,,mal?us ,,& ,,8 ,,"w ,illu/ration ,,mal?us ,,& ,,8 ,,"w ,,by ,,james ,,bon>1 ,m4,a4 ,,balliol ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahhe ,! ,"r ( ,translation & ,reproduction is ,res]v$ ,,london3 ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,,to ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,caird ,,?is ,,book1 ,,:i* ,,owes ,,mu* ,,to ,,him1 ,,is ,,d$icat$4 ,,introduction4 ,( ! ?ree ,engli% writ]s ^: "w has become a portion ( all ,political ,economy1 ,mal?us is ! second 9 "t & 9 hon\r4 ,8 s]vices to g5]al !ory are at lea/ equal to ,ric>do's2 & 8 full illu/ration ( "o p>ticul> detail w rank ) ! be/ "w ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! detail w be ! ma9 subject1 & g5]al !ory ! episode4 ,! ,political ,economy & m9or writ+s ( ,mal?us 7:i* are n few7 w be notic$ only 9 relation to ! ,essay on ,population4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,fir/ ( ^! ,five ,books w deal ) ! g5esis1 hi/ory1 & cont5ts ( ! ,essay1 plung+ ! read] 9 m$ias res & keep+ him !re1 till ! facts =ce him1 9 ! ,second ,book1 to recur ) ! au?or to ,economical !ory4 ,! ,?ird w %[ ! m9d ( ,mal?us m cle>ly by add+ to 8 economics 8 ,e?ics & ,political ,philosophy2 & ! ,f\r?1 ) ! case n[ fully /at$1 w criticize ! ,critics ( ! ,essay1 & try to det]m9e h[ mu* ( its doctr9e rema9s /ill valuable4 ,! ,fif? ,book1 ) its ,biography1 may help ! read] to associate ! liv+ p]sonality ( ! man ) 8 writ+s4 ,london1 ,june #ahhe4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction vii ,,book ,i4 ,,! ,,essay4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,fir/ ,,?\ghts1 #agih #a ,,ii4 ,,second ,,?\ghts1 #ahjc #de ,,iii4 ,,!ses #fj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,savage1 ,,b>b>ian1 ,,& ,,ori5tal #he ,v4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,mid ,,europe #aai ,,vi4 ,,france #aec ,,vii4 ,,engl&1 ,,scotl&1 ,,& ,,irel& #agj ,,book ,,ii4 ,,economics4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,! ,,l&lords #bjg ,,ii4 ,,! ,,work+ ,,man #bed ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,gluts #bhb ,,iv4 ,,! ,,begg> #cjc ,,book ,,iii4 ,,moral ,,& ,,political ,,philosophy #cai ,,iv4 ,,! ,,critics #cee ,v4 ,,biography #cii ,,index #dbh ,,mal?us ,,& ,,8 ,,"w ,,book ,i4 ,,! ,,essay4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,fir/ ,,?\ghts1 #agih4 ,! ,common ,c>icature--,! ,essay an ,inquiry into ! ,pov]ty ( ,nations--,godw9's ,political ,ju/ice & ,enquir]--,! ,two ,po/ulates & ,conclusions f !m--,condorcet's ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,m9d--,organic ,p]fectibility ( ,man & its ,ob/acles--,hi/orical ,context ( ! ,essay--,! ,crisis--,pitt's ,poor ,bill--,mal?us & 8 ,tea*]s--,success expla9$--,!ology & ,metaphysics--,faults ( ! ,essay--,imm$iate aim secur$4 ,he 0 ! 8be/-abus$ man ( ! age40 ,bonap>te himself 0 n a great] enemy ( 8 species4 ,"h 0 a man :o def5d$ small-pox1 slav]y1 & *ild-murd]2 :o d5\nc$ s\p-kit*5s1 e>ly m>riage1 & p>i% all[ances2 :o 8_h ! impud5ce to m>ry aft] prea*+ aga9/ ! evils ( a family20 :o ?\ght ! _w s badly gov]n$ t ! be/ actions d ! mo/ h>m2 :o1 9 %ort1 took all romance out ( life & prea*$ a dull s]mon on ! ?readb>e text--8,vanity ( vanities1 all is vanity40 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ,mal?us z describ$ by 8 oppon5ts4 ,if an angry man is probably 9 ! wrong1 an abusive man is c]ta9ly s2 &1 :5 n "o or two1 b "o or two ?\s& are engag$ 9 ! abuse1 ! c]ta9ty am\nts to a demon/ration4 ,we may measure ! s\ndness ( ! victim's logic by ! viol5ce ( ! p]sonal attacks made ^u him4 ,= mo/ worldly purposes1 to be ignor$ & to be refut$ are ! same ?+4 ,mal?us f ! fir/ 0 n ignor$4 ,= ?irty ye>s x ra9$ refutations4 ,! "q1 z he /at$ x1 0 ?or\ghly ?re%$ out4 ,! ,essay on ,population pass$ 9 ! au?or's lifetime ?r\gh six editions 7#agih1 #ahjc1 #ahjf1 #ahjg1 #ahag1 & #ahbf72 ev5 betwe5 ! fir/ edition1 9 #agih1 & ! second1 9 #ahjc1 !re 7 m ?an a score ( #8,replies'2 & ! discussion 0 c>ri$ on 9 private correspond5ce1 z well z 9 public j\rnals & p>liam5t>y spee*es4 ,! case 0 fully argu$2 & no "o :o fairly consid]s ! ext5t ( ! discussion1 & ! ability ( ! disputants1 c fail to believe t we h1 9 ! records ( ?is controv]sy1 ample mat]ials = =m+ our own judgm5t on ! :ole "q 9 dispute4 ,su* a privilege is seldom us$4 ,! _w has no "t to consult au?orities1 ?\gh x likes !m to be )9 rea* ( consultation4 ,:5 an au?or becomes an au?ority1 he too (t5 ceases to be read1 & 8 doctr9es1 l curr5t co91 are worn by use till !y lose ! cle> image & sup]scription ( ! issu]4 ,9 ?is way an au?or's "n may come to sugge/1 n 8 own book1 b ! curr5t v]sion ( 8 doctr9es4 ,mal?us becomes ,mal?usianism1--,d>w91 ,d>w9ism2 & if ,adam ,smi?'s "n 7 m flexible he too w\ld become an epi!t4#a ,z x is1 ,adam ,smi? has left a book :i* 8e "o praises & nobody reads10 ,mal?us a book :i* no "o reads & all abuse4 ,! abuse is1 =tunately1 n q unanim\s2 b x is c]ta9 t ,mal?us = a long "t _h an exp]i5ce worse ?an ,cass&ra's1 = 8 w>n+s 7 disbeliev$ )\t be+ he>d or und]/ood4 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 9 h] girlhood1 he>d him d5\nc$ 8v eloqu5tly & =cibly by p]sons :o nev] saw s mu* z ! outside0#b ( 8 book4 ,?is 0 9 #ahaf2 & :5 at a lat] "t %e inquir$ ab\t him = h]self1 %e c\ld nev] f9d any "o :o _h read 8 book1 b scores :o c\ld 8make great argum5t ab\t x & ab\t10 or write s5tim5tal pamphlets on suppos$ ,mal?usian subjects4 ,?is c>elessness 0 n conf9$ to ! g5]al public2 x infect$ ! savants4 ,no?+ m cle>ly %[s h[ political economy1 or at lea/ "o "q ( x1 _h desc5d$ into ! /reets & become a common recreation4 ,ev5 ,nassau ,william ,s5ior1 p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essor ( political economy 9 8 day1 confess$ ) p5it5ce t he _h tru/$ m to 8 e>s ?an to 8 eyes = a k ( ,mal?usian doctr9e1 & _h writt5 a le>n$ criticism1 n ( ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,mal?us1 b ( t :i* 8! multitudes :o h foll[$ & ! few :o h endeav\r$ to oppose0 ,mr4 ,mal?us1 h assum$ to be 8 op9ion4#c ,! 8op9ion0 s imag9$ by ,s5ior & ! multitude is /ill ! curr5t ,mal?usianism4 ,a ,mal?usian is suppos$ to =bid all m>riage4 ,mr4 ,mal?us 0 suppos$ to believe t 8! desire ( m>riage1 :i* t5ds to increase population1 is a /rong] pr9ciple ?an ! desire ( bett]+ our condition1 :i* t5ds to increase subsi/5ce40#d ,?is meant1 z ,s\!y said1 t 8,god makes m5 & wom5 fa/] ?an ,he c fe$ !m40 ,! old adage 0 wrong !n3 ,provid5ce does n s5d meat :]e ,he s5ds m\?s2 on ! contr>y1 ,he s5ds m\?s :]ev] ,he s5ds meat1 s t ! poor c nev] cease out ( ! l&1 =1 h[ev] abundant ! food1 m>riage w soon make ! p equally abundant4 ,x is a "q ( simple division4 ,a =tune t is weal? = "o w n give com=t to t51 or b>e life to tw5ty4 ,! moral is1 = all ab\t to m>ry1 8,don't10 & = all /atesm51 8,don't enc\rage !m40 ,?is c>icature _h en\gh tru? 9 x to save x f in/ant detection1 & its vitality is due to ! sup]ior ease 9 und]/&+1 & !re=e great] pleasure 9 he>+1 a blank d5ial or a blank affirmation z comp>$ ) ! necess>y qualifications ( a sci5tific /atem5t4 ,! tru? mu/ be told1 h[ev]1 t ,mal?us & ! re/ ( ! le>n$ _w 7 by no means at utt] discord4 ,he always treat$ a ho/ile economi/ z a possible ally4 ,he 0 c>ry+ on ! "w ( _! common ,f\nd]4 ,9 ! ,essay on ,population he 0 inquir+ into ! nature & causes ( pov]ty1 z ,adam ,smi? _h inquir$ into ! nature & causes ( weal?4 ,b ,mal?us himself did n int5d ! "o to be a m]e supplem5t to ! o!r4 ,he did n approa* ! subject f a purely sci5tific side4 ,he _h n devot$ long ye>s ( travel & reflection to ! prep>ation ( an economical treatise4 ,adam ,smi? _h writt5 8 ,moral ,s5tim5ts sev5te5 ye>s be=e 8 great] "w4 ,:5 he wrote ! latt] he _h beh9d him an academical & lit]>y reputation2 & he satisfi$ ! j expectations ( ! public by giv+ !m1 9 ! two qu>to volumes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 8 full-=m$ & completely dige/$ conclusions & reason+s def9itively express$ 7#aggf74 ,mal?us1 on ! contr>y1 ga9$ 8 reputation by a bold & sudd5 /roke1 well foll[$ up4 ,8 ,essay 0 an anonym\s pamphlet 9 a political controv]sy1 & 0 meant to turn ! light ( political economy ^u ! political philosophy ( ! day4 ,:atev] ! essay conta9$ ov] & above politics1 & h[ev] f> afield ! au?or ev5tually travell$ 9 ! lat] editions1 !re is no d\bt ab\t ! fir/ orig9 ( ! essay itself4 ,x 0 n1 z we are sometimes told1 t1 be+ a k9d-he>t$ cl]gyman1 he set himself to "w to inquire :e!r aft] all x 0 "r to increase ! numb]s ( ! population )\t c>+ = ! quality ( x4 ,9 #agih ,mal?us 0 no d\bt 9 holy ord]s & held a curacy at ,albury2 b he seems nev] to h be5 m ?an a curate4 ,! ,:igs (f]$ him a liv+ 9 8 lat] ye>s1 b he pass$ x to 8 son2#e & we %\ld be f> a/ray if we suppos$ 8 book no m ?an ! 8recreations ( a c\ntry p>son40 8,p>son0 0 9 8 case a title )\t a rle & ,cobbett's immortal nickname is v unhappy4#f ,he _h h>dly m ( ! p>son ?an ,condillac ( ! abb4 ,9 #agih ,pitt's ,bill = ext5d+ relief to l>ge families1 & !reby enc\rag+ population1 0 no d\bt be=e ! c\ntry2 b we owe ! essay n to ,william ,pitt1 b to ,william ,godw94 ,! *ang$ aspect ( ! book 9 its lat] editions ne$ n bl9d u to ! effici5t cause ( its fir/ appe>ance4 ,?omas ,rob]t ,mal?us _h graduat$ at ,cambridge z n9? wrangl] 9 ! ye> #aghh1 9 ! tw5ty-second ye> ( 8 age4 ,9 #agig1 aft] ga9+ a fell[%ip at ,jesus ,college1 he happ5$ to sp5d "s "t at 8 fa!r's h\se at ,albury 9 ,surrey4 ,fa!r & son discuss$ ! que/ions ( ! day1 ! y\ng] man attack+ ,jacob9ism1 ! eld] def5d+ x4 ,daniel ,mal?us _h be5 a fri5d & executor ( ,r\sseau1 & 0 an ard5t believ] 9 human progress4 ,rob]t _h writt5 a ,:ig tract1 :i* he call$ ,! ,crisis1 9 ! ye> ( ,pitt's new loan & ,napoleon's ,italian campaign 7#agif72 b he did n publi% x1 & 8 views 7 yet 9 solution4 ,we may be sure ! two m5 did n sp>e ea* o!r 9 debate4 ,9 ! words ( ! eld] ,mal?us1 ,rob]t !n1 if at no o!r "t1 8?rew little /ones0 into 8 g>d54 ,an old man mu/ h ! pati5ce ( ,job if he c look ) calmness on a "y man break+ 8 ideals4 ,b 9 ?is case he at lea/ recogniz$ ! /r5g? ( ! sl+]1 & he bore him no grudge1 ?\gh he did n live to be won by ! concessions ( ! second essay 7#ahjc74 ,t ,rob]t1 on 8 "p1 0 n want+ 9 respect1 is %[n by an indignant lett]1 writt5 9 ,febru>y1 #ahjj1 on 8 fa!r's dea?1 9 reply to ! suppos$ slight ( a newspap] p>agraph4#g ,! fireside debates _h 9 t ye> 7#agig7 receiv$ new matt]4 ,william ,godw91 quondam p>son1 j\rnali/1 politician1 & noveli/1 ^: ,political ,ju/ice 0 av[$ly a 8*ild ( ! ,revolution10#h _h writt5 a new book1 ! ,enquir]1 9 :i* _m ( 8 old positions 7 set 9 a new light4 ,! fa!r made x a po9t ( hon\r to def5d ! ,enquir]2 ! son play$ devil's advocate1 p>tly f conviction1 p>tly = ! sake ( argum5t2 &1 z (t5 happ5s 9 su* a case1 ,rob]t f\nd 8 case /rong] ?an he _h ?\ght4 ,h>d press$ by an able oppon5t1 he 0 l$1 on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 to use argum5ts :i* _h n occurr$ to him be=e1 & ( :i* ,! ,crisis kn[s no?+4 ,9 calm] mom5ts he foll[$ !m up to _! conclusions4 8,! discussion10 he tells u1#i 8/>t$ ! g5]al "q ( ! future improvem5t ( society1 & ! au?or at fir/ sat d[n ) an int5tion ( m]ely /at+ 8 ?\ghts to 8 fri5d ^u pap] 9 a cle>] mann] ?an he ?\ght he c\ld d 9 conv]sation40 ,b ! subject op5$ ^u him1 & he det]m9$ to publi%4 ,?is is ! pla9 /ory ( ! publication ( ! ,essay on ,population1 r$uc$ to its simple/ t]ms4 ,at ! v "t :5 ! be/ m5 9 bo? worlds 7 talk+ only ( progress1 ,mal?us saw rocks ahead4 ,fr5* & ,engli% re=m]s 7 look+ =w>d to a gold5 age ( p]fect equality & happ9ess2 ,mal?us saw an irremovable difficulty 9 ! way1 & he refus$ to put ! telescope to 8 bl9d eye4 ,!re _h be5 ,cass&ras be=e ,mal?us1 & ev5 9 ! same c5tury4 ,dr4 ,john ,bruckn] ( ,norwi* _h writt5 9 ! same /ra9 9 8 ,?orie du ,sy/me ,animal1 9 #agfg2aj & a few ye>s e>li] 79 #agfa7 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,wallace1 writ+ ( ! ,v>i\s ,prospects ( ,mank9d1 ,nature1 & ,provid5ce1 _h talk$ ( community ( goods z a cure = ! ills ( humanity1 & !n _h f\nd1 v reluctantly1 "o fatal objection--! excessive population t w\ld ensue4 ,m5 are always incl9$ to m>ry & multiply _! numb]s till ! food is b>ely en\gh to support !m all4 ,?is objection _h s9ce ,wallace's "t become a /ock objection1 to be answ]$ by e mak] ( ,utopias4 ,x 0 left = ,mal?us to %[ ! ne> approa* :i* ?is difficulty makes to absolute hopelessness1 & to ?r[ ! burd5 ( pro( on ! o!r side4 ,z ! ,weal? ( ,nations alt]$ ! /&+ presumption 9 fav\r ( int]f]5ce to "o 9 fav\r ( lib]ty 9 matt]s ( trade1 s ! ,essay on ,population alt]$ ! presumption 9 fav\r ( ! advocates ( progress to a presumption aga9/ !m4 ,?is may n describe ! f9al result ( ! essay1 b x is a true acc\nt ( its imm$iate effect4 ,p _h he>d ( ! objection be=e2 x 0 only n[ t !y began to look on x z conclusive4 ,h[ _h ,godw9 tri$ to meet x1 :5 x 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( weak] m51 & !re=e n at all conclusive8 ,he c\ld n ignore x4 ,9 8 ,political ,ju/ice 7#agic7 he _h giv5 ! outl9es ( a 8simple =m ( society1 )\t gov]nm5t10 on ! pr9ciple ( ,tom ,pa9e1 :i* 0 also a receiv$ ,jacob9 motto1 8,society is produc$ by our wants1 gov]nm5t by our wick$ness40#aa ,he says1 ) ! rul+ philosophy1 t man is born a blank1 & 8 outw>d circum/ances make him good or evil4 ,?anks to human in/itutions1 especially lawy]s1 sov]eigns1 & /atesm51 ! outw>d circum/ances1 he says1 are z bad z !y c be4 ,ev]y:]e !re is inequality4 ,!re is great pov]ty alongside ( great ri*es1 & great tyranny ) great slav]y4 ,9 ! same way ! be/ ( 8 novels1 ,caleb ,williams 7#agid71 tells u h[ 8?+s z !y are0 enable ! ri* s9n] to p]secute ! poor righte\s man4 ,b he is no pessimi/4 ,! ,political ,ju/ice does n end ) a /atem5t ( evils4 ,x goes on to %[ t 9 ! end tru? w conqu]2 m5 w li/5 to reason1 !y w ab&on _! pres5t laws1 & !y w =m a society )\t law or gov]nm5t or any k9d ( =ce2 no su* ?+s w be ne$$ :5 e man li/5s to reason1 & cont5ts himself ) pla9 liv+ & high ?9k+4 ,!re w be no k+ 9 ,israel2 e man w d t :i* is "r 9 8 own eyes4 ,9 our pres5t society1 says ,godw91 x is di/ribution & n production t is at fault4 ,!re is m ?an en\gh ( weal? = all1 b x is n %>$ among/ all4 ,"o man has too mu*1 ano!r little or no?+4 ,9 ! new society reason w *ange all t4 ,reason tells u t1 if we make an equal division1 n only ( ! good ?+s ( ?is life1 b ( ! lab\r ( mak+ !m1 !n we %all secure a production q suffici5t = ! ne$s ( pla9 liv]s1 at ! co/ ( p]haps half-an-h\r's lab\r 9 a day f ea* ( !m4#ab ,ea* ( !m w1 !re=e1 h leisure1 :i* is ! true ri*es1 & he w use ! "t = 8 own moral & intellectual improvem5t4 ,9 ?is way1 by ! omnipot5ce ( tru? & ! p[] ( p]suasion1 n by any viol5ce or p[] ( ! sword1 p]fection & happ9ess w 9 "t be e/abli%$ on ! e>?4 ,godw9 made no ess5tial *ange 9 ^! views 9 ! lat] editions ( ! ,political ,ju/ice 7#agif & #agih71 or 9 ! ,enquir] 7#agig74 8,among ! fai?less1 fai?ful only he10 :5 ! excesses ( ! ,t]ror made ev5 ,sir ,james ,mack9to% 7n to say ,bi%op ,watson1 ,s\!y1 & ,wordswor?7 a lukew>m re=m]4 ,no?+ 9 ,godw9's life is m admirable ?an ! p]fect confid5ce ) :i* he holds fa/ to 8 old fai? 9 democratic pr9ciples & ! p]fectibility ( man4 ,if x is ob/9acy1 x is v l devotion2 & p]haps ! only au?or :o %[s an equal con/ancy is ,condorcet1 ! ,girondi/1 m>k$ out = dea?1 & writ+ 9 8 hid+-place1 almo/ "u ! eyes ( ! ,conv5tion1 8 eag] book on ! ,progress ( ! ,species4 ,no?+ b int5se s9c]ity & %e] dep? ( conviction c\ld h enabl$ ^! m5 to cont9ue ! def5ce ( a di%on\r$ cause4 ,!y _h n ! m>tyr's greate/ trial1 ! d\bt :e!r he is "r4 ,! great impression made by _! works 0 a sign t1 z !y felt /rongly1 !y wrote p[]fully4 ,mal?us1 :o refut$ bo? ( !m1 apologiz$ = giv+ s]i\s criticism to ,condorcet's palpable extravagances by say+ t ,condorcet has _m foll[]s :o w hold him unansw]able unless he is specially answ]$4#ac ,( ,godw91 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 writ+ 9 #ahaf1 says t ?\gh 8 book 7! ,political ,ju/ice7 0 becom+ out ( date1 x 0 /ill 8! able/ & be/ kn[n /atem5t0 ( ! doctr9es ( equality t _h ev] appe>$ 9 ,engl&4#ad ,x has be5 ju/ly call$ ! 8fir/ text-book ( ! philosophical radicals40 ,! actual effect ( x _c be measur$ by ! numb] ( copies sold on its fir/ appe>ance4 ,godw9 _h plac$ x f> beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y democrats by fix+ ! price at ?ree gu9eas4 ,9 #agic _m :o w\ld h be5 8 ke5e/ read]s c\ld n h paid ?ree %ill+s = x4 ,b ! ev5t prov$ him wise 9 8 g5]ation4 ,! ,privy ,c\ncil decid$ !y might safely tol]ate s de> a book2 & a small audi5ce ev5 ( ! ri* 0 bett] to ,godw9 ?an prosecution1 :i* might mean exile & no audi5ce at all4#ae ,few writ]s ( our own day h s good an excuse = mak+ !mselves inaccessible to ! poor4 ,godw91 h[ev]1 l ,rusk91 rea*$ ! poor 9 spite ( 8 arrangem5ts = avoid+ !m4 ,he filt]$ d[n among ! masses2 & 8 writ+s became a political z well z a lit]>y p[] 9 ,engl&1 long be=e he _h a poetic son-9-law to give him reflect$ glory4 ,if a species is to be judg$ by its be/ individual1 !n ,godw9 repres5ts bett] ?an ,pa9e ! class ( political writ]s to :i* !y bo? belong2 & _m fell d[n ) ,godw9 :5 he fell d[n be=e ,mal?us4 ,! ,enquir] 0 less popul> ?an ! ,political ,ju/ice4 ,"p ( ! *>m ( ! latt] und\bt$ly lay 9 ! elaborate complet5ess & sy/ematic ord] ( ! :ole discussion4 ,! f\ndations 7 laid 9 ! psy*ology ( ,locke2 & !n ! build+ 0 rais$1 /one by /one1 until ! :ole 0 f9i%$4 ,b 9 ! ,enquir] ,godw9's dislike ( law _h ext5d$ ev5 to ! =m ( composition4 ,he _h be5 wrong1 he said1 9 try+ to write a sy/ematic treatise on society1 & he w\ld n[ conf9e himself to deta*$ essays1 :olly exp]im5tal1 & n necess>ily 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r4 8,he 7! au?or7 has c>ri$ ?is pr9ciple s f> t he has n be5 sev]ely anxi\s relative to inconsi/5cy t may be discov]$ betwe5 ! speculations ( "o essay & ! speculations ( ano!r40#af ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! two /yles is ! contra/ betwe5 a :ole oratorio & a miscellane\s conc]t1 or betwe5 a complete poem & a volume ( extracts4 ,! ?\ghts 7 ! same1 ?\gh !y _h lo/ _! attractive expression4 ,! essay on ,av>ice & ,pr(usion#ag tells u1 among o!r ?+s1 t 8a /ate ( cultivat$ equality is t /ate :i*1 9 speculation & !ory1 appe>s mo/ consonant to ! nature ( man1 & mo/ conducive to ! ext5sive diffusion ( felicity40 ,?is 0 ! essay :i* l$ ,mal?us & 8 fa!r into _! fruitful argum5t4 ,! essay on ,ri*es & ,pov]ty1 & ! "o on ,begg>s1#ah conta9 o!r applications ( ! same idea1 ) _m moraliz+ digressions4 ,godw9 has n lo/ 8 sweet ,utopian vision2 he has n yield$ to ! objections t baffl$ ,dr4 ,rob]t ,wallace2 he ?9ks he has remov$ all objections4 ,he meets !m#ai by say+ fir/ ( all3 8,!re is a pr9ciple 9 ! nature ( human society by means ( :i* ev]y?+ seems to t5d to its level10 :5 n int]f]$ )2 & ! population ( a c\ntry :5 left to itself does n seem to increase beyond ! food4 ,b 9 ! second place1 suppos+ ?+s n to f9d _! level 9 ?is way1 ! e>? is wide & ! evil day is f> (f4 ,x may take myriads ( c5turies to till ! untill$ acres & to repl5i% ! empty e>? ) p1 & mu* may happ5 be=e !n4 ,9 fact1 he views ! subject z _m ( u view ! "q ( our coal supply4 ,be=e x is exhau/$ we may be beyond ! ne$ ( x4#bj ,! e>? itself may h collaps$ ) all its inhabitants4 ,don't let u refuse a pres5t bless+ f fe> ( a remote future dang]4 ,besides1 x is n v h>d to imag9e a safegu>d4 ,frankl9 says t 8m9d w "o day become omnipot5t ov] matt]20#ba :y n ov] ! matt] ( our own bodies8 ,does n ! bodily heal? dep5d l>gely on ! m9d8 8,a m]ry he>t goes all ! day2 ,y\r sad tires 9 a mile1 ,o60 ,! "t may come :5 we %all be s full ( livel9ess t we %all n sleep1 & s full ( life t we %all n die4 ,! ne$ = m>riage w be sup]s$$ by e>?ly immortality1 & ! desire = x by ! developm5t ( intellect4 ,on ! r5ew$ e>? ( ! future !re w be nei!r m>ry+ nor giv+ 9 m>riage1 b we %all be z ! angels4 8,! :ole w be a p ( m51 & n ( *ildr54 ,g5]ation w n succe$ g5]ation1 nor tru? h1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 to recomm5ce h] c>e] e ?irty ye>s4 ,o!r improvem5ts may be expect$ to keep pace ) ^? ( heal? & longevity4 ,!re w be no w>1 no crimes1 no adm9i/ration ( ju/ice z x is call$1 & no gov]nm5t4 ,besides ?is1 !re w be nei!r disease1 angui%1 melan*oly1 nor res5tm5t4 ,e man w seek ) ineffable ard\r ! good ( all40#bb ,?is sweet /ra9 _h be5 en*ant+ ! public = f\r or five ye>s1 :5 ,mal?us v5tur$ to int]rupt x ) 8 mode/ anonym\s ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population z x affects ! ,future ,improvem5t ( ,society4 ,! writ] claims to be z he>ty a philan?ropi/ z ,mr4 ,godw91 b he _c all[ ! wi% to be fa!r to ! ?\ght1 & believe 9 future p]fection aga9/ evid5ce4 ,to prove a !ory true1 he says1 x is n en\gh to %[ t y _c prove its contradiction1 or t y c prove its usefulness4 ,x w\ld be v useful to h eyes 9 bo? sides ( our head2 b t does n prove t we are go+ to h !m4 ,if y told me t man 0 becom+ a w+$ creature l ! o/ri*1 ,i %\ld n d\bt t he w\ld f9d w+s v useful1 b ,i c\ld h>dly believe y\r prophecy )\t "s k9d ( pro( beyond ! m]e praises ( fly+4 ,i %\ld ask y to %[ palpable signs 9 8 body & habits t su* a *ange 0 go+ on1 t 8 neck has be5 l5g!n+1 8 lips h>d5+1 & 8 hair becom+ fea!ry4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 y tell me t man is becom+ a purely intellectual be+1 cont5t ) pla9 liv+ & high ?9k+1 ,i see !re might be advantage 9 ! *ange1 b ,i ask = signs t x is 9 progress4 ,i see none2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ,i see /rong reasons = believ+ 9 its impossibility4 ,grant me two po/ulates1 & ,i disprove y\r mill5nium4 ,! fir/ is1 t food is necess>y2 ! second1 t ! in/9ct = m>riage is p]man5t4 ,no "o d5ies ! fir/1 & ,godw9's d5ial ( ! second is purely dogmatic4 ,he has giv5 u no pro(s4 ,m5 h no d\bt made progress 9 o!r respects2 !y h pass$ f b>b>ism to civilization4 ,b 9 respect ( ! second po/ulate !y are ! same n[ z !y 7 #djjj ye>s ago4 ,individual exceptions are individual exceptions /ill4 ,i am b\nd1 !re=e1 to believe 9 ! tru? ( my po/ulates1 & ,i inf] f !m ! impossibility ( y\r mill5nium4 ,y speak ( a society1 he cont9ues1 :]e ! memb]s are all equally com=table & at leisure4 ,suppose x e/abli%$1 x c\ld n la/2 x w\ld g to pieces ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( population alone4 ,! sev5 ye>s ( pl5ty w\ld be at once dev\r$ by sev5 ye>s ( want4 ,! pro( ( ?is is %ort & decisive3--,population1 :5 un*eck$1 increases 9 a geometrical ratio2 subsi/5ce only 9 an ari?metical4 8,a slight acqua9tance ) numb]s w %[ ! imm5sity ( ! fir/ p[] 9 comp>ison ) ! second40#bc 8,! race ( plants & animals %r9ks "u ?is great re/rictive law1 & ! race ( man _c by any ef=ts ( reason escape f x4 ,among plants & animals its effects are wa/e ( se$1 sickness1 & premature dea?1 among m5 mis]y & vice10 ! =m] necess>y1 ! latt] probable4 ,n[1 9 ! old c\ntries ( ,europe1 population nev] is un*eck$4 ,x is *eck$ by want ( room & food4 ,vice & mis]y1 & ! fe> ( !m1 are always 8equaliz+0 ! numb]s ( ! p ) ! food ( ! p4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w1 8! cynosure ( neighb\r+ eyes10 !re are few] h9drances to e>ly m>riage2 !re is m room & !re is m food2 h>d "w is ! only condition ( a happy life4 ,b1 ev5 !re1 population is n entirely un*eck$2 ! h>d "w w at lea/ int]f]e ) ! re>+ ( *ildr52 & ! p1 h[ev] com=table1 are n at ! v highe/ pit* ( com=t1 or at ! highe/ pit* ( purity & simplicity ( life2 :]eas1 by assumption1 ,godw9's imag9>y society is all ^!4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! p ( old ,europe d\ble _! numb]s once a c5tury1 & ! p ( new ,am]ica 7at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 once 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 we may be sure t 9 ! mill5nial society ( ,godw91 8,:]e all are prop] & well-behav$1 ,& all are free f sorr[ & pa910 ! increase w\ld be mu* fa/]4 ,! 8leisure0 he talks ( w\ld soon disappe>1 & ! old scramble = bread1 ! old inequality ( rank & prop]ty1 w\ld aga9 become ! ord] ( ! day4 ,we %\ld h our own k9d ( society back aga91 ) its ma/]s & s]vants1 l&lords & t5ants1 ri* & poor4#bd ,!re=e 7argues ! writ] ( ! essay7 if ,godw9's society 7 once made x c\ld n la/4 ,b we grant too mu* 9 suppos+ x c\ld ev] be made4 ,we _c believe ?is & believe 9 ! second po/ulate at ! same "t2 & ! second po/ulate is s c]ta9 t we c pr$ict by x4 ,! same causes1 !n1 t w\ld h de/roy$ ,godw9's newly-=m$ society w prev5t x f ev] be+ =m$ at all4 8,! passion betwe5 ! sexes has appe>$ 9 e age to be s ne>ly ! same t x may always be consid]$1 9 algebraic language1 z a giv5 quantity40#be ,9 spite ( ! :imp]+ ( old m5 & r\s1 8! pleasures ( pure love w be> ! contemplation ( ! mo/ improv$ reason & ! mo/ exalt$ virtue40#bf ,godw9 views ! matt] 9 a dry1 intellectual light1 & asks u to ab/ract f all accessories be=e we =m an e/imate ( ! passion 9 "q4 ,"o man or "o woman w !n be z good z ano!r4 ,b he might z well tell u to /rip (f all ! leaves be=e we e/imate our lik+ = trees4 ,we d n admire ! b>e pole1 b ! :ole tree1 ! tree ) all ! 8att5dant circum/ances0 ( bran*es & foliage4 ,z well deprive a magnet ( its *ief p[]s ( attraction1 & !n ask u to confess x z weak z o!r m9]als4#bg ,! fact is1 t man's l>ge disc\rse1 :i* m>ks him out f ! brutes1 makes him hide ! m>riage in/9ct "u a mass ( 8att5dant circum/ances0 be=e he lets himself be drawn by x4 ,he w n obey ! in/9ct simply m f]1 or 9 animal fa%ion1 because he feels x4 ,b x is n de/roy$1 only disguis$4 ,! love is n purely intellectual4 ,reason1 ) its calculation ( consequ5ces1 c save a man f ! abuse ( a passion1 b _c de/roy ! passion itself2#bh & 7he might h add$7 its 8look+ be=e & aft]0 includes fancy z well z ?\ght4 ,take ?is passion !n z x is1 an adoration x may be ( an assemblage ( accessories2 x c nev] die out ( ! _w4 ,f ?is *e]ful premise1 :at conclusion foll[s8 ,"o n altoge!r *e]ful3 ,:]ev] ,provid5ce s5ds meat ,he w s5d m\?s4 ,:]ev] ! p h room & food1 !y w m>ry & multiply _! numb]s1 till !y press aga9/ ! limits ( bo?1 & beg9 a fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 :i* dea? is ! puni%m5t ( defeat4 ,godw9 & ! :ole ,fr5* s*ool are sadly wrong 9 attribut+ all inequality to human in/itutions2 human nature is to blame1 &1 )\t any artificial aid1 ?is "o passion ( human nature w be ! /&+ cause ( inequality1 ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to ! removal ( x4#bi ,dr4 ,rob]t ,wallace _h m wisdom ?an he wot (4 ,exam9e ! mean+ ( ?is argum5t & its conclusion4 ,x involves an answ] to ,godw9's fir/ def5ce aga9/ ,wallace4 ,"h is some?+ v l a law ( nature1 a tru? pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 or1 9 o!r words1 a tru? :i*1 be+ sci5tific1 ought n to be /at$ 9 t]ms ( "t at all3 8,:]e goods increase1 !y are increas$ t eat !m40 ,! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 7,mal?us uses ! v phrase7 is a pres5t fact1 z x has be5 a pa/ fact1 & w be a future4 ,no good is ga9$ by rhetorical ref]5ces to ! wid5ess ( ! _w & ! possibilities ( ! ages4#cj ,9 our own day & l& we see p multiply+ up to ! limit ( ! food1 & a 8great re/rictive law0 prev5t+ !m1 z x prev5ts all o!r animals1 f multiply+ beyond t limit4#ca ,9 our own day & c\ntry1 m5 m>ry :5 !y _c support a family2 ! *ildr5 :om !y _c support die ( hung] or sickness1 if ! *>ity ( ! public does n int]f]e2--or else ! fe> ( mis]y makes m5 avoid a m>riage = :i* !y h n ! means1 & _! celibacy1 :e!r pure or impure1 keeps ! numb]s ( ! p on a level ) ! food4#cb ,godw9 himself _h writt5 9 s _m words3 8,!re is a pr9ciple 9 human society by :i* population is p]petually kept d[n to ! level ( ! means ( subsi/5ce40#cc ,:y did he n take "o /ep m1 & discov] :at t pr9ciple is8#cd ,! fact is t ,godw9 0 at once intellectually sangu9e & emotionally cold4 ,8 ideal w\ld h be5 a man 8( l>ge bra9 & no affections20 & :5 he wrote ! ,political ,ju/ice he 0 n aw>e ( 8 own defect4 ,at a lat] "t he 0 n only aw>e ( x1 b anxi\s to remove x4 ,9 8 ,memoir ( 8 wife1 ,m>y ,woll/onecraft 7#agih71 & 9 ! /ory ( ,/4 ,leon 7#agii71 ! man :o f\nd ! philosoph]'s /one1 & became1 to 8 own sorr[1 immortal on e>?1 he confesses t he has hi!rto tak5 too little ?\ght ( feel+ z an elem5t 9 human action4 ,if ,m>y _h be5 too mu* ( a ,w]!r1 h] husb& _h be5 too little4 ,l ,condorcet 7& l ,buckle71 he _h believ$ civilization to be a purely intellectual movem5t4 ,he _h dogmatiz$ on ! omnipot5ce ( tru? & reason1 & inf]r$ ! gr[? ( a p]fect society4 ,he _h dogmatiz$ on ! developm5t ( intellect1 & inf]r$ an e>?ly immortality4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ,memoir1 & 9 ,/4 ,leon1 if he _h add$ a little to 8 doctr9es1 he _h recant$ little or no?+1 ev5 9 reg>d to immortality4 ,/4 ,leon is mis]able only because 8 gift is peculi> to himself2 an immortality t is common to all w\ld be acceptable to all4 ,a ,me?uselah w\ld n be melan*oly among ant$iluvians4 ,su* 0 probably ,godw9's position4 ,! m]e belief 9 ! possibility ( e>?ly immortality 0 n uncommon2 ,godw9 is c>eful to numb] ,bacon among its support]s4#ce ,mal?us 0 probably "r 9 trac+ x to ! unconsci\s influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1#cf ?\gh ! progress 9 ,godw9's days ( ! new sci5ce ( *emi/ry _h p]haps m to d ) x1 & ,godw9's religion 0 nev] m ?an a b>e ,!ism4#cg ,x 0 held by ,holcr(t1 "o ( ,godw9's mo/ intimate fri5ds1#ch & x 0 an important "p ( ,condorcet's ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,_s4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,t]ror 7#agid7 ,condorcet1 f 8 hid+-place 9 ! ,rue ,s]v&oni1 _h writt5 ( ! 8organic p]fectibility ( man40 ,he look$ to m$ic9e1 & to ! arts & sci5ces 9 g5]al1 to bani% disease & prolong human life 8indef9itely40#ci ,godw9 tru/$ to ! inw>d developm5t ( ! m9d1 n to outw>d appliances4#dj ,b by diff]5t ways !y arrive at ! same t]m9us1 & receive f _! great critic v mu* ! same reception !re4 ,mal?us po9ts out to ,godw9 t !re is no sign t ! body is becom+ subjugat$ to ! m9d4 ,ev5 philosoph]s1 said he 7& he wrote feel+ly1 z he _h ! malady at ! "t ( writ+71 _c endure ! too?a*e pati5tly1#da & ev5 a m]ry he>t w n enable a weak man to walk z fa/ & z f> z a /rong man4 ,!re is no *ange 9 ! human body1 & little or no *ange 9 ! relation ( ! m9d to x4 ,to ,condorcet he simply po9ts out t1 :ile ! arts h made ! l5g!n+ ( life 8indef9ite10 t does n mean 8inf9ite40 ,g>d5]s c gr[ c>nations 8indef9itely0 l>ge2 no man c ev] say t he has se5 ! l>ge/ c>nation t w ev] be gr[n2 b ?is he c say1 t a c>nation w nev] be z l>ge z a cabbage4 ,! limit is !re1 ?\gh x is undef9$1 & !re is a limit also to ! l5g!n+ ( human life1 ?\gh no "o c fix x to a ye>4 ,condorcet !re=e has prov$ an e>?ly immortality only by a misuse ( ! ^w 8indef9ite40 ,he has %[n no organic *ange 9 man :i* w\ld prove ! possibility ( p]fection 9 ?is _w4 ,nei!r has ,condorcet repell$ ! objection :i* tr\bl$ ,dr4 ,wallace4 ,x is true t1 l ,godw91 he faces ! difficulty & admits ! importance ( x4#db ,! gr[? ( population w always1 he says1 cause inequality2 !re w always be a ri* leisur$ class & a poor indu/rial class2 & to light5 ! h>d%ips ( ! latt] !re ought to be a ,/ate ,insurance fund1 :i* w make all ! poore/ citiz5s sure ( support4 ,b "o _c help ?9k+1 if all are sure ( support1 all w m>ry1 & if all m>ry1 w n ! difficulty be increas$8#dc ,yes1 ,condorcet grants ?is2 ! numb]s w soon be too great1 & s ?r\gh\t ! ages !re w be an 8oscillation0 betwe5 ! bless+s ( progress & ! evils ( ov]cr[d+1 n[ ! "o pr$om9at+1 n[ ! o!r4 ,9 despair he clut*es at ! old fallacy1 8! day is di/ant10 b he feels x fail him1 & mu/ ne$s add a new & />tl+ solution ( 8 own :i* ,mal?us freely d5\nces4#dd ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! que/ions associat$ 9 our own times ) ,neo-,mal?usianism4#de ,b x is beyond all d\bt t ! ,neo-,mal?usians are ! *ildr5 n ( ,rob]t ,mal?us1 b ( ,rob]t ,ow54 ,mal?us 0 n ,mal?us because he said1 8,! p are too _m2 ?9 !m d[n0--any m ?an ,d>w9 0 ,d>w9 because he said1 8,species are n made1 b gr[40 ,if ,d>w9ians are to be judg$ by ,d>w91 ,mal?usians mu/ be judg$ by ,mal?us2 & ! orig9ality ( nei!r ,mal?us nor ,d>w9 c be expla9$ by a s+le phrase4 ,we _c und]/& ! mean+ ( an au?or's words1 f> less ( 8 "w1 till we "k ! context 9 :i* !y are set4 ,once "k ! context & we und]/& ! text4 ,! devil1 cit+ ,scripture = 8 purpose1 only succe$s because he nev] quotes 9 full4 ,x foll[s t1 to und]/& ! full mean+ ( ! essay1 we mu/ g beyond its effici5t cause1 & take a view ( its mat]ial cause1 or ! :ole circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,if ! text ( ! s]mon 0 ,godw9 & ,condorcet1 ! application 0 to ! poor ( ,engl& & ! philan?ropi/s :o 7 try+ to relieve !m4 ,! e>ly life ( ,mal?us1 co9cid+1 z x l>gely does1 ) ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 co9cides ) ,engl&'s greate/ indu/rial revolution4 ,mal?us 0 born 9 #agff1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! ,peace ( ,p>is4 ,!re 0 an end1 = ! "t1 to =eign w>s1 & trade 0 mak+ a brave />t4 ,! discov]ies ( coal & iron 9 ,nor!rn ,engl&1 go+ h& 9 h& ) ! inv5tions ( cotton-sp9n+ & weav+1 7 beg9n+ to conv]t ! poore/ c\nties into ! ri*e/1 upsett+ ! political balance4 ,! new sci5ce ( *emi/ry _h begun to prove its usefulness4 ,w$gwood 0 p]fect+ 8 e>!nw>e1 ,br9dley cutt+ 8 canals1 ,tel=d lay+ out 8 roads1 ,watt build+ 8 /eam-eng9es4 ,engl& 9 ,roman days _h be5 a gran>y2 9 lat] ages %e _h be5 a pa/ure-gr\nd2 %e 0 n[ becom+ ! l& ( ma*9]y & manufacture1 z well z ! c5tre ( =eign trade4 ,9 o!r words1 %e _h begun an indu/rial *ange1 :i* 0 ! greate/ till !n 9 h] hi/ory1 & ri* 9 ! mo/ magical improvem5ts4 ,b 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! *ange1 ! evils ( x 7 ne>ly z mu* felt z ! bless+s4 ,! suff]+s ( displac$ workm51 & ! an>*y ( ! new factory sy/em1 supplant+ home lab\r1 & mak+ ! ^w 8manufactur]0 =get its etymology1#df 7 real evils1 h[ev] transi5t4 ,comb9$ ) ! g5]al democratic influ5ce ( an expansive manufactur+ indu/ry1 !y might easily h caus$ a social convulsion 9 ^! days ( no extraord9>y virtue2 & ! c\ntry ow$ its escape 9 "s degree to ! evangelical movem5t "u ,:itefield & ! ,wesleys1 :i* 0 fatal at once to religi\s torpor & to political excitem5t4#dg ,! annoyances ( a m$dlesome t>iff & ! futile attempts to exclude =eign food 7 to vani% away be=e a hundr$ ye>s _h pass$2 b 9 ! boyhood ( ,mal?us ! voice ( ,adam ,smi? rais$ aga9/ !m 9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations 7#aggf7 0 a cry 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!re 0 a g5]al agreem5t t1 :e!r ! high prices prevail+ aft] ! ,peace ( ,p>is 7 caus$ by ! gr[? ( ! population1 or by ! less5$ value ( silv]1 or by ! tr\bles 9 ,pol&1 ! rem$y 0 n to lie 9 a free corn trade4 ,! poor 7 n to h *eap corn1 !y 7 to h l>ge all[ances4 ,legislation _h gone backw>ds 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 #agbc a new law _h introduc$ a wise workh\se te/ ( de/itution1 :i* might h prev5t$ wilful pov]ty by r$uc+ outdoor relief2 b ! clause 0 repeal$ by ,gilb]t's ,act 9 #aghb2 ! poor 7 to be 8set on "w0 at _! own h\ses2 & ! new /r+5cy gave place to ! old laxity1 ) ! usual results4 ,! close ( ! c5tury saw ! tr\bles ( a ,european w> add$ to ! li/1 & ! tide ( political re=m ebb$ = =ty ye>s 7#agib-ahcb74 ,because ! ,fr5* re=m _h gone too f>1 ! ,engli% re=m 0 n all[$ to take its fir/ /eps4 ,x is a commonplace ) hi/orians t ! ,fr5* ,revolution w\ld h be5 v diff]5t )\t ,voltaire & ,r\sseau to prep>e ! way = x4 ,hung] & new ideas are two advocates ( *ange :i* always plead be/ 9 ea* o!r's company2 hung] makes m5 will+ to act1 & ! new ideas give !m matt] = enactm5t4 ,9 ,france1 :5 ! crisis came 9 #aghi1 ! new ideas 7 n f> to seek4 ,writ]s ( ,utopias1 f ,plato to ,m1 & f ,r\sseau to ,rusk91 h always adopt$ "o simple plan3 !y h /ruck out ! sali5t enormities ( _! own "t & ins]t$ ! opposite1 z :5 m5 imag9e heav5 !y ?9k ( _! de> native c\ntry ) its discom=ts left out4 ,inequality at home _h made ,fr5*m5 ready to dote on a vision ( equality :5 ,r\sseau pres5t$ x to !m1 & ! /ate ( ,nature 0 ! /ate ( ,france rev]s$4 ,philosophically1 ! !ori/s ( ! ,revolution trac$ _! desc5t to ,locke1 & _! ideas 7 n long 9 recross+ ! ,*annel to visit _! bir?place4 ,ev5 if ,engli%m5 _h n _h 9 ,am]ica a visible ,utopia1 or1 at lea/1 ,arcadia1 !re 0 hung] en\gh 9 ,engl& to recomm5d ! new ideas to e rank 9 society4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 9 #agic1 ,godw9's book 0 s successful4 ,x 0 n only a good ,engli% /atem5t ( ! ,fr5* doctr9es ( equality1 & !re=e a book = ! times1 b x _h a vig\r ( its own1 & 0 no m]e translation4 ,r\sseau & ,raynal _h ?\ght x necess>y to sacrifice univ]sal improvem5t to univ]sal equality2 !y saw 7or ?\ght !y saw7 t ! two c\ld n g toge!r1 & !y c\nt$ equality s desirable t !y 7 will+ to pur*ase x at ! exp5se ( b>b>ism4 ,n[1 !y 7 p]haps m logical ?an ,godw92 equality may mean b>b>ism4 ,b ,godw9's ideal 0 at lea/ high] ?an !irs2 he ?\ght ( civilization & equality z q compatible1 = he ?\ght t :5 all m5 7 truly civiliz$ !y w\ld ( _! own accord re/ore equality4 ,z he left ev]y?+ to reason & no?+ to =ce1 8 book 0 9 !ory q h>mless2 b ! t5d5cy ( x seem$ dang]\s1 = x criticiz$ ! ,briti% con/itution 9 a free way to :i* ! ,briti% nation 0 n accu/om$4 ,9 ,engl&1 moreov]1 ! p h always conf\nd$ ideas ) p]sons4 ,!y 7 n 9 love ) lib]ty :5 x took ! =m ( an ,am]ican 8,w> ( ,indep5d5ce0 aga9/ ,engl&1 &1 ev5 if equality _h pleas$ !m 9 #aghi1 !y w\ld h no?+ ( x aft] ! ,t]ror4 ,!y =sook ,fox = ,burke1 & w5t to w> = a s5tim5t4 ,at ! "t :5 ,mal?us wrote1 ! bulk ( ! ,engli% p _h lo/ _! en?usiasm = ! new ideas4 ,x ne$$ "s =titude to call oneself a ,re=m]1 or ev5 a ,:ig1 :5 ,napoleon _h ov]run ,italy & 0 fac+ u 9 ,egypt4 ,pitt held all p]sons s$iti\s :o did n believe 9 ! wisdom ( ! w>4 ,b ev5 ,pitt1 ?\gh he n[ ignor$ ! ne$ ( re=m1 c\ld n ov]look ! exi/5ce ( di/ress4 ,9 #agie !re _h be5 a s]i\s sc>city2 w> prices _h become fam9e prices4 ,x 0 ! ye> :5 8! l[] ord]s0 7 held d[n by special co]cion acts2#dh x 0 ! ye> :5 ! k+'s c>riage 0 /opp$ by a mob cry+ 8,bread1 bread60 ,mr4 ,:itbread & ! re/ ?\ght ,p>liam5t ought to 8d some?+02 & ,pitt propos$ 7#agif7 to meet ! difficulty by am5d+ ! ,poor ,laws4 ,8 bill propos$ 8to re/ore ! orig9al purity ( ! ,poor ,laws0 by modify+ ! law ( settlem5t 9 ! direction ( great] fre$om1 & by assi/+ ! work+ man 9 o!r ways4 ,"o ( ^! o!r ways 0 an attempt ( a h>mless k9d to f\nd s*ools ( indu/ry1 ano!r to atta* e lab\r] to a fri5dly society4 ,b ano!r less innoc5tly propos$ to enc\rage ! gr[? ( population by mak+ ! poor relief great] :]e ! family 0 l>g]4 8,let u make relief10 9 su* cases1 8a matt] ( "r & hon\r1 in/ead ( a gr\nd = opprobrium & contempt4 ,?is w make a l>ge family a bless+ & n a curse2 & ?is w draw a prop] l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o are to provide = !mselves by _! lab\r1 & ^? :o1 aft] enri*+ _! c\ntry ) a numb] ( *ildr51 h a claim ^u its assi/ance = _! support40#di ,mal?us 9 #agif did n d\bt ! infallibility ( ,pitt 9 su* a matt]2 ,! ,crisis gives no h9t ( objection4 ,b 9 #agih1 ) 8 new light1 he c\ld no long] take ! recruit+ (fic]'s view ( population4 ,if he _h _h a good case aga9/ ,godw9 & ,condorcet1 :o _h simply fail$ to %[ h[ population c\ld be kept f gr[+ too fa/1 he _h /ill a bett] case aga9/ ,pitt1 :o propos$ to make x gr[ fa/]4 ,besides1 _! s*emes 7 m]ely on pap]2 !y _h no *ance ( realiz+ !m1 :]eas ,pitt's majority w\ld c>ry any measure on :i* he _h set 8 he>t4 ,! dang] f ?is ?ird qu>t] 0 !re=e ! mo/ imm95t4 ,b ,mal?us ne$$ no new argum5t = x2 he ne$$ simply to %ift r\nd 8 old argum5t1 & po9t ! muzzle ( x at 8 new enemy4 ,!re is no ne$1 he said1 to enc\rage m>riage2 !re is no ne$ = ,gov]nm5t to make population gr[ fa/]4 ,:]ev] ,provid5ce has s5t meat1 ,he w soon s5d m\?s to eat x2 &1 if by y\r artificial enc\ragem5ts y increase ! m\?s )\t increas+ ! meat1 y w only br+ ! p "o /ep ne>] />vation1 y w only multiply ! nation )\t increas+ ! joy4 ,if /alw>t numb]s are /r5g?1 />v+ numb]s are weakness4#ej ,^! commonplaces 7 !n a p>adox4 ,ev5 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 0 no p>ty 9 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons id5tifi$ ) enlight5$ views on ! position ( ! ,briti% workman4 ,:itbread _h always "s measure on h& = help+ ! lab\r] out ( ! rates1 or by "s o!r ,/ate int]f]5ce2 x 0 9 oppos+ "o ( ,:itbread's bills t ! ,prime ,m9i/] promis$ to introduce 8 own memorable measure4 ,fox 0 free to foll[ ei!r1 n pr(ess+ to und]/& ! new economical doctr9es4 ,pitt1 :o admir$ ,adam ,smi?1--,fox1 ,condorcet1 & ,godw91 :o ow$ ,smi? no allegiance1#ea--;all 7 equally purbl9d 9 ?is matt]4 ,all ,pitt's /udy ( ! f\r? book ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 *apt] fif?1 _h n %[n him ! fallacy ( a b\nty on *ildr54 ,yet ,mal?us _h got 8 light f no obscure s\rces1 b f 8,hume1 ,wallace1 ,adam ,smi?1 & ,dr4 ,price10#eb :o 7 all well-kn[n & widely-read au?ors ( ! day4 8,! popul\sness ( anci5t nations0 _h be5 a happy hunt+-gr\nd = le>n$ antiqu>ian essay writ]s ov] half a c5tury4 ,montesquieu1 ,wallace1 & ,price#ec claim$ ! advantage = ! anci5ts4 ,david ,hume1 ) 8 usual acute div9ation1 decides = ! mod]ns1 ?\gh ) 8 usual irony he pr(esses to adopt a sceptical conclusion1 & makes sev]al concessions to ,wallace4#ed ,?is controv]sy itself might h be5 expect$ to br+ m5 ne>] to ! tru? on ! subject ( population ?an x actually did4 ,x 0 left to ,mal?us to conv]t ,hume's probability into a c]ta9ty f a high] vantage-gr\nd2 b ! sift+ ( ! argum5ts by ! v>i\s writ]s be=e him mu/ h simplifi$ 8 task4#ee ,o!r aids & anticipations 7 n want+4 ,z e>ly z #aghf1 ,joseph ,t[ns5d1 ! ,wilt%ire rector1 _h writt5 a ,diss]tation on ! ,poor ,laws1 :i* gives an admirable /atem5t ( ^? wise views ( *>ity & poor relief t are only 9 ^! latt] days becom+ curr5t among u4 ,mal?us records 8 op9ion ( ,t[ns5d's "w 9 ! be/ ( all possible ways4 ,f 8 c>eful inquiry 79 ! second edition ( ! ,essay7 into ! population ( ,european c\ntries1 he omits ,spa9 on ! gr\nd t ,mr4 ,t[ns5d's ,travels 9 ,spa9 has already done ! "w = him4#ef ,! ,essay on ,population 0 !re=e n orig9al 9 ! s5se ( be+ a creation out ( no?+1 b 9 ! same way z ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,9 bo? cases ! au?or got mo/ ( 8 phrases1 & ev5 _m ( 8 ?\ghts1 f 8 pr$ecessors2 b he treat$ !m z 8 pr$ecessors 7 unable to d2 he saw !m 9 _! connection1 p]spective1 & wide be>+s4 ,we mu/ n assume anticipation :]e !re is m]e id5tity ( language or p>tial id5tity ( ?\ght2 ! words ( an e>li] writ] are n unfrequ5tly quot$ by a lat] away f _! logical context1 & !re=e n z "p ( an argum5t ( :i* ! writ] sees ! consecutive premises4 ,?is is true ( ,adam ,smi? :5 he is comp>$ ) ,sir ,dudley ,nor?1 ,abraham ,tuck]1 or ! o!r prophets ( free trade#eg catalogu$ by ,mac,culloch or ,blanqui4 ,!y talk$ free trade almo/ z ,mons4 ,j\rda9 talk$ prose1 )\t kn[+ x4 ,precisely ! same is true ( ,adam ,smi? himself 9 relation to ,mal?us4 ,( 8 own g5]alizations he is complete ma/]4 ,hav+ reason$ up to !m1 he c reason d[n f !m4 ,b1 :5 he says1 8,e species ( animals naturally multiplies 9 proportion to ! means ( _! subsi/5ce10 8,! dem& = m5 necess>ily regulates ! production ( m510#eh he has n anticipat$ ,mal?us4 ,8 phrases are t\*+ a pr9ciple ( :i* he does n see ! mo/ important be>+s2 & n hav+ reason$ up to x1 he makes h>dly any attempt to reason d[n f x4 ,mal?us1 on ! o!r h&1 has tak5 fa/ hold ( a g5]al pr9ciple1 & is able to solve a numb] ( dep5d5t que/ions 9 ! way ( simple coroll>ies4 ,o!rs may h giv5 "r answ]s to ! special que/ions ab\t ! ,poor ,law & ! popul\sness ( anci5t nations4 ,mal?us is ! fir/ to %[ "o compreh5sive reason :y all ^! answ]s mu/ be "r4 ,?is 0 ! secret ( 8 success4 ,z ,godw9's ,political ,ju/ice 0 successful because sy/ematic1 ! ,essay on ,population 0 successful because x seem$ to put *aos 9 ord]4 ,! v sadness ( 8 conclusion _h a *>m = "s m9ds2 b ! bulk ( 8 read]s did n love him = tak+ _! hopes away1 !y lov$ him = giv+ !m new light4 ,pe/il5ce & fam9e beg9 to lose _! vague t]rors :5 we "k :5ce !y come & :at !y d = ! _w4 ,ev5 if ! desire ( m>riage is itself an evil1 x is well to "k ! tru? ab\t x4 ,ignorance c only be blissful :]e x is total2 & wilful ignorance1 be+ ( necessity p>tial1 is a p]petual unre/1 n ev5 a fool's p>adise4#ei ,! tru? 9 ?is case 0 n all sadness4 ,9 ! la/ portion ( ! essay ( #agih ,mal?us exp\nds an argum5t :i* he aft]w>ds reproduc$ 9 lat] editions ) a m t]re/rial application4 ,he uses ! /yle ( ,paley & ! ,apologi/s1 & he tries to discov] ! f9al cause ( ! pr9ciple ( population1 on metaphysical l9es t 7 foll[$ by ,mr4 ,sumn] ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! discussion _h tak5 a new turn4#fj ,! "q is h[ to reconcile ! suff]+ produc$ by ! pr9ciple ( population ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,mal?us answ]s t ! difficulty is only "o "p ( ! g5]al problem ( evil1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is "p & ! re/ be+ t 9 ?is case we see f>!r into ! causes2 & x is !re=e ! easi] = u to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 8,evil exi/s n to create despair b activity40#fa ,we ought n to reason f ,god to nature1 b f nature to ,god2 to "k h[ ,god works1 let u obs]ve h[ nature works4 ,we %all !n f9d t nature s5ds all s5ti5t creatures ?r\gh a long & pa9ful process1 by :i* !y ga9 new qualities & p[]s1 presumably fitt+ !m = a bett] place ?an !y h 9 ?is _w4 ,?is _w & ?is life are !re=e 9 all probability 8! mighty process ( ,god10 n inde$ = ! m]e 8probation0 ( man 7= t w\ld imply t 8 ,mak] 0 suspici\s ( him1 or ignorant ( :at 0 9 him71 b = ! 8creation & =mation0 ( ! human m9d out ( ! torpor & corruption ( dead matt]1#fb 8to sublimate ! du/ ( ! e>? into s\l1 to elicit an e!real sp>k f ! clod ( clay40 ,! v>i$ influ5ces ( life are ! =m+ h& ( ! ,creator1 & !y are inf9itely div]se1 = 79 spite ( ,solomon7 !re is no?+ old "u ! sun4#fc ,difficulties g5]ate tal5ts4#fd 8,! fir/ awak5]s ( ! m9d are ! wants ( ! body20 x is ^! t r\se ! intellect ( ! infant & %>p5 ! wits ( ! savage4 ,n leisure b necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion3 1 1 4 ,locke 0 "r2 ! desire to avoid pa9 is ev5 /rong] ?an ! desire to f9d pleasure4 ,9 ?is way evil leads to good2 = pa91 :i* is a k9d ( evil1 creates ef=t1 & ef=t creates m9d4 ,?is is ! g5]al rule4 ,a p>ticul> example ( x is1 t want ( food1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( evils1 leads to good4 ,by contriv+ t ! e>? %all produce food only 9 small quantities1 & 9 rew>d ( lab\r1 ,god has provid$ a p]petual spur to human progress4 ,?is is ! key to ! puzzle ( population4 ,by nature man is a lotos-eat] till hung] makes him a ,ulysses4 ,:y %\ld he toil1 ! ro( & cr[n ( ?+s8 ,ma9ly because1 if he does n toil1 nei!r c he live2 ! lotos c\ntry w soon be ov]-peopl$1 & he mu/ pu% (f 8 b>k aga94 8,! fir/ awak5]s ( ! m9d are ! wants ( ! body10 ?\gh1 once awak5$1 ! m9d soon f9ds out wants beyond ! body1 & ! developm5t ( intellect & civilization goes on indef9itely4#fe ,! p 8t5d to increase0 m quickly ?an _! food1 n 9 ord] t m5 may suff]1 b 9 ord] t !y may be r\s$ to save !mselves f suff]+4 ,! p>tial ill ( all su* g5]al laws is swall[$ up 9 ! g5]al good2 & ! g5]al good is secur$ 9 two ways3 humanity is develop$2 ! res\rces ( ! _w are develop$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! intellect ( individual m5 is develop$1 = ! con/ancy ( nature is ! f\ndation ( reason+1 & human reason w\ld nev] be drawn out unless m5 7 absolutely unable to dep5d on miracles1 & 7 oblig$ z well z able to make calculations on ! basis ( a con/ant law4 ,to ?is con/ancy ( nature we owe ! immortal m9d ( a ,newton4 ,9 ! second place1 ! _w mu/ be peopl$4 ,if savages c\ld h got all _! food f "o c5tral spot ( f]tile gr\nd1 ! e>? at l>ge w\ld h rema9$ a wild]ness2 b1 z x is1 no "o settlem5t c support an indef9ite increase ( numb]s2 ! numb]s mu/ spread out ov] ! e>? till !y f9d room & food4 ,if !re 7 no law ( increase1 a few su* c>e]s z ,alex&]'s or ,tam]la9's might unpeople ! :ole _w2 b ! law exi/s1 & ! gaps made by any conqu]or1 or by any pe/il5ce1 are soon fill$ to ov]fl[+1 :ile ! ov]fl[+ flood passes on to reclaim new c\ntries4#ff ,?is is ! cosmology ( ,mal?us4 8,life is1 g5]ally speak+1 a bless+ indep5d5t ( a future /ate40#fg 8,! impressions & excitem5ts ( ?is _w are ! in/rum5ts ) :i* ! ,supreme ,be+ =ms matt] into m9d40 ,! necessity ( con/ant ex]tion1 to avoid evil & pursue good1 is ! pr9cipal spr+ ( ^! impressions1 & is !re=e a suffici5t reason = ! exi/5ce ( natural & moral evil1 includ+ ! difficulties :i* arise f ! pr9ciple ( population4 ,all ^! are pres5t difficulties1 b !y are n beyond rem$y4 ,!y d n s]ve _! purpose unless human ex]tion succe$s 9 dim9i%+ !m4 ,absolute removal ,mal?us does n promise2 b1 :ile believ+ 9 sci5ce & reason z /rongly z ,condorcet or ,godw91 decl9es to reg>d an e>?ly immortality z a reasonable hope1 & po9ts u in/ead to a future life & to ano!r _w = p]fection & happ9ess4#fh ,p]haps ! great economi/ w5t beyond 8 prov9ce 9 attack+ ! problem ( evil4 ,9 ! controv]sy t foll[$ ! essay !re are few ref]5ces to ?is "p ( x1 & aft] ! appe>ance ( ! second edition1 :]e ?is "p is omitt$ altoge!r1 p =got ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/ edition4 ,f ! way 9 :i* ,sumn] speaks ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 po9t ( view & t ( ,mal?us1 x might fairly be suspect$ t he knew no?+ ( ! fir/ edition2 & yet ! second ( 8 two le>n$ volumes is simply an expansion ( its ideas4#fi ,! metaphysic itself might be deep or %all[2 x w\ld be impossible to tell till we he>d ! s5se 9 :i* ! metaphysical phrases 7 us$1 & t we h h>dly any means ( do+4 ,!y po9t at lea/ to ! 8moni/ic0 view1 t !re is no gulf betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,we might believe !m ideali/ic 9 a ,g]man s5se2 b we _c =get h[ closely ! e?ical views ( ,mal?us are connect$ ) ^? ( ! ,engli% morali/s ( 8 c5tury4 ,he _c be said to h a place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 & x is ma9ly ( a curi\s p]sonal int]e/ to discov] t1 al?\gh he is nom9ally a utilit>ian1 he sep>ates himself f ,paley by refus+ to all[ moral value to action done f ei!r fe> ( puni%m5t or hope ( rew>d4#gj ,!re is no indication t he 0 a metaphysical g5ius4 ,8 rese>*es 9 ! heavi] ,g]man lit]ature did n p]haps ext5d mu* f>!r ?an to ! qua9t optimi/ ,johann ,pet] ,sssmil*1#ga f ^: ,gttli*e ,ordnung he freely drew 8 /ati/ics4 ,mal?us at "o "t int5d$ to exp\nd 8 metaphysical views at great] l5g?4#gb ,9 o!r words1 he meant to write a book 9 ! mann] ( ,price's essays1 half economical & half lit]>y4 ,we ne$ n deeply regret ! 8p>ticul> bus9ess10 :atev] x 01 t nipp$ ?is int5tion 9 ! bud1 besides delay+ ! publication ( ! essay z we n[ h x4#gc ,! metaphysical & !ological passages1 z !y /&1 h ! look ( an episode1 ?\gh ! ?\ght ( !m is logically en\gh connect$ ) ! t5or ( ! book4 ,! views ( ! au?or on ! o!r _w1 ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 & ! use ( miracles1 h1 l ! philosophy1 ma9ly a p]sonal int]e/4 ,adam ,smi?1 9 ! lat] edition ( 8 ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 _h omitt$ at lea/ "o v m>k$ expression ( !ological op9ion 7on ! ,atonem5t7 t _h appe>$ 9 ! fir/ edition1#gd & p]haps 8 disciple did well to foll[ suit4 ,at ! same "t1 omission is n recantation1 & we get light on an au?or's m9d & "* by discov]+ any views 9 :i* he once pr(ess$ to believe4 ,a writ] :o rea*$ absolute tru? at a v e>ly /age ( /udy1 has patroniz$ ,adam ,smi?#ge by edit+ 8 *ief "w1 & hon\r$ ! o!r economi/s by tabulat+ _! conclusions 9 an hi/orical introduction4 ,he ext5ds ?is fav\r to ,mal?us4 ,! reason+s ( ,mal?us he f9ds1 ?\gh valuable1 are n free f error2 he has 8all b entirely ov]look$0 ! b5eficial effects ( ! pr9ciple ( population z a /imulus to inv5tion & progress4#gf ,?is *>ge is refut$ by ! essay ev5 9 its lat] =m2 b1 plac$ alongside ( ! cosmology ( ! fir/ edition1 x seems m]ely grotesque4 ,mal?us is accus$ ( ignor+ ! v ph5om5a :i* ,mal?us glorifies z ! 8f9al cause0 ( ! pr9ciple ( population4 ,he ?\ght he _h expla9$ n only "o ( ! *ief causes ( pov]ty1 b "o ( ! *ief effects2 if ,adam ,smi? _h %[n ! p[] ( lab\r z a cause ( weal?1 ,mal?us ?\ght he _h %[n ! p[] ( pov]ty z a cause ( lab\r4 ,no d\bt ! mi/ake 0 a common "o2 & 7to say no?+ ( ! encyclopdias & biographical diction>ies7 !re are few economical text-books :i* d ju/ice to ,mal?us 9 ?is matt]4#gg ,b "o :o speaks ) au?ority %\ld n be cont5t ) a borr[$ k4 ,! same au?ority tells u t 8! "w ( ,mr4 ,mal?us is valuable r = hav+ awak5$ public att5tion to ! subject ?an = its giv+ any?+ l a complete view ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce ( :i* x treats40#gh ,mal?us = 8 "p lays no claim to infallibility2 l mo/ pione]s1 he is sure ( little beyond 8 lead+ pr9ciples1 & he is nev] a%am$ to *ange 8 views4#gi ,b1 if 8 ,essay on ,population1 gradually am5d$ & exp&$ z x 01 to keep pace ) ! se>*+ criticisms ( ?irty ye>s1 has n rea*$ ! he>t ( ! matt]1 surely !re is no pr(it 9 discussion4 ,! fact is1 t ?\gh ! anonym\s small #hvo ( #agih 0 a m]e draught ( ! complet$ "w ( lat] ye>s1 its ma9 fault 0 n incomplet5ess1 b wrongness ( emphasis4 ,:5 a man is writ+ a controv]sial pamphlet1 he does n try to br+ all tru?s into ! front equally2 he sets ! neglect$ ones 9 ! =egr\nd1 & all[s ! famili> to fall beh9d1 n z d5i$ or ignor$1 b simply z n emphasiz$4 ,x is always possible1 9 su* cases1 t ! neglect$ tru?s1 ?\gh unwor?y ( ! old neglect1 did n des]ve ! new pre-em95ce1 & mu/ n be all[$ to reta9 x4 ,sci5ce1 seek+ answ]s to its own que/ions1 & n to que/ions ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 has no tol]ation = ! false emphasis ( pass+ controv]sy4 ,x puts ! real beg9n+ fir/1 ! middle next1 & ! end la/1 n ! end 9 ! middle1 or ! la/ fir/4 ,accord+ly x takes up ! fir/ essay ( ,mal?us on population1 & requires ! au?or to am5d x4 ,he mu/ be less critical & m creative1 if he is to give a satisfactory answ] to ! g5]al problem :i* he has *os5 to take 9 h&4 ,! times & ! subject1 bo?1 dem& a *ange ( attitude1----! times1 because political !ories h n[ become less important ?an social difficulties1 & ! subject1 because he has hi!rto1 :ile cle>ly expla9+ ! difficulties1 done little m ?an h9t at ! exp$i5ts = ov]com+ !m4 ,true1 no critic or iconocla/ c ev] fully vanqui% an oppon5t except by a tru? ( 8 own :i* goes beyond ! oppon5t's falsity2 & x is to ?is he owes ! en?usiasm ( 8 foll[]s4 ,b he does n always exp\nd ! tru? s fully z ! error2 & s1 beyond ! po9t ( negation1 8 fri5ds (t5 foll[ him r by fai? ?an by sight4 ,?is1 !n1 0 :at ,mal?us _h yet to d2 to /ate :at 7 ! tru/wor?y z well z ! delusive me?ods ( rais+ mod]n society1 & :at 7 ! "r z well z ! wrong ways ( reliev+ ! poor4 ,! success ( ! essay1 s f>1 _h be5 v rem>kable4 ,x _h provok$ replies by ! doz51 & an unwill+ witness tells u x _h conv]t$ fri5ds ( progress by ! hundr$4#hj ,we f9d ,godw9 writ+ to ! au?or 9 ,augu/ #agih1ha & we may conclude t ! veil ( anonym\sness 0 n v ?ick1 ?\gh ,mal?us us$ x aga9 9 #ahjj 9 ! tract on ,high ,prices4 ,9 a debate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! #aa? ,febru>y1 #ahjj1 ,pitt took occasion to say t1 ?\gh he /ill believ$ 8 new ,poor ,bill a good "o1 he _h dropp$ x 9 def]5ce to ! objections ( 8^? ^: op9ions he 0 b\nd to respect40#hb ,he meant ,b5?am & ,mal?us4 ,we _c tell :i* _h ! great] %>e ( ! cr$it1 b we "k t ,mal?us reg>d$ ,pitt & ,paley z 8 mo/ brilliant conv]ts4#hc ,pitt's decl>ation t he /ill believ$ 8 bill to be a good "o c\ld only mean t he /ill wi%$ to believe x s4 ,x mu/ h be5 peculi>ly gall+ to a /atesman :o affect$ ! political economi/ to f9d t n only ! solemn criticisms ( ,mal?us1 b ! jocose 8,obs]vations0 ( ,b5?am1#hd :i* ?re%$ ! *aff out ( ! bill clause by clause1 _h turn$ 8 fav\rite sci5ce aga9/ himself4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,second ,,?\ghts1 #ahjc4 ,exagg]ations ( ! ,fir/ ,essay--,its two ,po/ulates n co-ord9ate--,di/9ctive feature ( ! ,second ,essay--,its mod]ate ,optimism--,r\gh ,classification ( ,*ecks--,moral ,re/ra9t & ,mix$ ,motives--,fre$om z und]/ood by ,godw9 & by ,mal?us--,! two m5 contra/$4 ,:ile ,mal?us 0 mak+ su* conv]ts z ,pitt1 ,paley1 & ,p>r1 & :5 ev5 ,godw9 ackn[l$g$ ! 8writ] ( ! essay0 to h made a 8valuable addition to political economy10#he ! essay 0 n beyond criticism4 ,!re 7 "s famili> facts ( :i* ! writ] _h tak5 too little acc\nt1 & !y 7 impress$ on him by 8 critics f all sides4 ,to use ! language ( philosophy1 he _h n be5 suffici5tly concrete2 he _h gone f> to commit ,godw9's fault1 & consid] "o feature ( human nature ap>t by itself1 in/ead ( see+ x 9 its place ) ! re/4 ,! position & prospects ( civiliz$ society 9 our own day dep5d on a comb9ation ( political1 intellectual1 physical1 & moral causes1 ( :i* ! gr[? or decrease ( population may be only an effect4 ,if we are "p man1 "p lion1 & "p hog1 x is n fair to assume ! pr$om9ance ( ! hog any m ?an ! pr$om9ance ( ! man4 ,9 a h]d ( animals1 z di/+ui%$ f a society ( m51 ! units are simply ! fitte/ :o h surviv$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( population is 9 ! =egr\nd !re2 !re is no *eck to x b fam9e1 disease1 & dea?4 ,we c !re=e und]/& h[ ! /udy ( ! ,essay on ,population l$ ,*>les ,d>w9 to expla9 ! orig9 ( species by a g5]alization :i* ,mal?us _h kn[n & nam$1 ?\gh he did n pursue x beyond man4#hf ,! 8g5]al /ruggle0 among animals 8= room & food0 means among civiliz$ m5 some?+ v l free trade1 ! old or?odox economical panacea = economic evils2 & ! essayi/ agrees ) ,adam ,smi? 9 a g5]al resi/ance to legislative int]f]5ce4 ,bad z are ! effects ( ! irremovable causes ( pov]ty1 int]f]5ce makes !m /ill worse4 ,b at lea/1 :5 we come to man1 ! /ruggle is n s cruel4 8,plague take ! h9dmo/0 is n ! only or ! supreme rule4 ,if ! fe> ( />vation1 ! mo/ e>?ly & lea/ intellectual ( all motives1 is ne$$ to =ce u to "w at fir/1 x ne$ n !re=e be necess>y ev] aft]w>ds4 ,! bas] consid]ations are by _! def9ition ! l[e/ lay]s ( our pile2 we rise by means ( !m1 b we tread !m d[n1 & ! high] ! pile ! less _! importance4 ,)9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 9 proportion to _! civilization1 ! /ruggle 9 ! l[e/ /ages is aboli%$2 ! weake/ are (t5 sav$1 & ! l[e/ rais$1 9 spite ( unfitness4#hg ,view man n z an animal1 b z a citiz52 view ! pr9ciple ( population z *eck$ n only by vice1 mis]y1 & ! fe> ( !m1 b by all ! mix$ motives ( human society1 & we recognize t ,mal?us1 ) ! be/ int5tions1 _h treat$ ! matt] too ab/ractly4 ,godw9 _h ov]-rat$ ! p[] ( reason1 ,mal?us ! p[] ( passion4 8,x is probable10 he wrote at a lat] "t1 8t1 hav+ f\nd ! b[ b5t too mu* "o way1 ,i 0 induc$ to b5d x too mu* ! o!r1 9 ord] to make x /raight40#hh ,! ab/ract pr9ciple ( increase gett+ m1 & concrete humanity less1 ?an ju/ice1 ! next /ep 01 naturally1 to d5y ! possibility ( p]man5t improvem5t 9 ?is _w1 & to reg>d e p>tial improvem5t z a lab\r ( ,sisyphus4#hi ,x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise1 if we began1 l ,mal?us1 by sett+ d[n ! desire ( food & ! desire ( m>riage z two co-ord9ate pr9ciples4#ij ,!y are n really co-ord9ate4 ,x is true n m]ely ( mo/ m51 b ( all m5 )\t a s+le exception1 t !y _c live )\t food4 ,ev5 if a man survive an ab/95ce f solid food = =ty days1 he _c d5y himself wat]1 & he is = all useful purposes dead to ! _w dur+ 8 fa/4 ,! second po/ulate ( ! fir/ essay is1 on ! contr>y1 true only ( mo/ m51 & ev5 !n "u qualifications4 ,x is n true ( any till manhood1 & x is n true ( all m5 equally4 ,"s are beyond its scope by an accid5t ( bir?1 & a /ill l>g] numb]1 :e!r prie/s or laym51 put !mselves beyond its scope = moral reasons4#ia ,col]idge puts ! case p]t95tly en\gh3 8,! :ole case is ?is3 ,are !y bo? alike passions ( physical necessity1 & ! "o equally ) ! o!r indep5d5t ( ! reason & ! w8 ,%ame ^u our race t !re lives ! individual :o d>es ev5 ask ! "q40#ib ,mal?us saw t he _h be5 ha/y1 & he did n republi% ! essay till he _h giv5 x five ye>s ( revision1 & add$ to x ! results ( =eign travel & wid] read+4 ,9 #agii he w5t abroad ) "s college fri5ds1 ,ott]1 ,cl>ke ! antiqu>ian & naturali/1 & ,cl>ke's pupil ,cripps1#ic & visit$ ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,f9l&1 & "p ( ,russia1 ^! be+ ! only c\ntries at t "t op5 to ,engli% travell]s4 ,aft] 8 return he publi%$ 8 tract on ! ,high ,price ( ,provisions 7#ahjj71id & at ! conclusion ( x he promis$ a new edition ( ! ,essay on ,population4 ,"s p1 he says1 h ?\ght ! essay 8a speci\s argum5t inapplicable to ! pres5t /ate ( society10 because x contradicts preconceiv$ op9ions2 b two ye>s ( reflection h /r5g!n$ 8 conviction t he has discov]$ 8! real cause ( ! cont9u$ depression & pov]ty ( ! l[] classes20 & he w n recant 8 essay3 8,i h def]r$ giv+ ano!r edition ( x 9 ! hope ( be+ able to make x m wor?y ( ! public att5tion1 by apply+ ! pr9ciple directly & exclusively to ! exi/+ /ate ( society1 & endeav\r+ to illu/rate ! p[] & univ]sality ( its op]ation f ! be/ au!nticat$ acc\nts t we h ( ! /ate ( o!r c\ntries40 ,b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! acc\nts ( o!r p4 ,:5 ! ,peace ( ,ami5s let loose ?\s&s ( pleasure-seek]s on ! ,cont95t1 ,mal?us w5t to ,france & ,switz]l& on no err& ( m]e pleasure2 & he 0 luckily at home aga91 & pass+ 8 pro(-%eets ?r\gh ! press1 be=e ,napoleon's unpleasant int]f]5ce ) ,engli% travell]s4 ,x 0 a happy co9cid5ce t 9 ! d>k fight+ days ( #agih1 ,mal?us %\ld write only ( vice & mis]y1 :ile 9 ! %ort gleam ( peace 9 #ahjb & #ahjc1 :5 ! tramp ( arm$ m5 _h ceas$ = ! mom5t1 he %\ld recollect himself1 & write ( a less gha/ly re/ra9t on population1 a re/ra9t :i* might p]haps1 l ! truce ( ,ami5s1 hold out "s fa9t hope = ! future4 ,= ! sake ( ! _w let u hope t ! p>allel goes no fur!r4 ,! wond] is n t he =got !re 0 su* a ?+ z civilization1 b t amid/ w>s & rum\rs ( w>s he %\ld ev] h rememb]$ x4 ,9 ! preface to ! new edition 7,june #ahjc71 he says he has 8s f> diff]$ 9 pr9ciple0 f ! old edition 8z to suppose ! action ( ano!r *eck to population :i* does n come "u ! head ei!r ( vice or mis]y10 & he has 8tri$ to s(t5 "s ( ! h>%e/ conclusions ( ! fir/ essay40 ,!re 0 really m *ange ?an ?is4 ,! fir/ essay conta9$ mu* ( ! imp]fection ( ! sudd5 magaz9e-article2 & if ! writ] _h liv$ half a c5tury lat] he w\ld probably1 in/ead ( writ+ a small book1 h contribut$ a long article to a mon?ly or qu>t]ly magaz9e1 giv+ a review ( ,godw9's political writ+s1 ) incid5tal rem>ks on ! ,poor ,bill ( ,mr4 ,pitt4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! light 9 :i* he himself reg>d$ 8 fir/ "w1 or he w\ld n h h&l$ x s freely 9 republication4 ,! new edition _h new facts1 new arrangem5t1 & new emphasis4 ,he _h n writt5 a book once = all1 leav+ ! _w to fight ov] x aft] 8 dea?4 ,he took ! public into p>tn]%ip ) him1 & made e discussion a means ( improv+ 8 book4 ,?is gives ! ,essay on ,population a unique "* among economical writ+s4 ,x leads ! au?or to int]pret 8 ?\ghts to u f _m v>i\s po9ts ( view1 leav+ u1 unhappily1 (t5 9 d\bt :e!r an alt]ation ( language is or is n an alt]ation ( ?\ght4 ,mal?us adds to ! difficulty by omitt+ & ins]t+ in/ead ( rewrit+ 9 full4 ,8 *apt]s cease to be old )\t becom+ new4 ,! v face ( ! book reveal$ a *ange4 ,9 #agih x 0 ,an ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population z x affects ! ,future ,improvem5t ( ,society2 9 #ahjc1 ,an ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population1 or a ,view ( its ,pa/ & ,pres5t ,effects on ,human ,happ9ess4 ,! dreams ( ! future are n[ 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! facts ( ! pres5t 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,9 #agih ,mal?us _h giv5 ,godw9 ! lie3-- 8,col\r+ he1 dilat+1 magniloqu5t1 glory+ 9 picture1 ,he to a matt] ( fact /ill s(t5+1 p>+1 abat+1 ,he to ! great might-h-be5 upso>+1 sublime & ideal1 ,he to ! m]e/ x--0 re/rict+1 dim9i%+1 dw>f+40 ,he mu/ d m n[1 or 8 political economy is a dismal sci5ce4 ,he mu/ %[ h[ we c cl+ to ! matt] ( fact )\t los+ our ideal4 ,x is n en\gh to ref] u to ! o!r _w4 ,h[ f> may we h hope 9 ?is _w8 ,let ,mal?us answ]4 ,! second essay is 8 answ]2 & if second ?\ghts are ! be/1 !n we may rejoice ov] ! second essay1 = x lifts ! cl\d f ! fir/4 ,x tells u t on ! :ole ! p[] ( civilization is great] ?an ! p[] ( population2 ! pressure ( ! p on ! food is !re=e less 9 mod]n ?an x 0 9 anci5t times or ! middle ages2 !re are n[ less disord]1 m k1 & m temp]ance4#ie ,! m]ely physical *ecks are fall+ into a subord9ate position4 ,!re are two k9ds ( *ecks on population4 ,a *eck is 7a7 positive1 :5 x cuts d[n an exi/+ population1 7b7 prev5tive1 :5 x keeps a new population f gr[+ up4 ,among animals ! *eck is only mis]y1 among savage m5 vice z well z mis]y1 &1 9 civiliz$ society1 moral re/ra9t z well z1 till n[1 bo? vice & mis]y4 ,ev5 9 civiliz$ society !re are /rata :i* moral re/ra9t h>dly rea*es1 = !re are /rata :i* are n civiliz$4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is true t among animals !re is no sign ( any o!r *eck ?an ! positive1 :ile among m5 ! positive is gradually subord9at$ to ! prev5tive4 ,among m5 mis]y may act bo? positively & prev5tively4 ,9 ! =m ( w> or disease x may slay its t5s ( ?\s&s1 & cut d[n an exi/+ population4 ,by ! fe> ( its own com+ x may prev5t _m a m>riage1 & keep a new population f gr[+ up4 ,vice may also act 9 bo? ways3 positively z 9 *ild-murd]1 prev5tively z 9 ! s*eme ( ,condorcet4 ,b 9 civiliz$ society ! =ces ( bo? ord] & progress are array$ aga9/ _! two common enemies2 &1 if we recogniz$ no ?ird *eck1 surely ! argum5t t 0 us$ aga9/ ,godw9's society holds aga9/ all society2 its v purification w ru9 x1 by =bidd+ vice & mis]y to *eck ! gr[? ( population1 & by !reby p]mitt+ ! p to increase to excess4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ?ird *eck1 :i* ,mal?us kn[s "u ! title ( moral re/ra9t4 ,moral re/ra9t is a di/9ct =m ( prev5tive *eck4 ,x is n to be confus$ ) an impure celibacy1 :i* falls "u ! head ( vice2 & yet ! adjective 8moral0 does n imply t ! motives are ! highe/ possible4#if ,! adjective is appli$ n s mu* to ! motive ( ! action z to ! action itself1 f :atev] motives proce$+2 & 9 ! m\? ( a ,utilit>ian ?is language is n unphilosophical4 ,moral re/ra9t1 9 ! pages ( ,mal?us1 means simply cont95ce2 x is an ab/95ce f m>riage foll[$ by no irregul>ities4#ig ,he speaks ( ! 8moral /imulus0 ( ! b\nty on corn1 mean+ ! expectations x produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( m51 z di/+ui%$ f ! v>iations x produc$ 9 ! prices ( gra92#ih & ! ^w 8moral0 is (t51 l 8morale10 us$ 9 milit>y matt]s to d5ote m5tal disposition1 z di/+ui%$ f mat]ial res\rces4 ,! vagu5ess ( ! ^w is p]haps n accid5tal1 = no?+ is vagu] ?an ! mix$ motives :i* x d5otes2 b cont95ce1 :i* is unambigu\s1 w\ld seem ! bett] ^w4 ,) ! enunciation ( ! ?ird *eck ! !ory ( ,mal?us ent]$ def9itively on a new phase2 & 9 sket*+ ! outl9es ( 8 "w we %all no long] ne$ to treat x z p>adoxical & ov]/ra9$1 b z a sob] argum5t f ! gr\nd ( accept$ facts4 ,! au?or's analysis ( human nature has be5 br\ght into h>mony ) common s5se4 ,he confesses t x _h hi!rto be5 too ab/ract1 & _h sep>at$ ! insep>able4 ,! m9d ( man _c be saw$ into quantities2 &1 ev5 if x is possible to di/+ui% ! mix$ motives t guide human action1 ! fact rema9s t !y only op]ate :5 toge!r4 ,x is probable t no good man's motives 7 ev] absolutely noble1 & no bad man's ev] absolutely be/ial4 ,ev5 ! good man is /ronge/ :5 he c make 8 v circum/ances w> aga9/ 8 p[] to d evil4 ,mix$ f ! fir/ ( "t1 human motives w1 9 ?is _w1 rema9 mix$ unto ! la/1 :e!r 9 sa9t1 sage1 or savage4 ,b civilization1 involv+1 z x does1 a progressive *ange 9 ! dom9ant ideas ( society1 w alt] ! "* ( ! mixture & ! proportion ( ! elem5ts4 ,! laws ( ,mal?us w be obey$1 ?\gh ! "n ( ,mal?us be n m5tion$1 & ! *ecks1 physical or moral1 be nev] br\ght to m9d4 ,society1 mov+ all toge!r1 if x move at all1 _c cure its evils by "o s+le h]oic rem$y2 b z little c x be cont5t ) self-d5y+ ord9ances1 prohibitions1 or refutations4 ,x ne$s a positive tru?1 & an ideal1 t is to say1 a religion1 to give new life to ! bodily memb]s by giv+ new hope to ! he>t4 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 b ! end ( wisdom is ! love ( ! ,"l & ! admiration ( moral good40#ii ,x foll[s t an economi/1 if he kn[s no?+ b 8 economy1 does n "k ev5 t4 ,no economi/s are m reproa*$ ) _! want ( idealism ?an ,mal?us & 8 bre?r54 ,z ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s 7 said to believe t ! dea? ( _! old rul]s w\ld ( itself br+ happ9ess & good gov]nm5t1 s ^! writ]s 7 said to tea* t ! m]e removal ( h9drances w\ld lead to ! be/ possible production & di/ribution ( ! good ?+s ( ?is life4 ,! ideal /ate !n1 z f> z weal? 0 conc]n$1 w\ld be an>*y plus ! police con/able4 ,godw9 w\ld h disp5s$ ) ! con/able4 8,give a /ate lib]ty en\gh10 he says1 8& vice _c exi/ 9 x40#ajj ,b nei!r he nor ! economi/s desir$ a m]ely negative *ange or removal ( h9drances4 ,_! political re=mation 0 to be1 l ! ,prote/ant1 only successful z x w5t beyond image-break+4 ,mal?us1 x w be se51#aja is f> f be+ an unqualifi$ advocate ( laissez faire2 &1 9 all cases :]e he did desire x1 he wi%$ to make ! /ate small only to make public op9ion great4 ,godw9 0 n f> away f him "h4 ,if he 0 wrong 9 attribut+ too mu* evil to in/itutions1 & too little to human nature1 he has furni%$ 8 own correction4 ,! ,political ,ju/ice disclaim$ all sympa?y ) viol5ce2 x taught t a political re=m 0 wor?less unless effect$ peacefully by reason2 & ,mal?us#ajb has ! same cure = social evils--argum5t & in/ruction4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 t ,mal?us takes m into acc\nt ! unreasonabl5ess z well z ! reasonabl5ess ( m54 ,9 ess5tials !y are agre$4 ,! ?or\gh enlight5m5t ( ! p1 :i* includes _! moral purification z well z _! intellectual in/ruction1 is to complete ! "w ( m5d+ all1 9 :i* m5 are to be fell[-work]s ) ,god--s runs ! tea*+ ( ,mal?us & all ! greate/ economi/s ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,:e!r ! evils ( competition are _m or few1 s]i\s or trifl+1 dep5ds l>gely on ! "* ( ! competitors2 & ! m free we make ! competition1 ! m ?or\ghly we mu/ educate ! competitors4 ,adam ,smi? 0 well aw>e ( ?is2 he recomm5d$ s*ool-bo>ds a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,acts ( #ahgj & #ahgb2ajc & ,mal?us 0 n beh9d him4#ajd ,!y are aw>e t ! m completely we exclude ! int]f]5ce ( ,gov]nm5t1 ! m actively we mu/ employ e o!r moral & social ag5cy4 ,:e!r ,mal?us 0 prep>$ to exclude ! int]f]5ce ( ,gov]nm5t entirely1 ev5 "u ?is condition1 we %all see by-&-by4 ,! *>act]s ( ! two m51 ,mal?us & ,godw91 are a /rik+ contra/4 ,mal?us 0 ! /ud5t1 ( quiet settl$ life1 %>+ 8 little weal? ) 8 fri5ds 9 unobtrusive hospitality1 & con/antly us+ 8 p5 = ! good1 z he believ$1 ( ! ,engli% poor1 t 9 ^! wret*$ times !y might h dome/ic happ9ess l 8 own4 ,!re nev] 0 a m s+ul> delusion ?an ! common belief 9 ! h>d-he>t$ness ( ,mal?us4 ,besides ! unanim\s voice ( private fri5ds1 he has left te/imony en\gh 9 8 own books to absolve him4 ,:ile ,adam ,smi? & o!rs owe _! errors to intellectual fallibility1 ,mal?us owes _m ( 8 to 8 t5d] he>t4 ,8 motive = /udy+ political economy 0 no d\bt a mix$ motive2 x 0 p>tly ! int]e/ ( an intellig5t man 9 ab/ract que/ions2 b x 0 *iefly ! desire to advance ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,9 8 eyes ! elevation ( human life 0 mu* m important ?an ! solution ( a sci5tific problem4 ,ev5 :5 9 #ahbj he wrote a book on ! 8,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy10 he took c>e to add on ! title-page1 8consid]$ ) a view to _! practical application10 refus+ to consid] 9 ab/ractness :at always exi/s 9 ! concrete4 ,8 ke5 sympa?y = ! suff]+s ( displac$ workm5 l$ him to fight a los+ battle ) ,say & ,ric>do 9 fav\r ( some?+ l an emb>go on inv5tions1 & 9 prote/ aga9/ a fanci$ ov]-production4#aje ,8 private life %[$ ! p[] ( g5tl5ess2 ,miss ,m>t9eau c\ld he> 8 mild1 sonor\s v[els )\t h] e>trumpet1 & 8 few s5t5ces 7 z welcome at h] d9n]-table z ! endless babble ( clev]] tongues4 ,he felt ! pa9 ( a ?\s& sl&]s 8only j at fir/10 & nev] let !m tr\ble 8 dreams aft] ! fir/ =tnight1 say+1 ) a high] ?an /oical calmness1 t !y pass$ by him l ! idle w9d :i* he respect$ n4#ajf ,he outliv$ obloquy1 & saw ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs 9 a wis] legislation & improv$ public feel+4 ,) ,godw9 all 0 o!rwise4 ,!re 7 fight+s )9 & fe>s )\t4 ,) an immovable devotion to ideas he comb9$ a fickl5ess ( affection t[>ds human be+s4 ,he he$$ emotion too little 9 8 books & too mu* 9 8 own life1 yield+ to ! fancy ( ! mom5t1 qu>rell+ ) 8 be/ fri5ds twice a week1 & quickly knitt+ up ! brok5 ties aga94 ,he lov$ 8 wife well1 b h>dly all[$ h] to %>e ! same h\se ) him1 le/ !y %\ld we>y ( "o ano!r4#ajg ,he 0 ! sworn enemy ( sup]/ition1 & himself ! ar*-dream] ( dreams4 ,yet :5 we contra/ ! haphaz>d lit]>y life ( ! "o1 end+ 8 days +lori\sly#ajh 9 a ,gov]nm5t s9ecure1 unsuccessful & almo/ =gott51 ) ! academical ease ( ! o!r1 c5tr$ 9 ! sph]e ( common duties1 & pass+ f ! _w ) a fair consci\sness ( success1 we feel a sympa?y = ,godw9 t is ( a bett] sort ?an ! m]e lik+ = a los]4 ,x is a sympa?y n sad en\gh = pity4 ,x is n :olly sad to f9d ,godw9 9 8 old age a lonely man1 8 fri5ds dropp+ (f "o by "o into ! d>kness & leav+ him solit>y 9 a _w t does n "k him4 ,! _w t _h begun to realize ! ideas ( ,mal?us _h begun to realize ! ideas ( ,godw9 also4 ,x 0 a _w f> m 9 h>mony ) political ju/ice ?an t into :i* ,godw9 _h s5t 8 book =ty ye>s be=e4 ,x 0 good t ,mal?us _h liv$ to see ! new ,poor ,law1 b /ill bett] t bo? _h liv$ to see ! ,re=m ( '#cb4 ,!y pass$ away )9 two ye>s ( ea* o!r1 ,mal?us 9 ! w9t] ( #ahcd1 ,godw9 9 ! spr+ ( #ahcf1 ! ye> ( ! fir/ league ( ! p aga9/ ! ,corn ,laws4 ,9 _! dea? !y 7 /ill divid$1 b1 8si quis piorum manibus locus10 !y are divid$ no long]1 & !y ?9k no h>d ?\ghts ( ea* o!r any m4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!ses4 ,position /at$ 9 ! ,essay--,t5d5cy ( ,life to increase beyond ,food--,problem n ! same = ,humanity z = ! l[] =ms ( ,life--,man's ,dilemma--,t5d5cy to increase n pr$icable ( ,food 9 same s5se z ( ,life--,! ,geometrical & ,ari?metical ,ratios--,position /at$ 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica--,milne's ,confirmation ( ! ,geometrical ,ratio--,ari?metical ,ratio prov$ diff]5tly--,private ,prop]ty a condition ( great ,production--,fallacy ( confus+ possible ) actual ,production--,laws ( ,man z well z ( ,nature responsible = necessity ( ,*ecks--,position /at$ 9 8,summ>y ,view0--,! ,*ecks on ,population classifi$ 7a7 objectively & 7b7 subjectively--,relation to previ\s ,classification--,cycle 9 ! movem5t ( ,population4 ,! second essay applies ! !ory ( ! fir/ to new facts & ) a new purpose4 ,! au?or1 hav+ ga9$ 8 case aga9/ ,godw91 ceases to be ! critic & becomes ! social re=m]4 ,despair+ to ma/] all ! =ms ( evil1 he conf9es 8 /udy to "o ( !m 9 p>ticul>1 ! t5d5cy ( liv+ be+s to increase beyond _! means ( n\ri%m5t4 ,?is ph5om5on is important bo? f its cause & f its effects4 ,its cause is n ! action ( ,gov]nm5ts1 b ! con/itution ( man2 & its effects are n ( to-day or ye/]day1 b con/ant & p]petual2#aji x frequ5tly h9d]s ! moral goodness & g5]al happ9ess ( a nation z well z ! equal di/ribution ( its weal?4 ,?is is ! g5]al position1 :i* ! sev]al *apt]s ( ! essay are to exp\nd 9 detail4 ,x is n by itself q simple4 8,! con/ant t5d5cy 9 all animat$ life sic#aaj to increase beyond ! n\ri%m5t prep>$ = x0 is 9 "o s5se common to humanity ) plants & animals1 b 9 ano!r s5se is n common to any two ( ! ?ree4 ,x is c]ta9ly true ( all ( !m t ! se$s ( _! life1 :5cesoev] at fir/ d]iv$1 are n[ inf9itely num]\s on our planet1 :ile ! means ( re>+ !m are /rictly limit$4 ,9 ! case ( plants & animals ! /rong in/9ct ( reproduction is 8int]rupt$ by no reason+ or d\bts ab\t provid+ = (fspr+10#aaa & !y cr[d fre% lives into ! _w only to h !m at once %orn away by />vation4 ,) ! exception ( c]ta9 plants :i* ape _! sup]iors1 l ! dros]a1 & c]ta9 m5 :o ape _! inf]iors1 l ! cannibals1 ! l9es ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree classes ( liv+ ?+s are tol]ably di/9ct4 ,! fir/ class1 9 ! /ruggle = room & food1 c only =e/all ea* o!r & leave ea* o!r to die2 ! second delib]ately prey on ! fir/ & on ea* o!r2 :ile ! ?ird prey on bo? ! re/4 ,b ) man ?is 8t5d5cy to increase beyond ! food0 diff]s f ! same in/9ct 9 ! o!r two cases by m ?an ! fact t man has l>g] res\rces & is long] 9 rea*+ 8 limit4 ,! in/9ct is equally /rong 9 him1 b he does n unque/ion+ly foll[ x4 8,reason int]rupts 8 c>e]10 & asks him :e!r he may n be br++ into ! _w be+s = :om he _c provide ! means ( support4#aab ,if he bru%es reason aside1 !n he %>es ! fate ( plants & animals2 he t5ds to multiply 8 numb]s beyond ! room & food accessible to !m1 & ! result is t 8 numb]s are cut d[n to ^! limits by suff]+ & />vation4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is ei!r m or less contr>y to ! notion ( a b5evol5t ,provid5ce ?an 9 ! g5]al p[] giv5 to man ( act+ rationally or irrationally accord+ to 8 own *oice 9 any o!r in/ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he li/5s to reason1 he c no d\bt defeat ! t5d5cy1 b too (t5 he does x at ! exp5se ( moral purity4 ,! dilemma makes ! desire = m>riage almo/ an 8orig9 ( evil40 ,if man obeys 8 in/9cts he falls into mis]y1 &1 if he resi/s !m1 into vice4 ,?\gh ! dilemma is n p]fect1 its plausibility dem&s t we %\ld te/ x by details1 & to ?is te/ ,mal?us may be said to h giv5 8 :ole life4 ,8 o!r economical works are subord9ate to ! essay1 & may be said to gr[ out ( x4 ,?\gh we _c omit !m if we w\ld fully und]/& & illu/rate ! c5tral "w1 /ill ! latt] mu/ come fir/2 & its matur$ =m requires m ?an ! brief summ>y :i* has be5 giv5 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! body ( ! book consi/s ( hi/orical details1 & p>ticul> examples %[+ ! *ecks to population 9 unciviliz$ & 9 civiliz$ places1 9 pres5t & 9 pa/ times4 ,! writ] means to br+ 8 conclusions home to 8 read]s by ! 8long] way0 ( induction4 ,z ?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! way 9 :i* he himself rea*$ !m1 or ev5 /at$ !m at fir/1 he w ask u fir/ ( all to look at ! t]ms ( ! dilemma 9 ! light ( 8 two orig9al po/ulates#aac--7;a7 food is necess>y1 7b7 ! desire ( m>riage is p]man5t4 ,:at is ! quicke/ possible increase ( numb]s 9 ob$i5ce to ! second1 & ( food 9 ob$i5ce to ! fir/8 ,9 ! mo/ crucial ( ! kn[n in/ances1 ! actual rapidity ( ! increase ( population seems to be 9 direct proportion to ! easy possession ( food2 & we c inf] t ! ideally rapid increase w\ld take place :]e all ob/acles 7:e!r mat]ial or moral7 to ! gett+ ( food & re>+ ( a family 7 remov$1 s t nature nev] ne$$ to remon/rate ) in/9ct4 8,9 no /ate t we h yet kn[n has ! p[] ( population be5 left to ex]t itself ) p]fect fre$om40#aad ,we c guess :at x w\ld be f ! animal & vegetable _w1 :]e reason does n z a matt] ( fact int]f]e ) in/9ct 9 any circum/ances1 s f> z we c judge4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 9 a passage quot$ by ,mal?us 9 ?is connection1#aae supposes t if ! e>? 7 b>$ ( o!r plants x might be repl5i%$ 9 a few ye>s ) f5nel alone4 ,ev5 z ?+s are n[1 f5nel w\ld fill ! :ole e>? if ! o!r plants w\ld only all[ x2 & ! same is true ( ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,t[ns5d's goats & greyh\nds on ,juan ,f]n&ez are a bett] in/ance1 because n hypo!tical4#aaf ,juan ,f]n&o1 ! fir/ discov]]1 _h cov]$ ! isl& ) goats f "o pair4#aag ,! ,spani>ds resolv$ to cle> x ( goats1 9 ord] to make x useless to ! ,engli% = provision+4 ,!y put on %ore a c\ple ( greyh\nds1 ^: (fspr+ soon caus$ ! goats to disappe>4 ,b )\t "s few goats to eat all ! dogs mu/ h di$2 & ! few 7 sav$ to !m by _! inaccessible refuges 9 ! rocks1 f :i* !y desc5d$ at risk ( _! lives4 ,9 ?is way only ! /ronge/ & fleete/ dogs & ! h>die/ & fleete/ goats surviv$2 & a balance 0 kept up betwe5 goat food & h\nd population4 ,t[ns5d !reupon rem>ks t human populations are kept d[n by want ( food precisely 9 ! same way4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t ! increase ( human numb]s if we suppose reason to h no ne$ 7z 9 ! l[] creatures x has no opportunity7 to int]f]e4 ,to und]/& ! situation1 h[ev]1 x is be/ n to assume ! tru? ( ?is p>allelism1 b to take ! actually record$ in/ances ( human increase "u ! ne>e/ kn[n approa*es to absolute pl5ty comb9$ ) moral goodness1 t is to say1 ) a /ate ( society 9 :i* vice is at a m9imum4 8,9 ! nor!rn /ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! means ( subsi/5ce h be5 m ample1 ! mann]s ( ! p m pure1 & ! *ecks to e>ly m>riages few] ?an 9 any ( ! mod]n /ates ( ,europe1 ! population 0 f\nd to d\ble itself = "s successive p]iods e tw5ty-five ye>s40#aah ,f ?is ne> approa* to an un*eck$ increase1 we inf] t ! un*eck$ w\ld mean a d\bl+ 9 less ?an tw5ty-five ye>s 7say tw5ty1 or p]haps fifte571 & t all population1 9 proportion z x is un*eck$1 t5ds t[>ds t rate ( increase4 ,if x is difficult to f9d an un*eck$ increase ( population1 x is /ill h>d] to f9d an un*eck$ increase ( food2 = :at is meant is n t a p %\ld f9d _! food 9 "o f]tile c\ntry ) z mu* ease z 9 ano!r1 b t1 = a new p1 new supplies %\ld always be f\nd ) ! same ease z ! old ones4 ,n[ x is n necess>y to suppose t ! mo/ f]tile l& is always us$ fir/2#aai v (t5 x might only be us$ late aft] ! re/1 ?r\gh political insecurity1 imp]fect agriculture1 incomplete explorations1 or ! want ( capital2 b1 :5 x is once occupi$1 ! "q is1 w x supply new food to new-com]s )\t any limit at all8 ,?is w\ld be an ideally f]tile l& correspond+ to ! ideally exp&+ population4 ,& on "s su* inexhau/ible increase ( food an un*eck$ increase ( population w\ld dep5d1 unless m5 became able to live )\t food altoge!r4 ,mal?us aft]w>ds po9t$ out1 9 ! c\rse ( controv]sy1#abj t !re is /rictly speak+ no "q "h ( ! comp>ison ( two t5d5cies1 = we _c speak ( a t5d5cy to increase food 9 ! same s5se z a t5d5cy to increase population4 ,population is increas$ by itself2 food is increas$ n by food itself1 b by an ag5cy ext]nal to x1 ! human be+s t want x2 &1 :ile ! =m] increase is due to an in/9ct1 ! latt] is 79 a s5se7 acquir$4 ,eat+ is in/9ctive1 b n ! gett+ ( ! food4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to comp>e an increase due to an in/9ctive desire ) an increase due to lab\r1 & 8a slight comp>ison w %[ ! imm5sity ( ! fir/ p[] ov] ! second40 ,mal?us all[s t x is difficult to det]m9e ?is relation ) exactness2#aba b1 ) ! natural lik+ ( a ,cambridge man = a ma!matical simile1#abb he says t ! "o is to ! o!r z an ari?metical to a geometrical ratio1--t is to say1 9 any giv5 "t 7say a c5tury7 ! "o w h increas$ by multiplication1 ! o!r only by addition4 ,if we repres5t bo? ! population & ! food at ! beg9n+ ( t c5tury by t51 !n ! population w d\ble itself 9 tw5ty-five ye>s2 ! t5 w become tw5ty 9 ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 =ty 9 ! second1 eighty 9 ! ?ird1 "o hundr$ & sixty 9 ! la/1 :ile ! food w only become tw5ty 9 ! fir/1 ?irty 9 ! second1 =ty 9 ! ?ird1 fifty 9 ! f\r?4 ,if ?is is true1 x %[s ! t5d5cy ( population to outrun subsi/5ce4 ,b ( c\rse x ne$s to be %[n f exp]i5ce t1 :ile ! /r5g? ( ! desire rema9s ! same 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! gr[? ( population z 9 ! e>li]1 ! labori\sness ( ! lab\r is great] 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! increase ( food ?an 9 ! e>li]4 ,x is ! pla9 tru?1 says ,mal?us1 t nature is nigg>dly 9 h] gifts to man1 & by no means keeps pace ) 8 desires4 ,if m5 w\ld satisfy _! desire ( food at ! old rate ( spe$1 !y mu/ ex]t _! m9d or _! body mu* m ?an at fir/4#abc ,an obvi\s objection pres5ts itself4 ,s9ce man's food consi/s aft] all ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 animal & vegetable1 & s9ce ^! admitt$ly t5d to increase1 un*eck$ by !mselves1 9 a geometrical ratio1 x might be ?