,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,_m ( ! illu/rations are n 9 num]ical ord]4 ,?is is n a mi/ake1 x is "p ( ! orig9al book4 ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,! ,build+ ( ,model ,monoplanes1 ,biplanes1 etc41 toge!r ) a ,*apt] on ,build+ a ,model ,air%ip ,,by ,f4 ,j4 ,,camm ,,) #aij ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,,company ,,editor',s ,,preface ,?is is a practical h&book on ! pr9ciples1 con/ructional details & me?ods ( build+ model a]oplanes1 writt5 by a well-kn[n model a]oplane design] & build]4 ,x deals ) e "p ( a ma*9e & describes a numb] ( diff]5t types1 includ+ monoplanes1 biplanes1 collapsible ma*9es1 tractor monoplanes1 hydro-monoplanes1 a]oplanes driv5 by compress$ air1 etc41 etc4 ,! conclud+ *apt] expla9s h[ to build a model air%ip1 &1 z 9 ! case ( all ! o!rs1 is bas$ on ! results ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,read]s 9 ne$ ( fur!r in=mation on ! subject %\ld address _! inquiries to 8,"w10 ,la ,belle ,sauvage1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 ?r\gh ^: columns 7b n by po/71 assi/ance w be gladly giv54 ,b4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page #a4 ,,:y ,,an ,,a]oplane ,,flies #a #b4 ,,types ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes #ab #c4 ,,practical ,,con/ruction3 ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,fuselages #ai #d4 ,,practical ,,con/ruction3 ,,c>v+ ,,air-,,screws #ce #e4 ,,practical ,,con/ruction3 ,,b5d+ ,,air-,,screws #db #f4 ,,practical ,,con/ruction3 ,,planes #dg #g4 ,,simple ,,tw9-,,screw ,,monoplane #ed #h4 ,,simple ,,tw9-,,screw ,,biplane #fa #i4 ,,w9d]s ,,= ,,ela/ic ,,motors #fi #aj4 ,,collapsible ,,monoplane #gc #aa4 ,,tractor ,,monoplane #hj #ab4 ,,hydro-,,monoplane #hg #ac4 ,,compress$-,,air ,,eng9e ,,= ,,model ,,a]oplane #id #ad4 ,,biplane ,,driv5 ,,by ,,compress$-,,air ,,eng9e #ajd #ae4 ,,g5]al ,,notes ,,on ,,model ,,design+ #abj #af4 ,,g5]al ,,notes #abd #ag4 ,,easily-,,made ,,tailless ,,kites #acf #ah4 ,,build+ ,a ,,model ,,air%ip #ada ,,index #aed ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,*apt] ,i ,:y an ,a]oplane ,flies ,:y does an a]oplane fly8 ,! "q is wor?y ( close exam9ation4 ,!re is "o common enemy to a]oplanes--! =ce ( gravity4 ,7 x n = ! exi/5ce ( ?is =ce1 :i*1 z ,newton put x1 8is unse5 & unhe>d & yet dom9ates ! univ]se10 ! problem ( ! a]oplane w\ld h be5 solv$ ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,bri/ol ,monoplane & ,biplane ,mo/ read]s h h&l$ ! toy kite1 & s9ce ! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! flight ( a kite are precisely ! same z ^? :i* apply to ! a]oplane1 ! latt] w be ! m readily und]/ood if ! pr9ciples are expla9$ ?r\gh ?is m$ium4 ,full-size a]oplanes to :i* c]ta9 models approximate are %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a;,a4--,=ces ,act+ on ,kite ,if a kite is laun*$ 9 a w9d x spe$ily atta9s a c]ta9 height or altitude1 at :i* x rema9s s long z ! w9d does n drop4 ,! w9d is ov]com+ gravity1 :i* con/antly endeav\rs to br+ ! kite to e>?1 & h5ce1 s9ce ! kite rema9s 9 ! air1 ! =ces act+ on ! kite are said to be 9 equilibrium--t is1 balanc$4 ,! =ces are %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #a;,a1 & include gravity1 :i* is practically con/ant & rema9s unalt]$ "u all conditions1 ! air pressure :i*1 :5 suffici5tly int5se1 lifts ! kite aga9/ ! action ( gravity1 & ! pull ( ! /r+4 ,! air pressure is really a comb9ation ( two =ces--lift & drift4 ,! drift or resi/ance t5ds to move ! kite 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 & lift to raise ! kite 9 opposition to gravity4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 drift is an undesirable factor1 ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9e mu/ be made z l[ z possible1 z x absorbs p[]1 z w cle>ly be se54 ,if ! velocity ( ! w9d drops1 ! kite drops also1 increas+ its angle ) ! horizon1 !reby caus+ x to capture & =ce d[n m air until equilibrium is aga9 re/or$4 ,if ! /r+ ( a kite breaks1 ! balance ( ! =ces is de/roy$1 drift & gravity tak+ comm& & s br++ ! kite to e>?4 ,if x takes a w9d ( fifte5 miles an h\r to lift a kite1 simil>ly x w\ld lift to exactly ! same elevation if ! hold] ( ! kite-/r+ comm5c$ to run at a rate ( fifte5 miles p] h\r 9 calm air4 ,n[1 an a]oplane is m]ely a kite ) a me*anical arrangem5t 7! eng9e & propell]7 :i* supplies ! motion necess>y to fly x1 & elim9ates ! necessity = a w9d4 ,?is /atem5t c easily be foll[$4 ,9 ! a=em5tion$ p>allel x 0 se5 t x 0 immat]ial :e!r ! kite-fly] 0 /&+ /ill ) ! w9d mov+ at fifte5 miles p] h\r1 or :e!r he 0 mov+ at ! rate ( fifte5 miles p] h\r 9 /ill air4 ,! result 9 ea* case is ! same--! kite flies4 ,x has be5 /at$ t if ! kite-/r+ fractur$ ! kite w\ld fall to ! gr\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 possible at ! mom5t ( rupture to atta* a weightless eng9e & air-screw to ! kite capable ( ex]t+ a =w>d pu% equal to ! drift1 ! kite w\ld /ill rema9 9 ! air4 ,aga91 if ! w9d 7 sudd5ly to /op1 & ! eng9e & air-screw 7 capable ( mov+ ! kite =w>d at ! same rate at :i* ! w9d 0 bl[+1 ! kite w\ld fly1 & 9 all important respects w\ld con/itute an a]oplane4 ,! kite1 x w be assum$1 requires a m9imum spe$ ( fifte5 miles p] h\r 9 ord] to su/a9 itself4 ,if ! w9d be bl[+ at fifte5 miles an h\r ! op]ator c rema9 /ation>y4 ,if x bl[s at t5 miles an h\r he mu/ run at five miles an h\r aga9/ ! w9d4 ,if x bl[s at five miles an h\r he mu/ run at t5 miles an h\r aga9/ ! w9d1 or tw5ty miles p] h\r ) ! w9d to ma9ta9 ! kite4 ,h5ce an a]oplane really has two spe$s--its spe$ relative to ! e>? & its air spe$4 ,! =m] is ! rate ( :i* x w\ld travel a giv5 di/ance1 & ! latt] is ! sum ( ! spe$ relative to ! e>? & ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,x c readily be se5 t an a]oplane travell+ at t5 miles an h\r relative to ! e>? aga9/ a fifte5-mile-an-h\r w9d has really an air spe$ ( tw5ty-five miles an h\r4 ,:5 ! a]oplane1 h[ev]1 is travell+ ) ! w9d1 ! air spe$ is ! spe$ relative to ! e>? m9us ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,x is also conv5i5t to draw a p>allel betwe5 ! %ip & ! a]oplane4 ,! weight ( a %ip mu/ equal ! weight ( wat] x displaces 9 ord] to float4 ,simil>ly an a]oplane1 by its motion ?r\gh ! air1 mu/ deflect a volume ( air equal at lea/ to its own weight4 ,! a]oplane !n w\ld j lift itself f ! gr\nd2 & ! m air x deflects ! high] does x asc5d4 ,n[1 if a #a-lb4 weight be laid on a table1 ! table presses aga9/ ! weight ) a =ce ( #a lb4 ,if ! h& is press$ aga9/ ! wall1 ! wall presses back ) an equal pressure4 ,if a p]son fires a revolv]1 ! =ce ( explosion t5ds to =ce ! revolv] & ! p]son 9 ! opposite direction to ! travel ( ! bullet4 ,^! are m]ely illu/rations ( ! law t action & reaction are equal & opposite4 ,x is 9 reality due to ?is law t ! a]oplane c resi/ gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,deflection ( ,air ,fig4 #b repres5ts an end view ( a kite--or1 = t matt]1 ( an a]oplane4 ,! arr[s indicate ! direction ( motion ( ! w9d4 ,^u contact ) ! kite ! air has a d[nw>d action1 & ! consequ5t reaction lifts ! kite4 ,h5ce ! motion ( an a]oplane ?r\gh ! air causes a pressure on ! latt]1 & ! resultant is :at is t]m$ lift4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! reason :y an a]oplane lifts has be5 dealt )4 ,fur!r consid]ations h to be dealt ) aft] ! ma*9e has left ! gr\nd4 ,9 te*nical language ^! c\ld be summ>is$ into a s+le s5t5ce--t is1 ! c5tres ( pressure & gravity mu/ be made to co9cide1 & ! ma*9e mu/ also be /able 9 bo? lat]al & longitud9al directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,position ( ,c5tre ( ,gravity ,an ord9>y pap] glid]1 cut f a /iff %eet ( c>tridge pap]1 w s]ve admirably to demon/rate ?is /atem5t1 :i* at fir/ sight w convey z mu* to ! read] z ,*octaw or o!r remote language4 ,cut ! pap] to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ,fig4 #c & make sure t x is flat1 by press+ betwe5 ! leaves ( a book4 ,!n project x horizontally into ! air4 ,x does n atta9 glid+ motion4 ,x p]=ms a s]ies ( evolutions1 too quickly = ! eye to p]ceive2 b :at happ5s is ?is4 ,aft] laun*+1 ! front edge turns up & ! %eet glides back4 ,n[ ! back edge turns up & ! glid] dives =w>d4 ,aga9 ! front edge turns up1 ! glid] slides back1 ! back edge turns up1 x glides =w>d1 & s on until ! glid] rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,n[ fix a c\ple ( small brass pap]-fa/5]s 9 ! front edge 7! correct numb] ( fa/5]s c h[ev] only be f\nd by exp]im5t1 b two w usually be suffici5t = ! size ( glid] indicat$71 & laun* ! glid] aga94 ,x w be notic$ t x glides /eadily at a small angle to ! gr\nd4 ,! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on is simple4 ,:5 x 0 laun*$ 9 ! fir/ place1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! plane lay along a l9e runn+ ?r\gh ! geometrical c5tre1 p>allel ) ! front edge1 & ! glid] m]ely rock$ or oscillat$ ab\t ?is axis4 ,! c5tre ( pressure ( ! surface w\ld be approximately 9 ! position %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,:5 ! correct numb] ( pap]-fa/5]s1 h[ev]1 are fix$1 ! c5tre ( gravity is mov$ =w>d to a position co9cid5t ) ! c5tre ( pressure1 ! result be+ t ! glid] came to e>? 9 /ead9ess & poise4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh x is n[ balanc$1 x w /ill %[ a t5d5cy to rock sidewise or lat]ally1 & if ! w+s are b[$ up to ! dih$ral angle %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! rock w be elim9at$1 & ! ma*9e is said to be lat]ally /able4 ,ei!r ( ! dih$ral angles may be us$1 al?\gh ,b is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,:at ( /ability 9 a longitud9al direction8 ,j z important ?is1 b n q s easy to obta94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,dih$ral ,fig4 #e is a side elevation ( two surfaces fix$ to a sp>1 & %[s h[ /ability is obta9$ longitud9ally4 ,! surfaces ( ! elevator or tail1 accord+ to :e!r ! ma*9e is 8can>d0 or tractor 7can>d be+ ! t]m = propell]-beh9d or 8pu%]0 ma*9es71 is plac$ at a positive angle ) ! horizon4 ,! correct angle c1 ( c\rse1 only be f\nd by exp]im5t4 ,n[1 f ! =ego+ c]ta9 laws c be d$uc$4 ,fir/ly1 9 ord] to be /able longitud9ally1 ! c5tre ( pressure mu/ be kept z ne> to ! c5tre ( gravity z possible1 & secondly1 ! ma9 surface ( ! a]oplane mu/ be incl9$ to pres]ve lat]al /ability4 ,) full-size a]oplanes !re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al exceptions to ?is rule1 z ! fa/] a ma*9e travels ! m /able does x become1 & h5ce ! dih$ral angle is really unnecess>y4 ,x may be well at ?is po9t to describe ! action ( a plane4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! t]ms 8plane0 & 8a]oplane0 are misnom]s1 s9ce no full-size ma*9e has surfaces :i* ev5 approximate to planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,disposition ( ,angles ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,air-fl[ ,r\nd ,plane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,air-fl[ ,r\nd ,camb]$ ,surface ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,air-fl[ ,r\nd ,/reaml9e ,/rut ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,air-fl[ ,r\nd ,squ>e ,/rut ,! reason :y a p]fectly flat plane is nev] us$ on full-size a]oplanes w be foll[$ f ,fig4 #f1 :i* %[s ! fl[ ( air ov] an incl9$ plane1 ! t]m 8plane0 be+ us$ "h 9 its te*nical s5se4 ,x w be notic$ t a region ( 8dead air0 or p>tial vacuum is caus$1 :i* s]i\sly affects ! lift ( ! plane4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! fl[ ( air ov] a camb]$ a](oil 7or to use ! popul> colloquialism 8plane074 ,less di/urbance occurs 9 ?is in/ance1 ! air foll[+ v approximately ! cont\r ( ! surface4 ,x has be5 prov$ by te/ 9 ! ,w9d ,tunnel at ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory at ,t$d+ton t an effici5tly-design$ a](oil section has a lift two-?irds great] ?an a true plane4 ,= a simil> reason all /ruts or a]oplanes are 8/reaml9$10 z %[n by ,fig4 #h4 ,! air fl[1 x w be se51 is less di/urb$ ?an by a squ>e /rut 7,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,fl[ ( ,air ov] ,ends ( ,plane ,fig4 #aj %[s ! air fl[ r\nd a squ>e-end$ & tap]-end$ plane respectively4 ,x w be notic$ t ! air has a t5d5cy to leak ov] ! end ( ! squ>e plane1 :i* is obviat$ by ! tap]$ w+4 ,x may be ?\ght t su* details z ^! are unimportant2 b :5 x is rememb]$ t an a]oplane1 correctly /reaml9$1 w fly = "o-half ! p[] requir$ to fly a ma*9e n s design$1 ! enorm\s sav+ 9 p[] w be manife/4 ,! actual ?ru/ requir$ to lift a model a]oplane is r\ghly equal to a qu>t] ( its total weight4 ,?us a model weigh+ #f oz4 w require #a-oz4 ?ru/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,types ( ,model ,a]oplanes ,) a view to illu/rat+ "s ( ! models describ$ 9 ?is book complete1 "s draw+s are giv5 ( ! m successful designs :i* h come into prom95ce dur+ ! pa/ eight ye>s4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! ,ridley ,monoplane1 :i* secur$ sev]al well-m]it$ rew>ds 9 op5 competition1 & is an excell5t ma*9e = di/ance4 ,bir* %\ld be us$ = ! long]ons1 pref]ably ( *annell$ section4 ,! ma9 plane is ( piano wire1 cov]$ ) pro($ silk1 & ! elevator is entirely ( extremely ?9 v5e]4 ,b5twood screws are us$ fairly %ort 9 diamet] & ( long pit*4 ,! ma*9e is capable ( fly+ a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,! ,fairey type ( model a]oplane typifi$ 9 ,fig4 #ab is a mo/ successful type1 & has a*iev$ mu* 9 op5 competition4 ,x has :at is kn[n z a float+ tail1 ) no lead+ /abilis+ surface1 b a small v]tical f9 is us$4 ,?is is a practice ! wait] is n p]sonally 9 fav\r (1 z ?r\gh su* a long lev] ! slighte/ w9d w cause great in/ability4 ,if a vane or f9 mu/ be us$1 x %\ld be plac$ z f> to ! re> ( ! ma*9e z possible1 pref]ably j beh9d1 or 9 front ( ! propell]s = pu%] ma*9es1 & ! extreme end ( ! tail = ! tractor type4 ,! swept-back w+ tips %\ld h a negative angle ( ab\t two degrees1 & ! tail %\ld be q flat 9 relation to ! horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,cl>ke ,type ,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,! ,fairey ,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! ,ridley ,monoplane ,x has be5 /at$ t ?is ma*9e is a highly successful "o2 x is also exce$+ly intricate 9 adju/m5t1 & requires v calm wea!r inde$ to secure successful flights4 ,x has also be5 fl[n ) great success by ,mr4 ,h\lb]g1 :o at "o "t held ! (ficial duration record ( #hi secs ) 8 ma*9e4 ,! long unreliev$ l5g? ( sp> project+ =w>d ( ! ma9 surface detracts mu* f its appe>ance 9 ! air4 ,a ma*9e ( ?is type %\ld n weigh m ?an #h oz41 & is capable ( a flight ( at lea/ a m9ute 9 duration4 ,! simple #a-a-,p type drawn 9 ,fig4 #ac 0 =m]ly popul>is$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,k4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,k+/on1 :o us$ all-wood5 surfaces1 a solid sp> & b5twood screw built up 9 two halves4 ,?is me?od ( screw manufacture is unique1 s9ce x enables ! two blades to be prep>$ f jigs to a great] degree ( accuracy ?an :5 x is b5t f "o piece4 ,moreov]1 ! lapp+ ( ! two halves at ! boss imp>ts /r5g? to ! boss :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,fig4 #ad is a type ( tractor monoplane v successful = duration1 capable ( do+ a m9ute at an altitude ( =ty feet4 ,! rudd] ( tractor ma*9es mu/ always be plac$ above ! ?ru/ l9e & also above ! c5tre ( gravity1 s t %\ld a side gu/ /rike ! ma*9e1 ! latt] does n rock lat]ally 9 ! air1 z a c\ple is set up betwe5 ! und]hung load & ! rudd]4 ,! w9n] ( ! ,wakefield ,gold ,*all5ge ,cup is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,x 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w ,tw9+1 "o ( ! e>ly exp]im5t]s1 = duration1 & 9 ! w9n+ flight scor$ a duration ( sixty-five seconds4 ,x is a v pretty & /able fly]1 & w rise f ! gr\nd aft] a run ( ab\t five feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,tractor ,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,tw9+ ,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,bragg-,smi? ,biplane ,fig4 #af is ( ! ,bragg-,smi? biplane1 :i* fir/ came into prom95ce at ,wembley 9 #aiji4 ,! orig9al ma*9e 0 a huge ma*9e "s f\r feet 9 span1 possess+ a propell] ( l>ge diamet]1 l>ge blades1 & l>ge pit*--q ! anti!sis to ord9>y practice4 ,latt]ly1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,smi? has develop$ 8 ma*9es into tw9-screw1 & no d\bt is ent]ta9$ t ev5 bett] results are obta9$ ) ?is arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,t&em ,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,tractor ,hydro-,biplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,fuselage ,biplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,blriot ,type ,tractor ,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,tractor ,biplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,tw9+ ,h&-laun*$ ,biplane ,x %\ld be po9t$ out1 9 pass+1 t ?is ma*9e is ! subject ( a pat5t = /ability1 x be+ claim$ t great] lat]al /ability is obta9able f ! curv$ l[] ma9plane4 ,a sket* is also giv5 9 ,fig4 #ag ( a tractor hydro-biplane4 ,?is %\ld weigh ab\t #ab ozs4 f9i%$4 ,! t&em monoplane %[n by ,fig4 #ah is ano!r ma*9e :i* has scor$ _m successes 9 ! e>ly days ( model a]oplan+ at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,figs4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb %[ ! ,tw9+ h&-laun*$ biplane1 a tractor biplane built by ! writ]1 a fuselage biplane 7can>d or screw beh9d71 & a ,blriot type tractor monoplane4 ,a tractor ma*9e is "o hav+ ! screw 9 front1 & a 8can>d0 or 8pu%]0 ma*9e has its screw beh9d4 ,x is be/ to designate ! ma*9e by ! type =mula4 ,?us1 a pu%] monoplane ) tw9 screws w\ld be a #a-a-,p-#j type4 ,if x _h a tail x w\ld be #a-a-,p-#a4 ,a tw9-screw 8pu%]0 biplane ) or )\t tail w\ld be #a-b-,p-#a & #a-b-,p-#j respectively4 ,a pu%] monoplane ) only "o screw is a #a-a-,p type4 ,a tractor monoplane ) s+le screw is ,p-#a-a2 a tractor biplane ) s+le screw is ,p-#b-a4 ,if a biplane tail is also us$ x becomes ,p-#b-b4 ,if tw9 screws are us$ x w\ld !n become ,p-#b-b1 & s on4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,practical ,con/ruction3 ,model ,a]oplane ,fuselages ,9 no o!r portion ( a model a]oplane has /&>disation become m m>k$ ?an 9 ! design & con/ruction ( ! fuselage or ma9 frame1 bo? ) reg>d to g5]al details1 me?ods1 & mat]ials4 ,?is fact is s+ul>1 because 9 o!r compon5ts contribut+ 9 a great] degree to ! success ( ! model great div]sity ( op9ion exi/s4 ,x is difficult to ascribe ?is lack ( uni=mity to any p>ticul> reason1 unless x is ! failure on ! "p ( zeal\s amateurs to appreciate ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8effici5cy40 ,v few1 x is ?