,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,froebel ,,s*ool1 ,,g>y1 ,,indiana ,a model ,wirt s*ool plant1 ) all grades1 f k9d]g>t5 ?r\gh ! ,high ,s*ool ,social c5t] & p's univ]sity4 ,built #aiac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,g>y ,,s*ools ,,by ,,r&olph ,s4 ,,b\rne ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,william ,,wirt ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,s*ools ,,g>y1 ,,indiana ,illu/ration ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,r&olph ,s4 ,,b\rne ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,! ,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge ,,massa*usetts ,u ,s ,a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,,! public-s*ool sy/em ( ,g>y1 ,indiana1 has attract$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! g5]al att5tion ( progressive educators all ov] ! c\ntry z p]haps ! mo/ +5i\s attempt yet made to meet ! =midable problems ( conge/$ urban life & mod]n vocational dem&s :i* are pres5t$ to ! adm9i/rators ( ! city s*ool4 ,a broad educational philosophy has comb9$ ) adm9i/rative skill to produce a type ( s*ool :i* repres5ts a fundam5tal reorganization ( ! public s*ool to meet *ang+ social & indu/rial conditions4 ,a new balance ( s*ool activities1 an increas$ weal? ( facilities1 ! op5+-up ( opportunities to ! y\ng] *ildr51 ! in/itution ( a new k9d ( vocational tra9+1 ! fus+ ( activities into an organic :ole s t ! s*ool becomes a *ildr5's community1 ! correlation ( s*ool activities ) community activities1 & la/ly1 ! application ( pr9ciples ( economics to public-s*ool managem5t :i* p]mit greatly increas$ educational & recreational facilities n only = *ildr5 9 ! s*ools1 b also = adults1--^! are ! features ( ! ,g>y s*ool sy/em t h ar\s$ ! en?usiasm ( _m educators1 & made x "o ( ! mo/ visit$ & discuss$ s*ool sy/ems 9 ! c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,david ,sn$d51 ,commission] ( ,education 9 ,massa*usetts1 has said t ! sy/em ( education at ,g>y 8m adequately meets ! ne$s ( city *ildr5 ?an any o!r sy/em ( :i* ! writ] has k40 ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey decl>$ rec5tly1 at a public meet+ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 call$ to discuss ! adoption ( ! ,g>y plan 9 ! ,new ,york s*ools1 t 8no m important "q affect+ ! future ( ! p ( ,new ,york has come be=e !m = _m ye>s40 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education 9 #aiad publi%$ a report on ! ,g>y s*ools1 made aft] 8a c>eful & prolong$ /udy at fir/ h&0 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( two ye>s4 ,9 ?is report ,commission] ,p4 ,p4 ,claxton records 8 belief t 8! sup]9t5d5t & bo>d ( education ( ! ,g>y s*ools h succe$$ 9 work+ out plans = a m economic use ( s*ool funds1 a full] & m effective use ( ! "t ( ! *ildr51 a bett] adju/m5t ( ! "w ( ! s*ools to ! condition & ne$s ( individual *ildr51 great] economy 9 sup]vision1 a bett] correlation ( ! s-call$ #8regul> "w' & #8special activities' ( ! s*ool1 a m practical =m ( indu/rial education1 & at a co/ less ne>ly prohibitive ?an is usually f\nd 9 public s*ools 9 ! cities ( ?is c\ntry40 ,s*ools 9 _m t[ns & cities 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry h be5 reorganiz$ on ! ,g>y plan or h be5 exp]im5t+ ) x4 ,! ,g>y plan has be5 introduc$ 9 ! s*ools ( small cities su* z ,sewickley1 ,newca/le1 & ,sw>?more1 ,p5nsylvania2 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*igan2 ,w9etka1 ,ill9ois4 ,kansas ,city has be5 exp]im5t+ ) x4 ,! ,*icago au?orities h rec5tly pron\nc$ _! two ye>s' exp]im5t an unqualifi$ success4 ,passaic1 ,new ,j]sey1 has a highly successful ,g>y s*ool 9 op]ation4 ,9 ,troy1 ,new ,york1 ! au?orities are reorganiz+ ! entire s*ool sy/em on ! ,g>y plan4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city two s*ools 7 op]at$ = mo/ ( ! s*ool ye>1 #aiad-ae1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt ( ,g>y hav+ be5 call$ 9 to sup]vise ! reorganization & advise ! ,bo>d ( ,education 9 _! attempt to meet ! 8"p-"t0 problems 9 conge/$ s*ool di/ricts4 ,z a result ( ?is exp]im5t ! ,bo>d ( ,education has rec5tly decid$ to ext5d ! ,g>y plan to two s*ool di/ricts 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ! ,bronx1 involv+ f\rte5 s*ools & #df1jjj pupils4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt has pres5t$ figures to %[ t1 by ! adoption ( ! ,g>y plan & ! exp5diture ( only #e1jjj1jjj 7! co/ ( a doz5 s*ool build+s :i* w\ld provide at ! maximum = #bj1jjj *ildr571 ! ,new ,york au?orities c\ld practically relieve _! "p-"t situation :i* n[ involves #acb1jjj *ildr54 ,n only has ! success ( ! ,g>y plan be5 /rik+ 9 ! l>g] cities1 b x has prov$ its adaptability to ! small s*ool z well4 ,?ree ( ! s*ools ( ,g>y are practically rural s*ools 9 outly+ di/ricts1 b ! pr9ciples ( ! ,g>y plan are f\nd applicable !re z well z 9 ! rec5tly erect$ model s*ool plants4 ,! flexibility ( ! plan1 ! +5uity & s\ndness ( its economical & educational pr9ciples1 its feasibility ( imitation1 & adaptation to communities ! mo/ div]se1 makes its discussion "o ( national significance4 ,! mat]ial on ! ,g>y plan has be5 g5]ally conf9$ to bullet9s1 magaz9e articles1 & educational reports4 ,"o ( ! be/ discussions ( ! ,g>y s*ool is to be f\nd 9 a *apt] ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's rec5t book1 :i* conta9s1 9 addition1 ! educational !ory & hi/orical backgr\nd ^u :i* ! ,g>y plan has be5 work$ out by ,sup]9t5d5t ,william ,wirt1 himself a pupil & disciple ( ,dewey4 ,i give "h a li/ ( ! ,g>y mat]ial :i* ,i h us$4 ,"s ( x is g5]ally available1 "s n4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ^! inve/igators4 ,i h ev5 plagi>iz$ f myself4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,books & ,bullet9s3-- ,john ,dewey & ,evelyn ,dewey3 ,s*ools ( ,to-,morr[4 ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co4 ,william ,paxton ,burris3 ,! ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,g>y1 ,indiana4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education 7#aiad71 ,no4 #ah4 7,to be obta9$ free ( *>ge f ! ,commission] ( ,education1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c47 ,an excell5t & v en?usia/ic report ( a long inve/igation ( ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,graham ,romeyn ,taylor3 ,satellite ,cities4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii ( ?is book conta9 a compreh5sive acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & social conditions ( ! city ( ,g>y up to date4 ,magaz9e articles3-- ,john ,frankl9 ,bobbitt3 8,! ,elim9ation ( ,wa/e 9 ,education40 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,tea*]1 ,febru>y1 #aiab4 ,*>les ,s4 ,coons3 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,sci5ce 9 ! ,g>y ,s*ools40 ,s*ool & ,society1 ,april #ag1 #aiae4 ,able discussion ( ! philosophy :i* motivates ,g>y education1 by ! tea*] ( *emi/ry 9 ,froebel ,s*ool1 ,g>y4 ,raymond ,dean ,*adwick3 8,vitaliz+ ! ,hi/ory ,"w40 ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #aiae4 ,by ! hi/ory tea*] 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool1 ,g>y4 ,r&olph ,s4 ,b\rne3 8,s*ools 9 ,g>y02 8,communities = ,*ildr502 8,really ,public ,s*ools02 8,appr5tices to ! ,s*ools02 8,! ,natural ,s*ool40 ,five articles 9 ! ,new ,republic1 ,m>* #bg1 ,april #c1 ,april #aj1 ,april #bd1 ,may #a1 #aiae4 ,a m]e impressioni/ic survey ( ! s*ools bas$ on a p]sonal visit 9 ,m>*1 #aiae4 ,reports3-- ,william ,wirt3 ,a ,report on a ,plan ( ,organization = ,cop]ative & ,cont9uation ,c\rses4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,! ,reorganization ( ,public ,s*ool #hi1 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york4 ,report made ,janu>y #ai1 #aiae1 to ,presid5t ,?omas ,w4 ,*ur*ill1 ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,report ^u a ,propos$ ,reorganization = ,public ,s*ools #bh1 #b1 #db1 #f1 #ei1 #dd1 #e1 #ec1 #dj1 #cb1 #d1 & #de1 ,! ,bronx1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,^! ?ree reports are invaluable z a discussion ( ! philosophy & te*nique ( _m ( ! features ( ! ,g>y plan1 discuss$ by ! ,g>y ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,alice ,b>r[s-,f]n&ez3 ,a ,reply to ,associate ,sup]9t5d5t ,%all['s ( ,new ,york ,city ,report on ! ,g>y ,s*ools4 ,publi%$ by ! au?or1 #ce ,we/ #ci? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a valuable docum5t1 ) a weal? ( figures & au?oritative discussion ( curr5t misconceptions reg>d+ ! "w ( ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,r4 ,s4 ,b4 ,septemb] #aiae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,by ,,william ,,wirt xvii ,i4 ,,! ,,community ,,sett+ #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,plant3 ,,educat+ ,,! ,,:ole ,,*ild #ac ,! ,g>y plant ! concrete embodim5t ( an ideal--,educat+ ! :ole *ild by a f\rfold unity ( activities--,! complete s*ool3 economic & educational advantages--,! s*ool site3 playgr\nds = gr[?--,playgr\nds & p>ks z adjuncts to ! s*ool--,gymnasiums--,! s*ool halls z /reets & gall]ies & 8application0 rooms--,museums1 gall]ies1 & libr>ies z adjuncts to ! s*ool--,auditorium z s*ool !at] = expression--,classrooms z intellectual work%ops--,art & music /udios--,sci5ce laboratories--,indu/rial %ops--,juxtaposition & equal value ( activities--,+5i\s design+ ( s*ool plant to ar\se ! imag9ation ( ! *ild--,! f\rfold division ( activities z work$ out 9 s*ools n built on ideal l9es--,! ,g>y plan 9 ! small s*ool4 ,,iii4 ,,"w1 ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,play3 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,z ,a #ce ,,community ,*ang$ urban conditions dem&+ reorganization ( public s*ool--,backgr\nd z describ$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey--,g>y s*ool appropriates wa/$ 8/reet-&-alley "t0 ( *ildr5--,s*ool activities motivat$ by enhancem5t ( s*ool life--,manual-tra9+ %ops z indu/rial %ops = s*ool community--,*ildr5 z help]s to artisan tea*]s--,contribution ( nature-/udy dep>tm5ts to s*ool life--,( dome/ic sci5ce--,( comm]cial dep>tm5t--,auditorium z focus ( s*ool community life--,s*ool a 8cle>+-h\se = *ildr5's activities0--,s*ool z ! *ildr5's in/itution4 ,,iv4 ,,programs3 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,z ,a ,,public ,,utility #eg ,problems ( economy to be met--,solution by application ( public-s]vice pr9ciples to ,g>y s*ools--,impossibility ( provid+ adequate facilities )\t multiple use ( s*ool plant--,abolition ( 8peak-loads0--,! duplicate s*ools--,old program = eight-grade s*ool--,new program--8,application0 "w--,division ( "t betwe5 activities--,! all-ye> s*ool--,economies effect$ by ,g>y plan--,ev5+ s*ools--,social & community c5t]--,a g5u9ely 8public0 s*ool4 ,v4 ,,organization #hf ,sup]9t5d5t--,executive pr9cipals--,sup]visors ( in/ruction--,director ( indu/rial "w--,assi/ant sup]visors--,dep>tm5tal tea*+--,di/ribution ( tea*]s 9 unit s*ool plant--,junior & s5ior tea*]s--,tra9+-s*ool = visit+ tea*]s & pr9cipals--,! 8,regi/] ,tea*]0--,tea*]s' h\rs--,promotion ( pupils--,classification ( pupils accord+ to ability--,opportunities = extra "w--,lock]s & classrooms--,special /ud5ts--,po/-graduate "w--,! 8help] & obs]v]0 sy/em4 ,,vi4 ,,curriculum3 ,,le>n+ ,,by ,,do+ #aac ,/ate-prescrib$ c\rses--8,expression0 "w--,correlation ( subjects--,special features ( hi/ory & geography "w--,special features ( sci5ce "w--,curriculum z subject+ bo? 8utilit>ian0 & 8cultural0 to 8social0 purposes4 ,,vii4 ,,discipl9e3 ,,! ,,natural ,,s*ool #aca ,*ildr5's pride 9 ,g>y s*ool--,m9imum ( =mal discipl9e--,example ( volunt>y s*ool--,sup]ior effectiv5ess ( discipl9e 9 ,g>y type ( s*ool--,! s*ool f>m--,! /ud5ts' c\ncil--,no activities 8extra-curricul>0--,examples ( spontane\s self-gov]nm5t--,dr4 ,h>lan ,updegraff on moral effect ( ,g>y tra9+--,n ob$i5ce1 b self-reliance z keynote ( ,g>y discipl9e4 ,,viii4 ,,criticisms ,,& ,,evaluations #add ,economies ( ,g>y plan3 no extra burd5s on public--,comp>isons ( co/s ) l>ge city sy/em l ,new ,york ,city--,tea*]s' criticisms--,features ( ,g>y plan :i* b5efit tea*]s--,abs5ce ( truancy--,long] s*ool day no burd5 ^u pupils--,criticisms ( vocational "w--,evaluations ( ,dean ,burris--,g>y s*ool solves "p-"t problems--,g>y s*ool does n subord9ate intellectual & cultural activities--,g>y plan provides a s*ool adapt$ to e k9d ( a *ild--,g>y vocational tra9+ ( peculi> b5efit to "y work]--,g>y plan keeps pupils 9 s*ool--,reasons :y ,g>y s*ool has national significance4 ,,app5dix #agi ,,index #bjc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,illu/rations ,,! ,,froebel ,,s*ool ,frontispiece ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool #ad ,,! ,,swimm+-,,pool ,,at ,,! ,,froebel ,,s*ool #bb ,,! ,,pr9t+-,,%op ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool #df ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,%op ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool #hh ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,room ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool #aaf ,,draw+ ,,f ,a ,,model ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool #adj ,,! ,,f\ndry ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool #agj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,introduction ,,dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s ,i h tri$ approximately fifty diff]5t programs = 8"w-/udy-&-play s*ools40 ,! sev]al factors 9 su* a s*ool program c be comb9$ 9 c\ntless ways4 ,i h n tri$ to design a sy/em or type ( s*ool program z a set =m t w\ld con/itute a univ]sal ideal s*ool = all *ildr54 ,r1 ,i h tri$ to develop a sy/em ( s*ool adm9i/ration t w\ld make possible ! provid+ ( a great v>iety ( s*ool types1 s t all cities & all ( ! *ildr5 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( a city may h ! k9d ( s*ool !y ne$4 ,i h _h only two fix$ pr9ciples s9ce ,i began e/abli%+ "w-/udy-&-play s*ools at ,bluffton1 ,indiana1 9 ! ye> #aijj4 ,fir/3 ,all *ildr5 %\ld be busy all day long at "w1 /udy1 & play "u "r conditions4 ,second3 ,cities c f9ance an adequate "w-/udy-&-play program only :5 all ! facilities ( ! entire community = ! "w1 /udy1 & play ( *ildr5 are prop]ly cord9at$ ) ! s*ool1 ! cord9at+ ag5t1 s t all facilities supplem5t "o ano!r & 8peak-loads0 are avoid$ by keep+ all facilities ( ! s*ool plant 9 use all ( ! "t4 ,at :at *ildr5 "w1 /udy1 & play2 h[ !y "w1 /udy1 & play2 :5 & :]e !y "w1 /udy1 & play2 :at facilities are provid$ = "w1 /udy1 & play2 & ! total & relative am\nt ( "t giv5 to "w1 /udy1 & play2--^! may v>y ) e city & ) e s*ool 9 a city4 ,no set sy/em c possibly meet ! ne$s ( all *ildr51 nor c\ld a set sy/em be uni=mly provid$ ) ! exi/+ *ild-welf>e facilities4 ,x is n desirable or possible uni=mly to e/abli% "o p>ticul> s*eme ( dep>tm5taliz+ "w betwe5 tea*]s or ( rotat+ classes betwe5 diff]5t types ( facilities4 ,! only important ?+ is s to dep>tm5talize tea*+ & s to rotate classes t ! tea*]s may r5d] ! greate/ s]vice ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( en]gy1 & t ! maximum use may be secur$ f ! s*ool plant & o!r *ild-welf>e facilities4 ,,william ,,wirt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,g>y ,,s*ools ,i ,,! ,,community ,,sett+ ,,to set ! ,g>y s*ools 9 _! prop] p]spective1 "o mu/ disc\nt at ! />t any prevail+ impression t ! di/9ctive traits are due to peculi> local conditions1 or to ! enlight5$ philan?ropy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 :i* f\nd$ ! t[n 9 #aijf z ! site = its new plant1 ! mo/ complete sy/em ( /eel mills we/ ( ,pittsburg4 ,= to ! /eel (ficials ! build+ ( ! t[n 0 incid5tal to ! creation ( ! plant4 ,g>y 9 consequ5ce is f> less ( a 8satellite city0 ?an o!r made-to-ord] t[ns4 ,! opportunity to plan ! city1 provide fundam5tal necessities = community life1 det]m9e ! "* ( ! h\s+1 & pr$e/9e ! l9es ( gr[?1 all 9 ! be/ & mo/ enlight5$ way1 0 tak5 advantage ( by ! ,/eel ,corporation only 9 "p4 ,v little ( ! m>vel\s sci5ce & eng9e]+ skill t w5t into ! mak+ ( ! /eel plant w5t into ! ev5 m important task ( creat+ a model city4 ,sev]al hundr$ h\ses 7 built1 x is true1 = ! skill$ labor & (ficialdom ( ! plants1 b practically no attempt 0 made to h\se ! l[-paid unskill$ labor4 ,! result has be5 ! developm5t ( l>ge tracts by l& speculators1 & all ! problems ( conge/ion & bad h\s+ & sanitation t curse ! l>g] indu/rial cities4 ,! connection ( ! ,/eel ,corporation ) ! t[n has be5 ?r\gh\t t ( any l& & developm5t company4 ,communal problems h all be5 ?r[n ^u ! p !mselves to solve4 ,! new community 0 incorporat$ z soon z possible z a municipality "u ! laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,indiana1 & has organiz$ all its municipal functions1 includ+ ! public s*ools1 9 entire indep5d5ce ( ! ,/eel ,corporation1 ) :i* x has _h no m political or in/itutional connection ?an any ord9>y ,am]ican t[n has ) its local indu/rial int]e/s4 ,! ,corporation has by no means paid m ?an its %>e ( ! local taxes1 & ! s*ools1 9 p>ticul>1 h n only be5 q free f ! ,corporation influ5ce or support1 b h ev5 at times run s f> c\nt] to ! approval ( ! ,corporation (ficials t ! s*ool adm9i/ration has _h difficulty 9 acquir+ its ne$$ sites = new s*ools4 ,x c be emphatically said t ! s*ools ( ,g>y are no m ! product ( peculi> conditions ?an are ! s*ools ( numb]less rapidly gr[+ ,we/]n t[ns4 ,! mu%room gr[? ( ,g>y has n meant a peculi> k9d ( a t[n1 b simply ! telescop+ into a few ye>s ( ! typical municipal evils ( graft1 fran*ise fights1 saloon dom9ance1 insuffici5t h\s+ & heal? regulation1 election frauds1 & lack ( social cohesion4 ,its dramatic gr[? has n prev5t$ its becom+ a v typical ,am]ican city4 ,9 ,april1 #aijf1 ,g>y 0 a wa/e ( s&-dunes & scrub-oak swamps at ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,?ree ye>s lat] x _h a /eel plant cov]+ an area ( a squ>e mile & capable ( employ+ #adj1jjj m52 x _h a population ( #ab1jjj2 #ae miles ( pav$ /reets1 #be miles ( cem5t sidewalks1 #b1jjj1jjj wor? ( resid5ces1 sew]1 wat]1 gas1 & electric facilities2 x _h #b banks1 #f hotels1 #c dailies1 #b s*ools1 #aj *ur* d5om9ations1 #df lawy]s1 #bd physicians--9 %ort1 all ! p>aph]nalia ( ! mod]n city4 ,! visitor :o goes to-day to ,g>y f9ds a typically v>i$ ,am]ican city1 r bett] built ?an ! av]age1 & r unusually favor$ 9 its op5 spaces4 ,situat$ )9 ?irty miles ( ,*icago1 ! city pres5ts a r pleas+ contra/ to ! long *a9 ( indu/rial t[ns t /ret*es = miles 9 e direction across ! treeless prairie4 ,) a well-built bus9ess section1 l9es ( resid5ce /reets1 h&some public build+s & *ur*es1 electric c>s & taxi-cabs1 ,g>y has a settl$ air ( community life unusual ev5 = an old] t[n4 ,x has almo/ ! aspect ( a comm]cial r ?an an indu/rial c5t]4 ,x is ! focus ( ! c\nty trade1 & ! ext5t ( its bus9ess & middle-class resid5tial di/ricts is some:at l>g] ?an 9 neighbor+ t[ns4 ,! /eel mills & subsidi>y plants are mass$ along ! lake & ! artificially con/ruct$ h>bor4 ,! great immigrant population1 l>gely ( *eap & illit]ate prolet>ian labor f s\!a/]n ,europe1 inhabits ! conge/$ di/rict ( ! ,s\? ,side4 ,! mills are sep>at$ f ! t[n by a small riv] :i* =ms almo/ a moat = ! great indu/rial =tress4 ,! t[n is laid out 9 *eck]bo>d fa%ion1 ) a wide ma9 av5ue a hundr$ feet wide & cross-/reets sixty feet wide4 ,alleys run ! long way ( ! blocks1 & conta9 ! sew] & wat] ma9s4 ,e?nologically ! population is v mix$4 ,?irty nationalities are said to be repres5t$ 9 ! s*ools1 b ?is l>ge =eign population is a famili> ph5om5on 9 ! ,am]ican indu/rial t[n4 ,a r\gh c5sus tak5 9 #aijh gave ! =eign population ( ,g>y z fifty-six p] c5t ( ! :ole4 ,9 #aiab x 0 only =ty p] c5t1 or a decrease ( sixte5 p] c5t4 ,! ali5 influx has n de/roy$ ! ess5tially *>act]i/ic ,am]ican features ( ! city4 ,! native ,am]ican elem5t has always pr$om9at$ politically & socially4 ,= an ,am]ican city ( its size to-day1 ,g>y repres5ts1 n a specializ$ community1 b a fairly h>moni\s di/ribution ( social classes1 races1 occupations1 & int]e/s4 ,x is ess5tially a normal1 v>i$ly function+1 indep5d5t community1 & ! s*ools h be5 develop$ to meet ! ne$s ( a mod]n v>i$ urban community4 ,x mu/ be emphasiz$ t nei!r ! dem&s ( a peculi> type ( indu/rial community nor ! "w ( b5evol5t philan?ropy creat$ ! s*ools ( ,g>y4 ,!y h be5 develop$ 9 response to ! typically curr5t ne$s ( a normal ,am]ican municipality4 ,!y h _h to meet ! same situations :i* all ,am]ican cities are confront+ 9 _! ef=t to educate 8all ! *ildr5 ( all ! p40 ,organiz$ "u a s*ool adm9i/ration consi/+ ( a bo>d ( education ) ?ree memb]s work+ 9 conjunction ) a sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 ! s*ool sy/em dep5ds = support entirely ^u local taxation & ! usual s\rces ( rev5ue1 & enjoys no unusual municipal or f9ancial advantages4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ent]prise ( provid+ public s*ools = ! t[n ( ,g>y 0 "o ( peculi> difficulty4 ,! new & rapidly gr[+ t[n requir$ ! imm$iate creation ( a s*ool plant1 9 addition to ! annual co/ ( in/ruction & ma9t5ance4 ,! community 0 poor4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! p1 be+ rec5tly arriv$ immigrants1 own$ no taxable prop]ty4 ,! plants ( ! ,/eel ,corporation1 ! mo/ valuable prop]ty 9 ! community1 7 habitually und]valu$ 9 ! assessm5ts4 ,! /ate laws1 moreov]1 provide t s*ool rev5ues = any giv5 ye> are to be obta9$ on an assessm5t made almo/ two ye>s be=e4 ,! result 9 a new city l ,g>y1 :]e ! population _h be5 d\bl+ ea* ye>1 01 !re=e1 t curr5t s*ool rev5ues _h to be bas$ on assessm5t values obta9$ :5 ! population 0 only "o qu>t] z great4 ,9 ! face ( all ^! =midable difficulties ! success ( ! ,g>y s*ool sy/em seems little %ort ( amaz+4 ,9 ! %ort space ( eight ye>s ! population has increas$ f ?ree hundr$ to ov] ?irty ?\s&4 ,no ord9>y city w\ld attempt to supply s*ool facilities to a population :i* d\bl$ e ye>4 ,! m]e physical problem ( provid+ seats = ! *ildr5 w\ld be insurm\ntable4 ,a city :i* foll[$ ! conv5tional s*ool plan w\ld be swamp$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ) _! mu* sl[] ye>ly increase ( population1 half ( ! cities ( ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& 9 ?is c\ntry h insuffici5t sitt+s = _! *ildr54 ,yet ) its leap+ movem5t ( population ! city ( ,g>y has be5 able to provide n only full-"t in/ruction = e *ild1 b actually a long] s*ool day4 ,x has n only done ?is1 b x has provid$ ev5+ s*ool in/ruction = an ev5 great] numb] ( adults4 ,!re is some?+ p>donable 9 ! ,g>y boa/ t e ?ird p]son 9 ! city goes to s*ool4 ,& ,g>y has succe$$ n only 9 giv+ ?is univ]sal s*ool+1 b 9 mak+ x :at is probably ! mo/ v>i$ & /imulat+ elem5t>y public-s*ool in/ruction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) an equipm5t 9 build+s & facilities = "w1 /udy1 & play :i* is surpass$1 if any:]e1 only 9 specially favor$ communities4 ,all ?is has be5 done ) a normal tax-rate1 & at a p]-capita co/ ( bo? con/ruction & ma9t5ance no great] ?an t 9 ! city ( ,*icago & ! city ( ,new ,york1 ) _! _m ov]cr[d$ & poorly equipp$ s*ool-build+s4 ,! ,g>y s*ools1 at ! same "t1 h paid ! highe/ tea*]s' sal>ies 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! entire a*ievem5t has be5 z brilliant z ! difficulties confront$ 7 =midable4 ,x is ^! rem>kable results t h focus$ ! att5tion ( s _m educators on ,g>y1 & x w be ! purpose ( ?is book to exp\nd ! 8unique & +5i\s syn!sis ( educational influ5ces0 :i* has made !m possible4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! c\rse ( eight ye>s1 ! s*ools ( ,g>y h acquir$ a wide reputation z a mom5t\s educational exp]im5t :i* has pass$ into successful demon/ration1 ! fact mu/ be laid entirely to ! abilities ( ! s*ool au?orities1 & n to any adv5titi\s factors ( ! community situation or ( private assi/ance4 ,! dom9at+ factor 0 ! p]sonal g5ius ( ! sup]9t5d5t1 ,william ,wirt1 :o 0 call$ to ,g>y 9 #aijh f ,bluffton1 ,indiana1 :]e he _h be5 9 *>ge ( ! public s*ools1 & :]e he _h p>tly work$ out "s ( ! ideas :i* he 0 lat] to develop s compreh5sively 9 ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,:5 x is object$ t ! ,g>y plan is an exp]im5t1 & t eight ye>s are sc>cely suffici5t "t to pron\nce ^u its m]its1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! real exp]im5tal /age ( ! ,g>y plan consi/$ 9 ! eight ye>s 9 ,bluffton4 ,mr4 ,wirt came to ,g>y ) 8 educational ideas matur$ aft] ?is long te/+4 ,he 0 br\ght to ,g>y by ! unusually progressive mayor & s*ool bo>d ( ! new t[n1 = ! express purpose ( work+ out on a l>ge scale ! pr9ciples :i* !y _h se5 9 concrete application at ,bluffton4 ,aga9/ ! f9ancial meag]ness ( ! t[n's res\rces & ! ob/ructiv5ess ( ! f\nd]s mu/1 !re=e1 be set ! advantage ( hav+ a virg9 field 9 :i* to "w4 ,! sup]9t5d5t & s*ool bo>d 7 able 9 a rem>kably %ort "t to build up a public int]e/ & support :i* has be5 a v l>ge asset4 ,! p ( ,g>y seem pr\d ( _! s*ools1 & seem to appreciate ! compreh5sive educational & recreational facilities :i* ?r\gh !m are provid$ = bo? *ildr5 & adults4 ,few educational exp]im5ts h be5 s successful 9 te*nique & 9 popul> support4 ,! ,g>y s*ools repres5t ! fruit ( a v unusual comb9ation ( educational philosophy1 economic eng9e]+1 & political sagacity4 ,circum/ances seem to h conspir$ to produce a s*ool sy/em :i* unites a v rem>kable s*ool plant ) a syn!sis ( novel plans ( op]ation :i* are f]tile 9 sugge/ion to s*ool m51 if !y d n t5d to revolutionize _m me?ods ( f9anc+ public s*ools z well z me?ods ( adm9i/ration & tea*+4 ,?is outl9e ( ! sett+ ( ! ,g>y s*ools sc>cely puts ! backgr\nd 9 its correct light4 ,:5 we speak ( ! 8,g>y s*ool0 we are really talk+ ab\t some?+ bigg] ?an ! educational sy/em ( a small ,we/]n city4 ,:at we h to deal ) is an educational idea1 a compreh5sive plan = ! mod]n public s*ool1 capable ( g5]al imitation & adaptation to ! ne$s ( o!r ,am]ican communities4 ,9 ?is s5se x means prim>ily :at ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt ?\ght a public s*ool %\ld be4 ,be+ at once a social eng9e] & educational philosoph]1 he has succe$$ 9 work+ out a type-plan ( public s*ool :i* to _m educators appe>s uniquely valuable 9 ,am]ican public education4 ,! discussion :i* foll[s attempts to describe ! ,g>y s*ools f ?is l>g] po9t ( view4 ,! ef=t is to %[ 9 detail h[ ! plan actually works 9 ! s*ools ( ,g>y1 :ile at ! same "t to sugge/ ! l>g] ideas & pr9ciples :i* h motivat$ x4 ,! 