---------------------------------------- -------- ,note3 ,*9ese *>act]s are label$ ,*9ese4 ,bold surr\nd+ text4 ,italics surr\nd+ text4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,?is ,edition is limit$ to #a1ejj copies1 ( :i* ?is is ,no #ffi ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,/atue ( a ,lohan or ,buddhi/ ,apo/le1 ,t'ang dyna/y 7#fah-ijf ,a4,d47 ,height ) /& #ej in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,pott]',s ,,art ,,9 ,,*9a ,,f ,,primitive ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,by ,r4,l4 ,,hobson1 ,b4,a4 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,briti% & ,m$ival ,antiquities & ,e?nography1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,au?or ( ! ,catalogue ( ! ,collection ( ,engli% ,pott]y 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,briti% & ,m$ival ,antiquities ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 ,porcela93 ,ori5tal1 ,cont95tal1 & ,briti%2 ,worce/] ,porcela92 etc42 & ,jo9t ,au?or ( ,m>ks on ,pott]y ,=ty ,plates 9 ,col\r & ,n9ety-six 9 ,black & ,:ite ,,vol4 ,i ,pott]y & ,e>ly ,w>es ,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,ltd ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto & ,melb\rne #aiae ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction xv ,,bibliography xxvii #a4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,p]iods #a #b4 ,,! ,,han ,,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #bjf ,b4,c4 ,,to #bbj ,a4,d4 #e #c4 ,,! ,,tang ,,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #fah-ijf ,a4,d4 #bc #d4 ,,! ,,sung ,,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #ifj-abgi ,a4,d4 #dc #e4 ,,ju1 ,,kuan1 ,,& ,,ko ,,w>es #eb #f4 ,,lung-,,*,,an ,,yao ,*9ese #gf #g4 ,,t+ ,,yao ,*9ese #hi #h4 ,,tz ,,*\ ,,*9ese ,,w>e #aja #i4 ,,*,n ,,w>es ,,& ,,"s ,,o!rs #aji #aj4 ,,mirabilia #acf #aa4 ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,its ,,beg9n+s #adj #ab4 ,,*+-,t ,,*,n #aeb #ac4 ,,! ,y,,an ,,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #abhj-acfg ,a4,d4 #aei #ad4 ,,kuangtung ,,*9ese ,,w>es #aff #ae4 ,,yi-,,hs+ ,,*9ese ,,w>e #agd #af4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pott]ies #ahd #ag4 ,,m>ks ,,on ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 #bjg ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,/atue ,,( ,,lohan ,,or ,,buddhi/ ,,apo/le1 ,t,,ang ,,dyna/y 7#fah-ijf ,a4,d474 ,briti% ,museum 7,col\r7 ,frontispiece ,,plate ,,fac+ ,,page #a4 ,,*\ ,,pott]y #d ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,food ,vessel4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,j> ) deeply cut loz5ge patt]n4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #b4 ,,han ,,pott]y #h ,fig4 #a4--,vase1 gre5 glaz$4 ,bo/on ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) black surface & incis$ designs4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) designs 9 r$1 :ite & black pigm5ts4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #d4--;,gran>y ,urn1 gre5 glaz$4 ,pet]s ,collection4 #c4 ,,han ,,pott]y #ab ,fig4 #a4--;,hill ,j> ) br[n glaze4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,box1 gre5 glaz$4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,lotus ,c5s]1 gre5 glaz$4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 #d4 ,,model ,,( ,a ,,f[l+ ,,t[] #ab ,han pott]y ) iridesc5t gre5 glaze4 ,fre] ,collection4 #e4 ,t,,ang ,,sepul*ral ,,figures #bf ,fig4 #a4--;,a ,lokapala or ,gu>dian ( "o ( ! ,qu>t]s1 unglaz$4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,a ,horse1 ) col\r$ glazes4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,an ,actor1 unglaz$4 ,b5son ,collection4 #f4 ,t,,ang ,,sepul*ral ,,figures1 ,,unglaz$ #bf ,figs4 #a1 #b & #d4--;,female ,musicians4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,att5dant ) di% ( food4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #g4 ,t,,ang ,,sepul*ral ,,pott]y #bf ,fig4 #a4--;,figure ( a ,lady 9 elaborate co/ume1 unglaz$4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase1 :ite pott]y ) traces ( blue mottl+4 ,breu] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,sph9x-l ,mon/]1 gre5 & yell[ glazes4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #h4 ,,?ree ,,examples ,,( ,t,,ang ,,w>e ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,glazes3 ,,9 ,,! ,eumorfop\los ,collection 7,col\r7 #cj ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,inc5se ,vase ) ribb$ sides2 :ite pott]y ) deep blue glaze1 outside encru/$ ) iridesc5ce4 ,fig4 #b4--;,amphora ( light col\r$ pott]y ) spla%$ glaze4 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ( h>d :ite porcellan\s w>e ) deep purple glaze4 #i4 ,t,,ang ,,pott]y #cb ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ( ,sassanian =m ) spla%$ glazes2 panels ( relief ornam5t4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) mottl$ glaze1 gre5 & orange4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ) dragon sp\t & h&le2 wave & cl\d reliefs2 br[ni% yell[ glaze /reak$ ) gre54 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #aj4 ,t,,ang ,,pott]y #cb ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) mirror patt]n incis$ & col\r$ blue1 gre51 etc42 inn] bord] ( ju-i cl\d scrolls on a mottl$ yell[ gr\nd1 out] bord] ( mottl$ gre52 pale gre5 glaze und]nea? & ?ree tusk-%ap$ feet4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) s]p5t h&le & trilob$ m\?2 appli$ rosette ornam5ts & mottl$ glaze1 gre51 yell[ & :ite4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #aa4 ,t,,ang ,,w>es #cb ,fig4 #a4--;,cup ) b&s ( impress$ circles1 br[ni% yell[ glaze outside1 gre5 )94 ,seligmann ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cup ( h>d :ite w>e ) gre5i% :ite glaze4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,melon-%ap$ ,vase1 greyi% /onew>e ) :ite slip & smoo? ivory glaze4 ,breu] ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,cup ( porcellan\s /onew>e1 :ite slip & crackl$ creamy :ite glaze1 spur m>ks inside4 ,breu] ,collection4 #ab4 ,t,,ang ,,pott]y ,,) ,,gre5 ,,glaze #dj ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle ) impress$ key-fret4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) incis$ foliage scrolls4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) foliage scrolls1 pa9t$ 9 black "u ! glaze1 incis$ bord] on ! %\ld]4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #ac4 ,t,,ang ,,pott]y #dj ,fig4 #a4--,pilgrim ,bottle ) lily palmette & rais$ rosettes1 gre5 glaze4 ,,koe*l9 ,,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,pilgrim ,bottle 7neck want+71 ,hell5i/ic figures ( pip+ boy & danc+ girl 9 relief among floral scrolls1 br[ni% gre5 glaze4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #ad4 ,t,,ang ,,w>es #dj ,fig4 #a4--;,inc5se ,vase1 lotus-%ap$1 ) lion on ! cov]1 hexagonal /& ) m\ld$ ornam5t2 gre51 yell[ & br[n glazes4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,sepul*ral ,amphora1 h>d :ite w>e ) gre5i% :ite glaze1 s]p5t h&les4 ,s*neid] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ) l>ge foliage & lotus bord] 9 c>v$ relief1 gre5 glaze4 ,koe*l9 ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--,sepul*ral ,vase1 grey /onew>e ) opaque gre5i% grey glaze4 ,incis$ scrolls on ! body1 appli$ reliefs ( dragons1 figures1 etc41 on neck & %\ld]4 787 ,tang4 ,b5son ,collection4 #ae4 ,,sung ,,w>es #dh ,fig4 #a4--,pea*-%ap$ ,wat] ,vessel1 d>k-col\r$ biscuit1 smoo? gre5i% grey glaze4 787 ,ju or ,kuan w>e4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,figs4 #b & #c4--,%all[ ,cup ) flang$ h&le1 & cov]$ box1 opalesc5t grey glaze4 ,kuan or ,*n w>es4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 #af4 ,,sung ,,w>es 7,col\r7 #eh ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) six-lob$ sides2 ?9 porcellan\s w>e1 burnt br[n at ! foot-rim1 ) blui% gre5 celadon glaze irregul>ly crackl$4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,tripod ,inc5se ,burn]4 ,:ite porcela9 burnt pale r$ "u ! feet4 787 ,lung-*an celadon w>e4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #ag4 ,,two ,,examples ,,( ,,sung ,,w>es ,,( ,,! ,,*,n ,,or ,,kuan ,,factories 7,col\r7 #fd ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) lav5d] glaze1 lightly crackl$4 ,o4 ,raphael ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) smoo? lav5d] grey glaze suffus$ ) purple4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #ah4 ,,sung ,,dyna/y #ff ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) engrav$ peony design "u a br[ni% gre5 celadon glaze4 ,nor!rn ,*9ese4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase m\ld$ 9 =m ( a lotus fl[]1 d>k grey /onew>e1 burnt r$di% br[n1 milky grey glaze1 closely crackl$4 ,fre] ,collection4 #ai4 ,,vase ,,( ,,close-,,gra9$1 ,,d>k1 ,,r$di% ,,br[n ,,/onew>e1 ,,) ,,?ick1 ,,smoo? ,,glaze1 ,,boldly ,,crackl$4 ,ko w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection 7,col\r7 #gj #bj4 ,,deep ,,b[l ,,( ,,r$di% ,,br[n ,,/onew>e1 ,,) ,,?ick1 ,,boldly ,,crackl$ ,,glaze4 ,ko w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection 7,col\r7 #gd #ba4 ,,?ree ,,examples ,,( ,,lung-,,*,,an ,,celadon ,,porcela9 #hj ,fig4 #a4--,plate ( spott$ celadon4 787 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,octagonal ,vase ) crackl$ glaze & biscuit panels m\ld$ ) figures ( ! ,eight ,immortals 9 cl\ds4 787 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,di% ) engrav$ lotus scrolls & two fi%es 9 biscuit4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,go?a ,museum4 #bb4 ,,vase ,,( ,,lung-,,*,,an ,,porcela9 #hh ,) grey gre5 celadon glaze ( fa9t blui% tone1 peony scroll 9 l[ relief4 ,probably ,sung dyna/y4 ,pet]s ,collection4 #bc4 ,,ivory-,,:ite ,,t+ ,,w>e1 ,,) ,,c>v$ ,,ornam5t4 ,sung dyna/y #if ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) lotus design4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,di% ) ducks & wat] plants4 ,alex&] ,collection4 #bd4 ,,sung ,,& ,y,,an ,,porcela9 #if ,fig4 #a4--;,ew]1 transluc5t porcela91 ) smoo? ivory :ite glaze4 ,sung or ,yan dyna/y4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( ivory :ite ,t+ w>e ) c>v$ lotus design4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #be4 ,,t+ ,,w>e ,,) ,,m\ld$ ,,designs4 ,sung dyna/y #if ,fig4 #a4--,plate ) boys 9 peony scrolls1 ivory :ite glaze4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) fly+ phnixes 9 lily scrolls1 crackl$ creamy glaze2 tu t+ w>e4 ,koe*l9 ,collection4 #bf4 ,t,u-,,t+ ,,w>e1 ,,sung ,,dyna/y1 ,,) ,,creamy ,,crackl$ ,,glaze #if ,fig4 #a4--;,bru% wa%] 9 =m ( a boy 9 a boat4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,figure ( an elephant4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #bg4 ,,vase ,,( ,,bronze ,,=m1 ,,) ,,r[ ,,( ,,/uds ,,& ,,m\ld$ ,,belt ,,( kuei ,,dragon ,,& ,,key-,,fret ,,patt]ns #if ,o/ri* egg glaze4 787 ,kiangnan w>e1 ( ,t+ type2 ,sung dyna/y4 ,pet]s ,collection4 #bh4 ,,vase ,,( ,,bronze ,,=m1 ,,) ,,b&s ,,( ,,rais$ ,,key ,,patt]n #if ,?ick creamy glaze1 closely crackl$ & %ad+ (f into br[n ) fa9t t+es ( purple4 787 ,kiangnan ,t+ w>e4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,koe*l9 ,collection4 #bi4 ,,vase ,,( ,,porcellan\s ,,/onew>e #ajd ,) creamy :ite glaze & designs pa9t$ 9 black4 ,tz ,*\ w>e1 ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi ,a4,d474 ,9 ! ,l\vre4 #cj4 ,,f\r ,,j>s ,,( ,,pa9t$ ,,tz ,,*\ ,,w>e #ajd ,fig4 #a4--;,dat$ #aa? ye> ( ,*ng ,t+ 7#addf ,a4,d47 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,pa9t$ 9 r$ & gre5 enamels4 787 ,sung dyna/y4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,l[] half black1 ! upp] pa9t$ on :ite gr\nd4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--,) phnix design1 et*$ details4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 #ca4 ,,tz ,,*\ ,,w>e #ajd ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,inc5se ,vase 9 ,p]sian /yle ) lotus design 9 pale aub]g9e1 9 a turquoise gr\nd4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,pill[ ) creamy :ite glaze & design ( a te!r$ be> 9 black4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #cb4 ,,tz ,,*\ ,,w>e #ajd ,fig4 #a4--;,figure ( a ,lohan ) a de]1 creamy :ite glaze col\r$ ) black slip & pa9t$ ) gre5 & r$ enamels4 ,said to be ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) graffiato peony scrolls "u a gre5 glaze4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #cc4 ,,tz ,,*\ ,,w>e #ajd ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) panel ( figures repres5t+ music1 pa9t$ 9 black "u a blue glaze4 ,yan dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) incis$ designs 9 a d>k br[n glaze1 a sage look+ at a skeleton4 ,yan dyna/y4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) pa9t+ 9 black & b& ( m>bl$ slips4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #cd4 ,,tz ,,*\ ,,w>e #ajd ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle ( :ite porcellan\s w>e ) black glaze & floral design 9 lu/r\s br[n4 ,sung dyna/y or e>li]4 787 ,tz ,*\ w>e4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) b&s ( key patt]n & lily scrolls cut away f a black glaze4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) graffiato design 9 :ite slip on a m\se-col\r$ gr\nd1 yell[i% glaze4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #ce4 ,,fl[] ,,pot ,,( ,,*,n ,,*\ ,,w>e ,,( ,,! ,,sung ,,dyna/y 7,col\r7 #aab ,grey porcellan\s body3 olive br[n glaze "u ! base & ! num]al %ih 7t57 incis$4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #cf4 ,,*,n ,,w>e 7,col\r7 #aaf ,fig4 #a4--;,fl[] pot ( six-foil =m4 ,*n ,*\ w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,! base is glaz$ ) olive br[n & incis$ ) ! num]al san 7?ree74 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ( ,*n type1 ) close-gra9$ porcellan\s body ( yell[i% col\r4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #cg4 ,,*,n ,,*\ ,,w>e ,,) ,,porcellan\s ,,body 7tz tai74 ,sung dyna/y #aah ,fig4 #a4--;,fl[] ,pot1 ) lav5d] grey glaze4 ,num]al m>k ss 7f\r74 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bulb ,b[l1 ( quatrefoil =m1 pale olive glaze cl\d$ ) opaque grey4 ,num]al m>k i 7"o74 ,fre] ,collection4 #ch4 ,,*,n ,,w>e 7,col\r7 #abb ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ( eight-foil %ape1 ) lob$ sides1 ( ,*n type4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,pomegranate %ap$ ,wat] ,pot ( ,s(t ,*n w>e4 ,probably ,sung dyna/y4 ,alex&] ,collection4 #ci4 ,,two ,,examples ,,( ,,s(t ,,*,n ,,w>e 7,col\r7 #abf ,fig4 #a4--,vase ( buff w>e1 burnt r$ at ! foot rim1 ) ?ick1 almo/ cry/all9e glaze4 ,f\nd 9 a tomb ne> ,nank+ & giv5 9 #ahif to ! ,fitz,william ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,probably ,sung dyna/y4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( yell[i% w>e ) ?ick opalesc5t glaze4 ,yan dyna/y4 ,alex&] ,collection4 #dj4 ,,*,n ,,*\ ,,w>e #abh ,fig4 #a4--;,bulb ,b[l1 porcellan\s w>e ) lav5d] grey glaze pass+ into mottl$ r$ outside4 ,num]al m>k i 7"o74 ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( d5se r$di% w>e1 opalesc5t glaze ( pale mi/y lav5d] ) passages ( olive & ?ree symmetrical spla%es ( purple ) gre5 c5tres4 ,sung or ,yan dyna/y4 ,pet]s ,collection4 #da4 ,,*,n ,,*\ ,,w>e #abh ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) pea* spray 9 relief4 ,v>iegat$ lav5d] grey glaze ) purpli% br[n spots & ame?y/ pat*es1 fro/$ 9 places ) dull gre54 ,sung dyna/y4 ,fre] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase & ,/&1 smoo? lav5d] grey glaze4 ,sung or ,yan dyna/y4 ,alex&] ,collection4 #db4 ,two ,temmoku ,,b[ls1 ,,d>k-,,bodi$ ,,*i5 ,,yao ,,( ,,! ,,sung ,,dyna/y #acj ,fig4 #a4--,tea ,b[l 7pieh71 purpli% black glaze fleck$ ) silv]y drops4 ,fre] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,tea ,b[l ) purpli% black glaze %ot ) gold5 br[n4 ,briti% ,museum4 #dc4 ,,?ree ,,examples ,,( ,,honan temmoku1 ,,probably ,t,,ang ,,dyna/y #acb ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) purpli% black glaze1 /5cill$ leaf 9 gold5 br[n4 ,havemey] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) black glaze4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,b[l1 black mottl$ ) lu/r\s br[n4 ,cologne ,museum4 #dd4 ,,e>ly ,,transluc5t ,,porcela91 ,,probably ,t,,ang ,,dyna/y #aej ,fig4 #a4--;,c9quefoil ,cup ) ivory glaze cl\d$ ) p9ki% buff /a9s4 ,breu] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( :ite1 s(t-look+ w>e1 v ?9 & transluc5t1 ) pe>ly :ite1 crackl$ glaze p[d]$ ) br[n specks4 ,pet]s ,collection4 #de4 ,t,,ang ,,& ,,sung ,,w>es #aej ,fig4 #a4--,squ>e ,vase ) engrav$ lotus scrolls & =mal bord]s4 ,tu-t+ w>e1 ,sung dyna/y4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) phnix head1 slightly transluc5t porcela9 ) light gre5i% grey glaze ) t+es ( blue 9 ! ?ick] p>ts2 c>v$ designs4 ,probably ,tang dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #df4 ,,t+ ,,w>e ,,& ,y,,an ,,porcela9 #afb ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle ) c>v$ reliefs ( ar*aic dragons & l+ *9 funguses4 ,fn t+ w>e1 said to be ,sung dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) m\ld$ floral designs 9 l[ relief1 unglaz$ rim4 ,transluc5t porcela91 probably ,yan dyna/y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #dg4 ,,vase ,,( ,,buff ,,/onew>e 7,col\r7 #agj ,) scroll ( rosette-l fl[]s 9 relief3 ?ick floccul5t glaze ( mottl$ blue ) passages ( dull gre5 & a sub/ratum ( br[n4 ,kuantung w>e1 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,b5son ,collection4 #dh4 ,,kuangtung ,,w>e #agb ,fig4 #a4--;,di% 9 =m ( a lotus leaf1 mottl$ blue & br[n glaze4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) lotus scroll 9 relief1 opaque1 closely crackl$ glaze ( pale lav5d] grey w>m+ into purple4 787 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,figure ( ,pu-tai ,ho-%ang1 r$ biscuit1 ! drap]ies glaz$ celadon gre54 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 #di4 ,,cov]$ ,,j> ,,( ,,buff ,,/onew>e #agb ,) cl\dy gre5 glaze & t\*es ( d>k blue1 yell[1 br[n & :ite2 ar*aic dragons1 bats & /orks 9 l[ relief2 bord] ( sea waves4 ,probably ,kuangtung w>e1 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #ej4 ,,yi-,,hs+ ,,/onew>e1 ,,sometimes ,,call$ ,bucc>o #agf ,figs4 #a to #d4--,teapots 9 ! ,dresd5 ,collection1 late sev5te5? c5tury4 7#a7 ,buff ) d>k pat*es4 7#b7 ,r$ w>e ) pi]c$ out] cas+4 7#c7 ,black ) gilt v9e sprays4 7#d7 ,r$ w>e m\ld$ ) lion design4 ,fig4 #e4--,pea*-%ap$ ,wat] ,vessel1 r$ w>e4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #f4--,r$ ,teapot1 m\ld$ design ( trees1 etc4 ,inscription conta9+ ! "n ( ,*i5 ,lung4 ,hippisley ,collection4 #ea4 ,,two ,,vases ,,) ,,glaze ,,imitat+ ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,*,n ,,*\ ,,w>e 7,col\r7 #ahj ,fig4 #a4--,vase ( ,fat-%an 7,kuangtung7 ,*n w>e4 ,late ,m+4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase1 ! base sugge/+ a lotus fl[] & ! m\? a lotus se$-pod1 ) a r+ ( movable se$s on ! rim4 ,?ick & almo/ cry/all9e glaze ( lav5d] blue col\r ) a pat* ( crimson4 ,yi-hs+ ,*n w>e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #eb4 ,,w9e ,,j> ,,) ,,cov] ,,& ,,/& 7,col\r7 #ahf ,f9e /onew>e ) ornam5t 9 relief glaz$ gre5 & yell[ 9 a deep violet blue gr\nd4 ,f\r-claw$ dragons asc5d+ & desc5d+ among cl\d scrolls 9 pursuit ( flam+ pe>ls2 b& ( sea waves bel[ & =mal bord]s includ+ a ju-i patt]n on ! %\ld]4 ,cov] ) foliate edges & jewel patt]n1 surm\nt$ by a seat$ figure ( ,%\ ,lao1 ,god ( ,longevity4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,gr&idi] ,collection1 ,l\vre4 #ec4 ,,vase ,,) ,,*rysan!mum ,,h&les 7,col\r7 #aib ,buff /onew>e ) *rysan!mum design outl9$ 9 l[ relief & col\r$ ) turquoise1 gre5 & pale yell[ glazes 9 d>k purple gr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #ed4 ,,vase ,,) ,,lotus ,,h&les 7,col\r7 #aif ,buff /onew>e ) lotus design modell$ 9 l[ relief & col\r$ ) aub]g9e1 gre5 & pale yell[ glazes 9 a deep turquoise gr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,gr&idi] ,collection1 ,l\vre4 #ee4 ,,m+ ,,pott]y ,,) ,,dull san tsai ,,glazes #bjj ,fig4 #a4--,w9e ,j> ) pi]c$ out] cas+1 horsem5 & att5dants1 rocky backgr\nd4 ,fifte5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,tripod ,inc5se ,vase1 dragons & peony designs & a panel ( horsem54 ,dat$ #aebi ,a4,d4 ,messel ,collection4 #ef4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pott]y #bjj ,fig4 #a4--;,j> ) dull gre5 glaze & =mal lotus scroll 9 relief t\*$ ) yell[ & br[n glazes4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,g(f ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,beak] ( bronze =m1 s(t :iti% body & dull gre5 glaze4 787 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ( light buff w>e ) dull black dress+1 v9e reliefs4 ,m>k1 ,nan hsiang tang4 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #eg4 ,,seat$ ,,figure ,,( ,,kuan ,y1 ,,! ,,w>-,,god ,,( ,,*9a1 ,a ,,deifi$ ,,w>rior 7,col\r7 #bjd ,r$di% buff pott]y ) blue1 yell[ & turquoise glazes1 & a col\rless glaze on ! :ite p>ts4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 #eh4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pott]y #bjf ,fig4 #a4--;,j> ) lotus design 9 gre51 yell[ & turquoise glazes 9 an aub]g9e gr\nd4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( d\ble fi% =m1 buff w>e ) turquoise1 yell[ & aub]g9e glazes4 787 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--,ro(-tile ) figure ( ,bodhidh>ma1 deep gre5 & creamy :ite glazes4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,bottle ) ar*aic dragon 7*ih lung7 on neck1 v>iegat$ glaze ( lav5d]1 blue & gre5 cl\d$ ) purple & br[n4 787 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,yi-hs+ w>e4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,,introduction ,:5 we consid] ! great ext5t ( ! ,*9ese ,empire & its teem+ population--bo? ( !m l>g] ?an ^? ( ,europe--& ! fact t a race ) a natural gift = ! pott]'s craft & a deep appreciation ( its productions has liv$ & lab\r$ !re = tw5ty c5turies 7to look no f>!r back ?an ! ,han dyna/y71 x seems almo/ presumptu\s to attempt a hi/ory ( s va/ & v>i$ an indu/ry )9 ! compass ( two volumes4 ,any?+ approa*+ f9ality 9 su* a subject is out ( ! "q1 &1 inde$1 imag9ation /agg]s at ! ?\ght ( a complete record ( e pott]y />t$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! pa/ & pres5t4 ,z f> z pott]y is conc]n$1 we mu/ be cont5t ) ! id5tification ( a few prom95t types & ) v broad classifications1 :e!r !y be *ronological or topographical4 ,inde$1 ! pott]ies nam$ 9 ! ,*9ese records are only a few ( ^? :i* mu/ h exi/$2 & ?\gh we may occasionally rejoice to f9d 9 our collections a s]ies l ! r$ /onew>es ( ,yi-hs+1 :i* c be def9itely locat$1 a v l>ge proportion ( our pott]y mu/ be labell$ unc]ta9 or unkn[n4 ,h[ _m exp]ts "h or on ! ,cont95t c\ld id5tify ! pott]y made 9 ,s\? ,g]many or ,hung>y a hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,:at *ance1 !n1 is !re ( recognis+ any b ! mo/ celebrat$ w>es ( ,*9a8 ,9 deal+ ) porcela9 z di/9ct f pott]y1 we h a simpl] proposition4 ,! bulk ( :at we see 9 ,europe is n old] ?an ! ,m+ dyna/y & 0 made at "o ( two l>ge c5tres1 viz4 ,*+-t ,*n 9 ,kiangsi1 & ,t-hua 9 ,fuki54 ,topographical arrangem5t1 !n1 is an easy matt]1 & !re is a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation available to guide u 9 *ronological consid]ations4 ,! antiquity ( ,*9ese porcela91 its v>iety & beauty1 & ! wond]ful skill ( ! ,*9ese craftsm51 accumulat$ f ! traditions ( c5turies1 h made ! /udy ( ! pott]'s art 9 ,*9a peculi>ly absorb+ & attractive4 ,!re is scope = e ta/e 9 its inexhau/ible v>iety4 ,comp>$ ) x 9 age1 ,european porcela9 is b a ?+ ( ye/]day1 a m]e two c5turies old1 & bas$ f ! fir/ on ,*9ese models4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ ,european /yle ( decoration :i* develop$ at ,meiss5 & ,svres1 ?\gh q ,we/]n 9 g5]al effect1 w be f\nd on analysis to be compos$ ( ,*9ese elem5ts4 ,x w\ld be useless to comp>e ! arti/ic m]its ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n w>es4 ,x is s mu* a matt] ( p]sonal ta/e4 ,= my own "p1 ,i consid] t ! decorative g5ius ( ! ,*9ese & _! natural col\r s5se1 add$ to _! long tra9+1 h plac$ !m s f> above _! ,european foll[]s t comp>ison is irrelevant4 ,ev5 ! common] sorts ( old ,*9ese porcela91 made = ! export trade1 h und5iable decorative qualities1 :ile ! specim5s 9 pure ,*9ese ta/e1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,c\rt w>es1 are unsurpass$ 9 quality & f9i%4 ,! m]its & beauty ( porcela9 h always be5 recognis$ by ! ,*9ese1 :o rank$ x f ! e>lie/ days among _! preci\s mat]ials4 ,*9ese poets make frequ5t ref]5ce to its da9ty qualities1 its jade-l appe>ance1 its musical r+1 its lightness & ref9em5t4 ,! gre5 cups ( ,yeh ,*\ w>e 9 ! ,tang dyna/y 7 lik5$ to m\ld$ lotus leaves2 & ! :ite ,ta-yi b[ls surpass$ ho>-fro/ & sn[4 ,_m /anzas 7 inspir$ by ! porcela9 b[ls us$ at ! tea & w9e symposia1 :]e cultivat$ gue/s capp$ ea* o!r's v]ses4 ,9 a pavilion at ,yn-mn1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*+-t ,*n1 is a tablet inscrib$1 ,! :ite porcela9 is quietly pass$ all ?r\gh ! night1 ! fragrant vap\r 7( ! tea7 fills ! peaceful pavilion1 an e*o ( a symposium held !re by "s di/+ui%$ p]sons 9 ! ye> #aaja ,a4,d41 & no d\bt allud+ to w>es ( local make4 ,else:]e#a we read ( a dr9k+-b\t 9 :i* ! w9e b[ls ( :ite ,t+ ,*\ porcela9 inspir$ a v]se-capp+ competition4 ,t+ ,*\ porcela9 b[ls 9 col\r :ite ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 wrote "o4 ,ano!r foll[$1 ,comp>$ ) !m1 glass is a light & fickle mi/ress1 amb] a dull & /upid female slave4 ,! ?ird proce$$3 ,! vessel's body is firm & crisp2 ! texture ( its sk9 is yet m sleek & pleas+4 ,! au?or ( ! ,p+ hua pu1 a late ,m+ "w on fl[] vases1 exhorts u3 ,prize ! porcela9 & disda9 gold & silv]4 ,e/eem pure elegance4 ,9 _! admiration ( antiques ! ,*9ese yield to none1 & n[h]e h private collections be5 m jeal\sly gu>d$ & m difficult ( access4 ,ev5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury relatively l>ge sums 7 paid = ,sung porcela9s1 & #cj 0 n too mu* = a *ick5 w9e cup b>ely a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! own]%ip ( a *oice antique--say1 ( ! ,sung dyna/y--made ! possessor a man ( m>k2 p]haps ev5 a m>k$ man if ! local rul] *anc$ to be ( a grasp+ nature4 ,a /ory is told on p4 #ge ( ?is volume ( a ,ko w>e inc5se burn] 7aft]w>ds sold = #bjj ounces ( gold71 :i* br\ght a man to imprisonm5t & torture 9 ! e>ly ,m+ p]iod2 &1 if ! newspap] acc\nt 0 correct1 !re 0 an incid5t 9 ! rec5t revolution :i* %\ld t\* ! collector's he>t4 ,a prom95t g5]al1 :o1 l s _m ,*9ese gr&ees1 0 an ard5t collector1 0 expect+ a *oice piece ( porcela9 f ,%anghai4 ,9 due c\rse ! box arriv$ & 0 tak5 to ! g5]al's sanctum4 ,he proce$$ to op5 x1 no d\bt ) all ! eag]ness & suppress$ excitem5t :i* collectors feel 9 su* t5se mom5ts1 only to be bl[n to pieces by a bomb6 ,8 enemies _h kn[n too well ! weak po9t 9 8 def5ce4 ,collect+ is a less dang]\s sport 9 ,engl&2 b if x 7 n s1 ! ard5t collector w\ld be 9 no way det]r$4 ,w>n+s are wa/$ on him1 & he w\ld foll[ 8 qu>ry1 ev5 ?\gh ! pa? 7 /rewn ) fragm5ts ( 8 indiscreet fell[s4 ,/ill less is he disc\rag$ by difficulties ( ano!r k9d1 z illu/rat$ 'by ! /ory#b ( ,tang's :ite ,sung tripod1 :i* 0 s closely imitat$ t its own]1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ collectors ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 c\ld n di/+ui% ! copy f ! orig9al4 ,an eighte5? c5tury ,*9ese writ] po9ts ! moral ( ! /ory3 ,:5 connoisseurs po9t ) admiration to a vessel1 call+ x ,t+ w>e1 or1 aga91 ,kuan w>e1 h[ c we "k t x is n a 'false tripod' :i* deceives !m8 ,! =ce ( ?is "q w be appreciat$ by collectors ( ,sung w>es1 especially ( ! :ite ,t+ porcela9s & ! gre5 celadons2 = !re is no?+ m difficult to classify correctly ?an ^! long-liv$ types4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 au!ntic ,sung examples )9 rea*1 & we c tra9 our eyes ) ^!1 s t no?+ b ! v be/ imitations w deceive u2 &1 aft] all1 if we succe$ 9 obta9+ a really fir/-rate ,m+ copy ( a ,sung type we %all be =tunate1 = if we ev] discov] ! tru?--:i* is an unlikely cont+5cy--we may console ourselves ) ?\ghts ( ! en?usia/ :o ev5tually b\ght ,tang's false tripod = #cjj & w5t home p]fectly happy4 ,9 spite ( all t has be5 writt5 9 ! pa/ on ,ori5tal c]amics1 ! /udy is /ill "y1 & x w be long be=e ! la/ ^w is said on ! subject4 ,/ill our k is con/antly increas+1 & rem>kable /rides h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! fir/ s]i\s "w on ,*9ese porcela9 0 ,juli5's translation ( ! ,*+-t ,*n tao lu1 publi%$ 9 #ahef4 ,! "w ( a s*ol> :o 0 n an exp]t1 x 0 inevitably m>r$ by misund]/&+ ( ! mat]ial1 & subsequ5t writ]s :o foll[$ bl9dly 7 l$ into innum]able confusions4 ,! ,franks ,catalogue1 issu$ 9 #ahgf1 0 "o ( ! fir/ attempts to classify ,ori5tal w>es on "s intelligible sy/em2 b x 0 felt t n en\gh 0 kn[n at t "t to ju/ify a *ronological classification ( ! collection1 & ! some:at unsci5tific me?od ( gr\p+ by col\rs & processes ( decoration 0 adopt$ z a conv5i5t exp$i5t4 ,at ! end ( la/ c5tury ,dr4 ,s4,w4 ,bu%ell revolutionis$ ! /udy ( ,*9ese porcela9 by 8 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1 a book1 un=tunately1 difficult to obta91 & by edit+ ,cosmo ,monkh\se's excell5t ,hi/ory & ,description ( ,*9ese ,porcela94 ,^! 7 foll[$ by ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,h&book & by ! translation & reproduction ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,album ( ,hsiang ,yan-pi51 & lat] by ! m important translation ( ! ,tao %uo4 ,x w\ld be impossible to ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ,bu%ell's pione] "w2 & ,i ha/5 to make ! fulle/ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! free use ,i h made ( 8 writ+s1 ! m s because ,i h n hesitat$ to criticise freely 8 translations :]e necess>y4 ,! ,*9ese language is notori\sly obscure & ambigu\s1 & diff]5ces ( op9ion on difficult passages are inevitable4 ,9 fact1 ,i w\ld say t x is unwise to build up !ories on any translation :atsoev] )\t v]ify+ ! critical passages 9 ! orig9al4 ,= ?is reason ,i f\nd x necess>y to "w labori\sly ?r\gh ! available ,*9ese c]amic lit]ature1 a task :i* w\ld h be5 q impossible ) my brief acqua9tance ) ! language _h x n be5 = ! invaluable aid ( ,dr4 ,lionel ,giles1 :o help$ me ov] ! difficult gr\nd4 ,i h1 moreov]1 tak5 ! precaution ( giv+ ! ,*9ese text 9 all critical passages1 s t ! read] may satisfy himself z to _! true mean+4 ,:ile ,dr4 ,bu%ell's contributions h greatly simplifi$ ! /udy ( ! lat] ,*9ese porcela9s1 little or no acc\nt 0 tak5 9 ! old] books ( ! pott]y & e>ly w>es4 ,! mat]ials necess>y = ! /udy ( ^! 7 want+ 9 ,europe4 ,/ray examples ( ! co>s] types & export w>es _h f\nd _! way into our collections1 b n 9 suffici5t numb]s or importance to ar\se any g5]al int]e/1 & ! condition ( ! ,we/]n m>ket = ! e>ly types 0 n su* z to tempt ! native collector to "p ) 8 r>e & valu$ specim5s4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s ! position has completely *ang$4 ,! op5+ up ( ,*9a & ! increas$ opportunities :i* ,europeans enjoy1 n only = /udy+ ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,*9ese art1 b = acquir+ examples ( ! e>ly ma/]pieces 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 bronze1 jade1 & c]amic w>es1 h giv5 ! ,we/]n /ud5t a tru] insight into ! greatness ( ! e>li] phases ( ,*9ese art1 & h awak5$ a new & widespread en?usiasm = !m4 ,an imm5se quantity ( objects1 int]e/+ bo? arti/ically & ar*ologically1 has be5 discov]$ 9 ! tombs :i* railway con/ruction has incid5tally op5$2 & al?\gh ?is ri* mat]ial has be5 ga!r$ haphaz>d & "u ! lea/ fav\rable conditions = accurate classification1 a great deal has be5 le>nt1 & x is n too mu* to say t ! /udy ( e>ly ,*9ese art has be5 completely revolutionis$4 ,num]\s collections h be5 =m$1 & ! result+ competition has creat$ a m>ket into :i* ev5 ! treasur$ specim5s ( ! ,*9ese collectors are be+ lur$4 ,political circum/ances h be5 ano!r factor ( ! situation1 & ! ,we/]n collector has pr(it$ by ! unhappy conditions :i* h prevail$ 9 ,*9a s9ce ! revolution 9 #aiab4 ,! result ( all ?is1 c]amically speak+1 is t we are n[ famili> ) ! pott]y ( ! ,han dyna/y2 ! c]amic art ( ! ,tang p]iod has be5 unfold$ 9 :olly unexpect$ spl5d\r2 ! ,sung problems no long] consi/ 9 reconcil+ ambigu\s ,*9ese phrases1 b 9 ! classification ( actual specim5s2 ! ,m+ porcela9 is se5 9 cle>] p]spective1 & our already consid]able in=mation on ! w>es ( ! la/ dyna/y has be5 revis$ & supplem5t$ by fur!r /udies4 ,s mu* progress1 9 fact1 has be5 made1 t x 0 high "t to take /ock ( ! pres5t position1 & to set out ! mat]ial :i* has be5 collect$1 n1 ( c\rse1 ) any ?\ghts ( f9ality1 b to s]ve z a basis = a fur!r =w>d move4 ,t is ! purpose ( ! pres5t volumes1 9 :i* ,i h attempt$ m]ely to lay be=e ! read] ! exi/+ mat]ial = /udy+ ,*9ese c]amics z ,i h f\nd x1 add+ my own conclusions & comm5ts1 :i* he may or may n accept4 ,! mo/ /rik+ additions to our k 9 rec5t ye>s1 h )\t d\bt be5 ^? :i* conc]n ! ,tang pott]y4 ,:at 0 previ\sly a blank is n[ fill$ ) a ri* s]ies cov]+ ! :ole gamut ( c]amic w>es1 f a s(t pla/]-l mat]ial ?r\gh faence & /onew>e up to true porcela94 ,! ,tang pott]s _h little to le>n 9 te*nical matt]s4 ,!y us$ ! s(t lead glazes1 col\r$ gre51 blue1 amb]1 & purpli% br[n by ! same metallic oxides z =m$ ! basis ( ! cognate glazes on ,m+ pott]y4 ,!y us$ high-fir$ feldspa?ic glazes1 :ite1 br[ni% gre51 *ocolate br[n1 purpli% black1 & tea-du/ gre51 sometimes ) fro?y spla%es ( grey or blui% grey1 z on ! ,sung w>es4 ,sometimes ^! glazes 7 sup]pos$ z on ! ,japanese tea j>s1 :i* av[$ly ow$ _! te*nique to ,*9ese models4 ,x is evid5t t /reak$ & mottl$ effects appeal$ specially to ! ta/e ( ! "t1 & m>bl+ bo? ( ! glaze & ( ! body 0 practis$4 ,c>v+ designs 9 l[ relief1 or incis+ !m ) a po9t$ in/rum5t & fill+ 9 ! spaces ) col\r$ glazes1 /amp+ small patt]ns on ! body1 & apply+ reliefs :i* _h be5 previ\sly press$ out 9 m\lds1 7 me?ods employ$ = surface decoration4 ,pa9t$ designs 9 unfir$ pigm5ts appe> on "s ( ! tomb w>es1 & x is n[ practically c]ta9 t pa9t+ 9 black "u a gre5 glaze 0 us$ by ! ,tang pott]s4 ,moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( porcela9 prop] 9 ! ,tang p]iod is def9itely e/abli%$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ,tang pott]y is ! /rong ,hell5i/ic flav\r app>5t 9 ! %apes ( ! vessels & 9 c]ta9 details ( ! ornam5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! =m]4 ,o!r =eign influ5ces obs]vable 9 ,tang art are ,p]sian1 ,sassanian1 ,scy?o-,sib]ian1 & ,indian1 & "o w\ld say t ,*9ese art at ?is p]iod 0 9 a peculi>ly receptive /ate4 ,z comp>$ ) ! conv5tional /yle ( lat] ages :i* we h come to reg>d z *>act]i/ically ,*9ese1 ! ,tang art is q di/9ctive1 & almo/ =eign 9 _m ( its aspects4 ,! revelation ( ,tang c]amics has provid$ _m surprises1 & d\btless !re are m 9 /ore = u4 ,!re are c]ta9ly _m gaps to fill & _m app>5t anomalies to expla94 ,we are /ill 9 ! d>k ) reg>d to ! pott]'s art ( ! f\r hundr$ ye>s :i* sep>ate ! ,han & ,tang dyna/ies4 ,! ,buddhi/ sculptures ( ?is "t reveal a high level ( arti/ic developm5t1 & we may assume t ! m9or arts1 & pott]y among !m1 7 n neglect$4 ,:5 "s light is %$ f excavation or o!rwise ^u ?is obscure int]val1 no d\bt we %all see t we h fix$ our b\nd>ies too rigidly1 & t ! ,han types mu/ be c>ri$ =w>d & ! ,tang types c>ri$ back to bridge ! gap4 ,mean:ile1 we c only make ! be/ ( ! facts :i* h be5 reveal$ at pres5t1 keep+ our classification z ela/ic z possible4 ,probably ! s(t lead glazes belong to ! e>li] "p ( ! ,tang p]iod & ext5d back to ! ,sui & ,wei1 l9k+ up ) ! gre5 glaze ( ! ,han pott]y1 :ile ! high-fir$ glazes t5d$ to sup]s$e ^! 9 ! latt] "p ( ! dyna/y4 ,! high-fir$ feldspa?ic glazes seem to h held ! field entirely 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 & ! lead glazes1 z f> z our obs]vation goes1 d n reappe> until ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,! ,sung is ! age ( high-fir$ glazes1 spl5did 9 _! lavi% ri*ness & 9 ! subtle & (t5 un=ese5 t9ts :i* em]ge f _! opalesc5t dep?s4 ,x is also an age ( bold1 free pott+1 robu/ & virile =ms1 an age ( pott]y 9 its pure/ manife/ation4 ,pa9t$ ornam5t 0 us$ at c]ta9 factories 9 black & col\r$ clays1 &1 x w\ld seem1 ev5 9 r$ & gre5 enamels2 b pa9t$ ornam5t 0 less e/eem$ ?an ! true c]amic decoration obta9$ by c>v+1 incis+1 & m\ld+--processes :i* ! pott]s work$ ) ! clay alone4 ,if we c\ld re/ cont5t ) a compreh5sive classification ( ! ,sung w>es1 z we h _h p]=ce to d 9 ! case ( ! ,tang1 "o ( ! *ief difficulties 9 ?is "p ( our task w\ld be avoid$4 ,b ! ,*9ese h giv5 u a numb] ( important head+s1 "u :i* x has become obligatory to try & gr\p our specim5s4 ,"s ( ^! types h be5 cle>ly id5tifi$1 b !re are o!rs :i* /ill rema9 vague & ill-def9$2 & !re are _m specim5s1 especially among ! co>s] k9ds ( w>e1 :i* _c be ref]r$ to any ( ! ma9 gr\ps4 ,b ! true collector w n f9d ! difficulties connect$ ) ! ,sung w>es 9 any way disc\rag+4 ,he w revel 9 !m1 tak+ pleasure 9 ! fact t he has new gr\nd to break1 _m riddles to solve1 & a subject to ma/] :i* is wor?y ( 8 /eel4 ,app>5tly a co>se =m ( pa9t+ 9 blue 0 employ$ at "o factory at lea/ 9 ! ,sung p]iod1#c & we may n[ consid] x practically c]ta9 t ! fir/ essays 9 pa9t+ bo? "u & ov] ! glaze g back sev]al c5turies e>li] ?an 0 previ\sly suppos$4 ,blue & :ite & poly*rome porcela9 *iefly occupi$ ! en]gies ( ! ,imp]ial pott]s at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & ! classic p]iods = ^! types fall 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! vogue ( ! ,sung glazes sc>cely surviv$ ! brief int]m$iate dyna/y ( ! ,yan1 & we are told by a ,*9ese writ]#d t on ! adv5t ( ! ,m+ dyna/y ! pi s#e began to disappe>4 ,pictorial ornam5t & pa9t$ brocade patt]ns 7 9 fav\r on ! ,m+ w>es2 & x w be obs]v$ t z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! lat] porcela9s ! ,m+ designs are pa9t$ ) m fre$om & individuality4 ,9 ! ,*+ dyna/y ! appetite ( ! ,*+-t ,*n pott]s 0 omnivor\s & _! skill 0 supreme4 ,!y are n only not$ = c]ta9 specialities1 su* z ! ,kang ,hsi blue & :ite & famille v]te1 ! sang de buf & pea*-bloom r$s1 & = ! developm5t ( ! famille rose palette1 b = ! revival ( all ! celebrat$ types ( ! classic p]iods ( ! ,sung & ,m+2 & :5 !y _h exhau/$ ! possibilities ( ^! !y turn$ to o!r mat]ials & copi$ ) magical exactitude ! ornam5ts 9 metal1 c>v$ /one1 lacqu]1 wood1 %ell1 glass--9 a ^w1 e arti/ic sub/ance1 :e!r natural or artificial4 ,! ma/]y ( su* a l>ge & complex subject z ,ori5tal c]amics requires n a little /udy ( hi/ory & te*nique1 9 books & 9 collections4 ,! !ory & practice %\ld be tak5 simultane\sly1 = nei!r c be ( mu* use )\t ! o!r4 ,! possession ( a few specim5s :i* c be freely h&l$ & closely /udi$ is an imm5se advantage4 ,!y ne$ n be co/ly pieces4 ,9 fact1 brok5 fragm5ts w give z mu* ( ! all-important in=mation on pa/e & glaze z complete specim5s4 ,^? :o h n ! good =tune to possess ! latt]1 w f9d ample opportunity = /udy 9 ! public museums ) :i* mo/ ( ! l>ge cities ( ! _w are provid$4 ,! travell] w be direct$ to ^! by 8 ,ba$ek]1 & ,i %all only m5tion a few ( ! mo/ important museums ) :i* ,i h p]sonal acqua9tance1 & to :i* ,i gratefully express my ?anks = invaluable assi/ance4 ,london4--,! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum possesses ! fam\s ,salt+ ,collection1 9 :i* ! ,*+ dyna/y porcela9s are se5 at _! be/3 besides ! collection =m$ by ! ,museum itself & _m small] beque/s1 gifts1 & loans1 9 :i* all p]iods are repres5t$4 ,! ,franks ,collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is "o ( ! be/ collections = ! /ud5t because ( its ca?olic & repres5tative nature4 ,birm+ham & ,ed9burgh h important collections 9 _! art gall]ies1 & mo/ ( ! l>ge t[ns h "s ,*9ese w>es 9 _! museums4 ,p>is4--,! ,gr&idi] ,collection 9 ! ,l\vre is "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,! ,c]nus*i ,museum conta9s _m int]e/+ examples1 especially ( ! e>ly celadons1 & ! ,muse ,guimet & ! ,svres ,museum h important collections4 ,b]l94--,! ,kun/gew]be ,museum has a small collection conta9+ "s important specim5s4 ,! ,hoh5zoll]n ,museum & ! ,palace ( ,*>lott5burg h hi/oric collections =m$ *iefly at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,dresd54--,! fam\s & hi/oric collection1 =m$ pr9cipally by ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 is exhibit$ 9 ! ,johanneum1 & is especially important = ! /udy ( ! ,kang ,hsi porcela9s4 ,! ,/bel ,collection 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 too1 is ( int]e/4 ,go?a4--,! ,h]zgli*es ,museum conta9s an important s]ies ( ! ,sung & ,yan w>es =m$ by ,pr(essor ,hir?4 ,cologne4--,an important & peculi>ly well-arrang$ museum ( ,f>-,ea/]n art1 =m$ by ! late ,dr4 ,adolf ,fis*] & 8 wife1 is atta*$ to ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum4 ,new ,york4--,! ,metropolitan ,museum is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ,m+ & ,*+ porcela9s4 ,x is =tunate 9 hav+ ! spl5did ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection & ! ,av]y ,collection1 & :5 ! ,altmann ,collection is duly in/all$ 9 its gall]ies x w be unrivall$ 9 ! w>es ( ! la/ dyna/y4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum has a good s]ies ( ,han pott]y4 ,*icago4--,! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory has probably ! l>ge/ collection ( ,han pott]y & ,tang figur9es 9 ! _w4 ,x has also an int]e/+ s]ies ( lat] ,*9ese pott]y1 includ+ specim5s f c]ta9 mod]n factories :i* are important = comp>ative /udy4 ,^! collections 7 =m$ by ,dr4 ,lauf] 9 ,*9a4 ,!re is also a small collection ( ! lat] porcela9s 9 ! ,art ,in/itute4 ,bo/on4--,! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts has a consid]able collection ( ,*9ese porcela91 9 :i* ! e>li] p]iods are specially well repres5t$4 ,! ,am]ican collections1 bo? public & private1 are especially /rong 9 mono*rome porcela9s1 & 9 ?is dep>tm5t !y are mu* 9 advance ( ! ,european4 ,to ackn[l$ge individually all ! k9d att5tions ,i h receiv$ f ^? 9 *>ge ( ! v>i\s museums w\ld make a long /ory4 ,!y w p]haps =give me if ,i ?ank !m collectively4 ,! private collectors to :om ,i mu/ express my gratitude are sc>cely less num]\s4 ,!y h giv5 me e facility = ! /udy ( _! collections1 & 9 _m cases1 z w be se5 9 tile li/ ( plates1 !y h freely assi/$ ) ! illu/rations4 ,i am specially indebt$ to ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los1 ,mr4 ,alex&]1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,b5son1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,t4 ,pet]s1 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,fre]1 :o h done s mu* = ! /udy ( ! e>ly w>es 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,)\t ! un/9t$ help ( ^! en?usia/ic collectors x w\ld h be5 impossible to produce ! fir/ volume ( ?is book4 ,:at ,i owe to ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los c be p>tly guess$ f ! li/ ( plates4 ,8 collection is an education 9 itself1 & he has all[$ me to draw freely on x & on 8 own wide exp]i5ce4 ,( ! _m o!r collectors :o h simil>ly assi/$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! "w1 ,i h to ?ank ,sir ,h]cules ,read1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,cumb]bat*1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,ro!n/e91 ,dr4 ,breu]1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,seligmann1 ,m4 ,r4 ,koe*l91 ,mr4 ,o4 ,raphael1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,hippisley1 ,hon4 ,evan ,*>t]is1 ,lady ,wantage1 ,mr4 ,burdett-,c\tts1 ! late ,dr4 ,a4 ,fis*]1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,messel1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,burton1 ,col4 ,g(f1 ,mrs4 ,halsey1 ,mrs4 ,havemey]1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4 ,s*neid]1 & ,mrs4 ,colt>t4 ,a portion ( ! pro(s has be5 read by ,mr4 ,w4 ,burton4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,hopk9s has giv5 me frequ5t help ) ,*9ese texts1 & especially 9 ! read+ ( seal *>act]s2 & my colleague1 ,dr4 ,lionel ,giles1 9 addition to invaluable assi/ance ) ! translations1 has cons5t$ to look ?r\gh ! pro(s ( ^! volumes ) a special view to errors 9 ! ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,f9ally1 ,i h to ?ank my *ief1 ,sir ,h]cules ,read1 n only = all possible facilities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b = 8 sympa!tic guidance 9 ! /udy ( a subject ( :i* he has long be5 a ma/]4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,hobson4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! ,kuei *i5 *ih quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,see p4 #ie4 ,footnote #c3 ,see p4 #ii4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 ! ,ai jih tang *ao1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #ah v]so4 ,footnote #e3 ,! pi s1 or secret col\r1 is us$ z a g5]al t]m = glazes ( ! celadon type1 among :i* ! writ] 9 "q includes all ! celebrat$ w>es ( antiquity f ! ,tang gre5 7tsui7 ( a ?\s& hills1 ! ,yeh w>e1 ! ,*ai blue 7*+7 ( ! sky aft] ra91 to ! ,sung ,ju1 ,kuan1 ,ko1 ,tung-*+1 & ,lung-*an w>es4 ,,bibliography ,,&]son1 ,w41 ,catalogue ( ! ,japanese & ,*9ese ,pa9t+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ahhf4 ,,b9yon1 ,l41 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,,brets*neid]1 ,e41 ,m$ival ,rese>*es f ,ea/]n ,asiatic ,s\rces1 ,truebn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies4 #ahgh4 ,,br9kley1 ,,capt4 ,f41 ,*9a1 its ,hi/ory1 ,arts & ,lit]ature1 vol4 ix4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,burton1 ,w41 ,porcela93 ,a ,sket* ( its ,nature1 ,art & ,manufacture4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,,burton1 ,w41 ,,& ,,hobson1 ,m>ks on ,pott]y & ,porcela94 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,bu%ell1 ,s4,w41 ,*9ese ,porcela91 ,sixte5?-,c5tury col\r$ illu/rations ) ,*9ese ,,ms4 text1 by ,hsiang ,yan-pi51 translat$ by ,s4,w4 ,bu%ell4 ,ox=d1 #aijh4 ,sub-title ,porcela9 ( ,diff]5t ,dyna/ies4 ,,bu%ell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,*9ese ,porcela9 be=e ! ,pres5t ,dyna/y1 be+ a translation ( ! la/1 ) notes4 ,pek+1 #ahhf4 ,,bu%ell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,description ( ,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela91 be+ a translation ( ! ,tao %uo4 ,ox=d1 #aiaj4 ,,bu%ell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1 ,collection ( ,w4,t4 ,walt]s4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,bu%ell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,catalogue ( ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection4 ,new ,york4 ,,bu%ell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,*9ese ,art1 #b vols41 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum ,h&book4 #aijf4 ,,*avannes1 ,,ed\>d1 ,la ,sculpture sur pi]re en ,*9e au temps des deux dyna/ies ,han4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,,*avannes1 ,,ed\>d1 ,mission ,ar*ologique dans la ,*9e ,sept5trionale4 ,p>is1 #aiji4 ,! ,*iang hsi tung *ih ,*9ese4 ,! topographical hi/ory ( ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi1 revis$ edition 9 #ahj books1 publi%$ 9 #ahhb4 ,! ,*9 t+ ku *9 tu %u *i *ng ,*9ese4 ,! encyclopdia ( ! ,kang ,hsi p]iod1 ,section ,,xxxii4 ,h&icrafts 7kao kung74 ,"p #h entitl$ ,tao kung pu hui kao1 & ,"p #bdh entitl$ ,tz *i pu hui kao4 ,*9 %ih s ,*9ese ,rese>*es 9 ,metal & ,/one1 by ! ,bro!rs ,fng4 #ahba4 ,! ,*+ pi tsang ,*9ese ,a ,/oreh\se ( ,arti/ic ,r>ities1 by ,*ang ,y+-wn1 publi%$ by 8 son 9 #aeie4 ,! ,*+-t ,*n tao lu ,*9ese1 ,! ,c]amic ,records ( ,*+-t ,*n1 9 t5 p>ts1 by ,lan ,pu1 publi%$ 9 #ahae4 ,books ,,viii4 & ,,ix4 are a corpus ( ref]5ces to pott]y & porcela9 f ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,! ,*+ t yao ,*9ese1 ,porcela9 ( ,*+-t ,*n1 a volume ( ,,ms4 writt5 ab\t #ahej4 ,! ,*o kng lu ,*9ese1 ,notes jott$ d[n 9 ! int]vals ( pl\gh+1 a miscellany on works ( art 9 ?irty books1 by ,tao ,tsung-i1 publi%$ 9 #acfh4 ,! section on pott]y is practically a transcript ( a note 9 ! ,yan *ai pi hng1 by ,yeh ,*ih1 a ?irte5?-c5tury writ]4 ,d',,entrecolles1 ,p,,re1 ,two ,lett]s writt5 f ,*+-t ,*n 9 #agab & #agbb1 publi%$ 9 ,lettres difiantes et curieuses1 & subsequ5tly repr9t$ 9 ,bu%ell's ,translation ( ! ,tao %uo 7q4v471 & translat$ 9 ,burton's ,porcela9 7q4v474 ,,de ,,groot1 ,j4 ,j4 ,m41 ,les ,ftes ,annuellem5t ,clbres moi1 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 ,vols4 ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,,de ,,groot1 ,j4 ,j4 ,m41 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a4 ,leyd51 #ahid4 ,,dillon1 ,e41 ,porcela9 7,! ,connoisseur's ,libr>y74 ,,dukes1 ,e4 ,j41 ,ev]yday ,life 9 ,*9a1 or ,sc5es 9 ,fuhki54 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,,f\*]1 ,a41 tude sur l'iconographie b\ddhique de l',inde4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,,franks1 ,a4 ,w41 ,catalogue ( a ,collection ( ,ori5tal ,porcela9 & ,pott]y4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,,giles1 ,h4 ,a41 ,a ,gloss>y ( ,ref]5ce on ,subjects connect$ ) ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,%anghai1 #aijj4 ,,gr&idi]1 ,e41 ,la ,cramique ,*9oise4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,gr,,nw$el1 ,a41 ,my?ologie des ,buddhismus 9 ,tibet und d] ,mongolei4 ,leipzig1 #aijj4 ,,gull&1 ,w4 ,g41 ,*9ese ,porcela94 ,london1 #aijb4 ,,hir?1 ,f41 ,*9a & ! ,roman ,ori5t4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,,hir?1 ,f41 ,anci5t ,porcela91 a ,/udy 9 ,*9ese ,m$ival ,indu/ry & ,trade4 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,,hir?1 ,f41 ,,& ,w4,w4 ,,rockhill1 ,*au ,ju-kua1 8 ,"w on ! ,*9ese & ,arab ,trade 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 entitl$ ,*u-fan-*i4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aiab4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,porcela91 ,ori5tal1 ,cont95tal & ,briti%1 second edition4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,! ,new ,*aff]s4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,,& ,,burton1 ,m>ks on ,pott]y & ,porcela91 second edition4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,hsiang ,y,,an-,p,,i54 ,see ,,bu%ell4 ,,jacquem>t1 ,a41 ,,& ,e4 ,,le ,,blant1 ,hi/oire de la ,porcela9e4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 ,,juli51 ,,/anislas1 ,hi/oire et ,fabrication de la ,porcela9e ,*9oise4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,be+ a translation ( ! great] "p ( ! ,*+-t ,*n tao lu1 ) v>i\s notes & additions4 ,! ,ko ku yao lun ,*9ese1 ,ess5tial ,discussion ( ! ,crit]ia ( ,antiquities1 by ,tsao ,*ao1 publi%$ 9 #achg 9 ?irte5 books2 revis$ & enl>g$ edition 9 #adei4 ,,lauf]1 ,,b]?old1 ,*9ese ,pott]y ( ! ,han ,dyna/y1 ,leyd51 #aiji4 ,,lauf]1 ,,b]?old1 ,jade1 a ,/udy 9 ,*9ese ,ar*ology & ,religion1 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,an?ropological ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,x4 ,*icago1 #aiab4 ,! ,li ta kan kao ku ou pi5 ,*9ese1 by ,*ang ,*9-*i54 #ahgg4 ,,may]s1 ,w4 ,f41 ,! ,*9ese ,read]'s ,manual4 ,%anghai1 #ahgd4 ,,mey]1 ,a4 ,b41 ,alt]?m] aus dem ,o/9dis*5 ,ar*ipel4 ,,monkh\se1 ,,cosmo1 ,a ,hi/ory & ,description ( ,*9ese ,porcela91 ) notes by ,s4,w4 ,bu%ell4 ,london1 #aija4 ,,playfair1 ,g4 ,m4 ,h41 ,! ,cities & ,t[ns ( ,*9a4 ,hong-,kong1 #aiaj4 ,! ,po wu yao lan ,*9ese1 ,a ,g5]al ,survey ( ,art ,objects1 by ,ku ,y+-tai1 publi%$ 9 ! ,ti5 ,*i p]iod 7#afba-bg74 ,,ri*>d1 ,l41 ,compreh5sive ,geography ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,%anghai1 #aijh4 ,,s>re1 ,f41 ,,& ,b4 ,,%ulz1 ,d5kml] ,p]sis*] ,baukun/4 ,b]l91 #aija-aj4 ,,/e91 ,m4 ,a41 ,ru9s ( ,des]t ,ca?ay4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,/e91 ,m4 ,a41 ,s&-buri$ ,ru9s ( ,khotan4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,%9 %o sei1 etc41 ,japan1 ,antiqu>ian ,gall]y4 #ahia4 ,tao lu4 ,see ,*+-t ,*n tao lu4 ,tao %uo ** #b1 ,a ,discussion ( ,pott]y1 by ,*u ,y51 9 six p>ts1 publi%$ 9 #aggd4 ,see ,,bu%ell4 ,toyei ,%uko1 ,an ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ! ,anci5t ,imp]ial ,treasury call$ ,%oso-91 compil$ by ! ,imp]ial ,h\sehold4 ,tokyo1 #aiji4 ,tu ,%u4 ,see ,*9 t+ ku *9 tu %u *i *ng4 ,,w>n]1 ,,langdon1 ,,& ,,%iba-,,junrokuro1 ,japanese ,temples & _! ,treasures4 ,tokyo1 #aiaj4 ,,williams1 ,s4 ,,wells1 ,! ,*9ese ,comm]cial ,guide4 ,hongkong1 #ahfc4 ,,yule1 ,,sir ,h41 ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,zimm]mann1 ,e41 ,*9esis*es ,porzellan4 ,leipzig1 #aiac4 ,,catalogues ,,& ,,articles ,,9 ,,p]iodical ,,publications ,,bahr1 ,a4 ,w41 ,old ,*9ese ,porcela9 & ,works ( ,art 9 ,*9a4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,bell1 ,,hamilton1 ',imp]ial' ,sung ,pott]y1 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,july1 #aiac4 ,b,,rs*mann1 ,e41 ,on a ,vase f\nd at ,*i-n+ ,*\1 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 ,jahrg4 #dc1 #aiaa4 ,,brets*neid]1 ,e41 ,botanicon ,s9icum1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,nor?-,*9a ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,"p #a1 #ahha4 ,,br9kley1 ,f41 ,catalogue ( ! ,exhibitions at ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,arts1 #ahhd4 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,!1 passim4 ,,bu%ell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,*9ese ,porcela9 be=e ! ,pres5t ,dyna/y1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,pek+ ,ori5tal ,society1 #ahhf4 ,catalogue ( a ,collection ( ,e>ly ,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela91 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club1 #aiaj4 ,,cl5nell1 ,w4 ,j41 ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,kiangsi1 ,consul> ,report4 ,h4 ,m4 ,/ation]y ,(fice4 ,,cole1 ,,fay-,,coop]1 ,*9ese ,pott]y 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ) po/script by ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,publication #afb4 ,*icago1 #aiab4 ,,eitel1 ,e4 ,j41 ,*9a ,review1 ,vol4 ,x41 p4 #cjh1 ,notes on ,*9ese ,porcela94 ,,gro5eveldt1 ,w4 ,p41 ,notes on ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*app51 ,deel4 xxxix4 ,,hippisley1 ,a4 ,e41 ,catalogue ( ! ,hippisley ,collection ( ,*9ese ,porcela9s1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itute4 ,second ,edition4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijj4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,catalogue ( a ,collection ( ,e>ly ,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela91 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club4 #aiaj4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,catalogue ( ,*9ese1 ,corean & ,japanese ,pott]ies4 ,new ,york ,japan ,society1 #aiad4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,w>es ( ! ,sung & ,yan ,dyna/ies1 9 six articles1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 ,augu/1 & ,novemb]1 #aiji1 & ,janu>y1 #aiaj4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,on ,"s ,old ,*9ese ,pott]y1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e4 ,augu/1 #aiaa4 ,,hobson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,,& ,o4 ,,brackett1 ,catalogue ( ! ,porcela9 & ,works ( ,art 9 ! ,collection ( ! ,lady ,wantage4 ,,k]%aw1 ,f4 ,s41 ,note 9 ,inscrib$ ,han ,pott]y1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiac4 ,,laffan1 ,w41 ,catalogue ( ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,,m>t91 ,,dr41 ,note on a ,sassanian ,ew]1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #aiab4 ,,mey]1 ,a4 ,b41 ,on ! ,celadon ,"q1 ,oe/]rei*is*e ,monatss*rift1 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 etc4 ,,morgan1 ,j4 ,p41 ,catalogue ( ! ,morgan ,collection ( ,*9ese ,porcela9s1 by ,s4,w4 ,bu%ell & ,w4,m4 ,laffan4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,,p>is1 ,exposition univ]selle de #ahgh1 ,catalogue spcial de la ,collection ,*9oise4 ,,p]zynski1 ,f41 ,t[>ds a ,gr\p+ ( ,*9ese ,porcela91 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,octob] & ,decemb]1 #aiaj1 etc4 ,,p]zynski1 ,f41 ,jagd auf ,gtt]1 9 ! ,neue ,runds*au1 ,octob]1 #aiac4 ,,p]zynski1 ,f41 on ,tang ,=g]ies1 ,o/asiatis*] ,zeits*rift1 ,janu>y1 #aiad4 ,,read1 ,c4 ,h41 9 ,man1 #aija1 ,no4 #ae1 ,on a ,tang ,vase & ,two ,mirrors f a ,tomb 9 ,%5si4 ,,re9aud1 ,m41 ,relation des ,voyages faits p> les ,arabes et les ,p]sans dans l',inde et la ,*9e dans la ,,ix sicle de l're *rti5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,,solon1 ,l41 ,! ,noble ,bucc>os1 ,nor? ,/af=d%ire ,lit]>y & ,philosophic ,society1 ,octob] #bcrd1 #ahif4 ,,torrance1 ,,rev4 ,,?41 ,burial ,cu/oms 9 ,sze*uan1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,n4 ,*9a ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xli41 #aiaj1 p4 #eh4 ,,voretzs*1 ,e4 ,a41 ,hamburgis*es ,museum fr ,kun/ und ,gew]be1 ,fhr] dur* e9e ,aus/ellung ,*9esis*] ,kun/1 #aiac4 ,,williams1 ,,mrs4 ,r4 ,s41 ,introductory ,note to ! ,catalogue ( a ,loan ,exhibition ( ,*9ese1 ,corean1 & ,japanese ,pott]ies held by ! ,japan ,society ( ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,,zimm]mann1 ,e41 ,wann i/ das ,*9esis*e ,porzellan erfund5 und w] w> se9 ,erf9d]8 ,ori5talis*es ,ar*iv4 ,sond]abdruck4 ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,primitive ,,p]iods ,,pott]y1 z "o ( ! fir/ necessities ( mank9d1 is among ! e>lie/ ( human inv5tions4 ,9 a rude =m x is f\nd ) ! implem5ts ( ! late ,/one ,age1 be=e !re is any evid5ce ( ! use ( metals1 & all attempts to recon/ruct ! fir/ /ages ( its discov]y are bas$ on conjecture alone4 ,we h no k ( a ,/one ,age 9 ,*9a1 b x may be safely assum$ t pott]y !re1 z else:]e1 goes back f> into prehi/oric times4 ,its inv5tion is ascrib$ to ! my?ical ,%n-nung1 ! ,triptolemus ( ,*9a1 :o is suppos$ to h initiat$ ! p 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil & o!r necess>y arts ( life4 ,huang ,ti1 ! semi-leg5d>y yell[ emp]or1 9 ^: reign ! cyclical sy/em ( *ronology began 7#bfig ,b4,c471 is said to h appo9t$ a sup]9t5d5t ( pott]y1 ,kun-wu1 :o made pott]y1 & x 0 a commonplace 9 ! olde/ ,*9ese lit]ature#f t ! great & good emp]or ,y ,ti ,%un 7#bcag-bbjh ,b4,c47 highly e/eem$ pott]y4 ,inde$1 ! ,han hi/orian ,ss-ma ,*i5 7#afc-he ,b4,c47 assures u t ,%un himself1 be=e asc5d+ ! ?rone1 fa%ion$ pott]y at ,ho-p91 &1 ne$less to say1 ! vessels made at ,ho-p9 7 )\t flaw4 ,accord+ to ! description giv5 9 ! ,tao %uo1 ! evolution ( ! pott]'s art 9 ,*9a took ! usual c\rse4 ,! fir/ articles made 7 cook+ vessels2 !n1 com+ to ! "t ( ,y 7i4e4 ,y ,ti ,%un71 ! diff]5t k9ds ( w9e vessels are di/+ui%$ by "n1 & ! sacrificial vessels are gradually becom+ complete4#g ,i %\ld add t ! au?or ( ! ,tao %uo1 aft] accept+ ! e>li] ref]5ces to ! art1 inconsi/5tly concludes3 ,i humbly sugge/ t ! orig9 ( pott]y %\ld /rictly be plac$ 9 ! reign ( ,y ,ti ,%un1 & its completion 9 ! ,*\ dyna/y 7#aabb-bef ,b4,c474 ,un=tunately1 none ( ! writ]s c ?r[ any light on ! fir/ use ( ! pott]'s :eel 9 ,*9a4 ,x is true t1 l sev]al o!r nations1 ! ,*9ese claim = !mselves ! inv5tion ( t ess5tial implem5t1 b !re is no real evid5ce to illum9ate ! "q1 & ev5 if ! :eel 0 indep5d5tly discov]$ 9 ,*9a1 ! priority ( inv5tion und\bt$ly re/s ) ! ,ne> ,ea/]n nations4 ,palpable evid5ce ( its use c be se5 on ,m9oan pott]y f\nd 9 ,crete & dat+ ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c41 & on ,egyptian pott]y ( ! twelf? dyna/y 7ab\t #bbjj ,b4,c472 :ile x is practically c]ta9 t x 0 us$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,egyptian pott]y ( ! f\r? dyna/y 7ab\t #cbjj ,b4,c474 ,s f>1 ! ,*9ese h no?+ tangible to oppose to ^! facts e>li] ?an ! ,*\ writ+s1 9 :i* work]s ) ! :eel 7tao jn7 are di/+ui%$ f work]s ) m\lds 7fang jn71 ! =m] mak+ cauldrons1 bas9s1 col&]s1 boil]s1 & vessels 7y71 & ! latt] m\ld+ ! sacrificial vessels nam$ kuei & t\4 ,we le>n t at ?is "t ! ,*9ese pott]s also us$ ! compasses & ! poli%+ :eel or la!4 ,) ?is outfit !y 7 able1 accord+ to ! ,tao %uo1 to effect ! completion ( pott]y4 ,:atev] ! tru? ( ?is pi\s /atem5t may be1 reflect+ z x does ! true ,*9ese v5]ation ( antiquity1 x is c]ta91 at any rate1 t ! pott] 0 n )\t hon\r at ?is "t3 = we read 9 ! ,tso ,*uan#h t ,o-fu ( ,y 0 ! be/ pott] at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*\ dyna/y4 ,wu ,wang reli$ on 8 skill = ! vessels :i* he us$4 ,he w$d$ him to a desc5dant ( 8 imp]ial ance/ors1 & appo9t$ him feudal pr9ce ( ,*n4 ,examples ( ^! e>ly pott]ies h be5 une>!d f anci5t burials f "t to "t1 & ! ,tao %uo describes num]\s types f lit]>y s\rces4 ,b nei!r ! orig9als1 z f> z we "k !m1 nor ! v]bal descriptions ( !m1 h any?+ b an antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,! art ( ! ,*\ dyna/y1 z express$ 9 bronze & jade1 is fairly well kn[n f illu/rat$ ,*9ese & ,we/]n works4 ,x reflects a prie/ly culture 9 its hi]atic =ms & symbolical ornam5t4 ,x is maje/ic & /]n1 sev]ely disda9ful ( s5tim5t & s5su\s appeal4 ,( ! pott]y we "k little1 b t little %[s u a purely utilit>ian w>e ( simple =m1 unglaz$ & almo/ devoid ( ornam5t4 ,on ,plate #a are two types :i* may p]haps be reg>d$ z fav\rable examples ( ,*\ pott]y4 ,a tripod vessel1 almo/ exactly simil> to ,fig4 #a1 0 publi%$ by ,b]?old ,lauf]1#i :o %[s by analogy ) bronzes ( ! p]iod good reasons = its ,*\ attribution1 :i* he /ates is confirm$ by ,*9ese antiqu>ians4 ,8 example 0 ( h>d gray clay1 :i* on ! surface has assum$ a black col\r1 & x _h ! surface ornam5t$ ) a hat*$ patt]n simil> to t ( our illu/ration4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ?is hat*$ patt]n is a sure sign ( ,*\ orig91 & ,i h no d\bt t x 0 a common decoration at ! "t4 ,b its use cont9u$ aft] ! ,*\ p]iod1 & x is f\nd on pott]y f a ,han tomb 9 ,sze*uan1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is1 9 fact1 practically ! same z ! mat m>k+ on ! ,japanese & ,corean pott]y tak5 f ! dolm5s :i* 7 built ov] a long p]iod ext5d+ f ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! eigh? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! ta/e ( ! "t is reflect$ 9 a s5t5ce :i* occurs 9 ! ,kuan-tz1 a "w ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c43 ,ornam5tation detracts f ! m]it ( pott]y4#aj ,! words us$ = ornam5tation are wn tsai ,*9ese 7lit4 patt]n1 bright col\rs71 & !y seem to imply a k ( "s means ( col\r+ ! w>e4 ,z !re is no evid5ce ( ! use ( glaze be=e ! ,han p]iod1 & enamell+ 9 ! ord9>y c]amic s5se is out ( ! "q1 we may p]haps assume t "s ( ! pott]y ( ! ,*\ p]iod 0 pa9t$ ) unfir$ pigm5ts1 a me?od c]ta9ly 9 use 9 ! ,han dyna/y4 ,!re is a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( unglaz$ w>e ) pa9t$ designs 9 black1 r$ & :ite pigm5ts1 :i* has be5 reg>d$ z ( ,han p]iod1 b may possibly be e>li] 7,plate #b1 ,fig4 #c74 ,9 addition to ! ,*\ tripod1 ,lauf]#aa illu/rates five specim5s ( pre-,han pott]y1 excavat$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,*alfant on ! soil ( ! anci5t city ( ,l9-tz 9 ,*+-*\ ,fu1 ,%antung1 a di/rict :i* 0 not$ = its pott]y z late z ! ,m+ p]iod4#ab ,?is f9d includ$ two pit*]s1 a deep1 r\nd b[l1 a tazza or r\nd di% on a high /em1 & a brick /amp$ ) ! "* ,*i1 all unglaz$ & ( grey e>!nw>e4 ,f ?is la/ piece1 & f ! fact t ,l9-tz1 until x 0 de/roy$ 9 #bba ,b4,c41 0 ! capital ( ! feudal k+dom ( ,*i1 ,lauf] conclud$ t ^! w>es belong$ to a p]iod be=e ! ,han dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4 to #bbj ,a4,d474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #a4--;,*\ ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,food ,vessel4 ,height #f in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,j> ) deeply cut loz5ge patt]n4 ,height #f in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #f3 e4g4 ! ,kao ,kung *i1 a relic ( ! ,*\ dyna/y 7#aabb-bef ,b4,c474 ,footnote #g3 ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #a4 ,see ,s4,w4 ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela91 be+ a translation ( ! ,tao %uo1 ,ox=d1 #aiaj1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #h3 ,a "w ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 quot$ 9 ! ,*+-t ,*n ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #a4 ,footnote #i3 ,*9ese ,pott]y ( ! ,han ,dyna/y1 ,leyd51 #aiji1 pp4 #aj-ad4 ,footnote #aj3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,*+-t ,*n ,tao lu1 bk4 ix4 fol4 #a4 ,footnote #aa3 ,loc4 cit4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see p4 #bjj4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,han ,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #bjf ,b4,c4 ,,to #bbj ,a4,d4 ,,two c5turies ( int]nec9e /rife betwe5 ! great feudal pr9ces culm9at$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,*\ dyna/y & ! consolidation ( ! ,*9ese /ates "u ! p[]ful ,*9 emp]or ,*ng4 ,if ?is ambiti\s tyrant is fam\s 9 hi/ory = beat+ back ! ,hiung-nu ,turks1 ! wild nomads ( ! nor? :o _h ?reat5$ to ov]run ! ,*\ /ates1 & = build+ ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a z a ramp>t aga9/ ^! dread$ invad]s1 he is f> m infam\s = ! disa/r\s attempt to burn all exi/+ books & records1 by :i*1 9 8 ov]we5+ pride1 he hop$ to wipe out pa/ hi/ory & make good to po/]ity 8 arrogant title ( ,%ih ,huang ,ti or ,fir/ ,emp]or4 ,8 reign1 h[ev]1 0 %ort1 & 8 dyna/y end$ 9 #bjf ,b4,c4 :5 8 gr&son gave himself up to ,liu ,pang1 ( ! h\se ( ,han1 & 0 assass9at$ )9 a few days ( 8 surr5d]4 ,! ,han dyna/y1 :i* began 9 #bjf ,b4,c4 & cont9u$ till #bbj ,a4,d41 unit$ ! /ates ( ,*9a 9 a great & prosp]\s empire ) widely ext5d$ b\nd>ies4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! ,*9ese1 :o _h already come into comm]cial contact ) ! k+doms ( ,we/]n ,asia1 s5t exp$itions1 "s peaceful & o!rs w>like1 to ,turke/an1 ,f]gana1 ,bactria1 ,sogdiana1 & ,p>?ia4 ,!y ev5 contemplat$ an embassy to ,rome1 b ! envoys :o rea*$ ! ,p]sian ,gulf turn$ back 9 fe> ( ! long sea j\rney r\nd ,arabia1 ! l5g? & dang] ( :i* seem to h be5 vividly impress$ ^u !m by p]sons int]e/$1 x is ?\ght1 9 prev5t+ _! f>!r progress4#ac ,a consid]able trade1 *iefly 9 silks1 _h be5 op5$ up betwe5 ,*9a & ! ,roman prov9ces1 & ! ,p>?ians :o act$ z middlem5 _h no desire to br+ ! two pr9cipals into direct communication4 ,ne$less to say1 ,*9a 0 n un9flu5c$ by ?is contact ) ! ,we/4 ,! m]*ants br\ght back ,syrian glass1 ! celebrat$ envoy ,*ang ,*i5 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 introduc$ ! culture ( ! v9e f ,f]gana & ! pomegranate f ,p>?ia1 & "s ye>s lat] an arm$ exp$ition to ,f]gana return$ ) horses ( ! fam\s ,nisan bre$4 ,b f ! arti/ic /&po9t ! mo/ important ev5t 0 ! (ficial introduction ( ,buddhism 9 #fg ,a4,d4 at ! desire ( ! ,emp]or ,m+ ,ti & ! arrival ( two ,indian monks ) ! sacr$ books & images ( ,buddha at ,lo-yang4 ,! ,buddhi/ art ( ,india1 :i* _h met & m+l$ ) ! ,greek on ! nor?-we/ fronti]s s9ce ,alex&]'s conque/s1 n[ obta9$ a foo?old 9 ,*9a & began to ex]t an influ5ce :i* spread l a wave ov] ! empire & roll$ on to ,japan4 ,b ?is influ5ce _h h>dly "t to develop be=e ! end ( ! ,han p]iod1 & 9 ! mean:ile we mu/ return to ! conditions :i* exi/$ 9 ,*9a at ! beg9n+ ( ! dyna/y4 ,! hi]atic culture ( ! ,*\1 & ! traditions ( ,*\ art ) its rigid symbolism & =malis$ designs1 _h be5 brok5 9 ! long /ruggles :i* t]m9at$ ! dyna/y & bann$ by ! iconocla/ic aspirations ( ! tyrant ,*ng1 & ?\gh p>tially reviv$ by ,han en?usia/s1 !y 7 ess5tially modifi$ by ! new _s ( ! age4 ,b]?old ,lauf]1#ad 9 discuss+ ! jade ornam5ts ( ! ,*\ & ,han p]iods1 speaks ( ! imp]sonal & e?nical "* ( ! art ( t age--viz4 ! ,*\4 ,x 01 he cont9ues1 g5]al & communi/ic2 x appli$ to ev]ybody 9 ! community 9 ! same =m2 x did n spr+ up f an individual ?\ght1 b pres5t$ an e?nical elem5t1 a national type4 ,s5tim5ts move on manifold l9es1 & p5dulate betwe5 num]\s degrees ( v>iations4 ,:5 s5tim5t dem&$ its "r & conqu]$ its place 9 ! art ( ! ,han1 ! natural consequ5ce 0 t at ! same "t :5 ! individual keynote 0 s\nd$ 9 ! art motives1 also v>iations ( motives sprang into exi/5ce 9 proportion to ! v>iations ( s5tim5ts4 ,?is implies ! two new great factors :i* *>act]ise ! _s ( ! ,han "t--individualism & v>iability--9 poetry1 9 art1 9 culture1 & life 9 g5]al4 ,! p]sonal _s 9 ta/e gradually awak5s2 x 0 n[ possible = ev]yone to *oose a girdle ornam5t accord+ to 8 lik+4 ,= ! fir/ "t we he> ( names ( arti/s "u ! ,han--six pa9t]s "u ! ,we/]n ,han1 & n9e "u ! ,ea/]n ,han2 also ( work]s 9 bronze & o!r craftsm54#ae ,! typical1 traditional objects ( antiquity n[ receiv$ a t+e ( p]sonality1 or ev5 gave way to new =ms2 ^! dissolv$ into num]\s v>iations1 to express correspond+ly num]\s %ades ( s5tim5t & to answ] ! dem&s ( cu/om]s ( v>i\s m9ds4 ,religion has always ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on art1 especially among primitive peoples1 & ! religions ( ,*9a at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,han dyna/y 7 head$ by two great s*ools ( ?\ght--,confucianism & ,taoism4 ,^! _h absorb$ &1 to a great ext5t1 already sup]s$$ ! elem5ts ( primitive nature wor%ip1 :i* nev] entirely disappe>4 ,confucianism1 h[ev]1 be+ r a philosophy ?an a religion1 & disc\rag+ belief 9 ! my/ic & sup]natural1 _h comp>atively little influ5ce on art4 ,taoism1 on ! o!r h&1 ) its wor%ip ( ,longevity & its con/ant que/+ = ! secrets ( ,immortality1 suppli$ a ho/ ( leg5ds & my?s1 spirits & demons1 sages & fairies :i* provid$ endless motives = poetry1 pa9t+ & ! decorative arts4 ,! ,han emp]or ,wu ,ti 0 a ,taoi/ adept1 & ! /ory ( ! visit :i* he receiv$ f ,hsi ,wang ,mu1 ! ,que5 ,"m ( ! ,we/1 & ( ! exp$itions :i* he s5t to f9d ,m\nt ,png ,lai1 "o ( ! sea-girt hills ( ! ,immortals1 h furni%$ num]\s !mes = arti/s & craftsm54 ,x is n yet easy = p 9 ?is c\ntry to /udy ! monum5ts ( ,han art1 b facilities are increas+1 & a good impression ( "o phase at lea/ may be obta9$ f reproductions ( ! /one c>v+s 9 ,%antung1 execut$ ab\t ! middle ( ! ,han dyna/y1 :i* h be5 publi%$ f rubb+s by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,*avannes4#af ,on ^! monum5ts hi/orical & my?ological subjects are portray$ 9 a curi\s mixture ( imag9ation & realism4 ,b ^! g5]al consid]ations are lead+ u r f> afield1 & x rema9s to see h[ mu* or h[ little ( !m is reflect$ 9 ! pott]y ( ! "t4 ,z f> z our pres5t k ( ! subject p]mits u to see1 !re is no?+ 9 ! pre-,han pott]y to attract ! collector4 ,x w only int]e/ him remotely & = antiqu>ian reasons1 & he w pref] to look at x 9 museum cases r ?an all[ x to cumb] 8 own cab9ets4 ,) ! ,han pott]y x is o!rwise4 ,! antiqu>ian int]e/1 :i* is by no means to be und]e/imat$1 is n[ supplem5t$ by /hetic attractions caught f ! g5]al arti/ic impetus :i* /irr$ ! arts ( ?is p]iod ( national greatness4 ,n t we mu/ expect to f9d all ! ref9em5ts ( ,han art mirror$ 9 ! pott]y ( ! "t4 ,*9ese c]amic art 0 n yet capable ( adequately express+ ! ref9em5ts ( ! pa9t]1 jade c>v]1 & bronze work]4 ,b ev5 ) ! some:at co>se mat]ial at 8 disposal ! ,han pott] 0 able to %[ 8 appreciation ( maje/ic =ms & appropriate ornam5t1 & to translate1 :5 call$ ^u1 ev5 ! commonplace objects ( daily use into %apes pleasant to ! eye4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ornam5tal possibilities ( pott]y 7 n[ realis$1 & ! elem5ts ( an exquisite art may be said to h made _! appe>ance4 ,f a te*nical po9t ( view1 ! mo/ significant advance 0 made 9 ! use ( glaze4 ,?\gh support$ by negative evid5ce only1 ! !ory t ! ,*9ese fir/ made use ( glaze 9 ! ,han p]iod is exce$+ly plausible4#ag ,9 ! scanty ref]5ces to e>li] w>es 9 anci5t texts no m5tion ( glaze appe>s1 &1 inde$1 ! sev]e simplicity ( ! old] pott]y is s emphatically urg$ t su* an embelli%m5t z glaze w\ld seem to h be5 almo/ undesirable4 ,! idea ( glaz+ e>!nw>e1 if n evolv$ be=e1 w\ld n[ be naturally sugge/$ to ! ,*9ese by ! pott]y ( ! ,we/]n peoples ) :om !y fir/ made contact ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,han dyna/y4 ,glazes _h be5 us$ f high antiquity 9 ,egypt1 !y are f\nd 9 ! ,p]sian bricks at ,susa & on ! ,p>?ian c(f9s1 & !y mu/ h be5 commonplace on ! pott]y ( ,we/]n ,asia two hundr$ ye>s be=e our era4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #b4--;,han ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase1 gre5 glaz$4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,bo/on ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) black surface & incis$ designs4 ,height #af in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) designs 9 r$1 :ite & black pigm5ts4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #d4--;,gran>y urn1 gre5 glaz$4 ,height #ab in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t evid5ce may yet be =?com+ to c>ry back ! use ( glaze 9 ,*9a beyond ! limits at pres5t prescrib$1 b all we c /ate ) c]ta9ty to-day is t ! olde/ kn[n objects on :i* x appe>s are ^? :i* = full & suffici5t reasons c be assign$ to ! ,han p]iod4 ,to expla9 all ^! reasons w\ld necessitate a long excursion into ar*ology :i* w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,_m ( !m c be f\nd 9 ,b]?old ,lauf]'s#ah excell5t "w on ! subject1 & o!rs w 9 due c\rse be set out 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,briti% ,museum collections4 ,b x w\ld be unfair to ask ! read] to take ^! conclusions entirely on tru/1 & "s idea ( ! evid5ce is c]ta9ly 8 due4 ,!re are a few specim5s ( ,han pott]y inscrib$ ) dates1 su* z ! vase 7,plate #b1 ,fig4 #a7 f ! ,dana ,collection1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum2 b 9 almo/ e case ! inscriptions h prov$ to be po/hum\s & mu/ be reg>d$ at be/ z record+ ! pi\s op9ion ( a subsequ5t own]4 ,x w be saf]1 !n1 to leave inscriptions out ( consid]ation & to rely on ! close analogies :i* exi/ betwe5 ! pott]y & ! bronze vessels ( ! ,han p]iod & betwe5 ! decorative designs on ! pott]y & ! ,han /one sculptures1 &1 :]e possible1 on ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! vessels h be5 f\nd4 ,un=tunately1 ! bulk ( ! ,han pott]y :i* has rea*$ ,europe 9 rec5t ye>s has pass$ ?r\gh trad]s' h&s1 & no records h be5 kept ( its discov]y4 ,b !re are exceptional cases 9 :i* we h fir/-h& evid5ce ( ,han tombs explor$ by ,europeans1 & 9 two in/ances _! cont5ts h be5 br\ght direct to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,bo? ^! hauls are f ! rock-tombs 9 ,sze*uan1 ! "o made by ! ill-fat$ ,lieut5ant ,brooke1 :o 0 murd]$ by ! ,lolos1 ! o!r by ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,torrance1 to :om ,i %all ref] aga94 ,! evid5ce ( bo? f9ds is mutually corroborative2 x is support$ by ,han co9s f\nd 9 ! tombs1 by inscriptions c>v$ on _! doorways1 & by ! r>e passages ( decoration on ! objects !mselves1 :i* correspond closely to designs on /one c>v+s publi%$ by ,*avannes4 ,9 ?is way a :ole *a9 ( unassailable evid5ce has be5 weld$ toge!r until1 9 spite ( ! remot5ess ( ! p]iod1 we are able to speak ) great] confid5ce ab\t ! ,han pott]y ?an ab\t ! productions ( f> m rec5t times4 ,! ,han pott]y is usually ( r$ or slaty grey col\r1 v>y+ 9 h>dness f a s(t e>!nw>e to some?+ approa*+ /onew>e1 & 9 texture f t ( a brick to ! f95ess ( delft4 ,^! v>iations are due to ! nature ( ! clay 9 diff]5t localities & to ! degree ( heat 9 :i* ! w>e 0 fir$4 ,no *ronological significance c be atta*$ to ! v>iations ( col\r1 & to place ! grey w>e e>li] ?an ! r$ is bo?1 unsci5tific & pat5tly incorrect4 ,mo/ ( ! ,sze*uan w>e is grey & comp>atively s(t1 :ile ( ! specim5s s5t f ,nor!rn ,*9a ! majority seem to be ( ! r$ clay4 ,"s ( ! w>e f bo? p>ts is unglaz$1 & 9 c]ta9 cases x has be5 wa%$ ov] ) a :ite clay & ev5 pa9t$ ) unfir$ pigm5t1 *iefly r$ & black4 ,! bulk ( x1 h[ev]1 is glaz$1 ! typical ,han glaze be+ a transluc5t gre5i% yell[1 :i*1 ov] ! r$ body1 produces a col\r v>y+ f leaf gre5 to olive br[n1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! glaze & ! ext5t to :i* ! col\r ( ! und]ly+ body appe>s ?r\gh x4 ,age & burial h wond]fully affect$ ?is gre5 glaze1 & 9 _m cases ! surface is encru/$ 9 ! process ( decay ) iridesc5t lay]s ( beautiful gold & silv] lu/re4 ,9 o!r cases ! decay has gone too f>1 & ! glaze has scal$ & flak$ (f4 ,ano!r feature :i* x %>es ) _m ( ! lat] glazes is a m9ute & almo/ imp]ceptible crackle4 ,?is feature is almo/ univ]sal on ! s(t] ,*9ese pott]y glazes1 & has no?+ to d#ai ) ! delib]ate & pron\nc$ crackle ( lat] ,*9ese porcela91 be+ purely accid5tal 9 its =mation4 ,! col\r ( ! glaze %[s consid]able v>iations1 be+ sometimes br[ni% yell[1 sometimes deep br[n1 & occasionally mottl$ l t ( our m$ival pott]y4 ,a passage 9 ! ,tao %uo#bj seems to imply ! exi/5ce ( a black glaze z well1 b x is a solit>y lit]>y ref]5ce1 & x is n p]fectly cle> :e!r a black e>!nw>e or a black glaze is meant4 ,x 0 ?\ght at "o "t t ! f9e :ite w>e ) pale /raw-col\r$ or gre5i% glaze1 ( :i* mu* ( ! ,tang mortu>y pott]y is made1 0 9 use z e>ly z ! ,han p]iod1 b ,i am n[ conv9c$ t ?is is a lat] developm5t1 & _c be includ$ 9 ! w>e ( ! ,han dyna/y4 ,among ! te*nical peculi>ities ( ,han pott]y1 ! m>ks--usually ?ree 9 numb]--( small1 oblong rectangul> kiln supports w (t5 be notic$ "u ! base or on ! m\? ( ! w>es4 ,^! s-call$ spur-m>ks 7 made by ! supports or re/s on :i* ! w>e 0 plac$ :5 9 ! kiln4 ,9 _m cases1 too1 l>ge drops ( glaze h =m$ on ! m\? ( ! piece1 prov+ t ! vessel 0 fir$ 9 an inv]t$ position1 :i* direct$ ! d[n fl[ ( ! glaze z x melt$ t[>ds ! m\?4 ,?is is by no means univ]sal4 ,inde$1 ! glaze drops on o!r pieces are f\nd on ! base ev5 :5 ! spur-m>ks appe> on ! m\?4 ,! explanation ( ^! app>5tly contradictory ph5om5a is t to economise space "o piece 0 sometimes plac$ on top ( ano!r 9 ! kiln4 ,! ornam5tation ( ,han pott]y 0 accompli%$ 9 sev]al ways3 by press+ ! w>e 9 m\lds ) incuse designs1 :i* produc$ a l[ relief on ! surface ( ! pott]y2 by ! use ( /amps or dies#ba2 & m especially by apply+ /rips ( ornam5t :i* _h be5 sep>ately =m$ 9 m\lds4 ,all ^! ornam5ts 7 cov]$ by ! glaze :5 glaze 0 us$4 ,lauf] has made an exhau/ive /udy ( ,han decoration 9 8 book1 & x w be suffici5t "h to give a few typical examples4 ,on ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #a is a gre5-glaz$ vase ( typical ,han =m ) two h&les repres5t+ r+s atta*$ to tig] masks :i* are borr[$1 l ! g5]al =m ( ! piece1 f a contempor>y bronze4 ,?is vase1 =m]ly 9 ! ,dana ,collection & n[ 9 ! ,f9e ,arts ,museum at ,bo/on1 has a po/hum\s date#bb incis$ on ! neck correspond+ to ! ye> #acc ,b4,c4 ,fig4 #b is a r>e specim5 ) r$di% body & poli%$ black surface 9 :i* are incis$ designs ( birds1 dragons & fi%1 & b&s ( v&ykes1 loz5ges & po9t$ quatrefoil ornam5ts4 ,x has ! usual mask h&les1 & /&s #af in*es high4 ,on ,plate #c1 ,fig4 #a1 is a hill j> ) br[n glaze1 /&+ on ?ree feet :i* are m\ld$ ) be> =ms4 ,on ! side is a frieze 9 /rong relief ) hunt+ sc5es ( animals1 su* z ! tig]1 bo>1 monkey1 de]1 hydra & demon figures1 spac$ out by conv5tional waves4 ,?is k9d ( frieze is frequ5tly f\nd ornam5t+ ! %\ld]s ( vases su* z ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #b1 & ! animals are usually repres5t$ 9 vigor\s movem5t1 (t5 ) =e & h9d legs out/ret*$ 9 a fly+ gallop4 ,! cov] is m\ld$ to sugge/ m\nta9s ris+ f sea waves 7! sea-girt isles ( ! ,taoi/ ,immortals71 peopl$ ) animals4 ,fig4 #b is a gre5-glaz$ box or cov]$ b[l ( elegant =m1 ! cov] m\ld$ 9 l[ relief ) a quatrefoil design surr\nd$ by a frieze ( animals4 ,fig4 #c is an inc5se burn] ( r>e =m d]iv$ f a bronze4 ,x is a v>iation ( ! m usual hill c5s] 7po %an lu7 :i* has ! same body ) a cov] 9 ! =m ( hills z on ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ?is case ! cov] sugge/s a lotus fl[] 9 bud1 & is surm\nt$ by a duck4 ,! :ole is coat$ ) an iridesc5t gre5 glaze4 ,a few *oice specim5s ( gre5-glaz$ ,han pott]y 9 ! ,s4,t4 ,pet]s ,collection includes a well-modell$ duck1 a h&some vase ) mask h&les & hexagonal base1 & a good example ( ! gran>y urn4 ,! la/ is a gra9 j> :i* d]ives its =m f a gran>y t[]4 ,9 "s in/ances ! til$ ro( ( ! t[] is repres5t$ by tile-m\ld+s on ! %\ld]2 b 9 ?is in/ance ! =m is entirely conv5tionalis$ into a cyl9drical vase support$ by ?ree be>-%ap$ feet4 ,! be>1 an emblem ( /r5g?1 is commonly employ$ 9 ?is capacity 9 ,han art4 ,ano!r ornam5tal =m borr[$ f a homely object is ! model ( a well-head1 ( cyl9drical %ape1 ) ar*$ sup]/ructure1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a pulley-:eel is repres5t$4 ,! well bucket is usually add$1 re/+ on ! edge ( ! well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #c ,plate #c4--;,han ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,hill ,j> ) br[n glaze4 ,height #i in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,box1 gre5 glaz$4 ,height #e in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,lotus ,c5s] gre5 glaz$4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #d4--,model ( a ,f[l+ ,t[]4 ,han pott]y ) iridesc5t gre5 glaze4 ,height #cj in*es4 ,fre] ,collection4 ,plate #d illu/rates a rem>kable /ructure :i* seems to repres5t a f[l+ t[]4 ,models ( h\ses & %r9es h be5 f\nd frequ5tly 9 ,han tombs1 %[+ mo/ ( ! elem5ts :i* are comb9$ 9 ?is complex ornam5t4 ,! /ructure ( wood5 beams & gall]ies & ! ro(s ) _! tubul> tile-ridges1 ! =mal ox-heads support+ ! angles ( ! l[] gall]y1 ! ornam5tation ( comb$ l9es1 are all features :i* occur 9 ar*itectural tomb ornam5ts ( ! ,han p]iod4 ,"h we h app>5tly a sport+ t[]1 ) p]sons engag$ 9 %oot+ ) crossb[s at ! pigeons :i* tamely p]* on ! ro(4 ,! dead birds h fall5 into ! sauc]-l /& bel[4 ,?is r>e & curi\s specim5 is made ( gre5-glaz$ pott]y1 & measures ab\t #cj in*es 9 height4 ,z already indicat$1 our k ( ,han pott]y is ma9ly d]iv$ f ! articles dis9t]r$ f ! tombs ( ! p]iod1 & ?is w expla9 ! curi\s fact t ,han pott]y 0 almo/ unkn[n until q rec5t times1 & t in=mation on ! subject 9 ,*9ese c]amic lit]ature is ( ! mo/ meagre & lea/ satisfy+ description4 ,! ance/or-wor%ipp+ ,*9ese h always be5 av]se to ! sy/ematic exploration ( graves4 ,:atev] _! practice may h be5 :5 ! opportunity occurr$ ( rifl+ a grave unobs]v$1 ?is at any rate has be5 ! av[$ pr9ciple4 ,! result is t ?\gh ,*9a mu/ be honeycomb$ ) graves & tombs1 !y h n be5 ov]tly di/urb$ 9 any numb]s until rec5t ye>s1 :5 ext5sive railway cutt+s h op5$ up ! gr\nd4 ,to ! progress ( railway eng9e]+ ! sudd5 appe>ance ( consid]able quantities ( mortu>y pott]y is *iefly due4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ( our mo/ int]e/+ f9ds 0 made away f ! railway 9 ,sze*uan4 ,"h1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*ng-tu & along ! banks ( ! ,m91 ! s(t s&/one hills :i* l9e ! riv] _h 9 anci5t times be5 ext5sively tunnell$ ) elaborate *amb]s protect$ by small entrance doors4 ,:e!r ^! 7 ev] us$ z dwell+s is unc]ta91 b !y c]ta9ly became ev5tually ! t5em5ts ( ! dead4 ,! deposits ( ages h cov]$ ov] ! entrances to ^! tombs1 b f "t to "t torr5tial ra9 or "s o!r cause expos$ _! approa*es to ! c\ntry folk1 :o inv>iably pillag$ !m = co9s & sma%$ & scatt]$ _! less m>ketable cont5ts4 ,! ,rev4 ,?omas ,torrance1 :5 /ation$ at ,*ng-tu1 _h ! opportunity ( explor+ "s ( ^! cav]ns1 & ev5 succe$$ 9 discov]+ "s unrifl$ tombs1 "p ( ! cont5ts ( :i* he br\ght ov] & pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! fun]al furniture ( ^! tombs v>i$ accord+ to ! weal? & /atus ( ! own]4 ,9 ! poor man's tomb 7 unprotect$ skeletons1 small images 9 a ni*e1 an iron cook+ pot1 & a few co9s4 ,9 ! ri* man's 7 t]ra cotta c(f9s1 encas$ 9 ornam5t$ slabs1 images app>5tly ( ! memb]s ( 8 h\sehold1 a quantity ( crock]y1 & a p]fect m5ag]ie ( dome/ic animals & birds4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,torrance's own words3#bc ,/&+ ) y\r reflector 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge cave1 x seems v]ily an imitation ,noah's ,ark4 ,! practice ( bury+ ) ! dead ! objects :i* surr\nd$ him 9 life has nev] entirely ceas$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,among primitive peoples x has tak5 ! revolt+ =m ( immolat+1 or ev5 bury+ alive1 ! h\sehold ( a dead *iefta94 ,in/ances ( ?is practice 9 ,*9a occur z late z ! ?ird c5tury b4c41 & volunt>y acts ( sacrifice at ! tomb are record$ mu* lat] 9 ,*9a z 9 ,india4 ,:5 human] c\nsels prevail$ figures ( wood1 /raw & clay 7 sub/itut$1 /raw images be+ sugge/$ = ! purpose by ,confucius himself4 ,9 ! ,han dyna/y ! tomb ( ! well-to-d 0 furni%$ ) models ( 8 h\se1 8 %r9e1 8 f>my>d1 ?re%+ floor1 rice-p\nd]1 8 cattle1 %eep1 dogs1 & p\ltry1 besides 8 reta9]s & c]ta9 half-human creatures :i* may h be5 8 gu>dian spirits2 x 0 provid$ ) vases = w9e & gra91 models ( ! /ove & kit*5 range ) cook+ pots & implem5ts--! la/ m]ely indicat$ 9 l[ relief on ! kit*5 range--besides ! m /ately sacrificial vessels = w9e & inc5se4#bd ,all ^! 7 modell$ 9 pott]y1 & mu/ h fo/]$ a fl\ri%+ pott]'s trade1 & giv5 a trem5d\s impetus to ! gr[? ( modell+ & design4 ,! und]ly+ idea ( all ?is 01 no d\bt1 to provide ! _s ( ! dead ) ! means ( pursu+ ! habits ( 8 lifetime1 & ! mod]n practice ( supply+ 8 ne$s by means ( pap] models :i* are transmitt$ to ! _s _w ?r\gh ! m$ium ( fire s]ves ! same purpose 9 a m economical fa%ion4 ,b a full] note on ! grave furniture ( ! ,han & ,tang p]iods w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4 ,little or no?+ is at pres5t kn[n ( ! pott]ies 9 :i* ! ,han w>es 7 made1 b we may fairly assume t ! manufacture 0 v g5]al & t local pott]ies suppli$ local dem&s4 ,an incid5tal ref]5ce 9 ! ,tao lu gives u "o solit>y "n1 ,nan ,%an1 :]e ! pott]ies ( ! ,emp]or ,wu ,ti 7#adj-he ,b4,c47 7 situat$2#be & !re is a m5tion ( pott]ies 9 ,kiangsi 9 ! place :i* 0 aft]w>ds ! site ( ! celebrat$ porcela9 c5tre1 ,*+-t ,*n4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! ,han & ,tang p]iods1 f #bba to #fah ,a4,d41 is m>k$ by a rapid succession ( %ort-liv$ dyna/ies1 an age ( conflict & division1 9 :i* ,*9a 0 aga9 split up into w>r+ /ates4 ,! conditions 7 n fav\rable to ! /eady developm5t ( ! c]amic indu/ry1 & little is kn[n ( ! pott]y ( ?is p]iod4 ,f ! few ref]5ces 9 ,*9ese lit]ature1 h[ev]1 we inf] t new k9ds ( pott]y appe>$ f "t to "t1 & x is c]ta9 t ! evolution :i* culm9at$ 9 porcela9 made s5sible advances4 ,?is latt] fact is prov$ by ! sci5tific analysis ( "s vases obta9$ by ,dr4 ,lauf] ne> ,hsi-an ,fu 9 ,%5si4 ,!re is a simil> vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) ovoid body /rongly m>k$ ) :eel-ridges1 %ort neck & wide cup-%ap$ m\?1 & loop h&les on ! %\ld]s4 ,! w>e is 9 appe>ance a r$di% /onew>e1 & ! glaze :i* cov]s ! upp] "p is transluc5t gre5i% br[n ) signs ( crackle4 ,dr4 ,lauf]'s vases are 9 ! ,field ,museum at ,*icago1 :]e ! body & glaze h be5 analys$ by ,mr4 ,ni*olls1 ! results %[+ t ! body is compos$ ( a kaol9-l mat]ial 7probably a k9d ( decompos$ pegmatite7 & is1 9 fact1 an incipi5t porcela91 lack+ a suffici5t gr9d+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,! glaze is compos$ ( ! same mat]ial s(t5$ ) p[d]$ lime/one & col\r$ ) iron oxide4 ,an iron cook+ /ove f\nd ) ^! vases has an inscription indicat+ by its /yle a date 9 ! ,han dyna/y or %ortly aft] x2 & ! nature ( ! pott]y1 9 spite ( its co>se gra9 & d>k col\r1 :i* is probably due 9 "p to ! pres5ce ( iron 9 ! clay1 seems to %[ t ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 n f> di/ant4 ,mean:ile1 !re is little d\bt t ! ,han traditions 7 kept alive1 & ! discov]y ( gre5 glaz$ w>e ( ,han type 9 ! ru9s ( ,bazaklik1 9 ,turfan1#bf a site :i* f o!r indications appe>s to belong to ! ,tang civilisation1 %[s t ?is type1 at any rate1 0 long-liv$4 ,two vases f a grave on ! ,black ,rock ,hill 9 ,fu ,*\1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* are prov$ to belong to a p]iod ant]ior to ! sev5? c5tury1 seem to comb9e ,han & ,tang *>act]i/ics4 ,!y are ( d>k grey /onew>e ) a mottl$ gre5i% br[n glaze1 end+ consid]ably above ! base 9 a wavy l9e1 :i* is a common feature ( ,tang w>es4 ,x is highly probable t "s ( ! tomb pott]y discuss$ 9 ! next *apt] belongs to ! lat] "p ( ?is int]m$iate p]iod4 ,inde$ among ! pott]y figures ( ?is class !re are specim5s ) sl5d]1 graceful bodies & elaborate details ( co/ume 7see ,plate #g7 :i* closely resemble ! /one /atues ( ! ,nor!rn ,wei & ! ,sui dyna/ies2 b ) our pres5t imp]fect in=mation on ! tomb f9ds1 x w be m conv5i5t to treat ^! ne>ly relat$ figures z "o gr\p4 ,turn+ to ,*9ese lit]ature1 9 default ( o!r & m tangible evid5ce1 we read 9 ! ,tao %uo#bg ( pott]y di%es & w9e vessels 9 ! ,wei dyna/y 7#bbj-bfd ,a4,d471 & 9 ! ,tao lu ( pott]y made at ,kuan ,*ung1 9 ! di/rict ( ,hsi-an ,fu1 & at ,lo-yang = ,imp]ial use4 ,! poet ,pan ,yo1 ( ! ,*9 dyna/y 7#bfe-dai ,a4,d471 speaks ( cups ( gre5 w>e4 ,! actual words us$ are piao tz1#bh ( :i* ! =m] is else:]e us$ to describe ! bright t9t ( di/ant1 well-wood$ m\nta9s1 & z a synonym = l 7gre571 ?\gh1 l ! common col\r ^w *+1 x is capable ( mean+ bo? blue & gre54 ,! c]amic glaze :i* mo/ closely corresponds to ! description piao is ! blui% gre5 celadon be/ kn[n f ,corean w>es1 b we h n yet suffici5t gr\nds = assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is p>ticul> type at su* an e>ly date4 ,ano!r poet#bi ( ! same p]iod bids 8 c\ntrym51 :5 select+ cups = tea-dr9k+1 to *oose ! w>e ( ,ea/]n ,ou1 a place 9 ! ,yeh t]ritory1 & app>5tly 9 ! neighb\rhood (1 if n id5tical )1 ! ,yeh ,*\1 :i* 0 celebrat$ = its w>es 9 ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,dyna/ies provides b two ref]5ces1 to a k9d ( w9e vessel kn[n z crane cups b o!rwise unexpla9$1 & to *n-*ih ( f9e & co>se w>e1#cj :i* appe> to h be5 ,buddhi/ wat] vases = c]emonial wa%+1 or ,kundik1 :i* ! ,*9ese h transcrib$ 9 ! =m ,*n-*ih-ka4 ,buddhism 0 mak+ great /rides 9 ,*9a at ?is "t4 ,x 0 proclaim$ ! /ate religion ( ! ,toba ,t>t>s or ,nor!rn ,wei1 :o rul$ ! nor? f #chf to #edi ,a4,d41 & ,buddhi/ ?\ght & ! canons ( ,buddhi/ art 7 n[ firmly impos$ ^u ! ,*9ese4 ,! rock sculptures ( ?is p]iod visit$ & photograph$ by ,*avannes %[ unmi/akable traces ( ! ,grco-,buddhi/ art ( ,g&h>a2 & 9 "o rem>kable in/ance among ! figures :i* 7 sculptur$ r\nd ! entrance ( a ,buddhi/ grotto 7 deities ) a ?yrsus l t ( ,dionysus & a trid5t l ,poseidon's4 ,9 ! annals ( ! brief ,sui dyna/y 7#eha-fag ,a4,d471 we f9d t a man nam$ ,ho ,*ou succe$$ 9 exactly imitat+ a glassy mat]ial call$ liu li by means ( gre5 w>e4 ,! exact mean+ ( ?is int]e/+ passage is discuss$ else:]e 7p4 #add71 b x is difficult to imag9e any b a porcellan\s w>e :i* c\ld satisfy ! conditions impli$4 ,"u ! circum/ance x is n surpris+ if !ori/s see 9 ?is gre5 w>e 7l tz7 some?+ 9 ! nature ( ! lat] celadon porcela94 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*9ese ,,tomb ,,w>es ,) ref]5ce to ! figures ( m5 & animals & ! o!r objects :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! anci5t tombs ( ,*9a1 mu* in=mation w be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,j4,j4,m4 de ,groot's ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a4 ,! fundam5tal idea und]ly+ ^! burial practices seems to h be5 t ! s\l ( ! dead 0 ! actual t5ant ( ! grave2 b x is n cle> 9 e case :e!r ! sepul*ral furniture 0 provid$ 9 expectation ( a bodily resurrection1 or 9 ! belief t x w\ld m9i/] to ! wants ( ! dead 9 8 spiritual exi/5ce4 ,bo? ideas appe> to h obta9$ 9 e>ly times1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t ! second alone expla9s ! m mod]n cu/om ( burn+ ei!r ! objects !mselves or pap] c\nt]feits ( !m at ! tomb1 & ?us transmitt+ !m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( fire direct to ! _s _w4 ,! old] cu/om ( bury+ ) ! dead all t 0 necess>y = ! cont9uation ( ! pursuits ( 8 lifetime1 dates back to ! f>!/ limits ( hi/ory1 s t we read )\t surprise t 9 ! ,*\ dyna/y 7#aabb-bee ,b4,c47 !re 7 plac$ 9 ! tomb ?ree e>!n pots ) pickl$ meat1 pres]v$ meat1 & slic$ food2 two e>!n j>s ) mu/ & spirits1#ca besides clo!s1 mirrors1 weapons1 jade & food pots4 ,x became cu/om>y to hold a prelim9>y exhibition ( ! fun]al articles at ! dead man's h\se be=e remov+ !m to ! tomb1 & ?is1 z we may well imag9e 9 a c\ntry ( ance/or-wor%ipp]s1 l$ to o/5tation & extravagance :i* legislators ( v>i\s p]iods va9ly endeav\r$ to curtail4 ,! magnific5t burials ( ! ,*9 & e>ly ,han emp]ors1 ! va/ mausolea built by =c$ lab\r & /ock$ ) co/ly furniture & treasure1 *>iots & live animals1 & ev5 human victims1 mu/ h be5 an intol]able burd5 to ! community4 ,!re is no lack ( in/ances ( ! immolation1 volunt>y or o!rwise1 ( relatives & reta9]s at ! tombs ( great p]sonages 9 anci5t ,*9a1 ?\gh ! practice nev] seems to h be5 g5]al1 & 0 /rongly reprobat$ by ,confucius 7#eea-dgi ,b4,c474 ,! sage ev5 w5t s f> z to condemn ! sub/itution ( wood5 puppets1 = 0 !re n a dang] ( _! lead+ to ! use ( liv+ victims8#cb ,images ( /raw 7 all t he w\ld p]mit4 ,:5 human] influ5ces prevail$1 ! ladies ( ! h>em1 & ! milit>y gu>ds1 in/ead ( foll[+ _! ,imp]ial ma/] to ! _s _w1 7 condemn$ to reside )9 ! prec9cts ( ! mausoleum2 & d\btless ! clay figures ( wom5 & w>riors plac$ 9 ! graves ( m enlight5$ times 7 int5d$ to relieve _! human prototypes ( ?is irksome duty4 ,! e>lie/ record$ allusion#cc to clay sub/itutes appe>s to be ! words ( ,kuang ,wu 79 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d471 t anci5tly1 at e burial ( an emp]or or k+1 human images ( /onew>e 7tao jn71 implem5ts ( e>!nw>e 7wa *i71 wood5 c>s1 & /raw horses 7 us$4 ,de ,groot#cd quotes a long li/ ( objects suppli$ = an ,imp]ial burial ( ! ,lat] ,han 7#be-bbj ,a4,d471 includ+ eight hamp]s ( v>i\s gra9s & pease2 ?ree e>!n pots ( ?ree p9ts1 hold+ respectively pickl$ meat1 pres]v$ meat1 & slic$ food2 two e>!n liquor j>s ( ?ree p9ts1 fill$ ) mu/ & spirits2 444 "o c&le/ick ( e>!nw>e2 444 eight goblets1 ture5s1 pots1 squ>e baskets1 w9e j>s2 "o wa%-bas9 ) a ew]2 bells1 444 musical in/rum5ts1 444 arms2 n9e c>riages1 & ?irty-six /raw images ( m5 & horses2 two cook+ /oves1 two kettles1 "o rice /ra9]1 & twelve caldrons ( five p9ts1 all ( e>!nw>e2 444 t5 rice di%es ( e>!nw>e1 two w9e pots ( e>!nw>e hold+ five p9ts4 ,! use ( e>!nw>e sub/itutes = ! actual belong+s ( ! dead 0 due 9 "p to ! _s ( economy prea*$ by c]ta9 rul]s at ?is "t1 & 9 "p to ! feel+ t graves conta9+ valueless objects w\ld be safe f ! desecration ( ! robb]4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al precepts ( economy1 we le>n t def9ite regulations 7 issu$ prescrib+ ! numb] & ev5 ! nature ( ! articles to be us$ by ! v>i\s ranks ( ! nobility & by ! prolet>iat4 ,?us 9 #fhb ,a4,d4 ,kao ,tsung rebuk$ ! competitive extravagance ( ! p 9 burial equipm5ts1 :i* ev5 ! ravages ( fam9e _h fail$ to dim9i%2 & 9 ! ,kai ,yan p]iod an ,imp]ial decree#ce ( ! ye> #gda ,a4,d4 r$uc$ ! numb] ( implem5ts all[$ to ! v>i\s ranks 9 burial1 (fic]s ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird classes ( nobility be+ all[$ sev5ty1 =ty1 & tw5ty implem5ts 9 place ( n9ety1 sev5ty1 & =ty respectively2 :ile = ! common p fifte5 only 7 p]mitt$4 ,moreov]1 all su* implem5ts 7 to be ( pla9 e>!nw>e 7ss wa71 wood1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & t9 be+ =bidd54 ,x is cle> t at an e>ly date wood 0 reg>d$ z pref]able to pott]y z a mat]ial = sepul*ral furniture1 = ! ,y9-yang tsa tsu1#cf writt5 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 /ates t h\ses & %$s1 c>s & horses1 male & female slaves1 horn$ cattle1 & s =?1 are made ( wood4 ,inde$1 ! decree ( #gda not)/&+1 wood seems to h become ! /&>d mat]ial = grave implem5ts f ?is "t onw>d4 ,?us1 ,*u ,hsi ( ! ,sung dyna/y taught 9 8 ,ritual ( ,family ,life ! cu/om ( bury+ ! dead ) a good _m wood5 s]vants1 foll[]s1 & female att5dants1 all hold+ 9 _! h&s articles = use & food2 & ! cont5ts ( ! ,m+ graves includ$ a furnace-kettle & a furnace1 bo? ( wood1 sauc] ) /&1 pot1 or vase1 an e>!n w9e-pot1 a spittoon1 a wat] bas91 an inc5se burn]1 two c&le/icks1 an inc5se box1 a tea-cup1 a tea-sauc]1 two *op/icks1 two spoons1 etc41 two wood5 b[ls1 twelve wood5 platt]s1 v>i\s articles ( furniture1 includ+ b$1 scre51 *e/1 & c\*1 all ( wood2 sixte5 musicians1 tw5ty-f\r arm$ lifegu>ds1 six be>]s1 t5 female att5dants2 ! spirits kn[n z ! ,azure ,dragon1 ! ,:ite ,tig]1 ! ,r$ ,bird1 & ! ,black ,w>rior2 ! two ,spirits ( ! ,doorway & t5 w>riors--all made ( wood & "o foot high4 ,^! 7 among ! implem5ts p]mitt$ 9 ! tombs ( gr&ees2 ! regulations ( #acgb all[$ only "o k9d ( implem5t 9 ! tombs ( ! common folk4 ,f ! =ego+ passages x may be inf]r$ t wood sup]s$$ pott]y to a v great ext5t 9 ! fun]al furniture ( ! ,sung & ,m+ p]iods1 & consequ5tly t ! tombs 9 :i* a full pott]y equipm5t has be5 f\nd are mo/ probably n lat] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,ne$less to say1 ! wood5 p>aph]nalia rapidly p]i%$ "u ! gr\nd1 & :ile ! pott]y implem5ts h pres]v$ _! orig9al =m & appe>ance1 ! wood5 objects h mo/ly dis9tegrat$4 ,an amus+ fragm5t ( folklore1 translat$ by de ,groot#cg f ! ,kuang i *i1 a "w probably writt5 9 ! t5? c5tury1 w =m a fitt+ conclusion to ?is note1 reveal+ z x does ! ?\ght ( ! ,*9ese ( ?is p]iod ) reg>d to ! burial cu/oms :i* we h discuss$3-- ,dur+ "o ( ! la/ g5]ations !re liv$ a man1 :o us$ to travel ! c\ntry z an it9]ant trad] 9 ! environs ( ! place :]e 8 family 0 settl$4 ,hav+ be5 accompani$ on "o ( 8 excursions = sev]al days by a c]ta9 man1 ! latt] unexpect$ly said1 ',i am a gho/4 ,e day & e night ,i am oblig$ to fight & qu>rel ) ! objects buri$ 9 my tomb = ! use ( my manes1 because !y oppose my w4 ,i hope y w n refuse to speak a few words = me1 to help me out ( ?is calamit\s /ate ( disord]4 ,:at w y d 9 ?is case8' ',if a good result be atta9able1' repli$ ! trad]1 ',i d>e und]take any?+4' ,ab\t twilight !y came to a l>ge tomb1 locat$ on ! left side ( ! road4 ,po9t+ to x1 ! gho/ said3 ',?is is my grave4 ,/& 9 front ( x & exclaim1 ,by ,imp]ial ,ord]1 behead ?y gold & silv] subjects1 & all w be ov]4 ,h]eupon ! gho/ ent]$ ! grave4 ,! p$l> %\t$ out ! ord]1 & dur+ "s mom5ts he he>d a noise l t produc$ by an execution]'s sword4 ,aft] a :ile ! gho/ came =? f ! tomb1 8 h&s fill$ ) sev]al decapitat$ m5 & horses ( gold & silv]4 ',accept ^! ?+s1' he said2 '!y w suffici5tly ensure y\r felicity = ! :ole ( y\r life2 take !m z a rew>d = :at y h done = me4' ,:5 our p$l> rea*$ ! ,we/]n metropolis he 0 d5\nc$ to ! prefect ( ! di/rict by a detective f ,*ang-ngan city1 :o held t su* antique objects c\ld only h be5 obta9$ f a grave brok5 op54 ,! man gave ! prefect a v]aci\s acc\nt ( :at _h happ5$1 & ?is magi/rate report$ ! matt] to ! high] au?orities1 :o s5t x on to ! ,?rone4 ,"s p]sons 7 dispat*$ to ! grave ) ! p$l>4 ,!y op5$ ! grave1 & f\nd !re9 hundr$s ( gold & silv] images ( m5 & horses ) _! heads sev]$ f _! bodies4 ,9 ! pres5t day#ch at important sacrifices to ance/ors 7& presumably at ! fun]al itself71 x is cu/om>y to burn c\nt]feits ( all k9ds ( furniture & objects :i* might be useful 9 ! _s-_w4 ,9 g5]al ^! c\nt]feits take ! =m ( small squ>e %eets ( *eap pap] adorn$ ) pictures1 /amp$ ) a rudely c>v$ wood5 die1 & repres5t+ h\ses1 *airs1 implem5ts = cook+1 writ+ & ! toilette1 c>ts & horses1 s$an *airs1 att5dants & s]vants1 slaves 7male & female71 cattle1 etc4 ,x is n cle> :5 ?is cu/om fir/ came into be+1 b x evid5tly replac$ an e>li] practice ( burn+ real furniture1 clo?+1 etc41 at ! tomb2 & de ,groot implies1 at any rate1 t ! two practices exi/$ side by side 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,bonfires ( g5u9e articles1 he says1#ci & valuables cont9u$ = a long "t to hold a place side by side ) bonfires ( c\nt]feits4 ,we read e4g4 t at ! demise ( ! ,emp]or ,%ng ,tsung ( ! ,liao dyna/y 7#ajcj ,a4,d47 ! dep>ture ( ! cortge ( dea? f ! palace 0 m>k$ by a sacrifice1 at :i* !y took clo!s1 b[s & arr[s1 saddles1 bridles1 pictures ( horses1 ( camels1 lifegu>ds1 & simil> ?+s1 :i* 7 all committ$ to ! flames4 ,m>co ,polo1#dj 9 describ+ ! city ( ,k9sai1 relates t ! inhabitants burnt _! dead1 & ?rew into ! flames _m pieces ( cotton pap] ^u :i* 7 pa9t$ repres5tations ( male & female s]vants1 horses1 camels1 silk wr\ght ) gold1 z well z gold & silv] money4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,hir?1 ,*9a & ! ,roman ,ori5t4 ,footnote #ad3 ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,jade1 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,publication #aed1 ,an?ropological ,s]ies1 vol4 x41 ,*icago1 #aiab1 pp4 #bcb & #bcc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,occasionally ( pott]s4 ,footnote #af3 ,la ,sculpture sur pi]re en ,*9e au temps des deux dyna/ies ,han1 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,a few ( ^! are figur$ by ,bu%ell 9 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 i4 ,see also ,*avannes1 ,mission ar*ologique dans la ,*9e sept5trionale1 ,p>is1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ag3 ,if geological argum5ts c\ld be accept$ at _! face value1 a vase f\nd at ,*i-n+ ,*\1 9 ,%antung1 w\ld g f> to prove ! exi/5ce ( a highly sophi/icat$ glaz$ pott]y at a date n less ?an #ejj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,! f9d is describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 ,jahrg4 #dc1 #aiaa1 p4 #aec1 by ,h]r ,ern/ ,brs*mann4 ,! vase1 :i* is #aj cm4 high1 is ( globul> =m1 ) a %ort /raight neck & two loop h&les4 ,x is ( h>d buff w>e1 ) a *ocolate br[n glaze ) purpli% reflexions ( a metallic appe>ance1 & ! glaze cov]s only ! upp] "p ( ! ext]ior & ends 9 an unev5 l9e ) drops4 ,"o w\ld say ,sung or possibly ,t'ang1 & ( ! type associat$ ) ! "n ,*i5 yao4 ,?is pot 0 f\nd n 9 a tomb1 b 9 ! undi/urb$ e>? at a dep? ( sev5 metres1 by a ,g]man ar*itect1 :ile s9k+ a well2 & a reason$ case f ! /ratification ( ! soil is made out to prove t x mu/ h at lea/ an antiquity ( tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 prov]bial t geological argum5ts appli$ to relatively mod]n ar*ology lead to results m />tl+ ?an correct2 & ,i refuse to accept ?is solit>y specim5 z evid5ce to upset ! :ole !ory ( ! evolution ( ,*9ese pott]y4 ,= x mu/ d no?+ less4 ,?is piece is ( a /yle :i* is at pres5t unkn[n be=e ! ,t'ang dyna/y4 ,x has no?+ 9 common ) ,han pott]y z we "k x1 /ill less ) ,*\1 & to accept its ,*\ date w\ld be to believe t an advanc$ /yle ( manufacture 0 9 use #ejj ye>s ,b4,c41 t x 0 =gott5 aga9 = "s twelve c5turies1 & !n reappe>$ 9 precisely ! same =m4 ,fuki5 :ite porcela9 seals h be5 f\nd 9 an ,iri% bog 9 positions f :i* geologi/s might inf] a colossal antiquity1 b ! hi/ory ( porcela9 has n be5 di/urb$ on t acc\nt2 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t ?is /range ph5om5on at ,*i-n+ ,*\ mu/ be reg>d$ 9 mu* ! same light4 ,footnote #ah3 ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,pott]y ( ! ,han ,dyna/y1 ,leyd51 #aijh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,lauf] seems to h mi/ak5 x = ! beg9n+ ( ! regul> ,*9ese crackle 7see op4 cit41 p4 #h74 ,! ,han gre5 glaze conta9s a l>ge proportion ( lead oxide & is col\r$ ) oxide ( copp]4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela91 p4 #if4 ,9 ! tomb ( ! ,empress ,tao1 consort ( ,wu ,ti 7#adj-he ,b4,c47 !re 0 f\nd "o lac-black e>!nw>e di%4 ,footnote #ba3 ,"o ( ^!1 9 ! =m ( a small roll]1 by :i* a cont9u\s patt]n c\ld be impress$1 is figur$ by ,lauf]1 op4 cit4 ,plate xxxvi4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiac1 :]e x is publi%$ ) a note on ! inscription by ,f4,s4 ,k]%aw4 ,footnote #bc3 ,burial ,cu/oms 9 ,sze*uan1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,nor?-,*9a ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 vol4 xli41 #aiaj1 p4 #eh1 etc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,a v l>ge s]ies ( ,han sepul*ral pott]y1 includ+ mo/ ( ! kn[n types1 is 9 ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago2 b mo/ ( our l>ge museums possess specim5s en\gh to give a good idea ( ! w>e4 ,footnote #be3 ,bk4 ix41 p4 #c1 quot+ ! ,*ng tz tung1 :i* 9 turn quotes ! ,han ,%u1 or ,han ,hi/ories4 ,presumably ?is is ! ,nan ,%an ne> ,lung ,*\1 9 ,%5si4 ,footnote #bf3 ,fragm5ts ( ?is w>e :i* 7 br\ght back by ! ,grnw$el exp$ition 9 #aijc are 9 ! ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 9 ,b]l94 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #bh3 ,*9ese4 ,see also ,bu%ell's translation ( ! ,tao %uo1 pp4 #ig & #ih4 ,footnote #bi3 ,tu ,y1 9 8 ,v]ses ^u ,tea4 ,see ,tao %uo1 ,bu%ell's translation1 p4 #ih4 ,! words us$ are ,*i ts tao *i5 ,*9ese = :i* ,bu%ell has giv5 ! free & r mislead+ v]sion1 ,select cups ( f9e porcela94 ,footnote #cj3 tz wa1 a phrase :i* ,bu%ell has translat$ porcela9 & e>!nw>e1 ?\gh x is improbable t porcela9 0 meant at ?is e>ly p]iod 7see ,*ap4 ,,xi47 ,footnote #ca3 ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a4 ,leyd51 #ahid1 vol4 ii41 p4 #chc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #hjg4 ,footnote #cc3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #hjh4 ,footnote #cd3 ,de ,groot1 loc4 cit41 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #ce3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #fif4 ,footnote #cf3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #hjh4 ,footnote #cg3 ,de ,groot1 loc4 cit41 p4 #hji4 ,footnote #ch3 ,de ,groot1 loc4 cit41 p4 #gag4 ,footnote #ci3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #gah4 ,footnote #dj3 ,:o visit$ ,*9a ab\t #abhj4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,t,,ang ,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #fah-ijf ,a4,d4 ,,! ,*9ese ,empire1 reunit$ by ! ,sui emp]ors1 rea*$ ! z5i? ( its p[] "u ! _w-fam$ dyna/y ( ! ,tang 7#fah-ijf ,a4,d474 ,a ,*9ese g5]al p5etrat$ into ,c5tral ,india & took ! capital1 ,magadha1 9 #fdh4 ,*9ese junks sail$ into ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ! empire ext5d$ into ,turke/an1 :]e traces ( a fl\ri%+ civilisation h be5 discov]$ 9 ! s&-buri$ cities 9 ! regions ( ,turfan & ,khotan1 rec5tly explor$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 & by a ,g]man exp$ition "u ,pr(essor ,grnw$el4 ,9 return1 we read ( ,arab settl]s 9 ,yunnan & 9 ,canton & ! coa/ t[ns1 & ! la/ ( ! ,sassanids appeal$ to ,*9a = help4 ,a ho/ ( =eign influ5ces mu/ h p5etrat$ ! ,middle ,k+dom at ?is "t1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,indian1 ,p]sian1 & ,byzant9e arts4 ,pro( ( ?is1 if pro( 7 ne$$1 is se5 9 ! wond]ful treasures pres]v$ 9 ! ,%oso-9 at ,n>a 9 ,japan1 a temple museum /ock$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury *iefly ) ! p]sonal belong+s ( ! ,emp]or ,%omu1 mo/ ( :i* _h be5 s5t ov] f ,*9a4 ,inde$1 ! ,n>a treasure is1 9 _m respects1 ! mo/ compreh5sive exhibition ( ,tang craftsman%ip :i* exi/s to-day4 ,! long p]iod ( prosp]ity enjoy$ by ,*9a "u ! ,tang is fam$ 9 hi/ory z ! gold5 age ( lit]ature & art4 ,! age :i* produc$ ! poet ,li ,po1 ! pa9t] ,wu ,tao-tz1 & ! poet-pa9t] ,wang ,wei1 ^: poems 7 pictures & 8 pictures poems1 0 inde$ an age ( giants4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! pott]'s art %>$ 9 no small measure ! progress ( ! p]iod1 ?\gh at ?is di/ance ( "t we c h>dly expect t _m monum5ts ( ?is fragile art %\ld h surviv$4 ,inde$1 x has be5 ! cu/om ( writ]s 9 ! pa/ to dismiss ! ,tang pott]y 9 a few words1 or to disreg>d x entirely z an unkn[n quantity ,"h1 h[ev]1 we h aga9 be5 well s]v$ by ! anci5t burial cu/oms ( ! ,*9ese1 :i* /ill held good = "p1 at lea/1 ( ! ,tang p]iod4 ,! ,tang mortu>y w>es are simil> 9 int5tion to ^? ( ! ,han1 b bespeak a mu* matur] art4 ,! modell+ ( ! tomb figures1 :i* h be5 aptly comp>$ ) ! ,tanagra /atuettes ( anci5t ,greece1 displays great] skill1 _s1 & delicacy1 & ! mat]ials us$ are m ref9$ & v>i$4 ,! body ( ! w>e1 :i* is usually f9e z pipeclay1 v>ies 9 h>dness f s(t e>!nw>e1 easily scrat*able ) a knife1 to a h>d porcellan\s /onew>e1 & 9 col\r f light grey & pale rosy buff to :ite1 l pla/]-(-,p>is4 ,! usual cov]+ is a ?91 f9ely crackl$ glaze ( pale /raw col\r or light transp>5t gre51 & sometimes ! surface has a wa% ( :ite clay betwe5 ! body & ! glaze4 ,"s ( ! figures1 h[ev]1 are m ri*ly coat$ 9 amb] br[n & leaf gre5 glazes ) occasional spla%es ( blue1 :ile on o!rs are f\nd traces ( unfir$ r$ & black pigm5ts4 ,b z ! mortu>y pott]y#da comprises ! l>ge/ & mo/ important gr\p ( ,tang w>es at pres5t id5tifi$1 we _c d bett] ?an consid] x fir/ & z a sep>ate class1 sett+ =? at once ! reasons = assign+ x to ?is p>ticul> p]iod4 ,z w be se5 9 ! note to ! previ\s *apt] 7p4 #ag71 e>!nw>e appe>s to h be5 to a great ext5t sup]s$$ by wood z ! fa%ionable mat]ial = sepul*ral furniture t[>ds ! end ( ! ,tang p]iod4 ,?is 9 itself is /rong prim facie evid5ce t ! tombs furni%$ ?r\gh\t ) pott]y are n lat] ?an ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,ano!r argum5t ( an e?nographical nature is suppli$ by ! figures ( ladies ) feet ( normal size4 ,! fa%ion ( cramp+ ! feet1 ?\gh x may h begun be=e ! ,tang p]iod1 0 c]ta9ly n univ]sal until ! end ( ?is long dyna/y4#db ,b !re are o!r cog5t reasons :i* w appeal m directly to ! /ud5t ( c]amics4 ,among ! few specim5s ( pott]y 9 ! ,n>a ,collection1#dc !re are sev]al b[ls & a di%1 accord$ 9 ! (ficial catalogue ! meagre description ,*9a w>e1 :i* h a peculi> glaze ( creamy yell[ ) l>ge1 gre5 mottl+1 & !re is besides a drum-%ap$ vase1 gre5 ) yell[i% pat*es4 ,?is type ( glaze is f\nd on _m ( ! tomb w>es1 "s ( :i* h amb] br[n & violet blue spla%es 9 addition4 ,f ^! data x is possible to id5tify a s]ies ( ,tang glazes1 includ+ creamy :ite1 /raw yell[1 fa9t gre51 leaf gre51 amb] & violet blue1 all s(t & m or less transp>5t ) m9utely crackl$ texture & closely analog\s to ! col\r$ lead glazes us$ on our own ,:ieldon pott]y ( ,/af=d%ire 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?ree ye>s ago a ,p>isian deal] 0 (f]+ = sale ! cont5ts ( an important tomb4 ,= once 9 a way1 ! *ief articles ( ! f9d _h be5 kept toge!r2 at lea/ s x 0 positively ass]t$1 & !re 0 no?+ improbable 9 ! circum/ance4 ,!y includ$ two spl5didly modell$ figures & a saddl$ horse 9 ! typical ,tang w>e1 ) bold wa%es ( gre5 & br[n glazes1 & ) !m 0 a /one slab engrav$ ) an inscription4 ,i 0 able to exam9e a photograph & a rubb+ ( ?is /one1 9 :i* excell5t judges c\ld f9d no sign ( spuri\s "w4 ,! inscription 0 long & difficult to translate1 b ! ma9 facts 7 cle>4 ,x commemorat$ a pr9cely p]sonage ( ! "n ( ,wn1 ^: /yle 0 ,%\-*ng1 a man ( ,lo-yang 9 ,honan1 :o di$ at ,ho-yang ,hsi5 on ! #af? day ( ! fir/ mon? ( ! second ye> ( ,yung ,%un1 viz4 #fhc ,a4,d4 ,among ! ,tang figur9es ! horse is conspicu\s n only 9 its comp>ative frequ5cy1 b = ! _s & "* ) :i* x is portray$4 ,! m5 ( ,tang 7 cle>ly great horse lov]s4 ,_! pictorial arti/s excell$ 9 pa9t+ ! noble bea/1 & ! ,hundr$ ,colts by ! celebrat$ pa9t] ,han ,kan is a classic ( horse pa9t+4 ,among ! preci\s fragm5ts ( ,tang pictures on silk :i* ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 br\ght back f 8 fir/ exp$ition 9 ! ,taklamakan ,des]t !re 7 sev]al ) sc5es 9 :i* horsem5 figur$4 ,i h comp>$ ^! ) ! tomb figures & f\nd !m to tally ) wond]ful exactitude1 n only 9 pose & /yle & 9 ! *>act]i/ic r5d]+ ( ! head & neck1 b also 9 ! details ( ! h>ness1 ! saddle ) high ar*$ front & %elv+ back support1 ! squ>e /irrups1 bridle & bit & tassel-l p5dant "u ! m\?4 ,a complete set ( grave goods f a tomb op5$ by ! ,lao-tung railway ne> ,lao ,yang 9 ! ,honan ,fu h be5 acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum ?r\gh a railway eng9e] on ! spot4 ,!y may be tak5 z a typical &1 ,i believe1 q reliable1 example ( ! grave furniture ( a ,t'ang p]sonage ( importance4 ,!y include six cov]$ j>s ( graceful oval =m1 made ( h>d :ite w>e & coat$ ) ?9 glaze ( pale yell[i% or fa9t gre5 t9t1 :i* ends 9 ! *>act]i/ic ,t'ang fa%ion 9 a wavy l9e sev]al in*es above ! base4 ,!y measure ab\t ?irte5 in*es 9 height4 ,^! are presum$ to h held ! six k9ds ( gra94 ,next comes a graceful vase1 probably = w9e1 ) ovoid body1 tall1 sl5d] neck1 ) two horizontal b&s1 a cup-%ap$ m\?1 & two high1 elegantly c>v$ h&les ) s]p5t heads :i* bite on to ! rim 7,plate #ad1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! only o!r vessels 7 a circul> tray1 on :i* /ood a small1 squat vase1 ) trilobe sides1 small m\?1 & ?ree rudim5t>y feet1 surr\nd$ by sev5 %all[ cups4 ,l ! w9e vase & cov]$ j>s1 ^! h flat bases1 9 mo/ cases c>efully smoo!d & lightly bevell$ at ! edge4#dd ,! ret9ue consi/$ ( a *>m+ figure ( a lady on a horse1 eight o!r ladies 7probably ( ! h>em7 ) high1 peak$ head-dress1 l[-neck$ dresses ) high wai/s1 & a %awl ov] ! %\ld]s & fall+ d[n f ! arms l two long sleeves2 natural feet are indicat$ 9 e case4 ,) ^! 7 two figures ( prie/ly appe>ance1 ) long cloaks & hoods1 ?ree o!r m5 9 di/9ctive co/umes1 elev5 reta9]s 9 civil co/ume ) peak$ head-ge>1 long coats ) lappets op5 at ! neck1 wai/ belts1 & high boots1 _! "r h&s held across ! brea/ & _! left at ! side4 ,"o ( ^! figures is rem>kable = 8 =eign features1 ) exagg]at$ & po9t$ nose1 sugge/+ a ,we/]n ,asiatic orig94 ,!re are1 besides1 f\r m51 app>5tly 9 arm\r1 & two tall figures :o seem to we> cap helmets ) camail fall+ d[n ! neck & brea/ arm\r1 recall+ 9 _m ways our own m$ival m5-at-arms4 ,! sup]natural elem5t is repres5t$ by two /range1 squatt+ quadrup$s ) legs l a bull1 human heads ) l>ge e>s & a s+le horn :i* are call$ by ! ,*9ese t'u kuai or e>?-spirits4 ,f9ally1 9 addition to man & sup]-man1 ! animal _w 0 repres5t$ by two saddl$ horses1 two drom$>ies1 two pigs1 two %eep1 a beautifully modell$ dog1 & a goose4 ,:at m c\ld a man desire 9 ! und]world8 ,all ^! figures are ( ! usual :ite pla/]-l body1 ) ! pale1 /raw-col\r$ or gre5i% glazes :i* long burial has dissolv$ into iridesc5ce :]e x has n actually caus$ x to flake away4 ,"s ( !m /& on flat1 pla9 bases2 o!rs on _! own feet & robes4 ,! latt] k9d are all holl[ b5ea?1 & ! quadrup$s h a l>ge cavity "u ! belly1 a feature common to ! ,t'ang & ,han animals1 & "o :i* ,i h notic$ on bronzes ( ! same p]iods4 ,ne$less to add1 ^! figures 7 made 9 m\lds1 ! seams ( :i* are /ill visible4#de ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #e4--,t'ang ,sepul*ral ,figures4 ,9 ! ,b5son ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a ,lokapala or ,gu>dian ( "o ( ! ,qu>t]s1 unglaz$4 ,fig4 #b4--;,a ,horse1 ) col\r$ glazes4 ,height #bg in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--;,an ,actor1 unglaz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,plate #f4--,t'ang ,sepul*ral ,figures1 unglaz$4 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #d4--;,female ,musicians4 ,fig4 #c4--;,att5dant ) di% ( food4 ,height #i in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #g4--,t'ang ,sepul*ral ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,figure ( a ,lady 9 elaborate co/ume1 unglaz$4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase1 :ite pott]y ) traces ( blue mottl+3 ! glaze has p]i%$4 ,height #h in*es4 ,breu] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,sph9x-l ,mon/]1 gre5 & yell[ glazes4 ,height #be in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,a few examples ( ! tomb figures are illu/rat$ 9 ! adjo9+ plates4 ,! tall1 sl5d] figure on ,plate #g1 ,fig4 #a1 seems to repres5t a lady ( di/9ction4 ,! elaborate head-dress & co/ume1 ! necklace & p5dant & ! belt are all c>efully modell$2 & ! ,elizabe?an appe>ance ( ! coll> is curi\s & int]e/+4 ,! w>e is s(t & :ite l pipeclay1 ?\gh /ill cak$ ) ! r$di% loess clay f :i* x 0 exhum$4 ,! /yle ( ?is figure ) its sl5d] proportions is analog\s to t ( ! graceful /one sculptures ( ! ,nor!rn ,wei p]iod4 ,! g5ial mon/] 9 :ite clay & spla%$ gre5 & yell[ glazes illu/rat$ on ,plate #g is "o ( ! _m sph9x-l creatures f\nd 9 ! tombs ov] :i* !y 7 suppos$ to ex]cise a b5eficial influ5ce4 ,sometimes !y h human heads on ! bull body1 & !y are !n describ$ z t'u kuai or e>?-spirits4 ,9 ! pres5t example we h a =m :i* /rongly resembles c]ta9 ,p]sian or ,sassanian mon/]s 9 bronze2 & x is highly probable t ! idea ( ?is creature came f a we/]n ,asiatic s\rce4 ,plate #e %[s a f9e example ( a horse 9 col\r$ glazes1 a fi]ce figure 9 w>rior's guise1 :o is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! ,lokapalas or ,gu>dians ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s 9 ! ,buddhi/ !ogony1 & a figure ( an actor4 ,! amusem5ts1 z well z ! s]i\s occupations ( ! dead1 7 provid$ = 9 ! furniture ( ! tombs4 ,a :ole troop ( mimes 9 qua9t co/umes & dramatic poses is %[n 9 ! ,field ,museum at ,*icago1 & ,plate #f illu/rates ?ree seat$ figures ( musicians z well z a /&+ figure hold+ a di% ( fruit4 ,a /udy ( ! sali5t features ( ^! & o!r au!nticat$ specim5s leads naturally to ! id5tification ( fre% types1 & s ! s]ies gr[s4 ,= in/ance1 ! type ( w9e vase ) s]p5t h&les is f\nd 9 glazes ( v>i\s col\rs1 till ( ! mottl$ ,t'ang k9d1 & ) slight additions1 su* z ! palmette-l ornam5ts 9 appli$ relief on a l>ge example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! ornam5ts 9 _! turn appe> on b[ls & inc5se vases (t5 ( globul> =m1 l ! well-kn[n ,buddhi/ begg+ b[l1 b fitt$ ) ?ree legs4 ,spla%$1 /reak$ & mottl$ glazes fur!r decl>e ^! to be ,t'ang1 & ! v>y+ col\r & h>dness ( _! body mat]ial give u a deep] insight into ! ,t'ang w>e4 ,all ( ^! %[ ! m>ks ( ! :eel1 & _m are neatly f9i%$ ) simple :eel-made l9es & ridges2 /amp$ ornam5ts 9 appli$ relief are _! commone/ =m ( decoration4 ,a f9e specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum w s]ve to illu/rate ?is type ( b[l4 ,x has a h>d1 :ite body1 ( typical globul> =m1 ) slightly con/rict$ m\?1 ?ree legs ) /rongly modell$ lion masks on ! upp] "p1 & betwe5 !m pads ( appli$ relief ) lion mask ornam5ts4 ,! glaze is n ( ! mottl$ k9d1 b is r /reak$2 x is deep1 cucumb] gre5 & m9utely crackl$1 & has run d[n into drops "u ! b[l4 ,?is fluidity is also ! cause ( ! /reak9ess ( ! col\r1 :i* 0 evid5tly a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,t'ang pott]y1 = x appe>s unmi/akably indicat$ 9 a ,t'ang pa9t+ figur$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e94#df ,?is pa9t+1 a silk bann] ( ! ,t'ang p]iod1 0 f\nd 9 a wall$-up libr>y at ,tun-huang1 & depicts a /&+ ,buddhi/ figure c>ry+ a begg+ b[l ) boldly /reak$ ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,?ree examples ( ,t'ang w>e ) col\r$ glazes3 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,inc5se ,vase ) ribb$ sides2 :ite pott]y ) deep blue glaze outside encru/$ ) iridesc5ce4 ,height #d in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,amphora ( light col\r$ pott]y ) spla%$ glaze4 ,m>k incis$ ,ma ,*n-%ih tsao 7made by ,ma ,*n-%ih74 ,height #h in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ( h>d :ite porcellan\s w>e ) deep purple glaze4 ,height #d in*es4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,9 addition to ! mottl$ glazes--:i*1 by ! way1 are ! =]unn]s ( ! s-call$ tig]-sk9 porcela9s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies--& ! s+le col\rs already m5tion$1 in/ances h be5 id5tifi$ on ! pr9ciples already indicat$ ( w>es ) a full yell[ glaze & a /reaky1 br[ni% yell[4 ,an int]e/+ piece 7,plate #h7 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection is cov]$ ) a deep violet blue glaze on a f9e :ite body4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h a d>k *ocolate br[n glaze on a r$di% buff body1 & a r>e ew] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is di/+ui%$ by a deep olive br[n glaze fleck$ ) tea gre51 :i* seems to anticipate by a ?\s& ye>s ! tea du/ glazes ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4#dg ,ano!r v>iety ( ,t'ang glaze1 ( :i* ,i h se5 "o example1 0 an olive br[n ) l>ge spla%es ( a light col\r1 a greyi% :ite1 b ) surface s fro/$ ov] by decay t its orig9al int5tion rema9$ 9 d\bt4 ,"o might say t ?is 0 ! fa!r ( ! ,japanese ,takatori glazes ) deep br[n "u-col\r & l>ge pat*es ( fro?y :ite4 ,we may m5tion "h ?ree rem>kable specim5s f\nd 9 a grave ) a ,t'ang mirror & describ$ 9 ,man 9 #aija1dh :i* are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"o is an oblate ovoid vase1 ) small neck & m\?1 ( h>d1 light buff body1 coat$ ) a dull gre5i% black glaze ) m9ute specks ( light] col\r4 ,! o!rs are tea b[ls ( h>d buff w>e ) dull brick-r$ glaze1 n f> remov$ 9 col\r f ! ,samian w>e ( ,roman times4 ,no exact ,*9ese p>allel has yet be5 f\nd to ^! ?ree pieces1 ?\gh some?+ approa*+ !m is se5 9 c]ta9 b[ls 9 ! ,eumorfop\los collection :i* h a r$di% br[n glaze break+ into black1 be+ app>5tly ( ! type associat$ ) ! "n ( ,*i5 yao1#di & :i* are kn[n 9 ,japan z kaki temmoku4 ,?is e>ly k9d ( temmoku1 :i* 0 probably made 9 ,honan1 has a h>d :iti% body1 & ! glaze is sometimes fleck$ ) tea gre5 z well z ) gold5 br[n4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 a floral design or a leaf has be5 impress$ or /5cill$ on ! black glaze & appe>s 9 ! br[n or gre5 col\r 7,plate #dc1 ,fig4 #a74 ,x is said t a some:at simil> br[n temmoku w>e 0 made 9 ,corea z well4 ,! survival ( ! leaf gre5 glaze ( ,han type has already be5 not$4 ,x occurs 9 ,plates #ab & #ac4 ,a pale blui% gre5 glaze1 some:at ak9 to a lat] v>iety ( celadon1 appe>s on a few small b[ls & j>s :i* h ! *>act]i/ic ,t'ang f9i%3 ,i h se5 sev]al figures ( lions ) a crackl$ light gre5i% br[n glaze2 & a consid]able class ( b[ls & melon-%ap$ vases h be5 f\nd 9 ,%ansi ) a h>d buff /onew>e body1 coat$ ) :ite slip "u a transp>5t & almo/ col\rless glaze1 ! comb9ation produc+ a solid :ite or ivory col\r 7,plate #aa1 ,fig4 #c74 ,^! b[ls h be5 consid]$ by "s ,*9ese au?orities to be a production ( ! ,ta ,yi#ej kilns 9 ,sze*uan1 b z !re 7 factories 9 ,%ansi1#ea :]e w>es ( ?is type are reput$ to h be5 made 9 ,t'ang times1 x seems m probable t !y are ( local make4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! br[n1 tea du/1 black1 celadon & :ite glazes are high-fir$ & ess5tially diff]5t f ! s(t1 crackl$ lead glazes previ\sly describ$4 ,ap>t f modell+ 9 ! r\nd1 an art 9 :i* we h se5 t ! ,t'ang pott]s excell$1 ! decorative ornam5t ( ! pott]y hi!rto discuss$ has be5 conf9$ to appli$ reliefs4 ,! processes ( c>v+ & engrav+ come e>ly 9 ! evolution ( ! pott]'s art 9 ,*9a1 & we %\ld expect to f9d 9 ! ,t'ang w>es "s indications ( ! skill 9 ^! me?ods = :i* ! ,sung pott]s 7 s celebrat$4 ,plate #ab1 ,fig4 #b1 illu/rates ! use ( engrav$ ornam5t "u a gre5 glaze1 & ! piece is rem>kable n only = its elegant design1 b = ! beautiful l9es ( its simple =m4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i saw = ! fir/ "t "o or two /&s & boxes ) patt]ns intricate z brocade "w1 floral scrolls1 & geometrical designs1 engrav$ ) a po9t1 & ! spaces fill$ 9 ) col\r$ glazes4 ,!y 7 reput$ to be ( ,t'ang date1 & ?\gh no fur!r evid5ce exi/$ to prove t objects ( su* advanc$ te*nique & mature design really belong$ to ?is remote p]iod ! proposition did n seem an impossible "o4 ,! textiles1 inlaid woodwork1 & pa9t$ lacqu] 9 ! ,n>a collections h j su* designs :i* at fir/ sight fill "o ) amazem5t at _! mod]n feel+4 ,a piece ( brocade ( und\bt$ ,t'ang orig91 figur$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e91#eb ) floral scrolls work$ 9 silk1 looks l a piece ( late ,p]sian embroid]y4 ,& is n ! art ( ! ,tang pa9t]s ess5tially mod]n 9 ! directness ( its appeal8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #a ,plate #i4--,t'ang ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ( ,sassanian =m ) spla%$ glazes2 panels ( relief ornam5t1 9 "o a m\nt$ ar*]4 ,height #ac in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) mottl$ glaze1 gre5 & orange4 ,height #c in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ) dragon sp\t & h&le2 wave & cl\d reliefs2 br[ni% yell[ glaze /reak$ ) gre54 ,height #aa in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #aj4--,t'ang ,pott]y4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) mirror patt]n incis$ & col\r$ blue1 gre51 etc42 inn] bord] ( ju-i cl\d scrolls on a mottl$ yell[ gr\nd1 out] bord] ( mottl$ gre52 pale gre5 glaze und]nea? & ?ree tusk-%ap$ feet4 ,diamet] #ae in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) s]p5t h&le & trilob$ m\?2 appli$ rosette ornam5ts & mottl$ glaze1 gre51 yell[ & :ite4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,plate #aa4--,tang ,w>es4 ,fig4 #a4--;,cup ) b&s ( impress$ circles1 br[ni% yell[ glaze outside1 gre5 )94 ,height #b in*es4 ,seligmann ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cup ( h>d :ite w>e ) gre5i% :ite glaze4 ,height #b in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,melon-%ap$ ,vase1 greyi% /onew>e ) :ite slip & smoo? ivory glaze4 ,height #d in*es4 ,breu] ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,cup ( porcellan\s /onew>e1 :ite slip & crackl$ creamy :ite glaze1 spur m>ks inside4 ,height #c in*es4 ,breu] ,collection4 ,! tru? is1 our k ( ,tang pott]y has only j begun1 & n[ t ! w>e is e/eem$ 9 ,europe at its prop] wor?1 ! *oic] specim5s :i* h be5 treasur$ 9 ,*9a are f9d+ _! way we/w>d4 ,e fre% arrival tells u some?+ new & surpris+1 & x only want$ su* a piece z ,fig4 #a1 ,plate #aj1 to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ! specim5s ^: ,tang orig9 we _h be=e only v5tur$ to conjecture4 ,"h we h a =m ( di% :i* is f\nd among ! tomb w>es ( ! ,tang p]iod1 made ( ! typical ,tang :ite-body & f9i%$ 9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion & decorat$ ) engrav$ designs ( ! mo/ advanc$ type1 fill$ 9 ) col\r$ glazes1 9 addition to b&s ( mottl+ 9 gre5 & :ite1 & yell[ & :ite4 ,!re are1 besides1 o!r specim5s ( simil> make b ) simpl]1 ?\gh sc>cely less int]e/+1 design ( a mirror-%ap$ panel =m$ ( radiat+ lotus leaves engrav$ 9 ! c5tre ) a /ork 9 :ite & gre51 all 9 a deep violet blue gr\nd4 ,! col\r$ glazes us$ 9 ! ,tang poly*rome pott]y are light & transluc5t lead glazes ( ! k9d :i* reappe>s on ! ,m+ & ,*+ pott]y & porcela91 &1 z on ! lat] w>es1 !y are cov]$ ) m9ute accid5tal crackle4 ,9 _! spla%$ & mottl$ v>ieties !y h1 z already not$1 a resemblance to ! glazes ( ! eighte5?-c5tury ,:ieldon w>e ( ,/af=d%ire1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,tang pott]s also us$ ano!r =m ( decoration :i* 0 mu* fanci$ 9 ,/af=d%ire ab\t a ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,?is is ! m>bl+ ( ! w>e1 n m]ely by mottl+ ! glaze z 9 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #i1 or by m>bl+ ! surface1 b by bl5d+ d>k & light clays 9 ! body z 9 ! solid agate w>e ( ,/af=d%ire4 ,x only rema9s to prove t pa9t+ ) a bru% 0 practis$ by ! ,tang pott]s1 & ?