\ght1 endeav\r to extract ! maximum am\nt ( "w = a m9imum exp5diture ( p[] f ! propell]s1 surfaces1 & s =?1 & ! writ]1 9 judg+ & tabulat+ "s ( ! model a]oplane competitions held 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 has f\nd models giv+ excell5t spectacul> results :i*1 judg$ on an effici5cy basis1 su* z 7di/ance fl[n duration ( flight7 ------------------------------------- 7weight ( rubb]7 %[ a v poor result4 ,! model %\ld be made to fly ! longe/ possible di/ance1 & to rema9 9 ! air ! longe/ possible "t ) ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( ela/ic4 ,?is *apt] is devot$ to ! v>i\s types ( fuselage = fly+ models 7z di/9ct f 8scale0 models ( full-size prototypes7 & me?ods ( con/ruct+ !m1 & ! li/ is z repres5tative ( be/ practice z x has be5 possible = ! writ]1 9 8 ext5sive connection ) ?is subject1 to make x4 ,! fir/ %[n is ! ,a frame 7,fig4 #bc71 br\ght into prom95ce by ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,mann4 ,x %\ld h bir* longitud9als & spruce cross memb]s4 ,q ! be/ section wood to employ is t %[n at ,b1 :i* =ms a conv5i5t seat+ = ! cross memb]s1 ! latt] be+ p9n$ & glu$ into position4 ,! middle bay ( su* a frame requires to be brac$1 to c\nt]act ! torque or di/ortion caus$ by ! ela/ic ske9 :5 ! latt] is 9 torsion4 ,diagram ,a %[s ! jo9t at ! juncture ( ! long]ons or longitud9als4 ,! hooks :i* embrace ! ela/ic ske9s are =m$ f "o cont9u\s l5g? ( wire foll[+ r\nd ! nose ( ! ma*9e4 ,! be>+s may be ( brass1 ) a lug to foll[ r\nd ! end ( ! long]on to :i* x is b\nd4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ! ,t or cantilev] frame1 s nam$ because ( its resemblance to t lett]4 ,x is usual to make ! sp> ( ?is holl[1 by *annell+ out two pieces ( wood1 & glu+ & cramp+ !m toge!r "u pressure4 ,:]e ! brac+ k+po/ passes ?r\gh ! *annel %\ld be pack$1 previ\s to glu+ ! two half sp>s toge!r1 ) a piece ( h>d wood1 s t ! assembl$ sp> is n weak5$ by ! pi]c+ necess>y = ! ins]tion ( ! k+po/4 ,su* a sp> %\ld n exce$ #d ft4 9 l5g?4 ,c is a section ( ! sp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,a ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,t ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,a & ,t ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,t ,frame ,a mu* /rong] tw9-screw fuselage1 :i* is a comb9ation ( ! ,a & ,t frames1 is %[n by ,fig4 #be4 ,"h1 aga91 a s+le-*annell$ long]on %\ld be us$1 al?\gh ! propell] b> & supports %\ld be solid4 ,! *annell$ sp> c be ( silv] spruce or bir*1 & ! b> & supports ( mahogany4 ,a section ( ! sp> is giv5 at ,d4 ,fig4 #bf %[s a ,t frame made f a holl[ sp>1 hav+ ! ends splay$ out to give ! requir$ support to ! ela/ic ske94 ,no propell] b> is us$ b !re is a t5sion wire f be>+ to be>+ to prev5t ! splay$ section ( ! sp> f spread+ :5 ! rubb] is w\nd up4 ,e %[s a section ( ! sp>4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! greate/ wid? ( a sp> %\ld be plac$ v]tically4 ,nev] use a squ>e-section$ sp>4 ,moreov]1 ! be>+ c5tres %\ld only exce$ ! propell] diamet] by 941 s9ce1 ap>t f consid]ation ( weight1 great] rigidity is obta9able f %ort sp>s ?an f long ones4 ,x is 9 details su* z ?is t n only is a consid]able sav+ 9 weight effect$1 b also a mat]ial increase 9 /r5g? & effici5cy4 ,! ,t frame adapt$ to a 8rise-(f-gr\nd0 fuselage is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a holl[ sp> %\ld be us$ = pref]5ce1 b ! sp> cut f ! solid is %[n1 z mo/ amateurs w n be 9 possession ( a jo9]'s pl\gh1 :i* is ! tool requir$ = ?is job4 ,f is a section on ! v]tical l9e ( ! sp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,figs4 #bg to #cj4--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,fuselage ,9 brac+ su* frames z ^? dealt )1 f9e ,no4 #ce ,s4,w4,g4 7,/&>d ,wire ,gauge7 %\ld be us$1 fix$ to small hooks b\nd 9 suitable places on ! sp>2 ! hooks %\ld be made f ,no4 #bb ,s4,w4,g4 ,fig4 #bg %[s at ,g a p]spective view ( a ,t-frame propell] b> & support4 ,z !re %[n1 ! propell] b> fits into a slot cut 9 ! sp> end4 ,if ! sp> is holl[1 ! *annel %\ld be fill$ ) h>d wood1 su* z bir*1 be=e ! slot is cut1 to /r5g!n ! sp> at ?is po9t4 ,s mu* = tw9-screw fuselages4 ,fig4 #bh is a p]spective view ( a boat-%ap$ tractor fuselage1 x be+ und]/ood t a tractor ma*9e is "o ) ! air-screw 9 front4 ,a model built on su* l9es is extremely neat 9 appe>ance & has a pleas+ aspect 9 ! air4 ,! ?ree long]ons are atta*$ to a ?ree-way brass be>+ at ! front end1 & are simply b\nd toge!r at ! re>1 ! hook = ! ela/ic be+ ins]t$ betwe5 ! two top memb]s & turn$ r\nd ! end ( "o ( !m = security1 z %[n at ,h4 ,! bottom memb] %\ld be cut #a 94 long] ?an ! two top ones1 to comp5sate = ! %ort5+ due to ! curve1 :i* is effect$ by compress+ ! bottom memb] to ! same l5g? z ! top ones4 ,! curv$ cross memb]s are ( bamboo1 b5t to ! requir$ %ape ov] a lamp flame2 or !y c\ld be made f piano wire4 ,_! %ape %\ld be drawn full-size to use z a template dur+ ! b5d+ op]ation4 ,z w be se51 a skid is us$ to protect ! tractor screw f damage4 ,?is %\ld ext5d = #b 94 beyond ! be>+1 & mu/ be atta*$ to ! bottom longitud9al directly b5ea? ! fir/ cross memb]1 s t ! latt] absorbs ! %ock ( l&+4 ,at ! po9t ( int]section betwe5 ! skid & ! axle1 ! =m] %\ld be b\nd to ! latt] ) f9e flori/'s wire & neatly sold]$4 ,a two-memb]$ fuselage c be adapt$ f ?is design by omitt+ ! bottom memb] & skid4 ,su* a fuselage w\ld be suitable = a light ma*9e4 ,x is an ess5tial po9t ) tractor models to fit a *assis2 ! purpose ?us be+ tw(old4 ,fir/1 x protects ! propell]1 & secondly1 x obviates ! *>act]i/ic t5d5cy ( tractor ma*9es to asc5d 8nose fir/10 by keep+ ! weight l[ 79 te*nical language1 provid+ a l[ c5tre ( gravity74 ,h&-laun*$ tractor ma*9es t are unprovid$ ) a l&+ ge> are seldom successful & notori\sly tr\blesome4 ,fur!rmore1 ! c5tre ( ?ru/ 7lit]ally ! axis c5tre1 or c5tre ( rotation ( ! be>+7 %\ld always be above ! c5tre ( resi/ance4 ,! c5tre ( resi/ance c usually be tak5 7al?\gh n q accurate7 z be+ on a level ) ! planes4 ,an exce$+ly /rong two-memb]$ tractor fuselage ( ! fusi=m or cig>-%ap$ type is t %[n by ,fig4 #bi1 ! be>+1 :i* is bracket$ & cut f brass1 be+ %[n 9 detail at ,i4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! greate/ wid? ( ! top sp> %\ld be dispos$ horizontally1 ! bottom memb]1 ) ! two cross memb]s1 provid+ rigidity & a gird]-l =m ( con/ruction4 ,! bottom memb] ne$ be only "o-half ! weight ( ! top "o1 z x w be 9 t5sion & s act+ z a tie4 ,silv] spruce %\ld be us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,a simple s+le-sp> *assis1 consi/+ ( a holl[ sp>1 is %[n by ,fig4 #cj4 ,a k+po/ & brac+ is fitt$ und]nea? ! sp>1 to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( ! twi/$ ske9 to b[ x4 ,! *assis %\ld be 7& ?is applies to all models7 ( piano wire ( f ,no4 #ag ,s4,w4,g4 to ,no4 #ah ,s4,w4,g4 ,a tw9-screw propell]-beh9d fuselage ( ! cantilev] type t is exce$+ly /rong1 al?\gh m difficult ?an x appe>s to con/ruct1 is %[n by ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is c be made exce$+ly light f a holl[ sp> 7pack$ solid at ! po9t :]e ! k+po/s are let ?r\gh71 & brac$ ) ,no4 #ce ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire4 ,! brac+ is ! difficult op]ation1 z ! t5sion on ea* wire requires to be v delicately adju/$ to ma9ta9 ! tru? ( ! sp>4 ,! box-gird] type ( fuselage %[n by ,fig4 #cb is m suit$ to models :i* aim at an accurate repres5tation ( "s prototype4 ,x is intricate 9 con/ruction yet ( neat appe>ance1 ! difficulty be+ 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! l>ge numb] ( brac+ wires necess>y4 ,! illu/ration gives a view ( a ,blriot type ( fuselage1 ,j be+ a detail ( ! cross memb] & compression-/rut jo9t4 ,fig4 #cc gives "s sp> sections :i* are 9 common use by "s ( ! crack a]o-modelli/s4 ,all sp>s %\ld tap] 9 a =e-&-aft direction1 s t x virtually becomes a cantilev]4 ,! greate/ cross-section %\ld be "o-?ird ( ! total l5g? f ! front end ( ! sp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd ,figs4 #ca to #cd4--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,fuselage ,ano!r =m ( sp> con/ruction is t giv5 by ,fig4 #cd4 ,q %[s a sp> frett$ out1 ! sides be+ cov]$ ) a ?9 v5e] glu$ & cramp$ into place1 & ,r ! me?od ( mak+ a slott$ sp>4 ,fig4 #ce is ! simple/ possible =m ( model a]oplane fuselage1 if su* x c be call$4 ,*oice ( mat]ials & ! me?od ( utilis+ !m to ! be/ advantage1 s t ! ma*9e is /rong )\t be+ unduly heavy1 is a phase ( model a]oplan+ t calls = "s c>e & judgm5t4 ,!re is a v errone\s impression preval5t among novices t pack+-case wood or simil> mat]ial is suit$ to ! requirem5ts peculi> to model a]oplanes4 ,no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ! tru?2 & ! fact t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total m>ks aw>d$ 9 competition are = design & con/ruction %\ld %[ t ?is matt] is ( prim>y importance4 ,! true te/ ( any model is ! way x 8/&s up0 to a nose dive1 = !n ! c>e & =e?\ght ( ! build] 9 provid+ = anticipat$ ev5tualities w manife/ itself4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ^? :o _h lavi%$ mu* c>e & inf9ite pa9s 9 ! sci5tific con/ruction ( models 7 woefully h&icapp$ 9 competition1 ! flimsy freak t c\ld flutt] al(t = a m9ute or s1 ) ?ree /r&s ( rubb] w\nd to ne>ly break+ po9t1 ga9+ priority ov] ! prop]ly built ma*9e4 ,!re are ?ree sali5t po9ts to be borne 9 m9d on :i* ! durability ( ! ma*9e l>gely dep5ds3 7#a7 its capacity = resi/+ ! torque ( ! rubb] motor2 7#b7 ( absorb+ ! %ocks ( r\gh l&+2 & 7#c7 ! provision t has be5 made = ! rigid atta*m5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,if ! ma*9e is at fault ) reg>d to po9t "o1 fuselage di/ortion is likely to occur1 & result+ f ?is !re w be lack ( alignm5t ( ! surfaces & att5dant tr\bles4 ,po9t two calls = suitable brac+ ( ! sp> or sp>s1 & c>eful *oice ( timb]4 ,x is inadvisable to use wood ( squ>e cross-section1 an oblong section ) ! greate/ measurem5t plac$ v]tically be+ pref]able4 ,if no arrangem5t has be5 made to fix rigidly ! w+s1 *assis1 etc4 7po9t #c71 ^! p>ts are likely to rock or sway :5 ! ma*9e is 9 ! air1 & s occasion bad /ability1 ap>t f :i* a c\ple ( l&+s w\ld %ake ! ma*9e out ( tru?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,simple ,fuselage ,to obviate ^! difficulties a k ( ! /r5g? ( ! v>i\s timb]s w be f\nd useful1 & !re is app5d$ a table ( ! weights ( v>i\s timb]s4 ,! writ] pref]s bir* = fuselage memb]s ov] #c ft4 #f 94 9 l5g?4 ,al?\gh on ! heavy side comp>$ ) spruce1 x w /& a great am\nt ( r\gh usage4 ,spruce is also suitable = fuselages up to ?is l5g?1 :ile maple is m suit$ = ma9 planes4 ,bamboo c be us$ m efficaci\sly = cross memb]s1 /ruts1 etc4 ,"s model-mak]s use bamboo = planes1 ! jo9t ( ! rib to ! sp> be+ by means ( glue & cross-b9d+4 ,al?\gh planes s built are exce$+ly /rong1 x is n possible to make q s neat a job ( !m z ) spruce or maple4 ,ano!r me?od ( build+ ma9 planes is to use spruce or bir* sp>s ) piano-wire ribs1 ^! latt] be+ b\nd to ! =m]4 ,= s+le-sp> models ! ma9 sp> %\ld be tap]$ =e & aft f a po9t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? f ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,:]e x is necess>y to pi]ce ! sp> ( a model a]oplane = ! reception ( a k+po/ or o!r memb]1 silk tape b9d+ %\ld be us$1 ! jo9t be+ soak$ ) clean1 weak glue4 ,to resi/ fuselage di/ortion ! sp> mu/ be suitably brac$ 9 a lat]al direction1 ! outrigg] c>ry+ ! brac+ wires be+ situat$ j =w>d ( ! c5tre ( ! sp>4 ,no4 #ce ,s4,w4,g4 is q /rong en\gh = fuselage brac+4 ,silk fi%+-l9e or ,japanese silk gut is admirably suit$ = w+ brac+1 & is n s liable to /ret* z ! t9n$-iron or brass wire sometimes us$4 ,piano wire is g5]ally us$ = elevators1 tail planes1 *assis1 & propell] %afts1 ( a gauge rang+ f ,no4 #ag ,s4,w4,g4 to ,no4 #bb ,s4,w4,g4 ,a clock-spr+ or piano-wire protector fitt$ to ! nose ( a model a]oplane w also prev5t a brok5 sp> %\ld x /rike any object dur+ flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,built-up ,plane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,w+ ,plans ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,types ( ,be>+s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch;,a4--,tw9-screw ,be>+s ,,weight ,,( ,,woods ,,*iefly ,,us$ ,mahogany #ce lb4 p] cubic foot ,bir* #de 0 0 0 ,maple #df 0 0 0 ,spruce #ca 0 0 0 ,bamboo #be 0 0 0 ,build+ ,scale ,models4--,models ( well-kn[n ma*9es %\ld be built to correct proportions1 if z p]fect a resemblance z possible is aim$ at4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is1 ( c\rse1 to adopt a def9ite scale4 ,! p>ticul> scale w dep5d pr9cipally on ! size ! build] requires 8 model2 b ! size ( ! prototype mu/1 ( c\rse1 be consid]$1 because ! l>ge ma*9es diff] s mu* 9 po9t ( size4 ,tak+ ! span or wid? across ! planes z ! base f :i* to />t1 x is assum$ t ! wid? ( ! model is desir$ to be f #be 94 to #ce 941 :i* is p]haps ! be/ all-r\nd m9imum & maximum to adopt4 ,!n hav+ decid$ on ! prototype1 multiply ! span ( ! real ma*9e by a fraction1 :i* br+s ! model span some:]e betwe5 ! two figures4 ,= in/ance1 suppose x is desir$ to model an ,anto9ette monoplane1 ! span ( :i* is ab\t #df ft41 & multiply+ by ! model span becomes #cd2 !re=e ! scale is 94 to ! foot4 ,if ! model is to be a ,blriot1 !n z ! orig9al has a span ( #bh ft41 ! model may be built to a scale ( #a 94 to ! foot4 ,! ,wright ma*9e has a span ( #da ft41 s a model to 94 to ! foot w\ld h a span ( #cj 94 ,9 ?is case1 p]haps1 #a-;94 scale w\ld n be consid]$ too l>ge4 ,odd scales su* z 94 to ! foot c1 ( c\rse1 be adopt$2 b :atev] ! scale is to be1 ! model %\ld be set out full-size on a %eet ( c>tridge pap]1 & ! scale drawn accurately at ! foot4 ,! ribs %\ld be built up z 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,9 design+ a rubb]-driv5 model1 absolute scale mu/ ( necessity be dep>t$ f1 except 9 ! pr9cipal measurem5ts & 9 ! di/ance ( c5tres ap>t ( sp>s & o!r important memb]s1 :i* if n reproduc$ 9 _! prop] =m & position w\ld m> ! o!rwise correct appe>ance ( ! ma*9e4 ,_m ( ! sp>s w1 ( c\rse1 ne$ to be increas$ 9 cross-sectional dim5sion 9 ord] to make !m ( suffici5t /r5g?4 ,"s effici5t w+ plans are giv5 by ,fig4 #cg4 ,/at$ briefly1 !re are ess5tially ?ree k9ds ( model a]oplanes4 ,fir/1 ! scale model1 :i* is a reproduction to scale ( a real ma*9e2 second1 a modifi$ copy ( a l>ge ma*9e1 :i* is s design$ z to resemble 9 g5]al =m "s well-kn[n prototype1 :ile reta9+ by means ( a suitable motor1 g5]ally twi/$ rubb]1 "s ability to fly2 ?ird1 a ma*9e :i* does n 9 any way foll[ ! l9es ( full-size ma*9es1 & is built = flight only4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ess5tially an exhibition model2 x is m (t5 built ei!r to illu/rate po9ts 9 ! design & con/ruction ( l>ge ma*9es1 or to demon/rate ! functions ( ! v>i\s p>ts to te*nical classes1 etc4 ,scale models1 z a rule1 are unsatisfactory fly]s1 & if !y fly at all ! flight is s %ort t little c be le>n$ f _! p]=mance4 ,"s s]viceable types ( be>+s are giv5 by ,figs4 #ch & #ch;,a1 on p4 #ca4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,practical ,con/ruction3 ,c>v+ ,air-screws ,"o ( ! mo/ important units ( an a]oplane1 :e!r full-size or model1 is ! screw1 s9ce excell5ce ( design ) reg>d to ! o!r portions ( ! ma*9e are r5d]$ void if ! means ( conv]t+ ! p[] ( ! eng9e into "w are ineffici5t4 ,! action ( an air-screw may be lik5$ to a bolt turn+ 9 a nut 7! screw be+ ! bolt & ! air ! nut71 ! diff]5ce be+ t :]eas "o turn ( a bolt )1 say1 a ,:itwor? pit* ( #ad ?reads p] in* 9 a nut is b\nd to advance a di/ance equal to ! pit* _/ 941 an air-screw may only advance #ge p] c5t4 ( its !oretical pit*1 ow+ to ! yield+ nature ( ! air4 ,?is loss 9 effici5cy is call$ 8slip10 & is usually express$ z a p]c5tage ( ! !oretical pit*4 ,?us a screw ) a !oretical pit* ( #d ft41 :i* possesses #ge p] c5t4 effici5cy1 has an effective pit* ( #c ft4 ,t is to say1 ea* turn ( ! screw w take ! a]oplane =w>d #c ft4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! screw 7 work+ 9 a solid1 x w\ld advance its !oretical pit* #d ft4 ,a great] effici5cy is obta9able ) screws work+ 9 wat]1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 d5sity ( ! two m$ia1 namely1 air is to wat] z #hjj3 #a4 ,probably no air-screw has yet exce$$ #hj p] c5t4 effici5cy1 #gj p] c5t4 be+ a fair av]age4 ,x may1 p]haps1 n be amiss to outl9e "s ( ! factors involv$ 9 ! design ( an air-screw4 ,hav+ decid$ on ! diamet] ( x1 ! proportions ( ! block f :i* ! screw is to be c>v$ are requir$4 ,x is a v good rule to make ! pit* f "o & a half to twice ! diamet] = s+le-screw ma*9es1 & f two & a half to ?ree times ! diamet] = tw9-screw ma*9es4 ,x is possible to use mu* long]-pit*$ screws ) tw9-screw ma*9es 7x be+ und]/ood t ! screws revolve 9 opposite directions71 s9ce ! torque1 or t5d5cy ( ! screw to capsize ! ma*9e 9 ! opposite direction to :i* x revolves1 w be balanc$4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 x is presuppos$ t a screw is requir$ = a s+le-screw ma*9e1 & a diamet] ( #ab 94 has be5 decid$ on4 ,"o & a half times #ab 94 gives #ah 94 z ! pit*4 ,rememb]+ ! =mula = pit*1 7?ickness ( block7 ,p #c_/ ,d --------------------1 7wid? ( block7 :]e ,p pit*1 ,d diamet] ( screw1 & us+ a ratio ( wid? ( blade to diamet] ( screw ( #f3 #a 7:i* gives #b 94 z ! wid? ( block7 gives #bb #ab 7?ickness ( block7 #ah ---- ---- ------------------1 #g #a #b #fa f :i* ?ickness ( block #ied ---- approx4 #fd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh ,figs4 #ci to #dh4--;,c>v+ ,air-screws4 ,! block may n[ be prep>$ f ^! dim5sions4 ,am]ican :itewood1 silv] spruce1 mahogany1 or walnut are ! mo/ suitable woods to use4 ,! block %\ld be plan$ up true & squ>e1 & a hole drill$ axially ?r\gh its geometrical c5tre4 ,! fir/ op]ation is to r\gh ! block out to ! %ape %[n by ,fig4 #ci1 :i* %[s ! ,*auvire type4 ,( c\rse1 o!r %apes may be us$ z desir$1 b ! me?od ( manufacture is ! same4 ,n[1 ) a flat *isel or woodwork]'s knife p>e ! wood away 7see ,fig4 #dj7 until ! holl[ or concave side ( ! blade is =m$ 7see ,fig4 #da74 ,! obv]se side ( ! o!r blade is !n simil>ly treat$ 7see ,fig4 #db71 :i* cle>ly %[s h[ ! blade is holl[$ out4 ,fig4 #dc %[s ! me?od ( =m+ ! boss ( ! screw1 & ,fig4 #dd h[ ! rev]se or convex side ( ! blade is %ap$4 ,fig4 #de %[s ! screw r\gh$ out1 & ,fig4 #df indicates ! glass-pap]+ op]ation4 ,at ?is /age ! screw has to be balanc$4 ,?is is ( great importance1 s9ce ! screw t is unbalanc$ loses a great am\nt ( effici5cy ow+ to ! consequ5t vibration :5 x rotates4 ,9 full-size practice x w\ld be highly dang]\s to use