,,phallic ,,worship                     
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,phallic ,,worship                     
,a ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,mysteries 
,,of ,,the                        ,,sex 
,,worship ,,of ,,the ,,ancients         
,,with ,,the ,,history ,,of             
,,the ,,masculine ,,cross               
,,an ,,account ,,of                     
,,primitive ,,symbolism1 ,,hebrew       
,,phallicism1                           
,,bacchic ,,festivals1 ,,sexual ,,rites1
 ,,and                    ,,the         
,,mysteries ,,of ,,the ,,ancient        
,,faiths                                
,,london                                
,,privately ,,printed                   
#ahhj                                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,preface    ,the present somewhat      
slight sketch of a most interesting     
subject1  whilst not claiming entire    
originality1 yet embraces the cream1 so 

to  speak1 of various learned works of  
great cost1 some of which being  issued 
for private circulation only1 are almost
 unobtainable4    ,during the past few  
years several books have been written   
upon  ,phallicism in conjunction with   
other kindred matters1 but not devoting 
themselves entirely to one ancient      
mystery1 the writers have only          
partially ventilated the subject4 ,the  
present work seeks to obviate this      
failing by confining its attention      
entirely to the ,sex ,worship or        
,phallicism of the ancient world4       
,many of the topics have received only  
slight treatment1 being little  more    
than indicated2 but the work will enable
 the reader to understand  and possess  
the truth concerning the ,phallic       
,worship of the ,ancients4    ,those who
 desire to know more1 or to authenticate
 the statements and  facts given in this
 book1 should consult the large and     
important works  of ,payne ,knight1     
,higgins1 ,dulaure1 ,rolle1 ,inman1 and 

other writers4    ,it was intended to   
give with this volume a list of works   
and  miscellaneous pieces written on the
 subject1 but the length of the list    
prevented its being added4              
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,phallic ,,worship                     
,,nature ,,and ,,sex ,,worship    ,sex  
,worship has prevailed among all peoples
 of ancient times1 sometimes            
contemporaneous and often mixed with    
,star1 ,serpent1 and ,tree ,worship4    
,the powers of nature were sexualised   
and endowed with the same feelings1     
passions1 and performing the same       
functions as human beings4    ,among the
 ancients1 whether the ,sun1 the        
,serpent1 or the ,phallic ,emblem  was  
worshipped1 the idea was the same--the  
veneration of the generative  principle4
 ,thus we find a close relationship     
between the various  mythologies of the 
ancient nations1 and by a comparison of 
the creeds1  ideas1 and symbols1 can see

 that they spring from the same source1 
namely1 the worship of the forces and   
operations of nature1 the original  of  
which was doubtless ,sun worship4 ,it is
 not necessary to prove that in         
primitive times the ,sun must have been 
worshipped under various names1  and    
venerated as the ,creator1 ,light1      
,source of ,life1 and the ,giver of     
,food4    ,in the earliest times the    
worship of the generative power was of  
the  most simple and pure character1    
rude in manner1 primitive in form1 pure 
in idea1 the homage of man to the       
supreme power1 the ,author of life4     
,afterwards the worship became more     
depraved1 a religion of feeling1        
sensuous bliss1 corrupted by a          
priesthood who were not slow to take    
advantage of this state of affairs1 and 
inculcated with it profligate  and      
mysterious ceremonies1 union of gods    
with women1 religious  prostitution and 
other degrading rites4 ,thus it was not 
long before the  emblems lost their pure

 and simple meaning and became          
licentious statues  and debased objects4
    ,hence we have the depraved         
ceremonies at the worship of ,bacchus1  
who  became1 not only the representative
 of the creative power1 but the ,god  of
 pleasure and licentiousness4    ,the   
corrupted religion always found eager   
votaries1 willing to be  captives to a  
pleasant bondage by the impulse of      
physical bliss1 as was  the case in     
,india and ,egypt1 and among the        
,phnicians1 ,babylonians1 ,jews  and    
other nations4    ,sex worship once     
personified became the supreme and      
governing deity1  enthroned as the      
ruling ,god over all2 dissent therefrom 
was impious and  punished4 ,the priests 
of the worship compelled obedience2     
monarchs  complied to the prevailing    
faith and became willing devotees to the
  shrines of ,isis and ,venus on the one
 hand1 and of ,bacchus and ,priapus on  
the other1 by appealing to the most     
animating passion of nature4            

,,phallicism    ,this is the worship of 
the reproductive powers1 the sexual     
appointments  revered as the emblems of 
the ,creator4 ,the one male1 the active 
creative  power2 the other the female or
 passive power2 ideas which were        
represented by various emblems in       
different countries4    ,these emblems  
were of a pure and sacred character1 and
 used at a time  when the prophets and  
priests spoke plain speech1 understood  
by a rude  and primitive people2        
although doubtless by the common people 
the  emblems were worshipped themselves1
 even as at the present day in ,roman   
,catholic countries the more ignorant1  
in many cases1 actually worship  the    
images and pictures themselves1 while to
 the higher and more  intelligent minds 
they are only symbols of a hidden object
 of worship4  ,in the same manner1 the  
concealed meaning or hidden truth was to
 the  ignorant and rude people of early 
times entirely unknown1 while the       
priests and the more learned kept       

studiously concealed the meaning of  the
 ceremonies and symbols4 ,thus1 the     
primitive idea became mixed with        
profligate1 debased ceremonies1 and     
lascivious rites1 which in time  caused 
the more pure part of the worship to be 
forgotten4 ,but ,phallicism  is not to  
be judged from these sacred orgies1 any 
more than ,christianity  from the       
religious excitement and wild excesses  
of a few ,christian sects  during the   
,middle ,ages4    ,in a work on the     
8,worship of the ,generative ,powers    
during the ,middle  ,ages10 the writer  
traces the superstition westward1 and   
gives an account  of its prevalence     
throughout ,southern and ,western       
,europe during that  period4    ,the    
worship was very prevalent in ,italy1   
and was invariably carried by  the      
,romans into the countries they         
conquered1 where they introduced  their 
own institutions and forms of worship4  
,accordingly1 in ,britain  have been    
found numerous relics and remains2 and  

many of our ancient  customs are traced 
to a ,phallic origin4 8,when we cross   
over to ,britain10  says the writer1 8we
 find this worship established no less  
firmly and  extensively in that island2 
statuettes of ,priapus1 ,phallic        
bronzes1  pottery covered with obscene  
pictures1 are found wherever there are  
any  extensive remains of ,roman        
occupation1 as our antiquaries know     
well4 ,the  numerous ,phallic figures in
 bronze found in ,england are perfectly 
identical in character with those that  
occur in ,france and ,italy40    ,all   
antiquaries of any experience know the  
great number of obscene  subjects which 
are met with among the fine red pottery 
which is termed  ,samian ware1 found so 
abundantly in all ,roman sites in our   
island4 8,they  represent erotic scenes1
 in every sense of the word1 with       
figures of  ,priapus and ,phallic       
emblems40                               
,,phallus    ,the ,phallus1 or ,lingam1 
which stood for the image of the male   

organ1 or  emblem of creation1 has been 
worshipped from time immemorial4 ,payne 
,knight describes it as of the greatest 
antiquity1 and as having  prevailed in  
,egypt and all over ,asia4    ,the women
 of the former country carried in their 
religious processions1  a movable       
,phallus of disproportionate magnitude1 
which ,deodorus ,siculus  informs us    
signified the generative attribute4 ,it 
has also been observed  among the idols 
of the native ,americans and ancient    
,scandinavians1 while  the ,greeks      
represented the ,phallus alone1 and     
changed the personified  attribute into 
a distinct deity1 called ,priapus4      
,phallus1 or privy member 7membrum      
virile71 signifies1 8he breaks  through1
 or passes into40 ,this word survives in
 ,german pfahl1 and  pole in ,english4  
,phallus is supposed to be of ,phnician 
origin1 the  ,greek word pallo1 or      
phallo1 8to brandish preparatory to     
throwing a  missile10 is so near in     
assonance and meaning to ,phallus1 that 

one is  quite likely to be parent of the
 other4 ,in ,sanskrit it can be traced  
to  phal1 8to burst10 8to produce10 8to 
be fruitful02 then1 again1 phal  is 8a  
ploughshare10 and is also the name of   
,siva and ,mahadeva1 who are  ,hindu    
deities4 ,phallus1 then1 was the ancient
 emblem of creation3 a  divinity who was
 companion to ,bacchus4    ,the ,indian 
designation of this idol was ,lingam1   
and those who dedicated  themselves to  
its service were to observe inviolable  
chastity4 8,if it  were discovered10    
says ,crawford1 8that they had in any   
way departed from  them1 the punishment 
is death4 ,they go naked1 and being     
considered as  sanctified persons1 the  
women approach without scruple1 nor is  
it  thought that their modesty should be
 offended by it40                       
,,symbols ,,or ,,emblems    ,the        
,phallus and its emblems were           
representative of the gods ,bacchus1    
,priapus1 ,hercules1 ,siva1 ,osiris1    
,baal1 and ,asher1 who were all ,phallic

  deities4 ,the symbols were used as    
signs of the great creative energy or   
operating power of ,god from no sense of
 mere animal appetite1 but in the       
highest reverence4 ,payne ,knight1      
describing the emblems1 says3--         
8,forms and ceremonials of a religion   
are not always to be understood in      
their direct and obvious sense1 but are 
to be considered as symbolical          
representations of some hidden meaning  
extremely wise and just1 though  the    
symbols themselves1 to those who know   
not their true signification1  may      
appear in the highest degree absurd and 
extravagant4 ,it has often  happened    
that avarice and superstition have      
continued these symbolical              
representations for ages after their    
original meaning has been lost and      
forgotten2 they must1 of course1 appear 
nonsensical and ridiculous1 if  not     
impious and extravagant4 ,such is the   
case with the rite now under            
consideration1 than which nothing can be

 more monstrous and indecent1 if        
considered in its plain and obvious     
meaning1 or as part of the ,christian   
worship2 but which will be found to be a
 very natural symbol of a very  natural 
and philosophical system of religion1 if
 considered according to  its original  
use and intention40    ,the natural     
emblems were those which from their     
character were most  suitable           
representatives2 such as poles1 pillars1
 stones1 which were  sacred to ,hindu1  
,egyptian1 and ,jewish divinities4      
,blavalsky gives an account of the      
,bimlang ,stone1 to be found at ,narmada
  and other places1 which is sacred to  
the ,hindu deity ,siva2 these emblem    
stones were anointed1 like the stone    
consecrated by the ,patriarch ,jacob4   
,blavalsky further says that these      
stones are 8identical in shape1         
meaning1 and purpose with the #8pillars'
 set up by the several patriarchs  to   
mark their adoration of the ,lord ,god4 
,in fact1 one of these  patriarchal     

lithoi might even now be carried in the 
,sivaitic processions  of ,calcutta     
without its ,hebrew derivation being    
suspected40                             
,,the ,,pole    ,the ,pole was an emblem
 of the ,phallus1 and with the serpent  
upon it1 was  a representative of its   
divine wisdom and symbol of life4 ,the  
serpent  upon the tree is the same in   
character1 both are representative of   
the  tree of life4 ,the story of ,moses 
will well illustrate this1 when he      
erected in the wilderness this effigy1  
which stood as a sign of hope and  life1
 as the cross is used by the ,catholics 
of the present day2 the  cross then1 as 
now1 being simply an emblem of the      
,creator1 used as a  token of           
resurrection or regeneration4 sculapius1
 as the restorer of  health1 has a rod  
or ,phallus with a serpent entwined4    
,the ,rev4 ,m4 ,morris has shown that   
the raising of the ,may-pole is of      
,phallic origin1 the remains of a custom
 of ,india or ,egypt1 and is  typical of

 the fructifying powers of spring4      
,the ,may festival was carried on with  
great licentiousness by the ,romans1    
and was celebrated by nearly all peoples
 as the month consecrated to  ,love4    
,the ,may-day in ,england was the scene 
of riotous enjoyment1 very  nearly      
approaching to the ,roman ,floralia4 ,no
 wonder the ,puritans looked  upon the  
,may-pole as a relic of ,paganism1 and  
in their writings may be  gleaned much  
of the licentious character of the      
festival4    ,philip ,stubbes1 a        
,puritan writer in the reign of         
,elizabeth1 thus  describes a ,may-day  
in ,england3 8,every parishe1 towne1 and
 village  assemble themselves together1 
bothe men1 women1 and children1 olde and
  younge even indifferently2 and either 
goyng all together1 or devidyng         
themselves into companies1 they go some 
to the woods and groves1 some to  one   
place1 some to another1 where thei spend
 all the night in pleasant  pastymes2   
and in the mornyng they returne1        

