,illustration3 ,f4 ,t4 ,ives4 ,,the ,,hollow ,,earth ,,by ,f4 ,t4 ,,ives ,author of 8,yankee ,jumbles40 ,illustration ,,broadway ,,publishing ,,company ,,at #hce ,,broadway ,,new ,,york ,copyrighted1 in #aijd4 ,,by ,f4 ,t4 ,,ives1 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,i4 ,cranks #a ,,ii4 ,fire and ,water #e ,,iii4 ,icebergs #ai ,,iv4 ,gulf ,stream #bh ,v4 ,daily ,motion #cf ,,vi4 ,earthquakes #ch ,,vii4 ,volcanoes #dj ,,viii4 ,rainfalls #dd ,,ix4 ,springs #ee ,x4 ,glaciers #fa ,,xi4 ,caves #fg ,,xii4 ,artesian ,wells #fh ,,xiii4 ,oases #ga ,,xiv4 ,things ,that ,puzzle ,us #gc ,,xv4 ,meteors #hj ,,xvi4 ,attraction of ,gravitation #ha ,,xvii4 ,scientific ,theories #hf ,,xviii4 ,surface ,influences of ,water1 and ,change of ,polarity #hh ,,xix4 ,conclusion #ie ,,appendix #ajc ,,the ,,hollow ,,earth4 ,i4 ,,cranks4 ,cranks are appliances to turn things round4 ,a ,crank that revolves only half way will not always accomplish much of a change1 and in many cases would only aggravate the situation4 ,were it not for ,cranks nearly all mechanical appliances would be motionless4 ,men's thoughts and opinions would all be the same1 without some such device to get them out of the old notions1 grooves and ruts in which they long have indulged and plodded4 ,the world has known ,cranks ever since our first parents adopted the wearing of fig leaves1 and ,noah took up ship building on the weather bureau suggesting cloudy weather and showers in ,eastern ,turkey4 ,moses was a ,crank when he forbid the eating of pork1 salt water eels1 turkey buzzards1 owls and all other unclean birds1 fish or animals of any kind1 but there is no doubt that these commands were none of his mistakes4 ,sacred writ gives a plenty of such characters1 but1 by skipping to times more recent1 we find such ,cranks as ,copernicus1 ,galileo1 ,columbus1 ,newton1 ,franklin1 and1 during the last century1 the ,crank family has greatly increased with ,daguerre1 ,watt1 ,howe1 ,edison1 ,marconi and ,tesla and scores of others1 who1 in some of the earlier times1 would have been hung or burned as wizards and sorcerers4 ,political1 historical and religious ,cranks have sprung up1 turning over and upsetting many old-fogey and absurd notions and beliefs of the past4 ,in former times ,cranks were the subject of ridicule and persecution for trying to inject some new ideas into the public mind4 ,history is profuse with abuses of some of the best thoughts and discoveries that have come to the human race4 ,supposing ,copernicus had never advanced and enforced a conclusion that the ,earth was round and revolved on its axis1 such motion causing the apparent rising and setting of the ,sun4 ,only for this we might to this day believe in the story of ,joshua's command over the sun and moon1 and associate believers with ,parson ,jasper that 8,de sun do move40 ,it is pleasant to realize that we are living in a time when new thoughts do not frighten people1 and we are not scared at what we cannot understand1 even if it does not harmonize with antiquated ideas purporting to be #d1jjj to #f1jjj years old4 ,the humble and obscure individual who presumes to offer the few succeeding pages of crude ideas may be classed among pigmy ,cranks1 but1 nevertheless1 feels impelled to sow a little thoughtful seed on a subject that1 to his knowledge1 has never been discussed2 and with a hope that such seed may some of it fall in good ground1 and spring up a crop of criticism that may ultimate in some better mind taking it up and demonstrate with the success that the writer believes it merits4 ,to prove that the ,earth was round required a long time and a serious amount of persecution4 ,now1 to assume that it is hollow1 may require more time than the brief discussion in this small book4 ,yet it is hoped the ideas here may take root in the enlightenment of the present day and start a growth productive of good fruit in the future4 ,in order to discuss this question involves a task that in the outset may look discouraging1 as follows3 ,the ax must be laid at the root of many favorite and long accepted beliefs laid down by scientific authorities to explain the principal phenomena of disturbances on and in the ,mother ,earth1 and to overthrow nearly all accepted theories on the following subjects3 ,the assumption that the ,earth is intensely hot or in a molten state in its interior2 ,the presumption that it is a solid ball2 ,the supposition that there is an actual pole2 ,that hills and mountains are always results of volcanoes2 ,that volcanoes are a prime or natural existence2 ,that living springs and lakes are results of surface influence2 ,the theories of the ,gulf ,stream2 ,icebergs and the ,ice belt1 their formation2 ,glaciers1 how formed2 ,equable condition of the ,mediterranean ,sea2 ,and the ,law of ,attraction of ,gravitation1 ,or that the ,sun is a mass of heat4 ,,ii4 ,,fire ,,and ,,water4 ,the two elements of fire and water are evidently the source of all created things4 ,it is the purpose in this plain and homely dissertation to review and criticise some theories set forth by scientists1 and to introduce some new ones more acceptable to the mind of the writer1 and to be submitted to observing minds to decide upon their merit4 ,it is a generally believed assertion that the ,earth has been a molten mass at or near its origin1 except from the rather doubtful story of creation related in first chapter of ,genesis1 where it appears that the spirit of ,god moved upon the face of the waters4 ,when or how they were created1 the story fails to relate4 ,but1 admitting the waters to prevail to such an extent as to incline ,god's spirit for a voyage thereon1 would make the idea of a molten ,earth rather improbable4 ,the ,earth is said to be undergoing a cooling process for the past thousands of years1 but at some remote time in the past it was covered with ice and traversed by glaciers4 ,there are various explanations of the phenomena of icebergs1 glaciers1 volcanoes1 the ,gulf ,stream1 and why the ,mediterranean ,sea does not fill up or change its conditions through the thousands of years known to history4 ,the philosophy of earthquakes1 volcanic eruptions1 increase of heat in digging deep in the earth1 artesian wells1 springs and lakes1 all have various solutions for being as they are1 but this discussion proposes to throw into the waste-basket nearly all of the accepted conclusions on the subject1 and1 in order to go to an extreme limit of ,crankism1 will dispute the law of ,attraction of ,gravitation4 ,to dispute the long accepted conclusions on most of these topics would be presumptuous without an effort to give good and sufficient reason for such skepticism4 ,the first element to consider will be fire1 or heat1 without which1 it seems safe to assert1 nothing can be produced from the ,earth1 or by the devices of man4 ,to draw a base line to work from1 we will begin at the polar center of the ,earth's motion4 ,the ,earth1 unlike any other object that perpetually revolves that we see or know of1 does not have a shaft1 or axle1 or anything to create friction1 and1 therefore1 heat4 ,there is but one word in the ,english language that tells what will produce heat2 that is friction1 which may claim motion for its parentage4 ,now1 this proposition is offered for a starting point4 ,all heat is produced by friction1 in the absence of which there can be no heat4 ,this claim made1 and presumably well established1 how can there be any central heat of the ,earth1 revolving on nothing but an imaginary center8 ,will any scientist explain at what point heat begins to generate8 ,it would appear as difficult as to accurately fix the point where moral responsibility commences in a child1 or just when the wheel of time will cease to revolve4 ,at whatever point heat begins1 is it supposable that it works internally or outward8 ,any observing mind can give but one answer4 ,it is claimed1 to prove the molten condition of the ,earth's interior1 that the various borings for artesian wells and diggings in mines show a uniform increase of heat as greater depths are attained4 ,all these ratios of increase differ somewhat in different localities1 but not enough to have ever banished the idea that at a few thousand feet of depth everything would be a liquid mass4 ,this idea ought to be absurd enough to make a brazen image smile4 ,let us consider what these explorations into the bowels of the ,earth amount to4 ,the deepest holes bored or dug are1 without exception1 less than a mile deep4 ,admitting a mile1 that is #a-djjj of the distance toward the center4 ,imagine a puncture on an orange1 or on a ball eight inches in diameter being four inches to the center4 ,is there any man living could see a hole as small in proportion to its size to #a-djjj of one-half of its diameter8 ,how insignificant such a test4 ,reasons for this delusion will be given later on1 under treatment of ,volcanoes4 ,again1 the ,earth's surface is covered with at least four-fifths water at depths ranging from one to five miles1 including the millions of springs1 lakes and rivers on land1 to say nothing of the inexhaustible quantities of water encountered in the aforesaid boring and mining operations4 ,the deepest explorations in mines are the salt mines of ,poland1 the ,calumet and ,hecla copper mines and ,comstock ,lode4 ,these have all been on trail of some mineral deposit formed by some remote work of ,nature in the undefinable past1 when volcanic or other influences in ,nature's laboratory left their deposit4 ,these are the only places that man has explored1 only insignificant depths1 and formed extravagant conclusions of the rest of the way4 ,but let us go back to the oceans1 with their great depths and extended areas1 and what do we find8 ,it is this3 ,whether on the ,equator or on the coasts of ,greenland1 in the tropics or frigid latitudes the same1 that at the deepest sea soundings the temperature is near or below the freezing point1 being literally liquid ice4 ,these temperatures are at depths of five times as deep as anybody has bored or dug1 and cover four-fifths of the ,earth's surface1 and1 instead of being hot1 or even warm1 are extremely cold4 ,if the internal heat is as great as is claimed1 it ought to be enough to set every drop of water in the oceans into a boiling condition inside of fifteen minutes1 but there does not seem to be heat enough to warm the bottom of the kettle4 ,it is assumed that the earth originated in a nebulous form1 or an aggregation of small starry bodies1 or something else which nobody has as yet explained clearly4 ,it is evident that our ,earth has come into its present form through a vast amount of time and changes1 and is made up largely of liquids and plastic substances1 which must have had an existence in its origin4 ,there is little doubt but that all its composition has been revolving through space in some form for countless millions of years with its mixtures of liquid1 gaseous and solid constituents4 ,it does not need a long argument to demonstrate that bodies in such revolutions as the earth is making have a tendency1 by centrifugal force1 to throw the heavier elements to the outside1 and as this seems to be a universal law in all scientific experiments by man1 it seems reasonable to suppose the earth's centrifugal forces are no exception in their results4 ,such being the case1 leads at once to the supposition and probability that the ,earth is a hollow globe1 and not a solid mass1 with points of actual poles at each end that can be explored4 ,as water is1 and has been in all history we know of1 so large a part of the earth's mass1 the object of this writing is to show the wonderful influence it exerts in the world's affairs1 and the ample provision ,nature has in store1 and where it is stored1 for man1 and animals1 and vegetation to bank on4 ,but1 in passing1 it is just that a name for many recent years that has been a subject for ridicule should be noticed with profound respect for his wise and superior observations4 ,this man for whom ,i wish to speak a word of commendation and admiration is ,captain ,john ,cleves ,symmes1 who ,i am prepared to allow the honor of first advancing the theory that the ,earth is hollow1 and has been held up as the authority for finding 8,symmes's ,hole40 ,while the present writer had never seen or read any of his arguments for such a hole1 the idea came originally1 as if never thought of by my worthy predecessor4 ,to avoid any charge of plagiarism1 this topic will1 therefore1 be treated as if never before thought of4 ,assuming that the ,earth is hollow1 the purpose will be in the following pages to show how and why1 and the great importance to the inhabitants of the outside that it should be so4 ,the first proposition is1 therefore1 a hollow ,earth from causes heretofore named by centrifugal force2 next1 that the inside is an ocean of fresh water1 with continents of land1 and the outside oceans of salt water and its continents1 as we have partially learned of them4 ,that the ice belts in each frigid zone are the dividing lines between salt and fresh water4 ,that openings at the approach to either pole are at least #a1ejj miles across1 and that a magnetic compass above a latitude of eighty to eighty-eight degrees will not keep its natural position at any point within such latitude1 but will1 in its endeavor to point the needle to the true center of motion1 lift up the point in order to keep the right bearing1 or show some other embarrassment or irregularity4 ,whoever explores at these latitudes is1 instead of going in a course directly to the center of motion1 unconsciously rounding a circle toward the inside4 ,the flattened condition of the ,earth at the poles goes to accommodate both the claims of being hollow and how it came to be so4 ,we are informed that every raindrop is hollow falling through a short amount of space1 and how more reasonable to suppose the ,earth's great mass to be so1 revolving in an eternity of space4 ,it is more than presumable to suppose that every planetary body in the universe is hollow1 and made so by the same fixed law for all flexible bodies in revolution to become hollow4 ,are not the rings of ,saturn thus produced8 ,here is a planet they tell us is seven hundred times as large as the ,earth1 but its density only ninety times as great4 ,his mean diameter about #gj1jjj miles and compression one-tenth1 so that the polar diameter is #c1ejj miles less1 and the equatorial #c1ejj miles more than its mean1 thus duplicating largely the shape and globular form of the ,earth4 ,is it not reasonable1 then1 to suppose that the lack of density has allowed its revolutions to produce its series of rings1 those most dense being outside8 ,and the whole order being such1 that our position allows us to look through them instead of on to an outside surface8 ,jupiter has the same characteristics in diameters4 ,the mean1 #he1jjj miles2 equatorial1 #hg1hjj2 polar1 #hb1bjj1 a difference of #e1fjj miles1 which means the same influences and same reason to make it hollow4 ,while #a1bcc times as large as the ,earth1 its density of substance is only #cja times as much4 ,here we have the two largest planets1 perhaps yet in their period of development for being inhabited1 in very like form relatively as the ,earth4 ,it may not be ill-timed to assert at this point the belief that all planetary bodies are hollow and cool1 not one in a molten condition or giving out heat1 but only generating heat in their own atmospheres1 thus giving out light1 which we1 in our ignorance1 attribute to a mass of intense heat or a globe in combustion4 ,such a condition seems unreasonable to exist in a body traveling unlimited space1 which is cold beyond any degree of ascertaining4 ,the sun is subject to the same conditions as the ,earth1 as far as obtaining heat1 and this work will claim that we receive no more direct heat from the ,sun than from ,mars or ,venus4 ,taking the first proposition1 that in the absence of friction there can be no heat or light1 the assumption is that the ,sun generates its heat and light by its wonderful revolution in its own atmosphere4 ,with a diameter of #hfj1jjj miles1 and revolving in #be4ch days1 the ,sun is moving through its atmosphere a mile in eight-tenths of a second1 and seventy-five miles a minute1 and #d1ejj per hour4 ,with an atmosphere of relative density of the ,earth's1 it is easy to see what a pyrotechnical and electrical display this would reveal to the lens of a telescope1 giving the impression of fire on an inconceivable magnitude4 ,it seems unreasonable that in the realm of ,nature anything1 or that anywhere fuel can be found for an eternal fire except in an old orthodox ,hell4 ,to an observer on ,mars or ,venus1 the earth would1 no doubt1 present the same starlike appearance that those planets do to our earthly eyes4 ,the electrical sparks on a trolley wire or dynamo give the same expression to our eyes1 though in miniature1 with no consciousness of heat to our feelings4 ,it is doubtful if1 with all the observations of the ,sun by telescopes1 we have gained any knowledge of its structure1 but only of its revolutions1 size and movements1 the same as the ,earth4 ,it would be a very difficult subject to diagnose clearly as to its productions of animal and vegetable life4 ,the electrical influences through an atmosphere proportionally deep with ours1 with its clouds that must exist in the same1 could very thoroughly obscure the surface of the ,sun4 ,unless at special intervals1 when certain exposures would be called ,sun-spots1 either on a great space of continent or ocean4 ,the great flames of gases in the atmosphere would give the impression1 by telescopic view1 of a burning mass1 when under these atmospheric flames all is cool and calm4 ,in the writer's mind there is no doubt but the ,sun is as favorable in condition for animal and vegetable life as the ,earth1 and has both in proportional greater variety and species4 ,nature having no limit to designs1 uses no duplicates1 never repeats herself in anything4 ,no two grains of seed1 no two snow flakes1 are ever just alike4 ,a million bushels of peas will have no two alike1 yet every one has its individuality as a pea4 ,man cannot discriminate one blackbird from another in a flock1 but to the birds they are as individual as mankind to each other4 ,for these reasons it is easy to see that every planet may be peopled with different varieties of animal and vegetable life as it is to find the variations in different countries of the ,earth4 ,while the climate of the ,sun may be hotter than that of the ,earth1 ,nature can adapt itself to any condition of heat or cold4 ,thus far the argument has been chiefly in considering the influence of heat by friction on planetary surfaces4 ,later this influence will be briefly taken up to demonstrate its interior effect in producing earthquakes and volcanoes4 ,for a diversion1 we will for a while consider the effect of centrifugal force on the ,earth4 ,the ,earth gives many manifestations of said force in the shape of the continents1 courses of rivers1 outlets of bays and ranges of mountains4 ,north ,america gradually swings to the east as it approaches the ,equator2 ,south ,america1 at the ,equator1 bulges most to the east4 ,the mountain ranges1 the ,rocky1 ,sierra ,nevada and ,cordilleras1 in ,north ,america1 the ,andes1 in ,south ,america1 forming a barrier against the further encroachment of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,the ,west ,coast of ,africa is protected from the ,atlantic largely by the mountains of ,morocco1 including the ,black and ,white1 running south1 somewhat protecting ,senegambia1 and then the ,kong1 with other mountain ranges in upper and lower ,guinea1 stop the encroachment on line of ,gulf of ,guinea4 ,in ,asia1 ,hindustan has the ,ghant ,mountains for a barrier1 while another range of mountains holds the ,peninsula of ,malacca in place4 ,it will be plainly seen that all these points of countries lean toward the ,equatorial center of motion4 ,the islands of ,oceanica1 strung out on the line of the ,equator1 also show the effect of the ,earth's revolution4 ,the ,island of ,australia is apparently a new production in embryo of a new continent in future connection with some of the large adjacent islands1 and ultimately of most of the island groups of ,oceanica4 ,the same result is likely to follow with the ,greater and ,lesser ,antilles4 ,the rivers are marked evidence of centrifugal force on both continents4 ,the largest1 the ,amazon1 running nearly on line of the ,equator and emptying there4 ,all the rivers1 almost without exception1 north of the equator to the ,arctic circle run southeast when they can1 and at their mouths tend that way4 ,those south tend northeast where the face of the country will admit4 ,the ,nile1 a freak river1 is about the only marked exception4 ,on the north outflows like the ,yukon1 ,mc,kenzie1 and ,great ,fish in ,north ,america2 the ,yenisei and ,lena1 and many smaller streams of ,europe and ,asia flow to the ,arctic ,ocean4 ,these last named streams so far from the great center of motion and on account of the marked incline to the country toward the polar centers head that way and no doubt contribute largely to the great inflow of water to the internal ocean4 ,the west coasts of both continents are marked for their dearth of great streams4 ,the open sea that some ,arctic explorers have presumed to be about the poles is no doubt the beginning of the fresh water ocean4 ,the open sea problem introduces the importance of this disquisition4 ,if there is an open sea1 which is in all probability true1 it must be the open door to an inside world as truly as the coming back from those high latitudes and entering open sea is the evidence of our habitable outside world4 ,with all deference to the reports of ,arctic explorers1 it is very doubtful if they really know their actual positions or latitudes with freaky compasses and unfavorable conditions about them1 so that their stories and adventures while honestly told need to be taken with a grain of salt4 ,they tell us of witnessing the breaking off of icebergs of mammoth size from glaciers1 which1 no doubt1 is true4 ,it would be true if one was seen big as the ,capitol at ,washington1 or as large as the largest ,egyptian pyramid1 but doubtful if they ever saw one one-tenth as large as the latter or as large as the former4 ,,iii4 ,,icebergs4 ,the venture will be taken here to consider and explain the character and formation of a big true iceberg which it is supposable change their location to both inside and outside waters4 ,as already said1 the ice belt is the dividing line between salt and fresh waters4 ,this being the case1 large expanses of the ocean in the ,arctic