,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,made ,,& ,,work$ ,,conque/s ,,( ,,sci5ce ,uni=m ) ?is ,volume4 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,talbot ,,! ,,oil ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,light%ips ,,& ,,ligh?\ses ,,! ,,railway ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,/eam%ip ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company ,,london3 ,,william ,,he9emann ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece4 ,,trick ,,c9ematography--,,! ,,automobile ,,accid5t4 ,! produc] giv+ in/ructions to ! pr9cipal actor & 8 d\ble1 ! legless cripple4 ,! dummy legs 9 ! =egr\nd4--,see page #baa4 ,,conque/s ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,made ,,& ,,work$ ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,talbot ,,new ,,edition ,,illu/rat$ ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company ,,london3 ,,william ,,he9emann #aiad ,fir/ ,pr9t$1 ,janu>y1 #aiab ,revis$ ,edition1 ,decemb]1 #aiab ,new ,edition1 ,novemb]1 #aiad ,pr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,,preface ,! m>vell\s1 univ]sal popul>ity ( mov+ pictures is my reason = writ+ ?is volume4 ,a va/ indu/ry has be5 e/abli%$ ( :i* ! great majority ( picture-palace patrons h no idea1 & ! mom5t appe>s timely to describe ! _m bran*es ( ! art4 ,i h endeav\r$ to deal ) ! :ole subject 9 a popul> & compreh5sive mann]4 ,i h be5 assi/$ by sev]al fri5ds1 :o h enabl$ me to ?r[ consid]able light ^u ! e>ly hi/ory ( motion photography & ! _m problems t _h to be ma/]$ be=e x met ) public appreciation3--,,mm4 ,weiss & ,bull1 ! ,director & ,assi/ant-,director respectively ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute 9 ,p>is2 ,m4 ,georges ,dem5y2 ,messrs4 ,frank ,l4 ,dy]1 ! ,presid5t ( ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 ,incorporat$2 ,w4 ,f4 ,gre5e1 ,rob]t ,w4 ,paul1 ,james ,williamson1 ,lumire ,sons1 ,ri*>d ,g4 ,hollaman1 ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,com&on1 ,f4 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ,alb]t ,smi?1 & ! num]\s firms engag$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! indu/ry4 ,i am indebt$ especially to ! editor ( ,l',illu/ration1 ! well-kn[n ,p>isian illu/rat$ weekly newspap]1 9 conjunction ) ! ,socit des tablissem5ts ,gaumont1 = p]mission to publi% ! photographs illu/rat+ ,*apt]s ,,xix41 ,,xx41 & ,,xxi41 z well z ! frontispiece2 also to ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hopk9s1 ! au?or ( 8,magic10 & to ,messrs4 ,munn ,co41 ! proprietors ( ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ( ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! book makes no claim to be+ a practical manual1 because !reby intricate te*nicalities w\ld h be5 unavoidable4 ,! in=mation respect+ ! v>i\s me*anical aspects ( c9ematography are set =? 9 a readable mann]1 s t ! broad pr9ciples may be und]/ood4 ,:ile ! mo/ popul> features ( motion photography are describ$ fully1 ,i h n omitt$ to introduce ! read] to ! educational & sci5tific developm5ts1 :i* are m wond]ful & fasc9at+4 ,inde$1 ! c9ematograph w probably a*ieve great] triumphs 9 ^! fields ?an x has accompli%$ already z a s\rce ( amusem5t4 ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,talbot4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,animat$ ,,photography8 #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,to ,,produce ,,mov+ ,,pictures #aj ,,iii4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,celluloid ,,film #bc ,,iv4 ,,! ,,k9etoscope3 ,,! ,,animatograph3 ,,! ,,c9ematographe #cj ,v4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,celluloid ,,film ,,is ,,made #ej ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,p]=ation ,,gauge #eg ,,vii4 ,,! ,,mov+ ,,picture ,,cam]a1 ,,its ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,op]ation #fe ,,viii4 ,,develop+ ,,& ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,pictures #gf ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pictures ,,are ,,%[n ,,^u ,,! ,,scre5 #hh ,x4 ,,! ,,/udio ,,= ,,/ag+ ,,mov+ ,,picture ,,plays #ajc ,,xi4 ,,! ,,c9ematograph ,,z ,a ,,record] ,,( ,,topical ,,ev5ts3 ,,sc5ic ,,films #aaf ,,xii4 ,,! ,,c9ematograph ,,!atre ,,& ,,its ,,equipm5t #acj ,,xiii4 ,,h[ ,a ,,c9ematograph ,,play ,,is ,,produc$ #adf ,,xiv4 ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,( ,,microbes #afa ,,xv4 ,,"s ,,elaborate ,,picture ,,plays ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,7 ,,/ag$ #afi ,,xvi4 ,,pictures ,,t ,,move1 ,,talk1 ,,& ,,s+ #agi ,,xvii4 ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,z ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,! ,,c9ematograph #aij ,,xviii4 ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$4-- ,i4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,at ,,c9ematograph ,,magic ,,& ,,! ,,artifices ,,adopt$ #aig ,,xix4 ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$4-- ,,ii4 ,,danc+ ,,furniture3 ,,/r+s1 ,,cords1 ,,& ,,wires3 8,,! ,,magnetic ,,g5tleman03 ,,! 8,,/op ,,& ,,sub/itution03 8,,! ,,automobile ,,accid5t03 ,,rev]sal ,,( ,,action #bjg ,,xx4 ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$4-- ,,iii4 ,,manipulation ,,( ,,! ,,film3 ,,app>itions ,,& ,,gradual ,,disappe>ances ,,by ,,op5+ ,,& ,,clos+ ,,! ,,diaphragm ,,( ,,! ,,l5s ,,sl[ly3 8,,! ,,sir503 ,,subm>9e ,,effects #bah ,,xxi4 ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$4-- ,,iv4 ,,lilliputian ,,figures3 8,,! ,,little ,,mill9]',s ,,dream03 ,,! 8,,"o ,,turn ,,"o ,,picture0 ,,movem5t3 ,,h[ ,,"s ,,extraord9>y ,,incid5ts ,,are ,,produc$3 8,,! ,,ski ,,runn]0 #bca ,,xxii4 ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$4-- ,v4 8,,pr9cess ,,nicot9e0 ,,& ,,h] ,,rem>kable ,,caprices #bdb ,,xxiii4 ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$4-- ,,vi4 ,,"s ,,unusual ,,& ,,novel ,,effects #bed ,,xxiv4 ,,electric ,,sp>k ,,c9ematography #bfd ,,xxv4 ,,! 8,,animat$0 ,,newspap] #bgg ,,xxvi4 ,,animation ,,9 ,,natural ,,col\rs #bhg ,,xxvii4 ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,9 ,,! ,,home #cja ,,xxviii4 ,,motion-,,photography ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,=ce #cab ,,xxix4 ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts3 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,& ,,popul>ity ,,( ,,! ,,c9ematograph3 ,,"s ,,facts ,,& ,,figures3 ,,conclusion #cai ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,to face page ,trick ,c9ematography--,! ,automobile ,accid5t ,frontispiece ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey's ,fam\s ,exp]im5ts--,photographic ,gun ( #ahhb #af ,consecutive ,pictures ( a ,gull ,fly+1 tak5 ) ! ,photographic ,gun #af ,*ronophotographic ,app>atus = tak+ ,consecutive ,pictures ^u a ,s+le ,glass ,plate #af ,dr4 ,m>ey's ,animat$ ,pictures made 9 #ahhd-f = ! ,analysis ( ,motion #ag ,edison's ,fir/ ,k9etoscope #cb ,edison ,film made ab\t #ahia = ! ,k9etoscope #cc ,edison ,film made 9 #aiaa = ! ,c9ematograph #cc ,paul's ,cam]a %[+ ,me*anism = mov+ ! ,film int]mitt5tly pa/ ! ,l5s #cf ,! ,fir/ ,k9etoscope ,film made 9 ,engl& #cf ,! 8,black ,m>ia10 ! ,fir/ ,edison ,/udio = mak+ ,k9etoscope ,films #cg ,! ,dissolv+ ,room #eb ,! ,mix+ ,b>rel #ec ,a ,batt]y ( ,celluloid ,mix]s #ed ,! ,liquid ,celluloid ,/orage ,room #ee ,paul's ,rot>y ,p]=ator #fj ,! ,fir/ ,c9ematograph ,/udio-,/age #fj ,! ,williamson ,film ,p]=ator #fa ,! ,p]=at+ ,room ( ! ,c9es ,company 9 ,rome #ff ,! ,film-mov+ ,me*anism ( a ,c9ematograph ,cam]a #fg ,paul's ,complete ,develop+1 ,pr9t+1 & ,dry+ ,outfit #gj ,! ,fir/ ,develop+ ,room 9 ,great ,brita91 at ,rob]t ,paul's ,pione] ,film ,factory #gj ,aft] ,developm5t & ,wa%+ ! ,films 7 transf]r$ f ! ,racks to ! ,cyl9d]s #ga ,! ,dry+ ,room1 %[+ ,films w\nd on ! ,dry+ ,drums #ga ,! ,develop+ ,room at ! ,pa? ,works #gh ,! ,dry+ ,room at ! ,pa? ,works #gi ,a ,r[ ( ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es 9 ! ,rome ,works ( ! ,c9es ,company #hb ,! ,williamson ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e #hc ,! ,projector & ,me*anism #ajj ,! ,complete ,project+ ,in/allation #ajj ,! 8,*rono0 ,projector #aja ,out/ripp+ ! ,human ,eye #aja ,an ,e>ly ,op5-,air ,/udio-,/age = produc+ ,c9ematograph ,plays #ajd ,! ,sc5e-,pa9t]s' ,%op at a ,pa? ,/udio #aje ,battle ,sc5e f 8,! ,siege ( ,calais0 #ajh ,ext]ior ( ! ,mod]n ,edison ,film-,play-,produc+ ,!atre #aji ,build+ a ,solid ,set = 8,! ,two ,orphans0 #aji ,build+ a ,sc5e on "o ( ! ,pa? ,/udio-,/ages = a ,film ,play #aab ,! ,w>drobe ,room at ! ,selig ,film ,factory #aac ,! ,selig ,/ock ,company at ,los ,angeles #aac ,! ,fir/ ,topical ,film #aah ,! ,fall f ! ,balloon #aai ,! ,luxury ( ! ,mod]n ,picture ,palace #acd ,! ,lant]n ,room ( a ,mod]n ,c9ematograph ,!atre #ace ,! ,trial ,sc5e f 8,ra*el's ,s90 #adj ,h[ ! ,s\nd ,accompanim5ts to ,pictures are ,produc$ #ada ,! ,film-,play ,produc] at ,"w #adh ,tak+ ,?ree ,picture-,plays ,simultane\sly #adi ,! ,fight = ! ,boats 9 8,atlantis0 #aeb 8,sauve qui peut0 at ! ,wreck ( ! ,l9] #aeb ,! ,s9k+ ( ! ,l9] 8,rol&0 #aec ,sort+1 ,exam9+1 & ,jo9+ ! ,/rips ( ,film #aef ,prep>+ ! ,titles #aeg ,dr4 ,com&on's ,app>atus = tak+ ,mov+ ,pictures ( ,microbes #afd ,! ,ph5om5on ( ,agglut9ation 9 a ,f[l's ,blood #afe ,! ,blood ( a ,f[l suff]+ f ,spiro*ta ,gall9>um #afe ,a ,triumph ( ! ,c9ematograph]'s ,art #agb ,! ,gigantic ,horse be+ ,haul$ by ! ,greeks "u ! ,walls ( ,troy #agc 8,! ,fall ( ,troy0 #agc ,! 8,battle ( ,wat]loo0 ^u ! ,film #agf ,build+ ! ,sc5]y = ! ,film ,p]=mance ( 8,hamlet0 #agg ,! ,gho/ ,sc5e f 8,hamlet0 #agg ,nature & ! ,c9ematograph]--,mr4 ,p]cy ,smi? at ,"w #aib ,fly ,seat$ 9 a ,dim9utive ,*air ,balanc+ a ,cork #aic ,an ,unfamili> ,juggl]--,bluebottle ,balanc+ a ,piece ( ,vegetable ,/alk #aic ,fly ,ly+ on its ,back ,sp9n+ a ,:eel #aid ,juggl+ ,flies #aid ,! ,fly ,walk+ ,up ! ,turn+ ,:eel #aid ,! ,life ( ! ,butt]fly #aie ,! ,magic ,sword3 ,a ,m$ival ,my/]y ,expla9$ #bjj ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>ol3 ,h[ ,scrooge saw ,bob ,crat*it's ,home #bja 8,ora ,pro ,nobis10 & ,h[ x 0 ,produc$ #bjb ,! ,secret ( ! ,haunt$ ,curiosity ,%op #bjc ,motor+ ,r\nd ! ,r+ ( ,saturn #bjd ,! ,c> ,circl+ ! ,sun #bjd ,! ,animat$ ,swords #bje ,! ,travell+ ,b$ #bjh ,! ,magnetic ,g5tleman #bji ,! ,pursu+ ,man-hole ,cov] is a ,wood5 ,prop]ty #baj ,! ,lamp-,po/ is a ,/age ,article ,h+$ 9 ! ,c5tre #baj ,! ,trick ,picture--,! ,automobile ,accid5t3 ,! ,actor be+ replac$ by ! ,legless ,cripple ) ! ,dummy ,legs #baa ,! ,taxi-cab ,runn+ ov] ! ,sleep] & ,app>5tly ,cutt+ (f 8 ,legs1 b 9 ,reality ,displac+ ! ,legless ,cripple's ,prop]ty ,limbs #bab ,obs]v+ ! ,effects ( ! ,disa/]1 ! ,doctor ,proce$s to ,replace ! ,sev]$ ,legs #bac ,! ,limbs ,replac$1 ! ,pati5t & ,doctor ,%ake ,h&s #bac ,! ,roy/]]1 aft] be+ run ov] by ! ,taxi-cab1 ,sitt+ up & ,br&i%+ 8 ,sev]$ ,limbs #bad ,! ,legless ,cripple be+ ,prep>$ = ! ,act #bad ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,y\? #bae ,pumpk9s ,runn+ ,up-hill #bae ,! ,revolv+ ,table #bbj ,! ,secret ( ! ,fairy's ,disappe>ance3 ,:ile a ,l5g? ( ,film is be+ expos$ ! ,diaphragm is clos$ sl[ly #bba ,! same ,l5g? ( ,film is re-expos$ aft] ! ,fairy has ent]$ ! ,picture1 "u a sl[ly op5+ ,diaphragm #bbb ,! ,effect ( ,d\ble ,exposure "u clos+ & op5+ ,diaphragm #bbc ,! ,my/]y ( 8,! ,sir50 #bbf ,! ,my/]y ( 8,! ,sir50 reveal$ #bbg ,a ,work%op 9 :i* ,tools move )\t ,h&s #bch ,! ,skat] approa*+ ! ,factory ,*imney #bch ,! ,result ( ! ,collision ) ! ,*imney #bci ,! ,ski-runn] ,disappe>s into ,space #bci ,pr9cess ,nicot9e--,a ,da9ty ,trick ,film #bdf ,! ,fairy1 ,buri$ 9 ! ,he>t ( ! ,rose1 ,smok+ a ,cig>ette #bdg ,! ,dim9utive ,=m ( ! ,fairy on ! ,table #bdg ,! ,fairy ,imprison$ 9 ! ,bottle4 ,?is effect is obta9$ by d\ble exposure #bej ,! ,fairy1 aft] ,coquett+ ) ! ,ba*elor1 is driv5 away by ! ,smoke f 8 ,cig>ette #bej ,! ,fairy proce$s to ,build a ,bonfire ) ,mat*es #bea ,! ,fairy1 h] ,accomplice1 & ,prop]ties1 :i* are ,enl>g$ ,reproductions ( ! ,actual ,articles #bea ,! ,dissolution ( ! ,gov]nm5t #beh ,! ,late/ ,craze 9 ,trick ,c9ematography3 ,silh\ettes ) ,models #bei ,a ,qua9t ,adv]tisem5t ,film #bfj ,mr4 ,asqui? 9 ,c>toon #bfj ,a ,novel ,curta9 ,idea #bfj ,! ,human ,butt]fly3 ,h[ are ! ,effects ,obta9$8 #bfa ,m4 ,luci5 ,bull's ,complete ,app>atus #bgj ,! ,novel ,cam]a %[+ ,/]eoscopic ,l5s #bgj ,a ,bee ,c9ematograph$ 9 ,full ,flight #bga ,a ,dragon ,fly 9 ,flight #bgd ,c9ematograph ,film ( a ,bullet ,fir$ ?r\gh a ,soap ,bubble #bge ,prep>+ ! ,pa? ,col\r ,films #bhh ,! ,pa? ,col\r ,ma*9e-,pr9t+ ,room #bhi ,! ,k9ora ,cam]a #cjb ,! ,me*anism ( ! ,k9ora ,cam]a %[+ ,pap] ,negative ,film 9 position #cjb ,! ,reel ( ,positive ,pr9ts #cjc ,! ,k9ora ,reproduction ,in/rum5t #cjc ,! ,bett9i ,glass ,plate ,c9ematograph #cjh ,a ,section ( a ,bett9i ,glass ,plate ,record #cjh ,! ,bir? ( a ,fl[] #cji ,wag+ a ,heal? ,campaign by ,mov+ ,pictures #cji ,c9ematograph+ ,africa f a ,locomotive #cad ,m\nt ,etna 9 ,eruption3 ,look+ into ! ,crat] ( ! ,volcano #cae ,! ,plumes ( ,smoke z se5 f ! ,obs]vatory #cae ,! 8,cradle ( ,c9ematography03 ,! ,m>ey ,in/itute 9 ,p>is #cbb ,! late/ m>vel 9 ,mov+ ,pictures3 ,comb9+ ! ,x-rays ) ! ,c9ematograph #cbb ,aft] ,fifty ,ye>s4 ,?is ,film won ! ,fir/ ,prize ( #be1jjj ,francs at ! rec5t ,tur9 ,exhibition #cbc ,,*apt] ,i ,,:at ,,is ,,animat$ ,,photography8 ,f ! day :5 x 0 f\nd possible 7by ! aid ( sunlight7 to fix a p]man5t image ( an object ^u a s5sitis$ surface1 inv5tors /eadily appli$ _! +5uity to ! problem ( in/antane\s photography4 ,9 o!r words1 !y /rove to realise ! possibility ( photograph+ an object 9 motion4 ,9 our days ! idea ( 8snap-%ot0 photography is su* a commonplace t we c no long] realise ! proportions ( ! task :i* confront$ ! e>ly inv5tors4 ,probably mo/ ( u are unacqua9t$ ) ! conditions "u :i* ! fir/ photographs 7 tak54 ,! writ] has (t5 he>d a memb] ( 8 family relate ! amus+ /ory ( an ordeal :i*1 z a lad1 ! latt] und]w5t at ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*man1 ,dagu]re4 ,he 0 seiz$ ^u by ! inv5tor z an exp]im5tal subject & 0 =c$ to sit 9 ! brilliant sunlight = a long "t4 ,x seems incr$ible1 b x is true1 t :5 photography 0 9 its infancy1 an exposure ( six h\rs 0 requir$ to secure a recognisable impression ( an object--a circum/ance :i* left practically no?+ b /ill life z feasible subjects = photography4 ,! problem :i* confront$ ! pione]s ( in/antane\s photography 0 ! r$uction ( ! p]iod ( exposure f ab\t #bj1jjj seconds to a m]e fraction ( a second4 ,consid]+ ! magnitude ( ?is difficulty1 x is n surpris+ t ! av]age p]son 0 sceptical z to its solution4 ,! possibility ( fix+ a horse 9 ! act ( jump+1 a bird 9 ! act ( fly+1 or an orator's lips at ! mom5t ( utt]+ a ^w1 mu/ h seem$ ne>ly z remote z ! discov]y ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 ,x is int]e/+ to imag9e ! s5sations ( ! sceptic ( "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 to :om in/antane\s photography appe>$ a *im]ical idea1 %\ld he be recall$ to life to-day & be %[n fir/ a procession pass+ d[n ! /reet1 & a few h\rs aft]w>d ! same procession repeat+ itself be=e 8 eyes ^u a scre5 9 a d>k5$ room1 ) all ! semblance ( reality 9 col\r & animation4 ,9 ! end1 x 0 ! *emi/ :o solv$ ! problem ( in/antane\s photography1 )\t :i* animat$ photography z we "k x to-day w\ld nev] h be5 ev5 conceivable4 ,he c>ri$ out innum]able laboratory exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! s5sitis$ surface m & m susceptible to light--accel]at+ its act9ic spe$1 z x is call$--until at la/ he revolutionis$ photography1 z he has *ang$ ne>ly e o!r field ( our mod]n indu/rial life4 ,he succe$$ 9 prep>+ a surface1 or emulsion1 s s5sitive to light t x c take a picture cle>1 di/9ct1 & full ( detail1 n m]ely 9 ! space ( "o second1 b 9 less ?an a ?\s&? "p ( a second--a picture equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ^? :i* 9 ! e>ly days ( photography requir$ an exposure #bj1jjj1jjj times z long6 ,! wond]ful a*ievem5t ( in/antane\s photography assum$ at fir/ a sci5tific r ?an a comm]cial value4 ,_m a 8snap-%ot0 is tak5 :i* does n betray :e!r ! plate has be5 expos$ = six h\rs or only "o-?\s&? ( a second2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a 8snap-%ot0 ( a quickly mov+ subject may seize ^u & fix an int]e/+ or *>act]i/ic motion4 ,x 0 ?is fact :i* l$ c]ta9 +5i\s m9ds to p]ceive 9 in/antane\s photography a valuable means ( analys+ motion4 ,if a s+le photograph reproduc$ ! exact po/ure ( a mov+ subject at any giv5 in/ant ( "t1 !y argu$ t a s]ies ( su* photographs1 if tak5 9 suffici5tly rapid succession1 w\ld =m a complete record ( ! :ole cycle ( movem5ts involv$1 = in/ance1 9 ! jump ( a horse or ! flap ( a bird's w+4 ,"h1 aga91 ! inv5tor enc\nt]$ a difficulty almo/ z great z ! initial "o ( in/antane\s photography4 ,n only _h ! *emi/ to devise a new sort ( s5sitis$ plate ) a gelat9e coat+ bett] & m conv5i5t to h&le ?an ! m$ium be=e employ$1 b ! me*anical eng9e]1 ! optical in/rum5t mak]1 & ! l5s mak] _h to co-op]ate on a special sort ( cam]a :i* %\ld m9imise ! int]val betwe5 successive exposures4 ,z e>li] inv5tors _h r$uc$ ! duration ( ! p]iod ( exposure1 mod]n ones h succe$$ 9 _! turn 9 r$uc+ ! int]val betwe5 exposures to a m9ute fraction ( a second4 ,:5 ?is result 0 a*iev$ animat$ photography became a reality4 ,x 0 possible to secure a long s]ies ( consecutive snap-%ots1 or in/antane\s pictures depict+ motion1 record$ at su* brief int]vals t :5 !y 7 pass$ swiftly be=e ! eyes !y produc$ ! illusion ( movem5t4 ,at ?is po9t x is be/ to consid] ! physiological basis ^u :i* animat$ photography re/s4 ,! ^w illusion1 z us$ above1 correctly describes :at takes place4 ,! eye sees a swift succession ( in/antane\s photographs2 b x is delud$ into believ+ t x sees actual movem5t4 ,we h all m>vell$ at ! magician :o causes bottles1 eggs1 birds1 & animals to appe> & disappe> my/]i\sly be=e our v eyes4 ,we "k t x is trick]y1 pure & simple3 t ! eye is be+ deceiv$4 ,! cam]a is a f> m p]fect trick/] ?an ! mo/ accompli%$ illusioni/ t has ev] liv$1 & mov+ pictures are ! mo/ cunn+ illusion t has ev] be5 devis$4 ,9 ord] to convey ?is delusion1 ! photograph] has tak5 advantage ( "o defici5cy ( ! human eye4 ,?is wond]ful organ ( ours has a defect :i* is kn[n z 8visual p]si/5ce40 ,briefly def9$1 ?is means t ! bra9 p]si/s 9 see+ an object aft] x is no long] visible to ! eye4 ,i w make ?is cle> by fur!r explanation4 ,! eye is 9 itself a wond]ful cam]a4 ,! impr9t ( an object is receiv$ ^u a n]v\s membrane :i* is call$ ! ret9a4 ,?is is connect$ ) ! bra91 :]e ! actual conception ( ! impression is =m$1 by ! optic n]ve4 ,! picture !re=e is photograph$ 9 ! eye & transmitt$ f t po9t to ! bra94 ,n[ a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t mu/ elapse 9 ! conveyance ( ?is picture f ! ret9a along ! optic n]ve to ! bra91 9 ! same mann] t an electric curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh a wire1 or wat] pass+ ?r\gh a pipe1 mu/ take a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t to travel f "o po9t to ano!r1 al?\gh ! movem5t may be s rapid t ! "t occupi$ on ! j\rney is r$uc$ to an inf9itesimal po9t & might be consid]$ in/antane\s4 ,:5 ! picture rea*es ! bra9 a fur!r l5g? ( "t is requir$ to br+ ab\t its con/ruction1 = ! bra9 is some?+ l ! photographic plate1 & ! picture requires develop+4 ,9 ?is respect ! bra9 is some:at sluggi%1 = :5 x has =mulat$ ! picture impr9t$ on ! eye1 x w reta9 t picture ev5 aft] ! reality has disappe>$ f sight4 ,?is peculi>ity c be te/$ v easily4 ,suppose ! eye is focuss$ ^u a :ite scre54 ,a picture sudd5ly appe>s4 ,! image is reflect$ ^u ! ret9a ( ! eye1 & transmitt$ !nce to ! bra9 along ! optic n]ve4 ,be=e ! impression rea*es ! bra9 ! picture has vani%$ f ! sight ( ! eye4 ,yet ! image /ill l+]s 9 ! bra92 ! latt] p]si/s 9 see+ :at is no long] app>5t to ! eye1 j z pla9ly & z di/9ctly z if x 7 9 full view4 ,:5 ! image does disappe>1 x fades away gradually f ! bra94 ,true1 ! duration ( ?is cont9u$ impression 9 ! bra9 is v brief4 ,9 ! av]age p]son x approximates ab\t #b_/dh?s ( a second1 :i* appe>s s %ort z n to be wor? consid]ation4 ,/ill1 9 a fraction ( "t a good deal may happ51 & 9 ! case ( animat$ photography x suffices to br+ a second picture be=e ! eye ere ! impression ( ! prec$+ image has fad$ f ! bra94 ,! result is t ! second picture becomes sup]impos$ 9 ! bra9 ^u ! prec$+ image2 & be+ /rong] & m brilliant1 x causes ! disappe>+ impression to m]ge or dissolve into itself4 ,inde$1 "o might g f>!r1 & say t ! bra9 acts 9 ! same mann] z a dissolv+ lant]n4 ,?is app>atus is v famili> to u all1 & 9 its mo/ approv$ type "o view is dissolv$ into ano!r4 ,= ! purpose two lant]ns are requir$1 plac$ ei!r side by side or "o above ! o!r1 & bo? focuss$ ^u ! scre54 ,= ! purpose ( illu/rat+ our complex po9t we w consid] t !y are "o above ! o!r4 ,a slide is project$ brilliantly f ! upp]mo/ lant]n4 ,pres5tly ! mom5t arrives to *ange ! slide4 ,if ! op]ator )drew x f ! upp] lant]n & ins]t$ ano!r !re w\ld be a def9$ break or blank int]val ^u ! scre5 betray+ ! *ange4 ,s he ins]ts ! new slide 9 ! l[] lant]n1 at ! same "t increas+ ! volume ( light emitt$ f t lant]n1 & dim9i%+ ! volume ?r[n f ! upp] lant]n4 ,! result is t ! picture project$ f ! upp] lant]n becomes fa9t] & fa9t]1 :ile t %[n by ! l[] lant]n becomes /rong] & /rong]1 until only ! latt] is se5 ^u ! scre5--! =m] has m]g$ or dissolv$ into ! latt]4 ,! same action takes place 9 ! bra9 9 connection ) c9ematography4 ,a picture is ?r[n ^u ! scre51 & rema9s visible = #a_/cbnd "p ( a second4 ,x is !n eclips$ by ! %utt]1 &--suppos+ t ! photographs are tak5 at ! rate ( sixte5 pictures p] second--= ! next #a_/cbnd "p ( a second ! scre5 is d>k5$ ow+ to ! passage ( ! %utt]4 ,?is division ( "t is n /rictly correct1 z we %all see lat]1 b = pres5t purposes ,i h consid]$ ! int]vals ( exposure & eclipse to be ( equal duration4 ,n[ z a picture w l+] 9 ! bra9 = #b_/dh?s ( a second aft] x has vani%$ f ! sight ( ! eye1 ! bra9 reta9s ! impression dur+ #a_/cbnd "p ( a second1 :ile ! %utt] is pass+ across ! l5s4 ,! second picture n[ comes be=e ! eye1 & al?\gh ! previ\s picture /ill w rema9 9 ! bra9 = ano!r #a_/if? "p ( a second--! diff]5ce betwe5 #a_/cbnd & #b_/dh?s--! new picture1 be+ ! m brilliant1 becomes sup]impos$ ^u t already obta9$1 & consequ5tly causes ! =m] dy+ image to m]ge into ! lat] & bright] impression4 ,?is successive dissolution ( "o picture into ! o!r cont9ues until ! :ole /r+ ( snap-%ots is exhau/$4 ,x w be notic$ t e picture rema9s on ! scre5 = #a_/cbnd ( a second1 foll[$ by a p]iod ( d>kness ( ne>ly equal duration1 ! pictures ?us be+ project$ at ! rate ( sixte5 p] second4 ,! illusion ( movem5t is enhanc$ by ! fact t all fix$ & /ation>y objects reta9 _! relative positions 9 ea* succe$+ image4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t a s]ies ( pictures1 depict+ a man walk+ along a /reet1 are be+ %[n ^u a scre54 ,9 ! fir/ picture ! man is %[n ) 8 left foot 9 ! air4 ,?is rema9s 9 sight = #a_/cbnd ( a second1 & !n disappe>s sudd5ly4 ,?\gh ! picture has vani%$ f ! eye1 ! bra9 /ill p]si/s 9 see+ ! left foot slightly rais$4 ,"o ?irty-second "p ( a second lat] ! next picture %[s ! man ) 8 left foot on ! gr\nd4 ,! %ops1 h\ses1 & o!r /ation>y objects 9 ! second image occupy ! positions %[n 9 ! fir/ picture1 & consequ5tly ! dy+ impression ( ^! objects is reviv$1 :ile ! bra9 receives ! impression t ! man has *ang$ ! position ( 8 foot 9 relation to ! /ation>y objects1 & ! left foot :i* 0 rais$ melts into ! left foot ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! eye imag9es t x sees ! left foot desc5d4 ,ano!r #a_/cbnd "p ( a second passes1 & ! "r foot is se5 elevat$1 b ! fix$ objects reta9 _! positions /ill1 & s on4 ,! bra9 only notices ! diff]5ce 9 ! position ( ! mov+ objects1 & ?us secures an illusory idea t movem5t is tak+ place4 ,i h tak5 a v simple example to illu/rate ! idea4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 mov+ pictures ( m5 walk+ are seldom p]fectly successful1 g5]ally hav+ a j]ky movem5t4 ,?us we h se5 :at we describe z animat$ photography is n animation at all4 ,all t happ5s is t a long /r+ ( snap-%ot photographs1 tak5 at int]vals ( #a_/bd? or #a_/cbnd "p ( a second1 are pass$ at rapid spe$ be=e ! eye4 ,if ! pictures are project$ at ! rate ( "o p] second !y resemble ord9>y magic lant]n projections4 ,z ! op]ator sl[ly & gradually increases ! spe$1 ! figures %[n 9 ! pictures assume a spasmodic motion1 z if _! limbs 7 mov$ j]kily by means ( /r+s2 ?is action becom+ less & less pron\nc$ z ! spe$ is accel]at$1 until1 at la/1 :5 ! op]ator ga9s ! requisite rate ( projection1 ! j]ky movem5t becomes resolv$ into /eady rhy?mic action4 ,9 ! e>ly days x 0 difficult to convey ! impression t motion 0 be+ %[n1 because ! movem5t ( ! %utt] cutt+ (f ! picture 0 s emphasis$ z to convey a di/9ct s5se ( blankness betwe5 ! successive images4 ,?is regul> int]mitt5t occurr5ce ( invisibility1 describ$ z 8flick]10 caus$ trem5d\s /ra9 to ! eyes1 & provok$ nauseat+ heada*e4 ,:5 ! flick] 0 elim9at$ ! /ra9 ceas$2 ! illusion 0 r5d]$ m p]fect z well4 ,9 ord] to satisfy "o's self t ! semblance ( animation is an illusion1 "o has only to comp>e ! projection ( a mov+ object ^u ! scre51 & its appe>ance 9 ! cam]a obscura4 ,9 ! latt] case absolute cont9u\s motion is %[n4 ,x may be said t complete animation by photography is q out ( ! "q ) ! s+le cam]a & projector4 ,h[ x c be avoid$ & a m p]fect cam]a obscura effect produc$ ^u ! scre5 is describ$ lat]4 ,me*anical +5uity has n succe$$ yet 9 a*iev+ su* a result by means ( a s+le l5s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 only "o-half or less ( ! movem5t t actually takes place is record$ ^u ! film4 ,:at is lo/ occurs dur+ ! p]iod ! %utt] is clos$ aft] exposure1 9 ord] to p]mit a fre% area ( s5sitis$ surface to be br\ght into position beh9d ! l5s4 ,h[ev]1 ! lapses are equal 9 po9t ( "t2 & :5 sixte5 pictures are tak5 p] second1 ! int]ruption 9 ! movem5t is n detect$ by ! bra94 ,x may be ask$ :y ! op]ator conf9es himself to photograph+ at a spe$ ( ab\t sixte5 pictures p] second4 ,?is "q is gov]n$ = ! mo/ "p by economical motives4 ,film is exp5sive1 & !re=e ! obvi\s po9t is to consume ! m9imum ( mat]ial to secure ! illusion4 ,:5 ,edison produc$ ! k9etoscope1 at lea/ ?irty pictures p] second 7 necess>y to br+ ab\t ! illusion1 b ,messrs4 ,lumire & ,paul1 by means ( _! app>atuses1 :i* 7 ! fir/ comm]cial c9ematographs1 r$uc$ ! numb] to sixte5 pictures p] second4 ,if tw5ty-f\r photographs 7 tak5 & project$ p] second ! result w\ld be practically no bett] ?an :5 only sixte5 pictures 7 made 9 ! same p]iod1 s t ! additional eight pictures & _! requisite l5g? ( film repres5t s mu* wa/$ ef=t & mat]ial4 ,?is law 9 reg>d to visual p]si/5ce conc]n+ ! numb] ( pictures p] second holds good only s long z pictures are tak5 & project$ 9 mono*rome or black & :ite4 ,:5 animation 9 col\r is introduc$1 ! illusory effect produc$ ^u ! bra9 becomes di/urb$1 z is expla9$ 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ?is latt] developm5t ( ! art4 ,an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! fact t ! eye is deceiv$ may be n>rat$4 ,a film ( a tra9 pass+ ?r\gh a tunnel 0 requir$4 ,two tra9s 7 secur$ = ! purpose1 & at ! re> ( ! lead+ tra9 ! cam]a 0 m\nt$ 9 ord] to photograph ! "o foll[+1 c>e be+ obs]v$ to keep !m an equal di/ance ap>t4 ,9 ! d>kness ( ! tunnel ! "q ( illum9ation = ! purposes ( ! exposures 0 some:at p]plex+4 ,v>i\s exp$i5ts 7 attempt$1 b all to no avail1 & x appe>$ z if ! task w\ld h to be ab&on$4 ,"o ( ! p>ty !reupon sugge/$ a novel solution ( ! difficulty4 ,a section ( ! track 0 m>k$ (f1 & subdivid$ into %ort sections4 ,! tra9 0 br\ght to ! fir/ m>k & !re /opp$1 :5 a fla%light photograph 0 made4 ,x 0 !n advanc$ to ! next m>k1 & ano!r fla%light in/antane\s picture 0 secur$4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ sev]al times1 ! tra9 be+ mov$ =w>d ab\t eighte5 in*es betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,ab\t fifty exposures 7 made 9 ?is mann]1 & ! l5g? ( expos$ film ?us obta9$ 0 multipli$ to =m a cont9u\s picture ( great l5g?4 ,:5 project$ on ! scre5 sev]al hundr$ photographs 7 pass$ be=e ! audi5ce at ! spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 & ! semblance ( motion 0 p]fect1 ! tra9 hav+ ! appe>ance ( travell+ ?r\gh ! tunnel at express spe$4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples kn[n to me ( illusion by animat$ photography1 & al?\gh x 0 n motion at all t 0 record$1 /ill x suffic$ to convey ! impression ( movem5t to ! public4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ *apt]s1 h[ev]1 v>i\s successful illusions caus$ by ?is means are describ$1 especially 9 reg>d to 8trick pictures40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,to ,,produce ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,! idea ( produc+ app>5t animation by means ( pictures is by no means new4 ,! orig9 ( ! mo/ primitive =m ( mov+ picture device is lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( antiquity2 b x is c]ta9 t long be=e photography 0 conceiv$ animat$ pictures 7 9 vogue1 & con/itut$ a s\rce ( inf9ite amusem5t among *ildr54 ,! illusion 0 secur$ by a simple device kn[n z ! ,zoetrope or ! 8,:eel ( ,life40 ,x consi/s ( a small cyl9d]1 m\nt$ on a v]tical sp9dle 9 su* a way t x is free to revolve horizontally4 ,a b& ( ?9 c>dbo>d1 or ?ick pap]1 on :i* is pa9t$ a s]ies ( pictures1 g5]ally 9 col\r1 depict+ successive /ages 9 a p>ticul> movem5t1 su* z a horse jump+1 a *ild sw++1 or two y\ng/]s play+ see-saw1 is plac$ horizontally ar\nd ! inside ( ! l[] half ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! upp] half is pi]c$ at regul> int]vals by long n>r[ slits or v]tical op5+s1 :i* come opposite ! pictures & ext5d only ab\t half-way d[n ! l5g? ( ! wall4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is rotat$ %>ply & "o looks ?r\gh ! slits1 ! pictures portray app>5t motion--! horse rises & falls 9 ! jump1 ! sw+ moves to & fro1 & ! see-saw goes up & d[n--9 accordance ) ! laws ( visual p]si/5ce4 ,ea* successive picture1 x mu/ be po9t$ out1 is int]rupt$ by ! space 9 ! surface ( ! wall betwe5 two consecutive slits ?r\gh :i* "o peeps into ! cyl9d]4 ,we h1 9 fact1 a c9ematograph 9 ! mo/ primitive =m2 ! space betwe5 ! ap]tures correspond+ to ! opaque sector ( ! %utt] ( ! cam]a & ! projector1 :]eby "o picture is eclips$ f view on ! scre5 to p]mit ! next to be br\ght be=e ! l5s4 ,inde$1 "o c easily conv]t ! zoetrope into a c9ematograph if1 in/ead ( pa9t$ pictures1 pr9ts ( a c9ematograph film are m\nt$ 9 ! same way4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "s +5i\s p]son foll[$ ?is practice ye>s ago1 ?us unconsci\sly produc+ ! fir/ animat$ pictures by photography1 & 9 a crude way anticipat+ ! k9etoscope4 ,f "t to "t ! zoetrope 0 modifi$ & reviv$ 9 ! prax9oscope1 ph5aki/oscope1 zooprax9oscope1 & a numb] ( o!r =ms ) awe-inspir+ names4 ,9 e in/ance1 h[ev]1 x 0 m]ely our old fri5d 9 a new guise4 ,"o ( ^! modifications creat$ a flutt] ( excitem5t 9 ,france 9 #ahgg4 ,x 0 call$ ! 8prax9oscope10 & its creator1 ,m4 ,reynaud1 = ! fir/ "t enabl$ a l>ge audi5ce to see animation ^u ! scre54 ,9 ?is case projection 0 c>ri$ out 9 a highly novel mann]4 ,! front1 or prosc5ium op5+1 ( ! /age 0 occupi$ by a l>ge :ite scre51 su* z is us$ = magic lant]n projection1 ! op]ator & 8 app>atus be+ on ! /age beh9d1 out ( sight4 ,accord+ly ! audi5ce saw ! picture ?r\gh ! %eet4 ,at ! back ( ! /age a limelight lant]n 0 set up1 f :i* a /ill life picture 0 ?r[n1 fill+ ! great] "p ( ! surface ( ! scre54 ,! picture ?us %[n =m$ z x 7 ! sett+ = ! animat$ picture1 9 j ! same way z ! sc5]y comprises ! environm5t = a /age play4 ,bel[ ! level ( ! /age 0 a l>ge rectangul> table1 at ea* corn] ( :i* 7 plac$ small v]tical roll]s4 ,at "o end ( ! table 7 two l>ge spools1 fitt$ ) h&les :i* 7 revolv$ horizontally4 ,"o spool c>ri$ a long b& ( transp>5t mat]ial1 on :i* 7 pa9t$ at regul> int]vals silh\ette figures 9 col\r 9 successive /ages ( movem5t4 ,! b& l$ f ?is spool r\nd ! v]tical roll] imm$iately adjac5t1 !n along ! side ( ! table to ! next corn]1 on to ! next corn]1 on to ! ?ird corn]1 back to ! f\r? corn]1 & !n to ! empty reel1 on :i* x 0 w\nd4 ,by simultane\sly rotat+ ! load$ spool ) ! left h&1 & ! second reel ) ! "r h&1 ! transp>5t picture b& 0 pass$ r\nd ! table f "o spool to ! o!r4 ,c5trally ) ! %eet1 & on a level ) ! table1 !re 0 a second limelight lant]n1 ! back ( :i* 0 t[>ds ! audi5ce4 ,?is lant]n ?rew its rays upw>d at an angle ( =ty-five degrees or s4 ,z ! b& ( pictures travell$ along ! table edge f ! fir/ to ! second corn] roll]1 x 0 pass$ ?r\gh ?is second lant]n1 :i* project$ ! silh\ette picture into a mirror hung ov]head at ! back ( ! /age1 :i* 9 turn reflect$ ! image on ! scre54 ,! figures on ! b& ?r[n f ! second lant]n appe>$ 9 ! sc5e ( ! slide %[n by ! fir/ lant]n4 ,z ! b& 0 mov$ =w>d1 br++ successive phases ( action ^u ! scre51 app>5t motion 0 produc$4 ,9 fact1 animat$ pictures 7 %[n1 & x 0 possible ) a numb] ( spools ( pa9t$ b&s to produce a com$y1 trag$y1 or o!r /age play 9 pictures4 ,?is crude app>atus 0 ! fir/ attempt to portray mov+ pictures ^u a %eet be=e a l>ge audi5ce4 ,z in/antane\s photography develop$ & ef=ts 7 made to adapt photographic records in/ead ( pa9t$ pictures to ! prax9oscope1 great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ ! consecutive pictures suffici5tly close to "o ano!r s z to r$uce ! loss ( action betwe5 two successive pictures to ! m9imum4 ,! cam]as available 7 n suit$ to ?is "w4 ,too mu* "t 0 lo/ 9 remov+ ! expos$ s5sitis$ surface to p]mit ano!r unexpos$ area to be br\ght be=e ! l5s4 ,ab\t #ahgb ,mr4 ,muybridge1 an +5i\s ,engli%man1 resid5t 9 ,san ,francisco1 conceiv$ a novel means ( obta9+ snap-%ot photographs 9 rapid succession4 ,he ma9ta9$ t su* photographs tak5 at regul> int]vals1 reproduc$ 9 su* a mann] z to simulate natural animation1 w\ld reveal ! peculi> attitudes ( animals 9 motion & w\ld prove ( invaluable s]vice to arti/s4 ,he approa*$ ,gov]nor ,/an=d & unfold$ 8 s*eme4 ,/an=d 0 s impress$ t he plac$ e facility at ,muybridge's disposal = ! completion ( ! exp]im5t1 includ+ ! use ( 8 valuable /ud ( horses & ex]cis+ track4 ,z x 0 impossible to secure ! desir$ end ) a s+le cam]a1 ,muybridge built a /udio beside ! track1 9 :i* tw5ty-f\r cam]as 7 plac$ side by side 9 a r[4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! track1 fac+ ! /udio1 he erect$ a high f5ce1 pa9t$ :ite1 :ile across ! track betwe5 ! /udio & ! scre5 tw5ty-f\r ?reads 7 /ret*$1 ea* ( :i* 0 connect$ ) a p[]ful spr+1 :i* held 9 position ! %utt] ( a cam]a4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 a horse 0 driv5 ov] ?is l5g? ( track at a cant]1 gallop1 trot1 or walk1 z desir$1 & z ! animal pass$ ea* cam]a1 x broke ! ?read controll+ its %utt]1 s t ! horse photograph$ itself 9 its progress4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 ,muybridge made no ef=t to secure detail4 ,! photographs 7 tak5 9 brilliant sunlight1 & ! :ite scre5 ?rew a dazzl+ reflection1 caus+ ! objects to /& out 9 bold relief1 s t ! record appe>$ 9 silh\ette4 ,z ^! photographs 7 tak5 = a specific purpose--! analysis ( movem5t--! scre5 0 subdivid$ into panels1 :]eby x 0 possible to det]m9e ! di/ance betwe5 ea* successive picture4 7,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,p]mission ( 8,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican40 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,fir/ ,,mov+ ,,pictures4 ,twelve successive photographs1 by ,mr4 ,muybridge1 ( a horse 9 full gallop4 ,9 ! la/ figure ! horse is se5 /&+ /ill4 ,! spe$ ( ! horse 0 ab\t #a1adb metres 7#c1gdf feet7 p] m9ute4 ,z ,muybridge's exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out ^u a some:at private basis1 ! in=mation ab\t !m t rea*$ ,europe 0 ( a v meagre description4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 !y ar\s$ a /rong curiosity & peculi> int]e/1 especially 9 arti/ic & sci5tific circles4 ,!y appeal$ especially to "o man--,meissoni]4 ,! great arti/1 ^: accuracy 9 ! mo/ m9ute detail 0 prov]bial1 0 fasc9at$4 ,he _h obs]v$ v closely ! curi\s attitudes t horses assume :5 9 rapid motion1 & _h committ$ ! obs]vations to 8 canvases1 only to meet ) /r5u\s ho/ile criticism f 8 colleagues & ! public4 ,s :5 ,gov]nor ,/an=d1 :ile visit+ ,p>is1 display$ "s ( ,muybridge's photographs1 ! great pa9t] sp5t h\rs 9 /udy+ !m1 & *>act]is$ !m z an incalculable aid to art4 ,?r\gh ,gov]nor ,/an=d1 he ext5d$ an invitation to ,muybridge4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,anglo-,am]ican exp]im5t]--:o might be describ$ z ! fa!r ( animat$ photography--visit$ ! ,fr5* capital1 & receiv$ a w>m greet+ by ,meissoni]4 ,! arti/ _h be5 criticis$ = 8 views conc]n+ muscul> action1 z display$ by ! animals on 8 canvases1 yet "h 0 a man :o c\ld demon/rate1 by ! conclusive evid5ce ( photography1 t 8 views 7 correct4 ,meissoni] arrang$ a private demon/ration1 :i* rank$ z "o ( ! mo/ important social ev5ts ( ! ye> 9 ,p>is4 ,among ^? :o accept$ ! invitation to witness ! new wond] 7 ,g]ome1 ,g\pil1 ,/e9heil1 ,detaill1 ,alex&] ,dumas1 & ,dr4 ,mallez4 ,muybridge _h br\ght a repres5tative collection ( photographs ) him1 %[+ horses 9 movem5t1 dogs1 de]1 & o!r animals runn+ & jump+1 z well z m5 wre/l+1 leap+1 & p]=m+ o!r a?letic ex]cises4 ,! pictures 7 exam9$ at great l5g? individually4 ,!n by means ( ! zoopraxoscope1 a =m ( ! :eel ( life1 :]eby pictures 9 action c\ld be ?r[n ^u ! scre51 !y 7 display$ 9 animation1 !reby conclusively demon/rat+ ! fact t :at appe>$ s incr$ibly s+ul> an attitude 9 a pa9t+ or an individual photograph 0 9 reality "p ( a graceful h>moni\s natural movem5t4 ,!re 0 "o feature ( ,muybridge's "w :i* mu/ n be ov]look$1 & :i* decid$ly re/rict$ its application4 ,a batt]y ( cam]as _h to be employ$1 plac$ side by side4 ,x 0 z if a numb] ( photograph]s1 /&+ 9 a r[1 press$ a button ! in/ant ! object 9 motion 0 opposite _! respective cam]as4 ,all ! photographs 7 broadside views1 & tak5 f ! same relative position4 ,! results 7 n z ! foll[+ eye ( "o p]son saw !m1 b z ! eyes ( tw5ty or ?irty p]sons /&+ side by side grasp$ a glimpse ( motion dur+ ! five-?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,if ,muybridge _h attempt$ to take #ijj photographic impressions1 su* z ! c9ematograph cam]a records 9 ! space ( a m9ute to-day1 he w\ld h requir$ n9e hundr$ cam]as = ! purpose4 ,( c\rse1 su* a plan _h no comm]cial possibilities4 ,its real value lay 9 ! fact t x /imulat$ ! +5uity ( a ho/ ( inv5tive bra9s t[>ds ! solution ( animat$ photography4 ,"o & all 7 b5t ^u secur+ ! same result t ,muybridge _h a*iev$1 b ) a s+le cam]a & f "o po9t ( view4 ,among ^! exp]im5t]s ! names ( ,gre5e & ,evans1 ,acres & ,paul /& pre-em95t 9 ,great ,brita91 :ile ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h an equal numb] ( contemporane\s inve/igators engag$ ^u ! problem4 ,ev5 ,muybridge himself attempt$ its solution1 = he realis$ only too well t a batt]y ( cam]as 0 impracticable to ensure ! comm]cial success ( animat$ photography4 ,x appe>s to be a sorry trick ( =tune t e great inv5tion1 or developm5t1 %\ld produce a bevy ( claimants = ! hon\r ( be+ ! 8orig9al inv5tor40 ,! ^w 8orig9al0 is some:at obscure & ambigu\s1 b x is employ$ frequ5tly4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is a wise inv5tion t c s+le out its creator4 ,animat$ photography has be5 no exception to ! rule4 ,lawy]s & ! c\rts h reap$ a ri* h>ve/ f protract$ litigation 9 ! ef=t to settle ! "q once & = all1 ) ! inevitable result--! law has left ! matt] 9 a m hazy condition ?an ev]4 ,! claim to ! discov]y ( animat$ photography c sc>cely be su/a9$ by any "o man4 ,desvignes devis$ an app>atus 9 #ahfj2 ,du ,mont =mulat$ ! fir/ tangible s*eme ( *ronophotography1 z x is call$1 9 #ahfa1 :i* ,doni/horpe put into practice 9 #ahgf1 :ile a ho/ ( o!r exp]im5t]s contribut$ to ! problem 9 "s p>ticul> detail4 ,x 0 n inv5tion1 = ! simple reason t !re 0 no?+ to inv5t2 x 0 m]ely evolution & ! p]fection ( details4 ,z we h se51 :at ! exp]im5t]s _h to accompli% 0 ! r$uction ( ! l5g? ( "t occupi$ 9 br++ "o s5sitis$ surface be=e ! l5s aft] ! prec$+ s5sitis$ surface _h be5 expos$4 ,?is 0 a matt] ( me*anical detail1 = ! *emi/ accel]at$ ! spe$ ( ! s5sitis$ surface m & m1 & f9ally evolv$ ! celluloid film4 ,v>i\s means ( br++ successive sections ( a s5sitis$ surface be=e ! l5s 7 evolv$1 & produc$ a ple?ora ( pat5ts2 b ! p]fection ( details does n affect ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( animat$ photography4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 _m inve/igators 7 en]getic 9 ! que/1 b ! great majority nev] succe$$ beyond ! model /age2 t is to say1 _! app>atuses nev] possess$ any practical value1 & only s]v$ to emphasise once m ! tru? ( ! well-worn axiom t !re is a great gulf betwe5 ! creative m9d ( ! inv5tor & ! comm]cial _w ) its enorm\s capacity = developm5t & exploitation4 ,among ! e>ly ,briti% exp]im5t]s 0 ,w4 ,f4 ,gre5e1 :o1 l o!rs1 0 h&icapp$ by hav+ to make use ( glass plates4 ,9 #ahhe he display$ 8 fir/ app>atus = tak+ & produc+ mov+ pictures1 & two ye>s lat] exhibit$ "s pictures tak5 on glass 9 ! w9d[ ( 8 premises 9 ,piccadilly4 ,?is unusual display creat$ su* int]e/1 & ! curiosity-provok$ public s cr[d$ ! pavem5t t traffic 0 imp$$1 & ! police call$ ^u ,gre5e to remove 8 pictures4 ,9 ,france ev5 great] ?+s 7 be+ accompli%$4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey took up ,muybridge's "w at ! po9t :]e ! ,anglo-,am]ican ab&on$ x4 ,m>ey foll[$ r ! l9es laid d[n by ! a/ronomical inve/igator ,jans51 :o 9 #ahgd evolv$ a photographic revolv] to secure records at %ort int]vals ( ! transit ( ,v5us across ! sun's disc4 ,m>ey con/ruct$ a photographic gun 9 #ahhb1 ) :i* he /udi$ ! flight ( birds1 & :i* work$ on ! pr9ciple elaborat$ by ,jans5 eight ye>s be=e4 ,! object ( 8 que/ 0 ! analysis ( motion4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t 9 its v e>lie/ /ages ! value ( animat$ photography 0 conc$$ to be r 9 ! field ( sci5ce ?an t ( amusem5t4 ,?is celebrat$ ,fr5* exp]im5t] realis$ ! ine/imable value ( 8*ronophotography0 = ! /udy & inve/igation ( mov+ bodies1 ! rapidity 9 ! *anges ( ! position or =m ( :i* 0 impossible to foll[ o!rwise4 ,m>ey1 h[ev]1 made no ef=t t[>ds syn!sis or reproduction ( ! motion ?us obta9$2 he did n seek projection ^u a huge scale ^u ! scre51 b reg>d$ *ronophotography r z a means ( enabl+ photographic results to be resolv$ into diagrams = exam9+ & elucidat+ obscure po9ts incid5tal to motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,m>ey's ,,fam\s ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,c9ematography4 #a4 ,photographic gun ( #ahhb1 to photograph birds 9 flight4 #b4 ,consecutive pictures ( a gull fly+1 tak5 ) ! photographic gun4 #c4 ,*ronophotographic app>atus = tak+ consecutive pictures ^u a s+le glass plate1 %[+ me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,m>ey',s ,,animat$ ,,pictures ,,made ,,9 #ahhd-hf ,,= ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,motion4 #a4 ,a man jump+4 #b4 ,a man walk+4 #c4 ,a duck fly+4 #d4 ,a man leap+4 ,! objects1 clo!d 9 :ite1 pass$ be=e a black scre51 & ! exposures av]ag$ ab\t #a_/bjj ( a second4 ,special app>atus 0 evolv$ & 0 set up at ! ,physiological ,/ation 9 ,p>is1 & "s wond]ful results 7 communicat$ by ?is indu/ri\s sci5ti/ to ! ,fr5* ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,nancy 9 #ahhf4 ,inve/igations 7 be+ c>ri$ out ^u a l>ge & advanc$ scale 9 ,france :ile ! ,engli% 7 m]ely dabbl+ ) ! idea4 ,m>ey secur$ records ( action int]mitt5tly f a s+le po9t ( view by ! revolution ( a h&le1 & to a pron\nc$ degree anticipat$ ! pres5t-day c9ematograph4 ,m>ey's cam]a 0 successful 9 its details1 especially consid]+ ! extreme difficulties att5d+ ! use ( glass plates4 ,he asc]ta9$ t 9 ord] to secure cont9u\s motion x 0 imp]ative to cut (f ! light f ! plate at regul> int]vals2 & he accompli%$ ?is int]ruption by rotat+ an opaque disc1 pi]c$ ) small radial slots1 :i* p]mitt$ ! light to rea* ! plate only int]mitt5tly4 ,! g5]al design ( ,m>ey's cam]a is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! cam]a1 ( ! ord9>y bell[s type1 0 m\nt$ 9 ! upp] "p ( a wood5 frame clamp$ to a special support4 ,b5ea? 0 ! h&le1 :i* rotat$ ! %utt] ?r\gh ge>+4 ,?is %utt] mov$ at ! back ( ! bell[s1 occupy+ ! same position relatively z ! focal plane %utt] us$ 9 v rapid /ill-life in/antane\s photography4 ,by means ( ?is %utt]1 ! passage ( a body across ! field ( ! l5s 0 split up into a numb] ( consecutive units4 ,! int]val betwe5 two successive images1 & ! "t ( ! exposure1 c\ld be alt]$ m]ely by v>y+ ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! %utt]4 ,z a rule1 ! exposures 7 made at ! rate ( t5 p] second1 b 9 "s cases ! l5g? ( ! exposure 0 only #a_/b1jjj? "p ( a second1 ) an int]val ( "o-fif? second betwe5 two consecutive pictures4 ,m>ey us$ a black backgr\nd1 & 8 figures 7 clo!d 9 :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,m>ey',s ,,cam]a1 ,,%[+ ,,%utt] ,,) ,,radial ,,slots4 ,!re 0 an important reason = ?is rev]sal ( ,muybridge's proc$ure4 ,9 ! latt] ! %utt] ( ea* cam]a _h to be op5$ z ! horse or o!r object pass$ ! l5s4 ,9 ,m>ey's sy/em ! s5sitis$ surface ( ! plate is direct$ aga9/ a dead black scre51 & ! l5s may be left op5 )\t ex]cis+ any ill effect ^u ! photographic plate1 because ! latt] receives no light4 ,:5 a man clo!d 9 :ite pass$ across ?is black surface 9 full sunlight1 only 8 figure 0 record$ ^u ! s5sitis$ surface1 & ?us 0 ?r[n 9 /rong relief aga9/ ! black backgr\nd4 ,special arrangem5ts1 h[ev]1 _h to be made to ensure ! success ( ! result4 ,a flat plane black backgr\nd did n suffice1 z a c]ta9 am\nt ( light 0 reflect$ !refrom into ! l5s1 result+ 9 ! plate becom+ fogg$4 ,! black scre5 employ$ 0 9 reality a black cavity1 kn[n z 8,*evreul's black40 ,! cavity may be lik5$ to a %$1 ! front wall ( :i* is remov$1 & ! :ole int]ior black5$4 ,9 ! scre5 us$ by ,m>ey at ! ,physiological ,/ation 9 ,p>is1 ! back ( ! %$ 0 hung ) black velvet1 ! floor 0 cov]$ ) pit*1 :ile ! sides & ceil+ 7 treat$ ) a dead black m$ium4 ,^! arrangem5ts enabl$ ,m>ey to secure m useful results ?an 7 possible to ,muybridge4 ,f ! sci5tific po9t ( view !y prov$ ( incalculable value4 ,8 m>vell\s pictures wid5$ our k ( animal motion to a rem>kable ext5t1 & provid$ incontrov]tible records ( action4 ,pr(essor ,m>ey ultimately record$ ! sum ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 a volume1 ,movem5t1 :i* is n[ reg>d$ univ]sally z a classic 9 physiological sci5ce1 & ev5 to-day is consult$ freely = ! purpose ( elucidat+ complex & obscure phases ( motion4 ,o!r inve/igators at ab\t ?is "t 7 ,g5]al ,seb]t1 ,m4 ,l4 ,soret ( ,g5eva1 & ,ottom> ,ans*tz ( ,b]l94 ,soret succe$$ 9 analys+ "s v intricate movem5ts1 :ile ,ans*tz produc$ a curi\s 8:eel ( life10 :i* 0 call$ ! 8electrical ta*yscope40 ,a special cam]a 0 evolv$ :]eby photographs 7 tak5 9 rapid succession4 ,f ^! negatives glass transp>5cies simil> to lant]n slides 7 produc$1 & m\nt$ 9 sequ5ce ar\nd ! rim ( a l>ge :eel1 :i* _h to be ( suffici5t diamet] to conta9 ! :ole s]ies ( pictures4 ,x 0 m\nt$ ^u a massive iron p$e/al1 & 0 revolv$ f ! re> by means ( a h&le4 ,beh9d ! :eel1 & at ! highe/ po9t1 :i* correspond$ to ! level ( ! eyes ( ! av]age p]son :ile /&+1 a small box 0 plac$4 ,! front ( ?is box 0 op51 ! size ( ?is ap]ture correspond+ exactly to ! dim5sions ( ! transp>5cy4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) a small electric light--a ,geissl] tube1 9 fact1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t 0 pass$ f a ,rhumkorff coil--& ?is light 0 swit*$ on & (f by ea* picture z x pass$ be=e ! front ( ! lamp box4 ,z ea* picture came into position be=e ! ap]ture a contact 0 e/abli%$1 & an impulse ( electricity 0 dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! lamp4 ,x 0 a m]e fla%1 b x s]v$ to illum9ate ! transp>5cy imm$iately 9 front1 s t ! p gaz+ at ! :eel receiv$ a brilliant & well-def9$ impression ( ! picture1 :i* 0 %[n 9 an app>5tly /ation>y position1 ?\gh1 9 fact1 ! :eel 0 revolv+ cont9u\sly4 ,:5 ! :eel 0 rotat$ ) suffici5t spe$1 ! fla%es occurr$ 9 su* rapid sequ5ce t1 9 accordance ) ! ph5om5a ( visual p]si/5ce1 ! illusion ( animation 0 secur$4 ,?is 0 an extremely +5i\s app>atus1 b 0 too complicat$1 exp5sive1 & elaborate to comm& any comm]cial value4 ,x 0 reg>d$ g5]ally z a sci5tific toy4 ,x 0 on view 9 ,london1 9 ! ,/r& ne> ,*anc]y ,lane1 = a little :ile1 b fail$ to ar\se v m>k$ en?usiasm4 ,h[ev]1 ! 8inv5tor's fiddle10 z ! ,ans*tz ta*yscope 0 popul>ly call$1 0 adopt$ by sev]al o!r inv5tors ) c]ta9 modifications1 b its application 0 naturally extremely limit$4 ,comp>atively speak+1 only a v few pictures c\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! rim ( ! :eel1 & z ! travell+ spe$ 0 some:at high 9 ord] to convey a tangible impression ( cont9u\s motion1 a subject 0 exhau/$ 9 a few seconds4 ,associat$ ) ,dr4 ,m>ey 9 8 exp]im5ts 0 ano!r indefatigable _s1 ,m4 ,georges ,dem5y4 ,he display$ consid]able +5uity 9 break+ d[n ! peculi> difficulties associat$ ) ?is "w4 ,un=tunately ! value ( ,m4 ,dem5y's ef=ts h nev] be5 appreciat$2 b he br\ght 8 m9d to be> ^u ! subject at a critical p]iod1 & devot$ all 8 en]gies1 "t1 & ?\ght to ! solution ( complicat$ problems t defi$ contempor>y exp]im5t]s4 ,he prov$ an indisp5sable colleague to ,pr(essor ,m>ey1 :i* ! au?or ( ,movem5t did n fail to ackn[l$ge4 ,s f> z ,france is conc]n$1 he rightly des]ves to be reg>d$ z ! pione] 9 c9ematography4 ,he n only photograph$ motion1 b he reproduc$ x ^u ! scre51 & devis$ an +5i\s cam]a & projector to a*ieve 8 end4 ,m4 ,georges ,dem5y 0 =e/all$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,messrs4 ,gre5e & ,evans1 :o produc$ a *ronophotographic app>atus :i* !y pat5t$ 9 ,june1 #ahhi1 :]e9 ! film 0 drawn int]mitt5tly be=e ! l5s = exposure4 ,two mon?s previ\sly1 9 ,april1 #ahhi1 ano!r inv5tor1 ,/]n1 _h fil$ a pat5t also1 & ^! con/itute ! fir/ intimation at ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice ( ! p5d+ developm5ts 9 c9ematography4 ,nei!r issu$ beyond ! exp]im5tal & model /age1 = ! simple reason t !y 7 n reliable 9 _! op]ation4 ,!re 0 no satisfactory me*anical means = mov+ ! s5sitis$ surfaces =w>d an equal di/ance aft] ea* exposure1 & ?is omission ( an indisp5sable feature prov$ fatal to _! success4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,celluloid ,,film ,9 ! /ruggle t[>ds ! p]fection ( animat$ photography ! use ( glass plates 0 a great h9drance4 ,inve/igators 7 hamp]$ v s]i\sly2 !y 7 ?w>t$ at e turn4 ,true1 ! appe>ance ( ! dry plate some:at facilitat$ _! ef=ts1 b nev]!less ! inevitable glass 0 bulky1 heavy1 fragile1 & awkw>d to h&le4 ,f9ally1 ! numb] ( pictures obta9able ^u a s+le surface 0 limit$4 ,realis+ ! re/rictions incid5tal to ?is s5sitis$ m$ium1 ! en]gies ( _m inve/igators 7 devot$ to ! discov]y ( a less bulky1 light]1 & m conv5i5t sub/itute4 ,gelat9e appe>$ promis+ at fir/ sight1 b fail$ to give ! anticipat$ results because x lack$ /ability1 & :5 imm]s$ 9 ! develop+ solution precipitat$ a v>iety ( unexpect$ disa/]s :i* plac$ x out ( c\rt completely4 ,! next exp$i5t 0 ! use ( transp>5t pap]1 simil> to :at we call grease-pro( pap]1 cov]$ ) ! gelat9e emulsion1 inv5t$ by ,morgan & ,kidd1 ( ,ri*mond4 ,:5 ! exposures 7 made1 ! pap] 0 opaque & resembl$ ord9>y bromide pap]1 ! ess5tial transp>5t effect be+ secur$ by an op]ation aft] developm5t & fix+4 ,?is fail$ to give a cle>1 di/9ct positive1 & ! gra9 ( ! pap] s broke up ! resultant picture t ?is alt]native 0 ab&on$4 ,a sugge/ion advocat$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,palm] also 0 attempt$4 ,! picture1 aft] developm5t & fix+1 0 /ripp$ f its opaque support1 & atta*$ to a /iff %eet ( insoluble gelat9e4 ,?is gave a some:at bett] effect1 b x 0 a r\nd-ab\t me?od1 & ! /ripp+ op]ation 0 "o ( great delicacy1 involv+ extreme c>e1 & unc]ta9 9 its results4 ,^! sub/itutes fail+ "o aft] ano!r1 ! hopes ( ! exp]im5t]s became c5tr$ ^u celluloid1 :i* f e po9t ( view appe>$ ! mo/ suitable m$ium4 ,! application ( celluloid to photographic purposes _h be5 advocat$ _m ye>s previ\sly1 b !re 7 _m ob/acles ( a te*nical "* :i* prev5t$ its use at ! "t4 ,! inve/igator1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ ! /ruggle t[>ds br++ ! celluloid film into ! realm ( practicability4 ,he 0 baffl$ 9 "o p>ticul> direction4 ,celluloid c\ld n be employ$ ) ! collodion process1 = ! collodion :i* con/itut$ ! s5sitive surface 9 ! old wet process ) glass plates1 & :i* 9 itself is a solution ( pyroxyl9e1 a k9d ( gun-cotton--"o ( ! basic con/itu5ts ( celluloid--dissolv$ ! celluloid :i* 0 coat$ ) x4 ,! p]fection ( ! gelat9o-bromide process remov$ ?is defect4 ,!n ano!r difficulty loom$ up4 ,celluloid at t "t 0 n made 9 %eets suffici5tly ?9 to r5d] x applicable to photography1 & ! manufactur]s ( ! commodity c\ld n be prevail$ ^u to prep>e ! sub/ance 9 ?is =m4 ,!y argu$ t !re 0 no promise ( a suffici5tly remun]ative m>ket to w>rant ! design ( special ma*9]y = ! manufacture ( su* a product4 ,consequ5tly1 ! exp]im5t]s 7 =c$ to prep>e _! own film bases4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ^? :o grappl$ ) ?is "q & fac$ trials & tribulations innum]able 9 ?is p>ticul> phase ( op]ations make int]e/+ read+4 ,"o r$uc$ ! celluloid to a liquid consi/5cy & p\r$ ! pla/ic mass ov] l>ge glass plates1 roll+ x out to =m a ?9 sk94 ,! surface ( ! glass previ\sly 0 clean$ c>efully to prev5t ! mixture adh]+ !reto4 ,! p\r+ _h to be c>efully done s z to secure an ev5 ?ickness1 & to avoid ! =mation ( air bubbles4 ,9 ?is way a ?9 %eet 0 secur$--a decid$ =w>d /ep4 ,9 ! d>k room ?is 8base10 z x is call$1 _h next to be cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( s5sitis$ emulsion1 & ! :ole left to dry4 ,aft]w>ds ! %eet 0 cut into /rips ( ! wid? requir$ = ! cam]a & app>atus4 ,un=tunately1 9 dry+1 ! celluloid 0 f\nd to play _m sorry tricks4 ,x buckl$1 twi/$1 & %rank into /range contortions1 & ! films ?us produc$ 7 /ill some:at too sub/antial1 be+1 9 fact1 v simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! pack-film cam]a ( to-day4 ,ano!r work] 0 m =tunate4 ,by d9t ( importunity he succe$$ 9 induc+ "o manufactur+ firm to produce %eets ( celluloid no ?ick] ?an draw+ pap] = 8 exp]im5ts4 ,b :5 ! %eets 7 deliv]$ !y 7 f> f be+ satisfactory1 be+ defici5t 9 uni=mity ( ?ickness4 ,be=e ! surface c\ld be coat$ ) s5sitis$ emulsion a t$i\s task _h to be p]=m$4 ,! inequalities _h to be scrap$ & p>$ (f1 & f9ally ! :ole %eet _h to be made ?9n] by be+ rubb$ d[n ) em]y clo? & s&pap]4 ,h\rs 7 occupi$ 9 ?is process1 & (t5 a madd5+ accid5t happ5$ 9 ! f9al /ages :i* irrep>ably injur$ ! %eet & wa/$ n only "t1 b co/ly mat]ial4 ,ev5 :5 s5sitis+ 0 c>ri$ out successfully1 x 0 f\nd extremely difficult to keep ! mat]ial flat4 ,x is n surpris+ t aft] a prolong$ exp]i5ce ( ^! disadvantages1 ?is p>ticul> inve/igator ab&on$ 8 exp]im5ts = a "t4 ,9 ! majority ( ^! ef=ts ! pictures obta9$ 7 ab\t f\r in*es 9 wid? by ?ree in*es deep1 :ile ! mod]n c9ematograph film is only #a ( an in* 9 wid? by ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep1 & almo/ z ?9 z a %av+4 ,! celluloid made at t "t 0 n v transp>5t1 & z ! pictures 7 some:at d5se1 ! results 7 f> f be+ satisfactory4 ,x began to look z ?\gh celluloid 7 doom$ to foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! o!r exp$i5ts t _h be5 te/$ & f\nd want+4 ,su* w\ld h be5 ! case b = ! indefatigable ef=ts ( "o man :o p]sev]$ ) 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! face ( he>tr5d+ failures & disappo9t+ results4 ,?is 0 ,mr4 ,ea/man1 ( ,ro*e/]1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :o work$ 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,walk]4 ,^! two g5tlem5 _h e/abli%$ a dry photographic plate manufactur+ process1 :i* _h develop$ into a conspicu\s success1 & become kn[n z ! ,ea/man ,dry ,plate ,company1 n[ famili> z ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company4 ,! /ory ( _! innum]able exp]im5ts & ultimate success con/itutes a fasc9at+ *apt] 9 ! /ory ( animat$ photography4 ,z e>ly z #ahhd ,mr4 ,ea/man realis$ t a sub/itute = glass 0 9 dem& to facilitate ord9>y photography4 ,accord+ly he set out to discov] a sy/em ( photograph+ on films4 ,z he admits himself1 x 0 by no means a new idea4 ,f "t to "t spasmodic attempts 9 ! same direction _h be5 made by ent]pris+ inv5tors1 ! e>lie/ kn[n dat+ back z f> z #ahed1 a ye> or two be=e ! inv5tion ( ,p>kes9e1 n[ kn[n z celluloid1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p>kes1 ( ,birm+ham4 ,all ( ^! exp]im5t]s1 h[ev]1 _h be5 baffl$ by ! te*nical difficulties confront+ _! que/1 & ,mr4 ,ea/man _h no tangible assi/ance to aid him 9 8 "w ( rese>*4 ,he 0 compell$ to create ! f\ndation ^u :i* to c>ry out 8 developm5ts1 & to reap success f mortify+ failures4 ,9 #ahhd1 :5 ,messrs4 ,ea/man & ,walk] comm5c$ op]ations1 ! problem to be solv$ 9 ! production ( a suitable film1 & ! evolution ( ! means to h&le x 9 ! cam]a1 7 =midable ob/acles4 ,! me*anical "p ( ! "w prov$ ! easi]1 & 9 #ahhe roll] photography1 :i* has revolutionis$ ! art ( photography1 at any rate f ! amateur po9t ( view1 0 inv5t$ & put on ! m>ket4 ,?is pr9ciple is n[ well kn[n4 ,a l5g? ( film1 w\nd ^u "o roll]1 is pass$ beh9d ! l5s 9 sections = exposure1 & !n roll$ up on a second roll]1 until ! :ole has be5 expos$4 ,! device simplifi$ ! process v appreciably1 & x may fairly be accus$ ( be+ ! p>5t ( ! mod]n 8,kodak fi5d40 ,?\gh ! me*anical "p ( ! problem _h ?us be5 solv$ successfully1 ! film "q 0 p]fect$ only p>tially at ?is "t4 ,! film itself 0 f> f satisfactory1 b x suffic$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! day1 & to enable roll] photography to come into vogue4 ,to meet ! peculi> dem&s ( roll] photography1 ,mr4 ,ea/man _h set himself ! task ( produc+ a transp>5t base or support = ! s5sitis$ emulsion4 ,t is to say1 he s\ght & produc$ a /able sub/itute = ! glass plate ^u :i* ! s5sitis$ emulsion to record ! image c\ld be m\nt$4 ,x 0 no easy se>*1 z he spe$ily f\nd to 8 co/1 = x involv$ scores ( exp]im5ts1 "o aft] ! o!r1 all ( :i* result$ 9 he>tr5d+ failure4 ,he s\ght to build up su* a base z he _h 9 m9d by means ( successive lay]s ( collodion & rubb]1 b ! result did n possess suffici5t sub/ance & /r5g?4 ,!n he _h rec\rse to pap]1 :i* he us$ m]ely z a tempor>y support4 ,! roll ( pap] 0 fir/ coat$ ) soluble gelat9e1 & aft]w>ds ) ! s5sitis$ emulsion1 :i* 0 r5d]$ insoluble 9 itself by ! addition ( *rome alum4 ,?is produc$ a sub/antial film :i* 0 expos$ by means ( ! roll hold] atta*$ to ! ord9>y cam]a4 ,! image 0 develop$ & fix$4 ,!n1 /ill atta*$ to ! pap]1 ! film 0 plac$ :ile wet1 imm$iately aft] wa%+1 ^u a piece ( glass coat$ ) a ?9 solution ( rubb]4 ,z soon z ! surface _h dri$1 hot wat] 0 appli$ to ! pap]1 :i* z ! gelat9e dissolv$ became deta*$1 leav+ ! film adh]+ to ! surface ( ! rubb]-coat$ glass4 ,9 place ( ! pap] a moi/5$ ?9 %eet ( gelat9e 0 sub/itut$4 ,:5 ! :ole _h dri$ ?or\ghly x 0 deta*$ f ! glass1 & ! result 0 a p]fectly transp>5t negative4 ,! process 0 necess>ily some:at intricate & occupi$ "s "t1 b ! results obta9$ 7 suffici5tly practicable to r5d] x comm]cially exploitable4 ,mr4 ,ea/man1 h[ev]1 soon recognis$ ! fact t ! tr\ble ( transf]r+ ! image f ! tempor>y pap] base to ! gelat9e support decreas$ ! practical value ( ! process4 ,he decid$ to disp5se ) ! pap] support entirely1 & 9 8 se>* = a suitable sub/itute 8 ?\ghts turn$ t[>d celluloid4 ,he communicat$ ) ! v>i\s manufactur]s ( t mat]ial1 b n "o 0 prep>$ to supply him ) ! sub/ance 9 %eets ( suffici5t size & ?9ness4 ,consequ5tly he 0 compell$ to devise ways & means to supply ! defici5cy2 & ?is 0 a*iev$ p>tially by accid5t4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahhi "s exp]im5ts 7 be+ made to discov] a v>ni% to take ! place ( ! gelat9e %eets4 ,"o ( 8 *emi/s drew ,mr4 ,ea/man's att5tion to a ?ick solution ( gun-cotton 9 wood alcohol4 ,x 0 te/$ to prove its suitability to take ! place ( ! gelat9e1 b 0 f\nd want+ 9 practical effici5cy4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,ea/man recognis$ ! solution z "o :i* might prove to be ! film base = :i* he _h be5 se>*+4 ,he _h _h su* a m$ium 9 m9d :5 engag$ 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 #ahhd1 :i* result$ 9 ! production ( ! /ripp+ film4 ,he decid$ to utilise ?is solution ( gun-cotton 9 wood alcohol & to fa%ion x into ! f\ndation = ! s5sitis$ emulsion1 s t /ripp+ & o!r tr\blesome op]ations ( a l nature might be avoid$4 ,he 0 mov$ to ?is exp]im5t because ?is solution c\ld be made almo/ z transp>5t practically z glass4 ,accord+ly he set to "w to devise a ma*9e to prep>e ?9 %eets su* z he requir$ f ?is mixture4 ,success cr[n$ 8 ef=ts1 & 9 #ahhi ! fir/ long /rip ( celluloid film suit$ to c9ematograph "w appe>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,messrs4 ,ea/man & ,walk] _h n be5 alone 9 _! que/4 ,9 ,engl& exp]im5ts 7 be+ c>ri$ out 9 ! same field4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ma9 idea 9 ?is in/ance 0 to evolve a =m ( roll] photography1 ! ,briti% exp]im5t] be+ ,mr4 ,blair4 ,he likewise met ) success2 & ! film 0 manufactur$ at ,/4 ,m>y ,cray 9 ,k5t4 ,?\gh ?is film 0 f> f be+ p]fect1 %[+ consid]able v>iation 9 ?ickness1 x s]v$ to assi/ ! exp]im5ts 9 animat$ photography to a m>k$ degree4 ,! celluloid /rip ?us produc$ 0 ab\t twice ! wid? ( t n[ us$ 9 c9ematography1 & z 9 ! e>ly attempts t[>ds mov+ pictures1 no ef=t 0 be+ made t[>ds projection--! illusion 0 receiv$ by look+ into an in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! film travell$1 & beh9d :i* a light 0 plac$--x 0 made ) a matt surface1 s t x closely resembl$ gr\nd glass1 ^u :i* ! images /ood out di/9ctly & brilliantly4 ,! wid? ( ! film 0 gradually decreas$2 b ?is film-manufactur+ indu/ry nev] got a firm foo?old 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,blair company 0 m]g$ 9 t ( ! ,ea/man company 9 ,am]ica1 & x 0 n until _m ye>s _h pass$ t ano!r bid = p>ticipation 9 ! manufacture ( celluloid film = mov+ picture purposes 0 made by a ,briti% firm4 ,s soon z x leak$ out 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahhi t ,mr4 ,ea/man _h succe$$ 9 8 difficult se>*1 & t a film ) a transp>5t rigid support :i* 0 no m difficult to h&le ?an a glass plate1 & yet :i* 0 flexible & free f fragility1 0 comm]cially available1 ano!r exp]im5t] appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,he _h be5 lab\r+ 9 ! field = "s ye>s1 b1 realis+ ! futility ( glass plates1 _h po/pon$ 8 inve/igations until su* "t t a sub/itute c\ld be obta9$4 ,8 app>atus 0 ready1 b ! film 0 ! miss+ l9k4 ,imm$iately x 0 available he secur$ "s ( ! mat]ial & complet$ 8 app>atus4 ,t man 0 ,?omas ,alva ,edison1 & 8 8,k9etoscope10 0 ! fir/ comm]cial appliance to %[ pictures 9 natural movem5t4 ,animat$ photography 0 lift$ f ! realm ( exp]im5t into t ( comm]cial practicability4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,k9etoscope3 ,,! ,,animatograph3 ,,! ,,c9ematograph ,! ,k9etoscope ,! ,_w's ,fair at ,*icago drew huge cr[ds f all p>ts ( ! _w 9 #ahic4 ,! innum]able & v>i$ side-%[s ev9c$ ke5 rivalry to obta9 popul> patronage4 ,b !re 0 "o build+ %elt]+ a small in/rum5t :i* made a p>ticul>ly bold bid = public fav\r4 ,x 0 a novelty1 some?+ t ! man 9 ! /reet _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,! ann\ncem5t ran t 8,edison's ,k9etoscope1 %[+ photographs 9 motion1 0 to be se5 = ! fir/ "t40 ,x work$ automatically1 & to inve/igate ! new wond] ! curiosity-provok$ sightse] dropp$ a nickel--a co9 equal 9 value to #b;d4--into ! slot1 & appli$ 8 eye to ! peep-hole1 :5 he 0 treat$ to a new s5sation = ab\t #cj seconds4 ,he saw photographic pictures flit be=e 8 gaze 9 su* rapid succession t !y appe>$ to be imbu$ ) life4 ,*ildr5 skipp$1 ! lips ( an orator mov$ 9 speak+1 & s on4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 a m>vell\s device1 & ^? :o avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity to see x 9 op]ation by means ( ! nimble nickel1 express$ undisguis$ wond]m5t2 to _m x appe>$ uncanny4 ,! ,k9etoscope1 ,fig4 #c1 0 h\s$ 9 a wood5 cab9et ) a h+$ door at "o side4 ,)9 0 a wood5 frame ,a1 :i* c>ri$ a s]ies ( small reels ,b & ,b arrang$ 9 two horizontal r[s at ei!r edge ( ! frame4 ,at ! top ( ! frame !re 7 two l>g] :eels ,c1 betwe5 :i* 0 a magnify+ l5s ,d4 ,beh9d ! latt] !re 0 a small electric lamp & reflector ,f4 ,9 front ( ! magnify+ l5s !re 0 a disc hav+ a n>r[ radial slot ne> its edge1 :i* con/itut$ ! %utt]4 ,?is 0 rotat$ cont9u\sly1 & complet$ "o revolution dur+ ! passage ( ea* image across ! eye-piece or magnify+ l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,edison',s ,,fir/ ,,k9etoscope4 ,! ribbon ( pictures1 pr9t$ z transp>5cies ^u a /rip ( celluloid film1 some:at d5se s z to br+ out ! detail1 =m$ an endless b& ,e1 #dj feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is 0 ?read$ ov] ! v>i\s reels 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & f9ally pass$ ov] ! fir/ l>ge :eel ,c1 !nce to ! second l>ge :eel ,c1 & back once m on to ! reels ,b ,b4 ,?\gh #dj feet con/itut$ ! av]age l5g? ( film employ$1 long] ones c\ld be us$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 by increas+ ! numb] ( reels on ! frame4 ,z ! film pass$ f "o ( ! l>ge :eels ,c to ! o!r1 x _h to trav]se ! field ( ! magnify+ l5s1 & ! light1 /rik+ ?r\gh ! transp>5cy1 gave ! p]son look+ ?r\gh ! eye-piece a slightly magnifi$ view ( ! picture4 ,! cab9et /ood on end1 s t "o _h to b5d ov] ! in/rum5t to pe] ?r\gh ! small eye-piece4 ,:5 ! co9 dropp$ into ! slot1 an electric motor 0 />t$1 sett+ ! film & %utt] 9 motion4 ,! film travell$ f left to "r1 :ile ! %utt] rotat$ 9 ! opposite direction1 cutt+ up ! b& ( pictures into sep>ate images1 s t only "o 0 se5 at a "t4 ,! b& travell$ cont9u\sly1 & ea* image 0 mom5t>ily r5d]$ visible by ! light fla%+ ?r\gh ! radial slot 9 ! %utt]1 ! effect be+ ! same z if ! electric inc&esc5t lamp 7 ext+ui%$ & relight$ int]mitt5tly1 at v brief int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edison',s ,,fir/ ,,k9etoscope4 ,?is ma*9e1 complet$ ab\t #ahij1 0 v crude4 ,x 0 kn[n z ! 8peep-hole10 because "o pe]$ into ! cab9et ?r\gh ! eye-piece at side4 ,! %utt] _h to be revolv$ at suffici5t spe$ to br+ ! radial slot ne> its edge c5trally ov] an image2 9 o!r words1 ! %utt] _h to complete its revolution ) suffici5t spe$ to br+ ! op5+ ov] ! picture at ! mom5t ! latt] on ! travell+ celluloid film came into ! c5tre ( ! field ( ! l5s4 ,:5 ?is op]ation 0 c>ri$ out ) suffici5t velocity1 ! images 7 se5 9 su* rapid succession z to convey ! idea ( cont9u\s motion1 by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( visual p]si/5ce4 ,"o po9t mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,! b& ( pictures travell$ cont9u\sly4 ,x did n1 z 9 ! ma*9e ( to-day1 make a mom5t>y pause z x came betwe5 ! light & ! l5s4 ,! movem5t to-day is int]mitt5t1 n cont9u\s1 ?\gh1 curi\sly en\gh1 all ! e>ly exp]im5t]s /rove fir/ t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! latt] arrangem5t4 ,cont9u\s motion ( ! film has prov$ to be impossible1 because ! %utt] mu/ revolve at su* a spe$ t ! illum9ation is n suffici5t to produce a bright impression ^u ! scre54 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! film slipp+ 9 any way :ile travell+ ov] ! smoo? reels by friction1 a too!d sprocket 0 introduc$ to ensure ! film be+ f$ regul>ly & /eadily be=e ! l5s2 & to secure a pur*ase ^u ! film ! latt] 0 p]=at$ uni=mly along ! m>g9 to engage ) ! sprocket tee?4 ,edison f\nd1 z a result ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t f\r p]=ations p] picture1 on ei!r side ( ! film1 gave ! be/ results1 ?\gh 9 8 e>lie/ inve/igations he conf9$ himself to p]=at+ only "o edge 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,edison ,film made ab\t #ahia = ! k9etoscope4 ,edison ,film made 9 #aiaa = ! c9ematograph4 ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s' ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,9 ,,films4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two films is t ! k9etoscope film _h to be made v d5se4 ,! size ( ! picture1 #a-;in* wide by -in* deep1 & p]=ation gauge1 are id5tical4 ,al?\gh _m ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! ,k9etoscope fir/ />tl$ ! public1 ! film has und]gone b little *ange4 ,! wid? rema9s ! same2 ! dim5sions ( ! picture are id5tical2 & ! p]=ation gauge has nev] be5 revis$ 9 reg>d to ! numb] ( holes p] picture4 ,! only sali5t diff]5ce betwe5 two ,edison films1 tak5 at int]vals ( tw5ty ye>s1 relates to ! d5sity ( ! picture1 :i* n[adays1 be+ project$ ^u a scre5 in/ead ( be+ foll[$ ?r\gh a magnify+ glass at %ort range1 is ?9n] & light]4 ,brilliant z ! ,k9etoscope 01 x made no great impression ^u ! public4 ,x became kn[n z ! 8peep-hole ma*9e10 & 0 reg>d$1 l ! telephone 9 its e>ly days1 z a sci5tific toy4 ,edison appe>s to h fail$ to grasp its possibilities & ! important "p x 0 de/9$ to play 9 our complex life1 = he did n pat5t x 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,animatograph ,among ^? :o saw ! in/rum5t at ! ,_w's ,fair 7 two ,greek visitors f ,london4 ,"o 0 a gre5groc]1 ! o!r a toy-mak]4 ,) %rewd bus9ess in/9ct !y p]ceiv$ "h an opportunity to make a =tune 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,k9etoscope 0 kn[n only by "n 9 ,london1 & ! se>* = novelty 9 reg>d to new =ms ( amusem5t inevitably br+s a ri* rew>d to ! +5i\s exploit]4 ,! two m5 acquir$ a ma*9e & br\ght x home ) !m1 _! int5tion be+ to make duplicates & in/al !m 9 public places1 to "w ^u ! p5ny-9-!-slot pr9ciple4 ,! two ,greeks evid5tly 7 n animat$ by v l(ty ideas ( bus9ess integrity1 = !y did n tr\ble to asc]ta9 if ! ,k9etoscope 7 pat5t$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,^u arrival 9 ,london !y s\ght = a man :o c\ld duplicate ! ma*9e !y _h br\ght ) !m2 & !y approa*$ ,mr4 ,rob]t ,w4 ,paul1 an electrical eng9e] & sci5tific in/rum5t mak]1 :o at t "t _h 8 work%ops 9 ,hatton ,g>d54 ,!y br\ght ! ,k9etoscope to him4 ,he _h nev] se5 x be=e1 & 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 its op]ation4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y sugge/$ t he %\ld produce copies ( x to _! ord]1 he decl9$1 = he felt sure t ,edison nev] w\ld h omitt$ to secure its protection 9 ,great ,brita94 ,he po9t$ out to ! ,greeks t reproduction w\ld probably be illegal1 & t bo? he & !y w\ld expose !mselves to litigation & heavy damages = infr++ a pat5t4 ,8 cli5ts express$ dissatisfaction at ?is decision & dep>t$ ) ! in/rum5t4 ,aft] !y _h gone1 ,paul 0 prompt$ to make a se>* at ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 & to 8 int5se surprise he f\nd t ,edison _h n protect$ 8 inv5tion by tak+ out ,briti% pat5ts4 ,he 0 ?us at lib]ty to build z _m ma*9es z he desir$1 & =?) he set to "w1 n only = 8 ,greek visitors1 b also = 8 own m>ket4 ,! exp]i5ce ) ! ,k9etoscope 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 duplicat$ 9 ,great ,brita91 z1 inde$1 x 0 9 e o!r c\ntry :]e x 0 plac$ on exhibition4 ,sev]al ma*9es 7 set up at app>5tly suitable po9ts1 b ! public fail$ to respond4 ,two factors contribut$ to ?is result4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ma*9es 7 weighty1 & z ! electricity = driv+ ! motor & light+ ! inc&esc5t electric lamp 0 drawn f accumulators1 ! :ole app>atus 0 some:at bulky & awkw>d to move f place to place4 ,besides1 x 0 difficult to secure ! necess>y films2 suffici5t v>iety c\ld n be suppli$ = ! ma*9es4 ,only "o company 0 engag$ at ! "t 9 _! production--! ,am]ican ,k9etoscope ,company--& ! only /udio 9 op]ation 0 at ,orange 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ! output ( :i* 0 relatively small4 ,"u ^! circum/ances public curiosity c\ld n be su/a9$4 ,! difficulty ) ! film supply pres5tly became /ill m acute4 ,! ,am]ican company le>n$ t ! ,k9etoscope 0 be+ manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 & t ,am]ican films 7 be+ us$ ) ,engli% ma*9es4 ,z manufacture c\ld n be prev5t$1 ow+ to ,great ,brita9 be+ an op5 m>ket1 & z1 consequ5tly1 ,paul 0 p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 8 action1 ! ,am]ican company decid$ on a novel me?od ( fru/rat+ ,mr4 ,paul's ef=ts4 ,two ag5ts1 ,maguire & ,baucus1 came to ,london & endeav\r$ to corn] ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,!y secur$ ! output ( ,k9etoscope films f ,am]ica1 & decl9$ to sell !m to anyone 9 ,great ,brita9 :o did n possess an ,am]ican-built ma*9e4 ,! result 0 t all ! pur*as]s ( ! ,paul ,k9etoscopes f\nd !mselves unable to secure fur!r films2 ev5 ,paul himself c\ld n obta9 supplies4 ,! ,am]icans reg>d$ ! outlook ) complete self-satisfaction4 ,!y believ$ t ! ,engli% m>ket 0 )9 _! grasp4 ,b !y reckon$ )\t _! ho/4 ,paul 0 det]m9$ n to be vanqui%$ s easily1 especially z he _h sold ,k9etoscopes to cu/om]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & _h a /eady /ream ( buy]s flock+ to 8 work%ops f po9ts z remote z ,tokio1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,_m ( ^! e>ly pur*as]s ( ! ,briti%-built ,k9etoscopes h s9ce become fam\s 9 ! _w ( c9ematography ei!r z produc]s or manufactur]s1 notably ,monsieur ,*>les ,pa?1 ! f\nd] ( ! celebrat$ ,fr5* c9ematograph film manufactur+ e/abli%m5t1 :o 0 "o ( ,paul's fir/ cu/om]s4 ,n[ al?\gh ,paul _h manufactur$ sev]al ,k9etoscopes1 he realis$ ! disadvantages ( ! in/rum5t4 ,only "o p]son at a "t c\ld see ! picture 9 animation4 ,:at 0 requir$ 9 ord] to popul>ise mov+ pictures 0 to devise a way to enable sev]al hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s1 ( p to witness ! same subject simultane\sly4 ,paul's fir/ idea 0 to conv]t ! ord9>y ,k9etoscope into a project+ app>atus4 ,:ile he 0 quietly consid]+ ! feasibility ( ?is s*eme he 0 introduc$ to ano!r inv5tor ,mr4 ,birt ,acres1 at t "t 9 ! employm5t ( a firm engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( dry plates & bromide pap]s4 ,acres _h conceiv$ a me*anical means ( pr9t+ on bromide pap] f glass negatives a numb] ( copies ( a subject at a v rapid rate1 & _h committ$ to pap] 8 crude sugge/ion4 ,he submitt$ 8 draw+ to ,paul4 ,! negative 0 to be set 9 a frame1 b5ea? :i* ! bromide pap] travell$ ov] roll]s 9 a cont9u\s l5g?4 ,! coil ( pap] 0 to move a c]ta9 di/ance--! l5g? ( ! negative1 9 fact--& !n to pause2 :5 a flat pad1 c>ri$ at ! end ( a lev] b5ea? ! pap]1 0 to rise up & press ! latt] flatly & tightly aga9/ ! negative4 ,:5 ! exposure _h be5 made ! clamp+ device1 z x 0 call$1 fell back1 & p]mitt$ ! pap] to travel ano!r %ort di/ance to br+ a fre% unexpos$ surface b5ea? ! negative1 :5 ! same cycle ( op]ations 0 repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,paul',s ,,cam]a ,,%[+ ,,me*anism ,,= ,,mov+ ,,! ,,film ,,int]mitt5tly ,,pa/ ,,! ,,l5s4 ,,! ,,film ,,0 ,,c>ri$ ,,9 ,,deta*able ,,d>k ,,boxes4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,k9etoscope ,,film ,,made ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! manufacture ( films 0 comm5c$ 9 ,engl& by ,rob]t ,paul to ?w>t ! ,am]ican attempt to corn] ! ,briti% m>ket4 ,:5 ,acres br\ght 8 sket* to ,paul1 ! latt] 0 wre/l+ ) ! problem ( photograph+ objects 9 motion4 ,x 0 imp]ative to p]fect a cam]a 9 ord] to defeat ! ma*9ations ( ! ,am]icans b5t ^u ! capture ( ! ,engli% film m>ket4 ,9 ?is task1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ satisfactory means ( secur+ int]mitt5t motion 0 ! /umbl+ block4 ,he ?\ght = a "t t ,acres's +5i\s me?od ( pr9t+ bromide pr9ts might (f] a clue4 ,be+ a me*anical eng9e]1 ,paul recognis$ ! ineffici5cy ( ,acres's ideas z f> z its application to c9ematography 0 conc]n$1 because ! clamp+ device 0 n actuat$ by a positive drive4 ,b ! r\gh draw+ :i* ,acres _h made ( 8 bromide pr9t+ process set ,paul ?9k+1 & gave bir? 9 ! end to an entirely diff]5t project4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,black ,,m>ia10 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edison ,,/udio ,,= ,,mak+ ,,k9etoscope ,,films4 ,x 0 a rambl+ build+ ( *eap con/ruction m\nt$ c5trally ^u a pivot4 ,x revolv$ ^u a circul> track to face ! sun4 ,see page #aje4 ,8 ef=ts 7 accel]at$ by ! tactics ( ,maguire & ,baucus1 & x 0 n long be=e he produc$ a cam]a work+ ) an int]mitt5t motion4 ,) ?is cam]a "s excell5t films 7 obta9$1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^! 