bryngyng with them birch  bowes and     
branches of trees1 to deck their        
assemblies withall4444 ,but  their      
cheerest jewell thei bryng from thence  
is their ,maie pole1 whiche  thei bryng 
home with great veneration1 as thus3    
thei have twentie or  fortie yoke of    
oxen1 every oxe havyng a sweet nosegaie 
of flowers placed  on the tippe of his  
hornes1 and these oxen drawe home this  
,maie pole  7this stinckyng idoll       
rather71 which is covered all over with 
flowers  and hearbes1 bound rounde      
aboute with strynges from the top to the
  bottome1 and sometyme painted with    
variable colours1 with two or three     
hundred men1 women1 and children1       
followyng it with great devotion4 ,and  
thus beyng reared up1 with              
handekerchiefes and flagges streamyng on
 the  top1 thei strawe the grounde      
aboute1 binde greene boughes aboute it1 
sett up sommer haules1 bowers1 and      
arbours hard by it4 ,and then fall  thei
 to banquet and feast1 to leape and     

daunce aboute it1 as the heathen  people
 did at the dedication of their idols1  
whereof this is a perfect  patterne1 or 
rather the thyng itself40    ,the       
ceremony was almost identical with the  
,roman festival1 where the  ,phallus was
 introduced with garlands4 ,both were   
attended with the same  licentiousness1 
for ,stubbes gives a further account of 
the depravity  attending the            
festivities4                            
,,pillars    ,another type of emblem was
 the stone pillar1 remains of which     
still  exist in the ,british ,isles4    
,these pillars or so called crosses     
generally  consist of a shaft of granite
 with a carved head4 ,in the ,west of   
,england  crosses are very common1      
standing in the market and receiving the
 name  of 8,the ,cross40    ,these stone
 pillars were first erected in honour of
 the ,phallic deity1  and on the        
introduction of ,christianity were not  
destroyed1 but  consecrated to the new  
faith1 doubtless to honour the          

prejudices of the  people4 ,these       
monolisks abound in the ,highlands1 they
 are stones set up  on end1 some        
twenty-four or thirty feet high1 others 
higher or lower and  this sometimes     
where no such stones are to be quarried4
    ,we learn that the ,bacchus of the  
,thebans was a pillar4 ,the ,assyrian   
,nebo  was represented by a plain       
pillar1 consecrated by anointing with   
oil4  ,arnobius gives an account of this
 practice1 as also does ,theophrastus1  
who speaks of it as a custom for a      
superstitious man1 when he passed by    
these anointed stones in the streets to 
take out a phial of oil and pour  it    
upon them and having fallen on his knees
 to make his adorations1 and  so depart4
    ,in various parts of the ,bible the 
,pillar is referred to as of a sacred   
character1 as in ,isaiah xix4 #ai1 #bj1 
8,in that day shall there be an  altar  
to ,jehovah in the midst of the land of 
,egypt1 and a pillar at  the border     
thereof to ,jehovah1 and it should be   

for a sign and a witness  to the ,lord40
    ,the ,orphic ,temples were doubtless
 emblems of the same principle of the   
mystic faiths of the ancients1 the same 
as the ,round ,towers of ,ireland1  a   
history of which was collected by       
,o',brien1 who describes the ,towers as 
8,temples constructed by the early      
,indian colonists of the country in     
honour of the ,fructifying principle of 
nature1 emanating as was  supposed from 
the ,sun1 or the deity of desire        
instrumental in that  principle of      
universal generativeness diffused       
throughout all nature40    ,according to
 the same author these towers were very 
ancient1 and of  ,phnician origin1 as   
similar towers have been found in       
,phnicia4 8,the  ,irish themselves10    
says ,o',brien1 8designated them        
#8,bail-toir1' that is  the tower of    
,baal4 ,baal was the name of the        
,phallic deity1 and the  priest who     
attended them #8,aoi ,bail-toir' or     
superintendent of ,baal  tower40 ,this  

,baal was worshipped wherever the       
,phnicians went1 and was  represented by
 a pillar or stone or similar objects4  
,the stone that  ,jacob set up1 and     
anointed as a rallying place for        
worship1 became  afterwards an object of
 worship to the ,phnicians4    ,the     
earliest navigators of the world were   
the ,phnicians1 they founded  colonies  
and extended their commerce first to the
 isles of the  ,mediterranean1 from     
thence to ,spain1 and then to the       
,british ,isles4  ,historians have      
accorded to them the settlements of the 
most remote  localities4 ,they formed   
settlements in ,cyprus1 and ,atticum1   
according to  ,josephus1 was the        
principal settlement of the ,tyrians    
upon this island4  ,strabo's testimony  
is1 that the ,phnicians1 even before    
,homer1 had  possessed themselves of the
 best part of ,spain4    ,where the     
,phnicians settled1 there they          
introduced their religion1 and  it is in
 these countries we find the remains of 

ancient stone and pillar  worship4      
,,loggin ,,stones1 ,,etc4    ,loggin    
stones are by ,payne ,knight considered 
as ,phallic emblems4 8,their  remains10 
he says1 8are still extant1 and appear  
to have been composed  of a crone set   
into the ground1 and another placed upon
 the point of it  and so nicely balanced
 that the wind could move it1 though so 
ponderous  that no human force1 unaided 
by machinery1 can displace it2 whence   
they  are called #8logging rocks' and   
#8pendre stones1' as they were anciently
  #8living stones' and #8stones of      
,god1' titles which differ very little  
in  meaning from that on the ,tyrian    
coins4 ,damascius saw several of them in
  the neighbourhood of ,heliopolis or   
,baalbeck1 in ,syria1 particularly one  
which was then moved by the wind2 and   
they are equally found in the  ,western 
extremities of ,europe and the ,eastern 
extremities of ,asia1 in  ,britain1 and 
in ,china40    ,bryant mentions it as   
very usual among the ,egyptians to place

 with much  labour one vast stone upon  
another for a religious memorial4       
,such immense masses1 being moved by    
causes seeming so inadequate1 must      
naturally have conveyed the idea of     
spontaneous motion to ignorant          
observers1 and persuaded them that they 
were animated by an emanation of  the   
vital spirit1 whence they were consulted
 as oracles1 the responses  of which    
could always be easily obtained by      
interpreting the different  oscillatory 
movements into nods of approbation or   
dissent4    ,phallic emblems abounded at
 ,heliopolis in ,syria1 and many other  
places1  even in modern times4 ,a       
physician1 writing to ,dr4 ,inman1 says3
 8,i was in  ,egypt last winter         
7#ahfe-ff71 and there certainly are     
numerous figures of  gods and kings1 on 
the walls of the temple at ,thebes1     
depicted with the  male genital erect4  
,the great temple at ,karnak is1 in     
particular1 full  of such figures1 and  
the temple of ,danclesa likewise1 though

 that is of  much later date1 and built 
merely in imitation of old ,egyptian    
art4 ,the  same inspiring bas-reliefs   
are pointed out by ,ezek4 xxiii4 #ad4 ,i
  remember one scene of a king 7,rameses
 ,,ii7 returning in triumph with        
captives1 many of whom were undergoing  
the process of castration40    ,obelisks
 were also representative of the same   
emblem4 ,payne ,knight  mentions several
 terminating in a cross1 which had      
exactly the  appearance of one of those 
crosses erected in churchyards and at   
cross  roads for the adoration of devout
 persons1 when devotions were more      
prevalent than at present4 ,stones1     
pillars1 obelisks1 stumps of trees1     
upright stones have all the same        
signification1 and are means by which   
the male element was symbolised4        
,,triads    ,the ,triune idea is to be  
found in the system of almost every     
nation4 ,all  have their ,trinity in    
,unity1 three in one1 which can be      
distinctly  recognised in the cross4    

,the ,triad is the male or triple1 the  
constitution of the three persons of    
most sacred ,trinity forming the        
,triune system4 ,in the analysis of the 
subject by ,rawlinson1 we find the      
,trinity consisted of ,asshur or ,asher1
 associated with ,anu and ,hea or  ,hoa4
 ,asshur1 the supreme god of the        
,assyrians1 represents the ,phallus or  
central organ or the ,linga1 the membrum
 virile4 ,the cognomen ,anu was  given  
to the right testis1 while that of ,hea 
designated the left4    ,it was only    
natural that ,asshur being deified1 his 
appendages should be  deified also4     
8,beltus10 says ,inman1 8was the goddess
 associated with  them1 the four        
together made up ,arba or ,arba-il1 the 
four great gods10  the ,trinity in      
,unity4 ,the idea thus broached receives
 great confirmation  when we examine the
 particular stress laid in ancient times
 respecting  the right and left side of 
the body in connection with the ,triad  
names  given to offspring mentioned in  

the scriptures with the titles given to 
,anu and ,hea4 ,the male or active      
principle was typified by the idea of   
8solidity0 and 8firmness10 and the      
females or passive by the principles  of
 8water10 8softness10 and other feminine
 principles4 ,thus the goddess  ,hea was
 associated with water1 and according to
 ,forlong1 the ,serpent1  the ruler of  
the ,abyss1 was sometimes represented to
 be the great ,hea1  without whom there 
was no creation or life1 and whose      
godhead embraced  also the female       
element water4    ,rawlinson also gives 
a similar conclusion1 and states as far 
as he could  determine the third        
divinity or left side was named ,hea1   
and he  considered this deity to        
correspond to ,neptune4 ,neptune was the
  presiding deity of the deep1 ruler of 
the abyss1 and king of the rivers4  ,as 
,darwin and his coadjutors teach1       
mankind1 in common with all animal      
life1 originally sprung from the sea2 so
 physiology teaches that each           

individual had origin in a pond of      
water4 ,the fruit of man is both solid  
and fluid4 ,it was natural to imagine   
that the two male appendages had a      
distinct duty1 that one formed the      
infant1 the other water in which it     
lived1 that one generated the male1 the 
other the female offspring2 and  the    
inference was then drawn that water must
 be feminine1 the emblem of  all        
possible powers of creation4    ,it will
 be seen that the names and             
signification of the gods and their     
attributes had no ideal meaning4 ,thus  
in ,genesis xxx4 #ac1 we find ,asher    
given as a personality1 which signifies 
8to be straight10 8upright10            
8fortunate10 8happy40 ,asher was the    
supreme god of the ,assyrians1 the      
,vedic ,mahadeva1 the emblem of the     
human male structure and creative       
energy4 ,the same idea of the creator is
 still to be seen in ,india1  ,egypt1   
,phnicia1 the ,mediterranean1 ,europe1  
and ,denmark1 depicted on  stone relics4

    ,to a rude and ignorant people1     
enslaved with such a religion1 it was an
  easy step from the crude to the more  
refined sign1 from the offensive to  a  
more pictured and less obnoxious symbol1
 from the plain and  self-evident to the
 mixed1 disguised1 and mystified1 from  
the unclothed  privy member to the      
cross4                                  
,,the ,,cross    ,the ,triad1 or        
,trinity1 has been traced to ,phnicia1  
,egypt1 ,japan1 and  ,india2 the triple 
deities ,asshur1 ,anu1 and ,hea forming 
the 8tau40 ,this  mark of the           
,christians1 ,greeks1 and ,hebrews      
became the sign or type of  the deities 
representing the ,phallic trinity1 and  
in time became the  figure of the cross4
 ,it is remarked by ,payne ,knight that 
8,the male  organs of generation are    
sometimes found represented by signs of 
the  same sort1 which properly should be
 called the symbol of symbols4 ,one of  
the most remarkable of these is a cross1
 in the form of the letter 7,t71  which 

thus served as the emblem of creation   
and generation before the  ,church      
adopted it as a sign of salvation40     
,another writer says1 8,reverse the     
position of the triple deities ,asshur1 
,anu1 ,hea1 and we have the figure of   
the ancient #8tau' of the ,christians1  
,greeks1 and ancient ,hebrews4 ,it is   
one of the oldest conventional forms  of
 the cross4 ,it is also met with in     
,gallic1 ,oscan1 ,arcadian1 ,etruscan1  
original ,egyptian1 ,phnician1          
,ethiopic1 and ,pelasgian forms4 ,the   
,ethiopic form of the #8tau' is the     
exact prototype and image of the  cross1
 or rather1 to state the fact in order  
of merit and time1 the  cross is made in
 the exact image of the ,ethiopic       
#8tau4' ,the fig-leaf1  having three    
lobes to it1 became a symbol of the     
triad4 ,as the male  genital organs were
 held in early times to exemplify the   
actual male  creative power1 various    
natural objects were seized upon to     
express the  theistic idea1 and at the  

same time point to those parts of the   
human  form4 ,hence1 a similitude was   
recognised in a pillar1 a heap of       
stones1  a tree between two rocks1 a    
club between two pine cones1 a trident1 
a  thyrsus tied round with two ribbons  
with the two ends pendant1 a thumb  and 
two fingers1 the caduceus4 ,again1 the  
conspicuous part of the sacred  triad   
,asshur is symbolised by a single stone 
placed upright--the stump of  a tree1 a 
block1 a tower1 spire1 minaret1 pole1   
pine1 poplar1 or palm  tree1 while eggs1
 apples1 or citrons1 plums1 grapes1 and 
the like  represented the remaining two 
portions1 altogether called ,phallic    
emblems4 ,baal-,shalisha is a name which
 seems designed to perpetuate the       
triad1 since it signifies #8my ,lord the
 ,trinity1' or #8my ,god is three4'0    
,we must not omit to mention other      
,phallic emblems1 such as the bull1 the 
ram1 the goat1 the serpent1 the torch1  
fire1 a knobbed stick1 the  crozier2 and
 still further personified1 as ,bacchus1