\ght t ! increase ( human population & ! increase ( its food c\ld proce$ toge!r1 ) equal ease4 ,b ! answ] is t ?is un*eck$ geometrical increase ( ! fir/ c\ld g on only s long z !re 0 room = x4 ,x c\ld only be true1 = example1 ( :eat 9 ! corn-field at ! "t :5 ! se$ ( x 0 s[n1 & ! field 0 all be=e x4 ,! equality ( ! two ratios w\ld only be true ( ! fir/ crop4#abd ,at fir/ !re might be five or sixfold ! se$2 b 9 aft] ye>s1 ?\gh ! geometrical increase f ! se$ w\ld t5d to be ! same1 !re c\ld be no geometrical increase ( ! total crop by unassi/$ nature4 ,! e>? has no t5d5cy to increase its surface4 ,!re is a t5d5cy ( animals & vegetables to increase geometrically1 9 _! quality ( liv+ ?+s1 b n 9 _! quality ( be+ food = man4 ,! same am\nt ( produce might no d\bt be ga9$ on a fre% field1 f ! se$ yield$ by ! fir/1 & at ! same geometrical rate2 b ?is assumes t !re is a fre% field1 & we %\ld n !n be at ! prop] /age to contra/ ! two ratios4 ,! contra/ beg9s to %[ itself z soon z ! giv5 quantity ( l& has gr[n its crop1 & its animal & human population h us$ all its food4 ,! "q is !n h[ any increase ( ! said population1 if !y are conf9$ to _! own supplies1 is at all to be made possible2 ! answ] is1 only by great] +5uity & great] lab\r 9 ! gett+ ( food2 &1 h[ev] possible ?is may be1 x c h>dly be s easy z ! increase ( liv+ be+s by _! own act4 ,! degree ( disp>ity betwe5 ! two w ( c\rse dep5d on ! degree ( rapidity ) :i* an un*eck$ population is suppos$ to d\ble itself4 ,sir ,william ,petty1#abe ) few tru/wor?y /ati/ics1 _h suppos$ t5 ye>s2 ,eul]1 ) some:at bett]1 twelve & f\r-fif?s2 b ,mal?us pref]s to g by ! safe figures ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 :i* he always reg>d$ z a crucial pro( t ! p]iod 0 n m ?an tw5ty-five4 ,he admits ! risk ( 8 own ma!matical simile :5 he grants t x is m easy to det]m9e ! rate ( ! natural increase ( population ?an ! rate ( ! increase ( food :i* is 9 a mu* less degree natural 7or spontane\s72 & he argues f :at _h be5 done 9 ,engl& 9 8 own "t t ! increase w\ld n ev5 be 9 an ari?metical ratio1 ?\gh agricultural improvem5t 7?anks to ,ar?ur ,"y & ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & ! long reign ( high prices7 0 rais+ ! av]age produce v s5sibly4 ,if ! ,napoleonic times 7 ! times ( a =c$ population 9 ,engl&1 !y 7 also ! times ( a =c$ agricultural production4 ,yet we ourselves1 long aft] ?is /imulus1 & aft] mu* high f>m+ unkn[n to our fa!rs1 h rea*$ only an av]age produce ( tw5ty-eight bu%els p] acre ( arable l& z comp>$ ) tw5ty-?ree 9 #aggj1abf :ile ! population has ris5 f ab\t six millions to ?irty-five4 ,x may be said t applies only to :eat4 ,b until lately :eat-gr[+ 0 ! *ief object ( all our sci5tific agriculture2 & ?is is ! result ( a c5tury's improvem5ts4 ,x is f> f an ari?metical increase2 &1 ev5 _h ! produce be5 multipli$ sev5fold1 along ) ! population1 ?is w\ld n ov]?r[ ! cont5tion ( ,mal?us1 = he is n speak+ ( any & e increase ( food1 b ( su* an increase made by ! same me?ods & by ! same k9d ( lab\r z rais$ ! old supplies4#abg ,once x is ackn[l$g$ t to raise new food requires great] lab\r & new inv5tions1 :ile to br+ new m5 into ! _w requires no?+ m ?an 9 all times pa/1 ! disp>ity ( ! two is already admitt$4 ,! fact t ! two processes are bo? dep5d5t on ! action ( man1 & bo? practically illimitable1 does n prev5t !m f be+ ess5tially unlike4#abh ,objectors (t5 suppose t ! t5d5cy ( population to outrun subsi/5ce is contradict$ by ! exi/5ce ( unpeopl$ or ?9ly-peopl$ c\ntries1 j z if ! t5d5cy ( bodies to attract ea* o!r 7 contradict$ by ! incompressibility ( matt]4 ,! important po9t to notice is t ! "o p[] is great] ?an ! o!r4 ,! "o is to ! o!r z ! h>e is to ! tortoise 9 ! fable4 ,to make ! sl[ tortoise w9 ! race1 we mu/ s5d ! h>e to sleep4#abi ,c>ey 7,social ,sci5ce1 vol4 i4 *4 iii4 #e7 repres5ts ! view ( ,mal?us by ! foll[+ propositions3--#a4 8,matt] t5ds to take ^u itself high] =ms10 pass+ f inorganic to vegetable & animal life1 & f ^! to man4 #b4 ,matt] t5ds to take on itself ! vegetable & animal =ms 9 an ari?metic ratio only4 #c4 ,x t5ds to take its highe/ =m1 man1 9 a geometrical ratio1 s t ! highe/ out/rips ! l[e/4 ,9 %ort he believes t ,mal?us holds ! geometrical increase to be true ( man alone1 & only ! ari?metical to be true ( animals & vegetables4 ,b ,mal?us really attribut$ ! t5d5cy to geometrical increase to all life :atsoev]1 & ari?metical to all food1 z su*4 ,9 ,macvey ,napi]'s ,supplem5t to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#ahbd7 ,mal?us has left 8 mature /atem5t ( 8 c>d9al pr9ciples1 &1 at ! risk ( repetition1 t acc\nt may be add$ "h4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce f ! essay is 9 arrangem5t ( ! lead+ ideas2 & we may le>n at lea/ :at he conceiv$ to be _! relative importance t[>ds ! end ( 8 life4 ,he beg9s by obs]v+ 7#a7 t all liv+ ?+s1 ( :atev] k9d1 :5 furni%$ ) _! prop] n\ri%m5t t5d to increase 9 a geometrical ratio1 :e!r 7z :eat7 by multiply+ sixfold 9 "o ye>1 or 7z %eep7 by d\bl+ _! numb]s 9 two ye>s1 t5d+ to fill ! e>?1 ! "o 9 f\rte51 ! o!r 9 sev5ty-six ye>s4 ,b 7#b7 z a matt] ( fact !y d n s increase1 & ! reason is ei!r man's want ( w or man's want ( p[] to provide !m _! prop] soil or pa/ure4 ,! actual rate ( increase is extremely sl[1 :ile ! p[] ( increase is prodigi\s4 7#c7 ,physically man is z ! re/2 & if we ask :at is ! factor ( 8 geometrical increase1 we c only tell x1 z 9 ! case ( :eat & %eep1 by exp]i5ce4 7#d7 ,9 ! case ( o!r liv+ be+s1 :]e !re are mo/ room & food !re is greate/ increase4 ,^! conditions are be/ fulfill$ = man 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! di/ribution ( weal? is bett] ?an 9 o!r equally f]tile places1 & ! great] numb] %>e ! advantages4 ,! ,am]ican c5sus %[s = ! ?ree decades betwe5 #agij & #ahbj a rate ( increase t w\ld d\ble ! numb]s 9 #bb1 #bb1 & #bc ye>s respectively1 aft] we d$uct z immigrants t5 ?\s& on an av]age e ye>4 ,a /rik+ indirect confirmation ( ?is view ( ! ,am]ican increase 0 suppli$ to ,mal?us#acj by ,jo%ua ,milne1 ! au?or ( ! ,treatise on ,annuities4 ,8 calculations 7 f\nd$ on ! new ,sw$i% table ( mortality4 ,?is table _h be5 drawn up f ! regi/]s ( ! fir/ five ye>s ( ! c5tury1 ye>s ( unusual heal?9ess2 & might !re=e be presum$ to repres5t ! normal condition ( a new & heal?y c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,/ates bett] ?an ! old table drawn up f ! ye>s be=e sanit>y re=m & vacc9ation4 ,milne took ! ,sw$i% table z 8 guide1 & "o million ( p z 8 unit ( measurem5t2 he calculat$ 9 :at proportions ! compon5t individuals ( ! million mu/ belong to *ildhood1 y\?1 mature life1 & old age1 9 ord] t by ! pr9ciples ( ! ,sw$i% table ! million might d\ble itself by natural increase 9 tw5ty-five ye>s2 & he arriv$ at a di/ribution s l t giv5 by ! ,am]ican c5sus1 t he 0 b\nd to conclude ! ,am]ican rate ( increase to be at ! lea/ v l "o t d\bles a population 9 tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,b ! ,sw$i% law ( mortality c\ld n be exactly true ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* are heal?i] z a :ole ?an ,sw$5 ev5 9 ,sw$5's be/ ye>s4#aca ,! ,unit$ ,/ates !mselves are n ! v heal?ie/ & weal?ie/ & happie/ c\ntry conceivable2 & _! increase is !re=e n ! fa/e/ conceivable4 ,if ! obs]v$ fact ( increase is ! be/ pro( ( ! capacity = increase1 ! obs]v$ pres5ce ( *ecks leads to an a =tiori reason+1 :]eby we inf] ! capacity = a great] increase ?an any actually obs]v$4 ,to sum up ! :ole ( ?is fir/ bran* ( ! argum5t1--8tak+ into consid]ation ! actual rate ( increase :i* appe>s f ! be/ docum5ts to h tak5 place ov] a v l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 v v>i\sly circum/anc$ z to heal?9ess & rapidity ( progress1--consid]+ fur!r ! rate ( increase :i* has tak5 place 9 ,new ,spa9 & also 9 _m c\ntries ( ,europe1 :]e ! means ( support+ a family1 & o!r circum/ances fav\rable to increase1 be> no comp>ison ) ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1--& adv]t+ p>ticul>ly to ! actual increase ( population :i* has tak5 place 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s#acb "u ! =midable ob/acles :i* mu/ press !mselves ^u ! att5tion ( ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]1 x mu/ appe> t ! assumption ( a rate ( increase su* z w\ld d\ble ! population 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 z repres5t+ ! natural progress ( population :5 n *eck$ by ! difficulty ( procur+ ! means ( subsi/5ce or o!r peculi> causes ( premature mortality1 mu/ be decid$ly )9 ! tru?4 ,x may be safely ass]t$1 !re=e1 t population :5 un*eck$ increases 9 a geometrical ratio ( su* a nature z to d\ble itself e tw5ty-five ye>s40#acc ,! problem is only half /at$2 x is /ill to be %[n :at is ! rate ( ! increase ( ,food4 ,! case does n admit ! same k9d ( pro(4 ,we c suppose an un*eck$ increase ( m5 go+ on )\t any *ange 9 human nature2 we h only to suppose = ! future ! same enc\ragem5t to m>riage & ! same habits ( life1 toge!r ) ! same law ( mortality4 ,b ) ! increase ( food ! causes d n rema9 ! same4 ,if good l& c\ld be got 9 abundance1 ! increase ( food f x w\ld be 9 a geometrical ratio f> great] ?an t ( ! m52 t ( :eat1 = example1 w\ld be sixfold1 z we h se54 ,b good l&s are comp>atively few2 !y w 9 ! nature ( ?+s soon be occupi$2 & !n ! increase ( ! food w be a labori\s process at a rate r resembl+ a decreas+ ?an an increas+ geometrical ratio4 8,! ye>ly increm5t ( food1 at lea/1 w\ld h a con/ant t5d5cy to dim9i%20 & ! am\nt ( ! increase 9 ea* successive t5 ye>s w\ld probably be less & less4 ,9 practice1 ! inequalities ( di/ribution may *eck ! increase ( food ) precisely ! same efficacy z an actual arrival at ! physical limits to ! gett+ ( ! food4 8,a man :o is lock$ up 9 a room may fairly be said to be conf9$ by ! walls ( x1 ?\gh he may nev] t\* !m40#acd ,b ! ma9 po9t is1 t1 inequalities or no inequalities1 !re is a t5d5cy to dim9i%$ productiv5ess4 ,"u ei!r condition ! quantity yield$ ?is ye> w n be d\bl$ or trebl$ = an indef9ite p]iod ) ! same ease z x 0 yield$ ?is ye>4 ,9 a tol]ably well-peopl$ c\ntry su* z ,engl& or ,g]many ! utmo/ might be an increase e tw5ty-five ye>s equal to ! pres5t produce4 ,b ! cont9uance ( ?is w\ld mean t 9 ! next two hundr$ ye>s e f>m %\ld produce eight times :at x does n[1 or1 9 five hundr$ ye>s1 tw5ty times z mu*2 & ev5 ?is is incr$ible1 ?\gh x w\ld be only an ari?metical progression4 ,no d\bt almo/ all p>ts ( ! e>? are n[ m ?9ly peopl$ ?an _! capacities might all[2 b ! difficulty is to use ! capacities4 ,t ?is view ( ,mal?us ne$ n imply any ignorance or any disreg>d ( ! res\rces ( high f>m+ may be judg$ f ! fact t our highe/ agricultural au?ority1 :o recognizes ! p[] ( ,engli% f>m+ to provide on em]g5cy ev5 = our entire annual wants1 admits at ! same "t t1 8:]e full employm5t & ! means ( subsi/5ce are abundant1 population increases 9 geometrical progression1 & !re=e 9 a f> m rapid proportion ?an ! increas$ productiv5ess ( ! soil1 :i* aft] a c]ta9 po9t is /ation>y40#ace 8,x foll[s necess>ily0 7sums up ,mal?us7 8t ! av]age rate ( ! actual increase ( population ov] ! greate/ "p ( ! globe1 obey+ ! same law z ! increase ( food1 mu/ be totally ( a diff]5t "* f ! rate at :i* x w\ld increase if un*eck$40 ,on no s+le f>m c\ld ! produce be s increas$ z to keep pace ) ! geometrical increase ( population2 & :at is true ( a s+le f>m is true 9 ?is case ( ! :ole e>?4 ,ma*9]y & inv5tion c d less 9 agriculture ?an 9 manufacture1 & !y c nev] d s mu* z to make prev5tive *ecks unnecess>y4#acf ,?is is ! argum5t ( ! ,encyclopdia s f> z x relates to ! !ses ( ! essay4 ,mal?us foll[s x up by a rem>k on ! in/itution ( prop]ty4 ,! alt]natives to 8 m9d are always private prop]ty z we n[ h x1 & common prop]ty z desir$ by ,godw94 ,he upholds ! fir/ because1 8accord+ to all pa/ exp]i5ce & ! be/ obs]vation :i* c be made on ! motives :i* op]ate ^u ! human m9d10 ! l>ge/ produce f ! soil is got by t sy/em1 & because 7:at is socially mu* m important71 by mak+ a man feel 8 responsibility & 8 dep5d5ce on 8 own ef=ts1 x t5ds to cause prud5ce 9 m>riage z well z indu/ry 9 "w4 ,common prop]ty has n be5 successful1 hi/orically2 & ! wide/ ext5sion ( popul> education w\ld n make m5 ! fitt] = x4 ,!re is inde$ a s5se 9 :i* common prop]ty might t5d to c>ry production f>!r ?an private prop]ty2 cultivation1 n be+ = pr(it b = m]e liv+1 w\ld n1 l ! pres5t1 /op at ! po9t :]e production ceas$ to be a good inve/m5t4 ,b ?is w\ld mean#acg t ! :ole en]gies ( ! society 7 direct$ to ! m]e gett+ ( food2 nei!r ! :ole society nor any "p ( x w\ld h leisure1 = intellectual lab\r or enjoym5t4 ,:]eas private prop]ty n only secures ! leisure1 b1 by /opp+ at ! po9t ( pr(itabl5ess1 x keeps an unus$ res]ve1 on :i* society may fall back 9 case ( ne$4 ,mal?us !re=e w\ld /& by private prop]ty1 ?\gh he ?9ks t private proprietors may damage ! national weal? by game-pres]v+1 & injure ! poor] classes by n sp5d+ en\gh on :at !y make4#ach ,! actual increase ( population 7he goes on7 & ! necessity ( *ecks to x dep5d on ! difficulty ( gett+ food1 f :atev] cause1 :e!r ! exhau/ion ( ! e>? or ! bad /ructure ( society2 & ! difficulty is n = ! remote future b = ! pres5t4 ,x is *iefly ! contra/ betwe5 ! actual & ! possible supplies t makes m5 incr$ul\s ab\t ! necessity ( *ecks2 & we may grant t "u an ideal gov]nm5t1 a p]fect p1 & faultless social sy/em ! produce w\ld at fir/ be s great t ! necessity = *ecks on population w\ld be v mu* r$uc$2 b1 z ! e>?'s productiv5ess does n exp& ) population1 x w\ld be a v %ort "t be=e ! pressure ( ! *ecks w\ld reass]t itself--?is "t f no fault ( man1 b f ! m]e nature ( ! soil4#aci ,! bad gov]nm5t ( our ance/ors left mu* produce unus$1 & 9 consequ5ce we h = ! pres5t a l>ge m>g9 to draw on4 ,b1 8if m]ely s9ce ! "t ( ,william ! ,conqu]or all ! nations ( ! e>? _h be5 well gov]n$1 & if ! di/ribution ( prop]ty & ! habits bo? ( ! ri* & ! poor _h be5 ! mo/ fav\rable to ! dem& = produce & lab\r1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( food & population w\ld h be5 prodigi\sly great] ?an at pres5t1 ! means ( dim9i%+ ! *ecks to population w\ld unque/ionably be less40 ,b1 ?\gh ! laws ( nature are responsible = ! necessity ( *ecks to population1#adj 8a va/ mass ( responsibility rema9s beh9d1 on man & ! in/itutions ( society40 ,to !m 9 ! fir/ place is due ! scant9ess ( ! pres5t population ( ! e>?1 !re be+ few p>ts ( x t w\ld n ) bett] gov]nm5t & bett] morals support twice1 t5 times1 or ev5 "o hundr$ times z _m inhabitants z n[4 ,9 ! second place1 ?\gh man _c remove ! necessity ( *ecks1 or ev5 make !m press mu* m lightly 9 any giv5 place1#ada he is responsible = _! precise "* & p>ticul> mode ( op]ation4 ,a good gov]nm5t & good in/itutions c s direct !m t !y %all be lea/ hurtful to ! g5]al virtue & happ9ess1 vice & mis]y disappe>+ be=e moral re/ra9t1 ?\gh aft] all ! influ5ce ( gov]nm5t & in/itutions is indirect1 & ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! conduct ( ! individual citiz5s4 ,! re/ ( ! article conta9s little t is n 9 ! ,essay on ,population 7#e? ed41 #ahag7 & ! treatise on ,political ,economy 7#a/ ed41 #ahbj74 ,x gives ! hi/orical sket*es ( ! =m]1 "s small "p ( ! economical discussions 7e4 g4 on wages7 ( ! latt]1 & a %ort answ] to curr5t objections1 toge!r ) "s tables ( mortality & o!r figures1 ( m special int]e/ to ! pr(essional actu>y ?an to ! g5]al read]4 ,! article is an au?oritative summ>y ( ! au?or's doctr9es 9 _! f9al =m4 ,x 0 n 8 la/ "w4 ,f ! fact t he und]took ! pap] 9 ,sept4 #ahba1adb we may p]haps inf] t he plac$ x 9 ,macvey ,napi]'s h&s 9 ! ye> #ahbb4adc ,b x 0 8 la/ attempt to re/ate ! subject ( ! essay 9 an indep5d5t =m ) any?+ approa*+ to fulness ( detail1 & x %[s he _h made no *ange 9 8 position4 ,! ,summ>y ,view ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population 7#ahcj7 0 av[$ly an abridgm5t ( ! article 9 ! ,encyclopdia1 & is 9 fact t article ) a few p>agraphs omitt$ & a few pron\ns alt]$4 ,! cle> /atem5t ( ! two t5d5cies 01 9 8 own eyes1 ! lea/ orig9al "p ( 8 "w4 ,x _h be5 (t5 p]ceiv$ di/9ctly by o!r writ]s t population mu/ always be kept d[n to ! level ( ! means ( subsi/5ce4 8,yet few inquiries h be5 made into ! v>i\s modes by :i* ?is level is effect$1 & ! pr9ciple has nev] be5 suffici5tly pursu$ to its consequ5ces1 nor ^? practical inf]5ces drawn f x :i* a /rict exam9ation ( its effects on society appe>s to sugge/40#add ,:at "s p w\ld c\nt ! m int]e/+ "q rema9$ to be consid]$----! "q t t\*es individuals & famili> circum/ances m ne>ly1 & is n to be answ]$ by a g5]ality1 f :i* we easily 9 ?\ght except our own individual selves4 ,s9ce1 at any giv5 "t1 9 any giv5 place1 among any giv5 p1 !re is 7#a7 a t5d5cy ( population to outrun subsi/5ce1 & !re is 7#b7 no su* excess z a matt] ( fact1 9 :at way or ways is ! t5d5cy prev5t$ f c>ry+ itself out8 ,z 0 said above1#ade ?is is effect$ 9 two k9ds ( ways--7#a7 by ! way ( a positive1 7#b7 by ! way ( a prev5tive *eck1 ! =m] cutt+ d[n an actual population to ! level ( its food1 ! second =bidd+ a population to ne$ to be cut d[n1 & be+1 s f> z x is volunt>y1 peculi> to man among liv+ creatures4 ,( ! positive1 all ^? t come f ! laws ( nature may be call$ mis]y pure & simple2 & all ^? t m5 br+ on !mselves by w>s1 excesses1 & avoidable tr\bles ( all k9ds are ( a mix$ "*1 _! causes be+ vice & _! consequ5ces mis]y4 ,( ! prev5tive1 t re/ra9t f m>riage :i* is n accompani$ by any immoral conduct on ! "p ( ! p]son re/ra9+ himself or h]self is call$ moral re/ra9t4 ,any re/ra9t :i* is prud5tial & prev5tive1 b immoral1 comes "u ! head ( vice1 = e action may be s call$ :i* has 8a g5]al t5d5cy to produce mis]y10 h[ev] innocu\s its imm$iate effects4#adf ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t ! positive & ! prev5tive *ecks are all resolvable into vice1 mis]y1 & moral re/ra9t1 or s91 pa91 & self-control1 a ?reefold division t makes ! second essay 8diff] 9 pr9ciple0 f ! fir/4#adg ,we h "h a tw(old alongside ( a ?reefold division ( ! *ecks to population4 ,! "o is made f an objective1 ! o!r f a subjective po9t ( view4 ,! division ( *ecks 7#a7 into positive & prev5tive has reg>d simply to ! outw>d facts2 a population is 9 ^? two ways kept d[n to ! food4 ,! division ( !m 7#b7 into vice1 mis]y1 & moral re/ra9t has reg>d to ! human ag5t & 8 inw>d condition1 ! /ate ( 8 feel+s & ( 8 w4 ,= example1 ! positive *eck view$ subjectively1 or f ! human be+'s po9t ( view1 is ! feel+ ( pa92 ! w is n directly conc]n$ ) x4 ,! prev5tive1 f ! same po9t ( view1 is ( a less simple "*4 ,fir/ ( all1 moral re/ra9t involves a tempor>y mis]y or pa9 9 ! ?w>t+ ( a desire2 8consid]$ z a re/ra9t ^u an incl9ation o!rwise innoc5t & always natural1 x mu/ be all[$ to produce a c]ta9 degree ( tempor>y unhapp9ess1 b evid5tly slight comp>$ ) ! evils :i* result f any ( ! o!r *ecks to population10#adh & 8m]ely#adi ( ! same nature z _m o!r sacrifices ( tempor>y to p]man5t gratification :i* x is ! bus9ess ( a moral ag5t cont9ually to make40 ,! rev]se is true ( vici\s excesses & passions2 9 _! imm$iate gratification !y are pleasant1 b _! p]man5t effects are mis]y4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! w ! case is cle>1 = ! /ate ( ! w w\ld be describ$ by ,mal?us1 if he ev] us$ su* t]ms1 z 9 ! "o case good1 & 9 ! o!r case evil1 pure & simple4 ,( c\rse 9 treat+ ! matt] hi/orically we may neglect ! subjective po9t ( view1 n because x is n necess>y = prop] k ( ! facts1 b because x leads to a psy*ological inquiry1 ! results ( :i* are indep5d5t ( dates4 ,mal?us goes on to say t1 9 all cases :]e !re is ! ne$ = *ecks at all1 x is ! sum total ( all ! prev5tive & positive *ecks t =ms ! *eck to population 9 any giv5 c\ntry at any giv5 "t1#aej & 8 endeav\r w be to %[ 9 :at relative proportions & 9 :at degree !y prevail 9 v>i\s c\ntries kn[n to u4 ,he assumes fur!r t ! prev5tive & ! positive *ecks w 8v>y inv]sely z ea* o!r40 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! mortality is great ! influ5ce ( ! prev5tive *eck w be small2 &1 :]e ! prev5tive *eck prevails mu*1 ! positive *eck1 or 9 brief ! mortality1 w be small4#aea ,9 society1 z x 0 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,mal?us ?9ks he c trace out ev5 by 8 own obs]vation an 8oscillation10 or :at x is ! fa%ion to call a 8cycle10 9 ! movem5t ( population4 ,hi/ory does n %[ x well1 simply because 8! hi/ories ( mank9d :i* we possess are 9 g5]al only ( ! high] classes10#aeb & x is ! lab\r+ classes to :i* ! obs]vation applies4 ,_! pa9ful exp]i5ce ( ! rud] *ecks has n prev5t$ a 8con/ant ef=t0 9 ! lab\r+ population to h l>g] families ?an !y c well support4 ,! consequ5ce is t _! numb]s are increas$2 !y mu/ divide among/ elev5 & a half millions ! food t 0 =m]ly divid$ among elev5 millions2 !y mu/ h l[] wages & de>] provisions4 ,b ?is /ate ( di/ress w s *eck population t 9 process ( "t ! numb]s w be almo/ at a /&/ill1 :ile at ! same "t1 s9ce ! dem& = food has be5 great] & lab\r has be5 *eap]1 ! application ( capital to agriculture w h increas$ ! available food4 ,! result w be ! same tol]able degree ( com=t z at ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle1 & ! same relapse f x z at ! second /age4 ,he conceives ! two /ages to foll[ ea* o!r z naturally z sun%9e ra9 & ra9 sun%9e4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a cycle may rema9 conceal$ f ! ord9>y hi/orian1 if he looks m]ely to ! money wages ( ! lab\r]1 = x frequ5tly happ5s t ! lab\r] gets ! same sums ( money = 8 wages dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s :5 ! real value ( ! sums has n rema9$ ! same1--! price ( bread 9 :at we h call$ ! second /age ( ! cycle be+ mu* de>] ?an x 0 9 ! fir/1 & ?an x w be 9 ! ?ird4#aec ,?\gh ,mal?us expressly qualifies 8 /atem5ts by %[+ t civilization t5ds to c\nt]act ^! fluctuations1 x c]ta9ly seem$ to be 8 belief 9 #ahjc t on ! :ole ! work+ classes ( ,europe1 & especially ( ,engl&1 7 p[]less to escape f !m4 ,h[ f> ?is view is ju/ifi$ w be se5 pres5tly4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,savage1 ,,b>b>ian1 ,,& ,,ori5tal4 ,simile supplant$ by ,fact--,savage ,life--,population dep5d5t n on possible b on actual ,food--,indirect ,action ( ,positive ,*ecks--,hung] n a ,pr9ciple ( ,progress--,otaheite a ,crux = ,common ,s5se--,cycle 9 ! ,movem5t ( ,population--,pitcairn ,isl&--,b>b>ian & ,ori5tal--,nomad ,%eph]ds--,abram & ,lot--,cimbri & ,teutones--,gibbon v]sus ,montesquieu--8,at bay on ! limits ( ! ,univ]se0--,misgov]nm5t an indirect ,*eck on ,population--,anci5t ,europe less popul\s ?an ,mod]n--,civilization ! gradual ,victory ( ! ?ird ,*eck4 ,! ma9 position ( ! essay 0 s incontrov]tible1 t :5 ! critics despair$ to convict ,mal?us ( a p>adox1 !y *>g$ him ) a truism4 ,to ! fri5dly ,hallam#aed ! ma!matical basis ( ! argum5t appe>$ z c]ta9 z ! multiplication table1 & ! unfri5dly ,hazlitt 8did n see :at !re 0 to discov] aft] read+ ! tables ( ,noah's desc5dants1 & kn[+ t ! _w is r\nd40#aee ,if ! essayi/ _h done no?+ m ?an put half-tru?s toge!r into a :ole1 he w\ld h 8entr5*$ himself 9 an impregnable =tress0 & giv5 8 "w a great 8air ( ma/]y40#aef ,b he w\ld h conv9c$ ! und]/&+ )\t conv9c+ ! imag9ation4 ,adam ,smi? himself w\ld h done no m ?an half 8 "w1 if he _h be5 cont5t to prove ! reasonabl5ess ( free trade )\t %[+1 9 detail1 ! effect ( x & its opposites4 ,ev5 ! mo/ compet5t read] has seldom all ! relevant facts m>%all$ 9 8 memory1 ready to comm&2 & he w always be ?ankful = illu/rations4 ,! ,essay on ,population 9 its second =m c]ta9ly excell$ all economical works1 save "o1 9 its p]t95t examples f life & hi/ory4 ,imag9ation 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w is to be out ( c\rt4 ,mal?us1 l ,adam ,smi?1 n only leaves little to 8 read]'s fancy1 b makes little use ( 8 own4 ,8 own _h misl$ 8 read]s 9 ! fir/ essay1 ?\gh x _h c]ta9ly giv5 t little book mu* ( its piquancy2 & he resolves = ! sake ( tru? to *a9 x up1 z ,col]idge *a9$ up 8 und]/&+4 ,! self-d5y+ ord9ance is only too fully execut$4 ,! /yle ( 8 essay is truly describ$ by himself#aeg z hav+ gradually 8lo/ all pret5sions to m]it40 ,edition foll[s edition1 ea* ) its footnotes1 supplem5ts1 re>rangem5ts1 & corrections1 till ! read] feels t ?is writ] 8w\ld be cle>] if he 7 n s cle>40 ,b ! title-page supplies a guid+ ?read4 ,f ! second edition onw>ds to ! la/1 8,pa/0 & 8,pres5t0 appe> 9 l>ge lett]s1 8,future0 9 small4 ,! entire "w may !re=e be divid$ accord+ to ! ?ree t5ses1 ) ! emphasis on ! two =m]4 ,! fir/ book is devot$ to ! pa/1 ! second to ! pres5t1 & ! ?ird & f\r? to ! future4 ,! ,fir/ deals ) ! less civiliz$ p>ts ( ! _w z x n[ is1 & ! unciviliz$ pa/ times2 ! ,second ) ! diff]5t /ates ( mod]n ,europe2 ! ,?ird criticizes popul> s*emes ( future improvem5t2 :ile ! ,f\r? gives ! au?or's own views ( ! possible progress ( humanity4 ,aft] expla9+ 8 pr9ciples1 ,mal?us takes a survey ( human progress1 if n f brute to savage1 at lea/ f savage to citiz54 ,he %[s u h[ ! rude & simple positive *ecks become complicat$ ) ! prev5tive2 & he leads u up f b>b>ism to civilization till we f9d ourselves 9 a society :]e ! citiz5s ?9k less ( *eck ?an ( *ief end1 & less ( self-sacrifice ?an ( self-devotion1 to "s cause or p]son1 & ev5 ! inf]ior memb]s act1 at wor/1 f mix$ motives1 conta9+ good z well z evil4 ,^! are ! two extreme ends ( 8 l9e4 ,x w\ld be useless to d5y t he l+]s longe/ ov] ! less pleas+1 & gives ,godw9 "s excuse = que/ion+ 8 logical "r to believe 9 ! m pleas+ at all4#aeh ,at ! same "t x w\ld h be5 7ev5 logically7 impossible = him to h attack$ ,godw9 = tak+ ab/ract views ( human nature1 & !n to h p]si/$ 9 an ab/raction ( 8 own1 aft] all 8 own ,european travel & hi/orical /udies4 ,8 fault _h la9 9 defective premises1 n 9 false reason+2 & he rem$ies ! fault4 ,let u take 8 acc\nt 9 8 own ord]4 ,beg9n+ ) pres5t savag]y1 :i* ) "s qualifications is a picture ( our own pa/1 he sifts out ! descriptions ( ,cook1 ,vanc\v]1 & o!r travell]s1 to see :at *ecks to population op]ate 9 diff]5t grades ( savage humanity4 ,at ! v bottom ( ! scale comes ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 by g5]al cons5t ! abode ( pure mis]y1 & !re=e naturally ! home ( a sp>se population4 ,next come ! natives ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s & ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 8,_! :ole "t is sp5t 9 se>* ( food10 :i* consi/s ( ! raw products ( ! soil & sea2 ! :ole "t ( e individual is devot$ to ?is "o lab\r1 & !re is nei!r room nor inducem5t = any o!r indu/ries4 ,vice is h>dly ne$$2 mis]y 9 ! %ape ( p]petual sc>city & fam9e keeps d[n ! p to ! food4 ,?ird 9 ! scale ( human be+s are ! ,new ,holl&]s1 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,nor?-,we/ ,au/ralia1 among :om c be trac$ n only ! *eck ( mis]y1 b ! *eck ( vice4 ,! wom5 are s cruelly treat$ at all times1 & ! *ildr5 h s h>% an upbr++1 t !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ population does n ev5 rea* ! full limit ( ! scanty food4 ,w> & pe/il5ce make ! assurance d\bly sure4 ,z savages are entirely innoc5t ( sanit>y sci5ce1 ! dirt ( _! p]sons & _! h\ses deprives !m ( 8! advantage :i* usually att5ds a ?9ly-peopl$ c\ntry10 comp>ative exemption f pe/il5ce4#aei ,ev5 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :o are "o /ep high] ?an ! ,new ,holl&]s1 come "u ! same condemnation = ov]cr[d+1 & = mu* else besides4 ,! acc\nt :i* ,mal?us gives ( !m may be comp>$ ) t ( ,de ,tocqueville half a c5tury lat]4 ,romance has clung to !m only because !y 7 ! ne>e/ & be/ kn[n savages ( _! k9d1 & _! necess>y lab\rs 7 9 ,europe ri* m5's pleasures4 ,b hunt+ & riv]-fi%+ _c yield mu* food unless pursu$ ov] a wide area4 ,a hunt] is s f> l ! bea/ ( prey :i* he pursues1 t he mu/ g long di/ances = 8 food1 & mu/ ei!r fly f or ov]come e rival4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian mu/ !re=e ei!r g ,we/ aft] 8 old food1 or else he mu/ /ay :]e he is1 to beat (f ! ,europeans1 or to adopt _! food & _! habits4 8,! ,indians h only two ways ( sav+ !mselves1 w> & civilization4 ,!y mu/ ei!r de/roy ! ,europeans or become _! equals40#afj ,z ! civilization ( a nation ( hunt]s is almo/ impossible1 _! ext9ction seems inevitable4 ,! "q rema9s1 ,h[ is ?is population cut d[n to ! level ( its food8 ,9 ,mal?us' answ] to ! "q occur ?ree rem>ks ( great g5]al importance4 ,fir/1 :at limits ! numb]s ( a p is n ! possible b ! actual food4#afa ,second1 want de/roys a population less (t5 directly by />vation ?an indirectly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( mann]s & cu/oms4#afb ,?ird1 ! m]e pressure ( imp5d+ />vation does n lead to progress4#afc ,mal?us is nev] tir$ ( insi/+ on ! fir/ ( ^! rem>ks2 & a prop] und]/&+ ( x is ess5tial to a fair judgm5t on 8 doctr9e4 ,he nev] says t x is ! t5d5cy ( a population to increase up to ! limits ( ! greate/ possible am\nt ( food t c be produc$ 9 a giv5 c\ntry4 ,! valley ( ! ,mississippi :5 highly cultivat$ may possibly support a hundr$ millions2 b ! "q is n :at x w\ld d :5 highly cultivat$1 b :at x c d :5 cultivat$ z x n[ is & z m5 n[ are4 8,9 a g5]al view ( ! ,am]ican cont95t z describ$ by hi/orians1 ! population seems to h be5 spread ov] ! surface v ne>ly 9 proportion to ! quantity ( food :i* ! inhabitants ( ! diff]5t p>ts 9 ! actual /ate ( _! indu/ry & improvem5ts c\ld z a matt] ( fact obta92 & t ) few exceptions x press$ h>d aga9/ ?is limit1 r ?an fell %ort ( x1 appe>s f ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( di/ress = want ( food 9 all p>ts ( ,am]ica40#afd ,:at is said "h ( ! ,indians a hundr$ ye>s ago applies to ! ,coloni/s n[4 8,! actual /ate ( indu/ry0 is ( c\rse a mu* m improv$ "o2 b ! population ! l& w be> is /ill 9 proportion to x1 & ! am\nt c\ld n h be5 increas$ till ! actual /ate ( ! indu/ry _h fir/ be5 bett]$4 ,"o cause ( ! decay ( ! numb]s ( ! ,indians 0 t _! me?od ( indu/ry1 s f> f becom+ bett]1 became worse by _! contact ) ,europeans1 & !re=e ! limit ( population 0 actually contract$ in/ead ( be+ ext5d$4#afe ,?is expla9s h[ x is t _! dim9i%+ numb]s d n br+ !m great] com=t4 ,:e!r ! numb]s 9 any giv5 case are too great or too small dep5ds always on ! quantity ( ! food t is divid$ among !m2 &1 :]e ! food decreases fa/] ?an ! population1 a population t has become small] num]ically becomes actually l>g] 9 proportion to ! food4 ,! /atem5t t ,engl& or any o!r c\ntry c\ld be> millions m ?an x does n[ is a m]e ref]5ce to unexplor$ possibilities1 l&+ u 9 ! inf9ite4 ,x may be answ]$ 9 ! same way z ! ,eleatic puzzles ab\t motion2 l& inf9itely improvable does n mean l& inf9itely improv$1 z matt] inf9itely divisible does n mean matt] inf9itely divid$4 ,! position ( ,mal?us is !re=e z foll[s3 giv5 a p's skill1 & giv5 its /&>d ( liv+ at any "t1 its numb]s are always t5d+ to be ! utmo/ t c be furni%$ by t skill ) a liv+ up to t /&>d1--t is to say1 ) :at1 accord+ to t /&>d1 are ! necess>ies ( human life4 ,ei!r a dim9ution ( t skill or an increase 9 t /&>d w\ld cause ov]-population4 ,! "q is always a relative "o4 ,! human z di/+ui%$ f ! animal "* ( ! problem appe>s n only 9 t relativity 7:i* affects ma9ly ! prev5tive *ecks71 b 9 ! indirect way 9 :i* ! positive *ecks1 if we may say s1 pref] to act4 ,x is z if !y 7 always desir\s ( resolv+ !mselves z f> z might be into prev5tive4 ,! ultimate *eck1 ,mal?us says1 is />vation2 b1 he adds1 x is seldom ! imm$iate "o4 ,! high] up we g 9 ! scale1 ! m x is hidd5 away out ( sight4 ,/>vation is int]pret$1 by all grades ( society above ! l[e/1 to mean ! loss ( :at !y conceive to be ! necess>ies n ( a b>e liv+ b ( endurable life2 & ev5 ! l[e/1 in/ead ( appreh5d+ "s pa91 appreh5d "s br+] ( x4 ,!y d n all[ fam9e to kill !m2 !y create mann]s & cu/oms t d ! "w = x1 keep+ ! fam9e itself af> (f4 8,bo? !ory & exp]i5ce uni=mly in/ruct u t a less abundant supply ( food op]ates ) a gradually increas+ pressure = a v long "t be=e its progress is /opp$4 ,x is difficult inde$ to conceive a m trem5d\s %ock to society ?an ! ev5t ( its com+ at once to ! limits ( ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ) all ! habits ( abundance & e>ly m>riages1 :i* accompany a l>gely increas+ population4 ,b1 happily = mank9d1 ?is nev] is nor ev] c be ! case4 ,! ev5t is provid$ = by ! concurr5t int]e/s & feel+s ( individuals long be=e x arrives2 & ! gradual dim9ution ( ! real wages ( ! lab\r+ classes ( society sl[ly & almo/ ins5sibly g5]ates ! habits necess>y = an ord] ( ?+s 9 :i* ! funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r are /ation>y4444 ,! causes ( ! ret>dation ( population w be g5]ally felt & w g5]ate a *ange ( habits long be=e ! p]iod arrives40#aff 8,an insuffici5t supply ( food to any p does n %[ itself m]ely 9 ! %ape ( fam9e1 b 9 o!r m p]man5t =ms ( di/ress1 & 9 g5]at+ c]ta9 cu/oms :i* op]ate sometimes ) great] =ce 9 ! prev5tion ( a ris+ population0 ?an 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ris54#afg ,rob]tson ! hi/orian truly says1 t :e!r civilization has improv$ ! lot ( m5 may be d\btful1 b x has c]ta9ly improv$ ! condition ( wom54 ,among ! ,indians & almo/ all savages1 8s]vitude is a "n too mild to describe _! wret*$ /ate40 ,! h>d life ( ! m5 kills _! in/9ctive fondness = ! wom52 ! latt] are !re=e less likely to become mo!rs1 :ile1 if !y d1 _! own h>d%ips & heavy tasks are a great h9drance to nurs+4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! surviv+ *ildr5 are ( good physique2 none b ! exceptionally /rong c\ld wea!r ! cruel discipl9e ( *ildhood4#afh ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! difficulty ( upbr++ actually l$ to an en=c$ monogamy1 z well z to late m>riages & _! n unfrequ5t accompanim5t1 irregul>ities be=e m>riage4 ,su* cu/oms dim9i% numb]s4 ,b ev5 ! adult savages d n f9d life easy4 ,!y are n ! m5 to ?9k ( provid+ = a ra9y day2 9 ! %ort mom5ts ( pl5ty !y d n ?9k ( ! long days ( want4 ,intemp]ate liv+ z well z ! rig\r & ! accid5ts ( a hunt+ life cut (f numb]s 9 _! prime4 ,!y are subject to diseases & inv5t no rem$ies4 ,_! acquiesc5ce 9 dirt leads to pe/il5ces1 b !y inv5t no sanit>y re=ms2 & _! ?9ly-peopl$ c\ntry loses its natural exemption f epidemics4 ,_! w>s are int]nec9e1 = !y are l>gely prompt$ by %e] self-pres]vation1 & ! ?\ght t if ! "o combatant lives ! o!r _c4 ,cannibalism itself 0 at fir/ due to extreme want1 ?\gh :at occasional hung] _h begun1 hate p]petuat$ 9 a cu/om4 ,?is & ! l[ cunn+ & mean /rategy1 due to a resolve to survive at all co/s1 are ! prime inv5tions ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce on ^! l[ levels4 ,su* are ! causes by :i* ! numb]s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians are kept d[n to a v l[ figure2 b1 l[ z x is1 ! figure is high en\gh = ! food4 ,ap>t f a diff]5ce 9 ! /&>d ( liv+1 ! proportion ( population to food is simil> ov] ! inhabit$ _w2 & 9 ! same neighb\rhood or among cognate races x w be almo/ id5tical4 ,a dim9ution 9 "o ,indian tribe1 n be+ volunt>y1 w n be ! cause ( pl5ty to ! survivors2 x has be5 ! effect ( want1 & x w simply weak5 ! collective =ce ( ! tribe 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ o!rs4#afi ,! supremacy ( want z ! ultimate *eck on population is illu/rat$ by ! in/ant expansion ( population :i* is produc$ 9 ^! grades ( humanity by an accession ( pl5ty4 ,:5 a tribe falls ^u f]tile l&1 its numb]s swell1 & its collective might1 dep5d+ on numb]s1 becomes great]4 ,! increase ( food1 h[ev]1 seems 9 ?is case to lead to no?+ else ?an increase ( numb]s4 ,!re is a melan*oly equality ( suff]+ betwe5 tribe & tribe1 z well z betwe5 memb]s ( ! same tribe4 ,!re is no di/9ction ( rank1 b only ( sex & bodily /r5g?1 z reg>ds endurance ( h>d%ips4 ,x is 9 ?is connection t ,mal?us ?r[s "s light on ! "q h[ progress c\ld ev] take place at all4 ,8 answ] is n unlike ,adam ,smi?'s rem>k ab\t ! connection ( high wages ) good "w4 ,he says1 t beyond a c]ta9 limit1 h>d f>e & great want depress m5 bel[ ! v capacity ( improvem5t2 com=t mu/ rea* a c]ta9 height be=e ! desires ( civiliz$ life c come into be+ at all4 ,if ! ,am]ican tribes1 he says1 h rema9$ hunt]s1 x is n simply because !y h n increas$ 9 numb]s suffici5tly to r5d] ! pa/oral or agricultural /ate necess>y to !m4 ,reasons :i* ,mal?us does n pret5d to p>ticul>ize1#agj & :i* he all[s to be unconnect$ ) m]e increase or decrease ( numb]s1 h prev5t$ ^! tribes f ev] try+ to raise cattle or gr[ corn at all4 8,if hung] alone c\ld h prompt$ ! savage tribes ( ,am]ica to su* a *ange 9 _! habits1 ,i d n conceive t !re w\ld h be5 a s+le nation ( hunt]s & fi%]s rema9+2 b x is evid5t t "s =tunate tra9 ( circum/ances1 9 addition to ?is /imulus1 is necess>y = ?is purpose2 & x is und\bt$ly probable t ^! arts ( obta9+ food w be fir/ inv5t$ & improv$ 9 ^? spots :i* are be/ suit$ to !m1 & :]e ! natural f]tility ( ! situation1 by all[+ a great] numb] ( p to subsi/ toge!r1 w\ld give ! faire/ *ance to ! inv5tive p[]s ( ! human m9d40 8,a c]ta9 degree ( political security is p]haps /ill m necess>y ?an ri*ness ( soil to enc\rage ! *ange f ! pa/oral to ! agricultural /ate40#aga ,^! passages are rem>kable because !y seem to contradict ! g5]al t5or ( ! au?or's writ+s4 ,we 7 told ) great emphasis 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! essay t difficulties g5]ate tal5ts1#agb & ev5 ! second & lat] are full ( approv+ comm5t>ies on ! prov]b1 8,necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion40#agc ,! contradiction is soon solv$4 ,mal?us has no fai? 9 ! civiliz+ p[] ( competition :5 x means a /ruggle among />v$ m5 = b>e life1 b mu* fai? 9 x :5 x means ! /ruggle = great] com=t among ^? :o already h ! animal necess>ies4#agd ,! significance ( 8 admissions w be notic$ lat]4 ,mean:ile x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! passage j quot$ is n p]fectly precise4 ,! l>g] ! society1 ! great] might be ! division ( lab\r & consequ5t /imulus to inv5tion2 b a tribe might be l>ge & yet h little 9 x ( a society1 & /ill less ( a division ( lab\r4 ,)\t su* fav\r+ circum/ances z ,mal?us m5tions ! progress _c take place2 b ev5 ) !m x ne$ n2 !y are !re=e n ! real motive p[]4 ,! acc\nt ( ! /ate ( population among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s1#age :i* comes next 9 ord] to ! *apt] on ! ,am]ican ,indians1 is an illu/ration ( ^! rem>ks4 ,^! savages live 9 a f]tile c\ntry & yet !y make no progress4 ,z ?is is n ! only po9t illu/rat$1 x is wor? :ile to look at ! *apt] 9 detail4 ,mal?us beg9s by obs]v+ t population mu/ n be ?\ght m subject to *ecks on an isl& ?an on a cont95t4 ,! ,abb ,raynal1 9 8 book on ! ,indies1 _h tri$ to expla9 a numb] ( mod]n cu/oms t ret>d$ population#agf by ref]r+ !m to an insul> orig94 ,he ?\ght t !y 7 caus$ at fir/ by ! ov]-population ( ,brita9 & o!r isl&s1 & 7 import$ !refrom into ! cont95ts1 to ! p]plexity ( lat] ages4 ,b z a matt] ( fact population on ! ma9l&s is subject to ! same laws z on ! isl&s1 ?\gh ! limits are n s obvi\s to common obs]vation1 & ! case is n put s neatly 9 a nut%ell4 ,a nation on ! cont95t may be z completely surr\nd$ by its enemies or its rivals1 savage or civiliz$1 z any isl&]s by ! sea2 & emigration may be z difficult 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,bo? cont95t & isl& are peopl$ up to _! actual produce4 8,!re is probably no isl& yet kn[n1 ! produce ( :i* c\ld n be fur!r increas$4 ,?is is all t c be said ( ! :ole e>?4 ,bo? are peopl$ up to _! actual produce4 ,& ! :ole e>? is 9 ?is respect l an isl&40#agg ,! e>? is inde$ m isolat$ ?an any isl& ( ! sea1 = no emigration f x is possible4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 to be ask$ ab\t ! :ole e>? z ab\t any "p ( x1 is1 8,by :at means ! inhabitants are r$uc$ to su* numb]s z x c support80 ,?is 0 ! "q :i* =c$ itself on ,capta9 ,cook :5 he visit$ ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 ,"s ( 8 exp]i5ces !re1 especially 9 ,new ,zeal&1 %[ t ! native population 0 kept d[n 9 ne>ly ! same way z ! ,am]ican4 ,_! *ief peculi>ity is ! extreme viol5ce ( _! local feuds4 ,! p ( e village he visit$ petition$ him to de/roy ! p ( ! next1 & 8if ,i _h li/5$ to !m ,i %\ld h extirpat$ ! :ole race40 ,a s5se ( human k9%ip is impossible at s l[ a level ( be+2 & ! int]nec9e w>s ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s 7 ! *ief *eck to _! numb]s1 :i*1 f ! di/ress+ effects ( occasional sc>cities1 w\ld seem always at ! be/ to h be5 close to ! limits ( ! food4 ,! fir/ impression ( common s5se is t di/ress is natural :]e food is scanty1 & unnatural :]e x is pl5tiful4 ,b 8if we turn our eyes f ! ?9ly-scatt]$ inhabitants ( ,new ,zeal& to ! cr[d$ %ores ( ,otaheite & ! ,society ,isl&s0 we f9d no su* ph5om5on4 8,all appreh5sion ( dea? seems at fir/ sight to be bani%$ f a c\ntry t is describ$ to be fruitful z ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides40 ,b reflection tells u t happ9ess & pl5ty are ! mo/ p[]ful causes ( increase4 ,we might1 !re=e1 expect a l>ge population 9 ,otaheite2 at its fir/ />t x might d\ble itself n 9 tw5ty-five b 9 fifte5 ye>s4 ,capta9 ,cook e/imat$ x 7on 8 second voyage 9 #aggc7 z #bjd1jjj4 ,h[ c\ld a c\ntry ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles 9 circuit support an increase t d\bl$ ^! numb]s 9 tw5ty-five ye>s8 ,emigration is impossible1 = ! o!r isl&s are 9 ! same situation4 ,fur!r cultivation is inadequate1 = sci5tific inv5tion is q want+4 ,! answ] is t ! increase does n take place1 & yet !re is no miracle4 ,lic5ti\sness among ! high] classes1 & infanticide among/ all classes1 are freely practis$4 ,! free p]mission ( infanticide no d\bt1 z ,hume rem>ks1#agh t5ds z a rule r to increase ?an to dim9i% population1 = 8by remov+ ! t]rors ( too num]\s a family x w\ld engage _m p 9 m>riage10 & su* is ! =ce ( natural affection1 t comp>atively few p>5ts w\ld c>ry out _! fir/ int5tions4 ,b 9 ,otaheite 9 its old /ate cu/om _h made infanticide easy1 & x 0 a real *eck4 ,w> aga9/ o!r isl&s 0 a ?ird *eck1 frequ5tly de/roy+ ! food z well z ! p1 ?us /rik+ d[n two g5]ations at once4 ,all ^! *ecks not)/&+1 ! population 0 up to ! level ( ! food1 & !re 0 z mu* sc>city & ke5 di/ress z on any b>r5 isl&4 ,su* at lea/ 0 ! /ate ( ?+s discov]$ by ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 ?ree voyages 7! la/ 9 #aggh7 & ,capta9 ,vanc\v] 79 #agia74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or ( ,a ,mission>y ,voyage to ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean 9 #agif-h 7,london1 #agii7 f\nd a p v scanty z comp>$ ) ! food4 ,! accuracy ( bo? acc\nts is borne out by ! description ( ! habits ( ! p at ^! two p]iods4 ,capta9 ,cook says !y 7 c>eful to save up e scrap ( food1 & yet suff]$ (t5 f fam9e4 ,! mission>ies obs]ve ! frequ5cy ( fam9e 9 ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s & ! ,m>quesas1 b say ( ! ,otaheitans t !y are extremely wa/eful1 & yet nev] seem to be 9 want4 ,ev5 9 ! int]vals betwe5 "o ( ,cook's voyages & ano!r ! /ate ( ! isl& _h alt]$4 ,mal?us sees "h an illu/ration ( two facts4 ,! "o is t1 ap>t f *anges 9 ! /&>d ( liv+1 population fluctuates betwe5 great excess & great defect1 great numb]s ) great mortality1 & great com=t ) rapid multiplication ( numb]s4 ,! o!r1 :i* expla9s ! fir/1 is t any cause affect+ population1 ei!r t[>ds increase or t[>ds decrease1 cont9ues to act = "s "t aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! circum/ances t fir/ occasion$ x4 ,= example1 ov]-popul\sness w\ld lead to w>s1#agi & ! enmities ( ^! w>s w\ld long survive _! fir/ occasion4 ,aga91 ov]-popul\sness w\ld lead to great] infanticide & vice1 :i* w\ld become habitual4 ,new circum/ances w\ld1 no d\bt1 aft] a "t br+ new habits1 &1 to use ! au?or's words1 w\ld 8re/ore ! population1 :i* c\ld n long be kept bel[ its natural level )\t ! mo/ extreme viol5ce4 ,h[ f> ,european contact may op]ate 9 ,otaheite ) ?is extreme viol5ce & prev5t x f recov]+ its =m] population is a po9t :i* exp]i5ce only c det]m9e4 ,b1 %\ld ?is be ! case1 ,i h no d\bt t on trac+ ! causes ( x1 we %\ld f9d !m to be aggravat$ vice & mis]y40#ahj ,z a matt] ( fact ei!r ,european contact has caus$ a dim9ution1 or exact] inquiry has made a l[] e/imate ( ! population ( all ,polynesia4 ,! p ( ! :ole ,society ,isl&s is reckon$ at betwe5 #ae1jjj & #ah1jjj1aha :i* is a long way f ,cook's e/imate ( #bjd1jjj = ,otaheite alone4 ,we c h>dly believe1 h[ev]1 t ! vice & mis]y ( ,otaheite are m ?an t5 times z great z !y 7 9 #aggc2 & p]haps we may suppose ,mal?us to mean t1 if ! ,european influ5ces 7 ( ! same "* at ! end z !y 7 at ! beg9n+1 & 7 z p]nici\s to ! ,polynesian z to ! ,r$ ,indian1 ! language ( pessimism w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,! passage at lea/ %[s h[ unfair x is to suppose ,mal?us to desire at all co/s a small population2 he is c>eful to say t1 :ile vice 9 ,otaheite by r$uc+ ! numb]s caus$ a transi5t pl5ty among ! survivors1 /ill 8a cause :i* may prev5t any p>ticul> evil may be beyond comp>ison worse ?an ! evil itself40#ahb ,life itself may be b\ght too de>4 ,no good is done1 h[ev]1 by d5y+ t excessive numb]s are an evil1 or by optimi/ic ass]tion t if m5 are only good !y w be happy4 ,!re is at lea/ "o ,polynesian isl& ^: pa/ hi/ory gives a picturesque pro( ( ! contr>y4 ,pitcairn1 8! lonely isle ( ! ,mut9e]s10 0 a moral contra/ to ,otaheite4 ,! inhabitants ow$ no?+ good to _! p>5ts1 :o 7 ! mut9e]s ( ,h4,m4,s4 #8,b\nty1' & ! wom5 ( ,otaheite t came ) !m 9 #agij1 :5 !y fir/ took refuge 9 ,pitcairn ,isl&4 ,!y ow$ all to ! religi\s tea*+ ( ,john ,adams1 :i* made !m s good1 t !re 7 few l !m on ! e>?4#ahc ,b 9 latitudes j t\*+ ! tropics1 ) a s+le squ>e mile ( poor soil1 surr\nd$ by wide ocean1 !y _h no outlet = trade & mod]n arts4 ,l ! inhabitants ( ,godw9's ,utopia1#ahd !y soon peopl$ ! little c\ntry to ! full ext5t ( ! food t c\ld be got by ! old me?ods1 &1 unlike ! ,utopians1 !y _h n skill to inv5t new4 ,if !y _h n drawn ! l9e = !mselves1 mis]y w\ld h done x = !m4 ,_! little colony at its fir/ f\nd+ consi/$ ( fifte5 m5 & twelve wom54 ,f\rte5 m5 & _m wom5 di$ (f 9 ! c\rse ( ! t5 ye>s :i* pass$ be=e ! "t ( moral reg5]ation4 ,b !y left _m *ildr52 &1 :5 ! patri>* ,john ,adams 0 visit$ by a pass+ %ip 9 #ahad1 he 0 surr\nd$ by a happy circle ( dev\t families4 ,rapidly outgr[+ ! res\rces ( ! place1 ^! simple folk remov$ 9 #ahca to ,tahiti1 eighty-sev5 /rong4 ,"s rema9$ !re2 o!rs _h no pleasure 9 _! new abode1 & came back to suff] affliction ) ! p ( ,god1 believ+ ) ,mal?us t 8a cause :i* may prev5t any p>ticul> evil may be beyond all comp>ison worse ?an ! evil itself40 ,! evil 0 real1 h[ev]1 &1 9 default ( celibacy or new ways ( bread w9n+1 _! only cure seem$ emigration4 ,s 9 #ahee1 ,tahiti seem+ ineligible1 !y j\rney$ fur!r we/ to ,norfolk ,isl&4 ,?\gh !re are m ?an f\r hundr$ & =ty to ! squ>e mile 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 two hundr$ p ( ?is primitive sort _h be5 c]ta9ly too _m = ! s+le squ>e mile ( ,pitcairn ,isl&2 & !y did n leave a mom5t too soon4 ,home sickness br\ght back two entire families 7( sev5te5 p]sons7 9 #ahei4 ,"o or two /ray travell]s jo9$ !m five ye>s aft]w>ds2 b1 ) all[ance = ^!1 we f9d t ! increase ( population on ,pitcairn ,isl& rea*es ! highe/ e/imate ( ,mal?us4 ,:5 ! ,engli% ,admiral ,d',horsey visit$ ! place 9 #ahgh1 ! qu>t] ( a hundr$ _h gr[n 9 n9ete5 ye>s1 at ! mod]ate co/ ( twelve dea?s1 to a population ( n9ety#ahe p]sons4 ,! primeval virtues w avail little )\t ! mod]n arts4 ,return+ to ,mal?us1 we f9d him foll[+ an ord] ( 8 own1 9 r\gh con=mity ) ! or?odox progress f de] to %eep1 & f %eep to corn4 ,he takes u f ,polynesian savages to ! nomad pa/oral nations ( anci5t ,europe4#ahf ,! va/ migrations & _! mom5t\s hi/orical effects he ascribes to ! 8con/ant t5d5cy 9 ! human race to increase0 beyond its food1 & ?9ks t :5 hi/ory has be5 rewritt5 x w conta9 m ( ?is4#ahg 8,! mis=tune ( hi/ory is1 t :ile ! p>ticul> motives ( a few pr9ces & lead]s are sometimes detail$ ) accuracy1 ! g5]al causes :i* cr[d _! /&>ds ) will+ foll[]s are totally ov]look$40#ahh ,at fir/ sight ! ph5om5on ( civiliz$ agricultural nations unable to repel ! invasion ( %eph]ds seems incr$ible2 a c\ntry 9 pa/ure _c possibly support s _m inhabitants z a c\ntry 9 tillage4 ,a %eph]d1 x is true1 is ne>] to ! skill$ lab\r] ?an a hunt]2 he does n simply take :at nature gives him1 :]e nature puts x2 he keeps ! desir$ objects ( consumption "u 8 own control1 & 8 life is /rong] because m social4 ,e>ly ,african colonization1 z ,adam ,smi? po9t$ out1 0 less successful ?an e>ly ,am]ican1 because ! natives1 be+ %eph]ds & ev5 f>m]s r ?an fi%]m51 7 /rong] 9 _! res\rces & m unit$ ?an ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 s t ! ,european intrud]s 7 n able to displace !m4#ahi ,we %\ld h expect$ ! ,scy?ian1 ,cimbrian1 & ,go?ic invad]s ( anci5t times to h _h a simil> rebuff4 8,b :at r5d]s nations ( %eph]ds s =midable is ! p[] :i* !y possess ( mov+ altoge!r1 & ! necessity !y frequ5tly feel ( ex]t+ ?is p[] 9 se>* ( fre% pa/ure = _! h]ds40#aij ,!y h always 9 _! bre$+ /ock a res]ve ( food = an em]g5cy4 ,! m]e consci\sness t _! mode ( life does n b9d !m to "o place gives !m less anxiety ab\t provid+ = a family4 ,!re=e1 :5 !y exhau/ "o region & beg9 to feel ! p9* ( want1 !y make an arm$ emigration on ! scale ( :ole tribes at once1 = ! occupation ( m fruitful regions1 &1 z a rule1 ! conque/ ( !m by =ce4 ,! law ( _! life is a s]ies ( p]iodical 8/ruggles = exi/5ce0#aia betwe5 "o nation & ano!r1 9 :i* ! fitte/ survive at ! co/ ( a prodigi\s wa/e ( human life4 ,! mild] initial /age ( ?is process is illu/rat$ by ! sep>ation ( ,abram & ,lot 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4#aib ,abram 80 v ri* 9 cattle40 8,lot also _h flocks & h]ds & t5ts4 ,& ! l& 0 n able to be> !m t !y might dwell toge!r1 = _! sub/ance 0 great1 s t !y c\ld n dwell toge!r4 ,& !re 0 a /rife betwe5 ! h]dm5 ( ,abram's cattle & ! h]dm5 ( ,lot's cattle40 ,!y agre$1 !re=e1 to sep>ate1 ,lot *oos+ ! f]tile valley ( ! ,jordan1 ,abram go+ to ! left into ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,migrations ( ! same sort1 m or less peaceable1 are describ$ by mod]n writ]s z ext5d+ ! ,russian p f "t to "t f>!r & f>!r to ! s\? & ea/4#aic ,9 ! in/ances be/ kn[n to hi/ory ! migrations 7 f> f peaceable1 & ! puzzle has be5 to acc\nt = _! recurr5ce4 ,! slaught] ( ! ,g]man b>b>ians by ,m>ius1 ,cs>1 ,drusus1 ,tib]ius1 ,g]manicus did n prev5t ! reappe>ance ( simil> hordes ( invad]s a g5]ation lat]4 ,claudius de/roy$ a qu>t] ( a million ( ,go?s2 ,aurelian & ,probus _h ! same "w to d aga94 ,"u ,diocletian ! b>b>ians1 f9d+ ! conque/ ( ,rome too mu* = !m1 slaught]$ "o ano!r 9 fronti] w>s4 ,no losses seem$ to exhau/ ! p]man5t possibilities ( population 9 ^? qu>t]s4 ,at la/ 9 ! f\r? c5tury 8cl\ds ( b>b>ians seem$ to collect f all p>ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,ga!r+ fre% d>kness & t]ror z !y roll$ on1 ! congregat$ bodies at l5g? obscur$ ! sun ( ,italy & sunk ! ,we/]n _w 9 night40#aid ,:y 7 ! res\rces ( ! ,nor? s inexhau/ible8 ,simply because ! p[] ( increase is inexhau/ible4 ,! ,nor? 0 n1 x is true1 m d5sely peopl$ !n ?an n[4 8,! climate ( anci5t ,g]many has be5 mollifi$ & ! soil f]tiliz$ by ! lab\r ( t5 c5turies f ! "t ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! same ext5t ( gr\nd :i* at pres5t ma9ta9s 9 ease & pl5ty a million ( husb&m5 & artific]s1 0 unable to supply a hundr$ ?\s& lazy w>riors ) ! simple necess>ies ( life4 ,! ,g]mans ab&on$ _! imm5se =e/s to ! ex]cise ( hunt+1 employ$ 9 pa/urage ! mo/ consid]able "p ( _! l&s1 be/[$ on ! small rema9d] a rude & c>eless cultivation1 & !n accus$ ! scant9ess & /]ility ( a c\ntry t refus$ to ma9ta9 ! multitude ( its inhabitants4 ,:5 ! return ( fam9e sev]ely admoni%$ !m ( ! importance ( ! arts1 ! national di/ress 0 sometimes alleviat$ by ! emigration ( a ?ird1 p]haps1 or a f\r? "p ( _! y\?40#aie ,9 %ort1 ! c\ntries 7 m ?an fully peopl$ up to _! actual produce2 &1 ?\gh by agriculture ! actual produce w\ld h be5 made great]1 yet agriculture 0 n ext5d$4 ,! passion ( ! ,g]mans = w9e did n lead !m to plant v9ey>ds by ! ,rh9e & ,danube1 b to rob ! v9tage ( ,italy4 8,pigrum qu9 immo et in]s videtur sudore acquir]e quod possis sangu9e p>>e40#aif ,mal?us supposes t ev5 ! ,m>k sy/em ( l&-hold+1 ) its abs5ce ( cities & its p]iodical r$i/ributions ( l&1 may h sprung f a political motive1 ! fe> ( accu/om+ ! p to a settl$ agricultural life1 & ! desire to make emigration less irksome to !m4#aig ,s long z !re 7 weak] peoples to be plund]$1 ! nor!rn nations might freely d\ble _! numb]s e tw5ty-five ye>s1 or (t5]1 & desc5d aga9 on ,italy & ! ,s\?4 ,only :5 ! :ole 0 occupi$ by _! own p :o 7 n likely to be less /\t = def5ce ?an = conque/1 7 ! hordes =c$ back4 ,n p]haps till gunp[d] 0 inv5t$ 0 ,europe f9ally safe aga9/ !m4 ,long aft] _! la/ inl& invasions1 ! ,norsem5 f\nd _! way by sea to ! %ores ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,gibbon's acc\nt ( ! matt] is1 accord+ to ,mal?us1 sub/antially true4 ,! only flaw is t he ?9ks x necess>y1 9 d5y+ ! great] popul\sness ( ,nor? ,europe 9 anci5t times1 to d5y ! possibility ( a rapid increase ( population4#aih ,! ,g]man p 7 on ! :ole virtu\s & heal?y 9 _! mann]s ( liv+1 &1 ! *ecks to increase be+ ma9ly ! positive ones ( w> & fam9e1 ! increase itself 0 prodigi\s4 ,b ,gibbon is greatly 9 advance ( ,montesquieu1 :o believes ) ,sir ,william ,temple1 ,m>iana1 & ,ma*iavelli1 t ! nor!rn c\ntries 71 z a matt] ( fact1 m d5sely peopl$ !n ?an !y are n[1 & t1 fur!r1 :5 ! ,romans repell$ !m1 a huge multitude 0 driv5 f> nor? & rema9$ !re bid+ its "t4 ,! same 7says ,montesquieu7 happ5$ "u ,*>lemagne1 & w\ld happ5 aga9 if a mod]n pr9ce 7 to make ! same ravages 9 ,europe2 8! nations repuls$ to ! nor?1 back$ aga9/ ! limits ( ! univ]se1 w\ld !re make a firm /&1 till ! mom5t :5 !y w\ld inundate & conqu] ,europe a ?ird "t40#aii ,we are to suppose ^! imm5se multitudes liv+ 8at ! limits ( ! univ]se0 on ice & air = "s hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,if ?is is to answ] to ! "q-begg+ "q1 :y ! ,nor? is less fully peopl$ ?an x once 01 x involves a miracle4 ,b no?+ m sup]natural ?an ord9>y laws is really ne$$ to expla9 ! movem5ts ( pa/oral nations a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!y are ! same t gov]n ! ,t>t>s & ,b$\9s n[4#bjj ,9 ! mod]n nomads1#bja x is true1 ! comp>ative simplicity ( ! circum/ances & ! comp>ative ?or\ghness ( our k ab\t !m1 enable u to see pla9ly t ! local di/ribution ( ! p is 9 /rict accordance ) ! local di/ribution ( ! food1 9 o!r words1 ) 8! quantity ( food ! p c obta9 9 ! actual /ate ( _! indu/ry & habits40 ,we %\ld see ! same ?+ ( ! re/ ( ! _w's inhabitants1 if ! complicat$ comm]ce ( civiliz$ nations did n make x less gross & palpable4 ,! p[] ( ! e>? to support life may be comp>$ ) ! p[] ( a horse to c>ry burd5s4 ,he is /rong 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( 8 weake/ "p1 z a *a9 to ! /r5g? ( its weake/ l9k2 & ! e>?'s p[]s ( n\ri%m5t are great 9 proportion to _! greatness 9 ! wor/ seasons ( ! ye>4#bjb ,aga91 ow+ to imp]fect facilities = di/ribution1 "o "p ( a society may suff] want :5 ano!r is 9 pl5ty4#bjc ,among ! ,t>t>s & ! ,arabs ?is is pla9ly se52 & x is cle>1 too1 h[ ! wa/e ( life f w> n only acts z a direct *eck on population1 b *ecks x indirectly by repress+ productive indu/ry4 ,its fruits w\ld h no *ance ( pres]vation4 8,ev5 ! con/ruction ( a well requires "s funds or lab\r 9 advance1 & w> may de/roy 9 "o day ! "w ( _m mon?s & ! res\rces ( a :ole ye>40#bjd ,:5 once w>like habits h become fix$1 ! two evils1 w> & sc>city1 reproduce & p]petuate "o ano!r4 ,! enc\ragem5ts held out to l>ge families by ! ,mohamm$an religion h a l effect4 8,! promise ( ,p>adise to e man :o _h t5 *ildr5 w\ld b little increase _! numb]s1 ?\gh x might greatly increase _! mis]y40#bje ,x c\ld only increase _! numb]s if x increas$ _! food1 & x c\ld n increase _! food )\t *ang+ _! w>like habits into habits ( indu/ry4 ,fail+ ?is1 x simply creates a con/ant uneas9ess 7?r\gh want & pov]ty7 t multiplies occasions ( w>4 ,=tunately = himself1 ! ,arab (t5 proportions 8 religi\s ob$i5ce to ! ext5t ( 8 res\rces1#bjf & 9 h>d times1 8:5 !re is a pig at h& & no ,koran10 he ?9ks be/ to eat :at ,god has giv5 him4 ,no?+ b increase ( food w p]man5tly increase population1 & :]e !re is food ! increase w rea* up to x4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ,africa t h furni%$ ! ,we/]n slave supplies1 !re has be5 no disc]nible gap f ! 8hundr$ ye>s' exportation ( negroes :i* has black5$ half ,am]ica40#bjg ,ev5 9 ,egypt1 :]e !re is a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 natural f]tility & human le?>gy1 ! cause is n any defici5cy 9 ! pr9ciple ( increase4 ,x is t prop]ty is insecure1 ! gov]nm5t be+ despotic & its exactions indef9ite4 ,x is n ! want ( population t has *eck$ indu/ry1 b ! want ( indu/ry t has *eck$ population2 & x is bad gov]nm5t t has occasion$ ! want ( indu/ry4 8,ignorance & despotism seem to h no t5d5cy to de/roy ! passion :i* prompts to increase1 b !y effectually de/roy ! *ecks to x f reason & =e?\ght4444 ,indu/ry _c exi/ )\t =esight & security2 ! indol5ce ( ! savage is well kn[n1 & ! poor ,egyptian or ,abyss9ian f>m] )\t capital1 :o r5ts l& :i* is let out ye>ly to ! highe/ bidd]1 & :o is con/antly subject to ! dem&s ( 8 tyrannical ma/]s1 to ! casual plund] ( an enemy1 & n unfrequ5tly to ! violation ( 8 mis]able contract1 c h no he>t to be indu/ri\s1 &1 if he _h1 c\ld n ex]cise t indu/ry ) success4 ,ev5 pov]ty itself1 :i* appe>s to be ! great spur to indu/ry1 :5 x has once pass$ c]ta9 limits almo/ ceases to op]ate4 ,! indig5ce :i* is hopeless de/roys all vigor\s ex]tion1 & conf9es ! ef=ts to :at is suffici5t = b>e exi/5ce4#bjh ,x is ! hope ( bett]+ our condition1 & ! fe> ( want r ?an want itself1 t is ! be/ /imulus to indu/ry2 & its mo/ con/ant & be/ direct$ ef=ts w almo/ inv>iably be f\nd among a class ( p above ! class ( ! wret*$ly poor40#bji ,?is passage repeats an idea express$ 9 e book ( ! essay4#baj ,gov]nm5t c ret>d ! increase ( population bo? directly & indirectly1 b c only advance x indirectly1 namely1 by enc\rag+ indu/ry1 m especially agriculture4 ,= example1 indu/ri\s agriculture has made ,*9a capable ( be>+ a great population1 ?\gh o!r causes ( a m equivocal "* h made x exce$ its great capacities1 & its excessive numb]s are cut d[n by fam9e & *ild murd]4#baa ,! ,roman emp]ors f\nd x impossible by legislation to promote ! increase ( ! old ,roman /ock1 because !y f\nd x impossible to re/ore ! old ,roman habits ( indu/ry1 ?\gh believ]s 9 ! sup]ior popul\sness ( anci5t nations us$ to mi/ake _! int5tions = accompli%$ facts4 ,9 ! eighte5?-c5tury dispute ab\t ! popul\sness ( anci5t nations 7"o p>ticul> skirmi% 9 ! g5]al battle ( ! books7 we h se5 t ,mal?us decl>es = ! mod]ns4 ,he gives 8 op9ion 9 deta*$ passages2 b1 putt+ toge!r ! diff]5t p>ts :]ev] we c f9d !m1 we discov] 8 pro( to dep5d on two pr9ciples1 :i* are coroll>ies ( ! prim>y doctr9e ( ! essay4 ,! fir/ is1 t )\t ! ext5sion ( agriculture or ! bett] di/ribution ( its fruits !re c be no increase ( population2#bab ! second is1 t :atev] is unfav\rable to indu/ry is to t ext5t unfav\rable to population4#bac ,n[ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,greece & ,rome#bad ! population ought on ^! pr9ciples to h be5 a l>ge "o1 = n only 0 agriculture actively prosecut$1 b prop]ty & weal? 7 m equally divid$ among ! p ?an 9 lat] times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb]s 7 always up to ! level ( ! res\rces2 & ! smallness ( ! political divisions made law-giv]s l ,solon1 & !ori/s l ,plato & ,ari/otle1 consci\s ( ! risk ( ov]-population & full ( plans to provide aga9/ x4 ,x is "o ( ,ari/otle's criticisms ( ,plato's ,republic t ,plato has n suffici5tly met ?is difficulty1 or realiz$ t a community ( goods or an equal di/ribution ( prop]ty is impossible )\t a limitation ( families4 ,if e "o may h z _m *ildr5 z he pleases1 ! result w soon be pov]ty & s$ition4 ,( ! prev5tive *ecks actually recomm5d$ by ! highe/ wisdom ( ! ,greek _w1 ! milde/ is late m>riages2 ! re/ include exposure & abortion4 ,colonization 0 r adopt$ 9 practice ?an recomm5d$ 9 !ory4 ,frequ5t w>s & occasional plagues 7 ! *ief positive *ecks4 ,9 ,rome ev5 m evid5tly ?an 9 ,greece#bae ! causes t produc$ inequality ( prop]ty l$ also to ?9ness ( population4 ,9 our own days ! absorption ( small proprietors by l>ge w\ld h ?is effect 9 a less degree1 because ! l>ge w\ld ne$ to employ ! lab\r ( ! small4 ,9 ,rome ! lab\r 0 done by slaves2 & ! wond] 0 n t ! numb] ( free citiz5s %\ld decrease1 b t any %\ld exi/ at all1 except ! proprietors4#baf ,yet ! legislation ( ,augu/us 9 fav\r ( m>riage1 & ! univ]sal lam5tation ( ! lat] ,roman writ]s ov] ! ext9ction ( ! old ,roman /ock1 are no m ?an a presumption t ! population 0 decreas+1 n a pro( ( its actual smallness1 :ile ! preval5ce ( w> & infanticide1 s (t5 us$ to prove ! same po9t1 t5d really to d ! opposite4 ,!y are = ! "t positive enc\ragem5ts to m>riage1 = p w n hesitate to br+ *ildr5 into ! _w1 if !y are ei!r free to kill (f ! sup]flu\s or c]ta9 to f9d sad vacancies ready = !m4#bag ,9 ! =m] case1 z we notic$1 p>5tal feel+ w (t5 int]f]e ) ! infanticide1 & save r too _m ?an too few4#bah ,w>s1 on ! o!r h&1 may injure ! quality ( ! population by remov+ ! mo/ /alw>t & ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t m52 b !re is z mu* food z be=e1 !re is m room1 & !re are !re=e m m>riages1 till all ! gaps are fill$1 ev5 to ov]fl[+4#bai ,livy ne$ n h wond]$ t 9 ! ,volscian w>s ! m 7 kill$ ! m seem$ to come on4 ,! l is true ( plague & fam9e2 epidemics1 l ! small-pox1 h nev] p]man5tly less5$ ! population1 ?\gh !y h increas$ ! mortality ( ! infect$ c\ntries4#bbj ,to take only "o in/ance 7f ,sssmil*7--a ?ird ( ! p 9 ,prussia & ,li?uania 7 de/roy$ by ! plague 9 #agaj1 & 9 #agaa ! numb] ( m>riages 0 v ne>ly d\ble ! av]age4#bba ,emigration 9 l mann] may dra9 (f ! be/ blood ( a nation1 b _c r$uce its numb]s = any l5g? ( "t1 unless ! nation is le>n+ a new /&>d ( com=t4 ,greece & ,rome 7 n less popul\s because !y 7 great coloniz]s4#bbb ,! kn[n exi/5ce ( a numb] ( v active *ecks to population1 in/ead ( prov+ t ! population 0 absolutely small1 might m naturally1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 prove x to h be5 absolutely l>ge4 ,x might be argu$ t1 if ! population _h n be5 great1 few] & less pot5t *ecks w\ld h done ! "w4#bbc ,b o!r ?+s 7 n equal4 ,we "k t ! gratuit\s di/ribution ( =eign corn _h ru9$ ,roman husb&ry4#bbd ,we "k t ev5 ! lab\r ( ! slaves :o _h supplant$ ! free lab\r]s ( ,italy _h n be5 suffici5tly 7or suffici5tly well7 direct$ to agriculture4 ,moreov]1 ! increase by m>riage 9 ! numb] ( slaves did n ev5 balance ! decrease 9 ! numb] ( ! free m52 else :y %\ld ! ,romans ne$ to import fre% c>goes ( slaves e ye> f all p>ts ( ! _w8#bbe ,9 %ort1 ! ,roman habits _h become 8unfav\rable to indu/ry1 & !re=e to population40 ,! v necessity = su* a law z ! ,papia ,poppa w\ld indicate a moral depravity inconsi/5t ) habits ( indu/ry4 ,?is /rong argum5t _h escap$ ev5 ,hume1 :o ?\ght t ! p w\ld increase v fa/ "u ! ,peace ( ,trajan & ! ,anton9es1 =gett+ t ! p c\ld n unle>n _! habits 9 s %ort a "t2 unle>n+ is h>d] ?an le>n+1 especially = a :ole p2 &1 8if w>s d n depopulate mu* :5 indu/ry is 9 vig\r1 peace does n increase population mu* :5 indu/ry is langui%+40#bbf ,contr>iwise1 x might be argu$ t ! prev5tion ( *ild-murd] 9 ,india w n cause ov]-population1 :5 x is "p ( a g5]al policy accu/om+ ! p to ,european habits4 ,all[1 !n1 t g5]al vici\sness is inconsi/5t ) g5]al indu/ry1 & x foll[s t ^? anci5t nations 9 :i* ! fir/ prevail$ 7 less popul\s ?an ! mod]n4 ,?is seems to be ! argum5t ( ,mal?us br\ght to a focus4 ,f ! abs5ce ( c5suses1#bbg x is /rictly d$uctive2 !re c\ld n h be5 s _m p z n[1 & !re=e !re 7 n4#bbh ,express$ 9 m te*nical language1 ! mean+ is1 t :]e !re is no?+ pres5t b ! positive *eck & ! l[] k9d ( prev5tive1 ! habits ( ! p are necess>ily su* z to h9d] an increase ( food & !reby ( population4 ,:5 ,europe 0 less civiliz$1 x 0 n m1 b less ?ickly peopl$4#bbi ,?is argum5t seems to be weak5$ by "o consid]ation--t ! poor 9 our day put m into _! idea ( necess>ies2 !y h a high] /&>d ( liv+ ?an ! poor #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,x might !re=e be said ) ju/ice t ov]-population 7a peopl+ beyond ! food7 beg9s mu* soon] ) u ?an ) !m1 = x beg9s at a po9t mu* f>!r remov$ f />vation1 & t !re=e ) ! anci5ts a giv5 am\nt ( food w\ld g f>!r & fe$ m4 ,b1 if we look only to ! poor 9 ea* case1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t /&>d ( com=t & ! mod]n is unhappily mu* small] ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! meagre indu/rial res\rces & our ample ones1 = our p[]s ( production h gr[n f> m rapidly ?an ! com=t ( our lab\r+ population4 ,su* diff]5ce z !re is 9 ! /&>ds is only made possible by moral re/ra9t1 :i* has a clos] aff9ity ) mod]n civilization ?an ) anci5t or m$ival4#bcj ,! hi/ory ( mod]n civilization is l>gely ! hi/ory ( ! gradual victory ( ! ?ird *eck ov] ! two o!rs2 &1 z "o ( ! *ief allies ( ! ?ird has be5 comm]cial ambition1 ! victory ( moral re/ra9t1 by caus+ a l>g] indu/ry1 has caus$ 9 ! end n a small]1 b a l>g] population4#bca ,! increase by be+ def]r$ has be5 made only ! m c]ta9 & p]man5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,mid ,,europe4 ,diff]5t ,effects ( ,comm]cial ,ambition 9 diff]5t ,c\ntries--,no s+le safe ,crit]ion ( ,national ,prosp]ity--,sssmil*'s 8,div9e ,plan0--,mal?us 9 ! ,region ( ,/ati/ics--,8 ,nor!rn ,t\r--,9 ,norway ! tru? br\ght home by ! v nature ( ,place & ,indu/ries--,9 ,sw$5 less obvi\s--,9 ,russia q ignor$--,f\ndl+ ,hospitals indef5sible--,t5d5cy ( ,p to multiply beyond1 up to1 or simply ) ! ,food--,au?or tripp+--,facts ! ,int]pret]s & ! ,int]pret$--,holl&--,! be/ pat] patri--,emigration 9 v>i\s ,aspects--,evid5ce ( ! ,au?or be=e ,emigration ,committee--,switz]l&1 ,/4 ,c]gues & ,leys9--,! pons as9orum ( ! subject4 ,! broad diff]5ce betwe5 a savage & a civiliz$ population is1 t ! positive *ecks prevail 9 ! "o1 ! prev5tive 9 ! o!r1--& betwe5 anci5t & mod]n civilizations1 t vice & mis]y prevail 9 ! "o1 moral re/ra9t 9 ! o!r4#bcb ,yet e civiliz$ nation 9 mod]n times has n only pass$ ?r\gh ^! ?ree /ages 9 ! c\rse ( its pa/ hi/ory1 b conta9s !m all )9 x n[ z a matt] ( obs]vation4 ,its e>ly hi/ory 0 an endeav\r aft] indep5d5ce or b>e life1 its lat] hi/ory an endeav\r aft] full developm5t2 b !re are /rata 9 x to :i* civilization has n desc5d$1 & 9 :i* ! /ruggle = b>e exi/5ce prevails1 alongside ( /rata 9 :i* ! /ruggle is t[>ds ideals ( comm]cial ambition & social p]fection4 ,! view :i* ,mal?us takes ( comm]cial ambition is sub/antially t ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,z soon z comm]ce is sep>at$ f slav]y1 z soon z weal? is a man's own acquisition1 got by ! sweat ( 8 own br[1 !n ! desire ( weal? has a new social aspect4 ,x becomes :at ,adam ,smi? calls 8! natural desire ( e man to bett] 8 own condition20 & z su* x creates mod]n comm]cial society1 z oppos$ bo? to ! anci5t society built ^u slav]y1 & to ! feudal built ^u w>4 ,?is vis m$iatrix reipublic1 ! desire ( ris+ 9 ! _w1 s glorifi$ 9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations#bcc & 9 ! ,essay on ,population1#bcd is really n easy to def9e4 ,x is a v composite motive2 & ! same diff]5ces ( race 7:atev] _! orig971 :i* lead to diff]5ces ( intellect & language also affect a nation's /&>d ( com=t1 z soon z x c be said to h "o4 ,by ! influ5ce ( good climate & mu* int]c\rse ) =eign]s1 along ) advantages ( upbr++1 & p]haps ( race1 a nation ( ,s\!rn ,europe comes to put into its notion ( happ9ess a great _m m elem5ts ?an a nor!rn nation1 :i* has to hew its model out ( mu* poor] mat]ials4 ,! ,norwegian /&>d w be simpl] ?an ! ,p>isian4 ,b !re is m beh9d4 ,! "q is n simply "o ( l & unlike elem5ts1 or ( _m & few elem5ts1 b ( ! treatm5t ( !m by ! human subject4 ,! ,engli% notion ( com=t diff]s f ! ,fr5* 9 its elem5ts1 :i* are probably m 9 numb] z well z o!r 9 quality1 & h a ?ird peculi>ity q di/9ct f ! o!r two1 _! effect on ! habits ( ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,fr5* writ]s h notic$ t ! ,engli% f>m] works h>d = su* an income z w give him ! innum]able little luxuries ( toilet1 d9n]-table1 & draw+-room1 t make up ! ,engli% idea ( com=t1 :ile ! ,fr5* f>m] works h>d t he may be able to buy ano!r f>m4#bce ,! "o lives up to 8 income2 & 9 8 ef=ts to pres]ve x he is ent]pris+ & p]sev]+2 he is always /riv+ to rise to ! class above him4 ,! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 is m cont5t ) 8 position 9 society2 & simply wi%es to make x /rong]1 by ga9+ m prop]ty4 ,8 will+ privations 9 "t ( pl5ty are rew>d$ by 8 secure provision 9 "t ( want2 he has always 8 l& to sell4 ,bo? are mov$ by ! civiliz+ 8desire to bett] "o's own condition02 b x leads 9 ! "o case to simple sav+1 ! old /ock+1 ! piece ( l&1 or ! r5tes1 9 ! o!r to active us+1 ! /eam-pl\gh fir/1 t ! piano & pony-c>riage may foll[ aft]w>ds4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ,m4 ,ta9e's p>adox1 8,! ,engli%man provides = ! future n by 8 sav+s b by 8 exp5ses40#bcf ,if capitaliz+ means us+ z well z sav+1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! ,fr5* & ,engli% divide ! two functions betwe5 !m4 ,?is is :at prev5ts ! economi/ f mak+ any exact pr$ictions ab\t ! effect ( ! vis m$iatrix reipublic4 ,he may1 l ,adam ,smi?1 f9d x do+ good "w 9 ! und]m9+ ( feudalism1#bcg & he may po9t out t at any rate x w\ld make a bett] guide to ! _w ?an milit>y glory1 :i* means unhapp9ess to "o-half ! _w1 & a v m+l$ happ9ess to ! o!r half4 ,b he _c pr$ict its effect on m5 ^: *>act]s are unkn[n to him4 ,he _c ev5 tell :e!r a man is weal?y or n1 till he kn[s :at 8 wants are1 = weal? exi/s to satisfy wants1 wants *ange ) human progress1 ! notion ( weal? exp&s ) civilization1 & ! luxuries ( "o age & "o man are ! necess>ies ( ano!r4 ,x is impossible to treat ?is relative "q z if its conditions 7 absolute1 & to deal ) m5 z we w\ld ) figures on a slate4 ,two & two d n always make f\r 9 su* a case1 b sometimes five1 & frequ5tly only ?ree4 ,a new vi/a ( com=t spread be=e diff]5t m5 may /imulate "o1 spoil ano!r1 & leave a ?ird unmov$4 ,x is n surpris+ !n t ! "q1 8,by :at v>i\s modes is population kept to ! level ( ! food 9 ! /ates ( mod]n ,europe80 is n a simple "o4 ,on "s gr\nds x w\ld seem comp>atively easy to get ! answ]4 ,!re are figures to be _h1 & 9 _m cases a c5sus2 !re is a g5]al simil>ity ( circum/ances :i* produces a g5]al simil>ity ( habits1 &1 !re)1 ( ! movem5ts ( population4 ,b !re is no inv>iable ord] ( mortality & g5]ation4 ,! rates ( bir?s & dea?s are n ! same = all nations2 !y dep5d on ! conduct ( human be+s1 & may diff] n only 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c\ntry4 ,9 ! same way1 we h no s+le /ati/ical crit]ion ( ! heal?y /ate ( a population1 j z x might be said we h no s+le crit]ion ( ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( a c\ntry1 /ill less ( its happ9ess4 ,! two =m] /& to ! la/ z ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,a heal?y population & a prosp]\s trade are p>ts ( ! happ9ess ( a nation1 ?\gh !y d n con/itute ! :ole ( x4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r a nation is happy or n1 we h to take into acc\nt ^! two p>ts ( happ9ess along ) _m o!rs4 ,! p>ts 9 _! turn consi/ ( _m p>ts4 ,we measure ! /ate ( trade n only by imports & exports1 railway1 bank+ & ,cle>+ ,h\se returns1 & ! ga9s ( ! public rev5ue1 b by subscriptions to *ur*es1 *>ities1 & s*ools1 by sav+s banks & b5efit societies1 sales ( books1 pictures1 & luxuries ( all k9ds1 by ! /ate ( workm5's wages1 by ! poor-law returns1 by ! numb] ( m>riages1 emigrants1 & recruits = ! army2 & we c\ld make little use ( mo/ ( ^! figures )\t ! c5sus returns & ! reports ( ! ,regi/r> ,g5]al4 ,9 ! same way1 to measure ! heal?9ess ( a population & asc]ta9 :e!r x is safely "u ! level ( its food1 t5d+ to pass beyond x1 or simply ris+ up to x1 & to asc]ta9 by :at ways & means ! process is go+ on1 we ne$ in/ead ( "o s+le g5]al crit]ion a :ole array ( p>ticul> te/s4 ,x is 9 ! infancy ( /ati/ical sci5ce t m5 yield to appe>ances & 8suppose a great] uni=mity 9 ?+s ?an is actually f\nd !re40#bch ,?is 01 = example1 ! fail+ ( ,johann ,pet] ,sssmil*1 "o ( ! e>lie/ inquir]s into ! movem5ts ( population4 ,a book l ,sssmil*'s _h ! same relation to ! ,essay on ,population z a/rology to a/ronomy1 or al*emy to *emi/ry2 x prep>$ ! way = ! m accurate /udy4 ,sssmil* fir/ publi%$ 8 rese>*es 9 #agfa1 :ile ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 0 /ill 9 progress4 ,he d$icat$ x to ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 z became a patriot & ,*ur* dignit>y2 & entitl$ x1 ,! ,div9e ,plan 9 ! ,*anges ?r\gh :i* ! ,human ,race passes 9 ,bir?1 ,dea?1 & ,m>riage4 ,! ,div9e plan is ! "o set =? 9 ! exhortation to ,noah 9 ,g5esis--! peopl+ ( ! e>?2#bci & ! book tries to %[ ! p>ticul> arrangem5ts by :i* ! plan is c>ri$ out4 ,"o condition is1 he says1 t f]tility be great] ?an mortality2 ! bir?s mu/ exce$ ! dea?s4 ,on an av]age at pres5t ea* m>riage produces f\r *ildr52 & 8! pres5t law ( dea?0 is on an av]age1 tak+ t[n & c\ntry toge!r1 #a 9 #cf2 out ( #cf m5 n[ liv+1 #a mu/ die e ye>4 ,9 ! c\ntry x is f #a 9 #dj to #a 9 #de2 9 ! t[n1 f #a 9 #ch to #a 9 #cb4 ,!re is a ye>ly excess ( bir?s repres5t$ by #a 9 #aj & #e 9 #aj4 ,! increase mu/ h be5 fa/] at fir/ ?an x is n[2 & ! means ,god took to effect ,8 end 9 ea* case 0 ! l5g!n+ & %ort5+ ( human life4 ,9 ! times ( ,me?uselah !re mu/ h be5 a v diff]5t law ( mortality1 p]haps "o dea? 9 a hundr$2 ! l5g? ( life 0 great]2 & probably ! p[] ( p>5tage la/$ long]4 ,! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 might be ab\t tw5ty 9 a family in/ead ( f\r2 & ! d\bl+ ( population w\ld take place 9 t5 or tw5ty ye>s1 in/ead ( z n[ 9 sev5ty or eighty4 ,ant$iluvians 7 long-liv$ because _! long lives 7 ne$$ = ! repl5i%m5t ( ! e>?2 & ! extreme l5g? 0 %ort5$ s soon z ! "t came :5 ! same end c\ld be rea*$ 9 o!r ways4 ,:5 we obs]ve ! rem>kable adaptiv5ess ( man :i* enables him alone among ! creatures#bdj to live 9 any latitude1 & :5 we obs]ve h[ he has be5 pres]v$ :ile _m animals h become ext9ct1 we ne$ h no d\bt t ! repl5i%m5t ( ! e>? 0 really ! ,div9e purpose4 ,x is rem>kable too t1 ?\gh m sons are born ?an daught]s1 dea? equalizes _! numb]s be=e mature life4 ,! 8sy/em0 :i* prevails 9 ! increase ( man is l ! m>* ( a milit>y regim5t1 9 :i* all ! m5 h _! places1 actions1 & acc\trem5ts det]m9$ = !m4 ,! proportion ( sons to daught]s1 & dea?s to bir?s1 ,sssmil* reg>ds z a tol]ably fix$ "o2 ! discov]y ( unexpect$ uni=mities ov]joys him greatly1 & he reg>ds ! man :o fir/ us$ ! ,london bill ( mortality to detect ^! uni=mities z a sort ( /ati/ical ,columbus4 ,9 %ort1 8 book is an economical ,?odice1 a long piece ( pi\s d$uctive reason+2 & x is curi\s to f9d ,g]many produc+ two su* optimi/ic books at a "t :5 x 0 ev5 fur!r f ! mill5nium ?an its neighb\rs4 ,! facts ( ,sssmil*1 ill-sift$ z !y 71 gave ,mal?us a mu* firm] gr\nd ( reason+ ?an ! scanty pat*es ( evid5ce ab\t ! population ( anci5t & b>b>\s nations4 ,he is at la/ 9 ! region ( /ati/ics z oppos$ to conjecture1 & 9 ! region ( ! p]sonal obs]vation & travel ( m5 :o 7 at lea/ ask+ 8 own que/ions4 ,b ! fate ( ! bills ( mortality & o!r records1 9 ! h&s ( ,price & ,wallace1 to say no?+ ( ,petty & ,sssmil*1 %[s h[ important 0 ,mal?us' "w z an int]pret] ( /ati/ics4 ,/ati/ics 7 a novelty 9 8 day4 ,z ,adam ,smi? wrote on ! ,weal? ( ,nations )\t any full /ati/ics ( ! weal?1 & none at all ( ! population1 ( 8 own c\ntry1 ,mal?us wrote 8 fir/ essay :5 !re 0 no c5sus2 &1 = "s "t aft]w>ds1 s comp>atively isolat$ 7 ! nations ( ,europe1 t to be at all c]ta9 ( 8 facts1 an au?or ne$$ to v]ify & collect !m by j\rney+ 9 p]son1 & see+ ! sc5es ) 8 own eyes4 ,?is ess5tial "w ( an inve/igator ,mal?us did n leave undone2 & 8 *apt]s on ! /ate ( population 9 mod]n ,european nations are to a l>ge ext5t a record ( 8 own obs]vations4 ,he w5t = a summ] trip 9 #agii ) ?ree college fri5ds1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,cl>ke1 ,mr4 ,cripps1 & ,mr4 ,ott]1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,*i*e/]4 ,!y w5t by ,hamburg to ,sw$51 & !re ! p>ty broke up into two1 ,cl>ke & 8 pupil ,cripps go+ f>!r nor?1 ,ott] & ,mal?us go+ on ?r\gh ,norway to visit ,f9l& & ,/4 ,pet]sburg4#bda ,^! 7 ! only ,european c\ntries :]e ,engli% travell]s c\ld easily make _! way 9 ^? ye>s4#bdb ,9 #ahjb he saw ,france & ,switz]l&1#bdc b seems n to h left ! k+dom aga9 till #ahbe1 :5 ! j\rney 0 tak5 = ! sake ( 8 wife's heal?1 on ! dea? ( "o ( 8 *ildr51 & he 0 little 9 ! mood = inve/igations4 ,! t\rs ( #agii & #ahjb are ! only ones t h left sub/antial traces on 8 economical "w4#bdd ,9 all 8 travels he f\nd ! =eign] z ignorant z ! ,engli%man on ! subject ( population4 ,only twice did he he> ! tru? exp\nd$ to him2 9 ,norway dur+ 8 fir/ t\r1 & 9 ,switz]l& dur+ 8 second4 ,9 ! latt] case ! enlight5m5t 0 conf9$ to "o individual2 b 9 ! =m] ! :ole nation 0 wise4 ,:ile ! ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5t 0 cont9ually cry+ = m p1 & try+ to 8enc\rage population10 ! ,norwegian ,gov]nm5t & p seem$ to h und]/ood t ! fir/ "q mu/ be1 8,are !re means to fe$ m p80 ,if n1 !n we multiply ! nation )\t increas+ ! joy4 ,( c\rse !re are cases :]e we might ?9 d[n ! nation & /ill less increase ! joy4 ,m]e scant9ess ( numb]s is no advantage to a nation1 any m ?an fewness ( wants to an individual2 x may mean a l[ /ate ( civilization1 9 bo? cases4 ,x is n by any means s good = a c\ntry to be wa/$ by a pe/il5ce z to be op5$ up by a new trade4 ,! d5s] ! population1 ! bett]2--s says ,mal?us himself2--b1 he adds1 let x be a population ( /rong1 com=table citiz5s1 or let u /& by ! small numb]s & ! sl[ increase4 ,look n[ at ,norway4#bde ,if we 7 deal+ ) unciviliz$ times "u ! reign ( positive *ecks1 we %\ld expect an ov]fl[+ population1 a l>ge body ( poor1 & 9 times ( sc>city a great deal ( di/ress4 ,!re _h be5 no w>s = half a c5tury1 ! cold climate kept away epidemics1 & :at else 0 left b fam9e to keep d[n ! population to ! limits ( ! food8 ,vice 0 n tak5 into ! s]vice1 & emigration 0 seldom practis$ !n 9 ^! regions4 ,b ,mal?us visit$ ! c\ntry 9 "o ( ! h>de/ ye>s ev] kn[n 9 ,europe1 #agii1 & f\nd ! ,norwegians 8we>+ a face ( pl5ty & cont5t1 :ile _! neighb\rs ! ,sw$es appe>$ to be />v+40#bdf ,he f\nd ! dea?-rate l[] 9 ,norway ?an 9 any c\ntry 9 ,europe4#bdg ,! population1 h[ev]1 0 h>dly increas+ at all2 & ! proportion ( m>riages to ! :ole numb]s ( ! p 0 small] ?an 9 any c\ntry except ,switz]l&4#bdh ,! positive *eck 0 l>gely sup]s$$ by ! prev5tive4 ,! virtue ( =esight1 he says1 is else:]e =c$ ^u ! upp] classes by ! smallness ( _! circle & ! fewness ( op5+s 9 bus9ess or pr(essions2 9 ,norway x is =c$ ^u all classes alike by ! evid5t smallness ( ! c\ntry's res\rces1 & by ! peculi>ities ( ! national indu/ry4 ,!re is almo/ no v>iety ( occupation or division ( lab\r4 ,! humbl] classes are almo/ all 8h\sem50 7husmnd71 lab\r]s1 :o receive f a f>m] 9 quasi-feudal fa%ion a small h\se & a little piece ( l& 9 return = occasional lab\r on 8 fields4 ,9 o!r c\ntries m5 may easily fall into ! fallacy ( cr$it+ ! :ole ( ! l& ) a great] p[] ( support+ p ?an ! p[] possess$ by ! sum ( its p>ts4 ,9 ! great t[ns ( ,c5tral ,europe a man has p]haps "s excuse = tru/+ to ! *apt] ( accid5ts2 9 ! great v>iety ( occupations he may h "s excuse = ?9k+ !re w surely be a vacancy = him1 & he may 8e'en take ,peggie40 ,norway1 h[ev]1 is to manufactur+ c\ntries :at ! c\ntry di/ricts else:]e are to ! t[ns else:]e4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts an excess ( population _c be hidd51 & ! sup]fluities mu/ g to ! t[ns4 ,^? :o m>ry1 !re=e1 :5 !re is no vacancy = !m1 d s ) ! alt]natives ( pov]ty or migration cle>ly be=e _! eyes4 ,9 ,norway e peasant1 n to say e f>m]1 kn[s q c]ta9ly :e!r !re is an op5+ = him or n1 &1 if !re is n1 he _c m>ry4#bdi ,! conditions ( ! problem 7 9 ?is way simplifi$1 & ! problem itself 0 satisfactorily answ]$4 ,! only di/ricts :]e ,mal?us saw signs ( pov]ty 7 on ! coa/1 :]e ! p live by fi%+2 ! op5+s = a fi%]man are n s di/9ctly limit$ 9 _! numb]s z ! op5+s = a f>m]4 ,"t has unit$ ,norway & ,sw$5 "u "o k+ 7#ahad71 & ,sw$5 n[ pres5ts no unfav\rable contra/ ) ,norway4 ,ev5 9 #ahbe ,mal?us wrote#bej t ! progress ( agriculture & indu/ry1 & ! practice ( vacc9ation1 _h caus$ a /eady & heal?ful increase ( population s9ce #ahje4 ,he w\ld be pleas$ to f9d too by ! c5sus t ! population ( ,norway _h increas$ v greatly 9 proportion to its poor4 ,! improvem5t cont9ues4 ,! paup]s 7 ab\t "o p] c5t4 ( ! population 9 #ahfi 7:5 !y 7 ne>ly five p] c5t4 9 ,engl&71 :i* seems to h meant a decrease f previ\s ye>s2#bea b betwe5 #ahfe & #ahge ! population _h increas$ f\rte5 p] c5t4 9 spite ( consid]able emigration4#beb ,mal?us w\ld h recogniz$ ) satisfaction t ! nation _h be5 8ei!r increas+ ! quantity or facilitat+ ! di/ribution0 ( its food1#bec t is to say1 improv+ ei!r its agriculture or its manufactures4 ,x has really done bo?4 ,?