8,g>y plan0 repres5ts1 ( c\rse1 n only :at has be5 done 9 ,g>y1 b its fur!r implications & t5d5cies1 z well z ! developm5ts & modifications n[ work+ out 9 ^? s*ools1 su* z ! gr\p 9 ,new ,york ,city1 :i* h be5 put 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g>y au?orities = reorganization4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,plant3 ,,educat+ ,,! ,,:ole ,,*ild ,,?is *ildr5's community1 z work$ out by ,mr4 ,wirt 9 ! ,g>y s*ools1 is a "w-/udy-&-play s*ool ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d4 ,x repres5ts1 9 fact1 an ideal s*ool plant :i* 0 well outl9$ 9 ,mr4 ,wirt's m9d :5 he fir/ came to ,g>y4 ,s*ools l ! magnific5t ,em]son & ,froebel plants 9 ,g>y1 & ! new ,pe/alozzi ,s*ool1 = :i* plans h already be5 drawn & ! site b\ght1 repres5t ! work+-out 9 concrete =m ( ?is ideal4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ! ess5tial features ( ! ,wirt plan are possible 9 s*ools :i* 7 n built f ! ideal plan4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,wirt's greate/ triumph 9 ,g>y is n ^! new s*ools1 b ! old ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 :i* he f\nd :5 he came to ! t[n1 & :i*1 by +5i\s remodel+1 he turn$ f a conv5tional s*ool-build+ into a completely function+ s*ool4 ,if ! ,wirt plan is mom5t\s z %[+ :at a really mod]n public s*ool %\ld embody1 x is no less mom5t\s 9 %[+ h[ easily ! old type ( s*oolh\se may be adapt$ to ! v>i$ life ( ! s*ool community t is ! ,wirt s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool ,x w fir/ be necess>y to describe ! ideal s*ool plant z repres5t$ 9 ! ,em]son & ,froebel ,s*ools 9 ,g>y4 ,?is plant c>ries out a belief 9 educat+ ! :ole *ild1 physically1 arti/ically1 manually1 sci5tifically1 z well z intellectually4 ,mr4 ,wirt believes t by putt+ 9 ! *ild's way all ! opportunities = v>i$ developm5t1 ! *ild w be able to select ^? activities = :i* he is be/ suit$1 & ?us develop 8 capacities to _! highe/ p[]4 ,?is c be done only 9 a s*ool :i* provides1 besides ! ord9>y classrooms1 also playgr\nds & g>d5s1 gymnasiums & swimm+-pools1 special draw+ & music /udios1 sci5ce laboratories1 ,,ma*9e-,s,h,o,ps1 & intimate & con/ant contact ) supplem5t>y community activities outside ! s*ool4 ,! ,wirt s*ool is bas$ on a f\rfold unity ( int]e/s1--play & ex]cise1 intellectual /udy1 special "w 9 %op & laboratory1 etc41 & social & expressive activity 9 auditorium or outside community ag5cy4 ,betwe5 ^! activities !re is no invidi\s di/9ction4 ,! manual & arti/ic are n subord9at$ to ! intellectual1 z 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,! 8special activities0 are n m]e trimm+s to ! 8regul> "w10 b nei!r is ! latt] neglect$ 9 favor ( ! =m]4 ,! ideal ( ! ,wirt plan is t ! *ild %\ld h e day1 9 "s =m or o!r1 contact ) all ! diff]5t activities :i* influ5ce a well-r\nd$ human be+1 in/ead ( meet+ !m p]functorily once or twice a week1 z 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,?is does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t e *ild is expect$ to develop into a v]satile g5ius1 equally able 9 sci5ce & music & %opwork & hi/ory4 ,mo/ *ildr5 are /]nly limit$ 9 _! capacities1 & w be unable to assimilate m ?an a small "p ( :at ! s*ool (f]s !m4 ,b ! ,wirt s*ool def9itely (f]s ! opportunity4 ,if !re are capacities1 !y h ! *ance to develop1 :ile no *ild ne$ lack t speak+ acqua9tance ) ! v>i$ int]e/s ( "w & /udy :i* n[ ! old traditional type ( s*ool s tragically d5ies4 ,x is an ess5tial feature ( ! ,wirt s*eme t ?is v>i$ "w be provid$ = all ! *ildr5 f ! e>lie/ possible ye>s4 ,! lavi% equipm5t ( ! ideal ,wirt s*ool plant may be p>allel$ 9 o!r communities ?an ,g>y1 b x is p>allel$ only 9 ! case ( ! second>y s*ools4 ,x is a notori\s fact t1 ( ! *ildr5 :o beg9 ! ,am]ican public s*ool1 only "o fif? ev] rea* ev5 ! fir/ ye> ( ! high s*ool4 ,s f> x is ! high s*ool or ! highe/ gramm> grades t h receiv$ practically all ( ! advantages ( broad5+ educational endeavor1--vocational tra9+1 sci5ce laboratory "w1 ! /udy ( civics1 dome/ic sci5ce1 etc4 ,?is means t ! va/ majority ( s*ool-*ildr5 leave s*ool ) no?+ b ! b>e/ intellectual tra9+1 )\t ev] hav+ come 9 contact ) po9ts ( view & ways ( do+ ?+s t are absolutely ess5tial to any und]/&+ or effectiv5ess 9 ! _w above ! v l[e/4 ,aga9/ ?is fundam5tally undemocratic sy/em1 :i* d5ies help to ^? :o ne$ x mo/1 ! ,wirt plan resolutely sets its face4 ,! ideal ,wirt s*ool conta9s 9 "o s*ool plant ! complete s*ool1 ) all ! classes f ! k9d]g>t5 ?r\gh ! common s*ool & high s*ool4 ,by ?is plan bo? economic & educational advantages are realiz$4 ,f an economic po9t ( view1 x is *eap] to h l>ge1 completely equipp$ c5t]s ?an to duplicate ! equipm5t 9 a numb] ( small] c5t]s4 ,f an educational po9t ( view1 x enables pupils to bridge ! *asm betwe5 ! elem5t>y grades & ! high s*ool4 ,by ceas+ to make ! high s*ool a sep>ate in/itution to be 8ent]$0 or 8graduat$ f10 pupils f9d no place to /op :5 !y h complet$ ! eight grades4 ,! complete s*ool1 ,mr4 ,wirt believes1 (f]s important moral ga9s4 8,! developm5t ( "*1 habits ( indu/ry1 reliability1 good heal?1 & ! gr[? ( intellig5ce require "t10 he says1 8& mu/ be a cont9u\s process ?r\gh\t ! entire life ( ! *ild40 ,! complete s*ool gives an opportunity = t cop]ation or 8appr5tice%ip0 betwe5 ! y\ng] & old] *ildr51 :i* is s important a feature ( ! ,wirt s*ool1 & ?is association breaks d[n ! snobb]y ( age :i* causes s mu* unhapp9ess 9 *ildhood4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 ,g>y1 ow+ to ! progressive mortality 9 att5dance :i* is common ev]y:]e1 x is possible to realize ! complete s*ool only 9 ! ,em]son & ,froebel plants4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! s*ools c>e = ?ree qu>t]s ( ! s*ool-*ildr5 ( ! t[n4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools :i* ,mr4 ,wirt is reorganiz+ 9 ,new ,york1 he is ask+ t !re %all be includ$ at lea/ two ( ! high-s*ool ye>s1 9 ord] t ! complete s*ool may be approximat$ z closely z possible4 ,9 ,g>y1 !y are work+ = a s*ool :i* is ev5 m ?an 8complete10 = !y aim to include ev5 ! fir/ ye> & p]haps ev5 ! second ( ! ord9>y college c\rse4 ,/ret*+ d[n boldly pa/ ! k9d]g>t5 to a nurs]y = babies1 & up into ! college itself1 ! ,wirt s*ool ?us gives a fundam5tally new ori5tation to education1 %[s x graphically & practically z a cont9u\s process1 & breaks d[n ^? artificial b>ri]s by :i* we measure (f 8education10 & make x easy = p to 8f9i%0 x4 ,! ,wirt s*ool seems def9itely to =eca/ ! day :5 ! public s*ool w h swall[$ ! college1 & ! 8high] education0 w h become z local & available z ! ?ree ,r's4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! s*ool is to educate ! :ole *ild1 ! fir/ ne$ is evid5tly a place = him to gr[4 8,! be/ ( education10 says ,pr(essor ,t]man1 8is b wisely direct$ gr[?40 8,! activities ( a *ild10 says ,pr(essor ,dewey1 8are ! means by :i* he becomes acqua9t$ ) 8 _w1 & by :i* he le>ns ! use & limits ( 8 own p[]s40 ,! lack ( free activity 9 ! conv5tional s*ool has be5 ! major cause ( ^? symptoms ( morbidity :i* s*ool hygi5i/s h br\ght to ! att5tion ( educators )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,ov]-pressure & conf9em5t h made ! s*ool a manufactory = evils :i* ! next g5]ation w look back to ) amazem5t at ! bl9dness ( ! educational _w :i* p]mitt$ x4 ,! ideal s*ool w make ! playgr\nd ! v c5t] ( its life4 ,! s*ool 9 ! ,wirt plan cov]s a site ( f t5 to tw5ty acres4 ,actually ! ,em]son ,s*ool 9 ,g>y has t5 acres2 ,froebel has twelve2 ! new ,tolle/on site cov]s tw5ty acres4 ,( ?is ideal site ( tw5ty acres1 t5 acres 9 front ( ! s*ool-build+ are pur*as$ by ! city & ma9ta9$ by x z an op5 public squ>e or small p>k4 ,! rema9+ t5 acres are b\ght by ! s*ool = ! build+ site & playgr\nds4 ,x is ! int5tion 9 ,g>y to h ^! p>k-s*ool playgr\nds di/ribut$ ov] ! city s t few families w live m ?an half a mile away f "o ( !m4 ,x is a c>d9al pr9ciple ( ! ,wirt plan t ! p>ks & playgr\nds ( a city %\ld be plac$ z adjuncts ( ! s*ools4 ,x is ! s*ools t !y prim>ily s]ve & x is ) ! s*ools t !y %\ld be gr\p$4 ,millions ( doll>s h be5 wa/$ 9 ! public-playgr\nd movem5t 9 ?is c\ntry ?r\gh disreg>d ( ?is fact4 ,!re is a good /ory ( a ,*icago playgr\nd in/ructor :o1 :5 ask$ if ! playgr\nds cop]at$ ) ! s*ools1 repli$1 8,sure we d6 ,if we see any kid on "h betwe5 n9e & ?ree1 we *ase him (f60 ,?is is symbolic ( ! lack ( intellig5t cop]ation betwe5 *ild-welf>e ag5cies4 ,x is ?is wa/eful & ineffective situation :i* ! ,wirt plan rem$ies by boldly annex+ p>k & playgr\nd to ! s*ool itself4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,*icago playgr\nds ) ! ,g>y s*ool playgr\nds %[s ! imm5sely great] public s]vice r5d]$ "u ! ,wirt s*eme4 ,*icago has "o ( ! mo/ elaborate sy/ems ( recreation p>ks & field-h\ses 9 ! c\ntry4 ,yet 9 a di/rict only "o =tie? ! size ( ! ,*icago di/rict1 "o ,g>y s*ool1 provid+ = bo? *ildr5 & adults1 gave indoor gymnasium "w to ?ree times z _m p2 %[]-ba?s to "o ?ird z _m2 outdoor gymnasium to an equal numb]2 ! use ( swimm+-pools to half z _m2 use ( ! assembly halls to f\r times z _m2 & to z _m1 ! use ( clubrooms & read+-rooms4 ,?us1 9 educat+ ! *ild's body1 & giv+ him space to gr[ & play1 ! ,wirt s*ool enorm\sly increas$ ! opportunities ( e "o 9 ! di/rict1 old & "y1 to secure ! same advantages4 ,! ideal ,wirt s*ool plant1 su* z ! ,em]son ,s*ool 9 ,g>y1 9 its op5 space ( t5 acres1 besides its playgr\nd fill$ ) app>atus1 has g>d5s1 t5nis c\rts1 ball fields1 runn+ tracks1 & h&ball c\rts4 ,= ! y\ng] *ildr5 !re are wad+-pools & s&pits4 ,"o field is arrang$ s t x may be flood$ 9 w9t] = skat+4 ,!re are two acres ( s*ool-g>d5s1 & a clu/] ( cages & h\ses = ! animals ( ! s*ool zoo4 ,! outdoor equipm5t is1 9 o!r words1 on ! scale ( a college or a weal?y private s*ool :i* c af=d spaci\s gr\nds & provision = e a?letic sport4 ,! ,g>y s*ools are1 h[ev]1 public s*ools1 & ^! facilities are op5 to all ! *ildr5 ( all ages & all ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,swimm+-,,pool ,,at ,,! ,,froebel ,,s*ool ,x is cu/om>y = our new] high s*ools to h gymnasiums1 b ! common s*ool is r>ely provid$ =4 ,9 ! ,wirt s*ool1 ! common s*ool %>es1 ( c\rse1 9 ! ext5sive gymnasium equipm5t4 ,! ,em]son ,s*ool has two gymnasiums1 "o = boys & "o = girls4 ,x has also a l>ge swimm+-pool4 ,! ,froebel ,s*ool has two gymnasiums & two swimm+-pools4 ,! ,jeff]son ,s*ool has a l>ge gymnasium1 ?\gh only ! common s*ool is provid$ = 9 ! ,jeff]son4 ,! o!r ,g>y s*ools all h gymnasiums proportionate to _! size4 ,9 ! new s*ool plants x is int5d$ to build p]golas ab\t ! inn] c\rt :i* w conta9 op5-air classrooms & additional outdoor gymnasium space4 ,no?+ is omitt$ :i* w provide ! "r physical conditions = ! *ild's gr[? & developm5t f 8 e>lie/ ye>s4 ,com+ to ! s*ool-build+ itself1 we f9d 9 ! ,em]son & ,froebel ,s*ools ar*itectural creations ( unusual beauty & impressiv5ess4 ,! s*ool-build+ is built ar\nd a great c\rt1 ) broad halls z wide z /reets1 & well light$ f ! c\rt4 ,^! broad halls s]ve n only z ! s*ool /reets = ! con/ant passage ( ! *ildr5 betwe5 _! "w1 b also z c5t]s = ! 8application0 "w1 or = in=mal /udy4 ,!y are s wide t all confusion is avoid$1 & !y sugge/ to ! visitor t !y s]ve ! s*ool community 9 ! same way t ! agora or =um did ! anci5t city4 ,9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool ! beg9n+ ( an art gall]y has be5 made4 ,x sugge/s ! idea t j z ! s*ools ought to absorb ! playgr\nds1 s !y ought to absorb ! museums & gall]ies4 ,pictures & objects ( art & int]e/ become unreal & artificial :5 immur$ 9 isolat$ museums1 :i* c be visit$ only at special times & ) ef=t4 ,!y %\ld be at h& 9 ! s*ool1 f]tiliz+ & beautify+ e mom5t ( its daily life4 ,! arti/ic s5se c be cultivat$ only by br++ *ildr5 into contact daily & almo/ unconsci\sly ) beautiful ?+s4 ,! s*ools !mselves mu/ be art gall]ies1 & ^! f9e corridors ( ! ,wirt s*ool indicate ! way by :i* a :olly new ori5tation is to be giv5 to our public gall]ies by us+ !m z adjuncts to ! education ( *ildr54 ,simil>ly ) museums4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,g>y s*ools1 bas$ fundam5tally on concrete ?+s & processes1 ne$s to be con/antly 9 t\* ) ! objects :i* x is our cu/om to /ore 9 dead museums4 ,! s*ool museum is an ess5tial feature ( ! ,wirt s*ool4 ,! ,wirt plan does n contemplate ! tak+ ( *ildr5 docilely ab\t to visit museums1 z "s progressive tea*]s are do+4 ,x contemplates br++ ! museums into ! s*ools1 s t ! *ildr5 c "k ! treasures & live ) !m & le>n ab\t !m4 ,& simil>ly ) libr>ies4 ,mr4 ,wirt believes t ! s*ool may d ! "w ( ! public libr>y mu* m effici5tly & mu* m economically ?an ! libr>y c itself d x4 ,he has %[n 9 ,g>y t 9 a s*ool bran* ( ! public libr>y1 libr>y ma9t5ance & circulation co/ p] book circulation is only ab\t five p] c5t ( ! co/ 9 ! ma9 libr>y1 :ile ! life ( ! book circulat$ 9 sets "u ! control ( ! tea*]s is t5 times t ( ! usual circulation book 9 ! libr>y4 ,9 bo? ! ,em]son & ,froebel ,s*ools !re is a bran* ( ! public libr>y1 "u a libr>y assi/ant4 ,*ildr5 use ! libr>y z a "p ( _! regul> "w "u ! sup]vision ( ! assi/ant & tea*]s4 ,all sorts ( /]eoscopic pictures1 photographs1 collections ( pictures1 atlases1 etc41 c ?us be provid$1 :i* w\ld be impossible = ! classroom4 ,! libr>y becomes ! /oreh\se ( ! k ( ! s*ool1 & ! *ildr5 le>n to recognize x z su*4 ,aga91 ! libr>y is already an important feature ( _m ( ! new] high s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,wirt s*ool1 h[ev]1 all ! elem5t>y classes use x also4 ,! ,wirt s*ool contemplates br++ all ! cultural res\rces ( ! community to be> on ! s*ool4 ,x makes ! s*ool ! prop] & natural depository = :atev] ! community has to (f] 9 arti/ic int]e/ or intellectual res\rce4 ,l mo/ ( ! features ( ! ,wirt plan1 ?is consolidation ( gall]y1 museum1 & libr>y 9 ! s*ool is z economically effici5t z x is educationally valuable4 ,a ^w mu/ be said ab\t ! auditorium4 ,few s*ools h assembly rooms l t 9 ! ,froebel ,s*ool 9 ,g>y1 ) its /age l>ge en\gh = a full-siz$ basketball game or a?letic conte/4 ,! unique rle ( ! auditorium 9 ! ,wirt s*ool w be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x assi/s mat]ially 9 educat+ ! :ole *ild by giv+ him opportunities = public expression be=e ! s*ool community4 ,! classrooms 9 ! ideal ,wirt s*ool are mu* m attractive ?an ! ord9>y classrooms1 f> less =mal & f> less cr[d$4 ,9 "s ( !m ! old-fa%ion$ s*ool desk & seat h be5 reta9$1 l>gely1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,wirt1 to meet ! prejudice ( ! p>5ts4 ,ow+ to ! frequ5t *ange & movem5t ( classes1 h[ev]1 ?is peculi>ly flagrant in/rum5t ( educational p]v]sity does little h>m4 ,_m ( ! l[] grades h a desk1 made 9 ! s*ool1 :i* is a k9d ( workb5*4 ,^! desks h vises atta*$1 & loose tops1 :i* c be readily replac$ :5 soil$ or worn out4 ,! seat is a f\r-legg$ /ool1 :i* c be pu%$ out ( ! way :5 ! *ild is us+ 8 desk = a workb5*4 ,on occasion ! *ildr5 c take up _! /ools & desktops & g (f to "w 9 ! halls or g>d54 ,su* a room is an ideal classroom1 ) its h9t ( ! work%op & its lack ( rigidity4 ,9 ! hi/ory room 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool are broad tables t c be us$ = map-draw+4 ,! idea is to give to ea* classroom ! physical sett+ & ! furniture :i* w be/ enable a p>ticul> k9d ( "w to be done !re4 ,! result is t ! classrooms ( ! ,wirt s*ools h a "* ( _! own1 q diff]5t f ! colorless & depress+ effect ( ! ord9>y classroom4 ,!y are n m]ely rooms :]e *ildr5 /udy toge!r & tamely recite1 b ess5tially work%ops :]e *ildr5 d int]e/+ ?+s ) _! m9ds1 j z 9 ! %ops !y d int]e/+ ?+s ) _! h&s4 ,! hi/ory room is a real hi/ory laboratory4 ,maps & *>ts made by ! pupils cov] ! walls1 magaz9es lie ab\t1 pictures & books ov]fl[ ! tables4 ,! visitor realizes t he is 9 a room saturat$ ) hi/ory1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,x is easi] to le>n 9 a room :]e ev]y?+ appeals to ! imag9ation4 ,mr4 ,wirt says t y nev] c tell :5 a *ild is le>n+4 ,! "t t he makes progress is n necess>ily ! recitation "t4 ,x is ! con/ant imp+em5t ( impressions t really educates him1 & x is ?is t ! intellectual side ( ! ,wirt s*ool is skillfully design$ to cultivate4 ,music & expression & draw+ are taught1 n 9 regul> classrooms1 b 9 special /udios1 :i* are g5u9e /udios equipp$ ) all ! facilities to impress ^u ! *ild ) :at s]i\sness ^! ?+s are tak5 9 ! ,wirt s*ool4 ,art t5ds to mean mu* m to a *ild br\ght up 9 su* a s*ool1 because he works at x 9 an impressive environm5t4 ,! sci5ce laboratories = botany1 zology1 *emi/ry1 physics1 are n only well-equipp$ laboratories1 b work%ops z well4 ,! botany room 9 ! ,g>y s*ool has a l>ge cons]vatory ( v9es & plants at ! end2 ! zology room has a m5ag]ie ( small pets1 f[ls & birds1 gu9ea-pigs & rabbits4 ,! physics rooms are 9 contact ) a ma*9e room :]e automobiles & o!r ma*9es illu/rate ! practical application ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,ev]y:]e ! attempt is made to give a dramatic & practical physical sett+ to ! "w & /udy1 s t ! *ild may be le>n+ all ! "t by sugge/ion & imitation4 ,& ev]y:]e ! attempt is made to %[ t no "o activity is any m important ?an any o!r4 ,ea* activity repres5ts "o side ( t :ole *ild to educate :om ?is s*ool plant has be5 built4 ,! manual & indu/rial "w is1 ( c\rse1 an ess5tial feature ( ! ,wirt s*ool4 ,! %ops are mu* m ext5sive ?an is cu/om>y 9 ev5 ! mo/ progressive public s*ool1 or ev5 9 ! special trade s*ool4 ,! ,em]son ,s*ool 9 ,g>y has1 = in/ance1 a c>p5try-%op1 cab9et-%op1 pa9t-%op1 f\ndry1 =ge1 ma*9e-%op1 pr9t]y1 %eet-metal %op1 electrical %op1 sew+-room1 & cook+- & d9+-rooms1 all admirably equipp$ z regul> %ops1 & n m]ely z manual-tra9+ rooms4 ,! ,froebel ,s*ool has1 besides ^! %ops1 a plumb+-%op1 a laundry1 a %oemak+-%op & a pott]y-%op4 ,9 ! small] s*ools sev]al %ops are comb9$ into "o1 z at ! ,jeff]son1 ?\gh ! "w done is j z g5u9e z at ! ideal plant4 ,! numb] ( %ops1 or ! v>iety ( "w1 is1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 limit$ only by ! s]vices :i* ! s*ool dem&s 9 ! way ( repair+ or enhanc+ its physical facilities4 ,:5 we h m5tion$ ! room = comm]cial /udies1 ! supply-/ore1 ! k9d]g>t5s & nurs]ies1 ! draught+-rooms1 indoor playrooms1 tea*]s' room1 cons]vatory1 doctor's room & d5tal cl9ic1 (fices1 etc41 our survey ( ! s*ool plant is complete4 ,! arrangem5t ( rooms itself1 h[ev]1 is v significant4 ,z we pass ar\nd ! second floor ( ! ,froebel ,s*ool1 = in/ance1 we meet1 9 ?is ord]1 pott]y-%op1 laundry1 freeh& draw+-room1 two classrooms1 physics laboratory1 music & expression /udios1 cons]vatory1 two classrooms1 botany laboratory1 & f\r m classrooms4 ,! %ops are n segregat$ 9 ! basem5t1 b ! *ildr5 9 _! v>i\s activities "w side by side4 ,classrooms are plac$ next to laboratories1 & %ops next to /udios1 9 ord] to impress ! pupil ) ! unity ( ! program1 & 9 ord] t ! y\ng] pupils may h con/antly be=e _! eyes an invit+ future & opportunity4 ,all ! rooms1 moreov]1 h glass doors1 & ! %ops h w9d[s1 s t ! *ildr51 pass+ ?r\gh ! halls1 may look 9 & see o!rs at "w at unfamili> tasks4 ,9 ?is way _! curiosity is likely to be ar\s$ & ! ambition to "w at ^! int]e/+ activities 9 :i* !y see ! old] *ildr5 engag$4 ,9 ?is juxtaposition ( ! v>i\s activities1 !re=e1 ! *ild has impress$ ^u him t s*ool life is a unity 9 bread?1 j z ! comb9+ ( ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ool impresses him ) ! fact t 8 s*ool life is a unity 9 l5g?4 ,no opportunity is lo/ to t\* 8 imag9ation & excite 8 curiosity4 ,! s*ool plant itself1 9 its m]e arrangem5t & con/ruction1 x w ?us be se51 s]ves a v important educational purpose4 ,! c>eful detail ) :i* ?is has be5 work$ out 9 ^! ideal s*ool plants ( ,g>y makes ! ,wirt s*ool 9 its physical aspect some?+ v mu* m significant ?an a m]e collection ( facilities4 ,^? facilities fit into "o ano!r accord+ to a v compreh5sive plan4 ,!y =m organs ( a g5u9e s*ool life1 :i* educates ! :ole *ild4 ,?is f\rfold division ( /udy & recitation facilities1 /udio1 work%op1 & laboratory facilities1 auditorium facilities1 & application & play facilities1 is ess5tial to ! work+ ( ! ,wirt plan4 ,:]e ! ideal s*ool plant is impossible1 ?is f\rfold plan may yet be possible4 ,z has be5 said1 ! greate/ triumph ( ! ,wirt plan 9 ,g>y is1 p]haps1 ! ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 a build+ ( conv5tional /yle1 :i* _h be5 erect$ be=e ,mr4 ,wirt came to ,g>y4 ,x 0 an ord9>y s*ool-build+ ) t5 classrooms & auditorium1 b no o!r facilities4 ,by turn+ ! spaci\s attic into a gymnasium1 by trans=m+ five ( ! classrooms into music & art /udios & nature-/udy laboratories1 by build+ a g5]al jack-(-all-trades work%op ar\nd ! eng9e- & boil]-room 9 ! cell>1 by build+ a dome/ic-sci5ce kit*5 9 an unus$ corn]1 putt+ lock]s into wa/$ space1 & by equipp+ ! playgr\nd ) app>atus1 ,mr4 ,wirt succe$$ 9 trans=m+ an ord9>y s*ool-build+1 ^: prototype may be f\nd 9 almo/ any t[n 9 ! l&1 into a full-fl$g$1 v>i$1 & smoo?ly runn+ ,wirt s*ool4 ,! reorganization ( s*ools 9 ,new ,york ,city & o!r places has be5 done by ,mr4 ,wirt along simil> l9es4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see app5dix = detail$ description ( reorganization ( twelve ,new ,york s*ools4 ,:]e1 9 mo/ cases1 a m]e re>rangem5t ( classrooms & ! in/itution ( %ops & laboratories w trans=m a s*ool1 9 o!rs special annexes are necess>y4 ,^! c be built usually1 h[ev]1 at comp>atively small co/4 ,! use ( portable h\ses by ! small] s*ools ( ,g>y has enabl$ ! small wayside 8di/rict s*ool10 hi!rto conf9$ entirely to /udy & recitation1 to trans=m itself into a g5u9e ,wirt s*ool1 ) its f\rfold "w & /udy4 ,%op1 auditorium1 & laboratory & /udio c be provid$ 9 ! =m ( small portable h\ses1 & ! capacity ( ! s*ool z well z its facilities c ?us be greatly increas$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii ,,"w1 ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,play3 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,z ,a ,,community ,,! ,g>y s*ool repres5ts n m]ely ! old public s*ool ) c]ta9 add$ mod]n features1 b a def9ite reorganization4 ,its aim is to =m1 ) its well-balanc$ facilities ( "w1 /udy1 & play1 a g5u9e *ildr5's community1 :]e ! *ildr5's normal heal?y int]e/s are c5t]$1 & :]e !y le>n1 9 ,pr(essor ,dewey's phrase1 8by do+ ! ?+s t h mean+ to !m z *ildr540 ,! ,g>y s*ool aims to meet ! comp>ative failure ( ! public s*ool to-day to c>e = ! city *ild4 ,x tries to take ! place ( ! old h\sehold & rural community life :i* provid$ = our =efa!rs ! practical education ( :i* ! city *ild 9 8 daily life is depriv$ to-day4 ,! full significance ( ! ,g>y plan c sc>cely be und]/ood unless x is se5 aga9/ ?is backgr\nd4 8,x is impossible10 says ,pr(essor ,dewey1 8to exagg]ate ! am\nt ( m5tal & moral tra9+ secur$ by our =efa!rs 9 ! c\rse ( ! ord9>y pursuits ( life4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 subdu+ a new c\ntry4 ,indu/ry 0 at a premium1 & in/ead ( be+ ( a r\t9e nature pione] conditions requir$ initiative1 +5uity1 & pluck4444 ,production _h n yet be5 conc5trat$ 9 factories 9 conge/$ c5t]s1 b 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh villages4444 ,! occupations ( daily life engag$ ! imag9ation & en=c$ k ( natural mat]ials & processes4444 ,*ildr5 _h ! discipl9e t came f %>+ 9 useful activities4444 ,"u su* conditions ! s*ools c\ld h>dly h done bett] ?an devote !mselves to books4444 ,b conditions *ang$1 & s*ool mat]ials & me?ods did n *ange to keep pace4 ,population %ift$ to urban c5t]s4 ,production became a mass affair c>ri$ on 9 big factories1 in/ead ( a h\sehold affair4444 ,indu/ry 0 no long] a local or neighborhood conc]n4 ,manufactur+ 0 split up into a v great v>iety ( sep>ate processes ?r\gh ! economies incid5t ^u extreme division ( labor4444 ,! ma*9e work]1 unlike ! old] h& work]1 is foll[+ bl9dly ! intellig5ce ( o!rs in/ead ( 8 own k ( mat]ials1 tools & processes4444 ,*ildr5 h lo/ ! moral & practical discipl9e t once came f %>+ 9 ! r\nd ( home duties4 ,= a l>ge numb] !re is little alt]native1 especially 9 l>ge cities1 betwe5 irksome *ild labor & demoraliz+ *ild idl5ess40 ,! ,g>y s*ool is an organiz$ attempt to re/ore ?is natural education1 adapt x to mod]n dem&s1 & ?us avoid ^! alt]natives s disa/r\s = ! future ( ! *ild & ! quality ( ! com+ g5]ation4 ,by mak+ ! public s*ool z mu* z possible a self-su/a9+ *ild community1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt believes t all ! b5efits ( ?is old] education c be atta9$4 8,we _c10 he says1 8tru/ ! o!r social in/itutions to rem$y ! defects4 ,n m ?an "o qu>t] ( ! urban *ildr5 att5d ,sunday-,s*ool regul>ly4 ,?is makes an av]age ( only two m9utes a day = all ! days & all ! *ildr54 ,9 fact1 *ur*1 ,sunday-,s*ool1 public libr>y1 public playgr\nds1 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,boy ,sc\ts1 & all o!r *ild-welf>e ag5cies d n occupy ! "t ( all ! *ildr5 ( a city = m ?an an av]age ( t5 m9utes a day4 ,! practical effect ( ?is is t ! /reets & alleys & ! *eap !at]s & o!r comm]cializ$ places ( amusem5t h ! *ildr5 = ov] five h\rs a day4 ,! cities are n fit places = ! re>+ ( *ildr51 because1 z a rule1 ! /reets & alleys h twice ! "t = educat+ ! *ildr5 9 ! wrong direction t ! s*ool1 *ur*1 libr>y1 & playgr\nd h = educat+ !m 9 ! "r direction40 ,?is is ! ju/ification = ext5d+ ! ,g>y s*ool day to eight h\rs & limit+ vacations4 ,?is is ! plan :i* gives ample "t = ! int5sive use ( ! rem>kable s*ool plant describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,= 9 place ( us+ = ! special "w & play activities a "p ( ! already too few regul> s*ool h\rs p] ye>1 ! ,g>y s*ool secures additional "t = ^! activities by appropriat+ ! n[ worse ?an wa/$ 8/reet-&-alley "t0 ( ! masses ( city *ildr54 ,saturday s*ool1 vacation s*ool1 ev5 an all-ye> s*ool1 are features ( ! ,g>y plan :i* c>ry out ?is pr9ciple ( provid+ a s*ool life = ! *ildr5 = z long a "t z !y c be induc$ & enc\rag$ to cont9ue x4 ,! ,g>y s*ool delib]ately seeks to employ & satisfy ! *ildr5's "t ) :olesome & int]e/+ activity4 ,x aims n only to organize ! daily life ( ! *ild = ! great] "p ( 8 "t1 b x seeks to provide = him 9 a self-su/a9+ community4 ,?is means t all ! "w & /udy conv]ge ^u ! s*ool life4 ,! ?