 ,priapus1 ,dionysius1  ,hercules1      
,hermes1 ,mahadeva1 ,siva1 ,osiris1     
,jupiter1 ,moloch1 ,baal1 ,asher1  and  
others4    ,if ,ezekiel is to be        
credited1 the triad1 ,t1 as ,asshur1    
,anu1 and ,hea1 was  made of gold and   
silver1 and was in his day not          
symbolically used1 but  actually        
employed2 for he bluntly says 8whoredom 
was committed with the  images of men10 
or1 as the marginal note has it1 images 
of 8a male0  7,ezek4 xvi4 #ag74 ,it was 
with this god-mark--a cross in the form 
of the  letter ,t--that ,ezekiel was    
directed to stamp the foreheads of the  
men of  ,juda who feared the ,lord      
7,ezek4 ix4 #d74    ,that the cross1 or 
crucifix1 has a sexual origin we        
determine by a  similar rule of research
 to that by which comparative anatomists
  determine the place and habits of an  
animal by a single tooth4 ,the cross  is
 a metaphoric tooth which belongs to an 
antique religious body  physical1 and   
that essentially human4 ,a study of some

 of the earliest  forms of faith will   
lift the veil and explain the mystery4  
,india1 ,china1 and ,egypt have         
furnished the world with a genus of     
religion4 ,time and culture have divided
 and modified it into many  species and 
countless varieties4 ,however much the  
imagination was  allowed to play upon   
it1 the animus of that religion was     
sexuality--worship of the generative    
principle of man and nature1 male  and  
female4 ,the cross became the emblem of 
the male feature1 under the  term of the
 triad--three in one4 ,the female was   
the unit2 and1 joined  to the male      
triad1 constituted a sacred four4 ,rites
 and adoration were  sometimes paid to  
the male1 sometimes to the female1 or to
 the two in  one4    ,so great was the  
veneration of the cross among the       
ancients that it was  carried as a      
,phallic symbol in the religious        
processions of the  ,egyptians and      
,persians4 ,higgins also describes the  
cross as used from  the earliest times  

of ,paganism by the ,egyptians as a     
banner1 above which  was carried the    
device of the ,egyptian cities4    ,the 
cross was also used by the ancient      
,druids1 who held it as a sacred        
emblem4 ,in ,egypt it stood for the     
signification of eternal life4          
,schedeus describes it as customary for 
the ,druids 8to seek studiously  for an 
oak tree1 large and handsome1 growing up
 with two principal arms  in the form of
 a cross1 besides the main stem upright4
 ,if the two  horizontal arms are not   
sufficiently adapted to the figure1 they
 fasten  a cross-beam to it4 ,this tree 
they consecrate in this manner3 ,upon   
the  right branch they cut in the bark1 
in fair characters1 the word #8,hesus'2 
upon the middle1 or upright stem1 the   
word #8,taranius'2 upon the left  branch
 #8,belenus'2 over this1 above the going
 off of the arms1 they cut  the name of 
the god ,thau2 under all1 the same      
repeated1 ,thau40                       
,,yoni    ,there is in ,hindostan an    

emblem of great sanctity1 which is known
 as the  8,linga-,yoni40 ,it consists of
 a simple pillar in the centre of a     
figure  resembling the outline of a     
conical ear-ring4 ,it is expressive of  
the  female genital organ both in shape 
and idea4 ,the ,greek letter 8,delta0 is
  also expressive of it1 signifying the 
door of a house4    ,yoni is of         
,sanskrit origin4 ,yanna1 or ,yoni1     
means 7#a7 the vulva1 7#b7 the  womb1   
7#c7 the place of birth1 7#d7 origin1   
7#e7 water1 7#f7 a mine1 a hole1  or    
pit4 ,as ,asshur and ,jupiter were the  
representatives of the male  potency1 so
 ,juno and ,venus were representatives  
of the female attribute4  ,moore1 in his
 8,oriental ,fragments10 says3          
8,oriental writers have  generally      
spelled the word1 #8,yoni1' which ,i    
prefer to write #8,i,oni4' ,as  ,lingam 
was the vocalised cognomen of the male  
organ1 or deity1 so ,i,oni  was that of 
hers40 ,says ,r4 ,p4 ,knight3 8,the     
female organs of generation  were       

revered as symbols of the generative    
powers of nature or of matter1  as those
 of the male were of the generative     
powers of ,god4 ,they are  usually      
represented emblematically by the shell 
,concha ,veneris1 which  was therefore  
worn by devout persons of antiquity1 as 
it still continues  to be by the        
pilgrims of many of the common people of
 ,italy0 78,on the  worship of          
,priapus10 p4 #bh74    ,if ,asshur1 the 
conspicuous feature of the male         
,creator1 is supplied with  types and   
representative figures of himself1 so   
the female feature is  furnished with   
substitutes and typical imagery of      
herself4    ,one of these is technically
 known as the sistrum of ,isis4 ,it is  
the  virgin's symbol4 ,the bars across  
the fenestrum1 or opening1 are bent  so 
that they cannot be taken out1 and      
indicate that the door is closed4  ,it  
signifies that the mother is still virgo
 intacta--a truly immaculate  female--if
 the truth can be strained to so        

denominate a mother4 ,the  pure         
virginity of the ,celestial ,mother was 
a tenet of faith for #b1jjj  years      
before the accepted ,virgin ,mary now   
adored was born4 ,we might  infer that  
,solomon was acquainted with the figure 
of the sistrum1 when  he said1 8,a      
garden enclosed is my spouse1 a spring  
shut up1 a fountain  sealed0 7,song of  
,sol4 iv4 #ab74 ,the sistrum1 we are    
told1 was only  used in the worship of  
,isis1 to drive away ,typhon 7evil74    
,the ,argha is a contrite form1 or      
boat-shaped dish or plate used as a     
sacrificial cup in the worship of       
,astarte1 ,isis1 and ,venus4 ,its shape 
portrays its own significance4 ,the     
,argha and crux ansata were often  seen 
on ,egyptian monuments1 and yet more    
frequently on bas-reliefs4              
,equivalent to ,iao1 or the ,lingam1 we 
find ,ab1 the ,father1 the ,trinity2    
,asshur1 ,anu1 ,hea1 ,abraham1 ,adam1   
,esau1 ,edom1 ,ach1 ,sol1 ,helios       
7,greek for  ,sun71 ,dionysius1         

,bacchus1 ,apollo1 ,hercules1 ,brahma1  
,vishnu1 ,siva1  ,jupiter1 ,zeus1       
,aides1 ,adonis1 ,baal1 ,osiris1 ,thor1 
,oden2 the cross1  tower1 spire1 pillar1
 minaret1 tolmen1 and a host of others2 
while the  ,yoni was represented by     
,,io1 ,isis1 ,astarte1 ,juno1 ,venus1   
,diana1 ,artemis1  ,aphrodite1 ,hera1   
,rhea1 ,cybele1 ,ceres1 ,eve1 ,frea1    
,frigga2 the queen of  ,heaven1 the     
oval1 the trough1 the delta1 the door1  
the ark1 the ship1  the chasm1 a ring1 a
 lozenge1 cave1 hole1 pit1 ,celestial   
,virgin1 and a  number of other names4  
,lucian1 who was an ,assyrian1 and      
visited the  temple of ,dea ,syria1 near
 the ,euphrates1 says there are two     
,phalli  standing in the porch with this
 inscription on them1 8,these ,phalli   
,i1  ,bacchus1 dedicate to my           
step-mother ,juno40    ,the ,papal      
religion is essentially the feminine1   
and built on the ancient  ,chaldean     
basis4 ,it clings to the female element 
in the person of the  ,virgin ,mary4    

,naphtali 7,gen4 xxx4 #h7 was a         
descendant of such  worshippers1 if     
there be any meaning in a concrete name4
 ,bear in mind1  names and pictures     
perpetuate the faith of many peoples4   
,neptoah is  ,hebrew for 8the vulva10   
and1 ,al or ,el being ,god1 one of the  
unavoidable  renderings of ,naphtali is 
8the ,yoni is my ,god10 or 8,i worship  
the  ,celestial ,virgin40 ,the          
,philistine towns generally had names   
strongly  connected with sexual ideas4  
,ashdod1 aish or esh1 means 8fire1      
heat10 and dod means 8love1 to love10   
8boiled up10 8be agitated10 the  whole  
signifying 8the heat of love10 or 8the  
fire which impels to  union40 ,could not
 those people exclaim1 ,our 8,god is    
love08 7#a ,john iv4  #h74    ,the      
amatory drift of ,solomon's song is     
undisguised1 though the language  is    
dressed in the habiliments of seeming   
decency4 ,the burden of thought  of most
 of it bears direct reference to the    
,linga-,yoni4 ,he makes a woman  say1   

8,he shall lie all night betwixt my     
breasts0 7,s4 of ,s4 i4 #ac74  ,again1  
of the ,phallus1 or ,linga1 she says1   
8,i will go up the palm-tree1  ,i will  
take hold of the boughs thereof0 7vii4  
#h74 ,palm-tree and boughs  are         
euphemisms of the male genitals4        
,,hebrew ,,phallicism    ,the nations   
surrounding the ,jews practising the    
,phallic rites and  worshipping the     
,phallic deities1 it is not to be       
supposed that the ,jews  escaped their  
influence4 ,it is indeed certain that   
the worship of the  ,phallics was a     
great and important part of the ,hebrew 
worship4    ,this will be the more      
plainly seen when we bear in mind the   
importance  given to circumcision as a  
covenant between ,god and man4 ,another 
equally  suggestive custom among the    
,patriarchs was the act of taking the   
oath1  or making a sacred promise1 which
 is commented upon by ,dr4 ,ginsingburg 
in ,kitto's ,cyclopdia4 ,he says3       
8,another primitive custom which        

obtained in the patriarchal age was1    
that the one who took the oath put  his 
hand under the thigh of the adjurer     
7,gen4 xxiv4 #b1 and xlvii4 #bi74  ,this
 practice evidently arose from the fact 
that the genital member1  which is meant
 by the euphemistic expression thigh1   
was regarded as  the most sacred part of
 the body1 being the symbol of union in 
the  tenderest relation of matrimonial  
life1 and the seat whence all issue     
proceeds and the perpetuity so much     
coveted by the ancients4 ,compare  ,gen4
 xlvi4 #bf2 ,exod4 i4 #e2 ,judges vii4  
#cj4 ,hence the creative organ  became  
the symbol of the ,creator1 and the     
object of worship among all  nations of 
antiquity4 ,it is for this reason that  
,god claimed it as a  sign of the       
covenant between himself and his chosen 
people in the rite  of circumcision4    
,nothing therefore could render the oath
 more solemn in  those days than        
touching the symbol of creation1 the    
sign of the  covenant1 and the source of