7 employ$ ) ! ,k9etoscope4 ,! pur*as]s ( ! ,paul ma*9es consequ5tly exp]i5c$ no difficulty :atev] 9 gett+ all ! films !y want$1 & ! ,am]ican product 0 ignor$4 ,x 0 n comp>able ) ! ,engli% films 9 excell5ce or v>iety1 & ,maguire & ,baucus retir$ f ! sc5e completely discomfit$4 ,! attempt to obta9 possession ( ! ,engli% m>ket 0 a dismal failure ow+ to ! unexpect$ ent]prise ( ,rob]t ,paul4 ,paul _h already attempt$ to apply ! pr9ciple gov]n+ ! op]ation ( ! ,k9etoscope to ! projection ( a picture ^u ! scre54 ,he _h contriv$ a special lant]n ?r\gh :i* ! film 0 run cont9u\sly1 ! revolution ( ! %utt] s]v+ to cut out ea* picture on ! film1 & ?r[ x individually ^u ! %eet1 !reby br++ x into a /ation>y position = a m9ute fraction ( a second4 ,b ! project+ ef=ts 7 some:at di%e>t5+4 ,! illusory effect 0 produc$2 b ! picture 0 s fa9t z to r5d] ! result ( no comm]cial value4 ,! conditions att5d+ ! wat*+ ( ! pictures at a range ( ab\t six or eight in*es1 z 9 ! ,k9etoscope1 & at "o ( t5 times z _m feet1 :5 ?r[n ^u a :it5$ wall or scre51 7 va/ly diff]5t4 ,! %utt] _h to revolve at su* a rapid rate to prev5t blurr+ t a suffici5t volume ( light c\ld n be pass$ ?r\gh ea* picture 9 ! %ort int]val ! %utt] 0 op5--less ?an #a_/a1jjj? ( a second--s ! resultant image 0 fa9t & ill-def9$4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! film w\ld h to be br\ght mom5t>ily1 by "s means or o!r1 into a fix$ position beh9d ! l5s1 s z to enable suffici5t light to pass ?r\gh to ! scre51 to yield a picture comp>+ ) t ( a slide project$ f a magic lant]n2 &1 fur!r1 t ! picture w\ld h to be mov$ dur+ its eclipse by ! %utt]1 9 ord] to all[ ! next image to be br\ght into place4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( ! film mov+ =w>ds cont9u\sly1 x w\ld h to advance ) a j]ky or int]mitt5t motion :ile ! %utt] 0 pass+ across ! l5s1 & cutt+ (f ! light f ! scre54 ,paul conc5trat$ 8 en]gies ^u ?is problem4 ,x 0 by no means a simple und]tak+1 = !re 7 no previ\s ef=ts 9 ! same direction to assi/ him4 ,! great po9t 0 h[ to br+ successive pictures into position be=e ! l5s4 ,he ?\ght out a clamp+ device1 :i* is kn[n z ! 8gate10 & :i* he atta*$ beh9d ! l5s4 ,?is gate 0 =m$ ( two p>ts1 "o fix$ & ! o!r hav+ a sw++ or op5+ movem5t4 ,! fix$ "p 0 pi]c$ ) an ap]ture :i* c\ld be r$uc$ by a slid+ diaphragm4 ,! ap]ture ( ! second "p 0 ( ! same %ape & dim5sions z ! picture on ! film4 ,! film 0 w\nd on a spool1 & f ?is x pass$ ?r\gh ! gate & !nce ov] a sprocket1 ! tee? ( :i* engag$ ) ! p]=ations 9 ! edge ( ! celluloid b&4 ,! sprocket _h to move int]mitt5tly1 9 su* a way t a l5g? ( film correspond+ to ! dep? ( a picture 0 drawn ?r\gh ! gate at ea* movem5t1 :ile ! %utt] mom5t>ily cut (f ! light1 o!rwise !re w\ld h be5 a confusion ( two consecutive pictures project$ at ! same "t4 ,h[ ?is movem5t 0 evolv$ is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,x seems a simple task1 b x prov$ exasp]at+ly difficult to secure accuracy1 smoo?ness ( motion1 & ! /ead9ess ( ! picture :5 ?r[n on ! scre54 ,ab\t ?ree o'clock "o morn+1 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #ahie1 ! quietness ( ,hatton ,g>d5 0 di/urb$ by l\d & prolong$ %\ts4 ,! police ru%$ hurri$ly to ! build+ :5ce ! cries proce$$1 & f\nd ,paul & 8 colleagues 9 _! work%op1 giv+ v5t to :ole-he>t$ exub]ance ( triumph4 ,!y _h j succe$$ 9 ?r[+ ! fir/ p]fect animat$ pictures ^u a scre54 ,to comp5sate ! police = _! fruitless inve/igation1 ! film1 :i* 0 #dj feet 9 l5g? & produc$ a picture #g feet squ>e1 0 run ?r\gh ! special lant]n = _! edification4 ,!y reg>d$ ! /range spectacle z ample comp5sation1 & _h ! satisfaction ( be+ ! fir/ memb]s ( ! public to see mov+ pictures ?r[n ^u ! scre54 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahif1 ! fir/ public demon/ration ) ?is projection app>atus1 describ$ z ! 8,!atrograph10 0 giv5 at ! ,f9sbury ,te*nical ,college1 & x caus$ a ?rill ( excitem5t & int]e/4 ,a few days lat]1 on ,febru>y #bh?1 #ahif1 ! app>atus 0 %[n 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,aga9 x /irr$ en?usiasm1 & ,mr4 ,rob]t ,paul 0 congratulat$ w>mly ^u ! success ( 8 "w by _m ( ! lead+ ,briti% sci5ti/s ( ! day4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ demon/ration ( animat$ photography be=e a sci5tific in/itution 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! films display$ 7 ^? :i* _h be5 tak5 by ! pati5t exp]im5t] & 8 collaborators = ! ,k9etoscope1 & includ$1 among o!r ?+s1 a 8,%oeblack at "w 9 a ,london /reet10 & ( 8,a ,r\gh ,sea at ,dov]40 ,! fact t ! display 0 giv5 be=e "o ( ! =emo/ sci5tific bodies 9 ! _w /amp$ x z be+ a developm5t ( signal importance4 ,! int]e/ x creat$ 0 univ]sal4 ,among ^? :o saw ! demon/ration 0 ,lady ,h>ris1 ! wife ( ! fam\s impres>io1 ,sir ,augu/us ,h>ris1 :o ev9c$ ! ke5e/ en?usiasm 9 ! app>atus1 & :o pli$ ! exp]im5t] ) se>*+ que/ions z to h[ ! app>5t animation 0 obta9$4 ,next morn+ ,paul receiv$ an urg5t invitation f ,sir ,augu/us ,h>ris to jo9 him at breakfa/4 ,! latt] _h he>d f ,lady ,h>ris all ab\t ! rem>kable exhibition at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 &1 ) a %[man's ke5 in/9ct1 desir$ to glean fur!r details )\t delay4 ,he said t he _h he>d 9 ,p>is ( a ,fr5* inv5tion simil> to ,paul's4 ,?is took ! ,engli% exp]im5t] by surprise1 = he _h be5 lab\r+ 9 absolute ignorance t o!r m5 7 at "w 9 ! same field4 ,h[ev]1 ! impres>io 0 on bus9ess b5t4 ,he saw ! possibilities ( ! ,!atrograph z a =m ( amusem5t1 & ,paul 0 ask$ if he 7 will+ to p]mit its be+ exploit$ at ,olympia1 :i* ,h>ris _h acquir$4 8,well1 ,i don't "k10 rejo9$ ! exp]im5t]4 8,i h no idea ( its value f ! public po9t ( view40 ,he ?\ght t ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,briti% public to ! ,k9etoscope did n augur well = ! new developm5t4 8,n[ look "h10 cont9u$ ,sir ,augu/us ,h>ris4 8,x won't draw ! public = m ?an a mon?4 ,!y soon get tir$ ( ^! novelties4 ,are y prep>$ to come 9 on %>+ t]ms1 say1 #ej p] c5t4 ( ! receipts8 ,d y agree80 ,paul 0 some:at d\btful ( ! results1 b he acquiesc$1 & ! agreem5t 0 drawn up !re & !n4 ,! sequel %[$ h[ ill-f\nd$ 8 appreh5sions _h be54 ,! ,!atrograph caught ! popul> fancy1 & prov$ ! mo/ p[]ful amusem5t-magnet at ,olympia4 ,x 0 ! fir/ picture palace 9 ! _w1 t is to say1 ! fir/ e/abli%m5t devot$ exclusively to ! projection ( mov+ pictures z a complete ent]ta9m5t4 ,f x ! :ole mod]n developm5t ( c9ematography may be said to h sprung4 ,inde$1 x is difficult to realise ! effect produc$ ^u ! _w at l>ge1 ?r\gh ! skill & indu/ry ( ,rob]t ,w4 ,paul4 ,s f> z ,great ,brita9 is conc]n$1 he c]ta9ly fa!r$ ! ent]prise ( animat$ photography1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 ,briti% c9ematographic circles he is kn[n popul>ly z 8,daddy ,paul40 ,! lapse ( "t has n effect$ any ess5tial *ange 9 ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus4 ,! cam]a & projector z us$ to-day are fundam5tally ! same z ^? ,paul fir/ employ$4 ,modifications h be5 made 9 details ( ! me*anism1 b !y are ( slight importance4 ,:5 ! outcry aga9/ ! dang] ( ! c9ematograph 0 rais$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! indu/ry1 z a result ( ! fire at ! ,*>ity ,baza> 9 ,p>is1 x 0 f\nd t ,paul _h realis$ ! dang] & _h endeav\r$ to gu>d aga9/ x1 ?\gh 8 idea1 be+ some:at premature1 0 disreg>d$ at ! "t4 ,! success ( ! 8,!atrograph0 at ,olympia caus$ a :olesale dem& = ! new m>vel4 ,p want$ to atta* ! device to exi/+ magic lant]ns1 s t animat$ pictures c\ld be produc$ ^u ! scre5 :5ev] desir$4 ,paul /ill *]i%$ su* little fai? 9 8 inv5tion t he sold ! projector atta*m5t = ! small sum ( #e 7#be71 & x c\ld be fix$ to any lant]n4 ,he 0 inundat$ ) ord]s f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,_m en?usia/s acquir$ a complete project+ outfit1 ! price ( :i* at t "t 0 ab\t #hj 7#djj74 ,! capacity ( ! work%op 9 ,hatton ,g>d5 prov$ q inadequate to ! dem&4 ,! m5 work$ night & day turn+ out ! project+ app>atus1 & ! sale aggregat$ sev]al hundr$s /]l+ p] week dur+ ! ye>s #ahif & #ahig4 ,prov9cial %[m5 lo/ no "t 9 acquir+ ! novelty1 or arrang$ ) ! inv5tor to provide su* an item 9 _! programmes4 ,)9 a %ort "t tw5ty ma*9es 7 be+ op]at$ "u ,paul's p]sonal direction 9 ! prov9ces4 ,london 0 by no means backw>d 9 foll[+ up ! developm5t4 ,! fir/ to introduce mov+ pictures to a metropolitan vaudeville audi5ce 0 ,mr4 ,m\l1 ! en]getic manag] ( ! ,alhambra ,!atre4 ,l ,sir ,augu/us ,h>ris1 h[ev]1 he reg>d$ x m]ely z a n9e-days' wond]1 & did n ?9k t ! s5sation x _h creat$ c\ld be su/a9$ = m ?an a week or s1 :i* %[s h[ ev5 ! mo/ a/ute %[man may sometimes err 9 gaug+ ! public ta/e1 & also p>5!tically ! pr(essional e/imation ( ! idea4 ,an arrangem5t 0 made :]eby ,paul und]took to give a display ) ! 8,animatograph0--?is "n _h be5 sub/itut$ = ! orig9al 8,!atrograph0--at ! ,alhambra ,!atre1 = a =tnight f ,m>* #be?1 #ahif4 ,accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! contract1 if ! display prov$ popul>1 x 0 to be prolong$ ^u ! same t]ms until mov+ pictures fell f public fav\r4 ,t engagem5t ( f\rte5 days grew into "o ( f\r ye>s6 ,= ov] #a1jjj nights ,paul p]sonally sup]9t5d$ 8 mov+ pictures at ! ,alhambra2 & !n retir$ only because ( pressure ( "w 9 o!r directions4 ,( c\rse1 o!r music halls 9 ! metropolis acquir$ ! app>atus4 ,op]ators 7 sc>ce1 & !y c\ld n be tra9$ rapidly en\gh to meet ! dem&4 ,z a rule1 m5 manipulat+ ! limelight 9 ! !atres 7 f\nd to be ! mo/ suitable = ! purpose1 & !y readily accept$ an opportunity to e>n #d 7#bj7 p] week = a few m9utes' "w e day4 ,times h *ang$ s9ce !n1 & to-day op]ators c be secur$ = ab\t half t sum z weekly wage4 ,at "o "t 9 ! e>ly days ,paul _h no less ?an eight !atres 9 ,london dem&+ 8 p]sonal att5dance1 involv+ a nightly j\rney ( tw5ty miles4 ,x is significant ( ! trem5d\s en?usiasm t 0 ar\s$ by ! mov+ pictures t ! manag]s ( ! v>i\s halls _h to arrange _! programmes to suit ! conv5i5ce ( ! op]ator1 s t !re might be no int]f]5ce ) 8 c>efully prep>$ "t-table ( 8 ev5+'s movem5ts f "o place to ano!r4 ,! exig5cies ( ! manufacture ( app>atus & films became at la/ ( su* a "* t ,paul f\nd ! /ra9 ( op]at+ to be intol]able1 s he retir$ f active "w 9 ! project+ _w4 ,8 film manufactur+ bus9ess atta9$ consid]able proportions1 & ?is 0 cont9u$ until ! latt] "p ( #aijh1 :5 he ab&on$ all active p>ticipation 9 ! indu/ry he _h initiat$1 to devote himself to 8 "w on precision in/rum5ts = electrical measurem5ts4 ,8 association ) c9ematography to-day is v slight1 be+ conf9$ mo/ly to collaboration ) em95t physici/s & sci5ti/s 9 illu/rat+ sci5tific subjects by ! aid ( motion photography4 ,! ,c9ematograph4 ,:ile ,rob]t ,w4 ,paul 0 busy 9 8 laboratory1 problems id5tical ) 8 own 7 engag+ ! att5tion ( ,fr5* exp]im5t]s1 & notably ( ,messrs4 ,lumire & ,sons1 ( ,p>is & ,lyons1 a firm fam\s 9 ! manufacture ( photographic app>atus1 dry plates1 & pap]1 ^: ef=ts to solve ! problem ( natural col\r photography are well kn[n to ! _w4 ,_! att5tion1 l ,paul's1 0 fir/ direct$ to ?is new field by ! ,k9etoscope1 :i* made its appe>ance 9 ,france ab\t #ahic4 ,messrs4 ,lumire in/antly realis$ its drawbacks & limitations1 ! greate/ ( :i*1 f _! po9t ( view1 0 ! fact t ! long ribbon ( in/antane\s pictures 0 visible to "o p]son only4 ,!n aga9 !y consid]$ ! numb] ( pictures %[n p] second--?irty--to be too high4 ,!y s\ght to devise an app>atus op]at+ ) an int]mitt5t action1 :]eby a %ort l5g? ( film correspond+ to ! dep? ( a picture 0 j]k$ into position beh9d ! l5s :ile ! light 0 eclips$ by ! %utt]1 & aft]w>ds to project ! same pictures by a simil> me*anism4 ,) ! ,k9etoscope z a basis !y set to "w1 &1 by means ( a reciprocat+ motion giv5 to a hook frame "u ! movem5t ( a triangul> piece ( me*anism1 !y succe$$ 9 /opp+ & />t+ ! film alt]nately ) su* a degree ( nicety t ! successive sections ( film 7 br\ght into position be=e ! l5s )\t damag+ ! guid+ p]=at+ holes or films4 ,?is con/itut$ ! sali5t feature ( ! ,lumire device & ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! pat5t4 ,! ,lumire cam]a 0 di/9ctly +5i\s1 simple & positive 9 its action1 z well z be+ light & compact4 ,! me*anism :]eby ! film 0 j]k$ d[n suffici5tly aft] ea* exposure to br+ ano!r section ( s5sitis$ surface be=e ! l5s1 may be lik5$ to two project+ f+]s :i* engag$ ) a hole on ei!r side ( ! film4 ,^! two p9s1 or hooks1 by ! revolv+ action ( a triangul> ecc5tric1 7 br\ght =w>d t[>ds ! film & engag$ ) ! p]=ations4 ,:5 ! %utt] swung across ! l5s1 ?us cutt+ (f ! light1 ?is pair ( f+]s dropp$ d[n1 sm>tly j]k+ ! film ) !m4 ,! latt] 0 !n gripp$ & held firmly 9 position dur+ ! next exposure1 :5 ! two f+]s )drew f ! p]=ations1 rose %>ply upw>ds1 & clut*$ ! film once m by ! next pair ( p]=ations4 ,:ile ! ,lumire exp]im5t]s adopt$ ! wid? ( film us$ 9 ! ,k9etoscope & secur$ pictures ( ! same dim5sions1 yet !y made an important deviation f ,edison's idea4 ,in/ead ( mak+ f\r p]=ations p] picture on ei!r side ( ! film at regul> int]vals1 !y made j "o r\nd hole on ea* side ( ! image4 ,^! p]=ations 7 plac$ #bj millimetres--approximately #d_/e in*--ap>t4 ,! reason = ?is deviation f ! ,edison me?od 0 t !y _h refra9$ f ! use ( too!d sprockets su* z ,edison & ,paul _h adopt$1 & :i* _h to me% ) ! film s z to fe$ x regul>ly & /eadily =w>d be=e ! l5s 9 bo? ! cam]a & ! projector4 ,f ! me*anical po9t ( view !irs 0 a pref]able me?od1 inasmu* z ! comp>ative clos5ess ( ! p]=ations 9 ! ,edison gauge some:at weak5s ! /r5g? ( ! film1 & c easily result 9 te>+4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ,messrs4 ,lumire 7 9 ignorance ( ! ef=ts ( ,paul1 9 j ! same way z ! ,briti% inve/igator 0 oblivi\s ( ! "w ( ! ,fr5*m54 ,9 ,france ! ,k9etoscope fail$1 z x did 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ! ,fr5* po9t ( view a unique opportunity exi/$ to e/abli% a new indu/ry2 accord+ly !y manufactur$ sev]al films ^u _! pr9ciple4 ,! orig9al b&s ( pictures 7 #ag metres--ne>ly #ef feet--9 l5g?4 ,un=tunately = ! ,lumire firm1 ! ,k9etoscope _h1 ?anks to ,paul1 be5 pur*as$ m g5]ally ?an 0 at fir/ ?\ght possible2 :ile ,paul _h m>ket$ 9 ,engl& a consid]able numb] ( films c>ry+ ! ,edison /&>d p]=ation4 ,! result 0 t !y c\ld n dispose ( _! films to p :o 7 already possess$ ( ! mov+ picture ma*9e1 & :o dem&$ films ( ! ,edison gauge4 ,messrs4 ,lumire ultimately ab&on$ ! s+le p]=ation on ei!r side ( ! picture 9 fav\r ( t :i* _h come into vogue ?r\gh ! ,k9etoscope & ! "w ( ,paul4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,e>ly ,,lumi,,re ,,project+ ,,sy/em ,,%[+ ,,wat] ,,cond5s] ,b4 ,! e>ly ,lumire projector 0 v int]e/+4 ,realis+ ! high inflammability ( ! celluloid film1 & ! int5se heat produc$ by ! focuss+ ( ! electric arc light ?r\gh ! cond5s] ^u ! film1 ! exp]im5t]s s\ght to remove ! dang] ( fire by c\nt]act+ ! heat production ( ! rays ( light4 ,a sph]ical bottle1 fill$ ) wat]1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! electric arc & ! l5s to act z cond5s]1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! bottle ,b 0 encas$ 9 a metal cyl9d] ,e1 fix$ to ! front ( ! lant]n ,a by f\r rods1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a screw ,v4 ,! metal cyl9d] ,e 0 cont9u$ =w>ds 9 ! =m ( a tube ,f1 ! end ( :i* 0 fitt$ ) a h+$ %utt] ,g c>ry+ a small piece ( gr\nd glass ,h4 ,:5 ! film 0 set 9 motion ?is h+$ %utt] 0 lift$ & laid back ^u ! top ( ! tube to :i* x 0 atta*$4 ,! sph]ical bottle1 :i* 0 fill$ ) di/ill$ wat] to :i* a few drops ( acetic acid 7 add$1 act$ 9 exactly ! same way z ! glass cond5s] ( to-day4 ,b x possess$ ?is advantage4 ,! lum9\s rays 7 conc5trat$1 & !re 0 no loss ( lum9\s light2 only ! heat rays 7 absorb$ almo/ entirely by ! wat]4 ,ano!r b5eficial result 0 t ! light ?r[n ?r\gh ! picture1 & !nce on to ! scre51 0 :it]1 because ! cond5s] glass is gre5i%1 & imp>ts t t9t to ! light pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ab\t #cj or #dj m9utes ! wat] "u ! action ( ! heat rays comm5c$ to boil1 b no inconv5i5ce result$4 ,a piece ( coke ,d1 atta*$ to a %ort l5g? ( wire ,c1 0 susp5d$ 9 ! decant] & plac$ j bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 ?us caus+ x to boil ) complete ev5ness2 !re 0 no spurt+ ( ! cont5ts1 & no bubbl+ to int]f]e ) ! light4 ,if ! sph]e ( wat] 7 remov$ or brok5 dur+ ! op]ation ( ! lant]n1 z ! cond5sation ( ! light rays imm$iately ceas$ !re 0 no dang] ( ! film be+ set alight4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 9 pass+1 t ,edison introduc$ a bulb ( alum wat] betwe5 ! electric lamp & ! film z a heat absorb5t 9 8 ,k9etoscope4 ,al?\gh highly effici5t1 ?is exp$i5t possess$ c]ta9 drawbacks1 & consequ5tly 9 ! c\rse ( "t x 0 sup]s$$ by ! glass cond5s]4 ,me*anical +5uity succe$$ 9 devis+ a means ( m9imis+ ! dang] ( combu/ion or provid$ "s me?od ( smo!r+ x 9 its incipi5t /age4 ,al?\gh ! ,lumire inv5tion prov$ a great success 9 ,france1 & 0 ! fir/ comm]cial app>atus produc$ 9 t c\ntry1 x did n get a foo?old 9 ,great ,brita91 ow+ to ! contemporane\s "w ( ,paul4 ,! ,lumire app>atus 0 a well-built me*anism1 typical ( ,fr5* workman%ip1 b if any?+ r too light = g5]al we> & te>4 ,x 0 introduc$ to ! ,engli% public by ,pr(essor ,treuw1 ! fam\s ,fr5* conjur]1 at ! ,reg5t ,/reet ,polyte*nic 9 #ahif1 b fail$ to provoke a s5sation1 because ,paul's 8,!atrograph0 _h already be5 se5 at ,olympia & held fir/ place 9 public e/eem4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x creat$ widespread int]e/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e1 at ! "t ( its arrival1 projection ^u ! scre5 0 unkn[n4 ,paul's ma*9e _h n p5etrat$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 because ! ,briti% m>ket dem&$ 8 :ole att5tion4 ,x is a curi\s irony ( fate t1 al?\gh animat$ photography 0 fir/ made possible 9 ,am]ica by ! +5uity ( an ,am]ican inv5tor1 & ! only films !n available 7 ! product ( ! ,edison 8,black ,m>ia0 at ,orange1 yet x 0 a ,fr5* app>atus :i* laid ! f\ndations ( ! c9ematograph indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! product ( ,messrs4 ,lumire 0 introduc$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! ent]prise ( "o man1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,g4 ,hollaman1 ! en]getic presid5t ( ! ,ed5 ,muse ,company4 ,mr4 ,hollaman saw ! ,k9etoscope at ! ,*icago ,_w's ,fair 9 ! summ] ( #ahic1 b z x 0 crude & did n ar\se great en?usiasm1 he took no especial int]e/ 9 x4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 he acquir$ an improv$ ,k9etoscope f ,b]l91 :i* _h be5 made by ! celebrat$ electrical eng9e]+ firm1 ,siem5s & ,halske4 ,?is ma*9e 0 circul> 9 %ape1 & %[$ ! pictures 9 movem5t 9 mu* ! same way z ,edison's contrivance4 ,two ( ! ma*9es 7 in/all$ 9 ! ,ed5 ,muse & rema9$ !re = six mon?s4 ,at ! end ( t "t !y 7 ab&on$ = ! reason t no new films c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahif an exhibition 0 giv5 9 a %op 9 ,p>k ,r[1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! pictures 7 ?r[n ^u ! scre54 ,! ma*9e _h be5 devis$ & built by an exp]im5t] nam$ ,la?am1 b x 0 exce$+ly faulty4 ,! pictures %[n depict$ two prize fight]s1 b ! images vibrat$ s viol5tly on ! scre51 & 7 s scrat*$ & imp]fect1 t ! eyes ( spectators 7 subject$ to a fe>ful /ra91 & ! app>atus 0 comm]cially valueless4 ,mr4 ,hollaman s\ght out ! inv5tor ) a view to ! p]fection ( ! device = 8 !atre1 b le>n$ t lack ( capital prev5t$ ,la?am f p]fect+ 8 app>atus4 ,a little lat] ! presid5t ( ! ,ed5 ,muse receiv$ a communication f a firm nam$ ,raff & ,gammon4 ,!y (f]$ him ! ,/ate rights = a mov+ picture ma*9e :i* _h be5 design$ by ,edison1 & ( :i* !y 7 emp[]$ to dispose on 8 behalf4 ,!y invit$ ,mr4 ,hollaman to a demon/ration at ,ko/] & ,bial's !atre1 :]e !y ?rew a picture ^u ! scre5 :i* measur$ ab\t #aj feet 9 wid? by #f feet 9 dep?4 ,mr4 ,hollaman has told me t he recall$ v vividly two ( ! films he saw !re4 ,"o depict$ 8,mammy wa%+ h] *ild10 :ile ! o!r 0 8,! ,g>d5] play+ ! ,hose40 ,bo? ^! films 7 made by ,lumire & ,sons at ,lyons4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahif ! ,lumire app>atus appe>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,hurd1 act+ z ag5t = ! ,fr5* manufactur]s1 & ?is 0 ! fir/ practical c9ematograph app>atus to be se5 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a demon/ration 0 giv51 & ,mr4 ,hollaman1 realis+ ! trem5d\s /rides x repres5t$ 9 ! projection ( mov+ pictures1 made a contract = its in/allation at ! ,ed5 ,muse4 ,! picture ?r[n on ! scre5 by ?is projector measur$ #bb by #af feet4 ,f ! day ! 8,c9ematographe0 0 fir/ %[n to ! public 9 ! ,ed5 ,muse 9 #ahif1 x has con/itut$ a p]man5t feature ( ! place4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,hollaman has be5 ! pione] ( all developm5ts 9 ! field ( c9ematography 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,fr5* ma*9es _h be5 9 use = "s "t1 :5 ,lumire's ag5t1 :o _h let !m out on lease1 sudd5ly call$ 9 all ! projectors & retir$ f active op]ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r ma*9e _h to be secur$ = ! ,ed5 ,muse1 & = ?ree mon?s a ,joli in/rum5t 0 us$1 foll[$ by an ,am]ican app>atus op]at$ by its mak]1 ,eb]h>d ,s*neid]4 ,ano!r *ange 0 made 9 ,septemb]1 #ahig1 :5 ,mr4 ,*>les ,urban1 n[ id5tifi$ ) ,k9emacolor1 b at t "t act+ z salesman = ,maguire & ,baucus1 :o _h endeav\r$ 9 va9 to ou/ ,paul 9 ,london & :o _h retir$ f ! sc5e aft] meet+ ) failure1 approa*$ ! ,ed5 ,muse ) a new projector1 :i* 0 in/all$4 ,"s "t lat] ,urban introduc$ a new ma*9e :i* he _h made himself1 & z x possess$ sev]al improvem5ts x 0 adopt$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ 8,bioscope10 z x 0 call$1 t 0 ev] %[n to ! public4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,maguire & ,baucus1 9 company ) ,urban1 left ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ,london1 to e/abli% an ,engli% c9ematograph firm "u ! "n ( ! ,w>wick ,trad+ ,company4 ,9 #aijj ,mr4 ,hollaman secur$ ! s]vices ( ,frank ,cannock1 an exp]t op]ator & me*anician1 = 8 c9ematograph dep>tm5t1 :i* _h n[ become ( p>am\nt importance2 & s9ce t date ! latt] has manufactur$ all ! ma*9es requir$ by ! ,ed5 ,muse4 ,i h giv5 a brief outl9e ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! /ory ( c9ematography1 ! epo* 9 :i* exp]im5t]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries 7 /ruggl+ to p]fect ! same idea1 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 & by diff]5t me?ods4 ,sev]al o!r inve/igators 7 engag$ 9 ! que/1 b _! "w 0 n ( su* importance z t ( ,edison1 ,paul1 or ,lumire4 ,! fir/ evolv$ ! crude idea1 & ! latt] two1 9 _! respective c\ntries1 produc$ successful app>atuses entirely diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,! "w ( ,rob]t ,paul %\ld comm& ! greate/ appreciation2 = ! ,bioscope1 :i* amuses ! multitude f morn+ to night e day betwe5 ! two ,poles1 is fundam5tally ! same z t :i* he introduc$ to ! !atrical _w = ! fir/ "t on ,m>* #be?1 #ahif4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h[ ,,! ,,celluloid ,,film ,,is ,,made ,i h already %[n h[ ! p]sev]ance & +5uity ( ,ea/man & ,walk] aid$ 9 solv+ ! problem ( animat$ photography4 ,_! film 0 us$ = ! fir/ "t exp]im5tally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z f> back z #ahhi1 al?\gh x did n ent] ! g5]al m>ket until ab\t two ye>s lat]4 ,f t "t !re 0 an increas+ dem& f ! ho/ ( exp]im5t]s = l>ge quantities ( ! n>r[1 ?9 s5sitis$ /rip ( celluloid4 ,z ! dem& increas$ ! *emi/s associat$ ) ! subject r$\bl$ _! ef=ts2 _! product 0 /ill f> f p]fection1 & ev5 to-day !y w admit t _m ab/ruse problems rema9 to be unravell$4 ,al?\gh ! pres5t-day consumption ( celluloid film = c9ematograph purposes is enorm\s1 aggregat+ sev]al million feet p] week1 ! manufactur+ process is ( su* a peculi> "* t ! numb] ( firms id5tifi$ ) its production c be c\nt$ ^u ! f+]s ( "o h&4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is controll$ by ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company1 :o h ext5sive factories at ,ro*e/] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & a l>ge e/abli%m5t at ,h>r[ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,france ,messrs4 ,lumire & ,sons1 & 9 ,g]many ! ,gaev]t firm1 h l>ge factories4 ,briti% ef=t is repres5t$ by ! ,au/9-,edw>ds ,company1 :i* produces an excell5t film1 b ! home indu/ry is 9 its infancy4 ,! ?ree fir/-nam$ firms supply almo/ ! entire dem&4 ,! ,ea/man firm has ! l>ge/ output1 ab\t #c1ejj1jjj feet p] week1 :i* is due to ! fact t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are ov] #ad1jjj picture palaces op5 e day f morn+ until midnight1 & _m l>ge firms engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! film subjects4 ,mo/ ( ! ,ea/man supply is us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,aside f x & ! ,fr5* & ,g]man products1 "s ( ! l>ge ,european film produc]s prep>e _! own /ock1 z ! celluloid base is call$4 ,if all ^! totals 7 add$ toge!r1 ! sum ( !m w\ld %[ some?+ l #f1jjj1jjj feet ( film1 9 bo? negatives & positives1 consum$ e week4 ,ea* c\ntry has millions ( p\nds inve/$ 9 ! ent]prise4 ,x is difficult to gauge ! proportions ( ! entire indu/ry4 ,if all its v>i$ bran*es are tak5 into consid]ation1 x probably ranks z "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,& ! :ole ( ?is developm5t has tak5 place )9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 ord] to ga9 an idea ( "o bran* ( ! indu/ry1 ! manufacture ( ! film1 "o mu/ pay a visit to ! ext5sive works ( ! ,ea/man ,company1 ! plant ( :i* is able to turn out no less ?an #g1bjj1jjj l9eal feet ( film = mov+ pictures e week--truly a trem5d\s output4 ,?is capacity has n be5 tax$ to ! utmo/ yet1 b :5 ! requisite ma*9]y 0 laid d[n1 ! company decid$ to anticipate ! future4 ,%\ld ! pres5t pace ( developm5t be ma9ta9$1 !re is no d\bt t1 be=e ! end ( ano!r tw5ty ye>s1 ?is firm w f9d its pres5t in/allation b>ely suffici5t to meet ! dem&4 ,cont9u$ *emical rese>* & improvem5t ( processes is t5d+ to r$uce ! co/ ( ! mat]ial1 & :ile at ! same "t ! mov+ picture bus9ess itself is exp&+ on all sides1 fre% m>kets are con/antly be+ op5$ up = ! products ( ! manufactur]s4 ,at ! ,ea/man works is to be se5 a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! gr[? 9 ! manufacture ( celluloid film4 ,9 ! room :]e ! +r$i5ts are mix$ toge!r !re is a small b>rel1 :i* w hold #ejj p\nds ( ! film mixture4 ,?is little b>rel1 toge!r ) ano!r ( ! same capacity1 suffic$ to meet all requirem5ts 9 ! ye> #ahia4 ,9 ! same build+ is a batt]y ( fifty huge b>rels1 ea* ) eight times ! capacity ( ! small "o1 & ^! are run night & day to meet ! pres5t dem& = ! mat]ial4 ,! little b>rel is no long] us$2 b x is pres]v$ z an hon\r$ relic ( ! pa/ & an eloqu5t witness ( ! trem5d\s gr[? ( ! film-manufactur+ indu/ry = c9ematography4 ,! +r$i5ts = ! film are gun-cotton1 kn[n te*nically z pyroxyl91 & wood alcohol4 ,! pyroxyl9 is prep>$ by treat+ cellulose devis$ f su* vegetable mat]ials z flax or cotton wa/e1 ) a mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acids4 ,! +r$i5ts are associat$ 9 l>ge cyl9drical tanks rang$ 9 long r[s ^u ! upp] floor1 & dis*>g$ ?r\gh trap doors into ! b>rels b5ea?4 ,! gun-cotton is !n dissolv$ 9 ! alcohol by me*anically rotat+ ! huge b>rels4 ,x is possible to treat 9 ?is way "s #bjj1jjj p\nds ( mat]ial at "o "t4 ,! mix+ process r$uces ! gun-cotton & wood alcohol to a visc\s liquid ( ! consi/5cy ( extract$ honey1 :i* sub/ance =ms ! base ( ! film1 or support = ! s5sitive emulsion1 & is kn[n te*nically z cellulose-nitrate4 ,:5 ! gun-cotton has be5 dissolv$ to ! requisite degree1 ! syrup-l mixture is drawn f ! b>rels & /or$ 9 cyl9drical tanks4 ,! next /ep is ! conv]sion ( ! mixture into %eets ( ! requisite ?9ness4 ,x is n roll$ out1 b p\r$ ^u suitably poli%$ supports1 & spreads out1 l v>ni%1 9 a ?9 film4 ,! ,ea/man pat5t specifies ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( receptacle = ! p\r+ process3 a long %eet ( poli%$ glass1 an endless poli%$ metallic belt1 & a revolv+ drum hav+ a highly poli%$ surface4 ,any ( ! ?ree w produce ! result2 & 9 ea* case ! deposit has to be p]mitt$ to dry to a c]ta9 degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company4 ,,! ,,dissolv+ ,,room4 ,! +r$i5ts = ! celluloid film are dissolv$ 9 l>ge tanks4 ,! liquids are drawn (f & l$ ?r\gh ! trap doors into 9-mix+ b>rels4 ,:5 ! dry+ is a*iev$1 ! ?9 coat+ ( transp>5t flexible mat]ial1 resembl+ a sk91 is /ripp$ f its support & coat$ ) ! s5sitive emulsion4 ,! latt] is ( two degrees ( s5sitiv5ess1 accord+ to :e!r ! film is to be us$ z a negative or a positive4 ,! =m] is ( ! v highe/ s5sitiv5ess to light t x is possible to obta91 s9ce "u normal circum/ances x is only expos$ = ! fraction ( a second2 :ile ! film requir$ = ! positive1 :i* is us$ = projection1 is r5d]$ less s5sitive1 z x c be giv5 a long] exposure 9 ! pr9t+ op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company4 ,,! ,,mix+ ,,b>rel4 ,?is picture conveys a /rik+ impression ( ! gr[? ( ! film manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,two small b>rels1 ea* hold+ #ejj p\nds1 made all ! film base or 8dope10 z x is call$1 9 #ahia4 ,! l>g] b>rel beh9d holds #d1jjj p\nds4 ,! base1 ) its s5sitis$ coat+1 is n[ p]mitt$ to become dry & h>d4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is op]ation ! l5g? ( ?9 celluloid %eet+1 te*nically call$ a web1 :i* is ab\t #c feet wide1 is slit into /rips ( ! /&>d wid? n[ us$ 9 all c9ematograph cam]as & projectors--#a in*es wide4 ,extreme c>e has to be tak5 to secure a uni=m ?ickness4 ,! plant at ! ,ro*e/] works has rea*$ su* a degree ( accuracy t ! ?ickness ( ! film :i* is tak5 f ! poli%$ rolls1 al?\gh ! web measures #b1jjj feet 9 l5g?1 does n v>y above ! /&>d by m ?an #a_/d1jjj? "p ( an in*4 ,z ,i h already said1 h[ev]1 aft] all ?is c>e1 ! product is f> f be+ p]fect1 & x sometimes displays /range caprices4 ,!y are mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! tropics4 ,ow+ to ! volatile "* ( ! +r$i5ts employ$ 9 its manufacture1 ! film und]goes consid]able %r9kage 9 hot climates ow+ to evaporation4 ,i h se5 film %runk s mu* t x fail$ to con=m ) ! /&>d gauge1 & ! tee? ( ! sprocket 9 ! pr9t+ ma*9e1 in/ead ( engag+ ) ! holes1 play$ ^u ! out] smoo? edges ( ! film4 ,to ma9ta9 ! prime condition ( ! film x is necess>y to keep x some:at moi/1 & accord+ly ! pack+ boxes c>ry a c]ta9 am\nt ( damp$ mat]ial4 ,b 9 tropical c\ntries :]e ! heat is int5se1 x is by no means a simple matt] to keep ! film 9 condition2 & = ?is reason x is (t5 difficult to secure satisfactory pictures ( sc5es 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,a firm :i* dispat*$ an op]ator to ,c5tral ,am]ica to secure a s]ies ( sc5ic & indu/rial films fail$ to obta9 a s+le l5g? ( pictures wor? %[+4 ,i saw ! results ( ! exp$ition4 ,! film 0 badly di/ort$1 & ! pictures 9 "s in/ances 7 s ?9 or indi/9ct z to defy projection4 #ejj 7#b1ejj7 _h be5 exp5d$ )\t result4 ,!re is ano!r ecc5tricity display$ occasionally by "s films 9 tropical climes1 :i* is difficult to expla94 ,an op]ator w expose sev]al hundr$ feet ( film1 :i*1 :5 develop$1 fails to %[ ! slighte/ sign ( exposure4 ,i h se5 ! results ( a fir/-class c9ematograph] work+ betwe5 ! limits ( ,capricorn & ,canc]4 ,8 films :5 develop$ 7 z cle> z if !y _h nev] be5 expos$ to ! action ( light4 ,! firm took "o section ( ! expos$ film & re-expos$ x on a ,london /reet4 ,x %[$ on developm5t ! image ( ,london traffic1 be+ z b>e ( any o!r image z if x _h nev] se5 ! jungle4 ,heat & dry atmosph]e seem to ex]cise "s obscure *emical action1 :i* prev5ts ! s5sitive surface ( ! films f be+ affect$ by exposure2 yet :5 ! film is return$ to a naturally moi/ climate1 l t ( ,engl&1 x appe>s to recov] its orig9al qualities4 ,z ! compon5t p>ts ( a c9ematograph film are ( an inflammable nature1 ! resultant fabric is naturally also highly inflammable4 ,?is dang] 9 ! e>ly days sev]ely m5ac$ ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry1 especially s9ce ^? occupi$ 9 projection 7 c>eless ( ! mo/ elem5t>y precautions4 ,! film1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! lant]n1 fell a di%evell$ mass into a basket1 :]e x =m$ a tangl$ heap ( ?9 combu/ible mat]ial1 z inflammable z petrol-soak$ %av+s4 ,celluloid emits a vap\r ( an explosive nature1 & x is always dang]\s to use a nak$ light 9 its close proximity4 ,yet cu/om r5d]$ ! op]ator he$less ( ! dang]4 ,! outcome 0 inevitable4 ,legislation /epp$ 9 & orda9$ t ! projector %\ld be encas$ 9 a /eel fire-pro( *amb] = ! protection ( ! public4 ,! result 0 t ! c9ematograph 0 b>r$ f _m places :]e ! magic lant]n 0 us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company4 ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,celluloid ,,mix]s4 ,fifty b>rels1 hold+ #bjj1jjj p\nds ( ! 8dope10 are run cont9ually day & night4 ,mov+ pictures c\ld n be %[n at su* e/abli%m5ts z s*ools1 m]ely because !y did n possess a fire-pro( *amb] 9 :i* to op]ate !m4 ,a non-inflammable film 01 ( c\rse1 ! next dem&4 ,to attempt to r5d] celluloid non-combu/ible 0 ak9 to r5d]+ gunp[d] non-explosive4 ,an absolutely new film-base _h to be f\nd4 ,cellulose z a basic con/itu5t c\ld n be disp5s$ )--9 fact1 *emical rese>* has n yet succe$$ 9 discov]+ an effici5t sub/itute4 ,ef=ts 7 conc5trat$ ^u ! treatm5t ( ! cellulose 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t x be+ readily combu/ible1 ) ! resultant production ( ! prep>ation kn[n z cellulose-acetate1 :i* is practically non-inflammable4 ,b :ile ?is sub/ance complies ) ! lett] ( ! law & does n bur/ into flame1 x does melt1 h[ev]1 "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 & 9 s do+ sometimes emits copi\s cl\ds ( smoke1 :i* are capable ( produc+ panic 9 an audi5ce q z readily z an outbur/ ( flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company4 ,,! ,,liquid ,,celluloid ,,/orage ,,room4 ,:5 ! +r$i5ts are mix$ ?or\ghly ! syrup-l mass is /or$ 9 cyl9drical tanks until requir$ by ! ma*9es to be made into ! film4 ,ea* vessel is ( five tons capacity4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ?is non-inflammable film is q safe to h&le1 & f t po9t ( view is adapt$ = ! purpose ( exhibit+ 9 build+s :]e a special *amb] is n provid$4 ,! heat produc$ by ! focuss$ rays 9 ! lant]n1 or ! inadv]t5t contact ( a nak$ light1 d n promote combu/ion4 ,! cellulose-acetate m]ely *>s or melts1 ! action be+ purely local4 ,! celluloid film is suppli$ g5]ally 9 l5g?s ( #afe feet1 :i* is approximately ! capacity ( ! av]age film box4 ,! actual picture itself ^u ! film measures "o in* 9 wid? by ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,! "q naturally arises z to :at becomes ( ! films :i* h pass$ ?r\gh _! allott$ span ( life4 ,:5 ! celluloid film 0 fir/ plac$ on ! m>ket ?is mat]ial 0 ( a c]ta9 value4 ,! s5sitis$ gelat9e emulsion 0 /ripp$ (f1 & ! base 0 conv]t$ into v>ni%4 ,b ?is practice has fall5 into disuse4 ,practically speak+1 old films h no economic value4 ,z a rule !y are burn$4 ,if ! junk film is obta9$ 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities1 a slightly remun]ative by-product c be obta9$ 9 ! =m ( metallic silv] f ! a%es1 b ! yield is s small & silv] is s *eap t ! tr\ble involv$ does n pay unless ! wa/e is de/roy$ 9 trem5d\s bulk4 ,?is is ! era ( ! pr(itable utilisation ( wa/e products1 & no d\bt a l>ge =tune is await+ ! *emi/ :o succe$s 9 evolv+ a *eap process = turn+ ! useless c9ematograph film to comm]cial acc\nt4 ,newspap]s1 old iron1 & o!r metals1 rubb]1 sawdu/1 & ev5 g>bage1 possess a c]ta9 economic value1 & !re is no reason to suppose t us$ celluloid film is an exception to ?is g5]al rule ( utilis+ wa/e products4 ,"o by-product1 z we h po9t$ out1 is c]ta9 ( reclamation--! silv]--b ! o!r con/itu5ts might prove j z valuable if a *eap1 inexp5sive me?od 7 contriv$ = _! comm]cial reclamation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,p]=ation ,,gauge ,we h se5 t be=e ! film c be us$ 9 ! cam]a x has to be p]=at$ on ei!r side 9 ord] t successive areas ( film ( an in* deep--! equival5t ( a picture--c be seiz$ & br\ght into position beh9d ! l5s4 ,?is p]=ation has become /&>dis$ 9 accordance ) :at is kn[n z ! 8,edison ,/&>d ,gauge10 :i* is #fd p]=ations p] foot on ei!r side4 ,?is p]=ation is ( an elongat$ =m1 measur+ ab\t ( an in* 9 wid? by approximately #a_/af? ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,! prelim9>y op]ation is c>ri$ out ) a ma*9e1 :i* /amps ! holes by means ( specially h>d5$ /eel pun*es4 ,extreme c>e has to be tak5 to c>ry out ! task ) ma!matical accuracy1 9 ord] t ! film may be us$ ) any type ( cam]a & projector4 ,)\t x /ead9ess ( ! picture ^u ! scre5 is absolutely impossible4 ,x seems /range t all films %\ld h to be p]=at$ accord+ to ! ,edison sy/em1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ! fir/ comm]cial c9ematographic app>atuses = ! projection ( pictures ^u a scre5 7 made1 n by ,edison1 b by ,paul & ,lumire1 :o1 "o might ?9k1 w\ld h e/abli%$ _! own gauges4 ,?is important po9t involves an int]e/+ little /ory4 ,9 ! v e>lie/ days ( c9ematography1 :5 a film ( great] wid? 0 us$ ?an at pres5t1 x 0 advanc$ by friction4 ,roll]s1 or clut*es1 gripp$ ! edges ( ! film tightly1 & mov$ x =w>d ! desir$ ext5t4 ,b _! action 0 unc]ta94 ,sometimes ! roll]s became slack & ! film slipp$1 ! celluloid ribbon v>i$ 9 ?ickness or 0 a trifle slipp]y1 ) ! result t ! =w>d movem5t 0 irregul>1 & ! pictures did n appe> 9 rhy?mic succession4 ,"s 7 askew1 o!rs 7 ov]lapp$ by ! prec$+ or succe$+ image1 or a wide gap 0 left betwe5 consecutive pictures4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ! drawback1 attempts 7 made to devise a sy/em ( mov+ ! film =w>d by ! aid ( p9s engag+ ) holes 9 ! sides4 ,b ! app>atus employ$ 0 me*anically defective4 ,! film dragg$1 & ! holes 7 ei!r torn or became s worn t !y did n engage accurately4 ,squ>e holes 7 fir/ tri$1 b ! we> & te> set up by ! p9s or sprocket tee? soon gave !m a circul> or elongat$ %ape4 ,!n circul> p]=ations 7 adopt$1 b !y soon became elliptical4 ,! numb] ( p]=ations p] picture 0 v>i$ also 9 ! hope ( secur+ /ead9ess ( ! film bo? 9 ! cam]a & m especially 9 projection1 b e ef=t appe>$ to refuse to remove ! difficulty4 ,"o ( ! e>ly inve/igators 0 discuss+ ! subject "o night ) ,"l ,kelv94 ,! em95t sci5ti/ became deeply int]e/$ 9 ?is tr\ble ) reg>d to ! p]=ations1 & ! disadvantages ( ! respective %apes %[n to him4 ,aft] a few m9utes' reflection1 he rem>k$1 8,:y n use p]=ations ( triangul> =m8 ,!y w n we> r\nd or squ>e4 ,!y w always reta9 _! %ape m or less1 & at all ev5ts w give improv$ /ead9ess 9 runn+40 ,! advice ( ,"l ,kelv9 0 foll[$1 & ! triangul> holes 7 f\nd to give ! be/ results a*iev$ up to t "t4 ,mean:ile ! %ape ( ! p]=ations & ! gauge _h settl$ itself 9 a curi\s mann]4 ,! k9etoscope appe>$ ) small rectangul> p]=ations1 numb]+ f\r to ea* picture1 on ei!r side ( ! film4 ,edison _h settl$ on ?is plan = 8 app>atus1 f9d+ t x af=d$ him ! be/ results4 ,! ma*9es 7 made & despat*$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,to ma9ta9 ! int]e/ 9 ! novelty1 a numb] ( films 7 prep>$ & sold to v>i\s cu/om]s possess+ ! k9etoscope4 ,:5 ,messrs4 ,lumire br\ght out _! project+ app>atus1 only "o br& ( film available = demon/ration purposes 0 on ! m>ket--t made = ! k9etoscope4 ,:5 ,paul fir/ ent]$ ! manufactur+ field1 he1 ( c\rse1 prep>$ films = use ) ! k9etoscope ( 8 own manufacture1 & he naturally adopt$ ,edison's gauge4 ,z already n>rat$1 ,lumire made an attempt to set up an indep5d5t gauge1 ) "o hole ea* side p] picture1 b ! ,edison & ,paul films ) an id5tical gauge _h become too firmly e/abli%$1 especially z ! fam\s ,am]ican inv5tor comm&$ ! situation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re 0 no m>ket = ei!r ma*9es or films deviat+ f ,edison's gauge4 ,exhibitors :o _h b\ght k9etoscopes & films1 :5 !y acquir$ a ,lumire projector1 dem&$ t x %\ld be s design$ z to use ! films :i* !y own$ already1 & :i* 7 highly exp5sive4 ,:5 o!r film-picture manufactur]s ent]$ ! ar5a !y foll[$ 9 ,edison's foot/eps1 because !re 0 no m>ket = _! w>es if !y did o!rwise4 ,consequ5tly ! ,edison p]=ation gauge became m & m firmly e/abli%$ z "t progress$1 until at la/ x became reg>d$ z ! /&>d4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t ?is result 0 l>gely attributable to ,paul1 :o became ! l>ge/ manufactur] ( k9etoscope films 9 ! _w4 ,yet x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! settlem5t came ab\t smoo?ly4 ,!re has be5 a battle ( ! gauges 9 ! c9ematographic z 9 ! railway _w4 ,! ,edison /&>d gauge has its admitt$ drawbacks1 ! greate/ ( :i* is t !re are too _m holes p] picture1 :i* weak5 ! film & t5d to precipitate te>+4 ,two1 or ev5 "o1 hole p] picture on ei!r side w\ld suffice1 z demon/ration has conclusively prov$4 ,an ,am]ican rival attempt$ to sw]ve f ! /&>d 9 ano!r direction1 us+ a film #b in*es wide--d\ble ! wid? ( ! k9etoscope film4 ,he ev5tually ab&on$ ! wide b&1 p>tly on economic gr\nds1 z a ribbon half ! wid? produc$ pictures 9 e respect equal to ^? obta9$ f ! wid] film4 ,on "o or two occasions ! gauge has be5 revis$ slightly1 b ! v>iations m]ely affect$ ! dim5sions ( ! hole to a microscopic degree4 ,fundam5tally1 ! gauge z set by ,edison = ! fir/ comm]cial app>atus = %[+ photographs 9 motion prevails to-day1 & is univ]sally accept$4 ,! film is receiv$ f ! manufactur]s 9 a pla9 ribbon1 & ! p]=ation has to be done %ortly be=e ! film is tak5 9 h& = exposure4 ,! film manufactur]s _c possibly supply x p]=at$1 because ! celluloid base und]goes cont9u\s physical *ange :ile 9 /orage4 ,"u v>y+ climatic conditions x %r9ks & exp&s to an ext5t :i* may n be obs]vable to ! eye1 b becomes pron\nc$ :5 ! picture is project$ ^u ! scre54 ,! necessity = ma!matical precision 9 ! matt] ( p]=at+ is some:at obscure to ! un9itiat$1 b its effects may be demon/rat$ v easily4 ,comp>e ! vibrat+ or oscillat+ flick]+ picture ( #ahif ) t %[n ^u ! scre5 to-day1 9 :i* ! effect produc$ comes v close to t ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,if ! p]=ation errs ! hundr$? "p ( an in*1 /ead9ess 9 ! picture is =feit$4 ,! films h to be punctur$ ) ! same ma!matical accuracy t goes to ! production ( a t9y screw int5d$ = ! mo/ delicate piece ( me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,paul',s ,,rot>y ,,p]=ator4 ,to pun* ! holes 9 ! m>g9s ( ! film be=e x is expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,c9ematograph ,,/udio-,,/age4 ,built by ,rob]t ,paul1 at ,new ,s\?gate1 ,london4 ,x fac$ nor?4 ,! cam]a & op]ator 7 m\nt$ on a plat=m :i* travell$ ^u rails4 ,see page #ajd4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 reg>d to ! p]=ation ( ! negative film4 ,if ?is is n absolutely true to gauge1 ! exi/+ error w be magnifi$ 9 ! passage ( ! film ?r\gh ! cam]a2 & %\ld ! latt] be ev] s slightly at fault1 ! defect becomes int5sifi$ /ill m4 ,by ! "t ! picture rea*es ! projector ! inf9itesimally small defect 9 ! fir/ in/ance becomes increas$ f\rfold or ev5 m4 ,! picture w jump & flutt] 9 ! mo/ di/ress+ mann]1 & no matt] h[ dext]\s ! op]ator may be1 & despite ! excell5ce ( 8 projector1 he _c by any means rectify or mitigate v appreciably defects aris+ f indiff]5t p]=ation4 ,! contribution ( imp]fect p]=ation to un/ead9ess 9 projection 0 recognis$ 9 ! e>lie/ days2 & great te*nical skill 0 devot$ to ! elaboration ( ma*9es to puncture ! film ) sci5tific precision4 ,m>vell\s appliances h be5 produc$ = ?is purpose2 b despite ! inf9ite lab\r be/[$ ^u _! production ! possibility ( error is ev] pres5t4 ,/ill1 x has be5 r$uc$ to inf9itesimal proportions1 &1 giv5 a c>eful op]ator1 a film c be p]=at$ ) ! holes v>y+ n a ?\s&? "p ( an in* f ! gauge4 ,! v e>lie/ type ( p]=at+ ma*9e 0 kn[n z ! 8,rot>y ,p]=ator10 ,paul lead+ ! way 9 ?is1 z 9 sev]al o!r ramifications ( ! indu/ry4 ,! ma*9e 0 driv5 by a me*anism id5tical ) t utilis$ 9 ! cam]a & projector2 because ! film _h to be advanc$ int]mitt5tly b5ea? ! pun*es1 :i* 7 provid$ ) an oscillat+ movem5t4 ,?is type ( ma*9e is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,paul's fir/ appliance has always rank$ z m simple1 effici5t1 & reliable ?an any o!r4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! rot>y p]=ator has fall5 f fav\r1 on ! plea t x soon becomes imp]fect 9 work+2 b su* an accusation _c fairly be br\ght aga9/ ,paul's ma*9e1 s9ce its design] us$ x cont9u\sly = f\r ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t x pun*$ millions ( holes1 & to-day is z correct 9 its "w z :5 fir/ us$4 ,x is impossible )9 ! scope ( ?is book to describe all ! v>i\s types ( p]=ation app>atus n[ 9 vogue1 m especially z _! int]e/ lies ma9ly 9 highly te*nical details4 ,i w cont5t myself ) describ+ ?ree ma*9es :i* exemplify ! ?ree mo/ important me?ods ( p]=ation4 ,z ?is op]ation has to be c>ri$ out 9 ! d>k room 9 ! dim light ( a ruby lamp1 x is imp]ative t ! ma*9es %\ld be ( ! mo/ simple design & op]ation1 dem&+ ! m9imum ( lab\r on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,williamson ,,film ,,p]=ator4 ,= explanation ( design & op]ation see page #fb4 ,9 ! ,williamson p]=ator1 f\r holes on ei!r side ( ! film are pun*$ at "o "t1 & two films are p]=at$ simultane\sly1 ! s5sitis$ surfaces be+ face to face4 ,?is arrangem5t obviates ! dang] ( scrat*+ or rubb+ ! s5sitis$ surface dur+ ! op]ation4 ,"o coil ( pla9 film is m\nt$ on ! spool ,a1 & ano!r on ! l[] spool ,b4 ,! leads f ^! two spools are tak5 betwe5 ! roll]s ,c on to a small plat=m or guide gate ,d1 :]e ! two sup]impos$ films are br\ght accurately toge!r to pass "u ! pun*es4 ,^! are m\nt$ 9 two r[s1 ! requisite di/ance ap>t1 9 a mov+ head piece ,e1 :i* desc5ds at ! critical mom5t1 ! pun*es pi]c+ ! films cleanly & %>ply1 ! pieces ( deta*$ celluloid fall+ into a receptacle on ! floor b5ea?4 ,:5 ! head conta9+ ! pun*es rises1 ! two hook$ f+]s or claws ,f engage a hole on ei!r side ( ! films1 & pull !m =w>d ready = ! pun*+ ( ! next f\r pairs ( holes4 ,9 addition to c>ry+ f\r pairs ( pun*es1 ! head ,e c>ries f\r pairs ( project+ p9s1 set to ! same gauge1 & be=e ! pun* desc5ds ^! guide p9s engage ) ! f\r prec$+ pairs ( holes1 s t ! di/ance betwe5 ! sets ( f\r holes on ei!r side is b\nd to be exactly ! same z betwe5 any two consecutive holes made simultane\sly4 ,! result is t ! holes are p]=at$ ) absolute ma!matical accuracy4 ,z ! film em]ges f ! p]=ator prop]1 x is pass$ betwe5 two guide roll]s & a too!d sprocket ,g1 :i* me%es ) ! p]=ations1 & !nce ! l[] film passes to ! re-w9d+ spool ,h1 & ! upp] film to ! spool ,j4 ,betwe5 ! p]=at+ plate & ! respective roll]s ,c & ,g1 small loops w be obs]v$4 ,^! are provid$ = ! purpose ( obviat+ any pull ^u ! film :ile 9 ! guide gate1 & b5ea? ! pun*es1 :i* might o!rwise de/roy ! alignm5t & accuracy ( ! gauge4 ,^! loops rema9 con/ant1 b !y c be alt]$ at w :ile ! ma*9e is runn+ )\t di/urb+ ! actual p]=ation4 ,! ,williamson p]=ator c be run "u p[] at a relatively high spe$1 ! :eel ,k be+ capable ( #djj revolutions p] m9ute )\t impair+ ! accuracy ( ! "w 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,! ,n4,s4 ,,film ,,p]=ator4 ,a diff]5t type ( ma*9e is repres5t$ 9 ! 8,n4,s40 p]=ator1 ,fig4 #e4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! coil ( pla9 film ,a is set up 9 a conv5i5t position away f ! ma*9e1 b 9 su* a mann] t ! fe$ !reto is 9 an easy curve4 ,! film ent]s ! ma*9e ?r\gh two roll] guides1 ,c & ,d1 to a *annel ,f1 & !n "u ! dies 9 ! top plate ,l4 ,! punctur$ pieces ( film fall away cle> ( ! in/rum5t ?r\gh ! tube ,n1 s t !re is no probability ( su* p>ticles f\l+ ! me*anism & ?us possibly upsett+ ! accurate work+ ( ! app>atus4 ,aft] be+ p]=at$ ! film is mov$ =w>d by means ( guide p9s1 & f9ally issues ?r\gh a guide ,b to be re-coil$4 ,?is app>atus is v conv5i5t = driv+ by p[]1 is simple1 effici5t 9 its op]ation1 & ow+ to ! solidity ( its con/ruction !re is little possibility ( ! precision ( ! gauge be+ upset by we> & te>1 or by o!r ext]nal influ5ces4 ,! gauge1 moreov]1 c be alt]$1 if desir$1 to z small a degree z #a_/ajj? ( an in* p] foot4 ,z ! positive film %r9ks some:at aft] developm5t1 x is an advantage to be able to comp5sate = ! contraction :5 p]=at+4 ,:5 ! film is dry1 al?\gh x may h %runk a trifle1 x is f\nd t ! gauge is p]fectly accurate4 ,9 ! ,urban-,joy p]=ator1 only a s+le pair ( holes is pun*$ at a "t--"o on ei!r side ( ! film4 ,at fir/ sight ?is me?od appe>s some:at sl[1 b !re is ! di/9ct advantage t ! holes are made ) inconte/able sci5tific precision1 & aft] all ?is is ! all-important factor4 ,?is ma*9e is capable ( ! v f9e/ adju/m5t1 x be+ possible to v>y ! /roke ( ! pun* to ! million? "p ( an in*4 ,its simplicity ( op]ation is ano!r di/9ct po9t4 ,all /ra9 ^u ! film is avoid$ = ! simple reason t x is pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e by ! p5dulum action ( ! pun*es4 ,:5 ^! are dis5gag$ ! film is held 9 position by a clamp work+ 9 opposite /ep to ! action ( ! pun*es4 ,ye>s ( lab\r h be5 exp5d$ ^u ! evolution ( ! p]=ator4 ,! fruit ( ^! ef=ts1 h[ev]1 is a mat]ial improvem5t 9 ! /ead9ess ( ! picture ^u ! scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p]=at+ ,,room ,,( ,,! ,,c9es ,,company ,,9 ,,rome4 ,! op]ation has to be c>ri$ out 9 ruby light4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,mov+ ,,picture ,,cam]a1 ,,its ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,op]ation ,al?\gh x 0 z f> back z #ahid t ! fir/ comm]cial mov+ picture cam]a appe>$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ! ye>s h n produc$ _m m>k$ dep>tures f ! design z elaborat$ by ,paul4 ,"t has prov$ 8 plan to be ! mo/ reliable & effici5t4 ,b z ! art has develop$ & _m m9ds h be5 conc5trat$ ^u ! app>atus1 x has und]gone modification & improvem5t 9 m9or details1 all t5d+ t[>ds great] excell5ce 9 ! ultimate results4 ,paul's cam]a 0 a small wood5 cab9et1 measur+ only ab\t six in*es ea* way4 ,x conta9$ m]ely ! requisite int]mitt5t me*anism to br+ successive dep?s ( ! film be=e ! l5s1 & ! tube to enable focuss+ to be c>ri$ out easily f ! back1 & 9 su* a way t x 0 impossible = ! film to become fogg$ :5 ! tube 0 left op5 inadv]t5tly4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 a model ( simplicity1 compactness1 portability & conv5i5ce4 ,! film 0 c>ri$ 9 sep>ate d>k boxes ( a size to hold #afj1 #cej1 or #gjj feet1 accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,^! 7 deta*$ f ! cam]a itself1 ! box ( unexpos$ film slipp+ into a device on top ( ! cam]a 9 su* a way z to ensure a light-tight jo9t1 & lock$ into position to prev5t accid5tal deta*m5t4 ,f ?is box ! film 0 l$ ?r\gh ! cam]a me*anism1 pa/ ! l5s & into a second box1 simil>ly deta*able4 ,! app>atus !re=e 0 resolv$ into ?ree ma9 p>ts--! cam]a1 & ! unexpos$ & expos$ film boxes4 ,! mod]n c9ematograph cam]a is completely self-conta9$2 ! film boxes are incorporat$ )9 ! case t c>ries ! me*anism = mov+ ! film =w>d4 ,fur!r improvem5t is h>d to imag9e4 ,bulk & dim5sions are r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 )1 at ! same "t1 ! maximum ( effici5cy4 ,! c9ematograph cam]a1 unlike mo/ ma*9]y1 is call$ ^u to face exig5cies1 & to p]=m exce$+ly h>d "w "u ! mo/ adv]se conditions4 ,to-day x may be 9 ! broil+ sun on a tropical des]t2 a few weeks h5ce x is plung$ into ! extreme cold ( ! ,arctic circle2 a little lat] x is well-nigh subm]g$ 9 a reek+ swamp or vap\r ba?4 ,su* v>y+ conditions subject ! mat]ial & workman%ip ( ! in/rum5t to a supreme ordeal4 ,consequ5tly ! greate/ c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( mat]ial1 ! fa%ion+ ( ! compon5t p>ts1 & _! fitt+ toge!r4 ,only ! be/ season$ mahogany c be utilis$ to )/& ! /ra9s ( w>p+1 %r9k+1 & expansion "u extremes ( heat & cold1 & climatic fluctuations4 ,9 ! ord9>y /& cam]a us$ = /ill-life "w1 !re is a bell[s :i* c be rack$ to & fro to enable ! subject to be focuss$ %>ply ^u ! gr\nd glass scre54 ,! c9ematograph cam]a has no bell[s1 & !re is no fix$ scre5 = focuss+ purposes4 ,9 ! simpl] & *eap] cam]as1 suit$ to amateur use1 ! op]ator is n tr\bl$ ) focuss+ details at all1 ! l5s be+ ( a fix$ focus z 9 c]ta9 types ( snap-%ot h& cam]as2 b 9 ! m exp5sive in/rum5ts1 design$ = produc+ ! f9e/ classes ( "w1 focuss+ facilities are incorporat$4 ,9 ord] to grasp ! op]ation ( ! cam]a1 we w op5 ! h+$ door ) :i* x is provid$ on "o side1 & ga9 access to its int]ior me*anism4 ,x w\ld be invidi\s to select any special type ( cam]a1 inasmu* z !y all "w m or less ^u ! same pr9ciple1 ! diff]5ces be+ only 9 m9or details4 ,by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration x w be se5 t ! app>atus is 9 ?ree ma9 p>ts4 ,! re> half ( ! cab9et c>ries two squ>e comp>tm5ts1 ,a & ,b1 "o above ! o!r4 ,^! are = ! two film boxes1 ,a c>ry+ ! unexpos$1 & ,b ! expos$ film4 ,x w be notic$ t ! c9ematograph works ^u ! sy/em ( roll] photography4 ,inde$1 x might be describ$ almo/ z a semi-automatic application ( ! famili> snap-%ot cam]a us+ roll-films4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,film-,,mov+ ,,me*anism ,,( ,a ,,c9ematograph ,,cam]a4 ,! spool ( unexpos$ film is c>ri$ 9 d>k box ,a4 ,f ?is x is l$ ov] sprocket ,d1 ?r\gh ! 8gate0 betwe5 ! l5s & ! focuss+ tube ,c1 :]e x is expos$4 ,! film is !n j]k$ d[n ! dep? ( a picture ?r\gh ! gate by claws ,f1 ov] sprocket & into expos$ film box ,b1 :]e x is w\nd on a bobb94 ,e is ! eye-piece ( ! focuss+ tube4 ,! l5s is set c5trally 9 ! front face ( ! cam]a1 & c>ries a screw1 by means ( :i* focuss+ is effect$ by mov+ ! l5s itself to & fro a %ort di/ance )9 a horizontal tube1 :i* corresponds to ! bell[s 9 ! ord9>y cam]a4 ,9 addition x is fitt$ ) /opp+ facilities work+ ^u ! well-kn[n ,iris pr9ciple1 :]eby ! size ( ! ap]ture may be increas$ or dim9i%$ by a rectil9e> movem5t4 ,beh9d ! l5s1 & on a l9e ) x 9 ! int]ior1 a tubul> connection ,c ext5ds transv]sely ?r\gh ! wid? ( ! cam]a to ! re>1 & ?r\gh ! out] wall to ! ext]nal face ( ! case4 ,?is is ! focuss+ tube1 into :i* ! op]ator looks ?r\gh ! small circul> orifice ,e 9 ! back face ( ! cam]a1 kn[n z ! eye-piece4 ,! me*anism by :i*1 ) an int]mitt5t motion1 ! film is j]k$ =w>d ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* aft] ea* exposure1 is ( ! simple/ design4 ,! film z x issues ?r\gh a n>r[ slit f ! unexpos$ film box ,a1 is pass$ "u a small guide roll]1 hav+ a smoo? face4 ,!nce x passes upw>ds ov] a second roll] & d[n "u ! sprocket :eel1 ! tee? ( :i* engage ) ! p]=ations 9 ! edges ( ! film1 & ?us guide x =w>d4 ,z ! film passes upw>ds f ! sprocket :eel1 x is kept 9 me% by ano!r guide roll]1 :i* ma9ta9s an easy pressure ^u ! film to keep x 9 contact ) ! :eel1 ?is grip be+ ensur$ "u ! t5sion ( a spr+4 ,! roll] is m\nt$ on ! end ( a small lev]1 :i* c be mov$ slightly s z to release ! grip ^u ! sprocket :eel 9 ord] to ins]t ! film4 ,! arrangem5t adopt$ enables ! contact roll] to ride ov] any v>iations 9 ! ?ickness ( ! films %\ld su* exi/--a remote possibility 9 view ( ! wond]ful ma!matical accuracy ) :i* ! films are made to-day4 ,x is impossible = ! film to jump ! sprocket :eel1 ev5 :5 ! ma*9e is run at a v high spe$4 ,! contact roll] is s m\nt$1 h[ev]1 t x (f]s no resi/ance to ! free passage ( ! film4 ,! film n[ passes beh9d ! l5s = exposure1 travell+ ?r\gh :at is kn[n z ! 8gate10 :i* consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o fix$ & rigid1 ! o!r hav+ a slight sw++ movem5t4 ,by means ( ! gate ! film is guid$ ev5ly into position1 & held rigidly beh9d ! l5s dur+ exposure4 ,! sw++ "p ( ! gate is clamp$ to ! fix$ section by means ( a spr+ cat*1 s t :5 ! gate is clos$ ! film is imprison$ betwe5 two %ea?s :i* hold x firmly1 & keep ! surface flat & ev5 dur+ exposure4 ,! end ( ! focuss+ tube ,c presses aga9/ ! mov+ "p ( ! gate & t5ds to hold x rigid4 ,! film is pull$ ?r\gh ! gate by an +5i\s plan4 ,!re are two claws or hooks ,f1 ! po9ts ( :i* engage ) a p]=ation on ei!r side ( ! film4 ,^! two f+]s are controll$ by an up-&-d[n cam movem5t atta*$ to ! bottom sprocket4 ,z ! latt] revolves1 ! hooks are lift$ & c>ri$ upw>d4 ,rea*+ ! limit ( _! upw>d travel1 !y drop ^u ! film1 clut*+ x by ! p]=ations1 & z ! claw action has a %>p d[nw>d movem5t1 ! gripp$ film is pull$ d[n sudd5ly & sm>tly ?r\gh ! gate ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* at a "t4 ,! ext5t ( ! d[nw>d travel rea*$1 ! claws are lift$ s z to dis5gage ) ! film1 are swung upw>ds once m1 & ! same cycle ( op]ations is repeat$ until ! :ole l5g? ( film has be5 expos$4 ,aft] ! exposure is made1 ! film passes d[nw>ds & ?r\gh me*anism :i* is almo/ a duplicate ( t imm$iately above ! l5s4 ,x passes "u ! rock+ contact roll]1 :i* keeps ! p]=ations me%$ ) ! tee? on ! sprocket :eel1 aft] pass+ r\nd :i* x cont9ues "u a guide roll]1 & ent]s ! l[] film box ,b1 :]e x is w\nd on a bobb94 ,action is imp>t$ by ! rot>y movem5t produc$ by ! turn+ ( ! h&le ?r\gh suitable me*anism1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 a small space on ! opposite side ( ! cam]a to t conta9+ ! film4 ,! h&le1 h[ev]1 n only supplies ! drive to ! int]mitt5t film mov+ action1 b also rotates ! %utt] /eadily & cont9u\sly1 ?r\gh ge>+4 ,! %utt] is m\nt$ 9 a small special comp>tm5t beh9d ! l5s & 9 front ( ! film4 ,x is adju/able2 t is1 ! opaque sector c be increas$ or r$uc$ 9 area s z to increase or dim9i% ! size ( ! op5+2 ?us ! p]iod ( exposure c be v>i$ accord+ to ! light1 & z a supplem5t to ! /opp+ d[n ( ! l5s4 ,! ge>+ is practically ! same 9 all ,engli% c9ematograph cam]as1 namely1 #h to #a1 & ! turn+ spe$ %\ld be two revolutions p] second1 :i* is practically ! sl[e/ spe$ p]missible4 ,! prep>ation ( ! cam]a = exposure is z foll[s4 ,! op]ator has select$ 8 work+ position1 & ! cam]a has be5 set up rigidly & firmly on its tripod1 s t no oscillation c occur dur+ exposure4 ,! side ( ! cam]a is op5$1 & ! load$ film box1 f ! slit 9 ! bottom ( :i* ! end ( ! film protrudes1 is slipp$ into ! upp] comp>tm5t4 ,next ! subject is focuss$4 ,! eye-piece ( ! focuss+ tube is made telescopic1 z a rule1 s t x c be ext5d$ a slight di/ance f ! back face ( ! cam]a case to facilitate focuss+2 x is fitt$ inv>iably ) a light-tight screw cap or gravity fall %utt]1 :i* closes ov] ! eye-piece s t no light may ent] ?r\gh ! tube to fog ! film4 ,= focuss+ purposes a piece ( transp>5t film ) a r\gh 8,matt0 surface is us$4 ,?is is ins]t$ 9 ! film gate to act 9 ! same way z ! gr\nd glass scre5 9 ! ord9>y /& cam]a4 ,! object is focuss$ by turn+ ! screw1 :i* racks ! l5s =w>d or backw>d z desir$4 ,:5 ! picture appe>s %>p & cle>ly def9$ ! matt film is remov$1 ! cap is replac$ on ! eye-piece1 & ! latt] is pu%$ home flu% ) ! surface ( ! wood cas+4 ,! film is n[ ?read$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t a slight loop is made at ei!r end ( ! gate4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] to give suffici5t play to ! film to enable ! latt] to be j]k$ d[n )\t any /ra9 ) ea* movem5t ( ! hook-claws beh9d ! l5s4 ,if x 7 pull$ directly (f ! top sprocket ! film w\ld be torn4 ,! loops are kept con/ant1 ! upp] be+ connect$ to ! l[] sprocket ?r\gh me*anism s t !y revolve simultane\sly4 ,consequ5tly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( film is f$ into ! top loop gate at ! same "t z ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( film is j]k$ ?r\gh ! l[] side ( ! gate4 ,9 load+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! s5sitis$ surface is br\ght t[>ds ! l5s1 & t ! object is n tak5 ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! celluloid base4 ,9 ord] to ?read ! film ?r\gh ! gate ! focuss+ tube is pu%$ back slightly--x is made telescopic = ! purpose--! spr+ cat* ( ! gate is releas$1 & ! mov+ "p swung back4 ,! film is n[ slipp$ into ! gate1 c>e be+ tak5 to see t ! hooks ( ! device :]eby x is int]mitt5tly pull$ d[n aft] ea* exposure engage ) ! p]=ations4 ,! gate is n[ clos$1 & ! focuss+ tube "u ! action ( a spr+ returns to its orig9al position4 ,f9ally ! film is l$ into ! unexpos$ film box1 :]e x is secur$ by a clip to ! sp9dle ( ! reel4 ,! box is %ut1 ! h&le is giv5 a turn to make sure t ! me*anism runs ev5ly & smoo?ly1 & !n ! cam]a is clos$1 all be+ ready = tak+ ! pictures4 ,!re is a popul> impression t ! op]ation ( ! c9ematograph cam]a is z simple z turn+ a c(fee-mill or a b>rel-organ1 & t ! c9ematograph] has no?+ else to d b to revolve ! crank4 ,nev] 0 !re a great] fallacy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,paul',s ,,complete ,,develop+1 ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,dry+ ,,outfit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,develop+ ,,room ,,9 ,,great ,,brita91 ,,at ,,rob]t ,,paul',s ,,pione] ,,film ,,manufactory4 ,see page #gg4 ,turn+ ! h&le appe>s rem>kably easy at fir/ sight1 b a %ort trial proves t appe>ances are deceptive4 ,x is ess5tial t ! h&le %\ld be rotat$ at uni=m spe$1 & occasionally x is no easy matt] to resi/ ! desire to sl[ d[n4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a fun]al is pass+1 !re is an almo/ irresi/ible incl9ation to slack5 spe$4 ,! amateur responds to ?is desire1 & is a/oni%$ at ! dislocat$ "* ( 8 pictures :5 project$ ^u ! scre54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! sl[e/ fun]al procession has to be tak5 ) ! same numb] ( revolutions p] second1 & ! same numb] ( exposures--sixte5 pictures p] second--z an express tra9 travell+ at #fj miles an h\r2 ! crawl ( ! tortoise has to be photograph$ j z rapidly z a horse race1 9 ord] to secure natural motion4 ,if a subject has be5 photograph$ too sl[ly x _c be correct$ by accel]at+ ! spe$ 9 projection4 ,! judgm5t ( ! act9ic value ( ! sunlight1 & ! requisite /op = ! l5s1 z well z ! adju/m5t ( ! %utt]1 are factors :i* only c be det]m9$ f exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aft] ,,developm5t ,,& ,,wa%+ ,,! ,,films ,,7 ,,transf]r$ ,,f ,,! ,,racks ,,to ,,! ,,cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos by p]mission ( ,rob]t ,paul4 ,,! ,,dry+ ,,room1 ,,%[+ ,,films ,,w\nd ,,on ,,! ,,dry+ ,,drums4 ,see page #gg4 ,possibly ! box ,a conta9s a roll ( film measur+ #cjj feet1 :]eas ! subject photograph$ only dem&s ! exposure ( #fj or #ajj feet4 ,!n "o makes a few pun* m>ks on ! film by ! manipulation ( a small brass knob project+ f ! outside ( ! cam]a1 & m>k$ 8film pun*40 ,:5 ! film rea*es ! develop+ room1 ! op]ators work+ 9 ! ruby light c tell by ^! m>ks ! ends ( a s]ies ( exposures4 ,:5 ! upp] box has be5 exhau/$ ( film1 ! l[] box1 n[ *>g$ ) expos$ film1 is remov$1 ! empty upp] box is slipp$ out ( its comp>tm5t & re-ins]t$ into ! l[] recess1 to s]ve 9 turn z a receptacle = film aft] exposure1 & a fre% load$ film-box is plac$ 9 ! upp] space1 ! me*anism be+ ?read$ z be=e4 ,! op]ator c asc]ta9 at a glance h[ mu* film /ill rema9s to be us$1 because on ! outside ( ! case is a dial :i* regi/]s 9 feet ! am\nt ( film expos$1 & :i* is set to z]o :5ev] a fre% box ( film is ins]t$4 ,! task ( ! op]ator is increas$ 9 difficulty :]e ! subject be+ tak5 is mov+ at great spe$ horizontally & v]tically at ! same "t1 :5 ! object passes 9 a v %ort :ile beyond ! field ( ! l5s1 & 9 ord] to secure a good record ! op]ator mu/ foll[ ! movem5ts /eadily & smoo?ly 9 su* a way z to keep ! object ne> ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,! developm5t ( aviation has tax$ ! capabilities ( ! c9ematograph] to a supreme degree2 = 9 photograph+ mov+ objects 9 ! air ! cam]a has to be tra9$ 9 two directions at ! same "t4 ,= ?is "w a special tripod is requir$4 ,x has a flat table1 b by means ( two ge> :eels ! cam]a c be swung r\nd panoramically1 t is1 9 a horizontal direction1 :ile ano!r :eel w move x up or d[n ?r\gh z l>ge a v]tical arc z requir$4 ,rigidity & fre$om f oscillation are ess5tial to secure %>p1 well-def9$ pictures1 & consequ5tly ?is mov+ table has to be ( massive con/ruction1 :ile ! worm & :eel ge>+ has to be heavy to ensure /eady movem5t4 ,! cam]a is fitt$ ) a direct view f9d]1 :]eby ! op]ator c tra9 8 in/rum5t s z to keep ! subject well 9 ! picture4 ,bo? horizontal & v]tical tra9+ movem5ts are c>ri$ out by means ( h&-:eels4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! op]ator's skill t ,i h ev] se5 0 a film ( ,wilbur ,wright's fly+ exploits 9 ,france1 on ! occasion ( 8 fir/ visit to ,europe4 ,! cam]a 0 manipulat$ by two m54 ,"o conc5trat$ 8 en]gies on ! revolution ( ! photograph+ h&le1 :ile ! o!r1 ) 8 eyes glu$ to a special direct view-f9d] devis$ = ?is p>ticul> op]ation1 kept ! cam]a /eadily & regul>ly tra9$ bo? horizontally & v]tically ^u ! aviator z he describ$ 8 evolutions 9 ! air4 ,_! jo9t ef=ts 7 s successful t !y produc$ a film free f t dislocat$ or j]ky action :i* z a rule *>act]ises ! lat]al or v]tical movem5t ( ! cam]a :ile exposures are be+ made2 ! results 7 j z if ! cam]a _h be5 kept /ation>y dur+ ! :ole "t4 ,! ord9>y tripod is us$ g5]ally = outdoor "w4 ,_m ,am]ican & ,cont95tal film produc]s1 h[ev]1 resort to a special type ( support = ! cam]a 9 ! /udio or = indoor op]ations1 su* z ! film+ ( plays4 ,?is is a solid metal pill>1 recall+ a ma*9e-gun m\nt+1 fitt$ ) :eels to facilitate movem5t f po9t to po9t1 & o!r adju/+ devices4 ,x is an excell5t support = indoor "w1 z x ensures a solid f\ndation = ! cam]a1 free f vibration4 ,9 _m in/ances ! cam]a is driv5 by an electric motor4 ,x is sometimes desirable to secure two negative records ( an important ev5t or subject1 s t1 %\ld "o film prove defective1 ! me*anism break d[n1 or ! film be damag$ or de/roy$1 ! duplicate is available & prev5ts a total loss4 ,= ?is purpose ! cam]a is 9 duplicate1 ?\gh conta9$ )9 a s+le case1 ) two l5ses m\nt$ side by side z 9 a /]eoscopic cam]a4 ,bo? sets ( me*anism are op]at$ by ! s+le h&le1 & "o p]son suffices = ! op]ation ( ! in/rum5t4 ,)9 a few ye>s1 c9ematography has wid5$ its sph]e ( usefulness 9 a novel & unexpect$ way4 ,=ty ye>s ago no exp$ition ( importance set out )\t "s memb] :o possess$ arti/ic ability1 t pictorial records ( ! life & "* ( ! new c\ntry might be br\ght back to civilisation4 ,z photography develop$1 ! arti/ ( palette & bru% 0 sup]s$$ by a man arm$ ) a cam]a4 ,to-day ! latt] gives way 9 8 turn to ! c9ematograph]1 :o br+s back to u m>vell\s animat$ pictures ( ! remote & unkn[n corn]s ( ! globe4 ,an +5i\s cam]a has be5 devis$ = ?is especial field ( ent]prise4 ,x conta9s a unique feature t _h n be5 previ\sly appli$ to ! art4 ,two inve/igators1 ,newman & ,s9clair1 by d9t ( consid]able exp]im5t & lab\r1 h succe$$ 9 produc+ a mov+-picture cam]a ) a reflex atta*m5t1 & ?is )\t increas+ ! size ( ! case1 or int]f]+ ) ! action ( ! %ort-focus l5ses4 ,by means ( ?is app>atus focuss+ c be accompli%$ 9 fifte5 seconds1 )\t di/urb+ ! film 9 ! gate1 :i* is ?read$ up1 ready = use1 be=e ! cam]a is tak5 f ! d>k room4 ,9 ?is way ! cam]a c be op]at$ 9 mu* less "t ?an is possible by means ( ! ord9>y c9ematographic app>atus4 ,z may be se5 f ! diagram1 ,fig4 #f1 ! int]nal me*anism ( ?is h&y little cam]a diff]s radically f ! description giv5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,! two film boxes are plac$ side by side in/ead ( "o above ! o!r4 ,! film goes into & out ( !m ?r\gh n>r[ m\?s1 :i*1 :5 ! cam]a is clos$ & light-tight1 are automatically increas$ 9 size to facilitate ! passage ( ! film1 & automatically decreas$ aga9 :5 ! cam]a is re-op5$4 ,9 ord] to see1 arrange1 & focus ! picture1 x is only necess>y to raise a knob on ! top ( ! cam]a1 :i* r5d]s ! image visible by means ( a magnify+ eye-piece )\t di/urb+ ! film4 ,! %utt] is also adju/$ f ! outside ( ! cam]a1 & c be clos$ to give an exposure ( #a_/ajj? ( a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,! ,,newman-,,s9clair ,,reflex ,,mov+ ,,picture ,,cam]a4 ,?is cam]a is "o ( ! mo/ compact1 portable1 & lighte/ c9ematograph in/rum5ts yet evolv$ = ! purposes ( h>d "w4 ,x is design$ to c>ry ei!r #djj or #ejj feet ( film1 &1 :5 a picture is f9i%$1 ! end ( ! subject on ! film is indicat$ by a device :i* cuts a tongue-%ap$ op5+ 9 ! film1 & :i* c be readily detect$ by t\* :5 ! film is uncoil$ 9 ! d>k room4 ,x is an ideal in/rum5t = travell]s1 explor]s1 sci5ti/s1 & o!rs to :om quick "w is imp]ative4 ,its _m excell5t qualities receiv$ recognition f ,capta9 ,r4 ,scott1 ,r4,n41 :o includ$ x 9 ! sci5tific equipm5t = ! late/ ,briti% ,ant>ctic exp$ition4 ,= special "w1 ! usual =m ( cam]a is alt]$ 9 c]ta9 details1 or equipp$ ) special devices4 ,su* modification is emphasis$ p>ticul>ly = ! purpose ( tak+ trick pictures1 to :i* subject ref]5ce is made 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,develop+ ,,& ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,pictures ,! hi/ory ( ! c9ematograph impresses ^u u at e turn ! necessity :i* exp]im5t]s 7 "u ( devis+ special facilities & improv$ app>atus 9 all ( ! num]\s fields t imp+$ ^u _! "w4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to break gr\nd 9 e direction4 ,= in/ance1 besides secur+ ! "r k9d ( film1 !y _h also to f9d ! be/ means ( develop+ x4 ,a ?91 n>r[ ribbon ( pictures #dj feet 9 l5g? is a va/ly diff]5t ?+ to h&le f a rigid glass plate4 ,its flexibility pres5t$ _m p]plex+ ob/acles :i* _h to be ov]come4 ,^? :o us$ ! old roll film ) ! snap-%ot h&-cam]a ( ! e>ly days1 c relate pa!tic & humor\s /ories ( ! trials & tribulations !y suff]$ 9 pass+ ! awkw>d l5g? ( film ?r\gh ! develop+ & o!r ba?s4 ,:5 x 0 unw\nd f ! roll] prep>atory to imm]sion 9 ! develop+ solution1 x p]si/$ 9 buckl+ & twi/+ into /range contortions4 ,developm5t 0 c>ri$ out 9 an unev5 or pat*work mann]1 "s p>ts ( ! film be+ fully develop$ be=e o!rs _h betray$ ! slighte/ sign ( yield+ ! lat5t image4 ,! plight ( ! animat$ photograph] 0 ev5 m un5viable2 ! h&l+ ( s5sitis$ celluloid ab\t z ?ick z a sub/antial wood5 %av+1 0 inf9itely m exasp]at+ ?an t us$ 9 ! ord9>y h& cam]a1 = ! latt] 0 wid]1 ?ick]1 & f> %ort]4 ,! develop+ me?ods at fir/ advocat$ 7 ( ! crude/ nature possible4 ,messrs4 ,lumire tri$ to assi/ ! tyro by compreh5sive explanation ( a v simple way to c>ry out ! task4 ,!y sugge/$ susp5d+ ! coil ( expos$ film ^u a rod slipp$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! bobb9 to =m a k9d ( sp9dle1 ^u :i* ! coil$ film 0 free to revolve ov] ! ba?4 ,! op]ator 0 !n told to unw9d ! coil v rapidly by h&1 pass+ x into ! ba? betwe5 ! f+]s1 :i* act$ z a guide4 ,x appe>$ an absurdly simple op]ation1 b )\t consid]able practice x defi$ success4 ,"o _h to be extremely c>eful n to damage ! delicate s5sitis$ emulsion ( ! film :ile uncoil+ x2 t no greasy matt]1 su* z p]spiration f ! f+]s1 might come into contact ) ! gelat9e surface2 & no bubbles mu/ be produc$ :ile fe$+ ! slipp]y /rip into ! ba?4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,paul exp]i5c$ ^! tr\bles1 & display$ consid]able +5uity 9 ! evolution ( special means to avoid !m4 ,! effici5cy ( 8 me?od is prov5 by ! fact t 9 ! ma9 x is practis$ to ?is day4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,but*] ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,h[ ,,! ,,film ,,is ,,w\nd ,,^u ,,! ,,wood5 ,,frame ,,= ,,develop+4 ,8 solution ( ! problem 0 simple1 safe1 & satisfactory f e po9t ( view4 ,he took a light1 squ>e wood5 frame1 simil> to t 9 ,fig4 #g1 :i* re/$ loosely ^u two uprights 9 su* a way t x c\ld revolve4 ,! free end ( ! film 0 fix$ to "o side ( ! frame1 & ! film 0 !n pass$ f "o side to ! o!r1 z if be+ w\nd ^u a :eel1 z x 0 uncoil$ f ! spool1 ! inn] end ( ! film be+ likewise secur$ to ! frame4 ,?is rack 0 dipp$ fir/ into a v]tical tank to soak ! film1 & !n 0 plac$ 9 a flat tank or tr\gh to be develop$ 9 ! same way z an ord9>y glass plate4 ,by ?is means e "p ( ! expos$ surface 0 develop$ equally4 ,developm5t c>ri$ to ! requisite degree1 ! frame 0 )drawn1 wa%$1 & f9ally imm]s$ 9 ! fix+ tank1 :i* 0 ( ! same horizontal design4 ,:5 ! image 0 fix$ x 0 plac$ 9 ano!r tank & receiv$ a ?or\gh wa%+1 to remove all traces ( ! fix+ solution1 z 9 ! ord9>y develop+ process4 ,?is task complet$1 ! film 0 uncoil$ f ! flat rack to be re-coil$ ^u a wood5 drum1 :i* 0 susp5d$ f ! ceil+ 9 ! dry+ *amb]1 until ! film 0 dry & h>d4 ,z may be suppos$1 diff]5t factories practise diff]5t me?ods ( c>ry+ out ?is op]ation4 ,n[adays a film may be z mu* z #cjj or #djj feet 9 l5g?1 & consequ5tly special me?ods h to be employ$4 ,i h be5 9 "s e/abli%m5ts :]e developm5t is c>ri$ out ^u an ext5sive scale1 9 :i* ! films1 z )drawn f ! cam]a film box1 are w\nd at once ^u a l>ge wood5 reel1 sev5 feet or s 9 l5g?1 susp5d$ ^u brackets above ! develop+ ba?4 ,:5 ! drum has receiv$ its full l5g? ( film x is l[]$ into a deep tank conta9+ ! desir$ solution1 & !re kept revolv+ sl[ly & /eadily until ! treatm5t has be5 complet$4 ,!n ! reel is )drawn by two m5 & l[]$ into ! next ba?2 & s on until at la/ ! reel f9ds its way into ! dry+ room1 :]e ! film is uncoil$ f ! develop+ drum & re-w\nd ^u ! dry+ reel4 ,! disadvantage ( ?is process is t two m5 are requir$ to h&le ! reel1 :]eas1 :5 a frame is us$1 "o pair ( h&s is suffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,develop+ ,,room ,,at ,,! ,,pa? ,,works4 ,! films are w\nd ^u wood5 frames & imm]s$ 9 l>ge tanks conta9+ ! v>i\s solutions4 ,! develop+ & pr9t+ rooms 9 a l>ge film-picture factory are highly int]e/+ hives ( activity4 ,l>ge tr\ghs & tanks conta9+ ! v>i\s solutions are on e h&1 toge!r ) adequate supplies ( runn+ wat]4 ,ev]y?+1 ( c\rse1 is c>ri$ out 9 semi-d>kness1 ! only light available be+ t emitt$ f ruby lamps4 ,! fix+ solution aft] x has s]v$ its purpose is n ?r[n away1 b is subject$ to a *emical treatm5t to recov] ! bromide ( silv] :i* ! hyposulphite ( soda has dissolv$ f ! s5sitis$ emulsion on ! film4 ,! silv] 9 susp5sion is precipitat$ by *emical action 9 a ?ick s$im5t4 ,9 l>ge works ?is recov]y process is pr(itable1 sev]al p\nds ( ?is metallic silv] be+ secur$ e week4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dry+ ,,room ,,at ,,! ,,pa? ,,works4 ,?is illu/ration %[s ! wood5 frames ^u :i* ! l5g?s ( film are w\nd & ! ov]head racks f :i* !y are susp5d$4 ,! solution employ$ = developm5t is ei!r a comb9ation ( hydroqu9one & metol1 or a ba? ( rod9al1 develop+ ag5ts :i* are famili> to ! amateur photograph]1 :ile ! fix+ ba? is a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda4 ,! develop+ =mula is modifi$ by v>i\s firms z a result ( individual inve/igation4 ,! dry+ op]ation is "o t has to be c>ri$ out v c>efully2 ! temp]ature ( ! *amb] mu/ be ev5ly ma9ta9$1 & ! air :i* is circulat$ ?r\gh ! room mu/ be filt]$ be=e admission1 9 ord] to arre/ all p>ticles ( du/ :i* o!rwise might settle ^u ! gelat9e surface & wreak appreciable damage4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! fickle "* ( ! film 0 a s]i\s difficulty4 ,if x 7 dri$ too rapidly x ev9c$ a t5d5cy to curl1 & sev]e %r9kage (t5 ensu$4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is tr\ble ! film 0 glyc]9$ be=e be+ dri$1 by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a ba? conta9+ a solution ( glyc]9e & alcohol4 ,! improvem5ts effect$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! film1 h[ev]1 h enabl$ ?is subsidi>y treatm5t to be disp5s$ )4 ,9 cases :]e a topical film mu/ be ru%$ out quickly to cat* ! public 9 ! height ( its int]e/1 h[ev]1 dry+ is accel]at$ by subject+ ! film to a ba? ( alcohol 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,al?\gh a spool ( film1 measur+ p]haps #cjj feet 9 l5g?1 is h&$ ov] = developm5t1 possibly t #cjj feet c>ries two1 f\r1 or m exposures1 i4e41 diff]5t sections 7 expos$ at diff]5t times1 on diff]5t days1 or "u diff]5t conditions ( light1 c4 ,! cam]a op]ator has indicat$ ! end ( ea* exposure by means ( ! cam]a pun*4 ,:5 ! develop+ op]ator receives ! spool1 he fir/ se>*es = su* m>ks z he uncoils ! film1 & ! latt] is sev]$ at ^? po9ts1 & ea* exposure is develop$ sep>ately4 ,:5 ! develop+ process is complet$1 !re=e1 ! film relat+ to "o subject is 9 a fragm5t>y condition4 ,^! odds & ends h to be sort$ out1 all useless p>ts cut away1 & !n arrang$ 9 sequ5ce & jo9$ toge!r to =m a cont9u\s b& conta9+1 9 ! ord9>y case1 ! :ole subject4 ,if ! s]ies ( pictures runs into two or ?ree ?