\gh ! gr[? ( ! population has be5 great] 9 ! c5tres ( manufacture1 !re has be5 progress also 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,_m ( ! old cu/oms & laws t hamp]$ agriculture h ceas$ to exi/4#bed ,mal?us himself says t1 if ,gov]nm5t w\ld remove h9drances to agriculture1 & spread s\nd k ab\t x1 x w\ld d m = ! population ( ! c\ntry ?an by e/abli%+ five hundr$ f\ndl+ hospitals4#bee ,he ne$ n h conf9$ 8 recomm5dation to agriculture2 & else:]e he /ates ! tru? 9 broad] t]ms3 8,! true enc\ragem5t to m>riage is ! high price ( lab\r1 & an increase ( employm5ts :i* require to be suppli$ ) prop] h&s40#bef ,remove h9drances to trade & spread s\nd k ( x--t 79 8 view7 is ! way to increase ! quantity & facilitate ! di/ribution ( ! products ( agriculture2 &1 to judge by results1 ! ,norwegian ,gov]nm5t has foll[$ x4 ,sw$51#beg z x !n 01 furni%$ a /rik+ contra/ to ,norway4 ,mal?us _h ! advantage !re ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ regul> ( ,european c5suses1 beg9n+ ) ! ye> #agdh1 & cont9u$ at int]vals fir/ ( ?ree & !n ( five ye>s4 ,he f\nd t !re 0 a l>ge mortality1 ?\gh ! conditions ( life 7 sup]ficially ! same z 9 ,norway4 ,! only explanation he c\ld see 0 t ! size & %ape ( ! c\ntry1 z well z its mode ( gov]nm5t1 did n s =cibly br+ home to ! p ! ne$ ( re/ra9t z 9 ,norway1 :ile at ! same "t ! h9drances to good f>m+ 7 ev5 m s]i\s ?an 9 ! small] c\ntry4 ,f ! v contiguity & g5]al simil>ity ( ! two c\ntries1 !y prov$ ,mal?us' po9t1 by ! ,me?od ( ,diff]5ce1 almo/ z well z a delib]ate exp]im5t c\ld h done4 ,x 0 n t ,norway _h an absolutely small & ,sw$5 an absolutely l>ge population2 consid]ations ( absolute greatness or smallness nev] ent] into ?is1 if into any1 economical "q4 ,b ,norway _h a mod]ately l>ge population 9 proportion to h] food1 :ile ,sw$5 _h 9 ! same reg>d an excessive population1 a population :i* 0 sp>ely f$ ev5 9 av]age ye>s1 & decimat$ by fam9e & disease 9 ye>s bel[ ! av]age4 ,russia1#beh :i* 0 ! ?ird sc5e ( ,mal?us' travels1 _h ?is 9 common ) ,norway & ,sw$51 t ! movem5t ( its population 0 unlike t ( ,c5tral ,europe1 & t ! ecc5tricity 0 due to a cle>ly def9able cause4 ,9 ,norway ! %ape & climate ( ! c\ntry & ! fewness ( ! available occupations =c$ ! ,gov]nm5t & ! p to re/ra9 r ?an to enc\rage ! increase ( numb]s2 9 ,sw$51 "u conditions less simple1 ! habits ( ! p conspir$ ) a false policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t to produce an excessive increase4 ,9 bo? cases we h some?+ diff]5t f ! typical mod]n society ( ,c5tral ,europe1 ) its full division ( lab\r1 its sy/em ( l>ge factories1 & its ext5sive sub/itution ( ma*9]y = h& lab\r4 ,russia 0 z old-fa%ion$ z ,norway & ,sw$5 9 ?is respect2 & h] physical va/ness made h] a difficult c\ntry to "k1 9 ^! days ( sl[ communication4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! /ati/ics available 9 ! days ( ,mal?us 7 op5 to grave suspicion4 ,! dea?-rate 0 giv5 z #a 9 #fj1 :ile 9 ,norway itself x _h n be5 l[] ?an #a 9 #dh1 & x is ab\t #a 9 #ec 9 ,engl& n[1 yet ! numb] ( m>riages & ( bir?s & ! size ( families 7 no small] ?an else:]e4#bei ,^! facts by !mselves w\ld simply sugge/ a great rate ( increase go+ on 9 ! c\ntry conc]n$2 & ,mal?us all[s t !re is great scope = su* 9 ,russia4 ,b !re 0 "o o!r fact t /r5g!n$ 8 d\bts ab\t ! vital /ati/ics ( t c\ntry2 contr>y to ! exp]i5ce ( all o!r c\ntries1 x 0 said t 9 ,russia m wom5 7 born ?an m54 ,9 o!rs1 m m5 are born ?an wom51 & ! numb]s are only equaliz$ gradually1 by ! great] risks ( mascul9e life1 z ! ye>s g on4 ,9 ,sw$51 ) a climate n mild] ?an ,russia1 ?is _h long be5 obs]v$4#bfj ,x turn$ out on inquiry t ! ,russian me?od ( regi/ration all[$ loopholes = m omissions 9 ! dea?s ?an 9 ! bir?s4 ,public in/itutions1 includ+ hospitals & prisons1 _h be5 left out ( acc\nt2 & ! dea?s 9 ! f\ndl+ hospitals 7 alone q suffici5t to alt] ! av]age v significantly = ! worse4 ,mal?us' hatr$ ( ,f\ndl+ hospitals is only equall$ by 8 dislike ( ,poor laws4 ,! idea ( su* in/itutions 01 l t ( ,pitt's ,poor ,bill1 purely philan?ropic4 ,!y 7 8to enri* ! c\ntry f ye> to ye> ) an increas+ numb] ( heal?y1 active1 & indu/ri\s burgh]s10#bfa t w\ld o!rwise be doom$ to dea? soon aft] bir?4 ,x us$ to be said ( ! b\nty1 grant$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 on slaught]$ snakes1 t x really kept up ! supply1 = ! natives br$ !m to cat* ! b\nty4 ,! f\ndl+ hospitals _h an opposite effect4 ,!y 7 meant to multiply & !y t5d$ to de/roy4 ,!y enc\rag$ a "m to des]t h] *ild at ! precise "t x ne$$ ! m9ute & c>eful att5tion t only a "m c give4 8,x is n to be d\bt$ t1 if ! *ildr5 receiv$ into ^! hospitals _h be5 left to ! managem5t ( _! p>5ts1 tak+ ! *ance ( all ! difficulties 9 :i* !y might be involv$1 a mu* great] proportion ( !m w\ld h rea*$ ! age ( manhood & h become useful memb]s ( ! /ate40#bfb ,b1 besides increas+ ! mortality ( *ildr51 !y injure ! v 8ma9spr+ ( population0#bfc by disc\rag+ m>riage & enc\rag+ irregul>ities4 ,9 8 talks ) 8 fa!r1 ,mal?us _h no d\bt discuss$ ! propriety ( ,r\sseau's conduct 9 s5d+ 8 *ildr5 to ! ,p>is ,f\ndl+ ,hospital4 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly h decl>$ aga9/ ,r\sseau4 ,to ^? :o argue t ! f\ndl+ basket may prev5t *ild-murd]1 he answ]s t an occasional murd] f 8false 8 %ame0 is sav$ at a v de> price by ! violation ( 8! be/ & mo/ useful feel+s ( ! human he>t10 :i* ! exi/5ce ( su* an in/itution tea*es to ! poor4 ,to relieve p>5ts ( ! c>e ( _! *ildr5 is bad = ! p>5ts1#bfd because x takes away f !m a responsibility ess5tial to full citiz5%ip & civiliz+ 9 its effects on human "*2--& x is unju/ to _! fell[-citiz5s1 because1 l ! ,poor ,laws1 x relieves "o portion ( society 79 ?is case r ! wor/ ?an ! poore/7 at ! exp5se ( all ! re/1 & f9ds a c>e] = paup] appr5tices to ! prejudice ( indep5d5t workm5 & _! *ildr54#bfe ,9 ! ?ird place1 l ! ,poor ,laws1 x promises an impossibility--to relieve all t come4 ,if *ildr5 are to be receiv$ )\t limit1 ! res\rces = ma9ta9+ !m %\ld be )\t limit2 o!rwise an excessive mortality is q unavoidable4#bff ,! second reason is no d\bt an economical commonplace2 x is ! fir/ & ?ird t are mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,mal?us4 ,he nev] =gets t human wants & human wills are an elem5t 9 e economical ph5om5on1 & !re=e consid]s t ! effects ( "* on actions & ( actions on "* are ( great economical importance4 ,he w n all[ t x c be "r1 ev5 = a ,gov]nm5t1 to make promises t _c be p]=m$4 ,^! two pla9 pr9ciples give ! tone to ! lat] *apt]s1 :]e he int]prets = u ! comp>atively full /ati/ics ( ,c5tral ,europe & our own ,engl&4#bfg ,! law ( population may be describ$ 7?\gh n 9 ! exact words ( ,mal?us7 z among savage peoples ! t5d5cy to increase beyond ! food1 & among civiliz$ to increase up to x4 ,s ,pr(essor ,rog]s f\nds 8 e/imate ( ! numb]s ( ! ,engli% p 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies on ! pr9ciple t 8!re 7 g5]ally z _m p exi/+ 9 ?is c\ntry z !re h be51 on an av]age1 qu>t]s ( :eat to fe$ !m )40#bfh ,9 ! case ( highly progressive mod]n nations su* /atem5ts w\ld be beyond ! tru?2 & we mu/ ei!r say t !y t5d to increase n beyond b along ) ! food1 or else we mu/ def9e food itself v widely4 ,9 ! fir/ case 8t5d5cy0 w mean ! ab/ract possibility dep5d+ on ! "o physiological condition2 9 ! o!rs x is ! concrete nett possibility dep5d+ on all ! v>i\s conditions toge!r4 ,9 a g5]al preface to 8 *apt]s on ,c5tral ,europe1 ,mal?us q recognizes ^! di/9ctions & w>ns u aga9/ exact /atem5ts4 8,x seldom happ5s10 he says1 8t ! increase ( food & ( population is uni=m2 & :5 ! circum/ances ( a c\ntry are v>y+ ei!r f ?is cause or f any *ange 9 ! national habits ) respect to prud5ce & cleanl9ess1 x is evid5t t a proportion :i* is true at "o p]iod w n be at ano!r4 ,no?+ is m difficult ?an to lay d[n rules on ?is subject t d n admit ( exceptions40#bfi ,aft] ?is x is h>d to believe :at he tells u else:]e1 t 8! only crit]ion ( a real & p]man5t increase 9 ! population ( any c\ntry is ! increase ( ! means ( subsi/5ce40#bgj ,x w\ld be at be/ a negative crit]ion & s9e qu non1--!re c be no increase ( numb]s )\t increase ( food1--?\gh ev5 !n x is n true ( a 8=c$ population10 liv+ d[n to a l[] food4#bga ,b !re cle>ly may be an increase ( food )\t an increase ( numb]s1 unless ! "* ( ! p is su* t !y d no?+ ) ! food except increase by x4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh1 )9 c]ta9 wide limits fix$ = u by inv>iable qualities ( human nature1 pr$ictions are ju/ifiable on ! gr\nd ( ! law ( population#bgb or any o!r economical laws1 none t specify a p>ticul> c\rse ( action z a result ( a p>ticul> ev5t are tru/wor?y1 till we "k ! "* ( ! p conc]n$4#bgc ,mal?us always tries to be> ?is 9 m9d2 &1 :5 he tells u t ! li/s ( bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s 9 ,mid ,europe give m in=mation ab\t its int]nal economy ?an ! obs]vations ( ! wise/ travell]s1#bgd he is at once int]pret+ ^? figures 9 ! light ( a pr9ciple1 & int]pret+ ! pr9ciple by means ( ! figures4 ,?is appe>s :5 we look at ! f\r *ief conclusions ( ! g5]al *apt] 9 "q4 ,! fir/ is ! proposition t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our indu/rial civilization ! m>riages dep5d v closely on ! dea?s1 & ! bir?s on ! m>riages4#bge ,montesquieu says t :]ev] !re is room = two p]sons to live com=tably a m>riage w c]ta9ly take place4#bgf ,9 old c\ntries exp]i5ce is usually aga9/ any sure expectation ( ! means ( support+ a family2 ! place = a new m>riage is only made by ! dissolution ( an old4 ,z a rule !re=e ! numb] ( annual m>riages is regulat$ by ! numb] ( annual dea?s4 8,dea? is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! enc\ragem5ts to m>riage10#bgg :ile on ! o!r h& ! m>riages are a frequ5t cause ( ! dea?s4 ,9 almo/ e c\ntry !re is too great a frequ5cy ( m>riages1 :i* causes z x 7 a =c$ mortality4 ,:i* ( ^! two mutual influ5ces is ! m p[]ful dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,9 la/ c5tury ! proportion ( annual m>riages to inhabitants 0 9 ,holl& g5]ally z #a 9 #ajg or #ajh4 ,b 9 tw5ty-two ,dut* villages x 0 z #a 9 #fd4 ,sssmil* expla9$ ?is anomaly by ! numb] ( new trades 9 ,holl& & ! new op5+s = workm54 ,mal?us w\ld n h d5i$ ?is possibility1 8 />tl+ p>adox ab\t dea? be+ only a p>ticul> case ( ! g5]al pr9ciple t 8! high price ( lab\r is ! real enc\ragem5t to m>riage40#bgh ,b 9 ?is case ! explanation ought to h appli$ to all ,holl& if to any "p ( x4 ,! real reason came out :5 ,mal?us obs]v$ t ! mortality1 :i* 0 z #a 9 #cf 9 ,holl& g5]ally1 0 z #a 9 #bb 9 ^? villages4 ,! additional m>riages did n really increase ! population4 ,!y 7 caus$ by ! high numb] ( dea?s :i* provid$ op5+s = ! liv+2 & ! high numb] ( dea?s 0 caus$ by ! unheal?9ess ( ! region & ( its prevail+ indu/ries1 :i* 7 manufactur+ r ?an agricultural4 ,! *oice 9 e l>ge population is betwe5 hav+ _m lives :i* end soon1 & few :i* la/ long4 ,great] heal?9ess 9 ! conditions ( life w result 9 ! latt]4 ,we f9d z a matt] ( fact t1 :]e !re has be5 ! sanit>y improvem5t z well z simply ! 8repl5i%m5t0 ( an old c\ntry1 ! m>riage rate goes d[n at ! exp5se ( ! dea?-rate1 & !re is an economy ( human life & suff]+4 ,putt+ ! p>ts ( 8 exposition toge!r1 we get some?+ l a d$uctive s*eme ( ! gr[? ( population 9 old c\ntries "u an indu/rial revolution l t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! discov]y ( new m9]als1 & ev5 7) "s qualifications7 ( ! inv5tion ( new ma*9es1 is to provide new employm5t = work+ m51 & _m new opportunities = m>riage2 ! proportion ( m>riages !re=e becomes at once great] )\t any alt]ation 7f ?is cause at lea/7 9 ! dea?-rate4 ,b1 :5 ! fir/ bur/ ( progress has pass$1 & ! succe$+ improvem5t is n by leaps & b\nds1 b at a uni=m rate1 !n ! proportion ( m>riages w decrease1 z ! new situations are fill$ up & !re is no m room = an increas+ population4 ,once ! c\ntry is really 8old0 9 ! s5se ( fully peopl$ & unprovid$ ) new s\rces ( employm5t1 !n ! m>riages w be regulat$ pr9cipally by ! dea?s1 & 7! habits ( ! p rema9+ ! same7 w be> mu* ! same proportion to ea* o!r at "o "t z at ano!r4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 exactly ! same proportion = all old c\ntries1 simply because ! habits & /&>ds ( liv+ are diff]5t1 to say no?+ ( heal?9ess or unheal?9ess ( climate & occupation4 ,= simil> reasons x is n ! same = t[ns z = c\ntry di/ricts4#bgi 8,a g5]al measure ( mortality = all c\ntries tak5 toge!r0 w\ld be useless if procurable2 b x _c be procur$4#bhj ,habits1 h[ev]1 are suffici5tly fix$ to make u c]ta9 t 8any direct enc\ragem5ts to m>riage mu/ be accompani$ by an increas$ mortality40#bha ,!y spur a will+ horse4 ,montesquieu & ,sssmil*1 al?\gh !y bo? enl>ge on ! evils ( ov]-population1 /ill ?9k x a /atesman's duty to be1 l ,augu/us & ,trajan1 ! fa!r ( 8 p by enc\rag+ _! m>riages4 ,b1 if _m m>riages mean _m dea?s1 ! pr9ces or /atesm5 :o %\ld really succe$ 9 ?is patriotic policy might m ju/ly be call$ ! de/roy]s ?an ! fa!rs ( _! p4#bhb ,if ,mal?us _h be5 ask$ h[ a pr9ce c\ld be/ become a real pat] patri1 he w\ld h nam$ two or ?ree ways4 ,! pr9ce might direct 8 m9d to ! improvem5t ( indu/ry1 especially ( agriculture4#bhc ,he might circulate news & k on ^! subjects2#bhd or1 z we %\ld say n[1 he might in/itute agricultural exhibitions1 & regul> agricultural /ati/ics ( home & =eign production4 ,he w\ld 9 ?is way increase ! population by help+ to increase ! food4 ,9 ! second place1 he might b5efit trade ev]y:]e by giv+ x ! security ( good gov]nm5t & imp>tial ju/ice1 a peaceful =eign policy & light taxation4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 he might1 toge!r ) all ^!1 enc\rage ,emigration4 ,mal?us devotes a special *apt] ( ! essay to ?is subject2 &1 ?\gh ! *apt] is 9 a lat] "p ( 8 "w 7,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 iv4#bhe71 ?is seems ! be/ place to t\* on ! subject4 ,emigration1 he says1 is1 ap>t f political di/9ctions1 ! same ?+ z migration2 &1 if x is economically good = a man to g f a poor l& at 8 door to a ri* 9 ! next c\nty1 x _c be economically bad = him to g f a poor di/rict ( 8 own c\ntry to a ri* across ! sea4 ,! m]e l5g? ( ! j\rney or ! diff]5ce ( latitude does n affect ! economical nature ( ! *ange4 ,economical motives1 h[ev]1 h come v late 9 all ! great ,european emigrations4 ,x 0 n ! desire ( f9d+ room = ! ov]-cr[d$ families at home1 b desire ( ! metal gold1 or else x 0 ! simple love ( adv5ture1 or ambition ( conque/1 t fir/ s5t ! ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 ,engli%1 & ,dut* to ! f> ,ea/ & f> ,we/4#bhf 8,^! passions enabl$ ! fir/ adv5tur]s to triumph0 ov] ob/acles t w\ld h det]r$ quiet indu/rial emigrants1 8b 9 _m in/ances 9 a way to make humanity %udd]1 & to defeat ! v end ( emigration4 ,:atev] may be ! "* ( ! ,spani% inhabitants ( ,mexico & ,p]u at ! pres5t mom5t1 we _c read ! acc\nts ( ! fir/ conque/s ( ^! c\ntries )\t feel+ /rongly t ! race de/roy$ 01 9 moral wor? z well z numb]s1 sup]ior to ! race ( _! de/roy]s40 ,! settl]s t foll[$ on ! heels ( ^! pione]s1 ?\gh !y 7 m l real emigrants1 w5t unskilfully to "w4 ,!y seem$ to expect t 8! moral & me*anical habits0 :i* suit$ ! old c\ntry w\ld suit ! new1#bhg & ev]y?+ w\ld g on z x did at home4 ,at fir/ !re=e !re w\ld be a r$undant population#bhh 9 ! new c\ntry r ?an 9 ! old1 =1 h[ev] great ! possible produce ( ! colony1 ! actual produce w\ld be less ?an ! wants ( ! new-com]s on _! fir/ arrival4 ,to all ?is mu/ be add$ ! fact t1 ?\gh economically a f> & a ne> place are alike1 !y are v diff]5t to ! s5tim5ts ( m54 ,patriotism is no fault1 & ! break+ ( home ties is a real evil to ! individuals1 h[ev] b5eficial ! emigration may be to ! nation4 ,m5 are sl[ to move1 n only f ! unc]ta9 prospects ( success1 b f t vis in]ti 9 man :i* is always c\nt]act+ ! vis m$iatri ( comm]cial ambition4 ,9 addition1 !re=e1 to ! m]e uneas9ess ( pov]ty & ! desire ( gett+ a liv+1 !re is ne$ ( "s _s ( ent]prise1 to make m5 will+ & successful emigrants4#bhi ,^? :o felt di/ress mo/ w\ld (t5 h be5 ! mo/ helpless 9 a new c\ntry2 !y ne$$ lead]s :o 7 8urg$ by ! _s ( av>ice or ent]prise1 or ( religi\s or political discont5t1 or 7 furni%$ ) means & support by ,gov]nm5t20 o!rwise1 8:atev] degree ( mis]y !y might suff] 9 _! own c\ntry f ! sc>city ( subsi/5ce1 !y w\ld be absolutely unable to take possession ( any ( ^? uncultivat$ regions ( :i* !re is su* an ext5t on ! e>?40 ,emigration !n 7accord+ to ,mal?us7 is n likely to happ5 unless political discont5t & extreme pov]ty h br\ght ! emigrants to su* a plight t x is bett] = _! c\ntry z well z = !mselves t !y %\ld g4 8,!re are no fe>s s totally ill-gr\nd$ z ! fe>s ( depopulation f emigration40#bij ,emigration is n ev5 a cure = an ov]-population2 & is mu* recomm5d$ only because little adopt$4 ,gaps made 9 ! population ( old c\ntries are soon fill$ up2 room f\nd 9 ! new is soon occupi$4 ,if emigration is propos$ z a means ( secur+ an absolutely unre/rict$ increase ( population by plac+ old c\ntries 9 ! position ( new colonies1 ! hope w be soon & = ev] cut (f4#bia ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 ,mal?us _h an opportunity ( expla9+ 8 views on ?is subject to an audi5ce ( /atesm54 ,he appe>$ z a witness be=e ! ,select ,committee#bib ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 8to inquire into ! exp$i5cy ( enc\rag+ emigration f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom10 & 8 influ5ce is traceable 9 _! ,reports4 ,!y report$#bic t !re _h be5 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom a 8r$undant population10 9 ,irel& agricultural1 9 ,scotl& & ,engl& manufactur+2 t "o cause ( x _h be5 ! unavoidable displacem5t ( h& lab\r by ma*9]y2#bid t mean:ile ! ,briti% colonies 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia _h few m5 & pl5ty ( l&1 & t x w\ld b5efit ! :ole empire if p>i%es c\ld conv]t _! probable or actual paup]s into emigrants1 always provid$ t ! rema9+ population c\ld be induc$ n to gr[ s fa/ z to fill ! :ole gap ?us creat$4#bie 8,! te/imony0 7said ! ,committee 9 _! ?ird ,report#bif7 8:i* 0 uni=mly giv5 by ! practical witnesses has be5 confirm$ 9 ! mo/ absolute mann] by t ( ,mr4 ,mal?us1 & y\r ,committee _c b express _! satisfaction at f9d+ t ! exp]i5ce ( facts is ?us /r5g!n$ ?r\gh\t by g5]al reason+ & sci5tific pr9ciples40 ,!y 7 m dispos$ ?an _! witness himself to a priori reason+1 & 9 _m ( _! lead+ que/ions he decl9$ to foll[ !m4#big ,b he agre$ ) _! ma9 conclusions1 all[+ t "u c]ta9 conditions x w\ld be ev5 a f9ancial advantage to remove unemploy$ workm5 to ! colonies r ?an suff] !m to become paup]s at home1 & add+1 t1 if he 0 aga9/ ! admission ( any legal claim to relief 9 ord9>y cases ( paup]ism1 /ill m w\ld he be aga9/ x :5 ! paup] _h be=e him ! alt]native ( assi/$ emigration4#bih ,8 own view ( emigration _h n *ang$ s9ce he wrote 9 #ahjc4 ,x 0 to him a p>tial rem$y2 & x is m useful :5 spontane\sly adopt$ by ! p#bii ?an :5 press$ on !m by _! ,gov]nm5t4 ,"u ! torture ( ! "q he conc$$ no m4#cjj ,z a tempor>y exp$i5t1 ! essay tells u1#cja 8) a view to ! m g5]al cultivation ( ! e>? & ! wid] ext5sion ( civilization1 x seems to be bo? useful & prop]10 & is to be enc\rag$1 or at lea/ n prev5t$1 by ,gov]nm5ts4 ,all dep5ds on ! rate ( wages4 ,if wages 7 high en\gh to enable p to live ) :at !y c\nt$ reasonable com=t at home1 we may be sure _! dome/ic & patriotic ties w\ld be /rong en\gh to keep !m !re4 ,! compla9t t emigration raises wages is mo/ unreasonable4 ,at ! utmo/ x prev5ts wages f fall+ too l[1 & helps to heal ! mis*ief caus$ by fluctuations 9 trade4 ,we %all f9d at a lat] /age t ,mal?us is ke5ly aw>e ( ! unhapp9ess caus$ 9 mod]n indu/rial societies by *anges 9 ! dem& = goods1 occurr+ ev5 9 ! natural 7or un9t]rupt$7 c\rse ( trade4 ,a movem5t 9 fav\r ( emigration 9 #ahjf & #ahjg l$ him to ins]t a p>agraph 9 ! f\r? edition ( 8 essay :i* expla9s ! relation ( emigration to ^! *anges4 ,he accepts ! /atem5t ( ,adam ,smi?1 t 8! dem& = m51 l t = any o!r commodity1 necess>ily regulates ! production ( m520#cjb b he adds 7z ,cairnes add$ lat]7 t x takes "s little "t to br+ m lab\r into ! m>ket :5 !re is dem& = x1 & "s little "t to *eck ! supply :5 once x has begun to fl[4#cjc ,a family may be re>$ to cat* high wages1 & ! high wages may h gone be=e ! family has arriv$ at maturity4 ,mal?us di/+ui%es betwe5 a normal or slight 8oscillation0 ( ?is k9d1 & an excessive r$undancy caus$ by an unusual /imulus to production--! /imulus1 = example1 ( ! =eign w>s & ! =eign trade ( ! ye>s be=e ,wat]loo4 ,9 ! normal case we mu/ submit to ! inevitable2 9 ! exceptional we may f9d an outlet 9 emigration4 ,no d\bt1 ev5 if !re be no emigration1 9 ! long run ! lab\r m>ket w "r itself2 b ! process w be a v pa9ful "o to ! workm5 conc]n$4 ,emigration is ! humane & politic rem$y4 ,9 "s cases1 su* z ,norway & ! upl&s ( ,switz]l&1#cjd !re w\ld seem to be no ne$ = ,gov]nm5t to tea* ! p to emigrate4 ,circum/ances %\ld d x = !m2 b human be+s are influ5c$ by habit & 8*ance0 z mu* z by any delib]ate motive1 comm]cial or o!rwise4 ,9 ! ,swiss upl&s1 z ,mal?us knew !m1 8a habit ( emigration dep5d$ n only on situation b (t5 on accid5t40 ,?ree or f\r successful emigrations 8h frequ5tly giv5 a _s ( ent]prise to a :ole village1 & ?ree or f\r unsuccessful ones a contr>y _s40#cje ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! contra/ ( two p>i%es1 bo? 9 ! ,canton de ,vaud1 ,/4 ,c]gues 9 ! ,jura1 & ,leys9#cjf 9 ! ,b]nese ,alps ne> ,aigle4 ,! movem5ts ( population 9 ,leys9 puzzl$ ,m4 ,muret1 ! ,swiss economi/1 :o drew up a pap] on ! depopulation ( ,switz]l& = ! ,economical ,society ( ,b]ne 9 ! ye> #agff4 ,he f\nd t 9 ?is p>i% ( f\r hundr$ p !re 7 born e ye> on an av]age only eight *ildr51 :]eas1 else:]e 9 ,canton de ,vaud1 to ! same numb] ( p elev5 79 ,lyonnais sixte57 *ildr5 7 a common proportion4 ,! diff]5ce1 he obs]v$1 disappe>$ by ! age ( tw5ty1 :51 if we may say s1 ! diff]5ce di$ (f1 ! eight 9 ,leys9 be+ heal?i] ?an ! elev5 7or sixte57 else:]e4 ,muret inf]s f ?is1 t 89 ord] to ma9ta9 9 all places ! prop] equilibrium ( population1 ,god has wisely ord]$ ?+s 9 su* a mann] z t ! =ce ( life 9 ea* c\ntry %\ld be 9 ! inv]se ratio ( its fecundity40#cjg ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ to suppose a miracle4 ,! fact 0 simply t ! place & ! employm5ts 7 heal?y1 t ! p _h n =m$ habits ( emigration1 t _! res\rces 7 /ation>y1 t1 !re=e1 !y m>ri$ late1 _h few *ildr51 & 7 long-liv$4#cjh ,! subsi/+ m>riages 7 to ! annual bir?s z #ab to #a2 ! bir?s 7 to ! liv+ population z #a to #di2 & ! numb] ( p]sons above sixte5 7 to ^? bel[ z #c to #a4cji ,?is w\ld %[ t m]e numb] ( bir?s is no crit]ion ( ! size ( a population1 = x took only ab\t half ( ! ord9>y numb] ( bir?s to keep up a population ( f\r hundr$ 9 ! p>i% ( ,leys94 ,9 ,/4 ,c]gues ! subsi/+ m>riages 7 to ! annual bir?s z #d to #a 7in/ead ( #ab to #a z at ,leys971 ! bir?s 7 to ! liv+ population z #a to #bf1 & ! numb] ( p]sons above & bel[ sixte5 j equal4 ,t is to say1 ,/4 ,c]gues _h ne>ly twice z _m bir?s a ye> 9 proportion to ! population1 & m ?an twice z _m m>riages2 b1 in/ead ( ?ree-f\r?s ( its liv+ population be+ above sixte5 7z at ,leys971 ^? above & ^? bel[ 7 equal 9 numb]1 & ,/4 ,c]gues _h a small] proportion ( adults ?an ,leys94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dea?-rate 0 ne>ly ! same2 ! heal?9ess 0 ne>ly z great4 ,h[ came x !n t ! population ( ,/4 ,c]gues 0 only "o hundr$ & sev5ty-"o1 z aga9/ ! f\r hundr$ & five ( ,leys98 ,:at became ( ! *ildr5 born8 ,see+ t !y did n die1 & did n appe> on ! regi/]s ( ! liv+1 we inf] t !y left _! native village2 t is all4 ,! situation ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,c]gues1 on ! high road f ,p>is to ,g5eva1 sugge/$ emigration2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! place _h become1 l mo/ highl& hamlets1 a bre$+-place = ! l[l&s & ! manufactur+ t[ns4 ,! annual dra9 ( adults made room = ! fav\r$ remnant to m>ry & h l>ge families4 ,ev5 ,leys91 ?\gh x lay on no high road1 might conceivably 7says ,mal?us7 h ex*ang$ its /ay-at-home "* = a habit ( emigration1 & might !n h d\bl$ its bir?-rate )\t rais+ ! dea?-rate4 ,x is "o ( ! fallacies ( old /ati/icians to inf] a l>ge population f a high bir?-rate2 9 an old c\ntry1 if ! rate ( bir?s is high 9 comp>ison ) ! numb] ( liv+ inhabitants1 x means ei!r _m dea?s or mu* emigration4 ,! p ( an old c\ntry1 if !y _c or w n emigrate1 mu/1 accord+ to ,mal?us1 ei!r look = a high dea?-rate or accu/om !mselves to late m>riages4 ,m4 ,muret's figures %[$ t _m cantons ( ,switz]l& _h adopt$ ?is la/ c\rse 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,canton de ,vaud1 = example1 ! proportion ( m>riages to liv+ inhabitants 7#a to #adj7 0 l[] ?an 9 ,norway itself4 ,9 a pa/oral c\ntry ! limits ( human res\rces are s obvi\s t ! p _c fail to be impress$ ) ! ne$ ( limit+ _! numb]s4 ,pa/oral indu/ry1 aga91 fe$s m ?an x employs1#caj & ! unemploy$ mu/ look = employm5t else:]e4 ,?is 0 "o reason :y !re 7 s _m ,swiss 9 =eign s]vice4 8,:5 a fa!r has m ?an "o son1 ^? :o are n want$ on ! f>m are p[]fully tempt$ to enrol !mselves z soldi]s1 or emigrate 9 "s o!r way1 z ! only *ance to enable !m to m>ry40#caa ,mal?us 0 a little disappo9t$ ) ! condition ( ! ,swiss peasantry :5 he saw !m 9 #ahjc4 ,p]haps1 he says1 !y 7 /ill suff]+ f ! w>s 9 :i* ! 8,helvetic ,republic0 _h be5 involv$ by its ,fr5* allies2 b m probably !y 7 suff]+ f ! unwise attempts ( _! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! previ\s c5tury to 8enc\rage0 :at !y !n ?\ght 0 a decl9+ population4#cab ,! peasant :o guid$ ,mal?us to ! s\rces ( ! ,orbe#cac talk$ freely to him on ! pov]ty ( ! di/rict1 :i* he ascrib$ to e>ly & imprud5t m>riages1 8le vice du pays02 he w\ld h a law pass$ to prev5t a man m>ry+ till he 0 =ty1 & a woman till %e 0 eld]ly4 ,he said t at "o "t ! introduction ( /one poli%+ _h giv5 ! p high wages & l$ !m to expect con/ant employm5t2 *anges ( fa%ion#cad _h help$ to drive ! indu/ry away1 b ! habits taught by x _h rema9$ s fa/ root$ 9 ! p t emigration itself br\ght no relief to _! ov]fl[+ numb]s4 ,b ?is self-taught ,mal?usian _h n le>n$ 8 lesson p]fectly4 ,he fanci$ t ! f]tile l&s ( ! l[ c\ntries1 ) _! abundance ( corn & employm5ts1 c\ld nev] exp]i5ce ! evil ( ov]-population4 ,?is 0 true only 9 ! unhappy s5se t !y _h great] unheal?9ess & a great] mortality1 provid+ room = e>ly m>riages & _m bir?s4 ,x is easy to see t ,mal?us ov]-valu$ 8 prize4 ,! pons as9orum ( ! subject is ! doctr9e t ov]-population is n a "q ( absolute numb]s or absolute quantity ( food & f]tility ( soil1 b ( ! numb]s 9 relation to ! food1 9 :atev] place or "t2 & ! "y peasant _h n cross$ x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,france4 ,fr5* ,numb]s a ,problem to ,europe 9 #ahjb1 because ,law ( ,increase n und]/ood--,effects ( ,w>--,lam5t = ! unborn millions eighty ye>s ago--,m fitt+ n[--,good ,di/ribution & ,production sometimes insep>able--,! ,/ation>y ,/ate--,mal?us & ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,9 ! ord] ( 8 writ+ ,mal?us foll[s ! ord] ( 8 travels1 & takes ,france#cae aft] ,switz]l&4 ,france pres5ts u ) facts ( an almo/ unique k9d4 ,b be=e ! ,revolution x _h no tru/wor?y p>i% regi/]s to %[ to ! ,engli% inquir]2 & ,mal?us w\ld n h l+]$ ov] x1 if 9 #ahjb ! public m9d _h n be5 p]plex$ by a riddle1 ab\t ,fr5* population & its increase dur+ w>1 ( :i* he _h ! key4#caf ,! essay is n meant = a m]e hi/ory1 & its au?or is n c>eful to be full 9 8 hi/orical details if he has a body ( facts suffici5t = 8 purpose4 ,he ev5 says1 ab\t "s conjectures ( 8 own bas$ on ,fr5* figures1 t he _h only adopt$ ! figures = ! sake ( illu/ration1 & _h n suppos$ !m to be /rictly true4 8,x w be b ( little consequ5ce if any ( ! facts or calculations :i* h be5 assum$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt] %\ld turn out to be false4 ,! read] w see t ! reason+s are ( a g5]al nature1 & may be true ?\gh ! facts tak5 to illu/rate !m may be inapplicable40#cag ,?is is n a w>y admission4 ,nev]!less1 ! *apt] on ,france is "o ( ! mo/ tell+ 9 ! essay4 ,! sub/ance ( x may be /at$ v %ortly4 8,x has be5 se510 he says1 89 _m ( ! prec$+ *apt]s1 t ! proportions ( bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages are extremely diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & !re is ! /ronge/ reason = believ+ t !y are v diff]5t 9 ! same c\ntry at diff]5t p]iods & "u diff]5t circum/ances40#cah ,! tru? ( ?is rem>k is borne out n only by ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,france & ! ,switz]l& ( t "t1 b1 z we %all f9d1 by ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,france ( #ahjc & ! ,france ( to-day4 ,x is n s+ul> t ,mal?us %\ld 7wrongly7 expect ! ,swiss to become 8 pupils m easily ?an ! ,fr5*1 = 9 8 day bo? ! mortality & ! numb] ( m>riages 7 great] 9 ,france ?an 9 ,switz]l&4#cai ,he sp5ds mo/ pa9s 9 illu/rat+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,france be=e ! ,revolution & ! ,france at ! ,peace ( ,ami5s4 ,9 _m ways x 0 =tunate t he conf9$ himself to ! ,republican p]iod4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ! moral position ( ,france 0 highe/1 & %e 0 w>r+ n = conque/ b = def5ce4 ,switz]l& _h exemplifi$ ! fact t ,emigration does n p]man5tly *eck population1 b1 on ! :ole1 enc\rages x4 ,france1 at ! "t *os51 exemplifi$ ! fact t ev5 ! mo/ de/ructive ,w>s h a simil> effect on ! gr[? ( numb]s4 ,:at ,mal?us _h prov$ m or less d$uctively 9 reg>d to anci5t nations he 0 able to %[ m inductively by /ati/ics 9 reg>d to mod]n4 ,great surprise 0 express$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ?is c5tury t1 9 spite ( h] enorm\s losses1 ,france _h n dim9i%$ 9 population4 ,mal?us says %e _h r increas$ ?an dim9i%$4 ,accord+ to ! e/imate ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 :i* 0 confirm$ by ! calculations ( ,neck]1 ! population 9 #agib1 be=e ! w>1 0 #bf1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahja x seems1 f ! returns ( ! ,prefects1 to h be5 ab\t #bh1jjj1jjj4cbj ,9 t5 ye>s ! increase _h be5 #b1jjj1jjj1 or #bjj1jjj a ye>4 ,yet at a m$ium calculation ,france1 9 addition to ! ord9>y dea?s1 _h lo/ by ! w> ab\t #a1jjj1jjj ( m5 up to t "t1#cba or #ajj1jjj a ye>4 ,h[1 on ! pr9ciples ( ,mal?us1 7 ! two facts to be reconcil$8 ,to reconcile !m he %[s1 fir/1 h[1 accord+ to ! figures giv5 by ,fr5*m5 !mselves1 ! numb]s ( ! unm>ri$ survivors at home 7 m ?an en\gh to h kept up 9 case ( necessity ! old numb] ( m>riages & ! old rate ( increase2 second1 h[ f g5]al pr9ciples !re 0 a presumption 9 fav\r ( a rapid increase at su* a "t2 & ?ird1 h[ ! social & indu/rial conditions ( ! ,fr5* p s9ce ! ,revolution 7 fav\rable to an increase ( population4 ,fir/1 !n1 he %[s t ! entire body ( unm>ri$ p]sons 0 l>ge en\gh 9 spite ( ! w> to fill ! vacancies & keep up ! old rate ( increase4 ,! body ( ! unm>ri$ is =m$ by ! 8accumulation0 ye> by ye> ( ! numb]s ( p]sons1 ris+ to m>riageable age1 :o are n m>ri$ 7or say briefly ( ! m>riageable unm>ri$1 includ+ wid[s & wid[]s74 ,?is accumulation w only /op :5 ! ye>ly accessions !reto are no m ?an equal to ! ye>ly mortality !re94 ,! size ( ?is body w !re=e v>y ) ! "* ( ! p>ticul> nation consid]$4 ,9 ! ,canton de ,vaud x 0 equal to ! :ole numb] ( ! m>ri$2 b 9 ,france bo? ! mortality & ! m>riage rate 7 high] ?an 9 ,switz]l&1 & ! unm>ri$ 7 !re=e a small] fraction ( ! total numb]s4 ,assum+ f ! ,fr5* au?orities#cbb a c]ta9 bir? & dea?-rate1 & assum+ f ! same au?orities t ! unm>ri$ m5 = ! p]iod be=e ! ,revolution 7 "o & a half millions out ( five millions t 7 m>riageable1 x w\ld appe> t e ye> !re 7 #fjj1jjj p]sons arriv+ at ! m>riageable age1 ( :om 7s9ce ab\t #bbj1jjj is ! annual numb] ( m>riages7 #ddj1jjj m>ry4 ,! surplus ( unm>ri$ is !re=e #afj1jjj p]sons1 or ab\t #hj1jjj m54 ,x foll[s t = w> purposes 7if m]e numb]s be consid]$7 ! res]ve fund ( m5 w\ld be ne>ly "o & a half millions1 & e new annual surplus ( #hj1jjj y\?s above eighte5 might be tak5 = milit>y s]vice )\t any dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( m>riages4#cbc ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is putt+ ! case some:at /rongly to suppose z _m z #fjj1jjj to be tak5 = s]vice 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & #aej1jjj additional troops to keep up ! supply e ye>4 ,b ?is w\ld /ill leave 9 ! fir/ in/ance ne>ly #ijj1jjj = ! res]ve fund1 :i* ) ! annual #hj1jjj c\ld be> a dra9 on x ( #aej1jjj = t5 ye>s1 & leave a balance ( #bjj1jjj altoge!r1 or #bj1jjj a ye>4 ,9 o!r words1 !re w\ld be room = an increase 9 ! numb] ( m>riages ( ne>ly #bj1jjj4 ,x w\ld n be miracul\s !n if ! ,fr5* population %\ld cont9ue to increase 9 ! face ( great losses 9 w>1 = ! increase be=e ! w> _h be5 v mu* less ?an ! greate/ possible4 ,9 ! second place1 ! circum/ances ( ! civilian population made an increase v likely4 ,_m out ( ! res]ve fund ( unm>ri$ m5 w 9 ! c\rse ( t5 ye>s be pa/ ! milit>y age1 b n pa/ ! age ( m>riage4 ,! #aej1jjj recruits w\ld probably be tak5 f ! #cjj1jjj :o e ye> rose to m>riageable age1 & ! m>riages w\ld be kept up f ! old] unm>ri$ m51 9 ! sc>city ( y\ng] husb&s4 ,x may be rememb]$1 too1 t 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! w> s _m y\?s m>ri$ prematurely to avoid s]vice1#cbd t ! ,directory 7 oblig$ 79 #agih7 to ext5d ! conscription to ! m>ri$ m54 ,b ev5 :5 ! husb&s 7 remov$ to ! w> ! m>riages 7 n necess>ily *ildless1 & w\ld ?us1 at ! lea/1 be a means ( add+ to ! p's numb]s t did n exi/ be=e ! ,revolution4 ,! facility ( divorce1 too1 ?\gh bad bo? 9 morals & 9 politics1 w\ld at lea/1 9 ! exi/+ sc>city ( m51 act some:at l polygamy1 & make ! numb] ( *ildr5 great] 9 proportion to ! numb] ( husb&s4 ,x is said1 too1 t !re 7 m natural *ildr5 born 9 ,france aft] ! ,revolution ?an be=e x2 &1 s9ce ! peasants 7 bett] (f aft] x ?an be=e x1 !re 0 a bett] *ance t m ( ! *ildr5 ?an =m]ly %\ld survive4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re is no d\bt1 says ,mal?us1 t ! division ( ! doma9 l&s & ! creation 7or at lea/ ! multiplication7 ( peasant prop]ties h _h a great influ5ce bo? on weal? & on population4 ,!y add to population m ?an to weal?1 = !y increase ! gross produce ( food at ! exp5se ( ! nett surplus4 8,if all ! l& ( ,engl& 7 divid$ into f>ms ( #bj a ye>1 we %\ld probably be m popul\s ?an we are at pres5t1 b z a nation we %\ld be extremely poor4 ,we %\ld be almo/ )\t disposable rev5ue1 & %\ld be "u a total inability ( ma9ta9+ ! same numb] ( manufactures or collect+ ! same taxes z at pres5t40#cbe ,b ! division ( l&s 0 at lea/ 9 fav\r ( ! gross produce1 & ev5 ! pass+ travell] 0 incl9$ to ?9k1 f ! appe>ance ( ! fields & ! /yle ( ! field lab\r1 t1 h[ev] sev]ely ! manufactur+ indu/ry ( ,france might h suff]$ dur+ ! w>1 h] agriculture _h r ga9$ ?an lo/4#cbf ,! abs5ce ( s _m /rong m5 ) ! armies w\ld n only raise wages at home & make ! lab\r]s bett] (f1 b by pro tanto less5+ ! dem& = food & tak+ f ^? at home ! burd5 ( support+ s _m m51 w\ld n raise ! price ( food ) ! wages1 b w\ld all[ real wages to rise4 ,?is w\ld co-op]ate ) political causes 9 mak+ ! p des]t ! t[ns = ! c\ntry1 & !reby x w\ld r$uce ! dea?-rate1 :i* is always high] 9 t[ns ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is atte/$ by ,ar?ur ,"y 7no fri5d to ! ,essay on ,population7 t ! high mortality ( ,france be=e ! ,revolution 7accord+ to ,neck] #a 9 #cj7 0 caus$ by an ov]-population :i* ! *anges at ! ,revolution t5d$ to remove4 ,! probability is1 !re=e1 t ! bir?s increas$ & ! dea?s decreas$ dur+ ! t5 ye>s aft] ! ,revolution2 & !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! increase ( population 9 spite ( ! w>4 ,9 ! lat] editions ( ! essay#cbg ,mal?us confesses t 8 ,fr5* figures ne$ revision2 ! returns ( ! ,prefects = #ahja-b & o!r ,gov]nm5t pap]s _h giv5 a small] proportion ( bir?s ?an he _h ?\ght probable1 = ! p]iod be=e ! ,revolution4 ,b 7he rem>ks7 ! ,prefects' returns d n embrace ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,revolution1 precisely ! "t :5 ! enc\ragem5t to m>riage w\ld be greate/ & ! proportion ( bir?s highe/4 ,9 any case !y %[ t ! population ( ,france is n less b great] s9ce ! ,revolution4 ,if 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is p]iod ! increase 0 affect$ by ! decrease ( dea?s r ?an by increase ( bir?s1 !y n only leave 8 position unt\*$1 b give him a result t w\ld highly please him4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ,engl& & 9 ,switz]l&1 & probably 9 e ,european c\ntry1 ! rate ( mortality has decreas$ 9 ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s1 ?r\gh ! great] heal?9ess ( ! conditions ( life2 & x is n at all surpris+ t a population %\ld be kept up or ev5 made to increase ) a small] proportion ( bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages ?an be=e4#cbh ,! ,fr5* lab\r+ classes at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution 7 sev5ty-six p] c5t4 worse f$1 clo!d1 & support$ ?an _! fell[s 9 ,engl&4#cbi ,_! wages 7 #aj;d4 a day 7z comp>$ ) #as4 #e;d471 :ile ! price ( corn 0 ab\t ! same2 b _! condition & _! remun]ation _h be5 decid$ly improv$ by ! ,revolution & ! division ( ! national doma9s4 ,wages 9 money 7s9ce ,"y wrote7 _h ris5 to #as4 #c;d4 a day2 &1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 ! real wages _h become ev5 high] ?an 9 ,engl&4#ccj ,! new di/ribution ( weal? _h be5 foll[$ by an imm5se increase 9 ! production ( x1 %>$ by ! produc]s !mselves1 & mak+ ,france imm5sely /rong] z a nation ei!r = (f5ce or def5ce4#cca ,su* an improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! p w\ld naturally be foll[$ by dim9ution 9 ! dea?s2 & a dim9ution 9 ! dea?s mu/ lead ei!r to an increase ( population or to a decrease 9 ! m>riages & bir?s4 ,! latt] 7:i* is presumably an increase ( moral re/ra9t7 has foll[$4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s aft] ! ,peace ( ,ami5s ! population seems to h increas$ only at a v sl[ rate4 8,!re is p]haps no proposition m incontrov]tible ?an ?is1 t 9 two c\ntries1 9 :i* ! rate ( increase1 ! natural heal?9ess ( climate1 & ! /ate ( t[ns & manufactures are suppos$ to be ne>ly ! same1 ! "o 9 :i* ! pressure ( pov]ty is ! greate/ w h ! greate/ proportion ( bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages10 & vice v]s4#ccb ,mal?us' survey ( population 9 ,france applies only to 8 own lifetime1 & inde$ only to ! e>li] "p ( t4 ,to d him full ju/ice we mu/ place 8 picture ( ! real losses ( w> alongside ( 8 description ( ! comp5sations4 ,! con/ant t5d5cy ( population to increase up to ! limits ( ! food may be int]pret$ 79 ! case ( w>7 z ! t5d5cy ( ! bir?s 9 a c\ntry to supply ! vacancies made by dea?4 ,! brea*es are n p]man5t2 !y are among ! rep>able z di/+ui%$ f ! irrep>able mis*iefs ( w>4 ,b ?is does n1 f a moral or political aspect1 af=d ! slighte/ excuse = ! mis]y caus$ !reby to ! exi/+ inhabitants4 8,c y by fill+ cradles empty graves80 ,!re is an ex*ange ( mature be+s 9 ! 8full vig\r ( _! enjoym5ts0#ccc = an equal numb] ( helpless infants4 ,n only is ?is a wa/e ( ! m5 :o di$1 b x is a det]ioration1 = ! "t be+1 ( ! quality ( ! :ole p2 !y w consi/ ( m ?an ! normal proportion ( wom5 & *ildr52 & ! m>ri$ w be m5 & wom5 :o 9 ord9>y times w\ld h rema9$ s+le4 ,:5 ! dra9 ( m5 = milit>y s]vice beg9s to exhau/ ! res]ve ( unm>ri$ p]sons1 & ! annual dem&s are 9 excess ( ! numb] annually ris+ to m>riageable age1 !n ( c\rse w> w actually dim9i% population4#ccd ,till t po9t is rea*$1 w> may alt] ! units & spoil ! quality ( ! population1 b w n less5 its total volume4 ,sir ,francis ,iv]nois1 f :om ,mal?us took "s ( 8 figures1 w5t too f> 9 ! o!r direction :5 he told u we mu/ n look s mu* at ! dea?s 9 battle or 9 hospital1 :5 we are c\nt+ up ! de/ructive effects ( w> or revolution1 z at ! remot] results2 8! numb] ( m5 w> has kill$ is ( mu* less importance ?an ! numb] ( *ildr5 :om x has prev5t$ & w /ill prev5t f com+ into ! _w40 ,he supposes "o million ( m5 to h be5 lo/ 9 ! ,revolution itself1 & "o & a half millions 9 its w>s2 & he says t1 if only two millions ( ^! _h be5 m>ri$1 !y w\ld h ne$$ to h _h six *ildr5 ea* 9 ord] t a numb] ( *ildr5 equal to ! numb] ( _! p>5ts 7i4 e4 f\r millions7 %\ld be alive ?irty-n9e ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,we ought1 he ?9ks1 to m\rn n only = ! two & a half millions ( m5 kill$1 b = ! twelve millions :om _! dea? prev5t$ f be+ born4 ,to :i* ,mal?us wisely answ]s t ! sla91 be+ full-gr[n m51 re>$ at no little co/ to !mselves & _! c\ntry1 may be fitly m\rn$1 b n ! unborn twelve millions1 ^: appe>ance 9 ! _w w\ld only h s5t or kept a correspond+ numb] out ( x1--& 8if 9 ! be/-gov]n$ c\ntry 9 ,europe we 7 to m\rn ! po/]ity :i* is prev5t$ f com+ into be+1 we %\ld always we> ! habit ( grief40#cce ,if ,sir ,francis ,iv]nois c\ld h =ese5 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* population = sev5ty ye>s aft] ! "t :5 he wrote1 he w\ld h _h m reason to utt] 8 curi\s lam5t4 8,! effect ( ! ,revolution10 wrote ,mal?us 9 #ahag1 8has be5 to make e p]son dep5d m ^u himself & less ^u o!rs4 ,! lab\r+ classes h !re=e become m indu/ri\s1 m sav+1 & m prud5t 9 m>riage ?an =m]ly2 & x is q c]ta9 t )\t ^! effects ! ,revolution w\ld h done no?+ = !m40#ccf ,! c\ntry di/ricts :i* took ! lea/ active "p 9 ! ,revolution h be5 ! mo/ resolute 9 cons]v+ ! results ( x4 ,ov]-population 9 ,france is kn[n only 9 ! t[ns4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury--say "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago 7#agcb7--"u ,l\is ,,xv4 ! population ( ,france 0 e/imat$ at tw5ty millions ( p4#ccg ,!re is good reason to believe t ! habits ( ! p 7 entirely diff]5t f :at !y are n[2 !y 7 ev5 said to be fam\s = _! l>ge families4#cch ,9 #aggf _! numb]s 7 ab\t tw5ty-f\r millions1#cci at ! ,revolution ( #aghi ab\t tw5ty-six millions1#cdj 9 #ahca ?irty-two & a half1 & 9 #ahff ?irty-eight4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 f loss ( t]ritory & f decrease ( numb]s 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 !y are little m ?an ?irty-sev5 & a half millions--n mu* m ?an ! population ( ,great ,brita91 a c\ntry nei!r s l>ge nor s f]tile4 ,ev5 9 #ahae ,mal?us spoke ( ,france z hav+ a m /ation>y & less cr[d$ population ?an ,brita91 ?\gh x 0 ri*] 9 corn4#cda ,! population ( #ahha %[$ an increase ( #gff1bfj ov] t ( #ahgf1 & 0 9 all #cg1fgb1jdh4cdb ,x increases n by augm5tation 9 ! numb] ( bir?s1 = t has be5 actually less5+1 b by dim9ution 9 ! dea?s4 ,! population ( ,brita9 has trebl$ itself )9 ! pres5t c5tury2 t ( ,france has n ev5 d\bl$ itself 9 a c5tury & a half1 ) e all[ance = a v>y+ fronti]4 ,! fe>s :i* ,mal?us express$1#cdc t ! law ( inh]itance & compulsory division ( prop]ty w\ld lead to an excessive & impov]i%$ c\ntry population1 h n be5 realiz$4 ,! indu/rial progress ( ! c\ntry has be5 v great4 ,fifty ye>s ago ! production ( :eat 0 only ! half ( :at x is to-day1 ( meat less ?an ! half4 ,9 almo/ e crop & e k9d ( food ,france is ri*] n[ ?an !n 9 ! proportion ( m ?an #b to #a4 ,9 all ! conv5i5ces ( life 7if food be ! necess>ies7 ! increas$ supply is z #d to #a1 :ile =eign trade has become z #f to #a4 ,s9ce prop]ty is m widely di/ribut$ 9 ,france ?an else:]e1 an increase ( production is mu* m c]ta9 to mean a b5efit to ! :ole p4 ,b !re are c]ta9 classes ( goods1 *iefly necess>ies1 ( :i* 7ev5 9 a l& l ,engl&1 :]e ! great weal? is 9 a few h&s7 x is impossible pr(itably to ext5d ! production )\t p>i passu ext5d+ ! di/ribution4 ,:5 articles ( food are import$ 9 va/ quantities1 !y _c1 f ! nature ( ?+s1 g entirely to ! ri*2 ! ri* c easily eat & dr9k beyond ! normal value1 b n mu* 7)\t ,g>gantua's m\?7 beyond ! normal quantity2 &1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( our own c\ntry1 v little is export$ aga94 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is a true say+ t1 ! m ! food1 ! m are f$4 ,b :at is true ( necess>ies 9 ,engl& is true ev5 ( o!r goods 9 ,france4#cdd ,! 8av]age weal? ( ea* p]son0 is n !re1 z (t5 else:]e1 a m]e ari?metical entity1 b a v ne> approa* to ! ord9>y /ate ( ! great majority ( ! p2 & ?is av]age weal? is ?\ght by good au?orities#cde to h m ?an d\bl$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! population1 on ! o!r h&1 has only increas$ by "o-half2 & ! av]age duration ( life has l5g!n$ f tw5ty-eight to ?irty-sev5 ye>s4 ,9 a pap] ( ,*ateauneuf's 7#ahbf7 quot$ by ,mac,culloch1#cdf x 0 said t ! ,fr5* p 7 improv+ _! condition by dim9i%+ _! m>riages4 ,! /ati/ician ,levasseur1 on ! contr>y1 ) ! facts ( ano!r half-c5tury be=e him1 tells u t m>ri$ p 9 ,france are ! majority ( ! population1#cdg ! av]age age ( m>riage be+ tw5ty-six = ! wom51 & r m ?an ?irty = ! m54 ,! bir?-rate1 h[ev]1 is ! l[e/ 9 ,europe1#cdh be+ #a 9 #cg1 z oppos$ to #a 9 #bg = ,engl&4 ,x is by refus+ to fill ! cradles t !y leave ! graves empty4 ,yet ,france is less heal?y ?an ,engl&4 ,its dea?-rate 9 #ahhb 0 #bb4b p] ?\s&1 :ile 9 ,engl& x 0 #ai4f4cdi ,!re are o!r features :i* make ! case unique4 ,!re are few =eign]s 9 ,france2 ! numb]s ( ! ,fr5* p are nei!r swell$ by immigration nor r$uc$ by emigration4 ,s9ce ! expulsion ( ! ,hugu5ots & ! colonization ( ,canada1 few nations h be5 s root$ 9 _! own c\ntry2 ev5 ,alg]ian & ,tunisian conque/s are due to no popul> passion = coloniz+4 ,! peasant prop]ties h made ! p av]se to movem5t4 ,at pres5t mo/ ,fr5*m5 rema9 dur+ life 9 ! same ,dep>tm5t 9 :i* !y 7 born2#cej & rec5t obs]v]s tell u#cea t a milit>y c>e] is becom+ di/a/eful to all classes4 ,tak+ ! abs5ce ( immigration z balanc$ by ! abs5ce ( emigration1 we are br\ght to ! conclusion t ! population ( ,france is /ation>y by its own delib]ate act4 ,h[ f> ?is is 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,mal?us x is impossible to say 9 "o ^w4 ,x is at lea/ ! result ( ! prud5ce :i* he 0 always prea*+4 ,b 8 prud5ce lay 9 ! def]r+ ( m>riage2 & ?is is n ! =m :i* prevails 9 ,france4 ,moreov]1 he ?\ght ) ,adam ,smi? t ! progressive /ate & n ! /ation>y 0 ! normal "o = humanity2 if ! :ole _w became cont5t$ ) :at x _h got1 !re w\ld1 9 8 op9ion1 be no progress1 & ! res\rces & capacities ( human be+s & ( ! _w w\ld n be develop$4 ,9 fact1 he reta9$ ! aspirations ( ! ,revolution1 :i* ! c\ntry-folk 9 ,france seem 9 dang] ( los+2 he wi%$ m5 to h hopes = ! future z well z a com=table life 9 ! pres5t2 he saw no virtue 9 m]e smallness any m ?an 9 m]e bigness ( numb]s2 he desir$ z great z possible a population ( /alw>t1 well-in/ruct$1 wise1 & ent]pris+ m52 he ?\ght t1 )\t competition1 ambition1 & emulation1 & )\t ! elem5t ( difficulty & h>d%ip1 human be+s w\ld nev] fully ex]t _! be/ p[]s1 ?\gh he also ?\ght t a "t might come :5 ! l[] classes w\ld be z ! middle classes1 or1 9 8 own words1 :5 ! l[] w\ld be dim9i%$ & ! middle increas$1 & :51 ma9ly ?r\gh ! action ( ! lab\r]s !mselves1 inv5tions w\ld become a real b5efit1 because accompani$ by light] lab\r & %ort] h\rs = ! lab\r]s4#ceb ,z = t love ( humanity1 t 0 s mu* pres5t 9 ! words & ?\ghts if n 9 ! de$s ( ! m5 ( ! ,revolution1 he _h a full %>e ( x4 ,he desir$ a long] life = ! liv+1 & few] bir?s = ! sake ( few] dea?s4 ,8 "w 0 l t ( ! ligh?\se1 to give light & to save life4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,engl&1 ,,scotl&1 ,,& ,,irel&4 ,prevail+ ,*ecks--,propos$ ,c5sus ( #agec--;,br[n's ,e/imate--,depopulation ( ,engl& 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury--,oppos+ ,argum5ts--,c5sus ( #ahja--;,int]pretation ( ,returns--,relative ,nature ( ! ,"q ( ,popul\sness--,scotl& to ,engl& z ,c\ntry to ,t[n--,indu/rial *anges s9ce ! ,union--,irel& "u ,engli% rule 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury & aft]--,! ,wall ( ,brass--,virtue )\t ,wisdom--,! ,potato ,/&>d--,! ,emigration ,committee--,! ,new ,dep>ture4 ,9 deal+ ) ! "q ( population 9 8 own c\ntry1#cec ,mal?us tries to answ] at lea/ ?ree di/9ct que/ions3--,:at 7 ! *ecks actually at "w 9 ^? days8 ,_h ! numb]s ( ! p increas$1 or n1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury8 ,:at conclusions on ei!r po9t may be drawn f ! ,engli% c5sus8 ,! fir/ "q 0 answ]$ ) comp>ative fulness 9 ! essay ( #agih4 ,x is rem>k$ !re t 9 ,engl& ! middle & upp] classes increase at a sl[ rate1 because !y are always anxi\s to keep _! /ation1 & afraid ( ! exp5se ( m>riage4#ced ,no man1 z a rule1 w\ld l 8 wife's social condition to be out ( keep+ ) h] habits & incl9ations4 ,two or ?ree /eps ( desc5t w be consid]$ by mo/ p z a real evil4 8,if society be held desirable1 x surely mu/ be free1 equal1 & reciprocal society1 :]e b5efits are conf]r$ z well z receiv$1 & n su* z ! dep5dant f9ds ) 8 patron or ! poor ) ! ri*40 ,s x happ5s t _m m51 ( lib]al education & limit$ income1 d n give effect to an e>ly atta*m5t by an e>ly m>riage4 ,:5 _! passion is too /rong or _! judgm5t too weak = ?is re/ra9t1 no d\bt !y h bless+s t c\nt]balance ! obvi\s evils2 8b ,i fe> x mu/ be own$ t ! m g5]al consequ5ces ( su* m>riages are r calculat$ to ju/ify ?an to repress ! =ebod+s ( ! prud5t40#cee ,:at ,mal?us desires1 z we inf] f ! g5]al t5or ( 8 book1 is t all classes )\t exception %\ld %[ reluctance to impair _! /&>d ( liv+2 & 8 hatr$ ( ! ,poor ,laws is due to 8 conviction t !y h9d] ?is end4 ,! subject w be m fully discuss$ by-&-by4#cef ,9 ! *apt]s on ,engl& x is little m ?an m5tion$1 ! au?or devot+ himself *iefly to ! /ati/ical data ( ! c5sus & regi/]s4 ,9 ?is connection x 0 impossible = him to avoid ! "q t _h long agitat$ ! m9ds ( politicians4 ,_h ! numb]s ( ! ,engli% p be5 decreas+ or increas+ s9ce ! ,revolution ( #afhh1 & especially 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury8 ,economi/s ( ! pres5t day are ov]load$ ) /ati/ics2 b1 :5 ,adam ,smi? wrote ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 he 0 unaw>e ( ! numb]s ( 8 own nation4 ,to e/imate population )\t a c5sus is to /udy language )\t a diction>y2 !re _h be5 no c5sus s9ce ! com+ ( ! ,armada1#ceg & x 0 n till "o hundr$ ye>s aft] t ev5t t /ati/ical /udies came mu* into fav\r4 ,an annual enum]ation ( ! p 0 propos$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agec1 z a means ( kn[+ ! numb]s ( our poor4#ceh ,b ! proposal 0 resi/$ z anti-,scriptural & un-,engli%1 expos+ our weakness to ! =eign] & sp5d+ public money to settle ! wag]s ( ! le>n$4 ,!re 0 probably a fe>#cei t ! tax-ga!r] w\ld foll[ on ! heels ( ! enum]ator1 z he _h done 9 ,france4 ,! ,h\se ( ,lords beat (f ! bill1 & left ,engl& 9 d>kness ab\t ! numb]s ( its p = ano!r half-c5tury1 ?\gh some?+ l a c5sus ( ,scotl& 0 made = ,gov]nm5t 9 #agee4cfj ,z )\t ! ,iri% ,fam9e we might n h _h ! total ,repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws1 s )\t ! wor/ ( all possible h>ve/s 9 #agii we might h _h no c5sus 9 #ahja1 = ,p>liam5t1 :5 !y pass$ ,mr4 ,abbot's ,enum]ation ,bill 9 #ahjj1 look$ to an enum]ation ( ! p to guide !m 9 op5+ & clos+ ! ports to =eign gra94 ,! practical "q ab\t ! increase or decl9e ( ,engli% numb]s 0 connect$1 9 logic z well z 9 "t1 ) ! controv]sy ab\t ! comp>ative popul\sness ( anci5t & mod]n nations4 ,! same ye> 7#agec7 :i* saw ! attempt to settle by c5sus ! "q ( ,engl&'s depopulation1 saw also ! publication ( ,dr4 ,rob]t ,wallace's reply to ,hume's ,essay on ! ,popul\sness ( ,anci5t ,nations1 9 8 ,diss]tations on ! ,numb]s ( ,mank9d 9 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,times4 ,"o ( ,h5ry ,fox's objections to ,h>dwicke's ,m>riage ,act 7( #agec7 0 t x w\ld *eck population4#cfa ,we are told#cfb t ! academical discussion r\s$ att5tion on ! ,cont95t1 & a ,fr5* savant1 ,desl&es1 publi%$ an e/imate ( ! numb]s ( mod]n nations1 9 :i* ,engl& 0 made mu* inf]ior to ,france1 hav+ only eight millions aga9/ tw5ty4 ,?is 0 too mu* = ,engli% patriotism4 ,ev5 9 our own day a great w> & a few rev]ses usually fill ,engl& = a ye> or two ) =ebod+s ( decay4 ,writt5 9 #ageg 7at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>71 ,dr4 ,john ,br[n's ,e/imate ( ! ,mann]s & ,pr9ciples ( ! ,times 0 only ! mo/ popul> ( a ho/ ( gloomy pamphlets too prejudic$ to be ( mu* use = /ati/ics4#cfc ,dr4 ,adam ,&]son#cfd sides ) ! mod]ns & ! optimi/s4 ,! contributions ( ,dr4 ,brack5ridge & ,ri*>d ,=/] to ! discussion survive by ! m5tion ( !m 9 ,price's ,obs]vations 7pp4 #ahb-c7 & 9 ,george ,*alm]s' ,e/imate 7*4 xi4 #aic71 ?is la/ giv+ on ! :ole p]haps ! mo/ lucid hi/ory ( ! :ole depopulation controv]sy4 ,we "k f ,goldsmi?'s ,travell] 7#agfd7 & ,des]t$ ,village 7#aggj71 ) its *>m+ illogical preface1 t ev5 9 peace ! subject 0 n out ( m5's ?\ghts4 ,a simil> panic 9 ,switz]l&1 :i* ow$ its beg9n+ to ,engl&1#cfe seems aft]w>ds to h react$ on ,engl& itself4 ,! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce reviv$ ! langui%+ int]e/ 9 ! controv]sy4 ,?is "t x 0 ! ,engli% & n ! antiqu>ian topic t fell into p[]ful h&s4 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,price1 ! ,radical diss5t]1 ! fri5d ( ,dr4 ,frankl91 & ! inv5tor ( ,pitt's ,s9k+ ,fund1 did battle1 9 8 ,obs]vations on ,rev]sion>y ,paym5ts 7#agfi71 on behalf ( ! pessimi/ic view2 ,ar?ur ,"y1 ! agriculturi/1 ! travell] & ! talk]1 l$ ! opposition to him1#cff & 0 support$ by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,ed51 ,william ,wales1 ,john ,h[lett1 & la/ b n lea/ by ,george ,*alm]s4#cfg ,gregory ,k+#cfh & ,ju/ice ,hale#cfi 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,dr4 ,campbell#cgj 9 ! eighte5?1 _h agre$ t ! numb]s ( ,norman ,engl& mu/ ne$s h be5 small1 = ! gov]nm5t 0 bad2 ,dr4 ,price1 on ! contr>y1 _h ma9ta9$ ! p>adox t1 ?\gh ! ,revolution ( #afhh br\ght a 8happi] gov]nm5t10 ! numb]s ( ! p _h ev] s9ce decl9$4#cga ,he reason$ f ! decreas$ numb] ( dwell+-h\ses assess$ to w9d[ tax & h\se duty1 z comp>$ ) ^? assess$ to he>? 7or *imney7 money be=e ! ,revolution4#cgb ,oppon5ts d5i$ ! accuracy ( 8 data1 & ?\ght 8 e/imate ( f\r & a half or five inhabitants to a h\se too l[4 ,he po9t$ to ! evil influ5ce ( a 8dev\r+ metropolis10 a head too l>ge = ! body1 & ( great cities t 7 ! 8graves ( mank9d40#cgc ,"h1 too1 bo? ! data & ! inf]5ce 7 d\btful4 ,he argu$ f ! decreas+ produce ( ! ,excise duties4 ,oppon5ts answ]$ t1 ev5 if ! figures 7 "r1 a *ang$ public ta/e _h less5$ ! consumption ( _m taxable articles1 & _m tax$ ones 7 suppli$ free by smuggl+4#cgd ,he laid /ress on ! difficulty ! ,gov]nm5t f\nd 9 rais+ troops 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury z comp>$ ) ! end ( ! sev5te5?1 ?\gh he took ?is z a symptom1 n a cause1 & compla9$ at ! same "t q consi/5tly t ! increase ( ! army & navy & ( milit>y exp5diture 9 ?ree great w>s _h be5 a pot5t cause ( dim9i%$ population4 ,oppon5ts answ]$ t ! fir/ 0 really a symptom n ( decl9e b ( prosp]ity2 ! abundance ( o!r employm5ts kept m5 f ! ne$ ( enli/+ 9 ! army2 & !y answ]$ too (t51 t ! second 7! w> exp5diture7 0 good = trade4 ,!y 7 saf] 9 urg+ t = ! fir/ "p ( ! c5tury ! long peace 7#agbg-dj7 & ! good h>ve/s 7#agca-ej7 made ! presumption ( increase v /rong4#cge ,price made mu* ( ! emigrations to ,am]ica & to ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,x 0 answ]$ t ! kn[n possibility ( emigration w\ld give m5 at home ! great] c\rage to h a family4 ,ev5 ! engross+ & consolidation ( f>ms & ! enclosure ( commons1 :i* he consid]$ to be aga9/ population1 w\ld1 said 8 oppon5ts1 increase ! food1 & !re=e ! p1 ?\gh p]haps n ! p on ! spot2#cgf & ! increase ( paup]s 0 ?\ght to be a sign ( ov]fl[+ numb]s4 ,he saw a cause ( depopulation 9 ! increas$ luxury & extravagance ( ! p ( ,engl&4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury g9-dr9k+ 0 cr$it$ ) an evil effect on population4#cgg ,:5 ! oppon5ts ( ,price did n meet ?is ) ,m&eville's sophism1 luxury b5efits trade1 !y answ]$ t :at _h become great] 0 n ! national vices b ! national /&>d ( com=t1 ! expansion ( :i* impli$ an increase ( g5]al weal? & presumably ( population4#cgh ,beyond d\bt too 7x 0 argu$7 ! g5]al heal? 0 bett]1 & m$ical sci5ce _h won "s triumphs4#cgi ,mal?us1 h[ev]1 w>ns u aga9/ ?is argum5t2 great unheal?9ess is no pro( ( a small population nor heal?9ess ( a l>ge4#chj ,9 ! t5 ye>s aft] ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 7#aghc-ic7 ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry seems to h advanc$ by leaps & b\nds1 only to make ! subsequ5t depression ! m obs]vable4 ,dr4 ,price1 :o did n live to see ! relapse1 seems to h confess$ 8 error4 8,9 allusion to a dim9i%+ population1 on :i* subject x appe>s t he has s widely err$1 he says v c&idly t p]haps he may h be5 ins5sibly influ5c$ to ma9ta9 an op9ion once advanc$40#cha ,yet public op9ion 0 n fully conv9c$ till #ahja1 :5 8! answ]s to ! ,population ,act at l5g? happily rescu$ ! "q ( ! population ( ?is c\ntry f ! obscurity 9 :i* x _h be5 s long involv$40#chb ,!re is no good reason to believe t at ! end ( la/ c5tury ! fe> ( depopulation _h giv5 place to a fe> ( ov]-population4#chc ,mal?us & ,ar?ur ,"y /ood almo/ alone 9 _! op9ion4#chd ,al>m 0 felt by ! agricultural int]e/1 n le/ !re %\ld be an excessive population1 b le/ ! population %\ld get its food f abroad4 ,! population x 0 fe>$ _h gr[n beyond ! ,engli% supplies ( food2 b ( ov]-population1 9 ! wid] s5se ( an excess beyond any exi/+ food1 ! g5]al public & ! squires _h le>n$ little or no?+ 9 ^! ye>s2 & we h no reason to attribute to ,mal?us any %>e 9 ! m]it ( pass+ ! ,enum]ation ,bill4 ,x 0 br\ght =w>d 9 an autumn session ( ,p>liam5t 7,nov4 #ahjj7 specially conv5$ because ( ! sc>city4 ,x 0 mov$ by ,mr4 ,abbot1#che :o _h made 8 "n m z a f9anci] ?an z an economi/1 & 0 *iefly rem>kable aft]w>ds z a vigor\s oppon5t ( ,ca?olic ,emancipation4 ,! motion 0 second$ by ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce2 & ! comb9ation ( f9ance & philan?ropy 0 irresi/ible4 ,mal?us1 ?\gh he is ! true int]pret] ( ! c5sus1 nei!r caus$ x 9 ! fir/ in/ance nor f\nd x ( imm$iate s]vice 9 spread+ 8 doctr9es4 ,! fir/ c5sus w\ld h>dly h ju/ifi$ him 9 treat+ z obsolete ! old qu>rel ab\t depopulation2 x _h decid$ only ! absolute numb]s 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 n ! progress or relapse dur+ ! eighte5?4 ,besides giv+ ! actual numb]s ( ! p 9 #ahja1 ! c5sus no d\bt gave 8a table ( ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales ?r\gh\t ! la/ c5tury calculat$ f ! bir?s40 ,b ! bir?s1 ?\gh a fav\rite1 7 an unsafe crit]ion2 &1 = ! population at ! ,revolution ( #afhh1 ,mal?us w\ld dep5d m on 8! old calculations f ! numb] ( h\ses40#chf ,he f9ds no difficulty ( pr9ciple 9 admitt+ ) ,mr4 ,rickman1 ! editor ( ! c5sus returns & obs]vations !reon1 t ! rapid increase ( ! ,engli% p s9ce #aghj 0 due to ! decrease ( dea?s r ?an to ! increase ( bir?s4#chg ,su* a ph5om5on 0 n only possible b common1 = ! rate ( bir?s out ( relation to ! rate ( dea?s c\ld give no sure means ( judg+ ! numb]s4 ,aft] a fam9e#chh or pe/il5ce1 = example1 ! rate ( bir?s might be twice z high z usual1 & by ! /&>d ( bir?s ! numb]s ( ! p w\ld be at _! maximum1 :5 a comp>ison ) ! rate ( dea?s or an actual enum]ation w\ld %[ !m to be at ! m9imum1#chi :]eas a l[ rate ( bir?s1 if lives 7 prolong$ by great heal?9ess1 might c]ta9ly mean an increase1 p]haps a high increase1 ( numb]s4 ,b at ! p>ticul> "t 9 "q ! factory sy/em 0 com+ into be+1 & manufactur+ t[ns 7 gr[+ great at ! exp5se ( ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! conditions ( life 9 t[ns are at ! be/ inf]ior to ^? 9 ! c\ntry2 new op5+s = trade w\ld add n only to ! m>riages b to ! dea?s & ! bir?s4#cij ,! presumption 0 n all 9 fav\r ( heal?9ess2 & ! regi/]s at t p>ticul> "t c\ld n tell ! :ole tru?2--! dra9 ( recruits = =eign s]vice w\ld keep d[n ! li/s ( burials at home1 :ile all[+ an increase ( bir?s & m>riages4#cia ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 ,mal?us1 :ile he agrees ) ,rickman t ! g5]al heal? has improv$1 tru/s little to 8 calculations f regi/]s2 & concludes t ev5 ! c5sus gives u no cle> light on ! movem5t ( population 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we c be c]ta9 t population increas$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( x1 & almo/ c]ta9 t ! movem5t 0 n d[nw>ds b upw>ds s9ce ! ,peace ( ,p>is2 & we h good gr\nd = believ+ t x 0 r upw>ds ?an d[nw>ds ev5 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 dur+ ! good h>ve/s & ! long peace ( ,walpole1#cib & t ov] ! :ole c\ntry ! movem5t ( population 0 less fluctuat+ 9 ,engl& ?an on ! ,cont95t4#cic ,! au?or's admission1 t ! proportions ( ! bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages 7 v diff]5t 9 our c\ntry 9 8 "t f :at !y us$ to be1#cid seems to put ! c5sus ( #ahja out ( c\rt altoge!r 9 ! "q ( depopulation1 especially z !re 7 no previ\s enum]ations ) :i* to comp>e x4 ,! figures f ! p>i% regi/]s = ! :ole ( ! c5tury1 t 7 includ$ 9 ! 8returns pursuant to ! ,population ,act10 9 addition to ! enum]ation1 turn$ out on exam9ation to be unsatisfactory4#cie ,mal?us1 h[ev]1 0 able to prove "s solid conclusions f ! c5sus ( #ahja4 ,x _h %[n1 = example1 z reg>ds m>riages1 t ! proportion ( !m to ! :ole numb]s ( ! p 01 9 #ahja1 z #a to #abc1 a small] proportion ?an any:]e except 9 ,norway & ,switz]l&1#cif & ! m likely to be true1 because ,h>dwicke's ,m>riage ,act _h made regi/ration ( m>riages m c>eful ?an ( burials & baptisms4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! pessimi/1 ,dr4 ,%ort1 _h e/imat$ ! proportion 7) mu* probability7 z #a to #aae2 & x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t at nei!r end ( ! c5tury 7 ! m>riages 9 a high proportion to ! numb]s1 or _h population increas$ at its highe/ rate4 ,aga91 ,mal?us ?9ks x prov$ by ! c5sus t1 s9ce population has z a matt] ( fact increas$ 9 ,engl& 9 spite ( a dim9i%$ rate ( m>riages1 ! increase has be5 at co/ ( ! mortality1 ! few] m>riages be+ p>tly a cause1 p>tly a consequ5ce1 ( ! few] dea?s ( ! lat] ye>s4#cig ,^? t m>ri$ late might h consol$ !mselves ) ! reflection t !y 7 less5+ n ! numb]s b ! mortality ( ! nation4 ,x 0 no d\bt difficult to e/imate ! ext5t to :i* su* causes op]at$1 or ! degree 9 :i* ! national heal? _h be5 improv$4 ,9 any case ! c5sus guides u bett] ?an ! regi/]s1#cih = x c>ries u beyond ! inf]r$ numb]s to numb]s actually c\nt$ out at a giv5 "t4 ,nei!r ! c5sus nor ! regi/]s c be rightly int]pret$ )\t a k ( ! social condition1 gov]nm5t1 & hi/ory ( ! p conc]n$4 ,9 undevelop$ c\ntries1 l ,am]ica & ,russia1 or 9 any old c\ntries aft] special mortality1 a l>ge proportion ( bir?s may be a good sign2 8b 9 ! av]age /ate ( a well-peopl$ t]ritory !re _c well be a worse sign ?an a l>ge proportion ( bir?s1 nor c !re well be a bett] sign ?an a small proportion40 ,sir ,francis d',iv]nois _h v ju/ly obs]v$ t1 if ! v>i\s /ates ( ,europe publi%$ annually an exact acc\nt ( _! population1 not+ c>efully 9 a second column ! exact age at :i* ! *ildr5 die1 ?is second column w\ld %[ ! comp>ative goodness ( ! gov]nm5ts1 & ! comp>ative happ9ess ( _! subjects2--a simple ari?metical /atem5t might !n be m conclusive ?an ! clev]e/ argum5t4 ,mal?us ass5ts1 b adds t 8we %\ld ne$ to att5d less to ! column giv+ ! numb] ( *ildr5 born1 ?an to ! "o giv+ ! numb] :i* rea*$ manhood1 & ?is numb] w almo/ inv>iably be ! greate/ :]e ! proportion ( ! bir?s to ! :ole population is ! lea/40#cii ,tri$ by ?is /&>d1 :i* is mu* m truly ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,mal?us ?an ! ratios1 our own c\ntry 0 ev5 !n bett] ?an all1 save two1 ,european c\ntries4 ,tri$ by x to-day1 we h /ill a good place4 ,?\gh no great ,european c\ntries1 except ,au/ro-,hung>y & ,g]many1 h _h m m>riages1 9 ! tw5ty ye>s f #ahfa to #ahhj1 n only ^!1 b ,holl&1 ,spa91 & ,italy1 h _h m bir?s1 & all ( !m except ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$5 h _h m dea?s1 9 proportion to _! numb]s4#djj ,"o great advantage ( ! c5sus is1 t x enables ! regi/r>s to calculate f _! own data1 ) c]ta9 sure limits ( told-out numb]s beh9d & be=e !m4 8,:5 ! regi/]s conta9 all ! bir?s & dea?s1 & !re are ! means giv5 by ! c5sus ( sett+ out f a kn[n population1 x is obvi\sly ! same z an actual enum]ation40#dja ,mal?us sugge/$ 9 #ahjc t ! exp]im5t ( #ahja %\ld be repeat$ e t5 ye>s1 & t regi/r>s' reports %\ld be made e ye>4#djb ,?is has be5 done2 &1 if bo? h be5 accurate1 !n ! regi/]s ( ! int]v5+ ye>s1 on ! basis ( ! dec5nial enum]ation1 ought to make u able to calculate ! numb]s = any int]v5+ ye>4 ,accord+ly1 ! population ( ,engl& 9 #ahha1 z calculat$ f ! bir?s & dea?s1 0 little m ?an "o-six? ( a million diff]5t f ! numb]s z actually c\nt$ ov] on ! night ( ! #d? ( ,april 9 t ye>4#djc ,! gr[? 9 ! la/ decade1 #ahga to #ahha1 0 high] ?an 9 any s9ce #ahca-da2djd ! bir?s 7 m & ! dea?s few] ?an usual4 ,ano!r ,london has be5 add$ to our numb]s 9 t5 ye>s4#dje ,?is gives no sure gr\nd1 h[ev]1 = pr$iction4 ,to suppose a c\ntry's rate ( increase p]man5t is h>dly less fallaci\s ?an to suppose an inv>iable ord] ( bir?s & dea?s ov] ! _w g5]ally4 ,ev5 if we are beyond ! "t :5 we ne$ to make any all[ance = increas+ accuracy & fulness1 & if we may assume t no giv5 c5sus has any units to sweep into its net t ?r\gh _! fe> or an (ficial's c>elessness escap$ its pr$ecessor1 /ill we _c take ! rate ( increase f "o c5sus to ano!r z a sure indication ( ! future4 ,) "s qualifications ! words ( ,mal?us apply to u 9 #ahha q z accurately z to our fa!rs 9 #ahaa3 8,?is is a rate ( increase :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s _c be p]man5t4 ,x has be5 occasion$ by ! /imulus ( a greatly increas$ dem& = lab\r1 comb9$ ) a greatly increas$ p[] ( production1 bo? 9 agriculture & manufactures4 ,^! are ! two elem5ts :i* =m ! mo/ effective enc\ragem5t to a rapid increase ( population4 ,:at has tak5 place is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( population1 & a pro( t1 9 spite ( great t[ns1 manufactur+ occupations1 & ! gradually acquir$ habits ( an opul5t & luxuriant p1 if ! res\rces ( a c\ntry w admit ( a rapid increase1 & if ^! res\rces are s advantage\sly di/ribut$ z to occasion a con/antly increas+ dem& = lab\r1 ! population w n fail to keep pace ) !m40#djf ,x 0 a rate ( increase :i* he saw w\ld d\ble ! population 9 less ?an fifty-five ye>s2 & ?is d\bl+ has really happ5$4 ,! numb]s = ,engl& 9 #ahja 7 #h1hib1ecf2 & 9 #ahea !y 7 #ag1ibg1fji4 ,mal?us _h n anticipat$ any great] *anges 9 manufacture & trade ?an ^? ( 8 own day2 & he cle>ly expect$ t ! rate ( increase w\ld n cont9ue & ! numb]s w\ld n be d\bl$4 ,! "o ?+ c]ta9 0 ! impossibility ( safe pr$iction on ! /r5g? ( any exi/+ rate4 ,a writ] at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury prophesi$ ! ext9ction ( ! ,turki% p 9 "o hundr$ ye>s2 ,sir ,william ,petty at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury pr$ict$ t 9 #ahjj ,london w\ld h #e1cei1jjj inhabitants4 ,b ! ,turks are n yet ext9ct2 ,london 9 #ahjj _h less ?an a million ( p1 & has tak5 eighty ye>s m to raise !m to ! numb] 9 ! prophecy4#djg ,if pr$iction 0 difficult 9 ! case ( ,engl&1 x 0 n less s 9 ! case ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! conditions ( society & indu/ry 7 q diff]5t 9 ! ?ree c\ntries2 & to judge ( ! actual or probable gr[? ( population 9 ,scotl& or ,irel&1 we mu/ fir/1 z ) ,engl&1 cle>ly und]/& ^! conditions4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury ev5 m ?an n[1 ,scotl&#djh /ood to ,engl& z ! c\ntry di/ricts ( ,engl& n[ /& to its great t[ns4 ,cont9ual migration f c\ntry to t[n may be said to h be5 its normal /ate2 & ! l>ge/ t[ns 7 9 ,engl&4 ,! *ange f a militant & feudal to an indu/rial society 0 n[h]e s m>k$ z 9 ,scotl& aft] ! ,union1 & especially aft] ! rebellion ( #agde4 ,! h]$it>y judge%ips ( highl& *iefs 7 swept away2 ! relation betwe5 *ief & clansm5 became ! unromantic relation ( l&lord & t5ant4 ,! displacem5t ( h\sehold "w by ! factory sy/em1 & ( h& lab\r by ma*9]y1 cr[d$ ! great t[ns ( ,scotl& at ! exp5se ( ! c\ntry di/ricts2 & cr[d$ ! great t[ns & manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,engl& at ! exp5se ( ,scotl&4 ,! flood ( ,nor? ,britons into ,engl& 0 n ( ,bute's mak+2 & x 0 greate/ aft] & n be=e ! ,peace ( ,p>is1 al?\gh "u t peace & a /able gov]nm5t ! f>m+1 ! manufactur+1 ! bank+1 & ! =eign trad+ ( ,scotl& itself _h gr[n great en\gh 7x might h seem$7 to employ ! :ole population at home4 ,cotton manufacture1 :i* on ! :ole is ! typical indu/ry ( ^! latt] days1 0 peculi>ly ,engli%4#dji ,%eep-f>m+ at home & cotton-sp9n+ 9 ,engl& comb9$ to depopulate ! ,scot* highl&s & mu* ( ! l[l&s4 ,! highl&s1 ) _! /rongly-m>k$ physical features & /rictly limit$ indu/rial possibilities1 7 some:at 9 ! position ( ,norway4 ,9 ! highl&s prop] !re 7 no m9]al ri*es2 !re 7 moorl&s1 m\nta9s1 /reams1 lo*s1 hea!r1 brack51 peat1 & bog2 ! pat*es ( cultivable soil w\ld be> a scanty crop ( oats1 & p]haps clov]1 b>ley1 or potatoes4#daj ,?is description appli$ to a l>ge half ( entire ,scotl&2 & we mu/ be> x 9 m9d to und]/& ! say+ ( ,mal?us 9 #ahjc3 8,scotl& is c]ta9ly ov]-peopl$1 b n s mu* z x 0 a c5tury or half a c5tury ago1 :5 x conta9$ few] inhabitants40#daa ,! highl&s are ov] _! :ole ext5t :at ! l[l&s are z reg>ds _! hills1 fit only = %eep4 ,su!rl& has ab\t ?irte5 inhabitants to ! squ>e mile n[1 & ,midlo?ian sev5 hundr$ & =ty-six2 b ,su!rl& & n ,midlo?ian may be ov]-peopl$4 ,su!rl& z comp>$ ) h] =m] self1 :5 %e _h ?irty or =ty to ! squ>e mile1 may be m or %e may be less ov]-peopl$ ?an %e once 02 we _c tell till we "k :at h] weal? 0 & h[ x 0 di/ribut$4 ,"u ! patri>*al gov]nm5t#dab ( e>ly times ! weal? ( ! c\ntry consi/$ lit]ally 9 its m54 ,if a *ief 7 ask$ ! r5t ( 8 e/ate1 he w\ld answ] t x rais$ five hundr$ m52 ! t5ant paid him 9 milit>y s]vice4 ,adam ,smi? rememb]s t 9 ! ,jacobite ,rebellion1 :i* di/urb$ 8 c\ntry at ! "t he 0 /udy+ at ,ox=d1 8,mr4 ,cam]on ( ,lo*iel1 a g5tleman ( ,lo*ab] 9 ! we/ highl&s ( ,scotl&1 ^: r5t nev] exce$$ #ejj ,engli% a ye>1 c>ri$1 9 #agde1 eight hundr$ ( 8 own p into ! rebellion ) him40#dac ,subdivision ( l& meant m reta9]s & great] hon\r2 & s ! highl&s 7 peopl$ n to ! full ext5t ( ! "w to be done1 b actually to ! full ext5t ( ! b>e food got f ! soil4#dad ,on ! e/abli%m5t ( a /rong gov]nm5t & ! abolition ( _! h]$it>y judicial privileges1#dae ! *iefs soon became will+ to conv]t ! value 9 m5 into a value 9 money1 ex*ang+ dignity = pr(it4 ,!y no long] enc\rag$ _! t5ants to h l>ge families2 & yet !y made no ef=ts to remove ! habits1 :i* ! t5ants _h =m$1 ( hav+ !m4#daf ,x 0 ?is *ange t gave ,sir ,walt] ,scott ! mat]ials = 8 mo/ p[]ful pictures 9 ,wav]ley & o!r novels4 ,b x is ! di/ress ( ! *iefs t is tragic to him1 r ?an ! mis]y ( ! clansm54 ,! clansm5 = _! "p _h "u feudalism be5 br\ght up to be f>m]s or cattle-deal]s & no?+ else2 !re 0 z little v>iety ( occupation 9 ! highl&s !n z 9 ,irel& n[4 ,und\bt$ly too !y _h t cu/om>y "r ( long possession1 :i* law s (t5 con/ru$ into a legal title 9 ! case ( m influ5tial m54 ,x 0 true also t1 if ! native highl&]s w\ld n cultivate t poor soil1 no /rang]s w\ld1 &1 if x 0 politically desirable t ! c\ntry %\ld rema9 peopl$1 ! only way to secure ?is 0 to prev5t ! native exodus4#dag ,no su* attempt 0 made2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! highl& l&lords foll[$ ! way t l$ to ! highe/ r5ts2 !y consolidat$ _! f>ms2 !y ex*ang$ agriculture = pa/ure2 !y sub/itut$ de] = %eep4 ,almo/ e highl& di/rict has soon] or lat] pass$ ?r\gh all ^! ?ree /ages1 & ) ! same result1 ! employm5t ( few] & few] m54#dah ,! disc>d$ m5 _h two c\rses be=e !m1 migration to ! l[l&s#dai or emigration to ! colonies4 ,! f>m lab\r] w\ld migrate1 ! f>m] emigrate4 ,! l&lords incurr$ & (t5 des]v$ odium = ! mann] ( _! evictions2 b !y treat$ ! evict$ bett] ?an ! av]age ,briti% capitali/ treats 8 dismiss$ h&s4 ,!y usually provid$ passages & (t5 procur$ settlem5ts abroad = !m4 ,"l ,selkirk1 "o ( ! few writ]s on ?is subject t pres]ves a judicial calmness1 advis$ 8 c\ntrym5 to acquiesce 9 ! 8depopulation0 ( ! highl&s1 b to draw ! /ream ( emigration to our own colonies4 ,he himself drew x1 s f> z he c\ld1 to ! ,r$ ,riv] settlem5t & ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4 ,f ! middle ( la/ c5tury to ! beg9n+ ( ?is1 emigration w5t on except :5 w> made x impossible4 ,! dang]\s qualities ( ! highl&]s made !m v valuable 9 ! ?ree great w>s t prev5t$ !m f leav+ ! c\ntry ) _! families4 ,x may be t ?is v milit>y consid]ation induc$ ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t to connive at ! cle>ances at fir/2 & int]f]5ce at any lat] /age 0 v difficult4 ,z x is1 9 ! end ev5 ! ,su!rl& evictions#dbj seem simply to h %ift$ ! population & n remov$ x4 ,9 spite ( emigration ,su!rl& _h z _m inhabitants at ! la/ c5sus ( #ahha1 z at ! fir/ 9 #ahja1 namely1 above #bc1jjj4 ,fi%+1 an indu/ry new to a great "p ( ! highl&s1 made ?is ph5om5on possible4 ,fi%+ villages h gr[n at ! exp5se ( inl& f>ms4 ,b ?is is n ! :ole tru?4 ,till ! "t :5 free trade began to di/5d ,glasg[ & o!r great t[ns ( ,scotl&1 ! highl& c\nties tak5 altoge!r _h actually increas$ 9 population1 z comp>$ ) :at !y 7 9 #ahja4 ,! subsequ5t fall is due n to any great cle>ances or emigrations1 b to ano!r cause t _h be5 act+ ?\gh n conspicu\sly = "s "t be=e4 ,?is 0 migration to ! indu/rial c5tres ( ! l[l&s4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,tudors !re 7 compla9ts 9 ,engl& ( ! decay ( t[ns1 because a /rong gov]nm5t _h at la/ made ! protection ( wall$ t[ns sup]flu\s1 & indu/ry _h spread itself 9 peace1 :]e x 0 want$4 ,b two c5turies lat] !re 0 decay n ( ! t[ns b ( ! c\ntry di/ricts1 because indu/ry 0 tak+ =ms t made conc5tration necess>y4 ,at fir/1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 !re 0 a real dim9ution 9 ! rural population2 !re _h be5 = ! "t a real dim9ution ( ! "w to be done 9 ! c\ntry1 & a transf]5ce ( x to ! t[ns4 ,! h&-loom weav] _h be5 supplant$ by ! p[]-loom4 ,! little villages1 :]e ! workman liv$ idyllically1 half 9 8 f>m & half 9 8 work%op1 n[ ei!r s5t _! :ole families to ! t[ns1 ?us /opp+ _! contributions to ! p>i% regi/]s 9 ! c\ntry & swell+ ^? ( ! t[n1 or1 /ill keep+ ! p>5ts1 s5t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! *ildr5 !re1 ?us mak+ ! c\ntry regi/]s a v untru/wor?y reflection ( ! real /ate ( ! population 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,t c\ntry villages 9 e "p ( ,scotl&1 b especially ne> ! l>ge cities1 are 8bre$+ gr\nds0 ( ?is latt] description#dba is p]fectly well kn[n2 & ! same is true1 9 a less degree1 ( ,engl&4 ,?is is "o reason :y ev5 ! purely rural di/ricts ( ,scotl& h greatly increas$ 9 app>5t population s9ce #ahja1 & mo/ ( !m are increas+ /ill2 ! read9ess ( ! ,scot* to emigrate has caus$ ! l>ge families q z mu* z ! l>ge families ! emigration4 ,ano!r reason is1 t ev5 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts !re is n[ m "w to be done & x is done bett]4 ,or?odox economi/s may c\nt ?is an example ( ! self-heal+ effects ( an economical *ange t causes mu* suff]+ at fir/4 ,x is fair to say t ?is ev5tual cure is nei!r m nor less complete ?an ! cure ( ! analog\s h>d%ips ( ! newly-introduc$ factory sy/em1 & ! tempor>y inconv5i5ces ( sudd5 free trade4 ,:at ke5 comm]cial ambition c d x has done1 & its success is at lea/ suffici5tly complete to ju/ify u 9 say+ ( ,scotl& to-day :at ,mal?us said ( x eighty ye>s ago3 x 0 mo/ ov]-populat$ :5 x _h fewe/ inhabitants4 ,mod]n improvem5ts1 h[ev] %ort ( p]fection1 h at lea/ bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,scotl& absolutely put an end to p]iodical fam9es4 ,ev5 ! sc>cities ( #agii & #ahjj1 ?\gh !y caus$ great di/ress 9 bo? c\ntries1 7 n fam9es 9 ei!r ( !m2 &1 s9ce ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws 9 #ahdf1 ev5 su* g5]al di/ress z 0 caus$ 9 ,scotl& by ! potato blight _c occur aga94 ,t di/ress itself 0 z no?+ comp>$ ) ! t]rible de>?s f :i* ,scotl& us$ to suff] five or six times a c5tury1 & :i* ,engl& exp]i5c$ z late z ! sev5te5?4#dbb ,! dismal picture#dbc :i* ,mal?us draws ( ! condition ( ! ,scotti% peasantry rem9ds u t x is n mu* m ?an a c5tury s9ce ,scotl& took h] fir/ /eps 9 civilization & turn$ h] en]gies f w> to comm]ce4 ,h] population at ! '#de 0 ab\t "o & a qu>t] millions1 9 #ahja ab\t "o & a half2 b 9 #ahfa m ?an ?ree1 & 9 #ahha ?ree & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,population !re=e has m ?an d\bl$ )9 ! c5tury4 ,b ev5 n[ !re are only a hundr$ & tw5ty-"o inhabitants to ! squ>e mile1 z comp>$ ) f\r hundr$ & =ty-five 9 ,engl&4 ,! weal? ( ! c\ntry has increas$ imm5sely fa/] ?an ! population2 x has multipli$ fivefold s9ce ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 & t5fold s9ce ! beg9n+ ( x4#dbd ,! hi/ory ( population 9 ,irel& w\ld h furni%$ ,mal?us ) /ill m /rik+ illu/rations ( 8 pr9ciples1 if 8 life _h la/$ a few ye>s long]4 ,he cont5ts himself 7till ! #f? edition ( ! ,essay#dbe7 ) a s+le p>agraph3 8,! details ( ! population ( ,irel& are b little kn[n4 ,i %all only obs]ve1 !re=e1 t ! ext5d$ use ( potatoes has all[$ ( a v rapid increase ( x dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,b ! *eapness ( ?is n\ri%+ root1 & ! small piece ( gr\nd :i*1 "u ?is k9d ( cultivation1 w 9 av]age ye>s produce ! food = a family1 jo9$ to ! ignorance & depress$ /ate#dbf ( ! p1 :i* h prompt$ !m to foll[ _! incl9ations ) no o!r prospect ?an an imm$iate b>e subsi/5ce1 h enc\rag$ m>riage to su* a degree1 t ! population is pu%$ mu* beyond ! indu/ry & pres5t res\rces ( ! c\ntry2 & ! consequ5ce naturally is1 t ! l[] classes ( p are 9 ! mo/ impov]i%$#dbg & mis]able /ate4 ,! *ecks to ! population are ( c\rse *iefly ( ! positive k9d1 & arise f ! diseases occasion$ by squalid pov]ty1 by damp & wret*$ cab9s1 by bad & insuffici5t clo?+1#dbh & occasional want4 ,to ^! positive *ecks h ( late ye>s be5 add$ ! vice & mis]y ( inte/9e commotion1 ( civil w>1 & ( m>tial law40#dbi ,9 8 review ( ,new5ham's ,/ati/ical & ,hi/orical ,enquiry into ! ,population ( ,irel& 9 #ahjh1dcj & 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,emigration ,committee 9 #ahbg1 ,mal?us uses ev5 /rong] language4 ,we may quote f ! latt] docum5t z ! less kn[n ( ! two4 ,9 #ahag he _h sp5t a college vacation 9 visit+ ,we/mea? & ! lakes ( ,kill>ney1#dca & 0 able to speak f p]sonal k ( ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 ask$3-- ,qu4 #ccjf4 8,) ref]5ce to ,irel&1 :at is y\r op9ion z to ! habits ( ! p1 z t5d+ to promote a rapid increase ( population80--8,_! habits are v unfav\rable 9 reg>d to _! own condition1 because !y are incl9$ to be satisfi$ ) ! v l[e/ degree ( com=t1 & to m>ry ) little o!r prospect ?an t ( be+ able to get potatoes = !mselves & _! *ildr540#dcb #ccjg4 8,:at are ! circum/ances :i* contribute to introduce su* habits 9 a c\ntry80--8,! degrad$ condition ( ! p1 oppression1 & ignorance40 #ccaa4 8,y h m5tion$ t oppression contributes to produce ^? habits to :i* y h allud$2 9 :at way d y imag9e 9 ,irel& !re is oppression80--8,i ?9k t ! gov]nm5t ( ,irel& has1 ^u ! :ole1 be5 v unfav\rable to habits ( t k9d2 x has t5d$ to degrade ! g5]al mass ( ! p1 & consequ5tly to prev5t !m f look+ =w>d & acquir+ habits ( prud5ce40 #ccab4 8,is x y\r op9ion t ! m9ds ( ! p may be s influ5c$ by ! circum/ances "u :i* !y live1 9 reg>d to civil society1 t x may contribute v mu* to c\nt]act t p>ticul> habit :i* leads to ! rapid increase ( population80--8,i ?9k s40 #ccac4 8,:at circum/ances 9 y\r op9ion contribute to produce a ta/e = com=t & cleanl9ess among a p80--8,civil & political lib]ty & education40#dcc ,!n ! subject ( "o acre hold+s is introduc$1 & ,mal?us is ask$3-- #ccag4 8,:at effect w\ld any *ange ( ! moral or religi\s /ate ( ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry produce ^u p]sons occupy+ su* possessions80--8,x c\ld n produce any imm$iate effect if t sy/em 7 cont9u$2 ) t sy/em ( occupancy !re mu/ always be an excessive r$undancy ( p1 because1 f ! nature ( tol]ably good l&1 x w always produce m ?an c be employ$ ^u x1 & ! consequ5ce mu/ be t !re w be a great numb] ( p n employ$40 #ccah4 8,is1 !re=e1 n ! fir/ /ep t[>ds improvem5t 9 ,irel& necess>ily to be accompli%$ by an alt]ation ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! occupancy ( ! l&80 ,?is 0 a lead+ "q1 b ,mal?us w\ld n be l$4 ,he repli$1 8,i ?9k t su* an alt]ation is ( ! greate/ possible importance1 b t ! o!r 7! *ange 9 ! gov]nm5t7 %\ld accompany x2 x w\ld n h ! same =ce )\t40 ,9 8 answ]s to lat] que/ions he gave 8 view at great] l5g? on ! causes ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & ,iri% "*4 ,answ4 to qu4 #cdaa4 8,at ! "t ( ! introduction ( ! potato into ,irel& ! ,iri% p 7 9 a v l[ & degrad$ /ate1 & ! increas$ quantity ( food 0 only appli$ to increase ! population4 ,b :5 our ,engli% wages ( lab\r 9 :eat 7 high 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 x did n appe> t !y 7 employ$ m]ely 9 ! ma9t5ance ( m families1 b 9 improv+ ! condition ( ! p 9 _! g5]al mode ( liv+40#dcd #cdac4 8,y attribute ! diff]5ce ( ! "* ( ! p to ! diff]5ce ( food80--8,9 a great measure40 #cdad4 8,:at circum/ance det]m9es ! diff]5ce ( food 9 ! two c\ntries80--8,! circum/ances are p>tly physical & p>tly moral4#dce ,x w dep5d 9 a c]ta9 degree ^u ! soil & climate :e!r ! p live on maize1 :eat1 oats1 potatoes1 or meat40#dcf #cdae4 8,is n ! selection 9 "s degree dep5d5t on ! g5]al /ate ( society80--8,v mu* on moral causes1 on _! be+ 9 s respectable a situation t !y are 9 ! habit ( look+ =w>d1 & ex]cis+ a c]ta9 degree ( prud5ce2 & !re is no d\bt t 9 diff]5t c\ntries ?is k9d ( prud5ce is ex]cis$ 9 v diff]5t degrees40 #cdaf4 8,does x dep5d at all on ! gov]nm5t "u :i* !y live80--8,v mu* on ! gov]nm5t1 on ! /rict & equal adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 on ! p]fect security ( prop]ty1 on civil1 religi\s1 & political lib]ty2 = p respect !mselves m "u fav\rable circum/ances ( ?is k9d1 & are less incl9$ to m>ry1 )out ! prospect ( m physical su/5ance = _! *ildr540 #cdag4 8,on ! degree ( respect ) :i* !y are treat$ by _! sup]iors80--8,yes2 "o ( ! greate/ faults 9 ,irel& is t ! lab\r+ classes !re are n treat$ ) prop] respect by _! sup]iors2 !y are treat$ z if !y 7 a degrad$ p40 ,!reupon he is aga9 ask$ a lead+ "q ( a some:at cynical "*1 b he is aga9 cauti\s 9 8 answ]4 #cdah4 8,does n t treatm5t ma9ly arise f _! exi/+ 9 su* r$undancy z to be no object to _! sup]iors80--8,9 "p x does p]haps2 b x appe>$ to take place be=e t r$undancy 0 ! case1 to ! same degree40 ,! que/ion]1 h[ev]1 begs ! "q & asks3 #cdai4 8,! numb] be+ ! cause ( _! treatm5t1 w n _! treatm5t t5d to ! increase ( t numb]80 & ! answ] is3 8,yes1 !y act & react on ea* o!r40 ,accord+ly 8 op9ion 9 #ahbg is1 z x 0 9 #ahjc1 t emigration conjo9$ ) o!r ag5cies w be good = ,irel&1 b by itself w leave matt]s no bett] ?an !y 74 ,alongside ( 8 weighty words 9 ! essay & 9 ! evid5ce x is wor? :ile to place ! words writt5 by ,adam ,smi? half a c5tury e>li]3-- 8,by ! union ) ,engl&1 ! middl+ & inf]ior ranks ( p 9 ,scotl& ga9$ a complete deliv]ance f ! p[] ( an ari/ocracy :i* _h always be=e oppress$ !m4 ,by a union ) ,great ,brita91 ! great] "p ( ! p ( all ranks 9 ,irel& w\ld ga9 an equally complete deliv]ance f a mu* m oppressive ari/ocracy1 an ari/ocracy n f\nd$1 l t ( ,scotl&1 9 ! natural & respectable di/9ctions ( bir? & =tune1 b 9 ! mo/ odi\s ( all di/9ctions1 ^? ( religi\s & political prejudices2 di/9ctions :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 animate bo? ! insol5ce ( ! oppressors & ! hatr$ & indignation ( ! oppress$1 & :i* commonly r5d] ! inhabitants ( ! same c\ntry m ho/ile to "o ano!r ?an ^? ( diff]5t c\ntries ev] are40#dcg ,) su* passages be=e u1 we _c consid] ! two economi/s to h be5 beh9d _! age 9 _! ,iri% policy4 ,9 reg>d to accurate figures1 ! lat] economi/ 0 little bett] (f ?an ! e>li]4 ,irel& 0 n includ$ 9 ! fir/ two c5suses ( #ahja & #ahaa4 ,9 #afie its population 0 e/imat$ by ,capta9 ,s\? z little m ?an "o million2#dch 9 #agca1 by inquiry ( ,iri% ,h\se ( ,lords1 at two millions2 9 #agib by ,dr4 ,beau=t at a little above f\r millions2#dci 9 #ahje by ,new5ham at five & a half millions2 9 #ahab an imp]fect c5sus gave x z ne>ly six millions2 9 ! c5sus ( #ahba x 0 #f1hjj1jjj4 ,x 0 cle> t ! population ( ,irel& 0 increas+ ev5 !n fa/] ?an t ( ,engl&4#ddj ,b betwe5 ^! dates & our own times comes an episode /rik+ en\gh to provide all economical hi/ories ) a purpureus pannus4 ,= ab\t two g5]ations ,engl& _h p]petrat$ 9 ,irel& h] cr[n+ feats ( comm]cial jeal\sy1 a jeal\sy n m fooli% or wick$ aga9/ ,irel& ?an x 0 aga9/ ! ,am]ican colonies1 or1 till #agjg1 aga9/ ,scotl&1 b m easily victori\s4 ,irel& _h n begun to be 9 any s5se an indu/rial c\ntry till ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james ,i42 & ! w>s ( ! succe$+ reigns hamp]$ h] e>ly ef=ts4 ,%e _h fair corn & mead[ l&s1 & p]haps ! be/ pa/ures 9 ! _w = %eep & cattle4 ,! ,engli% f>m+ int]e/ became impati5t ( ,iri% competition1 & a law 0 pass$ to =bid ! importation ( ,iri% %eep & cattle & dairy produce into ,engl& 7#affe1 #afhj74 ,by reason ( ! lat] ,navigation ,acts1 ,irel& c\ld n make am5ds = ?is by trad+ ) ,am]ica1 = all su* trad+ mu/ be by way ( ,engl& & 9 ,engli% %ips1 nor by trad+ ) ,france = ! same reason4 ,engl& 9 h] jeal\sy w\ld h surr\nd$ h] ) a cordon q z close z ,b]keley's wall ( brass4#dda ,z soon z a consid]able wooll5 manufacture grew up1 ,engl& /opp$ x by legislation1 :i* 79 #afii7 =bade ! exportation ( ,iri% wooll5s n only to ,engl& b to any o!r c\ntry :atev]4 ,engli% int]f]5ce1 if x _h done no m1 add$ imm5sely to ! unc]ta9ties#ddb & fluctuations ( ,iri% trade4 ,! gr[? ( indu/ries l ! wooll5 manufacture _h set on foot a gr[? ( population :i* did n /op ) ! arre/ ( ! indu/ries4 ,z (t5 happ5s1#ddc ! effects ( an impulse to m>riage la/$ f> beyond ! indu/rial progress t gave ! impulse4 ,b ?is means hung] & suff]+1 if n dea?4 ,9 ! case ( ,irel&1 ! ru9 ( all indu/ries b f>m+ ov] m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! l& l$ to an absolute dep5d5ce ( ! p on ! h>ve/ ( _! own c\ntry2 &1 :]e x fail$ !m1 !y 7 br\ght face to face ) de>? or fam9e4 ,x l$ also to ! peopl+ ( ! c\ntry di/ricts at ! exp5se ( ! t[ns1#ddd in/ead ( 7z usual7 ! t[ns at ! exp5se ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village is n ,engli%1 x is n ,iri%4 ,by ! ye> #aghj1 :5 ,"l ,nor? f fe> ( rebellion grant$ free trade to ,irel& ) ,great ,brita91 ! mis*ief _h be5 made almo/ incurable4 ,! great increase 9 ! ,iri% population1 l ! great increase 9 ! ,engli%1 may be said to beg9 9 a free trade movem5t4 ,9 ! wor/ days ( legal p]secution x might h be5 said ( ! ,iri% ,ca?olic population1 ! m !y 7 afflict$ ! m !y multipli$ & grew4 ,lav]gne#dde ?9ks _! great] increase 0 due fir/ to ! physiological law1 t 9 ! case ( all animals ! means ( reproduction are multipli$ 9 proportion to ! *ances ( de/ruction81 & second to ! in/9ctively s\nd tactics ( a p o!rwise def5celess4 ,! probability is1 too1 t !y rema9$ quiet "u _! multitud9\s indu/rial1 political1 & religi\s disqualifications s long1 because !y 7 r$uc$ to t dep? ( mis]y t kills ! v p[] ( resi/ance2 & pov]ty at its extreme po9t is a positive b n a prev5tive *eck on population4 ,:]e ?