 that issue who may at any future period
  avenge the breaking a compact made    
with their progenitor40 ,from this we   
learn that ,abraham1 himself a ,chaldee1
 had reverence for the ,phallus as  an  
emblem of the ,creator4 ,we also learn  
that the rite of circumcision  touches  
,phallic or ,lingasic worship4 ,from    
,herodotus we are informed that  the    
,syrians learned circumcision from the  
,egyptians1 as did the ,hebrews4  ,says 
,dr4 ,inman3 8,i do not know anything   
which illustrates the difference        
between ancient and modern times more   
than the frequency with which           
circumcision is spoken of in the sacred 
books1 and the carefulness with  which  
the subject is avoided now40    ,the    
mutilation of male captives1 as         
practised by ,saul and ,david1 was      
another custom among the worshippers of 
,baal1 ,asshur1 and other ,phallic      
deities4 ,the practice was to debase the
 victims and render them unfit to  take 
part in the worship and mysteries4 ,some

 idea can be formed of the  esteem in   
which people in former times cherished  
the male or ,phallic  emblems of        
creative power when we note the sway    
that power exercised  over them4 ,if    
these organs were lost or disabled1 the 
unfortunate one  was unfitted to meet in
 the congregation of the ,lord1 and     
disqualified  to minister in the holy   
temples4 ,excessive punishment was      
inflicted upon  the person who had the  
temerity to injure the sacred structure4
 ,if a  woman were guilty of inflicting 
injury1 her hand was cut off without    
pity 7,deut4 xxv4 #ab74 ,the great      
object of veneration in the ,ark of the 
,covenant was doubtless a ,phallic      
emblem1 a symbol of the preservation of 
the germ of life4    ,in the historical 
and prophetic books of the ,old         
,testament we have  repeated evidence   
that the ,hebrew worship was a mixture  
of ,paganism and  ,judaism1 and that    
,jehovah was worshipped in connection   
with other  deities4 ,hezekiah is       

recorded in #b ,kings xviii4 #c1 to have
 8removed the  high places1 and broken  
the images1 and cut down the groves     
7,ashera71  and broken in pieces the    
brazen serpent that ,moses had made1 for
 unto  those days the children of       
,israel did burn incense to it40 ,the   
,ashera1  or sacred groves here alluded 
to are named from the goddess           
,ashtaroth1  which ,dr4 ,smith describes
 as the proper name of the goddess2     
while  ,ashera is the name of the image 
of the goddess4 ,rawlinson1 in his ,five
  ,great ,monarchies of the ,ancient    
,world1 describes ,ashera to imply      
something that stood straight up1 and   
probably its essential element was  the 
stem of a tree1 an analogy suggestive of
 the ,assyrian emblem of the  ,tree of  
,life of the ,scriptures4 ,this stem1   
which stood for the emblem of  life1 was
 probably a pillar1 or ,phallus1 like   
the ,lingi of the ,hindus1  sometimes   
erected in a grove or sacred hollow1    
signifying the ,yoni and  ,lingi4 ,we   

read in #b ,kings xxi4 #g1 that         
,manasseh 8set up a graven image  in the
 grove10 and1 according to ,dr4 ,oort1  
the older reading is in #b  ,chron4     
xxxiii4 #g1 #ae1 where it is an image or
 pillar4 ,during the reigns  of the     
,jewish kings1 the worship of ,baal1 the
 ,priapus of the ,greeks and  ,romans1  
was extensively practised by the ,jews4 
,pillars and groves were  reared in his 
name4    ,in front of the ,temple of    
,baal1 in ,samaria1 was erected an      
,ashera 7#a  ,kings xvi4 #ca1 #cb7 which
 even survived the temple itself1 for   
although  ,jehu destroyed the ,temple of
 ,baal1 he allowed the ,ashera to remain
 7#b  ,kings x4 #ah1 #ai2 xiii4 #f74    
,bernstein1 in an important work on the 
origin  of the legends of ,abraham1     
,isaac1 and ,jacob1 undoubtedly proves  
that  during the monarchial period of   
,israel1 the sanguinary wars and violent
  conflicts between the two kingdoms of 
,judah and ,israel were between the     
,elohistic and ,jehovahic faiths1 kept  

alive by the priesthood at the  chief   
places of worship1 concerning the true  
patriarch1 and each party  manufacturing
 and inserting legends to give a more   
ancient and important  part to its own  
faith4    ,it is not at all improbable  
that the conflict was between the two   
portions of the ,phallic faith1 the     
,lingam and ,yoni parties4 ,the cause of
  this conflict was the erection of the 
consecrated stones or pillars  which    
were put up by the ,hebrews as objects  
of ,divine worship4 ,the altar  erected 
by ,jacob at ,bethel was a pillar1 for  
according to ,bernstein the  word altar 
can only be used for the erection of a  
pillar4 ,jacob likewise  set up a       
,matzebah1 or pillar of stone1 in       
,gilead1 and finally he set one  up upon
 the tomb of ,rachel4    ,a great       
portion of the facts have been          
suppressed by the translators1  who have
 given to the world histories which have
 glossed over the  ancient rites and    
practices of the ,jews4    ,an instance 

is given by ,forlong on the important   
word 8,rock or ,stone10 a  ,phallic     
emblem to which the ,jews addressed     
their devotions4 ,he says1 8,it  should 
not be1 but ,i fear it is1 necessary to 
explain to mere ,english  readers of the
 ,old ,testament that the ,stone or     
,rock ,tsur was the  real old god of all
 ,arabs1 ,jews1 and ,phnicians1 that    
this would be  clear to ,christians were
 the ,jewish writings translated        
according to the  first ideas of the    
people and ,rock used as it ought to be1
 instead of  #8,god1' #8,theos1'        
#8,lord1' etc41 being written where     
,tsur occurs40 ,numerous  instances of  
this are given in ,dr4 ,ort's worship of
 ,baal in ,israel1  where praises1      
addresses1 and adorations are addressed 
to the ,rock1  instance1 ,deut4 xxxii4  
#d1 #ah4 ,stone pillars were also used  
by the  ,hebrews as a memorial of a     
sacred covenant1 for we find ,jacob     
setting up  a pillar as a witness1 that 
he would not pass over it4 ,connected   

with  this pillar worship is the        
ceremony of anointing by pouring oil    
upon the  pillar1 as practised by ,jacob
 at ,bethel4 ,according to ,sir ,w4     
,forbes1 in  his ,oriental ,memoirs1 the
 8pouring of oil upon a stone is        
practised at  this day upon many a      
shapeless stone throughout ,hindostan40 
,toland gives a similar account of the  
,druids as practising the same  rite1   
and describes many of the stones found  
in ,england as having a  cavity at the  
top made to receive the offering4 ,the  
worship of ,baal like  the worship of   
,priapus was attended with prostitution1
 and we find the  ,jews having a similar
 custom to the ,babylonians4    ,payne  
,knight gives the following account of  
it in his work3 8,the women  of every   
rank and condition held it to be an     
indispensable duty of  religion to      
prostitute themselves once in their     
lives in her temple to  any stranger who
 came and offered money1 which1 whether 
little or much1  was accepted1 and      

applied to a sacred purpose4 ,women sat 
in the temple  of ,venus awaiting the   
selection of the stranger1 who had the  
liberty of  choosing whom he liked4 ,a  
woman once seated must remain until she 
has  been selected by a piece of silver 
being cast into her lap1 and the rite   
performed outside the temple40          
,similar customs existed in ,armenia1   
,phrygia1 and even in ,palestine1 and   
were a feature of the worship of ,baal  
,peor4 ,the ,hebrew prophets  described 
and denounced these excesses which had  
the same  characteristics as the rites  
of the ,babylonian priesthood4 ,the     
identical  custom is referred to in #a  
,sam4 ii4 #bb1 where 8the sons of ,eli  
lay with  the women that assembled at   
the door of the tabernacle of the       
congregation40    ,words and history    
corroborate each other1 or are apt to do
 so if  contemporaneous4 ,thus kadesh1  
or kaesh1 designate in ,hebrew 8a       
consecrated one10 and history tells the 
unworthy tale in descriptive  plainness1

 as will be shown in the sequel4        
,that the religion was dominating and   
imperative is determined by ,deut4      
xvii4 #ab1 where presumptuous refusal to
 listen to the priest was death  to the 
offender4 ,to us it is inconceivable    
that the indulgence of  passion could be
 associated with religion1 but so it    
was4 ,much as it is  covered over by    
altered words and substituted           
expressions in the  ,bible--an example  
of which see men for male organ1 ,ezek4 
xvi4 #ag--;it yet  stands out           
offensively bold4 ,the words expressive 
of 8sanctuary10  8consecrated10 and     
8,sodomite10 are in the ,hebrew         
essentially the same4  ,they indicate   
the passion of amatory devotion4 ,it is 
among the ,hindus of  to-day as it was  
in ,greece and ,italy of classic times2 
and we find that  8holy women0 is a     
title given to those who devote their   
bodies to be  used for hire1 the price  
of which hire goes to the service of the
  temple4    ,as a general rule1 we may 

assume that priests who make or expound 
the  laws1 which they declare to be from
 ,god1 are men1 and1 consequently1      
through all time1 have thought1 and do  
think1 of the gratification of  the     
masculine half of humanity4 ,the ancient
 and modern ,orientals are not          
exceptions4 ,they lay it down as a      
momentous fact that virginity is the    
most precious of all the possessions of 
a woman1 and1 being so1 it  ought1 in   
some way or other1 to be devoted to     
,god4    ,throughout ,india1 and also   
through the densely inhabited parts of  
,asia1  and modern ,turkey there is a   
class of females who dedicate themselves
 to  the service of the deity whom they 
adore2 and the rewards accruing from    
their prostitution are devoted to the   
service of the temple and the  priests  
officiating therein4    ,the temples of 
the ,hindus in the ,dekkan possessed    
their establishments4  ,they had bands  
of consecrated dancing-girls called the 
,women of the  ,idol1 selected in their 

infancy by the priests for the beauty of
 their  persons1 and trained up with    
every elegant accomplishment that could 
render them attractive4    ,we also find
 ,david and the daughters of ,shiloh    
performing a wild and  enticing dance2  
likewise we have the leaping of the     
prophets of ,baal4    ,it is again      
significant that a great proportion of  
,bible names relate to  8divine10       
sexual1 generative1 or creative power2  
such as ,alah1 8the  strong one02       
,ariel1 8the strong ,jas is ,el02       
,amasai1 8,jah is firm02  ,asher1 8the  
male0 or 8the upright organ02 ,elijah1  
8,el is ,jah02 ,eliab1  8the strong     
father02 ,elisha1 8,el is upright02     
,ara1 8the strong one10  8the hero02    
,aram1 8high10 or1 8to be uncovered02   
,baal ,shalisha1 8my ,lord  the         
trinity10 or 8my ,god is three02        
,ben-zohett1 8son of firmness02  ,camon1
 8the erect ,one02 ,cainan1 8he stands  
upright02 these are only a  few of the  
many names of a similar signification4  