region must be frozen over4 ,as water is an exception to most everything else by growing lighter as it grows colder1 it rises above its water level4 ,without this provision of ,nature1 our lakes would become solid masses of ice1 and rivers would become mountains1 thus extinguishing fish and producing a mass so deep and solid that a summer season would hardly melt away4 ,this can be evidenced in any tub of water standing out in a cold night4 ,water does not congeal entirely on the surface1 but rises in frozen particles from below like cream on milk4 ,this is shown by its rising and swelling up in the center and pressing the outside of the vessel to bursting4 ,a pond1 lake or river frozen so thickly as to bear up heavy loaded teams of horses1 and armies of men with all their equipages will be materially arched as it leaves the banks4 ,an evidence of this comes when rising and cracking with loud reports and at the thawing up and yielding of pressure on the banks when loud explosions like blasts or firing of cannons will occur1 caused by the settling and cracking of the ice4 ,as the ocean depths are great and the ,arctic night of long duration1 the fresh-water portions to a great depth congeal1 and rising form a mass of ice inconceivable to temperate climes1 both in height and area4 ,imagine what an iceberg must have been in starting from seventy-fifth to eightieth parallel of latitude and floated through all kinds of weather till midsummer1 arriving off the coasts of ,newfoundland1 and then #cjj to #ejj feet high with seven times its height under water and so large as to take hours and even days or weeks to pass the main mass of ice and its fragments that have sloughed off4 ,has any explorer ever seen such a body of ice break off from a glacier that must have covered scores of miles square when it started8 ,as an arrow shot into the air bends its course to follow the heavy end1 as truly do the heavy elements in the water manifest themselves at the center of the ,earth's motion1 and the saltness of the ,equatorial waters is much stronger than approaching the polar holes1 which last term might be used with good reason instead of poles4 ,there seems to be with all ,arctic explorers the obstacle presenting itself1 termed the ice belt4 ,this obstacle is suggestive1 and leads the way to base the following conclusions3 ,that the water at this point has become so freshened1 as to admit of such a wide freezing belt1 but that the boundary line is made between salt water and fresh4 ,it is not in place here to describe a glacier until the cause and origin is explained1 which will properly come after considering the water influences from inside4 ,the next purpose will be to show and aim to prove that the ,earth is hollow and supplied with an ocean of fresh water and habitable land4 ,as said before the theory of an open sea gives the inference of a new climate and country1 therefore now1 what evidence1 actual or circumstantial can be adduced8 ,it is claimed by ,arctic navigators beyond all their attempts to reach beyond the ice belt1 geese1 duck1 and other wild fowl continue to fly and seem to be in quest of food which they must obtain in waters beyond the ice belt4 ,the existence of an open sea beyond the ice belt has for years been conceded4 ,as no explorer has reached much nearer than #gej miles of the supposed poles1 it is reasonable to suppose that the open sea1 so-called1 but really a hole must be nearly fifteen hundred miles in diameter4 ,various evidences have settled that question in the minds of navigators1 the most important of which is that the sea fowls still fly beyond the reach of man's explorations4 ,the fact alone that wild geese1 ducks1 and other sea fowl go on to some feeding ground is enough to settle all doubts or arguments for or against the theory of an open sea of fresh water around the supposed poles4 ,conclusive reasons are that no water fowl or fish can live in an ocean of salt water4 ,strictly salt waters do not furnish any food2 but only in bodies fed by streams of fresh waters1 as in bays1 inlets and mouths of rivers1 and adjacent to the coast line of continents or islands where fresh water from springs and rainfalls contribute to produce growth and substances suitable for food4 ,it was observed by the navigator1 ,ross1 that moose1 reindeer1 wolves1 musk-ox1 white bear1 and foxes seek winter quarters toward the north rather than to the south1 and return when the season becomes favorable1 with their young4 ,fish are noticed to come south but not to return4 ,as to water fowl1 how far they could follow this opening into the center of the ,earth1 the writer will leave for others to conjecture4 ,it has often been a query from whence came the ,arctic elephants1 the remains of which are found so plentifully on the north shores of ,siberia1 some of which during the last century have been in such a state of preservation as that their flesh was eatable by bears and wolves4 ,why were they protected by a covering of hair if not originating in a colder climate than exists south of the ,arctic ,circle8 ,do they not still exist in the interior1 or have they passed out with the great ,auk1 a former external resident8 ,why are the latitudes nearest the poles the favorite fishing grounds for whales8 ,is not the interior ocean of fresh water their natural breeding ground and from thence passing out through ,behring ,strait and other channels into the outer waters8 ,can some scientist give us reliable information as to where whales propagate most1 and why it is necessary for whaling expeditions to seek high latitudes for their catch8 ,the hole1 fifteen hundred miles across1 would not give any conscious impression of there being such an opening4 ,you could not stand and inspect it like looking down a well4 ,this hole opens into a new world unexplored by man1 unless it is possible that ,sir ,john ,franklin and the ,aeronaut ,nansen unintentionally drifted in and were unable to navigate themselves out4 ,it must also1 in marking out this theory1 be admitted that as the center of the ,earth is approached this opening must be somewhat enlarged1 and must assume a concave shape from the center2 such being the case1 the diameter must increase from one thousand to two thousand miles or more1 which is very likely to be the fact4 ,with the motion or revolution of the ,earth1 the water would assume this condition on principle of the swinging of a pail of water over the head1 and would merely be a placid ocean as boundless to the eye as the waters on the surface4 ,in these expanses of water1 it is quite reasonable to presume that islands and large bodies of land may exist the same as outside1 and that many fossil specimens thought to have existed on the outer surface in an early antiquity may have originated in the center of the ,earth and may even still exist2 their ancient skeletons having been thrown to the ,earth's surface by the centrifugal forces of water in the same way that all the different stratas of rock have been cast up and mixed in one grand conglomeration from the ,earth's center to its circumference4 ,these facts seem clearly to prove by these migratory birds and animals3 ,first an open sea2 second it must be fresh water or mostly so2 third1 it must produce or contain desirable food elements different from what exist in the ocean on the outside1 on which these birds can live when they reach their breeding grounds from which they are reported to return with largely augmented numbers4 ,now this consistent query can arise3 ,do they stop at a near point after passing this great boundary line of ice and find suitable and pleasant feeding grounds1 or go on #ejj or #a1jjj miles farther8 ,at that distance1 the water is more likely to be modified in temperature and better adapted to their tastes and comfort4 ,it seems quite right to assume that they come to inland seas1 and pleasant bays1 and sounds supplied with food from their shores and feeding grounds1 rather than being supplied with anything existing on external parts of the ,earth2 otherwise1 their supply must all be drawn under the ice belt or pass through this great ,arctic filter4 ,again this thought comes up4 ,how did these birds get sight of or learn of this internal feeding1 and probably breeding ground8 ,as migratory birds usually fly at great height1 they would have an advantage over man in seeing this open ocean1 as it is reasonable to think they may have bred as well as fed there4 ,it is only a natural sequence of their migration in and out of this belt or ice circle1 just as we recognize their flight north and south with the season's changes4 ,if they go there by instinct1 they merely do what is credited to the realm of life1 considered lower in the scale of thoughts than man2 but if by exploration and reason1 then man must take a lower scale in calculation than the goose4 ,to conclude this point4 ,if birds live on vegetation1 there must be an abundant supply of fresh water to produce it4 ,if they live on fish1 there must be the same sufficiency of fresh water in which to breed1 feed1 and live4 ,if the birds breed1 they must have hospitable shores on which to dwell and rest1 and favoring skies to contribute to their various wants in order to exist4 ,their instincts or reason will never take them where the conditions will not admit of food and drink1 rest1 shelter1 and protection4 ,one other conclusive evidence that our icebergs are not formed by the breaking off from the terminals of glaciers is the fact of frequently finding them in midocean carrying such passengers as wolves1 foxes1 white bear1 and other specimens of ,arctic animals4 ,the solidity of the iceberg is much against the glacial origin1 the glacier being made up of a conglomerate mass formed by snow1 rain and spring waters1 so much so as to be impossible to keep intact to any great bulk4 ,the formation of the iceberg in its method must be a solid mass4 ,,iv4 ,,gulf ,,stream4 ,the first witness from the interior will be the ,gulf ,stream1 the most phenomenal stream of water known to the ,earth4 ,this great outlet1 authorities tell us1 is the result of waters rushing around from the ,caribbean ,sea through the ,gulf of ,mexico and out through the ,strait of ,florida1 thus giving force enough to be manifest for more than three thousand miles to the coast of ,ireland to give her the climate that christened her the ,emerald ,isle2 from ,ireland and the ,british ,isles1 its influence is felt to the coast of ,norway4 ,the water is much warmer than at other points after leaving the ,bahamas with different marine conditions1 such as containing no jelly fish1 or showing sparkling waters by night and being always avoided by the whales and other tenants that are in adjoining waters4 ,it is also claimed by those who have sailed many times through it that the color of the water is so different as to be quickly noticeable as vessels enter the ,stream4 ,how such a stream can originate with such force in a reservoir like the ,atlantic1 connected around through the ,caribbean ,sea and returning to itself1 is as obscure to the writer's mind as to how a man can succeed in lifting himself in a bushel basket4 ,a man that can adopt this conclusion ought to apply his energies to developing a machine for perpetual motion4 ,the ,gulf ,stream is1 no doubt1 an enormous spring tainted with sulphur1 like many of the springs in ,florida and up the coast as far as ,charleston1 whose waters are warmed from the same influence as the ,gulf ,stream1 from passing up through a deep strata heated by volcanic influences so common in ,central ,america4 ,its sulphurous taint will account for the absence of whales and jelly fish in its waters1 in which waters of similar nature fish are never found4 ,this sulphurous condition may account for the stormy features that prevail along its course4 ,it may be claimed that the waters would smell of sulphur so as to be detected1 but such is not necessarily the case2 from springs in ,florida that flow strong sulphurous water1 many visitors will not drink at the spring1 but after arating an hour1 it will be drank at hotel tables and from water urns without a suspicion of its being sulphurous4 ,the contact with salt water at the great depth from which the ,stream originates diminishes any odor before reaching the surface and quite likely imparts the noticeable change in color4 ,the deep-sea soundings off the coast of ,bahama is another reason that the ,stream originates there4 ,it is claimed to be almost impossible at the commencement of the stream to get reliable soundings1 as evidently sounding leads would be sensibly affected by the powerful current of water flowing outward4 ,the next evidence offered is1 where does the enormous amount of water come from to supply our lake systems8 ,nearly all of the large lakes of the world are located in the highest parts4 ,lake ,geneva #a1bbf feet above the sea level1 receives the muddy waters of the ,rhone1 but has so much other inflow as a spring as to discharge its waters blue and clear4 ,lake ,constance is #a1bij feet above the sea and #iab feet deep2 the ,rhine rising at an elevation of #g1fjj feet enters this lake4 ,in #aggj1 the waters rose in one hour twenty feet above ordinary limit4 ,it is said to contain twenty-five species of fish1 including salmon4 ,onega and ,ladoga are high from sea levels1 and by canal1 connect with some of the headwaters of the ,volga4 ,titicaca1 #ab1hjj feet above the sea1 #gbj feet deep near the shore1 and probably very deep in the middle1 contains many islands and abounds in remains of ,peruvian architecture4 ,superior1 #fbg feet above the sea and mean depth about #a1jjj feet1 never freezing over except about the shores1 and presents a temperature of about #de degrees4 ,these are only a few in different countries to which the position is universal1 for both great bodies of fresh water as well as small ones1 as the general impression with people is that lakes are usually in low lands1 while the opposite is the true state4 ,how few people in this country ever thought of our great internal seas of fresh water1 ,superior1 ,huron1 ,michigan1 and ,ontario1 being on the highest lands between the ocean and the ,rocky ,mountains1 yet such is the case4 ,from these great fountains flow the waters that plunge down ,niagara ,falls1 while a larger portion1 it is thought1 has a subterranean outlet through ,lake ,ontario1 and uniting with the ,niagara current to form the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,whence come these waters into those great lakes8 ,they have no important rivers flowing in1 and their waters are frequently highest in ,august and ,september when the country is commonly suffering by drouth4 ,if the supply were rain water1 this whole surface would freeze1 but spring water is exempt until well exposed to the air for some time4 ,the lands about ,lake ,superior rise quite abruptly1 and as you ascend the hills1 and riding from ,ashland to ,duluth1 will see hundreds of small lakes1 and from ,two ,harbors north as you ascend for fifty miles you see the same state of things till you come to the divide within less than #ajj miles1 when the waters go west into the ,mississippi valley and north to ,hudson ,bay1 and east and south to the ,atlantic4 ,are these lakes supplied with rain and snows8 ,if so1 where does the water collect1 and how does it get into this elevation8 ,a subterranean river is supposed to run between ,superior and ,ontario1 on account of similar fish being caught in each lake at particular seasons1 but absent in ,ontario at other times4 ,the lakes named are only mentioned for their importance2 we will now call attention to lakes universally4 ,whoever reads this subject will be obliged to come to only one conclusion as to the general locality of lakes4 ,take our ,adirondack region1 with its thousands of pure1 clear lakes hidden away among the rugged hills4 ,the ,white mountain country where lakes abound4 ,chautauqua on its elevated ground1 ,mt4 ,desert in the ocean with its ,eagle lake and others #a1bjj feet above the sea4 ,lakes and living ponds1 full of lilies1 on ,block ,island4 ,all through the mountains and wilds of ,maine1 and so on in every state the same condition exists1 till you get to the level and prairie states where upheavals are rare for producing lakes and springs4 ,if a reader will peruse in 8,picturesque ,america0 the descriptive scenes on the ,french ,broad ,river and the wonders through ,delaware ,water ,gap1 it is very doubtful if the various displays of waterfalls and profusion of springs and lakes will impress him with the idea that they are to be attributed to special rainfall in that locality4 ,one particular evidence ought to be enough to dispel any such conclusion4 ,to quote from page #ajj3 8,as one of the wonders of the ,gap must be counted the marvelous lake upon ,tammany2 a lake so singular that popular superstition has been tempted to add a final touch to its surpassing strangeness1 and declare it has no bottom4 ,as if in quaint climax to her wild work1 ,nature1 after riving the mountain to its very base1 here places beside the chasm on the very apex of the lofty peak a peaceful lake40 ,this feature of lakes could be extended indefinitely1 but something must be said about the smaller influences that produce them4 ,every lake is but a mammoth spring1 or reservoir of numerous springs that feed into its base4 ,the provision by nature of this inexhaustible reservoir of fresh water is beyond doubt the most essential of any other bounty bestowed upon every living thing on ,earth's surface4 ,the principle of centrifugal motion and power is here developed to its highest advantage4 ,every man that has ever turned a grindstone at early morning to prepare a dull scythe for its day's work1 has no doubt observed the result of frequent pouring on of water4 ,if he turned slow1 it would drizzle off at the bottom1 supposed to obey the ,law of ,gravitation2 but if he turned just fast enough1 he could keep about a pint of water on the surface of a stone four inches thick and two feet in diameter4 ,increasing the speed results in throwing the water off in all directions4 ,if yarn or cloth wet from a tank or vat is put in a tub latticed outside and subjected to rapid revolutions1 it can be thoroughly dried in a brief time4 ,the process of separating cream from milk is done on the same principle by which butter can be made in ten minutes' time from milking4 ,the familiar trick of whirling a pail of water over one's head1 is complete proof in itself that water seeks the surface and center of motion1 and that all these results are from centrifugal force4 ,a funnel of large1 or any capacity1 filled and a plug at the bottom removed to admit its discharge1 will evidence that motion at once forms a circle1 and that the center is bare while the outside is full4 ,at this point it may be well to call attention to another feature in the river system4 ,the water on the grindstone will give force to this suggestion4 ,at a certain speed the water will tend to the outside of the stone2 below speed required to do that1 the tendency will be toward the center of the stone1 or strictly toward the center of the ,earth's motion4 ,now let us see what the river system says4 ,look on your maps and see about where the common divide occurs1 which is seemingly not far from the #ejth parallel1 where centrifugal force is apparently not strong enough to carry the waters toward the ,equator1 and the principal waters flow toward ,symmes's ,hole4 ,look on your maps4 ,on the #djth parallel sailors have what they call a roaring sea1 which is approximately near the divide of waters1 going either toward the poles or toward the ,equator4 ,v4 ,,daily ,,motion4 ,nature seems to have just the right adjustment in all its affairs1 whether in coloring of flowers1 season for growth1 flavoring of fruits1 supplies for animal and vegetable life1 and instincts for everything created1 to adapt them to living purposes4 ,so in the ,earth's diurnal revolution of #bd hours1 supposing it was slowed to #be hours1 we should have less wind and tides1 less warmth and more land free from the encroachment of the sea4 ,increase the speed to #bc hours would give us more warmth by greater friction1 increase the flow of our springs1 give higher tides1 and make most of the present commercial seaports of the world take seats farther back1 as millions of acres of land now available would be flooded every tide4 ,the moon1 we are told1 has little or no atmosphere4 ,it is pronounced cold and uninhabitable4 ,this all looks reasonable4 ,being only a little over #b1jjj miles in diameter and a revolution about like the ,earth through a thin atmosphere1 it is easy to see the lack of friction to produce warmth1 and therewith the proper constituents to sustain life4 ,this is an easy one and readily disposed of4 ,,vi4 ,,earthquakes4 ,it is doubtful if the ,earth's crust exceeds1 or equals #a1jjj miles in thickness4 ,the outside is held from flying to pieces by the atmosphere1 which is a sort of tire to the earth1 while the inside is constantly pressing from effect of centrifugal force4 ,these two factors must meet somewhere4 ,on the outside1 near the ice belt1 the water pressure gets the best of the inner forces and drives the waters into ,symmes's ,hole4 ,in the ,earth the centrifugal force has advantage until reaching the surface2 but if a big hole could be cut at the ,equator through to the center1 no doubt a man could jump into it in safety and cease to fall as he cushioned against centrifugal influence in his descent4 ,earthquakes are only the effects of internal pressure of water to get to the surface1 at times bursting large reservoirs1 producing tremblings1 and at others with great force throwing up hills and mountains from the tops of which the fountains of water burst forth4 ,at other times they are produced by the contact of water with heated elements in volcanoes1 creating the commotion leading to the volcanic eruption1 the latter of which can only be produced by contact of fire and water4 ,it is believed that this is the complete and brief explanation of earthquake causes4 ,,vii4 ,,volcanoes4 ,the volcano is nothing more than a local fire1 as much in connection with the ,earth's surface as the furnace fire built in a man's basement to warm his house1 or in his stove to cook his breakfast4 ,when the fuel that is used in either one is consumed1 the fire goes out1 which is a common result in both cases4 ,of all the volcanoes known to have existed as evidenced by their craters1 fully three-fourths have become extinct4 ,now what causes the volcano8 ,the ,earth is filled with immense supplies of fuel1 consisting in stores of coal1 sulphur1 oil1 gas1 limestone1 etc4 ,while