+s t are done 9 ! ,g>y s*ool contribute to ! usefulness1 ! beauty1 or ! int]e/ ( ! s*ool community4 ,! ,g>y s*ool is built on ! s\nd psy*ological !ory t only su* "w z has mean+ 9 ! life ( ! s*ool1 z liv$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves !n & !re1 w be really le>n$ & assimilat$4 ,! s*ool is n only to be a 8prep>ation = life03 x is to be a life itself1 z ! old h\sehold 0 a life itself4 8,! idea t *ildr5 %\ld /udy exclusively = eight ye>s1 & !n "w exclusively = ! re/ ( _! life10 says ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt1 8is really a new idea 9 civilization4 ,! criticism ( ! mod]n public s*ool is direct$ almo/ entirely at ! helplessness ( *ildr5 :o are attempt+ to ent] indu/rial & comm]cial life f ?is exclusive /udy p]iod ( eight1 twelve1 or sixte5 ye>s 9 ! s*ools1 & at ! fact t ! s*ool is n able to get m ?an half its *ildr5 beyond ! six? grade ( ! common s*ool4 ,=m]ly ! s*ool plus ! home & small %op educat$ ! *ild4 ,! small %op has be5 g5]ally elim9at$ & ! home has lo/ mo/ ( its =m] opportunities4 ,a mu* great] "p ( ! education ( ! *ild mu/ be assum$ by ! s*ool ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,9 place ( ! s*ool1 home1 & %op1 we h ! s*ool & ! city /reet educat+ ! great masses ( *ildr54 ,! s*ool mu/ d :at ! s*ool1 home1 & small %op =m]ly did toge!r40 ,! idea ( mak+ ! s*ool a self-su/a9+ community is work$ out 9 ! ,g>y s*ool 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive =m4 ,! manual-tra9+ & indu/rial %ops1 = in/ance1 are actually ! %ops = ! s*ool community1 & _! "w goes l>gely t[>d ! upkeep ( ! s*ool plant4 ,vocational tra9+ 9 ! ,g>y s*ool means t :atev] "w is necess>y 9 ! way ( repair+1 cons]v+1 beautify+1 or enhanc+ ! s*ool facilities is done by ! pupils !mselves4 ,! s*ool1 l ! old-"t indu/rial home & community1 has a l>ge am\nt ( real "w t is n[ be+ done & mu/ always be done 9 connection ) ! equipm5t ( its build+s1 gr\nds1 laboratories1 %ops1 etc4 ,! l>ge1 lavi%ly equipp$ ,g>y s*ool plants require a =ce ( me*anics to keep !m 9 repair4 ,! usual way ( do+ ?is w\ld be to hire outside labor at consid]able exp5se to d ! necess>y "w dur+ s*ool vacations4 ,! ,g>y s*ools1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* h no long vacations1 employ a p]man5t =ce ( me*anics1 & keep !m cont9u\sly employ$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,regul> union artisans1 *os5 because ( _! "*1 intellig5ce1 & tea*+ ability1 are engag$ by ! build+ dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool plant4 ,!re are c>p5t]s1 cab9et-mak]s1 pa9t]s1 plumb]s1 %eet-metal work]s1 eng9e]s1 pr9t]s1 electricians1 ma*9i/s1 f\ndrym51 etc41 suffici5t to meet ! ne$s ( ! s*ools4 ,?is great v>iety ( equipm5t & ma9t5ance "w provides manual activity ( a truly educative sort suitable to e /age ( ! *ild's developm5t4 ,! %ops ( ^! workm5 become ! regul> manual & indu/rial tra9+ %ops ( ! s*ool4 ,! *ildr5 "w ) ! artisans 9 mu* ! same way z old-"t appr5tices1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 = only a fraction ( _! "t4 ,j z ! *ild =m]ly p>ticipat$ 9 ! indu/rial activities ( ! h\sehold1 s n[ he p>ticipates 9 ! real indu/rial activities ( 8 s*ool4 ,! s*ool artisans1 & ! nurses1 s*ool d5ti/1 & physician1 l&scape g>d5]1 ar*itect1 & draftsman1 acc\ntant1 /orekeep]1 (fice =ce1 lun*-room manag]1 design]1 dress-mak]1 mill9]1 all take ! place ( ! fa!r & "m & old] bro!rs & si/]s 9 ! old-"t1 self-su/a9+1 practically educative h\sehold4 ,! *ildr5 receive all ! b5efits ( do+ real "w t mu/ be done & ( p>ticipat+ 9 _! own s*ool bus9ess4 ,& !y h ! b5efit ( a completely mod]n equipm5t resembl+ 9 detail ! ma*9]y & processes :i* !y w f9d :5 !y g out into ! l>g] social community4 ,9 ?is novel s*eme ! ,g>y s*ools seem to h exp]i5c$ little difficulty4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt says t :5 y h provid$ a plant :]e ! *ildr5 may live a complete life eight h\rs a day 9 "w1 /udy1 & play1 x is ! simple/ ?+ imag9able to p]mit ! *ildr5 9 ! work%ops1 "u ! direction & ) ! help ( well-tra9$ m5 & wom51 to assume ! responsibility = ! ma9t5ance ( ! s*ool plant4 ,!re c be no exploitation ( ! *ildr51 = ma/]s & pupils are p]mitt$ to d only en\gh "w to balance ! wages ( ! ma/]s & ! co/ ( mat]ials4 ,! tea*]-workm5 w\ld be do+ ! "w :e!r ! *ildr5 assi/$ or n4 ,!y e>n _! sal>ies by _! repair & con/ruction "w1 & ! *ildr5 :o desire x get an admirably practical vocational tra9+ almo/ )\t additional co/ to ! city4 ,! great exp5se is avoid$ ( special %op equipm5t1 su* z ! usual indu/rial high s*ool or special trade s*ool has = its indu/rial c\rses1 :i* are1 moreov]1 :olly unproductive4 ,& ! s*ool is able to (f] a mu* great] v>iety ( trades ?an ev5 ! special trade s*ool3 = a s*ool plant l ! ,g>y in/itution w dem& = its equipm5t & ma9t5ance almo/ e /aple trade1 indu/rial & dome/ic1 ) ! att5dant educational opportunities = bo? boy & girl4 ,manual "w takes on q a new mean+ :5 x becomes1 z 9 ! ,g>y s*ools1 productive "w = ! s*ool community4 ,x is no long] a "q ( ea* *ild do+ 8 8practice0 "w1 8 /]eotyp$ 8/unt10 9 :i* he soon loses int]e/4 ,! boys 9 ! ,g>y c>p5t]-%op are mak+ desks & tables = ! classrooms1 cab9ets & /ools = ! laboratories1 or bookracks = ! libr>y4 ,9 ! pa9t-%op !y are /a9+ & f9i%+ !m2 or !y are at "w on ! woodwork ( ! build+1 pa9t+ or v>ni%+4 ,! electricians mu/ c>e = motors1 bells1 etc41 & !re is always opportunity = tea*+ w9d+1 motor con/ruction1 & wir+4 ,plumb+ mu/ be in/all$ & kept 9 repair4 ,_m p>ts ( ! plant call = ! %eet-metal work]4 ,f\ndry & ma*9e work]s require 9 turn a patt]n-mak+ %op & draftsm5 to furni% plans & specifications4 ,! eng9e] ( ! heat+1 light+1 & v5tilat+ plant gives lessons 9 fir+ & 9 ! c>e ( boil]s4 ,! pr9t+-%op does all ! pr9t+ "w = ! s*ools1--blanks1 =ms1 reports1 *>ts1 etc41 besides ! illu/rat$ bro*ures :i* ! pupils ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts issue4 ,9 ! ,froebel ,s*ool !re is ev5 a dem& = a pott]y %op1 :]e ! *ildr5 (t5 discov] arti/ic tal5t 9 mak+ ! necess>y clay ut5sils = ! s*ool4 ,! numb] & "* ( ! s*ool %ops is limit$ only by ! ne$s ( ! s*ool community4 ,"o ye> ! %oeless condition ( "s ( ! *ildr5 set a dem& = a %oe %op1 9 :i* old %oes 7 made ov] into we>able new ones4 ,! visitor to ! ,g>y s*ool f9ds ev]y:]e little gr\ps ( busy *ildr51 absorb$ly int]e/$1 work+ on ! diff]5t ne$s ( ! s*ool1 "u k9dly & intellig5t tea*]-workm54 ,he f9ds t !re is en\gh real "w 9 ! s*ool plant to keep occupi$ = 8 h\r or m a day e *ild :o is int]e/$ 9 manual "w--& mo/ *ildr5 are--or :o desires to become famili> ) a trade4 ,su* "w is highly educational1 & x is n drudg]y4 ,x is n specializ$1 nor is x segregat$ f ! academic /udies4 ,! indu/rial "w = bo? boys & girls is an integral "p ( ! s*ool life 9 :i* e "o :o c>es = a r\nd$ education mu/ p>ticipate 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr9t+-,,%op ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool ,!re is n a dep>tm5t :i* does n contribute 9 "s way to ! s*ool community life4 ,! c>etak]s ( ! gr\nds are "u ! sup]vision ( ! botany & zology 7nature-/udy7 dep>tm5ts4 ,! *ildr5 "w ) !m 9 tak+ *>ge ( & c>+ = ! g>d5s1 lawns1 trees1 & %rubs4 ,! botany classes c>e also = ! s*ool cons]vatory & = ! small] exp]im5tal cons]vatory 9 ! botany laboratory4 ,! zology classes h *>ge ( ! s*ool zoo z well z ! collection ( pets 9 ! zology room4 ,ev5 ! draw+ classes contribute1 ! me*anical-draw+ pupils 9 prep>+ plans = ! indu/rial "w & con/ruction1 ! art classes 9 decorat+ ! friezes ( _! room or 9 design+ details = ! build+4 ,dome/ic sci5ce 9 ! ,g>y s*ool is n taught z a sep>ate 8subject40 ,x means ! practical op]ation ( ! s*ool lun*-room "u ! direction ( an in/ructor & a cook assi/ant4 ,! dome/ic-sci5ce room is a real kit*51 d9+-room1 & pantry 9 :i* ! daily lun* is prep>$ & s]v$ to su* tea*]s & pupils z desire x4 ,! dome/ic-sci5ce "w = ! girls !n consi/s ( no?+ b ?is daily s]vice1 old] & y\ng] girls cop]at+ ) cook & tea*]4 ,! sal>y ( ! assi/ant is paid out ( ! pr(its ( ! lun*-room4 ,s9ce ! food is sold1 all exp5ses = supplies are *>g$ to ! lun* dep>tm5t4 ,! sew+-room is op]at$ on a simil> plan4 ,! in/ructor has z assi/ants a practical dress-mak]1 laundress1 & mill9]4 ,_! sal>ies & all mat]ials us$ are paid = f ! sav+s made by do+ ! necess>y laundry & ne$lework = ! s*ool4 ,bo? cook+ & sew+ dep>tm5ts are !re=e self-su/a9+ s*ool-community %ops4 ,! s*ool bo>d makes no appropriations = ! support ( ! lun*-room1 dressmak+1 laundry1 & mill9]y dep>tm5ts o!r ?an ! sal>ies ( ! two head tea*]s4 ,all bills are paid directly by ! dep>tm5t manag]s1 & no acc\nts are kept by ! s*ool bo>d4 ,! o!r %ops are self-support+ 9 ! s5se t ! ord9>y appropriations = pa9t+1 cab9et-"w1 electrical "w1 plumb+1 pr9t+1 etc4 7:i* w\ld h to be paid anyway71 g5]ally pay ! sal>ies ( ! tea*]-workm5 & ! co/s ( ! mat]ial4 ,! ideal atta9m5t w\ld be to make ! %ops all self-su/a9+ s*ool-community %ops4 ,! "w ( all ^! %ops requires elaborate sy/ems ( acc\nt+4 ,all ?is "w is tak5 *>ge ( by ! in/ructors & pupils ( ! comm]cial dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool4 ,! "w ! *ildr5 d 9 ! %ops is comput$ on ! basis ( regul> union wages = ! p>ticul> trade1 & !y are 8paid0 9 imitation *ecks1 ^u :i* _! /&+ 9 ! c\rse is bas$4 ,= ^! paym5ts ! comm]cial pupils manage a regul> s*ool bank+ sy/em1 ) sav+s acc\nts1 etc4 ,!y also h *>ge1 "u ! in/ructors' sup]vision1 ( all ! regul> acc\nt+ & secret>ial "w = ! s*ool adm9i/ration4 ,?us _! bookkeep+1 /5ography1 & typewrit+ contribute directly to ! ne$s ( ! s*ool4 ,! comm]cial pupils also take c>e ( ! ord]+ & di/ribution ( supplies4 ,"s ( ^!1 su* z ! coal & cem5t us$ 9 ! s*ools1 are 9 turn te/$ by ! *emi/ry classes 9 _! laboratory to see :e!r !y come up to specifications4 ,! s*ool 8/ore0 is z important a feature ( ! s*ool community z ! s*ool 8bank10 & ! comm]cial pupils take turns 9 8keep+0 x4 ,! criticism t ! pupils are incompet5t to h&le all ^! matt]s is met by ! obvi\s consid]ation t ! s*ool _c af=d to graduate pupils 9 acc\nt+ & secret>ial "w :o _c p]=m ^! functions effici5tly = !mselves & _! s*ool4 ,at pres5t1 x %\ld be m5tion$1 ^! dep>tm5ts are said n to be self-support+1 9 ! way t ! dome/ic-sci5ce %ops are4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! s*ool is to be ! *ildr5's community1 !re mu/ be "s place ( g5]al assembly1 "s =um or !at] :]e ! s*ool may take /ock ( itself4 ,?is is provid$ 9 ! 8auditorium10 "o ( ! orig9al & ess5tial features ( ! ,g>y plan4 8,auditorium10 to :i* a daily h\r is giv51 is devot$ to purposes diff]5t f ! religi\s ex]cises1 declamations1 & moral homilies common to ! 8op5+ ex]cises0 ( ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,x does n ev5 op5 ! day1 = ! ,g>y program makes x necess>y = ! 8auditorium0 h\r to come at p]iods ?r\gh\t ! day1 diff]+ = diff]5t classes4 ,! aim is to make x an occasion :]e any?+ t is happ5+ ( peculi> int]e/ 9 any "p ( ! s*ool may be dramatically br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! re/ ( ! s*ool4 ,9 ! ,g>y s*ool1 ea* *ild goes to 8auditorium0 = a full h\r ea* day1 & li/5s to a program contribut$ by pupils or tea*]s or outside visitors4 ,!re is always *oral s++2 !re may be in/rum5tal or phonograph music besides4 ,lant]n-slides & motion-pictures are (t5 %[n4 ,!re may be talks by ! special tea*]s ab\t _! "w4 ,! *ild may see !re gymna/ic exhibitions1--z has be5 said1 ! /age at ! ,froebel ,s*ool is s l>ge t a full-siz$ basketball game may be play$ ^u x be=e ! audi5ce1--folk-danc+1 or dramatic dialogues & little plays writt5 by ! pupils !mselves ab\t int]e/+ ?+s 9 _! /udy or read+4 ,!re may be debates on s*ool issues4 ,:at is to be pres5t$ 9 8auditorium0 is limit$ only by ! imag9ation & expressiv5ess ( tea*]s & *ildr54 ,! tea*]s 9 turn h ! responsibility ( arrang+ ! program1 9 cop]ation ) _! pupils4 ,*ildr5 ( widely diff]5t ages are s5t toge!r to ! 8auditorium0 h\r1 s t ! y\ng] may h _! curiosity /imulat$ ab\t ! "w ( classes t !y p]haps h n yet rea*$1 & s t ! old] may lose t snobb]y ( age :i* (t5 causes s mu* unhapp9ess 9 *ildhood1 & t5ds to fill ! adult m9d ) delusions ab\t ! "y4 ,?is plan1 !re=e1 makes = sympa?y betwe5 ! pupils1 makes ea* *ild famili> ) ! activities ( ! :ole s*ool1 & prev5ts t un=tunate segregation & conf9em5t ( ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,besides be+ able to look into ! v>i\s rooms ?r\gh ! glass doors1 ! *ild 9 ! ,g>y s*ool has an opportunity ( see+ 9 8auditorium0 9 dramatic =m ! life ( 8 s*ool4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is 8auditorium0 h\r ^u ! s*ool "w1 p>ticul>ly ! academic "w1 c h>dly fail to be m>k$1 = x directly motivates all ! /udies4 ,x is a sort ( communal 8application0 activity4 ,hi/ory & lit]ature take on a new mean+1 because ! mat]ial may be /udi$ n[ always 9 ! light ( its possible pres5tation to ! re/ ( ! s*ool 9 dramatic & intellig5t =m4 ,_m s*ools use ! dramatic s5se to vitalize ^! /udies1 b no o!r s*ool provides s def9ite & regul> a focus1 & s con/ant & int]e/$ an audi5ce = ! products ( su* a vitalization4 ,! 8auditorium0 9 ! ,g>y s*ool seems to be a g5u9e s*ool-community !at]1 an inevitable & integral "p ( ! s*ool life4 ,9 ! words ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt1 ! ,g>y s*ool aims to be a 8cle>+-h\se = *ildr5's activities40 ,! ideal is to r5d] ! s*ool community z self-su/a9+ & self-/imulat+ z possible4 ,:atev] ! s*ool _c itself contribute to ! education ( ! *ild1 x may f9d 9 ! in/itutions ( ! surr\nd+ community4 ,any outside ag5cy :i* provides :olesome activities = *ildr5 becomes !n a sort ( ext5sion ( ! s*ool4 ,*ildr5 9 ! ,g>y s*ool are p]mitt$ to g out f _! play or 8auditorium0 h\r to d special "w at home1 take private music or art lessons1 visit ! ,y4,m4,c4,a41 settlem5t or neighborhood h\se1 att5d ! ,boy ,sc\ts or ,camp-,fire ,girls1 or receive religi\s in/ruction 9 ! *ur*es4 ,?is outside "w is !n rank$ z an integral "p ( ! s*ool "w4 ,x is ?is community cop]ation :i* has p>ticul>ly r\s$ ! int]e/ ( religi\s educators4 ,x sugge/s to _m ( !m a solution ( ! problems ( religi\s education1 & ( sep>ate d5om9ational s*ools4 ,religion does n ent] ! ,g>y s*ool 9 any =m1 n ev5 9 ,bible read+ & pray]4 ,b *ildr5 may g out1 = "o h\r a day1 two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r times a week1 to classes 9 religi\s in/ruction1 privately organiz$ & support$ by ! v>i\s *ur*es ( ! city4 ,to meet ! situation 9 ,g>y1 ! *ur*es h 9 "s in/ances engag$ special in/ructors = ^! classes 9 religion4 ,! ,presbyt]ian1 ,me?odi/1 & ,*ri/ian *ur*es are said to h unit$ 9 engag+ a tea*] at a relatively high sal>y4 ,su* cop]ation n only insures ! s]vices ( well-tra9$ & lib]al tea*]s1 b mu/ necess>ily bani% sect>ian dogmatism f ! tea*+4 ,9 ,g>y1 ! ,bapti/1 ,roman ,ca?olic1 & ,hebrew *ur*es1 besides ! ,y4,m4,c4,a41 are said to be giv+ ?is special in/ruction4 ,9 ! ,jeff]son ,s*ool m ?an half ! *ildr5 att5d ^! classes at ! *ur*es4 ,?is feature ( ! ,g>y plan is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 & p]haps has ! mo/ f>-rea*+ possibilities1 9 ! way ( trans=m+ religi\s in/ruction 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is plan is *>act]i/ic ( a s*ool :i* seeks to meet ! dem&s ( ! individual *ild1 & to make ev]y?+ 9 ! community :i* is truly educational1 or :i*1 = any reason1 p>5ts & *ildr5 believe to be g5u9ely educational1 contribute to ! life ( ! s*ool community4 ,s9ce ! o!r in/itutions h ! same privileges z ! *ur*es1 !y are all giv5 ! opportunity 9 ?is plan ( enl>g+ _! effective res\rces4 ,city s*ools :i* wi% to adopt ! ,g>y plan1 b lack ! ideal s*ool plant or ! v>i$ facilities1 may (t5 avail !mselves ( ! gymnasium1 pools1 playgr\nds1 etc41 ( ne>-by ,y4,m4,c4,a4 or settlem5t h\ses1 & use ! public libr>y & public playgr\nd1 & ?us acquire1 by sy/ematic cop]ation ) ^! o!r ag5cies1 an effectively work+ ,g>y s*ool4 ,?is plan has be5 adopt$ ) great success 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,york s*ools1 a numb] ( :i* are 9 ! c\rse ( adopt+ ! ,g>y plan1 or _m features ( x4 ,_! exp]i5ce has %[n t1 by mak+ ! s*ool a 8cle>+-h\se = *ildr5's activities10 ! social res\rces ( all ^! communal in/itutions are va/ly increas$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sum up1 ! ,g>y s*ool =ms a *ildr5's community1 :i* aims to provide ! practical natural education ( ! old s*ool1 %op1 & home :i* educat$ our =efa!rs4 ,x is a necess>y evolution & reorganization ( ! public s*ool to meet ! *ang$ social & indu/rial conditions ( ! mod]n city4 ,! s*ool community1 by provid+ a f\rfold activity ( "w1 /udy1 & play1 uses ! *ildr5's "t & keeps !m f ! demoraliz+ influ5ce ( ! /reets4 ,9 ! 8auditorium0 x provides a public !at] :i* may motivate all ! "w & /udy4 ,by cop]at+ ) all ! community ag5cies :i* provide :olesome activities = *ildr51 x makes !m all m valuable & effective4 ,& by mak+ ! s*ool z f> z possible a self-su/a9+ community1 x gives mean+ & purpose to all ! "w1 tra9s ! *ildr5 = ! outside _w1 & cultivates ! social virtues4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv ,,programs3 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,z ,a ,,public ,,utility ,,s*ools su* z ^? 9 ,g>y1 ) _! elaborate equipm5t & special s*ool ent]prises1 obvi\sly require me?ods ( f9anc+ radically diff]5t f ^? ( ! ord9>y public s*ool4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ?is problem ( h[ a small & relatively poor city l ,g>y c\ld af=d to ma9ta9 su* s*ools t has ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( practical s*ool m5 9 ! ,g>y plan4 ,:5 ! public s*ools 7 fir/ />t$ 9 ! new t[n1 ! au?orities f\nd !mselves 9 a peculi>ly difficult situation1 ow+ to ! limit$ funds at h& & ! dem&s ( a rapidly increas+ population4 ,! conv5tional me?od ( meet+ ! situation w\ld h be5 to erect inf]ior build+s1 to omit playgr\nds1 laboratories1 work%ops1 to employ *eap tea*]s1 to increase ! size ( classes1 to limit ! ye>ly t]m1 or else to try to accommodate all ! *ildr5 9 a few build+s on half-"t "w4 ,^! h be5 ! me?ods :i* our l>ge cities h almo/ univ]sally felt !mselves oblig$ to adopt :5 confront$ ) ^! problems ( economy & conge/ion4 ,! o!r possible me?od--& ?is seems to be ! unique contribution ( ! ,g>y plan to ! economics ( education--0 to treat ! public s*ool z a public s]vice1 & apply to x all ^? pr9ciples ( sci5tific direction :i* h be5 p]fect$ = ! public use ( railroads1 telephones1 p>ks1 & o!r 8public utilities40 ,! new city ( ,g>y c\ld create ?or\ghly mod]n1 completely equipp$ s*ool plants1 & op]ate !m s z to get ! maximum ( s]vice f !m4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt & ! s*ool bo>d believ$ t ?is plan w\ld be ! true economy4 ,mr4 ,wirt says1 8,y c af=d any k9d ( s*ool desir$ if ord9>y economic public-s]vice pr9ciples are appli$ to public-s*ool managem5t4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple 9 turn+ wa/e into pr(it 9 s*ool managem5t is to use e facility all ! "t = all ! p40 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( c\nt+ _! f9ancial res\rces & !n decid+ :at limit$ educational facilities c\ld be provid$ ) !m1 ! ,g>y au?orities seem to h decid$ ^u ! ideal s*ool plant desir$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! mod]n city *ild1 & !n to h proce$$1 by ! +5i\s application ( pr9ciples well recogniz$ 9 bus9ess & indu/ry1 to utilize _! res\rces s z to support ! desir$ facilities4 ,! ,g>y plan has made evid5t ! great wa/es involv$ 9 ! conv5tional me?ods ( manag+ ! public-s*ool plant4 ,all s*ool m5 w agree ) ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt :5 he says t 8mo/ c]ta9ly playgr\nds1 gymnasiums1 & swimm+-pools are good ?+s = all *ildr5 to h4 ,i believe t g>d5s1 work%ops1 draw+ & music /udios are good ?+s = *ildr5 to h4 ,i believe t museums1 art gall]ies1 & libr>ies are good ?+s = *ildr5 to use sy/ematically & regul>ly4 ,9 my judgm5t opportunities = religi\s in/ruction1 = private in/ruction 9 music1 & = assi/+ 9 desirable home "w are good ?+s = *ildr54 ,s also are cop]ative classes betwe5 ! academic s*ool & ! indu/rial activities ( ! s*ool bus9ess dep>tm5ts1 & betwe5 ! s*ool & indu/rial activities outside ! s*ool4 ,9 :at way w ! use ( ^! facilities h&icap a *ild 9 8 ef=ts to secure an education80 ,! answ] is1 ( c\rse1 89 no way40 ,^! are ! ?+s ! mo/ advanc$ high] s*ools & weal?y private s*ools are provid+ = _! pupils4 ,s*ool m5 may h desir$ to provide all ^! ?+s = all ! *ildr5 ( ! elem5t>y s*ools too1 b r>ely has economic skill comb9$ ) educational philosophy to br+ su* an ideal )9 ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,! ,g>y s*ool seems to h f\nd a way4 ,x has actually realiz$ ! ideal1 & made practicable t s*ool-community life :i* o!r s*ools h only envisag$4 ,x has f\nd t any k9d ( s*ool desir$ may be _h if classrooms1 auditoriums1 playgr\nds1 etc41 are 9 con/ant use all day long by all ! *ildr5 9 alt]nat+ gr\ps & out ( s*ool h\rs by adults4 8,! mod]n city10 says ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt1 8is l>gely ! result ( ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! common use ( public facilities t we ne$ = our p]sonal use only "p ( ! "t4 ,we are will+ t o!r p use public s]vices :5 we _c use !m4 ,h[ _m /reet-c>s & :at sort ( s]vice c\ld we af=d if ea* citiz5 _h to h 8 own private /reet-c> seat = 8 own exclusive use80 ,yet ! educational ideal 9 s*ool managem5t g5]ally rema9s :at is set =? 9 ! report ( ! #aiac ,"p-,"t ,committee ( ! ,new ,york public s*ools1--8,e pupil is entitl$ to an individual seat & desk4 ,! tea*] is entitl$ to ! exclusive possession ( a classroom44440 ,9 ! light ( ! ,g>y plan ?is ideal is absurd4 ,x means1 z has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,new ,york exp]i5ce1 t s*ool facilities c nev] be made to cat* up to s*ool population4 ,& x is absurd because x assumes t all p]sons 9 s*ool want to d ! same ?+ at ! same "t4 ,b all 8mod]n public conv5i5ces are made possible only by _! common use & ! fact t we d n want to use ! same public conv5i5ces at ! same mom5t4 ,we are will+ to h "s "o else use our public libr>y1 look at our pictures 9 our public museum1 walk 9 our public p>k1 sleep 9 our ,pullman b]? or 9 our hotel b$room1 or travel 9 our /eamboat :5 we are o!rwise engag$40 ,x proves to be z f9ancially prohibitive to attempt to provide an individual desk & seat = e s*ool-*ild z x is to provide an individual seat = e citiz5 :o may sit 9 ! p>k4 8,! great masses ( *ildr5 9 our city s*ools c nev] h ample play spaces1 suitable auditoriums1 gymnasiums & swimm+-pools1 work%ops1 libr>ies1 museums1 or ev5 ord9>y s*oolrooms = /udy & recitation1 if all *ildr5 at ! same "t mu/ be us+ ea* ( ^! facilities sep>ately40 ,! m p use ^! public s]vices1 ! *eap] !y become = ea* "o ( u4 ,& ! m ev5ly ! public use is di/ribut$1 ! m valuable becomes ! s]vice to ea* "o ( u4 8,increas+ ! numb] ( p]sons us+ any public facility ei!r "u public or private own]%ip bett]s ! s]vice = all1 provid$ ! load c be uni=mly di/ribut$ dur+ op]at+ h\rs4 ,! problem ) a public light+ or transportation s]vice is to elim9ate #8peak-loads' z f> z possible40 ,we h _h con/antly be=e u ! gradual ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( multiple s]vice ( public facilities4 ,! ,g>y plan makes ! public s*ool ! la/ ( ^! public s]vices to come "u ! op]ation ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,z g5]ally manag$ ! public s*ool has n recogniz$ ^! pr9ciples4 ,! effect ( its adm9i/rative me?ods1 its rigid s*ool h\rs1 its uni=m curriculum1 its emphasis on academic "w1 has be5 r to increase ! 8peak-loads0 & ?us inadv]t5tly to increase ! co/s ( op]ation4 ,9 _m s*ools1 ! use ( ! 8auditorium0 does n av]age m ?an t5 m9utes a day = ea* day ( ! ye>1 & ! playgr\nds b>ely an h\r ea* day ( ! ye>4 ,& = e h\r t %ops1 etc41 are empty1 !re is a wa/e & leakage1 :i* w\ld be p]mitt$ 9 no o!r public-s]vice in/itution4 ,! ,g>y plan1 !re=e1 has work$ out a multiple use ( ! s*ool plant 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive =m4 ,by di/ribut+ classes 9 alt]nat+ gr\ps1 s t e dep>tm5t & room is 9 use z ne>ly z possible e h\r ( ! eight-h\r day1 ! 8peak-loads0 are prev5t$ & ! co/s ( op]ation r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,?is sy/em1 v>i\sly call$ a 8rotation-(-crops0 or a 8platoon0 sy/em1 p]mits almo/ ! actual d\bl+ ( ! capacity ( ! s*ool plant4 ,two duplicate s*ools may function toge!r 9 ! same build+ all day long4 ,?is 8duplicate-s*ool0 plan is n1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t us$ 9 "s cities1 :]e "o s*ool occupies ! rooms = a few h\rs :ile ! o!r rema9s at home1 to take its turn 9 ! rooms :ile ! o!r goes out4 ,t is m]ely a 8"p-"t0 s*eme1 & only acc5tuates ! usual evils ( fragm5t>y s*ool+ & demoraliz+ /reet life4 ,! ,g>y plan involves two di/9ct s*ools1 kn[n z ! 8,x0 & ! 8,y0 s*ools1 ea* ( :i* has ! entire program & ! full day4 ,! ,g>y plan1 9 o!r words1 c accommodate twice ! ord9>y numb] 9 a s*ool-build+1 n by %ort5+ ! "t = ea* *ild1 b actually by l5g!n+ x4 ,h[ ?is plan works out 9 detail = a s*ool unit ( eight classes may be %[n by ! foll[+ program1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! ,jeff]son ,s*ool :5 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt fir/ came to ,g>y4 ,! ,jeff]son ,s*ool has be5 describ$ z a conv5tional s*ool-build+1 :i* 0 adapt$ to ! ,g>y plan by ! in/itution ( %ops1 gymnasium1 etc41 & ! conv]sion ( classrooms into laboratories & /udios4 ,! program %[s h[ a small eight-room s*ool1 ord9>ily accommodat+ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty *ildr5 7=ty to a class71 may1 ) a small auditorium1 playgr\nd1 attic gymnasium1 & basem5t %ops accommodate two duplicate s*ools ( eight tea*]s ea*1 ) a total ( six hundr$ & =ty *ildr54 ,! fir/ column gives ! tea*]s1--grade tea*]s = ! regul> /udies ( ! eight grades1 & special tea*]s = ! special activities4 ,! second column gives ! rooms :]e ! "w is conduct$2 ! o!r columns give ! di/ribution ( "t4 8#a,x0 means ! fir/ grade ( ! 8,x0 s*ool2 8#a,y0 means ! fir/ grade ( ! 8,y0 s*ool1 etc4 ,! program %[s ! +5i\s di/ribution ( classes ?r\gh\t ! s*ool & ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! day1--six h\rs 9 ?is case1 to :i* "o h\r & a qu>t] mu/ be add$ = lun*-"t4 ,/udies ,=5oon ,aft]noon ,tea*]s ,room #ij m94 #ij m94 #ij m94 #ij m94 #a/ ,grade ,classroom #a,x #a,y #a,x #a,y #b;d ,grade ,classroom #b,x #b,y #b,x #b,y #c;d ,grade ,classroom #c,x #c,y #c,x #c,y #d? ,grade ,classroom #d,x #d,y #d,x #d,y #e? ,grade ,classroom #e,x #e,y #e,x #e,y #f? ,grade ,classroom #f,x #f,y #f,x #f,y #g? ,grade ,classroom #g,x #g,y #g,x #g,y #h? ,grade ,classroom #h,x #h,y #h,x #h,y ,music ,auditorium #a,y #b,y #a,x #b,x #c,y #d,y #c,x #d,x ,draw+ ,basem5t #c,y #d,y #c,x #d,x #a,y #b,y #a,x #b,x ,lit]ature ,libr>y #e,y #f,y #e,x #f,x #g,y #h,y #g,x #h,x ,sci5ce or ,basem5t #g,y #h,y #g,x #h,x #e,y #f,y #e,x #f,x manual arts ,attic #b,y #a,y #b,x #a,x #f,y #e,y #f,x #e,x ,physical ,playgr\nd #d,y #c,y #d,x #c,x #h,y #g,y #h,x #g,x education 7#b ,attic #f,y #e,y #f,x #e,x #b,y #a,y #d,x #c,x tea*]s & pr9cipal7,playgr\nd #h,y #g,y #h,x #g,x #d,y #c,y #b,x #a,x ,accord+ to ?is program1 only eight regul> s*oolrooms are requir$ = ! sixte5 classes4 ,:ile ^! eight classrooms are occupi$ by ! classes engag$ 9 ! regul> /udies1 ! eight o!r classes are engag$ 9 special activities 9 o!r p>ts ( ! s*ool plant1 9 basem5t %ops1 attic gymnasium1 or playgr\nd4 ,half ! day is giv5 to ! regul> /udies1 & half to ! special activities4 ,! regul> /udies occupy two p]iods ( n9ety m9utes ea*1 "o 9 ! =5oon & "o 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! same am\nt ( "t is giv5 to ! special activities1 b ! n9ety-m9ute p]iods are divid$ into two =ty-five-m9ute p]iods4 ,! "t devot$ to ! regul> /udies is divid$ z ! tea*]s see fit4 ,ea* tea*] has b "o class at a "t1 & ! way 9 :i* ! "t is di/ribut$ betwe5 ! ari?metic1 read+1 spell+1 geography1 hi/ory1 etc41 dep5ds ^u ! ne$s ( ^? 9 ! class4 ,x w be se5 f ! program t ea* class ( ! two duplicate s*ools has "t n only = ?ree h\rs a day ( ! traditional s*ool /udies1 b = ?ree h\rs ( play & special activities besides4 ,& s9ce ?is is ! daily program1 ea* class gets ?is v>i$ "w1 /udy1 & play e day1 & n1 z is ! case ( ! special "w 9 mo/ public s*ools1 only once or twice a week4 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is program1 ! day's "w = ! ?ird grade 9 ! 8,x0 s*ool w\ld be mapp$ out 9 ?is way1--regul> /udies1 draw+ or manual tra9+1 playgr\nd or gymnasium1 lun*1 regul> /udies1 music1 & playgr\nd aga94 ,! six? grade 9 ! 