\gh "o is loa? to accept su* a revolution>y idea )\t positive pro(1 !re is v good reason to ?9k t su* pieces#ec z ,fig4 #c1 ,plate #ab1 belong to ! ,tang p]iod4 ,!y h a :ite pott]y body1 pa9t$ 9 bold floral scroll designs 9 black "u a beautiful gre5 glaze4 ,we are gett+ us$ to surprises 9 connection ) ,tang pott]y1 & probably 9 a ye>'s "t pa9t$ ,tang w>es1 :i* are n[ only accept$ ) res]ve1 w be an e/abli%$ fact :i* passes )\t comm5t4 ,/amp$ patt]ns are n uncommon1 & we (t5 f9d small r+s or conc5tric circles1 s+ly1 z 9 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #aa1 or /amp$ 9 clu/]s ( five or sev51 =m+ rosettes#ed2 or1 aga91 impress$ key fret1 z 9 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #ab1 :i* has a deep leaf gre5 glaze4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,we/]n ,asiatic civilisations has be5 already m5tion$ 9 casual h9ts1 b x appe>s 9 concrete =m 9 ! peculi> %ape ( ! ew] on ,plate #i4 ,! bird-head$ vessel is f\nd 9 ,p]sian pott]y ( an e>ly date1 "o example ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,ano!r rem>kable in/ance ( ?is =m 0 illu/rat$ & discuss$ by ,dr4 ,m>t9 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #aiab4ee ,x _h1 9 addition1 appli$ relief ornam5ts ( a k9d :i* we h already notic$1 & ,dr4 ,m>t9 express$ 8 op9ion t bo? ! =m & ! ornam5ts are ne>ly relat$ to ,sassanian metal "w4 ,! fact t ! la/ ,sassanid k+ s\ght help f ,*9a#ef po9ts to int]c\rse betwe5 ! two realms1 & 9 any case ! nor!rn trade r\te ?r\gh ,turke/an into ,we/]n ,asia gave ample opportunity = ! traffic 9 ,p]sian & ,sassanian w>es4 ,b m rem>kable /ill is ! classical _s display$ 9 ! pip+ boy & danc+ girl#eg on a wond]ful flask 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection 7,plate #ah1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! ,greco-,buddhi/ influ5ce on e>ly ,*9ese sculpture has already be5 rem>k$1 & sev]al classical designs are commonly po9t$ out on ! ,tang metal mirrors2 b "h we h 9 pott]y a figure :i* might h be5 tak5 f a ,h]culaneum fresco1 surr\nd$ by scroll-"w wor?y ( ! f9e/ ,tang mirror4 ,! body ( ! w>e is :iti% pott]y1 & ! beautifully m\ld$ surface is cov]$ ) a br[ni% gre5 glaze1 :i*1 l t ( ,fig4 #a1 ,plate #ab1 is cle>ly a survival ( ! ,han glaze4 ,o!r in/ances might be quot$ ( ,grco-,roman influ5ces reflect$ 9 ,tang w>es4 ,!re are obvi\s traces ( ! egg & tongue & honeysuckle patt]ns 9 bord] designs1 & ! %apes ( vases & ew]s (t5 betray a feel+ :i* is m ,greek ?an ,*9ese4 ,rev]t+ to ! engrav$ ,tang ornam5t1 !re is a little oblong box 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum at ,b]l9 ) incis$ rosettes ( prunus blossom =m1 glaz$ :ite & yell[ 9 a gre5 gr\nd & f9i%$ almo/ ) ! neatness ( ,*i5 ,lung porcela91 b ( und\bt$ly ,tang orig94 ,! same prunus design occurs on a typical ,tang b[l1 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection1 /5cill$ :ite 9 a gre5 gr\nd4 ,i h po/pon$ ref]5ce to ^! pieces because ( ! be>+ ( ! latt] on ! decoration ( ! wond]ful figure illu/rat$ 9 ! frontispiece1 :i* w make a fitt+ climax to our s]ies ( ,tang specim5s4 ,?is figure1 ) its /&1 measures #ej in*es 9 height1 & repres5ts "o ( sixte5 ,lohan or ,arhats1 ! ,buddhi/ apo/les4 ,its prov5ance has be5 kept discreetly conceal$1#eh b we may inf] t x 0 tak5 f a temple or mausoleum1 & we "k t !re 7 o!rs ) x1 two ( :i* 7 exhibit$ at ! ,muse ,c]nus*i1 9 ,p>is1 9 ,june1 #aiac4 ,?is "o1 h[ev]1 has ! advantage ov] ! o!rs ( be+ complete ) its pott]y /&4 ,! w>e is :ite & comp>atively h>d2 ! col\rless glaze on ! fle%y p>ts has acquir$ a br[n /a9 f ! dripp+ ( ! cave moi/ure1 & develop$ a m9ute crackle1 bo? ( :i* features are obs]vable on "s ( ! glaz$ vases f ,t'ang tombs2 ! pupils ( ! eyes are black4 ,! drap]ies1 ( :i* ! fl[+ folds are wor?y ( ! f9e/ classic sculpture1 are glaz$ ) mottl$ gre51 ! upp] robe ) br[ni% yell[1 bo? ( ,t'ang type1 & ! latt] is pat*$ 79 true ,buddhi/ fa%ion7 ) gre5-edg$ b&s ) :ite designs resembl+ divid$ prunus blossoms 9 a yell[ gr\nd1 9 /yle recall+ ! decoration ( ! b[l previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! te*nique1 !n1 is t ( ! ,t'ang w>es1 b in/ead ( be+ made 9 a m\ld l ! grave /atuettes1 ?is monum5tal figure is modell$ 9 ! r\nd by an arti/ wor?y to rank ) ! ma/]s ( sculpture & pa9t+ :o made ! ,t'ang p]iod fam\s4 ,:5 "o looks at ! p[]ful modell+ ( ! head1 ! /rong features compos$ 9 deep contemplation1 & ! re/ful pose ( ! seat$ =m1 "o realises t "h1 at la/1 we h ! great art :i* inspir$ ! e>ly ,buddhi/ sculptors ( ,japan4 ,x is no conv5tional deity :i* sits be=e u4 ,! features are s human z to sugge/ an actual portrait1 b = ! sup]natural enl>gem5t ( ! e>s 9 ,buddhi/ fa%ion4 ,! contract$ br[s bespeak deep conc5tration2 ! eyes1 dreamy yet awake1 look ?r\gh & pa/ u into ! inf9ite2 ! no/rils are dilat$ 9 deep brea?+2 ! lips compress$ 9 firm yet compassionate l9es4 ,x is ! embodim5t ( ! ,buddhi/ idea ( ab/raction & alo(ness2 yet x lives 9 e l9e1 ! p]sonification ( m5tal en]gy 9 repose4 ,b s r>e are examples ( ?is /yle1 t1 unless we turn to pa9t$ pictures or frescoes su* z h be5 br\ght back by ! rec5t exp$itions 9 ,turfan1 we mu/ look 9 ! temples ( ,japan1 n1 inde$1 = simil> ,*9ese "w1 b = ! ,japanese ma/]pieces 9 bronze1 wood & lacqu]1 ( ! same p]iod1 :i* av[$ly foll[$ ! ,*9ese art4 ,! ,yuima 9 ! ,hokkeji nunn]y1 ascrib$ to ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury2 ! portrait figure ( ! prie/ ,ryob5 7 #ggc7 9 ! ,todaiji mona/]y1 & ! portrait figure ( ,*i%o ,dai%i 7 #hia7 9 ! ,onjoji mona/]y1#ei are all conceiv$ 9 ! same gr& /yle1 & bespeak a k9dr$ art4 ,b high z ?is figure ranks z sculpture1 x is f> m rem>kable z pott]y4 ,to fire su* a mass ( mat]ial )\t subsid5ce or crack+ w\ld tax ! capabilities ( ! be/ equipp$ mod]n pott]y1 :ile ! skill display$ 9 ! modell+ is probably unequall$ 9 any kn[n example ( c]amic sculpture4 ,! contempor>y grave figures hold a high place 9 c]amic modell+1 b ?is /atue is z f> above ! be/ ( !m z ,dwight's /onew>e bu/ ( ,pr9ce ,rup]t t[]s above ! ,/af=d%ire figur9es4 ,dwight's ma/]piece has long be5 an object ( wond] & admiration 9 ! c]amic ante-room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 &1 ) ! help ( ! ,national ,art ,collections ,fund & ( sev]al munific5t individuals1 ! ,briti% ,museum has be5 able to acquire ?is wond]ful ,*9ese figure1 :i* is n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 gall]ies4 ,x is too e>ly yet to attempt s]i\sly ! classification ( ! ,tang w>es "u _! respective factories4 ,be=e ?is is possible ! meagre allusions 9 ,*9ese lit]ature mu/ be supplem5t$ by f> full] in=mation4 ,at pres5t our k ( ! ,tang factories is *iefly drawn f casual ref]5ces 9 ,*9ese poetry & 9 ! ,*9ese ,classic on ,tea1 ! ,*a ,*+1 writt5 by ,lu ,y 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,f ?is we ga!r t ! ,yeh ,*\#fj kilns enjoy$ a high reputation4 ,an e>ly allusion to ?is factory 9 ref]5ce to ! b[ls ( ,ea/]n ,ou 9 ! ,*9 dyna/y has already be5 record$4#fa ,! au?or ( ! ,tea ,classic tells u t among tea-dr9k]s ! ,yeh b[ls 7 consid]$ ! be/1 ?\gh !re 7 "s :o rank$ ^? ( ,hs+ ,*\#fb above !m4 ,lu ,y1 h[ev]1 ?\ght ! judgm5t ( ! latt] connoisseurs 0 wrong1 because ! ,hs+ ,*\ b[ls resembl$ silv] :ile ! ,yeh b[ls 7 l jade1 because ! ,hs+ b[ls 7 l sn[1 ! ,yeh l ice1 & because ! ,hs+ w>e1 be+ :ite1 made ! tea appe> r$1 :ile ! ,yeh w>e1 be+ gre5 7*+71 imp>t$ a gre5 7l7 t9t to ! tea4 ,! ,tang poet1 ,lu ,kuei-mng1 fur!r tells u t ! ,yeh b[ls despoil$ ! ?\s& peaks ( _! blue gre5#fc col\r4 ,yeh ,*\ is ! mod]n ,%ao-hs+ ,fu 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*kiang4 ,x 0 celebrat$ 9 ! t5? c5tury = a special w>e made exclusively = ! pr9ces ( ,wu & ,yeh1 ( ! ,*i5 family1 :o reign$ at ,hung ,*\ f #ijg to #igf4 ,?is 0 ! pi s or secret col\r w>e :i* 0 made at ,yeh ,*\ until ! ,s\!rn ,sung p]iod 7#aabg-abgi71 :5 ! manufacture 0 remov$ to ,y-yao4#fd ,! pi s#fe w>e has caus$ endless my/ification among writ]s on ,*9ese porcela94 ,! "n--:i* means lit]ally secret col\r--has be5 tak5 by "s to imply t ! col\r 0 produc$ by a secret process 7! mo/ natural b n ! g5]ally accept$ mean+71 & by o!rs t x 0 a =bidd5 col\r1 i4e4 only p]mitt$ to be us$ by ! pr9cely patrons ( ! h\se ( ,*i54#ff ,! au?or ( ! ,*+-t ,*5 tao lu#fg /ates t x resembl$ ! ,yeh w>e 9 =m1 b surpass$ x 9 purity & brilliance4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only ! op9ion ( a n9ete5?-c5tury writ] :o does n claim to h se5 a specim5 ( ei!r4 ,a t5?-c5tury writ]#fh makes use ( ! vague expression1 ! secret col\r pres]ves ! note ( ! gre5 7*+7 w>e 7tz71 :i* app>5tly means t ! secret-col\r glaze did n rob ! w>e ( ! musical quality ( usual *+ w>e1 imply+ a diff]5ce ( "s k9d betwe5 ! pi s & ! *+ glaze4 ,lit]>y ref]5ces ( ?is k9d are op5 to s _m inf]5ces t _! value is slight )\t "s tangible specim5 to help u to realise _! import4 ,?is difficulty is greatly increas$ 9 deal+ ) ,*9ese descriptions because ( ! ambiguity ( ,*9ese col\r words1 :i* is discuss$ else:]e4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,yeh ,*\ w>e1 or at any rate ( "o k9d ( x1 we h an important clue 9 ano!r ,*9ese "w4 ,hs ,*+1 :o accompani$ ! ,*9ese ,ambassador to ,corea 9 #aabe1 9 a description ( ! ,corean w>es1 makes ! rem>k t ! re/ ( !m h a g5]al lik5ess to ! old pi s w>e ( ,yeh ,*\ & ! new ,ju ,*\ w>e4#fi ,=tunately1 we c speak ) consid]able confid5ce ( ! ,corean w>es ( ?is "t1 _m examples ( :i* h be5 tak5 f ! tombs ( ! p]iod4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a fair numb] ( examples1 q en\gh to %[ ! typical ,corean glaze1 a s(t grey gre5 celadon ( decid$ly blui% t9t1 a ?ick smoo? glaze (t5 ( great delicacy & beauty ( tone4 ,9 view ( ?is ! col\r ( ! ,yeh b[ls1 ! blue-gre5 ( ! hills1 is easily visualis$4 ,b ,*9a boa/s s _m makes ( celadon#gj t he w\ld be a bold man :o w\ld s+le out any "o piece & say ?is is ,yeh w>e4 ,among ! num]\s specim5s ( celadon :i* h rea*$ ,europe f v>i\s s\rces x is f> f improbable t "s 7 bak$ 9 ! ,yeh kilns1 b at pres5t1 alas1 we are impot5t to id5tify !m4 ,! au?or ( ! ,*+-t ,*n tao lu#ga places ! ,hs+ ,*\ factory at ! mod]n ,hs+-tai ,hsi51 a dep5d5cy ( ,%un-t ,fu1 9 ,*ihli4 ,little else is record$ ab\t ! :ite ,hs+ w>e beyond a g5]al /atem5t 9 ! annals ( ! ,tang dyna/y#gb t ! :ite w>e 7tz7 cups ( ,nei ,*iu 7 us$ by ri* & poor ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,nei ,*iu1 x %\ld be expla9$1 is id5tifi$ z a t[n%ip 9 ! ,hs+ ,*\4 ,we may add t ! w>e ( bo? ,yeh ,*\ & ,hs+ ,*\ 0 us$ = musical cups by ,kuo ,tao-yan4#gc ,"o ( ! crit]ia :i* ! ,*9ese recognise 9 di/+ui%+ ord9>y pott]y f ! f9] w>es ( a porcellan\s nature is ! note emitt$ by ! w>e :5 sm>tly tapp$ ) ! f+]1 & we may fairly inf] t any b[ls :i* 7 suitable = use z musical *imes w\ld be ( a sonor\s1 h>d fir$ mat]ial if n actually porcela94 ,! ,*a ,*+ enum]ates five o!r ,tang factories :i* suppli$ tea b[ls1 all ( !m inf]ior 9 reputation to ! ,yeh ,*\ kilns4 ,t+ ,*\ ,*9ese 9 ! ,hsi-an ,fu1#gd 9 ,%5si2 ,wu ,*\ ,*9ese 9 ! ,*9-hua ,fu1 9 ,*kiang2 ,yo ,*\ ,*9ese 9 ,hunan2 ,%\ ,*\ ,*9ese 9 ,kiangnan2 & ,hung ,*\ ,*9ese1 ! mod]n ,nan-*ang ,fu1 9 ,kiangsi1 ! di/rict 9 :i* is ,*+-t ,*n1 aft]w>ds ! c]amic metropolis ( ,*9a4 ,( ^! w>es we h only ! meagre in=mation t ! ,yo ,*\ w>e 0 ( gre5 7*+7 col\r2 ! ,%\ ,*\ w>e1 yell[2 & t ! ,hung ,*\ w>e 0 a br[ni% col\r1#ge & made ! tea appe> black4 ,! ,hung ,*\ factory is also nam$ 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun1#gf :i* tells u t vessels made at ,hung ,*\ 9 ,kiangsi are yell[i% black 9 col\r4 ,a six? factory1 app>5tly ( "s reputation ?\gh n m5tion$ 9 ! ,*a ,*+1 is nam$ 9 a poem by ,tu ,fu1 presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,works1#gg 9 ! ,tang dyna/y1 :o says3 ,! w>e 7tz7 bak$ at ,ta-yi is light b /rong4 ,x gives out1 :5 /ruck1 a s\nd l ! pla9tive note ( ! ,*9-*ng jade4 ,! :ite b[ls ( y\r ,excell5cy surpass ! fro/ & sn[4 ,9 pity ha/5 to s5d "o to ! pavilion ( my /udies4 ,ta-yi 0 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,*iung ,*\1 9 ,sze*uan4 ,! five brief dyna/ies :i* fill ! int]val betwe5 ! ,tang & ,sung p]iods are only kn[n to c]amic hi/ory = two w>es1 ! id5tity ( :i* rema9s a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! fir/ is ! pi s w>e ( ,yeh ,*\1 :i* has already be5 discuss$2 & ! second is ! celebrat$ b intangible ,*ai w>e4 ,*9ese writ]s wax poetical ov] ! ,*ai w>e4 ,m5 ( old1 says a late ,m+ writ]1#gh describ$ ,*ai w>e z blue l ! sky1 brilliant l a mirror1 ?9 l pap]1 & resonant l a musical /one4 ,an e>li] & less hyp]bolical description ( x giv5 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun#gi /ates t x 0 made at ,*ng ,*\1 9 ,honan1 & nam$ *ai by ,%9 ,tsung 7( ! ,po/]ior ,*\ dyna/y1 :o reign$ = five ye>s f #ied to #iei72 t its col\r 0 sky blue2 t x 0 ri*1 ref9$1 & unctu\s1 & _h f9e crackle-l9es2 t 9 _m cases !re 0 co>se yell[ clay on ! foot ( ! w>es2 & t x 0 r>ely se5 9 ! writ]'s "t4 ,else:]e#hj we read t1 accord+ to tradition1 ,%ih ,tsung1 on be+ ask$ :at k9d ( w>e he w\ld require = palace use1 comm&$ t its col\r = ! future %\ld be ! blue ( ! sky aft] ra9 z se5 9 ! rifts ( ! cl\ds4#ha ,z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,*ai w>e _h virtually ceas$ to exi/1 & a writ]#hb ( t "t tells u ,*ai w>e is no long] to be f\nd4 ,i once saw a fragm5t ( a brok5 piece m\nt$ 9 a girdle-buckle4 ,its col\r 0 brilliant1 & answ]$ to ! usual description ( ! w>e1 b ! w>e itself 0 ?ick4 ,a c5tury aft]w>ds ! w>e 0 no?+ m ?an a tradition1 & lat] x develop$ a leg5d>y "*4 ,fragm5ts ( x 7 said to dazzle ! eyes1 & :5 worn on arm\r to turn aside missiles 9 battle4#hc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #c ,plate #ab4--,tang ,pott]y ) gre5 glaze4 ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle ) impress$ key-fret4 ,height #g in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) incis$ foliage scrolls4 ,height #d in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) foliage scrolls1 pa9t$ 9 black "u ! glaze1 incis$ bord] on ! %\ld]4 ,height #d in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #ac4--,tang ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a4--,pilgrim ,bottle ) lily palmette & rais$ rosettes1 gre5 glaze4 ,height #g in*es4 ,koe*l9 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,pilgrim ,bottle 7neck want+71 ,hell5i/ic figures ( pip+ boy & danc+ girl 9 relief among floral scrolls1 br[ni% gre5 glaze4 ,height #h in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #b ,plate #ad4--,tang ,w>es4 ,fig4 #a4--;,inc5se ,vase1 lotus-%ap$1 ) lion on ! cov]1 hexagonal /& ) m\ld$ ornam5t2 gre51 yell[ & br[n glazes4 ,height #ai in*es4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,sepul*ral ,amphora1 h>d :ite w>e ) gre5i% :ite glaze1 s]p5t h&les4 ,height #ai in*es4 ,s*neid] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ) l>ge foliage & lotus bord] 9 c>v$ relief1 gre5 glaze4 ,height #f in*es4 ,koe*l9 ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--,sepul*ral ,vase1 grey /onew>e ) opaque gre5i% grey glaze4 ,incis$ scrolls on ! body1 appli$ reliefs ( dragons1 figures1 etc41 on neck & %\ld]4 787 ,tang4 ,height #bj in*es4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,*9ese writ]s h be5 tr\bl$ by ! app>5t inconsi/5cy ( ! descriptions1 ?9 z pap] & hav+ co>se yell[ clay on ! foot4 ,! latt] may1 h[ev]1 m]ely ref] to pat*es ( co>se clay or s& :i* _h s]v$ to support ! w>e 9 ! kiln1 & :i* _h p>tially adh]$ to ! base1 a ?+ n uncommon 9 ! e>li] manufactures4 ,! expression has1 h[ev]1 l$ "s lat] writ]s#hd to id5tify ! ,*ai w>e ) a fairly well-kn[n type ( comp>atively s(t buff pott]y1 coat$ ) a lusci\s turquoise or pale lav5d] blue glaze1 :i* we %all h occasion to discuss lat]4#he ,ne$less to say1 !re is no probability ( ?is type be+ ! real ,*ai4 ,its comp>ative commonness alone puts ! supposition out ( c\rt1 b ! sugge/ion s]ves to %[ t "s ,*9ese ?9k]s1 at any rate1 see ! ,*ai col\r 9 j su* glazes z ! pale lav5d] blue ( ,plate #hh1 ,fig4 #b1 :i* und\bt$ly satisfies 9 _m respects ! description blue ( ! sky aft] ra94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! celebrat$ ,ju ,*\ w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 :i* aspir$ to equal ! ,*ai 9 col\r1 0 evid5tly ( ! grey gre5 celadon type1 ) p]haps a t+e ( blue l ! e>ly ,corean w>es4#hf ,we h1 !n1 two !ories on ! nature ( ! ,*ai glaze3 7#a7 t x 0 an opalesc5t1 turquoise glaze1 su* z is se5 on ! ,*n type ( w>es2 & 7#b7 t x belong$ to ! smoo? grey gre5 celadon class1 ) ! blui% t9t /rongly develop$4 ,!re may be o!r !ories#hg besides1 b x matt]s little1 z no au!ntic specim5 is kn[n to exi/4 ,9 fact1 ! discussion "u ! circum/ances w\ld h b little int]e/ 7 x n = its be>+ on "s ( ! ,sung w>es1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #da3 ,no d\bt ?is mortu>y pott]y 0 made locally to supply local ne$s1 & !re is no occasion to ref] x to any ( ! bett] kn[n pott]y c5tres1 ?\gh we d f9d m5tion ( an imp]ial ord] = sepul*ral w>e s5t to ! pott]s at ,hs9-p+ 7! old "n = ! di/rict t[n ( ,*+-t ,*n7 9 ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #b1 quot+ f ! ,hsiang l+ m+ huan *ih4 ,footnote #db3 ,see ,a ,gloss>y ( ,ref]5ce on ,subjects ,connect$ ) ! ,f> ,ea/1 by ,h4,a4 ,giles1 ,%anghai1 #aijj4 ,! practice among ,*9ese wom5 ( cramp+ ! feet is said by "s to h orig9at$ ab\t #igj ,a4,d4 ) ,yao ,niang1 concub9e ( ! pret5d] ,li ,y4 ,! lady wi%$ to make h] feet l ! new moon4 ,o!rs say t x 0 introduc$ by ,pan ,fei1 ! fav\rite ( ! la/ mon>* ( ! ,*i dyna/y1 #eja ,a4,d4 ,footnote #dc3 ,see ! ,toyei ,%uko 7,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ! anci5t ,imp]ial ,treasure call$ ,%oso-91 by ,omura ,seigai1 ,tokyo1 #aiaj71 ,nos4 #aed1 #aee & #aef4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ano!r common *>act]i/ic ( ! ,t'ang base is a c5tral r+1 or "o or two conc5tric circles incis$ on ! :eel4 ,footnote #de3 ,lauf] 7,jade1 p4 #bdg7 s\nds a note ( w>n+ ab\t ! recon/ruction ( _m ( ! ,t'ang figures4 ,!y 7 v frequ5tly brok5 9 ! c\rse ( excavation1 & :5 a head 0 miss+ its place 0 commonly suppli$ f ano!r f9d4 ,ano!r & m s]i\s w>n+ is giv5 by ,f4 ,p]zynski 9 ! ,o/asiatis*] ,zeits*rift1 ,janu>y to ,april1 #aiad1 p4 #dfd1 9 an article describ+ =g]ies ( col\r$ ,t'ang figures1 & vases & ew]s ) mottl$ gre5 & yell[ glazes1 9 ,honan ,fu4 ,footnote #df3 ,ru9s ( ,des]t ,ca?ay1 vol4 ii41 p1 #aie4 ,simil>ly b[ls ) spott$ glaze are indicat$ 9 sev]al ( ! silk pictures f\nd by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 at ,tun-huang1 :i* are tempor>ily exhibit$ 9 ! ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 gall]ies 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #dg3 ,fragm5ts ( simil>ly glaz$ w>e 7 discov]$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 on sites 9 ,turfan1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be ( ,t'ang date 7see p4 #acd74 ,footnote #dh3 ,9 a pap] by ,sir ,c4 ,h]cules ,read 9 ! fifte5? numb] ( ,man1 a publication ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,footnote #di3 ,see p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see ,a4,w4 ,bahr1 ,old ,*9ese ,porcela9 & ,works ( ,art 9 ,*9a1 ,plate ,,iv4 ,footnote #ea3 ,at ,p'+-yang ,fu1 at ,ho ,*\1 & else:]e 7see p4 #ig74 ,footnote #eb3 ,ru9s ( ,des]t ,ca?ay1 vol4 #aa41 fig4 #aig4 ,footnote #ec3 ,mr4 ,c4,l4 ,fre] has 9 8 collection 9 ,detroit a vase ( h>d r$di% w>e ) a freely drawn lotus design 9 br[n "u a pale gre5 glaze1 ) p>ts ( ! fl[] 9 dry r$di% br[n slip or pigm5t ov] ! glaze4 ,x has ! *>act]i/ic ,tang base & appe>s to belong to t p]iod4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! small rosettes :i* commonly occur ,9 ! inlaid ,corean designs recall ^! /amp$ ,tang patt]ns4 ,inde$ ! analogy betwe5 ! ,corean patt]ns 9 g5]al & ^? f\nd on ,tang pott]y is mo/ significant4 ,footnote #ee3 ,x is n[ 9 ! collection ( ,mrs4 ,pott] ,palm]4 ,footnote #ef3 ,yesdijird ,,iii41 aft] 8 ov]?r[ by ! ,arabs ,9 #fda1 fl$ to ,m]v1 & !re appeal$ = aid to ! ,*9ese ,emp]or4 ,he does n appe> to h fl$ = refuge to ,*9a1 z has be5 sometimes ass]t$4 ,footnote #eg3 ,! classical prototype is se5 9 a vase ,9 ! ,f\r? ,vase ,room 7,case ,c7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 on :i* we f9d two simil> figures 9 relief surr\nd$ by a grape v9e scroll4 ,footnote #eh3 ,s9ce writ+ ! above note my att5tion has be5 drawn to a delightful article 9 ! ,neue ,runds*au 7,oct41 #aiac1 p4 #adbg7 by ,f4 ,p]zynski1 entitl$ ,jagd auf ,gtt]4 ,mr4 ,p]zynski describes 8 haz>d\s j\rney to an almo/ inaccessible cave temple on a m\nta9 top ne> ,i*\ 9 ,*ihli1 & !re is little d\bt t ?is is ! place f :i* our wond]ful figure came4 ,he speaks ( ! hill z ! ,ac?lohanb]g1 imply+ a tradition ( eight ( ^! figures ( ,lohan1 :i* _h app>5tly be5 conceal$ 9 ?is & o!r cav]ns = safety dur+ a p]iod ( iconoclasm1 su* z occurr$ 9 ! n9? & ! ?irte5? c5turies1 :5 ?\s&s ( ,buddhi/ %r9es 7 wreck$4 ,he f\nd ! %r9e b>e ( ! ,lohan1 except = a few fragm5ts4 ,! re/ _h be5 pillag$1 & sev]al ( ! figures _h evid5tly be5 brok5 9 ! attempt to remove !m ?r\gh ! n>r[ ap]ture ( ! caves1 or to conceal !m aft]w>ds4 ,p>ts ( !m1 & a sadly damag$ ,lohan1 7 actually %[n to him 9 ! neighb\rhood2 & he aft]w>ds succe$$ 9 obta9+ a complete figure & a torso1 :i* 7 exhibit$ by him 9 ,b]l94 ,on ! alt> ( ! %r9e he f\nd an inc5se burn] ( glaz$ w>e1 :i* he attribut$ to ! ,yan dyna/y1 & !re 0 a tablet record+ ! re/oration ( ! alt> 9 ! reign ( ,*ng ,t 7e>ly sixte5? c5tury74 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,mr4 ,p]zynski assum$ at once t ^! figures are ( ,tang date4 ,incid5tally1 he m5tions a visit to a hill :i* he calls ! ,kuany9b]g1 :]e a cav]n temple exi/s conta9+ ! rema9s ( a colossal /atue ( ,kuany94 ,x is n[ brok51 b ,mr4 ,p]zynski saw x /&+ 9 its enorm\s /ature ( ?ree metres high1 to :i* mu/ be add$ a /& a metre high & two 9 wid?4 ,?is figure 0 orig9ally 9 glaz$ pott]y1 possibly also ( ! ,tang p]iod1 b a great "p ( x _h be5 re/or$ 9 wood & pla/] 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see ,japanese ,temples & _! ,treasures1 by ,%iba-junrokuro1 ) translations by ,mr4 ,langdon ,w>n]1 ,tokyo1 ,%imbi ,%o91 #aiaj1 vol4 ii41 nos4 #bch1 #bfh1 & #cjj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,*9ese4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see p4 #ag4 ,footnote #fb3 ,*9ese1 sometimes writt5 ,*9ese4 ,footnote #fc3 ,*9ese tsui s4 ,tsui is ! col\r ( a bird ) blue-gre5 fea!rs3 a k+fi%] 7,giles71 & x seems to h be5 us$ indiff]5tly to express a blui% gre5 col\r & gre5i% blue l turquoise4 ,9 ,lu ,kuei-mng's poem x sugge/s ! col\r ( di/ant hills4 ,a passage 9 a sev5te5?-c5tury "w1 ! ,*i sung tang %ih hsiao lu 7quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #h71 seems to imply t !re 7 lu/r\s reflections 9 ! glaze ( "s ( ! ,yeh w>es4 ,x runs1 ,yeh yao cups ) small feet are ( ! light gre5 7*+7 ( ! *e/nut husk2 :5 turn$ sideways !y are ! col\r ( em]ald gre5 jade 7fei tsui74 ,footnote #fd3 ,see ,juli51 op4 cit41 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #fe3 ,*9ese ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #e recto1 quot+ ! ,sung "w1 ,kao *ai man lu1 & ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #i1 quot+ a twelf?-c5tury "w1 ! ,*+ pi tsa *ih1 ,! pi s vessels 7 orig9ally ! w>es (f]$ daily to ! h\se ( ,*i5 :5 x rul$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,no subject 0 all[$ to h !m4 ,t is :y !y 7 call$ pi s4 ,footnote #fg3 ,bk4 v41 fol4 #d recto4 ,footnote #fh3 ,see ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #e v]so4 ,footnote #fi3 ,= fur!r ref]5ce to ?is important passage1 see p4 #ed4 ,footnote #gj3 ,see *4 vi4 ,footnote #ga3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #ac recto4 ,footnote #gb3 ,tang kuo %ih pu1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo2 see ,bu%ell's translation 7,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela971 p4 #cf4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,hs+ ,*\ 0 9 ! same di/rict z ,tz ,*\1 :i* has long be5 celebrat$ = its pott]y4 ,see p4 #aja4 ,footnote #gc3 ,z /at$ 9 ,yo fu tsa lu1 a t5?-c5tury "w on music1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #d recto4 ,twelve cups 7 us$1 & !y 7 sometimes m>k$ ) num]als4 ,footnote #gd3 ,n to be confus$ ) ! m celebrat$ ,t+ ,*\ ,*9ese 9 ,*ihli4 ,footnote #ge3 ho ,*9ese1 a co>se clo? or s]ge1 us$ to sugge/ a br[ni% t9t2 cf4 s ho ju tung col\r ho l copp]4 ,footnote #gf3 ,z quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu 7see ,juli51 p4 #e74 ,! ref]5ce does n appe> 9 ! ,briti% ,museum copy ( ! ,ko ku yao lun4 ,footnote #gg3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #e recto1 & bk4 v41 fol4 #c recto4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ku ,y+-tai 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 publi%$ 9 ! ,ti5 ,*i p]iod 7#afba-afbg74 ,footnote #gi3 ,by ,tsao-*ao 9 #achg2 republi%$ 9 a revis$ & enl>g$ edition by ,wang-tso 9 #adei4 ,footnote #hj3 ,9 ! ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #e v]so4 ,footnote #ha3 ,*9ese y kuo ti5 *+ yn po *u *4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! col\r ^w us$ is *+1 :i* has ! mean+ ( blue or gre51 indiff]5tly4 ,footnote #hb3 ,*ang ,y+-wn1 9 ! ,*+ pi tsang1 writt5 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #hc3 ,9 ! ,ju %ih we wn1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #ai1 :]e we are told t m]*ants br+ fragm5ts ( ,*ai w>e to sell = #ajj ounces ( silv]4 ,!y say t if inlaid 9 ! helmet at ! approa* ( battle1 !y are able to turn aside ! fire implem5ts 7huo *i74 ,footnote #hd3 ,= example1 9 ! ,li ta kan kao ku ou pi51 a mod]n "w1 we f9d3 ,z to :at !y call at pres5t ,yan & ,*n w>es1 ^! 9 mat]ial1 col\r1 s\nd1 & brilliancy are simil> to ,*ai yao1 b !y diff] 9 ?ickness1 & are p]haps ! common folk's imitation w>es1 & n ! ,imp]ial ,%ih ,tsung w>e4 ,b we are n yet able to say4 ,if ! w>e has sky blue col\r1 cle> & brilliant on a co>se yell[ brick-e>? body1 & r+s l bronze1 x mu/ be ,*ai w>e4 ,z to ,*n w>e 444 ! specim5s h 9 e case r$ col\r & v>iegat$ surface4444 ,footnote #he3 ,see p4 #dh4 ,footnote #hf3 ,see pp4 #ci & #ed4 ,footnote #hg3 ,i h se51 = in/ance1 a rem>kable w>e ( :ite porcellan\s type1 ) a transp>5t glaze ( a fa9t blui% t+e1 to :i* ! "n ,*ai 0 boldly giv54 ,x 0 c]ta9ly an e>ly type1 p]haps z e>ly z ! ,sung dyna/y1 b x belong$ to a class ( porcela9 :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly ,corean4 ,! only specim5 ,i h se5 ) a m>k ( ! ,po/]ior ,*\ p]iod is n a blue-glaz$ piece b a l>ge vase ) wond]ful purpli% black glaze ( ! ,*i5-yao type 9 ! ,eumorfop\los collection4 ,! m>k1 h[ev]1 has be5 cut at "s "t subsequ5t to ! manufacture1 & c only be reg>d$ z reflect+ "s unkn[n p]son's op9ion z to ! date ( ! piece4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,sung ,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #ifj-abgi ,a4,d4 ,,) ! ,sung dyna/y firmly e/abli%$ 9 #ifj ,a4,d41 ! ,*9ese ,empire ent]$ ^u a long p]iod ( prosp]ity r5d]$ glori\s by ! cultivation ( ! arts ( peace4 ,x is true t ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,empire 7 contract$ & ! ,t>t> tribes on ! nor?-we/ _h made good _! indep5d5ce & rema9$ a con/ant m5ace to ! fronti]s ( ,*9a4 ,9 #aabg ! dam 0 brok5 & ! des]t w>riors1 no long] to be kept 9 *eck by diplomacy or =ce1 bur/ ^u ,nor!rn ,*9a & drove ! peace-lov+ ,sung f _! capital1 ! mod]n ,kai-fng ,fu 9 ,honan4 ,! ,emp]or ,kao ,tsung & 8 ,c\rt fl$ across ! ,yangtze to _! new capital at ,hang ,*\1 :]e ! dyna/y cont9u$ "u ! "n ( ! ,s\!rn ,sung until #abgi4 ,! description giv5 by ,m>co ,polo ( ,hang ,*\1 :i* he consid]$1 ev5 9 #abhj1 to be beyond dispute ! f9e/ & ! noble/ city 9 ! _w1 pres5ts a wond]ful picture ( ! ref9em5t & luxury ( ! ,sung civilisation4 ,! great city _h its network ( canals & its twelve ?\s& /one bridges1 its fl\ri%+ guilds ( craftsm51 its m]*ant pr9ces :o liv$ nicely & delicately z k+s1 its ?ree hundr$ public ba?s ( hot wat]1 its t5 pr9cipal m>kets1 its great lake l9$ ) h\seboats & b>ges1 & its /reets ?rong$ ) c>riages4 ,! citiz5s !mselves 7 peaceful & ord]ly1 nei!r we>+ arms nor keep+ !m 9 _! homes1 & _! cordiality to =eign]s 0 h>dly less ?an ! good w & fri5dl9ess :i* m>k$ _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,! conditions :i* produc$ su* a community z ?is 7 ideal = ! developm5t ( lit]ature & art1 & ! ,sung dyna/y has be5 describ$ z a prolong$ ,augu/an age = poets1 pa9t]s1 & art work]s ( e p]suasion4 ,x 01 moreov]1 an age ( connoisseurs & collectors4 ,treatises 7 writt5 on arti/ic subjects1 encyclopdias 7 publi%$1 & illu/rat$ catalogues issu$ by ! ord] ( ! ,emp]or & 8 foll[]s4 ,among ! be/ kn[n ( ^! la/ publications are ! ,hsan ,ho po ku tu lu1 ,illu/rat$ discussion ( ! antiquities 9 ! palace ( ,hsan ,ho1 & ! ,ku y tu pu1 ,illu/rat$ description ( anci5t jade4 ,x is true t mod]n criticism has s]i\sly impugn$ ! ar*ological value ( bo? ^! classic works4 ,x is said t +5i\s conjectures & recon/ructions1 bas$ on ! read+ ( e>li] lit]ature1 too (t5 take ! place ( practical ar*ology & fir/-h& k ( ! art ( ! ,%ang & ,*\ dyna/ies4 ,sung ar*ology1 9 fact1 appe>s to h be5 9 mu* ! same !oretical condition z ! ,hom]ic criticism 9 ,europe be=e ! days ( ,s*liemann4 ,b = u ^! works mu/ always h great int]e/1 if only = ! records !y pres]ve ( ,tang & ,sung ideas4 ,an excell5t1 if extreme1 in/ance ( ! inh]5t weakness ( ,sung ar*ology is giv5 by ,lauf]4#hh ,9 describ+ c]ta9 objects ( ! ,*\ dyna/y e>ly writ]s _h be5 9 ! habit ( speak+ ( gra9 patt]n & ru% patt]n1 assum+ a k 9 _! read]s :i* subsequ5t ages did n possess4 ,9 ! ,sung p]iod ! curr5t ideas ) reg>d to ^! patt]ns 7 express$ by ! illu/rator ( ! ,sung edition ( ! ,li ,*i by ornam5t+ jade discs1 9 ! "o case ) e>s ( :eat & 9 ! o!r ) a clump ( ru%es4 ,mod]n ar*ologi/s h id5tifi$ ! patt]ns 9 "q on objects f\nd 9 ,*\ burials1 ! gra9 patt]n be+ symbolically r5d]$ by a numb] ( small rais$ discs1 repres5t+ ei!r gra9s ( corn or heaps ( gra91 & ! ru% patt]n by a k9d ( matt+ diap]1 geometrically drawn4 ,?is in/ance s]ves to illu/rate ! sali5t diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,*\ & ,sung art1 ! two extremes2 ! ,*\ art is symbolical & geometrical1 ! ,sung impressioni/ & naturali/ic4 ,! ,sung poets & pa9t]s#hi commun$ ) ,nature 9 ! wilds & ?rew into _! v]se or on to _! silks vivid impressions & ideal conceptions ( ! natural ph5om5a4 ,! ,*9ese art ( aft] ye>s owes _m ( its noble/ inspirations to ,sung ma/]s1 b n[h]e are ^! ideas develop$ ) ! same fre%ness & p[] z 9 ! ,sung orig9als4 ,! ,sung dyna/y 0 an age ( a*ievem5t = ! pott]4 ,! c]amic art n[ took rank beside t ( ! bronze work] & jade c>v]1 & x receiv$ a great impetus f regul> ,imp]ial patronage4 ,! ,t+ ,*\ & ,ju ,*\ factories 9 ! nor? work$ "u ,imp]ial m&ate4 ,9 ! s\? ! pott]y c5tre 9 ! ,*ang-nan di/rict receiv$ a new "n f ! ni5 hao ( ! ,emp]or ,*+ ,t 7#ajjd-ajjg71 & develop$ into ! _w-fam$ ,*+-t ,*n4 ,9 ! succe$+ c5tury ! ,imp]ial factories at ,hang ,*\ 7 celebrat$ = ! ,kuan yao or royal w>e2 & num]\s kilns 7 op5$ 9 ! eighte5 prov9ces1 successfully foll[+ ! lead ( ! ,imp]ial pott]ies4 ,subsequ5t ages h nev] ceas$ to v5]ate ! ,sung z ! classic p]iod ( ,*9ese c]amic art1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,emp]or ,yung ,*5g s5t d[n select$ ,sung specim5s f ! palace collection to be imitat$ by ! ,imp]ial pott]s at ,*+-t ,*n4 ,! same s5tim5t p]vades ,*9ese c]amic lit]ature4 ,x h>ks back p]petually to ! ,sung w>es z ! ideal1 collectors rave ab\t !m1 & eulogy ( ! ,ju1 ,kuan1 ,ko1 ,t+1 & ,lung-*an w>es has be5 almo/ an obsession ) lat] ,*9ese writ]s4 ,until rec5t ye>s ! ,european /ud5t has be5 almo/ entirely dep5d5t = 8 k ( ! subject on ^! lit]>y appreciations or on relatively mod]n reproductions ( ! w>es4 ,latt]ly1 h[ev]1 ! int]e/ ar\s$ among ,we/]n collectors 9 ! e>li] w>es & _! consequ5tly enhanc$ value h lur$ _m au!ntic specim5s f ,*9a1 & our in=mation on ! ,sung pott]ies has consid]ably exp&$4 ,b ! difficulties ( classification are /ill only 9 "p surm\nt$4 ,_m important problems rema9 unsolv$1 & = ! und]/&+ ( sev]al celebrat$ gr\ps we are /ill at ! m]cy ( ,*9ese textbooks & encyclopdias4 ,obscurity ( phrase1 ambiguity ( col\r words1 quotations f e>ly au?orities pass$ on f writ] to writ] ) dim9i%+ accuracy1 are among ! _m /umbl+-blocks :i* ! /ud5t ( ^! books mu/ surm\nt at e turn4 ,_m ( ! treatises occur 9 small encyclopdias & miscellanies on works ( art1 :i* are ea* m]ely a corpus ( quotations f simil> works ( ! pa/4 ,moreov]1 an accurate fir/-h& k ( ! w>es !mselves does n seem to h be5 held ess5tial = ! ,*9ese compil]4 ,x is true t ! same might be said ( _m ( our own art-manuals1 & ) less excuse1 = ! ,*9ese c at any rate plead ! v5]ation = ! writ]s ( ! pa/ 9 an ance/or-wor%ipp+ p1 :]eas our own %ortcom+s 9 ?is matt] are due ma9ly to comm]cial reasons4 ,b if ! ,*9ese manuals are (t5 mislead+ & obscure1 !y are at lea/ brief--too brief1 9 _m cases1 & assum+ a p[] to read betwe5 ! l9es :i* no ,european /ud5t c be expect$ to possess4 ,! result is t :]e we h no actual specim5s to help u1 !re is unlimit$ scope = conflict+ !ories on ! mean+ ( ! orig9al text4 ,h[ev]1 z our collections gr[ & guid+ specim5s arrive1 m ( ! ,*9ese descriptions are expla9$1 & work+ back f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n we are able to p5etrate f>!r into ! obscurities ( ! subject4 ,to take a s+le in/ance4 ,! well-kn[n celadon w>e1 ) /rongly built greyi% :ite body1 & beautiful smoo?1 transluc5t sea-gre5 glaze1 has be5 id5tifi$ beyond all d\bt ) ! ,lung-*an w>e ( ,*9ese books4 ,:5 we read ( ! gre5 porcela9 7*+ tz7 b[ls ) fi%es 9 relief inside or on ! bottom1 our ?\ghts at once turn ) confid5ce to su* specim5s z ,fig4 #c1 ,plate #ba1 & we realise t = once we are c]ta9 ( ! mean+ ( ! elusive col\r ^w *+4 ,9 ! same way o!r phrases "h & !re c be run to e>?2 & :5 we meet ! same descriptive words 9 o!r contexts1 ! key to _! mean+ is already 9 our h&s4 ,9 ?is way no little pr(it c ev5 n[ be got f ! /udy ( ,*9ese works1 & x t5ds to increase /eadily1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 "o liv+ example is m in/ructive ?an a ho/ ( descriptions4 ,! ,sung w>es are true *ildr5 ( ! pott]'s craft1 made z !y are by ! simple/ processes1 & 9 ! ma9 decorat$ only by g5u9e pott] me?ods4 ,! adv5titi\s aid ( ! pa9t]'s bru% 01 x is true1 invok$ 9 a few cases1 b ev5 !n ! pigm5ts us$ 7 almo/ entirely ( an e>?y nature1 & x is v d\btful if pa9t+ 9 enamels _h yet be5 ?\ght (4 ,two ye>s ago enamel-pa9t+ on ,sung porcela9 w\ld h be5 d5i$ 9 ! mo/ uncompromis+ t]ms4 ,b ! claims ( c]ta9 specim5s ( ! ,tz ,*\ type1 ) brick-r$ & leaf-gre5 enamel on ! glaze1 to belong to ! ,sung p]iod h be5 s p]si/5tly urg$ t !y _c be entirely ignor$4 ,at pres5t ,i am unconv9c$ ( _! ,sung orig92 b our k ( ,tang w>es has develop$ ) su* surpris+ rapidity t we mu/ be prep>$ = simil> surprises 9 connection ) ! ,sung4 ,mean:ile x w\ld be well to susp5d judgm5t on ?is int]e/+ po9t4 ,! bulk ( ! ,sung w>es1 at any rate1 & among ^! ! be/ ( !m1 7 ei!r :olly undecorat$--t is1 :olly dep5d5t on =m & glaze1 or else ornam5t$ by su* me?ods z m\ld+1 /amp+1 application ( clay reliefs1 c>v+1 or et*+ ) a f9e po9t4 ,all ^! processes 7 appli$ :ile ! clay 0 /ill unfix$1 & ! glaze 0 aft]w>ds add$ & ! w>e f9i%$ once & = all 9 a s+le fir+4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! glaze mu/ be capable ( /&+ ! fi]ce heat requir$ to bake ! body1 & z ! ,sung bodies are mo/ly ( a high-fir$ porcellan\s nature1 ! glazes us$ on !m 7 limit$ to ! refractory k9ds compos$ l>gely ( petuntse or porcela9 /one4 ,x foll[s also t any impurity1 any p>ticle ( iron1 = in/ance1 9 ! clay w\ld make its pres5ce felt 9 ! glaze & influ5ce ! col\r ( ! latt]1 locally at any rate4 ,!re is a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! *>act]i/ic col\r$ glazes ( ! ,sung & ! ,t'ang p]iods4 ,! latt] are1 z a rule1 comp>atively s(t lead glazes1 resembl+ 9 _! col\r1 texture1 & _! m9ute craz+ ! latt] glazes on ,m+ pott]y4 ,! =m] are ?ick & h>d1 & ! crackle :]e x exi/s is positive & well def9$4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,burton#ij makes "s int]e/+ comm5ts on ^! high-fir$ glazes3 ,!re are c]ta9 te*nical po9ts ( great int]e/ to be drawn f a /udy ( ! ,sung productions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y prove t ! ,*9ese1 f a v e>ly p]iod1 _h le>nt to fire _! pott]y at a mu* high] temp]ature ?an ! contempor>y pott]s ( ! ,we/ 7 us+4444 ,a ?ird po9t ( ev5 great] int]e/1 :i* seems to h escap$ ! notice ( e previ\s writ]1 is t ! me?od ( fir+ us$ by ! ,*9ese naturally produc$ glazes 9 :i* ! oxide ( iron & oxide ( copp] 7 pres5t 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( oxidisation2 & ?is is ! explanation ( ! seem+ p>adox t ! gre5 glazes1 kn[n to u z celadon1 & ! copp]-r$ glazes1 7 among/ ! e>lie/ productions ( ! ,*9ese porcela9-mak]s1 :ile 9 ,europe !y h be5 among ! late/ secrets to be acquir$4 ,! mo/ important feature ( ! ,sung w>es lies 9 _! glaze1 :i* holds la qualit matresse de la cramique1 z an en?usia/ic ,fr5* writ] has express$ x4 ,its ri*ness1 ?ickness1 lu/re1 transluc5cy1 & its col\r & crackle are ! ma9 crit]ia ( ! w>es 9 ! eyes ( ,*9ese connoisseurs4 ,tz jun 7ri* & unctu\s71 hsi ni 7f9e & glossy71 jung 7lu/r\s71 tung jung 7lu/r\s ?r\gh\t or transp>5t7 are among ! phrases mo/ con/antly met 9 _! appreciations4 ,a ^w1 too1 is usually add$ on col\r ( ! body mat]ial1 :i* 9 _m cases w\ld appe> to h be5 ( a r$ or br[n t9t1 iron-col\r$ or copp]-col\r$4 ,n t x is necess>y to inf] t 9 e in/ance ! w>e 0 r$ or br[n ?r\gh\t4 ,x is a matt] ( obs]vation t 9 _m ( ! e>ly w>es ! expos$ places 7usually conf9$ to ! edge ( ! foot rim or ! unglaz$ base7 h assum$ a ru/y r$ col\r 9 ! fir+1 :ile a flake brok5 f ! glaze else:]e reveals a :ite or greyi% :ite porcela9 body )94 ,?is w (t5 expla9 ! seem+ inconsi/5cy ( ! ,*9ese descriptions 9 :i* ! ^w porcela9 is appli$ to an app>5tly d>k-col\r$ mat]ial4 ,at ! same "t1 x is well to rememb] t ! ,*9ese words :i* we translate z porcela9 7 f> m compreh5sive ?an our own t]m4 ,our speculations on ! nature ( ! ,*ai w>e 9 a previ\s *apt] br\ght u face to face ) two ma9 types ( glaze1 ! ?ick opalesc5t glaze ( pale lav5d] or turquoise t9t1 & ! smoo? transluc5t celadon glaze 9 :i* gre5 is ! dom9ant col\r4 ,^! types are prom95t on ! ,sung w>es1 & almo/ all ! v>ieties ( col\r$ ,sung glazes--) su* obvi\s exceptions z black & *ocolate br[n--h m or less aff9ity to ^! two4 ,s t if we place ! old turquoise#ia glaze at "o end ( ! s]ies & ! gre5 celadon at ! o!r1 ! re/ w f9d an int]m$iate place1 ) lean+s1 ( c\rse1 t[>ds "o or o!r ( ! extremes4 ,"o ( ! puzzl+ features 9 ! /udy ( ! ,sung w>es is ! int]relation ( ! v>i\s makes1 su* z ! ,ju1 ,kuan1 ,ko1 ,lung-*an1 ,tung *+ & ,*n1 :i* all appe> to h _h po9ts ( mutual resemblance1 al?\gh ! descriptions ( individual specim5s diff] ov] a wide range4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x c be assum$ t ! same fundam5tal pr9ciples ( manufacture 7 obs]v$ 9 all ^! factories1 & t ! div]g5ces 9 ! w>es arose f local conditions1 su* z v>iety ( clays1 diff]5t conditions ( fir+ & slight v>iations 9 ! composition ( ! glaze1 a =mula is e/abli%$ :i* w cov] mo/ ( our difficulties4 ,i am assur$ by no less an au?ority on glazes ?an ,mr4 ,w4 ,burton#ib t ?is assumption is p]fectly ju/ifiable1 & t "o & ! same glaze might em]ge f ! kiln z a celadon gre51 a grey gre51 dove grey1 lav5d] grey1 or lav5d] turquoise "u slightly v>y+ conditions ( fir+1 & accord+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( an inf9itesimal proportion ( iron or copp] oxide 9 ! body or glaze4 ,ev5 ) _! empirical me?ods ! old ,*9ese pott]s mu/ h soon discov]$ ! conditions :i* fav\r$ c]ta9 results1 b 9 ! meantime q a numb] ( app>5tly diff]5t w>es w\ld h em]g$ f ! same factory1 & yet1 9 spite ( local peculi>ities1 a g5]al relation%ip might be obs]v$ 9 productions ( diff]5t di/ricts4 ,s t :5 "o ,*9ese writ] comp>es ! ,ju w>e to ! ,*ai1 ano!r ! ,kuan to ! ,ju1 ano!r ! ,ko to ! ,kuan1 & ano!r ! ,lung-*an to ! ,ko1 x is n necess>y to assume t ^! porcela9s 7 all grass-gre5 celadons because we happ5 to "k t t col\r 0 ! prevail+ t9t ( ! ,lung-*an w>e4 ,! ,*ai & ! ,lung-*an may h be5 z f> ap>t z lav5d] & celadon gre51 & ! *a9 ( relation%ip l9k$ up by ! ,*9ese writ]s /ill hold firm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #ae4--,sung ,w>es4 ,fig4 #a4--,pea*-%ap$ ,wat] ,vessel1 d>k-col\r$ biscuit1 smoo? gre5i% grey glaze4 787 ,ju or ,kuan w>e4 ,l5g? #e in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,figs4 #b & #c4--,%all[ ,cup ) flang$ h&le1 & cov]$ box1 opalesc5t grey glaze4 ,kuan or ,*n w>es4 ,l5g? ( cup #g in*es4 ,diamet] ( box #f #a_/af in*es4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 ,no "o b an exp]i5c$ pott] c speak ) confid5ce ( ! me?ods by :i* ! v>y+ col\r effects 9 ! ,sung glazes 7 obta9$1 b x is q c]ta9 t ! ,sung pott]s 7 n ignorant ( ! value ( su* col\r+ ag5ts z ! oxides ( iron1 copp]1 cobalt1 & p]haps ev5 ( antimony4 ,gre51 blue1 yell[1 & br[n glazes1 :i* ow$ _! t9t to ^! m9]als1 _h appe>$ "s c5turies be=e on ! ,tang w>es4 ,b to :at ext5t ! m5 ( ,sung made delib]ate use ( ^! oxides is ano!r "q4 ,x is c]ta91 = in/ance1 t ! gre5 celadon ow$ its col\r to ! pres5ce ( iron oxide1 b :e!r t 0 a natural elem5t 9 ! clay ( c]ta9 di/ricts1 or :e!r x 0 introduc$ 9 ! glaze by ! admixture ( f]rug9\s clay1 is n always cle>4 ,aga91 ^? bur/s ( contra/+ col\r1 usually r$1 :i* enri* ! opalesc5t grey & lav5d] glazes1 are mo/ readily expla9$ by ! local pres5ce ( copp] or iron oxide 9 an appreciable quantity4 ,no d\bt ^! effects 7 at fir/ accid5tal1 b x is c]ta9 t obs]vation & exp]im5t ev5tually taught ! pott]s to produce !m sy/ematically4 ,o!rwise1 h[ expla9 ! appe>ance ( ^! col\rs 9 symmetrical spla%es8 ,! flamb glazes ( ! eighte5? c5tury are kn[n to h be5 produc$ by means ( copp] oxide1 & x is n unreasonable to inf] its pres5ce 9 simil> effects at an e>ly date4 ,b x is equally c]ta9 t _m ( ! *ang+ t9ts 9 ! ?ick1 unev51 bubbly glazes ( ! ,sung & ,yan w>es are due to opalesc5ce alone4 ,?is has be5 prov$ to demon/ration by ,mr4 ,burton1 :o has produc$ f 8 kilns a porcela9 glaze ) passages ( pale lav5d]1 & ev5 flu%es ( w>m r$1 by us+ no?+ b a ?ick1 opalesc5t glaze entirely innoc5t ( any col\r+ oxide4 ,f9ally1 a ^w ( explanation is ne$$ ) reg>d to ! frequ5t ref]5ces to ?9ly pott$ specim5s among ! pr9cipal ,sung w>es4 ,almo/ all ( ! exi/+ examples are ( a ?ick & r heavy type4 ,n t we w\ld h !m ?9n]1 = mu* ( _! *>m is due to ! massive opul5ce ( ! ?ick opalesc5t glaze ) its prismatic dep?s & *ang+ hues4 ,b ! ,*9ese writ]s con/antly ref] to a ?9n] w>e z well z ! ?ick4 ,:]e are ^! ?9 & elegant pieces8 ,! sugge/ion t1 be+ m fragile1 !y h by n[ all p]i%$ has be5 coldly receiv$ z an obvi\s & easy answ] to a difficult "q4 ,b x is reasonable en\gh1 aft] all1 :5 "o rememb]s t upw>ds ( a ?\s& ye>s h pass$ s9ce _! manufacture4 ,! alt]native t !y exi/$ only 9 ! poetical imag9ation ( lat] ,*9ese writ]s is f> less probable1 ?\gh d\btless acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! exagg]ations indulg$ 9 by m5 :o 7 describ+ ! ideal w>es ( a classic p]iod4 ,?9 z pap]1 = in/ance1 mu/ h be5 a poetic lic5ce z appli$ to ! ,*ai w>e4 ,i %all n cite ! illu/rations 9 ! ,album ( ,hsiang ,yan-pi5#ic z pro( ( ! f95ess & trim regul>ity ( ! be/ ,sung specim5s4 ,:atev] ! value ( ?is manuscript may orig9ally h be51 no reliance c be plac$ on ! illu/rations z reproduc$ 9 ,porcela9 ( ,diff]5t ,dyna/ies4#id ,! orig9al 0 un=tunately de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahhh1 & :at we h n[ is1 at be/1 ! reproduction ( a copy1 & probably t ( a copy ( a copy4 ,x is q possible t ! ?9n] ,sung w>es are /ill repres5t$ 9 ,*9ese collections1 r>e ?\gh !y mu/ ( necessity be4 ,b ,i believe t ev5 our own collections are capable ( supply+ pro( t1 mak+ reasonable all[ance = v]bal exagg]ation1 ! ,sung pott]s did make w>es :i* c\ld fairly be describ$ z ?94 ,_m ( ! :ite ,t+ w>es are ?9 en\gh to be transluc5t2 no "o que/ions ! correctness ( ! description z appli$ to !m4 ,x only wants "o specim5 to prove ! case = ! celadon glazes1 & t may be se5 9 ! beautiful b[l 9 ,mr4 ,alex&]'s loan collection at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,plate #af74 ,z = ! ,ju & ,kuan w>e1 x is useless to consid] _! case until we are q satisfi$ t we h e/abli%$ _! id5tity2 & 9 ! nature ( ?+s ! opalesc5t glazes & ^? describ$ z ?ick z mass$ l>d by ! ,*9ese c only h accompani$ a relatively ?9 body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m ( ! ,corean celadons are ( unimpea*able ?9ness1 & z !y 7 contempor>y ) ! ,sung porcela9s & 7 almo/ c]ta9ly copi$ f !m1 !re seems no real gr\nd to )hold belief entirely f ! ,*9ese /atem5ts ) reg>d to ! ?9ness ( c]ta9 col\r$ ,sung w>es4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hh3 ,jade1 op4 cit41 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,l4 ,b9yon1 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 *ap4 ix4 ,footnote #ij3 ,porcela91 ,a ,sket* ( its ,nature1 ,art & ,manufacture1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #ia3 ,?is col\r is q di/9ct f ! turquoise ( ! demi-gr& feu1 a m lightly fir$ col\r famili> on ! lat] porcela9s4 ,footnote #ib3 ,mr4 ,burton's practical exp]im5ts & ! beautiful results obta9$ by foll[+ out 8 conceptions ( ,*9ese me?ods are well kn[n to all admir]s ( ! ,lanca/rian pott]y4 ,footnote #ic3 ,a late sixte5?-c5tury "w1 publi%$ ) translations by ,dr4 ,s4,w4 ,bu%ell1 #aijh1 "u ! title ( ,porcela9 ( ,diff]5t ,dyna/ies4 ,footnote #id3 ,i h already _h occasion to criticise ! inconsi/5cies 9 ! col\r+1 etc4 ( ?is "w4 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #aiji1 p4 #bc4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,ju1 ,,kuan1 ,,& ,,ko ,,w>es ,ju yao ,*9ese ,,?\gh no au!nticat$ example ( ,ju w>e is kn[n 9 ,europe1 x is impossible to ignore a factory ^: productions 7 unanim\sly acclaim$ by ,*9ese writ]s z ! cream ( ! ,sung w>es4 ,its place ( orig91 ,ju ,*\1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,honan1 lies 9 ! v di/rict :i* 0 celebrat$ 9 a previ\s reign = ! ,*ai pott]y1 & x is probable t ! ,ju factories cont9u$ ! traditions ( ?is my/]i\s w>e4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is kn[n ( !m until !y receiv$ ! ,imp]ial comm& to supply a *+ 7blue or gre57 porcela9 to take ! place ( ! :ite ,t+ ,*\ porcela9 :i* _h fall5 into tempor>y disfav\r on acc\nt ( c]ta9 blemi%es4 ,?is ev5t1 :i* took place t[>ds ! end ( ! ,nor!rn ,sung p]iod 7#ifj-aabg ,a4,d471 implies t :atev] _h be5 _! pa/ hi/ory1 ! ,ju ,*\ factories 7 at ?is p]iod pre-em95t = ! beauty ( _! *+ porcela94 ,x w\ld appe> f ! ,*+ po tsa *ih1#ie :i* 0 writt5 9 #aaic1 t ! ,ju ,*\ pott]s 7 set to "w 9 ! =bidd5 prec9cts ( ! ,palace1 & t select$ pieces only 7 (f]$ = ,imp]ial use1 ! reject$ specim5s be+ (f]$ = sale4 ,ev5 at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury we are assur$ t x 0 v difficult to obta9 examples ( ! w>e4 ,f ! v>i\s acc\nts on :i* we h to dep5d = our conception ( ! w>e1 x is cle> t ! body 0 ( a d>k col\r4#if ,! glaze 0 ?ick & ( a col\r v>i\sly describ$ z approa*+ ! blue ( ! sky aft] ra9 7i4e4 l ! ,*ai w>e71 pale blue or gre51#ig & egg :ite#ih :i* seems to imply a :ite w>e ) a fa9t gre5i% t+e4 ,! au?or ( ! ,*'+ pi tsang1#ii a "w ( consid]able repute publi%$ 9 #aeie1 gives a fir/-h& description ( ! w>e3 ,ju yao ,i h se54 ,its col\r is 'egg :ite' & its glaze is lu/r\s & ?ick l mass$ l>d4 ,9 ! glaze appe> fa9t 'palm eye' m>k+s l crabs' claws4#ajj ,specim5s ) sesamum designs 7lit4 fl[]s71 f9ely & m9utely engrav$ on ! bottom1 are g5u9e4 ,z comp>$ ) ,kuan yao 9 mat]ial & make1 x is m ri* & unctu\s 7tz jun74 ,two my/]i\s peculi>ities h be5 attribut$ to ! ,ju w>e1 viz4 t p[d]$ cornal9e 0 mix$ ) ! glaze1 & t a r[ ( nail heads 0 sometimes f\nd "u ! base4 ,! fir/ has be5 tak5 z m]ely an imag9ative explanation ( ! lu/re ( ! glaze1 b x is c]ta9 t "s k9d ( pulv]is$ qu>tz-l /one 0 us$ 9 ! composition ( lat] glazes1 su* z ! ruby r$ 7see vol4 ii41 p4 #abc74 ,! second1 :i* has be5 s]i\sly int]pret$ to mean t actual metal nails 7 f\nd protrud+ f ! glaze 7a physical impossibility1 z ! metal w\ld inevitably h melt$ 9 ! kiln71 is probably due to a misund]/&+ ( a difficult ,*9ese phrase1 *ng t+1#aja :i* may mean engrav$ ) a po9t or cut nails4 ,! =m] seems to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! case1 ?\gh x w\ld be possible to r5d] ! s5t5ce1 hav+ sesamum fl[]s on ! bottom & f9e small nails1 ref]r+ to ! little projections (t5 f\nd on ! bottom ( di%es :i* h be5 support$ 9 ! kiln on po9t$ re/s or spurs4 ,9 ! li/ ( porcela9s made at ! ,imp]ial pott]ies ab\t ! ye> #agcjajb we read ( imitations ( ,ju w>e f specim5s s5t d[n f ! ,imp]ial collections4 ,^! imitations _h 9 "o case an uncrackl$ glaze on a copp]-col\r$ body1 & 9 ! o!r a glaze ) crackle l fi% roe2 & we may fairly inf] t ! orig9als _h ! same peculi>ities4 ,a reput$ specim5#ajc ( mod]n ,ju glaze#ajd has a pale greyi% gre5 t9t1 ) j a suspicion ( blue1 & w\ld answ] fairly well to ! description tan *+ or fn *+4 ,b probably our safe/ clue to ! appe>ance ( ,ju w>e is to be f\nd 9 ! important passage already m5tion$1#aje 9 :i* a ,sung writ] describes ! ,corean w>es z 9 g5]al appe>ance l ! old pi-s w>e ( ,yeh ,*\ & ! new ,ju ,*\ w>e4 ,! typical ,corean w>es ( ?is "t are n uncommon1 & _! glaze--a s(t grey gre5 or gre5i% grey1 ) a m or less obvi\s t+e ( blue--w\ld satisfy ! ,*9ese phrases1 tan *+ & fn *+1 & 9 ! blu] specim5s might1 by a /ret* ( poetic phrase1 ev5 be lik5$ to ! sky aft] ra94 ,! egg :ite1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 a some:at pal] t9t if ! expression c be tak5 9 any lit]al s5se4 ,f ! =ego+ consid]ations we may conclude t ! ,ju porcela9 0 a beautiful w>e ( celadon type1 v>y+ 9 t9t f a v pale gre5 to a blui% gre54 ,?\gh x is n[h]e def9itely /at$ h[ long ! ,ju ,*\ factories reta9$ _! supremacy1 x is tol]ably cle> f ,hs ,*+'s ref]5ce 9 #aabe1 or v soon aft]1 to ! mod]n porcela9 ( ,ju ,*\1 t !y came into prom95ce t[>ds ! end ( ! ,nor!rn ,sung p]iod1 p]haps 9 ! la/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury2 & z we h no fur!r in=mation ab\t !m1 we may p]haps inf] t !y sank into obscurity :5 ! ,sung emp]ors 7 driv5 f ! ,nor? ( ,*9a by ! invad+ ,t>t>s 9 #aabg4 ,9 any case1 ! ,ju w>e seems to h become z ext9ct z ! ,*ai by ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,hsiang ,yan-pi51 late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 /ates t ,ju yao vessels are disappe>+4 ,! v few :i* exi/ are almo/ all di%es1 cups1 & ! l1 & _m ( ^! are damag$ & imp]fect4#ajf ,a few ye>s lat] ano!r writ]#ajg decl>es t ! ,*ai & ,ju porcela9s _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ,ju ,*\ _h ! monopoly ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( *+ w>e 9 :i* its factories excell$4 ,a numb] ( o!r & n di/ant pott]ies 7 engag$ 9 a simil> manufacture1 ?\gh ) less conspicu\s success4 ,we read1#ajh = in/ance1 t x 0 made 9 ! di/ricts ( ,tang1 ,tng1 & ,yao on ! nor? ( ! 7,yell[7 ,riv]1 ?\gh ! productions ( ,ju ,*\ 7 ! be/4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t we possess no au!nticat$ example ( ,ju porcela94 ,d\btless !re are _m pieces :i* are t5tatively assign$ to ,ju ,*\ by hopeful own]s4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ! few :i* h hi!rto be5 publi%$ z su* are s+ul>ly un=tunate *oices4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,lauf]1 = in/ance1 9 8 excell5t "w on jade1#aji incid5tally figures two vases = div9+ rods ( a well-kn[n =m1 ( :i* he haz>ds ! rem>k t bo? h presumably be5 made 9 ! kilns ( ,ju-*\4 ,dr4 ,lauf] does n claim to h made a p>ticul> /udy ( ,*9ese c]amics ap>t f ! ,han pott]y1 b if ^! pieces are ,ju yao1 !n ,ju yao1 s f> f hav+ be5 ext9ct = "s c5turies1 is a comp>atively common w>e4 ,ano!r in/ance is ! fun]al vase1 n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 publi%$#aaj by its =m] own]1 ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 z a specim5 ( ,ju w>e1 ma9ly1 ,i suppose1 on ! /r5g? ( ! description1 ,kuan ,y9 vase ( ,ju ,yao1 engrav$ on ! /& by ! ,*9ese collector#aaa ?r\gh ^: h&s x _h previ\sly pass$4 ,?is =m ( c]tificate is always op5 to d\bt1 & _h x really be5 a specim5 ( und\bt$ ,ju yao1 x is mo/ improbable t ! ,*9ese w\ld h all[$ x at t "t to pass into =eign h&s4 ,b a glance at ! piece itself is suffici5t to dispel all illusions on t po9t4 ,s f> f excell+ o!r ,sung w>es1 ?is piece is decid$ly inf]ior 9 e detail to ! mo/ ord9>y ,sung specim5s4 ,x has a co>se1 s&y1 greyi% buff body & impure greyi% gre5 t+e1 su* z appe>s on "s ( ! e>ly fun]al w>es :i* make no pret5ce to f9i%$ workman%ip4 ,! ornam5t consi/s ( appli$ reliefs p]functorily m\ld$1 & ?\gh its ar*ological int]e/ is consid]able1 &1 l almo/ all ,*9ese w>es1 x possesses a c]ta9 *>m1 any attempt to place x on a high arti/ic plane c only end 9 a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,_m o!r examples ( ?is w>e h s9ce arriv$ 9 ,europe1 & !y all belong to ! same type4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 appe> to be lat] ?an ! o!rs1 hav+ reliefs ( :ite porcela9 in/ead ( ! usual pott]y4 ,!y are always describ$ z fun]al vases by ! ,*9ese1 & x is exce$+ly probable t ! description is correct4 ,! subjects ( ! reliefs are always ( a hi]atic k9d1 includ+ su* figures z ! dragon ( ! ,ea/1 ! tig] ( ! ,we/1 ! tortoise ( ! ,nor?1 & ! r$ bird ( ! ,s\?1 ! sun disc1 & a r+ ( indi/+ui%able figures1 p]haps ,buddhi/ deities4 ,!re is no reason :y su* a type ( sepul*ral vase may n h be5 9 use = _m c5turies1 & if ! porcela9 reliefs 9 "o specim5 sugge/ a date no e>li] ?an ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ! glaze 9 ano!r has /rong analogies to "s ( ! r\gh] ,tang w>es4 ,! majority ( ^! vases are ( co>se1 r\gh make2 o!rs are sup]ior 9 f9i% & ( comp>atively attractive =m4 ,a good example1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,r4,h4 ,b5son1 is %[n on ,plate #ad4 ,x is ( d5se grey /onew>e1 ) opaque gre5i% grey glaze1 ) a balu/rade support$ by f\r figures on ! %\ld]1 & a dragon & a figure on a tig] 7p]haps repres5t+ ! my?ical ,fng ,kan71 besides "s small figures ) indi/9ct attributes on ! neck4 ,! height is #bj in*es4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t "s ( ^! repres5t ! co>s] makes ( ! ,tang1 ,tng1 & ,yao di/ricts 7see p4 #ee71 & t ! attribution ( ! ,bu%ell vase by ,liu ,y5-t+ may ref] to a l[] quality ( ,ju yao :i* includ$ ^! w>es1 or may be ev5 ! w>es made at ,ju ,*\ be=e or aft] its p]iod ( ,imp]ial patronage4#aab ,my own conception ( ! ,ju yao is mo/ ne>ly realis$ by ! lovely b sadly damag$ b[l 9 ! ,alex&] ,collection lately 9 ! ,loan ,c\rt at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,its peculi> =m is difficult to reproduce by photographic means1 b ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #af gives a fair idea ( x4 ,! col\r is precisely t ( ! mo/ beautiful blui% gre5 ,corean b[ls1 b ! usual ,corean f9i% & ! s& m>ks on ! base are abs5t1 & ! glaze is brok5 by a l>ge1 irregul> crackle4 ,surely ?is _c be f> remov$ f ! secret col\r ( ! ,yeh w>e & ! fn *+ ( ! ,ju8 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,sung ,w>es ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) six-lob$ sides2 ?9 porcellan\s w>e1 burnt br[n at ! foot-rim1 ) blui% gre5 celadon glaze irregul>ly crackl$4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,diamet] #i in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,tripod ,inc5se ,burn]4 ,:ite porcela91 burnt pale r$ "u ! feet4 ,p ,lung-*an celadon w>e4 ,?is k9d ( celadon is kn[n z k9uta4 seiji 9 ,japan1 :]e x is highly priz$4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,height #d in*es4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,ano!r specim5 ( reput$ ,ju w>e is an exquisite pea*-%ap$ bru%-wa%] or cup 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection 7,plate #ae1 ,fig4 #a74 ,x has a d>k-col\r$ body & a beautiful smoo? glaze ( pale gre5i% grey t9t1 & :atev] its orig91 x is c]ta9ly a ref9$ & beautiful example ( ! pott]'s art4 ,kuan yao ,*9ese ,?is w>e is only second 9 importance to ! ,ju yao1 & its exact nature is sc>cely less speculative4 ,! "n1 :i* means (ficial or ,imp]ial w>e1 seems to h be5 fir/ appli$ to ! porcela9s made = ,imp]ial use at ! ,nor!rn ,sung capital1 ! mod]n ,kai-fng ,fu1 9 ,honan4 ,! factory 0 e/abli%$ at ! comm& ( ! ,emp]or ,hui ,tsung 9 ! ,*ng ,ho p]iod 7#aaaa-aaag71 accord+ to ! e>lie/#aac or 9 ! prec$+ ,ta ,kuan p]iod 7#aajg-aaaj71 accord+ to a lat]#aad acc\nt4 ,its c>e]1 h[ev]1 0 int]rupt$ by ! flight ( ! ,sung ,c\rt s\? ( ! ,yangtze 9 #aabg1 ?\gh x is probable t a numb] ( ! pott]s foll[$ ! ,c\rt4 ,at any rate1 ! traditions ( ! orig9al factory 7 cont9u$ at ! new capital1 ,hang ,*\1 by an (ficial nam$ ,%ao ,*ng-%ang1 :o set up kilns 9 ! ,imp]ial prec9cts1 9 ! dep>tm5t call$ ,hsiu net ss4 ,ano!r writ] locates ?is factory "u ! ,phnix ,hill4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds a new pott]y 0 />t$ bel[ ! suburban alt> at ,hang ,*\1 :i* copi$ ! =ms ( ! old] ,kuan w>e1 b )\t equall+ its quality4 ,we h !n no few] ?an ?ree diff]5t makes all includ$ 9 ! "n ( ,kuan yao1 all foll[+ "o tradition b diff]+1 z we %all see1 9 mat]ial & quality4 ,! fir/ is ! ,kai-fng ,fu v>iety4 ,! e>li] writ]s 9 ! ,*o kng lu & ,ko ku yao lun make no attempt to diff]5tiate#aae ?is porcela9 f ! lat] ,kuan yao1 b we f9d 9 a sixte5?-c5tury collection ( miscellanies1 ! ,liu *+ jih *a1 ! foll[+ scrap ( in=mation3 t specim5s 7( ! ,kai-fng w>e7 ) /reaky col\r1 :ite on ! upp] "p & ?9 z pap]1 7 inf]ior to ,ju w>e2 & ! m mod]n ,tao lu in=ms u t ! ,kai-fng ,kuan w>e 0 made ( f9e unctu\s mat]ial ) ?9 body1 ! col\r ( ! glaze be+ *+ 7blue or gre57 ) a t+e ( pale r$ 7fn hung7 & ( v>y+ dep? ( tone4 ,x is fur!r /at$ t 9 ! ,ta ,kuan p]iod moon :ite or clair de lune 7yeh pai71 pale gre5 or blue 7fn *+7 & deep gre5 7ta l7 glazes 7 e/eem$1 :]eas 9 ! ,*ng ,ho p]iod only ! *+ col\r 9 v>y+ dep? ( tone 0 us$4 ,moreov]1 ! glaze _h crab's claw crackle1 & ! vessels _h a r$-br[n m\? & iron foot4 ,! latt] phrase 7expla9$ bel[7 is n consi/5t ) ! acc\nt 9 ! ,liu *+ jih *a1 :ite on ! upp] "p1 :i* c]ta9ly implies a light-col\r$ clay1 b ,i confess t ,i h little confid5ce 9 ! subtle di/9ctions ( ! ,tao lu 9 ?is passage4 ,!y are m]e ass]tions1 )\t any reasons giv51 & x is n difficult to f9d a s\rce f :i* !y may 9 "p1 at lea/1 h be5 d]iv$1 & :i* 9 itself gu>antees no su* diff]5tiation4#aaf ,x is likely en\gh t ! ,kai-fng w>e diff]$ 9 body f ! r$ w>e ( ,hang ,*\1 b x is n likely to h diff]$ v greatly 9 o!r respects1 see+ t ! s\!rn v>iety cont9u$ ! traditions ( ! nor!rn1 & t ! e>lie/ au?orities d n tr\ble to di/+ui% ! two w>es at all4 ,ano!r critic1#aag discuss+ ,kuan w>e z a :ole1 makes its *>act]i/ics practically ! same z ^? ( ! ,ko w>e1 to :i* we %all come next1 & /ates t 9 reg>d to col\r1 9 bo? cases ! pale *+ 7fn *+7 specim5s are ! be/1 ! 'pale :ite' 7tan pai#aah7 are second1 :ile ^? ) a%-col\r$ 7hui s7 glaze are v inf]ior4 ,f ! same writ] we ga!r t artificial /a9+ ( ! crackle 0 employ$ on bo? ,kuan & ,ko w>es1 = he speaks ( ice-crackle ) l9es r$ z eel's blood & plum-blossom#aai crackle ) ink-col\r$ l9es1 besides an inf]ior type ( crackle ) f9e l9es :i* did n sugge/ any p>ticul> patt]n4 ,! ,hang ,*\ ,kuan w>e1 v>i\sly describ$ z ,kuan yao1 ,hsiu nei ss yao1 ,nei yao1 & ,%ao yao f ! locality ( ! factory & ! "n ( its manag]1 is describ$ 9 bo? ! ,*o kng lu & ! ,ko ku yao lun4 ,9 ! =m] x 0 said to be a *+ w>e1 f9ely levigat$ clay#abj is ! rule1 & x is ( v exquisite make2 ! col\r$ glaze is transluc5t#aba2 x is ! delight ( ! age4#abb ,! latt]1#abc :i* makes no m5tion ( an e>li] ,kuan w>e1 gives ! foll[+ description ( ! ,nei yao3 ,! mat]ial is f9e & unctu\s1 ! col\r *+ ) a flu% ( pale r$ 7tai fn hung7 & ( v>y+ int5sity4 ,specim5s ) crab's-claw crackle1 br[n m\?1 & iron foot1 & ( good col\r rank ) ,ju yao4 ,!re are1 besides1 specim5s ) a black body :i* are call$ wu ni yao4 ,all ! imitations :i* are made at ,lung-*an are )\t crackle4 ,fur!r in=mation is giv5 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 viz4 t ! clay us$ at ! factory bel[ ! ,phnix ,hill at ,hang ,*\ = mak+ ,kuan yao 0 ( r$di% br[n 7tz7 col\r1 & t ?is expla9s ! ph5om5on ( ! br[n m\? & iron foot#abd2 = ! br[n m\? is due to ! fact t ! vessel's m\? po9ts upw>ds & ! glaze fl[s d[nw>ds & is ?9n] at ! m\? ?an on ! re/ ( ! body1 s t ! br[n col\r 7( ! clay7 is disclos$ at ! m\?4 ,! iron foot is1 ( c\rse1 ! raw edge ( ! clay :i* appe>s at ! foot rim4 ,z ?is peculi>ity is n not$ 9 ! ,*o kng lu1 we are at lib]ty to inf] t x 0 n a con/ant feature ( ! ,kuan w>es1 & t "s ( !m1 z already h9t$ 9 ! quotation f ! ,liu *+ jih *a1 _h a :iti% body4 ,( ! ?ird ,kuan yao made bel[ ! suburban alt> at a slightly lat] date1 we "k no?+ except t x foll[$ ! /yle ( ! old] w>es1 b ) inf]ior results4 ,?\gh we d n pret5d to atta* mu* weight to ! illu/rations 9 ,hsiang's ,album1 ! descriptions 9 ! accompany+ text _c be ignor$4 ,!y include t5 specim5s ( ,kuan yao1#abe five ( :i* are expla9$ z fn *+ 7pale blue or gre574 ,( ! re/ "o is pale *+ cle> & lu/r\s l a sapphire blue jewel1#abf evid5tly ) a decid$ly blue t+e2 ano!r is k+fi%]1 blue z ! cle> blue sky1#abg recall+ ! ,*ai blue ( ! sky aft] ra9 2 ano!r is sky blue 7ti5 *+72 ano!r onion gre5 7*+ tsung71 ! col\r ( onion spr\ts2 & ano!r is egg gre5 7luan *+71 :i* recalls & p]haps expla9s ! luan pai 7egg :ite7 ( ! ,ju yao4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag ,two examples ( ,sung w>es ( ! ,*n or ,kuan factories4 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) lav5d] glaze1 lightly crackl$4 ,o4 ,raphael ,collection4 ,height #d in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) smoo? lav5d] grey glaze suffus$ ) purple4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,height #c in*es4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,among ! v>i\s ,sung & ,yan w>es ) m or less opalesc5t glazes :i* h rea*$ ,europe 9 rec5t ye>s1 x is possible to diff]5tiate a consid]able gr\p ^: *>act]i/ics seem to po9t to ! ,kuan yao4 ,_! body is usually ( f9e gra91 :iti% col\r & porcellan\s texture1 b assum+ a ru/y br[ni% t9t 9 ! expos$ p>ts4 ,x is1 9 fact1 v mu* f9] ?an ! ,yan w>es1 usually s call$1 & all b ! *oice/ w>es ( ,*n type 7see *4 ix474 ,! glaze1 too1 ?\gh g5]ally opalesc5t1 %[s m>k$ diff]5ces f t ( ! ,*n & ,yan pieces4 ,x is smoo? & ev5 in/ead ( be+ lumpy & irregul>1 & x ends close up to ! foot rim 9 a comp>atively regul> l9e in/ead ( end+ %ort ( ! base 9 a ?ick roll or 9 heavy drops4 ,& ! base in/ead ( be+ q b>e or cov]$ ) a br[n glaze1 has a pat* ( ! surface glaze und]nea?4 ,! col\rs ( ?is glaze %[ wide v>iations f a deep br[ni% gre51 :i* sugge/ ! ta l1 to pale dove grey 7fn *+7 & pale lav5d] blue t9ts1 :i* approximate to ! ,*9ese ti5 *+ or sky blue1 ?\gh p]haps n s closely z does ! s-call$ old turquoise4 ,"s ( ^! glazes1 especially ! pale lav5d] & dove greys1 are brok5 by passages ( r$ or crimson1 :i* 9 turn %ade (f into gre5 & br[n t9ts4 ,al?\gh ! expression tai fn hung 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun#abh has already be5 r5d]$ 9 its mo/ natural s5se1 ) a t+e ( r$1 we %\ld p]haps m5tion a possible alt]native :i* might make x ref] to ^! v passages ( r$ col\r2 & ! fact t !y sometimes assume fanta/ic %apes w expla9 :y ! ,*9ese saw 9 !m butt]flies1 birds1 fi%1 unicorns1 & leop>ds4#abi ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> t ^! passages ( r$ are n always accid5tal1 = !y sometimes take symmetrical =ms1 & x is q possible t ev5 ! bird & fi% =ms may h be5 r\ghly design$ 9 ! col\r+ m$ium4 ,plate #ag w s]ve to illu/rate ?is gr\p ( possible ,kuan w>es4 ,ano!r example is a di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* has a :iti% porcellan\s body & a slightly crackl$ pale lav5d] grey glaze ( s+ul> beauty4 ,o!r specim5s 9 ! same collection include a small tea b[l ) mi/y grey glaze ( ! fn *+ type1 smoo? & uncrackl$1 & a body :i* appe>s deep r$di% br[n at ! foot2 & a small bottle-%ap$ vase1 ) lob$ body ( melon %ape1 :i*1 ?\gh ( d\btful antiquity1 answ]s closely to ! ,*9ese descriptions4 ,x has a d>k-col\r$ b well levigat$ body1 deep br[n at ! foot1 & %[+ a br[n t+e :]e ! glaze has run ?9 at ! lip1 & ! col\r is a pale blui% grey ) rosy t+es :]e ! body col\r is able to p5etrate ! semi-transluc5t glaze4 ,ano!r d\btful specim51 ) v simil> *>act]i/ics1 0 figur$ by me 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e "s ye>s ago4#acj ,s9ce ! g5u9e ,sung specim5s 7 s5t to ! ,imp]ial factories to be closely copi$ 7ab\t #agcj71 x might be suppos$ t ! relatively mod]n imitations w\ld supply "s clue to ! orig9al types4 ,!re are "o or two examples ( eighte5?