,it will be seen1 from what has been    
given1 that the ,jews1 like the         
,phnicians 7if they were not the same71 
had the same ceremonies1 rites1  and    
gods as the surrounding nations1 but    
enough has been said to show  that      
,phallic worship was much practised by  
the ,jews4 ,it was very  doubtful       
whether the ,jehovah-worship was not of 
a monotheistic  character1 but those who
 desire to have a further insight into  
the  mysteries of the wars between the  
tribes should consult ,bernstein's      
valuable work4                          
,,earth ,,mother    ,the following      
interesting chapter is taken from a     
valuable book issued a  few years ago   
anonymously3        8,mother ,earth0 is 
a legitimate expression1 only of the    
most      general type4 ,religious      
genius gave the female quality to the   
earth with a special meaning4 ,when once
 the idea obtained that      our world  
was feminine1 it was easy to induce the 
faithful to      believe that natural   

chasms were typical of that part which  
characterises woman4 ,as at birth the   
new being emerges from the      mother1 
so it was supposed that emergence from a
 terrestrial      cleft was equivalent  
to a new birth4 ,in direct proportion to
 the      resemblance between the sign  
and the thing signified was the         
sacredness of the chink1 and the amount 
of virtue which was      imparted by    
passing through it4 ,from natural       
caverns being      considered holy1 the 
veneration for apertures in stones1 as  
being equally symbolical1 was a natural 
transition4 ,holes1 such      as we     
refer to1 are still to be seen in those 
structures which      are called        
,druidical1 both in the ,british ,isles 
and in ,india4 ,it      is impossible to
 say when these first arose2 it is      
certain that      they survive in ,india
 to this day4 ,we recognise the         
existence of      the emblem among the  
,jews in ,isaiah li4 #a1 in the charge  
to look      8to the hole of the pit    

whence ye are digged40 ,we have also an 
indication that chasms were symbolical  
among the same people in      ,isaiah   
lvii4 #e1 where the wicked among the    
,jews were described      as 8inflaming 
themselves with idols under every green 
tree1 and      slaying the children in  
the valleys under the clefts of the     
rocks40 ,it is possible that the 8hole  
in the wall0 7,ezek4 viii4      #g7 had 
a similar signification4 ,in modern     
,rome1 in the vestibule      of the     
church close to the ,temple of ,vesta1  
,i have seen a large      perforated    
stone1 in the hole of which the ancient 
,romans are      said to have placed    
their hands when they swore a solemn    
oath1      in imitation1 or1 rather1 a  
counterpart1 of ,abraham swearing his   
servant upon his thigh--that is the male
 organ4 ,higgins dwells      upon these 
holes1 and says3 8,these stones are so  
placed as to      have a hole under     
them1 through which devotees passed for 
religious purposes4 ,there is one of the

 same kind in ,ireland1      called ,st4
 ,declau's stone4 ,in the mass of rocks 
at ,bramham ,crags      there is a place
 made for the devotees to pass through40
 ,we read      in the accounts of       
,hindostan that there is a very         
celebrated      place in ,upper ,india1 
to which immense numbers of pilgrims go1
      to pass through a place in the    
mountains called 8,the ,cow's           
,belly40 ,in the ,island of ,bombay1 at 
,malabar ,hill1 there is a      rock    
upon the surface of which there is a    
natural crevice1 which      communicates
 with a cavity opening below4 ,this     
place is used by      the ,gentoos as a 
purification of their sins1 which they  
say is      effected by their going in  
at the opening below1 and emerging at   
the cavity above--8born again40 ,the    
ceremony is in such high      repute in 
the neighbouring countries that the     
famous ,conajee      ,angria ventured by
 stealth1 one night1 upon the ,island1  
on      purpose to perform the ceremony1

 and got off undiscovered4 ,the         
early ,christians gave them a bad name1 
as if from envy2 they      called these 
holes 8,cunni ,diaboli40 7,anacalypsis1 
p4 #cdf7                                
,,bacchanalia ,,and ,,liberalia         
,,festivals    ,the ,romans called the  
feasts of ,bacchus1 ,bacchanalia and    
,liberalia1  because ,bacchus and ,liber
 were the names for the same god1       
although the  festivals were celebrated 
at different times and in a somewhat    
different  manner4 ,the latter1         
according to ,payne ,knight1 was        
celebrated on the  #agth of ,march1 with
 the most licentious gaiety1 when an    
image of the  ,phallus was carried      
openly in triumph4 ,these festivities   
were more  particularly celebrated among
 the rural or agricultural population1  
who1  when the preparatory labour of the
 agriculturist was over1 celebrated     
with joyful activity ,nature's          
reproductive powers1 which in due time  
was  to bring forth the fruits4 ,during 

the festival a car containing a huge    
,phallus was drawn along accompanied by 
its worshippers1 who indulged in        
obscene songs and dances of wild and    
extravagant character4 ,the gravest  and
 proudest matrons suddenly laid aside   
their decency and ran screaming  among  
the woods and hills half-naked1 with    
dishevelled hair1 interwoven  with which
 were pieces of ivy or vine4 ,the       
,bacchanalian feasts were  celebrated in
 the latter part of ,october when the   
harvest was completed4  ,wine and figs  
were carried in the procession of the   
,bacchants1 and  lastly came the        
,phalli1 followed by honourable virgins1
 called  canephor1 who carried baskets  
of fruit4 ,these were followed by a     
company of men who carried poles1 at the
 end of which were figures  representing
 the organ of generation4 ,the men sung 
the ,phallica and were  crowned with    
violets and ivy1 and had their faces    
covered with other  kinds of herbs4     
,these were followed by some dressed in 

women's apparel1  striped with white1   
reaching to their ancles1 with garlands 
on their  heads1 and wreaths of flowers 
in their hands1 imitating by their      
gestures the state of inebriety4 ,the   
priestesses ran in every direction      
shouting and screaming1 each with a     
thyrsus in their hands4 ,men and  women 
all intermingled1 dancing and frolicking
 with suggestive  gesticulations4       
,deodorus says the festivals were       
carried into the night1  and it was then
 frenzy reached its height4 ,he says1   
8,in performing the  solemnity virgins  
carry the thyrsus1 and run about        
frantic1 halloing  #8,evoe' in honour of
 the god2 then the women in a body offer
 the  sacrifices1 and roar out the      
praises of ,bacchus in song as if he    
were  present1 in imitation of the      
ancient ,mnades1 who accompanied him40  
,these festivities were carried into the
 night1 and as the celebrators  became  
heated with wine1 they degenerated into 
extreme licentiousness4    ,similar     

enthusiastic frenzy was exhibited at the
 ,lupercalian ,feasts  instituted in    
honour of the god ,pan 7under the shape 
of a ,goat7 whose  priests1 according to
 ,owen in his ,worship of ,serpents1 on 
the morning  of the ,feast ran naked    
through the streets1 striking the       
married women  they met on the hands and
 belly1 which was held as an omen       
promising  fruitfulness4 ,the nymphs    
performing the same ostentatious display
 as the  ,bacchants at the festival of  
,bacchanalia4    ,the festival of ,venus
 was celebrated towards the beginning of
 ,april1 and  the ,phallus was again    
drawn in a car1 followed by a procession
 of ,roman  women to the temple of      
,venus4 ,says a writer1 8,the loose     
women of the  town and its              
neighbourhood1 called together by the   
sounding of horns1  mixed with the      
multitude in perfect nakedness1 and     
excited their  passions with obscene    
motions and language until the festival 
ended in a  scene of mad revelry1 in    

which all restraint was laid aside40    
,it is said that these festivals took   
their rise from ,egypt1 from whence     
they were brought into ,greece by       
,metampus1 where the triumph of ,osiris 
was celebrated with secret rites1 and   
from thence the ,bacchanals drew  their 
original2 and from the feasts instituted
 by ,isis came the orgies  of ,bacchus4 
,,druid ,,and ,,hebrew ,,faiths    ,it  
seems not at all improbable that the    
deities worshipped by the  ancient      
,britons and the ,irish1 were no other  
then the ,phallic deities of  the       
ancient ,syrians and ,greeks1 and also  
the ,baal of the ,hebrews4  ,dionysius  
,periegites1 who lived in the time of   
,augustus ,csar1 states  that the rites 
of ,bacchus were celebrated in the      
,british ,isles2 while  ,strabo1 who    
lived in the time of ,augustus and      
,tiberius1 asserts that a  much earlier 
writer described the worship of the     
,cabiri to have come  originally from   
,phnicia4 ,higgins1 in his ,history of  

the ,druids1 says1  the supreme god     
above the rest was called ,seodhoc and  
,baal4 ,the name  of ,baal is found both
 in ,wales1 ,gaul1 and ,germany1 and is 
the same as  the ,hebrew ,baal4    ,the 
same god1 according to ,o',brien1 was   
the chief deity of the ,irish1 in  whose
 honour the round towers were erected1  
which structures the ancient  ,irish    
themselves designated ,bail-toir1 or the
 towers of ,baal4 ,in  ,numbers1 xxii41 
will be found a mention of a similar    
pillar consecrated  to ,baal4 ,many of  
the same customs and superstitions that 
existed among  the ,druids and ancient  
,irish1 will likewise be found among the
  ,israelites4 ,on the first day of     
,may1 the ,irish made great fires in    
honour of ,baal1 likewise offering him  
sacrifices4 ,a similar account is  given
 of a custom of the ,druids by ,toland1 
in an account of the festival  of the   
fires2 he says3--8on ,may-day eve the   
,druids made prodigious fires  on these 
cairns1 which being everyone in sight of

 some other1 could not  but afford a    
glorious show over a whole nation40     
,these fires are said to  be lit even to
 the present day by the ,aboriginal     
,irish1 on the first of  ,may1 called by
 them ,bealtine1 or the day of ,belan's 
fire1 the same name  as given them in   
the ,highlands of ,scotland4    ,a      
similar practice to this will be noticed
 as mentioned in the ,,ii ,book  of     
,kings1 where the ,canaanites in their  
worship of ,baal1 are said to  have     
passed their children through the fire  
of ,baal1 which seems to have  been a   
common practice1 as ,ahaz1 ,king of     
,israel1 is blamed for having  done the 
same thing4 ,higgins in his             
,anacalypsis1 says this  superstitious  
custom still continues1 and that on     
8particular days great  fires are       
lighted1 and the fathers taking the     
children in their arms1  jump or run    
through them1 and thus pass their       
children through them2  they also light 
two fires at a little distance from each

 other1 and  drive their cattle between 
them40 ,it will be found on reference to
  ,deuteronomy1 that this very practice 
is specially forbidden4 ,in the  rites  
of ,numa1 we have also the sacred fire  
of the ,irish2 of ,st4  ,bridget1 of    
,moses1 of ,mithra1 and of ,india1      
accompanied with an  establishment of   
nuns or vestal virgins4 ,a sacred fire  
is said to have  been kept burning by   
the nuns of ,kildare1 which was         
established by ,st4  ,bridget4 ,this    
fire was never blown with the mouth1    
that it might not be  polluted1 but only
 with bellows2 this fire was similar to 
that of the  ,jews1 kept burning only   
with peeled wood1 and never blown with  
the  mouth4 ,hyde describes a similar   
fire which was kept burning in the same 
way by the ancient ,persians1 who kept  
their sacred fire fed with a  certain   
tree called ,hawm ,mogorum2 and ,colonel
 ,vallancey says the sacred  fire of the
 ,irish was fed with the wood of the    
tree called ,hawm4 ,ware1  the ,romish  

priest1 relates that at ,kildare1 the   
glorious ,bridget was  rendered         
illustrious by many miracles1 amongst   
which was the sacred  fire1 which had   
been kept burning by nuns ever since the
 time of the  ,virgin4    ,the earliest 
sacred places of the ,jews were         
evidently sacred stones1 or  stone      
circles1 succeeded in time by temples4  
,these early rude stones1  emblems of   
the ,creator1 were erected by the       
,israelites1 which in no way  differed  
from the erections of the ,gentiles4 ,it
 will be found that the  ,jews to       
commemorate a great victory1 or to bear 
witness of the ,lord1  were all         
signified by stones3 thus1 ,joshua      
erected a stone to bear  witness2 ,jacob
 put up a stone to make a place sacred2 
,abel set up the  same for a place of   
worship2 ,samuel erected a stone as a   
boundary1 which  was to be the token of 
an agreement made in the name of ,god4  
,even  ,maundrel in his travels names   
several that he saw in ,palestine4 ,it  

is  curious that where a pillar was     
erected there1 sometime after1 a temple 
was put up in the same manner that the  
,round ,towers of ,ireland              
were1--always near a church1 but never  
formed part of it4 ,we find many        
instances in the ,scriptures of the     
erection of a number of stones among    
the early ,israelites1 which would lead 
us to conclude that it was not at  all  
unlikely that the early places of       
worship among them1 were similar  to the
 temples found in various parts of      
,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,it  is   
written in ,exodus xxiv4 #d1 that ,moses
 rose up early in the morning1  and     
builded an altar under the hill1 and    
twelve pillars1 according to  the twelve
 tribes of ,israel1 were erected4 ,it is
 also given out that  when the children 
of ,israel should pass over the ,jordan1
 unto the land  which the ,lord giveth  
them1 they should set up great stones1  
and plaster  them with plaster1 and also
 the words of the law were to be written

  thereon4 ,in many other places stones 
were ordered to be set up in the  name  
of the ,lord1 and repeated instances are
 given that the stones  should be twelve
 in number and unhewn4    ,stone temples
 seem to have been erected in all       
countries of the world1  and even in    
,america1 where1 among the early        
,american races are to be  found        
customs1 superstitions1 and religious   
objects of veneration1  similar to the  
,phnicians4 ,an ,american writer        
says3--8,there is sufficient  evidence  
that the religious customs of the       
,mexicans1 ,peruvians and other         
,american races1 are nearly identical   
with those of the ancient               
,phnicians4444 ,we moreover discover    
that many of their religious terms      
have1 etymologically1 the same origin40 
,payne ,knight1 in his ,worship of      
,priapus1 devotes much of his work to   
show that the temples erected at        
,stonehenge and other places1 were of a 
,phnician origin1 which was  simply a   

