opening1 c4 ,the little handbooks issued from ,manchester1 ,boston 7,u4,s471 ,glasgow1 and elsewhere1 are models4 ,the barest reference will suffice for such articles as book-marks1 cloth or paper1 overdue notices and post-cards1 issue returns1 branch library returns1 infectious diseases notification forms1 and stock-taking returns1 all of which are almost explained by their names4 ,it should be stated as a curious fact that very many persons object to having notices of overdue books or defaulting borrowers sent on post-cards1 while others think a charge for the postage of such notices an imposition4 ,any young librarian desirous of obtaining specimens of these or any other forms will always be sure to get them on application at the various libraries4 ,the ,museum1 as before stated1 contains a number of all kinds of forms4 ,as regards ordinary ,,stationery it is hardly necessary to say much4 ,note-paper is usually stamped with the library arms1 and envelopes with the name on the flap4 ,pens1 ink1 pencils1 rulers1 date-cases1 paper-knives1 c41 are all so familiar that it would be waste of time to consider them separately4 ,any intelligent librarian will find endless suggestion and profit from a visit to a large stationer's warehouse1 and may even pick up wrinkles of some value by keeping his eyes open to the adaptability of many articles of manufactured stationery4 ,,recipes4 ,pastes4 ,ordinary flour paste is made by mixing flour and water to the consistency of a thin cream1 taking care that all knots are rubbed out1 and boiling over a slow fire with constant stirring until it becomes translucent4 ,it can be made of almost any thickness and toughness1 and by the admixture of a little glue very strong paste is obtained4 ,a few drops of oil of cloves1 creasote1 or corrosive sublimate1 or a few grains of salicylic acid will preserve flour paste for a long time if it is kept in closely covered vessels4 ,the office paste called 8,stickphast0 is a variety of this preparation1 and is much better than gum4 ,there are a number of firms in ,london and elsewhere who make flour pastes which will keep1 and these may be had through any bookbinder or direct from the makers at a cost as small as the home-made kinds1 and of a much superior quality4 ,there are various preparations of starch also used as paste1 but they are best adapted for mounting photographs4 ,a clean compound called 8gloy0 used to be sold in bottles1 and was found useful for mounting fine plates or for office purposes4 ,mr4 ,zaehnsdorf recommends a paste made of rice flour1 mixed with cold water and gently boiled1 as one admirably adapted for delicate work4 ,for all purposes of book patching which can be accomplished by the library staff ,le ,page's soluble glue will be found handier and better than the ordinary kinds4 ,stains caused by writing-ink may be removed by 7#a7 ,equal quantities of lapis calaminaris1 common salt1 and rock alum1 boiled in white wine for half-an-hour1 and applied with a brush or sponge4 7#b7 ,a small quantity of oxalic or muriatic acid diluted with water1 applied with a camel's hair brush1 and dried with clean white blotting paper--two applications4 7#c7 ,solution of oxalic acid and water1 