-c5tury copies ( ,kuan w>e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum on :i* ! glaze is def9itely lav5d] blue 9 t9t1 ) a crackle :i* 9 "o case is wide & emphasis$ by black5$ l9es1 & 9 ! o!r ( a f9] me%4#aca ,! natural t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 ( mod]n imitative w>es is to exagg]ate "s *>act]i/ic :i* ?is or t pott] might imag9e to be specially important1 & z x is impossible to say 9 _m cases exactly :5 ! piece 9 "q 0 made1 we _c be sure h[ f> ! pott]s 9 ea* case may h /ray$ f ! orig9al type4#acb ,no d\bt 9 "t ^! imitations w\ld become a m]e conv5tion4 ,x %\ld be said 9 pass+ t ! mod]n copies h a :ite porcela9 body1 & to obta9 ! appe>ance ( br[n m\? & iron foot ! pott]s _h rec\rse to ! exp$i5t ( col\r+ ! p>ts conc]n$ ) br[n f]rug9\s clay4 ,! ,*o kng lu#acc ref]s to ?ree m9or w>es :i* 7 reg>d$ z inf]ior to ,kuan w>e1 & lat] writ]s h assum$ t !y belong$ to ! same category4 ,^! are ! ,hs w>es1 ,y-hang w>es1 & wu-ni w>es4 ,! fir/#acd is s little kn[n t its id5tity has be5 lo/ 9 v>iant read+s1 su* z ,hsn ,*9ese 9 lat] writ]s1 :i* is v ne> 9 appe>ance to tung ,*9ese1 a common =m us$ = ! ,tung w>e 7see p4 #hb72 & we c safely leave x until "s cle>] in=mation is =?com+4 ,! second1 accord+ to ! ,tao lu1#ace 0 a ,sung w>e made at ,y-hang ,hsi51 9 ! prefecture ( ,hang ,*\4 ,its col\r 0 l ,kuan porcela9 )\t its crackle1 its lu/re 7jung71 & its unctu\s ri*ness 7jun74 ,! wu-ni w>e is d>k-bodi$ e>!nw>e1 :i* is discuss$ on p4 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #ah4--,sung dyna/y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) engrav$ peony design "u a br[ni% gre5 celadon glaze4 ,nor!rn ,*9ese4 ,diamet] #g in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase m\ld$ 9 =m ( a lotus fl[]1 d>k grey /onew>e1 burnt r$di% br[n1 milky grey glaze1 closely crackl$4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fre] ,collection4 ,ko yao ,*9ese ,ko yao 7! eld] bro!r's w>e71 or ,ko ko yao1 z x is sometimes call$ ) ! fir/ "* repeat$1 is unanim\sly rank$ by ,*9ese writ]s ) ! ,ju & ,kuan w>es4 ,accord+ to ! traditional acc\nts1 x 0 fir/ made by ! eld] ( ! two bro!rs ,*ang ,*9ese1 :o 7 pott]s ( ,lung-*an ,hsi5 9 ! ,*u-*\ ,fu1 prov9ce ( ,*ekiang1 ea* hav+ a sep>ate factory 9 ! ,liu-ti5 di/rict4 ,mo/ ( ! ,*9ese au?orities are cont5t to give ! date ( ^! bro!rs z "s "t 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 b "o acc\nt#acf n>r[s ! p]iod d[n to ! ,s\!rn ,sung 7#aabg-abgi ,a4,d474 ,pr(essor ,hir? takes ! rationali/ic view t ! /ory ( ! bro!rs is a my? embody+ ! fact t !re 7 two di/9ct types ( w>e made 9 ! ,lung-*an di/rict4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! ,ko yao is ( consid]able int]e/ to u z =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! obscure ,ju & ,kuan w>es & ! well-kn[n ,lung-*an celadon1 approa*+ ! latt] 9 its grass gre5 & sea gre5 v>ieties & ! =m] 9 its mo/ highly priz$ specim5s ( blui% gre5 or grey tones4 ,( its close resemblance to ! ,kuan w>e !re c be no d\bt1 = two highly reputable ,*9ese writ]s#acg describe ! two w>es simultane\sly & "u "o head+1 enum]at+ _! v>i\s col\rs 9 ord] ( m]it z fn *+1 tan pai1 & hui s 7see p4 #fj71 besides m5tion+ ! sev]al k9ds ( crackle :i* appe>$ 9 ! glaze4 ,! only di/9ctions :i* ! au?or ( ! ,*+ pi tsang draws betwe5 ! two w>es are t 7#a7 ! ,kuan yao crackle is ( ! crab's claw#ach type1 :ile t ( ! ,ko is l fi%-roe1#aci & 7#b7 ! ,ko glaze is some:at less beautiful ?an ! ,kuan4 ,) reg>d to ! crackle1 o!r writ]s ass]t t %ort cracks are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ko yao1 & "o au?or uses ! picturesque phrase1 crackle ( a hundr$ dang]s4#adj ,accid5tal spla%es ( contra/+ col\r1 :i* sometimes assum$ fanta/ic =ms1 7 common to ! ,ko & ,kuan w>es1 z m5tion$ on p4 #fe1 & ! au?or ( ! ,po wu yao lan expla9s ^! z orig9at+ 9 ! col\r ( ! glaze & =m+ on its out] surface1 & z due to ! fire's magic transmutation4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! w>e giv5 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun depicts x z ( deep or pale *+ col\r1 ) br[n m\? & iron foot1 & adds t :5 ! col\r 0 good x 0 class$ ) ,tung#ada w>e4 ,! same passage fur!r in=ms u t a great quantity ( ! w>e rec5tly made at ! end ( ! ,yan dyna/y 0 co>se & dry 9 body & inf]ior 9 col\r1 a /atem5t to :i* we %all return pres5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,vase ( close-gra9$1 d>k r$di% br[n /onew>e ) ?ick1 smoo? glaze1 boldly crackl$4 ,ko w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,o!r descriptive ref]5ces to ,ko yao include a v]se on a ,ko ink palette belong+ to ,ku ,liu1#adb :i* 0 gre5 7l7 z ! waves 9 spr+2 ! eighte5?-c5tury li/ ( ,imp]ial w>es#adc :i* m5tion ,ko glazes on an iron body1 ( two k9ds1 viz4 millet-col\r$ & pale gre5#add 7or blue71 bo? /at$ to h be5 copi$ f anci5t specim5s s5t d[n f ! palace2 & a s+le specim5 9 ,hsiang's ,album1 :i* is giv5 z fn *+4 ,9 ^! v>i\s descriptions x is possible to recognise a celadon gre5 w>e1 gre5 z ! waves ( spr+1 :ile ! famili> /one grey & buff crackl$ w>es1 :i* range f greyi% :ite to pale grey gre5 & gre5i% yell[1 seem to be indicat$ 9 ! expressions mi s1 fn *+1 tan pai1 & hui s4 ,! mod]n v]sions ( ! latt] class1 :i* are fairly common1 are usually kn[n ev5 to-day z ,ko yao1 ! expression 9 pott]'s language be+ practically synonym\s ) crackl$ w>es4#ade ,o!r anci5t factories :]e simil> w>es 7 made are ,hsiang-hu & ,*i ,*\4#adf ,z = ! f9] ,ko w>es1 :i* appe> to h be5 indi/+ui%able f ! ,kuan1 we may look = !m 9 ! gr\p describ$ on p4 #fe1 & 9 su* beautiful pieces z t illu/rat$ on ,plate #ai1 a vase ( f9e oval =m ) delicate grey glaze ( fa9t blui% tone boldly crackl$4 ,! solid quality ( ! glaze ( ?is la/ specim5 & ! texture ( ! surface1 :i* is smoo? b lu/r\s1 sugge/ "s natural sub/ance su* z ! %ell ( an egg or a smoo? poli%$ /one r ?an an artificial mat]ial4 ,! col\r p]haps m truly answ]s ! description egg :ite 7luan pai7 ?an any o!r ,sung glaze :i* ,i h se54 ,plate #bj illu/rates ano!r *oice example b ) a yell[] tone ( glaze2 & a l>ge squ>e vase 9 ! ,fre] ,collection#adg ) ?ick1 mi/y grey glaze %[+ a fa9t t+e ( r$1 :i* recall ! s *+ tai fn hung ( ! ,kuan w>e1 0 %[n 9 ! ,new ,york exhibition ( #aiad4 ,all ^! ?ree specim5s h a d>k r$di% br[n body ( f9e close gra91 & _! glaze is v ?ick & unctu\s ) a t5d5cy to contract into ?ick wax-l drops "u ! base4 ,f c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,*9ese works x appe>s t a revival ( ! ,ko yao took place 9 ! ,yan dyna/y1 if inde$ ! manufacture _h n be5 cont9u\s4 ,! ,ko ku yao lun1 = in/ance1 "u ! head+ ( ,ko yao1 /ates t ! w>e rec5tly made at ! end ( ! ,yan dyna/y 0 co>se & dry 9 body & inf]ior 9 col\r4 ,9 ! ,po wu yao lan#adh we read t c]ta9 ,ko w>es made 9 private factories took _! clay f ! ,phnix ,hill 7at ,hang ,*\1 :]e ! ,kuan pott]ies 7 locat$71 & ! ,tao lu#adi def9itely /ates t clay 0 br\ght f ,hang ,*\ = ?is lat] ,ko w>e4 ,add to ^! ! rem>k 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun on ! subject ( ,kuan w>e#aej--;all ! imitations :i* are made at ,lung-*an are )\t crackle--& x is cle> t ! ,lung-*an pott]s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 busy copy+ bo? ! ,kuan & ,ko w>es1 & t to obta9 a clos] resemblance to ! =m] !y actually s5t to ,hang ,*\ = ! r$ clay :i* w\ld produce ! br[n m\? & iron foot4 ,! alleg$ abs5ce ( crackle w\ld indicate a dep>ture f ! orig9al ,ko me?ods1 b we are at lib]ty to d\bt ! univ]sal application ( su* sweep+ /atem5ts1 & ,i v5tur$ to sugge/#aea t a rem>kable b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 0 a ,yan example ( ,ko w>e1 because1 9 spite ( its ,ko crackle1 x corresponds s closely to ! o!r po9ts 9 ! descriptions ( ?is make4 ,9 any case1 !re is little d\bt t x belongs to an e>ly p]iod ( manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,deep ,b[l ( r$di% br[n /onew>e ) ?ick1 boldly crackl$ glaze4 ,ko w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,height 7)\t /&7 #d in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,! foll[+ extract f a "w entitl$ ,pi *uang s y1#aeb :i* w\ld be /ill m int]e/+ if we knew its date1 s]ves to illu/rate "s ( ! difficulties ! ,*9ese collector _h to face 9 ! pa/3 ,anci5t examples ( ,ko yao ( ! ,sung p]iod h surviv$1 ?\gh = a long "t pa/ g5u9e & c\nt]feit h be5 confus$ toge!r4 ,among m5 !re are v _m :o seek = ! g5u9e ,sung1 b ref9$ & beautiful specim5s are exce$+ly few4444 ,tsao ,*iung1 a man ( high bir?1 secur$ an inc5se burn]1 9 height ab\t two in*es & 9 wid? proportionate4 ,! cov] 0 beautiful jade c>v$ ) a patt]n ( sea waves ( ,tung *+#aec col\r1 ) a h&le 9 =m ( a crane1 a g5u9e piece1 & exce$+ly beautiful4 ,x came to ! e>s ( ! eunu* ,mai1 gov]nor ( ! di/rict1 & he put ,*iung 9 prison & subject$ him to ! inquisition4 ,8 son _h no *oice b to (f] ! vessel z a gift4 ,lat] ! p[]ful h& ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,rites seiz$ x4 ,9 ! ,*ng ,t p]iod 7#aebb-ff7 x 0 /ol51 &1 com+ to ! di/rict bel[ ,wu1 x became ! prop]ty ( ,*ang ,hs9-fu ( ,ti5-%an1 ,%anghai1 :o sold x = #bjj ounces ( gold4 ,aft] t x came aga9 into ! h&s ( a connoisseur1 & ! ,imp]ial au?orities 9 ! end did n succe$ 9 recov]+ x4 ,?is 0 a g5u9e antique ,ko vessel4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ie3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #i v]so4 ,we ga!r f ?is passage t ,ju ,*\ pott]s 7 summon$ to ! ,imp]ial prec9cts at ,kai-fng ,fu2 = ,ju ,*\ itself is "s di/ance f ! capital4 ,footnote #if3 ,! ,liu *+ jih *a--a ,m+ "w quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo--describes x z 9 col\r l ,ko w>e1 b ) a fa9t yell[i% t+e2 & ! m mod]n ,tao lu 7bk4 vi41 fol4 #b7 speaks ( x z hav+ clay f9e & lu/r\s l copp]4 ,footnote #ig3 ,*9ese tan *'+1 accord+ to ! ,ko ku yao lun4 ,footnote #ih3 ,*9ese luan pai2 accord+ to ! ,po wu yao lan4 ,( ?ree specim5s figur$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ai1 #bb & #cd71 two are describ$ z y lan 7i4e4 sky blue71 & fn *'+ 7pale blue or gre571 & ! ?ird is undescrib$4 ,footnote #ii3 ,pt4 i41 fols4 #h & #i4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,x is n cle> :at ^! m>k+s 71 :e!r spots 9 ! glaze or a k9d ( crackle4 ,! simile ( crabs' claws is appli$ to crackle 9 o!r passages4 ,footnote #aja3 ,*9ese ,footnote #ajb3 ,?is int]e/+ li/1 giv5 9 ! ,*iang hsi t'ung *ih1 bk4 xciii41 fol4 ii41 is summ>is$ 9 vol4 ii41 *4 xii4 ,x is also quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 & translat$ by ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 plate #gg4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,9 a passage ref]r+ to mod]n imitations1 ! ,tao lu 7bk4 vii41 fol4 #aj7 /ates t at ,*+-t ,*n1 ! mak]s ( ! l>ge vases kn[n z kuan ku 7imp]ial antiques7 = ! mo/ "p imitate ! col\r ( ,ju yao glaze4 ,beautiful specim5s ( ^! 7imitations7 are commonly call$ 'blue ( ! sky aft] ra94' ,footnote #aje3 ,p4 #ci4 ,acc\nt ( a mission to ,corea 9 #aabe by ,hs ,*+4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,hsiang's ,album1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #ai4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,son ( ! au?or ( ! ,*+ pi tsang4 ,8 fa!r 7see p4 #ec7 decl>$ t he _h se5 ,ju porcela94 ,footnote #ajh3 ,9 ! ,*o kng lu1 publi%$ 9 #acfh1 b ( special int]e/ because x repeats ! /atem5ts ( a ,sung writ]1 ,yeh-*ih1 au?or ( ! ,yan *ai pi hng4 ,footnote #aji3 ,op4 cit41 plate #bj4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,cosmo ,monkh\se1 ,*9ese ,porcela91 plate #a1 & ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii41 pg4 #g4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,liu ,y5-t+4 ,footnote #aab3 ,x w\ld seem z if ! manufacture _h nev] entirely ceas$ at ,ju ,*\1 = we read 9 ,ri*>d's ,geography1 p4 #fa1 ,! environs 7( ,ju ,*\7 7 =m]ly v indu/rial1 b h lo/ _! activity4 ,! manufacture ( common pott]y is /ill c>ri$ on & gives x "s importance4 ,footnote #aac3 ,! ,*o kng lu1 publi%$ 9 #acfh1 b bas$ on a ?irte5?-c5tury ,sung "w 7see p4 #ee74 ,footnote #aad3 ,! ,tao lu 7bk4 vi41 fol4 #b v]so74 ,x is obvi\s t ! t]m ,kuan yao 7,imp]ial w>e7 is liable to cause confusion1 z x might be--& inde$ 0--equally appli$ to any w>e made at any "t at ! ,imp]ial factory4 ,9 recognition ( ?is fact ! ,sung ,kuan yao 0 sometimes nam$ 9 lat] writ]s ,ta ,kuan ,*9ese w>e1 aft] ! ,ta ,kuan p]iod4 ,footnote #aae3 ,a passage quot$ 9 ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #ac1 f an eighte5?-c5tury "w1 ! ,wn fang ss kao1 =ms a comm5t>y on ?is attitude4 ,! old capital ,kuan factory1 ,x says1 _h only a brief exi/5ce1 s t we mu/ consid] ! ,hsiu nei ss make to be fir/ & ! 'rec5t w>es' to be second4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,! li/ ( w>es made at ! ,imp]ial factories at ,*+-t ,*n ab\t #agcj1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,*iang hsi tung *ih 7vol4 xciii41 fol4 #aa71 ref]s to ! imitation ( ,kuan w>es z foll[s3 ,ta ,kuan glazes on an iron-col\r$ body4 ,^! are ?ree k9ds--yeh pai1 fn *+1 ta l--all imitat+ ! col\r & lu/re ( ,sung w>e s5t to 7or f7 ! palace 7nei fa sung *i74 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,ta ,kuan "h is m ?an a m]e synonym = ,kuan 7w>e74 ,footnote #aag3 ,*ang ,y+-wn 9 ! ,*+ pi tsang1 publi%$ 9 #aeie4 ,footnote #aah3 ,*9ese a phrase :i* is n v lucid4 ,9 fact1 ,i suspect a confusion ) ano!r tan ,*9ese1 :i* means egg1 & w\ld give ! s5se egg :ite1 l ! luan pai ( ! ,ju yao4 ,footnote #aai3 ,on ! subject ( crackle1 see vol4 ii41 p4 #aig4 ,! idea ( a crackle assum+ ! =m ( r\nd f\r- or five-petall$ fl[]s l plum blossoms 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,*i5 ,lung pott]s on "s ( ! m$allion b[ls 7see vol4 ii41 p4 #bdd71 ) a gr\nd ( blui% gre5 enamel on :i* a network ( l9es & plum blossoms 0 trac$ 9 black4 ,footnote #abj3 ,*9ese ,*ng ni1 lit4 pure1 limpid1 or cle> clay1 an expression :i* is expla9$ 9 ! ,tao %uo 7bk4 i41 fol4 #d v]so7 z ref9$ e>?1 ! ^w *ng 7or l+7 be+ equival5t to ,*9ese tao1 :i* means to wa%4 ,footnote #aba3 ,*9ese jung *1 lit4 brilliant p5etrate1 or brilliant "r ?r\gh4 ,footnote #abb3 ,! age is "h probably ! ,sung p]iod1 = we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! au?or ( ! ,*o kng lu is practically quot+ v]batim f ! ,sung writ] ,yeh-*ih4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ko ku yao lun1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #bb4 ,footnote #abd3 ,x may also expla9 ! ruddy t+e ( ! gre5 glaze1 :i*1 be+ transp>5t1 w\ld all[ ! r$di% br[n body col\r to %[ ?r\gh 9 ! ?9n] p>ts4 ,footnote #abe3 ,an e>ly sixte5?-c5tury "w1 ! ,tu kung tan tsuan 7quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #h v]so7 tells ( a ,*9ese syb>ite ,li ,fng-m+1 :o held a lotus fl[] banquet4 ,!re 7 cry/al tables twelve 9 numb]1 & on !m a s]ies ( vessels1 all ( ,kuan porcela91 a display ( elegance r>ely se5 at any "t4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ya ku *+ pao %ih4 ,ya ku is expla9$ by ,brets*neid] 7,m$ieval ,rese>*es1 vol4 i41 p4 #agd7 z equival5t to ! ,arabic yakut1 & mean+ a corundum1 ( :i* ! ,*9ese recognise v>i\s t9ts1 includ+ deep blue1 pale blue1 muddy blue1 besides yell[ & :ite4 ,footnote #abg3 ,*+ tsui jo y lan ti54 ,footnote #abh3 ,s *+ tai fn hung4 ,a m lit]al r5d]+ ( ?is phrase is ! col\r ( ! glaze is *+1 ) a t+e ( r$1 :i* w\ld ref] to ! r$di% tone ( a pale lav5d] glaze4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ^w tai is app>5tly us$ to describe ! contra/+ col\rs 9 p>ti-col\r$ jade & agate1 e4g4 huang s tai tu pan 9 ,lauf] 7,jade1 p4 #adj7 to describe yell[ jade ) e>?y spots1 & aga9 7op4 cit41 p4 #adb71 *+ y tai hei s1 gre5 jade ) passages ( black col\r4 ,footnote #abi3 ,po wu yao lan 7quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo1 vol4 iii41 fol4 #ac v]so74 ,^! accid5tal effects are m5tion$ on bo? ! ,kuan & ,ko w>es1 & are said to be ei!r ( a yell[i% or a br[ni% r$ t9t4 ,footnote #acj3 ,w>es ( ! ,sung & ,yan ,dyna/ies1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #aiji1 ,plate i41 fig4 #d4 ,footnote #aca3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #aiji1 ,plate i41 fig4 #bh2 ,plate ii41 fig4 #f4 ,footnote #acb3 ,speak+ ( ! imitations ( ,kuan yao e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,tao lu 7bk4 ii41 fol4 #aj7 rem>ks3 ,orig9ally !re 7 special dep>tm5ts = imitat+ ,kuan yao4 ,n[1 only ! imitators ( ! crackl$ w>es make x4 ,z = ! imitations made at ! 7,imp]ial7 factory1 !y are m beautiful1 sc4 ?an ^? made 9 ! private factories4 ,footnote #acc3 ,bk4 xxix41 fol4 #aa4 ,footnote #acd3 ,! ^w ,hs ,*9ese has ! mean+ cont9uation1 & if x be n a place-"n at pres5t unid5tifi$1 x might conceivably be ! cont9uation or lat] ,kuan w>e4 ,footnote #ace3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #f v]so4 ,footnote #acf3 ,! ,*i hsiu lei kao1 quot$ by ,hir?1 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela91 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #acg3 ,! au?ors ( ! ,po wu yao lan & ! ,*+ pi tsang4 ,footnote #ach3 ,*9ese hsieh *ao wn1 a debatable phrase1 :i* seems be/ expla9$ z a l>ge irregul> crackle resembl+ ! tangle ( claws se5 on ! top ( a basket ( crabs4 ,footnote #aci3 ,*9ese ,y tz4 ,a crackle ( f9] me%1 :i* ,fr5* writ]s describe z truit1 or resembl+ ! scales ( a tr\t4 ,footnote #adj3 ,*9ese pai *i sui1 us$ by ! au?or ( ! ,pai %ih lei pi52 see o!r ref]5ces 9 ! ,tao %uo & ! ,tao lu4 ,footnote #ada3 ,see p4 #hb4 ,footnote #adb3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo 7bk4 v41 fol4 #i v]so74 ,footnote #adc3 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #add3 ,*9ese ,*9ese mi s fn *+4 ,mi s is r5d]$ 9 ,giles's ,diction>y1 ,/raw col\r1 ! col\r ( yell[ millet1 & all ,*9ese au?orities :om ,i h que/ion$ agree t x is a yell[ col\r4 ,bu%ell 9 mu* ( 8 publi%$ "w r5d]$ x rice col\r$1 foll[+ ,juli5's c\leur du riz1 & o!rs1 includ+ myself1 h be5 misl$ by ?is r5d]+4 ,bu%ell1 h[ev]1 9 a note 9 ,monkh\se's ,*9ese ,porcela91 p4 #fg1 :i* is quot$ at l5g? 9 vol4 ii41 p4 #bbj1 pron\nces 9 fav\r ( ! r5d]+ yell[4 ,! difficulty ( f9d+ a true yell[ among ! ,sung w>es to support ! comp>ison ) yell[ millet has fur!r complicat$ ! "q4 ,! vase 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :i* is figur$ 9 ,monkh\se 7fig4 #bb7 z a specim5 ( old mi s1 is probably a ,yung ,*ng reproduction ( ! ,sung type4 ,x has a /one-col\r$ crackle glaze1 ov]laid ) a br[ni% yell[ enamel1 a te*nique :i* is =eign to ! ,sung w>es4 ,possibly "o type ( ,sung mi s 0 illu/rat$ by ! %all[ b[l ) sp\t1 ( grey /onew>e ) opaque glaze ( pale sulphur yell[1 :i* ,mr4 ,alex&] exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj 7,cat4 ,k4 #ah74 ,ano!r k9d is describ$ by ,bu%ell 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,morgan collection 7p4 #ch7 z foll[s3 ,%all[ b[l 7wan74 ,gre5i% yell[ crackl$ glaze ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 leav+ a b>e r+ at ! bottom )94 ,a specim5 ( anci5t mi s or millet-col\r$ crackle f ! ,kiang-hsi pott]ies4 ,=m]ly ! possession ( ,8 ,excell5cy ,*ang ,y9huan4 ,d4 #f in*es4 ,specim5s ( ?is type1 ) gre5i% & br[ni% yell[ crackle glaze1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,borneo1 :]e !y h be5 reput$ to be ( enorm\s age2 !re are sev]al examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,hir? collection 9 ! ,go?a ,museum includes f\r high-foot$ b[ls ( br[ni% yell[ col\r :i* seem to belong to ?is class4 ,footnote #ade3 ,z expla9$ 9 ! ,tao lu 7bk4 ii41 fol4 #aj v]so73 ,at ,*+-t ,*n !re is no special factory devot$ to ! imitation ( ,ko yao1 b ! manufactur]s ( crackl$ w>es make x 9 addition to _! own special l9e1 & t is :y !y h ! g5]al "n ( ,ko yao h\ses 7,ko yao hu74 ,=m]ly1 ! manufactur]s 7 acqua9t$ ) ! orig9 ( ! ^w1 b n[adays ^? :o imitate ,ko yao only copy a fix$ model )\t kn[+ :y x is call$ ,ko yao4 ,footnote #adf3 ,! ,hsiang-hu w>es 7 imitat$ at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! ,imp]ial factory ab\t #agcj4 ,tang ,y+ himself gives ! foll[+ note on !m 9 ! ,tao ,*ng %ih y kao1 writt5 ab\t ?is "t3 ,tw5ty li s\?-we/ ( ,*+-t ,*n is a wa/e place call$ ,hsiang-hu ,*9ese1 :]e !re 7 =m]ly ! f\ndations ( ,sung kilns4 ,x us$ to be easy to f9d porcela9 7tz7 fragm5ts ( old vessels & wa/e pieces4 ,! mat]ial 0 v ?91 & ! w>e 0 evid5tly millet-col\r$ 7mi s7 & pale gre5 7fn *+74 ,! memoir ( ,*iang 7#acbb7 /ates t ! w>e 0 beautiful & lu/r\s1 b n greatly priz$ at t "t4 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #ab1 & bk4 v41 fol4 #b4 ,= ,*i ,*\ w>e1 see p4 #ih4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see ,*9ese1 ,corean1 & ,japanese ,pott]ies1 ,new ,york1 ,japan ,society1 #aiad ,no4 #cjg4 ,footnote #adh3 ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #d4 ,footnote #adi3 ,bk4 vi41 fol4 #e v]so4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see above1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #aea3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #aiji1 ,w>es ( ! ,sung & ,yan ,dyna/ies1 ,plate iii41 fig4 #aa4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #i4 ,footnote #aec3 ,celadon gre52 see p4 #hb4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lung-,,*,,an ,,yao ,*9ese ,,9 discuss+ ! celebrat$ ,lung-*an celadons1 we are able to build our /ructure on a m solid basis4 ,= "o gr\p ( !m1 at any rate1 is s famili> t we %\ld be tempt$ to ab&on ! difficult ,*9ese descriptions & con/ruct an essay on ! w>e f actually exi/+ specim5s1 7 x n t 9 s do+ we %\ld miss our *ief opportunity ( apply+ a liv+ te/ to ! ,*9ese phrases4 ,! di/rict ( ,lung-*an 9 ! prefecture ( ,*u-*\1 prov9ce ( ,*ekiang1 0 not$ = its pott]ies z e>ly#aed z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 b its greate/ celebrity 0 atta9$ by ! m>ket t[n ( ,liu-ti51 :]e ! ,*ang bro!rs are reput$ to h work$4#aee ,! /ory t ! eld] ,*ang mov$ to ,liu-ti5 :ile ! y\ng] bro!r rema9$ at ,lung-*an is1 ,i believe1 bas$ on a misread+ ( a ,*9ese passage1#aef ! true mean+ ( :i* seems to be t :ile ! eld] bro!r made new dep>tures :i* e>n$ = 8 w>e ! di/9ctive "n ( ,ko yao1 ! y\ng] cont9u$ ! ,lung-*an traditions1 & consequ5tly 8 w>e 0 kn[n z ,lung-*an yao4 ,x appe>s t "o vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! two w>es 0 crackle1 :i* 0 us$ by ! eld] & n by ! y\ng] bro!r4 ,! productions ( ! ,lung-*an di/rict are v>i\sly nam$ 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun1 ,*u w>e 7f ,*u-*\ ,fu1 ! "n ( ! prefecture71 *+ w>e1 & old *+ w>e1 & ! v>i\s ,*9ese acc\nts agree 9 di/+ui%+ two broad classes1 ! "o hav+ a ?9 body ( f9e mat]ial1 & ! o!r a ?ick body ( co>s] & heavi] make4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two classes includes ! ,*ang yao1 or w>e ( ! y\ng] ,*ang1 ( :i* ! ,*+ pi tsang gives ! foll[+ description3 ,!re is "o k9d 9 ! manufacture ( :i* :ite clay is us$1 & ! surface ( ! w>e is cov]$ ) tsui#aeg glaze ?r\gh :i* ! :ite %[s 9 fa9t pat*es4 ,?is is :at 0 made by ! ,*ang family 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 & is call$ ,*ang yao4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,lung-*an w>e 9 /yle & make1 x gives ! impression ( great] delicacy & ref9em5t4 ,ano!r writ]#aeh describes x z s+le-col\r$ & pure1 l beautiful jade1 & rank+ ) ! ,kuan yao2 :]eas ! ,ko yao 0 pale 9 col\r4 ,! elev5 examples figur$ & describ$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album are all app>5tly ( ?is class1 & _! col\r is v>i\sly describ$ z gre51 ( jade-gre5 t9t 7tsui pi71 l a wet1 mossy bank or sl5d] will[ twigs1 gre5 l ! gre5 ( onion 7spr\ts7 7tsui jo *+ tsung71 gre5 l p>rot's fea!rs1 gre5 l ! dull gre5 7l7 ( a melon1 & s(t jade-gre5 l onion spr\ts 9 autumn4 ,hsiang's similes leave no d\bt z to ! prevail+ t9t ( ! w>e1 :i* cle>ly aim$ at rivall+ ! t9t ( ! priz$ gre5 jade4 ,z might be expect$1 few if any ( ,*ang's celadons are to be f\nd 9 our collections4 ,relatively few 9 numb]s1 assum+ !m to h be5 ! "w ( "o lifetime1 & sl5d] 9 /ructure1 x is improbable t _m ( !m c h surviv$ ! *ances ( eight or n9e hundr$ ye>s1 & ev5 suppos+ t any ( !m h rea*$ ,europe1 _! id5tity n[ c\ld only be a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! second class is be/ kn[n to u 9 ^? ?ick1 massive porcela9s ) greyi% :ite body & smoo? grey gre5 glaze :i* h be5 nam$ 9 ,p]sian c\ntries m>tabani & 9 ,europe celadon4 ,! =m] "n is no d\bt d]iv$ f ! port ( ,m>taban1 on ! coa/ ( ,pegu1 a meet+ place ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n trad]s1 f :i* ! ,*9ese goods 7 %ipp$ or tran%ipp$ = ,europe & ! ne>] ,ea/4 ,! latt] "n has a m caprici\s orig91 d]iv+ f ! %eph]d ,cladon1 a /age p]sonality ^: famili> grey gre5 clo?+ sugge/$ a "n = ! grey gre5 porcela94 ,he appe>$ 9 "o ( ! plays f\nd$ on ! e>ly sev5te5?-c5tury romance1 ,l',a/re1 writt5 by ,honor d',urf4 ,l>ge di%es & plates1 b[ls1 vases1 bulb b[ls & j>s ( ?is gre5 w>e h f\nd _! way to all p>ts ( ,europe 9 consid]able numb]s1 & !y evid5tly =m$ a /aple ( f> ,ea/]n trade 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! subject ( _! di/ribution w be treat$ pres5tly4 ,fir/1 we mu/ complete _! description4 ,! w>e1 z a g5]al rule1 has a greyi% :ite mass v>y+ f porcela9 to /onew>e1 & ) ! peculi> quality ( assum+ a r$di% br[n t9t :]ev] ! glaze is abs5t & ! biscuit 0 expos$ to ! fire ( ! kiln4 ,x has1 9 fact1 ! iron foot ?\gh n ! br[n m\?1 = ! body is ( a :iti% col\r "u ! glaze1 & consequ5tly ! m\? ( ! vessel v>ies f gre5 to gre5i% :ite1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! glaze4 ,! decoration is ei!r c>v$1 et*$ ) f9e po9t1 or rais$ 9 relief by press+ 9 an intaglio m\ld or by ! application ( small ornam5ts sep>ately =m$ 9 m\lds4 ,all ^! processes are appli$ to ! body be=e ! glaze is add$1 & ! glaze1 ?\gh cov]+ !m ov]1 is transp>5t en\gh to all[ ! details to appe> fairly di/9ctly4 ,9 ! case ( ! appli$ reliefs1 h[ev]1 ! glaze is (t5 locally omitt$1 & ! ornam5ts /& out 9 biscuit1 :i* has assum$ ! usual r$di% br[n t9t4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ on ,plate #ba1 9 :i* two br[n fi%es are repres5t$ swimm+ r\nd a sea gre5 di%4 ,a di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s ?ree fi%es swimm+ b5ea? ! gre5 surface ( ! glaze4 ,?is fi% design 0 frequ5t en\gh to h e>n$ special notice 9 ,*9ese books1 :i* are excessively nigg>d 9 _! enum]ation ( designs4 ,! ,ko ku yao lun1#aei = in/ance1 says !re is "o k9d ( di% on ! bottom ( :i* is a pair ( fi%es1 & on ! outside are copp] r+s atta*$ to lift x4 ,elaborate designs ( fl[]s1 fly+ phnixes 9 peony scrolls1 dragons 9 cl\ds or waves1 =m$ 9 relief by pressure 9 m\lds1 7 c]ta9ly us$ on ,sung celadons j z !y 7 9 ! :ite ,t+ w>es1 b !y seem to h be5 /ill m common on ! ,m+ w>es4 ,b ! be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic ,sung decoration 0 a beautiful freeh& c>v+ execut$ ) admirable _s & ta/e1 9 ^? bold1 half naturali/ic1 half idealis$ sket*es :i* di/+ui% ! art ( ! "t4 ,complex ornam5t1 su* z l&scape & figure subjects1 is occasionally f\nd on old celadons2 & !re is "o k9d ( b[l ( r\nd$ =m ) r high n>r[ foot :i* is decorat$ inside ) gr\ps ( figures c>v$ or impress$ 9 intaglio1 ! subjects be+ ! eight ,taoi/ ,immortals1 or hi/orical p]sonages su* z ,confucius1 ! *ess-play+ ,g5]al1 etc41 usually labell$ ) _! names 9 ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,! glaze on ^! b[ls v>ies widely 9 col\r & texture1 be+ sometimes smoo? celadon gre51 sometimes yell[i% or br[ni% gre5 or aga9 a pale apple gre5 ) crackl$ surface2 & x is possible t !y come f "s di/rict o!r ?an ,lung-*an4#afj ,! ,lung-*an celadon glaze is s+ul>ly beautiful ) its s(t1 smoo? transluc5t texture & re/ful t9ts1 :i* v>y f olive gre5 ?r\gh grass gre5 & sea gre5 to pale gre5i% grey1 occasionally %[+ a decid$ly blui% tone4 ,! w>e has enjoy$ imm5se popul>ity 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w = untold ye>s1 & n[h]e m ?an 9 ,japan1 :]e *oice specim5s h always be5 highly valu$1 & x is n a little surpris+ to f9d t 9 ?is c\ntry alone its m]its are und]e/imat$4 ,! ,*9ese !mselves h be5 always l\d 9 _! praises ( ! f9] v>ieties1 ?\gh !y h n always spok5 9 complim5t>y t]ms ( ! ?ick & massive types :i* 7 s suitable = ! export trade4 ,( ^! ! ,*+ pi tsang obs]ves t !y readily )/& usage & h&l+1 & d n easily break2 b ! workman%ip is some:at clumsy1 & ! designs are lack+ 9 antique elegance4 ,) ! f9] examples )9 rea*1 ^! /rictures 7 p]haps only natural2 b !re has nev] be5 any d\bt ( ! ,*9ese appreciation ( ! celadon glaze1 = :ile !y h nev] ceas$ to reproduce x 9 o!r factories1 x is always ! old ,lung-*an w>e :i* s]ves z _! /&>d & model4 ,! mod]n celadon glaze is made by mix+ f]rug9\s clay ) ! ord9>y feldspa?ic glaze & add+ a p9* ( cobalt 7! m9]al f :i* ! blue col\r is obta9$7 to give x ! requisite tone#afa2 & x is c]ta9 t ! col\r ( ! old celadons is due to ! pres5ce ( oxide ( iron1 :e!r assi/$ or n by oxide ( cobalt4 ,possibly ! e>lie/ celadons 7 ! accid5tal result ( ! iron 9 a /rongly f]rug9\s clay escap+ 9 ! heat ( ! kiln & imp>t+ a gre5 t+e to an o!rwise col\rless glaze4 ,! conditions 9 ! ,lung-*an di/rict w\ld h specially fav\r$ su* an accid5t1 = ! local clays 7 ( ! f]rug9\s k9d1 z is %[n by _! peculi>ity1 :i* we h already not$1 ( turn+ r$ or r$di% br[n :5 expos$ )\t protection to ! heat ( ! kiln4 ,! pres5ce ( iron 9 great] or less quantity is a common feature ( pott]'s clays all ! _w ov]1 & x is usual 9 mod]n pott]ies to pass ! clay ov] /rong magnets 9 ord] to remove ?is di/urb+ elem5t :5 a pure :ite w>e is 9 view4 ,?is fact alone w expla9 ! preval5ce ( gre5 t9ts ( ! celadon type among ! e>li] ,*9ese w>es1 & obs]vation ( ^! results w\ld naturally lead to ! discov]y t a c]ta9 quantity ( p>ticul> clay mix$ ) ! ord9>y glaze w\ld produce a beautiful gre5 col\r1 resembl+ jade4 ,! r$di% br[n spots occasionally obs]v$ 9 old celadon glazes are no d\bt due to flaws 9 ! glaze-cov]+1 :i* all[$ a p>tial exposure ( ! body1 or to a local excess ( iron oxide 9 ! mat]ial4 ,l a great _m o!r accid5tal effects1 ^! 7 turn$ to acc\nt by ! ,*9ese1 & 9 "s examples we f9d pat*es ( br[n :i* ev9ce a delib]ate int5tion 7,plate #ba74 ,^! effects are highly priz$ by ! ,japanese1 :o call ! w>e ,tobi seiji or spott$ celadon4 ,! manufacture ( celadon mu/ h be5 v ext5sive 9 ! ,lung-*an di/rict4 ,besides ! pr9cipal factories at ,liu-ti5 ,%ih1 !re 7 m9or works at ,*9-tsun already m5tion$1 & accord+ to ! ,tao lu#afb at ,li-%ui ,hsi5#afc 9 ! ,*u-*\ ,fu1 ! latt] already op]ative 9 ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,its w>es 7 includ$ 9 ! compreh5sive t]m ,*u yao1 & ! mat]ial 0 co>se & ?ick1 ! col\r simil> to t ( ,lung-*an w>e1 bo? d>k & light1 b ! workman%ip 0 co>s]4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 we are told#afd t ! ,lung-*an factories 7 remov$ to ,*u-*\1 & t ! w>e made on ! new site 0 gre5 7*+71 ) a :ite body :i*1 l ! old] w>e1 assum$ a r$ col\r 9 ! expos$ p>ts1 b t ! w>e 0 n s good z ! old4 ,local tradition ass]ts t ! celadon indu/ry 9 ! di/rict came to an end ) ! ,m+ dyna/y4#afe ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #ba4--,?ree examples ( ,lung-*an ,celadon ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,plate ( spott$ celadon4 787 ,sung dyna/y4 ,diamet] #f in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,octagonal ,vase ) crackl$ glaze & biscuit panels m\ld$ ) figures ( ! ,eight ,immortals 9 cl\ds4 787 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,height #i in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,di% ) engrav$ lotus scrolls & two fi%es 9 biscuit4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,diamet] #aa in*es4 ,go?a ,museum4 ,connoisseurs are mu* ex]cis$ ov] ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,sung & ,m+ celadons4 ,! ,tao lu tells u no?+ beyond ! b>e /atem5t t ! ,m+ w>e 0 n s good1 & ! two g5]al rules :i* h be5 laid d[n#aff = our guidance--viz4 7#a7 t ! col\r ( ! ,sung w>es is deep] & m grass gre51 t ( ! ,m+ m grey gre51 & 7#b7 t ! bottoms ( ! ,m+ vessels are di/+ui%$ by an unglaz$ r+ ( r$di% br[n col\r--c only be accept$ ) res]ve4 ,( ! two ! col\r te/ is probably ! m reliable1 b ,i h f\nd too _m exceptions 9 :i* ! grey gre5 occurs on pieces ( obvi\sly ,sung orig9 to feel any great confid5ce 9 its guidance4 ,! r+ te/ breaks d[n 9 practice1 & is illogical 9 its conception1 imply+1 z x does1 t ! use ( a circul> support 9 ! kiln 0 limit$ to "o p>ticul> place & p]iod4 ,on ! contr>y1 we "k t ?is me?od ( support 0 usual 9 ! ,siamese factories at ,sawankalok1#afg & app>5tly be=e ! ,m+ p]iod1 & z ! ,siamese pott]ies 7 />t$ by ,*9ese1 probably s5t f ,we/]n ,*9a1 x is only fair to suppose t ?is me?od ( manufacture 0 9 g5]al use at an e>ly date4 ,! safe/ crit]ion ( ,sung workman%ip is ! /yle ( ! w>e1 & especially ! boldness & fre$om ( ! c>v$ designs4 ,9 ! ,m+ p]iod ! ,sung patt]ns already exhibit an inevitable /al5ess & conv5tionality ) a t5d5cy to ov]cr[d+ ( detail4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 ! designs are ( a lat] ord]1 & closely analog\s to ^? ( ! blue & :ite ,m+ porcela9s4 ,9 addition to ! ,lung-*an & ,*u-*\ celadons1 :i* are readily recognis$ by _! peculi> glaze & _! r$di% br[n foot rims1 !re are _m o!r k9ds :i* are n easy to classify4 ,"s ( ^! h a dry1 buff /onew>e body & br[ni% gre5 glaze1 :ile o!rs h a glaze ( decid$ grey or blue grey tone4 ,9 conjectur+ ! orig9 ( ^! we mu/ take into consid]ation ! private factories :i* exi/$ "u ! ,nor!rn ,sung at ,*n-liu#afh & o!r localities 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ea/]n capital 7tung *+71 n[ nam$ ,kai-fng ,fu1 9 ,honan4 ,! ,ko ku yao lun#afi describes ! w>e ( ^! p>ts "u ! head+ ,tung yao#agj3 ,x is pale gre5 7*+7 9 col\r1 ) f9e crackle1 & 9 _m cases has a br[n m\? & iron foot4 ,comp>$ ) ,kuan w>e x lacks ! r$ t+e1 & its mat]ial is co>se1 want+ 9 f95ess & lu/re1 & f> f equall+ t ( ! ,kuan w>e4 ,at ! pres5t day 7i4e4 #ahhg7 x is r>ely se54 ,o!r writ]s repeat ?is passage ) little alt]ation1 ?\gh ! au?or ( ! ,tao lu adds t ! clay 0 ( black col\r & ! glaze ( v>y+ dep?4 ,hsiang's ,album includes "o specim5 ( ! tung *+ tz1 describ+ ! col\r z tieh tsui1 :i* probably means ! blue gre5 %ade ( di/ant hills4#aga ,tung *+ glaze is includ$ 9 ! li/ ( ^? imitat$ 9 ! ,imp]ial factories ab\t #aghj1 two k9ds1 pale & deep1 be+ specifi$2 & ! ,tao lu#agb in=ms u t ! ,tung *+ 0 copi$ to a consid]able ext5t at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 & t ! mod]n glaze 0 exactly l ! old4 ,t ?is mod]n glaze 0 only a v>iety ( celadon is %[n by ! recipe giv5 9 ! same "w1#agc viz4 to add to ! ord9>y glaze "s ( ! mixture conta9+ f]rug9\s e>?1 :i* diff]s f t giv5 = ! mod]n ,lung-*an glaze only 9 ! abs5ce ( ! p9* ( cobalt 7see vol ii41 p4 #ahi74 ,a v]se f a poem by ,*ang-lei 7#ajdf-aajf7 indicates ! gre5 col\r ( ! w>e3 ,gre5 jade 7pi y7 :5 c>v$ makes a vessel2 "k x to be ! porcela9 7tz7 ( ! ,tung kilns ,*9ese4#agd ,9 ! classification ( old celadons due acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! imitations made f ! e>lie/ times at ,*+-t ,*n4 ,_m ( ^! w\ld be di/+ui%able by _! :ite porcela9 body1 ! ord9>y porcela9 clay ( ! di/rict n hav+ ! peculi> qualities ( ! ,lung-*an & ,*u-*\ ,fu mat]ial4 ,9 fact1 we "k t x has be5 a common practice 9 rec5t times among ! ,*+-t ,*n pott]s to dress ! expos$ p>ts ( _! w>e ) br[n f]rug9\s e>? :5 !y wi%$ to reproduce ! br[n m\? or iron foot ( ! ar*aic w>es4 ,ano!r me?od :i* 0 f\nd effective by imitators ( ! antique 0 to use a co>se yell[i% clay = ! body ( ! w>e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be g5]ally recognisable4 ,b ! skill ( ! ,*9ese copyi/ is prov]bial1 & a good in/ance ( 8 cunn+ is giv5 9 ! n[ celebrat$ lett]s ( ,pre d',entrecolles1 a ,jesuit mission>y /ation$ at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! ,kang ,hsi p]iod4 ,! passage#age is int]e/+ en\gh to be quot$ 9 full3 ,! m&>9 ( ,kim t ,*im1 :o hon\rs me ) 8 fri5d%ip1 makes = 8 patrons at ! ,c\rt pres5ts ( old porcela9 :i* he has himself a g5ius = fabricat+4 ,i mean t he has discov]$ ! art ( imitat+ antique porcela91 or at lea/ t ( comp>ative antiquity2 & he employs a numb] ( workm5 = ?is purpose4 ,! mat]ial ( ^! false ,k\ tom1 viz4 c\nt]feit antiques1 is a yell[i% clay1 obta9$ 9 a place q ne> ,kim t ,*im1 call$ ,ma ngan *an4 ,!y are con/ruct$ v ?ick4 ,! m&>9 has giv5 me a plate ( ?is make1 :i* weighs z mu* z t5 ord9>y plates4 ,!re is no?+ peculi> 9 ! manufacture ( ^! k9ds ( porcela9 beyond t !y are cov]$ ) a glaze made ( yell[ /one1 m+l$ ) ! ord9>y glaze1 ! latt] pr$om9at+ 9 ! mixture1 :i* gives ! porcela9 a sea gre5 col\r4 ,:5 x is fir$ x is plac$ 9 a v ri* bro? made ( *ick5 & o!r meats2 9 ?is x is bak$ a second "t1 & aft] t x is put 9 ! f\le/ dra9 t c be f\nd & left = a mon? or m4 ,on issu+ f ?is dra9 x passes = ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s old1 or at any rate = a repres5tative ( ! prec$+ ,m+ dyna/y1 :5 porcela9 ( ?is col\r & ?ickness 0 appreciat$ at ,c\rt4 ,^! c\nt]feit antiques resemble ! g5u9e pieces also 9 _! want ( timbre :5 /ruck1 & if "o holds !m to ! e> !y produce no rev]b]ation4 ,! wor?y fa!r's acqua9tance ) ! antiques 0 probably limit$1 or he w\ld n h in/anc$ ! la/ quality z evid5ce ( good imitation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! lack ( timbre w\ld be reg>d$ by ,*9ese connoisseurs z indication ( a spuri\s w>e1 ! note ( ! old porcela9s be+ "o ( ! crit]ia ( _! excell5ce4 ,b ! passage is o!rwise mo/ in/ructive4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 too1 t at ! "t ( :i* d',entrecolles speaks1 an ext5sive use 0 be+ made at ,*+-t ,*n ( a beautiful celadon glaze on a f9e :ite porcela9 body4 ,^! celadons ( ! p]iod w be discuss$ 9 _! prop] place1 z !y make no pret5ce ( antiquity & are easily di/+ui%$ by _! pure :ite body & pale s(t gre5 glaze4 ,inde$1 !y (t5 h ! ord9>y :ite glaze "u ! base & a p]iod m>k 9 blue4 ,ano!r factory :i* made free use ( ! celadon glaze 0 t ( ,yang ,*iang1 prov9ce ( ,kuangtung4 ,z a rule1 ! w>e is recognisable by its r$di% br[n /onew>e body1 b 9 cases :]e ! biscuit is light] 9 col\r & m porcellan\s 9 texture1 confusion may easily arise4 ,nor mu/ we =get ! ext5sive manufacture ( celadons outside ,*9a itself4 ,! ,corean w>es h already be5 m5tion$4 ,z a rule1 _! s(t velvety glaze is recognis$ by its peculi> blui% grey tone1 difficult to describe b easy to rememb] :5 once se54 ,! col\r1 h[ev]1 v>ies to di/9ctly gre5] & br[n] %ades1 :i* are liable to be confus$ ) ,*9ese celadons ( ! ,lung-*an & nor!rn types4 ,=tunately1 mo/1 ?\gh n all1 ( ! ,corean decorations are v *>act]i/ic1 p>ticul>ly ! delicate inlaid designs#agf 9 :ite & black clays2 & ! f9i% ( ! w>e und]nea? is usually di/9ctive1 a v l[ foot rim1 ! base slightly convex1 & ! disfigur+ pres5ce ( ! s&1 :i* 9 ?ree little piles support$ ! w>e 9 ! kiln4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 q a numb] ( ambigu\s celadons ) a br[ni% gre5 glaze1 usually b[ls1 ( :i* "s are decorat$ inside ) beautiful c>v$ & m\ld$ designs ( bold foliage 7,plate #ah1 ,fig4 #a7 & ev5 ) ! design ( boys among fl[]+ bran*es & ! slight comb$ patt]ns :i* are f\nd on ! ,corean :ite w>es4 ,7 x n = ! app>5tly ,*9ese prov5ance ( s _m ( ^! b[ls1 & ! abs5ce ( ! ,corean *>act]i/ics 9 _! bases1 "o w\ld be tempt$ to class !m z ,corean on ! /r5g? ( _! g5]al appe>ance4 ,probably we h 9 ?is gr\p bo? ! ,*9ese prototypes & ! close imitations made by ! ,corean pott]s :o foll[$ ^! models j z !y foll[$ ! :ite w>e ( ,t+ ,*\4 ,"o ( ! comb$ b[ls =m]ly treasur$ z a tea b[l 9 ,japan is n[ 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,b]l91 b un=tunately ! ,japanese "n %uko-yaki1 by :i* ,dr4 ,kmmel in=ms me x 0 kn[n 9 ,japan1 %$s no light on ! "q ( its orig94 ,! ,sawankalok w>es ( ,siam1 too1 h already _h a pass+ m5tion4 ,^! are easily di/+ui%$ by _! co>se grey body1 r$di% at ! base1 & ?91 wat]y gre5 glaze1 v transp>5t & %[+ a blui% effloresc5ce :]e x has run ?ick4 ,once se51 !y are h>dly likely to be confus$ ) any ,*9ese celadon1 except a few ( ! co>s] ,m+ & lat] types1 9 :i* ! glaze happ5s to be v pale & ?94 ,! ,siamese w>es1 moreov]1 usually h a small raw irregul> r+ "u ! base1 made by ! end ( a tubul> kiln support1 & diff]+ f ! broad regul> r+ on ! ,lung-*an di%es describ$ above4 ,b ! mo/ puzzl+ ( ! ext]nal celadons are ^? made at v>i\s times & places 9 ,japan4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 close & c>eful copies ( ,*9ese types1 ) :i* !y are readily conf\nd$ by p]sons n famili> ) ,japanese peculi>ities4 ,9 _m cases1 too1 !y w puzzle ! mo/ exp]t4 ,x is well-nigh impossible to put into words any di/9ctive crit]ia ( ^! w>es4 ,! biscuit is usually :ite & porcellan\s1 & ?\gh x sometimes assumes a natural t+e ( r$ at ! base1 ! col\r is n s deep & decid$ z on ! ,lung-*an w>es4 ,! *ief di/9ction is an inevitable ,japanese flav\r 9 ! =m & decoration ( ! w>e1 b ?is1 aga91 is an intangible feature :i* c only be realis$ by ! practis$ eye4 ,f9ally1 x %\ld be said t rem>kably close copies ( ! celadon gre5 glaze 7& ( ! typical ornam5t z well7 7 made 9 ,egypt & ,p]sia 9 ! late ,middle ,ages4 ,at a %ort di/ance !y might (t5 be tak5 = ,*9ese1 b on inspection ! body w be f\nd to h t s(t1 s&y texture :i* is an unmi/akable *>act]i/ic ( ! ne>-,ea/]n pott]y4 ,x is impossible to leave ! subject ( celadon )\t a few words on ! di/ribution ( ! w>e 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ?\gh ,i h no int5tion ( emb>k+ on ! l5g?y discussion :i* ! int]e/+ nature ( ! subject invites1 nor ( reop5+ ! mu*-debat$ ,celadonfrage :i* elicit$ _m int]e/+ contributions#agg f ,pr(essors ,k>abacek1 ,a4,b4 ,mey]1 & ,hir?1 & ,dr4 ,bu%ell4 ,probably no s+le article ( comm]ce c tell s mu* ( ! m$ival trade betwe5 ,*9a & ! ,we/ z ! old celadon porcela9s ^: fragm5ts are con/antly une>!d on ! sites ( ! old-_w trad+ /ations4 ,! c>avan r\tes ?r\gh ,turke/an & ! seaborne trade ?r\gh ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago & ! ,indian ,ocean to ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,r$ ,sea1 & ea/ coa/ ( ,africa c be foll[$ by porcela9s deposit$ at ! v>i\s trad+ c5tres & ports ( call4 ,mu*1 too1 has be5 le>nt f ! writ+s ( ,*9ese1 ,arab1 & ,european travell]s & geograph]s4 ,pr(essor ,hir?1 z e>ly z #ahhh1 work$ out ! pr9cipal r\tes ( ,*9ese seaborne trade f ! ,records ( ,*9ese ,=eign ,trade & ,%ipp+1#agh compil$ by ,*ao ,ju-kua ab\t #abbj ,a4,d41 />t+ f ! ,t+ui#agi ( ,m>co ,polo1 :i* he id5tifies ) ,lung-*an itself1 & f9i%+ 9 ,egypt & ,zanzib>4 ,! porcela9 0 c>ri$ by l& & riv] to ! great port ( ,*an-*\ ,fu1 & !nce 9 junks to ,bruni 9 ,borneo1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 & ,cambodia1 ,java1 ,lambri1 & ,palembang1 9 ,sumatra1 :]e ! trad]s ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ met & ex*ang$ goods4 ,!nce ! trade proce$$ to ,quilom 9 ,malab>1 ,guz]ate1 ,cambray1 & ,malwa1 & z f> z ,zanzib>4 ,num]\s o!r localities might be m5tion$1 & mu* has be5 writt5#ahj ( ! v5]ation 9 :i* old ,*9ese w>es h always be5 held 9 ! ,philipp9es & ,borneo1 & ( ! magic p[]s attribut$ to ! old dragon j>s by ! natives ( ^! c\ntries4 ,! gre5 celadon 0 highly valu$ 9 ,india & ,p]sia1 :]e x 0 reput$ to h ! p[] ( disclos+ ! pres5ce ( poison4 ,an e>ly ref]5ce to ! ,*9ese porcela9 occurs 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,p]sian geograph] ,yacut1#aha :o m5tions f\r boxes full ( ,*9ese porcela9 & rock cry/al among ! effects ( a native ( ,d\r-er-,raibi 9 ,kh\zi/an1 :o di$ 9 #iac a4d4 ,! trade ) ,egypt is indicat$ 9 ! mu*-quot$ incid5t ( ! gift ( =ty pieces ( ,*9ese porcela9 s5t f ,egypt by ,salad9 to ,nur-ed-d9 9 ,damascus 9 #aaga1 & by ! lat] gift ( porcela9 vases s5t 9 #adhg by ! ,sultan ( ,egypt to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! celadons 9 our collections has be5 br\ght & /ill comes f ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,egypt4#ahb ,! ,sultan's treasure at ,con/ant9ople#ahc teems ) celadons collect$ 9 m$ival times4 ,fragm5ts ( celadon are une>!d on almo/ e important m$ival site :i* is excavat$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has small collections ( su* fragm5ts f ,bijapur 9 ,india1 ! isl& ( ,kais 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,rhages 9 ,p]sia1 ,ephesus1 ,rhodes1 ,cairo1 & ,mombasa1 to m5tion a few sites only4 ,fragm5ts ( celadon 7 f\nd1 9 company ) ,*9ese co9s rang+ 9 date f #iij-aaaa ,a4,d41 by ,sir ,john ,kirk & ,lieut4 ,c4 ,smi?1 ne> ,kilwa 9 ,zanzib>1 & ! =m]1 :ile ,briti% repres5tative 9 ,zanzib>1 0 able to =m a consid]able collection ( complete specim5s :i* 7 treasur$ by ! natives ) almo/ religi\s c>e4 ,a /ory told by ,sir ,john ,kirk illu/rates ! attitude ( ! native m9d t[>ds ^! treasur$ w>es4 ,a celadon di% ) p>ticul>ly f9e c>v+ 0 ! subject ( a family dispute1 & to satisfy ! rival claims a local ,solomon decid$ t x %\ld be divid$ betwe5 ! disputants4 ,"o l>ge fragm5t ( x is n[ 9 ,sir ,john ,kirk's collection1 :i* includes _m int]e/+ di%es1 crackl$ & pla91 & rang+ 9 col\r f d>k olive gre5 to ! pale wat]y t9t ( ! ,sawankalok#ahd w>es4 ,o!r specim5s ( int]e/ are ! l>ge1 wide-m\!d1 b[l-%ap$ vases ) sides deeply ribb$ or c>v$ 9 high relief ) bold floral designs4 ,!y h ! peculi> feature ( be+ con/ruct$ at fir/ )\t a bottom1 :i* 0 sep>ately made 9 ! =m ( a sauc] & dropp$ 91 ! glaze hold+ x firmly 9 position4 ,simil> vases#ahe h be5 f\nd 9 ,india & else:]e4 ,"o ( ! fir/ pieces ( celadon to arrive 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ! celebrat$ ,w>ham b[l1 :i* 0 bequea!d to ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 9 #aecj by ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham4 ,x is ( dull grey gre5 celadon1 ! outside fa9tly engrav$ ) f\r lotus petals1 ea* conta9+ a trefoil1 & 9 ! bottom inside is ! "* *+ ,*9ese 7pure7 surr\nd$ by rays4 ,x has a f9e silv]-gilt m\nt ( ,engli% make4#ahf ,x w\ld be possible to multiply ref]5ces to ! traffic 9 celadon w>es :i* 0 c>ri$ on briskly betwe5 ,*9a & ! ,we/ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b en\gh has be5 said to give "s idea ( ! ext5t & nature ( ! trade1 :i* 0 ma9ly 9 ! co>se/ types ( w>e4 ,ap>t f ! unlikelihood t v f9e or preci\s porcela9s w\ld be emb>k$ on su* long & haz>d\s j\rneys1 !re 0 actually a law 9 =ce 9 ,*9a z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury#ahg :i* =bade1 "u p5alty ( imprisonm5t1 ! exportation ( preci\s & r>e articles1 anticipat+ by a ?\s& ye>s ! re/rictive legislation ( ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bb4--,vase ( ,lung-*an ,porcela94 ,) grey gre5 celadon glaze ( fa9t blui% tone1 peony scroll 9 l[ relief4 ,probably ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #ai in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aed3 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 vi41 fol4 #d4 ,a factory ( inf]ior reputation is suppos$ to h exi/$ at ! neighb\r+ village ( ,*9-tsun 7see ,hir?1 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela91 p4 #ch74 ,& ! ,tao lu 7bk4 vii41 fol4 #f7 describes a factory at ,li-%ui ,hsi5 9 ! ,*u-*\ di/rict1 ^: productions 7 also kn[n z ,*u w>e4 ,footnote #aee3 ,9 ! ,tu %u1 bk4 ccxlviii41 section ,tz *i pu hui kao1 fol4 #ac1 we are told t ! bro!rs ,*ang work$ b5ea? ! ,han liu hill at ,lung-*an 9 ! ,sung & ,yan dyna/ies4 ,footnote #aef3 ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #ab recto4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,tsui has already be5 expla9$ z mean+ k+fi%]3 a bird ) blui% gre5 plumage4 ,t x also connotes ! idea ( a gre5 col\r is %[n by ! expression tsui y1 :i* is r5d]$ 9 ,giles's ,diction>y1 em]ald gre5 jade4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,au?or ( ! ,*un fng tang sui pi1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #ab4 ,footnote #aei3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #bd v]so4 ,footnote #afj3 ,two examples 9 ! ,go?a ,museum 7 figur$ 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #aiji1 ,plate iv4 ,footnote #afa3 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 iii41 fol4 #ab v]so4 ,footnote #afb3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #g recto4 ,footnote #afc3 ,*9ese ,footnote #afd3 ,tao lu1 bk4 vi41 fol4 #f4 ,footnote #afe3 ,see ,hir?1 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela91 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #aff3 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #afg3 ,a l>ge numb] ( fragm5ts & wa/]s1 besides a few complete specim5s1 f\nd on ! site ( ^! pott]ies1 ab\t #bjj miles nor? ( ,bangkok1 are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! prevail+ type ( w>e has grey porcellan\s body & a ?9 transp>5t glaze ( wat]y gre5 celadon col\r1 (t5 di/9ctly t+$ ) blue4 ,footnote #afh3 ,*9ese ,see ,tao lu1 vol4 vi41 fol4 #c4 ,footnote #afi3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #bb4 ,footnote #agj3 ,*9ese ,a phrase :i* ! au?or ( ! ,tao lu consid]s to be a mi/ake = ! homophone ,*9ese 7tung yao or ,ea/]n w>e74 ,he also quotes ano!r misnom] = ! w>e1 viz4 ,*9ese tung *+ *i 7w9t] gre5 w>e74 ,?is ,tung w>e is con/antly allud$ to 9 o!r works z tung *+ ,*9ese4 ,footnote #aga3 ,*9ese lit4 duplicat$ k+fi%] gre54 ,bu%ell1 9 8 translation1 r5d]s x lit]ally k+fi%] fea!rs 9 lay]s1 a metaphor f ! well-kn[n jewell]y ) inlay ( k+fi%] fea!rs1 :i* w\ld sugge/ a turquoise t9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d 9 ,giles's ,diction>y ! phrase ,*9ese ,yan %an tieh tsui1 ! di/ant hills rise 9 _m gre5 ranges 7! two =ms ( tieh be+ alt]natives71 a phrase recall+ ! gre5 ( a ?\s& hills1 :i* is us$ 9 ref]5ce to e>ly gre5 w>es4 ,see p4 #af4 ,footnote #agb3 ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #i4 ,footnote #agc3 ,bk4 iii41 fol4 #ab4 ,footnote #agd3 ,quot$ f ! ,yn tsao 7a selection ( v]ses7 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #c4 ,footnote #age3 ,see ,recueil des lettres difiantes et curieuses4 ,! above passage occurs 9 a long lett] dat$ f ,jao ,*\1 ,septemb] #a/1 #agab4 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela91 ,app5dix1 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #agf3 ,! only example :i* ,i h se5 ( an inlaid celadon :i* might be tak5 = ,*9ese is a di% 9 ! ,/bel ,collection 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,dresd54 ,x has a fa9t design1 app>5tly inlaid1 9 a br[ni% col\r4 ,footnote #agg3 ,9 ! ,oe/]rei*is*e ,monats*rift1 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 & succe$+ numb]s1 ,a4,b4 ,mey]'s ,alt]?m] aus dem ,o/9dis*5 ,ar*ipel1 etc4 etc4 ,footnote #agh3 ,! ,*u fan *ih1 ! au?or ( :i* 0 ,imp]ial inspector ( =eign %ipp+1 etc41 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fuki54 ,see ,hir?1 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela93 ,a ,/udy 9 ,*9ese ,m$ival ,indu/ry & ,trade1 ,leipsig1 #ahhh2 & ! translation ( ! ,*u fan *ih1 publi%$ by ,hir? & ,rockhill1 #aiab4 ,footnote #agi3 ,:]e ,m>co ,polo 7see ,yule1 bk4 ii41 p4 #bah7 /ates t !y make vessels ( porcela9 ( all sizes1 ! f9e/ t c be imag9$ 444 & !nce x is export$ all ov] ! _w4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,see ,a4,b4 ,mey]1 op4 cit42 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,borneo2 ,c>l ,bock1 ,head ,hunt]s ( ,borneo2 ,fay-,coop] ,cole1 ,*9ese ,pott]y 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ,*icago #aiab4 ,footnote #aha3 ,a ?irte5?-c5tury writ]1 "o ( ^: works is translat$ by ,b>bi] & ,mayn>d1 ,dictionnaire ,gographique de la ,p]se4 ,see p4 #bdj ( ?is book4 ,fragm5ts ( celadon porcela9 7 f\nd on ! n9?-c5tury site ( ,sam>ra on ! ,euphrates4 7,see p4 #adh47 ,footnote #ahb3 ,mu* ( ! celadon f\nd 9 ,egypt w\ld seem to be z late z ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to judge f ! g5]al "n giv5 to x by ,egyptian m]*ants1 baba gh\ri1 aft] ! sultan :o reign$ at t "t4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,see ,e4 ,zimm]mann 9 ! ,cic]one1 ,,iii4 ,jahrgang1 s4 #dif ff4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #aiji1 p4 #afd4 ,o!r pieces1 app>5tly ( ,siamese make1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 & x is mo/ probable t ,siamese celadons 7 %ipp$ by ! trad]s at ,m>taban 9 ,pegu & sold by !m along ) ! ,*9ese goods4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,catalogue ( ! ,e>ly ,*9ese ,pott]y & ,porcela91 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club1 #aiaj1 ,b4 #bg4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,see ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,e #bj1 & ,plate4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,see ,*au ,ju-kua 7translat$ by ,hir? & ,rockhill71 p4 #i4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,t+ ,,yao ,*9ese ,,t+ w>e is by g5]al cons5t rank$ among ! f9] ,sung porcela9s1 & x is happily1 l ! ,lung-*an celadons1 fairly well kn[n to ,we/]n collectors4 ,its "n d]ives f its place ( orig91 ,t+ ,*\1 ! mod]n ,*n-t+ ,fu1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ihli1 :]e ! manufacture ( a :ite w>e1 if n actually a :ite porcela91 appe>s to h exi/$ f remote times4 ,inde$1 ! :ite w>e 7pai tz7 ( ,t+ ,*\ is m5tion$ 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1#ahh ?\gh no?+ fur!r is he>d ( x until x came to enjoy ! patronage ( ! ,sung emp]ors4 ,z already h9t$ 9 connection ) ! ,ju ,*\ porcela91 ! ,t+ w>e suff]$ a tempor>y eclipse at ,c\rt ow+ to "s defects 9 ! glaze2 b x 0 n long 9 recov]+ its reputation1 = ! ,ko ku yao lun /ates t x 0 at its be/ 9 ! ,*ng ,ho & ,hsan ,ho p]iods1 :i* ext5d$ f #aaaa to #aabe ,a4,d41 & we le>n t ! ,t+ ,*\ pott]s accompani$ ! ,c\rt 9 its flight across ! ,yangtse 9 #aabg4 ,! manufacture seems to h be5 re-e/abli%$ aft] ?is ev5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*+-t ,*n1 & ! nan t+ or ,s\!rn ,t+ w>e is said to h s closely resembl$ ! orig9al t to di/+ui% ! two 9 aft] ye>s 0 reg>d$ z a supreme te/ ( connoisseur%ip4#ahi ,t+ w>e has a :ite body ( f9e gra9 & compact texture1 v>y+ f a slightly transluc5t porcela9 to opaque porcellan\s /onew>e4 ,?\gh n s completely vitrifi$ z ! m mod]n porcela9s1 & lack+ _! fl9t-l fracture1 x 0 nev]!less capable ( transmitt+ light 9 ! ?9n] & f9] specim5s1 & consequ5tly x c be reg>d$ z "o ( ! e>lie/ ,*9ese w>es :i* fulfils ! ,european def9ition ( porcela94 ,! glaze is ( ivory t9t1 sometimes =m+ on ! outsides ( b[ls or di%es 9 br[ni% gummy te>s1 :i* 7 reg>d$ by ,*9ese collectors z a sign ( g5u95ess4#aij ,! f9] & :it] v>ieties are kn[n z pai t+ 7:ite ,t+7 & fn t+ 7fl\r ,t+71 z di/9ct f ! co>s] k9d1 ^: opaque1 e>?y body & glaze ( yell[i% tone1 usually crackl$ & /a9$1 e>n$ x ! "n ( t'u t+ or e>!n ,t+4 ,9 ! be/ p]iod ! pure :ite undecorat$ ,t+ w>e1 ) ri* unctu\s glaze1 comp>$ to congeal$ fat or mutton fat1 0 mo/ e/eem$1 ?\gh ornam5t 0 freely us$1 especially on ! ,s\!rn ,t+4 ,designs c>v$ 9 l[ relief or et*$ ) a po9t 7 consid]$ be/1 ! m\ld$ & /amp$ ornam5t be+ rightly reg>d$ z inf]ior4 ,!re is a rem>kable1 ?\gh sadly damag$1 example ( ,nor!rn ,t+ w>e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a ,man*urian tomb ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & be>s out ! curr5t descriptions ( ! w>e ) its f9e :ite body1 ri* ivory glaze1 & te> drops on ! rev]se4 ,! ornam5t1 a lotus design 9 bold freeh& c>v+1 displays all ! fre%ness & p[] ( ,sung craftsman%ip4 ,?is di% has1 moreov]1 a *>act]i/ic common to ! ,sung ,t+ b[ls & di%es1 viz4 ! m\? rim is b>e ( glaze4 ,_m ( ! e>ly w>es 7 fir$ upside d[n1 :5ce ! b>e m\? rim1 :i* 0 usually hidd5 by a metal b&4#aia ,fav\rite c>v$ designs ) ! ,t+ pott]s seem to h be5 ! mu-tan peony1 ! lily1 & fly+ phnixes4 ,!y are1 at any rate1 usually s+l$ out = m5tion by ,*9ese writ]s4#aib ,g>lic & ru%es are also incid5tally m5tion$ z motives1 & a few examples ( a beautiful design ( ducks on wat] are kn[n 9 ,we/]n collections4 ,! m\ld$ ornam5t is g5]ally m elaborate1 d5se peony scrolls ) phnixes fly+ ?r\gh !m1 radiat+ panels ( fl[]s1 dragons 9 cl\ds1 fi%es among wat] plants & wave patt]ns1 etc4 ,to judge f ,hsiang's ,album1 c>v$ designs borr[$ f anci5t bronzes mu/ h be5 highly priz$4 ,( ! ?ree k9ds ( ornam5t usually associat$ by ,*9ese writ]s ) ! ,t+ w>e2 ! hua hua 7c>v$ decoration7 & ! y9 hua 7/amp$ or m\ld$ decoration7 h already be5 m5tion$4 ,! mean+ ( ! ?ird1 hsiu hua1#aic is n s cle>1 z ! phrase c be> two int]pretations1 viz4 pa9t$ ornam5t or embroid]$ ornam5t4 ,9 ! latt] s5se x w\ld sugge/ a ri* decoration l t ( brocade )\t indicat+ ! me?od by :i* x 0 appli$4 ,b 9 ! =m] x 0 ! usual ,*9ese expression = pa9t$ ornam5t1 & x is difficult to imag9e t x 0 int5d$ to indicate any?+ else 9 ! pres5t context4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no examples ( pa9t$ ,t+ w>e are kn[n to exi/ ei!r 9 actual fact or 9 ,*9ese descriptions4 ,?is anomaly1 h[ev]1 may p]haps be expla9$ 9 "o ( two ways4 ,a creamy :ite w>e ( tu t+ type1 boldly pa9t$ ) br[n or black designs1 is kn[n to h be5 made at ! n f> di/ant factories ( ,tz ,*\#aid 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 & x is possible t ei!r ! pa9t$ ,t+ w>e has be5 gr\p$ ) ! ,tz ,*\ w>e 9 mod]n collections1 or t ,*9ese writ]s mi/ook ! ,tz ,*\ w>e = pa9t$ ,t+ w>e & add$ ?is ?ird category to ! ,t+ w>es by mi/ake4 ,9 any case !y reg>d$ ! pa9t$ w>e z an inf]ior article4 ,! high e/imation 9 :i* f9e specim5s ( :ite ,t+ w>e h always be5 held by ,*9ese connoisseurs is well illu/rat$ by a passage 9 ! ,yn %ih *ai pi tan4#aie ,x tells h[ ,mr4 ,sun ( ! ,wu-i riv] e/ate treasur$ 9 8 m\nta9 retreat ,t+ yao inc5se-burn]s1 & among !m "o exquisite specim5 ( ! ,sung p]iod4 ,x 0 a r\nd vessel ) e> h&les & ?ree feet1 & ! inscription li hsi yai 7,*9ese7 0 engrav$ 9 seal *>act]s on ! /&4 ,dur+ ! ,japanese raids 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod ?is vessel pass$ into ! h&s ( "o ,*9 ,%ang-pao1 :o sold x to ,tang1 ! ,presid5t ( ,sacrifices 7tai *ang71 ( ,pi-l+4 ,tang1 ^: resid5ce bore ! romantic b *illy "n ( ,n+-an 7,froz5 ,hut71 is ! celebrat$ collector m5tion$ 9 connection ) ano!r ,t+ vessel on p4 #ie4 ,al?\gh ,tang _h _m wond]ful porcela9s1 ! /ory runs1 :5 ?is vessel arriv$1 !y all1 )\t exception1 made way = x4 ,& s ?r\gh\t ! l& :5 m5 discuss porcela9s1 !y give ! fir/ place to ,tang's :ite inc5se vase4 ,tang1 !y say1 did n readily all[ x to be se54 ,& 9 ?is respect1 if all acc\nts are true1 ,tang 0 n unlike a good _m ,*9ese collectors ( ! pres5t day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,t+ w>e 0 (t5 m>r$ by c]ta9 blemi%es :i* are n always easy to und]/&4 ,! awns 7mang71 = in/ance1 :i* degrad$ x at ,c\rt 9 fav\r ( ! ,ju ,*\ w>e 9 ! e>ly ,sung p]iod 7 probably flaws 9 ! glaze4 ,! bamboo ?read bru% m>ks m5tion$ 9 ! ,liu *+ jih *a#aif may p]haps be l9es left 9 ! glaze :i* 0 appli$ by means ( a bamboo bru%4 ,?ree o!r defects :i* r5d]$ ! w>e comp>atively wor?less are nam$ 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun1#aig viz4 mao 7?at*71 mieh 7bamboo spl9ts71 & ku *u 7b>e bones74 ,! au?or =tunately expla9s t 7#a7 to ?at* 7mao7 means to cov] ov] defects1 7#b7 bamboo spl9ts 7mieh7 is us$ ( l9es & recalls ! bru% m>ks m5tion$ above1 & 7#c7 b>e bones 7ku *u7 are pat*es :]e ! glaze is defective & ! body %[s ?r\gh4 ,ku1 9 ! s5se ( body or biscuit1 we are fur!r in=m$1 is a curio-m>ket expression4 ,mod]n collectors w probably n be s fa/idi\s z ! ,*9ese ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & w welcome a ,sung specim5 ( ,t+ porcela91 ev5 ?\gh x suff] f mang & ku *u4 ,! pai t+ & ! tu t+1 ! f9e & co>se :ite v>ieties1 alone h be5 id5tifi$ 9 ,we/]n collections2 b !re are col\r$ ,t+ porcela9s :i* are kn[n to u by lit]>y ref]5ces4 ,an apocryphal r$ ,t+ w>e#aih 7hung t+7 is m5tion$ 9 two passages ( ambigu\s mean+ :i* ne$ n necess>ily h impli$ a true r$ glaze4 ,9 any case x f9ds no place 9 ! old] works1 su* z ! ,ko ku yao lun & ,*+ pi tsang1 :i* only speak ( purple or br[n 7tz7 ,t+1 & black ,t+4 ,!re is purple#aii ,t+1 says ! ,ko ku yao lun1 ! col\r ( :i* is purple2 !re is ink ,t+1 ! col\r ( :i* is black1 l lacqu]4 ,! body 9 e case is :ite1 & ! value ( ^! is high] ?an t ( :ite ,t+4 ,hsiang1 :o figur$ five specim5s 9 8 ,album1 comp>$ !m to ! col\r ( ripe grapes & ! sk9 ( ! aub]g9e fruit or br9jal1 "o specim5 be+ tz tsui 7purple blue72 & he fur!r /ates t out ( a hundr$ & m specim5s ( ,t+ w>e he _h only se5 t5 ( purple & "o ( black col\r4 ,! solit>y specim5 ( black ,t+1 :i* appe>s 9 a v unconv9c+ illu/ration 9 ,hsiang's ,album1#bjj is divid$ into two zones1 "o black1 ! o!r :ite1 & ,hsiang reg>ds x z ine/imably r>e & preci\s4 ,9 ?is appreciation he foll[s ! ,ko ku yao lun1 b o!r writ]s1 su* z ! au?or ( ! ,*+ pi tsang1 take an entirely diff]5t view1 hold+ nei!r ! purple nor ! black ,t+ w>e ( mu* acc\nt4 ,) u at pres5t ! "q is ( academic int]e/ only1 z no examples ( ei!r k9d wor?y ( notice h be5 id5tifi$ 9 ,we/]n collections4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ! description ( ! purple v>iety :i* ,i h se5 is a small box f a tomb 9 ,%ansi1 made ( :ite porcellan\s w>e ) a purpli% black glaze on ! cov]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a crude object1 & ( no p>ticul> m]it4 ,z = ! black ,t+1 ! ne>e/ analogue to t :i* ,i c quote is ! vases ) black or br[n black glaze belong+ to ! ,tz ,*\ class4 ,"s ( ^! 7see ,plate #cj7 h zones ( black & :ite recall+ ,hsiang's description4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? not+ 9 ?is connection t ! black glaze on ^! w>es 0 liable to %ade (f into lu/r\s br[n1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( iron oxide1 & to resemble 9 ?is respect ! s-call$ h>e's fur or p>tridge glazes ( ! celebrat$ ,*i5 yao tea b[ls4#bja ,?is fact may acc\nt = a passage 9 an e>ly writ]1#bjb :o says ! anci5ts fav\r$ z tea b[ls ,t+ w>e ) h>e's fur m>k+1 & ^! 7 us$ 9 ! p[d]$-tea competitions1 b ! "w deals ) tea r ?an c]amics1 & x is probable t a confusion _h aris5 9 ! au?or's m9d betwe5 ! ,*i5 yao tea b[ls & ,t+ w>e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld appe> t b[ls ) glaze :i* has "s analogies ) ! h>e's fur 7 made at an e>ly date 9 ,nor!rn ,*9a4 7,see ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #dc & p4 #acb47 ,?\gh little is he>d ( ! col\r$ ,t+ w>es aft] ! ,sung p]iod1#bjc ! manufacture ( :ite ,t+ & ! common] tu t+ cont9u$ at ,*+-t ,*n & else:]e4 ,9 fact1 x _c be said to h suff]$ int]mission up to ! pres5t day4 ,a few ( ^! imitative w>es ( lat] date 7 ( su* excell5ce z to m]it hi/orical notice4 ,9 ! ,yan dyna/y1 = in/ance1 ,png ,*n-pao1 a goldsmi? ( ,ho ,*\1 9 ,%ansi1#bjd 0 celebrat$ = 8 imitations ( old ,t+ w>es1 & ! ,ko ku yao lun1 an almo/ contempor>y "w1 describes 8 productions z exactly l ,t+ w>e :5 ( f9e body1#bje b z be+ %ort & brittle1 & consequ5tly n really wor? mu*4 ,b deal]s 9 curiosities give !m ! "n ( hs9 t+ or ,new ,t+1 & amateurs collect x at great co/1 :i* is mo/ ridicul\s4 ,aga91 ! ,po wu yao lan describes ano!r wond]ful imitation ( ,t+ w>e made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury#bjf by ,*\ ,tan-*an1 a native ( ,wu-mn1 :o settl$ at ,*+-t ,*n1 & 0 reput$ ! be/ pott] ( 8 "t4 ,?