8,y0 s*ool has a program ( physical education1 music or lit]ature1 regul> /udies1 lun*1 play1 sci5ce or manual arts1 & regul> /udies aga94 ,! program %[s n only h[ d\ble ! numb] ( classes are accommodat$1 b h[ all are giv5 a long] & m v>i$ day ?an is possible 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,?is program repres5ts ! simple/ framework ( ! application ( public-s]vice pr9ciples to ! daily s*ool program1 ) its multiple use ( facilities4 ,x is kn[n z ! 8,old ,g>y ,s*ool ,program10 & has1 ( c\rse1 be5 mu* modifi$ & ref9$ & complicat$ z ! ne$ = flexibility & = ! fur!r dep>tm5taliz+ ( /udies has aris51 & z x has _h to be adapt$ to s*ools ( diff]5t sizes4 ,z "h pres5t$ x does n include ! high-s*ool classes4 ,! program ( ! complete s*ool plant is mu* m elaborate4 ,! 8,old ,g>y ,s*ool ,program10 h[ev]1 conta9s ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! di/ribution ( classes & ( s*ool "t4 ,s9ce ,septemb]1 #aiac1 a new & m satisfactory program has be5 foll[$ 9 ! f\r l>g] ,g>y s*ools4 ,! new s*ool day is eight & "o qu>t] h\rs 9 l5g?1 & ! "w is divid$ into f\r gr\ps1 z foll[s3-- ,gr\p ,program ,h\rs #a4;,hi/ory & geography1 ,engli% & #b ma!matics #b4,manual "w1 sci5ce1 draw+1 music #b #c4;,auditorium #a #d4,play1 physical tra9+1 application #b ,lun* #a ,! fir/ gr\p ( /udies is conduct$ 9 ! ord9>y classrooms2 ! second gr\p 9 ! %ops1 laboratories1 & /udios2 ! ?ird gr\p 9 ! auditorium2 ! f\r? gr\p 9 ! gymnasiums1 swimm+-pools1 playrooms & playgr\nds4 ,f\r gr\ps ( *ildr5 are simultane\sly engag$ 9 ^! f\r diff]5t dep>tm5ts ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,if ,a repres5ts "o half ( ! classes ( grades #a to #d2 ,b1 "o half ( grades #e to #h2 ,c1 ! o!r half ( grades #a to #d2 & ,d1 ! o!r half ( grades #e to #h--!n ,a & ,b toge!r w repres5t ! 8,x0 s*ool ( our old program1 & ,c & ,d toge!r w repres5t ! 8,y0 s*ool1 ea* s*ool ) its own corps ( tea*]s & classes ( all grades f #a to #h4 ,! new program = ! duplicate s*ool !n works out 9 op]ation z foll[s4 7,! new day is an h\r long]47 ,"t ,/udies = ,gr\p ,gr\p #b ,gr\p #c ,gr\p #d #ab #h4ae- #i4ae ,a ,b ,c ,d #i4ae-aj4ae ,b ,a ,c ,d #aj4ae-aa4ae ,c ,d ,a ,b #aa4ae-ab4ae ,d ,c ,lun*-h\r = ,a ,b #ab4ae- #a4ae ,a ,b ,lun*-h\r = ,c ,d #a4ae- #b4ae ,b ,a ,d ,c #b4ae- #c4ae ,c ,d ,b ,a #c4ae- #d4ae ,d ,c -- ,a ,b #d4ae- #e4jj ,playgr\nds1 gymnasiums1 & %ops op5 = volunte]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,footnote #b3 ,see prec$+ table4 ,s9ce ,c ,d1 or ! 8,y0 s*ool1 has physical education ! fir/ h\r 9 ! morn+1 & ,a ,b1 or ! 8,x0 s*ool1 has x ! la/ h\r ( ! aft]noon1 pupils 9 ! 8,y0 s*ool are p]mitt$ to come an h\r lat] 9 ! morn+1 & ! pupils 9 ! 8,x0 s*ool are p]mitt$ to leave an h\r e>li] 9 ! aft]noon4 ,x w be obs]v$ f ?is program t only "o f\r? ( ! pupils are engag$ 9 gr\p #a dur+ any h\r ( ! day4 ,f\r sep>ate classes are1 !re=e1 accommodat$ 9 ea* regul> classroom4 ,consequ5tly1 ! capacity ( ! s*ool plant is f\r times t ( ! regul> classrooms4 ,b s9ce a numb] ( rooms :i* w\ld o!rwise be us$ = classrooms are us$ = laboratories & /udios1 ! net capacity ( ! s*ool plant op]at+ "u ! new program is1 z "u ! old program1 twice ! capacity ( ! total numb] ( classrooms4 ,9 ! l[] grades x is f\nd desirable to use = =mal physical tra9+1 half an h\r out ( ! two h\rs assign$ to gr\p #b4 ,an ex*ange is1 !re=e1 made ) ! gramm> & high-s*ool grades1 :i* are assign$ to ! regul> classrooms = an additional h\r ( ,engli% & ma!matics4 ,9 all grades ! "t assign$ to gr\p #d is divid$ betwe5 ! tea*]s ( physical education & play1 & ! tea*]s ( ! subjects 9 gr\ps #a & #b4 ,9 ! l[] grades1 tea*]s ( ! regul> /udies use _! %>e ( ! "t--"o h\r--9 games & con/ructive plays t apply ! subject-matt] taught 9 ! classes4 ,?is is ! 8application0 "w :i* is s di/9ctive a feature ( ! ,g>y s*ool4 ,x is plann$ sy/ematically to give ! =mal "w ( ! s*ool opportunity = expression ?r\gh activity4 ,! music & lit]ature tea*]s use ! 8application0 p]iod = folk-dances1 musical games1 dramatics1 model+ 9 clay & s&1 & = free imag9ative play & con/ruction4 ,?is 8application0 "w is c>ri$ on in=mally 9 ! broad halls or 9 corn]s ( ! playgr\nds & playrooms4 ,:atev] "w has p]man5t value or int]e/ may !n be practic$ = pres5tation 9 ! 8auditorium0 p]iod4 ,! nature-/udy & sci5ce tea*]s use ! application p]iod = ! c>e ( ! lawns1 trees1 %rubb]y1 ! cons]vatories1 ! g>d5s1 ! animal pets4 ,9 ! upp] grades1 ma!matics tea*]s use ?is p]iod = ! practical measur+ & plann+ ( ! v>i\s me*anical con/ruction projects ( ! %ops or gr\nds1 or 9 practical acc\nt+ 9 connection ) ! cl]ical "w ( ! s*ool4 ,9 o!r words1 x is 9 ! 8application0 p]iods t t "w is done :i* contributes to ! s*ool community life :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on 8,! ,s*ool z a ,community40 ,9 ! l[] grades1 8application0 takes l>gely ! =m ( games4 ,9 ! upp] grades1 ! indu/rial & sci5ce "w is us$ z ! basis4 ,practical in/ruction is giv5 by ! %op & laboratory tea*]s1 9 addition to t giv5 by ! regul> tea*]s4 ,! special tea*] has 8 pupils = "o h\r 9 ! classroom1 foll[$ by two h\rs 9 ! %op or laboratory :]e direct application is made ( ! !oretical in/ruction4 ,?is extra "t is tak5 out ( t assign$ to gr\p #d4 ,! division ( "t betwe5 ! v>i\s activities 9 ! new program !re=e works out z foll[s3-- ,= grades #a to #c3-- ,language & ma!matics #b h\rs ,music1 lit]ature & expression1 #a h\r gymna/ics ,application #a h\r ,auditorium #a h\r ,lun* #a h\r ,manual "w & nature-/udy #a h\r ,free play #a h\r ,= ! o!r grades1 #d to #h3-- ,language1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 geography #b h\rs ,sci5ce & manual "w #b h\rs ,ma!matics & ,engli% taught by %op & #a h\r laboratory in/ructors ,physical tra9+ & play #a h\r ,auditorium #a h\r ,lun* #a h\r ,?is is ! new program = a s*ool ( eight grades4 ,9 ! case ( ! complete s*ool plant1 su* z ^? ( ! ,em]son & ,froebel ,s*ools 9 ,g>y1 ) _! twelve grades & _! =ty or m classes apiece1 ! program becomes mu* m complicat$4 ,b ! division ( "t foll[s ess5tially ! outl9es giv5 above1 ! high-s*ool classes resembl+ ! upp] gramm> grades' di/ribution ( "t & subjects4 ,! notewor?y ?+ ab\t ?is program1 ap>t f ! +5i\s & successful multiple use ( ! s*ool plant x repres5ts1 is ! equable di/ribution ( "t betwe5 ! 8regul> /udies0 & ! 8special activities40 ,9 ! ,g>y s*ool1 ! 8special "w10 m or less an app5dage 9 ! ord9>y public s*ool1 is z regul> z ! 8regul> "w40 ,yet ! am\nt ( academic "w is no less ?an t 9 ! ord9>y s*ools4 ,! v>i\s fundam5tal gr\ps are p>ticipat$ 9 on equal t]ms4 ,no subject is slight$1 no age is slight$4 ,! ext5d$ s*ool day1 :i* absorbs ! 8/reet & alley "t0 ( ! city *ild1 af=ds ample opportunity = all activities4 ,no activity is cont9u$ long en\gh to cause fatigue1 :ile ! con/ant daily cultivation ( ea* activity provides ! con/ant drill & ! ?or\ghness ( tra9+ :i* ! ord9>y s*ool1 ) its %ort day & cr[d$ curriculum1 is compell$ to slight4 ,su* a program seems to be a highly rational di/ribution ( s*ool activities1 z +5i\s f ! po9t ( view ( educational eng9e]+ z x is p$agogically s\nd4 ,by treat+ ! daily use ( ! s*ools z a public s]vice1 ! ,g>y program obta9s1 = twice ! numb] ( *ildr5 ord9>ily accommodat$1 twice ! numb] ( facilities ord9>ily provid$4 ,ea* individual is imm5sely b5efit$ because all are s]v$4 8,! only reason :y ! public--t is1 ourselves collectively--c af=d to provide ?+s = ea* ( u individually t we _c provide = ourselves privately1 is t collectively we secure a multiple use ( ! facilities40 ,! same pr9ciples ( adm9i/rative economy--an economy :i* creates r ?an impov]i%es--are appli$ to ! ye>ly s*$ule z to ! daily program4 ,! ,g>y au?orities f9d t !y _c af=d to let _! plant /& idle two or ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>1 & are !re=e work+ t[>d an all-ye> s*ool4 ,?is ef=t co9cides ) a gr[+ g5]al belief t ! long summ] vacations n only demoralize ! city *ild1 b are a great wa/e ( educational influ5ce4 ,at ! pres5t "t /ate laws h9d] ! completion ( ! all-ye> plan4 ,! ,g>y s*ools n[ h t5 mon?s ( regul> compulsory s*ool1 & t5 weeks ( volunt>y vacation s*ool1 b !y are work+ t[>d an organization ( f\r qu>t]s ( twelve weeks ea*4 ,?is plan 0 approximat$ by ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt 9 ! ,bluffton s*ools be=e he came to ,g>y4 ,"u ?is s*eme pupils are requir$ to att5d any ?ree ( ! f\r qu>t]s1 att5dance 9 ! rema9+ qu>t] be+ :olly volunt>y4 ,9 ,bluffton x 0 f\nd t ! att5dance ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 = ! summ] qu>t] 0 great] ?an = any o!r qu>t] 9 ! ye>4 ,) ! traditional t]m organization1 _m *ildr5 are unavoidably abs5t 9 ! w9t] on acc\nt ( sickness & wea!r4 ,"u ! f\r-qu>t] arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 ! allott$ vacation ( ^! *ildr5 c\ld be s organiz$ z to include ?is abs5ce & ?us insure ?irty-six weeks ( s*ool+4 8,:5 p are giv5 a *ance10 says ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt1 8x is f\nd t !y d n want to g to s*ool at ! same "t any m ?an !y all want to travel at ! same "t40 ,! all-ye> s*ool w\ld n increase ! co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,= ) ! same numb] ( pupils p] tea*]1 ! co/ is ! same :e!r ! pupils are all taught toge!r = ?irty-six weeks1 on ! traditional plan1 or :e!r only ?ree qu>t]s ( !m are taught at a "t ?r\gh\t a s*ool ye> ( =ty-eight weeks4 ,! economies :i* ?is multiple use ( s*ool facilities effects are s l>ge z to provide ample funds = all ! special features ( ! ,g>y plan ( education4 ,^! sav+s are 9 con/ruction1 9 op]ation & ma9t5ance1 & 9 in/ruction4 ,sav+s 9 con/ruction alone are v l>ge4 ,s9ce1 "u ! duplicate-s*ool plan1 two complete s*ools may be accommodat$ 9 "o build+1 ! numb] ( s*ool plants may be greatly r$uc$4 ,9 ! light ( ! ,g>y plan1 !re=e1 ^? cities :i* are confront$ ) problems ( s*ool conge/ion are 9 ! p>adoxical situation ( hav+1 n too few build+s1 b actually too _m4 ,few] & bett] plants w\ld accommodate _! *ildr5 "u ! ,g>y plan4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,g>y s*ools at pres5t h accommodations = _m m *ildr5 ?an !re are *ildr5 to use !m1 & ?is 9 spite ( a ph5om5al gr[? ( population4 ,! erection ( a numb] ( ,g>y unit plants is less exp5sive ?an ! erection ( a mu* l>g] numb] ( ord9>y s*ool-build+s ( ! common s*ool type4 ,= ! co/ ( build+ con/ruction does n increase 9 proportion to ! size ( ! build+1 & l>ge sums may be sav$ on ! few] sites requir$4 ,! dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( classrooms 9 ! ,g>y s*ool plant is a di/9ct s\rce ( economy1 ow+ to ! fact t ! classroom is uni=mly ! mo/ exp5sive portion ( ! s*ool plant4 ,! ,g>y exp]i5ce seems to %[ t ! be/ & complete/ unit s*ool plant is also ! *eape/4 ,! plan ( hav+ ! twelve grades "u "o ro( avoids ! r$uplication ( exp5sive equipm5t 9 sev]al c5t]s4 ,& ! self-su/a9+ indu/rial %ops cut (f an item ( 8vocational tra9+0 exp5se :i* mo/ cities f9d almo/ f9ancially prohibitive4 ,z = ! co/s ( op]ation & ma9t5ance1 x is obvi\s t increas+ ! size ( ! s*ool plant makes = economy4 ,! co/ ( janitor s]vice1 adm9i/rative *>ges1 heat+1 light+1 etc41 are mu* r$uc$ by consolidation4 ,nor1 9 ord] to effect ^! economies1 ne$ ! size ( ! s*ool plant be made s l>ge z to make adm9i/ration unwieldy4 ,! l>ge/ ,g>y s*ool plant1 op]at+ ) all ^! economies1 accommodates only tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ *ildr51 =ty *ildr5 to a tea*]1 :ile x is ! int5tion to r$uce ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 p] tea*] to ?irty1 & ! build+ capacity to two ?\s& *ildr54 ,f9ally1 ! co/ p] pupil = in/ruction is decreas$ by ! plan ( specializ+ & dep>tm5taliz+ ! "w1 & ?us elim9at+ ov]head *>ges = sup]visors4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out aga9 t all ^! economies actually increase ! educational effici5cies ( ! s*ool4 ,! figures %[ t ! ,g>y s*ool plan does n increase public exp5ditures = educational purposes4 ,! ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 built be=e ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt came to ,g>y1 & repres5t+ ! common type ( mod]n s*ool-build+1 0 erect$ at a co/ ( #ij1jjj to accommodate #cfj pupils1 ) #dj pupils p] tea*]4 ,?is is a p]-capita con/ruction co/ ( #bej1 a co/ exactly equal to t ( a typical ,new ,j]sey ,high ,s*ool rec5tly erect$ at a co/ ( #abe1jjj1 ) a maximum capacity ( #ejj pupils4 ,! capacity ( ! ,em]son ,s*ool1 con/ruct$ z an ideal ,g>y s*ool plant1 is #ahjj1 ) #cj pupils to a tea*]4 ,its co/1 ) a l>ge playgr\nd & ! weal? ( facilities already describ$1 0 ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,! p]-capita co/ ( con/ruction 0 !re=e #aff4 ,at its maximum capacity1 ) #dj pupils to ! tea*]1 ! p]-capita co/ ( con/ruction w\ld be only #aaa1 z aga9/ #bej = ! ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 ) no facilities4 ,fur!r tables ( comp>ative co/s w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,! funds lib]at$ by ! application ( ^! simple economical pr9ciples to public-s*ool f9ance are s l>ge z to give ,g>y ! means to provide1 z ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt says1 8any k9d ( a s*ool desir$40 ,extraord9>ily complete educational & recreational facilities may be furni%$ = all ! p all ! ye> r\nd4 ,money is ?us provid$ = an ev5+ s*ool = adults on an almo/ unprec$5t$ scale4 ,! ,g>y ev5+ s*ools1 held 9 ! f\r l>ge/ s*ool plants1 f\r ev5+s a week ?r\gh\t ! regul> s*ool ye> f #g to #i4cj ,p4,m41 h an att5dance ov] two ?irds t ( ! regul> day s*ools4 ,! co/ ( ! ev5+ s*ool is only ?irte5 p] c5t ( ! day-s*ool co/4 ,! ev5+ s*ools ( ,g>y resemble a p's univ]sity4 ,practically e /udy au?oriz$ by /ate law is giv51 & ! bullet9 ( c\rses is l a univ]sity catalogue4 ,all ! %ops1 laboratories1 /udios1 & classrooms are ?r[n op51 ei!r to repeat ! day /udies or to pres5t m advanc$ "w4 ,all ! "w1 indu/rial & academic1 is op5 on equal t]ms to m5 & wom54 ,dur+ #aiad-ae1 #dcjj /ud5ts1 repres5t+ all classes 9 ! community1 are said to h be5 enroll$ 9 ! ,g>y ev5+ s*ools1 ) an av]age mon?ly enrollm5t ( #cajc4 ,ov] two ?\s& ( ! n9e ?\s& vot]s at ! la/ city election 7 said to be enroll$ 9 ! ,g>y ev5+ s*ools4 ,!re are said to be m m5 ov] tw5ty-"o att5d+ ev5+ s*ools 9 ,g>y ?an !re are boys ( all ages att5d+ ! day s*ools4 ,! ,g>y ev5+ s*ools 9 ! la/ ye> h a*iev$ an ev5 clos] articulation ( ! "w ( ! day & ev5+ s*ools4 ,a l>ge numb] ( %ort-unit c\rses 7 (f]$ = busy m5 & wom5 :o wi%$ p>ticul> bran*es ( c]ta9 /udies1 & :o c\ld n rema9 9 s*ool to pursue _! /udies 9 ! usual way4 ,x has also be5 arrang$ to connect into gr\p units ! /udies t be> ^u a giv5 indu/rial occupation1 s t ! s*ool may correlate directly ) all ! occupations ( ! community1 & ! adult work] may come & secure ! additional exp]im5tation or !ory :i* w help him 9 8 "w4 ,9 addition to ?is in/ruction (f]$ 9 academic & indu/rial "w1 to ! ev5+ pupils is giv5 free use ( ! gymnasiums1 pools1 playgr\nds1 etc4 ,! playgr\nds are artificially light$ s t games may be play$ successfully at night4 ,playgr\nds & swimm+-pools are op5 on ,sundays also1 & ! auditoriums = lectures1 mov+ pictures1 community =ums1 & ! l4 ,all :olesome social ga!r+s & ent]ta9m5ts are welcom$ any ev5+ ( ! week4 ,! auditoriums are freely l5t = political meet+s1 conf]5ces1 meet+s ( neighborhood or o!r private associations4 ,! ,g>y s*ool plant ?us becomes 9 ! fulle/ s5se a social or community c5t]4 ,! 8wid] use ( ! s*ool plant0 "h involves almo/ ! wide/ possible use 9 ! int]e/s ( all classes ( ! population2 = ! lavi% ,g>y s*ool plants conta9 equipm5ts :i* s]ve ! ne$s n only ( *ildr51 b ( all classes ( adults z well1 f ! well-to-d woman :o wi%es to le>n ,fr5* to ! %eet-metal work] 9 ! mills4 ,by us+ ! s*ools z a public s]vice1 ! ,g>y educational au?orities are ?us able to provide = all ! p facilities at no m exp5se ?an o!r communities are pay+ n[ = meag] opportunities :i* d n ev5 meet ! ne$s ( ! *ildr51 :ile !y leave ! majority ( adults entirely un9flu5c$ by ! s*ools4 8,! private exclusive use ( public-s*ool facilities has meant & w cont9ue to mean10 says ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt1 8t all ( ! p collectively c provide = only a "p ( _! numb]40 ,! ,g>y s*ool is evid5tly a g5u9e 8public s*ool0 9 a s5se m 8public0 ?an is g5]ally kn[n4 ,9 _m communities ! public s*ool is 8/ill ! old private s*ool publicly support$40 ,s*ool bo>ds (t5 act z if !y 7 tru/ees ( private prop]ty4 ,!y gravely discuss 8wid] use ( ! s*ool plant0 z if ?is 7 "s graci\s ext5sion ( privilege in/ead ( a public "r4 ,! public 9 _m communities sc>cely feel yet t ! s*ools are _! own4 ,! ,g>y s*ools seem to h produc$ a diff]5t _s4 ,!y are public 9 ! same broad s5se t /reets & p>ks are public4 ,!y are us$ ) ! same fre$om & lack ( res]ve4 ,9 su* a community & su* a s*ool education w\ld nev] be f9i%$4 ,j z !re is no break betwe5 common s*ool & high s*ool 9 ! ,g>y plan1 s !re ne$ be none betwe5 *ild & adult4 ,! *ild w\ld n 8graduate10 8complete 8 or h] education10 b w\ld t5d to drift back con/antly to ! s*ool to get ! help he or %e ne$$ 9 pr(ession or occupation1 or to keep on enjoy+ ! facilities :i* ev5 ! weal?y private home w\ld n be able or will+ to af=d4 ,x is t[>d su* a public educational ideal t ! ,g>y plan seems to "w4 ,t[>d ?is all ! economies & +5i\s s*emes ( organization are direct$--t[>d mak+ ! public s*ools v]itable 8s*ools ( ! public40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,v ,,organization ,,! di/9ctive features ( organization 9 ! ,g>y s*ool are ! sep>ation ( adm9i/rative f p$agogical sup]vision2 ! ext5sion ( dep>tm5tal tea*+ ?r\gh\t ! entire s*ool2 ! increas$ initiative & cop]ation ( ! tea*+ =ce2 ! flexibility & simplicity obta9$ by ! 8help]0 or 8obs]v]0 sy/em4 ,! s*ool adm9i/ration is ve/$ 9 a s+le head1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 :o is appo9t$ by ! bo>d ( education ( ?ree memb]s4 ,9 *>ge ( ea* s*ool-build+ is an executive pr9cipal1 ^: duties are conc]n$ ) program-mak+1 ) sup]vision ( ! pupil's s*$ules1 ) ! g5]al ma9t5ance ( ord] & discipl9e1 & ord9>y adm9i/rative "w4 ,he has no sup]vision ( ! in/ruction4 ,= all ! s*ools !re are two g5]al sup]visors ( in/ruction1 :o ov]see ! tea*+1 "w out ! curricula 9 cop]ation ) ! tea*]s1 conduct exam9ations = promotion1 make promotions or demotions aft] consultation ) ! tea*]4 ,! indu/rial & manual-tra9+ %ops are "u ! direction ( a director ( indu/rial "w1 :o is also practical head ( ! s*ool-build+ & repair dep>tm5t4 ,! tea*]-workm5 9 ! %ops are employ$ by him 9 ! dual capacity ( manual-tra9+ & indu/rial tea*]s & ( regul> workm5 engag$ 9 repair & con/ruction4 ,ea* build+ has a head manual-tra9+ tea*]1 :o sup]vises ! "w ( ! indu/rial classes1 ( ! "p-"t classes1 & acts z vocational advis] = ! s*ool's pupils4 ,gymnasium & swimm+-pool att5dants are employ$ by ! head tea*]s ( ! physical education dep>tm5ts4 ,! dep>tm5tal tea*]s 9 ! head build+ 7,em]son ,s*ool7 act z assi/ant sup]visors ( in/ruction 9 _! subjects & h g5]al ov]sight ( ! c\rses 9 _! subjects z taught 9 ! o!r build+s4 ,dep>tm5tal tea*+ is c>ri$ out 9 ! ,g>y s*ools to an ext5t g5]ally unrealiz$ 9 o!r public s*ools4 ,x is consid]$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! l[e/ grades1 no argum5ts :i* apply to ! in/itution ( dep>tm5tal tea*+ 9 ! high s*ool are inapplicable to ! grades ( ! common s*ool4 ,! special activities und\bt$ly call = speciali/s to conduct !m4 ,hi/ory1 language1 lit]ature1 ma!matics c also be mu* bett] taught if ! tea*] c devote 8 or h] att5tion to ! p>ticul> me?ods & ori5tation ( ! respective subjects1 & n be requir$ to be equally at home 9 ! te*nique ( all ( !m4 ,tea*]s c r>ely be f\nd :o are _m-sid$ en\gh to tea* well ev5 all ! common bran*es1 )\t ! special activities4 ,! ,g>y s*ools1 !re=e1 adopt = all1 except ! fir/ two or ?ree grades1 :at are practically advanc$ high-s*ool or college me?ods ( specializ$ tea*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,%op ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool ,9 ^! l[e/ grades all ! regul> subjects are taught by ! "o grade tea*]2 9 ! o!r grades practically all ! subjects are dep>tm5taliz$4 ,a unit s*ool plant :i* %\ld h fifty-six classes1 divid$ proportionately among ! grades1 9 addition to ! nurs]ies & k9d]g>t5s & special classes1 w\ld employ = grades #a to #c1 sixte5 tea*]s1 z foll[s3 ,= ,engli%1 ma!matics1 #h2 = manual tra9+1 #b2 = nature-/udy1 #b2 = music1 #a2 = expression1 #a2 = physical tra9+1 #b4 ,= grades #d to #ab1 =ty-six tea*]s w\ld be employ$3 ,= ,engli%1 #d2 = ma!matics1 #b2 = ,lat91 #a2 = ,g]man1 #a2 = ,fr5*1 #a2 = ,spani%1 #a2 = hi/ory1 #a2 = f\r?-& fif?-grade ,engli%1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 & geography 7ei!r dep>tm5taliz$ or undep>tm5taliz$71 #h2 = *emi/ry1 #b2 = botany1 #b2 = physics1 #b2 = zology1 #b2 = freeh& draw+1 #b2 = ar*itectural draw+1 #b2 = me*anical draw+1 #a2 = music1 #b2 = expression1 #b2 = cook+1 #a2 = sew+1 #a2 = manual tra9+ 7n includ+ ! indu/rial %ops71 #b2 = physical tra9+1 #f4 ,f\r tea*]s w\ld be employ$ 9 ! k9d]g>t5 dep>tm5t4 ,a unit plant ( ?is size w\ld require "o executive build+ pr9cipal1 & "o sup]visor ( in/ruction4 ,two s*ool nurses & a s*ool physician w\ld also be employ$4 ,su* a di/ribution ( ! tea*+ =ce w\ld be consid]$ ! ideal = a unit s*ool plant ( all grades1 accommodat+ betwe5 f\rte5 hundr$ & tw5ty-two hundr$ & fifty *ildr5 9 two duplicate s*ools4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is mo/ c>eful specialization ( tea*+ does n increase ! numb] ( tea*]s requir$4 ,at lea/ fifty-six tea*]s1 ) a numb] ( special tea*]s1 w\ld be requir$ 9 any s*ool ( fifty-six classes1 run on an undep>tm5taliz$ plan4 ,! ,g>y plan1 !re=e1 )\t increas+ ! numb] ( tea*]s1 provides = a mu* high] exp]tness ( s]vice4 ,inde$1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt has work$ out a =m by :i* a s*ool ( ?irty-two classes w\ld only require ?irty-two tea*]s1 includ+ ! special tea*]s1 & ) mo/ ( ! "w dep>tm5taliz$4 ,programs may be arrang$ = s*ools ) any numb] ( classes4 ,! numb] ( classrooms & tea*]s requir$ w be approximately z foll[s1 includ+ sup]visors1 special tea*]s1 libr>ians & playgr\nd in/ructors3-- ,a #ab-;class s*ool requires #h classrooms & #ab tea*]s4 ,a #bd-;class s*ool requires #ae classrooms & #bc tea*]s4 ,a #cf-;class s*ool requires #bb classrooms & #cc tea*]s4 ,a #dh-;class s*ool requires #bi classrooms & #dc tea*]s4 ,a #fj-;class s*ool requires #cf classrooms & #ed tea*]s4 ,a #gb-;class s*ool requires #dc classrooms & #fd tea*]s4 ,9 ! #gb-;class s*ool1 #dc classrooms & #ed tea*]s are requir$1 9 addition to ! provision = auditorium1 playrooms1 & libr>y4 ,= ?is "w #aj tea*]s are requir$1 mak+ a total ( only #fd tea*]s = #gb classes4 ,! traditional elem5t>y s*ool requires #gb tea*]s & #gb classrooms = #gb classes2 ! manual-tra9+ %ops & ! manual-tra9+ tea*]s are extra4 ,9 addition !re w\ld be libr>ians 9 bran* public libr>ies1 playgr\nd directors 9 public playgr\nds1 & special tea*]s z sup]visors ( music1 draw+1 physical tra9+1 manual tra9+1 & nature-/udy4 ,(t5 9 ! traditional s*ool #hj or m p]sons are employ$ = ! in/ruction ( #gb classes1 n includ+ ! build+ pr9cipal & assi/ants4 ,an important feature ( ! tea*] organization 9 ! ,g>y s*ool is ! division into s5ior & junior tea*]s1 or head tea*] & assi/ant tea*]4 ,s9ce ea* classroom accommodates two tea*]s accord+ to ! duplicate-s*ool plan1 ! tea*] :o has be5 long] 9 s]vice is designat$ z head tea*]4 ,! less exp]i5c$ tea*] acts "u h] direction4 ,! head tea*]s1 = in/ance1 9 ! 8,x0 s*ool may visit & criticize ! "w ( ! assi/ant tea*]s 9 ! 8,y0 s*ool dur+ ! la/ h\r ( ! day :5 ! 8,x0 s*ool is n 9 session4 ,simil>ly ! junior tea*] 9 ! 8,y0 s*ool may visit ! "w ( ! 8,x0 s*ool dur+ ! fir/ h\r4 ,inexp]i5c$ or weak tea*]s may ?us be develop$ "u ! direction ( ! m exp]i5c$4 ,new tea*]s are ?us be+ con/antly tra9$ 9 ! new rgime & _s ( ! ,g>y s*ool4 ,! s*ool is ?us made an ext5sion ( ! normal or tra9+-s*ool = tea*]s4 ,! tea*]s cont9ue to le>n z well z ! pupils4 ,! "q h[ tea*]s are to be procur$ = ! new dem&s :i* ! ,g>y plan puts ^u !m is ?us answ]$4 ,! s*ool itself tra9s ! tea*]s4 ,! responsibilities ( ! tea*]s = ! auditorium p]iod h be5 discuss$4 ,"u ! old ,g>y plan ea* auditorium p]iod 0 9 *>ge ( "o tea*] :o act$ z assi/ant pr9cipal4 ,! tea*]s alt]nat$ 9 organiz+ ! dramatic & o!r features ( ! auditorium "w4 ,rec5tly ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt has decid$ t ?is auditorium "w functions bett] if x is specializ$4 ,9 ! new #gb-s*ool program1 f\r tea*]s give _! "t exclusively to ! auditorium ex]cises4 ,"o tea*] has *>ge ( ! music2 "o has *>ge ( ! art1 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 civics1 & curr5t ev5ts2 "o has *>ge ( ! pres5tation ( mat]ial relat+ to ! sci5ce "w2 & "o has *>ge ( ! pres5tation ( ! mat]ial relat+ to ! %ops & indu/ries4 ,9 a prop]ly equipp$ auditorium1 ) /]eopticon lant]n1 motion-picture ma*9e1 /age1 play]-piano1 organ1 & phonograph1 ! auditorium tea*]s c d _m ?+s bett] ) l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 ?an ! regul> tea*]s c d ) small numb]s4 ,! regul> classroom tea*]s are expect$ to cop]ate 9 ?is frequ5t pres5tation ( "w by _! classes 9 ! auditorium 9 ord] to use x z a place = 8application0 "w & = motivat+ ! academic "w ( ! s*ool4 ,9 ! new program1 ! 8application0 "w is also specializ$4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t "s tea*]s h a special tal5t = ?is imag9ative & con/ructive side ( tea*+1 & pref] to devote _! entire "t to x4 ,9 ?is s*eme1 ! 8application0 tea*]s h six classes daily out ( a total ( twelve classes 9 ea* ( _! respective gr\ps4 ,!y are ?us able to meet ea* ( ! twelve classes ( _! respective gr\ps e o!r day1 week1 mon?1 or t]m4 ,or ^! tea*]s may select f ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ?ree classes ! pupils :o ne$ special "w 9 language & ma!matics1 & meet ^! pupils e day4 ,= ! av]age pupil all ( ! opportunity necess>y to make an application ( 8 language & ma!matics is provid$ 9 ! regul> manual-tra9+1 draw+1 music1 & expression classes4 ,! 8application0 tea*]s meet _! respective classes 9 ! manual-tra9+1 draw+1 music1 & expression rooms4 ,! facilities ( ^! special rooms are us$ = 8application0 purposes4 ,! 8application0 tea*]s are expect$ to make sugge/ions to ! special tea*]s ( ^! subjects conc]n+ ! opportunities to tea* language & ma!matics ?r\gh ! 8application0 opportunities ( ! regul> "w ( _! respective subjects4 ,ea* 8application0 tea*] may be con/itut$ ! head ( a gr\p ( eight tea*]s4 ,! 