a screw t is n balanc$4 ,a piece ( wire is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole previ\sly drill$1 & ! heavi] blade c>efully glasspap]$ d[n 7) ,no4 #jj glasspap] to f9i%7 until ! screw poises 9 a horizontal plane4 ,fig4 #dg %[s ! sort ( bru% to use = poli%+1 & ,fig4 #dh ! f9i%$ screw4 ,= models t require a good f9i% an excell5t =m ( con/ruction 7incid5tally x may be rem>k$ t full-size screws are made 9 ?is way7 is t %[n by ,fig4 #di1 ! lam9at$ type4 ,^! lam9at$ screws are exce$+ly /rong1 z ! gra91 by virtue ( ! splay$ blanks1 foll[s ! blade4 ,screws c>v$ f ! solid block are a trifle weak ne> ! boss ow+ to cross gra94 ,! lam9 c\ld be alt]nate lay]s ( :itewood & mahogany1 :i* give a pleas+ f9i% to ! screw4 ,a is an end view ( a c>v$ screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,lam9at$ ,air-screw ,! me?od ( obta9+ ! pit* angles at v>i\s po9ts along a screw-blade is %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,x w be obvi\s t ! pit* ( a screw %\ld be con/ant along ! :ole l5g? ( blade1 s t ! air is deflect$ or driv5 back at a con/ant velocity4 ,an effici5t screw w deliv] a solid cyl9d] ( air1 :]eas an ineffici5t "o deliv]s a tube ( air4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! pit* at ! propell] tip is #cj 941 :il/ at1 say1 #c 94 f ! c5tre x is only #be 941 obvi\sly ! tip ( ! screw w be imp>t+ a high] velocity to ! air ?an ! portion approa*+ ! boss1 & ?us ?is latt] w\ld be act+ z a drag ^u ! o!r portion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,sett+ ,out ,pit* ,angles ,! me?od is to lay (f a di/ance1 equal to ! pit*1 to "s conv5i5t scale1 & to erect ano!r l9e v]tically & to ! same scale equival5t to ! circumf]5ce ( ! disc swept by ! propell]1 :i* may be call$ ! p]iph]al l9e4 ,subdivid+ ?is l9e into a conv5i5t numb] ( equidi/ant p>ts 7?ree or f\r are suffici5t = screws up to #ad 94 9 diamet]71 & connect+ up ! po9ts s obta9$ to ! "r-h& end ( ! base l9e1 gives ! pit* angles at ! correspond+ po9ts ( ! blade4 ,x is ! subt5d$ angles :i* are requir$1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,templates %\ld be cut to ^! angles 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 are ! angles made ) ! axis7 ) :i* to *eck ! angles along ! blade dur+ con/ruction4 ,?is *eck+ is m necess>y ) b5twood screws ?an ) c>v$ ones4 ,,*apt] ,v ,practical ,con/ruction3 ,b5d+ ,air-screws ,great div]sity ( practice exi/s ) reg>d to ! con/ruction ( model air-screws1 "s a]o-modelli/s fav\r+ small diamet] ) long pit*1 o!rs long diamet] & %ort pit*1 & /ill o!rs :o adh]e to ei!r b5twood or c>v$ screws 9 ei!r ( ! above =ms4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a screw ) a l>ge diamet] 9 proportion to %ort span has a %ort pit*1 say "o & a qu>t] times ! diamet]1 :ile ^? hav+ a %ort diamet] 9 relation to span %\ld h a fairly long pit*1 f "o & a half to twice ! diamet]4 ,x is a useful rule to make ! diamet] approximately "o-?ird ! span ( ! ma*9e = ei!r s+le-screw or tw9-screw ma*9es4 ,?is relation seems to give a v small effect on lat]al /ability1 :]eas :5 ! diamet] is made l>g]1 ! ma*9e has a t5d5cy to capsize lat]ally 9 ! opposite direction to :i* ! screw revolves4 ,?is =ce is kn[n z torque4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be fairly claim$ t1 = a giv5 torque or turn+ p[]1 bett] results are usually obta9$ ) c>v$ screws1 :e!r %ort or l>ge ones are us$4 ,! writ] p]sonally pref]s a l>ge diamet] & %ort-pit*$ screw1 because1 z ! screw ?ru/ is equal to ! weight ( air displac$1 ! l>g] ! screw ! great] is ! proportion ( air driv5 back 9 proportion to diamet]4 ,t is to say1 d\ble ! diamet] & f\r times ! volume ( air is displac$ = only a d\ble exp5diture ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,b5twood ,screws ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec ,figs4 #eb & #ec4--,/&>d ,types ( ,b5twood ,screws ,x is difficult to speak positively on ! "q ( ! be/ spe$ at :i* a screw %\ld rotate1 z ! load+ p] squ>e foot ( surface ent]s into ! proposition4 ,if a model has #a sq4 ft4 ( surface = e ounce ( its weight1 !re is a spe$ at :i* ! ma9 surface w give a maximum ( lift = a m9imum ( p[]1 & a screw mu/ be fitt$ ^: pit*1 multipli$ by its revolutions p] m9ute1 equals ! di/ance p] m9ute ! model %\ld fly4 ,if a screw t is too fa/ is fitt$ ! model w %[ a t5d5cy to 8/all10 or asc5d nose fir/1 & if too sl[ a "o is us$ ! model w appe> to be "u-p[]$4 ,! writ] has outl9$ ^! po9ts to emphasise ! fact t no def9ite rules1 b only approximations1 c be laid d[n1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( unkn[n quantities :i* w\ld h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,z ! a]o-modelli/1 h[ev]1 becomes accu/om$ to puzzl+ out ! _m little problems connect$ ) model a]oplan+1 he spe$ily diagnoses ! compla9t ( a refractory ma*9e1 & applies a rem$y accord+ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,b5twood ,%aft ,atta*m5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,safety ,hook ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,c>v$ ,screw ,%aft ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,proportions ( ,camm ,air-,screw ,! accompany+ illu/rations 7see page #dc7 %[ ! me?od ( mak+ b5twood & screws4 ,fig4 #ea is a view ( a f9i%$ pair ( propell]s4 ,to ! left ( ?is illu/ration is giv5 ! me?od ( sett+ out ! blank 9 t]ms ( pit* & diamet] relations4 ,! maximum blade wid? %\ld be locat$ "o-?ird ( ! radius f ! screw tip1 & %\ld be ab\t "o-eigh? ! diamet]4 ,?is latt]1 9 turn1 %\ld be two-?irds ( ! pit*4 ,inv]sely1 !re=e1 ! pit* %\ld be "o & a half tim$ ! diamet]4 ,) tw9-screw ma*9es ?is may be ext5d$ to twice ! diamet]1 or ev5 m1 b %\ld nev] exce$ ?ree times ! diamet]4 ,fig4 #eb is a view ( ! ,camm type ( b5twood screw1 :i* has a high ?ru/ to p[] ratio4 ,bir* %\ld be us$ = b5twood screws1 z ?is b5ds easily & yet has a t5acity :i* is lack+ 9 o!r woods4 ,a% or hickory may be us$ z an alt]native1 b nei!r ( ^! is z satisfactory z bir*4 ,be=e b5d+1 ! blanks %\ld be fill$ ) gold size to keep ! blade z rigid z possible1 & prev5t x f go+ back or flatt5+ out aft] b5d+4 ,fig4 #ec %[s ! ,tw9+ type ( screw1 :i* has long1 n>r[ tap]+ blades & f9e pit*4 ,"u te/ ?is has giv5 extremely satisfactory results1 & c be recomm5d$4 ,fig4 #ed %[s ! me?od ( atta*+ sp9dles to b5twood screws1 a /rap ( t9 be+ wrapp$ r\nd ! blank c5tre to :i* ! %aft is sold]$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to ensure t ! %aft is q c5tral sectionally & diametrically4 ,a me?od ( secur+ c>v$ screw %afts is %[n by ,fig4 #ee1 & is self-explanatory4 ,:5 ! ela/ic ske9 is 9 t5sion x has a t5d5cy to pull ! hooks out /raight1 s releas+ ! ske91 ) sometimes pa9ful consequ5ces to ! h&4 ,! safety hook %[n by ,fig4 #ef has a brass-tube coll> :i* slides ov] ! end4 ,all ! hooks %\ld be cov]$ ) valve tub+1 to prev5t ! ela/ic cutt+ ?r\gh4 ,fig4 #eg gives ! proportions ( ! ,camm b5twood blank1 & w require no explanation beyond ! fact t x is b5t along ! dott$ l9es4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,practical ,con/ruction3 ,planes ,!re is little diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! con/ruction ( ! planes ( a model a]oplane1 & ! me?ods ( mak+ c be classifi$ "u ?ree head+s--cane1 wood1 & wire4 ,!re are advocates = ea* =m ( con/ruction1 & x is difficult to /ate def9itely :i* is ! be/ practice1 ea* hav+ equally good results4 ,! wire plane1 especially :5 /eel wire ( ! music or piano v>iety is us$1 is mu* /rong]1 (f]s less resi/ance to ! air1 & has a neat] appe>ance ?an ! o!rs1 b x is slightly ! heavi]4 ,a wood5 plane c also be made extremely neat & light1 al?\gh x is a little weak4 ,bir* is ! be/ wood to use = ?is purpose1 z x is extremely t\gh & n too heavy4 ,:]e cane is us$ = ! frame1 p9n+ & glu+ is out ( ! "q1 h5ce b9d+ & glu+ mu/ be resort$ to4 ,a plane s made is v /rong & flexible1 & w )/& a great am\nt ( r\gh usage4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n neat 9 appe>ance & h>dly to be recomm5d$1 al?\gh _m prizes h be5 won by models possess+ su* planes4 ,yet ano!r =m :i* c be consid]$ good practice consi/s ( a comb9ation ( umbrella ribb+ & piano wire4 ,?is gives a v rigid & almo/ unbreakable plane1 b its weight = small ma*9es is prohibitive4 ,x %\ld *iefly be us$ = p[]-driv5 ma*9es1 p[] 9 ?is in/ance mean+ any =m ( motive p[] o!r ?an ela/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,wood5 ,planes ,! ,wood5 ,plane4--,9 con/ruct+ wood5 planes x is usual to adopt ! me?od %[n by ,fig4 #eh4 ,! sp>s are set out to _! correct positions b left ov]lapp+1 s t ! p9n+ op]ation does n split ! ends out4 ,! p9s %\ld be driv5 ?r\gh to secure ! frame to b5*1 s t x rema9s true until ! glue has set4 ,:]eupon x may be pris$ up ) a pocket-knife1 & ! p9s cl9*$ ov] z %[n 9 ! jo9t analysis ,a4 ,! c5tre rib %\ld be trimm$ up z %[n at ,b1 to provide a means ( atta*m5t ( ! complet$ plane to ! fuselage or body ( ! ma*9e4 ,two sp>s are suffici5t = models up to #cf-;94 span1 b ov] t ?ree sp>s %\ld be us$1 z 9 ! "p plan 7,fig4 #ei71 or two sp>s spac$ clos] toge!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #fj1 may be us$1 ) a ?read trail+ edge4 ,?is gives a neat appe>ance to ! f9i%$ plane & great] rigidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,?ree ,sp> ,plane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,two ,sp> ,plane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,cane ,plane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,umbrella ,ribb+ ,plane ,! ,cane ,plane4--,ano!r =m ( con/ruction t is v light is t %[n by ,fig4 #fa4 ,"h a l5g? ( ?9 cane is b5t to ! =m ( ! outl9e1 ! ribs be+ b5t to align ) ! lead+ & trail+ edges4 ,glu+ & b9d+ is us$ "h4 ,su* a plane c be made light1 b x always has an appe>ance any?+ b neat4 ,x _c be advocat$ = ma*9es ov] #cj 94 9 span4 ,! ,umbrella-ribb+ ,plane4--,umbrella ribb+ c be utilis$1 9 conjunction ) piano wire1 = plane con/ruction z %[n by ,fig4 #fb4 ,! *annel ( ! ribb+ %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ ) em]y clo?1 s t ! lead+ ends ( ! ribs c be sold]$ !re94 ,?ree sp>s %\ld be us$ = spans ov] #cj 94 ,= ! planes ( model fly+ ma*9es /eel wire (f]s exceptional advantages1 z x is practically unbreakable & c be b5t to any desir$ %ape4 ,ano!r advantage is t x (f]s a m9imum resi/ance :5 travell+ 9 ! air4 ,to ! un9itiat$1 ! mak+ ( /eel-wire planes is a difficult und]tak+2 b if ! foll[+ in/ructions are c>efully c>ri$ out ! planes w prove v satisfactory4 ,fir/ procure a piece ( wood ab\t 94 ?ick & slightly l>g] ?an ! plane to be made1 & draw on x a plan ( ! plane z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,= example1 x w be assum$ t a plane #cj 94 span & #e 94 wide1 hav+ f\r ribs1 is to be made4 ,= planes approximately ?is size1 ,no4 #ag ,s4,w4,g4 /eel wire is employ$4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! "w ! wire %\ld be /raight5$ z mu* z possible4 ,!n lay ! wire ov] ! plan1 beg9n+ at ,a 7,fig4 #fc7 & pass+ r\nd to ,b4 ,z ! wire is b5t to ! %ape ( ! plan1 x mu/ be fa/5$ d[n to ! bo>d by means ( small /aples4 ,!n cut f\r pieces ( wire = ! ribs ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f1 all[+ 94 ea* end = turn+ at "r angles z 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd ,figs4 #fc & #fd4--,mak+ ,wire ,planes ,! framework is n[ ready = sold]+ toge!r4 ,x is ess5tial t ! wire & sold]+ bit mu/ be p]fectly clean4 ,apply a little kill$ spirits ( salt to ! p>ts to be sold]$1 & !n place a piece ( sold] 9 position & t\* ) ! hot sold]+ bit4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! wires lie close toge!r4 ,:5 ! plane is sold]$ toge!r remove all ! /aples & clean up all ! jo9ts ) a file4 ,! jo9ts mu/ n[ be b\nd r\nd tightly ) f9e iron wire1 :i* mu/ be p]fectly clean4 ,! plane mu/ n[ be fa/5$ to ! bo>d aga91 & all jo9ts sold]$ aga94 ,:5 ! sold]+ is complet$ ! plane is once m remov$ f ! bo>d1 /raight5$1 ! dih$ral angle giv51 & ! ribs b5t to ! desir$ camb]4 ,if ! sold]+ has be5 c>efully accompli%$ !re is no fe> ( ! jo9ts giv+ way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,swept-,back ,w+ ,= cov]+ planes x is f> bett] to pur*ase a wat]pro( silk especially manufactur$ = ! purpose ?an to attempt to use ord9>y silk4 ,! silk v>ies 9 weight f #a oz4 to #a oz4 p] squ>e y>d4 ,:5 cutt+ ! silk ab\t 94 mu/ be all[$ = turn+ ov] = fa/5+4 ,at ! curv$ ends ( ! plane slits ab\t 94 ap>t mu/ be cut 9 ! edge ( ! silk1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,apply a ?9 coat+ ( glue to ! silk 7use seccot9e7 to be turn$ back1 & all[ suffici5t "t = ! glue to get tacky4 ,!n /ick ov] ! plane1 beg9n+ at ,a 7,fig4 #fd7 & f9i%+ at ,b4 ,all[ "t = ! glue to set1 !n fa/5 ! opposite end 9 ! same mann]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to /ret* ! silk tightly1 s t x is free f wr9kles4 ,!n fa/5 fir/ "o side ( ! plane & la/ly ! o!r4 ,ano!r me?od ( cov]+ /eel-wire planes is to lace ! silk to ! framework4 ,! silk mu/ be cut ab\t 94 l>g] ?an ! framework1 & ! edges hemm$ ) a sew+ ma*9e4 ,! silk cov] :5 hemm$ %\ld be slightly small] ?an ! framework4 ,fir/ sew ! silk r\ghly 9 position1 & !n c>efully sew x1 beg9n+ at "o end1 foll[+ ) ! o!r end1 & la/ly ! sides4 ,! /it*es %\ld fir/ be pass$ ?r\gh ! silk1 & !n r\nd ! wire at int]vals ( ab\t 94 ,fig4 #fe is ! plan ( a swept-back wire plane4 ,! plan %\ld be drawn full-size on a bo>d by means ( squ>es1 ! cont\r ( ! plane be+ contigu\s 9 relation to ! squ>es z t 9 ! illu/ration & ! me?od outl9$ above foll[$4 ,! ribs %\ld also be fitt$ up to ! outl9e1 be+ b\nd & sold]$ to ! piano-wire frame4 ,= ma*9es above #cj-;94 span a ?ird /r5g!n+ sp> %\ld be fix$ 9 ! position ( ! dott$ l9e to obta9 rigidity4 ,two c5tral ribs %\ld be fitt$ to provide a sp>-atta*m5t4 ,! tips require to be set at a slight negative angle z at ,c4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,simple ,tw9-,screw ,monoplane ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ z simple a type ( model a]oplane z x is well possible to make1 exclud+ ! n[ obsolete s+le-/ick h&-laun*$ #a--a--,p#a4 ,x is ?us a suitable model = beg9n]s1 flights ( well ov] a qu>t] ( a mile be+ easily obta9able4 ,! ma9 sp> 7see ,fig4 #ff7 is cut f /raight-gra9$ bir*1 to ! dim5sions giv51 ea* end ( x be+ tap]$ d[n to _/ 94 squ>e4 ,! propell] b> is ( silv] spruce1 94 by 94 9 cross-section4 ,! end ( ! ma9 sp> is slott$ to receive ! propell] b>1 ?is latt] be+ p9n$ & glu$ into position4 ,! propell] b> support is simil>ly slott$ to take ! b>1 a p9 be+ driv5 ?r\gh ! two & cl9*$ ov] on ! "u-side4 ,fig4 #fg cle>ly %[s bo? jo9ts4 ,at #f 94 f "o end ! ma9 sp> is mortis$ to receive two t5ons :i* are cut on ! ends ( ! b> supports4 ,^! t5ons %\ld be s cut t !y butt to "o ano!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! mortise4 ,an idea ( ! %ape ( ! t5on w be ga!r$ f ,fig4 #fh1 a view ( ! jo9t assembl$ be+ giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj ,figs4 #ff to #gj4--;,details ( ,simple ,monoplane ,two brass propell] be>+s w n[ be requir$4 ,!y %\ld be cut f ,no4 #bj gauge brass1 a hole be+ drill$ 9 ea* to all[ ! ,no4 #ah gauge propell] %afts to rotate freely4 ,ea* be>+ is b\nd on ) ?ree-cord c>pet ?read1 a portion ( ea* be+ left ov]hang+ ! b> to provide cle>ance = ! revolution ( ! %aft4 ,^! projections %\ld be b5t at an angle ( #ij to ! ske9s ( rubb]1 s t ! be>+ faces pres5t true surfaces = ! screws to revolve on4 ,details ( ! be>+s are giv5 by ,fig4 #fi4 ,two hooks b5t f "o cont9u\s l5g? ( wire are b\nd to ! nose ( ! ma*9e1 to embrace ! ske9s ( rubb]4 ,all b9d+s on ! ma*9e %\ld be sme>$ ) weak glue4 ,9 ,fig4 #gj details are giv5 ( ! sp> brac+ outrigg]4 ,! b9d+1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 is omitt$4 ,a piece ( wire 7h>d-drawn brass is suit$ to ! purpose7 is pass$ ?r\gh ! sp>1 a portion be+ b5t to align ) ea* side ( ?is4 ,x is !n b5t outw>ds1 ! ends be+ pull$ r\nd a piece ( ,no4 #bj gauge wire secur$ 9 ! vice1 to =m eyes1 ?r\gh :i* ! brac+ passes4 ,! outrigg] arm is #b 94 long1 ! crank$ portion ( x be+ b\nd to ! sp>4 ,! brac+ is atta*$ to small ,no4 #bj ,s4,w4,g4 hooks b\nd to ea* end ( ! sp> at ! po9ts %[n4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to apply equal t5sion on ea* wire1 or ! sp> w become w>p$4 ,! elevator is built f ,no4 #ah ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire4 ,all jo9ts are b\nd ) f9e wire & sold]$4 ,! c5tre rib cont9ues ov] ! lead+ edge1 be+ b5t d[nw>ds & backw>ds z at ,a 7,fig4 #ff74 ,?is projection fits into a hole drill$ 9 ! nose ( ! model2 &1 be+ b5t at an angle1 ! trail+ edge b9ds on ! sp> ) suffici5t friction to reta9 x 9 place1 b yet p]mitt+ x to swivel %\ld x /rike any object :5 fly+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,plane ,fa/5+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,elevation ( ,ma9 ,plane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,f9i%$ ,screws ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,detail ( ,plane ,brac+ ,! ma9 planes are built f bir* 94 by _/ 94 9 cross section1 ! trail+ sp> be+ b5t 9 a jet ( /eam1 s t its ends sweep =w>d1 z %[n 9 ! plan view4 ,! ribs are p9n$ & glu$ to ! sp>s1 ! p9s be+ cl9*$ on ! "u-side4 ,! c5tre rib is left ov]hang+ ! sp>s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 to enable ! t9 /raps 7lapp$ & sold]$ toge!r z at ,a7 to slide ov] !m & secure ! w+ to ! sp>4 ,a section ( ! jo9t is giv5 by ,b4 ,by remov+ ^! /raps x is ?us possible to alt] ! disposition ( ! ma9 surface1 :5 x is desir$ to adju/ ! elevation ( ! complete model4 ,fig4 #ga is a p]spective view ( ! c5tre rib1 ! /rap be+ %[n black4 ,to move ! ma9 plane ea* clip is =c$ (f ! ext5sions ( ! c5tre rib & ?us releases ! w+4 ,ea* clip is cut f t9foil to ! dim5sions giv5 at ,a 7,fig4 #ga71 be+ b5t to a rectangul> %ape1 & sold]$ up4 ,b is a section ( ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #gb indicates ! me?od ( atta*+ ! diagonal w+ brac+1 :i* imp>ts a dih$ral angle ( #a 94 to ! plane4 ,a #a-;94 dih$ral means t ea* w+ tip is #a 94 above ! level ( ! sp>4 ,an elevation ( ! ma9 plane is giv5 by ,fig4 #gc4 ,two propell]s1 ( "r-h&$ & left-h&$ pit* 7= ! reason1 see p4 #cf71 mu/ be b5t f bir*wood #ab 94 dia4 #a 94 wide1 by _/ 94 ?ick2 a f9i%$ view ( ! two screws is giv5 by ,fig4 #gd4 ,= m compreh5sive details ( air-screw con/ruction see *apt]s ,,iv & ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,plan ( ,model ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,outrigg] ,details ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,view ( ,elevator ,figs4 #ge to #gg4--;,ano!r ,simple ,monoplane ,design ,"s details are also giv5 ( a simil> design1 ! diff]5ce be+ t ! =m] ma*9e is built = di/ance1 :il/ ! latt] 7see ,fig4 #ge7 is built = duration4 ,! ma9 sp> is ( spruce 94 94 9 cross-section & ( ! l5g? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! ma9 plane1 z ) ! previ\s ma*9e dealt )1 is adju/$ by means ( ! t9 clips & ext5d+ c5tre-rib2 a plan ( ! outrigg] is also giv5 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! ma9 plane has a dih$ral angle ( #a 94 ,a is a side elevation ( ! elevator1 %[+ its angle ( incid5ce 9 relation to ! sp>1 & ,fig4 #gg a p]spective sket* ( ! elevator4 ,an idea ( a model ( ?is type fly+ c be ga!r$ f ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,f9i%$ ,model ,,*apt] ,,viii ,simple ,tw9-screw ,biplane ,accord+ to ! type =mula1 ! ma*9e illu/rat$ on p4 #fc is ( ! #a-b-p#b type1 :i* signifies t x has two sup]pos$ ma9 support+ surfaces & tw9 screws1 & t x flies ) ! small plane lead+4 ,! writ]1 9 te/+ ! model f :i* ! draw+s 7 made1 f\nd t #cjj y>ds 7 easily obta9able at e flight at an altitude ( #dj ft4 or s4 ,al?\gh its con/ruction is slightly m complicat$ ?an a monoplane1 ?is is amply comp5sat$ = by its maje/ic appe>ance 9 ! air4 ,! c5tral sp> is holl[1 & measures #cf 94 by 94 by _/ 94 ,fig4 #gi %[s a cross-section ( x4 ,spruce 0 us$ = ?is1 a groove 94 by _/ 94 be+ pl\gh$ 9 ! spruce1 & a _/-94 /rip be+ glu$ ov] ! op5 side4 ,! sp> %\ld be tap]$ (f f a po9t #ab 94 f ! front end to 94 by 941 to give additional /r5g?4 ,! propell] b> is mortis$ into "o end ( ! c5tral sp>1 & is /ay$ f a po9t #f 94 f ! re> end to 94 9 f ea* end ( ! propell] b>1 to :i* projection ! be>+s1 cut f %eet brass1 are la%$4 ,^! latt] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,to ! front ( ! sp> are b\nd two hooks1 =m$ f "o cont9u\s l5g? ( wire4 ,^! embrace ! rubb]1 & %\ld be cov]$ ) valve tub+4 ,f\r bir* /ruts %\ld next be cut1 94 by _/ 94 9 section & #g 94 long1 to support ! ma9 a](oils on ! sp>4 ,!y %\ld fit ov] ! sp> 9 ! position %[n1 small blocks unit+ !m top & bottom1 & %\ld be s fix$ t _! upp] ends are #c 94 (f ! sp>4 ,not*es are to be cut 9 !m #b 94 bel[ ! sp>1 to =m a conv5i5t fix+ = ! l[] ma9 plane4 ,fig4 #ha cle>ly %[s ! /ruts unit$ to "o ( ! blocks2 ! saw cuts or not*es w also be app>5t f ?is4 ,a cane skid is b\nd to ! l[] blocks1 & to ! sp> at ! position indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #hb4 ,a half-section ( a r\nd cane is q suitable = ?is purpose4 ,a plan view ( ! model is giv5 by ,fig4 #hc1 f :i* ! relative position ( ribs1 planes1 etc41 w be se54 ,fig4 #hd is an end elevation look+ ?r\gh f ! propell] end4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! screws rotate f approximately ! c5tre ( resi/ance4 ,! measurem5ts giv5 %\ld be c>efully foll[$ to see t ?is is s 9 ! complet$ model4 ,! dih$ral angle ( ! planes %\ld be made #a 941 :i* is ample to provide lat]al /ability4 ,longitud9al /ability is provid$ by an angle ( incid5ce on ! elevator 7,fig4 #he74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gi to #he4--;,g5]al ,arrangem5t & ,details ( ,biplane ,! elevator is con/ruct$ f "o cont9u\s l5g? ( ,no4 #ah gauge piano wire4 ,x is rectangul> 9 plan1 ! jo9t be+ a sold]$ "o at ! c5tre ( ! trail+ edge4 ,! c5tre rib projects d[nw>ds = #a 941 :i* projection fits into a hole bor$ 9 ! nose ( ! ma*9e ) j suffici5t friction to reta9 x 9 place4 ,x %\ld also be b5t back at an angle to cause ! trail+ edge to b9d on ! sp> suffici5tly to all[ x to swivel 9 ! ev5t ( x /rik+ any fix$ object4 ,f ?is c5tre rib ! elevation ( ! complete ma*9e is adju/$4 ,! ma9 planes are con/ruct$ f bir* 94 by _/ 94 9 cross-section1 five ribs connect+ ! long] sp>s4 ,no camb] is giv5 to ! ribs2 !y %\ld be cut (f #a 94 or no long] ?an is necess>y1 p9n$ to ! sp>s1 s t ! latt] are #e 94 ap>t1 & cut (f flu% aft] ! glue is dry4 ,! top plane1 x w be notic$1 has an ov]hang ( #c 94 ,! planes are cov]$ und]nea? to elim9ate ! undulations :i* w\ld o!rwise be caus$ by ! ribs4 ,fabric %\ld be sewn to ! elevator frame4 ,! top plane is la%$ to ! /ruts 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf1 ! c5tre rib re/+ on ! small wood5 blocks1 :ile ! bottom plane is sprung into ! not*es previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,f\r ,no4 #bj ,s4,w4,g4 wire /an*ions1 ) eyes b5t 9 !m top & bottom1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg1 w next be requir$ to =m an an*orage = ! w+ brac+1 & to ma9ta9 ! 8gap0 at ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,brass wire w d = !m1 & :5 made _! ends %\ld be =c$ ?r\gh ! sp>s 9 ! position %[n 9 ! end elevation1 & !n cl9*$ ov]4 ,brac+ ! w+s %\ld next be und]tak51 & c>pet ?read %\ld be requisition$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is ! easie/ matt] possible to w>p ! w+s 9 ?is op]ation1 s t too mu* c>e _c be tak5 9 ?is respect4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! brac+ is fix$ to holes 9 ! wood5 /an*ions1 :]e x mu/ be securely ti$1 & n cont9u$ to ! opposite side )\t1 or ! w+s w rock lat]ally1 & s cause in/ability4 ,suffici5t t5sion %\ld be plac$ on ! ?reads :i* pass to ! w+ tips ( ! bottom plane to imp>t a #a-;94 dih$ral angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh ,figs4 #hf to #hh4--;,details ( ,biplane ,! la/1 & p]haps ! mo/ important1 unit ( ! model %\ld be made--! propell]s4 ,cut a pair ( blanks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh1 to %ape f _/-94 bir* to =m ! propell]s4 ,/rips ( t9foil are wrapp$ r\nd _! c5tres1 to :i* ! sp9dles are sold]$4 ,b5d ! blades at ! dott$ l9es "u a jet ( /eam f a kettle1 mak+ !m to revolve 9 opposite directions4 ,!y rotate on /eel-cupp$ wa%]s plac$ on ! sp9dles4 ,motive p[] is suppli$ f eight /r&s p] side ( -94 /rip rubb] well lubricat$ ) s(t soap emulsifi$ ) wat]4 ,^! ske9s w /& #fej turns ea*1 :i* numb] %\ld be gradually work$ up to on new rubb]1 & n appli$ at ! fir/ flight4 ,a p]spective view ( ! f9i%$ model is giv5 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,fly+ ! ,model4--,hav+ select$ a l>ge op5 space cle> ( trees1 give ab\t #ajj turns on ! propell]s 9 ord] to adju/ ! elevator4 ,if ! model po9ts its nose 9 ! air x is elevat$ too mu*4 ,if ! model flies too l[ x is n elevat$ en\gh4 ,9 ea* case x requires adju/m5t until ! precise position is arriv$ at4 ,! elevator %\ld nev] be at a great] angle ?an #h or less ?an #e4 ,if ! ma*9e /ill flies too l[ ) ! elevator at #e ! ma9 planes w h to be mov$ =w>d slightly2 b ! exact position is only f\nd by exp]im5t4 ,if x flies too high ) ! elevator at #e ! planes w h to be put back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,! ,f9i%$ ,biplane ,mu* dep5ds on ! way a model is laun*$4 ,! prop] way is to hold x by ! propell]s1 ) ! ?umb & =ef+] along ! ma9 /icks1 tak+ c>e n to b5d ! propell] hooks2 !n hold at ab\t ! angle %[n 9 ! photograph 7,fig4 #ij74 & laun* z ne> z possible ) ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,laun*+ ! ,model ,x is necess>y :5 fly+ 9 w9dy wea!r to laun* ! ma*9e high & sm>tly1 z ! w9d has a t5d5cy to beat x to ! gr\nd4 ,bo? propell]s mu/ be releas$ at exactly ! same "t4 ,x %\ld be c>efully wat*$ :ile x is fly+1 & if x p]si/s 9 turn+1 say to ! "r1 ! fault w probably be t ! left propell] is m effective1 or ! planes on ! left side ( ! ma*9e are elevat$ m4 ,= /raight flights x is mo/ important t all ! planes %\ld be 9 p]fect alignm5t2 b to succe$ 9 mak+ a tw9-propell$ model fly p]fectly /raight is l>gely a matt] ( p]fect con/ruction4 ,! model c be /e]$ by means ( ! elevator 7look+ at ! ma*9e f ! propell] end72 if ! elevator is l[]$ on ! left side x w fly r\nd to ! left1 & vice v]sa4 ,! adju/m5t necess>y to effect ?is c be accompli%$ by means ( ! slot 9 "o ( ! elevator uprights4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,w9d]s = ,ela/ic ,motors ,to a model a]oplane en?usia/ a w9d] is an enorm\s acquisition4 ,! conv]t$ egg-beat] type ( w9d]1 s mu* 9 evid5ce1 leaves mu* to be desir$1 ! *ief fault be+ t ! be>+ sp9dles we> s quickly1 ap>t f ! fact t !y are awkw>d to manipulate s+le-h&$4 ,a second p]son is g5]ally requir$ to support ! model4 ,! w9d] "h illu/rat$ be>s ! di/9ct advantage t "o p]son c w9d1 keep ! model 9 alignm5t )1 & =c$ into1 ! *uck simultane\sly4 ,! con/ruction & g5]al details w be fairly obvi\s f ! accompany+ illu/rations1 s t x w only be necess>y to give a brief description4 ,x consi/s ( an a% /ump1 #ac 94 by #a 94 by #a 941 tap]$ at "o end1 z 9 ,fig4 #ia1 to facilitate its be+ =c$ into ! gr\nd4 ,a ge> & p9ion 7see ,fig4 #ia71 :i* may be requisition$ f "s ( ! *eap] type ( clockworks1 are m\nt$ at ! top end ( ! /ump 9 a ca/+ ( ,no4 #ah ,s4,w4,g4 brass1 :i* is secur$ to ! a% by means ( two r\nd-head$ screws 7see ,fig4 #id74 ,x w be f\nd t = g5]al purposes a ge> ratio ( six to "o w be mo/ suitable4 ,?us ! p9ion may h t5 tee? & ! ge> sixty4 ,! h&le %\ld be b5t to %ape aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! /ump4 ,copp] f]rules are us$ on ! sp9dles to keep ! ge>s c5tral betwe5 ! cas+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic1 & %\ld all[ a little play to ensure easy rotation4 ,! p9ion sp9dle mu/ be flatt5$ out aft] ! ge>+ is put toge!r1 & ! h>dwood *uck !n driv5 on4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #ib w %[ cle>ly :at is meant4 ,! slot 9 ! *uck %\ld be made suffici5tly l>ge to take a c>v$ propell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id ,figs4 #ia to #id4--;,a ,model ,a]oplane ,w9d] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id;,a4--,! ,w9d] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,an ,egg ,:isk ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie;,a4--,us+ ,tw9 ,w9d] ,a ,d\ble ,w9d]4--,z ea* propell] ( a tw9-screw ma*9e requires to be w\nd up #djj to #ejj times1 x is obvi\sly necess>y to use a ge>$-up w9d]4 ,?is c easily be con/ruct$ out ( an ord9>y egg-beat]1 & "o conv]t$ into a v useful in/rum5t is %[n by ,fig4 #id;,a4 ,! great advantage ( us+ a w9d] ( ?is type is t bo? propell]s c be w\nd simultane\sly4 ,figs4 #ie & #ie;,a cle>ly %[ h[ ! alt]ation is made2 x is q simple1 & all ! tools requir$ are a ?ree-corn]$ file1 a drill1 & a sold]+ bit4 ,! egg-beat] c be obta9$ = a few p5ce at any ironmong]'s4 ,! two hooks at ! nose ( ! ma*9e are atta*$ to ! cross-pieces on ! w9d]1 & ! rubb] is w\nd 9 ! same direction z ! propell]s revolve 7see ,fig4 #ie;,a74 ,! w9d] %[n is ge>$ #e to #a1 s t #ajj turns on ! w9d] gives #ejj turns on ! propell]s4 ,ge>$-up w9d]s may be pur*as$ fairly *eap4 ,,*apt] ,x ,collapsible ,monoplane ,! difficulty ( c>ry+ a fairly l>ge model to a conv5i5t fly+ gr\nd prev5ts _m w\ld-be mak]s tak+ a practical int]e/ 9 model fly+4 ,! necessity ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty has result$ 9 sev]al excell5t designs1 "o ( ! be/ be+ ! monoplane design$ & con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cl>k1 ! secret>y ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,model ,a]o ,club4 ,:5 ?is model monoplane 0 built ! objects aim$ at 7 extreme reliability & easy conveyance to & f ! fly+ gr\nds situat$ "s di/ance away4 ,! model is fitt$ ) a *assis to enable x to />t (f good gr\nd "u its own p[]2 b ?is />t+-ge> is s con/ruct$ t ! :ole model w pack up flat & make a conv5i5t p>cel4 ,9 fact1 ! complete model w easily g into a c>dbo>d box measur+ #b ft4 #aj 94 by #a ft4 #b 94 ,ref]r+ to ! accompany+ illu/rations1 ,fig4 #if %[s ! plan view ( ! complete ma*9e1 ,fig4 #ig a side view1 & ,fig4 #ih a front view4 ,! body 7fuselage7 is made ( two pieces ( silv] spruce1 #c ft4 #f 94 long1 94 deep1 & _/ 94 ?ick4 ,^! gradually tap] t[>ds ea* end1 :]e !y measure 94 by _/ 94 ,two di/ance pieces ( bamboo are %ap$ to /reaml9e =m & plac$ at equal di/ances along ! fuselage2 ! front piece is #b 941 ! o!r #b 94 ,^! pieces %\ld be po9t$ at ! ends1 & fit 9 a slot made 9 ! side l5g?s1 z indicat$ at ,a 7,fig4 #ii71 & !n b\nd v tightly ) glu$ n>r[ silk tape or ribbon1 z indicat$ at ,b4 ,?is is ! neate/ & also ! /ronge/ me?od ( mak+ jo9ts = model a]oplane frames4 ,! ends ( ! two long l5g?s %\ld be b\nd toge!r ) /rong ?read & c>efully glu$4 ,! tail 7us$ 9 place ( ! famili> elevator7 is built on to ! re> end ( ! fuselage1 & is compos$ ( two pieces ( yell[ bamboo1 #i 94 by _/ 9 by 941 tap]+ to 94 squ>e at ! end to :i* ! propell] be>+s are atta*$4 ,^! be>+s are made ( ,no4 #ah or ,no4 #bj ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire1 & _! %ape is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,! be>+s are b\nd to ! inn] edge ( ! wood ) glu$ ?read or f9e fl[] wire4 ,! wide ends ( ! bamboo l5g?s are held ov] a buns5 7! blue flame ( an inc&esc5t burn] is v suitable71 & b5t to ! angle %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,! trail+ edge ( ! tail is made ( ,no4 #bf ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire1 or a ,g banjo /r+4 ,! wire is tak5 "r ?r\gh ! end ( ! fuselage1 a small hole be+ c>efully drill$ 94 f ! end4 ,a bead ( sold] %\ld be run on ! wire on bo? sides ( ! hole1 to prev5t movem5t 9 a lat]al direction1 & ! two ends are tak5 ?r\gh ! be>+s & b\nd to ! bamboo ) f9e wire1 leav+ suffici5t to =m hooks = ! two brac+ wires to be aft]w>ds atta*$4 ,! :ole ( ?is tail framework is cov]$ ) pro($ silk on bo? sides1 ?us =m+ an approximate /reaml9e surface1 :i* has prov$ rem>kably effici5t4 ,two triangul> pieces ( silk %\ld be cut out1 j l>ge en\gh to give suffici5t ov]lap4 ,!y %\ld be atta*$ ) fi% glue1 & /ret*$ z tightly z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja ,figs4 #if to #aja4--;,arrangem5t & ,details ( ,collapsible ,monoplane ,at ! o!r end ( ! fuselage is atta*$ ! hooks = ! ela/ic1 & ! wire =m+ !m is also utilis$ z a protector4 ,! :ole con/ruction is made f a #aj-;94 l5g? ( ,no4 #ah ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire1 re9=c$ ) a /rip ( ?9 bamboo1 b5t to %ape ov] a blue flame & b\nd ) silk tape4 ,! "p is %[n unb\nd 9 ,fig4 #aja1 & ,fig4 #ajb %[s an alt]native protector2 b x is n s effective4 ,! ma9 plane is made ( bamboo & piano wire ( ,no4 #ah ,s4,w4,g41 & measures #b ft4 #aj 94 by #f 94 ,! lead+ edge is ( bamboo #c ft4 #b 94 long1 _/ 94 wide1 tap]+ to 94 at ! ends1 ) a uni=m ?ickness ( 94 ,:5 plan$ d[n ! l5g? %\ld be heat$ ov] a blue flame1 & b5t to ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #if1 ! outside ( ! bamboo be+ kept on ! outside ( ! curve4 ,! trail+ edge %\ld n[ be atta*$ to ! ends ( ! lead+ edge1 a l5g? ( 94 be+ b5t up at ea* end ( ! wire1 & securely b\nd to ! bamboo4 ,! ribs %\ld n[ be cut f ! same gauge wire4 ,! ends %\ld be b5t out at an angle s t !y may be b\nd to ! lead+ & trail+ edges1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc2 ! project+ ends %\ld be ab\t 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji ,figs4 #ajb to #aji4 ,details ( ,collapsible ,monoplane ,! two c5tre ribs are %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,x w be se5 t ! lead+ edge is rais$ 94 above ! fuselage1 & ! re> edge is level ) x4 ,! ends ( ! ribs are fitt$ into small holes drill$ 9 ! top ( ! fuselage1 & kept 9 position by means ( small metal clips1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aje & #ajf4 ,f\r ( ! clips are requir$1 & !y may be easily made f ?9 t9plate & sold]$4 ,! ribs %\ld be sold]$ to ! trail+ edge s z to make !m secure4 ,! framework %\ld be cov]$ ) pro($ silk1 & neatly glu$ on all edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,re> ,skid ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab ,figs4 #aaa & #aab4--;,details ( ,screw ,! *assis is %[n by ,fig4 #ajg1 ,no4 #ah gauge piano wire be+ us$ = ! fram+1 & an ord9>y cycle spoke = ! axle4 ,figs4 #ajh & #aji %[ ! flexible jo9ts ( ! *assis1 :i* folds up flat :5 ! hooks at ,c 7,fig4 #ajg7 are )drawn4 ,! :eels are #b 94 9 diamet]1 & are rubb] tyr$1 ! ends ( ! spoke be+ burr$ ov] to keep !m 9 position4 ,! re> skid is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj1 & is made ( ,no4 #ah gauge piano wire4 ,a s+le l5g? is us$1 be+ b5t to %ape1 pass$ ?r\gh ! end ( ! fuselage1 & held to its "w by ! project+ end ,d1 :i* fits 9 a hole 9 ! "u-side ( "o ( ! pieces ( wood4 ,:5 n 9 use ! skid may be fold$ flat4 ,! two propell]s are ( ! simple b5twood type1 #aj 94 9 diamet] & #a ft4 #h 94 pit*4 ,!y are made ( _/-94 bir* 9 ! usual way4 ,! %ape ( ! blades is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa1 & ! angle at :i* ! blades are b5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,six /r&s ( /rip rubb] %\ld be atta*$ to ea* propell]1 ord9>y s(t soap be+ us$ z a lubricant4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,tractor ,monoplane ,"s ( ! competitions arrang$ by ! ,kite & ,model ,a]oplane ,association h be5 = duration models ( a m9imum weight ( #a lb41 capable ( ris+ f ! gr\nd "u _! own p[]1 c>ry+ a dead weight ( a qu>t] ( _! own total weight4 ,su* a model is t "h illu/rat$ & describ$4 ,x has fl[n repeat$ly = ?irty-eight seconds aft] ris+ f ! gr\nd1 :ile its h&-laun*$ duration is ab\t half a m9ute1 by no means a small accompli%m5t = a #af-oz4 model4 ,x w be se5 t x has some:at l>g] dim5sions ?an ! ord9>y rubb]-driv5 model4 ,! top ma9 sp> is ( spruce1 #d ft4 #f 94 long & 94 by 94 9 cross-section1 ! bottom "o be+ #b 94 long] & 94 by _/ 94 9 section4 ,! bottom memb] is to be b5t by /eam approximately to ! %ape %[n 9 ! side view ( ! ma*9e 7,fig4 #aac71 & !n fitt$ to make a clean butt jo9t to ! top sp> ,b 7,fig4 #aad74 ,be>+s = ! two -94 ge>s1 details ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aae1 are b5t to %ape f ,no4 #bj gauge %eet-brass1 a lug be+ left project+ to engage ) ! bottom memb] ( ! fuselage4 ,! holes = ! %afts %\ld be drill$ s t ! ge>s make a fairly tight me%4 ,! sp9dles are to be ( ,no4 #af gauge piano wire1 on to :i* ! ge>s are to be sold]$4 ,! propell] %aft is cont9u$ =w>d ( ! be>+ = #a 941 & is b5t back at an angle 7z %[n 9 detail at ,a 9 ,fig4 #aaf7 to grip tightly 9 ! propell] boss4 ,! ge>s are kept c5tral betwe5 ! two be>+s by means ( pieces ( brass tub+1 :i* are slipp$ on ! sp9dles at ea* side ( ! be>+ & sold]$ 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,side ,elevation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,sp> ,jo9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--;,ge>+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,%aft ,atta*m5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,*assis ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,ma9 ,plane ,atta*m5t ,ela/ic hooks1 =m$ f ,no4 #af gauge wire1 are fix$ at ! re> end ( ! fuselage1 & s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( provid+ an an*orage = ! bottom sp>1 :i* is :ipp$ & glu$ ) ! hooks to ! top sp>4 ,fig4 #aad %[s cle>ly :at is meant4 ,bamboo1 ( _/-94 by -94 cross-section1 is us$ = ! tail skid1 :i* is secur$ to ! fuselage by ?read b9d+4 ,piano wire is us$ = ! l&+ *assis1 & ( ! same gauge z hi!rto us$ on ! sp9dles4 ,! triangul> side /ruts ( ! *assis %\ld fir/ be fram$ up f "o cont9u\s l5g? ( wire1 lugs be+ b5t at ! po9t :]e !y meet ! fuselage1 to be b\nd ) f9e t9n$ iron wire & sold]$ to ! sp>4 ,figs4 #aac1 #aag & #aah cle>ly %[ its con/ruction4 ,make ! axle ( su* a l5g? t a #ab-;94 :eel-base may be left aft] ! :eels are plac$ on4 ,! writ] f\nd t #b-;94 rubb]-tyr$ disc :eels left no?