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 8 mat]ial 0 n z f9e z ! orig9al1 /ill 8 copies ( ,wn wang c5s]s#bjg & sacrificial vessels ) mon/] heads & halb]d e>s s closely resembl$ ! orig9als t x 0 only necess>y to rub away ! kiln-gloss all ov] ! surface to make ! illusion complete4 ,among ! lit]>y ref]5ces to pott]y & porcela9 collect$ 9 books viii4 & ix4 ( ! ,tao lu is a /ory n>rat$ 9 ! ,yn %ih *ai pi tan1 illu/rat+ ! clev]ness ( ,*\ ,tan-*an4 ,juli5#bjh has translat$ x z foll[s3 ,"o day he 7,*\7 emb>k$ on a m]*ant boat f ,k9-t*ong & l&$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,kiang4 ,pass+ ,pi-l+1 he call$ on ,tang1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,sacrifices 7,tai *ang71 & ask$ p]mission to exam9e at leisure an anci5t tripod ( ,t+ porcela9#bji :i* 0 "o ( ! gems ( 8 collection4 ,) 8 h& he took ! exact measurem5ts ( ! vessel2 !n he made an impression ( ! patt]ns on ! tripod ) "s pap] :i* he _h hidd5 9 8 sleeve1 & return$ at once to ,*+-t ,*n4 ,six mon?s aft] he return$ & paid a second visit to ,mr4 ,tang4 ,tak+ f 8 sleeve a tripod1 he said to him1 ',y\r ,excell5cy owns a tripod c5s] ( :ite ,t+ porcela94 ,"h is its fell[1 :i* belongs to me4' ,tang 0 a/\nd$4 ,he comp>$ x ) ! old tripod1 :i* he kept mo/ c>efully pres]v$1 & c\ld f9d no diff]5ce4 ,he tri$ its feet aga9/ ^? ( 8 own vessel & ex*ang$ ! cov]s1 & f\nd t x mat*$ ) p]fect precision4 ,tang !reupon ask$ :5ce came ?is wond]ful specim54 ',"s "t ago1' answ]$ ,*\1 ',i ask$ y\r leave to exam9e y\r tripod at leisure4 ,i !n took all its measurem5ts ) my h&4 ,i assure y t ?is is a copy ( y\rs1 & t ,i w\ld n deceive y 9 ! matt]4' ,! ,tai *ang1 realis+ ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t1 b\ght = =ty ounces ( silv] ! tripod1 :i* fill$ him ) admiration1 & plac$ x 9 8 collection beside ! orig9al z ?\gh x 7 its d\ble4 ,9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod 7#aegc-afai71 ,tu-*iu1 ( ,huai-an1 came to ,f\-liang4 ,smitt5 ) a deep long+ = ,tang's old c5s]1 he c\ld ?9k ( no?+ else1 & ev5 saw x 9 8 dreams4 ,"o day he w5t ) ,ki5-yu1 ! ,tai *ang's nephew1 & aft] mu* importunity he succe$$ 9 gett+ f him = a ?\s& ounces ( silv] ! imitation made by ,*\1 & return$ home completely happy4 ,o!r examples ( ,t+ imitations 9 ! late ,m+ p]iod1 describ$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 include magnolia blossom cups2 cov]$ c5s]s & b>rel-%ap$ c5s]s ) *a9-arm\r patt]n1 ball & gate embroid]y & tortoise patt]n m+l$ toge!r 9 an ornam5tal gr\nd4 ,b we ga!r t ?\gh ^! h be5 conf\nd$ ) ,*\'s "w !y 7 inf]ior bo? 9 mat]ial & workman%ip to 8 e>ly ma/]pieces4 ,at any rate1 x is c]ta9 t besides ^! conspicu\s craftsm5 ^: names h become hi/orical1 !re 7 _m nameless pott]s at ,*+-t ,*n :o devot$ _! skill to ! imitation ( pai t+ porcela9 9 ! ,m+ & ,*+ dyna/ies4 ,v beautiful w>es ( ?is class are occasionally se5 :i* h a slickness ( decoration & a me*anical ref9em5t ( f9i% *>act]i/ic ( an art :i* is already cry/allis$ & has lo/ its fre%ness & spontaneity4 ,^! are1 no d\bt1 ! "w ( lat] copyi/s4 ,inde$1 we are expressly told 9 ! ,tao lu#baj t at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 /ill pott]s at ,*+-t ,*n :o made a specialty ( pai t+ *i or :ite ,t+ w>es4 ,^!1 moreov]1 7 mak]s ( curiosities & ornam5tal w>es 7wan71 & !y sometimes pa9t$ _! w>es ) und]glaze blue4 ,among ! prov9cial w>es ( ! ,t+ type ! ,ko ku yao lun m5tions ,hsiang yao1 :i* has crab's claw crackle4 ,:5 ri* & lu/r\s x is highly e/eem$1 b :5 yell[ & ( co>s] mat]ial1 x is ( little m]it or value4 ,ano!r "w#baa gives ?is w>e a flatt]+ m5tion 9 /at+ t ! ,t+ w>e resembl$ ,hsiang yao 9 col\r4 ,! locality ( its manufacture is left 9 d\bt1 b x 0 probably ,hsiang-%an1 9 ! ,n+-po prefecture ( ,*ekiang4 ,! ,tao lu names a good numb] ( produc]s ( :ite w>e1 "s def9itely describ$ z ( ,t+ type1 among ! less] factories4 ,su ,*\1#bab = in/ance1 9 ,anhui1 9 ! mod]n prefecture ( ,fng-yang1 _h a pott]y dat+ f ! ,sung p]iod4 ,its productions resembl$ ,t+ w>e 9 col\r1 & _h a consid]able reputation4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! ,t+ porcela9 became sc>ce ! ,su ,*\ w>e 0 l>gely b\ght 9 ,nor!rn ,*9a z a sub/itute1 ?\gh 9 reality x 0 f> f equal to ! g5u9e ,t+4 ,ss ,*\1#bac too1 ano!r place 9 ,anhui1 _h a pott]y dat+ f ,sung times1 :i* made w>es ( ,t+ type1 & p]sons :o lik$ a b>ga9 (t5 b\ght !m 9 place ( ,t+ porcela94 ,9 ! same di/rict1 dur+ ! ,yan & ,m+ p]iods1 a ?9 :ite w>e ) e>!n body 0 made at ,hsan ,*\1#bad :i* 0 evid5tly ( tu t+ type4 ,br9kley#bae speaks ( a pott]y ( ?is k9d :i* is greatly e/eem$ by ! ,japanese "u ! "n ( ,nyo-fu w>e#baf2 & a little w9e cup ) a slight engrav$ floral decoration 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is possibly an example ( ?is class4 ,x has an e>?y look+ body1 & creamy :ite glaze1 & is ?9 & v light to h&le4 ,"u ! base are engrav$ ! words ,*9ese han hs+ 7to conta9 fragrance74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #bc4--;,ivory :ite ,t+ ,w>e1 ) c>v$ ornam5t4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) lotus design4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,di% ) ducks & wat] plants4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #bd4--,sung & ,yan ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--;,ew]1 transluc5t ,porcela91 ) smoo? ivory :ite glaze4 ,sung or ,yan dyna/y4 ,height #f in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( ivory :ite ,t+ w>e ) c>v$ lotus design4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,coll94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #be4--,t+ ,w>e ) m\ld$ designs1 ,sung dyna/y4 ,fig #a4 ,plate ) boys 9 peony scrolls1 ivory :ite glaze4 ,diamet] #g in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4 ,b[l ) fly+ phnixes 9 lily scrolls1 crackl$ creamy glaze2 tu t+ w>e4 ,diamet] #f in*es4 ,koe*l9 ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #bf4--,tu t+ ,w>e1 ,sung dyna/y1 ) creamy crackl$ glaze4 ,fig4 #a4--;,bru% wa%] 9 =m ( a boy 9 a boat4 ,l5g? #g in*es4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,figure ( an elephant4 ,l5g? #aj in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bg4--,vase ( bronze =m ) r[ ( /uds & m\ld$ belt ( kuei dragon & key-fret patt]ns4 ,o/ri* egg glaze4 787 ,kiangnan w>e1 ( ,t+ type2 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #ag in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bh4--,vase ( bronze =m ) two b&s ( rais$ key patt]n4 ,?ick creamy glaze1 closely crackl$ & %ad+ (f into br[n ) fa9t t+es ( purple4 787 ,kiangnan ,t+ w>e4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,koe*l9 ,collection4 ,9 ,kiangsu1 ! we/]n portion ( ,kiang-nan1 is ! :ite e>? village ,pai-tu ,*n1#bag :]e pott]ies exi/$ f ,sung times1 mak+ a w>e ( ! local clay1 v ?91 :ite & lu/r\s1 beautiful 9 =m & workman%ip4 ,?irty kilns 7 work$1 *iefly by families ( ! "n ,ts\1 "u ! direction ( a headman1 ! pott]s numb]+ sev]al hundr$s4 ,"u ! head+ ( ,hsi yao1#bah ! ,tao %uo alludes to f\r factories 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%ansi1 :i* are int]e/+ to-day 9 view ( ! v>i\s w>es excavat$ 9 ! railway cutt+s n[ "u con/ruction 9 t prov9ce4 ,a full] description ( ^! pott]ies is giv5 9 ! ,tao lu1 :i* m5tions ,p+-yang ,fu 9 ! s\!rn half ( ,%ansi z a pott]y c5tre 9 ! ,tang & ,sung dyna/ies1 :]e ! w>e 0 :ite b disqualifi$ by a glaze lack+ 9 purity4 ,at ,ho ,*\1 9 ! same di/rict1 a sup]ior w>e 0 made z e>ly z ! ,tang dyna/y1 :i* 0 ev5 consid]$ wor?y ( m5tion 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun1 probably because ( ! connection ( ,png ,*n-pao 7see p4 #id7 ) ?is place 9 ! ,yan dyna/y4 ,! ,tao lu tells t ! ,ho w>e 0 made ( f9e ri* mat]ial1 ! body unctu\s & ?91 & ! col\r usually :ite1 & t x 0 m beautiful ?an ,p+-yang w>e--a qualifi$ complim5t6 ,a co>se pott]y made at ,yu-tz ,hsi51 9 ! ,tai-yan prefecture 9 ! nor?1 & at ,p+-t+ ,*\ 9 ! we/1 complete ! qu>tet4 ,! =m] dat$ f ,tang times1 & ! latt]1 dat+ f ! ,sung1 0 made ( a d>k-col\r$ clay :i* gave a dusky t+e to ! :ite glaze4 ,a small melon-%ap$ vase1 reput$ to h come f a tomb 9 ,%ansi1 is %[n 9 ,plate #aa4 ,x has a h>d1 buff grey body1 ) a dress+ ( :ite slip & :ite glaze1 ! effect ( ! comb9ation be+ a pleas+ surface ( solid-look+ ivory :ite4 ,a factory :i* made :ite w>es 9 ! neighb\r+ prov9ce ( ,%ansi is nam$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,*+ po tsa *ih4#bai ,x 0 situat$ at ,huang-pu ,*n1 9 ,yao ,*\1 :]e1 z we are told 9 ! ,tao %uo1 !y _h at an e>ly date made flat-bottom b[ls :i* 7 call$ little seagulls4 ,! place is ne> ,hsi-an ,fu4 ,w>es ( ! tu t+1 ! e>?y ,t+1 type1 ) creamy glaze1 7 made at ,nan-fng ,hsi51#bbj 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi1 dur+ ! ,yan dyna/y2 & at ,*i ,*\#bba 9 ! same prov9ce !re 7 factories 9 ! ,sung dyna/y :i* des]ve "s att5tion4 ,! latt] 7 situat$ at ,yung-ho ,*n1 9 ! ,*i ,*\ di/rict1 9 ! prefecture ( ,*ia-an ,fu1 & "o ( ! productions appe>s to h resembl$ ! purple 7tz7 ,t+ w>e1 ?\gh x 0 co>s] & ?ick]1 & ( no great m]it4 ,! ,ko ku yao lun#bbb speaks ( five factories 9 ?is place produc+ :ite & purple 7tz7 w>es1 fl[] vases ( l>ge size & consid]able value1 & small vases :i* 7 ornam5t$1 & crackl$ w>es ( great beauty4 ,! be/ ( ^! pott]ies belong$ to a man nam$ ,%u ,*9ese4 ,we are fur!r in=m$ by ! ,* *ai tsa *i#bbc t ,%u1 ! old man 7,%u wng71 0 skill$ 9 mak+ ornam5tal objects1 & t 8 daught]1 ,%u *iao 7! fair ,%u71 excell$ him4 ,h] inc5se burn]s & j>s ( v>i\s k9ds comm&$ a price almo/ equal to t ( ,ko yao4 ,! au?or proce$s to describe a di% & a b[l 9 8 own collection z ( grey w>e ) invisible blue#bbd glaze1 :i* 0 capable ( keep+ wat] sweet = a mon?4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! decoration ( ! small vases 0 pa9t$1#bbe b ! expression 9 ! text 7yu hua7#bbf gives no clue to ! k9d ( decoration1 & we are left q 9 ! d>k z to its real nature4 ,! indu/ry seems to h end$ abruptly at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,yan dyna/y1 ! /ory be+ t :5 ! ,sung m9i/] ,wn 0 pass+ by all ! w>e 9 ! kilns turn$ to jade1 & ! pott]s1 fe>+ t ! ev5t might rea* ! ,emp]or's e>s1 clos$ d[n ! kilns & fl$ to ,*+-t ,*n4 ,! mean+ ( ?is my? has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 b x 0 po9t$ out t a l>ge numb] ( ,yung-ho names appe> 9 ! e>ly li/s ( ,*+-t ,*n pott]s1 & ! ,ko ku yao lun ass]ts t excavations on ! site ( ! kilns 7 made 9 ! ,yung ,lo p]iod 7#adjc-adbd71 & t sev]al k9ds ( jade cups & b[ls 7 f\nd--cauti\sly add+1 h[ev]1 t ?is might or might n h be5 ! case4 ,! ru9s ( ! ,yung-ho pott]ies seem to h be5 /ill visible 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4#bbg ,f a passage 9 ! ,tao lu we le>n t crackle 0 a speciality ( "s ( ! ,yung-ho pott]s4 ,"u ! head+ ( ,sui *i yao#bbh 7crackle w>es71 we are told t ^! are ! w>es made 9 ! ,s\!rn ,sung p]iod4 ,orig9ally1 !y 7 a special class ( ! w>e made at ,yung-ho ,*n4444 ,! clay 0 co>se b /rong1 ! body ?ick1 ! mat]ial heavy4 ,moreov]1 !re 7 'millet col\r$' 7mi s7 & pale gre5 7fn *+7 k9ds4#bbi ,! pott]s us$ hua %ih 7/eatite7 9 ! glaze1 & ! crackle 0 9 runn+ l9es1 l a brok5 ?+4 ,!y sme>$ & black5$ ! w>e ) co>se ink or o*re\s e>?2 !n !y f9i%$ x4 ,aft]w>ds !y rubb$ x clean1 & x 0 f\nd to h hidd5 l9es & /a9s ( r$ or black1 l crack$ ice1 beautiful to look at4 ,!re 7 besides pieces ) pla9 crackl$ gr\nd1 to :i* !y add$ blue decoration4 ,?is appe>s to be ! fir/ m5tion ( pa9t$ blue decoration1 & if x is true t x 0 made 9 ! ,sung p]iod1 x c>ries ?is important me?od back f>!r ?an has be5 usually suppos$4 ,possibly ! w>e 0 ( ! same type z ! co>se crackl$ porcela91 ) r\ghly pa9t$ blue designs1 f\nd 9 ,borneo & ,malaysia1 :]e x is cr$it$ ) great antiquity4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ specim5 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,b]l91 :i* be>s on ?is "q4 ,x came f ,japan1 :]e x _h be5 treasur$ z a ,*9ese tea b[l ( ! ,sung p]iod1 & x has a br[ni% gre5 crackl$ glaze pa9t$ 9 d>k blue ) ! *>act]s ,o mi to fo 7,amitabha ,buddha71 :i* 0 sometimes writt5 9 ?is way z a *>m aga9/ evil4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ahh3 ,see ,hir?1 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela91 op4 cit41 p4 #d4 ,! passage discov]$ by ,hir? occurs 9 ! ,tang pn tsao1 ! ph>macopia ( ! ,tang dyna/y1 compil$ ab\t #fej ,a4,d4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,see ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #g v]so4 ,footnote #aij3 ,see ,ko ku yao lun1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #bc4 ,specim5s ) te> /a9s 7lei hn7 outside are g5u9e4 ,footnote #aia3 ,! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #ac1 quotes f ,t'ang %ih ss k'ao ! foll[+ passage :i* be>s on ?is po9t3 ,! ,t+ & ,ju w>e us$ by ! ,c\rt g5]ally h a copp] b& on ! m\?4 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z de/roy+ _! value4 ,b mod]n collectors ( ,t+ & ,ju w>es h come to reg>d ! copp] b& on ! m\? z a sign ( g5u95ess4 ,deal]s 9 curios decl>e x to be a sign ( age4 ,footnote #aib3 e4g4 ,po wu yao lan1 ,t'ao lu1 etc4 ,footnote #aic3 ,*9ese or ,*9ese4 ,! ^w hua 7lit4 fl[]s7 is us$ 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ornam5t4 ,! attempts ( c]ta9 translators to conf9e x to ! lit]al s5se fl[]s has l$ to ridicul\s results4 ,footnote #aid3 ,see p4 #aja4 ,footnote #aie3 ,an e>ly eighte5?-c5tury "w1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #aa4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see ,tao %uo1 bk41 ii41 fol4 #g4 ,footnote #aig3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #bc4 ,footnote #aih3 ,! ,memoir ( ,*iang 7see p4 #aei71 writt5 9 ! ,yan dyna/y1 says t ! pure :ite w>e ( ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 :5 comp>$ ) ! r$ porcela9 7hung tz7 ( ,*n-t+ & ! ,lung-*an gre5 w>e1 emulat$ ^! 9 beauty4 ,*n-t+ is ! ,*n-t+ ,fu1 ! prefectural t[n ( ,t+ ,*\1 & ! w>e indicat$ is no d\bt ,t+ w>e2 b "h ! comp>ison cle>ly seems to be betwe5 :ite w>es1 & unless ! ^w hung 7r$7 applies to "s v>iety ( ! ,t+ biscuit z di/9ct f ! glaze1 x is difficult to und]/&4 ,footnote #aii3 ,*9ese tz1 purple or d>k r$ br[n1 is1 l mo/ ,*9ese col\r-words1 a some:at ela/ic t]m4 ,! diction>y gives in/ances 9 :i* x is appli$ to r$ s&al wood1 br[n sug>1 ! ruby1 ! violet1 & ! peony4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,op4 cit41 fig4 #ce4 ,footnote #bja3 ,see p4 #aca4 ,i h se5 a s+le specim5 ( a b[l ) c>v$ design & creamy :ite glaze inside & all ! appe>ances ( a ,t+ w>e1 b coat$ on ! ext]ior ) a lu/r\s c(fee br[n mono*rome4 ,b )\t any o!r example to guide "o's judgm5t1 ,i %\ld hesitate to say t ?is piece 0 old] ?an ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,hs ,tz-%u1 au?or ( ! ,*a ,su1 a book on tea1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo1 bk4 v41 fol4 #ae v]so4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,! pott]ies 9 ! ,*n-t+ ,fu di/rict 7 active up to ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 at any rate 7see p4 #aii72 & no d\bt _m ( ! co>se tu t+ specim5s belong to ! ,m+ p]iod1 b z _! =ms are ar*aic x is almo/ impossible n[adays to diff]5tiate !m4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,juli51 op4 cit41 p4 #ba1 places ?is t[n 9 ,kiang-nan1 b ?is is cle>ly an error4 ,footnote #bje3 ,9 contra/ ) ^! !re 7 specim5s ) gre5 m\?1 *+ kou :i* 7 want+ 9 ri*ness & lu/re4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,! date ( ,*\ ,tan-*an is n giv51 b he is m5tion$ 9 ! ,ni ku lu1 a mid-sixte5?-c5tury "w4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,a well-kn[n type ( bronze inc5se burn] ( ! ,%ang dyna/y4 ,see ! ,%9 %o sei1 bk4 i41 fol4 #b2 & ,hsiang's ,album1 fig4 #a1 :]e a ,t+ w>e copy is illu/rat$4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,juli51 op4 cit41 pp4 xxxiii4-xxxv42 ! ref]5ce 9 ! ,tao lu is bk4 viii41 fol4 #e4 ,footnote #bji3 ,p]haps ! celebrat$ :ite ,t+ c5s] describ$ on p4 #ib4 ,footnote #baj3 ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #i v]so4 ,footnote #baa3 ,! ,liu *+ jih *a1 writt5 by ,ti5 ,yi-hng 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,footnote #bab3 ,*9ese ,tao lu1 vol4 vii41 fol4 #i v]so4 ,see also bk4 ix41 fol4 #i1 :]e ! ,*+ po tsa *ih 7#aaic ,a4,d47 is quot$ z foll[s3 ,! w>es us$ at ! pres5t day1 :i* are made at ,s ,*\ & ,ss ,*\1 are n g5u9e ,t+ w>e4 ,footnote #bac3 ,*9ese ,tao lu1 vol4 vii41 fol4 #i v]so4 ,footnote #bad3 ,*9ese ,tao lu1 vol4 vii41 fol4 #aj v]so4 ,footnote #bae3 ,f4 ,br9kley1 ,japan & ,*9a1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #baf3 ,nyo-fu is ! ,japanese "n = ,kiang-nan1 ! prov9ce ( :i* ,anhui =ms a "p4 ,footnote #bag3 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,hsiao ,hsi51 dep>tm5t ( ,hs ,*\4 ,! w>e is describ$ 9 ! ,tao lu 7bk4 vii41 fol4 #g7 "u ! "n ,hsiao ,*9ese yao4 ,footnote #bah3 ,*9ese4 ,footnote #bai3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #i4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,*9ese ,footnote #bba3 ,*9ese ,footnote #bbb3 ,bk4 vi41 fol4 #bc v]so4 ,?is acc\nt does n appe> 9 ! orig9al edition1 & 0 add$ 9 ! lat] edition ( #adei4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,*9ese yu1 :i* means black1 or invisible blue or gre54 ,footnote #bbe3 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,tao %uo1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,h ornam5t4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,see ,ko ku yao lun1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,*9ese ,tao lu1 bk4 vi41 fol4 #g recto & v]so4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,^! mu/ h resembl$ ,ko yao4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 ! comp>ison 9 value betwe5 ! fair ,%u's w>e & ! ,ko yao1 p4 #ih4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,tz ,,*\ ,*9ese ,,w>e ,a ,,l>ge & important class ( w>es1 closely relat$ to ! ,t+ gr\p1 0 made at ,tz ,*\1 =m]ly 9 ! ,*ang-t ,fu 9 ,honan1 & n[ includ$ 9 ! ,kuang-p+ ,fu 9 ,*ihli4 ,! "n ( ! place1 previ\sly ,fu-yang1 0 *ang$ to ,tz ,*\ 9 ! ,sui dyna/y 7#ehi-fag ,a4,d471 & z x 0 d]iv$1 z ,*9ese writ]s are c>eful to expla91 f ! tz /one f :i* ! w>e 0 made1 we may inf] t ?is mat]ial1 & no d\bt ! local pott]ies1 assum$ importance at ?is e>ly date4 ,!re 71 9 fact1 a few fragm5ts ( pott]y ( ! ,tz ,*\ type1 decorat$ ) br[n spots1 among ! ,*9ese w>es f\nd on ! n9?-c5tury site ( ,sam>ra1 9 ,p]sia1 by ,pr(essor ,s>re 7see p4 #adh72 & a f9ely pa9t$ fragm5t ( a ,tz ,*\ vase 9 ! ,an?ropological ,museum at ,petrograd 0 br\ght f a site 9 ,turfan1 :i* 0 9 all probability z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury4 ,moreov]1 x is con/antly ass]t$ by trad]s 9 ,*9a t ?is or t piece ( pa9t$ ,tz ,*\ w>e 0 f\nd 9 a ,tang tomb1 & 9 _m cases1 su* z t ( ! br[n-pa9t$ vase ) lotus design m5tion$ on p4 #cc1 ! =m ( ! specim5 & ! /yle ( ! decoration are q consi/5t ) a ,tang attribution4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no in=mation on ! subject e>li] ?an ! ,sung dyna/y1 :5 ! ,tz ,*\ factories enjoy$ a high reputation4#bcj ,! ,ko ku yao lun gives ! foll[+ brief notice ( !m "u ! head+ ,old ,tz w>es3-- ,old ,tz w>es 7tz *i7 7 made at ,tz ,*\1 9 ! ,*ang-t ,fu 9 ,honan4 ,good specim5s closely resemble ,t+ w>e1 b h n ! te>-/a9s4 ,!re are1 besides1 specim5s ) engrav$ & pa9t$#bca ornam5t4 ,! pla9 :ite pieces comm& a high] price ?an ,t+ w>e4 ,! rec5t 7i4e4 late f\rte5? c5tury7 productions ( ! factory are n wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,if1 z ?is acc\nt seems to imply1 ! ,tz ,*\ factories 7 9 l[ wat] at ! end ( ! ,yan dyna/y1 l _m o!r pott]ies at ?is "t1 !y manag$ to retrieve _! =tunes1 = !y /ill c>ry on an unbrok5 tradition to ?is day4#bcb ,! w>e is 9 g5]al use among ! common folk ( ,pek+ & ,nor!rn ,*9a1#bcc & is /ill decorat$ 7?\gh co>sely7 9 ! antique /yle ) free & sket*y pa9t$ designs 9 d>k br[n & m>oon slip1 ! body be+ greyi% :ite1 ) creamy crackl$ glaze4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only "o k9d out ( _m1 b ! traditions h be5 s closely pres]v$ t f ?is type alone x is easy to id5tify _m ,tz ,*\ specim5s among ! e>ly w>es :i* h lately come f excavations 9 ,*9a4 ,! quantity ( pott]y produc$ at ,tz ,*\ 9 ! la/ n9e or t5 hundr$ ye>s mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 b z ! po/-,sung w>es d n seem to h appeal$ to ,*9ese connoisseurs1 little has be5 he>d ( x until rec5t times1 & ! /ray specim5s :i* did f9d _! way to ,europe 7 ei!r unclassifi$ or gr\p$ ) ,corean specim5s 9 def]5ce to a mi/ak5 ,japanese op9ion4#bcd ,n[1 h[ev]1 consid]able int]e/ has be5 tak5 9 ! w>e by ,we/]n collectors1 & a pl5tiful supply is =?com+1 s t x is possible to make a comp>ative /udy ( ! diff]5t types1 & to appreciate ! v>i$ & clev] decorative me?ods ( ! ,tz ,*\ pott]s4 ,b ! cons]vative nature ( ! w>es w always make x extremely difficult = u to fix ! exact p]iod dur+ ! _m c5turies :5 any individual piece 0 made1 & ! e>ly dates assign$ indiscrim9ately1 ?\gh p]haps excusable on acc\nt ( ! ar*aic "* ( ! pa9t$ decoration1 %\ld be accept$ ) caution4 ,! pla9 :ite ,tz ,*\ w>es ( ! ,sung p]iod1 :i* fav\rably comp>$ ) ! ,t+ porcela91 h be5 id5tifi$ 9 a few in/ances only by peculi>ities ( %ape4 ,inde$1 x is unlikely t we %all h any o!r means ( discrim9at+ !m f ! latt] w>e4 ,b by f> ! l>ge/ gr\p ( ! ,tz ,*\ family consi/s ( ! pa9t$ w>es4 ,l ! re/ ( ! ,tz ,*\ pott]y :i* has s f> be5 id5tifi$1 ^! h a greyi% buff body ( porcellan\s /onew>e usually coat$ ) a :ite clay slip & cov]$ ) a transp>5t glaze almo/ col\rless1 b ) a creamy t+e4 ,on ?is glaze1 & sometimes "u x1 ! pa9t]s execut$ rapid1 bold1 & r impressioni/ designs 9 %ades ( br[n1 v>y+ f black to a s(t sepia col\r4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s seem to h be5 ( ?is k9d1 & x is c]ta9 t ?is me?od ( decoration 0 practis$ 9 ! ,sung p]iod1 if n e>li]4#bce ,9 a few cases ! glaze seems to h be5 omitt$1 ! br[n pa9t+ appe>+ on a lu/reless :ite slip2 & :]e ! br[n or black col\r 0 laid on 9 broad wa%es1 details 7 (t5 et*$ out ) a po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,! black1 moreov]1 :5 9 consid]able areas1 sometimes develop$ passages ( lu/r\s c(fee br[n#bcf 7due to ! pres5ce ( iron71 su* z is se5 9 ! p>tridge cups ( ,*i5 yao4 ,x is probable t ! ,sung ,tz ,*\ w>e1 ) its solid ivory :ite surface1 (t5 crackl$1 & its sket*y floral designs1 may h s]v$ z a model to ! ,japanese = ! ,k5zan /yle ( decoration & ! ivory :ite ,satsuma fai5ce4 ,ano!r /yle ( ornam5t1 :i* may date f ,sung times1 & is c]ta9ly common on lat] w>es1 consi/s ( a broad b& ( floral scrolls1 ) l>ge lily or a/] fl[]s1 enclos$ by small] zones ( floral patt]n or =mal designs4 ,next come ! l>ge panels ( figure subjects1 usually ( ,taoi/ sages1 or birds & animals 9 foliage1 enclos$ by b&s ( =mal ornam5t or floral scrolls4 ,9 "s cases a beautiful pale blue glaze ( turquoise t9t cov]s ?is class ( ornam5t 7,plate #cb1 ,fig4 #a71 /rangely recall+ ! ,p]sian & ,syrian pott]y ) /ill black pa9t+s "u a turquoise glaze4 ,inde$1 x 0 a common error a few ye>s back to class ! /ray specim5s ( ?is type z ,p]sian2 b a comp>ison ) ! br[n-pa9t$ ,tz ,*\ specim5s %[s _! true orig91 & ! discov]y ( a small di% ( ?is k9d 9 a ,sung tomb#bcg proves ! antiquity ( ?is me?od ( decoration 9 ,*9a4 ,! br[n & black 0 supplem5t$1 9 ! ,m+ p]iod if n e>li]1 fir/ by a m>oon slip & lat] by iron r$ & gre5 enamel4#bch ,a specim5 ) panell$ decoration 9 ^! col\rs 0 describ$ by ,br9kley#bci z hav+ be5 pres]v$ 9 ,japan s9ce #aeih1 %[+ t ?is class ( decoration 0 at any rate contempor>y ) ! r$ & gre5 family ( porcela94 ,a specim5 9 ! ,b5son ,collection %[s1 fur!r1 t aub]g9e & gre5 7 sometimes us$ 9 comb9ation ) turquoise glaze1 z 9 ! ,m+ ?ree-col\r porcela94 ,"u-glaze blue is also f\nd on ,tz ,*\ w>es1 b we h no clue to ! date :5 x 0 introduc$4 ,! ord9>y w>e1 made 9 q mod]n times at ,tz ,*\1 is illu/rat$ by a small flask & a figure obta9$ by ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?\gh decorat$ 9 ! *>act]i/ic /yle ) slight sket*y design 9 br[n & m>oon1 !y %[ a decid$ fall+ (f :5 comp>$ ) ! old] specim5s4 ,! body is a h>d1 greyi% :ite /onew>e2 !re is no slip cov]+1 & ! glaze is yell[i%1 s(t-look+1 & freely crackl$1 )\t ! solid qualities ( ! old] ivory glaze on a :ite slip coat+4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is deg5]ate type ( w>e dates back no f>!r ?an ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & t ! ,tz ,*\ pott]y pres]v$ its "* up to & p]haps ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( pott]y pill[s1 ) body & glaze ( good quality & f9ely pa9t$ 9 black & br[n1 ) panell$ designs sometimes conta9+ floral motives1 sometimes figure subjects4 ,"o ( ^!1 exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1bdj 0 t5tatively ascrib$ to ! late ,m+ p]iod4 ,s9ce !n ! ,briti% ,museum has acquir$ ano!r1 & ,i h he>d ( two m 9 private h&s4 ,! ?ree la/ be> ! m>k ( a pott] nam$ ,*ang1#bda & on "s ( !m we f9d additional inscriptions conta9+ ! words ku hsiang 7( old ,hsiang7 & hsiang ti 7( ! region ( ,hsiang74 ,hsiang1 ,i f9d1 is ! old "n ( ,*ang-t ,fu1 ! prefecture 9 :i* ,tz ,*\ is situat$1 & ?is fact def9itely connects ! w>e ) ! factories "u discussion4 ,at ! same "t ! relatively l>ge numb] ( ^! pieces 9 our collections & ! /yle ( ,*ang's m>k seem to indicate t !y are ( fairly rec5t date1 probably n old] ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bi4--,vase ( ,porcellan\s ,/onew>e4 ,) creamy :ite glaze & designs pa9t$ 9 black4 ,tz ,*\ w>e1 ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi ,a4,d474 ,height #ag in*es4 ,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,plate #cj4--;,f\r ,j>s ( pa9t$ ,tz ,*\ ,w>e4 ,fig4 #a4--;,dat$ #aa? ye> ( ,*ng ,t+ 7#addf ,a4,d474 ,height #i in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,pa9t$ 9 r$ & gre5 enamels4 787 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #d in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,l[] half black1 ! upp] pa9t$ on :ite gr\nd4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--,) phnix design1 et*$ details4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #i in*es4 ,ro!n/e9 ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #ca4--,tz ,*\ ,w>e4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,inc5se ,vase 9 ,p]sian /yle ) lotus design 9 pale aub]g9e1 9 a turquoise gr\nd4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,height #f in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,pill[ ) creamy :ite glaze & design ( a te!r$ be> 9 black4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,l5g? #ab in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #cb4--,tz ,*\ ,w>e4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--;,figure ( a ,lohan ) a ,de]1 creamy :ite glaze col\r$ ) black slip & pa9t$ ) gre5 & r$ enamels4 ,said to be ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #ab in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) graffiato peony scrolls "u a gre5 glaze4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #af in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #cc4--,tz ,*\ ,w>e4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) panel ( figures repres5t+ music1 pa9t$ 9 black "u a blue glaze4 ,yan dyna/y4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) incis$ designs 9 a d>k br[n glaze1 a sage look+ at a skeleton4 ,yan dyna/y4 ,height #ab in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) pa9t+ 9 black & b& ( m>bl$ slips4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #af in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #cd4--,tz ,*\ ,w>e4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle ( :ite porcellan\s w>e ) black glaze & floral design 9 lu/r\s br[n4 ,sung dyna/y or e>li]4 787 ,tz ,*\ w>e4 ,height #ac in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) b&s ( key patt]n & lily scrolls cut away f a black glaze4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #i in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) graffiato design 9 :ite slip on a m\se-col\r$ gr\nd1 yell[i% glaze4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #ac in*es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a great] age has be5 cr$it$ to ^! pill[s 9 ! belief t !y are corpse pill[s recov]$ f anci5t tombs1 a !ory = :i* a quotation f a ,m+ writ] 9 ! ,tao %uo is responsible4#bdb ,x is /at$ t ! pill[s ( anci5t porcela9 t are two feet & a half long & six in*es broad may be us$4 ,^? only "o foot long are kn[n z 'corpse pill[s1' & are among ! ?+s f\nd 9 anci5t tombs2 & ev5 :5 ^! are ( :ite ,t+ ,*\ porcela9 ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 !y ought n to be us$4 ,n[ ! pill[s made by ,*ang & o!rs are r>ely m ?an a foot long1 & accord+ to ?is passage %\ld be reg>d$ z corpse pill[s4 ,b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ei!r ! measurem5ts giv5 are incorrect1 or t ! figures are inaccurately quot$2 = ap>t f ! difficulty ( mak+ porcela9 pill[s ?irty in*es long1 su* a size w\ld be :olly unnecess>y1 & is1 9 fact1 m ?an twice ! l5g? ( ! ord9>y ,*9ese pill[1 z we "k f exi/+ examples 9 v>i\s mat]ials4 ,at ! pres5t day !re is no su* di/9ction 9 size betwe5 ! two sorts ( pill[1 & de ,groot#bdc assures u t ! head ( ! corpse is re/$ on a small pill[ n diff]+ f ^? 9 use among ! liv+4 ,f ! same passage 9 ! ,tao %uo we le>n t a curi\s belief exi/$ 9 ,*9a t porcela9 pill[s 7 efficaci\s 9 keep+ ! eyes cle> & pres]v+ ! sight1 s t ev5 9 old age f9e writ+ c be read1 & t ?is belief obta9$ z e>ly z ! ,sung dyna/y1 mu* use ( su* pill[s hav+ be5 made 9 ! c\rt ( ,n+ ,tsung4 ,among ! _m types ( ,tz ,*\ w>e1 old & new1 figures & /atuettes1 usually ( deities1 play$ an important "p4 ,!re are examples ( co>se mod]n figures 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b !re are o!rs1#bdd /rong & =cefully modell$1 :i* rank ) ! be/ c]amic /atu>y4 ,^!1 no d\bt1 belong to ! old] & bett] p]iods4 ,a good example is %[n 9 ,plate #cb4 ,! o!r l>ge gr\p ( ,tz ,*\ w>es1 t ) engrav$ designs 7hua1 hua71 is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! ?ree4 ,"o class1 ! :ite w>e ) c>v$ ornam5t1 if x exi/$1 has be5 m]g$1 l ! pla9 :ite1 9 ! ,t+ w>es4 ,! vase 7,plate #cc1 ,fig4 #b7 ) br[n glaze & panell$ design exactly correspond+ to ^? ( ! typical pa9t$ w>es1 b engrav$ ) a po9t$ in/rum5t ?r\gh ! br[n glaze1 =ms a l9k betwe5 ! two ma9 gr\ps4#bde ,b ! m *>act]i/ic ,tz ,*\ engrav$ ornam5t is execut$ by :at is usually kn[n z ! graffiato process1 ! l9es ( ! design be+ cut ?r\gh a lay] ( slip :i* contra/s 9 col\r ) ! und]ly+ mat]ial4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ^? vases on :i* ! ornam5t is et*$ ?r\gh a cov]+ ( :ite slip disclos+ ! greyi% body b5ea?1 or1 bett] /ill1 by specim5s l ,plate #cd1 ,fig4 #c1 9 :i* ! gr\nd ( ! patt]n is freely cut away1 expos+ consid]able areas ( ! body4#bdf ,! greyi% body col\r comb9es ) ! transp>5t b creamy glaze to produce a delicate m\se-col\r$ surface1 f :i* ! patt]n /&s out 9 ivory :ite4 ,9 o!r cases a ?ick lu/r\s br[n black glaze has be5 boldly c>v$1 leav+ ! design to contra/ ) an unglaz$ grey biscuit 7,plate #cd1 ,fig4 #c74 ,by v>y+ & comb9+ ^! diff]5t me?ods1 & by *ang+ & c\nt]-*ang+ ! slips1 a great div]sity ( effects 0 readily obta9$4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$ t "s ( ! engrav$ specim5s ) b&s ( l>ge foliage scrolls h an a/oni%+ resemblance to ,italian graffiato w>e ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ?is resemblance is p>ticul>ly /rik+ :51 z sometimes happ5s1 a gre5 glaze is us$ in/ead ( ! ord9>y creamy cov]+4 ,no d\bt ^! c>v$ w>es1 l _! fell[s ) pa9t$ ornam5t1 7 made = _m c5turies1 b !re is good reason to ?9k t !y date back to e>ly times1 = fragm5ts bo? ( ! graffiato ) :ite slip & m\se-col\r$ gr\nd1 & ( ! d>k br[n glaze cut away1 7 f\nd 9 ,sir ,aurel ,/e9's excavations 9 ,turfan on sites :i* c h>dly h be5 op5 aft] ! twelf? c5tury4#bdg ,an important example rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum actually be>s a ,sung date4 ,x is a pill[ ) c>v$ panels on ! sides conta9+ ea* a l>ge fl[] & =mal foliage2 & on ! top is a panel ) ! f\r *>act]s ,*ia kuo yung an 7ev]la/+ peace 9 ! family & /ate7 et*$ 9 a gr\nd p[d]$ ) small circles4 ,?is panel is flank$ by two incis$ inscriptions /at+ t ! pill[ 0 made by ! ,*ao family 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,hsi ,n+ 7i4e4 #ajga ,a4,d474 ,i h se5 "o o!r dat$ specim5 ( graffiato ,tz ,*\ w>e ) beautifully c>v$ floral designs & an inscription ( ! ye> #ajfc4 ,ano!r ,tz ,*\ type is se5 9 a pill[ 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection :i* has passages ( m>bl+ 9 black & br[n1 & small black rosette ornam5ts inlaid 9 ,corean fa%ion4 ,! v>iety ( decorations us$ on ?is gr\p ( w>es seems to be inexhau/ible4 ,x has already be5 h9t$ t o!r factories 7 at "w on ! same l9es z ,tz ,*\1 & z we h no means ( id5tify+ _! peculi>ities1 x w\ld p]haps be saf] to use "s su* =mula z ,tz ,*\ type 9 ! ascription ( d\btful pieces4 ,po-,%an ,hsi51 9 ,%antung1 0 m5tion$ 9 a note on p4 #ajc1 & ! ,tao lu#bdh gives a %ort acc\nt ( ano!r factory at ,hs ,*\1#bdi 9 ,honan1 :]e ! tz /one 7see p4 #aja7 0 also us$ 9 w>es :i* 7 bo? pla9 :ite & decorat$4 ,?is factory 0 active 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & x is /at$ t its w>es 7 sup]ior to ! rec5t productions#bej ( ,tz ,*\4 ,a ref]5ce to porcela9 figures 9 ,honan 9 ! ,sung dyna/y may be quot$ 9 ?is connection4 ,x occurs 9 ! ,liang *i man *ih1 an e>ly ?irte5?-c5tury "w by ,fei ,kuan1 & runs z foll[s3 ,9 ,kung ,hsi5 79 ! ,honan ,fu7 !re are porcela9 7tz7 images call$ by ! "n ( ,lu ,hung-*i54 ,if y buy t5 tea vessels y c take "o image4 ,hung-*i5 0 a trad] :o dealt 9 tea--unpr(itably1 = he c\ld n refra9 f brew+ 8 /ock4 ,hung-*i5 =m]ly 0 v fond ( tea1 & x br\ght him to ru94 ,possibly ! images ( ,hung-*i51 :i* 7 giv5 away ) t5 tea vessels1 7 made at ,tz ,*\ or ,hs ,*\4 ,figures are /ill "p ( ! /ock-9-trade ( ! =m] factory4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #ac v]so4 ,footnote #bca3 ,hsiu hua1 lit4 embroid]$ ornam5t1 b see p4 #ia4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,= incid5tal ref]5ce to ,tz ,*\ vases & w9e j>s 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 see p4 #abh4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,see ,br9kley1 ,catalogue ( ! ,exhibition at ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,arts1 #ahhd2 also ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #aiaa1 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #bce3 ,! pott]y f\nd 9 ,sung tombs ne> ,wei ,hsi51 9 ,%antung1 9 #aijc1 includes a few examples ( ?is type ( w>e ) sket*y br[n designs4 ,lauf] 7,*9ese ,pott]y ( ! ,han ,dyna/y1 ,app5dix ii47 has illu/rat$ ?is important f9d1 ?\gh he is incl9$ to ?9k t x may h be5 made at ! neighb\r+ pott]ies ( ,po ,%an ,hsi54 ,if ?is is s1 we mu/ reckon ) ! fact1 9 itself n at all surpris+1 t o!r factories besides ,tz ,*\ 7 work+ on ! same l9es4 ,see p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,x w\ld appe> t ! ,tz ,*\ pott]s 7 capable ( produc+ ^! lu/r\s br[n passages 9 ! black glaze int5tionally1 = ! floral design on ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #cd is express$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,at ,wei ,hsi54 ,see note on p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #bch3 ,!re are specim5s--mo/ly small b[ls--( a v ar*aic appe>ance1 ) ! r$ & gre5 pa9t+ :i* are p]si/5tly claim$ z ( ,sung p]iod4 ,b see p4 #df & ,plate #cj4 ,footnote #bci3 ,catalogue ( ! ,bo/on ,exhibition1 op4 cit41 #ahhd4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,e #fc4 ,?is example has ! m>k ( ,wang ,*ih-m+4 ,see p4 #bba4 ,footnote #bda3 ,see p4 #bba4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,see ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #aiaa1 & ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 ,d #ai & #da4 ,footnote #bde3 ,! l9k is /r5g!n$ by ! pres5ce ( ! black pa9t$ b&s :i* bord] ! ma9 designs4 ,see also ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 loc4 cit41 ,augu/1 #aiaa1 ,on ,"s ,old ,*9ese ,pott]y4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,on a few specim5s1 ! date ( :i* is by no means c]ta91 a design ( leaves is execut$ by a peculi> process1 9 :i* an actual leaf seems to h be5 us$ z a /5cil1 be+ /uck on to ! w>e :ile ! slip 0 appli$1 & aft]w>ds remov$1 leav+ a leaf-%ap$ patt]n 9 res]ve4 ,a some:at simil> use ( leaf /5cill+ is describ$ on p4 #acc4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,see p4 #acd4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #ad4 ,"s au?orities seem to h consid]$ t ! ,hs ,*\ factories g back to ,sung times4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,*9ese4 ,footnote #bej3 ,! ,tao lu 0 writt5 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,*,n ,,w>es ,,& ,,"s ,,o!rs ,*n ,*\ ,*9ese w>e#bea ,,! ,*n w>e is said to h be5 fir/ made 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,sung dyna/y at ,*n ,*\ or ,*n-tai1 ! mod]n ,y ,*\ 9 ! ,kai-fng ,fu 9 ,honan4 ,l ! ,lung-*an celadon1 ?anks to its /r5g? & solidity1 x has surviv$ 9 suffici5t numb]s to give u "s idea ( ! qualities :i* ,*9ese writ]s h describ$ 9 picturesque t]ms4 ,t x f9ds no m5tion 9 ! ,*o kng lu & ! ,ko ku yao lun seems to imply t x 0 n appreciat$ by ! virtuosi ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! fact t1 z h9t$ 9 lat] works1 x 0 *iefly de/9$ = ev]yday uses & aim$ at s]viceable qualities r ?an antique elegance4 ,by ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 h[ev]1 its beautiful glazes _h won x a place among ! celebrat$ ,sung w>es1 al?\gh ev5 at ?is "t c]ta9 v>ieties only 7 consid]$ e/imable4 ,! ,*+ pi tsang1 = in/ance1 :i* appe>s to rank ! ,*n w>e above t ( ,lung-*an1 gives ! foll[+ criticism3 ,! ,*n ,*\ w>e1 :i* is r$ l r\ge1 is highly priz$2 t :i* is *+ l onion blue 7tsung tsui71 & t :i* is purpli% br[n 7tz7 l ink1 are e/eem$ second2 s+le-col\r$ pieces1 :i* h ! num]als "o1 two1 etc41 z m>ks on ! bottom1 are *oice2 ! specim5s ( ?is w>e ) mix$ col\rs 7tsa s7 are n wor? collect+4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ev5 ! despis$ mix$ col\rs 7 n only appreciat$ by collectors1 b /udi\sly imitat$ by ! ,*+-t ,*n pott]s4 ,! body ( ! w>es1 :i* are n[ class$ z ,*n type1 v>ies consid]ably 9 quality & texture4 ,! *oice/ examples 9 ,we/]n collections1 usually deep fl[] pots or %all[ bulb b[ls ) lovely glazes ( dove grey1 lav5d]1 cru%$ /rawb]ry1 dappl$ purple & crimson1 & o!r t9ts1 are made ( a clay :i*1 ?\gh d>k-col\r$ on ! ext]ior1 %[s consid]able ref9em5t & clos5ess ( texture )94 ,x is1 9 fact1 a porcellan\s w>e ( :iti% grey tone4 ,x is notic$ t ^! pieces are almo/ always m>k$ ) incis$ ,*9ese num]als1 & !re are critics :o w\ld conf9e ! ,*n w>es to ?is gr\p alone4 ,b x is cle> f a passage 9 ! ,po wu yao lan#beb t !re 7 o!r types 9 :i* ! body 0 ( yell[ s&y e>!nw>e1 co>se & ?ick1 & )\t ref9em5t1 ) all ! *>act]i/ics1 9 fact1 ( ! w>e :i* ^! same critics habitually relegate to ! category ( ,yan tz1 or w>e ( ! ,yan dyna/y4 ,b we %all return to ?is "q lat]4 ,mod]n ,*9ese collectors1 we are told1#bec 9 recognition ( ^! di/9ctions1 classify ,*n w>es 9 two gr\ps1 tz tai 7porcela9 body7 & %a tai 7s&y1 or co>se-gra9$1 body74 ,! ,*n glazes are ( ! ?ick1 opalesc5t k9d :i* fl[s sluggi%ly & (t5 /ops %ort ( ! base 9 a ?ick1 wavy roll or 9 l>ge drops4 ,on ! upp] edges ( ! w>e !y are ?9 & m or less transp>5t & col\rless1 b 9 ! l[] p>ts & ! holl[s 9 :i* ! glaze collects 9 ?ick masses ! dep? & play ( ! col\r are wond]ful4 ,^! irregul>ities are specially noticeable on ! co>se bodies1 b ev5 on ! m ref9$ specim5s :]e ! glaze has a smoo!r fl[ & m ev5 di/ribution1 ! col\r is nev] q cont9u\s or unbrok54 ,9 ! opalesc5t dep?s ( ! glaze1 bubbles1 /reaks1 hair-l9es1 & (t5 decid$ dappl+ are obs]v$1 & a sc>cely p]ceptible crackle is usually pres5t4#bed ,"s ( ^! m>k+s :i* v>iegate ! surface ( ! ,*n w>es h be5 notic$ by ,*9ese writ]s z h>e's fur m>k+ & flames ( blue4#bee ,o!rs1 :i* appe> to be irregul> p>t+s 9 ! col\r ( ! glaze1 h be5 nam$ *iu y+ wn or e>?worm m>ks4 ,^! la/ r>ely appe> except on ! f9] type ( ,*n w>es1 &1 l ! te> /a9s on ! ,t+ porcela9s1 !y are reg>d$ z signs ( au!nticity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce ,fl[] pot ( ,*n ,*\ w>e ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y4 ,grey porcellan\s body2 olive br[n glaze "u ! base & ! num]al %ih 7t57 incis$4 ,height 7)\t ! wood5 /&7 #e in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,?\gh ! beautiful ,*n w>es ( ! tz tai gr\p w always be r>e & co/ly1 ,we/]n collectors h be5 =tunate 9 secur+ a fair numb] ( specim5s1 & a wond]ful s]ies ( !m 0 br\ght toge!r 9 ,m>*1 #aiad1 9 ! exhibition held by ! ,japan ,society ( ,new ,york4 ,! =ms ( ! fl[] pots v>y consid]ably4 ,"s h globul> body ) high spread+ neck & wide m\?2 o!rs are bell-%ap$ l a deep cup2 o!rs are deep b[ls ) sides %ap$ 9 six or eight lobes l ! petals ( a fl[]2 o!rs are ( quatrefoil =m2 & o!rs ( oblong rectangul> %ape ) /raight sides exp&+ t[>ds ! m\?4 ,! sauc]s 9 :i* !y /ood are %all[ b[ls correspond+ 9 =m to ! pots1 b support$ by ?ree or f\r feet :i* are usually %ap$ l ! conv5tional cl\d scroll or ju-i head4 ,!y are o!rwise )\t ornam5t1 except 9 ! case ( ! pla9 r\nd$ sauc]s1 :i* h two b&s ( rais$ /uds or bosses1 borr[$1 no d\bt1 f a bronze vessel4 ,^! fl[] pots & sauc]s are almo/ inv>iably incis$ ) a num]al "u ! base1 & ! fact t :5 ! pots & sauc]s fit prop]ly ! num]als on ea* are f\nd to tally seems to indicate !y are1 z sugge/$ bel[1 size numb]s4 ,b !re is no d\bt t ! sauc]s or /&s 7 (t5 us$ sep>ately z bulb b[ls1 l ! vessels ( simil> %ape :i* are f\nd 9 celadon & o!r w>es4 ,vases ( ! f9e ,*n w>e are occasionally se54 ,!re is a *oice example 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection1 a small ovoid vase ) flat base2 & 9 ! same collection is a l[ beak]-%ap$ vase ) fl>+ neck & globul> body /r5g!n$ ) f\r squ>e ribs 9 imitation ( a bronze4#bef ,no numb]s h appe>$ s f> on any ( ^! vases1 nor1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 on any ,sung ,*n w>es except ! fl[] pots & sauc]s4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 di%es on :i* a numb] has be5 subsequ5tly cut1 & numb]s occur on lat] copies ( ! ,*n types describ$ bel[4 ,! num]als engrav$ "u ! base ( ! fl[] pots1 sauc]s1 & bulb b[ls 9 ! f9] ,*n w>es range f #a-aj4 ,_! significance has giv5 rise to "s debate1 b ! mo/ reasonable !ory seems to be t !y indicate ! sizes ( ! diff]5t =ms1 ,no4 #a be+ ! l>ge/1 ?\gh an extra l>ge bulb b[l#beg 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection has ! additional m>k ,*9ese ta 7great74 ,?is is ! view :i*1 ,i believe1 is usually accept$ 9 ,*9a1 & ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los1 :o has an exceptional s]ies ( ^! w>es1 has appli$ ! te/ to all he has se51 & has f\nd ! size !ory to hold good 9 all b a few cases1 = :i* an explanation may yet be f\nd4#beh ,ano!r sugge/ion1 support$ by "s ,am]ican collectors ( note1 su* z ,mr4 ,fre] & ,mr4 ,pet]s1 is t ! numb]s ref] to ! ,imp]ial kilns1 & t ! pieces s m>k$ are ,imp]ial w>es4 ,:e!r ! =m] !ory w cont9ue to /& ! te/ ( application to e fre% specim5 rema9s to be se54 ,) reg>d to ! latt]1 ,i %all give reasons pres5tly = d\bt+ t any special ,imp]ial patronage 0 ext5d$ to ?is k9d ( w>e2 & :atev] tru? !re may be 9 ?is explanation ( ! numb]s1 x is highly improbable t any s]i\s evid5ce c ev] be produc$ to su/a9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf ,*n ,w>es ,fig4 #a4--;,fl[] pot ( six-foil =m4 ,*n ,*\ w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,! base is glaz$ ) olive br[n & incis$ ) ! num]al san 7?ree74 ,height #g in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ( ,*n type1 ) close-gra9$ porcellan\s body ( yell[i% col\r4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,diamet] #e in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,x w\ld be possible to con/ruct a =midable li/ ( ! col\rs :i* appe> 9 ! ,*n glazes1 ?\gh _m ( ! accid5tal effects w\ld be v difficult to describe4 ,on ! edge & sali5t p>ts :]e ! glaze is ?9 ! col\r is usually a transp>5t olive gre5 :i* passes ) ! ?ick5+ ( ! glaze into a fro?y grey %ot ) f9e purple /reaks4 ,! grey sometimes rema9s ?ick & opaque1 cov]+ l>ge areas1 & x is liable to become fro/$ ov] ) a dull film ( crab-%ell gre54 ,x is 9 ?is fro/+ & 9 ! opaque curd$ grey t ! ,v-%ap$ & s]p5t9e p>t+s kn[n z e>?worm m>ks mo/ frequ5tly occur2 & sometimes a /eel blue col\r em]ges 9 ^! p>t+s & 9 small spots 9 ! grey4 ,= "u ! grey !re seems to be always blue & r$ /ruggl+ upw>ds t[>ds ! surface4 ,h5ce ! blue & lav5d] t+e :i* is s con/ant1 ! ti5 lan ( ! ,*9ese4 ,b x is ! r$ :i* almo/ always triumphs1 em]g+ 9 f9e /reaks ( purple1 crimson or coral1 l ! col\r l9es 9 %ot silk1 or 9 /rong flecks & dappl+1 completely ov]p[]+ ! grey1 :i* only rema9s on suff]ance 9 a few fleecy cl\ds4 ,! f9e l9es ( col\r are usually associat$ ) a smoo? silk5 surface to :i* a fa9t iridesc5ce gives additional lu/re2 :]eas ! /rongly dappl$ & mottl$ glaze is full ( bubbles & p9holes 7sometimes call$ ant tracks by ! ,*9ese7 :i* give ! surface ! se$$ appe>ance ( a /rawb]ry4 ,! r$ dappl+ is usually opaque & t5d+ t[>ds crimson or r\ge r$4 ,x w be se5 t ! r$ v>ies 9 quantity f a m]e t+e or flu% to ! int5sity almo/ ( a mono*rome1 & 9 tone f a pale or deep lav5d] to aub]g9e1 plum purple1 rose crimson1 & r\ge r$4 ,mak+ all[ance = ! caprici\s nature ( ,*9ese col\r words1 ^! t9ts w be f\nd to correspond ) sev]al ( ^? indicat$ 9 ! ,yung ,*ng li/ quot$ on p4 #aai4 ,on r>e examples ! grey & r$ col\rs are 9 abeyance1 & ! dom9ant t9t is ! transp>5t olive gre51 :i* is usually conf9$ to ! edges4 ,?is & ! crab-%ell gre5 m5tion$ above supply ! gre5 %ades :i* ! ,*9ese writ]s include among ! ,*n col\rs4 ,b none ( ^! glazes c ) /rict accuracy be describ$ z mono*romes ( uni=mly pure col\r :i* ! ,po wu yao lan seems to h reg>d$ z indisp5sable 9 ! fir/-class ,*n w>e4 ,9 fact1 x is difficult to conceive ! possibility ( a ,*n glaze ( p]fectly uni=m t9t1 )\t any trace ( ! p]petual w> wag$ 9 ! kiln betwe5 ! r$1 grey1 & blue elem5ts4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a s+le col\r is se5 9 "s ( ! grey glazes1 b "h1 too1 ! col\r is only relatively pure2 & ,i am conv9c$ t ! expression us$ by ! ,po wu yao lan is exagg]at$1 & ! mean+ is t ! ne>] ! ,*n col\rs approa* to uni=mity ! m !y 7 priz$4 ,x is true t sev]al examples depict$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album are mono*rome purple1 b ,i h no m confid5ce 9 ! col\r+ ( ^! illu/rations ?an 9 ! c>v$ decoration :i* is indicat$ "u _! glaze1 a ph5om5on unrecord$ 9 any o!r ,*9ese "w1 unexampl$ 9 any kn[n specim5 ( ! w>e1 & unlikely 9 view ( ! nature & ! ?ickness ( ! ,*n glaze itself4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t an exagg]at$ mottl+ ( ! glaze & a confusion ( _m col\rs 0 view$ ) disfav\r by ! old ,*9ese connoisseurs4 ,^! effects 7 expla9$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan z due to insuffici5t fir+4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light !y 7 view$ ) contempt by ! e>li] ,*9ese writ]s & labell$ ) mock+ names1 su* z lo kan ma fei 7mule's liv] & horse's lung71 pig's liv]1 & ! l4 ,9 reality1 !y 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! _m delightful flamb glazes :i* ! eighte5?-c5tury pott]s 7 able to produce at w :5 !y _h le>nt t1 l all ! ,*n col\rs except ! br[n glaze on ! base1 !y c\ld be obta9$ f oxide ( copp] "u def9ite fir+ conditions4 ,h[ f> ! old ,*n effects 7 due to opalesc5ce#bei x is impossible to say1 b we "k t all ( !m c be obta9$1 :e!r turquoise1 gre51 crimson1 or lav5d] grey1 by t ,protean m$ium1 oxide ( copp]1 accord+ z x is expos$ 9 ! fir+ to an oxidis+ or r$uc+ atmosph]e1 conditions :i* c\ld be regulat$ by ! introduction ( air on ! "o h&1 or wood smoke on ! o!r1 at ! "r mom5t into ! kiln4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! f9] ,*n w>es z se5 9 ! fl[] pots & /&s h an olive or yell[i% br[n glaze ov] ! base1 :i* 9 r>e in/ances is ov]run by fro?y grey or lav5d]4 ,ano!r con/ant feature ( ^! pieces is a r+ ( small sc>s or spur m>ks on ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #cg4--;,*n ,*\ ,w>e ) porcellan\s body 7tz tai74 ,sung dyna/y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,fl[] ,pot1 ) lav5d] grey glaze4 ,num]al m>k1 ss 7f\r74 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bulb ,b[l1 ( quatrefoil =m1 pale olive glaze cl\d$ ) opaque grey4 ,num]al m>k1 i 7"o74 ,l5g? #aj in*es4 ,fre] ,collection4 ,! li/ ( porcela9s made at ! ,imp]ial factories ab\t #agcjbfj includes a s]ies ( imitations ( ,*n glazes f specim5s s5t f ! palace collections1 :i* s]ve at once to %[ ! v>iety ( ,*n col\rs & ! ext5t to :i* !y 7 copi$4 ,! actual col\rs describ$ are3 7#a7 ,rose purple 7mei kuei tz ,*9ese74 7#b7 ,*]ry apple r$ 7hai tang hung ,*9ese74 7#c7 ,purple ( ! aub]g9e fl[] 7*ieh hua tz ,*9ese74 7#d7 ,plum bloom 7mei tz *+ ,*9ese74 7#e7 ,donkey's liv] & horse's lung 7l kan ma fei ,*9ese71 ) ! addition ( f\r k9ds obta9$ f o!r s\rces4#bfa 7#f7 ,deep purple 7%n tz ,*9ese74 7#g7 ,millet col\r 7mi s ,*9ese74 7#h7 ,sky blue 7ti5 lan ,*9ese74 7#i7 ,furnace transmutation or flamb 7yao pi5 ,*9ese74 ,! pott]s ( ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod 7#agbc-ce7 succe$$ wond]fully 9 _! "w ( imitation1 & exi/+ examples be> witness to ! beautiful col\r effects :i* !y obta9$4 ,! body ( ! w>e1 h[ev]1 01 z a rule1 a f9e :ite porcela91#bfb :i* _h to be c>efully conceal$ by ! br[n glaze on ! base4 ,_m ( ! ,yung ,*ng specim5s are m>k$ ) ! seal m>k ( ! p]iod1 & occasional in/ances occur 9 :i* ?is m>k has be5 gr\nd (f 9 ord] to pass ! piece z old4 ,i h su* a specim51 :i* 0 actually b\ght 9 ! trade = ,sung4 ,x is a small di%1 ) beautiful turquoise gre5 glaze 9 ! c5tre & a flamb r$ on ! sides4 ,! place :]e ! m>k has be5 gr\nd away :5 wa%$ clean %[$ a f9e :ite porcela9 body4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,tao lu t ! pott]s at ,*+-t ,*n began to imitate ! ,*n w>es t[>ds ! end ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,no evid5ce is giv5 to support ! ass]tion1 :i* may be m]ely a local tradition2 b "o c]ta9ly sees occasional specim5s ) a porcela9 body mask$ by a d>k br[n clay dress+ "u ! base1 ! glazes ( :i* obvi\sly imitate ! ,*n4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 sauc]s & b[ls ( ?is k9d ) purple glaze f9ely %ot ) grey on ! ext]ior & a lav5d] grey inside :i* appe> to be old] ?an ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 ?\gh _! %ape precludes a great] age ?an ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m o!r imitations ( ,*n w>e 9 :i* ! body is n ( tell-tale :ite porcela94 ,! ,po wu yao lan1 = in/ance1 writt5 at ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 /ates t 9 ! pres5t day among ! rec5t w>es all ?is type ( w>e 7viz4 ! ,*n type7 has ! s&y clay ( ,yi-hs+#bfc = its body2 ! glaze is v simil> to ! old1 & !re are beautiful specim5s1 b !y d n we> well4 ,yi-hs+ is ! place :]e ! r$ /onew>e tea pots1 (t5 call$ ,*9ese bucc>o1 7 made1 & we "k t a ,yi-hs+ pott]1 nam$ ,ou1 0 fam\s at ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y = 8 imitations ( ,ko1 ,kuan1 & ,*n glazes4#bfd ,a b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum seems to answ] ! description ( ,ou's w>e4 ,x has a h>d r$ /onew>e body1 & a ?ick undulat+ glaze ( pale lav5d] blue col\r1 ! comp>ative s(tness ( :i* is atte/$ by ! well-worn surface ( ! int]ior4 ,! ,yung ,*ng li/ includes yet ano!r type bas$ ^u ,*n w>e4 ,x is call$ ,*n glaze ( ! muffle kiln1 cle>ly a l[-fir$ enamel r ?an a glaze1 ^: col\r is betwe5 ! ,kuangtung w>e & ! add$#bfe glaze ( ,yi-hs+1 ?\gh 9 surface-m>k+s1 undulations & transmutation t9ts x surpasses !m4 ,?is appe>s to be ! rob9's egg type ( glaze1#bff to use ! ,am]ican collector's phrase1 a ?ick1 opaque enamel ( pale gre5i% blue t9t fleck$ ) ruby r$ 7see ,plate #abh74 ,! manufacture ( glazes ( ! ,*n type has cont9u$ at ,yi-hs+ s9ce ! days ( ,ou1 & :at is call$ ,yi-hs+ ,*n is /ill manufactur$ 9 consid]able quantity1 ! /reaky lav5d] glazes be+ ( no little m]it4 ,:5 appli$ to inc5se burn]s & vessels ( ar*aic =m1 !y are capable ( be+ pass$ (f z old1 ?\gh ! initiat$ w recognise !m by _! want ( dep? & transp>5cy & by ! peculi> sat9y lu/re ( _! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch ,*n ,w>es ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ( eight-foil %ape1 ) lob$ sides1 ( ,*n type4 ,sung dyna/y4 ,close-gra9$ porcellan\s w>e ( yell[i% col\r4 ,height #a in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,pomegranate-%ap$ wat] pot ( ,s(t ,*n w>e4 ,probably ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #c in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,ano!r w>e :i* has a sup]ficial resemblance to ,*n yao has be5 made = a long p]iod at ! ,kuangtung factories1#bfg if x does n actually g back to ,sung times4 ,a typical specim51 %[n 9 ,plate #ea1 is a vase ( balu/] =m ) wide %\ld]s /r5g!n$ by a coll> ) foliate edge1 & small neck & m\?1 ornam5t$ ) a h&some lotus scroll 9 relief4 ,! body is a buff /onew>e1 & ! glaze is ?ick1 opaque1 & closely crackl$1 & ( pale lav5d] grey w>m+ into purple4 ,glazes ( ?is k9d h be5 made at sev]al pott]ies 9 ,japan e4g4 ,hagi1 ,akahada1 & ,seto4#bfh ,besides su* specim5s z ?is1 !re are _m ( ! /reaky1 mottl$ ,canton /onew>es :i* are remotely analog\s to ! v>iegat$ ,*n w>es4 ,! glazes ( ?is type are m fluesc5t ?an ^? describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph & h great] transp>5cy1 & ! int5tion ( _! mak]s to imitate ,*n types is %[n by incis$ num]als :i* are occasionally add$ "u ! base4 ,!y are kn[n 9 ,*9a z ,fat-%an ,*n1 f ! locality 9 :i* !y are made1 & ?\gh "s examples may g back to ,m+ times1 ! be/ may1 z a rule1 be ascrib$ to ! eighte5? c5tury & ! indiff]5t specim5s to ! pres5t day4 ,f ?is digression on ,*n imitations to :i* ! m5tion ( ,yi-hs+ l$ u1 we mu/ return to ! orig9al w>es4 ,x has be5 said t ,*9ese connoisseurs recognise two gr\ps ( ,*n w>e1 ! tz tai & ! %a tai1 & !re is no d\bt t ! contra/ betwe5 ! body mat]ial ( ! two is v m>k$4 ,9 explanation ( ?is ! ,*9ese to-day allege#bfi t ! fl[] pots & /&s 7 made ( a tribute clay s5t annually f ! ,*+-t ,*n di/rict to ! ,imp]ial kilns at ,*n ,*\1 & t ! co>s] articles 7 made ( native clays4 ,! /ory has ! air ( an ex po/ facto explanation1 & x is op5 to _m grave objections4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is n[h]e m5tion$ 9 ,*9ese lit]ature1 & 9 ! second place ! ,*n ,*\ kilns1 s f> f hav+ be5 describ$ z ,imp]ial 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 are entirely ignor$ by ! e>li] writ]s1 & ev5 9 ! late ,m+ works1 :]e !y are fir/ m5tion$1 ! ,*n w>es are reckon$ z ( second>y importance4 ,?irdly1 !re does n seem to h be5 any ne$ to import kaol91 = ,*n ,*\ 0 9 "o ( ! kaol9 produc+ di/ricts ( ,*9a4#bgj ,!re are1 moreov]1 _m specim5s ( ! ,*n type :i* hold an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! f9] fl[] pots & ! co>se ,yan tz w>es1 & ^! h a decid$ly porcellan\s body1 ?\gh incl9$ to be yell[i% at ! base rim4 ,"s ( ^! h glazes almo/ z smoo? & ev5 z ! fl[] pots1 & ( a beautiful lav5d] grey col\r ) pat*es or l>ge areas ( aub]g9e or ame?y/9e purple1 :i* 9 r>e cases cov]s ! entire ext]ior ( a b[l4 ,9 _! f9] types !y are sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! specim5s :i* we h t5tatively class$ z ,kuan on p4 #fe1 & 9 _! co>s] k9ds !y seem to belong to ! s-call$ ,yan tz :i* are discuss$ at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,mean:ile1 we mu/ consid] a v di/9ctive gr\p to :i* ! t]m %a tai1 9 its s5se ( s&y body1 applies ) p>ticul> exactitude4 ,9 ! catalogue ( ! ,new ,york exhibition ( ,m>*1 #aiad1 ,i v5tur$ to diff]5tiate ?is type by ! "n ( s(t ,*n1 :i* its g5]al appe>ance seems to ju/ify4 ,x is well illu/rat$ 9 ,plates #ch & #ci4 ,! body is buff & v>ies 9 texture f /onew>e to a comp>atively s(t e>!nw>e n f> remov$ 9 col\r f t ( delft or maiolica1 ?\gh1 l s _m ,*9ese bodies1 x has a t5d5cy to assume a d>k] r$ br[n t9t :]e expos$ at ! foot rim4 ,! glaze is unctu\s & ?ick1 b n opaque1 (t51 inde$1 %[+ consid]able fl[ & transp>5cy3 x is opalesc5t1 & at times almo/ cry/all9e1 & endu$ ) mu* play ( col\r4 ,x v>ies f a light turquoise blue ( great beauty to lav5d] & occasionally to a /rong blue t9t1 &1 z a rule1 x is brok5 by "o or m passages ( crimson r$ or dull aub]g9e purple1 sometimes 9 a s+le well-def9$ pat*1 sometimes 9 a few flecks or /reaks1 & sometimes 9 l>ge irregul> areas4 ,?is glaze usually cov]s ! entire ext]ior & appe>s aga9 "u ! base1 leav+ practically no body expos$ except at ! actual foot rim4 ,x has be5 attribut$ to v>i\s factories4 ,! pure turquoise specim5s h ev5 be5 call$ ,*ai1 & a little piece ( ?is k9d 0 figur$ by ,cosmo ,monkh\se#bga z ,kuan w>e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i am told#bgb t x is widely kn[n 9 ,*9a z ,ma *n1#bgc & is usually ?\ght to be ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 b no reason is assign$ = ei!r ! "n or ! date1 & bo? seem to be bas$ on trad]s' gossip to :i* no special importance ne$ be atta*$4 ,a f9e vase ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has be5 mu* admir$ by ,*9ese connoisseurs1 & !y h1 z a rule1 pron\nc$ x to be ,sung4 ,! important specim5 7,plate #ci7 9 ! ,fitz,william ,museum1 ,cambridge1 0 obta9$ f a tomb ne> ,nank+1#bgd a circum/ance :i* is 9 fav\r ( an e>ly orig94 ,9 o!r respects ?is class ( w>e seems to answ] to ! aub]g9e & sky blue ,*n types describ$ by ,*9ese writ]s1 & ,i reg>d x z "o ( ! ,sung v>ieties ( ,*n ,*\ w>e1 ) yell[1 s&y e>!nw>e body ( :i* ! ,po wu yao lan makes m5tion4#bge ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci ,two examples ( ,s(t ,*n w>e4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ( buff w>e1 burnt r$ at ! foot rim1 ) ?ick1 almo/ cry/all9e glaze4 ,f\nd 9 a tomb ne> ,nank+ & giv5 9 #ahif to ! ,fitz,william ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,probably ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #h in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( yell[i% w>e ) ?ick opalesc5t glaze4 ,yan dyna/y4 ,height #ac in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,t x cont9u$ to be made aft] ! ,sung p]iod is practically c]ta91 & !re are specim5s :i* "o w\ld unhesitat+ly reg>d z ,m+ or ,yan f _! =m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! prevail+ %apes are ( ! ,sung k9d1 & we h v little to guide u 9 deal+ ) ! v>i\s ,*n types except ! =m & ! quality ( ! w>e4 ,! s(t ,*n 0 v closely imitat$ at ,yi-hs+ on a yell[i% body :i* resembles ! orig9al 9 col\r1 b is g5]ally h>d]1 ) a ?ick unctu\s glaze ( some:at cry/all9e texture & a turquoise lav5d] col\r1 ) r ?9 & feeble pat*es ( dull crimson1 :i* lack ! spontane\s appe>ance ( ! orig9als4 ,^! ,yi-hs+ copies are (t5 m>k$ ) an incis$ num]al l ! ,canton ,*n4 ,) reg>d to ! duration ( ! ,*n ,*\ factories1 ! /&>d ,*9ese works on c]amics are curi\sly sil5t4 ,!y take no acc\nt ( ! w>e aft] ! ,sung p]iod1 & leave u to inf] t x ei!r ceas$ to be made or ceas$ to be wor?y ( m5tion aft] t "t4 ,9 two places only h ,i f\nd any h9t ( its survival 9 lat] times4 ,"o is an incid5tal m5tion ( ,sung1 ,yuan1 & ,m+ ,*n w>es 9 a mod]n "w1#bgf & ! o!r is 9 ! pott]y 7n ! porcela97 section 9 ! great ,kang ,hsi ,encyclopdia4#bgg ,! latt] passage is tak5 f ! adm9i/rative records ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & conta9s two ref]5ces to l>ge supplies ( vases 7p+ & tan7 & w9e j>s obta9$ f ,*n ,*\ & ,tz ,*\ 9 ! ,hsan ,t p]iod 7#adbf-adcf7 & 9 ! ye> #aeec ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod4 ,we fur!r le>n t 9 #aefc an ,imp]ial edict aboli%$ bo? ! tax :i* _h previ\sly be5 levi$ on ! ,*n ,*\ w>es & ! subsidy :i* _h to a great ext5t c\nt]balanc$ ! tax4 ,^! docum5ts prove beyond d\bt t pott]ies ( consid]able size exi/$ at ,*n ,*\ 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ?\gh _! m5tion 9 ?is p>ticul> context seems to imply t ! w>e 0 no long] rank$ among ! porcela9s1 & _h app>5tly ceas$ to be reg>d$ z an arti/ic production4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds to ! pres5t day ! c]amic hi/ory ( ?is di/rict is a blank1 & we are unable to say :e!r ! mod]n ,y ,*\ pott]y is a cont9uation or only a revival ( ! anci5t art ( ! place4 ,a specim5 ( ?is mod]n w>e 9 ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 has close aff9ities ) ! s(t ,*n4 ,its base %[s a buff /onew>e body wa%$ ov] ) d>k br[n clay1 & ! glaze is some:at opalesc5t ?\gh ?9n] ?an ! old glaze1 & its col\r is a light blue ( a t9t m grey ?an turquoise4 ,quantities ( ?is mod]n ,y ,*\ w>e are to be f\nd 9 ,pek+1 & occasionally x is pass$ (f z old ,*n1 b no "o ) exp]i5ce ( ! orig9als w\ld be deceiv$ by x4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! important gr\p ( w>es obvi\sly belong+ to ! ,*n family b commonly describ$ z ,yan tz or w>e ( ! ,yan dyna/y 7#abhj-acfg71 al?\gh no sanction = ?is "n is f\nd 9 ! old] ,*9ese books4 ,! w>e1 h[ev]1 is fairly common 9 ! =m ( b[ls1 %all[ di%es1 &1 m r>ely1 vases & inc5se burn]s4 ,! b[ls :i* are ! mo/ famili> examples are usually ( conical =m1 ) slightly contract$ m\? & small foot1 coat$ ) ?ick fluesc5t glazes1 :i* =m 9 deep pools at ! bottom )91 & end outside 9 ?ick drops or a bill[y l9e "s di/ance above ! base1 leav+ a lib]al am\nt ( ! body mat]ial expos$ to view4 ,! body is ( ! %a tai class & usually ( co>se gra91 v>y+ f a d>k iron grey to buff /onew>e & s(t brick r$ e>!nw>e1 ?\gh1 z already not$1 !re are f9] specim5s :i* l9k x ) ! tz tai gr\p4 ,x is ?is r\ghness ( sub/ance :i* has caus$ ! w>e to be relatively little e/eem$ 9 ,*9a1 = ! glaze is (t5 ( s+ul> beauty4 ,! v>ieties 9 col\r are innum]able & cle>ly due to ! opalesc5ce ( ! ?ick1 bubbly glaze1 comb9$ ) ! ev]-*ang+ effects ( copp] oxide on a highly fir$ w>e4 ,lav5d] grey1 dove grey1 br[n1 & grey gre5 are conspicu\s1 b z ! ?ickness ( ! glaze v>ies ) its d[nw>d fl[1 s ! col\r *anges 9 tone & int5sity f a ?91 almo/ col\rless sk9 on ! upp] edges to deep pools ( m+l$ t9ts :]e ! glaze has collect$ 9 ?ick masses4 ,x is usually /reaky & %ot ) f9e l9es ( col\r1 b sometimes !re are l>ge areas ( mi/y grey or gre5i% br[n tones too subtle = description4 ,a section ( ^! glazes w g5]ally disclose ! pres5ce ( r$1 & ?is r$ (t5 bur/s out on ! surface 9 pat*es :i* contra/ vividly ) ! surr\nd+ tones4 ,if ! pat*es are l>ge !y w be f\nd to %ade (f into gre5 9 ! c5tre or at ! edges4 ,x %\ld be add$ t crackle is almo/ always pres5t1 ?\gh x v>ies mu* 9 int5sity & does n seem to h be5 int5tional4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #dj4--;,*n ,*\ ,w>e4 ,fig4 #a4--;,bulb ,b[l1 porcellan\s w>e ) lav5d] grey glaze pass+ into mottl$ r$ outside4 ,num]al m>k1 i 7"o74 ,sung dyna/y4 ,diamet] #i in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( d5se r$di% w>e1 opalesc5t glaze ( pale mi/y lav5d] ) passages ( olive & ?ree symmetrical spla%es ( purple ) gre5 c5tres4 ,sung or ,yuan dyna/y4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #da4--;,*n ,*\ ,w>e4 ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) pea* spray 9 relief4 ,v>iegat$ lav5d] grey glaze ) purpli% br[n spots & ame?y/ pat*es1 fro/$ 9 places ) dull gre54 ,sung dyna/y4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,fre] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase & ,/&1 smoo? lav5d] grey glaze4 ,sung or ,yan dyna/y4 ,height #g in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,decoration ( any k9d is unusual on ^! w>es except on ! l>ge tripod inc5se burn]s1 :i* (t5 h slight appli$ reliefs 9 ! =m ( animals1 dragons1 or peony sprays4 ,mr4 ,fre]'s di% 7,plate #da1 ,fig4 #a7 ) ! rais$ floral spray is q exceptional4 ,:atev] ! v]dict may be on ! te*nical qualities ( ^! rugg$ pieces z comp>$ ) m f9ely f9i%$ porcela91 !re c be no d\bt ( ! arti/ic m]it ( ! subtle glaze col\rs1 & ,i h se5 p ^: und\bt$ ta/e 9 o!r =ms ( art _h n previ\sly be5 direct$ to ?