8application0 tea*] is ! correlat+ ag5t = all ! "w ( ! twelve classes2 also %e works ) all ( ! twelve classes z a con/ructive exam9]1 & is con/antly plac+ be=e ! *ildr5 real problems ( ! type t ! _w ( indu/ry1 bus9ess1 & citiz5%ip w place be=e !m :5 !y leave s*ool4 ,%e may n be able to pres5t ^! problems z well z ! _w w pres5t !m lat]1 b ! imm$iate & daily reaction :ile ! *ild is 9 s*ool %\ld be invaluable 9 prep>+ him = meet+ ! m difficult problems :i* arise :5 he has complet$ 8 s*ool c\rse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,class p]iods may be #dj or #ej or #ee m9utes in/ead ( #fj4 ,tea*]s h six h\rs 9 s*ool ) #fj-m9ute p]iods1 five & "o-half ) #ee-m9ute p]iods1 & five h\rs ) #ej-m9ute p]iods4 ,pupils h a s*ool day ( sev51 six & "o-half1 & six h\rs respectively1 9 addition to an h\r = lun*eon4 ,! playgr\nd tea*]s are on duty an additional h\r4 ,ea* tea*] has an h\r a day free = h] own "w4 ,:5 h] day is f9i%$1 %e is suppos$ to leave ! build+4 ,x is expect$ t all pap] "w1 z well z all ! "w ( ! *ildr51 w be done 9 s*ool4 ,! purpose is to make ! tea*]'s day only six h\rs1 )\t ! burd5 ( extra "t at home4 ,an int]e/+ ext5sion ( ?is tea*]-organization plan is ! new tra9+ c\rse = outside tea*]s or pr9cipals :o are desir\s ( /udy+ ! ,g>y s*ool plan & tea*+ me?ods4 ,visit+ tea*]s & pr9cipals are all[$1 at a fee1 to atta* !mselves z assi/ants to tea*]s or pr9cipals1 & foll[ ! "w ?r\gh a c\rse ( weeks or mon?s1 9 exactly ! same way t ! small *ild acts z 8help]0 or 8obs]v]0 to ! old] *ild 9 ! laboratory or %op or ! junior to ! s5ior tea*]4 ,! fee goes to ! tea*] or pr9cipal :o in/ructs ! visitor4 ,?is novel way ( tea*+ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,g>y s*ool1 n by lectures1 b by direct practical assi/ance on ! "p ( ! visitor1 is typical ( t insi/5ce ^u 8le>n+ by do+0 :i* is ! keynote ( ! ,g>y in/ruction4 ,! ,g>y plan acts on ! !ory t ! good tea*]s %\ld be giv5 initiative & responsibility1 :ile ! inexp]i5c$ & weak tea*]s %\ld be tra9$ into initiative & responsibility4 ,! usual plan 9 s*ool sy/ems is to make ! exp]i5c$ & inexp]i5c$1 /rong & weak1 cord9ate ) "o ano!r1 & all subord9ate to ! sup]visor or sup]9t5d5t4 ,! ,g>y plan ?us secures ! utmo/ f ! good tea*]s1 & tra9s ! poor ones4 ,in/ead ( employ+ special 8visit+ tea*]s10 z is done 9 _m s*ool sy/ems1 ! tea*] 9 ! ,g>y s*ool is giv5 ! responsibilities ( ! 8visit+ tea*]0 by be+ made a 8regi/] tea*]0 = a subdivision ( ! s*ool di/rict4 ,9 ?is way cases ( maladju/m5t to s*ool1 home1 or neighborhood conditions may be met4 ,! s*ool population ( ! city is geographically di/rict$ 9 su* a way t ea* di/rict holds ab\t fifty families4 ,! *ildr5 9 a di/rict are assign$1 irrespective ( age or grade1 to "o ( ! grade tea*]s4 ,ea* 8regi/] tea*]0 meets h] gr\p once a week = g5]al conf]5ce4 ,%e gives out ! mon?ly reports4 ,failure 9 self-control1 irregul> att5dance1 t>d9ess1 & o!r matt]s are report$ to h]4 ,no *ild is excus$ f class )\t h] p]mission1 & %e is expect$ to call at ! homes ( ! *ildr5 :5 necess>y or to meet _! p>5ts at ! s*ool4 ,ea* 8regi/] tea*]0 holds ! same *ildr5 f class to class z long z !y live 9 ! di/rict4 ,%e corresponds almo/ exactly to :at is kn[n z ! 8faculty advis]0 ( ! college /ud5t1 a guide & fri5d = ! g5]al conduct ( s*ool life & = difficulties t arise4 ,! 8regi/] tea*]0 is a sort ( discipl9>y & sociological ov]se] = a gr\p ( *ildr5 liv+ 9 ! same neighborhood4 ,%e has a set ( blanks :i* 9 fact provide a basis = a complete sociological survey ( h] di/rict4 ,^! %e is suppos$ to fill 91 z facts ab\t liv+ conditions1 etc41 come to h] att5tion4 ,x seems evid5t t ?is "w1 :ile exact+1 involves no m ?an a tea*] %\ld "k4 ,no m valuable sociological tra9+ c\ld be imag9$ = ! intellig5t & progressive tea*]4 ,su* "w relates h] at once to ! g5]al community life1 & makes h] pr(ession ( a f> m s]i\s importance ?an is usually giv5 to ! grade tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools4 ,?is "w is typical ( ! dem&s = a new initiative & intellig5ce t ! ,g>y plan makes ^u ! tea*]s1 & also ( ! imm5se educative value ( ^! dem&s4 ,! ef=t is con/antly made 9 ! ,g>y s*ools to bridge ! gap betwe5 tea*] & pupil4 ,an important rec5t innovation is ! in/itution ( 8tea*]s' assi/ants40 ,/ud5ts 9 ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? grades h t5 weeks = draw+1 t5 weeks = sci5ce1 t5 weeks = %opwork1 & t5 weeks = s]vice z 8tea*]s' assi/ants40 ,! /ud5ts act z laboratory & /udio assi/ants only 9 ! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* !y h a special int]e/4 ,?ree or f\r /ud5ts assi/ ! sci5ce tea*]s1 ?ree or f\r ! draw+ tea*]s1 & ?ree or f\r ! %op tea*]s4 ,playgr\nd tea*]s1 auditorium tea*]s1 music tea*]s1 etc41 h z assi/ants ! /ud5ts especially int]e/$4 ,ea* /ud5t c1 !re=e1 receive tw5ty weeks ( "w 9 ! dep>tm5t 9 :i* he has a special int]e/4 ,_m tea*]s confess t ! fir/ ye> ( tea*+ gave !m a mu* cle>] grasp ( ! subjects !y taught ?an !y 7 able to secure z /ud5ts4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( s*ol>%ip1 ! tea*]s' assi/ants le>n m by act+ 9 ?is rle = a limit$ "t ?an !y c\ld le>n by us+ ! "t = additional /udy4 ,!y n only le>n h[ to take initiative & assume responsibility1 b !y enable ! tea*] to d mu* m effective "w ) ! regul> classes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is same fundam5tal pr9ciple ( organization is appli$ to ! pupils !mselves 9 _! relations ) "o ano!r4 ,f\r?- & fif?-grade pupils are consid]$ too old = ! prim>y manual tra9+ & nature-/udy1 & n q old en\gh to use pr(itably ! laboratories & work%ops z indep5d5t /ud5ts4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 assign$ z assi/ants to /ud5ts 9 ! high] classes4 ,^! *ildr5 9 ?is way le>n m by work+ ) ! old] /ud5ts ?an !y c be taught 9 sep>ate classes by !mselves4 ,n only does ! y\ng] *ild le>n by help+ ! old] & wat*+ him & ask+ que/ions ( him1 b ! old] le>ns by be+ requir$ to answ] ! que/ions & make ! y\ng] *ild und]/& :at he is do+ 9 %op or laboratory4 ,! object is to make ! ,g>y s*ool1 9 ! words ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt1 8z mu* z possible l a l>ge family :]e9 ! y\ng] *ildr5 are le>n+ consci\sly & unconsci\sly f ! old]1 & ! latt] f contact ) ! y\ng] *ildr5 are le>n+ to assume responsibility & take ! initiative4 ,"s "o has said t we s5d our boy to s*ool1 b 8 playmates1 n ! s*ool faculty1 educate him4 ,?is is true because 9 ! conv5tional s*ool ! faculty does n utilize ! playmates z assi/ant in/ructors40 ,?is 8help]0 sy/em has prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable features ( ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,= ! pupil1 organization means a degree ( flexibility & individual in/ruction extraord9>y = a public s*ool4 ,except 9 ! l[e/ grades1 ! pupils are classifi$ by subjects z well z by grades1 s t practically college me?ods obta94 ,ea* pupil has 8 own s*$ule or program1 j z ! college /ud5t has4 ,! executive pr9cipal corresponds to ! college regi/r> 9 sup]vis+ ^! individual records4 ,! pupil is promot$ by subjects & n by grades1 & may be promot$ or demot$ at any "t by ! sup]visor ( in/ruction1 act+ ) ! tea*]4 ,grades1 !re=e1 repres5t m]ely ye>s ( s*ool+ & n classes :i* are promot$ z units4 ,ea* regul> class has a maximum regi/] ( =ty1 b ! class does n "w z a unit1 any m ?an a college class ( sophomores works z a unit4 ,"s are tak+ "o gr\p ( subjects1 "s ano!r4 ,! "w is ?us done l>gely 9 small gr\ps1 or ev5 z individuals4 ,! great weal? ( equipm5t & ! economical use ( "t p]mit a l>ge am\nt ( practically individual in/ruction4 ,! /ud5ts ( ea* grade are classifi$ into ?ree gr\ps--rapid1 normal1 & sl[ work]s4 ,! rapid work]s c easily complete ! twelve ye>s' c\rse 9 t5 ye>s4 ,!y may !n ent] college at sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,! great majority ( ! ,g>y pupils :o g to college actually come f ?is rapid-work+ gr\p4 ,! normal work]s complete ! c\rse 9 twelve ye>s1 & ! sl[ work]s 9 f\rte54 ,_m ( ! sl[ work]s d n attempt to complete ! c\rse1 b specialize 9 ! indu/rial dep>tm5ts4 ,?is gr\p+ contemplates ! recognition ( diff]5ces 9 ! m5tal end[m5ts & ambitions ( *ildr5 ( ! same age1 s t means are provid$ = ! %ort5+ ( s*ool life = "s *ildr5 & ! l5g!n+ ( x = o!rs4 ,e *ild is1 z f> z possible1 work+ along ) 8 equals1 s t ! bright *ild is n held back & r5d]$ li/less by ! pres5ce ( sl[] memb]s 9 ! class1 nor is ! sl[ *ild disc\rag$ by ! competition ( ! bright] ones4 ,e pupil may g z fa/ z he c1 & may specialize on ! "w :i* he c be/ d4 ,! pres5ce ( a great v>iety ( activities makes x possible = ! *ildr5 :o falt] on _! intellectual "w to give m att5tion to ! manual or arti/ic or physical "w 9 :i* !y may excel4 ,a special inve/igation 0 made 9 #aiad into ! regrad+ ( ! pupils ( two n9?-grade algebra classes 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool4 ,! results ( regrad+ ! classes into rapid & sl[ work]s %[$ m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! int]e/ display$ 9 ! algebra "w1 especially on ! "p ( ! sl[ work]s4 ,no failures 7 report$ among ! rapid work]s1 & only ?ree among ! sl[ work]s1 & ^! 7 due to abs5ce f class4 ,! total class av]age = ! sl[ division 0 9 ?ree mon?s rais$ five p] c5t4 ,9 ! ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 :i* has be5 op]at$ on ! ,g>y plan long] ?an any o!r s*ool1 fifty-two p] c5t ( ! *ildr5 are "o or m ye>s ahead ( _! normal grades4 ,_m features ( ! ,g>y plan af=d extraord9>y opportunities = extra assi/ance 9 /udy & "w4 ,! pupil may take extra "w 9 a subject dur+ a proportion ( 8 play1 auditorium1 or %op h\rs4 ,if he is a memb] ( ! 8,x0 s*ool1 he may get ! same lesson repeat$ = him ! same day by att5d+ ! p>allel class 9 ! 8,y0 s*ool held at a diff]5t h\r4 ,he may come to ! volunt>y ,saturday s*ool & get extra coa*+ f ! tea*]1 & ! vacation s*ool provides additional opportunity to make up back "w4 ,no home "w is all[$1 except to a small ext5t 9 ! high-s*ool grades4 ,! long s*ool day1 & ! fre$om :i* ! tea*] has to di/ribute h] "t & to conduct sup]vis$ /udy1 obviate ! necessity = c>ry+ books away f ! s*ool4 ,s9ce ! /ate law does n au?orize ! s*ools to provide free textbooks1 ^! mu/ be provid$ by ! pupil1 or1 z 9 ! case ( mo/ ( ! ,g>y classes1 b\ght by ! s*ool & loan$ coop]atively to a numb] ( classes4 ,s9ce home "w is n p]mitt$1 ! books may be kept 9 ! s*ool & di/ribut$ to ! classes z !y require !m4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! pupil 9 ! s*ool are n 9 ! classroom1 z 9 o!r public s*ools4 ,x is ! tea*] & n ! class :i* is assign$ to ! room4 ,! tea*] rema9s 9 ! room & ! pupils g to him or h]1 mov+ ab\t individually f classroom1 %op1 laboratory1 etc41 accord+ to ! pr9t$ s*$ule c>d :i* ea* pupil holds4 ,! *ild's headqu>t]s is ! spaci\s lock]s :i* l9e ! corridors 9 ! basem5ts4 ,ea* *ild has a private lock] = books1 pap]s1 & wraps4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! pupil 9 ! ,g>y s*ool1 except 9 ! l[e/ grades1 has no 8tea*]10 except ! 8regi/] tea*]40 ,! dep>tm5tal sy/em gives him _m tea*]s1 b no tea*]4 ,?is sy/em & ! self-gov]n+ responsibility = 8 own s*$ule is int5d$ to cultivate initiative & responsibility on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,x br+s him f an e>ly age into contact ) diff]5t p]sonalities1 gives him ! b5efit ( exp]t tea*+ & a v>iety ( movem5t & ex]cise4 ,! introduction ( ^! free college me?ods into ! common s*ool is1 9 ! light ( public-s*ool practice1 a d>+ exp]im5t1 b ! ,g>y s*ool exp]i5ce seems to %[ t x is q possible to give ! y\ng] *ildr5 a l>ge measure ( fre$om & individuality ( treatm5t4 ,mo/ ( ! s*$ules ( ! pupils are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! /ate c\rse ( in/ruction1 specialization n be+ p]mitt$1 ( c\rse1 except 9 ! high] grades1 or :]e "s special weakness causes repeat$ failure4 ,yet ! ,g>y s*ools h ab\t tw5ty p] c5t ( special /ud5ts :o d n int5d to f9i% ! c\rse & are specializ+ 9 "s dep>tm5ts4 ,b s9ce1 ow+ to ! individualization ( s*$ules1 e pupil is 9 a s5se a 8special /ud5t10 ! pres5ce ( ?is l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts causes no adm9i/rative confusion1 nor are ! special /ud5ts--z w\ld be ! case 9 _m s*ools op]at$ on a uni=m plan--m>k$ (f invidi\sly f ^? :o are foll[+ ! m regul> c\rse4 ,! segregation ( sexes :i* ! visitor f9ds 9 "s ( ! ,g>y s*ools & c\rses is n ! result ( any prejudice aga9/ co$ucation4 7,all ! activities are op5 equally to boys & girls alike1 s t girls are f\nd 9 ! pr9t+-%op & 9 ! wood-work+ classes1 etc47 ,x is due to ! ef=t to give ea* boy & girl :at he or %e ne$s4 ,! organization ( _m classes1 su* z play1 gymnasium1 p]sonal hygi5e1 & ! manual activities :i* d n appeal to ! girls1 or ! dome/ic sci5ce :i* does n appeal to ! boys1 requir$ ?is unisexual classification1 & sometimes x has be5 reta9$ to avoid ! break-up ( classes 9 relat$ subjects4 ,an example ( ?is ef=t to provide = all k9ds ( /ud5ts 9 ! ,g>y s*ool is ! fir/-ye> college "w :i* is (f]$ to /ud5ts :o wi% to rema9 9 ! s*ool = po/-graduate "w4 ,! ,g>y s*ool endeavors ?us to ov]lap ! college1 j z x has made ! common s*ool dovetail into ! high s*ool1 & ! day s*ool into ! ev5+ s*ool4 ,:5 ! ,g>y high-s*ool /ud5ts h come up ?r\gh ! ,g>y s*ools1 x is hop$ to be able to s5d /ud5ts f ! local s*ools at ! age ( eighte5 s prep>$ t !y may complete ! ord9>y college c\rse 9 two ye>s4 ,a ^w %\ld be said ab\t ! int]relation ( ?is flexibility ( s*$ule ) ! 8help]0 sy/em4 ,! *oice ( :at subjects ! pupil %all /udy is n z willful & an>*ical z x may seem4 ,9 ! l[] grades ! regul> /udies are1 ( c\rse1 prescrib$4 ,engli%1 ari?metic1 hi/ory1 & geography mu/ be /udi$ by all1 ) ! att5dant 8application0 & 8auditorium0 "w4 ,all mu/ h physical education1 music & expression1 & "s =m ( manual & sci5tific "w4 ,! c\rses 9 sci5ce1 indu/rial "w1 & music & expression1 bel[ ! high s*ool1 are tak5 9 alt]nation4 ,ea* occupies "o ?ird ( ! s*ool ye>4 ,! individual *oice ( ! pupil comes 9 :at sci5ce or :at %op "w he or %e w take4 ,! beg9n+ is n by *ance1 b really ! result ( a natural process ( selection by ! *ild4 ,all ! e>ly ye>s are made a sort ( unconsci\s prevocational s*ool 9 :i* ! *ild tries out 8 int]e/s & p[]s4 ,?+s are nei!r =c$ on him nor aimlessly select$4 ,! *ild 9 k9d]g>t5 or fir/ ?ree grades moves ab\t ! halls & corridors4 ,s9ce ! %ops & /udios & laboratories are n segregat$1 b di/ribut$ ov] ! build+1 s t all seem equally significant1 ! *ild has e opportunity to become famili> ) !m4 ,8 curiosity is ar\s$1 &1 unaid$1 he is tempt$ to pe] 9 ?r\gh ! glass doors & w9d[s1 & wond] :at ! old] *ildr5 are do+4 ,:5 ! *ild has rea*$ ! f\r? grade1 he already has an idea ( :at activity int]e/s him1 & :at he w\ld l to try4 ,f\r?- & fif?-grade *ildr5 !n g 9 z help]s to ! sev5?-1 eigh?-1 & n9?-grade /ud5ts 9 %ops1 /udios1 & laboratories4 ,if ! *ild f9ds ! "w does n int]e/ him1 he /ill has a *ance to try "s o!r "w1 & ?us gradually sifts out :at is likely to be valuable to him = a vocation or avocation4 ,if he has special skill1 he may specialize 9 ! high] grades4 ,su* a plan seems to be admirably devis$ to br+ out :atev] capacities !re are 9 ! pupils1 & to insure almo/ automatically _! int]e/ 9 "w :i* 9 _m s*ools is m]e un9tellig5t drudg]y4 ,vocational guidance 9 su* a sy/em is simple & effective4 ,! 8auditorium0 tea*]1 9 *>ge ( ! pres5tation ( mat]ial relat+ to ! %ops & indu/ries1 is able to give in=mation z to ! desirability ( ! sev]al trades & indu/ries z occupations4 ,= example1 ! s*ool plumb] may prep>e ) 8 /ud5ts a plumb+ outfit = an ord9>y dwell+ or ap>tm5t1 & give a lesson on ! way 9 :i* plumb+ %\ld be c>$ = 9 ! home4 ,! plumb+ in/ructor may "k mu* ab\t plumb+1 b v little ab\t pres5t+ 8 in=mation to a l>ge body ( /ud5ts4 ,! 8auditorium0 tea*] w\ld assume ! responsibility ( sup]vis+ su* auditorium pres5tations 9 ord] t !y might be dramatically effective4 ,! day t ! plumb] & 8 /ud5ts pres5t ! advantages & disadvantages ( plumb+ z a trade1 ! tea*] ( indu/ries may ann\nce to ! boys 9 8auditorium0 p]iod t = ! rema9d] ( ! week any boy may be excus$ = a p]sonal consultation ) him conc]n+ ! desirability ( jo9+ a class 9 plumb+4 ,/ud5ts are ?us direct$ 9 _! %op assignm5ts by ?is 8auditorium0 tea*] ( indu/ries4 ,vocational guidance is ?us made possible z f> z x is probably wise to und]take su* guidance 9 ! s*ool at pres5t4 ,su* a plan directs ! me*anically incl9$ among ! *ildr5 by enli/+ _! int]e/ & !n _! w4 ,! 8auditorium0 tea*]s = ! o!r activities may also act z advis]s 9 ! same way4 ,tea*] & pupil ?us cop]ate1 n 9 any haphaz>d fa%ion1 b sy/ematically1 9 /udy+ ! v>i\s activities ) a view to _! future use z a vocation4 ,su* an attitude n only organizes & motivates ! "w1 b gives x s]i\sness & purpose4 ,e detail ( organization 9 ! ,g>y s*ool is devis$ to make ! pupil z well z ! tea*] an integral "p ( ! s*ool life1 n only 9 its own mean+1 b 9 its relation to ! outside _w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,vi ,,curriculum3 ,,le>n+ ,,by ,,do+ ,,! ,g>y curriculum1 9 spite ( its _m special features1 is nei!r ecc5tric nor ov]cr[d$4 ,x foll[s ! regul> c\rse ( /udy laid d[n = ,indiana s*ools by ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,/ud5ts :o foll[ ! full c\rse may be ready to ent] college at ! age ( sixte54 ,! additional facilities ( ! ,g>y s*ools are n ga9$ at ! exp5se1 !re=e1 ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( education4 ,!y are made possible ?r\gh a m +5i\s di/ribution ( "t ?r\gh\t a long] s*ool day1 & by an integration & int]relation ( subjects :i* t5d to vitalize !m all4 ,! regul> /udies 9 ! l[] grades are conduct$ along ! conv5tional l9es1 ) ! addition ( ! 8application0 "w :i* has be5 describ$4 ,! ,engli% "w is fur!r vitaliz$ ?r\gh ! employm5t ( special tea*]s = 8expression10 :o alt]nate ) ! special tea*]s ( music4 8,expression0 is a mixture ( elocution & dramatics4 ,! aim ( ! in/ruction is evid5tly to br+ ! pupils to read & speak ) m intellig5ce & appreciation ?an is usually done4 ,x is to give ! tra9+ :i* w be> fruit 9 increas$ expressiv5ess 9 all ! /udies ( ! s*ool1 9 all writ+ & recit+1 9 8auditorium0 & 8application0 "w4 ,s f>1 ow+ to ! peculi> requirem5ts ( tal5t 9 ! tea*]s & on acc\nt ( ! lack ( good ,am]ican elocution>y & dramatic tradition1 ! ent]prise c sc>cely be call$ m ?an a frank & important exp]im5t4 ,= ! ,g>y curriculum ) its emphasis on self-activity1 su* tra9+ 9 expressiv5ess is ess5tial1 & x c be dep5d$ ^u to improve rapidly 9 quality z ! *ildr5 & tea*]s cat* ! _s ( ! s*ools & get ! practice ( 8auditorium0 & 8application0 "w4 ,! importance ( ! equable division ( "t betwe5 regul> /udies & special activities has already be5 discuss$4 ,an important feature ( ! ,g>y tea*+ is ! avoidance ( t excessive subdivision ( subjects :i* has affect$ curriculum-mak+ 9 _m s*ools4 ,hi/ory & geography are "h uni=mly taught toge!r2 language1 gramm>1 spell+1 read+1 & writ+ are taught z mu* z possible toge!r z ,engli%2 physiology is taught 9 connection ) zology4 ,s9ce ! tea*] is left mu* initiative 9 ! di/ribution ( h] "t1 %e may emphasize & correlate ! diff]5t /udies z %e f9ds necess>y4 ,all ! ,engli% bran*es are taught con/antly 9 connection ) ! o!r /udies4 ,! hi/ory or physics class may beg9 ) a spell+-lesson4 ,compositions 9 sci5ce or hi/ory1 or ! bro*ures issu$ by ! sci5ce dep>tm5ts1 are sup]vis$ by ! ,engli% tea*]4 ,we h se5 h[ ! %op & comm]cial in/ructors give special "w 9 practical ,engli% & ma!matics4 ,! ef=t is con/ant 9 ! ,g>y curriculum to tea* a subject1 n z an isolat$ body ( subject-matt]1 b z k :i* may be> on any or all ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool community4 ,/udies are taught also ) z mu* be>+ z possible on ! social activities ( ! l>g] city community4 ,! subject-matt] 9 ! hi/ory & geography classes is really 8,! ,sociological ,_w we ,live 910 & textbooks1 hi/ories1 atlases1 globes1 newspap]s1 & magaz9es become ! ref]5ce s\rces & ! mat]ials = und]/&+ t _w4 ,! work+-out ( su* pr9ciples mu/1 ( c\rse1 be a matt] ( exp]im5tation by able tea*]s1 & ! "w _c be describ$ 9 any =mal mann]4 ,illu/rations ( "s ( ! successful me?ods c1 h[ev]1 be giv54 ,! hi/ory room 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool1 = in/ance1 is f\nd by ! visitor to be almo/ smo!r$ 9 maps & *>ts1 mo/ ( !m made by ! *ildr5 !mselves1 9 _! ef=t to 8le>n by do+10 & to contribute _! "p to ! s*ool community4 ,a l>ge ,indiana ballot1 a *>t ( ! ,/ate ,s5ate1 a diagram ( ! /ate adm9i/ration1 a table %[+ ! evolution ( ,am]ican political p>ties1 ) _m w> maps & pictures1 cov]$ ! walls4 ,! place is a work%op r ?an a classroom1 ) broad tables = map-draw+1 & a f9e spread ( pap]s & magaz9es4 ,! n9?-grade ,g>y *ildr5 are1 9 fact1 conduct+ :at "s progressive colleges h introduc$ z 8laboratory "w 9 hi/ory40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,room ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool ,:5 ! writ] visit$ ! s*ool1 ! t[n ( ,g>y 0 wag+ a campaign = a new wat]-front p>k4 ,! hi/ory class _h = "s weeks be5 us+ ?is public issue z a text = _! "w4 ,!y _h be5 /udy+ 8,! ,city3 ,a ,heal?ful ,place 9 ,:i* to ,live 7) special ref]5ce to p>ks740 ,outl9es _h be5 work$ up f ref]5ce books 9 ! s*ool bran* ( ! public libr>y4 ,^! 7 read to ! class & discuss$ by !m4 ,su* a c\rse became almo/ "o 9 t[n-plann+1 "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ & significant ( curr5t social int]e/s1 & "o :i* packs into itself a maximum ( hi/orical1 sociological1 & geographical in=mation4 ,su* a c\rse provid$ an admirable motive = a review ( hi/ory f a practical local po9t ( view :i* all ! intellig5t pupils c\ld appreciate4 ,! outl9e foll[s3-- ,! ,city3 ,a ,heal?ful ,place 9 ,:i* to ,live3 ,emphasis on ,p>ks #a4 ,a!nian recreation c5t]s4 #b4 ,roman opportunities = recreation4 #c4 ,m$ival cities3 ,engl&4 #d4 ,m$ival cities3 ,cont95tal ,europe4 #e4 ,! mod]n ,briti% city4 #f4 ,mod]n cities 9 ,arg5t9a1 ,*ile1 ,brazil4 #g4 ,! l>ge ,g]man city4 #h4 ,! small ,g]man city4 #i4 ,p>is1 & ! small] ,fr5* cities4 #aj4 ,colonial cities ( ,am]ica4 #aa4 ,am]ican cities dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #ab4 ,am]ican cities be=e ! ,civil ,w>4 #ac4 ,am]ican cities f ! ,civil ,w> to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 #ad4 ,am]ican cities 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 #ae4 ,h[ small] cities are replann+4 #af4 ,p>ks 9 l>ge ,am]ican cities4 #ag4 ,! city-plann+ conf]5ce4 #ah4 ,/ati/ics %[+ total area ( city1 & p]c5tage ( p>k space4 #ai4 ,playgr\nds ( ,*icago & ,new ,york4 #bj4 ,! ,g>y plan ( s*ools & playgr\nds on ! same site4 ,! class 9 anci5t hi/ory1 ow+ to a belief on ! "p ( ! in/ructor t no *ild %\ld be all[$ to leave s*ool )\t a backgr\nd ( mod]n affairs1 devotes "o day a week to contempor>y hi/ory4 ,a weekly dige/ ( ! t5 mo/ important ev5ts is kept 9 ! hi/ory notebook1 arrang$1 ?ree = =eign ev5ts1 ?ree = national ev5ts1 & f\r = local4 ,reports are prep>$ & read ^u assign$ magaz9e articles1 especially f ! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,outlook1 & ,indep5d5t4 ,ev]y?+ is ?us done to get ! clue ( hi/orical /udy f ! int]e/+ ev5ts ar\nd ! pupils4 ,hi/ory is /udi$ z mu* z possible backw>d1 in/ead ( =w>d4 ,9 #aiab-ac ! classes 9 mod]n hi/ory became int]e/$ 9 ! pa/ ( ! ,balkan nations1 9 ord] to und]/& ! reason = _! alliance aga9/ ! ,turki% ,empire4 ,a digression 01 !re=e1 made to cle> ?is po9t1 & to vitalize !reby ! hi/ory ( ! relat$ ,european c\ntries4 ,! next ye> a simil> int]e/ 0 k9dl$ 9 ,mexico & our relations ) ! ,spani%-,am]ican republics4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ! hi/ory in/ructor has f\nd ! /udy ( ! la/ two c5turies ( we/]n ,europe to move along )\t ef=t1 ow+ to ! int]e/ 9 ! great w>4 ,su* a /udy ( hi/ory cle>ly obviates ! necessity ( any sep>ate /udy ( 8civics40 ,hi/ory & geography taught 9 ?is way become "p ( "o's g5]al in=mation4 ,magaz9es & newspap]s are freely us$4 ,! sy/ematic read+ ( ! be/ weeklies & pap]s surely is an important tra9+1 9 an age ( s mu* *eap & wor?less read+-matt]4 ,"o hi/ory class _h be5 mak+ a comp>ison ( ,a!nian ) ,g>y education4 ,?is is ano!r illu/ration ( t con/ant ef=t to make ! pupils realize ! mean+ ( :at !y are do+ & :at is ar\nd !m4 ,! ef=t ( ! ,g>y education is to make ! *ild acqua9t$ ) ! purposes ( 8 s*ool4 ,he is n taught z an inf]ior :o mu/ take )\t "q wisdom f imm5sely sup]ior tea*]s1 b z an equal & democratic citiz5 ( 8 s*ool community1 le>n+ :]ev] & :5ev] he c4 ,! anci5t hi/ory class _h = its motto3 8,to improve its memb]s z ,am]ican citiz5s by a /udy ( ! exp]i5ces ( ! anci5t peoples40 ,x w\ld be difficult to imag9e a m admirable reason = hi/orical /udy ?an ?is phrase1 ! natural expression ( ! ,g>y *ild :o wrote ! con/itution = ! class organization4 ,su* 8social introspection0 is z r>e an intellectual quality z x is valuable4 ,! hi/ory classes 9 ! l[] grades use s&-tables to reproduce ! topography ( ! localities :i* are be+ /udi$1 or to describe ! progress ( "s battle or invasion4 ,"o ( ! pupils 9 #aiab con/ruct$ ) 8 own h&s 9 ! wood-work+ %ops a m9iature ,roman temple ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 ! plans ( :i* he _h work$ out f ! descriptions 9 ! hi/ories4 ,^! classes (t5 engage 9 debates1 & ! writt5 reports :i* are suffici5tly int]e/+ are read 9 8auditorium10 & (t5 pr9t$ 9 ! local newspap]s4 ,bullet9 bo>ds are plac$ 9 ! hall = display+ important clipp+s4 ,! pupils br+ ^!1 & classify !m "u ! head+s1--=eign news1 ,am]ican news1 /ate1 city1 & c\nty news1 pictures & c>toons1 & items on ! special topics t are be+ /udi$4 ,! hi/ory classes h *>ge ( a small hi/orical museum 9 ! corridors1 :i* conta9s a loan collection ( ,indian relics & ( pott]y f ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! tea*+ ( sci5ce occupies a unique place 9 ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,j z ! hi/ory & geography are taught z clues to ! social & political _w ar\nd ! pupil1 s ! sci5ce is us$ to acclimatize him to ! natural _w4 ,! !ory is t *ildr5 %\ld comm5ce ! /udy ( ! sci5ces :ile _! m9ds are /ill pla/ic & _! int]e/ 9 natural ph5om5a ke54 ,! p]si/5t que/ions :i* ! *ild asks are attempts to get an und]/&+ ( ! _w he lives 94 ,unless ^! que/ions are answ]$1 8 int]e/ is apt to wane z he gr[s old]4 ,& unless he acquires a famili>ity ) nature t is accompani$ by true sci5tific in=mation1 he is apt to get only a satisfi$ feel+ ( k )\t any true appreciation4 ,sci5ce 9 ! ,g>y s*ools1 consequ5tly1 goes beyond ! simple nature-/udy taught n[ 9 mo/ elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! *ild has exp]i5ce ) ! laboratory at an e>ly age4 ,! small] *ildr5 f ! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 or six? grades g into ! *emi/ry1 physics1 botany1 & zology laboratories z 8help]s0 or 8obs]v]s0 to ! "w ( ! high-s*ool classes4 ,on ! !ory t 8*ildr5 are natural sci5ti/s0 !y are all[$ contact ) app>atus & mat]ials4 ,x is said1 9 fact1 t exp]i5ce %[s ! small] *ildr5 to be z c>eful z ! old]1 & actually to cause less breakage & damage4 ,! sci5ce classes 9 ! l[] grades are taught nei!r 9 =mal recitation nor 9 =mal laboratory "w1 b 9 a comb9ation :i* ! in/ructors describe z 8exp]i5ce meet+s40 ,pupils & tea*] meet on common gr\nd to ex*ange ideas ab\t _! exp]i5ces 9 deal+ ) natural ph5om5a4 ,! outside _w is treat$ z a great laboratory1 & ^! 