+ to be desir$ = ris+ (f %ort grass4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! measurem5t f ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel to ! top sp>1 measur$1 ( c\rse1 9 a v]tical direction1 %all be #i 94 7see ,fig4 #aac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,plan ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,k+po/ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,w+ ,brac+ ,atta*m5t ,z tw9 ge>s ( equal size are us$1 ! torques ( ! oppositely revolv+ ske9s ( rubb] w be balanc$4 ,h5ce no brac+ w be f\nd necess>y on ! motor sp>4 ,! ge>+1 by ! way1 is b\nd to ! top & bottom memb]s ( ! fuselage ) t9n$ iron wire1 & sold]$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aae4 ,! ma9 plane is ( r a l>ge span1 & x is ess5tial t bir* be us$1 94 by _/ 94 9 section4 ,! w+ sp>s are b5t at _! c5tres1 to imp>t a tap]+ w+ plan analog\s to ! ,m>t9syde monoplane4 ,sev5 ribs connect ! sp>s1 & ^! are camb]$ to 94 ,! w+ tap]s f #aj 94 at ! c5tre to #g 94 at ! tips1 ! c5tre rib project+ = 94 =e & aft] ( ! w+4 ,! t9 clips %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #aai slip ov] ^!1 & s provide a means ( adju/m5t to ! c5tre ( pressure ( ! complete ma*9e4 ,*oice ( cov]+ mu/ be left to ! build]2 b yell[ ,japanese silk1 pro($ ) v>ni%1 w be f\nd q suitable1 & ( a r pleas+ amb] hue4 ,a bir* k+po/ passes ?r\gh ! fabric1 & to ?is ! w+s are brac$ by ,no4 #ce gauge music wire4 ,suffici5t t5sion %\ld be plac$ on ! top wires to give ! w+s a #c-;94 dih$ral angle1 z 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,! detail illu/ration ( ! k+po/ 7,fig4 #aba7 is self-explanatory4 ,! brac+ wires are an*or$ to wire hooks =c$ ?r\gh ! w+ 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! correct position ( ! ma9 plane %\ld be f\nd by trial4 ,! k+po/ c !n be p]man5tly fix$ to ! ma9 sp> by p9n+ & glu+4 ,no4 #ah gauge wire ( ! music or piano v>iety %\ld be us$ = ! tail & rudd]4 ,draw ! plan =m ( ! w+ full-size on a bo>d2 p9s may !n be driv5 p>tly home on ea* side ( ! l9e at spaces ( ab\t #c 94 ,! wire may n[ be pu%$ betwe5 ! p9s1 cut (f1 & lapp$ = 94 ,! two cross ribs c be sold]$ to ! tail be=e ! tacks are )drawn4 ,x w be f\nd on releas+ ! tacks t ! wire w rema9 true to ! %ape ( ! template4 ,?is may seem a r labori\s process2 b x is f> quick] & easi] ?an attempt+ to guess ! correct curvature4 ,! rudd] may be made to any conv5i5t %ape1 pref]ably t %[n4 ,! two ends %\ld be sprung outw>ds aft] ! =m ( ! lett] ,a to =m a cle>ance = ! rubb] hooks1 & !n sold]$ to ! tail4 ,a v slight adju/m5t ( ?is w be f\nd necess>y to obviate propell] torque4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,front ,elevation ,no provision has be5 made = ! adju/m5t ( ! lift on ! tail4 ,inde$1 none 0 f\nd necess>y1 x be+ q an easy matt] to b5d ! tail flaps up or d[n to increase or decrease ! elevation4 ,!y %\ld always1 h[ev]1 h a slight negative angle to ma9ta9 longitud9al /ability4 ,! tail %\ld be b\nd to ! fuselage ) copp] wire4 ,! propell]1 ( ! usual integral type1 is c>v$ f ! solid block1 :i* measures #ae 94 by _/ 94 by #b 94 ,x %\ld be made ( "r-h&$ pit*1 & mu/ be plac$ on ! "r-h& ge>1 s t ?ru/ balances torque4 ,on ea* side1 n9e /r&s ( -94 /rip rubb]1 lubricat$ ) dilut$ s(t soap1 supply ! motive p[]4 ,?is w /& approximately #fjj turns4 ,vasel9e w suffice to m9imise friction on ! ge>s4 ,x is advisable to te/ ! model d[n ! w9d ) ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! maximum turns4 ,! ma9 plane %\ld be mov$ =w>ds to increase ! elevation1 & backw>ds to decrease x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--;,complete ,tractor ,monoplane ,fig4 #abc %[s ! model 9 p]spective4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,hydro-monoplane ,! pres5t ma*9e is capable ( mak+ a flight ( ab\t sixty seconds aft] ris+ f ! wat]1 :i* x does aft] travell+ f #h ft4 to #aj ft4 "u normal conditions4 ,?is model is :at is kn[n z ! 8,a0 frame 7see ,*apt] ,,iii47 type ( monoplane fitt$ ) a load$ elevator4 ,! framework or fuselage is n con/ruct$ 9 q ! or?odox mann]1 b 9 ! mann] %[n 9 section at ,d & ,e 7,fig4 #abd74 ,^! side memb]s are made f two pieces ( be/ silv] spruce #c ft4 #c 94 long1 94 by 94 at ! =w>d or elevator end1 94 by 94 9 ! middle1 betwe5 ! elevator & ! ma9 plane1 & 94 by _/ 94 at ! propell] end4 ,?is tap]+ is necess>y 9 ord] to make ! wood proportionate to ! /ra9 to :i* x w be subject$4 ,?is is call$ a cantilev]4 ,aft] ea* /ick has be5 plan$ to ! above sizes1 a holl[ *isel is us$ to *annel out ! wood on "o side1 ! f9i% be+ giv5 ) a woodwork]'s file4 ,! opposite side is r\nd$ (f aft] ! inside is f9i%$4 ,! front ends are b\nd toge!r & glu$1 ! =w>d hooks 7to :i* ! rubb] is atta*$71 & ! protector1 %[n by ,fig4 #abe1 be+ incorporat$ at ! same "t2 ^! are made ( ,no4 #ah & ,no4 #bj ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire respectively4 ,! o!r extremity ( ! fuselage is held #i 94 ap>t by means ( a bamboo di/ance /rut1 measur+ _/#af 94 by _/#af 94 ,?is /rut1 toge!r ) ! ?ree o!rs1 is c>efully %ap$1 ! ends %>p5$1 & !n fitt$ into a split 9 ! side memb]s z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #abf4 ,consid]able c>e is ne$$ 9 mak+ ?is =m ( jo9t2 b :5 ! jo9ts are glu$ & b\nd ov] ) -94 /rip silk1 !y are wond]fully /rong4 ,! propell] be>+s are made ( ,no4 #ah ,s4,w4,g4 wire1 & resemble a lady's pla9 hairp9 b5t at "r angles midway1 ) a cupp$ wa%] sold]$ on ! r\nd end to take ! ?ru/ 7see ,fig4 #abg74 ,^! wa%]s1 kn[n z ,fr5* clock collets or cupp$ wa%]s1 may be procur$ at any wat* repair]'s at #c;d4 p] doz54 ,! propell] be>+s %\ld be b\nd to ! fuselage at ! same "t z ! end di/ance piece is fix$4 ,! frame is truss$ ) two diagonal brac+ wires2 ,no4 #cj ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire %\ld be us$1 ?is be+ /ra9$ ) ! aid ( hooks z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh4 ,to tight5 ! wire1 twi/ ! hooks ) a pair ( r\nd-nose pli]s4 ,! ma9 plane is #cg 94 9 span1 ) a maximum wid? ( #g 94 at ! c5tre1 tap]+ to #f 94 at #c 94 f ! tip4 ,! camb] is 94 at ! c5tre & 94 ne> ! tip4 ,! frame is con/ruct$ ( bamboo1 ! lead+ edge & ! end ribs be+ "o long piece ( select$ yell[ bamboo1 _/ 94 by _/ 941 & is b5t to ! %ape by hold+ ov] an inc&esc5t gas burn]4 ,! trail+ edge is made ( simil> mat]ial2 b is /raight :5 look$ at 9 plan4 ,?is piece measures #cd 94 by _/ 94 by _/ 941 & is jo9$ to ! end ribs z %[n at ,c 7,fig4 #abi71 aft]w>ds be+ b\nd ) /rip silk4 ,! ribs are all _/ 94 by _/ 941 be+ b5t 9 ! mann] sugge/$ above & split-jo9t$ into ! sp>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,plan ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,nose ( ,model ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,cross ,memb] ,jo9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,be>+s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,brac+ ,an*orage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,rib ,atta*m5t ,! ma9 plane has a dih$ral angle ( #a 9 #g2 t is1 ! tips are ab\t #b 94 high] ?an ! c5tre ( ! plane4 ,! plane is cov]$ ) pro($ silk secur$ ) fi% glue4 ,! elevator is a m9iature edition ( ! ma9 plane1 be+ #ac 94 9 span & provid$ ) a *ord ( #c 94 ,! camb] is 94 at ! c5tre & _/ 94 at ! tips4 ,x is atta*$ to ! framework 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two /raight pieces ( ?9 bamboo #e 94 long are atta*$ to ! "u-side ( ! elevator1 & run p>allel to ! tap]$ end ( ! fuselage1 & ! project+ ends ( ^! pieces are atta*$ to ! frame ) ela/ic b&s4 ,to give an increas$ angle1 blocks ( wood are plac$ "u ! bamboo /rips z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe1 ^! pieces be+ 94 high4 ,a great] or less angle may be giv5 by mov+ ! blocks ei!r backw>ds or =w>ds z requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--,side ,elevation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,floats ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--,re> ,float ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca;,a4--,re> ,float ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,screw ,eye ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,re> ,elevation ,! floats are ?ree 9 numb]1 & are ( equal dim5sions1 #f 94 by #b 94 by 94 at ! greate/ dep?1 :i* is ab\t ?ree p>ts ( ! way f ! front4 ,to con/ruct ! floats1 two side pieces ( _/-94 bir* are cut to ! %ape giv5 9 ,figs4 #acj to #aca;,a1 & ^! are nail$ to ! ends ( a piece ( :itewood measur+ #b 94 by 94 by 94 ,jo9+ ea* end ( ! side pieces is a piece ( :itewood1 cut to fit s z to =m a nice entry1 ! =w>d piece be+ flat on top & ! re> piece flat on ! bottom4 ,at ! place m>k$ ,g 7,fig4 #acj7 !re is an additional piece to /r5g!n ! float & keep ! silk cov]+ taut4 ,runn+ f front to back !re is a -94 by _/-94 /rip ( bamboo to keep ! silk f sagg+ :5 runn+ on ! wat]4 ,! front floats are nail$ to ! bamboo cross-piece1 & ! adju/m5t is made by b5d+ ! small pieces ( piano-wire ,f4 ,! re> float atta*m5t is %[n by ,fig4 #acb1 & ! adju/m5t is made 9 ! same way4 ,! wire is atta*$ to ! floats ) small hooks z %[n by ,fig4 #acc1 ^! be+ screw$ into ! di/ance pieces ( ! float4 ,! connect+ wires are b\nd to ! fuselage ) /rip silk & glu$4 ,! flat portion ( ! "u-side ( ! front floats has an angle ( incid5ce ( #a 9 #f1 ! re> float angle be+ #a 9 #h4 ,ano!r type ( float is q practicable1 if pref]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,model ,hydroplane ,! propell]s are #aj 94 9 diamet] ) a pit* ( #bc 941 & are c>v$ f a solid piece ( mahogany4 ,! blades are glasspap]$ to a ?ickness ( ab\t _/ 941 & are /r5g!n$ ) silk /uck on "o side4 ,! floats are cov]$ ) ! same pro($ silk z ! planes2 b to ensure complete imp]vi\sness to wat]1 coat ) a mixture ( #b p>ts ( boil$ oil & #a "p ( gold size4 ,fig4 #acd is a re> elevation4 ,! ma9 plane re/s flat on ! fuselage1 & is held 9 place by means ( two #i-;94 by -94 by _/-94 pieces ( bamboo1 :i* are secur$ to ! framework ) ela/ic4 ,?is me?od all[s ! plane to be readily remov$4 ,!re are six /r&s ( ?ick -94 /rip ela/ic to ea* propell]1 & ! numb] ( turns giv5 is ab\t #ijj :5 well lubricat$4 ,! total weight ( ! complete model is only #f oz41 & 9 mak+ ! ma*9e e ef=t %\ld be made n to exce$ ?is am\nt4 ,fig4 #ace %[s a model hydro-monoplane 9 p]spective4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,compress$-air ,eng9e = ,model ,a]oplane ,signs are n want+ t compress$ air z a motive p[] = model a]oplanes w become equally z popul> z ! twi/$ ske9 ( rubb]1 :i* has practically held ! field s9ce x 0 introduc$ ab\t ! ye> #ahgj by ,alphonse ,p5aud4 ,"o ( ! *ief disadvantages ( ! rubb] motor is t exp]im5ts ( a full-size scale nature _c be und]tak51 ow+ to ! l5g? ( frame requir$ 9 ord] t ! necess>y p[] & duration ( run may be obta9$1 & also ow+ to ! disposition ( weight1 & consequ5tly ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 n be+ tantam\nt to t obta9+ 9 full-size practice4 ,) a compress$-air plant ^! disadvantages are elim9at$1 s9ce ! weight c be kept well =w>d1 ?us mak+ possible ! design+ ( a model :i* repres5ts 9 ess5tial proportions a full-size ma*9e4 ,p>ticul>s are "h giv5 ( a highly successful plant1 = :i* ! ma*9e describ$ 9 ! next *apt] 0 especially design$4 ,sev]al ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is pres5t *apt] are exagg]at$ to r5d] ! con/ruction cle>1 & x is ?\ght t ! details giv5 w be f\nd compreh5sive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci ,figs4 #acf to #aci4--;,arrangem5t & ,details ( ,eng9e ,fig4 #acf gives a plan view ( ! eng9e1 :i* is rot>y )1 ( c\rse1 a /ation>y crank-%aft4 ,! five cyl9d]s are s(t-sold]$ to :at may be t]m$ ! crank-case1 :i* consi/s ( two circul> brass discs ( ! gauge indicat$4 ,9 ord] t ! cyl9d]s may be accurately locat$ r\nd ! plates1 a wood5 jig %\ld be made ) slots to receive ! cyl9d]s1 & a recess to take ! plate4 ,five light5+ holes are drill$ 9 ! two plates z %[n4 ,! front plate1 t is1 ! "o c>ry+ ! propell] bolt1 is1 h[ev]1 left (f until ! pi/ons1 crank-%aft1 & sleeve are assembl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,details ( ,crank ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,connect+ ,rod ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,section ( ,cyl9d] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,pi/on ,tongues ,fig4 #acg gives a side elevation ( ! eng9e1 ) ! crank-%aft & sleeve %[n 9 section4 ,x w be se5 t ! sleeve butts to a %\ld]1 a slight und]cut be+ giv5 to ! %aft :5 turn+ ?is portion to ensure a good jo9t4 ,f ?is figure ! inlet & exhau/ pr9ciple w be manife/4 ,x w be notic$ t z ea* inlet pipe co9cides ) ! "r angul> inlet 9 ! %aft1 s does x receive a *>ge ( compress$ air4 ,! pressure on ! pi/on revolves ! eng9e1 ?us %utt+ (f inlet to t p>ticul> cyl9d] & br++ ! next cyl9d] 9 l9e ) ! inlet4 ,z soon z ! fir/ cyl9d] ne>s ! bottom ( its /roke x beg9s to exhau/ ?r\gh ! diametrically oppos$ exhau/ port4 ,ne$less to say1 ! crank-%aft & sleeve mu/ be turn$ a good runn+ fit1 o!rwise !re w be consid]able wa/e ( p[]4 ,! be/ me?od to employ is to turn ! %aft a pu% fit )9 ! sleeve1 & !n to gr9d x 9 ) rott5/one4 ,:5 sold]+ ! inlet pipes into ! sleeve1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to ensure t !y d n become 8*ok$0 ) sold]4 ,! sleeve %\ld aft]w>ds be ream$ out to remove all sup]flu\s sold]4 ,:5 sold]+ ! sleeve into ! back plate c>e mu/ also be ex]cis$ to ensure t x is truly at "r angles to ! plate4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! eng9e revolves ) ! sleeve z a be>+4 ,! five holes :i* are drill$ r\nd ! sleeve to receive ! inlet pipes mu/ be equidi/ant1 s t ! p]iods ( inlet are syn*ron\s4 ,fig4 #ach gives an enl>g$ view ( ! crank-%aft & sleeve1 & is self-explanatory4 ,obs]ve t ! exhau/ port is l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! inlet4 ,details ( ! pi/ons are %[n by ,fig4 #aci4 ,! connect+-rods are sold]$ to tubul> di/ance pieces1 :i* rock on ! _/-94 silv]-/eel gudgeon-p9s1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! pi/ons1 be+ cut %ort] ?an ! outside diamet] ( ! pi/on to avoid possible scor+ ( ! bore ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! gudgeon-p9s are sold]$ into position1 ! sup]flu\s sold] be+ scrap$ f ! pi/on walls4 ,to ensure airtightness ( ! pi/ons & cyl9d]s1 cupp$ lea!r wa%]s are fix$ to ! pi/on-heads by means ( t9 tongues sold]$ to !m1 & :i* are =c$ ?r\gh ! wa%] & b5t ov]4 ,! ord9>y cycle-pump wa%] is admirably suit$ to ! purpose1 b ! height ( ! wa%] :5 )9 ! cyl9d] %\ld n exce$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--;,conta9] ,fig4 #adj gives dim5sions ( ! crank & ?r[1 to exagg]at$ scale1 to avoid cr[d+ ! details4 ,! important po9t to be> 9 m9d :5 beg9n+ ?is portion ( ! con/ruction is to obta9 ! correct /roke1 s9ce ! cyl9d]s are design$ to take a /roke ( 94 only4 ,see also t ! crank-p9 revolves truly1 t is1 at #ahj to ! %aft4 ,fig4 #ada is a longitud9al section ( ! cyl9d]4 ,z !re %[n1 ! cyl9d]-head is 8let 90 ! head & sold]$ !re4 ,! inlet pipes %\ld be pack$ ) res9 prior to b5d+1 ?is be+ aft]w>ds melt$ out4 ,! connect+-rods are %[n by ,fig4 #adb1 ! important dim5sion1 obvi\sly1 be+ ! c5tre di/ance ( ! holes = ! crank-p9 & gudgeon-p9 respectively4 ,^! are ( ,no4 #bj ,b4,w4,g4 brass4 ,! t9 clips us$ to secure ! cupp$ lea!r wa%]s to ! pi/on head 7f\r ( :i* are us$ = ea* pi/on1 s t tw5ty 9 all w be requir$7 are %[n by ,fig4 #adc4 ,!y are ( ,no4 #cj ,s4,w4,g41 & are b5t along ! dott$ l9e to a "r angle1 ! -94 portion be+ ! end to be sold]$ to ! pi/on4 ,! compress$-air conta9] %[n by ,fig4 #add is made f copp] foil ( ! ?ickness %[n4 ,?is is fold$ r\nd a wood5 =m] ( circul> cross-section1 & ti$ tightly 9 place :ile ! lapp$ jo9t is be+ sold]$4 ,! two faces ( ! jo9t t are 9 contact %\ld fir/ be t9n$1 us+ ,fluxite or res9 z a flux2 spirits ( salt %\ld on no acc\nt be us$1 z ?is has a delet]i\s effect on metal ( s f9e a gauge2 & a m$iumly heat$ iron %\ld be us$ to sold] ! jo9t4 ,w9d ! body ) ! ,no4 #ce ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire1 sold]+ ea* spiral at ea* revolution s t x ma9ta9s its correct pit*4 ,n[ atta* "o ( ! half-balls 7:i* = pref]5ce %\ld be provid$ ) a /epp$ flange z %[n7 :ile ! body is /ill on ! wood5 =m]1 fir/ t9n+ ! two surfaces 9 contact1 & !n 8runn+0 ! sold] r\nd ) a m$iumly heat$ sold]+ bit1 & s seal+ ! jo9t4 ,prior to atta*+ ! second half-ball to ! o!r end1 a t5sion wire mu/ be atta*$ to ! flange1 ei!r ( ! valve or ! tap 7accord+ to :i* half-ball 0 atta*$ fir/71 by sold]+4 ,?is is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! body ( ! conta9] 7! wood5 =m]1 ( c\rse1 n[ hav+ be5 remov$71 & ?read$ ?r\gh a hole drill$ 9 ! half-ball at a conv5i5t po9t ne> ! c5tre4 ,t5sion is n[ appli$ to ! wire & ! second half-ball eas$ into position1 & :ile /ill pull+ on ! wire x is sold]$ into ! hole ?r\gh :i* x passes1 aft]w>ds be+ cut (f suffici5tly long to =m a coil on ! end4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be cle> t ! valve 7( ! ,lucas type7 & tap are sold]$ to ! half-ball be=e ! latt] are affix$ to ! conta9] body4 ,! conta9] %\ld be inflat$ & imm]s$ 9 p>aff9 to te/ = leakages1 & :5 ^! are /opp$ up ! conta9] & eng9e may be connect$ by a %ort l5g? ( tub+4 ,! eng9e is !n ready = runn+4 ,?9 ma*9e oil %\ld be us$ = lubricat+ purposes1 & :]e necess>y ! connect+-rods mu/ be /agg]$ = cle>ance4 ,9 conclusion1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! plant %\ld n weigh m ?an #aj oz4 complete1 & is capable ( fly+ a ma*9e weigh+ #b lb41 provid$ t x is effici5tly con/ruct$4 ,! conta9] %\ld be inflat$ to a pressure ( n less ?an #ajj lb4 ,fig4 #ade %[s a simil> compress$-air model a]oplane eng9e complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade;,a4--,compress$-air ,plant = ,model ,a]oplane ,! accompany+ photographic reproduction %[s a model compress$-air plant = model a]oplanes :i* is simil> 9 g5]al design to ! "o illu/rat$4 ,! diff]5ce is t inlet takes place ?r\gh holl[ connect+-rods1 :i* are ball-end$ & fit into ball seat+s4 ,! cyl9d]s oscillate1 & ! connect+-rods1 be+ rigidly atta*$ to ! pi/ons1 by _! angul>ity dur+ revolution =m ! inlet & exhau/ me*anism4 ,! propell] is ge>$ up 9 ! ratio #b3 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,?ree-cyl9d] ,eng9e ,! design is analog\s to a v e>ly ,fr5* eng9e mu* 9 evid5ce 9 ! e>ly days 9 model exp]im5ts4 ,x is ?