\s& feet1 ! aggregate w be divid$ into #a1jjj feet sections1 :i* is ! approximate capacity ( ! spool m\nt$ on ! projector4 ,! sections are unit$ by means ( a transp>5t cem5t1 kn[n z amyl-acetate4 ,:5 ! negative is dry & ! gelat9e surface has h>d5$ en\gh to p]mit ! sections to be h&l$ & jo9$ toge!r1 ! next /age is tak5 9 h&4 ,?is is pr9t+ ! positive4 ,obvi\sly a pr9t+ frame1 su* z ! amateur uses = pr9t+ f a s+le glass plate1 is q out ( ! "q ) a negative sev]al hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,inv5tion born ( necessity has met ?is "q 9 a novel mann]1 & ! pr9t+ process is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ phases 9 ! prep>ation ( a picture4 ,consid]able me*anical +5uity has be5 display$1 & v>i\s types ( pr9t+ ma*9es produc$2 b = ! purposes ( expla9+ ! subject mo/ lucidly & compreh5sively two typical ma*9es w suffice4 ,be=e pr9t+1 h[ev]1 ! raw film or /ock int5d$ = ! purposes ( ! positive or transp>5cy mu/ be p]=at$1 an op]ation :i* is simil> to t foll[$ 9 p]=at+ ! negative film4 ,pr9t+ is c>ri$ out by contact2 t is to say1 ! s5sitis$ surface ( ! positive film is press$ tightly aga9/ ! emulsion side ( ! negative film at ! in/ant ! exposure is made4 ,"o image is pr9t$ at "o "t4 ,! two films are giv5 an int]mitt5t action1 ! consecutive images on ! negative film & ! correspond+ sections ( s5sitis$ surfaces on ! positive film be+ br\ght be=e ! illum9ant dur+ ! brief p]iod t ! light is cut (f f ! pr9t+ box by ! passage ( ! %utt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h--;,,front ,,& ,,side ,,views ,,( ,,newman-,,s9clair ,,pr9t+ ,,app>atus4 ,9 ! ,newman-,s9clair app>atus1 ,fig4 #h1 ! negative film is w\nd ^u spool #a1 :ile ! positive film is c>ri$ on spool #b1 bo? be+ support$ ^u ! project+ bracket #c4 ,! negative passes ov] ! guide roll] ,a1 & desc5ds ) ! positive film to ! too!d sprocket #d4 ,at ?is po9t ! two films are br\ght toge!r ) ! gelat9e surfaces inside1 :ile ! tee? ( ! sprocket me% ) ! p]=ations 9 ea*4 ,! two films pass f ?is sprocket1 =m a loop1 & toge!r ent] ! gate1 :i* clamps !m tightly & flatly toge!r1 ) _! respective p]=ations exactly co9cid+4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! two films come opposite ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* passes ! light f ! lamp1 !re is a mask1 by :i* ! position ( ! picture relative to ! exposure hole is correct$4 ,! mask also det]m9es ! %ape ( ! positive picture4 ,x may be rectangul>1 oval1 circul>1 or h r\nd$ corn]s z desir$4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! film1 9 l9e ) ! expos+ ap]ture1 is a r$ scre51 ov] :i* a %utt] slides4 ,:5 ?is %utt] is op5$1 ! op]ator c see ! negative image ?r\gh ! positive film1 & ?us c asc]ta9 t ! position ( ! picture is correct 9 relation to ! exposure ap]ture1 & also t ! p]=ations on ! two films are 9 syn*rony4 ,! light by :i* ! exposure is made is conta9$ 9 a light-tight box1 or may be plac$ on ! outside ( ! wall ( ! pr9t+ room1 an ap]ture be+ cut 9 ! p>tition to admit ! light to ! pr9t+ app>atus1 :i* is screw$ to ! wall4 ,betwe5 ! light & ! film !re is a revolv+ %utt]1 z 9 ! cam]a1 :i* cuts (f ! light int]mitt5tly1 enabl+ ! succe$+ negative image & area ( positive film to be br\ght into position be=e ! exposure orifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,r[ ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9es ,,9 ,,! ,,rome ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,c9es ,,company4 ,?is e/abli%m5t is able to pr9t #ajj1jjj feet ( film p] day4 ,! film is drawn ?r\gh ! ma*9e by a pair ( f+]s or claws :i* engage ) ! p]=ations ( ! two films & pull !m d[nw>ds toge!r4 ,z ! pictures are pr9t$1 ! negative & positive films pass into boxes or o!r suitable receptacles to be re-w\nd on _! respective spools4 ,! ma*9e c be op]at$ ei!r by h& or p[] accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,z ! s5sitis$ surface ( ! positive film is sl[] ?an t ( ! negative1 pr9t+ is c>ri$ out at a r$uc$ spe$1 ! av]age recomm5d$ ) ?is app>atus be+ ab\t five pictures p] second4 ,ano!r pr9t+ ma*9e has be5 rec5tly produc$ :i* is reg>d$ z ! simple/1 mo/ me*anically p]fect1 mo/ compact1 & self-conta9$ app>atus yet devis$ = ?is "w1 & :i* compels att5tion z mu* f its effici5cy z f ! po9t ( view ( me*anical excell5ce4 ,?is is ! ,williamson pr9t]4 ,x is a complete unit1 & c be mov$ f place to place ) facility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,williamson ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9e4 ,= mak+ ! positive films4--,= explanation see page #hb4 ,x comprises a l>ge rectangul> box or cab9et1 /&+ on "o end4 ,! front face c>ries ! pr9t+ me*anism1 :ile ! int]ior1 divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 conta9s ! driv+ me*anism & ! illum9at+ ag5cy = pr9t+4 ,! app>atus is s design$ t aft] pr9t+ ! films are w\nd ^u sep>ate spools at once1 ?us sav+ "t1 & disp5s+ ) ! necessity ( a box or basket to ga!r ! loose films1 :i* is bo? a dang]\s & an unsatisfactory process1 inasmu* z ! films are liable to become damag$ by curl+ & crack+1 & ?r\gh ! surfaces rubb+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! negative film is plac$ ^u ! spool ,a imm$iately bel[ :i* is ! positive film spool ,b4 ,! s5sitis$ surfaces ( ! two films face "o ano!r1 & ! two are br\ght toge!r z !y pass "u ! grip roll]s & ov] ! too!d sprocket ,c1 :]e ! tee? me% ) ! p]=ations 9 ! respective films4 ,issu+ f ?is sprocket a loop is =m$1 & !n ! films ent] ! gate ,d ov] ! pr9t+ ap]ture4 ,?is gate is side-h+$1 & :5 clos$ x presses ev5ly ^u ! :ole surface ( ! films "u exposure1 ensur+ a p]fect ev5 contact4 ,!re is a small r$ scre5 ,e1 :i*1 :5 releas$ by means ( a small lev]1 drops d[n1 ?us enabl+ ! negative to be exam9$ )\t dang] ( ! positive film be+ fogg$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,by ?is means ! pr9t] c satisfy himself t ! picture is c5tral to ! exposure hole4 ,z ! picture is pr9t$1 a simple claw device ,f1 resembl+ two hook$ f+]s1 engages ) ! p]=ations 9 ! two films & draws !m d[nw>ds4 ,?is claw device is ( v simple con/ruction1 work+ on a cam1 s t :5 ! film has mov$ d[nw>ds ! prop] di/ance--suffici5t to br+ ! succe$+ picture & its area ( unexpos$ positive film be=e ! pr9t+ ap]ture--! f+]s dis5gage !mselves f ! films1 rise1 & move upw>ds to drop into o!r p]=ations & repeat ! op]ation4 ,z ! film desc5ds1 x =ms a loop1 & passes "u a d\ble smoo?-fac$ roll] & a too!d sprocket ,g1 at :i* po9t ! two films "p company1 ! positive to be w\nd ^u ! bobb9 ,h1 :ile ! negative film is w\nd ^u ! l[] bobb9 ,i4 ,^! l[] spools are driv5 by belt & pulleys f a bevel ge> :eel1 :i* c>ries a sp9dle actuat+ ! claw giv+ ! int]mitt5t movem5t to ! films1 & :i* by means ( ano!r sp9dle rotates ! upp] & l[] sprockets ,c & ,g s t ! loops above & bel[ ! gate rema9 con/ant4 ,by ?is arrangem5t no pull or /ra9 is impos$ ^u ! films by ! sprockets1 :i* act m]ely z guides & n tractive devices4 ,! comp>tm5t ,j is l9$ ) asbe/os1 & conta9s ! illum9ant by means ( :i* ! pr9t+ is done4 ,an electric lamp ( #ej c&le-p[]1 hav+ a filam5t 9 ! =m ( a grid1 is plac$ directly opposite ! w9d[ ?r\gh :i* ! exposures are made4 ,?is lamp is m\nt$ ^u a slide controll$ by a lev] on a quadrant on ! face ( ! ma*9e1 by means ( :i* x may be mov$ z requir$ f #b in*es to #aj in*es f ! pr9t+ w9d[4 ,! p[] ( ! light may be v>i$ accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! negative by means ( a controll]1 :i* increases or decreases its int5sity 9 mu* ! same way z a gas jet c be turn$ up or d[n1 x be+ possible to secure six v>iations 9 light int5sity rang+ betwe5 #af & #ej c&le-p[]4 ,:5 ! door ( ! *amb] is clos$ ! comp>tm5t is p]fectly light-tight1 ?\gh ample v5tilation is secur$4 ,! l[] comp>tm5t ,k c>ries ! electric motor by means ( :i* ! app>atus is driv51 & ! spe$ ( pr9t+ is alt]$ at w by means ( a controll]4 ,! motor is ( #a_/ab horse-p[]1 & six direct spe$s c be obta9$4 ,! drive is communicat$ to ! me*anism ?r\gh a sy/em ( cone pulleys1 :i* enable ?ree spe$s to be obta9$2 & z ea* ( ^! ?ree spe$s c be giv5 "o ( ! six spe$s ( ! motor by means ( ! regulat+ swit* or controll]1 ! app>atus c be driv5 at eighte5 diff]5t spe$s1 accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,wide range ( action1 comb9$ ) simplicity ( control1 *>act]ise ?is app>atus4 ,! pr9t+ spe$ v>ies accord+ to ! d5sity ( negative & ! int5sity ( ! light1 b ! av]age spe$ 9 pr9t+ f a normal negative is ab\t #ejj exposures ( pictures p] m9ute4 ,! positive film1 aft] be+ expos$1 is develop$ by a me?od simil> to t us$ = ! negative4 ,bo? ^! develop+ processes dem& consid]able skill & exp]i5ce 9 ord] to ensure ! be/ possible results4 ,an accompli%$ develop]1 l 8 colleague work+ ) glass plates1 c rectify _m defici5cies aris+ dur+ exposure4 ,! cam]a op]ator (t5 has to "w "u ! mo/ adv]se conditions conc]n+ light1 & x is ! task ( ! man 9 ! d>k room to obta9 ! utmo/ f a poor negative4 ,by c>e & att5tion1 comb9$ ) exp]i5ce & k1 he w be able to improve1 make up = "u-exposure1 & mitigate ! evils due to ov]-exposure4 ,x w be realis$ t developm5t is ! mo/ critical /age 9 ! :ole op]ation1 = ^u ! mann] 9 :i* x is c>ri$ out mu* ( ! excell5ce & m]it ( ! project$ picture dep5ds4 ,! fact t ! c9ematograph cam]a is be+ reg>d$ m & m z an indisp5sable unit 9 ! imp$im5ta = travell+ & explor+ exp$itions has result$ 9 att5tion be+ devot$ to ! p]fection ( a small portable develop+ outfit to enable films to be develop$ at once1 in/ead ( s5d+ !m home = treatm5t1 z hi!rto has be5 ! case4 ,! 8,n4,s40 develop+ app>atus is an excell5t appliance ( ?is "*4 ,x has be5 tak5 by ,capta9 ,scott1 ,r4,n41 ^u 8 ,ant>ctic exp$ition1 & =ms "p ( ! photographic outfit c>ri$ by ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton ^u 8 travels4 ,! develop+ app>atus consi/s ( a rotat+ cyl9d] & two or m semi-circul> tr\ghs4 ,! film is w\nd spirally ^u ! drum1 be+ held 9 position by means ( wire /aples1 & ! app>atus is s design$ t ! drum ) its film c be mov$ f "o tr\gh to ! o!r by ! simple movem5t ( a lev]4 ,! design ( ! app>atus ensures economy 9 ! quantity ( develop] requir$4 ,?ree p9ts ( solution are suffici5t to treat #ge feet ( film1 & ! ba? c be ?r[n away :5 "w is f9i%$ or bottl$ = fur!r use4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! film is w\nd ^u a collapsible drum1 :i* folds into a small space :5 n 9 use4 ,! outfit is made ( p9e1 ) wat]pro($ jo9ts1 ! :ole ( ! woodwork be+ treat$ ) p>aff9 wax to r5d] x imp]vi\s to ! action ( *emicals & moi/ure4 ,:5 pack$1 ! app>atus1 capable ( deal+ ) #ej feet ( film1 measures #c feet 9 l5g?1 by #bf in*es wide1 & #ah in*es deep4 ,! out] pack+ con/itutes ! support = ! app>atus :5 9 op]ation4 ,wa/e is absolutely unavoidable 9 ! c9ematograph indu/ry1 & no matt] h[ c>efully op]ations may be conduct$1 x is b\nd to assume impressive proportions4 ,9 a travell+ exp$ition ! op]ator records pictures ( :at he deems to be suffici5tly int]e/+ f v>i\s po9ts ( view--sc5ic1 e?nographic1 hi/orical1 or m]ely anecdotal & humor\s4 ,:5 ! films are develop$ & a trial positive is /ruck = projection be=e ! p[]s t be1 to receive (ficial approbation & sanction to ent] ! m>ket1 ! critics 9 ! private project+ room sometimes fail to see eye to eye ) ! c9ematograph]1 & deem ?is & t to be lack+ 9 ! ess5tials :i* r5d] a film attractive to ! public4 ,accord+ly1 ^! sections are elim9at$4 ,f #cjj to #c1jjj feet may be de/roy$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! wa/e is /ill great] 9 ! film+ ( picture plays4 ,sometimes a sc5e1 occupy+ #ajj or #aej feet ( film1 w h to be photograph$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,i once saw a sc5e1 tak+ #bjj feet ( film1 record$ six times be=e x gave satisfaction4 ,x 0 a picture involv+ ! movem5ts ( a l>ge cr[d1 & 9 five in/ances some?+ w5t wrong at "o po9t or ano!r1 despite ! fact t rehe>sals _h be5 prosecut$ ) su* en]gy & p]si/5ce t at la/ ev]y?+ appe>$ to move ) ! precision ( ! :eels ( a wat*4 ,a ?\s& feet ( film 7 spoil$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 :i*1 at an av]age ( #a;d4 7?ree c5ts7 a foot1 repres5t$ a wa/e ( #f or #cj 9 film alone4 ,yet ?is is by no means an isolat$ in/ance2 ! proportion (t5 approximates #bj p] c5t42 t is to say1 #bjj feet out ( #a1jjj feet are useless4 ,! bigg] ! production be+ record$1 ! heavi] ! wa/e 9 ?is direction4 ,:5 ! positives h be5 dri$ & h>d5$ suffici5tly to enable !m to be h&l$1 !y are s5t to a room :]e ! diff]5t sections are id5tifi$ & allott$ to _! positions 9 ! subjects to :i* !y belong4 ,! sections are jo9$ toge!r1 ! l5g?s ( film be>+ ! explanatory sub-titles are ins]t$ 9 ! prop] places1 & ! :ole subject1 aft] a f9al exam9ation1 is w\nd ^u a spool ready = ! m>ket4 ,! exam9ation ( ! films is c>ri$ out rigor\sly1 ^? suff]+ f ! slighte/ blemi% or com+ bel[ ! firm's /&>d be+ disc>d$4 ,x has be5 se5 f ! =ego+ t ! prep>ations = develop+ & pr9t+ are some:at elaborate1 & dem& exp5sive app>atus 9 ord] to insure ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,^! consid]ations react aga9/ ! amateur c9ematograph]4 ,b %\ld "o fall a victim to ! fasc9at+ glam\r ( c9ematography1 "o ne$ n appreh5d difficulties 9 connection ) develop+ & pr9t+4 ,!re is no necessity to acquire p]=ators1 to e/abli% a complete develop+ room1 or to inve/ 9 a pr9t+ ma*9e4 ,! majority ( c9ematograph manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts und]take to develop negatives1 & to supply positive pr9ts ready = projection at a nom9al figure4 ,x is f> bett] to entru/ ! "w to a skill$ /aff1 :o c be tru/$ to h&le ! film successfully1 ?an to attempt to wre/le ) unkn[n difficulties ) a s]p5t-l film #bjj feet long1 9 ! murky gloom ( ! d>k room4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,! ,,pictures ,,are ,,%[n ,,^u ,,! ,,scre54 ,hav+ obta9$ ! positive film1 ) its /r+ ( consecutive pictures1 we n[ proce$ to reproduce ^u a l>ge scale ! animation :i* has be51 s to speak1 h>ness$ by ! cam]a4 ,= ?is purpose ?ree ess5tials are necess>y--a project+ app>atus1 a p[]ful & brilliant illum9ant1 & a :ite surface or scre51 ^u :i* ! pictures are ?r[n4 ,9 its g5]al appe>ance ! projector resembles ! magic lant]n1 :i* be=e ! adv5t ( ! c9ematograph held ! field z a fav\rite s\rce ( amusem5t4 ,x has ! small box or cab9et 9 :i* ! light is plac$1 & ! cond5s] :]eby ! rays f ! illum9ant are conv]g$ into a p[]ful beam to be ?r[n ?r\gh ! picture & ! l5s ^u ! scre54 ,?is "p ( ! app>atus is practically ! same z t requir$ = ! purpose ( %[+ /ill-life lant]n slides4 ,x is ! me*anism requir$ to br+ ! consecutive pictures s+ly be=e ! l5s 9 rapid succession t con/itutes ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n projector & ! old /]eopticon4 ,! project+ me*anism has ! same task z ! cam]a = secur+ ! pictures4 ,t is to say1 a small section ( film correspond+ to ! dim5sions ( a picture has to be br\ght into position be=e ! l5s 9 su* a way z to p]mit ! p[]ful conc5trat$ beam ( light f ! lant]n to pass ?r\gh x & ?r[ an enl>g$1 brilliant1 & cle>ly def9$ picture ^u ! scre54 ,! image re/s on ! scre5 = ! fraction ( a second1 to be foll[$ by ! next picture4 ,"o does n obs]ve ! *ange f "o picture to ! o!r1 z !re is a revolv+ %utt]1 ! opaque blade or blades ( :i* cut across ! scre5 at regul> int]vals4 ,:ile ! %utt] is pass+ ! l5s1 !reby int]rupt+ ! passage ( light to ! scre51 ! succe$+ picture is br\ght into position2 & :5 ! opaque blade has pass$1 x is expos$ 9 its turn & makes way = ! next picture1 ?is alt]nate action cont9u+ until ! end ( ! film is rea*$4 ,x w be se5 t an int]mitt5t motion has to be giv5 to ! film 9 projection1 9 precisely ! same mann] z is requir$ 9 ! cam]a = exposure4 ,al?\gh ! evolution ( a smoo?-work+ & p]fect cam]a tax$ me*anical +5uity to a high degree1 ! proportions ( ! task 7 n to be comp>$ ) ^? involv$ 9 ! design ( ! projector4 ,_m factors _h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 imp]ative t ea* picture %\ld be sup]impos$ exactly ^u its pr$ecessor1 t :5 ! image rea*$ ! %eet x %\ld /& z /eadily & z /ill = ! m9ute fraction ( a second z if x 7 a lant]n slide1 & t ! *ange f "o picture to ! o!r %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 su* a way z to r5d] ! *ange z imp]ceptible z possible to ! spectator4 ,9 %ort1 e ef=t _h to be made to reproduce by int]mitt5t motion ! effect obta9able ) ! cam]a obscura4 ,! p]fection ( ?is illusion has dem&$ ye>s ( unremitt+ exp]im5t & rese>*4 ,:5 animat$ pictures fir/ came be=e ! public !y _h a viol5t flick]+1 oscillat+1 & jump+ motion1 :i* prov$ exce$+ly pa9ful to ! eyes4 ,! effect 0 some:at simil> to t produc$ by gaz+ at a picture :i* is vibrat+1 & bl9k+ rapidly mean:ile1 or :5 a flick]-disc is rotat$ v rapidly be=e ! limelight c5tr$ ^u a /age sc5e & actors4 ,by d9t ( p]si/5t ef=t & ! p]fection ( me*anical details1 ?is s]i\s flick]+ & jump+ effect has be5 elim9at$2 t is1 s f> z is possible ) an app>atus design$ to convey ! impression ( cont9u\s motion by int]mitt5t action4 ,! project+ me*anism is ( sub/antial design1 :ile ! mov+ p>ts subject$ to we> & te> are made ( ! /ronge/ metals4 ,! we> & te>1 h[ev]1 is trem5d\s1 & z all ! mov+ p>ts are liable to displacem5t !y mu/ be fitt$ ) adju/+ devices :]eby all slackness c be tak5 up & ! app>atus be kept tun$ to a high pit* ( effici5cy4 ,great +5uity has be5 display$ 9 ! conception & manufacture ( ^! details1 & ! c9ematograph projector ( to-day is a wond]ful piece ( me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,but*] ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,,fig4 #i4--,,! ,,optical ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,c9ematograph4 ,! optical pr9ciple ( ! c9ematograph is exactly t ( ! magic lant]n4 ,ref]5ce to ,fig4 #i w expla9 x fully4 ,! illum9ant is repres5t$ by ,l & ! c5tre ( ! light is opposite ! c5tre ( ! cond5s]s ,c ,c1 :i* receive ! rays & cond5se !m1 ! po9t ( conv]g5ce be+ 9 ! l5s or objective ,o1 f :i* !y pass out 9 ! =m ( an exp&+ cone ( light to fall ^u ! scre54 ,! rays 9 pass+ f ! cond5s]s p5etrate ! picture ,f on ! film 9 position be=e ! l5s4 ,x w be se5 t ! l5s has to be m\nt$ s t its longitud9al axis is level ) ! light4 ,! di/ance ( ! light ,l f ! cond5s]s1 & simil>ly ! di/ance ( ! l5s or objective ,o f ! picture ,f is gov]n$ by ! focus ( ! objective4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! picture to be project$ mu/ be br\ght to a /op 9 a position c5tral to ! l5s1 & = ?is purpose !re is a film trap or gate1 :]e x makes a mom5t>y halt1 9 precisely ! same way t ! unexpos$ film is arre/$ 9 its progress ?r\gh ! cam]a4 ,! film to be project$ is c>ri$ ^u a spool m\nt$ on an arm or bracket above ! me*anism1 ) ! pictures upside d[n z 9 ! ord9>y magic lant]n4 ,! spools us$ are ( ! op5 or ! clos$ type4 ,! =m] is p]missible 9 c\ntries :]e !re is no rigid legislation gov]n+ c9ematograph displays1 or :]e non-inflammable films are us$2 b 9 ,great ,brita9 ! film mu/ be w\nd ^u a spool enclos$ 9 a metallic case1 to provide protection aga9/ fire4 ,! be/ spool boxes are l9$ ) asbe/os1 :i* ensures a great] degree ( safety4 ,f ! spool ! film is ?read$ ov] a too!d sprocket1 :i* engages ) ! p]=ations1 & also "u a spr+ grip roll] :i* keeps ! film 9 contact ) ! sprocket4 ,a loop is !n =m$1 & f ?is ! film passes into ! gate beh9d ! l5s4 ,?is gate consi/s1 z 9 ! cam]a1 ( two pieces1 "o rigid1 ! o!r sw++ & h+$ to ! fir/1 s t x may be op5$ to enable ! film to be introduc$4 ,:5 clos$1 ! film is held flat & rigid4 ,z ! %utt] passes across ! field ( ! l5s1 cutt+ ! picture (f ! %eet1 ! film is giv5 a %>p j]k d[nw>ds to br+ ! next picture into exactly ! same position 9 ! gate be=e ! l5s z t occupi$ by ! prec$+ image4 ,! desc5d+ film passes r\nd a second too!d sprocket1 ) its grip roll]1 & !nce into ! second spool box1 :]e x is coil$ ^u ! bobb94 ,! ma*9e is op]at$ ei!r by h& or by p[] & belt+ pass+ ov] a pulley4 ,i h describ$ ! broad pr9ciple ^u :i* ! projector op]ates2 ! details ( ! me*anism v>y accord+ to ! ideas ( v>i\s mak]s4 ,!re are sev]al excell5t project+ me*anisms on ! m>ket1 ea* possess+ dep>tures 9 detail1 to "s ( :i* ref]5ce is made lat]4 ,! great difficulty 0 to imp>t int]mitt5t motion to ! me*anism :i* fe$s ! film to ! l5s at regul> int]vals f a cont9u\s rot>y drive1 ! h&le be+ revolv$ at uni=m spe$4 ,x occurr$ to ,paul1 :o 0 ! fir/ man 9 ,engl& to attack ! problem sci5tifically1 t x might be feasible to employ ! type ( int]mitt5t ge> us$ 9 wat*es1 kn[n z ! ,g5eva /op4 ,he decid$ to adopt ?is me*anism4 ,! driv+ :eel :5 x completes a revolution falls into a not* ( ! driv5 :eel1 & 9 cont9u+ its rot>y movem5t moves ! latt] =w>d ! ext5t ( "o not*1 b no m1 ow+ to ! convex space betwe5 ea* not*1 or concave rim ( ea* too?1 :i* co9cides ) ! curve ( ! driv+ :eel & fits closely aga9/ its circumf]5ce4 ,:5 ! driv+ :eel makes its second revolution x engages ) ! second not*1 & s on1 ) ! result t 9 ?is case ! driv+ :eel makes sev5 revolutions to "o ( ! driv5 :eel4 ,ea* not* co9cides ) a picture2 t is to say1 ea* "t ! driv+ :eel =ces ! second :eel =w>d "o not*1 a picture on ! film is br\ght be=e ! l5s = projection4 ,?is novel ge> gave ! desir$ result1 b x und]w5t consid]able modification1 ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! driv5 :eel be+ ultimately r$uc$ to f\r4 ,! driv+ :eel 0 also alt]$4 ,in/ead ( be+ not*$ z 9 ! ,g5eva /op movem5t1 x 0 fitt$ ) a p91 :i*1 :5 ! :eel made a complete revolution1 fell into "o ( ! deep not*es 9 ! driv5 :eel1 & s mov$ x =w>d4 ,by ?is modification ! ge>+ 0 r$uc$ to #d to #a2 ! driv+ :eel made f\r revolutions to "o ( ! driv5 :eel1 & ea* not* ( ! latt] correspond$ to a picture4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! not*es 9 ?is driv5 :eel resemble a ,maltese cross 9 =m1 ! device became kn[n z ! 8,maltese ,cross0 movem5t4 ,x is 9 use to-day4 ,! not*$ ,maltese cross :eel is atta*$ to ! sp9dle ( ! sprocket :eel bel[ ! l5s1 & ! movem5t =w>d ( "o not* suffices to j]k ! film d[n sm>tly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* or ! dep? ( "o picture4 ,! advantage ( ?is movem5t is t ! film is pull$ d[n v quickly1 & z a result ! flick] is r$uc$ to a negligible quantity4 ,! ge> is noiseless & enables a v /eady picture to be obta9$ ^u ! scre54 ,on ! o!r h&1 n be+ a true me*anical movem5t1 ! =w>d motion ( ! film is accompani$ by a c]ta9 degree ( %ock1 :i* n only imposes a /ra9 ^u ! fragile film1 b at ! same "t sets up great we> & te> 9 ! me*anism itself4 ,= ^! reasons ano!r sy/em ( br++ ! film into place 0 evolv$4 ,a :eel hav+ an ecc5tric movem5t is introduc$ bel[ ! film gate4 ,?is :eel c>ries a project+ roll]1 & ) ea* revolution ! roll] /rikes ! film :i* passes ov] ! :eel1 & pulls x d[n ! dep? ( a picture4 ,?is type ( action is kn[n z ! 8dog0 movem5t1 & is incorporat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! smoo? & regul> movem5t ( ! film ?r\gh ! gate4 ,its disadvantages are t x is noisy2 & secondly1 t x is almo/ impossible to secure a /eady picture ^u ! scre51 z ! dog /rikes ! film s sm>tly z to set up a vibration :i* is communicat$ to ! picture 9 ! gate4 ,b x is simpl] ?an ! 8,maltese cross0 movem5t1 :ile ! we> & te> ^u ! me*anism itself is s slight z to be almo/ non-exi/5t4 ,^! two movem5ts h divid$ ! c9ematograph _w into two camps1 "o adh]+ to ! 8,maltese cross10 ! o!r /aun* 9 its support ( ! 8dog0 movem5t4 ,b ! =m] appe>s to be increas+ 9 fav\r1 despite its ackn[l$g$ defects4 ,"s ye>s ago ,paul indicat$ an improvem5t on x :i* dem&s att5tion because x conv]ts an indiff]5t me*anical movem5t into "o sci5tifically correct4 ,! pr9ciple is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,in/ead ( hav+ f\r not*es or slots 9 ! driv5 :eel1 z 9 ! ,maltese cross1 he has only ?ree slots4 ,! driv+ memb] ,a has an arm ,c c>ry+ a roll] ,e at its out] edge4 ,! driv+ memb] ,a :5 x completes a revolution1 ent]s ! slot c 9 ! driv5 :eel ,b1 & at ! mom5t ( ent]+ ! slot is at a tang5t to ! circul> pa? a ( ,e1 ) ! result t ! roll] ,e ent]s ! slot )\t sett+ up any %ock :atev]1 c>ries ! :eel ,b r\nd1 & leaves ! slot at a simil> tang5t to its pa?1 at ! same "t br++ ! next slot tang5t to ! pa? ( ! roll] ,e on arm ,a4 ,?us ! film is giv5 increas+ spe$ )\t ! slighte/ /ra91 & z ! movem5t enables ! images to be *ang$ rapidly )\t j>r+1 x is possible to r$uce ! p]iod ( eclipse to almo/ no?+4 ,= ?is reason1 ! opaque sector ( ! %utt] c be cut d[n to "o sixte5? ( ! area ( ! circle describ$ by ! %utt]4 ,) ! o!r movem5ts ! sector ( ! %utt] mu/ cov] at lea/ "o-qu>t] ( ! sup]ficies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ?ree-slot :eel cuts d[n ! p]iod ( eclipse to less ?an "o-qu>t] ( t possible by any o!r me*anism1 & z ! sector only cov]s "o-sixte5? ( ! circle1 ! p]iod ( light ?r[n ?r\gh ! film on to ! scre5 is increas$1 ) an accompany+ increase ( brilliancy & a complete abs5ce ( flick]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,paul',s ,,improv$ 8,,cross0 ,,driv+ ,,me*anism4 ,! %utt] is "o ( ! mo/ important features ( ! projector4 ,9 ! majority ( cases x is plac$ be=e ! l5s1 b 9 ! ,gaumont 8*rono0 ma*9e x is plac$ betwe5 ! cond5s] & ! picture4 ,9 ord] to secure ! be/ results1 ! area ( ! opaque surface cov]+ ! l5s :ile ! next picture is br\ght into position %\ld be r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 & ! eclips+ action %\ld be s c>ri$ out z to r$uce ! flick]1 :i* is directly due to ! cutt+ (f ( "o picture to enable ! next to be br\ght into position4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! %utt] _h "o blade only2 :5 a brilliant light 0 us$1 ! alt]nate p]iods ( light & d>kness c\ld be easily di/+ui%$1 & ! eyes suff]$ accord+ly4 ,an ef=t to rem$y ?is disa/r\s effect 0 made by ! introduction ( a violet-col\r$ sector ( simil> area to ! opaque sector1 & set opposite to ! latt]1 :i* gave ! %utt] ! appe>ance ( a two-blad$ propell]4 ,?is is effective to a c]ta9 degree2 b x has be5 sup]s$$ by a %utt] hav+ ?ree blades4 ,! %utt] is m\nt$ ^u a sp9dle 9 front ( ! l5s1 ! di/ance !refrom be+ det]m9$ by ! focus ( ! objective4 ,! heat conc5trat$ ^u ! film by ! conv]g+ rays ( light f ! cond5s] is trem5d\s4 ,! effect is id5tical ) t produc$ by focuss+ ! sun's rays ) a l5s ^u a piece ( pap]4 ,if ! rays are p]mitt$ to play ^u "o "p ( ! celluloid film = f\r or five seconds x w become ignit$4 ,s long z ! film is mov+ little appreh5sion ne$ be ent]ta9$2 ! dang] arises :5 ! film is /opp$ to attempt focuss+ ) a /ation>y picture1 or ! film breaks dur+ projection & /ops 9 ! gate4 ,sev]al disa/r\s cata/rophes h aris5 f ! fir+ ( ! film dur+ projection4 ,x is impossible to lay too great a /ress ^u ! dang]1 = ! av]age op]ator is little m ?an a cog 9 ! ma*9e1 & fails to conc5trate att5tion ^u ! "w 9 h& s z to anticipate & meet em]g5cies4 ,manufactur]s h tri$ to remove ! dang] by ! evolution ( :at is kn[n z an automatic safety cut-(f4 ,?is is a second %utt]1 :i*1 :5 ! projector is at re/1 drops betwe5 ! light & ! l5s4 ,! %utt] is connect$ to ! balls ( a gov]nor4 ,z ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! gov]nor is increas$ by ! turn+ ( ! driv+ h&le1 ! balls assume a horizontal circle ( rotation1 & 9 s do+1 lift ! %utt] until x rises cle> ( ! ap]ture 9 ! gate1 ?r\gh :i* ! light /rikes ! picture4 ,9 ! same way1 z ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! gov]nor is decreas$1 ! balls fall & ! %utt] desc5ds4 ,! introduction ( ?is automatic cut-(f is some:at to be deplor$4 ,x makes ! op]ator less c>eful2 he tru/s bl9dly to 8 automatic fri5d1 :i*1 ?\gh x functions admirably1 is1 l all su* me*anisms1 liable to fail at a critical mom5t4 ,:5 su* a breakd[n does occur1 ! av]age op]ator is inv>iably caught napp+1 & ! film is fir$ be=e he realises :at has happ5$4 ,! old] sy/em1 :]eby ! cut-(f1 a %utt] work+ ^u a h+$ flap pr9ciple1 _h to be op]at$ manually1 0 f> saf]4 ,its op5+ or clos+ con/itut$ a "p ( ! cycle ( op]ations 9 ! prep>ations = projection1 ?us call+ = a def9ite movem5t on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,! mo/ effici5t safety appliance yet associat$ ) ! projector itself is ! ,urban-,joy-,h>ris anti-fir+ device1 ,fig4 #aa1 a v simple arrangem5t1 :]eby ! ris+ & fall+ gate is conv]t$1 to all int5ts & purposes1 into a fire-pro( box4 ,:5 ! film is ?read$ ?r\gh ! gate1 only t "p be=e ! l5s1 ^u :i* ! light rays are conv]g$1 is expos$ to ! air on ! side ne>e/ ! light4 ,on ! opposite side ! exposure hole is conta9$ 9 a tube1 hold+ ! l5s1 :i* consequ5tly =ms an air-tight *amb] ^u t side4 ,%\ld ! film cat* fire :ile /ation>y 9 ! gate1 ! air conta9$ 9 ! l5s *amb] ,a becomes heat$ sudd5ly1 & exp&s1 s t ! products ( combu/ion are dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! exposure hole ( ,h into ! air4 ,! fire _c creep up & d[n ! film1 z small b>s exactly above & bel[ ! exposure hole successfully prev5t su* action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa--,,! ,,urban-,,joy-,,h>ris ,,anti-,,fir+ ,,device4 ,,! ,,dott$ ,,l9es ,,%[ ,,action ,,( ,,me*anism ,,clos+ ,,%utt] ,c ,,:5 ,,film ,f ,,breaks ,,at ,k4 ,9 addition !re is ! ,h>ris safety %utt]1 :i* 9 ! ev5t ( ! film break+ bel[ ! gate1 & ?us prev5t+ its own passage ow+ to ! int]ruption 9 ! driv+ ef=t1 %uts (f ! light f ! film1 & also /ops ! electric motor1 %\ld ! ma*9e be driv5 by electricity4 ,?is safety-%utt] ,b holds a semi-circul> flap ,d1 :i* is connect$ by a small lev] to a rectangul> flap ,c4 ,! flap ,d is s adju/$ z to hang ov] ! loop 9 ! film ,e betwe5 ! sprocket & ! entrance to ! film gate4 ,"u normal conditions ! loop ,e does n come into contact ) ! %utt] ,d1 b :5 ! film ,f becomes brok5 bel[ at ,k1 ! loop ,e is enl>g$ sudd5ly ow+ to ! film n be+ able to pass ?r\gh ! gate1 ) ! result t x =ces ! flap ,d to a v]tical position1 & ?is 9 turn ?r[s ! flap ,c d[n ov] ! exposure hole4 ,!re is a tube ,i :i* conta9s ab\t half-an-ounce ( m]cury ) an electrical contact at ei!r end1 ! object ( :i* is to *ange ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! flap ,d1 & also to cut (f ! supply ( electric en]gy to ! motor4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is runn+ smoo?ly ?is tube ,i is 9 a horizontal position mak+ ! electrical connection at ei!r end1 b :5 ! flap ,d rises1 ow+ to ! enl>gem5t ( ! loop ,e 9 ! film1 ! weight ( m]cury is ?r[n to "o end ( ! tube1 caus+ x to cant 9 su* a way z to reta9 ! flap ,d 9 a v]tical position4 ,if ! film %\ld take fire1 only ! picture be=e ! l5s is consum$4 ,ev5 ! p]=at$ edges rema9 unt\*$1 s t ! film is n sev]$1 & c cont9ue its travel ?r\gh ! ma*9e :5 ! breakd[n is repair$4 ,to supply ! light necess>y to projection1 acetyl5e1 ! oxy-hydrog5 limelight1 & ! electric arc h all be5 us$2 b ! la/ is ! illum9ant mo/ g5]ally fav\r$4 ,x enables ! maximum am\nt ( light to be collect$ by ! cond5s]4 ,:5 ! projection ( mov+ pictures 0 fir/ attempt$ an arc light 0 unavailable1 because t =m ( light+ _h n be5 adapt$ to ! magic lant]n4 ,! late ,t4 ,c4 ,hepwor?1 ! em95t au?ority on ! lant]n1 0 wre/l+ ) ! problem1 b !re 0 no comm]cial app>atus suit$ to ! c9ematograph4 ,9 us+ electric light a resi/ance is requir$ to absorb or dissipate 9 ! =m ( heat ! curr5t ov] & above t requir$ = ! light4 ,_m types ( resi/ances h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose1 to suit v>y+ requirem5ts4 ,?is me?od ( deal+ ) ! surplus curr5t is1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly wa/eful1 & accord+ly1 :]e picture projection is be+ c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale1 a motor g5]ator is adopt$4 ,! curr5t d]iv$ f ! supply ma9 is utilis$ to drive an electric motor1 :i* 9 turn actuates a dynamo1 :]eby curr5t is furni%$ = ! light4 ,?is seems a r\ndab\t process1 b x effects a great economy 9 ! consumption ( electricity4 ,! m\nt+ = ! lant]n is also important4 ,z !re is cont9ual movem5t 9 ! me*anism ow+ to ! communication ( driv+ ef=t1 ei!r by h& or by p[]1 ! m\nt+ *os5 mu/ be ( a suffici5tly massive "* to absorb all ! vibration set up4 ,paul devis$ an iron pill>1 to "o side ( ! top ( :i* ! lant]n 0 fix$1 :ile ! projector 0 atta*$ to ! o!r4 ,! pr9ciple 0 simil> to t us$ = ! m\nt+ ( a ma*9e gun1 & al?\gh ! idea met ) consid]able criticism1 yet ,paul succe$$ 9 produc+ /eadi] pictures ?an 7 possible ) o!r =ms ( m\nt+4 ,t 8 idea 0 s\nd is witness$ to-day1 = ! pr9ciple he advocat$ has be5 resuscitat$ 9 ! ,brockliss ,motiograph1 :i* is m\nt$ on a rigid pill>1 & und\bt$ly ?r[s a /eadi] picture ?an is possible f any o!r sy/em ( support+ ! projector4 ,9 ! majority ( project+ me*anisms a second l5s is m\nt$ ^u ! frame1 9 l9e ) & beside ! c9ematograph objective4 ,?is second l5s is us$ = ! projection ( lant]n slides = ! illu/ration ( a song1 title ann\ncem5t1 or o!r purposes4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! light ( ! lamp into l9e ) ?is second l5s ! lant]n is mov$ bodily sideways ! requisite di/ance2 ! projector itself is n t\*$--x rema9s a rigid fixture4 ,paul also adopt$ a driv+ sy/em :i* might be reviv$ pr(itably to-day :]e manual op]ation is practis$4 ,in/ead ( ! small h&le plac$ some:at high1 call+ = quick rotation & fatigu+ wri/ movem5t1 he us$ a l>ge :eel m\nt$ at su* a height t ! op]ator1 :5 /&+ beside1 _h ! l[e/ travel ( ! h&le almo/ at arm's l5g?4 ,! :eel be+ ( l>ge diamet]1 a sl[1 /eady revolution 0 suffici5t1 :i* caus$ no fatigue1 ! drive be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh a pulley or *a9 to ! projector4 ,9 _m ( ! late/ picture palaces1 h[ev]1 ! app>atus is driv5 by an electric motor1 :i* yields a m uni=m spe$ & conduces to /eadi] projection4 ,i w n[ take up ! di/9ctive features ( "s ( ! be/ kn[n makes ( projector4 ,a comp>ison ( ! late/ ,edison model1 ! 8,b ,und]writ]10 ) ! fir/ k9etoscope1 af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! advance ( c9ematography 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,! new ma*9e is con/ruct$ ?r\gh\t ( metal1 is wond]fully compact1 & ! me*anism has be5 r$uc$ to ! acme ( simplicity4 ,all mov+ p>ts subject to heavy we> & te> are made ( lignum vit4 ,! %utt] is ( ! ?ree-blad$ type1 :ile ! int]mitt5t action is convey$ by ! ,maltese ,cross movem5t4 ,be+ rigidly m\nt$ ^u a heavy /&1 ! picture project$ is v /eady & free f all disconc]t+ lat]al & v]tical movem5t4 ,9 ! 8,gaumont ,*rono0 projector1 ! sali5t *>act]i/ic1 z ,i h m5tion$ already1 is ! position ( ! %utt]1 :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! film & ! cond5s]4 ,! film-trap is wor?y ( notice because x conduces v mat]ially to ! /ead9ess ( ! picture ?r[n ) ?is ma*9e4 ,! edges ( ! film are gripp$ by means ( burni%$ /eel runn]s or v]tical clamps1 & !y secure x 9 position dur+ exposure ) ! exact degree ( t5sion requir$ to obta9 /ead9ess1 yet )\t h9d]+ ! travel ( ! film ?r\gh ! gate1 or inflict+ injury ^u ! celluloid4 ,! trap is fitt$ ) an asbe/os %ield1 :i* s]ves to insulate ! film :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! trap f ! int5se rays ( ! light1 :i* is cont9ually play+ ^u ! metal ar\nd ! exposure hole4 ,! dog movem5t has be5 adopt$ 9 ?is app>atus1 b ^u an improv$ pr9ciple4 ,in/ead ( /rik+ ! film "o sm>t bl[ to j]k x ?r\gh ! gate1 x imp>ts a /eady pu%+ action4 ,! result is t ! film does n suff] any injury4 ,a massive dog /rik+ ! film heavily is apt to produce cracks across ! p]=ations at ! po9ts ( impact1 :i* 9 "t become weak spots 9 ! film4 ,?is well-conceiv$ ma*9e has met ) rem>kable popul>ity among mov+ picture !atres 9 ?is c\ntry2 x is an excell5t example ( ,fr5* eng9e]+ skill1 :]e9 lightness is comb9$ ) /r5g? & simplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,! projector & me*anism4 ,! complete project+ in/allation4 ,,! ,,late/ ,,edison ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,c9ematography4 ,?is outfit is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! orig9al 8peep-hole0 ma*9e fac+ page #cb4 ,! ,ernemann 8,imp]ator0 projector comm&s des]v$ att5tion4 ,x is built /\tly s z to la/ & )/& r\gh usage4 ,/eel =ms ! con/ructional mat]ial ?r\gh\t1 & a noticeable feature is t motion is communicat$ to all driv+ p>ts ?r\gh heavy ge>+4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! 8,maltese ,cross0 movem5t has be5 br\ght to its highe/ pit* ( p]fection1 be+ ( l>ge sub/antial con/ruction1 & s design$ z to obviate ! objections to its use4 ,! driv5 "p is made ( h>d5$ silv] /eel1 & !re are means ( tak+ up all slack aris+ f we> directly x becomes manife/4 ,in/ead ( ! cross be+ /ruck by a p9 on ! driv+ :eel1 ! latt] c>ries a roll] :i* picks up ! slott$ :eel )\t j> or noise4 ,! me*anism is kept cool by runn+ 9 an enclos$ oil ba?1 :i* t5ds to r$uce ! we> & te> to a m9imum1 :ile at ! same "t ! ma*9e is light & easy runn+1 a feature :i* appeals to ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,*rono0 ,,projector4 ,! ma9 feature ( ! ,gaumont lant]n is ! position ( ! %utt] betwe5 ! film & ! light1 in/ead ( outside ! l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,see page #cai4 ,,out/ripp+ ,,! ,,human ,,eye4 ,! ,gre5e di-optic projector :i* %[s on ! %eet :at ! organ ( sight misses dur+ bl9k+4 ,ano!r ma*9e :i* possesses _m int]e/+ po9ts is ! 8,sil5t ,knight10 its *ief claim to att5tion be+1 z its "n implies1 quietness 9 runn+1 comb9$ ) easy op]ation & /ead9ess ( ! pictures project$4 ,x has ! fire-pro( gate already describ$1 & also alum9ium fire-pro( spool boxes4 ,! movem5t is ! ,maltese ,cross4 ,simplicity has be5 /udi$ to ! la/ degree1 & ! necessity to )/& h>d we> & te>1 z well z r\gh h&l+ 9 inexp]i5c$ h&s1 has n be5 ov]look$4 ,all ! vital p>ts are made ( *ill$ /eel runn+ 9 an oil ba?1 ) ! necessity = adju/m5ts r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 ?\gh capable ( be+ c>ri$ out easily :5 ! necessity arrives4 ,! =ego+ by no means exhau/s ! v>iety ( ma*9es on ! m>ket4 ,!re is ! ,pa? ma*9e1 a ma/]piece ( ,fr5* manufacture2 ! ,kamm projector1 ! 8,empire10 rem>kable = its _m +5i\s devices to secure protection aga9/ fire1 ! *ief ( :i* is a contrivance :]eby ! light is cut (f automatically 9 ! ev5t ( ! film break+1 al?\gh ! ma*9e is /ill runn+1 & s on4 ,9 e in/ance ! direct aim is ! evolution ( a projector :i* w produce an absolutely /eady picture1 free f flick]+ & flutt]+1 & z noiseless 9 op]ation z human skill c contrive4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> field ,engl& & ! ,cont95t are ahead ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates manufactur]s4 ,except 9 "o or two in/ances ! ,am]ican product is di/9ctly inf]ior4 ,x looks attractive1 b its results fail to /& comp>ison ) ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ma*9es4 ,! project+ features ( ! mov+ picture indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h n advanc$ to ! high /ate ( excell5cy atta9$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 project+1 ! pictures h to be ?r[n ^u ! scre5 at ! same spe$ z t at :i* !y 7 tak5 by ! cam]a1 t is1 if /eady cont9u\s motion is to be secur$4 ,! av]age spe$ is1 z ,i h said1 ab\t sixte5 pictures p] second1 & x is ess5tial t ! h&le %\ld be rotat$ at a regul> uni=m pace4 ,outside influ5ces appe> to ex]cise a di/9ct effect ^u ?is manual action1 j z we h se5 !m d 9 ! process ( tak+ ! orig9al picture4 ,! musical accompanim5t is likely to induce ! inexp]i5c$ op]ator inadv]t5tly to accel]ate or ret>d ! spe$ ( projection4 ,= ?is reason1 p[] driv+ is com+ m & m into use1 ! motion be+ communicat$ to ! me*anism by means ( a small electric motor4 ,! results are f> sup]ior to ^? produc$ by ! av]age op]ator1 ?\gh n comp>able to projection by a practis$ & intellig5t h&4 ,! latt] c tell ! approximate spe$ at :i* ! pictures 7 tak51 & c adju/ 8 spe$ to a f> great] nicety ?an is possible by a me*anical ag5cy :i* ma9ta9s a con/ant spe$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,/udio ,,= ,,/ag+ ,,mov+ ,,picture ,,plays ,:5 ! c9ematograph made its b[ to ! public ! latt] 7 satisfi$ ) ! reproduction 9 animation ( sc5es & incid5ts associat$ ) e-day life--r trivial unrehe>s$ incid5ts :i* 7 void ( newspap] int]e/4 ,!re 0 ! %oeblack at "w1 ! fir+ ( a big gun1 a?letes at practice1 & s on4 ,hum\r 0 pres5t$ 9 ,mammy wa%+ h] "y hopeful1 a great fav\rite = _m ye>s1 likewise 9 a set ( films depict+ a mis*iev\s y\? indulg+ 9 pranks ) ! g>d5 hose4 ,b ! popul> ta/e *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! audi5ce became fa/idi\s1 & dem&$ novelty4 ,!re 0 a clam\r = picture-plays4 ,! man 9 ! /reet saw no reason :y dramas1 trag$ies1 com$ies & f>ces %\ld n be reproduc$ 9 pantomime ^u ! scre54 ,?is popul> dem& 0 by no means easy to meet4 ,obvi\sly plays c\ld n be photograph$ ^u ! ord9>y /age 9 ! !atre ow+ to difficulties ( light+4 ,special arrangem5ts w\ld entail a c]ta9 outlay1 to be ent]$ ^u )\t kn[+ :e!r ! results w\ld ju/ify ! exp5se incurr$4 ,a fur!r complication lay 9 ! attitude ( ! %[m5 !mselves4 ,!y want$ plays1 b n ) actors & actresses1 or 8any?+ !atrical02 & !y prote/$ aga9/ ! incursion ( ! 8legitimate0 into _! field4 ,rob]t ,paul decid$ to te/ ! public ta/e ) a little com$y :i* he call$ 8,! ,soldi]'s ,c\rt%ip40 ,! ro( ( ! ,alhambra ,!atre1 9 ,leice/] ,squ>e1 0 extemporis$ z a /age1 & ,mr4 ,m\l1 ! manag]1 :o _h realis$ ! possibilities ( ! c9ematograph1 act$ z /age manag]4 ,sc5]y & prop]ties 7 br\ght up f ! !atre bel[1 & ! assi/ance ( "o or two actresses & actors 7 enli/$4 ,) mu* difficulty a film measur+ #dj feet 9 l5g? 0 obta9$--! /&>d l5g? ( ! "t1 ?\gh x appe>s insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! films ( to-day1 :i* v>y betwe5 #ejj & #c1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,9 #fdj consecutive pictures a pretty little 8tabloid0 com$y 0 express$4 ,"s appreh5sion 0 ent]ta9$ z to ! reception ! ef=t w\ld receive4 ,h[ev]1 all d\bts & anxieties melt$ in/antane\sly :5 ! picture 0 %[n = ! fir/ "t4 ,! audi5ce gave x a he>ty welcome1 & a new era dawn$ 9 ! hi/ory ( c9ematography4 ,?is initial ef=t--! fir/ animat$ 8picture play0 produc$ 9 ,great ,brita9--tempt$ ,paul to m ambiti\s und]tak+s4 ,a plot ( l& 0 acquir$ at ,new ,s\?gate 9 ,nor? ,london1 & "h ! fir/ build+ 0 erect$ design$ ess5tially = ! /ag+ ( picture plays4 ,x 0 a comb9ation ( a !atre ) an ord9>y photographic /udio utilis$ = portraiture1 9 a commodi\s l(ty hall1 ) a prosc5ium op5+ measur+ #ah feet 9 wid? by #ac feet 9 height4 ,! /age level 0 ab\t #h feet above ! gr\nd1 ! "u "p be+ available = work+ effects f bel[1 su* z bridges1 /age traps1 & o!r artifices ( ! playh\se4 ,! front wall1 :i* fac$ ! nor!rn sky1 0 divid$ v]tically s z to p]mit ! sections to be op5$ out on ei!r side to any requir$ ext5t to reveal ! int]ior4 ,! front ro(1 set at a %>p angle 0 glaz$ to give top light4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy1 8,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican40 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,op5-,,air ,,/udio ,,/age ,,= ,,produc+ ,,c9ematograph ,,plays4 ,x 0 on ! flat ro( ( a build+ 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! cam]a & op]ator 7 accommodat$ 9 ! small hut4 ,! :ole revolv$ on a massive iron turn-table s t ! /age fac$ ! sun ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,a special plat=m1 runn+ on a :eel$ c>riage & track1 ! deck ( :i* 0 level ) ! floor ( ! /age1 0 laid opposite & at "r angles to ! prosc5ium op5+1 to accommodate ! cam]a & op]ator4 ,look+ into ! /udio f ?is po9t1 "o saw a famili> !atre /age1 ) w+s1 flies1 & o!r facilities4 ,su* 0 ! e>lie/ v5ture 9 :at is n[ "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es 9 ! c9ematographic indu/ry4 ,^u t /age ,paul himself produc$ sev]al hundr$ plays ( inf9ite v>iety1 com$y1 trag$y1 melodrama1 f>ce1 & magic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sc5e-,,pa9t]s' ,,%op ,,at ,a ,,pa? ,,/udio4 ,! back-clo?s & flats ( canvas are /ret*$ l c>pets ^u ! floor = ! arti/s4--,see page #aji4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a crude attempt 9 ! same direction 0 made by ,?omas ,a4 ,edison 9 ord] to produce films = 8 k9etoscope4 ,8 build+ 0 unpret5ti\s 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x 0 ( ! flimsie/ "*1 ) a movable top1 & cov]$ ext]nally ) ro(+ mat]ial4 ,x became kn[n colloquially z ! 8,black ,m>ia10 a s+ul>ly appropriate "n4 ,a notable feature 0 its c5tral m\nt+ ^u a pivot1 & a circul> track = :eels plac$ "u ! extreme edges ( ! build+4 ,! /ructure c\ld ?us be rotat$ 9 ei!r direction l a turn-table1 accord+ to ! position ( ! sun1 s t ! /udio c\ld be us$ at any "t ( ! day4 ,z ! k9etoscope fail$ to ar\se public en?usiasm1 "w 9 ! /udio 0 ab&on$1 until ,edison1 :o _h se5 ! t5d5cy t[>ds project+ pictures ^u an enl>g$ scale be=e audi5ces1 0 able to p]fect 8 projector4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ano!r ,am]ican firm comm5c$ "w 9 ! same field--! ,am]ican ,mutoscope ,company4 ,_! /udio 0 op5-air 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w2 ! /age 0 ! ro( ( _! own build+ 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a heavy network ( /eel beams 0 laid d[n1 ^u :i* ! /age 0 erect$4 ,opposite 0 a small hut built ( corrugat$ iron1 :i* h\s$ ! cam]a1 its accessories1 & op]ator4 ,! /age c\ld be swung r\nd ^u its track s t ! bright sunlight fell squ>ely ^u ! sc5e1 & simil>ly ! cam]a h\se c\ld be mov$ ov] its :eel$ track to assume ! desir$ position = tak+ ! pictures4 ,am]ican ent]prise1 h[ev]1 grew dissatisfi$ ) ! %ort l5g?s ( ! picture films !n produc$4 ,c]ta9 int]e/s 9 ,new ,york resolv$ ^u a ma/]/roke4 ,!y *]i%$ ! idea ( prep>+ some?+ /agg]+ 9 its s5sationalism3 ! production ( a gigantic film ^u "s /rik+ subject :i* %\ld />tle ! c9ematographic _w1 & completely eclipse all previ\s ef=ts 9 ! field4 ,!y succe$$ to an ext5t :i* surpass$ _! own mo/ sangu9e anticipations4 ,aft] prolong$ discussion x 0 decid$ t ! 8,passion ,play0 w\ld prove a p[]ful magnet ) ! public4 ,b :]e 0 ! man to be f\nd suffici5tly d>+ to attempt to c>ry out ! project8 ,) ! crude facilities available at t "t ! task 0 "o n lightly to be und]tak54 ,! ,new ,york int]e/s approa*$ ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,g4 ,hollaman1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,ed5 ,muse1 :o _h be5 intimately id5tifi$ ) ! popul>isation ( mov+ pictures ev] s9ce ! days ( ! k9etoscope4 ,mr4 ,hollaman 0 some:at />tl$ by ! proposals1 & at fir/ consid]$ ! task entirely out ( 8 prov9ce1 & q beyond him4 ,h[ev]1 he delib]at$ ^u ! sugge/ion1 & at l5g? cons5t$ to und]take ! "w4 ,he secur$ ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,john ,v9c5t z /age manag]1 & ,mr4 ,alb]t ,eaves z co/umi]4 ,no exp5se 0 to be sp>$ 9 its m\nt+--x 0 to be ! mo/ gorge\s production ( ! day4 ,! ,salmi ,morse v]sion ( ! 8,passion ,play0 0 prep>$ especially = ! c9ematograph1 & ! company 0 enroll$4 ,! next ob/acle 0 9 gett+ ! play /ag$4 ,no /udio-!atre exi/$ 9 ,am]ica at t "t1 & ! op5 air ro(-/ages 7 f> f be+ suit$ to ! "w ev5 if !y _h be5 available4 ,z a result ! produc]s _h to make _! own arrangem5ts4 ,! ro( ( ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,palace 9 ,new ,york 0 select$1 & 9 ! middle ( ,novemb]1 #ahig1 rehe>sals comm5c$4 ,sev]al weeks 7 devot$ to ! prep>ation1 & no less ?an #af1jjj 7#c1bjj7 7 sp5t ^u ! prelim9>ies4 ,! film ran to ?ree reels1 or ab\t #c1jjj feet1 & "s #dh1jjj sep>ate pictures4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ?ree-reel film subject ev] produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if n 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ exhibition took place at ! ,ed5 ,muse1 & requir$ ab\t #ee m9utes to project4 ,x creat$ a trem5d\s s5sation4 ,"s idea ( its popul>ity may be ga!r$ f ! fact t x ran cont9u\sly = six mon?s4 ,copies ( ! film 7 pr9t$ (f & sold broadca/ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! success ( ! ,new ,york display ensur+ x a w>m reception :]ev] x 0 exhibit$4 ,few films h creat$ su* en?usiasm z did ! 8,passion ,play10 & x has nev] lo/ its popul>ity4 ,z ,mr4 ,hollaman 0 n associat$ ) ! film-manufactur+ side ( ! indu/ry1 he accept$ ! fir/ (f] he receiv$ = ! negative4 ,?us ! 8,passion ,play0 pass$ into ! h&s ( ,edison1 :o />r$ ! production 9 8 catalogue ( films = a consid]able p]iod4 ,meantime ! movem5t w5t on 9 ,great ,brita94 ,%ortly aft] ,paul br\ght 8 /udio /age into full sw+1 a second e/abli%m5t came into exi/5ce at ,hove1 on ! ,sussex coa/4 ,! promot] ( ?is ent]prise 0 ,mr4 ,james ,a4 ,williamson1 :o1 z ! f\nd] ( ! ,hove ,cam]a ,club1 _h be5 introduc$ to ! c9ematograph 9 8 (ficial duties4 ,he became fasc9at$ ) ! "w1 & procur$ a projector1 b at fir/ conf9$ 8 ef=ts to %[+ mov+ pictures = ! edification & enlight5m5t ( 8 int]e/$ club-fell[s4 ,!n he decid$ to p>ticipate 9 ! tak+ ( ! pictures4 ,! cam]a at t "t1 h[ev]1 0 s exp5sive t he resort$ to an +5i\s exp$i5t4 ,he took ! lant]n projector1 :i* is simil> 9 its design & op]ation to ! cam]a me*anism1 & fitt$ ?is into a light-tight box c>ry+ ! spools = ! unexpos$ & expos$ films4 ,) ?is app>atus he secur$ _m int]e/+ albeit conv5tional subjects1 ) :i* ! public 0 cont5t at t "t4 ,mean:ile1 ,mr4 ,esm ,coll+s1 ! well-kn[n portrait photograph]1 _h ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,w4 ,f4 ,gre5e1 :o produc$ ! fir/ model ( a c9ematographic or *ronophotographic app>atus1 z x 0 call$4 ,) 8 cam]a ,mr4 ,coll+s secur$ an excell5t v>i$ s]ies ( pictures4 ,b aft] a "t he lo/ int]e/ 9 c9ematography1 :5 8 /ock ( films 0 acquir$ by ,mr4 ,williamson4 ,! latt] n[ decid$ to ent] ! /age-picture film field1 & a commodi\s & well-equipp$ /udio 0 erect$ on ! outskirts ( ,hove4 ,8 films1 ow+ to _! high te*nical or photographic qualities1 attract$ widespread att5tion1 especially 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 fact1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itut$ 8 mo/ valuable m>ket1 ! ,williamson productions be+ 9 great dem&4 ,sev]al ( 8 pictures1 z well z ^? ( ,paul1 creat$ a s5sation1 & ^! two produc]s practically controll$ ! play-picture film m>ket ( ! _w = _m ye>s4 ,! p]iod betwe5 #ahif & #aijj 0 mo/ critical 9 ! c9ematograph indu/ry1 & x 0 due ma9ly to ! p]sev]ance ( ! two pione]s t x became firmly e/abli%$4 ,lov]s ( mov+ pictures to-day realise little ( ! innum]able difficulties :i* confront$ ,paul & ,williamson1 & ! puzzl+ ob/acles :i* !y _h to break d[n4 ,!y 7 dep5d5t ^u _! own res\rces & +5uity1 & _h to le>n by _! own mi/akes in/ead ( by ! example ( o!rs4 ,!y _h to be photographic arti/s1 sc5e pa9t]s1 /age c>p5t]s1 & /age manag]s4 ,bo? ,paul & ,williamson h n[ retir$ f ! play-picture produc+ bus9ess1 ! fir/-nam$ to rev]t entirely to 8 orig9al occupation1 & ! second to ! me*anical side ( ! indu/ry1 ! manufacture ( p]=ators1 pr9t+ ma*9es1 & s =?4 ,8 /udio 0 acquir$ = ! production ( ,k9emacolor films1 & is 9 active use to-day dur+ ! summ] mon?s ( ! ye> = ! production ( plays 9 natural col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,sc5e ,,f 8,,! ,,siege ,,( ,,calais40 ,?is film1 produc$ by ,pa? ,frres1 is ! mo/ ambiti\s ev] attempt$1 #b1ejj m5 & horses tak+ "p !re94 ,paul & ,williamson l$ ! way 9 ! manufactur+ ( picture films1 & = a "t controll$ ! m>ket4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by sev]al o!rs1 until ab\t half-a-doz5 /udio-!atres 7 scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! scope ( _! "w 0 some:at limit$1 yet _! products comm&$ a wide sale4 ,!y dom9at$ ! ,am]ican m>ket2 ,williamson alone furni%$ "s #fj or #hj films a week = ! c9ematograph !atres ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & he 0 patronis$ also by ! ,g]man public4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! indu/ry 9 ,great ,brita9 did n develop s promis+ly z ^! e>ly a*ievem5ts augur$4 ,! ,briti% produc] does n appe> to be able to ga9 ! confid5ce ( ! capitali/2 he is /ill z ambiti\s & z capable z ev]1 z witness ! production ( ,t5nyson's 8,maud10 b he is h&icapp$ on e side4 ,he f9ds x increas+ly difficult to compete ) 8 =eign rivals4 ,to-day !re are only two fields 9 :i* he reigns supreme--popul> drama & com$y2 & ?is slight modicum ( success is due r to ! fact t ! ,briti% public is some:at insul> 9 its ta/es2 x does n und]/& =eign hum\r1 & w n tol]ate =eign trag$y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,edison ,,film-,,play-,,produc+ ,,!atre4 ,?is /ructure contra/s ) ! 8,black ,m>ia40 ,x is a l(ty glass build+1 #ajj feet long by #fj feet wide & #de feet high1 & co/ #bj1jjj4--,see page #aab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+ ,a ,,solid ,,set ,,= 8,,! ,,two ,,orphans40 ,?is sc5e1 on "o ( ! ,selig op5-air /ages1 %[s ! c>e & exp5se tak5 to m\nt a mod]n film-play4--,see page #aab4 ,ab\t six ye>s ago ! c9ematograph play und]w5t a great *ange4 ,up to t "t ! productions 7 some:at conv5tional bo? 9 plot & m\nt+4 ,! sc5]y 0 commonplace1 & ! dramatis p]son1 z a rule1 compris$ only ab\t half-a-doz5 p]sons4 ,moreov]1 ! pictures betray$ a sad defici5cy 9 /age te*nique1 a result due entirely to ! fact t ! produc]s 7 n conv]sant ) /age-craft4 ,! ,fr5* produc]s saw a unique opportunity1 & grasp$ x promptly4 ,=emo/ 9 ! movem5t 0 ! firm ( ,pa? ,frres1 :i* is to-day "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ ent]pris+ film-produc+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! _w4 ,!y laun*$ out ^u ! mo/ elaborate l9es4 ,huge /ages or /udios1 ) ! late/ appliances1 :i* f ! te*nical po9t ( view w\ld rival ! fam\s ,drury ,lane /age1 7 con/ruct$ at imm5se co/1 em95t /age manag]s1 v]s$ 9 e phase ( ! te*nique ( production1 7 obta9$ f ! !atres1 :ile ! s]vices ( ! =emo/ ,fr5* actors & actresses 7 secur$4 ,! sc5]y 0 prep>$ ^u an ext5sive scale1 ! m\nt+ 0 lavi%1 & plays :i* hi!rto _h be5 consid]$ beyond ! scope ( ! picture-produc] 7 tak5 9 h& boldly4 ,if ! ,briti% produc]s introduc$ ! /age-play to ! c9ematograph film1 ! ,fr5* c]ta9ly p]fect$ ! idea1 & set ! elaborate production ^u its feet4 ,"s ( ! plays :i* ! ,fr5* produc]s h film$ are extremely bold 9 _! conception1 z well z be+ wond]s ( /age-craft1 sc5]y1 & photography4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! ,pa? firm has no less ?an eight /age manag]s engag$ 9 ! production ( picture plays ( e description2 ! ,gaumont e/abli%m5t1 :i* is press+ ! ,pa? h>d = fir/ rank1 has six produc]s1 :ile sev]al o!r firms 9 ! same c\ntry h elaborate organisations4 ,gorge\sness ( production is ! pr$om9ant key-note1 associat$ ) act+ excell5ce2 & ! policy has be5 att5d$ ) m]it$ success4 ,! triumph ( ! ,briti% & subsequ5tly ( ! ,fr5* film produc]s rea*$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,l a huge wave ! ,european films ov]:elm$ ! c\ntry4 ,9 comp>ison1 ! ,am]ican productions 7 tra%4 ,! native firms 7 confront$ ) ext9ction unless !y made a bold & unit$ /&1 :i* 0 h>dly to be expect$1 = at t "t ! ,am]ican c9ematograph _w 0 9 a /ate ( *aos4 ,litigation 0 rag+ on all sides4 ,edison 0 engag$ 9 a deadly /ruggle to ma9ta9 8 position accord+ to 8 orig9al1 or k9etoscope1 pat5t4 ,z a result ( ! turmoil1 ! indu/ry became unsettl$1 & ! money :i* %\ld h be5 exp5d$ 9 ! fur!rance ( ! craft1 simply w5t to fill ! pockets ( hungry lawy]s4 ,edison triumph$ at la/2 8 claim 0 su/a9$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ?is conte/$ po9t cle>$ ! air1 & "o outcome 0 ! =mation ( a ,c9ematograph ,tru/ or community ( int]e/s to resi/ =eign invasion4 ,sev]al firms enli/$ "u ! bann] ( ! ,edison pat5t--o!r int]e/s :i* /ill disput$ 8 claim comb9$ to =m a second tru/4 ,! fir/ move ( ! comb9ation 0 to elim9ate ! =eign competition f :i* x 0 suff]+ s disa/r\sly4 ,special t]ms 7 drawn up :i* ,european firms 7 compell$ to obs]ve "u ?reat ( _! films be+ =bidd5 to ! c\ntry4 ,! ,european produc]s1 =esee+ ! loss ( a valuable m>ket1 tri$ desp]ately to mitigate ?is dra/ic policy1 b 9 va94 ,! ,am]ican t]ms 73 ei!r limit$ sale1 z /ipulat$ by ! tru/1 or else complete boycott4 ,! ,briti% produc]s saw _! mo/ remun]ative m>ket elim9at$ at a /roke4 ,williamson suff]$ p>ticul>ly f ! decision1 = all /&+ contracts 7 cancell$4 ,z he nev] _h made /r5u\s attempts to cultivate ! ,briti% m>ket1 :i* 0 op5 to produc]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w )\t ! slighte/ re/ra9t1 b _h conc5trat$ 8 ef=ts ^u pleas+ 8 ,unit$ ,/ates cli5ts1 he conclud$ t retirem5t f play production 0 ! wise/ c\rse1 especially z ! me*anical side ( ! indu/ry 0 s full ( attractive promise4 ,! ,am]ican produc]s1 entr5*$ firmly beh9d ! wall ( protection1 set to "w en]getically to make up = lo/ "t4 ,! /ory ( ! automobile indu/ry1 :i* 0 simil>ly h9d]$ 9 its infancy by pat5t w>s1 0 repeat$4 ,! ,am]icans imitat$ ! ,fr5* example & emb>k$ ^u ! mo/ elaborate ent]prises4 ,ke5 rivalry 0 display$ betwe5 ! v>i\s conc]ns to acquire ! be/ manag]s ( ! legitimate /age1 ) ! result t ! !atre suff]$ heavily4 ,sev]al /age manag]s1 see+ ! tr5d ( ev5ts1 & realis+ t c9ematographic picture plays possess$ a trem5d\s future1 ab&on$ _! old field & gave _! en]gies to ! new "o1 :i* (f]$ su* great scope = _! abilities4 ,! ,am]ican /age1 l t ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 _h reg>d$ ! picture play ) disda91 & _h ridicul$ ! possibility ( its ev] becom+ a spirit$ competitor to _! p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,to-day ! ,am]ican /age is engag$ 9 a /ruggle = supremacy ) ! mov+-picture !atre4 ,! ,am]ican picture produc]s erect$ huge /udio-!atres1 ) e conv5i5ce1 capable ( produc+ any type ( play dem&$1 & giv+ ! au?or great] opportunity = effect ?an ev] ! legitimate /age c\ld hope to (f]4 ,x is difficult to realise ! proportions :i* ^! ,am]ican /udio-/ages h atta9$1 or ! "w !y c c>ry out4 ,take ! ,edison ,company = in/ance4 ,we h se5 ! humble little 8,black ,m>ia0 :i* suffic$ to supply ! film ne$s ( ! ,k9etoscope 9 #ahib4 ,! pres5t ,edison /udio1 :i* co/ some?+ l #ajj1jjj 7#bj1jjj7 to build1 is a huge glass build+ measur+ #ajj feet 9 l5g?1 by #fj feet 9 wid?1 & has a height ( #de feet4 ,! /age has a prosc5ium op5+ ( #cj feet & an area ( #b1djj feet4 ,9 addition !re is a huge wat]-tank ) a capacity ( #acj1jjj gallons1 :i* is us$ = aquatic spectacles4 ,! ,edison e/abli%m5t is b "o ( _m4 ,9 ,brooklyn ! ,vitagraph ,company has a huge build+1 ! ,lub9 films are produc$ 9 spaci\s /udios 9 ,philadelphia1 :ile ,*icago boa/s ! fam\s ,essanay & ,selig plants4 ,! latt] is especially notewor?y ow+ to its great size & ! rem>kable plays :i* x produces = ! delight ( mov+-picture lov]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is devot$ exclusively to mak+ films1 & f9ds employm5t = #djj h&s4 ,! ma9 /udio1 9 :i* are two /ages1 measures #agi feet 9 l5g? by #hj feet wide4 ,9 addition to ?is indoor e/abli%m5t1 !re are betwe5 two & ?ree acres ( surr\nd+ l& :i* h be5 enclos$ = outdoor "w4 ,?is field1 if su* x may be call$1 pres5ts a /range sight4 ,x is dott$ ) little gr\ps ( sc5]y4 ,"h is a m$ival ca/le ) ru9$ battlem5ts2 a few y>ds away to ! "r is a mod]n /reet2 :ile on ! left is ! int]ior ( a /ately draw+-room4 ,9 "o corn] are a numb] ( artificial hills fa%ion$ by ! dump+ ( e>?1 criss-cross$ ) pa?s & trails4 ,x is an incongru\s m$ley ( p]iods & sc5es1 b "o & all little assemblages ( back-clo?s & w+s repres5t a /age1 & "o & all face ! s\!rn sun4 ,^u ^! little /ages ! plays are produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+ ,a ,,sc5e ,,on ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,pa? ,,/udio-,,/ages ,,= ,a ,,film ,,play4 ,! /age is fitt$ ) e possible device1 su* z ov]head bridges1 to facilitate ! mov+ & sett+ ( sc5]y z well z = ! work+ ( effects4 ,! ,selig organisation is "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+1 9 addition to ! ,*icago e/abli%m5t1 ano!r !atre at ,los ,angeles on ! ,pacific coa/1 devot$ to ! portrayal ( pictures hav+ a we/]n sett+4 ,!re is ! ,pacific ,ocean on "o side to =m a backgr\nd = m>9e incid5ts2 ! ,si]ras1 fr[n+ d[n ^u ! coa/1 provide a natural backgr\nd = subjects set among ! m\nta9s2 :ile )9 easy rea* is ! va/ /ret* ( ,nevada des]t1 :]e ! atmosph]e ( ! ,sah>a ( ,africa1 or ! great wa/es ( ,au/ralia1 c be reproduc$4 ,! ,*icago /udio is provid$ ) an artificial pool ( #fj1jjj gallons1 :]e a lake1 lagoon1 or swamp environm5t to a picture c be secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,w>drobe ,,room ,,at ,,! ,,selig ,,film ,,factory4 ,ov] #g1jjj co/umes ( all descriptions are /or$ ready = in/ant use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,selig ,,/ock ,,company ,,at ,,los ,,angeles4 ,! rem>kable developm5t ( ! picture-play indu/ry has result$ 9 ! acquisition ( lead+ actors & actresses by ! l>ge/ produc]s4 ,high sal>ies are paid = ! exclusive s]vices ( em95t arti/es4 ,! mod]n c9ematograph /udio-/age is f> m elaborately equipp$ = ! production ( effects ?an its c\nt]p>t beh9d ! footlights1 :ile ! att5dant plant is ov]:elm+ly ext5sive4 ,! /age ( ,drury ,lane ,!atre 9 ,london & ( ! ,op]a ,h\se at ,p>is respectively are consid]$ m>vell\s homes ( /age-craft1 & reg>d$ z models ( equipm5t4 ,b comp>$ ) ! great ,fr5*1 ,italian1 or ,am]ican c9ematograph /udio-/ages1 !y are insignificant4 ,l>ge1 well-light$ & spaci\s rooms are set ap>t = ! /age c>p5t]s & ! sc5e pa9t]s to prep>e ! back-clo?s1 w+s1 & flats4 ,?is "w alone1 ow+ to ! high pressure at :i* production is ma9ta9$1 af=ds employm5t to a l>ge /aff4 ,z ! av]age output is ?ree films p] week--! ,edison e/abli%m5t produces f\r or five subjects 9 t "t--! sc5e pa9t]s are kept busily engag$ f morn+ to night4 ,all sc5]y has to be pa9t$ 9 black & :ite1 & ! excell5ce ( ! "w plays an important "p 9 ! effect ( ! picture1 = ! cam]a is ru?less 9 its exposure ( indiff]5t "w4 ,! sc5e may be ! int]ior ( a %ack1 or a sylvan valley ) a riv] w9d+ l a ribbon ( silv] among ! trees & a /ately ca/le re>+ above ! foliage4 ,9 ea* in/ance ! same arti/ic c>e is dem&$1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t by ! "t ! picture rea*es ! scre5 x is ( ! same dim5sions z ! orig9al1 or ev5 l>g]4 ,z ! picture-play produc] roams ?r\gh all ! p]iods ( hi/ory 9 all c\ntries1 a l>ge /ock ( prop]ties & an ext5sive w>drobe mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,! ,selig e/abli%m5t 9 ,*icago has a w>drobe 9 :i* are c>efully pack$ & labell$ ready = in/ant use no few] ?an #g1jjj co/umes1 ( all c\ntries & peoples scatt]$ betwe5 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic circles1 & rang+ f prehi/oric times ?r\gh ! picturesque middle ages to ! prosaic tw5tie? c5tury4 ,f morn+ to night ! /udio-/age e*oes ! r+ ( hamm]s & ! %\ts ( ! /age c>p5t]s z !y set ?is sc5e or /rike t4 ,fr[n+ masonry ca/les are pull$ d[n1 & suburban villas rise up ) great] spe$ ?an _! j]ry-built prototypes 9 bricks & mort>4 ,! num]\s dress+ rooms are busy hives1 :]e actors & actresses *ange swiftly f "o co/ume1 age1 & clime to ano!r1 sep>at$ f x by c5turies4 ,:5 ! play is c9ematograph$ indoors1 a batt]y ( p[]ful electric lights is plac$ ov]head 9 front ( ! /age1 correspond+ to !atrical top-lights1 & ?r[+ a p[]ful gl>e ^u ! sc5e4 ,!y are controll$ by swit*es1 s t ! light c be conc5trat$ z desir$4 ,:5 ! lights are 9 full bla/1 m ?an #hj1jjj c&le-p[] may be ?r[n ^u ! /age4 ,9 addition1 o!r lights are dispos$ = ! purpose ( produc+ diff]5t effects1 s t ^u a l>ge /udio-/age a body ( well-tra9$ electricians is indisp5sable4 ,! sc5e itself occupies b a small space1 g5]ally ab\t #ab or #af feet 9 wid?4 ,z a rule ! cam]a is br\ght )9 a few feet ( ! picture1 9 ord] t ! actors may be photograph$ z l>ge z possible4 ,on ! floor on ei!r side batt5s are laid to indicate ! limits )9 :i* actors & actresses mu/ move4 ,beyond ^! conf9es is to vani% f ! sc5e1 & ! /age manag] may be he>d ov] ! :irr ( ! cam]a %\t+ p]emptorily to "o or o!r ( ! company to keep 9 ! picture4 ,! l>ge produc] ?9ks exp5se is a second>y consid]ation 9 ! prep>ation ( plays4 ,a simple conv5tional mod]n com$y co/s ab\t #ej 7#bej71 :ile a gorge\s production runs well into #f1jjj 7#cj1jjj74 ,on ! av]age1 ab\t #aej1jjj feet ( film are plac$ on ! ,briti% m>ket e week1 & ?is quantity is /eadily increas+4 ,x is comput$ t !re are "s #ej1jjj picture !atres scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & z ! numb] !re( is increas+ daily ! supply ( films has by no means yet rea*$ ! limits ( dem&4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,c9ematograph ,,z ,a ,,record] ,,( ,,topical ,,ev5ts3 ,,sc5ic ,,films4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! programme ( ! av]age picture palace ( to-day is *iefly occupi$ ) film plays1 nev]!less ! greate/ attraction is und\bt$ly ! 8topical picture40 ,briti% audi5ces 7 fir/ introduc$ to its possibilities by see+ ! #ahif ,d]by re-run be=e _! eyes on ! scre5 9 ! ,alhambra ,!atre1 creat+ a trem5d\s s5sation4 ,9 fact1 ! reproduction ( ?is classic ,briti% horse-race ^u ! :ite %eet tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] x 0 run excit$ m att5tion ?an ! actual race itself4 ,9 ^? days c9ematography 0 unfamili> to ! g5]al public1 & ^? :o foll[$ ! race ^u ! scre5 c\ld n resi/ rubb+ _! eyes 9 amazem5t3 x seem$ sc>cely cr$ible4 ,c]ta9ly1 v few items ( s5sational int]e/ h ev] creat$ su* a deep impression & br\ght su* heavy receipts to ! box-(fice ( ?is fam\s vaudeville h\se z ! fir/ ,d]by film4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! film 0 obta9$ 0 typical ( ,paul's quiet1 unassum+ me?ods4 ,8 8animatograph0 _h become e/abli%$ firmly at ! ,alhambra1 & he 0 always on ! al]t to secure new & /rik+ subjects4 ,:5 he decid$ to attempt ! repres5tation ( ! classic race1 he told no "o1 & s\ght no fav\rs to obta9 comm&+ positions f :i* to photograph ! conte/4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! race he appe>$ at ,epsom4 ,he *>t]$ a wagonette1 ^u ! seats ( :i* he int5d$ to set up 8 tripod & cam]a4 ,he hop$ to be able to secure a good position unobs]v$1 b he came ne> to hav+ 8 plans upset4 ,:5 he arriv$ on ! c\rse1 "o ( ! it9]ant boo?-hold]s1 a pugnaci\s1 gipsy-l individual1 ?\ght ! vehicle 0 "s =m ( rival side-%[ & b>r$ its progress4 ,an alt]cation ensu$1 b ,paul drove on ) ! enrag$ gipsy 9 pursuit4 ,! latt]1 see+ t 8 irate remon/rances 7 ( no avail1 ?reat5$ to take ! law into 8 own h&s & to upset ! (f5d+ vehicle & its /range cont5ts4 ,paul ?w>t$ ?is cont+5cy by ty+ ! :eels ( 8 vehicle firmly to ! rails1 along-side ( :i* he _h tak5 up 8 position1 & ! film 0 secur$ )\t fur!r unt[>d developm5ts4 ,f ! night on :i* ! ,d]by 0 run at ! ,alhambra1 ! success ( ! topical film has be5 e/abli%$4 ,sc>cely an item ( absorb+ public int]e/ escapes be+ record$4 ,probably no topical film has creat$ su* en?usiasm z t :i* ,paul secur$ ( ! 8,pr9ce's ,d]by0 :5 ! late ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii41 z ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 c>ri$ (f ! blue rib& ( ! ,briti% turf4 ,! ,alhambra ,!atre 0 conv]t$ into a reproduction ( ! fam\s c\rse1 = ! entire audi5ce *e]$ ! mov+ pictures ) z mu* gu/o z if !y 7 foll[+ ! actual /ruggle on ,epsom ,d[ns1 & w\ld n desi/ until ! film _h be5 pass$ across ! scre5 ?ree times4 ,paul c9ematograph$ ! ,d]by on no less ?an six consecutive occasions1 & !re is probably no e/abli%$ ,briti% annual ev5t :i* he has n record$4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 z ,paul 0 practically 9 full possession ( ! topical film field1 !re 0 an entire abs5ce ( t ha/e ( competition4 ,!n x 0 immat]ial :e!r ! film 7 %[n "o or two days aft] ! ev5t4 ,! _m processes :i* _h to be c>ri$ out betwe5 ! secur+ ( ! negative & ! production ( ! positive pr9t = ! projector 7 n hurri$1 & 9 fact c\ld n be accel]at$ v well1 if good results 7 desir$4 ,b z o!r firms appe>$ on ! sc5e1 ke5 rivalry sprang up4 ,! v>i\s e/abli%m5ts left no /one unturn$ to be fir/ 9 projection1 & ! !atres1 ( c\rse1 enc\rag$ ! ent]prise4 ,consequ5tly ! race aga9/ "t & rivals became m & m bitt]ly conte/$4 ,z a natural result1 great improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! develop+1 dry+1 & pr9t+ op]ations4 ,:]eas tw5ty-f\r h\rs or s _h be5 requir$ to produce a positive ready = use1 x n[ became possible to r$uce ! "t ( prep>ation to ab\t eight h\rs4 ,to-day a subject c be ?r[n ^u ! scre5 f\r h\rs aft] x has occurr$4 ,! topical film appe>s :ile ! subject to :i* x ref]s is /ill absorb+ public int]e/2 & accord+ly meets ) ov]:elm+ success4 ,! m5 arm$ ) ! cam]a h ! same zeal t animates ! report] b5t on secur+ exclusive in=mation = 8 pap]4 ,no ef=t or exp5se is sp>$ to out/rip a rival1 z ! foll[+ incid5t %[s4 ,an ,am]ican firm requir$ a film ( an ev5t :i* x ?\ght w\ld be ( absorb+ int]e/ to ! ,am]ican public4 ,x communicat$ ) its ag5ts 9 ,london to 8get x1 & ahead ( anyone else40 ,! outlay 0 su* t ! firm c\ld only hope to rec\p itself by captur+ ! entire m>ket = t p>ticul> firm4 ,z x happ5$1 only "o o!r firm decid$ to exploit ! same topical subject 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fir/ firm secur$ comm&+ positions = its cam]a op]ators1 & ! films z !y arriv$ 7 pack$ & dispat*$ to ,new ,york by special mess5g]4 ,! competitors fail$ to %[ su* initiative1 & _h _! films transmitt$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,n only did ! fir/ firm receive its negatives )9 ! %orte/ possible space ( "t1 b x f\nd itself 9 undisput$ comm& ( ! :ole c\ntry1 = ! rival's product w5t a/ray 9 transit6 ,! successful e/abli%m5t exp5d$ #cjj 7#a1ejj7 9 acquir+ ! negatives1 b x prov$ an excell5t inve/m5t4 ,! ,am]icans1 h[ev]1 h n made su* a speciality ( ! topical film z x has become 9 ,engl&1 :]e !re are sev]al firms excell+ 9 ?is p>ticul> field ( activity4 ,"u en]getic managem5t x is "o ( ! mo/ lucrative bran*es ( ! indu/ry1 success att5d+ ^? :o display ! greate/ am\nt ( en]gy & initiative4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,topical ,,film4 ,! ,d]by ( #ahif c9ematograph$ by ,rob]t ,w4 ,paul1 & %[n ! day aft] ! ev5t at ! ,alhambra ,!atre1 ,london4--,see page #aaf4 ,! p[] ( ! topical picture 0 demon/rat$ mo/ conv9c+ly by ! ,coronation fe/ivities ( ,k+ ,george ,v4 ,= "s weeks aft] t ev5t ! picture play fell into second position4 ,! ,coronation films 7 9 urg5t dem& on e h&1 n only 9 ,great ,brita91 b 9 ! ,colonies z well4 ,"s !atres ev5 f\nd x pr(itable to give an ext5d$ run exclusively to ,coronation films & k9dr$ subjects4 ,! mo/ rem>kable outcome ( ! popul>ity ( ! ,coronation films 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8,k9emacolor0 9 ! fav\r ( ! public4 ,c9ematography 9 natural col\rs _h n 9 ! e>li] /ages attract$ m ?an pass+ int]e/1 & _h langui%$ some:at4 ,b :5 ! royal fe/ivities 7 reproduc$ 9 ! full gl[ & brilliancy ( col\r1 ! success ( ?is developm5t ( ! art became assur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,briti% & ,colonial ,k9ematograph ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,fall ,,f ,,! ,,balloon4 ,s5sationalism is a p[]ful feature 9 ! mod]n c9ematograph drama4 ,! above incid5t alone co/ #cjj 7#a1ejj7 to obta94 ,! ,coronation has probably be5 responsible = m a*ievem5ts 9 ! "w ( topical c9ematography ?an any o!r ev5t4 ,on all sides ! ke5e/ competition 0 display$ among ! rival firms4 ,9 ,london1 ere ! ,royal procession left ,we/m9/] ,abbey aft] ! cr[n+ c]emony1 films 7 be+ %[n ( ! morn+ procession to ! ,abbey2 & be=e ! cr[ds 9 ! ev5+ 7 gaz+ ^u ! illum9at$ /reets1 ! return j\rney to ,buck+ham ,palace 0 be+ ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ( a multitude ( !atres ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,possibly ! mo/ rem>kable feat 0 t :]eby ,engli% resid5ts 9 ,p>is & ! ,fr5* nation 7 enabl$ to see ! c]emony )9 a few h\rs ( its occurr5ce4 ,?is 0 an a*ievem5t ( ! ,engli% bran* ( ! well-kn[n ,gaumont ,company1 :i* is probably unexcell$ 9 "t-sav+ +5uity4 ,?is firm _h cam]as & op]ators scatt]$ freely along ! r\te ( ! ,royal procession1 & all ! films :i* 7 secur$ up to ! "t ( ! arrival at ,we/m9/] ,abbey _h be5 pack$ & entru/$ to a special mess5g]4 ,! tra9 0 due to leave ,*>+ ,cross at #b4bj p4m4 ,! clock _h b>ely /ruck two :5 ! return j\rney comm5c$ to ,buck+ham ,palace4 ,! op]ator /ation$ ne> ! ,abbey1 9 a position to secure "o ( ! be/ views along ! r\te1 0 sudd5ly seiz$ ) ! idea to set up a new record4 ,a taxi-cab 0 engag$ & held 9 read9ess4 ,at ab\t t5 m9utes pa/ ! h\r ! procession drew )9 ! field ( ! cam]a & ! film+ comm5c$4 ,)9 ab\t f\r m9utes ! coa* be>+ _! ,maje/ies _h pass$ beyond ! l5s4 ,! film 0 slipp$ out ( ! cam]a1 & ! second op]ator1 snat*+ x up1 ent]$ ! cab & drove (f at full spe$ to ! /ation4 ,! tra9 0 caught 9 ! nick ( "t1 ! film 0 h&$ ov] to ! special mess5g]1 & be=e ! :ole procession _h left ! prec9cts ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! film be>+ ! pass+ ( ! cr[n$ ,k+ & ,que5 0 b\nd = ! ,fr5* capital1 :]e ! pictures 7 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 late t night4 ,on ! occasion ( ! inve/iture ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales at ,c>n>von an ev5 m a/oni%+ p]=mance 0 accompli%$ by ! same firm4 ,a ,london manag]1 ,mr4 ,laurril>d1 ( ! ,m>ble ,ar* ,electric ,!atre1 desir$ to %[ ! c]emonies on ! ev5+ ( ! day !y took place1 if t 7 humanly possible4 ,he approa*$ ! ,gaumont ,company1 :i* decid$ to make ! attempt4 ,a great difficulty 0 sure to be enc\nt]$ 9 dispat*+ ! film1 on acc\nt ( ! enorm\s cr[ds & ! /rictness ( ! traffic regulations2 moreov]1 x 0 pla9 t 9 ord] to project ! film 9 ,london ! same ev5+ x w\ld h to be develop$ & prep>$ on ! tra94 ,) ! greate/ difficulty1 ow+ to ! abnormally heavy traffic & arrangem5ts already made = a l>ge numb] ( extra tra9s1 ! ,gaumont firm succe$$ 9 *>t]+ a special tra9 on ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway4 ,! railway company /ipulat$ t ! tra9 mu/ leave ,bangor at exactly ! "t designat$ by !m1 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ! dep>ture ( tra9s aft] ! c]emony 0 ov]4 ,two brake vans 7ea* measur+ #ej feet 9 l5g?7 7 c\pl$ up & conv]t$ into tempor>y d>k-rooms4 ,!y 7 fitt$ ) tanks = develop+1 fix+1 & wa%+1 toge!r ) a pr9t+ ma*9e & a l>ge drum ^u :i* ! films c\ld be dri$ quickly4 ,a great difficulty 0 an adequate supply ( wat] = wa%+ ! films1 #ge gallons at lea/ be+ requir$ = ! purpose4 ,ano!r qu&>y 0 ! impossibility ( obta9+ electric curr5t to use ) ! pr9t+ ma*9e2 special lamps _h f9ally to be acquir$ to enable ?is task to be c>ri$ out4 ,by ! "t ! arrangem5ts 7 complet$ ov] a ton ( app>atus _h be5 erect$ )9 ! two vehicles4 ,?is tra9 0 kept "u /eam at ,bangor ready to />t at ! pre-arrang$ m9ute4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,bangor & ,c>n>von _h to be cov]$ by motor-c>s *>t]$ f ,*e/]1 #id miles di/ant4 ,! police arrangem5ts w\ld n p]mit ^! vehicles to approa* )9 "o-&-a-half miles ( ! ca/le1 & ! latt] /ret* _h to be cov]$ on foot4 ,! :ole c]emony 0 record$ by op]ators po/$ at conv5i5t po9ts1 ea* ( :om _h to c>ry 8 film-box at top spe$ to ! wait+ motor4 ,all work$ smoo?ly4 ,!re 0 "s fe> le/ ! f9al sc5e 9 ! c]emony w\ld h to be omitt$1 b by ke5 judgm5t & quick "w ! la/ op]ator secur$ 8 film & left ! sc5e1 ! c]emony conclud+ at #d p4m4 ,! s*$ule _h be5 drawn up s accurately t a little delay at any "o po9t w\ld h ?r[n ! :ole arrangem5ts to ! f\r w9ds4 ,h[ev]1 ! tra9 0 caught & punctually to ! m9ute ! special drew out4 ,9 addition to ! c9ematograph d>k-room on :eels a ?ird d>k-room1 simil>ly improvis$ f a baggage c>1 0 atta*$ = ! ,daily ,graphic1 9 ord] to enable ?is pap]'s photographic correspond5ts to develop _! plates ready = ! prep>ation ( ! process blocks = ! next day's issue4 ,! complete "* ( ! arrangem5ts enabl$ ! develop+ ( ! films to proce$ )\t a hit*1 despite ! fact t ! tra9 0 mak+ a /eady sixty miles an h\r4 ,)9 two h\rs ! negatives _h be5 develop$1 wa%$1 & 7 be+ dri$ ^u a huge drum4 ,pr9t+ 0 tak5 9 h&1 & a s+le positive 0 hurri$ ?r\gh its processes4 ,! p>ts 7 connect$ toge!r 9 prop] sequ5ce1 & ! v>i\s titles & sub-titles1 prep>$ 9 bo? ,engli% & ,wel%1 7 duly ins]t$4 ,by ! "t ! tra9 rea*$ ,willesd5 ! film 0 complet$ & w\nd up ready = slipp+ into ! projector4 ,arriv+ at ,eu/on sev5 m9utes late1 ! film 0 receiv$ by a wait+ motor-c>2 & at #aj4ae a l>ge audi5ce foll[$ = "s twelve m9utes a c]emony :i* _h be5 p]=m$ six h\rs be=e ov] #bjj miles away4 ,! film 0 #gej feet 9 l5g?4 ,z x 0 ! only mov+ picture record ( ! ,inve/iture ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales se5 9 ,london t night1 z may be suppos$ x creat$ no slight s5sation4 ,by work+ all night ! firm made ov] #ajj copies ( ! subject1 v>y+ f #ejj to #a1jjj feet 9 l5g?1 & by sev5 o'clock _h dispat*$ !m to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,copies 7 hurri$ to ! ,cont95t1 & 7 se5 9 ! ,fr5* capital sev]al h\rs ahead ( any rival4 ,a prize-fight betwe5 two fam\s *ampions provokes extraord9>y en]gy on ! "p ( ! c9ematographic arti/s4 ,fabul\s prices are paid = exclusive rights to photograph ! conte/1 & no exp5se is sp>$ to secure a cont9u\s record4 ,9 ord] to obta9 adequate illum9ation ( ! r+1 a batt]y ( p[]ful electric lamps has to be set up1 & ! gl>e ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( c&le-p[] conc5trat$ ^u ! combatants4 ,if ! battle is %ort & %>p ! results are disappo9t+ bo? to ! c9ematograph] & 8 public1 b if x be long1 requir+ sev]al hundr$ feet ( film1 he is happy4 ,! prize-fight film1 h[ev]1 is meet+ ) consid]able opposition1 :i* %\ld be welcom$ z a heal?y sign ev5 by ! film-produc]s !mselves4 ,! c9ematograph c surely d m elevat+1 pr(itable & ent]ta9+ "w ?an ! record+ ( a prize-fight4 ,fur!rmore1 ! result has n always paid ! speculators conc]n$1 & "o or two m heavy losses 9 ! field1 comb9$ ) popul> c5sor%ip1 w result 9 ! prize-fight be+ elim9at$ entirely f ! category ( 8topical0 films4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! l>ge/ film-produc+ e/abli%m5ts refra9 f practis+ 9 ! 