after which the leaves should be dipped in a weak solution of chloride of lime and water1 and thoroughly dried1 after washing in clean water4 7#d7 ,aniline ink stains can be sponged off with warm water1 or completely removed by a bath of alcohol4 ,grease spots or oil stains can be removed by 7#a7 washing or dabbing the part with ether or benzoline1 and afterwards placing between white blotting paper1 over which pass a hot iron4 ,keep the ether and benzoline away from burning lights4 7#b7 ,put the leaf between two pieces of white blotting paper and carefully apply a hot iron to both sides4 7#c7 ,when the stain is caused by a slice of bacon having been used as a book-mark1 or by contact with a paraffin lamp1 the borrower should be asked to remove it and supply a new copy of the work6 7#d7 ,in general oxalic1 citric1 and tartaric acids are safe agents to use for removing stains in books1 as they do not affect the letter-press4 7#e7 ,water and damp stains are removable by the application of boiling water and alum4 7#f7 ,foxing may be removed by dipping the leaves in a weak solution of hydrochloric acid1 half ounce of acid to one pint of hot water1 or by a weak bath of chlorine water4 7#g7 ,mud stains will yield to washing in cold water1 then in a weak solution of muriatic acid1 and finally in a weak solution of chloride of lime2 dry well4 ,for many practical hints on these and other subjects1 see the admirable ,art of ,bookbinding1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,zaehnsdorf1 issued as one of ,bell's 8,technological ,handbooks04 ,the receipts given in ,power's ,handy ,book about ,books1 ,brannt and ,wahl's ,techno-,chemical ,receipt ,book1 and ,cooley's ,cyclopdia of ,practical ,receipts will also repay a little study4 ,to repair torn leaves3 lay the torn leaf upon a piece of tissue paper of the same colour as the leaf itself4 ,touch the edges of the torn pieces1 lightly1 with good paste1 applied by the finger1--bring them carefully together in proper position and place on top another piece of tissue paper2 then put the volume under a heavy weight or in a press and leave it till next day4 ,finally1 with great care1 tear off the tissue paper which will adhere wherever it has touched the paste4 ,the fibres of the tissue which remain1 together with the paste1 result in an almost invisible union of the torn fragments4 ,,footnotes #a ,for ,figures #a1 #c1 and #g we are indebted to ,mr4 ,thomas ,greenwood1 in whose work on ,public ,libraries they appear4 #b ,for ,figures #b and #d we have to thank ,messrs4 ,wake ,dean1 library furnishers1 ,london4 #c ,we believe the credit of this really most ingenious invention belongs to the late ,dr4 ,tyler1 one of the founders of ,bethnal ,green ,free ,library4--,,editors4 #d ,see ,library ,chronicle1 vol4 iv4 p4 #hh2 ,library ,notes 7,american72 and ,the ,library1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #dad4 #e ,an ingenious adaptation of this invention is suggested and described by ,mr4 ,lymburn1 ,librarian of ,glasgow ,university ,library--in ,the ,library for ,july-,august1 #ahib--;,,editors4 #f ,figures #e1 #f1 and #h are inserted by kind permission of ,messrs4 ,hammer ,co41 library furnishers1 ,london4 #g ,for ,figures #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 and #ag we are indebted to ,mr4 ,greenwood's work on ,public ,libraries4 #h ,we are obliged to ,messrs4 ,wake ,dean for the ,figures ,nos4 #aj1 #ae and #af4 ,,index4 ,accession frames1 #cd4 ,accessions book1 #dd2 7order book71 #dd4 ,acknowledgment forms1 #dh4 ,advertising whereabouts of libraries1 #db4 ,agenda book1 #db4 ,alphabetical files1 #cg4 ,amberg files1 #cg4 ,anchor copying press1 #cg4 ,application form boxes1 #ci4 ,application forms for books1 #di2 7lending71 #bd2 7reference71 #cc4 ,arm-chairs1 #ai4 ,assistants' time-book1 #dh4 ,bar-lock typewriter1 #cf4 ,battersea ,p4 ,l4 card catalogue1 #cc4 ,bespoke cards and forms1 #ea4 ,bethnal ,green ,l4 7sliding cases71 #i4 ,binder files1 #cg4 ,binding 7order7 books and sheets1 #dg4 ,birmingham ,public ,library accession shelves1 #cd4 ,blanks1 #dh4 ,book-cases1 #b-f4 ,book-cases 7arrangement71 #f2 7blinds71 #aj2 7,british ,museum sliding71 #h2 7double71 #b2 7glazed71 #aj2 7iron71 #h2 7locked71 #aj2 7materials71 #f2 7reference library71 #e2 7revolving71 #i2 7single with ledge71 #f2 7skeleton71 #d2 7wire fronts71 #aj4 ,book-holders1 #ci4 ,book-marks1 #ea4 ,book-plates1 #dh4 ,booking systems1 #bj4 ,books of record1 #db4 ,borrowers 7applications71 #bd2 7register71 #dg2 7tickets71 #di4 ,boxes for pamphlets1 c41 #cg4 ,braby ,co4's book-support1 #dj4 ,bradford ,p4 ,l4 7accessions book71 #de2 7binding order book71 #dg2 7charging system71 #be4 ,branch library returns1 #dh4 ,british ,museum 7issue system71 #ej2 7sliding cases71 #h4 ,burgoyne newspaper holder1 #ah4 ,business books1 #dc4 ,caligraph typewriter1 #cf4 ,call slips1 #bd4 ,card catalogues1 #cc4 ,card-charging systems1 #be4 ,cardiff ,p4 ,l4 accession frame1 #cd4 ,cards for press classification1 #aj4 ,cases for books1 #b-f4 ,catalogue cabinets1 #cc4 ,cataloguing apparatus1 #cc4 ,chairs1 #ai4 ,charging systems1 #bj-cc4 ,chelsea ,p4 ,l4 7charging system71 #bf2 7stock book71 #df4 ,chivers' magazine case1 #ci4 ,circulars of information1 #ea4 ,classification book1 #df4 ,classification frames1 #i-aj4 ,clerkenwell ,p4 ,l4 card catalogue1 #cc4 ,cloth-covered boxes1 #cg4 ,contents frames1 #i-aj4 ,contract book1 #dc4 ,copying machines1 #ce4 ,cotgreave's indicator1 #bi2 7periodical rack71 #ae4 ,counters1 #aj-ab4 ,counters 7card catalogues in71 #ab2 7sizes71 #aa2 7tills71 #aa4 ,cumming's newspaper holder1 #ah4 ,cupboards1 #ab4 ,cyclostyle copying machine1 #cf4 ,cylindrical catalogue holder1 #ce4 ,daily issue sheets1 #dh4 ,date-labels1 #di4 ,dating stamps1 #dj4 ,day books1 #ba4 ,day issue sheets1 #bj4 ,demand notes1 #bd4 ,desk-tables1 #ab4 ,desks 7reading71 #ad2 7staff71 #ab4 ,document files1 #cg4 ,donation book1 #dc4 ,drawers for card catalogues1 #cc4 ,duplex indicator1 #cj4 ,duplicate registers1 #dg4 ,dust protectors1 #aj4 ,elliot's indicator1 #bg4 ,embossing stamps for books1 #dj4 ,enamelled iron lamp tablets1 #db4 ,enamelled title labels1 #i1 #ah4 ,estimate book1 #dc4 ,fauntleroy magazine case1 #ci4 ,files1 #cg4 ,fineham ,co4's pamphlet boxes1 #cg4 ,fine receipt books1 #dc1 #di4 ,fittings1 #b4 ,forms1 #dh4 ,found property register1 #dh4 ,foxing of plates1 to remove1 #eb4 ,furniture1 #ab4 ,giessen ,university