8exp]i5ce meet+s0 are us$ to int]pret ! *ildr5's exp]i5ces 9 t]ms ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,!re are demon/rations by ! *ildr51 assi/$ by ! tea*]2 a little individual laboratory "w2 & consid]able vocal read+ f textbooks & sci5tific /ory-books4 ,! ,g>y sci5ce in/ructors believe t mu* "t & money h be5 wa/$ 9 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce 9 high s*ools1 ow+ to ! elaborate me?ods :i* h treat$ ! /ud5ts z if ! purpose 0 to make pr(essional sci5ti/s ( !m all4 ,*ildr51 x is believ$ 9 ,g>y1 _c resort to ! detail$ rese>* me?ods ( sci5ti/s1 b mu/ h quick answ]s & quick results4 ,!re is a wa/e ( en]gy 9 try+ to duplicate 9 ! laboratory ! fundam5tal exp]i5ces ( life :i* ! *ildr5 are con/antly see+ outside 9 ! great laboratory ( nature4 ,! c>e ( ! fl[]s & plants & g>d5s1 ! c>e ( ! animals 9 ! zoo1 & ! /udy ( _! habits (f] endless concrete mat]ial = build+ up ! !oretical side ( botany & zology4 ,! pupils are tra9$ to obs]ve & to write d[n :at !y see4 ,"o class 9 zology la/ ye> made an illu/rat$ booklet descriptive ( ! s*ool zoo4 ,! text 0 writt5 by ! pupils1 ! photographs prep>$ by !m1 & !n ! booklet 0 ta/efully pr9t$ 9 ! s*ool pr9t+-%op by ! pupils !mselves4 ,! result 0 a *>m+ bro*ure1 9 :i* n only ! pupils !mselves1 b ! :ole s*ool c\ld take pride & pleasure4 ,su* sci5tific /udy becomes an intimate & vital "p ( ! entire s*ool life4 ,= ! physics classes1 ! light+1 heat+1 & v5tilat+ sy/ems ( ! s*ool af=d a practical textbook4 ,9 ! ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 :]e ! indu/rial %op is built ar\nd ! boil]-room1 ! heat+ plant becomes an integral "p ( ! %op4 ,! physics classes /udy ! climate & ! wea!r4 ,!y /udy p>ticul>ly ! pr9ciples ( ! ma*9es us$ 9 ! diff]5t %ops4 ,ea* %op may ?us act z an ext5sion ( ! physics laboratory4 ,classes ( ev5 ! small] *ildr5 are s5t to take ap>t ma*9es l ! bicycle1 cream-sep>ator1 lawn-m[]1 & expla9 ! con/ruction4 ,! automobile & motor-cycle provide _m practical lessons4 ,an old automobile :i* ne$s t9k]+ up is consid]$ 9 ! ,g>y s*ool to be almo/ a physics laboratory 9 itself4 ,! writ] witness$ a physics class ( twelve-ye>-old girls :o1 ) _! n9e-ye>-old 8help]s10 7 /udy+ ! motor-cycle4 ,) t disreg>d = b\nd>ies :i* *>act]izes all ,g>y education1 ! h\r began ) a spell+-lesson4 ,! names ( ! p>ts & processes ( ! ma*9e 7 rehe>s$ orally & !n writt54 ,aft] ! words 7 le>n$1 ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e 7 expla9$ by ! in/ructor :ile ! class spell$ ! words ov] aga94 ,_! memory ( c]ta9 physical pr9ciples1 su* z vaporization1 evaporation1 7 call$ aga9 into play4 ,!n ! in/ructor set ! motor-cycle go+1 ! girls aga9 describ+ its action4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 ?or\ghly gone ov]1 ! class copi$ f ! blackbo>d s5t5ces describ+ ! processes & p>ts1 b omitt+ c]ta9 crucial words :i* ! pupil _h to supply4 ,! int5se vivacity & int]e/ ( ! little gr\p1 ! intellig5ce ) :i* ^! small *ildr5 grasp$ ! pr9ciples involv$1 made ! lesson seem a model ( exp]t tea*+4 ,x 0 an excell5t illu/ration ( ! way concrete processes may be us$ to build up sci5tific k4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t no di/9ction is made betwe5 boys & girls 9 _! sci5ce "w4 ,?is lively int]e/ 9 sci5tific processes may h unexpect$ results4 ,! /ory is told ( a high-s*ool boy :o1 :ile ! bo>d ( education 0 discuss+ means ( fire-prev5tion1 made an inve/igation ( me?ods & processes :i* 0 s excell5t t x 0 =?) adopt$ by ! bo>d4 ,?is incid5t is typical ( ! way 9 :i* ! sci5tific "w 9 ! s*ools may correlate ) ! wid] social community4 ,j z ! hi/ory classes may br+ ! pupil into t\* ) ! political life outside ! s*ool1 s ! physics & *emi/ry class may connect him ) ! indu/ry ( ! community & ) ^? public s]vices into :i* sci5tific processes ent]4 ,a boy1 = example1 br+s to ! *emi/ry class a bag ( l[-grade iron ore :i* he has f\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! class1 "u ! direction ( ! tea*]1 con/ructs a simple electric furnace & r$uces ! ore4 ,?is exp]im5t is !n us$ z ! basis = a /udy ( ! great /eel indu/ry ^u :i* ! city ( ,g>y is f\nd$4 ,a "p ( ! *emi/ry "w makes a direct contribution to ! city4 ,g>y has ! good =tune1 or ! good s5se1 to h z *emi/ry tea*] 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool ! man :o acts z municipal *emi/ = ! city4 ,z a result1 ! s*ool laboratory becomes an ext5sion ( ! municipal laboratory4 ,! high-s*ool *emi/ry pupils assi/ ! *emi/ j z ! small] *ildr5 assi/ !m4 ,) ! *emi/-in/ructor ! pupils te/ ! city wat] & ! v>i\s milk supplies4 ,"u ! sanit>y inspector !y visit1 z "p ( _! 8application0 "w1 dairies1 factories1 bak]ies1 food-/ores4 ,la/ ye> ! class issu$ a 8,milk ,bullet910 conta9+ g5]al in=mation1 ) reports ( _! te/s4 ,! v>i\s articles 7 record$ z "p ( ! ,engli% composition "w1 & ! bullet9 0 pr9t$ by ! pupils 9 ! s*ool pr9t+-%op4 ,9 quality ^! bullet9s seem$ sc>cely inf]ior to :at an agricultural s*ool might issue4 ,on _! inspection r\nds1 ! class takes samples ( sug>s & c&ies f ! v>i\s %ops ( ! t[n1 & te/s !m 9 ! laboratory = purity & = ! use ( h>mless color+ matt]4 ,ano!r class exp]im5ts ) ! s(t dr9ks sold 9 ! t[n1 te/+ _! composition1 & /udy+ physiological effects4 ,! *ildr5 are practically deputy food-inspectors1 & make _! reports on ! (ficial blanks4 ,x is said t ! result ( ?is sort ( inspection is t 9 a prosecution = violation ( ! pure-food laws 9 ,g>y a case has nev] be5 lo/4 ,! *ildr5 te/ also ! mat]ials suppli$ to ! s*ools1 ! coal1 cem5t1 etc41 to see if !y come up to ! specifications4 ,!y are n only us+ ! ?+s ar\nd !m = practical textbooks1 b !y are able to turn _! k imm$iately into "w :i* is imm5sely b5eficial1 n only to !mselves1 b to ! :ole community4 ,! value ( enli/+ pupils 9 ?is inspection "w1 ( tra9+ !m to obs]ve & criticize & te/ ! physical conditions "u :i* !y live1 is incalculable4 ,= ev5 a small proportion ( *ildr5 to get ?is sci5tific-deputy-inspector habit1 & to get us$ to ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( qualitative & quantitative te/s1 w\ld evid5tly h "s effect ^u political & social conditions4 ,su* sci5tific tra9+ makes sci5ce an integral "p ( life1 n only a k ( h[ natural =ces & mat]ials behave1 b also a comm& ( te*nical res\rces 9 mak+ !m behave 9 desirable ways4 ,! pupils 9 su* a s*ool1 f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 get a correct appreciation ( ! value ( sci5ce 9 ameliorat+ conditions & 9 improv+ ! heal?fulness & security ( ! community 9 :i* !y live4 ,! ,g>y curriculum seems to repres5t a det]m9$ ef=t to break d[n ! di/9ction betwe5 ! 8utilit>ian0 & ! 8cultural40 ,all ! subjects are taught1 z f> z possible1 9 concrete ways :i* %all draw ^u famili> exp]i5ce & tea* ! *ild by mak+ him d some?+4 ,t some?+ is made1 z f> z possible1 an activity :i* w enhance ! life ( ! s*ool community1 or contribute to ! social community4 ,^! activities are 8utilit>ian10 b !y are at ! same "t pr(\ndly educative4 ,pr9ciples are nev] lo/ sight ( 9 practice4 ,! arti/ic & academic "w take equal rank ) ! manual4 ,bo? 8cultural0 & 8utilit>ian0 are1 9 fact1 subject$ to ! 8social40 ,?is is ! key note ( ! ,g>y education4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,vii ,,discipl9e3 ,,! ,,natural ,,s*ool ,,! problems ( discipl9e 9 a ,g>y s*ool are ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( public s*ools run on ! usual semi-milit>y plan4 ,! l>ge degree ( cop]ation betwe5 tea*]s & pupils & betwe5 pupils1 ! emphasis on laboratory1 %op1 & 8application0 "w1 :]e fre$om ( movem5t & conv]sation is ess5tial1 produces a m natural atmosph]e1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( g5u9e if unconsci\s self-gov]nm5t4 ,! *ildr5 9 ! ,g>y s*ools are g5]ally consci\s ( ! unique features ( _! s*ool2 !y und]/& :at ! s*ool is try+ to d4 ,?is s5se1 & _! pride 9 its fame1 cultivate an admirable s*ool _s d5i$ to ^? s*ools :i* are op]at$ on conv5tional l9es4 ,! organization ( ! ,g>y s*ool p]mits ! r$uction ( =mal discipl9e to a m9imum4 ,x all[s ! tea*]s to disp5se ) discipl9>y rules aga9/ :isp]+1 ) =mal puni%m5ts1 ) =mal m>ks or dem]its = conduct4 ,! frequ5t *ange ( activity1 ) opportunities = ex]cise ?r\gh\t ! day1 prev5ts ! *ildr5 f becom+ n]v\sly ov]wr\ght4 ,!y ?us escape irritability & aimless boi/]\sness :5 left to !mselves4 ,! 8application0 & %op "w compel att5tion1 s t ! *ild is kept busy & int]e/$1 & ! mis*iev\sness t arises f idl5ess or di/ract$ att5tion is avoid$4 ,z ,pr(essor ,dewey says1 8,tra9$ 9 do+ ?+s1 ! *ild w be able to keep at "w & to ?9k ( ! o!r p ar\nd him :5 he is n "u re/ra9+ sup]vision40 ,:5 ! tea*]'s rle *anges f preceptor to t ( help]1 x is obvi\s t :at is ne$$ 9 ! classroom is n s mu* p]fect quiet & milit>y ord] z fre$om ( expression & spontaneity4 ,visitors to ! ,g>y s*ools be> witness to ! peculi>ly b5eficial effects ( ?is abs5ce ( =mal discipl9e4 ,! free & individual way 9 :i* ! *ildr5 move ab\t to _! tasks & ! spontane\s way 9 :i* !y talk to visitors make a m>k$ impression4 ,9 classroom or laboratory or %op1 x is usual to f9d ab\t z mu* :isp]+ z 9 a conc]t audi5ce1 ) ! same motives1 fre$ ( 8rules ( ord]10 = quiet4 ,a natural atmosph]e ( ord]ly & tol]ant conduct seems to be =m$ 9 su* a s*ool4 ,! writ] witness$ an int]e/+ /udy 9 spontane\s discipl9e 9 "o ( ! ,saturday volunt>y classes at ! ,froebel ,s*ool4 ,! wood-work+ %op 0 fill$ ) little boys :o 7 fuss+ ov] ! scraps left by ! week's "w & try+ to make toys & knick-knacks out ( !m4 ,! tea*] 0 9 ! room1 b 0 ex]cis+ no control ov] ! *ildr54 ,yet ea* little boy work$ on 8 own little job z indefatigably z if he 7 "u a drill-ma/]4 ,if any ( !m became we>y & 0 mov$ to int]f]e ) ano!r small work]1 he 0 apt to be bru%$ (f z if he 7 an irritat+ fly4 ,! !ory at ! back ( su* fre$om is t rules 9 ! s*ool tempt to infraction1 & s*ool discipl9e is1 z a result1 l>gely an attempt to solve problems :i* ! rules directly manufacture4 ,"s visitors1 appall$ by ! fre$om ( ! ,g>y s*ools1 look ab\t = signs ( depr$ation4 ,b !y d n seem to f9d any4 ,! visitor gets ! impression t ^! s*ools h acquir$ a 8public s5se40 ,! s*ools are ! *ildr5's own in/itution1 & are public 9 ! same broad s5se t /reets & p>ks are public4 ,! tone is ( a glorifi$ democratic club1 :]e memb]s are avail+ !mselves ( privileges :i* !y "k are !irs4 ,"o expects *ildr51 unless !y are *all5g$ to inv5tive wick$ness1 no m to spoil _! s*ool ?an a lawy] is likely to deface ! panels ( 8 club4 ,! *ildr5 seem 9 su* a s*ool unaffect$ly to own x1 & to use x z a me*anic uses 8 work%op or an arti/ 8 /udio4 ,! halls 9 ! ,g>y s*ool become really s*ool /reets4 ,b5*es are built by ! pupils along ! walls1 :]e *ildr5 are se5 in=mally /udy+ toge!r4 ,or "o comes ^u a table :]e a boy is draw+ a map1 hav+ be5 excus$ f recitation1 on ! !ory t x is n necess>y = e *ild to be expos$ to e ex]cise ( ! class :5 he might d some?+ m important outside4 ,! *ildr5 come ) _! p>5ts to night s*ool & play & run ab\t ! broad halls q unwat*$4 ,! visitor gets ! idea t *ildr5 come to su* a s*ool1 n because education is compulsory or because _! p>5ts s5d !m !re to get rid ( !m1 b because :at is done !re is s int]e/+ t !y w n /ay away4 ,! equipm5t1 us$ s freely1 makes ! s*ool a sub/itute = ! defects1 n only ( ! poor] homes1 b ( ! well-to-d also1 9 supply+ activities = *ildr54 ,"o might say t only 9 a free & v>i$ s*ool l ?is 0 su* a ?+ z effective discipl9e possible4 ,:5 s*ool activities are z attractive z !y are 9 ! ,g>y s*ool1 deprivation means a di/9ct puni%m5t4 ,!re is ready at h& an in/rum5t = inculcat+ reason into ! refractory :i* is z p[]ful z ! /\te/ discipl9>ian c\ld wi%4 ,! ord9>y s*ool has its difficulties ) discipl9e l>gely because x tries to keep up a milit>y sy/em ( conduct )\t any means1 n[ t corporal puni%m5t is g5]ally aboli%$1 ( puni%+ infractions4 ,m>ks prove ineffective1 8keep+ 90 puni%es ! keep] z well z ! kept1 & be+ s5t home is too (t5 a pleasure4 ,b 9 ! ,g>y s*ool1 8be+ s5t home0 w\ld mean be+ s5t to a place inf9itely less int]e/+1 & be+ depriv$ ( s*ool play or any special activity w\ld mean a real h>d%ip4 ,! free & spontane\s discipl9e ( ! ,g>y s*ool does n mean t !re is no discipl9e at all4 ,unruly cases are sometimes puni%$ sev]ely by ! executive pr9cipal4 ,b !re is little talk ab\t 8mis*iev\s & unruly boys40 ,*ildr5 :o1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 are 8n adapt$ to our k9d ( a s*ool10 may g to ! s*ool f>m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a re=m s*ool = juv5ile del9qu5ts4 ,delicate *ildr5 may be s5t !re = a vacation or classes g = a holiday4 ,! f>m conta9s a hundr$ acres1 ) a model dairy1 good or*>ds1 & sub/antial f>m build+s4 ,a graduate f "o ( ! /ate univ]sities is 9 *>ge1 & is work+ to br+ ! f>m up to a high pit* ( cultivation & production4 ,"o gr\p ( boys :o 7 !re = a :ile1 "s ( :om _h come f homes surr\nd$ by un:olesome conditions1 o!rs ( :om wi%$ to try f>m+ = a livelihood1 built !mselves liv+ qu>t]s & a clubroom4 ,!y 7 provid$ ) a tea*]1 & s*ool "w w5t on ) ! f>m "w4 ,! boys receiv$ fifte5 c5ts an h\r = _! "w1 & e>n$ en\gh to pay _! bo>d & make some?+ besides4 ,^! boys f9ally drift$ back to ! ,em]son ,s*ool or to "w 9 ! factories4 ,b ! f>m rema9s z a valuable adjunct to ! s*ools4 ,ef=ts are be+ made to make x a s\rce ( income & an object lesson to f>m]s 9 ! vic9ity4 ,fre$om ( discipl9e is obta9$ 9 ! ,g>y s*ools )\t ! me?ods ( 8self-gov]nm5t0 & 8honor sy/ems0 :i* prevail else:]e4 ,:]e ! tea*]s reta9 all au?ority1 su* s*emes c be little m ?an a humiliat+ pret5se4 ,= a "t an elaborate self-gov]nm5t plan 0 tri$ 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool "u ! "n ( 8,boyville10 ) a sort ( p>ody ( municipal functions4 ,b x seems to h be5 too unreal to la/4 ,x has be5 sup]s$$ by a 8/ud5ts' c\ncil10 elect$ by ! pupils ( ! upp] grades1 & ex]cis+ control ov] a?letics1 social1 & o!r /ud5t affairs4 ,?is /ud5ts' c\ncil has executive *>ge ( ! 8auditorium0 p]iods1 = :i* x elects a presid+ (fic] & secret>y1 alt]nately a boy & a girl1 e mon?4 ,! elections = c\ncilors are conduct$ 9 regul> =m1 ) ballots pr9t$ by ! pupils 9 ! s*ool pr9t+-%op4 ,boo?s are erect$1 judges appo9t$1 & ! election c>ri$ ?r\gh1 aft] a campaign1 9 :i* ! p>ties meet1 nom9ate a boy & girl = ea* (fice1 & appo9t a campaign manag] :o arranges a program = ! campaign4 ,! c&idates make spee*es1 giv+ _! views & ! argum5ts = _! policies4 ,l ev]y?+ 9 ! ,g>y s*ools1 ?is political practice is put into effect on a broad] scale4 ,dur+ a rec5t campaign ! /ud5ts' c\ncil 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool arrang$ a public meet+ at :i* prom95t m5 ( ! city appe>$ & argu$ = _! respective p>ties4 ,! meet+ 0 entirely organiz$ & manag$ by ! pupils4 ,su* practical application seems f> m real & in/ructive ?an ! usual play at self-gov]nm5t4 ,/ud5t organization 9 ! ,g>y s*ools gr[s out ( real "w4 ,a?letic teams & sports ( v>i\s k9ds are connect$ directly ) ! gymnasium "w & organiz$ play4 ,glee clubs & or*e/ras gr[ out ( ! music "w4 ,a mon?ly pap] is conduct$ by ! high-s*ool pupils z "p ( _! ,engli% "w1 & pr9t$ by !m 9 ! s*ool pr9t+-%op4 ,!re are1 /rictly speak+1 no 8extra-curricul> activities0 9 ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,! curriculum delib]ately provides = all :olesome activities1 & ! /ud5t int]e/s gr[ out ( x4 ,problems ( 8frat]nities0 & ( ! control ( s*ool a?letics1 :i* confront s _m s*ools1 are ?us avoid$4 ,! /ud5ts d n get into ! habit ( ?9k+ ( _! clubs & teams z some?+ outside ( ! s*ool community life4 ,an example ( h[ spontane\s organization may spr+ up is t ( ! boys' n9?-grade ,engli% class la/ ye> 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool1 :i* =m$ itself into ! ,em]son ,improvem5t ,association4 ,x tries to sugge/ civic improvem5ts = ! s*ool community1 & ! speak+ & writ+ necess>y to ! conduct+ ( ! affairs ( ! organization provide ! basis = ! ,engli% "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,draw+ ,,f ,a ,,model ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool ,notice frieze on wall design$ & pa9t$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves ,?is illu/rates ! way t ef=t is made to take advantage ( all ! spontaneity & initiative :i* pupils display 9 organization4 ,! moral effects ( ?is active =m ( education are cle>ly great4 ,pr(essor ,dewey ?9ks x is a mi/ake to consid] t an int]e/+ & free s*ool 8makes ?+s too easy = ! *ild40 ,9 ! ideal s*ool ! int]e/s & ne$s ( ! *ild are id5tical4 ,x is a mi/ake1 he says1 to ?9k t int]e/+ ?+s are necess>ily easy4 ,!y may be h>d1 b ! int]e/ ov]comes ! difficulty1 & x is 9 ! ov]com+ t ! moral value lies4 ,irksome tasks may be valuable1 b x is n 9 _! irksom5ess t _! value lies4 ,"w t appeals to pupils z wor? :ile1 t holds out ! promise ( result+ 9 some?+ to _! own or ! s*ool's int]e/s1 involves j z mu* p]si/5ce & conc5tration z "w giv5 by ! /]ne/ advocate ( discipl9>y drill4 ,mo/ ( ! visitors to ! ,g>y s*ools be> witness to ! excell5t tone ( ! pupils1 8! free & natural way10 to quote "o au?oritative tea*]1 89 :i* pupils gov]n !mselves )\t ! rigor\s discipl9e f\nd 9 o!r sy/ems40 ,dr4 ,h>lan ,updegraff1 ( ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,education1 says1 8,! pupils ( ! ,g>y s*ools seem to display great] self-control1 m self-respect1 & m ?\ghtful consid]ation = o!rs ?an ! pupils ( ! same age 9 mo/ ( ! bett] s*ool sy/ems ( to-day4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x comes l>gely f _! games & play1 b a "p ( x is due to ! organization ( ! s*ool1 & to ! practices t h evolv$ 9 its adm9i/ration4 ,no *ild 9 ,g>y has a s+le tea*] :o is ! object ( 8 h]o-wor%ip1 ^u :om he t5ds to become m or less dep5d5t1 or 8 ar*-enemy :om he dete/s ) a gr[+ hatr$4 ,! ,g>y pupil has sev]al tea*]s1 ea* ( :om affects him 9 a diff]5t way4 ,he becomes m consci\s ( 8 individuality 9 ?is way1 & le>ns to det]m9e = himself :at he %\ld d & become4 ,"u su* a sy/em ! influ5ce ( fell[ pupils becomes relatively /rong] ?an 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,x is1 !re=e1 highly important t c>e be tak5 to fur!r ! developm5t ( "r ideals 9 ! /ud5t body4 ,organiz$ play has its great value "h4 ,self-control1 cop]ation1 c\rage1 self-respect1 consid]ation = o!rs1 & a s5se ( ju/ice h be5 develop$ 9 ! ,g>y y\? to a noticeable degree1 l>gely1 x seems to me1 ?r\gh ! _s t prevails 9 consequ5ce ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! physical tra9+ dep>tm5t4 ,pupils :o love _! s*ool bett] ?an ! /reets1 :o h a good physical tone ?r\gh _! play & physical ex]cises1 & :o h good self-control & indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 mu/ naturally h a m favorable attitude t[>d s*ool "w40 ,su* a s*ool w evid5tly tra9 "* z a by-product4 ,self-activity1 self or cop]ative in/ruction1 fre$om ( movem5t1 cam>ad]ie ) tea*]s1 int]e/+ & v>i$ "w1 /udy1 & play1 a s5se ( :at ! s*ool is do+1 social introspection1--all comb9e to give an admirable moral tra9+ & to produce ^? desirable intellectual & moral qualities t ! _w mo/ ne$s to-day4 ,n ob$i5ce b self-reliance does su* a s*ool cultivate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,viii ,,criticisms ,,& ,,evaluations ,,! criticisms direct$ aga9/ ! ,g>y s*ools by sup]9t5d5ts & tea*]s are criticisms r ( ! :ole educational philosophy beh9d ! in/itution ?an objections to ! detail$ work+-out ( ! philosophy4 ,^? :o foll[ ,pr(essor ,dewey's philosophy f9d 9 ! ,g>y s*ools--z ,pr(essor ,dewey does himself--! mo/ complete & admirable application yet attempt$1 a syn!sis ( ! be/ aspects ( ! progressive 8s*ools ( to-morr[40 ,concrete criticisms almo/ all conc]n ! alleg$ additional burd5s laid ^u ! public1 ! tea*]1 & ! pupil4 ,z f> z ! public goes1 ! fact has be5 br\ght out t ! ,g>y s*ool is actually a *eap] k9d ( a s*ool ?an is ! ord9>y public s*ool1 ev5 :5 run 9 ! mo/ economical & sci5tific mann]4 ,! *>ge t ! ,g>y s*ools are aid$ by private corporation ent]prise has already be5 discuss$4 ,! facts are1 ( c\rse1 t ! s*ools are all support$ 9 ! usual way1 by local & /ate appropriations4 ,! city ( ,g>y is n ov]tax$ to support its s*ools1 nei!r does ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation pay m ?an its proportionate %>e ( ! local taxes4 ,nor is !re any tru? 9 ! impression t ! op]ation ( ! ,g>y plan is conf9$ to ! two l>g] s*ool plants ( ! city4 ,al?\gh ^! two plants accommodate ?ree qu>t]s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! city1 ! ,g>y plan is 9 op]ation 9 all ! s*ools4 ,9 ! two l>g] s*ools1 ,em]son & ,froebel1 ! academic "w ext5ds f ! k9d]g>t5 ?r\gh all twelve grades4 ,9 ! o!r s*ools !re are no high-s*ool /ud5ts4 ,f\r ( ! o!r s*ools h eight grades1 "o has six1 "o is only = *ildr5 9 ! k9d]g>t5 & fir/ two grades4 ,^! s*ools h no high-s*ool dep>tm5t because !y are too small & ! s*ools ) high-s*ool dep>tm5ts are easily accessible4 ,all ! s*ools h real %opwork1 ?\gh 9 n all ( !m is ! appr5tice-repair feature possible4 ,all ! s*ools h play & recreation facilities4 ,! small] s*ools lack swimm+-pools1 b ! *ildr5 use ! well-equipp$ ,y4,m4,c4,a4 ,all ! s*ools h 8auditorium10 sci5ce1 music1 & expression "w4 ,all ! s*ools ei!r conta9 a bran* ( ! public libr>y or else use ! ma9 build+ ne> by4 ,all ! s*ools h an eight-h\r day4 ,! *>ge t ! ,g>y s*ools are too co/ly = imitation _c be su/a9$4 ,we h se5 ! +5i\s ef=ts ( ! v>i\s features ( ! ,g>y plans to r$uce co/s1 & !re is a weal? ( figures to %[ 9 detail ! great] economy ( ! ,g>y plan4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt has made an e/imate t = an outlay ( #f1jjj1jjj1 8"p-"t0 c\ld be :olly aboli%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,city public s*ools by an adoption ( ! ,g>y plan4 ,! requisition ( ! bo>d ( sup]9t5d5ts 9 #aiad 0 = an appropriation ( #dj1jjj1jjj1 simply = new build+s1 :i* w\ld require l>ge sums = op]ation & ma9t5ance & lack ! equipm5ts ( ! ,g>y plan4 ,by ! multiple use ( facilities1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt has %[n t ! numb] ( s*ool plants 9 ,new ,york c\ld actually be r$uc$ & yet ! "p-"t ( #acb1jjj *ildr5 aboli%$4 ,at ! same "t t ?is 0 done1 ! s*ool day w\ld actually be increas$ & ! facilities m ?an d\bl$4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! p]-capita co/s ( in/ruction 9 ! ,g>y & ,new ,york ,city s*ools1 figur$ 9 av]age daily att5dance = #aiac-ad1 has be5 made by ,mrs4 ,alice ,b>r[s-,f]n&ez4 7,! ,jeff]son ,s*ool 9 ,g>y is us$ = ! comp>ison because x is m l ! elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,new ,york ?an any o!r s*ool 9 ,g>y47 ,pupil p]-capita co/ = ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 #ca4gb ,g>y1 includ+ in/ruction & supplies ,pupil p]-capita co/ = elem5t>y s*ools #dj4bd 9 ,new ,york ,city1 includ+ in/ruction & supplies ,pupil p]-capita co/ = ! two ,g>y s*ools :i* h k9d]g>t51 elem5t>y s*ool1 & full vocational %ops-- ,em]son1 ) "o ?ird ( ! s*ool #ef4ab high-s*ool pupils ,froebel1 ) twelve p] c5t high-s*ool #cb4he pupils ,pupil p]-capita co/ 9 ,new ,york ,city-- ,elem5t>y s*ools #dj4bd ,high s*ools #ajd4gd ,vocational s*ools = boys #hf4dh ,vocational s*ools = girls #adb4cb 8,9 o!r words10 says ,mrs4 ,b>r[s-,f]n&ez 9 h] report1 89 ! ,froebel ,s*ool1 :i* is typical ( ! av]age s*ool because only twelve p] c5t ( its pupils are 9 high s*ool1 twelve ye>s 9 elem5t>y s*ool & high s*ool co/s ! city = "o pupil twelve times #cb4he1 or #cid4bj4 ,9 ,new ,york1 eight ye>s 9 elem5t>y s*ool co/s ! city = "o /ud5t eight times #dj4bd1 or #cbi4ib1 & f\r ye>s 9 high s*ool co/s f\r times #ajd4gd1 or #dah4if2 or = ! twelve ye>s1 #gdh4hh4 ,9 ,g>y = ! #cid4bj1 a /ud5t c\ld also get m vocational tra9+ ?an is giv5 9 a sep>ate trade s*ool4 ,! ,new ,york boy w\ld get none ( ?is 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,ev5 if we make all[ances = ! fact t ! av]age sal>y ( tea*]s 9 elem5t>y s*ools & high s*ools 9 ,new ,york ,city is "o ?ird high] ?an 9 ,g>y1 x is obvi\s t ! balance ( economy is imm5sely 9 favor ( ,g>y z aga9/ a l>ge typical city s*ool sy/em op]at$ on ! conv5tional l9es40 ,x seems e/abli%$ t ! ,g>y plan imposes no burd5s ^u ! public1 ei!r 9 ,g>y or 9 ! communities :o imitate ! plan1 b r provides increas$ facilities at r$uc$ co/1 besides imm5se facilities = adults4 ,z = ! burd5 ^u ! tea*]1 mu* has be5 said to ! effect t ! ,g>y plan is unpopul> among tea*]s because ( ! extra "w x entails4 ,9 connection ) ?is criticism1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,g>y plan po/ulates an educational philosophy diff]5t f t ( ! ord9>y public s*ools4 ,tea*]s tra9$ 9 s*ools manag$ ) rigid adm9i/rative & discipl9>y me?ods naturally f9d adju/m5t difficult 9 a sy/em :i* repeat$ly calls ^u !m = initiative1 alt]s _! relations to _! pupils1 & requires a m practical attitude ( 8application0 t[>d ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction4 ,exp]i5ce seems to %[ t _m tea*]s :o at fir/ f\nd ?is adju/m5t burd5some h lat] come to pref] ! ,g>y plan4 ,"o tea*] ) a f9e s*ola/ic tra9+1 :o _h taught = _m ye>s "u ! traditional =m ( organization1 is quot$ by ,dean ,burris z say+1 8,i did n l x :5 ,i came "h a ye> ago1 b ,i beg9 to l x & see :at x is all ab\t1 s ,i am go+ to /ay40 ,?is attitude w\ld seem to be typical ( ! intellig5t tea*] :o comes to appreciate :at x is all ab\t & ! valuable educational advantages :i* ! sy/em provides = ! tea*] h]self4 ,& al?\gh ! problem ( secur+ tea*]s has be5 some:at difficult 9 ,g>y1 ow+ to ! newness ( ! t[n1 ! l>ge factory population1 & ! relative abs5ce ( organiz$ social life1 mo/ visitors are impress$ by ! unusual p]sonal calib] ( ! head tea*]s4 ,x is difficult to see :]e ! ,g>y plan involves extra burd5s = tea*]s4 ,! tea*+ p]iod is only f\r h\rs a day1 ) an h\r = 8auditorium0 & an h\r = 8application40 ,?is is c]ta9ly no m exact+ ?an ! five-h\r tea*+ day ( ! ord9>y tea*]4 ,all 8home "w0 & 8pap] "w10 moreov]1 is suppos$ to be done by ! ,g>y tea*] dur+ s*ool h\rs1 s t h] s*ool day is ov] :5 ! bell r+s4 ,?is makes h] real s*ool day actually %ort] ?an t ( ! tea*] 9 ! ord9>y s*ool1 ^: aft]noons & ev5+s mu/ (t5 be sp5t 9 correct+ pap]s1 etc4 ,! ,g>y tea*] is suppos$ to h leisure & to behave 9 s*ool & out ( s*ool z a good citiz5 actively int]e/$ 9 ! community welf>e4 ,! ,saturday s*ool "w1 = :i* ! tea*]s are call$ ^u 9 turn1 is paid = at a rate ( "o doll> an h\r4 ,! c>e & "w involv$ 9 ! 