+s are s bad1 m>riage1 x is ?\ght1 _c make !m worse1 & m>riage w\ld g on at ! exp5se ( a high mortality1 g5]al paup]ism1 or cont9u\s emigration4 ,! pur5ess ( m>riage relations 9 ,irel&1 ?\gh 9 itself a mu* great] good ?an its consequ5ces 7 evil1 act$ z x w\ld h done 9 ,godw9's ,utopia2#ddf ap>t f wisdom1 virtue itself _h its evils4 ,potatoes by-&-by came into g5]al use2 & ! bad h>ve/s1 :i* taught ev5 ! ,scot* & ,engli% poor#ddg to make frequ5t use ( ?is sub/itute = corn1 conv]t$ x 9 ,irel& f a sub/itute into a /aple4 ,economi/s view$ ?is *ange ) almo/ unanim\s disapproval4 ,9 ! view ( ,mal?us x 0 ! *eapness ( ?is food t made x dang]\s = ! lab\r]s2 8 !ory ( wages l$ him to object to *eap corn on ! same gr\nds4#ddh ,on ! pr9ciple t x ne$s difficulties to g5]ate en]gy1 ! ,iri% are made indol5t by _! *eap food1 & make no use ( x except to increase by x4 ,liv+ on ! *eape/ food procurable1 !y c\ld n 9 sc>city fall back on any?+ else4 ,e man :o wi%$ to m>ry might obta9 a cab9 & potatoes4#ddi ,at ! l[e/ calculation1 an acre ( l& plant$ ) potatoes w support twice z mu* z "o ( ! same quality s[n ) :eat4#dej ,!re are o!r objections to a potato diet4 ,x is a simple 7z oppos$ to a composite7 diet1 & x involves a l[ /&>d ( com=t4 ,! second is n ! same z ! fir/1 = a p t _h no v>iety 9 _! food might conceivably h a great v>iety 9 _! o!r com=ts4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x 0 none ( ^! ?ree suppos$ disadvantages ( ! potato t prov$ ! bane ( ! ,iri% population1 b a f\r? "o1 its liability to blight4#dea ,! figures ( ! c5sus tell _! own tale4 ,9 #ahba ! ,iri% p numb]$ #f1hja1hbg2 9 #ahca1 #g1gfg1dja2 9 #ahda1 #h1aii1hec2 b 9 #ahea1 #f1ead1dgc4 ,9 ea* previ\s decade ! increase approa*$ a million2 9 ! la/ !re 0 n only no increase1 b a decrease ( m ?an a million & a half4 ,!re _h be5 a disa/r\s fam9e foll[$ by great emigrations4 ,:at happ5$ on ,"l ,lansd[ne's e/ate 9 ,k]ry is an example ( :at took place ov] ,irel& g5]ally4#deb ,t e/ate compreh5d$ ab\t #ajj1jjj acres1 on :i* be=e ! fam9e !re 0 a population ( #af1jjj s\ls4 ,:5 ! fam9e came a f\r? "p ( !m p]i%$ & ano!r f\r? emigrat$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ?anks to money s5t by relatives f ,am]ica & advances made by ,"l ,lansd[ne1 ! emigration cont9u$ ) su* rapidity t only #bjjj s\ls 7 left on ! e/ate4 ,! fam9e taught ! p h[ to emigrate1 & gave !m "s idea ( ! mean+ ( ov]-population4 ,! rural di/ricts ( ,irel& are probably ov]-peopl$ n[2 b !re seems reason to believe t a body ( t5ants1 :o are little %ort ( peasant proprietors 9 security ( t5ure1 & :o h be5 =c$ into a k ( ! _w outside ,irel&1 w n reta9 ! habits ( ! old occupi]s4#dec ,)\t a *ange ( habits1 peasant proprietor%ips w\ld h done little = ,france1 & w d little = ,irel&4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ! judgm5t ( ,mal?us on ?+s z !y are n[ 9 ,irel&1 aft] ,ca?olic ,emancipation1 ,dise/abli%m5t1 & ! ,l& ,act4 ,9 8 own "t he 0 wise en\gh to see t ! fir/ c\ld n be delay$ )\t inju/ice & dang]4 ,! rapid increase ( ! ,ca?olic population w\ld soon1 he =esaw 9 #ahjh1ded br+ ! "q ( ,emancipation )9 ! range ( 8practical politics10 & if ! measure _h be5 pass$1 z he urg$1 9 #ahjh1 in/ead ( tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ! lab\r ( conciliat+ ,irel& might h prov$ easi]1 & ! political *ange might h help$ to produce t *ange 9 ! habits ( ! p :i* ,mal?us deem$ ess5tial to its p]man5t prosp]ity4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,economics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,l&lords4 ,ne$ ( an ,economical ,digression--,! ,hegemony ( ,adam ,smi?'s ,s*ool--,c>d9al ,doctr9es ( ! ,mal?usian ,economy--,scope1 ,me?od1 ,details--,mal?us do+ ,inju/ice to 8 ,economics--,human ,"* ( 8 ,doctr9es--,agricultural ,situation 9 #agid--;,hi/ory ( ,corn ,laws--,mal?us on ,r5t 9 #ahjc & aft]w>ds--,obs]vations on ! ,corn ,laws--,gr\nds ( an ,op9ion--,nature & ,progress ( ,r5t--,ric>do's ,criticisms--,agricultural ,improvem5ts--,mal?usian ,ideal ( ,comm]cial ,policy--,! ,wall ( ,brass--,limits to ,comm]cial ,progress4 ,! ,essay on ,population deals ) ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,we h tri$ to foll[ its acc\nt ( pa/ & pres5t1 & mu/ n[ consid] ! au?or's view ( future prospects & ( ! v>i\s s*emes 7includ+ 8 own7 = mak+ ! future bett] ?an ! pres5t4 ,to d ju/ice to ?is half ( ! essay1 we mu/ take fur!r lib]ties ) its arrangem5t4 ,= ! sake ( expla9+ ! hi/orical g5esis ( ! essay1 we h already tak5 fir/#dee t criticism ( ,godw9 & ,condorcet :i* 9 ! lat] essay comes 9 ! c5tre ( ! "w1#def on ! heels ( ! acc\nt ( population 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! po9t :]e we h n[ arriv$2 & ! *apt] on emigration has be5 us$ be=e its "t4 ,!re rema91 out ( ! f\rte5 *apt]s ( ! ?ird book ( ! essay1 elev5 /ill unt\*$2 & 9 all b "o#deg a k ( ! g5]al economical doctr9e ( ,mal?us is indisp5sable to a cle> & j und]/&+ ( him4 ,no apology is ne$$ !n = a some:at long digression1 9 :i* ! *ief economical writ+s ( our au?or are briefly analyz$4 ,x is n :olly a digression1 z ! sub/ance ( sev5#deh out ( t5 *apt]s w be f\nd incorporat$ ) x1 & _! logical connection ) ! au?or's economical !ories 7s f> z x exi/s7 w be %[n4 ,z a ?or\ghly practical man1 ,mal?us knew t philan?ropy c d little )\t s\nd doctr9e2 & 8 economical !ories belong to ! sub/ance ( 8 "w4 ,!y 7 develop$1 unlike ! ,essay on ,population1 9 quiet controv]sy among fri5ds2 ,ric>do1 ,james ,mill1 & ,jean ,bapti/e ,say1 :o 7 critics ( ! ,political ,economy1 _h be5 conv]ts ( ! ,essay4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 ! v m5 :o came ne>e/ to id5tify or?odox economics ) rigor\s ab/raction4 ,mal?us himself1 lab\r+ to build up ! neglect$ pa?ology ( economic sci5ce1 0 n *>geable ) ?is fault4 ,8 fir/ "w _h happily fix$ into an intellectual pr9ciple 8 natural incl9ation to look at speculative que/ions 9 _! relations to practice1 & to look at 8?+s z !y are0#dei r ?an z !y might be4 ,ric>do's fir/ "w1 be>+ :olly on f9ance1#dfj _h unhappily fix$ = him 8 incl9ation to treat e social "q z a problem 9 ari?metic4 ,9 bo? cases ! excitem5t ( controv]sy w\ld make ! impression deep]4 ,! two economi/s bo? />t f ,adam ,smi?1#dfa z !ologians f ! ,bible4 ,x 0 becom+ cle> t ^! ,scriptures 7 ( d\btful int]pretation4 ,m5 7 to *oose betwe5 ! ,calv9ism ( ,ric>do & ! ,arm9ianism ( ,mal?us2 &1 :5 ! two writ]s turn$ f _! debates ) ! public to debates ) ea* o!r1 no less a prize 0 9 "q ?an ! hegemony ( ! s*ool4 ,?is 0 won by ,ric>do1 ^: ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy & ,taxation 7#ahag7 7 accept$ by ,james ,mill1 ,mac,culloch1 ,nassau ,s5ior1 to say no?+ ( o!rs1 z ! ,in/itutes ( _! cre$4 ,mac,culloch ?\ght x n wor? 8 :ile to pr9t :at ,ric>do _h ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to write1 9 v9dication ( 8 positions aga9/ ,mal?us4#dfb ,! /ronge/ ally ( ,mal?us 0 ,sismondi4 ,x 0 n till ,ric>do _h reign$ = ?irty ye>s t !re 0 s]i\s sign ( defection1 :5 ! son ( ,james ,mill broke ) 8 fa!r's traditions2#dfc &1 ?\gh 9 ! h&s ( ,?ornton1 ,cliffe ,leslie1 ,walk]1 & o!rs1 ! reaction has be5 c>ri$ to ! utmo/1 ! eclipse ( ,ric>do has done no?+ to rescue ,mal?us f obscurity4 ,! v success ( ! ,essay on ,population may h deep5$ ! oblivion ( ! o!r writ+s 9 virtue ( ! popul> fallacy t a man _c be equally great 9 g5]al !ory & 9 ! advocacy ( "o p>ticul> re=m4 ,! ,political ,economy ( ,mal?us has its faults2 b x conta9s 9 outl9e ! ma9 tru?s :i* writ]s ( our own "t ?9k !y h e/abli%$ aga9/ ,ric>do4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 he ma9ta9s ) !m t ! prop] /udy ( ! sci5ce is n ,weal?1 b ,man1 or m def9itely1 ,weal? 9 relation to ,man4 ,! qualities ( man & ! e>? he cultivates are accord+ to ,mal?us s _m & v>iable 9 relation to ea* o!r t a /udy ( _! relations _c be an exact sci5ce l ma!matics2 x may conta9 8great g5]al pr9ciples0 to :i* !re are few exceptions1 & 8prom95t l&m>ks0 t w be safe guides to u 9 legislation or 9 life2 b 8ev5 ^! :5 exam9$ w be f\nd to resemble ! mo/ g5]al rules 9 morals & politics f\nd$ ^u ! kn[n passions & prop5sities ( human nature40#dfd ,human conduct is *>act]iz$ by su* v>iation & ab]ration t we mu/ always be prep>$ = exceptions to our pr9ciples1 & = qualifications :i* spoil ! *>m ( uni=mity1 b are fai?ful to facts1#dfe l ,george ,eliot's 8analyses 9 small & subtle *>act]s10 :i* /imulate no en?usiasm b alone tell ! :ole tru?4 ,9 ! second place1 we are told t ! nature ( ! subject makes a peculi>ly cauti\s ,me?od necess>y4 ,our fir/ bus9ess be+ to acc\nt = ?+s z !y are1#dff till we are sure t our !ories d s we _c act on !m4#dfg ,a good economical def9ition mu/ con=m to ! ord9>y usage ( words4 ,we mu/ take if possible a mean+ :i* w\ld agree ) ! ord9>y use ( words 89 ! conv]sation ( educat$ p]sons40#dfh ,if ?is does n give suffici5t di/9ctness1 we mu/ fall back on ! au?ority ( ! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s on ! sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly ( ! f\nd] or f\nd]s ( x2 89 ?is case1 :e!r ! t]m be a new "o born ) ! sci5ce1 or an old "o us$ 9 a new s5se1 x w n be /range to ! g5]ality ( read]s1 or liable to be misund]/ood40#dfi ,if any ^w mu/ h a diff]5t mean+ f t adopt$ by ei!r ( ^! au?orities1 ! new s5se mu/ n only be free f ! faults ( ! old1 b mu/ h a cle> & recognizable positive usefulness4 ,! new def9itions %\ld be consi/5t ) ! old2 & ! same t]ms %\ld be us$ 9 ! same s5se1 except :]e invet]ate cu/om insi/s on an exception4 ,:5 all is done1 x is /ill impossible 9 a social sci5ce l political economy to f9d a def9ition entirely beyond cavil4#dgj 8,weal?0 mu/ include all ! 8mat]ial objects t are necess>y1 useful1 or agreeable to mank9d20#dga 8productive lab\r0 mu/ be ! lab\r :i* realizes itself ei!r 9 su* mat]ial objects or ! increas$ value ( !m2 or else we w&] f common language1 & our discussions travel (f into indef9it5ess4 ,economical reason+ mu/ be a d$uction f obs]v$ facts ( nature & ( human nature v]ifi$ by g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,mal?us pr(esses to h us$ ?is cauti\s me?od ?r\gh\t1 & ! !ory ( population 0 only ! p>ticul> in/ance :]e circum/ances enabl$ him to make 8 v]ification mo/ complete4 8,i %\ld nev] h _h t /eady & un%ak5 confid5ce 9 ! !ory ( population :i* ,i h inv>iably felt1 if x _h n appe>$ to me to be confirm$1 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann]1 by ! /ate ( society z x actually exi/s 9 e c\ntry ) :i* we are acqua9t$40#dgb ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ric>do1 legislat+ = ,saturn1 gives u little or no v]ification by exp]i5ce4 ,x is true t he admits qualifications & exceptions to 8 own /atem5ts2 & he w\ld h w9c$ a little at 8 own biograph]'s ass]tion t 8,mr4 ,ric>do paid comp>atively little att5tion to ! practical application ( g5]al pr9ciples2 8 is n a practical "w40#dgc ,b he makes no use ( ! admissions2 8 illu/rations z a rule are n hi/orical1 b imag9>y cases & ! v]ification is want+4 ,9 a lett] to ,mal?us 7writt5 on ! #bd? ,novemb]1 #ahbj7 he says3 8,our diff]5ces may 9 "s respects1 ,i ?9k1 be ascrib$ to y\r consid]+ my book z m practical ?an ,i int5d$ x to be4 ,my object 0 to elucidate pr9ciples1 & to d ?is ,i imag9$ /rong cases1 t ,i might %[ ! op]ation ( ^! pr9ciples40#dgd ,9 ,mal?us & ,adam ,smi?1 imag9>y cases are r>e exceptions1 actual examples f life or hi/ory are ! rule4 ,mal?us goes s f> 9 ?is direction t 7to use 8 own phraseology7 he is tempt$ to subord9ate sci5ce to 8utility40 ,ev5 ,adam ,smi?1 ?\gh he _h abundance ( good-w to 8 k9d1 did n write to d good b to exp\nd tru?4 ,to ,mal?us ! discov]y ( tru? 0 less important ?an ! improvem5t ( society4 ,:5 an economical tru? c\ld n be made ! means ( improvem5t1 he seems to h lo/ int]e/ 9 x4 ,8 po9t$ w>n+ to o!rs aga9/ ?is error#dge may be reg>d$ z a confession ( 8 own liability to x2 &1 if he obey$ 8 own w>n+ at all1 8 position 0 at ! be/ l t ( ! latt]-day utilit>ians1 :o try to rea* happ9ess by mak+ believe n to ?9k ( x4 ,if 8 sci5ce _h be5 less biass$ by utility1 x might h be5 m ?or\gh2 & we might n h _h 9 our own "t a ,ric>dian socialism1 appe>+ l ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ ,ric>dian or?odoxy sitt+ cr[n$ ^u ! grave !re(4 ,he has ! virtue ( refus+ to jo9 ! economical ,ph>isees1#dgf :o w\ld n admit ! ela/icity ( economical laws1 le/ !y %\ld discr$it _! sci5ce2 b he is to blame = n pu%+ 8 qu>rel aga9/ ,ric>do ) ! same en]gy z aga9/ ,godw94 ,8 =ces1 9 ?is campaign1 7 worse drill$ & worse h&l$4 ,x is ju/ly said by ,g>ni] 7,dict4 de l'con4 ,pol41 art4 #8,mal?us'71 t 9 spite ( its title1 ! ,political ,economy ( ,mal?us is n ! exposition ( a sy/em1 b simply a collection ( economical pap]s on v>i\s subjects t _h be5 br\ght specially "u 8 notice 9 discussion ) 8 fri5ds1 or 7we might add7 9 8 college class4 ,?is itself w\ld lead him to pres5t a mu* less solid front to ! enemy ?an he did 9 ! ,essay4 ,to come1 9 ! ?ird place1 to ,details1 we f9d ! human "* ( ! ,political ,economy ( ,mal?us appe>+ n only 9 8 view ( population1 :]e all is at la/ made to dep5d on ! p]sonal responsibility ( ! individual man1 & legislation is good or bad accord+ z x /r5g!ns or weak5s t responsibility1--b 9 8 view ( ! ,value ( goods1 z measur$ by human lab\r1--9 8 view ( dem& & supply1 z %>+ ! incon/ancy ( ! human desires t ent] into bo? ( !m1--9 8 view ( ! ,r5t ( l&1 z det]m9$ by ! effects ( human indu/ry & skill z well z by ! natural qualities ( ! soil1--9 8 view ( ! ,wages ( lab\r1 z regulat$ n by an un*angeable b by a progressive m9imum1--9 8 view ( luxury1 z be+ equally ) p>simony necess>y to production1 & prev5tive ( ov]-production1--& 9 8 view ( free trade1 z a rule to :i* we mu/ make exceptions if we w\ld n cause suff]+s4 ,^! doctr9es _h a di/9ct relation to curr5t ev5ts4 ,political & social *anges 7 react+ on political economy4 ,z ,godw9 & ,pitt provok$ ! essay ( #agih1 ! sc>city ( #agii & #ahjj call$ =? ! pamphlet on ,high ,prices 7#ahjj74 ,z ! latt] be>s directly on ! ,poor ,law1 x w be/ be consid]$ :5 ! ?read ( ! ,essay on ,population is tak5 up aga92#dgg & ! same applies to ! lett] ( ,mal?us to ,:itbread 7#ahjg74 ,! di/resses ( a "t :5 :eat w5t s high z #f ! qu>t] in/ead ( its normal #djs4 or #ejs41 w\ld naturally make ! relief ( ! poor a "q ( ! day4 ,! high prices ( corn increas$ ! numb] ( enclosures & ,enclosure ,bills4 ,m ?an ?ree millions ( acres1 or ab\t a twelf? "p ( ! entire area ( ,engl& & ,wales1 are said to h be5 tak5 f wa/e into cultivation betwe5 #ahjj & #ahbj4 ,! av]age price ( :eat1 always ! /aple food ( ! p :5 !y c\ld get x1 _h be5 #ees4 #aa;d4 = ! ye>s prec$+1 viz4 f #agij to #agii inclusive2 x 0 #hbs4 #b;d4 f #ahjj to #ahji inclusive1 & #hhs4 #h;d4 f #ahaj to #ahai inclusive1 aft] :i* x fell 7= ! next decade7 to #ehs4 #e;d4#dgh ,9 #ahhc-d x 0 #ces4 #h;d4 a qu>t]1 :i* means a f\r-p\nd loaf 7( m$ium quality7 at #d;d4 or #e;d42 b at its l[e/ dur+ ! w> 79 #ahjc7 x 0 at #egs4 #a;d41 & ! loaf 0 at #f;d4 or #g;d4 ,yet agriculture _h n be5 /&+ /ill4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 ^: ecc5tric en]gy b5efit$ e "o b himself1 & fell little %ort ( g5ius1 bett$ 8 n9ete5 volumes ( ,annals ( ,agriculture aga9/ ,sir ,john ,s9clair's tw5ty-"o volumes ( ! ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,pitt w\ld n e/abli% a ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,b ,f>m] ,george did e/abli% "o1 9 #agic2dgi ,"y paid 8 bet & became ,secret>y2 ,s9clair ga9$ 8 n9ete5 volumes & became ,presid5t ( ! new ,bo>d2 & toge!r !y did mu* to make f>m]s & l&lords aw>e ( ! rotations ( crops1 disuse ( fall[s1 new manures1 road-mak+s1 t ! ,secret>y _h be5 prea*+ 9 va9 = ?irty ye>s4#dhj ,:5 ! great sc>cities ( #agii-ahjj took place1 ! ,bo>d 0 equal to ! occasion4 ,x urg$ ! ,gov]nm5t to get supplies ( rice f ,india2 x prea*$ e>ne/ly ! cultivation ( wa/e l&s & ! tempor>y conv]sion ( grass l&s into cornfields4 ,! la/ 0 done widely en\gh :5 ! prices ( corn 7 high4 ,! second1 except :5 x meant enclosure ( commons1 0 h>dly done at all2 & !re 0 a /range impression t ! ef=ts ( ! ,bo>d 7 at bottom a political movem5t aga9/ ecclesia/ical titles & ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,! importation ( rice w\ld h be5 ( imm5se imm$iate s]vice2 b by ! "t ! ord] _h rea*$ ,india & ! rice %ips _h come back to ,engl&1#dha ! fam9e 0 ov]1 ! p pref]r$ :eat1 & #cej1jjj ( b\nty 7 ?r[n away4#dhb ,no?+ %[s ! insul>ity ( ,engli% comm]cial policy bett] ?an ! rem$ies g5]ally propos$ 9 ^? days = cur+ ! evils ( a bad h>ve/4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons pass$ self-d5y+ ord9ances#dhc & br[n-bread bills1 & (f]$ a b\nty on potatoes4#dhd ,!re 0 "s talk inside ! ,h\se ( en=c+ a m9imum rate ( wages1 & outside ( en=c+ a maximum price ( bread4 ,! p 7 told to eat r$ h]r+s in/ead ( bread2 philan?ropic s\p %ops 7 op5$2 di/ill]ies & />* manufactories 7 ?reat5$ ) prohibition4 ,relief f ! poor rates 01 h[ev]1 ! fav\rite way ( cutt+ ! knot4 ,bett] t our p %\ld dep5d on ea* o!r ?an on ! =eign]4 ,?is fe> ( dep5d5ce 0 ! m p>donable !n1 z !re 7 times1 9 ! w> ) ,napoleon1 :5 ,engl& 0 m completely alone aga9/ ! _w ?an %e is ev] likely to be aga94 ,x 0 a mu* m culpable folly to pret5d#dhe t ! sc>city 0 due to 8=e/all+ & regrat+10#dhf & t ,engl& c\ld h provid$ = h]self well en\gh1 ev5 9 #agii & #ahjj1 b = ! corn-deal]s & ! l>ge f>ms & ! enclosures & ! new-fa%ion$ husb&ry4 ,! new le>n+1 h[ev]1 w5t on its way4#dhg ,! b5efits ( x may h gone to f>m]#dhh or to l&lord1--! "q 0 mu* debat$1--b !y did n g to ! lab\r]s4 ,! same is true ( ! improvem5ts 9 cattle-bre$+ introduc$ by ,bakewell ( ,leice/] & ,*apl9 ( ,l9coln1 & enc\rag$ by ! ,smi?field ,club 7#agih71 :i* has long outliv$ ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,! life ( ! c\ntry lab\r]s 0 little *ang$4 ,!y & _! wages c\ld n rema9 entirely unaffect$ by ! gr[? ( manufactur+ t[ns4 ,b cu/om /ill _h ! *ief p[] ov] wages1 & _h no little influ5ce on r5ts4 ,f ! reports s5t f ! ,scot*1 ,engli%1 & ,wel% c\nties to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 9 #agid1 x does n appe> t wages 7 at all1 or r5t v closely1 9 correspond5ce ) ! am\nt ( ! produce4#dhi ,r5ts 7 f> f be+ rack r5ts1 & wages 7 f> f v>y+ ) ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! lab\r]4 ,9 tru? ea* c\ntry di/rict 9 ! days be=e railways & /eamboats 0 ne>ly 9 ! same isolation ) reg>d to ! re/ z all ,engl& 0 ) reg>d to =eign nations4 ,! price ( f>m produce 0 inde$ t5d+ to be equal ov] ,engl&1 z n[ ov] ! _w4 ,wages 7 display+ no su* t5d5cy4 ,( all goods a man is ! mo/ difficult to move1#dij = y mu/ fir/ p]suade him2 & human in]tia by mak+ m5 /ation>y w keep wages l[4 ,s x 0 9 #agid4 ,! ex]tions ( l&lord & t5ant 7 direct$ !re=e r to keep up corn ?an to keep d[n wages4 ,!y 7 beg9n+ to fe> = _! monopoly ( ! corn m>ket4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t _h done its be/ to keep _! m>ket = !m4 ,a law ( ,*>les ,,ii4 pass$ 9 #afgj virtually prohibit$ importation ( =eign :eat till ! price ( home :eat 0 ov] #ecs4 #d;d4 a qu>t]1 & made x free only :5 ! home price 0 #hjs4 ,! ,revolution ( #afhh br\ght a new phase ( comm]cial policy4 ,! new rul]s1 to conciliate ! agricultural classes & atone = ! burd5s :i* _h be5 transf]r$ to !m f ! indu/rial classes1 grant$ a b\nty ( #es4 a qu>t] on ! exportation ( :eat s long z ! home price 0 n ov] #dhs4 ,9 ?is way1 aft] exportation 9 ! days ( ! ,romans1 & alt]nate exportation & importation accord+ to ! seasons 9 aft] times1 !re 01 aft] ! ,revolution1 exportation enc\rag$ by a b\nty1 :ile importation 0 /ill h9d]$ by duties4 ,! int5tion 0 at once to attract capitali/s to agriculture & to rew>d ^? already engag$ 9 x4 ,by ?is means n only w\ld ! f>m]s be atta*$ to ! new dyna/y1 b ,engl& w\ld provide all h] own food4#dia ,b ! v increase ( tillage kept d[n prices & gave ! l&[n]s little b5efit4 ,:5ev] a sc>city occurr$ ! laws 7 susp5d$1 & ! b\nty & duties 7 tak5 (f toge!r4#dib ,exportation1 h[ev]1 0 ! rule till a little aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 say at ! beg9n+ ( ,george ,,iii4's reign1 :5 ! tide _h fairly turn$4 ,especially aft] ! ,peace ( ,p>is 7,nov4 #agfb71 comm]ce 0 ext5d$ & population ) x4 ,canals 7 made1 roads improv$1 & home trade prosp]$4#dic ,we c\ld no long] raise en\gh corn = our own wants4#did ,9 #agff1 ! ye> ( our au?or's bir?1 !re 7 sc>cities1 ,corn ,riots1 & susp5sions ( ! ,corn ,laws2#die b ! b\nty 0 kept up 9 "n to ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #agie & #agif ! price ( :eat rose to #hjs4 a qu>t]1 9 #agig & #agih x sank to #eds42 b1 at ! end ( h>ve/1 #agii1 x rose to #ibs41 9 #ahjj to #abhs41 & be=e ! h>ve/ ( #ahja to #aggs4 ,! qu>t]n loaf 7"u #f;d4 9 #ahhe7 0 once )9 d4 ( #bs46 ,!n came a cycle ( comp>ative pl5ty4 ,:eat betwe5 #ahjb & #ahjg 0 at #ges4 on an av]age1 & a new ,corn ,law 9 #ahjd prohibit$ importation till ! home price %\ld rise to #fcs4 ,betwe5 #ahjh & #ahac x 0 #ajhs4 on an av]age2 & x 0 z high z #adjs4 #i;d4 9 ! sev]e w9t] 7#ahab-ac7 ( ,napoleon's retreat f ,mosc[4 ,b 9 ! spr+ ( #ahae :eat 0 at #fjs4 ,if x %\ld rise to #fcs4 ! ports w\ld be op5$1 & !re 0 n ev5 ! ,protection ( w>4 ,! f>m]s & l&[n]s 7 t]ror-/rick51 ! political economi/s divid$1 & ! bill = rais+ ! importation price to #hjs4 0 hurri$ ?r\gh ! ,h\se4 ,! b\nty1 relax$ 9 #aggc1 _h be5 f9ally repeal$1 9 #ahad4dif ,z ! slid+ scale ( duties 0 n introduc$ till #ahbg1 we are to reg>d ,mal?us & ,ric>do z writ+ on r5t 79 #ahae & #ahbj7 "u ! sev]e ,corn ,law ( #ahae1 z well z :5 ! wisdom ( pass+ t measure 0 /ill "u debate4 ,all _! discussions on r5t be> consci\sly or unconsci\sly ^u ! ,corn ,laws ( _! own "t4 ,mal?us is rightly consid]$ ! fir/ cle> exp\nd] 9 ,engl& ( ! economical doctr9e ( r5t4 ,dr4 ,james ,&]son1 a contempor>y ( ,adam ,smi?1 0 no d\bt be=e 8 age 9 8 view ( ! subject2#dig b1 p]haps because he 0 bett] kn[n z an agriculturi/ ?an z an economi/1 he does n seem to h made conv]ts4 ,! 8simultane\s r$iscov]y0 ( ! true doctr9e by ,we/ & ,mal?us 9 #ahae may be comp>$ ) ! simultane\s discov]y ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory by ,wallace & ,d>w9 9 #ahei4 ,! times 7 ripe = x4 ,mal?us gives no c]ta9 s\nd on ! subject 9 ! e>ly editions ( ! ,essay on ,population4 ,9 ! second he ev5 says t 8"o ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts 9 ! price ( ,briti% corn is ! high r5t ( l&0 7p4 #dfj2 cf4 p4 #ddd74 ,h[ev]1 ne$+ to lecture on ,r5t to 8 pupils at ,haileybury 9 #ahje1 he saw ! uns\ndness ( ?is position1 & 9 #ahjf1 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! essay1 ! passage is dropp$1 & we are told1 8univ]sally x is price t det]m9es r5t1 n r5t t det]m9es price0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bff74 ,! passage is repeat$ 9 ! f\r? edition 7#ahjg74dih ,b :5 ! "t came = a fif? edition1 9 #ahag1 ! :ole ( ! *apt]s on ,corn ,laws & b\nties1 :i* are ! only *apt]s ( ! essay t deal mu* ) r5t1 7 reca/1 to express ! cle>] views :i* ! au?or _h already exp\nd$ else:]e4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahad1 9 ! excitem5t ( debates on ! abolition ( ! b\nty & on new laws to keep out =eign gra91 ,mal?us 0 l$ = ! f\r? or fif? "t 9 8 life to take ! field z a pamphlete]4#dii ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 he came =w>d1 he said1 n to take a side b to act z arbitrator4 ,8 8,obs]vations on ! effects ( ! ,corn ,laws1 & ( a rise or fall 9 ! price ( corn on ! agriculture & g5]al weal? ( ! c\ntry0 7#ahad71ejj pr(ess$ to balance ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! ,corn ,laws1 & did x1 he said1 s judici\sly1 t 8 own fri5ds 7 9 d\bt to :i* op9ion he lean$4#eja ,to lat] read]s ! bias is n d\btful4 ,x appe>s ev5 9 su* a passage z ! foll[+1 :i*1 incid5tally1 %[s u 8 view ( r5t1 ne>ly matur$3--8,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t ! effects ( a fall 9 ! price ( corn on cultivation may be fully comp5sat$ by a dim9ution ( r5ts4 ,ri* l&1 :i* yields a l>ge nett r5t1 may be kept up 9 its actual /ate1 not)/&+ a fall 9 ! price ( its produce1 z a dim9ution ( r5t may be made entirely to comp5sate ?is fall1 & all ! additional exp5ses t belong to a ri* & highly-tax$ c\ntry4 ,b 9 poor l& ! fund ( r5t w (t5 be f\nd q insuffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,!re is a good deal ( l& 9 ?is c\ntry ( su* a quality1 t ! exp5ses ( its cultivation1 toge!r ) ! outgo+s ( poor's rates1 ti!s1 & taxes1 w n all[ ! f>m] to pay m ?an a fif? or six? ( ! value ( ! :ole produce 9 ! %ape ( r5t4 ,if we 7 to suppose ! prices ( gra9 to fall f #ges4 to #ejs4 ! qu>t]1 ! :ole ( su* a r5t w\ld be absorb$1 ev5 if ! price ( ! :ole produce ( ! f>m did n fall 9 proportion to ! price ( gra91 & mak+ "s all[ance = a fall 9 ! price ( lab\r4 ,! regul> cultivation ( su* l& = gra9 w\ld ( c\rse be giv5 up1 & any sort ( pa/ure1 h[ev] scanty1 w\ld be m b5eficial bo? to ! l&lord & f>m]40#ejb ,! drift ( ! pamphlet may be %ortly /at$4 ,! writ] refus$ to g ) ,adam ,smi? 9 id5tify+ corn ) food1 & attribut+ to x 9 t capacity an un*angeable value1 :i* made any rise ( price futile = ! enc\ragem5t ( tillage4 ,he ?\ght t x 0 p]fectly possible to enc\rage tillage by ,corn ,laws2 b 0 x good policy8 ,be=e he c\ld answ] ?is "q1 he felt b\nd to consid] sev]al o!rs4#ejc ,"u free trade w\ld ,great ,brita9 gr[ h] own corn8--if n1 ought ,gov]nm5t to int]f]e to secure ?is8--if s1 w\ld laws to h9d] importation be ! be/ k9d ( int]f]5ce8 ,! answ] to ! fir/ is1 t o!r c\ntries h soils m f]tile ?an ,brita92 ,pol& c %ip corn at ,dantzig = ,engl& at #cbs4 a qu>t]2#ejd &1 if !re 7 free trade ov] ,europe1 ! ri* l&s :i* are n ,engli% w\ld s5d _! pl5ty to relieve ! wants ( _! neighb\rs4 ,if ,corn ,laws h n made u gr[ our own corn1 free trade w\ld n4 ,9 answ] to ! second "q1 no d\bt x is s\nd economy to buy 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell 9 ! de>e/2 &1 if we _h reg>d to no?+ b ! greate/ 8weal?1 population1 & p[]10 ! rule w\ld be inv>iable2 =eign imports ( food are 9 e case a good ?+ = ! c\ntry1 &1 if !re is evil 9 ! matt]1 x is n 9 !m b 9 ! bad season :i* makes !m necess>y2 moreov]1 a free trade 9 corn secures a /eadi] z well z *eap] supply ( gra94#eje ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5d5ce on o!r nations = ! fir/ necess>y ( life is a s\rce ( political insecurity to ! nation s dep5d+2 &1 ?\gh ! dep5d5ce is mutual1 id5tity ( comm]cial int]e/s seldom prev5ts nations f go+ to w> ) ea* o!r2 8we h latt]ly se5 ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances1 9 all qu>t]s1 ( ,gov]nm5ts act+ f passion r ?an int]e/40#ejf ,& x might be argu$ t1 if we give up agriculture = manufacture1 we *ange ! "* ( our p2 manufactur+ indu/ry conduces to m5tal activity1 to an expansion ( com=ts1 to ! gr[? ( ! middle classes1 & to ! gr[? ) !m ( political mod]ation2 b x is m subject ?an agriculture to ! fluctuations ( fa%ion1 :i* lead to *ronic de/itution & discont5t1 & ! conditions ( artizan life are 8ev5 9 _! be/ /ate unfav\rable to heal? & virtue40#ejg ,virtue & happ9ess aft] all are ! end2 weal?1 population1 & p[] are b ! means4 ,mal?us himself believes 9 some?+ l a gold5 mean1 a balance ( ! two indu/ries1 :i* legislation might possibly pres]ve4#ejh ,!re is ano!r & less plausible argum5t on ! same side4 ,assum+ t wages v>y ) ! price ( corn1 high money wages1 & !re=e high prices ( corn1 are an advantage to work+ m51 :o w\ld h m money to buy ! goods ( ! =eign c\ntries :]e prices ( corn 7 l[ & goods 7 *eap4 ,?is argum5t1 ?\gh our au?or is incl9$ to yield to x1 is inconsi/5t ) 8 own views ( wages & ! facts he cites 9 support ( !m4#eji ,m cog5t is ! plea t x w\ld be unfair sudd5ly to )draw a long-e/abli%$ protection1 ?\gh 7x might be repli$7 we are no m b\nd to be gradual 9 aboli%+ protection ?an 9 conclud+ peace dur+ w>4 ,b ! real "q is1 :e!r once protect$ is to mean always protect$1 & protect$ 9 an always increas+ degree1 = x 0 ?is increas$ protection t 0 propos$ 9 #ahad & #ahae4 ,x may be true t if we protect manufacture we ought to protect agriculture2 b1 in/ead ( protect+ bo?1 :y n set bo? free8 ,/atesm5 _h no c\rage1 h[ev]1 to be free-trad]s1 9 days :5 ! sep>ate articles protect$ 7 z _m z ! millions 9 ! ,national ,debt1 & ea* article repres5t$ a ve/$ int]e/4 ,mal?us does n seem to expect ,p>liam5t to give free trade a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,b ! fri5ds ( ! new ,corn ,laws1 besides us+ ! commonplaces ( protectionism1 argu$ f ! *ange 9 ! value ( ! ,engli% curr5cy4 ,:5 pap] 7 pap] prices1#eaj ! importation price ( ! law ( #ahjd c\ld be soon rea*$1 & =eign corn came 9 mu* fa/] ?an ! real or ! bullion prices ( x w\ld h all[$4 ,!re 0 also ! long array ( /&+ argum5ts = ,corn ,laws t lay /ress on ! heavy taxation ( ! c\ntry1 & are meant to %[ t ! agricultural classes be> mo/ ( x1 & are ?us h&icapp$ aga9/ ! =eign]4 ,f ,mal?us himself ! old leav5 ( protectionism 0 nev] :olly purg$ away4 ,l ,pitt1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 he suff]$ 8 politics to corrupt 8 political economy1 & drag him back f ! 8simple sy/em ( natural lib]ty0 into 8! mazes ( ! old sy/em40#eaa ,engli% p s9ce ! ,repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws w h>dly c>e to ?ra% ! old /raw out aga94 ,p]ronet ,?ompson's ,cate*ism ( ! ,corn ,laws is ! be/ /oreh\se ( ! old argum5ts & _! refutations1 set =? ) a livel9ess to :i* no o!r ,engli% economical writ+ has ! slighte/ claim4#eab ,! real op9ion ( ,mal?us came out 9 ! second ,corn ,law pamphlet on ! ,gr\nds ( an ,op9ion on ! ,policy ( re/rict+ ! ,importation ( ,=eign ,corn 7#ahae74 ,betwe5 ! two came ! tract on ,r5t1 :i* is r an economical book ?an a political pamphlet1 & w be notic$ imm$iately4 ,he n[ decl>es himself 9 fav\r ( a tempor>y duty on import$ corn to c\nt]vail ! artificially l[ value ( ! curr5cy1--8to get rid ( t "p ( our prices :i* belongs to great weal?1 comb9$ ) a sy/em ( re/rictions40#eac ,he w>ns ! ,gov]nm5t t !y %\ld n take su* a /ep to b5efit a p>ticul> trade1 b only to b5efit ! public4 ,! motives are ^? con/antly pr(ess$ by def5d]s ( ! ,navigation ,act--n private int]e/s b public policy4 ,s9ce he wrote 8 ,obs]vations circum/ances _h *ang$4 ,! sudd5 peace _h br\ght ! !n unprec$5t$ comb9ation ( a bad h>ve/ & l[ prices2 ! value ( ! curr5cy _h fall5 fa/2 & la/1 & n lea/1 ,france1 ! be/ corn c\ntry 9 ,europe1 _h begun to prohibit ! exportation ( gra9#ead 9 de> ye>s4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 he says1 keep up ! high f>m+ :i* ! w> taught u1 by keep+ up ! high prices ( ! w>4 ,eighty %ill+s might n be too high a price1 = ! limit ( prohibit$ importation4 ,x seems extraord9>y t1 aft] s cle>ly recogniz+ t 8weal? does n consi/ 9 ! de>ness or *eapness ( ! usual measures ( value1 b 9 ! quantity ( produce10 & t exports are n s good a crit]ion ( weal? z ! 8quantity ( produce consum$ at home10#eae ,mal?us %\ld recomm5d ! increase ( abundance by means ( artificial de>ness4 ,x is a poor consolation to u t he 0 no worse ?an ,br\gham1 :o vot$ = ! ,corn ,law 9 #ahae1 & = ! support ( ! ,navigation ,act 9 #ahdi1--;& little worse ?an ,ric>do1 :o w\ld all[ a tempor>y re/riction = ! sake ( leasehold]s4#eaf ,a bett] is t he 0 advocat+ a policy t 0 aga9/ 8 private int]e/s z a hold] ( a fix$ sal>y & own] ( ?ree p] c5ts4#eag ,b at ! be/ ! atmosph]e ( ^! two tracts is a little depress+4 ,! tract on ,r5t is m brac+4 ,x 0 ! fir/-fruits ( ! l>g] "w on ,political ,economy 7#ahbj72 & its sub/ance _h be5 deliv]$ 9 ! pr(essor's lectures at ,haileybury4 ,x exp\nds ! ,nature & ,progress ( ,r5t ) cle>ness & intelligibility1 if )\t ! livel9ess ( #agih4 ,mal?us gives u to und]/& t1 to expla9 ?is or any o!r economical notion1 we mu/ keep z closely z possible to ! usage ( ord9>y language1 ! language ( cle>-?9k+ ord9>y m54#eah ,to !m1 r5t does n mean1 z by d]ivation1 simply produce or pr(it2 nor1 z to a ,fr5*man n[ & to ,bailie ,nicol ,j>vie 9 8 days1 int]e/ on a debt4 ,x means a c]ta9 price paid to a l&lord = ! use ( 8 l&4 ,b su* a def9ition is too wide4 ,x might include ! proce$s ( a monopoly1 or an int]e/ on capital1 or a ,gov]nm5t tax1 or a legal rate1 or a toll1 or a paym5t = s]vice r5d]$4 ,we mu/ def9e ! t]m a little m cle>ly4 ,!re is a c]ta9 portion ( a l&lord's income & ( a peasant proprietor's e>n+s t has an orig9 & "* di/9ct f ! re/1 & dem&s ! economi/'s sep>ate att5tion1 :e!r x alone receives ! "n ( r5t or n2--?is is1 ! excess ( ! produce ( l& beyond ! co/ ( production & ! curr5t rate ( pr(its4 ,repres5t ^! 9 money2 & suppose ! curr5t pr(it five p] c5t4 ,suppose t a t5ant lays out #ejj on 8 f>m1 & gets by ! h>ve/ & f>m produce n only #ejj plus #be1 b #fjj2 ! additional #ge1 :i* w\ld if reta9$ by him be ov] or extra pr(its z comp>$ ) ! rate usual among f>m]s & m5 ( l bus9ess1 is ! value ( 8 r5t2 & ! l&lord c take t f him )\t impov]i%+ him4 ,r5t is t portion ( ! produce :i* rema9s1 aft] all ! outlay ( ! cultivator has be5 repaid him toge!r ) ! curr5t pr(its4 ,f accid5tal or tempor>y causes ! money r5ts ( l& may be m or less ?an ?is2 b ?is is ! po9t to :i* actual r5ts w gravitate4#eai ,s f> z ?is acc\nt goes1 x might seem t ,mal?us' description is too g5]al2 x w\ld include ! extra pr(its1 = example1 ( any monopoly or a royalty = ! use ( a pat5t2 & ,ric>do's def9ition1 8! price paid = ! inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil10 might seem m def9ite4 ,b ,mal?us is r too specific ?an too g5]al4 ,he is ?9k+ ( agricultural l& only1 & t ma9ly z produc+ food = man4 ,if 8 description ( ! ,nature ( r5t adds little to t ( ,adam ,smi?1#ebj 8 acc\nt ( its ,causes1 :i* he himself 0 ! fir/ to grasp1 is *>act]i/ic & peculi>4 ,fir/1 he says1 f]tile#eba soils yield a produce t m ?an fe$s ! produc]4 ,?is may be put m g5]ally ?an ,mal?us has put x4 ,if r5t is to be paid1 !re mu/ be :]e)al to pay x2 & !re _c be s if production does no m ?an repay co/4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be a production beyond m]e repaym5t ( co/1 n only 9 f>m+ b 9 all trades4 ,! v pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r & ! sep>ation ( trades implies t devotion to "o occupation makes m5 s dext]\s 9 production t1 besides provid+ = !mselves1 !y h an ov]plus :]e) to supply _! o!r wants & ! wants ( o!rs4#ebb ,?is ov]plus1 :]e ! facilities = trad+ 7 specially good1 might be s mu* above ! ov]plus ( an ord9>y pr(it t ! grant] ( ! facilities1 :o is usually ! gr\nd l&lord1 might get ! lion's %>e ( x1 & /ill leave ! us] ( ! facilities z ?riv+ z 8 neighb\rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if no su* ov]plus c be e>n$1 no su* r5t c be paid4 ,r5t1 9 %ort1 :5 x is paid by m5 ( bus9ess1 ei!r 9 t[n or 9 c\ntry1 means ov]-pr(its1 & gr\nd-r5ts mean advantage ( situation4 ,! second cause ( r5t1 accord+ to ,mal?us1 :o is consid]+1 be x rememb]$1 ! cause ( ! ,progress ( r5ts z well z ( _! actual volume at any giv5 "t1#ebc is ! peculi>ity belong+ to agricultural l&1 t ! dem& increases ) ! supply2 9 o!r cases ! dem& is ext]nal to ! supply1 b 9 ?is case#ebd ! supply creates its dem&4 ,:]e !re is food !re w be m\?s4 ,9 ! supply ( food no ov]-production is possible4#ebe ,x is "h t ! ,essay on ,r5t is connect$ ) ! ,essay on ,population4 ,by ! law ( population ! t5d5cy is t :]e food en\gh = six is be+ produc$ by two1 ! o!r f\r w soon make _! appe>ance2 & s1 ?9ks ,mal?us1 ! f>m] makes 8 cu/om]s by simply mak+ 8 w>es4 ,some?+ l ?is1 we might add1 w\ld happ5 9 a completely develop$ co-op]ative society1 :]e ! mak]s w\ld sell to ea* o!r & buy f ea* o!r4 ,x is ev5 true1 9 a s5se1 ( all manufactur]s z ?+s n[ are1 9 proportion z _! articles come ne> to be+ necess>ies2--if !y supply t )\t :i* p _c live1 !y g f> to br+ p into be+4 ,mal?us1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ x z mu* m true ( agricultural production ?an ( any o!r4 ,he reg>d$ food z ! *ief necess>y1 & ?\ght ) ,adam ,smi?1 t 8:5 food is provid$ x is comp>atively easy to f9d ! necess>y clo?+ & lodg+40#ebf ,aga9/ ?is we ne$ only rememb]1 h[ ! ,essay on ,population %[$ t x 0 only 9 ! l[] /ages ( exi/5ce t increase ( m]e food involv$ increase ( population2 & s ! t5d5cy ( ! supply to create its own dem& 01 on ! au?or's own %[+1 no?+ m ?an a t5d5cy4#ebg ,8 economical reason+ 0 sway$ a little by 8 circum/ances4 ,! insul>ity ( ,engli% life 9 8 days prev5t$ him f conceiv+ h[ a nation c\ld safely d]ive half its food f abroad2 :at ,adam ,smi? _h ?\ght too good to be likely1#ebh he ?\ght too dang]\s to be desirable4 ,good or bad1 x is our position n[1 & ! result is1 fir/1 t ! supply ( food does n1 9 ! same degree or way1 produce its own dem& z =m]ly1 &1 second1 t our o!r productions are1 ev5 m truly ?an ! agricultural1 ! supply t creates its own dem&1 = !y give ! p[] ( buy+ ! food t fe$s new dem&]s4 ,! production c>ri$ on1 on ! surface ( ! l&1 has come 9 ?is way to be a m pot5t cause ( ! ,progress ( r5ts ?an production f ! soil itself4 ,) ?is re/atem5t ! second ( ,mal?us' causes ( r5t becomes p]haps a little m intelligible4 ,8 ?ird cause is t good l& is sc>ce4 ,l&s diff] 9 f]tility1 & !re is n1 z 9 a new c\ntry1 en\gh ( ! mo/ f]tile to supply all our wants4 ,:5 ! produce ( ! inf]ior beg9s to be absolutely necess>y1 ! inf]ior w be cultivat$ at a price en\gh to repay co/ & give ord9>y pr(its to ! f>m]4 ,b :at is simply en\gh to d t = him w d mu* m ?an t = all ! hold]s ( sup]ior l&s1 & all t is mu* m c be tak5 by a l&lord z r5t )\t plac+ ! t5ant at any disadvantage z comp>$ ) 8 neighb\rs4 ,z soon z ?is happ5s 9 a c\ntry1 ! extra pr(its1 :i* are call$ by economi/s r5t1 w appe> 9 x2 & ! gr[? ( population1 by lead+ to an increas$ dem& = food & to an increas$ price ( x1 w cause ! cultivation ( inf]ior l&s1 or else a m exp5sive cultivation ( ! old ones2 & aga91 s9ce ! necess>y new supplies _c be p]man5tly kept up )\t "o or o!r ( ^! two res\rces1 ! price1 & ) x ! r5t1 w1 9 ! abs5ce ( inv5tions1 rema9 p]man5tly high]4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is ?ird cause is ! 8law ( dim9i%+ returns40 ,x is ?is law ( dim9i%+ returns :i* bulks mo/ l>gely 9 ! tract ( ,sir ,edw>d ,we/1 writt5 9 ! same ye> z t ( ,mal?us4 ,we/'s !ory ( r5t is simply1 8t 9 ! progress ( ! improvem5t ( cultivation ! rais+ ( rude produce becomes progressively m exp5sive1 or 9 o!r words1 ! ratio ( ! net produce ( l& to ! gross produce is cont9ually dim9i%+40#ebi ,he sees h[ ne> ,adam ,smi? came to x :5 he said1 t 9 ! progress ( cultivation ! total am\nt ( r5t increas$1 b ! proportion ( x to ! produce dim9i%$1 s t f be+ e4 g4 half ! produce x became "o-?ird4#ecj ,he sees1 z ev5 9 #agih ,mal?us _h se51#eca t b = ?is law population might increase indef9itely on a few f]tile l&s in/ead ( spread+ ov] ! globe 7,we/1 p4 #ac71 :]eas because ( ?is law inv5tions 9 agriculture are n able to remove 8! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to inf]ior l&1 & ( be/[+ capital ) dim9i%$ advantage on l& already 9 tillage0 7p4 #ej74 ,he pu%es ! pr9ciple s f> z to say broadly t :atev] increases agricultural production increases co/1 :ile :atev] increases manufactur+ production dim9i%es co/ 7p4 #dh71 inf]r+ t ! =m] mu/ t5d abroad & ! latt] at home to prev5t ! displacem5t ( ,engli% agriculture by =eign competition4 ,z he _h little or no influ5ce on ,mal?us1 8 tract ne$ n be notic$ 9 detail2 x is en\gh to say t1 :ile ,we/ is sup]ior 9 /yle & arrangem5t1 ,mal?us is ! m compreh5sive4 ,we/ is cle>] & simpl] because he includes less4 ,look+ at ! ?ree causes toge!r1 we see t ! fir/ & la/ relate to ! /atics1 & ! second to ! dynamics ( ! subject4 ,we ne$ to rememb] t ,mal?us is hav+ reg>d 9 ! fir/ in/ance n to ! value b to ! quantity ( ! produce4 ,n[1 ap>t f que/ions ( value1 x is possible !re might be1 9 a c\ntry1 l& yield+ to ! s[] m ?an he s[$2 b x might be an ord9>y excess1 secur$ by all produc]s 9 t c\ntry1 = ! l& might be all equally f]tile1 & production f l& might be ! mo/ f]tile ( indu/ries4 ,9 t case1 ev5 if ! l& 0 a ,/ate monopoly & ! produc]'s ga9s c\ld be tak5 f him by a tax1 !re w\ld be no?+ correspond+ to r5t1 9 ! receiv$ s5se4 ,b1 z soon z !re 7 diff]5ces 9 ! f]tility1 & !re=e diff]5ces 9 ! quantity produc$ at ! same co/1 ! f>m] :o _h ! diff]5ce on 8 side c\ld be said to h a r5t4 ,x is ?is surplus1 conjo9$ ) ! in/itution ( private prop]ty1 t1 accord+ to ,mal?us1 makes leisure & m5tal progress1 & ev5 great mat]ial prosp]ity1 possible4#ecb ,! r5t is prop]ly ! extra pr(its1 & n ! equival5t paid ov] = !m to a l&lord2 r5t c easily exi/ )\t a l&lord4 8,x may be laid d[n1 !re=e1 z an incontrov]tible tru?1 t1 z a nation rea*es any consid]able degree ( weal?1 & any consid]able fulness ( population1 :i* ( c\rse _c take place )\t a great fall bo? 9 ! pr(its ( /ock & ! wages ( lab\r1 ! sep>ation ( r5ts1 z a k9d ( fixture ^u l&s ( a c]ta9 quality1 is a law z inv>iable z ! action ( ! pr9ciple ( gravity4 ,& t r5ts are nei!r a m]e nom9al value1 nor a value unnecess>ily & injuri\sly transf]r$ f "o set ( p to ano!r1 b a mo/ real & ess5tial "p ( ! :ole value ( ! national prop]ty1 & plac$ by ! laws ( nature :]e !y are1 on ! l&1 by :omsoev] possess$1 :e!r ! l&lord1 ! cr[n1 or ! actual cultivator40#ecc ,x is ! second cause t br+s ! fir/ & ?ird into op]ation 9 su* a way z to produce ! r5ts t we actually "k 9 an old c\ntry4 ,! f]tility :i* secures a produce beyond co/ makes extra pr(its possible2 ! gr[+ population1 :i* gives ! produce a value1 makes !m actual2 & ! gradations 9 f]tility1 :]eby a uni=m increase 9 ! value ( produce creates f> f uni=m extra pr(its to diff]5t cultivators1 give ! extra pr(its ! peculi> graduat$ "*1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( r5t 9 ! economical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,mal?us believ$ himself to h includ$1 9 ?is !ory ( r5t1 :at tru? !re 0 9 ! view ( ! ,fr5* economi/s & ( ,adam ,smi?1 :5 !y spoke ( r5t z due to ! qualities ( ! soil & n to an ord9>y monopoly4 ,8 contempor>ies admitt$ him to h be5 ! fir/ cle> exp\nd] ( ! subject4 ,b 8 mo/ em95t bro!r economi/ f\nd g5]al agreem5t q consi/5t ) emphatic div]g5ce 9 details1#ecd n wond]ful 9 a writ] :o reg>d$ e economical "q z a p>ticul> case ( ! problem ( value r ?an ( weal?4 ,ric>do admits t 8 own !ory ( r5t is simply a f>!r developm5t ( ! ,mal?usian4 ,9 an essay on ,! ,influ5ce ( a l[ price ( ,corn on ! ,pr(its ( ,/ock1 %[+ ! inexp$i5cy ( ,re/rictions on ,importation 7#ahae71ece publi%$ 9 answ] to ! two tracts ( ,mal?us above m5tion$1 he makes ?is q cle>1 &1 unlike 8 disciples1 is w>m 9 praise ( 8 rival's p[]s z an economi/4#ecf ,he agrees ) ! def9ition 7( ! ,tract on ,r5t7 t r5t is 8t portion ( ! value ( ! :ole produce :i* rema9s to ! own] aft] all ! outgo+s belong+ to its cultivation h be5 paid10 includ+ an ord9>y rate ( pr(its = ! employ$4#ecg ,b1 :]eas ,mal?us reg>ds r5t z increas$ by :atev] less5s ! outgo+s 9 any %ape or =m1 ,ric>do consid]s t c happ5 9 "o way only1 namely1 by ! increas$ co/ ( rais+ ! la/ "p ( ! necess>y supplies4 ,ari?metically x 0 cle> t1 if y _h f\r items mak+ up ! total exp5se ( cultivation1 :atev] r$uc$ any "o ( ! items pro tanto r$uc$ ! total4#ech ,accord+ly1 ,mal?us said t r5t c\ld be increas$ by su* an accumulation ( capital z w l[] ! pr(its ( /ock1--su* an increase ( population z w l[] ! wages ( lab\r1--su* agricultural improvem5ts or su* increase ( ! cultivator's ex]tions z w dim9i% ! numb] ( lab\r]s ne$$1--or su* an increase 9 ! prices ( produce f increas$ dem& z w increase ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! exp5se ( production & ! price ( produce4#eci ,ric>do1 on ! o!r h&1 says t pr(its c nev] be r$uc$ by m]e accumulation ( capital or competition ( capitals1 b only by ! progressively less fruitful "* ( ! inve/m5ts to be f\nd = capital z accumulation goes on4 ,z long z !re is f]tile l& to be _h1 yield+ a ri* return to capital1 no "o w accept a poor return4 8,if 9 ! progress ( c\ntries 9 weal? & population new portions ( f]tile l& c be add$ to su* c\ntries ) e increase ( capital1 pr(its w\ld nev] fall nor r5ts rise40#edj ,9 ?+s z !y are1 capital soon accumulates beyond ! ri* inve/m5ts & has to take ! poor]4 ,soon] or lat]1 ev5 9 a new colony1 a po9t is rea*$ :]e f]tile l& w n supply food en\gh = ! gr[+ population except at an increas$ co/4#eda ,n[1 if ! supply is absolutely requir$1 ! mo/ co/ly portion ( x1 :e!r x be got by an ext5sion ( cultivation to poor] l&s1 or by a m ?or\gh cultivation ( ! ri*]1 w det]m9e ! price ( all ! re/1 = !re _c be two prices 9 ! same m>ket2 & ! pr(its ( ! produc] ( x w det]m9e ! pr(its ( all 8 fell[-cultivators1 = !re _c be two rates ( pr(it 9 ! same bus9ess4 ,fur!rmore1 ! agricultural pr(its w det]m9e ! rate 9 o!r bus9esses1 = 9 a full-=m$ society ! rate 9 ! o!rs mu/ be> a fix$ relation to ! rate 9 ?is bus9ess1 s t ! "o _c mat]ially v>y )\t ! o!r4#edb ,!re=e ! great] co/ ( ! la/ portion ( ! necess>y supply ( food w l[] pr(its g5]ally1 w !reby increase ! range ( extra pr(its f ! ri*] soils1 & w !reby raise r5ts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two m5 is1 t :at ,mal?us makes only "o cause1 ,ric>do makes ! only "o1 ! increas$ co/ ( cultivation4#edc ,ric>do & 8 fri5ds h c]ta9ly put cause = effect4#edd ,x is ( c\rse 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! high prices t lead to ! co/ly cultivation1 & n vice v]s1 = )\t ! high prices ! produce ( ! co/ly cultivation w\ld n be pr(itable4 ,mal?us 0 ask$ by ! ,committee on ,emigration3 8,among o!r effects ( resort+ to a soil inf]ior to any n[ 9 cultivation1 :i* is involv$ 9 ! proposition ( cultivat+ wa/e l&s1 w\ld n "o be to raise ! r5ts ( all ! l&lords ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&80--,he answ]$3 8,i ?9k n4 ,! cultivat+ ( poor l&s is n ! cause ( ! rise ( r5ts2 ! rise ( ! price ( produce comp>$ ) ! co/s ( production1 :i* is ! cause ( ! rise ( r5ts1 takes place fir/1 & !n su* rise induces ! cultivation ( ! poor] l&4 ,t is ! doctr9e ,i orig9ally /at$1 & ,i believe x to be true2 x 0 alt]$ by o!rs aft]w>ds40#ede ,on ! o!r h&1 :at makes ! high prices p]man5t in/ead ( tempor>y1 is ! fact t ! cultivation ess5tial to ! complet5ess ( ! supply _c be o!r ?an co/ly4#edf ,x is1 !re=e1 n wrong to consid] co/ly cultivation z "o cause ( ! p]man5ce ( high prices1 & !re) ( high r5ts4 ,b ,ric>do goes fur!r1 & c\nts x ! only cause4 ,?r\gh ! :ole progress ( society1 he says1 pr(its are regulat$ by ! difficulty or facility ( procur+ food2 &1 8if ! smallness ( pr(its d n *eck accumulation1 !re are h>dly any limits to ! rise ( r5t & ! fall ( pr(it40 ,no?+ c increase ! g5]al rate ( pr(it b ! *eap5+ ( food2#edg z by improvem5ts 9 agriculture1 :i*1 by secur+ ! same production ) less lab\r1 = ! "t increase ! pr(its & l[] ! r5ts4#edh ,! l&lord's int]e/ is !re=e at all times oppos$ to t ( e o!r class 9 ! community1#edi = x means de> food1 l[ pr(its1 & high r5ts4 ,/ill1 high r5ts are n ! cause ei!r ( ! de> food or ! l[ pr(its1 b are1 equally ) !m1 ! effect ( a common cause1 m co/ly cultivation4 ,! effect ( a co/ly cultivation on wages might seem vi t]m9orum to be a rais+ ( !m1 = wages dep5d on ! proportion ( ! supply ( lab\r]s to capital's dem&#eej = !m1 & by assumption !re 0 a great] dem&4 ,b s9ce ! cause ( ! rise ( price 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance an increase ( population1 x foll[s t ! increas$ co/ ( rais+ ! mo/ co/ly supplies ( corn w be incurr$ n by high] paym5t ( old lab\r]s1 b by employm5t ( new4 ,wages aga9 w buy less corn1 = corn has ris54 8,:ile ! price ( corn rises t5 p] c5t41 wages w always rise less ?an t5 p] c5t41 b r5t w always rise m2 ! condition ( ! lab\r] w g5]ally decl9e1 & t ( ! l&lord w always be improv$40#eea ,9 8 /atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( wages1 ,ric>do is p]haps m c>eful 9 #ahae ?an he is 9 #ahag1 say+ t1 8z exp]i5ce demon/rates t capital & population alt]nately take ! lead1 & wages 9 consequ5ce are lib]al or scanty1 no?+ c be positively laid d[n respect+ pr(its z f> z wages are conc]n$40#eeb ,b ev5 9 #ahag 8 exposition is h>dly m rigid ?an t ( ,mal?us himself4 ,s f> is he f recogniz+ an iron law driv+ wages d[n to 8! natural price0 or b>e necess>ies1 t he ?9ks ! m>ket rate may be con/antly above ! natural = an indef9ite p]iod1 & he reg>ds ! natural itself z expansive4 ,! :ole *apt] on wages#eec %[s a j und]/&+ ( ! ,essay on ,population4 ,nev]!less1 if ,ric>do 9 "o s5se made too mu* ( ! pr9ciple ( population 9 relation to ,r5t1 9 ano!r s5se he made too little ( x4 ,he does n see t 9 a progressive c\ntry x c\nt]acts ! t5d5cy ( improvem5ts 9 agriculture to *eap5 produce1 & !reby r$uce r5ts2#eed agricultural r5ts h ris5 s9ce #ahdf l>gely because ( high f>m+4 ,he does n grant t high or l[ wages c affect r5t1 because he reg>ds !m z purely relative to pr(its1 & mak+ ) pr(its a total am\nt1 ( :i* only ! proportions v>y2 b x is difficult to believe t ! rise 9 agricultural wages s9ce #ahgc or s c h fail$ to play a "p 9 keep+ d[n f>m]s' r5ts s9ce t date4 ,z1 h[ev]1 our view ( ! p[] or p[]lessness ( l[]$ pr(its or l[]$ wages to increase r5t w be f\nd to dep5d on our view ( ! causes ( value1 & z ! diff]5ce ( ! two economi/s on ! relation ( wages to pr(its might h ! appe>ance ( a te*nical subtlety1 ^! two items ( ! total may be pass$ by = ! pres5t4 ,9 reg>d to agricultural improvem5ts ! issue seem$ pla9]1 & ! evid5ce seem$ all = ,ric>do & aga9/ ,mal?us4 ,9 a c\ntry dep5d+ *iefly on itself = gra91 a g5]al adoption ( improvem5ts w\ld seem to make supplies *eap] because less co/ly1 & !re=e to l[] r5ts because =c+ f>m]s to l[] prices4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,mill did n break away f ,ric>dianism at ?is po9t1#eee ?\gh he speaks less unres]v$ly ?an ,ric>do ^u x4 ,mal?us1 on ! o!r h&1 :o reg>ds r5t z dep5d+ l>gely on ! ability ( ! agricultural supply to create its own dem&s1 reg>ds r5t1 accord+ly1 z at all times keep+ pace ) ! increase ( gra9 caus$ by improvem5ts1 unless ! improvem5ts outrun population4 ,:at *eapness does 9 o!r cases is to make an article accessible to a circle ( buy]s previ\sly exclud$ f x4 ,e "o is a buy] ( agricultural produce & no "o is exclud$2 b ! tempor>y *eapness ( gra9 creates new buy]s by mak+ m>riage accessible to a wid] circle4 ,! progress ( r5ts 9 fact results f ! conflict ( two economical t5d5cies--! t5d5cy ( economical exp$i5ts to l[] prices1 & ! t5d5cy ( an increas+ population to raise !m4 ,if ,mal?us' ripe/ view ( population be true1 !n a *eap5+ ( food among a civiliz$ p by no means leads to a correspond+ increase ( _! numb]s1 & !re=e ! c\rse ( improvem5t w\ld t5d s f> t[>ds a dim9ution ( price1 & !re) ( r5t4 ,if r5ts dep5d$ on ! price ( corn alone1 economical exp$i5ts 7includ+ n only ! direct aids to tillage1 me*anical & *emical inv5tions directly appli$ to x1 b ! indirect aids1 free trade1 railways1 & /eam]s7 mu/ c]ta9ly h l[]$ r5ts 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,b ! rev]se is true1#eef *iefly because ! produce ( a f>m is ceas+ to mean :eat1 & com+ m & m to mean cattle & dairy produce1 :i* h n fall5 b ris5 9 price 9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 :ile corn has actually fall54 ,?is v>iety ( productions has prov$ f9ancially an equival5t to :at ,mal?us 7sev5ty ye>s ago7 consid]$ ! ma9 cause ( great] extra pr(its to ! f>m] & great] money r5ts to ! l&lord----! increas$ f]tility ( ! soil 9 ! matt] ( gra91 & an increas$ price keep+ pace ) x4 ,! comm]cial policy ( ,engl& has become :at ,mal?us describes 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,essay on ,population z a comb9ation ( ! agricultural & ! comm]cial sy/ems4 ,8 views on ?is subject became modifi$ z he grew old]4 ,9 ! second edition he says3#eeg 8,two nations might increase exactly ) ! same rapidity 9 ! ex*angeable value ( ! annual produce ( _! l& & lab\r2 yet 444 9 t :i* _h appli$ itself *iefly to agriculture1 ! poor w\ld live 9 great] pl5ty1 & population w\ld rapidly increase2 9 t :i* _h appli$ itself *iefly to comm]ce1 ! poor w\ld be comp>atively b little b5efit$1 & consequ5tly population w\ld ei!r be /ation>y or increase v sl[ly40 8,9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ! nations ^: weal? has be5 d]iv$ pr9cipally f manufactures & comm]ce h be5 p]fectly ephem]al be+s comp>$ ) ^? ! basis ( ^: weal? has be5 agriculture4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( ?+s t a /ate :i* subsi/s ^u a rev5ue furni%$ by o!r c\ntries mu/ be inf9itely m expos$ to all ! accid5ts ( "t & *ance ?an "o :i* produces its own40#eeh ,x is n1 he ?9ks1 because ( h] trade1 b because ( h] agriculture t ,engl& is s ri* 9 res\rces2 x is n )\t dang] t our comm]cial policy has div]t$ capital f agriculture into manufacture & comm]ce4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury we 7 /rictly an agricultural nation1 & we 7 safe1 = 9 a c\ntry ^: comm]ce & manufacture increase f & ) ! improvem5t 9 agriculture !re is no discov]able g]m ( decay4 ,b all is *ang$ n[2 & !re is reason to fe> t our prosp]ity is tempor>y1 & we h only ris5 by ! depression ( o!r nations4#eei ,:5 ! nations t n[ supply u ) *eap corn %all h prosp]$ l ourselves & increas$ _! population till corn is de> among !m1 !n we %all be ru9$4 ,! evils ( sc>city are s dreadful t x is wor? our :ile to give special enc\ragem5ts to agriculture1 &1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 to h en\gh1 to h 9 g5]al too mu*4#efj ,o!rwise 8we %all be laid s b>e to ! %afts ( =tune t no?+ b a miracle c save u f be+ /ruck40#efa 8,if ,engl& cont9ues ye>ly h] importations ( corn1 %e _c ultimately escape t decl9e :i* seems to be ! natural & necess>y consequ5ce ( excessive comm]cial weal?2 & ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( ^? c\ntries :i* supply h] ) corn mu/ 9 ! end dim9i% h] population1 h] ri*es1 & h] p[]10--n inde$ 9 ! next tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 b 89 ! next two hundr$ or ?ree hundr$40#efb ,9 #ahjc ,mal?us _h mu* 9 common ) ! au?or ( ,great ,brita9 indep5d5t ( ,comm]ce1 to say no?+ ( ! ,fr5* economi/s4 ,he _c be said to h entirely lo/ ! bias 9 fav\r ( ,agriculture 9 lat] ye>s4 ,9 ! ,political ,economy1 review+ ! la/ five c5turies ( ,engli% "w & wages1#efc he tries to expla9 away ! in/ances :]e ris+ prices ( corn & an 8influx ( bullion0 seem to h injur$ ! condition ( ! lab\r]2 & !re c be little d\bt he 0 indirectly answ]+ an objection to ,corn ,laws4 ,:5 depreciation ( ! curr5cy1 :e!r ?r\gh ,am]ican discov]ies or susp5sions ( ca% paym5t1 has occurr$1 ! reb\nd f x 7he says7 has made prices fall mu* m ?an wages1 & s 7we are to inf]71 :5 prices are kept high1 wages w foll[4 ,x may be d\bt$ if he _h weigh$ ! full consequ5ces ( su* a cont5tion 9 ! light ( 8 own pr9ciples ( free trade4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s#efd has _h ! valuable aid ( old ,college acc\nts4 ,mal?us _h little besides ,ed51 ,ar?ur ,"y1 & ! ,reports to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture2 & x is d\btful if he fully und]/ood ! effects on ! lab\r] ( ,h5ry ,,vii4's debasem5t ( ! curr5cy1 or c\ld apply ! analogy to ! depreciation 9 8 own day4#efe ,b on ! :ole1 z ye>s w5t on1 he became less physiocratic4 ,he came to ackn[l$ge t1 if a purely agricultural c\ntry might 9 "s cases1 l ,am]ica1 be ! be/ possible = ! lab\r]1 x might 9 o!r cases1 l ,pol& or ,irel&1 be ! wor/ possible = him4 ,if we he> t ! lab\r] 9 "o c\ntry e>ns 9 a ye> fifte5 & 9 ano!r n9e qu>t]s ( :eat1 we _c be sure t ! =m] is ! bett] (f till we "k ! value ( o!r ?+s 9 ! c\ntry 9 comp>ison ) :eat4 ,if manufactures 7 v de> 9 comp>ison1 !n ! lab\r]'s wages except 9 food w\ld g v little way1 unless 9 a case l ,am]ica1 :]e ! quantity is s great t x makes up = ! little value ( corn wages4 ,9 ,pol& ! value ( corn is s l[1 & !re is s little capital 9 ! c\ntry1 t ! high corn wages mean l[ real wages1 & ! population is ei!r /ation>y or v sl[ 9 its increase4 ,! prosp]ity ( an agricultural c\ntry1 !n1 dep5ds on o!r causes ?an ! direction ( its att5tion to ! "o indu/ry ( agriculture1 & )\t kn[+ ^! we c\ld n inf] or pr$ict x4#eff ,mal?us 9 fact rea*$ ! po9t at :i* he 0 always glad to arrive1 ! m$ium betwe5 two extreme views4#efg ,he w\ld nei!r approve ( a purely agricultural nation1 ^: dang] 0 want ( capital1 nor ( a purely comm]cial1 ^: dang] 0 want ( food4 ,9 a purely comm]cial1 ev]y?+ dep5ds on a sup]iority 9 indu/ry1 ma*9]y1 & trade1 :i* f ! nature ( ?+s _c la/4 ,n only =eign b dome/ic competition w br+ d[n pr(its1 & !reby1 by disc\rag+ sav+ & ent]prise1 dim9i% ! dem& = lab\r & br+ ! population to a /&/ill4 ,*ri/5dom has se5 ,v5ice1 ,bruges1 ,holl& lose _! trade by _! neighb\rs' ga94#efh ,to say t ! nations ( ! _w ought to be all[$ to develope _! trade z freely z ! prov9ces ( a s+le empire1 is1 9 8 op9ion1 to ov]look ! reality ( political ob/acles4 ,if ,engl& 7 /ill sep>at$ into ! k+doms ( ! ,hept>*y1 ,london c\ld n be :at x is4 ,! int]e/ ( a prov9ce & ! int]e/ ( an indep5d5t /ate are nev] ! same4#efi ,to "o :o believes political divisions inevitable1 !re c be little hope = univ]sal free trade4 ,mal?us is unable to rise to ! cosmopolitan view ( ,cobd51 & he nev] seems to see t by ignor+ political b>ri]s1 free trade may really weak5 !m4 ,8 ideal is a /ate :i* comb9es agriculture & comm]ce 9 equal proportions4#egj ,! prosp]ity ( ! latt] implies ! decay ( feudalism & ! e/abli%m5t ( secure gov]nm5t2 ) security comes ! spontane\s ext5sion ( ent]prise & a /eady dem& = lab\r4 ,s9ce ! two great classes ( produc]s provide a m>ket = ea* o!r1 weal? w con/antly gr[1 & )\t risk ( sudd5 *eck by a =eign influ5ce4 ,! prosp]ity ( su* a c\ntry may 7he ?9ks7 la/ practically = ev]1 & we might answ] 9 ! affirmative = our own c\ntry ! qu]y ( ,bi%op ,b]keley ab\t 84#ega 8,! c\ntries :i* unite great l&$ res\rces ) a prosp]\s /ate ( comm]ce & manufactures1 & 9 :i* ! comm]cial "p ( ! population nev] ess5tially exce$s ! agricultural "p1 are em95tly secure f sudd5 rev]ses4 ,_! increas+ weal? seems to be out ( ! rea* ( all common accid5ts1 & !re is no reason to say t !y might n g on increas+ 9 ri*es & population = hundr$s1 nay almo/ ?\s&s ( ye>s40#egb ,!y w\ld g on 9 fact till !y rea*$ ! extreme practical limits ( population1 :i* "u ! sy/em ( private prop]ty w\ld mean su* a /ate ( ! l& z w\ld 8enable ! la/ employ$ lab\r]s to produce ! ma9t5ance ( z _m probably z f\r p]sons10 ! man1 8 wife1 & two *ildr54 ,z soon z ! lab\r ceases to produce m ?an ?is1 x ceases to be wor? ! employ]'s :ile to give ! wages & employ ! lab\r4 ,^! practical limits are f> f ! limits ( ! e>?'s p[] to produce food1 & a ,gov]nm5t :i* compell$ e memb] ( society to devote himself :olly to ! rais+ ( food & necess>ies1 w\ld succe$ 9 com+ ne>] to ^? f>!r limits1 ?\gh at ! exp5se ( ev]y?+ we mean by civilization4#egc ,z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 ! practical limit is n approa*$ by way ( a uni=m decl9e ( pr(its & ( population4 ,v>i\s causes1 act+ at irregul> int]vals1 /ave (f ! ev5t4 ,! decl9e ( g5]al pr(its1 ! introduction ( long leases & l>ge f>m+1 w\ld br+ m capital to ! l&2 improvem5ts 9 agriculture w increase ! produce1 inv5tions 9 manufacture w less5 ! co/ ( ! agriculturi/'s com=ts1 & make 8 wages & pr(its g f>!r2 ! op5+ ( a =eign m>ket may raise home prices2 a tempor>y rise 9 ! value ( agricultural produce may /imulate ! inve/m5t ( capital 9 f>m+4 ,s ,mal?us concludes1 = reasons n unlike ,cliffe ,leslie's1#egd t1 ?\gh !re is a t5d5cy ( pr(its to fall1 yet ! t5d5cy is (t5 defeat$4 ,?\gh !re is mu* tru? /ill 9 _m ( 8 /atem5ts1 ! conclusion he draws f !m1#ege t we ought by a judici\s sy/em ( corn duties & corn b\nties to keep ! price ( food /eady & secure a l>ge home supply1 is q out ( c\rt n[4 ,! v>iations 9 price h be5 "u free trade v mod]ate2 & ! supply f "o qu>t] or ano!r has nev] fail$ u4 ,free trade is no long] among our problems4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t !re is no reason :y ! 8practical limits0 %\ld n exi/ "u a pat]nal or frat]nal socialism z well z "u ! pres5t social sy/em4 ,ev5 if indu/ry 7 initiat$ & direct$ n by individuals b sociali/ically by ,gov]nm5t1 ! sole motive ne$ n be to increase ! m]e numb]s ( ! p1 & !re=e ! m]e total quantity ( food ne$$ = a b>e life4 ,! motive ( sociali/ic gov]nm5t w\ld be to secure a high degree ( com=t1 n a b>e subsi/5ce1 = all2 & !re=e1 at ! co/ ( a limitation ( numb]s1 society w\ld /ill rema9 at a di/ance f its greate/ possible production ( food4 ,:e!r su* a limitation ( numb]s is likely to take place 9 ! recon/itut$ society is discuss$ else:]e4#egf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,work+ ,,man4 ,measure ( ,value1 #ahbc--;,9 :at s5se ,lab\r a ,measure--,difficulties--,argum5ts ( ! ,tract on ,value--,measure 9 ! same ,c\ntry--,measure 9 diff]5t ,c\ntries--,measure at diff]5t ,p]iods 9 ! same--,measure z appli$ to v>y+ ,value ( ,curr5cy--,! ,royal ,lit]>y ,society--,! ,def9itions--,wages--,! ,m9imum ( ,social diff]5t f ! ,m9imum ( ,physical ,necess>ies--,high ,wages1 h[ made ,p]man5t--,! 8,wages ,fund10 ^: ,inv5tion1 & h[ f> a ,reality--8,! ,new ,s*ool ( ,political ,economy10 its ?ree ,t5ets--,a ,g5]al ,glut 9 :at ,s5se possible4 ,z ! ,r5t & ,corn pamphlets deal *iefly ) ,"m ,e>?1 ! tract on ! ,measure ( ,value#egg deals *iefly ) ,fa!r ,"w4 ,! se>* = a common measure ( value is n1 to ,mal?us1 a purely academical problem4 ,he consid]s su* a measure desirable because 9 any inquiry into ! weal? ( nations x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! rise ( "o commodity & ! fall ( ano!r4 ,! =m] is an intr9sic alt]ation ( value :i* w affect e ex*ange 9 :i* ! object is conc]n$2 ! latt] an extr9sic :i* affects only ! "o ex*ange1 ( ! object 9 "q ) ! =eign object t has be5 alt]$4 ,by value ( c\rse is to be und]/ood economic value1 or 8! p[] ( comm&+ o!r objects 9 ex*ange10 n value 9 ! 7n uncommon7 wid] s5se1 ( usefulness 9 supply+ wants4#egh ,! economic value ( any?+1 tak5 9 relation to "s object :i* nev] *anges its value f intr9sic causes1 may be call$ ! 8natural or absolute value0 ( t ?+1 & ! object ) :i* x 0 comp>$ may be call$ ! 8measure0 ( absolute or natural value1 9 o!r words1 ( ! value :i* a ?+ mu/ fet* if its supply is to be cont9u$4 ,:ile n only money b any & e object may be su* a measure ( value = a limit$ place & "t1 ev5 money itself is n a good measure = widely diff]5t places or = long p]iods ( "t2 & corn1 :i* is bett] = long p]iods1 is worse = %ort4 ,lab\r is bett] ?an ei!r1 b ,lab\r is ambigu\s4 ,we may measure ! value ( any?+ ei!r by ! lab\r x has co/ u 9 ! mak+ ( x1 :i* gives u ,ric>do's s5se ( natural value1 or by ! lab\r x w pur*ase aft] x is made4 ,adam ,smi?1#egi :o pref]r$ lab\r bo? to money & corn z ! measure ( value1 wav]$ betwe5 ^! two mean+s ( ! t]ms4 ,mal?us decl>es at once aga9/ ! fir/ s5se4 ,lab\r1 he says1 9 ! s5se ( co/ does n altoge!r det]m9e value & !re=e _c measure x1 ev5 = simil> places & times4 ,9 #ahbj ,mal?us _h be5 ( op9ion t a mean betwe5 corn & lab\r 0 a bett] measure ( value ?an lab\r itself2 b s9ce #ahbc he recurr$ to ! view ( ,adam ,smi?1#ehj & held t ! am\nt ( ! unskill$ common day lab\r ( ! agricultural lab\r]1 :i* a ?+ w pur*ase or comm&1 is a good measure ( ! value ( x ev5 at widely diff]5t places & times4 8,agricultural lab\r is tak5 = ! obvi\s reasons t x is ! commone/ species ( lab\r1 t x directly produces ! food ( ! lab\r]1 & t x is ! mo/ imm$iately connect$ ) ! gradations ( soil & ! necess>y v>iations ( pr(its4 ,x is also assum$ ) ,adam ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,ric>do1 & o!r political economi/s1 t1 on an av]age1 o!r k9ds ( lab\r cont9ue to be> ! same proportions to agricultural lab\r40#eha ,! bodily ex]tion ( ! lab\r] does n *ange2 x is ! same sweat ( ! br[1 ! same sacrifice ( physical =ce4 ,:5 corn1 = example1 w comm& a less am\nt ( lab\r ?an x w\ld h done a c5tury be=e1 we may be sure x is because ( a *ange n 9 ! lab\r b 9 ! corn2 & we ought !re=e to say n t lab\r has ris5 9 value1 b t corn has fall54 ,mal?us' se>* = a p]man5t elem5t 9 ! *angeable has l$ him to individual human lab\r z ! economical unit4 ,if ! ,*9ese lab\r] has l[] wages ?an ! ,engli%1 x is n because 8 lab\r is ( l[] value1 b because 8 necess>ies are ( high]4 ,wages are high] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n because lab\r is ( high] value1 b because necess>ies are ( l[]4#ehb ,( c\rse :5 skill ent]s into ! lab\r1 ! unit is n ! same2 b1 :5 we look only at unskill$1 we f9d confirmation ( ,mal?us' view 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! eld] & ! y\ng] ,brassey z employ]s ( lab\r1 t quantity = quantity 8! co/ ( ! lab\r ! exp5se ( x to ! employ] is ! same ev]y:]e0 ov] ! _w4#ehc ,! measure1 h[ev]1 is by no means out ( c\rt z reg>ds skill$ lab\r2 ! diff]5ce 9 k9d may be /at$ 9 t]ms ( a diff]5ce 9 degree4 ,if ! wat*mak]'s lab\r be paid at ! rate ( #ajs4 a day1 & ! common agricultural lab\r]'s only at #as4 #h;d41 ! =m] may be /at$ z equival5t to six days' common lab\r4#ehd ,mal?us has 9 8 m9d a scale ( comp5sation su* z is drawn out by ,adam ,smi? 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations4#ehe ,disagreeabl5ess1 difficulty1 incon/ancy1 responsibility1 risk ( failure1 are s _m disabilities1 = ea* ( :i* a comp5sation mu/ be made to ! workman 9 ! scale ( 8 wages1 z add+ 9 effect s _m m h\rs' lab\r2 & ea* high] class ( workman mu/ be paid ! unit ( common lab\r]'s wages1 ) ! comp5sations sup]add$4 ,9 practice ?is means t m5 w n be f\nd 9 suffici5t numb]s to d ! high] class "w unless ! wages are suffici5t to make x wor? _! :ile to und]go ! disabilities4 ,x is assum$ t ?is scale has be5 adju/$ by cu/om & ! 8higgl+ ( ! m>ket0 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 till 9 any giv5 neighb\rhood ea* ( ! sev]al skill$ trades has a def9itely recogniz$ place 9 ! s]ies4#ehf ,?is reason+ seems less conv9c+ :5 we consid] t ! translation ( skill into t]ms ( h\rs w\ld be diff]5t 9 diff]5t localities1 & t ! common lab\r1 :i* is ! unit1 w\ld v>y 9 ! same way4 ,! measure ( value w\ld hold only = a giv5 place1 "t1 & p4 ,to escape f ! difficulty1 we mu/ consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! common lab\r at "o "t & place & ! common lab\r at ano!r z itself measurable1 & all[ = x2 or else we mu/ consid] x z too small to di/urb our conclusions1 & s neglect x altoge!r4 ,to r$uce common lab\r to its !oretically simple/ t]ms is to r$uce x to some?+ bel[ our exp]i5ce2 & to r$uce x to its actually simple/ 9 ! giv5 cases is to r$uce x to "o ?+ 9 ,engl&1 a second 9 ,france1 a ?ird 9 ,india1 a f\r? 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are diff]5ces ( quality :i* _c be ) any c]ta9ty resolv$ into diff]5ces ( quantity2 su* are ! diff]5ces ( individuals1 ! diff]5ces ( nations1 ! diff]5ces ( races4 ,x w be f\nd1 also1 t ! "p play$ by common z oppos$ to skill$ lab\r1 & by agricultural z oppos$ to manufactur+ lab\r1 diff]s s mu* betwe5 c\ntry & c\ntry t1 9 ord] to use lab\r z a measure1 we %\ld ne$ o!r measures 9 addition to x4 ,9 %ort1 if we _h data en\gh to apply ?is measure1 we %\ld h data en\gh to disp5se ) x4 ,x 0 possibly ! =ce ( ^! consid]ations t l$ ,mal?us1 z "t w5t on1 to approa* some:at ne>] to ,ric>do1 ^: measure1 s f> z he _h "o1 0 n ! lab\r pur*as$ b ! lab\r t ent]$ into co/4 ,b he adh]$ to ! sub/ance ( 8 doctr9e z express$ 9 ! tract2 & 8 positions1 9 detail1 7 z foll[s3-- ,! p[] ( "o object to comm& ano!r 9 ex*ange is influ5c$ ei!r by a *ange 9 ! object itself1 or by a *ange 9 ! o!r4 ,if we f\nd a case :]e !re 0 nev] a *ange 9 ! fir/ object itself1 !n we %\ld h1 9 t fir/1 a measure ( natural or absolute z oppos$ to nom9al or relative value1 i4 e4 a measure ( t value ( an article :i* satisfies ! 8conditions ( ! supply0 ( x1 & enables its production to be cont9u$ )\t loss to ! produc]s4 ,by 8conditions ( supply0 is meant ,ric>do's 8co/ ( production0 ) ! addition ( ord9>y pr(its4 ,no measure ( m>ket or relative values is possible2 & to h a measure ( natural value itself we mu/ make two po/ulates1--t natural value dep5ds on 8lab\r & pr(its0 7sic71 on r5t little if at all1 & t ! 8wages0 ( lab\r are also ! 8value0 ( lab\r1--:at lab\r is paid is also :at lab\r w fet*4 ,x is easy to apply ! measure :]e only lab\r is conc]n$1 = !n ! lab\r t ! ?+s co/ is a suffici5t measure2 x w\ld be evid5t1 at any *ange1 t ! ?+s _h become *eap]1 n ! lab\r de>]4 ,b 9 pres5t society value is m complicat$2 lab\r is no d\bt ! *ief s\rce ( x1 b pr(its are a v consid]able "o4#ehg ,! natural conditions ( supply1 h[ev]1 may be /at$ 9 t]ms ( lab\r1 j z if lab\r _h be5 ! sole +r$i5t4 ,?is w\ld give u a measure = ! same c\ntry at ! same place & "t4 ,! total quantity ( lab\r t an article co/1 ) ! addition ( ord9>y pr(its /at$ 9 t]ms ( lab\r1 w\ld be ! same z t quantity ( lab\r :i* an article w\ld pur*ase 9 its natural value4 ,9 ! case ( diff]5t c\ntries1 at ! same "t1 ! difficulties are n q ! same4 ,ex*ange is !re det]m9$ n by lab\r b by money prices2 & money is ( v diff]5t value 9 ! "o c\ntry & 9 ! o!r4 ,b ! diff]5ces 9 ! value ( money 9 diff]5t c\ntries are 9 proportion to ! diff]5t prices ( agricultural lab\r--#aejj days' lab\r at #d;d4 a day 9 ,india1 at #bs4 9 ,engl&1 mean+ #be & #aej respectively2 &1 if fix$ capital to ! value ( #cjj days' lab\r 7 advanc$ to ea* ( !m1 :ile pr(its calculat$ 9 days' lab\r 7 tw5ty p] c5t4 9 ! "o case1 t5 9 ! o!r1 ! result w\ld be an article ^: conditions ( supply w\ld require 9 ! "o case a money price ( #ca1 9 ! o!r ( #afh4 ,! diff]5ce is no d\bt due to ! sup]ior effici5cy ( ,engli% indu/ry & skill :i* enables ,engl& to pur*ase ! preci\s metals m *eaply1#ehh b ! co/ ( gett+ ! money w\ld n tell u ! true pres5t value ( ! money 9 ,engl& or 9 ,india4 ,x is n ! lab\r sp5t on ! gold1 b ! lab\r pur*as$ by x1 t w help u "h4 ,9 ea* c\ntry )9 itself we w\ld measure ! natural value ( money z well z ( any?+ else by :at lab\r x w pur*ase2 "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( money 9 ! "o & its value 9 ! o!r by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( lab\r x w pur*ase 9 ! "o case & ! am\nt x w pur*ase 9 ! o!r4#ehi ,9 ! case ( diff]5t p]iods 9 ! same c\ntry1 ?\gh we h n1 z 9 ! case ( two diff]5t c\ntries1 ! te/ ( an actual ex*ange1 we c /ill use lab\r z ! measure4 ,we mu/ all[ = ! high] pr(its ( ! e>li] p]iod2 & on ! 7,ric>dian7 pr9ciple t pr(its & wages v>y inv]sely1 ?\gh corn wages h ris51 pr(its h 9 proportion fall51 & ! total value ( ! produce measur$ by its p[] ( pur*as+ lab\r mu/ be ! same1#eij ! pur*as$ lab\r !n repres5t+ ! produc+ lab\r plus ! !n rate ( pr(its4 ,f ,ric>do's dogma x seems 7to ,mal?us7 to foll[ directly t ! value ( lab\r is con/ant4#eia ,tak+ ! lab\r !y w pur*ase z ! be/ measure ( ! value ( ! preci\s metals1 z ( any?+ else1 we h light on "o ( ! press+ que/ions ( ! day 79 #ahbc71 ! causes ( ! *ang+ value ( money4 ,! causes affect n ! lab\r b ! money1 & !y are ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ ,mal?us describes z a prim>y or necess>y cause1 namely1 ! v>iation 9 pr(its dep5d+ on ! 7,ric>dian7 !ory ( ! int]lock+ ( wages & pr(its1 & ! 7,mal?usian7 !ory ( ! relation ( pr(its to r5t4 ,de> corn due to difficult cultivation w\ld l[] pr(its1 & w\ld alt] ! value ( money1 b only 9 relation to raw1 n 9 relation to manufactur$ produce1 or at lea/ 7f ! effects ( ,ric>do's pr9ciple ( ! inv]se v>iation ( wages & pr(its7 n to ! same ext5t4 ,b ! second1 :i* is a 8second>y & incid5tal0 class ( causes1 affects bo? raw & manufactur$ goods1 & is (t5 en\gh to completely dw>f ! effects ( ! prim>y cause2#eib--;x is ! g5]al comm]cial situation ( a c\ntry1--8! f]tility & vic9ity ( ! m9es1 ! diff]5t effici5cy ( lab\r 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ! abundance or sc>city ( exportable commodities1 & ! /ate ( ! dem& & supply ( commodities & lab\r comp>$ )0 ! preci\s metals4#eic ,! effici5cy ( lab\r & a prosp]\s comm]ce1 ) a great consequ5t dem& = corn & lab\r1 are (t5 m p[]ful 9 mak+ bullion *eap ?an agricultural productiv5ess & high pr(its 9 mak+ bullion de> & corn *eap4 ,dur+ ! w>--say f #agij to #ahad--we _h an in/ance ( ?is1 & s9ce ! w>--say f #ahad to #ahbc--we h _h a cle> in/ance1 he ?9ks1 ( ! conv]se4#eid ,two elaborate pap]s on ! measure ( value1 writt5 9 #ahbe & #ahbg1 %[ t ,mal?us 0 becom+ incl9$ to make less ( 8 diff]5ces ) ,ric>do4#eie ,!y 7 intimate fri5ds2 _! discussions _h no bitt]ness2 &1 to use ! words ( "o ( !m1 8bo? 7 s anxi\s = ! tru? t soon] or lat] !y w\ld h agre$40#eif ,^! pap]s are a fulfilm5t ( 8 duty n 7z we might guess7 z a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society or a memb] ( ! ,political ,economy ,club1#eig b z an associate ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature4#eih 8,t bran* ( lit]ature0 sic 8on :i* x %all be 8 duty to communicate ) ! ,society once a ye> at lea/0 is describ$ z 8political economy & /ati/ics40#eii ,he does little cr$it 9 ^! pap]s to 8 lit]>y faculty4 ,_! composition is lab\r$ & devoid ( ornam5t4 ,! fir/ is ,on ! ,measure ( ! ,conditions necess>y to ! ,supply ( ,commodities2 & ! !sis is1 t 8! natural & necess>y conditions ( ! supply ( all commodities10 t are n monopolies1 are repres5t$ & measur$ by ! lab\r :i* !y w on an av]age comm&1 & by no?+ else4 ,! second is ,on ! ,mean+ :i* is mo/ usually & mo/ correctly atta*$ to ! t]m1 ,value ( ,commodities2 & ! !sis is1 t1 :5 value is us$ )\t a qualify+ adjective or ref]5ce to any special equival5t 9 a possible ex*ange1#fjj ! t]m ref]s to ! 8conditions ( supply40 ,:5 we say1 = example1 any?+ is sold at a price f> above its true value1 we mean f> above its co/ price1 includ+ "u 8co/0 ! av]age rate ( pr(its t mu/ g to ! mak] if he is to live by 8 trade4 ,! two pap]s tak5 toge!r =m a sort ( indirect pro( ( ! position tak5 up 9 ! tract on ! ,measure ( ,value 7#ahbc71 & ! relevant p>ts ( ! second edition ( ! ,political ,economy 7#ahcf71 & may be /at$ briefly ?us3--,! lab\r comm&$ by an article is g5]ally ! measure ( t article's co/2--b t article's co/ is :at p g5]ally mean by its value2--!re=e ! lab\r comm&$ by an article is ! measure ( t article's value 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! second pap] 0 writt5 at ! same "t z ! ,def9itions 9 ,political ,economy1 & illu/rates ! rule laid d[n !re1 prescrib+ adh]5ce1 :5 possible1 to ! mean+ :i* economical t]ms be> 9 ! m\?s ( ord9>y folk4#fja ,! ,def9itions1 = example1 repeat f 7or )7 ! second pap]1 8:5 no second object is specifi$1 ! value ( ! commodity naturally ref]s to ! causes0 :i* det]m9e 8! e/imation 9 :i* x is held0 8& ! object :i* measures x40#fjb 8,! natural value ( a commodity at any place & "t0 is 8! e/imation 9 :i* x is held :5 x is 9 its natural & ord9>y /ate10 z 8det]m9$ by ! elem5t>y co/s ( its production10 or 9 o!r words1 by 8! conditions ( its supply40 ,& ! measure ( ! natural value ( a commodity at any place & "t is 8! quantity ( lab\r = :i* x w ex*ange at t place & "t :5 x is 9 its natural & ord9>y /ate40#fjc ,z a lit]>y production ! book writt5 = ! public is sup]ior to ! pap]s prep>$ = ! m5 ( lett]s4 ,next to ! fir/ ,essay on ,population1 ! critical p>ts ( ! ,def9itions give ! mo/ pleasant examples ( ! au?or's /yle4 ,! two pap]s above m5tion$ are *iefly important z %[+ ! importance :i* ,mal?us1 unlike ,ric>do1 atta*$ to ! "q ( a measure ( value4#fjd ,a contempor>y writ] said v happily t ! fault ( ,ric>do 0 to g5]alize too mu*1 & ( ,mal?us to g5]alize too little4 ,mal?us1 he add$1 is a ke5 obs]v] b poor 9 analysis2 he is 8s occupi$ ) p>ticul>s t he neglects t inductive process :i* ext5ds individual exp]i5ce ?r\gh\t ! inf9itude ( ?+s10 & conv]ts k into sci5ce4 8,z pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,ric>do1 political economy possesses a regul>ity & simplicity beyond :at exi/s 9 nature2 z exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,mal?us1 x is a *aos ( orig9al b unconnect$ elem5ts40#fje ,on ! o!r h&1 ! te/imony ( a rec5t ,g]man writ] is v diff]5t4 ,mal?us1 he tells u1 resembles ,ric>do 9 8 sombre view ( human life & frank /atem5t ( unpleasant facts4 ,_! names are (t5 associat$1 & no d\bt bo? are *ildr5 ( _! times4 ,b _! lean+s 7 really unlike4 ,ric>do took up c]ta9 ideas ( 8 "t 9 _! n>r[e/1 cle>e/1 & h>%e/ =m1 & appli$ !m :olly 9 ! int]e/ ( capital4 ,mal?us is f> less n>r[4 ,8 influ5ce on economics has be5 mu* small] ?an ,ric>do's2 b he w be f\nd 8by f> ! m sugge/ive & less prejudic$ ( ! two10 &1 if he f\nd m oppon5ts1 x is because he 0 less und]/ood & less read4#fjf ,! sprightly ,dialogues#fjg ( ,de ,qu9cey contribute no?+ to ! discussion on value2 b !y %[ h[ completely ,ric>do _h won ! e> ( ! lit]>y _w1 & h[ little pa9s ! oppon5ts ( ,mal?us took to d him ju/ice4 ,mal?us r$uc$ ! problem to _m elem5ts2 ,ric>do to few2 & ! latt]1 z c]ta9ly easi] to und]/&1 0 readily repres5t$ z ! likeli] to be true4 ,simplicity 9 su* a case is a trea*]\s virtue2 & ! app>5t *aos may h be5 mu* ne>] ! tru? ?an ! app>5t cosmos1 if !re 0 a hidd5 flaw 9 ! latt] & a lat5t pr9ciple ( union 9 ! =m]4 ,s\nd or uns\nd1 su* a pr9ciple may be trac$ 9 ! mo/ ab/ract discussions ( ,mal?us4 ,we %all f9d ?is true :5 we comp>e 8 views ) ,ric>do's on ! nature & causes ( value itself1 & ! movem5ts ( prices4 ,we may recognize x ev5 9 ^! discussions on ! measure ( value4 ,! measurem5t ( all value by individual human lab\r is ( a piece ) ! au?or's f9al view ( population1 :]e all is made to dep5d on individual responsibility4#fjh ,! ma9 weakness ( ! position is p]haps t by unskill$ lab\r he means always agricultural1 & does n suffici5tly recognize h[ 9 manufactur+ ,engl& x has p]haps become easi] to measure unskill$ by skill$ ?an ! latt] by ! =m]4 ,! difficulty met ,rob]t ,ow51 :5 9 8 ,lab\r ,ex*anges#fji he n only tri$ to r$uce all values to a common measure 9 lab\r1 b to make lab\r a means ( ex*ange1 = :i* x is c]ta9ly worse suit$ ?an money4 ,lab\r z some?+ to be rew>d$ by ,wages has a m evid5t connection ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,essay on ,population ?an lab\r z ! measure ( all values4 ,9 ?is case unskill$ agricultural lab\r is aga9 ! unit4 ,! fir/ 8condition ( ! supply0 ( ?is lab\r is ! necess>ies ( life1 9 su* quantities z w enable ! lab\r]s to ma9ta9 _! numb]s or to increase !m1#faj z ! case may be4 ,if ! =m] only1 ! price ( lab\r is n1 z ,ric>do says1 ! 8natural10 b really a mo/ unnatural price1 = x w\ld mean t ! c\ntry giv+ x _h arriv$ at ! f9al limit ( its res\rces4#faa ,necess>ies1 h[ev]1 are n a simple or ev5 a fix$ elem5t4 ,we c ( c\rse measure !m 9 corn if we l2 b !y consi/ n only ( ! prime necess>y1 ! /aff ( life1 b ( o!r absolute necess>ies1 ( %elt] & clo?