8topical0 _w1 z ! special requirem5ts necess>y to get ! films quickly ^u ! m>ket upsets ! arrangem5ts ( a well-organis$ factory1 :]e ! day's "w mu/ be v c>efully s*$ul$4 ,:5 a topical subject is "u contemplation1 x mu/ be decid$ :e!r ! f9ancial results w comp5sate = ! losses aris+ f ! disorganisation ( ! film factory4 ,?is po9t ( view is responsible = ! apa!tic ,am]ican attitude t[>ds ! 8topical10 z x is call$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,topical "w1 h[ev]1 n only possesses its fasc9ations1 b is beset ) consid]able dang] at times4 ,a calamity ( su* dim5sions z to s5d a deep ?rill ar\nd ! _w is a p[]ful topical subject1 & 9 _! ha/e to secure /rik+ films1 ! op]ators occasionally run extreme risks4 ,! ,mess9a e>?quake 0 a /rik+ case 9 po9t4 ,! fir/ au?oritative news ( t cata/rophe precipitat$ ! ru% ( a small army ( op]ators & cam]as to ! spot4 ,sc>cely _h ! e>? ceas$ its mighty deva/at+ %iv]s :5 ! c9ematograph] 0 among ! tott]+ ru9s secur+ records ( ! disa/]4 ,n[ & aga9 !re 0 a ru% to a po9t ( safety to escape a collaps+ wall4 ,sometimes ! flight 0 s hurri$ t ! op]ator _h to ab&on 8 cam]a1 & saw x buri$ b5ea? ?\s&s ( tons ( dbris4 ,occasionally ! op]ator himself 0 too sl[ & 0 ov]:elm$ :ile pursu+ 8 dang]\s "w4 ,x is always possible = ! film produc] to realise l>ge pr(its on a great national disa/] ( ?is k9d1 provid$ he displays ! requisite en]gy & initiative4 ,colli]y accid5ts1 conflagrations1 railway collisions1 are all s\rces ( income to him4 ,he has (t5 to cont5d ) innum]able adv]se factors--! wea!r may be bad1 or ! light+ conditions unadapt$ to ?is "w2 b ! film mu/ be obta9$ by "s means or o!r4 ,! public sometimes f9d fault ) ! quality ( su* pictures1 expect+ ! brilliance & p]fect def9ition incid5tal to ! av]age picture play1 & ignor+ ! fact t ! film may h be5 expos$ ^u a dre>y1 w9try day 9 ! pelt+ ra91 or :5 ! sc5e 0 envelop$ 9 a blanket ( fog4 ,n[ & aga9 a /irr+ item ( news enables /rik+ success to be a*iev$4 ,dur+ ! battle ) ! an>*i/s 9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london1 an ent]pris+ firm dispat*$ its op]ators & assi/ants to ! sc5e )\t loss ( "t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an h\r a %ort l5g? ( film arriv$ at ! factory1 :i*1 ^u developm5t1 0 f\nd to be capable ( produc+ a s5sation ( ! fir/ rank4 ,in/antly telegrams ) replies prepaid 7 dispat*$ to all cu/om]s ?r\gh\t ! k+dom ann\nc+ t a film _h be5 secur$4 ,( c\rse1 ! ev5t con/itut$ at ! "t ! sole topic ( conv]sation 9 e walk ( life4 ,! films 7 br\ght 9 z fa/ z possible2 & by f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon eighty copies !re( _h be5 dispat*$ to all p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles2 9 sev]al in/ances be+ %[n on ! scre5 t ev5+ :il/ ! newsboys outside ! !atres 7 %\t+ out ! late/ details conc]n+ ! episode4 ,! topical film is a fav\rite 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies1 = x enables audi5ces 9 ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ,great] ,brita9 to become m vividly famili> ) incid5ts & ev5ts 9 ! ,home ,c\ntry ?an !y c\ld 9 any o!r way4 ,! ,d]by may be run 9 ! ,antipodes six weeks aft] ! horses h sp$ ov] ! c\rse at ,epsom2 a prom95t ,royal function may h slipp$ f memory1 b ! film revives x 9 all its fre%ness4 ,:5 ! film %[s su* subjects z ! fun]al ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii41 ! unveil+ ( ! ,que5 ,victoria ,memorial1 or ! ,coronation ( ,k+ ,george ,v41 ! sale ( ! films 9 ! ,colonies aggregates sev]al ?\s& feet p] subject4 ,to be successful 9 ! production ( topical films "o mu/ h n only an ext5sive & well-equipp$ organisation1 b also facilities = work+ at high pressure4 ,! bus9ess1 moreov]1 is speculative to a degree2 = ! av]age topical film is little m ?an a six days' wond]--_m ( !m are less--& ! manufactur] c make a pr(it only by flood+ ! m>ket )9 an h\r or two ( ! occurr5ce ( ! incid5t4 ,e h\r means money1 & e day depreciates ! value ( ! film f ! %[man's po9t ( view4 ,"s ( ! firms conc]n$ 9 ! "w ( topical film production1 h[ev]1 are jeop>dis+ its future by do+ "w ( v indiff]5t quality4 ,?is is p>tly due to heavy cutt+ 9 prices4 ,x is possible to pur*ase topical films = fifty p] c5t4 less ?an ! price *>g$ p] foot = film plays2 at :i* figure ! m>g9 ( pr(it is slight & quality mu/ suff]4 ,! public is display+ its disapproval ( ^! tactics1 & unless a radical improvem5t comes1 ! topical film w be ou/$ f ! picture palace by =ce ( popul> op9ion4 ,indiff]5t workman%ip c]ta9ly does n assi/ ^? :o are endeav\r+ to lift ?is =m ( ent]ta9m5t to its highe/ level4 ,if ! topical film br+s a glimpse ( ! great _w into remote & unsettl$ corn]s ( ! e>?1 ! sc5ic film1 on ! o!r h&1 does a l s]vice = ! dwell] 9 cities2 x br+s sweep+ panoramas ( nature1 magnific5t & unfamili> l&scapes be=e 8 eyes4 ,he has ! joys ( travel )\t /irr+ f 8 com=table *air 9 ! c9ematograph !atre6 ,9 fact1 ! be/ sc5ic film is t tak5 f ! front ( a railway locomotive1 ) ! cam]a & op]ator m\nt$ ^u ! c[-cat*] or its equival5t4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! illusion is convey$ t ! audi5ce are seat$ 9 ! mov+ tra92 ! panorama is unfold$ on all sides1 & !re are ! gleam+ metals & ! flitt+ 9 & out ( tunnels to assi/ 9 ! illusion ( actually travell+4 ,! railway sc5ic film has be5 modifi$ rec5tly to conspicu\s advantage4 ,in/ead ( tak+ ! picture f ! front or re> ( ! tra91 ! practice ( tak+ ! film f ! c>riage w9d[s has be5 introduc$ ) /rik+ly conv9c+ effects4 ,! cam]a is m\nt$ ne> ! re> ( ! tra9 ) ! l5s po9t+ t[>ds ! eng9e4 ,! result is t :5 ! tra9 sw+s r\nd a %>p curve a glimpse ( ! lead+ c>riages is caught1 giv+ a highly reali/ic result4 ,:5 ! ,urban ,trad+ ,company s\ght to record "s ( ! natural m>vels ( ! ,tyrol 9 ord] to br+ !m be=e l>ge audi5ces 9 di/ant !atres1 valuable assi/ance 0 ext5d$ by ! ,imp]ial ,au/rian ,railway ,m9i/ry1 :i* plac$ a special eng9e & c>riage at ! disposal ( ! c9ematograph]1 s t he might be enabl$ to obta9 8 pictures "u ! be/ & mo/ advantage\s conditions4 ,simil>ly :5 ,k9emacolor set out to h>ness ! gorge\s beauties ( ,nature among ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 :i* co-op]at$ 9 ! ent]prise1 provid$ a special eng9e atta*$ to a d>k-room on :eels4 ,?is 8,k9emacolor special0 mov$ at leisure among ! sn[-clad giants1 & "s v impressive & beautiful pictures 7 obta9$ to delight va/ conc\rses4 ,! c9ematograph] ( to-day acts 9 ! capacity ( an explor]4 ,at great risk he v5tures into unkn[n or =bidd5 t]ritories1 & br+s back sc5es ( wond]ful int]e/1 ?\gh 9 _m in/ances he has to resort to novel subt]fuge to secure 8 results4 ,= in/ance1 :5 "s films ( ! c\ntry1 habits & cu/oms ( ! peoples ( inl& ,*9a 7 desir$1 x 0 consid]$ too dang]\s to entru/ a :ite man ) ! "w4 ,in/ead1 an intellig5t & highly cultur$ ,*9aman 0 obta9$4 ,mon?s 7 devot$ to initiat+ him into ! my/]ies ( ! cam]a1 & :5 at la/ he obta9$ pr(ici5cy he salli$ out ^u 8 p]il\s mission4 ,equally d>+ 0 ! exp$ition ( ! ,urban ,trad+ ,company into ,c5tral ,africa4 ,! c9ematograph] foll[$ ! r\te ( ! ,cape to ,cairo ,railway s f> z practicable1 secur+ magnific5t film records z he proce$$ along ! l9e1 & !n pu%$ on into ! int]ior4 ,:5 ! railway 0 left a numb] ( native port]s _h to be press$ into s]vice to fulfil ! "w ( ! iron horse1 ! memb]s ( ?is human pack-tra9 be>+ ! cam]a & its innum]able accessories1 toge!r ) ! imp$im5ta ( ! op]ator1 ^u _! heads4 ,! ,victoria ,falls ^u ! ,zambesi ,riv] h prov$ a happy hunt+ gr\nd = ! c9ematograph]1 & ?is enorm\s tumble ( wat] promises to rival ! fam\s ,falls ( ,niag>a z a c9ematographic c5tre ( attraction4 ,s9ce ! bridge has be5 ?r[n across ! gorge excell5t coigns ( vantage h be5 provid$ to secure impressively beautiful films ( ?is cat>act4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful pictures ( ?is wond] ( ,nature1 h[ev]1 0 a close view ( ! ,boil+ ,pot1 & ! record+ ( ! see?+ wat] bubbl+ & fro?+ provid$ a unique & ?rill+ exp]i5ce = ! op]ator4 ,!re 0 only "o means by :i* a close view ( ?is awful spectacle c\ld be secur$--t 0 to l[] ! op]ator & cam]a by ropes f ! bridge ov]head to )9 a few feet ( ! rag+ wat]s4 ,! ropes 7 snubb$ r\nd fri5dly po/s & ! op]ator ) 8 cam]a 0 l[]$ ov] ! side = a di/ance ( ab\t #djj feet1 be+ /eadi$ z mu* z possible :ile 9 t un5viable position by 8 comrades on ! bridge above4 ,x 0 an e]ie s5sation dangl+ 9 mid-air1 & ! c9ematograph]1 aft] swirl+ r\nd at ! end ( ! ropes1 l a jo9t on a roa/+-jack1 gave a brea? ( relief :5 he 0 haul$ up & felt 8 feet t\*+ ! roadway ( ! railway bridge once m4 ,possibly ! greate/ triumph ( sc5ic c9ematography is ! conv9c+ mann] 9 :i* ! s5sitis$ celluloid b& br+s be=e ! teem+ ?\s&s ( ! cr[d$ cities ( civilisation ! t]rible difficulties confront+ pol> exploration4 ,! /ill-life /udies ( ! int]m9able wa/es ( sn[ & ice :i* 7 br\ght back by ,nans51 ,jackson1 ,sv]drup1 ,capta9 ,scott1 & o!r intrepid spirits :o v5tur$ into ! sil5t1 cold /rongholds ar\nd ! poles1 7 indelibly p[]ful1 b !y fail$ to conv9ce ! man 9 ! /reet ( ! bitt] ho/ility ( ^? icy climes 9 su* a vivid mann] z ^? produc$ 9 movem5t ^u ! scre51 :i* 7 tak5 = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! ,%ackleton exp$ition4 ,?is d>+ explor] indicat$ a new opportunity = motion photography1 & s9ce t exp$ition no o!r p>ty has v5tur$ into ^? =bidd+ wa/es )\t a c9ematograph & a few ?\s& feet ( film4 ,capta9 ,scott has a complete c9ematographic equipm5t1 & 8 films initiat$ ! masses into ! inconceivable difficulties1 privations1 & peculi> exi/5ce ( ! small communities det]m9$ to p5etrate ,f>!/ ,s\?4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,duke ( ! ,abruzzi br\ght be=e "o & all ! topmo/ heights ( ! ,himalayas4 ,! ,ro( ( ! ,_w has be5 wrapp$ 9 mu* leg5d1 & has be5 ! sc5e ( _m rem>kable m\nta9e]+ exploits1 b ! task ( scal+ ^? dizzy peaks has nev] be5 convey$ s reali/ically to ! man 9 ! arm*air be=e z by ! films t 7 tak5 on ?is occasion4 ,9 a l mann] ano!r d>+ explor] has p5etrat$ ! inn]mo/ recesses ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & 9 ! he>t ( ! unkn[n has made sev]al exposures1 ! value ( :i* is n conf9$ to ! satisfaction ( ! curi\s4 ,! pictures are also ( incalculable value to geographical & e?nographical sci5ce1 z we see h[ ^! unkn[n natives move1 live1 & h _! be+1 j z vividly z if we 7 transport$ to ! spot by a magic c>pet1 & view$ ! sights ) our own eyes1 :ile we become acqua9t$ ) ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! c\ntry4 ,!odore ,roosevelt also br\ght back /rik+ films ( life 9 ! less]-kn[n recesses ( ! ,african jungle4 ,x is /at$ t ! c9ematographic records ( 8 j\rney co/ no less ?an #b1jjj 7#aj1jjj71 :i* af=ds an insight into ! exp5se incurr$ to br+ ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>? to ! city dwell]4 ,n[adays an explor] may reap appreciable f9ancial b5efit by ! display ( a little =e?\ght4 ,! manipulation ( ! mov+ picture cam]a does n dem& a long c\rse ( tutelage to enable pictures to be tak54 ,accord+ly1 :]eas =m]ly ! h& cam]a con/itut$ a prom95t "p ( ! imp$im5ta1 ! c9ematograph n[ occupies ! pre-em95t place4 ,! films obta9$ comm& a di/9ct value1 :i* fluctuates accord+ to ! popul> int]e/ creat$ 9 ! p>ticul> exploration a*ievem5t to :i* !y ref]4 ,any film manufactur+ firm w und]take readily to place ! subjects ^u ! m>ket "u a h&some royalty4 ,! ,gaumont firm has display$ consid]able initiative 9 ?is direction2 = x introduc$ ! films ( ,%ackleton's fam\s ,ant>ctic exp$ition to ! masses1 & has rec5tly acquir$ ! films ( ,capta9 ,scott relative to 8 ,ant>ctic exp$ition1 & also ^? ( ! d>+ j\rney into ! inn]mo/ p>ts ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,c9ematograph ,,!atre ,,& ,,its ,,equipm5t ,:5 mov+ pictures made _! fir/ claim on popul> int]e/1 !y did s 9 ! =m ( an item to ! programme ( ! ord9>y music-hall or vaudeville !atre4 ,9 ! front rank ( ?is movem5t 0 ,t4 ,j4 ,we/2 9 fact1 he might be consid]$ ! pione] ( ! travell+ c9ematograph %[4 ,he _h se5 ! popul>ity ( ! c9ematograph feature on ! programme ( ,pr(essor ,treuw1 ! ,fr5* pre/idigitateur1 dur+ 8 appe>ance at ! ,reg5t ,/reet ,polyte*nic4 ,! conjur] us$ a ,lumire app>atus & op]at$ x himself4 ,:5 8 engagem5t 0 conclud$1 ,we/ decid$ t ! ,polyte*nic ought n to lose "o ( its greate/ attractions2 accord+ly he (f]$ a complete ent]ta9m5t 9 motion photography4 ,f ?is small beg9n+ has gr[n up "o ( ! l>ge/ individual c9ematographic exhibition bus9esses 9 ! _w4 ,we/ realis$ ! possibilities ( ! craft1 & ) comm5dable ent]prise organis$ a t\r+ %[1 ) :i* he travell$ n only ?r\gh ! t[ns & cities ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 b ev5 9 ! remote colonies4 ,to-day he has no less ?an tw5ty p]man5t e/abli%m5ts devot$ to ! projection ( mov+ pictures scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,empire1 provid+ employm5t = ov] #fjj p4 ,! t\r+ c9ematograph prov$ conclusively ! popul>ity ( ent]ta9m5ts devot$ exclusively to animat$ pictures4 ,p]man5t exhibitions 7 !n tri$1 at fir/ 9 a some:at unpret5ti\s way4 ,empty %ops 9 prom95t ?or\ghf>es1 :i* c\ld be r5t$ at a l[ price1 railway ar*es1 & s =? 7 acquir$1 & conv]t$ at small exp5se into d>k halls4 ,a scre5 & app>atus 7 pur*as$2 ! seat+ accommodation compris$ h>d wood5 seats simil> to s*ool =ms4 ,! %[ 0 cont9u\s3 x comm5c$ ab\t mid-day & cont9u$ )\t int]mission = t5 or twelve h\rs1 suffici5t pictures be+ secur$ to provide amusem5t = ab\t "o h\r1 & repeat$ ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,! prices ( admission 7 v l[1 av]ag+ ab\t "o p5ny1 or two c5ts2 & z ! exp5ses 7 trifl+1 x did n require v ext5sive patronage to ensure a sub/antial weekly pr(it ^u ! inve/m5t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! same practice 0 adopt$4 ,! fir/ /eps !re 7 tak5 j z w>ily z 9 ,great ,brita92 empty build+s 7 hir$ at a l[ price & turn$ into tempor>y 8/ore0 !atres1 z !y 7 call$4 ,if ! ent]prise prov$ unsuccessful1 ! en]getic %[man simply clos$ d[n1 vacat$ ! build+1 & tri$ 8 =tune 9 a m promis+ situation4 ,?is practice is /ill foll[$ ext5sively ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica & ,canada1 & ! initiative ( ! %[man kn[s no limits4 ,he seeks to in/al himself 9 a small community :]e !re is no competition4 ,! exp]im5t inv>iably proves successful f ! f9ancial po9t ( view1 because 9 ! outly+ t[n%ips ! c9ematograph hall con/itutes ! sole c5tre ( amusem5t = miles ar\nd4 ,if !re is no available empty build+1 ! %[man con/ructs a *eap wood5 !atre4 ,(t5 ! fronti] mov+ picture palace is only a %ack built ( logs1 capable ( seat+ #ajj p or s1 ! price ( admission rang+ betwe5 five & t5 c5ts--#b;d4 to #e;d4 ,! c9ematographic ent]ta9m5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is kn[n colloquially z a 8nickel0 or 8dime0 %[1 f ! prices *>g$ = admission4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x became kn[n 9 ! e>ly days z a 8p5ny gaff10 :i* contemptu\s colloquialism /ill rema9s 9 use1 ?\gh ! price has gone up4 ,i h se5 "s v amus+ & int]e/+ manife/ations ( ! %[man's en]gy 9 remote di/ricts ( ,am]ica4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ,co*rane1 a t[n :i* has sprung up 9 ! wild]ness ( ,ont>io )9 #age miles ( ! %ores ( ,hudson ,bay1 ! picture %[man _h plant$ himself firmly 9 its mid/4 ,!re 0 only "o masonry build+ 9 ! place1 ! majority ( ! #cjj inhabitants liv+ 9 wood5 %acks or t5ts1 because ! t[n 0 9 ! =mative /age4 ,! %[man _h come up ) ! fir/ settl]s1 cannily =esee+ t a little colony #aej miles f ! ne>e/ t[n w\ld ne$ "s =m ( div]sion to :ile away ! long ev5+s4 ,he acquir$ a site ^u "o ( ! ma9 /reets1 & ran up a *eap wood5 build+ ) an attractive ar*$ front1 gaily b$eck$ ) small r$1 :ite1 & blue lamps4 ,!re 0 n a unit ( electricity or a cubic foot ( gas g5]at$ 9 ! place1 b ! indefatigable %[man ov]came ^! difficulties by rec\rse to sub/itutes4 ,! !atre 0 ?rong$ ! :ole ev5+1 a result due 9 a great measure to ! fact t ,co*rane 0 situate 9 ! ,prohibition ,area1 & ! !atre consequ5tly _h n to compete ) ! lures ( ! liquor saloon4 ,! ranks ( ! inhabitants 7 swell$ e day by gangs ( workm5 pass+ to & f ! great railway con/ruction camps1 & ! !atre 0 a di/9ct success & s\rce ( pr(it to ! ent]pris+ op]ator4 ,i enc\nt]$ ano!r qua9t outbur/ ( initiative at a f> m inaccessible spot--! t[n ( ,hazelton ar\nd ! ,hudson ,bay po/ at ! head ( navigation on ! ,ske5a ,riv]1 9 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 #ahf miles away1 0 ! ne>e/ t[n1 & t port is #eej miles f ,vanc\v]4 ,a c9ematograph %[man arriv$ 9 ,hazelton1 :i* at t "t boa/$ a h&ful ( :ite m51 & sev]al ,indians4 ,! op]ator took ov] an excavation 9 ! side ( ! hill ov]look+ ! t[n1 :i* _h be5 made = /or+ v>i\s goods1 b :i* at t "t 0 empty4 ,9 ?is cramp$1 unv5tilat$ cell> he rigg$ 8 scre5 & lant]n4 ,on ! wood5 door he nail$ a l>ge %eet ( pap]1 on :i* 0 scrawl$ ! "n ( ! 8,!atre0 & ! programme ( films 8n[ be+ %[n40 ,! prep>ations dem&$ only a few h\rs4 ,boxes1 b>rels1 & logs suffic$ = seats1 :ile a good _m patrons sat or sprawl$ ^u ! e>!n floor4 ,! little vault 0 pack$ to suffocation on ! op5+ night4 ,! ,indians 7 amaz$ & ! :ites 7 amus$1 ?\gh ! films w\ld n h be5 tol]at$ 9 ,london or ,new ,york1 hav+ long s9ce pass$ _! span ( usefulness4 ,! %[ 0 kept go+ day aft] day until ! audi5ce became too small to defray ! co/ ( ! illum9ant1 :5 ! 8!atre0 0 clos$1 & ! %[man haunt$ ! v]&ah ( ! hotel until he receiv$ "s new subjects4 ,8 supply ( films 0 bo? unc]ta9 & irregul>4 ,he _h to ord] !m by po/ f ,vanc\v]1 :5ce !y 7 br\ght up by boat4 ,if ! fates 7 k9d he receiv$ an entire *ange ( programme 9 ab\t a =tnight2 if ! riv] 7 difficult to navigate1 a mon? pass$ be=e !y rea*$ him1 & (t5 ! boat came up )\t 8 goods1 ow+ to lack ( space4 ,probably no %[man ev] (f]$ to amuse ! public "u m difficult conditions4 ,x 0 d\btful if he w\ld secure any films at all dur+ ! w9t]1 z1 ! riv] be+ froz51 communication betwe5 ,hazelton & ,pr9ce ,rup]t _h to be ma9ta9$ by dog tra9s1 :i* c>ri$ lett]-mail only4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! luxuri\s conditions "u :i* ! triumphs ( ! art may be se5 9 ,london1 ,new ,york1 or ,p>is1 ! 8,hazelton ,picture ,palace0 0 a half-pa!tic1 half-laughable spectacle--a /range l9k betwe5 civilisation & ! aborig9al4 ,i saw x aft] be+ immur$ = sev]al weeks 9 ! primeval bu%2 & ?\gh ! pictures 9 ! cell> danc$ & flick]$ on ! scre51 !y seem$ to me l a welcome h&%ake ) ! great _w4 ,ab\t f\r ye>s ago ! c9ematograph !atre und]w5t a fre% *ange4 ,! success ( ! 8halls0 extemporis$ f empty %ops & railway ar*es induc$ a movem5t 9 fav\r ( a !atre especially design$ = ! projection ( mov+ pictures4 ,companies sprang up on all sides4 ,at fir/ empty build+s ( all descriptions1 disus$ slaught] h\ses1 empty factories1 roll]-skat+ r9ks1 *apels )\t congregations1 7 tak5 ov]4 ,l&lords :o _h despair$ ( ev] receiv+ an income aga9 f _! vacant prop]ty reap$ a gold5 h>ve/4 ,9 ! fir/ en?usiasm little discrim9ation 0 display$ 9 ! acquisition ( premises4 ,! int]iors1 hav+ be5 cle>$ d[n to ! b>e walls & ceil+1 7 r$ecorat$1 & provid$ ) com=table !atre seats4 ,! conv]t$ build+ 0 n entirely successful4 ,moreov]1 ! c9ematograph !atre ne$$ e/abli%$ h\ses 9 ord] to compete ) ! vaudeville & legitimate !atres4 ,manag]s became m & m ambiti\s2 & to-day rivalry is be+ display$ betwe5 competitive int]e/s to eclipse "o ano!r 9 ! elaborate con/ruction & palatial appo9tm5t ( ! build+4 ,great improvem5t 0 made 9 ! me*anical in/allations4 ,hi!rto !y _h be5 m or less haphaz>d2 b exp]t electrical k naturally soon ent]$ ! field1 & ! electrical eng9e] has f\nd a new opportunity = ! display ( 8 ability4 ,e l>ge company reta9s a highly compet5t electrical eng9e] & an effici5t corps ( assi/ants1 & ! success ( ! tw5tie? c5tury picture palace is dep5d5t to a v great ext5t ^u electricity4 ,improvem5t 9 ?is p>ticul> field is probably responsible = ! fact t1 tak5 on ! :ole1 ! ,briti% picture !atre is ! be/ 9 ! _w f e po9t ( view1 z an inspection ( ! !atres on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica w readily %[4 ,! picture h\ses "u ! control ( ! ,prov9cial ,c9ematograph ,!atres1 ,limit$1 (f] a good illu/ration ( my po9t4 ,?is company has /udi$ ! ta/es ( ! ,briti% public & has set ! pace 9 elaborate & com=table build+s4 ,! day ( ! mov+ picture !atre compris+ only ! box (fice & ! d>k hall scre5$ (f f ! /reet by heavy curta9s is pa/2 & ! com=ts & conv5i5ces ( ! vaudeville h\se & ! legitimate !atre h be5 incorporat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,prov9cial ,c9ematograph ,!atres1 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,luxury ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,picture ,,palace4 ,g5]al int]ior view ( ! ,picture ,h\se1 ,briggate1 ,le$s4 ,our illu/ration %[s ! ,picture ,h\se at ,briggate1 ,le$s1 "o ( ! *a9 ( !atres belong+ to ! ,prov9cial ,!atre ,company4 ,! build+ is ( fire-pro( con/ruction1 z e mov+ picture !atre %\ld be2 ! decorative details h be5 c>ri$ out ^u a lavi% scale1 & ! seat+ arrangem5ts h e device ( luxuri\s com=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,prov9cial ,c9ematograph ,!atres1 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,lant]n ,,room ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,c9ematograph ,,!atre4 ,! op]at+ room ( ! ,picture ,h\se1 ,briggate1 ,le$s1 %[+ two film projectors & slide lant]n4 ,! project+ hall has accommodation = ab\t #fjj p1 & !re is a l\nge1 a tea-room1 & a smok+-room4 ,su* a lib]al policy br+s ! picture !atre on a level ) ! vaudeville h\se or legitimate !atre4 ,briti% law dem&s t ! op]at+ room %all be insulat$ by means ( /eel walls4 ,9 ! e>ly days a cupbo>d-l box built ( iron met ?is requirem5t2 b n[adays l>g] accommodation is necess>y1 because ! comp>tm5t has to h\se f> m ?an ! m]e projector4 ,:5 a cont9u\s %[ is giv51 & ! programme la/s ab\t an h\r1 ! public insi/s ^u full value = its money2 consequ5tly ! int]val betwe5 ea* film mu/ be r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances #a m9utes suffice1 n only to enable ! film to be *ang$ easily1 b to give suffici5t "t = ! audi5ce to *ange4 ,! project+ app>atus %\ld be 9 duplicate1 n only to provide a res]ve app>atus 9 case ( accid5t1 b to p]mit alt]nate use1 s t ! lant]n does n become ov]heat$4 ,moreov]1 ! adv5t ( ,k9emacolor has made ! #b-lant]n plan ess5tial4 ,9 col\r "w ! projector requires a special type ( %utt] ) alt]nate sectors ( r$ & gre5 glass1 or scre5s1 ) int]v5+ opaque sectors2 & ?us1 obvi\sly1 :5 black & :ite alt]nate ) col\r pictures 9 ! programme1 a second projector is ess5tial1 to obviate ! necessity = repeat$ deta*m5t & re-atta*m5t ( ! ,k9emacolor %utt]4 ,a ?ird lant]n is requir$ = /ation>y projections1 su* z ann\ncem5ts1 titles1 & s =?4 ,"u ^! conditions a commodi\s lant]n room is indisp5sable4 ,! front ( ! op]at+ h\se is provid$ ) small slid+ %utt]s ?r\gh :i* ! pictures are project$4 ,if a film %\ld cat* fire ^! doors1 by a s+le movem5t1 close ei!r f )9 or )\t ! lant]n room1 ! fire is conf9$ to ! lant]n h\se1 & ! public )9 ! !atre ne$ receive no intimation ( ! mi%ap4 ,z ! lant]n h\se is provid$ ) an ample v5tilat+ sy/em1 no smoke or gases f9d _! way into ! ma9 build+4 ,9 ! mod]n !atre1 h[ev]1 ! lant]n room has to fulfil o!r requirem5ts beside m]ely h\s+ ! projectors4 ,f x control ( ! v>i\s electrical arrangem5ts is effect$4 ,! picture palace ( to-day1 in/ead ( be+ entirely d>k dur+ projection1 is suffus$ ) ! subdu$ gl[ ( ruby lamps1 :i* d n affect projection1 or ! brilliancy ( ! picture to any mat]ial degree4 ,"u ! old rgime d>kness prevail$ f "o end ( ! programme to ! o!r1 save1 p]haps1 dur+ a %ort int]val2 b n[ ! lights are turn$ up ?r\gh\t ! hall :ile ! films are be+ *ang$4 ,! conv]sion f d>kness to brilliant light1 & vice v]s1 :i* is s detrim5tal to ! eyesight1 is n1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ out in/antane\sly1 b gradually4 ,:5 ! end ( ! film is rea*$ ! hall is fill$--= ab\t five seconds--) a s(t diffus$ light1 foll[$ by full illum9ation2 d>kness comes on 9 ! same gradual mann] :5 ! next film is ready4 ,9 ! mod]n picture palace1 su* z we illu/rate1 ! electrical equipm5t is ( ! mo/ elaborate "*4 ,! supply ( curr5t is d]iv$1 z a rule1 f ! public supply s]vice1 & ! pressure has to be brok5 d[n to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! projector & ( ! electric light+ arrangem5ts ?r\gh\t ! build+4 ,! supply s]vice is g5]ally 9 duplicate to gu>d aga9/ ! failure ( "o in/allation1 :ile %\ld ! :ole s]vice break d[n "s o!r =m ( illum9ation has to be 9 read9ess = use until ! fault 9 ! electric sy/em is repair$4 ,! electrical in/allation is ess5tially ( te*nical int]e/1 appeal+ mo/ly to ! eng9e]4 ,9 _m in/ances ! projector me*anism is driv5 by electric p[]1 a small motor be+ fitt$ = ?is purpose4 ,= natural col\r "w1 inde$1 ow+ to ! numb] ( pictures project$ p] second1 a motor drive is imp]ative to secure satisfactory results4 ,aft] a film has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! lant]n x mu/ be re-w\nd ^u ano!r reel to br+ ! fir/ picture into ! />t+ position once m4 ,?is op]ation is c>ri$ out ) a film-w9d]4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! devices are on ! m>ket1 all work+ ^u ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple1 b ! 8,empire0 w9d]s h a*iev$ a high reputation1 be+ excell5t ma*9es = ! "w & capable ( )/&+ h>d we>4 ,! op]ation is s simple t !re is no necessity to describe ! app>atus1 z ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ab1 conveys its design & me?od ( work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,! 8,,empire0 ,,film-,,w9d] ,aft] a picture has be5 run ?r\gh ! projector x has to be re-w\nd ^u its spool = ! next display4 ,occasionally :5 a film is be+ run ?r\gh ! projector x becomes sev]$ by "s means or o!r4 ,be=e x c be us$ aga9 ! break mu/ be repair$ by splic+ ! two p>ts toge!r4 ,?is is a simple task4 ,! brok5 edge ( "o film is cut (f ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* bel[ ! l9e divid+ "o picture f ! next4 ,! gelat9e emulsion ^u ?is small section is remov$ ) a knife4 ,! o!r "p ( ! film is trimm$ exactly at ! divid+ l9e betwe5 two pictures1 & ! two fac+ surfaces ( ! film are treat$ ) film cem5t1 appli$ by means ( a bru%1 ! ov]lapp+ edges !n be+ press$ tightly toge!r & all[$ to dry = ab\t ?ree m9utes4 ,?is cem5t is a comb9ation ( amyl-acetate & acetone 9 ! proportion ( two to "o = ord9>y celluloid films4 ,:5 a non-inflammable film is us$ ! con/itution ( ! cem5t is v>i$4 ,to facilitate su* splic+ a small clamp+ device is us$ g5]ally1 &1 al?\gh x is n ess5tial to effect a good jo9t1 its use c]ta9ly enables ! task to be p]=m$ m neatly & satisfactorily4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,! 8,,empire0 ,,film ,,m5d]4 ,,! ,,illu/ration ,,%[s ,,h[ ,a ,,brok5 ,,film ,,is ,,rejo9$4 ,?\gh ! excell5ce ( a mov+ picture display dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! projector & ! film1 its brilliancy & cle> def9ition c be made or m>r$ by ! scre54 ,:5 ! pictures are be+ ?r[n f ! front ( ! h\se & ! audi5ce see a reflect$ projection1 ! scre5 mu/ be opaque & prep>$ f a suitably wov5 clo?4 ,x is /ret*$ taut1 & ! surface is treat$ ) a good :itewa% or matt :ite pa9t4 ,rec5tly1 v>i\s prep>ations h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket to enhance ! brilliancy ( ! picture4 ,!y may a*ieve ! result2 b (t5 at ! price ( introduc+ o!r flaws1 su* z alt]ation ( ! tone values & occasionally ! impov]i%m5t ( ! pure :ites 9 ! picture4 ,if ! audi5ce is view+ ! picture ?r\gh ! scre5--t is1 if ! projector is plac$ at ! back ( ! /age & out ( sight--! %eet mu/ be made ( transp>5t mat]ial4 ,?is practice1 h[ev]1 has fall5 into disuse4 ,! scre5 mu/ be set p]p5dicul> to ! horizontal axis ( ! projector objective & cond5s]1 & if ! ma*9e is incl9$ slightly ! %eet mu/ be tilt$ 9 a correspond+ degree1 or x w be impossible to secure a picture :i* is cle> & %>p all ov]1 = ! simple reason t "s ( ! rays ( light f ! projector w be %ort] ?an o!rs4 ,if ! =m] are focuss$ %>p & cle> ! latt] w be blurr$1 & vice v]s4 ,9 hang+ ! scre5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure ! be/ possible results4 ,! edges are cov]$ ) a black mat]ial--velvet is ! be/ m$ium--c>ri$ = a small di/ance on all sides ( ! %eet1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( a :ite surface be+ set 9 a deep black frame4 ,su* an arrangem5t improves ! pictures by ?r[+ !m into /rong] relief4 ,)9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s ! idea has come into vogue ( accompany+ movem5ts 9 ! pictures ) *>act]i/ic s\nd effects4 ,:5 a horse gallops1 ! s\nd ( its feet /rik+ ! road are he>d2 ! dep>ture ( a tra9 is accompani$ by a :i/le & a puff z ! eng9e gets "u weigh2 ! break+ ( waves ^u a pebbly bea* is reproduc$ by a ro>+ s\nd4 ,op9ion appe>s to be divid$ z to ! value ( ! practice4 ,"s m cultivat$ motion photography lov]s are oppos$ to x1 on ! gr\nd t unless e motion is giv5 its di/9ctive s\nd1 none at all %\ld be audible2 o!rs cont5d t s\nd imp>ts an additional realism to ! sc5e4 ,!re is no d\bt t at times ! s\nd effects come z an unpleasant & di/urb+ %ock1 especially :5 !y are nei!r 9 "t nor h>mony ) ! motion--= example1 :5 ! realism ( a m$ival battle is height5$ by ! vigor\s rattl+ ( a ma*9e gun1 or :5 horses gallop+ ov] ! turf make a clatt] t only a city pavem5t c\ld cause4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce s\nd effects are indisp5sable to ! legitimate /age1 :y %\ld !y n be ext5d$ to ! mov+ picture !atre8 ,:at w\ld ,macbe? be )\t ! cra%+ ( ?und]1 & h[ c\ld ! impression ( rattl+ hail1 or ! h[l+ & %riek+ ( ! w9d1 be convey$ )\t rec\rse to v>i\s devices 9 ! w+s8 ,ev5 if ! play be 9 pantomime1 all s\nd is n suppress$4 ,! play]s may be mute1 b yet "o he>s ! slam ( a door1 or ! cra% ( an ov]turn$ *air z x /rikes ! floor1 & s on4 ,accord+ly x w\ld seem t s\nd effects are p]fectly ju/ifiable 9 mov+ pictures1 provid$ !y are judici\sly manag$4 ,! fir/ attempts to introduce s\nd effects provok$ humor\s situations4 ,! boy deput$ to ! task enjoy$ ! *ance to make a noise1 & appli$ himself ) a vig\r ( en?usiasm :i* ov]/epp$ ! b\nds ( common s5se4 ,n[adays su* effects are employ$ ) all ! c>e & discrim9ation exp5d$ on ! pictures !mselves1 & ! result is h>moni\s & pleas+4 ,( c\rse1 x has be5 necess>y to devise all sorts ( contrivances = reali/ic s\nd production1 f ! fir+ ( a #ab-;in* gun to ! squeak ( a m\se4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is ! 8,allefex10 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,moorh\se4 ,x is ! mo/ compreh5sive & +5i\s ma*9e ev] made = ! mimicry ( s\nd1 = al?\gh x measures only f\r feet 9 height1 by ab\t ?ree feet 9 wid? & dep?1 x produces "s fifty *>act]i/ic s\nds1 includ+ ! h[l ( a /orm1 ! ru%+ ( wat]falls1 ! b>k ( a dog1 & ! twitt]+ ( birds4 ,e artifice = produc+ ^! noises is conta9$ )9 a small cubical space1 & ! op]ation has be5 s simplifi$ t "o man is suffici5t = ! task4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ! ,hepwor? ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,trial ,,sc5e ,,f 8,,ra*el',s ,,s940 ,a /rik+ example ( a ,briti% picture play4 ,f e po9t ( view ?is film is equal to ! f9e/ =eign "w4 ,! ,engli% home produc]s excel 9 dome/ic drama ( ?is "*4 ,a g5]al impression ( ?is ma*9e may be ga!r$ f ! illu/ration4 ,x appe>s to be a maze ( lev]s1 cranks1 plug-holes1 & bulbs1 b ea* atta*m5t p]=ms "s def9ite purpose & produces "o or m di/9ct s\nds4 ,ano!r /rik+ feature is t its op]ation dem&s ! m9imum ( practice1 = ! majority ( ! effects are produc$ by /raight=w>d action4 ,x is only "h & !re t a little practice is requir$1 su* z1 = in/ance1 to imitate ! b>k ( a dog1 or ! cry ( a baby4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,s\nd ,,effect ,,accompanim5ts ,,to ,,pictures ,,are ,,produc$4 ,! +5i\s 8,allefex0 ma*9e1 :]eby ov] fifty di/9ctive noises c be made4 ,x w\ld be impossible to describe 9 "o *apt] all ! v>i\s effects produc$ by means ( ?is app>atus4 ,i w conf9e myself1 !re=e1 to "s ( ! m difficult s\nds1 _m ( !m app>5tly beyond ! rea* ( me*anical mimicry4 ,! %ot ( a gun is imitat$ by /rik+ a drum at ! top ( ! ma*9e1 on :i* a *a9 mat has be5 plac$1 a sm>t bl[ ) a felt drum-/ick z ne> ! c5tre z possible4 ,! same device s]ves to repres5t successive %ots4 ,! int]ior ( ! drum is fitt$ ) ?ree drum-/icks1 :i* are manipulat$ by ! turn+ ( a h&le1 ! numb] ( %ots v>y+1 ) ! spe$1 accord+ to ! picture4 ,at ! bottom ( ! ma*9e is a l>ge bell[s work$ by ! foot4 ,_! manipulation 9 conjunction ) "o or o!r ( ! h&les w produce ! s\nd ( exhau/ /eam issu+ f a locomotive1 ! rumbl+ ( a tra9 ru%+ ?r\gh a tunnel1 & s on4 ,runn+ wat]1 ra91 hail1 & ! s\nd ( roll+ waves are obta9$ by turn+ a h&le1 :i* rotates a ribb$ wood5 cyl9d] aga9/ a bo>d set at an angle f ! top ( :i* hang a numb] ( *a9s4 ,by v>y+ ! spe$ ( ! cyl9d] any ( ! above s\nds may be obta9$ ) accuracy4 ,! puff+ ( an eng9e is made by revolv+ a cyl9d] ) projections aga9/ a /eel bru%2 ! cra% ( *9a1 pots & pans1 c41 is due to ! revolution ( a %aft on :i* are m\nt$ a s]ies ( tappets /rik+ aga9/ hamm]s1 :i* 9 turn come into contact ) a numb] ( /eel plates4 ,! crackl+ ( a ma*9e gun is caus$ by turn+ a %aft hav+ tappets :i* /rike & lift up wood5 la?s1 subsequ5tly releas+ !m to /rike sm>tly aga9/ ! framework ( ! ma*9e4 ,! same device also s]ves = imitat+ ! cra% att5d+ ! upsett+ ( *airs1 tables1 & s on4 ,p5dant tubes s]ve to produce ! effects ( *ur* bells1 fire al>m1 %ip's bell1 & simil> noises2 ! s\nd ( trott+ horses is caus$ by revolv+ a %aft c>ry+ ?ree tappets :i* lift up inv]t$ cups4 ,?is %aft is slightly movable1 s t by adju/m5t a trot c be conv]t$ into a gallop & vice v]s1 :ile di/ance effects are obta9$ by a muffl+ atta*m5t4 ,?und] is made by %ak+ a %eet ( /eel hang+ on "o side ( ! ma*9e2 ! press ( a bulb gives ! b>k ( a dog2 ! bell[s & ano!r atta*m5t op]ate ! w>bl+ bird2 :ile ! cry ( ! baby is emitt$ by ! dext]\s manipulation ( plug-hole & bell[s4 ,a ma*9e l ?is is a di/9ct acquisition to ! mod]n picture !atre1 = :5 skilfully controll$ x provides a sci5tific & p]fect me*anical app>atus = ! production ( di/9ctive s\nd1 correctly1 & at ! prop] mom5t4 ,at ! same "t1 x is s simple t little practice is dem&$ to make ! op]ator exp]t 9 ! art ( me*anical mimicry4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s special att5tion has be5 devot$ to :at is call$ 8daylight projection10 i4e41 ! display ( pictures 9 broad daylight4 ,a me?od evolv$ by ,qu5t9 = accompli%+ ?is end 0 adopt$ at ! ,c9ma ,palace 9 ,p>is ne>ly ?ree ye>s ago4 ,"h ! practice 0 to %[ ! pictures ^u ! scre5 ) half ! lamps 9 ! !atre light$1 ! projector be+ #ff feet f ! scre51 ! size ( ! picture be+ #aj by #h feet1 & ! arc lamp tak+ normally a curr5t ( #cj amp]es f ! supply ma9s ( a #aaj-volt circuit4 ,ano!r sy/em to ! same end 0 evolv$ by ,anto9e & ,prosp] ,po*1 ! image be+ project$ ^u a transluc5t scre5 plac$ betwe5 ! spectators & ! projector4 ,) ?is app>atus ! pictures c\ld be ?r[n ^u a scre5 measur+ ab\t #bd by #cj in*es1 s z to be cle>ly visible 9 ! middle ( ! day by p pass+ along ! /reet4 ,= ?is "w ! scre5 dem&s special treatm5t4 ,if x is to be us$ only tempor>ily1 ! trac+ clo? us$ by ar*itects is a v satisfactory mat]ial4 ,"o inv5tor produc$ :at he call$ a 8ra9b[ scre510 prep>$ by soak+ a suitable :ite mat]ial ) fi% glue & atta*+ !reto a ?9 lay] ( t9t$ fabric4 ,mov+ pictures 8)\t d>kness0 h be5 exploit$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^u a small scale1 & on "o or two occasions 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! object ( ! plan1 h[ev]1 is n q cle>1 = mov+ pictures c obvi\sly be se5 at _! be/ only 9 total d>kness or a v slight suffus$ r$ gl[4 ,x is claim$ by ! advocates ( ! daylight pictures t ! eyes are fatigu$ less "u su* conditions4 ,! advantage1 h[ev]1 has n be5 recognis$ by ! public1 = daylight projection is no m popul> to-day ?an x 0 9 #ahig1 :5 ! appe>ance ( a me?od = accompli%+ x appe>$ & sank into oblivion aft] caus+ a pass+ int]e/4 ,a prom95t feature ( ! developm5t ( ! c9ematograph !atre is ! =mation ( 8mov+ picture circuits10 or *a9s ( !atres controll$ by "o organisation4 ,?is practice 0 tak5 ov]1 ( c\rse1 f ! music hall & ! legitimate /age2 & its application to ! new field has be5 l>gely responsible = ! improv$ /atus ( ! c9ematographic indu/ry4 ,ke5 & gr[+ rivalry is display$ betwe5 ! v>i\s circuits4 ,?us has develop$ a _s ( heal?y competition1 result+ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! picture !atre z a build+1 & 9 ! production ( sup]ior programmes4 ,:5 two or m rivals 9 a s+le t[n are mak+ a common bid = popul> fav\r1 ! public naturally patronises ! e/abli%m5t :i* (f]s ! mo/ ref9$ pictures comb9$ ) com=t 9 ! seat+ arrangem5ts4 ,! inf]ior film is be+ driv5 f ! bett] class ( c9ematograph !atre1 :]e a programme is (f]$ :i* is v>i$ 9 "*1 & ( ! highe/ excell5ce f ! photographic1 dramatic1 & educational po9t ( view1 z well z f t ( %e] amusem5t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! gr[? ( ! c9ematograph !atre has be5 ph5om5al4 ,! success ( ! fir/ displays ) ! ,lumire ma*9e at ! ,ed5 ,muse prompt$ ! proprietors ( o!r places ( ent]ta9m5t to introduce ! biograph 9 _! programmes4 ,! news ( its success at ! ,alhambra 9 ! ,engli% metropolis d\btless likewise influ5c$ ! developm5t on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! fir/ display 9 a ,new ,york music hall 0 at ! ,union ,squ>e ,!atre 9 ! ,kei? vaudeville circuit4 ,x did n meet ) an imm$iately en?usia/ic reception2 b 9 a few days x caught ! public fancy1 & !reaft] ! h\se 0 always well fill$4 ,! value ( ! mov+ picture ma*9e to ?is h\se is reflect$ by ! av]age weekly receipts4 ,at ! "t ( its introduction ! av]age receipts 7 #fjj 7#c1jjj7 p] week2 a mon? lat] !y _h ris5 to #a1djj 7#g1jjj7--! c9ematograph m ?an d\bl$ ! rev5ue ( ! !atre4 ,)9 a ye> !re 0 n a music hall ( repute 9 ! c\ntry :i* did n possess its bioscope4 ,!n came ! fir/ movem5t t[>ds ! creation ( a mov+ picture palace1 9 ! same way t x occurr$ 9 ,engl&4 ,empty %ops 7 tak5 on all sides1 & )9 a few ye>s !re 7 no less ?an #fjj ( ^! 8/ore0 !atres1 or 8nickel0 & 8dime0 %[s1 9 ,new ,york alone1 :ile ab\t #cj1jjj simil> e/abli%m5ts dott$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific ,oceans1 & f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,great ,lakes4 ,m5 :o />t$ ) no m capital ?an 0 b>ely suffici5t to pur*ase ! outfit & r5t ! empty %op1 f\nd t !y _h discov]$ an ,el ,dorado4 ,! m en]getic />t$ !atre aft] !atre1 & 9 a %ort "t possess$ 8circuits0 ( tw5ty or m mov+ picture %[s4 ,"o ( ^! pione]s1 ,m>cus ,loew1 />t+ unpret5ti\sly 9 a suburban di/rict1 f\nd himself 9 five ye>s possess$ ( =ty !atres1 f :i* ! money roll$ into 8 bank+ acc\nt 9 =ty /eady /reams4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is =tune 0 accumulat$ f ! public 9 five & t5 c5t pieces4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! mov+ picture !atre 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 a /ate ( transition4 ,! palatial "* ( ! ,briti% c9ematograph !atre has spurr$ ambiti\s spirits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to l a*ievem5ts4 ,loew has built two palaces1 sp5d+ "s #a1jjj1jjj 7#bjj1jjj7 ^u ! build+s & appo9tm5ts4 ,mov+ pictures are rivall+ all o!r =ms ( ent]ta9m5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z suitable build+s fall vacant exorbitant bids are made by rival factions to secure _! acquisition1 & ! r5ts paid are v high4 ,william ,fox1 a man v simil> 9 "* to ,loew1 :o ent]$ ! field a ye> lat] ?an he1 />tl$ ! c9ematographic _w by acquir+ ! lease ( a legitimate !atre 9 ! fa%ionable !atrical c5tre at a ye>ly r5tal ( #aj1jjj 7#ej1jjj71 & conv]t+ x to c9ematography4 ,sc>cely _h ! excitem5t di$ d[n :5 x 0 ann\nc$ t he _h r5t$ ! ,academy ( ,music at #bj1jjj 7#ajj1jjj7 p] annum4 ,! price he is pay+ 9 r5tal to br+ mov+ pictures be=e ! public cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! day repres5ts "o-?ird ( ! orig9al co/ ( erect+ ! build+1 s t ! proprietors may be said to h pr(it$ h&somely 9 ! transaction4 ,gambl+ 9 sites = ! e/abli%m5t ( picture palaces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has rea*$ a f> great] climax ?an 0 ev] atta9$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! height ( ! en?usiasm4 ,"h ! bubble has be5 prick$1 & ! same outcome is anticipat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,probably ! mo/ luxuri\s picture palaces 9 ! _w are 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 !re !y are palaces 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,t t]ritory has sc>cely be5 t\*$ yet1 & is "o ( ! mo/ attractive fields = developm5t4 ,x is 9 ! 8l& ( to-morr[0 t animat$ pictures promise to atta9 _! greate/ heights ( success4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,h[ ,a ,,c9ematograph ,,play ,,is ,,produc$ ,:5 a /irr+ drama or upro>i\s f>ce is project$ ^u ! scre5 ! actions are s natural1 ! situations develop s obvi\sly--9 fact1 ! :ole ?+ proce$s s smoo?ly--t ! av]age p]son concludes t ! production ( a picture play is ! simple/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,b ! av]age p]son 0 nev] m mi/ak54 ,a visit to a /udio-!atre to foll[ a production f ! beg9n+ to ! end undeceives him v promptly & ?or\ghly4 ,! /age managem5t ( a play be=e ! celluloid film is f> m exact+ ?an ! /ag+ ( a play beh9d ! footlights4 ,situations h to be h&l$ :i* nev] develop on ! legitimate /age4 ,! picture play is ess5tially pantomime & ! cam]a is a se>*+1 unequivocal critic4 ,x produces a /]n1 matt]-(-fact repres5tation ( :at is enact$ be=e x4 ,!re is no dialogue to conceal blemi%es1 or mitigate ! defici5cies ( ! actors & actresses4 ,words h to be conv]t$ into action & ge/ures4 ,9 a picture-play e muscle ( ! body has practically to be call$ into use to convey to ! spectator a lucid & coh]5t idea ( ! progress ( ! plot1 s9ce !re is no?+ b ! action to tell him 8:at x is all ab\t40 ,fur!rmore1 ev]y?+ mu/ be cond5s$ to ! irr$ucible m9imum )\t =feit+ coh]5cy4 ,! plot mu/ be unravell$ )\t ! slighte/ int]ruption ( ! ma9 ?read ( ! /ory4 ,once ! spectator loses grip ( ! !me1 int]e/ is lo/4 ,z brevity is ! s\l ( wit1 s t]s5ess is ! keynote ( success 9 a picture-play4 ,! produc] mu/ be a man ( _m p>ts4 ,he mu/ h a ke5 in/9ct = dramatic situation1 possess wide hi/rionic ability & exp]i5ce1 h a %>p eye = m9ute detail1 be suppli$ ) unlimit$ en]gy1 & capacity to extract ! utmo/ f 8 company4 ,"o factor is all-important to him--"t4 ,! /age-manag] works on a "t-s*$ule1 n ( m9utes1 b ( seconds2 x mu/ be rememb]$ t e second ( "t is equival5t to twelve in*es ( film4 ,a produc] w sp5d five m9utes 9 ! ef=t to cond5se by five seconds ! action necess>y = a c]ta9 situation4 ,9 :at =m does ! picture play rea* ! /age-manag]'s h&s = production8 ,does ! playwright prep>e ! contribution 9 detail complete ) dialogue & bus9ess1 z if = ! !atrical /age1 or does he supply a b>e outl9e8 ,! answ] v>ies accord+ to ! dramati/1 & to ! /age-manag] = :om he is work+4 ,"s au?ors _c convey _! ideas coh]5tly )\t ext5sive dialogue4 ,o!rs c a*ieve _! end 9 #bjj words4 ,aga91 "o produc] fails to see eye-to-eye ) ! au?or's idea unless ! latt] is work$ out m9utely1 :ile ano!r w grasp ! :ole situation in/antly4 ,z a result1 x is impossible to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ rules1 z to h[ to write a picture-play2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! brief] ! sc5>io or /ory ( ! play1 ! m likely x is to f9d fav\r1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,i h se5 bo? me?ods 9 execution4 ,9 "o case ! au?or's /ory _h be5 work$ out to ! smalle/ detail1 ! manuscript cov]+ "s fifty pages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a fri5d ( m9e :o has produc$ _m1 em95tly successful picture films1 scribbles ! b>e idea on a s+le %eet ( pap]--! back ( an envelope suffices sometimes--briefly indicat+ ! progress ( ! plot /ep by /ep1 reta9+ all ! /age bus9ess 9 8 head1 & modify+ 8 ideas z he proce$s1 to suit ! circum/ances4 ,equally div]g5t is ! practice foll[$ 9 production4 ,among ! ,fr5* produc]s ! g5]al me?od is to write out all ! p>ts complete ) dialogue1 & to h& ! l9es to ! memb]s ( ! company conc]n$1 to be committ$ to memory 9 ! usual way4 ,actors & actresses ?us become famili>is$ ) ! atmosph]e ( ! /ory1 & are left to a great ext5t to _! own hi/rionic in/9ct to int]pret ! "* assign$1 ! produc] introduc+ 8 ideas z rehe>sals proce$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m produc]s pref] to keep ! memb]s ( _! company 9 ignorance ( ! plot4 ,! /ory is c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 brief sections1 /ep by /ep1 ! l5g?s ( ea* section be+ betwe5 #de & #ajj seconds or !reab\ts4 ,! actors & actresses are giv5 in/ructions z to h[ to make up _! *>act]s1 & are !n m>%all$ ^u ! /age4 ,! fir/ situation 9 ! play is tak51 ! produc] %[+ ea* "* conc]n$ h[ ! "p is to be play$4 ,! memb]s are put ?r\gh _! paces "t aft] "t1 rehe>s+ be+ cont9u$ until ! :ole company moves l a ma*9e1 & !n ! cam]a films ! incid5t4 ,sometimes ! produc] himself w und]take a "p1 & %\t in/ructions on ! /age z ! action proce$s1 keep+ e actor & actress mov+ j z he desires4 ,?is me?od is foll[$ v ext5sively 9 ,am]ica4 ,its advantage is t ! memb]s ( ! company1 n kn[+ :at is com+ next1 are kept acutely expectant 9 ord] to fall naturally into ! _s ( ! p>ts & plot2 !y "w !mselves to a high pit* ( int5sity2 & ?is gives ! play ! vim & animation :i* are peculi>ly requisite = a picture-play4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,film-,,play ,,produc] ,,at ,,"w4 ,rehe>s+ at ! ,edison ,c9ematograph ,!atre4 ,?is picture %[s ! /age sett+1 ! p[]ful batt]y ( electric top-lights = illum9at+ ! sc5e1 & ! electrically driv5 cam]a4 ,by ?is me?od also ! /age-manag] compels ! actors & actresses to int]pret 8 ideas1 :i* he reg>ds z suit+ ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,! memb]s ( ! company h no opportunity to ?ru/ _! own impressions be=e ! cam]a4 ,:5 ! l9es are giv5 out be=eh& to ! memb]s ( ! company1 ea* naturally =ms an individual op9ion z to h[ ?is or t "p %\ld be play$1 & once ?is impression has tak5 root1 x is difficult = ! produc] to modify x ^u ! l9es he has conceiv$4 ,ano!r disadvantage ( ! latt] me?od is t an actor or actress sometimes fails to reg>d a "p ) sympa?y1 & ! result lacks reali/ic effect4 ,repeat$ rehe>sals also t5d to dull en?usiasm2 ! memb]s ( ! company become some:at le?>gic2 & !re is a m>k$ abs5ce ( ze/ & sw+ 9 ! resultant picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,,?ree ,,picture-,,plays ,,simultane\sly4 ,?is photograph ( ! ,selig ,c9ematograph ,/udios1 9 ,*icago1 %[s h[ sc5es are set side by side4 ,! batt5s on ! floor indicate ! b\nd>ies ( ea* /age4 ,:5 ! play rea*es ! produc]'s h&s ! fir/ po9t is to settle ! l5g? ( film to :i* x %all run4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! play itself4 ,! av]age l5g? v>ies betwe5 #fjj & #a1jjj feet1 occupy+ f t5 to sixte5 m9utes to project ^u ! scre54 ,if an elaborate or novel production is contemplat$ ( a "* able to su/a9 ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce1 ! l5g? may be d\bl$ or quadrupl$4 ,! film v]sion ( 8,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities10 = in/ance1 ran to #c1jjj feet1 :i* meant t ! scre5 0 occupi$ = "s sixty m9utes4 ,t 0 an exceptional production1 h[ev]1 & !re are few plays :i* c\ld rivet ! att5tion ( an audi5ce = an h\r4 ,! actors & actresses1 l ! produc]1 are drawn f ! legitimate !atre4 ,! majority ( ! l>ge organisations collect & ma9ta9 _! own /ock companies1 ready to produce any "* = any description ( play4 ,?is idea 0 fir/ practis$1 & is /ill cont9u$ to a limit$ ext5t1 9 ,great ,brita91 ! company av]ag+ six or eight pr9cipals4 ,b 9 ! e>ly days ! public res5t$ ! too frequ5t appe>ance ( ! same face ^u ! scre52 s ! /udios :i* 7 situat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! metropolis began to draw _! mat]ial f ! !atrical m>ket1 secur+ an excell5t selection1 & at ! same "t pl5ty ( v>iety4 ,c9ematograph /udios situat$ f>!r afield avail$ !mselves ( ! t\r+ !atrical companies1 ^: memb]s b5efit$ appreciably f ! introduction ( ! film-play2 z x gave !m an opportunity to increase an o!rwise meagre weekly wage4 ,! practice is /ill 9 vogue 9 ! ,briti% prov9ces1 & has be5 f\nd v pr(itable to ! produc]1 because ! v>i$ exp]i5ce ( ! av]age t\r+ actor or actress is a valuable asset on ! picture-play /age4 ,! film-play does n (f] any opportunity to ! amateur !atrical individual4 ,! cam]a emphasises f> too acutely any weak po9ts 9 hi/rionic ability4 ,! pr(essional is ! ess5tial raw mat]ial1 & ! he>t-break+ drill ( ! legitimate /age r5d]s ! actor or actress all ! bett] adapt$ to ! exact+ requirem5ts ( ! film play2 ?\gh at times x dem&s indescribable pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 if n bully+1 on ! "p ( ! produc] to compel ! pr(essional to adapt himself to *ang$ conditions & realise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two phases ( ! hi/rionic art4 ,_m produc]s1 9 fact1 pref] to ma9ta9 _! own /ock company1 e memb] ( :i* c grasp 9 an in/ant :at ! /age-manag] dem&s1 ?us sav+ mu* valuable "t4 ,! nucleus is increas$ z necessity dem&s = special occasions or p>ticul> *>act]s f ! ranks ( available t\r+ companies1 :ile ! sup]num]>ies are likewise recruit$ f a wide field4 ,! selection ( ! actors & actresses is by no means easy4 ,! c9ematographic /age has its own peculi> requirem5ts4 ,! pre-em95t "o is t ! actor or actress mu/ n only act b look ! "p4 ,a "y man _c make up to take an old man's "p--he mu/ be an old man4 ,a woman ( middle age may on ! legitimate /age excel 9 a "y girl's rle2 b %e may n take x on ! cam]a /age4 ,make-up has to be r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 because ! huge enl>gem5t :i* ! picture und]goes 9 projection r5d]s su* artifices hide\s4 ,facial make-up is practically out ( ! "q4 ,n[adays ! practice is to ab&on g5]al make-up entirely1 & to :it5 all ! faces4 ,"u ! gl>e ( _m ?\s& c&le-p[] emitt$ by sev]al electric lamps x is possible 9 ?is way to secure /rik+ contra/s 9 facial expressions4 ,:5 ! features are torn by malignant hatr$1 or upro>i\s mir?1 ! %ad[s =m$ by ! wr9kl+ ( ! sk9 z ! muscles are br\ght into op]ation emphasise ! expression4 ,!re is ano!r reason = ! :it5+ process4 ,an actor or actress may h a natural high col\r1 or d>k complexion1 :5 ! face comes out ) a d>k or black tone1 convey+ ! impression t ! "p has be5 p]=m$ by a negro or mulatto4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ up1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be expla9$1 applies only to black & :ite c9ematograph production4 ,!re is no de>? 9 ! supply ( actors or actresses1 consequ5tly ! produc]s are able to c>ry out a we$+ process 9 ord] t !y may secure ! v be/ hi/rionic ability4 ,"o l>ge ,am]ican company supplies e aspirant ) a =m 9 :i* to record full p>ticul>s ( 8 or h] /age c>e]4 ,if ! applicant has _h no pr(essional exp]i5ce he or %e is told at once t ! company ne$s none b exp]i5c$ arti/es4 ,c]ta9 ,am]ican produc]s h n only acquir$ a l>ge /ock company1 b h also1 by (f]+ l>ge sal>ies1 attract$ old fav\rites1 :om !y /> precisely z 9 ! legitimate !atre4 ,po/]s & photographs ( _! lead+ actors & actresses are circulat$ broadca/1 & ! public has its fav\rites on ! c9ematographic z on ! legitimate /age4 ,! ,edison ,company has f\rte5 pr9cipals at ,orange1 9 ,new ,j]sey2 & 9 addition a company ( sev5 /ation$ 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica = plays hav+ a we/]n sett+4 ,! ,selig ,company has ?irty play]s p]man5tly atta*$ to its ,*icago & ,los ,angeles e/abli%m5ts4 ,! practice has by no means fall5 into disuse 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,hepwor? ,company1 f ^: /udios come "s ( ! be/ films prep>$ especially to suit ,briti% & ,colonial ta/es1 ma9ta9s two /ock companies at ,walton-on-,?ames2 :ile ! ,k9emacolor plays are produc$ by a /ock company ( twelve play]s1 augm5t$ z occasion dem&s1 :i* divide _! "t betwe5 ! /udio-/ages at ,hove & ,nice1 frequ5t+ ! =m] dur+ ! ,engli% summ]1 & sp5d+ ! rema9+ six mon?s ( ! ye> 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 be+ transport$ to & fro ea* season4 ,!re has be5 consid]able compla9t1 to "s ext5t ju/ifi$1 ( ! indiff]5t "* ( ! ,briti% film play productions4 ,briti% produc]s h n receiv$ suffici5t enc\ragem5t to enable !m to incur great exp5se 9 m\nt+ or 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a l>ge & excell5t /ock company4 ,h[ev]1 !re are signs ( a *ange2 & z ! te*nical quality ( ! picture is improv+ x %\ld n be long be=e ! ,briti% film play indu/ry atta9s a position ( importance4 ,z soon z ?is happ5s a wide success w be reap$2 = ?is c\ntry possesses unique & ext5sive opportunities = produc+ plays capable ( mak+ a _w-wide appeal1 & is ri* 9 ! natural sett+s s mu* 9 dem& = ! atta9m5t ( atmosph]e4 ,let u foll[ ! production ( a picture play at a l>ge e/abli%m5t hav+ betwe5 ?ree & six produc]s at "w e day f morn+ to night4 ,! play]s ^u arrival consult ! 8call-bo>d0 to see :5 rehe>sals comm5ce1 ^u :at /age1 & = :at productions4 ,"o arti/ may appe> 9 two or ?ree plays 9 a s+le day1 z a play is occasionally n photograph$ complete ?r\gh all its sc5es2 x may be int]rupt$ = sev]al days f "s reason or o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fight ,,= ,,! ,,boats ,,9 8,,atlantis40 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,nordisk ,co4 8,,sauve ,,qui ,,peut0 ,,at ,,! ,,wreck ,,( ,,! ,,l9] ,,9 8,,atlantis40 ,at ! pre-arrang$ "t ! company assembles ^u its allott$ /age4 ,! manag] m>%als ^? requir$ 9 ! sc5e & expla9s precisely :at he wants ea* arti/ to d4 ,! bus9ess on ! /age is demon/rat$1 & ^? 9 wait+ are told j h[ to make _! entrances1 & all exits are indicat$ v concisely4 ,! /age-manag] rehe>ses ! fir/ episode be=e ^? conc]n$1 to convey a g5]al idea ( 8 requirem5ts1 & !y imm$iately repeat x4 ,no dialogue is writt51 b ! actors ( pr(essional exp]i5ce realise :at words are dem&$ = diff]5t situations1 & accord+ly extemporise z !y proce$4 ,9 ! reproduction ! movem5t ( ! lips r5d]s ! action di/9ctly m conclusive & reali/ic2 moreov]1 ! enunciation ( suitable dialogue induces ! correct facial expression1 "o ( ! mo/ important requirem5ts 9 ! picture play1 & ! audi5ce mu/ at times d]ive f x ! significance ( ! situation4 ,9 ?is fragm5t>y mann] ! produc] c>ries ! company ?r\gh ! incid5t1 & x is n[ rehe>s$ "t aft] "t1 little modifications & improvem5ts be+ made on ea* occasion to animate ! action /ill fur!r4 ,^? wait+ to ent] are giv5 ! cue1 & :5 an exit has to be made x is ann\nc$ 9 an emphatic mann] by ! manag]4 ,! sc5e is repeat$ p]haps a doz5 times be=e x goes ) ! sw+ t ! produc] desires4 ,!n :at may be t]m$ a dress rehe>sal is c>ri$ out4 ,wat* 9 h&1 ! cam]a op]ator foll[s x ?r\gh f end to end4 ,! produc] has decid$ ! l5g? ( film ! :ole play %all occupy1 & has allott$ to ea* incid5t a c]ta9 numb] ( seconds1 t is1 ( feet ( film4 ,! f9al rehe>sal complet$1 ! produc] inquires1 8,h[ long80 8,sev5ty seconds10 replies ! op]ator4 8,too long10 rem>ks ! produc]1 & =?) ! sc5e is rehe>s$ once m1 ! produc] abbreviat+ x z ! action proce$s1 by %\t+ /5torian ord]s to ! play]s to make a quick] entry1 cutt+ %ort a situation1 or by %>ply & unc]emoni\sly tell+ a memb] to 8get (f0 if !re is a sign ( l+]+ 9 ! exit4 8,fifty-five seconds10 rem>ks ! op]ator4 ,x is /ill too long by five or six seconds4 ,! produc] sees :]e he c compress ! sc5e /ill m1 s decides to d ?is :ile ! cam]a is work+4 ,! op]ator takes 8 position1 & !n a sc5e ( great animation is witness$4 8,are y ready80 %\ts ! manag]4 ,! actors come to ! al]t4 8,"r60 ,! cam]a comm5ces its rhy?mic purr+1 & z ! fir/ /ra9s ( ! buzz break out ! manag] gives v5t to a l\d 8,g60 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s9k+ ,,( ,,! ,,l9] 8,,rol&40 ,! ,nordisk ,company ( ,cop5hag5 film$ ,g]h>dt ,hauptman's /rik+ novel 8,atlantis10 ! mo/ s5sational feature 9 :i* is ! s9k+ ( a l9] 9 ,mid-,atlantic4 ,?is play co/ #bj1jjj 7#ajj1jjj7 to produce4 ,! :ole "t ! picture is be+ film$ ! produc] is %\t+ in/ructions1 giv+ abrupt cues1 & %>p ord]s z to h[ to improve ! bus9ess4 ,al?\gh ord]s & comm&s are deliv]$ 9 an endless /ream1 n a s+le play] loses 8 head4 ,"o & all proce$ z if ! manag] 7 non-exi/5t4 ,x is a babel ( noise2 ! produc] raps out brea?less ord]s su* z 8,look t[>ds ! cam]a0--8,%\t out ! dialogue0--8,come t[>ds ! front0--8,get (f60--8,look happy0--8,n s quickly0--8,come 90--8,roll y\r eyes0--8,don't move y\r h&s z if y 7 play+ ! piano0--8,cry60--8,hurry up60 & s on )\t ceas+4 ,! actors are work$ up to an excit+ pit*1 ea* man & woman s+l+ out ! comm5t :i* conc]ns him or h]4 ,! sc5e is br\ght to a climax1 & !re is a %\t ( 8,/op40 ,! purr+ ( ! cam]a ceases imm$iately4 8,h[ _m feet80 inquires ! produc]4 8,fifty-?ree10 replies ! op]ator4 8,good6 ,next sc5e6 ,twelve ye>s lat]10 & =?) e arti/ receives fur!r explicit in/ructions4 ,p]haps ! op]ator f9ds t he has n en\gh film 9 ! box to c>ry him ?r\gh ! :ole ( a sc5e4 ,9 su* a case1 :5 by ref]5ce to ! dial on ! cam]a he f9ds t ! film is on ! v]ge ( exhau/ion1 he cries 8,/op60 ,imm$iately ! actors become root$ to ! spot & rema9 motionless until a new load$ box ( film is ins]t$ into ! cam]a & ?read$ up1 an op]ation :i* takes half a m9ute or s4 ,occasionally ! 8,/op0 call is giv5 at an awkw>d mom5t1 :5 ! /age h&s ru% =w>d to support arti/s :o h be5 int]rupt$ 9 ! middle ( "s action1 & are caught 9 difficult positions4 ,:5 ! ^w 8,g60 is giv5 once m1 ! support]s ru% (f ! /age & ! act+ is resum$ z if !re _h be5 no int]f]5ce4 ,! fir/ few pictures ^u ! new film are aft]w>ds cut out1 & ! connection betwe5 ! two b&s is effect$ s neatly t no evid5ce ( a break 9 cont9uity is reveal$ ^u ! scre54 ,z on ! legitimate /age1 s "h also !re is a t5d5cy to pay m & m att5tion to reali/ic detail4 ,once ^u a "t x suffic$ = a fronti] sc5e if a %ack 7 pa9t$ on ! back clo?4 ,e "t an actor t\*$ ! clo? a s]ies ( undulat+ waves w5t across x1 ) ludicr\s effect4 ,a disconc]t+ ripple ( laught] w\ld run ?r\gh ! h\se1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( an int5sely tragic situation4 ,! public soon lo/ int]e/ 9 plays s ill m\nt$1 & _! dissatisfaction1 ( c\rse1 g5]at$ ! necess>y improvem5t4 ,audi5ces dem& nature & realism1 & ! produc] responds4 ,in/ead ( improvis+ a railway /ation 9 canvas & batt5s ^u ! /age ! produc] transports 8 company1 lock1 /ock1 & b>rel1 toge!r ) all ! prop]ties 9 motor c>s or cabs to an actual /ation to secure ! requir$ results 9 a natural sett+4 ,if a sc5e is laid 9 a giv5 ?or\ghf>e1 ! company is s5t ?i!r to act ! /ory4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! dem& = realism has develop$ almo/ into mania4 ,! ,am]ican ,biograph ,company _h arrang$ to produce a film v]sion ( ! fam\s ,indian novel 8,ramona10 9 :i* ! great sc5e is ! deva/ation ( a :ite settlem5t by ,indians4 ,! /ory is laid 9 ,cali=nia2 s ! firm assembl$ a company ( sixty-five arti/s & dispat*$ !m across ! cont95t f ,new ,york to ! ,pacific ,coa/1 :]e !y /ay$ five mon?s s z to become saturat$ ) ! environm5t4 ,9 ord] t ! sack+ & de/ruction ( homes might be correct 9 e detail1 a small village 0 pur*as$ & fir$6 ,9 ano!r in/ance ! same company want$ a mod]n fire sc5e4 ,!y r5t$ a plot ( l&1 ^u :i* !y built a h\se ( ! /yle requir$2 !n !y set x on fire & burn$ x to ! gr\nd4 ,b ! ,selig ,company eclips$ ev5 ?is p]=mance4 ,"o day a fire broke out 9 a l>ge dep>tm5t /ore 9 ! he>t ( ! city ( ,los ,angeles4 ,x 0 a unique opportunity to obta9 a p[]ful play2 s ! produc]s1 aft] secur+ ov] ! telephone ! sanction ( ! fire brigade au?orities1 hurri$ pr9cipals & op]ators to ! conflagration4 ,! film h]o 0 g>b$ 9 ! uni=m ( a fireman1 & at ! head ( a squad equipp$ ) a hose1 he da%$ into ! burn+ build+2 ! :irr+ ( ! cam]a te/ifi$ t ?is incid5t _h be5 record$4 ,%ortly aft]1 a woman--"o ( ! be/ actresses ( ! company--0 obs]v$ at an upp] w9d[ surr\nd$ by fire & smoke4 ,%e utt]$ a despair+ cry = 8,help60 & 9 response1 ! pseudo-fireman made a frantic ru% up ! ladd]1 broke 9 ! w9d[1 & snat*$ ! pro/rate =m ( ! actress f ! flames4 ,! play]s ran great risks1 b ! film produc] 0 satisfi$4 ,he _h secur$ a s5sational fire rescue 9 an actual big fire 9 a cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e1 ) ! fire eng9es1 a t[]+ build+1 smok+ & well alight1 & a huge cr[d look+ on z a sett+4 ,x is h>d to imag9e a /age-manag] attempt+ ?is feat "u simil> conditions 9 ,london or any o!r ,european city4 ,! fev]i% clam\r = realism has occasionally met ! rew>d ( ra%ness4 ,9 ,s\? ,london1 9 a sc5e :]e a railway locomotive play$ an important "p1 "o ( ! m5 9 ! act 0 run ov] & kill$2 9 ano!r case an actor 0 dr[n$ :ile engag$ 9 a ?rill+ wat] sc5e4 ,mr4 ,edison relates t dur+ ! film+ ( a ,bo] ,w> play by 8 company1 "o ( ! actors dropp$ a light$ mat* into a glass vessel conta9+ gunp[d]6 ,he has be5 pick+ /ray pieces ( glass f v>i\s p>ts ( 8 anatomy ev] s9ce6 ,9 ano!r in/ance a sup]annuat$ cannon 0 us$1 :i* kill$ "o or two actors & injur$ _m o!rs4 ,an elaborate production1 :i* is a great fav\rite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab910 :i* l5ds itself admirably to film treatm5t4 ,on ! legitimate /age 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab90 has become to ! t\r+ ,am]ican manag] :at 8,ea/ ,lynne0 is to 8 ,engli% contempor>y4 ,x w fill a h\se2 & x has e/abli%$ ! same rank = itself 9 ! c9ematograph !atre4 ,z an amus+ comm5t on ?is fact1 ,i mu/ tell ! /ory ( ! introduction ( ! c9ematographic v]sion s\? ( ,mason & ,dixon's l9e4 ,! /age v]sion _h nev] be5 play$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates--manag]s fe>$ x w\ld k9dle sm\ld]+ fires 9 ! brea/s ( ! :ite population4 ,an invisible b>ri] 0 drawn across ! c\ntry s\? ( :i* ! play nev] v5tur$4 ,! same appreh5sion 0 ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to ! mov+ picture production4 ,h[ev]1 "o manag] took ! risk & pres5t$ ! film to a cr[d$ h\se 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,x _h be5 ann\nc$ = a night or two only1 b its success 0 s ov]:elm+ t x held ! scre5 = two or ?ree weeks1 ! h\se be+ cr[d$ at ea* projection4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,,sort+1 ,,exam9+ ,,& ,,jo9+ ,,! ,,/rips ,,( ,,film4 ,! positives are prep>$ 9 v>y+ l5g?s4 ,! diff]5t sections ( a subject h to be id5tifi$1 trimm$1 & connect$ toge!r to =m a cont9u\s ribbon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,titles4 ,?is is an important op]ation4 ,! title is design$ ^u a flat table1 & "u p[]ful electric lights is photograph$ f above1 ! l5s ( ! cam]a po9t+ d[nw>ds v]tically4 ,! c9ematograph] may be se5 wat* 9 h&1 ) 8 in/rum5t4--,see page #hg4 ,! mov+ picture produc] is ev5 capable ( turn+ to acc\nt a disa/] to 8 own plant4 ,:ile a play 0 9 progress ^u a /udio-/age 9 ,new ,york ! build+ caught fire1 & unrehe>s$ sc5es 7 enact$4 ,! cam]a op]ator seiz$ ! opportunity4 ,:ile ! build+ 0 blaz+1 & ! company 7 ru%+ wildly to & fro1 he kept 8 h&le turn+ lu/ily1 & z a result film$ ! :ole subject4 ,9 ord] to secure a dramatic automobile disa/] ! ,edison ,company drove a motor-c> to ! top ( a l(ty cliff4 ,a dummy 0 seat$ 9 ! vehicle to take ! "p ( ! "* :o _h be5 act+ 9 ! play up to ?is po9t1 ! /e]+-:eel 0 fix$ 9 its h&1 ! c> 0 />t$ up1 & x 0 driv5 at full spe$ to ! edge ( ! cliff1 ov] :i* x plung$4 ,! film op]ator caught x fall+ ?r\gh ! air1 z well z ! spla% produc$ by its headlong dive into ! waves4 ,ano!r company desir$ to secure a dynamite explosion at sea4 ,= ?is purpose x pur*as$ an old s*oon] = #bjj 7#a1jjj71 /ock$ x ) dynamite1 t[$ x beyond sight ( l&1 :]e ! *>ge 0 detonat$1 & a /irr+ s]ies ( pictures ( ! disa/] 0 record$ f ! deck ( a ya*t *>t]$ especially = ! occasion4 ,sometimes ! /ruggle aft] realism provokes humor\s situations4 ,! ,edison ,company once want$ a riot sc5e1 s !y produc$ "o 9 a quiet c\ntry di/rict by ! aid ( _! company & a numb] ( local sup]num]>ies1 :o ent]$ into ! plot ) trem5d\s en?usiasm4 ,:ile ! mock riot 0 at its height ! myrmidons ( ! law swept d[n & arre/$ all ! r+lead]s1 :o1 naturally1 7 ! pr9cipals ( ! play1 & promptly inc>c]at$ !m4 ,! play]s expo/ulat$ t x 0 all make-believe1 b ! police 7 n to be hoodw9k$2 !y _h he>d t /ory be=e4 ,"s "t elaps$ be=e ! mock riot]s 7 releas$ f gaol2 b ! manufactur]s scor$1 because ! int]f]5ce ( ! police imp>t$ additional v]similitude to ! :ole proce$+4 ,9 ,g]many an hil>i\s p>ty 0 r[+ up a riv]4 ,sudd5ly all ! gay company 7 se5 /ruggl+ 9 ! wat]--! boat _h capsiz$4 ,!re 0 a ru% f all sides to br+ help2 boats put (f hurri$ly1 :ile spectators ei!r 7 root$ to ! spot 9 horror or div$ into ! wat] on rescue b5t4 ,! sc5e 0 int5sely dramatic1 & x 0 n until "o ( ! swimm]s1 :ile be>+ ! frail =m ( a girl to ! bank1 he>+ a /range buzz+ ne> 8 head1 look$ r\nd & saw an amus$ op]ator a few feet di/ant1 non*alantly turn+ ! h&le ( a cam]a4 ,!n ! fact dawn$ ^u ev]yone t ! anxi\s rescu]s _h unconsci\sly contribut$ to ! great] success ( a c9ematograph play4 ,! ,fr5* produc]s ,pa? ,frres once di/urb$ ! peaceful life ( a sleepy village by act+ a sc5e 9 ! des]t$ ma9 /reet4 ,:ile ! "w 0 9 progress "o ( ! mo/ prom95t citiz5s hurri$ up4 ,he 0 bur/+ ) righte\s indignation at ! noisy caprices ( ! cr[d ( roy/]]s4 ,:ile he 0 expo/ulat+ & utt]+ dire ?reats ( action1 a policeman appe>$1 & clapp+ a firm h& ^u ! %\ld] ( ! int]f]+ p]son1 ?reat5$ to arre/ him = incit+ a brea* ( ! peace6 ,! admoni%$ resid5t1 some:at amaz$ at ! turn ( affairs1 mov$ cre/fall5 away1 & dep>t$ homew>ds4 ,he omitt$ to look r\nd at ! emiss>y ( ! law1 & ignor$ ! guffaw ( laught] :i* bur/ out at 8 discomfiture4 ,_h he done s he w\ld h obs]v$ a m]ry tw9kle 9 ! eye ( ! g5d>me1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! p>ty6 ,a company desir$ to secure a love sc5e betwe5 an eng9e-driv] & a c\ntry maid52 s a small railway ) ! :ole ( its roll+-/ock on ! outskirts ( a t[n 0 hir$ = a s+le day4 ,ano!r firm1 ! ,kalem ,company1 decid$ to picture a s]ies ( ,iri% /ories4 ,in/ead ( pass+ (f ,am]ican sc5]y z t ( ! ,em]ald ,isle1 ! company & prop]ties 7 dispat*$ across ! ,atlantic to ! he>t ( ! c\ntry :i* ! au?or _h select$ z ! sc5es ( 8 /ories4 ,rec5tly1 ! ,gaumont ,company1 ( ,london1 dispat*$ its company to ,scotl& 9 ord] to /age ,rob ,roy4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll graci\sly assi/$ 9 fur!r+ ! fidelity ( ! sett+1 by p]mitt+ sc5es to be enact$ ^u 8 e/ate & ext5d+ invaluable aid1 volunte]+ sugge/ions 9 ord] t ev]y?+ might be z correct z 0 humanly possible4 ,! ,vitagraph ,company und]took ! film+ ( ,f5nimore ,coop]'s 8,lea!r-/ock+0 /ories4 ,!y s5t _! company /raightway to ! sc5e ( ,natty ,bumppo's adv5tures1 & al?\gh ! =e/ has disappe>$ long s9ce1 !y press$ ! lake into useful s]vice4 ,williamson1 ! ,engli% produc]1 film$ a picture v]sion ( ! tragic /ory ( ,lady ,jane ,grey1 & ! ,t[] ( ,london =m$ ! /age = "s ( ! incid5ts 9 ! sad /ory1 culm9at+ 9 ! execution ( ! 8n9e days' que540 ,:]e d ! mov+ picture produc]s obta9 _! plots8 ,i h he>d ?is "q ask$ on _m occasions1 & ! answ] might be 8ev]y:]e40 ,!y h su* an inexhau/ible m9e 9 :i* to delve t !re is nev] any difficulty 9 f9d+ an episode ^u :i* to base a /raight=w>d simple drama1 com$y1 trag$y1 or f>ce4 ,9 ?is respect ! c9ematograph produc] is f> bett] (f ?an 8 rival on ! real /age4 ,situations1 sc5es1 & episodes incapable ( production by ! latt]1 c be produc$ v simply on ! film4 ,novels1 %ort /ories1 plays1 ! ,bible1 ,greek inscriptions1 inv5tions1 little episodes & incid5ts 9 ev]yday life--any?+ & ev]y?+ is gri/ = 8 mill4 ,( c\rse1 fa%ions *ange j z 9 any o!r phase ( our complex life4 ,to-day !re is a dem& = subjects ( m$ival ,engli% hi/ory2 to-morr[ ! ,fr5* revolution>y p]iod holds ! /age2 ?ree weeks h5ce !re is a cry = ,bible or anci5t hi/ory subjects2 or a dem& = some?+ mod]n4 ,x is n difficult to meet ea* & e ne$4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge produc+ e/abli%m5ts reta9 compet5t writ]s :o "k h[ to prep>e plots = ! picture produc]1 & 9 addition !re is a /aff to consid] plots submitt$ f outside s\rces4 ,! ,edison ,company receives #aej sc5>ios a week1 & o!r companies z l>ge or ev5 a l>g] numb]4 ,x w be disc\rag+ b salut>y to ! beg9n] to he> t ! *ances ( acceptance are v sl5d]1 ! numb] ( suitable sc5>ios be+ n m ?an "o p] c5t4 ( ^? submitt$4 ,! remun]ation v>ies accord+ to ! m]it ( ! "w4 ,x may be tak5 m]ely = ! title or "o incid5t 9 ! /ory1 & may be wor? only f\r %ill+s or a doll> to ! produc]2 on ! o!r h&1 x may comm& #be 7#abe74 ,!re is no fix$ scale4 ,! tra9$ dramati/ has realis$ t 9 ! picture play he has a new & increas+ s\rce ( rev5ue1 & z he is ! be/ fitt$ = ! task1 s he makes ! greate/ success 9 x4 ,fr5* writ]s 7 ! fir/ to take advantage ( ! m>ket1 & plays h be5 writt5 & produc$ f ! p5 ( _m ( ! =emo/ dramati/s--su* accompli%$ m5 z ,capus & o!rs4 ,! entrance ( ! dramati/ has precipitat$ a new situation4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 discuss$ t well-kn[n playwrights %\ld decl9e to "p ) _! "w = a fix$ sum1 b t !y %\ld e>n a royalty precisely z !y d f _! /age productions4 ,x is an intricate "q to solve1 b !re is no d\bt t ! "t w come :5 su* writ]s w receive a c]ta9 p]c5tage ^u ! price realis$ f ! sale ( e film copy ( a picture play f _! p5s4 ,a rec5t outcome ( ! developm5t ( ! picture play has be5 ! appe>ance ( 8indep5d5t produc]s10 :o are 9 evid5ce mo/ly on ! ,cont95t4 ,^! m5 enrol _! own companies1 r5t or build a /udio1 pa9t _! own sc5]y1 & hire :atev] prop]ties are requir$ f a !atrical co/umi]4 ,! plays ?us produc$ are sold to "s recognis$ manufactur+ firm4 ,?is 8free lance0 produc] has an ext5sive m>ket at 8 disposal1 b 8 ent]prise dem&s a l>ge initial outlay4 ,yet x is a movem5t wor?y ( be+ fo/]$1 inasmu* z su* a produc] is ?r[n entirely ^u 8 own res\rces1 & x is only ! m]it ( 8 "w f all po9ts ( view :i* secures him a m>ket4 ,! practice /imulates competition4 ,inde$1 "s manufactur]s h f\nd t 9 ?is mann] !y c secure "w sup]ior 9 "* & treatm5t to t produc$ 9 _! own e/abli%m5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,( ,,microbes ,dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s ! c9ematograph has ent]$ a new field1 :i*1 fifte5 ye>s ago1 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z q beyond its rea*4 ,) truly wond]ful +5uity ! cam]a is atta*$ to ! microscope 9 su* a way z to make possible ! production ( ! actual processes ( g]m life4 ,! microscope is always a s\rce ( inf9ite int]e/4 ,! ?\ght ( a :ole _w ( organisms1 exi/5t1 mat]ial1 yet s small z to be invisible1 has a peculi> fasc9ation1 & we are eag]ly curi\s to get "s conception ( _! /ructure & movem5ts4 ,b ! possibility n m]ely ( magnify+ ! r$ & :ite corpuscles ( ! blood till !y appe> l huge hoops1 or ! p>asite ( ! sleep+ sickness to a l5g? ( "s two feet1 to foll[ ! attacks ( ^! foes ^u ! human organism--su* a possibility makes "o feel t !re is no limit to ! p[] ( man ov] ! natural _w4 ,micro-c9ematography is surely "o ( ! s]i\s triumphs ( animat$ photography4 ,"h aga9 ! latt] (f]s itself z a coadjutor to sci5tific rese>*1 & proves its title to rank among ! educational influ5ces ( ! age4 ,micro-c9ematography may be divid$ into two broad classes--! /udy ( bact]ia1 ! mo/ m9ute liv+ organism :i* ! sci5tific photograph] has ev] attempt$ to cat* 9 motion1 & popul> microscopy1 or ! /udy ( insects1 plants1 pond life1 & s on4 ,bact]iological micro-c9ematography is an ab/ruse & difficult subject = inve/igation4 ,! microbe is s s5sitive to v>i\s influ5ces1 & s difficult to h&le1 t x is a =midable task to br+ x )9 rea* ( ! s5sitis$ celluloid film & seize x 9 its normal condition & environm5t4 ,a ,fr5* pr(essor1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,com&on1 ( ,p>is1 has be5 = ye>s absorb$ 9 ! /udy ( ! blood1 its /ructure1 functions1 & ! cont9u\s w>f>e t is wag$ betwe5 ! corpuscles1 & a ho/ ( p>asites z se5 "u ! microscope & ! ultra-microscope4 ,"o supposes t ! microscope is an ideal in/rum5t = ! inve/igation ( ^? objects :i* are s m9ute z to be beyond ! capacity ( ! human eye4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ ! case4 ,briefly describ$1 ! microscopic inve/igation ( bact]ia is c>ri$ out by "o or m ( ?ree broad processes1 :i* are reg>d$ almo/ z /&>dis$ me?ods4 ,all ?ree1 h[ev]1 possess num]\s %ortcom+s4 ,(t5 ! bact]ia has to be de/roy$2 & ! slide has to be /a9$ by means ( anil9e dyes1 9 ord] to br+ up ! details ( ! object suffici5tly /rongly = exam9ations2 = ! majority ( ! organisms "u inve/igation are transp>5t1 & _! image /&s out fa9tly aga9/ ! brilliant light4 ,great] success is possible ) ! ultra-microscope ?an ) ! microscope4 ,by its means objects s m9ute z to be invisible1 ev5 ) ! microscope1 c be ?r[n z bright po9ts ^u a black backgr\nd1 n necess>ily ) sizes & =ms cle>ly def9$1 b yet 9 su* a way z to enable _! positions & movem5ts to be asc]ta9$ & foll[$4 ,! disadvantages ( ord9>y microscopic inve/igation are obvi\s4 ,9 _m in/ances z ! inve/igator has to kill ! g]m be=e he exam9es x1 he has p]=ce to cont5t himself ) ! /udy ( col\r$ corpses ( ^! inf9itesimally small organisms4 ,x occurr$ to ,dr4 ,com&on t possibly ! microscope c\ld be comb9$ ) ! c9ematograph 9 su* a mann] t ! microbes c\ld be photograph$ di/9ctly & brilliantly ^u ! film1 & subsequ5tly project$ ^u ! scre5 ) trem5d\s magnification1 )\t ! organisms suff]+ any di/ortion or o!r ill-effects4 ,he realis$ t if ?is c\ld be a*iev$1 ! sci5ti/ w\ld be provid$ ) a m p[]ful weapon = ! exam9ation ( a p>ticul> microbe ?an hi!rto has be5 available4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! object c\ld be ?r[n on to ! scre5 ) p]fect detail1 !n1 ow+ to ! trem5d\s magnification obta9$1 ! /udy ( ! life1 movem5t1 & habits ( ! p>asite w\ld be possible "u easy & cong5ial conditions4 ,! em95t ,fr5* inve/igator approa*$ ,messrs4 ,pa? ,frres1 & unfold$ 8 ideas4 ,! te*nical difficulties 9 ! way 7 prodigi\s1 & ! field 0 unte/$1 bo? 9 microscopy & c9ematography4 ,h[ev]1 z !re 0 ! possibility ( "s />tl+ results be+ a*iev$1 ,pa? ,frres decid$ to collaborate1 & promis$ to provide ,dr4 ,com&on ) e facility he desir$4 ,! "w 0 comm5c$ )\t delay1 & ! manufactur]s proce$$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! special app>atus t 0 requir$4 ,?is _h to be ( an elaborate "*1 ow+ to ! peculi> conditions2 & exasp]at+ failures att5d$ ! e>ly "w4 ,al?