8regi/]-tea*]0 plan is c]ta9ly (fset by its valuable educational value = ! tea*] h]self4 ,x %\ld be cle> t ! v>i\s features ( ! ,g>y plan t5d to relieve ! tea*] ( burd5s & p>ticul>ly ( n]v\s /ra94 ,! tea*+ ( special subjects by special tea*]s relieves ! grade tea*] ( ! obligation ( tea*+1 "u ! exact+ direction ( sup]visors1 subjects l music & draw+ ) :i* %e may be little acqua9t$4 ,! dep>tm5taliz+ ( subjects d[n ?r\gh ! l[] grades gives a bread? to ! tea*]s' "w1 & enables !m to conc5trate on ! subjects :i* int]e/ !m1 r ?an diffuse _! att5tion among _m4 ,! abs5ce ( uni=m /&>ds1 ! abs5ce ( =mal t]m exam9ations = :i* a :ole class mu/ be prep>$1 ! promotion ( *ildr5 by subjects r ?an :ole classes1 z well z ! division ( grades accord+ to rate ( progress1--all ?is makes = a great sav+ 9 ! tea*]'s n]v\s en]gy4 ,%e does n h ! /ra9 ( pass+ h] :ole class 9 e subject1 ( f9i%+ h] c\rse on s*$ule "t1 ( cramm+ = exam9ations4 ,%e has "s fre$om 9 ! division ( h] "t & a voice 9 ! mak+ ( ! c\rse & curriculum4 ,! less exp]i5c$ tea*] has 9 h] classroom ! assi/ance & advice ( ! s5ior tea*]1 z well z ( ! head tea*] ( h] subjects 9 ! head s*ool4 ,tea*]s are n rivals1 b colleagues z 9 a college faculty4 ,! fre] me?ods ( discipl9e are mu* to ! tea*]'s advantage4 ,:5 ! ideal is no long] to keep ! classroom 9 a rigid milit>y sil5ce1 a l>ge "p ( ! tea*]'s en]gy may g into tea*+ :i* =m]ly w5t into ! ma9t5ance ( discipl9e4 ,:]e 8int]e/0 & 8application0 & 8le>n+ by do+0 are ! keynotes1 & :]e e "o--tea*] & pupil alike--is at "s "t 9 ! c\rse bo? tea*+ "s "o & le>n+ f "s "o1 ! tea*] is no long] int]e/$ 9 8mak+ ! *ild obey10 or 8comm&+ 8 respect40 ,no (ficial gulf is set betwe5 tea*]s & pupils4 ,x is discipl9e t we>s out mo/ tea*]s1--& *ildr5 too1--& a great] flexibility makes = ! less5+ ( n]v\s /ra9 on bo?4 ,! cu/om ( 8help]s & obs]v]s10 ! emphasis on discussion r ?an =mal recitation1 ev5 take a c]ta9 am\nt ( actual tea*+ out ( ! h&s ( ! tea*]s4 ,! tea*]1 z 9 ! ,montessori me?od1 becomes ! guide & m5tor r ?an direct preceptor4 ,%e is no long] s mu* conc]n$ ) pr$ige/+ subject-matt] & pres5t+ x 9 logical =m to ! pupil1 only to draw x f him aga9 9 recitation & writt5 exam9ation4 ,%e is r conc]n$ ) direct+ ! l>ge am\nt ( practical "w :i* ! ,g>y *ild does 9 e c\rse1 & 9 devis+ me?ods ( 8application10 or 9 turn+ ! "w into practical value = ! s*ool community4 ,^? classes :]e ! 8help] & obs]v]0 sy/em obta9s are1 to a l>ge degree1 self-in/ruct+4 ,! old] *ild tells ! y\ng] :at he is do+ 9 %op or laboratory1 etc41 & :5 ! y\ng] *ild comes to take up ! "w1 he is already famili> ) mat]ials & app>atus & ! significance ( ! c\rse4 ,raw new classes ?us d n h to be con/antly brok5 9 by ! tea*]4 ,?is means a v l>ge sav+ ( labor = ! tea*]1 :ile x makes = ! m ?or\gh und]/&+ on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,9 ! physical education "w & 9 ! organiz$ play1 ! old] pupils are enli/$ z assi/ants to ! tea*]s4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt's new plans involve ! employm5t ?r\gh\t ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts z tea*]s' assi/ants ( a class ( old] pupils1 select$ = _! int]e/ & ability4 ,su* "w n only gives ! /ud5t ! be/ possible tra9+ = develop+ lead]%ip1 initiative1 & ! ability to assume responsibility1 b x also relieves ! tea*]s & makes possible _m small classes )\t extra tea*]s & )\t extra rooms4 ,f ! tea*]s' po9t ( view1 !n1 ! num]\s ways 9 :i* ! ,g>y plan relieves ! n]v\s /ra9 & actual responsibility ( tea*+1 & removes ! pressure ( outside "w1 m ?an comp5sate = ! slightly long] actual "t dur+ :i* ! tea*] mu/ be 9 ! s*ool plant4 ,& s9ce ?is long] "t means increas$ sal>y1 x is cle> t ! tea*] "u ! ,g>y plan is ! ga9] 9 e direction4 ,! criticisms ( ! ,g>y plan on ! gr\nd t ! long s*ool day & v>i$ curriculum ov]load ! pupil c sc>cely be su/a9$ 9 view ( ! fact t ! 8s*ool day0 is n m]ely a l5g!n+ ( ! ord9>y public s*ool day1 b an absorb+1 9 heal?ful activities ( play1 ex]cise & manual "w1 ( "t :i* w\ld o!rwise be sp5t 9 demoraliz+ /reet & alley or 9 idl5ess at home4 ,we h se5 t ?is additional activity is n ga9$ at ! exp5se ( ! academic /udies1 b comes f giv+ ! *ildr5 int]e/+ ?+s to d 9 ! surplus h\rs 9 :i* !y are usually left to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,! fre$om ( ! ,g>y s*ools1 & ! con/ant pass+ back & =? betwe5 s*ool & home1 *ur*1 etc41 does n seem to make = truancy4 ,! p]c5tage ( att5dance 9 ,novemb]1 #aiad1 0 = boys #ib4i1 = girls1 #ia4f1--;a rem>kable record :5 x is consid]$ t boy truancy 9 mo/ city s*ools is mu* ! great]4 ,= ! ye> #aiac-ad ! p]c5tage ( att5dance 0 = boys #hi4e1 = girls1 #hi4b4 ,! criticism ( ! ,g>y s*ool on ! gr\nd t ! %opwork ei!r involves ! risk ( exploit+ ! pupil1 or else introduces him to manual activity at too e>ly an age1 ignores ! fact t ! manual "w is really unspecializ$ & is introduc$ s gradually into ! *ild's life t x is sc>cely felt z "w4 8,play0 & 8"w0 are m]g$ 9 8int]e/+ activity10 & almo/ unconsci\sly ! *ild f9ds himself absorb$ 9 "w :i* may be 8 vocation lat] on4 ,:e!r x is to be 8 vocation or n1 ! ,g>y s*ool believes t su* "w is a good ?+ 9 ! education ( all *ildr54 ,_m educators believe t ! novel =m ( %opwork 9 ! ,g>y s*ool (f]s a solution = ! problems ( indu/rial tra9+4 ,!re is great risk1 9 s*ools :]e %opwork is introduc$ ap>t f ! academic "w1 z 9 special te*nical high s*ools1 ( an undemocratic & invidi\s di/9ction betwe5 ! manual work] & ! bra9 work]4 ,9 plans ( organization1 su* z ! ,ett+] plan 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ) a prelim9>y c\rse ( 8prevocational tra9+10 9 :i* ! prospective indu/rial pupil 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades discov]s by ha/y exp]im5tation :i* trade 8 aptitudes fit him to pursue1 !re is great dang] t ! vocational "w w be left unassimilat$ to ! re/ ( ! s*ool "w & ! *ild tra9$ into a n>r[ speciali/4 ,su* 8vocational tra9+0 des]ves all ! criticism t has be5 direct$ aga9/ x by ! oppon5ts ( a too 8utilit>ian0 education4 ,! ,g>y type ( vocational tra9+ keeps ! indu/rial "w con/antly 9 t\* ) ! o!r activities1 & makes x a really 8cultural0 bran* ( ! s*ool community "w4 ,& because ! *ildr5 lay _! f\ndations ( skill & int]e/ s e>ly & "w at real "w "u real workm51 _! tra9+ f a practical po9t ( view is z good z1 if n bett] ?an1 ! special trade s*ool is likely to give !m4 ,m %ops are actually support$ 9 ! ,g>y s*ool ?an ev5 ! mo/ elaborate special trade s*ool c af=d to provide4 ,! correlation ( day c\rses ) ev5+ cont9uation c\rses1 ! great att5tion to sci5ce1 ! emphasis on ! social & communal be>+ ( all activities1--all ?is means a high] type ( vocational tra9+ ?an has be5 work$ out g5]ally 9 ! public s*ool4 ,if he is intellig5t1 he w be bett] qualifi$ = skill$ "w ?an ! m n>r[ly tra9$ work]4 8,?is is ! age10 says ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt1 8( ! eng9e]1 ( ma*9]y1 & ( big bus9ess4 ,! s*ool bus9ess ent]prises (f] a type ( indu/rial & comm]cial education facilities 444 adapt$ to mod]n indu/ry & bus9ess4 ,!re are big bus9ess problems & ma*9]y problems 9 ! s*ool40 ,^! problems evolv$ 9 ! life ( a s*ool community give an education1 he holds1 sup]ior to :at c be giv5 ev5 9 s*ools n>r[ly devot$ to %op-tra9+4 ,& x c give ! tra9+ 9 small gr\ps or ev5 to individuals1 :]e ! special s*ool has to give in/ruction 9 l>ge classes to make x pay at all4 ,z ,mrs4 ,b>r[s-,f]n&ez puts x1 8,if y believe t vocational education is conf9$ to specific tra9+ = a trade1 & t ?is mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 a sep>ate trade s*ool1 & t g5]al education has no relation to x except z x may add a fr+e ( culture1 !n y w ?9k t !re is no vocational education 9 ,g>y4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if y belong to ! gr\p t believes t :at *ildr5 "u sixte5 ne$ 9 ! way ( vocational "w is n specializ$ trade tra9+ on top ( an inadequate elem5t>y-s*ool education1 b fundam5tal indu/rial tra9+ closely relat$ to ! sci5ce & academic "w1 & made real & natural because x is "o ( ! _m activities ( ! :ole s*ool1--!n y w come away f ,g>y feel+ t ! vocational "w !re repres5ts ! s\nde/ po9t ( view & ! be/ practical accompli%m5t 9 vocational "w = *ildr5 "u sixte5 t c be f\nd any:]e 9 ! c\ntry40 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 :]e an ext5d$ exp]im5tation is be+ c>ri$ on ) ! ,g>y plan1 consid]able controv]sy is said to h aris5 ov] ! provision ( ! ,g>y s*eme :i* p]mits outside in/itutions1 includ+ *ur*es1 to cop]ate ) ! s*ool & take *ildr5 = a few h\rs a week = any special "w1 amusem5t1 or in/ruction :i* ! s*ools _c give4 ,! fe> 0 express$ !re t ?is provision w\ld mean ! ent]+ w$ge ( religion into ! public s*ool4 ,z outl9$ by ,mr4 ,wirt1 h[ev]1 ! ,g>y plan holds no brief = religi\s in/ruction4 ,x has no conc]n ) any *ur* activity z su*4 ,:at x tries to d is to cord9ate ! community *ild-welf>e ag5cies ) ! s*ool4 ,! l5g!n+ ( ! s*ool day absorbs an h\r :i* w\ld o!rwise be sp5t by ! city *ild 9 ! /reet1 or at home1 *ur*1 or settlem5t4 ,all ! ,g>y s*ool does is to organize & sy/ematize ?is h\r4 ,x may be sp5t by ! *ild ei!r 9 play or auditorium at ! s*ool1 or 9 any outside activity :i* provides :olesome activities = *ildr54 ,! object is to cord9ate ! community opportunities s t !y may function regul>ly & vitally in/ead ( spasmodically z at pres5t4 ,! s*ool gives to all ! ag5cies :i* pret5d to be int]e/$ 9 ! *ild's welf>e a *ance to sp5d !mselves effectively4 ,x br+s up to ! level ( public discussion1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! "q :at sort ( home1 *ur*1 & neighborhood activities are good = *ildr54 ,into ?is s*eme ! *ur* ent]s m]ely z a community in/itution4 ,z long z any consid]able numb] ( ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 9 a s*ool believe t religi\s in/ruction is valuable1 no public s*ool :i* attempts to be really public c refuse to release *ildr5 = ?is purpose1 j z x releases !m = playgr\nds1 settlem5ts1 libr>ies1 home music1 or o!r in/ruction4 ,?is outside "t is n tak5 f /udy4 ,nor are ! *ildr5 turn$ out into ! /reets to be tak5 c>e ( by ! *ur*es & o!r in/itutions4 ,no *ild is excus$ unless ! p>5ts make =mal application4 ,if ! p>5ts d n d ?is1 ! *ild /ays at ! s*ool = ! full sev5 or eight h\rs ( "w1 /udy1 & play4 ,! burd5 ( responsibility re/s entirely ^u ! p>5ts & ! *ur*es4 ,! tea*]s h no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 ei!r 9 segregat+ ! *ildr5 or see+ :]e !y g4 ,!re seems to be little fe> t ! practice w n con=m to ! !ory4 ,mr4 ,wirt tells u t 8 "w-/udy-&-play s*ool _h be5 function+ = twelve ye>s 9 ,bluffton & ,g>y be=e any religi\s organization took advantage ( ?is provision4 ,! idea t ! opportunity w\ld unduly increase religi\s influ5ce 9 ! s*ools seems to be gr\ndless4 ,9 ! ,jeff]son ,s*ool 9 ,g>y1 :i* has be5 longe/ 9 op]ation "u ! ,wirt plan1 & :]e ! fulle/ ef=ts h be5 made by all ! sects & religions ( ! t[n to provide ?is supplem5t>y in/ruction1 sc>cely half ! *ildr5 9 ! spr+ ( #aiae 7 go+ out to any sort ( religi\s tra9+ :atev]4 ,& 9 "o ( ! ,wirt s*ools 9 ,new ,york1 :]e unusual ef=ts h be5 made by "s ( ! *ur*es to meet ! new plan1 n ev5 half ( ! *ildr5 are releas$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ano!r ,wirt s*ool 9 ,new ,york1 none ( ! *ildr5 are releas$1 because !re is no dem& = x on ! "p ( ! p>5ts4 ,:at ! ,g>y plan seems to d is n to br+ religion into ! s*ools1 b = ! fir/ "t to take x out ( ! s*ools4 ,! relations n[ betwe5 *ur* & s*ool are hidd54 ,! ,g>y plan br+s !m out into ! op54 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a fair1 free1 & op5 relation betwe5 ! s*ool & all o!r community in/itutions is ( utmo/ importance4 ,no in/itution :i* has any?+ valuable to (f] ! *ild w lose by su* a relation4 ,no outside p[] c dom9ate or ev5 p>tially control a public s*ool :i* has e/abli%$ x4 ,we may sum up ! ,g>y s*ool1 !n1 z prim>ily a s*ool community = *ildr5 ( all ages betwe5 nurs]y & college1 provid+ :olesome activities "u a f\rfold division ( "w1 /udy1 play1 & expression4 ,x aims to provide ! be/ possible environm5t = ! gr[+ *ild ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( a full eight-h\r day4 ,! s*ool community1 replac+ ! old-"t education ( h\sehold & s*ool1 aims to be z self-su/a9+ z possible1 all activities contribut+ to ! welf>e ( ! s*ool community life4 ,by ! multiple use ( s*ool facilities1 on ! plan ( public-s]vice pr9ciples1 su* a s*ool may be provid$ at no m exp5se ?an t ( ! ord9>y public s*ool4 ,! economics effect$ by ?is multiple use enable ! ,g>y s*ool to provide recreational & educational facilities = adults z well z *ildr5 all ! ye> r\nd1 z well z to pay bett] sal>ies to tea*]s1 & completely solve 8"p-"t problems40 ,x makes ! s*ool ! cultural c5t] ( a community ) p>ks1 libr>ies1 & museums function+ z contributory to ! s*ool1 z well z all o!r activities :i* provide :olesome int]e/s = *ildr54 ,x makes ! s*ool1 = ! fir/ "t1 a g5u9e 8social c5t]10 & a g5u9ely 8public s*ool0 9 a compreh5sive s5se sc>cely realiz$ hi!rto4 ,no bett] evaluation ( ! ,g>y plan has be5 made ?an t by ,william ,paxton ,burris1 ,dean ( ! ,college = ,tea*]s1 ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati1 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education1 #aiad1 no4 #ah4 ,9 8 op9ion ! s*ool sy/em at ,g>y provides3-- 8#a4 ,= ! bett] use ( s*ool-build+s day & ev5+1 includ+ ,saturdays1 ! ye> r\nd1 mak+ x possible to save l>ge sums ( money exp5d$ = ?is purpose40 ,?is multiple use ( s*ool plants1 :i* secures greatly increas$ facilities at greatly r$uc$ co/1 :ile x p]mits ! giv+ ( full-"t in/ruction to all ! *ildr5 ( ev5 ! conge/$ s*ool di/ricts1 is ! aspect :i* has appeal$ mo/ g5]ally to educators outside ( ,g>y4 ,= adm9i/rators confront$ ) problems ( "p-"t1 x makes an exam9ation ( ! ,wirt plan almo/ ess5tial4 ,no educationi/ c af=d to ignore a plan :i*1 9 m]e details ( me*anical adm9i/ration1 provides n only a full-"t program1 b actually a long] s*ool day1 = all ! *ildr5 9 ! city s*ool--some?+ hi!rto consid]$ impossible 9 ! l>g] s*ool sy/ems4 ,! ,g>y plan seems to provide an easy solution = ^! difficulties :i* gr[ progressively worse 9 ! l>ge city ) e ye>4 8#b4 ,! possibility ( a bett] division ( "t betwe5 ! old & ! new /udies1 ! #8regul> /udies' & #8special activities4'0 ,! ,g>y plan provides n only an enri*$ curriculum1 b an unusually favorable & h>moni\s balance betwe5 ! v>i\s activities4 ,! l>g] emphasis on sci5ce & manual "w has n made ! s*ool ultra-utilit>ian 9 its purpose4 ,! ,g>y s*ools h n be5 8turn$ into mills & factories10 z c]ta9 educators h fe>$4 ,= _m visitors1 ! ,g>y s*ool is a liv+ refutation ( ! idea t ! useful & ! beautiful are oppos$4 ,! new s*ool plants1 su* z ! ,em]son & ,froebel1 are spaci\s & dignifi$ build+s1 ) _m t\*es ( ?\ghtful ta/e t "o usually associates only ) ! high s*ools ( exceptionally weal?y & cultivat$ suburban communities4 ,! pres5ce ( pictures1 ! cultivation ( music1 ! emphasis on expression1 ! tea*+ ( lit]ature1 ! sy/ematic use ( ! public libr>y1 indicate a det]m9$ ef=t to br+ ! cultural aspects ( education to ! front1 & make !m z real a "p ( ! s*ool life z ! m /rik+ special activities4 ,! 8application0 "w involves con/ant c>e & int]e/ 9 ! enhancem5t ( ! beauty ( ! s*ool plant4 ,! actual *>m ( ! s*ool life 9 ,g>y--! cons]vatories & g>d5s1 ! play1 ! fre$om ( ! *ildr51 ! dramatic expression1 ! abs5ce ( /ra9 & confusion1 ! happ9ess ( ! *ildr5--is te/ifi$ to by mo/ visitors4 ,a v beautiful s*ool life seems to be liv$1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 :]e e activity is motivat$ by application & expression1 :]e ! le>n+ is by do+ & n by m]e /udy+4 8#c4 ,great] flexibility 9 adapt+ /udies to exceptional *ildr5 ( all k9ds1 !reby dim9i%+ ! necessity ( special s*ools40 ,! ,g>y plan provides a s*ool :i* is adapt$ to almo/ e k9d ( a *ild4 ,x does n try to adapt ! *ild to ! s*ool1 ca/+ (f automatically ^? :o d n fit4 ,b x adapts ! s*ool to ! v unequal ne$s & capacities ( ! *ildr54 ,su* a s*ool seems to be "o :]e capacities w be develop$ :]ev] !re are capacities1 a s*ool :]e some?+ l equal educational opportunity c be giv51 z x _c be 9 ! ord9>y public s*ool4 ,x c almo/ be said t ! only reason = keep+ a *ild home f ! ,g>y s*ool w\ld be a case ( contagi\s disease4 ,if ! *ild is physically weak1 s t he _c und]take all ! "w1 he may take :at he c & use ! o!r facilities ( ! s*ool z "o w\ld use a sanit>ium = rega9+ heal?4 ,! daily program p]mits a *ild to sp5d all 8 "t 9 ! special activities if ?is is be/ = him4 ,he may sp5d 8 "t re/+ 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 sup]vis$ play until he ga9s /r5g? to d ! regul> "w4 ,! defective *ild may "w at :at he c 9 ! way ( manual activity4 ,& ! ret>d$ *ild may take su* activities z w awak5 8 int]e/1 & gradually br+ him up to ! level ( 8 grade4 ,an elem5t>y s*ool sy/em l ?is has no ne$ = ! exp5sive special op5-air s*ools1 classes = defectives1 etc41 special trade s*ools or comm]cial s*ools4 ,9 ! organiz$ life ( ! complete s*ool community1 ! *ild may f9d approximately :at he ne$s4 8#d4 ,! possibility ( m exp]t tea*+ ?r\gh ! ext5sion ( ! dep>tm5tal plan ( organization40 8#e4 ,! bett] use ( playtime1 !reby prev5t+ influ5ces :i* undo ! "w ( ! s*ools40 8#f4 ,m realism 9 vocational & indu/rial "w1 by plac+ x "u ! direction ( exp]t workm5 f ! ranks ( labor+ m51 select$ = _! p]sonal qualities & tea*+ ability z well z _! skill 9 ! trade indu/ries40 ,! organization ( ! indu/rial & o!r vocational "w (f]s _m practical advantages to ! "y work]4 ,n only does he h ! ev5+ cont9uation c\rses & ! privilege ( com+ back to ! s*ool %ops 9 ! daytime :5 unemploy$1 b ! mo/ practical f\ndation is laid = ! developm5t ( cop]ative c\rses betwe5 s*ool & factory on ! l9es ( ! well-kn[n ,fit*burg plan4 ,! flexibility ( adm9i/ration & curriculum 9 ! ,g>y s*ool all[s him to att5d ! academic class dur+ slack h\rs1 or to divide ! job & ! s*ool ) ano!r /ud5t4 ,! ,g>y s*ool ev5 (f]s to provide special in/ruction = "p-"t /ud5ts = any desir$ numb] ( h\rs a week1 or all[s !m to "w on _! own initiative4 ,9 #aiad 9 ,g>y !re 7 said to be ab\t "o hundr$ "p-"t /ud5ts4 ,! plan ( ! all-ye> s*ool also (f]s peculi> opportunities to ! "y work]4 ,! opportunity ( f9d+ employm5t is increas$ f\rfold4 ,= in/ead ( ?r[+ all ! pupils on ! m>ket to f9d jobs at ! same "t1 "o qu>t] ( ^? :o ne$$ "w w\ld be available ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,in/ead ( "o cont9u\s appr5tice 9 an indu/ry or trade1 !re=e1 f\r pupils c\ld take 8 place 9 alt]nation4 ,in/ead ( "o "y workman sp5d+ all 8 "t at "w & none at s*ool1 f\r w\ld be gett+ a full s*ool+ ( ?irty-six weeks 9 ! ye>1 & twelve weeks ( practical appr5tice tra9+ 9 ! factory4 ,?us ! ,g>y plan makes x easy = ! "y work] to get ! maximum b5efit ( ! mod]n s*ool & 8 appr5tice%ip at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f\ndry ,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,s*ool ,notice gr\p ( curi\s *ildr5 at w9d[ ,a ^w %\ld be said ab\t ! value ( ! vocational indu/rial tra9+ t ! ,g>y s*ool gives1 f ! po9t ( view ( prep>ation = effici5cy 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,! organization ( ! manual "w z a "p ( ! regul> curriculum prev5ts ! n>r[ specialization ( ! trade s*ool4 ,x t5ds to turn ! "y work] out1 n z a "p ( ! indu/rial ma*9e fitt$ to d only "o ?+1 b equipp$ to meet a dynamic1 rapidly *ang+ indu/rial _w :i* dem&s above all ?+s v]satility1 & :i* scraps me?ods & ma*9es z ru?lessly z x does m54 ,only ! man ( r\nd$ tra9+ & res\rcefulness :o c turn 8 h& quickly to a v>iety ( occupations has a *ance to-day to rise above ! mass4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! old public s*ool1 9 spite ( its fanci$ 8lib]al0 curriculum1 0 to turn out only v l[-grade speciali/s 9 book-le>n+4 ,! /ud5t :o comes f ! well-r\nd$ curriculum ( ! ,g>y s*ool into ! indu/rial _w is b\nd to be m al]t1 m int]e/$ 91 & m cognizant (1 :at he is do+4 ,! ,g>y s*ool seems to be mak+ an ef=t to produce ! type ( m9d p]haps ! mo/ ne$$ to-day1 t ( ! v]satile eng9e]1 ! m9d t adapts & ma/]s me*anism4 ,?is exactness1 res\rcefulness1 inv5tiv5ess1 pragmatic judgm5t ( a ma*9e by its product1 ! s5se ( ma*9]y z a means n an end 9 itself1--^! qualities ( m9d :i* come f an emphasis on appli$ sci5ce are ! qualities :i* society dem&s 9 almo/ e indu/ry1 pr(ession1 & trade4 ,! ,g>y s*ool t5ds to cultivate ?is type ( intellig5ce4 ,= ?is type ( m9d1 8culture0 w\ld n be a fr+e1 b a m or less integral "p ( life1 because x _h be5 wov5 9 f ! e>lie/ ye>s 9 ! s*ool community4 ,on ! o!r h&1 skill$ labor w\ld n seem degrad+ or ( l[] value1 = x too w\ld h _h its equal "p 9 ! s*ool life4 8#g4 ,bett] facilities = ! promotion ( ! heal? ( *ildr540 ,! l>ge am\nt ( play1 ! spaci\s & sanit>y s*ool plants1 ! c>e ( ! special s*ool physicians & s*ool nurses :o devote _! :ole "t to ! purpose1 insure ! ne$$ att5tion to ! physical well-be+ ( ! *ildr54 8#h4 ,! possibility ( hav+ pupils d "w 9 m ?an "o grade & ( promot+ !m by subjects in/ead ( by grades40 8#i4 ,! possibility ( hav+ pupils help ea* o!r40 ,! 8help] & obs]v]0 sy/em1 appli$ n only 9 ! relations betwe5 *ildr51 b betwe5 tea*]s1 & betwe5 tea*]s inside ! s*ool & visitors1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable features ( ! ,g>y plan4 ,x entirely alt]s ! usual relations1 mak+ = a cop]ative in/ead ( a competitive _s 9 "w1 & facilitat+ enorm\sly ! "w ( bo? pupils & tea*]s4 ,*ildr5 le>n by wat*+ & ask+ que/ions--8pick+ up0--9 ! mo/ natural way 9 ! _w1 9 contra/ to ! =mal & /ilt$ ways ( ! traditional classroom "w4 8#aj4 ,an organization :i* prev5ts a *asm betwe5 ! elem5t>y & high s*ool1 & prev5ts dropp+ out ( s*ool at critical p]iods 9 ! lives ( pupils by ! introduction1 at su* times1 ( subjects :i* appeal to awak5+ int]e/s n satisfi$ by a cont9u\s & exclusive devotion to ! #8common bran*es4'0 ,! ,g>y plan1 :i* includes all ! grades 9 "o s*ool plant :]ev] possible1 prev5ts ^! *asms m successfully ?an ev5 su* s*emes z ! junior high s*ool :i* are be+ ext5sively exp]im5t$ ) else:]e4 ,! ,g>y s*ool has an extraord9>y hold on its pupils4 ,!re is no inc5tive = leav+ s*ool1 s9ce ! s*ool provides = ! ne$s ( ! mo/ div]sely equipp$ *ildr51 gives !m ! practical vocational tra9+ !y may want1 & ev5 all[s _! work+ "p-"t :ile cont9u+ ) ! s*ool4 ,all ^? problems ( 8pupil-mortality10 :]eby half ! *ildr5 9 our public s*ools are said nev] to pass beyond ! six? grade1 are almo/ automatically avoid$ 9 a s*ool :i* delib]ately sets itself to meet+ ! individual *ild's ne$s4 ,! success ( ! ,g>y s*ool 9 hold+ its pupils is indicat$ 9 ! fact t1 9 spite ( ! %ort "t ! ,g>y s*ools h be5 9 exi/5ce1 ! proportion ( high-s*ool pupils 9 ,g>y is said to be almo/ twice z l>ge z t 9 ! s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city4 8#aa4 ,a sav+ 9 ! co/ ( in/ruction by r$uc+ ov]head *>ges = sup]visors1 mak+ x possible to pay bett] sal>ies or r$uce ! numb] ( pupils p] tea*]1 or bo?40 8#ab4 ,a plan :i* br+s toge!r1 9 a unit>y way1 ) economy & effici5cy 9 managem5t1 ! o!r recreational & educational ag5cies ( ! city40 ,^! evaluations ( ,dean ,burris's sum up ! v>i\s aspects ( ! ,g>y plan z x appeals to practical educators4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,g>y s*ool repres5ts n a rigid sy/em1 or a /atic & complet$ me*anism4 ,its *ief value is t x provides a flexible program & facility = *ange & developm5t4 ,any examples ( details 9 ! curricula or details ( adm9i/ration c only be t5tative1 = x is an exp]im5tal s*ool1 :]e e "o is con/antly /udy+ & le>n+4 ,x is a gr[+ organism4 ,! only limit to its gr[? seems to lie 9 ! imag9ation ( tea*]s & pupils4 ,ev5 :5 x />ts ) an admirable equipm5t1 its life is only begun4 ,x is ! use ( ! equipm5t1 ! con/ant appeal to ! imag9ation & to expression t is ! real education4 ,9 su* a s*ool1 ! cultivation ( res\rce may g on indef9itely4 ,su* a s*ool provides t 8embryonic community life0 :i* ,pr(essor ,dewey expresses z 8 ideal ( a s*ool1 :]e 9 actual "w ! *ild s5ses ! occupations & int]e/s ( ! l>g] _w into :i* he is "s "t actively to ent]4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! ,g>y s*ool has national significance because x is ! fir/ public s*ool sy/em 9 successful e/abli%$ op]ation :i* has be5 able to solve ! press+ & app>5tly insoluble problems ( ! city s*ool2 :i* has kept pace ) *ang+ indu/rial & social conditions1 & adapts ! s*ool to e k9d ( a *ild2 :i* syn!sizes ! be/ educational endeavors ( ! day1 & provides ! facilities :i* educators h va9ly s\ght to provide = all ! *ildr51 b h only succe$$ 9 provid+ at great exp5se = ! m advanc$ & old] pupils ( ! community2 :i* m>ks a di/9ct advance 9 democratic education2 :i* realizes ! ideal ( a truly public s*ool1 9 provid+ = all ! p all ( ! "t2 &1 :i*1 9 its simple organization & +5i\s f9ancial economies1 furni%es a practical work+-model = imitation & adaptation 9 o!r communities1 l>ge & small4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,app5dix ,i ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,exp5ditures ,augu/ #a1 #aiad-;,july #ca1 #aiae ,s*ools ( ,g>y1 ,indiana ,,regul> ,,s*ool 7,,t5 ,,mon?s1 ,,five ,,days ,,p] ,,week1 ,,eight-,,h\r ,,day7 ,,l>ge/ ,,?ree ,em]son ,froebel ,jeff]son ,all ,,s*ools ,,) ,s*ool #ahdg #gfd s*ools ,,no4 ,,( ,,pupils 7#hie7 #dghi ,in/ruction --,sal>ies ( sup]visors & pr9cipals1 & #b1gej4ai #d1ahi4ie #b1jaf4fjac1gde4ge miscellane\s ,sal>ies ( #bg1ied4gg #df1cgc4cf #af1gac4gjaac1ecc4bd tea*]s ,supplies #hed4ff #geh4eh #cfg4jj #b1ffj4ji ,total co/ ( #ca1eei4fbea1cba4hi #ai1jig4cjabi1ici4jh in/ruction ,op]ation & ma9t5ance-- ,janitors' wages #c1ijh4hj #d1icf4jb #a1aca4aaab1bjc4ae ,fuel1 wat]1 #d1hae4jc #e1bcd4gj #a1bje4aa #ac1gii4di light1 supplies ,total co/ ( #h1gbc4hcaj1agj4gb #b1ccf4bbbf1jjb4fb op]ation ,ma9t5ance #g1dbj4dj #f1jej4fg #g1dah4cfc #bf1egd4fb ,footnote #c3 ,includes new heat+ plant4 ,,saturday ,,s*ool 7,,t5 ,,mon?s1 ,,eight-,,h\r ,,day7 ,,s*ools ,em]son ,froebel ,jeff]son ,all s*ools ,in/ruction #a1ghb4bj #b1gba4eg #hfj4bh #f1iji4eb ,op]ation #a1gac4fc #a1fij4hc #cdd4fe #d1ccb4ca ,,summ] ,,s*ool 7,,two ,,mon?s7 ,,s*ools ,em]son ,froebel ,jeff]son ,all s*ools ,in/ruction-- #hca4ef #a1cdi4fe #edc4ge #c1cge4bj ,sal>ies ( sup]visors & pr9cipals ,sal>ies ( #d1bac4fc #c1fgh4jh #ggi4eh #aj1fjb4ia tea*]s ,supplies #ch4fa #cc4cj #cj4ej #aad4ca ,total co/ ( #e1jhc4hj #e1jfa4jc #a1cec4hcad1jib4db in/ruction ,op]ation-- #a1cag4ih #a1edb4cg #bea4jc #c1dbd4cd ,janitors' wages ,fuel1 etc4 #gid4cg #a1cjh4db #aca4be #b1dba4ie ,total co/ ( #b1aab4ce #b1hej4gi #chb4bh #e1hdf4bi op]ation ,ma9t5ance #a1adi4da #fhi4gi #a1fhb4ee #d1afe4ij ,,sunday-,,s*ool 7,,two ,,plants1 ,,f\r ,,h\rs ,,weekly7 ,,s*ools ,em]son ,froebel ,all s*ools ,sal>ies ( #ajc4jj #abh4jj #bca4jj tea*]s ,op]ation #ied4ef #hdg4fj #a1hjb4af ,,ev5+ ,,s*ool 7,,five ,,ev5+s ,,weekly ,,( ,,two ,,h\rs ,,ea*1 ,,n9e ,,mon?s ,,( ,,s*ool7 ,,s*ools ,em]son ,froebel ,all s*ools ,sal>ies ( #a1jia4jg #a1gca4de #c1hac4bd sup]visors & pr9cipals ,sal>ies ( #e1aab4hi #e1hbh4jj #ac1fge4gc tea*]s ,supplies #cdj4ed #dga4fh #a1jdb4hd ,total co/ ( #f1edd4ej #h1jca4acah1eca4ha in/ruction ,op]ation #b1bhc4ia #b1cib4fh #e1hgb4ee ,,pupil ,,p]-,,capita ,,ye> 7,,twelve ,,mon?s2 ,,all ,,activities7 ,,s*ools ,em]son ,froebel ,jeff]son ,all s*ools ,p]-capita co/ = ,in/ruction #ce4bf #bg4gi #be4jj #bg4ac ,op]ation #i4ge #e4ej #c4jf #e4dc ,ma9t5ance #h4bi #c4bg #i4ga #e4ee ,curr5t co/1 #ec4cj #cf4ef #cg4gg #ch4aa total ,p]man5t #aa4dc #g4ha #ad4dc #aj4hh improvem5ts ,gr& total #fd4gc #dd4cg #eb4bj #dh4ii ,g5]al control #c4ed ,o!r paym5ts #g4ge ,auxili>y #a4jb ag5cy ,,enrollm5t ,day ,s*ool ,enrollm5t ,av]age ,no4 ( ,all ,enrollm5t daily tea*]s,av]age p] att5dance sal>y tea*] ,em]son #hie #gfi4hj #ca #iae4gh #bg4ef ,froebel #a1hdg #a1eia4jf #eg #hac4ef #ca4ej ,jeff]son #gfd #ffa4gj #bb #gei4ga #cc4ej ,all s*ools #d1ghi #d1jdc4ih #adb #hjb4ei #cc4gj ,summ] #a1gjj s*ools ,ev5+ #ahb1cdhd s*ools ,footnote #d3 ,numb] ( /ud5t h\rs4 ,,total ,,exp5ditures--,,twelve ,,mon?s--,,all ,,activities 7,,regul>1 ,,saturday1 ,,sunday1 ,,summ]1 ,,ev5+ ,,s*ools7 ,in/ruction #afi1gjc4hc ,op]ation #dc1hee4ic ,ma9t5ance #cj1gdj4eb ,total curr5t co/ #bdd1cjj4bh ,total exp5ditures #cfb1cbe4gc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,wirt',s ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,reorganization ,,( ,,! ,,bronx ,,s*ools1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,%[+ h[ ! ,g>y ,plan may be adapt$ to ! ,usual ,s*ool ,plant ,,^! twelve s*ools1 ,i am in=m$1 are ! mo/ conge/$ ( any gr\p ( twelve s*ools 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,!re are only #be1cca sitt+s 9 ^! s*ools & #ce1ehj *ildr5 7 regi/]$ ,decemb] #ca1 #aiad1--aj1bdi m ?an sitt+s4 ,! regi/ration is #adj p] c5t ( ! sitt+s4 ,b #bejj ( ! pres5t sitt+s1 repres5t+ #ej classrooms1 are unsatisfactory4 ,!re are #ggi classes 9 ! s*ools & only #dhj satisfactory classrooms4 ,! classes are #afb p] c5t ( ! satisfactory classrooms4 ,two new s*ools are "u con/ruction1 & a leas$ s*ool-build+ ( fifte5 classrooms is ne>+ completion4 ,^! ?ree build+s w provide accommodations = #dejj *ildr5 & #ajc additional classes4 ,:5 ^! ?ree build+s are complet$1 !re w be #ehc satisfactory classrooms = #ggi classes4 ,! regi/ration ( ! twelve s*ools increas$ #djjj pupils f ,decemb] #ca1 #aiac1 to ,decemb] #ca1 #aiad4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( increase ! new build+s w n take c>e ( ! increase 9 s*ool att5dance dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! said build+s4 ,f\r new build+s 9 addition to ^? "u con/ruction are ne$$ n[ to give ea* *ild att5d+ ! s*ools a satisfactory s*ool seat4 ,because ( f9ancial limitations ! ,bo>d ( ,education is ask+ = only six new elem5t>y-s*ool build+s = ! entire city1 & two ( ! six1 to co/ approximately #a1jjj1jjj1 are propos$ = ! relief ( ! twelve s*ools nam$4 ,if ! two additional s*ools reque/$1 toge!r ) ! ?ree "u con/ruction1 c\ld be made ready = use to-morr[1 !re w\ld /ill be #djjj *ildr5 )\t satisfactory seats & no provision = normal gr[? 