+1 & _m 8conv5i5ces0 :i* h become necess>ies1 inasmu* z !y are ess5tial to heal?y life1 su* z soap & %oes & c&le-light4 ,x has happily become a truism t ! necess>ies ( life are n a fix$ b an exp&+ factor4 ,ev5 if competition 7 always to drive wages d[n to a 8m9imum ( social necess>ies10#fab social are always beyond animal necess>ies2 our base/ begg>s are 9 ! poore/ ?+ sup]flu\s2 & 8! b>e/ social necess>ies0 seem likely 9 process ( "t to mean a high /&>d ( com=t4 ,to raise ! m9imum ( social necess>ies is ! way to raise wages really1 univ]sally1 & almo/ irrevocably4#fac ,mal?us himself decl>es t 8x is ! diffusion ( luxury0 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 8among ! mass ( ! p1 & n an excess ( x 9 a few10 t seems to be advantage\s1 bo? = national weal? & national happ9ess4 ,paley's ideal ( national prosp]ity1 8a labori\s frugal p m9i/]+ to ! dem&s ( an opul5t luxuri\s nation10 is he>tily sc\t$ by him4 ,! luxuries ( ! few ri*1 he says1 h>ass ! indu/ry ( ! poor by v>y+ ) ! fa%ion2 b ! luxuries ( ! poor1 :5 embodi$ 9 _! g5]al /&>d ( liv+1 are n only ! be/ k9d ( *eck to population1 b ! /eadie/ enc\ragem5t to g5]al trade4#fad ,he seems to h suppos$ ! elevation 9 ! /&>d ( liv+ to h be5 effect$1 l ! progress ( nations 9 civilization1 by ! happy improvem5t ( an accid5tal advantage1 by ! ret5tion ( high wages1 :5 once secur$ 9 a "t ( brisk trade 9 ! ord9>y way ( competition2 ! workm51 9 %ort1 succe$$ 9 mak+ p]man5t & de jure a *ange once de facto = ! "t effect$4#fae 8,:5 our wages ( lab\r 9 :eat 7 high 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 x did n appe> t !y 7 employ$ m]ely 9 ! ma9t5ance ( m families1 b 9 improv+ ! condition ( ! p 9 _! g5]al mode ( liv+40#faf ,mal?us1 )\t kn[+ x1 0 c]ta9ly fa!r ( ! !ory ( a ,wages ,fund4 ,! !ory is t ! av]age wages ( ! lab\r+ classes at any giv5 "t are high or l[ 9 proportion to ! great or small am\nt ( circulat+ capital devot$ to ! paym5t ( wages1 or1 z x is sometimes express$ 7m t]sely & inexactly71 wages dep5d on 8! ratio ( population to capital40 ,?is might mean no m ?an ! ari?metical truism t we may always f9d ! av]age wages by divid+ ! total sum receiv$ by ! total numb] ( recipi5ts2 & ! quoti5t w\ld be unalt]able only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* all o!r facts might be said to be s1 9 retrospect4 ,b x is usually tak5 to mean t ! fir/ total c\ld n at any giv5 "t h be5 great] or less ?an x actually 01 be+ fix$ unalt]ably by circum/ances1#fag & s 8devot$0 or 8det]m9$0 to ! paym5t ( wages4 ,! simple/ te/ ( ?is !ory is ! application ( x to ! case ( a s+le individual capitali/ & 8 paym5ts 9 wages4 ,suppose he has a capital ( #aj1jjj1 #ejjj fix$ & #ejjj circulat+2 & suppose t ! latt] means wages only 7in/ead ( *iefly71 & is paid to "o hundr$ m52--#ej a ye> w be ! av]age wages ( ! hundr$ m52 &1 by ! !ory1 giv5 ! rate ( ord9>y pr(its & giv5 ! 8desire ( accumulation0 at ! "t & place1 x c\ld n possibly h be5 ei!r m or less4 ,b1 z ! pr(its are n unconditional1 nei!r are ! wages2 ! capitali/ might conceivably1 to save 8 bus9ess1 keep x up 9 bad times at a loss1 & pay wages at ! exp5se ( pr(its & at ! exp5se ( 8 p]sonal pleasures4#fah ,he has (t5 ! *oice be=e him to sp5d m on fixtures1 or m on new h&s1 or m on fur!r employm5t ( ! old h&s4 ,9 tru?1 too1 ?\gh wages1 especially 9 ,engl&1 are (t5 9 ! fir/ in/ance advanc$ out ( capital1 !y are always meant to be paid out ( ! gross returns1 & 9 e s\nd bus9ess really are s4 ,! workman & employ] make _! contract be=eh&1 & expect ea* o!r to abide by x1 be ! pr(it mu* or little2 ! wages dep5d1 !re=e1 directly on ?is contract1 & indirectly on t :i* is ! means ( fulfill+ ! contract on ! ma/]'s side1 ! price ( ! article made4 ,! price ( ! article is ! real wages fund2#fai & !re=e ! wages fund mu/ be z flexible z m>ket prices1 & ! actual wages z *angeable z are ! p[]s1 habits1 & desires ( ! two contract+ p>ties4 ,! !ory ( a wages fund 0 =m$ f ! facts ( a p]fectly exceptional "t1 & on ! /r5g? ( two tru?s misappli$1 ! doctr9e ( ,mal?us 7on ,population7 9 its mo/ unripe =m1 & ( ,ric>do 7on ,value7 9 its mo/ ab/ract4 ,j4 ,r4 ,mac,culloch seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o put ! two toge!r to d$uce a rigid law ( wages4 8,! m>ket rate ( wages10 he says1 8is exclusively dep5d5t on ! proportion :i* ! capital ( ! c\ntry1 or ! means ( employ+ lab\r1 be>s to ! numb] ( lab\r]s4 ,!re is pla9ly1 !re=e1 only "o way ( really improv+ ! condition ( ! great majority ( ! community or ( ! lab\r+ class1 & t is by increas+ ! ratio ( capital to population10 :i* ! lab\r]s = _! "p c only d by dim9i%+ ! supply ( lab\r4#fbj ,ev5 ,mrs4 ,m>cet1 a docile ,ric>dian1 _h put ! case m c>efully4 8,"w to be p]=m$ is ! imm$iate cause ( ! dem& = lab\r2 b1 h[ev] great or important is ! "w :i* a man may wi% to und]take1 ! execution ( x mu/ always be limit$ by ! ext5t ( 8 capital1 i4 e4 by ! funds he possesses = ! ma9t5ance or paym5t ( 8 lab\r]s40#fba ,%e pr(esses to be exp\nd+ ! receiv$ doctr9e ( h] day4 ,mac,culloch's exposition is mu* m rigid4 ,:5 he speaks ( ! 8funds devot$ to ! paym5t ( wages10 he means 8t portion ( ! capital or weal? ( a c\ntry :i* ! employ]s ( lab\r int5d or are will+ to lay out 9 ! pur*ase ( lab\r40 ,x 8may be l>g] at "o "t ?an at ano!r4 ,b1 :atev] be its magnitude1 x obvi\sly =ms ! only s\rce f :i* any portion ( ! wages ( lab\r c be d]iv$4 ,no o!r fund is 9 exi/5ce f :i* ! lab\r]s z su* c draw a s+le %ill+4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t ! av]age rate ( wages or ! %>e ( ! national capital appropriat$ to ! employm5t ( lab\r fall+1 at an av]age1 to ea* lab\r]1 mu/ entirely dep5d on its am\nt z comp>$ ) ! numb] ( ^? among/ :om x has to be divid$40#fbb ,nei!r ,mac,culloch1 nor ,james ,mill1 nor ,john ,mill 9 8 e>ly writ+s1 nor app>5tly any ( ! exp\nd]s ( ! !ory1 7 9 ! habit ( describ+ ! fund z 8unconditionally0 devot$ to ! paym5t ( wages1 ?\gh ,john ,mill1 9 re/at+ ! position aft] he ab&on$ x1 gives u s to und]/&4#fbc ,some?+ l unconditional det]m9ation1 h[ev]1 is assum$ 9 all ! reason+s ( ! s*ool4 ,adam ,smi?'s frequ5t use ( ! words 8funds devot$0 or 8funds det]m9$0 to ?is or t purpose may easily h be5 misund]/ood4 ,c]ta9ly 9 8 pages !y mean no inflexible compulsion4 ,he says ! dem& ( ^? :o live by wages c only increase 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! 8funds0 :i* are 8de/9$0 = ! paym5t ( wages1 ^! funds be+ 7he adds7 ei!r ! surplus rev5ue ( an idle moni$ man :o w 8naturally0 use any addition to !m 9 increas+ 8 /aff ( dome/ic s]vants1 or ! increas$ capital ( ! capitali/ :o w j z 8naturally0 use !m 9 employ+ m workm54#fbd ,! ^w 8de/9$0 is s f>1 ) him1 f imply+ any iron necessity t x means simply 8int5d$02 & ! int5tion is "o t c be foil$ or alt]$4 ,he speaks ( ! 8funds de/9$ = ! consumption0 ( ! manufactur+ class1#fbe & ( ! t[nsfolk's 8fund ( subsi/5ce10#fbf mean+ simply _! food2 he ev5 speaks ( ! funds de/9$ = ! repair ( ! high roads 9 ,france4#fbg ,ev5 ! /rong passage 9 ,book ,i4 *ap4 viii41 8! dem& = ^? :o live by wages necess>ily increases ) ! increase ( ! rev5ue & /ock ( e c\ntry1 & _c possibly increase )\t x10 /ops consid]ably %ort ( ! doctr9e ( a rigid wages fund4 ,x is nev] sugge/$ by ,adam ,smi? t ! wages fund is inela/ic1 & t wages c\ld n at any giv5 "t h be5 great] or less ?an !y actually 74 ,! doctr9e is seldom trac$ fur!r back ?an to ,mal?us2 & ,mal?us _c be %[n to h held ! doctr9e4 ,) express ref]5ce to ! passage la/ cit$ f ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 he says t 8x w be f\nd t ! funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r d n necess>ily increase ) ! increase ( weal?1 & v r>ely increase 9 proportion to x1 & t ! condition ( ! l[] classes ( society does n dep5d exclusively ^u ! increase ( ! funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r or ! p[] ( support+ a great] numb] ( lab\r]s0 7,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iii4 xiii4 #cfh74 ,! condition ( ! work+ classes dep5d$1 he ?\ght1 p>tly on ! rate at :i* ! 8funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r10#fbh or1 z he express$ x at fir/1 8! res\rces ( ! c\ntry0#fbi & ! dem& = lab\r are increas+1 & p>tly on ! 8habits ( ! p40 ,among _! habits we %\ld ne$ to put _! education & _! p[] ( union among !mselves1 & consequ5t /r5g? 9 a /ruggle ) ! ma/]s1 to obta9 or to raise ! m>ket rate ( wages4 ,f ,ric>do he diff]$ on ! subject ( wages v mu* z on ! subject ( value4 ,ric>do look$ at co/ price z ! natural value ( an article1 & m]e subsi/5ce z ! natural wages ( lab\r4 ,mal?us c\ld d nei!r4 ,! issues betwe5 ! two economi/s are n[h]e s well or s calmly /at$ z 9 a pap] writt5 by ,mal?us 7a few mon?s aft] ,ric>do's dea?7 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1#fcj :]e he deals ) ,mac,culloch's treatise on ,political ,economy4#fca ,9 t article ,mal?us pr(esses to reg>d ! political economy ( ,ric>do1 ,james ,mill1 & mo/ ( ! economical writ]s 9 ! ,encyclopdia1 z a new & wrong dep>ture4 ,x is said to h be5 reg>d$ by ! writ] z "o ( ! be/ economical pap]s he ev] wrote2#fcb &1 among o!r virtues1 x has ! m]it ( p]fect c\rtesy & respect t[>ds ! p]sons criticiz$4 ,_! sy/em1 he says1#fcc is rem>kably l t ( ! ,fr5* economi/s4 ,!y 87 equally m5 ( ! mo/ unque/ionable g5ius1 ( ! highe/ hon\r & integrity1 & ( ! mo/ simple1 mode/1 & amiable mann]s4 ,_! sy/ems 7 equally di/+ui%$ = _! discordance ) common notions1 ! app>5t clos5ess ( _! reason+s1 & ! ma!matical precision ( _! calculations & conclusions f\nd$ on _! assum$ data4 ,^! qualities 9 ! sy/ems & _! f\nd]s1 toge!r ) ! desire s (t5 felt by read]s ( mod]ate abilities ( be+ ?\ght to und]/& :at is consid]$ by compet5t judges z difficult1 increas$ ! numb] ( _! devot$ foll[]s 9 su* a degree1 t 9 ,france x includ$ almo/ all ! able m5 :o 7 incl9$ to att5d to su* subjects1 & 9 ,engl& a v l>ge proportion ( !m4 8,! specific error ( ! ,fr5* economi/s 0 ! hav+ tak5 s conf9$ a view ( weal? & its s\rces z n to include ! results ( manufactur+ & m]cantile indu/ry4 8,! specific error ( ! new s*ool 9 ,engl& is ! hav+ tak5 s conf9$ a view ( value z n to include ! results ( dem& & supply1 & ( ! relative abundance & competition ( capital4 8,facts & exp]i5ce h1 9 ! c\rse ( "s ye>s1 gradually conv]t$ ! economi/s ( ,france f ! errone\s & inapplicable !ory ( ,quesnay to ! ju/] & m practical !ory ( ,adam ,smi?2 &1 z we are fully conv9c$ t an error equally fundam5tal & important is involv$ 9 ! sy/em ( ! new s*ool 9 ,engl& z 9 t ( ! ,fr5* economi/s1 we _c b hope & expect t simil> causes w1 9 "t1 produce 9 our own c\ntry simil> effects 9 ! correction ( error & ! e/abli%m5t ( tru?40 ,! new s*ool has1 accord+ to ,mal?us1 ?ree ma9 pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ is1 t :at det]m9es value is ! quantity ( lab\r t a ?+ co/s to make1--! second1 t supply & dem& d n z a rule affect values1--& ! ?ird1 t f]tility ( soil & n competition regulates ! rate ( pr(its4 ,! new s*ool ?9ks t pr(its ent] s little into ! price ( an article t !y may be neglect$ altoge!r 9 ! computation ( ! causes ( value4 ,b 7says ,mal?us7 ! value ( a /one wall w\ld be due1 ne>ly all ( x1 to lab\r1 & ! value ( a cask ( old w9e kept = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s w\ld be l>gely due to pr(its4 #ej wor? ( /one wall w\ld h mu* m lab\r 8work$ up 9 x0 ?an #ej wor? ( old w9e4 ,x is n suffici5t to answ] t pr(its are simply accumulat$ wages4 ,z well say t five is ano!r "n = f\r4 ,ric>do himself introduc$ _m qualifications into 8 own /atem5t t value is due to lab\r4 ,! pr9ciple 7he confess$7 0 modifi$ by ! use ( ma*9]y & by ! unequal durability ( capital4#fcd ,mal?us admits ! tru? ( ,ric>do's dogma t pr(its & wages c only increase at ea* o!r's exp5se1 & he ev5 applies ?is pr9ciple ( ,ric>do's 9 a new way to ! facts ( ! comm]cial depression t _h prevail$ s9ce ! peace4#fce ,x 0 univ]sally all[$ !re _h be5 a less dem& = lab\r & a great fall 9 wages1 b1 x 0 also all[$1 a mu* great] fall 9 pr(its2 s t wages :ile l[] 9 gross am\nt bore a high] proportion to pr(its ?an be=e4 ,! reason 0 t1 :ile ! competition ( lab\r]s 0 great1 ! competition ( capitali/s ) capitali/s 0 /ill great]4 ,! result 0 a univ]sal fall ( prices2 ! wages1 ?\gh relatively great]1 7 absolutely less 9 am\nt1 & ! dem& = lab\r w\ld h be5 great] if prices _h ris5 & ! capitali/ _h got great] returns to 8 capital4 ,mal?us w\ld n g f>!r ?an ?is1 & ! ,ric>dian doctr9e ne$s to be o!rwise appli$ to yield ! doctr9e ( a wages fund4 ,x 0 appli$ 9 "s su* way z foll[s3--,competition drives prices d[n to ! co/ ( production2 ?is means t at any giv5 "t ! sum total ( pr(its & wages _c be m ?an !y actually are1 & bo? are kept d[n by competition to _! m9imum2 ! ma/]s c\ld n give high] wages )\t cutt+ d[n _! pr(its1 ! m5 c\ld n get less wages )\t ei!r />v+ or be+ driv5 to seek o!r employm5ts4 ,mal?us does n s apply 8 doctr9es4 ,to him1 :at fixes ! sum total ( wages & pr(its is n ! co/ ( production1 b ! dem& = ! ?+ produc$2 n ! lab\r sp5t on a ?+1 b ! lab\r t o!rs are will+ to give = x2 & ! cause ( value is n co/1 b dem& act+ ) supply4 ,ric>do1 :o pref]s to conf9e 8 !ories to natural value1 all[s t ! /ate ( ! dem& & supply raises m>ket value above or depresses x bel[ co/ price2 & he does n see h[ s]i\sly 8 own qualifications#fcf impair ! tru? ( 8 !ory ( value ev5 :5 ! value is 8natural40#fcg ,x is true1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! supply at any giv5 "t is a supply t w n be kept up unless ! co/ price be paid back4 ,! co/ price w\ld c]ta9ly be ! m9imum bel[ :i* prices c\ld n p]man5tly pass4 ,b to ,ric>do ! co/ 9 lab\r is ! =mal z well z ! mat]ial cause ( a value2 to ,mal?us x is only ! mat]ial1 & only "p ( t1 a m]e s9e qu non1 :ile ! effici5t is ! dem&1 & ! f9al is ! consumption ( ! article by its la/ buy] or us]4 ,! ?ird lead+ t5et ( ! new s*ool1 says ,mal?us1 is t ! rate ( pr(its 9 a c\ntry dep5ds on ! f]tility ( ! soil !re1 & n1 z ,adam ,smi? ?\ght1 on ! competition ( capital ) capital = employm5t4 ,aga9/ !m ,mal?us ma9ta9s t !re is no necess>y 7?\gh !re is a frequ5t7 connection betwe5 ! productiv5ess ( indu/ry & ! rate ( pr(its1 /ill less betwe5 ! latt] & ! productiv5ess ( any "o s+le indu/ry1 su* z agriculture4 ,pr(its dep5d on ! proportion ( ! :ole produce :i* 8goes to replace ! advances ( ! capitali/02 b ?is proportion may rema9 ! same :5 ! productiv5ess ( indu/ry is v v>i\s4 ,9 ! previ\s eight or n9e ye>s1 say f #ahae to #ahbd1 !re _h c]ta9ly be5 no co/l9ess 9 production4 ,corn _h be5 *eap1 & f>m]s' losses _h l$ to ! discont9uance ( high f>m+1 & especially ( ! =c$ cultivation ( ! de> ye>s4 ,! production1 !re=e1 0 at ! co/ ( mu* less lab\r4 ,b pr(its1 in/ead ( high]1 7 mu* l[]4 ,abundance ( produce & competition ( produc]s _h caus$ a fall 9 ! value ( produce1 s t x 0 possible = ! lab\r] to receive a great] %>e ( :at he made1 ?\gh 8 lab\r _h n become m productive4 ,ric>do does n take suffici5t acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( prices1 bo? on wages & on pr(its4 ,!re _h 9 fact be5 ov]-production & a g5]al glut4 ,james ,mill's ,elem5ts ( ,political ,economy#fch conta9 a c>eful demon/ration t g5]al gluts are impossible4 ,x 0 emphatically a controv]sial passage1 & 9 ! pages ( ,john ,mill x has ! look ( an ana*ronism4 ,all dep5d$ on ! mean+ ( 8g5]al40 ,if x meant univ]sal1 ! case 0 impossible4 ,x is incr$ible t all )\t exception %\ld h some?+ to sell & no wi% to buy4 ,to (f] any?+ = sale mu/ ( itself imply a desire to buy some?+ else ) x1 ei!r directly or by means ( money4 ,ev5 a v ne> approa* to univ]sality is n easy to und]/&2 & x w\ld mean simply t a bad organization ( ! _w's m>kets _h prev5t$ buy]s & sell]s f rea*+ ea* o!r1 & prev5t$ goods f go+ :]e !y are want$1 at ! "t :5 !y are want$2 x w\ld mean t n ! malady b ! scale & degree ( x _h pass$ belief4#fci ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,gluts4 ,fr5* ,w> & ,engli% ,trade--,engli% ,curr5cy--,bullion ,committee--,re/riction n ! only ,cause ( ,high ,prices--,ric>do on ,curr5cy--,tooke on ,prices--,say on ,gluts--,engli% ,trade f #ahbd--;,high & ,l[ ,wages--,"s ,fallacies ( ,mal?us4 ,! discussion on ,g5]al ,gluts 0 simply a phase ( ! discussions on ,value2 & ! prom95ce ( su* discussions 9 ! political economy ( sixty ye>s ago 0 l>gely due to ! peculi> effects on trade & prices ( a tw5ty ye>s' w> ) ,france4 ,! !ories ( economi/s 7 becom+ mo/ ab/ract precisely at ! "t :5 ! ju/e/ g5]alizations 7 mo/ sev]ely te/$ by abnormal conditions4 ,ev5 if ! ,indu/rial ,revolution h]ald$ by ! ,weal? ( ,nations _h be5 all[$ a free c\rse1 ! new conditions ( manufacture w\ld h rais$ new economical que/ions2 & !y c\ld n h fail$ to turn1 to "s ext5t1 on ! subject ( value1 :i* ,adam ,smi? _h by no means exhau/$4 ,b !re 0 no free c\rse4 ,w> 0 decl>$ aga9/ ,engl& by ,france 9 #agic4 ,9 ! same ye> ,pitt 0 =c$ to (f] ,engli% m]*ants a loan ( public money1 to cure a f9ancial crisis4 ,!n foll[$1 "u ! long ,tory supremacy1 heavy taxes1 repressive laws1 & some?+ m ne>ly approa*+ a w> ( classes ?an any?+ kn[n 9 ,engl& be=e or s9ce4 ,! effects ( ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! ,fr5* w> 7#agic to #ahjb7 7 to all appe>ance r good ?an bad4 ,brita9 itself1 unlike ! o!r bellig]5t c\ntries1 0 always intact1 & ! lab\rs ( ,briti% manufactur]s c\ld g on z if no?+ unusual 0 happ5+ on ! ,cont95t4 ,our comm& ( ! sea1 to say no?+ ( ! conque/ ( new c\ntries1 gave u trade :i* o!rs lo/1 & made am5ds = ! annulm5t ( ! ,fr5* treaty ( comm]ce1 & ! loss ( ! ,dut* trade4 ,9 #ahjf ! situation became less pleasant4 ,! ,b]l9 & ,milan decrees exclud+ u f almo/ e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 ! retaliatory ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil & consequ5t ali5ation ( ,am]ica did real damage to ,engli% comm]ce4 ,! v expectations !y caus$ ( a probable sc>city ( p>ticul> goods s5t up prices2 &1 ) ! real sc>city1 contribut$ to an acute di/urbance ( trade1 :i* la/$ ab\t five ye>s = ! ,cont95t & ?ree ye>s m = ,am]ica 7#ahjg-ab1 #ahjg-ae74 ,new m>kets 7 op5$ to u 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ! p5t-up comm]cial ent]prise ( our c\ntrym5 v5t$ itself 9 t direction1 ) wild disreg>d ( ! ne$s ( consum]s 9 t qu>t]4#fdj ,! same happ5$1 ) m reason1 9 #ahad & #ahae4 ,:5 peace 0 re/or$1 x 0 ?\ght t ! :ole ,cont95t mu/ be eag] to h our goods1 aft] be+ s long )\t !m2 & we s5t !m lavi%ly ev]y:]e )\t wait+ = ord]s4 ,unhappily ! re/ ( ,europe 0 exhau/$ by ! w>1 :i* _h less5$ _! production2 & su* products z !y c\ld (f] u 9 ex*ange = our manufactures we seldom took )\t tax+4 ,! v food t we mo/ want$ f !m we 7 c>eful to keep out till ! la/ mom5t4#fda ,any?+ m unlike ! 8simple sy/em ( natural lib]ty0 c\ld n be conceiv$2 & ! result c]ta9ly seem$ to be an ov]-production on our "p2--x 0 at any rate a reign ( l[ prices & deep comm]cial depression4 ,?is 0 n all4 ,s9ce #agig we _h _h a pap] curr5cy ( unc]ta9 value4 ,9 t ye> ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 ^: dep>tm5t ( issue 0 n !n sep>at$ f its dep>tm5t ( bank+1 gave advances to ,gov]nm5t1 9 return = :i* x 0 reliev$ ( imm$iate obligation to pay gold to ! hold]s ( its notes4 ,z long z ! issues 7 mod]ate1 ! notes kept _! value2 b ?is 0 a "t :5 economical sub/itutes = ! curr5cy1 *eques & bills & ,c\nty notes1 7 less5+ ! proportion ( ! ,bank's notes to ! total transactions ( trade2 & ! ,bank's p[] ( calculat+ ! public ne$ )\t ! natural safety-valve ( conv]tibility became m & m fallible2 ! circulation soon conta9$ sup]flu\s pap]1 :i* dragg$ d[n ! :ole curr5cy4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 discussions on curr5cy ga9$ an int]e/ !y c\ld nev] h _h 9 ! ab/ract2 & !y l$ to measures ( ! mo/ practical & p]man5t usefulness4 ,ric>do's tract ,! ,high ,price ( ,gold ,bullion a ,pro( ( ! ,depreciation ( ,bank-,notes 7#ahji7 prep>$ ! way = ! ,bullion ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7#ahaj71 & ?r\gh !m = our own ,bank ,*>t] ,act 7#ahdd74 ,mal?us play$ a m quiet "p4 ,8 *ief writ+s on ! subject ( ! curr5cy 7 two magaz9e articles1 "o 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review ( ,febru>y #ahaa1fdb & ano!r 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,april #ahbc4 ,! fir/ treats ( ,! ,depreciation ( ,pap] ,curr5cy1 & is a review ( pamphlets by ! lead+ advocates & assailants ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,bullion ,committee's ,report4 ,! ,committee _h inquir$ into ?ree subjects3 ! high price ( gold bullion1 ! /ate ( ! curr5cy1 & ! /ate ( ! =eign ,ex*anges4 ,z to ! fir/1 !y f\nd t1 :ile an ounce ( /&>d gold 0 conv]t$ at ! ,m9t into #c #ags4 #aj;d4 7:i* sum 0 !re=e ! ,m9t price ( gold bullion71 ! said ounce c\ld n 9 ! ye>s #ahjf-h be b\ght by ! ,m9t = less ?an #d 9 bank-notes1 or 9 #ahji = less ?an #d #ajs4 ,! m>ket price _h ris5 to t ext5t above ! ,m9t price1 ( gold bullion4 ,z to ! second1 !y f\nd t gu9eas _h gone out ( circulation1 & 7 practically replac$ by small notes betwe5 #a & #e4 ,f9ally1 z to ! ?ird1 !y f\nd t f ! end ( #ahjh ! ,ex*anges _h become m & m unfav\rable to ,engl&1 till 9 #ahji-aj !y 7 ) ,hamburg n9e1 ) ,am/]dam sev51 ) ,p>is m ?an f\rte5 p] c5t4 bel[ p>4 ,aft] exam9ation ( witnesses & consid]ation ( _! evid5ce1 ! ,committee resolv$ 8t !re is at pres5t an excess 9 ! pap] circulation ( ?is c\ntry1 ( :i* ! mo/ unequivocal symptom is ! v high price ( bullion1 & next to t ! l[ /ate ( ! ,cont95tal ,ex*anges2 t ?is excess is to be ascrib$ to ! want ( a suffici5t *eck & control 9 ! issues ( pap] f ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 & orig9ally to ! susp5sion ( ca% paym5ts1 :i* remov$ ! natural & true control40 ,! effects _h be5 v s]i\s1 especially on ! wages ( common c\ntry lab\r 7,report1 p4 #gc72 & ! ,committee recomm5d a spe$y return to ! pr9ciple ( ca% paym5ts1 :e!r ! nation be at peace or w>1 ?\gh caution dem&s t ?is take place gradually1 9 ! space ( two ye>s4 ,x took place1 n 9 two ye>s1 b 9 m ?an t51 namely on #a/ ,may #ahba1fdc ,p>liam5t n agree+ to ! *ange till #ahai4fdd ,cobbett's v5ture 7to be broil$ on a gridiron :5 ! ,bank paid 9 gold7 seem$ a p]fectly safe "o4 ,bo? ,mal?us & ,ric>do agre$ ) ! ,report ( ! ,bullion ,committee4 ,ric>do inde$ is 9 a s5se ! fa!r ( x4 ,mal?us 79 ! ,ed94 ,review7 speaks /rongly ( ! bad policy & inju/ice ( cont9u+ ! susp5sion1 & he does n sp>e ! ,bank ( ,engl& & its mis*iev\s monopoly1#fde or ! 8practical m50 & _! n>r[ views4#fdf ,yet he f9ds fault ) ,ric>do "h z else:]e = mak+ 8 /atem5ts too absolute4 ,mal?us' fault is 9 ! contr>y direction2 he qualifies too mu*4#fdg ,he ?9ks t ,ric>do has gone too f> 9 attribut+ all ! movem5ts ( ! ,ex*anges to excessive or defective curr5cy2 a purely comm]cial excess ( imports ov] exports might1 he ?9ks1 cause ! same effects1 & ev5 9 ! high price ( bullion x 0 ! comm]cial difficulty t began :at ! depreciation ( curr5cy cont9u$4 ,ric>do1 :o replies 9 a long app5dix1#fdh answ]s1 9 sub/ance1 t 9 any & e case money goes f :]e x is *eap] to :]e x is de>]1 & !re=e f :]e ! curr5cy has lo/ value to :]e x has ga9$ x4 ,b ?is h>dly meets ! cont5tion ( ,mal?us1 t ! effici5t cause1 ?\gh x affects ! curr5cy1 is n 9 all cases ! curr5cy itself1 & 9 ! case ( an unequal balance ( trade1 h[ev] tempor>y1 ! cause ( ! exportation ( ! money is r ! sup]fluity ( ! goods 9 ! =eign c\ntry ?an ! defici5cy ( ! money !re2--x w\ld be o!rwise :5 ! fir/ cause 0 9 ! curr5cy itself4 ,! re/ ( ! article conta9s little t is new to read]s ( ! ,political ,economy1 & ! ref]5ce to a possible ov]-production is *iefly valuable z a sign ( ! au?or%ip1 & z %[+ t ! views ( ! au?or 7 becom+ fix$4 ,! p]sonal acqua9tance ( ,mal?us ) ,ric>do dates probably f ! appe>ance ( ?is article2#fdi & !y cont9u$ to discuss & correspond1 9 p]fect fri5d%ip1 till ! dea? ( ,ric>do 9 ,sept4 #ahbc4fej ,8 fri5d%ip ) ! ,ed9burgh ,review]s rema9$ unbrok52 &1 :5 he wrote 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 x 0 ! ,review n ! writ] t _h *ang$4 ,on f9ance1 inde$1 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review _h be5 sav$ f uns\ndness by ,cann+'s influ5ce1#fea & an article on ,tooke's ,prices ne$ h no politics4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,?omas ,tooke#feb 0 "r 9 hold+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,m9t price & ! m>ket price ( gold bullion to be ! full measure ( ! effect ( ?is depreciation ^u prices1 ! re/ ( ! increase be+ due to great dem& ) small supply1 be+ z a rule mu* exagg]at$ & 9 its wor/ =ms purely local4 ,he po9t$ out t !re 01 z a matt] ( fact1 no co9cid5ce betwe5 ! ,bank's contraction or ext5sion ( its issues & ! fall or rise ( prices 9 ! m>ket outside4 ,prices rose1 = example1 9 #agie & #agif1 :5 ! ,bank's circulation _h be5 n ext5d$ b contract$ to meet ! comm]cial crisis2 & 9 #agih1 :5 ! ,bank's issues 7 l>g]1 prices actually fell to :at !y _h be5 9 #agic4 ,moreov]1 :5 "s prices w5t up1 o!rs w5t d[n4 ,:5 ! prices ( provisions w5t up 9 #agii & #ahjj1 ! prices ( colonial w>es w5t d[n4 ,! rul+ cause 7,tooke argues7 0 n ! issue ( _m or few bank-notes1 b sc>city & pl5ty1 especially ! pl5ty ( a good h>ve/ & ! sc>city ( a bad "o4 ,wages 9 ! same way fluctuat$ r by ! h>ve/s ?an by ! curr5cy1 b n by ei!r s mu* z by ! *anges 9 g5]al trade2 x w\ld n be true to say t ! high or l[ prices produc$ high or l[ wages1 b :at produc$ ! "o produc$ ! o!r4 ,! recoil ( ! speculation t foll[$ ! ,peace br\ght d[n bo? toge!r2 !re 0 a glut n only ( goods b ( h&s2 & !re 7 ! disc>d$ m5 ( ! army to swell ! numb]s ( ! unemploy$4 ,! ,luddite outbreaks aga9/ ma*9es1 z tak+ "w away f ! h&s1 _h made a notable beg9n+ 9 #ahab dur+ ! w>2 9 #ahaf1 ! ye> aft] ! ,peace1 !y began aga9 ) great] viol5ce4 ,! discussions ( ,say & ,mal?us on ,ov]-production1 & ! reason+s 9 ,ric>do 7#ahag7 & ,james ,mill 7#ahba7 on ,wages & ! ,wages ,fund1 are z truly comm5t>ies on ^! ev5ts z ! ,lett] ( ,cobbett to ! ,luddites#fec or ! volumes ( ,tooke on ,prices4 ,mal?us has adroitly us$ ! "w ( ,tooke to support 8 own economical positions4 ,9 a review 9 ! ,qu>t]ly = ,april #ahbcfed 7pages #bad seq47 he tries to %[ t ,mr4 ,tooke's conclusions z to ! high & l[ prices ( ! pa/ ?irty ye>s prove ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts3--,fir/1 t values & !re=e prices dep5d on ! supply comp>$ ) ! dem&1 & are only affect$ by ! lab\r requir$ to produce goods 7i4 e4 by :at ,ric>do c\nts ! ma9 cause ( value7 s f> z ?is lab\r is ! ma9 condition ( _! supply2 second1 t ! supply & dem& are *iefly affect$ by ! seasons1 &1 ( ! o!r causes1 w> may limit ! supply b c h>dly cause a dem&2 ?ird1 t :5 dem& outruns supply trade is brisk1 :5 supply outruns dem& trade is dull2 & t1 f9ally1 a long-cont9u$ defici5cy or a long-cont9u$ excess ( ?is k9d br+s ) x a fall or a rise 9 ! value ( ! preci\s metals4#fee ,mal?us1 h[ev]1 goes fur!r ?an ,tooke ) ! ,bullion ,committee4 ,?\gh on ! bullion "q ! oppos+ p>ties1 ,bosanquet & ,ric>do1 seem$ to him to be devot$ to a preconceiv$ !ory1#fef ! ,report itself 0 8m free f ?is error ( preconception ?an any "w t _h appe>$ on ! subject20#feg & he agre$ ) x t !re _h be5 a great] rise ( prices & ( wages at ! end ( ! p]iod ( re/riction1 ?an c\ld be expla9$ by ! bad seasons1 & dem& = m51 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 pap] & gold4 ,he is old-fa%ion$ en\gh to ?9k t ev5 ) conv]tibility !re might be ov]-issue & depreciation1 & speculation on a basis ( pap]4 ,8 reason+ on ?is po9t is h>dly s\nd4 ,x dep5ds on a misapplication ( ! axiom t1 9 ! case ( necess>ies1 a v small defici5cy 9 ! supply w cause a v great increase 9 ! price1--e4 g4 t :eat may rise f #ajj to #bjj p] c5t4 :5 ! defici5cy ( ! crops is n m ?an #ae or #cj4feh ,! pr(its ( ,engli% f>m]s betwe5 #agic & #ahae mu/ !re=e h be5 enorm\s2 & ,mal?us1 ?\gh he loves agriculture above manufacture1 has tak5 acc\nt ( ^! high ga9s ( individuals 9 judg+ ! cause ( ! ,agricultural ,int]e/ aga9/ ! public4#fei ,b 9 connection ) curr5cy he actually speaks z if ^? ga9s 7 a public advantage2 be does n see !y 7 a m]e transf]5ce ( public weal?1 n an addition to x4 ,! f>m]1 he says1 is obvi\sly 8able to set 9 motion a mu* great] quantity ( indu/ry ?an be=e10 at lea/ till wages h ris54 8,! specific funds de/9$ = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r1 ?\gh dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 are by ?is happy provision ( nature increas$ 9 _! effici5cy20 lab\r]s get m employm5t1 & !re is 8a bur/ ( prosp]ity to ! produc+ classes40#ffj ,?is is a ne> approa* to a worse fallacy ?an ! ,wages ,fund4 ,! ar*aic reason+ is ! m unhappy1 because ! reason] proce$s to use x 9 a good cause4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,say#ffa _h taught t all increas$ or dim9i%$ dem& dep5d$ on increas$ or dim9i%$ supply1 & argu$ !nce1 ) ,james ,mill & ,ric>do1 ! impossibility ( g5]al or r univ]sal gluts4 ,goods#ffb be+ always meant to be ex*ang$ ) goods1 "o-half w furni% a m>ket = ! o!r half2 & ?us1 z production 7:i* gives ! means ( buy+7 is ! sole s\rce ( dem& 7s f> z dem& is effective71 an excess 9 ! supply ( "o article m]ely proves a defici5cy 9 ! supply ( ano!r1 & is improp]ly call$ ov]-production4 ,inde$1 :]eas consumption takes an article away f ! m>ket1 production br+s "o into x1 & !reby increases1 pro tanto1 ! dem& by increas+ ! means ( buy+4 ,james ,mill's neat demon/ration ( ?is doctr9e#ffc w\ld be q conclusive if we1 fir/ ( all1 def9$ dem& & supply s z to include ea* o!r1 &1 second1 suppos$ g5]al to mean univ]sal4 ,! reply ( ,mal?us himself is t goods are n always ex*ang$ = goods1 b frequ5tly1 p]haps mo/ frequ5tly1 = lab\r4 ,say rejo9s t he = 8 "p us$ a t]m 78products07 :i* includes bo? goods & s]vices1 & t ! latt] are always ! real object ( an ex*ange4#ffd ,mal?us makes a bett] po9t :5 he accuses 8 oppon5ts ( treat+ goods z if !y 7 ma!matical symbols1 in/ead ( objects ( human consumption ow+ _! :ole "* to human wants4#ffe ,b 8 case c\ld be made conv9c+ ev5 on 8 oppon5ts' premises4 ,division ( lab\r1 all admitt$1 is limit$ by ! ext5t ( ! m>ket2#fff all[ t ! mo/ satisfactory cure = ! limitation is to wid5 ! m>ket1 n to less5 ! division ( ! lab\r--/ill1 giv5 ! limitation ( ! m>ket1 ! ext5sion ( ! division ( ! lab\r w cause an ov]-production4 ,all t ,mal?us ma9ta9$ 0 t ?is might happ5 9 a great _m cases z well z 9 a few2 ,say w5t z ne> z he d>$ to ! ass]tion t x c\ld n happ5 at all4 ,! "q ( a m>ket1 aga91 is n a m]e "q ( numb]s b ( wants4 ,a c>pet factory1 = example1 among a p :o pref]r$ b>e floors w\ld h no m>ket1 :atev] ! numb]s & ev5 ! weal? ( ! p4 ,say does n d full ju/ice to ,mal?us 9 ?is connection4 ,he ?9ks t ! au?or ( ! ,essay on ,population _c consi/5tly believe 9 ! possibility ( a great abundance ( products toge!r ) a /ation>y numb] ( p>simoni\s consum]s4 ,b ,mal?us _h all[$ t 9 "o case1 ! case ( food1 !re c\ld be no ov]-production1#ffg ! want 9 t case be+ con/ant1 :]eas1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,ric>do ?9ks t food is ! "o object ( :i* !re might be a glut4 8,if e man 7 to =ego ! use ( luxuries & be int5t only on accumulation1 a quantity ( necess>ies might be produc$ = :i* !re c\ld n be any imm$iate consumption4 ,( commodities s limit$ 9 numb] !re might und\bt$ly be a univ]sal glut1 & consequ5tly !re might nei!r be dem& = an additional quantity ( su* commodities nor pr(its on ! employm5t ( m capital4 ,if m5 ceas$ to consume !y w\ld cease to produce4 ,?is admission does n impugn ! g5]al pr9ciple10 = !re is no likelihood ( su* a cont+5cy z x supposes2--!re is a limit to ! desire ( food1 b !re is no limit to ! desire ( o!r good ?+s4#ffh ,! insatiabl5ess ( human desires is "h assum$ by ,ric>do to be always full-gr[n1 in/ead ( :at x is1 9 p]haps ?ree-f\r?s ( ! _w1 an undevelop$ possibility4 ,till we "k t ! possibility has become actual1 we _c take = grant$ t all we produce w be want$4 ,mal?us did n ent] ) sympa?y or ev5 ) full intellig5ce into ! _s ( mod]n trade4 ,b he sees t l>ge manufacture1 ) its complem5t ( speculative trad+1 mu/ succe$ or fail precisely z x has judg$ rightly or judg$ wrongly ( its m>kets1 = x no long]1 l ! old ,engli% small production1 waits = ord]s--x anticipates1 woos1 & coaxes !m4 ,he believes t ! awak5+ ( man's insatiable wants w t5d to secure u aga9/ bo? ov]-population & ov]-production1 by creat+ a high /&>d ( liv+4 ,! ta/e = luxuries1 :atev] its positive advantages1 f ! educational or arti/ic po9t ( view1 conf]s at lea/ ?is economical b5efit4#ffi ,mal?us gets a simil> result by apply+ to wages 8 fav\rite idea ( ! gold5 mean4 ,! 8funds de/9$ to pay wages0 may1 he says1 be increas$ ei!r by high prices or by great production at l[ prices1--increas$ value )\t increas$ quantity1 or increas$ quantity )\t increas$ value4 ,! latt] is ! m secure way1 b x lies on ! road to 8glut40 ,! mo/ desirable plan is ! union ( ! two4 8,!re is some:]e a happy mean1 :]e1 "u ! actual res\rces ( a c\ntry1 bo? ! increase ( weal? & ! dem& = lab\r may be a maximum4 ,a ta/e = conv5i5ces & com=ts n only t5ds to create a m /eady dem& = lab\r ?an a ta/e = p]sonal s]vices1 b by *eap5+ manufactures & ! products ( =eign comm]ce1 includ+ _m ( ! necess>ies ( ! lab\r+ classes1 x actually enl>ges ! limits ( ! effectual dem& = lab\r1 & r5d]s x = a long] "t effective40#fgj ,if any "o _h urg$ aga9/ ?is1 9 ! words ( ,mill1 t a dem& = goods is n a dem& = lab\r1 b simply gives lab\r a new direction1 ,mal?us w\ld probably h answ]$ t ! new direction 0 all important1 because ! trade begun 9 x might be a trade 9 goods m widely us$1 & might !re=e la/ long] & m /eadily ?an ! old trade4 ,we see t 9 8 views ( ?is subject1 exp\nd$ t$i\sly en\gh1 & at unnecess>y l5g?1 ,mal?us _h con/ant ?\ght ( ! relations ( production & di/ribution to consumption z well z to ea* o!r1 = ! condition ( ! p 0 always m important to him ?an ! /ate ( ! articles conc]n$4 ,b he nev] yield$ to 8 feel+s s f> z to adopt ,sismondi's reaction>y ideas on ! effects ( ma*9]y on ! workm54#fga ,he nev] wrote any description ( ! evils ( division ( lab\r at all s /rong z ,adam ,smi?'s4#fgb ,he goes little f>!r ?an ,ric>do1 :o says 9 a well-kn[n passage3--8,! same cause :i* may increase ! nett rev5ue ( ! c\ntry may at ! same "t r5d] ! population r$undant & det]iorate ! condition ( ! lab\r]10 = all ! increase may possibly be devot$ to fix$ & n circulat+ capital1 to ma*9]y & build+s in/ead ( wages4#fgc ,ric>do's admission1 t he 0 wrong 9 n recogniz+ ?is soon]1 makes u wond] 7z m5 7 ev5 !n do+ 9 ,g]many ov] simil> confessions ( _! philosoph]s7 :e!r 8 demon/rations are m accurate ?an ord9>y reason+s4 ,8 bro!r economi/s nev] claim$ infallibility4 ,adam ,smi? gave up 8 def5ce ( ,usury ,laws4#fgd ,mal?us am5d$ 8 fir/ views on population1 to say no?+ ( ! measure ( value4#fge ,mill gave up ! ,wages ,fund4 ,x 0 only ! m9or economi/s :o pr\dly rema9$ at ! end :]e !y 7 at ! beg9n+4 ,james ,mill refus$ to foll[ ,ric>do 9 all[+ t food c\ld be ov]-produc$1 & ,mac,culloch refus$ to g ) him 9 ! admission above quot$1 t increase ( weal? might g to fix$ capital in/ead ( wages4#fgf ,or?odox economy became mo/ ab/ract :5 on ! dea? ( ,ric>do 9 #ahbc its doctr9es pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,m9or ,prophets4 ,9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life ,mal?us made no s]i\s *ange 9 8 economical views1 & approa*$ no ne>] to ! ,ric>dians4 ,!y 7 ye>s :5 economi/s & political re=m]s _h n le>n$ to "w toge!r s h>moni\sly z !y 7 to d aft] 8 dea?4 ,huskisson's *anges 9 comm]cial policy 7 prep>+ ! way 9 high qu>t]s = free trade4 ,! slid+ scale ( corn duties introduc$ 9 #ahbf po9t$ on ! :ole 9 ! same direction4 ,b ! agitation ( ! humbl] classes = political fre$om1 made solid z x 0 by an appreciable progress 9 popul> education1#fgg & kept )9 b\nds ( law by ! influ5ce ( ,cobbett1#fgh w5t on 9 a way ap>t2 & x w be rememb]$ h[ ,*>tism /ood alo( f ! ,anti-,corn-,law ,league4 ,a man might be an advanc$ economi/ & social re=m] & a reaction>y 9 politics4 ,9 #ahbd1 :5 trades unions 7 = ! fir/ "t all[$ by law & ! ,factory ,acts 7 /ill too imp]fect to give ! weak a fair *ance aga9/ ! /rong1 ! 8natural /ate ( ?+s10 free developm5t ( individual & national faculties1 did n exi/2 & ,mal?us1 :o miss$ !m ke5ly1 w\ld h be5 mu* amaz$ to he> t 8 doctr9es 71 l ,ric>do's1 a v9dication ( ?+s z !y are4 ,n only ! notori\s fact ( 8 opposition to ,ric>do1 b 8 views on comm]cial policy are aga9/ ! notion4#fgi ,at ! ,peace !re 7 _m fallacies curr5t ab\t wages4 ,! new ,corn ,law ( #ahae _h inaugurat$ ! aggressive policy ( ! agricultural int]e/1 :o frankly endeav\r$1 by =ms ( law1 to conv]t an occasional sc>city into a p]man5t "o1 & keep prices at #hjs4 a qu>t]4 ,n a few false fri5ds ( ! work+ man recomm5d$ him to c\nt5ance ! law & let 8 bread be made de>1 = !n1 said !y1 8 wages w\ld be made high4 ,_m manufactur]s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 decl>+ ! int]e/ ( ! c\ntry to be l[ wages1 &1 unto t end1 *eap food & a great population4 ,mal?us 0 ) nei!r4 ,8 p>tial approval ( ! new ,corn ,law 0 no d\bt bas$ on errone\s gr\nds2 b he held no su* mi/ak5 views ( wages4 ,8 op9ion1 if n suffici5tly obvi\s f 8 g5]al views ( population1 0 laid d[n explicitly 9 all 8 writ+s4 ,he says1 = example3 8,if a c\ntry c only be ri*1 by runn+ a successful race = l[ wages1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to say at once #8,p]i% su* ri*es6'0#fhj 8,x is mo/ desirable t ! lab\r+ classes %\ld be well paid1 = a mu* m important reason ?an any t c relate to weal?1 namely1 ! happ9ess ( ! great mass ( society40#fha ,be+ ask$1 8,9 a national po9t ( view1 ev5 if x 7 admitt$ t ! l[ rate ( wages 0 an advantage to ! capitali/1 d y ?9k x fitt+ t lab\r %\ld be kept p]man5tly 9 a /ate bord]+ on di/ress1 to avoid ! injury t might accrue to ! national weal? f dim9i%+ ! rate ( pr(it80 he answ]$1 8,i %\ld say1 by no means fitt+2 ,i consid] ! lab\r+ classes z =m+ ! l>ge/ "p ( ! nation1 & !re=e t _! g5]al condition is ! mo/ important ( all40#fhb ,he ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t ! *ange f l[ to high wages might q possibly s r$uce pr(its z to make trade unpr(itable4 ,we might ne$ to sacrifice some?+ ( our comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,he _c rise to ! conception ( a society 9 :i* ! entire body ( workm5 z consum]s w\ld be a suffici5t m>ket = ! same body z produc]s4 ,he _c rid himself ( ! idea t a body ( unproductive consum]s is a social necessity1 to give a /imulus to production by develop+ ! wants :i* ! manufactures are to satisfy4 ,x seems easy to answ] t ^? unproductive consum]s c only pay = ! manufactures by means ( o!r products1 :5cesoev] obta9$1 & !re seems no reason :y _! produc]s %\ld n obta9 !m4#fhc ,if ! workm5 !mselves _h ! wants & suppli$ !m by _! own lab\r1 all ! results t ,mal?us desires w\ld be obta9$ )\t invidi\s di/9ctions ( classes1 & ) di/9ct improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! workm54 ,8 aims1 at lea/1 7 good4 ,! indisp5sable leisure w\ld be secur$ if ! h\rs ( lab\r 7 %ort5$1 z he desir$ !m to be4 8,i h always ?\ght & felt t _m among ! lab\r+ classes 9 ?is c\ntry "w too h>d = _! heal?1 happ9ess1 & intellectual improvem5t40#fhd ,! g5]al weal? !re=e1 if ne$ be1 mu/ be sacrific$ to ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,factory ,acts t w\ld prev5t *ildr5 f lab\r+ too "y or too long#fhe he ?or\ghly approves2 ?\gh su* ,factory ,acts z w\ld int]f]e ) adult lab\r he consid]s an inju/ice to ! "w-p !mselves1 & a hopeless int]f]5ce ) 8! pr9ciples ( competition1 "o ( ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples by :i* ! bus9ess ( society is c>ri$ on40#fhf ,! salvation ( ! lab\r+ classes mu/ come f !mselves1 f _! own 8simultane\s resolution to "w few] h\rs 9 ! day40 ,b trades unions1 z we n[ "k !m1 _h n !n come into be+2 & he talks ( a future improvem5t ( ! work+ classes 9 k1 com=t1 & self-re/ra9t1#fhg ) mu* hesitation4 ,we h se5 t ! economics ( ,mal?us1 :e!r 9 relation to ! l&lords1 ! employ]s1 or ! workm51 are by no means id5tical ) ! economics ( ,ric>do & 8 s*ool1 :i* h be5 ! rul+ & or?odox doctr9e = ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x w\ld be nei!r complim5t>y nor true to ascribe ! diff]5ce to ! logic ( s5tim5t2 b x is true t ! acute s5sitiv5ess ( ,mal?us to ! evils ( pov]ty kept con/antly be=e him l>ge classes ( facts :i* ,ric>do seem$ will+ to =get1 & ! pa? t he took1 ?\gh long ago obscur$ & =gott51 l$ him 9 "s important po9ts away f laissez faire to doctr9es ( our own day1 9 :i* society act+ ?r\gh its ,gov]nm5t is all[$ an orig9ative & n m]ely a regulative action 9 ! matt] ( indu/ry & weal?4 ,resum+ ! ?read ( ! essay1 we %all f9d t ! relation ( society to its de/itute poor is n to ,mal?us1 z to ,ric>do1 a "q ( taxation & f9ance1 b a problem ( morals & politics1 :i* c\ld only be solv$ by a cle> view ( ! relation ( ! citiz5 to ! commonweal?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,begg>4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,essay--,nature's ,mighty ,fea/--,tract on ,high ,price ( ,provisions--,i _c1 !re=e ,i ought n--,poor ,laws condemn$--,fr$]ick ! ,great's ,army--,mitigation ( ,bad ,effects ( ,poor ,law--,/ep t[>ds ,abolition--,new ,poor ,law4 ,9 ! =ego+ brief review ( ! economical doctr9es ( ,mal?us1 ! *apt]s on comm]cial policy & ! ,corn ,laws1#fhh 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,essay on ,population1 h be5 already notic$4 ,z ! ,fir/ & ,second books ( ! essay 7 suppos$ to deal ) ! /ate ( population 9 pa/ & 9 pres5t times1 ! ,?ird is suppos$ to deal ) ! 8diff]5t sy/ems ( exp$i5ts :i* h be5 propos$ or h prevail$ 9 society0 = cur+ ! evils aris+ f ! pr9ciple ( population1 :ile ! ,f\r? relates to ! future prospects ( society1 & ! possibility ( remov+ ! evils 9 "q4 ,?is division ( ! subject c\ld n be ma9ta9$ v /rictly4 ,! 8sy/ems propos$0 no d\bt 7 9 mo/ cases m]e !ories & c\ld be consid]$ by !mselves2 b ! 8sy/ems t prevail$0 includ$ su* laws z ! ,corn ,laws & ,poor ,laws1 :i* directly affect$ ! pres5t habits & weal? ( ! p1 & might fairly h be5 consid]$ 9 ! second book4 ,! f\r? book might q logically h be5 "p ( ! ?ird1 = x simply adds to ! 8sy/ems propos$0 ! proposal ( ,mal?us himself4 ,! arrangem5t is n 9 itself s p]fect or s closely respect$ by its au?or t we ne$ h any remorse = disreg>d+ x4 ,! e>lie/ *apt]s ( ! ?ird book 7i4 & ii47 are sub/antially ! refutation ( ,godw91 ,wallace1 ,condorcet1 z x appe>$ 9 #agih1 ) a po/script 7*4 iii47 on ,ow5 & ,sp5ce1 :i* w be be/ consid]$ 9 ano!r place4#fhi ,9 po9t ( /yle !y are probably ! be/ 9 ! book4 ,aft] a *apt] 7iv47 on ,emigration#fij come ?ree *apt]s on ! ,poor ,laws1 to be view$ ) *4 viii4 ( ! f\r? book1 :i* deals ) ,plans = _! ,abolition4 ,( all ! applications ( ! doctr9es ( ,mal?us1 _! application to paup]ism 0 probably1 at ! "t1 ( ! greate/ public int]e/4 ,ev5 ! fir/ essay _h di/9ct be>+ on ,pitt's ,poor ,bill2 ! next writ+ ( ! au?or 0 on a "q ( p>i% relief2 & ^! ?ree *apt]s 9 ! lat] ,essay on ,population h influ5c$ public op9ion & legislation ab\t ! de/itute poor almo/ z p[]fully z ! ,weal? ( ,nations has influ5c$ comm]cial policy4 ,mal?us is ! fa!r n only ( ! new ,poor ,law1 b ( all our latt]-day societies = ! organization ( *>ity4 ,! subject is be/ introduc$ 9 ! words ( a celebrat$ p>able1 :i* ,mal?us hav+ us$ once 0 nev] aft]w>ds all[$ to =get3#fia--8;,a man :o is born into a _w already possess$1 if he _c get subsi/5ce f 8 p>5ts1 on :om he has a j dem&1 & if ! society d n want 8 lab\r1 has no claim ( "r to ! smalle/ portion ( food1 &1 9 fact1 has no bus9ess to be :]e he is4 ,at nature's mighty fea/ !re is no vacant cov] = him4 ,%e tells him to be gone1 & w quickly execute h] own ord]s1 if he d n "w ^u ! compassion ( "s ( h] gue/s4 ,if ^! gue/s get up & make room = him1 o!r intrud]s imm$iately appe> dem&+ ! same fav\r4 ,! report ( a provision = all t come1 fills ! hall ) num]\s claimants4 ,! ord] & h>mony ( ! fea/ is di/urb$1 ! pl5ty t be=e reign$ is *ang$ into sc>city2 & ! happ9ess ( ! gue/s is de/roy$ by ! spectacle ( mis]y & dep5d5ce 9 e "p ( ! hall1 & by ! clamor\s importunity ( ^?1 :o are ju/ly enrag$ at n f9d+ ! provision :i* !y _h be5 taught to expect4 ,! gue/s le>n too late _! error1 9 c\nt]act+ ^? /rict ord]s to all intrud]s1 issu$ by ! great mi/ress ( ! fea/1 :o1 wi%+ t all h] gue/s %\ld h pl5ty1 & kn[+ t %e c\ld n provide = unlimit$ numb]s1 humanely refus$ to admit fre% com]s :5 h] table 0 already full40#fib ,our neighb\rs' mis=tunes h seldom be5 made s picturesque4 ,! figure itself 0 no new "o4 ,lucretius _h writt53-- 8,cur non1 ut pl5us vit conviva1 rec$is80#fic & ,f5ton1 9 ,pope's#fid famili> l9es3-- 8,f ,nature's temp]ate fea/ rose satisfi$1 ,?ank$ heav5 t he _h liv$ & t he di$40 ,b ! new application took hold on ! public fancy4 ,sir ,william ,pult5ey & ,w9dham are said to h be51 beyond o!rs1 delight$ ) its cons]vative moral4#fie ,mal?us may h got ! h9t ( x f a passage 9 ,paley's ,moral & ,political ,philosophy4 ,paley 0 criticiz+ a ju/ification ( private prop]ty1 :i* f\nd$ x on e man's "r to take :at he wants ( ! ?+s ,god made = ! use ( all1 j z1 :5 an ent]ta9m5t is giv5 to ! freehold]s 7z ! free & indep5d5t electors87 ( a c\nty1 we see !m com+ 9 & eat+ & dr9k+ ea* :at he *ooses1 )\t ask+ ! cons5t ( ! o!r gue/s4 ,! simile1 says ,paley1 is n p]fect1 = 9 a freehold]'s fea/ nobody is all[$ to fill 8 pockets or to ?r[ any?+ away1 8especially if by s do+ he p9*$ ! gue/s at ! l[] end ( ! table40#fif ,ev5 ! fri5ds ( ,mal?us ?\ght ! passage too gloomy2 &1 z e "o notic$1#fig x 0 n reta9$ aft] #ahjc4 ,x conta9s1 h[ev]1 at lea/ two positions t 7 nev] retract$3--t ! poor _c claim relief z a "r1 b only z a fav\r1 & t poor relief c only raise "o man by depress+ ano!r4 ,! latt] position may be illu/rat$ f ! tract writt5 9 #ahjj on ! ,high ,price ( ,provisions4 ,! ma9 aim ( ! tract 0 to %[ t ! price 0 too extravagantly high to be due to ! defici5cy1 :i* 0 admitt$ly only "o-f\r?4 ,b ! au?or ?r[s light on 8 own g5]al doctr9es4#fih ,he argues1 9 sub/ance1 t to give relief 9 money is to enable ! reliev$ p]sons to reta9 _! ord9>y rate ( consumption at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,to ?is ! reply is obvi\s3--! suffici5cy ( ! /ock is n s f9ely calculat$1 nei!r is ! am\nt ( x s fix$ t x _c be increas$ f home or =eign /ores1--& to )draw money f ! ri* = ! poor1 & increase ! c\ntry's total exp5diture on necess>ies1 might be simply to div]t ! /ream ( importation into ! *annel ( necess>ies1 & lead to a l>g] use ( food o!r ?an bread4 ,"u ! conditions ( ! "t1 h[ev]1 ! au?or's views 7 n unnatural4 ,on 8 return f ,sw$5 9 #ahjj he f\nd sc>city prevail+ 9 ,engl& z else:]e1 b ) prices mu* high] ?an 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,^! 7 ! days :5 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,k5yon & a jury en=c$ ! antiquat$ laws aga9/ =e/all+ & regrat+4#fii ,mal?us _h n read 8 ,adam ,smi? to s little purpose t he c\ld approve su* proce$+s2 mu* ( 8 pamphlet 0 simply an application1 to "o p>ticul> case1 ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 v474#gjj ,nei!r c\ld he agree ) ! notion t ! pap] curr5cy _h done x all4#gja ,settl+ d[n to 8 p>i% "w 9 ,surrey1 he wat*$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,:at happ5$1 he said1 !re & presumably else:]e 0 z foll[s3--,9 progress ( ! sc>city ! poor compla9$ to ! ju/ices t _! wages 7 too l[ to buy bread at pres5t prices2 ! ju/ices !reupon inquir$ at :at1 z ! l[e/ wages1 !y w\ld h be5 able to buy x1 & !n 8v humanely1 & ,i am f> f say+ improp]ly10 gave p>i% relief accord+ly4#gjb ,b1 l ! wat] f ! m\? ( ,tantalus1 ! corn slipp$ f ! grasp ( ! poor2 prices rose a /ep fur!r1 & ! relief _h to foll[ ! prices4 ,! rates accord+ly rose 9 _m places f f\r to f\rte5 %ill+s 9 ! p\nd4 ,by ! d\ble burd5 ( de> food & high rates1 p]haps five or six millions ( ! ri*] classes 7 c]ta9ly made to feel ! p9* ( ! sc>city1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 borne1 say by two millions ( ! poore/1 :o w\ld h di$ "u x4#gjc ,9 ?is in/ance ! ,poor ,laws did ! c\ntry a di/9ct s]vice4 ,b x 0 done by tak+ f ! fir/ gue/s to give to ! importunate intrud]s1 & c\ld n ju/ify a g5]al eulogy ( ! ,poor ,laws4 ,! :ole drift ( ! ,essay on ,population _h gone aga9/ su* in/itutions2 & 8two ye>s' reflection10 says ! writ] ( ! ,essay1 8h s]v$ /rongly to conv9ce me ( ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple !re advanc$1 & ( its be+ ! real cause ( ! cont9u$ depression & pov]ty ( ! l[] classes ( society1 ( ! total inadequacy ( all ! pres5t e/abli%m5ts 9 _! fav\r to relieve !m1 & ( ! c]ta9ty ( p]iodical returns ( su* seasons ( di/ress z we h ( late exp]i5c$40#gjd ,9 ! fir/ essay he _h spok5 /rongly n only aga9/ ,pitt's new ,poor ,bill1 b aga9/ all legal relief1 & among/ o!r reasons precisely on ! gr\nd t x caus$ food to rise 9 price beyond ! po9t to :i* sc>city w\ld h rais$ x ap>t f int]f]5ce4#gje ,! second 0 a /rong] reason2--9 ! language ( ,kant1 ! claim all[$ 7) little qualification#gjf7 by ! ,engli% ,poor ,laws 0 a claim t c\ld n be made univ]sal )\t contradiction4 ,if e "o ex]cis$ ! suppos$ "r ( dem&+ relief1 no community c\ld fulfil ! suppos$ duty ( grant+ x4#gjg ,if x c\ld h be5 fulfill$1 ,mal?us ?9ks1 ! obligation w\ld h held2 &1 in/ead ( decl>+ 8,i _c1 !re=e ,i ought n10 he w\ld h confess$1 8,i c1 !re=e ,i ought40#gjh ,z ! case /&s1 he agrees ) ,sir ,fr$]ick ,ed5 9 ?9k+ ! giv+ ( legal relief impracticable1 & !re=e no duty1 & also t1 8^u ! :ole1 ! sum ( good to be expect$ f a compulsory ma9t5ance ( ! poor w be f> outbalanc$ by ! sum ( evil :i* x w inevitably create40#gji ,x reliev$ individual suff]+ at ! co/ ( mak+ ! suff]+ g5]al4 ,x creat$ ! poor :i* x ma9ta9$1 = x l$ m5 to m>ry ) ! c]ta9ty ( p>i% assi/ance4 ,x !reby increas$ ! population )\t increas+ ! food ( ! c\ntry1 & x has to a l>ge ext5t brok5 d[n ! anci5t _s ( indep5d5ce4 8,h>d z x may appe> 9 individual in/ances1 dep5d5t pov]ty ought to be held disgraceful40#gaj ,high wages & indep5d5ce & moral re/ra9t are bett] ?an l[ wages ) a p>i% supplem5t & a paup] family4 8,i feel p]suad$ t if ! ,poor ,laws _h nev] exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh !re might h be5 a few m in/ances ( v sev]e di/ress1 ! aggregate mass ( happ9ess among ! common p w\ld h be5 mu* great] ?an x is at pres5t40#gaa ,?is 0 8 belief to ! end4#gab ,an allegory ( ^! ?+s may be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,john ,moore's description ( ! army ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,dr4 ,moore saw a man can$ = be+ a few seconds late 9 replac+ 8 ramrod2 & ! (fic]s told him t1 s9ce !y c\ld n di/+ui% wilful blund]s f accid5tal1 !y puni%$ all alike1 & ! result1 !y said1 0 excell5t2 all ! m5 7 on ! al]t1 & few] blund]s 7 committ$ on ! :ole4 ,x us$ to be common on field-days = dragoons to h _! hats bl[n (f & to be ?r[n f _! horses4 ,at la/ a g5]al gave ord]s to puni% e man to :om ei!r ( ^! accid5ts happ5$2 s9ce !n h>dly anybody lo/ 8 hat or fell f 8 horse4 ,dr4 ,moore he>d ( a poor huss> :o _h fall5 f 8 horse at la/ review1 & 0 to be puni%$ = x z soon z he c\ld leave ! hospital4 ,?is seem$ h>d1 b ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ?\ght he c\ld only hope to make 8 army sup]ior to o!rs by improv+ its discipl9e1 tra9+ its (fic]s by hon\r & disgrace1 & its privates by physical puni%m5t2 he consid]$ t ! occasional suff]+ ( an innoc5t individual does less h>m to an army ?an ! tol]ation ( neglig5ce1 :i* makes ! neglig5ce great]4#gac ,s f> z legal relief goes1 ,mal?us w\ld recomm5d ! same m>tial sev]ity1 & try to put m5 on _! gu>d aga9/ pov]ty by mak+ !m be> ! discipl9e ( its consequ5ces4 ,!re are o!r po9ts 9 :i* ! allegory applies to ! 8simple sy/em ( natural lib]ty20 ! discipl9e ( indu/rial competition is c]ta9ly 9 "s respects z sev]e z ! discipl9e ( an army4 ,on ! o!r h&1 society does n consi/ ( pick$ /rong m51 b includes ! weak also1 & its privates are suppos$ n to take _! ord]s f a comm&]1 b to 8f5d = !mselves40 ,society "u socialism may resemble an army1 b n society "u individualism4 ,mal?us1 !re=e1 w\ld h repudiat$ ! analogy4 ,he does n rea* 8 conclusions by a preconceiv$ !ory ( ! /ate1 b by obs]v+ ! ill results ( ! common preconceiv$ !ory t e citiz5 :5 de/itute has a "r to be support$ by ! /ate4 ,he f9ds t1 z a matt] ( fact1 :]e mat]ial relief has be5 giv5 z a duty1 & claim$ z a "r1 ! effect on ! recipi5t has be5 cle>ly bad2 ! ,poor ,law /&s condemn$ by exp]i5ce4 ,yet he admits t ! badness ( ! law has be5 l>gely c\nt]act$ by ! remissness ( its execution4 ,! attempt to secure a fix$ rate ( wages to ! lab\r] 9 all /ates ( trade has n really be5 made 9 ,engl& z ! ,elizabe?an ,poor ,law enjo9$4 ,! scant9ess ( ! relief actually giv51 toge!r ) ! insol5ce ( ! (ficials conc]n$ 9 ! giv+ ( x1 has di/urb$ ! s5se ( complete security1 :i* 9 ! view ( ,mal?us w\ld 9 su* a case h be5 fatal4 8,! desire ( bett]+ our condition & ! fe> ( mak+ x worse1 l ! vis m$iatrix natur 9 physics1 is ! vis m$iatrix reipublic 9 politics1 & is cont9ually c\nt]act+ ! disord]s aris+ f n>r[ human in/itutions40 ,! ,poor ,law has be5 s imp]fectly c>ri$ out t x has left "s room /ill = prud5tial motives among ! lab\r]s2 !y _c c\nt on complete provision = _! families if !y m>ry recklessly1 & "s few ( !m /ill ?9k caution ne$ful4 ,moreov]1 f fe> ( ! ,poor ,law ! ri* w (t5 refuse to build cottages1 le/ _! occupants become paup]s4#gad ,9 ! ?ird place1 paup] *ildr51 l f\ndl+s1 d n live long4#gae ,9 8 ,lett] to ,samuel ,:itbread1 ,m4,p41 on 8 propos$ ,bill = ! am5dm5t ( ! ,poor ,laws 7#ahjg71 ,mal?us all[s t abolition mu/ n come till public op9ion is ripe = x2 b he recomm5ds legislation 9 ! direction ( abolition1 to prep>e ! m9ds ( all classes = ! f9al /eps1 & to expose to ! work+ classes ! delusiv5ess ( ! pres5t boon4 ,poor ,laws1 he says1 are peculi> to ,engl&1 & _! abs5ce 9 o!r c\ntries does n seem to h ! effects expect$ f _! abolition "h4 ,9 reply to ,mal?us1 x might be urg$ t ! ,poor ,laws are n entirely peculi> to ,engl&1 b occur 9 ,d5m>k & else:]e4#gaf ,9 ! second place1 z ,mac,culloch argues 9 a lett]1 aim$ at ,mal?us1 to ,macvey ,napi]1#gag ,brita9 is peculi>ly subject to fluctuations 9 trade1 due1 = example1 to ! *anges 9 =eign t>iffs1 & !re=e !re are m cases ( sudd5 & unavoidable di/ress1 t ne$ su* a provision z ! ,poor ,law's4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 too1 x is difficult to see h[ we c make begg+ unlawful if we make legal relief inaccessible1#gah any m ?an we c logically make education compulsory :ile we insi/ on ! paym5t ( fees4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 an indiscrim9ate private *>ity is probably m mis*iev\s ?an a discrim9at+ public relief4 ,mal?us1 h[ev]1 0 n aga9/ all relief1 b only aga9/ x :5 claim$ z a "r2 & he 0 fully aw>e t ! risks ( ! ,engli% work+ man 7 great] ?an ^? ( 8 ,cont95tal bre?r54 ,all he desir$ 0 to give ! workman scope = t s5se ( p]sonal responsibility out ( :i* ! ,poor ,law 0 beguil+ him4 ,he knew q well t no good end w\ld be s]v$ by ! removal ( ! ,poor ,law1 unless ! public _h be5 educat$ out ( ! evil ways ( x4 ,he propos$ !re=e to make a gradual *ange1 ! ess5ce ( :i* 0 to be ! disclaim] ( any "r on ! "p ( a poor man to be support$ at ! public exp5se2 *ildr5 h a "r to be support$ by _! p>5ts1 b n by ! public4#gai ,let a law be pass$1 he said1 decl>+ t no legitimate *ild born f any m>riage tak+ place a ye> aft] ! law's enactm5t1 & no illegitimate born two ye>s !reaft]1 %all ev] be entitl$ to p>i% relief4 8,& to give a m g5]al k ( ?is law1 & to en=ce x m /rongly on ! m9ds ( ! l[] classes ( p1 ! cl]gyman ( ea* p>i% %\ld1 previ\sly to ! solemnization ( a m>riage1 read a %ort address to ! p>ties1 /at+ ! /rong obligation on e man to support 8 own *ildr52 ! impropriety1 & ev5 immorality1 ( m>ry+ )\t a fair prospect ( be+ able to d ?is2 ! evils :i* _h result$ to ! poor !mselves1 f ! attempt :i* _h be5 made to assi/1 by public in/itutions1 9 a duty :i* ought to be exclusively appropriat$ to p>5ts1 & ! absolute necessity :i* _h at l5g? appe>$1 ( ab&on+ all su* in/itutions1 on acc\nt ( _! produc+ effects totally opposite to ^? :i* 7 int5d$4 ,?is w\ld op]ate z a fair1 di/9ct1 & precise notice :i* no man c\ld well mi/ake1 & )\t press+ h>d ^u any p>ticul> individuals1 w\ld at once ?r[ (f ! ris+ g5]ation f _! mis]able & helpless dep5d5ce ^u ! ,gov]nm5t & ! ri*40#gbj ,bo? _! irritation aga9/ ! upp] classes & _! helplessness 9 devis+ exp$i5ts 9 "t ( want1 arise f 8! wret*$ sy/em ( gov]n+ too mu*4 ,:5 ! poor 7 once taught1 by ! abolition ( ! ,poor ,laws1 & a prop] k ( _! real situation1 to dep5d m ^u !mselves1 we might re/ secure t !y w\ld be fruitful en\gh 9 res\rces1 & t ! evils :i* 7 absolutely irrem$iable !y w\ld be> ) ! =titude ( m5 & ! resignation ( ,*ri/ians40#gba ,h[ev] comical may be ! picture ( a cl]gyman foll[+ up ! v un-,mal?usian m>riage s]vice by su* a moral lecture z is "h recomm5d$1 ! pr9ciple ( ! recomm5dation is sob] s5se1 & has l>gely influ5c$ ! b5evol5ce ( lat] philan?ropi/s4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s appli$ x 9 8 ,p>o*ial ,sy/em1 :i* w\ld h be5 an admirable sub/itute = ! ,poor ,law on ! 7un=tunately untrue7 hypo!sis ( an abs5ce ( sects4 ,! ,m5dicity ,society 7dat+ f #ahae7 & ! ,*>ity ,organisation 7f #ahfi7 build on ! same f\ndation4 ,! new ,poor ,law ( #ahcd diff]$ f ,mal?us 9 t x did n d5y ! "r to relieve1 & /ill kept up ! fiction t ! law ( ,elizabe? 0 good1 & we _h deg5]at$ f x4#gbb ,b x all[$ ! "r only to ! indig5t1#gbc refus+ all relief 9 aid ( wages to ! m]ely poor & ! able-bodi$2 & x c>ri$ out ! pr9ciple t dep5d5t pov]ty 79 ! words ( ,mal?us7 %\ld be held disgraceful & made disagreeable4 8,e p5ny be/[$ t t5ds to r5d] ! condition ( a paup] m eligible ?an t ( ! indep5d5t lab\r] is a b\nty on indol5ce & vice40 8,9 proportion z ! condition ( any paup] class is elevat$ above ! condition ( indep5d5t lab\r]s1 ! condition ( ! indep5d5t class is depress$40#gbd ,if ?is meant t poor relief %\ld run a race ) ! av]age wages ( lab\r1 keep+ always "o /age beh9d !m1 x might be argu$ t 9 good times a paup] w\ld get too mu* com=t & 9 bad times too little food4 ,b ! disgrace ( dep5d5ce & ! discom=t ( con/ra9t are ! det]r5ts :i* ,mal?us himself has mo/ 9 m9d4 ,)\t ! discussions rais$ by ! ,essay on ,population x is v d\btful if public op9ion w\ld h be5 s f> advanc$ 9 #ahcd z to make a bill1 drawn on su* l9es1 at all likely to pass into law4 ,! abolition ( outdoor relief to ! able-bodi$ 0 no?+ %ort ( a revolution4 ,x _h ne$$ a lifetime ( economical doctr9e1 repro(1 & correction to conv9ce our public m51 & to "s ext5t ! nation1 t ! way ( rig\r 0 at once ! way ( ju/ice1 ( m]cy1 & ( self-int]e/4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,poor ,law is ample pro( t m5 d n in/9ctively foll[ _! own int]e/4 ,x 0 ! ratepay]'s int]e/1#gbe unless he 0 an employ]1 t relief %\ld be sp>ely giv52 & x 0 giv5 lavi%ly4 ,x 0 ! poor man's int]e/ to be ?rifty & sob]2 & z a rule he 0 nei!r4 ,!re 0 no hope ( re=m till bo? ri* & poor le>n$ a deep] s5se ( _! p]sonal responsibility = ! remot] effects ( _! own acts1 :e!r unwisely b5evol5t or he$lessly selfi%4 ,! cle> consci\sness ( p]sonal responsibility seems to ,mal?us to be ! s\l & c5tre ( e heal?y re=m4 ,9 ?is s5se1 at lea/1 he w\ld say t virtue is k4 ,8 ?\ghts on society are connect$ at ?is po9t ) 8 ?\ghts on man's place & duty 9 ! _w4 ,8 psy*ology & e?ics1 slightly z !y are sket*$1 ?r[ light on 8 sociology & economics1 & mu/ be consid]$ be=e we c e/imate 8 position 9 social philosophy4 ,?is w lead u ov] ! great] portion ( ! f\r? book ( ! essay1 leav+ ! critical *apt]s till we come to deal ) ! ,critics z a body4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,moral ,,& ,,political ,,philosophy4 ,c>d9al ,doctr9es ( ! ,mal?usian ,e?ics--,application to ,desire ( ,m>riage--,place ( ,man on ! ,e>?--,criticism ( ,moral ,philosophy--,teleology & ,utility--,b5evol5ce & ,self-love--,mal?us & ,paley--,greate/ ,happ9ess--,e>?ly ,p>adise--,mal?us & ! ,fr5* ,revolution--,mal?us n a ,political ,reaction>y--,n committ$ to laissez faire--,8 ,modifications ( t ,doctr9e--,utilit>ianism plus ,nationality--,exp]i5ce z mu* ! ,riddle z ! ,int]pretation--,! ,/ate an ,organism--,political ,ideals be=e & aft] #ahdf4 ,! moral philosophy ( ,mal?us1 l t ( ,ari/otle1 />ts f a teleology4 ,nature makes no?+ 9 va94 ,e desire has its prop] place & prop] gratification1 if we c f9d !m4 ,! passions are ! mat]ials out ( :i* happ9ess is made2 & !y are !re=e to be regulat$ & h>moniz$2 !y are n to be ext+ui%$1 or ev5 dim9i%$ 9 int5sity4#gbf ,!re is a way ( s gratify+ ! desires t !y produce a g5]al balance ( consequ5ces 9 fav\r ( happ9ess2 & !re is an opposite way ) opposite effects4 ,! =m] is evid5tly ! way ( nature1 = utility is ! only guide ( conduct we h ap>t f ,scripture4#gbg ,we mu/ n eradicate any impulses2 b we mu/ foll[ none s f> 8z to tr5* ^u "s o!r law sic :i* equally dem&s our att5tion40 ,:at is ! gold5 mean1 & :at is too mu* or too little1 we c only "k by our own & o!rs' exp]i5ce ( ! consequ5ces ( actions4#gbh ,nature %[s u ! wrongness ( an act by br++ f x a tra9 ( pa9ful consequ5ces4 ,diseases1 in/ead ( be+ ! 8inevitable inflictions ( ,provid5ce10 are 8indications t we h (f5d$ aga9/ "s ( ! laws ( nature4 ,! plague at ,con/ant9ople & 9 o!r t[ns ( ! ,ea/ is a con/ant admonition ( ?is k9d to ! inhabitants4 ,! human con/itution _c support su* a /ate ( fil? & torpor2 & z dirt1 squalid pov]ty1 & indol5ce are 9 ! highe/ degree unfav\rable to happ9ess & virtue1#gbi x seems a b5evol5t disp5sation t su* a /ate %\ld by ! laws ( nature produce disease & dea?1 z a beacon to o!rs to avoid splitt+ on ! same rock40#gcj ,z epidemics indicate bad food1 un:olesome h\ses1 or bad dra9age1 & z indige/ion foll[s ov]-eat+1 s ! mis]y t foll[s on too great an increase ( numb]s is simply ! law ( nature recoil+ on ! law-break]4#gca ,9 ?is case x has tak5 a long] exp]i5ce to tea* m5 ! conduct mo/ fav\rable to happ9ess1 & !re=e ! conduct "r = !m4 ,b ev5 ! be/ food1 be/ clo?+1 & be/ h\s+ h n be5 taught all at once2 & ! pr9ciple ( ! lesson is cle>ly ! same 9 all ! cases4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t ! desire ( m>riage is to be re/ra9$ & regulat$ is n to treat x exceptionally or to d5y its naturalness4 ,!re is a lawful & !re is an irregul> gratification ev5 ( hung] & ?ir/2 & ! irregul> is puni%$ bo? by nature &1 :5 x takes1 = example1 ! =m ( !ft1 by human laws4 ,society c\ld give su* puni%m5t only on ! gr\nd t ! action puni%$ t5d$ to injure ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,! act ( ! hungry man :o /eals a loaf is only di/+ui%able f ! act ( ! hungry man :o takes a loaf ( 8 own1 by means ( its consequ5ces4 ,if all 7 to /eal loaves !re w\ld 9 ! end be few] loaves = ev]ybody4#gcb ,we mu/ apply ! same crit]ion to ! irregul> gratification ( all o!r desires4 ,aft] ! desire = food1 ! desire ( m>riage is ! mo/ p[]ful & g5]al ( our desires4 8,:5 we contemplate ! con/ant & sev]e toil ( ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 x is impossible n to be =cibly impress$ ) ! reflection t ! s\rces ( human happ9ess w\ld be mo/ cruelly dim9i%$ if ! prospect ( a good meal1 a w>m h\se1 & a com=table fireside 9 ! ev5+ 7 n incitem5ts suffici5tly vivid to give int]e/ & *e]fulness to ! lab\rs & privations ( ! day40#gcc ,?is desire gives /r5g? ( "* to a man 9 proportion z ! animal elem5t 9 x is hidd5 away out ( sight1 & 9 proportion z ! gratification ( x is won by ex]tion &1 x may be1 by wait+4 ,to d z ,jacob did = ,ra*el1 a man mu/ h "s /r5g? ( "*4 ,mo/ ( u1 9 ! op9ion ( ,mal?us1 owe :atev] ( def9ite plan !re is 9 our lives to ! exi/5ce ( su* a c5tral object ( affection4#gcd ,mal?us himself1 x w appe>1 did n m>ry till on ! eve ( becom+ a pr(essor at ! ,ea/ ,india ,college1 ne>ly a ye> aft] ^! passages 7 writt54 ,ev5 9 #agih he wrote3 8,p]haps !re is sc>cely a man :o has once exp]i5c$ ! g5u9e delights ( virtu\s love1 h[ev] great 8 intellectual pleasures may h be51 t does n look back to ! p]iod z ! sunny spot 9 8 :ole life1 :]e 8 imag9ation loves to bask1 :i* he recollects & contemplates ) ! fonde/ regrets1 & :i* he w\ld mo/ wi% to live ov] aga940#gce ,su* a passage1 ?\gh x disappe>$1 ) o!r fl[]s ( language1 9 ! lat] editions ( ! essay1 %[ u t ,mal?us1 ?\gh wis]1 0 n cold] ?an 8 fell[-m51 & drew 8 facts f exp]i5ce z well z obs]vation1 ( ! matt]s conc]n$4#gcf ,if we assume ! int5tion ( ! ,creator to repl5i% ! e>?1 we c see a reason 9 cosmical polity = ! /r5g? ( ?is desire ( m>riage4 ,if ! f]tility ( f]tile soils _h be5 z great z ! p[] ( population to increase1 !re w\ld h be5 no inducem5t to m5 to cultivate ! poor] soils or frequ5t ! less attractive p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface2 human indu/ry & +5uity w\ld h want$ _! fir/ /imulus4#gcg ,z x is1 ! disp>ity ( ! two p[]s leads to an ov]-spread+ ( ! _w2 m5 are l$ to avoid ov]cr[d+ f fe> ( ! evils t spr+ f x4 ,man's duties v>y ) 8 situations2 &1 z ^! are n uni=m1 b inf9itely v>i\s1 all 8 p[]s are kept 9 play4 ,?is language might make u d\bt :e!r ! f9al cause is ! developm5t ( man1 or simply ! repl5i%m5t ( ! e>?4 ,if ! fir/ essay be all[$ 9 evid5ce1 x is cle> t man 7) :atev] ju/ice7 is made ! *ief end ( ! e>?1 ?\gh 8 own *ief end is n suppos$ to be realiz$ !re4#gch ,! natural !ology ( ,mal?us & ,paley is ! f\ndation ( _! e?ics4 ,x 0 ! ,engli% e?ics ( la/ c5tury1 n only be=e ,kant1 b be=e ,b5?am4 ,!re are signs t ,mal?us1 9 8 views ( metaphysics & ( ! 8moral s5tim5ts10#gci pref]r$ :]e he c\ld to draw r f ,tuck] ?an f ,paley4 ,abraham ,tuck]#gdj 7! 8,edw>d ,se>*0 :o began ! ,light ( ,nature 9 #agef1 & f9i%$ x1 bl9d1 9 #aggd7 liv$ = ne>ly fifty ye>s#gda at ,bet*wor? ,ca/le ne> ,dork+4 ,x is possible 9 ^! days1 :5 ne> neighb\rs knew ea* o!r bett] ?an !y c>e to d n[1 t ,daniel ,mal?us1 ?\gh ! y\ng] man1 may h kn[n ,tuck]4 ,!y 7 bo? ( !m ,ox=d m51 small proprietors1 ecc5tric1 lit]>y1 & fond ( philosophiz+4 ,:e!r ?r\gh 8 fa!r at home or ?r\gh ,paley at college1 x is c]ta9 t ,mal?us at an e>ly date /udi$ ! ,light ( ,nature & adopt$ mu* ( its tea*+4 ,be=e he appe>$ 9 public z an au?or1 he _h =m$ "s settl$ philosophical convictions1 :i* 7:atev] _! value7 at lea/ left 8 m9d free = its o!r "w1 & kept x at peace ) itself z reg>ds ! problems ( philosophy4 ,! sub/antial agreem5t ( 8 views ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,moral & ,political ,philosophy no d\bt help$ to br+ ,mal?us "u ! common prejudice aga9/ 8,pigeon ,paley10#gdb ! def5d] ( ?+s z !y are & prea*] ( cont5tm5t to />v+ lab\r]s4 ,:5 ,paley became an op5 conv]t to ! ,essay on ,population1 ! public w\ld no d\bt believe _! suspicions confirm$4 ,b ,mal?us & ,paley agree n z disciple & ma/]1 b at mo/ z disciples ( ! same ma/]4 ,mal?us tries to "w out 8 own philosophy = himself4#gdc ,x is op5 to _m criticisms4 ,9 8 e?ics he seems to h made no di/9ct analysis or classification ( ! passions4 ,he takes = grant$ t ! ,passions are on "o side & ,reason on ! o!r1 & !re is no middle t]m betwe5 ! two except ! ,design ( ,god1 :i* is work$ out by ! passions ( m5 z by ext]nal nature1 & :i* is 7we are left to inf]7 9 "s way ak9 to human reason1 = human reason c f9d x out4 ,! impulse ( b5evol5ce1 = example1 is said to be1 l all our natural passions1 8g5]al0 7by :i* he seems to mean vague71 8& 9 "s degree indiscrim9ate & bl9d20 &1 l ! impulses ( love1 ang]1 ambition1 ! desire ( eat+ & dr9k+1 or any o!r ( our 8natural prop5sities10 x mu/ be regulat$ by exp]i5ce & frequ5tly br\ght to ! te/ ( utility1 or x w defeat its own purpose4#gdd ,9 o!r words1 ,mal?us treats all human impulses z if !y 7 appetites1 co-ord9ate ) ea* o!r1 prim>y & irresolvable4 ,all desires are equally natural1 & ab/ract$ly consid]$ equally virtu\s1#gde ?\gh n equally /rong1 & !re=e n equally fit at fir/ sight to c>ry out _! ,creator's purpose4 ,! ,reason ( ,man1 !re=e1 mu/ assi/ ! ,reason ( 8 ,mak] 9 c>ry+ out ! teleology ( 8 passions1 z well z ! teleology ( nature itself4#gdf ,! 8app>5t object0 7or evid5t f9al cause71 = example1 ( ! desire ( m>riage is ! cont9uance ( ! race & ! c>e ( ! weak1 & n m]ely ! happ9ess ( ! two p]sona mo/ conc]n$4#gdg ,to take ano!r example1 ! object ( ! impulse ( b5evol5ce is to increase ! sum ( human happ9ess by b9d+ ! human race toge!r4#gdh ,self-love is made a /rong] motive ?an b5evol5ce = a wise & p]fectly asc]ta9able purpose4 ,! asc]ta9m5t ( ! purpose1 h[ev]1 pres5ts a difficulty4 ,ackn[l$g+ t we ought to d ! w ( ,god1 h[ are we to discov] x8 ,we are told 9 answ] to ?is "q1 t ! int5tion ( ! ,creator to procure ! good ( ,8 creatures is evid5t p>tly f ,scripture & p>tly f exp]i5ce2 & x is t int5tion1 s manife/$1 :i* we are b\nd to promote4 ,:at on ,god's side is teleology1 on man's is utility2 utility is ! rul+ pr9ciple ( morals4 ,n be+ a passion x _c itself lead to action2 b x regulates passion1 & t1 s p[]fully1 t all our mo/ important laws & cu/oms1 su* z ! in/itution ( prop]ty & ! in/itution ( m>riage1 are simply disguis$ =ms ( x4#gdi ,z animals1 we foll[ ! dictates ( nature1 :i* w\ld mean unh9d]$ passion2 b z reasonable be+s we are "u ! /ronge/ obligations to att5d to ! consequ5ces ( our acts1 &1 if !y be evil to ourselves or o!rs1 we may ju/ly inf] t su* a mode ( indulg+ ^? passions is 8n suit$ to our /ate or con=mable to ! w ( ,god40 ,z moral ag5ts1 !re=e1 x is cle>ly our duty to re/ra9 ! indulg5ce ( our passions 9 ^? p>ticul> directions1 t by ?us c>efully exam9+ _! consequ5ces1 & by frequ5tly br++ !m to ! te/ ( utility1 we may gradually acquire a habit ( gratify+ !m only 9 ! way :i*1 be+ unatt5d$ ) evil1 w cle>ly 8add to ! sum ( human happ9ess1 & fulfil ! app>5t purpose ( ! ,creator40#gej ,all ! moral codes :i* h laid d[n ! subjection ( ! passions to reason h be5 really 7?9ks ,mal?us7 built on ?is f\ndation1 :e!r _! promulgators 7 aw>e ( x or n4 8,x is ! te/ alone by :i* we c "k indep5d5tly ( ! reveal$ w ( ,god :e!r a passion ought or ought n to be indulg$1 & is !re=e ! sure/ crit]ion ( mod]n rules :i* c be collect$ f ! light ( nature40 ,9 o!r words1 our !ological po/ulates lead u to control our passions s z to secure n m]ely our own individual happ9ess1 b 8! greate/ sum ( human happ9ess40 ,& ! t5d5cy ( an action to promote or dim9i% ! g5]al happ9ess is our only crit]ion ( its morality4#gea ,f ?is x directly foll[s t1 because ! free & indiscrim9ate indulg5ce ( b5evol5ce leads to ! rev]se ( g5]al happ9ess1 we ought to practise a discrim9at+ *>ity :i* blesses him t gives & him t takes4 ,!re is :at ,ba/iat w\ld call a h>mony betwe5 ! two4#geb ,9 ?is case1 inde$1 nature re9=ces utility by mak+ ! passion ( self-love /rong] 9 m5 ?an ! passion ( b5evol5ce4 ,e man pursues 8 own happ9ess fir/ z 8 prim>y object1 & x is be/ t he %\ld d s4 ,x is be/ t e man %\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 "w out 8 own salvation1 & h a s5se ( 8 own responsibility4 ,n only *>ity b moral re=mation mu/ beg9 at home4 ,b5evol5ce ap>t f wisdom is ev5 m mis*iev\s ?an m]e self-love1 :i* is n to be id5tifi$ ) ! 8odi\s vice ( selfi%ness10 b simply ) p]sonal ambition1 ! p]son to :om x is p]sonal includ+ z a rule *ildr5 & p>5ts1 & 9 fact a :ole _w besides ! s+le atom or 8dividual self40#gec ,if ! desire ( giv+ to o!rs _h be5 z ard5t z ! desire ( giv+ to ourselves1 ! human race w\ld n h be5 equal to ! task ( provid+ = all its possible memb]s4 ,b because x is impossible = x to provide = all1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 all to provide = !mselves fir/2 &1 ?\gh we consid] t ! selfi% elem5t 9 ?is feel+ ought to gr[ less 9 a man 9 proportion z he becomes ri*] & less emb>rass$ by 8 own wants1 we mu/ recognize t its exi/5ce has be5 due to a wise provision = ! g5]al happ9ess4#ged ,mal?us does n d5y at ! same "t t b5evol5ce is always ! weak] motive1 & ne$s cont9ually to be /r5g!n$ by doctr9e1 repro(1 & correction4 ,x ought always to be ?\ght a 8great moral duty0 to assi/ our fell[-creatures 9 di/ress4#gee ,) ^! e?ical views1 x 0 easy = ,mal?us to meet ! objection t ! g5]al adoption ( ! moral re/ra9t recomm5d$ 9 8 ,essay on ,population w\ld dim9i% ! numb]s ( ! p too f>4 ,he 7or 8 spokesman7 answ]s#gef t we might z well fe> to tea* b5evol5ce le/ we %\ld make m5 too c>eless ( _! private int]e/s4 8,!re is 9 su* a case a mean po9t ( p]fection1 :i* x is our duty to be con/antly aim+ at2 & ! circum/ance ( ?is po9t be+ surr\nd$ on all sides ) dang]s is only accord+ to ! analogy ( all e?ical exp]i5ce40 ,!re is z mu* dang] ( mak+ m5 too g5]\s or too compassionate1 z !re is ( 8depopulat+ ! _w by mak+ !m too mu* ! creatures ( reason1 & giv+ prud5ce too great a ma/]y ov] ! natural passions & affections4 ,! prevail+ error 9 ! game ( life is1 n t we miss ! prizes ?r\gh excess ( timidity1 b t we ov]look ! true /ate ( ! *ances 9 our eag] & sangu9e expectations ( w9n+ !m4#geg ,( all ! objections t 7 ev] made to a morali/ :o (f]$ to arm m5 aga9/ ! passions t are ev]y:]e s$uc+ !m into mis]y1 ! mo/ flatt]+1 b und\bt$ly ! mo/ *im]ical1 is t 8 reasons are s /rong t1 if he 7 all[$ to diffuse !m1 passion w\ld be ext+ui%$ altoge!r1 & ! activity z well z ! enjoym5ts ( man annihilat$ along ) 8 vices40#geh ,9 8 view ( ! passions & ( ! moral s5tim5ts1 ,mal?us is cle>ly a man ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & on ! :ole is m ne>ly at "o ) ,paley ?an ) any morali/ aft] ,tuck]4 ,!re are po9ts ( div]g5ce4 ,he c\ld n1 9 view ( 8 cosmology1 h fully approv$ ,paley's def9ition ( virtue1 8do+ good to mank9d 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god & = ! sake ( ev]la/+ happ9ess40#gei ,he may h se5 h[ x foll[$ t a solit>y man _h no duties1 t a pagan _h no p[] to d "r1 t ! moral imp]ative 0 hypo!tical1 & t x _h no =ce = any :o abjur$ _! future bliss4 ,at lea/ he cont5ts himself ) agree+ t 8! w ( ,god is pla9ly g5]al happ9ess1 z we discov] bo? by ,scripture & ! light ( nature20#gfj &1 8provid$ we discov] x1 x matt]s no?+ by :at means20--!re are cle> m>ks ( design 9 ! _w %[+ t its ,mak] will$ ! happ9ess ( ,8 creatures2 & :at ,he will$ !y %\ld w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! e?ical sy/em ( bo? is a utilit>ianism :i* is n>r[ & p]sonal 9 its motive 7! private happ9ess ( ! individual 9 ano!r _w71 b broad & ca?olic 9 its end 7! g5]al happ9ess ( human be+s 9 ! pres5t _w74 ,x is z if ,god induc$ u to promote o!r p's happ9ess n[1 by tell+ u t ,he w\ld 9 return promote our own by-&-by4 ,!re are signs t ,mal?us took a l>g] view1 & ?\ght r ( ! developm5t ( ! human faculties#gfa ?an ( m]e satisfaction ( desires1 bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next2 b he n[h]e di/9ctly breaks ) ,paley1 & 8 division ( passions into self-love 7or prud5ce7 & b5evol5ce is tak5 /raight f t !ologian4#gfb ,by ! vagu5ess ( _! phraseology :5 !y spoke ( ! g5]al sum ( happ9ess1 ! old] utilit>ians avoid$ "s ( ! difficulties t enc\nt] _! successors4 ,ap>t f ! h>dness ( def9+ happ9ess & a sum ( happ9ess1#gfc !re is a difficulty 9 fix+ ! precise ext5t ( ! g5]ality4 ,! t5d5cy ( utilit>ianism 9 ! h&s ( ,b5?am 0 t[>ds equality & ! removal ( privilege2 e "o to c\nt z "o1 no "o z m ?an "o4 ,b bo? ) him & ) ! old] memb]s x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! doctr9e did n t5d to b5efit ! majority at ! exp5se ( ! m9ority4 ,we f9d ,mal?us ?9k+#gfd t1 _h ! ,poor ,laws nev] exi/$1 !re 8might h be5 a few m in/ances ( v sev]e di/ress10 b 8! aggregate mass ( happ9ess among ! common p w\ld h be5 mu* great] ?an x is at pres5t40 ,9 o!r words1 :at he want$ 0 ! 8greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess0 on ! :ole1 :atev] an 8am\nt0 ( happ9ess may mean4 ,mal?us w\ld probably h refus$ to use ! =mula ( ,b5?am1 8! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]02 he w\ld h c\nt$ ! fir/ item1 ! happ9ess1 out ( all proportion m important ?an ! second4#gfe ,he _h refus$ some?+ l x at ! h&s ( ,paley4 8,i _c agree ) ,ar*deacon ,paley1 :o says t ! quantity ( happ9ess 9 any c\ntry is be/ measur$ by ! numb] ( its p4 ,increas+ population is ! mo/ c]ta9 possible sign ( ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( a /ate2 b ! actual population may be only a sign ( ! happ9ess t is pa/40#gff ,mal?us w\ld n1 = example1 h wi%$ to see ! highl&s ( ,scotl& br\ght back to _! anci5t condition1 9 :i* !y _h great] numb]s ?an n[ liv+ 9 rude com=t1 b also great] numb]s expos$ to prec>i\s indig5ce4#gfg ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 79 spite ( a common prejudice7 t ,mal?us desir$ ! great numb]s z well z ! great happ9ess1 & 0 inde$ q naturally l$ by 8 !ological views to pref] a little happ9ess = ea* ( _m individuals to a great deal = ea* ( a few4 ,he 8desires a great actual population & a /ate ( society 9 :i* abject pov]ty & dep5d5ce are comp>atively b little kn[n10#gfh--two p]fectly compatible requirem5ts1 :i* if realiz$ toge!r w\ld lead to :at may be call$ ,mal?us' second>y or e>?ly p>adise1 :i* is n above mundane criticism4 ,?is e>?ly p>adise is1 ev5 9 our au?or's op9ion1 ! end mo/ visibly conc]n$ 9 our s*emes ( re=m4 ,8 idea ( x z a society :]e moral re/ra9t is p]fect1 invites ! rem>k t ! *ief end ( society _c be ! m]e removal ( evil2 x mu/ be ! e/abli%m5t ( "s good1 ! =m] be+ at ! utmo/ an ess5tial condition s9e qu non ( ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 moral re/ra9t is n ! removal ( e b only ( "o evil2 & x kills only "o cause ( pov]ty4 ,a complete re=mation mu/ n only remove all ! evils1 b mu/ positively am5d & trans=m all ! ?ree bran*es ( social economy1--! mak+1 ! %>+1 & ! us+ ( weal?1--n "o or ev5 two ( !m alone4 ,e ,utopian s*eme %\ld be te/$ by ! "q3 ,does x re=m all ?ree1 or only "o1 or two1 ( ! ?ree8 ,neglect ( ! ?ird might spoil all4 ,a s*eme :i* affects all ?ree1 h[ev]1 mu/ h some?+ l a ,religion 9 x4 ,) ^! res]vations ,mal?us' picture ( ! good "t com+ has mu* value & int]e/4#gfi ,unlike ,godw91 he relies on ! ord9>y motives ( m51 :i* he reg>ds z =ms ( an enlight5$ self-love4 ,self-love is ! ma9spr+ ( ! social ma*9e2#ggj b self-love1 :5 ! self is s exp&$ z to include o!r selves1 is n a l[ motive4 ,comm]cial ambition1 enc\rag$ by political lib]ty1 & unhamp]$ by ,poor ,laws1 leads naturally to prosp]ity4#gga ,! happ9ess ( ! :ole is to result f ! happ9ess ( individuals1 & to beg9 fir/ ) !m4 ,he 8sees 9 all =ms ( ?\ght & "w ! life & dea? /ruggles ( sep>ate human be+s40#ggb 8,no co-op]ation is requir$4 ,e /ep tells4 ,he :o p]=ms 8 duty fai?fully w reap ! full fruits ( x1 :atev] may be ! numb] ( o!rs :o fail4 ,?is duty is intelligible to ! humble/ capacity4 ,x is m]ely t he is n to br+ be+s into ! _w = :om he _c f9d ! means ( support4 ,:5 once ?is subject is cle>$ f ! obscurity ?r[n ov] x by p>o*ial laws & private b5evol5ce1 e man mu/ feel ! /ronge/ conviction ( su* an obligation4 ,if he _c support 8 *ildr51 !y mu/ />ve2 &1 if he m>ry 9 ! face ( a fair probability t he w n be able to support 8 *ildr51 he is guilty ( all ! evils :i* he ?us br+s ^u himself1 8 wife1 & 8 (fspr+4 ,x is cle>ly 8 int]e/1 & w t5d greatly to promote 8 happ9ess1 to det] m>ry+ till by indu/ry & economy he is 9 a capacity to support ! *ildr5 t he may reasonably expect f 8 m>riage2 &1 z he _c 9 ! mean "t gratify 8 passions )\t violat+ an express comm& ( ,god1 & runn+ a great risk ( injur+ himself or "s ( 8 fell[-creatures1 consid]ations ( 8 own int]e/ & happ9ess w dictate to him ! /rong obligation to a moral conduct :ile he rema9s unm>ri$40#ggc ,suppos+ passion to be ?us controll$1 we %\ld see a v diff]5t sc5e f ! pres5t4 8,! p]iod ( delay$ gratification w\ld be pass$ 9 sav+ ! e>n+s :i* 7 above ! wants ( a s+le man40 ,sav+s ,banks & ,fri5dly ,societies w\ld h _! p]fect "w2 & 89 a natural /ate ( society su* in/itutions1 ) ! aid ( private *>ity well direct$1 w\ld probably be all ! means necess>y to produce ! be/ practicable effects40#ggd ,! p's numb]s w\ld be con/antly )9 ! limits ( ! food1 ?\gh con/antly foll[+ its increase2 ! real value ( wages w\ld be rais$1 9 ! mo/ p]man5t way possible2 8all abject pov]ty w\ld be remov$ f society1 or w\ld at lea/ be conf9$ to a v few :o _h fall5 into mis=tunes aga9/ :i* no prud5ce or =esight c\ld provide40#gge ,x mu/ be br\ght home to ! poor t 8!y are !mselves ! cause ( _! own pov]ty40#ggf ,:ile ,mal?us insi/s aga9/ ,godw9 t x is n in/itutions & laws b ourselves t are to blame1 he /ill %>es1 ) ,godw91 ! desire to less5 ! numb] ( in/itutions2 &1 z a fir/ re=m1 w\ld repeal at lea/ "o obnoxi\s law4 ,! relation ( ,mal?us to ! ,fr5* ,revolution & its ,engli% p>tisans is inde$ n to be express$ 9 a s5t5ce4 ,x has be5 said t he _c be ju/ly describ$ z be+ a reaction>y2#ggg &1 9 tru?1 besides be+ a critic ( ,godw9 & ( ,condorcet1 he is influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ! same ideas t influ5c$ !m4 ,! ,essay on ,population is col\r$ ?r\gh\t by a tacit or op5 ref]5ce to ! ,rights ( ,man1 a wat*word borr[$ f ,france by ! ,am]ican ,republic1 to be re/or$ aga9 at ! ,revolution4 ,pa9e's book on ! ,rights ( ,man1 9 reply to ,burke's ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 _h be5 widely read be=e x 0 suppress$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t2 & ,godw9 & ,mack9to%#ggh 7 n sil5c$4 ,mal?us himself1 z a ,:ig1 does n disp>age ! rights ( man :5 !y meant political fre$om & equality1 b only :5 !y includ$ ! "r to be support$ by "o's neighb\r1 z _h be5 ass]t$ by ! ,abb ,raynal & "s o!r writ]s ( ! ,revolution4#ggi ,z ! same ass]tion 0 practically made by ! ,engli% ,poor ,law1 :i* _h v5]able cons]vative prejudice on its side1 our au?or's opposition to x 0 no pro( t 8 politics 7 reaction>y4 ,8 economical antec$5ts & 8 political views b\nd him to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,9 8 range ( ideas & 8 habitual categories he c\ld n dep>t f> f ! ,fr5* ,economi/s1 :o _h help$ to prep>e ! way = ! ,jacob9s4 ,adam ,smi? himself _h felt _! influ5ce4 ,?