it is claimed that at the imaginary axis of the ,earth there can be no friction1 yet when the surface is approached with all its weight of mountains and continents1 here friction begins to put in its work4 ,it is very doubtful if any volcano exists1 or ever has existed whose fires go to the depth of #ejj miles1 and more likely not half that distance4 ,on the outside of this circle1 of #be1jjj miles it is only reasonable to expect an enormous strain4 ,the abrasion of limestone found in huge masses will1 by process of heat1 convert them into lime4 ,the contact with water1 universal throughout the ,earth1 will start the volcano1 which by slaking1 this small amount of rock converted into lime will generate a heat that may ignite and produce more lime1 or reach other combustibles1 which may be set on fire by this2 or when in contact with other substances1 this would lead to reservoirs of oil and gas1 and deposits of coal and sulphur4 ,these when ignited may remain in a slight slumbering condition and burn for ages1 but water will be the constant aggressor and from time to time will manifest itself by coming in contact with these burning forces thus producing the volcanic eruptions and in time will be the conqueror1 and the crater of the volcano will become a lake1 of which evidences exist all over the ,earth4 ,that volcanoes are only local1 the same as fires in our houses1 is fully evident from the fact that they burn1 and go out4 ,this theory of producing volcanic eruptions can be easily demonstrated in every kitchen or casting shop in the country4 ,kettles of hot fat or melted metals when brought in contact with water will cause a miniature eruption at short notice4 ,it is common to speak of volcanoes emitting smoke1 but it is rare that such cases are ever a fact1 but instead of smoke1 we should say steam4 ,the result of friction to produce effects1 we claim1 is well illustrated in shipments of cotton4 ,cotton shipped from ,india in the vessel's hold1 rarely1 if ever1 takes fire4 ,from this country it is no unusual thing1 and why8 ,in ,india they bind the bales with jute or hemp1 while in this country with straps of iron4 ,in the ship's hold1 there is1 of course1 a constant motion and rubbing together of great weight of bales which ofttimes generates the fire in the cargo4 ,this is the way the volcano is started1 but sooner or later1 water will put it out4 ,all volcanic eruptions are credited with throwing out great volumes of water1 steam1 mud1 ashes1 stones1 lava and sulphur4 ,during earthquake convulsions which generally precede volcanic eruptions1 the world over there is a bursting out of fresh springs as well as an increase in the present existing flows4 ,,what ,,are ,,volcanoes ,,for8 ,if they are1 as is claimed by some1 for vents to the interior molten condition1 why do they become extinct1 so many of them1 and almost invariably become lakes inside their craters8 ,with the whole center of the ,earth a molten mass1 there ought to be fire enough to keep them going incessantly4 ,where does the water come from to keep up a constant outpour of steam and vapor in locations where it seldom rains8 ,it would seem as if the small amount of rain or snow that fell would get pretty well dried out before it arrived at a point to create an eruption by contact with melted rock1 or that such a quantity could keep up steam in such an immense cauldron4 ,there is no reason to presume that a drop of rain water ever enters a volcanic crater1 except what may fall into its open mouth1 which will be impossible4 ,have ,volcanoes any specific use in ,earth economics8 ,do they tend to open up water courses from the interior and by their upheavals on the continents and islands of the ,earth create natural elevated reservoirs from which the lower regions of ,earth can be irrigated8 ,do they not send out certain gases to mingle in the atmosphere1 producing favorable results in vegetation and animal life8 ,are not the vicinities of volcanoes noted for the fine fruits and wines in latitudes in which they grow8 ,,viii4 ,,rainfalls4 ,this chapter being devoted to rainfalls1 a few introductory observations may be in order4 ,the essential need on ,earth's surface for growth of vegetation1 and the sustenance of life1 depending thereon in some form1 is in universal irrigation1 which ,nature failed to furnish by its internal provision of water with its outflow of springs and lakes1 except by artificial use4 ,the rainfall on the ,earth is no more intended for filling of springs1 lakes and seas than it is for supplying us with fuel4 ,it is simply a provision for surface watering of vegetation1 and has no more effect on the existence of living springs and subterranean outflow of water than the eclipse of the moon4 ,there never was a rainfall1 except1 perhaps1 in ,noah's time1 that wet the general surface of the country to the depth of three feet1 and rarely one-half of that4 ,it is generally called a good1 soaking rain that moistens the bottom of the potato hills1 and to wet what the soil will hold one to two feet requires a prodigious amount of water4 ,it is claimed by proprietors of orange groves that a volume of water of six inches in depth is requisite to thoroughly irrigate the grove4 ,if the claim that rain has no effect on the supplies of springs and lakes be true1 you will ask why it is that after a long drouth and a heavy rainfall1 the springs resume running1 and water returns into wells that have for a time been dry8 ,the effect on those sources of supply is simply the same as results from wetting a sponge to take up water which will not absorb and be taken up in a dry one4 ,you can easily be convinced of this effect4 ,to show that water will run uphill or away from the ,earth3 ,the surface of the ,earth becoming saturated1 and in some places penetrating into the seams and crevices of rock and soil1 at once forms a medium of attraction for the waters below to follow4 ,another valid reason is the general condition of the atmosphere from the time of drouth to a condition of moisture when it becomes really a mammoth sponge after being dampened4 ,against the claim that rainfall has little or no influence in raising or producing springs or lakes1 or living wells1 this question naturally arises regarding springs1 which has in a measure been answered4 ,it is1 however1 a pertinent question1 and a pleasant one to answer fully4 ,in the summer season1 most commonly of any1 the air becomes hot and dry4 ,the surface of the ,earth loses the moisture of the air's influence1 together with the ,sun's heat evaporating the dampness1 becomes generally arid1 and fails thereby to be a conductor of the moisture from below4 ,as a season of very dry atmosphere occurs for months at times1 the soil becomes correspondingly dry and dusty to quite a depth4 ,from this cause the springs and water in wells recede and sink away4 ,it is an easy matter to find people who have witnessed the following seeming phenomena in times of drouth3 ,after a period of weeks or months of drouth before any rainfall has occurred at all1 the fountains1 long dry1 often commence to run1 and wells begin to fill with water1 and this without a drop of rain4 ,just here comes the pleasant task of answering the question fully3 ,how can this occur without a soaking rain8 ,at such times1 when the ,earth and all nature is thirsting for water1 and every fountain seems to have dried up forever1 the day will come which will bring these evidences4 ,the aged will complain of their rheumatism2 men's bones will ache2 geese will wash in the dust2 the peacock will scream2 birds1 beasts and vegetation will feel a humidity in the air and intuitions that rain is near4 ,as the atmosphere has felt the approach and preparation for rain some time in advance1 so all ,nature feels its effects4 ,to illustrate the burned or dry condition of the air1 you may consider this test3 ,take a pail of water1 and a dry sponge1 big as your head1 and lay the sponge on the surface1 and it will take a long time for the sponge to absorb the water and become fully saturated4 ,wet the sponge before the test and squeeze it dry as you can1 and lay it on1 and it will fill rapidly and quickly4 ,pour a pail of water on the floor and try the same experiment4 ,your sponge will not fill at all if dry1 only a little as it comes in contact with the water2 but moisten it as before1 and press it nearly dry1 and throw on the puddle of water1 and it will drink itself full at once1 drawing up the water like a pump4 ,you cannot wipe up a floor with a dry sponge4 ,the springs and wells that have dried and receded a short distance from their usual level from lack of moisture in the air that penetrates the surface1 quickly feel a returning moist condition and are drawn by the same influence upward as the water climbs up through the damp sponge4 ,the atmosphere performs the same duty as the sponge1 and this answers why the springs and wells resume running before a drop of rain has fallen1 and which1 when it comes in copious quantities1 still adds to the general effect of making a stronger draft on the fountains below4 ,another question proper to ask scientists is this3 ,if the rainfall affects springs and lakes1 how is it that the analysis of mineral springs in all quarters of the globe is not affected by every change of season8 ,how can the waters of ,saratoga1 ,carlsbad1 ,waukeska1 ,kissengen or of any other such spring be relied on for uniform assays8 ,how can this great variety of springs come in such near proximity to each other and possess such distinctive curative properties as at ,saratoga1 for example8 ,within a radius of two or three miles are springs1 one of which is a cathartic1 another a diuretic1 another emetic1 another tonic1 and so on1 no two alike1 but retain their individuality through all times1 wet or dry8 ,they are affected only in amount of flow by the same atmospheric conditions of either dryness or moisture1 as just described4 ,when the atmosphere is heavily charged with moisture1 it becomes a mammoth sponge1 and this condition of air1 evidently1 is what precipitates thunder showers in the summer4 ,as all the hills and mountains are the result of water upheavals1 they are for this reason the reservoirs of water for watering the ,earth1 and therefore quicker to respond to atmospheric conditions than the plains4 ,it is almost without exception that thunder showers form their nucleus on the heads of mountains and the tops of hills4 ,after a shower let us see the condition and results4 ,the face of ,nature smiles after its refreshing wash2 every tree and plant has drunk its foliage full of new life2 the air's sultriness has changed to freshness4 ,all animated life seems to take a fresh lease1 and as the clouds roll away and the quickly swollen streams rush to the rivers1 lakes and oceans1 it seems as if almost a deluge had passed by4 ,the remarks1 8,what a lovely shower60 8,what a much needed rain60 8,what lots of good it will do60 etc41 pass between neighbors4 ,farmer ,smith comes along and says1 in reply to the shower being such a cracker1 that he went into his garden to set out cabbage plants1 and down little over an inch the ground was dry as powder2 that while this will do lots of good to grass1 and 8sich10 it wants a good soaker to get down to the bottom of the potato hills4 ,such is the history of most of our copious showers that flood everything for half an hour1 but not a drop reaches the roots of forest trees of any depth1 or does anything more than to temporarily wet and freshen the surface4 ,such being the case on the prairies and unbroken plains1 the evaporation of two or three days' sun leaves them in almost the condition of a desert4 ,this was the case in our new ,states1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,colorado and ,indian ,territory1 which1 now so productive1 were1 as our early ,geography describes them1 before the soil was broken to hold the rain for a while1 the ,great ,american ,desert4 ,on a hot day the air in the valleys is still and suffocating4 ,climbing up from the valley to the hill or mountain tops1 you find a cool and refreshing breeze2 the moisture in the air is becoming condensed4 ,here is where the philosophy of lightning seems to work a prominent part4 ,the cold currents of air and moisture1 collecting1 seem to come in contact with this subtle and wonderful agent1 and the result is like fire to powder1 a vivid flash and explosion4 ,stand on the plain on a sultry day and watch that little white crest of what we call a thunderhead4 ,the farmer who has hay down will notice it with a little anxiety4 ,the sailor will think of his sails1 and the picnickers will think about going home4 ,soon a flash1 and a dark base is forming4 ,soon the rumble of thunder is heard2 the girls with their bonnets on begin to look worried4 ,the captain on his yacht is giving orders to reef sails1 and ,farmer ,jones and his boys are cocking and pitching hay for their lives4 ,the little white-capped clouds of an hour ago have turned into a black and threatening massed park of artillery4 ,every discharge deepens and darkens the advancing column4 ,just as the vessel's sails are dropped and snugly reefed1 just as the farmer rushes his team1 with load of hay or grain1 into his barn1 and the picnic is almost under cover1 the big drops of rain begin to patter4 ,another flash and quick report2 a scream from the girls1 nearly as sharp1 and they rush for shelter1 and down comes a torrent of rain4 ,a slight cessation1 another flash1 and1 like shaking a tree of fruit1 every electrical explosion seems to shake down a fresh reserve of rain drops4 ,this is in keeping with the theory that after great battles the cannonading produces a copious rainfall4 ,it is a method at times adopted by military garrisons when destitute of water1 when the atmosphere is in a favorable condition for rain1 to get out a battery of artillery and have a season of vigorous firing1 and generally with successful results4 ,and while all this grand and complete arrangement supplies vegetation with its bathing and drinking1 as said before1 it has nothing to do with the living and lasting supply of our springs1 lakes and rivers4 ,they are fed from a never failing and almost unchanging source--that is1 by the immense supply taken in at the polar holes in a river over #d1jjj miles wide at each end of the ,earth's axis4 ,that the presumption of rainfall furnishing the supply for all of our lakes1 springs and wells has never been questioned seems almost discreditable to the observing talent of our age4 ,whatever the character of rainfall1 either by protracted storm or sudden and copious showers1 it cannot escape our notice that the largest portion of the water runs from the highlands to the lowlands into the gulches and small streams1 and thence to the rivers1 into the ocean2 so that the percentage of water retained by the soil is much smaller than that which runs away4 ,in our ,western prairies1 the country formerly called the ,indian ,territory1 the soil was covered with an almost waterproof matting of grass roots1 on which1 when showers fell1 the penetration was so slight that in a very few days evaporation left them parched and dried4 ,since the settling up of our territories1 which were once termed deserts1 the soil has been broken by the farmer's plow1 thus admitting the rainfall to be longer retained in the surface soil1 which fact has led to the development of lands once considered barren to become some of the most fruitful grounds in our domain4 ,another peculiar feature of climatic change may be mentioned here1 whereas until recent years thunder showers and storms were almost unknown in many of our ,western ,states and in the ,pacific ,states also1 till now these storms and showers1 with their electrical disturbances1 are nearly as common as in older ,states4 ,another feature of weather which has seemed to develop in recent years is that of milder winters in our ,northern ,states and colder freaks in the ,southern2 snows and frosts reaching ,states which rarely ever had such experiences1 and the burdens of snows becoming much less in ,states which always expected a long season of sleighing4 ,it is proposed to venture the following reasons as conducive to much of this change in weather conditions of the country at large4 ,first1 the general denuding of our forests1 which evidently has much influence on the water courses4 ,next1 the settling up of the whole country1 and location of cities and towns from ocean to ocean1 all quite evenly distributed1 and in a great portion of them large amounts of machinery1 composed of iron and steel1 producing a great amount of friction and electrical influence in their workings2 besides the almost innumerable fires from furnaces1 factories and households1 discharging their heat into the upper air4 ,again1 the railroad system1 with its millions of tons of steel rails1 make a magnetic connection between every ,state and almost every county in forming one grand combination4 ,the rush of thousands of trains all over the country1 with their friction by wheels on the tracks1 and the rush through the atmosphere1 cannot fail to influence in largely equalizing the same4 ,still another potent influence must exist in the almost unlimited number of wires for telephone and telegraph purposes1 which make all the electrical combinations more complete than anything else4 ,if all these things combine1 it does not seem strange that magnetic and electric currents and conditions of our weather throughout the country should be somewhat modified4 ,,ix4 ,,springs4 ,the person in full enjoyment of health rarely ever appreciates it to the fullness that he will on being deprived of it and have its welcome return4 ,the bounties of ,nature are so great and common that they fail to attract our attention to the extent of some trifles that come new into our way from day to day4 ,one of the greatest provisions of ,nature1 as universal as air and ,earth1 is the millions of springs gushing up through the pores of the ,earth in every country and clime4 ,to make this provision of fresh water ample1 needs very large reservoirs for supplies4 ,the amplitude of this reservoir1 if the situation is as claimed in this book1 it is believed everybody will admit4 ,to prove that this supply comes from such a general source a class of witnesses must be brought out4 ,one of the most important must be the feeding of our great lakes on high altitudes4 ,these great bodies of fresh water are universally credited with enormous depths of pure1 clear water1 such as never could exist as the result of shed water4 ,many of them practically have no streams feeding them1 but1 without regard to weather conditions of seasons1 pour forth enormous bodies of water without change of volume4 ,lake ,superior will be taken again as a prominent witness4 ,here is an inland sea1 on the highest ground between the ocean and ,rocky ,mountains1 so large that vessels can sail on it for days out of sight of land4 ,not a river of any importance flows into it1 the country around it not admitting the formation of a large stream4 ,the water during the hottest summer months sustains a uniform temperature of forty-five degrees1 and is as clear as crystal4 ,the outflow from this lake furnishes the great river passing through the ,sault ,ste4 ,marie1 through which passes a greater tonnage of vessels than through the ,suez canal1 and most of them of very large draft4 ,this river with the combined waters of ,lake ,michigan and ,lake ,huron passes on through the ,detroit ,river and ,lake ,erie and over ,niagara ,falls4 ,it is also claimed that from ,lake ,superior a large subterranean stream flows into ,lake ,ontario from which lake the stream in junction with ,niagara river forms the ,st4 ,lawrence1 the river so copious in its flow as to be immune from floods4 ,this question is in point3 ,where does this enormous supply of water come from to supply ,lake ,superior8 ,without taking single witnesses1 we will call up groups4 ,take the various great lakes of the world1 ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa1 where all great rivers seem to have their sources in some lake4 ,as to rainfall if that originates these streams1 and if so1 how is their flow kept so uniform1 or is it from a steady1 unfailing source1 as would come from the inside ocean of supply8 ,lakes of enormous depth exist in the ,sierra ,nevada1 and ,rocky ,mountains1 as ,pyramid ,lake1 ,donner1 ,tahoe and ,crater ,lakes4 ,in our ,adirondacks are thousands of lakes1 in ,vermont and ,new ,hampshire1 and in the ,white ,mountain region1 throughout the mountain portions of ,maine1 in ,west ,virginia1 and the ,carolinas1 and in other high and mountainous sections lakes abound4 ,as we come to the low country there are few witnesses to call1 as the only body of water worth mentioning is in ,utah1 that lake being salt and below the level of the ocean4 ,while the subject of this chapter is introduced under the heading of springs1 it may seem out of place to bring in these great lakes1 assuming that they are of the same class4 ,but there is no doubt whatever of their being nothing more or less than mammoth springs4 ,next to the great lake system of the world1 may be called in evidence the atolls so prevalent in the southern ,pacific ,ocean and growing also in other places on the globe4 ,these peculiar features appear to have been built up from the tops of submarine mountains or old craters that have been filled with fresh water1 from which structures of coral have grown till they reached the surface4 ,the formation of these atolls being generally elongated1 or in chains like mountain ranges1 is suggestive of the same influence in their inception as the upheaval of mountain chains on land surfaces by hydraulic pressure4 ,this may be a good place to ask where the fresh water supply comes from to produce these atolls4 ,that they are produced by fresh water there can be no question1 as the work of coral is never performed without an abundance of this element to build through4 ,that the bottom of the ocean has many subterranean rivers nobody will dispute4 ,that nearly every island in the ocean has springs of fresh water1 none can deny4 ,where does it come from8 ,many of these islands have thermal springs1 like ,iceland with its geysers of many varieties4 ,some with common fresh water1 and nearby springs of mineral water4 ,one familiar to this region is ,block ,island with both fresh water and mineral springs1 and little lakes on the high ground alive with fresh water fish4 ,are they supplied with rain water8 ,mount ,desert is a very good witness to call4 ,here is an island eighteen miles in diameter surrounded by salt water with an elevation of #a1hjj feet1 and #a1bjj