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,i h]e) submit a plan = ! reorganization ( ! twelve s*ools nam$1 s t #ajbb classes may be satisfactorily accommodat$ 9 place ( ! #ehc n[ provid$ =4 ,"u ! ,new ,organization unsatisfactory annexes are vacat$1 & unsatisfactory classrooms are us$ = auditorium1 playrooms1 laboratories1 & work%ops4 ,9 place ( ! #ggi classes & #ce1ehj *ildr5 n[ 9 ! s*ools1 room w be secur$ = #bdb additional classes & a total regi/ration ( #df1jjj *ildr54 ,a future increase 9 s*ool regi/ration ( approximately #aj1jjj *ildr5 w ?us be provid$ =4 ,to accompli% ?is reorganization1 r ext5sive annexes are necess>y at f\r s*ools1 co/+ approximately #dge1jjj4 ,! rema9+ eight s*ools ne$ only slight /ructural *anges & additional equipm5t1 co/+ approximately #dd1ejj4 ,additional l& %\ld be pur*as$ = f\r ( ! s*ools1 co/+ approximately #bbe1jjj a total ( #gdd1ejj = twelve s*ools1 z aga9/ #a1jjj1jjj = two new plants on ! old plan4 ,! co/ ( ! f\r annexes1 ! remodel+1 ! equipm5t1 & ! additional l& w be mu* less ?an ! co/ = build+s1 equipm5t1 & sites = ! propos$ two new s*ools4 ,if ! propos$ two-new-s*ools plan is foll[$1 a total satisfactory capacity on a five-h\r s+le-s*ool sy/em = #fga classes w be secur$1 :i* is #ajh classes %ort ( ! pres5t enrollm5t4 ,if ! reorganization at less co/ ?an ! two-new-s*ools plan is foll[$1 satisfactory accommodations 9 a long] s*ool day w be secur$ = #ajbb classes1 :i* is #bdc classes m ?an are n[ enroll$1--a diff]5ce ( #cea classes & #af1jjj *ildr54 ,! true economy ( ! ,new ,organization is to be f\nd 9 ! great] educational facilities provid$ = all ( ! *ildr51 r ?an 9 ! great capacity ( ! plants secur$ "u ! new plan4 ,! upp] grades1 #eaa classes1 w h a daily s*ool program ( ! foll[+ type3 #hj m9utes 9 classroom = academic "w2 #dj m9utes 9 gymnasium or play-y>d or gr\nds = physical tra9+ & play2 #dj m9utes = g5]al ex]cises 9 ! auditorium2 #fj m9utes = lun*eon2 #adj m9utes 9 classroom = academic "w2 & #hj m9utes = draw+-rooms1 sci5ce laboratories1 or manual-tra9+ & work%ops4 ,! l[] grades1 #eaa classes1 w h a program ( ! foll[+ type3 same z = upp] grades1 except t ! la/ p]iod ( #hj m9utes w be giv5 to play1 excursions1 libr>y1 *ur* in/ruction1 or at home4 ,z a rule ! *ildr5 w h #chj m9utes 9 s*ool 9 addition to ! lun*eon h\r1 9 place ( ! #cjj m9utes provid$ 9 ! regul> full-"t s*ool4 ,su* a /udy-"w-&-play s*ool removes ! *ildr5 v l>gely f ! demoraliz+ life ( ! /reet1 & gives ample "t = academic1 physical1 & prevocational tra9+4 ,av]age "t ,av]age "t ,,subjects p] week "u p] week "u regul> ,new full-"t ,organization 9 organization 9 ,bronx s*ools ,new ,york ,city 7m9utes7 7m9utes7 ,op5+ ex]cises #ge #ajj ,music #fj #ajj ,physical tra9+1 #abj #bjj recesses1 physiology1 hygi5e ,engli%1 geography1 #ajaj #aajj hi/ory1 & ari?metic ,nature-/udy & #hj #acc sci5ce ,draw+ #he #acc ,con/ruction "w #gj #acd ,total "t p] week #aejj #aijj ,"u ! old regul> full-"t organization1 only manual-tra9+ & cook+-rooms are provid$1 & = sev5? & eigh? grades alone4 ,sci5ce laboratories = individual "w1 & draw+ /udios ) special equipm5t1 are n provid$ at all4 ,"u ! ,new ,organization1 manual-tra9+1 cook+ & sew+-%ops1 draw+-/udios ) special equipm5t1 & sci5ce laboratories = individual "w by /ud5ts are provid$ = all ! above grades4 ,besides1 !re w be sixty-?ree additional prevocational work%ops ) special equipm5t & tea*]s di/ribut$ advantage\sly 9 ! twelve s*ools4 ,also !re w be provid$ g>d5s1 bett] auditoriums & music-rooms1 bett] classrooms1 gymnasiums & playgr\nds4 ,,description ,,( ,,s*ools ,indicat+ 9 ,detail ,necess>y ,*anges to introduce ,wirt ,plan ,public ,s*ool #bh has fifty-eight regul> classes 9 =ty-five regul> classrooms1 ) "o wood-work+ %op & "o cook+-room4 ,! gr\nd floor play-y>d & f9e basem5t playroom provide ample play space = n9e classes at "o "t4 ,!re is a l>ge gymnasium on ! top floor t is n desirable = play1 & %\ld be us$ = draw+-rooms4 ,! auditorium on ! f\r? floor %\ld be made into six regul> classrooms by in/all+ p]man5t p>titions = ! slid+ p>titions4 ,! wall p>titions %\ld be remov$ f ! f\r comb9ation auditorium & classrooms on ! second floor1 & ! auditorium ?us secur$ %\ld be seat$ = a p]man5t auditorium4 ,s9ce f\r classrooms are ?us us$ = ! auditorium1 !re w be left only =ty-"o regul> classrooms4 ,?irty-six ( ^! %\ld be us$ = regul> class "w4 ,two ( ! five rema9+ classrooms %\ld be us$ = sci5ce laboratories1 "o = a music /udio1 & two = work%ops4 ,^! five special rooms1 ) ! manual-tra9+ %op & cook+-room & draw+-/udios1 w provide facilities = n9e classes 9 sci5ce1 draw+1 music1 manual-tra9+ or %opwork1 at "o "t4 ,sev5ty-two regul> classes may be accommodat$ 9 ?is s*ool ) ?irty-six classes 9 ?irty-six classrooms1 n9e 9 ! auditorium1 n9e at play1 n9e 9 special "w1 & n9e prim>y classes ) an extra p]iod = play1 religi\s in/ruction 9 *ur*es1 excursions1 libr>y "w1 etc4 ,) a full regi/] ( classes1 sev5ty-six tea*]s %\ld be employ$4 ,fifty-six tea*]s %\ld tea* ! hi/ory1 geography1 ari?metic1 language1 & read+1 & manage ! auditorium4 ,two tea*]s %\ld h *>ge ( ! music1 f\r ( ! play & physical tra9+1 "o ( ! libr>y1 two ( ! draw+1 two ( ! sci5ce laboratories1 & n9e ( ! manual tra9+1 dome/ic sci5ce & art1 & ! %opwork4 ,!re are ?irte5 regul> classes 9 ! eight-room frame annex1 :i* mu/ be us$ = class purposes 9 ord] to enable ! city to hold ! prop]ty4 ,a special program c be arrang$ = ?is annex1 to accommodate twelve classes4 ,public ,s*ool #bh & ! annex c !re=e accommodate eighty-f\r classes1 a ga9 ( ?irte5 classes ov] ! pres5t enrollm5t1 & ?irty-"o classes m ?an ! normal capacity ( fifty-?ree classes 9 a s+le-s*ool sy/em4 ,! only exp5se w be ! plac+ ( p]man5t p>titions 9 ! auditorium classrooms1 & ! equipm5t ( ! auditorium1 laboratories1 /udios & %ops1--approximately #aj1jjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,public ,s*ool #e has tw5ty-sev5 classes 9 n9ete5 regul> classrooms1 a good auditorium & two portable s*ools4 ,f\r classes are n[ us+ ! auditorium z classrooms1 ) only curta9s = p>titions4 ,!re is play space 9 ! basem5t play-y>d = six classes to play at once4 ,by remov+ ! portable s*ools a satisfactory outdoor playgr\nd c be secur$4 ,! basem5t has a f9e %oproom1 l>ge en\gh to accommodate two small %ops4 ,9 ^! %ops & ! n9ete5 classrooms1 ) ! auditorium & play facilities1 ?irty-two classes may be accommodat$ by us+ sixte5 ( ! mo/ desirable rooms = classrooms4 ,?is is five classes m ?an are n[ 9 ! s*ool1 & ?irte5 m ?an ! capacity ( ! ma9 build+ on a five-h\r s+le-s*ool sy/em4 ,! co/ ( mov+ ! portables %\ld be *>g$ to ! s*ool to :i* !y are mov$4 ,! co/ = equipm5t & remodel+ %\ld be approximately #e1jjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,public ,s*ool #cb has sixty classes 9 ?irty-eight classrooms1 ) "o work%op & "o cook+-room4 ,five classrooms & "o cook+-room are n[ 9 a gymnasium ) only curta9s = p>titions4 ,?ree classrooms are unsatisfactory basem5t rooms1 "o is an unsatisfactory attic room1 & twelve classrooms are comb9ation auditorium & classrooms4 ,by plac+ p]man5t p>titions 9 ! comb9ation auditoriums1 tw5ty-n9e satisfactory classrooms & five %oprooms may be secur$4 ,! gymnasium & play-y>d are ample = a l>ge s*ool4 ,! build+ is close to ,bronx ,p>k = l>ge outdoor play-y>d & = g>d5s4 ,! pres5t site c be enl>g$ )\t great co/4 ,i believe t x is desirable to make ,public ,s*ool #cb a sev5ty-two-room s*ool1 :i* w enable x to accommodate twelve m classes ?an are n[ 9 ! s*ool4 ,an annex %\ld be built conta9+ swimm+-pool1 auditorium1 five %ops1 & sev5 classrooms1 co/+ approximately #ajj1jjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,wirt',s ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,reorganization ,,( ,,public ,,s*ool #hi1 ,,brooklyn1 ,,new ,,york4 ,%[+ ! ,adaptation ( ! ,g>y ,plan to ! ,usual ,s*ool ,plant ,,?is s*ool 0 ! fir/ to be reorganiz$ 9 ,new ,york ,city "u ! ,g>y plan4 ,! foll[+ quotations f ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt's report indicate ! *anges t 7 made 9 trans=m+ a conge/$ elem5t>y s*ool into a smoo?ly runn+ ,g>y s*ool on ! duplicate plan3-- ,prior to ,novemb] #f1 #aiad1 !re 7 =ty classes att5d+ ,s*ool #hi4 ,twelve ( ! =ty classes1 repres5t+ ! upp] grades1 7 on full "t1 hav+ ! exclusive use ( twelve ( ! tw5ty-six classrooms4 ,! rema9+ tw5ty-eight classes 7 organiz$ 9 gr\ps ( f\rte5 classes ea* & 7 accommodat$ 9 ! rema9+ f\rte5 classrooms1 small auditorium1 & five cell> rooms1 ) a modification ( ! accompany+ program4 7,see p4 #aia74 ,s9ce 9 ?is program twelve classrooms 7 us$ exclusively = twelve classes1 ! burd5 ( ! ov]cr[d+ 0 plac$ entirely ^u ! rema9+ f\rte5 classrooms4 ,^! f\rte5 rooms _h a multiple use = eight h\rs a day1 b ! auditorium & playgr\nd 7 us$ only two h\rs a day4 ,?is means t ! auditorium & playgr\nd 7 conge/$ dur+ ! %ort "t t !y 7 9 use4 ,:5 x ra9$ & all ! *ildr5 7 requir$ to be 9 ! build+ f #i4cj to #aa4cj1 n9e classes 7 =c$ to use ! five cell> rooms at "o "t z /udy-rooms4 ,no provision 0 made = ! sy/ematic use ( o!r *ild-welf>e ag5cies4 ,ex]cises & ,s*ool h\rs ,f\rte5 /udy 9 classrooms auditorium & playgr\nd #h4cj- #i4cj;,fir/ gr\p--#ad classes #i4cj-aj4cj;,fir/ gr\p ,second gr\p #aj4cj-aa4cj,second ,fir/ gr\p gr\p--#ad classes #aa4cj-ab4cj,second gr\p,fir/ gr\p--at lun* #ab4cj- #a4cj;,fir/ gr\p ,second gr\p--at lun* #a4cj- #b4cj;,fir/ gr\p ,second gr\p #b4cj- #c4cj,second gr\p #c4cj- #d4cj,second gr\p ,! old program 0 n int5d$ to secure great] facilities = *ildr5 ?an ! ord9>y s+le-sy/em s*ool (f]s4 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! old program 0 t ( secur+ ! traditional five-h\r s*ool day by supplem5t+ ! f\r h\rs 9 ! classroom ) an additional h\r 9 playgr\nd & auditorium4 ,un=tunately ! latt] h\r 0 us$ z mu* z possible = /udy 9 qu>t]s t 7 nev] int5d$ = use z a /udy-room & _c be made satisfactory = /udy4 ,no "o (f]s ! argum5t t su* a five-h\r s*ool is bett] ?an or ev5 z good z five h\rs ( regul> classroom "w 9 ! ord9>y s+le-sy/em s*ool4 ,?is program 0 n int5d$ to secure great] facilities = *ildr5 ?an ! ord9>y s+le-sy/em s*ool (f]s4 ,! purpose 0 to secure z ne>ly z possible ! traditional "w ( ! regul> five-h\r full-"t s*ool1 & x 0 consid]$ only z a tempor>y exp$i5t until a suffici5t numb] ( new s*ools c\ld be built to provide ! regulation full-"t s*ool4 ,s9ce ! ma9 object 0 ! build+ ( additional s*ool-build+s = p]man5t relief1 no funds c\ld be exp5d$ ^u ?is tempor>y d\ble-sy/em exp$i5t4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ! new program at ,public ,s*ool #hi is 9 no s5se an ef=t to relieve "p-"t by giv+ ! *ildr5 z ne>ly z possible a five-h\r traditional s*ool day until a new build+ c be built4 ,! sole purpose det]m9+ ! new program n[ 9 use at ?is s*ool is t ( secur+ a six-h\r day & mu* ri*] opportunities 9 a /udy-"w-&-play s*ool ) a cord9ation ( ! activities ( all *ild-welf>e ag5cies4 ,by mak+ ! foll[+ improvem5ts at ,public ,s*ool #hi1 ! increase 9 capacity & additional facilities c be made p]man5t--a gymnasium & swimm+-pool1 two rooms = bran* ( ! public libr>y1 equipm5t = sci5ce laboratories & auditorium1 w>drobes = sixte5 classes1 p]man5t playgr\nd1 & draw+ & music /udios4 ,) ! exception ( ! playgr\nd1 ! above w co/ approximately #ce1jjj4 ,! co/ ( ! site & ! propos$ new fifty-"o unit s*ool-build+1 to relieve ,public ,s*ool #hi & two o!r build+s1 w provide ! funds = simil> *anges 9 t5 s*ools aft] ! plan at ,public ,s*ool #hi4 ,^! *anges w\ld make possible a p]man5t increase 9 capacity ( n less ?an two hundr$ classrooms1 s9ce 9 ! m mod]n s*ools a less exp5diture w secure great] capacity4 ,s9ce a fifty-"o unit build+ adds accommodation = only =ty-eight traditional full-"t classes1 ! satisfactory accommodation ( sixte5 additional classes at ,public ,s*ool #hi w\ld ju/ify ! exp5diture ( "o ?ird ! co/ ( ! new build+ & site ^u ,public ,s*ool #hi1 or approximately #agj1jjj4 ,b1 z has j be5 po9t$ out1 x is n necess>y to sp5d any?+ l ?is am\nt4 ,"u ! old program !re 7 only =ty classes1 b "o class 0 v l>ge & 0 divid$ into two sections ) two tea*]s 9 *>ge4 ,! numb] ( pupils att5d+ ?is s*ool is increas+ rapidly1 & !re=e a program = =ty-two classes is plann$4 ,! =ty-two classes 9 ! ,new ,program are divid$ into two duplicate s*ools ( tw5ty-"o classes ea*4 ,9 ! foll[+ programs ^! duplicate s*ools are designat$ z ! 8,x0 ,s*ool & ! 8,y0 ,s*ool4 ,! ,x ,s*ool3 ,tw5ty-"o ( ! classrooms are us$ = ! desir$ academic in/ruction 9 ! regul> s*ool subjects1--ari?metic1 language1 read+1 hi/ory1 & geography4 ,! five rema9+ classrooms are us$ = ! special s*ool subjects1--sci5ce1 draw+1 & music4 ,9 addition to ! tw5ty-six classrooms1 ! s*ool has a manual-tra9+ %op1 a dome/ic-sci5ce laboratory1 a small auditorium1 five cell> playrooms1 & a k9d]g>t54 ,because ! special rooms are n yet equipp$ 7,janu>y #i1 #aiae71 = ! "t be+ !y are us$ = additional regul> class "w4 ,s9ce !re is no libr>y or libr>ian1 & s9ce ! manual-tra9+ & cook+ tea*]s are at ! build+ only half-"t1 two extra special tea*]s are 9 *>ge ( ! playgr\nd4 ,! ,x ,s*ool has ! foll[+ activities & facilities = c>ry+ !m on3-- ,type ( "w ,facilities us$ by ea* type ( "w ,academic in/ruction #ba classrooms4 ,g5]al ex]cises ,auditorium4 ,play & physical ,playgr\nd1 playrooms1 tra9+ pool1 gymnasium4 ,special "w #b manual-tra9+ %ops1 #b sci5ce laboratories1 #b draw+ /udios1 #a music /udio1 #a public-libr>y bran*4 ,! tw5ty-"o classes are divid$ into ?ree divisions ( sev5 classes ea*1 z foll[s3-- ,division #a--sev5 classes1 grades #f1 #g1 #h4 ,division #b--sev5 classes1 grades #c1 #d1 #e4 ,division #c--sev5 classes1 grades #a & #b4 ,all ^! tw5ty-"o classes1 f ! fir/ grade to ! eigh?1 take "p 9 ^! activities accord+ to ! foll[+ program3-- ,s*ool ,academic ,g5]al ,play1 ,special h\rs in/ruction ex]cises etc4 #h4cj- #i4bj;,ari?metic1 all divisions #i4bj-aj4aj,language1 all divisions #aj4aj-aa4jj ,div4 #a4 ,div4 #c4 ,div4 #b4 #aa4jj-ab4jj;,entire ,x s*ool at lun*eon #ab4jj- #a4jj,read+1 all divisions #a4jj- #a4ej;,hi/ory1 geography1 all divisions #a4ej- #b4dj ,div4 #c4 ,div4 #b4 ,div4 #a4 #b4dj- #c4cj ,div4 #b4 ,div4 #c4 ,div4 #a4 #c4cj- #d4cj ,div4 #a4 ,summ>y ( "t s*$ule3 ,pupils' "t1 m9utes p] week4 7,all pupils h tw5ty p] c5t m "t 9 s*ool47 ,s*ool ,division ,division ,division dep>tm5t #a4 #b4 #c4 ,x ,n4,y4 ,x ,n4,y4 ,x ,n4,y4 s*ool m9imums*ool m9imum s*ool m9imum ,academic #ajej #hdj #ajej #hdj #ajej #hhj-ajij ,auditorium #bej #ge #bej #ge #bej #ge ,play aft] s*ool #hj #bej #aej #ejj #ahj-cjj ,"w #ejj #bhj #bej #bej ,includ$ 9 academic "t4 ,total #ahjj #abge #ahjj #acae #ahjj #abee-acde ,full "t #ahjj #aejj #ahjj #aejj #ahjj #abjj-aejj ,! actual "t sp5t by ! tea*]s accord+ to ! ,new ,program is no long] ?an ! e/abli%$ "t4 ,ea* tea*] has #baj m9utes 9 regul> activities1 & #ajj 9 special activities1 ) #bj m9utes = assembl+ ( pupils1 a total ( #ccj m9utes1 :i* is ! e/abli%$ "t4 ,! two p]iods 9 special activities %\ld be dep>tm5taliz$ by c]ta9 tea*]s giv+ bo? p]iods to play & physical tra9+1 & o!r tea*]s giv+ bo? p]iods to music1 draw+1 & sci5ce1 etc4 ,! manual-tra9+ tea*]s & ! public libr>ian release two tea*]s f ! "w p]iods1 :o may be assign$ to play & physical tra9+4 ,six tea*]s %\ld run ! auditorium p]iod1 & ! rema9+ tea*] ( ! ,division %\ld be assign$ to play & physical tra9+4 ,! only extra tea*]s are ! manual-tra9+ tea*]s4 ,if !re are a few tea*]s :o _c d ! "w ( ! special activities successfully1 !y may give all ( ?is "t to regul> s*ool activities4 ,! tea*]s s displac$ f regul> activities may give all ( _! "t to physical tra9+ & play1 music1 draw+1 etc4 ,ab\t half ( ! tea*]s w h an extra #ej-m9ute p]iod 9 ! s*ool = grad+ pap]s1 plann+ s*ool "w1 look+ aft] individual ne$s ( *ildr51 or pr(essional /udy4 ,9 my judgm5t x w\ld be well if all tea*]s did _! supplem5t>y s*ool "w at ! s*ool r ?an at home4 ,less en]gy w be requir$ to d ?is "w at ! s*ool ?an at home1 & ! public w h a bett] und]/&+ ( ! tea*]'s "w4 ,! ,y ,s*ool3 ,un=tunately ! program describ$ requires tw5ty-six classrooms = tw5ty-"o classes ( *ildr5 9 addition to ! auditorium1 play space1 libr>y1 work%ops1 etc4 ,no facility dur+ ! s*ool day is us$ m ?an half ! "t by ! ,x ,s*ool4 ,=tunately ! auditorium ne$ be l>ge en\gh to accommodate only "o ?ird ( ! ,x ,s*ool4 ,! same is true ( ! play space & ! special "w facilities4 ,!re is a great economy 9 us+ ! facilities nam$ = ?ree p]iods by alt]nate gr\ps1 ea* repres5t+ "o ?ird ( ! s*ool4 ,b a high] fir/ co/ & a great] op]ation & ma9t5ance co/ w\ld be ju/ifiable 9 all ^! facilities1 includ+ ! regul> classrooms1 if !y c\ld be us$ long] & accommodate m *ildr54 ,s9ce ! ,x ,s*ool c use any ( ^! facilities only half ( ! "t1 :at objection c !re be to ano!r s*ool ( tw5ty-"o classes us+ ! facilities :5 ! ,x ,s*ool _c use !m8 ,on p4 #aih is %[n a program = su* a duplicate s*ool1 designat$ ,y4 ,! ,y ,s*ool has ! same "t z ! ,x ,s*ool1 = bo? pupils & tea*]s4 ,nei!r s*ool c\ld use any facility any m if ! o!r s*ool 7 n !re1 b bo? s*ools h bett] facilities e h\r ( ! day because ! o!r s*ool is !re4 ,=ty-two classes ( *ildr5 are ?us accommodat$ 9 tw5ty-six classrooms4 ,in/ead ( build+ a sixte5-room additional s*ool1 ) its initial co/ ( con/ruction1 site1 janitor s]vice1 heat+1 ma9t5ance1 etc41 an equival5t exp5diture c be made = ! p]man5t improvem5t & increas$ op]at+ co/ ( ! tw5ty-six-room s*ool4 ,s*ool ,academic ,g5]al ,play1 ,special h\rs in/ruction ex]cises etc4 #h4cj- #i4bj ,div4 #b4 ,div4 #c4 ,div4 #a4 #i4bj-aj4aj ,div4 #c4 ,div4 #b4 ,div4 #a4 #aj4aj-aa4jj;,ari?metic1 all divisions #aa4aj-ab4jj,language1 all divisions #ab4jj- #a4jj;,entire s*ool at lun*eon #a3jj- #a3ej ,div4 #a4 ,div4 #c4 ,div4 #b4 #a3ej- #b3dj,read+1 all divisions #b3dj- #c3cj;,hi/ory1 geography1 all divisions #c3cj- #d3cj ,div4 #a4 7,! blank spaces repres5t ! p]iods :5 ! ,x ,s*ool is us+ ! facilities47 ,:ile ?is program makes two s*ools 9 "o possible1 prim>ily x is plann$ to provide a long] s*ool day1 i4e41 six h\rs 9 place ( five1 & great] facilities = ea* *ild dur+ ea* ( ! six h\rs4 ,"o hundr$ m9utes' daily play is giv5 to ! prim>y grades1 = play takes ! place ( "w = small *ildr54 ,?is play is gradually trans=m$ into "w1 fifty m9utes' "w & fifty m9utes' play 9 ! int]m$iate grades1 & "o hundr$ m9utes' "w 9 ! gramm> grades1 z ! old] *ildr5 use _! aft]-s*ool leisure "t = play4 ,?us ! play impulse is trans=m$ into ! "w impulse4 ,productive activities are sub/itut$ = non-productive activities4 ,"w is made con/ructive play4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv ,,economy ,,( ,,playgr\nd ,,managem5t ,,9 ,,g>y ,,s*ool1 ,,z ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,public ,,playgr\nd ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,wirt1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,national ,education ,association1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,febru>y1 #aiab spoke z foll[s3-- ,we h n utiliz$ ! s*ool plants completely unless !y are us$ = recreation & social c5t]s by adults4 ,=tunately1 a s*ool plant t provides = ! con/ructive play & recreation activities ( *ildr5 is also mo/ admirably adapt$ = simil> activities ) adults4 ,! playgr\nd1 gymnasiums1 swimm+-pools1 auditorium1 club & social rooms1 libr>y1 %ops1 laboratories1 etc41 make a complete social & recreation c5t] = adults4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ! facilities = academic in/ruction add also to ! attractiv5ess ( ! plant z a social & recreation c5t]4 ,comp>$ ) ! co/ ( su* facilities & _! use :5 sep>at$ f ! s*ool plant1 ! economy ( ! comb9$ playgr\nd1 work%op1 & s*ool plant is inde$ surpris+4 ,! city ( ,*icago has a mo/ elaborate sy/em ( recreation p>ks & field-h\ses4 ,select+ ! elev5 mo/ successful p>ks ( ! ,s\? ,p>k ,commission1 we may comp>e ! total co/ & use ( ! elev5 p>ks ) ! co/ & use ( "o ,g>y s*ool plant4 ,note t ! att5dance ( ! p>ks is ! total1 n ! av]age1 = ! elev5 p>ks4 ,also note t ! co/ ( ! s*ool includes ! furni%+ ( complete s*ool facilities = tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ *ildr51 9 addition to ! social & recreation features4 ,*icago p>ks & ,g>y s*ool comp>$ z to co/s ,total = ,items elev5 p>ks,"o s*ool 9 ,*icago 9 ,g>y ,population #hjj1jjj #bj1jjj ,fir/ co/1 less #b1jjj1jjj #cjj1jjj l& ,annual ma9t5ance #ddj1jjj #ajj1jjj ,annual att5dance3-- ,indoor gymnasium #caj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj ,%[] ba?s #a1che1jjj #ejj1jjj ,outdoor #b1jjj1jjj #b1jjj1jjj gymnasium ,swimm+-pool #gce1jjj #cjj1jjj ,assembly halls #bgj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj ,read+-rooms #fjj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj ,clubrooms #gj1jjj #ej1jjj ,lun*rooms #ebj1jjj #bj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,v ,,table ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,capacity ,,( ,,small ,,s*ool ,,plant ,,may ,,be ,,d\bl$ ,increas+ ,s*ool ,capacity ,a--,traditional s*ool plant3 #h rooms2 #cbj *ildr52 gr\nds #afj #afj2 playgr\nds1 #hj #afj1 #dj squ>e feet p] pupil3-- ,co/ ( build+ & #ee1jjj equipm5t ,co/ ( l& #e1jjj #aj p] c5t on #f1jjj inve/m5t ,annual op]ation #b1jjj ,co/ ( in/ruction #aj1jjj p] ye> ,b--,g>y plan = #cbj m pupils3-- ,additional co/ ( #e1jjj l& ,additional co/ ( #aj1jjj in/ruction p] ye> ,co/s ( build+ & equipm5t1 op]ation & ma9t5ance n increas$1 ?\gh capacity is d\bl$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,adm9i/ration1 #hf4 ,all-ye> s*ool1 #gf1 #gg4 8,application0 "w1 #bc1 #eb1 #gb1 #gc1 #ic4 ,art-/udios & "w1 #bd1 #bh1 #df4 ,auditorium1 #bf1 #ej1 #ib1 #aaa1 #ach4 ,bluffton1 #i1 #aj1 #gf1 #afb4 ,bo>d ( ,education1 #aj1 #hf4 ,botany "w1 #bi1 #df4 8,boyville10 #acg4 ,burris1 ,dean ,w4 ,p41 #adi1 #afd1 #age4 ,*emi/ry "w1 #bi1 #abg4 ,*icago1 #h1 #bj1 #ba1 #aii4 8,cle>+-h\se = *ildr5's activities10 #eb4 ,comm]cial /udies1 #cj1 #dh1 #di4 ,community c5t]1 #hc4 8,complete s*ool10 !1 #ag1 #ah4 ,dep>tm5tal tea*+1 #hg4 ,dewey1 ,pr(4 ,john1 #ai1 #ce1 #acb1 #adj1 #add1 #agf4 ,director ( ,indu/rial ,"w1 #hg4 ,dome/ic sci5ce1 #cj1 #dg4 ,duplicate-s*ool plan1 #fd1 #gh4 ,economy1 #gi1 #hj1 #bja4 ,em]son ,s*ool1 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bg1 #cj1 #gd1 #hj1 #hg1 #aaf1 #abh1 #acg1 #ach1 #ade1 #aff4 ,engli% "w1 #aae1 #aci1 #adj4 ,enrollm5t1 #aha4 ,ett+] plan1 #aeg4 ,ev5+ s*ool1 #ha1 #hb4 ,executive pr9cipal1 #hf4 ,exp5ditures1 #agi4 8,expression0 "w1 #aac4 ,extra-curricul> activities1 #aci4 ,f>m1 s*ool1 #acf4 ,f]n&ez1 ,mrs4 ,alice ,b>r[s-1 #adg1 #aei4 ,f9anc+ ( s*ools1 #f4 ,=eign]s 9 ,g>y1 #e4 ,froebel ,s*ool1 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #bc1 #be1 #ca1 #de1 #ea1 #gd1 #acc1 #ade1 #aff4 ,g>d5s1 s*ool1 #bb4 ,g>y1 #c-h1 #eg1 #ade4 ,gymnasiums1 #bb4 ,help] or obs]v] sy/em1 #hf1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #abb1 #agc4 ,hi/ory "w1 #bg1 #aaf4 ,indu/rial %ops1 #cj1 #dd1 #de1 #acc4 ,jeff]son ,s*ool1 #ac1 #bc1 #cj1 #cc1 #ed1 #fe1 #hj1 #ha1 #adg1 #afb4 ,laboratories1 sci5ce1 #bi4 ,laundry1 #cj4 ,libr>ies1 s*ool1 #be4 ,manual tra9+1 #dj4 ,montessori me?od1 !1 #aec4 ,museum1 s*ool1 #bd1 #aba4 ,new ,york ,city1 #h1 #ab1 #ah1 #cc1 #ee1 #fa1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb1 #agd1 #ahb4 ,obs]v] or help] sy/em1 #hf1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #abb1 #agc4 8,peak-loads10 #fc1 #fd4 ,pe/alozzi ,s*ool1 #ac4 ,physics "w1 #bi1 #abe4 8,platoon0 sy/em 7duplicate-s*ool71 #fd4 ,playgr\nds1 #bj1 #ada1 #aii4 ,pott]y-%op1 #cj1 #de4 ,pr9t]y1 #cj1 #de1 #abd4 ,programs1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #gc1 #gd1 #aia1 #aid1 #aie1 #aih4 ,promotion1 #ajb4 ,public utility1 #eh4 ,regi/] tea*]1 #ig4 ,religi\s in/ruction1 #ec1 #ed1 #afj4 ,saturday s*ool1 #ch1 #ajd1 #acc4 ,s*ool bank1 #dh4 ,s*ool community1 #cg1 #dj1 #dd1 #dh1 #eb1 #ee4 ,s*ool day1 #ie4 ,s*ool desks1 #bg4 ,s*ool-g>d5s1 #bb4 ,s*ool libr>ies1 #be4 ,s*ool /ore1 #di4 ,s*ool zoo1 #bb4 ,sci5ce "w1 #bi1 #df1 #abb4 ,self-gov]nm5t1 #acg4 ,%ops1 indu/rial1 #cj1 #dd1 #de1 #acc4 ,%opwork1 #aef4 ,special activities1 #ae1 #gd4 8,/reet-&-alley "t10 #ch1 #ge4 ,/ud5ts' ,c\ncil1 #ach4 ,/udios1 art1 #bd1 #bh1 #df4 ,sup]visors ( in/ruction1 #hf4 ,swimm+-pools1 #bb4 ,tea*]s1 #ia1 #adi4 ,tea*]s' assi/ants1 #ii4 ,tea*]-workm51 #da1 #hg4 ,t]man1 ,pr(4 ,lewis1 #ai4 ,trade s*ools1 #dd4 ,tra9+-s*ool = tea*]s1 #if4 ,truancy1 #aef4 ,unit s*ool plant organization1 #hh4 ,u4,s4 ,/eel ,corporation1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #ade4 ,updegraff1 ,dr4 ,h>lan1 #ada4 ,vacation s*ool1 #ch4 ,vocational guidance1 #aaj4 ,vocational tra9+1 #da1 #aef1 #afi4 ,wirt1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,william1 #i1 #aj1 #ag1 #bh1 #cc1 #ci1 #dc1 #eb1 #eh1 #ei1 #gf1 #gg1 #ha1 #hd1 #ij1 #aja1 #adf1 #aeh1 #afj4 ,workm5-tea*]s1 #da1 #hg4 8,x0 & 8,y0 s*ools1 #fd1 #fi4 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 #cg1 #ec1 #ee1 #adf4 ,zology "w1 #bi1 #df1 #abd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t3 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74