\gh he _h criticiz$ ! noble savage & ! /ate ( nature1#ghj he _h himself a l+]+ pref]5ce = agriculture ov] manufacture2 & he himself spoke ( a 8natural0 price1 a 8natural0 progress ( opul5ce1 a 8natural0 rate ( wages1 & 8natural lib]ty40 ,to him z to ! ,fr5* writ]s1 ,nature#gha meant :at w\ld gr[ ( itself if m5 did n int]f]e1--! difficulty be+ t ! int]f]5ce seems also to gr[ ( itself1 & x is impossible to sep>ate ! necess>y protection f ! mis*iev\s int]f]5ce4 ,mal?us reta9s ! phraseology ) an ev5 ne>] approa* to p]sonification4 ,nature po9ts out to u c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct4#ghb ,if we break ,nature's laws1 %e w puni% u4 ,at ,nature's mighty fea/ !re is no cov] laid = ! sup]flu\s new-com]4 ,! ,poor ,laws (f5d aga9/ ,nature2 !y int]f]e ) human action 9 a case :]e x w\ld spontane\sly "r itself by ord9>y motives ( self-int]e/2 if m5 knew !y c\ld n c\nt on p>i% relief1 !y w\ld probably help !mselves4 ,be ! argum5t wor? mu* or little1 its /r5g? is n ! great] because ( ?is figure2 & 8 use ( x %[s t ,mal?us _h n ris5 above ! metaphysical sup]/itions ( 8 age4 ,b ! *>ge sometimes made aga9/ him is t he 0 n m]ely n be=e 8 age b positively beh9d x2 & ?is is c]ta9ly false4 ,9 politics he 0 z little ( a reaction>y z 8 oppon5t1 :o if 89 pr9ciple a ,republican 0 9 practice a ,:ig40#ghc ,he foll[$ ,fox r ?an ,burke1 & lo/ nei!r 8 head nor 8 temp] ov] ! ,revolution4 8,mal?us w prove a peace-mong]10 wrote ,s\!y 9 #ahjh4ghd ,he 0 a /eady fri5d ( ,ca?olic ,emancipation4 ,he saw ! folly ( attribut+ ) ,godw9 & ,pa9e all evil to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ) ,cobbett all evil to taxation & ! funds2#ghe b he is "o ) !m all 9 dislike ( /&+ armies1 & is m al>m$ at ! ov]be>+ measures ( ! ,gov]nm5t aga9/ s$ition ?an at ! alleg$ s$ition itself4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable *apt]s 9 ! second edition ( ! essay#ghf is on 8! effects ( ! k ( ! pr9cipal cause ( pov]ty on civil lib]ty40 ,its ma9 argum5t is1 t1 :]e !re is mu* di/ress & de/itution1 !re w be mu* discont5t & s$ition1 &1 :]e !re is mu* ( ! two la/1 !re w be mu* co]cion & despotism4 ,a k ( ! *ief cause ( pov]ty by tak+ away ! di/ress w\ld leave ,gov]nm5t at lea/ no excuse = tyranny4 8,! pressure ( di/ress on ! l[] classes ( p1 toge!r ) ! habit ( attribut+ ?is di/ress to _! rul]s1 appe>s to me to be ! rock ( def5ce1 ! ca/le1 ! gu>dian _s ( despotism4 ,x af=ds to ! tyrant ! fatal & unansw]able plea ( necessity4 ,x is ! reason :y e free ,gov]nm5t t5ds con/antly to de/ruction1 & t its appo9t$ gu>dians become daily less jeal\s ( ! encroa*m5ts ( p[]40#ghg ,! ,fr5* p _h be5 told t _! unhapp9ess 0 due to _! rul]s2 !y ov]?rew _! rul]s1 &1 f9d+ _! di/ress n remov$1 !y sacrific$ ! new rul]s2 & ?is process w\ld h cont9u$ indef9itely if despotism _h n be5 f\nd pref]able to an>*y4 ,9 ,engl& 8! ,gov]nm5t ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s#ghh has %[n no great love ( peace or lib]ty10 & ! c\ntry g5tlem5 h app>5tly surr5d]$ !mselves to ,gov]nm5t on condition ( be+ protect$ f ! mob4#ghi ,a few m sc>cities l #ahjj might cause su* convulsions & lead to su* /]nness ( repression t ! ,briti% con/itution w\ld end z ,hume =etold1#gij 9 8absolute mon>*y1 ! easie/ dea?1 ! true eu?anasia ( ! ,briti% con/itution40 ,! 8t5d5cy ( mobs to produce tyranny0 c only be c\nt]act$ by ! subv]sion1 n ( ! tyrants1 b ( ! mobs4 ,! result w\ld be a lean & wiry p1 weak = (f5ce1 b /rong = def5ce2 !re w\ld be fre$om at home & peace abroad4#gia ,( c\rse ! 8k ( ! pr9cipal cause ( pov]ty0 is n conceiv$ by ,mal?us z ! only lesson wor? le>n+4 ,he %>es ! gr[+ en?usiasm ( all fri5ds ( ! p = popul> education1#gib & ?9ks ! ,tory argum5ts aga9/ in/ruct+ ! poor] classes 8n only illib]al1 b to ! la/ degree feeble1 if n really dis+5u\s40#gic 8,an in/ruct$ & well-in=m$ p w\ld be mu* less likely to be l$ away by inflammatory writ+s1 & mu* bett] able to detect ! false declamation ( int]e/$ & ambiti\s demagogues ?an an ignorant p40#gid ,^! words 7 writt5 9 #ahjc1 f\r ye>s be=e ,:itbread made 8 motion on ,s*ools & ,sav+s ,banks1 & ?irte5 ye>s be=e ,br\gham's ,committee on ,education4#gie ,mal?us 9 fact 0 9 politics an advanc$ ,:ig1 ahead ( 8 p>ty 9 ideas ( social re=m4 ,?is may be se5 f ! foll[+ passage1 :i* is only "o out ( _m1 t %[ 8 l>ge view ( 8 subject4 ,he says t 9 mo/ c\ntries among ! poor !re seems to be some?+ l 8a /&>d ( wret*$ness1 a po9t bel[ :i* !y w n cont9ue to m>ry40 8,?is /&>d is diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & is =m$ by v>i\s concurr+ circum/ances ( soil1 climate1 gov]nm5t1 degree ( k1 civilization1 c40 ,x is rais$ by lib]ty1 security ( prop]ty1 ! diffusion ( k1 & a ta/e = ! conv5i5ces & ! com=ts ( life4 ,x is l[]$ by despotism & ignorance4 8,9 an attempt to bett] ! condition ( ! lab\r+ classes ( society1 our object %\ld be to raise ?is /&>d z high z possible by cultivat+ a _s ( indep5d5ce1 a dec5t pride1 & a ta/e = cleanl9ess & com=t4 ,! effect ( a good ,gov]nm5t 9 increas+ ! prud5tial habits & p]sonal respectability ( ! l[] classes ( society has already be5 insi/$ on2 b c]ta9ly ?is effect w always be incomplete )\t a good sy/em ( education1 & inde$ x may be said t no ,gov]nm5t c approa* to p]fection t does n provide = ! in/ruction ( ! p4 ,! b5efits d]iv$ f education are among ^? :i* may be enjoy$ )\t re/riction ( numb]s2 &1 z x is 9 ! p[] ( ,gov]nm5ts to conf] ^! b5efits1 x is und\bt$ly _! duty to d x40#gif ,our au?or's hi/orical s5se sav$ him f ,ric>dian presumptions 9 fav\r ( laissez faire4 ,writ]s g too f>1 h[ev]1 9 decl>+ unlimit$ competition to be aga9/ ! _s ( 8 "w1 & ass]t+ t he und]valu$ ! influ5ce ( in/itutions1 only t he might save 8 c\ntry's in/itutions f ha/y re=m4#gig ,he knew t society did n gr[ up on economical pr9ciples2 in/ead ( beg9n+ ) non-int]f]5ce1 & ext5d+ int]f]5ce by degrees :]e x 0 f\nd imp]ative1 x began ) int]f]5ce ev]y:]e1 & relax$ ! int]f]5ce by degrees :]e x 0 f\nd possible & ?\ght desirable4 ,we h begun ) /atus & pat]nal gov]nm5t1 & h made our way t[>ds contract & laissez faire2 b we h nev] rea*$ !m1 because1 z m5 n[ are1 we _c g on )\t damage to ! common weal4 ,b x seem$ to ,mal?us t exp]i5ce _h %[n ! ne$ z cle>ly z ! dang]s ( natural lib]ty2--hi/ory1 = example1 _h cle>ly prov$ t ! mat]ial relief ( ! poor1 :i* _h nev] be5 ab&on$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 might be/ h be5 left to private action4 ,! extreme view w\ld h be5 t x 0 n e "o's duty 9 g5]al1 b e "o's 9 p>ticul>1 a responsibility ( :i* no "o c\ld dive/ himself4 ,b1 ?\gh ,mal?us (t5 speaks z if ! burd5 ought to lie specially on a man's relatives & private fri5ds1 he does n %>e ,adam ,smi?'s antipa?y to associations1 & w\ld probably h recogniz$ division ( lab\r to be z necess>y 9 *>ity z 9 indu/ry4 ,/ill1 ev5 z adm9i/]$ by an organization ( m5 specially fitt$ = ! "w by nature & *oice1 ! di/ribution ( mat]ial relief nev] seems to him a case :]e society c help ! poor )\t 9 "s degree injur+ _! indep5d5ce & _! /r5g? ( "*4 ,9 ! matt] ( *>ity he is cle>ly on ! side ( natural lib]ty & individualism4 ,b1 9 o!r directions1 he has made admissions :i* s]i\sly modify ! unlimit$ competition ( natural lib]ty4 ,he admits1 fir/ ( all1 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :5 x is ! /ruggle = b>e life does n lead to progress2#gih & he admits1 !re=e1 9 ! second place1 t ! /ate %\ld int]f]e ) ! 8sy/em ( natural lib]ty10 positively1 to educate ! citiz5s1#gii & to grant m$ical aid to ! poor1#hjj to assi/ emigration1#hja & ev5 to give direct relief 9 money to m5 t h a family ( m ?an six *ildr51#hjb--;z well z negatively1 to re/rict =eign trade :5 x causes m h>m to ! public ?an good to ! trad]s1#hjc & to re/rict ! home trade :]e *ildr5's lab\r is conc]n$4#hjd ,a critic might ask on :at pr9ciple he ju/ifies ^! admissions2 or might h9t t he makes !m on no consci\s pr9ciple at all1 b 9 ! _s ( a judge1 :o is adm9i/]+ a law t he kn[s to be bad1 b pref]s to make cont9ual exceptions r ?an sugge/ a new law2--o!rwise c\ld any rule /& ! te/ ( s _m exceptions8 ,x might be repli$ t ,mal?us n[h]e writes a treatise on political philosophy1 & 8 views mu/ be inf]r$ f scatt]$ h9ts1 b x does n foll[ t he 0 n1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 possess$ ( a guid+ pr9ciple4 ,8 sev]al admissions h a c]ta9 logical connection4 ,x is m d\btful :e!r _! connect+ pr9ciple w seem adequate to a mod]n read] ^: que/ions 9 political philosophy h be5 /at$ = him by ,comte & ! latt]-day sociali/s4 ,! fir/ ( ! admissions is ! m significant1 z ,mal?us1 :ile mak+ x1 refuses to approve ( ! means !n actually adopt$ 7by ! ,poor ,law7 = rais+ ! level ( ! weake/ citiz5s1 & s fitt+ !m = _! /ruggle4 ,if ! abs5ce ( provision 0 an evil1 ! exi/+ provision 0 h>dly a less "o4 ,x 0 bad = society to give help by giv+ bread & butt]1 = t 0 a gift to full-gr[n m5 & wom51 n really weak1 b q ready to be indol5t4 ,a gift ( education1 on ! o!r h&1 is giv51 he consid]s1 to ^? :o are really incapable ( help+ !mselves & really ignorant ( _! p[]s4#hje ,x makes ! weak /rong1 & t5ds to remove indol5ce1 n create x4#hjf ,9 ! same way ,factory ,acts assi/ ! weak & n ! indol5t1 :ile ! 7r>e7 int]f]5ce ) free trade1 ! grant+ ( m$ical relief1 ! special aid 9 case ( l>ge families1 & ! aid to ,iri% peasants1 are all ( !m special rem$ies 9 cases :]e ! suff]]s c\ld n be expect$ to =esee & provide aga9/ ! di/ress1 & 7 !re=e suff]]s f circum/ances r ?an f indol5ce4 ,mal?us cont9ually takes ! view t security is a great] bless+ ?an weal? itself1 & insecurity a worse evil ?an pov]ty4 ,! circum/ances t cause insecurity 7 !re=e 9 8 view ! mo/ di/ress+2 !y baffl$ individual ef=t4 ,8 critics might h answ]$3 8,9 all ! cases m5tion$ by y z ju/ify+ int]f]5ce1 a p]fectly enlight5$ self-int]e/ w\ld h provid$ aga9/ ! mi%ap2 & relief ( any k9d w\ld be 9 ! end equival5t to relief 9 bread & butt]1 =1 z f> z x goes1 x all[s ! m to be left ov] ei!r to ! man or 8 p>5ts = bread & butt]1 & !reby x is a relief t fo/]s indol5ce40 ,he c\ld rejo91 h[ev]1 t 7ev5 if we grant ! practical possibility ( su* a p]fect enlight5m5t7 direct relief appeals f> m to indol5ce ?an indirect1#hjg & ! good ( ! indirect c (t51 ! good ( ! direct v seldom1 outweigh ! evil4 ,he w\ld h add$ t ev5 ! direct relief 9 bread & butt] 0 n oppos$ by him on any !ory1 b on ! gr\nd ( its kn[n t5d5cy to evil1--&1 if x _h be5 possible f ! nature ( m5 & ?+s to keep ! promises ( ! ,poor ,law1 he w\ld h giv5 8 voice = x4 ,he 0 committ$ to free trade itself only because & only s f> z exp]i5ce 0 9 its fav\r4 ,8 only axiom 9 political philosophy 0 t ! end ( politics is ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! great body ( ! p2 & 8 only rule = secur+ t end 0 ! obs]vation ( :at1 z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 actually did secure x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ is cle>] f 8 own writ+s ?an t ! language ( exp]i5ce owes mu* ( its mean+ to its int]pret]2 & we ask 8,:at 7 8 pr9ciples ( int]pretation80 ,! answ] is1 t1 9 spite ( ! aff9ity betwe5 utilit>ianism 9 morals & individualism 9 politics1 he tri$ to reta9 ! fir/ )\t ! second4 ,he und]/ood moral goodness to consi/ 9 ! t5d5cy ( actions to produce a balance ( pleasures ov] pa9s2 b 8 utility :5 exam9$ turn$ out1 z we h se51 to be mu* ne>] ! notion ( self-developm5t ?an simply a sum ( pleasures irrespective ( _! quality4 ,at ?is po9t ! /rong grasp :i* family life held on 8 fancy lift$ him above ! notion t ! *ief end c\ld be ! individual happ9ess ( isolat$ units1 & %[$ him t ! real unit 0 a gr\p4 ,! /ate to ,mal?us1 z to ,ari/otle1 is an aggregate ( families1 ?\gh he recognizes v cle>ly t1 besides ! connection ( h\sehold] ) h\sehold] by ! common subjection to ! laws1 !re is ! common bond ( nationality1 a community ( feel+1 a p>tn]%ip ( pa/ traditions1 pres5t privileges1 & future hopes4#hjh ,x is "o ( ! pla9e/ facts ( exp]i5ce t m5 are (t5 l$ by _! atta*m5t to _! c\ntry & c\ntrym5 to run c\nt] to _! worldly int]e/s4#hji ,! nation is a little _w )9 ! great _w1 & on ! analogy ( ! great _w x is ! sc5e :]e difficulties g5]ate tal5ts & br+ out ! "*4#haj ,f ?is po9t ( view x is n f> f ! tru? to p>ody a well-kn[n description ( mod]n ,judaism1 & describe ! political philosophy ( ,mal?us z ,utilit>ianism plus a ,nationality4 ,! individualism ( ,mal?us is limit$ by ! p>ticul> in/itutions & p>ticul> int]e/s ( ! ,engli% nation4#haa ,9 8 intellectual hi/ory a /rong emphasis on ! /ate prec$$ ! emphasis on ! individual2 & ev5 9 8 mature view ! /ate is limit$ 9 its int]f]5ce ) ! citiz5s only by its p[]s ( do+ good to !m4 ,b he holds ) ,adam ,smi? & ! o!r economi/s t its p[]s ( do+ good to !m are v mu* n>r[] ?an on ! old conception ( ! /ate1 z a k9d ( family4 ,! duties ( a /ate to ! citiz5s are n>r[] ?an ^? ( a fa!r to 8 *ildr51 because :at ! fa!r c & mu/ d = 8 *ildr5 ! /ate _c d = its citiz5s ) equal safety to _! indep5d5ce4 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 true t ! relation ( /ate to citiz5 is n ! comm]cial relation ( "o contract+ p>ty ) ano!r2 x is a relation prior to ! comm]cial1 & gives to all contracts :atev] validity !y h4 ,if ,mal?us himself _h be5 ask$ to reconcile 8 dep>ture f ! g5]al pr9ciple ( natural lib]ty ) 8 g5]al adh]5ce to x1 he w\ld h made "s su* answ] z ! foll[+3 8,f ! fir/1 :5 ,i wrote 9 #agih1 x appe>$ to me t ! action ( ,gov]nm5t c\ld nei!r h s uni=mly bad an effect z ,godw9 suppos$1 nor s uni=mly good z ,pitt's ,bill impli$4 ,if1 z ,godw9 desires1 !re 7 no ,gov]nm5t1 b only a *a/5$ laissez faire1 unsophi/icat$ human nature w\ld be q en\gh to br+ back mis]y & s94#hab ,b ! *a/5+ ( ! laissez faire c\ld n 9 my op9ion take place )\t ! ,gov]nm5t1 = x is "o ( ! mo/ prop] functions ( ,gov]nm5t1 n adequately dis*>geable by individuals1 to provide = ! p ! education t is suppos$ to *a/54 ,ev5 :5 t provision has be5 made1 ! education w n d its p]fect "w if x has n includ$ ! p>ticul> doctr9es :i* x has fall5 to me m ?an any man to br+ home to ! public m9d4 ,) su* an education !re w be hope = bett] ?+s4 ,?+s z !y are & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce z x n[ is among ! helpless classes c please me z little z ,godw94 ,x is a /ruggle :i* leads to no progress4 ,b1 unlike ,godw91 ,i d n reg>d ,gov]nm5t z necess>ily creat+ ! di/ress2 & ,i c]ta9ly reg>d x z ! necess>y eng9e = remov+ ! di/ress by education 9 ! end1 & ton+ d[n its effects by re/rictions = ! pres5t4 ,if only z an eng9e ( education1 pat]nal gov]nm5t mu/ be a p]man5t factor ( society4 ,:]e a public necessity has be5 well suppli$ by individual action1 ,i %\ld leave x 9 ! h&s ( individuals2 b n o!rwise4 ,i did n object to ! ,poor ,law on ! broad gr\nd t x took ! place ( private action1 b because its own action 0 mis*iev\s4 ,i %\ld try e case on its m]its1 & be guid$ to int]f]e or n int]f]e by ! kn[n results ( ! exi/+ policies40 ,9 s speak+1 ,mal?us w\ld no d\bt h ju/ifi$ 8 own consi/5cy4 ,b ! mod]n read] might ju/ly reply to ,mal?us1 t we h (t5 to judge t5d5cies z well z results1 & exp]i5ce becomes !n an unc]ta9 guide2 he might compla9 t ,mal?us himself is sometimes l$ to judge bo? ( !m by a half-ackn[l$g$ supplem5t>y pr9ciple ( ! balance ( classes & safety ( ! mean1 :i* c be appli$ 9 a way v unfav\rable to popul> rights4 ,he might urge t ! app>5t success ( an in/itution might h be5 due to a concurr5t cause t cancell$ its defects1 & we _c always pron\nce on its m]its f exp]i5ce ( x4 ,h[ c exp]i5ce help u unless we h ! key to its int]pretation8 ,)\t su* a key no?+ w\ld be s false z facts except figures4 ,9 human politics m]e survival is seldom ! te/ ( fitness4 ,if we comp>e ! /ate to an organism & conv]t our simile into a rule ( judgm5t1 we may say t1 :5 ea* "p has its function & contributes to ! effici5cy ( ! :ole1 ! body politic is well2 :5 any "p does n1 !re is ne$ ( ! doctor or surgeon4 ,?is figure seems to give u a key = ! int]pretation ( social exp]i5ce2 b unhappily ! figure itself ne$s an int]pret]4#hac ,if we int]pret organism z ! ideal union ( memb]s 9 "o body1 x ceases to be a simile1 = ! body politic is n m]ely l ?is union1--x is ! be/ example ( x4 ,= 9 ! body politic ! g5]al life is ! s\rce ( all individual en]gy1 & at ! same "t ! individual memb]s are cont9ually pay+ back ! debt1 by an active sympa?y & consci\s union ) ! commonweal?1 to :i* ! commonweal? 9 its turn owes all its collective en]gy2 ! citiz5 is no?+ )\t 8 /ate1 or ! /ate )\t its citiz5s4 ,?is is to make ! figure useful1 by mak+ x *ange places ) ! ?+ prefigur$4 ,s long z ! same idea is grasp$ 9 bo?1 _! relation 9 rhetoric ne$ n affect u4 ,su* an idea ( ! /ate w\ld lead u beyond ! admissions ( ,mal?us to "s su* dem&s z ! foll[+3--,= 8 e possession1 ! citiz5 mu/ be able to %[ "s s]vice r5d]$ to 8 c\ntrym51 & mu/ be taught & expect$ to hold 8 prop]ty 9 tru/ = ! common good1 t s ! body politic may h no useless memb]4 ,9 proportion z private possession involves monopoly1 its use %\ld be jeal\sly re/rict$ 9 ! public int]e/1 :i* 9 ! extreme cases w\ld lead to ! )draw+ ( x1 ) z little friction z might be1 f ! private own] to ! /ate4 ,education acts1 sanit>y laws1 & factory acts %\ld be /rictly & univ]sally en=c$1 n = ! sake ( ! p>5ts1 gu>dians1 & employ]s1 or ev5 altoge!r = ! sake ( ! suff]]s !mselves1 b = ! sake ( ! community1 9 ord] t 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce e competitor %\ld />t fair z an effici5t citiz51 ) full possession ( 8 p[]s ( m9d & body4 ,= ! re/1 security & ord] %\ld be ! wat*word ( ! /ate1 free c\rse be+ all[$ to comm]cial & indu/rial ent]prise1 sci5tific inquiry1 & speculative discussion1 9 ord] t progress may be made 9 ! sure/ ( all ways1 by ! moral & intellectual developm5t ( ! individual citiz5s1 :i* w soon express itself 9 _! in/itutions4 ,) ^! po/ulates1 half f ! old economi/s & half f ! new re=m]s1 on ! way to be realiz$1 & ) indu/rial co-op]ation 9 prospect1 we ne$ n despair ( ! future ( man on our "p ( ! e>?4 ,tri$ by su* a /&>d ,mal?us c]ta9ly fails to give u a p]fect political philosophy1 & seems little f>!r advanc$ ?an 8 ma/] ,adam ,smi?1 :o taught t ! /ate 0 pr(itable only = def5ce1 = ju/ice1 & = su* public works z c\ld n be s well done by individuals4 ,) all 8 reg>d = ! nation1 ,mal?us looks at social problems too mu* f ! individual's po9t ( view4 ,he speaks mu*1 = example1 ( ! good effect1 on ! individual man1 ( ! dome/ic ideal1 & ( ! ideals ( p]sonal prosp]ity 9 ! _w1 bo? built on security ( prop]ty & lib]ty ( action4 ,he speaks little ( ! duty ( ! citiz5 to ! community1 & ( ! return he owes x = 8 security & lib]ty4 ,! citiz5 9 8 picture ( him seems to h no?+ b duties to 8 family & no?+ b claims on ! /ate4 ,! citiz5 is lo/ 9 ! h\sehold]4 ,he is cont5t to be let alone1 & does n positively & actively recognize 8 id5tity ) ! legislative p[]1 & 8 obligation to repay s]vice ) s]vice4 ,lat] political philosophy w\ld press ! c\nt]-claims ( ! community on ! citiz54 ,x w\ld dem&1 = example1 t he %all nei!r leave 8 l&s wa/e nor pres]ve 8 game1 if ei!r practice is contr>y to ! public good4 ,x w\ld keep 9 m9d t ! hold]s ( l>ge =tunes owe m to ! public = protection ( !m ?an ! hold]s ( small1 & %\ld be> a heavi] burd5 ( taxes4 ,x w\ld n leave m5 to d z !y will$ ) _! own4#had ,9 reg>d to ! l[e/ classes t are h>dly to be call$ citiz5s1 = !y are /ruggl+ 9 hopeless weakness = m]e bread1 ,mal?us nev] seems to see t 8 own ackn[l$gm5t ( _! p[]lessness to rise mu/ ju/ify mu* m ?an ! m]e e/abli%m5t ( compulsory education = _! *ildr5 or ev5 me*anics' in/itutes = !mselves4 ,x w\ld ju/ify ! adoption ( su* measures z w make _! surr\nd+s likely to give & pres]ve to !m a high] /&>d ( liv+4 ,x w\ld sanction measures ( 8local option0 to keep away f !m ! infection ( dang]\s moral diseases2 & x w\ld en=ce ! obligation on ! own]s ( h\ses to make !m habitable & heal?y4 ,x w\ld give t[n & c\ntry t5ants secure t5ure by law1 :]e an insecure t5ure ( cu/om _h induc$ !m to sp5d lab\r on _! hold+s4 ,! old] economi/s _h ! j idea t security 9 possession 0 ! fir/ condition ( indu/rial progress2 b !y did n see t ?is v pr9ciple w\ld ju/ify v l>ge re/rictions on ! use ( prop]ty1 & t ! re/rictions w\ld increase 9 l>g5ess z ! prop]ty approa*$ ! nature ( a monopoly2 !y did n see t = ! public int]e/ x may be z necess>y to prohibit de] =e/s z to pull d[n unsanit>y dwell+s or en=ce vacc9ation4 ,! reason 0 t = a long "t 9 ,engl& x 0 a h>d en\gh task = re=m]s to secure ! negative fre$om ( be+ let alone1 ! fre$om ( trade & ( ! press & ( local gov]nm5t1 ) ! abolition ( privileges4 ,cobd5's attempt to resolve ,politics into ,economics 0 well-tim$ & fruitful 9 its g5]ation2 & ! ,man*e/] s*ool has /ill a "p to play 9 our own "t4 ,b ! special "w ( political re=m 9 ! future is to a*ieve ! positive fre$om1 8! maximum ( p[]1 = all memb]s ( human society alike1 to make ! be/ ( !mselves40#hae ,( ?is programme nei!r ,mal?us nor any writ] ( 8 day _h any cle> conception4 ,he himself _h no claim to a se]'s vision2 & ! horizon ( 8 oppon5ts 0 nev] wid] ?an 8 own4 ,x is "t to g back to ! ,essay & confront its oppon5ts4 ,we h n[ a suffici5t k ( ! economics & philosophy ( ,mal?us to be able to sympa?ize ) him "u misconception1 or at lea/ to und]/& :at appe>ance an objection w\ld we> to 8 m9d4 ,n t we h a complete picture ( ! man1 or ev5 a view ( 8 entire m5tal furniture1 :i* is m ?an ?is curta supellex2 b we see en\gh to judge ! cause ( ! ,essay on its m]its1 n prejudic$1 fav\rably or unfav\rably1 by ! life & "* ( ! au?or4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,! ,,critics4 ,?ree ,que/ions = ! ,critics--,p>r & ,?\ghts on ,p>r--,pulpit ,philosophy--,godw9's ,bless+ 9 #ahja--,! ,curs+ 9 #ahbj--,!ology--,! ,comm& to ,noah--,! ,ratios--,population 8fitful0--,s4 ,t4 ,col]idge among ! ,economi/s--,james ,grahame--,empson's ,classification ( ,critics--,weyl& & ,ar?ur ,"y--8,_c1 !re=e ought n0--,sp5ce's ,plan & ,ow5's--,progress & ,pov]ty--,das ,kapital--,h]b]t ,sp5c]--,classification ( ,critics--,e?ics ( ! ,he>? & ( ! ,_w--,end & ,means ( ,mal?us4 ,! critics ( ,mal?us _h ?ree que/ions be=e !m3 ,d ! conclusions ( ,mal?us foll[ f 8 premises8 ,does he himself draw !m8 ,are !y true z a matt] ( fact8 ,! answ]s w be be/ giv5 by a %ort survey ( ! pr9cipal critics ) :om ,mal?us cont5d$ 9 8 lifetime1 & ^? :o h mo/ =midably cont5d$ ) 8 foll[]s s9ce 8 dea?4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ! ,essay on ,population beg9s & ends ) ,godw91 = x beg9s & ends ) ! "q ( human p]fectibility4 ,! relations ( ,mal?us & ,godw9 are z x 7 ! tale on :i* ! play is f\nd$4 ,godw9's ,political ,ju/ice 0 writt5 9 #agic1 8 ,enquir] 9 #agig1 & ,mal?us' ,essay 9 #agih4 ,o!rs kept ! ball a-roll+4 ,on ! ,ea/] ,tuesday ( #ahjj ,dr4 ,samuel ,p>r prea*$ an anniv]s>y s]mon 9 ,*ri/'s ,hospital be=e ! ,corporation ( ,london4 ,he *ose 8 text f ,galatians vi4 #aj3 8,z we h !re=e opportunity1 let u d good unto all m51 especially unto !m :o are ( ! h\sehold ( fai?40 ,l ,butl]'s s]mons 9 ! ,rolls ,*apel1 ! disc\rse 0 really a treatise on moral philosophy4 ,x began by contra/+ ! selfi% & ! b5evol5t sy/em ( e?ics1 pron\nc+ bo? ( !m faulty4 ,if ! "o has done less h>m1 ! o!r has done less good ?an might h be5 expect$1 = x has be5 connect$ ) ! new doctr9e ( univ]sal philan?ropy4 ,! new doctr9e is false because local neighb\rhood ( all m5 is impossible1 vi t]m9orum1 & a wid5+ out ( ! feel+s t usually prevail betwe5 local neighb\rs w\ld only make ^? feel+s ?9 & wat]y4#haf ,man's obligations _c be /ret*$ beyond 8 p[]s2 he has no p[]s1 & !re=e no obligation to d good unto all m54#hag ,love ( ! univ]se1 9 ! int5se s5se ( ! ^w love1 c only belong to ! omnipot5t ,be+ :o has ! c>e ( ! univ]se ^u ,him4 ,we1 be+ m51 mu/ only see to x t our b5evol5ce is ( ,8 quality1 ext5d+1 l ,81 to ! un?ankful & to ! evil4 ,b a univ]sal philan?ropi/ exagg]ates & pamp]s ?is "o p>ticul> =m ( ! duty ( b5evol5ce at ! exp5se ( ! re/1 & =gets duties t lie ne> to him1 t[>ds k9dr$ & fri5ds & neighb\rs2 he neglects common duties ( life 9 fav\r ( ! uncommon & fanciful4 ,v diff]5t is 8! calm desire ( g5]al happ9ess10 :i* draws ^? t are ne> /ill ne>]1 & makes u value & assi/ ! b5evol5t in/itutions1 l ,*ri/'s ,hospital1 :i* are at our own doors4 ,! he>]s ( ! s]mon c\ld h no d\bt at :om x 0 aim$2 & ! footnotes ( ! publi%$ v]sion ( x conta9$ l>ge quotations f ! ,essay on ,population & l>ge direct comm5dations ( its au?or1 :i* made ! s]mon's oblique c5sure ( ,godw9 ! m /++4 ,pulpit philosophiz+ 0 n r>e 9 ^? times2 x _h be5 practis$ s9ce ,butl]'s days by ,dr4 ,ezra ,/yles#hah 9 #agfa2 & ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,price _h us$ a diss5t]'s pulpit to utt] 8 en?usia/ic views on ! future improvem5t ( mank9d 7#aghg7 & ! love ( our c\ntry 7#aghi74hai ,burke _h d5\nc$ him = ?is 9 8 ,reflections2#hbj b1 if ,p>r c\ld d ! same ?+ on ! o!r side a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 x _c h be5 any great s+ul>ity4 ,p>r's s]mon 0 ! subject ( ,sydney ,smi?'s fir/ pap] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 7,oct #ahjb72 b its economical int]e/ is due to its effect on ,godw94 ,godw9 _h be5 assail$ %ortly be=e by ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 a =m] fri5d & political ally1 9 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,law ( ,nature & ,nations1 deliv]$ 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,hall1 #agii2 b ,dr4 ,p>r's c5sures 7 m sev]e4 ,p>r may h be5 ali5at$ by an (f5sive description 9 ! ,enquir]#hba ( ! cl]gy1 z *>act]iz$ by 8a p]5nial /ation>9ess ( und]/&+1 abortive le>n+1 artificial mann]s1 infant9e prejudices1 & arrogant infallibility40 ,z all ! o!r pr(essions 7 equally well abus$1 ! c5sure ne$ n h be5 tak5 to he>t4 ,! lett] ( ,mal?us to ,godw91 writt5 aft] ! publication ( ! ,enquir]1 is full ( c\rtesy4 ,at t "t1 & inde$ = a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 !re 0 no?+ b good-w betwe5 ! two writ]s4 ,:5 ,godw9 9 #ahja made 8 lett]s to 8 ?ree critics into a book1#hbb "u ! title1 ,?\ghts on ,dr4 ,p>r's ,spital ,s]mon1 ) rem>ks on ,mack9to% & ! writ] ( ! ,essay on ,population1 he 0 bitt] only aga9/ ! two =m]4 ,he 0 surpris$ at ! 8ov]be>+ scornfulness0 ( ,mack9to%1 & at ! 8v5om0 ( ,dr4 ,p>r4 ,if he _h *ang$ "s ( 8 views x 0 n 9 def]5ce to _! criticism4 ,( ! ,essay on ,population1 8& ! _s 9 :i* x is writt510 he 8c nev] speak b ) unfeign$ respect20 cont5d+ only t x is meant to attack 8 conclusions & n 8 premises4#hbc ,p>r _h hail$ x z a complete demon/ration t ,godw9's s*eme ( equality w\ld n "w1 & _m bett] m5 _h felt _! m\?s %ut1 & _h begg$ ,godw9 to speak = !m4 ,godw9 cons5ts 9 ^! ,?\ghts4 ,if he 0 s9c]e 9 say+1 8,i confess ,i c\ld n see t ! essay _h any v practical be>+ on my own hopes0 7p4 #ee71 he mu/ h be5 9 ! /ate :i* ! ,enquir] ascribes to ! cl]gyman3 8,he lives 9 ! mid/ ( evid5ce & is ins5sible to x4 ,he is 9 daily contemplation ( contradictions & f9ds !m consi/5t4 ,he li/5s to argum5ts t w\ld impress conviction ^u e imp>tial he>] & is a/oni%$ at _! futility4 ,he nev] d>es tru/ himself to "o unprejudic$ contemplation4 ,he />ts ) impati5ce & t]ror f its possible result40 ,mal?us1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh 9 ord]s1 has behav$ v unlike ! cl]gyman ( ! ,enquir]1 = we are told by ,godw9 himself1 8he has nei!r lab\r$ to excite hatr$ nor contempt aga9/ me & my t5ets2 he has argu$ ! que/ions betwe5 u j z if !y _h nev] be5 made a !me = political p>ty & ! intrigues ( faction2 he has argu$ j z if he _h no end 9 view b ! inve/igation ( evid5ce & ! developm5t ( tru?0 7p4 #ee ft474 ,moreov]1 he has 8made z unque/ionable an addition to ! !ory ( political economy z any writ] = a c5tury pa/4 ,! gr& propositions & outl9es ( 8 "w w1 ,i believe1 be f\nd n less conclusive & c]ta9 ?an !y are new4 ,= myself1 ,i _c refuse to take "s pride 9 s f> z by my writ+s ,i gave ! occasion & furni%$ an inc5tive to ! produc+ s valuable a treatise0 7p4 #ef74 ,surely concession c\ld no fur!r g4 ,godw9 ev5 admits ! ari?metical & geometrical ratios4#hbd ,8 criticisms are all on ! *ecks1 :i* 7be x rememb]$7 7 only ! *ecks ( ! fir/ essay1 vice1 mis]y1 & ! fe> ( !m4 ,are ,gov]nm5ts h5ce=w>d to prev5t ! evils ( an excessive population by enc\rag+ ^! unsightly c\nt]-ag5ts8 & is e s*eme = ! amelioration ( man's lot =$oom$8 ,no1 ! 8au?or ( ! essay0 has too small an idea ( ! res\rces ( ! human m9d2 x is no conclusive argum5t aga9/ a s*eme to say t :5 x is realiz$ x w probably n la/4#hbe ,he does n atta* suffici5t weight to ! fact t 9 ,engl&1 = example1 8prud5ce & pride0 prev5t e>ly m>riages1 & f late ones come small] families4 ,9 a /ate ( univ]sal improvem5t !re w\ld be n less b m ( ^! feel+s1 & a simil> effect w\ld foll[ 9 a great] degree4#hbf ,t !re 0 =ce 9 ?is reason+ appe>s f ! way 9 :i* ,mal?us receiv$ x :5 /at$ to him by lett] a few mon?s aft] ! publication ( ! essay4 ,he repli$ t ! 8prud5ce0 9 "q1 if exi/+ 9 ,godw9's new society1 w\ld mean an eye to ! ma9 *ance2 x w\ld mean t "o man is /r5g!n+ 8 position & gett+ to himself m ?an ! m9imum ( necess>ies2 if y prev5t ?is1 :at becomes ( y\r fre$om8 if y d n1 :at becomes ( y\r equality & weal?8 ,secondly1 ! effect ( ! prud5ce w\ld be t ! population w\ld n be ! greate/ possible1 b consid]ably )9 ! limits ( ! food2 & yet y object to pres5t society1 t its arrangem5ts prev5t ! 8greate/ practicable population40 ,9 all our political !ories1 if we w\ld trace to p>ticul> in/itutions ! evil t is really due to !m1 we mu/ d$uct ! evil t is kn[n to be due to o!r causes4 8,! v admission ( ! necessity ( prud5ce to prev5t ! mis]y f an ov]*>g$ population1 removes ! blame f public in/itutions to ! conduct ( individuals4 ,& c]ta9 x is1 t almo/ "u ! wor/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 :]e !re 0 any tol]able fre$om ( competition1 ! race ( lab\r]s1 by n m>ry+1 & consequ5tly decreas+ _! numb]s1 might imm$iately bett] _! condition1 & "u ! v be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 by m>ry+ & greatly increas+ _! numb]s !y w\ld imm$iately make _! condition worse40#hbg ,?is 0 no d\bt a po9t aga9/ ,godw91 b x 0 also a po9t aga9/ ,mal?us himself4 ,! essay 9 its fir/ =m _h n made suffici5t all[ance = 8prud5ce02 & ! introduction ( moral re/ra9t 9 ! second edition might v plausibly h be5 ascrib$ by ,godw9's fri5ds to ,godw9 himself1 9 spite ( ! elaborate reply to ! ,?\ghts 9 a *apt] aft]w>ds dropp$4#hbh ,godw9 said to him aft]w>ds t he _h no "r to introduce a new elem5t into 8 solution ( ! problem1 & pret5d t x 0 ! same solution z be=e2#hbi if he alt]$ 8 premises he ought to alt] 8 conclusion4 ,to :i* ,mal?us might h answ]$1 t1 ?\gh 8 conclusion is alt]$1 x reta9s its value z an argum5t aga9/ ,godw94 ,at fir/ ! t5d5cy ( numb]s to increase up to ! food 0 describ$ z an ob/acle fatal to progress2 n[ x is inde$ an ob/acle :i* mu/ be fac$ & ov]come1 b x is fatal n to progress1 b only to equality4 ,godw9 himself _h at fir/ consid]$ x an entirely imag9>y ob/acle :i* might be ignor$ = ! pres5t by re=m]s2 & 8 v doctr9e ( prud5ce am\nts to an admission t 8 view ( x _h *ang$4 ,godw9 himself 0 n consci\s ( 8 *ange ( front2 z ! sev5? ( ?irte5 *ildr5 he may h ?\ght ! matt] p]sonal2 & :atev] concessions he _h made 9 #ahja he )drew 9 #ahbj4 ,9 t ye>1 ) ,david ,boo?1 ! pati5t au?or ( ! ,engli% ,analytical ,diction>y1 to arrange 8 /ati/ics & v\* = 8 calculations1 he publi%$ an elaborate reply to ! ,essay on ,population4 ,! politicians1 ! political economi/s1 ! bulk ( ! press1 & ! public _h accept$ ! ,mal?usian doctr9es1 ?\gh ! conv]sion ( ! public 0 no deep] ?an x 0 on ,free ,trade1 & ! /atesm5 ) a few exceptions 7 n sorry to make capital out ( ! 8odi\sness0 ( ! doctr9es :5ev] ! 8ackn[l$g$ tru?0 ( !m w\ld n s]ve _! turn4 ,/ill x seem$ true t "t _h decl>$ = ,mal?us1 & ,godw9 _h fall5 out ( notice4 ,sydney ,smi?'s ass]tion1#hcj 8,mal?us took ! tr\ble ( refut+ him1 & we he> no m ( ,mr4 ,godw910 is n v f> f ! tru?4 ,mal?us _h surviv$ 8 refutation1 & ,godw9 8 reputation4 ,pitt1 ,paley1 & ,cople/on 7 ) ,mal?us2 he _h ga9$ ov] ,hallam among hi/orians1 ,james ,mill1 ,s5ior1 & ,ric>do among economi/s1 ,br\gham1 ,mack9to%1 & ev5 ,:itbread among politicians4 ,s\!y1 ,hazlitt1 & ,cobbett 7 n a suffici5t make-weight4 ,hazlitt 9 8 ,reply to ! ,essay on ,population 79 lett]s ( :i* "s appe>$ 9 ,cobbett's ,pol4 ,regi/]1 #ahjg7 ackn[l$ges ! popul>ity1 ?\gh he pr$icts its decay4#hca ,x seems cle> t 9 educat$ circles at lea/ ! view ( ,mal?us 0 z e>ly z #ahbj :at x 0 9 #ahbi1 8! popul> view10#hcb :i* is q compatible1 z ,d>w9 long exp]i5c$1 ) great unpopul>ity 9 p>ticul> qu>t]s4 ,no bett] evid5ce c\ld be giv5 ( ?is popul>ity ?an ! unwill+ te/imony giv5 by ,godw9 himself 9 8 new book4#hcc ,at ! end ( #ahai ,br\gham _h ref]r$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons to ! pr9ciple ( ,mal?us z 8"o ( ! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( political economy10 & said x 0 melan*oly to obs]ve h[ ! press sc\t$ x & abus$ its def5d]s4#hcd ,! press1 h[ev]1 0 divid$4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review f ! fir/ _h sid$ ) ,mal?us4 ,! ,qu>t]ly _h begun by /rong ho/ility 7,dec4 #ahab1 pp4 #cbj seq472 _h s(t5$ its tone z "t w5t on 7,dec4 #ahac1 pp4 #aeg seq41 & ,oct4 #ahad1 pp4 #aed-e72 _h spok5 ) hesitation & d\btfulness 7,oct4 #ahaf1 pp4 #ej seq472 & _h at la/ completely surr5d]$ 7,july #ahag1 pp4 #cfi seq471 confess+ x to be 8mu* easi] to disbelieve ,mr4 ,mal?us ?an to refute him0 7p4 #cif71 !reaft] utiliz+ 8 doctr9e = ! support ( ?+s z !y are1 only regrett+ t ,mal?us himself w\ld n d ! same a little m /\tly 7pp4 #djb-c74 ,f9ally1 z we h se51 ,mal?us1 aft] hav+ contribut$ to ! ,ed9burgh1 became a contributor to ! ,qu>t]ly4 ,! *ange ( public op9ion1 illu/rat$ by ! conv]sion ( ! ,qu>t]ly1 gave great] bitt]ness to ! attacks ( ! enemies t rema9$ unconv]t$4 ,b x gave !m no new argum5ts4 ,9 ,godw9's ,enquiry conc]n+ ,population 7:5 we neglect m]e epigrams su* z 8a man is sur] t he has ance/ors ?an t he w h po/]ity07 !re are sub/antially f\r argum5ts3--,mal?us has *ang$ 8 position2 ! _w is n peopl$2 ! ratios are n z he repres5ts2 & exp]i5ce is aga9/ him4 ,we h already discuss$ ! fir/4 ,! use ( ! second implies a misund]/&+ ( ! ,mal?usian position1 = x ignores di/9ction betwe5 actual & possible supplies ( food1 & does n all[ t a man is 8conf9$0 by f\r walls unless he t\*es !m4#hce ,godw9 does n m5d ! argum5t by comp>+ x to ! objection br\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ianity--8! _w is n yet ,*ri/ianiz$02 /ill less by appeal+ to ,*ri/ianity itself1 & taunt+ ,mal?us ) ! texts1 8,increase & multiply10 8,happy is ! man t ha? 8 quiv] full ( !m10 8made a little l[] ?an ! angels10 8=ty sons & ?irty gr&sons1 :i* rode on ?reescore & t5 ass colts10 8,9 ! la/ days "s %all dep>t f ! fai?1 =bidd+ to m>ry40#hcf ,mal?us _h be5 attack$ 9 #ahjg by a ,puritan or ,cov5ant+ pamphlet entitl$1 #8,a summons ( ,wak5+1 or ! evil t5d5cy & dang] ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 exemplifi$ 9 ,mr4 ,sir ,john ,leslie's ,enquiry into ! ,nature ( ,heat1 & ,mr4 ,mal?us' ,essay on ,population1 & 9 t speculative sy/em ( common law :i* is at pres5t adm9i/]$ 9 ^! k+doms4'#hcg ,! body ( ?is book _h be5 ev5 m rem>kable ?an its title1 = x _h prov$ ,mal?us guilty n m]ely ( het]odoxy1 b ( a!ism4 8,x is evid5t to any "o :o att5tively reads ! ,essay on ,population t its au?or does n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b sub/itutes = ,him sometimes ! pr9ciple ( ,population1 sometimes t ( ,necessity40 ,sadl] _m ye>s lat] decl>$ 9 ! same _s t 8! insults ! !ory ( ,mal?us levels at ,god1 & ! injuries x m$itates inflict+ ^u man1 w be endur$ by nei!r40#hch ,once = all1 let ,p>son ,mal?us expla9 8 consi/5cy ) ! religi\s text-book ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,prior to ! injunction giv5 to m5 to increase & multiply1 come1 says ,mal?us1 all ! moral & physical laws )\t :i* !y _c increase or multiply4 ,suppose ! comm& _h be5 to increase & multiply n m5 b vegetables2 ?is c\ld n mean1 8,s[ ! se$ broadca/1 9 ! air1 ov] ! sea1 on /ony gr\nd10 b1 8,take all ! means made necess>y1 by pre-exi/+ laws1 to secure ! be/ gr[? ( vegetables40 ,t man w\ld be/ obey ! comm&1 :o %\ld prep>e ! soil1 & provide = ! wat]+ & till+ ( x1 :]e ^? ?+s 7 want+ be=e4 ,s he w be/ obey ! comm& to increase & multiply ,m51 :o prep>es food = m5 :]e !re 0 none be=e1 & n he :o br+s !m recklessly into ! _w )\t any su* provision4 8,i believe x is ! int5tion ( ! ,creator t ! e>? %\ld be repl5i%$1 b c]ta9ly ) a heal?y1 virtu\s1 & happy population1 n an unheal?y1 vici\s1 & mis]able "o4 ,&1 if1 9 endeav\r+ to obey ! comm& to increase & multiply1 we p x only ) be+s ( ! latt] description & suff] accord+ly1 we h no "r to impea* ! ju/ice ( ! comm&1 b our irrational mode ( execut+ x40#hci ,he might h add$1 t to give any o!r int]pretation ( ! passage 9 ,g5esis is to =get ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! words 7 spok54 ,! ,deluge _h j swept away all ! e>?'s inhabitants except "o family1 expressly on ! score ( wick$ness2 &1 if a wick$ repl5i%+ 7 n desirable1 an unhappy or a poor "o w\ld be at ! be/ only "o degree less s4 ,reg>d+ ! "q !n purely f ! outside1 we _c f9d any?+ 9 ! writ+s ( ,p>son ,mal?us inconsi/5t ) 8 ecclesia/ical or?odoxy2 & we c h>dly believe t free-?9k+ ,godw9 0 v s]i\s 9 ! objection4 ,mal?us himself replies to x z a *>ge commonly br\ght aga9/ him by o!rs1 ) no ref]5ce to ,godw9 9 p>ticul>4 ,= ! mo/ "p he ignores ,godw9's book on ,population1 z m]e rhetoric & scurrility4#hdj ,godw91 h[ev]1 _h giv5 m ?an two ye>s ( h>d lab\r to ! writ+ ( x2#hda & 8 biograph] reg>ds x z ! la/ "w ( 8 be/ days4 ,he employ$ 8 son ,william & 8 fri5d ,h5ry ,blan* ,ross] to help him1 9 addition to ,boo?4 ,8 :ole m9d 0 occupi$ ) ,boo?'s calculations & 8 own d$uctions f !m4 ,he himself 8c\ld n pursue a calculation = an h\r )\t be+ sick to ! l[e/ ebb40#hdb ,if ,boo? lagg$ beh9d him he 0 mis]able4 ,he rose 9 e>ly morn+ to note d[n an idea & 0 ill = ! re/ ( ! day aft] x4 ,he is satisfi$1 h[ev]1 ) ! result ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he ?9ks 8 *apt] on ! ,geometrical ,ratio w delight 8 fri5ds & a/oni% 8 foes4 ,9 any case 8 com=t is t 8tru?0 w prevail1 &1 :e!r ?r\gh him or ano!r1 8! sy/em ( ,mal?us c nev] rise aga91 & ! _w is deliv]$ f ?is accurs$ apology 9 fav\r ( vice & mis]y & h>d-he>t$ness & oppression10#hdc & ! _w w see t !re is 8no ne$ ( any rem$ies10 = ! numb]s ( mank9d nev] did & nev] c increase 9 ! ways describ$ by ,mal?us4#hdd ,a few ( 8 y\ng] fri5ds#hde believ$ him successful2 & ! book 0 m5tion$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons z a conclusive refutation ( ,mal?us1 especially 9 reg>d to ! ratios4#hdf ,b ! fact rema9s n only t poor ,godw9 made no bread & butt] by x1#hdg b t he conv]t$ no "o ^: op9ion 9 su* a matt] 0 ( any weight4 ,mack9to%1 ?\gh at peace aga9 ) 8 old fri5d1 :5 he writes to him 9 ,septemb] #ahba1hdh _c praise 8 "w2 ev5 ?9ks its tone intol]ant2 & w only say t he sees no?+ 9 ! ,mal?usian doctr9es inconsi/5t ) p]fectibility4 ,he takes pa9s at ! same "t to disclaim ! au?or%ip ( ! notice 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,july #ahba1 :i* 0 lack+ 9 ! c\rtesy due to ,godw91 ?\gh x did n reproduce ! scurrility ( ! e>lie/ review ( him4#hdi ,! inconclusiv5ess ( ! book1 ev5 9 ! view ( ,mal?us' oppon5ts1 appe>s f ! /ream ( new refutations1 :i* made no pause4 ,ev5 ! "q ( ! ratios 0 n settl$4 ,godw9 _h c\nt$ 8 discussion ( !m ! mo/ important "p ( 8 book4 ,x gives u 8 ?ird sub/antial argum5t aga9/ ,mal?us4 ,godw9 takes up1#hej :at seems to h be5 a common *>ge1 t ! essayi/ _h writt5 a qu>to volume to prove t population increases 9 a geometrical & food 9 an ari?metical ratio4 ,! essayi/ _h answ]$1 z long ago z #ahjf1hea t ! fir/ proposition 0 prov$ z soon z ! facts ab\t ,am]ica 7 au!nticat$1 & ! second 0 self-evid5t2 8 book 0 meant less to prove ! ratios ?an to trace _! effects4 ,8 au?orities1 z he told ,godw9 aft]w>ds1#heb 7 ,dr4 ,price1 ,/yles1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,eul]1 & ,sir ,william ,petty1 supplem5t$1 = figures1 by ,%ort & ,sssmil* & ! c5suses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 &1 = pr9ciples1 by ,adam ,smi? & ,hume4 ,we h already se5#hec h[ f> ! simile ( geometrical & ari?metical ratios 0 meant to be press$4 ,godw9 ?9ks he exposes x by argu+ t ! increase ( population c nev] be q exactly geometrical#hed 7:i* ,mal?us w\ld admit71--t ,am]ica 0 an exception#hee 79 face ( ! maxim t ! exception te/s ! rule71--t1 9 ord] to suppose population d\bl+ itself 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we mu/ suppose x1 z reg>ds bir?s1 do+ ! same 9 ! ,old ,_w 79 o!r words1 fact is ! same z t5d5cy71--t ! normal increase is n t ( ,am]ica b t ( ,sw$51#hef 9 :i* case 7,mal?us w\ld answ]7 ! normal increase mu/ be "o t takes place 9 face ( v sev]e re/rictions4 ,to ! *>ge ( damag+ ! borr[$ kettle ! old ,iri%woman _h ?ree answ]s3--,x 0 crack$ :5 ,i got x2 x 0 :ole :5 ,i return$ x2 ,i nev] _h x4 ,s ,godw9's views ( ! ,am]ican colonies vacillat$ betwe5 ?ree inconsi/5t propositions3 ! great increase ( ! numb]s is natural 7or spontane\s71 b t ( ! food is great] /ill2#heg ! great increase is n natural1 b due to immigration2#heh !re has be5 no great increase at all4#hei ,! read] has ?ree alt]native argum5ts pres5t$ to him1 & x matt]s little :]eby he is conv9c$1 if only 9 ! end he is p]suad$ to believe ) ,godw91 t population requires no *ecks at all1#hfj & is a fitful pr9ciple4#hfa ,9 hi/ory1 says ,godw91 x seems to op]ate by fits & />ts2 & su* irregul> effects _c h a uni=m cause4 ,x might be repli$ t 9 ! same s5se gravitation is fitful1 = we seem to break x by walk+ up/airs z well z d[n1 by us+ a siphon z well z a wat]-jug1 or by dry+ up a drop ( ink ) blott+-pap] in/ead ( lett+ x s9k d[n into ! pap]4 ,yet 9 ^! cases ! fitfulness is nev] imput$ to ! abs5ce ( a cause1 b to ! pres5ce ( m causes ?an "o4 ,to believe1 z ,godw9 seems to d1 9 occult laws :i* v>y ) ! circum/ances is to believe 9 no laws at all4 ,! only con/ancy w\ld be ! con/ant probability ( miracles4#hfb ,free?9k]s _h n z yet id5tifi$ !mselves ) ! p>ty ( ord] 9 physics2 & p]haps ,godw9 0 simply c>ry+ out 8 dislike ( law "o /ep f>!r4 ,hav+ appli$ x to politics 7#agic7 & to /yle 7#agig71 he n[ appli$ x to nature 7#ahbj74 ,he delib]ately plac$ a :ole army ( facts out ( ! range ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 =tunate = himself t he appe>$ no m 9 ! "* ( an economi/1 b left ,boo? ! task ( reply+ to ! ,ed9burgh review]4#hfc ,if economical criticism 0 weak ) ,godw91 ! political philosoph]1 x 0 /ill weak] ) ,col]idge1 ! philosophiz+ poet4 ,! ma9 criticisms ( ,col]idge#hfd are conta9$ 9 manuscript m>g9al comm5ts ) p5 & p5cil writt5 on 8 copy ( ! second 7qu>to7 edition ( ! ,essay 7#ahjc71 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,:5 ,mal?us writes 79 ,preface1 p4 vi7 t if he _h conf9$ himself to g5]al views1 8 ma9 pr9ciple 0 s incontrov]tible t he c\ld h entr5*$ himself 9 an impregnable =tress1 ,col]idge breaks 93 8,if by ! ma9 pr9ciple ! au?or means bo? ! ,fact#hfe 7i4 e4 t population unre/ra9$ %\ld inf9itely outrun food7 & ! d$uction f ! fact1 i4 e4 t ! human race is !re=e n indef9itely improvable1 a pop-gun w\ld batt] d[n ! impregnable ,=tress4 ,if only ! ,fact be meant1 ! ass]tion is q nugatory1 9 ! =m] case vap\r+1 9 ! latt] a vap\r40 7,& on p4 vii37 8,are we n[ to h a qu>to to tea* u t great mis]y & great vice arise f pov]ty1 & t !re mu/ be pov]ty 9 its wor/ %ape :]ev] !re are m m\?s ?an loaves & m ,heads ?an ,bra9s80 ,?is may be tak5 z simply ! argum5t ( ,hazlitt1 :o 8did n see :at !re 0 to be prov$20--! pr9ciple ( ,mal?us is a truism4 ,ev5 :5 comm5t+ on ! /atem5t ( ! ,ratios 7on p4 #h71 aft] "s d5unciation ( ! 8v]biage & s5seless repetition0 ( ! essay1 ,col]idge goes on to agree ) x4 ,he w\ld re/ate ! :ole s z to sub/itute 8a proportion :i* no "o 9 8 s5ses w\ld consid] z o!r ?an axiomatic1 viz43 ,suppose t ! human race am\nt to a ?\s& millions4 ,divide ! squ>e acres ( food-produc+ surface by #ejj1jjj1jjj1 t is to say1 s mu* to ea* m>ri$ c\ple4 ,e/imate ?is quotum z high z y l1 &1 if y w1 ev5 at a ?\s& or ev5 at t5 ?\s& acres to ea* family4 ,suppose population )\t *eck1 & take ! av]age increase f two families at five 7:i* is irrationally small1 suppos+ ! human race heal?y1 & ea* man m>ri$ at tw5ty-"o to a woman ( eighte571 & 9 twelve g5]ations ! increase w\ld be #dh1hbh1abe4 ,n[ z to any conceivable increase 9 ! production or improvem5t 9 ! productiv5ess ( ! ?\s& or t5 ?\s& acres1 x is ridicul\s ev5 to ?9k ( production at all1 inasmu* z x is demon/rable t ei!r already 9 ?is twelf? g5]ation1 or c]ta9ly 9 a few g5]ations m 7,i leave ! exact /atem5t to s*oolboys1 n hav+ ,cock]'s ,ari?metic by me1 & hav+ =gott5 ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 an acre71 ! quotum ( l& w\ld n furni% /&+ room to ! desc5dants ( ! fir/ agr>ian proprietors4 ,be/ d ! sum at once4 ,f9d out ! numb] ( squ>e acres on ! globe 7( l&71 & divide ! numb] by #ejj1jjj4 ,i h myself be5 uselessly prolix1 & 9 grappl+ ) ! man h caught 8 it* ( v]biage40 ,he goes on to say t if e man 7 to m>ry & h a family1 & ea* ( 8 *ildr5 7 to d ! same1 _! po/]ity w\ld soon want /&+ room1 &1 if all *ecks 7 remov$1 ?is w\ld ( c\rse happ5 mu* fa/]4 8,any s*oolboy :o has le>n$ ari?metic z f> z comp\nd int]e/ may a/oni% 8 y\ng] si/] bo? by ! fact & by ! exact numb] ( ye>s 9 :i* x w\ld take place4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let ! productiv5ess ( ! e>? be increas$ beyond ! hopes ( ! mo/ vision>y agriculturi/1 /ill ! productions take up room4 ,if ! pres5t crop ( turnips occupy "o-fif? ( ! space ( ! turnip field1 ! increase c nev] be m ?an qu9tupl$1 &1 if y suppose two plant$ = "o1 ! increase /ill _c exce$ t52 s t1 suppos+ a little isl& ( a s+le acre1 & its productions occupy+ "o-fif? ( its absolute space1 & suffici5t to ma9ta9 two m5 & two wom51 f\r g5]ations w\ld outrun its possible p[] ( furni%+ !m ) food2 & we may boldly affirm t a tru? s self-evid5t z ?is 0 nev] ov]look$ or ev5 by implication contradict$4 ,:at pro( has ,mr4 ,mal?us br\ght8 ,:at pro( c he br+ t any writ] or !ori/ has ov]look$ ?is fact1 :i* w\ld n apply 7) rev]5ce be x spok57 to ! ,almighty ,himself :5 ,he pron\nc$ ! awful comm&1 #8,increase & multiply'80 ,f "s ( ! phrases dropp$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! comm5ts1 we %\ld inf] !y 7 ! prep>ation = a =mal review ( ! book by ,col]idge himself4 ,x is !re=e extremely puzzl+ to f9d ! :ole comm5ts pr9t$ almo/ ^w = ^w & lett] = lett] 9 a review#hff hi!rto consid]$ by e "o 7,s\!y includ$7 to be ,s\!y's4 ,?is applies to ! subsequ5t ,,ms4 notes1 :i* are happily brief]4 ,col]idge f9ds fault ) ,mal?us 7p4 #aa7 = us+ ! words virtue & vice )\t def9+ !m1 app>5tly ov]look+ ! footnote "u 8 v eyes 7p4 #aa n47 :i* says1 8,! g5]al consequ5ce ( vice is mis]y1 & ?is consequ5ce is ! precise reason :y an action is t]m$ vici\s40#hfg ,col]idge says1 9 relation to ! li/ ( irregul>ities giv5 9 ! la/ p>agraph b "o ( ! page 7#aa73 8,t ^! & all ^! are vices 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 :o d\bt8 ,s 0 ,celibacy 9 ! patri>*al ages4 ,vice & ,virtue subsi/ 9 ! agreem5t ( ! habits ( a man ) 8 reason & consci5ce1 & ^! c h b "o moral guide1 ,utility1 or ! ,virtue#hfh & ,happ9ess ( ,rational be+s4 ,we m5tion ?is n "u ! mis]able notion t any /ate ( society w r5d] ^? actions capable ( be+ p]=m$ ) consci5ce & virtue1 b to expose ! utt] ungu>d$ness ( ?is speculation40 ,!n aft] "s rem>ks on ,new ,mal?usians 7z !y w\ld be n[ call$7 he goes on3 8,all t foll[s to ! ?ree hundr$ & fifty-fif? page#hfi may be an ent]ta9+ f>rago ( quotations f books ( travels1 c41 b surely v imp]t95t 9 a philosophical "w4 ,bless me1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty pages--= :at purpose6 ,a philosophical "w c h no legitimate purpose b pro( & illu/ration1 & ?ree hundr$ & fifty pages to prove an axiom6 to illu/rate a self-evid5t tru?6 ,x is nei!r m nor less ?an bookmak+60 ,he ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t :at ,mal?us wrote ( ,condorcet applies to himself2--?\gh 8 p>adox is v absurd1 x mu/ be refut$1 or he w ?9k ! tol]ation ( 8 contempor>ies due to _! m5tal inf]iority & 8 own sublimity ( intellect4#hgj ,! rema9+ m>g9al notes are *iefly ( an int]jectional "*1#hga _m ( !m n v ref9$4 ,mal?us himself nev] falls into co>s5ess2 b 8 oppon5ts seldom avoid x1 & ,col]idge 7or ,s\!y7 is no exception to ! rule4#hgb ,except = ! int]e/ atta*+ ev5 to ! fooli% words ( a great man1 x w\ld n h be5 wor? :ile to revive 8 obit] scripta on a matt] beyond 8 k54 ,a few words are necess>y 9 reg>d to ,grahame & ,weyl&1 :o =m ! *ief subject ( ! long second app5dix ( lat] editions ( ! essay4 ,grahame's *>ges 7 su* z ow$ all _! =ce to ! g5]al ignorance ( ! actual writ+s ( ,mal?us himself4#hgc ,mr4 ,mal?us reg>ds fam9e z nature's b5evol5t rem$y = want ( food2 ,mr4 ,mal?us believes t nature tea*es m5 to inv5t 7p4 #ajj7 diseases 9 ord] to prev5t ov]-population2 ,mr4 ,mal?us1 reg>d+ vice & mis]y g5]ally z b5evol5t rem$ies = ov]-population1 ?9ks t !y are r to be enc\rag$ ?an o!rwise 7p4 #ajj74 ,mal?us1 = 8 "p1 deplor+ ! fact t ?is la/ *>ge has be5 curr5t 89 v>i\s qu>t]s = f\rte5 ye>s0 7or s9ce 8 qu>to essay ( #ahjc71 ?9ks he may well pass x by4 8,vice & ,mis]y1 & ^! alone1 are ! evils :i* x has be5 my great object to cont5d aga9/4 ,i h expressly propos$ moral re/ra9t z _! rational & prop] rem$y10 a suffici5t pro( t he reg>d$ !m z ! disease4#hgd ,grahame himself does n d5y ! t5d5cy to increase beyond food 7p4 #ajb71 b ?9ks emigration a suffici5t rem$y 7p4 #ajd74 ,empson1#hge playfully classify+ ! oppon5ts ( ,mal?us1 says !re are "s :o w n compreh5d 8out ( %e] /upidity1 l ,mr4 ,grahame10 or out ( s5tim5tal horror1 l ,s\!y1#hgf ,col]idge1 & ,bi%op ,hunt+=d2#hgg or because1 l ,sadl]#hgh & ,godw91 :o foll[$ ,price & ,muret1#hgi !y imag9e ! law ( population to v>y ) ! circum/ances2 or else because !y inv5t laws ( _! own1 l ,&]son1 ,ow51 & ,p\lett ,scrope2#hhj or because1 l ,weyl&1#hha !y d5y ! premises ( ,mal?us z well z ! conclusion4 ,weyl&1 l ,grahame1 has ! hon\r ( a special refutation f ,mal?us4 ,he all[s t ,mal?us 9 8 essay has rais$ 8 subject f ! level ( desultory academical discussion to t ( sci5tific inquiry1 & 8 book is ! po9t f :i* e lat] inve/igation mu/ />t4 ,he all[s t 8 ord] is lucid & 8 reason+ fair1 & t he enables an oppon5t at once to discuss ! "q on its m]its4 ,grant+ 8 premises1 says ,weyl&1 we _c d5y 8 conclusion2 b t premise ( 8 is false :i* assumes t ! highe/ kn[n rate ( increase 9 a p>ticul> /ate ( society is ! natural or spontane\s rate 9 all2#hhb we _c take ! height ( ,*ang or ( ! ,hale ,*ild z ! natural /&>d ( ! height ( all4 ,to ?is ,mal?us answ]s1 t1 if we _h obs]v$ 9 any c\ntry t all ! p :o 7 %ort c>ri$ weights ^u _! heads1 & ! p :o 7 tall did n1 we %\ld inf] t ! weights _h some?+ to d ) ! height1--& s1 :5 we f9d t ! increase ( a p is fa/ or sl[ 9 proportion z ! pressure ( c]ta9 *ecks on increase is heavy or light1 we _c b believe t ! rate w\ld be at its fa/e/ if !re 7 no *ecks at all4 ,to say ) ,weyl&1 9 ! t]ms ( 8 fir/ c>d9al proposition1#hhc t 8population has a natural t5d5cy to keep )9 ! p[]s ( ! soil to af=d x subsi/5ce 9 e gradation ?r\gh :i* society passes10 is to say 8t e man has a natural t5d5cy to rema9 9 prison :o is necess>ily conf9$ to x by f\r /rong walls40 ,"o might z well inf] t ! p9e ( ! cr[d$ ,norwegian =e/ has no t5d5cy to h lat]al bran*es1 because z a matt] ( fact !re is no room = x to h any4#hhd ,weyl& ?9ks t1 )\t any moral re/ra9t1 population w keep )9 limits ( ! food1 9 proportion z x rea*es a high /ate ( morality1 religion1 & political lib]ty4#hhe ,mal?us1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld say t1 )\t moral re/ra9t1 ev5 morality1 religion1 & political lib]ty w n save a p f wret*$ness2#hhf &1 = 8 "p1 ! design always upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d :5 writ+ has be5 8to improve ! condition & increase ! happ9ess ( ! l[] classes ( society40#hhg ,"o argum5t ( ,weyl&'s#hhh has "s weight 9 x4 ,) a ri* soil1 high f>m+1 & abundant food1 ! bulk ( ! p ( a c\ntry might by ! natural division ( lab\r be employ$ 9 manufacture1 & _! unheal?y mann] ( life 9 t[ns might s *eck population t x might be f> f keep+ up to ! level ( ! food4 ,mal?us replies t ?is case is r>e1 = our t[n populations h increas$ rapidly1--b1 su* z x is1 he has all[$ = x 9 ! second clause ( 8 second proposition3 8,population inv>iably increases :]e ! means ( subsi/5ce increase1 unless prev5t$ by "s v p[]ful & obvi\s *ecks40#hhi ,!re are two o!r critics to :om ,mal?us replies 9 "s detail1 "o ! vision>y ,ow51 :o is embrac$ 9 ,empson's classification1 ! o!r ! practical man ,ar?ur ,"y1 :o _c s easily be classifi$4 8,i mean10 says ! latt]1 8to deal 9 facts alone1 happy :5 ,i c discov] !m pure & unalloy$ ) prejudice40#hij ,z ?is 0 8 practice z well z 8 pr(ession1 x may easily be believ$ t 9 8 volum9\s records ( fifty ye>s' travell+ & exp]im5t+#hia he has spun rope en\gh to hang himself4 ,x ought to be add$ t1 l ,godw91 he claims ! privilege ( be+ inconsi/5t4 ,no?+ c\ld be m cle> ?an 8 recognition 9 8 ,travels 9 ,france ( ! evils ( ov]-population4#hib ,yet 9 #ahjj1 9 8 ,"q ( ,sc>city pla9ly /at$ & ,rem$ies consid]$1 he recomm5ds z 8 rem$y t ea* c\ntry lab\r] :o has ?ree *ildr5 be provid$ ) a c[ & half an acre ( potato gr\nd4#hic ,9 o!r words1 he w\ld r$uce ! ,engli% /&>d ( liv+ to ! common ,iri% "o1 milk & potatoes4 ,mal?us replies by giv+ reasons :y p %\ld 8live de>10 & by rem9d+ ,ar?ur ,"y ( 8 own comm5ts on ! proce$+s ( ! ,national ,assembly4 ,recogniz+ _! duty to grant relief1 b wi%+ to avoid an ,engli% ,poor ,law1 ! ,national ,assembly set aside fifty millions ( francs a ye> = support ( ! poor4 ,if x _h be5 really a duty1 wrote ,ar?ur ,"y 79 8 ,travels71 necessity might h occasion$ !m to ext5d ! relief to "o hundr$1 two hundr$1 or ?ree hundr$ millions1 & s on1 89 ! same mis]able progression t has tak5 place 9 ,engl&40#hid ,mal?us h>dly ne$$ to g back to ! ,travels1 z ,"y himself confess$ 9 8 lat] writ+s t 8 plan did n apply to l>ge cities1 & ?\gh he /ill held by ! claim ( "r1 he confess$ t 8 fai? mu/ be )\t works2 9 o!r words1 he claim$ ! "r to be inconsi/5t4 ,b he cont9u$ to "q ,mal?us' axiom t :at _c be ought n to be2 & he ?9ks t1 if a man m>ries )\t ! means to keep a family1 he may ju/ly blame society = n provid+ him ) ! means4 ,he argues1 too1 t ,mal?us = ! success ( 8 s*eme assumes p]fect *a/ity 9 ! unm>ri$4 ,mal?us really assum$ only t ! evils1 :i* on an av]age 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry att5d ! prud5tial *eck1 are less ?an ! evils ( premature mortality & o!r mis]ies entail$ by ! opposite c\rse2 he decl>es himself n aga9/ b 9 fav\r ( s*emes t improve ! condition ( ! poor ev5 on a limit$ scale2 & he only asks t e su* s*eme be te/$ n by its fir/ success1 = h>dly any s*eme ( ! k9d is unsuccessful at fir/1 b by its effect on a new g5]ation4#hie ,?is te/ might be appli$ to s*emes l ,ow5's & lat] ones on ! same model4 ,mal?us p]haps deals too p]emptorily ) !m4 ,speak+ ( ,ow5's sy/em ( ! community ( lab\r & goods1 & ( ,sp5ce's ,plan = ,p>o*ial ,p>tn]%ips 9 ! ,l&#hif 78! only rem$y = ! di/resses & oppressions ( ! p10 ! l& to be 8! p's f>m071 he answ]s t !re are two 8decisive argum5ts aga9/ sy/ems ( equality03 fir/1 ! inability ( a /ate ( equality to furni% adequate motives = ex]tion1 ! goad ( necessity be+ abs5t1--&1 second1 ! t5d5cy ( population to increase fa/] ?an subsi/5ce4 ,9 reply x mu/ be said t !re might be socialism )\t communism2 !re might ev5 be communism )\t an absolute equality1 su* z w\ld put idle & indu/ri\s on ! same foot+2 !re might be an approximation ( ! social extremes1 br++ poor & ri* ne>]1 & giv+ ! =m] n weak] b /rong] motives to ex]tion2 f9ally1 x is n at all inconceivable t at lea/ "o-half ( ?is result might come1 z ,godw9 wi%$1 by ! act ( ! ri* !mselves1 :i* means also z ,mal?us wi%$1 = x w\ld come f a /rong s5se ( p]sonal obligation4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ,mal?us1 9 us+ ! argum5t 9 "q1 seems to =get 8 own admission1 t ! goad ( necessity does n act ) effect ei!r on ! l[e/ or on ! highe/ classes4#hig ,moreov]1 he all[s1 !re h be5 cases1 e4 g4 among ! ,moravian communities1 :]e indu/ry & community ( goods h exi/$ side by side4 8,x may be said t1 all[+ ! /imulus ( inequality ( conditions to h be5 necess>y 9 ord] to raise man f ! indol5ce & apa?y ( ! savage to ! activity & intellig5ce ( civiliz$ life1 x does n foll[ t ! cont9uance ( ! same /imulus %\ld be necess>y :5 ?is activity & en]gy ( m9d has be5 once ga9$40#hih ,! second ( 8 argum5ts aga9/ ,ow5 is ( c\rse 8 m cog5t & *>act]i/ic "o4 ,z we h se51 x is n depriv$ ( its po9t by ! inclusion ( moral re/ra9t among ! *ecks to population4 ,x 0 argu$ aga9/ him t 8 own ideal ( a society :]e moral re/ra9t univ]sally prevail$ w\ld involve precisely :at is necess>y to make su* sy/ems z ,godw9's & ,ow5's p]man5tly possible4#hii ,!re is an air ( conclusiv5ess 9 ! rem>k t1 9 proportion z moral re/ra9t prevails 9 ! _w1 ,mal?us approximates to ,godw94 ,b ,mal?us believes t equality & community w\ld de/roy ! motive = moral re/ra9t4 ,! passions w\ld /ill be pres5t1 & no man w\ld be 9 a position :]e !re seem$ any ne$ to re/ra9 !m2 ! re/ra9t w\ld be ! int]e/ ( ! :ole society1 b n ( ! individual himself1 = ! effects 7 to be borne n by himself1 b by ! :ole society4 ,no d\bt ! good ( ! :ole society ought to be a suffici5t reason2 b x w\ld be s 9 a v few m5 n[2 &1 unless x 7 9 all m5 !n1 ! result w\ld be an expansion ( population1 ) ! results ,mal?us describ$4 ,ow5 is aw>e ( ?is1 & sugge/s artificial *ecks1 all[+ m5 to gratify desire )\t ! usual consequ5ces1 & disp5s+ ) any ef=t ( w4 ,mal?us1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld ?r[ all ! responsibility & burd5 on ! individual1 :i* he ?9ks x impossible to d )\t all[+ ! individual 8 private prop]ty4#ijj ,no fur!r ju/ification ( ?+s z !y are is to be f\nd 9 ,mal?us2 &1 s f> f be+ reaction>y1 8 pr9ciples 7) all _! qualifications7 7 probably ! mo/ advanc$ individualism t 0 ev] prea*$ 9 ^! days4 ,!y are adopt$ 9 full view ( ! facts t h be5 aga9 vividly br\ght be=e ! public m9d 9 our day by writ]s :o are to our g5]ation :at ,godw91 ,sp5ce1 & ,ow5 7 to !irs4 ,mal?us seems to believe1 ) ,dugald ,/ew>t1 t ,utopian s*emes are l ! tunes ( a b>rel-organ1 recurr+ at melan*oly int]vals f age to age ) damnable it]ation4#ija ,b1 unless society itself has mov$ 9 a circle1 ! ,utopias w resemble ea* o!r no m & no less ?an d ! /ates ( society :i* !y w\ld replace4 ,our own sociali/s1 !re=e1 c h>dly be dismiss$ by ! /roke ( ! p51 t classifies !m ) p s curi\sly unlike !m & ea* o!r z ,plato1 ,ball1 ,m1 ! ,fif? ,mon>*y m51 ! ,levell]s1 ,godw9 & ,sp5ce & ,ow54 ,mal?us does n1 9 fact1 s dismiss !m4 ,besides br++ =w>d 8 own argum5t1 he exam9es ,ow5's attempt to deal ) x4#ijb ,s9ce ,mal?us1 e complete re=m has ne$$ to face 9 "s way or o!r ! "q :i* he treat$2 b he left little = o!rs to d4 ,( ! two mo/ prom95t s*emes ( our own day = ! recon/ruction ( society1 "o1 t ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,george1 involves an unconsci\s rec\rse to ! old weapons ( ,godw91 ,sadl]1 & o!r oppon5ts ( ,mal?us2 ,progress & ,pov]ty does n conta9 any argum5t n to be f\nd 9 ^! writ]s4 ,! conjecture ab\t a 8fix$ quantity ( human life on ! e>?0 7ed4 #ahha1 p4 #ig7 is h>dly an argum5t4 ,x may be comp>$ ) :at is /at$ by ,/4 ,g4 ,miv>t#ijc to be ! basis ( ,d>w9ism4 8,e individual has to endure a v sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce ow+ to ! t5d5cy to geometrical increase ( all k9ds ( animals & plants1 :ile ! total animal & vegetable population 7man & 8 ag5cy except$7 rema9s almo/ /ation>y40 ,mr4 ,miv>t's reason = except+ man seems to be ,mr4 ,george's reason = includ+ him4 ,! latt]'s m direct argum5ts aga9/ ,mal?us are z foll[s3--fir/1 ! difficulty is 9 ! future 7p4 #he72--second1 ,mal?us %ifts ! responsibility f man to ! ,creator 7p4 #hg72--?ird1 ,mal?us ju/ifies ! /atus quo & p>ries ! dem& = re=m 7p4 #hh72--;f\r?1 ,mal?us ascribes excessive increase ( numb]s to a g5]al t5d5cy ( human nature1 :ile x is really due to ! badness ( our in/itutions 9 old c\ntries1 z 9 ,india & ,irel& 7pp4 #aja-aad71 or ! v ?9ness ( population 9 new 7p4 #ib72--;fif?1 ,mal?us does n di/+ui% betwe5 t5d5cy to increase & actual increase1 & is !re=e refut$ by ! fact t ! _w is n yet peopl$ 7p4 #id74 ,9 ! six? place1 we are told1 if !re _h be5 su* a law z ! ,mal?usian1 x w\ld h be5 soon] & m widely recogniz$ 7p4 #ih72--t families (t5 become ext9ct 7p4 #ii71 & x is m c]ta9 t we h ance/ors ?an t we %all h desc5dants2#ijd--t bett] indu/ry w\ld keep a l>g] population 7p4 #ajg72--,mal?us says t vice & mis]y are necess>y 7p4 #aji72--,mal?us does n see t vegetables & animals increase fa/] ?an population 7p4 #aae71--or t ! increase ( man involves ! increase ( 8 food 7p4 #aaf71 = a division ( lab\r makes man produce m ?an he consumes 7p4 #abf71 & s ! mo/ popul\s c\ntries are always ! mo/ weal?y 7p4 #abh72--,mal?us =gets t ! _w is wide 7p4 #aai71--;& t ! t5d5cy to increase is *eck$ by developm5t ( intellect1#ije--;& by ! elevation ( ! /&>d ( com=t 7pp4 #aba1 #abc72--;he =gets t 8! p[] ( population to produce ! necess>ies ( life is n to be measur$ by ! necess>ies ( life0 x actually produces1 b by its p[]s to produce weal? 9 all =ms 7p4 #abg72--,mal?us w n see t tw5ty m5 :]e nature is nigg>dly 7e4 g4 on a b>e rock87 w produce m ?an tw5ty times :at "o man w :]e nature is b\ntiful 7p4 #acd72--;& ! ,mal?usian !ory 8attributes want to ! decrease ( productive p[]0 7p4 #acd72--;f9ally ,mal?us does n "k 8! real law ( population10 :i* is t 8! t5d5cy to increase1 in/ead ( be+ always uni=m1 is /rong :]e a great] population w\ld give increas$ com=t1 & :]e ! p]petuity ( ! race is ?reat5$ by ! mortality induc$ by adv]se conditions1 b weak5s j z ! high] developm5t ( ! individual becomes possible1 & ! p]petuity ( ! race is assur$0 7p4 #abc74 ,:at is "r 9 ?is view ( ! real law ( population is common to ,mr4 ,george ) ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2#ijf :at is wrong is common to him ) ,godw94#ijg ,! view ( ,k>l ,m>x1#ijh ! prophet ( ! ,int]national & ( mod]n economic ,socialism1 is built on mu* m solid f\ndations4 ,x is a coroll>y ( 8 view ( capital4 ,! g5]al law ( ! accumulation ( capital1 9 ^! days ( l>ge manufactories & ma*9]y1 involves n only a progressive addition to ! quantity ( capital1 :i* is all t ,adam ,smi? contemplat$1 b a qualitative *ange 9 ! proportion betwe5 fix$ capital1 su* z ma*9]y1 & ! circulat+ :i* is paid 9 wages4 ,to use ! au?or's words1 ! progress ( accumulation br+s ) x a relative decrease ( ! v>iable compon5t ( capital & a relative increase ( its con/ant compon5t4 ,new ma*9]y is con/antly supplant+ lab\r )\t any real comp5sation 9 increas$ dem&1 ei!r at once or 9 ! long run4 ,! con/ant elem5t increases at ! co/ ( ! v>iable2 & ?is c only result 9 ! progressive production ( a population :i*1 9 relation to capital1 is a surplus or sup]fluity1 an ov]-population2--! cause :i* increases ! net rev5ue ( ! c\ntry at ! same "t r5d]s ! population r$undant & det]iorates ! condition ( ! lab\r]4#iji ,s f> f deplor+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is r$undant class1 ! capitali/s dep5d on x1#iaj z ! res]ve ( _! army4 ,!y tru/ to its *eap lab\r to save !m f ! depression :i* 9 our days 7?\gh nev] be=e7 appe>s ) unfail+ regul>ity aft] brisk trade & a crisis4 ,if ! h&s 7 n always !re = !m to employ1 !y w\ld n at once be able to seize ! happy mom5t ( a reviv+ dem& = _! goods4 8,mal?us ) 8 n>r[ views und]/&s ! surplus population to be sup]flu\s absolutely 9 itself1 & n m]ely 9 relation to capital2 b ev5 he recognizes t ov]-population is a necessity ( mod]n indu/ry40#iaa ,9 pro( ( ^! /atem5ts he quotes ! words ( ,mal?us 7,pol4 ,econ41 ed4 #ahcf1 pp4 #bae1iab #cai1 #cbj73--8,prud5tial habits ) reg>d to m>riage c>ri$ to a consid]able ext5t among ! lab\r+ classes1 ( a c\ntry ma9ly dep5d+ ^u manufactures & comm]ce1 might injure x40444 8,f ! nature ( a population1 an increase ( lab\r]s _c be br\ght into ! m>ket1 9 consequ5ce ( a p>ticul> dem&1 till aft] ! lapse ( sixte5 or eighte5 ye>s2 & ! conv]sion ( rev5ue into capital1 by sav+1 may take place mu* m rapidly2 a c\ntry is always liable to an increase 9 ! quantity ( ! funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r fa/] ?an ! increase ( population40 ,to ^! *>ges ! answ] is1 fir/1 t ,mal?us always recogniz$ t ov]-population 0 relative1 relative to ! actual food2#iac second1 t he did n recognize ! ov]-population z necess>y2 x took place z a matt] ( fact1 b he believ$ t1 if work+ m5 did z he wi%$ !m1 x w\ld disappe>2#iad--;& 9 ! ?ird place1 ! fir/ s5t5ce quot$ by ,m>x1 f ! ,political ,economy is expla9$ by ! second1 :i* he does n quote3 8,9 a c\ntry ( f]tile l& su* habits w\ld be ! greate/ ( all conceivable bless+s40 ,mal?us is comp>+ ,comm]cial ) ,agricultural c\ntries1 n pron\nc+ on ! g5]al "q ( wages2 & o!r passages 9 8 writ+s#iae %[ t he reg>d$ ! high wages1 result+ f prud5tial habits1 z a public ga91 m ?an comp5sat+ ! capitali/s' loss ( pr(its4 ,ev5 ,m>x himself grudg+ly all[s t ,mal?us 0 m humane ?an ,ric>do 9 reg>d to ! h\rs ( lab\r desirable = ! workm54#iaf ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! latt] half ( ! quotation 7beg9n+ ) ! words1 8,f ! nature ( a population07 fir/ /ates an obvi\s fact :i* a *ild c\ld h po9t$ out1 & !n a disputable proposition :i* pr$icts n an ov]-population b ! rev]se ( x4 ,m>x is seek+ to demon/rate ! hopelessness ( ! lab\r]'s position2 & he is too acute n to "k t 8 demon/ration w\ld be s]i\sly weak5$ if he admitt$ ! tru? ( ! ,mal?usian doctr9e & ! b>e possibility ( ! adoption ( prud5tial habits by ! lab\r]s4 ,?is is ! real reason ( 8 bitt] attacks on ! ,essay4 ,he says ( x3#iag 8,:5 ,i say ,ed5's "w on ! ,poor 0 ! only important writ+ by a disciple ( ,adam ,smi? 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,i may be rem9d$ ( ! essay ( ,mal?us4 ,b ?is book 9 its fir/ =m 7& ! lat] editions did no?+ b add & adapt borr[$ mat]ials7 is no?+ b a plagi>ism f ,sir ,james ,/eu>t1 ,t[ns5d1 ,frankl91 ,wallace1 full ( s*oolboy sup]ficiality & cl]ical declamation1 & n conta9+ a s+le orig9al s5t5ce4 ,by ! way1 al?\gh ,mal?us 0 a cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 he _h tak5 ! mona/ic oa? ( celibacy61 = ?is is "o ( ! conditions ( a fell[%ip at ! ,prote/ant ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 #8,socios collegiorum m>itos esse non p]mittimus1 s$ /atim po/quam quis uxorem dux]it1 socius collegii des9at esse' 7,reports ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,commission1 p4 #agb74 ,by ?is circum/ance ,mal?us is fav\rably di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,prote/ant cl]gy1 :o h ca/ (f ! ,ca?olic rule ( celibacy4444#iah ,) exception ( ,ortes#iai ! ,v5etian monk1 an orig9al & clev] writ]1 mo/ ( ! writ]s on ,population are ,prote/ant cl]gym510 a contra/1 he goes on1 to ! days :5 political economi/s 7 all philosoph]s4 ,m>x adopts#ibj ! common view t ,mal?us be+ a cl]gyman 0 ! bond-slave ( ,toryism & ! rul+ classes1 & !re=e ready to adopt a pr9ciple t attribut$ ov]-population to ! et]nal laws ( nature r ?an to ! hi/orical laws 7also natural7 ( ! capitali/s' production4 ,m>x does n see t ! 8et]nal laws0 9 "q d n lead to ov]-population except :5 ! precepts ( ,mal?us are neglect$2 & nev] %[s h[1 ap>t f ^! precepts1 ov]-population w be prev5t$ 9 ! r5ovat$ society itself1 :i* has nationaliz$ n only ! l& b all ! in/rum5ts ( production4 ,w\ld ! habits ( m5 be s *ang$ by ?is /roke ( nationalization t ! want ( ord9>y comm]cial motives w\ld n be felt8#iba ,w\ld n ! mill5nium ( ! ,sociali/1 l t ( ! ,*ri/ian1 po/ulate a religi\s conv]sion on ! l>ge/ scale = its fir/ introduction1 to say no?+ ( its cont9uance8 ,productive ,co-op]ation1 dep5d+ on ! spontane\s action ( ! lab\r]s = its creation1 & on _! intellig5ce & prud5ce = its success1 w\ld nationalize capital m surely2 & x w\ld n make ! impossible po/ulate ( ,socialism1 t a passionless unselfi%ness1 :i* n "o 9 a hundr$ ?\s& 9 our day exhibits at any "t1 %all at once become ! inv>iable daily rule ( all )\t exception4 ,b ,co-op]ation1 if x neglects ,mal?us1 w f9d its "w no soon] done ?an undone4 ,x may be ?\ght t !re are causes at "w :i* w remove ov]-population among ! work+ classes ev5 "u ! pres5t sy/em ( sep>at$ capital & lab\r4 ,x is a doctr9e ( ! 8f9] wits10 f\nd$ on /rik+ biological analogies1 t ! g5]al developm5t ( intellect 9 ! race w weak5 ! passion = m>riage & sup]s$e ! necessity = any *ecks on x2#ibb--! ex]cise ( ! en]gies ( conc5tration or 8individuation0 developes ^! en]gies at ! exp5se ( ^? ( diffusion or 8g5esis20--! individual is made /rong 9 himself1 at ! exp5se ( 8 p[] ( creat+ new individuals4 ,q ap>t f ! disagreeable fact t ?is pr9ciple w\ld less5 ! pressure mo/ 9 ^? classes :]e less5+ is at pres5t lea/ ne$$1 & lea/ :]e x is mo/ ne$$1 ,mal?us w\ld probably h po9t$ out1 fir/1 t unless ! appetite is absolutely kill$1 no physiological *eck c sup]s$e "s control ( ! w ov] ! passion1--&1 second1 t intellectual developm5t w m c]ta9ly *eck population by mak+ m5 alive to _! responsibilities & /r5g!n+ _! p[] ( re/ra9t ?an by weak5+ ! passion to be re/ra9$4 ,! exp\nd] ( ! !ory is ( all p ! lea/ likely to tea* m5 t !y may become civiliz$ by ! progress ( _! race )\t ! tr\ble ( civiliz+ !mselves individually4 ,b 8 !ory admits ! misapplication2 &1 if x be said by ! misappli]s t we ought to tell ! tru? )\t fe> ( consequ5ces1 we mu/ answ] t 9 ?is case ! consequ5ces are "p ( ! tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to !ori/s l ,w4 ,r4 ,greg1 :o sugge/ unkn[n physiological laws t may act z a spontane\s *eck1 ,mal?us w\ld h repli$ z to ,condorcet3#ibc 8,:at c we reason b f :at we "k80 ,?is brief survey ( typical critics & comm5tators may be complet$ by a classification ( ! =m]1 :i*1 among o!r advantages1 w give a bird's-eye view ( ! *ief po9ts 9 discussion4 ,empson classifi$ ! oppon5ts ( ,mal?us by _! motives1#ibd a proce$+ h>dly fair ei!r to !m or to ! essay itself4 ,x is n fair to !m1 = z a rule ! critics appeal to argum5t1 & mu/ be judg$ by :at !y adduce1 n by _! good or ill w1 wisdom or folly1 9 adduc+ x2 & n fair to ! essay1 because few books h ow$ s mu* to _! review]s4 ,! positions ( ! critics may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,"s say ! doctr9e ( ! essay is a truism4#ibe ,,ii4 ,o!rs admit t x is unansw]able1 b reta9 a philosophical fai? 9 ! future discov]y ( "s contr>y pr9ciple4#ibf ,,iii4 ,o!rs f9d fault ) ! details ( ! doctr9e1 ei!r 7a7 9 reg>d to ! ratios ( increase1 ass]t+ t no t5d5cy to a geometrical increase ( population has be5 prov$1 b some?+ mu* less rapid1 ev5 7a few say7 a decreas+ ratio1#ibg--;& t no m]e ari?metical increase ( food has be5 prov$1 b some?+ mu* m rapid1#ibh--or 7b7 9 reg>d to ! *ecks on population1 ass]t+ t no *ecks are necess>y1#ibi--t vice & mis]y sometimes add to population in/ead ( *eck+ x1#icj--t to include moral re/ra9t is to /ultify ! orig9al doctr9e1#ica--t moral re/ra9t sometimes involves z great evil z excessive numb]s1 bo? f ! p]sonal practice ( x & f ! prea*+ ( x to o!rs1#icb--t important *ecks h be5 omitt$1 ! *ief be+ misgov]nm5t1#icc bad laws1#icd high fe$+1#ice intellectual developm5t1#icf & ^? ( ,ow54#icg ,!re is1 besides1 an a priori criticism1 :i* is ei!r 7,i47 ecclesia/ical1#ich alleg+ t ,mal?us contradicts ! ,bible or "s o!r au?ority1--7,,ii47 !ological1#ici t he d5ies ,provid5ce1--or 7,,iii47 doctr9aire1#idj t he d5ies natural rights & ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony ( moral & economical laws1 & ! in/9ct ( equality1--or 7,,iv47 e?ical & popul>1#ida t he runs c\nt] to ! moral s5se & ! natural b5evol5ce ( m5 & cosmopolitan morality4 ,^! argum5ts h be5 already consid]$4 ,! f\r? ( !m has1 9 its la/ bran*1 an appe>ance ( tru?1 because ,mal?us has c]ta9ly pl$ less = ! cosmopolitan ?an = ! dome/ic & civic virtues4 ,he wi%es to lay ! f\ndations solidly & leave ! build+ to o!rs4 ,cosmopolitan morality c r>ely be ! f\ndation4 ,9 ! ,empire1 ,*ri/ianity may h rais$ ! p1 & ,/oicism ! philosoph]s1 to ! wid] morality )\t ! tra9+ ( ! n>r[]1 s t ! conv]ts 7 made bett] memb]s ( _! own small communities by becom+ memb]s ( ! commonweal? ( ! sa9ts & citiz5s ( ! great _w4 ,b x seems to ,mal?us t1 9 ! _w ( to-day1 ! _m conditions ( a /eady moral progress are be/ secur$ if ! dome/ic & civic virtues prec$e ! cosmopolitan4 ,we mu/ n legislate = a _w ( h]oes1 b = m5 z we "k !m to be2 & a com=table dome/ic life 7 7 mu/ be ! common highway to goodness 9 a society ( ord9>y m54 ,if pov]ty 7 no evil1 *urli%ness w\ld be no vice4 ,b extreme pov]ty#idb is a real h9drance to goodness4 ,9 ! app>5t exceptions1 z 9 ! volunt>y pov]ty ( ,/4 ,francis1 ! greate/ evil is abs5t1 = !re is no /ruggle = b>e life4 ,to aboli% t /ruggle1 & help m5 to com=t1 is 9 "s degree to help m5 to goodness2 & x 0 ! end = :i* ,mal?us lab\r$4 ,! mo/ sure & solid way ( rea*+ x lay1 z he ?\ght1 9 impress+ e man ) a /rong s5se ( 8 responsibility = 8 acts & ( 8 p[] ov] 8 own de/9y4 ,to re=m a nation1 we mu/ re=m ! memb]s ( x1 :o1 if !y are good at fir/ 9 spite ( _! in/itutions1 w at la/ con=m _! in/itutions to ! model ( _! own goodness4 ,to hold m5 ! creatures ( society1 & make society responsible = _! "*1 01 he ?\ght1 to mi/ake ! ord] ( nature4 ,society c feel its responsibility only 9 its individual memb]s2 & no memb] ( x c free 8 own s\l by ! purity ( a collective or repres5tative consci5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( ,mal?us is1 !re=e1 a /rong appeal to p]sonal responsibility4 ,he w\ld make m5 /rong 9 w1 to subdue _! animal wants to _! notion ( p]sonal good & p]sonal goodness1 :i*1 he believ$1 c\ld nev] fail to develope into ! common good & goodness ( all4 ,believ]s 9 ! omnipot5ce ( outw>d circum/ances & ! p[]lessness ( ! human w1 to alt] !m or ! human "*1 may put ,mal?us beyond ! pale ( sympa?y4 ,b all c ent] into ! m9d ( ,mal?us & und]/& 8 "w1 :o "k ! h>dness ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s1 & yet believe 9 ! p[] ( ideas to *ange ! lives ( m51 & h fai? n only 9 ! rig\r ( natural laws1 b 9 man's p[] to conqu] nature by obey+ h]4 ,,book ,v4 ,,biography4 ,p>5tage--,e>ly ,education--,graves & ,wakefield--,c\rse at ,cambridge--,correspond5ce ) 8 ,fa!r--,*ange 9 ,/udies--,! ,crisis & ! ,curacy--,effect ( ! ,essay on its ,au?or--,e>ly & ,late ,/yles--,life f #agii to #ahcd--;,+rata ,patria8--,ea/ ,india ,college--,pr(essor's ,lectures--,hic ,jacet4 ,! few facts t are kn[n ( ! life ( ,mal?us br+ u ne>] to him ?an we c come 9 8 writ+s1 & %[ u h[ well1 on ! :ole1 8 antec$5ts & surr\nd+s fitt$ him = 8 "w4 ,our *ief au?orities are ,bi%op ,ott]'s biographical preface to ! second edition ( our au?or's ,political ,economy1 :i* 0 po/hum\sly publi%$ 9 #ahcf1 & ,pr(essor ,empson's notice ( ! book 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,janu>y #ahcg4idc ,ott] 0 ! college companion & life-long fri5d ( ,mal?us2 ,empson 0 8 colleague at ,haileybury4 ,! in=mation !y give u1 ?\gh meagre1 is tru/wor?y2 & happily x c be supplem5t$ by h9ts f o!r qu>t]s4 ,8 fa!r1 ,daniel ,mal?us1 0 born 9 #agcj1 & w5t to ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d1 9 #agdg1idd ! ye> :5 ,adam ,smi? w5t home f ,balliol to ,scotl&4 ,he left )\t a degree1 n because ( ! ,articles1 = he subscrib$ !m at matriculation1#ide or f ,dr4 ,johnson's reason ( pov]ty1 = he 0 a g5tleman common]1 b probably f a contempt = ! di/9ction itself4#idf ,8 m9d 0 active & op51 & he seems to h =m$ lit]>y fri5d%ips t /ood 8 son 9 good /ead aft]w>ds4 ,he lik$ to /ay up 9 ,ox=d 9 vacation1 work+ h>d at 8 own /udies 9 8 own ways1 & see+ none b *os5 fri5ds4 ,he wrote to 8 son 9 lat] ye>s1 8,i us$ to ?9k ,ox=d none ! less pleasant & c]ta9ly n ! less useful = be+ disburd5$ ( "s ( its society2 ,i imag9e y w say ! same ( ,cambridge40#idg ,on leav+ ! univ]sity he m>ri$ & w5t to live 9 ,surrey at a quiet c\ntry h\se on ! way f ,dork+ to ,guild=d1 /ill kn[n by its old "n ( ! ,rook]y4 ,( 8 elde/ son1 :o took 8 gr&fa!r's "n ( ,syd5ham1#idh we "k little except t 9 due "t he m>ri$1 & _h two sons1 ,syd5ham & ,*>les1 & a daught] ,m>y4 ,m>y di$ s+le 9 #ahha 9 h] eighty-second ye>1 ,*>les 9 #ahba 9 8 fifte5?1 _! fa!r 9 #ahba 9 8 sixty-eigh?4 ,syd5ham1 our au?or's nephew1 :o di$ 9 #ahfi1 0 proprietor ( ,dalton ,hill1 ,albury1 :]e memb]s ( 8 family 71 till rec5tly1 /ill liv+2 8 son1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,syd5ham ,mal?us1 ,c4,b41 ( ! #id? ,regim5t1 s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ! ,zulu w> a few ye>s ago4 ,daniel's second son1 ,?omas ,rob]t1 famili>ly kn[n z ,rob]t1 0 born at ! ,rook]y on #ad? ,febru>y1 #agff1 ! ye> :5 ,r\sseau came to ,engl&4 ,8 "m seems to h di$ be=e h] husb&2 %e is n m5tion$ 9 our meagre biographies4#idi ,8 fa!r1 full ( ! tea*+ ( ! mile1 & by no means prejudic$ by 8 ,ox=d exp]i5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ord9>y conv5tional tra9+ ( ! ,engli% y\?1 seems to h s5t 8 sons to no public s*ool ( any k9d1 & 9 all probability br\ght !m up at home "u 8 own eye = ! fir/ eight or n9e ye>s ( _! life4 ,we may ?9k ( ,rob]t1 !re=e1 z pass+ 8 *ildhood )\t privation1 if )\t luxury1 9 ! home ( an ,engli% c\ntry g5tleman ( mod]ate =tune1 :o 0 devot$ to books & botany1 fireside & hillside philosophiz+1#iej & ! improvem5t ( 8 h\se & gr\nds1--a man full ( life & orig9ality1 gift$ ) vigor\s heal?1 & jo9+ 9 8 boys' walks & games4#iea ,9 8 quiet little valley x 0 easy = ,daniel ,mal?us to picture to himself a ,mill5nial ,hall ( ! future 9 /ore = e "o else1 on ! type ( 8 own ,rook]y1 ) no worse int]ruption ?an ! rooks t caw$ !re nightly on ! hill above him4 ,f 8 son's description#ieb & 8 own lett]s1 we ga!r t he 0 "o ( ! be/ sort ( ! ,enlight5$ foll[]s ( ,nature4 ,he knew ,r\sseau p]sonally1 & became 8 executor2#iec b !y 7 lik] 9 views ?an 9 "*2 ,daniel ,mal?us _h a deep] ve9 ( rev]5ce & a /rong] incl9ation to put !ory into practice4#ied ,! neighb\rs ?\ght him an amiable & clev] man :o 0 an ornam5t to 8 p>i%1 b decid$ly ecc5tric1 = he made few fri5ds & 0 fonde/ ( 8 own & 8 *ildr5's company4#iee ,he 0 v]s$ beyond 8 compe]s 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man lit]ature1 or he w\ld h>dly h be5 cr$it$ ) hav+ translat$ ,paul et ,virg9ie1 ,d',erm5onville's ,essay on ,l&scape1 & ! ,sorr[s ( ,w]!r4 ,we h ,rob]t's au?ority = say+ t1 al?\gh he wrote no translations1 he wrote _m pieces t 7 v successful1 b always anonym\s4#ief ,) mu* ( 8 son's tal5t1 he _h no p[]1 l 8 son's1 ( su/a9$ intellectual ef=t4 ,he saw ! boy's promise e>ly1 & gave him an education :i* is condemn$ by ,rob]t's *ief biograph] z irregul> & desultory1 b _h a me?od 9 x4 ,he believ$ t sons are always :at _! fa!rs 7 at _! age1 ) ! same k9d ( faults & virtues2 & ! m5 ^: influ5ce w\ld h be5 be/ = himself w\ld1 he ?\ght1 be ! be/ tea*]s = ,rob]t4 ,at ! same "t he believ$ ) ! 8mile0 t a sort ( laissez faire 0 ! be/ policy 9 ! education ( *ildr52 !y %\ld be left to gr[1 & use _! own eyes & h&s & heads = !mselves4 ,at ! age ( n9e or t51 say 9 ! ye> #aggf1 ,rob]t 0 accord+ly deliv]$ ov] to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,graves1 ,rector ( ,clav]ton1 ne> ,ba?1 to be taught little b ,lat9 & good behavi\r1 along ) a few o!r boys1 mo/ ( !m old] ?an himself4 ,graves1 :o 0 ,daniel's s5ior by "s ye>s1 _h be5 intimate ) ! poet ,%5/one at ,pembroke ,college1 ,ox=d1 8a society :i* = half a c5tury0 7on ,johnson's p>tial te/imony7 80 em95t = ,engli% poetry & elegant lit]ature40 ,f 8 novel1 ,! ,spiritual ,quixote1 or ! ,summ]'s ,ramble ( ,mr4 ,ge(fry ,wildgoose1#ieg we %\ld n fancy him ! be/ guide = +5u\s y\?4 ,! book is a co>se & (f5sive satire on ,:itfield & ,wesley2#ieh & %[s ,graves z a cl]gyman to be lik] ,laur5ce ,/]ne ?an ,dr4 ,primrose4 8,don ,rob]to10 h[ev]1 z ! tutor nicknam$ 8 pupil1 0 fond] ( fun & fight+ ?an ( 8 books1 & at ! ripe age ( t5 is n likely to h be5 tr\bl$ ab\t ! univ]se or ab\t cl]ical consi/5cy4 ,f ,graves he pass$#iei into ! h&s ( a mu* bett] man1 ,gilb]t ,wakefield1 a cl]gyman :o _h rebell$ aga9/ ! ,articles1 turn$ diss5t]1 & become classical ma/] ( an academy at ,w>r+ton1 f\nd$ 9 #aggi 8to provide a c\rse ( lib]al education = ! sons ( diss5t]s1 & p>ticul>ly = diss5t+ m9i/]s40#ifj ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! boys at ! ,w>r+ton ,academy 7 sons ( memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :o 71 l ,daniel ,mal?us1 lib]al 9 _! op9ions1 & wi%$ _! sons to be likewise4 ,wakefield held decid$ views on education2 & !y 7 9 close accordance ) ,daniel & ! mile4 8,! greate/ s]vice ( tuition10 he said1 8to any y\?1 is to tea* him ! ex]cise ( 8 own p[]s1 to conduct him to ! hill ( k by t gradual process 9 :i* he sees & secures 8 own way1 & rejoices 9 a consci\sness ( 8 own faculties & 8 own pr(ici5cy4 ,puppies & scioli/s alone c be expect$ to be =m$ by any o!r process40#ifa ,! tutor's be/ s]vice is to po9t ! pupil to ! be/ au?ors & give him advice 7n lectures7 :5 he wants x4 ,!re 0 self-d5ial z well z wisdom 9 ,wakefield's view1 = 9 "o case at lea/ ! pupil %[$ 8 pr(ici5cy by dep>t+ f ! op9ions ( 8 tutor4 ,wakefield1 himself a ,fell[ ( ,jesus1#ifb procur$ ,mal?us an entrance to t college1 & direct$ 8 /udies till he matriculat$ !re z a p5sion] 7or ord9>y common]7 on #ag? ,decemb]1 #aghd1 beg9n+ resid5ce 9 #aghe4ifc ,rob]t e/eem$ him highly4 ,he describ$ him tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds#ifd z a man 8( ! /ricte/ & mo/ inflexible integrity10 :o gave up n only prospects ( pref]m5t1 b ev5 opportunities ( usefulness1 r ?an d5y ! tru? & (f5d 8 consci5ce1--a man hot & intemp]ate 9 public controv]sy1#ife b mode/ & g5ial 9 society1 nev] advanc+ 8 op9ions till *all5g$1 nor try+ to make conv]ts to !m1 b urg+ o!rs to an indep5d5t /udy ( ! facts1--f9ally1 a g5ius cramp$ by its own le>n+ & good memory1 nev] tak+ "t & pa9s to d itself ju/ice 9 its writ+s4 ,?\gh a foe to ! ?irty-n9e ,articles1 ,wakefield 0 a /\t believ] 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & attack$ ,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason 9 a r\gh /yle t contra/s /rongly ) ! sob] rem>ks ( ,mal?us on ,pa9e's ,rights ( ,man4 ,up to #aghe1 !re=e1 8 fa!r & ,wakefield _h ! l>ge/ %>e 9 ! education ( ,mal?us2 & _! influ5ce 0 %[n 9 ! v fact t ! op9ions ( ,mal?us 7 n fix$ by !m4 ,8 op9ions 7 to be ( 8 own =m+2 &1 hav+ nev] le>n$ ! s*oolboy's ambition ( prize-tak+1#iff he f\nd "t at college n only = :at w\ld give him ! be/ degree1 b = e /udy t int]e/$ him1 especially hi/ory & poetry & mod]n languages1 z 9 8 lat] ye>s = ,italian lit]ature4 ,fr5d1 au?or ( a political tract1 ,peace & ,union1 :i* br\ght him ! hon\r ( prosecution1#ifg 0 8 college tutor1 & spoke highly ( him4#ifh ,x says mu* = 8 ma!matical p[]s t 9 spite ( 8 wide g5]al read+ he took ! n9? place among ! wrangl]s ( 8 ye>1 #aghh4 ,if he _h be5 conf9+ himself1 z 8 fa!r suppos$1 to ! beat5 track1 he might1 l ,paley1 h rea*$ ! s5ior wrangl]%ip4#ifi ,aft] ! ,tripos he propos$ to /udy at ,cambridge & at home on a plan ( 8 own4 ,8 fa!r1 on ! false analogy ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 _h w>n$ him aga9/ ! ab/ract /udy+ ( sci5tific & ma!matical pr9ciples ap>t f _! applications2 he mu/ n 8"w curi\s /it*es on a piece ( rag02 he mu/ become a practical surveyor1 me*anic1 & navigator4 ,! son _h answ]$ t !re w\ld be ample "t aft] ! ,tripos to make ! applications1 & !re 0 little en\gh "t 9 ?ree ye>s to /udy ! pr9ciples4 ,b !reaft]1 8if y w give me leave to proce$ 9 my own plans ( read+ = ! next two ye>s 7,i speak ) submission to y\r judgm5t71 ,i promise y at ! expiration ( t "t to be a dec5t natural philosoph]1 & n only to "k a few pr9ciples1 b to be able to apply ^! pr9ciples 9 a v>iety ( useful problems40#igj ,9 reality1 s f> f hav+ 8 fa!r's t5d5cy to ab/ract speculation1 he 0 7z he says himself7 r 8rem>k$ 9 college = talk+ ( :at actually exi/s 9 nature or may be put to real practical use40#iga ,?