\gh a c9ematograph picture only measures approximately #a in* 9 wid? by ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 dep?1 ! fir/ magnification 0 consid]able1 rang+ 9 ! case ( bact]ia to #cjj diamet]s or m4 ,?is _h to be c>ri$ out ) punctili\s %>pness ( detail1 because :5 x came to projection1 ! magnification 0 multipli$ enorm\sly1 & any error 9 ! orig9al picture or negative w\ld be proportionately increas$4 ,bact]ia are extremely s5sitive to light & heat4 ,sunlight spells c]ta9 dea? to ! microbe1 & z a ray ( electric light is ! ne>e/ artificial approa* to ! lum9osity ( our sun1 its de/ructive compon5t1 ! ultra-violet rays1 _h to be elim9at$4 ,aga91 z ! rays f ! electric arc 9 ! lant]n focuss$ a /rong heat ^u ! object1 & z ?is likewise w\ld br+ ab\t ! sudd5 demise ( ! organism1 ! heat rays _h to be mitigat$ z mu* z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,com&on',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,tak+ ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,( ,,microbes4 ,! peculi> difficulties att5d+ c9ematographic "w ) g]ms dem&$ ! prep>ation ( special appliances4 ,ab\t twelve mon?s 7 sp5t 9 exp]im5ts4 ,^! two adv]se factors 7 remov$ entirely by a novel arrangem5t4 ,! illu/ration %[s "o ( ! app>atuses us$ by ,dr4 ,com&on to secure 8 wond]ful pictures4 ,x is m\nt$ on a rigid b5*1 & ! p>ts :i* h to be mov$ to & fro to obta9 adju/m5t1 slide ^u a horizontal triangul> metal base1 to :i* !y are clamp$ 9 ! requisite positions to secure rigidity4 ,! lant]n is m\nt$ at ! extreme end1 & ! light1 suppli$ f an electric arc ( #cj amp]es1 is conc5trat$ into a ?9 ray1 or p5cil1 :i* falls ^u ! object to be photograph$1 ?r\gh :i* x passes to ! film4 ,! illum9ation may be ei!r direct--t is1 x may pass 9 a /raight horizontal l9e f ! lant]n--or x may be reflect$ by means ( a mirror 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! in/rum5t1 or at "r angles1 z 9 ! ultra-microscope4 ,! pr9ciple adopt$ v>ies accord+ to ! subject "u obs]vation4 ,! organisms conta9$ 9 a drop ( blood1 = in/ance1 are dropp$ on to a c>efully cleans$ glass plate1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! microscope 9 ! usual mann]4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! b5* is ! c9ematograph cam]a1 :i* 9 ?is case is provid$ ) ext5d+ bell[s1 z 9 ! ord9>y cam]a1 = purposes ( focuss+4 ,at ! back ( ! cam]a is a small atta*m5t :]eby ! bact]ia1 greatly magnifi$1 c be focuss$ %>ply & cle>ly ^u ! film4 ,on top ( ! cam]a is m\nt$ a small box conta9+ ! spool ( unexpos$ s5sitis$ film4 ,:5 ! cont5ts ( ?is are exhau/$ ! box c be remov$ quickly & easily1 & ano!r *>g$ film box sub/itut$4 ,! film drops f ?is box ?r\gh ! gate 9 ! cam]a1 & issues bel[ into a second film box1 :i* c be remov$ simil>ly :5 fill$1 to p]mit ano!r empty case to be introduc$4 ,! me*anism ( ! cam]a itself is ! same z t ( ! usual animat$ photographic cam]a1 & x is op]at$ 9 ! same way1 by ! turn+ ( a h&le4 ,= ! purpose ( absorb+ ! heat rays1 :i* 9 ! conc5trat$ beam ( light w\ld kill ! microbes )9 a %ort space ( "t1 a glass cell is ins]t$ outside ! lant]n ?r\gh :i* ! focuss$ beam ( light is pass$4 ,a /ream ( cold wat] is circulat$ cont9ually ?r\gh ?is wat] cond5s]1 ?us absorb+ ! great] proportion ( ! heat conta9$ 9 ! ray ( light1 )\t affect+ its lum9osity 9 any way4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is a rev]sion to ! fir/ project+ sy/em evolv$ by ! firm ( ,lumire = ! c9ematograph4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,pa? ,frres4 ,,c9ematograph ,,films ,,( ,,microbes4 #a4 ,! ph5om5on ( agglut9ation 9 a f[l's blood4 #b4 ,! blood ( a f[l suff]+ f ,spiro*ta gall9>um4 ,9 ord] t ! organism "u photography %\ld n be subject$ to ! action ( ! light any long] ?an is necess>y1 a revolv+ disc1 or %utt]1 is plac$ betwe5 ! microscope & ! lant]n4 ,?is %utt] is fitt$ ) opaque sectors or blades1 correspond+ to ^? 9 ! cam]a1 :i* at regul> int]vals eclipse ! l5s to enable ! film to be j]k$ =w>d ! dep? ( a picture int]mitt5tly aft] ea* exposure4 ,?is cut-(f revolves ) ! cam]a %utt]1 s t :5 ! l5s ap]ture is clos$1 ! light is also cut (f f ! organism slide 9 ! microscope4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! light passes ?r\gh ! slide ( bact]ia only dur+ ! fraction ( a second t ! celluloid film 9 ! cam]a is expos$4 ,! evolution ( ?is +5i\s app>atus occupi$ sev]al mon?s ( cont9u\s "w & h>d ?9k+4 ,inde$1 ne>ly a ye> 0 sp5t 9 exp]im5ts be=e a p]fect film1 suit$ to public exhibition1 0 produc$4 ,z a result ( ! p]sev]+ & pati5t exp]im5ts on ! "p ( ,dr4 ,com&on & ,messrs4 ,pa? ,frres1 a new & /range _w has be5 reveal$4 ,! c9ematograph1 9 conjunction ) ! microscope1 has op5$ ! gates ( a k+dom long consid]$ beyond ! rea* ( all b ! privileg$ few4 ,n only ?is2 ! bact]iological sci5ti/ is provid$ ) facilities to /udy at ease intricate subjects :i* _h hi!rto baffl$ 8 skill4 ,:at ! microscope is to ! nak$ eye1 ! micro-c9ematograph is to ! microscope4 ,"s ( ! pictures obta9$ by ,dr4 ,com&on are />tl+ to su* a degree z to be incr$ible4 ,x 0 my privilege to see "o ( ! fir/ exp]im5tal films ?r[n ^u ! scre5 9 ! ,p>is ,laboratory4 ,x depict$ ! ma9 blood /ream ( ! frog magnifi$ ab\t #be1jjj times4 ,! corpuscles 7 pla9ly visible1 be+ ab\t ! size ( d9n] plates4 ,b mo/ extraord9>y 0 ! =m & movem5t ( ! p>asite 9 ! blood /ream4 ,?is =eign organism resembl$ a tadpole 9 g5]al appe>ance1 & x d>t$ ) lightn+-l rapidity to & fro1 press+ home its attack ^u ! corpuscles ( ! blood ) trem5d\s en]gy4 ,"o c\ld sc>cely believe t ! eye 0 foll[+ ! movem5ts ( an organism :i* "u natural circum/ances is beyond ! scope ( t organ4 ,"o _h ! s5sation ( gaz+ into a pond1 :]e ! spawn ( ! frog 0 9 c\rse ( incubation1 ) specim5s ( ! reptile 9 its fir/ /ages1 d>t+ hi!r & ?i!r ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,dr4 ,com&on introduc$ ! spectator to /ill great] wond]s 9 ! "u _w4 ,"o may see 9 movem5t on ! scre5 a drop ( blood su* z c\rses ?r\gh "o's own body4 ,!re are ! r$ corpuscles1 or cells ( circul> %ape z l>ge z sauc]s1 & "s are to be se5 pil$ ^u "o ano!r l co9s4 ,! ext5t ( ! magnification 9 ?is film may be se5 :5 x is borne 9 m9d t a cubic space measur+ #fa_/ajjjjjj ( an in* conta9s "s #e1jjj1jjj & #f1jjj r$ & :ite blood cells respectively4 ,b ! mo/ fasc9at+ spectacle to :i* we h be5 introduc$ by ,dr4 ,com&on is ! attack ( ! p>asites ^u ! blood corpuscles1 & ! def5sive tactics foll[$ by ! latt]4 ,!re is "o film %[+ blood infect$ ) ! trypanosome1 discov]$ by ,sir ,david ,bruce1 :o 0 dispat*$ to ,ug&a by ! ,royal ,society to inve/igate sleep+ sickness4 ,?is malady is communicat$ by a species ( ! ,tsetse-fly1 :i* wreaks trem5d\s deva/ation among h]ds ( cattle & horses 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is film ,dr4 ,com&on inoculat$ a m\se ) ! p>asite1 & by ! aid ( ! micro-c9ematograph he %[s ! action ( ! disease g]m ?r\gh successive /ages until ! animal succumbs4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! film ! p>asites are few 9 numb]2 !y are se5 to d>t to & fro among ! blood cells ) /rik+ vig\r & rapidity1 jo/l+ ! corpuscles viol5tly 9 all directions1 & caus+ !m to b\nce aga9/ "o ano!r l india-rubb] balls4 ,z ! film advances1 %[+ ! progress ( ! disease1 ! p>asites are to be se5 increas+ rapidly 9 numb]4 ,at la/ !y appe> to ov]:elm ! blood corpuscles1 ?is multiplication cont9u+ until dea? sup]v5es "s f\r or five days aft] injection4 ,! film 0 %[n lately be=e a ga!r+ ( m$ical m51 & creat$ widespread int]e/1 z x introduc$ !m to a phase 9 ! life ( ! p>asite :i* hi!rto _h be5 beyond _! compreh5sion4 ,ano!r film %[s ! 8ph5om5on ( agglut9ation40 ,! :ite cells ( ! blood act z ! policem5 ( ! /ream & ma9ta9 a vigilant outlook = crim9als 9 ! =m ( p>asites4 ,:5 ! microbe (f5d]s come )9 ! /rong arms1 or embrace1 ( ?is gu>dian1 ei!r !y are seiz$1 or s]um sub/ances are ?r[n out by ! :ite corpuscles1 :i* agglut9ate1 kill1 & dissolve ^! enemies4 ,! film %[s ! blood ( a f[l infect$ ) spiro*tes4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! microbes are to be se5 swimm+ ab\t actively 9 ! plasma--! liquid 9 :i* ! r$ & :ite corpuscles are held4 ,! bird is recov]+ f ! malady2 "o sees ! :ite cells engag$ 9 _! task ( re/or+ law & ord] 9 ! blood /ream4 ,! spiro*tes comm5ce to congregate1 become sluggi% 9 _! movem5ts1 =m+ fir/ /r+s1 & !n />-%ap$ gr\ps4 ,! :ite cell appe>s on ! sc5e1 & ^! enemies ga!r r\nd him 9 a d5se clump4 ,! policeman grasps !m 9 a /icky embrace f :i* !y _c escape1 & 9 a %ort "t all ! spiro*tes h jo9$ "o or o!r ( ! ga!r+s ab\t a policeman4 ,! latt] cont9ues to ?r[ out ! agglut9ate1 :i* locks ! enemies z tightly toge!r z if !y 7 h&cuff$4 ,at fir/ !y wriggle & endeav\r to escape1 b ! :ite blood cell is too p[]ful4 ,_! /ruggles become weak] & weak] until at la/ !y cease4 ,! policeman completes 8 victory by dev\r+ ! corpses4 ,"o mu/ see ^! pictures 9 animation ^u ! scre5 to obs]ve ! wond]ful def9ition1 detail1 & brilliancy :i* !y reveal4 ,! magnification is imm5se--! ?\s&? "p ( an in* is increas$ to ?ree feet or m4 ,:5 ! picture on ! scre5 measures "s #af feet 9 wid?1 ! organism is magnifi$ z mu* z #ej1jjj or possibly #ajj1jjj times2 a flea is s increas$ 9 size t x repres5ts a fe>ful prehi/oric mon/] z l>ge z an ord9>y dwell+ h\se4 ,a magnification ( #ajj1jjj times ! diamet] ( ! orig9al1 h[ev]1 by no means indicates ! limits ( ! em95t ,fr5* inve/igator's "w4 ,:5 ! necessity arises1 ! enl>gem5t c be c>ri$ to a f> great] degree )\t any sacrifice ( ess5tial details4 ,dr4 ,com&on's dogg$ p]sev]ance 9 ! face ( disappo9tm5ts has be5 cr[n$ ) complete success4 ,micro-c9ematography is on ! ?re%old ( a va/ field 9 :i* x has trem5d\s opportunities1 ! limits ( :i* x is impossible to def9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,"s ,,elaborate ,,picture ,,plays ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,7 ,,/ag$ ,! fir/ l>ge film production1 8,! ,passion ,play10 runn+ to #c1jjj feet1 made its appe>ance1 z we h se51 z f> back z #ahig--! result ( unqu5*able ,am]ican ambition to be fir/ 9 e field4 ,x prov$ an amaz+ success2 b x 0 reg>d$ ) great] fav\r by ! public ?an by ! manufactur]s4 ,!y all ackn[l$g$ x to be a wond]ful piece ( "w1 b ! prevail+ op9ion 0 t ! public w\ld tire ( a picture la/+ ne>ly an h\r1 & monopolis+ ! great] "p ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,moreov]1 su* films 7 consid]$ to be too speculative4 ,! exp5se ( /ag+ !m ^u a scale suit$ to _! l5g? & importance 0 s heavy t ! film-produc]s d\bt$ :e!r ! sales w\ld be adequate to rec\p ! initial outlay4 ,t fallacy1 h[ev]1 has be5 completely explod$4 ,:at 0 a m>vel 9 #ahig is to-day a commonplace4 ,! 8,big ,picture ,play0 is z mu* "p & p>cel ( ! c9ematograph indu/ry z ! spectacul> /age play is ( ! legitimate !atre4 ,! movem5t 0 e/abli%$ & develop$ by ! firm ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,hav+ fix$ _! popul>ity ^u a firm basis & develop$ _! organisation to a high pit* ( effici5cy & res\rce1 !y decid$ to laun* out ^u a l>ge scale into ! new field4 ,/rik+ hi/orical subjects1 especially ( ! ,fr5* revolution>y p]iod1 (f]$ !m ! greate/ scope = gorge\s m\nt+2 !y _h "s appreh5sion ab\t ! attitude ( ! public t[>d su* subjects1 b _! anxiety 0 quickly dissipat$1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 because ! plays 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ) a vig\r & su/a9$ int]e/ t defi$ ! possibility ( bor$om4 ,fr5* hi/ory has be5 a ri* m9e to ! picture-play produc]4 ,! ,reign ( ,t]ror & ! ,life & ,times ( ,napoleon are ! melodramatic episodes :i* (f] su* peculi> scope to ! film play4 ,!y make an appeal to popul> s5tim5t1 especially to ! ,fr5* audi5ce2 ! incid5ts 9 ! c>e] ( ! ,little ,corporal nev] fail+ to /rike a /rong emotional *ord4 ,su* productions impose great responsibilities ^u ! produc]1 & dem& a ma/]y ( /age-craft1 bo? 9 m\nt+ ! sc5es & 9 h&l+ ! necess>ily l>ge companies ( actors & actresses4 ,!re c be no consid]ation ( exp5se2 money mu/ be p\r$ out l wat]4 ,weeks & ev5 mon?s mu/ be exp5d$ ^u prelim9>ies2 9 ord] to a*ieve realism z _m z possible ( ! sc5es mu/ be enact$ 9 _! natural surr\nd+s1 or else rese>* mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 ord] to /age ! action ) absolute fidelity--an exact+ task1 = ! public is hyp]critical4 ,9 ! fir/ attempts ! managem5t ( ! cr[ds 0 p]haps ! mo/ tr\blesome factor4 ,l>ge bodies ( sup]num]>ies 7 enroll$1 _m possess$ ( /age exp]i5ce4 ,!y _h to be m>%all$ & put ?r\gh _! paces "t aft] "t1 fir/ )\t ! pr9cipals1 & !n ) !m4 ,(t5 days elaps$ be=e ! incid5ts 9 a sc5e dove-tail$ tightly toge!r1 b ! pati5ce & p]sev]ance ( ! manag] 7 rew>d$4 ,su* sc5es z ! execution ( ,*>lotte ,corday1 or ! arraignm5t ( ! ari/ocrats be=e ! ,tribunal ( ,robespi]re :5 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 /irr$ public en?usiasm to an extravagant degree4 ,f ! p]fect mann] 9 :i* ! ,fr5* produc]s c>ri$ out ?is peculi> "w1 films ( ,fr5* orig9 atta9$ a well-des]v$ _w-wide appreciation4 ,at fir/ ! ,am]ican trade ridicul$ ! idea1 ma9ta9+ t ! heavy exp5se att5d+ ! production ( elaborate film plays nev] c\ld be rec\p$1 & t ! movem5t 0 purely ephem]al4 ,b _! cont5tions 7 doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,! c9ema-lov+ public receiv$ films ( ?is "* ) op5 arms3 !y 7 a welcome relief to ! tawdry dome/ic drama or com$y ) ! ?read-b>e plot1 &1 9 :i*1 p]haps1 only half-a-doz5 or s play]s p>ticipat$4 ,accord+ly ! ,am]ican produc]s 7 =c$ to embrace ! movem5t1 ?\gh some:at t>dily4 ,!y made /rik+ headway1 b ! mo/ elaborate ,am]ican film productions nev] h comp>$ ) ^? ( ,european orig91 al?\gh su* firms z ! ,edison1 ,selig1 ,vitagraph1 ! ,am]ican ,biograph1 ,kalem1 ,lub91 & "o or two o!r companies h be5 responsible = _m notable a*ievem5ts4 ,te*nically _! films are 9 e way equal to ! product ( ! lead+ ,european manufactur]s4 ,! ,vitagraph production ( 8,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities0 is a spl5did example ( ! be/ ,am]ican "w4 ,x tells ,dick5s's /ory 9 ?ree *apt]s1 o!rwise ?ree reels1 & f e po9t ( view--photographic1 /ag+1 & act+--x is an excell5t production4 ,by ! "t ! #c1jjj feet conta9+ #dh1jjj pictures rea*$ ! public #d1jjj 7#bj1jjj7 _h be5 exp5d$1 :ile ! prep>ations = /ag+ occupi$ no less ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 al?\gh ! ,am]icans are ke5 admir]s ( ! noveli/ :o taught u h[ to laugh & cry1 ! dem& = ?is film came f ,europe1 & x is 9 ,europe t x has met ) its greate/ success4 ,)9 two or ?ree weeks ( its appe>ance ov] #cjj1jjj feet ( ?is film 7 sold 9 ,london alone4 ,! same firm produc$ ano!r wond]ful play on ! life ( ,napoleon4 ,mr4 ,/u>t ,blackton sp5t ?ree mon?s 9 ,france se>*+ records & ar*ives to secure unimpea*able hi/orical accuracy ( details4 ,! c\ntry 0 ransack$ also = furniture ( ! p]iod1 & = ! /ag+ ( ! int]ior sc5es4 ,no less ?an #f1jjj 7#cj1jjj7 7 sunk 9 ?is ent]prise4 ,ano!r ,am]ican produc] :o has a*iev$ _w-wide fame f ! /rik+ & exp5sive "* ( 8 films1 is ,mr4 ,william ,n4 ,selig4 ,8 /udios are locat$ 9 ,*icago & ,cali=nia1 :ile o!r /udios are extemporis$ f "t to "t 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,selig's "n is mo/ intimately associat$ ) d>+ & elaborate productions associat$ ) life 9 ! jungle1 & "s ( 8 plays ( ?is "* h be5 amaz+4 ,he may be said to be ! fa!r ( ?is type ( picture-play4 ,x 0 an +5i\s idea & he has c>ri$ x to p]fection4 ,:5 he decid$ to exploit ?is unt\*$ field he conclud$ rightly t unless ! subjects 7 h&l$ compreh5sively & reali/ically ! results w\ld be indiff]5t1 s 8 fir/ move 0 ! acquisition ( an elaborate m5ag]ie4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ difficult proposals1 inasmu* z m5ag]ies are n to be pur*as$ at a mom5t's notice1 because ! m>ket !re= is1 to say ! lea/1 extremely limit$4 ,=tune assi/$ 8 resolve4 ,! opportunity to pur*ase a collection ( wild animals1 complete en\gh to d cr$it to a l>ge city1 arose1 & he grasp$ x4 ,! pur*ase compris$ #ab lions & lionesses1 #i lion cubs1 elephants1 #c camels1 #aj leop>ds1 #g leop>d cubs1 #e pumas1 #c be>s1 #b de]1 #aj eskimo dogs1 #h grey wolves1 z well z monkeys & o!r animals4 ,z an inve/m5t ?is m5ag]ie repres5t$ sev]al ?\s&s /]l+4 ,?is zoo has its home at ,*icago1 special arrangem5ts hav+ be5 complet$1 at enorm\s exp5se1 = its accommodation "u ! mo/ p]fect conditions4 ,f "t to "t additions are made to ! collection1 until at ! pres5t day ! zoo is ab\t twice its orig9al size4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,triumph ,,( ,,! ,,c9ematograph]',s ,,art4 ,a ?rill+ incid5t f ,zola's 8,g]m9al10 film$ by ,messrs4 ,pa? ,frres1 %[+ ! dramatic episode 9 ! flood$ coal m9e1 :i* 0 built above gr\nd4 ,! next matt] 9 h& 0 ! selection ( ! jungle4 ,w\ld x be necess>y to transport ! actors & actresses1 human & o!rwise1 to ,africa 9 ord] to secure ! natural surr\nd+s8 ,x 0 decid$ t ,florida w\ld suit j z well1 because ! flora ne> ! coa/ is simil> to t ( "s p>ts ( ! ,african jungle4 ,! m5ag]ie1 toge!r ) ! /ock company ( #cj p]=m]s1 z well z sup]num]>ies1 travell$ by special tra9 f ,*icago to ,florida1 a j\rney ( sev]al hundr$ miles4 ,z ,african natives 7 impossible1 ,florida negroes 7 employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! gigantic horse be+ haul$ by ! ,greeks "u ! walls ( ,troy4 ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,troy40 ,! repulsion ( ! ,greeks4 ,ov] #hjj actors appe>$ 9 ?is sc5e4 ,an ambiti\s film produc$ by ! ,itala ,company4--,see page #age4 ,! production ( ! plays 0 naturally a ?rill+ affair1 & _m unexpect$ sc5es 7 record$4 ,! animals 7 "u ! c>e ( exp]i5c$ tra9]s1 b !re 0 an occasional rev]sion to orig9al habits "u ! influ5ce ( ! famili> environm5t4 ,9 "o sc5e ! h]o9e 0 suppos$ to h lo/ h]self 9 ! d5se bu%1 & to s9k d[n f %e] fatigue4 ,a leop>d 0 to ru% f ! bru% to spr+ ^u h] pro/rate =m4 ,! sc5e 0 rehe>s$ "t aft] "t to secure ! requisite dramatic effect2 ! op]ator 0 to /op ! cam]a :5 ! leop>d 0 9 ! air spr++ t[>ds ! girl4 ,b :5 ! picture 0 be+ tak5 ! h]o9e did n accept h] cue ) suffici5t alacrity4 ,%e 0 late 9 fall+1 & ! leop>d arriv+ exactly on 8 cue caught h] 9 ! act4 ,! woman _h ! pres5ce ( m9d to bury h] face 9 h] h&s1 b ! animal's claws dug into h] scalp4 ,_h %e made a movem5t1 ! leop>d w\ld h maul$ h] t]ribly1 b %e kept /ill1 & :5 ! tra9] crack$ 8 :ip ! animal scuttl$ (f accord+ to pre-arrangem5t4 ,x 0 a n>r[ escape1 b x gave ! film a t\* ( vivid reality4 ,9 ano!r picture ! h]o9e 0 protect$ by two tame leop>ds :o m\nt$ gu>d ov] h] dwell+4 ,! sc5e repres5t$ an attack ^u h] by a fi]ce lioness4 ,! girl releas$ h] two leop>ds1 & a t]rific animal combat 0 ! result4 ,! bea/s took ! matt] s]i\sly1 & f\ght until ! lioness 0 kill$ by ! two leop>ds4 ,dur+ ! fray ! op]ator1 b a %ort di/ance away1 kept ! cam]a h&le turn+ z unconc]n$ly z if ! battl+ bea/s 7 9 a cage4 ,surely su* an unusual spectacle is suffici5t to meet ! mo/ qu]ul\s dem&s ( ! public = realism6 ,f ! tropical jungle ) its d5se vegetation1 to ! ,arctic circles ) its monoton\s wa/es ( sn[ & ice1 is a f> cry1 b ! ,selig company dispat*$ its company nor?w>d to secure ano!r p[]ful film play4 ,! plot 0 sl5d]1 b ! sc5es portray$ ! life ( ! froz5 nor? ) great fidelity & vig\r1 %[+ ! ,eskimo fi%+ ?r\gh ! ice1 & hunt+ ! pol> be> & walrus by 8 primitive me?ods4 ,a valuable pol> be> 0 sacrific$ to ! desire = realism4 ,! ,jungle play has become a speciality ( ! h\se ( ,selig1 & ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! subjects are h&l$1 giv+ no (f5ce to humanit>ian or animal-lov+ feel+s1 !y h prov$ unp>allel$ fav\rites ) ! public4 ,x is h>d to e/imate ! educational s]vice ( sc5es l ^! 9 broad5+ ! outlook ( an untravell$1 p]haps unlett]$1 audi5ce4 ,& :at !y mu/ contribute to ! exp&+ imag9ation ( ! *ild1 "o w\ld ne$ to be a *ild aga9 to "k6 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are _m !atres :i* c %[ bigg] receipts at ! box (fice f ! pres5tation ( mov+ pictures ?an f ! /ag+ ( a play4 ,:y are _m ( ! =emo/ produc]s ( /age plays =sak+ ! 8legitimate !atre0 to produce film plays1 if n because !y recognise ! future ( ! latt] & ! scope (f]$ = _! te*nical ability4 ,p]haps at ?is po9t ,i may be p]mitt$ to tell ! /ory ( ! c9ematograph 9 ,italy1 s9ce its success !re is ph5om5al 9 its complet5ess4 ,less ?an t5 ye>s ago ! c9ematograph 0 sc>cely a feature ( ! ,italian amusem5t _w4 ,x suff]$ f ! ho/ility ( ! !atres1 & !re 0 b meagre ent]prise enli/$ 9 x4 ,! example ( o!r c\ntries gradually caus$ increas$ popul> dem&1 :i* 0 at fir/ satisfi$ by ,fr5* films4 ,!n ! ,italians saw _! opportunity1 money & tal5t came to ! s]vice ( ! new developm5t1 & ! langui%+ ent]prise n only came to rank among ! l>ge/ ( ,italian indu/ries1 b introduc$ its own w>es ) great success into o!r c\ntries4 ,!re seems good gr\nd = ?is /ate ( ?+s1 & a special fitness 9 ! ,italian success4 ,! av]age ,italian is arti/ by temp]am5t & a born actor2 ! ,italian /age has long be5 fam\s = te*nique & /age-craft2 & ^! factors1 ) ! cle> atmosph]e1 brilliant sun1 & picturesque l&scape1 make ,italy ! natural home ( ! highe/ success 9 c9ematograph production4 ,f9ancially also ! ,italian produc]s _h an advantage ov] all competitors4 ,luxuri\s picture plays c\ld be /ag$ 9 ,italy = half ! co/ !y h entail$ 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 or ,am]ica4 ,a ,fr5* produc] in=m$ me t sup]num]>ies alone co/ him f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #ahs4 7#b to #d4ej7 a day1 & t ! sal>ies ( ! pr9cipals 7 ris+ to high figures4 ,9 ,italy ! remun]ation 0 less ?an "o-half4 ,b z "t progress$ ! ,italian sup]num]>y realis$ 8 value4 ,he dem&$ recomp5se ^u ! scale ( 8 ,fr5* colleague1 & to-day is 9 receipt ( remun]ation ^u a simil> scale4 ,b ! e>ly f9ancial advantage facilitat$ ! firm f\ndation ( ! produc+ indu/ry 9 ,italy1 & x /ill ranks z ! premi] c\ntry = 8,big ,picture ,plays10 ! high co/ ( su* works not)/&+4 ,9 ?is developm5t ! ,c9es ,societa ,italiana has play$ a prom95t "p4 ,x _h long be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,rome1 b its ef=ts 7 purely conv5tional4 ,9 #aijh new blood 0 infus$ into ! und]tak+1 & its fir/ ambiti\s ef=t 0 ! pictorial repres5tation ( ,alex&] ,dumas' fam\s novel1 8,! ,?ree ,muskete]s10 :i* l5t itself admirably to h&some m\nt+1 & f9e act+ 9 pantomime4 ,! film ran to #a1ejj feet4 ,x made an in/ant success4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 alone ov] #ej copies ( ! film f\nd an imm$iate sale1 & a f> great] numb] 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,russia4 ,9 ,au/ralia its reception 0 p>ticul>ly en?usia/ic4 ,o!r mo/ successful pres5tations 7 8,macbe?10 :i* co/ #b1jjj 7#aj1jjj7 to produce1 ,%akespe>e's trag$y be+ cond5s$ into #bc1cfj pictures1 occupy+ #a1dfj feet ( film2 8,! ,triumphant ,h]o10 8,fau/10 8,! ,sack+ ( ,rome10 8,agripp9a10 & s on4 ,its greate/ triumph 0 ! film v]sion ( 8,quo ,vadis80 ,?is film ranks z ! bigge/ success ev] kn[n 9 ! c9ema _w4 ,x built ! =tunes ( sev]al %[m52 9 fact1 "o man made a r\nd #ej1jjj 7#bej1jjj7 !refrom 9 less ?an a ye>4 ,"o might be incl9$ to suppose t "s ( ! =ego+ subjects 7 some:at beyond ,briti% ta/e1 b _! success "h has prov$ o!rwise4 ,z _m z #hj copies ( "o ( ^! big films h be5 sold 9 ,great ,brita9 alone1 ! total output = ! _w aggregat+ "s #djj copies4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,c9es ,company appe>s to confirm ! !ory t hi/orical subjects make ! /ronge/ appeal4 ,! public is fairly well acqua9t$ ) ! mile/ones 9 ,european hi/ory1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 connection ) ! rise & fall ( ,rome4 ,moreov]1 ,italy is especially ri* 9 beautiful l&scape & hi/orical sites1 :]e ! sc5es c be re-enact$ 9 _! orig9al sett+--an advantage :i* ! l>ge companies realise to ! utt]mo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,briti% & ,colonial ,k9ematograph ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,! 8,,battle ,,( ,,wat]loo0 ,,^u ,,! ,,film4 ,?is desp]ate conflict 0 re-f\ght 9 ,engl& = ! c9ema at a co/ exce$+ #e1jjj 7#be1jjj74 ,! ,c9es ,company is to-day "o ( ! l>ge/ film-produc+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! _w4 ,x has ?ree /udios devot$ to ! /ag+ ( picture-plays1 ! premises 9 ,rome hav+ an area exce$+ #abh1jjj squ>e feet4 ,ev]y?+ is in/all$ ^u a l>ge scale--#ajj1jjj feet ( film c be turn$ out e day4 ,six new subjects ( travel1 educational1 & dramatic int]e/ are plac$ on ! m>ket e week4 ,! big productions1 h[ev]1 entail a /rong elem5t ( risk4 ,! fir/ difficulty is to select a subject :i* w make a _w-wide appeal4 ,:5 ! negative has be5 obta9$ 8sample0 positive pr9ts are prep>$ & dispat*$ to ! great cities4 ,at ea* c5tre ! firm attracts a c]ta9 numb] ( patrons--possibly ! aggregate ( ! fir/ ord] may be only =ty copies4 ,s9ce a film runn+ to #c1jjj feet entails an outlay ( #ej 7#bej7 on ! "p ( ! r5t]1 x is n surpris+ t he displays caution 9 mak+ 8 pur*ases1 because half-a-doz5 copies ( v>i$ ord9>y subjects c be acquir$ = ! same money1 ) ! additional advantage t ! risks are spread ov] six subjects in/ead ( be+ c5tr$ ^u "o4 ,! initial ord] is fulfill$1 & %\ld ! v5ture prove popul>1 a /eady /ream ( ord]s may be expect$ to foll[4 ,h[ev]1 ! produc] does n brea! freely until ! two hundr$? copy has be5 dispat*$4 ,%\ld ! play fail to please ! public1 ! manufactur] is fac$ ) a heavy loss4 ,! sy/em has c]ta9 drawbacks1 b x ensures ! %[man & ! public be+ giv5 ! v be/ mat]ial1 & causes v ke5 rivalry among ! produc]s to eclipse "o ano!r's ef=ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,build+ ! sc5]y 9 a ,devon%ire bay = ! film p]=mance ( 8,hamlet40 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,gaumont ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,=bes ,,rob]tson',s ,,appe>ance ,,be=e ,,! ,,mov+ ,,picture ,,cam]a4 ,! ,gho/ sc5e f 8,hamlet40 ,c9ematography is f> m reali/ic & conv9c+ = ?is ,%akespe>ean play ?an ! legitimate !atre4 ,!re are c]ta9 subjects1 h[ev]1 :i* r>ely fail ( popul> success1 ^? ( religi\s int]e/ be+ =emo/ 9 ! gr\p4 ,! 8,life ( ,*ri/0 0 possibly ! mo/ successful v5ture ( ?is description4 ,x co/ "s #b1jjj to /age4 ,!re 7 ?irty-n9e epo*s1 divid$ into f\r p>ts1 & rang+ f ! 8,nativity0 to ! 8,crucifixion40 ,ov] #c1jjj feet 7 requir$ = _! pres5tation4 ,! film 0 l>gely pur*as$ by religi\s societies4 ,a c]ta9 8r5t]0 is said to h amass$ #cj1jjj f ?is s+le film4 ,! 8,miracle10 ! /ory ( 8,ca9 & ,abel10 8,! ,trial ( ,abraham's ,fai?10 8,! ,fall ( ,babylon10 8,samson & ,delilah10 to "n only a few1 h prov$ p[]ful magnets4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ ! great sc5e 0 ! de/ruction ( ! temple4 ,! edifice 0 built ( c>dbo>d1 & :5 ,samson b5t 8 /r5g? 9 a f9al ef=t ^u ! columns1 ! :ole /ructure came cra%+ to ! gr\nd4 ,! developm5t ( ! 8,big ,film0 has be5 responsible = a new movem5t 9 c9ema circles4 ,a firm :i* s9ks1 say1 #aj1jjj 7#ej1jjj7 9 "o subject1 naturally is anxi\s to rec\p ?is outlay ) all possible spe$4 ,?is c be accompli%$ only 9 "o way--! disposal ( ! sole rights = ea* c\ntry exclusively to speculat+ & ent]pris+ individuals1 in/ead ( by ! sl[] sale ( copies 9 ! op5 m>ket to r5t]s4 ,x 0 n difficult to c>ry out op]ations ^u ! new basis4 ,c9ema circles teem ) bold & d>+ spirits4 ,un=tunately ! developm5t ( ?is pr9ciple l$ to a c]ta9 degree ( wild gambl+4 ,fancy prices1 out ( all proportion to ! intr9sic or %[+ value ( ! films1 became ! rage1 high wat] m>k be+ rea*$ ) an ,italian v]sion ( 8,antony & ,cleopatra10 ! limit$ rights 9 :i* = ! ,briti% ,isles alone 7 sold = ab\t #h1jjj 7#dj1jjj74 ,despite ! antagonism ( ! 8r5t]10 ! attitude ( ! public is di/9ctly fav\rable to ! long film4 ,its production 9 ,italy is be+ c>ri$ out ) great vig\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,pictures ,,t ,,move1 ,,talk1 ,,& ,,s+ ,:5 ,edison inv5t$ ! 8,k9etoscope10 8 ambition 01 n only to produce movem5t by ! aid ( pictures1 b s\nd by ! aid ( ! phonograph4 ,b x prov$ a hopeless que/2 & accord+ly ,edison conf9$ 8 ef=ts = ! "t be+ to ! p]fection ( animat$ photography4 ,9 an e>li] *apt] ,i h describ$ "s devices = imitat+ s\nd4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i am speak+1 n ( imitation1 b ( reproduction4 ,9 ord] to secure p]fect comb9ation ( movem5t & s\nd1 x is ess5tial to secure absolute syn*ronism 9 ! actuation ( ! cam]a & t ( ! talk+ ma*9e4 ,?is 0 ,edison's insup]able difficulty4 ,a s+le motor 0 utilis$ = bo? ma*9es2 b ! phonograph 0 easi] to /op & to re/>t ?an ! cam]a1 ow+ to ! fact t ! latt] _h to be driv5 at suffici5t spe$ to secure #df pictures p] second4 ,! mov+ & s++ picture ma*9e kn[n z ! 8,k9etograph10 :i* work$ ^u ! automatic 8nickel-9-!-slot0 pr9ciple1 _h a v brief exi/5ce4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 cig> %ops1 railway /ations1 & o!r conv5i5t public places1 b x fail$ to int]e/ ! public1 & 0 )drawn 9 a %ort "t4 ,yet ,edison did n rel9qui% 8 orig9al plan4 ,he *]i%$ ! idea t comb9$ pictorial & audible records 7 feasible1 & = n9ete5 ye>s he devot$ 8 en]gies to ! consummation ( ! task4 ,x 0 only a %ort "t ago t ! great inv5tor ann\nc$ t he _h succe$$ at la/4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 he _h be5 anticipat$ by indu/ri\s & en]getic exp]im5t]s 9 ,europe4 ,9 #aijh an attempt to produce motion & s\nd 0 made comm]cially ) ! 8,c9ephone40 ,! solution pres5t$ 9 ?is app>atus is und\bt$ly novel1 b ! results are v unsatisfactory1 & its success is dep5d5t entirely ^u ! skill ( ! op]ator4 ,! 8,c9ephone0 is design$ to accompany ! motions ( act+ ) ! s\nds p]ta9+ !reto4 ,! pictures are fitt$ to ! talk+ ma*9e records--t is to say1 ! c9ematograph] m]ely takes a gramophone record & produces a film suitable !reto4 ,edison's plan 0 f> m compreh5sive4 ,8 idea 0 to prep>e ! phonographic record at ! same "t z ! film pictures 7 made--= example1 :ile a football or baseball mat* 0 be+ c9ematograph$1 ! phonograph 0 to record ! applause1 *e]s1 %\ts--9 %ort1 make z complete a record = ! e> z ! cam]a did = ! eye4 ,! pr9ciple gov]n+ ! op]ation ( ! ,c9ephone is extremely simple4 ,an ord9>y talk+ ma*9e is employ$1 )\t any modification beyond ! addition ( a small box ) a gov]n+ dial1 & a simil> dial 9 ! pictures ^u ! scre54 ,! dial 9 ea* in/ance is fitt$ ) a revolv+ h&1 simil> to t ( a clock1 & all t ! op]ator is call$ ^u to d is to keep ! respective h&s 9 relative positions by ! manipulation ( ! projector4 ,! talk+ ma*9e is m\nt$ ^u a basebo>d1 :i* is ext5d$ 9 front a suffici5t di/ance to c>ry a small box ! front face ( :i* is fitt$ ) ! dial4 ,! clock-l h& is transp>5t1 & :5 an electric lamp1 or o!r suitable illum9ant1 is plac$ )9 ! box1 x becomes illum9at$1 s t its rotation may be foll[$ easily4 ,! circle describ$ by ! h& is indicat$ at its f\r qu>t]s by a small transp>5t po9t1 ?r\gh :i* passes ! light f )9 ! box4 ,^! f\r spots ( light c be eclips$ & reveal$ by ! movem5t ( a %utt] lev]4 ,:5 ! lights appe> ! op]ator kn[s t ! talk+ ma*9e is ready4 ,! h& ( ! rotat+ dial is actuat$ by me*anism driv5 by ! motor ( ! talk+ ma*9e1 ?r\gh a horizontal sp9dle4 ,9 ! bottom left-h& corn] ( ea* picture ?r[n on ! scre5 is a duplicate ( ! talk+ ma*9e dial4 ,! position ( ! h& on ea* successive picture v>ies correspond+ly ) t on ! gramophone1 because 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pictures ! speak+ or s++ *>act]s h accompani$ ! gramophone ) _! act+4 ,:5 ! picture is %[n ! spe$ ( projection gives a /eady =w>d motion to ! h& on ! picture dial4 ,:5 ! app>atus is br\ght into play 9 ! mov+ picture !atre ! talk+ ma*9e is plac$ on ! /age 9 su* a way t its illum9at$ dial is visible to ! c9ematograph op]ator4 ,! latt]'s duty is to run ! film ?r\gh ! ma*9e at su* a spe$ t ! position ( ! h& on ! picture dial keeps /ep ) t ( ! talk+ ma*9e dial4 ,if ?is is done ) precision1 ! action 9 ! picture co9cides ) ! s\nds emitt$ f ! talk+ ma*9e4 ,?is app>atus c be appli$ to any type ( projector )\t any prelim9>y prep>ations :atev]1 & ! me*anism ( ! latt] has n to be modifi$ or t\*$ 9 any way4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are grave defects4 ,syn*rony betwe5 picture & talk+ ma*9e is dep5d5t ^u ! op]ator1 & until ! latt] has become accu/om$ to ! comb9ation1 ! results are disconc]t+4 ,x is no simple matt] to keep ! h&s ( ! two dials rotat+ h>moni\sly4 ,:5 ! film lags beh9d ! talk+ ma*9e1 a pron\nc$ spe$+ up is requisite to br+ ! two h&s into syn*rony4 ,! increas$ "w ?r[n ^u ! op]ator is also f> f be+ a negligible quantity4 ,he has to wat* ! two dials int5tly1 & _c c5tre 8 m9d ^u ! projector1 z he %\ld be free to d4 ,m ?an once ,i h se5 a film snap "u ! /ra9 impos$ 9 ! ef=t to cat* up ) ! talk+ ma*9e1 or ! light has dem&$ att5tion1 & ! result has be5 f> f pleas+4 ,h[ev]1 ! appe>ance ( ! 8,c9ephone0 s]v$ to /imulate inv5tive ef=t 9 ?is p>ticul> field1 & prov$ to ! public t ! production ( pictures t talk$ & sang1 z well z mov$1 0 by no means s =lorn a possibility z _h be5 imag9$ g5]ally4 ,! next attempt 9 ! same direction met ) bett] success--9 ! 8,vivaphone10 p]fect$ by ! ,hepwor? ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,limit$4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! two dials 7 elim9at$ 9 fav\r ( a s+le electric control or syn*ronis]4 ,9 ! project+ box by ! op]ator's side is a small1 compact case4 ,?is is ! syn*ronis]1 consi/+ prim>ily ( a v]tical ne$le1 :i* c move to ! "r or to ! left4 ,! movem5t or deflection ( ?is ne$le is effect$ by means ( two electromagnets4 ,"o ex]ts a pull ^u ! ne$le t[>ds ! "r1 :ile ! o!r draws x 9 ! opposite direction4 ,^! two electromagnets are electrically connect$ to ! c9ematograph & to ! talk+ ma*9e respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,! ,,electrical ,,syn*ronis+ ,,atta*m5t ,,to ,,! ,,talk+ ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,! 8,,vivaphone40 ,! atta*m5ts to ! projector & ! gramophone are v simple4 ,! electrical contact device or commutator is atta*$ to ! h&le to e/abli% connection betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,on ! gramophone is ano!r commutator 7,fig4 #ad74 ,x consi/s ( an arm1 "o edge ( :i* re/s on ! case ( ! talk+ ma*9e1 :ile ! opposite end engages ) ! motor sp9dle ( ! gramophone project+ v]tically ?r\gh ! turn-table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,electrical ,,wir+ ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! 8,,vivaphone40 ,! in/allation ( ?is app>atus 7,fig4 #ae7 is likewise simple4 ,! syn*ronis] ,a is plac$ 9 a conv5i5t position 9 ! op]ator's box1 :ile ! gramophone ,b is set ^u ! /age4 ,f ! project+ h&le commutator ,c a pair ( wires are run & atta*$ to ! connections ,k 9 ! syn*ronis]1 :ile simil>ly a pair ( wires are c>ri$ f ! talk+ ma*9e commutator to ! connections ,g 9 ! syn*ronis]4 ,two wires are l$ f ! t]m9als ,b 9 ! syn*ronis] to ! batt]y ,f4 ,suffici5t en]gy = ! electric curr5t is furni%$ f a #d or #f volt accumulator1 su* z is us$ 9 automobile practice1 or f a dry /orage batt]y4 ,ord9>y bell wire suffices = ! purposes ( ! connections4 ,if ! di/ance betwe5 ! scre5 & ! project+ box is v great x is advisable to introduce an auxili>y cell ,d 9 ! gramophone circuit4 ,beh9d ! v]tical ne$le ( ! syn*ronis] is a n>r[ transp>5t slot1 :i*1 :5 ! syn*rony is p]fect1 is cov]$ by ! ne$le itself4 ,! upp] end ( ! ne$le is fitt$ ) two small glaz$ ap]tures or spectacle glasses1 "o on ei!r side1 fitt$ ) r$ & gre5 glass respectively4 ,:5 ! app>atus is 9 use ! two electromagnets controll$ by ! c9ematograph & ! gramophone respectively ex]t a pull 9 opposite directions--! gramophone endeav\rs to draw ! ne$le "o way1 & ! projector electromagnet attempts to pull x 9 ! o!r direction4 ,if ! projector is lagg+1 ! ne$le moves ov]1 br++ ! r$ spectacle be=e ! light ap]ture1 & ! r$ light ?us %[n w>ns ! op]ator to accel]ate ! projector4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! projector is runn+ too fa/1 ! ne$le moves 9 ! opposite direction & br+s ! gre5 light into prom95ce4 ,! degree ( ! deflection ( ! ne$le indicates h[ f> ! syn*ronisation is di/urb$4 ,:5 ! oppos+ =ces ( ! electromagnets are exactly equal1 ! ne$le ma9ta9s a v]tical position1 & %[s absolute syn*rony4 ,x w be se5 t ! signall+ sy/em is v s5sitive & accurate1 & at ! same "t enables ! op]ator to h complete control ov] projection4 ,9 fact ?is is ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( syn*ronis+ ! pictures ) ! s\nds emitt$ f ! gramophone t has be5 yet produc$ 9 ! comb9ation ( s\nd & movem5t4 ,"s excell5t subjects h be5 produc$ ) ?is ma*9e1 "o ( ! f9e/ be+ ! s\nd & movem5t reproduction ( 8,fau/40 ,b1 aft] all1 ^! devices are f> f repres5t+ ! ideal s++ & talk+ c9ematograph4 ,! drawback is ?is3 ! conditions prev5t ! pictures be+ secur$ at ! same mom5t t ! relative s\nds are be+ record$ by ! gramophone4 ,:ile ,edison 0 /riv+ ) ! problem1 ,fr5* inve/igators 7 active1 & ! fir/ practical success 9 ! field mu/ be cr$it$ to ,monsieur ,lon ,gaumont1 ! head ( ! ,fr5* c9ematograph e/abli%m5t ( t "n4 ,he succe$$ :]e ,edison fail$2 or r1 he anticipat$ ! fam\s ,am]ican inv5tor by sev]al ye>s4 ,x 0 z f> back z ,novemb] #g?1 #aijb1 t ,monsieur ,gaumont introduc$ 8 a*ievem5t = ! fir/ "t be=e ! ,fr5* ,photographic ,society4 ,! app>atus 0 n yet p]fect1 b x s]v$ to demon/rate t ! syn*ron\s production ( s\nd & movem5t by ! aid ( ! c9ematograph & ! talk+ ma*9e 0 )9 measurable di/ance ( atta9m5t4 ,! demon/ration 0 held prim>ily to %[ h[ p]fect a syn*ronis+ me*anism _h be5 evolv$4 ,! great difficulty enc\nt]$ 0 9 reg>d to ! s5sitive "* ( ! mat]ial requir$ = tak+ ! records ( s\nds f a di/ance4 ,! ord9>y process !n 9 vogue 0 f> f be+ suitable4 ,by ! aid ( sev]al int]e/$ fri5ds & collaborators1 h[ev]1 ,monsieur ,gaumont 0 able to conqu] ?is ob/acle1 & on ,decemb] #bg?1 #aiaj1 ! 8,*ronophone10 z ! new inv5tion is call$1 0 submitt$ to ! approval ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces & 0 reg>d$ z em95tly successful by t di/+ui%$ le>n$ body4 ,syn*ronism--bo? 9 produc+ & reproduc+--betwe5 ! c9ematograph & ! talk+ ma*9e is secur$ by electrical connections betwe5 motors :i* furni% ! requisite p[] = driv+ ! two ess5tial p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,9 evolv+ su* a comb9ation z ?is ! inv5tor _h to be> 9 m9d t portability & simplicity 7 two fundam5tal requisitions1 s t resort to heavy1 bulky1 & intricate me*anism 0 q out ( ! "q4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ,c9ephone & ,vivaphone1 ! ,*ronophone appe>s some:at complicat$4 ,b ?is is only relative4 ,! app>atus is almo/ entirely automatic 9 its op]ation4 ,yet x c be op]at$ by h& if necess>y4 ,if ! latt] me?od is adopt$1 ! en]gy requir$ to secure syn*rony is d]iv$ f batt]ies or accumulators4 ,syn*rony is obta9$ by means ( a pat5t$ sy/em1 :i* may be briefly describ$4 ,! two motors requir$ = driv+ ! talk+ ma*9e & ! c9ematograph respectively are ( id5tical design1 ( approximately ! same p[]1 & are op]at$ by ! same direct curr5t4 ,! armatures ( ea* motor are divid$ into sections1 & ! correspond+ sections ( ! two armatures are connect$ toge!r4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t ! two armatures are rotat$ at ! same spe$1 not)/&+ ! slight diff]5ces 9 ! me*anical resi/ance oppos$ to ! ma*9es4 ,! talk+ ma*9e1 driv5 by an electric motor1 is ( ! disc type1 fitt$ ) two horns1 s z to diffuse ! s\nds ?r\gh ! build+4 ,if ! !atre is spaci\s ! numb] ( horns may be increas$1 :ile ! s\nd waves project$ into ! hall may be int5sifi$ 9 volume by means ( compress$ air1 z 9 ! ,auxetophone devis$ by ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,a4 ,p>sons1 :i* is also capable ( consid]able adju/m5t1 s t ! volume ( s\nd may be accommodat$ to ! ac\/ic prop]ties ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,! ,,gaumont 8,,*ronophone40 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ord9>y bioscope me*anism ! ,*ronophone projector appe>s some:at intricate1 b "h aga9 ev]y?+ has be5 simplifi$ to a rem>kable degree1 :ile all adju/m5ts are c>ri$ out automatically4 ,! projector in/allation 7,fig4 #af71 9 addition to ! lant]n ,a & project+ me*anism ,b employ$ 9 ! ord9>y equipm5t1 consi/s ( a small motor ,c1 :i* drives ! projector me*anism prop] & a diff]5tial ,d1 :]eby error betwe5 s\nd & movem5t is correct$1 driv5 by a small motor ,e4 ,to />t ! app>atus1 ! fir/ picture ( ! film1 say t ( ! title1 is plac$ 9 ! film gate be=e ! exposure ap]ture1 & ! ne$le ( ! talk+ ma*9e s\nd box is plac$ on ! fir/ groove ( ! disc record4 ,! talk+ ma*9e motor is />t$1 & ! table c>ry+ ! record comm5ces to revolve4 ,directly ! ne$le rea*es ! po9t 9 ! disc groove :]e ! fir/ s\nd wave has be5 record$1 an electrical contact is e/abli%$1 :i* is transmitt$ to ! projector1 & sets ! latt] 9 motion4 ,b x may be t ! spe$ is too mu* or n en\gh2 ! pictures move too sl[ly or too quickly1 & ! tone ( ! s\nd emitt$ by ! talk+ ma*9e is unnatural4 ,9 ?is case ! op]ator moves ! rheo/at h&le ,f ov] its contacts1 ?is movem5t accel]at+ bo? ! talk+ ma*9e & ! projector until ! correct natural spe$ has be5 secur$4 ,aga9 x may be t ! pictures are slightly 9 advance ( ! phonograph1 or vice v]s2 ! movem5ts ( ! lips ( ! s+] or actions ( ! p]=m] d n co9cide ) ! emission ( s\nd4 ,?is error may be rectifi$ in/antly4 ,!re is a two-way commutator on ! control bo>d1 :i* ! op]ator moves 9 "o direction or ! o!r accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,?is in/antly />ts up ! small dynamo ,e1 ! p[] ( :i* is transmitt$ ?r\gh belt & pulley to ! diff]5tial ge>+ ,d1 :i* works on ! same %aft z t driv+ ! projector4 ,if ! projector is lagg+ x is spe$$ up1 s z to ov]take ! talk+ ma*9e1 or if ! pictures are 9 advance ( ! s\nd1 x is ret>d$ until syn*ronism is re/or$4 ,?is device is p>ticul>ly useful1 inasmu* z ! talk+ ma*9e is some:at s5sitive to outside di/urbance2 if ! ma*9e is n set q level1 or receives a viol5t vibration1 ! ne$le jumps sudd5ly f "o groove into ano!r4 ,by accel]at+ ! projector ?is lead c soon be r$uc$ )\t t\*+ ! talk+ ma*9e 9 ! slighte/4 ,! op]ator ne$ n foll[ ! movem5t ( ! pictures ^u ! scre51 or li/5 to ! talk+ ma*9e 9 ord] to asc]ta9 t syn*rony is p]fect4 ,he m]ely keeps 8 eye on an +5i\s1 simple 8control bo>d10 :i* is set up 9 a conv5i5t position beside ! projector op]ator4 ,x includes a />t+ ge>1 :]eby ! talk+ ma*9e is set 9 motion1 & :i* 9 turn actuates ! c9ematograph by ! disc electrical contact1 an electric swit*1 a volt met]1 :i* acts z a spe$ indicator1 its read+s1 9 fact1 hav+ a con/ant relation to ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! talk+ ma*9e turn-table2 & a two-way commutator1 :]e ! diff]5tial motor is />t$ up4 ,! diff]5tial ge>+ is some:at int]e/+4 ,x belongs to ! f\r-:eel type4 ,!re are two driv5 cog :eels #a & #b key$ to ! ends ( ! int]rupt$ %aft ( ! projector motor1 & betwe5 ^! two :eels1 & set at "r angles !reto1 are two satellite :eels #c & #d1 :i* me% ) ! =m] :eels4 ,if ! c9ematograph & ! talk+ ma*9e are mov+ 9 exact syn*rony1 ! :eels #a & #b run at simil> spe$1 b 9 opposite directions1 & 9 h>mony ) :eels #c & #d4 ,to ! %ort end ( ! int]rupt$ %aft a ne$le is atta*$1 & :5 syn*rony is prevail+ ?is ne$le ma9ta9s a v]tical position4 ,n[1 if ! phonograph runs away f ! projector1 ?is ne$le moves ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 & z x slides ov] a graduat$ scale ! op]ator c detect 9 an in/ant h[ _m pictures ! projector is lagg+ beh9d ! talk+ ma*9e4 ,! c9ematograph projector accord+ly mu/ be spe$$ up1 & ! op]ator moves ! commutator on 8 control bo>d 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,!n in/ead ( ! two satellite :eels me%+ ev5ly ) ! two :eels #a & #b1 !y become displac$1 ) ! result t ! %aft driv+ ! projector is rotat$ m rapidly1 & ov]takes ! talk+ ma*9e1 ! ne$le on ! dial mean:ile mov+ t[>ds z]o1 until1 :5 x rea*es its v]tical position1 ! diff]5tial ge>+ & its motor are /opp$4 ,if ! projector %\ld h advanc$ be=e ! talk+ ma*9e1 x is ret>d$1 ! ne$le deflect+ 9 ! opposite direction & requir+ to be re/or$ to z]o4 ,x w be se5 t ! spe$ ( ! talk+ ma*9e rema9s con/ant4 ,any correction t has to be made is effect$ by means ( accel]at+ or ret>d+ ! spe$ ( projection4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! records ( movem5t & s\nd are made 9 syn*rony1 & 9 view ( ! fact t bo? projector & talk+ ma*9e run at ! same spe$1 if />t$ simultane\sly no displacem5t ( "o 9 relation to ! o!r %\ld result4 ,! diff]5tial1 h[ev]1 provides a means ( correct+ any accid5tal displacem5t ( ! phonograph ne$le :5 reproduction is c>ri$ out4 ,! ,gaumont app>atus has prov$ highly successful1 & has be5 turn$ to useful acc\nt already2 we h exc]pts f op]as1 ballets1 recitations1 & s =? record$ & project$ ) a p]fect relation%ip betwe5 s\nd & movem5t4 ,?r\gh ! en]gy & p]sev]ance ( ,monsieur ,gaumont ! value ( animat$ pictures has receiv$ a decisive =w>d impetus4 ,edison has devot$ 8 en]gies 9 ! solution ( ! problem to ! p]fection ( a m s5sitive mat]ial ?an ! wax hi!rto employ$4 ,naturally he has conf9$ 8 att5tion to adapt+ to ?is "w ! phonograph or cyl9d] talk+ ma*9e 9 pref]5ce to ! disc ma*9e1 ! =m] be+ 8 own inv5tion4 ,:at is ! future ( ! phono-c9ematograph8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 until ! peculi> nasal s\nd is elim9at$ f ! talk+ ma*9e x w n prove popul>4 ,x is well-nigh impossible1 unless a speak] or s+] has peculi> *>act]i/ics1 to id5tify voices on ?is in/rum5t4 ,fur!rmore expression 9 tone is practically non-exi/5t4 ,?\gh ! c9ematographic _w be flood$ ) talk+ & s++ pictures1 unless !y are ( "s peculi> int]e/1 ! majority ( picture-!atre lov]s1 aft] ! fir/ wave ( excitem5t & curiosity1 w patronise ^? e/abli%m5ts :]e !y c see movem5t alone4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,z ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,! ,,c9ematograph ,! av]age audi5ce be=e ! micro-c9ematographic film is v mu* 9 ! attitude ( ! s*oolboy 9 ! natural hi/ory lesson4 ,sc>cely any o!r subject holds su* possibilities ( int]e/ = him2 yet ! in/ruction mu/ be giv5 9 "s vivify+ =m1 or x fails to t\* 8 lat5t sympa?y1 & becomes a tiresome repetition ( =mul & inexplicable processes4 ,simil>ly an audi5ce w sit absorb$ be=e a film display+ inf9itesimal organic life2 b only on condition t its human in/9cts are 9 "s way appeal$ to4 ,sci5ce lessons mu/ be humanis$1 :5 !y rival ! mo/ dramatic films 9 int]e/4 ,un=tunately ! supply ( ?is k9d ( film is extremely limit$4 ,produc]s are n conv9c$ ( ! he>t9ess ( ! dem&2 & ! lab\r1 exp5se1 & anxiety att5d+ ! prep>ation ( su* subjects prev5t _! developm5t ^u any b a small scale4 ,an acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( ,dr4 ,com&on's wond]ful a*ievem5ts 9 bact]iological micro-c9ematography1 ?r\gh ! firm ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,9 popul> sci5ce ! _w's m>ket is practically suppli$ by an ,engli% company1 ,k9eto1 ,limit$4 ,?is fact is due ma9ly to ,mr4 ,f4 ,p]cy ,smi?1 :o possesses ! happy faculty ( inve/+ 8 subjects ) a qua9t fasc9ation :i* compels appreciation4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any film has /irr$ popul> int]e/ s int5sely z t :i* he prep>$ = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! physical en]gy possess$ by ! common h\se-fly4 ,:5 ?is film appe>$ ! newspap]s f> & wide associat$ ! c9ematograph] ) /range p[]s1 & ! capacity to tra9 ! bluebottle 9 mu* ! same way z ! lion tam] subdues ! ,k+ ( ! ,=e/4 ,no?+ 0 f>!r f ! tru?4 ,! sci5ti/ m]ely devis$ unusual & novel devices to illu/rate ! po9ts :i* he _h 9 m9d1 & ! fly 0 left m or less to foll[ its own devices4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 se5 to walk aga9 & aga9 up ! rim ( a small :eel 9 a va9 ef=t to rea* ! highe/ po9t4 8,trick]y60 0 ! v]dict :5 ! film 0 se5 fir/1 & x 0 h>d to make p believe t ! picture 0 g5u9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! fly p]=m$ ! op]ation q naturally1 ?\gh 9 ord] to induce x to d s ! exp]im5t] _h to resort to an +5i\s device4 ,a d>k box 0 prep>$ ) a v small door ( ?9 glass at "o end4 ,?is piece ( glass 0 fitt$ ) a n>r[ slit 9 :i* a small too!d :eel1 simil> to a wat* escapem5t :eel1 0 fitt$ 9 su* a way z to be free to revolve4 ,! imprison$ fly1 see+ ! daylight ent]+ ?r\gh ! glaz$ end ( ! box1 attempt$ to escape 9 t direction1 b f\nd its passage ob/ruct$ by ! glass4 ,:5 x /ruck ! latt]1 x receiv$ a sm>t tap on ! head f a too? 9 ! :eel1 :i* 0 caus$ to move ?r\gh ! fly's frantic ef=ts4 ,"t aft] "t ! fly ?rew itself aga9/ ! glass door1 & on e occasion x receiv$ a rap on ! head4 ,at la/ fr5zy gave way to tractability1 & x came to ! conclusion t ! be/ means ( escape 0 by walk+ up ! :eel4 ,( c\rse1 z x advanc$ ! :eel slipp$ r\nd 9 ! opposite direction4 ,:ile ! insect 0 walk+ l a crim9al on a treadmill1 ! pictures 7 tak54 ,! results ) ! fly "u re/ra9t1 h[ev]1 7 n entirely satisfactory1 s ! exp]im5t] set up ! :eel 9 ! op51 & )drew a fly f its prison aft] x _h become tractable4 ,"t aft] "t ! blue-bottle w\ld fly away directly x 0 plac$ on ! :eel4 ,! cam]a1 h[ev]1 0 kept 9 read9ess = exposure ! mom5t a fly did attempt to walk along ! rim1 & at l5g? x 0 successfully caught 9 ! act4 ,aga91 ! fly 0 laid ^u its back b5ea? ! :eel1 & 0 se5 to revolve ! disc ) its legs4 ,! simple explanation ( ?is seem+ly clev] juggl+ trick 0 t ! fly ?\ght x 0 walk+ 9 ! same way t x walks up a wall or along ! ceil+4 ,"o fly 9 ! same film 0 se5 seat$ 9 a dim9utive *air nurs+ a small] fly1 or balanc+ & juggl+ ) articles su* z t9y dumb-bells1 b ( l>ge size 9 comp>ison ) its own bulk4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! fly 0 secur$ by a ?9 /r& ( silk pass$ ar\nd its body2 b "h aga91 9 p]=m+ ! app>5t juggl+ feats1 x 0 m]ely foll[+ its in/9ct4 ,be+ prev5t$ f fly+1 x naturally endeav\r$ to make progress by walk+4 ,! fly 0 to be se5 endeav\r+ to balance a piece ( cork1 & int5se amusem5t 0 caus$ :5 x 0 se5 to wipe its feet1 9 ! same way t a man rubs 8 h&s toge!r1 prep>atory to mak+ "s k9d ( ef=t4 ,9 reality1 ! fly f\nd t ! suck]s on its feet1 by means ( :i* x secures a grip ^u a surface :5 walk+ upside d[n1 7 some:at du/y4 ,! app>5t prep>ation = a h]culean attempt 0 no?+ m ?an ! fly clean+ its organs to a*ieve its purpose4 ,?is film occupi$ sev]al weeks 9 prep>ation4 ,extreme pati5ce _h to be ex]cis$1 & :5 a desir$ phase ( movem5t _h be5 secur$1 (t5 x 0 f\nd defective f ! te*nical po9t ( view1 s t ! we>y+ r\nd _h to be repeat$4 ,rec5tly ,mr4 ,smi? has cont9u$ 8 inve/igations1 & has produc$ ano!r fasc9at+ film1 demon/rat+ /ill m cle>ly ! trem5d\s physical en]gy possess$ by ! bluebottle1 & ! wond]ful p[]s ( its proboscis1 ! movem5ts ( :i*1 to assi/ ! legs1 are %[n v di/9ctly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,c9ematograph]--,,mr4 ,,p]cy ,,smi? ,,at ,,"w4 ,great ,brita9 has tak5 ! lead 9 br++ ! wond]s ( sci5ce popul>ly be=e ! public4--,see page #aij4 ,ano!r ( ,mr4 ,smi?'s a*ievem5ts is ! film %[+ ! hat*+ ( a *ick5's egg4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is ext5d$ ov] #ba days--ab\t #ejj h\rs--& ! egg naturally has to be pres]v$ at an ev5 temp]ature ! :ole "t1 s "s special means _h to be devis$ to make ! film )\t imp]ill+ ! life ( ! embryo4 ,! opaqu5ess ( ! %ell con/itut$ a =midable /umbl+-block4 ,moreov]1 9 ! initial /ages ! embryo is s small1 & its movem5t s slight1 t little diff]5ce is obs]vable = ! fir/ #ej h\rs or m4 ,direct photography 0 se5 to be out ( ! "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fly ,,seat$ ,,9 ,a ,,dim9utive ,,*air ,,balanc+ ,a ,,cork4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,unfamili> ,,juggl]--,,bluebottle ,,balanc+ ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,vegetable ,,/alk4 ,an incubator 0 acquir$1 & ! eggs 7 plac$ 9 x4 ,at regul> & frequ5t int]vals dur+ ! incubation1 "s 7 )drawn1 & op5$ to asc]ta9 ! size & position ( ! embryo4 ,f ^! data diagrams ( ! e>ly /ages 7 prep>$4 ,!y 7 drawn c>efully to scale & accurate 9 e detail4 ,?is task _h to be cont9u$ dur+ ! fir/ #ed h\rs--! p]iod :5 ! movem5ts ( ! embryo 7 unkn[n--& involv$ ! prep>ation ( no few] ?an #a1jjj diagrams1 prep>$ 9 su* a way t !y resembl$ photographs4 ,f ! numb] ( ^! records & ! p]iod occupi$ 9 incubation1 x w be se5 t !y 7 prep>$ at int]vals ( ab\t ?ree m9utes dur+ bo? day & night4 ,?is consecutive s]ies 7 !n c9ematograph$ ^u ! film1 & ?us a natural developm5t la/+ #b days 0 r$uc$ to a p]iod ( ab\t "o m9ute ^u ! scre54 ,! e>ly "p ( ! film is n s int]e/+ to ! public z t %[+ ! *ick com+ out ( ! %ell4 ,"h aga9 an initial difficulty 0 enc\nt]$4 ,! hat*+1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n be c9ematograph$ inside ! incubator2 & to remove ! egg f ! temp]ature ( #ajc 9 :i* x _h be5 kept 0 to arre/ ! process at once4 ,=tunately ! exp]im5t 0 be+ made 9 summ]1 & ! !rmomet] read #ajc 9 ! sun4 ,! cam]a 0 set up1 & at ! mom5t ! *ick gave signs ( break+ ?r\gh its %ell1 ! egg 0 remov$ f ! incubator & plac$ ^u a table 9 ! full gl>e & heat ( ! sun4 ,9 a few seconds ! *ick made fur!r ef=ts to break d[n ! walls ( its prison1 & v soon made ! fir/ brea* 9 ! %ell4 ,z ! heat ( ! sun 0 exactly t ( ! incubator1 hat*+ 0 cont9u$ "u precisely natural conditions4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! hole 9 ! %ell 0 wid5$ suffici5tly to enable ! *ick to wriggle its way into ! _w4 ,f ! c9ematographic po9t ( view1 ! hat* 0 z p]fect z c\ld be desir$1 especially z ! *ick 0 /rong & active aft] hat*+4 ,mr4 ,smi? once v5tur$ into ! ,sussex woods1 to obta9 "s animat$ photographs ( ! ,briti% add] 9 its natural haunts4 ,he succe$$ 9 track+ d[n an excell5t specim51 ( :i* "s fir/-rate pictures 7 tak54 ,!n he proce$$ to record on ! film ! me?ods by :i* ?is reptile may be caught & h&l$ 9 safety4 ,:ile hold+ a l>ge specim5 9 8 h& he provok$ x to fury1 & caus$ x to /rike out savagely1 s z to secure on ! film "s life-l pictures ( an add] /rik+1 z well z details ( its m\? & fangs4 ,z a contra/1 he !n decid$ to %[ h[ an add] %\ld n be h&l$4 ,he took ! precaution to *lor(orm ! reptile be=e mis-h&l+ x1 b ! snake recov]$ too soon f ! an/hetic1 & /rik+ out ) its fangs1 caught ! inve/igator a sm>t bl[ on ! h&1 leav+ two m9ute punctures4 ,! bite ( ! add] is seldom fatal1 b1 contr>y to popul> belief1 x is f> f h>mless1 produc+ delirium & precipitat+ collapse1 recov]y f :i* occupies sev]al h\rs1 or 9 "s cases ev5 weeks1 z ,mr4 ,smi? f\nd to 8 co/4 ,an unusually successful popul> sci5ce film is ! "o %[+ ! developm5t ( a fl[] f se$ to blossom4 ,x has be5 encor$ m ?an once on be+ pres5t$4 ,! av]age plant dem&s sev]al weeks f se$ to blossom4 ,mr4 ,smi? made an +5i\s app>atus = secur+ a cont9u\s repres5tation ( gr[?4 ,! se$ 0 %[n fir/ 9 ! initial /ages until ! embryo bur/ f ! protective or out] %ell or husk2 & !n cont9u\sly f ! mom5t ! fir/ sign ( ! %oot appe>$ above ! level ( ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,urban ,trad+ ,co41 ,ltd4 #a4 #b4 #c4 ,,demon/rat+ ,,! ,,physical ,,en]gy ,,( ,,! ,,fly4 #a4 ,fly ly+ on its back sp9n+ a :eel4 #b4 ,juggl+ flies4 #c4 ,! fly walk+ up ! turn+ :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,butt]fly4 ,?is rem>kable film1 prep>$ by ! ,ambrosio ,company ( ,italy1 illu/rates ! fasc9at+ evolution ( ! butt]fly f ! cat]pill>4 ,x secur$ ! premi] aw>d ( #e1jjj francs = ! be/ natural hi/ory film 9 ! c9ematograph section ( ! rec5t ,tur9 ,exhibition4--,see page #cbd4 ,! cam]a 0 set up & an automatic app>atus atta*$ !reto1 :i* enabl$ an exposure to be made at pr$et]m9$ int]vals bo? dur+ ! day & night4 ,! app>atus 0 driv5 by a curi\s motor :i* obta9$ its p[] f dripp+ wat]2 & ! arrangem5t 0 su* t1 aft] ! exposure 0 made1 ! film 0 mov$ =w>d to br+ ! next area ( s5sitis$ surface be=e ! l5s4 ,! receptacle conta9+ ! se$ 0 plac$ at ! correct di/ance to ensure a l>ge picture1 & = ! purposes ( illum9ation at night a special device 0 connect$ to ! driv+ me*anism ( ! cam]a1 :]eby ! subject 0 brilliantly illum9at$ at ! in/ant ( exposure4 ,! exposures 7 made at av]age int]vals ( ?irty m9utes1 giv+ =ty-eight exposures at diff]5t /ages ( ! gr[? 9 ! c\rse ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 project$ on ! scre5 at ! normal rate ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 x looks z ?\gh ! gr[? ( ! plant _h be5 =c$ to ab\t #cj1jjj times its usual spe$1 ) ! cam]a cont9u\sly 9 op]ation ! :ole "t4 ,! great secret ( ,mr4 ,smi?'s success is ! simplicity ( ! app>atus he employs = 8 "w4 ,ea* subject dem&s special arrangem5ts4 ,8 contrivances = ! mo/ "p are extemporis$ f crude mat]ials2 ev5 ! microscope1 :i* he sometimes uses1 be+ ( ! simple/ & *eape/ patt]n4 ,he has f\nd t elaborate app>atus (t5 complicates 8 "w )\t produc+ su* good results z are procurable by ! mo/ primitive devices4 ,"w 9 ?is field is att5d$ ) "s curi\s results4 ,! eyes ( "s ( ! l[] animals are extremely f9e l5ses1 & unless c>e is be/[$ "s sorry tricks are play$ at ! exp5se ( ! sci5ti/4 ,mr4 ,smi? relat$ to me t on "o occasion he secur$ an excell5t s]ies ( pictures ( ! frog at close qu>t]s2 & congratulat$ himself ^u 8 success4 ,8 dismay 0 great :5 he project$ ! pictures = ! fir/ "t4 ,al?\gh ! frog itself 0 beyond reproa*1 int]e/ 9 x pal$ be=e ! unexpect$ sight ( ! op]ator turn+ ! h&le ( ! c9ematograph1 reflect$ ) great di/9ctness 9 ! frog's eye4 ,!re is "o great difficulty att5d+ ! photography ( ! small] organisms ( ,nature :i* is v difficult to surm\nt2 t is1 unnatural results aris+ ei!r f ! di/urbance ( ! object "u exam9ation1 or its photography 9 a false environm5t4 ,?is complexity is emphasis$ v /rongly 9 connection ) c9ematography4 ,if x is desir$1 = in/ance1 to record g>d5 pe/s engag$ 9 _! de/ructive "w1 x is try+ inde$ to convey a correct pictorial description ( _! me?ods4 ,tr\bles conc]n+ illum9ation are p>ticul>ly baffl+ ( solution4 ,mr4 ,smi? has devis$ a special app>atus1 :i* is v simil> 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics to a heliograph1 m\nt$ ^u a tripod /& s t x c be revolv$ 9 any direction4 ,) ?is p>abolic reflector ! sunlight c be br\ght into position & conc5trat$ ^u ! subject "u c9ematographic obs]vation )\t di/urb+ x4 ,! photographs by ?is means ( insects at "w1 no matt] h[ unreal !y may appe> at fir/ sight1 are absolutely true to ,nature1 & are tak5 "u inconte/ably natural conditions4 ,9 fact1 ! ray ( illum9ation ?r[n ^u ! object by ?is means is s brilliant z to enable subjects to be photograph$ 9 _! natural col\rs2 :i* fact may 9 ! future af=d sci5ti/s a wond]ful opportunity ( /udy+ protective col\r+ 9 insects4 ,x is probably beyond dispute t ! popul> sci5tific film1 treat$ 9 su* a mann] z is indicat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 is c]ta9 to comm& ! approval ( ! public 9 ! end4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! popul> sci5tific c9ematograph picture is 9 its infancy4 ,x w be only ?r\gh ! p]sev]ance ( ! sci5ti/ :o has ! happy faculty ( amus+ z well z ent]ta9+ a g5]al audi5ce t ?is class ( film ev] w h a vogue4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds ?is /ate ( affairs1 happily1 is improv+ e day1 = ! c9ematograph is appeal+ m & m to ! cultur$ classes1 :o1 aft] all1 con/itute its mo/ sub/antial support4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$ ,i4--,! fir/ attempts at c9ematograph magic & ! artifices adopt$ ,z soon z ! c9ematograph _h e/abli%$ itself firmly 9 popul> fav\r1 & !re 0 e indication t x w\ld become a p]man5t =m ( ent]ta9m5t1 x ent]$ "o field aft] ano!r ( popul> int]e/4 ,we h se5 h[ ! picture play 0 evolv$ f unrehe>s$ episodes 9 ev]yday life2 & :5 ! /udio-/age became an indisp5sable acquisition to ! picture play produc]1 ano!r movem5t 0 creat$4 ,?is 0 ! trick film4 ,! pione]s realis$ t ! int]vals betwe5 ! exposure ( successive sections ( film correspond+ to an image (f]$ extreme opportunities = ! practice ( *ican]y1 & ! pres5tation ( weird1 fanta/ic1 & my/ify+ effects4 ,! trick-film owes its inception to a well-kn[n ,fr5* pre/idigitateur1 ,monsieur ,mlies4 ,he 0 among ! fir/ to emb>k ^u ! manufacture ( film subjects1 & x naturally occurr$ to him to impress magic into ! s]vice ( ! indu/ry4 ,8 fir/ attempts 7 ( ! simple/ description4 ,he conf9$ himself to ! p]=mance be=e ! cam]a ( ! same tricks t he (f]$ an audi5ce f beh9d ! footlights4 ,hav+ by ?is means te/$ ! public & f\nd x responsive1 he introduc$ all ! devices kn[n to ! 8,black ,art40 ,furniture danc$ ^u ! scre51 & mov$ hi!r & ?i!r ab\t a room2 skeletons gamboll$ caprici\sly2 weird displays ( 8,black ,magic0 7 %[n2 all sorts ( inanimate objects 7 imbu$ ) life2 dolls & toy animals & birds 7 giv5 ! semblance ( natural action4 ,! films amus$ & my/ifi$ ! public exce$+ly1 & ! ,mlies trick films enjoy$ a rem>kable vogue4 ,mean:ile1 ,rob]t ,paul 9 ,engl& _h be5 consid]+ ! feasibility ( ! same idea1 b _h fe>$ t ! p]sonality ( ! magician w\ld be miss$4 ,see+ ! success ( ! ,fr5*man1 he decid$ to emb>k ^u a simil> l9e ( activity4 ,he saw ! possibility ( produc+ f> m />tl+ effects ?an ev5 ! mo/ accompli%$ & dext]\s magician ev] c\ld hope to a*ieve4 ,b ! task bri/l$ ) difficulties4 ,! /age _h to be ov]haul$ & equipp$ ) elaborate devices to facilitate sudd5 disappe>ances1 app>itions1 etc4 ,a work%op also 0 necess>y = ! prep>ation ( ! prop]ties1 & ! "* ( ! "w r5d]$ indisp5sable ! s]vices ( an exp]t magician4 ,c9ematographic k 0 9 its infancy2 & accord+ly "s ( ! me?ods us$ 9 ! late n9eties seem some:at involv$ z comp>$ ) ^? practis$ to-day4 ,b x 0 ^u ^! e>ly /ruggles & failures t ! pres5t adequate equipm5t 0 built up4 ,inde$1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! audi5ce _m ( ^! fir/ films h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,to describe ! me?ods adopt$ 9 ! production ( e trick picture is obvi\sly impossible 9 ! compass ( ?is volume1 b ,i am able1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,paul1 to expla9 h[ _m ( ! /range effects 9 8 mo/ /rik+ trick films 7 a*iev$4 ,! processes mo/ g5]ally practis$ 7 ! 8/op-motion0 & 8d\ble pr9t+10 :i* are expla9$ fully 9 ! next *apt]1 b 9 addition to ^! me?ods he devis$ _m o!rs1 "s ( :i* h be5 sup]s$$ by easi] op]ations4 ,= example1 :]e gradual disappe>ances & appe>ances 7 desir$1 in/ead ( us+ a rectil9e> diaphragm /op 9 ! l5s z is n[ usual1 ,paul occasionally resort$ to ! *emical dissolution ( ! emulsion & image f ! film--an intricate & delicate manipulation entail+ consid]able "t & c>e1 because if ! dissolution process 7 c>ri$ too f> or und]tak5 by unskill$ h&s1 ! film 0 spoil$ & mu* lab\r fruitlessly exp5d$4 ,sometimes ! desir$ result 0 br\ght ab\t by means ( two special deta*able /ops1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! l5s4 ,ea* ( ^! /ops _h a ,v-%ap$ op5+ ( id5tical dim5sions1 & 7 set at "r-angles to "o ano!r4 ,z !y 7 gradually drawn ap>t ! ap]ture =m$ by ! int]section ( ! ,v-op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! light pass$ to ! film 0 enl>g$1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 z !y 7 mov$ t[>ds "o ano!r1 ! ap]ture 0 decreas$1 until at la/ ! film sc>cely record$ any impression ( ! subject photograph$4 ,! gradual syn*ron\s movem5t ( ^! two ,v-%ap$ /ops 0 some:at difficult4 ,to-day _! place is tak5 by ! rectil9e> /op 9 ! l5s1 :]eby ! same effect c be produc$ mu* m easily4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ successful trick films ,paul ev] produc$ 0 ! m$ival my/]y entitl$ 8,! ,magic ,sword40 ,x appeal$ to ! gr[n-up because ( ! a/oni%+ effects introduc$1 & to ! *ildr5 = ! reason t x provid$ an intimate glimpse ( fairyl& ) its giants1 wit*es1 good & bad fairies1 & o!r /range be+s n enc\nt]$ 9 ?is _w4 ,x 0 sumptu\sly produc$1 & _m ( ! tricks 7 introduc$ to ! public = ! fir/ "t4 ,! fir/ sc5e %[s a gallant knight meet+ 8 lady-love on ! battlem5ts ( ! ca/le at midnight2 a gho/ appe>s1 t[>ds :i* ! knight advances1 b x melts f 8 grasp4 ,a wit* rides ov] ! d>k sky on h] broom1 & ! knight 9 turn endeav\rs to seize h]1 b %e eludes 8 attack & dep>ts1 %ak+ h] fi/ 9 rage4 ,an ogre no less ?an fifte5 feet tall ?ru/s 8 head & %\ld]s ov] ! battlem5ts1 seizes ! damsel & be>s h] (f ?r\gh ! sky4 ,! lov] is 9 ! dep?s ( despair1 b a good fairy comes to 8 aid1 gives him a flam+ sword1 & bids him g 9 se>* ( 8 lady-love4 ,! battlem5t$ ca/le gradually dissolves into a wit*'s cav]n1 to :i* ! fright5$ lady is br\ght captive by ! wit*1 & trans=m$ into a second hag4 ,_m adv5tures foll[2 f9ally ! good fairy triumphs ov] evil1 & ! wit* is conv]t$ into a roll ( c>pet1 on :i* ! lov]s float ?r\gh ! air to fall f ! sky ^u ! lady's p>5ts :ile !y are banquet+ 9 ! ca/le gr\nds4 ,! trick effects 9 ?is film 7 produc$ almo/ entirely by d\ble pr9t+1 two negative films be+ sup]impos$ to make a positive4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s h[ ! appe>ance ( ! ogre 0 obta9$4 ,! sc5e ) ! two pr9cipal play]s1 ! knight & ! lady1 fir/ 0 act$ & photograph$ ^u "o film4 ,! sky 0 a neutral back-clo? ) a cresc5t moon pa9t$ on x4 ,!n ! second film 0 prep>$ be>+ ! gho/1 ! wit*1 & ! ogre respectively4 ,! spectral effect ( ! gho/ nam$ 0 reali/ically convey$ by "u-expos+ ! second film1 s t ! /one ( ! battlem5ts c\ld be di/+ui%$ pla9ly ?r\gh ! =m ( ! figure4 ,! ogre 0 an actor ( ord9>y height1 b z he 0 photograph$ ) a %ort-focus l5s f a po9t ne>] ! object ?an ! *>act]s 9 ! fir/ sc5e1 :5 ! pr9t 0 made he appe>$ to be m ?an twice z tall z ! o!r p]=m]s4 ,9 ?is sc5e ! wall ov] :i* he rea*$ 0 cov]$ ) black clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,magic ,,sword3 ,a ,,m$i,,val ,,my/]y ,,expla9$4 ,sc5e ,a 0 photograph$ fir/4 ,! ogre 0 photograph$ aga9/ a neutral backgr\nd ^u a second film1 ,b1 ! cam]a be+ br\ght v close to ! figure4 ,:5 ! two films 7 sup]impos$ & pr9t$ ! />tl+ picture ,c 0 obta9$4 ,9 ord] to get ! effect ( ! wit* rid+ 9 ! sky1 ,paul inv5t$ a novel movem5t 9 ! cam]a1 :i* is n[ 9 g5]al use 9 trick c9ematography4 ,! l5s 0 arrang$ to be rais$ or l[]$ 9 relation to ! area ( film 9 ! gate1 b /ill indep5d5tly ( ! film itself4 ,?is 0 done ) a small ge>+ device :]eby1 :5 ! ge> h&le 0 turn$1 ! l5s 0 mov$ upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,! wit* a/ride h] broom /ood ^u ! floor ( ! /age1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) black clo?1 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( simil> mat]ial4 ,by turn+ ! ge> h&le ( ! l5s atta*m5t ! latt] 0 rais$1 until ! wit* rid+ on h] broom 0 lift$ to ! upp] corn] ( ! film & !re photograph$4 ,al?\gh %e simulat$ ! action ( rid+ ?r\gh space 9 ! traditional mann]1 9 reality %e m]ely mov$ across ! black-cov]$ floor ( ! /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ri/mas ,,c>ol3 ,,h[ ,,scrooge ,,saw ,,bob ,,crat*it',s ,,home4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,xmas d9n]1 ,a1 0 photograph$ ) ! space at "r4 ,on ! second film ,scrooge & ! _s1 ,b1 7 obta9$4 ,^! two films 7 plac$ toge!r = pr9t+ ! complete picture1 ,c4 ,! /range effects produc$ 9 ! wit*'s cave 7 obta9$ bo? by d\ble pr9t+ & ! 8/op motion10 z well z by ! manipulation ( ! /op 9 ! l5s4 ,! conv]sion ( ! captur$ lady into a wit* 0 accompli%$ by /opp+ ! cam]a2 & :ile ! l5s 0 cov]$ by ! %utt]1 introduc+ a second actress1 already made up1 :o /epp$ into ! position occupi$ by ! lady1 :ile ! latt] quickly left ! /age4 ,! o!r actors ma9ta9$ a rigid position :ile ! cam]a l5s 0 clos$ & ! sub/itution took place4 ,! conv]sion ( ! wit* into a roll ( c>pet 0 effect$ 9 a simil> way4 ,:5 ! 8/op0 call 0 giv5 ! wit* disappe>$ f ! /age1 & a roll ( c>pet took h] place4 ,! j\rney ( ! lov]s ?r\gh space ^u ! magic c>pet 0 c>ri$ out by ! manipulation ( ! ris+ & fall+ l5s already describ$4 ,:5 ! solution ( ! baffl+ trick is giv5 x appe>s absurdly simple1 b ! elaboration ( ! idea entail$ sev]al weeks' prep>ation1 comb9$ ) h>d ?9k+ on ! "p ( ! produc]s1 :ile ! film+ alone occupi$ sev]al days4 ,paul's /udio 0 excell5tly adapt$ to produc+ /range v>iations 9 /ature4 ,he c\ld make a giant or ,lilliputian at w4 ,! cam]a 0 m\nt$ ^u a special trolley1 :i* c\ld be mov$ =w>ds & backw>ds 9 relation to ! /age ov] a pair ( rails simil> to a railway track4 ,! clos] ! cam]a 0 to ! /age ! l>g] 7 ! figures4 ,a photograph at a di/ance ( fifte5 feet pres5t$ p ( normal height4 ,b :5 ! cam]a 0 advanc$ close to ! /age ! play]s photograph$ 7 ( imm5se /ature1 an effect emphasis$ /ill fur!r :5 "o film 0 pr9t$ ov] ! o!r4 ,by v>y+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! cam]a & ! /age ,paul produc$ "s delightful results4 ,"o picture 0 call$ 8,! ,*eese ,mites10 or 8,lilliputians 9 a ,london ,re/aurant40 ,a travell] ent]$ a caf & took 8 seat be=e a w9d[4 ,:5 he _h f9i%$ 8 meal ! wait] br\ght him a mug ( be]1 out ( :i*1 to ! int5se surprise ( ! travell]1 a little sailor ab\t six in*es 9 height climb$ & execut$ a hornpipe on ! d9]'s plate4 ,! sailor !n w5t to ! *eese1 :i* 0 ab\t 8 own height1 & produc$ a lady !refrom4 ,! sailor & ! lass 7 engag$ 9 an animat$ conv]sation :5 ano!r little man appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,! two m5 ultimately qu>rell$ & !re 0 a spirit$ conte/4 ,?is introduction to mod]n ,lilliput is simple to expla94 ,on "o film ! d9] & 8 actions 7 photograph$1 ! cam]a be+1 say1 fifte5 feet di/ant4 ,aft] ?is film 0 secur$ a second film 0 made ( ! ,lilliputians1 :o1 ( c\rse1 7 n midgets1 b p ( normal /ature4 ,!y act$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( neutral t9t2 b ! cam]a 0 set ab\t #aej feet f ! /age1 & a long-focus l5s 0 us$4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! figures appe>$ v t9y ^u ! second film1 s t :5 ! two films 7 sup]impos$ = ! purposes ( pr9t+ ! positive ! contra/ betwe5 ! d9] & ! sailors 0 /rangely impressive1 ! latt] be+ no tall] ?an ! jug ^u ! table4 ,"s v a/oni%+ results c be obta9$ by ?is sup]pr9t+ op]ation1 ei!r /raight=w>dly or 9 comb9ation ) ! v>iation 9 ! photographic range z describ$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,! soldi] dy+ on ! battlefield sees 8 home & "m 9 a dream :i* occupies ! :ole ( "o corn] ( ! picture2 !re is ! vision ( ,m>ley's ,gho/1 & s on4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ,paul's simple trick subjects 0 a film illu/rat+ ! song 8,ora ,pro ,nobis10 :]e9 ! />v+1 ill-clad orphan 0 se5 to s9k 9 collapse 9 ! sn[ outside ! *ur* door1 ! climax be+ ! dea? ( ! waif & ! desc5t ( ! angel to receive & be> h] _s heav5w>ds4 ,?is 0 effect$ purely by d\ble pr9t+1 ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ action ( ! angel be+ c>ri$ out by means ( ! ge>-op]at$ fall+ & ris+ l5s ( ! cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy1 ,r4 ,w4 ,paul4 8,,ora ,,pro ,,nobis0 ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,0 ,,produc$4 ,! sc5e ,a 0 fir/ record$ ^u a film2 !n ,b 0 c9ematograph$1 ! angel & *ild be+ tak5 aga9/ a neutral backgr\nd4 ,a special device provid$ ! asc5d+ movem5t ( ! angel ) ! _s ( ! waif4 ,by plac+ ,b ov] ,a 9 pr9t+ ! result ,c 0 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ,r4 ,w4 ,paul4 ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,haunt$ ,,curiosity ,,%op4 ,! sc5e1 ,a1 0 photograph$ fir/1 ! black space repres5t+ ! int]ior ( a w>drobe4 ,ano!r film1 ,b1 0 made ( ! skeleton aga9/ a neutral backgr\nd4 ,:5 ! two films 7 sup]impos$ & pr9t$ ! skeleton appe>$ to be imprison$ )9 ! cupbo>d ^u ! positive1 ,c4 8,! ,haunt$ ,curiosity ,%op0 0 a well-execut$ & />tl+ trick film4 ,a float+ skull 0 trans=m$ into ! bu/ ( a *>m+ lady1 :ile ! second half ( ! body walk$ 9 & atta*$ itself to ! upp] half4 ,! deal] attempt$ to grasp 8 /range visitor ar\nd ! wai/ ) a view to /eal+ a kiss1 b to 8 disgu/ ! fair damsel *ang$ into a gr9n+ negress4 ,9 ang] he ?ru/ h] into an old w>drobe1 :]e %e became :ite aga94 ,! outl9e ( ! fair prison] c\ld be se5 ?r\gh ! woodwork ( ! cupbo>d2 *ang+ fir/ into an ,egyptian mummy1 !n a liv+ ,egyptian1 & next into a skeleton4 ,! deal] made a lunge at ! skeleton ) a sword1 b ! weapon /ruck ! brea/-plate ( a man 9 arm\r4 ,! latt] 0 !n torn limb f limb1 & ! dismemb]$ body 0 ?r[n into a huge j>1 f :i* rose ?ree gnomes1 :o f9ally resolv$ !mselves into "o4 ,he 0 ?ru/ back into ! j>1 & a d5se cl\d ( smoke rose1 f :i* ! deal] fl$ 9 t]ror1 :ile a l>ge head appe>$ f ! smoke & advanc$ t[>ds ! audi5ce4 ,?is picture 0 produc$ by rec\rse to 8/op-motion0 & d\ble pr9t+4 ,! *anges f :ite woman to negress1 mummy1 ,egyptian1 skeleton1 & man 9 arm\r1 7 produc$ by sub/itution :ile ! l5s 0 clos$ by ! %utt]4 ,! space indicat$ by ! w>drobe 0 a recess hav+ a black back-clo?1 aga9/ :i* ! skeleton 0 photograph$1 & :i* :5 ! two negatives 7 sup]impos$ 0 %[n to be /&+ be=e ! a/oni%$ deal]4 ,! photographs ( ! girl 7 tak5 ) ! w>drobe doors op5 & well-expos$1 s z to obta9 a /rong image1 :i* c\ld be se5 ?r\gh ! o!r film %[+ ! w>drobe doors clos$4 ,! dismemb]m5t ( ! man 9 arm\r 0 c>ri$ out ) prop]ties1 :ile ! grotesque head 0 obta9$ by br++ ! cam]a )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! /age s z to secure an enl>g$ photograph ( an actor made up to suit ! "p4 8,! 787 ,motori/0 0 an extraord9>y example ( ,paul's h&iwork4 ,! effects 7 s />tl+ & ! situations s unconv5tional t ! spectators 7 sorely puzzl$ z well z va/ly ent]ta9$4 ,! picture op5s ) a motori/ & a lady ent]+ a small two-seat$ c>4 ,!y set (f1 b pres5tly a policeman attempts to /op !m4 ,he is pick$ up & dropp$ ov] ! back ( ! automobile4 ,! motori/ cont9ues on 8 way1 ) ! (f5d$ emiss>y ( ! law 9 pursuit4 ,pres5tly a public-h\se b>s ! road1 b ! c>1 on rea*+ ! ob/ruction1 runs up ! wall1 to ! dismay ( a l>ge cr[d1 & %oots into space4 ,)\t a pause x spe$s ov] ! cl\ds1 visits ! sun1 :i* x circles calmly1 & once m sw++ into space runs ov] ! cl\ds until x rea*es ,saturn4 ,! r+ r\nd ?is planet con/itutes an ideal motor track1 ar\nd :i* ! automobile ru%es 9 mad glee4 ,f9ally x %oots (f ?is unusual highway & drops ?r\gh space1 to cra% into a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,aft] /rik+ t]ra firma 9 ?is unconv5tional mann]1 ! c> cont9ues its j\rney out ( ! build+1 foll[$ by policem51 magi/rate1 & o!r (ficials4 ,to _! amazem5t1 h[ev]1 j z !y are ab\t to arre/ ! del9qu5t x vani%es1 leav+ 9 its place a c\ntryman's c>t1 9 :i* a smock-frock$ f>m] & 8 wife are seat$4 ,:5 ! pursu]s are at a safe di/ance1 ! c>t *anges back to ! motor1 & makes good its escape4 ,! po9t beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! public 0 ! j\rney ( ! motor across ! cl\ds & r\nd ! sun & ,saturn4 ,x look$ precisely z if ! planets & ! c> 7 view$ ?r\gh a telescope4 ,to get ?is effect models 7 us$4 ,a suitable back-clo? 0 prep>$ pa9t$ ) cl\ds1 />s1 ! planets1 etc4 ,on ! /age a l>ge model 0 set up to repres5t ,saturn ) its r+4 ,a small model ( a motor-c> 0 prep>$1 9 :i* two dolls repres5t+ ! motori/ & 8 companion 7 plac$1 & propell$ r\nd ! r+ at increas+ spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,motor+ r\nd ! r+ ( ,saturn4 ,illu/ration3 ,! c> circl+ ! sun4 ,,! 8 ,,motori/--,a ,,/>tl+ ,,trick ,,picture4 ,bo? c> & planets 7 small models4 ,a model ( ! sun 0 susp5d$ ^u ! /age be=e ! back-clo?4 ,! model ( ! c> 0 atta*$ to an arm1 :i* 0 pivot$ to ! back ( ! sun1 l a clock h&1 s t ! :eels ( ! model c> re/$ on ! circumf]5ce ( ! model ( ! planet4 ,?is 0 revolv$1 !reby sw++ ! motor-c> r\nd & r\nd1 convey+ ! impression t ! c> 0 travell+ r\nd ! sph]e "u its own p[]4 ,= ! j\rney ?r\gh ! cl\ds ! model ( ! c> 0 photograph$ aga9/ a back-clo?4 ,! idea ( fall+ ?r\gh space 0 convey$ by ! manipulation ( ! ris+ & fall+ l5s4 ,! success ( ?is novel trick film prompt$ _m imitations4 ,work+ ) models1 h[ev]1 is by no means a simple op]ation1 because1 unless !y are prep>$ & manipulat$ v skilfully1 ! deception is palpable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,animat$ ,,swords4 ,! public is my/ifi$ by ! mann] 9 :i* inanimate objects app>5tly come to life4 ,?is picture %[s "o means ( accompli%+ ?is end4 ,! swords are manipulat$ by invisible wires1 indicat$ 9 ?is illu/ration to %[ me?od ( application4--,see page #bji4 ,ano!r ( ,paul's films 0 ! repres5tation ( a railway collision4 ,! sc5e repres5t$ a s+le railway l9e ?read+ m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,a goods tra9 came 9 sight & ov]%ot ! dang] signal4 ,an attempt 0 made to back ! tra91 b be=e x c\ld rea* safety an express da%$ f ! tunnel ahead & cra%$ into ! /ation>y tra91 precipitat+ a sc5e ( wreckage4 ,c>riages1 locomotives1 & goods wagons 7 hurl$ d[n ! embankm5t & pil$ ^u "o ano!r by ! =ce ( ! impact4 ,_m p :o saw ?is film m>vell$ at ,paul's good =tune 9 be+ on ! sc5e to photograph su* a disa/]4 ,!y 7 conv9c$ t x 0 g5u9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! sc5e ( ! accid5t 0 a field1 9 :i* ! sc5]y 0 erect$ ) consid]able c>e1 & a long l5g? ( model railway track 0 laid d[n1 :ile ! tra9s 7 good toy models4 ,! film only measur$ =ty feet1 z x 0 design$ orig9ally = ! k9etoscope2 b its popul>ity 0 s complete t x 0 adopt$ ext5sively = ! c9ematograph4 ,c]ta9ly x produc$ =ty ( ! mo/ ?rill+ seconds x is possible to conceive1 = ! disa/] 0 p]fect 9 its swiftness & wreckage2 & ! c9ematograph film images be+ less %>p & decisive ?an ^? obta9$ by a h& cam]a1 ! illusion 0 convey$ v conv9c+ly4 ,scores ( trick pictures ( inf9ite v>iety 7 produc$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,paul dur+ 8 active connection ) ! c9ematograph indu/ry4 ,9 common ) o!r produc]s ( trick films1 ,paul f\nd t ! "t involv$ 9 _! production 0 out ( all proportion to ! f9ancial results4 ,x 0 no uncommon circum/ance = a subject approximat+ #ajj feet 9 l5g? to absorb a week or m ( cont9u\s "w4 ,moreov]1 8 mo/ successful subjects 7 seiz$ by ,am]ican h\ses & 8dup$0--z unau?oris$ reproduction is call$ 9 c9ematographic p>lance 9 t c\ntry3 no copyright law exi/$ on ! subject4 ,"s ( ! subjects ?us exploit$ met ) a ph5om5al success1 f :i* he nev] receiv$ ! slighte/ b5efit or ev5 recognition4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$ ,,ii4--,danc+ ,furniture3 ,/r+s1 ,cords & ,wires3 8,! ,magnetic ,g5tleman03 ,! 