+s c]amic1 display a sudd5 & unexpect$ en?usiasm ov] ! r\gh ,yan b[ls4 ,! peculi> %ape ( ^! b[ls--:i*1 )\t _! foot take ! =m ( a half coco-nut--has rais$ ! "q :e!r x c be 9 any way connect$ ) ! ,polynesian khava b[ls4 ,! latt] are actually made ( coco-nut1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 _! int]ior aft] mu* use acquires a vivid pat9a1 ^: col\r recalls "s ( ! ,yan tz glazes4 ,! resemblance1 h[ev]1 rem>kable z x is1 c only be accid5tal1 = x is practically c]ta9 t ! t9ts ( ^! c]amic glazes 7 q un=ese54 ,long use has usually giv5 ! surface ( ! ,yan tz a smoo?1 worn feel+1 b 9 its fir/ fre%ness ! glaze _h a v high & brilliant lu/re4 ,?is is %[n by a few pieces :i* h lately be5 s5t f ,*9a1 :]e !y 7 excavat$ evid5tly on ! site ( ! old factory1 & /ill rema9 9 _! segg>s or fireclay cases to :i* !y became atta*$ by "s accid5t 9 ! kiln4 ,^! & o!r spoilt pieces or wa/]s w\ld be ( imm5se int]e/ if only ! circum/ance ( _! f9d+ _h be5 fai?fully record$4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !y pass$ ?r\gh _m h&s be=e rea*+ ,europe1 & we h only he>say to support ! /atem5t t !y 7 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,honan ,fu4 ,! locality is a likely en\gh spot & n remote f ,*n ,*\1 b we mu/ consid] t ! real orig9 ( ! ,yan tz has yet to be settl$1 & we mu/ /ill rema9 9 d\bt :e!r ! w>e is a co>se v>iety ( ,sung ,*n ,*\ w>e1 a cont9uation ( t manufacture 9 ! ,yan dyna/y1 or ! production ( a diff]5t factory4 ,judg+ f ! "* ( ! glazes1 ,i am incl9$ to accept ! fir/ two alt]natives1 :i* are n mutually exclusive1 = :ile _m ( ! specim5s h ! appe>ance ( ,sung w>es1 !re is e reason to suppose t ! manufacture cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ,yan p]iod4 ,! =mula1 ,sung or ,yan w>e ( ,*n type1 adopt$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! exhibition at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1 is a discreet compromise :i* may well be reta9$ till fur!r evid5ce f ,*9a is =?com+4 ,! evid5ce ( ,sir ,aurel ,/e9's excavations 9 ! regions ( ,turfan1 imp]fect z x is1 po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( ?is k9d ( w>e at lea/ z e>ly z ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,fragm5ts ) ! typical glaze ( ! s-call$ ,yan-tz 7 f\nd1 = in/ance1 on a site :i* 0 ?\ght to h be5 clos$ 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 & aga9 at ,va%-%ahri1 :i* 0 believ$ to h be5 occupi$ d[n to ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury4 ,mak+ ample all[ance = error 9 calculat+ ! dates ( ^! buri$ cities1 we may /ill fairly consid] t "s ( ^! f9ds come )9 ! limits ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,*i5 ,*9ese yao ,?is w>e1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ 9 sev]al passages1 orig9at$ at ,*i5-an1 b ! factory 0 subsequ5tly remov$ to ! neighb\r+ ,*i5-yang4 ,bo? places are 9 ! ,*i5-n+ ,fu1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fuki51 & ! t]m ,*i5 yao d]ives f ! "* *i51 :i* occurs 9 all ^! place names4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! manufacture is unkn[n1 b x c]ta9ly dates back to ! e>ly ,sung p]iod1 be+ m5tion$ 9 a t5?-c5tury "w1#bgh & ! pott]ies 7 /ill fl\ri%+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,yan dyna/y4#bgi ,a *>act]i/ic specim5 figur$ 9 ,plate #db is a tea b[l ) s(t1 d>k br[n e>!nw>e body & ?ick1 lu/r\s1 purpli% black glaze1 mottl$ & /reak$ ) gold5 br[n4 ,! br[n =ms a solid b& at ! m\? & tails (f into /reaks & drops on ! sides1 f9ally disappe>+ 9 a ?ick mass ( black4 ,! spots & /reaks ( br[n sugge/$ to ,*9ese writ]s ! m>k+s on a p>tridge's brea/ or on h>e's fur1 & ! b[ls are usually kn[n z h>e's fur cups#bhj or p>tridge cups4 ,! d>k col\r ( ! glaze made !m specially suitable = ! tea-te/+ competitions :i* 7 9 fa%ion 9 ! ,sung p]iod1 ! object ( ! conte/ be+ to see ^: tea w\ld /& ! l>ge/ numb] ( wat]+s1 & x 0 f\nd t ! lea/ trace ( ! tea 0 visible aga9/ ! black glaze ( ! ,*i5 b[ls4 ,! te/imony ( an elev5?-c5tury writ]#bha on ?is po9t is ( int]e/4 ,! tea1 he says1 is light 9 col\r & suits ! black cups4 ,^? made at ,*i5-an are purpli% black 7kan hei7 ) m>k+s l h>e's fur4 ,_! mat]ial1 be+ some:at ?ick1 takes long to heat1 & :5 hot does n quickly cool1 :i* makes !m specially s]viceable4 ,no cups f any o!r place c equal !m4 ,gre5 7*+7 & :ite cups are n us$ 9 ! tea-te/+ p>ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #db4--,two ,temmoku ,b[ls1 d>k-bodi$ ,*i5 yao ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,fig4 #a4--,tea ,b[l 7pieh71 purpli% black glaze fleck$ ) silv]y drops4 ,diamet] #g in*es4 ,fre] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,tea ,b[l ) purpli% black glaze %ot ) gold5 br[n4 ,height #c in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,*9ese tea conte/s 7 adopt$ by ! ,japanese1 :o elaborat$ !m into ! curi\s c]emony kn[n z ,*a no yu1 :i* lat] assum$ a semi-political aspect4 ,! ,japanese ,*a j9 7initiates ( ! tea c]emony7 h always priz$ ! ,*i5 yao b[ls1 to :i* !y gave ! "n temmoku1 & ,br9kley speaks ( a great v>iety ( ,*i5 yao glazes :i* he saw 9 ,japan4 ,( "s he says t on a gr\nd ( mirror black are se5 %ift+ t9ts ( purple & blue2 reflections ( deep gre51 l ! glossy col\r ( ! rav5's w+2 l9es ( s(t silv]1 regul> z hair4 ,! tea-te/+ conte/s seem to h lo/ popul>ity 9 ,*9a at an e>ly date1 & late ,m+ writ]s took little int]e/ 9 ! p>tridge cups1 :i* "o#bhb at lea/ ( !m vot$ v inf]ior4 ,9 ,japan1 on ! o!r h&1 ! vogue ( ! tea c]emonies has cont9u$ unabat$ to mod]n times1 & no d\bt ! ,*i5 b[ls 7 eag]ly acquir$ by ! ,japanese /hetes4 ,h5ce _! r>ity 9 ,*9a to-day4 ,moreov]1 ! ,japanese pott]s ( ,seto & else:]e h copi$ !m ) a/oni%+ clev]ness1 s t ! be/ ,seto imitations are exce$+ly difficult to di/+ui% f ! orig9als4 ,! ord9>y run ( ! ,japanese copies1 h[ev]1 are recognis$ by a body ( light] t9t & f9]1 m porcellan\s texture1 besides _! g5]al imitative "* & ! ,japanese t\* :i* is le>nt by obs]vation b is n easy to def9e 9 words4 ,?\gh we he> no?+ fur!r ( ?is ,*i5 yao aft] ! ,yan dyna/y x is practically c]ta9 t ! manufacture ( pott]y ( "s sort cont9u$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,a small pot ( buff /onew>e ) a transluc5t br[n glaze 7mu* ?9n] ?an t ( ! h>e's fur b[ls & )\t ! purple t9t or ! gold5 br[n m>k+s7 0 f\nd 9 a tomb ne>1 ,*i5-n+ ,fu ) an engrav$ slab dat$ #aefj4 ,! f9d 0 made by ! ,rev4 ,h4,s4 ,phillips1 :o pres5t$ ! pot1 ) a rubb+ ( ! inscription1 to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 addition to ! *>act]i/ic temmoku we h n[ q a l>ge family ( b[ls1 di%es1 j>s1 & vases ) ?ick purpli% black glazes m or less div]sifi$ by gold5 br[n & tea-du/ gre51 :i* are at pres5t gr\p$ ) ! ,*i5 yao p5d+ "s m precise in=mation z to _! orig94 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ by a co>se porcellan\s body ( greyi% :ite or buff col\r1 & ,i und]/& t _m ( ! b[ls h come f excavations 9 ,honan2 & !re are features 9 ! ornam5t & 9 ! w>e itself :i* sugge/ t !y date back z f> z ! ,tang p]iod4 ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #dc1 = in/ance1 ) its l>ge br[n mottl+ on a black glaze1 is analog\s 9 =m & mat]ial to ! :ite-glaz$ ,tang w>es & 9 ! mottl+ ( ! glaze to ! typical ,tang poly*rome4 ,! b[ls1 :i* are usually small & %all[ ) /raight sides1 wide m\?1 & v n>r[ foot1 or ) r\nd$ sides slightly contract+ at ! m\?1 h nei!r ! weight ( mat]ial nor smoo? solidity ( glaze :i* *>act]ise ! true ,*i5 yao4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are m v>i$ 9 ! play ( black & br[n1 & 9 "s cases !y h designs & patt]ns :i* are cle>ly int5tional4 ,! two extremes ( col\r are a mono*rome black1 usually ( purpli% t9t b sometimes br[ni%1 & a lu/r\s br[n (t5 decid$ly r$di% 9 tone4 ,betwe5 ^! come ! black glazes :i* are m or less v>iegat$ ) br[n 9 ! =m ( mottl+1 /reaks1 te>s1 irregul> pat*es1 & def9ite patt]ns4 ,! glaze 9 ^! b[ls usually ext5ds to ! foot rim1 & sometimes reappe>s 9 a pat* "u ! base4 ,! ornam5t 9 "s cases takes ! =m ( rosettes or plum blossom designs 9 ,tang /yle incis$ ?r\gh ! glaze cov]+2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #dc1 we f9d a leaf design 7evid5tly /5cill$ f a real leaf7 express$ 9 br[n or dull tea gre52 & occasionally !re are m ambiti\s designs1 su* z a h>e or bird or foliage1 incis$4 ,on a r$ br[n b[l 9 ! ,museum fr ,o/asiatis*e ,kun/ at ,cologne !re are traces ( a floral patt]n 9 a lu/r\s m$ium :i* resembles fad$ gild+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #dc4--,?ree ,examples ( ,honan temmoku1 probably ,tang dyna/y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) purpli% black glaze1 /5cill$ leaf 9 gold5 br[n4 ,diamet] #f in*es4 ,havemey] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) black glaze4 ,height #d in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,b[l1 black mottl$ ) lu/r\s br[n4 ,height #g in*es4 ,cologne ,museum4 ,we h already not$ h[ ! purpli% black glaze ( ! ,tz ,*\ w>e breaks into lu/r\s br[n2 ! black ,t+ w>e & ! debateable r$ ,t+ h be5 discuss$2 & if we add ?is family :i* may p]haps be provisionally describ$ z ,honan temmoku1 x w\ld appe> t glazes analog\s to ^? ( ! ,*i5 yao h>e's fur b[ls 7 widely us$ 9 ,nor!rn ,*9a at an e>ly date4 ,a ^w ( explanation may appropriately be add$ "h ( ! expression wu-ni yao1#bhc :i* occurs 9 sev]al passages 9 ,*9ese books on pott]y4 ,x means black clay w>e1 & z a g5]al t]m w\ld naturally include ! h>e's fur b[ls4 ,inde$1 "o passage#bhd actually speaks ( ! wu-ni yao ( ,*i5-an1 & ! ,tao lu1 :i* gives ! w>e a p>agraph to itself1 /ates t x 0 made at ,*i5-an1 9 ,*i5-n+ ,fu1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 & t its clay 0 black4 ,x fur!r adds t ! glaze is dry & p>*$ & t x 0 sometimes gre5 7*+74 ,x is cle> f ! above quotations t wu-ni yao 0 a g5]al expression = ! d>k-bodi$ ,*i5 w>e2 & !re ! matt] w\ld h end$ _h n e>ly works1 su* z ! ,*o kng lu & ,ko ku yao lun1 m5tion$ x 9 ! category ( ,kuan & ,ko w>es1 ! =m] nam+ x ) ! ,hsn & ,yu-hang w>es1 :i* 7 inf]ior to ! ,kuan1 & ! latt] add+ to ! passage deal+ ) ,kuan w>es ! foll[+ note3 ,!re are black w>es :i* are call$ wu-ni yao1 all ( :i* 7 imitat$ at ,lung-*an4 ,!y h no crackle4 ,! ,po wu yao lan1 h[ev]1 expla9s t ^! w>es 7 admitt$ by confusion into ! category ( ,kuan & ,ko w>es1 & t ! error has be5 h&$ d[n to ?is day4 ,probably x 0 ! gre5 v>iety :i* caus$ ! confusion1 z !re seems no reason :y ! black glazes %\ld h be5 associat$ ) ! ,kuan class1 ?\gh ! d>k r$ clay ( ! ,phnix ,hill f :i* ! ,hang ,*\ ,kuan w>e 0 made may h _h "s resemblance to ! d>k r$ br[n body ( ! ,*i5 yao4 ,z = ! ,lung-*an imitations1 we c only imag9e t ! /atem5t ref]s to ! lat] ,ko w>es1 :i* are said to h be5 made ) mat]ial br\ght f ,hang ,*\1#bhe & t _! glaze1 too1 0 ( ! gre5 v>iety1 z w\ld be expect$ 9 ! ,lung-*an di/rict1 ! home ( ! gre5 celadons4 ,at ! same "t x w be rememb]$ t wu-ni yao means simply black clay w>e1 & might h be5 fairly appli$ to any d>k-bodi$ w>e :]esoev] made4 ,z already m5tion$1 _m fragm5ts ( pott]y 7 includ$ 9 ! important f9ds made by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 9 8 excavations 9 ,turfan4 ,un=tunately1 _m ( ! sites h little evid5tial value1 because !y h cle>ly be5 revisit$ at comp>atively late p]iods2 b !re are a few localities :i* ceas$ to be inhabit$ z e>ly z ! ,sung dyna/y1 & :i* furni%$ fragm5ts ( glaz$ pott]y & porcellan\s w>es4 ,i only m5tion ^? sites :i*1 z f> z ^! f9ds are conc]n$1 7 n vitiat$ by ! occurr5ce ( obvi\sly rec5t w>es4 ,on "o site nam$ ,u%aktal1 suppos$ to h be5 ab&on$ 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 if n be=e1 7 fragm5ts ( gre5i% br[n celadon ) comb$ ornam5t on ! body1 su* z 0 c]ta9ly made 9 ,corea & probably 9 ,*9a z well4 ,! same site produc$ opalesc5t glazes ( ! ,*n & ,yan type4 ,! site ( ,va%-%ahri1 :i* 0 occupi$ probably d[n to ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury1 produc$ a numb] ( int]e/+ fragm5ts 7#a7 ) buff & grey /onew>e bodies & glazes ( ! opalesc5t ,*n & ,yan k9ds1 7#b7 ! same body ) em]ald gre5 crackl$ glaze1 7#c7 celadon glazes ov] c>v$ ornam5t1 7#d7 speckl$ olive br[n glaze resembl+ ! lat] tea du/1 7#e7 opaque d>k br[n glaze1 7#f7 speckl$ d>k purpli% br[n glazes1 7#g7 ?ick gre5i% glaze ev5ly dappl$ ) pale blui% grey spots4 ,e>ly w>es f\nd on ! mix$ sites1 su* z ,kan ,*\ & ,hsi ,yung *ng1 :i* 7 occupi$ d[n to ,sung times b evid5tly visit$ lat]1 include c>v$ :ite porcela9 & creamy :ite w>e ( ! tu ,t+ class1 & sev]al k9ds ( ,tz ,*\ w>es1 ! graffiato1 z well z ! black pa9t$4 ,b evid5ce f excavations ( ?is k9d is always op5 to ! objection t ! ru9s may h be5 visit$ lat]1 & ! brok5 pott]y dropp$ by subsequ5t explor]s4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 _c reasonably be (f]$ to m ?an a small proportion ( ! objects f\nd1 & ^! f9ds1 ?\gh n 9 !mselves conclusive1 may be reg>d$1 at any rate1 z valuable corroboration ( exi/+ !ories4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bea3 ,*9ese is an alt]native =m ( ,*9ese4 ,footnote #beb3 ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #g v]so4 ,9 discuss+ ! glazes ) mix$ col\r1 ! au?or says3 ,( ^! w>es1 ! sword-grass b[ls & _! sauc]s alone are ref9$4 ,! o!r k9ds1 l ! g>d5 seats1 boxes1 squ>e vases1 & fl[] j>s1 are all ( yell[ s&y e>!nw>e4 ,consequ5tly1 !y are co>se & ?ick1 & n ref9$4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce is difficult1 & has giv5 rise to mu* discussion4 ,! ^w ti1 :i* ,bu%ell has 7rightly1 ,i ?9k7 r5d]$ sauc]s1 lit]ally means bottom or base4 ,hir? reads x1 ,^? :i* h bottoms l ! fl[] pots 9 :i* sword-grass is gr[n are consid]$ ! mo/ excell5t2 & ,juli5 appe>s to h q misund]/ood ! application ( ! passage4 ,! orig9al is ,*9ese4 ,! %all[ sauc]s 9 :i* ! deep fl[] pots /ood are (t5 includ$ among ! bulb b[ls4 ,see ,plates #cg & #dj4 ,footnote #bec3 ,see ! excell5t acc\nt ( ! ,*n w>es by ,mrs4 ,williams 9 ! introduction to ! ,catalogue ( a ,loan ,exhibition ( ,*9ese1 ,corean1 & ,japanese ,pott]ies held by ! ,japan ,society ( ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,footnote #bed3 ,%rivell$ glaze is sometimes se5 on ! ,*n types ( pott]y4 ,probably ?is 0 at fir/1 at any rate1 an accid5tal effect2 b x is ! prototype ( ! dragon sk9 glazes :i* ! ,japanese made at a lat] date4 ,!re is a good example 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection ( a b[l ) ?ick grey ,*n glaze1 ) a pat* ( r$di% col\r1 & :i* is %rivell$ 9 ! mo/ approv$ fa%ion1 ! glaze contract+ into isolat$ drops & expos+ ! body betwe5 !m4 ,footnote #bee3 ,see ,tao %uo1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #ae v]so1 quot+ ! ,liu *+ jih *a4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] 7tu ss wn7 "s confusion has be5 caus$ by a v>iant read+ ,*9ese ( ! ^w ,*9ese 7tu h>e71 :i* ref]s ! simile to ! dodd]2 b ! common] phrase1 h>e's fur m>k+1 is f> m descriptive ( a dappl$ surface4 ,br9kley's explanation ( ! second phrase1 huo y5 *+1 z ref]r+ to ! blue c5tre ( a tongue ( flame1 apply+ ! simile to ! passages ( blue :i* sometimes occur 9 ! v>iegat$ ,*n glazes1 seems to meet ! case4 ,! flame-l effects are m5tion$ 9 an int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,tang *i5 kung tao yeh tu %uo 7quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #ac73 ,m5 prize ! ,*n cups1 tripods1 & inc5se burn]s ) smoke & flame glaze 7y5 huan s74 ,al?\gh only pott]y1 /ill !y comb9e ! unexpect$ col\rs produc$ by ! bl[+ tube 7to yo74 ,! to yo ,*9ese seems to h be5 a pipe = bl[+ up ! furnace4 ,footnote #bef3 ,see ,hamilton ,bell1 ',imp]ial' ,sung ,pott]y1 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,july1 #aiac1 p4 #ahb4 ,! ,*9ese num]als are giv5 on p4 #baa4 ,footnote #beg3 ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,b #db4 ,footnote #beh3 ,!re is an obvi\s analogy 9 ! size #c & ,s #b1 etc41 incis$ "u ! ,d]by porcela9 figures4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see p4 #ej4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,see ,*iang hsi tung *ih1 vol4 xciii1 fol4 #aa & seq4 ,quot$ also 9 ! ,tao lu1 & translat$ by ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #cfi2 & vol4 ii41 p4 #bbc1 ( ?is "w4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,wai hs9 t ,*9ese1 lit4 rec5tly obta9$ f outside4 ,wai evid5tly contra/s "h ) nei 7! palace71 :i* prec$es ! fir/ five4 ,juli51 h[ev]1 gives x ! s5se maux n\vellem5t inv5ts4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 vi41 fol4 #g4 ,z to ! w>e made at ,*+-t ,*n at ! pres5t day 9 imitation ( ! ,*n w>es1 ! body mat]ial is all ( beautiful quality4 ,?is c>ries ! imitation up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 imitations made on a s(t pott]y body :i* be> ! ,yung ,*ng m>k4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,see p4 #agd4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,see p4 #aha4 ,! li/ quot$ on p4 #bbc ( vol4 ii4 ( ! w>es made at ! ,imp]ial pott]ies 9 #agcj includes glazes ( ,ou3 imitat$ f old w>es ( a man nam$ ,ou4 ,!re are two k9ds1 "o ) r$ m>k+s1 ! o!r ) blue4 ,footnote #bfe3 kua yu ,*9ese appli$ or add$ glaze4 ,! significance ( ! epi!t kua lies 9 ! fact t ! bulk ( ! ,yi-hs+ w>e 0 unglaz$4 ,footnote #bff3 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,see p4 #afh4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1 #aiji1 ,plate iv41 opp4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,see ,mrs4 ,williams1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,! mod]n ,y ,*\4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #bga3 ,op4 cit41 ,plate #a4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,by ,mr4 ,a4,w4 ,bahr4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,! "n ,ma is suppos$ to be t ( a pott]1 b ! /atem5t is bas$ on oral tradition only4 ,! "* us$ is ma 7horse74 ,footnote #bgd3 ,x 0 deposit$ 9 ! ,fitz,william ,museum by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,caulfield 9 #ahif4 ,footnote #bge3 ,see p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,! ,li ta kan kao ku ou pi51 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a copy dat$ #ahgg4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,! ,*9 t+ ku *9 tu %u *i *ng1 fol4 #aj ( ! subsection deal+ ) tao kung 7! pott]y indu/ry71 entitl$ ,tao kung pu hui kao4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! ,*+ yi lu1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo1 bk4 v41 fol4 #af v]so3 ,9 ,m9 7i4e4 ,fuki57 are made tea b[ls ) ornam5tal m>k+s l ! mottl+ & spots on a p>tridge 7* ku pan74 ,! tea-te/+ p>ties prize !m4 ,oddly en\gh1 ! only specim5 ( ?is type ( w>e :i* ,i h se5 ) a date-m>k 0 dat$ 9 ! reign ( ,hsi5 ,t 7#ied-ifj7 ( ! ,po/]ior ,*\ dyna/y2 b ! inscription _h be5 cut subsequ5tly to ! fir+ ( ! w>e1 & c>ries little weight4 ,! piece 9 "q is a rem>kably l>ge bottle-%ap$ vase ) a spl5did purpli% black glaze ) h>e's fur m>k+1 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #h v]so4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,*9ese tu hao *an4 ,footnote #bha3 ,tsai-hsiang1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao %uo1 bk4 v41 fol4 #af v]so4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,! ,liu *+ jih *a4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,*9ese ,footnote #bhd3 ,9 ! ,liu *+ jih *a4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,see p4 #gb4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,mirabilia ,,_m /range ?+s are record$ by ! e>ly ,*9ese writ]s 9 connection ) pott]y & porcela91 & ! tales are solemnly repeat$ f book to book1 ?\gh occasionally a less cr$ul\s au?or adds "s su* comm5t z ,?is may be true1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x may n4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 entirely to discr$it ! s]i\s & circum/antial acc\nt giv5 by a prov9cial gov]nor ( a curi\s cu/om :i* prevail$ 9 8 di/rict4 ,fan ,*+-ta1 :o 0 appo9t$ adm9i/rator 9 ,kuang-si 9 #aagb1 tells#bhf u t ! m5 ( ,nan 7-n+ ,fu7 practise nose-dr9k+4 ,!y h pott]y vessels su* z cups & b[ls f ! side ( :i* /&s up a small tube l ! neck ( a bottle4 ,!y apply ! nose to ?is tube & draw up w9e or hot fluids1 & 9 ! summ] mon?s !y dr9k wat]4 ,! vessels are call$ nose-dr9k+ cups4 ,!y say t wat] tak5 ?r\gh ! nose & swall[$ is indescribably delici\s4 ,! p ( ,yung ,*\ h already record$ ! facts z ,i h done4 ,!y gr[ a special k9d ( g\rd = ! purpose4 ,ano!r extract f ! same writ]'s works alludes to drums ) contract$ wai/ made ( pott]y 9 ! villages ( ,l9-kuei & ,*ih-ti54 ,! village p made a speciality ( ! manufacture ( ?is pott]y 7yao71 & bak$ x to ! correct musical tone4 ,on ! glaze1 we are told1 !y pa9t$ r$ fl[] patt]ns by way ( ornam5t4 ,! allusion to pa9t+ 9 r$ on ! glaze at ?is e>ly p]iod is int]e/+1 b x is q likely t ! designs 7 only 9 "s unfir$ pigm5t4 ,"s ( ! /ories may be reg>d$ m]ely z figurative descriptions ( ! sup]human skill ( ! arti/ 9 r5d]+ life-movem5t4 ,?us we are told#bhg ( f\r old porcela9 7tz7 b[ls pa9t$ ) col\r$ butt]flies4 ,:5 wat] 0 p\r$ 91 ! butt]flies float$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 flutt]+ ab\t z if alive4 ,x 0 an unnatural proce$+ = butt]flies 9 any case1 & we c q und]/& :y ^? :o saw ?is1 all ma9ta9$ secrecy & did n divulge x4 ,a some:at simil> poetic lic5ce is tak5 by ! same au?or 9 ano!r passage ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 cups & b[ls1 app>5tly ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ,kang ,hsi p]iod on ! site ( an old temple4 ,! b[ls _h a m9ute wave patt]n :i* mov$ & undulat$ z 9 a picture by ,wu ,tao-tz4 ,z = ! cups1 :5 a little wat] 0 p\r$ into !m f\r fi%es arose out ( ! sides & swam & div$4 ,b mo/ curi\s ( all 7 ! ,*9ese views on ! subject ( furnace transmutations 7yao pi57 & ! fables :i* sprang f !m4 ,at ! pres5t day ! /range behavi\r ( metallic oxides1 notably copp]1 "u c]ta9 fir+ conditions1 is well kn[n & turn$ to good acc\nt4 ,b 9 e>ly times1 :5 ! unexpect$ happ5$1 & a glaze :i* conta9$ an inf9itesimal quantity ( copp] oxide 0 accid5tally subject$ to an oxidis+ or r$uc+ atmosph]e 9 ! kiln 7by ! admission ( air or smoke at ! critical mom5t71 in/ead ( com+ out a uni=m col\r1 0 /reak$ & mottl$ all ov] ) r$1 gre5 & blue1 or locally spla%$ ) crimson or mix$ col\r1 ! pott]s saw 9 ! ph5om5on some?+ sup]natural4 ,x 0 a t]rify+ port5t1 & on "o occasion1 we are told1 !y broke ! w>es imm$iately1 & on ano!r !y ev5 de/roy$ ! kilns & fl$ to ano!r place4 ,h[ev]1 ! irregul> =mation ( ! ,*9ese kilns greatly fav\r$ ^! accid5tal effects1 & 9 "t !y became comp>atively common1 s t ^! true furnace transmutations 7 tak5 = grant$2 & ?\gh !y 7 n cle>ly und]/ood be=e ! end ( ! ,kang ,hsi p]iod1 fairly rational explanations ( !m 7 (f]$ by "s ( ! late ,m+ writ]s4 ,?us ! curi\s spla%es ( contra/+ col\r :i* appe>$ on ! ,kuan1 ,ko & ,*n w>es 7 attribut$ to ! fire's magical transmutation4 ,9 ^! cases only a p>tial transmutation _h tak5 place1 affect+ ! glaze alone4 ,b ! idea ( transmutation 9 ! fire 0 c>ri$ f>!r 9 ! ,*9ese imag9ation1 & /ories grew ( cases 9 :i* ! vessel ?r\gh\t 0 *ang$ & became wond]ful4 ,su ,tung-po has1 = in/ance1 left a poem on a vase organ1 9 ! preface ( :i* x is relat$#bhh t 9 ! ye> #aajj ,a4,d41 :ile !y 7 dr9k+ at a f>ewell banquet to ,liu ,*i-*ung1 !y he>d ! s\nds ( an organ & flute1 & t on inve/igation x 0 discov]$ t ! s\nds came out ( a pair ( vases1 & t !y /opp$ :5 ! meal 0 ov]4 ,ano!r /ory ( ! ,sung dyna/y tells ( a wond]ful bas9 9 :i* ! moi/ure rema9+ aft] x _h be5 empti$ display$1 :5 froz51 a fre% patt]n e day4 ,at fir/ x 0 a spray ( pea* blossom1 !n a bran* ( peony ) two fl[]s1 !n a w9t] l&scape1 ) wat] & villages ( bamboo h\ses1 wild geese fly+1 & h]ons /&+ ^u "o leg4 ,! /ory ( ! self-w>m+ cups told by an e>ly ,sung writ]#bhi evid5tly belongs to ! realm ( pure fiction3 ,9 ! treasury ( ,ti5 ,pao 7#gdb ,a4,d47 !re 7 gre5 7*+7 w>e 7tz7 w9e cups ) m>k+s l tangl$ silk4 ,!y 7 ?9 z pap]4 ,:5 w9e 0 p\r$ into !m x gradually grew w>m4 ,!n x _h ! appe>ance ( /eam+1 & next ( boil+4 ,h5ce ! "n 'self-w>m+ cups4' ,sc>cely less m>vell\s is ! incid5t record$ 9 ! ,y *ang ta %ih *i1 writt5 ab\t #aded4bij ,at ! "t :5 ! temple ( ! god 7( pott]y7 0 9 exi/5ce1 an ,imp]ial ord] 0 giv5 to ,*+-t ,*n to make a w9d-scre52 b x 0 n successful1 & 0 *ang$ 9 ! kiln into a b$ six feet long & "o foot high4 ,at ! second attempt x 0 aga9 *ang$ & became a boat ?ree feet long4 ,inside ! boat 7 ! v>i\s fitt+s all complete4 ,! (ficials ( ! prefecture & di/rict all saw x4 ,b x 0 p\nd$ to pieces ) a pe/le1 = !y did n d>e to let x g to c\rt4 ,ano!r /ory#bia tells h[ ,*ia & ,i 7,john ,doe & ,ri*>d ,roe7 :5 hunt+ 7 l$ 9 pursuit ( a w\nd$ h>e into an anci5t tomb 9 ! m\nta9s1 :]e !y f\nd a l>ge j> conta9+ two :ite porcela9 vases & an ink slab4 ,*ia broke "o ( ! vases1 b ,i /opp$ any fur!r v&alism & c>ri$ ! o!r specim5s home4 ,he us$ ! vase = fl[]s1 b = sev]al days he notic$ an1 emanation f )9 issu+ f ! ,y9 yn 7g5]ative p[] ( nature7 l a vap\r ( cl\d4 ,be+ puzzl$1 he tri$ pluck+ ! /alks ( ! fl[]s1 & f\nd t !y conta9$ no moi/ure1 & yet ! plants did n )]4 ,moreov]1 ! buds kept /rong1 z if !y _h root$ 9 ! clay ( ! vase4 ,s he began to be a/oni%$ at ! vase1 reg>d+ x z a k9d ( yao pi54 ,"o day1 dur+ a great /orm ( w9d & ra91 sudd5ly !re 0 a fla% & a peal ( ?und]1 & ! vase 0 %ak5 to pieces4 ,i 0 v mu* al>m$ & di/ress$4 ,! ,yang hsi5 m+ hu hsi speaks ( in/ances 9 :i* ! ,yi-hs+ teapots 7 affect$ 9 a peculi> way1 ! w>e *ang+ f drab to rosy r$ :5 fill$ ) tea2 & we h already se5 t ,hsiang ,yan-p'i5 illu/rates 9 8 ,album examples ( ?is1 :i* he solemnly assures u he w\ld n h believ$ _h he n se5 x happ5 be=e 8 eyes4 ,9 all ^! cases ! w>e 0 suppos$ to h be5 completely *ang$ 9 ! kiln & to h acquir$ sup]natural prop]ties4 ,! magic ( ! god _h ent]$ into ! w>e 9 ! fir+ & _h n left x4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bhf3 ,9 ! ,kuei hai y hng *ih1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #b v]so4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,9 ! ,n+ *ai tsung hua1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #d4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,see ,tao %uo1 ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,9 ! ,yn99 hsi5 tsa *i1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #a v]so4 ,footnote #bij3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 viii41 fols4 #ab & #ac4 ,footnote #bia3 ,f ! ,erh %ih lu1 quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #ae4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,its ,,beg9n+s ,,! read] w h notic$ t ! ^w porcela91 :i* 0 avoid$ 9 ! discussion ( ! e>li] p]iods1 has ins5sibly crept into ! *apt]s :i* deal ) ! ,sung w>es4 ,x 0 no long] "r or prop] t x %\ld be exclud$1 & x is high "t t our attitude on ! int]e/+ "q ( its orig9 0 def9$4 ,un=tunately1 t attitude is /ill--& mu/ necess>ily rema9--"o ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty1 b we c at lea/ cle> away "s ( ! exi/+ misappreh5sions on ! subject4 ,! my? :i* c>ri$ back ! manufacture ( porcela9 "s eighte5 c5turies be=e our era has be5 def9itely discr$it$1 & ! snuff bottles suppos$ to h be5 f\nd 9 anci5t ,egyptian tombs :i* gave rise to ! idea are n[ kn[n to be ( q mod]n make4 ,! m mode/ computation :i* plac$ ! inv5tion 9 ! ,han dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4 to #bbj ,a4,d47 might h be5 almo/ z lightly dismiss$ _h n ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 aft] dispos+ ( ! !ory 9 8 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art#bib 9 #ahii1 se5 fit to rev]se 8 decision 9 lat] publications4#bic ,! reasons giv5 = ?is lat] attitude are on ! surface s conv9c+ t x is necess>y to consid] !m 9 detail & to exam9e ! au?orities on :i* !y are bas$4 ,bu%ell's /atem5t runs z foll[s3 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t porcela9 0 fir/ made 9 ,*9a1 b au?orities diff] widely 9 fix+ a date = its inv5tion4 ,! ,*9ese attribute its inv5tion to ! ,han dyna/y1 :5 a new "* tz' 0 co9$ to designate1 presumably1 a new sub/ance4 ,! (ficial memoir on ',porcela9 ,adm9i/ration' 9 ! topography ( ,f\-liang1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #abgj1 says t accord+ to local tradition ! c]amic works at ,hs9-p'+ 7an old "n ( ,f\-liang7 7 f\nd$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,han dyna/y1 & _h be5 9 con/ant op]ation ev] s9ce4 ,?is is confirm$ by ,t'ang ,y+1 ! celebrat$ sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,imp]ial pott]ies1 appo9t$ 9 #agbh1 :o /ates 9 8 autobiography t ! result ( 8 rese>*es %[s t porcela9 0 fir/ made dur+ ! ,han dyna/y at ,*'ang-nan 7,*+-t ,*n71 9 ! di/rict ( ,f\-liang4 ,f ?is & ! passages imm$iately foll[+ x is cle> t ,bu%ell at t "t leant /rongly to ! ,han !ory1 :i* he _h previ\sly disc>d$1 = ?ree reasons1 :i* we %all n[ exam9e4 ,! fir/ re/s on ! "* tz'4 ,:e!r ! "* tz' 0 co9$ to designate a new sub/ance 9 ! ,han dyna/y is by no means c]ta94 ,x und\bt$ly appe>s 9 ! ,han diction>y1 ! ,%uo ,wn1 b ) ! meagre def9ition pott]y w>e1#bid & )\t any fur!r indication ( its nature4 ,! second is bas$ on a passage 9 ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang1 :i* on exam9ation proves to conta9 only ! g5]al ^w t'ao 7w>e7 & n ! "* tz' at all4 ,! actual passage runs3 ,! manufacture ( pott]y 7t'ao7 at ,hs9-p'+ began 9 ! ,han dyna/y4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ?is pott]y 0 /rong1 heavy1 & co>se1 be+ fa%ion$ ( ri* clay ) moi/ure add$1 aft] me?ods h&$ d[n f ! anci5ts4 ,! ?ird invokes ! au?ority ( ,t'ang ,y+1 b on ref]5ce to ! autobiography ( ?is di/+ui%$ c]ami/ 9 ! ,*iang hsi t'ung *ih1 we aga9 f9d ref]5ce only to t'ao & n to tz'1 viz4 ,x 7t'ao7 is n ! gr[? ( "o day4 ,rese>* %[s t x began 9 ! ,han dyna/y & 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh succe$+ g5]ations4 ,its place 7( manufacture7 *ang$ 7f "t to "t71 b x fl\ri%$ at ,*'ang-nan4 ,"o obvi\s place = ,t'ang's rese>* w\ld be ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang1 & ,i %rewdly suspect t 8 conclusions 7 bas$ on ! v passage quot$ above1 ( :i* 8 words give a cle> e*o4 ,b 9 any case1 nei!r passage has any be>+ on ! orig9 ( porcela9 unless we assume t t'ao is ! same z tz'1 & t bo? words def9itely mean porcela91 an assumption :i* is n only q unw>rant$ b 9 any case begs ! :ole "q4 ,! ,*9ese words us$ at ! pres5t day = porcela9 are tz'1 t'ao1 & yao1 all ( consid]able antiquity1 ?\gh _! =ms h und]gone v>i\s *anges & _! mean+ has be5 modifi$ f "t to "t to keep pace ) ! evolution ( ! w>e4 ,! ^w tz' ,*9ese1 z we h se51 0 def9$ 9 ! ,han diction>y z m]ely pott]y w>e4 ,its mod]n def9ition is a h>d1 f9e-gra9$ v>iety ( t'ao1 & if we add to ?is ! quality ( resonance--i4e4 ( emitt+ a musical note :5 /ruck--we h all ! requirem5ts ( porcela9 accord+ to ! ,*9ese def9ition4 ,! synonym ,*9ese1 conta9+ ! radical ,*9ese %ih 7a /one71 :i* is also pron\nc$ tz'1 has come 9 ! la/ two c5turies to be us$ int]*angeably ) ! old] ^w ,*9ese1 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( eighte5?-c5tury puri/s4#bie ,! ^w t'ao ,*9ese is a t]m ev5 m compreh5sive ?an our ^w *9a4 ,9 ! ,han diction>y x appe>$ 9 ! =m ,*9ese t'ao or yao 7previ\sly pron\nc$ f\71 compos$ ( ,*9ese f\ 7e>!nw>e7 & ! radical ,*9ese pao 7to wrap71 & its mean+ 0 kiln1 & by ext5sion ! products ( ! kiln4 ,at t "t ! ^w 9 its mod]n =m 0 only us$ z a prop] "n4 ,! ?ird "* yao 7! ,japanese yaki7 is precisely synonym\s ) t'ao1 mean+ fir/ a kiln & !n w>es ( any k9d4 ,9 its =m ,*9ese x occurs 9 ! ,han diction>y2 ano!r =m is ,*9ese1 :i*1 accord+ to a ,sung writ]1#bif dates f ! ,t'ang p]iod1 & a ?ird =m ,*9ese is curr5t 9 mod]n diction>ies4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,*9ese t]ms are all ( a g5]al & compreh5sive k9d1 capable ( embrac+ pott]y1 /onew>e1 & porcela9 imp>tially1 & !re is no s+le ,*9ese ^w :i* corresponds to our precise t]m porcela94 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is cle> t no !ory on ! orig9 ( porcela9 c be bas$ m]ely on ! occurr5ce ( any ( ^! words 9 e>ly ,*9ese texts4 ,/ill less c any su* !ory be con/ruct$ f ! v promiscu\s use ( ! ^w porcela9 9 ,european translations1 & x is a ?\s& pities t bo? ,juli5 & ,bu%ell 7 n m discrim9at+ 9 ?is matt]1 or t !y did n always 7z ,juli5 sometimes & ,pr(essor ,hir? usually did7 give ! ,*9ese "* 9 p>5!ses :5 any reasonable d\bt c\ld exi/4 ,_h ?is be5 done we %\ld h be5 sp>$ mislead+ ref]5ces to two porcela9 cups ( ! ,han dyna/y1#big & su* loose writ+#bih z ,9 ! ,wei dyna/y 7#bba-bfd ,a4,d47 :i* succe$$ ! ,han we read ( a glaz$ celadon w>e made at ,lo ,yang = ! use ( ! palace1 & 9 ! ,*9 dyna/y 7#bfe-dai7 we h ! fir/ m5tion ( blue porcela9 produc$ at ,wn-*\1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ehkiang1 ! prog5itor ( ! sky-blue glazes t9t$ ) cobalt1 :i* aft]w>ds became s fam\s4 ,! glaz$ celadon1 ne$less to say1 is purely conjectural1 pott]y 7t'ao7 vessels be+ all t is specifi$ 9 ! passage on :i* ! /atem5t is obvi\sly bas$2 & ! blue porcela9 is evid5tly no o!r ?an ! p'iao tz' 7m5tion$ by ! poet ,p'an ,yo & discuss$ on p4 #af71 :i* is bett] r5d]$ gre5 w>e4#bii ,! same k9d ( criticism applies to all ! o!r ref]5ces 9 e>ly writ]s until we rea* ! ,sui dyna/y 7#eha-fag ,a4,d474 ,9 ! annals ( ?is p]iod !re is a mu* discuss$ passage 9 :i* x is /at$ t ! art ( mak+ a sub/ance kn[n z liu-li#cjj _h be5 lo/ 9 ,*9a1 & t ! workm5 did n d>e to exp]im5t1 b t "o ,ho ,*'ou ,*9ese1 a connoisseur 9 pictures & antiquities1 succe$$ 9 mak+ x ) gre5 w>e 7l tz'71 & t 8 imitations 7 n di/+ui%able f ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,to und]/& ! full import ( ?is passage x is necess>y to expla9 ! nature ( liu-li1 & ?is is =tunately made q cle> by ! au?or ( ! ,t'ao %uo 9 a comm5t>y s int]e/+ t ,i give x 9 full3 ,i f9d t liu-li comes f ! c\ntries ( ,huang-*ih1 ,ss-t'iao & ,jih-nan4#cja ,t produc$ 9 ,ta-*'9 7! ea/]n prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire7 is 9 t5 col\rs--p9k1 :ite1 black1 yell[1 blue1 gre51 deep purple1 deep blue 7or gre571 r$1 & br[n4 ,liu-li 0 orig9ally a natural sub/ance4#cjb ,y5 ,%ih-ku1#cjc comm5t+ 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,han ,dyna/y1 says1 ',at ! pres5t "t !y commonly use molt5 /ones1 add+ a numb] ( *emicals & !n p\r+ ! sub/ance 7into m\lds7 & =m+ x2 b x is unsub/antial1 brittle1 & n a successful ca/+4' ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,wei dyna/y1 9 ! reign ( ,t'ai ,wu 7#dbd-dea ,a4,d471 a man ( ! ,ta ,yeh-*ih#cjd :o came to trade at ! capital1 said he c\ld make liu-li by melt+ /ones4 ,ev5tually he collect$ ! ore & made x 7liu-li71 & ! f9i%$ article surpass$ ! orig9al 9 its brilliance & col\r4 ,! me?od has be5 h&$ d[n to ! pres5t day1 & x 0 probably only an accid5tal int]mission :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,sui dyna/y4 ,b ! ,*9ese ca/+s are brittle 9 sub/ance1 & :5 hot w9e is p\r$ into !m !y fly to pieces 9 ! h&4 ,:at a pity ! ,yeh-*ih me?od has be5 h&$ d[n in/ead ( ,*'ou's6 ,! allusions to melt+ /ones1 ca/+1 etc41 9 ?is passage leave no d\bt t ! liu-li1 z made 9 ,*9a1 0 a k9d ( glass1 imitat+ a natural /one4#cje ,x is1 9 fact1 usually translat$ 9 ! diction>ies z opaque glass1 & 9 connection ) pott]y x has ! s5se ( glaze--e4g4 liu li wa glaz$ pott]y4 ,we c n[ return to ,ho ,*'ou1 :o took gre5 w>e & made liu-li4#cjf ,x has be5 ?\ght t :at he made mu/ h be5 a k9d ( porcela91 b !re is no indication ( any su* a*ievem5t1 = ?\gh x is possible to make an artificial porcela9 ) glass z a con/itu5t1 ! conv]se is n true3 y _c make glass out ( ei!r pott]y or porcela94 ,! mo/ probable explanation ( ! passage seems to be t ,ho ,*ou 7:o 0 app>5tly n a pott]7 exp]im5t$ at "s pott]y ) ! mat]ials us$ 9 glaz+ ! gre5 w>e1 & f\nd t he c\ld make a v good glass 7liu-li7 ) ! pott]'s gre5 glaze1 & p]haps o!r +r$i5ts1 a result :i* is 9 no way surpris+1 see+ t ! s(t] c]amic glazes h a v close aff9ity to glass4 ,b no fur!r inf]5ces c be drawn f ?is passage1 & x is n ev5 cle> t ,ho ,*ou made a c]amic w>e at all4 ,all we are told is t he made liu-li4 ,i h r lab\r$ ?is negative po9t1 because ,pr(essor ,zimm]mann has publi%$ a decl>ation ( belief t ,ho ,*ou 0 ! discov]] ( porcela94#cjg ,ap>t f ! obvi\s criticism :i* ! writ] himself anticipates1 t su* an epo*-mak+ discov]y w\ld h>dly h escap$ ! notice ( ,ho ,*ou's biograph]1 ,pr(essor ,zimm]mann op5s 8 case ) a fundam5tal error1 = :i* he has to ?ank ,dr4 ,bu%ell4 ,x is true t he only names ,juli5 z ! s\rce ( 8 in=mation1 b 8 v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,ho ,*ou is tak5 v]batim f ,bu%ell's ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1#cjh :]e ! crucial passage is un=tunately r5d]$ b he 7,ho ,*ou7 succe$$ 9 mak+ vessels ( gre5 porcela9 :i* c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f true glass4 ,?is mi/ranslation puts an entirely diff]5t complexion on ! passage1 & goes a long way to ju/ify ,pr(essor ,zimm]mann's inf]5ces t ,*ou made a glassy w>e ( ! nature ( porcela94 ,x is an in/ructive in/ance ( ! pitfalls :i* beset ! /ud5t ( ,*9ese subjects1 especially :5 he has to rely on o!r p's translations4 ,/range to say1 a simil> mi/ranslation occurs 9 ,dr4 ,hir?'s %ort b excell5t treatise on ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela91#cji 9 a passage :i* is nev]!less ( great importance to our que/4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om ) ,*9ese compil]s ( ref]5ce works to incorporate ! mat]ial ( previ\s editions1 add+ _! own comm5t>ies & any fur!r in=mation :i* happ5$ to h rea*$ !m1 & to ?is we are indebt$ = ! pres]vation ( _m passages f anci5t writ]s :i* w\ld o!rwise be extremely difficult ( access4 ,?us ,hir? f\nd embalm$ 9 ! ,sung ,ph>macopia two e>ly ref]5ces to ! mat]ial pai o ,*9ese :i* he %[s to be )\t d\bt ! kaol9ic e>? us$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela91 & :i*1 l _m o!r /range mat]ials1 ent]$ into ,*9ese m$ic9al prescriptions4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ?is sub/ance is tak5 f ! writ+s ( ,tao ,y9-*1 :o di$ 9 #ecf ,a4,d41 to ! effect t ! pai o1 besides be+ us$ 9 m$ic9es1 0 employ$ at t "t = pa9t+ pictures2 & ,hir? argues t s celebrat$ a writ] on sci5tific subjects z ,tao ,y9-* c\ld n h fail$ to note x if ! pai o _h be5 9 g5]al use = c]amic purposes z well4 ,?is is foll[$ by a quotation f ! ,tang ,ph>macopia 7compil$ ab\t #fej ,a4,d473 ,x 7pai o7 is n[ us$ = pa9t]'s "w1 & r>ely ent]s into m$ic9al prescriptions2 dur+ rec5t g5]ations x has be5 prep>$ f :ite w>e#caj 7tz74 ,by r5d]+ ! la/ s5t5ce dur+ rec5t g5]ations x has be5 us$ to make :ite porcela91 ,hir? inve/$ ! passage ) a great] int]e/ ?an x actually possesses4 ,b ev5 :5 /ripp$ ( ?is fictiti\s importance1 x con/itutes ! fir/ lit]>y evid5ce we h ( ! use ( kaol9 by ,*9ese pott]s4 ,?is is foll[$ by ano!r quotation f ! ,tang ,ph>macopia recomm5d+ = m$ic9al purposes a p[d] prep>$ f ! :ite w>e ( ,t+ ,*\4#caa ,:e!r we are to und]/& t ! ,*9ese ph>maci/ gr\nd up brok5 pieces ( ,t+ w>e or m]ely made use ( ! ref9$ & purifi$ clay obta9$ at ! pott]ies1 matt]s little4 ,nei!r proce$+ w\ld be )\t p>allel 9 ,europe 9 f> lat] times ?an ! ,tang p]iod4 ,b ! specific ref]5ce to :ite ,t+ w>e at ?is e>ly date is mo/ int]e/+ 9 view ( ! fact t ,t+ ,*\ 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,sung dyna/y = a :ite w>e :i* is und\bt$ly a k9d ( porcela94 ,! pres5ce ( a kaol9-l mat]ial 9 a d>k-col\r$ w>e1 probably ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :i* 0 disclos$ by ! analysis made by ,mr4 ,ni*olls 9 ,*icago1 has already be5 record$ 7p4 #ae74 ,we h no means ( asc]ta9+ :at l5g? ( "t elaps$ be=e a :ite mat]ial ( ?is nature 0 evolv$1 b x 0 cle>ly 9 exi/5ce 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,possibly x 0 n porcela9 accord+ to ! /rict ,european def9ition1 b !re is e reason to suppose t x 0 a h>d :ite w>e1 su* z ! ,*9ese w\ld n hesitate to include 9 _! porcela9 category4 ,su* a w>e appe>s on "s ( ! fun]al vases :i* may safely be ref]r$ to ! e>ly ,tang p]iod 7see p4 #bf71 & 9 default ( o!r evid5ce ,i ?9k we c say t porcela9 9 ! ,*9ese s5se already exi/$ at ! end ( ! ,sui dyna/y4#cab ,?\gh ?is p]iod happ5s to co9cide ) ! lifetime ( ,ho ,*ou1 nei!r 8 "n nor any o!r has be5 associat$ ) ! ev5t by ! ,*9ese1 & x is highly probable t porcela9 only came into be+ by a process ( evolution f pott]y & /onew>e1 ! critical mom5t arriv+ ) ! discov]y ( deposits ( kaol9ic e>?4 ,z a m]e speculation1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! deposits 7 ^? at ,han tan1 ! mod]n ,tz ,*\1 :i* suppli$ mat]ial = ! ,t+ ,*\ pott]s4#cac ,x is1 at any rate1 significant t ! new "n1 :i* we are l$ to suppose 0 d]iv$ f ! tz /one1#cad 0 giv5 to t place 9 ! ,sui dyna/y4 ,num]\s lit]>y ref]5ces f ?is "t onw>ds h already be5 quot$ :i* are highly sugge/ive ( porcela94 ,! false jade vessels ( ,tao ,y 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5? c5tury2 ! eigh?-c5tury tea b[ls ( ,yu ,*\ & ,hs+ ,*\ :i* 7 comp>$ respectively to jade & ice1 to silv] & sn[1 ! =m] be+ gre5 & ! latt] :ite4 ,! twelve cups us$ = musical *imes by ,kuo ,tao-yan2 ! :ite b[ls immortalis$ by ! poet ,tu ( w>e 7tz7 bak$ at ,ta-yi1 light b /rong1 :i* gives out a note l jade :5 /ruck4 ,! quality ( transluc5cy :i* 9 ,europe#cae is reg>d$ z di/9ctive ( porcela9 is nev] emphasis$ 9 ,*9ese descriptions4 ,i c f9d no m5tion ( x 9 any ( ! e>li] writ+s1#caf & ! fir/ unmi/akable lit]>y evid5ce ( its exi/5ce#cag comes f a =eign s\rce4 ,! ,arab travell]1 ,soleyman1 :o describes 8 exp]i5ces 9 ,*9a 9 ! n9? c5tury1 /ates t !y _h a f9e clay 7ghd>7 f :i* b[ls 7 made1 & 9 ! transp>5cy ( ! vessels ! light ( ! wat] 0 visible2 & !y 7 7made (7 f9e clay4#cah ,?is /atem5t practically proves ! exi/5ce ( transluc5t porcela9 9 ! ,tang dyna/y1 & we confid5tly await ! arrival ( specim5s f ,*9ese excavations4 ,"s ( ! export porcela9s ( ! "t h be5 actually une>!d at ,sam>ra on ! ,euphrates by ,pr(essor ,s>re1#cai ( ! ,kais] ,fri$]ik ,museum1 ,b]l91 & !y include 7#a7 b[ls ( gummy :ite porcela9 ) unglaz$ gritty base2 7#b7 gre5i% :ite w>e2 7#c7 yell[i% :ite ) small crackle2 & 7#d7 a pure :ite porcela9 ) relief designs1 su* z birds & fi%es1 "u ! glaze4 ,o!r pott]y f\nd on t site includ$ mottl$ w>e ( typical ,tang type1 & a creamy :ite ( ! ,tz ,*\ type ) br[n spots4#cbj ,f consid]ations ( =m & ! g5]al "* ( ! w>e1 ,i am incl9$ to reg>d ?ree specim5s 9 ,plates #dd & #de z belong+ to ! ,tang p]iod4 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #dd has a ?9 ivory :ite glaze runn+ 9 gummy drops & cl\d$ ) p9ki% buff /a9+ outside & ) a r$di% discoloration )94 ,fig4 #b ( ! same ,plate is rem>kable 9 _m ways4 ,x is s ?9 z to seem to consi/ ( little else b glaze1 & is consequ5tly almo/ z transluc5t z glass4 ,! col\r ( ! glaze is pe>ly :ite p[d]$ ) t9y specks1 & ! crackle is cle>ly m>k$4 ,! base is flat & discloses a dry :ite body ( f9e gra94 ,b its mo/ conspicu\s feature is ! arre/+ beauty ( its outl9e1 :i* recalls "s *oice specim5 ( ,grco-,roman glass1 & displays a classic feel+ frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ,tang pott]y & 9 ! ,corean w>es :i* owe s mu* to ,tang models4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate #de1 %[s ! celebrat$ phnix ew] belong+ to ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los :i* has prov$ s difficult to classify4#cba ,x is a :ite porcellan\s w>e transluc5t 9 ! ?9n] p>ts1 & ! glaze is ( light gre5i% grey ) a t5d5cy to blue 9 places4 ,! =m & ornam5t %[ /rong analogies ) specim5s ( ,tang pott]y4 ,! neck1 = in/ance1 may be comp>$ ) ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ad2 ! phnix head & ! foliate m\? ) ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #i1 & ! c>v$ ornam5t on ! body ) ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #ad4 ,among ! ,sung w>es _m ( ! :ite ,t+ specim5s are f\nd to be transluc5t 9 _! ?9n] p>ts1 & ^! may be fairly reg>d$ z porcela9 prop]4 ,a consid]able numb] ( o!r :ite porcela9s h come ov] ( late "u ! description ( ,sung w>es1 & _m ( !m are c]ta9ly e>ly en\gh 9 =m & /yle to belong to t p]iod4 ,!y are true h>d porcela91 transluc5t1 & ( a creamy :ite col\r4 ,be+ = ! mo/ "p )\t decoration1 !y c only be judg$ by _! =ms1 & 9 view ( ! cons]vative habits ( ! ,*9ese1 x w\ld be ra% to ass]t too emphatically _! ,sung orig94 ,yan & ev5 e>ly ,m+ dates are sugge/$ by ! m cauti\s critics2 b ! possibility ( a ,sung orig9 hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 ,i am incl9$ to give ! evid5ce ( =m its full weight4 ,!re are1 besides ^!1 o!r well-def9$ types ( transluc5t porcela9 :i* may confid5tly be attribut$ to a p]iod z e>ly z ! ,sung1 b "h ! possibility--nay1 probability--( a ,corean orig9 has to be consid]$4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m ( !m h be5 f\nd 9 ,corean tombs2 ! prov5ance ( ! re/ is d\btful4 ,"o type is a delici\s smoo? :ite porcela9 ) glaze ( fa9tly blui% t+e1 highly transluc5t1 & work$ v ?9 at ! edges4 ,! base ( ! vessels 7usually small %all[ b[ls or sauc]s7 is unglaz$1 & %[s a s(t-look+ sug>y body ( close texture1 r e>?y ?an glassy1 & slightly br[n$ by ! fire4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 almo/ ! appe>ance ( a s(t-pa/e porcela9 l t ( ,*elsea4 ,^! are s diff]5t f any kn[n ,*9ese type t ,i /rongly incl9e to a ,corean orig9 = !m4 ,ano!r type is ( h>d b transluc5t w>e ) glaze ( di/9ctly blui% t+e4 ,a b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a good example ( ?is4 ,( ! usual conical =m1 x has a pla9 outside1 & ! inside is decorat$ ) an incis$ design ( n v cle> mean+1 b app>5tly a close foliage gr\nd ) highly =malis$ figures ( boys4 ,if ?is int]pretation is correct1 x is a conv5tional r5d]+ ( ! well-kn[n patt]n ( boys 9 foliage1 ,*9ese 9 orig91 b frequ5tly us$ by ! ,corean pott]s4 ,! design ends 9 ,corean fa%ion1 ab\t an in* bel[ ! rim1 leav+ a pla9 b& above x4 ,! glaze is a fa9t blui% col\r all ov]1 & is p[d]$ ) specks1 a fault 9 ! fir+2 ! base is almo/ entirely unglaz$1 & ! biscuit1 :]e expos$1 has turn$ r$di% br[n4 ,! /yle ( ?is piece is /rongly ,corean4 ,! same peculi>ities 9 ! base are %>$ by ano!r type ( small b[l1 usually decorat$ inside ) a sket*y design 9 comb$ l9es4 ,"s ( ^! are creamy :ite2 o!rs are blui% :ite ) a decid$ blue t+e 9 ! well ( ! b[l :]e ! glaze has =m$ ?ickly4#cbb ,ano!r gr\p1 :i* is also said to be repres5t$ among ! ,corean tomb w>es1 is practically indi/+ui%able f ! creamy :ite ,t+ ,*\ porcela94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #dd4--;,e>ly ,transluc5t ,porcela91 probably ,tang dyna/y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,c9quefoil ,cup ) ivory glaze cl\d$ ) p9ki% buff /a9s4 ,diamet] #c in*es4 ,breu] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( :ite1 s(t-look+ w>e1 v ?9 & transluc5t ) pe>ly :ite1 crackl$ glaze p[d]$ ) br[n specks4 ,height #c in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #de4--,tang & ,sung ,w>es4 ,fig4 #a4--,squ>e ,vase ) engrav$ lotus scrolls & =mal bord]s4 ,tu-t+ w>e1 ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #bj in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ew] ) phnix head1 slightly transluc5t porcela9 ) light gre5i% grey glaze ) t+es ( blue 9 ! ?ick] p>ts2 c>v$ designs4 ,probably ,tang dyna/y4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,! :ole "q ( ^! int]e/+ porcela9s is complicat$ by ! fact t ! ,coreans 7 admitt$ly indebt$ to ! ,t+ ,*\ pott]s = _m ( _! designs2#cbc & by ! fact t :ile close int]c\rse betwe5 ,*9a & ,corea exi/$ ! ,coreans may well h import$ ,*9ese w>es & deposit$ "s ( !m 9 ! tombs4 ,an au!ntic f9d ( ^! porcela9s 9 a ,*9ese tomb w\ld give important evid5ce on ?is po9t1 b s f> !re is no evid5ce ( _! be+ f\nd 9 ,*9a beyond ! /atem5t ( trad]s1 & x is q c]ta9 t !y h be5 f\nd 9 ,corean tombs4 ,x may be add$ t ! ,japanese class !m z hakugorai or :ite ,corean w>e1 & /\tly support _! ,corean orig94 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bib3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ag-bj4 ,footnote #bic3 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ag1 & ! ,catalogue ( ! ,morgan ,collection 7#aijg71 p4 xlviii4 ,footnote #bid3 ,*9ese wa *'i yeh4 ,! ,%uo ,wn 0 compil$ by ,hs ,%n & publi%$ fir/ 9 #abj ,a4,d4 ,! ^w tz' ,*9ese is comp\nd$ ( ! radical wa ,*9ese 7a tile1 e>!nw>e71 & ! phonetic tz' ,*9ese 7second1 inf]ior71 & c>ries no inh]5t sugge/ion ( porcela94 ,if connot+ a new mat]ial1 x may be a "n appli$ specially to glaz$ pott]y :i* seems to date f ! ,han p]iod1 or ev5 to /onew>e z oppos$ to s(t e>!nw>e or brick4 ,footnote #bie3 ,?us ! au?or ( ! ,t'ang %ih ss k'ao 7quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #i v]so73 ,! *>act]s ,*9ese & ,*9ese are n int]*angeable4 ,! latt] is a h>d & f9e k9d ( t'ao4 ,! mat]ial f :i* x is made is clay4 ,! =m] ,*9ese1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! "n ( a real /one :i* comes f ! anci5t ,han-tan1 :i* is ! mod]n ,tz' ,*\4 ,?is dep>tm5t has pott]ies 9 :i* !y use ! tz' /one = ! body ( ! w>e4 ,h5ce ! "n ,tz' *'i 7,tz' w>es71 n t ! w>e f ! pott]ies ( ?is place is all porcela94 ,i he> t at ,*+-t ,*n ! common usage is to employ ! "* ,*9ese = porcela9 9 writ+ & speak+4 ,i h consult$ fri5ds :om ,i meet1 & _m use ! two t]ms int]*angeably4 ,truly ?is is altoge!r ridicul\s4 ,tz' ,*\ is /ill mak+ pott]y at ! pres5t day4 ,= ! ,tz' ,*\ pott]y1 see *4 viii4 ,footnote #bif3 ,yeh *ih1 quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #ac recto4 ,footnote #big3 ,t'ao %uo1 translat$ by ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #bih3 ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bii3 ,see ,t'ao %uo 7,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ig & #ii74 ,see also bk4 ix41 fol4 #a v]so1 :]e ! passage f ! ,annals ( ! ,sui ,dyna/y is quot$4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,*9ese ,see ,t'ao %uo1 bk4 iv41 fol4 #ag recto & v]so4 ,footnote #cja3 ,! fir/ two are app>5tly unid5tifi$1 b ,jih-nan is ,co*9 ,*9a1 :i!r1 no d\bt1 ! sub/ance came z an article ( trade4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,e>ly writ]s ref] to x z pi liu li1 :i* is a transcription ( ! ,sanskrit ,vaidurya1 a /one suppos$ to be ( ! b]yl type1 b ! id5tification is a matt] ( dispute4 ,see ,lauf]1 ,jade1 p4 #aaa1 footnote4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,a sev5?-c5tury writ]4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,! ,ta ,yeh-*ih h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,massaget1 :o 9 ! fif? c5tury 7 9 possession ( ,afghani/an4 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,t'ao %uo1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #cje3 ,! sub/ance is discuss$ at l5g? 9 connection ) pi-liu-li by ,lauf] 7,jade1 pp4 #aji-aab71 b ?is au?or seems v loa? to admit ! mean+ glass = liu-li1 ?\gh he all[s t x is a common t]m = c]amic glaze4 ,b ! passage quot$ above f ! ,t'ao %uo c h>dly be expla9$ 9 any o!r way ?an 9 ref]5ce to a k9d ( glass4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,! exact words ( ! text are ,*9ese 7,*'ou i l tz' wei *ih y *n wu i74 ,*'ou took gre5 w>e & made x 7liu-li7 n diff]5t f ! real4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,ori5talis*es ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ii41 #aiaa1 & ,*9esis*es ,porzellan1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bj4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 9 8 translation ( ! ,tao %uo1 has giv5 ! m correct r5d]+1 ,*ou made "s 7i4e4 liu-li7 ( gre5 porcela94 ,footnote #cji3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #c & #d4 ,footnote #caj3 ,*9ese ,*9 tai i pai tz wei *ih 9 rec5t g5]ations ) :ite w>e !y make x4 ,footnote #caa3 ,*9ese ,t+ *\ pai tz4 ,= ! ,t+ ,*\ w>e1 see *4 vii4 ,footnote #cab3 ,pre d',entrecolles 79 8 lett] dat$ f ,*+-t ,*n 9 #agab7 makes ! /atem5t t ! di/rict ( ,*+-t ,*n s5t regul> supplies ( its w>e1 :i* he t]ms porcela91 to ! ,emp]or f ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,tam ou te 7sic74 ,?\gh he gives ! date z #dbb1 x is cle> t he really ref]s to ! fir/ ,emp]or1 ,wu ,t1 ( ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-fbg ,a4,d474 ,x is n cle> h[ he arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! w>e 9 "q 0 porcela91 & z he ref]s to ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang z 8 au?ority1 we may assume t ! ,*9ese phrase conta9$ ! inconclusive t]m tz4 or tao4 ,he adds t no?+ is said z to ! inv5tor1 nor to :at exp]im5ts or accid5t ! inv5tion 0 due4 ,footnote #cac3 ,see p4 #aja4 ,footnote #cad3 ,see p4 #adb4 ,footnote #cae3 ,! ,european def9ition ( porcela9 may be /at$ ?us3 ,porcela9 comprises all v>ieties ( pott]y :i* are made transluc5t by add+ to ! clay sub/ances "s natural or artificial flux+ mat]ial4 ,9 ,*9a ! usual con/itu5ts are kaol91 :i* =ms ! clay sub/ance1 & petuntse 7*9a /one71 :i* is ! natural flux+ mat]ial4 ,i %\ld add t x is d\btful :e!r we are /rictly ju/ifi$ 9 us+ ! ^w kaol9 z a g5]al "n = porcela9 e>? 7o tu72 b ! t]m has be5 consecrat$ by usage1 & has practically pass$ into our language 9 ?is s5se4 ,a slight transluc5cy is obs]vable ne> ! rim on a :ite ,tang cup 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,! body ( ?is piece is a s(t :ite mat]ial1 & ! transluc5cy is caus$ by a m+l+ ( ! glaze ) ! body :]e x is v ?91 & x may be comp>$ ) ! transluc5cy ( ! ,p]sian gombroon w>e4 ,b nei!r ( ^! w>es c be rank$ z porcela9 prop]4 ,footnote #caf3 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m5tion$ 9 connection ) "s ( ! ,sung w>es 7! ,kuan1 = example71 b only 9 relation to ! glaze4 ,footnote #cag3 ,x is true t ,bu%ell1 9 8 translation ( ! ,tao %uo 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajb7 implies ?is quality 9 a br[n w>e 7tz7 b[l s5t z tribute by ! ,po-hai 9 #hda ,a4,d4 :i* is describ$ z transluc5t bo? inside & outside1 ( a pure br[n col\r1 half an in* ?ick b z light z swan's d[n4 ,! words ( ! text ,*9ese nei wai tung jung 7inside & out ?r\gh\t lu/r\s7 are 9 !mselves capable ( sugge/+ transluc5ce1 b ! rema9+ features--! br[n glaze & ! great ?ickness--are suffici5t to preclude ! idea ( a transluc5t w>e2 & ,i imag9e t ! quality ( lu/re or transluc5cy "h applies only to ! glaze4 ,! ,po-hai appe> to h be5 a subject /ate ( ,corea4 ,footnote #cah3 ,i am indebt$ = ?is lit]al translation ( ! mu*-quot$ passage to ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 ( ! ,ori5tal ,,mss4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x has be5 m freely r5d]$ by ,m4 ,re9aud1 ,relation des voyages faits p> les ,arabes1 etc41 ,p>is1 #ahde1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #cai3 ,see ,f4 ,s>re1 ,kle9funde von ,sam>ra und ihre ,ergebnisse1 9 ,islam1 ,july1 #aiad4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,fragm5ts ( :ite porcela9 ) c>v$ designs 7 f\nd 9 "s ( ! sites excavat$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 9 ,turfan1 & !re are fragm5ts simil> to ! ,sam>ra f9ds obta9$ f anci5t sites 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,b ! evid5ce ( ^! pieces is n conclusive1 = ! sites 7 inhabit$ = _m c5turies4 ,t ( ,sam>ra1 on ! o!r h&1 is mo/ important1 = ! city 0 only ( a mu%room gr[?1 :i* began & end$ 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,see also p4 #acd4 ,footnote #cba3 ,see ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,a #dc4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,see ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,f #i & #ad4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,see passage f ,hs ,*+'s notes1 p4 #ci4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,*+-,t ,,*,n ,,*+-,t ,,*,n1 ! metropolis ( ! c]amic _w1 ^: v5]able & glori\s traditions out%9e ,meiss5 & ,svres & all ! little lights ( ,europe1 & leave !m eclips$ & obscure1 is an unwall$ t[n or m>t 7*n7 on ! left bank ( ! ,*ang ,riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! ,po-yang ,lake1 on ! nor!rn bord] ( ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi4 ,9 anci5t times x 0 kn[n z ,*ang-nan ,*n1 ! m>t on ! s\? ( ! ,*ang1 b :5 ! ,sung ,emp]or ,*n ,tsung comm&$ t (ficially manufactur$ porcela9 7kuan *ih tz7 %\ld be s5t to ! capital1 & t ! workm5 %\ld inscribe ! pieces ) ! ni5 hao or "n ( ! p]iod1 :i* 9 ?is case 0 ,*+ ,t 7#ajjd-ajjg71 ! "n ( ! place 0 *ang$ to ,*+-t ,*n4 ,! di/rict t[n is ,f\-liang1 sev5 miles high] up ! riv]1 a place ( relatively small importance1 b ! resid5ce ( ! di/rict magi/rate2 & bo? ,f\-liang & ,*+-t ,*n are )9 ! prefectural jurisdiction ( ,jao ,*\ ,fu1 :i* is situat$ ne> ! m\? ( ! ,*ang4 ,! w>es ( ,*+-t ,*n are di/ribut$ by v>i\s r\tes1 "s ov]l& to ,*i-mn or to ,wu-yuan & !nce to ,hang ,*\1 ,su ,*\1 ,%anghai1 etc42 ! re/ by boat d[n ! ,*ang1 & !nce ei!r to ,kiu-kiang on ! ,yangtze = fur!r dispat* to ,*9-kiang & nor?w>ds via ! ,gr& ,canal1 or to ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ! lake & up ! e/u>y ( ! ,kan ,riv] to ,nan-,*ang ,fu4 ,f ?is latt] t[n !y c\ld be c>ri$ by wat] 7) an int]ruption ( ?irty miles ( road7 all ! way to ,canton4 ,!y are kn[n "u v>i\s names 9 ,*9ese books--,*n yao1 ,*+-t yao1 ,f\-liang yao1 ,jao ,*\ yao1 ,jao yao1 ,*ang-nan yao1 & ,nan-*ang yao--all ( :i* are easily explicable f ! =ego+ p>agraph4 ,! old "n ( ,f\-liang 0 ,hs9-p+1 & accord+ to ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang ! manufacture ( pott]y#cbd 0 traditionally held to h begun 9 ! di/rict ( ,hs9-p+ 9 ! ,han dyna/y4 ,9 ! same passage ! developm5t ( ! local indu/ry is trac$ by means ( a few significant incid5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,*ih ,t 9 ! ,*n dyna/y 7#ehc ,a4,d47 ! pott]s ( ! di/rict 7 call$ ^u to provide pl9?s = ! ,imp]ial build+s at ,*i5-kang 7aft]w>ds ,nank+71 b ! pl9?s1 :5 f9i%$1 ?\gh clev]ly made1 7 n /rong en\gh to c>ry ! weight ( ! columns4 ,9 ! f\r? 7or1 accord+ to ano!r read+1 ! second7 ye> ( ,wu ,t ( ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fba ,a4,d471 porcela9 jade#cbe 0 (f]$ z tribute to ! ,emp]or "u ! "n ( false jade vessels 7*ia y *i71 & f ?is "t =w>d ! duty 7( supply+ ! ,emp]or7 became an in/itution1#cbf & a pott] nam$ ,ho ,*ung-*u ga9$ a great reputation4 ,9 ! ,*+ ,t p]iod ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 z already /at$1 (ficially manufactur$ porcela9 0 s5t to ! capital1 :]e x suppli$ ! ne$s ( ! palaces & great e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ! ,tai ,t+ p]iod ( ! ,yan dyna/y 7#acbd-acbg7 ! porcela9 factory came "u ! inspection ( ! ,int5dant ( ! ,circuit1 :o suppli$ ! requir$ w>es :5 ord]s _h be5 receiv$1 & clos$ ! factory if !re 7 no ord]s 7f ! ,c\rt74 ,cont9u+ into ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ! same au?ority gives details ( ! v>i\s adm9i/rative *anges :i* may p]haps be tak5 z read1 "o or two important facts only call+ = m5tion4 ,?us 9 ! ?irty-fif? ye>#cbg ( ,hung ,wu1 we are told t ! factories 7 op5$1 & t supplies ( porcela9 7 s5t to ! ,c\rt4 ,!re seems to h be5 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! build+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,w>e ,factory 7,y *i *ang74 ,"s au?orities place ?is ev5t 9 ! ,hung ,wu p]iod1 b ! ,*iang hsi tung *ih1#cbh ?\gh quot+ ! o!r op9ions 9 a note1 m5tions only ! build+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,factory 9 ! reign ( ,*ng ,t 7#aejf-aeba7 9 ! ma9 text1 viz43 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ng ,t p]iod ! ,imp]ial ,w>e ,factory 0 e/abli%$ = deal+ specially ) ! ,imp]ial w>es4 ,! ,imp]ial e/abli%m5t 0 burnt d[n 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod1 & aga9 de/roy$ 9 ! revolt ( ,wu ,san-kuei 9 #afge1 b ! mo/ s]i\s bl[ dealt to ! prosp]ity ( ,*+-t ,*n fell 9 ! ,tai p+ rebellion 9 #ahec1 :5 ! t[n 0 sack$ & almo/ depopulat$4 ,! ,imp]ial ,factory 0 rebuilt 9 #ahfd1 & ! indu/ry has 9 a great measure reviv$1 ?\gh x is /ill b ! %ad[ ( its =m] greatness4 ,?\gh ?is great porcela9 t[n has trad$ ) ! :ole _w = sev]al c5turies1 br++ great pr(it to ! ,empire & to itself great fame 7to quote f ! ,tao lu71 x seems to h be5 r>ely visit$ by ,europeans1 & fir/-h& descriptions ( x are few4 ,we are =tunate1 h[ev]1 9 possess+ 9 ! lett]s#cbi ( ,pre d',entrecolles an intimate acc\nt ( ! place & its manufactures1 writt5 by a ,jesuit mission>y :o 0 /ation$ 9 ! t[n 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,^! int]e/+ lett]s are s well kn[n t ,i %all n quote !m ext5sively "h4 ,! picture !y give ( ! enorm\s pott]y t[n1 ) its population ( a million s\ls & ! ?ree ?\s& furnaces :i*1 directly or indirectly1 provid$ a liv+ = ?is ho/1 & ( ! arre/+ spectacle ( ! t[n by night l a burn+ city sp\t+ flames at a ?\s& po9ts1 a description :i* inspir$ ! (t-quot$ l9es 9 ,longfell['s ,k]amos1 %[s u ! place 9 ! heyday ( its prosp]ity4 ,a m mod]n b sc>cely less int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,*+-t ,*n & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry appe>s 9 a ,consul> report1 made 9 #aije1 ( a ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,kiangsi1#ccj f :i* ,i h tak5 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty-five ye>s ,*+-t ,*n has _h "t to recov]1 9 a v l>ge measure1 f ?is la/ calamity1 b x is said to be n s busy or s popul\s z be=e ! ,tai p+ rebellion4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,*+-t ,*n ei!r belongs to1 or is altoge!r subord9ate to1 ! porcela9 & e>!nw>e indu/ry4 ,! v h\ses are = ! mo/ "p built ( fragm5ts ( fireclay 7call$ 'lo-p+-tu'7 t 7 once "p ei!r ( old kilns or ( ! fireclay cov]s 9 :i* porcela9 is /ack$ dur+ fir+4 ,! riv] bank is cov]$ = miles#cca ) a deep /ratum ( brok5 *9aw>e & *ips ( fireclay1 &1 z f> z "o c\ld judge1 ! great] "p ( ! t[n & sev]al squ>e miles ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry are built ov]1 or compos$ (1 a simil> deposit4 ,a great indu/ry1 employ+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( h&s1 does n rema9 localis$ 9 a s+le spot = #ijj ye>s )\t giv+ to t spot a "* ( its own4 ,?is is p]haps :at /ruck me mo/ =cibly 9 ,*+-t ,*n--t x is unlike any?+ else 9 ,*9a4 ,! =ms1 ! col\r1 ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! build+s1 ! atmosph]e1 are some:at rem9isc5t ( ! poor] p>ts ( ,man*e/]1 b resemble no o!r l>ge t[n t ,i h ev] visit$4 ,at pres5t !re are #ajd pott]y kilns 9 ! t[n1 ( :i* "s ?irty or s 7 actually 9 "w at ! "t ( my visit4 ,! great] "p ( ! kilns only "w = a comp>atively %ort season e-summ]4 ,dur+ ?is busy season1 :5 e kiln is p]haps employ+ an av]age ( #ajj to #bjj m51 ! population ( ,*+-t ,*n rises to ab\t #djj1jjj1 b ( ?is ne>ly1 if n q1 half are lab\r]s drawn f a wide area ( c\ntry1 *iefly f ! ,tu*ang di/rict1 :o only come = ! season1 live 9 r[s ( b>rack-l %$s1 & d n br+ _! families ) !m4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is mod]n acc\nt ) ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang1#ccb writt5 9 ! ,yan dyna/y1 f :i* we see t ! "w 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! same int]mitt5t fa%ion1 ! pott]s receiv+ l& to cultivate in/ead ( paym5t1 liv+ r\nd ! ma/] ( ! pott]y1 & be+ liable to be summon$ to ! kilns :5 requir$4 ,! op5+ ( ! kilns 9 ^? days 0 9 "s measure dep5d5t on ! success ( ! h>ve/1 & 9 any case ! "w dep5d$ on ! season1 z ! pa/e w\ld freeze 9 w9t]1 & c\ld n be work$4 ,! hills :i* surr\nd ,*+-t ,*n are ri* 9 ! mat]ials requir$ by ! pott]s1 *9a clay & *9a /one ( v>i\s qualities1 fireclay = ! segg>s 7cases to protect ! porcela9 9 ! kiln71 or = mix+ 9 ! co>s] w>es1 & num]\s o!r m9]als4 ,!re 0 wat]-p[] :i* c\ld be us$ 9 ! mills = cru%+ & ref9+ ! m9]als1 & abundant wood = fir+4 ,al?