\gh ! son _h ! be/ ( ?is p]sonal controv]sy1 he w\ld h done well to h respond$ to 8 fa!r's lett]s 9 ! _s 9 :i* !y 7 writt52 9 "o in/ance at lea/1 8 fa!r compla9s t ,rob]t 8drove him back into himself40 ,b ?is 0 r>e4 ,8 fa!r describes him z an admirable companion1 sympa!tic & g5]\s1 & mak+ ev]ybody easy & amus$ ab\t him4#igb ,he 0 a fav\rite at home4 ,:5 ! family 0 remov+ f ! ,rook]y at ,dork+ to ! ,cottage#igc at ,albury 9 #aghg1 he 0 told3 8,y mu/ f9d y\r way to u ov] bricks & tiles & meet ) five 9 a b$ & "s ( u "u h$ges1 b ev]ybody says !y w make room = ,rob]t40 ,x 0 ,rob]t's own w>m he>t t l$ him to give ^? ye>s ( leisure aft] ! ,tripos to /udies v diff]5t f ^? ( 8 fir/ plan4 ,social problems 7 compet+ = 8 att5tion ) sci5tific4 ,9 #agig he took 8 ,ma/]'s degree4 ,9 ! same ye> he got a fell[%ip at 8 college2 wrote b1 on 8 fa!r's advice1 did n pr9t ! ,crisis2#igd & took a curacy ne> ,albury4 ,if ! ,crisis did no?+ m1 x %[$ h[ ! att5tion ( ! man 0 fix+ itself on ! subjects t engross$ him dur+ life1 & h[ 8 "* 0 *ang+ f gay to grave4 ,x is difficult = a read] ( ! lat] ,essay or ! ,political ,economy to conceive t ! writ] c\ld ev] h be5 v m]ry 9 he>t or light 9 t\*2 & !re is a /ill wid] di/ance betwe5 ! pugnaci\s ,don ,rob]to1 nev] long )\t a black eye1 & ! grave g5tle ho/ ( ,miss ,m>t9eau at ! ,ea/ ,india ,college4 ,! *ange 9 /yle betwe5 8 e>ly writ+s & 8 lat] 0 due to a real *ange 9 "*1 produc$ by ! conc5tration ( 8 ?\ghts on ! problem ( pov]ty4 ,! success ( ! fir/ ,essay on ,population#ige fix$ = him ! "w ( 8 life4 ,he 0 to set "o neglect$ tru? cle>ly be=e ! _w2 & he devot$ himself :olly to x1 pu%+ 8 inquiries n only by /udy ( au?orities & facts at home1#igf b by 8 own#igg & 8 fri5ds'#igh travels1 & by conv]sation & correspond5ce ) all t 7 likely to give him any?+ 9 conf]5ce4#igi ,he sacrific$ to x1 =tunately or un=tunately1 8 y\?ful buoyancy & fre%ness ( /yle1 ?\gh 9 speculation 8 op9ions pass$ f pessimism to a mod]ate optimism1 & he 0 nev] too old 9 _s to unle>n a fault4 ,9 8 mature writ+s ! composition is less faulty ?an ! diction1 :i* is c]ta9ly too ,johnsonian4 ,! composition is a little bald & (t5 diffuse2 b ! mean+ ( ea* s5t5ce is always cle>1 & 9 economical writ+ t is ! fir/ ( virtues4 ,9 a "w ( imag9ation we may desire to h ! greate/ numb] ( ! greate/ ideas put into ea* s5t5ce2 b a sci5tific treatise is m (t5 conc]n$ ) a s+le tru? 9 its full developm5t2 & ! p]petual recurr5ce ( ! same phrases 9 diff]5t connections is unavoidable1 9 proportion to ! ?or\ghness ( ! discussion4 ,great v>iety ( language w\ld ei!r imply 9 ! writ] or cause 9 ! read] "s confusion ( ?\ght4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d ,mal?us say+ sub/antially ! same ?+ 9 ne>ly ! same words1 :e!r he is pres5t+ 8 views on ,population directly 9 a book on ! subject1 or plac+ !m 9 _! economical context 9 a book on ,political ,economy1 or t\*+ !m incid5tally 9 a ,corn ,law pamphlet or ,qu>t]ly article1 or answ]+ que/ions ab\t !m be=e a ,commons ,committee4 ,8 abundant metaphors 9 ! fir/ essay#ihj _h simply l$ to misund]/&+2 & he delib]ately r5\nc$ f9e writ+ = high ?9k+1 pres5t popul>ity = p]man5t usefulness4#iha ,! fir/ essay 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 8 lit]>y life4 ,except ! pamphlets on ,haileybury ,college1 all 8 lat] writ+s are economical4 ,8 p]sonal hi/ory1 be+ unev5tful1 01 l a "t ( dull annals1 presumably happy4 ,! f9e portrait ( him by ,l9nell1#ihb tak5 9 8 old age1 gives a pleas+ impression1 n only ( mildness & firmness1 b ( s]5e cont5tm5t1 )\t any trace ( physical suff]+ or physical defect1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 he _h ! latt]4#ihc ,9 p]son he 0 tall & 8elegantly =m$40#ihd #agii is ! ye> ( 8 fir/ ,cont95tal j\rney4#ihe ,9 ,janu>y #ahjj 8 fa!r di$1 at ! age ( sev5ty4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ ! tract on ,! ,high ,price ( ,provisions4 ,9 #ahjb ,mal?us 0 aga9 on ! ,cont95t4#ihf ,9 ,june #ahjc he publi%$ ! second 7or qu>to7 essay1 :i* seems1 f a passage 9 ,edw>d ,cl>ke's ,travels1 to h be5 long expect$ by 8 fri5ds4 8,i am sorry10 writes ,cl>ke to him f ,con/ant9ople on #af? ,m>*1 #ahjb1 8to f9d y confess y\r brea* ( duty 9 n hav+ writt5 a book4 ,b y h be5 engag$ 9 ! press1 because ,i he>d at ! ,palace t y _h publi%$ a new edition ( y\r ,population1 &1 moreov]1 ,i 0 !re assur$ s long ago z la/ ye> t y _h writt5 a "w on ! ,sc>city ( ,corn4 ,h[ does ?is accord ) y\r decl>ation8 ,p]haps x is a pamphlet1 & !re=e /rictly n #8a book4'0#ihg ,x is n impossible t ,cl>ke _h he>d ?is rum\r f ,"l ,elg91 & ,"l ,elg9 f ,pitt himself1 = ,pitt _h visit$ ,cambridge on ! eve ( ! dissolution foll[+ ! ,peace ( ,ami5s4 ,on ! #af? 7,decemb] #ahja7 he 0 pres5t at ! ,commemoration d9n] 9 ,tr9ity ,college ,hall4#ihh ,! visit is describ$ by ,ott]3#ihi 8,x happ5$ t ,mr4 ,pitt 0 at ?is "t ^u a sort ( canvass+ visit at ! univ]sity4444 ,at a supp] at ,jesus ,lodge 9 ! company ( "s "y travell]s1 p>ticul>ly ,mr4 ,mal?us1 c41 he 0 induc$ to unb5d 9 a v easy conv]sation respect+ ,sir ,sidney ,smi?1 ! massacre at ,jaffa1 ! ,pa*a ( ,acre1 ,cl>ke1 ,c>lisle1#iij c40 ,?\gh ! talk 0 l>gely on poetry & =eign politics1 x may easily h embrac$ economics2 & ! p]sonal meet+ may h help$ to ga9 ,mal?us 8 appo9tm5t z ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory & ,political ,economy at ,haileybury ,college4 ,) or )\t ,pitt1 ! appo9tm5t 0 made 9 #ahje2 & 9 view ( x ,mal?us 0 able to c>ry out1 on #ac? ,m>* #ahjd1 8 m>riage ) ,h>riet ,eck]sall 7daught] ( ,john ,eck]sall ( ,clav]ton ,h\se1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's1 ne> ,ba?71 to :om he _h probably be5 = "s ye>s engag$4#iia ,9 #ahjf he publi%$ ! ?ird edition ( ! essay 79 two volumes71 9 #ahjg ! f\r? edition1 & also ! lett] to ,samuel ,:itbread on 8 ,bill = am5d+ ! ,poor ,laws4 ,if x is true t he visit$ ,ow5 at ,new ,lan>k1 x mu/ h be5 9 ! c\rse ( ! next sev5 ye>s4#iib ,!re is no?+ sign$ f 8 p5 9 t "t b a lett] to ,"l ,gr5ville 9 def5ce ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,college2#iic b 9 #ahad & #ahae he wrote ! ,obs]vations on ! ,corn ,laws1 ! ,gr\nds ( an ,op9ion on ! ,policy ( re/rict+ ,importation1 & ,! ,nature & ,progress ( ,r5t4 ,9 #ahjg he _h be5 ) ,horn] 9 ,wales1 impress+ ,horn]1 z !y w5t toge!r f ,raglan to ,ab]gav5ny1 ) 8 idea t ! p %\ld 8live de>02#iid & 9 #ahag he visit$ ,k]ry & ,we/mea?4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahag1 he publi%$ ! fif? edition ( 8 essay4 #ahah w\ld be memorable to him z ! ye> :5 ,mack9to% jo9$ him at ,haileybury z ,pr(essor ( ,g5]al ,polity & ,law 9 succession to ,mr4 ,*ri/ian4 ,9 #ahai ,mal?us appe>s z ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 ?\gh ! hon\r did n tempt him back into physical sci5ce4#iie ,9 #ahbj appe>$ ! fir/ edition ( ! ,political ,economy4 ,9 #ahba1 ,?omas ,tooke1 ! au?or ( ,high & ,l[ ,prices1 f\nd$ ! ,political ,economy ,club1 ,james ,mill draft+ ! rules4 ,mal?us1 ,grote1 & ,ric>do 7 among its memb]s2 & ! survivors are said to rememb] well ! 8cru%+ criticisms0 by ,james ,mill ( ,mal?us' spee*es4#iif #ahbc is ! ye> ( ! tract on ! ,measure ( ,value & ! ,qu>t]ly article on ,tooke2 #ahbd ( ! pap] on ,population 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 & ! article on ! ,new ,political ,economy 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review4#iig ,9 #ahbe he lo/ a daught]1 & w5t = 8 own & 8 wife's heal? to ! ,cont95t4 ,9 t ye> he contribut$ 8 fir/ pap] to ! ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature1 ( :i* he _h be5 made an ,associate two ye>s be=e2 & t ye> saw ,empson take ! place ( ,mack9to% at ,haileybury4 ,9 #ahbf 0 publi%$ ! six? edition ( ! essay1 ! la/ publi%$ 9 8 lifetime4 ,9 #ahbg we f9d him be=e ! ,emigration ,committee1 & we h f 8 p5 ! ,def9itions 9 ,political ,economy1 & ! second pap] contribut$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature4 ,9 #ahbi lett]s pass$ betwe5 him & ,w4 ,nassau ,s5ior1 :i* 7 app5d$ by ! latt] to 8 ,lectures on ,population4 ,9 #ahcj he wrote ! ,summ>y ,view1 :i* involv$ no new ef=t4 ,inde$ 8 :ole "t seems to h be5 sp5t 9 revis+ 8 ,political ,economy 9 ! light ( 8 public & private discussions ) ,ric>do1 ?\gh he did n live to pr9t ! new edition himself4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? he said to "s "o :o rebuk$ him = 8 delay3 8,my views are be=e ! public4 ,if ,i am to alt] any?+1 ,i c d little m ?an alt] ! language1 & ,i don't "k if ,i %\ld alt] x = ! bett]0 7,empson1 l4 c4 p4 #dgb74 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,fell[s ( ! ,/ati/ical ,society1 f\nd$ 9 ,m>* #ahcd1 & its fir/ ,annual ,report conta9s a high eulogy on him & 8 "w2 b he did n live to take mu* %>e 9 its proce$+s4 ,he di$ sudd5ly ( he>t disease on ,monday1 #bi? ,decemb]1 #ahcd1 on a visit to ,mr4 ,eck]sall at ,/4 ,ca!r9e's1 :]e he 0 sp5d+ ,*ri/mas ) 8 wife & family4 ,he is buri$ 9 ! ,abbey ,*ur* at ,ba?1 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! nave4 ,( 8 ?ree *ildr51 two surviv$ him1 ( :om "o1 a daught]1 is /ill liv+4#iih ,br\gham1 9 a lett] to ,macvey ,napi] 7#ca/ ,jan41 #ahcg71 d5ies ! tru? ( an ass]tion ( ,empson's1 t ,lords ,lansd[ne & ,holl& tri$ to get pref]m5t = ,mal?us1 b fail$2 on ! contr>y1 he _h himself1 he says1 (f]$ ,mal?us a liv+1 b ,mal?us _h decl9$ x 9 fav\r ( 8 son1 ,h5ry1#iii 8:o got x1 & ,i believe n[ has x40 ,h5ry1 h[ev]1 did n become vic> ( ,eff+ham 7ne> ,lea!rhead 9 ,surrey7 till #ahce1 ! ye> aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1--or ( ,donn+ton 7ne> ,*i*e/] 9 ,sussex7 till #ahcg1 ! ye> :5 ,br\gham 0 writ+4 ,! second appo9tm5t may h be5 due to ,empson's reproa* or ,ott]'s influ5ce4 ,h5ry di$ 9 ,augu/ #ahhb at ! age ( sev5ty-six4 ,s9ce1 betwe5 ! two p>i%es1 he kept z _m z f\r curates at a "t1 ! comb9$ sal>ies ( ! two1 am\nt+ to #fgb1 seem a small income4#ajjj ,8 fa!r himself told ,gallois1 ! ,fr5* publici/1 9 #ahbj1 t all 8 works till !n _h n br\ght him above #ajjj4 ,gallois1 repeat+ ?is to ! poet ,moore1 slily rem>k$ t 9 ,engl& poetry seem$ to be bett] paid ?an useful le>n+4#ajja ,!re is no reason = ! belief t ,mal?us 0 made ri* by ! second essay1#ajjb or inde$ by any?+ else4 ,he did n g ! "r way to be ri*4 ,he c\ld no d\bt h got ,*ur* pref]m5t if he _h pursu$ x l ,paley4 ,at ! end ( 8 days1 ev5 if he _h desir$ x1 he 0 too mild a p>tisan to be a grata p]sona to ! ,:igs 9 (fice2 he _h acquiesc$ 9 ! ,re=m ( #ahcb1 b )\t en?usiasm1#ajjc hav+ a liveli] int]e/ 9 social ?an 9 political *anges4 ,b ! _w aft] all us$ him k9dly4 ,( worldly com=t1 aft] #ahje1 he _h en\gh2 & he 0 fully satisfi$1 z he _h reason to be1 ) 8 lot 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,college4 ,x gave him ne>ly ?irty ye>s ( ! leisure :i* ,godw9 _h ju/ly c\nt$ ! true ri*es ( life4 ,! position _h its c>es1 = ! college 0 an educational exp]im5t4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,wellesley#ajjd _h propos$ to f\nd a college at ,=t ,william1 ,calcutta1 = ! g5]al education ( ! civil s]vants ( ! ,company z well z _! special in/ruction 9 ,ori5tal languages4 ,he po9t$ out t _! functions1 judicial1 adm9i/rative1 diplomatic1 7 n[ totally unlike _! names ( writ]1 factor1 & m]*ant1 & !y ne$$ some?+ high] ?an ! comm]cial tra9+ :i* 0 all t 0 !n requir$ ( !m4 ,! ,directors ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company c>ri$ out 8 wi%es s f> z to all[ ,=t ,william ,college to d ! advanc$ tra9+ 9 languages2 b !y ?\ght t ! g5]al education %\ld be giv5 be=e ! cadets left ,engl&1 & at ! end ( #ahje !y pass$ a s*eme = e/abli%+ = t purpose a college at ,haileybury1 ne> ,h]t=d4 ,on _! nom9ation1 in/ead ( go+ out at once to ,india1 ! future civil s]vants ( ,india 7 to sp5d two or ?ree ye>s at ,haileybury1 & to receive fir/ a ,g5]al education on ! l9es ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & second a ,special education to prep>e !m = _! duties 9 _! prov9ce4#ajje ,! ,pr(essor ( 8,hi/ory & ,political ,economy0 & ! ,pr(essor ( 8,g5]al ,polity & ! ,laws ( ,engl&0 7 reg>d$ z giv+ bo? ! g5]al & ! special k9ds ( tra9+4 8,z ! /udy ( law & political economy0 7s runs ! s*eme7 8is to =m an ess5tial "p 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( education1 x w be requir$ t1 9 ! lectures ^u ^! subjects1 p>ticul> att5tion be giv5 to ! explanation ( ! political & comm]cial relations subsi/+ betwe5 ,india & ,great ,brita940#ajjf ,! two pr(essors 7 requir$ to give 87#a7 a c\rse ( lectures on g5]al hi/ory & on ! hi/ory & /ati/ics ( ! mod]n nations ( ,europe1 7#b7 a c\rse ( lectures on political economy1 7#c7 a c\rse ( lectures on g5]al polity1 on ! laws ( ,engl& & pr9ciples ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution40#ajjg ,! o!r subjects 7 ,classics1 ,ori5tal ,languages1 ,ma!matics1 & ,natural ,philosophy4 ,! college c\rse la/$1 z a rule1 two ye>s1 ea* ye> consi/+ ( two t]ms ( ab\t five mon?s ea* 7,feb4 to ,june1 ,aug4 to ,dec472 & !re 7 p]iodical exam9ations1 hon\r li/s1 & prizes4 ,! ages ( ! pupils rang$ f z l[ z fifte5 to z high z tw5ty-two1 & ab\t =ty jo9$ e ye>4 ,mal?us w\ld seldom h a class beyond twelve or f\rte51 all 9 ! lat] ye> ( _! c\rse4#ajjh ,! g5]al discipl9e ( ! classes & ! surveillance or want ( surveillance ( ! pupils 9 _! private rooms 7 r on ! model ( an unre=m$ ,ox=d college ?an ( a public s*ool4#ajji ,s5se ( p]sonal responsibility & habits ( self-gov]nm5t 7 to take ! place ( ! s*oolboy's fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,unhappily1 be=e le>n+ ! new motives1 ! boys too (t5 abus$ ! abs5ce ( ! old4#ajaj ,ab\t half ( ! pr(essors 7 9 holy ord]s & did duty 9 ! college *apel4 ,if ,mal?us took 8 turn ) ! re/1 we ne$ n suppose ) 8 cl]ical biograph] t he magnifi$ ! (fice4 ,8 s]mons w\ld always be e>ne/2 !y might (t5 p]haps be too long4 ,8 week-day lectures1 unless he made !m lik] ! fir/ essay ) its f9e writ+ ?an ! lat] books ) _! pla9 unv>ni%$ argum5ts1 c\ld n h be5 v fasc9at+ to immature y\?s1 especially z ! lectur] _h a slight defect 9 utt]ance4#ajaa ,eight ye>s ( tea*+ conv9c$ him t ,political ,economy 0 n1 z he once ?\ght1 too h>d = boys ( sixte5 or sev5te52--8!y c\ld n only und]/& x10 he said1 8b !y did n ev5 ?9k x dull40#ajab ,we may hope x 0 s2 b 9 view ( ! :ole case1 x is probable t our au?or's lab\rs1 9 ! classroom & out ( x1 7 f> f light1 & t ! pleasantness ( ! life 0 pur*as$ ) a l>ge %>e ( discom=t4 ,! physical surr\nd+s 7 all t c\ld be desir$4 8,we are s rural & quiet "h1 t !re c be no great] contra/ to ,london4 ,?is h\se is 9 a clu/] ( tall %rubs & "y trees1 ) a little bit ( smoo? lawn slop+ to a bright pond1 9 :i* old weep+ will[s are dipp+ _! hair1 & r[s ( "y pe> trees admir+ _! bloom+ faces4 ,inde$1 !re nev] 0 su* a fla% ( %ad[+ high-hang+ fl[]s z we h ar\nd u2 & almo/ all1 z x happ5s1 ( t pure1 silv]y1 sn[y1 bridal t9t2 & we live1 l ,campbell's sweet ,g]trude1 #8z if b5ea? a galaxy ( ov]hang+ sweets1 ) blossoms :ite4' ,!re are "y horse-*e/nuts ) fl[]s half a y>d long1 fre%1 full-clu/]$ :ite lilacs1 tall ,gueld] roses1 broadspread+ pe> & *]ry trees1 l[ ?ickets ( bloom+ sloe1 & cr[ds ( juicy-look+ deta*$ ?orns1 q cov]$ ) _! fragrant ,may-fl[]s1 half op51 l ivory filigree1 & half %ut l ,indian pe>ls1 & all s fre% & dewy s9ce ! milky %[]s ( ye/]day2 & res\nd+ ) night+ales1 & ?ru%es1 & skyl>ks1 %rill+ high up1 ov]head1 among ! dazzl+ sl[-sail+ cl\ds4 ,n to be nam$1 ,i "k & feel z mu* z y c d1 ) y\r ,trossa*s1 & ,lo* ,lomonds1 & ,inv]>ys2 b v sweet1 & v]nal1 & soo?+1 & fit en\gh to efface all recollections ( hot1 sw>m+1 :irl+1 & bu/l+ ,london f all good m9ds40#ajac ,equally pleasant is a glimpse ( ! daily life at ,haileybury1 giv5 by ,miss ,m>t9eau1 :o saw x 9 #ahcc4 ,mal?us consid]$ h] "o ( 8 be/ expositors2--8:]eas 8 fri5ds _h done him all mann] ( mis*ief by def5d+ him injudici\sly1 my tales _h repres5t$ 8 views precisely z he c\ld h wi%$20--& he 0 at ! pa9s to seek h] out 9 ,london & br+ h] d[n to ! college4#ajad 8,x 0 a delightful visit1 & ! well-plant$ c\nty ( ,h]ts 0 a welcome *ange f ! pavem5t ( ,london 9 ,augu/4444 ,my room 0 a l>ge & airy "o1 ) a bay w9d[ & a *>m+ view40#ajae ,%e f\nd desk1 books1 & ev]y?+ ne$$ = h] "w4 ,h] ent]ta9]s _h guess$ f h] books t %e mu/ be1 l ,mal?us himself1#ajaf fond ( rid+2 & %e f\nd h] rid+-habit & :ip ready4 ,explor+ ! gre5 lanes r\nd ,amwell1 ,w>e1 & ,h]t=d1 on horseback1 9 p>ties ( five or six1 seems to h be5 ! *ief amusem5t4 8,! subdu$ je/s & ext]nal homage & occasional insurrections ( ! "y m51 ! ar*]y ( ! "y ladies1 ! curi\s polit5ess ( ! ,p]sian pr(essor ,ibrahim1 ! f9e le>n+ & eag] s*ol>%ip ( ,pr9cipal#ajag ,le ,bas1 & ! some:at old-fa%ion$ c\rtesies ( ! summ] ev5+ p>ties are all ov] n[1 except z pleasant pictures 9 ! int]ior gall]y ( ^? :o knew ! place1 ( :om ,i am ?ankful to h be5 "o40 ,:5 %e aga9 visit$ ,haileybury1 ,mal?us 0 gone2 ,pr(essor ,jones 0 9 8 *air1 & ,empson 9 8 h\se1 probably "o ( ! mo/ com=table 9 a build+ :i*1 if small]1 0 mu* m picturesque ?an ! pres5t s*ool4#ajah ,! 8occasional insurrections ( ! "y m50 7 a feature ( ! college f ! beg9n+4 ,sydney ,smi? writes to ,"l ,holl& 9 ,june #ahaj1 :5 !re 0 talk ( mak+ ,mack9to% pr(essor at ,haileybury3 8,! season = lapidat+ ! pr(essors is n[ at h&2 keep ,mack9to% quiet at ,holl& ,h\se till all is ov]20#ajai & to ,:i%aw 9 ,janu>y #ahah1 :5 ! appo9tm5t _h be5 made3 8,8 situation at ,h]t=d w suit him v well1 pelt+s & contusions always except$4 ,he %\ld /ipulate = #8pebble money1' z x is te*nically t]m$1 or an annual p5sion 9 case he is disabl$ by ! pelt+ ( ! /ud5ts4 ,by ! bye1 might x n be advisable = ! pr(essors to le>n ! use ( ! sl+ 7bale>ia hab5a78 ,x w\ld give !m a great advantage ov] ! /ud5ts40#ajbj ,! lapidations 7 probably no worse ?an simil> sc5es at our ,engli% & ,scot* ,univ]sities t h n yet de/roy$ ! cr$it ( ^! in/itutions4 ,b ! oppon5ts ( ! college compla9$ ( mu* m ?an ! insubord9ation ( ! /ud5ts4 ,"l ,gr5ville _h made an attack on x 79 ,april #ahac71 on ! gr\nd t x sep>at$ ! future ,civil s]vants f ! ord9>y life ( ,engli%m51 & prev5t$ !m f becom+ imbu$ ) 8,engli% mann]s1 ,engli% atta*m5ts1 ,engli% pr9ciples1 & ,i am n a%am$ to say ,engli% prejudices40#ajba ,mal?us1 :o _h gone up to ,london to he> ,gr5ville's spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 became *ampion ( ! college1 & _h no difficulty 9 meet+ ?is assault4 ,! def5ce ( ! pr(essors1 z set =? by him 9 #ahag1ajbb 0 t ! plan ( ! college 0 good 9 !ory & _h prov$ good 9 practice4 ,! insubord9ation 0 due to ! dep5d5ce ( ! pr(essorial /aff ^u ! ,company's ,directors1 :o _h 7till !n7 )held f ! tea*]s _! be/ means ( discipl9e1 ! p[] ( expulsion4 ,! /ud5ts 7 z little likely z army or navy cadets to become un-,engli%2 & !y 7 mu* less likely to =m a ca/e at ,haileybury ?an if !y _h be5 s5t to an ,indian college4 ,! details ( ?is ext9ct controv]sy ne$ n deta9 u4 ,x is en\gh to say t ,mal?us dis*>g$ 8 "p ) great vig\r & some?+ ( 8 e>ly vivacity4 ,at ! be/1 x mu/ be confess$1 ! college 0 a compromise2 & ! unavoidable difficulties ( ! situation 7 q en\gh to try ! mettle ( ! tea*]s4 ,! cadets ( ! fir/ ye> might be fifte5 or !y might be eighte51 & !re 0 no natural ari/ocracy ( s5ior boys to *eck ! juniors4 ,^? ( ! y\ng] age 7 physically & m5tally m l s*oolboys ?an und]graduates1 & unfit1 z yet1 = ! quasi-indep5d5t life ( ! latt]4 ,_m 7 unwill+ to g to ,india at all1 & x 0 _! p>5ts or gu>dians :o really fe>$ ! expulsion ( incorrigibles4 ,b x 0 bett] t ! unfit %\ld be reject$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e !y c\ld f9d o!r op5+s1 ?an 9 ,india1 :]e !y c\ld f9d none2 & x 0 bett] _! tra9+ %\ld be c>ri$ on :]e ! climate1 ! exp5se1 & ! moral1 social1 & intellectual advantages 7 9 keep+ ) _! age & _! /ate ( pupilage4 8,little o!r *ange is want+10 9 ! sy/em z x !n 01 8?an t an appo9tm5t %\ld be consid]$ 9 _s & 9 tru?1 n 9 m]e words1 z a prize to be cont5d$ =1 n a prop]ty already possess$1#ajbc :i* may be lo/4 ,if ! ,directors 7 to appo9t "o-fif? e ye> beyond ! numb] f9ally to g out1 & ! f\r-fif?s 7 to be ! beat ( ! :ole body1 ! appo9tm5ts w\ld !n really be prizes to be cont5d$ =1 & ! effects w\ld be admirable4 ,ea* appo9tm5t to ! college w\ld !n be ( less value2 b !y w\ld be m 9 numb]1 & ! patronage w\ld h>dly suff]4 ,a ,director c\ld n !n1 inde$1 be able to s5d out an unqualifi$ son4 ,b is x fitt+ t he %\ld8 ,?is is a fair "q = ! consid]ation ( ! ,legislature & ! ,briti% public40#ajbd ,9 ^! matt]s1 at lea/1 ,mal?us 0 no reaction>y4 ,9 spite ( ,joseph ,hume & its o!r enemies1 ! college liv$ out its half-c5tury1 & does n die out1 on ! pages ( ! ,india ,regi/]1 till ! dea? ( ! ,company 9 #aheh4 ,its monopoly 0 gone "s "t be=e !n4 ,an ,act ( #ahbg provid$1 !oretically1 = ! exam9ation & appo9tm5t ( ,india ,civil s]vants :o _h n /udi$ at ,h]t=d ,college4 ,9 #ahcc provision 0 made = ! limit$ competition :i* ,mal?us _h recomm5d$4#ajbe ,9 #ahee came ! end4 ,! ,company 0 8reliev$ ( ! obligation to keep up ! college20 ! reign ( op5 competition1 u%]$ 9 by ,macaulay's ,report 7,nov4 #ahed71 br\ght a new ord] ( ?+s2 & ! college 0 only cont9u$ till ^? :o _h jo9$ x at ! "t ( ! *ange _h be5 able to f9i% _! c\rse4#ajbf ,!re are numb]s ( old (ficials1 l ,sir ,william ,muir1 :o /ill hold x 9 affectionate remembrance2#ajbg b except 9 _! memory x exi/s no m4 ,! "w ( ,mal?us 0 less 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,college ?an 9 8 writ+s4 ,b 8 connection ) ! college 0 p]haps ! mo/ important ( ! ext]nal facts ( 8 life2 & x has help$ to pres]ve a record ( sc5es & incid5ts :i* reveal ! "* m cle>ly ?an all ! adjectives ( panegyri/s4 ,ott]1 ,empson1 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 ,sydney ,smi?1#ajbh & ,horn]1#ajbi may supply ! panegyrics2 & ! eulogy ( ,mack9to% is rem>kable3 8,i h kn[n ,adam ,smi? slightly1 ,ric>do well1 ,mal?us intimately4 ,is x n some?+ to say = a sci5ce t its ?ree great ma/]s 7 ab\t ! ?ree be/ m5 ,i ev] knew80#ajcj ,8 epitaph 9 ,ba? ,abbey1 probably f ! p5 ( ,ott]1 is giv5 on ! foll[+ page4 ,,sacr$ ,,to ,,! ,,memory ( ,! ,rev4 ,?omas ,rob]t ,mal?us1 ,,long ,,kn[n ,,to ,,! ,,lett]$ ,,_w ,,by ,,8 ,,admirable ,,writ+s ,,on ,,! ,,social ,,bran*es ,,( ,,political ,,economy1 ,,p>ticul>ly ,,by ,,8 8,,essay ,,on ,,population40 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,m5 ,,& ,,true/ ,,philosoph]s ,,( ,,any ,,age ,,or ,,c\ntry1 ,,rais$ ,,by ,,native ,,dignity ,,( ,,m9d ,,above ,,! ,,misrepres5tations ,,( ,,! ,,ignorant ,,& ,,! ,,neglect ,,( ,,! ,,great1 ,,he ,,liv$ ,a ,,s]5e ,,& ,,happy ,,life1 ,,devot$ ,,to ,,! ,,pursuit ,,& ,,communication ,,( ,,tru?1 ,,support$ ,,by ,a ,,calm ,,b ,,firm ,,conviction ,,( ,,! ,,usefulness ,,( ,,8 ,,lab\rs1 ,,cont5t ,,) ,,! ,,approbation ,,( ,,! ,,wise ,,& ,,good4 ,,8 ,,writ+s ,,w ,,be ,a ,,la/+ ,,monum5t ,,( ,,! ,,ext5t ,,& ,,correctness ,,( ,,8 ,,und]/&+4 ,,! ,,spotless ,,integrity ,,( ,,8 ,,pr9ciples1 ,,! ,,equity ,,& ,,c&\r ,,( ,,8 ,,nature1 ,,8 ,,sweetness ,,( ,,temp]1 ,,urbanity ,,( ,,mann]s1 ,,& ,,t5d]ness ,,( ,,he>t1 ,,8 ,,b5evol5ce ,,& ,,8 ,,piety1 ,,are ,,! ,,/ill ,,de>] ,,recollections ,,( ,,8 ,,family ,,& ,,fri5ds4 ,born ,feb4 #ad1 #agff4 ,di$ ,dec4 #bi1 #ahcd4 ,,index4 ,abbot1 ,*as41 mov] ( ,enum]ation ,bill1 #agc1 #agh ,africa1 #aje1 #aaa ,am]ica1 ,nor?1 #ag1 #bh1 #fi seq42 ,indians1 #hi seq41 #aje1 #aaa1 #adc1 #afg1 #agd1 c42 cf4 #cfi1 #cgj 7,am]ican increase7 ,am]ica1 ,s\?1 #hh ,&]son1 ,adam1 #agc1 #agd ,&]son1 ,jas41 #bba1 #cgg ,arabs1 #aji1 #aaj ,ari/otle1 #aac1 #baa1 #bad1 #cai1 #cef1 #chd ,bacon1 ,francis1 #bb1 #dg1 #ff1 #abd1 #cif ,bagehot1 ,walt]1 #bbg1 #chc ,ball1 ,john1 #che ,bam=d1 ,sam41 #bih ,b5?am1 ,j]emy1 #dc1 #dd1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #cca ,b]keley1 ,bi%op1 #bja ,b]t1 ,paul1 #cga ,bir?s1 no crit]ion ( numb]s1 #adi2 or ( increase1 #agi2 cf4 #afa ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #agf1 #ahf1 #baf-bah ,boo?1 ,david1 #cfb1 #cga ,bosanquet1 ,*as41 #bia ,b\nties1 #ca1 #bag1 #bbj1 c4 ,brassey1 ,?os41 #beg ,br\gham1 ,h41 #bbh1 #dae ,br[n1 ,dr4 ,j41 #8,e/imate1' #agc ,bruckn]1 ,dr4 ,john1 ( ,norwi*1 #h ,buckle1 ,h4 ,t41 #bb1 #cc ,bullion ,committee1 #bhe seq4 ,caird1 ,jas41 #fi1 #ge1 #gf1 #bde ,cairnes1 ,j4 ,e41 #ach1 #bde1 #bfa ,cannibalism1 #id ,c>ey1 ,h4 ,c41 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #bci1 #cie ,c5sus1 ,sw$i%1 #acb2 ,engli%1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 vii4 ,*alm]s1 ,geo41 #agd ,*alm]s1 ,dr4 ,?os41 #caf1 #dji ,*>tism1 #bih ,*ecks on population1 classifi$1 #eb1 #ha1 passim ,b4 ,i4 & ,b4 ,,iv4 ,*9a1 #aab1 #aac ,cl>ke1 ,edw41 #dh1 #abg1 ,b4 ,v4 passim ,cobbett1 ,wm41 #f & note1 #bhg1 #bij1 #bih1 #cch1 #cfc1 #cie ,cobd51 ,r41 #bbe1 #bhg1 #cec2 cf4 #ee ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 ! ,poet1 #bb1 #dh1 #ie1 #aaa1 #cga seq42 ! ,,ms4 notes g5u9e8 #cgd2 cf4 #dh1 #cgg ,comte1 ,augu/e1 #bj1 #cdd2 cf4 #bac ,comte1 ,*>les1 #dac1 #daf ,condorcet1 ,m>quis de1 #aa1 #bb-bd1 #cj1 #ca1 #cge1 c4 ,conv]sion ( ! _w1 ! po/ulate ( ,socialism z ( ,*ri/ianity1 #cib ,cook1 ,capta91 passim ,b4 ,i4 *4 iv4 ,co-op]ation1 #bcb1 #cjj1 #ceb1 #cib ,cople/on1 ,dr4 ,e41 #cfc ,corn ,laws1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 i42 corn z measure ( value1 #bbd1 #bee-f ,corn ,law ,cate*ism1 #bbg1 #cjh ,cosmology ( ,mal?us1 #cd seq4 ,cosmopolitanism1 #cdg1 #cef1 #cif2 cf4 #cbh ,cripps1 #abg ,critics ( ,mal?us1 ,i1 #de1 ,b4 ,,iv4 passim ,curr5cy1 #bbf-g1 & ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iii4 ,cycle1 #hc1 #hd1 #adg ,d>w91 ,*as41 #bd1 #df1 #cfc ,decreas+ returns1 law (1 #bcd seq42 cf4 #cg1 #gd1 #gh #8,def9itions 9 ,pol4 ,econ41' #baa1 #bfe1 & g5]ally ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 ii4 ,dep5d5ce on ! =eign]1 #bag1 #bbe1 #bcc2 dep5d5t pov]ty1 #caj ,depopulation controv]sy1 #agc seq4 ,depreciation ( curr5cy1 #bhe1 & g5]ally ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iii42 cf4 #bbg1 #bdh-i ,di/ribution1 :5 keep+ pace ) production1 #aff ,d\bl$ay1 ,?os41 #cif ,dy]1 ,t4 ,h41 #cci ,eck]sall1 ,h>riet 7,mrs4 ,mal?us71 #dab2 cf4 #cbb ,economi/s1 #dg1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bgf ,economy1 political1 its me?od1 c41 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 i42 ,club fir/ f\nd$1 #bfc1 #dac2 place among ! /udies ( y\?1 #dai ,ed51 ,sir ,fr$41 #8! ,/ate ( ! ,poor' 7#agig71 #bdh1 #caj1 c4 #8,ed9burgh ,review1' notice ( ,mal?us1 #dc2 connection ) ,mal?us1 #cc1 #cbi1 #cfd1 #cga1 #dab2 b see #8,mal?us1 ,t4 ,r4'2 notice ( ,godw91 #ab1 #cfh1 #cga ,education1 #ef1 #gg1 #bge1 #bih1 #cja1 #cdj1 #cda2 cf4 #djc1 #djd1 #dai1 #dbj ,egypt1 #aaa ,emigration1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 v42 ,commons ,committee1 l4 c4 & #aie seq41 #bdj1 #cgg ,empson1 ,wm41 #dc1 #bac n42 8 classification ( critics1 #cgg1 #cid2 life ( ,mal?us1 #cii ,enclosures1 #agf1 #bae1 #bag #8,encyclopdia ,britannica1' article ( ,mal?us 9 ,supplem5t1 #gj seq4 ,engl&1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 vii4 ,essay on ,population1 editions1 #b2 orig91 #e1 #cb1 c42 ,b4 ,i4 passim1 ,b4 ,,iv4 passim ,e?ics ( ,mal?us1 ,b4 ,,iii4 ,eul]1 #fi1 #cfi ,factory ,acts1 #cja1 #cdc1 #cde ,fawcett1 ,mrs41 #bdj ,fawcett1 ,pr(41 #bgc ,f]guson1 ,adam1 #big ,fif? ,mon>*y ,m51 #che ,f9l&1 #dh1 #abg ,f\ndl+ ,hospitals1 #acd1 #ace2 cf4 #dji ,fox1 ,*4 ,j41 #bi1 #ca1 #cch ,fox1 ,h5ry1 #agc ,france1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 vi4 ,frankl91 ,b5j41 #aj1 #ad1 #fc1 #cfi ,fr5d1 tutor ( ,mal?us1 #djf ,fyffe1 ,c4 ,a41 #afa ,gallois1 #daf ,g>ni]1 8 article on ,mal?us 9 #8,dict4 de l'con4 ,pol41' #bad1 #daj1 #dae ,george1 ,h5ry1 #ch1 #dj2 cf4 #bcf1 #chb2 on population1 #che-chh ,george ,,iii41 #bi1 #cbd ,g]many1 #abf1 #ahc ,gibbon1 ,edw41 #ba n41 #ajg1 #ajh1 #djj ,giff51 ,r41 #gb n41 #gh n4 ,gilb]t's ,act1 #bg ,glut1 or ov]-production1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iii4 ,godw91 ,wm41 #g2 ,pol4 ,ju/ice1 #i-aa1 c42 cf4 #cee1 #cga2 ,enquir]1 #ac1 #ad2 cf4 #cee-cga2 ,caleb ,williams1 #aj2 ,memoir ( ,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 #ba2 ,/4 ,leon1 #ba1 #bb1 #ca2 ,p>r's ,s]mon1 #dc n41 #de1 #ceh2 ,population1 #dc1 #hg1 #cfd seq42 "*1 #eh2 9 h&s ( #8,ed9burgh ,review1' #ab1 #cfh1 #cga ,gov]nm5t1 influ5ce on population1 #aab1 c42 due to our wick$ness8 #i2 act+ f passion1 #bbe2 ,:ig1 z patrons1 #dae1 #daf ,grahame1 ,jas41 #cgf seq4 ,graves1 ,ri*41 tutor ( ,mal?us1 #djd seq4 ,gre51 ,t4 ,h41 #ced ,greg1 ,w4 ,r41 #da1 #cid ,grote1 ,george1 #dac ,haileybury ,college1 ,mal?us' lectures 91 #bad1 #bbb1 #bbi1 #daf seq42 raison d'tre & dea?1 #dae seq42 physical surr\nd+s1 #dbj ,hallam1 ,h41 #he1 #cfc ,hazlitt1 ,w41 #he1 #cbi1 #cgb1 #chf1 #cid ,held1 ,adolf1 #da1 #cbe1 #cca1 #chb ,highl&s1 #aej1 #ahg-aij #8,high ,price ( ,provisions1' #dc1 #di1 #bae1 #cjg1 #djh1 #daa #8,high ,price ( ,gold ,bullion1' #bhe ,hi/ory1 ne$s to be rewritt51 #hc2 ( ,engli% comm]ce1 #be1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bih2 ,corn ,laws1 #bai2 curr5cy1 #bhf-bij ,holcr(t1 fri5d ( ,godw91 #bb ,holl&1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 v4 ,holyoake1 ,g4 ,j41 #dab ,horn]1 ,francis1 ,b4 ,v4 passim2 cf4 #bhe1 #cdj1 c4 ,hume1 ,david1 #ca1 #cb1 #ii1 #aae n41 #aaf1 #ace1 #agc1 c41 c4 ,hume1 ,joseph1 #dbe ,hunt+=d1 ,bi%op1 #cgg ,india1 *ild-murd]1 #aag2 cf4 #aae ,india ,civil ,s]vants1 #dag seq4 ,+ram1 ,disquisitions on ,population1 #cbi ,irel&1 #adf1 #agb1 & ,b4 ,i4 *4 vii4 d',iv]nois1 ,sir ,f41 #aed1 #afc ,jeffrey1 ,francis1 #cbi2 description ( ,haileybury1 #dah ,kant1 ,e41 #cji1 #cba1 #cbc ,kautsky1 ,k>l1 #daf ,lab\r1 z ! measure ( value1 & z e>n+ wages1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 ii4 ,l& & its r5t1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 ,lassalle1 #bfh ,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h41 #bf1 #agg1 #bjb ,leslie1 ,cliffe1 #ach1 #afe1 #baj1 #beb ,levasseur1 ,e41 #afd seq4 ,levell]s1 #che ,locke1 ,j41 #ac ,luddites1 #bij ,luxuries1 #bae1 #bbe1 #bie4 ,see ,/&>d ( liv+4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*as41 #df ,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b41 #bgb1 #ccf2 review ( ,sadl]1 #cgg1 #daj1 #dbe ,mac,culloch1 ,j4 ,r41 #cc1 #dj1 #afg1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 passim ,mack9to%1 ,sir ,jas41 ,b4 ,v4 passim2 cf4 #ccf ,macleod1 ,h4 ,d41 #bhg ,mal?us1 ,daniel1 #g1 #cii seq42 cf4 #ace1 #cbd ,mal?us1 ,h5ry1 #f1 #dae ,mal?us1 ,t4 ,r41 8 sev]al works3 ,crisis1 #g1 #cj2 ,essay on ,population1 ,b4 ,i4 *s4 i4 ii & passim2 ,high ,price ( ,provisions1 #dc1 #di1 #cjg1 c42 ,lett] to ,:itbread1 #bae1 #cac2 ,article on ,new5ham1 #ic1 #aie1 #bjb2 o!r articles 9 #8,ed9burgh' & #8,qu>t]ly1' #cc1 #bab1 #bga1 #bge1 #bhe & note1 #bhh1 #bij1 #cbi1 #cga2 ,obs]vations on ! ,corn ,laws1 #bbb1 #bbc2 ,gr\nds ( an ,op9ion1 #bbg2 ,nature & ,progress ( ,r5t1 #bbi2 ,political ,economy1 #baj-bad2 ,measure ( ,value1 #bed2 ,def9itions 9 ,political ,economy1 #baa1 #bfe2 article 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #ga2 ,pap]s read be=e ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature1 #bfc2 ,evid5ce be=e ,emigration ,committee1 #add seq42 ,summ>y ,view1 #hj2 ,tracts on ,ea/ ,india ,college1 #dbc2 correspond5ce ) ,godw91 ,s5ior1 ,napi]1 ,ric>do1 ,cl>ke1 ,s9clair1 see "u ^! names2 lett] on ,wakefield1 #dje2 /yle1 #ej1 #bfe1 #cjd1 #djh1 #dji2 "*1 #eg1 & ,b4 ,v4 passim ,man on ! e>?4 ,see ,cosmology & ,e?ics ,manufactur]1 late & e>ly s5se1 #bf ,m>at1 #djd ,m>cet1 ,mrs41 #bgb ,m>t9eau1 ,h>riet1 #c1 #eg1 #eh1 #he1 #bhg1 #cbc1 & ,b4 ,v4 passim ,m>x1 ,k>l1 #hd1 #beg1 #bfh1 #chh seq4 ,mean1 gold51 #bbe & note1 #bie1 #cbj ,m]cantile !ory1 #dg ,middle classes1 #bbe ,mill1 ,jas41 #bjh1 #bji1 #bgc1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bic1 #dac1 #dad -- ,john1 #bji1 #bci1 #bdd1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bha ,mill5nium1 ,godw9's1 #af2 ,sociali/ic & ,*ri/ian1 #cib ,milne1 ,jo%ua1 #ga1 #gb ,m9imum ( wages1 #bag1 #bfh1 c42 ( prices1 #bgi ,miv>t1 ,/ ,george1 #che ,montesquieu1 #cb1 #ajh1 #aji1 #ach1 c4 ,moore1 ,dr4 ,john1 #caa -- ,?omas1 #daf ,moral impossibility1 c41 #ec ,moral re/ra9t1 #di-ec1 #aah1 #aai1 #chc1 c41 c4 -- ,philosophy ( ,mal?us1 ,b4 ,,iii4 ,moravians1 #chc #8,mordecai ,mullion1' #big ,m1 ,sir ,?os41 #aa n41 #bg1 #che ,muret1 #adh seq41 #agd1 #cgg ,napi]1 ,macvey1 #f1 #dc1 #ga1 #cad1 #cih1 c4 ,nationality1 #cdf-g ,nationalization ( l&1 #bcf1 #chb1 #cib #8,nature' def9$1 #ccg2 #8,nature's mighty fea/1' #cje ,navigation ,act1 #bbh-i ,necess>ies & luxuries1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb ,new & old ,mal?usians1 #bd1 #cge2 cf4 #chd ,new5ham1 review$ by ,mal?us1 #ic1 #aie #8,new ,s*ool ( ,political ,economy1' #bge seq4 ,norway1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 v4 ,ortes1 ,g4 ,m41 #cia ,otaheite1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 iv4 ,ott]1 ,bi%op1 #dh1 #abg1 ,b4 ,v4 passim ,ov]-population1 #aag1 #ade1 #afd1 c4 ,ov]-production1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iii42 cf4 #eg1 #bae2 ( food n possible1 #bcb1 #bid ,ov]-pr(its1 see "u ,r5t1 esp4 #bcj ,ow51 ,rob]t1 #aa n41 #bd1 #bfg1 #cja1 #cgg1 #chj1 #chb seq41 #dab ,pa9e1 ,?os41 #i1 #ccf1 #dje ,paley1 ,w41 #cd1 #ch & note1 #ci1 #dc1 #bfi1 ,b4 ,,iii4 passim1 c4 ,p>r1 ,dr4 ,s41 #dc2 see ,godw9 ,peace ( ,p>is1 #ce1 #bbj ,p]fectibility ( man1 #aa1 #bb2 see ,condorcet1 ,godw9 ,petty1 ,w41 #fh1 #ahf1 #cfi ,pitcairn ,isl&1 #ajb ,pitt1 ,w41 ,b4 ,i4 *s4 i41 ii42 cf4 #bbg1 #cfc2 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iv4 c41 c4 ,plato1 #ff n41 #aja n41 #aac2 cf4 #che ,pol&1 #bdi ,political ju/ice4 ,see ,godw9 ,politics ( ,mal?us2 see ,b4 ,,iii42 cf4 #aih1 #bbe1 #bih1 c4 ,poor ,bill ( ,pitt1 #f1 #bi1 #dc ,poor ,laws1 ,engli%1 #f1 #bg1 #bi1 #bae1 #ace1 c41 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iv4 -- ,=eign1 #cac ,population1 ,b4 ,i4 passim1 ,b4 ,,iv4 passim2 cf4 esp4 #bab ,popul\sness ( anci5t nations1 #ca1 #cb1 #aac-aag ,po/ulates ( #a/ ,essay1 #af1 #dg2 cf4 ,b4 ,i4 *4 ii41 ,!ses ,potatoes1 #aid-aih1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bag1 #chj ,price1 ,dr4 ,r41 #ca1 #cb1 #ci1 #agd1 b esp4 #age1 #agf2 cf4 #cgg ,production 9 relation to di/ribution1 #aff1 & passim2 9 relation to consumption1 #bif ,productive lab\r1 #bab ,prop]ty1 private1 #gf1 #bcf2 cf4 #ah ,prosp]ity1 crit]ion ( national1 #abc ,protection1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 ,prussia1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 v4 #8,qu>t]ly ,review1' articles ( ,mal?us 91 #bab1 #bhe seq4 -- attitude to ,mal?us1 #cfc-d #8,qu]i/1' ,b]keley's4 ,see ,wall ( ,brass de ,qu9cey1 #bff1 #big1 #cfc ,ratio1 geometrical & ari?metical1 #ag1 #ff1 & g5]ally ,b4 ,i4 *4 iii42 ,b4 ,,iv4 esp4 #cfi ,raynal1 ,abb1 #bf1 #bh1 #ig1 #ccf1 #ccg ,revolution1 ,indu/rial1 9 ,engl&1 #be1 #bhb -- 9 ,france1 #g1 #aa1 #bg1 #aed seq41 #ccf1 c4 ,ric>do1 ,d41 #eg1 ,b4 ,,ii4 passim2 lett]s to ,mal?us1 #bac1 #bfe note1 #dad2 ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,taxation1 #bji2 ,high ,price ( ,bullion1 #bhe2 ,l[ ,price ( ,corn1 #bch2 contra/$ ) ,mal?us1 #bfe-f ,rickman1 ,j41 #agi seq41 #cch ,rog]s1 ,pr(4 ,?orold1 #cg1 #if1 #acf1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bfi1 c4 ,rome1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 iv4 ,ros*]1 ,w41 #baj1 #bfg ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #g1 #bg1 #ace1 #dja ,russia1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 v4 ,sadl]1 ,mi*41 #cgg seq4 ,s>gant1 ,w4 ,l41 #dab ,say1 ,j4 ,b41 #eg1 #bjh1 #bib seq4 ,scotl&1 ,b4 ,i41 *4 vii4 ,scrope1 ,g4 ,p\lett1 #cgg ,s5ior1 ,w4 ,n41 #c1 #d1 #dg1 #bji1 #dad ,%ort1 #cfi ,simon91 #cgf ,s9clair1 ,sir ,john1 #ahf1 #baf1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #dbf ,sismondi1 ,*as4 de1 #bji1 #bif1 #dae ,smi?1 ,adam1 #c1 #e1 #i1 #bf1 #ca1 #cc1 #dg1 #ef1 #eg1 #hf1 #ie1 #aje1 #aag & passim ,smi?1 ,sydney1 ,b4 ,v4 passim ,socialism1 #bad1 #beb1 #cab1 #chb seq4 ,society1 ,royal1 #dac2 ( ,lit]ature1 #bfc1 #dad2 ,/ati/ical1 #dae ,s\!y1 ,robt41 #d1 #aa1 #cch1 #cgd1 #cgg1 #chc ,spe5haml& ,act1 #cj ,sp5ce1 ,wm41 ,great ,brita9 ,indep5d5t ( ,comm]ce1 #bdg1 #bic ,sp5ce1 au?or ( #8,! ,l& ! ,p's ,f>m1' #chb1 #che ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #cic1 #cif ,/&>d ( ,com=t1 #aag1 #abj seq41 #acg1 #adj1 #aid1 #aie-aih1 #bfi1 #bie1 c41 c4 ,/ate insurance1 #bd ,/eu>t1 ,sir ,j41 #cb ,/ew>t1 ,dugald1 b>rel-organ1 #che ,/ruggle = exi/5ce1 #bj1 #dg1 #aai2 n lead+ to progress1 #if1 #aab ,/yles1 ,dr4 ,e41 #ceg1 #cfi #8,summons ( ,wak5+1' #cfe ,sumn]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b41 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 #ab1 #cd1 #ch1 #cjg ,sunday ,s*ools1 #bih ,susp5sion ( ca% paym5ts1 #bhd seq4 ,sssmil*1 ,j4 ,p41 #ci1 #aae1 #abd seq41 #aci1 #cfi ,sw$51 ,b4 ,i4 *4 v42 cf4 #gb1 #gc1 #cgj ,ta9e1 #aba ,talleyr&1 #dah ,teleology1 #cai seq41 #cbf ,t5d5cy1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 iii4 passim1 esp4 #fa1 #fe1 #ff ,!ses4 ,see ,po/ulates ,?ompson1 l'erronet1 #bbg1 #cjh ,?ornton1 ,w4 ,t41 #acj n41 #baj1 #bgc de ,tocqueville1 #hi ,tooke1 ,?os41 #bhh1 #bia1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iii41 passim1 #dab1 c4 ,torr5s1 ,r41 contra/s ,mal?us unfav\rably ) ,ric>do1 #bfe ,t[ns5d1 ,joseph1 #cb1 #fd ,toynbee1 ,a41 #cad1 #cgh ,tuck]1 ,abraham1 #ce1 #afd1 ,b4 ,,iii4 passim1 esp4 #cbd1 #djc1 c4 ,tuck]1 ,josiah1 #cc1 #cbd ,turkey1 #aab ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,see ,am]ica ,utilit>ianism1 #ci1 #ec1 & ,b4 ,,iii42 cf4 #bac1 #cgd-e ,vice & virtue def9$1 #ha1 #cbg1 #ccj2 cf4 #cgd ,voltaire1 #bg1 #cc ,wages1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 ii42 cf4 #bbf2 review ( wages = five c5turies1 #bdg-h ,wages ,fund1 #bgj seq4 ,wakefield1 ,gilb41 tutor ( ,mal?us1 #cci1 #djd ,walk]1 ,f4 ,a41 #baj1 #bdd ,wall ( ,brass1 #bja1 #bej-a ,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 #df1 #dg ,wallace1 ,dr4 ,robt41 #h1 #i1 #bj1 #ca1 #abf1 #agc ,w>1 rep>able & irrep>able evils (1 #aee seq4 ,watson1 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 #aa1 #dje ,weal?1 z subject ( ,pol4 ,econ41 #baj1 #bab ,wesleyan movem5t1 #bf2 cf4 #djc ,we/1 ,sir ,edw41 #bbb1 #bcd-e1 #bdj ,weyl&1 ,j41 #cgg1 #daj ,:i%aw1 ,john1 #dji ,:itbread1 ,samuel1 #bi1 #ca1 c4 ,woll/onecraft1 ,m>y1 #ba ,"y1 ,ar?ur1 #fi1 #aei seq41 #agh1 #bja1 #baf1 #chj ,r4 ,clay ,sons1 ,bread ,/reet ,hill1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,! ,g]mans talk ( #8,smi?ianismus4' ,footnote #b3 ,autobiogr41 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #c3 ,s5ior1 ,two ,lectures on ,population1 #ahbi1 ,app5dix1 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 ,footnote #d3 ,s5ior1 l4 c41 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #e3 ,macvey ,napi]'s ,correspond5ce1 p4 #ahg4 ,cf4 ,pol4 ,econ41 #bnd ed41 pp4 xxxv1 liv4 ,footnote #f3 8,:y10 said ,i1 8h[ _m *ildr5 d y reckon to h at la/80 8,i d n c>e h[ _m10 said ! man1 8,god nev] s5ds m\?s )\t s5d+ meat40 8,did y ev] he>10 said ,i1 8( "o ,p>son ,mal?us8 he wants an act ( p>liam5t to prev5t poor p f m>ry+ "y1 & f hav+ su* lots ( *ildr540 8,oh1 ! brute60 exclaim$ ! wife2 :ile ! husb& laugh$1 ?9k+ ,i 0 jok+4--,cobbett's ,advice to ,"y ,m51 ,lett] #c1 p4 #hc4 ,! ref]5ces to ,cobbett 9 ! ,essay are probably1 #g? ed41 pp4 #caj & #cah1 cf4 p4 #cac2 b 8 "n is n m5tion$4 ,footnote #g3 ,namely1 9 ! ,mon?ly ,magaz9e = ,jan4 #ahjj4 ,b see bel[1 ,book ,v4 ,footnote #h3 ,?\ghts on ,p>r's ,s]mon1 p4 #b1 & ,pol4 ,ju/ice1 ,pref4 p4 x4 ,footnote #i3 ,preface to fir/ edition ( ,essay1 #agih4 ,footnote #aj3 ,leyd51 #agfg1 translat$ "u ! title ,philosophical ,survey ( ! ,animal ,creation1 ,lond41 #agfh4 ,see especially *s4 vii4 & x4 ,footnote #aa3 ,common ,s5se1 p4 #a1 quot$ 9 ,pol4 ,ju/ice1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 p4 #abd 7#crd ed474 ,footnote #ab3 ,pol4 ,ju/ice1 ,bk4 ,,viii4 *4 vi4 p4 #dhd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,frankl91 9 8 ,lett] on ,luxury1 ,idl5ess1 & ,indu/ry 7#aghd71 _h e/imat$ ! necess>y lab\r m mod]ately at f\r h\rs4 ,sir ,?os4 ,m sugge/$ n9e4 ,ow5 recurr$ to ! half-h\r4 ,new ,moral ,_w1 #ahcf1 pp4 x1 xi4 ,footnote #ac3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #afa-b1 footnote4 ,footnote #ad3 ,records ( ! ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed1 note4 ,footnote #ae3 ,life by ,kegan ,paul1 vol4 i4 p4 #hj4 ,cf4 a curi\s passage 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ab\t ,godw9's ,population3 8,z ! book 0 de>1 & n likely to fall into ! h&s ( ! lab\r+ classes1 we _h no ?\ghts ( notic+ x10 ,july #ahba1 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #af3 ,enquir] 7#agig71 ,pref41 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ag3 ,"p ,,ii41 ,essay ,,ii4 ,footnote #ah3 ,"p ,,ii41 ,essays ,i4 & ,,iii4 ,footnote #ai3 ,political ,ju/ice1 ,book ,,viii4 *4 ix4 pp4 #eae-ai 7#crd ed474 ,footnote #bj3 ,cf4 ,ri*4 ,jones1 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahei71 p4 #eif4 ,footnote #ba3 ,quot$1 ,political ,ju/ice1 ,book ,,viii4 *4 viii4 pp4 #ejc1 #ebj1 on ! au?ority ( ,price4 ,footnote #bb3 l4 c41 ,book ,,viii4 *4 ix4 p4 #ebh4 ,footnote #bc3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #bd3 #a/ ed41 pp4 #bj1 #agc1 c41 #g? ed41 ,book ,,iii4 *4 ii4 ,footnote #be3 #a/ ed41 p4 #abh2 cf4 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ibid4 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #bi3 #a/ ed41 p4 #ag2 cf4 pp4 #dg-h4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ev5 ,comte1 :o reproves economi/s = say+ t difficulties "r !mselves 9 ! 8long run10 ?9ks t ?is p>ticul> difficulty w only occur !re4 7,pos4 ,phil41 ii4 #abh 7tr472 cf4 p4 #ed47 ,footnote #ca3 #a/ ed41 pp4 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ai1 #fb-ff4 ,footnote #cc3 ,pol4 ,j41 ,,viii4 iii #dff4 ,footnote #cd3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #age-f1 #aic2 #g? ed41 pp4 #bgb1 #bgg4 ,cf4 ,gibbon1 *4 ,l41 quot$ 9 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #id2 #g? ed41 p4 #fe3 8,! measure ( population is regulat$ by ! means ( subsi/5ce40 ,footnote #ce3 ,pol4 ,j41 ,book ,,viii4 *4 ix4 p4 #ebj n4 7#crd ed474 ,footnote #cf3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #bdj-a4 ,footnote #cg3 ,due to ,col]idge4 ,see ,godw9's ,life1 i4 #ceg4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid4 i4 #be4 ,footnote #ci3 ,esquisse d'un tableau hi/orique des progrs de l'esprit huma9 7#crd ed41 #agig71 pp4 #chd seq4 ,footnote #dj3 ,political ,ju/ice1 ,,viii4 ix4 #ebj n4 ,footnote #da3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #db3 ,esquisse1 pp4 #cfb seq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #adf1 #aej4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ibid4 p4 #aed2 ,condorcet1 ,esquisse1 pp4 #cfd-cgc4 ,footnote #de3 ,! locus classicus 9 ,mal?us is ,essay1 ,app5d1 7( #ahag71 p4 #eab2 cf4 ,,iii4 iii4 #bhf1 ,,iv4 xiii4 #dgd4 ,! pages are ^? ( ! #g? edition 7,reeves & ,turn]71 a repr9t ( ! #f?4 ,footnote #df3 ,mal?us sometimes uses ! ^w 9 ! e>li] s5se1 & ,adam ,smi? seldom 9 ! lat]4 ,footnote #dg3 ,lecky1 ,hi/4 ( ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 vol ii4 p4 #fch4 ,footnote #dh3 ,cf4 ,godw91 pref4 to ,pol4 ,j4 ,footnote #di3 ,hans>d1 ,p>l4 ,hi/41 vol4 xxxiii1 pp4 #gjc seq41 ,feb #ab1 #agif2 cf4 vol4 xxxii4 pp4 #fhg seq4 ,! 8,spe5haml& ,act ( ,p>liam5t0 0 really an act ( ! ,b]k%ire magi/rates 7#agie71 b _h be5 widely imitat$1 & _h c]ta9ly prep>$ ! way = ,pitt's bill4 ,footnote #ej3 ,cf4 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,i4 vii4 p4 #fe2 #a/ ed41 pp4 #id1 #ie1 c4 ,footnote #ea3 ,godw91 ,pol4 ,j41 ,,viii4 viii4 #ejh 7#crd ed474 ,footnote #eb3 ,preface to ,essay1 #bnd ed4 ,footnote #ec3 ,by implication4 ,see bel[1 ,book ,i4 *4 vii4 p4 #age4 ,footnote #ed3 ,moral & ,political ,essays1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,essay ,,xi41 ,( ! ,popul\sness ( ,anci5t ,nations 7ed4 #agfh71 writt5 9 #ageb4 ,footnote #ee3 ,s ev5 ,sir ,james ,/eu>t1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,pol4 ,econ41 *4 iii4 p4 #bb 7ed4 #ahje71 might h help$ him4 ,/eu>t wrote 9 #agfg4 ,footnote #ef3 ,essay1 ,book ,,ii4 *4 vi42 #g? ed41 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #eg3 ,buckle w\ld include ,voltaire4 ,see ,civil4 9 ,europe1 ii4 #cjd n4 ,footnote #eh3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 viii4 #cf1 #b 7,mac,culloch's ed474 ,^! passages are said to h sugge/$ to ,mal?us ! idea ( 8 essay4 ,! article on ,population 9 ,ed94 ,review1 ,aug4 #ahaj1 possibly writt5 by ,mal?us himself1 be>s out ?is view4 ,footnote #ei3 ,comp>e ,essay1 ,app5dix 7to #crd ed41 #ahjg71 #g? ed41 p4 #ejg4 ,footnote #fj3 ,records ( ,creation1 #ahaf4 ,footnote #fa3 #a/ ed41 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ibid4 p4 #cec4 ,?is & mu* else 7 probably sugge/$ by ,tuck]1 ,light ( ,nature1 ,!ology1 *4 xix4 7especially #bj74 ,cf4 bel[1 ,book ,,iii4 ,footnote #fc3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #cha4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ibid4 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #fe3 ,cf4 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #fe2 lat] editions1 ,i4 vi4 7beg9n+71 :]e he says t slo? is ! natural /ate ( man1 & 8 activity is due 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! 8/rong goad ( necessity10 ?\gh x may be kept up aft]w>ds by habit1 ! _s ( ent]prise1 & ! ?ir/ = glory4 ,footnote #ff3 #a/ ed41 pp4 #cfj-cff4 ,= ! repl5i%m5t ( ! gap made by ! ,great ,plague ( #acdh1 see ,pr(4 ,rog]s1 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages 7#ahhd71 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #fg3 #a/ ed41 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #fh3 #a/ ed41 pp4 #cid-f2 cf4 pp4 #bda-f4 ,comp>e ,mr4 ,h5ry ,george's epilogue to ,progress & ,pov]ty4 ,x is "r to rememb] t ?is passage ( ,mal?us 0 writt5 two ye>s be=e ,paley's ,natural ,!ology1 ?\gh f\r ye>s aft] 8 ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 & _m m aft] ! ,moral & ,political ,philosophy4 ,footnote #fi3 ,r4 ( ,cr41 vol4 ii4 #ajc4 ,footnote #gj3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see bel[1 ,book ,i4 *4 v4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid4 p4 #cef note4 ,footnote #gc3 l4 c4 ,he is ready ) a simil> excuse 9 ! tract on ! ,measure ( ,value1 p4 #fa4 ,:]e !re is no w !re is no way4 ,footnote #gd3 ,"p ,,ii4 sect4 ii4 pp4 #bjd-f4 ,footnote #ge3 ,mac,culloch 7,j4 ,r471 editor ( ! ,comm]cial ,diction>y1 & probably ! orig9al ( ,c>lyle's ,macr[dy4 ,no "o c\ld h a prop] rev]5ce = ! ,fa!rs ( ,political ,economy :o p]petually ref]r$ to ! greate/ ( !m )\t 8 di/9ctive prnom54 ,footnote #gf3 ,introduction to ,w4 ( ,n41 p4 lii4 ,s ! writ] ( ,progress & ,pov]ty tells u 8! doctr9e ( ,mal?us did n orig9ally & does n necess>ily involve ! idea ( progression0 7,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 p4 #hi1 ed4 #ahha74 ,footnote #gg3 ,bagehot 7,econ4 ,/udies1 p4 #acf seq471 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg 7,enigmas ( ,life71 & ,held 7,sociale ,ges*i*te ,engl&s7 may be acquitt$1 b !y are n writ]s ( text-books4 ,footnote #gh3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,introduction1 p4 lii4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see e4 g4 ! tract on ! ,measure ( ,value1 p4 #bc1 & cf4 ,pol4 ,ec4 7#bnd ed471 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #hj3 ,godw9's ,?\ghts on ,p>r's ,s]mon1 #ahja1 p4 #ed2 cf4 ,godw9's ,population 7#ahbj71 ,bk4 i4 #bg4 ,footnote #ha3 ,godw9's ,life1 by ,kegan ,paul1 vol4 i4 #cba4 ,footnote #hb3 ,hans>d1 sub dato1 p4 #adbi4 ,footnote #hc3 ,empson 9 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,jan4 #ahcg1 p4 #dhc2 cf4 ,essay on ,population1 #g? ed4 p4 #dgc n4 ,empson's au?or%ip ( t article appe>s f ,macvey ,napi]'s ,correspond5ce1 p4 #ahg4 ,see bel[1 ,book ,v4 ,footnote #hd3 ,works1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #he3 ,?\ghts on ,p>r's ,s]mon1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #hf3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #ag1 #dg1 #dh2 ,orig9 ( ,species1 *4 iii4 p4 #ej4 ,h5ce ,sir ,*as4 ,lyell ev5 d5ies ! orig9ality ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace 7,antiquity ( ,man1 *4 xxi p4 #def74 ,footnote #hg3 ,cf4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,contributions to ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 & ! discussions rais$ !reupon1 #ahfh4 ,see also ,essays 9 ,philosophical ,criticism 7#ahhc71 ,essay ,,viii41 ,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 9 :i* "s ( ! mix$ motives are fur!r describ$4 ,footnote #hh3 ,app5dix to #e? ed41 #ahag2 #g? ed41 p4 #ebf4 ,cf4 ,bacon 7,essay ,,xxxviii471 8to b5d nature l a w& to a contr>y extreme :]eby to set x aright40 ,adam ,smi? _h us$ ! simile ( a b5t /ick to describe ! reaction ( ! ,fr5* ,economi/s aga9/ ! ,m]cantile !ori/s 7,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iv4 ix4 #cjj74 ,footnote #hi3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #cfg4 ,cf4 ,s5ior's ,lectures on ,population1 p4 #gi1 & p4 #ge1 :]e he comp>es su* progress to ! exploits ( ! snail :i* e day climb$ up a wall f\r feet & fell back ?ree4 ,footnote #ij3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #ia3 ,cf4 ,/4 ,mat?4 xix4 #ab4 ,footnote #ib3 ,,ms4 notes on p4 vii ( ,s4 ,t4 ,col]idge's copy ( ! #bnd ed4 ( ! ,essay1 9 ,brit4 ,museum 7f ! libr>y ( 8 executor1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,h4 ,gre574 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,ott]'s biographical preface to ,mal?us' ,pol4 ,ec4 7#ahcf71 p4 xxxvi1 & ,ott]'s ,life ( ,cl>ke 7#ahbe71 i4 #dcg1 c4 ,footnote #id3 ,see bel[1 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 iv4 ,footnote #ie3 #bnd ed41 ,book ,,iv4 *ap1 xii42 #g? ed41 p4 #dgg4 ,footnote #if3 #bnd ed41 ,i4 ii4 #aj1 #aa2 cf4 xiv4 #ahj2 #g? ed41 pp4 #h note1 #bfb1 c4 ,footnote #ig3 #bnd ed41 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ih3 #g? ed41 p4 #cea2 s ,i4 ix4 #hb1 8moral impossibility0 ( increase1 9 a case :]e !re is pl5ty ( food1 b bad di/ribution makes x unatta9able4 ,! impossibility is due n to physical law b to human in/itutions 7mores74 ,footnote #ii3 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,9 an unpubli%$ ,,ms4 quot$ 9 8 ,life1 i4 #gf4 ,8 publi%$ writ+s conta9 no?+ q s /rong4 ,footnote #aja3 ,see bel[1 ,book ,,iii4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,b4 ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 & ix4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,b4 ,v4 *4 i4 ,pt4 iii4 ,art4 #b4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,essay1 ,book ,,iv4 *4 ix4 ( #g? ed41 esp4 p4 #dci4 ,footnote #aje3 ,cf4 ev5 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #cc1 #cd1 & #cbd4 ,b see lat]1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *aps4 ii4 & iii4 ,footnote #ajf3 #g? ed41 ,app5d41 p4 #die4 ,cf4 ,miss ,m>t9eau's ,autob41 vol4 i4 p4 #baa2 cf4 pp4 #bji1 #baj4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,life1 vol4 i4 *4 ix4 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,+lori\sly1 because ( ! sev]e *apt] he wrote 9 ! ,political ,ju/ice1 #8,( ,p5sions & ,sal>ies' 7*4 ix4 ( ,bk4 ,,vi474 ,footnote #aji3 ,cf4 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,ii4 xiii4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #b4 ,footnote #aaa3 #bnd ed41 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aab3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aac3 #a/ ed42 see p4 #af1 above4 8,food0 9 su* propositions includes all ! outw>d conditions necess>y to life4 ,footnote #aad3 #bnd ed41 p4 #d2 #g? ed41 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aae3 l4 c4 ,frankl9's ,obs]vations conc]n+ ! ,increase ( ,mank9d1 #agea4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,diss]tation on ! ,poor ,laws by a well-wi%] to ,mank9d 7#aghf71 pp4 #db-de1 #ec4 ,he is quot+ ,dampi]'s ,voyages1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii p4 #hh4 ,footnote #aag3 ,x is fair to say t ,ulloa1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 iv41 says 8two or ?ree goats40 ,footnote #aah3 #bnd ed41 p4 #d2 cf4 #g? ed41 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aai3 ,c>ey 7,h4 ,c47 has c]ta9ly made a good case = ! rev]se4 ,see ,pr9c4 ( ,social ,sci5ce1 vol4 i4 *4 iv4 7#aheh74 ,footnote #abj3 ,lett] to ,s5ior1 ,app5dix to ,s5ior's ,lectures on ,population1 pp4 #fj-gb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #e4 ,footnote #abb3 ,he might h be5 w>n$ f su* by 8 ' 0 7,plato1 ,republic1 v4 #deh74 ,b ,bacon _h appli$ ! same figure /ill m widely3 8,cu/om goes 9 ari?metical1 ,nature 9 geometrical progression0 7,advancem5t ( ,l41 ,,vi4 iii4 #bei74 ,footnote #abc3 ,cf4 :at is said ( ! cosmology ( ,mal?us above1 pp4 #cd seq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,or1 keep+ 9 view ,mr4 ,c>ey's exception1 we %\ld say n p]haps ! fir/ crop1 b ! e>lie/ 9 :i* ! f>m] did ju/ice to ! kn[n res\rces ( ! be/ l&4 ,footnote #abe3 ,political ,ari?metic--,essay on ! ,multiplication ( ,mank9d1 #afhb1 pp4 #g1 #ac seq41 especially p4 #ba 7ed4 #agee74 ,footnote #abf3 ,sir ,james ,caird1 ,l&$ ,int]e/1 #d? ed41 #ahhj1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #abg3 ,b see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 ,footnote #abh3 #bnd ed41 ,i4 i4 p4 #h2 #g? ed41 p4 #f4 ,footnote #abi3 ,essay1 ,,iv4 iii41 #g? ed41 p4 #djg4 ,footnote #acj3 ,encycl4 ,brit41 art4 ,population4 ,cf4 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #bcf n4 ,footnote #aca3 ,sw$5 0 a fav\rite ) /ati/icians because ,sw$5 alone at t "t furni%$ s\nd /ati/ics4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican population d[n to #ahhj1 & its probable future1 see ,mr4 ,giff5's ,address on ! ,utility ( ,common ,/ati/ics 7,/at4 ,soc41 ,dec4 #ahhb74 ,footnote #acb3 #ahjd-bd1 or simply f ! fir/ c5sus1 #ahja1 to ! ?ird1 #ahba4 ,! increase 0 su* z w\ld d\ble ! population ( ,engl& 9 fifty-"o ye>s at ! lea/ 7,essay1 ,,ii4 ix41 #g? ed41 p4 #bag74 ,footnote #acc3 ,encycl4 ,brit41 l4 c4 ,footnote #acd3 ,essay1 ,,iii4 xiv41 #g? ed41 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #ace3 ,caird1 ,l&$ ,int]e/1 pp4 #ah1 #df4 ,footnote #acf3 ,encycl4 ,brit41 l4 c4 ,footnote #acg3 ,ap>t1 he ought to h said1 f prud5ce 9 m>riage1 :i* w\ld all[ ea* man's %>e to be mu* m ?an a b>e liv+4 ,b see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 ii4 ,footnote #ach3 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 iii4 ,footnote #aci3 ,by ! 8law0 ( decreas+ returns4 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 ,footnote #adj3 ,mr4 ,giff51 9 ! ,address above quot$1 speaks z if ,mal?us consid]$ ! positive *ecks z ! 8natural *ecks0 7p4 #eca74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is aga9/ 8 di/9ct /atem5t 9 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,app4 p4 #dhj4 ,footnote #ada3 ,?is is probably ! mean+ ( ! au?or's phrase1 8alt] ! proportionate am\nt ( ! *ecks to population1 or ! degree 9 :i* !y press ^u ! actual numb]s0 7,encyclop41 l4 c41 p4 #dae74 ,footnote #adb3 ,see 8 lett] ( t date 9 ,macvey ,napi]'s ,correspond5ce1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #adc3 ,x 0 n publi%$ till #ahbd4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly writt5 aft] ! results ( ! ,c5sus ( #ahba _h be5 publi%$4 ,footnote #add3 ,pref4 to #bnd ed41 pp4 iv1 v2 #g? ed41 p4 vi4 ,footnote #ade3 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #adf3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #aa n42 #g? ed41 p4 #i n4 ,footnote #adg3 #bnd ed41 ,pref4 p4 vii4 ,footnote #adh3 #bnd ed41 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 ii4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #adi3 ,adds ! #crd ed4 ,footnote #aej3 #crd ed41 p4 #ba2 #g? ed41 p4 #i4 ,footnote #aea3 #crd ed4 l4 c4 ,footnote #aeb3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ac2 #g? ed41 p4 #aj4 ,8 own book has help$ to make ?is less true4 ,footnote #aec3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 ,) ?is description ( ! 8cycle0 comp>e ! view ( ,m>x z giv5 bel[ 9 ,book ,,iv4 ,footnote #aed3 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 ,autob41 vol4 i4 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #aee3 ,reply to ,mal?us1 p4 #bj4 ,cf4 bel[1 ,book ,,iv4 ,footnote #aef3 ,pref4 to #bnd ed41 p4 vi4 ,footnote #aeg3 #bnd ed41 ,pref4 p4 vi4 ,true ev5 !n1 & mu* m aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,godw91 ,on ,population1 ,i4 iv4 #ca1 #cb4 ,footnote #aei3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ca2 #g? ed41 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #afj3 ,dmocratie en ,amrique1 ,pt4 ,,ii4 *4 x4 p4 #bgh4 ,! au?or is 9 ?or\gh agreem5t ) ,mal?us4 ,footnote #afa3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ci2 #g? ed41 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #afb3 #bnd ed41 p4 #be2 #g? ed41 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #afc3 ,ibid4 p4 #dc2 #g? ed41 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #afd3 ,ibid4 p4 #ci2 #g? ed41 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #afe3 #bnd ed41 p4 #dd2 #g? ed41 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,mal?us 9 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,july #ahjc1 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #afg3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #be2 #g? ed41 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #afh3 ,ibid4 p4 #bi2 #g? ed41 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #afi3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cg1 #de2 #g? ed41 pp4 #bg1 #cb4 ,footnote #agj3 ,?\gh1 l ,col]idge 7,,ms4 note 9 ano!r place71 he m5tions br&y4 ,footnote #aga3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #dc1 #ib2 #g? ed41 pp4 #ca1 #fd4 ,cf4 ,i4 vi41 #bnd ed41 p4 #hb n42 #g? ed41 p4 #eg n4 ,footnote #agb3 ,see above1 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 ,footnote #agc3 ,e4 g4 #bnd ed41 ,,ii4 ii4 #aii2 #g? ed41 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #agd3 ,comp>e ! sugge/ive rem>ks ( ,rog]s1 ,six ,c5turies1 pp4 #bgj1 #bga4 ,he ?9ks t a movem5t l ,loll>dism c\ld n h succe$$ 9 times ( utt] depression4 ,footnote #age3 ,essay1 ,book ,i4 *4 v4 ,footnote #agf3 ,e4 g4 cannibalism & late m>riages4 ,footnote #agg3 #bnd ed41 p4 #df2 #g? ed41 p4 #cc4 ,cf4 pp4 #bij & #cci4 ,footnote #agh3 ,9 ,essays1 vol4 i41 ,essay ,,xi41 ,popul\sness ( ,anci5t ,nations1 p4 #ddd 7ed4 #agfh74 ,footnote #agi3 ,cf4 ,plato1 ,repub41 ii4 ,footnote #ahj3 #bnd ed41 p4 #eg2 #g? ed41 p4 #da4 ,footnote #aha3 ,behm & ,wagn] 7,bevlk4 d4 ,erde1 #ahhb7 give x at #af1cjj4 ,footnote #ahb3 #bnd ed41 p4 #eg n42 #g? ed41 p4 #dj n4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,report ( ,admiral ,d',horsey to ! ,admiralty1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see above1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,behm & ,wagn] say n9ety-?ree4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,essay1 ,book ,i4 *4 vi4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,see above1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ahh3 #bnd ed41 p4 #fh n42 #crd ed41 p4 #aae n4 ,he aft]w>ds alt]$ 8totally0 to 8(t5 entirely10 #g? ed41 p4 #dg n4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,book ,,iv4 *4 vii4 ,"p iii4 p4 #bhf 7ed4 ,mac,c474 ,footnote #aij3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ff2 #g? ed41 p4 #df4 ,footnote #aia3 ,8 own ^w3 #bnd ed41 p4 #fg2 #g? ed41 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #aib3 ,g54 xiii4 #a-i4 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #fe2 #g? ed41 p4 #de4 ,footnote #aic3 ,see e4 g4 ,mack5zie ,wallace3 ,russia1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dh1 #ij1 c4 ,footnote #aid3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #gb2 #g? ed41 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,footnote #aie3 ,gibbon1 *4 ix4 p4 #age4 ,footnote #aif3 ,tacitus1 ,g]m4 #ad4 ,footnote #aig3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #gd1 #gg2 #g? ed41 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 ,footnote #aih3 ,*4 ix4 #agf3 8inde$ ! impossibility ( ! supposition40 ,footnote #aii3 ,gr&eur et ,dcad5ce des ,roma9s1 *4 xvi4 p4 #ach1 ed4 #ahgf4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #gf2 #g? ed41 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #bja3 ,ibid4 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 vii4 ,footnote #bjb3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ii2 #g? ed41 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #bjc3 #g? ed41 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #bjd3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ib2 #g? ed41 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #bje3 #bnd ed41 p4 #id2 #g? ed41 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajd2 #g? ed41 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,col]idge 7,,ms4 notes7 rem9ds our au?or t ,mahomet all[$ oblations ( s& = wat]4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,cf4 above1 p4 #if1 c4 ,footnote #bji3 #bnd ed41 ,,iii4 xi4 #dgd-e2 #g? ed41 ,,iii4 xiv4 #cha4 ,footnote #baj3 ,especially ,book ,i4 *4 x41 ! *apt] on ,turkey4 ,footnote #baa3 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 xii41 #8,*9a & ,japan4' ,footnote #bab3 #bnd ed41 p4 #afb2 #g? ed41 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #bac3 ,ibid4 p4 #age2 #g? ed41 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #bad3 ,see ,essay1 ,bk4 ,i4 *s4 xiii41 xiv4 ,footnote #bae3 ,sp>ta is ! *ief ,greek in/ance4 ,footnote #baf3 #bnd ed41 p4 #agb2 #g? ed41 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #bag3 #bnd ed41 p4 #aej2 cf4 pp4 #afd1 #agb-c4 #g? ed41 p4 #ajd2 cf4 pp4 #aac1 #aah4 ,footnote #bah3 ,see above1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #bai3 #a/ ed41 p4 #aai2 #g? ed41 ,app5dix1 p4 #eae4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #bba3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bed2 #g? ed41 p4 #bdf4 ,cf4 #bnd ed41 pp4 #agb1 #age1 & #fg2 #g? ed41 pp4 #aah1 #abj1 & #dg4 ,cf4 ,hume1 ,pop4 ( ,anc4 ,n41 pp4 #dhg1 & especially #ejd4 ,footnote #bbb3 #g? ed41 pp4 #afc1 #chg1 #cid2 #bnd ed41 pp4 #aac1 #bhg1 #bib4 ,cf4 #a/ ed41 pp4 #aah-ai1 #abc n4 ,footnote #bbc3 #bnd ed41 p4 #agh2 #g? ed41 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #bbd3 #g? ed41 p4 #chj1 top4 ,footnote #bbe3 #bnd ed41 p4 #age2 #g? ed41 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #bbf3 #bnd ed41 p4 #age2 #g? ed41 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #bbg3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ahj2 #g? ed41 p4 #abd4 8,x is !re=e ^u ^! causes alone1--indep5d5tly ( #bnd ed4 says #8besides' actual enum]ations1--on :i* we c ) c]ta9ty rely40 ,footnote #bbh3 ,dr4 ,wallace1 ,diss]tation1 p4 #ee1 _h giv5 ,attica 9 its palmy days a population ( #fjh to ! squ>e mile2 ,engl& 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury has only #dde1 & cr[d$ ,belgium #dhg4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #ed2 #g? ed41 pp4 #abj1 #abb2 cf4 pp4 #bfb1 #dcd4 ,cf4 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iv4 vii4 #bed1 #bee4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #eih2 #g? ed41 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #bca3 l4 c4 cf4 #bnd ed41 pp4 #age1 #agh2 #g? ed41 pp4 #abj1 #abb4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,essay on ,population1 #bnd ed41 p4 #ahj2 #g? ed41 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,e4 g4 ,,ii4 iii4 #aeb1 #a2 ,,iv4 ix4 #cjd1 #b 7ed4 ,mac,c474 ,footnote #bcd3 ,e4 g4 #g? ed41 pp4 #cjg1 #dcd1 #dgc-d4 ,footnote #bce3 ,ta9e1 ,anglet]re1 pp4 #agf1 #bcb-c4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,ibid4 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iii4 iv4 #ahc1 #b1 c4 ,footnote #bch3 ,bacon1 ,nov4 ,org41 ,i4 xlv4 ,footnote #bci3 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,except ! hog1 adds ,gibbon1 ,decl4 & ,f41 *4 ix4 p4 #aga n4 ,footnote #bda3 ,see above1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,! phrase on p4 #baf ( #bnd ed4 7p4 #adh ( #g?71 89 ! prec$+ summ] ( #aghh10 is probably a slip4 ,we d n he> else:]e ( any visit s e>ly4 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,v4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,see above1 p4 #di4 ,cf4 #bnd ed41 p4 #bha2 #g? ed41 p4 #agc1 c4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,= 8 o!r movem5ts & o!r details ( 8 life1 see ,bk4 ,v4 7,biography74 ,footnote #bde3 #bnd & #g? edd41 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #ahi2 #g? ed41 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,! ,russian figures be+ incr$ible4 ,see lat]1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #bdh3 #bnd ed41 p4 #ahd2 #g? ed41 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #bdi3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #ahh1 #ahi2 #g? ed41 pp4 #abh1 #abi4 ,cf4 ,?ornton's *apt] 7,,ii47 on ! 8,social ,effects ( ,peasant ,proprietor%ips10 ,peas4 ,prop4 7ed4 #ahgd71 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #bej3 ,9 #f? ed41 #ahbf4 ,see #g? ed41 p4 #add4 ,footnote #bea3 ,engli% ,blue ,book on ,=eign ,poor ,laws1 #ahge1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #beb3 ,/atesman's ,ye> ,book1 #ahhj1 p4 #dci4 ,footnote #bec3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p #aab4 ,footnote #bed3 ,e4 g4 t ( ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #bee3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #aci2 cf4 pp4 #aea1 #aeb4 ,footnote #bef3 ,ibid4 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #beg3 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 ii4 ,footnote #beh3 ,ibid4 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 iii4 ,footnote #bei3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bac-ad2 #g? ed41 pp4 #adf1 #adg4 ,footnote #bfj3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bad-ae2 #g? ed41 p4 #adg1 foot4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,ibid4 p4 #bah2 #g? ed41 p4 #aej4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #bfb3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bai2 #g? ed41 p4 #aea4 ,comp>e ,price1 ,obs]vations1 p4 #bhj note2 & especially ,hume1 ,pop4 ( ,anc4 ,n41 p4 #dde 7ed4 #agfh74 ,footnote #bfc3 ,essay1 ibid4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #bbj2 #g? ed41 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,ibid4 p4 #bba2 #g? ed41 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #bff3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #baf-ag2 #g? ed41 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,ibid4 #g? ed41 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *s4 iv4 to x41 z re>rang$ 9 ! #crd ed4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 pp4 #aah1 #aai4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 ,,ii4 v4 p4 #bde2 #g? ed41 ,,ii4 iv4 p4 #aei4 ,cf4 #bnd ed41 p4 #cbj2 #g? ed41 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,ibid4 #bnd ed41 p4 #cdg2 #g? ed41 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #bga3 ,ibid4 #bnd ed41 p4 #cdh2 #g? ed41 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,see above1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,s 9 sub/ance ,cairnes 9 8 rehabilitation ( ! ,wages ,fund4 ,lead+ ,pr9ciples1 pp4 #aif seq4 ,cliffe ,leslie passim4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #bdj2 #g? ed41 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #bge3 ,ibid4 p4 #bdg2 #g? ed41 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #bgf3 8,p>t\t o il se tr\ve une place o deux p]sonnes peuv5t vivre commodm5t1 il se fait un m>iage40--,esprit des ,lois1 ,bk4 ,,xxiii4 *4 x4 7n ,,xxii41 z 9 #g? ed474 ,footnote #bgg3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #bdg2 #g? ed41 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,ibid4 #bnd ed41 p4 #bba2 #g? ed41 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bdh-i2 #g? ed41 pp4 #afa-b4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #bha3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bdf2 #g? ed41 p4 #aei4 ,! ,italics are ! au?or's4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,ibid4 p4 #bdg2 #g? ed41 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #bhd3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bje2 #g? ed41 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #chg seq42 #g? ed41 pp4 #bhg seq4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #cia2 #g? ed41 pp4 #bhi-ij4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #cic2 #g? ed41 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #bij3 #bnd ed41 p4 #cie2 #g? ed41 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #bia3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #bib3 ,appo9t$ 9 ,m>* #ahbf1 9 ! la/ ?irte5 mon?s ( ,"l ,liv]pool's ,gov]nm5t4 ,mal?us came be=e !m on #e? ,may1 #ahbg4 ,see ,?ird ,report ( ,emigration ,committee1 pp4 #i1 #aj1 & = 8 evid5ce pp4 #caa seq4 ,footnote #bic3 #a/ ,report1 #ahbf 7,may72 #bnd1 #ahbg 7,april74 ,! free use ( te*nical t]ms is n surpris+1 = political economy 0 !n a popul> /udy4 ,= examples see #a/ ,report1 pp4 #df1 #eg2 #bnd ,report1 pp4 #fc1 #ajb2 #crd ,report1 pp4 #bfa1 #cjh4 ,footnote #bid3 #bnd ,report4 ,footnote #bie3 #crd ,report1 #ahbg 7,june74 ,footnote #bif3 p4 #i4 ,footnote #big3 ,cf4 bel[1 *4 vii4 7on ,irel&71 especially pp4 #aig & #aii4 ,footnote #bih3 #crd ,report1 p4 #cae1 qu4 #cbeg4 ,footnote #bii3 ,! ,emigration ,committee recomm5d$ t ! help ( ! /ate %\ld only be giv5 on condition ( a local initiative & local contribution4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,see e4 g4 qu4 #ccgj4 ,footnote #cja3 #g? ed41 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,w4 ( ,n41 ,i4 viii4 #cf 7,mac,c4's ed474 8,o!r0 is n a slip2 ! writ] is consci\s ( 8 cynicism4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,essay1 ,,iii4 iv4 #bic1 ( :i* ! conclud+ p>agraph 0 add$ 9 #ahag4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 v4 ,footnote #cje3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bge-f2 #g? ed41 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,or 8,leyz910 z ,mal?us spells x4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #bga2 #g? ed41 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,av]age sixty-"o ye>s4 ,footnote #cji3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bgd2 #g? ed41 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #caj3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bhj2 #g? ed41 p4 #agc1 top4 ,! rem>k sav\rs ( p>adox4 ,footnote #caa3 ,ibid4 p4 #bhj1 foot2 #g? ed41 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #cab3 ,ibid4 p4 #bha2 #g? ed41 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #cac3 ,see above1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #cad3 ,comp>e above on 8oscillations10 p4 #adg1 & bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *s4 ii4 & iii4 ,footnote #cae3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *s4 vi41 vii4 ,footnote #caf3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bhe2 #g? ed41 p4 #age4 ,footnote #cag3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bif2 cf4 #g? ed41 p4 #ahb n4 8,inde$ 9 adopt+ ,sir ,f4 d',iv]nois's calculations respect+ ! actual loss ( m5 dur+ ! ,revolution1 ,i nev] ?\ght myself borne out by facts1 b ! read] w be aw>e t ,i adopt$ !m r = ! sake ( illu/ration ?an f suppos+ !m /rictly true40 ,footnote #cah3 #g? ed41 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #cai3 #g? ed41 p4 #agf2 cf4 p4 #age4 ,footnote #cbj3 #g? ed41 pp4 #agg1 #aha n4 ,footnote #cba3 ,ibid41 p4 #agh & n4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,n above suspicion4 ,see #g? ed41 p4 #agf n4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,! milit>y advantage ( an increas+ population is po9t$ out also 9 ! article on ,new5ham's #8,irel&1' ,ed94 ,rev41 ,july #ahjh1 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,cf4 ,josiah ,tuck]1 ,on ,trade1 p4 #ag 7#crd ed41 #agec74 ,footnote #cbe3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #big n2 #g? ed41 p4 #ahe1 :i* omits "o clause4 ,cf4 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bij-a2 #g? ed41 pp4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,footnote #cbf3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bia2 #g? ed41 pp4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,cf4 ! (t5-quot$ passages ab\t ! bleak rock & ! g>d51 writt5 7be x rem>k$7 be=e & n aft] ! ,revolution1 9 ,ar?ur ,"y's ,travels 9 ,france 7,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 #agib71 pp4 #cf1 #cg1 #db2 cf4 p4 #cda4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,e4 g4 #e?1 #ahag2 #g? ed41 *4 vii4 ,footnote #cbh3 #g? ed41 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,ar?ur ,"y1 ,travels 9 ,france1 pp4 #daj1 #dcg4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #cca3 ,cf4 ,fyffe1 ,mod4 ,europe1 i4 #abd4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,a *>act]i/ic utilit>ian t\*4 #bnd ed41 p4 #bie1 top2 #g? ed41 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cce3 #bnd ed41 p4 #bid2 #g? ed41 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #cbj 7,,iii4 vii474 ,footnote #ccg3 ,levasseur1 ,france avec ses ,colonies 7#ahge71 p4 #hdb4 ,accord+ to ,&]son1 ,*ron4 ,d$41 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 xliii1 "s said tw5ty1 o!rs sev5te54 ,b ,mr4 ,kit*9 cites ,vauban to %[ t !re _h be5 a decl9e 9 population f fifte5 to ?irte5 millions betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ( ,succession & ! end ( x 7#agjb1 #agac74--;,hi/ory ( ,france1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdb4 ,cf4 ,fox ,b\rne's ,life ( ,locke1 i4 p4 #cej2 ,vauban's ,dme ,royale1 pp4 #afb-c4 ,footnote #cch3 ,josiah ,tuck]1 ,essay on ,trade 7#crd ed41 #agec71 p4 #ad4 ,!re may be rhetorical exagg]ation 9 8 /atem5ts4 8,! subord9ation ( ! common p is an unspeakable advantage to ! ,fr5* 9 respect to trade4 ,by ?is means ! manufactur]s workm5 are always kept indu/ri\s4 ,!y d>e n run into debau*]y2 to drunk5ness !y are n incl9$4 ,!y are practically by ! law ( milit>y s]vice oblig$ to ent] into ! m>ri$ /ate1 :]eby !y raise up l>ge families to lab\r1 & keep d[n ! price ( x2 & consequ5tly1 by work+ *eap]1 enable ! m]*ant to sell ! *eap]40 ,footnote #cci3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iv4 iii4 pp4 #bbj-a4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,see above1 p4 #aee4 ,levasseur makes x tw5ty-five2 ,ar?ur ,"y1 :o consid]s ,france ov]-populat$ by five or six millions1 makes x tw5ty-six 7,travels 9 ,france1 pp4 #dfh-i2 cf4 p4 #dgd74 ,price _h made x ?irty4 ,footnote #cda3 ,gr\nds ( an ,op9ion1 c41 p4 #ab4 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,c5sus z giv5 9 ,annuaire de l'conomie ,politique 7#ahhb71 p4 #hii4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,political ,economy 7#ahbj71 pp4 #dcc seq4 ,cliffe ,leslie 7,mor4 & ,pol4 ,essays1 #ahgi1 p4 #dbd7 attributes ! few bir?s to ! v ,law ( ,succession ( :i* ,mal?us 0 afraid4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts at lea/4 ,on ! relation ( luxury to trade1 c41 see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 iii4 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #cde3 ,e4 g4 by ,m4 ,levasseur 9 ,la ,france avec ses ,colonies 7#ahge71 p4 #hec4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,app5dix to ,weal? ( ,nations1 note iv4 p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,levasseur1 l4 c4 pp4 #hde1 #hdf ft4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,times1 ,jan4 #ahhc4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,engli% ,regi/r>-,g5]al's #de? ,report1 = #ahhb1 pp4 cii1 cvii4 ,footnote #cej3 ,levasseur1 ,la ,france1 l4 c4 ,footnote #cea3 ,e4 g4 ,times1 l4 c4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 xiii4 p4 #dgd2 #bnd ed41 ,,iv4 xi4 p4 #eid4 ,footnote #cec3 #bnd ed41 ,,ii4 ix42 #g? ed41 ,,ii4 viii1 ix4 ,footnote #ced3 #a/ ed41 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 ,footnote #cee3 #a/ ed41 pp4 #fe-f2 cf4 #bnd ed41 p4 #cjj1 & #g? ed41 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #cef3 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 iv41 c4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,! numb]s giv5 !n 7 five millions4--,fr\de1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 i4 #c4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,see ,hans>d1 ,p>l4 ,hi/41 xiv4 #acag4 ,footnote #cei3 ,n unfelt 9 #ahja4 ,s ,ar?ur ,"y speaks z if ! agricultural int]e/ _h n unfrequ5tly reg>d$ ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture z a new in/rum5t ( taxation4 7,report on ,suffolk1 p4 #af47 ,footnote #cfj3 ,9 *>ge ( ,rev4 ,alex&] ,web/]4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,p>l4 ,hi/41 vol4 xv4 p4 #fi1 quot$ by ,mahon1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 sub dato1 *4 xxxi4 p4 #ci4 ,cf4 ,trevelyan1 ,e>ly ,life ( ,fox1 *4 i4 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,dr4 ,adam ,&]son1 ,*ronological ,d$uc4 ( ,comm]ce1 ,introd41 p4 xliii42 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #agfb4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,see especially ,e/imate 7#g? ed41 #ageh71 ,vol4 ,i4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 sect4 viii4 pp4 #ahf seq4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,*ron4 ,d$41 ibid4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,i4 e4 to ! discussion describ$ by ,dr4 ,&]son4 ,cf4 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #afd4 ,muret's pessimi/ic pap] 0 pr9t$ 9 #agff4 ,footnote #cff3 ,9 8 ,political ,ari?metic1 #aggd4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,e/imate ( ! ,comp>ative ,/r5g? ( ,brita9 dur+ ! pres5t & f\r prec$+ ,reigns1 by ,george ,*alm]s1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,s4,a41 #a/ ed41 #aghb4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,natural & ,political ,obs]vations1 #afif4 ,apud ,dav5ant & ,*alm]s4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,primitive ,orig9ation ( ,mank9d4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,political ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 #aggd4 ,footnote #cga3 ,cf4 ,*alm]s1 ,e/imate1 p4 #d1 ,pref4 p4 cxxxviii41 & ,john ,h[lett's ,exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,price's ,essay 7,maid/one71 #agha4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,cf4 ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory1 *4 iii4 #acg4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,obs]vations1 supplem5t1 p4 #cff4 ,cf4 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 ,app4 p4 #eai4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 ,france1 p4 #dji4 ,! :ole subject w be consid]$ lat] 9 connection ) ,scotl&4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,see ,obs]vations on ,smuggl+1 #aggi4 ,footnote #cge3 ,b see ! caveat 9 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's #dd? ,report 7= #ahha71 p4 vi43 ,! price ( :eat & ! m>riage rate d n always v>y inv]sely4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,9 ! same way ! returns to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture at ! end ( ! c5tury are full ( 7n q dis9t]e/$7 praises ( enclosures z an enc\ragem5t ( population4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,lecky1 ,eighte5? ,c5t41 i4 #bfa1 #dgi seq4 ,re/rictions on ! sale 7 successfully adopt$ by ,pelham 9 #agea1 at ! "t :5 ! "q ( depopulation 0 com+ to ! front4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,an unsafe presumption4 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 ii41 c4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,e4 g4 inoculation4 ,footnote #chj3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #cag2 #g? ed41 p4 #aih1 comp>$ ) #g? ed41 p4 #ahi1 c41 above1 pp4 #aae-af4 ,footnote #cha3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #aih note2 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #crd ed4 7#ahjf71 p4 #dfa n4 ,footnote #chb3 #bnd ed41 p4 #cjb n42 #g? ed41 p4 #aid n4 ,footnote #chc3 ,?is is ass]t$ 9 ! ,prelim9>y ,report to ! la/ ,engli% c5sus 7#ahha74 ,aga9/ ! idea1 see ! ,annual ,regi/]'s reviews ( ,ed5's "w on ! ,poor 7#agig71 & ( 8 ,e/imate ( ,engli% numb]s 7#ahjj74 ,! ,regi/] _h numb]$ ,burke & ,godw9 among its writ]s1 & 0 n likely to be beh9d public op9ion4 ,footnote #chd3 ,see ! review ( ,ar?ur ,"y's ,"q ( ,sc>city pla9ly /at$1 #ahjj1 9 ,ann4 ,regi/]1 sub dato4 ,footnote #che3 ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ! ,public ,f9ances #agig1 ,speak] ( ! ,commons #ahjb1 ,"l ,col*e/] #ahag4 ,footnote #chf3 #bnd ed41 p4 #cah2 #g? ed41 p4 #bjd4 ,cf4 #bnd ed41 p4 #cag2 #g? ed41 pp4 #aib1 #bjc1 #bjf1 #bai1 c4 ,footnote #chg3 #bnd ed41 p4 #caa2 #g? ed41 pp4 #bja1 #bjb1 foot4 ,comp>e #dd? ,rept4 ( ,reg4-,g54 7,engl&71 p4 v4 ,footnote #chh3 ,z e4 g4 9 #ahjj-a comp>$ ) #ahjb-c2 #g? ed41 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #chi3 #bnd ed41 p4 #cai2 #g? ed41 p4 #bje4 ,cf4 passages cit$ on la/ page4 ,footnote #cij3 ,cf4 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cjh-i2 #g? ed41 pp4 #aih-i4 ,footnote #cia3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cab-ac2 #g? ed41 p4 #bja4 ,! #bnd ed4 has a ref]5ce to 8! late sc>cities0 want+ 9 ! lat] edds4 ,regi/ration1 be x rememb]$1 0 !n ( baptisms & burials1 n bir?s & dea?s4 ,footnote #cib3 ,see above1 p4 #agf4 ,cf4 on ! o!r h& ! concession1 #bnd ed41 p4 #cag2 #g? ed41 p4 #bjc1 middle4 ,footnote #cic3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #cai2 #g? ed41 pp4 #bje-f4 ,footnote #cid3 #g? ed41 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #cie3 ,rickman himself all[$ _! defectiv5ess4 ,see ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #cjd2 #g? ed41 p4 #aif4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #cif3 #bnd ed41 p4 #cjb2 #g? ed41 p4 #aid4 ,by ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's ,report = #ahhb x 0 z #a 9 #fd 9 t ye>4 ,footnote #cig3 #bnd ed41 p4 #cjc2 #g? ed41 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #cih3 #g? ed41 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #cii3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bac-ad2 #g? ed41 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #djj3 #de? ,report ( ,regi/r>-,g5]al 7,engl&71 7#ahhb71 p4 ci4 ,footnote #dja3 #g? ed41 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #djb3 #bnd ed41 p4 #cjb2 #g? ed41 p4 #aid n4 ,footnote #djc3 ,numb]s calculat$ by 8natural increm5t10 i4 e4 bir?s & dea?s--#bf1ach1bdh2 numb]s actually enum]at$--#be1ifh1bhf4--,prelim9>y ,report1 p4 iii4 ,footnote #djd3 '#ca-'da1 incr4 #ad4eb2 '#ga-'ha1 incr4 #ad4cd4 ,footnote #dje3 ,or ?ree & a qu>t] millions ( p to ,engl& & ,wales alone4 ,footnote #djf3 #g? ed41 ,,ii4 ix4 p4 #bae 7writt5 fir/ 9 #e? ed41 #ahag74 ,footnote #djg3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #beh2 cf4 ,prel4 ,rept4 ,c5sus1 #ahha1 p4 ix4 ,footnote #djh3 ,! acc\nt ( ,scotl& 9 ! ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 x41 is tak5 f ! ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 #agia-ii4 ,s9clair 0 act+1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,twe$1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #dji3 ,!re 0 v little 9 ,scotl&4 ,x is only once m5tion$ by ,adam ,smi?4 ,mac,culloch says 8nev]10 b he _h ov]look$ ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iv4 vii4 #bea-b4 ,footnote #daj3 ,! la/ ( late introduction4 ,see ,reports to ,bo>d ( ,agriculture3 ,c5tral ,highl&s 7#agid71 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #daa3 #bnd ed41 p4 #chd2 #g? ed41 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #dab3 ,n feudal b pre-feudal1 or allodial4 ,see ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iii4 iv4 #ahc1 #a4 ,footnote #dac3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ibid4 ,footnote #dad3 ,selkirk1 ,highl&s1 #ahje1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #dae3 ,see ! ,leg5d ( ,montrose1 c4 ,footnote #daf3 ,adam ,smi?1 l4 c42 cf4 ,i4 viii #cf1 #a 7! (t5-quot$ description ( 8half-/>v$ highl& wom50 ) _! tw5ty *ildr5 9 contra/ to ! 8pamp]$ f9e lady0 ) few or none47 ,footnote #dag3 ,reports to ,bo>d ( ,agriculture3 ,c5tral ,highl&s1 #agid1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #dah3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iii4 iv4 #ahd1 #a 7writt5 #aggd71 a passage :i* %[s t ! cle>ances & ! consequ5t cry ( ,depopulation are to be look$ = z e>ly z ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,we are sometimes told t f ! '#de to ! end ( ! c5tury 0 ! gold5 age ( highl& f>m]s4 ,b ! will+ness ( ! clansm5 to ent] ,*a?am's highl& regim5ts w\ld h>dly imply great cont5tm5t4 ,footnote #dai3 ,cf4 ,essay on ,pop41 pp4 #ccb 7#bnd ed471 #bbg 7#g? ed471 & ,selkirk1 l4 c41 pp4 #dc seq4 ,contra1 see ,report ( ,cr(t]s ,commission1 #ahhd1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,made "u ! ,m>quis ( ,/af=d betwe5 #ahjg & #ahbj1 9 :i* ye> ! popul> odium 0 at its height1 & ! l&lord made 8 def5ce 9 a well-kn[n pamphlet by 8 factor1 ,james ,lo*4 ,footnote #dba3 ,cf4 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #bbi1 top2 cf4 pp4 #bba ft41 #bbc ft42 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cbf-g4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,see ,mal?us1 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #bbg4 ,cf4 ,f>r 9 ,/ati/4 ,j\rn41 #af? ,feb4 #ahdf4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,drawn *iefly f ! ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 #agia-ii4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,lav]gne1 ,econ4 ,rur4 de l',anglet]re1 *4 xx4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,! #f? simply adds ! numb]s ( ! p f ! c5sus ( #ahba1 ) h>dly any comm5t4 ,footnote #dbf3 #bnd ed4 says 8b>b>ism40 ,footnote #dbg3 #bnd ed41 8depress$40 ,footnote #dbh3 #bnd ed4 adds1 8by ! fil? ( _! p]sons40 ,footnote #dbi3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #ccd-e2 #g? ed41 p4 #bbi4 ,he ref]s to ! rebellion ( #agie-ih1 t 0 prelude to ! ,union ( #ahjj1 & 0 fre% 9 8 memory4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,ed94 ,review1 ,july #ahjh1 ! only review 9 t j\rnal assign$ to him by express te/imony4 ,footnote #dca3 #crd ,report ( ,emigration ,committee 7#ahbg71 ,evid41 qu4 #cbbe4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,9 ! article on ,new5ham he incid5tally utt]s ! p>adox t 9 view ( ! l[ /&>d ( food ! p's indol5ce is almo/ an advantage1 = x prev5ts wages fall+ q d[n to t level4--,art4 p4 #cda4 ,cf4 ,essay1 ,,iv4 xi4 #def-g4 ,= 8 view ( potatoes 9 ,irel&1 ibid41 #dec4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,cf4 ,review ( ,new5ham1 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,cf4 ,rog]s1 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages 7#ahhd71 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #dce3 ,9 a s5se already frequ5tly notic$4 ,s 9 answ] #cdja1 :]e he seems to accept ! phrase 8moral degradation0 z appli$ to ,irel&4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,cf4 above1 pp4 #ie & #aie n4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s mu/ h =gott5 su* passages z ^! :5 he wrote ! #fbnd & #fcrd pages ( 8 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages 7#ahhd71 ?\gh he furni%es 8 own correction on a foll[+ page 7#dhd74 ,footnote #dcg3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,v4 iii4 #dcj1 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #dch3 ,sir ,wm4 ,petty made x #a1ajj1jjj 9 #afgb4 ,see ,mac,culloch1 ,app5d4 to ,weal? ( ,nations1 7,,iv47 #dfb4 ,footnote #dci3 ,see ,sir ,h4 ,p>nell's evid5ce 9 #crd ,report to ,emigration ,committee1 #ahbg1 p4 #bjj4 ,he ?9ks t betwe5 #agib & #ahba ! population ( ,irel& _h d\bl$ itself4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,mal?us1 ,evid5ce be=e ,emigration ,committee1 #ahbg2 #crd ,report1 qu4 #cdcj1 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #dda3 ,qu]i/ 7#agce7 #acd3 8,:e!r if !re 0 a wall ( brass a ?\s& cubits high r\nd ?is k+dom1 our natives might n nev]!less live cleanly & com=tably1 till ! l&1 & reap ! fruits ( x80 ,! 8cag$ rats0 ( ! ,corn ,law pamphlets give u ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,footnote #ddb3 8,( su* consequ5ce 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( any indu/ry is a /eady unv>y+ policy40----,ar?ur ,"y1 ,france1 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,see above1 p4 #aea1 c4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,see above1 pp4 #aia-b4 ,footnote #dde3 l4 c4 p4 #cii4 ,cf4 ,lecky1 ,eighte5? ,c5t41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bbb seq42 ,review ( ,new5ham1 pp4 #cdi1 #cej4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,see above1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ddg3 #g? ed41 p4 #cgh ft4 ,cf4 ,polit4 ,econ41 #a/ ed41 pp4 #beb1 #bij1 & #cid seq4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,essay1 ,,iii4 viii4 #cbc 7fir/ 9 #e? ed474 ,see lat]1 p4 #bfh1 c4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 pp4 #deb-c2 #bnd ed41 pp4 #ege-f4 ,footnote #dej3 ,ibid41 p4 #cbc ft4 7#g?72 ,mac,culloch1 ,app5dix to ,w4 ( ,n41 p4 #dfg1 #b4 ,footnote #dea3 ,essay on ,pop41 #bnd ed41 p4 #egf2 #g? ed41 p4 #dec ft4 ,footnote #deb3 ,lav]gne1 pp4 #dbc-d4 ,footnote #dec3 ,ev5 9 #ahge ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's ,report %[$ t !re 7 !n few] m>riages 9 ,irel& ?an 9 ,engl&1 9 proportion to ! population1 & t !y came lat]4 ,cf4 ! #ah? ,report1 = ,irel& 7#ahhb71 pp4 #ah1 #ai4 ,footnote #ded3 ,review ( ,new5ham1 pp4 #cea-d4 ,footnote #dee3 ,see above1 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 i4 ,footnote #def3 #bnd ed41 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *s4 i4 to iii42 #g? ed41 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *s4 i4 & ii4 ,footnote #deg3 #g? ed41 *4 iii4 7on ,ow51 c471 :i* replaces a reply 7#bnd & #crd edd47 to ,godw9's fir/ reply4 ,footnote #deh3 ,all except ^? on paup]ism4 ,:5 paup]ism is rea*$1 ! ?read ( ! essay is aga9 tak5 up4 ,footnote #dei3 ,pol4 ,econ41 #ahbj1 ,introd4 p4 #aa4 ,cf4 ,tract on ,value1 p4 #fj ft41 & above1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,high ,price ( ,bullion1 #ahji4 ,see bel[1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,mal?us1 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,introd4 pp4 #b1 #e1 #bb1 c42 ,essay on ,pop41 ,pref4 c42 ,ric>do1 ,pr9ciples ( ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,taxn4 7#ahag71 ,pref4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,life ( ,ric>do 9 preface to ,works1 p4 xxxi4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,political ,economy1 #ahdh & #ahdi4 ,x 0 n a complete brea*4 ,! new fai? & ! old p]plex ea* o!r & ! read]1 9 ! pages ( ,mill4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,introd4 ,cf4 ! ,discussions on ! ,measure ( ,value1 ,pol4 ,econ41 *4 ii41 & pamphlet on ! subject4 ,s ,ros*]1 ,nationalkonomie1 #a & n4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,ari/41 ,e?ics1 i4 7#c74 ,footnote #dff3 8,def9itions 9 ,political ,economy1 prec$$ by an inquiry into ! rules :i* ought to guide political economi/s 9 ! def9ition & use ( _! t]ms1 ) rem>ks on ! deviations f ^! rules 9 _! writ+s0 7#ahbg71 p4 #e4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,introd4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,def9itions1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,ibid41 p4 #e4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,def9itions1 pp4 #f1 #g4 ,footnote #dga3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #bh4 8,& h an ex*angeable value10 0 ! ,ric>dian addition2 & 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahbd1 p4 #bih1 ,mal?us weakly all[s ! addition to pass4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,introd4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,mac,culloch1 ,life ( ,ric>do1 prefix$ to ,pr9c4 ( ,econ4 & ,taxation 7ed4 #ahgf71 p4 xxv4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,lett] quot$ by ,empson 9 ,ed94 ,review1 ,jan4 #ahcg4 ,footnote #dge3 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,pref4 pp4 #ab1 #ac 7#bnd ed474 ,cf4 above1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,ari/41 ,e?ics1 x4 #a4 ,"s ?\ght pleasure 0 ! goal1 b1 = ! sake ( o!rs1 8"o mu/ n say s40 ,footnote #dgg3 ,see bel[1 *4 iv4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,port]'s ,progress ( ! ,nation1 p4 #adh 7ed4 #ahea74 ,cf4 ,mac,culloch1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,notes1 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,dissolv$ 9 #ahag4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,betwe5 #agfg & 8 dea? 9 #ahbj1 he wrote no less ?an a hundr$ volumes on agriculture4 ,8 bet is giv5 9 ,sir ,j4 ,s9clair's ,life by ,ar*deacon ,s9clair1 i4 #bec4 ,footnote #dha3 ,at ! end ( #ahja4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,communications to ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 iv4 #bcb-e 7#ahje74 ,cf4 ,ann4 ,reg41 #ahja1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,e4 g4 t ! memb]s %\ld always use mix$ in/ead ( pure :eat5 fl\r4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,ann4 ,reg41 #ahja1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,z 0 done1 e4 g41 by ,*ief ,ju/ice ,k5yon1 ,k+'s ,b5*1 ,rex v4 ,john ,rusby1 ,nov4 #agii4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,see ,j4 ,s4 ,girdl]1 ,=e/all+1 c4 7#ahjj71 ,s4 ,j4 ,pratt's poem on ,bread = ! ,poor 7#ahjj74 ,footnote #dhg3 ,girdl]1 l4 c4 pp4 #df1dh1 c4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,philps1 ,progress ( ,great ,brita91 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,cf4 ! figures giv5 9 ,mal?us' ,tract on ,value1 pp4 #fi-gi1 & 9 ,pr(essor ,rog]s' ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 pp4 #dhg seq41--bo? ( !m tak5 *iefly f ,ed5 on ! ,poor4 ,footnote #dij3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 viii4 #dd1 #a4 ,footnote #dia3 ,on ! :ole subject see ,craik1 ,hi/4 ( ,comm]ce1 ii4 #adb-e4 ,footnote #dib3 ,macph]son1 ditto1 iii4 #adh 7ye> #agbh71 #cjg 7ye> #ageg74 ,footnote #dic3 ,ibid41 iii4 #cbi1 #cca2 ,mac,c41 ,comm4 ,dict4 7ed4 #ahga71 p4 #dcj4 ,footnote #did3 ,cf4 ,essay on ,population1 p4 #ceb 7#g? ed474 ,cf4 above1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #die3 ,macph]son1 iii4 #dch1 #deb4 ,footnote #dif3 ,cf4 ,mal?us1 ,essay on ,pop41 p4 #dec 7#bnd ed472 ,gr\nds ( on ,op9ion1 c41 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #dig3 ,e4 g4 ,national ,indu/ry ( ,scotl&1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bjh-i 7#aggi74 ,mac,culloch has quot$ o!r passages 7,weal? ( ,nations1 xlviii4 n41 & ,note on ,r5t1 p4 #dec1 #a1 & n474 ,sir ,edw>d ,we/ agrees ) ,mal?us 9 8 qualifi$ approval ( ! ,corn ,laws4 ,see ,price ( ,corn1 c41 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #dih3 ,a repr9t ( ! #crd 787 ,footnote #dii3 ,if we include ! ,crisis1 x w\ld be ! fif? "t4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,x 0 popul> en\gh to rea* a #crd edition 9 #ahae4 ,footnote #eja3 ,see ,gr\nds ( an ,op9ion1 c41 p4 #b4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,obs]vations1 pp4 #bj-a4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,ibid41 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,! ,engli% price 9 ,nov4 #ahhd4 ,footnote #eje3 ,obs]vations1 pp4 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,ibid41 p4 #bh4 ,if ! ,ric>dian hypo!sis is n true ( individuals1 x is /ill less true ( ,gov]nm5ts1 z ,cobd5 exp]i5c$4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,ibid41 p4 #cb3 8,_m ( ! que/ions bo? 9 morals & politics seem to be ( ! nature ( ! problems de maximis et m9imis 9 fluxions2 9 :i* !re is always a po9t :]e a c]ta9 effect is ! greate/1 :ile on ei!r side ( ?is po9t x gradually dim9i%es40 ,footnote #eji3 ,cf4 ev5 ,obs]vations1 pp4 #e1 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,see bel[1 *s4 ii4 & iii4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,! expression ( ,gr5ville 9 a lett] to ,pitt1 #ahjj4 ,see ,/anhope1 ,life ( ,pitt1 ii4 #cga4 ,footnote #eab3 ,unless p]haps ,mr4 ,bagehot's4 ,col4 ,?ompson und]/ood ! !ory ( population only 9 its crud] =m4 ,9 answ] #ccg ( ! ,cate*ism 7#ahci7 he meets ! objection t free trade w\ld only increase population by say+3 8,no man has a "r to prev5t u runn+ a con/ant race ) hung] if we c40 ,footnote #eac3 ,gr\nds1 c41 p4 #df n4 ,footnote #ead3 ,ibid41 pp4 #c1 #aa1 #ab1 ,footnote #eae3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cj1 #cc4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,ric>do1 ,works1 p4 #cch8e 7,mac,c4's ed474 ,= rem>ks on ?is "p ( ,mal?us' tract see ibid41 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #eag3 ,gr\nds1 c41 p4 #cf n4 ,cf4 ,ric>do1 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #eah3 ,see above1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #eai3 ,pol4 ,econ41 *4 iii4 sect4 i4 p4 #acd 7#ahbj74 ,footnote #ebj3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 xi41 beg9n+4 ,footnote #eba3 ,he does n always prefix ?is qualification2 b t he int5d$ x appe>s cle>ly f ! ,tract on ,r5t1 p4 #c n43 ,n e l& t yields food w yield r5t4 ,cf4 ,pol ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,comp>e ,tract on ,r5t1 p4 #af n4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,! title ( ! tract is1 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,progress ( ,r5t1 & ! ,pr9ciples by :i* x is regulat$4 ,x appe>s f a lett] ( ,mal?us to ,sir ,john ,s9clair on #ca/ ,jan41 #ahae1 t x 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press 9 t mon?4 ,s9clair1 ,correspond5ce1 i4 #cia 7#ahca74 ,footnote #ebd3 ,z1 he might h add$1 9 education4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #adb1 b especially p4 #ahg4 ,cf4 ,tract on ,r5t1 pp4 #h-ab4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,r5t1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,cf4 also bel[1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,,iv4 ii4 #cjg1 #b2 cf4 ,,iv4 v4 #bdj1 #b4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,essay on ! ,application ( ,capital to ,l&1 ) obs]vations %[+ ! impolicy ( any great re/riction ( ! importation ( corn1 & t ! b\nty ( #afhh did n l[] ! price ( x4 ,by a fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d4 7,london1 #ahae47 ,page #b4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,w4 ( ,n41 ,,ii4 iii4 #adh1 #a4 ,footnote #eca3 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,tract on ,r5t1 p4 #af2 ,essay on ,pop4 7#g? ed471 p4 #cbg4 ,cf4 above4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,r5t1 p4 #bj2 cf4 pp4 #ah1 #eg4 ,essay on ,pop41 #bnd ed41 p4 #dcc2 #g? ed41 p4 #cbg4 8,if we look only to ! cle> moni$ r5t10 c4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,ric>do1 ,preface to ,pr9ciples ( ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,taxation4 ,footnote #ece3 ,repr9t$ by ,mac,culloch 9 8 edition ( ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,taxation1 pp4 #cfg-cij4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,mac,culloch ed4 ( ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,taxation1 p4 #cgd n4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,ibid41 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #ech3 ,s ,pr(4 ,rog]s ascribes ! high r5ts ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies v l>gely to ! l[ wages2 high] ones w\ld h 8r$uc$ r5t fir/1 & pr(its aft]w>ds40--,six ,c5turies1 p4 #dhb2 cf4 pp4 #dhj & #dib4 ,footnote #eci3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #afa 7*4 iii4 sect4 iii474 ,footnote #edj3 ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,taxation1 pp4 #cgc1 #cge1 #cgi-hj2 cf4 pp4 #ga & #gb1 b especially #fh ft4 ,mal?us on ! :ole foll[s ,adam ,smi?1 ,i4 ix42 ,mill has foll[$ ,ric>do4 ,footnote #eda3 ,s f> z ! acc\nt is meant to be hi/orical1 x mu/ be correct$ by ,c>ey4 ,see above1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #edb3 ,ric>do1 l4 c4 p4 #cgb & n4 ,cf4 bel[4 ,he appeals to ,adam ,smi?'s pr9ciple ( comp5sation 7,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 x474 ,footnote #edc3 ,rog]s 7,six ,c5turies1 p4 #ceb7 goes s f> ! o!r way z to make improvem5ts ! only cause ( an increase ( r5t1 ?\gh ! passage %\ld be read ) p4 #dhj1 & especially pp4 #dhb & #dib4 ,footnote #edd3 ,e4 g4 ,mrs4 ,fawcett1 ,pol4 ,econ4 = ,beg9n]s1 pp4 #fe1 #ff2 & ev5 ,we/1 on ,r5t1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ede3 #crd ,report1 #ahbg1 p4 #cba1 qu4 #ccda4 ,cf4 ,p]r4 ,?ompson1 ,true ,!ory ( ,r5t1 pp4 #h1 #ab1 #cd1 c4 7#ahcb1 #i? ed474 ,footnote #edf3 ,tract on ,value1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #edg3 ,ric>do1 ,l[ ,price ( ,corn1 c41 ,works1 pp4 #cgc1 #chj1 #cha1 c4 ,footnote #edh3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cgg1 #cgi4 ,footnote #edi3 ,ric>do1 ,works1 l4 c4 p4 #cgh4 ,footnote #eej3 ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,tax41 ibid4 pp4 #ej seq41 esp4 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 ,footnote #eea3 l4 c4 p4 #ee ft4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,l[ ,price1 c41 ibid41 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #eec3 ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,tax41 *4 v42 cf4 ,mal?us1 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #eed3 ,b cf4 ,works1 p4 #cgg n4 ,footnote #eee3 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,,iv4 iii #d4 ,cf4 ,walk]1 ,l& & its ,r5t1 pp4 #agg-ha1 ?\gh x has be5 po9t$ out t on p4 #agh t writ] omits ,mill's qualify+ phrase1 7improvem5ts7 8sudd5ly made40 ,footnote #eef3 ,see ,sir ,james ,caird's table app5d$ to ,l&$ ,int]e/ 7#ahgh74 ,cf4 ,cairne's ,essays 9 ,pol4 ,ec41 vi4 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 vii p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 viii4 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #eei3 ,ibid41 l4 c4 *4 ix4 pp4 #ddc seq4 ,footnote #efj3 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 ix4 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #efa3 ,ibid41 *4 x4 p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #efb3 ,ibid41 ,bk4 ,v4 *4 x4 p4 #dfh n4 ,footnote #efc3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 pp4 #bbg seq41 7#ahcf7 pp4 #bdj seq4 ,footnote #efd3 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 *4 xii41 esp4 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #efe3 ,! facts ( ,mal?us' 8review0 may be r\ghly giv5 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 :]e ! b> indicates ! :eat e>n$ p] day by ! agricultural lab\r]4 ,! am\nt = #acej assumes t ! ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s 0 successful4 ,"o peck4 ,two pecks4 #acdj 7be=e ,plague7 3-------------- 3 3 #acej 7aft] ,plague7 3----------------- 3 3 #adjj 3-------------------3 3 #aejj 3-------------------3------------------- 3 #afjc 3----------------- 3 3 #afej 3----------- 3 3 #afii 3-------------------3 3 #agcj 3-------------------3 3 #agff 3------------------ 3 3 #ahaa 3------------------ 3 3 #ahbb 787 3-------------------3 3 ,add #ahhd1 tak+ wages ------------------------------------ at #ads4 a week & :eat at #cfs4 a qu>t]1 or #as4 #a;d4 a peck4 ,footnote #eff3 #g? ed41 pp4 #cba seq4 7,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 viii471 fir/ 9 #ahag4 ,footnote #efg3 ,cf4 above1 p4 #bbe n4 ,9 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #dcb1 he says1 8,all ! great results 9 ,pol4 ,econ4 respect+ weal? dep5d ^u proportions40 #bnd ed4 add$ 7p4 #cgf71 8n only !re1 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( nature & art40 ,s he ?9ks a peck ( :eat a good 8middle po9t0 ( wages4 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #bhd1 7#ahcf7 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #efh3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 ix4 pp4 #cbh seq4 ,cf4 pp4 #ccd1 #cch4 ,footnote #efi3 ,ibid41 p4 #ccb4 ,footnote #egj3 ,ibid41 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 x4 pp4 #ccd seq4 ,footnote #ega3 ,see above1 p4 #bja n4 ,cf4 ,essay on ,pop41 #g? ed41 p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #egb3 ,essay1 l4 c4 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #egc3 l4 c4 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 x4 pp4 #cch-i4 ,footnote #egd3 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,nov4 #ahha1 8 la/ writ+4 ,cf4 ,essay1 l4 c4 pp4 #cdj-cdb4 ,footnote #ege3 ,9 two long *apt]s on ,corn ,laws & ,b\nties1 ,essay on ,pop41 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 xi4 pp4 #cdc-cfg4 ,cf4 above1 pp4 #bbf seq4 ,footnote #egf3 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 ,footnote #egg3 ,! ,measure ( ,value /at$ & illu/rat$1 ) an application ( x to ! alt]ation 9 ! value ( ! ,engli% curr5cy s9ce #agij4 7,april7 #ahbc4 ,footnote #egh3 ,s ,tract on ,value1 p4 #a4 ,b 9 ,def9itions value is 8! relation ( "o object to "s o!r or o!rs1 9 ex*ange1 result+ f ! e/imation 9 :i* a ?+ is held0 7def4 #dj1 #da2 cf4 ) def4 #e74 ,footnote #egi3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 v4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,measure ( ,value1 p4 #bc4 ,cf4 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 pp4 #abf seq42 7#ahcf71 pp4 #hd1 #ic seq4 ,footnote #eha3 ,measure ( ,value1 p4 #bj n4 ,on pp4 #bc-d he adds1 8tak+ ! av]age ( summ] & w9t] wages40 ,footnote #ehb3 ,see bel[1 p4 #bfh4 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #abe2 7#ahcf7 p4 #ajb1 c42 ,tract on ,value1 passim4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,"w & ,wages1 *4 iii4 p4 #ge4 ,mal?us1 ,pol4 ,econ41 #bnd ed41 pp4 #ajh seq4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,cf4 ,m>x1 ,kapital1 pp4 #ai1 #ba1 c4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,mac,c4's ed41 pp4 #de seq4 ,cf4 ,tract on ,value1 p4 #bj n41 above quot$4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,cf4 ,ric>do1 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,works 7ed4 ,mac,c471 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,meas4 ( ,value1 pp4 #h-ab4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,meas4 ( ,value1 pp4 #bb1 #fe4 ,cf4 ,cairnes1 ,au/ralian ,episode1 9 ,essays 9 ,pol4 ,econ4 7pp4 #ib seq42 cf4 pp4 #cg1 #fa71 7#ahgc71--;fir/ publi%$ 9 ,fras]'s ,mag41 ,sept4 #ahei4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,meas4 ( ,value1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #eij3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bg-bi4 ,footnote #eia3 ,meas4 ( ,value1 p4 #bi n4 ,footnote #eib3 ,he might h said simply t ! "o is intr9sic1 ! o!r extr9sic1 9 relation to ! agricultural products !mselves4 ,footnote #eic3 ,meas4 ( ,value1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #eid3 ,meas4 ( ,value1 pp4 #fg seq4 ,cf4 bel[1 pp4 #bhc seq4 ,footnote #eie3 ,:o all[s co/ to play a great] "p 9 value4 ,cf4 bel[1 pp4 #bgh-i4 ,b ,ric>do1 ,pol4 ,econ41 sect vi4 p4 #bh1 disclaims belief 9 any univ]sal measure ( value4 ,footnote #eif3 ,mal?us1 quot$ by ,empson1 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahcg1 p4 #dii4 ,footnote #eig3 ,he 0 ,f4,r4,s4 #ahai1 & a memb] ( ,pol4 ,econ4 ,club at its f\ndation 9 #ahba4 ,footnote #eih3 #d? ,may1 #ahbe2 #g? ,nov41 #ahbg4 ,transactions ( x ,r4 ,s4 ,l41 vol4 i4 "p i4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #eii3 ,report ( ,r4 ,s4 ,l41 #ahbd1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,we might expressly wi% to "k a coat's value 9 money or its value 9 cutl]y or coals4 ,! ,pr(essor at ! ,breakfa/-table talks ( 8,madeira wor? f two to six ,bibles a bottle40 ,footnote #fja3 ,def9itions 7#ahbg71 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,i4 e4 to ! object :i* measures t co/-value4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,ibid41 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,see above1 p4 #bed4 ,ric>do's long correspond5ce ) ,mal?us on ! subject is m5tion$ by ,empson1 ,ed94 ,rev41 l4 c4 p4 #dfi4 ,empson's extracts f x are ! mo/ valuable "p ( 8 article4 ,footnote #fje3 ,r4 ,torr5s1 ,production ( ,weal?1 #ahba1 pp4 iv1 v4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,held1 ,sociale ,ges*i*te ,engl&s1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,dialogues ( ,?ree ,templ>s on ,political ,economy1 #ahbd 7,works1 ,black1 #ahfc1 vol4 iv474 ,all dep5ds on ! assumption 9 ! middle ( ,dialogue ,i4 p4 #aif1 78x is ,mr4 ,ric>do's doctr9e t10 c471 & on ! conf9em5t ( ! discussion to natural value 7p4 #aih74 ,footnote #fjh3 ,measure ( ,value1 p4 #bj n4 ,footnote #fji3 ,london1 #ahcb2 ,birm+ham1 #ahcc4 ,! ,con/itu5t ,assembly appli$ ! same measure1 b 9 a diff]5t way1 9 #agia4 ,see ,ros*]1 ,national-kon4 7#ahgi71 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #faj3 ,! words are1 8enable ! lab\r]s to ma9ta9 a /ation>y or an increas+ population0 7,pol4 ,econ41 #ahcf1 p4 #bah74 ,! awkw>dness ( ! s5t5ce may be due to bad edit+2 b we read else:]e ( ! 8price ( wages40 ,footnote #faa3 ,pol4 ,econ41 #ahcf1 pp4 #bah1 #bbc4 ,footnote #fab3 ,see ,lassalle & ,m>x4 ,footnote #fac3 ,cf4 ,mal?us1 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahcf71 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe1 c4 ,essay on ,population1 #g? ed41 ,,iii viii4 #cbc1 b especially ,,iv4 xiii4 #dgc4 ,see also ,rog]s1 ,six ,c5turies1 *4 viii41 #8,! ,fam9e & ! ,plague1' especially pp4 #bcc-bdb4 ,footnote #fad3 ,mal?us1 ,essay on ,pop41 ,,iv4 xiii4 #dgc2 cf4 pp4 #cgc & #dcd4 ,footnote #fae3 ,cf4 especially ,essay on ,pop4 7#bnd ed471 ,,iii4 ix4 #ddd4 8,! price ( lab\r has be5 ris+--n to fall aga940 ,footnote #faf3 ,emigr4 ,comm4 7#ahbg71 p4 #cbf1 qu4 #cdaa2 cf4 #cdjh1 #cdji4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #fag3 ,! *ief ( !m be+ ! rate ( pr(its :i* is at ! giv5 "t en\gh to induce ! 8und]tak]0 7or 8ent]pris]07 to cont9ue bus9ess4 ,footnote #fah3 ,see ,mill on ,?ornton's #8,lab\r1' ,=tnightly ,review1 ,may #ahfi4 ,cf4 ,walk] on ,! ,wages ,"q1 pp4 #adj seq4 ,footnote #fai3 ,s 9 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,jan4 #ahbd1 p4 #cae1 ,mal?us says pr(its dep5d r on ! dem& = produce ?an on ! dem& = lab\r4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,disc\rse on ,pol4 ,econ41 by ,j4 ,r4 ,mac,culloch1 pp4 #fa1 #fb 7#a/ & #bnd edd471 #ahbe4 ,footnote #fba3 ,conv]sations on ,pol4 ,econ41 #ahag 7#a/ & #bnd edd471 p4 #acg4 ,mrs4 ,m>cet's memory is pres]v$ = latt]-day read]s by ,macaulay's ref]5ce to h] 9 ! essay on ,milton4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,disc\rse1 l4 c4 ,cf4 ,mac,c4's ,pol4 ,econ41 ,pt4 ,,iii4 *4 ii4 p4 #cgh 7ed4 #ahdc72 ,pr(4 ,fawcett's ,manual ( ,pol4 ,econ41 p4 #aca 7#ahgf74 ,footnote #fbc3 ,james ,mill1 ,elem4 7#ahba71 p4 #be2 ,john ,mill1 ,pr9ciples1 ,,ii4 xi4 #a4 ,cf4 ,=t4 ,rev41 #ahfi1 ,may2 ,?ornton1 ,lab\r1 ,,ii4 i4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 viii4 p4 #ca1 #b4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,ibid41 ,,iv4 ix4 #cjf1 #a4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,ibid41 ,,iv4 ix4 #caj1 #b4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,ibid41 ,v4 i4 #cbg1 #b4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,pol4 ,econ41 ed4 #ahcf1 *4 iv4 sect4 ii4 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,ibid4 ed4 #ahbj1 *4 iv4 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,jan4 #ahbd4 ,cf4 bel[1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #fca3 ,supplem5t to ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,empson 9 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahcg1 p4 #dif4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,qu>t4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahbd 7no4 lx471 pp4 #ccc-d4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,ric>do1 ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,tax41 *4 i4 sections iv41 v42 ,works1 pp4 #bj1 #be4 ,cf4 ,mal?us1 ,pol4 ,econ41 #ahbj1 p4 #ajd1 & ! :ole ( section iii4 pp4 #gb seq4 ,footnote #fce3 ,qu>t4 ,rev41 l4 c4 p4 #cbd2 cf4 p4 #cae4 ,cf4 above4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,tax41 *4 i4 sections iv4 & v4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,any giv5 value1 x might be add$1 is influ5c$ by cu/om z well z competition4 ,footnote #fch3 #ahba1 p4 #ahf1 *4 iv4 sect4 iii4 8,t consumption is coext5sive ) production40 ,footnote #fci3 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,,iii4 xiv4 8,( excess ( supply40 ,cf4 ,i4 v4 #c1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,a c>go ( skates 0 s5t to ,rio ,janeiro 9 #ahjh4 ,footnote #fda3 ,! int5tion ( ! new ,corn ,law ( #ahae 0 to keep out all =eign gra9 till ! home price %\ld rea* #hjs4 a qu>t]1 or ! loaf #as4 ,see above1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,! article on ! ,bullion "q1 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>1 might be 81 if x 0 n ,francis ,horn]'s4 ,cf4 ,horn]'s ,life1 vol4 i4 *4 vi41 dates ,april & ,sept4 #ahje1 f :i* x appe>s t ,horn] 0 work+ h>d at ! "q & meant to write on x1 z he might h done bett] 9 #ahaa1 fre% f 8 exp]i5ce on ! ,bullion ,committee4 ,z to ! ,febru>y article1 ! au?or%ip is %[n p>tly by int]nal evid5ce1 p>tly by ,horn]'s ,life1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fh 7,jan4 #ahaa73 8,i receiv$ ,mal?us' ,,ms4 f y ,jeffrey & h s9ce transmitt$ x to him ) su* rem>ks z occurr$ to me 9 p]us+ x10 c4 ,mac,culloch did n beg9 to write ! economical articles = ! ,ed94 ,rev4 till #ahah4 ,see ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #e? ,oct41 #ahgh4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! curr5cy 9 ! int]val see ,miss ,m>t9eau's ,introd4 to ,hi/4 ( ,peace1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 iii42 ,hi/4 ( ! ,peace1 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 iii4 & *4 xv42 ,cobbett's ,pap] v4 ,gold2 ,macleod's ,bank+1 vol4 ii41 end ( *4 ix4 pp4 #agd-bba1 mu* ! complete/ acc\nt4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,peel *ang$ 8 views !n on ,curr5cy1 z he did lat] on ,ca?olic ,emancipation & ! ,corn ,laws4 ,footnote #fde3 p4 #cgj4 ,he speaks approv+ly ( ! ,am]ican free trade 9 bank+ 9 a way t w\ld h pleas$ ,cobd54 ,footnote #fdf3 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,e4 g4 ,horn] compla9s ( ?is ev5 9 s cle> a pap] z t on ,new5ham4 ,see ,horn]'s ,life1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dcf-g 7sub dato #ahjh74 ,footnote #fdh3 ,works 7ed4 ,mac,c471 pp4 #bia-bif4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,ric>do1 ,works 7,mac,c471 p4 xxi4 ,footnote #fej3 ,cf4 bel[1 ,bk4 ,v4 ,footnote #fea3 ,horn]'s ,life1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fh 7,jan4 #ahaa74 ,footnote #feb3 ,?\ghts & ,details on ,high & ,l[ ,prices dur+ ! la/ ,?irty ,ye>s1 #agic-ahbc4 ,! lat] ed4 ( #ahch 9 ?ree vols4 is m valuable4 ,footnote #fec3 ,political ,regi/]1 #cj? ,nov41 #ahaf4 ,footnote #fed3 ,int]nal evid5ce1 e4 g4 p4 #bcg ( ! ,qu>t]ly1 comp>$ ) p4 #fe ( ,measure ( ,value1 w\ld %[ 8 au?or%ip1 & ! article is ascrib$ to him by ,tooke1 ,prices1 ed4 #ahch1 vol4 i4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #fee3 l4 c4 pp4 #bae-af4 ,footnote #fef3 ,bosanquet1 ,practical ,obs]vations on ! ,report ( ! ,bullion ,committee 7#ahaj72 ,ric>do1 ,! ,high ,price ( ,bullion a ,pro( ( ! ,depreciation ( ,bank-,notes 7#ahji71 & 8 ,reply to ,bosanquet 7#ahaa74 ,footnote #feg3 l4 c4 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,introd4 7#ahbj71 pp4 #f & #g n41 7#ahcf7 p4 #e n4 ,cf4 ,tooke1 ,prices1 ,"p ,i4 p4 #f 7ed4 #ahbc74 ,footnote #feh3 ,tooke1 ,prices1 ,"p ,,iii4 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #fei3 ,see ,tract on ,value1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,qu>t]ly1 ,april #ahbc1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,econ4 ,pol41 ,"p ,,iii4 *4 ii41 #bnd ed41 #ahdb2 #a/ ed41 #ahjb4 ,footnote #ffb3 8,products0 is ,say's ^w1 h[ev]4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,elem5ts 7#ahba71 *4 iv4 sect4 iii4 pp4 #ahf seq4 8,t consumption is coext5sive ) production40 ,mill taught ?is z e>ly z #ahjh 9 8 tract 7aga9/ ,sp5ce7 ,comm]ce def5d$4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,lettres ,m4 ,mal?us sur diffr5ts sujets d'con4 pol41 notamm5t sur les causes de la /agnation gnrale du comm]ce 7#ahbj71 pp4 #bf seq4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #cee1 7#ahcf7 p4 #caf4 ,aga9/ ,say's g5]al position see ,def9itions1 p4 #ef n4 ,footnote #fff3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 iii4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,see above1 p4 #bcb4 ,a curi\s footnote 9 ,essay on ,pop41 #crd ed41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfd1 sugge/$ t !re might be ov]-production 9 ! case ( high f>m+ :5 its co/ made ! f>m]s *>ge m ?an ! public c\ld be>4 ,b ?is note disappe>$ aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,ric>do1 ,pol4 ,econ4 & ,taxation1 *4 xxi4 p4 #agf 7,mac,cull4's ed474 ,mill 7,elem5ts1 pp4 #aic ft41 #aid7 is m rigid4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 xiii4 #dgc4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahcf71 *4 iv4 sect4 iii4 p4 #bci1 slightly alt]$ f #a/ ed41 #ahbj1 *4 iv4 sect4 iii4 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #fga3 ,sismondi1 ,n\veaux ,pr9cipes de l'con4 ,pol41 #ahai4 ,see ,mal?us1 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 p4 #dbj1 7#ahcf7 pp4 #cbe n41 #cff n4 ,cf4 on ! o!r h& ,essay1 ,,iii4 xiii4 #cgb-c & n4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,v4 i4 art4 ii4 pp4 #cej-cec 7ed4 ,mac,c474 ,he is outrivall$ by ,f]guson1 ,civil ,society1 p>ts iv4 & v4 7ed4 #aggc74 ,footnote #fgc3 #crd ed4 ( ,pol4 ,ec4 & ,tax4 7#ahba71 *4 xxxi4 pp4 #dfh-i1 ed4 ,mac,cull41 pp4 #bce-f4 ,cf4 bel[ 7,critics74 ,x is ! position ( ,m>x4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,if we believe ,b[r+1 ,life ( ,b5?am 7ed4 #ahdc71 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #fge3 8,suppos+ t 8 op9ions h n alt]$ )9 ! la/ twelve mon?s40--,de ,qu9cey1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,james ,mill1 ,elem5ts1 pp4 #aic1 #aid4 ,mac,cull41 ,pol4 ,ec41 p4 #bjg4 ,cf4 ! tract ,mordecai ,mullion 7#ahbf74 ,footnote #fgg3 ,especially by ,sunday ,s*ools1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,samuel ,bam=d4--,radical1 vol4 i4 p4 #g 7#ahdd74 ,footnote #fgh3 ,we h 8 c\nt]p>t 9 our own day4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,iii41 = dispro( ( ! *>ge t he 0 reaction>y 9 8 politics1 l _m economical optimi/s4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,pol4 ,econ41 #ahbj1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #fha3 l4 c4 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,emigr4 ,comm4 7#ahbg71 p4 #cag1 qu4 #cbha4 ,footnote #fhc3 ,"s su* view is sugge/$ by ,mal?us himself1 ,essay1 ,,iv4 xiii4 p4 #dgc 7cf4 ,pol4 ,ec41 #ahbj1 p4 #dge71 a passage :i* x is h>d to reconcile ) ! passages 9 ! ,qu>t]ly & 9 ! ,pol4 ,ec4 t speak ( ! necessity ( a special class ( unproductive consum]s4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahbj71 *4 vii4 sect4 ix4 p4 #dgc4 ,cf4 ,tract on ,r5t1 p4 #dh n4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,essay on ,pop41 ,,iii4 iii4 p4 #bhb 79 relation to ,rob]t ,ow574 ,cf4 ! :ole *4 xiii4 ( ,book ,,iii41 :]e he treats ( 8,increas+ ,weal? z x affects ! ,condition ( ! ,poor40 ,footnote #fhf3 ,pol4 ,econ41 l4 c4 p4 #dgd4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,ibid41 l4 c4 pp4 #dgd-e4 ,footnote #fhh3 ,see above1 pp4 #bde seq4 & #beb4 ,footnote #fhi3 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,iv41 & cf4 above1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #fij3 ,see above1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #fia3 ,! passage is quot$ 9 full because by rec5t critics x is mu* g>bl$2 e4 g4 9 ,progress & ,pov]ty1 ,,vii4 i4 #cjd n4 ,footnote #fib3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 ,,iv4 vi4 #eca4 ,footnote #fic3 ,lucretius1 iii4 #iea4 ,cic]o's simile ( ! !atre op5 to all com]s1 b giv+ ea* man 8 own seat1 _h special application to ,prop]ty 7,de ,f9ibus1 iii4 #bj74 ,footnote #fid3 ,epitaph on ,f5ton4 ,footnote #fie3 ,james ,grahame's ,population 7#ahaf71 p4 #cd4 ,cf4 ,qu>t]ly ,rev41 ,dec4 #ahab1 p4 #cbg2 ,hazlitt1 ,_s ( ! ,age1 #8,mal?us1' end4 ,footnote #fif3 ,book ,,iii4 ,"p ,i4 *4 iv4 7#aghe74 ,footnote #fig3 ,e4 g4 ,godw91 ,population 7#ahbj71 ,i4 iii4 #ag4 ,! )drawal 0 probably due to ,sumn]4 ,see ,ott]1 ,life ( ,mal?us 9 ,pol4 ,ec4 7#ahcf71 p4 lii4 ,footnote #fih3 ,cf4 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #djj1 #dja1 & nn42 #g? ed41 p4 #bih n4 ,cf4 pp4 #bie & #big n4 ,cf4 also ,tooke1 above quot$1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #fii3 ,cf4 above1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,on ,b\nties & ! ,corn ,trade4 ,cf4 ,high ,price ( ,provisions1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #gja3 l4 c4 p4 #bc4 ,see above1 p4 #bhi4 ,also ,corn ,law ,cate*ism1 #ahci1 qu4 #bdd4 ,footnote #gjb3 l4 c4 pp4 #i-aa4 ,cf4 ! 8make up0 & 8bread money0 m5tion$ 9 ,report ( ,poor ,law ,commission1 #ahcd1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,high ,price1 c4 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 ,footnote #gjd3 l4 c4 p4 #bg4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #gje3 #a/ ed41 pp4 #hb1 #hc2 #g? ed41 pp4 #cjb-c4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,app5dix1 p4 #dic4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,he borr[s1 z he himself says1 ! language ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,ed5 on ! ,/ate ( ! ,poor 7#agig74 ,see ,essay on ,population1 #bnd ed41 p4 #dag n42 #g? ed41 p4 #cjh n4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,lett] to ,:itbread 7#ahjg71 pp4 #ab1 #ac2 cf4 ,essay1 p4 #dde ft4 ,footnote #gji3 ,quot$1 ,essay1 ,,iii4 vi4 #cjh n4 ,footnote #gaj3 #g? ed41 ,,iii4 vi4 #cjc2 #a/ ed41 p4 #cfe4 ,footnote #gaa3 ,,iii4 vi4 7#g? ed471 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #gab3 ,see e4 g4 ,emigration ,committee1 #ahbg1 qu4 #ccfi1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #gac3 ,dr4 ,john ,moore's ,view ( ,society & ,mann]s 9 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,g]many 7#g? ed41 #aghi71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #add-aeg4 ,footnote #gad3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iii4 vi4 p4 #cjg2 ,emigration ,committee 7#ahbg71 qu4 #ccfa1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #gae3 l4 c4 pp4 #cjg-h4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,reports to ,local ,gov4 ,bd4 on ,=eign ,poor ,laws1 #ahge1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #gag3 ,macvey ,napi]'s ,correspond5ce1 pp4 #bi seq4 ,date #cj? ,sept1 #ahba4 ,footnote #gah3 ,report ( ,poor ,law ,comm41 #ahcd2 ,rem$ial ,measures1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #gai3 ,essay on ,population1 ,app5dix1 p4 #dib4 ,x 0 probably ?is disclaim] ( public duty t l$ ,col]idge to compla91 8! entire t5d5cy ( ! mod]n or ,mal?usian political economy is to d5ationalize0 7,table ,talk1 p4 #cbg74 ,cf4 ,toynbee1 ,indu/r4 ,revol41 p4 #bd4 ,b x may h be5 simply ! idea t ,mal?us1 l ,ric>do1 advocat$ laissez faire2 & 9 ?is case x is s+ul> he %\ld n h said 8,ric>dian0 in/ead ( 8,mal?usian40 ,footnote #gbj3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 ,,iv4 vii4 p4 #ech2 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 viii4 p4 #ecj4 ,footnote #gba3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #eci4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,e4 g4 ,report ( ,commission]s1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,report1 pp4 #bbg-h4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,report1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,ev5 if he 7 a poor ratepay]1 vot+ a sum ( :i* 8 ri*] neighb\r w\ld pay ! l>g] %>e4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #dij2 #g? ed41 p4 #cid2 cf4 pp4 #cib top & #cif4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 x4 pp4 #ddb-c2 cf4 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #gbh3 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 i4 p4 #cij4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,n q logical1 if ! te/ ( a virtu\s action is its t5d5cy to produce happ9ess4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,ibid41 ,,iv4 i4 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #gca3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #dhi1 #dij1 #eja2 #g? ed41 pp4 #cij1 #dja4 ,cf4 ,paley1 ,m4 & ,p4 ,phil41 ,i4 vi41 ,,ii4 iv42 ,tuck]1 ,light ( ,nature 7#a/ ed41 #agfh71 vol4 ii4 *4 xxix41 esp4 #ab4 ,footnote #gcb3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 i4 #cia4 ,kant's te/ ( a moral law1 s f> z x 0 n purely dogmatic1 0 mo/ easily illu/rat$1 or he w\ld h said p>odi$1 by ?is ,utilit>ian argum5t4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #dhg2 #g? ed41 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,ibid41 #bnd ed41 p4 #dhh2 #g? ed41 pp4 #cib-c2 cf4 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #gce3 ,ibid41 #a/ ed4 7#agih71 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,! passage 9 ,a ,tale ( ! ,tyne1 :i* left no trace on ,miss ,m>t9eau's own memory1 b s fai?fully exp\nd$ ,mal?us t he call$ on purpose to ?ank h] = x 7,autobiogr41 i4 #bec71 is easily id5tifi$ 9 ! light ( ^! extracts z *4 iii4 p4 #ef ( ed4 #ahcc4 ,footnote #gcg3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #dia-b2 #g? ed41 p4 #cie4 ,see above1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #gch3 #bnd ed41 p4 #did2 #g? ed41 p4 #cig4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #gci3 ,! phrase 9 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,n to be confus$ ) 8 contempor>y1 ,josiah ,tuck]1 ,dean ( ,gl\ce/]1 ! =]unn] ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,footnote #gda3 #agbg to #aggd1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,bet*wor?1 n[ absorb$ 9 ,mrs4 ,hope's e/ate ( ,deepd5e1 0 on ! f>!r side ( ,dork+ f ,albury & ! ,rook]y4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,?is lucid epi!t is ascrib$ to ,george ,,iii4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,a po9t ( diff]5ce has be5 not$ above 7p4 #ci7 & bel[ 7p4 #ccj74 ,he diff]s f ,b5?am also1 :o w\ld n gratify ! passions b de/roy !m4 ,see ,held1 ,soc4 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 x4 #dda4 ,footnote #gde3 ,ibid41 ,,iv4 i4 #cia4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,see above1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #gdg3 #g? ed41 p4 #dda ft4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,ibid41 p4 #ddb top4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,essay1 ,,iii4 ii4 #bgi1 expla9s 9 ?is way ! popul> prejudice :i*1 9 "o case at lea/1 visits ! same s9 m sev]ely 9 a woman ?an 9 a man4 ,footnote #gej3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 x4 #ddb4 ,footnote #gea3 ,ibid41 ,,iv4 ii4 #dja4 ,cf4 ,paley1 ,moral ,philos41 ,vol4 ,i4 ,book ,,ii4 *4 iv4 p4 #fe1 !re quot$1 & ,tuck]1 ,l4 ( ,n4 7#a/ ed471 vol4 ii *4 xxix41 especially #e-g & #ab4 ,footnote #geb3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 x4 #ddc1 #ddd ft4 ,footnote #gec3 ,ibid41 ,,iv4 viii4 #dcb1 #dcc1 comp>$ ) p4 #dib4 ,footnote #ged3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,app4 pp4 #dib-c4 ,cf4 #g? ed41 p4 #bhj3 8,self-love is ! ma9spr+ ( ! great ma*9e40 ,footnote #gee3 ,,iii4 vii4 #caa4 ,footnote #gef3 ,ed94 ,rev41 #ahaj 7,aug471 an article on ,+ram's ,disquisitions on ,population1 & ,hazlitt's ,lett]s 9 ,reply to ,mal?us4 ,z ! relations ( ,mal?us to ! ,review 7 close at ?is "t1 & z ! argum5ts & ! /yle are rem>kably l our au?or's1 !re is at lea/ a /rong probability t he wrote ! article1 ,jeffrey aft] 8 cu/om provid+ x ) a head & tail to disguise ! au?or%ip4 ,cf4 ,cockburn's ,life ( ,jeffrey1 ,vol4 ,i4 #cja1 #cjb1 cf4 #bhe4 ,footnote #geg3 ,cf4 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,i4 x4 #dh1 #di4 ,footnote #geh3 ,ed94 ,rev41 #ahaj 7,aug471 p4 #dge4 ,footnote #gei3 ,paley1 ,mor4 & ,pol4 ,phil41 ,i4 vii4 #i2 cf4 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 ,,iv4 ii4 #cig1 c4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,paley1 ibid41 ,i4 iv4 #ad4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,see above1 p4 #cg4 ,! passages !re cit$ completely refute ,held's ass]tion t 8,mal?us appeal$ to ,utility 9 ! tee? ( 8 belief 9 ! ,bible0 7,sociale ,ges*i*te ,engl&s1 ,book ,i4 *4 ii p4 #bcd74 ,footnote #gfb3 ,mor4 & ,pol4 ,phil41 vii4 #aj4 ,footnote #gfc3 8,any condition may be d5om9at$ #8happy' 9 :i* ! am\nt or aggregate ( pleasure exce$s t ( pa940--,paley1 ,m4 & ,p4 ,ph41 ,i4 vi4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iii4 vi4 #cje4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,see ,mr4 ,sidgwick's ,me?od ( ,e?ics1 p4 #che ft4 ,footnote #gff3 ,quot$ f ,! ,crisis1 by ,empson1 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahcg1 p4 #dhb4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,report ( ! ,cr(t]s ,commission1 #ahhd1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,essay1 ,,iv4 iii4 #djg4 ,footnote #gfi3 ,x w\ld help ! social re=m] to le>n1 e4 g4 f cl]gym51 gu>dians ( ! poor1 & police magi/rates1 :at exact proportion ( ! de/itution )9 _! exp]i5ce has be5 due1 7a7 to ! fault ( ! victim1 7b7 to ! fault ( 8 p>5ts1 7c7 to ! fraud or oppression ( o!rs1 & 7d7 to ! m]e accid5ts ( trade4 ,footnote #ggj3 #g? ed41 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #gga3 ,,iii4 ii4 #dcd4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #ggc3 #g? ed41 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #ggd3 p4 #dfd1 #ahag4 ,z e>ly z #ahjc 7,essay1 #bnd ed41 ,,iv4 xi #fhi7 ,mal?us _h recomm5d$ ,sav+s ,banks4 ,footnote #gge3 #g? ed41 p4 #cig4 ,cf4 p4 #djg1 c4 ,footnote #ggf3 #g? ed41 p4 #dje4 ,to make ! :ole picture complete we mu/ add :at is said above 7*4 i47 on ! place ( man on ! e>?1 & also 7,bk4 ,,iii4 *s4 ii4 & iii47 on indu/rial society z x might be4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,see above1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,mack9to% *ang$ b nev] recant$4 ,see ,macaulay's ,essays4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 vi #dbj-a4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,w4 ( ,n41 ,i4 i4 ,footnote #gha3 ,m /rictly1 :at gr[s ( itself is natural2 :at makes x gr[ ( itself is ,nature4 ,footnote #ghb3 ,see e4 g4 ,essay1 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,life ( ,godw91 ii4 #bff4 ,footnote #ghd3 ,s\!y wi%$ "s 8,crusad]0 l ,rickman to write economical articles = ! ,qu>t]ly & keep out ,mal?us 7,life & ,lett]s1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ahh74 ,footnote #ghe3 ,essay1 ,,iii4 vii4 #cah2 writt5 9 #ahag4 ,footnote #ghf3 #bnd ed41 ,,iv4 vi42 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 vi4 & vii4 ,he mu/ h rememb]$1 :5 he wrote ^! words1 ! imprisonm5t ( 8 poor tutor ,gilb]t ,wakefield = a s$iti\s pamphlet 7#agii-ahjj74 ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,v4 ,footnote #ghg3 #g? ed41 p4 #dag4 ,footnote #ghh3 #g? ed41 p4 #dbf3 writt5 9 #ahag4 ,= ! t5d5cy ( ! ,fr5* be=e ! ,revolution to look to ,gov]nm5t = ev]y?+1 see e4 g4 ,dy]'s ,mod]n ,europe1 vol4 iv4 *4 lii p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #ghi3 #g? ed41 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #gij3 ,essays ,moral & ,political1 vol4 i4 p4 #di2 #8,! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4' ,footnote #gia3 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 p4 #ejb2 #g? ed41 p4 #djb4 ,cf4 a /rik+ passage 9 ! review ( ,new5ham1 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,july #ahjh1 pp4 #cdh-i4 ,footnote #gib3 ,e4 g4 #g? ed41 pp4 #dch-i & #dgh4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #ef4 ,horn]'s lett] to ,mal?us 94 ,feb4 #ahab 7,mem4 ( ,horn]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aji-aj7 %[s x 0 an active sympa?y4 ,mal?us agre$ to act z a 8/ew>d0 at "o ( ,lanca/]'s meet+s 9 ,london4 ,footnote #gic3 #bnd ed41 pp4 #eef-g2 oppon5ts 8may fairly be suspect$ ( a wi% to enc\rage _! ignorance z a pretext = tyranny40 ,footnote #gid3 #g? ed41 p4 #dci2 #bnd ed41 pp4 #eee-f4 ,footnote #gie3 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 ,hi/4 ( ,peace1 ,i4 vii4 #aag-ah4 ,footnote #gif3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 ix4 #ddj1 #dda4 ,footnote #gig3 ,held1 ,soc4 ,ges*41 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #gih3 ,see above1 pp4 #ie1 #if1 c4 ,footnote #gii3 ,see above1 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #hjj3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 ,,iv4 x4 #ddf-g4 ,footnote #hja3 ,emigr4 ,comm4 7#ahbg71 qu4 #ccaj4 ,footnote #hjb3 ,,iv4 xiii4 #dgd4 ,potatoes are a gods5d to su*1 he says 9 ano!r place 7,ed94 ,rev41 ,july #ahjh1 p4 #cdd74 ,footnote #hjc3 ,see above1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 ,footnote #hjd3 ,see above1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #hje3 ,e4 g4 ,essay1 ,,iv4 ix4 #dcc4 ,footnote #hjf3 ,9 ,g]many poor s*ol>s f ! c\ntry are (t51 :5 att5d+ ! ,univ]sity1 billet$ = bread & butt] on ! well-to-d citiz5s2 & le>n+ proves on ! :ole s inconsi/5t ) laz9ess1 t ! practice does n make !m unwill+ to e>n _! own liv+ aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #hjg3 ,a protective duty is indirect relief ( ! protect$ indu/ry1 b z a rule ! protect$ are secur$ aga9/ indol5ce by _! own dome/ic competition2 & ! fault ( protection lies else:]e ?an 9 enc\ragem5t ( indol5ce4 ,footnote #hjh3 ,rnan1 ,qu'e/ ce qu'une ,nation8 ,footnote #hji3 ,cf4 above1 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #haj3 ,cf4 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #haa3 ,! reaction aga9/ ,r\sseau & ,godw9 may p>tly acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( ,cosmopolitanism4 ,footnote #hab3 ,see above1 *4 i4 ,footnote #hac3 ,"s "o has said1 8,0 man ni*t def9ir5 kann1 zieht man als ,organismus an20 & we _h be5 told1 long be=e1 t a simile is ei!r 8idem p] idem0 or 8idem p] aliud10 ei!r ( !m a logical fallacy4 ,footnote #had3 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 x4 p4 #dde4 8,e man has a "r to d :at he w ) 8 own40 ,b ! "q is3--,:at is 8 own8 ,footnote #hae3 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,lib]al ,legislation & ,fre$om ( ,contract1 ,ox=d1 #ahha4 ,footnote #haf3 4 ,ar4 ,pol41 ,,ii4 ii4 ,footnote #hag3 ,see above1 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #hah3 ,disc\rse on ! ,*ri/ian ,union4 ,see ,essay on ,population1 #g? ed41 p4 #bed n42 ,price1 ,obs]vations1 p4 #bjf n4 ,footnote #hai3 ,f ,mat?4 vi4 #aj1 & ,psal4 cxxii4 #b seq4 ,footnote #hbj3 ,see esp4 pp4 #ab-ah1 & #bj 7#d? ed41 #agij74 ,footnote #hba3 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,essay ,v4 pp4 #bbh seq4 ,life1 ii4 #bib4 ,cf4 ii4 #fd4 ,footnote #hbb3 ,life1 ii4 #fd4 ,footnote #hbc3 ,?\ghts1 p4 #aj & n4 ,cf4 pp4 #dc1 #de4 ,9 ,progress & ,pov]ty 7p4 #ic1 ed4 #ahha7 we are told t ,godw9 8until 8 old age disda9$ a reply0 to ,mal?us4 ,footnote #hbd3 ,?\ghts1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #hbe3 ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #hbf3 ,ibid41 pp4 #gb-c4 ,footnote #hbg3 ,life ( ,godw91 i4 #cbd4 ,footnote #hbh3 ,see above1 p4 #bjh n4 ,9 ! #e? edition he turns 8 back on ,godw9 & addresses ,ow54 ,footnote #hbi3 ,s ,col]idge 7,,ms4 note to p4 vii4 ( 8 qu>to copy ( ! essay73 8,& ( c\rse y :olly confute y\r =m] pamphlet1 & might h sp>$ y\rself ! tr\ble ( mak+ up ! pres5t qu>to40 ,footnote #hcj3 ,ed94 ,rev41 #ahjb1 on ,dr4 ,r5nel's ,disc\rses1 ,syd4 ,sm41 ,works1 i4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #hca3 p4 #ah4 ,comp>e ,de ,qu9cey's answ] to ,hazlitt 9 ,london ,magaz9e1 #ahbc 7vol4 viii4 pp4 #cdi1 #dei1 #efi1 #ehf74 ,footnote #hcb3 ,s5ior1 ,lect4 on ,pop41 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #hcc3 ,population1 ,i4 iv4 p4 #bg 7#ahbj74 ,footnote #hcd3 ,cf4 also spee* on #i? ,april1 #ahaf4 ,hans>d1 sub dato1 p4 #aaji4 ,footnote #hce3 ,see above1 p4 #ge4 ,cf4 also above1 pp4 #adb seq41 on ,emigration4 ,footnote #hcf3 ,godw91 ,popn41 ,i4 xiii4 #ajf4 ,cf4 ,i4 iv4 #bb1 ,,ii4 ii4 #adb1 ,,vi4 vi4 #ehe4 ,footnote #hcg3 ,hawick1 #ahjg1 especially p4 #hd4 ,footnote #hch3 ,sadl]1 ,popn41 ,i4 i4 #ae 7#ahcj74 ,footnote #hci3 ,app5d4 to #crd ed41 #ahjf2 #g? ed41 p4 #dhe2 cf4 pp4 #cie1 #ddf1 & al4 ,footnote #hdj3 ,see ,app5dix to ed4 #ahbf1 #g? ed41 p4 #fbg4 ,footnote #hda3 ,life1 ii4 #bga4 ,footnote #hdb3 l4 c4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #hdc3 ,life1 ii4 #bei1 #bfj4 ,cf4 :at ,godw9 writes to ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 ,july #ahba 7,s9clair's ,correspond5ce1 i4 #cic74 ,footnote #hdd3 l4 c4 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #hde3 ,morgan & ,ross]1 e4 g4 ,see ,life1 ii4 #bgb-e2 cf4 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #hdf3 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,july #ahba1 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #hdg3 ,life ( ,godw91 ii4 #bgd ,footnote #hdh3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bgd-e4 ,footnote #hdi3 ,no4 #a1 ,oct #ahjb1 esp4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #hej3 ,population1 ,i4 i4 ,footnote #hea3 ,app5dix to #crd ed41 p4 #ebj n42 #g? ed41 p4 #dia n4 ,footnote #heb3 ,see 8 ,lett] to ,godw91 dat$ ,octob] #ahah1 & quot$ 9 ,godw9's ,population1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i pp4 #aaf-abc1 ) comm5ts4 ,footnote #hec3 ,see above1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #hed3 ,population1 ,,ii4 x4 #bdd-g4 ,footnote #hee3 ,e4 g4 ,,ii4 xi4 #bgd1 #bhb1 b especially ,i4 iv4 #be1 & = ! ?ird argum5t1 pp4 #bi1 #cj1 cf4 pp4 #dc-ej1 c4 ,cf4 also ,godw9 to ,s9clair 9 ,s9clair's ,correspond5ce1 i4 #cic4 ,footnote #hef3 ,population t5ds to d\ble 9 a bundl$ ye>s1 & !re is no risk ( ov]-population except 9 occasional times ( dull trade 7,lett] ( ,godw9 to ,s9clair1 ,s9clair's ,correspond5ce1 l4 c474 ,a notable exception4 ,footnote #heg3 ,population1 ,,ii4 xi4 #bea-b4 ,footnote #heh3 ,,iv4 i4 ,footnote #hei3 ,,ii4 ii4 #abg1 & cf4 above4 ,footnote #hfj3 ,,ii4 xi4 #bhg1 c41 c4 ,footnote #hfa3 ,,iii4 iii4 #cbg seq4 ,footnote #hfb3 ,c\ps d'tat 9 nature4 ,paul ,b]t1 ,l',enseignem5t ,primaire1 #ahhj1 p4 xxviii4 ,footnote #hfc3 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,july #ahba4 ,cf4 ,lett] to ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,mal?us by ,david ,boo? 7#ahbc71 :o absurdly assumes ,mal?us to be ! review]4 ,?\gh int]nal evid5ce dispels ?is fancy1 x %[s t ,mal?us 0 /ill believ$ to write = ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,footnote #hfd3 ,o!rs1 9 ,table ,talk & ,biogr4 ,lit]>ia1 are *iefly declamation4 ,footnote #hfe3 ,9 ^! quotations ! capitals are 9 ! orig9al1 & ! italics correspond to und]l9+s4 ,footnote #hff3 ,ar?ur ,aik9's ,annual ,review1 vol4 ii4 7= #ahjc7 pp4 #bib seq4 ,cf4 ,s\!y's ,life & ,correspond5ce 7ed4 #ahej71 vol4 ii4 p4 #bea1 #bj? ,jan4 #ahjd3 8,ye/]day ,mal?us receiv$1 ,i tru/1 a mortal w\nd f my h&20 cf4 vol4 vi4 p4 #cii1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #bid4 ,!re is no h9t ( obligation to ,col]idge4 ,footnote #hfg3 ,cf4 above1 *4 iii4 pp4 #ha seq41 & ,bk4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #hfh3 ,sic1 ?\gh x expla9s a ?+ by itself4 ,footnote #hfi3 ,he probably meant #cecrd1 b 8 numb]s are c>eless4 ,footnote #hgj3 ,on m>g9 ( p4 #cfd1 #bnd p>agr43 8,quote & apply to himself40 ,footnote #hga3 ,e4 g4 on p4 #fe opposite to l9es #e1 #f1 8,ass60 a monosyllabic ref9em5t omitt$ 9 ,s\!y's review4 ,footnote #hgb3 ,fir/ 9 #ahag1 #g? ed41 pp4 #eji seq4 ,footnote #hgc3 ,"o ( ! *>ges 7p4 #ah3 t ,mal?us recomm5ds ! same rem$ies z ,condorcet7 is suffici5t to /amp ! "* ( ! book--,an ,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population1 c41 by ,james ,grahame4 ,its ,introduction gives a useful li/ ( writ]s on bo? sides2 see p4 #ga4 7,ed941 #ahaf47 ,simon9 repeats ,grahame's *>ges1 ) m mi/akes ( 8 own4 ,see 8 ,hi/4 de la ,psy*ologie 7#ahgi71 pp4 #cig-i4 ,footnote #hgd3 #g? ed41 p4 #eaa4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #eb1 & ! reply to ,godw9's ,reply1 ,essay1 #bnd ed41 ,,iii4 iii4 #chd4 ,footnote #hge3 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,jan4 #ahcg4 ,footnote #hgf3 ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,s\!y1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ba-b1 & p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #hgg3 ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/] & lat] ( ,h]e=d4 ,!olog4 ,works 7#ahcb74 ,footnote #hgh3 8,! prolificness ( human ?+s1 o!rwise simil>ly circum/anc$1 v>ies inv]sely z _! numb]s40--,sadl]1 ,popn41 vol4 iii4 p4 #ceb 7#ahcj74 ,review$ some:at cau/ically by ,macaulay 9 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,july #ahcj4 ,see ,trevelyan's ,life ( ,macaulay1 vol4 i4 p4 #abf4 ,cf4 ,sadl]'s #8,reply' to ,ed94 ,rev4 ,8 weake/ po9t 0 8 use ( 8inv]sely40 ,footnote #hgi3 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 ,,ii4 v4 7#g? ed471 pp4 #afd1 #aff2 cf4 p4 #dhe4 ,footnote #hhj3 ,g4 ,p4 ,scrope1 ,m4,p41 ,pol4 ,econ41 #ahcc1 c4 ,mal?us1 ,essay1 ,,iii4 iii4 7#g? ed471 #bhb-f 7,ow571 ,,iv4 xii4 #deg 7,ow571 ,,iii4 xiv4 #chj n4 7,&]son74 ,footnote #hha3 ,john ,weyl&1 junr41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,population & ,production z !y are affect$ by ! ,progress ( ,society ) a view to ,moral & ,political ,consequ5ces1 #ahaf4 ,footnote #hhb3 ,s ,arnold ,toynbee1 ,indu/rial ,revolution1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #hhc3 ,*4 iii4 p4 #ba4 ,he adds1 z 8 second3 8,?is t5d5cy c nev] be de/roy$40 ,footnote #hhd3 ,essay1 ,app5dix1 p4 #eag4 ,footnote #hhe3 ,propos4 iii & iv4 ,footnote #hhf3 ,essay1 l4 c4 p4 #eba1 a v /rong passage4 ,footnote #hhg3 ,app5d4 p4 #ebf4 ,footnote #hhh3 ,pop4 & ,prod41 pp4 #hb seq4 ,footnote #hhi3 #g? ed41 ,i4 ii4 #ab n42 #bnd ed41 p4 #af4 ,footnote #hij3 ,t\r 9 ,s\!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl&1 #agfg1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #hia3 ,betwe5 #agfg & #ahbj4 ,cf4 above 7,engl&74 ,footnote #hib3 ,travels 9 ,france1 pp4 #djh-i 7ed4 #agib7 & al4 ,footnote #hic3 ,essay on ,pop41 #g? ed41 pp4 #ddi1 #dea seq42 ,annals ( ,agriculture1 no4 #bci1 pp4 #bai seq4 7quot$ 9 ,essay1 ,app4 pp4 #dif-g74 ,"y _h reproa*$ ,mal?us = d5y+ ! "r to relief4 ,footnote #hid3 ,travels 9 ,france1 ed4 #agib1 pp4 #dch-i4 ,footnote #hie3 ,app4 to ,essay1 pp4 #dii1 #ejj4 ,x is n true t 8,ow5 0 "r z aga9/ ,mal?us :5 he reg>d$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( com=t z ! indisp5sable condition ( a moral life1 & ?\ght t a consid]able increase ( man's p[]s ( production 0 possible0 7,held1 ,soc4 ,ges*4 ,engl&s1 pp4 #cea-b74 ,mal?us himself did bo?4 ,footnote #hif3 ,! ,plan is quot$ by ,cobbett1 ,pol4 ,reg41 ,dec4 #ad1 #ahaf4 ,mal?us 7,pol4 ,ec4 7#ahbj71 pp4 #dcd1 #dce1 7#ahcf7 p4 #cgh7 ?9ks t 8co-proprietor%ip0 ( ,gov]nm5t ) ! l&lords1 aft] ! s*eme ( ! ,economi/s & on ! analogy ( ,ori5tal 8sole proprietor%ip10 might become too ready an eng9e ( taxation = a milit>y despotism4 ,footnote #hig3 ,see above1 pp4 #hg1 #aab1 c4 ,footnote #hih3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #hii3 ,e4 g4 by ,bagehot1 ,econ4 ,/ud4 7#ahhj71 pp4 #ace seq41 & by ,s\!y 9 ,aik9's ,annual ,review above quot$4 ,footnote #ijj3 ,,iii4 iii4 #bhf4 ,?is & ! re/ ( 8 argum5t 7ev5 its application to ,civil ,lib]ty7 is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle1 ,politics1 ii4 #c & #d1 b esp4 #e4 1 c4 ,footnote #ija3 ,essay on ,pop41 #g? ed41 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ijb3 ,see above1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #ijc3 ,g5esis ( ,species1 #bnd ed41 #ahga1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #ijd3 ,! puzzl+ effect ( c\nt+ up "o's great-gr&fa!rs & great-gr&mo!rs up to ! tw5tie? degree or s is describ$ by ,black/one z quot$ by ,godw9 7,popn47 & re-quot$ by ,hazlitt 7,_s ( ! ,age1 #ahbe1 p4 #bgc1 #8,godw9'74 ,! puzzle is less if we rememb] t our remote ance/ors mu/ h m>ri$ into ea* o!r's families1 or r 7 scions 9 ! end ( ! same families4 ,we _c g back to a s+le pair except ?r\gh ! 8prohibit$ degrees40 ,footnote #ije3 ,we are to und]/&1 !re=e1 t ,mal?us & ! au?or agree t population ne$s a *eck1 & are simply n agre$ :at ! *ecks are to be4 ,footnote #ijf3 ,see bel[1 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #ijg3 ,see above1 p4 #cgj4 ,! sixte5 positions n t\*$ 9 _! own place w be met by a ref]5ce to ! foll[+ places 9 ?is book3 i4 to p4 #bj1 add ,essay1 #bnd ed4 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 iii4 p4 #chc1 ii4 to p4 #cg1 iii4 to p4 #cch1 iv4 to pp4 #ea1 #gh1 v4 to p4 #hj1 vi4 to p4 #hc1 viii4 to p4 #aac1 ix4 to p4 #cgf1 x4 to p4 #fg1 xi4 to pp4 #bca1 #big1 see ,essay1 #g? ed4 p4 #cha1 xii4 to pp4 #gj1 #ge1 #ia1 xiii4 to p4 #cic1 xiv4 to pp4 #ia1 #bgj1 xv4 to p4 #bid1 xvi4 to p4 #fi1 & xvii4 to p4 #ge4 ,footnote #ijh3 ,das ,kapital1 #gt] ,abs*n4 #bctes ,kap4 pp4 #fec seq4 7ed4 #ahgb72 cf4 #fdf seq4 ,footnote #iji3 ,! language ( ,ric>do1 *4 xxxi4 p4 #bcf 7quot$ by ,m>x1 p4 #fef n474 ,cf4 above1 p4 #big4 ,cf4 also ,m>x1 pp4 #dbg foll4 ,footnote #iaj3 ,cf4 :at ,pr(4 ,rog]s says 9 ,six ,c5turies1 p4 #bbi1 ( ! attempt made 9 ! fifte5? c5tury to increase ! 8residuum0 ( agricultural lab\r = ! b5efit ( ! f>m]s & l&lords4 ,also above1 p4 #afd n4 ,footnote #iaa3 ,m>x1 ibid41 p4 #fei4 ,footnote #iab3 ,mispr9t$ 9 ,m>x z #bed4 ,footnote #iac3 ,see above1 pp4 #acg1 #ahh1 c4 ,footnote #iad3 ,see above1 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #iae3 ,see above1 pp4 #bii1 #cce1 c4 ,footnote #iaf3 ,das ,kap41 p4 #edi n4 ,footnote #iag3 ,das ,kap41 p4 #fda n4 ,footnote #iah3 ,! passage omitt$ is nei!r true nor dec5t4 ,footnote #iai3 ,g4 ,m4 ,ortes ,reflessioni sulla popolazione 7#agij74 ,footnote #ibj3 ,das ,kap41 p4 #edi n4 ,footnote #iba3 ,cf4 above1 p4 #chb1 & ,mal?us1 ,essay1 #bnd ed4 ,,iii4 iii4 #chf1 :]e he says t ,duty & ,int]e/ mu/ "w toge!r4 ,footnote #ibb3 #8,!ory ( ,population1' 9 ,we/m9/] ,rev41 ,april #aheb1 pirat$ by ! ,g]man ,pr(essor ,trall 9 #ahgg 7,e9e neue ,bevlk]ung/heorie71 & sub/antially ma9ta9$ by its au?or 7,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]7 9 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,"p vi41 #8,laws ( ,multiplication4' ,footnote #ibc3 ,essay1 #g? ed41 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #ibd3 ,above1 p4 #cgg4 ,footnote #ibe3 ,e4 g4 ,hazlitt1 ,reply to ,essay on ,population1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #ibf3 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg1 ,enigmas ( ,life1 #h? ed41 #ahgd1 pp4 #eh seq4 ,?is 0 ne>ly ,godw9's position 9 8 fir/ reply4 ,footnote #ibg3 ,sadl] on ,population1 & ,reply to ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,godw91 ,population1 ,bk4 ,,vi4 *4 ii41 c4 ,footnote #ibh3 ,c>ey 7,h4 ,c471 ,pr9c4 ( ,social ,sci5ce 7#aheh71 vol4 i4 *4 xiv42 cf4 above1 p4 #gd seq4 ,h4 ,george1 ,progress & ,pov]ty1 pp4 #aae1 #aaf4 ,sadl]1 p4 #gj1 c4 ,footnote #ibi3 ,godw91 ,sadl]1 c4 ,footnote #icj3 ,sadl]1 pp4 #ced-e1 c4 ,cf4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,w4 ( ,n41 ,i4 viii4 #cf4 ,see above1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 ,footnote #ica3 ,godw91 see above1 p4 #cfa4 ,s\!y1 ,life & ,corresp41 ,,iii4 #ahh4 ,bagehot1 ,econ4 ,/udies1 pp4 #acc seq4 ,cf4 ,george1 ,,ii4 ii4 #id4 ,above1 pp4 #cfb1 #cha4 ,footnote #icb3 ,besant1 ,law ( ,population1 *4 iii4 ,cf4 ,mal?us1 pp4 #djg seq4 7,,iv4 iv472 ,cobbett1 ,tak+ ,leave ( 8 ,c\ntrym5 7#ahag71 p4 #f2 ,political ,regi/]1 #d? ,jan4 #ahag1 p4 #bf1 c41 c4 ,above1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #icc3 ,godw91 ,population1 passim4 ,george1 ,,ii4 ii4 #ajb1 #aji4 ,above1 pp4 #aaa1 #aab4 ,footnote #icd3 ,godw91 ibid42 ,george1 pp4 #ach1 #bei1 c41 c42 ,col]idge1 ,,ms4 note to p4 #ceh 7( ,essay1 #bnd ed471 :]e = 8physical con/itution ( our nature0 he w\ld read1 89 ! exi/+ sy/em ( society40 ,s v]batim ,s\!y 9 ,aik9's ,ann4 ,rev4 l4 c4 ,footnote #ice3 ,d\bl$ay1 ,true ,law ( ,population 7#ahda74 ,above1 p4 #fe4 ,see ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,biology1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 vi4 *4 xii4 pp4 #dee1 #dhj1 c4 ,! physiologi/s h amply refut$ ,d\bl$ay4 ,footnote #icf3 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,see above1 p4 #cic4 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg1 ,enigmas4 ,above1 p4 #cid4 ,footnote #icg3 ,new ,mal?usians4 ,see above1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #ich3 ,see above1 pp4 #cfe seq4 ,! or?odoxy ( ,mal?us is prov$ n by a few or?odox s5t5ces :i* c be glean$ f him 7z f ,bacon71 or ev5 by ! discov]y ( flaws 9 ! receiv$ doctr9e1 b by ! :ole logic ( ! essay4 ,footnote #ici3 ,see above1 pp4 #cfe seq4 ,footnote #idj3 ,see above1 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #ida3 ,see above1 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #idb3 ,see above1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #idc3 ,! au?or%ip ( ! article is %[n by ,macvey ,napi]'s ,lett]s sub dato1 & t ( ! biogr4 preface by ,empson's art41 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #idd3 8,daniel ,mal?us1 #ag1 ,syd5ham de p>o*ia ,/i ,giles ,lond9i ,armig]i filius0 7,matriculation entry1 ,ea/] t]m1 #agdg74 ,footnote #ide3 ,see ,gibbon's ,memoirs1 p4 #df 7ed4 ,hunt & ,cl>ke71 & ,jeffrey's ,life1 i4 #dj4 ,footnote #idf3 ,cf4 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,v4 i4 art41 pp4 #cda foll4 ,footnote #idg3 ,biogr4 pref4 to ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahcf71 p4 xxvi4 ,footnote #idh3 ,! "n ,mal?us itself is probably ,malt-hus1 or ,mal?\se 7cf4 ,%or?\se1 ,maltby71 :i* /ill occurs z a surname 9 ,engl&4 ,francis 7or1 "s say1 ,?omas7 ,mal?us wrote on #8,fireworks1 =tification1 & ari?metic1' 9 ,fr5* & 9 ,engli%1 #afbi4 ,footnote #idi3 ,except p]haps 9 a lett] quot$ by ,ott]1 biogr4 pref4 p4 xxvii4 7date #aghh74 ,footnote #iej3 l4 c4 p4 xxv4 ,footnote #iea3 l4 c4 pp4 xxv & xxvi1 :i* %[1 h[ev]1 t at fifty-sev5 ! /r5g? _h fail$ a little4 ,footnote #ieb3 8,he 0 n born to copy ! works ( o!rs40--,lett] 9 ,g5tl4 ,mag41 ,feb4 #ahjj4 ,see above1 p4 #g1 & ,ott]1 p4 xxii4 ,footnote #iec3 ,ott]1 pp4 xxi1 xxii4 ,footnote #ied3 ,s he urges ,rob]t cont9ually to 8apply 8 tools40 8,i hate to see a girl work+ curi\s /it*es ^u a piece ( rag40--,ott]1 p4 xxvi4 ,footnote #iee3 ,g5tl4 ,mag41 ,jan4 #ahjj1 p4 #hf2 cf4 ,feb4 #ahjj1 p4 #agg2 ,ott]1 p4 xxvi4 ,footnote #ief3 ,mon?ly ,mag41 ,m>* #ahjj1 ,ott]1 p4 xxii4 ,:at & :]e 7 ! pieces we are n told4 ,footnote #ieg3 ,writt5 9 #aggb1 & republi%$ 9 ,mrs4 ,b>bauld's s]ies ( ,briti% ,noveli/s1 #ahbj4 ,graves liv$ at ,clav]ton f #agej till 8 dea? 9 #ahjd1 9 8 n9etie? ye>4 ,he became ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls 9 #agcj1 & may h kn[n ,daniel ,mal?us at ,ox=d4 ,footnote #ieh3 ,:om he names & quotes freely4 ,tuck]1 9 ,light ( ,nature1 %[s ! same op5 dislike ( !m1 b ) mu* m good-hum\r & ta/e4 ,footnote #iei3 ,9 #aghj or !reab\ts4 ,footnote #ifj3 ,wakefield's ,life 7#ahjd71 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 ,x is curi\s to rememb] t ,m>at is said to h be5 an u%] at a ,w>r+ton ,s*ool a %ort "t be=e ?is4 ,footnote #ifa3 ,wakefield's ,life1 i4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #ifb3 ,elect$ 9 #aggf4 ,see ,life1 i4 p4 #aaa ft4 ,footnote #ifc3 ,ott]1 l4 c4 p4 xxvii4 ft4 ,footnote #ifd3 ,lett] 9 ,app4 ,,ii4 to ,wakefield1 ,life1 ii4 pp4 #ded-dfc4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is lett] ) ,wakefield1 ,life1 ii4 p4 #ccd1 & ,ott]1 l4 c4 p4 xxiv4 ft4 78by 8 own ackn[l$gm5t071 makes x almo/ c]ta9 t ! lett] is by ,mal?us4 ,footnote #ife3 ,e4 g4 ) su* v diff]5t m5 z ,watson1 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 & ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,footnote #iff3 ,?\gh at college he took sev]al prizes = ,lat9 & ,greek & ,engli% ,declamations4 ,we may hope t 8 defect ( utt]ance _h n become pron\nc$ at t date1 or t ! declamations 7 n always declaim$4 ,footnote #ifg3 ,wakefield1 ,life1 ii4 p4 #i4 ,footnote #ifh3 ,ott]1 l4 c4 p4 xxv4 ,footnote #ifi3 ,ott] himself 0 f\r? wrangl] 9 #agij1 & ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke junior optime 9 ! same ye>4 ,footnote #igj3 ,ott]1 l4 c4 p4 xxviii4 ,footnote #iga3 l4 c4 p4 xxvii4 ,footnote #igb3 l4 c4 p4 xxviii4 ,footnote #igc3 ,on ! road lead+ out ( ,albury t[>ds ,guild=d1 a snug little l[-ro($ h\se cl++ to a hill slope1 less ambiti\s ?an ! ,rook]y1 b n )\t its pleasant g>d5 walks1 trees1 & %rubb]ies4 ,footnote #igd3 ,see above1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ige3 ,( :i* ! g5esis has be5 suffici5tly describ$ above1 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 i4 ,footnote #igf3 ,"o ( 8 s\rces is %[n by ,essay1 ,,iv4 ix4 #dch3 8,9 "s conv]sations ) lab\r+ m5 dur+ ! late sc>cities40 ,cf4 ! tract on ,! ,high ,price ( ,provisions1 p4 #aj1 c4 ,footnote #igg3 ,see above1 pp4 #dh1 #di 7abroad71 & p4 #aie 79 ,irel&74 ,footnote #igh3 ,cl>ke 7,e4 ,d47 7,life by ,ott]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae7 ref]s to a lett] f ,mal?us1 ask+ ab\t ! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7date ,m>* #ahjj74 ,cf4 ibid41 p4 #ci3 8,z = ,mal?us1 tell him he is n wor? writ+ to4 ,he is wrapp$ up 9 o!r matt]s & oblit]at+ all traces ( 8 pilgrimage4444 ,he is a great deal trop de plomb p\r un t\ri/0 sic4 ,s he draws on ,mack9to% :5 ! latt] is 9 ,india1 9 #ahjd4 ,see ,mack9to%'s ,life 7#ahcf71 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #igi3 ,e4 g4 ,ric>do1 ,s5ior1 & ,dr4 ,?os4 ,*alm]s 7:o paid him a fly+ visit 9 ,octob] #ahbb3 ,life by ,hanna1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceh71 & ,francis ,horn] 7,memoirs & ,corresp41 e4 g4 vol4 i4 p4 #djf74 ,9 i4 #dcf ( 8 ,memoirs ,horn] speaks ( hav+ gone ) ,john ,:i%aw1 ! b>ri/]1 to visit ,mal?us at ,haileybury 9 #ahjh1 & takes occasion to praise 8 m]e love ( tru? above ! eloqu5ce & v]satility ( o!rs1 ?\gh t1 he says1 may look l a decision 9 fav\r ( dulness4 ,footnote #ihj3 ,e4 g4 ! res]voir1 p4 #ajf2 b ! mo/ extravagant is p]haps ! botanical figure1 on p4 #bgc1 :]e he says t 8! =c+ manure10 employ$ to cause ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 has 8bur/ ! calyx ( humanity40 ,macaulay uses a simil> metaphor ( precisely ! same ev5t1 9 ! ,essay on ,burleigh4 ,footnote #iha3 ,8 own comm& ( metaphor made x ! easi] = him to turn ! edge ( an oppon5t's4 ,see e4 g4 8 h&l+ ( ,weyl&'s ,giant1 ,musket-ball1 & ,swaddl+-clo!s1 9 ,essay1 ,app5d4 pp4 #ead-eba4 ,footnote #ihb3 ,engrav$ by ,f\rni] = ! ,dictionnaire de l'conomie ,politique1 art4 #8,mal?us4' ,footnote #ihc3 ,see bel[1 p4 #dah n4 ,footnote #ihd3 ,g5tl4 ,mag41 ,m>* #ahce1 p4 #cbd4 ,footnote #ihe3 ,essay 7#g? ed471 ,,ii4 iii4 #adh1 :]e 8w9t] ( #aghh0 is p]haps = #agih1 ?\gh x is #aghh 9 ! second & all subsequ5t editions2 or else 8prec$+0 may be wrong4 ,cf4 ,high ,price ( ,prov41 p4 #b4 ,footnote #ihf3 ,cf4 above1 pp4 #dh1 #abg1 :i* %\ld be read 9 conjunction ) ?is ,biography4 ,footnote #ihg3 ,life ( ,cl>ke1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahc4 ,we "k f a footnote 9 ! essay itself 7#g? ed41 p4 #aid7 t "p ( x at lea/ 0 writt5 9 #ahjb4 ,footnote #ihh3 ,/anhope1 ,life ( ,pitt1 iii4 p4 #cf2 cf4 p4 #ec4 8,our election at ,cambridge 0 p]fectly quiet40 ,footnote #ihi3 ,life ( ,cl>ke1 ii4 #bjc-d n4 ,footnote #iij3 ,e>l ( ,c>lisle1 ! poet4 ,see ,engl4 ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s4 ,footnote #iia3 ,ott]1 l4 c4 p4 xxvi4 ,cf4 ,essay1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #baj-ab4 ,g5tl4 ,mag41 ,april #ahjd1 p4 #cgd4 ,a complim5t :i* ,ott] pays him 79 an obitu>y 9 ! ,a!num1 #aj? ,jan4 #ahce71 t 8 s]vants /ay$ long ) him1 w\ld fall m naturally to 8 wife4 ,footnote #iib3 ,mr4 ,s>gant 7,life ( ,ow51 p4 #he7 says1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,holyoake1 t ,mal?us visit$ ,new ,lan>k 9 its palmy days4 ,ow5's "w !n 0 aft] ,mal?us' own he>t2 he 0 re=m+ ! _w by beg9n+ ) "o individual corn] ( x4 ,cf4 ,essay1 ,,iii4 iii4 #bhb ft4 ,footnote #iic3 ,see bel[1 p4 #dbc4 ,footnote #iid3 ,memoirs ( ,horn]1 i4 #dcf-g2 cf4 p4 #djf4 ,cf4 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 ,hi/4 ( ,peace1 ,introduction1 ,,ii4 i4 #beg4 ,footnote #iie3 ,he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 &1 9 #ahcc1 "o ( ! five =eign ,associates ( ! ,acad4 des ,sci5ces ,mor4 & ,pol41 & a memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l9 7,ott]1 l4 c4 p4 xli474 ,see ,*as4 ,comte1 ,notice1 & ,g>ni]1 ,dict4 de l'c4 ,pol4 ,footnote #iif3 ,ba91 ,life ( ,james ,mill 7#ahhb71 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #iig3 ,all t is c]ta9ly kn[n ( ! bulk ( 8 contributions to ! ,ed94 ,review is t1 l ^? ( ,james ,mill & ,mack9to%1 !y d n occur be=e ! tw5tie? numb] ( x 79 ,july #ahjg74 ,see ,ba91 ,life ( ,james ,mill1 p4 #ge n4 ,horn] m5tions 7,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dcg7 ! article on ,new5ham's ,population ( ,irel&1 #ahjh1 & ano!r 7( :i* he _h se5 ! ,,ms47 ,feb4 #ahaa 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #fh74 ,b see above1 p4 #bhe1 note4 ,footnote #iih3 ,! apocryphal /ory ( 8 elev5 daught]s is giv5 & expos$ by ,g>ni]1 ,dict4 de l'c4 ,pol41 art4 #8,mal?us4' ,footnote #iii3 ,ott]'s son-9-law4 8,hal0 9 8 *ildhood 0 ask$ :at he w\ld h done if1 l ! ,good ,sam>itan1 he _h f\nd a man half dead by ! roadside2 he answ]$ 7on ! analogy ( flies71 8,i %\ld h kill$ him outright40 ,contra/ ! *ild's answ] ) 8 fa!r's rem>ks on ! same p>able 9 ,essay1 ,,iv4 xi4 #ddg4 ,footnote #ajjj3 ,cl]gy ,li/1 #ahha4 ,footnote #ajja3 ,moore's ,memoirs1 ,j\rnals1 c4 7ed4 ,russell1 #ahec71 vol4 iii4 p4 #adh1 date ,sept4 #ahbj4 ,moore himself speaks ( meet+ ,mal?us & 8 wife :5 he 0 on a visit to ,mack9to% at ,haileybury 9 ,may #ahai4 ,ibid41 ii4 #cae4 ,footnote #ajjb3 ,volksv]mehrung1 p4 #i4 ,kautsky sometimes trips1 b he is m accurate ?an mo/ ( ,mal?us' =eign biograph]s4 ,*as4 ,comte 79 8 ,notice hi/orique sur la vie et les travaux de ,m4 ,t4 ,r4 ,mal?us1 read to ,acad4 ( ,mor4 & ,pol4 ,sci5ces1 #bh? ,dec41 #ahcf7 conv]ts ,haileybury into ,aylesbury 7p4 #ca74 ,footnote #ajjc3 ,pol4 ,econ4 7#ahcf71 p4 #chj n4 ,sydney ,smi? wrote to ,grey ab\t him )\t success1 9 #ahca 7,holl&'s ,life ( ,sydney ,smi?1 vol1 ii4 p4 #cbh74 ,footnote #ajjd3 ,ri*>d1 ! bro!r ( ,well+ton4 ,see 8 ,m9ute ( #ah? ,augu/1 #ahjj1 quot$ by ,mal?us 9 8 ,/atem5ts4 ,footnote #ajje3 ,e4 ,india ,regi/] & ,directory 7,hat*>d71 ye> #ahjg1 pp4 xxiv4 seq4 8,prelim9>y view ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,e4 ,india ,college40 ,^! two bran*es ( ! ,haileybury programme correspond 9 _! subjects to ! ,competitive & ! ,fur!r exam9ations ( c&idates = ! ,civil ,s]vice ( ,india z at pres5t conduct$4 ,mal?us claims ! cr$it ( mak+ ! te/ 9 ,ori5tal languages a necess>y condition ( f9al appo9tm5t 7,/atem5ts1 p4 #ajj74 ,footnote #ajjf3 ,accord+ly ,mal?us gets _m ( 8 illu/rations f ,india1 e4 g4 ,pol4 ,ec4 7#bnd ed471 pp4 #aed-e4 ,footnote #ajjg3 ,india ,regi/]1 l4 c4 p4 xxv4 ,footnote #ajjh3 ,!re mu/ be "s on ! ,p5sion ,li/ :o /ill rememb] him4 ,footnote #ajji3 ,f ! fir/ !re 0 a s*ool1 affiliat$ ) ! college ?\gh n conf9$ to its future pupils4 ,! pres5t s*ool is ( lat] orig94 ,footnote #ajaj3 ,/atem5ts1 p4 #ajc1 c4 ,?is idea ( ! prop] prep>ation = a civilian's c>e] 9 ,india *imes 9 ) ,mal?us' idea ( ! fir/ requisite ( good citiz5%ip at home & ev]y:]e4 ,footnote #ajaa3 ,a h>e-lip4 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 :o describes x1 adds t 88 v[els at lea/ 7 sonor\s1 :atev] might become ( ! consonants40 ,b %e und]/ood him )\t h] e> trumpet4 ,autobiogr41 i4 #cbg-h4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #eh4 ,sydney ,smi? says1 8,i w\ld almo/ cons5t to speak z in>ticulately if ,i c\ld ?9k & act z wisely40 ,life by ,holl&1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbf4 ,he attributes a simil> physical defect to ,talleyr&1 ) p]haps z mu* s]i\sness4 ,life by ,holl&1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bef-g4 ,footnote #ajab3 ,lett] to ,"l ,gr5ville 7#ahac71 p4 #ad4 ,cf4 :at he says ( ! importance ( tea*+ ,political ,economy 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 c4 ,essay1 ,,iv4 ix4 #dch n4 ,footnote #ajac3 ,jeffrey1 ,life1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cci1 #cdj4 ,to ,mrs4 ,c4 ,innes1 #i? ,may1 #ahda4 ,footnote #ajad3 ,autobiogr41 i4 #cbg4 ,o!r visits ( ,mal?us to h] are record$1 iii4 #hc1 i4 #bec4 ,= h] view ( him & 8 "w see especially i4 #bjj1 #bji1 #bec1 #cca4 ,footnote #ajae3 ,ib4 ,i4 pp4 #cbh-i4 ,footnote #ajaf3 ,cf4 #a/ ,essay1 pp4 #bbe-f1 :i* %[s him on ! ,hunt+-,field4 ,footnote #ajag3 ,a slip ( ! p5 = 8,pr(essor40 ,! ,pr9cipal 0 ,j4 ,h4 ,batt51 ,f4,r4,s4 ,footnote #ajah3 ,:]e ! fe> express$ 9 "s qu>t]s 7see ,/atem5ts1 p4 #hg7 t ! place w\ld become a b>rack has be5 realiz$ ar*itecturally4 ,footnote #ajai3 ,life by ,holl&1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #ajbj3 l4 c4 vol4 ii p4 #aej4 ,footnote #ajba3 ,debate 9 ,h\se ( ,lords1 ,april #i?1 #ahac1 ,hans>d1 pp4 #gej1 #gea4 ,footnote #ajbb3 #8,/atem5ts respect+ ! ,ea/ ,india ,college1 ) an appeal to facts 9 refutation ( ! *>ges lately br\ght aga9/ x 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,proprietors' 7#ahag74 ,cf4 8 #8,lett] to ,"l ,gr5ville1 occasion$ by "s obs]vations ( 8 ,lord%ip on ! ,e4 ,india ,co4's e/abli%m5t = ! education ( _! ,civil s]vants' 7#ahac74 ,cf4 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,dec4 #ahaf4 ,! ,lett] to ,"l ,gr5ville 7#ahac7 /ates ! case a little less fully2 b bo? pamphlets conta9 sub/antially ! same argum5ts4 ,footnote #ajbc3 ,a prop]ty x (t5 01 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 be+ b\ght & sold = ca%4 ,see ,hi/4 ( ,peace1 ,introd4 ,,ii4 ii4 #cbi-cj4 ,footnote #ajbd3 ,/atem5ts1 p4 #ajc n4 ,footnote #ajbe3 ,c&idates 7 to be nom9at$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 ! be/ ( ! f\r to h ! appo9tm5t4 ,cf4 ,mill & ,wilson's ,brit4 ,india1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,book ,,iii4 *4 ix4 p4 #cha4 ,footnote #ajbf3 ,! /eps ( ! *ange may be foll[$ 9 ! f\r? ,report 7#aheh7 ( ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission]s1 pp4 xix4 seq4 & #bbh seq4 ,cf4 also _! fir/ ,report 7#ahee74 ,footnote #ajbg3 ,= pro(s ( _! reg>d1 see ! lett]s quot$ 9 ! blue-book ( #ahgf on 8! ,selection & ,tra9+ ( c&idates = ! ,civil ,s]vice ( ,india10 passim1 & ,trevelyan's 8,competition ,wallah0 7#ahfd71 pp4 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #af1 b cf4 #adi4 ,footnote #ajbh3 ,see ,works1 ,review ( ,r5nel1 footnote4 ,footnote #ajbi3 ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dcf1 c4 ,footnote #ajcj3 ,quot$ 9 ,empson1 ,ed94 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahcg1 p4 #dgc4 ,s9clair's #8,correspond5ce' 7#ahca71 among/ o!r curi\s matt]1 gives ! autographs ( ! ?ree great ma/]s 7,i4 #aja74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4