\ght t ! photograph w give ! read] an idea ( ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! plant previ\sly describ$4 ,driv+ ,small ,biplane4--,fig4 #ade is a front elevation1 ) ! front plate remov$1 ( a #c-;cyl9d] eng9e on simil> l9es1 :i* w\ld be suffici5tly p[]ful = models up to #ab oz4 weight4 ,z w be obvi\s1 ! ?ree cyl9d]s are fix$ 7by sold]7 to two circul> discs ( ,no4 #bj gauge brass =m+ ! crank *amb]4 ,! cyl9d]s & v>i\s compon5t p>ts %\ld be assembl$ be=e ! front plate is fix$4 ,a l5g? ( brass tube is sold]$ into ! back plate1 & equidi/ant r\nd its p]iph]y ?ree -94 holes mu/ be drill$ to receive fe$ pipes :i* pass to ! cyl9d] heads4 ,a piece ( brass rod to =m ! crank-%aft mu/ be turn$ to make a good runn+ fit )9 ! tube & inlet1 & exhau/ holes drill$ z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! pi/ons %\ld be made an easy fit4 ,pieces ( by-pass tub+ are sold]$ into ! small ends ( ! connect+-rods4 ,?r\gh ^! tubes pass ! gudgeon-p9s :i* are an*or$ to ! pi/on walls4 ,! position ( ! connect+-rods 9 relation to ! pi/on is ?us ma9ta9$4 ,! conta9] 7into :i* air is compress$ ) a foot pump to f #ajj lb4 to #abj lb4 p] squ>e in*7 is con/ruct$ f copp] foil ( ?ree-?\s&?s 7#jjc7 ( an in* ?ickness1 & is ( ! same dim5sions z ! five-cyl9d] "o4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,biplane ,driv5 by ,compress$-air ,eng9e ,! model a]oplane illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #adh has be5 design$ to suit ! compress$-air plant fully illu/rat$ & describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x is f ! results obta9$ f ! te/+ ( ! plant t ! dim5sions ( a suitable model = x are det]m9$2 & :ile ! design may suit ! majority ( ! plants con/ruct$ f ! illu/rations %[n 9 pp4 #ie to #aja1 x is *iefly giv5 to %[ ! correct me?od ( design+ a 8p[]-driv50 ma*9e1 s9ce ! p[] unit 7unlike ! ela/ic motor7 _c be v>i$1 & rec\rse to "s e/abli%$ l9e ( reason+ becomes ess5tial4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d1 !n1 once ! plant has be5 8tun$ up10 is to asc]ta9 ! ?ru/ obta9able f x4 ,?is is f\nd by susp5d+ ! plant by ! valve on a balance1 ) a conta9] fully inflat$1 ! weight regi/]$ be+ c>efully not$4 ,! conta9] pressure %\ld n[ be releas$1 & ! weight regi/]$ :5 ! motor is runn+ obs]v$4 ,by subtract+ ! =m] f ! latt] ! ?ru/ is obta9$4 ,?us1 assum+ ! plant1 at re/1 to weigh #h oz41 & :5 runn+ #ab oz41 x is cle> t ! ?ru/ is equal to #d oz4 ,n[1 x is necess>y to "k ! av]age ?ru/ develop$1 s9ce1 z hi!rto expla9$1 ! ?ru/ is n con/ant1 b gradually dim9i%es z ! d5sity ( ! air 9 ! conta9] approa*es normal atmosph]ic conditions2 t is1 #adf lb4 p] squ>e in* 7kn[n z an atmosph]e74 ,x is possible to obta9 "s v int]e/+ data by plott+ a graph ( ! ?ru/ giv5 (f at v>i\s mom5ts f ! release ( ! pressure 9 ! conta9]4 ,mean:ile x c be tak5 z a good rule t ! ?ru/ regi/]$ aft] "o-?ird ( ! effective run ( ! motor repres5ts approximately ! av]age ?ru/2 & ! figure giv5 above 7#d oz47 w s]ve = ! purpose ( illu/ration4 ,x is next necess>y to "k ! weight ( ! model x w lift4 ,x is well e/abli%$ t a plant w fly a ma*9e weigh+ f f\r to six times ! weight ( ! ?ru/ x develops1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 mu* dep5ds on ! effici5cy ( ! model2 ! great] ! complexity ( frame memb]s ! l[] ! lift drag ratio1 & consequ5tly ! l[] ! ratio betwe5 ! ?ru/ & ! weight ( ! model4 ,compromis+1 & tak+ #e3 #a z ! ratio1 #bj oz4 is obta9$ z ! total weight ( ! plant & model4 ,! next po9t to be decid$ on is ! load+1 & z ! model is to be a biplane a comp>atively light load+ c be us$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ma*9e %[n 9 side elevation by ,fig4 #adf & 9 front elevation by ,fig4 #adg1 #d oz4 has be5 tak5 z ! load+ p] squ>e foot4 ,s t ! total area ( ! w+s w be #bj #e sq4 ft4 #gbj sq4 94 ---- #d ,a span ( #ed 94 = ! top plane & #df 94 = ! bottom "o has be5 decid$ on1 & by us+ a *ord ( #h 94 ! total area ( ! w+s vies v approximately ) ?is figure1 all[+ a small m>g9 = excess weight4 ,! area ( ! tail1 :i* is non-lift+1 ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,al?\gh ! 8gap0 is giv5 z be+ equal to ! *ord1 x c\ld be made1 if any?+1 94 great]4 ,n[ ) reg>d to actual mat]ials4 ,bir* is to be us$ = ! longitud9als1 /raight 9 ! gra9 & ( ! cross-sections illu/rat$4 ,! l[] memb] is b5t "u /eam to ! curvature %[n--( #f-;94 radius4 ,two v]tical /ruts support ! w+s1 & ^! %\ld be cut f hickory4 ,a %ort tie-/rut secures ! bottom longitud9al to ! front int]-/rut1 ! jo9t be+ made by means ( side angle-plates b\nd into place4 ,x w be f\nd good practice to make a full-size draw+ ( ! ma*9e 9 side elevation1 s t x c be us$ z a template to fit up ! cross memb]s--p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! cutt+ ( ! angles4 ,! jo9t ( ! long]on to ! cross memb] is %[n sep>ately at ,a 7,fig4 #adf74 ,! usual fi%-plates are employ$1 s made t a small wir+ plate is left protrud+ f ! b9d+1 to :i* ! cross-sectional & longitud9al-sectional wires are made (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,plan ,view ( ,biplane ,driv5 by ,compress$ ,air ,! plant itself is slung into ! framework by means ( eight wires1 ea* be+ made (f to ! wir+ plates4 ,ea* %\ld also be provid$ ) a small -94 wire /ra9] to enable ! plant to be fix$ q rigidly--albeit p]mitt+ ( its be+ remov$ = inspection or repairs4 ,! wires f ! eng9e itself are tak5 (f f ! f\r small eyes sold]$ to ! /ation>y portion ( ! crank-%aft4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to ensure t ! plane ( rotation ( ! screw is at "r angles to ! ma9 planes4 ,a #a-;94 dih$ral is giv5 to ! bottom plane by means ( ! brac+ wires pass+ betwe5 ! int]-/ruts1 & %[n on ! prec$+ page4 ,x has be5 ?\ght advisable to atta* a small re> :eel1 to enable ! model to rise (f ! gr\nd ) z little loss ( p[] z possible4 ,su* a :eel1 ) atta*m5ts1 ne$ weigh no m ?an oz41 & is a great improvem5t ov] ! cane skid usually employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,side ,elevation ( ,biplane ,driv5 by ,compress$ ,air ,9 brac+ ! outrigg]s1 or long]ons1 "s c>e w be requir$ to ensure _! be+ q true4 ,x w be easi] to f9i% ea* section (f fir/1 s t !y are q p>allel at ! jo9ts4 ,! "p plan view ( ! model 7,fig4 #adh7 w make ! relative position ( ! v>i\s compon5t p>ts q pla94 ,! two top tail outrigg]s pass ?r\gh ! fabric at ! po9t :]e ! sp> is locat$1 _! front ends be+ p9n$ & cross b\nd to ! w+ sp>1 :i* is made ( great] cross-section 9 ! c5tre1 s t its /r5g? is n mat]ially impair$ ?r\gh ! pi]c+ ( x4 ,bir* is to be us$ = ! w+ sp>s & ribs ( ! sections indicat$4 ,! planes are ribb$ at p]iods ( #f 94 & giv5 a camb] ( 941 ! greate/ dep? ( :i* is #b 94 f ! lead+ edge4 ,x is f> easi] to imp>t ! camb] aft] ! w+ framework is made ?an to camb] ea* rib sep>ately4 ,ea* rib %\ld be cut #a 94 long] ?an necess>y1 & p9n$ & glu$ to ! sp>s1 ) 94 ov]lapp+ ea* ( ^! latt]4 ,:5 ! glue is q set1 ! p9s may be cl9*$ ov] by support+ ! w+ on an iron weight & tapp+ !m back flu% to ! sp>s4 ,! full-size section ( ! camb] %\ld be drawn ^u a bo>d1 ) :i* to *eck ! accuracy ( ! fir/ rib to be camb]$ 7! end rib74 ,! ribs are camb]$ 9 a jet ( /eam1 ! convex or top sides be+ plac$ ne>e/ to x4 ,hav+ camb]$ ! end rib c>efully to agree ) ! draw+1 ! o!rs may be mat*$ to x4 ,x w ?us be easy to ensure t e rib is ( ! correct curvature1 z any mi/ake 9 ! /eam+ ( ! rib w di/ort ! w+ sp> at ! po9t ( its atta*m5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is ?\ght advisable to camb] ! ribs fir/1 a wood5 b5d+ jig %\ld be made1 to enable sev]al ribs to be b5t at "o op]ation4 ,! ribs %\ld be ti$ d[n to ! jig ) /r+1 & ?us held "u ! /eam jet1 be+ well dri$ 9 front ( ! fire be=e !y are deta*$ f ! jig4 ,all ?ree sp>s pass und]nea? ! ribs4 ,a v light fabric %\ld be *os51 su* z c be obta9$ f ! model-a]o accessory w>eh\ses1 or an unpro($ ,japanese silk c be us$ & v>ni%$ :5 on ! w+4 ,if ?is latt] is us$1 x w be f\nd advantage\s to use a yell[ hue1 z ?is col\r is lea/ affect$ by ! action ( ! v>ni%4 ,b ! cov]+ ( ! w+s mu/ be left = ! "t be+1 = ! reason t ! sockets to :i* ! int]-/ruts are made fa/ mu/ fir/ be atta*$4 ,fur!r1 ! top plane mu/ be cov]$ aft] ! tail outrigg]s h be5 assembl$1 z x is s mu* easi] to make ! jo9t betwe5 ! w+ sp>s & ^! latt] be=e ! fabric is atta*$4 ,to r5d] x unnecess>y to ref] to ! po9t fur!r1 x may be not$ t ! fabric is br\ght ov] ! lead+ sp> ( ea* w+ to pocket x out4 ,x is mu* neat] to sew ! fabric along on ! lead+ edge1 z :5 glue is us$ an unsightly black sme> %[s ?r\gh4 ,! fabric %\ld be /ret*$ f end to end fir/1 ! fabric ov]laps be+ glu$ on ! bottom face ( ea* end rib4 ,draw+-p9s %\ld be p>tially press$ into ! ribs to secure ! fabric until ! glue is set4 ,at ,b 9 ,fig4 #adh is %[n ! me?od ( secur+ ! bottom plane to ! int]-/ruts4 ,conv5i5t not*es are cut 9 ! /ruts into :i* ! plane is sprung4 ,x w h be5 notic$ f ! side elevation 7,fig4 #adf7 t ! wid? ( ! int]-/ruts increases t[>ds ! bottom or l[] ends1 & also t !y incl9e slightly2 ?is is to provide = ! entry ( ! l[] plane1 s9ce ! top plane is atta*$ outside ! /ruts1 :ile ! bottom is plac$ inside !m4 ,at ,c is %[n ! me?od ( atta*+ ! int]-/ruts4 ,! tail is built up f split bamboo1 94 by _/ 94 9 cross-section1 & ! rudd]s are fram$ up f ,no4 #bj gauge piano wire4 ,! ends ( ! rudd] frames are =c$ ?r\gh ! long]ons1 & ! ends b5t back 9 alignm5t ) !m2 !y are !n b\nd to ! long]ons ) black ?ree-cord c>pet ?read4 ,! rudd]s are cov]$ aft] be+ fix$ to ! outrigg]s4 ,:5 x is necess>y to adju/ !m1 ! piano wire w be f\nd suffici5tly ductile to admit ( a w>p be+ plac$ !reon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--;,front ,elevation ( ,compress$-air-driv5 ,model ,elev5 ribs connect ! sp>s ( ! top plane & n9e ^? ( ! l[]1 ! camb] ( ea* be+ ! same2 t is1 ! same dep? ( camb] is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,be=e ! w+s are cov]$1 ! angle-plates to :i* ! int]-/ruts are fix$ mu/ be b\nd on2 & ^! are cut f ,no4 #cj gauge %eet t94 ,!y %\ld be cut less 9 wid? ?an ! sp> to :i* !y are atta*$1 9 ord] t _! %>p edges %all n cut ?r\gh ! b9d+4 ,to prev5t ! plates f mov+1 !y %\ld be lightly sunk into ! w+ sp> ) two c5tre-pun* dots1 & a film ( glue %\ld also be spread ov] ! face ( ! plate com+ 9 contact ) ! sp>4 ,! int]-/ruts are /reaml9$ 9 cross-section 7see ,fig4 #adi72 b !y are to be left rectangul> 9 section at _! ends1 to provide a flat surface = ! plates to b$ home on4 ,! ends ( ! plates are turn$ back ov] ! b9d+1 :i* may be ( ! light ma*9e v>iety4 ,! l[] ends ( ! int]-/ruts are cut (f to ! same angle z ! dih$ral on ! l[] plane1 to avoid di/ortion ( ! plane4 ,spruce or ,am]ican :itewood may be us$ = !m1 ! greate/ cross section be+ 94 by 94 ,! greate/ cross-section is situat$ at ! middle ( ! /rut1 :5ce x tap]s to _/ 94 by 94 ,fig4 #adi %[s ! atta*m5t ( ! inn] /rut to ! w+ sp>4 ,9 ,fig4 #aej are %[n ! brackets =m+ ! guides = ! axle1 & also ! supports = ! rubb] %ock-absorb]s4 ,piano wire is us$ = !m4 ,! wid? ( ! guide %\ld be su* t ! umbrella-ribb+1 :i* con/itutes ! inn] portion ( ! axle1 rides freely )9 x4 ,! :eel axles are cut f ,no4 #af gauge piano wire1 & !y are sold]$ to ! umbrella-ribb+1 be+ sunk into ! *annel ( ! latt]1 b\nd ) ,no4 #cj gauge t9n$ iron wire1 & !n sold]$4 ,ord9>y ela/ic1 z us$ = a rubb]-driv5 model1 c be us$ z ! %ock-absorb]1 & x %\ld be neatly & fairly loosely b\nd to ! v]tical guide1 ! axle ( c\rse be+ fir/ seat$ !re94 ,9 ord] t ! absorb] brackets may ma9ta9 a v]tical position1 _! ends are %ap$ to a =m simil> to ! lett] ,u4 ,!y are wire-b\nd to ! skids & lightly sold]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,details ( ,int]-/ruts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--;,detail ( ,axle ,guides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--,outrigg] & ,w+-sp> ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,tail ,crossb> ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--;,detail ( ,front ,skid ,angle-plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,tail ,incid5ce-quadrant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--;,details ( ,axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,re> ,*assis ,details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--;,int]-/rut & ,long]on ,jo9t4 ,! bottom plane only mu/ be cov]$2 x w be easi] to cov] ! top plane :5 ! ma*9e is assembl$1 = x w\ld be a difficult matt] to secure ! top outrigg]s to ! sp>s 7 ! fabric atta*$4 ,hav+ assembl$ ! outrigg]s & complet$ ! brac+ ( x1 x w be possible to atta* x to ! w+s4 ,small elliptical holes are cut 9 ! fabric ( ! l[] w+1 ?r\gh :i* ! c5tral supports or /an*ions pass1 & ! bottom plane is seat$ home 9 ! not*es allud$ to 9 ,fig4 #adh4 ,next1 ! top outrigg] ends are fitt$ up1 be+ cut (f to correct l5g? & halv$ on to ! w+ sp>s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,! v]tical support is !n glu$1 p9n$1 & cross-b\nd to ! outrigg]4 ,great c>e w be necess>y to ensure t ! outrigg]s are q c5tral ) ! planes4 ,a po9t to be made cle> is t if 9 ! fitt+ ( ! top outrigg]s "o is cut ev5 _/ 94 %ort1 ! tail end ( ! ma*9e may be 94 out ( c5tre4 ,9 ord] to *eck inaccuracy 9 ?is direction x w\ld be advisable to m>k ! c5tre ( ! horizontal tail memb]1 ins]t a draw+-p91 & take ! measurem5t to ! corn] ( ! w+ tip1 on bo? sides ( ! model2 ! outrigg]s %\ld be tempor>ily la%$ to ! w+ sp>s1 & gradually adju/$ until !y are locat$ c5trally ) ! planes4 ,p]haps x may be int]e/+ to "h m5tion t ?is is ! me?od employ$ 9 locat+ ! fuselage ( full-size ma*9es4 ,! brac+ ( ! planes %\ld n[ be und]tak54 ,all lift wires %\ld fir/ be fix$1 beg9n+ f ! w+ tips4 ,j suffici5t t5sion %\ld be plac$ on ea* wire to ensure rigidity4 ,a wood5 /raight$ge %\ld be us$ to reveal any di/ortion ( ! sp>4 ,! top plane mu/ be giv5 a slight dih$ral1 s t :5 ! anti-lift wires are ins]t$ x assumes a p]fectly p>allel position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,biplane ,driv5 by ,compress$ ,air ,! upp] & l[] long]ons are spann$ at ! tail end ) light spruce cross-b>s1 -94 by -94 section1 :i* are let into mortises cut 9 ! long]ons2 & two v]tical po/s are halv$ on to ^! cross memb]s 7see ,fig4 #aeb71 to provide ! fulcrum ab\t :i* ! tail sw+s 9 ! quadrant1 to be ref]r$ to pres5tly4 ,!y are spac$ #d 94 ap>t1 :i* is equival5t to ! di/ance betwe5 two ribs2 & on ! outside ( !m a groove is cut 9 ! c5tre ( ea* to provide a seat+ = ! two c5tral tail ribs4 ,^! grooves mu/ be cut ,v-%ap$1 ! apex ( ! ,v fac+ ! trail+ edge ( ! po/4 ,! object ( ! groove is to =m a guide = ! tail :5 x is desir$ to alt] ! angle ( x4 ,a p9 %\ld be driv5 ?r\gh ! rib & into ! groove to con/itute ! pivot on :i* ! tail sw+s2 & ! ribs mu/ be b\nd ) f9e ?read on ea* side ( ! p9 to prev5t ! rib f splitt+4 ,x w be f\nd t x is bett] to b9d ! ribs be=e ins]t+ ! p94 ,! c5tral int]-/ruts are atta*$ to ! skids by angle-plates1 & 9 ,fig4 #aec ! =m ( ^! is giv54 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t !re are two plates to ea* jo9t1 "o on ea* side ( x1 & = neatness & simplicity !y c be cut f "o piece ( t91 bo? plates be+ ?us =m$ 9 ! "o4 ,no4 #cj gauge t9plate is suitable4 ,! plates are p9n$1 cl9*$1 & b\nd into place1 & con/itute an exce$+ly rigid piece ( con/ruction1 :i* is ne$$ 9 ?is portion ( ! ma*9e1 be>+ z x does ! impact ( l&+4 ,glue %\ld be neatly bru%$ into all ! jo9ts4 ,! tie-/rut is to be /reaml9$ z f> z practicable )\t mat]ially impair+ ! /r5g? ( x4 ,a v neat f9i% c be giv5 to ! b9d+ if x is j bru%$ r\nd ) japan black1 :i* %[s up 9 pleas+ contra/ to ! light br[n v>ni% ) :i* ! framework is coat$4 ,fig4 #aed gives ! %ape ( ! quadrant1 :i* makes possible ! v>iation to ! angle on ! tail4 ,x is cut to a radius ( #d 941 & is p9n$ into position4 ,! pit* ( ! tee? is 941 & ?is facilitates a v f9e adju/m5t4 ,x %\ld be s fix$ t ! tail spr+s tightly into not*es1 b n s tightly z to r5d] adju/m5t difficult4 ,trial & error w be f\nd ! be/ me?od ( locat+ its position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--;,compress$-air-driv5 ,monoplane ,x 0 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7see pp4 #id to #ajc7 t ! axle is compos$ ( two portions1 umbrella-ribb+ & piano wire1 & ,fig4 #aee %[s ! con/ruction4 ,x w be se5 t ! piano wire b$s into ! *annel 7:i* is fix$ 9 a trail+ position71 :]e9 x is b\nd & sold]$4 ,! :eels are spac$ ap>t by means ( small brass-tube coll>s1 sold]$ to ! piano-wire axles 9 _! respective positions4 ,! axle itself1 z m5tion$ e>li] 9 ! *apt]1 is atta*$ betwe5 ! %ock-absorb] brackets1 be+ held !re by means ( suitable radius wires secur$ to any conv5i5t "p1 ! rubb] b9d+ =m+ ! absorb]4 ,! radius wires are ess5tial 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! lat]al position ( ! axle relatively to ! planes4 ,suffici5t rubb] b9d+ is to be us$ to absorb ! %ocks ! model is b\nd to receive1 ! exact quantity1 ( c\rse1 be+ impossible to def9e4 ,! re> :eel memb]s are fix$ to ! long]ons 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! ends are b5t back p>allel to align ) ! frame memb]4 ,! apices ( ! ,v *assis memb]s are sold]$ to ! %ort axle c>ry+ ! back :eel1 ! axle be+ cut a l5g? suitable to ! hub ( ! :eel4 ,no4 #bj gauge wire is us$ = all portions ( ! re> *assis4 ,fig4 #aef makes ?is cle>4 ,fig4 #aeg %[s ! jo9t ( ! trail+ c5tral int]-/ruts to ! top long]on4 ,x w be se5 t ! jo9t is a halv$ "o1 p9n+ & b9d+ =m+ ! security4 ,all woodwork may be poli%$ by fill+ ! gra9 ) gold size1 & f9i%+ ) a good v>ni%4 ,9 fly+ ! model ! writ] w\ld po9t out t full pressure %\ld n be giv5 to ! plant until adju/m5t has be5 complet$1 also ! importance ( tun+ ! ma*9e by />t+ x f ! gr\nd1 ?us obviat+ _m vex+ sma%es4 ,fur!r1 ! rudd] mu/ be set to c\nt]act torque2 if ! screw is ( left-h& pit*1 !n torque w t5d to bank ! ma*9e to ! "r1 & ! rudd] mu/ !re=e be set to ! left1 & vice v]sa4 ,a sket* ( ! f9i%$ ma*9e is giv5 by ,fig4 #aeh1 & a design = a monoplane driv5 by ! same plant 9 ,fig4 #aei4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,g5]al ,notes on ,model ,design+ ,calculations 9 ,design+ a ,plant = a ,model ,a]oplane4--,! correct me?od to adopt 9 design+ a model is to build ! ma*9e exclusive ( ! motor1 weigh x1 & design ! plant to suit2 or to build ! plant fir/1 det]m9e ! ?ru/ x develops1 & v>y ! dim5sions ( ! ma*9e 7& h5ce ! weight7 to suit4 ,x c n[ be tak5 z a g5]al rule t a plant w fly a ma*9e ?ree times ! weight ( its ?ru/4 ,h5ce a plant develop+ #c-oz4 ?ru/ w\ld fly a ma*9e weigh+ #i oz4 or #aj oz4 ,b1 s9ce ! ?ru/ ( a compress$-air eng9e is n con/ant1 gradually dim9i%+ z ! pressure 9 ! conta9] gr[s less1 = a ma*9e weigh+ #i oz4 7assum+ ! ma*9e to be built fir/7 ! plant w require to develop ab\t #e oz4 initial ?ru/4 ,! diamet] ( ! propell] is dep5d5t on ! mo/ effici5t spe$ ( ! p>ticul> motor employ$4 ,assum+ t ! model does n weigh m ?an #ag oz41 a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e con/ruct$ w\ld answ] admirably4 ,x w\ld require a conta9] #bd 94 long & #c 94 9 diamet]1 con/ruct$ ( copp] or h>d-drawn brass foil #jjb 94 ?ick4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! read] p>ticul>ly desire to fit a rot>y motor1 d\btless ! five-cyl9d] rot>y previ\sly describ$ w suit4 ,build+ ,scale ,models4--,! great difficulty 9 build+ scale models to fly ) rubb] motors is to get ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! same relative position t x holds 9 ! prototype4 ,?is is due to ! long l5g? ( rubb] motor requir$ to give ! requisite p[]1 & also to ensure a reasonable "t-l5g? ( flight4 ,x is 9 connection ) ! fix+ or arrang+ ( ! rubb] motor t ! mo/ radical dep>tures 9 ! design ( ! prototype w h to be made1 al?