8,/op & ,sub/itution03 8,! ,automobile ,accid5t03 ,rev]sal ( ,action4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ,mlies & ,paul set a v high /&>d ( excell5ce 9 trick pictures4 ,_! popul>ity precipitat$ a 8trick film0 fev]4 ,! m>ket became inundat$ ) s-call$ magic pictures1 ( :i* ! majority 7 inane or conv5tional4 ,! inevitable happ5$2 ! public appetite became satiat$4 ,consequ5tly1 to-day1 ! popul> ta/e dem&s extreme novelty4 ,unless ! subject is orig9al 9 !me1 & ! atmosph]e ( my/ification is su/a9$1 ! ef=t is reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce1 if n ) absolute contempt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a fir/-class trick film comm&s ! highe/ admiration1 is reg>d$ ) z mu* satisfaction z 7 ! products ( ! pa/ ma/]s 9 c9ematographic magic ( fifte5 ye>s ago1 & :5 once se5 is n =gott5 v readily4 ,!re are c]ta9 produc]s :o specialise 9 trick films ) consid]able success2 b _! numb] is small4 ,on ! o!r h&1 trick devices are introduc$ to a consid]able ext5t into ! ord9>y picture play4 ,i recall a film :i* depict$ a sc5e at sea1 :]e ! vessel ^u :i* ! action took place 0 %[n roll+ & plung+ 9 a truly appall+ mann]1 & 0 swept f /em to /]n "t aft] "t by ! angry waves & scud4 ,wond] & admiration 7 express$ by ! public at ! d>+ ( ! produc] 9 v5tur+ ^u a small boat "u su* t]rible climatic conditions m]ely to procure a s5sational picture4 ,t sc5e 0 produc$ 9 ! s]5ity & quietness ( ! glass-cov]$ /udio "u ! gl>e ( electric lights4 ,! boat deck 0 a /age prop]ty1 compris+ a plat=m built to resemble ! deck ( an actual vessel1 m\nt$ ^u roll]s 9 su* a way t :5 ! latt] 7 set 9 motion ! boat 0 caus$ to rock1 roll1 & pit* 9 ! mo/ al>m+ mann]4 ,! angry waves se5 on ! horizon z ! craft dipp$ its nose or rose ^u a cre/ 7 no m ?an back-clo?s & flats work$ out by ! sc5e pa9t]1 & set up by ! /age c>p5t]1 :ile ! driv+ spray & wat] came f no?+ m =midable ?an hydrants4 ,beh9d ! prop]ty boat deck1 & dispos$ 9 conceal$ positions1 7 /age h&s1 equipp$ ) hoses & nozzles4 ,by manipulat+ ^! /reams ( wat] dext]\sly z ! craft dipp$1 ! jets ( wat] 7 play$ ^u its sides at v>y+ angles1 caus+ ! foam+ liquid to %oot into ! air to produce ! precise effect ( a roll+ boat dropp+ into ! tr\gh ( ! sea & sma%+ into an angry wave 9 its desc5t4 ,! company suff]$ a sev]e dr5*+1 x is true1 & "o ( ! actresses 0 afflict$ ) an acute attack ( mal-de-m] provok$ by ! viol5t movem5t ( ! plat=m6 ,9 ano!r in/ance ! public 0 %[n a seaport t[n bomb>d$ by a ho/ile cruis]4 ,9 ! =egr\nd 7 two big guns on ! vessel's deck1 :ile 9 ! di/ance 0 ! t[n4 ,!re 0 a puff ( smoke1 & ! next in/ant ! build+s /ruck by ! projectile 7 obs]v$ to crumble into heaps ( debris4 ,! illusion 0 produc$ v simply4 ,! big guns 7 fabrications ( wood5 la?s & pa9t$ canvas1 ! smoke 0 a cl\d ( /eam1 & ! build+s collaps$ because !y 7 built up ) h+$ sections1 :i* 7 pull$ d[n at ! critical mom5t by means ( conceal$ wires & cords1 controll$ f ! back ( ! /age4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,gaumont ,company1 ( ,london & ,p>is1 :o are 9 ! front rank ( ma/]s 9 film magic1 at all ev5ts z f> z ,europe is conc]n$1 ,i h be5 all[$ to g beh9d ! sc5es 9 _! /udio1 & am 9 a position to expla9 to a puzzl$ public ! secret ( _m an app>5t miracle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,travell+ ,,b$4 ,! progress ( ! b$ d[n ! public /reet provokes amusem5t to ! p$e/rians & con/]nation to its own]1 b its movem5t is due to ! fact t x is be+ pu%$ by conceal$ /age h&s4 ,! film call$ 8,! ,travell+ ,b$0 is a typical subject ( my/ification4 ,an ag$ t5ant has fall5 into arre>s ) 8 r5t1 & ! long-suff]+ l&lord at la/ comm&s 8 eviction4 ,! bailiffs duly arrive ^u ! sc5e1 b are sp>$ all tr\ble by ! fact t directly !y appe> ! *airs1 table1 & o!r articles bur/ into life4 ,!y move ab\t ! room1 & f9ally file out ( ! door1 9 ! mo/ me?odical mann]1 to pass 9 a procession into ! /reet4 ,mean:ile ! unhappy t5ant is recl9+ ^u 8 b$ 9 ! dep?s ( despair4 ,he has no home & does n "k :]e to se>* = "o4 ,! b$1 h[ev]1 promptly sets out to solve ! problem4 ,x be>s its own] into ! public highway4 ,! own] is ov]:elm$ ) fright & dismay at ! unexpect$ developm5t1 & indulges 9 frantic ge/iculations z ! b$ cant]s m]rily d[n ! c5tre ( ! road1 ) ! pass]s-by pursu+ ! unusual spectacle4 ,! my/]y ( ! ,travell+ ,b$ is easily expla9$4 ,x moves = ! simple reason t x is pu%$ f beh9d by /age h&s4 ,^! m5 are conceal$ f ! cam]a1 :i* m]ely records ! movem5t ( ! b$1 ! al>m ( ! own]1 & ! excitem5t ( ! cr[d4 ,?is is ! simple/ & mo/ usual means ( imp>t+ animation to a lifeless object4 ,) su* an article z a *air1 :i* _c hide a /age h&1 rec\rse has to be made to wires or /r+s manipulat$ f a po9t 9 ! w+s1 ?is be+ contriv$ 9 su* a way z to be invisible to ! public4 ,= in/ance1 a g5d>me is a/oni%$ to see 8 sword :isk$ away f him4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s precisely h[ ?is is accompli%$1 ! cords responsible = ! action be+ made visible purposely to expla9 ! my/]y1 :]eas 9 ! actual film ^! /r+s w\ld be impossible ( detection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,g5tleman4 ,! man-hole cov] rises to pursue1 & ! lamp-po/ cra%es ov] to /rike ! actor by ! aid ( wires1 a common exp$i5t 9 trick c9ematography4--,see page #baj4 ,!re is no limitation to ! v>iety ( effects :i* c be produc$ by ! invisible m$ium ( cords1 /r+s1 & wires4 ,probably _! possibilities are reveal$ to ! mo/ pron\nc$ degree 9 su* a film z 8,! ,magnetic ,g5tleman40 ,?is un=tunate individual has be5 ! victim ( an attack by ,p>is ,apa*es1 & =?) v[s nev] to v5ture ?r\gh ! /reets aga9 )\t a protective coat ( mail b5ea? 8 conv5tional wai/coat4 ,b he un9t5tionally comes into close proximity to a dynamo1 ) ! result t 8 protective coat becomes highly magnetis$4 ,z he passes %ops :]e metallic articles are display$ = sale1 !y jump t[>ds him & cl+ t5aci\sly to 8 p]son4 ,to "o & all ( ^! articles ?9 wires or /r+s are atta*$1 ! free ends ( :i* are held ei!r by /age h&s or by ! magnetic g5tleman himself4 ,at ! critical mom5t ! cords are pull$1 & z ! wires /ret* across ! pa? along :i* ! magnetic g5tleman is pass+ !y appe> to jump t[>ds him4 ,! articles :i* actually adh]e to 8 p]son are connect$ to cords held by ! actor himself1 :o m]ely pulls !m to him z he passes ! %ops4 ,pres5tly ! magnetic g5tleman passes ov] a man-hole cov] set 9 ! middle ( ! pavem5t4 ,to ! amazem5t ( ! audi5ce1 ! cov] is se5 to rise up on its edge & to b[l along ! /reet 9 pursuit ( its di/urb+ factor4 ,! cov] is a /age prop]ty made ( wood1 manipulat$ by wires controll$ by ! actor4 ,:5 ! cov] is rais$ !re is a %ort 8/op0 :ile a /age h& ent]s ! picture to give ! cov] its hoop-l impetus necess>y to />t x roll+1 ! actor !n pull+ x along by means ( a wire1 s t ! cov] foll[s h>d on ! heels ( ! luckless individual1 until its c>e] is arre/$ by two workm51 :o /ruggle ) ! /range runaway4 ,illu/ration3 ,! pursu+ man-hole cov] is a wood5 prop]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,! lamp-po/ is a /age article h+$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,magnetic ,,g5tleman ,,trick ,,film ,,0 ,,produc$4 ,b ! magnetic g5tleman's misadv5tures h by no means end$4 ,he is pass+ a lamp-po/1 :5 sudd5ly ! metal1 attract$ by ! coat ( mail1 endeav\rs to jump t[>ds him1 ) ! result t ! po/ snaps 9 twa94 ,! lamp-po/ is a dummy or /age prop]ty1 h+$ at ab\t half ( its height s z to p]mit ! upp] "p to heel ov] l a flap4 ,wires are atta*$ to ! upp] half1 & z ! individual passes !y are giv5 a %>p tug f ! /age h&s /ation$ outside ! picture1 or by ! actor himself1 & x falls ov]4 ,9 su* in/ances z ^! ! deception is improv$ by ! sc5es be+ enact$ 9 ! public /reets4 ,e action appe>s to be c>ri$ out s naturally1 & ! prop]ties are design$ s well & manipulat$ s c>efully at ! critical mom5ts1 t ! spectators are l$ to believe 9 ! actuality ( ! episodes4 ,( c\rse1 a film ( ?is "* dem&s consid]able prep>ation1 & photograph+ x occupies a long "t4 ,! picture is built up incid5t by incid5t1 9 ! same way t a picture play is produc$1 !re be+ an int]val ( "t betwe5 ea* s]ies ( exposures to p]mit ! arrangem5ts = ! next episode to be made2 & ea* phase is rehe>s$ ov] & ov] aga9 be=e be+ film$4 ,:5 ! pieces ( film are connect$ to =m a complete b&1 ! cont9uity 9 action is s p]fect t ! public is unable to detect ! po9ts :]e ! sequ5ce 0 int]rupt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trick ,,picture--,,! ,,automobile ,,accid5t4 ,! actor be+ replac$ by ! legless cripple ) ! dummy legs4 ,a film :i* creat$ a s5sation :5 x appe>$ 0 ! 8,automobile ,accid5t40 ,a workman1 :o has imbib$ n wisely b too well1 is homew>d b\nd1 & describes grotesque geometrical patt]ns z he advances along ! ?or\ghf>e4 ,pres5tly he is smitt5 ) an irresi/ible desire to sleep4 ,al?\gh ! c\* is h>d & dang]\s he lies d[n 9 ! middle ( ! road1 & 9 a few seconds is 9 ! arms ( ,morpheus4 ,:ile he is sleep+ peacefully a taxi-cab comes along at a sm>t pace1 &1 n obs]v+ ! slumb]+ =m ( ! roy/]]1 ! *auffeur drives ov] him1 cutt+ (f bo? 8 legs4 ,! %ock awakes ! man rudely1 & he is surpris$ to f9d 8 l[] limbs scatt]$ across ! roadway4 ,! *auffeur is horrifi$ by ! un=tunate accid5t2 b 8 f>e1 on ! contr>y1 a doctor1 is n mu* p]turb$4 ,he desc5ds f 8 c>riage1 picks up ! dismemb]$ limbs1 replaces !m 9 position1 assi/s ! afflict$ man to 8 feet1 & aft] %ak+ h&s ea* proce$s on 8 sep>ate way1 ! workman resum+ 8 j\rney z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trick ,,picture--,,! ,,automobile ,,accid5t4 ,! taxi-cab runn+ ov] ! sleep] & app>5tly cutt+ (f 8 legs1 b 9 reality displac+ ! legless cripple's prop]ty limbs4 ,! requirem5ts = ?is t]rible calamity 7 v few4 ,!y consi/$ ( ?ree actors1 to take ! p>ts ( ! intoxicat$ workman1 ! driv]1 & ! doctor respectively2 a cripple :o _h lo/ bo? legs ?r\gh an accid5t1 & = prop]ties a taxi-cab & a c\ple ( artificial limbs4 ,! legless cripple is1 ( c\rse1 ! key to ! :ole situation4 ,! great difficulty 0 to f9d su* a luckless individual1 &1 :5 he _h be5 discov]$1 to bribe him to p>ticipate 9 a picture play4 ,probably ! un=tunate _h nev] be=e f\nd 8 mis=tune s pr(itable to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,obs]v+ ! effects ( ! disa/]1 ! doctor proce$s to replace ! sev]$ legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,automobile ,,accid5t4 ,! limbs replac$1 ! pati5t & doctor %ake h&s4 ,9 a trick film l ?is1 success dep5ds ess5tially ^u :at may be describ$ z ! 8,/op & ,sub/itution0 action4 ,:5 ! legless cripple 0 f\nd1 ! lead+ actor 0 made up 9 su* a mann] z to be 8 exact c\nt]p>t4 ,! company !n proce$$ to ! sc5e ( ! accid5t1 :i* 0 9 ! ,bois de ,v9c5nes4 ,! cam]a 0 set up & ! produc] outl9$ ! /ory to ! p>ticipants4 ,9 tak+ ! film ! op]ations 7 z foll[s3 ,! lead+ actor1 dress$ l a ,fr5* workman1 ambl$ d[n ! road simulat+ inebriation1 & pres5tly prep>$ 8 c\* 9 ! du/4 ,:ile he 0 ly+ prone & asleep1 ! taxi-cab drove up quickly 9 su* a way z to run ov] ! sleep]'s legs j above ! knees4 ,( c\rse1 ?is did n actually take place1 ! *auffeur draw+ up a %ort di/ance f ! pro/rate =m4 ,at precisely ?is po9t ! cam]a /opp$ work+1 & ! cab sl[ly cont9u$ its way until its front :eels t\*$ ! pro/rate man's legs at ! requir$ po9t4 ,! tracks ( ! vehicle's :eels 7 pla9ly visible on ! road4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trick ,,picture--,,! ,,automobile ,,accid5t4 ,! roy/]] aft] be+ run ov] by ! taxi-cab sitt+ up & br&i%+ 8 sev]$ limbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,! legless cripple be+ prep>$ = ! act4 ,! second arti/ is made up z ! cripple's d\ble4 ,at ?is juncture ! produc] /epp$ =w>d ) ! legless cripple m\nt$ on 8 self-propell$ :eel$ truck1 f :i* he 0 lift$4 ,! pr9cipal actor n[ got up & left ! sc5e4 ,! cripple took 8 place 9 ! road1 & ! artificial legs 7 laid aga9/ 8 /umps 9 a natural position4 ,c>e _h to be tak5 t ! cripple occupi$ exactly ! same position z t ( ! actor he _h displac$1 s t no sign ( ! sub/itution c\ld be obs]v$ on ! film4 ,! cab 0 n[ back$ to its =m] />t+ po9t & !n re-/>t$1 ! *auffeur mak+ x foll[ ! tracks made by 8 :eels on ! =m] j\rney4 ,z ! automobile rea*$ ! po9t :]e x _h /opp$ 9 ! previ\s picture1 ! cam]a />t$ work+ aga91 & ! cab ran ov] ! pro/rate cripple1 cutt+ (f bo? 8 legs--9 reality displac+ ! dummy limbs & tumbl+ !m across ! road4 ,sudd5ly awak5$ 9 ?is r\gh mann]1 ! sleep] beholds 8 sev]$ limbs ) dismay1 & !n hops aft] ! vehicle :i* _h be5 ! cause ( 8 disa/]4 ,! cab /ops1 ! doctor alights1 picks up ! sev]$ limbs1 &1 :ile ! cripple is seat$ on ! gr\nd1 re/ores ! displac$ artificial limbs to _! natural positions4 ,! cam]a n[ /opp$ work+ once m4 ,! cripple 0 re/or$ to 8 :eel$ c>riage & transport$ out ( ! picture1 :ile ! dummy legs 7 ?r[n on "o side4 ,9 ! place ( ! cripple ! pr9cipal actor reappe>$1 & :5 ! cam]a />t$ aga9 x photograph$ him sitt+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,he is help$ to 8 feet & resumes 8 j\rney4 ,9 ?is picture we h se5 two 8/op & sub/itution0 movem5ts1 once :5 ! pr9cipal actor 0 )drawn f ! sc5e to make way = ! legless cripple1 & aga9 :5 ! rev]se *ange 0 made4 ,ow+ to ! neat & skilful mann] 9 :i* ! *ange f ! actor to ! cripple1 & back f ! cripple to ! actor1 is effect$1 ! public fails to obs]ve ei!r ! /op or ! sub/itution1 & ?9ks t "o man act$ ! rle ?r\gh\t4 ,! fact t ! accid5t occurs on ! high-road1 & ! possibility ( a man be+ run ov] 9 ?is mann]1 helps 9 ! deception4 ,! 8/op & sub/itution0 movem5t is probably practis$ m ext5sively ?an any o!r artifice 9 c9ematography4 ,9 picture dramas :]e a situation is pres5t$ su* z ! ?r[+ ( ! villa9 ov] a cliff1 or be=e an approa*+ tra91 or "s o!r sc5e impossible to picture )\t sacrifice ( life1 ! cam]a is /opp$ imm$iately be=e ! incid5t4 ,! actors engag$ 9 ! sc5e become root$ to ! spot :5 ! 8/op0 call is giv51 signify+ ! fact t ! cam]a has ceas$ its purr+4 ,at ?is juncture ! villa9 disappe>s f ! picture1 a lay or dummy figure be+ sub/itut$ = him4 ,:5 ! cam]a resumes op]ation ! episode is complet$ ) ! dummy4 ,p]haps ! be/ example ( ?is exp$i5t is t repres5t$ 9 ! film illu/rat+ ! 8,f\nta9 ( ,y\?10 a v]sion ( ! fable 9 :i* a begg> woman is trans=m$ sudd5ly into a beautiful maid5 by ! kiss ( a "y gallant ( good he>t4 ,a *ivalr\s "y pr9ce is /roll+ ?r\gh a wood :5 he is confront$ by an old & wr9kl$ wit*1 :o makes supplication to him4 ,9 an in/ant ! audi5ce realises t h] sombre g>m5ts h left h] = bright] attire1 & t ! hagg>d face has be5 conv]t$ into y\?ful beauty4 ,?is wond]ful trans=mation is work$ by rec\rse to ! 8/op & sub/itution0 action4 ,aft] ! 8/op0 call is giv5 & :ile ! l5s is clos$ by ! %utt] ! hag leaves ! sc5e1 a "y actress1 suitably attir$1 assumes h] position1 ! actor reta9+ 8 position :ile ! *ange is effect$4 ,z ! new actress assumes ! exact pose ( ! wit* :5 ! cam]a />ts aga91 !re is a complete cont9uity ( action record$1 & ! audi5ce _c detect t a pause & *ange has tak5 place betwe5 ! two consecutive pictures4 ,! 8/op0 movem5t is1 z a rule1 ! secret to all in/antane\s disappe>ances4 ,x enables p 9 ! sc5e to vani% & reappe> app>5tly f space4 ,x expla9s ! wre/l+ mat*1 9 :i* ! audi5ce is />tl$ to see t ! *all5g] has disappe>$ sudd5ly--leav+ 8 antagoni/ wre/l+ ) ! air--only to reappe> j z />tl+ly 9 ano!r "p ( ! picture4 ,:5 ! "t arrives ! 8/op0 call is giv54 ,! disappe>+ actor slips out ( ! sc5e1 :ile e o!r holds ! position 9 :i* he has be5 caught by ! la/ exposure4 ,:5 ! cam]a is re-/>t$ & ! actors cont9ue _! movem5ts1 ! wre/l] proce$s z if gripp+ an oppon5t4 ,:5 ! 8/op0 call is giv5 aga9 a little lat]1 ! elusive oppon5t /eps into ! picture once m1 assumes a suitable attitude1 & 8 movem5ts are cont9u$ :5 ! cam]a resumes op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,y\?4 ,! film is /opp$ betwe5 pictures #b & #c to p]mit ! actress to *ange h] co/ume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pumpk9s ,,runn+ ,,uphill4 ,?is unusual effect is obta9$ by runn+ ! film backw>ds ?r\gh ! projector4 ,,! 8,,/op ,,& ,,sub/itution10 ,,& 8,,rev]sal ,,( ,,action0 ,,trick ,,practices4 ,! p[] to /op ! cam]a & arre/ ! action at any po9t provides ! trick-film mak] ) b\ndless possibilities :i* are d5i$ to 8 contempor>y beh9d ! footlights4 ,on ! legitimate /age ! sudd5 disappe>ance & appe>ance has to be made ?r\gh a trap door1 &1 no matt] h[ sm>tly ! op]ation may be p]=m$1 ! public nev]!less sees ! action tak+ place4 ,9 ! mov+-picture record n ! slighte/ trace ( ! movem5t c be not$4 ,! actor is se5 9 "o picture & is miss+ f ! next4 ,he appe>s to h dissolv$ into ?9 air1 & 8 reappe>ance is j z magically produc$4 ,?is my/ification ( ! public is r5d]$ all ! m complete by ! environm5t 9 :i* ! action is photograph$4 ,:5 p]=m$ by a magician or illusioni/ on ! /age1 ! public naturally ?9ks t x has be5 effect$ by ! m$ium ( a trap door or "s o!r artifice4 ,:5 ! magic takes place 9 ! public /reet1 :]e no su* trick facilities exi/1 ! natural surr\nd+s l5d ! la/ t\* to ! illusion4 ,ano!r class ( picture :i* causes consid]able speculation z to h[ x is contriv$ is t 9 :i* all natural action becomes rev]s$4 ,horses1 cabs1 omnibuses1 motor-c>s1 & cycles run backw>ds1 p$e/rians walk backw>ds1 & smoke1 in/ead ( escap+ f a *imney1 appe>s to fl[ into x4 ,ev]y?+ is topsy-turvy3 ! laws ( gravitation appe> to be defi$4 ,?is novel result is produc$ by 8rev]sal ( action40 ,! action may be photograph$ 9 ! natural =w>d mann]1 b :5 ! film is plac$ 9 ! projector1 ! la/ picture tak5 by ! cam]a is %[n fir/1 & consequ5tly all movem5t becomes rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag--,,! 8,,empire0 ,,trick ,,cam]a4 ,x c be turn$ upside d[n :ile ! film c be driv5 bo? =w>ds & backw>ds4 ,obvi\sly ! task c\ld be simplifi$ if ! travel ( ! film 7 rev]s$ ?r\gh ! cam]a dur+ exposure1 b 9 ord9>y circum/ances ?is w\ld involve rotat+ ! h&le 9 ! rev]se direction1 & cause un/ead9ess 9 ! picture4 ,h[ev]1 ! cam]a manufactur] has solv$ ?is problem4 ,:5 a rev]s$ motion is requir$1 ! cam]a may be inv]t$ ^u its tripod1 bo? top & bottom faces hav+ facilities = screw+ to ! turn-table4 ,:5 ! cam]a is set upside d[n1 ! h&le is rotat$ 9 ! natural =w>d mann]1 b z ! film is travell+ backw>ds pa/ ! l5s all movem5t is rev]s$4 ,by ?is means ! necessity to run ! film backw>ds ?r\gh ! projector is avoid$4 ,x is n ev5 necess>y to turn ! cam]a upside d[n n[4 ,"s manufactur]s provide a second driv+ sp9dle1 on to :i* ! h&le is slipp$ & rotat$ 9 ! usual mann]1 ! film be+ caus$ to travel backw>ds ?r\gh rev]se ge>+4 ,"s a/oni%+ & highly +5i\s pictures c be obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,= ! purposes ( illu/rat+ ! subject ,i h tak5 "o ( ! mo/ simple results4 ,x depicts a 8,pumpk9 ,race10 9 :i* ! vegetables are se5 to roll up a slope1 to give "o or two prelim9>y b\nces1 & !n to fly into ! air ?r\gh an op5 w9d[4 ,:5 ?is film 0 tak5 ! pumpk9s 7 ?r[n out ( ! w9d[1 b\nc$ & roll$ d[n ! declivity 9 ! usual mann]1 b z ! film = ! purposes ( ! exposure 0 run backw>ds ?r\gh ! cam]a1 :5 %[n on ! scre5 ! opposite & app>5tly impossible effect is produc$4 ,"s ye>s ago ,mr4 ,james ,williamson produc$ a subject ( ?is class :i* provok$ rem>kable hil>ity4 ,x 0 call$ 8,! ,workman's ,p>adise40 ,a build+ 0 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 & ! bricklay] duly arriv$ ^u ! sc5e to c>ry out 8 task1 b he nev] /irr$ a h&4 ,z he /ood on ! gr\nd ! bricks jump$ by invisible ef=t into ! hod & set !mselves side by side 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann]4 ,!n ! load rose ?r\gh ! air to ! scaffold+2 ! bricks fell f ! hod to ! scaffold floor1 & f9ally leap$ into ! air "o by "o to settle !mselves 9 position ^u ! gr[+ wall4 ,mean:ile ! bricklay] survey$ ! sc5e ) 8 pipe 9 8 m\? & an air ( supreme satisfaction4 ,:5 ! photographs ( ?is picture 7 tak51 ! action 0 j ! rev]se ( t se5 ^u ! scre54 ,! wall 0 /&+1 & ! cam]a 9 reality photograph$ its demolition & ! transport ( ! bricks to ! gr\nd4 ,b ! film 0 run ?r\gh ! cam]a backw>ds1 s t ! la/ picture made became ! fir/ project$ ^u ! scre51 & s on4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$ ,,iii4--,manipulation ( ! film3 ,app>itions & gradual disappe>ances by op5+ & clos+ ! diaphragm ( ! l5s sl[ly3 8,! ,sir503 ,subm>9e effects4 ,!re are _m curi\s & bewild]+ trick effects :i* _c be produc$ by rec\rse to ! me?ods ,i h already describ$4 ,x is impossible to detail e artifice employ$2 = e film possesses "s individual *>act]i/ics4 ,only ! broad outl9es ( ! g5]al processes employ$ c be describ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! *apt]s1 b ! in=mation ?us af=d$ w enable "o to fa?om h[ ! majority ( ^! miracul\s pictures are elaborat$4 ,we h all laugh$ & enjoy$ ! class ( trick-film portray+ frantic ha/e & its concomitant disa/]s or escapades4 ,! sc5e may repres5t a public /reet1 a p>k1 a hotel1 or ev5 a private resid5ce4 ,! fact t ! ord9>y memb]s ( ! public figur+ 9 ! sc5e move at ! normal spe$ ?r[s ! fr5zi$ ha/e ( ! pr9cipal p]=m]s into m /rik+ contra/4 ,i recall two excell5t films ( ?is "*4 ,9 "o case ! /ory repres5t$ ! op]ation ( a wond]ful little ma*9e :i*1 :5 its h&le 0 turn$1 radiat$ a magical influ5ce ( accel]ation ^u ev]yone )9 a c]ta9 range1 precipitat+ ludicr\s incid5ts & situations4 ,"o saw ! vehicles & p$e/rians fly+ along ! cr[d$ ,reg5t ,/reet ( ,p>is ) t]rible spe$4 ,! dawdl+ nursemaid 0 galvanis$ into life :5 ! app>atus 0 br\ght )9 a few feet ( h]--%e ru%$ h] p]ambulator & *>g$ along ! b\lev>d ) ! velocity ( a rac+ c>2 :ile ! err&-boy complet$ 8 duties at ! pace ( an a]oplane1 & s on4 ,mr4 ,james ,williamson 0 responsible = ! second film ( ?is "*1 :i* portray$ ! ,briti% ,workman 8wak+ up0 & becom+ a 8hu/l]0 ( ! fir/ wat]4 ,! bricklay]s ran up & d[n ! ladd]s l squirrels rac+ up a tree1 :ile ! bricks 7 laid s rapidly t "o c\ld n detect ! movem5ts ( ! workman's h&s1 & ! c>p5t] pli$ 8 saw s vigor\sly t x appe>$ to be a m]e /reak ( light4 ,?is peculi> effect may be produc$ easily by ei!r ( two me?ods4 ,"o is to turn ! h&le ( ! cam]a v sl[ly :ile photograph+2 b :5 ! film is be+ %[n to rotate ! h&le ( ! projector at a v high spe$4 ,! result is t ! pace ( e mov+ object 9 ! picture is increas$ ^u projection f\r1 six1 or eight times t record$ by ! cam]a4 ,9 ?is case e mov+ object 9 ! picture moves at ! same pace4 ,!re are no contra/s betwe5 frantic movem5t on ! "p ( "s & sl[1 natural motion on ! "p ( o!r p 9 ! sc5e to enhance ! ludicr\s effect2 moreov]1 ! requir$ result is left v mu* 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator4 ,accord+ly1 ano!r & sup]ior exp$i5t 0 evolv$ & is n[ adopt$ univ]sally4 ,! picture is tak5 at ! normal spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 b ! film ?us obta9$ aft] developm5t is tak5 9 h&1 & its l5g? is r$uc$ by cutt+ out e o!r picture --or p]haps ev5 m4 ,if e alt]nate image is elim9at$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! rema9+ pieces ( film are re-jo9$1 ! l5g? ( ! film is r$uc$ by "o half1 & :5 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 at ! normal spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 ! mov+ objects travel at twice ! spe$ at :i* !y 7 mov+ :5 photograph$4 ,?is removal ( ! images f ! /r+ ( consecutive pictures is kn[n z 8manipulation ( ! film40 ,x is a t$i\s & delicate process1 because jo9+ toge!r prop]ly a s]ies ( images measur+ only ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 dep? dem&s skill & pati5ce4 ,by its means1 h[ev]1 "s bewild]+ effects may be obta9$1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?is film depicts a lad :o has be5 hypnotis$4 ,:5 he ent]s a dwell+ 8 pres5ce sets ! furniture danc+ viol5tly1 :ile a circul> table r\nd :i* f\r p are seat$1 revolves at a dizzy pace4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is film ! table & ^? seat$ ar\nd 7 m\nt$ ^u a pivot$ plat=m free to revolve1 :i* 0 driv5 f b5ea? ! /age or f "s o!r conv5i5t po9t4 ,at ! "r mom5t ! table comm5c$ to sp9 ar\nd--at a comp>atively sl[ pace1 s z n to unseat ! p]=m]s by ! results ( c5trifugal =ce--! cam]a mean:ile record+ ! movem5t4 ,aft] ! film 0 develop$ images 7 cut out at c]ta9 po9ts1 ^! excisions be+ s made z to r$uce ! l5g? ( film devot$ to ! table-sp9n+ incid5t f #ajj feet z record$ by ! cam]a to tw5ty-five feet or s = ! projector4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! film 0 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 at a spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 ! table appe>$ to :iz r\nd at a fe>ful velocity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,revolv+ ,,table4 ,! puzzl+ trick effect ( a table rotat+ at dizzy spe$ is obta9$ by cutt+ out pieces ( ! film4 ,! :ite l9es %[ :]e excisions h be5 made4 ,if d\ble pr9t+ be associat$ ) ?is manipulation ( ! film f> m mir?-provok+ & a/\nd+ situations c be produc$4 ,= in/ance1 su* /ories z t ( ! magical app>atus describ$ above1 :i* spurs into unwont$ velocity ! traffic 9 a cr[d$ /reet1 may be prep>$ z foll[s3--,! cam]a is set up 9 a suitable position ov]look+ ! ?or\ghf>e1 & "o film is tak5 v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! traffic is ei!r abs5t or v insignificant4 ,"h & !re may be a p$e/rian or vehicle1 b _! pres5ce only height5s ! effect4 ,p]haps #abe feet ( film are exp5d$ ^u ?is subject4 ,! cam]a is !n left until lat] 9 ! day1 :5 ! traffic is at its highe/1 & ano!r film is secur$ ( ! n[ busy /reet f ! same po9t ( view4 ,?us ! /ation>y objects--! %ops1 lamp-po/s1 & s =?--occupy ! same relative positions 9 ea* film1 ) ! result t :5 !y are plac$ "o on ! o!r a s+le impression ( ^! fix$1 inanimate objects is obta9$4 ,! second film1 h[ev]1 is long] ?an ! fir/--p]haps x is #bej feet 9 l5g?--b by cutt+ out ea* alt]nate image its l5g? is r$uc$ to #abe feet4 ,! two films are n[ ( ! same l5g?2 "o is plac$ on ! o!r1 & ! positive pr9t is made4 ,:5 ! picture is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ! great] "p ( ! :eel$ traffic is obs]v$ to fly along 9 mad ha/e1 :ile "h & !re a p$e/rian or vehicle is se5 saunt]+ 9 a v leisurely way--almo/ at a crawl by comp>ison4 ,! latt] are ^? photograph$ ^u ! fir/ film :i* has n be5 t\*$1 :ile ! ha/5+ vehicles & p are ^? photograph$ ^u ! second film1 :i* has be5 manipulat$ into half its l5g?4 ,if ! excisions are made m heavily1 & in/ead ( e alt]nate picture be+ cut out1 ?ree out ( f\r consecutive images are elim9at$1 ! results are m ludicr\s /ill4 ,suppose a man is be+ pursu$1 & runs z = de> life2 if #ajj feet ( ?is episode are photograph$1 & ! negative subsequ5tly is r$uc$ to tw5ty-five feet by manipulation1 ! man w n appe> to be runn+ :5 ! picture is %[n ^u ! scre51 b w seem to be elud+ capture by a s]ies ( long hops4 ,9 ?is in/ance two films & sup]pr9t+ are requisite to give ! mo/ satisfactory result1 ! runaway be+ record$ ^u "o film & ! pursu+ cr[d ^u ! second4 ,!n :ile ! man is %[n to be leap+ 9 a mo/ extraord9>y mann] d[n ! /reet1 ! cr[d w be se5 runn+ 9 a p]fectly natural mann]4 ,:]eas ! 8/op0 call is employ$ to effect sudd5 appe>ance or disappe>ance1 a diff]5t me?od is ess5tial = a gradual disappe>ance4 ,let u suppose ! sc5e repres5ts a magic cave 9 :i* ! d>+ "y h]o is imprison$ by ! wick$ magician4 ,in/ead ( ! good fairy spr++ into ! picture ?r\gh a trap-door 9 ! floor ( ! /age1 z is ! practice 9 legitimate pantomime1 %e is se5 to mat]ialise f no?+4 ,! fir/ sign ( h] adv5t is a slight nebul\s haze 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! picture4 ,?is mi/ gr[s /rong] & /rong]1 until at la/ x reveals ! filmy outl9es ( ! fairy1 :o 9 due c\rse becomes z di/9ct & z cle>ly def9$ z ! "y h]o %e has come to assi/4 ,:5 ! mom5t arrives = h] disappe>ance %e vani%es 9 ! same my/]i\s mann]1 h] body seem+ to dissolve into ?9 air4 ,?is app>ition effect always provokes consid]able int]e/ & curiosity4 ,x necessitates ! use ( a cam]a ( su* a design t ! film c be driv5 bo? =w>ds & backw>ds1 in/ead ( 9 ! fir/-nam$ direction only4 ,x mu/ be fitt$ also ) a special measur+ indicator1 & an easily adju/able diaphragm /op to ! l5s4 ,! latt] is ( ! rectil9e> type1 ! results !re) be+ produc$ m easily & positively ?an by any o!r means4 ,all ^! requirem5ts are fulfill$ 9 ! 8trick0 cam]a1 :i* is especially design$ = "w ( ?is "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,fairy',s ,,appe>ance4 #a4 ,:ile a l5g? ( film is be+ expos$ ! diaphragm is clos$ sl[ly4 ,= ! purposes ( expla9+ ?is op]ation ,i h obta9$ ?ree films 7see illu/rations7 by look+ at :i* ! process w be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,x is well kn[n t z ! ap]ture ( a l5s is clos$1 ! quantity ( light admitt$ to ! s5sitis$ surface beh9d is r$uc$1 & if ?is action is c>ri$ out gradually by means ( ! rectil9e> /op1 )\t any v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( ! exposure1 ! image ^u successive sections ( ! film w become fa9t] & fa9t] until no?+ at all is record$4 ,! rev]se action takes place z ! l5s ap]ture is increas$ 9 size by op5+ ! diaphragm to admit a great] volume ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,fairy',s ,,appe>ance4 #b4 ,! same l5g? ( film is re-expos$ aft] ! fairy has ent]$ ! picture1 "u a sl[ly op5+ diaphragm4 ,i w fir/ expla9 ! op]ation 9 its simple/ =m4 ,! /op call is giv5 & all ! actors become /ation>y :ile ! fairy /&s al]t to receive h] cue to ent]4 ,! op]ator notes ! po9t ^u 8 indicator ( ! l5g? ( film us$ up to ! "t ! /op call is giv54 ,= our purposes we w say x is #ajj feet4 ,! op]ator cont9ues turn+ ! h&le at ! same spe$1 b :ile s do+ he gradually closes ! l5s ap]ture by means ( ! rectil9e> /op1 s t ! images1 ow+ to decreas+ volume ( light admitt$ ?r\gh ! l5s1 become fa9t] & fa9t]1 until at la/ m]ely a haze is record$4 ,! effect ( clos+ ! /op 9 ?is mann] is %[n 9 ! fir/ film4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,fairy',s ,,appe>ance4 #c4 ,! effect ( d\ble exposure "u clos+ & op5+ diaphragm4 ,! subjects photograph$ twice ^u ! same l5g? ( film /& out ) uni=m di/9ctness1 b ! fairy be+ photograph$ only once gradually mat]ialises app>5tly f ?9 air4 ,! op]ator consults 8 film regi/] & f9ds t two feet ( film h be5 consum$1 repres5t+ ?irty-two exposures1 to c>ry ! picture gradually to ext9ction1 ! indicator accord+ly regi/]+ #ajb feet at ! conclusion ( ! op]ation4 ,! fairy n[ receives h] cue & /eps into ! requir$ position 9 ! picture4 ,! op]ator resumes 8 turn+1 & dur+ ! next two feet ( film1 t is1 ano!r ?irty-two exposures1 he op5s ! /op j z gradually z he clos$ x1 to its =m] ap]ture1 ! image ^u ! film !reby becom+ /rong] & /rong] z increas+ light is admitt$ ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,! effect produc$ by ?is process is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! fir/ picture tak5 aft] ! fairy has ent]$ is sc>cely disc]nible2 !n x becomes a slight haze 9 ! next image1 & z ! ap]ture is increas$ h] =m sl[ly mat]ialises until at la/ %e is q z di/9ct z t ( ! o!r actor 9 ! sc5e1 :o meantime has reta9$ 8 rigid position dur+ ! :ole #fd exposures4 ,:5 ?is second s]ies ( exposures h be5 complet$1 ! film indicator regi/]s #ajd feet1 two feet ( film hav+ be5 us$ 9 clos+ & ano!r two feet 9 op5+ ! l5s ap]ture4 ,n[ if ! film is cut at ! po9t repres5t+ #ajb feet1 & ?is second "p ( ! film is sup]impos$ ^u ! fir/ 9 su* a way t ! second ?irty-two exposures co9cid+ ) ! op5+ ( ! diaphragm are laid ^u ! ?irty-two exposures repres5t+ ! clos+ ( ! l5s ap]ture1 9 ! resultant positive ! actor & ! surr\nd+s w /& out ) uni=m brilliancy ?r\gh\t ! sup]impos$ section1 & be equal 9 brilliancy & di/9ctness to ! rema9d] ( ! film1 = ! simple reason t image #cc--repres5t+ ! fir/ exposure "u ! op5+ ( ! /op & consequ5tly ! mo/ indi/9ct picture--comes ov] image #a 9 ! /opp+-d[n s]ies ( pictures1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ brilliant picture4 ,image #b comes "u image #cd1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! :ole ?irty-two pictures4 ,z ! pictures gr[ fa9t] on "o film !y become correspond+ly /rong] on ! o!r film1 ) ! result t :5 ! two are ov]lapp$ & pr9t$ ! sum ( ! two exposures produces a complete & fully-detail$ picture1 ! second film supply+ to ! fir/ precisely ! complem5t ( its incomplete exposure1 9 ! case ( ea* image4 ,b ?is action only affects ! actor & sc5]y record$ ^u ! two sections ( film4 ,! fairy1 hav+ ent]$ at picture #cc1 :5 ! un/opp+ process 0 comm5c$1 appe>s at fir/ v indi/9ctly1 l a small pat* ( mi/1 ! nebul\s haze resolv+ itself into h] =m sl[ly dur+ ! successive ?irty-"o pictures4 ,! sum ( ?is d\ble exposure is repres5t$ by ! ?ird illu/ration1 :]e ! fairy is to be se5 sl[ly mat]ialis+1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! picture "u ! d\ble pr9t+ be+ ( uni=m brilliancy ?r\gh\t4 ,?is 0 ! me?od adopt$ 9 ! e>ly days1 b x 0 some:at involv$1 & dem&$ rec\rse to d\ble pr9t+4 ,! p]fection ( ! cam]a me*anism has enabl$ ! process to be consid]ably simplifi$4 ,n[ ! op]ator makes a d\ble exposure1 ) clos+ & !n op5+ diaphragm ^u ! same l5g? ( film4 ,:5 ! 8/op0 signal is giv5 he obs]ves ! indication on 8 film regi/]4 ,we w say x is #ajj feet1 z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,! actor becomes motionless & ! op]ator resumes 8 turn+ :ile clos+ ! /op sl[ly1 until #ajb feet ( film are regi/]$ ^u ! dial1 ?irty-two exposures1 or two feet ( film hav+ be5 made dur+ /opp+ d[n4 ,he n[ w9ds ! film backw>ds into ! upp] film box until 8 dial regi/]s #ajj feet once m1 ! l5s be+ capp$ dur+ ?is op]ation4 ,?us he has rega9$ ! po9t ^u 8 film :]e /opp+-d[n comm5c$1 & ! two feet us$ 9 ?is process are ready to be expos$ aga94 ,at ?is po9t ! fairy /eps into position4 ,! cam]a is re-/>t$1 & :ile ! fir/ ?irty-two exposures are be+ made ! l5s ap]ture is op5$1 j z sl[ly & gradually z x 0 clos$ dur+ ! previ\s exposures4 ,! result is t ! portions ( ! films :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance receiv$ a dim9i%+ volume ( light n[ receive a comp5sat+ increas+ illum9ation1 s t ! effect ^u ?is p>ticul> two feet ( film1 s f> z ! figure on ! left & ! sc5]y are conc]n$1 is j z if !y _h be5 expos$ once "u a full ap]ture4 ,! fairy1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 photograph$ only dur+ ! second exposure1 appe>s at fir/ v indi/9ctly4 ,! result ( ! d\ble exposure is %[n 9 ! illu/ration2 & ! gradual appe>ance ( ! fairy may be foll[$ v easily4 ,! outcome is exactly ! same z obta9$ by d\ble pr9t+2 b x is inf9itely easi]1 & f> m positive 9 its action ?an ! delicate process foll[$ by ,rob]t ,paul 9 ! e>ly days--! dissolution ( ! emulsion f ! film by *emical action4 ,exce$+ly clev] effects are obta9able "u ?is d\ble exposure process4 ,trans=mations f "o sc5e to ano!r are c>ri$ out 9 a mann] t completely eclipse ! h&iwork ( ! /age-manag] beh9d ! footlights4 ,success dep5ds to a great degree ^u ! skilfulness ( ! op]ator1 because x is imp]ative t ! /op ( ! l5s %\ld be clos$ & op5$ equally1 9 ord] t ! comb9$ exposures ^u ea* successive image %\ld be equal to a s+le exposure ) a full ap]ture1 s z to provide a uni=m int5sity & brilliancy ?r\gh\t all ! images4 ,! magic disappe>ances are work$ 9 precisely simil> mann]1 only 9 ?is in/ance ! "* leaves ! picture at ! mom5t ! la/ image "u ! clos+ diaphragm has be5 tak54 ,! film is w\nd back z be=e to ! po9t :]e ! 8/op0 call 0 giv51 & is subject$ to a second exposure "u an op5+ /op4 ,!re are no limitations to ! application ( ?is =m ( trick]y4 ,_s =ms c be produc$ to float 9 ! air1 rec\rse to ! ris+ & fall+ l5s front be+ made 9 conjunction ) ! manipulation ( ! diaphragm4 ,sylphs c be mat]ialis$ f ev5+ vap\rs2 & articles ( furniture c be trans=m$ into human =ms4 ,_m ( ! pictures obta9$ 9 ?is mann] are />tl+ly weird & magical4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! manipulation ( ! diaphragm may be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ useful weapons ( trick]y & magic 9 ! h&s ( ! c9ematographic wiz>d4 ,ano!r miracle is p]=m$ :5 ! public is introduc$ to ! bottom ( ! sea to make acqua9tance ) ! d5iz5s ( ! deep1 & ! /range m]maid population4 ,! audi5ce is conv9c$ t ! pictures h be5 tak5 9 ! actual surr\nd+s1 because div]s desc5d into ! dep?s & !y c see ! air-bubbles rise f _! helmets dur+ respiration4 ,! effect is c]ta9ly v reali/ic1 & z ! difficulties att5d+ "u-wat] photography are well-kn[n1 "o wond]s h[ ^! pictures c be obta9$4 ,!y c be produc$ by two me?ods4 ,"o is by us+ a l>ge tank ) a glaz$ front1 9 :i* ! prop]ties are di/ribut$1 :ile beh9d is a pa9t$ back-clo? to repres5t a subm>9e sc5e4 ,! tank is fill$ ) wat]1 & fi% are introduc$ to height5 ! effect4 ,div]s are employ$ to c>ry out _! evolutions 9 ! tank1 :i* is brilliantly light$1 s t ! s5sitis$ ribbon 9 ! cam]a dispos$ be=e ! front w9d[ may be able to secure a well-def9$ image4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to introduce m]maids actually "u wat]1 s9ce !y c\ld n brea! !re2 s = ?is "p ( ! effect rec\rse to trick]y is indisp5sable4 ,a n>r[ tank ) glaz$ back & front is set up on ! /age1 fill$ ) wat]1 & a few fi%4 ,! cam]a is br\ght z ne> z possible to ?is l>ge aqu>ium & photographs ! tank1 ! pictures be+ slightly "u-expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( 8,,! ,,sir540 ,a beautiful woman is obs]v$ to be swimm+ gracefully 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & ! public is my/ifi$ z to h[ %e c exi/ "u wat]4 ,! tank is !n remov$1 & a sc5e depict+ ! floor ( ! sea is prep>$ ^u ! /age1 ) a back-clo? ( a grey neutral t9t4 ,p]haps a prop]ty %ip to repres5t a sunk5 wreck is set up to enhance ! effect4 ,actresses made up z m]maids disport !mselves ^u ! sea-b$1 & div]s are obs]v$ to make _! desc5t f ! surface1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance is ! 8flies0 ( ! /age4 ,! film :i* ! op]ator has expos$ already ^u ! /age tank is n[ expos$ aga9 be=e ?is sc5e1 & ! comm+l+ ( ! two produces a v my/ify+ effect :5 %[n ^u ! scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( 8,,! ,,sir50 ,,reveal$4 ,! cam]a 0 plac$ 9 ! flies ) ! l5s po9t+ d[nw>ds ^u ! actress mov+ on ! floor4 ,a fasc9at+ film ( ?is "* 0 made by ! ,gaumont e/abli%m5t "u ! title ( 8,! ,sir540 ,a beautiful woman 0 obs]v$ to be swimm+ & div+ 9 ! wat]y dep?s ) v>i\s fi% z h] companions4 ,h] movem5ts 7 s graceful & natural t x seem$ impossible = !m to h be5 produc$ :ile ! actress 0 susp5d$ f ! 8flies0 by ! aid ( wires4 ,h[ 0 x done8 0 an expression ,i he>d on sev]al occasions dur+ projection 9 ! picture palaces4 ,! solution is v simple4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a l>ge aqu>ium 0 set ^u ! /age4 ,x 0 /ock$ ) fi%es1 :i* gamboll$ 9 a reali/ic mann]1 & ! tank 0 photograph$4 ,:5 ?is exposure 0 complet$ ! 8,sir50 _h to be introduc$4 ,! floor ( ! /age 0 cle>$1 & ^u x1 l a c>pet1 0 laid a l>ge back-clo? ( a grey neutral t9t1 be>+ fa9t designs ( subm>9e gr[?s1 %ells1 we$s1 & s =?1 ! "w ( ! sc5ic arti/4 ,! op]ator c>ri$ 8 cam]a into ! flies1 & f a c5tral po9t ov]head set x up ) ! l5s po9t+ d[nw>ds1 & focuss$ ! flat backgr\nd spread out bel[4 ,! actress !n ent]$1 & ly+ prone ^u ! back-clo?1 c>ri$ out ! movem5ts necess>y to simulate swimm+ & div+1 mov+ ! arms & legs & wri?+ ! body to convey ! correct natural impressions ( "u-wat] movem5t4 ,! rehe>sals complet$1 ! op]ator re-expos$ ! same film :i* _h be5 previ\sly expos$ be=e ! aqu>ium1 & :i* _h receiv$ a fa9t impression !re(4 ,:5 ! picture 0 project$ ! public 0 completely deceiv$2 = ! actress mov$ to & fro1 9 ! company ( fi%es :i* d>t$ f po9t to po9t1 app>5tly unp]turb$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! fair fem99e =m 9 _! mid/4 ,9 su* op]ations z ?is1 h[ev]1 :]e a photograph has to be tak5 ( an aqu>ium 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 special att5tion has to be devot$ to ! light+ arrangem5ts1 s z to prev5t ! cam]a & ! op]ator be+ reflect$ ^u ! film--s9ce ! wat] acts 9 ! same mann] z a mirror4 ,! audi5ces 9 picture palaces are sorely puzzl$ at ! antics ( motori/s1 cycli/s1 & o!rs :o1 be+ pursu$ by an infuriat$ cr[d ^: ang] !y h rais$ = "s reason or o!r1 elude capture by turn+ _! vehicles & runn+ up ! v]tical walls ( h\ses & build+s4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 ! pres5tation ( ! 8,sir50 are adopt$ "h also4 ,a clo? c>ry+ a pa9t$ impression ( ! wall ) its w9d[s1 doors1 /ack-pipes1 & s =?1 is laid ^u ! floor1 & ! cam]a l5s is po9t$ !reon f a position 9 ! flies4 ,! vehicles are driv5 ov] ?is back-clo?1 & ! film conveys ! idea t !y h p]=m$ ! impossible feat ( rid+ up ! wall4 ,! effect is (t5 improv$ by foll[+ ! upw>d progress ( ! vehicle4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 two ways4 ,ei!r ! cam]a is mov$ horizontally along a track 9 ! flies 9 syn*rony ) ! advance ( ! vehicle1 or else ! ris+ & fall+ front ( ! l5s is br\ght into use4 ,ano!r means is to h resort to ! 8/op0 action1 ! cam]a be+ rigid & ! back-clo? mov$ across ! floor a c]ta9 di/ance betwe5 ea* s]ies ( exposures4 ,= ! production ( elaborate trick pictures an ext5sive assortm5t ( prop]ties is dem&$4 ,:5 ! episodes are accompani$ by ludicr\s cata/rophes & sma%es ! public is mov$ to extreme mir?4 ,9 _m ( ^! pictures ! p]=m]s are obta9$ f ! vaudeville /age1 be+ accompli%$ ma/]s ( knock-ab\t1 tumbl]s1 cycli/s1 etc4 ,suppose a *ase ov] h\se-tops is %[n1 accompani$ by falls ?r\gh ! ro(1 ! actors & actresses tumbl+ f floor to floor d[n to ! basem5t4 ,^! pictures are prep>$ 9 sections4 ,! fir/ sc5e repres5ts ! ro(1 :i* is built up on ! /age1 :ile a back-clo? af=ds a vi/a ( *imney-pots4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ro( are conceal$ trap-doors :i*1 :5 ! fir/ actor br+s 8 weight on !m1 collapse by ! movem5t ( ! bolt or o!r support conceal$ b5ea?4 ,! p]=m]s fall ?r\gh ! op5+ on to a s(t mattress )91 ! ext5t ( ! fall be+ ab\t f\r or five feet4 ,9 ! next sc5e memb]s ( ! company 9 turn fall ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( ! six? floor ( ! build+4 ,?is sc5e is built up on ! floor ( ! /age1 ! p]=m]s be+ /ation$ out ( sight 9 ! flies4 ,! ceil+ is repres5t$ by a piece ( pa9t$ canvas ) atta*$ pieces ( c>dbo>d & canvas to resemble spl9t]$ woodwork & brok5 pla/]4 ,! ceil+ is intact1 b :5 ! cue is giv5 ! lead+ actor jumps or falls ?r\gh ! pa9t$ canvas foll[$ by a mass ( dbris & du/4 ,! dbris is m]ely prop]ties ?r[n ?r\gh ! op5+1 :ile /eam or smoke driv5 ?r\gh ! hole s]ves z du/4 ,p]*ance a p>ty is d9+ 9 ! room :5 ! tumbl]s make _! unexpect$ entrance ?r\gh ! ceil+1 & ! sc5e und]goes a complete di/urbance z a result ( ! int]ruption4 ,! next floor is reproduc$ 9 turn 9 ! same mann] ^u ! floor ( ! /age1 & s on until ! play]s come to a dead /op 9 ! basem5t1 :5 ! c>dbo>d & canvas dbris produc$ by _! hurri$ desc5t falls & practically buries !m4 ,! =ce ( ! latt] is increas$ by m5 /ation$ 9 ! flies1 :o hurl ! mat]ial d[n pell-mell f _! po9ts ( vantage ?r\gh ! hole ! tumbl]s h made4 ,z se5 ^u ! scre5 x appe>s z if ! h\se 7 cut 9 two f top to bottom1 & ! audi5ce 7 p]mitt$ to foll[ ! tumbl]s 9 _! desc5t f floor to floor2 in/ead ( :i*1 z we h se51 ea* floor is reproduc$ individually ^u ! /age4 ,!re is no indication :atev] ( ?is piecemeal prep>ation1 al?\gh if ! picture is foll[$ closely x is readily app>5t1 because ! p]=m]s 9 _! desc5t d n comply ) ! laws gov]n+ ! mom5tum ( a fall+ body4 ,! laughable incid5ts %[+ m5 climb+ labori\sly ?r\gh n>r[ *imney flues are attributable likewise to trick]y4 ,! *imney is m]ely a /age prop]ty1 & g5]ally is laid flat ^u ! /age1 ) ! op]ator & 8 cam]a /ation$ 9 ! flies1 z 9 ! production ( ! 8,sir502 ?\gh1 f ! public po9t ( view1 ! play]s appe> to be crawl+ upw>ds ?r\gh ! n>r[ v]tical brickwork passage1 ga!r+ an accumulation ( soot 9 _! advance4 ,! latt] is appli$ to _! faces by ! actors !mselves z !y move =w>d4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$ ,,iv4--,lilliputian figures3 8,! ,little ,mill9]'s ,dream03 ! 8"o turn "o picture0 movem5t3 h[ "s extraord9>y incid5ts are produc$3 8,! ,ski ,runn]40 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,i made "s ref]5ce to e>ly me?ods ( produc+ a class ( films 9 :i* ! pr9cipal p]=m]s 7 dim9utive figures sc>cely six in*es 9 height4 ,?is k9d ( picture has nev] lo/ its hold ^u ! public4 ,inde$1 exp]i5ce has prov$ t x con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ popul> subjects :i* x is possible to ?r[ ^u ! scre51 especially :5 ! t9y actors & actresses are introduc$ into a play hav+ a well-def9$ plot c>ri$ to a logical conclusion4 ,i h relat$ h[ ,paul obta9$ ! effect ( pigmy actors by comb9+ ! possibilities ( sup]pr9t+ & photograph+ at v>y+ di/ances f ! /age4 ,?is me?od is practis$ n[adays 9 some:at modifi$ =m4 ,! /age is made s deep t !re is no ne$ to move ! cam]a4 ,two ( ! mo/ attractive films ( ?is description produc$ dur+ rec5t ye>s 7 8,! ,little ,mill9]'s ,dream0 & 8,pr9cess ,nicot9e40 ,curi\sly en\gh1 !y repres5t two widely div]g5t me?ods ( a*iev+ ! same result1 z practis$ by ,fr5* & ,am]ican produc]s respectively4 ,bo? are associat$ ) _m features ( int]e/ 9 c9ematographic magic4 ,9 8,! ,little ,mill9]'s ,dream10 a "y & *>m+ mill9]'s assi/ant is s5t by h] employ] to deliv] a creation to a cu/om]4 ,! girl sets out ) ! mill9]'s hat-box on h] arm4 ,on ! way %e pauses to admire ! glitt]+ array ( preci\s /ones & gewgaws 9 a jewell]'s %op4 ,:ile %e is gaz+ at ! articles long+ly an old beau advances1 makes himself kn[n1 & tries to =ce 8 company ^u h]4 ,) a coquetti% %rug ( h] %\ld]s %e rebuffs him & resumes h] j\rney1 b pres5tly1 ov]come by ! heat1 %e sits d[n ^u a seat 9 ! /reet to take a re/4 ,pres5tly %e falls asleep4 ,9 h] dreams %e sees ! lid ( ! bonnet-box op51 & f ! int]ior /eps ! old gallant4 ,at fir/ he is no tall] ?an a c(fee-pot1 b he gr[s until he has atta9$ life-size proportions4 ,next1 9 ! space occupi$ by ! upturn$ lid ( ! bonnet-box1 a bevy ( danc+ girls appe>4 ,!y likewise are only a few in*es 9 height1 b !y increase 9 size until !y assume normal /ature4 ,to h] a/oni%m5t ea* danc+ girl pr(f]s ! appr5tice a magnific5t pres5t4 ,9 an in/ant1 z if "u ! magic spell ( a fairy's w&1 %e f9ds h]self attir$ 9 ! ri* clo!s ( a lady ( rank1 & tak+ ! arm ( h] admir]--:o1 by ! way1 %\ld]s ! bonnet-box--!y m>* (f toge!r4 ,! bonnet-box is sudd5ly dropp$ & in/antane\sly becomes a luxuri\s motor-c>4 ,! appr5tice passes ?r\gh _m />tl+ adv5tures 9 ! _w ( fa%ion & gaiety1 b ! f9al sc5e reveals h] /ill seat$ ^u ! seat1 & be+ r\ghly awak5$ by a g5d>me f h] delightful dreams4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 su* a picture z ?is is a deep /age1 s z to secure ! impression ( di/ance4 ,! ,gaumont ,!atre1 f :i* ?is film emanat$1 is "o ( ! be/ design$ & l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 & ! prep>ation ( su* sc5es z 8,! ,little ,mill9]'s ,dream0 (f]s !m no difficulties4 ,! /reet sc5e 0 m]ely a back-clo? pa9t$ to resemble "o side ( ! /reet1 ) its %ops1 ! roadway1 & ! k]b ( ! second pavem5t4 ,be=e ?is 0 set up an ord9>y seat1 su* z is provid$ = ! conv5i5ce ( p$e/rians along ! highway1 & x 0 ^u ?is t ! little mill9] snat*$ h] brief re/ ) ! bonnet-box beside h]1 & b a few feet f ! cam]a4 ,:5 %e fell asleep ! lid ( ! bonnet-box 0 op5$ by means ( invisible wires1 & ! lid came to re/ 9 a v]tical position aga9/ ! back ( ! seat1 ! top ( ! side ( ! box be+ level ) ! back rail ( ! seat4 ,! inn] surface ( ! lid 0 a dead black4 ,at ?is mom5t ! 8/op0 call 0 issu$4 ,:ile ! cam]a l5s 0 clos$ ! /age h&s ent]$1 took away ! bonnet-box lid1 & remov$ a panel 9 ! back-clo? ( ! same %ape & dim5sions z ! bonnet-box lid1 & imm$iately beh9d x4 ,?is left a hole 9 ! back-clo?1 ?r\gh :i* c\ld be se5 ! /age beh9d4 ,! l5s ( ! cam]a1 h[ev]1 0 on a level ) ! top ( ! bonnet-box1 s t ! floor ( ! /age beh9d ! back-clo? c\ld n be se5 ?r\gh ! panel4 ,at ! extreme re> ( ! /age ano!r back-clo? ( black velvet 0 hung4 ,consequ5tly1 look+ at ! picture f ! l5s po9t ( view1 ! black velvet1 se5 ?r\gh ! panel 9 ! sc5ic back-clo?1 appe>$ to be ! inn] surface ( ! bonnet-box lid2 & ! audi5ce imag9es t :at foll[s takes place ^u ! inside ( ! lid1 :]eas x is1 ( c\rse1 se5 ?r\gh ! back-clo?1 & enact$ ^u ! back or re> half ( ! /age4 ,! cam]a is />t$ up aga94 ,sudd5ly ! dim9utive figure ( ! old gallant is obs]v$ to rise f ! int]ior ( ! bonnet-box4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he is at ! extreme re> edge ( ! /age1 aga9/ ! velvet back-clo?1 b seat$ bel[ ! l9e ( sight ( ! cam]a until he receiv$ 8 cue4 ,! little mill9] 9 h] dream turns h] head z if to gaze m closely into ! lid ( h] box--9 reality %e is look+ ?r\gh ! w9d[ 9 ! back-clo? ^u ! sc5e tak+ place beh9d h]4 ,! old beau1 hav+ ris5 to 8 feet at ! extreme re> ( ! /age1 & six or m times z f> away f ! cam]a z is ! mill9] h]self1 appe>s1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( p]spective1 to be no tall] ?an a bottle1 ?is peculi>ity be+ acc5tuat$ by ! di/ortion ( ! l5s z 9 e cam]a4 ,! old beau lifts 8 hat & in/antly comm5ces to gr[ 9 size4 ,?is trans=mation 0 caus$ by 8 advanc+ t[>ds ! hole 9 ! back-clo?1 :i*1 z ! di/ance betwe5 him & ! l5s decreas$1 caus$ 8 /ature to enl>ge4 ,at la/ ! actor advanc$ to ! limit ( 8 =w>d movem5t1 :5 8 figure occupi$ ! full dep? ( ! op5+1 or ( ! supposititi\s bonnet-box lid4 ,at ?is mom5t ! cam]a paus$ to p]mit ! actor to walk r\nd ! back-clo?1 repres5t+ ! /reet1 & :5 ! cam]a 0 re-/>t$ he 0 se5 be=e ! bonnet-box z if he _h /epp$ out ( t receptacle4 ,be+ z close to ! cam]a z ! mill9]1 he 0 n[ br\ght to life-size4 ,! spectacle ( ! danc+ girls 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! little mill9] 0 urg$ to look into ! lid ( ! bonnet-box once m1 %e pe]$ ?r\gh ! back-clo? w9d[4 ,to h] amazem5t %e saw six dim9utive danc+ =ms rise up z if f ! int]ior ( ! box1 b 9 reality f ! floor aga9/ ! black backgr\nd1 at ! po9t :]e ! beau _h fir/ appe>$4 ,!y danc$ _! way to ! op5+ to a po9t m>k$ on ! floor ( ! /age beh9d ! sc5ic back-clo?1 !reby gr[+ gradually 9 /ature4 ,!n ! cam]a made pause to p]mit ! girls to come r\nd ! back-clo? & to assume ! requir$ position be=e ! mill9] ne> ! cam]a1 :]e likewise !y 7 br\ght to normal size4 ,!y pres5t$ _! gifts to ! delight$ girl1 & !n !re 0 ano!r pause on ! "p ( ! cam]a4 ,dur+ ?is /op ! mill9] *ang$ h] attire = t ( a lady ( fa%ion4 ,at ! same "t ! /age h&s replac$ ! panel 9 ! back-clo?1 :ile ! orig9al bonnet-box lid 0 br\ght 9 & re/or$ to its =m] position4 ,:5 ! cam]a began aga9 x record$ ! beau clos+ ! lid ( ! box1 & :ile he pick$ x up ) "o h& he (f]$ 8 o!r arm to 8 fair fri5d & escort$ h] along ! /reet4 ,pres5tly he dropp$ ! box4 ,ano!r 8/op0 call 0 giv51 dur+ :i* ! bonnet-box 0 tak5 away by ! /age h&s1 & an automobile br\ght into position at ! po9t :]e ! hat-box 0 dropp$4 ,:5 ! cam]a re-/>t$ x reveal$ ! bonnet-box conv]t$1 l ,c9d]ella's pumpk91 into an automobile4 ,ent]+ ! vehicle1 ! c\ple drive (f to ! ball4 ,! process ( 8/op & sub/itution10 :i* has be5 describ$ already1 is c>ri$ out f "t to "t to pres5t sudd5 trans=mation effects2 ! audi5ce sees only ! cont9uity ( motion z produc$ by jo9+ ! pieces ( film toge!r2 & !y m>vel at ! result4 ,! film 0 produc$ v clev]ly & skilfully1 & x c]ta9ly ranks z "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,gaumont e/abli%m5t4 ,ano!r fav\rite artifice1 ) :i* "s truly bewild]+ effects c be produc$1 is kn[n z ! 8/op motion10 or 8"o turn "o picture10 movem5t4 ,z may be imag9$ f ! latt] explanatory title1 x resolves itself into a pause betwe5 ea* picture1 in/ead ( cont9u\s exposure to record sixte5 images p] second4 ,?is feature may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to a popul> film :i* appe>$ a %ort "t ago1 call$ 8,animat$ ,putty40 ,a lump ( ?is mat]ial 0 %[n ^u a table4 ,sudd5ly x 0 obs]v$ to become agitat$1 & to resolve itself gradually into /atues & bu/s ( well-kn[n p1 s clev]ly wr\ght z to be in/antly id5tifi$4 ,9 a simil> picture a rose 0 se5 to deta* its petals1 :i* became scatt]$ ov] ! floor2 & j z my/]i\sly ! petals came toge!r once m & assum$ _! =m] positions4 ,ano!r picture %[s 8,boots0 go+ to sleep at 8 task1 & ! foot-we> clean+ itself :ile he dreams1 bru%es runn+ to & fro to remove ! du/1 apply ! black+1 & to give a vigor\s poli%+ (f4 ,^u wak+1 ,boots gives v5t to a self-satisfi$ smile ^u behold+ ! completion ( 8 "w )\t any ef=t on 8 "p4 ,9 reality ?is is "o ( ! simple/ ( trick effects2 b x is at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ t$i\s to p]=m4 ,! me?od c be be/ expla9$ by tak+ ! 8,animat$ ,putty0 film z an example4 ,! lump ( mat]ial lies ^u ! table1 to be fa%ion$ into a bu/ ( ! ,k+1 ( ! ,am]ican ,presid5t1 or "s o!r illu/ri\s p]sonage4 ,! cam]a is set up4 ,! modell] advances to ! table :il/ ! %utt] is clos$ & moves ! clay slightly t[>ds ! desir$ result4 ,he !n /eps out ( ! picture1 & ! cam]a h&le is turn$ suffici5tly to expose "o picture & to cov] ! l5s aga94 ,! modell] comes =w>d once m & advances a little fur!r ) 8 "w2 aft] :i* he retires f ! sc5e1 & ! second /age is record$ ^u ! next picture4 ,aga9 ! modell] approa*es ! mat]ial to m\ld x a fur!r /ep1 & ^u 8 retirem5t ! ?ird picture is tak54 ,?is alt]nate process ( %ap+ ! putty a little at a "t1 & photograph+ e sep>ate movem5t1 is cont9u$ until ! bu/ is complet$4 ,x is ess5tial t ! progress %\ld be v gradual1 or else ! mat]ial w\ld look z if x took %ape by spasmodic jumps1 & ! illusion w\ld be de/roy$4 ,"s films ( ?is "* dem& slight] movem5t betwe5 ea* exposure ?an o!rs4 ,x dep5ds entirely ^u ! subject4 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is magical effect is n produc$ 9 accordance ) ! g5]ally accept$ pr9ciples gov]n+ c9ematography4 ,x is m]ely a s]ies ( snap-%ots tak5 at c]ta9 int]vals1 & c\ld be produc$ j z well by a h&-cam]a if "o _h suffici5t plates or film4 ,z may be suppos$1 ! task calls = unremitt+ pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 because x is s exasp]at+ly sl[4 ,sev]al h\rs & ev5 days are (t5 exp5d$ 9 produc+ a s+le film ( ?is "*4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! film measures #bjj feet 9 l5g?1 no less ?an #c1bjj di/9ct op]ations h be5 c>ri$ out & photograph$ consecutively2 yet :5 su* a film is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 at ! rate ( #af pictures p] second1 ! successive snap-%ots foll[ "o ano!r s regul>ly z to convey ! impression ( cont9u\s motion4 ,! same op]ation is practis$ ) ! rose1 ! petals be+ torn ap>t a little = ea* successive exposure1 :ile to convey ! effect ( roll+ along ! table !y are mov$ a m9ute di/ance betwe5 ea* exposure1 & support$ f beh9d 9 ! requisite position :ile ! %utt] is op5$ & ! film expos$ "o picture at a "t betwe5 ea* movem5t ( ! rose4 ,9 ! case ( ! 8,boots0 :o has 8 "w done :ile he sleeps1 ! bru%es are manipulat$ by invisible wires4 ,! int]ruption 9 exposure c (t5 be detect$ unless ! task is c>ri$ out ) consummate skill1 because ! movem5t appe>s to be j]ky 9 ! picture4 ,an amus+ film ( ?is type appe>$ "s "t ago1 9 :i* cotton & wool appe>$ to be imbu$ ) life4 ,! cotton arrang$ itself into fanta/ic designs ^u ! table1 :ile a /ock+ 0 knitt$ be=e ! eyes ( ! audi5ce by unse5 h&s4 ,s f> z ! cotton designs 7 conc]n$ ?is 0 ! 8"o turn "o picture0 movem5t 9 its simple/ =m1 ! design be+ fur!r$ little by little betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,) reg>d to ! my/]i\s knitt+1 ?is 0 a*iev$ by a comb9ation ( ! 8"o turn "o picture0 & ! 8rev]se action0 artifices4 ,:ile ! picture 0 be+ tak5 ! produc] /ood beh9d a table1 conceal$ by a black clo? some:at aft] ! mann] practis$ 9 8black magic40 ,:at ! cam]a actually record$ 0 ! unravell+ ( ! /ock+ /it* by /it*1 ! ne$les be+ manipulat$ mean:ile 9 ! opposite direction4 ,z ! /ock+ 0 unravell$ ! wool 0 pull$ g5tly ?r\gh a tube ext5d+ up ! produc]'s sleeve to 8 back1 :]e x 0 secur$ by a conf$]ate & roll$ into a ball4 ,9 ?is way ! l5g? ( wool betwe5 ! ne$les & ! ball 0 kept fairly taut1 z w\ld be ! case if a p]son 7 knitt+4 ,ea* movem5t ( ! ne$les 0 photograph$1 ! op]ator sett+ ! ne$les 9 ! requisite position & !n )draw+ 8 h&s f ! sc5e4 ,! task 0 cont9u$ /ep by /ep until ! sock _h be5 completely unw\nd1 ! la/ /it* pull$ out & ! end ( ! cotton & ! ne$les 7 %[n ly+ on ! table4 ,! film itself 0 driv5 backw>ds ?r\gh ! cam]a :ile ! exposures 7 made1 s t :5 ! picture 0 pr9t$ & ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ! movem5ts 7 rev]s$--! de/ructive action record$ by ! cam]a became con/ructive movem5t 9 ! projector4 ,! public fir/ saw ! loose end ( ! wool & ! ne$les4 ,!y obs]v$ ! ne$les rise up1 =m ! fir/ /it*1 & !n wat*$ ! sock gr[ at an amaz+ spe$ until x 0 complet$1 ! ne$les mov+ 9 a p]fectly natural mann] to =m ! /it*es4 ,fur!r realism 0 imp>t$ to ! picture by ! ne$les & "w be+ j]k$ e n[ & aga9 to release a little wool f ! ball4 ,! ,am]icans h br\ght ! 8"o turn "o picture0 movem5t to a high /ate ( p]fection1 & h produc$ "s a/oni%+ pictures z a result ( its application4 ,"o is introduc$ to a magic c>p5t]'s %op1 :]e tools are manipulat$ )\t h&s & :]e ! wood spr+s f ! floor to ! b5*1 is plan$1 sawn1 *isell$1 & fa%ions itself into a box or :atev] article is desir$ by an app>5tly my/]i\s & invisible =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,novel ,,trick ,,effects4 ,a work%op 9 :i* tools move )\t h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4--,! skat] approa*+ ! factory *imney4 ,! app>5tly impossible is br\ght ab\t 9 ?is in/ance by resort to a comb9ation ( ! 8"o turn "o picture10 ! 8rev]sal ( action10 & manipulation by wires1 /r+s1 & ?reads4 ,to secure ! ris+ ( ! plank f ! floor to ! b5* ! cam]a is /opp$ :5 ?is incid5t is rea*$4 ,! plank is laid on ! b5* & a /r+ is atta*$ to x4 ,! cam]a op]ator runs 8 film =w>d a c]ta9 di/ance1 say tw5ty-f\r in*es1 :i* is indicat$ ^u ! dial :ile ! l5s is cov]$4 ,he !n gives ! signal1 & ! /age h&1 by pull+ ! wire atta*$ to ! plank1 causes x to fall to ! floor4 ,! op]ator ( ! cam]a mean:ile runs ! two feet ( film backw>ds pa/ ! l5s1 ?us photograph+ ! plank fall+ to ! floor4 ,b z he has advanc$ 8 unexpos$ film two feet =w>ds & runs x backw>ds dur+ exposure1 he has rev]s$ ! motion ( ! fall+ plank1 & ! fir/ image records ! plank1 n z x moves (f ! b5*1 b z x /rikes ! floor1 :ile ! o!r images up to ! ?irtie? %[ x 9 ! air2 & ! la/ exposure displays x ly+ flat on ! b5*4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! film is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ! la/ phase ( ! action is %[n fir/1 & ! fir/ movem5t is ! la/ image1 s t ! plank appe>s to rise f in/ead ( fall+ to ! floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4--,! result ( ! collision ) ! *imney4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ski runn] disappe>s into space4 ,,! ,,ski ,,runn]4 ,! me?ods adopt$ = ! production ( ?is novel trick film are describ$ 9 ! text4 ,! movem5ts ( ! saw1 *isel1 & plane are c>ri$ out ^u ! 8"o turn "o picture0 pr9ciple1 ! tools be+ mov$ a slight di/ance betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,9 plan+1 :5 ! %av+ rises aft] ! tool has rea*$ ! end ( its /roke1 a piece ( ?read atta*$ to ! %av+ is giv5 a %>p j]k to flick x out ( ! way1 simulat+ ! natural movem5t ( ! c>p5t]1 :o inv>iably1 z he draws ! plane back ) 8 "r h&1 :isks ! previ\s %av+ out ( ! tool ) 8 left4 ,! hamm]1 *isel1 & screwdriv] c be manipulat$ by means ( ?reads to give ! v>y+ positions ( ! p>ticul> tool 9 ! driv+ process1 & s on4 ,a film :i* appe>$ "s mon?s ago ar\s$ a lively int]e/ & speculation4 ,x depict$ a my/]i\s banquet :]e vi&s & liquors 7 consum$ by unse5 gue/s4 ,! knife came sudd5ly into action to cut ! bread1 ! v>i\s di%es 7 s]v$ & disappe>$1 :ile glasses ( w9e 7 fill$ & rais$ into ! air by invisible h&s2 toa/s 7 giv51 ! glasses 7 tilt$ = ! act ( dr9k+1 & became empty4 ,! effect 0 some:at uncanny1 b x af=d$ a /rik+ in/ance ( ! possibilities att5d+ ! utilisation ( ! 8"o turn "o picture0 movem5t1 9 conjunction ) wires & ?reads4 ,ea* glass ( w9e 0 lift$ into ! air by two invisible ?reads1 "o be+ plac$ ar\nd ! /em ( ! glass1 :ile ! o!r 0 connect$ to ! b[l4 ,^! ?reads 7 controll$ by /age h&s on ! ov]head bridge4 ,! glasses 7 lift$ a slight di/ance betwe5 ea* exposure & photograph$1 & :5 ! dr9k+ act 0 dem&$1 :ile ! ?read atta*$ to ! b[l 0 held /ation>y1 ! second1 atta*$ to ! /em1 0 /eadily rais$1 giv+ ! desir$ tilt4 ,! liquid z x escap$ f ! glass fell to ! floor1 b its escape 9 ?is mann] 0 n %[n ^u ! scre51 = ! simple reason t ! liquid fell out & 0 caught 9 a vessel held by a /age h& :ile ! l5s ( ! cam]a 0 clos$1 ! exposure be+ made aft] ! slighte/ quantity _h fall5 f ! glass1 ?is process be+ repeat$ until ! toa/ 0 dra9$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! art sup]pr9t+ 0 ! fav\rite subt]fuge us$ by ! c9ematograph] magician to produce /range effects2 z ,i h describ$ already 9 reg>d to ! pione] "w ( ,rob]t ,paul4 ,! composite con/ruction ( pictures has n be5 ab&on$ by any means1 despite ! advances 9 c9ematographic magic4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! mo/ />tl+ productions se5 to-day are prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 two or ev5 ?ree films be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,"o ( ! mo/ tell+ rec5t examples ( ?is me?od is ev9c$ 9 ! pictures ( ! 8ski-runn]40 ,:5 fir/ se5 ! actor is skat+ along a track 9 ! usual mann]4 ,he approa*es a t[]+ factory *imney2 b in/ead ( avoid+ ! ob/ruction he cra%es into x4 ,! solid mass does n br+ ab\t ! skat]'s ext9ction1 b in/ead collapses to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! la/ picture ! demon skat] is se5 ski-+ ?r\gh ! air1 ov] ! cl\ds1 into oblivion4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! sc5e 0 tak5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,gaumont factory1 & ! *imney se5 9 film ,a belongs to ! works ( ! company4 ,! skat] seems to /rike ! side ( ! *imney1 b z a matt] ( fact he glides beh9d x1 z might be suppos$1 & ! film is cut %ort at ?is po9t4 ,if "o exam9es ! film ,b closely x w be obs]v$ t ! *imney !re %[n "u collapse is n ! same z t depict$ 9 film ,a4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! sc5e 0 *ang$4 ,:5 ?is film 0 tak5 9 h& ! produc]s _h he>d t a *imney 0 to be fell$ 9 a c]ta9 place by ! me?od ( cutt+ away ! masonry base1 & support+ ! /ructure tempor>ily ^u wood5 memb]s1 :i* are aft]w>ds burn$ ?r\gh to raze ! *imney to ! gr\nd4 ,accord+ly a cam]a & op]ator 7 dispat*$ to ! sc5e to film ?is int]e/+ op]ation1 & a /rik+ picture ( ! fall+ *imney 0 secur$4 ,! comb9ation :i* pres5t$ ! illusion t ! *imney 0 knock$ ov] by ! ski-runn] 0 c>ri$ out z foll[s3--,a special back-clo? ( a neutral grey t9t 0 prep>$ = ! /udio /age4 ,:5 ! ski-runn] ran across ! /age be=e ! cam]a only ! actor himself 0 se5 9 ! resultant film4 ,:5 ?is film ( ! ski-runn] 0 sup]impos$ ^u t %[+ ! demolition ( ! *imney1 ! =m] 0 se5 to be =g+ ahead ?r\gh ! air aft] app>5tly knock+ ! /ructure out ( 8 way4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! idea is s work$ out t ! ski-runn] appe>s to pursue ! *imney z x cra%es ov]1 convey+ ! impression t he is cont9u\sly pu%+ ! crumbl+ mass out ( 8 way4 ,= ! f9al disappe>ance ( ! skat] into ?9 air two simil> films 7 prep>$4 ,"o 0 expos$ to a cl\dy sky1 ! l5s be+ /opp$ d[n v sev]ely to give a small ap]ture & an "u-expos$ result4 ,9 ! /udio ! skat] once m ru%$ across ! /age be=e ! neutral-t9t$ backgr\nd1 ! l5s /op 9 ?is in/ance be+ m op5 s z to secure a /rong] image1 b :5 ! end ( 8 mad c>e] 0 requir$1 ! clos+ diaphragm 0 adopt$4 ,! fir/ film 0 sup]impos$ on ! second to pr9t ! positive1 & ! result on ! scre5 is ( ! ski-runn] mov+ l a spectre ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 to disappe> f9ally into a haze4 ,?is film prov$ a conspicu\s success ow+ to its novelty & reali/ic appe>ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$ ,v4--8,pr9cess ,nicot9e0 & h] rem>kable caprices 8,pr9cess ,nicot9e0 ranks z "o ( ! f9e/ trick films ev] made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 ! h&iwork ( two produc]s :o rank z ! lead+ ,am]ican expon5ts ( ?is /range craft--,messrs4 ,j4 ,/u>t ,blackton & ,alb]t ,s4 ,smi?4 ,9 its production1 all ! subt]fuges kn[n to ! c9ematographic trick art 7 press$ into s]vice1 r5d]+ x completely my/ify+ f beg9n+ to end4 ,"s ye>s ago ^! two arti/s 7 responsible = a trick-film1 8,! ,haunt$ ,hotel10 :i* 0 s puzzl+ & s clev]ly work$ out t x 0 reg>d$ z a ma/]piece ( c9ematographic *ican]y4 ,x 0 a prodigi\s success2 "s idea ( its widespread popul>ity may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ov] #aej copies ( ! subject 7 dispos$ ( 9 ,europe alone1 :ile its total sales 7 well ov] #djj copies2 = its success 9 ! l& ( its orig9 0 q z m>k$ z t :i* x scor$ 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,= a long "t x rank$ z ! f9e/ trick-film ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h produc$1 & x precipitat$ a 8boom0 9 8haunt$0 subjects4 ,! success ( t film1 h[ev]1 ?reat5s to be surpass$ by 8,pr9cess ,nicot9e10 :i*1 9 addition to be+ a di/9ct novelty1 is da9ty 9 its conception1 fasc9at+ 9 its !me1 & f9i%$ 9 its production4 ,! /ory ( ! play may be briefly relat$4 ,! sc5e op5s ) a "y ba*elor recl9+ 9 an arm*air at a table4 ,be=e him are scatt]$ ! indisp5sable adjuncts to a ba*elor's com=t--a box ( cig>s1 a tobacco-box1 a corncob pipe1 a box ( mat*es1 a squ>e :ite bottle /&+ ^u ! cig>-box1 a bottle ( :isky & a syphon ( soda-wat]4 ,9 addition1 !re is a l>ge1 r\nd read+-glass ) a h&le4 ,! ba*elor fills 8 pipe1 lights x1 leans back & dozes4 ,sudd5ly ! lid ( ! tobacco-box is op5$ & a small fairy1 ,pr9cess ,nicot9e1 jumps out & falls ov] ! pipe1 :i* arre/s h] att5tion & gives h] a brilliant idea4 ,laugh+ly %e returns to ! tobacco-box & helps out a second & small] sprite1 :om %e leads to ! pipe & unfolds h] s*eme4 ,! fairies are no l>g] ?an ! man's h&1 & ! contra/ betwe5 _! dim9utive figures & ! ba*elor is decid$ly grotesque4 ,at fir/ sight "o might ?9k ! two t9y =ms 7 dolls1 b _! movem5ts are s graceful1 /eady1 & natural t ?is idea is quickly ab&on$4 ,! two wee plott]s pull out ! tobacco1 & ! small] fairy jumps into ! b[l & is buri$ b5ea? a lay] ( ! %r$d$ we$1 :i* is pu%$ 9 by ,pr9cess ,nicot9e1 :o aft]w>ds hides 9 ! tobacco-box4 ,! ba*elor wakes up1 & aft] yawn+ turns to 8 pipe once m4 ,to 8 amazem5t ! tobacco w n light1 & he looks at x closely4 ,he />ts 9 amazem5t & picks up ! h&-magnify+ glass to exam9e ! cont5ts4 ,he reveals :at he sees to ! public1 = ! magnify+-glass is held up z x 7 be=e ! spectators1 :o see ! elfi% face ( ! fairy peep+ f ! tobacco & envelop$ 9 wrea?s ( smoke4 ,! />tl$ ba*elor !n inv]ts ! pipe & raps out ! cont5ts 9 true smok]'s fa%ion ^u ! table1 empty+ ! fairy 9 ! process4 ,%e /ruggles to h] feet f ! tobacco dbris1 & ru%es to ! tobacco-box1 into :i* %e jumps1 pull+ ! lid d[n aft] h]4 ,pr9cess ,nicot9e ?ru/s h] arm out ( ! box1 :i* ! ba*elor grasps1 b in/ead ( )draw+ ! fairy1 he seizes a rose1 :i* he proce$s to smell2 b he is seiz$ ) a viol5t fit ( c\gh+ caus$ by a cl\d ( smoke :i* issues f ! fl[]4 ,he exam9es ! rose ?r\gh ! magnify+ glass1 ?is view z x appe>s to him be+ held be=e ! audi5ce z be=e1 s t x sees ! =m ( ! fairy emb$d$ among ! petals1 smok+ a cig>ette4 ,! man drops ! rose & ru%es out ( ! room4 ,! rose falls to pieces gradually1 ! petals accumulat+ on ! table & turn+ into a cig>4 ,! ba*elor re-ent]s1 picks up ! cig>1 lights x1 ! smoke rises & :irls r\nd rapidly1 & pres5tly ru%es into ! :ite bottle4 ,/>tl$ at ! extraord9>y action ( ! smoke1 ! ba*elor picks up ! bottle1 exam9es x & sees ! fairy imprison$ )9 & va9ly endeav\r+ to escape4 ,! man breaks ! bottle1 & ! fairy is se5 /&+ on ! tobacco-box4 ,%e picks up a packet ( cig>ettes1 pr(f]s "o to ! ba*elor1 & dances be=e him on ! table4 ,! ba*elor comm5ces to tease ,pr9cess ,nicot9e4 ,he lights a mat* & holds x t[>ds h]4 ,%e %r9ks f x 9 fe>1 & 9 rev5ge %e approa*es ! mat*-box1 extracts ! mat*es1 /acks !m 9 a pile1 & lights !m4 ,! magnify+-glass is held up z be=e1 & ! audi5ce sees ! pile ( mat*es burn+ l a big bonfire4 ,! la/ sc5e %[s ! man1 some:at t]rifi$ at ! blaz+ pile on ! table1 pick+ up ! soda-syphon & endeav\r+ to qu5* ! outbreak1 at ! same "t delug+ himself 9 ! process4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,blackton & ,smi? ,i am able to expla9 h[ ?is app>5tly miracul\s picture is produc$1 & ! v>i\s tricks employ$4 ,9 describ+ ! 8,little ,mill9]'s ,dream0 ,i h %[n h[ ! appe>ance ( a fairy c be produc$1 by plac+ ! p]=m]s fulfill+ ! rle at ! v back ( ! /age1 a long di/ance f ! cam]a1 :]eas ! pr9cipal actor is caus$ to c>ry ?r\gh 8 "p b a few feet away f ! l5s4 ,! same effect c be produc$ by ! aid ( a mirror plac$ at ! back ( ! sc5e2 :5 ! play]s fulfill+ ! rles ( fairies enact _! p>ts on a /age plac$ beside ! cam]a1 ! film records simply _! reflection 9 ! mirror1 & ! impression ( extremely small /ature is convey$4 ,by press+ ! mirror into s]vice a great sav+ 9 /age space is ga9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,h[ ,,! ,,/age ,,0 ,,set ,,= ,,tak+ ,,! ,,trick ,,film 8,,pr9cess ,,nicot9e40 ,two /ages are requir$ = ! effect3 ! set /age on :i* ! sc5e is built up1 & on :i* ! ba*elor figures1 & a tempor>y /age plac$ beside ! cam]a1 :]eon ! fairies c>ry ?r\gh _! p>ts4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ah1 %[s ! sett+ ( ! /age4 ,! mirror is plac$ "s di/ance beh9d ! back-clo? ( ! /age sc5e1 imm$iately beh9d a curta9$ w9d[1 :i* is really an op5+ 9 ! back-clo?4 ,z ! action takes place at night all is d>kness outside ! w9d[4 ,! l5s is exactly flu% ) ! top ( ! table 9 ! sc5e1 s t :5 ! reflections ( ! fairies are caught !y appe> to be mov+ ^u ! top ( ! table4 ,! mirror at ! back ( ! /age is s dispos$ z to appe> to be ! glass 9 ! w9d[ ( ! back-clo? beh9d ! actor1 & is arrang$ s skilfully z to betray no evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,! /age set up beside ! cam]a is ( su* dim5sions t x keeps ! actresses tak+ ! p>ts ( ! two fairies )9 ! limits ( ! c5tre ( ! table2 :ile its floor is m>k$ accurately = o!r purposes1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,if ! pr9ciple adopt$ = pres5t+ ! dim9utive play]s 9 8,! ,little ,mill9]'s ,dream0 _h be5 foll[$ 9 ?is in/ance in/ead ( us+ a mirror1 ! fairies w\ld h _h to c>ry out _! "w at a po9t equal to twice ! di/ance betwe5 ! cam]a & ! mirror to pres5t ! same effect4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 9 pass+1 t dur+ ! :ole play ! actor fulfill+ ! "p ( ! ba*elor sees no?+ ^u ! table 9 front ( him beyond ! articles plac$ !re = 8 own com=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9cess ,,nicot9e--,a ,,da9ty ,,trick ,,film4 ,?is subject1 produc$ by ! ,vitagraph ,company ( ,am]ica1 has prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ popul>ly successful subjects ( ?is description se5 dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! rle ( ,pr9cess ,nicot9e 0 fulfill$ by an actress ( av]age height1 :ile h] companion 0 a little girl ( ab\t twelve ye>s ( age4 ,9 addition1 c]ta9 prop]ties 7 requir$1 all ( :i* 7 enl>g$ facsimiles ( objects 9 daily use4 ,^! compris$ a cig>-box ( huge dim5sions capable ( p]mitt+ ! fairies to /& up-"r )9 x2 a huge corn-cob pipe1 ! b[l ( :i* 0 z big z a b>rel2 a prop]ty mat*-box conta9+ mat*es measur+ ab\t ?irty in*es 9 l5g?1 ) pap] roll$ r\nd "o end to convey ! impression ( phosphorus heads2 a prop]ty packet ( cig>ettes ne>ly six feet 9 height1 conta9+ cig>ettes ?irty-six in*es long =m$ ( rolls ( pap] /uff$ ) /raw1 & m /raw to repres5t ! tobacco4 ,^! prop]ties _h to be prep>$ c>efully to scale1 :ile ! actresses !mselves _h to be accompli%$ p]=m]s4 ,! play dem&$ se>*+ rehe>sals1 z 9 a trick picture ( ?is "* ! slighte/ slip 9 ! act+ de/roys ! illusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fairy1 buri$ 9 ! he>t ( ! rose1 smok+ a cig>ette4 ,! blossom is a l>ge pap] prop]ty fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9cess ,,nicot9e4 ,! dim9utive =m ( ! fairy on ! table4 ,! ba*elor1 al?\gh a/oni%$1 9 reality sees no?+4 ,! prop]ties 7 us$ on ! second /age beside ! cam]a op]ator1 & :5 reflect$ 9 ! mirror !y appe>$ no l>g] ?an ! smok]'s companions ly+ ^u ! table4 ,beh9d ! fairies' /age a back-clo? ( black canvas 0 /ret*$1 s t all _! movem5ts 7 aga9/ a black backgr\nd1 & ?is s]v$ to su/a9 ! impression ( d>kness beh9d ! back-clo? w9d[ ( ! sc5e1 beyond ! w9d[ 9 :i* ! mirror 0 plac$4 ,9 addition to ^! prop]ties /age h&s 7 requir$ at v>i\s int]vals to complete c]ta9 op]ations1 b 7 conceal$ out ( ! sight ( ! l5s ( ! cam]a4 ,_! tasks also w be describ$ 9 due c\rse4 ,9 ! op5+ sc5e ! ba*elor uses 8 own mat]ials ly+ ^u ! table4 ,! cam]a /ops1 & 9 ! int]val _! place is tak5 by ! prop]ties1 :i* are plac$ ^u ! second /age to produce a reflection 9 ! mirror4 ,:5 ! fairy appe>s to jump out ( ! ba*elor's cig>-box on ! table %e actually /eps f ! prop]ty cig>-box on ! second /age1 ! lid ( :i* is op5$ by means ( a ?read pull$ by a /age h& conceal$ beh9d4 ,! antics ( ! fairies1 :i* appe> to take place on ! table be=e ! ba*elor1 are c>ri$ out ^u ! second /age1 beside ! cam]a1 ! small] fairy climb+ into ! prop]ty pipe4 ,:5 ! ba*elor wakes up & tries to light 8 pipe ! fairy /age prop]ties are remov$ f ! fairy /age1 & ^? ( ! ba*elor replac$ ^u ! table4 ,accord+ly1 ! audi5ce see him va9ly endeav\r+ to light 8 own pipe1 :i* f9ally he exam9es ) ! magnify+-glass4 ,:5 ! sc5e reveal$ to ! smok] is fla%$ to ! public on ! scre5 9 su* a way t ! audi5ce appe> to be look+ ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass1 !y are n look+ at ! ba*elor's pipe1 b at ! prop]ty "o4 ,to produce ! effect ( magnification ! second /age is photograph$ directly f a %ort di/ance in/ead ( by means ( ! reflection 9 ! mirror4 ,! smoke curl+ lazily ab\t ! small] fairy & issu+ f ! pipe is produc$ by /eam1 !re be+ a tube c>ri$ b5ea? ! table & connect$ to ! bottom ( ! b[l ( ! prop]ty pipe4 ,:5 ! sc5e is fla%$ back once m1 & ! ba*elor is aga9 se5 seat$ at 8 table1 photograph+ is resum$ ( ! mirror's reflect$ image4 ,! second /age is cle>$ aga91 & we see ! man empty ! a%es ( 8 pipe ^u ! table4 ,! dbris conta9+ ! fairy is aga9 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 9 an enl>g$ =m1 z if ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass2 t is to say1 ! second /age & its prop]ties are be+ photograph$ once m to %[ ! little lady laugh+ & runn+ among ! smok+1 half-burnt tobacco4 ,! tobacco is /raw & ! smoke is /eam4 ,! sc5e rev]ts to ! table %[+ ! man4 ,by reflection ! fairy is obs]v$ to jump into h] prop]ty cig>-box1 leav+ an arm protrud+4 ,?is is a prop]ty arm built to scale 9 ! same mann] z all ! o!r prop]ties us$ on ! fairies' /age1 & :5 ! man seizes x1 9 reality he grasps ! /em ( a pap] prop]ty rose ( natural size protrud+ f ! cig>-box /&+ on 8 own table4 ,he turns ! rose ov] to smell x1 b b5ea? ! table is a /age h&1 :o puffs a /ream ( smoke ?r\gh a flexible pipe connect$ to ! /alk ( ! rose :i* ! ba*elor is hold+2 ! smoke provokes a fit ( sneez+ & c\gh+1 & ! ba*elor has rec\rse to 8 magnify+-glass to exam9e ! rose4 ,aga9 ! second /age is br\ght into play1 a l>ge prop]ty rose ly+ !reon1 reveal+ ! head ( ! fairy )9 smok+ a cig>ette4 ,e "t ! audi5ce is p]mitt$1 z x 71 to see :at ! ba*elor discov]s b5ea? 8 magnify+-glass ! second /age is photograph$ direct1 ! cam]a be+ plac$ ab\t eight feet away4 ,! fact t ! prop]ties us$ are ( l>ge dim5sions does n /rike ! public1 z !y put !mselves 9 ! position ( ! ba*elor at ! table & look ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass at ! articles ly+ ^u ! table1 :i* naturally w\ld und]go trem5d\s magnification4 ,?is 8fla%+0 to & fro1 z x is call$1 is s clev]ly accompli%$ t ! public does n realise ! fact t x is be+ deceiv$4 ,ev]y?