catalogue case1 #ce4 ,glass-fronted book-cases1 #aj4 ,glass show-cases1 #bj4 ,gloy paste1 #eb4 ,glue 7,le ,page's soluble71 #eb4 ,grease stains1 to remove1 #eb4 ,guarantor's register1 #dg4 ,guard-book catalogues1 #ce4 ,guides for card catalogues1 #cd4 ,guildhall ,library card catalogue1 #cc4 ,hammond typewriter1 #cf4 ,hat racks1 #bj2 7rails on chairs71 #ai4 ,hill's newspaper holder1 #ah4 ,holders for newspapers1 #ah4 ,indicators1 #bg-cc4 ,information circulars1 #ea4 ,ink stamps for books1 #dj4 ,ink wells1 #ad4 ,inventory book1 #dc4 ,invoice book1 #dd4 ,iron book-cases1 #h4 ,issue book1 #dg2 7labels71 #df-di2 7recording systems71 #bj2 7stamps71 #bd4 ,james' book carrier1 #db4 ,journal charging system1 #bb4 ,kensington ,public ,library ladder1 #da4 ,key cupboards1 #ab4 ,labels for books1 #dh4 ,ladders1 #da4 ,lambeth ,public ,library 7accession shelves71 #cd2 7stock book71 #de4 ,leather for chair legs1 #ai4 ,ledger charging systems1 #ba4 ,lending library application forms1 #ej4 ,lending systems1 #bj4 ,letter book1 #dg4 ,letter copying presses1 #cg4 ,lewis and ,grundy's book-holder1 #dj4 ,lists of wants1 #bd4 ,liverpool ,public ,library 7accession frame71 #cd2 7card catalogue71 #cc2 7charging system71 #bf2 7stock book71 #df4 ,location book1 #dd4 ,london ,institution1 #ae1 #bf4 ,lost property register1 #dh4 ,lucy ,co4's iron book shelves1 #h4 ,lupton's borrowers' note-book1 #bd4 ,mac,alister's shelved ladder1 #da4 ,magazine racks1 #ad-ag4 ,manchester ,p4,l4 7binding order book71 #dg2 7card catalogue71 #ce2 7readers' handbook71 #ea2 7stock book71 #de2 7periodical arrangement71 #ae4 ,manifolding machines1 #ce-cf4 ,marlborough pamphlet cases1 #cg4 ,mason's book-holder1 #dj2 7catalogue holder71 #ce4 ,mimeograph copying machine1 #cf1 #cg4 ,minute book1 #db4 ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 #ab1 #ae2 7binding order book71 #dg2 7stock book71 #de4 ,movable location finding register1 #dd4 ,museum cases1 #bj4 ,museum of ,library ,association1 #dh1 #ea4 ,music boxes1 #cg4 ,national ,liberal ,club1 ,london1 #af4 ,newspapers 7holders71 #ah2 7stands71 #ag-ai4 ,notices to the public1 #dh4 ,nottingham ,p4 ,l4 card catalogue1 #cc4 ,numbers for shelves1 #i4 ,order book1 #dg4 ,overdue books1 detection of1 #bb1 #bc1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc2 7notices71 #ea4 ,pamphlet boxes1 #cg4 ,parr's card-charging system1 #bf4 ,paste for mending1 #ea4 ,pedestal tables1 #ad4 ,pegs for shelves1 #h4 ,perforating stamps for books1 #dj4 ,periodicals 7arrangement71 #ad-ae2 7binders71 #cg2 7check book71 #dg2 7files71 #cg2 7racks71 #ad-ag2 7receipt book71 #dg2 7stock book71 #df4 ,precept form1 #dh4 ,press marks1 #i-aj4 ,presses for books1 #b-f4 ,print boxes1 #cg4 ,proposition book1 #dc4 ,racks 7periodicals71 #ad-ag2 7hats1 c471 #bj4 ,readers' handbooks1 #ea4 ,reading slopes1 #ad4 ,reading stands 7newspapers71 #ag4 ,receipts for fines1 #di4 ,recipes for paste1 stain-removal1 c41 #ea4 ,records of library work1 #db4 ,reference library 7application forms71 #ej2 7charging71 #cc4 ,remington typewriter1 #cf4 ,renewal forms for books1 #ea4 ,requisition forms 7staff71 #dh4 ,revolving book-cases1 #i4 ,revolving catalogue holder1 #ce4 ,robertson's indicator1 #cj4 ,rotherham ,p4 ,l4 note-book1 #bd4 ,routine 7invoice7 book1 #dd4 ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 ,london1 #cc4 ,rubber stamp ink 7,stephens'71 #dj4 ,rubber stamps1 #bd4 ,rubber stamps for books1 #dj4 ,rule-labels1 #di4 ,rules and regulations1 #dh4 ,st4 ,martin's ,public ,library1 #ae4 ,screw newspaper holder1 #ah4 ,seals for ,library ,boards1 #dj4 ,shannon files1 #cg4 ,shelf-edging1 #aj2 7fittings71 #g2 7numbers71 #i2 7registers71 #df4 ,shelves1 #e4 ,show cases1 #bj4 ,stains1 to remove1 #eb4 ,stamps for books1 #dj2 7dating71 #dj2 7issues71 #ba4 ,stationery1 #dh-ea4 ,stationery cupboards1 #ab4 ,steps for libraries1 #da4 ,stickphast paste1 #eb4 ,stitching machines1 #ch4 ,stock book1 #dd4 ,stone's card catalogue cabinet1 #cd4 ,store presses1 #ab4 ,studs for shelves1 #h4 ,suggestion book1 #dc4 ,superintendents' desks1 #ab4 ,tables1 #ab-ad4 ,tablets for directing to libraries1 #db4 ,technical appliances1 #bj4 ,thanks circulars1 #dc1 #dh4 ,ticket-books1 #bd4 ,tickets for borrowers1 #di4 ,time 7assistants'7 book1 #dh4 ,tonks' shelf fitting1 #g4 ,tray book-cases1 #f4 ,trucks for books1 #db4 ,trypograph copying machine1 #cg4 ,typewriters1 #ce-cf4 ,umbrella stands1 #ai4 ,voucher forms1 #di4 ,wake and ,dean's book-holder1 #dj4 ,walker's book-rack1 #ci4 ,waterston's borrowers' note-book1 #bd4 ,wire-fronted book-cases1 #aj4 ,wire-stitching machines1 #ch4 ,wolverhampton ,public ,library1 #ae4 ,work book1 #dh4 ,yost typewriter1 #cf4 ,zaehnsdorf's paste1 #eb4 ,,aberdeen ,,university ,,press4 ,,wake ,,dean1 ,school1 ,church1 ,library ,furniture ,manufacturers4 #aaa ,,london ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,e4 ,illustration3 ,,gold ,,medal1 ,,london1 #ahhe4 ,,silver ,,medal1 ,,antwerp1 #ahhe4 ,manufacturers to ,her ,majesty's ,stationery ,office and ,war ,office4 ,,london ,,school ,,board1 ,,and ,,other ,,school ,,boards ,,throughout ,,england1 ,,scotland1 ,,and ,,wales4 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,and ,,estimates ,,given ,,for ,book-,shelves and ,book-,cases1 ,reading ,tables1 ,counters1 ,seats and ,chairs1 ,newspaper ,stands1 ,screens1 ,librarians' ,tables1 ,periodical ,racks1 ,and every description of ,fittings for ,public other ,libraries4 ,,please ,,apply ,,for ,,list ,,of ,,new ,,card ,,catalogue ,,cabinet4 ,,the ,,following ,,libraries ,,have ,,been ,,fitted ,,by ,,wake ,,and ,,dean3-- ,,st4 ,,martin-,,in-,,the-,,fields ,,library1 ,trafalgar ,square4 ,,christchurch 0 ,blackfriars4 ,,camberwell 0 ,peckham4 ,,camberwell 0 ,dulwich4 ,,hammersmith 0 ,hammersmith4 ,,peterborough 0 ,,bermondsey 0 ,bermondsey4 ,,chiswick 0 ,acton ,green4 ,,goldsmiths' 0 ,new ,cross4 ,,durning 7,lambeth7 0 ,kennington4 ,,stoke ,,newington 0 ,stoke ,newington4 ,,watford 0 ,watford4 ,,kendal 0 ,,and ,,many ,,others4 ,also all the ,book-cases and ,cupboards in the offices of the ,london ,school ,board1 and #cjj ,museums to the different ,schools4 ,catalogues and ,special ,designs on ,application4 ,,architects' ,,designs ,,carefully ,,executed4 ,sole ,manufacturers of ,mason's ,improved ,book-holder4 ,,wake ,,dean1 ,public ,library ,fitters1 #aaa ,,london ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,e4 ,,steam ,,factory1 ,,bath ,,street4