feet above the ocean are three fine lakes1 ,eagle ,lake1 ,crooked ,lake1 and ,echo ,lake4 ,in which lakes are trout weighing eight or ten pounds4 ,on this small island are to be found thousands of springs pouring out from every crack and crevice4 ,the water is pure and clear as in all such cases4 ,where does it come from8 ,no more generous gift to man and all animated nature1 has been bestowed by ,providence than the universal distribution of springs all over the world4 ,within twenty rods of the top of ,mount ,washington1 the highest peak in the ,new ,england ,states1 flows out a copious spring of water4 ,the whole mountain system is full of springs and lakes4 ,the entire ,adirondack region is in the same condition4 ,it is safe to leave it to the reader who has ever been out of sight of the smoke of his own chimney to think of the abundance of instances where he has seen lakes and springs on the tops of high hills1 where no shed water to any extent could reach them1 and wonder how they came there4 ,to assume that rains sink into the ground and form water supplies1 seems incredible when the experience of any man who has ever dug a well or sunk a shaft in a mountain1 or tunneled under a hill ought to disprove such an idea at once4 ,as we dig down we always meet water1 and the deeper we get the more we find4 ,where does the water from the surface turn around to come back8 ,some of the water coming up is salt1 some fresh1 some hot1 but mostly of a uniform coolness of about fifty degrees4 ,x4 ,,glaciers4 ,we hear a great deal said about the age of ,glaciers4 ,this is assuming that the ,earth has at some time been in a condition to be almost uninhabitable1 as evidences of this ,glacial influence seem to be reported from all parts of the globe4 ,as the theory of a warmer climate having existed in primeval times and that the ,earth is and has been for ages cooling off hardly leaves a place for a universal period of ,glaciers4 ,it hardly seems rational that the vast accumulation of flora to produce the coal deposits and sustain the wonderful specimens of animal and reptile growth could have been interrupted by a period of ice4 ,if so1 the earth in its present condition shows evidence of growing warmer instead of cooling off4 ,it is by the writer seriously doubted that the many evidences attributed to glaciers can be charged to their influence4 ,where large rocks are found foreign to anything in their immediate surroundings and similar to formations at quite long distances away1 the explanation that the straggling specimens were carried there by glaciers is not necessarily conclusive4 ,there may be many instances where such evidences are the work of glaciers1 but it does not seem as if an ice age were needful to produce the changes of rock1 or to show the markings on rocks claimed to have been caused by glacial abrasions4 ,icebergs can produce and explain every such feature as is claimed for the glacier1 and there seems to be little reason to doubt that similar evidences such as are imputed to glaciers are constantly going on as much at the present day as in any remote age in the past4 ,there can be no doubt that icebergs have existed in all time from the earliest movement of the ,earth's machinery4 ,as explained in treating of icebergs1 an area of extent equal to some of our smaller ,states frozen to a depth of thousands of feet breaks up and floats away from the polar oceans4 ,presuming an iceberg large as the ,state of ,rhode ,island to start off1 which is very likely a small estimate of the size of many1 such berg being exposed to thawing winds and the sun's rays until thousands of miles away from its starting point1 and after all these exposures is often a mass of #cjj or more feet high and #b1jjj feet deep4 ,imagine the weight and force of such a body striking the peak of some submarine mountain1 the top of a hill with the momentum produced by wind and tide4 ,there tops could as easily be wiped off and carried long distances1 as a man can strike off the top of a measure of grain1 and leave the same marks attributed to glaciers4 ,these great masses of rock and soil supposed to be transferred from their original deposit are carried long distances till melting has loosened a hold1 and they are dropped to the bottom of the ocean and left for the wonderment and surmise of the future as to how they got there4 ,this process of wiping off high points of submarine lands must be going on just as much at the present time as ever in the past1 and seems a very wise and cheap system of dredging instituted by ,providence4 ,with the reasoning to follow of how the ,earth obtains and maintains its warmth an ice age would seem an impossibility and absurdity4 ,,what ,,produces ,a ,,glacier8 ,here again the influence of ,springs is called into service4 ,as all the hills and mountains1 it is here claimed1 are the results of water aided by centrifugal force1 therefore the hills and mountains become the reservoirs of supply for all the lower parts of the ,earth4 ,this arrangement of ,nature provided the means for producing a ,glacier4 ,at high altitudes in the mountains1 whether in the frigid zone or in the temperate1 break forth springs2 coursing down the mountain side to the valleys1 the waters soon become arated so as to freeze4 ,springs from different ranges and neighboring heights contribute their streams1 all commingling in the deep caons and freezing in a mass4 ,with the accumulations of snow and rain1 this body grows until in time1 by the constant supply from the springs1 rain and snow1 the mountain gorges are filled however wide and large they may be4 ,this monstrous aggregation of ice must of course seek a lower point by its enormous weight and constant accumulation on top1 and naturally begins to crawl down the valley grade4 ,the first inception of a glacier is spring water1 which with other contributions named ultimately produces what may be called a river of ice4 ,under the ice river is always flowing a stream of water1 and many air holes and openings are found upon the surface at different points1 no doubt produced by the influence of spring water coming in of temperature above freezing or at the usual fifty-two degrees1 about the average of fresh water springs in all latitudes4 ,this conglomeration of influences to make a glacier shows the absurdity of having such solid masses break off1 as claimed to be seen by ,arctic explorers1 large enough to remain intact well down into the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,as these mountain ravines fill up1 of course the waters involve and cover with ice1 every rock and tree1 and all such objects in the way must necessarily be carried to some lower point and ultimately left4 ,this faculty of a glacier has given it credit for performing all such apparent transitions1 while icebergs which evidently do #a1jjj times this amount of work are getting much the smaller share of credit4 ,it has been reported by sailors in the region of icebergs that by observations taken during a few months1 they perceptibly grow many feet higher1 which goes to prove the claim that they are constantly being added to from underneath4 ,with change of season1 these monsters are floated away from their moorings1 toward the ,equator to cool and freshen the main oceans1 produce electric currents of air1 become the wonder and terror of ocean travel1 and melting away under tropical suns2 or on the other hand1 some may seek the interior and contribute themselves to the cooling of the waters that manifest themselves in refreshing springs all over the ,earth4 ,there were newspaper reports of large masses of ice being thrown out during the great eruption in the ,island of ,java1 but such statements may do better for newspaper items than to sustain an argument in this work4 ,how can this equable condition of spring water1 with its delicious coolness adjusted to all seasons and tastes1 be accounted for if it does not come practically from one common source8 ,will some scientist answer8 ,,xi4 ,,caves4 ,these peculiar freaks in the ,earth are nothing to excite much curiosity or wonder4 ,it is rare to find caves only in limestone formations which by long contact with water gradually wash away and leave monstrous chambers that have formerly been a solid mass4 ,sometimes a cave may be formed by a sinking of the floor1 leaving the arched top supporting itself1 but whatever the cause and wherever caves are found1 ,i never read of any but lead to subterranean rivers of great purity and coolness of water1 nearly all the waters of which are credited with blind fish4 ,where did the fish originate8 ,the stalagmites and stalactites tell of the copious influence of water4 ,what is the source of these cave rivers8 ,are they from soakage of rainfalls and do they have any dry season8 ,,xii4 ,,artesian ,,wells4 ,here is a subject that is worthy the attention of settlers in our arid and apparently desert regions of country4 ,we are told that the source of an artesian well is from fountains of water gathered and stored in higher lands that run through different strata of rocks till they reach the valleys1 and when the boring reaches down to these strata the water naturally comes up toward the height of the fountain it started from4 ,would it not be a sensible inquiry to make as to where the supply came from to furnish the water in the higher lands8 ,that the accepted theory of supply to artesian wells comes from some higher point is not correct can be demonstrated on the prairies1 where no higher land is in sight4 ,a very good test occurred some years ago at the ,hamilton mine1 adjoining the great ,chapin mine1 in ,wisconsin4 ,it became almost impossible to work the mine on account of the great influx of water4 ,not much more than a half mile away was a lake that was charged with producing this annoying flow4 ,at the time of a temporary abandonment1 the writer disputed this solution1 and a survey was proposed to determine the level in the lake and mine1 which showed the water in the mine eleven feet the lowest4 ,to overcome this encroachment of water1 an ingenious device was adopted by building a chimney over the point of inflow to the height of water level and stopping at the bottom2 when completed allowed to fill4 ,when its true level was reached the rest of the mine was dry some distance above4 ,it is doubtful if any place on the ,earth will not respond with a flow of water within a mile in depth and rarely half that distance will need to be bored4 ,in the ,mojave desert it is claimed a depth of #bjj feet and often less gets a good flow of water4 ,what sends it up and whence its source8 ,in ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 and many other adjacent ,states1 a depth of #ajj or #bjj feet will produce large flowing wells4 ,where does this universal supply come from and why unchanged by wet or dry seasons8 ,the flow from ,lake ,superior is frequently larger in the dry season of ,august than in the wet season of spring4 ,if there is no unfailing supply of water in the ,earth1 where does the influence come from to produce an ,oasis in a desert8 ,if artesian wells are bored in our arid and now almost worthless lands1 wherever a fountain of water is tapped will be an ,oasis around which the settler can produce fabulous wealth of crops and obtain forage for live stock4 ,the expense of boring wells will be largely compensated by cheapness of land and bountiful results in vegetation4 ,,xiii4 ,,oases4 ,these green spots in the great deserts are the counterparts of ,islands in the oceans4 ,if not thrown up and fed by water upheaval1 how are they produced8 ,are they volcanic8 ,the ,oasis of ,ammonium1 or ,siwah1 six miles long and eight wide1 contains the ruins of the famous temple and oracle of ,ammon1 visited by ,alexander the ,great1 and celebrated for the fountain of the ,sun1 whose waters are warm at morning and evening1 and cold at noon4 ,there are several oases not long distances west of the ,nile in the ,great ,desert4 ,the ancients considered them as ,islands in a ,sea of ,sand1 but they are really elevated lakes1 although not manifesting themselves much at the surface1 but underlying so closely as to render the climate too unhealthy to live in during the summer and autumn1 being of a swampy character1 and yet very productive in winter and spring4 ,where do these waters soak in to produce such spots in the deserts8 ,,xiv4 ,,things ,,that ,,puzzle ,,us4 ,it is frequently a query how the distribution of fish is so general even in the most obscure lakes and springs rising and running from points so isolated as to apparently preclude such specimens from getting there4 ,it seems strange that some species would exist at the head of a stream and not inhabit it throughout4 ,seas and lakes may1 and do exist1 without any visible outlets to the ocean1 and yet are plentifully supplied with varieties of fish4 ,now what may be a rational explanation of how they got there4 ,it cannot seem right to say that they originally existed in an adjacent sea or the nearest approach to the ocean1 as they are not found in any adjacent waters and are entirely peculiar to their locality1 having no neighbors akin4 ,it does not seem as if such would be the case if they became isolated by some remote upheaval and change of surrounding ,earth's surface1 as this would only divide up the family and spread the species like immigration from the eastern to the western states4 ,as asked before1 where do these blind fish come from in caves where streams do not seem to have any connection with surface waters8 ,where do the many specimens come from in the island lakes all over the world8 ,to all these questions there seems a simple answer when we accept the idea that the center of the ,earth is the womb that is developing and sending out through every pore1 seam1 crevice and crack some new seed and form of life to develop a new and strange existence to us on the outside4 ,it is a ,scriptural idea that 8,we are born of water40 ,creatures that have their inception in the bowels of the ,earth cast their eggs as the fish and reptile spawn in our rivers4 ,these eggs or spawn or seeds of life in whatever form are taken in the currents that course through the different strata of the earth by centrifugal force and pressure1 taking almost any amount of time in their hermetically sealed transit before they reach an atmosphere in which to develop into a new existence4 ,any lake1 spring1 or fountain of water that is a living stream fed by the inexhaustible sources within1 may have from that varied storehouse and laboratory of nature any specimen of fish1 scale1 skin1 shell or reptile of any form1 that no adjoining or neighboring water may develop4 ,the spawn or egg may be destroyed on its outward passage or held back by influences preventing its maturity2 or landed on the surface under unfavorable conditions of climate1 air1 and properties in the water4 ,why do shad not exist anywhere in similar coast waters8 ,where do they come from and is the ,gulf ,stream to be credited with their origin8 ,where do the different schools of blue fish1 mackerel1 herring and numerous other fish find their headquarters to breed1 and why after seeking other waters for a season1 return to some place that seems to be their 8sweet home08 ,was ,seth ,green the pioneer in transportation of spawn to distant waters for their incubation8 ,it is more than likely that he was not2 with all credit due to the great service his genius has rendered4 ,what is said of the dissemination of fish1 shells1 and reptiles may be consistently said of vegetation4 ,the earth is filled with the seed of every plant and tree and shrub that ever sprang into life in any place1 clime or time4 ,dig to whatever depth you will1 the substance you throw out1 whether earth or stone1 when exposed to the air1 will produce some growth of vegetation4 ,frequently something entirely new and different from the surrounding vegetation4 ,to assume that streams1 winds1 and birds carry and distribute all the seeds to their different localities where found in an isolated condition1 is too much for human credulity4 ,on the tops of mountains1 where streams do not run uphill on the surface1 where the birds seldom fly1 and on spaces impossible for seeds to be carried by winds1 you find species peculiar to their altitude1 atmosphere and soil4 ,through the channels that eternally pour from never ending supplies1 and in which storehouse are mingled the seeds from every valley1 plain and mountain top of our ,earth2 from this source they can be scattered and mixed in every inch of the soil which composes our ,earth from center to surface1 and when brought into contact with our atmosphere start into new and varied existences4 ,the question may be reasonably asked if many of the reptilian specimens attributed to remote antiquity as belonging to our ,earth's surface1 may not be specimens from an interior world1 and even now have representatives of their existence there8 ,certain plants and growths require specific treatment and conditions4 ,wherever pond lilies1 peppermint1 cattails1 flag-root1 cresses1 and moss in wells are found is unfailing proof of living fountains of water4 ,the ocean furnishes every facility of transportation through the co-operative system without and within4 ,the millions of seed that mature in different climes on the surface are dropped and carried by floods and currents into the main ocean4 ,some sink and lie buried for ages1 retaining their germs of life1 for the outer ocean has its regular currents and motions to such an extent1 it would not make a general distribution of seed in countless years4 ,through this avenue passing under the ice belt1 every variety is more or less drawn into this general receptacle which1 in turn carries them inward and outward1 and in course of time filters them in their course into every inch of the earth through which the water passes2 which is in this way the medium of transportation4 ,by this means every spoonful of earth is in time prepared to give growth of new life to any plant or tree that has ever existed when exposed to the influence of air and heat or even cold1 to revive its species4 ,in passing to the surface1 like the spawn of fish1 they may pass through localities of such excessive heat as to destroy their life germs1 as is undoubtedly the case with the spawn that should travel through waters like geysers of ,iceland or the ,yellowstone ,park or waters similar to these1 whose streams that flow away always show a dearth of fish4 ,with the ,earth formed like this1 the writer claims it to be on the principle of a globe for a gas jet1 open on both sides and presenting as it turns inward a funnel shaped entrance1 which is without doubt over #a1ejj miles across2 this passage would be just as vast to the eye as the size of1 or distance to1 the fixed stars1 the eye losing all conception of measure1 and a thousand miles is just as much beyond our scope of vision as a million4 ,in almost any position you can imagine the ,earth to revolve around the ,sun1 one of these sides or ends must be partially and at times wholly exposed to the ,sun's rays1 and the effect1 it seems natural to suppose1 would make the interior horizons light as the exterior4 ,the water1 it is believed1 on any body acts as a reflector and is a giver of light from every planetary body in some degree4 ,it is all gas1 to talk about the gaseous condition and nature of the ,sun1 and 8other worlds than ours40 ,they would at best be a very poor investment and not worth the labor and genius of a power able to create2 #afj acres of good land in any productive locality would be worth more than #a1jjj such whirling pyrotechnics of space4 ,it is altogether too presumptive to suppose that our little ,earth with all its boasted cities1 and boroughs thrown in1 can be the only habitation for poor1 vain and sinful man4 ,,xv4 ,,meteors4 ,these are nothing more or less than dust particles thrown from volcanic eruptions on some planet1 and in countless numbers drifting through time and space till sucked into the atmosphere of some other orb4 ,whoever doubts the influence of friction ought to be convinced by watching these meteoric specks falling through our atmosphere of a clear evening1 although the process goes on as much in day as night time4 ,while falling in space this dust must gain an inconceivable speed1 as a feather without resistance falls as rapidly as a ball of lead4 ,the contact with our atmosphere ignites and evidently consumes them into gas before reaching the ,earth4 ,they used to be called falling stars1 but if they were of inferior magnitude it is quite probable there would have been many a badly bumped head before this time1 from the numbers that have fallen4 ,,xvi4 ,,attraction ,,of ,,gravitation4 ,this seems to be a question not fully settled by sufficient authority4 ,it seems as if this term were incorrectly applied and that suction would be a better name for the agency4 ,that bodies fall to the ground when dropped1 or return when thrown or shot into the air is nothing more than a stick of wood thrown into a stream floats with the current and drifts to the bank4 ,most people when asked which side of a fan you feel the air from1 when fanning yourself1 naturally reply from the side toward you1 but by trying the experiment you will soon discover that the air comes after the passage of the fan1 only filling the space or vacuum the fan has made4 ,it has often been asked why people trying to board a train in motion are so apt to be drawn under the wheels1 and legs and arms crushed4 ,it is the same reason as with the fan1 a large vacuum is being produced and proportionate suction occurs to fill it4 ,a man can stand alongside a train when motionless and lean against it1 or put his hand on it1 as safely as on the depot1 but when in motion of thirty or forty miles an hour1 it would be almost sure to cost him his life4 ,attraction can hardly be possible except by affinity2 iron can be attracted by a magnet no more than wood1 unless possessed of that peculiar quality of being magnetic4 ,mr4 ,edison's experiments have to be confined entirely to such bodies of ore4 ,that attraction of affinity exists there can be no doubt1 as exhibited in plants1 insects1 birds and animals1 both quadruped and biped1 otherwise courtship and marriage and all means of propagating species would be for naught and neglected4 ,it is a general supposition that we derive our heat from the ,sun by direct rays1 but it is doubtful if it comes only through its innumerable rays of light through which the ,earth and the planets revolve1 and here friction puts in one of its special works4 ,the common idea that noon-day is the time for the greatest heat is not always justified1 