+ t ! ba*elor h&les on ! table is ( natural size2 e duplicate article :i* ! audi5ce sees ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass belongs to ! l>ge-siz$ prop]ties ^u ! second /age4 ,9 ! next sc5e ! ba*elor is se5 to drop 8 rose & flee f ! room4 ,! rose in/antly falls gradually to pieces1 petal by petal1 ea* ( :i* runs across ! table to roll into & =m a cig>4 ,to produce ?is effect rec\rse has to be made to ! 8"o turn "o picture0 movem5t describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,ea* petal is displac$ by h& & mov$ a slight di/ance by ! /age-manag] betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,?is de/ruction ( ! rose & fabrication ( ! cig> f ! petals occupies h\rs1 b x passes across ! scre5 9 ! c\rse ( a few seconds4 ,:5 ?is /range act is complet$1 & :ile ! cam]a is n work+1 a real cig> is sub/itut$ on ! table = t app>5tly made f ! rose4 ,:5 ! ba*elor returns he picks x up & lights x4 ,!nce=w>d v>i\s tricks1 ! pr9ciple ( all ( :i* has be5 describ$ already1 are practis$ 9 rapid succession4 ,= in/ance1 ! ba*elor z he puffs ! smoke into ! air is a/oni%$ to see x :irl+ rapidly1 in/ead ( curl+ sl[ly 9 ! usual way4 ,! film is manipulat$ to produce ?is effect1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! actor reta9s a fix$ position1 puff+ :ile ! op]ator runs a few feet ( film to record ! smoke4 ,aft] developm5t sev]al images on ! film--p]haps fifty p] c5t4 ( ! movem5t obta9$--are cut out1 & !reby ! smoke is accel]at$ 9 its motion s z to become a :irl ^u ! positive4 ,:ile smok+ ! ba*elor is some:at a/oni%$ to see ! smoke disobey natural laws by ru%+ into ! squ>e bottle beside him4 ,?is illusion is produc$ by rev]sal ( motion4 ,! op]ator plac$ ! cap ^u ! l5s & ran ! film =w>d a c]ta9 di/ance1 obs]v+ ! l5g? ( its travel on ! measur+ device4 ,! cam]a action 0 rev]s$1 & ! film run backw>ds ! l5g? ( ! unexpos$ section4 ,! smoke 9 ! bottle 0 suppli$ f b5ea? ! table1 !re be+ a hole 9 ! base connect$ to a pipe1 ?r\gh :i* /eam 0 driv54 ,naturally ! /eam fl[s f ! m\? ( ! bottle1 b by turn+ ! film backw>ds ! smoke is made to appe> to ru% into ! bottle4 ,:5 ?is incid5t has be5 record$ ! l5s is capp$1 ! film run =w>d ! di/ance x 0 rev]s$1 & ev]y?+ is ready = ! next episode4 ,! ba*elor1 some:at puzzl$ by ! behavi\r ( ! smoke1 picks up ! bottle & looks at x4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t he sees ! fairy )9 danc+ & endeav\r+ to escape4 ,he picks up 8 magnify+-glass & exam9es x closely1 & ! bottle conta9+ ! girl1 z se5 ?r\gh ! glass1 is se5 by ! audi5ce4 ,! illusion is produc$ by d\ble exposure1 a process fully describ$ already4 ,! bottle 0 /ood aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd & photograph$4 ,!n ! reflect$ image ( ! fairy 0 photograph$ ^u ! same film4 ,! /age ^u :i* %e act$ 0 m>k$ out1 & %e _h to keep )9 ^! limits :ile mak+ h] assum$ ef=ts to escape4 ,?us ! :ole ( h] movem5ts are br\ght )9 ! area ( ! image ( ! bottle already secur$ ^u ! film1 s t :5 ! latt] is develop$ %e appe>s to be imprison$ )9 ! bottle4 ,if %e %\ld /ep outside ! limits dur+ ?is incid5t1 ! reflection w\ld be %[n outside ! bottle & ! illusion w\ld be lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fairy imprison$ 9 ! bottle4 ,?is effect is obta9$ by d\ble exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9cess ,,nicot9e4 ,! fairy1 aft] coquett+ ) ! ba*elor1 is driv5 away by ! smoke f 8 cig>ette4 ,! smoke effect is produc$ ) /eam4 ,! man breaks ! bottle ) a hamm]1 & ! releas$ fairy is se5 /&+ ^u ! cig>-box4 ,! 8/op motion0 has be5 requisition$ to produce ?is effect1 ! cam]a be+ /opp$ :5 ! bottle is brok5 to enable ! fairy to assume h] position ^u ! prop]ty cig>-box on ! second /age1 ! box & bottle on ! table 9 ! meantime hav+ be5 remov$4 ,gratifi$ at h] release1 ! fairy /oops d[n & draws out a packet ( cig>ettes--! prop]ty package conceal$ beh9d h] prop]ty cig>-box on ! second /age--& )draw+ "o ( ! cig>ettes %e (f]s x to ! ba*elor4 ,al?\gh ! cig>ette %e holds is ?ree feet long1 ! reflection 9 ! mirror repres5t+ h] /&+ app>5tly on ! table1 br+s ! cig>ette d[n to ! natural size4 ,! ba*elor holds out 8 h& to receive x1 & at ?is po9t ! 8/op0 is call$ to enable ! ba*elor to place a real cig>ette 9 ! position ( ! prop]ty "o1 ! /age-manag] in=m+ ! actor :5 ! real article cov]s ! reflection1 because ! actor himself c see no?+4 ,! prop]ty cig>ette is )drawn1 & ! cam]a resumes4 ,! ba*elor places ! cig>ette 9 8 m\?1 & z ! audi5ce _c detect ! 8/op0 x appe>s z if he _h tak5 ! cig>ette f ! fairy4 ,illu/ration3 ,enrag$1 ! fairy proce$s to build a bonfire ) mat*es4 ,! prop]ty mat*es are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9cess ,,nicot9e4 ,! fairy1 h] accomplice1 & prop]ties1 :i* are enl>g$ reproductions ( ! actual articles4 ,! smok] lights ! cig>ette & takes a fi5di% delight 9 bl[+ ! smoke at 8 dim9utive companion1 mean:ile coquett+ ) h]4 ,! little lady res5ts ! smoke2 & z ! ba*elor aga9 takes up ! magnify+-glass ! public app>5tly looks ?r\gh x at h] plight4 ,! fairy is surr\nd$ ) cig>ette smoke1 c\gh+ & sneez+ & %ak+ h] fi/ furi\sly at ! ba*elor1 :o is out ( ! picture1 because 9 ?is in/ance1 z be=e1 ! actual sc5e is photograph$ direct1 & n its reflection 9 ! mirror4 ,! magnify+-glass is laid d[n & ! audi5ce sees ! ba*elor /rike a mat*1 f :i* 8 t9y visitor %r9ks 9 fe>4 ,! man laughs he>tily at h] discomfiture4 ,! fairy is b5t ^u rev5ge1 & /eals /eal?ily t[>ds ! mat*-box4 ,! ba*elor foll[s ! fairy's op]ations ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass1 & ! sc5e is fla%$ to ! spectators4 ,!y see ! infuriat$ fairy te>+ out ! mat*es & /ack+ !m into a pile4 ,( c\rse %e is h&l+ ! prop]ty mat*es1 :i*1 z ,i h already said1 are good-siz$ /icks4 ,%e /rikes a mat* & fires ! pile ^u h] /age4 ,! sc5e is fla%$ back to ! table1 b 9 ! meantime ! real mat*es h be5 tak5 out ( ! smok]'s box & arrang$ 9 a pile1 :i* is burn+ ^u ! table1 s t !y appe> to h be5 fir$ by ! fairy4 ,! ba*elor picks up ! syphon ( soda-wat] & directs a /ream ^u ! burn+ mass ( mat*es4 ,a f9al glimpse ( ! fairy is giv5 ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass z a /ream ( wat]1 ?is "t f a hose1 plays ^u ! blaz+ prop]ty pile1 & %e falls ov] & disappe>s4 ,! prep>ation ( a film ( ?is "* involves ! utmo/ c>e 9 /age managem5t1 s t !re may be no disconc]t+ int]ruptions 9 ! cont9uity ( ! action4 ,! greate/ difficulty is to obta9 exact ov]lapp+ ( ! reflect$ & ! real articles ^u ! ba*elor's table2 moreov]1 z ! actor _c see any?+1 b has to act to an imag9>y dim9utive p]son on ! table1 8 e action has to be guid$ by ! produc]4 ,! actresses mu/ be faultless 9 _! movem5ts4 ,a film ( ?is description requires days to prep>e1 especially s9ce x entails resort almo/ to e subt]fuge kn[n to trick c9ematography4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! "w resolves itself into two ess5tial p>ts--! photograph+ ( ! ba*elor 9 8 sitt+-room :5 9 company ) ! fairies1 z %[n by ! mirror reflections1 & ! photograph+ ( ! fairies & _! prop]ties4 ,:5ev] ! latt] h to be tak51 ! idea ( look+ ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass is adopt$1 & is artfully convey$ by ! circul> mask ( ! picture4 ,! magnification expla9s ! app>5tly abnormal proportions ( ! articles us$2 b ! public d n realise !m z prop]ties because !y h be5 wat*+ ! little ladies on ! table4 ,naturally1 :5 ! magnify+-glass is turn$ ^u !m1 ! audi5ce ?9ks t ! fairies & _! attributes h be5 enl>g$ proportionately1 :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y are n enl>g$ at all1 b are photograph$ direct f a di/ance ( only a few feet4 ,9 su* a film z ?is ! produc]1 hav+ sket*$ out ! "w & arrang$ ! sc5es1 photographs all ! incid5ts p]ta9+ to ! reflection "o aft] ! o!r1 & subsequ5tly photographs ! views app>5tly tak5 ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass ^u ei!r ! same or ano!r /age4 ,! trick effects1 su* z ! conv]sion ( ! rose into ! cig> & s =?1 are tak5 at o!r times4 ,:5 ! num]\s /rips ( film are develop$ ! v>i\s sections are sort$ out & plac$ 9 rotation1 to be connect$ up to =m "o cont9u\s subject %[+ ! natural progress ( ! play4 ,su* is ! /ory ( ! production ( "o ( ! prettie/ & app>5tly mo/ miracul\s trick-films t has ev] be5 se54 ,x %\ld be said t su* *>m+ & my/ify+ productions z 8,pr9cess ,nicot9e0 appe> only at v long int]vals1 b _! r>ity is comp5sat$ fully by _! fasc9ation & novelty1 :i*1 x may be po9t$ out1 is a sali5t feature ( ! productions ( ! ,vitagraph ,company 9 ?is p>ticul> field4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,trick ,,pictures ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,produc$ ,,vi4--,"s ,unusual & ,novel ,effects ,at times a trick picture _c possibly be produc$ by any ( ! me?ods ,i h s f> describ$4 ,accord+ly1 ! produc] has to rely ^u 8 own +5uity & inv5tiv5ess to cope ) an unusual situation or effect4 ,"s ye>s ago an extraord9>y film 0 produc$ by ,mr4 ,james ,williamson :i* creat$ no little a/oni%m5t4 ,x 0 entitl$ 8,a ,big ,swall[10 & 0 decid$ly />tl+ 9 its effect4 ,x depict$ a man to :om ! sight ( a c9ematograph] act$ z a r$ rag to a bull4 ,on ?is occasion he 0 goad$ to su* desp]ation t he advanc$ t[>ds ! cam]a ) op5 m\?4 ,^u rea*+ x he gave a t]rific bite1 & swall[$ ! :ole app>atus & op]ator1 ! f9al sc5es %[+ him retrac+ 8 foot/eps app>5tly enjoy+ 8 /range meal1 & satisfi$ t he _h dispos$ ( "o c9ematographic fi5d at lea/4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 al?\gh ! idea adopt$ 9 ?is in/ance (f]s illimitable possibilities1 x app>5tly has nev] be5 exploit$ s9ce4 ,?is p>ticul> film nev] fail$ to ar\se ! en?usiasm ( ! public1 & !re 0 consid]able speculation ^u all sides z to h[ x 0 c>ri$ out4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,williamson ,i am enabl$ to unravel ! my/]y4 ,x is well kn[n by amateur photograph]s t :5 a p]son is focuss$ a c]ta9 di/ance f ! cam]a1 if he /eps t[>ds ! in/rum5t ! focus is imm$iately upset4 ,:5 ! individual is tak5 9 motion1 & 9 su* a way t he comes "r up to ! l5s1 ?is difficulty is enhanc$4 ,x is impossible to keep adju/+ ! focus ( a c9ematograph cam]a :ile ! subject is advanc+1 because ! focuss+ tube is ob/ruct$ by ! pass+ ( ! film ?r\gh ! gate4 ,accord+ly1 ,mr4 ,williamson resort$ to a comb9ation ( ! c9ematograph ) ! rack+ bell[s ( ! ord9>y cam]a4 ,! latt]1 ( special design1 0 atta*$ to ! front ( ! c9ematograph in/rum5t1 ! bell[s atta*m5t c>ry+ ! l5s4 ,! cam]a 0 set up1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! app>atus & ! actor 0 measur$ & m>k$ (f ^u ! gr\nd4 ,obs]vations 7 made to asc]ta9 at :at po9ts ! actor 9 advanc+ %\ld be re-focuss$1 & ^! po9ts 7 indicat$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! cam]a bell[s 0 !n rack$ out until ! figure 0 focuss$ %>ply once m1 & ?is po9t 0 indicat$ ^u ! base-bo>d ( ! bell[s4 ,! figure !n advanc$ /ill clos]1 until a simil> result 0 obs]v$1 :5 ! bell[s 0 rack$ out a little f>!r1 focuss$1 & a second m>k 0 plac$ on ! base-bo>d correspond+ to t on ! gr\nd4 ,! process 0 cont9u$ until ! figure _h advanc$ "r up to ! cam]a4 ,! picture _h to be tak5 "u ! 8/op motion0 pr9ciple4 ,at ! ^w 8,g60 ! actor advanc$ to ! fir/ m>k1 :]e he /ood /ock-/ill1 :ile ! cam]a bell[s 0 rack$ to ! po9t indicat+ ! correct focus4 ,! second picture 0 tak5 "u ! same conditions1 & s on1 until ! actor's face almo/ t\*$ ! l5s ( ! out/ret*$ bell[s4 ,9 ! fir/ photo ! actor 0 se5 at full l5g?1 ) ! l5s set 9 a horizontal l9e ) 8 m\?4 ,z he approa*$ ! cam]a1 less & less ( ! l[] "p ( 8 body 0 to be se5 9 ea* successive picture4 ,pres5tly only 8 head 0 record$2 !n no?+ b ! op5 m\? & tee?2 & at la/1 :5 he almo/ t\*$ ! l5s1 no?+ b a black cavity 0 reveal$ ^u ! film4 ,! actual swall[+ op]ation _h n[ to be c>ri$ out4 ,= ?is purpose a l>ge w9d[ op5+ into a d>k5$ room 0 requir$4 ,! w9d[ 0 cov]$ ) dead-black mat]ial1 leav+ only ! op5+4 ,! cam]a 0 set ^u a /age1 & ! w9d[ cavity focuss$ 9 su* a way t ! op5+ occupi$ ! :ole ( ! picture4 ,on ! inside ( ! build+ a ?ick mattress 0 plac$ ) /age h&s 9 read9ess4 ,! cam]a & op]ator 7 set up be=e ?is cavity z if photograph+ ! approa*+ irate individual1 & 7 photograph$ by a second cam]a4 ,?is 0 int5d$ to repres5t ! =m] sc5e f ! mom5t :]e ! man's m\? only 0 visible ^u ! picture 9 ! =m ( a black space1 & = :i* ! op5$ w9d[ suffic$4 ,at ! critical mom5t ! cam]a 0 pu%$ g5tly ov] ?r\gh ! w9d[ op5+1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! op]ator div$ into ! *asm1 ! la/ sign ( him be+ 8 upturn$ feet z he fell d[nw>ds head fir/ into ! int]ior ?r\gh ! w9d[1 to alight ^u ! mattress plac$ bel[ to receive him4 ,:5 he _h disappe>$ 9 ?is mann] ! ?ird sc5e _h to be tak54 ,?is repres5t$ ! actor /epp+ back f ! cam]a aft] he _h dev\r$ 8 antagoni/4 ,:5 he retreat$ to ! m>k on ! gr\nd ne>e/ to ! cam]a1 ! bell[s 0 rack$ 9 to its correspond+ m>k on ! base2 !n ! second backw>d /ep 0 made by ! actor to ! next m>k on ! gr\nd :ile ! bell[s 0 rack$ back to ! next m>k1 ?is succession ( /op-motions be+ 9 ! rev]se direction to ! advance4 ,z ! actor retreat$1 8 tee? 7 se5 to close ) a snap1 & ! look on 8 face z x came into view reveal$ int5se satisfaction ) 8 /range fea/4 ,retreat 0 c>ri$ out 9 ?is s]ies ( /eps until ! actor _h rega9$ 8 orig9al position4 ,9 ?is film ! difficulty ( keep+ an advanc+ & retreat+ figure 9 focus 0 solv$ v +5i\sly2 & :5 ! pictures 7 project$ ^u ! scre5 ! illusion 0 p]fect1 n ! slighte/ sign ( a /op betwe5 ! exposures be+ detect$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! advance & retreat s]ies ( pictures 7 produc$ at "o "t1 ! disappe>ance ( ! cam]a & op]ator be+ tak5 lat]2 & ^u ! developm5t ( ! negatives1 ! la/ episode 0 introduc$ betwe5 ! o!r two at ! correct po9t4 ,z ! area ( ! op5 m\? :5 close to ! l5s m ?an cov]$ ! s5sitis$ picture1 ! op5+ 9 ! black5$ w9d[ z x appe>$ ^u ! scre5 gave no intimation z to ! mann] 9 :i* an ord9>y individual contriv$ to swall[ a cam]a1 tripod1 & op]ator at "o gulp4 ,dur+ a rec5t ,g5]al ,election inf9ite amusem5t 0 provok$ by ! display ^u ! public scre5s1 :i* appe> to h become an insep>able feature ( su* political ev5ts1 ( a film depict+ 8,! ,dissolution ( ! ,gov]nm5t40 ,! dissolution 0 complete 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,a picture--a conv5tional portrait--( "o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,cab9et 0 ?r[n ^u ! scre54 ,sl[ly x 0 obs]v$ to und]go a /range & ludicr\s trans=mation4 ,an eye slipp$ d[n into ! coll>1 ! *9 fell away1 ! nose 0 l5g!n$ abnormally1 & ! =ehead n>r[$ to no?+4 ,! conditions pres5t$ 7 ! mo/ extraord9>y to conceive1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! features melt$ into oblivion leav+ a transp>5t surface1 or only a s]ies ( indeciph]able /reaks1 ar\s$ indescribable m]rim5t 9 ! cr[d4 ,x is c]ta9 t no 8election0 film ev] has prov$ su* a div]sion z ?is trick picture4 ,! idea 0 work$ out by ,mr4 ,f4 ,p]cy ,smi?4 ,l _m o!r displays ( c9ematographic magic1 its success 0 due to its simplicity4 ,e amateur photograph] 9 8 e>lie/ days has endeav\r$ to =ce ! dry+ ( a glass plate aft] developm5t by plac+ x be=e ! fire4 ,inv>iably ! ef=t ends 9 disa/]4 ,! gelat9e melts & causes ! emulsion to run all ov] ! plate1 produc+ grotesque results4 ,9 ord] to produce ?is biz>re film a primitive app>atus 0 contriv$1 consi/+ ( a small tank ! back & front ( :i* 7 cut out to admit pieces ( glass4 ,?is tank 0 fill$ ) wat] & plac$ ^u an ord9>y _s /ove4 ,! c9ematograph cam]a 0 plac$ 9 front1 & at ! re> a p[]ful electric light 0 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t ! illum9ation 0 diffus$ equally ov] ! re> glaz$ "p ( ! tank4 ,a transp>5cy portrait ( ! politician 0 !n copi$ ^u a small glass dry photographic plate1 develop$ & fix$4 ,x 0 !n susp5d$ 9 ! small tank betwe5 ! cam]a l5s & ! electric light1 s t ! illum9at+ rays pass$ ?r\gh x1 ?r[+ ! features 9 ! picture up brilliantly4 ,! wat] 0 heat$ by ! _s lamp b5ea?1 ! rise 9 ! temp]ature be+ foll[$ closely ) a !rmomet]2 & :5 ! requisite degree ( heat 0 obta9$1 ! features ^u ! transp>5t plate1 ow+ to ! melt+ ( ! gelat9e emulsion1 comm5c$ to slip & slide ab\t ov] ! glass surface1 & 7 caught 9 ! act by ! cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ my/ify+ & amus+ trick films ev] produc$4 ,al?\gh ! process appe>s absurdly simple1 consid]able "t _h to be exp5d$ ^u ! subject to secure ! mo/ grotesque results4 ,"o portrait frequ5tly _h to be prep>$ & boil$ 9 ?is mann] six or m times be=e a suffici5tly ludicr\s effect 0 secur$4 ,ow+ to ! caprici\sness ( ! gelat9e emulsion1 occasionally ! :ole coat+ w\ld slip bodily (f its glass support4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] _h to be judg$ to a nicety1 & suitable arrangem5ts _h to be made to prev5t ! boil+ wat] f m>r+ ! photographic effect ^u ! celluloid film by ! int]position ( bubbles4 ,our illu/ration %[s a memb] ( ! ,gov]nm5t "u photographic dissolution 9 ?is mann]4 ,! treatm5t has almo/ inf9ite possibilities1 = no two plates are affect$ alike4 ,?is film appeal$ to ! ,am]ican ta/e4 ,aft] ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t _h be5 dissolv$ 9 ?is mann]1 a second film _h to be prep>$1 9 response to ! dem& f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 deal+ ) ! dissolution ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t at ! "t ( ! la/ ,presid5tial ,election1 ! portraits subject$ to ?is dra/ic & peculi> treatm5t be+ ^? ( memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,cab9et4 ,?is film creat$ j z great hil>ity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z att5d$ its exhibition 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,c4 ,arm/rong4 ,,! ,,late/ ,,craze ,,9 ,,trick ,,c9ematography4 ,silh\ettes ) models4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s ! silh\ette trick film has come to ! front ow+ to ! novelty ( ! fundam5tal !me & ! successful comb9ation ( hum\r ) my/]y4 ,we all "k ! old %ad[graph play1 :]e9 ! actors c>ry ?r\gh _! p>ts beh9d a :ite %eet be=e a p[]ful light1 :i* ca/s _! %ad[s ^u ! scre54 ,! idea is n[ appli$ to c9ematography4 ,"o or two films ( ?is "* made _! appe>ance "s "t ago f =eign s\rces1 b x has be5 left to an ,engli% exp]im5t]1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,arm/rong1 to r$uce ?is +5i\s trick subject to an exact sci5ce4 ,9 an ,am]ican attempt 9 ?is direction1 liv+ actors 7 us$1 b ! outcome 0 sc>cely happy1 inasmu* z ! trick effects 7 v limit$1 be+ conf9$ mo/ly to weird contra/s 9 ! sizes ( ! figures ?r[n ^u ! scre51 aris+ f ! proximity ( ! actor to ! light4 ,if he /ood ne> ! illum9ant 8 /ature 0 t ( an imm5se giant1 :ile if he enact$ 8 rle ne> ! scre51 8 %ad[ 0 j life-size4 ,mr4 ,arm/rong has improv$ ^u ?is me?od by resort+ to ! use ( models1 con/ruct$ ( flat mat]ial1 ) jo9t$ limbs1 l dolls1 9 ord] to secure ludicr\s poses & situations & impossible /atures4 ,see+ t only silh\ette figures are requir$1 x seems a v simple & easy matt] to fa%ion ! models & move !m ?r\gh _! p>ts to obta9 ! desir$ effect2 b su* is f> f be+ ! case4 ,bo? prep>ation & manipulation dem& unremitt+ c>e & pati5ce4 ,x may be po9t$ out at once t exclusive use has to be made ( 8! "o turn "o picture0 movem5t1 ! models be+ %ift$ a small fraction ( an in* betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,:5 "o has a gr\p ( figures to move 9 ?is mann]1 ! "w is exce$+ly t$i\s1 weeks (t5 be+ sp5t ^u ! production ( a s+le film4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,arm/rong emb>k$ ^u ?is ent]prise he conclud$ t ! "w c\ld be accompli%$ )\t any great ef=t1 b he 0 soon disillusion$4 ,moreov]1 he f\nd1 to 8 dismay1 t 9 ord] to produce really /rik+ trick effects1 comb9$ ) complex movem5ts1 p]fect 9 e detail1 x 0 n only ! con/ruction ( ! models :i* pres5t$ _m difficulties & requir$ great me*anical skill1 b t ! mo/ intricate "p ( ! "w1 involv+ a va/ am\nt ( pati5ce & extremely delicate manipulation1 prov$ to be ! actual tak+ ( ! negatives4 ,innum]able failures att5d$ ! fir/ attempts4 ,x 0 only aft] mon?s ( practice1 & aft] he _h devis$ num]\s special accessories1 t ,mr4 ,arm/rong gradually br\ght 8 me?ods to p]fection4 ,! outcome ( 8 p]sev]ance 0 se5 at ! ,palace ,!atre1 ,london4 ,! film 0 entitl$ 8,! ,cl[n & 8 ,donkey10 & x provok$ ! audi5ce to unre/ra9$ mir?4 ,su* "w n only dem&s ! conception ( a suitable subject1 its adaptation to te*nical requirem5ts1 & ! prep>ation ( ! negatives to express hum\r & produce movem5ts portray+ di/9ct traits ( "* & temp]2 b1 z ,i h said1 ! con/ruction ( ! models pres5ts s+ul> difficulty1 9 view ( ! complexity ( ! movem5ts4 ,x is indisp5sable t ! p]son :o takes ! negatives %\ld also con/ruct ! models1 ! me*anical peculi>ities ( :i* mu/ be und]/ood to a nicety4 ,! supplem5t>y devices necessitat$ by ! "w seem to be )\t limit2 & to ov]come ! con/antly recurr+ te*nical ob/acles1 x is ess5tial t ! op]ator %\ld be end[$ ) q exceptional me*anical res\rcefulness2 o!rwise he w be baulk$ "t aft] "t4 ,frequ5tly he w f9d himself fac$ ) a difficulty1 successful extrication f :i*1 )\t compromis+ ! subject ^u :i* he is work+1 w tax 8 +5uity to ! la/ degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,c4 ,arm/rong4 ,,! ,,possibilities ,,( ,,trick ,,silh\ette ,,c9ematography4 #a4 ,a qua9t adv]tisem5t film4 #b4 ,mr4 ,asqui? 9 c>toon4 #c4 ,a novel curta9 idea4 ,! mo/ lucrative field = silh\ette trick c9ematography %\ld lie 9 its application to ! production ( animat$ adv]tisem5ts & c>icatures2 = ! idea possesses ! indisp5sable attribute ( novelty1 :i* is ! ma9spr+ ( comm]cial success4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,r4 ,w4 ,paul4 ,,! ,,human ,,butt]fly3 ,,h[ ,,are ,,! ,,effects ,,obta9$8 ,! se>* = novelty 9 trick c9ematography is v ke54 ,?is illu/rates a new idea :i* s f> has nev] be5 exploit$4 ,see page #bfc4 ,z = c>icature1 despite ! promis+ look ( ! field1 !re are c]ta9 practical ob/acles to success3 fir/1 ! "t occupi$ 9 production1 & second1 a ho/ility on ! "p ( ! !atres to political films ( a p>ty "*--an attitude easily expla9able1 z x is ! aim ( su* e/abli%m5ts to appeal to "o & all4 ,we give a few illu/rations %[+1 9 c>icature1 ,mr4 ,asqui? speak+4 ,! v>i\s attitudes cle>ly %[ ! wond]ful possibilities ( silh\ette trick]y1 & also demon/rate /rik+ly :at c be done by a skilful op]ator ) f9ely execut$ models4 ,! ones 9 ! illu/ration are made ( metal4 ,9 reg>d to adv]tis+1 ! innovation is unque/ionably ( real importance1 & ,i am told t use has be5 made ( x ) conspicu\s success by a prom95t ,european cig>ette manufactur+ company4 ,?is conc]n acquir$ a film measur+ #cjj feet 9 l5g?1 :i* figur$ cont9u\sly 9 ! programmes ( ! picture palaces4 ,x 0 mo/ +5i\sly conceiv$ & work$ out1 ! actors be+ a l>ge burly figure end[$ ) a movable nose1 :i* *ang$ f snub to aquil9e1 a baby boy1 & a *impanzee1 all ( :i* *>act]s are %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! movem5ts 7 c>ri$ out ) p]fect realism4 ,! burly figure is at "o side ( ! /age1 :ile ! words1 8,! ,be/ ,cig>ette is----0 appe>s at ! top ( ! picture4 ,! *impanzee & ! baby come =w>d f opposite sides1 ea* picks up a rod f ! gr\nd1 by means ( :i* ! lett]s =m+ ! "n ( ! firm are j]k$ up alt]nately4 ,!y !n drop ! rods2 a box comes fly+ along1 & is caught by ! monkey1 :o t5d]s x to ! baby4 ,! latt] takes out a cig>ette1 :i* he ?r[s across ! /age /raight into ! burly figure's m\?2 he !n does a som]sault across ! monkey's back1 /eps on to "o ( ! h&s ( ! l>ge figure1 & aft] he is rais$ to ! requisite height1 ! baby produces a mat* & lights ! cig>ette4 ,! burly man puffs away1 demon/rat+ 8 satisfaction ) ! quality ( ! cig>ette by facial contortions4 ,9 ! meantime ! baby has desc5d$1 & ! l>ge figure hav+ l[]$ ! h& hold+ ! cig>ette leisurely1 ! baby seizes x1 &1 plac+ x 9 8 m\?1 s5ds =? a big puff ( smoke4 ,! effect ( ?is absolutely novel adv]tisem5t seems to h be5 extraord9>y 9 ,g]many4 ,"o company aft] ano!r is be+ =m$ 9 t c\ntry1 sy/ematis+ publicity 9 ! picture halls1 affiliat+ a numb] ( !m "u contracts involv+ sole rights = %[+ adv]tis+ films on t]ms ( paym5t accord+ to ! l5g? ( film %[n4 ,! halls seem1 naturally1 to pref] humor\s & trick films to sob] indu/rial subjects4 ,?+s seem to move m sl[ly 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m halls w\ld no d\bt welcome good trick adv]tis+ films1 :i* w\ld yield !m an additional sub/antial income1 & at ! same "t w\ld amuse & my/ify _! audi5ces4 ,f9ally1 we w\ld ref] to ! excell5t purposes to :i* ?is inv5tion is be+ appli$ 9 ! matt] ( ann\ncem5t films1 to replace ! conv5tional lant]n slides4 ,a typical subject ( ?is description1 8,ta-,ta1 ,come ,aga910 is illu/rat$4 ,! actors comprise a baby elephant1 a jackdaw1 a *impanzee1 & a t9y monkey4 ,! elephant & jackdaw alt]nately draw lett]s f a box & ?r[ !m into ! air to =m ! title4 ,! la/ lett]1 ,n1 :ile be+ sl[ly rais$ into position by ! elephant1 is snat*$ up by ! jackdaw1 :o flies away to set x 9 position4 ,! t9y monkey !n appe>s1 c>ry+ an exclamation sign1 :i* he balances on ! tip ( "o ( 8 feet1 & f9ally tosses into its place4 ,he !n /eps on to ! tip ( ! elephant's tail4 ,! *impanzee n[ advances1 seizes ! elephant by ! trunk1 & pulls him slid+ (f ! /age4 ,silh\ette trick films1 ! production ( :i* has become ! speciality ( ?is manufactur]1 l5d !mselves to va/ developm5t4 ,i h se5 "s subjects produc$ by ,european & ,am]ican firms :i* repres5t possibly ! high-wat] m>k ( ?is =m ( magic c9ematography4 ,b ! ent]prise has "o di/9ct disadvantage4 ,! prep>ation ( ! films is sl[1 & ! process is unavoidably exp5sive4 ,novelty 9 trick c9ematography1 :i* is ess5tial to popul> success1 is difficult to hit ^u4 ,"s ye>s ago ,mr4 ,rob]t ,paul exp]im5t$ ) a new idea1 ! result ( :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! /range poses ( ! actor w occasion int]e/ & speculation z to h[ !y 7 obta9$4 ,! cam]a1 :ile ! exposures 7 be+ made1 0 revolv$1 ! actor on ! /age mean:ile ma9ta9+ 8 feet4 ,! resultant pictures convey$ ! impression t ! subject photograph$ 0 roll+ ov] & ov]1 & fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,?is idea does n appe> to h be5 exploit$1 al?\gh x %\ld (f] opportunities to produce "s highly bewild]+ effects4 ,"t & co/ are ! mo/ adv]se factors 9 ?is ramification ( mov+ pictures4 ,! m>ket c\ld absorb f\r times ! numb] ( trick subjects t are produc$ at pres5t1 s long z !y 7 comp>able ) 8,! ,little ,mill9]'s ,dream0 & 8,pr9cess ,nicot9e40 ,b _! popul>ity w\ld n always comp5sate ! produc] = ! "t & exp5se ( ! prep>ation4 ,"u ! pres5t conditions gov]n+ ! manufacture ( trick films1 di/9ct arrangem5ts & facilities mu/ be provid$ = _! manufacture1 s z n to di/urb ! r\t9e prep>ation ( ord9>y subjects4 ,^! are ! ma9 reasons :y to-day trick films wor?y ( classification 9 ! fir/ rank are s r>ely se5--! majority ( s-call$ trick films are pure inanities4 ,9 fact1 ! trick film ( ! highe/ ord] is 9 dang] ( ext9ction1 because = e trick film t is produc$ half a doz5 ord9>y film plays c be plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,electric ,,sp>k ,,c9ematography ,al?\gh we commonly ?9k ( ! human s5ses z v acute1 yet 9 reality !y possess _m imp]fections4 ,= in/ance1 our vision is too sl[ to foll[ ! excessively rapid & brief movem5ts ( insects4 ,/rive z "o may1 "o _c detect ! flapp+ motion ( a fly's w+1 or foll[ ! diff]5t me?ods ( fly+ practis$ by ! dragon-fly & ! bee4 ,i h spok5 e>ly 9 ?is "w ( ,m>ey's wond]ful rese>*es1 :i* 7 spread ov] a prolong$ p]iod1 & c>ri$ out ) ! express object ( ext5d+ our k ( animal motion4 ,m>ey's exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 limit$ 9 _! scope1 z he soon realis$4 ,! dry glass plate 0 n a conv5i5t m$ium = record+ ! impressions ( rapid motion1 :ile extreme difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ 9 connection ) ! illum9ant & ! exposure4 ,^! drawbacks became baffl+ :5 x 0 attempt$ to record ! movem5ts ( insects4 ,he endeav\r$ to solve ! problem by conc5trat+ a p5cil ( brilliant sunlight ^u a cond5s]1 s z to secure su* a p[]ful lum9\s cone ( light z to enable an exposure to be made 9 #a_/db1jjj? ( a second4 ,m>ey wre/l$ ) ! task 9 a mo/ det]m9$ mann]1 & 8 ef=ts 7 support$ by em95t physiologi/s 9 o!r c\ntries2 b ! ob/acles 7 s =midable & ! available res\rces s limit$ t !y c\ld n arrive at any practical result4 ,x has be5 left to ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull1 ! accompli%$ assi/ant director ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute1 to ov]come ! difficulty4 ,?r\gh 8 c\rtesy ,i am enabl$ to describe 8 fasc9at+ rese>*es1 z well z ! peculi> & effici5t app>atus he has evolv$ = ! purpose4 ,! beautiful & highly int]e/+ results he has a*iev$ are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,x 0 obvi\s at ! outset t ! famili> c9ematograph cam]a & its sy/em ( op]ation 7 unsuit$ to record+ su* excessively rapid movem5ts z take place 9 ! oscillation ( a fly's w+4 ,int]mitt5t motion 0 q out ( ! "q4 ,no device work+ on ?is pr9ciple 0 capable ( enabl+ "o hundr$ exposures or m to be made 9 ! %ort space ( "o second4 ,if x 7 attempt$ ! film w\ld only be torn & twi/$ be=e x _h mov$ twelve in*es4 ,9 its place cont9u\s motion on ! "p ( ! film 0 imp]ative1 & f9ally ?is requisite 0 suppli$ 9 a decid$ly novel mann]4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! app>atus conceiv$ & fa%ion$ by ,monsieur ,bull may be ga!r$ f ! illu/rations4 ,z ! usual illum9ants 7 unsuit$ to photography ( extremely rapid motion1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! electric sp>k1 :i* is ( trem5d\s lum9\s int5sity4 ,^! sp>ks are g5]at$ at uni=m int]vals & z rapidly z ! exig5cies ( ! exp]im5t dem&4 ,9 ord] to grasp ! details ( ! in/allation a v]tical sectional diagram1 ,fig4 #ai1 is giv51 & by its means ! design & op]ation ( ! app>atus may be ga!r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,app>atus ,,employ$ ,,by ,m4 ,,luci5 ,,bull ,,to ,,photograph ,,insects ,,9 ,,flight4 ,in/ead ( ! ord9>y cam]a !re is a cyl9drical :eel ,r1 m\nt$ rigidly ^u a %aft support$ on brackets at ei!r end4 ,! flat rim ( ?is :eel c>ries ! s5sitis$ film1 :i*1 z ! :eel is #ac in*es 9 diamet]1 is #db in*es 9 l5g?4 ,?is b& is ( ! /&>d wid? & is suffici5tly long to receive fifty-f\r pictures ( ! ord9>y c9ematographic dim5sions dur+ "o revolution ( ! :eel4 ,z ! pictures are only ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 dep?1 ! de=mation aris+ f ! impression be+ made ^u a curv$ surface is s slight z to be unwor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! arrangem5t adopt$ has ! advantage ( enabl+ ! :eel to be rotat$ v rapidly1 s t consecutive pictures may be tak5 at v brief int]vals ( "t4 ,z ! "w is c>ri$ out 9 ! laboratory 9 full daylight1 ! :eel c>ry+ ! ribbon ( s5sitis$ film is enclos$ 9 an octagonal light-tight box ,b1 ! upp] half ( :i* is h+$ s t :5 ! box is dism\nt$ & tak5 into ! d>k-room x c be op5$ easily to p]mit ! expos$ film to be )drawn & a new /rip ins]t$4 ,! %aft ^u :i* ! cyl9d] revolves is fitt$ ) an int]rupt] ,i1 :]eby ! prim>y circuit ( ! induction coil ,a may be brok5 at regul> int]vals dur+ ! revolution ( ! :eel4 ,if desir$1 z _m z #b1jjj int]ruptions c be made 9 "o second1 by rotat+ ! :eel at a v high spe$1 if ! necessities ( ! exp]im5t dem& su* a high numb] ( exposures2 ea* int]ruption produc+ an electric sp>k 9 ! sp>k gap ,e plac$ beh9d ! cond5s] ,c4 ,?is cond5s] conv]ges ! lum9\s rays into ! objective ,o1 :i* is m\nt$ 9 front ( ! travell+ s5sitis$ ribbon4 ,! l5s is m\nt$ 9 a small box ,v atta*$ to ! front v]tical face ( ! octagonal box1 ! latt] be+ pi]c$ at ?is po9t to p]mit ! light to pass f ! objective to ! film beh9d4 ,9 ?is l5s box1 betwe5 ! back ( ! objective & ! exposure ap]ture1 !re is a mirror ,m1 atta*$ at its top to a horizontal rod hav+ a mill$ screw head4 ,:5 ! mirror is 9 ! position %[n 9 ! diagram1 ! image reflect$ !re9 ?r\gh ! l5s is ?r[n on to a gr\nd-glass scre5 ,d1 set 9 ! top ( ! l5s box4 ,?is s]ves consequ5tly z a view-f9d]4 ,:5 ! exposures are to be made ! screw controll+ ! mirror is turn$1 & ?is sw+s ! mirror upw>ds l a flap until x lies flat aga9/ ! "u side ( ! gr\nd-glass ,d1 =m+ a light-tight jo9t4 ,! :eel c>ry+ ! s5sitis$ film is driv5 by an electric motor1 ! %aft ( ! :eel be+ ext5d$ beyond ! box on "o side to c>ry a small groov$ pulley1 ! drive f ! motor be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh a small belt4 ,! motor may be driv5 at v>y+ spe$s1 s t ! numb] ( exposures p] second may be v>i$ accord+ to ! revolutions ( ! box complet$ 9 t p]iod ( "t4 ,! int]rupt]--also m\nt$ outside ! film-box--:]eby ! make & break 9 ! prim>y circuit ( ! induction coil is controll$1 & consequ5tly ! frequ5cy ( ! sp>k betwe5 ! po9ts ,e 9 ! second>y coil circuit1 is a disc ( ebonite1 into :i* are compress$ fifty-f\r /rips ( copp] spac$ equidi/antly--ea* /rip correspond+ to a picture on ! film--:i* are press$ by two metal bru%es z 9 ! commutator ( ! ord9>y dynamo4 ,z ! copp] /rips 9 ! ebonite disc pass b5ea? ^! two bru%es ! electric circuit ( ! induction coil is op5$ & clos$1 !reby produc+ an electric sp>k 9 ! second>y circuit ( ! coil4 ,! int5sity ( ! sp>k is augm5t$ by means ( a small cond5s] ,l1 :i* is plac$ 9 p>allel 9 ! second>y circuit4 ,! sp>ks are produc$ betwe5 two po9t$ magnesium electrodes1 less ?an #a_/ab? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :ile ! sp>k is ab\t #a_/be? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! sp>k is v ri* 9 ! ultra-violet rays1 :i* possess a p[]ful photographic quality4 ,9 ord] t ^! rays %all n be absorb$ dur+ _! passage ?r\gh ! cond5s]s ,c1 ! latt] are made ( ,icel& sp>4 ,to secure improv$ results1 a small cond5s] c is sometimes plac$ imm$iately 9 front ( ! sp>k-gap ,e4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus = op]ation is %[n on page #bff1 ! :ole be+ m\nt$ ^u a b5* ) ! induction coil ^u a %elf b5ea?4 ,! photographs obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 h[ev]1 are purely ( a silh\ette "*1 & (t5 x is v difficult to int]pret correctly ! movem5t ( ! w+s ( an insect f su* a result4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is drawback1 ,monsieur ,bull introduc$ a /]eoscopic sy/em1 :]e9 two l5ses are m\nt$ side by side be=e ! film box1 ) two sp>k-gaps 9 ! same circuit4 ,?is enables two sp>ks to be produc$ simultane\sly ) ea* int]ruption ( ! prim>y circuit1 to give two images ( ! object ^u ! s5sitis$ celluloid films4 ,9 ord] t ! two exposures %\ld be made ^u ! films exactly at ! same "t1 a special type ( %utt] _h to be evolv$1 :]eby ! exposure ap]tures 7 op5$ simultane\sly at ! critical mom5t :5 ! cyl9d] comm5c$ to revolve1 & :i* clos$ 9 conc]t :5 ! rotation 0 complet$1 because1 z ! films 7 travell+ cont9u\sly1 !re 0 no necessity = an alt]nate clos+ & op5+ %utt] movem5t1 z is requir$ 9 ord9>y c9ematography work+ ^u ! int]mitt5t motion pr9ciple4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! sp>ks acts 9 ! same mann] z a %utt] sw++ across ! l5s1 & s]ves to secure a succession ( in/antane\s pictures ^u ! films4 ,! images are obta9$ 9 su* rapid succession t !re is no possibility ( ! films becom+ fogg$ ?r\gh ! objective ap]tures be+ op5 ! :ole "t ! :eel completes a revolution4 ,! two sp>ks be+ 9 ! same circuit1 !y mu/ be produc$ 9 absolute syn*rony4 ,! crucial "q 0 h[ to op5 & close ! %utt] simultane\sly at ! critical mom5ts4 ,?is 0 solv$ 9 an +5i\s mann]4 ,! %utt] itself is made ( brass & is plac$ close to ! film4 ,!re are two ap]tures1 side by side1 correspond+ to ! size ( ! image ^u ! c9ematograph film4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,! ,,+5i\s ,,/]eoscopic ,,%utt] ,,to ,,! ,,bull ,,cam]a4 ,! op]ation ( ! %utt]s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is at re/1 ! exposure holes are clos$ by a s+le curta9 ,a1 consi/+ ( a ?9 %eet ( /eel ( suffici5t l5g? to cov] ! two holes4 ,x is held 9 position by means ( an electromagnet controll+ an ext5d$ spr+4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] comm5ces to revolve ! spr+ connect$ to ! %utt] is releas$ "u an electric impulse dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! electromagnet4 ,! %utt] falls1 expos+ ! two ap]tures f#a & f#b4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] has complet$ its revolution1 ano!r electric impulse releases a second /eel curta9 ,b1 held 9 position by a second spr+1 controll$ by an electromagnet1 s t x drops also & falls ov] ! exposure holes4 ,?is sy/em is bo? simple & positive 9 its op]ation1 & x may be po9t$ out t ?is control is q indep5d5t ( ! int]rupt]1 :i* works 9 conjunction ) ! electric sp>k4 ,! int]val ( "t elaps+ betwe5 ea* picture is det]m9$ by means ( a tun+ =k mak+ #ej d\ble vibrations p] second1 :i* op]ates an electric signal4 ,?is tun+ =k is set up 9 su* a mann] t ! ends ( its vibrat+ tongues are photograph$ ^u ! film ?r\gh\t ! exp]im5t4 ,z ! vibrations ( ! tun+ =k are kn[n1 x is only necess>y1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ea* exposure1 to c\nt ! numb] ( photographs tak5 successively dur+ a complete vibration ( ! tun+ =k4 ,z a result ( exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd t ! e> c be tra9$ to det]m9e ) a/oni%+ accuracy ! spe$ at :i* ! app>atus revolves--& consequ5tly ! numb] ( pictures tak5 p] second--by ! succession ( sp>ks produc$ by a tun+ =k ! vibrations ( :i* are kn[n4 ,?is means t 9 conjunction ) ! photographic record1 ! spe$ at :i* ! exposures 7 made c be det]m9$ )\t ef=t1 & ?is velocity c be v>i$ v easily4 ,9 addition1 a measur$ scale1 engrav$ on glass1 is plac$ 9 ! field ( ! l5s1 :]eby ! inve/igator is enabl$ to det]m9e ! exact displacem5t ( ! insect 9 ! field ( vision )9 a giv5 p]iod4 ,su* is ! app>atus1 devis$ s f> back z #aijd1 ) :i* ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull has accompli%$ "s rem>kable "w ( incalculable value to sci5ce1 & ) /rik+ precision4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,,luci5 ,,bull',s ,,complete ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,novel ,,cam]a ,,%[+ ,,/]eoscopic ,,l5s4 ,tak+ #b1jjj mov+ pictures p] second4--,see page #bfe4 ,i w n[ proce$ to expla9 h[ ! photographs are tak54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] to obta9 natural & conclusive data reg>d+ ! flight ( insects1 x is imp]ative t !y %\ld be c9ematograph$ :ile 9 full lib]ty1 b ! po9t arose z to h[ to control ! in/rum5t s t ! cam]a & film did n comm5ce to revolve until ! mom5t ! insect ent]$ ! field ( ! l5s4 ,! habits ( insects v>y greatly4 ,"s fly (f imm$iately !y are releas$1 :ile o!rs hesitate = a m9ute fraction ( a second4 ,z ! app>atus makes only "o complete revolution at a "t1 & t 9 ! fraction ( a second1 ! control has to be ( su* a f9ely adju/$ "* t ! record obta9$ is ( movem5t purely & simply1 & n ( ! insect 9 a quiesc5t /ate prep>atory to flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bee ,,c9ematograph$ ,,9 ,,full ,,flight4 ,at ! left is ! glass tube f :i* x has escap$4--,see page #bgc4 ,ano!r "q 0 h[ to induce ! insect to cross ! field ( ! l5s4 ,all insects in/9ctively fly t[>ds a light4 ,! app>atus !re=e 0 set ne> a w9d[1 ! insect be+ releas$ f ! side away f ! w9d[1 s t 9 ord] to rea* ! light x _h to trav]se ! field ( ! l5s4 ,z ! latt] is v small1 x 0 ess5tial t ! release %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 su* a way t ! insect did n fly above or bel[ ! field ( ! l5s dur+ exposure ( ! film4 ,at fir/ sight ^! ob/acles appe>$ insurm\ntable4 ,x 0 obvi\s t ! release ( a fly f ! h& w\ld be too sl[ & unc]ta91 :ile ! movem5t ( ! insect aft] secur+ its lib]ty w\ld be unnatural1 because no matt] h[ delicately x might be h&l$1 !re w\ld be ! liability ( injur+ its fragile frame4 ,! gov]n+ po9t 0 to devise ways & means ( op5+ ! %utt] j at ! mom5t ! insect />t$ to fly f "o side ( ! l5s field to ! o!r1 "u completely natural conditions4 ,?is delicate problem 0 resolv$ by ,monsieur ,bull 9 an +5i\s mann]1 b n be=e he _h c>ri$ out innum]able exp]im5ts att5d$ by dispirit+ failures4 ,at la/ he succe$$ 9 evolv+ means :]eby ! insect automatically & in/antane\sly op5$ ! %utt] ( ! cam]a at ! mom5t x />t$ to fly4 ,! artifices by :i* ?is end 0 a*iev$ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! sy/em1 h[ev]1 _h to be modifi$ = diff]5t types ( insect4 ,t m>k$ ,a 0 us$ = ! ord9>y h\se-fly & = dragon flies4 ,x compris$ a small pair ( p9c]s1 or clamp1 :i* held ! fly firmly captive by means ( a small electromagnet1 b 9 su* a way z n to inflict ! slighte/ injury4 ,?is clamp 0 introduc$ 9 ! /]eoscopic %utt] electrical circuit4 ,! two legs ( ! clamp h a natural t5d5cy to fly ap>t "u ! action ( a spr+1 b are held clos$ by a too? at ! end ( a rock+ arm1 m\nt$ on "o leg1 engag+ ) a fix$ too? on ! second leg ( ! clamp4 ,! latt] is plac$ 9 an electrical circuit ) ! %utt] ( ! cam]a4 ,:5 all arrangem5ts are complet$1 ! exp]im5t] closes ?is circuit4 ,?is action causes ! electromagnet ( ! clamp to pull d[n ! project+ end ( ! too!d arm2 ! two legs are all[$ to fly ap>t1 lib]at+ ! insect1 & z ! clamp releases ! fly ! /]eoscopic %utt] is op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,! ,,+5i\s ,,devices ,,employ$ ,,by ,m4 ,,luci5 ,,bull ,,to ,,release ,,! ,,insect ,,at ,,! ,,critical ,,mom5t4 ,?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 0 ( no avail 9 connection ) ! ,hym5opt]a gr\p ( insects1 s9ce wasps1 bees1 & simil> insects hesitate slightly be=e !y seek safety 9 flight4 ,consequ5tly ! device ,b 0 evolv$4 ,?is consi/s ( a small glass tube1 9 :i* ! insect is introduc$ at "o end4 ,! opposite end is cut obliquely1 & is fitt$ ) a v light h+$ %utt] ( mica1 hav+ a fragile spr+1 :i* cov]s ab\t "o-half ( ! op5+4 ,! spr+ closes ! electric circuit op]at+ ! /]eoscopic %utt] ( ! cam]a4 ,let u suppose a bee is to be c9ematograph$ 9 flight4 ,x is pu%$ head =emo/ into ! free end ( ! tube1 :i* is l>ge en\gh to c>ry x com=tably1 & ! half-clos$ m\? is po9t$ t[>ds ! w9d[4 ,! insect naturally endeav\rs to approa* ! light1 & accord+ly crawls along ! tube until at la/ x rea*es ! mica %utt]1 b5ea? :i* x endeav\rs to escape4 ,z x crawls out ( ! tube x lifts ! mica flap1 & ! circuit is brok54 ,b ! %utt] does n op51 because at ?is mom5t ! op]ator himself closes ! contact4 ,by ?is "t ! insect has em]g$ a suffici5t di/ance f ! tube to complete its f9al prep>ations prelim9>y to fly+ away4 ,j z x spr+s f ! tube ! mica %utt] falls1 ! electrical circuit is clos$ once m1 ! %utt] is op5$1 & pictures ( ! bee on ! w+ are record$ ^u ! celluloid film4 ,= ! ,coleopt]a gr\p ( insects--beetles--:]e !re is /ill a m m>k$ hesitation be=e flight1 ! device ,c 0 prep>$4 ,9 ?is in/ance ,monsieur ,bull compels ! weight ( ! insect1 :i* is relatively heavy1 to e/abli% ! necess>y contact to op]ate ! %utt]4 ,a glass tube )\t an oblique m\? is us$ = ?is purpose1 & in/ead ( ! mica flap1 a v light horizontal plate ( alum9ium1 balanc$ by a c\nt]weight at "o end1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! tube4 ,?is plate is m\nt$ on a c5tral pivot1 & ext5ds a c]ta9 di/ance f ei!r end ( ! tube4 ,! c\nt]weight is slightly light] ?an ! weight ( ! insect1 & re/s 9 contact ) a plat9um po9t4 ,! beetle is introduc$ into ! tube at ?is end1 & crawls along ! rod t[>ds ! opposite end4 ,:5 x has pass$ ab\t half-way ?r\gh ! tube1 & has cross$ ! fulcrum ( ! beam1 x causes ! contact end to rise l a see-saw1 !reby break+ ! electrical contact4 ,9 ?is case1 z ) ! device ,b1 ! op]ator recloses ! break 9 ! circuit4 ,! beetle cont9ues its j\rney1 & f9ally em]ges f ! tube ^u ! flatt5$ end ( ! beam1 on :i* x completes its arrangem5ts to fly away4 ,directly x leaves ! plat9um beam1 ! latt]1 "u ! action ( ! c\nt]weight1 falls ^u ! plat9um po9t1 re-e/abli%es ! contact1 ! circuit is clos$1 ! %utt] is op5$1 & ! flight is caught ^u ! s5sitis$ b&4 ,monsieur ,bull has devis$ a wide v>iety ( ^! +5i\s appliances1 :]eby he is able to secure ! flight ( any insect1 & by ! employm5t ( :i* ! *ances ( failure are r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,inde$1 :5 ! app>atus is set up correctly1 is 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ op]ator1 & e arrangem5t has be5 complet$ satisfactorily1 failure c only result f "o cause--! refusal ( ! insect to fly away4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ f insects :i* are 9 a fre%1 heal?y condition4 ,if !y h be5 imprison$ = too long a p]iod1 or are fatigu$1 ! *ances are t ! results w be v disappo9t+4 ,! records :i* ,monsieur ,bull has secur$1 %[+ insects 9 flight1 illu/rate "s v int]e/+ facts1 & are ( f>-rea*+ value f ! sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t !y are ( additional int]e/ ow+ to ! absorb+ fasc9ation ( aviation1 inasmu* z !y enable u to /udy ) ease ! movem5t ( ! w+s ( p[]ful1 spe$y fli]s1 :i* hi!rto has be5 impossible "u natural conditions1 ow+ to ! excessive velocity ) :i* ! w+s move1 & ! brief "* ( ! motion4 ,) su* an app>atus z ,i h describ$1 any v rapid motion c be c9ematograph$1 = ! sy/em is v ela/ic1 & capable ( v ext5sive application4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,dragon-,,fly ,,9 ,,flight4 ,at left is ! electric clamp f :i* ! insect has be5 releas$1 & at "r ! tun+ =k to det]m9e ! int]val ( "t betwe5 successive pictures4 ,ano!r va/ field ( rese>* :i* has be5 op5$ by ! c9ematograph is ! /udy ( ! flight ( projectiles4 ,?is subject has occupi$ e>ne/ att5tion among milit>y au?orities = "s "t pa/4 ,a few ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,v]non ,boys c>ri$ out "s wond]ful exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 & produc$ "s v /rik+ results4 ,8 "w has be5 cont9u$ rec5tly1 by c9ematographic means1 by an em95t ,g]man inve/igator1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,cranz1 pr(essor at ! ,b]l9 ,milit>y ,academy4 ,he has succe$$ 9 accel]at+ ! exposures ( ! film to su* a degree t #ejj consecutive pictures c be tak5 9 #a_/aj? ( a second1 ! exposures v>y+ f #a_/a1jjj1jjj? to #a_/aj1jjj1jjj? "p ( a second1 ! la/-nam$ p]iod be+ su* an inf9itesimal fraction ( "t z to be beyond human compreh5sion4 ,! pictures obta9$ are ( ! /&>d dim5sions1 & a /rik+ feature1 despite ! trem5d\s spe$ at :i* !y are tak51 & ! extremely brief exposure1 is ! cle>ness & def9ition obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c9ematograph ,,film ,,( ,a ,,bullet ,,fir$ ,,?r\gh ,a ,,soap ,,bubble4 ,! flight ( ! missile may be foll[$ easily4 ,x w be se5 t ! bubble breaks n :5 ! bullet ent]s1 b :5 x em]ges4--,see page #bgf4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 also1 ! electric sp>k is call$ ^u to s]ve z ! illum9ant to enable ! images to be record$ ^u ! s5sitis$ b&1 b ! means :]eby ! int]ruption ( ! prim>y circuit ( ! induction coil is secur$ diff]s mat]ially f t practis$ by ,bull4 ,obvi\sly ! film travels ) a cont9u\s1 in/ead ( ) an int]mitt5t1 motion1 ! s5sitis$ b& 9 ?is in/ance be+ run ov] two /eel cyl9d]s4 ,! trem5d\s spe$ at :i* ! film moves may be ga!r$ f ! fact t1 at ! rate ( exposures made1 ov] #bhj feet ( film mu/ pass be=e ! exposure ap]ture 9 ! %ort space ( "o second--m ?an #b miles p] m9ute4 ,! app>atus evolv$ by ?is ,g]man inve/igator is m complicat$ ?an t ( 8 ,fr5* contempor>y1 & ! me?od ( op]ation is widely dissimil>4 ,! arrangem5ts1 too1 = prev5t+ ! film receiv+ m ?an "o s]ies ( pictures--! film is rotat$ be=e ! exposure ap]ture 9 ! =m ( an endless b&--dem&$ a special electrical contact control sy/em1 :ile ! manipulation ( ! app>atus v>ies accord+ to ! "* ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! results obta9$ are />tl+4 ,al?\gh tak5 at su* a trem5d\s spe$1 ! pictures :5 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 "u normal conditions enable e motion to be foll[$ q easily because ev]y?+ moves sl[ly4 ,= in/ance1 "o c see ! hamm] ( an automatic pi/ol fall1 & foll[ exactly :at takes place dur+ ! :ole fir+ op]ation1 & ! ejection ( ! sp5t c>tridge4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! pi/ol is fir$1 & ! bullet is photograph$ z x em]ges f ! muzzle or :5 x /rikes1 passes ?r\gh & em]ges f a /eel plate1 ! movem5t c be foll[$ ) complete facility1 z x appe>s to move across ! scre5 no m rapidly ?an a p]son walks1 because1 al?\gh ! exposures are made at ! rate ( #cj1jjj pictures p] second1 !y are project$ at a spe$ ( only #af pictures p] second4 ,by ?is means analysis ( extremely rapid motion 9 all its details c be effect$--a result ( f>-rea*+ possibilities to ! /udy ( balli/ics4 ,facilities are provid$ to enable ! progress ( ! missile1 bo? v]tically & horizontally1 to be measur$1 s t ! spe$ ( ! projectile may be det]m9$ ) unimpea*able accuracy4 ,fluctuations 9 ! spe$ ( a missile c be asc]ta9$ & inve/igat$4 ,suppose ! spe$ ( ! projectile is measur$ z x em]ges f ! arm1 & aga9 z x rea*es ! end ( an ext5sive free trajectory2 losses 9 velocity due to resi/ance ( ! air & o!r causes c be calculat$4 ,individual pictures1 :5 enl>g$--& ! %>p1 well-def9$ "* ( ! images on ! b& enables ?is enl>gem5t to be c>ri$ out to a v wide limit--supply a ready means to inve/igate any p>ticul> phase & ph5om5on at close qu>t]s4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n t ab\t twelve ye>s ago ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t set up su* an in/allation at ,devonport to inve/igate ! ph5om5a ( bullets 9 flight4 ,"h also illum9ation 0 c>ri$ out by means ( ! electric sp>k1 b ! rate ( exposures 0 consid]ably sl[]4 ,! results ( ! "w ( ,monsieur ,bull & ,pr(essor ,cranz1 h[ev]1 has op5$ up ano!r & m wond]ful prov9ce = ! c9ematograph1 & ! inve/igation ( rapid motion4 ,! ef=ts ( ^! two sci5ti/s prove conclusively t motion photography is capable ( record+ ! mo/ rapid movem5ts kn[n ) p]fect success1 al?\gh ! circum/ances may dem& su* extraord9>ily %ort exposure z ! #aj1jjj1jjj? "p ( a second4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! 8,,animat$0 ,,newspap] ,we h se5 h[ ! topical picture has develop$ into "o ( ! mo/ attractive & ext5sively appreciat$ phases ( ! art4 ,ev5ts ( annual occurr5ce l ! ,d]by or ! ,gr& ,national1 or ^? :i* h be5 adv]tis$ widely on all sides1 su* z an a]oplane race1 are always anticipat$ ) a ke5 curiosity4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !re are _m incid5ts ( daily occurr5ce :i* are ( absorb+ pass+ int]e/1 su* z ! laun* ( a battle%ip1 a railway collision1 a big fire1 or a public demon/ration4 ,su* subjects are n adapt$ to pres5tation z individual films ( great l5g?1 be+ insuffici5tly mom5t\s to grip ! public = sev]al m9utes 9 ! same way z ! ,int]national ,ya*t ,race1 or "s o!r dramatic item 9 our complex social & indu/rial life4 ,= "s "t occurr5ces l ^! 7 ignor$4 ,sometimes weeks slipp$ by )\t any public ev5t be+ pres5t$ on ! scre51 ow+ to lack ( opportunity4 ,at ?is juncture "o or two ent]pris+ firms conceiv$ a brilliant idea ( turn+ ^! ev5ts to int]e/+ & pr(itable acc\nt4 ,:y n secure %ort l5g?s ( film on v>i\s subjects ( pass+ int]e/1 & jo9 !m toge!r to =m "o film betwe5 #bjj & #cej feet 9 l5g?1 to provide a regul> weekly topical feature8 ,^! little 8topicals0 7 secur$--a few feet ( ?is1 & a few feet ( t1 subject depict+ ! mo/ /rik+ or int]e/+ phases 9 ea* news feature--& jo9$ to =m a cont9u\s miscellane\s mov+ mirror ( ! _w's happ5+s4 ,:5 ! idea 0 fir/ c>ri$ into execution ! film c\ld sc>cely be describ$ z 8topical40 ,!re 0 no attempt to s]ve up ! pictures to ! public 9 a 8r$-hot0 condition4 ,! incid5ts portray$ 9 _m in/ances _h pass$ beyond ! allott$ n9e days ( wond]1 & hav+ be5 almo/ =gott51 ar\s$ b a flick] ( int]e/4 ,! exp]im5t recall$ ! days :5 newspap]s fir/ resort$ to photographic illu/rations2 :5 ! pictures 7 publi%$ (t5 two or ?ree days aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5t to :i* !y ref]r$4 ,yet ! results a*iev$ suffic$ to prove t a new & promis+ field 9 c9ematography _h be5 tapp$4 ,great possibilities await$ ent]prise & en]gy4 ,all t 0 requir$ 0 to supply ! pictures :ile ! ev5ts 7 /ill fre% 9 ! m9ds ( ! public4 ,haphaz>d me?ods promis$ only failure2 a special organisation 0 ess5tial to cope ) ! situation4 ,9 ord] to emphasise ! motive ( ! und]tak+1 ! topical film1 :i* pres5t$ 9 tabloid =m an assortm5t ( news1 0 giv5 a newspap] title2 ! animat$ 8,*ronicle10 8,gazette10 & 8,graphic0 appe>$2 :ile to r5d] ! newspap] idea m pron\nc$1 ! ext]iors ( ! picture palaces 7 emblazon$ ) plac>ds drawn up 9 ! mo/ approv$ newspap] /yle4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 z ! op]ators display$ ke5] competition to out/rip rivals 9 secur+ ! fir/ pictorial repres5tation ( some?+ ( importance1 & ! pictures assum$ a m & m up-to-date aspect1 ! mov+ picture newspap] e/abli%$ its significance4 ,%[m5 7 tempt$ to assi/ 9 ! ent]prise by be+ able to pur*ase ! newspap] film at a l[] price ?an ! ord9>y subject4 ,al?\gh ! animat$ newspap] has be5 among/ u = only a few mon?s1 yet x has already develop$ into an in/itution4 ,_m p w\ld z soon ?9k ( miss+ ! 8newspap]0 item z !y w\ld ?9k ( ov]look+ an opportunity to see ! ,d]by re-run ^u ! scre54 ,f a cursory view no difficulty appe>s to be atta*$ to ! prep>ation ( a film ( odds & ends ( topical int]e/2 b z a matt] ( fact ! task is q z exact+ & /r5u\s z ! production ( ! morn+ newspap]4 ,! "w c be h&l$ successfully only by a firm hav+ an ext5sive organisation1 & ) bett] *ances ( success if x has specialis$ 9 ! ord9>y 8topical40 ,!re mu/ be an editor to direct op]ations & to prep>e ! film4 ,he mu/ possess a l>ge & scatt]$ /aff1 s t no "p ( ! _w is left uncov]$ by a c9ematograph4 ,8 sc\ts mu/ be active & ke51 always on ! al]t1 & ready to secure on ! in/ant a few feet ( any incid5t ( importance 9 _! respective localities4 ,9 ! (fices a numb] ( skill$ op]ators mu/ be ready to hurry (f at a mom5t's notice to any desir$ spot4 ,! fir/-nam$ emiss>ies con/itute ! special =eign correspond5ts1 :ile ! (fice /aff fe$ ! film 9 ! same mann] t ! newspap] /aff report]s supply ! columns ( ! morn+ newspap] ) mat]ial4 ,!re is "o feature 9 :i* ! man ) ! cam]a holds an undisput$ advantage ov] 8 confrre arm$ ) notebook & p5cil4 ,he gives a tru?ful pictorial acc\nt ( :at takes place1 n ! g>bl$ product ( a vivid imag9ation4 ,z a result ! editor ( ! animat$ picture newspap] is sp>$ ! m5ace :i* hangs always ov] ! head ( ! newspap] director4 ,he is immune f ! pa9s & p5alties ( ! libel law6 ,9 ord] to secure a m intimate impression ( ! "w ( ! mov+ newspap]1 we w g beh9d ! sc5es ( "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ & successful ( ^! animat$ news-%eets--,! ,gaumont ,graphic--& foll[ x ?r\gh its successive phases ( production4 ,:5 ! proprietors ( ?is pictorial record emb>k$ ^u ?is new developm5t1 !y _h ! exp]i5ce ( "s twelve ye>s' "w 9 ! 8topical0 field1 & _! ma*9]y & /aff _h acquir$ ! in/9ct to 8get !re fir/40 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! editorial sanctum 9 :i* ! presid+ g5ius holds autocratic sway1 & directs ! _m ?reads :i* control ! acquisition ( news4 ,at 8 elb[ ! tape ma*9e ticks m]rily ! livelong day4 ,! telegraphic ribbon reels out ! bald ann\ncem5t t a big fire is rag+ 9 ! ,city1 t a deva/at+ explosion has spread dea? & ru9 some:]e 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 or t a ,transatlantic l9] has run on ! rocks (f "s remote "p ( ! coa/4 ,an op]ator is ru%$ to ! sc5e1 & !re left to 8 own devices to secure a s5sational few feet ( film4 ,he may succe$ or he may n2 x all dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances & conditions4 ,maybe he may h to wait f\r or five h\rs p]*$ 9 an uncom=table position1 b if a few feet ( film c be expos$ to advantage he w n h fail$4 ,! c\ntry is divid$ up into di/ricts :]e c9ematographic report]s are reta9$ 9 read9ess = any em]g5cy1 & !y h comm& ov] a c]ta9 radius ar\nd t c5tre4 ,= in/ance1 if an accid5t happ5s 9 nor!rn ,scotl& a telegram to ! op]ator responsible = t locality ha/5s him to ! spot4 ,! editor ( ! ,gaumont ,graphic has bran* (fices at ,newca/le--:i* cov]s ! nor?-ea/ ( ,engl&--at ,glasg[ = ,scotl&1 & at ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] = ! nor?-we/ ( ,engl&1 ! ,liv]pool op]ators be+ ready to proce$ to ,irel& or ! ,isle ( ,man %\ld ! necessity arise4 ,9 addition1 !re are :at might be describ$ z sub-(fices at ,bri/ol & ,birm+ham1 :5ce any po9t 9 ! ,midl&s & ! we/ ( ,engl& c be ga9$1 z well z ano!r at ,sc>bor\gh1 s t ! :ole ( ,great ,brita9 may be said to be mapp$ out & cov]$ c9ematographically4 ,z f> z ! =eign areas are conc]n$1 ow+ to (fices be+ e/abli%$ 9 all ! l>ge c5tres f ,*9a to ,p]u1 no difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 ga!r+ items ( int]e/ f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,op]ators are se>*+ con/antly = films ( g5]al int]e/ f ! indu/rial1 comm]cial1 sc5ic1 travel1 or "s o!r po9t ( view1 & 9 ! c\rse ( _! "w secure pictorial snippets ( topical int]e/4 ,z a result a /eady /ream ( items record$ 9 animation p\r 9 con/antly f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,european & ,asiatic items 9 ! =m ( l5g?s ( film pass to ! ,fr5* headqu>t]s 9 ,p>is1 :ile ^? ( ,canadian & ,au/ralian int]e/ fl[ to ,london4 ,a daily record ( ! films ( a news int]e/ receiv$ f =eign correspond5ts is receiv$ f ,france = ! ,london editor to sift & select :at he consid]s ( int]e/4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 he telegraphs to ,p>is = :at he requires--s _m feet ( ?is & s _m feet ( t film4 ,9 addition1 he has a tabulat$ /atem5t ( :at may be describ$ z 8fix$0 functions1 su* z a race meet+1 a motor competition1 a fly+-ma*9e te/1 a society w$d+1 & :at n1 to :i* op]ators are dispat*$4 ,9 due c\rse ! small l5g?s ( expos$ film filt] 9 by tra9 & po/4 ,s soon z !y arrive !y are develop$ & pr9t$4 ,pro(s are h&$ ov] to ! editor to be scann$ & revis$1 sections :i* he consid]s ! mo/ suitable & likely to int]e/ ! public be+ snipp$ f ea* film-pro(1 by ! aid ( ! indisp5sable scissors4 ,possibly mu* ( ! mat]ial :5 x rea*es ! editor's eye fails to w9 8 appreciation1 & meets an +lori\s & premature end 9 ! editorial wa/e-pap] basket4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( wa/$ ef=t is unavoidable2 = space1 t is to say1 l5g? ( film1 is limit$1 & :5 ! ,graphic appe>$ only once a week1 sift+ 0 ( a se>*+ "*4 ,:5 a consid]able am\nt ( incid5t has occurr$ & has be5 c9ematograph$ dur+ ! week1 ! selection process is by no means easy2 _m int]e/+ items f9d !mselves cr[d$ out to be held ov] until ! next issue1 or de/roy$4 ,z ! pieces ( ea* film are select$1 !y are 8pa/$0 toge!r1 & ea* incid5t receives its full explanatory title & sub-title4 ,^! revis$ pro(s are connect$ up s z to =m a cont9u\s l5g? ( film1 & copies are reel$ (f 9 ! pr9t+1 develop+1 & dry+ rooms at tip-top spe$1 ! op]ation correspond+ ) ! pr9t+ ma*9e room ( ! newspap]4 ,! fir/ complete pro( is submitt$ to ! editor's approval by be+ project$ on ! scre5 j z x w be submitt$ to ! public4 ,fur!r revision may be requisite1 9 :i* ev5t ! film und]goes ano!r trimm+ process ) ! scissors1 or possibly "s late news has be5 receiv$1 & space has to be f\nd = its inclusion at ! exp5se ( "s o!r item4 ,! 8composition10 or1 z x is call$1 ! 8make-up10 ( ! animat$ news film is j z complex z t ( a newspap] or magaz9e4 ,x is ess5tial t x %\ld be div]sifi$ 9 its cont5ts s z to appeal to ! ta/es ( all classes ( ! community4 ,!re are ! big items :i* /& pre-em95t1 & :i* range f ,london to ,s\? ,am]ica1 & f ,p>is to ,*9a4 ,ar\nd ^! h to be dispos$ v>i\s o!r features ( less] importance4 ,see+ t ! l5g? ( ! film newspap] is limit$ to betwe5 #ejj & #fej feet1 & is built up ( f t5 to sev5te5 subjects :i* v>y 9 l5g? accord+ to _! respective importance1 c>eful discrim9ation is necess>y4 ,! public has become hyp]critical 9 reg>d to animat$ pictures1 & ! appeal has to be made to ! great majority4 ,z a rule1 endeav\r is made to incorporate regul> features 9 ea* issue4 ,sport is repres5t$ by "s "o or o!r ( ! _m bran*es ( a?letics & rac+2 society f9ds itself display$ 9 a w$d+1 g>d5-p>ty1 ball1 or o!r fa%ionable function2 ! woman's page has its equival5t 9 ! animat$ portrayal ( ! late/ ,p>is fa%ions z display$ by ! manequ9s--g5]ally 9 ord] to give an enhanc$ effect ?is section is reproduc$ 9 col\r--& s =?4 ,ef=t is made also to incorporate1 if possible1 a special function ( "s description p]=m$ by "s p]sonage loom+ prom95tly 9 ! public eye4 ,v>iety is ! keynote ( success z mu* 9 ! successful c9ematograph newspap] z 9 its ink-&-pap] contempor>y4 ,! ,gaumont ,graphic has an ext5sive & influ5tial =eign & colonial circulation1 & accord+ly special att5tion has to be devot$ to ! requirem5ts ( ^! read]s1 or r spectators4 ,! special topical films are ransack$1 & little exc]pts made4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,coronation numb] ( ! ,gaumont ,graphic1 two or ?ree ( ! greate/ features ( ! long ,coronation film 7 cut out & pa/$ toge!r to =m a prom95t item ( news2 ! same applies to ! int]-,univ]sity boat race & o!r sports1 ! ,d]by & great race meet+s1 ! ,football ,f9al2 9 %ort1 to e important annual ev5t4 ,?is proc$ure is necess>y1 = ! animat$ newspap] rea*es remote p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e p]*ance ! complete film ( an individual ev5t may nev] f9d its way4 ,"o noticeable feature is ! fri5dl9ess ext5d$ to ! c9ematographic news-ga!r]1 :o (t5 meets ) great] appreciation ?an 8 confrre1 ! ,press snap-%ott]4 ,! latt]1 arm$ ) 8 small cam]a1 (t5 all[s 8 zeal & en?usiasm to ov]/ep 8 discretion--a fact t is p>ticul>ly noticeable ) reg>d to society & royal ev5ts4 ,! c9ematograph op]ator1 on ! contr>y1 be+ burd5$ ) a some:at cumbr\s app>atus1 is =c$ to rema9 at a fix$ po9t4 ,! app>5t drawback is really a bless+ 9 disguise1 because special c>e is inv>iably tak5 to af=d him an advantage\s position4 ,! outcome is t c9ematographic portraiture n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$ is f> bett] ?an t secur$ by ! snap-%ott+ fi5d1 :o ?ru/s himself =w>d & cat*es 8 qu>ry1 p]*ance1 9 an unhappy mom5t4 ,yet ! editor ( ! film newspap] is n reliev$ f worries & anxieties4 ,c9ematography is dep5d5t ma9ly ^u a bright light2 ?us ! success ( a film1 at lea/ 9 ,great ,brita91 is nev] c]ta9 be=eh&4 ,:5 ! elem5ts are adv]se x is difficult inde$ to collect ! news4 ,! op]ator may wait = h\rs to film a subject1 or p]haps he makes 8 exposures 9 despair1 & ) a bl9d tru/ 9 luck4 ,:5 heavy fogs hang l blankets ov] ! great c5tres1 pass+ ev5ts ( importance defy record+1 & x is a %e] wa/e ( film to endeav\r to secure pictures4 ,z a result ! film newspap] is mu* easi] to produce 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 & ?is climatic influ5ce probably con/itutes a unique feature 9 newspap]dom4 ,! animat$ newspap] ev5 has its /op-press feature2 t is to say1 x c deal ) pictorial records ( ev5ts :i* occur aft] ! pap] is be+ pr9t$ (f or has be5 circulat$4 ,a %ort film ( "s great incid5t trickles into ! editorial room4 ,x _c be delay$ until ! next issue--by t "t public int]e/ 9 ! item w h vani%$4 ,consequ5tly x is ru%$ ?r\gh1 & all subscrib]s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry are advis$ by telegraph t a record ( su*-&-su* a topical subject has be5 obta9$1 & c be dispat*$ at once = display 9 ! =m ( supplem5t to ! animat$ newspap] n[ be+ %[n4 ,! late item is s5t out1 & ^u arrival at ! picture palace is atta*$ to ! end ( ! newspap] film already receiv$1 its inclusion p]haps necessitat+ sacrifice ( "s o!r item ( less importance4 ,:5 ! ,gaumont ,graphic fir/ appe>$1 x 0 issu$ weekly1 & accord+ly correspond$ to ! weekly illu/rat$ newspap]4 ,n[ x is publi%$ twice weekly1 & ) increas$ success4 ,inde$1 ! pictorial news film rea*es its subscrib]s 9 ! colonies & =eign c\ntries contemporane\sly1 or ev5 prior to ! arrival ( ! illu/rat$ weeklies1 :i* are dispat*$ by mail4 ,9 ,au/ralasia1 ,canada1 ,india1 & ! small] ,briti% colonies1 ! idea ( giv+ ! week's news 9 animation has met ) a rem>kably he>ty reception1 inasmu* z x s]ves to br+ ! _w's happ5+s f> m vividly be=e ! public 9 ^? remote p>ts ( ! _w ?an c be done 9 a brief newspap] cablegram or a s+le photograph publi%$ 9 ! pages ( ! illu/rat$ weeklies4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w is re-enact$ be=e !m2 !y are br\ght to ! localities :]e ! episodes occurr$--a miracle ( transportation n to be effect$ by any o!r kn[n sci5tific means4 ,h[ does ! film newspap] affect ! c9ematograph !atre8 ,:at is ! attitude t[>ds ! idea8 ,does ! %[man reg>d x ) fav\r8 ,^! are que/ions :i* naturally occur to ! m9d4 ,op9ion is be/ reflect$ by ! success ( ! ent]prise4 ,n[ t ! picture pap] is publi%$ twice a week1 ! exp5diture ( ! %[man is d\bl$2 b ?is fact does n appe> to h ex]cis$ a det]r5t influ5ce4 ,:5 ! ,gaumont ,graphic 0 publi%$ weekly1 its circulation approximat$ #bjj copies p] week4 ,9 o!r words1 #bjj %[m5 subscrib$ t[>ds ?is feature4 ,?is1 by ! way does n repres5t its full circulation1 z a s+le subscrib] may control two or m halls 9 "o city1 & v (t5 ! "o film suffices = sev]al picture palaces "u "o control4 ,^! #bjj copies ( ! film newspap]1 !n1 7 se51 at a mode/ computation1 by sev]al millions ( p weekly4 ,see+ t ! subscrib] is unable to hire ! film newspap] = ! week1 b has to pur*ase x outright at a uni=m price ( #b;d4 7#e c5ts7 p] foot1 & t its av]age l5g? is #fjj feet1 8 outlay am\nts to #f 7#cj7 = a subject1 ! exhibition life ( :i* is re/rict$ to ?ree or sev5 days4 ,z ! av]age %[man is a ke5 & %rewd bus9ess man1 x is n to be suppos$ = a mom5t t ! inve/m5t ( su* a sum e week is o!rwise ?an remun]ative f 8 po9t ( view4 ,w ! c9ematographic newspap] ev] supplant its pr9t$ rival8 ,by no means4 ,x acts r z an illu/rat$ supplem5t to pr9t$ details2 x r5d]s ! latt] m compreh5sive by br++ sc5es & actors vividly & naturally be=e ! eye1 !reby caus+ a m liv+ & detail$ impression ?an c be obta9$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( words4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is beg9n+ to rival ! illu/rat$ pap]1 :i* dep5ds ^u photographic cont5ts1 & ?is competition w be felt m ke5ly z "t goes on4 ,! day is probably /ill f> di/ant :5 a man1 in/ead ( giv+ a p5ny = a pr9t$ daily newspap] to see :at has happ5$ dur+ ! previ\s tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w sp5d ! same sum to ent] a picture palace1 & devote a qu>t] ( an h\r to see+ 9 full animation :at pap] & ink m]ely describe4 ,! mod]n bus9ess man ackn[l$ges t he only has "t to glance ?r\gh ! />+ headl9es ( 8 morn+ newspap]2 & surely compreh5sive titles & a s]ies ( excell5t pictures w\ld p]=m ! same s]vice = him1 & m besides4 ,produc]s w\ld aid ! developm5t by giv+ c>eful att5tion to titles & headl9es4 ,?us ! era ( ! daily c9ematographic newspap] is n s remote z may be ?\ght at fir/ sight4 ,! ,gaumont ,graphic is q ready to appe> daily if ! dem& %\ld arise4 ,! organisation is p]fect s f> z ! news-film collect+1 pr9t+1 develop+1 & o!r te*nical details are conc]n$4 ,a complete pap] c\ld be turn$ out 9 f\r h\rs4 ,t is to say1 films c\ld be receiv$ up to ab\t t5 o'clock at night1 & ! newspap] c\ld be ready = projection by two o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! e>ly special tra9s :i* n[ leave ! great cities at express spe$ = ! deliv]y ( pr9t$ newspap]s to remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry may yet be call$ ^u to c>ry small boxes ( daily news-film = simil> di/ribution4 ,! manufactur+ co/ ( ! film is be+ con/antly r$uc$2 & once ?is ess5tial is br\ght to a v l[ figure1 ent]pris+ %[m5 w n hesitate to sp5d a few %ill+s p] day to reproduce 9 animation be=e ! g5]al public ! *ief episodes ( ! prec$+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,animation ,,9 ,,natural ,,col\rs ,! p]fection atta9$ 9 ! projection ( animation ^u ! scre5 9 black & :ite naturally /imulat$ ef=ts t[>ds ! a*ievem5t ( simil> results 9 natural col\rs4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction 7 und]tak5 long be=e mono*rome c9ematography 0 p]fect$4 ,w4 ,f4 ,gre5e indicat$ ! developm5t :5 he produc$ 8 in/rum5t 9 #ahhi2 :ile z f> back z #ahig ,fr$]ick ,e4 ,ives1 celebrat$ = 8 ef=ts to solve ! problem ( /ill-life natural col\r photography1 outl9$ a means ( apply+ 8 process to c9ematography ) glass plates1 ! celluloid film n hav+ appe>$ at t date4 ,no d\bt he 0 urg$ to ?is developm5t by ! wond]ful results a*iev$ 9 *ronophotography ) glass plates by ,dr4 ,m>ey 9 ,p>is4 ,s9ce t ye> exp]im5t]s )\t end h grappl$ ) ! problem2 b little mat]ial success has be5 a*iev$4 ,inde$1 comm]cial c9ematography 9 ! true col\rs ( ,nature appe>s to be z f> f realisation z a simple process ( /ill-life col\r photography4 ,nature defies ! photographic inve/igator to capture & reproduce ! myriad t9ts & hues 9 :i* %e is g>b$4 ,we see col\r pictures ^u ! :ite scre51 b ) "o or two exceptions ! t9ts are ! result ( ! arti/'s h&iwork4 ,an ord9>y black & :ite film is tak51 & !n col\r$1 9 ! same way t ! photographic arti/ t9ts 8 portraits4 ,if ! "w is skilfully p]=m$ ! results are di/9ctly pleas+ & effective4 ,aft] "o has be5 wat*+ brilliant black & :ite pictures1 ! introduction ( a col\r$ film comes z a re/ful int]lude to ! eyes4 ,! col\r$ c9ematograph film 0 introduc$ by ,rob]t ,paul1 %ortly aft] he e/abli%$ 8 /udio4 ,z lant]n slides c\ld be col\r$ by h& ) bru% & pa9ts1 he saw no reason :y a film #dj feet 9 l5g? %\ld n be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,accord+ly he enli/$ ! s]vices ( an exp]t arti/ to make ! exp]im5t4 ,b x 0 a labori\s und]tak+4 ,a picture measur+ only #a in* wide by ?s ( an in* 9 dep? is a base ( op]ations q diff]5t f a lant]n slide measur+ #c in*es squ>e4 ,a magnify+ glass _h to be us$1 & a consid]able l5g? ( "t 0 ne$$ to treat a :ole film4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ col\r effects to :i* ! public 7 introduc$ 0 a film produc$ by ,james ,williamson1 9 ! 'n9eties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x depict$ a fire4 ,! conflagration 0 enact$ reali/ically1 an ab&on$ h\se be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,! flames & ! entire sc5e 7 col\r$1 giv+ additional s5sationalism to ! picture4 ,at t "t ! col\r$ film 0 v r>ely se51 ow+ to ! exp5se involv$ 9 its production1 & :5 ,williamson put 8 h&iwork on ! m>ket x receiv$ an extraord9>y reception4 ,! lurid t9t+ ( ! flames caught ! public fancy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,pa? ,,col\r ,,films4 ,! col\r sy/em p]fect$ by ?is fam\s ,fr5* firm produces beautiful effects4 ,:5 ! film measur+ #djj feet or m came into vogue x 0 recognis$ t h& col\r+ 0 no long] feasible4 ,! me?od 0 too sl[ & co/ly4 ,accord+ly a /5cil process 0 evolv$1 & is 9 use to-day1 giv+ _m ( ! beautiful effects se5 9 ! mov+ picture !atres4 ,a me*anical me?od ( t9t+ ! films by means ( ^! /5cils 0 next tak5 9 h&1 & f9ally1 aft] prolong$ exp]im5t1 0 p]fect$4 ,9 ?is developm5t ! ,fr5* firm ( ,pa? ,frres play$ ! mo/ prom95t "p1 & to-day1 despite ! /rides made 9 natural col\r c9ematography1 _! productions /ill rank fir/ 9 popul> e/imation1 ow+ to ! delicacy ( ! col\r+4 ,?is ,p>isian firm has made ! col\r film a prom95t feature ( its bus9ess1 & laid d[n an ext5sive & well-equipp$ e/abli%m5t especially = col\r+ op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pa? ,,col\r ,,ma*9e ,,pr9t+ ,,room4 ,probably ev]yone kn[s :at a /5cil is4 ,x is a patt]n cut out ( a solid ?9 flat surface1 :i* is aft]w>ds laid ^u ! subject to be treat$1 & pa9t appli$ by means ( a bru% or "s o!r m$ium4 ,! col\r+ only c rea* ! surface b5ea? ! cut spaces 9 ! plate1 & consequ5tly is appli$ j :]e x is desir$4 ,! process is practis$ freely 9 ! pr9t+ ( wall-pap]s1 & 9 apply+ designs to o!r surfaces1 z x is bo? *eap1 rapid1 & highly effective4 ,cutt+ ! /5cils = a mov+ picture film is a long & exact+ task4 ,?ree /5cils h to be prep>$ = ea* subject4 ,9 ! fir/ ! spaces correspond+ to ! r$ tones 9 ! picture h to be cut2 9 ! second1 ^? = ! yell[2 & 9 ! ?ird /5cil1 ^? = ! blue4 ,by putt+ "o ov] ! o!r ! v>i\s mixtures & tones are obta9$4 ,! process may be lik5$ to ! prep>ation ( ! ?ree process blocks = helio*romic illu/rations 9 lett]press pr9t+4 ,s9ce ea* picture measures only #a in* wide by ?s ( an in* 9 dep?1 we may ga!r "s idea ( ! lab\r involv$ = ! treatm5t (1 say1 #h1jjj pictures conta9$ 9 a film #ejj feet long4 ,x foll[s t unless a film is likely to h a l>ge dem&1 col\r+ is n attempt$4 ,9 "o case :i* ,i h 9 m9d1 ! firm w n attempt col\r+ unless !y are c]ta9 ( ! sale ( #bjj copies ( ! subject4 ,! col\rs--anil9e dyes--are appli$ successively by means ( roll]s1 ! film to be col\r$ be+ pass$ ?r\gh special ma*9es contriv$ = ! purpose4 ,9 view ( ! exp5se & "t entail$1 x is n surpris+ t _m inv5tors h devot$ _! en]gies to devise ways & means ( tak+ col\r pictures direct f ,nature4 ,gre5e evolv$ ! fir/ c9ematographic process = tak+ & project+ mov+ pictures 9 natural col\rs1 & 8 pat5t con/itutes ! base ^u :i* all o!r exp]im5t]s h work$1 j z to-day 9 ,am]ica ! k9etoscope is reg>d$ z ! prog5itor ( ! c9ematograph4 ,six mon?s lat] ano!r process work+ ^u ! same broad pr9ciple 0 pat5t$ by ,lee & ,turn]4 ,b ,gre5e's process 0 premature2 at t "t x 0 unworkable4 ,! ,lee & ,turn] sy/em1 fundam5tally ! same1 suff]$ f a simil> defect1 z ,i %all expla9 a little lat]4 ,natural light is ! result ( waves oscillat+ at a trem5d\s spe$ p] second1 j z o!r waves1 heavi] & travell+ f> m sl[ly 9 comp>ison ) light waves1 produce s\nd4 ,our famili> conception ( natural light1 or daylight1 is t x is :ite2 b we also "k t :5 a n>r[ beam is p]mitt$ to fall ^u a l5g? ( glass ( triangul> section1 kn[n z a prism1 ! light :i* on ! out] side appe>s :ite is f\nd to be resolv$ into col\rs on ! opposite side4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism ! beam ( light has be5 deflect$ f a /raight pa?1 & ! result is t ! waves ( v>y+ l5g?1 ( :i* :ite light is compos$1 h be5 sort$ out4 ,! %orte/ rays are r$1 :ile ! longe/ rays h a violet t+e4 ,! analysis ( light1 z reveal$ by ! spectrum 9 a d>k *amb]1 is p]=m$ = u by ,nature 9 ! ra9b[4 ,if we exam9e t ph5om5on we %all see t ! innum]able t9ts con/itut+ x fall into ?ree broad gr\ps--r$1 gre51 & violet4 ,^! !re=e are reg>d$ z ! prim>y col\rs4 ,by comb9+ any two1 or all ?ree1 ( ^!1 ! multitud9\s hues ) :i* we are famili> may be produc$4 ,! av]age p]son1 :5 he he>s r$1 gre51 & violet describ$ z ! prim>y col\rs1 is incl9$ to remon/rate4 ,at s*ool or :5 us+ 8 box ( pa9ts1 he 0 taught to reg>d yell[1 r$1 & blue z ! prim>y col\rs1 & gre51 a mixture ( blue & yell[1 z a second>y or complem5t>y col\r4 ,b ! two in/ances deal ) totally diff]5t =ms ( light4 ,! =m] is transmitt$1 & ! second is reflect$1 light4 ,?is confusion ( ?\ght l$ to ! undo+ ( _m e>ly exp]im5t]s 9 col\r photography4 ,!y took _! images ?r\gh successive scre5s ( r$1 yell[1 & blue1 & :5 project+ us$ ! complem5t>y col\r$ scre5s--orange1 gre51 & violet4 ,! results 7 />tl+4 ,x 0 n until ,gre5e took 8 pictures ?r\gh ! r$1 gre51 & violet scre5s1 & subsequ5tly project$ !m ?r\gh scre5s ( ! same col\rs--t is to say1 ! picture tak5 ?r\gh ! gre5 glass 0 project$ ?r\gh ! gre5 glass1 ! r$ ?r\gh ! r$1 & ! violet ?r\gh ! violet--t any tangible progress 0 made4 ,:5 ! celluloid film came into vogue ! exp]im5t]s lo/ no "t 9 comm]cialis+ a sy/em ( natural-col\r c9ematography4 ,! idea 0 to take a picture ?r\gh ea* successive scre54 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/ picture 0 tak5 ?r\gh ! r$ scre52 ! film 0 j]k$ =w>d1 & ! second picture 0 tak5 ?r\gh ! gre5 scre52 la/ly1 a fre% area ( s5sitis$ surface 0 br\ght be=e ! l5s & ?ird or violet scre54 ,?us ?ree consecutive pictures1 tak5 ?r\gh ?ree diff]5t scre5s1 7 secur$4 ,! scre5s compris$ sectors ( r$1 gre51 & violet respectively1 ea* col\r scre5 be+ succe$$ by an opaque sector4 ,?us ! %utt] 0 divid$ into six p>ts--?ree col\r scre5s & ?ree opaque sectors alt]nately4 ,aft] exposure ?r\gh "o scre51 z ! foll[+ opaque sector flitt$ across ! l5s1 ! film 0 j]k$ into position to br+ a fre% surface ( s5sitis$ surface be=e ! next scre5 9 ! revolv+ %utt]4 ,:5 ! r$ scre5 is br\ght into position be=e ! l5s1 ! col\rs 9 ! object are filt]$1 z x 71 only ! r$ rays be+ p]mitt$ to pass ?r\gh ! scre5 to ! film4 ,! picture on ! film1 !re=e1 is a photograph ( ! r$ tones 9 ! subject4 ,simil>ly ! gre5 scre5 absorbs all b ! gre5 rays1 & photographs a record ( ! gre5 tones 9 ! subject4 ,! same is true ( ! violet scre54 ,! develop$ film possesses no t+e ( col\r 9 itself4 ,x is m]ely a black-&-:ite image4 ,close exam9ation ( ?ree consecutive pictures1 h[ev]1 reveals v>y+ d5sities accord+ to ! filt]+ action ( ! respective scre5s4 ,9 project+1 ! picture tak5 ?r\gh ! r$ scre5 is ?r[n ?r\gh a r$ scre51 ! gre5 image ?r\gh a gre5 scre51 & ! violet ?