\gh ! writ] has evolv$ an arrangem5t :]eby ev5 ?is ne$ n entail mu* dep>ture f ! l9es ( ! orig9al4 ,?is arrangem5t consi/s 9 provid+ a sep>ate /rut or frame to take up all /ra9 f ! rubb]1 x only be+ necess>y to arrange suitable fa/5+s = ! /rut1 :i* may take ! =m ( clips1 s mak+ x possible ei!r to remove ! motor = ! purpose ( *ang+ or repair+ ! rubb]1 or sub/itut+ a motor ( diff]5t p[] or l5g?4 ,?is is a great advantage on tractor monoplanes 7) ! ma9 plane 9 front71 :]e ! rubb] is m or less inaccessible by reason ( ! clos$-9 frame or fuselage ( ! ma*9e4 ,ano!r important advantage to be ga9$ f ! use ( a deta*able motor is t its position =e & aft on ! ma*9e c be v>i$1 9 ord] to br+ ! c5tre ( gravity into ! prop] position to obta9 correct balance1 or1 speak+ ) m te*nical accuracy1 to make ! c5tres ( pressure & gravity co9cide4 ,) reg>d to ! type ( motor to adopt1 ?is dep5ds v l>gely on ! ma*9e :i* is be+ modell$4 ,:5ev] possible x %\ld be ( ! simple/ possible k9d1 consi/+ ( ! ma9 /rut to take ! t5sile /ra91 compressive1 ( c\rse1 s f> z x affects ! /rut1 & ! torsional /ra9 put on by ! twi/+ ( ! rubb]4 ,at "o end ( ?is /rut a hook ( wire or o!r =m ( metal is =m$ to hold ! rubb] ske91 :il/ at ! o!r end is fix$ a pla9 be>+4 ,?r\gh ?is ! propell] sp9dle is pass$1 hav+ a hook at its end1 ov] :i* ! o!r end ( ! rubb] is plac$4 ,on c]ta9 types su* a simple motor is n possible4 ,9 ord] to conc5trate ! weight m at "o po9t1 ! rubb] & its /ruts h to be %ort5$2 & to get ! necess>y numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell] a ge>+ ( two to "o1 ?ree to "o1 or f\r to "o1 z ! case may be1 mu/ be us$4 ,by ?is means ! small numb] ( turns :i* c be got on a %ort ?ick ske9 ( rubb] ( great p[] w /ill give ! numb] ( propell] revolutions requir$ to make a good flight1 j ! same z ) a motor ( ord9>y ?ickness & ( great l5g?4 ,( c\rse1 "s p[] is lo/ 9 ! ge>+4 ,to resi/ fuselage di/ortion ! sp> mu/ be suitably brac$ 9 a lat]al direction1 ! outrigg] c>ry+ ! brac+ wires be+ situat$ j =w>d ( ! c5tre ( ! sp>4 ,no4 #ce ,s4,w4,g4 is q /rong en\gh = fuselage brac+4 ,silk fi%+-l9e or ,japanese silk gut is admirably suit$ = w+ brac+1 & is n s liable to /ret* z ! t9n$ iron or brass wire sometimes us$4 ,piano wire is g5]ally us$ = elevators1 tail planes1 *assis1 & propell] %afts1 ( a gauge rang+ f ,no4 #ag ,s4,w4,g4 to ,no4 #bb ,s4,w4,g4 ,a clock-spr+ or piano-wire protector fitt$ to ! nose ( a model a]oplane w also prev5t a brok5 sp> %\ld x /rike "s object su* z a tree or wall dur+ flight4 ,! ,kite & ,model ,a]oplane ,association1 :i* is ! p>am\nt body to obs]ve & control model fly+ 9 ,engl&1 & :i* is recognis$ by ! ,royal ,a]o ,club1 /ipulate t protectors mu/ be fitt$ to all ma*9es compet+ 9 _! conte/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,g5]al ,notes ,/ability4--,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! design ( a successful fly+ model a]oplane are almo/1 if n q1 z complex z ^? involv$ 9 ! plann+ ( full-size ma*9es4 ,9 "s respects p]haps ?is is m s1 ow+ to ! fact t models mu/ be practically automatically /able bo? longitud9ally & lat]ally1 s9ce !y are n "u any sort ( control aft] !y h left ! h&s ( ! p]son fly+ !m4 ,! adju/m5ts to produce ?is automatic /ability mu/ be made be=e ! ma*9e is laun*$1 & ! fact t !re are models :i* are capable ( fly+ di/ances ( sev]al hundr$s ( y>ds1 & high up 9 ! air1 is evid5ce t x is q possible to make ?is adju/m5t accurately4 ,a useful rule to rememb] is t to produce a longitud9ally /able effect1 ! lead+ plane %\ld make a great] angle 7t is1 a positive angle7 ?an ! foll[+ plane4 ,& t conv]sely a condition ( in/ability is set up :5 ! lead+ plane makes a negative angle to ! trail+ "o 7see ,fig4 #afj74 ,ref]r+ n[ to lat]al /ability1 ! same pr9ciple applies1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( biplanes /ability to a great ext5t c be obta9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,monoplanes & sometimes biplanes are made /able by :at is kn[n z a dih$ral angle %[n by ,fig4 #afa1 :i* repres5ts ! usual me?od ( %ap+ ! planes4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ figure is int5d$ to repres5t a front 7or back7 view ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 a]oplanes ( ?is type ! elevator or tail1 :i*ev] is employ$1 may also be giv5 a dih$ral1 ?\gh ?is is n (t5 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,ma*9e )\t ,/ability ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--;,dih$ral ,angles ,lubricant4--,a good lubricant c be made f pure s(t soap #d p>ts1 pure glyc]9e #b p>ts1 wat] #f p>ts1 ^! con/itu5ts be+ boil$ toge!r to ! consi/5cy ( syrup4 ,ano!r excell5t lubricant is made f ca/ile soap #a "p1 boil$ 9 wat] #c p>ts4 ,add black lead or plumbago suffici5t to make a ?9 pa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--;,fix+ ,skids ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb;,a4--,fix+ ,skids ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--;,fitt+ ,:eels ,fitt+ ,skid4--,/eel-wire skids c be fix$ to model a]oplanes z 9 ,figs4 #afb & #afb;,a4 ,! :eels c be obta9$ ( any model a]oplane firm1 & c be fix$ to ! ma*9e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc4 ,?is w\ld increase ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 & m rubb] may h to be us$ & ! ma9 planes adju/$ to suit4 ,use ,no4 #ba ,b4,w4,g4 wire 7/eel74 ,elevator ,adju/m5t4--,elevators are sometimes fix$ to ! fuselage z %[n 9 ! accompany+ sket* 7,fig4 #afd71 :i* %[s x fix$ above ! sp>4 ,x is claim$ t1 9 ?is position1 ! elevator is m effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--;,fix+ ,/ruts to ,biplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,elevator ,adju/m5t ,load+ p] ,squ>e ,foot4--,g5]ally speak+1 ! load+ p] squ>e foot ( support+ surface = rubb]-driv5 models %\ld n exce$ #f oz41 nor be less ?an #c oz41 :ile to obta9 good /ability ! ratio ( ma*9e l5g? to span %\ld be some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #c3 #b4 ,fix+ ,/ruts to ,biplane4--,"o v suitable me?od ( atta*+ ! int]-/ruts to w+s ( model biplanes1 t admits ( dismantl+ ! model = pack+1 is %[n at ,a 7,fig4 #afe74 ,a %ort l5g? ( brass tub+ ( _/-94 bore is b\nd ) f9e flori/'s t9n$ iron wire to ! w+ sp>1 ! int]-/ruts be+ b5t to ! %ape giv5 at ,b1 s t !y spr+ tightly into ! sockets4 ,a simpl] me?od is illu/rat$ by ,c4 ,"h ! int]-/ruts are b5t at "r angles on ! ends1 b\nd to ! w+ sp>1 & sold]$4 ,mu* w dep5d on :e!r a fuselage is "o-or two-memb]$1 b a frame atta*m5t capable ( adaptation to ei!r is giv5 by ,d & ,e4 ,wire crut*es are b5t to take ! cross-section ( ! frame memb] or memb]s1 & fix$ by b9d+ & sold] to ! c5tral int]-/ruts4 ,yet ano!r me?od is %[n at ,f1 :i* is self-explanatory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,wat]-,surface ,hydroplane ,wat]-surface ,hydroplane4--,= a wat]-surface hydroplane #c ft4 long try a bread? ( #aa 941 same beam all ! way4 ,make ! dep? #b 94 at ! /em & #c 94 at ! /ep4 ,! /ep may be 94 deep1 & w\ld be plac$ ab\t #ae 94 f ! /]n4 ,! writ] w\ld sugge/ f9s z %[n by dott$ l9es 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #aff7 = /e]+ purposes1 "o f9 on ea* side at ! /em1 & "o on ! c5tre l9e =w>d4 ,! f9s %\ld be made ( ?9 alum9ium & be q %>p on ! edges4 ,canvas w\ld be too r\gh a surface1 produc+ too mu* sk9 friction2 oil$ silk w\ld be bett]1 b ! writ] w\ld recomm5d ?9 wood1 fr5* poli%$4 ,! p[] ne$$ to make ^! boats 8plane0 is v great1 & consid]able difficulty might be exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ any di/ance out ( x ) clockwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,f>man ,?is ,section is ineffici5t ,illu/ration3 ,/reaml9e ,an effici5t ,section ,illu/ration3 ,w$ge ,?is =mation _c be recomm5d$ ,illu/ration3 ,/epp$ ,fig4 #afg4--,sections ( ,hydroplane ,floats ,calculat+ ,capacity ( ,hydroplane ,floats4--,! floats ( a model hydroplane mu/ be made suffici5tly l>ge to displace ab\t ?ree times ! model's weight ( wat]1 s9ce x is necess>y t !y %\ld be only "o-?ird imm]s$4 ,a cubic foot ( wat] weighs #a1jjj oz4 approximately4 ,!n #agbh #h ---- --- #ach cub4 94 #ajjj #a mu/ be displac$ to float #h oz4 ,multiply+ ?is by ?ree gives #db cub4 94 z ! total cubic capacity ( ! floats4 ,two front floats1 ea* #e 94 by #b 94 by #a 94 maximum dep?1 & a re> float #h 94 by #c 94 by #a 94 w\ld be ab\t ! correct size to use4 ,a slightly l>g] diamet] & pit*$ propell] w\ld be necess>y on a hydroplane to develop m ?ru/ to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! floats4 ,"s well-kn[n hydroplane sections are giv5 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,m>k+ ( ,block ,illu/ration3 ,f9i%$ ,screw ( ,truly ,helical ,=mation ,illu/ration3 ,sett+ out ! ,angles ,illu/ration3 ,cross-,section ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,halv+ ( ,block ,fig4 #afh4--;,f\r-blad$ ,screws ,wat]pro(+ ,silk = ,model ,a]oplanes4--,a wat]pro(+ solution c be made ( pure coa* v>ni% r$uc$ 9 consi/5cy ) turp5t9e 9 ! proportion #b3 #a4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m important to make ! fabric airtight ?an wat]pro(4 ,?is solution accompli%es bo?4 ,rubb] lubricant is made ( #a "p ( graphite1 #f p>ts ( pure s(t soap1 #a "p ( glyc]9e1 #d p>ts ( wat]1 & #a "p ( salicylic acid1 boil$ toge!r & all[$ to cool4 ,mak+ ,f\r-blad$ ,air-screws4--,fig4 #afh on ! prec$+ page %[s h[ truly helical & also f\r-blad$ screws are c>v$4 ,f\r-blad$ screws are n s effici5t = models z two-blad$ ones4 ,! draw+ also %[s ! me?od ( m>k+ out & also ( halv+ ! blocks toge!r at ! c5tre1 s t ! f\r blades are at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,a view ( an ord9>y tw9-blade screw ( simil> design is app5d$ to give "s idea ( ! f9i%$ %ape ( ! blades4 ,! pit* %\ld n exce$ ! circumf]5tial measurem5t ( ! disc swept by ! propell]2 t is to say1 ! pit* angle1 or ! angle made by ! propell] tip ) ! axis1 %\ld n exce$ #de degrees4 ,! angles along ! blade are det]m9$ 9 ! mann] illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #afh4 ,a l9e is laid (f to any conv5i5t scale equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! propell] disc diamet]4 ,! tip angle 7or pit* angle7 may n[ be produc$ & ! triangle complet$ by erect+ a l9e at "r angles to ! fir/1 or ! pit* may be erect$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! circumf]5tial l9e to ! spiral scale & ! pit* angle l9e drawn 94 ,! circumf]5tial l9e may n[ be divid$ into a numb] ( equal p>ts & ! po9ts connect$ up4 ,9 ! illu/ration ?ree po9ts h be5 tak51 :i* w be en\gh = a small propell]4 ,c>dbo>d templates %\ld be cut to ^! angles & ! blades *eck$ at ! po9ts correspond+4 ,! balance ( ! screw mu/ be att5d$ to & is a mo/ cog5t factor 9 su* a small design4 ,m>9e-screws are exce$+ly ineffici5t :5 work+ 9 air1 & _! use = driv+ model a]oplanes1 etc41 is to be /rongly deprecat$4 ,! =mula = propell] pit* is3 p d tan ,a1 :]e p pit*1 #cad1 d diamet] ( propell]1 tan ,a tang5t ( pit* angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,secur+ ,wood5 ,planes ,fix+ ,planes4--,fig4 #afi %[s a neat & effective me?od ( secur+ ! planes4 ,v little wood is n[ us$ = ! planes ( model a]oplanes2 b to build a plane ( v5e]1 x %\ld fir/ be cut to ! %ape requir$ & !n a /rip ( bir* p9n$ & glu$ on ! "u-side ( ! lead+ edge = /r5g?4 ,! v5e] is !n p9n$ & glu$ to ! ribs :i* h previ\sly be5 b5t to ! correct camb]4 ,! read] may be rem9d$ t bir* is ! mo/ suitable wood = b5twood propell]s1 ! wood be+ fir/ cut to %ape ) a fret-saw1 !n soak$ 9 hot wat] & b5t ov] a buns5 burn] to ! desir$ pit*4 ,?is requires consid]able exp]i5ce1 b c be done q quickly by an exp]i5c$ workman4 ,= propell]s up to #ab 94 9 diamet]1 use _/-94 wood2 ?is %\ld gradually tap] (f to _/ 94 at ! tips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,ge>$ ,motor = ,model ,a]oplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--;,fix+ ,%aft ( ,c>v$ ,screw ,mak+ ,motor = ,model ,a]oplane4--,a ge>$ motor suitable = a model a]oplane is giv5 by ,fig4 #agj4 ,a cage ,e = ! ge>s ,a c be made f -94 by _/-94 /rip iron1 & ! propell] %afts ,b c be made f cycle spokes4 ,! illu/ration also %[s a me?od ( fix+ ! propell] to ! %aft4 ,! piece ,c is sold]$ to ! %aft ,b1 & engages ) two holes drill$ 9 ! propell] boss1 ! propell] be+ secur$ by ! nut ,d4 ,! ge>s ,a h an equal numb] ( tee?4 ,!re is no advantage 9 us+ a ge>$-up motor4 ,f is ! fuselage ( ! model4 ,fix+ ,propell] ( ,model ,a]oplane4--,) a c>v$ propell]1 ! motor hook c be secur$ to ! propell] z 9 ,fig4 #aga4 ,if a b5twood propell]1 ! be/ way is to fa/5 a /rip ( t9 r\nd ! c5tre & sold] ! motor hook to ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,easily-made ,tailless & ,box ,kites ,"o ( ! difficulties t beset ! juv5ile kite-fly] is ! inability to get ! kite to rise f ! gr\nd unless !re is a fairly good w9d bl[+4 ,ev5 !n ! s]vices ( an assi/ant are requir$1 :il/ num]\s trials to adju/ ! am\nt ( weight on ! tail1 ! position ( ! c>ry+ ?read on ! kite1 & ! di/ance requir$ to be run to get ! artificial w9d to enable ! kite to rise above ! surr\nd+ build+s1 are difficulties t damp ! en?usiasm ( ! mo/ invet]ate kite-fly]4 ,to ! kites sold 9 ! %ops ! =ego+ rem>ks apply4 ,!y are too heavy1 & are suitable = fly+ at ! seaside only4 ,to make ! sport int]e/+1 ! kite %\ld fly 9 ! lea/ w9d1 & %\ld be s made z to fly f ! h&1 ! ?read or /r+ be+ paid out z ! kite rises4 ,x %\ld be p]fectly balanc$ s z to be /able 9 ! mo/ erratic w9d4 ,! kites %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations1 if made to ! directions1 w fulfil all ! above conditions1 & at ! same "t be easy ( con/ruction4 ,! dim5sions c be v>i$ 9 proportion2 b ! w\ld-be mak] is advis$ to /ick to ! giv5 sizes = ! fir/ attempt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,h>greaves ,kite ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--;,frame ( ,h>greaves ,kite ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,measur+ ,b5d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,box ,kite ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,jo9t ( ,/ret*] ,ribs ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,cov]+ ) ,pap] ,! ,h>greaves kite 7,fig4 #agb7 is ! simple/4 ,! frame 7,fig4 #agc7 consi/s ( a /raight l5g? ( yell[ p9e ,a1 to :i* is atta*$ a cross piece ( cane ,b4 ,?is cross piece is made by cutt+ a ?9 cane & splitt+ x1 trimm+ ! edges (f until ne>ly squ>e 9 section1 & !n b5d+ x ov] a small gas flame4 ,z x gets hot1 b5d x g5tly by grasp+ ! ends 9 ea* h&4 ,pass x to & fro 9 ! l[ flame1 & x w be f\nd to give4 ,b5d x ev5ly & all[ to cool1 :5 x w rema9 9 ?is %ape4 ,f9d ! c5tre & asc]ta9 if ! b5d is equal on ea* side by measur+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agd4 ,?is be+ s1 not* ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #agc7 slightly :]e !y cross1 & assemble1 apply+ a little glue & lapp+ ) cotton4 ,jo9 ! ends ( ! b5t limb ) l95 ?read1 & also take a ?read r\nd ! frame1 secur+ x at ea* extremity 9 a not* ) ! addition ( glue4 ,:5 dry ! frame is cov]$ ) pap]4 ,! v ?9 col\r$ pap] us$ = mak+ artificial fl[]s is j ! ?+4 ,gum x on ) a ?9 fl\r pa/e1 & all[ v little ov]lap1 keep+ ! pap] z free f cr9kles z possible4 ,cut a disc ( /\t pap]1 & gum x ov] ! frame at ! cross+4 ,?is is to /r5g!n ! pap] at ?is po9t1 z ! atta*$ ?read is liable to make a wide hole4 ,secure a y>d ( /rong ?read at ! cross+1 & :5 dry ! kite c be te/$4 ,if all is "r ! result w be em95tly satisfactory1 ! kite fly+ f ! h& l a bird1 no tail :atev] be+ ne$$4 ,= decorative purposes a %ort fi% tail & f9s c be add$1 or a rubb] balloon c be us$ z a tail4 ,! box kite %[n by ,fig4 #age is n m difficult to con/ruct ?an ! kite previ\sly describ$4 ,x flies ) equal facility1 & is q z /eady4 ,be+ made collapsible x c be roll$ 9 a small compass4 ,to make ! kite1 pa/e two ( ! col\r$ %eets toge!r to =m a cont9u\s l5g?1 & spread on ! floor4 ,cut ! f\r uprights ( yell[ p9e to ! correct l5g? & ?ickness1 & hav+ lib]ally glu$ !m1 place !m on ! pap] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agf1 & pa/e a long /rip ov] !m on to ! pap] und]nea?4 ,?is is to /r5g!n ! pap] r\nd ! uprights4 ,:5 dry & firm1 :i* does n take long if ! glue is put on tacky1 ! loose end ( ! pap] c be jo9$ to ! upright to =m a holl[ long box4 ,n[ cut f\r ?9 l5g?s ( wood to =m cross-pieces1 secur$ toge!r ) a p9 ?r\gh ! c5tre 7see ,fig4 #agg74 ,not* ! ends & op5 !m out s z to fit inside ! box betwe5 ! uprights4 ,fit "o to ea* end1 & !n secure ! upright ends ) a l95 ?read pull$ tightly f "o to ! o!r1 & ti$ & glu$ at ea* end4 ,?is takes ! /ra9 ( ! cross piece (f ! pap]1 & at ! same "t provides a support = ! pap]1 :i* is clapp$ r\nd x & gumm$ on to itself4 ,! kite hav+ be5 complet$1 a %ort l5g? ( ?9 /r+ is atta*$ ab\t #c 94 f "o end ( "o ( ! uprights4 ,to ?is ! ?read = fly+ is atta*$4 ,?is kite w fly q well ) ! ?read atta*$ to ! v end ( ! upright1 s t !re is no fix$ position = x to a fraction ( an in*4 ,! ne>] x is br\ght to ! c5tre1 ! m un/able ! kite becomes4 ,9 a mod]ate w9d1 ) ! ?read atta*$ to ! top1 ! kite t5ds to asc5d m v]tical ?an x w\ld o!rwise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg;,a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg;,b ,figs4 #agg;,a & ,b4--,details ( ,tw9 ,cellul> ,box ,kite ,fig4 #agg;,a %[s ano!r simple =m ( box kite4 ,x is made f f\r /rips ( /raight gra9$ wood 7pref]ably spruce71 #b ft4 #f 94 by 94 by 94 ,obta9 also f\r o!r pieces1 ea* #a ft4 #g 94 long1 b _/ 94 wid] & ?ick] ?an ! =ego+1 & halve _! ends to a dep? ( 94 by 941 9 ord] t :5 ! false end ,a 7,fig4 #agg;,b7 is tightly b\nd on1 ^! cross /icks w firmly grip ! long pieces edgewise2 ! sides ( ! cell are indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,x is advisable to make ! cross-pieces a trifle long1 to ensure _! /ra9+ ! kite to its correct =m4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,build+ a ,model ,air%ip ,x has n = obvi\s reasons be5 possible1 9 ! design "h pres5t$1 to rigidly adh]e to ! l9es ( ! prototype1 z 9 ! adaptation ( ! design to rubb]-driv5 model =m sev]al modifications h necess>ily be5 introduc$4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! writ] to br+ ! model )9 ! con/ructional capabilities ( ! amateur2 inde$1 x is h>dly possible to h simplifi$ ! con/ruction fur!r4 ,n[1 ! success ( a dirigible1 :e!r full size or model1 dep5ds prim>ily on ! obs]vance ( ! fact t an air%ip is light] ?an air1 & ?us1 unlike ! a]oplane1 does n rely on spe$ to obta9 lift4 ,second>ily1 ! lift+ p[] ( hydrog5 mu/ be rememb]$1 & al?