temple of the god ,bacchus4             
,,stonehenge ,a ,,temple ,,of ,,bacchus 
,of all the nations of antiquity the    
,persians were the most simple and      
direct in the worship of the ,creator4  
,they were the puritans of the  heathen 
world1 and not only rejected all images 
of ,god and his agents1  but also       
temples and altars1 according to        
,herodotus1 whose authority we  prefer  
to any other1 because he had an         
opportunity of conversing with  them    
before they had adopted any foreign     
superstitions4 ,as they  worshipped the 
ethereal fire without any medium of     
personification or  allegory1 they      
thought it unworthy of the dignity of   
the god to be  represented by any       
definite form1 or circumscribed to any  
particular  place4 ,the universe was his
 temple1 and the all-pervading element  
of  fire his only symbol4 ,the ,greeks  
appear originally to have held similar  
opinions1 for they were long without    
statues and ,pausanias speaks of a      

temple at ,siciyon1 built by            
,adrastus--who lived in an age before   
the  ,trojan war--which consisted of    
columns only1 without wall or roof1 like
  the ,celtic temples of our northern   
ancestors1 or the ,phyrtheia of the     
,persians1 which were circles of stones 
in the centre of which was  kindled the 
sacred fire1 the symbol of the god4     
,homer frequently speaks  of places of  
worship consisting of an area and altar 
only1 which were  probably enclosures   
like those of the ,persians1 with an    
altar in the  centre4 ,the temples      
dedicated to the creator ,bacchus1 which
 the ,greek  architects called hypthral1
 seem to have been anciently of this    
kind1  whence probably came the title   
78surround with columns07 attributed to 
that god in the ,orphic litanies4 ,the  
remains of one of these are still       
extant at ,puzznoli1 near ,naples1 which
 the inhabitants call the temple  of    
,serapis2 but the ornaments of grapes1  
vases1 etc41 found among the  ruins1    

prove it to have been of ,bacchus4      
,serapis was indeed the same  deity     
worshipped under another form1 being    
usually a personification of  the sun4  
,the architecture is of the ,roman      
times2 but the ground plan is  probably 
that of a very ancient one1 which this  
was made to replace--for  it exactly    
resembles that of a ,celtic temple in   
,zeeland1 published in  ,stukeley's     
,itinerary4 ,the ranges of square       
buildings which enclose it  are not     
properly parts of the temple1 but       
apartments of the priests1  places for  
victims and sacred utensils1 and chapels
 dedicated to the  subordinate deities1 
introduced by a more complicated and    
corrupt  worship and probably unknown to
 the founder of the original edifice4   
,the  portico1 which runs parallel with 
these buildings1 encloses the  temenos1 
or area of sacred ground1 which in the  
pyrtheia of the  ,persians was circular1
 but is here quadrangular1 as in the    
,celtic temple  in ,zeeland1 and the    

,indian pagoda before described4 ,in the
 centre was  the holy of holies1 the    
seat of the god1 consisting of a circle 
of  columns raised upon a basement1     
without roof or walls1 in the middle of 
which was probably the sacred fire or   
some other symbol of the deity4  ,the   
square area in which it stood was sunk  
below the natural level of  the ground1 
and1 like that of the ,indian pagoda1   
appears to have been  occasionally      
floated with water2 the drains and      
conduits being still to  be seen1 as    
also several fragments of sculpture     
representing waves1  serpents1 and      
various aquatic animals1 which once     
adorned the basement4  ,the ,bacchus    
here worshipped1 was1 as we learn from  
the ,orphic hymn above  cited1 the sun  
in his character of extinguisher of the 
fires which once  pervaded the earth4   
,he is supposed to have done this by    
exhaling the  waters of the ocean and   
scattering them over the land1 which was
 thus  supposed to have acquired its    

proper temperature and fertility4 ,for  
this  reason the sacred fire1 the       
essential image of the god1 was         
surrounded  by the element which was    
principally employed in giving effect to
 the  beneficial exertions of the great 
attribute4    ,from a passage of        
,hecatus1 preserved by ,deodorus        
,siculus1 it seems  evident that        
,stonehenge and all the monuments of the
 same kind found in  the north1 belong  
to the same religion which appears at   
some remote  period to have prevailed   
over the whole northern hemisphere4     
,according  to that ancient historian1  
the ,hyperboreans inhabited an island   
beyond  ,gaul1 as large as ,sicily1 in  
which ,apollo was worshipped in a       
circular  temple considerable for its   
size and riches4 ,apollo1 we know1 in   
the  language of the ,greeks of that    
age1 can mean no other than the sun1    
which according to ,csar was worshipped 
by the ,germans1 when they knew  of no  
other deities except fire and the moon4 

,the island can evidently  be no other  
than ,britain1 which at that time was   
only known to the  ,greeks by the vague 
reports of the ,phnician mariners2 and  
so uncertain  and obscure that          
,herodotus1 the most inquisitive and    
credulous of  historians1 doubts of its 
existence4 ,the circular temple of the  
sun  being noticed in such slight and   
imperfect accounts1 proves that it must 
have been something singular and        
important2 for if it had been an        
inconsiderable structure1 it would not  
have been mentioned at all2 and  if     
there had been many such in the country1
 the historian would not have  employed 
the singular number4    ,stonehenge has 
certainly been a circular temple1 nearly
 the same as that  already described of 
the ,bacchus at ,puzznoli1 except that  
in the latter  the nice execution and   
beautiful symmetry of the parts are in  
every  respect the reverse of the rude  
but majestic simplicity of the former4  
,in the original design they differ but 

in the form of the area4 ,it may        
therefore be reasonably supposed that we
 have still the ruins of the  identical 
temple described by ,hecatus1 who1 being
 an ,asiatic ,greek1  might have        
received his information from ,phnician 
merchants1 who had  visited the interior
 parts of ,britain when trading there   
for tin4  ,anacrobius mentions a temple 
of the same kind and form1 upon ,mount  
,zilmissus1 in ,thrace1 dedicated to the
 sun under the title of ,bacchus        
,sebrazius4 ,the large obelisks of stone
 found in many parts of the north1  such
 as those at ,rudstone1 and near        
,boroughbridge1 in ,yorkshire1 belong   
to the same religion2 obelisks being1 as
 ,pliny observes1 sacred to the  sun1   
whose rays they represented both by     
their form and name4--,payne  ,knight's 
,worship of ,priapus4                   
,,buns ,,and ,,religious ,,cakes        
,says ,hyslop3--8,the hot cross-buns of 
,good ,friday1 and the dyed eggs of     
,pasch or ,easter ,sunday1 figured in   

the ,chaldean rites just as they do     
now4 ,the buns known1 too1 by that      
identical name1 were used in the        
worship of the ,queen of ,heaven1 the   
goddess ,easter 7,ishtar or ,astarte71  
as early as the days of ,cecrops1 the   
founder of ,athens1 #a1ejj years  before
 the ,christian era40 8,one species of  
bread10 says ,bryant1 8#8which  used to 
be offered to the gods1 was of great    
antiquity1 and called  ,boun4' ,diogenes
 mentioned #8they were made of flour and
 honey4'0 ,it  appears that ,jeremiah   
the ,prophet was familiar with this     
lecherous  worship4 ,he says3--8,the    
children gather wood1 the fathers kindle
 the  fire1 and the women knead the     
dough to make cakes to the ,queen of    
,heaven  7,jer4 vii41 #ah704 ,hyslop    
does not add that the 8buns0 offered to 
the  ,queen of ,heaven1 and in          
sacrifices to other deities1 were framed
 in the  shape of the sexual organs1 but
 that they were so in ancient times we  
have abundance of evidence4    ,martial 

distinctly speaks of such things in two 
epigrams1 first1 wherein  the male organ
 is spoken of1 second1 wherein the      
female part is  commemorated2 the cakes 
being made of the finest flour1 and kept
  especially for the palate of the fair 
one4    ,captain ,wilford 78,asiatic    
,researches10 viii41 p4 #cfe7           
says3--8,when the  people of ,syracuse  
were sacrificing to goddesses1 they     
offered cakes  called mulloi1 shaped    
like the female organ1 and in some      
temples where  the priestesses were     
probably ventriloquists1 they so far    
imposed on the  credulous multitude who 
came to adore the ,vulva as to make them
 believe  that it spoke and gave        
oracles40    ,we can understand how such
 things were allowed in licentious      
,rome1 but  we can scarcely comprehend  
how they were tolerated in ,christian   
,europe1  as1 to all innocent surprise  
we find they were1 from the second part 
of  the 8,remains of the ,worship of    
,priapus03 that in ,saintonge1 in the   

neighbourhood of ,la ,rochelle1 small   
cakes baked in the form of the  ,phallus
 are made as offerings at ,easter1      
carried and presented from  house to    
house4 ,dulare states that in his time  
the festival of ,palm  ,sunday1 in the  
town of ,saintes1 was called le fete des
 pinnes--feast of  the privy            
members--and that during its continuance
 the women and children  carried in the 
procession a ,phallus made of bread1    
which they called a  pinne1 at the end  
of their palm branches2 these pinnes    
were  subsequently blessed by priests1  
and carefully preserved by the women    
during the year4 ,palm ,sunday6 ,palm1  
it is to be remembered1 is a  euphemism 
of the male organ1 and it is curious to 
see it united with the  ,phallus in     
,christendom4 ,dulare also says that1 in
 some of the earlier  inedited ,french  
books on cookery1 receipts are given for
 making cakes of  the salacious form in 
question1 which are broadly named4 ,he  
further  tells us those cakes symbolized

 the male1 in ,lower ,limousin1 and     
especially at ,brives2 while the female 
emblem was adopted at ,clermont1  in    
,auvergne1 and other places4            
,,the ,,ark ,,and ,,good ,,friday       
,the ark of the covenant was a most     
sacred symbol in the worship of the     
,jews1 and like the sacred boat1 or ark 
of ,osiris1 contained the symbol  of the
 principle of life1 or creative power4  
,the symbol was preserved  with great   
veneration in a miniature tabernacle1   
which was considered  the special and   
sanctified abode of the god4 ,in size   
and manner of  construction the ark of  
the ,jews and the sacred chest of       
,osiris of the  ,egyptians were exactly 
alike1 and were carried in processions  
in a  similar manner4    ,the ark or    
chest of ,osiris was attended by the    
priests1 and was borne on  the shoulders
 of men by means of staves4 ,the ark    
when taken from the  temple was placed  
upon a table1 or stand1 made expressly  
for the  purpose1 and was attended by a 

procession similar to that which        
followed  the ,jewish ark4 ,according to
 ,faber1 the ark was a symbol of the    
earth or  female principle1 containing  
the germ of all animated nature1 and    
regarded as the great mother whence all 
things sprung4 ,thus the ark1  earth1   
and goddess1 were represented by common 
symbols1 and spoken of in  the old      
,testament as the 8ashera40    ,the     
sacred emblems carried in the ark of the
 ,egyptians were the ,phallus1  the     
,egg1 and the ,serpent2 the first       
representing the sun1 fire1 and male  or
 generative principle--the ,creator2 the
 second1 the passive or female1  the    
germ of all animated things--the        
,preserver2 and the last the            
,destroyer3 the ,three of the sacred    
,trinity4 ,the ,hindu women1 according  
to ,payne ,knight1 still carry the      
lingam1 or consecrated symbol of the    
generative attribute of the deity1 in   
solemn procession between two  serpents2
 and in a sacred casket1 which held the 