\gh a violet scre54 ,?us ! lant]n recon/ructs ^u ! %eet :at ! cam]a dissects :5 photograph+ ! object4 ,exp]im5t]s anticipat$ t1 9 virtue ( ! law ( visual p]si/5ce1 if ^! pictures 7 project$ at a suffici5t spe$ ^u ! %eet1 ! ?ree images tak5 ?r\gh ! r$1 gre51 & violet scre5s w\ld be sup]impos$ "o on ! next1 !reby convey+ to ! eye a fai?ful col\r record ( ,nature4 ,x s\nds feasible & seems attractively simple to p]=m2 b ,nature has n be5 caught yet4 ,at ! v outset ! inve/igators 7 baffl$4 ,! s5sitis$ emulsion on ! film 0 too sl[ to r5d] ! application possible4 ,e photograph] kn[s t ! r$ light is non-act9ic--he uses x = ! illum9ation ( 8 d>k-room :ile develop+ 8 plates4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 x 0 hopeless to endeav\r to take a photograph ?r\gh ! r$ scre5 9 #a_/ajj? "p ( a second4 ,= ?is reason ,gre5e's process fail$1 z did also t ( ,lee & ,turn]4 ,!n ano!r miscalculation 0 reveal$4 ,) black-&-:ite pictures a spe$ ( sixte5 pictures is ! m9imum capable ( convey+ ! impression ( cont9u\s motion to ! bra94 ,z ! pictures are 9 mono*rome1 ! p]fection ( ! illusion is facilitat$4 ,b :5 x came to project+ ! pictures tak5 9 ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ?is law 0 s]i\sly upset4 ,:5 only sixte5 pictures p] second are %[n1 ! eye & bra9 are able to s+le out ! respective col\rs4 ,! pictures d n run toge!r to give a natural col\r-effect1 b are m]ely successive fla%es ( r$1 gre51 & violet light4 ,accord+ly1 ! rate ( projection _h to be increas$ ?ree times at lea/--=ty-eight pictures p] second--& ! /ra9 ( ?is spe$ ^u ! film 0 s great t (t5 x succumb$4 ,consequ5tly1 be=e col\r-c9ematography c\ld advance beyond ! ye> #ahii--:5 ! fir/ pat5t 0 fil$ by ,gre5e--! *emi/ _h to be call$ 9 once m to accompli% a miracle & make possible ! dreams ( inv5tors4 ,! s5sitis$ emulsion _h to be spe$$ up to su* a degree t x 0 s5sitive ev5 to r$ light4 ,by ?is means ! film is made 8pan*romatic10 z x is call$2 t is to say1 x becomes s s5sitive t x w p]mit an exposure to be made z rapidly ?r\gh ! r$ z ?r\gh ! gre5 scre54 ,b 8pan*romatism0 br\ght its own drawbacks4 ,! film c\ld no long] be h&l$ 9 ! d>k-room illum9$ ) a ruby lamp1 = fe> ( becom+ fogg$4 ,x has n be5 f\nd practicable to imp>t pan*romatism to ! film at ! "t x is manufactur$4 ,i d n mean to say t x _c be done at t /age1 b ! dem& = su* a film is s small t x is n wor?y ( pres5t consid]ation on ! "p ( ! manufactur]4 ,until col\r-c9ematography becomes g5]ally practis$1 ^? engag$ 9 its exploitation w be compell$ to r5d] _! film pan*romatic prep>atory to exposure4 ,?is means t ! film z x arrives f ! manufactur] mu/ be submitt$ to a prelim9>y op]ation to augm5t its s5sitiv5ess to light4 ,= ?is purpose x is pass$ ?r\gh a 8col\r-s5sitis+0 solution4 ,! precise con/itution ( ?is s5sitis+ ba? is jeal\sly gu>d$1 ?\gh ! mat]ials employ$ 9 ! process are well kn[n1 & sev]al =mul :i* w r5d] a film pan*romatic h be5 publi%$4 ,any "o ( ?ree *emicals c be utilis$ to r5d] ! ord9>y film s s5sitive to light t ! ruby lamp w fog x4 ,^! are p9a*rome1 p9acyanol1 & e?yl-violet4 ,! proportion ( ^! fundam5tal *emicals v>ies1 ! majority ( inve/igators hav+ evolv$ a p>ticul> =mula :i* !y h f\nd to be ! be/ suit$ to _! own requirem5ts4 ,! publi%$ =mul1 h[ev]1 h prov$ q reliable1 & h be5 productive ( "s excell5t results2 & !y provide ! exp]im5t] ) a basis ^u :i* to c>ry out 8 "w4 ,rec5tly a fur!r developm5t has be5 record$4 ,w4 ,f4 ,gre5e1 ! pione]1 has successfully employ$ a new col\r s5sitis]1 :i* is fa/] ?an ei!r ( ! ?ree above-m5tion$ m$iums4 ,pan*romatis+ is a t$i\s op]ation4 ,! "w has to be c>ri$ out practically 9 total d>kness1 or at ! utmo/ 9 ! fa9t glimm] ( a blue-black light4 ,ev5 ?is slight illum9ation has to be us$ v sp>+ly1 be+ swit*$ on only = a few seconds at a "t4 ,aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! col\r s5sitis] ! film is w\nd ^u a l>ge drum & dri$1 ?is op]ation be+ accel]at$ by rotat+ ! drum at a high spe$ 9 a curr5t ( w>m air4 ,:5 dry ! film is w\nd ^u ! spool ready = use4 ,z may be suppos$1 ! op]ation is some:at sl[1 ab\t ?ree h\rs be+ occupi$ "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions 9 ! process ( s5sitis+ & dry+4 ,x is imp]ative t ! film1 aft] be+ s5sitis$1 %\ld be us$ z soon z possible4 ,x det]iorates rapidly2 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! emulsion to r$ light becomes impov]i%$ ?r\gh keep+1 ! life ( /ock s treat$ be+1 z a rule1 "o ( only a few weeks4 ,ano!r objection to col\r c9ematography is ! exp5se4 ,:5 ! ?ree prim>y col\rs--r$1 gre51 & violet--are us$1 dem&+ a photograph+ & project+ spe$ ( =ty-eight pictures p] second--sixte5 p] second ?r\gh ea* scre5--z comp>$ ) sixte5 pictures p] second ) black & :ite "w1 ?ree times ! quantity ( film has to be us$4 ,accord+ly1 ! exp5se ( ! film alone is ?ree times z heavy4 ,! fur!r necessity = pan*romatis+ ! film be=e use increases ! co/ ( ! mat]ial /ill m4 ,by ! "t ! 8/ock0 has be5 treat$ ) ! col\r s5sitis] its co/ is increas$ f #a;d41 or #c c5ts1 to ab\t #c;d41 or #g c5ts1 p] foot4 ,:5 tricol\r c9ematography is attempt$1 ?ree feet ( film are requir$ to record ! movem5ts ( ! subject dur+ ! space ( "o second1 z aga9/ "o foot = black & :ite "w4 ,) a view to r$uc+ ?is heavy co/1 inv5tors conc5trat$ _! att5tion on ! possibility ( secur+ approximately true natural col\rs by ! aid ( two scre5s only--! gre5 & ! r$4 ,9 ?is way a ?ird less film 0 requir$ & ! co/ 0 r$uc$ by an equal proportion4 ,?is developm5t 0 l$ by ,w4 ,f4 ,gre5e4 ,realis+ ! disadvantages ( ! ?ree scre5s1 he ab&on$ t sy/em--al?\gh x has s9ce be5 exploit$--& 9 #aije p]fect$ ! fir/ practical me?od ( natural-col\r c9ematography ?r\gh two scre5s--r$ & gre54 ,a demon/ration 0 giv5 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,janu>y #bf?1 #aijf4 ,?is 0 n ,gre5e's fir/ demon/ration 9 two-col\r "w1 z 9 #aijj he devis$ a ma*9e = a*iev+ ! same object1 :i* 0 exhibit$ be=e ! ,royal ,photographic ,society 9 t ye>4 ,ano!r dilig5t inve/igator 9 ?is field 0 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,smi?1 :o 0 /riv+ t[>ds col\r c9ematography at ! same "t z ,gre5e1 b indep5d5tly ( him4 ,! art fasc9at$ him 9 ! e>ly days2 & al?\gh he prosecut$ 8 exp]im5ts fir/ 9 black & :ite1 ! result ( ,ives's ef=ts 9 /ill-life col\r photography prompt$ him to wre/le ) ! problem ( produc+ natural col\rs 9 mov+ pictures4 ,! elim9ation ( ! ?ird or blue scre5 0 8 special /udy1 & ye>s 7 exp5d$ 9 rese>*es to ?is end1 involv+ c\ntless exp]im5ts ) ! r$ & gre5 scre5s1 v>y+ 9 d5sity & int5sity f ! col\r po9t ( view1 & 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 "o scre51 say1 ( em]ald-gre5 & ! o!r ( orange-r$ w\ld fir/ be us$4 ,?is prov+ unsatisfactory1 ! proportion ( ! r$ 9 ! "o scre5 0 increas$1 ! gre5 rema9+ unt\*$4 ,!n ! gre5 w\ld be v>i$1 & !n ! r$ aga91 ! process be+ cont9u$ until a satisfactory result 0 obta9$4 ,! se>* 0 r5d]$ all ! m exasp]at+ :5 ! scre5s :i* produc$ satisfaction on "o day ) a subject1 fail$ altoge!r ) ano!r subject ! next day1 ow+ to v>iation 9 ! light4 ,at la/1 9 #aijf1 ,mr4 ,smi?'s pat5t1 kn[n z 8,k9emacolor10 made its appe>ance "s eighte5 mon?s beh9d t ( ,gre5e2 ?\gh x 0 n p]fect$ suffici5tly to be introduc$ to ! public until #aijh4 ,und\bt$ly 8,k9emacolor0 is at pres5t ! be/-kn[n comm]cial natural col\r sy/em4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is process has /imulat$ ! movem5t 9 col\r c9ematography to a pron\nc$ degree1 & its improv$ appe>ance 9 #aiaa creat$ a s5sation4 ,"s ( ! effects produc$ h be5 v beautiful1 & al?\gh !y are f> f p]fect1 z ^? id5tifi$ ) ! process w readily admit1 yet x con/itutes an excell5t /epp+-/one = fur!r improvem5t4 ,! /atem5t t ! blue scre5 has be5 elim9at$ w d\btless provoke discussion z to h[ ! hues ( a pron\nc$ blue or purple effect s common 9 nature c be obta9$4 ,if "o picture is photograph$ ?r\gh ! r$ scre5 & ! second ?r\gh ! gre5 scre51 ?is alt]nation ( exposure be+ cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! film1 x seems c]ta9 t ! result w be pictures :]e9 only gre5 & r$ tones exi/1 s9ce no comb9ation ( ^! col\rs w give purple4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! case1 & x con/itutes ! =emo/ imp]fection 9 8,k9emacolor02 ! pictures d h a prevail+ gre5 or r$ tone4 ,b ^! t9ts become modifi$ slightly4 ,! ess5tial blue tone is p>tially suppli$ 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is a c]ta9 proportion ( blue associat$ ) ! gre5 scre52 secondly1 :5 ! electric arc light is us$ !re is a pron\nc$ blue tone 9 ! light4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! factors1 to a c]ta9 b v small degree1 comp5sates = ! abs5ce ( ! blue scre54 ,on ! o!r h&1 resort to ! two scre5s s]ves to emphasise ! direct col\rs4 ,! r$ & gre5 tones d /& out ) />tl+ purity--8unnaturally vivid0 is a criticism t ,i h (t5 he>d--b ! int]m$iate tones1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! br[ns1 are /rik+ly s(t4 ,"s ( ! pictures are assail$ z be+ unnatural 9 tone2 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ! criticism is a j "o4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 x is due to ! fact t ! spectator has nev] actually conc5trat$ 8 att5tion ^u col\r effects 9 ,nature4 ,8 eye has nev] giv5 him a fai?ful report ( _! quality4 ,t 8,k9emacolor0 has sev]e limitations _c be d5i$1 especially :5 x comes to deal+ ) ,nature direct4 ,fidelity to ! myriad hues ( ,nature1 rang+ f "o extreme end ( ! spectrum to ! o!r1 _c possibly be obta9$ by rec\rse to two scre5s4 ,"o se>*es 9 va9 = ! true blue & ! ri*1 deep purple1 :ile ! pure yell[ also is abs5t1 be+ repres5t$ by v>y+ tones ( orange4 ,s f> z ! blues & purples are conc]n$1 !y nev] c be obta9$ by resort to ! two scre5s--r$ & gre5 respectively--because :at is kn[n z ! l[] end ( ! spectrum is lo/ entirely by 8,k9emacolor40 ,! hues /op %ort at ! b\nd>y :]e gre5 meets blue4 ,! public has sometimes drawn att5tion to ano!r defect 9 col\r c9ematography4 ,x appe>s to photograph ! subject 9 a brilliant sunlight1 reg>dless ( ! fact t sunlight kills col\rs4 ,e amateur photograph] kn[s t if he exposes 8 plate ^u a brilliantly light$ subject ! tones are h>d1 ev]y?+ be+ practically resolv$ into an int5se :ite & black1 :ile ! leaves ( trees appe> to be cov]$ ) sn[4 ,:5 su* a disadvantage afflicts ! black & :ite work]1 :at c be said ( a col\r subject tak5 "u ! same conditions8 ,! brilliantly light$ po9ts are lack+ 9 tone1 & "s v biz>re effects are produc$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,:5 an ess5tially sc5ic subject is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ^! defects are v manife/1 b :5 x is appli$ to su* a subject z ! ,coronation ( ! ,k+ ! flaws are ov]look$1 because public int]e/ is conc5trat$ ^u ! pr9cipal actors4 ,x _c be d5i$ t f ! popul> po9t ( view ! ,k9emacolor records ( ! ,coronation1 ! ,inve/iture ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & o!r ,royal subjects ( ! same "t left little to be desir$4 ,!y br\ght ! sc5e be=e millions ) a wond]ful realism & gorge\s blaze ( col\r su* z nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( mov+ pictures _h be5 witness$ ^u ! scre54 ,! excell5ce ( ^! portrayals e/abli%$ 8,k9emacolor0 firmly 9 ! m9d ( ! public4 ,ano!r disconc]t+ feature :i* has ar\s$ consid]able comm5t 9 ! public m9d is ! app>5t duplication ( ! outl9es ( figures ne> ! cam]a4 ,! mo/ un9itiat$ obs]v] _c fail to see ! outl9es 9 gre5 & r$1 z if ! sup]imposition 7 out ( regi/]4 8,fr++10 z ?is defect is call$1 is difficult to elim9ate 9 _m in/ances1 & al?\gh (t5 x is only mom5t>y1 x is decid$ly di/ress+4 ,x is due to diffraction1 ! glass scre5 z ! light passes ?r\gh act+ some:at z a prism1 & splitt+ up ! light into its compon5t p>ts or gr\ps ( wave-l5g?s4 8,k9emacolor0 has va/ possibilities 9 ! pres5tation ( picture-plays2 inde$1 ?is may be said to be its true prov9ce4 ,"h "o c prep>e ! sc5]y & co/umes to come )9 ! limitations ( ! two scre5s adopt$2 ! drawbacks c be elim9at$ by prop] /ag+1 & all ^? col\rs omitt$ :i* _c be fai?fully reproduc$4 ,ev5 if ! latt] exp$i5t is n practis$1 ! col\r-di/ortion is n se5 ^u ! scre54 ,! audi5ce _c see t a ri* purple cloak has turn$ to a :iti%-gre51 or a brilliant yell[ become r$di%-orange4 ,9 ju/ice1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be said t ,k9emacolor is only 9 its infancy2 x occupies ! same position to-day t black-&-:ite c9ematography did 9 ! e>ly 'n9eties4 ,! comb9$ ef=ts ( sev]al indep5d5t inve/igators w elim9ate ! defects "o by "o & effect /eady improvem5ts4 ,black-&-:ite c9ematography has pass$ beyond ! =mative p]iod & rea*$ an advanc$ /age ( developm5t2 natural-col\r c9ematography mu/ g ?r\gh ! self-same ordeal4 ,op]ators h n become accu/om$ to ! new ord] ( ?+s1 & h n realis$ ! _m new factors t h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! soon] !y d s1 ! m pr(itable w ! art become4 ,a new rival1 8,biocolor10 has rec5tly made its appe>ance4 ,?is process is bas$ ^u ! ,gre5e pat5ts1 & ! results a*iev$ s f>1 9 comb9ation ) ?is indefatigable exp]im5t]'s late/ discov]ies1 repres5t a m>k$ advance 9 ! art4 ,n only are ! tones pur] to ,nature1 b 8fr++0 & o!r defects h be5 elim9at$1 :ile ! process is mu* simpl] & *eap]4 ,consid]able att5tion has be5 c5tr$ ^u a new natural-col\r c9ematographic process :i* has rec5tly made its appe>ance4 ,! ?ree prim>y col\rs are us$1 & are project$ ^u ! scre5 simultane\sly to pres5t m]ely "o image be=e ! public1 z 9 ! ,ives sy/em ( lant]n-slide col\r-projection4 ,! pictures are project$ at ! rate ( sixte5 p] second 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 & ! light+ arrangem5t is c>ri$ out ^u diff]5t l9es4 ,in/ead ( a revolv+ %utt] eclips+ ! r$ image to p]mit ! gre5 picture to be br\ght into place1 ! light is ext+ui%$1 projection be+ c>ri$ out ^u a fla% sy/em1 :]eby a p[]ful beam ( light is ?r[n mom5t>ily ?r\gh ! ?ree images & scre5s1 ! pictures be+ *ang$ 9 ! p]iod ( d>kness4 ,! fla%+ mu/ be c>ri$ out ) uni=mity1 :i* is assur$ by electric-me*anical means1 indep5d5tly ( ! op]ator4 ,! results1 x is /at$1 %[ ! mo/ di/9ct advance s f> made 9 natural-col\r c9ematography4 ,al?\gh col\r-c9ematography has made rem>kable /rides1 ! mono*rome picture has become e/abli%$ m firmly ?an ev]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! new rival has /imulat$ p]fection 9 ! te*nical excell5ce ( ! latt] process4 ,! mono*rome possesses "o ov]:elm+ advantage ov] its competitor--x is f> *eap]4 ,a subject :i* 9 black & :ite requires1 say1 #ejj feet ( film1 dem&s1 z we h se51 #a1jjj feet1 or twice ! quantity ( mat]ial1 = ! two-col\r record ( ! same subject4 ,at pres5t also ! mono*rome film possesses f9] & m brilliant detail1 is cle>]1 &1 f ! photographic /&po9t1 leaves little to be desir$4 ,x is becom+ q a common practice to relieve ! monoton\s black-&-:ite by ! introduction ( col\r+ effects4 ,= in/ance1 ! impression ( a bright moon-light night is convey$ by giv+ ! pictures a prevail+ blue tone2 = o!r sc5es br[n or r$ tones are giv54 ,^! effects are secur$ by /eep+ ! film 9 a *emical solution 9 precisely ! same way z plat9otype & bromide pap]s are t9t$ aft] developm5t4 8,ton+10 z x is call$1 is com+ into ext5sive use1 especially 9 connection ) ! mo/ arti/ic films4 ,! treatm5t imp>ts a solidity to ! figures 9 ! picture1 & gives a pleas+ s(tness1 s t ! pictures ^u ! scre5 possess a quasi-/]eoscopic effect highly pleas+ to ! eye4 ,! beauty ( ?is treatm5t is reveal$ v significantly 9 ! films ( ,italian manufacture1 & especially 9 ! 8art0 productions ( ! ,c9es ,company1 ( ,rome4 ,!re is no limitation to subsequ5t improv+ processes su* z ^!1 & _! effect is to implant ! mono*rome pictures m & m firmly 9 public e/imation4 ,consequ5tly1 ! black-&-:ite picture is f> f be+ eclips$ by its new rival2 9 fact1 su* a cont+5cy is m remote to-day ?an x 0 t5 ye>s ago4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,9 ,,! ,,home ,w ! c9ematograph ev] ent] home life8 ,w ! _w & 8 wife ev] become w$d$ to a cam]a ) :i* !y c secure life 9 motion by "s simple & easy me?od1 j z n[ !y c obta9 /ill-life pictures by ! aid ( ! h&-cam]a8 ,w ! c9ematograph become z popul> z ! ubiquit\s ,kodak8 ,!re is no d\bt t ! widespread fav\r ext5d$ to c9ematography has br\ght ab\t a popul> desire to foll[ ! art 9 an amateur mann]1 z is possible 9 ord9>y photography4 ,hi!rto c]ta9 ob/acles h /ood 9 ! way ( ! amateur en?usia/2 b ^! difficulties h be5 brok5 d[n 9 an +5i\s mann]4 ,! desire to practise ! new cult has be5 increas$ by ! numb] ( firms engag$ 9 ! mak+ ( topical pictures & by ! increas+ dem& = su* subjects4 ,occasionally pictures comm& a high value1 fluctuat+ 9 proportion to public int]e/4 ,= in/ance1 ! dramatic mann] ( ,blriot's flight across ! ,*annel caught ! pr(essional c9ematograph]s by surprise4 ,elaborate arrangem5ts _h be5 made to secure pictorial records ( ?is j\rney1 b only "o man1 a wide-awake amateur1 obta9$ a film ( ! emb>kation4 ,al?\gh 8 film 0 defici5t 9 te*nique & photographic quality1 x comm&$ a high price2 & ! ent]pris+ photograph] nev] _h occasion to regret 8 ent]prise1 = 8 initial exp5se 0 rec\p$ sev]al times ov]4 ,! co/ ( ! cam]a & ! exp5se ( ! film are ! *ief drawbacks to ! popul>isation ( c9ematography2 ! bulk9ess ( ! app>atus has also militat$ aga9/ its adoption by ! amateur4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ^! admitt$ drawbacks h be5 ov]come1 & by me?ods :i* claim ! di/9ct m]it ( +5uity & res\rce4 ,ab\t #ahhf a novel device kn[n z ! 8,k9eograph0 appe>$4 ,x 0 an anticipation ( ! 8,mutoscope10 :i* made su* a bold bid = public appreciation 9 ! e>ly 'n9eties &1 l ! ,k9eograph itself1 fail$ to make its m>k4 ,a numb] ( in/antane\s photographs 7 pr9t$ & m\nt$ ^u sep>ate leaves4 ,! pictures 7 plac$ 9 consecutive ord] & b\nd at "o side to =m a k9d ( book4 ,:5 ! leaves 7 turn$ ov] rapidly1 giv+ fleet+ ?\gh di/9ct glimpses ( ! successive pictures1 ! idea 0 convey$ t motion 0 be+ repres5t$4 ,rec5tly ?is idea has be5 reviv$ 9 ! 8,k9ora0 motion photography sy/em4 ,?is likewise made its fir/ appe>ance "s ye>s ago1 b fail$ ( success1 al?\gh x 0 di/9ctly +5i\s4 ,x (f]$ to ! home 9 pictures j :at ! phonograph provides 9 reg>d to s\nd--! capture ( a p>ticul> incid5t to be reproduc$ at leisure4 ,9 a highly improv$ =m ! same device has rec5tly reappe>$1 & its reception augurs well = its future4 ,! amateur is provid$ ) facilities = tak+ 8 own photographs1 a special cam]a hav+ be5 evolv$ = ! purpose ( simple design & op]ation4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance x resembles ! ord9>y h&-cam]a1 measur+ #i in*es 9 l5g? by #f in*es wide by #g in*es deep4 ,:5 load$ x does n weigh m ?an #g p\nds4 ,ext]nally x possesses few fitt+s4 ,!re is ! l5s1 :i* c be focuss$ by mov+ ! l5s tube to & fro 9 an out] sleeve1 z 9 a telescope2 ! view-f9d]1 plac$ on ! top1 & ! actuat+ h&le at ! "r-h& side4 ,at ! re> is ! dial1 :]eby is indicat$ ! l5g? ( film expos$1 a focuss+ tube & ! device :]eby focuss+ is c>ri$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,k9ora cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,! me*anism ( ! ,k9ora cam]a %[+ pap] negative film 9 position4 ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,at ,,home4 ,! me*anism ( ! cam]a is v simple4 ,! s5sitis$ ribbon is plac$ 9 a circul> spool box & !n is ?read$ ?r\gh ! film-gate & ! int]mitt5t ge>1 to be tak5 f9ally 9 a second circul> spool-box4 ,! int]mitt5t ge> diff]s entirely f t 9 ! ord9>y cam]a1 :i* works ^u a claw or f+] sy/em ) ! film runn+ ov] sprockets4 ,9 ! ,k9ora cam]a bel[ ! gate !re are two ecc5tric roll]s1 m\nt$ side by side1 act+ 9 ! same way z ! roll]s ( ! dome/ic mangle4 ,^! roll]s are split at "o po9t ?r\gh _! entire l5g?1 & :5 ^! two edges1 rotat+ syn*ron\sly b 9 opposite directions1 come toge!r & 9 contact ) ! film1 :i* is f$ betwe5 !m1 !y grip & pull x d[n ! dep? ( "o picture4 ,x may be po9t$ out t a simil> movem5t 0 adopt$ 9 ! v e>lie/ c9ematograph cam]as built by ,gre5e & o!r exp]im5t]s1 9 ord] to secure ! requisite int]mitt5t motion4 ,_! imp]fection 0 ! unc]ta9 motion ( ! roll]s2 b 9 ! ,k9ora cam]a ?is defect has be5 completely ov]come4 ,illu/ration3 ,! reel ( positive pr9ts4 ,! pictures are m\nt$ sep>ately ^u leaves fix$ to a core4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,,at ,,home4 ,! ,k9ora reproduction in/rum5t4 ,x resembles a /]eoscope1 & ! pictures are expos$ s+ly by rotat+ ! h&le4 ,! app>atus c be us$ ei!r ) a pap] negative or ! celluloid film4 ,! =m] is v satisfactory & inexp5sive1 & x may be /at$ t ?is is ! fir/ occasion 9 :i* ! pap] negative has be5 appli$ successfully to motion-photography4 ,! cam]a is adapt$ to c>ry =ty feet ( ribbon1 :i* is suffici5t = #fdj consecutive pictures1 ! latt] be+ precisely ( ! same dim5sions z ^? obta9$ ^u ! ord9>y celluloid c9ematograph film--"o in* 9 wid? by ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep4 ,pap] is suit$ to ord9>y "w1 al?\gh ! gra9 de/roys %>pness to a slight ext5t2 h[ev]1 z su* s5sitis$ ribbon co/s only #as4 #f;d4 7#cf c5ts7 p] l5g? ( =ty feet1 ! drawback is slight4 ,if desir$1 celluloid film c be us$1 9 :i* case ! ribbon is "o in* 9 wid?--?ree-eigh?s ( an in* n>r[] ?an ! /&>d c9ematographic film1 al?\gh !re is no v>iation 9 ! size ( ! image1 s9ce ! necessity ( p]=at+ ! edges has be5 obviat$4 ,celluloid film pr9t$ 9 ?is mann] _c be us$ = ! purposes ( projection ^u a scre54 ,moreov]1 ! celluloid film is exp5sive2 ! pap] s5sitis$ ribbon is m suitable = home-"w4 ,! pap] negative is develop$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 b z ! op]ation is some:at delicate1 ! expos$ ribbon %\ld be s5t to ! manufactur]s1 :o also prep>e ! positive = a mode/ outlay4 ,9 any case1 ! positive mu/ be prep>$ by ! manufactur]s1 z x is a some:at intricate process1 dem&+ resort to special ma*9]y2 ! pictures h to be pr9t$ "o by "o1 on successive leaves 9 rotation1 & atta*$ by "o end to a bobb9 s z to pres5t a circul> reel = use 9 ! ,k9ora project+ app>atus1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! pictures are pr9t$ ^u bromide pap] 9 su* a way t ! image /&s ^u a black backgr\nd4 ,! latt] is obta9$ by expos+ ! s5sitis$ pap] surr\nd+ ! negative image to ! light at ! same "t t ! negative is pr9t$2 & z x becomes ?or\ghly expos$1 developm5t br+s x out p]fectly black4 ,x looks z ?\gh ! positive 7 pr9t$ ^u pap] & aft]w>ds cut out & m\nt$ ^u a black backgr\nd4 ,! positive has next to be submitt$ to a treatm5t :]eby ! back ( ! pap] is coat$ ) a dead black4 ,! /rip ( pap] c>ry+ ! images is !n cut to ! requisite size by means ( special ma*9]y1 s t ea* picture =ms a leaf ab\t #c in*es long by #a in* deep4 ,! blank end ( ea* leaf is atta*$ to a c5tral core or reel1 "s #fdj leaves be+ m\nt$ edge-wise 9 ?is mann]1 & ! positive is !n ready = projection4 ,! app>atus by means ( :i* ! motion is reproduc$ v>ies slightly 9 ! diff]5t types4 ,9 its simple/ =m x recalls ! /]eoscope 9 design1 only in/ead ( two l5ses x has "o l>ge rectangul> magnify+-glass4 ,! reel is m\nt$ ^u ! opposite end ( ! in/rum5t 9 a horizontal mann] s t ! pictures /& v]tically & p>allel to ! l5s4 ,!re is a small h&le at "o side :]eby ! reel ( pictures is rotat$ ?r\gh simple ge>+1 :ile a metal f+] re/s lightly ^u ! extreme out] edge ( ! leaves 9 su* a way z to p]mit only "o picture to turn ov] at a "t4 ,:5 ?is h&le is turn$ & "o is look+ ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass1 ! leaves fly ov] 9 rapid sequ5ce1 produc+ a vivid illusion ( animation4 ,9 ! second type ( ma*9e ! reel is m\nt$ 9 a cab9et1 :i* is fitt$ ) two or m l5ses1 s t two or m p c foll[ ! movem5t ( ! pictures simultane\sly4 ,! actuat+ me*anism is driv5 by clockwork1 z 9 a gramophone4 ,endless pleasure c be obta9$ ) ?is in/rum5t 9 ! home4 ,pretty little incid5ts ( dome/ic life1 su* z *ildr5 play+1 animals gamboll+1 & s =?1 c be photograph$ & reproduc$ ^u ! reel6 ,if "o is m ambiti\s "o c c9ematograph great ev5ts1 su* z a horse race1 a box+ conte/1 an express tra9 at full spe$--9 %ort1 any?+ 9 motion4 ,x is only necess>y to set ! cam]a ^u "s rigid f\ndation1 if a tripod is n c>ri$1 to secure /ead9ess dur+ exposure4 ,!re is "o great b5efit accru+ f ! use ( ?is app>atus4 ,unless wanton c>elessness is display$1 "o ne$ n worry ab\t "u- or ov]-exposure4 ,! pap] negatives are coat$ ) an exce$+ly rapid emulsion ( consid]able or?o*romatic quality1 s t true col\r-values are ensur$4 ,a v noticeable feature is ! +5i\s focuss+ device4 ,in/ead ( op5+ ! cam]a & remov+ ! film f ! gate1 z 9 ! ord9>y c9ematograph cam]a1 "o has m]ely to slide a /op project+ f ! back ( ! cam]a to ! l5g? ( its slot4 ,by s do+ ! :ole ( ! int]nal me*anism is mov$ bodily to "o side to br+ a small squ>e ( gr\nd glass atta*$ to ! gate into position be=e ! l5s-tube1 :5 focuss+ c be c>ri$ out v easily & readily4 ,z already po9t$ out1 if celluloid films are employ$ ) ?is cam]a1 !y _c be us$ = projection purposes1 because positives _c be pr9t$ f !m ^u ! /&>d p]=at$ positive film4 ,consequ5tly1 ! amateur :o wi%es to take motion pictures = projection on ! scre5 w f9d ! ,k9ora sy/em valueless4 ,x 0 design$ especially = ! production ( positive bromide pr9ts m\nt$ ^u a reel to be us$ ) ! special view+ ma*9e4 ,! true future = ?is +5i\s developm5t ( ! art und\bt$ly lies 9 ! possibility ( pur*as+ at a reasonable price reels ( 8/>0 ev5ts & subjects ( g5]al int]e/ or picture plays1 9 ! same way t "o c pur*ase talk+-ma*9e records4 ,9 ?is way motion-photography c inde$ be br\ght to ! fireside4 ,h[ c ! art ( c9ematography be br\ght )9 ! rea* ( ! amateur8 ,?is is ! absorb+ "q ( ! mom5t4 ,mov+ pictures hav+ become s popul>1 ! travell] wi%es to secure animat$ records ( ! sc5es :i* he has witness$ 9 =eign climes1 to reveal !m to 8 fri5ds1 exactly z he saw !m1 )9 ! home circle4 ,un=tunately1 su* an a*ievem5t is impossible "u exi/+ conditions4 ,! app>atus1 bo? record+ & project+1 is exp5sive2 ! film is co/ly2 :ile ! problem incid5tal to ! illum9ant is n easily solv$ 9 ! av]age home4 ,obvi\sly1 9 view ( ! fact t ! film is s exp5sive1 "s o!r sy/em ( record+ & project+ animation mu/ be employ$4 ,at ! same "t1 any inv5tion ( ?is "* aspir+ = comm]cial success mu/ be simple1 inexp5sive1 immune f dang]1 & compact4 ,at fir/ sight x seems an almo/ impossible que/ to secure all ^! ess5tials 9 a s+le /roke4 ,b x has be5 accompli%$1 & :at is m1 ) absolute p]fection4 ,to-day ! amateur c take mov+ pictures & project !m ^u a scre5 at w1 = ! edification ( 8 fri5ds1 m easily & *eaply ?an he c 8,kodak0 & project snap-%ots by lant]n-slides4 ,moreov]1 ! results ?us obta9$ & %[n are f> sup]ior to ^? obta9able ) ! me?ods & app>atus n[ 9 vogue4 ,?is revolution>y a*ievem5t has be5 atta9$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( an indefatigable ,italian work]1 ,m4 ,gianni ,bett9i4 ,?is p]sev]+ inv5tor recognis$ t a totally diff]5t sy/em w\ld h to be evolv$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! millions4 ,! celluloid film 0 q impracticable1 s he rev]t$ to ! e>ly days :5 inve/igators /rove1 & 9 va91 to utilise glass = _! purposes4 ,! e>ly exp]im5t]s1 z ,i h describ$ already1 foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( "o plate "o picture4 ,! op]ation ( *ang+ ! /&>d-size plate 9 its hold]1 no matt] h[ deftly accompli%$1 occupi$ an appreciable int]val ( "t1 :i* di/urb$ ! rhy?mic "* ( ! action photograph$4 ,monsieur ,bett9i recognis$ ?is insurm\ntable drawback1 s set to "w to devise a means ( tak+ sev]al successive images ^u a s+le plate1 & 8 success 9 ?is direction con/itutes "o ( ! vital features ( 8 inv5tion4 ,! pictures are tak5 9 a s]ies ( r[s--sixte5 to a r[--& at ! rate ( sixte5 p] second4 ,b !re is a radical dep>ture f preval5t practice4 ,) ! ord9>y c9ematograph app>atus ! l5s is fix$ & ! film is mov$ int]mitt5tly4 ,9 ! ,bett9i sy/em ! s5sitis$ surface is held rigidly1 & x is ! l5s :i* moves4 ,n[1 ?is raises an important & novel po9t4 ,z ! l5s is mov$ cont9ually to & fro a matt] ( #d in*es--no two successive pictures 9 a r[1 9 fact1 are tak5 at ! same focus--"o w\ld naturally expect t ! pictures w\ld v>y 9 %>pness4 ,b su* is n ! case3 ! picture at ! left-h& extremity ( ! r[ is z %>p z t at ! opposite end4 ,! :ole pr9ciple ( ! ,bett9i c9ema--plaque1 z x is call$1 is entirely new4 ,! cam]a itself1 a small contrivance1 wr\ght 9 alum9ium1 measur+ "s #h in*es 9 l5g? by #d in*es wide & #c in*es high1 is no l>g] or heavi] ?an a ,kodak snap-%ot cam]a4 ,?is box conta9s ! actuat+ me*anism1 :i* comprises a longitud9al %aft1 c>ry+ a peculi> ?read1 on :i* is m\nt$1 & along :i* moves1 ! objective1 motion be+ imp>t$ !reto by ! revolution ( ! h&le 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! s5sitis$ plate1 in/ead ( be+ slipp$ 9 position at ! re> ( ! box & fac+ ! l5s1 is ins]t$ at "o side & at "r-angles to ! front ap]ture4 ,! objective is a comb9$ l5s & a prism m\nt$ ^u ! travell+ "p4 ,! light1 pass+ ?r\gh ! front ap]ture1 ent]s ! prism & ?us is b5t at "r-angles ?r\gh ! objective on to ! plate4 ,! plate itself measures #acj by #bae millimetres 7#e by #h in*es71 & is m\nt$ 9 a too!d rod on "o side4 ,?is rack is v]tical & is mov$ d[nw>ds1 #f millimetres 7 in*7 at a "t1 by ! me*anism on :i* ! objective is m\nt$1 :5 ! latt] has complet$ its l5g? ( travel4 ,! plate is held 9 its hold] ^u ! left-h& side1 b ! top & bottom edges ( ! respective fir/ & la/ r[s ( pictures are flu% ) ! edge ( ! plate4 ,! latt] is slipp$ into ! cam]a & travels d[nw>ds int]mitt5tly4 ,in/ead ( a slide be+ us$ !re are light-tight bags1 bo? top & bottom1 =m+ ! magaz9es4 ,directly ! plate has pass$ ?r\gh ! cam]a x falls into ! l[] bag1 :ile simultane\sly a second plate foll[s 9 its tra9 ?r\gh ! cam]a f ! upp] bag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bett9i ,,glass ,,plate ,,c9ematograph4 ,! cam]a is us$ = projection 9 conjunction ) an ord9>y lant]n4 ,! glass plates are m\nt$ 9 a rack1 pass$ ?r\gh ! projector & collect$ 9 a magaz9e bag b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,section ,,( ,a ,,bett9i ,,glass ,,plate ,,record4 ,! plate measures #h in*es long by #e in*es wide4 ,!re are sixte5 successive pictures1 ea* measur+ 94 by #c_/af 941 to a r[ & #cf r[s1 repres5t+ #egf images1 on a plate4 ,z m5tion$ previ\sly1 ! dep? ( a r[ ( pictures is "o-qu>t] ( an in*1 :ile ! wid? ( ea* image is ?ree-t5?s ( an in*4 ,9 comm5c+ op]ations1 we w suppose t ! objective is at ! left-h& side ( ! plate1 & ! fir/ r[ ( pictures is to be tak54 ,! h&le is revolv$1 & ! l5s moves across ! s5sitis$ surface int]mitt5tly1 until x rea*es ! "r-h& edge4 ,! fir/ r[ ( pictures is complet$4 ,at ?is mom5t1 :ile ! %utt] is clos$1 ! plate desc5ds ! dep? ( a picture--"o-qu>t] ( an in*--!reby br++ ano!r /rip ( unexpos$ surface be=e ! objective4 ,! l5s n[ travels 9 ! rev]se direction1 i4e41 to ! left-h& side ( ! plate1 9 a simil> mann]4 ,:5 x ga9s ! limit ( its travel1 ! plate aga9 drops ! dep? ( a l9e ( images1 & ! l5s moves once m f left to "r1 ?is see-saw+ across ! plate 9 p>allel r[s cont9u+ until ! bottom edge ( ! plate is rea*$4 ,z ! too!d rack ( ! expos$ plate falls away ! too!d hold] ( ! succe$+ plate is tak5 up by ! me*anism & ! cycle ( op]ations cont9u$ until ! incid5t is record$4 ,!re is no break :atev] betwe5 two successive plates1 z ! fe$ is positive & accurate1 :ile simil>ly !re is no int]ruption 9 ! animation :5 ! travell+ l5s rea*es ! end ( a l9e1 because ! movem5t ( ! plate takes place dur+ ! fraction ( a second :5 ! l5s is cov]$ by ! opaque sector ( ! %utt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,a ,,fl[]4 ,a wond]ful ,k9emacolor film4 ,! pictures repres5t ! /ages ( gr[? on ! second1 f\r?1 six?1 & eigh? days respectively4--,see page #aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,k9eto1 ,ltd4 ,,wag+ ,a ,,heal? ,,campaign ,,by ,,mov+ ,,pictures4 ,?is film1 repres5t+ flies ^u putrid meat1 0 us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! w> aga9/ ! h\se fly ) conspicu\s success4 ,z ea* plate c>ries #cf r[s ( pictures1 ea* l9e conta9+ #af images1 x w be se5 t no less ?an #egf images1 ea* measur+ ?ree-t5?s ( an in* 9 wid? by "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 dep?1 c be record$ ^u a s+le plate4 ,al?\gh s small ! pictures are rem>kably %>p1 cle>1 di/9ct1 & full ( detail2 inde$1 !y rival ! images ^u ! celluloid film 9 ?is respect4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! negative1 ! positive is obta9$ by contact pr9t+ ^u ano!r glass surface z ) a lant]n slide4 ,n[1 = projection ! op]ator uses ! cam]a ) :i* ! pictures 7 tak51 9 conjunction ) an ord9>y project+1 or magic1 lant]n1 & ! movem5t ( ! app>atus is precisely ! same z 9 tak+ ! photos4 ,! positive plate 9 its too!d rack is slipp$ into ! cam]a & ! h&le revolv$1 !reby caus+ ! l5s to travel across ! plate int]mitt5tly4 ,:5 x rea*es ! end ( a r[ ( pictures1 ! plate is =c$ d[nw>ds1 "o-qu>t] ( an in* at a "t1 :ile ano!r rack & positive plate are ins]t$ :5 "o plate is exhau/$4 ,! pr9ciple ( projection is decid$ly novel & may be und]/ood f ! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! objective ) its prism is m\nt$ on "o side ( ! plate1 :ile on ! o!r side ( ! latt] is a second prism on ! longitud9al axis ( ! lant]n cond5s]4 ,! light f ! lant]n ,b /rikes ! prism ,c & !re is b5t at "r-angles t[>ds ! image on ! plate ,a4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! plate1 x ent]s ! l5s ,d1 to :i* ! prism ,e is atta*$1 & once m ! ray is deflect$ at "r-angles to be ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ,f4 ,an ord9>y magic lant]n suffices = ! purpose1 & ! inc&esc5t mantle & gas may be us$ z an illum9ant--petrol gas & acetyl5e are equally suitable--if electricity or ! oxy-hydrog5 light is n available4 ,! picture on ! scre5 may be ( any desir$ dim5sions1 inasmu* z ! small images1 ow+ to _! %>pness1 cle>ness1 & /rik+ weal? ( detail1 enable enl>gem5t to be c>ri$ to any degree1 s long z ! illum9ant is suffici5tly p[]ful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb--,,! ,,optical ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,projection ,,) ,,! ,,bett9i c9ema--plaque4 ,!re is "o po9t :i* mu/ be expla9$4 ,:5 ! l5s 9 ! cam]a is at ! left-h& edge ( ! plate1 ow+ to ! great] di/ance ( ! objective f ! object photograph$1 ev]y?+ w be ( small] proportions ?an :5 ! l5s is at ! "r-h& edge1 z !n x is br\ght #d in*es ne>] ! subject4 ,9 o!r words1 z ! l5s moves across ! plate f left to "r1 ! dim5sions increase2 on ! o!r h&1 !y dim9i% z ! l5s moves back aga94 ,?is might be consid]$ to be an insurm\ntable ob/acle1 b x is n1 because :5 ! positive is project$ a diff]5t effect is produc$4 ,! picture at ! left-h& edge ( ! plate1 :i* 9 ! cam]a 0 ! smalle/1 ow+ to its great] di/ance f ! object1 n[ becomes enl>g$ to a great] degree ?an t at ! opposite end ( ! r[1 s9ce ! =m] is #d in*es f>!r f ! scre54 ,by ?is arrangem5t a correction takes place1 ! objects 9 all ! images 9 a r[ be+ br\ght to a uni=m size4 ,see+ t cont9uity ( motion is gov]n$ purely by ! fe$+ ( ! plates1 x w be se5 t ! :ole ( ! longe/ incid5ts may be photograph$4 ,a magaz9e c take twelve plates1 or m1 accord+ to desire4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance a total ( #f1iab pictures may be obta9$4 ,see+ t ea* r[ ( pictures ^u a plate is equival5t to a foot ( celluloid film1 a s+le plate w c>ry ! same numb] ( pictures z ?irty-six feet ( ! latt]4 ,on ?is basis a doz5 plates w be equival5t to #dcb feet1 or m ?an two spools ( celluloid film1 see+ t a spool z f$ into ! cam]a g5]ally repres5ts a l5g? ( #bjj feet4 ,! mo/ influ5tial factor1 h[ev]1 is t ( runn+ co/s1 if ! exp5se 9 reg>d to s5sitis$ surface may be s t]m$4 ,a /rip ( film ?irty-six feet 9 l5g?1 ! equival5t ( a ,bett9i plate1 at #b;d41 or #e c5ts1 p] foot1 w\ld repres5t #gs4 #f;d41 or approximately #b4 ,! glass plate co/s two p5ce or f\r c5ts 7bo? negative & positive71 s t ) ! ,bett9i glass plate sy/em an incid5t record$ 9 #f1iab pictures1 & occupy+ ab\t sev5 m9utes to take & project1 w\ld co/ only #ds4 7#a7 = bo? negative & positive plates1 z comp>$ ) #d #ajs41 or #bb4ej1 = positive & negative film1 to c>ry ! same pictorial record4 ,! possibilities ( ! ,bett9i c9ema--plaque sy/em1 !re=e1 are obvi\s4 ,! inv5tion br+s ! art ( c9ematography )9 rea* ( ! amateur2 introduces mov+ pictures to ! draw+-room z completely & *eaply z ! phonograph conveys s\nd to ! fireside2 provides ! photograph] ) a f> m fasc9at+ hobby2 :ile its pr(essional applications are illimitable4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,motion-,,photography ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,=ce ,!re rema9s no d\bt :atev] t ! c9ematograph has completely won ov] ! great public--! _m millions :o are con/antly seek+ fre% fields ( amusem5t & div]sion4 ,( all ! classes t patronise ! mov+-picture ent]ta9m5t1 ! *ildr5 =m ! "o mo/ op5 to its influ5ce & mo/ responsive to :at x (f]s !m2 & x is ?is well-kn[n impressionabl5ess ( ! "y m9d t has set p ?9k+ ( ! educational responsibility ( ! mov+-picture %[4 ,f ?is x is b a /ep to ! "q1 ,may n ! c9ematograph be br\ght into ! s*oolroom8 ,! subject has sev]al aspects t are wor? treat+ some:at at l5g?4 ,! firm ( ,pa? ,frres has "h1 z 9 s _m o!r directions1 be5 fir/ 9 ! field4 ,let u exam9e "s ( its educational films4 ,! peculi> prop]ties possess$ by ! magnet are pr(\ndly my/]i\s to ! *ild4 ,text-books may be writt5 9 ! simple/ language & freely illu/rat$ ) diagrams1 b ! po9ts /ill rema9 some:at obscure4 ,?is ,fr5* manufactur+ company has prep>$ a film1 8,! ,magnet10 9 :i* ! well-kn[n subject-matt] ( ! s*ool book is illu/rat$1 & ! ph5om5a describ$ !re9 are demon/rat$ 9 a simple mann] by visual records ( ! peculi> prop]ties possess$ by ! magnet4 ,! famili> exp]im5ts ) ! magnet & iron fil+s are treat$ simply & ) endless v>iety4 ,if ! pupils see ! tea*] p]=m ! manipulations ) fil+s & magnet 9 ! usual way1 ! exp]im5t conveys no tangible idea1 & int]e/ is n greatly ar\s$4 ,b :5 ! same magnet is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 9 movem5t1 & is t5 feet or s 9 height1 :ile ! iron fil+s are s magnifi$ t !y resemble n du/1 b ?orns or long p9s1 a m conv9c+ & indelible impression is convey$4 ,"o may h se5 _m diagrams %[+ ! l9es ( =ce1 z !y are call$4 ,b no diagram c produce ! un=gettable impression ga9$ by ! sight ( ! ph5om5on itself occurr+ be=e ! eyes4 ,! iron fil+s may be se5 resolv+ !mselves into ! two di/9ct gr\ps ab\t ! poles1 z if imbu$ ) life1 & ! process may be foll[$ f beg9n+ to end ) p]fect ease1 ow+ to ! size to :i* ! fil+s are magnifi$ 9 projection4 ,! op]ation ( natural laws is indelibly impress$ ^u ! s*oolboy :5 he is %[n "s novel exp]im5t 9 physics c>ri$ out ^u ! scre54 ,physiology & anatomy c be taught by produc+ pictures tak5 by ,x-ray photography4 ,hi/ory ought surely to be a successful field = ! educational c9ematograph4 ,! portrayal by ,pa? ,frres ( episodes dur+ ! ,reign ( ,t]ror & ! ,napoleonic era2 ! repres5tation ( ! ,normans l&+ 9 ,engl&1 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus--^! & simil> pictures h already %[n ! wide possibilities ( ! hi/orical film4 ,( c\rse1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to adh]e to /rict hi/orical tru? 9 fact & sett+2 :5 !y w greatly s]ve to fix 9 ! pupil's m9d ev5ts & hi/orical atmosph]e1 & aid him 9 di/+ui%+ v>i\s p]iods4 ,a film wor?y ( introduction into ! class-room is t describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 %[+ ! bir? ( a fl[]4 ,! fact t ?is film is produc$ 9 natural col\rs enhances its effect2 a s*oolboy w\ld be h>d inde$ to impress if he fail$ to appreciate ! wond]ful significance ( ?is evolution ( ! hyac9? f ! bulb to ! fl[]+ /age4 ,aga91 he is enabl$ to witness ^u ! scre5 ! bir? ( ! common h\se-fly1 & its entire span ( exi/5ce4 ,he c see h[ ants "w & live1 & h[ ! bee manufactures its honey4 ,z a coroll>y to ! matt]-(-fact & un9t]e/+ text-book ! c9ematograph film _c be excell$4 ,x pres5ts 9 actual movem5t :at m]e words1 :i* h to be committ$ to memory1 seek to convey )\t any durable result4 ,inde$1 !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t a ?\s& pictures w impress !mselves ^u ! s*oolboy's m9d1 & imp>t to him m def9ite k ( _! subject 9 "o m9ute ?an h\rs ( hamm]+ ) ! aid ( text-book & blackbo>d4 ,ev5 actual ocul> demon/ration fails to be s conv9c+ z a projection ^u a :it5$ %eet1 :]e ev]y?+ imm$iately conc]n$ is magnifi$ to an extreme degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c9ematograph+ ,,africa ,,f ,a ,,locomotive4 ,9 ord] to secure sc5es along ! ,cape to ,cairo ,railway a special plat=m 0 erect$ ov] ! c[-cat*] ( a railway eng9e = ! conv5i5ce ( ,mr4 ,but*] & 8 cam]as4--,see page #abe4 ,! inv5tor ( ! ,k9etoscope1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,alva ,edison1 is ( op9ion t ! c9ematograph w displace all o!r me?ods 9 ! s*oolroom = ! tea*+ ( geography4 ,bo? tea*]s & pupils w be incl9$ to agree ) ?is dictum4 ,a tea*] may talk = h\rs ab\t ! trem5d\s height ( ! peaks 9 ! ,&es1 ! racial *>act]i/ics ( ! natives ( ,abyss9ia1 or ! mann] 9 :i* riv]s are born on ! flanks ( mighty glaci]s4 ,b words sometimes convey v little to ! immature m9d4 ,?r[ ^u ! scre5 a s]ies ( pictures ( an actual j\rney1 & ! y\ng/] gleans ! facts )\t ! slighte/ ef=t4 ,he sees ! t[]+1 sn[-capp$ rocks ) _! precipit\s flanks2 ! melt+ sn[ & ice fl[+ d[n f ! mighty glaci] & =m+ a tempe/u\s1 ru%+ riv]2 he sees 9 _! natural surr\nd+s ! folk ( a hundr$ /range & di/ant tribes4 ,p]haps he is transport$ = ! "t to ! deck ( a /eam] driv+ its way up ?r\gh ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] & ! ,great ,lakes4 ,books & pictures h giv5 him b a fa9t idea ( ^! noble wat]s2 b :5 he sees _! beauty1 & witnesses ! enorm\s traffic c>ri$ ^u _! broad bosoms1 figures & facts take on new significance1 & are nev] =gott54 ,:atev] sc5e he sees1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 f ! ,arctic to ! ,ant>ctic circle1 t sc5e becomes h5ce=? n a m]e spot on ! map1 b a liv+ reality4 ,illu/ration3 ,look+ into ! ,crat] ( ! ,volcano4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,jury's ,imp]ial ,pictures1 ,ltd4 ,,m\nt ,,etna ,,9 ,,eruption4 ,! plumes ( smoke z se5 f ! ,obs]vatory4 ,"o ( ! mo/ d>+ & /rik+ c9ematograph films ev] tak54 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable s]ies ( pictures wor?y ( inclusion 9 ?is category is t obta9$ ( ,m\nt ,etna 9 eruption4 ,! c9ematograph op]ator display$ wond]ful d>+ 9 v5tur+ to ! v]ge ( ! crat] ( ?is v5t to int]nal fires4 ,! rew>d = 8 intrepidity c]ta9ly conveys a m reali/ic & vivid impression ( a bel*+ volcano ?an ! mo/ imag9ative flights ( description 9 text-books4 ,! success ( ! educational campaign ( ! c9ematograph dep5ds ^u ! suitability ( ! film4 ,! c9ematograph] has rov$ ?r\gh all ! fields ( sci5ce secur+ int]e/+ pictures 9 metallurgy1 natural hi/ory1 manufactur+ indu/ries1 electricity1 agriculture1 horticulture1 & s =?4 ,! educational value ( ! films n[ produc$ is beyond dispute2 b x may be t !y are some:at too old = *ildr54 ,! film manufactur]s h1 up to ! pres5t1 *iefly consult$ ! ta/es ( adults2 & ! films ( a di/9ctly educational "* :i* !y produce appeal to ! mature r ?an to ! *ild m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld n be at all difficult to produce films :i*1 l ! "o already describ$1 repres5t+ exp]im5ts ) ! magnet1 w\ld give regul> in/ead ( incid5tal in/ruction ^u subjects actually treat$ 9 s*ools--animat$ text-books1 9 %ort4 ,b z yet ! picture produc] has n receiv$ suffici5t enc\ragem5t f ! educational au?orities to w>rant him 9 prep>+ su* films4 ,un=tunately1 ! feel+ aga9/ ! mov+ picture has n be5 entirely elim9at$1 despite its trem5d\s popul>ity4 ,once an en]getic ,bo>d ( ,education realises ! possibilities ( c9ematography z a supplem5t to ! in=mation convey$ by text-books & manuals1 ! film manufactur]s w ha/5 to supply ! dem& ?us creat$4 ,! la/ ob/acle w h be5 remov$2 = ! field pres5ts no special me*anical difficulties1 ! only s]i\s "o hav+ be5 remov$ by ! discov]y ( ! non-inflammable film4 ,! p]fect+ ( ?is film has obviat$ ! necessity ( conf9+ ! in/allation )9 an iron box--a requirem5t :i* militat$ v appreciably aga9/ ! introduction ( ! c9ematograph into s*ools4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! educational value ( mov+ pictures is reveal$ 9 ! beautiful s]ies ( 8,empire0 pictures :i* are be+ secur$ by ,messrs4 ,william ,but*] & ,sons4 ,!y are complet+ :at may be describ$ be/ z a c9ematographic encyclopdia ( ,great] ,brita9--its peoples1 res\rces1 indu/ries1 sports1 & sc5ic beauties4 ,e corn] ( ! ,empire is be+ se>*$ = entranc+ pictorial contributions to ?is project4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 o!rs beside educational in/itutions h se5 9 ! mov+-picture %[ a p[]ful in/rum5t ( propag&a4 ,political1 *>itable1 municipal1 & num]\s o!r organisations h press$ ! celluloid ribbon into s]vice to aid !m 9 _! crusades4 ,x has be5 ( f>-rea*+ utility 9 prea*+ ! gospel ( sanitation & prosecut+ ! w> aga9/ disease1 = ! films convey _! lessons 9 a t]ribly reali/ic mann]4 ,! ,am]icans h produc$ a /rik+ film = ! dissem9ation ( in=mation z to h[ to combat advantage\sly ! ravages ( ! great 8,:ite ,plague0 ( consumption4 ,! v>i\s ,am]ican hygi5e associations also h press$ home _! campaign aga9/ ! common h\se-fly ) comm5dable vig\r by means ( ! c9ematograph4 ,o!r photographs ( a simil> "* h be5 produc$ 9 v>i\s places = ! purpose ( initiat+ ! public into ! causes ( c]ta9 diseases & maladies1 & ! be/ means ( prev5tion or treatm5t4 ,m$ical sci5ce has pr(it$ mat]ially f ! p]fection ( ! art & its application to surg]y4 ,x is n always possible = /ud5ts to be pres5t at a peculi>ly delicate & abnormal op]ation4 ,al?\gh ! subject may be describ$ at l5g? 9 ! te*nical pap]s1 words fail to be s emphatic z a pictorial reproduction ( ! feat4 ,n only c ! op]ation be foll[$ closely :5 reproduc$ ^u ! scre51 b1 if desir$1 any p>ticul> phase 9 ! a*ievem5t c be select$1 & by enl>gem5t ^u photographic pap] x c be subject$ to clos] & m m9ute inve/igation at leisure4 ,ev5 ! ,gov]nm5t has n fail$ to recognise ! p[] ( ! c9ematograph4 ,"s ye>s ago ,mr4 ,rob]t ,paul appli$ to ! ,w> ,(fice = p]mission to film sc5es 9 a soldi]'s life4 ,! facilities 7 grant$1 & "s fir/-class pictures 7 obta9$4 ,!y prov$ imm5sely popul> ) ! public1 & 7 f> m pot5t z a means ( induc+ enli/m5t ) ! col\rs ?an ! mo/ gl[+ ^w-pictures pa9t$ by glib1 p]suasive recruit+ s]geants4 ,?is idea has be5 copi$ by o!r nations1 & to-day ! c9ematograph is reg>d$ z an indisp5sable weapon = attract+ recruits to ! l& & sea s]vices4 ,religi\s in/itutions h n be5 backw>d 9 realis+ ! value ( animat$ pictures 9 prea*+ ! gospel ( fai?4 ,! produc]1 by means ( ! /age & actors1 c pres5t any episode f ! ,creation to ! ,resurrection4 ,! _w be=e ! ,deluge1 ! toil ( ! ,israelites 9 ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs1 ! ,sacrifice ( ,abraham1 ! ,passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ) ! de/ruction ( ! ,egyptian ho/s1 ! /ory ( ,samson & ,delilah1 ! ,fall ( ,babylon1 sc5es f ! ,life ( ,*ri/--all ^! & _m o!rs help to famili>ise bo? old & "y ) ! ,bible /ories1 & add wond]fully to _! conv9c+ness1 z ! foll[+ episode %[s3--,a tea*] 0 describ+ ! ,passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! *ildr5 foll[$ 8 words int5tly2 & 8 p]oration 0 accompani$ by a pip+ voice exclaim+3 8,yes1 tea*]1 ,i "k t is "r60 8,:y80 ask$ ! some:at />tl$ tea*]4 8,because ,i saw x60 ,! tea*] 0 p]haps prep>$ to *ide at ?is flight ( imag9ation2 b ! *ild soon expla9$ t ! previ\s ev5+ %e _h be5 to a picture !atre & _h se5 ! ,israelites cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,among ! ,am]ican prea*]s ! significance ( ! c9ematograph is beg9n+ to be recognis$4 ,m9i/]s see 9 ! projector a valuable adjunct to _! tea*+1 & are dispos$ to introduce x into _! *ur*es4 ,i am at lib]ty to quote 9 ?is connection a lett] f "o ( ! lead+ lum9>ies 9 ,am]ican *ur* circles1 :i* 0 receiv$ by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,g4 ,hollaman4 ,! div9e wrote3 8,my op9ion is t ! mov+ picture is ! com+ great educator4 ,?is ,i believe to be true1 n only 9 ! education ( ! y\?1 b 9 ! *ur*4 ,i believe 9 a v few ye>s e well-equipp$ *ur* w h a mov+-picture app>atus1 s t ! m9i/] w appeal to ! eye m ?an to ! e>40 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts3 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,& ,,popul>ity ,,( ,,! ,,c9ematograph3 ,,"s ,,facts ,,& ,,figures3 ,,conclusion ,9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ?is book c9ematography is describ$ z an illusion3 t ! eye believes x sees cont9u\s animation 9 ! pictures ?r[n ^u ! scre5 9 accordance ) ! law ( visual p]si/5ce4 ,i ref]r$ also to ! fact t an ef=t _h be5 made to remove ?is illusory effect1 & to produce ^u ! :ite wall by photographic ag5cy results id5tical ) ^? obta9able by ! aid ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,! outcome ( ^! inve/igations1 :i* h be5 pursu$ pati5tly = _m ye>s by "o ^: "n is associat$ insep>ably ) ! art f its e>lie/ days1 ,w4 ,f4 ,gre5e1 is a new type ( cam]a & projector4 ,! cam]a is fitt$ ) two l5ses m\nt$ side by side4 ,x is z if two cam]as ( ! usual type 7 clamp$ toge!r to =m a s+le in/rum5t1 ! two film-mov+ me*anisms be+ driv5 by "o h&le1 & a s+le %utt]1 m\nt$ c5trally1 s]v+ to op5 & close ea* l5s 9 turn4 ,9 ?is sy/em two spools ( film are requir$1 "o = ea* half ( ! cam]a1 & an image is record$ ^u ea* s5sitis$ b& alt]nately4 ,! %utt] ) its opaque sector1 be+ m\nt$ betwe5 ! two l5ses1 eclipses "o :ile ! o!r is expos$4 ,! result is t two diff]5t c9ematograph film records ( ! same subject are obta9$4 ,! left-h& cam]a photographs ^? incid5ts :i* are lo/ :ile ! film is be+ mov$ 9 ! "r-h& cam]a dur+ ! fraction ( a second ! l5s ( ! latt] is cov]$1 & vice v]s4 ,if ! cam]a is run at a spe$ ( ?irty-two pictures p] second1 repres5t+ sixte5 pictures = ea* l5s1 ei!r ( ! two films :5 run ?r\gh ! ord9>y projector gives a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! ev5t photograph$4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ea* film gives a diff]5t record1 = ! simple reason t "o film c>ries ! mov+ incid5ts :i* ! o!r has lo/ dur+ ! regul>ly int]mitt5t clos+ ( ! l5s4 ,! projector works ^u a simil> pr9ciple4 ,!re are ! two objectives ) att5dant me*anisms driv5 by a s+le h&le1 m\nt$ side by side1 & ) a common %utt] m\nt$ c5trally betwe54 ,projection is id5tical ) record+4 ,! picture is ?r[n f ! "r-h& objective1 :ile ! left l5s is cov]$1 & vice v]s4 ,at fir/ sight ! advantage ( su* a d\ble sy/em might seem some:at obscure1 b a little explanation w demon/rate its advantages4 ,) ! s+le cam]a & projector ! pictures %[n on ! scre5 are isolat$ incid5ts--"s phase ( motion mu/ be lo/ :ile ! l5s is clos$ to p]mit a fur!r area ( unexpos$ film to be br\ght into position beh9d ! l5s1 al?\gh ! int]val ( eclipse is v %ort inde$4 ,) ! d\ble & alt]nat+ sy/em complete cont9u\s motion is photograph$ & project$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is d\ble cam]a & projector actually records & ?r[s on ! scre5 m ?an ! eye sees4 ,! human organ works ^u ! same pr9ciple broadly z ! s+le cam]a1 because ! p]iodical eclipse ( ! eye by ! lid1 :i* is kn[n z 8bl9k+10 int]rupts cont9u\s vision1 9 j ! same mann] z ! %utt] ( ! l5s 9 its eclips+ action4 ,al?\gh ! lid falls & rises v quickly s t ! int]ruption ( sight is exce$+ly brief1 a c]ta9 phase ( movem5t is lo/4 ,?is is app>5t :5 a v swiftly mov+ object passes be=e ! eyes4 ,9 ord] to lose no "p ( ! movem5t ! eyes are /ra9$1 & ! p]iodical action ( ! eyelid is po/pon$ s long z possible4 ,) ! d\ble c9ematograph1 !re=e1 z a section ( s5sitis$ surface always is expos$ dur+ ! runn+ ( ! ma*9e1 ei!r ?r\gh ! "r or left-h& l5s1 x foll[s t ! :ole ( ! movem5t mu/ be photograph$4 ,9 fact1 ! action is exactly ! same z if ! eyelids clos$ & op5$ alt]nately4 ,x might be expla9$ 9 connection ) ?is physical action t no app>5t int]ruption 9 ! sight is convey$ to ! bra91 because ! movem5t ( ! lids is v rapid1 & ow+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! law ( visual p]si/5ce4 ,! pictures ?r[n f ?is d\ble projector produce an effect ^u ! scre5 precisely simil> to t ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,!re is only "o difficulty att5d+ its use4 ,unless ! in/rum5t is us$ 9 a l>ge hall1 & ! picture is ?r[n f a great di/ance1 ! images d n sup]impose correctly4 ,!y are ?r[n ^u ! %eet at conv]g+ angles to "o ano!r1 & ! rays ( light accord+ly f ea* l5s d n /rike ! %eet at "r-angles to ! longitud9al axis ( ea* objective4 ,! result is t ! picture is n>r[] slightly at "o end ?an ! o!r1 & ! position ( ! n>r[ end flits f "o side ( ! %eet to ! o!r1 accord+ z to :e!r ! picture is be+ ?r[n f ! left or "r-h& l5s4 ,at %ort range & ) a small picture ?is peculi>ity is v pron\nc$1 b z ! l5g? ( ! ?r[--! di/ance ( ! lant]n f ! %eet--is increas$1 x becomes less & less obs]vable until at la/ x escapes detection4 ,al?\gh ! me*anism requires two spools ( film1 ! total l5g? ne$$ to record fai?fully a p>ticul> ev5t is no great] ?an ) a s+le cam]a & projector4 ,9 ! latt] case a m9imum spe$ ( ab\t sixte5 pictures p] second is requir$4 ,) ! d\ble in/rum5t a simil> numb] ( exposures suffices1 = ! simple reason t ea* l5s records "o half ! movem5t :ile ! o!r photographs ! second moiety ( ! movem5t4 ,?is means eight pictures p] second = ea* l5s1 mak+ sixte5 pictures p] second = ! two--! same z by ! ord9>y in/rum5t4 ,! disadvantage1 ( c\rse1 is t two rolls ( film are requir$ to give a complete picture1 & c>e has to be display$ to keep ! positive films 9 pairs = ! projector1 :ile ?read+ up ! latt] is a some:at long] process4 ,aga91 %\ld "o film break & x become necess>y to cut out a few pictures to obta9 a p]fect jo9t1 x w\ld be necess>y to remove ! relative pictures to an equal ext5t ^u ! second film4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re=e1 x w\ld appe> t ! di-optic projector w\ld be res]v$ to ! m delicate phases ( c9ematography1 su* z sci5tific rese>*4 ,! developm5t ( c9ematography 9 ! pa/ has be5 attributable 9 a v great degree to ! ent]prise ( ! ,fr5* nation1 & t c\ntry /ill rema9s ahead ( all o!rs 9 ?is peculi> "w4 ,! valuable inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,m>ey nev] h be5 =gott51 & ! "w ) :i* he 0 id5tifi$ is cont9u$ /ill by en?usia/ic inve/igators 9 c9ematographic sci5ce4 ,! 8,m>ey ,in/itute0 is unique1 9 t x is ! only e/abli%m5t ( its class devot$ to :at might be t]m$ ! high] bran*es ( ! art 9 ! _w4 ,x is fitt$ ) special & complete app>atuses = ! prosecution ( any especial rese>* 9 :i* an exp]im5t] may be int]e/$1 s t he c c>ry out 8 "w "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,! =emo/ sci5ti/s ( ! _w1 :o realise 9 mov+ pictures m ?an a means ( amus+ ! public1 are memb]s ( ! ,in/itute1 & ! results x has a*iev$ are ( f>-rea*+ value4 ,a typical illu/ration ( ! "w c>ri$ out at ?is in/itution is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,m4 ,luci5 ,bull1 ! assi/ant director1 is "o ( _m indefatigable work]s 9 ! p>ticul> field ( op]ations ) :i* ! e/abli%m5t is id5tifi$4 ,pione] inve/igation is fo/]$1 & accord+ly (t5 foll[s highly int]e/+ l9es1 n only 9 reg>d to c9ematography 9 its mo/ popul> =m1 b also 9 its collaboration ) sci5ce 9 "o or o!r ( its v>i$ bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,cradle ,,( ,,c9ematography03 ,,! ,,m>ey ,,in/itute ,,9 ,,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,director ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,! ,,late/ ,,m>vel ,,9 ,,mov+ ,,pictures4 ,comb9+ ! ,x-rays ) ! c9ematograph4 ,"o ( ,monsieur ,c>vallo's rem>kable films4 ,= in/ance1 ,m4 ,j4 ,c>vallo emb>k$ ^u a s]ies ( inve/igations to comb9e ! ,rntg5 rays ) ! c9ematograph s z to obta9 an absolutely reliable mov+-picture record ( :at takes place 9 ! organs ( ! human body4 ,x 0 a difficult und]tak+1 ow+ to ! peculi> problems associat$ ) ! task4 ,_m exp]im5t]s _h endeav\r$ to "w ) ! ,x-rays1 b _h fail$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,m4 ,c>vallo _h to evolve & con/ruct a special type ( app>atus = 8 purpose4 ,x is ( a complicat$ "*1 m especially z ! exposures _h to be made at a high spe$ p] second4 ,unlike ,m4 ,luci5 ,bull1 ^: app>atus ,i h describ$ already1 ,m4 ,c>vallo resort$ to ! famili> int]mitt5t motion1 & 9 su* a way t ! numb] ( exposures may be v>i$ f e tw5ty seconds to "o p] h\r1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! subject "u inve/igation4 ,! cam]a is driv5 by an electric motor1 & ! arrangem5t is ( su* a nature t once set 9 op]ation x dem&s no fur!r att5tion1 ev5 if ! exp]im5t is prolong$ ov] sev]al days4 ,illu/ration3 ,a s5sational incid5t4 ,! h]o9e ga%+ h] h& to expla9 ! pres5ce ( blood on h] sleeve to ! ,au/rian soldi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a mimic fight 9 ! public /reet to produce a reali/ic battle sc5e betwe5 ! ,italian & ,au/rian =ces4 ,,aft] ,,fifty ,,ye>s4 ,?is film won ! fir/ prize ( #be1jjj francs = ! ,ambrosio ,company at ! rec5t ,tur9 ,exhibition4 ,he f\nd also t ! /&>d c9ematograph film1 giv+ a picture "o in* wide by ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep1 0 n suit$ to 8 purpose1 s a special film 0 prep>$ to yield pictures ( l>g] dim5sions1 :ile ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! emulsion 0 also augm5t$ v appreciably4 ,?is 0 ess5tial1 inasmu* z ! dis*>ges 9 ! ,x-ray bulbs are ( v>iable duration1 rang+1 9 fact1 f #a_/abjj? to #a_/aejj? ( a second4 ,by means ( 8 app>atus he obta9$ "s v int]e/+ & in/ructive pictures1 su* z %[+ ! process ( dige/ion 9 ! frog1 m\se1 *ick51 etc4 ,! subjects 7 f$ ) a peculi> pa/e1 or ! usual food comb9$ ) basic bismu? nitrate4 ,z a result ( ^! successful exp]im5ts a fur!r application ( mov+ pictures has be5 reveal$4 ,9 comb9ation ) ! ,x-rays ! app>atus %\ld prove highly useful = asc]ta9+ :at actually takes place "u c]ta9 conditions 9 ! v>i\s organs ( ! human body4 ,! ,m>ey ,in/itute und\bt$ly is ! cradle ( c9ematography1 & simil> in/itutions %\ld be f\nd$ 9 e c\ntry = ! prosecution ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,mov+ pictures h long s9ce issu$ f ! purely amus+ /age1 & al?\gh !y w nev] lose _! popul> appreciation1 ! /]n] phases ( "w op5 to ?is craft %\ld n be neglect$1 = !re is no sci5ce 9 :i* c9ematographic records ( c]ta9 ph5om5a w\ld n s]ve to wid5 our k1 & at ! same "t (f] conclusive evid5ce = ! refutation ( _m popul> fallacies1 or enlight5 u reg>d+ ! my/]ies ( o!rs4 ,s f> z ! popul> picture is conc]n$1 e ef=t is be+ made to elevate :at may be t]m$ ! c9ematograph drama4 ,s5sationalism is 9 ke5 dem&1 & is likely to ma9ta9 its measure ( appreciation s long z x is free f demoralisation4 ,an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is movem5t may be fo/]$ has be5 (f]$ ?is ye> 9 connection ) ! ,int]national ,exhibition at ,tur94 ,prizes exce$+ #dj1jjj francs 7 (f]$ = ! be/ films 9 a c9ematograph competition1 ! subjects to include popul> drama1 sci5ce1 & education4 ,! ,gr& ,prix ( #be1jjj francs 0 aw>d$ to ! ,ambrosio ,film ,company = ! subject entitl$ 8,aft] ,fifty ,ye>s40 ,?is conc]n has be5 responsible = _m /rik+ & magnific5t productions1 :i* h compell$ att5tion z mu* = photographic quality1 /age sett+1 & te*nical excell5ce z = dramatic =ce4 ,inde$1 ,signor ,ambrosio1 :o 0 =m]ly a well-kn[n ,italian portrait photographic arti/1 & consequ5tly 0 able to br+ valuable k & te*nique into ! ,italian c9ematographic indu/ry1 =c$ 8 way into ! clos$ ,am]ican m>ket by %e] m]it1 & =cibly impress$ ^u ! ,am]ican picture palace public ! high /&>d ( ! films produc$ 9 8 native l&4 8,aft] ,fifty ,ye>s0 is a film ( p[]ful dramatic int5sity1 full ( t excit+ incid5t1 c>efully bl5d$ ) s5tim5t1 :i* appeals s /rongly to ! picture palace cli5tle1 especially ! vivid sc5es ( fight+ 9 ! /reets betwe5 ,au/rian & ,italian =ces 9 ! tr\bl\s times ( #ahei4 ,! ,ambrosio ,company also c>ri$ (f ! fir/ prize ( #e1jjj francs = a popul> sci5ce film deal+ ) 8,! ,life ( ! ,butt]fly0 & 8,! ,bee40 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ natural hi/ory films t has be5 se5 yet1 = x illu/rates ! m>vell\s metamorphosis ( ! cat]pill> into ! butt]fly 9 an attractive mann]4 ,! fir/ prize ( #e1jjj francs = educational films 0 giv5 to ! ,c9es ,company ( ,rome = a film entitl$ 8,! ,little ,s>d9ian ,drumm]10 :i* company also secur$ a prize ( #d1jjj francs = a dramatic subject1 8,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi40 ,!re is no d\bt t ! example ( ! ,tur9 ,exhibition au?orities w be foll[$ 9 subsequ5t expositions ( su* an int]national "*1 & ?is t5d5cy %\ld promote a heal?y competition & fri5dly rivalry betwe5 ! v>i\s produc]s ( all c\ntries to excel4 ,al?\gh ! picture palace1 ) its attractive faade & brilliantly illum9at$ entrance1 is a famili> build+ 9 our t[ns & cities1 few p c =m any idea ( ! grip ?is =m ( amusem5t has secur$ ^u ! public1 ( its comm]cial proportions1 or ( its rapid expansion4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago !re 0 n a s+le !atre provid+ a complete ent]ta9m5t ) a programme ( mov+ pictures purely & simply4 ,! picture palace _h its bir? 9 ,france1 & ! ,p>isian public ext5d$ su* a w>m greet+ to ! new div]sion1 :i* (f]$ a welcome & novel relief to ! prevail+ =ms ( amusem5t1 t x develop$ into a rage4 ,9 a %ort "t ! craze spread ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & mov+-picture !atres sprang up l mu%rooms 9 e civilis$ c\ntry betwe5 ! two ,poles4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are "s #d1jjj picture palaces ( all descriptions scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ^! are patronis$ by ! public 9 _! t5s ( ?\s&s daily4 ,! money exp5d$ ^u ?is =m ( ent]ta9m5t is incalculable1 b x rolls cont9ually into ! c(f]s ( ! !atres ?r\gh\t twelve or f\rte5 h\rs e day1 ! l>g] proportion ( ^! e/abli%m5ts (f]+ a cont9u\s %[1 ) a programme la/+ #a h\rs4 ,! rema9+ !atres give two p]=mances1 aft]noon & ev5+ respectively1 provid+ ab\t ?ree solid h\rs ( recreation & education 9 ea* in/ance4 ,! prices ( admission = ! mo/ "p are v l[1 ?\gh 9 ! bett] class !atres !y approa* some:at closely to ^? prevail+ ) ! mod]n music-hall4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! picture palaces aggregate sev]al ?\s&s1 & are support$ by ! public ) equal en?usiasm4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,g]many has be5 ! mo/ le?>gic nation4 ,= _m ye>s an attitude ( complete indiff]5ce 0 ma9ta9$ t[>ds ! c9ematograph4 ,t c\ntry is n[ wak+ up1 b s f> z ! manufactur+ aspect ( ! indu/ry is conc]n$1 x is f> beh9d ! m progressive c\ntries4 ,! ,g]man picture palaces dep5d = _! programme almo/ exclusively ^u =eign films4 ,/range to say1 ! ,engli% productions appe> to make ! /ronge/ appeal to ,teutonic fancies1 al?\gh ! ,fr5*1 ,am]ican1 & ,italian produc]s are /riv+ h>d to capture ?is highly promis+ & exp&+ m>ket4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! developm5t ( ! movem5t has be5 ph5om5al4 ,i h describ$ already ! wondr\s boom 9 8/ore %[s40 ,! great] majority ( ^! 8palaces0 enjoy$ a brief meteoric c>e]1 z !y became sup]s$$ by m pret5ti\s build+s ) p]fection 9 com=t & luxury4 ,to-day !re are ab\t #ad1jjj mov+-picture !atres appeal+ = support betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific seabo>ds4 ,x is comput$ t ^! e/abli%m5ts are visit$ by ne>ly #e1jjj1jjj m51 wom51 & *ildr5 e day4 ,al?\gh l[ prices = admission rule1 x is e/imat$ t ab\t #acj1jjj1jjj1 or #bf1jjj1jjj1 are sp5t by ! ,am]ican public ^u ?is =m ( amusem5t 9 ! c\rse ( twelve mon?s4 ,! com+ ( ! picture palace has creat$ a new race ( playgo]s :o f9d inf9ite delight 9 ! v>i$ programme (f]$ ^u ! scre54 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! legitimate & vaudeville !atres h be5 depriv$ ( mu* ( _! support4 ,?is effect is reflect$ by ! numb] ( build+s orig9ally built = dramatic pres5tations :i* h _h to close _! doors = lack ( patronage4 ,:5 conv]t$ & re-op5$ "u ! magic sway ( ! projector1 film1 & %eet1 h[ev]1 !y h emb>k$ ^u a rem>kably prosp]\s new lease ( life4 ,! /age 9 ,great ,brita9 is ?reat5$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,a few ye>s ago1 :5 ! music-hall ent]ta9m5t 0 ov]haul$ & an entirely new era 0 creat$1 ! legitimate !atre suff]$ sev]ely4 ,bitt] antagonism develop$ & has prevail$ betwe5 ! two cat]]s = public amusem5t4 ,n[ bo? are be+ ?reat5$ by a common enemy4 ,! picture palace1 :i* has be5 despis$ = s long1 is mak+ its influ5ce felt4 ,9 ,london ! competition is n exp]i5c$ s ke5ly1 p]haps1 z 9 ! prov9ces1 :]e _m !atres h succumb$ to ! attack ( mov+ pictures4 ,!re is no indication t ! movem5t has ga9$ ! height ( its success4 ,mov+ picture palaces are be+ built & op5$ on all sides e day4 ,! irresi/ible =ce ) :i* ! c9ematograph is sweep+ =w>d is prov$ by ! enorm\s quantity ( film :i* is produc$4 ,great ,brita9 is an op5 m>ket = produc]s ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & at ! pres5t day some?+ l #aej1jjj feet ( new subjects are (f]$ to ! picture palaces e week4 ,if ! pres5t dem& is ma9ta9$ toge!r ) ! rate ( production1 ?is volume w be d\bl$ )9 ! next five ye>s4 ,! output 9 ,am]ica likewise is enorm\s1 al?\gh 9 t c\ntry x is conf9$ = ! mo/ "p to ! productions ( home firms1 ! =eign film be+ all[$ to ent] only 9 small quantities4 ,! ,motion ,picture ,pat5ts ,company1 compos$ ( ! l>ge/ memb]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates' manufactur+ indu/ry1 & swe>+ allegiance to ! ,edison pat5ts1 has an aggregate output ( ab\t #a1ejj1jjj feet p] week1 ea* produc] contribut+ f ?ree to five new subjects to ?is total4 ,?is community ( int]e/s1 :i* 0 =m$ prim>ily to elim9ate ! objectionable pictures :i* 7 be+ %[n ext5sively ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & :i* 7 responsible = consid]able obloquy be+ hurl$ aga9/ ! c9ematograph1 arrang$ on its =mation to pay ,mr4 ,edison a royalty ( half-a-c5t1 or "o f>?+1 ^u e foot ( film :i* !y pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ! above total output1 !re=e1 x w be se5 t ! fam\s ,am]ican d]ives a rev5ue ( #g1ejj1 or #a1ejj1 p] week f ! ,am]ican mov+-picture lov+ public4 ,! f9ancial inve/m5ts 9 ! indu/ry 9 all its complex bran*es--film manufacture1 play produc+1 ma*9e mak+1 picture palaces1 etc4--repres5t sev]al millions /]l+1 :ile t5s ( ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 f9d employm5t 9 diff]5t capacities4 ,al?\gh x might appe> t !re are suffici5t produc]s 9 op]ation at pres5t = ! _w's ne$s1 ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,new m>kets are be+ op5$ up con/antly1 :ile o!rs are 9 ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t4 ,:5 ! indu/ry 9 ^! new c5tres comm5ces to move =w>d 9 a mann] *>act]i/ic ( ! expansion 9 ! old] c\ntries1 ! dem& = film w become twice or ?rice :at x is to-day4 ,consequ5tly !re is ample room = d\bl+ ! exi/+ manufactur+ facilities4 ,! promise ( ! future is %[n conclusively f ! fact t ! =emo/ film-play manufactur]s 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ext5d+ & enl>g+ _! plants to meet ! increas+ dem&s = _! p>ticul> products4 ,"o might naturally ask3 ,h[ is ,great ,brita9 b5efit+ f ?is wond]ful expansion8 ,s f> z film-play production is conc]n$1 !re is e indication t ?is c\ntry w pr(it n[ t cons]vatism is be+ ab&on$4 ,! fiscal position places ! ,engli% manufactur] some:at at a disadvantage1 b ?is h&icap c be remov$ entirely by ! display ( m f9ancial confid5ce 9 ! film-play produc+ bus9ess1 :]e ! law ( ! 8survival ( ! fitte/0 is wag$ to its logical conclusion4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,briti% product 0 di/9ctly inf]ior to ! =eign films1 :e!r consid]$ f ! act+1 dramatic1 photographic1 or any o!r po9t ( view4 ,ev5 to-day ! ,briti% films are n q up to ! te*nical /&>d ( ! =eign manufactur]s1 :ile ! hi/rionic quality is defici5t4 ,! plays likewise lack t grip incid5tal to ! =eign picture dramas1 & !re %\ld be excell5t scope 9 ?is c\ntry = compet5t & imag9ative picture-playwrights4 ,! ,briti% produc]s h fail$ also to recognise ! m]it ( ! /ock company1 on ! plea t ! public tires ( see+ ! same faces "t aft] "t 9 successive plays4 ,! fallacy ( ?is cont5tion has be5 recognis$ at la/1 because ! public n[ has its film idols on ! scre51 9 j ! same way z x has its footlight fav\rites on ! /age4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! ,engli% produc]s w ev] rise to ! same plane 9 ?is respect z _! contempor>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o gamble practically = ! exclusive s]vices ( actors & actresses4 ,"s ( ! ,am]ican c9ematograph />s receive fabul\s sal>ies1 :ile ev5 ! small] & m obscure memb]s ( ! companies receive wages f> 9 advance ( :at !y w\ld obta9 = simil> "w on ! legitimate /age4 ,! protect$ nature ( ! ,am]ican indu/ry1 h[ev]1 fav\rs su* tactics1 :i* probably w prevail only = a "t4 ,!re is e evid5ce t ! ,briti% produc]s are mak+ up leeway4 ,! ,hepwor? ,manufactur+ ,company1 = in/ance1 :i* is probably ! =emo/ produc+ company 9 ?is c\ntry1 rec5tly has produc$ sev]al p[]ful & excell5t film-plays4 ,!y h ext5d$ ! /ock-company practice1 & ! increas+ popul>ity ( ! 8,hepwix0 films (f]s conv9c+ te/imony to ! value ( ?is proc$ure4 ,! ,colonies h become satiat$ ) ! ,am]ican products1 & turn ) relief to ! ,engli% films1 b ! supply is n equal to ! dem&4 ,ev5 ! ,am]ican public is nauseat$ ) its home productions1 & z x appreciates ! "w ( ,briti% dramati/s1 s x approves ( ! ,briti% film play4 ,if ,engl& is beh9d h] =eign rivals 9 ! production ( picture plays1 x _c be d5i$ t ,london is de/9$ to become ! _w's cle>+-h\se = films4 ,e l>ge =eign manufactur] has 8 repres5tative 9 ! ,briti% metropolis1 :]e ! transactions 9 ?is article aggregate a l>ge sum e week4 ,! ,colonial picture palace proprietor1 film r5t]1 or middleman reta9s a pur*as+ ag5t 9 ,london1 :o scans ! new productions z !y appe>1 to discov] _! suitability = ! p>ticul> corn] ( ! _w = :i* he is act+4 ,^! ag5ts are autocrats1 & consequ5tly ! subjects h to be br\ght direct to !m = approval4 ,! manufactur]s realise ! situation1 & z ! ,colonial m>ket is highly promis+1 sp>e no ef=t to secure its capture4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made t records ( ! mo/ important ev5ts ( to-day1 su* z ! ,coronation ( ,k+ ,george ,v41 ! ,unveil+ ( ! ,victoria ,memorial1 ! ,durb>1 & s =?1 %\ld be pres]v$ 9 a museum = ! b5efit ( g5]ations a c5tury or m h5ce4 ,impressions ( ! voices ( our greate/ s+]s are be+ pres]v$ = po/]ity1 & ! "q has be5 ask$ :y hi/orical c9ematographic films %\ld n be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is is by no means a new idea4 ,rob]t ,paul advanc$ ! same plea 9 ! e>ly days ( ! art1 b !re 7 _m objections aga9/ ! proposal :i* are j z acute to-day4 ,! greate/ is ! p]i%able "* ( ! celluloid film1 & also ( ! photographic image ^u ! emulsion4 ,bo? w\ld det]iorate1 ev5 if pres]v$ 9 h]metically seal$ cases1 ) ! flight ( "t1 & ! *ances are if a film 7 held = "o hundr$ ye>s t x w\ld be f\nd useless :5 op5$ at ! end ( t p]iod4 ,! "q (t5 arises3 ,:at becomes ( ! films8 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! ?\s&s ( feet ( new subjects :i* are introduc$ to ! m>ket e week1 x is b natural to ?9k t !re mu/ be an imm5se accumulation ( old subjects4 ,:5 a new subject sees ! light x passes ?r\gh its fir/ 8run0 among ! =emo/ picture palaces ( ! c\ntry4 ,!n x is return$ to ! r5t]1 :o dispat*es x ^u a second j\rney among ! small] halls4 ,once m x comes home1 o!rwise to ! %elves ( ! r5t]1 z a rule be>+ sad evid5ces ( its s]vice4 ,if ( suffici5t int]e/1 ! film und]goes a ?ird run among ! *eape/ halls1 & ^u ! completion ( ?is r\nd x is ei!r %ipp$ abroad to ! small] colonies1 or1 scrat*$ & torn1 x is (f]$ = sale at a b>ga9 price4 ,! end is tragic3 ! film slips f sight 9 flame & smoke4 ,,index ,abruzzi1 ,duke (1 c9ematography1 #abh ,acetyl5e1 z illum9ant1 #ih ,acres1 exp]im5t]1 #af ,actors & ,actresses1 #adi-aea2 accid5ts1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agc2 special companies1 #aea2 k9emacolor1 #aea ,adv]tisem5ts1 mov+1 #bfa1 #bfb 8,aft] ,fifty ,ye>s0 7film71 #cbd 8,agripp9a10 film1 #age ,alhambra ,!atre1 ,london1 #d2 ,d]by film1 #aaf ,allefex1 s\nd produc]1 #adj2 special s\nds1 #ada1 #adb ,amateur op]ators1 #hg2 ,bett9i glass plates1 #cjf foll42 ,blriot's flight film1 #cja2 8,k9ora0 sy/em1 #cjb foll4 ,ambrosio ,film ,company1 #cbd ,am]ican ,biograph ,company1 #aee ---- ,k9etoscope ,company1 #ce ---- ,mutoscope ,company1 /udio describ$1 #aje ,anil9e dyes1 #bhi ,animat$ adv]tisem5ts1 #bfa 8,animat$0 newspap]s1 #bgg foll42 circulation1 #bhd2 comp>$ ) pr9t$ newspap]1 #bhe2 effect on picture !atre1 #bhd2 l5g? ( film1 #bhb ,animat$ photography 7see ,c9ematography7 8,animat$ ,putty0 7film71 #bce ,animatograph1 #cc foll42 at ,alhambra ,!atre1 #aaf ,ann\ncem5t films1 #bfb ,ans*tz1 ,ottom>1 #bj ,anti-fir+ devices 7see "u ,fire7 8,antony & ,cleopatra10 film1 #agh ,app>itions1 #bbb-bbe ,arm/rong1 ,c41 #bei-bfj ,asqui?1 ,"r ,hon4 ,h4 ,h4 7film71 #bfa ,au/9-,edw>ds ,co41 #ej ,automatic safety cut-(f %utt]1 #ie 8,automobile ,accid5t0 7film71 #baa ,auxetophone1 #ahf ,back ,clo?1 9 trick pictures1 #bda1 #bbh ,balli/ics1 #bgf ,b>k]1 ,william1 #agd ,base1 def9ition1 #be ,baucus 7,am]ican ag5t71 #ce1 #di 8,bee1 ,!0 7film71 #cbd 8,be/ ,cig>ette1 ,!0 7film71 #bfa ,bett9i glass plate c9ematograph1 #cjf foll4 8,big ,picture ,play10 #afi1 #age1 #agg-agh 8,big ,swall[ ,a10 7film71 #bed ,biocolor1 #bih 8,black ,m>ia0 7/udio71 #aje ,blackton1 ,j4 ,/u>t1 #aga2 trick pictures1 #bdb ,blair1 roll] photography1 #bh ,blair ,company1 #bi ,blriot's ,*annel flight 7film71 #cja ,bl9k+1 comp>$ ) action ( %utt]1 #cbj ,blockless ,motiograph1 #ii ,blue-black light 79 pan*romatis+71 #bid ,blue scre51 #bie2 comp5sation = abs5ce1 #bif ,boys1 ,pr(4 ,v]non1 flight ( projectiles1 #bgd ,bull1 ,luci51 #bfd2 exp]im5ts1 #bfe foll42 ,m>ey ,in/itute1 #cbb ,bull ,cam]a 7illus471 #bfi-bgj ,but*] & ,sons1 #caf 8,ca9 & ,abel10 film1 #agg ,call-bo>d1 9 !atre1 #aeb ,cam]a1 #fe foll41 #ajg2 ,bett9i cam]a1 #cjf foll42 d\ble cam]a1 #cai2 electric sp>k app>atus1 #bfe foll42 = explor]s1 #gc2 prep>ation = exposure1 #fi1 #gj ---- obscura1 #g1 #cba ,cannock1 ,frank1 #di ,capus 7picture playwrit]71 #afj ,c>vallo1 ,m4 ,j41 #cbc ,celluloid film1 #bd foll42 accid5tal discov]y1 #bh2 ,blair's exp]im5ts1 #bh2 developm5t ( indu/ry1 #ea2 ,ea/man & ,walk]1 #bf foll42 effect ( climate1 #ec2 inflammability1 #ed2 l5g?1 #ee2 manufacture1 #eb2 manufactur]s1 #ej2 non-inflammable1 #ee2 wa/e product1 #ef1 #ccj ,cellulose-acetate1 #ee 8,*eese ,mites1 ,!0 7film71 #bja ,*emi/3 in/antane\s photography1 #b2 col\r c9ematography1 #bib ,*evreul's black1 #bj 8,*ronicle0 7animat$71 #bgh ,*ronophone1 #ahe2 diff]5tial ge>1 #ahh2 ,gre5's app>atus1 #ajg2 projector1 #ahf ,*ronophotography1 #af2 developm5t1 #cbb foll4 ,c9ema--plaque1 ,bett9i1 #cjf foll4 ,c9ematograph 7,c9ematographe71 #dc-di 8,c9ematograph fi5d10 #aa ,c9ematograph plays1 #adf foll42 dress-rehe>sal1 #aec2 production1 #aeb2 realism1 #aee ---- ,!atre1 #acj foll42 9 remote di/ricts1 #acb2 developm5t1 #acc2 electrical equipm5t1 #acf 7see also ,picture ,palace7 ---- ,tru/ 7,am]ican71 #aaj2 effect on ,briti% trade1 #aaa ,c9ematography 7or ,animat$ ,photography73-- 7#a7 ,g5]al3 ,amateurs1 #cja2 army recruit+1 effect on1 #cag2 action ( bra9 9 connection )1 #e2 educational value1 #cab foll42 effect on !atre1 #agd2 expansion ( indu/ry1 #cbg2 litigation1 #aaj2 optical pr9ciple expla9$1 #ij2 sci5tific value 7see ,sci5tific ,rese>*72 v>i\s uses1 #caf-cah2 wa/e 9 ! indu/ry1 #hf 7#b7 ,hi/ory & ,developm5t3 ,in/antane\s photography1 #a-c2 e>ly attempts1 #aj-bb2 k9etoscope1 #cj-cc2 animatography1 #cc foll42 c9ematograph1 #dc-di2 micro-c9ematography1 #afa foll42 9 ,italy1 #agd2 phono-c9ematography1 #ahj2 electric sp>k c9ematography1 #bfe foll42 natural col\r c9ematography1 #bhg foll42 rec5t developm5ts1 #cai foll42 gr[? 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