for other influences1 such as friction in the atmosphere1 can make midnight warmer than noon4 ,the concentrated rays of the ,sun at midday of course bring them so closely together1 and direct1 that the ,earth's revolution comes squarely across them1 as can be demonstrated across the teeth of a comb1 thus showing a greater pressure than drawn obliquely4 ,that heat can come directly from the ,sun seems an impossibility without some medium of contact1 which through the coldness and a barrenness of space does not seem to exist4 ,as we arrive at certain altitudes in the mountains1 we find perpetual snow and ice1 and the same class of atmosphere is encountered anywhere else rising in a balloon to similar heights4 ,it would be natural to expect an increasing warmth as we get away from the ,earth toward the ,sun1 but the reverse being the case1 it is hard to imagine what the temperature of space #a1jjj miles away must be4 ,the question is likely to be asked1 if the ,sun does not send out heat1 how is it obtained8 ,the answer will be in accordance with the first proposition in this brief work4 ,all heat is obtained by ,friction1 in absence of which there can be no heat4 ,the ,earth gets its heat mostly by friction through its atmosphere4 ,the mass of atmosphere surrounding our planet is like an ocean made up of gases and elements that produce both water and land4 ,the revolution of the ,earth through that atmosphere at the rate of #a1jjj miles an hour1 seventeen miles a minute1 or nearly four miles every second1 is something as incomprehensible to our minds as the distance to the ,sun4 ,only for this friction for a certain distance from the surface1 the same condition of cold would no doubt exist on the surface as on the tops of the high ranges of mountains4 ,the ,earth is producing its own warmth by friction in its atmosphere the same as a wagon-wheel would do by being rapidly revolved inside of a loose tire4 ,the atmosphere is virtually a tire surrounding us1 through which the ,earth revolves1 and by ,friction produces the warmth as really as a man warms his hands by rubbing them together4 ,that the ,sun can be an inconsumable body of fire1 or that it can become extinct is a most preposterous belief4 ,that the ,sun is a vast body of earth and water hardly admits of a doubt1 and its warmth and light is due to the same influence largely that the ,earth and every other planet experiences4 ,there is not and cannot be a complete consumption of material in the immutable affairs of ,nature1 as there must be an eternal and exhaustless interchange of supply and demand4 ,while our forest and other fuel supply is being burned1 another is growing and something forming to keep up the balance4 ,in ,nature nothing is lost1 neither can there be increase2 design is limitless1 and resources inexhaustible2 duplicates are never known in form1 species1 features1 and thoughts2 thus showing one of ,nature's most positive laws1 that mankind shall not accept one central thought1 creed1 or purpose to be universally followed1 as such an order of things would entirely preclude the writing of the few hints herein offered1 as the encouragement of any new device for man's benefit of body or mind1 thus leaving everything in a state of stagnation wherein thrift1 learning1 and progress would be unknown4 ,nature never repeats her works1 and no two grains of sand or flakes of snow have ever been exactly alike1 or ever motionless4 ,motion causes friction4 ,friction produces heat4 ,heat produces life4 ,,xvii4 ,,scientific ,,theories4 ,the ,mediterranean ,sea1 a body of water between ,europe and ,africa1 nearly #b1jjj miles in length1 surrounded with most of the noted cities of antiquity1 has remained during these thousands of years in an unchanged condition from tides1 inundations1 or any other disturbing causes4 ,into this sea through the ,strait of ,gibraltar has been flowing all this time from the ,atlantic ,ocean1 a river #ae miles wide with an average depth of one and one-fourth miles4 ,this river is reported to have so strong a current that a sailing vessel has difficulty of coming out against it without the help of a favorable east wind4 ,this is a sufficient flow of water to fill the basin of the sea almost yearly1 besides the help of all the rivers of ,southern ,europe and ,northern ,africa4 ,the reason of no change is given for its location1 where evaporation carries off all this influx of water2 while some think an undercurrent must exist back into the ,atlantic4 ,the first reason seems too ridiculous for a child to give4 ,the water of the ,atlantic is so salt as to produce over a pound of salt to a common bucket full4 ,if evaporation is the reason of its equable condition1 there could be no other result than a mountain of salt big as the ,himalayas long before this time4 ,the claim of a countercurrent is almost as absurd4 ,that the sea discharges its waters in an undercurrent which passes through the neighborhood of the ,caspian and ,aral ,seas1 is more likely than that the waters run backward against a powerful current from the ,atlantic and against the centrifugal force that governs the movements of relatively every other water course on the ,earth4 ,so much for that subject for any criticisms that may be offered4 ,intervening lakes between the ,caspian and ,aral ,seas1 seasonably fill with salt water1 from the evaporation of which immense bodies of salt are gathered4 ,where does this supply of salt water come from to leave hundreds of thousands of tons of salt each year8 ,,xviii4 ,,surface ,,influences ,,of ,,water1 ,,and ,,change ,,of ,,polarity4 ,very little thought or attention is paid to the insidious changes produced by water on the ,earth's surface4 ,not a day passes1 or has gone by1 but that a large quantity of material is transferred from one locality to another4 ,every shower carries from some higher point to a lower1 and a certain amount of drift goes toward some ocean4 ,small streams contribute to the larger ones1 and all lead to the great ocean reservoirs4 ,in going across our country many important evidences are to be seen of the immensity of work accomplished by water1 in the removal of vast areas and depths of land4 ,one of the most noticeable and apparent seen by the writer is in the valley of the ,rio ,grande1 in passing through ,new ,mexico and at some other points4 ,for more than #ajj miles through this valley in the spring and summer you seem to be following an ordinary creek that gives little idea of the importance attached to such a stream as the ,rio del ,norte4 ,you see a stream1 only thirty or forty feet wide1 with steep1 abrupt banks1 of a sort of adobe soil1 some six to ten feet high4 ,at various places1 if you observe1 in the bends of the stream these perpendicular banks of earth will be caved off into the water1 at frequent intervals4 ,when the next annual freshet comes this loosened earth is carried away toward the ,gulf of ,mexico1 and portions of it reach there while other parts will be lodged at different points on the way4 ,now this visible1 and natural process1 has been going on for ages1 and the effect of this incessant work and stupendous result is to be seen far as the eye can reach for hundred of miles4 ,here follow the proofs of this long and diligent labor4 ,in all directions you see hills1 or immense mounds of land1 like inverted deep pans1 with flat bottoms1 of all sizes1 so that their flat tops would include from one acre to hundreds4 ,these mounds all have quite precipitous sides1 subject to the wash of every rainy season4 ,as you study the character of these high mounds you will soon be convinced they are not upheavals1 as their tops in all directions seem to have a common level4 ,among these mounds will be occasional ones that have been washed away to a point1 and here and there one reduced to half its original height4 ,these hill-tops1 if they may be so called1 were beyond doubt1 at some very remote time in the past1 the common level of the country for hundreds of miles1 and as they will average #ajj feet high or more1 it is beyond the power of conjecture to estimate the time required to wash all the vast area away that once existed to make up the level of this valley4 ,another similar exhibition is at and near ,river ,falls1 in ,wisconsin1 a town on the east bank of the ,mississippi1 some thirty miles east of ,st4 ,paul4 ,here the same occurrence seems to have taken place1 of a washing away of the greatest bulk of the land1 and leaving similar mounds with their flat tops1 on many of which are quite extensive farms1 approached by very precipitous roads at some favorable point on their sides4 ,these mounds seem to have different strata of soft rock1 on which they stand1 the lowest and thickest of gray sandstone1 quite soft1 and must1 with the others1 be gradually wasting away by frosts1 and other agencies to disintegrate4 ,only one yellowish stratum is strong enough to be used for some building purposes4 ,while there are hundreds of these mounds that must have once been the level of the whole country1 that which is now left is a very level and fertile soil1 producing some of the finest wheat1 and best quality of potatoes in the ,state4 ,these instances are only two out of thousands of a similar nature in this country and all over the world4 ,the tendency of this drift is mostly as the streams of water run toward the ,equator or center of greatest motion4 ,the vast deserts and other accumulations of sand on the ,earth are only the deposits of ancient rivers into then existing seas1 which by later surface upheavals1 by interior hydraulic forces1 have been transferred to other beds1 and the deserts like ,sahara1 ,atacama1 ,mojave1 and the ,steppes of ,asiatic ,tartary1 remain as evidences4 ,by these enormous changes of soil it seems rational to believe the uniform and unvarying revolution of the ,earth could hardly be possible1 and that more or less change during great length of years must be made in form as well as time of revolving4 ,have not both occurred8 ,riding down the ,quinnipiac ,valley to ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 a man is likely to inquire in his mind where those sand plains came from4 ,some think the ,connecticut once flowed there1 some the ,niagara or ,st4 ,lawrence2 if so1 where did they bring the sand from8 ,think of the change bound to come in the future1 when the ,falls of ,niagara cut their way back to ,lake ,erie1 thus letting out its waters1 enough to construct it into a large river4 ,some channel has evidently been lowered to settle the surface of ,lake ,michigan1 as can be plainly seen in leaving ,chicago by boat1 that the waters on the western banks were once twenty or more feet above present level4 ,either the lake has settled or the land has risen4 ,as deserts are nearly all below the ocean surface1 is it not presumable that this enormous accumulation of sand has had the effect of such depression1 while the transference from other localities has thinned ,earth's crust enough to make easy the internal water pressure to lift up the hills and mountains1 through which the great water courses of the ,earth are supplied8 ,think of the transportation of soil to the deltas of the ,mississippi1 ,amazon1 ,ganges and other rivers amounting to millions and millions of tons every year1 and imagine when the time will come when the ,earth approaches the form of a wheel1 or ring1 nearer than a globe1 and become a small imitation of ,saturn4 ,assuming that this is1 and has been one cause of the great upheavals1 is it not suggestive that the original of the ,earth's surface in its formation millions of years past1 was nearly or quite free from hills1 and mountains1 and the inside as well as exterior has been undergoing radical changes8 ,great masses of earth on the outside accumulated by floods and washed from higher points have dammed up and smothered the flow from inside1 while the sections of the ,earth that have contributed to this mass have been thrown up into exterior mountains1 and the depressions made inheavals to a corresponding extent4 ,from this reasoning it might appear why ,africa and ,australia1 with their vast area of deserts1 are less supplied with rivers and lakes proportionally to other continents2 the same deficiency of mountains being noticeable4 ,on the other hand1 the rest of the continents and islands abound in mountains1 lakes1 springs and rivers4 ,the great present groups of ,islands of ,oceanica1 will1 perhaps1 in the distant future1 all be joined to one mass1 and while they may rise higher1 others in present use may sink4 ,the legend of ,atlantis may be repeated in some coming age1 and perhaps a new ,bible story will record the seagoing experience of another ,noah2 but if so1 it is hoped he will have a bigger ship1 and better provided with modern improvements and other sanitary arrangements than the old boat seemed to be for so long and important a voyage4 ,from what has been written on surface influence of water is it not reasonable that polar variations must have occurred through the millions of years ,mother ,earth has been whirling through space8 ,the writer does not assume to know all claimed in this discussion1 being an agnostic in this as well as in spiritual knowledge2 but if some full-grown scientific giant will rise up and give any more plausible reasons for why things are as they are1 ,i shall be delighted to sit on some little stool and let him thrust the information into my bewildered cranium4 ,,xix4 ,,conclusion4 ,the author of this unscientific work has assumed the task to contradict theories that to him have seemed wrong1 although long accepted from scientific authorities4 ,the world is given to taking statements for granted that emanate from some professional man's brain1 and published in some newspaper or book1 whether of real or fictitious origin4 ,the stories of ,wm4 ,tell1 ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,washington and his little hatchet1 ,jack the ,giant ,killer1 ,samson and the foxes1 ,joseph sold into ,egypt1 ,st4 ,patrick's extermination of toads and snakes1 ,newton's discovering the 8law of gravitation0 by an apple dropping on his head1 ,noah's flood1 etc4--all of these and hundreds more have passed for current facts by being oft told4 ,plain stories and simple unadorned tales have small circulation without lies enough mixed in to make them interesting4 ,every age has its learned prodigies and scientific minds that are ready to answer any question and solve all obscure matters4 ,when men of early ages discovered on hills and mountains marine shells and other deposits which showed evidence of the bottom of a sea or ocean1 and fossil deposits and footprints in rocks1 they naturally inquired of the wise men how they came there4 ,hence quite likely the story of the flood4 ,when they asked how the people of ,europe were white1 ,asia1 yellow1 and ,africa1 black1 the solution was1 that ,noah had three sons who settled1 one in each country and produced such progeny4 ,the geography of the world in those early times represented the ,earth as having four corners1 and surface flat with 8jumping off0 places on all sides4 ,it is evident the solvers of this 8race problem0 had no knowledge of ,america and ,australasia4 7,time has developed the fact that they either knew about it and lied1 or lost sight of two sons that ,noah should have had to represent the red and brown races47 ,it is expected of us to believe that ,japheth was white1 and peopled ,europe2 ,shem yellow1 and settled down to farming in ,asia1 and ,ham black1 and went into the monkey and elephant business in ,africa4 ,whether the two other boys1 the brown one1 that raised ,malays1 and the red one1 that bred and introduced the ,american ,indian1 were ever married1 ,i never learned1 but conclude it was unnecessary1 as they seemed to have as good success in settling up their respective countries as the favorite boys that ,noah took1 with other live stock1 on his yachting trip4 ,noah should have really been the man to write on the subject about which this paper treats1 as his experience on the 8cold-water0 question must have given him superior advantages over the writer4 ,there have been conscientious men of all times who have said and done very silly and unwise things1 which1 at the time and in the age they were enacted1 were considered by public and private consent right and just4 ,the hanging of witches1 buying and selling of slaves1 the burning of ,john ,rogers at the stake1 his wife and nine small children1 one at the breast1 as spectators1 were considered as just and necessary as an act put in force to destroy crows and kill sheep dogs4 ,as age succeeds age1 new ideas crop out1 and what to a former generation appeared true and consistent to their successors oft become a subject of criticism and ridicule4 ,it is to be hoped that future minds will take up the subject of this crude work and make as much advance in the development of ,earth's mysteries as the modern steamship excels in completeness and power the first attempts of ,fulton1 or the harmonious modern orchestras the hollow music of a ,hindoo tom-tom4 ,to believe what is here written will not insure eternal joys1 or to doubt will not incur ,divine wrath1 or commit a skeptic into the hands of him who walketh in darkness1 or to an eternity of pain or woe4 ,these modest hints are given with the hope that millions of miles of land on ,earth now barren and useless1 by tapping the generous fountains of water so wisely stored by ,providence1 may be turned into gardens of beauty1 and furnish fruits and sustenance in plenty for coming generations4 ,while many look upon the ,earth as 8a vale of tears10 it is the best world we have any reliable knowledge of1 and seems well adapted to the wants of animal and vegetable life1 if we avail ourselves of the wise and ample provisions ,nature has put in our way4 ,if there is another and better world to come1 it is hard to imagine that pearly gates and golden streets can conduce as much to our comfort1 or will be as goodly a heritage as one of 8sweet fields arrayed in living green10 with shady groves1 blooming gardens1 and generous fountains of pure sparkling waters1 and not the thirsty abode experienced by ,dives4 ,while on this ,earth1 ,nature has supplied with prodigality for this life's wants1 land and water1 light and darkness1 floods and drouth1 and1 as learned from ,paul1 four kinds of flesh 7and he didn't say how many kinds of vegetables7 reptiles1 insects1 worms1 bugs1 microbes1 poison and its antidotes1 good people and bad1 heat and cold1 salt and fresh water1 scientists1 cranks and fools1 yet with all this profusion of gifts1 we would be no better off than ,dives in ,sheol without the indispensable blessing of water supplied by ,symmes's ,hole4 ,a few more questions and done4 ,why should sea soundings five miles deep be at temperatures below freezing1 if1 as is claimed1 such a depth in land borings would be in a molten condition1 and going much farther the prevailing theory would make hell an ice house in comparison with the ,laurentian strata8 ,where does the fresh water come from admitted to exist in the bottom of the oceans8 ,where is the source of fresh water that abounds in the highlands of islands in all latitudes8 ,where does the water come from that feeds all the coral reefs and throws up atolls hundreds of miles in extent and nourishes the roots of trees and smaller vegetation8 ,why are the atoll inclosures filled with different varieties of fish from the ocean outside8 ,why are most of the great lakes at high elevations and commonly on top of divides8 ,why are springs more numerous all over the ,earth on the hills and mountains than in the valleys8 ,why are the shallowest and most enduring wells on the highlands instead of the low8 ,why when a country is below sea level is it a desert8 ,why did ,abraham succeed with his flocks1 while ,lot 7as he deserved7 was dried up and burnt out8 ,answer1 ,abraham was the smarter of the two1 and took to the hills1 where he no doubt had observed the waters lasted4 ,where did ,moses look for water when his followers were famishing for it8 ,he went where water can almost invariably be found1 at the foot of a rocky upheaval which he discovered in ,horeb4 ,how could water be cast up from a deep artesian well1 bored on a plain with no high land in sight to produce a pressure claimed in explaining their nature and reasons why they flow8 ,where do all the rivers found in large caves have their origin8 ,where and how does rain water soak into the ground1 turn around and come back again with the force shown in bubbling springs and artesian wells8 ,why does moss only grow in unfailing wells1 and cresses1 peppermint1 cattails1 and water lilies in living waters8 ,why in digging wells anywhere in striking gravel do they always find water8 ,why do hills and mountains produce more verdure and forests than the plains8 ,why are all the volcanoes extinguished by water8 ,these questions can none of them be answered by any other hypothesis than through a belief in the existence of ,symmes's ,hole4 ,into such a hole sufficient water could flow to supply all the fountains of the ,earth1 and1 what is more1 it does flow1 and furnishes the wonderful quantities that leap down the mountain sides in stupendous waterfalls1 that feed the millions of springs that pour their sweet influences in rippling streams through valleys and meadows4 ,it supplies the great volumes that make ,lake ,superior and its grand associates in ,america1 and similar great lakes throughout the ,earth4 ,last1 but far from least1 the phenomenal ,gulf ,stream that floats the navies and commerce of the world like toys and modifies the climate across an ocean4 ,to supply such resources needs something more than occasional showers that ordinarily evaporate in forty-eight hours1 or than equinoctial or shearing sheep storms1 of which nine-tenths of their volume runs into the streams and rapidly to the ocean1 the great and general reservoir of supply and distribution4 ,having endeavored to explain the philosophy of heat and its cause1 also other phenomena in brief1 ,i will conclude by paying tribute to the great exterior waters1 for their important participation in ,nature's munificent work4 ,the ,oceans1 after tossing in the fury of the storms and rocking from continent to continent1 kissed by tropical winds and frozen by ,arctic cold1 sunk in caverns1 and dashed upon high rocks1 after drinking up all the rivers1 washing every shore1 and visiting every clime1 are filtered at the ,ice ,belt and enter the bowels of the ,earth1 to come out again by centrifugal force in a fresh and renewed form to contribute to man's necessities in an even greater benefit than when rolling in