\gh coal is work$ n[adays n _m miles away1 ! pott]s /ill adh]e to ! wood1 :i* has s]v$ _! kilns f "t immemorial4 ,x %\ld be add$ t at ! pres5t day--& no d\bt = "s "t pa/--! local clays h be5 supplem5t$ f v>i\s di/ricts1 supplies com+ ov]l& f ,*i-mn & by wat] f great] di/ances4 ,a good ,*9ese map ( ,*+-t ,*n is giv5 9 ! ,tao lu 7bk4 i41 fol4 #a71 & a l>ge map ( ! di/rict is atta*$ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,cl5nell's report1 :i* is easily obta9able4 ,?is description ( ,*+-t ,*n has l$ u f> f ! p]iod ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$4 ,9 ! ,sung dyna/y ! place _h already arriv$ at consid]able importance1 & ! record ( its #cjj kilns implies a v l>ge population4 ,! excell5ce ( its porcela9 _h already won = x ! on]\s privilege ( supply+ ,imp]ial ne$s1 &1 z we h se51 x 0 consecrat$ "u ! new & ,imp]ial "n ( ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ exi/+ record ( its productions1 ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang1 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 tells u t ! ,sung porcela9s made at ,*+-t ,*n 7 pure :ite#ccc & )\t a flaw1 & 7 c>ri$ = sale to all p>ts "u ! pr\d "n ( ,jao ,*\ jade4 ,x rivall$ ! r$ porcela9 ( ,*n-t+ ,fu & ! gre5 ( ,lung-*an 9 beauty4 ,! ,ko ku yao lun describes ! ,imp]ial w>e ( ?is "t z ?9 9 body & lu/r\s1 & m5tions pla9 :ite pieces ) contract$ wai/1 add+ t ! specim5s ) unglaz$ rim1#ccd ?\gh ?9 9 body1 :ite 9 col\r1 lu/r\s1 & surpass+ly beautiful1 are l[] 9 price ?an ! ,t+ w>es4 ,x is n too mu* to assume t "s ( ?is ,jao ,*\ jade has surviv$ to ! pres5t day1 & we may look = x among ! e>ly transluc5t :ite porcela9s1 ( :i* a consid]able numb] h rea*$ ,europe dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,_m ( ^! h ,sung =ms & ! ,sung /yle1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 pla9 :ite w>es are always difficult to date4 ,9 ! specim5s to :i* ,i ref] ! glaze is usually ( a w>m ivory tone1 t5d+ to cream col\r2 x is h>d & usually discont9u$ 9 ! region ( ! base1 bo? und]nea? & on ! side1 & ! expos$ body is r r\gh to ! t\*4 7,see ,plate #bd1 ,fig4 #a47 ,x is n cle> :e!r we are to inf] f ! comp>ison ) ,lung-*an w>e quot$ above t ! ,*+-t ,*n pott]s produc$ a celadon 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 b x is probable en\gh t !y did s1 & t ! gre5 or gre5i% :ite 7*+ pai7#cce made 9 ! ,yan p]iod 0 a cont9uation ( ?is4 ,if we c believe ! /atem5t 9 ! ,tao lu1 !y began e>ly to copy ! w>es ( o!r factories1 imitat+ ! ,*n ,*\ w>e at ! end ( ! ,sung p]iod & ! crackl$ ,*i ,*\ w>e 9 ! ,yan4 ,x seems to me possible t ! ref]5ce to ! imitation ( ,*n w>e may be expla9$ by an int]e/+ passage f a late twelf?-c5tury#ccf writ] quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 :o says t 9 ! ,ta ,kuan p]iod 7#aajg-aaaj7 !re 7 among ! ,*+-t ,*n w>es furnace transmutations 7yao pi57 9 col\r r$ l c9nab>4#ccg ,he is incl9$ to attribute ?is ph5om5on to ! fact t :5 ! planet ,m>s 9 ! ,zodiac approa*es its greate/ brightness1 !n ?+s happ5 magically & contr>y to ! usual ord]4 ,! pott]s 7 evid5tly di/urb$ by ! appe>ance ( ! w>es1 & broke !m4 ,he tells u1 fur!r1 t he /ay$ at ,jao ,*\ & obta9$ a numb] ( specim5s 7( ! local w>e71 & aft] exam9+ !m he c\ld say t1 comp>$ ) ! r$ porcela9 7hung tz7 ( ,t+ ,*\1#cch !y 7 m fre% & brilliant 9 appe>ance4 ,x w be rememb]$ t an e*o ( ?is la/ s5t5ce occurr$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang4 ,a passage 9 ! ,po wu yao lan#cci might be tak5 to mean t blue-pa9t$ porcela91 blue & :ite1 0 made at ,*+-t ,*n prior to ! ,yan p]iod1 b z ! rema9d] ( ! s5t5ce seems to be bas$ on ! ,ko ku yao lun1 & no evid5ce is giv5 = ! words 9 "q1 too mu* importance ne$ n be atta*$ to a phrase :i* may be a confusion aris+ f ! *+ pai ( e>li] writ]s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cbd3 ,see p4 #ada4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,*9ese tao y4 ,!re are v>iant read+s to ?is passage z giv5 9 ! ,*iang hsi tung *ih 7bk4 xciii41 fol4 #e v]so71 :i* make tao y ! "n ( a man1 ! passage be+ read ,tao-y =w>d$ z tribute false jade vessels4 ,z po9t$ out else:]e1 ?is expression false jade seems to imply a porcellan\s w>e4 ,! comp>ison ( porcela9 & ev5 f9e pott]y to jade is a commonplace 9 ,*9a1 & x is n necess>y to inf] t any p>ticul> col\r1 gre5 or o!rwise1 is indicat$4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,! text is simply ,*9ese *ih wu e/abli%$ duty4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,9 ord] to br+ ?is date into ,hung ,wus lifetime1 x is necess>y to reckon f ! ye> #acfd1 :5 he 0 proclaim$ ,pr9ce ( ,wu4 ,b o!r records 7see ,tao lu1 bk4 v41 fol4 #d recto7 give ! date z second ye> ( ,hung ,wu--i4e4 #acfi1 in/ead ( #acih z above4 ,hung ,wu 0 proclaim$ ,emp]or 9 #acfh1 & di$ 9 #acih4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,bk4 cxiii41 fols4 #g & #h4 ,! ,tao %uo makes practically ! same /atem5t 9 connection ) bo? p]iods1 & ,bu%ell 7,o4,c4,a41 p4 #bhg7 gives u to und]/& t ! fir/ /ructure 0 burnt d[n & t erect$ 9 ! ,*ng ,t p]iod 0 a rebuild+4 ,! ,tao lu /ates t a special ,imp]ial factory 0 erect$ on ! ,jewel ,hill 9 ! ,hung ,wu p]iod1 & t !re 7 o!r kilns scatt]$ ov] ! t[n work+ = ! palace1 & t ! "n ,y *i *ang 0 giv5 to all ( !m 9 ! ,*ng ,t p]iod4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,dat$ #agab & #agbb f ,*+-t ,*n1 & pres]v$ among ! ,lettres difiantes et curieuses4 ,!y h be5 frequ5tly publi%$ 9 "p or 9 full1 e4g4 translat$ 9 ,w4 ,burton's ,porcela91 & pr9t$ 9 ,fr5* z an app5dix to ,bu%ell's ,translation ( ! ,tao %uo4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,by ,walt] ,j4 ,cl5nell1 ,h4,m4 ,consul at ,kiu-kiang1 pr9t$ = ,h4,m4 ,/ation]y ,(fice4 ,footnote #cca3 ,! long riv] front1 cr[d$ = ?ree miles by junks1 0 a feature ( ! place1 :i* 0 sometimes kn[n z ! ?irte5 li m>t4 ,a li is ab\t #fcj ,engli% y>ds4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,see p4 #aei4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,an incid5tal ref]5ce to :ite porcela9 b[ls at ,hs9-p+ 7! old "n = ! di/rict t[n ( ,*+-t ,*n7 9 #aaja ,a4,d4 occurs 9 ! ,*ang nan *ih 7quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #ae74 ,x is a v]se on ! subject ( tea dr9k+3 ,! :ite porcela9 is quickly pass$ f h& to h& all night2 ! fragrant vap\r fills ! peaceful pavilion4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,*9ese mao kou *1 lit4 hair m\? ?+s4 ,bu%ell r5d]s ) unglaz$ m\?4 ,see ,ko ku yao lun1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #bd v]so1 "u ! head+ ( ,old ,jao w>es4 ,footnote #cce3 ,see p4 #afj4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,*\ ,hui1 au?or ( ! ,*+ po tsa *ih1 a miscellany publi%$ 9 #aaic1 quot$ 9 ,tao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #f r4 & v4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,cf4 descriptions ( ,*n ,*\ w>e1 *ap4 ix4 ,footnote #cch3 ,see p4 #ib4 ,footnote #cci3 ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #h v]so4 ,! body 0 ?9 & glossy 7jun71 ! col\r :ite1 ! ornam5t blue 7or gre57 7,*9ese hua *+71 & comp>$ ) ,t+ w>e x 0 little inf]ior4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,y,,an ,*9ese ,,dyna/y1 #abhj-acfg ,a4,d4 ,,! ,yan dyna/y1 :i* la/$ f #abhj to #acfg1 0 e/abli%$ by ,kublai ,khan1 gr&son ( ! great ,mongol conqu]or1 ,g5ghis ,khan4 ,! ,mongols completely subjugat$ ,*9a1 & ?\gh _! rule 0 comp>atively brief1 x _h a disa/r\s effect on ! arti/ic developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,mongol gov]nors ^: s]vices to ! reign+ h\se _h be5 rew>d$ by all ! lucrative po/s1 made full use ( _! opportunities to enri* !mselves by extortion & oppression4 ,trade & indu/ry 7 conv5i5t subjects = _! exactions1 & ^! consequ5tly langui%$4 ,! c]amic indu/ry 0 among ! suff]]s1 & _m ( ! old pott]ies 7 clos$ d[n 9 ?is tr\bl$ p]iod4 ,! pott]ies at ,*+-t ,*n1 :i* _h gradually ris5 to a position ( great importance 9 ! ,sung dyna/y1 suff]$ = ?is em95ce by be+ br\ght "u ! imm$iate c>e ( a ,mongol commission]1 & mu* ( _! trade pass$ into ! h&s ( manufactur]s 9 ,kiangsi & ,fuki54#cdj ,! e>lie/ acc\nt#cda :i* we h ( ! indu/ry 9 ?is important c5tre1 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ends ) a bitt] cry aga9/ ! depr$ations ( ! gov]nors & ! subord9ate (ficials1 :o 7 b&$ toge!r to rob ! p1 & aga9/ :om no r$ress c\ld be obta9$4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell publi%$ a translation ( ! *ief "p ( x 9 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1#cdb & ap>t f ! sorr[ful picture :i* x draws x gives a good idea ( ! productions ( ! di/rict 9 ! ,yan dyna/y4 ,a %ort notice 9 ! ,tao lu gives a slightly diff]5t impression1 & leads u to suppose t ! heavy h& ( ! ,mongol (ficials 0 felt *iefly at ! ,imp]ial pott]ies1 :ile ! private factories 7 comp>atively fl\ri%+ & ev5 suppli$ "s ( ! w>es requir$ by ! ,c\rt4 ,we le>n f ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang t a v>iety ( porcela9s 7 made to meet ! ta/es ( ! diff]5t regions ( ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,! m>ket 9 ,nor!rn ,*9a does n seem z yet to h be5 /udi$4 ,?us1 :ile ! kilns at ,hu-ti51#cdc on ! riv] bank opposite to ,*+-t ,*n1 suppli$ a br[ni% yell[#cdd w>e :i* 0 popul> 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*kiang1 ! gre5i% :ite#cde porcela9 ( ,*+-t ,*n f\nd a pr(itable m>ket 9 ,hunan & ,hupeh1 ,sze*uan1 & ,kuangtung4 ,! inhabitants ( ,kiangsu & ,anhui seem to h be5 less critical1 = ! inf]ior w>es kn[n z yell[ /uff 7huang liao71 :i* did n sell 9 ,kiangsi1 ,kiangnan1 ,kuangtung1 ,fuki51 & ,*kiang1 0 foi/$ on !m4 ,! f9e/ porcela9 0 made ( ! /one 7%ih7 f ,*9-kng1 :ile /one & e>? f o!r neighb\r+ sites 7 us$ = mix+ 9 ! inf]ior w>es & = mak+ segg>s#cdf & m\lds4 ,! glaze 0 made ( glaze e>? f ,l+-pei mix$ ) ! a%es ( bru%wood f ! ,yu-%an hills :i* _h be5 burnt ) lime & p]simmon wood4 ,i m5tion ^! te*nical details because _! simil>ity ) ! description ( ! manufacture 9 ! eighte5? c5tury %[ t ! me?od ( porcela9 mak+ at bo? p]iods 0 ess5tially ! same4 ,! decoration 0 effect$ by /amp+ or press+ 9 m\lds1 by pa9t+ or by c>v+#cdg2 & ! w>e 0 fir$ ei!r upright or inv]t$4 ,"s idea ( ! =ms & ornam5t ( ^! w>es may be ga!r$ f ano!r passage :i* w\ld be f> m illum9at+ if ! fanciful names us$ 7 less difficult to und]/&4 ,bu%ell has boldly translat$ !m accord+ to 8 ideas1 & ,i quote 8 r5d]+s 9 inv]t$ commas & 9 ! pi\s hope t !y may be correct1 giv+ at ! same "t ! orig9al *>act]s4 ,!re 7 b[ls 7wan71 ) high feet & ) fi% & wat] ornam5t2 platt]s 7tieh7 ) glazes %ad$ 9 diff]5t tones1#cdh sea eyes1 & sn[ fl[]s#cdi2 di%es 7pan7 ( ! horse ho( & betel-nut k9ds1 ! latt] sugge/+ a br[ni% r$ col\r2 l>ge b[ls 7y7 ) lotus ornam5t 7or %ap$ l a lotus fl[]71 or ( squ>e =m ) ind5t$ corn]s#cej2 b[ls & platt]s 7wan tieh7 ) pa9t$ decoration1#cea ) silv] designs1#ceb ) flut$ sides1#cec & ) encircl+ /r+s4#ced ,su* w>es z ^! _h a pr(itable m>ket 9 ,*kiang1 ,kiangnan1 ,kiangsi & ,fuki54 ,!re 7 besides inc5se burn]s ( _m =ms1 mo/ ( :i* 7 modell$ aft] bronzes1 e4g4 ^? %ap$ l ! fabul\s bea/ i1 :i* eats tig]s & c g five hundr$ li at a b\nd#cee2 ^? l ! bronze inc5se burn]s on ?ree or f\r feet 7t+71 l ! cups us$ 9 ! ance/ral temple 7i71 l ! l>ge iron cauldrons 7li74 ,o!rs _h elephant legs1 & o!rs 7 %ap$ l inc5se caskets or b>rels4 ,! vase =ms include ! goblet 7ku71#cef ! gall-bladd] 7tan71 ! w9e pot 7hu7 ) sp\t & h&le1 ! ,buddhi/ wa%+ vessel 7*+71 ! g>d5ia 7*ih tz71 ! lotus leaf 7ho yeh71 ! g\rd 7hu lu71 musical pipes 7l kuan71 vessels ) r+-&-mask h&les %\ huan1#ceg & glass 7liu li7 =ms4 ,! ,ko ku yao lun1 :i* 0 writt5 ab\t sixty ye>s lat] ?an ! publication ( ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang1 supplem5ts ?is in=mation 9 a %ort p>agraph on ,old ,jao ,*\ w>es4 ,( ! ,yan w>es1 x says1#ceh ^? ) small foot & m\ld$ ornam5t 7y9 hua71 & ! specim5s inscrib$ inside ) ! *>act]s %u fu#cei are highly valu$4 ,! rec5tly made w>es ) l>ge foot & pla9 :ite 7su7 glaze are want+ 9 brilliancy 7jun74 ,!re are also gre5 7*+7 w>es & ^? ) enamell$ 7wu s7#cfj ornam5t1 & !y are v common4 ,( ! mod]n 7i4e4 beg9n+ ( ! ,m+ dyna/y7 w>es good specim5s ) :ite col\r & lu/r\s mat]ial are v highly valu$4 ,!re are besides d>k gre5#cfa w>es ) gilt ornam5t4 ,!y are *iefly w9e pots & w9e cups1 :i* are v lovely4 ,! ,tao lu has a p>agraph on ! %u fu w>es :i* reflects 7n always v cle>ly7 ^! e>li] acc\nts1 add+ t ?is is ! w>e made 9 ! private 7m97 factories & suppli$ to ! palace2 ! mat]ial _h to be f9e1 :ite & unctu\s clay1 & ?9 specim5s 7 pref]r$4444 ,inside !m 7 writt5 ! *>act]s %u fu z a m>k4 ,at ! "t ! private factories also issu$ imitations ( ^! w>es2 b ( ! porcela9s de/9$ = ! ,emp]or t5 out ( a ?\s&1 "o out ( a hundr$1 only 7 select$4 ,! private factories 7 unable to a*ieve uni=m success4 ,! au?or has ins]t$ ! gilt & enamell$1#cfb & a l>ge numb] ( ! o!r w>es m5tion$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang & ! ,ko ku yao lun 9 t irresponsible fa%ion :i* makes mu* ( ! ,*9ese c]amic lit]ature exce$+ly difficult to h&le4 ,inde$1 "o is tempt$ to ask :at 0 8 au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! private factories made ! %u fu w>e1 9 spite ( ! v circum/antial tone ( ! passage4 ,x is cle> t ! be/ ( ! ,yan w>es made at ,*+-t ,*n 0 pla9 :ite or :ite ) engrav$ & m\ld$ designs2 & 9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to f9d an example ( %u fu porcela9 describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album4#cfc ,x is a small1 bottle-%ap$ vase ) bulb\s m\?1 engrav$ ) a dragon & cl\d design1 & /at$ to be m>k$ ) ! *>act]s %u fu "u ! base4 ,we are told t 9 col\r1 =m1 & design x 0 copi$ f a specim5 ( ! ,nor!rn ,t+ w>e1 & t ! %u fu w>e1 itself copi$ f ,t+ ,*\ orig9als1 s]v$ z a model = ! f9e :ite engrav$ porcela9s ( ! ,yung ,lo & ,hsan ,t p]iods ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,x /ood1 9 %ort1 midway betwe5 ! s(t1 opaque-look+1 creamy :ite ,sung w>e & ! ?91 h>d1 & highly transluc5t ,m+ porcela91 su* z ! :ite ,yung ,lo b[l 9 ! ,franks ,collection 7see ,plate #ei74 ,j su* an int]m$iate position z ?is is held by a b[l#cfd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) :ite1 transluc5t body1 s(t-look+ glaze ( fa9t creamy t+e & engrav$ design ( phnixes & peony plants 9 ,sung /yle4 ,x has1 moreov]1 a raw m\? rim :i* %[s t x 0 fir$ inv]t$1 & z !re is no %u fu m>k x may well h be5 "o ( ! copies ( ! ,palace types :i* ! ,tao lu in=ms u 7 made at ! private factories4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #df4--,t+ ,w>e & ,yan ,porcela94 ,fig4#a4--;,bottle ) c>v$ reliefs ( ar*aic dragons & l+ *ih funguses4 ,fn t+ w>e1 said to be ,sung dyna/y4 ,height #h in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) m\ld$ floral designs 9 l[ relief1 unglaz$ rim4 ,transluc5t porcela91 probably ,yan dyna/y4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,x is always difficult to det]m9e ! age ( pla9 :ite w>es1 b among ! ar*aic specim5s ( transluc5t porcela9 ) creamy :ite glaze & r\gh f9i% at ! base :i* h come f ,*9a 9 rec5t ye>s "u ! v>y+ descriptions ( ,sung1 ,yan & e>ly ,m+1 !re are1 no d\bt1 sev]al examples ( ! ,yan w>es ( ,*+-t ,*n 7see ,plate #df1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! m5tion1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang & ! ,ko ku yao lun1 ( pa9t$ decoration1 enamell$ ornam5t1 silv]+1 & gild+1 ?\gh app>5tly b crudely us$ & little appreciat$1 is nev]!less ( great int]e/ f ! hi/orical /&po9t4 ,! pott]ies at ,hu-ti5 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang 7see p4 #afj7 7 only sep>at$ f ,*+-t ,*n by ! wid? ( ! riv]4 ,!y are describ$ 9 ! ,tao lu#cfe z active at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,yan dyna/y & produc+ a w>e :i*1 ?\gh ( co>se gra91 _h a consid]able am\nt ( antique elegance1 & appeal$ to ! ta/e ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,*kiang4 ,! clay 0 h>d & t\gh1 & ! col\r ( ! w>e br[ni% yell[#cff z a rule1 b ev5 :5 ( a wat]y :ite tone x 0 t+$ ) ! same br[n col\r4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury all trace ( ! factories _h disappe>$1 ?\gh ! village /ill exi/$#cfg & ! old w>es 7 /ill to be f\nd4 ,br9kley1 :o seems to h met ) examples ( ! w>e 9 ,japan1 describes x z foll[s#cfh3 ,! pte is ?ick & d5se1 )\t any ( ! delicacy ( porcela91 & ! glaze is muddy yell[4444 ,! surface ( ! pieces is g5]ally reliev$ by deeply incis$ designs ( some:at ar*aic "*1 figure subjects be+ mo/ common4 ,"s examples are pres]v$ 9 ,japanese collections1 :]e !y are kn[n z ,n+yo-de 7figure subject v>iety7 9 allusion to ! nature ( ! incis$ designs4 ,9 spite ( its app>5t r\ghness x 0 ?\ght wor?y ( imitation at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y4#cfi ,among ! causes to :i* 0 attribut$ ! lack ( prosp]ity at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! ,yan p]iod1 ! ,memoirs ( ,*iang includes 7#a7 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! season on :i* ! op5+ ( ! factory p>tly dep5d$1 7#b7 ! intol]able taxation & ! exactions ( (ficials1 & 7#c7 ! competition ( ! pott]ies at ,l9-*uan1 ,nan-fng ,hsi51 & ,*i5-yang1 all ( :i*1 z ,bu%ell indicates1 lay on ! trade r\te betwe5 ,*+-t ,*n & s\?-ea/]n coa/ t[ns4 ,( ^! we le>n 9 ! ,tao lu t ,l9-*uan#cgj 9 ! ,fu-*\ ,fu 9 ,kiangsi 7n f> s\? ( ,*+-t ,*n7 made a w>e ( f9e clay & ?9 sub/ance1 ! col\r ( :i* 0 mo/ly :ite ) a slight yell[i% t+e1 & t "s ( ! pieces 7 co>sely ornam5t$1 ?\gh we are n in=m$ h[ ! ornam5t 0 appli$4 ,! same au?ority in=ms u t ,nang-fng ,hsi5#cga 9 ! ,*i5-yang ,fu 7also 9 ,kiangsi7 made a w>e ( ref9$ clay b some:at ?ick sub/ance1 :i* 01 z a rule1 decorat$ ) blue designs 7*+ hua71 ?\gh "s _h ! col\r ( ! tu t+ w>e1 i4e4 ! co>s] & yell[] v>iety ( ,t+ ,*\ porcela94 ,f ?is passage x appe>s t blue & :ite may be add$ to ! types ( w>e made 9 ! ,yan p]iod4 ,! ?ird factory1 at ,*i5-yang 9 ,fuki51 has already be5 discuss$ at "s l5g?4 ,x 0 *iefly celebrat$ = ! d>k-col\r$ w>es 7wu-ni yao7 & ! h>e's fur & p>tridge tea b[ls4#cgb ,^! names by no means exhau/ ! li/ ( factories :i* 7 active 9 ! ,yan p]iod4 ,o!rs h be5 incid5tally m5tion$ else:]e "u ! head+s ( ,yan-tz1 ,png w>e1 ,hs9 ,t+ w>e1 etc4#cgc ,! ,ko ku yao lun enum]ates c]ta9 pott]y =ms :i*1 x ass]ts1 7 n 9 use be=e ! ,yan p]iod4 ,z usual1 ! ,*9ese descriptions are exce$+ly difficult to visualise1 & 9 _m cases are op5 to sev]al int]pretations1 & are n easy to reconcile ) e/abli%$ facts4 ,h[ev]1 ,i quote ! passage z x /&s3 ,m5 ( old :5 !y drank tea us$ p'ieh#cgd 78 b[ls ) curv$ sides71 :i* 7 easy to dra9 & did n reta9 ! s$im5t4 ,= dr9k+ w9e !y us$ cups 7*an72 !y _h n yet tri$ cups ) h&les 7pa *an#cge71 & 9 old times !y _h no *'an p'an4#cgf ,! ,t+ w>e *'an p'an :i* "o sees n[adays are ! bru% wa%]s 7hsi7 ( old5 times4 ,! m5 ( old us$ 'decoction vases' = p\r+ w9e1 & did n use ew]s 7hu p'+7 or b[ls ) contract$ lip or tea cups 7*'a *ung7 or di%es ) rims4#cgg ,^! 7 all =ms us$ by ! ,mongols4 ,! m5 ( ,*9a only began to use !m 9 ! ,yan dyna/y4 ,!y nev] appe> 9 old ,t+ or ,kuan w>es4#cgh ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cdj3 ,see p4 #afd4 ,footnote #cda3 ,! ,memoirs ( ,*iang ,*i1 entitl$ ,tao *i lo1 :i* 7 incorporat$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang 9 #acbb1 & aga9 9 ! geographical annals ( ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi 7,*iang hsi tung *ih1 bk4 xciii41 fol4 #e v]so74 ,footnote #cdb3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #agh-ahc4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,see p4 #afc4 ,footnote #cdd3 huang hei1 lit4 yell[ black or1 p]haps1 yell[ & black4 ,footnote #cde3 ,*+ pai1 a t]m also appli$ to gre5i% :ite jade2 probably a pale celadon t9t4 ,footnote #cdf3 i4e4 cases 9 :i* ! porcela9 0 fir$4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,*9ese y9 hua1 ,*9ese hua hua1 & ,*9ese tiao hua4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,! text is ,*9ese fa yn1 lit4 emit mi/1 p]haps 9 ! s5se ( cl\d$4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,^! are lit]al r5d]+s ( hai mu & hseh hua1 b ,i h no clue to _! mean+4 ,footnote #cej3 ,! text is ,*9ese ,%ua *io1 lit4 sport corn]s4 ,footnote #cea3 ,*9ese hsiu hua1 lit4 embroid]$ ornam5t4 ,see p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ceb3 y9 hsiu1 lit4 silv] embroid]y or pa9t+4 ,footnote #cec3 ,*9ese pu *un1 :i* lit]ally means ru% 7or matt+7 lips4 ,footnote #ced3 ,*9ese lung hsi51 lit4 play lute4 ,footnote #cee3 ,see ,giles's ,diction>y4 ,footnote #cef3 ,*9ese4 ,bu%ell r5d]s x trumpet-%ap$ beak]s4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,lit4 animal r+s4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,bk4 vii41 fols4 #bd & #be4 ,footnote #cei3 ,*9ese lit4 pivot palace2 i4e4 ,imp]ial palace4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,lit4 five-col\r$4 ,footnote #cfa3 *+ hei4 ,bu%ell r5d]s ! two words gre5i% black4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,*9ese i yu *uang *9 wu s hua *4 ,! expression *uang *91 :i* also occurs 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun1 app>5tly c>ries ! idea ( gild+1 ?\gh its lit]al mean+ 7orig9ate gold7 is v vague4 ,bu%ell r5d]s ! phrase p5cill$ ) designs 9 gold1 & ,juli5 rehausse d'or4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,op4 cit41 ,fig4 #ba4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #aiji1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,bk4 v41 fol4 #c v]so4 ,footnote #cff3 huang hei1 lit4 yell[ black4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,! village ,*9ese ,hu-ti5 ,%9 & ! pagoda are m>k$ 9 ! map ( ,*+-t ,*n 7,tao lu1 bk4 i41 fol4 #a7 on ! s\? ( ! riv] & opposite to ! ,imp]ial factories4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,*9a & ,japan1 vol4 ix41 p4 #cjc4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #d v]so2 & ,juli5 op4 cit41 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,*9ese4 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #aj v]so4 ,footnote #cga3 ,*9ese4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,see p4 #aca4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,see pp4 #id1 #abh1 etc4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,*9ese4 ,bu%ell 7,o4,c4,a41 p4 #ahf7 r5d]s wide %all[ b[ls4 ,footnote #cge3 ,*9ese4 ,! h&les may be ei!r long /ems or h&les 9 ! mod]n s5se1 b bo? ^! types are f\nd on f> m anci5t w>es1 e4g4 ! tazza or high foot$ goblet 9 ,*\ pott]y1 & ! small cups ) r\nd h&les ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,*9ese1 lit4 exhort di%es4 ,bu%ell r5d]s r\nd$ di%es4 ,!y 7 probably flat-bottom$ %all[ b[ls1 us$ z sauc]s4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,*9ese t'ai p'an1 lit4 t]rac$ di%es4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,ko ku yao lun1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #be v]so4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,kuangtung ,*9ese ,,w>es ,,?\gh ! prov9ce ( ,kuangtung has long be5 celebrat$ = its pott]y1 only v meagre in=mation is procurable on ! hi/ory ( its factories4 ,a s+le ref]5ce 9 ! ,tu %u#cgi c>ries u back to ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijf71 :5 we le>n t e>!nw>e cook+ vessels 7 made 9 ! pott]ies 7tao *ia7 ( ,kuang ,*\ 7i4e4 ,canton71 :i* :5 glaz$ 7 bett] ?an iron vessels & m suitable = ! decoction ( drugs4 ,a vessel ( ! capacity ( a bu%el sold = t5 ca%3 & !y 7 ?+s :i* 7 wor? pres]v+4 ,! next m5tion occurs 9 ! ,tao lu1 :i* gives a %ort acc\nt ( ! w>es "u ! head+ ,kuang yao1 b beyond ! /atem5t t ! indu/ry orig9at$ at ,yang-,*iang1 x gives no in=mation z to ! date or circum/ances ( its comm5cem5t4#chj ,= ! re/ ?is acc\nt is v confus$ & unsatisfactory1 & seems 9 "p to ref] to ! porcela9 decorat$ at ,canton 7see vol4 ii41 p4 #baa71 or m probably to ! ,canton enamels4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ passage t we come into t\* ) a w>e :i* is readily recognis$ z ! famili> ,canton /onew>e4 ,?is is a h>d-fir$ w>e1 usually d>k br[n at ! base1 b v>y+ at times to pale yell[i% grey & buff1 ) a ?ick smoo? glaze di/+ui%$ f o!r c]amic glazes by its *>act]i/ic mottl+ & dappl+4 ,! col\r is (t5 blue1 fleck$ & /reak$ ) grey gre5 or :ite ov] a sub/ratum ( olive br[n1 or aga9 gre5 ) grey & blue mottl+4 ,at times ! br[n t9ts pr$om9ate1 b ! mo/ priz$ v>ieties are ^? 9 :i* ! g5]al tone is blue4 ,^! 7 specially select$ = imitation at ! ,imp]ial factories "u ,tang ,y+1 & !y are highly valu$ 9 ,japan1 :]e ! w>e 9 g5]al goes by ! "n ( namako4#cha ,9 o!r specim5s ! glaze has a curdl$ appe>ance1 & sometimes x seems to h boil$ up l lava4 ,! mottl$ glazes at times h a sup]ficial resemblance to ! dappl$ ,*n w>es1 & !re is no d\bt t 9 rec5t times ^! imitative effects h be5 /udi$4 ,! dat+ ( ! mottl$ ,kuangtung w>es1 or ,canton /onew>es z !y are commonly nam$1 is always a difficult matt]4 ,!y are /ill made & export$ 9 l>ge quantities1 b x is c]ta9 t !y g back at lea/ to late ,m+ times4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,*ur* exhibit$ a tray ( ?is w>e at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiajchb :i* bore a date correspond+ to #afbe1 & ! "n ( ! mak]1 ,*9-%ih4 ,! glaze ( ?is int]e/+ piece is rem>kably deep1 ri* & lu/r\s1 & x may be reg>d$ z typical ( ! f9e/ p]iod ( ! w>e4 ,! tray illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #dh closely resembles x 9 col\r & quality4 ,/amp$ m>ks occasionally occur 9 ^! w>es1 ! mo/ frequ5t be+ ! seals us$ by two pott]s1 app>5tly bro!rs1 nam$ ,ko ,m+-hsiang & ,ko ,yan-hsiang 7see p4 #bba74 ,x 0 =m]ly said t !y liv$ at ! end ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 b ,dr4 ,bu%ell 9 8 ,*9ese ,art#chc r$uc$ _! antiquity to ! reign ( ,*i5 ,lung 7#agcf-agie74 ,no reason is giv5 = ei!r ( ^! dates1 b _! "w is famili>1 & z "s ( ! examples h a decid$ly mod]n aspect1 ,i am /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! lat] attribution4 ,plate #dg is a f9e example ( a ,kuangtung glaze1 9 :i* ! blue is conspicu\s4#chd ,x is probably ( sev5te5?-c5tury date4 ,ano!r ,kuangtung gr\p consi/s *iefly ( figures & objects modell$ 9 ! r\nd & coat$ ) ri* crimson r$ flamb or pea gre5 celadon glazes1 ) a lib]al display ( d>k br[n or r$ biscuit4 ,figures ( ! god ( ,w> & o!r deities are (t5 repres5t$1 ! drap]ies heavily glaz$ & ! fle% p>ts 9 unglaz$ biscuit1 :i* sometimes has ! appe>ance ( be+ br[n$ by a dress+ ( f]rug9\s clay4 7,see ,plate #dh47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dg ,vase ( buff /onew>e ) a scroll ( rosette-l fl[]s 9 relief3 ?ick floccul5t glaze ( mottl$ blue ) passages ( dull gre5 & a sub/ratum ( br[n4 ,kuangtung w>e1 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,br9kley#che describes sev]al additional types ( ,kuang yao1 includ+ a buff /onew>e ) creamy crackl$ glaze ( tu ,t+ type4#chf ,! *>act]i/ic type is a l>ge vase or ew]#chg decorat$ ) a scroll ( lotus or peony 9 high relief & hav+ pa9t-l1 creamy glaze ( v>y+ lu/re & unev5 ?ickness1 its buff col\r (t5 %[+ t+es ( blue4 ,vases ( simil> make seem also to aim at copy+ ! r$-spla%$ lav5d] glazes ( ! ,*n & ,yan w>es1 & sometimes ! col\r is v beautiful1 b ! glaze has di/9ctive *>act]i/ics 7see ,plate #dh1 ,fig4 #b74 ,x is opaque1 & lacks ! transluc5t & fl[+ "* ( ! orig9als1 & ! surface has a peculi> /icky lu/re1 & some?+ ( t silk5 %e5 :i* di/+ui%es ! ,canton & ,yi-hs+ glazes ( ?is class4 ,! crackle1 too1 is m op5 & obvi\s4 ,"s ( ^! pieces h ! appe>ance ( consid]able antiquity1 & are reput$ to date back to ,sung times4#chh ,midway betwe5 ^! & ! famili> mottl$ ,canton /onew>e come :at are kn[n 9 ,*9a z ! ,fat-%an ,*n4#chi ,_! obvi\s int5tion to imitate ! old ,*n w>es is decl>$ by ! appe>ance ( num]als incis$ 9 ,*n ,*\ fa%ion "u ! base4 ,a typical example 7see ,plate #ea7 is a high-%\ld]$ fl[] vase ) %ort neck & small m\? 7n a ,sung b a ,m+ =m1 be x not$71 ) ?ick1 roll+1 crackl$ glaze ( p9ki% cream col\r1 %ad+ into lav5d] & flu%+ deep r$ on ! %\ld]s4 ,9 r>e in/ances ! crimson spreads ov] ! great] "p ( ! surface4 ,! biscuit at ! base is br[ni% grey if its light t9t is n conceal$ by a wa% ( d>k clay4 ,! glaze1 unlike t ( ! type describ$ by ,br9kley1 is fairly fluesc5t1 ?9 at ! m\?1 & runn+ ?ick 9 ! l[] levels4 ,o!r examples ( ?is class h heavily mottl$ grey or blue glazes ne>] 9 /yle to ! ,canton /onew>e4 ,inde$1 !y are cle>ly made at ! same factory z ! latt]1 = we h a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two gr\ps 9 a vase 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection1 a tall cyl9d] ) /reaky lav5d] blue glaze & ! usual silk5 lu/re1 ! base ( buff col\r wa%$ ) br[n slip & m>k$ ) ! squ>e seal ( ,ko ,m+-hsiang4 ,_m ( ^! ,fat-%an ,*n w>es are exce$+ly attractive1 b by f> ! mo/ beautiful are ! r>e di%es 9 :i* ! glaze has be5 all[$ to =m 9 deep pools ( glass 9 ! c5tre4#cij ,9 ^! pieces all ! *ang+ t9ts ( ! surr\nd+ glaze are conc5trat$ 9 ! cavity 9 a cry/all9e mass ( vivid col\r4 ,su* w>es are1 ,i ?9k1 n old] ?an ! ,*+ dyna/y1 ?\gh !y h be5 errone\sly describ$ by "s writ]s z ,sung4#cia ,) reg>d to ! dates ( ! ,fat-%an ,*n types1 ! rem>ks made on ! ,canton /onew>e apply equally to !m4 ,_m are frankly mod]n2 ! f9] pieces may be assign$ to ! eighte5? c5tury1 & a few p]haps g back to ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,f ! curr5t "n we inf] t !y are made at ,fat-%an1 b ?is is ! only evid5ce exi/+ on ! "q4 ,fat-%an is situat$ a few miles s\?-we/ ( ,canton ) :i* x is connect$ by railway4 ,x is a l>ge t[n1 r5[n$ = its va/ silk manufactures1 clo?-mak+1 embroid]y1 cutl]y1 matt+1 pap]1 & porcela94#cib ,no d\bt ! ^w porcela9 9 ?is context is a compreh5sive t]m1 & includes /onew>e & pott]y1 if1 inde$1 x means any?+ else4 ,b ! precise prov5ance ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,kuang yao is f> f cle>4 ,all t we le>n f ! ,tao lu is t ! ,kuang yao orig9at$ at ,yang-*iang4 ,probably ! type ( mottl$ glaze :i* *>act]ises ! ,canton /onew>e 0 fir/ made !re1 & 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ 9 ! factories :i* sprang up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,canton4 ,o!r localities 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kuangtung 9 :i* ! c]amic indu/ry is repres5t$ include ,*ao-,*+ ,fu1#cic :i* may be only a trad+ c5tre = ! w>es2 ,%ih-wan1 9 ,po-lo ,hsi51 a few miles ea/ ( ,canton1 :i* is said#cid to supply ! ,canton m>kets ) pots1 di%es1 & j>s ( e ne$$ %ape & size1 "s ( ! latt] z l>ge z hog%eads1 glaz$ & unglaz$1 toge!r ) a l>ge v>iety ( imitation grotto "w & figures = g>d5s1 gallipots1 little images1 etc42 & ! prefecture ( ,li5-*\1 9 ! extreme s\? ( ! prov9ce1 :i* exports its w>es f ,pak-hoi4 ,a few specim5s b\ght 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,%ih-wan pott]ies1 & no d\bt ( local make1 are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y consi/ ( lion joss-/ick hold]s1 crab-%ap$ pots = gr[+ lily bulbs1 & small figures ( a h>d1 r\gh /onew>e ( buff or drab col\r4 ,! bulb pots h an opaque gre5 glaze ) passages ( transp>5t flamb col\rs1 n unlike ! ,yi-hs+ or ,canton ,*n glazes1 & ! o!r pieces h wa%es ( ! ?91 transluc5t gre51 turquoise1 yell[1 & purpli% br[n glazes :i* are usually appli$ on ! biscuit ( pott]y or porcela94 ,! exhibits at ! ,p>is ,exhibition#cie 9 #ahgh includ$ tea j>s1 tobacco pots1 m$ic9e j>s1 cassolettes1 v>i\s pots1 plates1 sauce vessels1 rice b[ls1 w9e & rice cups1 spoons1 bird-cage pots1 mort>s1 c&le/icks1 crucibles & lamps f ! ,pak-hoi di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #dh4--,kuangtung ,w>e4 ,fig4 #a4--;,di% 9 =m ( a lotus leaf1 mottl$ blue & br[n glaze4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) lotus scroll 9 relief1 opaque1 closely crackl$ glaze ( pale lav5d] grey w>m+ into purple4 787 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,height #g in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,figure ( ,pu-tai ,ho-%ang1 r$ biscuit1 ! drap]ies glaz$ celadon gre54 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,height #h in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #di4--;,cov]$ ,j> ( ,buff ,/onew>e4 ,) cl\dy gre5 glaze & t\*es ( d>k blue1 yell[1 br[n & :ite2 ar*aic dragons1 bats & /orks 9 l[ relief2 bord] ( sea waves4 ,probably ,kuangtung w>e1 sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height #cc in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cgi3 ,! ,tu %u1 ,section xxxii41 ,"p viii41 section entitl$ ,tao kung pu tsa lu1 fol4 #a v]so2 quot+ f ! ,l+ piao lu i ,*9ese1 by ,liu ,hsn1 ( ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,footnote #chj3 ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #af4 ,?is is ! w>e :i* 0 fir/ made at ,yang-*iang ,hsi5 ,*9ese 9 ! ,*ao-*+ ,fu 9 ,kuangtung4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an imitation ( ! ,yang-tz w>e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,records ( ! ,prov9ce /ate t ! productions ( ,yang-*iang 9 ,kuangtung include 'porcela9 w>es' 7tz *i74 ,i h se5 inc5se burn]s 7lu71 vases 7p+71 cups 7*i571 plates 7tieh71 b[ls 7wan71 di%es 7pan71 pots 7hu71 & boxes 7ho7 ( ?is manufacture4 ,!y are v ornam5tal & bright1 b 9 ta/e1 f95ess1 elegance1 & lu/re !y are n equal to porcela9 w>es4 ,nor h !y be5 able to avoid ! occurr5ce ( flaws expos+ ! body1 :i* are unsightly4 ,/ill !y are imitat$ at ,tang's manufactory1 ! imitations be+ admirable 9 _! elegance & lu/re1 & excell+ ! ,kuang yao4 ,^!1 l ! ,tz-,*\ & ,hs-,*\ types ( w>e1 are none ( !m made ( porcela9 clay4 ,! ,tao *ng *i %ih /ates3 ,he 7i4e4 ,tang ,y+7 imitates s+ul>ly well ! ,kuang yao glaze1 be+ p>ticul>ly successful ) ! spott$ blue 7*+ ti5 ,*9ese7 k9d ( glaze4 ,foll[+ ?is au?or1 imitations 7 also made ( ! copies produc$ at ,tang's factory4 ,! great] "p ( ?is passage seems to conta9 a confusion ( ideas4 ,yang-tz ,*9ese or =eign porcela9 0 ! "n giv5 to ! pa9t$ ,canton enamels :i* are describ$ on ! next page ( ! ,tao lu "u t head+4 ,! passage beg9n+ ,i h se5 & end+ equal to porcela9 w>es is tak5 almo/ v]batim f ! sections :i* deal ) ,canton enamels & cloisonn enamels4 ,! rem>k on imitation ( ! ,yang-tz w>e c\ld by no /ret* ( imag9ation be appli$ to ! mottl$ ,kuang yao2 b x does apply to ! l>ge gr\p ( porcela9 obta9$ 9 ! :ite f ,*+-t ,*n & pa9t$ at ,canton precisely 9 ! /yle ( ! ,canton enamels 7see vol4 ii41 p4 #bdc74 ,?is is no d\bt :at ! au?or _h 9 8 m9d4 ,! s5t5ce ab\t ! unsightly flaws c apply to ei!r ! enamels or ! ,kuang yao1 b m p>ticul>ly to ! latt]4 ,= ! re/1 ,tang's factory is ! ,imp]ial factory at ,*+-t ,*n1 :i* 0 "u ! managem5t ( ! celebrat$ ,tang ,y+ betwe5 #agbh & #agdi4 ,footnote #cha3 ,f its suppos$ resemblance to ! col\r ( ! sea-snail 7namako74 ,footnote #chb3 ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,k #dc4 ,l s _m ,*9ese dates1 ?is 0 cut 9 ! w>e aft] ! fir+1 b !re is e reason to suppose t x indicates ! true date ( ! manufacture4 ,sir ,ar?ur has s9ce pres5t$ ?is tray to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #chc3 ,op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #chd3 ,mod]n ,engli% pott]s produce floccul5t glazes ( ! ,canton type by means ( z9c1 & ,mr4 ,mott1 ( ,d\lton's1 %[$ me a specim5 illu/rat+ ! effect ( z9c :i* 0 rem>kably l ! glaze ( ,plate #dg bo? 9 ! blue dappl+ & ! gre5i% fro/+4 ,possibly ! use ( z9c 0 kn[n to ! ,kuangtung pott]s & gave !m _! *>act]i/ic types ( glaze4 ,o!r effects resembl+ ! ,canton glazes 7 produc$ by ,mr4 ,mott by bo? z9c & t9 9 ! pres5ce ( cobalt & iron4 ,footnote #che3 ,japan & ,*9a1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #chf3 ,see p4 #ij4 ,footnote #chg3 ,su* a piece f ! ,briti% ,museum collection is figur$ 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #chh3 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #chi3 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,a4,w4 ,bahr = mu* in=mation on ^! & ! ,yi-hs+ ,*n imitations4 ,footnote #cij3 ,?ree beautiful examples 7 exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1 7,cat41 ,k #bj1 #bc & #da71 on ! la/ ( :i* ! lav5d] t9ts on ! sides pass$ into a glassy pool ( brilliant peacock blue4 ,footnote #cia3 ,!re is an int]e/+ example ( ?is cry/all9e glaze 9 ,mrs4 ,pott] ,palm]'s collection4 ,x is a b[l ( co>se grey porcela91 ) blue glaze on ! ext]ior4 ,inside is a crimson r$ glaze ( ,canton type1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a pool ( amb] glass4 ,! explanation seems to be t we h "h a b[l ( co>se export porcela9 treat$ at a ,canton factory ) _! cry/all9e glaze4 ,footnote #cib3 ,ri*>ds1 ,compreh5sive ,geography ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 #aijh1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #cic3 ,ri*>ds1 op4 cit41 p4 #bji4 ,consid]able trade is c>ri$ on 9 tea1 porcela91 etc4 ,footnote #cid3 ,s4 ,wells ,williams1 ,comm]cial ,guide to ,*9a1 #ahfc1 p4 #ac4 ,speak+ ( pott]y ! au?or says3 ,! *>ges = freight =bid x to be c>ri$ f>1 & manufactures ( x are num]\s2 t = ,canton is at ,%ih-hwan4 ,no d\bt ?is is ,%ih-wan ,*9ese4 ,ano!r "n = ,canton pott]y is ,%akwan w>e1 :i* is probably a v>iant ( ,%ih-wan4 ,footnote #cie3 ,catalogue spcial de la ,collection ,*9oise l',exposition ,univ]selle1 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 pp4 #aj-ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,yi-,,hs+ ,*9ese ,,w>e ,,! pott]ies at ,yi-hs+ ,hsi51 9 ! prefecture ( ,*ang-*\1 9 ,kiangsu1 at no great di/ance f ,%anghai1 h long be5 celebrat$ = elegantly %ap$ teapots ( unglaz$ /onew>e 9 r$ & o!r col\rs4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 be5 hon\r$ ) a special book1 ! ,yang-hsi5 m+ hu hsi1#cif or ,/ory ( ! teapots ( ,yang-hsi5 7an old "n = ,yi-hs+71 writt5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury#cig2 b ?\gh extracts f ?is "w occur 9 ! ,tao lu & else:]e1 ,i h be5 unable to get access to any copy ( ! orig9al4 ,?is defici5cy1 h[ev]1 has be5 made good by an important translation giv5 by ,br9kley#cih ( a %ort ,japanese "w :i*1 he says1 owes no?+ to ,japanese rese>*1 be+ m]ely transcrib$ f ,*9ese annals4 ,! leg5d>y /ory ( ! discov]y ( ! all-important clay deposits 9 ,m\nt ,tao-jung ,%u-%an is foll[$ by a description ( ! *ief v>ieties ( ?is mat]ial :i* include light yell[ clay = mix+2 ano!r1 yell[ clay call$ %ih huang 7/one yell[7 :i* turn$ to c9nab> r$ 9 ! fir+2 a blue clay :i* turn$ to d>k br[n2 a clay :i* produc$ a pe> sk9 col\r2 a light sc>let clay :i* produc$ a pott]y ( ! col\r ( p9e spikelets2 a light yell[ clay mak+ a gre5 w>e2 & ano!r produc+ a light r$ pott]y4 ,! pe> sk9 clay mix$ ) :ite s& =m$ a mat]ial ( a light ink br[n col\r4 ,) ^! mat]ials1 & ) _! conspicu\s skill 9 bl5d+ clays1 x may well be imag9$ t ! ,yi-hs+ pott]s 7 able to make innum]able v>ieties 9 _! w>e4 ,! commone/ %ades1 h[ev]1 are deep & light r$1 *ocolate br[n1 buff1 drab & black br[n2 occasionally ! clays are speckl$--e4g4 buff w>e ) blue specks--or p[d]$ ) m9ute p>ticles ( qu>tz1 & frequ5tly two or m clays are us$ 9 contra/+ t9ts on ! same piece4 ,! body ( ! w>e is sometimes s(t en\gh to p[d] "u ! knife1 b z a rule x is a v h>d /onew>e1 capable ( receiv+ a f9e poli% on ! lapid>y's :eel4 ,! *oice/ teapots are unglaz$1 ?\gh (t5 a sort ( natural gloss has =m$ on ! surface 9 ! kiln4 ,b to cont9ue ! hi/ory ( ! factories z outl9$ 9 ,br9kley's translation1 we are told t ! fir/ mak] ( *oice ut5sils ( pott]y = tea-dr9k+ purposes 0 a prie/ ( ! ,*9-%a temple ab\t ?irte5 miles s\?-ea/ ( ,yi-hs+1 & t ! fir/ really great ,yi-hs+ pott] 0 ,kung ,*un ,*9ese :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,*ng ,t p]iod 7#aejf-aeba74 ,?\gh x w\ld appe> t ,kung ,*un1 :ile att5d+ 8 ma/] ,wu ,i-%an at ! ,*9-%a temple1 surreptiti\sly le>nt ! secrets ( ! prie/1 8 fame completely eclips$ t ( 8 tea*]1 & he is usually v5]at$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,yi-hs+ pott]ies4 ,8 pots are describ$ z be+ h& made1 & 9 mo/ ( !m ?umb-m>ks are fa9tly visible4 ,g5]ally _! col\r is t ( a *e/nut1 & !y h a subdu$ lu/re l oxidis$ gold4 ,_! simplicity & accuracy ( %ape are inimitable2 wor?y to be ascrib$ to div9e revelations4 ,sup]natural qualities =m ! only po9t 9 common betwe5 ?is description & t ( ! two teapots figur$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album1#cii & confid5tly assign$ to ,kung ,*un4 ,"o ( ^! is a drab w>e & ( hexagonal %ape1 :i* appe>s to h be5 =m$ 9 a m\ld2 ! o!r is 9 ! =m ( a w9e ew] & ( v]milion r$2 & bo? are /at$ to h ! wond]ful quality ( *ang+ col\r :5 fill$ ) tea4 ,9 fact1 9 ! second illu/ration ! arti/ has depict$ ?is ph5om5on1 ! pot be+ v]milion r$ above & gre5 bel[ ! tea-l9e4 ,! price ( ^! two pots 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 no less ?an #ejj taels or ounces ( silv]4#djj ,br9kley's translation gives a consid]able li/ ( ,yi-hs+ pott]s :o made a reputation 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 b z ! *>act]s are n add$ x does n always help u to id5tify ! names1#dja among ! pott]'s m>ks1 & 9 mo/ cases ! *>act]i/ics assign$ to !m are entirely vague4 ,we le>n1 = in/ance1 t "o man's =te 0 beauty ( decoration1 & t ?ree o!rs 7 r5[n$ = ! excell5ce ( _! pott]y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is important to read t ,tung ,han 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod 7#aegc-afai7 0 ! fir/ pott] :o ornam5t$ ! surface ( ! ,yi-hs+ w>e ) elaborate designs 9 relief1 & t _m ( ! pieces design$ by ,*n ,*ung-mei1#djb :o _h =m]ly be5 a porcela9 mak]1 su* z p]fume boxes1 fl[] vases1 pap] weights1 & s =?1 %[ s+ul>ly f9e m\ld+ & *isell+4 ,8 vases 7 %ap$ 9 ! =m ( fl[]s1 leaves1 & fruits1 & 7 decorat$ ) insects4 ,8 dragons sport+ among /orm-cl\ds1 ) out/ret*$ claws & /ra9+ eyes2 8 /atuettes ( ! goddess ,kuany91 h] features at once maje/ic & b5evol5t--^! are inde$ wond]ful productions1 in/9ct ) life4 ,?is passage %[s1 at any rate1 t 9 ! ,m+ p]iod ! ,yi-hs+ pott]s did n conf9e _! att5tion to tea w>es4 ,p]haps ! mo/ celebrat$ ,yi-hs+ pott] 0 ,%ih ,ta-p91 :o foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! great ,kung ,*un1 & ev5tually surpass$ him4 ,br9kley's translation gives u v precise views ( :at ! true =m ( ! teapot %\ld be4 ,x %\ld be small1 s t ! b\quet ( ! tea be n disp]s$1 & e gue/ %\ld h a pot to himself4 ,x %\ld be %all[1 ) a cov] :i* is convex inside2 & x is v important t ! sp\t %\ld be /raight4 ,crook$ sp\ts 7 v liable to become ob/ruct$ by ! tea leaves4 ,"o dr9ks tea = pleasure1 & "o may ju/ly feel irritat$ if ! bev]age decl9es to come out ( ! pot4 ,! true =m ( teapot1 we are told1 began ) ,kung ,*un1 f :i* "o inf]s t ! tea b[ls ( ! ,tang & ,sung usage 7 9 vogue up to 8 "t4 ,b ! correct %ape once e/abli%$1 ! ,yi-hs+ pott]s soon began to take lib]ties ) x1 & to twi/ x into all mann] ( fanciful =ms1 su* z fruits 7p]simmon1 pomegranate1 f+] citron71 ! leaf or ! se$-pod ( ! lotus1 creature =ms su* z fi% leap+ f waves1 a phnix1 & innum]able o!r qua9t %apes1 always skilfully modell$ & (t5 ( high arti/ic m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,plate #ej4--,yi-hs+ ,/onew>e1 sometimes call$ ,bucc>o4 ,figs4 #a-d4--,teapots 9 ! ,dresd5 ,collection1 late sev5te5? c5tury4 7#a7 ,buff ) d>k pat*es4 ,height #e in*es4 7#b7 ,r$ w>e ) pi]c$ out] cas+4 ,diamet] #e in*es4 7#c7 ,black ) gilt v9e sprays4 ,height #d in*es4 7#d7 ,r$ w>e m\ld$ ) lion design4 ,height #d in*es4 ,fig4 #e4--,pea*-%ap$ wat] vessel1 r$ w>e4 ,diamet] #d in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig #f4--,r$ teapot1 m\ld$ design ( trees1 etc4 ,inscription conta9+ ! "n ( ,*i5 ,lung4 ,diamet] #d in*es4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,! w>e1 z already /at$1 is *iefly r$1 d>k & light1 *ocolate br[n1 buff1 & drab1 & x is usually )\t glaze4 ,! decoration consi/s (3 7#a7 ,engrav$ designs1 cut 9 ! w>e :ile x 0 /ill s(t4 ,^! are usually inscriptions ( a poetic nature1 great importance be+ atta*$ to ! calligraphy4 ,inde$1 we are told t "s ( ! pott]s ( ,yi-hs+ ow$ _! reputation *iefly to _! skill 9 c>v+ inscriptions4 ,su* a man 0 ,*an-*i51 ^: /yle ( writ+ has be5 mu* imitat$ by mod]n arti/s4 ,ano!r 0 ,ta-hs91 :o 0 employ$ by ,%ih ,ta-p9 to write inscriptions1 & :o 0 su* a ma/] ( p5man%ip t 8 inscriptions h be5 c>efully transcrib$ & are us$ by connoisseurs z a /&>d ( excell5ce4 7#b7 ,l[ reliefs1 ei!r =m$ 9 ! teapot m\ld or sep>ately /amp$ out & /uck on4 ,occasionally gild+ is f\nd on ^!1 b x is probably a ,european addition4 7#c7 ,/amp$ diap]s ( key fret1 & o!r famili> patt]ns1 usually =m+ ! backgr\nd = relief ornam5t or bord]s4 7#d7 ,op5work designs appli$ 9 panels ov] an inn] l9+ :i* 0 usually wa%$ ) a light-t9t$ clay4 ,! pi]c$ "w is commonly ( floral design1 (t5 ! prunus1 bamboo & p9e patt]n1 & on di%es & sauc]s x has no back+ b is left j\r4 ,all ^! me?ods ( ornam5t are f\nd on ! examples :i* rea*$ ,europe at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & !y suppli$ designs = ! ,european pott]s ( t p]iod4 7#e7 ,a lat] type ( ornam5t consi/s ( opaque col\r$ enamels 9 pa9t$ designs or z gr\nd-col\rs completely hid+ ! surface ( ! w>e4 ,! col\rs are always ( ! famille rose v>iety1 includ+ opaque p9k1#djc & ,i d n "k ( any example :i* sugge/s an e>li] date ?an ,*i5 ,lung 7#agcf-agie74 ,mo/1 inde$1 appe> to be n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 addition to ^!1 c]ta9 less famili> /yles ( ornam5t are f\nd on ! small] objects1 su* z ! heads ( opium pipes1 :i* are beautifully made & ta/efully decorat$4 ,! r$ w>e is sometimes coat$ ) a transp>5t glaze ( yell[i% t9t1 giv+ a surface ( w>m r$di% br[n1 exactly simil> to ! eighte5? c5tury ,a/bury w>e ( ,/af=d%ire2 or1 aga91 x is poli%$ on ! lapid>y's :eel l ! ,bttg] w>e ( ,dresd54 ,inlaid designs 9 f9e :ite clay & m>bl+ are fur!r v>ieties2 & occasionally col\r$ glazes ( great beauty occur4 ,b ^! w be discuss$ pres5tly4 ,!re is no limit to ! v>iety ( articles made by ! ,yi-hs+ pott]s1 b !y *iefly excell$ 9 small & da9ty articles = ! writ+-table1 ! toilet1 & ! tea-table1 & p]sonal ornam5ts4 ,_! tea w>es h always be5 highly priz$ 9 ,japan1 :]e !y h be5 clev]ly copi$ 9 ,banko w>e & by ! ,kioto pott]s4 ,simil>ly1 :5 tea-dr9k+ became an in/itution 9 ,europe 9 ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! ,ea/ ,india companies set !mselves to supply ! necess>y app>atus f ,*9a1 ! ,yi-hs+ r$ teapots became fa%ionable1 & 7 imm$iately imitat$ by ent]pris+ pott]s4 ,! ,dut* & ,engli% seem to h be5 ! fir/ to succe$ 9 ?is new dep>ture1 & we read t ,ary de ,milde & ,w4 van ,e5horn1 ( ,delft1 appli$ = a monopoly ( ! manufacture 9 ,holl& 9 #afgi1 :ile ,john ,dwight1 ( ,fulham1 includ$ ! ,opac\s1 r$d & ,d>k col\r$ ,porcellane or ,*9a 9 ! pat5t tak5 out 9 ,london five ye>s lat]4 ,! bro!rs ,el]s1 ( ,dut* extraction1 />t$ ! indu/ry 9 ,/af=d%ire ab\t #afic1 & made r$ /onew>e teapots sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! ,*9ese1 & :i* sold = a gu9ea a piece4 ,! ,yi-hs+ w>es 9 ! celebrat$ ,*9ese c]amic collection =m$ by ,augu/us ! ,/rong at ,dresd5 suppli$ designs = ! f9e r$ /onew>e made 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ,bttg]1 :o also discov]$ ! secret ( true porcela9 9 ,europe & f\nd$ ! fam\s ,meiss5 porcela9 factory4 ,f ! e>lie/ days ( _! importation ! ,yi-hs+ w>es h be5 kn[n 9 ,europe1 especially 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 by ! ,portuguese "n ( bucc>o4 ,! true bucc>o is a sc5t$ pott]y1 fir/ import$ f ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e x 0 made by ! ,indian population & aft]w>ds manufactur$ 9 ,portugal & ,spa92 & ,c\nt ,lor5zo ,magalotti1 :o wrote 9 #afie1 prote/$ aga9/ ! application ( ! "n to c]ta9 unglaz$ pieces ( ,ori5tal orig91 ass]t+ t true ,bucc>o nev] came f ,*9a or ,japan1 & t !y mu/ n be look$ = out ( ! pott]y s5t ov] f ,c5tral ,am]ica or ! ,portuguese imitations4#djd ,b ! prote/s ( puri/s 7 unavail+1 & bucc>o seems to h become a regul> t]m = unglaz$ pott]y1 ev5 ! ar*aic black w>e f ! ,etruscan tombs receiv+ ! "n ( bu*]o n]o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ea ,two ,vases ) glaze imitat+ t ( ! ,*n ,*\ w>es3 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ( ,fat-%an 7,kuangtung7 ,*n w>e4 ,late ,m+4 ,height #i in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase1 ! base sugge/+ a lotus fl[] & ! m\? a lotus se$-pod1 ) a r+ ( movable se$s on ! rim4 ,?ick & almo/ cry/all9e glaze ( lav5d] blue col\r ) a pat* ( crimson4 ,yi-hs+ ,*n w>e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height #i in*es4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,ano!r important gr\p ( ,yi-hs+ w>es pres5ts an entirely diff]5t aspect1 & inde$ x is little und]/ood 9 ,europe1 ?\gh x is probably b\ght by unw>y collectors = ! ,sung types :i* x purports to imitate4 ,?is is ! ,yi-hs+ ,*n1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made 9 discuss+ ! imitation ,*n w>es4 ,! traditions ( ?is manufacture g back to ! ,m+ dyna/y1 :5 a pott] nam$ ,ou ,*9ese ga9$ a great reputation = 8 glazes1 :i* copi$ ! ,ko w>e 9 crackle & ! ,kuan & ,*n w>es 9 col\r4#dje ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! manufacture m5tion$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan 9 ! passage deal+ ) ,*n yao3 ,at ! pres5t "t 7i4e4 #afba-afbg71 among ! rec5t manufactures ?is k9d ( w>e is all made ) ! s&y clay 7%a tu7 ( ,yi-hs+ z body2 ! glaze is r l ! orig9al1 & 9 "s cases beautiful1 b x does n we> well4 ,?\gh ! orig9al glaz$ w>es ( ,ou are probably r>] to-day ?an _! ,*n ,*\ prototypes1 !re is no reason to suppose t ,ous successors h n kept up ! cont9uity ( ! manufacture4 ,x is c]ta9ly v mu* alive to-day1 & an e>ly eighte5? c5tury ref]5ce to ! appli$ glaze ( ,yi-hs+#djf seems to imply its exi/5ce at t "t4 ,i h be=e me z ,i write a tripod inc5se burn] ( ar*aic =m1 ! body a light buff /onew>e & ! glaze a deep lav5d]1 break+ into blue4 ,x is a ?ick & r opaque glaze1 suffici5tly fl[+ to h left ! upp] edges almo/ b>e & =m$ ?ickly on ! flatt] & l[] levels2 ! col\r is brok5 by /reaks & cl\d+1 :i* m>k ! d[nw>d fl[ ( ! glaze2 ! surface has a b>ely p]ceptible crackle1 :i* w no d\bt become m m>k$ ) age1 & a subdu$ lu/re betwe5 ! brilliancy ( ! old opalesc5t ,*n types & ! visc\s1 silk5 %e5 ( ! ,canton glazes#djg :i* also imitate !m4 ,! col\r & glaze are di/9ctly attractive1 & h mu* 9 common ) ! old ,*n glazes1 & ?\gh ?is is a frankly mod]n piece1 x %[s ! pot5tialities ( ! w>e4 ,simil> specim5s made1 say1 a hundr$ or two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & proportionately ag$ by "t & usage1 might well cause tr\ble to ! collector4 ,!re are1 besides1 quantities ( common glaz$ pott]y made at ,yi-hs+ 9 ! pres5t day1 & probably = a consid]able "t back1 :i* has no mission to imitate ! antique4 ,_m ( ! mod]n g+] pots are said to come f ?is locality1 & _! glazes--"s ) cle> col\rs 7yell[1 gre51 or purple71 o!rs opaque & cl\d$1 (t5 cov]+ m\ld$ ornam5t 9 l[ relief--may help u to id5tify k9dr$ types ( glaze on pieces :i* are m ornam5tal & p]haps mu* old]4 ,b pott]y1 z di/9ct f porcela9 & ! f9] /onew>es1 has nev] comm&$ mu* int]e/ 9 ,*9a1 & x has nev] be5 sy/ematically collect$ & /udi$4 ,! result is t x is extremely difficult to place ! v>i\s types :i* appe> f "t to "t except 9 l>ge & ill-def9$ gr\ps4 ,a s]ies ( typical pieces ( mod]n ,yi-hs+ pott]y1 = in/ance1 w\ld no d\bt be ( ! greate/ value 9 id5tify+ ! r old] w>es made 9 ! same place "u simil> traditions1 b no "o 9 ,europe#djh has ?\ght x wor? _! :ile to =m "o4 ,i h notic$ t a c]ta9 type ( glaz$ pott]y is di/+ui%$ by a concave base :i* s]ves in/ead ( ! usual holl[$-out foot & foot rim1 & by a glaze :i* /ops a little %ort ( ! base 9 an ev51 regul> l9e :i* is q di/9ct f ! wavy glaze l9e ( ! ,yuan & e>li] w>es4 ,a j> ( ?is type 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has a typical ,yi-hs+ glaze1 & ?\gh ?is is n p]haps suffici5t gr\nd = g5]alis+1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ?is peculi> f9i% is an indication ( ,yi-hs+ manufacture4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cif3 ,*9ese4 ,footnote #cig3 ,by ,*\ ,kao-*i4 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #fce4 ,footnote #cih3 ,f4 ,br9kley1 ,japan & ,*9a1 vol4 ix41 pp4 #cee-fc4 ,footnote #cii3 ,op4 cit41 figs4 #de & #df4 ,footnote #djj3 ,a tael is ab\t "o ,mexican doll> & a ?ird1 i4e4 approximately ?irty p5ce4 ,footnote #dja3 ,f\r ( ! mo/ celebrat$ names1 h[ev]1 are incid5tally m5tion$ 9 ! ,tao lu 7bk4 vii41 fol4 #aa v]so71 viz4 7#a7 ,%ih ,ta-p9 ,*9ese2 7#b7 ,li ,*ung-fang ,*9ese2 7#c7 ,hs ,yu-*an ,*9ese2 7#d7 ,*n ,*ung-mei ,*9ese2 & 7#e7 ,*n ,*n-*+ ,*9ese4 ,footnote #djb3 ,! ,yang-hsi5 m+ hu hsi 7quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #h v]so7 /ates t ,*n ,*ung-mei began by mak+ porcela9 at ,*+-t ,*n4 ,x 0 exce$+ly clev]1 & ( an ornam5tal k9d1 made ) sup]natural +5uity4 ,b ! results ( 8 trade 7 f> f suffici5t to e/abli% a "n1 s he gave x up & came to ,yang-hsi5 7i4e4 ,yi-hs+74 ,he took a delight 9 bl5d+ ! teapot clays1 putt+ 8 he>t & s\l into ! "w1 & 8 w>e 0 consid]$ sup]human4 ,footnote #djc3 ,i h se5 specim5s ( ,yi-hs+ r$ w>e coat$ ) a dappl$ bird's egg glaze ( blue gre5 gr\nd fleck$ ) crimson1 a type :i* 0 ?\ght to repres5t ! ,*n glaze ( ! muffle kiln4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #djd3 ,= ?is & o!r in=mation on ! subject1 see ,m4,l4 ,solon's pap] on ,! ,noble ,bucc>os 9 ! ,nor? ,/af=d%ire ,lit]>y & ,philosophic ,society's ,proce$+s1 ,octob] #bcrd1 #ahif4 ,footnote #dje3 ,see ,tao lu1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #aa v]so3 7,ou w>e7 0 made 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y by a man ( ,yi-hs+ 444 :o took ! "n ( ,ou1 & ev]ybody call$ x ,ou's w>e4 ,x includ$ w>es :i* imitat$ ,ko w>e 9 crackle1 ,kuan & ,*n w>es 9 col\r4 ,ou's bright col\r$ glazes 7 v num]\s4 ,! w>es consi/ ( fl[] di%es1 /&s = boxes1 etc4 ,! glazes ) r$ & blue m>k+s are p>ticul>ly *oice4 ,at ,*ang-nan ! factory ( ,tang us$ to imitate !m4 ,! la/ s5t5ce ref]s to ! celebrat$ ,tang ,y+1 :o sup]vis$ ! ,imp]ial factory at ,*+-t ,*n f #agbh-agdi4 ,! /atem5t t ,tang's factory imitat$ !m is no d\bt bas$ on ! (t-quot$ li/ giv5 9 ! ,*iang hsi tung *ih ( w>es made at ! ,imp]ial factory ab\t #agcj1 :i* include glazes ( ,ou4 ,imitations ( ! old w>e ( ! pott] nam$ ,ou1 includ+ two k9ds1 t ) r$ & t ) blue m>k+s4 ,footnote #djf3 ,9 ! li/ quot$ 9 ! la/ note4 ,! words are ,*9ese1 ,yi hs+ kua yu4 ,! ^w kua1 :i* means susp5d$1 appli$1 is probably ins]t$ because ! ,yi-hs+ w>e 0 usually unglaz$4 ,footnote #djg3 ,a simil> effect is produc$ by z9c & t9 on mod]n ,engli% w>es4 ,see note on p4 #afh4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! m9]als 7 us$ on ! ,kuangtung /onew>es1 & appe>ances1 at any rate1 po9t to _! pres5ce 9 ! ,yi-hs+ flamb glazes z well4 ,footnote #djh3 ,dr4 ,lauf] collect$ a consid]able s]ies ( w>es made 9 c]ta9 mod]n factories :i* he visit$ 9 ,*9a1 & !y may be se5 9 ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 & 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,new ,york4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,miscellane\s ,,pott]ies ,,9 addition to ! factories :i* h receiv$ individual notice1 !re are num]\s o!rs :i* are only names to u2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a ho/ ( nameless w>es :i* h rea*$ ,europe at v>i\s times & ?r\gh div]s *annels1 & are n[ await+ classification ) v little *ance ( be+ def9itely locat$4 ,a consid]ation1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ by ! ,*9ese ,comm]cial ,guide#dji may help t[>ds ! gr\p+ ( ^! miscellane\s w>es4 ,we are told t ! *>ges = freight =bid ! w>es to be c>ri$ f> 9 ! ord9>y way ( int]nal trade1 & t manufactures ( pott]y are num]\s1 supply+ ! local ne$s4 ,n[ ! numb] ( ports op5 to =eign trade 9 ,*9a is limit$1 & 9 ! pa/ ! sea trade 0 ( f> small] volume1 & 0 conc5trat$ 9 a few ( ! s\!rn coa/ t[ns4 ,consequ5tly1 9 deal+ ) pott]y :i* we may assume to h be5 br\ght by ! export trade to ,europe1 x w be necess>y = g5]al purposes to take acc\nt only ( ! factories 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! seaports 9 "q4 ,^! w be f\nd to be almo/ entirely 9 ! s\!rn half ( ,*9a4 ,?us1 />t+ f ! s\? & foll[+ ! coa/ l9e1 we come fir/ to ! pott]ies :i* suppli$ ,pak-hoi & ,canton1 & we may assume t ,hongkong & ,k[loon w\ld be suppli$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,canton4 ,^! h already be5 discuss$1 & we c pass on to ,swat[1 :i* w\ld draw supplies f ! ,*ao-*\ ,fu pott]ies4 ,?is neighb\rhood furni%$ an exhibit to ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahgh1 consi/+ ( tea j>s1 tobacco j>s1 brazi]s & pots1 lamps1 tiles1 fl[] pots1 fruit j>s1 spoons1 vases ( v>i\s sorts1 figures1 di%es1 cups & sauc]s1 & spittoons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eb ,w9e ,j> ) ,cov] & ,/&4 ,f9e /onew>e ) ornam5t 9 relief glaz$ gre5 & yell[ 9 a deep violet blue gr\nd4 ,f\r-claw$ dragons asc5d+ & desc5d+ among cl\d-scrolls 9 pursuit ( flam+ pe>ls2 b& ( sea-waves bel[ & =mal bord]s includ+ a ju-i patt]n on ! %\ld]4 ,cov] ) foliate edges & jewel patt]n1 surm\nt$ by a seat$ figure ( ,%\ ,lao1 ,god ( ,longevity4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,height #bb in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection1 ,l\vre4 ,at ! same exhibition1 ,amoy1 to :i* we come next1 0 repres5t$ by di%es1 rice b[ls1 w9e cups1 sauc]s & spoons1 pres]ve j>s1 w9e bottles1 etc41 9 common porcela91 besides tiles ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* implies ! manufacture ( pott]y z well4 ,^! w>es1 we are in=m$ 9 ! catalogue1 are l>gely export$ to ,saigon1 ,siam1 ,manilla1 etc42 a /atem5t confirm$ by ! ,*9ese ,comm]cial ,guide1#daj :i* adds ,india1 ! ,ar*ipelago1 & ! s\!rn prov9ces4 ,?is is int]e/+ 9 view ( ! quantities ( co>se *9a1 blue & :ite#daa & col\r$1 :i* is br\ght f ^! p>ts by collectors :o take its crude appe>ance z evid5ce ( age4 ,! factories are locat$ at ,pa-kwoh1 a village ne> ,%ih-ma1 :i* lies betwe5 ,amoy & ,*ang-*\ ,fu4 ,tung-an ,hsi5 9 ! same neighb\rhood is also nam$ z a pott]y c5tre4 ,!re are sev]al important factories )9 easy rea* ( ,%anghai4 ,^? at ,yi-hs+ h be5 discuss$ at "s l5g?1 b !re is ano!r l>ge c5tre ( ! indu/ry on ! ea/ side ( ! ,lake ,tai-hu opposite to ,yi-hs+4 ,?is is ,su ,*\ ,*9ese1 :i*1 accord+ to ! catalogue ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 0 /ill celebrat$ = its pott]y 9 #ahgh4 ,b ! reputation ( ,su ,*\ does n re/ on its mod]n a*ievem5ts4 ,its "n occurs frequ5tly 9 ! pott]y section ( ! great encyclopdia 7compil$ by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,kang ,hsi7 z "o ( ! prom95t pott]y c5tres 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,tiles = ! palaces & temples ( ,nank+ 7 made !re1 & vases & w9e vessels = ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt4 ,! nature ( ^! la/ c be guess$ f a h9t giv5 9 "o passage ( ! encyclopdia#dab3 ,at ,su ,*\ iron ru/ 7hsiu7 & o!r mat]ials are us$ = ! yell[ w>es4 ,= ! vessels ) dragon & phnix de/9$ = ,imp]ial use1 a res9\s sub/ance#dac & cobalt blue#dad are us$4 ,9 ! ,hsan ,t p]iod 7#adbf-adce71 ,su ,*\ 0 not$ = ! manufacture ( arti/ic pots = hold+ fight+ crickets4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! we are in=m$ 9 ! ,tao %uo 7see ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #adj7 t ^? fabricat$ at ,su ,*\ by ! two mak]s nam$ ,lu ,*9ese & ,ts\ ,*9ese 7 beautifully m\ld$1 & arti/ically c>v$ & engrav$1 & ! pots made by ! ,eld] & ! ,y\ng] ,hsiu ,*9ese1 two daught]s ( ,ts\1 7 ! f9e/ ( all4 ,at ?is "t fight+ crickets 0 a fav\rite pa/ime1 & hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ca% 7 /ak$ ^u ! ev5t1 s t !y did n grudge sp5d+ l>ge sums ^u ! pots1 :i* 7 decorat$ 9 ?is elaborate way1 & consequ5tly f> surpass$ ! ord9>y porcela9 ( ! p]iod4 ,! l>ge & important pott]ies at ,po-%an ,hsi5 ,*9ese 9 ! ,*+-*\ ,fu1 9 ,%antung1 7 repres5t$ only by a small exhibit at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahgh1 consi/+ ( a bottle ( glaz$ pott]y1 ?ree tea j>s 9 r$ w>e1 t5 specim5s ( glaz$ pott]y1 a brazi] 9 t]ra cotta1 & sev5 crucibles4 ,lauf] tells u t ^! pott]ies date back to ,sung times1 & h pres]v$ ! old traditions ( manufacture4 ,! di/rict is also not$ = its glass1 enamels & glaz+ mat]ials1 b x is situat$ inl&1 & n conv5i5tly ne> any ( ! treaty ports4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,european trad+ companies1 pott]y1 z di/9ct f porcela91 does n seem to h receiv$ mu* att5tion f ! m]*ants1 & we may fairly assume t mo/ ( ! e>!nw>es :i* rea*$ ,europe be=e ! la/ c5tury hail$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,canton or f ,yi-hs+ & ! ,%anghai di/rict4 ,b long be=e ! fir/ ,european vessels rea*$ ! coa/s ( ,*9a1 ,arab & ,*9ese m]*antm5 _h c>ri$ c>goes ( pott]y & co>se porcela9 to ! ,philipp9es1 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,siam1 ,ceylon1 & ,india4 ,! ,arabs _h a trad+ /ation 9 ,canton 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & ,*9ese junks sail$ f ,canton & ! ,fuki5 ports 9 ! ,sung1 ,yan1 & ,m+ dyna/ies4 ,a ,*9ese acc\nt ( ! sea trade 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies may be read 9 ! "w ( ,*ao ,ju-kua1#dae & x w be f\nd f ?is book & f ,m>co ,polo's acc\nts t ,*an-*\ ,fu on ! ,fuki5 coa/ 0 a busy c5tre ( =eign trade 9 ! ,sung & ,yan p]iods4 ,hir?#daf has trac$ ! probable r\te by :i* ! ,lung-*an celadons rea*$ ?is port = %ipm5t1 & d\btless ! o!r w>es1 includ+ co>se :ite porcela91 /onew>es & pott]y1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,philipp9es & ,borneo 7to "n only two ( _m localities7 7 l>gely suppli$ f ! ,fuki5 pott]ies4 ,_m ( ^! w>es are ( und\bt$ antiquity1 & "s ( ! types are unkn[n 9 ,*9a to-day4 ,!y may h be5 made solely = export1 b 9 any case _! disappe>ance 9 ,*9a is q intelligible4 ,= ev5 9 ! eigh? c5tury ! m]*ants 7 =bidd5#dag to export preci\s & r>e articles1 & mo/ ( ^! trade goods are ( co>se make & unlikely to be pres]v$ by ! ,*9ese at home4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! natives ( ! ,philipp9es & ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo h pres]v$ ^! old pott]ies ) scrupul\s c>e4 ,! v>i\s types ( j>s h be5 *ri/5$ ) special names#dah allud+ to _! =m or decoration2 !y h be5 cr$it$ ) sup]natural p[]s2 & num]\s leg5ds h gr[n end[+ !m ) life & movem5t1 p[] ( spee*1 & influ5ces malevol5t or b5ign4 ,a good collection ( ^! pots w\ld be ( consid]able int]e/1 b ! value atta*$ to !m by _! native own]s is out ( all proportion to _! intr9sic wor?1 & makes !m difficult to procure4 ,an important s]ies1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,philipp9e j>s has be5 =m$ by ! ,field ,museum at ,*icago1 & !y are describ$ ) full illu/ration 9 "o ( ! excell5t publications ( t in/itution4#dai ,among o!r ?+s we are told t e wild tribe enc\nt]$ by ! writ] 9 ! int]ior ( ,luzon1 ,palawan1 & ,m9danao possesses ^! j>s1 :i* ent] intimately into ! life ( ! p4 ,among _m ! price paid by ! bridegroom = 8 bride is :olly or 9 "p 9 j>s4 ,:5 a ,t+uian y\? is to take 8 bride1 he goes to h] h\se at night1 c>ry+ ) him a ,*9ese j> :i* he pres5ts to 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,! liquor s]v$ at c]emonies & fe/ivals is sometimes conta9$ 9 ^! j>s1 :ile small porcela9 di%es conta9 ! food (f]$ to ! spirits4#dbj ,a g5]al simil>ity 9 =m is noticeable 9 ! ,philipp9e j>s1 an ovoid body m or less elongat$ be+ common to all1 :ile ! neck v>ies a little 9 its height & wid?4 ,a s]ies ( loop h&les or pi]c$ masks on ! %\ld]1 to hold a cord = susp5sion1 is a con/ant feature4 ,! old] types1 :i* are said to date back to a p]iod rang+ f ! ?irte5? to ! fifte5? c5tury1 are frequ5tly decorat$ ) "o or two l>ge dragons coil+ r\nd ! sides1 & ei!r modell$ 9 l[ relief or incis$ 9 ! body4 ,o!rs are q pla91 & ! glazes include black1 br[n1 d>k gre51 & a br[ni% yell[ ( v>y+ dep?4 ,a lat] gr\p1 n old] ?an ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 is )\t ornam5t1 b coat$ ) s+le-col\r or v>iegat$ glazes ( ! ,canton & ,yi-hs+ types--e4g4 speckl$ blue ) gre5 flecks1 gre5 ) blue /reaks & l9es1 blue & gre5 mottl$ & crackl$1 light blui% gre5--! glaze (t5 end+ %ort ( ! base 9 an ev5 l9e1 :i* is1 p]haps1 *>act]i/ic ( ,yi-hs+4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a small s]ies f ,borneo1 :i* includes1 among ! old] types ( pott]y1 a j> ) black-br[n glaze & b&s ( cl\d design & /iff leaves deeply incis$1 & an ovoid j> ) _m loop h&les on ! %\ld]s1 two dragons 9 relief1 & a gr\nd ( incis$ wave patt]n all cov]$ ) a yell[i% br[n glaze :i* ends 9 a regul>ly wav$ l9e "s way %ort ( !