,egg and the ,phallus in  the mystic    
processions of the ,greeks1 was also a  
,serpent4    8,the ark10 says ,faber1   
8was reverenced in all the ancient      
religions40 ,it  was often represented  
in the form of a boat1 or ship1 as well 
as an  oblong chest4 ,the rites of the  
,druids1 with those of ,phnicia and     
,hindostan1 show that an ark1 chest1    
cell1 boat1 or cavern1 held an          
important place in their mysteries4 ,in 
the story of ,osiris1 like that of  the 
,siva1 will be found the reason for the 
emblem being carried in the  sacred     
chest1 and the explanation of one of the
 mysteries of the  ,egyptian priests4   
,it is said that ,osiris was torn to    
pieces by the  wicked ,typhon1 who after
 cutting up the body1 distributed the   
parts over  the earth4 ,isis recovered  
the scattered limbs1 and brought them   
back to  ,egypt2 but1 being unable to   
find the part which distinguished his   
sex1  she had an image made of wood1    
which was enshrined in an ark1 and      

ordered to be solemnly carried about in 
the festivals she had instituted  in his
 honour1 and celebrated with certain    
secret rites4    ,the ,egg1 which       
accompanied the ,phallus in the ark was 
a very common  symbol of the ancient    
faiths1 which was considered as         
containing the  generation of life4 ,the
 image of that which generated all      
things in  itself4 ,jacob ,bryant       
says3--8,the ,egg1 as it contained the  
principles of  life was thought no      
improper emblem of the ark1 in which    
were preserved  the future world4 ,hence
 in the ,dionysian and in other         
mysteries1 one  part of the nocturnal   
ceremony consisted in the consecration  
of an egg40  ,this egg was called the   
,mundane ,egg4    ,the ark was likewise 
the symbol of salvation1 the place of   
safety1 the  secret receptacle of the   
divine wisdom4 ,hence we find the ark of
 the  ,jews containing the tables of the
 law2 we find too that the ,jews were   
ordered to place in the ark ,aaron's    

rod1 which budded1 conveying the  idea  
of symbolised fertility3 showing that   
the ark was considered as the           
receptacle of the life principle--as an 
emblem of the ,creator4    ,with the    
,egyptians ,osiris was supposed to be   
buried in the ark1 which  represented   
the disappearance of the deity4 ,his    
loss1 or death1  constituted the first  
part of the mysteries1 which consisted  
of  lamentations for his decease4 ,after
 the third day from his death1 a        
procession went down to the seaside in  
the night1 carrying the ark with  them4 
,during the passage they poured drink   
offerings from the river1 and  when the 
ceremony had been duly performed1 they  
raised a shout that  ,osiris had again  
risen--that the dead had been restored  
to life4 ,after  this followed the      
second or joyful part of the mysteries4 
,the similarity  of this custom with the
 ,good ,friday celebrations of the death
 of ,jesus1  and the rejoicings on      
account of his resurrection on ,easter  

,sunday1 will  be at once observed4 ,it 
is further said that the missing part of
 ,osiris  was eaten by a fish1 which    
made the fish a sacred symbol4 ,thus we 
have  the ,ark1 ,fish1 and ,good ,friday
 brought together1 also the ,egg1 for   
the  origin of the ,easter eggs is very 
ancient4 ,a bull is represented as      
breaking an egg with his horn1 which    
signified the liberating of  imprisoned 
life at the opening or spring of the    
year1 which had been  destroyed by      
,typhon4 ,the opening of the year at    
that time commenced in  the spring1 not 
according to our present reckoning2     
thus1 the ,egg was a  symbol of the     
resurrection of life at the spring1 or  
our ,easter time4  ,the author of the   
8,worship of the ,generative ,powers10  
describes the  origin of the hot        
cross-bun at ,easter1 which is a further
 parallelism of  the ,christian and     
,pagan festivals4 ,the author also draws
 a further  conclusion--that the cakes  
or buns have in reality a ,phallic      

origin1 for  in ,france and other parts1
 the ,easter cakes were called after the
  membrum virile4 ,the writer           
says3--8,in the primitive ,teutonic     
mythology1  there was a female deity    
named in old ,german1 ,ostara1 and in   
,anglo-,saxon1 ,eastre or ,eostre2 but  
all we know of her is the simple        
statement of our father of history1     
,bede1 that her festival was  celebrated
 by the ancient ,saxons in the month of 
,april1 from which  circumstance that   
month was named by the ,anglo-,saxons1  
,easter-mona or  ,eoster-mona1 and that 
the name of the goddess had been        
frequently given  to the ,paschal time1 
with which it was identical4 ,the name  
of this  goddess was given to the same  
month by the old ,germans and by the    
,franks1 so that she must have been one 
of the most highly honoured of  the     
,teutonic deities1 and her festival must
 have been a very important  one and    
deeply implanted in the popular         
feelings1 or the ,church would  not have

 sought to identify it with one of the  
greatest ,christian  festivals of the   
year4 ,it is understood that the ,romans
 considered this  month as dedicated to 
,venus1 no doubt because it was that in 
which the  productive powers of nature  
began to be visibly developed4 ,when the
  ,pagan festival was adopted by the    
,church1 it became a moveable feast1    
instead of being fixed to the month of  
,april4 ,among other objects  offered to
 the goddess at this time were cakes1   
made no doubt of fine  flour1 but of    
their form we are ignorant4 ,the        
,christians when they  seized upon the  
,easter festival1 gave them the form of 
a bun1 which  indeed was at that time   
the ordinary form of bread2 and to      
protect  themselves and those who ate   
them from any enchantment--or other evil
  influences which might arise from     
their former heathen character--they    
marked them with the ,christian         
symbol--the cross4 ,hence we derived the
  cakes we still eat at ,easter under   

the name of hot cross-buns1 and the     
superstitious feelings attached to them2
 for multitudes of people still  believe
 that if they failed to eat a hot       
cross-bun on ,good ,friday1 they  would 
be unlucky all the rest of the year40   
,,architectural ,,pillars ,,devised     
,,from ,,the ,,lotus    ,the earliest   
capital seems to have been the bell or  
seed vessel1 simply  copied without     
alteration1 except a little expansion at
 the bottom to  give it stability4 ,the 
leaves of some other plant were then    
added to it1  and varied in different   
capitals according to the different     
meanings  intended to be signified by   
the accessory symbols4 ,the ,greeks     
decorated  it in the same manner1 with  
the foliage of various plants1 sometimes
 of  the acanthus and sometimes of the  
aquatic kind1 which are1 however1       
generally so transformed by excessive   
attention to elegance1 that it is       
difficult to distinguish them4 ,the most
 usual seems to be the ,egyptian        

acacia1 which was probably adopted as a 
mystic symbol for the same  reasons as  
the olive1 it being equally remarkable  
for its powers of  reproduction4        
,theophrastus mentions a large wood of  
it in the 8,thebaid10  where the olive  
will not grow1 so that we reasonably    
suppose it to have  been employed by the
 ,egyptians in the same symbolical      
sense4 ,from them  the ,greeks seem to  
have borrowed it about the time of the  
,macedonian  conquest1 it not occurring 
in any of their buildings of a much     
earlier  date2 and as for the story of  
the ,corinthian architect1 who is said  
to  have invented this kind of capital  
from observing a thorn growing round  a 
basket1 it deserved no credit1 being    
fully contradicted by the  buildings    
still remaining in ,upper ,egypt4       
,the ,doric column1 which appears to    
have been the only one known to the     
very ancient ,greeks1 was equally       
derived from the ,nelumbo2 its capital  
being the same seed-vessel pressed flat1

 as it appears when withered and        
dry--the only state probably in which it
 had been seen in ,europe4 ,the  flutes 
in the shaft were made to hold spears   
and staves1 whence a  spear-holder is   
spoken of in the 8,odyssey0 as part of a
 column4 ,the  triglyphs and blocks of  
the cornice were also derived from      
utility1 they  having been intended to  
represent the projecting ends of the    
beams and  rafters which formed the     
roof4    ,the ,ionic capital has no     
bell1 but volutes formed in imitation of
  sea-shells1 which have the same       
symbolical meaning4 ,to them is         
frequently added the ornament which     
architects call a honeysuckle1 but      
which seems to be meant for the young   
petals of the same flower viewed        
horizontally1 before they are opened or 
expanded4 ,another ornament is  also    
introduced in this capital1 which they  
call eggs and anchors1 but  which is1 in
 fact1 composed of eggs and spear-heads1
 the symbols of  female generation and  

male destructive power1 or in the       
language of  mythology1 of ,venus and   
,mars4--,payne ,knight4                 
,,bells ,,in ,,religious ,,worship      
,stripped1 however1 of all this         
splendour and magnificence it was       
probably nothing more than a symbolical 
instrument1 signifying  originally the  
motion of the elements1 like the sistrum
 of ,isis1 the  cymbals of ,cybele1 the 
bells of ,bacchus1 etc41 whence ,jupiter
 is said to  have overcome the ,titans  
with his gis1 as ,isis drove away       
,typhon with  her sistrum1 and the      
ringing of the bells and clatter of     
metals were  almost universally employed
 as a means of consecration1 and a charm
  against the destroying and inert      
powers4 ,even the ,jews welcomed the new
  moon with such noises1 which the      
simplicity of the early ages employed   
almost everywhere to relieve her during 
eclipses1 supposed then to be  morbid   
affections brought on by the influence  
of an adverse power4 ,the  title        

,priapus1 by which the generative       
attribute is distinguished1  seems to be
 merely a corruption of ,briapuos       
7clamorous72 the beta  and pi being     
commutable letters1 and epithets of     
similar meaning1  being continually     
applied both to ,jupiter and ,bacchus by
 the poets4 ,many  ,priapic figures1    
too1 still extant1 have bells attached  
to them1 as the  symbolical statues and 
temples of the ,hindus are2 and to wear 
them was a  part of the worship of      
,bacchus among the ,greeks3 whence we   
sometimes  find them of extremely small 
size1 evidently meant to be worn as     
amulets  with the phalli1 lunul1 etc4   
,the chief priests of the ,egyptians and
  also the high priests of the ,jews1   
hung them as sacred emblems to their    
sacerdotal garments2 and the ,brahmins  
still continue to ring a small  bell at 
the interval of their prayers1          
ablutions1 and other acts of  devotion2 
which custom is still preserved in the  
,roman ,catholic ,church  at the        

elevation of the host4 ,the             
,lacedmonians beat upon a brass vessel  
or pan1 on the death of their kings1 and
 we still retain the custom of  tolling 
a bell on such occasions1 though the    
reason of it is not  generally known1   
any more than that of other remnants of 
ancient  ceremonies still existing4#a   
,it will be observed that the bells used
 by  the ,christians very probably came 
direct from the ,buddhists4 ,and from   
the same source are derived the beads   
and rosaries of the ,roman  ,catholics1 
which have been used by the ,buddhist   
monks for over #b1jjj  years4 ,tinkling 
bells were suspended before the shrine  
of ,jupiter ,ammon1  and during the     
service the gods were invited to descend
 upon the altars  by the ringing of     
bells2 they were likewise sacred to     
,siva4 ,bells were  used at the worship 
of ,bacchus1 and were worn on the       
garments of the  ,bacchantes1 much in   
the same manner as they are used at our 
carnivals  and masquerades4    -----    

,footnote #a3      ,the above           
description is from ,payne ,knight's    
8,symbolical ,language of    ancient    
,art and ,mythology40                   
,,hindu ,,phallicism    ,the following  
curious fable is given by ,sir ,william 
,jones1 as one of the  stories of the   
,hindus for the origin of ,phallic      
devotion3--8,certain  devotees in a     
remote time had acquired great renown   
and respect1 but the  purity of the art 
was wanting1 nor did their motives and  
secret thoughts  correspond with their  
professions and exterior conduct4 ,they 
affected  poverty1 but were attached to 
the things of this world1 and the       
princes  and nobles were constantly     
sending their offerings4 ,they seemed to
  sequester themselves from this world2 
they lived retired from the towns2  but 
their dwellings were commodious1 and    
their women numerous and  handsome4 ,but
 nothing can be hid from their gods1 and
 ,sheevah resolved  to put them to      
shame4 ,he desired ,prakeety 7nature7 to

 accompany him2 and  assumed the        
appearance of a ,pandaram of a graceful 
form4 ,prakeety was  herself a damsel of
 matchless worth4 ,she went before the  
devotees who  were assembled with their 
disciples1 awaiting the rising of the   
sun1 to  perform their ablutions and    
religious ceremonies4 ,as she advanced  
the  refreshing breeze moved her flowing
 robe1 showed the exquisite shape  which
 it seemed intended to conceal4 ,with   
eyes cast down1 though  sometimes       
opening with a timid but tender look1   
she approached them1 and  with a low    
enchanting voice desired to be admitted 
to the sacrifice4 ,the  devotees gazed  
on her with astonishment4 ,the sun      
appeared1 but the  purifications were   
forgotten2 the things of the ,poojah    
7worship7 lay  neglected2 nor was any   
worship thought of but that of her4     
,quitting the  gravity of their manners1
 they gathered round her as flies round 
the  lamp at night--attracted by its    
splendour1 but consumed by its flame4   