majestic waves or floating the commerce of the world4 ,,appendix4 ,to demonstrate the size of icebergs1 fields of ice and glaciers4 ,ocean depths1 different estimates of4 ,the character of volcanic eruptions respecting material thrown out and final result of filling with water4 ,for evidences of how long heat will remain when covered after great fires1 the same as in old times when people covered the backlog1 and to show the reason for judging the interior to be molten when the heat is developed at insignificant depths by friction leading it to a further volcanic development1 or else from an extinct volcano from long time past4 ,artesian ,waters1 ,caverns1 ,earthquakes1 ,gulf ,streams1 ,lakes1 ,springs1 ,wells1 ,islands1 etc4 ,this appendix is added showing cases something in harmony with the arguments here presented on all these subjects1 to which could be added several times as many more4 ,while most of the points intended for a brief discussion in this book have been hit upon1 a few words1 with some newspaper clippings on mysterious things1 are thought best to be added as a sort of appendix1 and of such a character as to prove of benefit to some readers that see fit to avail themselves of a few hints to obtain water1 for domestic or irrigating purposes1 in an easy way1 and where they would naturally least expect to find it4 ,at my old home1 on the farm where ,i was born1 our well1 some thirty feet deep1 nearly every season went dry4 ,i have lugged hundreds of pails of water from neighbors' wells and from a spring near the foot of the hill1 one-third of a mile away1 during my early life4 ,the hill is little over a half mile long1 and less than one-fourth a mile wide from its furthest bases4 ,it is shaped like a box turtle1 rising #ajj feet or more4 ,there used to be a place near the top1 on the east slope1 that looked springy4 ,the recent owner1 a few years ago1 dug into this wet spot1 and at a few feet found living water1 which is now piped to his house and barns in plenty4 ,some years ago my cousin owned the adjoining farm on the north end of this hill1 and employed a man to blast out several large iron rocks1 scattered about on the surface of the hill4 ,one of these rocks1 nearly a rod square1 lay almost exactly on the highest part of the hill4 ,this big rock was full of large cracks1 which1 in my boyhood1 ,i took a young visitor to see1 explaining to him that these cracks1 no doubt1 occurred at the time of the crucifixion1 of which pious information ,i was frequently reminded in later life4 ,this rock was some eight feet deep in the ground4 ,when the last blocks were hauled out the space partly filled with clear water1 so cold that it was made available for drinking4 ,being in the dryest time of the year1 the supply appeared to be permanent1 which induced the laying of pipes one-third of a mile to barns for watering stock1 which before had to be drawn mostly from the wells4 ,a man in the town of ,durham--,henry ,page--for years obtained water for his house and stock by a hydraulic ram2 but1 getting a new idea1 took advantage of a knoll1 shaped like an inverted bowl1 an acre or two in extent1 lying across a field some forty rods from his house4 ,he dug into the top of this knoll some fifteen feet1 striking plenty of water1 which was easily piped all over his premises in abundant supply4 ,west of his home rose the ,besek ,mountain1 in a gradual rise for three-fourths of a mile1 where it stopped in precipitous ledges1 on the west side1 nearly #bjj feet high4 ,i have hunted up to the top of these ledges4 ,near the top of the mountain is quite a section of swamp1 and nearby descending is a spring that runs a short distance1 falling over a shelving rock1 and in two or three rods more is lost in the loose stones4 ,it is there in the dryest seasons4 ,similar to this is a lake on ,talcott ,mountain1 a short distance from ,wadsworth ,tower1 and only a few rods from the abrupt ledges that overlook the towns of ,simsbury and ,farmington4 ,hundreds of such cases are in evidence all over the country1 and it is quite sure that a large majority of those interested by reading this book will think of various similar cases that have been a query in their minds1 8,why they were so40 ,while a great number of peculiar features of this kind can be recorded1 ,i will take time to relate a case or two farther from home4 ,my cousin1 who took the ,scripture lesson of the rock and its rendings1 spent his last days in ,southern ,california1 where springs are rare1 and orange groves and vineyards depend greatly upon irrigating for water4 ,he was located at ,duarte1 about twenty miles east of the city of ,los ,angeles1 in one of the finest orange and lemon groves in the ,state4 ,while they had provisions for irrigating1 the lack of drinking water was seriously felt4 ,visiting at my house some twenty years ago1 where he chiefly made his ,eastern home1 he listened to my cranky ideas as set forth in this work4 ,at first he scoffed1 but being a good reasoner1 he afterward thought the idea worth trying1 and promised on his return to experiment and report1 as ,i had convinced him of several successes here4 ,in less than a month ,i got word from him that 8he had struck it40 ,the grove lay at the foot of the ,san ,gabriel ,mountain1 not one-quarter of a mile away4 ,i advised him to select some place in the side of the mountain where the tree growth was greenest1 which he did1 and got all the pure water needed4 ,a ,mr4 ,fitzgerald1 owning a large grove about a mile west1 similarly located1 took the hint and obtained quite a favorable result4 ,when visiting these groves in #ahid1 almost the first thing ,mr4 ,fitzgerald wanted to show me was his bountiful supply of spring water1 tapped from the side of the mountain4 ,these hints and cases are related as suggestions to any reader who may wish to better his water supply4 ,don't go into the low ground for it1 but tap the hills and high lands1 where all the fountains of the earth are in abundance4 ,in ,southern ,california three seasons out of four the plains and valley lands become too dry for pasturage of cattle and horses and bands of sheep1 and a general hegira is made toward the mountains4 ,while the ,winter rains swell the streams running to the coast1 filling their banks with rushing waters1 by ,may and ,june a buggy can be hauled through every stream from ,san ,francisco to ,san ,diego without wetting the hubs of the wheels4 ,the small streams are all dried up1 and water for stock rare to find4 ,as you go toward the mountains you meet the series of foothills like inverted bowls1 the tops of which show growth of bulrushes and fleur de lis4 ,at the foot of the hills will be found some of the drippings from the streams starting farther back4 ,as these hills rise in groups1 higher and higher toward the mountains1 the green tops show more and more1 and the streams increase in volume1 affording good fishing for trout4 ,standing on the tops of these sugar loaf formations in the grazing season1 one is reminded of ,abraham's herds of cattle on a thousand hills1 to be seen as far as the eye can reach4 ,in southern ,minnesota is a long range of highlands thrown up1 which they term a mountain chain1 but scarcely anywhere is there an upheaval of rocks or any ledges4 ,over this range every ,spring and ,fall season will be seen thousands of flocks of ducks1 brant1 wild geese and sand hill cranes4 ,the springs do not gush out in streams as from rocky formations1 but ooze up into great mounds1 frequently involving an acre or more1 like a great conical sponge1 up the side of which you can walk1 the water gushing out under every footstep1 giving an impression that you may sink in all the way to the top1 where you will find an open spring several feet across1 the water from which seems to be absorbed by this spongy mound of earth and vegetation1 so that a stream rarely runs away4 ,this ridge being the highest land in sight1 where does this water come from8 ,in a country surrounding which1 it is necessary to carry water in kegs for the dogs to drink when hunting over it4 ,the conclusion of this work will be made up of a variety of clippings from newspapers for several years past1 of which these are a small part4 ,these clippings are published as seeming mysteries1 but which1 by the adoption of the theory promulgated of a hollow earth holding an ocean of fresh waters1 seem easy of solution4 ,if any other method can be suggested to answer these puzzling questions1 it is to be hoped some genius will reveal it4 ,if the assertions made in this book are true1 polar expeditions are and will continue to be as futile as an attempt to signal the inhabitants of ,mars1 or to get up a correspondence with the man in the moon4 ,not presuming to exhaust this subject in so brief a treatise1 the field is left open1 and large enough for the thoughts and observations of men of greater ability to discuss than yours truly4 ,,immense ,,fields ,,of ,,ice4 ,a ,,steamer ,,surrounded ,,and ,,compelled ,,to ,,work ,,her ,,way ,,out4 ,,montreal1 ,may #bb4--,the steamer ,fremona1 from ,new ,castle1 which arrived here yesterday1 had a very startling experience with the ice about #aej miles on the other side of ,cape ,ray4 ,the vessel was steaming slowly through a dense fog on ,wednesday last1 when she got right in the midst of a pack of ice1 which was drifting southward with the ,arctic current4 ,after the steamer had been pounding about in the ice for some hours the fog lifted and showed the vessel to be in a dangerous position4 ,all around her were heavy hummocks of ice1 ten feet deep in the water and showing about a foot above the surface4 ,gradually nearing the steamer and crushing the smaller pieces of ice in their way were a number of huge icebergs4 ,the captain and chief officer climbed to the masthead and found that the ice extended on all sides as far as the eye could see4 ,there were hundreds of seals on the ice1 some of them being close to the vessel4 ,two hours were spent in turning the steamer1 and she was then headed southward and was worked out of the ice4 ,owing to the movement of such a large mass of ice southward it is feared that navigation will be seriously interfered with4 99 99 99 99 99 ,news from the whalers in the ,antarctic ,seas on ,february #ag was that up to that time the whaling had proved a failure1 with all the ships that made the venture4 ,there were plenty of whales of the finner and humpback kind1 but none of the ,greenland kind4 ,grampuses were too plentiful4 ,seals were very numerous1 and there were also plenty of sea lions4 ,some icebergs of enormous size were seen2 one was fifty miles long and several were from fifteen to twenty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,antarctic ,ocean the icebergs that have been noticed from time to time rose #djj1 #ehj1 #gjj and even #a1jjj feet above the water1 and were from three to five miles long4 ,their enormous bulk may be inferred from the fact that the part under water is about seven times as large as that above4 ,,passed ,a ,,great ,,iceberg4 ,,london1 ,dec4 #i4--,the ,british steamship ,galgate reports ice in the ,south ,atlantic4 ,on ,september #bh1 in latitude #di degrees south1 longitude #db degrees west1 the ,galgate passed an iceberg two miles long and #bej feet high4 ,hundreds of other icebergs were also seen4 ,,three ,,hundred ,,miles ,,of ,,ice4 ,,st4 ,,john',s1 ,n4 ,f41 ,feb4 #ab4--,the ,british steamer ,dahome1 which left ,halifax on the #ith for this port and ,liverpool1 arrived here to-day4 ,she reports coming through a field of ice three hundred miles long4 ,this is something unprecedented at this season4 ,,the ,,greatest ,,ocean ,,depth4 ,the greatest known depth of the ocean is midway between the ,island of ,tristan d',acunha and the mouth of the ,rio de la ,plata4 ,the bottom was there reached at a depth of #dj1bcf feet1 or eight and three-quarter miles1 exceeding by more than #ag1jjj feet the height of ,mount ,everest1 the loftiest mountain in the world4 ,in the ,north ,atlantic ,ocean1 south of ,newfoundland1 soundings have been made to a depth of #d1ehj fathoms1 or #cg1dhj feet1 while depths equaling #cd1jjj feet1 or six and a half miles1 are reported south of the ,bermuda ,islands4 ,the average depth of the ,pacific ,ocean between ,japan and ,california is a little over #b1jjj fathoms2 between ,chili and the ,sandwich ,islands1 #b1ejj fathoms2 and between ,chili and ,new ,zealand1 #a1ejj fathoms4 ,the average depth of all the oceans is from #b1jjj to #b1ejj fathoms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,russian reports say that the ,sea of ,aral has been steadily rising since #ahia4 ,the sea level is now four feet above that of #ahgd4 ,the line of railroad from ,orenburg to ,tashkend had to be changed in order to avoid being overflowed4 ,instead of sinking three inches a year1 as ,german geographers had computed1 the sea has been rising at the rate of four inches a year for the last ten years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #ahab it was ,la ,souffrire1 adjacent to the ,morne ,garou1 which broke loose on the ,island of ,st4 ,vincent1 and it is the same ,souffrire which now has devastated the island and is bombarding ,kingston with rocks1 lava and ashes4 ,the old crater of ,morne ,garou has long been extinct1 and1 like the old crater of ,mont ,pelee1 near ,st4 ,pierre1 it had far down in its depths1 surrounded by sheer cliffs from #ejj to #hjj feet high1 a lake4 ,glimpses of the lake of ,morne ,garou were difficult to get1 owing to the thick verdure growing about the dangerous edges of the precipices1 but those who have seen it describe it as a beautiful sheet of deep blue water4 ,,the ,,sun',s ,,temperature4 ,f4 ,r4 7,minneapolis1 ,minn473 ,has the temperature of the sun been established8 ,and1 if so1 what is it8 ,the following figures are given by the principal scientists who studied the solar temperature3 ,newton1 #a1ffi1jjj degrees ,alsius2 ,pouillet1 #a1dfa2 ,zollner1 #ajb1jjj2 ,secchi1 #e1cdd1hdj2 ,ericson1 #b1gbf1gjj2 ,fizeau1 #g1ejj2 ,walerston1 #i1jjj1jjj2 ,abney and ,fessing1 #ab1gjj2 ,wilson and ,gray1 #h1gjj2 ,pernter1 #cj1jjj2 ,sporer1 #bg1jjj2 ,sainte-,claire ,deville1 #b1ejj2 ,soret1 #e1hja1hdf2 ,vicair1 #a1cih2 ,violle1 #a1ejj2 ,rosetti1 #bj1jjj2 ,langley1 #h1ccc1jjj2 ,ebert1 #dj1jjj2 ,guillaume and ,christiansen1 #f1jjj2 ,paschen1 #e1jjj4 ,,saw ,,tremendous ,,icebergs4 ,,they ,,are #cjj ,,feet ,,high ,,and ,,seven ,,and ,,eight ,,miles ,,long ,,near ,,cape ,,horn4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,nov4 #bj4--;,french sailing vessels making port from around ,cape ,horn hold the record for sighting huge icebergs4 ,the ,french bark ,eugenie ,fautrel1 from ,hamburg1 reported that on ,september #ad1 near ,cape ,horn1 a berg seven miles long and #cjj feet high was seen several miles distant on the port bow4 ,now comes the ,french bark ,anne ,de ,bretagne1 #afd days from ,cardiff1 and reports that she not only saw a berg #cjj feet high and eight miles long1 but she had to sheer off to keep from wrecking herself against it4 ,it was seen on ,september #c1 and after passing through a great mass of ice1 the ,bretagne suddenly came within sight of the giant1 harmless enough in appearance through the soft mist1 but with terribly jagged comers1 and a breadth of front that made the ,frenchmen quail4 ,,kingstown ,,covered ,,with ,,ashes4 ,it was seen then that the volcano was in constant eruption1 and there was a tremendous roar4 ,forked lightning played incessantly over the disturbed section4 ,the flashes averaged from sixty to one hundred a minute4 ,kingstown1 which is twelve miles from the volcano1 was covered with three inches of ashes and showers of stones on ,thursday4 ,the bed of the old volcano was then a lake three miles across4 ,,eruption ,,started ,,on ,,monday4 ,the eruption was first observed on ,monday4 ,huge flames of water shot up1 and the people in that district fled4 ,there has been a continuous roar ever since4 ,the northern district1 from ,chateau ,belair to ,georgetown1 has been completely destroyed4 ,it is impossible to proceed beyond that point1 on account of the rivers of lava4 ,a huge hill was observed where previously there had been a valley4 ,the whole of that part of the island is smoking4 ,,sixty ,,killed ,,by ,,lightning4 ,sixty persons are reported to have been killed by lightning while getting away4 ,on ,tuesday and ,wednesday the island was showered with ashes4 ,near ,belair the ashes were three feet deep4 ,on ,thursday there was a continuous shower of hot sand and water4 ,everything on the island was ruined by the ashes4 ,,some ,,persons ,,dying ,,of ,,thirst4 ,many persons were brought in boats from ,kingstown4 ,some of the refugees who arrived on the coast were dying of thirst4 ,,the ,,new ,,jacksonville4 ,a ,,fresh ,,city ,,built ,,before ,,the ,,ruins ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,have ,,ceased ,,to ,,smoulder4 ,before the fire that destroyed a great part of the city of ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 had ceased to burn1 the city has practically been rebuilt4 ,this statement not only describes a building operation remarkable for rapid execution1 but also covers an incident unique in the experience of firemen4 ,jacksonville was almost wiped out by fire on ,may #c of last year4 ,an area of #ddc acres1 comprising #adh blocks1 was swept by the flames1 and property worth at least #ae1jjj1jjj was destroyed4 ,the work of rebuilding on a better and more substantial scale was started within a week and has since gone on with rapidity unprecedented in ,southern building operations1 and now the city is in far better shape than it was before the fire4 ,about three weeks ago the clearing up of the last of the ruins was begun4 ,the laborers doing the work removed three or four inches of the mass of brick and stones on top1 and then found1 to their surprise1 that underneath the ruins were still hot4 ,smoke began to rise out of the hole they had dug out1 and the farther down they went the hotter became the ruins1 and the thicker the smoke4 ,at last a mass of red hot coals was found1 which sprang into flame when the air reached it4 ,it had been necessary several times within the year for the fire department to soak this part of the ruins with water1 but it had been thought for several months that the fire must be out at last4 ,alongside new ,jacksonville had already sprung into existence4 ,six months after the destruction of the city a new one already covered the greater part of the site4 ,within eleven months more than #b1jjj buildings were erected1 fifty of them aggregating in cost #b1jjj1jjj4 ,and the new ,jacksonville is immeasurably superior to the old4 ,a ,,prairie ,,cavern4 ,,an ,,interesting ,,hole ,,in ,,the ,,ground ,,where ,,caves ,,would ,,not ,,be ,,looked ,,for4 ,from the ,oklahoma ,state ,capital4 ,,sulphur ,,springs1 ,i4 ,t41 ,oct4 #ah4--;,at a spot eleven miles southeast of this place1 in the level prairie upland1 is an opening about forty feet in diameter and sixty feet in depth4 ,by clinging to its rocky and precipitous walls1 a person may descend to the bottom1 and there find the openings to the two caves1 one leading westward1 and the other two to the east4 ,for years this place has been known as ,rock ,prairie ,cave4 ,it is one of the most striking natural curiosities in the ,chickasaw nation4 ,the caves are of unknown length1 and through one rushes a subterranean stream of great depth in places and of icy coldness4 ,exploring parties have ventured into these labyrinths for hundreds of yards1 but the danger of becoming lost has prevented a thorough examination of the underground passages4 ,the cave leading westward is easiest of access and contains a number of spacious chambers4 ,the room is about seventy feet square and fifty feet from the floor to the ceiling4 ,the floor is obstructed with huge boulders4 ,the darkness and stillness are intense4 ,picnic parties sometimes go there1 and1 with a huge boulder for a table1 eat their lunch in the glare of torches that cast uncanny shadows along the massive walls4 ,timid persons hesitate in venturing into the depths of the eastern cave4 ,the passage slants downward at an angle that compels the explorer to crawl and slip and slide for nearly #ajj feet before reaching a spot where a person may stand upright and walk safely4 ,from the darkness echoes the sound of rushing water1 which later is found to be a stream that runs from eight to thirty feet in width1 and from six inches to many feet in depth4 ,men have waded in the stream until the water reached their chins1 and then gone in a boat to points where they were unable to touch bottom with the longest oars4 ,a farmer carried his boat into the cave several years ago to follow the stream to its end4 ,at a depth estimated to be #bjj feet below the surface of the ground is a natural bridge1 formed by a huge stone that fell across the stream4 ,the water plunges underneath this bridge like a millrace4 ,a boat can be pulled over the bridge1 however1 and launched on the other side4 ,about #ajj feet below the bridge the stream widens into a broad1 deep pool1 with a high1 vaulted roof4 ,beautiful stalagmites and stalactites adorn this chamber4 ,two hundred feet below this pool the passage is difficult4 ,it is claimed that this cave has been explored for a mile4 ,the stream is believed to find its outlet at a spring about three miles from the entrance to the caves4 ,this spring is of great size and volume1 and flows with remarkable swiftness4 ,in rainy seasons the spring boils and gushes as if choked with the flood of water that pours from its mouth4 ,the stream in ,black ,prairie cave rises when there is a heavy rainfall in the surrounding country1 and the increased flow of both springs and stream at such times is taken as evidence that they are connected4 ,,artesian ,,waters ,,in ,,texas4 ,in the south central part of ,texas is an upland covering an area of #ad1jjj square miles1 and known as the ,edwards ,plateau4 ,at the southeastern foot of this elevated tract there is no end of gushing springs1 which form the headwaters of the ,san ,antonio and ,san ,marcos rivers4 ,in a big ,state like ,texas1 the rainfall of one locality often varies a good deal from that of adjacent regions4 ,but1 according to a bulletin of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 the fluctuations of discharge of the streams just mentioned correspond closely to the rainfall up on the plateau1 from which it is inferred that some invisible connection exists between the springs and the upland4 ,the bulletin declares that this similarity has been found to hold true for dry and wet years alike4 ,the ,edwards ,plateau is a flat1 grass covered upland4 ,the rain which falls upon it does not flow off in surface streams1 but sinks into the porous soil1 and eventually finds its way underground to the bold scarp line of the region1 where it bursts out in abundant springs4 ,the ,san ,antonio ,river has its source in one of these artesian springs1 and between it and the wells driven to supply water to the city of ,san ,antonio there seems to be close connection1 shown in their mutual changes1 which indicates that their waters have a common source4 ,it was recently noticed that when the wells were steadily drawn upon for twenty-four hours the water level of the head lake of the river fell several inches1 but that on shutting off the wells the lake regained its level in about one day4 ,so intimate is the relation between the flow of the wells and that of the river that it is always possible to tell how high the water will rise in the former by observing the river's height on a gauge rod placed upon its bank4 ,,the ,,great ,,assam ,,earthquake4 ,a thorough report of the earthquake in ,assam1 in #ahig1 the most violent and extended earthquake of historic times1 has been made by ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,oldham4 ,from an abstract by ,prof4 ,davis of ,harvard ,university1 it appears that an area of #aej1jjj square miles was laid in ruins1 all means of communication interrupted1 the hills rent asunder and cast down in the landslips1 the plains fissured and riddled with vents from which sand and water poured forth in astounding quantities1 causing floods in the rivers1 etc4 ,a surrounding area of #a1gej1jjj square miles felt a shock of unusual energy4 ,the earthquake wave traveled at the rate of #abj miles a minute4 ,the vertical displacement of the ground near the center of disturbance was probably as much as fourteen inches--an unprecedented quantity2 the vertical movement of earthquakes of great violence1 like the ,charleston earthquake1 is seldom more than two inches4 ,some of the results of this great earthquake of ,june #ab1 #ahig1 are astonishing4 ,faults were produced1 one having a throw of #be feet and a length of #ab miles2 another a throw of #aj feet and a length of #b miles4 ,the larger of the two dammed a river so as to form a lake several miles in extent and ruining a forest of at least #ej1jjj trees4 ,landslides of great magnitude were produced in the ,himalayas and the valleys of streams were changed beyond recognition4 ,,curious ,,result ,,of ,,the ,,earthquake4 ,,indianapolis1 ,nov4 #a4--;,an interesting point in connection with the earthquake which was felt in this city yesterday is the fact that a number of small ,indiana streams having their source in the southern border of the gas belt have suddenly filled with water4 ,no rains have occurred in this ,state for months to swell the streams1 and in the case of ,honey ,creek1 in the eastern part of ,bartholemew ,county1 it had gone dry several weeks ago1 the water standing only in pools here and there4 ,this week it is filled to the brim1 and in some places has overflowed4 ,sugar ,creek1 that runs near ,edinburg1 ,johnson ,county1 was nearly dry1 but to-day it is reported to be nearly filled4 ,smaller streams rising in the ,hancock ,county gas territory have shown similar phenomena4 ,no one can imagine where the water comes from4 ,in the case of ,honey ,creek the records show that previous to the ,charleston earthquake1 ,august #ca1 #ahhf1 the stream acted in the same way4 ,a ,,village ,,destroyed ,,by ,,an ,,earthquake4 ,,constantinople1 ,may #bg4--,the village of ,repahie in ,armenia has been destroyed by an earthquake4 ,a number of mineral springs spouted from the crevasses made in the earth by the shocks and the flow of water was so great that the adjacent fields were flooded4 ,the earthquake was preceded by rumblings which caused the inhabitants to flee from the village and they thus escaped death from the falling houses4 ,no lives were lost however4 99 99 99 99 99 ,since a recent earthquake at ,santa ,ana1 in ,orange ,county1 ,cal41 the well of ,mr4 ,huntington in ,los ,bolsas district1 which for years has never flowed to any considerable extent1 has given forth large quantities of mud1 stones and other materials1 the eruptions being volcanic in character4 ,the supply of water is now far in excess of the means provided at the surface for its care1 and it has been found necessary to ditch from the well to the river to carry it away4 ,the pipes are at all times in danger of bursting--the sudden blasts of air and foreign substances rendering it more or less dangerous to go near the opening4 ,,fire ,,banked ,,for ,,years4 ,from the ,galveston ,daily ,news4 ,,orange1 ,tex41 ,feb4 #ba4--;,j4 ,w4 ,link is filling in some low lots with ashes and charcoal that he is hauling from the pit where ,a4 ,gilmer at one time burned the slabs and refuse that came from his sawmill4 ,the mill was destroyed by fire ,sept4 #ac1 #ahii4 ,when the wagons commenced hauling the mound of ashes was #bj feet high and nearly #dj feet in diameter at the bottom1 tapering as it went up4 ,to-day when the men had worked in about #ae feet1 but before they had reached the center of the heap1 the teamsters discovered smoke issuing from the charcoal as it was being brought in contact with the air4 ,one of them felt of his shovel and was startled to find it very hot4 ,he picked up a piece of charcoal and blew it with his breath1 when it developed into a blaze of fire4 ,the experiment was repeated several times to-day and each time the charred lump would become a live coal4 ,the ashes were about #af feet thick that stood above the live coals1 and from the outer edge to where the hot ashes were first discovered1 a little above the ground the fine ashes were fully as thick4 ,no smoke has been seen to come from the big ash pile for nearly two and a half years1 and these coals have been in their present resting place probably for a longer period1 as the cone-shaped mound was much larger when the mill was destroyed than it was at the time the wagons commenced removing the ashes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,volcano of ,kilauea is very active at present4 ,the cavity produced by the last breakdown has not filled up1 but there is an active lake #bjj to #cjj feet below the general level of the floor and a quarter of a mile in diameter4 ,a ,,whole ,,valley ,,laid ,,in ,,waste4 ,,fifteen ,,craters ,,destroy ,,what ,,was ,,once ,a ,,delightful ,,spot4 ,,lunahuana1 ,united ,states of ,colombia1 ,march #cj1 #ahia4--,this beautiful valley has experienced a topographical change1 and ,i may now call a desert that which was formerly a delightful spot4 ,fifteen craters have been constantly at work since ,sunday1 ,march #bb1 throwing out masses of mud and water which on its precipitate descent and with the great strength of the current1 is carrying ruin in all directions and sweeping houses before it1 together with their inhabitants and the cattle1 vineyards1 farms and irrigation works4 ,all the roads north and south of here have been converted into ditches1 through which the water is continually pouring1 and all communication between ,canete and ,chincha is interrupted1 while the bridge across the river has been swept away4 ,the numerous victims who have suffered1 the deep impression caused by the destruction of all the irrigation ditches1 the fact that it will be impossible to gather the remainder of the crop of grapes1 and the certainty that the necessities of life will reach famine prices1 lead me to suggest that the government should take steps on behalf of the residents here4 ,hundreds of families have been left without homes and are camping out on the hillsides1 the only clothes they have being those in which they escaped4 ,they are preparing to cross the ravines1 as the floods may sweep down upon them at any moment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an interesting geological phenomenon is noticed in the district of ,izium1 in ,kharkoy1 ,russia4 ,in consequence of the heat this summer the ground broke open in many places and deep ditches formed1 at the bottom of which subterranean water appeared4 ,geologists who examined the ground think that the subterranean water comes from the same source which supplies the ,slavinskoye salt lakes of the neighborhood4 ,a ,,hive ,,of ,,volcanoes4 ,,over ,,three ,,thousand ,,active ,,volcanoes ,,in ,,lower ,,california4 ,,san ,,diego1 ,cal41 ,july #be4--,the ,san ,diegan to-day publishes a descriptive account by ,colonel ,i4 ,k4 ,allen1 the well-known engineer1 of a phenomena in what is known as the volcano region of the ,cocapah ,mountains1 situated sixty-five miles southwest of ,yuma in ,lower ,california4 ,colonel ,allen says there are over three thousand active volcanoes there1 one-half of which are small cones1 ten or twelve feet at the base1 the remaining half five to forty feet at the base1 and fifteen to twenty-five in height4 ,the whole volcanic region is encrusted with sulphur4 ,one peculiar feature of the region is a lake of water jet black1 which is a quarter of a mile in length and an eighth of a mile in width1 seemingly bottomless4 ,the water is hot and salty4 ,a ,,tunnel ,a ,,lime ,,kiln4 ,,the ,,santa ,,fe ,,may ,,have ,,to ,,abandon ,,its ,,johnson ,,canyon ,,route4 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,cal41 ,jan4 #ca4--,the ,fairview tunnel through the mountains at ,johnson's canyon1 near ,williams1 ,ariz41 is again on fire and the officials of the ,santa ,fe ,pacific fear that they may be compelled to abandon the tunnel1 as they are at a loss to devise means to extinguish the flames4 ,investigation shows conclusively that the new fire was caused by spontaneous combustion4 ,the tunnel is now nothing but the flue for an immense lime kiln4 ,the mountain through which the tunnel passes is chiefly limestone of a high degree of purity4 ,,volcanic ,,outburst ,,probable4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,cal41 ,july #a4--,news from ,susanville1 in the ,sierra ,nevadas1 says that slight earthquake shocks continue and that the people have been so accustomed to the constant trembling of the earth that they pay no attention to it4 ,the shocks1 however1 have revived recollections of old settlers who predict volcanic disturbances in the extinct craters1 such as there were in #ahej4 ,susanville lies in a highly mountainous walled valley directly east of ,lassen ,butte1 an extinct volcano #aj1jjj feet high4 ,from its summit no less than forty extinct craters can be seen4 ,cinder ,cone1 which rises #fjj feet above the level of the plateau1 was in eruption in #ahej4 ,two prospectors examined it and found ,lake ,saltafara1 miles south of ,cinder ,cone1 a center of volcanic forces4 ,the lake was a mass of boiling water and mud and from it vast columns of flames shot up at intervals4 ,the timber in the vicinity was on fire4 ,within the last few years there has seemed renewed activity in the internal fires and the present shocks point to the possibility of another great volcanic outburst which will find vent through some of the old craters4 ,,desolated ,,by ,,eruptions4 ,,fifteen ,,new ,,craters ,,destroy ,,many ,,homes ,,and ,,ruin ,a ,,wide ,,area ,,in ,,chili4 ,,panama1 ,april #bf4--,regarding the eruptions in the ,lunahuana district of ,chili1 the ,lima ,opinion ,national has published the following letter dated ,march #cj3 8,this beautiful valley has experienced a topographical change1 and ,i may now call a desert that which was formerly a delightful spot4 ,fifteen craters have been continually at work since ,sunday1 the #bb;d1 throwing out masses of mud1 which1 in its precipitate descent and with the monstrous strength of the current1 is carrying ruin in all directions and sweeping houses before it1 together with their inhabitants and the cattle1 vineyards1 farms1 and irrigation works4 ,all the roads north and south of here have been converted into ditches1 through which water is continually pouring1 and all communication between ,canete and ,chincha is interrupted1 while the bridge across the river has been swept away4 ,hundreds of families have been left without homes and are camping out on the hillsides1 the only clothes they have being those in which they escaped4 ,they are preparing to cross the ravines1 as the floods may sweep down upon them at any moment40 ,,glacier ,,ice4 ,glacier ice is not like the solid blue ice on the surface of the water1 but consists of granules joined together by an intricate network of capillary water1 filled fissures4 ,in exposed sections and upon the surface of the ice can be observed 8veined0 or 8banded0 structure veins of a denser blue color alternating with those of a lighter shade containing air bubbles4 ,the cause of this peculiar structure has been the subject of much theorizing among investigators1 but hitherto the greatest authorities consider that the explanation of the phenomenon is yet wanting4--,goldthwaite's ,geographical ,magazine4 ,,the ,,longest ,,glacier ,,in ,,the ,,temperate ,,zone ,,ascended ,,by ,,mr4 ,,conway4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,conway1 who was sent out by the ,royal ,geographical ,society of ,london last spring to explore the ,kara ,koram ,mountains and their mighty glaciers north of ,cashmere1 has accomplished the most brilliant feats of mountain and glacier climbing that any explorer has achieved in years4 ,he has sent to the society a report of his ascent of the ,baltoro glacier1 over forty miles in length and the longest glacier that is known in temperate regions1 and of his ascent of an ice-covered mountain over #bc1jjj feet high at the upper end of the glacier4 ,he began the ascent of the ,baltoro glacier on ,aug4 #e4 ,he had little idea on starting of the discomforts before him4 ,his party included three ,englishmen besides himself1 an ,alpine guide1 and four ,sepoys detailed from an ,indian regiment4 ,fully two-thirds of the entire length of the glacier was so completely covered with stone debris that the ice was not visible except where lakes or crevasses occurred4 ,he was unable to ascend along the banks at the sides of the glacier1 for they were not traversable4 ,he was therefore forced to go up the horrible middle of the ice4 ,the surface was not flat1 but was a series of prodigious mounds4 ,he measured one of them1 which was over #bjj feet high1 and it was usually easier to climb over these mounds than to circumvent them4 ,the stones that rested upon the ice were constantly giving way under foot4 ,the consequence was that the progress of the heavily laden ,sepoys was slow and the marches had to be short4 ,the party was nearly two weeks ascending this icy river1 four days of which time they remained in camp on account of stormy weather4 ,when they finally turned up a tributary glacier in order to ascend the mountain1 they had reached a height of #af1jjj feet above the sea4 ,all through the journey the cold was very severe4 ,the party was very heavily laden because in addition to their food supplies it was necessary to carry a quantity of fuel4 ,it was not until ,aug4 #be1 twenty days after they had left the foot of the glacier1 that they began the assaults upon the icy peak which they intended to surmount4 ,two or three of the party had become disabled by cold and fatigue1 and had to return to a camp established on the glacier4 ,the party complained of some discomforts which travelers among the ,himalayas have often mentioned4 ,the sun1 day after day came out with scorching power1 and while their feet were numbed with cold1 their bodies were far too hot to be comfortable4 ,mr4 ,conway says the great variations between biting cold and grilling heat are the chief impediments to mountaineering at high altitudes in those regions4 ,not only the cold and the heat alike are hard to endure1 but the change from one to the other seems to weaken the forces and render the whole body feeble4 ,ascending the steep slope of the final peak1 their climbing irons were of the greatest assistance4 ,they found to their dismay after climbing a few hundred feet that the upper part of the peak was not of snow1 but of hard1 blue ice1 covered with a thin layer of snow4 ,every step they took had to be cut through the snow into the ice4 ,the ice was too hard for the steel points of the climbing irons to penetrate until it had been prepared by a stroke or two of the ax4 ,the ,alpine guide said the work of step cutting was far more fatiguing than he had ever experienced in ,switzerland4 ,one of the ,sepoys was overtaken by mountain sickness and had to be left behind4 ,now and then a puff of air inspired the party with a little life4 ,most of the time they suffered from the rarefication of the air4 ,reaching the top1 about #bc1jjj feet above the sea1 ,conway named the mountain ,pioneer ,point4 ,he saw the most glorious views on every side4 ,the whole panorama of valley1 mountain1 glacier1 and snow has an effect1 at an elevation1 of majestic repose4 ,the observers were far above the noises of avalanches and rivers and nature's forces were reduced to mere insignificance as they gazed thousands of feet below them upon the scenery4 ,many of the mountains they saw had not before been seen by human eye4 ,,another ,,gulf ,,stream ,,from ,,same ,,source4 ,in many respects the ,north ,pacific ocean resembles the ,north ,atlantic4 ,a great warm current1 much like the ,gulf ,stream1 and of equal magnitude1 called the ,black ,stream1 or ,japan current1 runs northward along the eastern shore of ,asia4 ,close to the east coast of ,japan it flows through a marine valley which holds the deepest water in the world4 ,it was sounded at a depth of #e miles by the ,united ,states steamer ,tuscaroa in #ahge1 while surveying for a projected cable route between the ,united ,states and ,japan4 ,the heavy sounding weight took more than an hour to sink to the bottom4 ,but trial was made of a chasm yet more profound1 where the lead did not fetch it up at all4 ,it is the only depth of ocean that remains unfathomed4--,san ,francisco ,examiner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the head of ,onion ,valley1 in ,inyo ,county1 ,cal41 are two abrupt mountains1 one #ac1jjj and the other #ad1jjj feet high4 ,tumbling down the side of one is a cataract #ejj feet high1 which in the distance resembles falling snow1 and two other waterfalls of equal height are visible from the head of the valley4 ,,the ,,lake ,,on ,,the ,,mountain4 ,,mr4 ,,drummond ,,thinks ,,he ,,has ,,found ,,where ,,its ,,waters ,,come ,,from4 ,on the north side of ,lake ,ontario1 southwest of the ,canadian city of ,kingston1 is a lake situated on a height of land one side of which forms a cliff4 ,it is just south of the arm of ,lake ,ontario known as ,quinte ,bay and it stands #ahj feet above the bay4 ,there is no opportunity for surface waters to flow into this little lake and no one has the slightest idea whence it derives its waters1 which are clear and fresh4 ,the lake is about one and a half miles long with a width of about three-quarters of a mile4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,drummond recently wrote a letter to ,nature1 in which he said he believed he had solved the mystery of the invisible inflow1 which cannot possibly be attributed to springs from any higher ground in the neighborhood4 ,in his opinion the source of the lake is to be found in the ,trenton limestone area some twenty-five or thirty miles to the northeast4 ,there is a steady rise in these rocks to the north and their dip is favorable to sending the water that sinks through the soil to them southward to the region of ,lake ,ontario4 ,fifty miles away the rocks have a height of #djj feet above the lake4 ,in order to ascertain the bearing of these rocks upon the origin of the inflow1 ,mr4 ,drummond last summer made a series of soundings in the little lake4 ,the largest part of the lake is shallow1 but along its southern edge he found a great rent in the bottom nearly a mile long and a third of a mile wide4 ,in this rent the depths varied from seventy-five to #ajj feet4 ,he says the rent is probably due to a wide fault or breakage in the ,trenton limestone1 and he believes that the same forces that gave rise to this fault may account for a subterranean connection with the higher ground many miles to the north through which the water finds its way into the little lake that overlooks ,ontario4 ,mr4 ,drummond's theory is the most plausible that has yet been suggested to account for the source from which this mysterious lake receives its waters4 ,a ,,boiling ,,lake4 ,there is a lake of boiling water in the ,island of ,dominica1 lying in the mountains behind ,roseau1 and in the valleys surrounding it are many solfataras1 or volcanic sulphur vents4 ,in fact1 the boiling lake is little better than a crater filled with scalding water1 constantly fed by mountain streams1 and through which the pent-up gases find vent and are ejected4 ,the temperature of the water on the margins of the lake ranges from #ahj to #aij ,fahrenheit2 in the middle1 exactly over the gas vents1 it is believed to be about #cjj4 ,where this active action takes place the water is said to rise two1 three1 or even four feet above the general surface level of the lake1 the cone often dividing so that the orifices through which the gas escapes are legion in number4 ,this violent disturbance over the gas jets causes a violent action over the whole surface of the lake1 and1 though the cones appear to be special vents1 the sulphurous vapors rise with equal density over its entire surface4 ,contrary to what one would naturally suppose1 there seems to be in no case violent action of the escaping gases1 such as explosions or detonations4 ,the water is of dark gray color1 and having been boiled over and over for thousands of years1 has become thick and slimy with sulphur4 ,as the inlets to the lake are rapidly closing1 it is believed that it will soon assume the character of a geyser or sulphurous crater4--,st4 ,louis ,republic4 ,,an ,,uncanny ,,lake4 ,there is in ,missouri a lake1 perched on the top of a mountain1 its surface from #ej to #ajj feet below the level of the earth surrounding it1 fed by no surface streams1 untouched by the wind1 dead as the sea of ,sodom4 ,there is no point of equal altitude from which water could flow within hundreds of miles1 and yet it has a periodical rise of #cj feet or over1 which is in no way affected by the atmospheric conditions in the country adjacent4 ,it may rain for weeks in ,webster ,county1 and the return of fair weather will find ,devil's ,lake at its lowest point1 while it may reach its highest point during a protracted drouth4--,st4 ,louis ,globe-,democrat4 ,,curious ,,lake ,,in ,,the ,,west ,,indies4 ,,chicago1 ,oct4 #ad4--;,editor