-base4 ,( lat] make is a j> ) transluc5t purpli% br[n glaze1 & f\r circul> panels ) figure ornam5t 9 l[ relief glaz$ gre51 a type describ$ by ! ,japanese z ,old ,ko*i4#dba ,!re are1 besides1 a j> ) r\ghly pa9t$ blue dragon designs "u a crackl$ :ite glaze1 ! w>e be+ a co>se porcellan\s /onew>e2 ano!r ) enamel col\rs 9 addition to ! und]glaze blue includ+ ! rose p9k :i* is n old] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury2 & ano!r type ) r\gh /onew>e or e>!n body cov]$ ) a crackl$1 greyi% :ite enamel ( putty-l surface on :i* enamel col\rs are co>sely pa9t$4 ,! typical j> :i* ! isl& natives s highly prize is ( ! ovoid =m ) a numb] ( loop h&les on ! %\ld] & dragons 9 relief4#dbb ,an unusually ornate example is %[n on ,plate #di4 ,x has a cl\dy gre5 crackl$ glaze ) dragons ( bo? ! ord9>y & ! ar*aic k9d1 besides /orks & a bat 9 l[ relief1 & !re are t\*es ( d>k blue & yell[1 :ite & br[n 9 ! glaze4 ,x is probably ( ,canton make & n old] ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 mod]n times j>s are made 9 ,borneo itself by ! ,*9ese 9 ! coa/ t[ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ec ,vase ) *rysan!mum h&les3 buff /onew>e ) *rysan!mum design outl9$ 9 l[ relief & col\r$ ) turquoise1 gre5 & pale yell[ glazes 9 a d>k purple gr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,height #ai in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,*9ese pott]y f\nd its way1 l ! celadon porcela9s 9 e>ly times1 by ! c>avan r\tes into ,turke/an1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,su* w>es w\ld be m naturally drawn f ! pott]ies 9 ,honan1 ,*ihli1 & ! nor?-we/]n prov9ces1 & x is n surpris+ t ! fragm5t f\nd by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 9 ! buri$ cities ( ,turke/an %\ld h includ$ ! br[n pa9t$ w>es ( ,tz ,*\4 ,b ! greate/ difficulties 9 classification are pres5t$ by ! miscellane\s pott]y :i* collectors h pick$ up f "t to "t 9 ,*9a1 or antique deal]s h s5t ov] to supply ! dem& creat$ by ! increas+ int]e/ tak5 9 ,*9ese pott]y by ,we/]n amateurs4 ,^! come1 z a rule1 )\t any h9t z to _! place ( orig91 & 9 mo/ cases x is q impossible to locate !m4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 well-def9$ gr\ps :i* come toge!r naturally4 ,"o ( ^! is repres5t$ by ! ,tradescant j> 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d4 ,x 0 exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1 & describ$ 9 ! catalogue#dbc z ,j> ) globul> body1 %ort neck1 & wide m\?2 five loop h&les2 /onew>e cov]$ ) a bright gre5 glaze2 ! ornam5t consi/s ( floral scrolls 9 yell[ ) t\*es ( br[n & is 9 l[ relief2 r\nd ! base a =mal design4 ,height1 #ab in*es4 ,a simil> j> is %[n on ,plate #ef1 & 9 ! ,g(f collection 9 ! ,brighton ,museum is ano!r ( ! same make1 b ) ! design incis$ ) a po9t in/ead ( appli$ 9 relief4 ,! ,tradescant ,collection 0 giv5 to ,elias ,a%mole 9 #afei by ,john ,tradescant4 ,x 0 =m$ by ! fa!r ( ! donor1 :o di$ 9 #afbg1 s t at ! l[e/ computation ! antiquity ( ^! w>es is fix$ 9 ! late ,m+ p]iod4 ,ano!r gr\p is repres5t$ by ,plate #eh1 ,fig4 #b4 ,its *>act]i/ics are a comp>atively ?9 buff e>!nw>e body1 s(t en\gh to p[d] "u ! knife1 & a sp>+ use ( br[ni% yell[1 bright turquoise1 gre5#dbd & aub]g9e glazes ( ! usual crackl$ type appli$ direct to ! body4 ,! specim5s are g5]ally vases or inc5se burn]s ( curi\s & ar*aic =ms1 ) ornam5t m\ld$ 9 l[ relief1 ! :ole be>+ ! unmi/akable signs ( a w>e :i* has be5 press$ 9 a m\ld4 ,! inside & bottom ( ! inc5se burn]s are usually unglaz$4 ,! col\rs1 z a rule1 are pleas+ & s(t1 & x is ! common practice to label !m indiscrim9ately ,m+4 ,z no?+ def9ite is kn[n ( _! place ( orig91 ?is *ronology c only be bas$ on _! ar*ai/ic appe>ance1 or on ! fact t !y h ! usual on biscuit glazes1 :i* seems to be ! accept$ signal = a ,m+ attribution4 ,ne$less to say1 ! use ( ?is me?od ( col\r+ surviv$ ! demise ( ! la/ ,m+ emp]or1 & x is improbable t w>es :i* mu/ be comp>atively common 9 ,*9a 7judg+ f ! h&some way 9 :i* ! q rec5tly creat$ dem& = !m has be5 answ]$7 %\ld h a m9imum antiquity ( two hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s4 ,! fact is t dat+ ( ^! glaz$ pott]ies is z difficult z t ( ! cognate glaz$ tiles1 & x is z unreasonable to exclude a ,*+ orig9 z x w\ld be to exclude a ,m+4 ,! balance ( probabilities1 at any rate1 is 9 fav\r ( ! bulk ( !m be+ no old] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ed ,vase ) lotus h&les3 buff /onew>e ) lotus design modell$ 9 l[ relief & col\r$ ) aub]g9e1 gre5 & pale yell[ glazes 9 a deep turquoise gr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,height #ah in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection1 ,l\vre4 ,a ?ird gr\p is also consi/5tly labell$ ,m+1 b ) bett] reason1 ?\gh ev5 "h a little m ela/icity 9 ! dat+ is advisable4 ,x has an exact p>allel 9 porcela9s ( und\bt$ ,m+ orig91 viz4 ^? repres5t$ by ,plate #fa1 etc41 :i* usually take ! =m ( j>s & vases ) designs outl9$ 9 fillets ( clay1 or *annell$ or ev5 pi]c$ j\r4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! outl9es are fill$ ) col\r$ glazes :i* are fir$1 9 ! case ( porcela91 9 ! cool] p>ts ( ! biscuit kiln4 ,^! are ! glazes de demi-gr& feu1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* def9ition1 & !y consi/ ( turquoise & aub]g9e purple or violet & gre5 7! ?ree col\rs or san tsai1 all m9utely crackl$71 supplem5t$ by a :ite =m$ by slip & a ?9 br[ni% yell[4 ,occasionally ! purple is s deep z to appe> almo/ black2 & ! details ( ! designs are (t5 et*$ 9 ! pa/e ) a f9e po9t4 ,precisely simil> w>es are f\nd ) an e>!nw>e body2 & !y are1 no d\bt1 contempor>y ) ! analog\s porcela9s1 ?\gh h[ long ! traditions ( ?is type ( w>e cont9u$ has nev] be5 precisely det]m9$4 ,! porcela9 on :i* wa%es ( turquoise & aub]g9e glaze are comb9$ is a developm5t ( ?is type1 & ?is has c]ta9ly surviv$ to comp>atively mod]n times4 ,reticulat$ ornam5t 0 us$ on ! ?ree-col\r pott]y vases no less ?an on ! porcela9 7,plate #ee72 & besides ! cov]$ w9e j>s & vases !re are figures & grotto pieces ( simil> /yle bo? 9 pott]y & porcela91 _m ( :i* mu/ date f ,m+ times4 ,plate #ec illu/rates a beautiful vase 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection :i* belongs to a cognate gr\p4 ,x has a buff /onew>e body1 ! ornam5t is outl9$ 9 relief1 & ! glazes :i* fill ! outl9es are v simil> to ^? ( our ma9 gr\p1 ?\gh "s ( ! col\rs are m transp>5t & glassy & want+ 9 ! solidity ( ! latt]4 ,! *rysan!mum h&les are a frequ5t feature ( ! vases ( ?is class1 ( :i* a notable in/ance is 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection4 ,plate #ed illu/rates ano!r vase ( simil> k9d1 b ) lotus h&les1 lotus designs1 & a f9e turquoise gr\nd4 ,( ! same type1 b less r>e1 are c]ta9 wide-m\!d j>s1 b[ls1 & fl[] pots ) bold floral designs1 lotuses1 etc41 outl9$ 9 fillets ( clay & fill$ ) ! same k9ds ( glaze1 ! backgr\nd n[ turquoise & n[ aub]g9e 7,plate #eh1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! base is usually wa%$ ov] ) a ?9 purpli% br[n4 ,^! sev]al types 7 copi$ 9 ! ,japanese ,ki%iu pott]y 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ?\gh ! copies are r>ely difficult to di/+ui% by ! eye alone ! ,japanese glazes 7p>ticul>ly ! aub]g9e7 w be f\nd on h&l+ to h a peculi> moi/ & r /icky surface4 ,?\gh no d\bt ( ,m+ orig91 x is extremely probable t ! manufacture ( ! ,*9ese b[ls & fl[] pots ( ?is class cont9u$ into ! la/ dyna/y4 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ef exemplifies ano!r k9d ( pott]y ) f9e :ite body l pipeclay1 & usually ) %>ply m\ld$ designs 9 antique bronze /yle & 9 ! bronze =ms ( beak]s & f\r-legg$ inc5se burn]s4 ,! glaze is usually leaf gre51 b x (t5 breaks out into a fro?y grey scum1 su* z is se5 on "s ( ! ,canton & ,yi-hs+ glaz$ pott]y4 ,x is a common practice to label ^! w>es z ,tang1 b ,i am incl9$ to place !m 9 a mu* m rec5t p]iod 7sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury71 & to locate !m among ! miscellane\s ,kuangtung w>es1 p5d+ fur!r in=mation on ! subject4 ,!re are o!r specim5s ) a some:at simil> :ite & relatively s(t body mat]ial1 n glaz$ b /a9$ ) a br[ni% black dress+ ( clay1 & some:at recall+ bronze4 ,^! are usually vases ( elegant1 well-m\ld$ =m1 su* z ,plate #ef1 ,fig4 #c1 & !y are (t5 m>k$ ,nan hsiang tang4#dbe ,!y are1 no d\bt1 ( relatively mod]n make4 ,?\gh x w\ld be easy to sugge/ _m possible places ( orig9 = ^! w>es1 su* speculation c be ( no real value )\t f> m def9ite evid5ce ?an we possess at pres5t4 ,/ill1 x may s]ve "s useful purpose 9 ! future1 if n at once1 if we add "o or two m records1 h[ev] meagre1 to ! exi/+ li/s ( ,*9ese pott]ies4 ,! section ( ! ,tu %u1 :i* is devot$ to ,tao kung 7! pott]y indu/ry71 m5tions ! foll[+ factories z ( "s importance 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,honan1 9 addition to ! well-kn[n pott]ies ( ,*n ,*\ & ,ju ,*\1 we read t !re 0 a factory 9 ! ,ju-n+ ,fu at ! village ( ,tsai ,*9ese1 :i* 0 int]mitt5tly active 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4#dbf ,f ano!r passage we le>n t 9 ! valleys ( ,*+#dbg ,*9ese & ! hills ( ,%u 7or ,sze*uan7 !re are black & yell[ clays suitable = pott]y2 t ! pott]s _h _! kilns 9 holes 9 ! m\nta9s2 & t !y us$ ! yell[ clay = ! body ( ! w>e & ov]laid x ) ! black1 mak+ j>s1 drug pots1 cauldrons1 pots1 di%es1 b[ls1 sacrificial vessels1 & ! l4 ,!y also made "o k9d ( w>e :i* resembl$ t ( ,*n ,*\4 ,specim5s ( mod]n pott]y 9 ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 include ornam5tal w>es su* z pomegranate-%ap$ wat] pots1 etc41 cov]$ ) an oily gre5 glaze recall+ "s ( ! ,sung types4 ,! body is app>5tly d>k col\r$1 & %[s br[n at ! edges :]e ! glaze is ?94 ,?is w>e is made at ,*ng-tu 9 ,sze*uan4 ,! geographical annals ( ! prov9ce ( ,%5si are quot$#dbh ) ref]5ce to pott]ies 9 ! ,tung-*\ ,fu z foll[s3 ,! inhabitants ( ,lei-hsiang & ,pai-%ui#dbi are good pott]s1 & ! porcela9s 7tz *i7 :i* !y make are ( surpass+ly clev] workman%ip4 ,^! are :at are commonly call$ lei kung *i 7vessels ( ! ,"l ( ,?und]74 ,"s say t ! pott]ies ( ,hsiang only began to be active :5 ! orig9al w>es _h ceas$ to be made4 ,! village ( ,lei-hsiang is ea/ ( ,%n ,hsi51 & x is ! place ( ! temple ( ! ,hsiang family4 ,! inhabitants ( ! place sometimes dig up ca/away ,hsiang w>es4 ,_! %ape & /yle are ar*aic2 ! col\r ( ! w>e is gre5 7l71 deep & d>k1 b brilliant4 ,"o k9d has slight ornam5t 9 rais$ clay1 b if ! h& is pass$ ov] x1 ! surface feels smoo? & )\t p]ceptible relief or ind5tation4#dcj ,:5 comp>$ ) ! ,hsan1#dca ,ko & o!r w>es1 x may be said to surpass !m4 ,! description 9 ! la/ "p seems to apply to ! old] w>es :i* prec$$ ^? made 9 ! di/rict at ! "t ( writ+4 ,! mod]n pott]ies at ,yo ,*\ 9 ,%5si are repres5t$ 9 ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 by a black-pa9t$ w>e 9 ,tz ,*\ /yle1 by a greyi% :ite w>e ) sket*y blue designs1 & by a black slag-l e>!nw>e :i* is extremely light to h&le4 ,x is also sugge/$ t a well kn[n type ( pott]y1 pa9t$ ) free floral designs 9 black & :ite on a creamy glaze :i* is /a9$ a p9ki% br[n col\r1 is an e>li] product ( ! same pott]ies4 ,! pott]ies at ,*-yang ,hsi5 ,*9ese 9 ! ,*n-t+ ,fu1 9 ,*ihli1 are m5tion$#dcb 9 ! adm9i/rative records ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 9 ! ,hsan ,t p]iod1 & aga9 "u ! dates #aeec & #aefc1 z supply+ w9e j>s & vases = ! ,c\rt4 ,?is place is only a few miles ea/ ( ,t+ ,*\1 :i* 0 celebrat$ = its :ite w>es 9 ! ,sung p]iod1 & ^! ref]5ces c>ry ! record ( ! indu/ry 9 t di/rict to ! la/ "p ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,un=tunately1 no?+ is said ( ! nature ( ! w>es made at ?is "t = ! ,c\rt4 ,ref]5ce is made else:]e 7p4 #bjb7 to ! pott]ies at ,wu-*+ ,hsi51 9 ! ,pek+ di/rict4 ,possibly ^! are ! pott]ies describ$1 by ,bu%ell#dcc z /ill active 9 mod]n times4 ,! ord9>y glaze1 he rem>ks1 is a r$di% br[n ( m>k$ iridesc5ce1 %9+ ) an inf9ity ( metallic specks1 an effective backgr\nd to ! m\ld$ decoration :i* cov]s ! surface4 ,! designs are g5]ally ( hi]atic "*4 ,! sun-/one glazes made at ! ,rookwood ,pott]ies 7,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a47 & on ! ,lanca/rian w>es#dcd are ( ?is k9d1 ! inf9ity ( metallic specks be+ due to sup]-saturation ( ! glaze ) iron oxide4 ,a specim5 ( ?is mod]n ,pek+ w>e may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! tile works at ,liu-li-*1 ne> ,pek+1 date back to ! ,yan dyna/y1 & _! mod]n productions z repres5t$ 9 ! ,field ,museum include a pott]y ) incis$ designs fill$ 9 ) yell[1 gre51 & d>k aub]g9e glazes1 n unlike 9 /yle to ! ,japanese ,sanuki w>e4 ,ano!r type has =ms tak5 f bronzes & is di/+ui%$ by a %9+ gre5 glaze4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,%antung1 besides ! tile works at ,l9-*+1#dce ! important1 pott]ies at ,y5-%n ,*n ,*9ese 9 ! ,*+-*\ ,fu are notic$#dcf z foll[s3 ,! inhabitants h inh]it$ f _! ance/ors ! art ( mak+ good pott]y4 ,! usual w>es are ci/]ns 7kang71 j>s 7y+71 cauldrons 7fu71 & su*-l pott]y 7f\71 made )\t flaw4 ,! pr(it to ! p is n less ?an t made at ,*+-t ,*n on ! "r bank ( ! ,yangtze4 ,y5-%n ,*n is q close to ,po-%an ,hsi51 & no d\bt ! indu/ry at ! two places is intimately connect$4 ,! latt]1 :i* is not$ to ?is day = its manufactures ( pott]y & glass1 has already be5 m5tion$#dcg m ?an once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,plate #ee4--,m+ ,pott]y ) dull san tsai glazes4 ,fig4 #a4--,w9e ,j> ) pi]c$ out] cas+1 horsem5 & att5dants1 rocky backgr\nd4 ,fifte5? c5tury4 ,total height #ai in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,tripod ,inc5se ,vase1 dragons & peony designs & a panel ( horsem54 ,dat$ #aebi ,a4,d4 ,height #bb in*es4 ,messel ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,plate #ef4--,miscellane\s ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a--;,j> ) dull gre5 glaze & =mal lotus scroll 9 relief t\*$ ) yell[ & br[n glazes4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,height #ab in*es4 ,guff ,collection4 ,fig4 #b--;,beak] ( bronze =m1 s(t :iti% body & dull gre5 glaze4 787 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height #af in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--vase ( light buff w>e ) dull black dress+1 v9e reliefs4 ,m>k1 ,nan hsiang tang 7see p4 #bai74 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,at ,yi-*n ,*9ese 9 ! ,yang-*\ ,fu1 9 ,kiangsu1 !re 7 factories :i* suppli$ w9e j>s1 etc41 to ! palace at ,nank+ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y2 & 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,*ia ,*+ 7#aebh7 supplies ( simil> vessels 7 s5t f ,n+-kuo ,fu ,*9ese 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,anhui4#dch ,! latt] place is m5tion$ else:]e#dci "u its e>li] "n ( ,hsan ,*\ ,*9ese z produc+ a ?9 :ite w>e made ( pla/ic clay 9 ! ,yan & ,m+ p]iods4 ,a v]se ( ,wang ,%ih-*ng 7#aebf-aeic7 speaks ( ! sn[ :ite porcela9 ( ,hsan ,*\4#ddj ,! ,tao lu enum]ates factories :i* began 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y & cont9u$ to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & app>5tly produc$ an inf]ior type ( porcela91 & probably pott]y z well4 ,!y 7 locat$ at ,huai-*+ ,fu ,*9ese1 ,i-yang ,hsi5 ,*9ese1 ,tng-fng ,hsi5 ,*9ese1 & ,%an ,*\ ,*9ese 9 ,honan2 at ,yi ,hsi5 ,*9ese & ,ts\ ,hsi5 ,*9ese 9 ,y5-*\ ,fu 9 ,%antung2 9 ! ,lung ,%ang ,*9ese di/rict 9 ,%5si1 & at ,hng-fng ,*9ese 9 ,kiangsi4 ,! la/-m5tion$ factory 0 e/abli%$ by a man nam$ ,* ,*ih-kao f ,*u-*\ ,fu 9 ! e>ly ,m+ p]iod4 ,9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 7#aebb-aeff7 x 0 transf]r$ to ! ,i-yang ,*9ese di/rict to a place call$ ,ma-kng1 n _m miles s\? ( ,*+-t ,*n4 ,bo? ! ,lung-%ang & ,ma-kng w>es are describ$ z v co>se4 ,! value ( pott]y = ar*itectural purposes 0 recognis$ 9 ,*9a f ! e>lie/ times4 ,unglaz$ bricks & tiles ( ,han & pre-,han p]iods are pres]v$ by ,*9ese collectors1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y happ51 z is (t5 ! case1 to h inscriptions 9 old seal *>act]s1 or o!r ornam5t4 ,! famili> ,*9ese ro( tile is a long convex object l a horizontal section ( a tube1 & ^? int5d$ = ! bord] are ornam5t$ at "o end ) a disc1 usually /amp$ ) a dragon or o!r design 9 sunk relief4 ,"h & !re1 on ! apex ( ! ro( or at ! corn]s1 are ornam5tal tiles c>ry+ figures ( deities1 h]oes1 my?ical creatures or birds1 modell$ 9 ! r\nd & usually ) great =ce & skill4 ,besides ^!1 ar*itectural m\ld+s & antefixal ornam5ts 9 pott]y are commonly us$ on temples & pavilions ( an ornam5tal k9d4 ,! use ( tiles--&1 no d\bt1 ( o!r ar*itectural embelli%m5ts 9 pott]y--0 enc\rag$ by gov]nm5t enactm5ts at v>i\s times4 ,9 ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijf ,a4,d471#dda 9 ! di/ricts s\? & we/ ( ! ,yangtze1 "u ! inspector%ip ( a man nam$ ,tan ,*9ese1 ! inhabitants 7 ord]$ to use tiles on _! h\ses 9 place ( wood 9 ord] to less5 ! risk ( fire2 kilns 7 erect$ to provide ! tiles1 & ^? :o 7 too poor to c>ry out ! alt]ations by !mselves receiv$ ,/ate help4 ,a some:at simil> b m important edict 0 issu$ 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> ( ,hung ,wu#ddb 7#acid71 t bricks & tiles %\ld be us$ 9 all ! build+s 9 ! capital1 :i* 0 !n ,nank+1 & t kilns %\ld be set up e ye> on ! ,*-pao %an = _! manufacture4 ,x 0 n long aft] ?is t ! fam\s porcela9 pagoda 0 erect$ at ,nank+1#ddc ! l[] "p ( :i* 0 fac$ ) :ite porcela9 bricks1 ! rema9+ /oreys ) pott]y ) col\r$ glazes4 ,tile factories exi/$ 9 all p>ts ( ,*9a to supply local ne$s1 & ! few s+l$ out = m5tion 9 ! ,tu ,%u#ddd 7 p]haps ( m ?an usual importance 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,!y are ,l9-*+ ,*9ese 9 ! extreme we/ ( ,%antung2 ,su ,*\ ,*9ese 9 ,kiangsu1 on ! ea/ side ( ! lake ,tai-hu1 & fac+ ! pott]ies ( ,yi-hs+1 :i* suppli$ tiles = ! palaces & temples ( ,nank+2 ! neighb\r+ ,*ang-*\ ,*n1 & ,yi-*n & ,kua ,*\ 9 ! ,yang-*\ ,fu ( ! same prov9ce2 ,wu-,*+ ,hsi5 ,*9ese1 9 ! di/rict ( ,pek+1 :]e ! pott]s ask$ = p]mission to make tiles = public use 9 #aegd4 ,! tile works at ,liu-li-* 7m5tion$ on p4 #bjj7 date f ! ,yan dyna/y4 ,!y are also situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pek+1 b :e!r 9 ! ,wu-*+ ,hsi5 or n1 ,i h fail$ to discov]4 ,:5 ,pek+ became ! capital ( ! ,*+ emp]ors1 no d\bt ! tile factories at ,wu-*+ ,hsi5 assum$ /ill great] importance2 & accord+ to ! catalogue ( ! exhibition 9 ,p>is 9 #ahgh1dde ! neighb\rhood ( ,amoy 0 !n celebrat$ = its bricks & tiles4 ,?is bran* ( ! pott]'s indu/ry is repres5t$ by a small collection ( bricks1 tiles1 m\ld+s1 & antefixal ornam5ts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x includes unglaz$ bricks f ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 :i* may date f #bbj ,b4,c41 a few ,han bricks & tile-ends ) m\ld$ ornam5t2 :ite porcela9 bricks & col\r$ pott]y tiles & m\ld+s f ! ,nank+ pagoda2 & tiles f ! ,m+ tombs ne> ,nank+1 :i* 7 built 9 #adjj ,a4,d41 & l ! pagoda de/roy$ 9 ! ,taip+ rebellion 9 #ahec4 ,! ,nank+ tiles & m\ld+s are ( h>d buff pott]y ) transluc5t glazes ( gre5 & yell[ col\r1 m9utely crackl$1 additional col\rs be+ =m$ ) r$ & creamy :ite slips4 ,! tile-ends are ornam5t$ ) dragon m$allions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eg ,seat$ figure ( ,kuan ,y1 ! w>-god ( ,*9a1 a deifi$ w>rior4 ,r$di% buff pott]y ) blue1 yell[ & turquoise glazes1 & a col\rless glaze on ! :ite p>ts4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,height #bj in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,o!r ar*itectural pott]y 9 ! same collection came f ! ,imp]ial pleasure gr\nds at ,pek+1 :i* 7 wreck$ 9 #ahfj4 ,^! include tiles & antefixal ornam5ts f ! pavilions & temples 9 ! ,yan ,m+ ,yan & f ! ,summ] ,palace1 & a few blue-glaz$ tiles f ! ,temple ( ,heav54 ,num]\s tiles ) relief figures & pott]y figures f ni*es 7 pick$ up 9 ! ru9s ( ! temples & pavilions 9 ! ,imp]ial gr\nds aft] _! capture 9 #ahfj2 & _m ( ! m\ld+s 7 f\nd to display /rong ,european influ5ces1 due1 no d\bt1 to ! designs ( ! ,jesuits ,attiret & ,ca/iglione1 :o assi/$ ! ,emp]or ,*i5 ,lung 9 erect+ "s ( ! build+s4 ,"s ( ^! are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum besides antefixes 9 ! =m ( yell[ dragon heads f ! ,w9t] ,palace at ,pek+ & f ! celebrat$ ,temple ( ,k9-%an1 or ,gold5 ,isl&1 9 ! ,yangtze2 & a tile f ! ,huang-ss1 ! ,great ,lama temple1 built by ,kang ,hsi 9 #afdg4 ,! tile 9 "q is evid5tly "p ( a re/oration1 = x be>s ! date correspond+ to #aggj4 ,! ord9>y tiles & m\ld+s are n likely to be ext5sively collect$ by private individuals1 b _m ( ! ridge tiles1 ) figures ( deities1 horsem51 lions1 *i-l91 & phnixes1 h f\nd _! way into collections to :i* _! spirit$ modell+ has s]v$ z a passport4 ,! glazes on ^! are (t5 ri*ly col\r$1 & include yell[1 gre51 violet purple1 aub]g9e & purpli% black1 & occasionally high-fir$ glazes ) flamb or v>iegat$ col\rs4 ,by accid5t or design1 ! figures are n infrequ5tly deta*$ f _! tiles & m\nt$ on wood5 /&s4 ,! pott]y figures f ni*es 9 ! walls ( temples & public build+s are (t5 f9ely modell$ & ri*ly glaz$1 &1 ne$less to say1 !y f9d a welcome 9 ,we/]n collections 7,plate #eh74 ,x is a common b illogical practice to assign all ^! figures 9 ar*itectural pott]y to ! ,m+ dyna/y2 illogical1 because s _m ( !m h be5 br\ght f ! ,imp]ial build+s at ,pek+ :i* are kn[n to h be5 mo/ly erect$ 9 ! ,kang ,hsi & ,*i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ is m difficult to date ?an ?is type ( glaz$ pott]y1 9 :i* ! w>e1 ! col\rs1 & ! decorative traditions seem to h cont9u$ almo/ un*ang$ f ! e>ly ,m+ times to ! pres5t day4 ,! tiles f ! ,nank+ pagoda & f ! eighte5?-c5tury build+s at ,pek+ are practically int]*angeable4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ! pott]s :o made ! ar*itectural pott]y (t5 turn$ _! h&s & mat]ials to ! manufacture ( vases & figures & o!r c]amic ornam5ts = dome/ic use1 & ev5 impos+ alt> sets = ! temples4 ,an important example ( ?is "w is se5 9 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ee1 a l>ge inc5se vase#ddf ( traditional =m 7f an alt> set7 ) b[l-%ap$ body1 wide m\?1 two up/&+ h&les1 & ?ree feet ) lion masks4 ,x is ornam5t$ ) a peony scroll & two dragons 9 high relief1 & is made ( pott]y ) a dull turquoise gre5 glaze4 ,an inscription on ! h&les proclaims ! fact t x 0 d$icat$ by ! *iefta9 ,kuo ,hs9-%2 made 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ,*ia ,*+1 i4e4 #aebi4 ,9 m rec5t times ! tile works ne> ,pek+ h turn$ _! att5tion to ! manufacture ( vases & b[ls ) ri* s(t mono*rome glazes1 yell[1 gre51 turquoise & aub]g9e 9 ! mann] ( ! simil>ly col\r$ porcela9s :i* are highly priz$1 &1 z ,bu%ell tells u1 ! s(t excipi5t 7i4e4 ! pott]y body7 seems to imp>t an add$ s(tness to ! glazes4 ,! fact t yell[ clay1 he cont9ues1 us$ (t5 to be mix$ ) ! porcela9 e>? 9 ! old fabrics to enhance ! brilliancy ( ! glaze col\rs1 gives a c]ta9 vraisemblance to ! fraudul5t reproductions :i* ,i h se5 sold = z _m doll>s z !y w\ld co/ 9 c5ts to produce4 ,x is unlikely t ! issue ( ^! by-products ( ! tile factories is conf9$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ,pek+4 ,among ! miscellane\s pott]ies ,i %\ld add t ,ka-%an1#ddg 9 ,*ekiang1 is reput$ to h be5 not$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies = a f9e porcellan\s /onew>e ) opaque1 camellia-leaf gre5 glaze m9utely crackl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,plate #eh4--,miscellane\s ,pott]y4 ,fig4 #a4--;,j> ) lotus design 9 gre51 yell[ & turquoise glazes 9 an aub]g9e gr\nd4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,height #f in*es4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ( d\ble fi% =m1 buff w>e ) turquoise1 yell[ & aub]g9e glazes4 787 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height #e in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--,ro(-tile ) figure ( ,bodhidh>ma1 deep gre5 & creamy :ite glazes4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,bottle ) ar*aic dragon 7*ih lung7 on neck1 v>iegat$ glaze ( lav5d]1 blue & gre5 cl\d$ ) purple & br[n4 787 ,eighte5? c5tury ,yi-hs+ w>e4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,pet]s ,collection4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dji3 ,s4 ,wells ,williams1 ,*9ese ,comm]cial ,guide1 #ahfc1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #daj3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #daa3 ,a co>se blue & :ite porcela91 (t5 decorat$ ) dragons :i* ov]lap ! rim & are cont9u$ on ! rev]se ( ! b[ls & di%es1 seems to belong to "o ( ^! prov9cial factories4 ,! glaze is ?ick & bubbly1 & ! blue ( ! decoration r dull & d>k2 b ^! pieces h a c]ta9 age1 & belong to ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 = !y 7 copi$ at ,worce/] & ,l[e/(t4 ,!y (t5 h m>ks ( comm5dation1 su* z hsi y 7we/]n jade71 etc4 ,footnote #dab3 ,! ,*9 t+ ku *9 tu %u *i *ng1 section viii41 subsection nam$ ,tao kung pu hui kao1 fol4 #ae4 ,footnote #dac3 ,*9ese sung hsiang1 r5d]$ turp5t9e by ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #dad3 ,*9ese wu m+ i1 nameless r>ity1 ! designation "u :i* cobalt 0 import$ 9 ! ,sung dyna/y4 7,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #dci47 ,footnote #dae3 ,*au ,ju-kua1 translat$ by ,f4 ,hir? & ,w4,w4 ,rockhill4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aiab4 ,footnote #daf3 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela91 op4 cit4 ,see also p4 #hf4 ,footnote #dag3 ,see ,*au ,ju-kua1 ,introduction1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #dah3 e4g4 gusi1 rusa1 naga1 tempajan1 blanga4 ,footnote #dai3 ,*9ese ,pott]y 9 ! ,philipp9es1 by ,fay-,coop] ,cole1 ) a po/script by ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,publication ,no4 #afb1 ,*icago ,u4,s4,a41 #aiab4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,ibidem1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #dba3 ,ko*i1 ! ,japanese "n = ,ko*9 ,*9a1 seems to h be5 us$ 9 a vague & compreh5sive s5se = ,s\!rn ,*9a1 & we und]/& by ,ko*i yaki ! old pott]y %ipp$ f ! coa/ t[ns ( ,fuki5 & ,kuangtung4 ,?is category 9 ,japan seems to include n only a v>iety ( e>!nw>e ) col\r$ glazes--gre51 yell[1 aub]g9e1 turquoise1 & violet--b ! co>s]1 yell[i% :ite w>es ( ! tu t+ 7see p4 #ij7 type4 ,see ,br9kley1 op4 cit41 vol4 ix4 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,on ! subject ( pott]y among ! ,dyaks 9 ,borneo1 see ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bhd2 ,a4,w4 ,neuw5hais1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 vol4 ii41 plate #dj2 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 #aiab1 vol4 i41 pp4 #fd & #hd1 & plates #df-dh4 ,see also ,a4,b4 ,mey]1 ,alt]?m] aus dem ,o/9dis*5 ,ar*ipel4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,cat4 ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,i41 #aa4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,a little flask 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,case #bd1 ,no4 #hji1 #ahhc7 ( ?is type ( w>e ) a gre5 glaze 0 obta9$ 9 #ahhc 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,canton4 ,possibly a portion ( ?is gr\p comes f "o ( ! ,canton factories1 b x is ! k9d ( w>e :i* might h be5 made 9 any pott]y di/rict1 & !re are q mod]n examples ( ! same type ( glaze & biscuit 9 ! ,field ,museum ( ,*icago :i* 7 manufactur$ at ,ma-*uang1 ne> ,tai-yan ,fu1 9 ,%5si4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,see p4 #bai4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,tu ,%u1 op4 cit41 section ,tao kung pu hui kao1 fol4 #i4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,*+ is ! "n ( ! old /ate ( ,*u1 :i* includ$ ,hunan & ,hupeh1 s t ! expression "h us$ cov]s an enorm\s tract ( ,c5tral ,*9a4 ,see ,tu %u1 section ,tao kung pu tsa lu1 fol4 #b4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,tu ,%u1 section ,tao kung pu *i %ih1 fol4 #b recto4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,*9ese & ,*9ese4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,?is appe>s to mean t ! glaze cov]+ up ! reliefs fill$ all ! surr\nd+ holl[s & made an ev5 surface4 ,footnote #dca3 i4e4 w>e ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod 7#adbf-adce ,a4,d474 ,footnote #dcb3 ,tu ,%u1 section ,tao kung pu hui kao1 fol4 #aj4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,o4,c4,a41 p4 #fcg4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,made at ,pilk+ton's ,tile ,works1 ,clifton ,junction1 by ,man*e/]4 ,footnote #dce3 ,see p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,tu ,%u1 section entitl$ ,tao kung pu tsa lu1 fol4 #b v]so4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,on pp4 #ajc & #ahh4 ,footnote #dch3 ,tu ,%u1 section xxxii1 ,tao kung pu hui kao1 fol4 #i4 ,footnote #dci3 ,tao lu1 bk4 vii41 fol4 #aj v]so4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,tao lu1 bk4 ix41 fol4 #b4 ,footnote #dda3 ,record$ 9 ! ,tang ,%u1 ! passage 9 "q be+ quot$ 9 ! encyclopdia1 ,tu ,%u1 section xxxii1 ,tao kung pu *i %ih1 fol4 #a v]so4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,see ! ,tu ,%u1 section ,tao kung pu hui kao1 fol4 #g v]so4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,x 0 complet$ 9 #adcj1 & de/roy$ by ! ,taip+ rebels 9 #ahec4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,9 ! section ,tao kung pu hui kao1 fol4 #i4 ,footnote #dde3 ,catalogue spcial de la ,collection ,*9oise1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aj-ab4 ,! exhibits f ,amoy includ$ c>reaux de pavage1 tuiles p\r toitures4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,see ,catalogue ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,l4 #a4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,see ,dr4 ,voretzs*1 ,catalogue ( ,*9ese ,pott]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,m>ks ,,on ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,,! cu/om ( plac+ on works ( art ! "n ( ! mak]1 ! date ( manufacture1 or "s sign or symbol indicat+ ! int5tion ) :i* !y 7 made1 dates back 9 ,*9a at lea/ z f> z ! ,han dyna/y4 ,su* m>ks occur on pott]y & porcela9 r>ely at fir/1 b ) a frequ5cy :i* increases 9 proportion z we draw ne>] to mod]n times4 ,!y are incis$ or /amp$ 9 ! s(t body ( ! w>e1 or pa9t$ "u ! glaze 7usually 9 blue7 or ov] x 9 enamel col\rs or gold2 & !y are g5]ally plac$ on ! base ( ! w>e1 ?\gh !re are fairly num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! m>k is writt5 along ! m\? rim or 9 "s o!r m or less conspicu\s position4 ,! e>lie/ m>ks1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 are incis$1 & ^? on ! ,han1 ,tang1 & ,sung pott]ies1 n to m5tion ! int]m$iate dyna/ies1 %\ld be scrut9is$ ) ! greate/ c>e to make sure :e!r ! incisions 7 made be=e ! pott]y 0 bak$ or aft]w>ds4 ,!re %\ld be no difficulty 9 det]m9+ ?is po9t1 = ! l9es cut ) a %>p in/rum5t 9 ! fir$ w>e are necess>ily h>d] & less free ?an ^? incis$ 9 ! s(t clay1 & ! edges ( ! incisions w pres5t obvi\s diff]5ces 9 ! two cases4 ,un=tunately ! e>ly date-m>ks :i* ,i h se5 up to ! pres5t h almo/ all be5 cut aft] ! fir+4 ,x does n necess>ily foll[ t su* inscriptions are mod]n additions4 ,inde$ 9 _m cases !y are 9 a /yle :i* is cle>ly old4 ,b _! value z evid5ce is v small1 = x is impossible to prove ! exact "t ( _! c>v+2 & at be/ we c only reg>d !m z repres5t+ ! op9ion ( "s =m] own] z to ! date ( ! vessel 9 "q4 ,at _! wor/1 !y are delib]ate frauds add$ by mod]n v5dors ) int5t to deceive4 ,incis$ or /amp$ m>ks h always be5 common on pott]y1 b porcela9 is usually m>k$ by pa9t+ ) a bru%1 & = ?is purpose und]glaze blue is ! commone/ m$ium1 r$ & o!r on-glaze col\rs be+ us$ *iefly on ! relatively mod]n w>es decorat$ 9 famille rose enamels4 ,simil>ly ! ord9>y script is usual 9 m>ks1 & seal *>act]s are q exceptional on porcela9 e>li] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is n safe to take ! old] date-m>ks on porcela9 at _! face value4 ,! ,*9ese ) _! prov]bial v5]ation = antiquity habitually plac$ ! date-m>ks ( ! classical reigns on _! porcela9 :e!r decorat$ 9 ! /yle ( ! p]iod m5tion$ or n4 ,already 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua m>ks 7 us$ 9 ?is way1 & 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod ! names ( ^! two classic reigns 7 us$ m frequ5tly ?an t ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod itself4 ,9 fact ! ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua are on ! :ole ! mo/ famili> m>ks ( all1 ?\gh ! actual w>es ( ^! two p]iods are among ! r>e/4 ,! date-m>ks ( ! o!r ,m+ ,emp]ors are less frequ5tly plagi>is$1 except ^u ! delib]ate imitations ( ! w>es ( ! "t1 su* z ^? made at ! ,imp]ial factory 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 :i* we may be sure 7 c>efully m>k$ ) ! appropriate ni5 hao4 ,moreov]1 ! ,japanese1 :o h exp5d$ mu* +5uity on reproduc+ ,m+ w>es1 h made free ) ,m+ date-m>ks1 especially ^? ( ,*ia ,*+ & ,wan ,li4 ,9 ! ye> #afgg ! pott]s at ,*+-t ,*n 7 =bidd5 by an ord] ( ! di/rict prefect#ddh to inscribe ! p]iod-"n ( ! ,emp]or or any sacr$ writ+ on _! porcela91 le/ ! names %\ld be pr(an$ 9 ! break+ ( ! w>e4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is prohibition 0 n effective = long2 b probably ! curr5t date-m>k 0 suppress$ = a "t at lea/1 & x is q likely t we %\ld trace to ?is int]val ! cu/om ( putt+ symbols or conv5tional m>ks inside ! d\ble r+ :i* 0 usually occupi$ by ! ni5 hao1 a common practice 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,9 _m cases1 too1 ! r+s 7 left empty2 b x is a mi/ake to reg>d ?is z an infallible sign ( ,k'ang ,hsi manufacture1 = x is a ?+ :i* might happ5 at any "t ?r\gh neglig5ce1 ! r+s be+ made by "o p]son & ! m>ks writt5 by ano!r4 ,!re are1 besides1 well au!nticat$ in/ances ( ! empty d\ble r+ on ,wan ,li porcela91#ddi & on po/ ,k'ang ,hsi w>es4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 su* a frequ5t occurr5ce on ! ,k'ang ,hsi w>es t ! mod]n imitators make a common practice ( leav+ ! r+s blank on _! copies ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ! prefect's prohibition appli$ to ! names ( ,m+ emp]ors1 b probably x did n1 z x is unlikely t ! adh]5ts ( ! reign+ dyna/y w\ld be s5sitive ab\t ! titles ( ! h\se :i* !y _h ext]m9at$4 ,9 any case1 ,m+ m>ks1 especially ^? ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 are v common on ! ,k'ang ,hsi porcela91 & ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k itself is comp>atively r>e except on ! specim5s :i* mu/ belong to ! lat] ye>s ( ! reign4 ,en revan*e1 ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k is freely us$ on q mod]n w>es1 t p]iod be+ n[ reg>d$ z classical2 s t we are confront$ ) ! p>adox t if a specim5 ( f9e quality#dej is m>k$ ,*'ng ,hua1 x may g5]ally be assum$ t x 0 made 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 :ile ! bulk ( ! pieces :i* be> ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k are ( mod]n date4 ,! ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung porcela9s are highly e/eem$ to-day1 & consequ5tly ! m>ks ( ^! p]iods are consid]$ wor?y ( a place on mod]n imitations2 b on ! :ole ! bulk ( ! specim5s be>+ ^! m>ks w be f\nd to belong to ! p]iod indicat$1 & ! imitations are g5]ally s co>se z to be unmi/akable4 ,! temptation to borr[ ! reign m>ks ( ! subsequ5t p]iods is s slight t we may safely accept ! lat] m>ks z correct indications ( date4 ,m>ks writt5 9 enamel col\rs & ev5 9 gold become increas+ly common on ! famille rose porcela9s f ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod onw>ds1 ! r$ m>k be+ m famili> on ! mod]n w>es ?an ! blue2 & seal *>act]s frequ5tly replace ! ord9>y script 9 ! reign m>ks ( ! ,yung ,*ng & subsequ5t p]iods4 ,date m>ks 9 seal =m be=e ! eighte5? c5tury are v unusual1 & %\ld be reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ notes t ,*9ese date m>ks mu/ be treat$ ) great caution4 ,9 fact x is saf] to reg>d !m m]ely z second>y evid5ce1 fir/ bas+ "o's judgm5t on ! pa/e & glaze1 ! /yle ( decoration & ! quality ( ! col\rs4 ,! "o exception to ?is decl>ation ( unfai? is ! m>ks on ! ,imp]ial porcela94 ,^! w\ld naturally be correct & reliable1 except :]e delib]ate imitations ( ! old] w>es 7 und]tak52 & !n1 no d\bt1 ! m>k ( ! p]iod imitat$ w\ld be us$ to make ! illusion complete4 ,! ,imp]ial m>ks 7 ! "w ( calligraph]s :o 7 select$ = ! purpose1 & ! writ+ is c>eful & 9 good /yle4 ,9 fact a well-writt5 m>k is almo/ z c]ta9 a sign ( ,imp]ial w>e z ! five-claw$ dragon itself4#dea ,at ! private factories ! m>ks 7 (t5 c>elessly1 ev5 illegibly1 writt51 & probably little tr\ble 0 tak5 ) ?is "p ( ! decoration except on ! *oic] specim5s4 ,on a l>ge proportion ( ! private w>es ! m>k 0 omitt$ altoge!r4 ,! m>ks on ,*9ese pott]y & porcela9 may be conv5i5tly gr\p$ "u ! foll[+ head+s3-- 7#a7 ,date m>ks4 7#b7 ,hall m>ks4 7#c7 ,pott]s' names & factory m>ks4 7#d7 ,m>ks ( d$ication1 felicitation1 comm5dation1 etc4 7#a7 ,date m>ks4 ,! date m>ks con=m to ! two ,*9ese sy/ems ( *ronology1 7a7 ! cyclical & 7b7 ! reign names ( ! ,emp]ors4 7a7 ,! sy/em by :i* ! ye>s are divid$ into cycles ( sixty1 ea* ye> ( ! cycle hav+ a "n1 c>ries back ,*9ese *ronology to ! ye> #bfcg ,b4,c41 f :i* ! fir/ cycle is dat$4 ,we are at pres5t 9 ! #gf? cycle4 ,! ye> names are compos$ ( two *>act]s1 ! fir/ be+ "o ( ! ,t5 ,/ems1 & ! second "o ( ! ,twelve ,bran*es2 & z ! /ems & ! bran*es are tak5 9 /rict rotation1 x is cle> t ! comb9ations w n be exhau/$ until sixty h be5 =m$1 t numb] be+ ! lea/ common multiple ( t5 & twelve4 ,! ,t5 ,/ems ,*9ese ,%ih kan are z foll[s3-- #a ,*9ese *ia correspond+ to ! elem5t ,*9ese mu #b ,*9ese i wood4 #c ,*9ese p+ correspond+ to ! elem5t ,*9ese huo #d ,*9ese t+ fire4 #e ,*9ese wu or m\ correspond+ to ! elem5t ,*9ese tu #f ,*9ese *i e>?4 #g ,*9ese kng correspond+ to ! elem5t ,*9ese *9 #h ,*9ese hs9 metal4 #i ,*9ese jn correspond+ to ! elem5t ,*9ese %ui #aj ,*9ese kuei wat]4 ,! ,twelve ,bran*es ,*9ese %ih rh *ih1 :i* correspond to ! twelve animals ( ! zodiac1 & ?r\gh !m to ! twelve divisions ( ! day are z foll[s3-- ,app]ta9+ to ! sign ( ! ,correspond+ to #a ,*9ese tz 44 rat 44 ,aries #aa-a a4m4 ,n4 #b ,*9ese *ou 44 ox 44 ,taurus #a-c a4m4 ,n4,n4,e4 #c_/d;,e4 #c ,*9ese y9 44 tig] 44 ,gem9i #c-e a4m4 ,e4,n4,e4 #c_/d,n4 #d ,*9ese mao 44 h>e 44 ,canc] #e-g a4m4 ,e4 #e ,*9ese *n 44 dragon 44 ,leo #g-i a4m4 ,e4,s4,e4 #c_/d,s4 #f ,*9ese ss 44 s]p5t 44 ,virgo #i-aa a4m4 ,s4,s4,e4 #c_/d;,e4 #g ,*9ese wu 44 horse 44 ,libra #aa a4m4-#a p4m4 ,s4 #h ,*9ese wei 44 %eep 44 ,scorpio #a-c a4m4 ,s4,s4,w4 #c_/d,w4 #i ,*9ese %n 44 monkey 44 ,sagitt>ius #c-e a4m4 ,w4,s4,w4 #c_/d,w4 #aj ,*9ese yu 44 cock 44 ,capricornus #e-g a4m4 ,w4 #aa ,*9ese hs 44 dog 44 ,aqu>ius #g-i a4m4 ,w4,n4,w4 #c_/d,n4 #ab ,*9ese hai bo> 44 ,pisces #i-aa a4m4 ,n4,n4,w4 #c_/d,w4 ,! table ( cycles subsequ5t to ! ,*ri/ian era1#deb i4e4 cycles #de-gf1 dat+ f #d-aibh ,a4,d41 w be useful 9 calculat+ ! ye> ( ! cyclical dates ) ! help ( ! accompany+ table ( num]als3-- 7a7 7b7 7c7 #a ,*9ese 44 i 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese or ,*9ese #b ,*9ese 44 rh 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese ,*9ese #c ,*9ese 44 san 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese ,*9ese #d ,*9ese 44 ss 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese #e ,*9ese 44 wu 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese #f ,*9ese 44 liu 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese #g ,*9ese 44 *i 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese #h ,*9ese 44 pa 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese #i ,*9ese 44 *iu 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese #aj ,*9ese 44 %ih 44 ,*9ese 44 ,*9ese or ,*9ese 7a7 is ! normal =m2 7b7 is commonly us$ = acc\nts2 7c7 is us$ on drafts1 pawntickets1 etc4 ,,table ,,( ,,cyclical ,,dates ,,f ,a4,d4 #d ,,cycle ,,beg9n+ #d #fd #cjd #cfd #abd #ahd #bdd #fjd #ffd #dbd #dhd #edd ,cyclical ,signs4 #ijd #ifd #gbd #ghd #hdd #abjd #abfd #ajbd #ajhd #aadd #aejd #aefd #acbd #achd #addd #ahjd #ahfd #afbd #afhd #agdd ,*9ese #jd #fd #bd #hd #dd ,*9ese #je #fe #be #he #de ,*9ese #jf #ff #bf #hf #df ,*9ese #jg #fg #bg #hg #dg ,*9ese #jh #fh #bh #hh #dh ,*9ese #ji #fi #bi #hi #di ,*9ese #aj #gj #cj #ij #ej ,*9ese #aa #ga #ca #ia #ea ,*9ese #ab #gb #cb #ib #eb ,*9ese #ac #gc #cc #ic #ec ,*9ese #ad #gd #cd #id #ed ,*9ese #ae #ge #ce #ie #ee ,*9ese #af #gf #cf #if #ef ,*9ese #ag #gg #cg #ig #eg ,*9ese #ah #gh #ch #ih #eh ,*9ese #ai #gi #ci #ii #ei ,*9ese #bj #hj #dj #ajj #fj ,*9ese #ba #ha #da #aja #fa ,*9ese #bb #hb #db #ajb #fb ,*9ese #bc #hc #dc #ajc #fc ,*9ese #bd #hd #dd #ajd #fd ,*9ese #be #he #de #aje #fe ,*9ese #bf #hf #df #ajf #ff ,*9ese #bg #hg #dg #ajg #fg ,*9ese #bh #hh #dh #ajh #fh ,*9ese #bi #hi #di #aji #fi ,*9ese #cj #ij #ej #aaj #gj ,*9ese #ca #ia #ea #aaa #ga ,*9ese #cb #ib #eb #aab #gb ,*9ese #cc #ic #ec #aac #gc ,,cycle ,,beg9n+ #d #fd #cjd #cfd #abd #ahd #bdd #fjd #ffd #dbd #dhd #edd ,cyclical ,signs4 #ijd #ifd #gbd #ghd #hdd #abjd #abfd #ajbd #ajhd #aadd #aejd #aefd #acbd #achd #addd #ahjd #ahfd #afbd #afhd #agdd ,*9ese #cd #id #ed #ad #gd ,*9ese #ce #ie #ee #ae #ge ,*9ese #cf #if #ef #af #gf ,*9ese #cg #ig #eg #ag #gg ,*9ese #ch #ih #eh #ah #gh ,*9ese #ci #ii #ei #ai #gi ,*9ese #dj #ajj #fj #bj #hj ,*9ese #da #aja #fa #ba #ha ,*9ese #db #ajb #fb #bb #hb ,*9ese #dc #ajc #fc #bc #hc ,*9ese #dd #ajd #fd #bd #hd ,*9ese #de #aje #fe #be #he ,*9ese #df #ajf #ff #bf #hf ,*9ese #dg #ajg #fg #bg #hg ,*9ese #dh #ajh #fh #bh #hh ,*9ese #di #aji #fi #bi #hi ,*9ese #ej #aaj #gj #cj #ij ,*9ese #ea #aaa #ga #ca #ia ,*9ese #eb #aab #gb #cb #ib ,*9ese #ec #aac #gc #cc #ic ,*9ese #ed #aad #gd #cd #id ,*9ese #ee #aae #ge #ce #ie ,*9ese #ef #aaf #gf #cf #if ,*9ese #eg #aag #gg #cg #ig ,*9ese #eh #aah #gh #ch #ih ,*9ese #ei #aai #gi #ci #ii ,*9ese #fj #abj #hj #dj #ajj ,*9ese #fa #aba #ha #da #aja ,*9ese #fb #abb #hb #db #ajb ,*9ese #fc #abc #hc #dc #ajc ,x w be se5 t cyclical dates )\t any indication ( ! p>ticul> cycle int5d$ are m]ely tantalis+4 ,on ! o!r h& :5 ! reign is specifi$ z well1 ! comb9ation gives ! mo/ precise =m ( date4 ,b un=tunately !re are _m cases 9 :i* ! reign "n is abs5t1 & we c only judge ! cycle by ! /yle ( ! w>e1 a calculation :i* is always op5 to dispute4 ,x is n (t5 t ! cycle is s cle>ly indicat$ by an indirect me?od z 9 ! (t-quot$ m>k yu hs9 *ou ni5 *ih ,*9ese made 9 ! hs9 *ou ye> recurr+ 7yu74,?is c only be #agba1 :5 ! hs9 *ou ye> actually recurr$ 9 ! 7sixty-fir/ ye> (7 reign ( ,kang ,hsi4#dec 7b7 ,! m usual =m ( date m>k is t :i* gives ! reign "n ( an ,emp]or4 ,on asc5d+ ! ?rone ! ,emp]or disc>d$ 8 family "n & assum$ a title by :i* 8 reign 0 !nce=? kn[n4 ,?is is ! "n :i* appe>s 9 ! date m>ks1 & x is kn[n z ! ni5 7p]iod7 hao 7"n74 ,aft] 8 dea? ! ,emp]or receiv$ ano!r title1 ! miao hao1 or "n "u :i* he 0 canonis$2 b ?\gh ref]5ce might be made to him 9 hi/ory "u 8 miao hao1 x is obvi\s t ! po/hum\s "n _c occur on contempor>y date m>ks4 ,9 reckon+ ! date ( an ,emp]or's reign x 0 n usual to include (ficially ! ye> 9 :i* 8 pr$ecessor _h di$1 b to date ! reign f ! fir/ day ( ! ye> foll[+4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,kang ,hsi became ,emp]or 9 #affa1 8 reign is dat$ (ficially f #affb4 ,! ,imp]ial date m>k is usually writt5 9 six *>act]s beg9n+ ) ! "n ( ! dyna/y & end+ ) ! words ni5 *ih 7made 9 ! p]iod73 ! ni5 hao com+ 9 ! middle3-- #a #b #c #d #e #f e4g4 ,ta m+ *ng hua ni5 *ih made 7*ih7 #d ,*9ese #a #e ,*9ese #b #f ,*9ese #c 9 ! ,*ng ,hua p]iod 7ni57 ( ! great ,m+ 7dyna/y74 ,occasionally ! ^w ni5 is replac$ by y ,*9ese 7,imp]ial71 y *ih mean+ made by ,imp]ial comm&2 & 9 place ( *ih we sometimes f9d ! ^w tsao ,*9ese or m r>ely tso ,*9ese bo? ( :i* h ! same mean+ made4 ,! six *>act]s may be writt5 9 two l9es ( ?ree1 or 9 ?ree l9es ( two1 or aga9 9 "o long l9e read f "r to left2 & = reasons ( space1 & sometimes = no app>5t reason1 ! fir/ two *>act]s are omitt$1 e4g4 ,*9ese4 ,! omission ( ! ni5 hao is r>e except on a few ,japanese copies ( ,*9ese porcela91 e4g4 ,*9ese ta m+ ni5 *ih made 9 ! great ,m+ dyna/y4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! seal =ms ( ! m>k 7 frequ5tly employ$ f ! eighte5? c5tury onw>ds 7see p4 #bji74 ,an ar*aic =m ( seal "* occurs 9 ! ,yung ,lo m>k :i* is giv5 bel[4 ,! use ( ! ni5 hao on ! ,imp]ial w>es made at ,*+-t ,*n 0 made obligatory by a comm& issu$ 9 ! ,*+-t p]iod 7#ajjd-ajjg71 :5 ! "n ( ! t[n 0 alt]$ to ,*+-t ,*n4 ,m+ ,dyna/y ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,hung ,,wu1 #acfh-acih4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,yung ,,lo1 #adjc-adbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 ar*aic *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,hs,,an ,t1 #adbf-adce4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,*,,ng ,,hua1 #adfe-adhg4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s 7! fir/ two omitt$74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,hung ,,*ih1 #adhh-aeje4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,*,,ng ,t1 #aejf-aeba4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,*ia ,,*+1 #aebb-aeff4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,lung ,,*,,+1 #aefg-aegb4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,wan ,,li1 #aegc-afai4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,t,,i5 ,,*,i1 #afba-afbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,*,,ung ,,*,,ng1 #afbh-afdc4 ,*+ ,dyna/y4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,%un ,,*ih1 #afdd-affa4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,*+ ,dyna/y ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,k,,ang ,,hsi1 #affb-agbb4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,yung ,,*,,ng1 #agbc-agce4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,*,,i5 ,,lung1 #agcf-agie4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,*ia ,,*,,+1 #agif-ahbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,tao ,,kuang1 #ahba-ahej4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,hsi5 ,f,,ng1 #ahea-ahfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,t,,ung ,,*ih1 #ahfb-ahgd4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,,kuang ,,hs1 #ahge-aiji4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,same 9 seal *>act]s4 7#b7 ,hall m>ks4 ,! hall m>k1 :i* is ( frequ5t occurr5ce on bo? porcela9 & pott]y1 is s call$ because x includes ! ^w tang ,*9ese 7hall7 or "s equival5t su* z *ai ,*9ese 7a /udy71 t+ ,*9ese 7a pavilion71 hsi5 or hsan ,*9ese 7a por*1 balcony or pavilion71 kuan ,*9ese 7a resid5ce or ho/elry71 fang ,*9ese 7a room or h\se71 * ,*9ese 7a dwell+74 ,! ^w tang z expla9$ 9 ,giles's ,diction>y is a hall3 especially a hall ( ju/ice or c\rt2 ! ance/ral hall2 an (ficial title4 ,tang m+ is ! family hall "n--a fancy "n usually consi/+ ( two *>act]s foll[$ by tang 7e4g4 wu t tang *9 ,*9 ( ! milit>y val\r hall71 & ref]r+ to "s ev5t 9 family hi/ory4 ,x is g5]ally inscrib$ 9 "o ( ! pr9cipal rooms ( ! h\se1 & is us$ 9 de$s1 on graves1 b\nd>y /ones1 etc4 ,! hall m>k1 !n1 may conta9 ! /udio "n ( ! mak] or ( ! recipi5t ( ! w>e1 or x may h ref]5ce lit]ally to ! build+ = :i* ! w>e 0 int5d$4 ,! la/ int]pretation c be g5]ally appli$ to ! m>ks ref]r+ to halls or pavilions 9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,imp]ial palace4 ,aga91 ! hall may be ! %op ( a deal] :o ord]$ ! goods4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( prepositions1 x is n always--n (t51 ,i %\ld p]haps say--possible to det]m9e :i* ( ^! alt]natives is impli$ 9 any p>ticul> hallm>k2 e4g4 ,*9ese ,l9 y tang *ih may mean made 9 ! ,abundant-,jade ,hall1 or = ! same1 or by a man ^: /udio "n 0 ,l9-y tang4 ,z to ! antiquity ( hall m>ks1 x 0 n consid]$ ana*roni/ic to cut "o on a ,han gran>y urn :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 b un=tunately z ! cutt+ 0 done aft] ! w>e 0 bak$ x is n[ impossible to say at :at p]iod x 0 execut$4 ,a ,sung example is quot$ 9 ! ,ni ku lu 7writt5 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury7 z inscrib$ on a ,t+ ,*\ vase 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! ,mi family1 viz41 jn ho kuan ,*9ese 7,hotel ( ,b5evol5ce & ,h>mony74 ,a simil> m>k simil>ly plac$ is ,*9ese jn tsun tang 7,hall ( ,b5evol5ce71 on a ,tz ,*\ j> 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,hall m>ks on ,m+ porcela9 are r>e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o :i* occurs fairly (t5 on late ,m+ porcela9s ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ pieces decorat$ 9 blue & blue & :ite1 und]glaze r$1 blue & enamel col\rs1 pi]c$ designs & slip4 ,?is is ,*9ese y tang *ia *i1 beautiful vessel = ! ,jade ,hall4 ,x is improbable t ! y tang 0 a factory "n1 z ! specim5s s m>k$ h little homog5eity4 ,giles's ,diction>y tells u t y tang is a "n = ! ,han ,l9 ,college at ,pek+1 :i* 0 s call$ 9 memory ( ,*\ ,*ih-l9 ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 ^u :om ! ,emp]or be/[$ ^! two *>act]s 9 admiration ( 8 qualities4 ,f ?is we might inf] t ! w>es s m>k$ 7 made = ! ,han ,l92 b :y1 "o asks1 9 t case %\ld ! examples 9 our collections be s _m & s evid5tly ( ! same p]iod8 ,on ! :ole ,i pref] to reg>d ! m>k z ( g5]al 7& complim5t>y7 significance1 i4e4 beautiful vessel = ! home ( pure wor?1 l ano!r m>k mu* affect$ on late ,m+ porcela9 fu kuei *ia *i 7f9e vessel = ! ri* & hon\rable674 ,hall m>ks are v frequ5t on ! porcela9s ( ! ,*+ dyna/y1 & en\gh are giv5 bel[ to illu/rate _! v>i\s =ms4 ,_m ( !m are no d\bt hall names ( mak]s & decorators1 & z su* belong to ! category ( arti/s' signatures4 ,special int]e/ atta*es to ^? hall m>ks :i* h be5 id5tifi$ z ref]r+ to pavilions 9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,imp]ial palace4 ,we are told by ,bu%ell#ded t ! fa%ion ( inscrib+ ^u porcela9 made = ! ,imp]ial palace ! "n ( ! p>ticul> pavilion = :i* x 0 int5d$ seems to h begun 9 ! reign ( ,yung ,*ng1 & obs]vation %[s t ^! hall m>ks only become frequ5t on ! lat] porcela9s4 ,9 fact mo/ ( ! examples ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ are ne>] 9 /yle to ! ,tao ,kuang ?an to ! ,yung ,*ng w>es1 & ! majority ( ! hall m>ks writt5 9 r$ on ! glaze w be f\nd to be ( e>ly n9ete5? c5tury date4 ,,hall ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,y tang *ia *i f9e vessel = ! jade hall 7late ,m+74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,y hai tang *ih made = ! ,y-hai 7jade sea7 hall 7ab\t #agjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,tsai hua tang *ih made = ! hall ( bright pa9t+ 7n9ete5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,tsai jun tang *ih made = ! hall ( bright col\rs 7n9ete5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,nan hsiang tang s\? aspect hall 7on eighte5? c5tury pott]y74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*ih lan *ai *ih made = ! epid5drum hall 7sev5te5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,ku yeh hsan *ih made by ,ku-yeh-hsan4 7,see ,vol4 ii41 p4 #bae47 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,yu *ai quiet pavilion--a /udio "n ( a pa9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,wan %ih * myriad rocks retreat2 /udio "n ( a pa9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*u %ih * r$ rocks retreat2 /udio "n ( a pa9t]4 ,,palace ,,hall ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*ng t tang *ih ord]$ = ! ,*ng-t 7complete virtue7 hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*+ wei tang *ih made = ! ,*+-wei 7rev]5t awe7 hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,hs hua tang *ih tsng made = ! ,hs-hua hall1 = pres5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,tan n+ *ai *ih made = ! ,tan-n+ 7peace & tranquillity7 pavilion4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,ss pu *ai *ih made = ! ,ss-pu pavilion 7i4e4 pavilion = m$itation = ! correction ( faults74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,%n t tang *ih made = ! ,%n-t 7cultivation ( virtue7 hall4 7,see ,vol4 ii41 p4 #bfd47 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,%n t tang po ku *ih antique made = ! ,%n-t hall4 7#c7 ,pott]s' names1 etc4 ,m>ks :i* include pott]s' names 7ap>t f ! unc]ta9 hall m>ks7 are r>e on ,*9ese porcela9 ?\gh frequ5t en\gh on pott]y4 ,b x w be rememb]$ t at ,*+-t ,*n at any rate ! porcela9 pass$ ?r\gh s _m h&s t ! individuality ( ! "w 0 lo/1 & consequ5tly a p]sonal m>k w\ld be1 z a rule1 mislead+4 ,! "q ( signatures 9 ! field ( ! decoration has be5 discuss$#dee ) ! conclusion t !y belong r to ! arti/s :o pa9t$ ! orig9al copi$ by ! pot-pa9t]s ?an to ! pot-pa9t] himself4 ,p]haps we %\ld include "h a fairly common type ( m>k1 usually 9 ! =m ( a small seal ( a conv5tional & q illegible "*1 :i* goes by ! "n ( %op m>ks4 ,b x is n cle> :e!r !y ref] to ! mak] or ! firm :o ord]$ ! porcela94 ,,pott]s' ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,ma *n %ih tsao made by ma *n-%ih 7on a ,tang vase74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*ang *ia tsao made by ! ,*ang family 7on ,tz ,*\ w>e74 7,see ,vol4 i41 p4 #aje47 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,wang %ih *ih m+ ,mr4 ,wang ,*ih-m+ 7on ,tz-,*\ w>e74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,i %ng h>moni\s prosp]ity4 ,p]haps a pott]'s "n 7on ,kuangtung w>e74 ,,m>ks ,,on ,,kuangtung ,,w>e ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,ko m+-hsiang *ih made by ,ko ,m+-hsiang 7eighte5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,ko yan hsiang *ih made by ,ko ,yan-hsiang 7eighte5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,huang yn *i m>k ( ,huang-yn 7n9ete5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,li ,ta-lai pott]'s "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,h\-*ang pott]'s "n4 ,,pott]s' ,,m>ks--cont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,yi hs+ tz %a br[n e>? 7lit4 s&7 ( ,yi-hs+4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,m+-yan a late ,m+ pott] at ,yi-hs+4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,hui mng-*n "n ( a late ,m+ pott] at ,yi-hs+1 copi$ on mod]n w>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*n ,m+ ,yan *ih made by ,*n ,m+-,yan1 ,yi-hs+4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,y lan pi *ih secretly made by ,y-lan2 ,yi-hs+ 7n9ete5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,wan li t+ yu *n wn *+ su ,*n ,wn-*+ modell$ x 9 ! t+-yu ye> ( ,wan ,li 7i4e4 #aeig74 ,,m>ks ,,on ,,fuki5 ,,:ite ,,porcela9 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*ao-*9 a pott]'s "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*ung tun %ih ,*ung-tun family4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese 787 ,li-*ih a pott]'s "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,%an jn *n-wei ! h]mit ,*n-wei4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,lai-kuan pott]'s "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*ao tsung ho y9 seal ( ,ho ,*ao-tsung4 ,,pott]s' ,,names1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*iang m+ kao tsao made by ,*iang ,m+-kao 7ab\t #agjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*n kuo *ih tsao made by ,*n ,kuo-*ih 7ab\t #agjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,tao kuang t+ wei wn lang %an *ih made by ,wn ,lang-%an 9 ! t+-wei ye> ( ,tao ,kuang 7i4e4 #ahdg74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,y fng yang l9 ,yang ,l9 ( ,y-fng4 7,see ,vol4 ii41 p4 #bab47 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese 787 ,trad]'s m>k on export porcela94 7,see ,vol4 ii41 p4 #acf47 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,wang tso t+ tso made by ,wang ,tso-t+ 7e>ly n9ete5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,wang p+ jung tso made by ,wan ,p+-jung 7e>ly n9ete5? c5tury74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*9ese ,l+ nan hui * ,l+-nan 7,canton7 pa9t+4 ,seal ( ,pai-%ih 7:ite rock74 7,see ,vol4 ii41 p4 #baa47 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,fu fan *ih tsao made on ! bord]s ( ,fuki54 7,see ,vol4 ii41 p4 #ajh47 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,?ree examples ( %op m>ks4 7#d7 ,m>ks ( d$ication1 felicitation1 etc4 ,9 _m cases ! place ( a date m>k1 hall m>k1 or pott]'s "n is tak5 by a ^w or phrase comm5d+ or describ+ ! w>e or invok+ a b5$iction on ! possessor4 ,su* m>ks may be conv5i5tly subdivid$ into m>ks ( 7a7 d$ication1 7b7 felicitation1 7c7 comm5dation2 to :i* may be add$ 7d7 symbols us$ z m>ks4 7a7 ,m>ks ( d$ication indicat+ ! de/9ation or int5tion ( ! w>e conta9 ! "n ( a place or p]son or "s ^w sugge/+ ! use to :i* ! vessel 0 d$icat$4 ,?is gr\p naturally ov]laps t ( ! hall m>ks1 !re be+ no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a palace hall m>k & su* a m>k z ,%u fu ,*9ese 7,imp]ial palace7 :i* 0 inscrib$ on ! ,imp]ial porcela9 ( ! ,yan dyna/y4 ,a few m>ks ( d$ication are m5tion$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan#def e4g4 ,*9ese tan 7alt>7 on ! alt> cups ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod2 ,*9ese *a 7tea71 ,*9ese *iu 7w9e71 ,*9ese tsao tang 7decoction ( jujubes71 & ,*9ese *iang tang 7decoction ( g+]71 :i* 7 inscrib$ inside ! alt> cups ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod1 besides ,*9ese *9 lu 7gold5 seal71 ,*9ese ta *iao 7great sacrifice71 & ,*9ese tan yung 7alt> use71 :i* 7 writt5 b5ea? !m2 all indicat+ ! (f]+s & ! alt>s = :i* ! cups 7 de/9$4 ,d$ications to temples1 in/itutions1 & ev5 to individuals1 (t5 ( consid]able l5g?1 also occur n infrequ5tly4 7b7 ,m>ks ( felicitation include good wi%es su* z *ang m+ fu kuei 7long life1 ri*es & hon\r71 wan fu yu tung 7may inf9ite happ9ess embrace all y\r affairs71 bo? ( :i* h be5 not$ on ,m+ porcela92 words ( good om5 su* z fu1 lu1 %\1 sep>ately or toge!r1 ,*9ese *i 7good luck71 ,*9ese *+ 7prosp]ity71 etc4 7c7 ,m>ks ( comm5dation are also frequ5t1 especially 9 ! ,kang ,hsi p]iod & on blue & :ite porcela94 ,!y allude to ! beauty ( ! w>e1 comp>+ x ) jade or gold or gems1 or to ! subject ( ! decoration2 & !y v>y 9 l5g? f a s+le "* su* z ,*9ese y 7jade7 to a s5t5ce l *i %ih pao t+ *ih *n 7a gem among preci\s vessels ( r>e /one74 7d7 ,a sacr$ symbol or emblematic ornam5t (t5 replaces ! m>k on ,kang ,hsi porcela92 b z ^! w be f\nd among ! symbols1 etc41 describ$ 9 vol4 ii41 *4 xvii41 !re is no ne$ to discuss !m any fur!r4 ,! mo/ frequ5tly us$ are ! pa pao 7,eight ,preci\s ,?+s71 & ! pa *i hsiang 7! ,eight ,buddhi/ ,emblems ( ,happy ,augury74 ,,m>ks ,,( ,,felicitation1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,%un h>mony4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,lu prosp]ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,%\ longevity 7seal =m74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,! same1 ) ! ,swa/ika int]wov54 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,! spid] m>k1 a fanciful =m ( %\4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese hsi 7joy7 repeat$ d\ble joy1 a w$d+ symbol4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese t hua *'ang *'un virtue culture & endur+ spr+2 enclos$ by ,wan li ni5 tsao made 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod 7#aegc-afai74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,m>k resembl+ a ca% or co9 inscrib$ *'ang m+ fu kuei long life1 ri*es1 & hon\rs6 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese fu kuei *'ang *'un ri*es1 hon\rs1 & endur+ spr+6 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,wan fu yu t'ung a myriad happ9esses embrace all 7y\r affairs76 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,kung m+ fu kuei ,hung fu *'i t'i5 a fam\s "n1 ri*es & hon\rs1 va/ happ9ess equall+ heav56 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese t'i5 t'i yi *ia *'un spr+ "t = ! :ole family ( heav5 & e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ta ya *ai pavilion ( gr& culture4 ,! ,empress d[ag]'s m>k4 ,,m>ks ,,( ,,comm5dation ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ti5 heav54 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*n a gem4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,ya wan elegant tr9ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*an complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,y jade4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*n wan preci\s tr9ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese fu kuei *ia *i f9e vessel = ! ri* & hon\rable4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,nan *uan *9 y embroid]$ jade ( ,nan-*uan 7i4e4 ,*+-t ,*n74 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,*i %ih pao t+ *ih *n a gem among preci\s vessels ( r>e /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,ai li5 *n %ang preci\s rew>d ( ! lov] ( ! lotus4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese han hs+ to conta9 fragrance4 ,= o!r m>ks on porcela9 & pott]y see ,m>ks on ,pott]y & ,porcela91 by ,w4 ,burton & ,r4,l4 ,hobson1 & ,! ,new ,*aff]s4 ,,miscellane\s ,,m>ks ,,& ,,symbols ,illu/ration3 ,con*-%ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,inc5se-burn] 7t+74 ,illu/ration3 ju-i head4 ,illu/ration3 ,knot 7*ang74 ,illu/ration3 ,swa/ika 7wan74 ,illu/ration3 ,swa/ika 9 a loz5ge symbol4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ork 7on a late ,m+ blue & :ite di%74 ,illu/ration3 ,! moon h>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,! moon h>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,! moon h>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,artemisia leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fungus 7l+-*ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,fungus 7l+-*ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,fu 7"o ( ! twelve ornam5ts on anci5t embroid]y74 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,f #ae4aae ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ddh3 ,see ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #ad v]so 7quot+ ! ,i *ih73 ,9 ! sixte5? ye> ( ,k'ang ,hsi ! di/rict magi/rate1 ,*ang ,*'i-*ung1 a man ( ,yang-*'ng1 =bade ! workm5 ( ,*+-t ,*n to inscribe on ! porcela9 vessels ! ni5 hao ( ! ,emp]or or ! h&writ+ 7tz *i ,*9ese7 ( ! holy m51 to prev5t _! be+ brok5 & injur$4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,see ,catalogue ,b4,f4,a41 #aiaj1 ,e #d4 ,footnote #dej3 ,?is qualification is v necess>y1 because !re are pl5ty ( inf]ior pieces ) ! ,*'ng ,hua m>k :i* are q mod]n4 ,footnote #dea3 ,! ,*i5 ,lung enamell$ ,imp]ial w>e is frequ5tly m>k$ 9 r$ )9 a squ>e panel res]v$ 9 ! opaque blui% gre5 enamel :i* s (t5 cov]s ! base4 ,footnote #deb3 ,= ! complete tables ( cycles see ,may]s1 op4 cit41 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #dec3 ,?\gh ! reign ( ,kang ,hsi (ficially dates f #affb1 9 reality x began ) ! dea? ( ! previ\s ,emp]or 9 #affa2 see p4 #baf4 ,footnote #ded3 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #dee3 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #def3 ,vol4 ii1 p4 #cd4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,p4 xxi4 'br[i% gre5'1 *ang$ 'br[i%' to br[ni%'4 ,tak5 hyph5 out ( ',kuang-tung' to ,kuangtung4 ,tak5 hyph5 out ( ',%an-tung' to ,%antung4 ',kiang-nan'1 n tak+ out hyph54 ',po-lo' n tak+ out hyph54 ,tak5 hyph5 out ( ',kiang-su' to ,kiangsu4 ,tak5 hyph5 out ( ',*ih-li' to ,*ihli4 ,tak5 hyph5 out ( ',kuan-y9' to ,kuany94 ,add$ hyph5 9 ',pakhoi' to ',pak-hoi4 ,correct$ v>i\s punctuation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------