\gh ?is v>ies accord+ to temp]ature & ! purity ( x1 x may be tak5 z a g5]al rule t hydrog5 w lift #hj lb4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,x is a good rule to adopt a l[] figure1 say #gj lb4 lift p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 to all[ = discrepancies4 ,9 ! design "h submitt$1 alum9ium 7or :at is equally z good1 magnalium7 tube =ms ! framework ( ! body or envelope4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t w be app>5t f ,figs4 #agh & #agi1 :i* %[ ! model 9 plan & side elevation respectively4 ,! framework is ( hexagonal cross section1 ! longitud9al memb]s ( :i* t]m9ate at ea* end 9 a brass cap1 to :i* !y are rivet$ ) s(t brass p9s4 ,x w be necess>y to anneal ! tubes be=e b5d+ !m to imp>t ! conical %ape to ea* end ( ! frame1 & ?is c be/ be effect$ 9 a weak _s flame1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep !m on ! move 9 x1 to obviate fus+ !m4 ,:]e x is necess>y 9 ! con/ruction to rivet ! tubes1 sold] %\ld be run ov] ! p9 to take up any play4 ,fig4 #ahj %[s ! me?od ( secur+ ! longitud9al memb]s to ! brass end-caps4 ,! tubes are fir/ flatt5$ out1 z at ,b1 & !n rivet$ to ! caps4 ,?is figure also %[s ! me?od ( adju/+ ! angle on ! rudd]4 ,a piece ( brass tube is sold]$ to ! end-cap2 & x %\ld be ( su* a bore t ! ,no4 #ah gauge wire ( :i* ! rudd] is con/ruct$ makes a b>e fit ?r\gh x4 ,two simil> pieces ( tube1 94 long1 are sold]$ to ! rudd]1 to ma9ta9 ! position ( x4 ,?irte5 hexagonal cross memb]s w be requir$1 & ea* is =m$ f _/ 94 alum9ium tube4 ,9 ord] t !y may n become out ( tru?1 !y are cross-brac$ ) ,no4 #ce ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire1 ! ends ( ea* wire be+ made (f 9 a small hole drill$ ?r\gh ! tube4 ,fig4 #ahj w make ! detail cle>2 ea* cross memb] is rivet$ to ! longitud9al1 & ! latt] is flatt5$ out at ^? po9ts :]e ! cross memb] is atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--,side ,elevation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--,plan ,! model is driv5 by f\r ela/ic motors1 transmitt+ _! p[] ?r\gh equal ge>+ to ! tw9 propell]s4 ,! f\r motor rods may1 = pref]5ce1 be holl[ sp>s1 ( ! same cross-section z ! solid ones indicat$4 ,if su* are us$1 !y may be made by pl\gh+ a groove 9 a l5g? ( wood ( suitable cross-section s t x repres5ts ! lett] ,u4 ,two w be requir$ = ea* sp>1 s glu$ toge!r t a holl[ tube is =m$4 ,at ! po9t :]e x w be necess>y to pi]ce ! sp> to admit ! brac+ outrigg]1 small pack+ pieces ( bir* %\ld be plac$ 9 ! grooves previ\s to assembl+ ! two halves ( ! sp>4 ,! sp>s1 or1 m correctly1 motor rods1 are susp5d$ f ! envelope framework by alum9ium tube outrigg]s ( -94 diamet]4 ,fig4 #aha1 :i* %[s ! ma*9e 9 end elevation1 & ,fig4 #ahb1 %[+ ! c5tral cross-section1 indicate ! =m !y are to take4 ,eight ( !m w be requir$4 ,! angles mu/ be cleanly & accurately =m$1 s t ! two c5tres ( ?ru/ lie 9 ! same plane4 ,x w be f\nd good practice1 :5 =m+ bo? ! outrigg]s & ! cross-sectional memb]s1 to make a full-size draw+ ( !m to use z a template4 ,m especially is ?is ne$$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cross-sectional memb]s1 = ! purpose ( ensur+ t1 9 ! op]ation ( embrac+ !m1 !y are n /ra9$ 9 any way s z to become out ( tru?4 ,fig4 #ahc %[s ! jo9t ( ! motor-rod outrigg] to ! motor rod itself4 ,z !re %[n1 ! tube is flatt5$ out p>tly to engirdle ! sp>1 to :i* x is atta*$ by p9n+ & cl9*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--;,jo9t ( ,tube to ,end-,caps ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--;,end ,elevation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--;,c5tral ,section ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--;,jo9t ( ,outrigg] to ,motor ,rod ,! ge>+ 7see ,fig4 #ahd7 consi/s ( a brass framework 7b\nd to ! ends ( ! motor rods7 :i* provides be>+s = ! ge>s4 ,! use ( ge>s is obvi\s2 !y elim9ate torque on ! sp>s1 or ! t5d5cy :i* a s+le ske9 w\ld h to twi/ ! sp>4 ,pieces ( tube are pass$ ov] ! %afts to be> betwe5 ! ge>s & ! ge> be>+4 ,9 ord] to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( ! rubb] hooks to pull out /raight :5 ! rubb] is 9 t5sion1 ! hook ends are secur$ z %[n at ,a4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to deta* ! ske9s1 x is only necess>y to slide ! tubes along ! %aft to op5 ! hook4 ,9 ,fig4 #ahe ! k+po/ atta*m5t is %[n4 ,! sp> is mortis$1 ! k+po/ =c$ ?r\gh1 glue hav+ previ\sly be5 bru%$ into ! slot1 & a p9 tapp$ ?r\gh f ! side to secure x4 ,bir* %\ld be us$ = ! k+po/s1 & _! wide/ cross-section %\ld be 94 by _/ 941 tap]+ (f t[>ds ! extremities to 94 by _/ 94 ,to ! ends ( ea* motor rod are atta*$ small ,no4 #bb ,s4,w4,g4 piano wire hooks1 to :i* ! sp> brac+ is made fa/4 ,a suitable l5g? ( wire is pass$ ?r\gh ! sp>1 & ! hooks !n =m$4 ,! brac+ is fa/5$ to ! k+po/ by a c\ple ( turns be+ tak5 r\nd x4 ,next1 f\r tw9 hooks %\ld be made1 ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,sixte5 gauge wire is to be us$ = !m1 b5t tightly to clip ! sp> ends1 to :i* !y are b\nd4 ,all ! hooks %\ld be cov]$ ) valve tub+ to prev5t !m f cutt+ ?r\gh ! rubb] :5 ?is latt] is 9 t5sion4 ,! jo9t ( ! cross memb]s ( ! envelope to ! long]on is giv5 by ,fig4 #ahg1 f :i* ! b5d 9 ! longitud9al1 hi!rto ref]r$ to1 w be cle>4 ,to ! tail ( ! ma*9e a pair ( sup]pos$ surfaces or elevators are fix$4 ,^! are fa/5$ at _! =emo/ extremities to ! motor-rod outrigg]s1 & at ! re> !y are support$ by ! two cross ribs ( ! rudd]4 ,small slits are to be cut 9 ! fabric ) :i* ! rudd] framework is cov]$ to enable any slight alt]ation 9 ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! elevators to be effect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--;,arrangem5t ( ,ge>+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,k+po/ ,atta*m5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--;,detail ( ,tw9 ,hooks ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--;,cross ,memb] ,jo9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--;,end ,view ( ,screw ,att5tion may n[ be giv5 to ! propell]s4 ,z tw9 screws are us$1 !y may be made ( fairly long pit*1 s9ce _! torques w be opposite & consequ5tly balanc$4 ,fig4 #ahi gives a p]spective view ( ! propell] block m>k$ out ready = c>v+1 & ,fig4 #ahh %[s ! screw 9 end elevation4 ,! screw is fir/ c>v$ z a true helix1 & !n %ap$ up to ! =m %[n 9 ! sectional view 7,fig4 #ahb74 ,am]ican :itewood %\ld be us$ = ! blocks1 or1 fail+ ?is1 popl> w\ld d4 ,circul> t9 discs are p9n$ to ea* side ( ! propell] boss1 to :i* ! %aft is sold]$4 ,great c>e is ess5tial to ensure t bo? propell]s are ( ! same weight1 & t ea* is pois$2 t is1 assumes an angle ( #ahj :5 balanc$ on a %aft4 ,!y may be f9i%$ ) a coat ( gold size & "o ( v>ni%4 ,ea* ge> is driv5 by six /r&s ( -94 /rip ela/ic1 well lubricat$ ) s(t soap & glyc]9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--,propell] ,block be=e ,c>v+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,a ,model ,air%ip ,! cov]+ is to be yell[ ,japanese silk1 pro($ ) v>ni% dilut$ ) #bj p] c5t4 ( l9se$ oil & #aj p] c5t4 ( turp5t9e2 two coats %\ld be giv5 be=e ! fabric is appli$1 & two aft]w>ds4 ,a cov]+ /rip ( fabric %\ld be glu$ ov] all seams to make ! envelope z imp]vi\s z possible4 ,& :]e ! outrigg]s pass ?r\gh fur!r pieces %\ld be glu$ ov]1 & flang$ on to ! tube itself1 be+ aft]w>ds well dop$4 ,x is well to impress "h ! importance ( mak+ ! envelope z gaspro( z possible1 & al?\gh a fabric entirely imp]vi\s has yet to be inv5t$1 x is possible1 ) c>e1 to r$uce loss ( gas by p]colation to a v l[ figure inde$4 ,a ,lucas cycle valve is sold]$ into ! brass end-cap con/itut+ ! re> ( ! envelope1 = ! purpose ( inflation1 :i* is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a ,t-piece is fix$ to a cycle pump1 & a pipe f ! gas conta9] to ! ,t-piece4 ,a fur!r tube is connect$ f ! rema9+ arm ( ! ,t-piece to ! valve4 ,to inflate ! envelope1 release ! pressure f ! conta9] until ! pump h&le is =c$ out to its full ext5t1 & !n %ut (f pressure & =ce ! pump d[n1 !reby caus+ +ress ( gas to ! envelope4 ,cont9ue ?us until ! envelope 8swells40 ,( c\rse1 ?is me?od c\ld be adopt$ if hydrog5 f ! gas jet is us$1 al?\gh ?is does n possess ! lift+ capacity ( hydrog5 procur$ f ! balloon manufactur]s4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be po9t$ out t ! weight ( ! complete model inflat$ %\ld n exce$ #b lb4 ,a view ( ! appe>ance ( ! model 9 flight is giv5 by ,fig4 #aij4 ,= ^? :o wi% to design model air%ips ( _! own x may be /at$ t coal-gas lifts ab\t #ce lb4 p] #a1jjj cub4 ft41 or half ! weight lift$ by an equal volume ( hydrog54 ,a small model w\ld n be v successful1 z ! volume1 & h5ce ! lift+ p[]1 decreases z ! cube ( ! diamet]4 ,?us assum+ a model to be built ( half ! dim5sions giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 ! weight ( x c\ld only be ( ! orig9al model1 & x w\ld be f\nd difficult to "w to ?is limit4 ,! writ] w\ld po9t out t little success c be expect$ f an air%ip ( su* small dim5sions1 z ! foll[+ elem5t>y calculation w %[4 ,x takes #ce1jjj cub4 ft4 ( hydrog5 to support #a ton4 ,!n #a cub4 ft4 ( hydrog5 supports _/ lb4 ,n[1 ! cubic cont5ts ( a model dirigible1 we w assume1 is #bb #e #e #cf #a ---- --- --- ---- ------ cub4 ft41 #g #b #b #a #agbh & !re=e ! total weight x is capable ( support+ is #bb #e #e #cf #a #bbdj ---- --- --- ---- ------ ------ 4#jbf lb41 or 4#d oz4 #g #b #b #a #agbh #cejjj ,f ?is x w be se5 t x is extremely improbable t a model c be built to ?is weight4 ,no m suitable cov]+ ?an gold-beat]'s sk9 exi/s4 ,if ! model is ( ! rigid type1 !n ! cov]+ %\ld be /ret*$ ov] ! framework t imp>ts ! i*?yoid %ape to ! envelope4 ,/rips ( ! fabric mu/ be atta*$ ) mucilage ov] all seams to make ! envelope z imp]vi\s z possible4 ,x is wor?y ( note t full-size air%ips h z _m z ?ree or f\r cov]+s to elim9ate loss ( hydrog5 by escape ?r\gh ! pores ( ! fabric4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! read] contemplates build+ a model ( ! nonrigid type1 a wood5 hull %\ld be cut & ! fabric fitt$ up to ?is4 ,! hull %\ld repres5t ! %ape ( ! inflat$ envelope4 ,compress$ air also l5ds itself to model air%ip propulsion4 ,9 conclusion1 a ^w ( w>n+3 d n place ! model ne> any fire1 gas1 mat*1 etc41 z any small leaks may cause an explosion4 ,9 build+ model air%ips1 x is advisable to rememb] t by d\bl+ ! diamet] ( ! envelope we get f\r times ! capacity & h5ce f\r times ! lift = only d\ble ! weight4 ,?is w be se5 f ! foll[+ calculation3 ,lift ( air%ip #c ft4 long #b 94 diamet] equals1 z we h j se51 #jbf lb4 ,by d\bl+ ! diamet] ! calculation becomes3 #bb #e #e #cf #a #bbdj ---- --- --- ---- ------ ------ #jeb lb4 #g #a #a #a #agbh #cejjj ,f ?is x w be se5 t if x is desir$ to lift a c]ta9 weight ) a light]-?an-air craft1 ! m9imum capacity %\ld fir/ be calculat$ & ! diamet] 7:i* %\ld always be z l>ge z possible7 !n v>i$ to obta9 ! requir$ capacity4 ,al?\gh x has be5 /at$ t ! lift ( hydrog5 is #gj lb4 p] #a1jjj cub4 ft41 x w be 9 ord] to expla9 two important consid]ations4 ,x w be cle> t1 fir/ly1 a full-size balloon mu/ be inflat$ to a mu* high] pressure ?an a model1 ow+ to ! heavi] mass ( mat]ial to be =c$ out to =m4 ,z a direct adjunct to ?is fact x w be se5 t p]colation w be high4 ,consequ5tly ! lift weight ratio #gj3 #a1jjj is some:at a l[ e/imate = a model1 s9ce1 fir/ly1 x w only require to be inflat$ to less ?an half ! pressure ( a full-size balloon2 &1 secondly1 p]colation w be consid]ably less4 ,! writ] int5tionally gave ! full-size limit 9 ord] t1 %\ld ! build]'s model fail to come )9 ! prescrib$ limit ( #b lb41 its fly+ capability w\ld n be appreciably impair$4 ,fur!r1 ! envelope is kept to its %ape by a framework inside1 & is consequ5tly full ( air4 ,n[ if we />t pump+ hydrog5 9 x w make ! contrivance heavi] in/ead ( light]1 because no outlet is provid$ = ! escape ( air4 ,?is c\ld easily be rem$i$ by /&+ ! model on its end ) ! cycle valve at ! top1 ) a valve or tap on ! bottom brass cap4 ,op5 ?is bottom tap to all[ ! air to escape1 & all[ ! hydrog5 to fizz 9 ?r\gh ! cycle valve4 ,hydrog5 w n escape ?r\gh ! bottom tap until all ! air has be5 displac$4 ,if ! hydrog5 _c be _h at a high en\gh pressure to op]ate ! valve itself a valve %\ld n be us$4 ,x may 9 su* a case be necess>y to fit an induction valve to ! pump4 ,! envelope %\ld be inflat$ to z l[ a pressure z possible1 o!rwise ! lift is correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,9 all cases x is exce$+ly difficult ) model air%ips to prescribe any def9ite =mula1 & al?\gh ! lift coeffici5t = models exce$s ! figure /at$1 ! conjectural nature ( ! purity 7& h5ce ( lift7 ( hydrog5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry r5d]s x a safe "o to use = all practical purposes4 ,,index ,action & reaction1 #e ,a](oil1 fl[ ( air r\nd1 #aj ----1 lift (1 #aj ,a]oplane1 spe$ (1 #d ----1 types (1 #ab-af ----3 ,:y does x fly8 #a-aa ,a frame1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc ,air1 d5sity (1 #ce1 #cf ---- fl[1 direction (1 #e ---- pressure1 #b ,air-screw1 action (1 #ce ---- balanc+1 #ch ----1 calculations =1 #cf ----1 effici5cy1 #ce ----1 f\r-blad$1 mak+1 #acc ----1 lam9at$1 #ci ----1 suitable woods =1 #cf1 #ch ,bamboo planes1 #cj ,b5d+ air-screws1 #db-df ,biplane1 fitt+ /ruts to1 #abh ----1 sample tw9-screw1 #fa-fh ,blade wid?1 maximum1 #de ,blriot type monoplane1 #ah ,box kite1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj ,bragg-,smi?1 #ae ,build+ air%ip1 #ada1 #aed ,calculations 9 design+ a]oplane plant1 #abj ,camm air-screw1 proportions (1 #df ,can>d1 mean+ (1 #h ,c>v+ air-screws1 #ce-da ,*auvire type air-screw1 #ch ,cl>ke1 ,t4 ,w4 ,k41 #ad ,compress$-air eng9e1 #id-ajb ---- ----1 conta9] =1 #ii ---- ----1 crank =1 #ig1 #ih ---- ----1 inlet & exhau/1 etc41 (1 #ig ---- ----1 pi/ons =1 #ih ,compress$-air eng9e1 te/+ ! conta9]1 #ajj ---- ----1 ?ree-cyl9d]1 #id-ajc ---- ----1 valve & tap =1 #ajj ,compress$-air-driv5 biplane1 #ajd-aad ---- ----1 brac+ planes (1 #aae ---- ----1 calculations =1 #ajd-aji ---- ----1 fly+1 #aah1 #aai ---- ----1 int]-/ruts =1 #aab ---- ----1 mat]ials =1 #ajf ---- ----1 planes =1 #aji ---- ----1 tail =1 #aaa ,design+1 g5]al notes on1 #abj1 #abc ,dih$ral angle1 #g ,d\ble-w9d]1 #gj-gb ,drift & lift1 #c1 #f ,effici5cy air-screw1 #ce ---- =mula1 #ai ,ela/ic motor1 disadvantages (1 #id ,elevator adju/m5t1 #abg ,equilibrium1 #b ,fairey1 #ab ,=ce ( gravity1 #b ,=ces act+ on kite1 #b1 #c ,=mula1 effici5cy1 #ai ----1 type1 #ah ,f\r-blad$ air-screws1 mak+1 #acc ,fuselages1 #ai-cd ----1 boat-%ap$1 #bd ----1 box-gird]1 #bf ----1 di/ortion1 #cj ----1 simple1 #bh1 #bi ----1 s+le-sp>1 #bf ,fuselages1 tw9-screw1 #bf ----1 two-memb]$1 #be ,ge>$ motor = model a]oplane1 #acd ,g5]al notes1 #abd-ace ,gravity & pressure1 #f1 #g1 #h ,gravity1 =ce (1 #b ,h>greaves kite1 #acb ,holl[ sp>1 #bb ,h\lb]g1 #ad ,hydro-biplane1 #ag ,hydro-monoplane1 #hg-ic ----1 be>+s =1 #hh ----1 elevator =1 #ij ----1 floats =1 #ij ----1 fuselage =1 #hg ----1 ma9plane =1 #hh ----1 weight (1 #ic ,hydroplane floats1 calculat+ capacity (1 #acj ----1 wat] surface1 #abh ,kite1 box1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj ----1 =ces act+ on1 #b-c ----1 ,h>greaves'1 #acb ----1 spe$ (1 #d ----1 tailless1 #acf-ada ,lat]al /ability1 #g ,lift & drift1 #c1 #f ---- ( a](oil1 #aj ,load+1 #dd ---- = a]oplanes1 #abg ,longitud9al /ability1 #h ,lubricant1 #abe ,mann1 ,r4 ,f41 #bj ,mat]ials1 *oice (1 #bh ,monoplane1 ,blriot type1 #ah ----1 collapsible1 #gc-gi ----1 ----1 *assis =1 #gh ----1 ----1 ma9plane =1 #ge ----1 ----1 propell]s =1 #gi ----1 ----1 tail =1 #gd ----1 hydro1 #hg-ic ----1 ,ridley1 #ab ----1 ----1 tw9-screw1 #ed-fj ----1 ----1 ma9sp> =1 #ed ----1 ----1 propell]s =1 #eh ----1 tractor1 #hj-hf 7see ,tractor monoplane7 ,p5aud1 ,alphonse1 #id ,piano wire1 uses (1 #cj ,pit*1 #ce1 #cf1 #ci1 #db1 #dd1 #de ---- angles1 sett+ out1 #dj 8,plane0 & 8a]oplane10 mean+ ( t]ms1 #h ,planes1 bamboo1 #cj ----1 cane1 #ej ----1 con/ruct+1 #dg-ec ----1 fix+1 #acc ----1 swept-back1 #eb ----1 types (1 #dg ----1 umbrella ribb+1 #ej ----1 wire1 mak+1 #ej1 #ea ----1 wood51 #dh ,plant1 calculations = design+1 #abj ,pressure & gravity1 c5tres (1 #f1 #g1 #h ,resi/ance1 air1 #c ,ridley monoplane1 #ab ,scale models1 build+1 #cb1 #cd1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc ,silk1 wat]pro(1 #acj ,skid1 fitt+1 #abf ,slip1 #ce ,small biplane1 driv+1 #ajb-ajc ,sp> sections1 #bf1 #bg ,spe$ ( a]oplane1 #d ,sp9dles1 atta*+1 #df ,/ability1 #bi1 #abd1 #abe ----1 lat]al1 #g1 #db ----1 longitud9al1 #h ,tailless kites1 easily made1 #acf-ada ,t frame1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc ,?ru/1 #db ---- requir$ = a]oplane1 #aa ,timb]1 /r5g? (1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb ,torque1 #bi1 #cf1 #db ,tractor hydro-biplane1 #ag ----1 monoplane1 #hj-hf ----1 ----1 *assis =1 #hb ----1 ----1 ma9plane =1 #hd ----1 ----1 ma9sp> =1 #hj ----1 ----1 tw9-ge>s =1 #hd ,tw9+1 ,e4 ,w41 #ad1 #ag ---- air-screw1 #df ,tw9-screw biplane1 simple1 #fa-fh ---- ---- ----1 elevator =1 #fb ---- ---- ----1 fly+ !1 #ff-fh ---- ---- ----1 ma9sp> =1 #fa ,type =mula1 #ah ---- ( a]oplanes1 #ab-ah ,wat]pro( silk1 #acj ,wat]-surface hydroplane1 #abh ,w9d]s = ela/ic motors1 #fi-gb ----1 d\ble1 #gj-gb ----1 pu%-9-!-gr\nd1 #fi-gj ,w+ brac+1 #cj ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4#d #ej4bbj