of the ,herald3--,in your very interesting 8,missing ,links0 of to-day you mention the great sunken lake in the ,cascade ,mountains as the most deeply sunken lake in the world4 ,this reminded me of a lake similar to this which ,i visited while traveling in the ,west ,indies in #ahia4 ,this lake is situated in the island of ,st4 ,vincent on the highest peak of the ,souffrire range of mountains1 #d1ejj feet above the level of the sea4 ,it is one mile and a half down to the surface of the water and like the ,cascade ,lake the depth of the water is unknown4 ,soundings were taken many years ago by ,lieutenant ,smith1 of the ,united ,states navy1 but with no result4 ,the lake is almost a complete circle and is about three or four miles in circumference4 ,the color of the water is light olive1 but there are times when it changes to an intense yellow and is saturated with sulphur4 ,it was in the latter state that ,i saw it in #ahia1 and so thick was the sulphur that two of our party who ventured to bathe came out with a thin coating of sulphur on many parts of their body and emitting so strong an odor that we were forced to quarantine them for some hours4 ,,ed ,,fitzgerald4 ,,lofty ,,lakes ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,the most loftily situated lakes are found among the ,himalaya ,mountains in ,thibet4 ,their altitudes do not1 however1 seem to have been accurately gauged1 for different authorities give widely different figures regarding them4 ,according to some1 ,lake ,manasurovara1 one of the sacred lakes of ,thibet1 is between #ai1jjj and #bj1jjj feet above the level of the sea1 and if this is so it is undoubtedly the loftiest lake in the world4 ,two other ,thibetan lakes1 those of ,cholamoo and ,surakol1 are stated to be #ag1jjj and #ae1djj feet in altitude respectively4 ,for a long time it was supposed that ,lake ,titicaca1 in ,south ,america1 was the loftiest in the world4 ,it covers about #d1ejj square miles1 and is #ibd feet above the sea4 ,in spite of inexactitude with regard to the measurements of the elevation of the ,thibetan lakes1 they are1 no doubt1 considerably higher than this and any others4--,new ,york ,telegram4 ,,the ,,water ,,still ,,rises4 ,,queer ,,pranks ,,of ,a ,,lake ,,as ,,an ,,effect ,,of ,,an ,,earthquake ,,shock4 ,,new ,,york1 ,september #ah4--,to-day's ,herald has these cable dispatches3 8,,san ,,salvador1 ,,via ,,galveston1 ,,tex41 ,september #ab1 #ahia4--,the waters in ,llapango ,cojutepeque1 or ,illabasco ,lake1 as it is variously known1 keep on rising4 ,the workmen sent by the government to open an outlet to the ocean are still hard at work4 8,the shocks continue to be felt at irregular intervals4 ,the earthquake of ,september #h was experienced all over the country4 ,the material losses are estimated at #ejj1jjj1 although this seems a low figure4 8,news was received here this morning from ,guatemala ,city that ex-vice-,president ,dr4 ,rafeel ,aola had been accidentally shot and killed while attempting to separate two of his friends who were engaged in a quarrel40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the extreme eastern edge of ,arizona there is a great shallow salt lake in a bowl-like depression1 the sink itself being some hundreds of feet deep and three miles across4 ,the basin1 all the portion of it not taken up by the lake1 is dazzling white with millions upon millions of salt crystals4 ,in the center of the lake rises what appears to be a cone-shaped volcanic peak4 ,should you take the trouble to ford the lake you will find a miniature lake in the middle of the peak clear as crystal4 ,,the ,,deepest ,,lake ,,known4 ,by far the deepest lake in the world is ,lake ,baikal1 in ,siberia1 which is in every way comparable to the great ,canadian lakes as regards size2 for1 while its area of over #i1jjj square miles makes it about equal to ,lake ,erie in superficial extent1 its enormous depth of between #d1jjj and #d1ejj feet makes the volume of its waters almost equal to that of ,lake ,superior4 ,although its surface is #a1cej feet above the sea level1 its bottom is nearly #c1jjj feet below it4 ,the ,caspian ,lake1 or ,sea1 as it is usually called1 has a depth in its southern basin of over #c1jjj feet4 ,lake ,maggiore is #b1hjj feet deep1 ,lake ,como nearly #b1jjj feet1 and ,lagodi-,garda1 another ,italian lake1 has a depth in certain places of #a1ijj feet4 ,lake ,constance is over #a1jjj feet deep1 and ,huron and ,michigan reach depths of #ijj and #a1jjj feet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,blowout ,mountains in the cascades above ,breitenbush1 ,ore41 is unmistakably one of the wonders of the cascades1 consisting of about eight hundred acres of granite rock piled up in every conceivable shape4 ,from all indications it has been caused by an accumulation of gas below1 which bursting out threw the rock into the caon1 forming a beautiful lake from twenty to thirty rods wide and half a mile long1 in which abound myriads of trout4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a peculiar fish1 of brown color1 without scales1 and weighing twenty-one pounds1 was caught in a net at ,new ,dorp1 ,staten ,island1 this week1 by the lighthouse keeper4 ,in forty years' fishing the keeper has never seen a similar fish4 ,a ,,mammoth ,,spring4 ,the largest and most wonderful spring of fresh water in the world is on the gulf coast of ,florida in ,hernando ,county4 ,the ,wekowechee ,river1 a stream large enough to float a small steamer1 is made entirely of water spouted from this gigantic natural well1 which is #fj feet in diameter and about #gj or #hj feet deep4 ,chemists who have analyzed the water say that there is not a trace of organic matter in its composition1 and that it is the most pure and fresh of any spring in ,america4 ,a dime tossed into the spring can be seen lying on the bottom as plainly as it could in a glass of common well water4 ,the steamer which makes regular excursion trips up and down the ,wekowechee is often floated into the cavity of the spring1 but cannot be made to stay in the center1 as the force of the rising water forces it to the sides of the basin4 ,the spring and #b1jjj acres of land adjoining belong to two ,chicago capitalists1 who are making it a pleasure resort4 ,,the ,,world',s ,,largest ,,spring4 ,at ,mammoth ,spring1 ,ark41 and under the shadow of the ,ozark ,mountains1 is the largest spring in the world4 ,the water comes up in such a body that it forms a lake about the orifice4 ,the output of the spring is #bi1fjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,records have been kept of it for ten years1 and during that time the output has not varied #ajj gallons a day nor the temperature a single degree4 ,winter and summer the spring remains at #ei degrees4 ,the spring is evidently the outlet of some underground river4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,poncho springs in ,colorado are all on the side of a mountain1 and hot and cold water flows from the ground in places not more than three inches apart4 ,,fresh ,,water ,,from ,a ,,salt ,,bay4 ,from the ,florida ,times-,union and ,citizen4 ,,belleair1 ,march #c4--,the ,eldridge spring is quite an attraction to the visitors2 it furnishes drink water for the hotel4 ,it is out in the bay1 but is cemented up1 so as to keep out the salt water1 and throws up #ajj1jjj gallons of water per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a species of eyeless fish has been found in a subterranean boiling spring discovered in a ,nevada mine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the motion of the earth around the sun is #fh1cje miles an hour2 over #a1jjj miles a minute1 or nineteen miles a second4 ,a ,,strange ,,pond4 ,hicks ,pond1 in ,palmyra1 ,me41 is a strange body of water4 ,it is only twelve acres in area1 but it is more than #ajj feet in depth4 ,it has no visible inlet1 although a fair sized stream flows from it into ,lake ,sebasticook4 ,the volume of its waters is not materially affected by either drouth or freshet1 and the water is always cold4--,philadelphia ,ledger4 ,,wonders ,,beneath ,,the ,,surface4 ,workmen engaged in sinking an artesian well in ,sandy ,valley1 near ,niria1 ,n4 ,m41 struck an open seam1 from which a cold stream of air rushed with force enough to remove a #ab-pound rock laid over the opening4 ,the air was charged with millions of small yellow bugs1 each having but two legs1 no wings and a small red circle on his back4 ,they lived but a few seconds after striking the warm outside air4 ,local scientists are puzzling over the question3 ,how did they get so far down into the earth8--,st4 ,louis ,republic4 ,,fish ,,in ,,an ,,old ,,well4 ,some queer fish were taken out of the recently reopened well on the ,united ,states fish station at ,san ,marcos1 ,texas1 says the ,louisville ,courier-,journal4 ,there were several salamanders1 varying in length from an inch and a half to four and a half inches4 ,these creatures live on land or water1 have human-looking faces1 hands and feet1 bulldog head1 tail of an eel and body of fish4 ,there were also large numbers of shrimps1 resembling sea shrimps1 only much smaller4 ,it is an artesian well1 and everybody wants to know where the creatures come from4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a wonderful artesian well is in flourishing activity at ,huron1 ,n4 ,d4 ,it throws a stream #ajj feet high1 and the flow is estimated at from #h1jjj to #aj1jjj gallons a minute4 ,,st4 ,,winifred',s ,,well4 ,one of the most copious springs in ,great ,britain is the famed ,st4 ,winifred's well1 near the town of ,holywell1 in ,flintshire4 ,the well is an oblong square1 about twelve feet by seven1 and its water1 say the people of the district1 has never been known to freeze4 ,this latter assertion may be true1 as besides containing a fair percentage of mineral matter that lowers its freezing point1 the well is inside a beautiful chapel1 which was erected over it by ,queen ,margaret1 the mother of ,henry ,,vii4 ,the water thrown up is not less than eighty-four hogsheads every minute1 and the quantity appears to vary very little either in drouth or after the heaviest rain1 showing doubtless that its primitive sources are numerous and widely distributed4 ,sir ,winifred's has been the object of many pilgrimages4 ,,montezuma',s ,,well4 ,one of the most pleasing natural curiosities in the ,territory of ,arizona is the pool of water known as ,montezuma's well4 ,it is situated fifteen miles northeast of the old abandoned military post known as ,cape ,verde4 ,it is #be feet in diameter1 and the clear1 pure water is about sixty feet below the surface of the surrounding country4 ,some years ago certain military officers sounded the pool and found that it had a uniform depth of eighty feet of water1 except in one place1 apparently about six feet square1 where the sounding line went down about #ejj feet without touching bottom4 ,the well empties into ,beaver ,creek1 only about #ajj yards distant1 the water gushing forth from the rocks as though it were under great pressure4 ,the well is undoubtedly supplied from subterranean sources1 possibly through the hole sounded by the army officers years ago4 ,the sides of the well are honeycombed with caves and tunnels1 permitting sightseers to descend to the water's edge4 ,montezuma's well contains no fish4 ,the flow of water from it is the same throughout the season4 ,popular opinion has attributed the origin of the well to volcanic action1 but as the rock surrounding it is limestone1 it is more than probable that the action of the water is responsible for its creation4--,native ,american4 ,a ,,remarkable ,,island4 ,from the ,pittsburg ,dispatch4 ,a rim of land inclosing a fresh-water lake in the middle of the ,pacific ,ocean is a novelty in the way of islands4 ,there may not be more than one such in the great ocean1 and1 at any rate1 that type of island is extremely rare4 ,this strange spot is ,niuafou1 which is quite apart from other ocean islands4 ,it lies midway between the ,fiji and ,samoa groups1 and is under the government of the ,tonga group1 though it is #bjj miles from these islands4 ,it has recently been visited by ,lieutenant ,somerville1 of the ,british ,navy4 ,some time or other a volcanic vent opened at the bottom of the ocean1 and the lava that poured out of it piled up higher and higher1 until it finally overtopped the sea4 ,a great volcanic mountain had been formed1 and the part of it that came into view above the waste of waters was1 of course1 an island4 ,as time went on this volcano was the scene of one of those tremendous explosions that sometimes tear mountains to pieces4 ,it was such a cataclysm that blew off the upper #c1jjj feet of ,krakatoa some years ago4 ,the explosion at ,niuafou had a remarkable result4 ,the interior of the crater was blown out to a considerable depth1 leaving only the narrow rim1 in this case a nearly perfect ring1 around the deep central cavity4 ,such is the island of to-day4 ,a thousand ,tongans live in the five villages that lie along the outer slope of that crater wall4 ,the drainage from the inner slope has partly filled the cavity1 forming a lake whose waters1 though slightly alkaline1 are drinkable4 ,from the top of the crater rim one looks down upon the peaceful lake within1 with its three little islands and the curiously shaped peninsula jutting out into it2 and outside the rim is the ever-restless ocean4 ,,where ,,the ,,valley ,,was ,a ,,hill ,,is4 ,from the ,chicago ,record4 ,,seattle1 ,wash41 ,april #f4--;,a tremendous upheaval1 accompanied by wonderful changes1 occurred in the ,mount ,baker district ,march #bg4 ,what had once been a valley and the bed of a river is now a hill seventy feet high4 ,the noise of the upheaval was heard at ,hamilton1 ten miles away4 ,a report of the occurrence was brought to the city by ,d4 ,p4 ,simons1 ,jr4 ,simons says the noise of the upheaval sounded like heavy thunder4 ,he and his party1 who were examining timber lands1 journeyed in the direction from which the sound came1 and were astonished to see a huge mound of earth1 nearly a quarter of a mile square1 where formerly there had been a valley4 ,in places the mound was seventy feet high4 ,the ,nooksachk ,river had been turned from its course1 and ran around one side of a hill4 ,nearly in the center of this high bank of earth was a large lake4 ,a forest had formerly occupied the ground1 and trees which had escaped destruction rose above the water4 ,there were cracks here and there in the mound large enough to ingulf a horse and wagon4 ,there was a smell of sulphur in the air1 and it is ,mr4 ,simons's impression that the disturbance was caused by gases underneath the mountain4 ,william ,hadley1 a trapper1 whose wrecked cabin now stands in the center of the huge mound1 was absent at the time of the upheaval1 and thus escaped death4 ,his cabin was split in two4 ,,remarkable ,,geological ,,discovery4 ,according to a ,florida paper a remarkable geological discovery has been made there4 ,the ,galena ,advocate says3 8,as ,p4 ,m4 ,oliver1 in company with a lot of friends1 was chasing a fox through his field near ,payne's prairie ,saturday night last his horse ran into a sink and in getting the animal out ,sunday morning attention was attracted to the numerous curious petrological formations on the sides of the sink4 ,further examination ,monday disclosed immense beds of the petrified bones of the now extinct dinotherium giganteum1 icthyosaurus1 glyptodon1 cuvieri1 plesiosaurus1 and peterodactyl4 ,this is probably the richest find in the world and was altogether accidental40 ,,tunnelling ,,for ,,water4 ,,folks ,,out ,,in ,,idaho ,,who ,,run ,,their ,,wells ,,into ,a ,,side ,,hill4 ,the citizens of ,sweet1 ,canyon ,county1 ,idaho1 have a novel way of obtaining water for domestic and irrigation purposes4 ,the water is dug out of the hillside1 with wells run like tunnels1 and not down into the earth as ordinary wells are dug4 ,east of the town1 there is a bluff out of which sparkling mountain water can be procured almost anywhere by merely running a tunnel in from twenty to forty feet4 ,at one point in town1 a stream sufficient to irrigate a fine orchard and garden1 besides an ample supply for domestic use and for watering all the teams that pass that way1 comes pouring out of the #dj-;foot tunnel4 ,neither the spring freshets nor the summer drouths affect its flow4 ,,dominica',s ,,boiling ,,lake4 ,a ,,natural ,,curiosity ,,that ,,was ,,not ,,discovered ,,till #ahge4 ,mr4 ,sterns-,fadelle of ,dominica has just published a little book giving some interesting information recently obtained about a curious natural phenomenon in ,dominica1 one of the ,lesser ,antilles4 ,this island is only #bia square miles in area4 ,it was colonized by the ,spaniards in the seventeenth century and peopled later by ,french emigrants1 who controlled the island uninterruptedly until the eighteenth century1 and its resources have since been exploited by ,english and ,french2 and yet its natural curiosity in the northern part of the island had never been seen or heard of until twenty-eight years ago4 ,this can be explained only by the fact that the neighborhood of the boiling ,lake of ,dominica is difficult of access4 ,the lake was discovered by an ,englishman1 ,dr4 ,nichols1 who organized an expedition to explore the unknown part of the island4 ,one day his little party were clambering up a mountain4 ,they suddenly came upon evidences of sulphur1 and a moment later stood looking down into a crater which was filled with boiling water4 ,stifling vapors rose from the agitated surface1 rumblings of thunder came from the subterranean regions1 and near the center of the little lake1 where the water was most violently disturbed1 the furious boiling lifted the surface ten or twelve feet above the general level4 ,the lake was constantly fed by several small brooks that poured from the heights above the crater4 ,mr4 ,sterns-,fadelle says that the lake is still boiling4 ,it has been found to be at an altitude of #b1dij meters above sea level4 ,in form it is elliptical4 ,when it is filled with water it is about #bjj feet long and less than #ajj feet wide4 ,its depth is unknown4 ,an attempt to touch bottom was made thirty feet from the water edge1 where1 at a depth of #aie feet1 no bottom was reported4 ,the water is not always in movement4 ,at certain times the surface is calm and glistens brilliantly under the rays of the sun4 ,at other times it is violently agitated and boils away1 exactly like a big tea kettle4 ,but1 instead of the singing that accompanies the ebullitions in the kettle1 the boiling fluid in this cauldron is accompanied by the gruffest and most unpleasant detonations4 ,little waves roll up on the narrow shelf of sandy beach1 which is covered with a scum of sulphur4 ,the boiling lake is the center of the present volcanic activity of ,grande ,souffrire1 or ,diabolin1 a mountain covering an area of about five square miles4 ,the lake is one of the last vestiges of volcanic energy left to the big mountain1 which within the historical period has had no great outbursts4 ,,lake ,,cicott',s ,,seven-,,year ,,rise4 ,,indiana ,,phenomenon ,,reappears ,,on ,,schedule ,,time4 ,,indianapolis1 ,aug4 #a4--,with neither outlet nor inlet that is at any time visible1 ,lake ,cicott1 a small body of water in ,cass ,county1 has now reached a height which it attains every seven years1 and hundreds of acres of fine corn land are covered by several feet of water4 ,the rural mail route1 which runs along the lake's banks1 has been abandoned by the carrier1 for the water covers it to a depth of three feet and stretches beyond for several hundred yards4 ,lake ,cicott has been an interesting phenomenon to the people of northern ,indiana for many years1 but the secret of its rise and fall has never been discovered4 ,it is the only ,lake in ,cass ,county and is about one mile wide and about one mile long4 ,the water is clear and cold and perfectly fresh4 ,its most mysterious characteristic is the fact that it overflows its banks every seventh year4 ,the farmers who own the land upon its banks have become so used to this that they never attempt to cultivate the land in the seventh year1 but give it up without protest1 as they know it is sure to be claimed by the waters4 ,the ,pottawattomie ,indians who inhabited what is now ,cass and adjoining counties were familiar with the characteristic of the lake4 ,they believed that its bottom was inhabited by a powerful spirit1 which at intervals of seven years caused the lake to overflow4 ,they construed this action as approval of the tribe by the spirit1 and watched anxiously for the time to come1 for they saw in the rising waters a sure indication that they had done nothing to displease it4 ,the early white settlers became acquainted with the legend and the oldest inhabitant is not able to recall a time that the overflow did not take place when expected4 ,the water has now reached its highest point1 and will soon begin to recede and continue to do so till the old confines are reached4 ,residents of the locality say that the weather conditions have no effect upon the lake1 for its rise in the seventh year takes place regardless of the fact of rain or drouth4 ,amos ,jordan1 a veteran of the civil war1 who lives on a bluff overlooking the lake1 says the only apparent difference between wet and dry seasons when the rise occurs is that the water appears to be colder in time of drouth4 ,what is true of the rise of the waters is also true of their recession1 for they gradually disappear regardless of the amount of rainfall in the county4 ,the phenomenon is explained on the theory that there is a subterranean outlet1 which becomes closed in some way and is opened by the pressure of the water when the highest point is reached every seventh year2 but this is mere guesswork and nothing has ever been discovered to justify such a theory4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company1 which owns a number of ice-houses on the edge of the lake1 made soundings at different places before the rise began1 and found the greatest depth to be ninety feet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hundreds more of such clippings have been preserved in a scrap book describing similar phenomena all over the ,earth1 all of which seem solvable through claims herein set forth1 in the combined influences of frictional and volcanic heat1 and the occasional contact with outpouring streams from the internal ocean of fresh water4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,italicized text is surrounded by underscores3 italics4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized4 ,archaic or variant spelling has been retained4