,they asked from whence she came2       
whither she was going4 #8,be not        
offended  with us for approaching thee1 
forgive us our importunities4 ,but thou 
art  incapable of anger1 thou who art   
made to convey bliss2 to thee1 who      
mayest kill by indifference1 indignation
 and resentment are unknown4 ,but       
whoever thou mayest be1 whatever motive 
or accident might have brought  thee    
amongst us1 admit us into the number of 
thy slaves2 let us at least  have the   
comfort to behold thee4' ,here the words
 faltered on the lip1  and the soul     
seemed ready to take its flight2 the vow
 was forgotten1 and  the policy of years
 destroyed4    8,whilst the devotees    
were lost in their passions1 and absent 
from their  homes1 ,sheevah entered     
their village with a musical instrument 
in his  hand1 playing and singing like  
some of those who solicit charity4 ,at  
the  sound of his voice1 the women      
immediately quitted their occupation2   
they  ran to see from whom it came4 ,he 

was as beautiful as ,krishen on the     
plains of ,matra4 ,some dropped their   
jewels without turning to look for      
them2 others let fall their garments    
without perceiving that they  discovered
 those abodes of pleasure which jealousy
 as well as decency  had ordered to be  
concealed4 ,all pressed forward with    
their offerings1  all wished to speak1  
all wished to be taken notice of1 and   
bringing  flowers and scattering them   
before him1 said--#8,askest thou alms6  
thou who  are made to govern hearts4    
,thou whose countenance is as fresh as  
the  morning1 whose voice is the voice  
of pleasure1 and they breath like that  
of ,vassant 7,spring7 in the opening of 
the rose6 ,stay with us and we will     
serve thee2 nor will we trouble thy     
repose1 but only be zealous how to      
please thee4' ,the ,pandaram continued  
to play1 and sung the loves of ,kama    
7,god of ,love71 of ,krishen and the    
,gopia1 and smiling the gentle smiles   
of fond desire4444    8,but the desire  

of repose succeeds the waste of         
pleasure4 ,sleep closed  the eyes and   
lulled the senses4 ,in the morning the  
,pandaram was gone4  ,when they awoke   
they looked round with astonishment1 and
 again cast  their eyes on the ground4  
,some directed to those who had formerly
 been  remarked for their scrupulous    
manners1 but their faces were covered   
with  their veils4 ,after sitting awhile
 in silence they arose and went back to 
their houses1 with slow and troubled    
steps4 ,the devotees returned about  the
 same time from their wanderings after  
,prakeety4 ,the days that  followed were
 days of embarrassment and shame4 ,if   
the women had failed  in their modesty1 
the devotees had broken their vows4     
,they were vexed at  their weakness1    
they were sorry for what they had done2 
yet the tender  sigh sometimes broke    
forth1 and the eyes often turned to     
where the men  first saw the maid--the  
women1 the ,pandaram4    8,but the women
 began to perceive that what the        

devotees foretold came  not to pass4    
,their disciples1 in consequence1       
neglected to attend them1  and the      
offerings from the princes and nobles   
became less frequent than  before4 ,they
 then performed various penances2 they  
sought for secret  places among the     
woods unfrequented by man2 and having at
 last shut  their eyes from the things  
of this world1 retired within themselves
 in  deep meditation1 that ,sheevah was 
the author of their misfortunes4 ,their 
understanding being imperfect1 instead  
of bowing the head with humility1  they 
were inflamed with anger2 instead of    
contrition for their  hypocrisy1 they   
sought for vengeance4 ,they performed   
new sacrifices and  incantations1 which 
were only allowed to have effect in the 
end1 to show  the extreme folly of man  
in not submitting to the will of heaven4
    8,their incantations produced a     
tiger1 whose mouth was like a cavern and
  his voice like thunder among the      
mountains4 ,they sent him against       

,sheevah1 who with ,prakeety was amusing
 himself in the vale4 ,he smiled at     
their weakness1 and killing the tiger at
 one blow with his club1 he  covered    
himself with his skin4 ,seeing          
themselves frustrated in this  attempt1 
the devotees had recourse to another1   
and sent serpents against  him of the   
most deadly kind2 but on approaching him
 they became  harmless1 and he twisted  
them round his neck4 ,they then sent    
their  curses and imprecations against  
him1 but they all recoiled upon         
themselves4 ,not yet disheartened by all
 these disappointments1 they  collected 
all their prayers1 their penances1 their
 charities1 and other  good works1 the  
most acceptable sacrifices2 and         
demanding in return only  vengeance     
against ,sheevah1 they sent a fire to   
destroy his genital  parts4 ,sheevah1   
incensed at this attempt1 turned the    
fire with  indignation against the human
 race2 and mankind would soon have been 
destroyed1 had not ,vishnu1 alarmed at  

the danger1 implored him to  suspend his
 wrath4 ,at his entreaties ,sheevah     
relented2 but it was  ordained that in  
his temples those parts should be       
worshipped1 which  the false doctrines  
had impiously attempted to destroy40    
,,the ,,cross ,,and ,,rosary    ,the key
 which is still worn with the ,priapic  
hand1 as an amulet1 by the  women of    
,italy appears to have been an emblem of
 the equivocal use of  the name1 as the 
language of that country implies4 ,of   
the same kind1  too1 appears to have    
been the cross in the form of the letter
 tau1  attached to a circle1 which many 
of the figures of ,egyptian deities1    
both male and female1 carry in their    
left hand2 and by the ,syrians1         
,phnicians and other inhabitants of     
,asia1 representing the planet ,venus1  
worshipped by them as the emblem or     
image of that goddess4 ,the cross in    
this form is sometimes observable on    
coins1 and several of them were  found  
in a temple of ,serapis1 demolished at  

the general destruction of  those       
edifices by the ,emperor ,theodosius1   
and were said by the ,christian         
antiquaries of that time to signify the 
future life4 ,in solemn  sacrifices1 all
 the ,lapland idols were marked with it 
from the blood of  the victims2 and it  
occurs on many ,runic ornaments found in
 ,sweden and  ,denmark1 which are of an 
age long anterior to the approach of    
,christianity to those countries1 and   
probably to its appearance in the       
world4 ,on some of the early coins of   
the ,phnicians1 we find it attached  to 
a chaplet of beads placed in a circle1  
so as to form a complete  rosary1 such  
as the ,lamas of ,thibet and ,china1 the
 ,hindus1 and the ,roman  ,catholics now
 tell over while they pray4             
,,beads    ,beads were anciently used to
 reckon time1 and a circle1 being a line
  without termination1 was the natural  
emblem of its perpetual continuity2     
whence we often find circles of beads   
upon the heads of deities1 and          

enclosing the sacred symbols upon coins 
and other monuments4 ,perforated  beads 
are also frequently found in tombs1 both
 in the northern and  southern parts of 
,europe and ,asia1 whence are fragments 
of the chaplets  of consecration buried 
with the deceased4 ,the simple diadem1  
or fillet1  worn round the head as a    
mark of sovereignty1 had a similar      
meaning1 and  was originally confined to
 the statues of deities and deified     
personages1 as we find it upon the most 
ancient coins4 ,chryses1 the  priest of 
,apollo1 in the 8,iliad10 brings the    
diadem1 or sacred fillet1  of the god   
upon his sceptre1 as the most imposing  
and invocable emblem  of sanctity2 but  
no mention is made of its being worn by 
kings in either  of the ,homeric poems1 
nor of any other ensign of temporal     
power and  command1 except the royal    
staff or sceptre4                       
,,the ,,lotus    ,the double sex        
typified by the ,argha and its contents 
is by the ,hindus  represented by the   

8,mympha0 or ,lotus1 floating like a    
boat on the  boundless ocean1 where the 
whole plant signifies both the earth and
 the  two principles of its fecundation4
 ,the germ is both ,meru and the ,linga2
  the petals and filaments are the      
mountains which encircle ,meru1 and are 
also a type of the ,yoni2 the leaves of 
the calyx are the four vast  regions to 
the cardinal points of ,meru2 and the   
leaves of the plant are  the ,dwipas or 
isles round the land of ,jambu4 ,as this
 plant or lily was  probably the most   
celebrated of all the vegetable creation
 among the  mystics of the ancient      
world1 and is to be found in thousands  
of the  most beautiful and sacred       
paintings of the ,christians of this    
day--,i  detain my reader with a few    
observations respecting it4 ,this is the
 more  necessary as it appears that the 
priests have now lost the meaning of    
it2 at least this is the case with      
everyone of whom ,i have made enquiry2  
but it is like many other very odd      

things1 probably understood in the      
,vatican1 or the crypt of ,st4 ,peter's4
 ,maurice says that among the  different
 plants which ornament our globe1 there 
is not one which has  received so much  
honour from man as the ,lotus or ,lily1 
in whose  consecrated bosom ,brahma was 
born1 and ,osiris delighted to float4   
,this  is the sublime1 the hallowed     
symbol that eternally occurs in oriental
  mythology1 and in truth not without   
reason1 for it is itself a lovely       
prodigy4 ,throughout all the northern   
hemispheres it was everywhere held  in  
profound veneration1 and from ,savary we
 learn that the veneration is  yet      
continued among the modern ,egyptians4  
,and we find that it still  continues to
 receive the respect if not the         
adoration of a great part of  the       
,christian world1 unconscious1 perhaps1 
of the original reason of  this conduct4
 ,higgins's ,anacalypsis4    ,the       
following is an account given of it by  
,payne ,knight1 in his curious          

dissertation on ,phallic                
,worship3--8,the ,lotus is the ,nelumbo 
of ,linnus4  ,this plant grows in the   
water1 among its broad leaves puts forth
 a  flower1 in the centre of which is   
formed the seed vessel1 shaped like a   
bell or inverted cone1 and perforated on
 the top with little cavities or  cells1
 in which the seeds grow4 ,the orifices 
of these cells being too  small to let  
the seeds drop out when ripe1 they shoot
 forth into new  plants in the places   
where they are formed3 the bulb of the  
vessel  serving as a matrix to nourish  
them1 until they acquire such a degree  
of  magnitude as to burst it open and   
release themselves1 after which1 like   
other aquatic weeds1 they take root     
wherever the current deposits them4     
,this plant1 therefore1 being thus      
productive of itself1 and vegetating    
from its own matrix1 without being      
fostered in the earth1 was naturally    
adopted as the symbol of the productive 
power of the waters1 upon which  the    

active spirit of the ,creator operated  
in giving life and vegetation1  to      
matter4 ,we accordingly find it employed
 in every part of the northern          
hemisphere1 where the symbolical        
religion1 improperly called idolatry1   
does or ever did prevail4 ,the sacred   
images of the ,tartars1 ,japanese1  and 
,indians are almost placed upon it1 of  
which numerous instances occur  in the  
publications of ,kmpfer1 ,sonnerat1 etc4
 ,the ,brahma of ,india is  represented 
as sitting upon his ,lotus throne1 and  
the figure upon the  ,isaaic table holds
 the stem of this plant surmounted by   
the seed vessel  in one hand1 and the   
,cross representing the male organs of  
generation in  the other2 thus          
signifying the universal power1 both    
active and passive1  attributed to that 
goddess40    ,nimrod says3--8,the ,lotus
 is a well-known allegory1 of which the 
expansive  calyx represents the ship of 
the gods floating on the surface of the 
water2 and the erect flower arising out 

of it1 the mast thereof4 ,the one  was  
the galley or cockboat1 and the other   
the mast of cockayne2 but as  the ship  
was ,isis or ,magna ,mater1 the female  
principle1 and the mast in  it the male 
deity1 these parts of the flower came to
 have certain other  significations1    
which seem to have been as well known at
 ,samosata as at  ,benares4 ,this plant 
was also used in the sacred offices of  
the ,jewish  religion4 ,in the ornaments
 of the temple of ,solomon1 the ,lotus  
or lily  is often seen40    ,the figure 
of ,isis is frequently represented      
holding the stem of the  plant in one   
hand1 and the cross and circle in the   
other4 ,columns and  capitals resembling
 the plant are still existing among the 
ruins of  ,thebes1 in ,egypt1 and the   
island of ,phil4 ,the ,chinese goddess1 
,pussa1  is represented sitting upon the
 ,lotus1 called in that country ,lin1   
with  many arms1 having symbols         
signifying the various operations of    
nature1  while similar attributes are   

expressed in the ,scandinavian goddess  
,isa  or ,disa4    ,the ,lotus is also a
 prominent symbol in ,hindu and         
,egyptian cosmogony4  ,this plant       
appears to have the same tendency with  
the ,sphinx1 of marking  the connection 
between that which produces and that    
which is produced4  ,the ,egyptian      
,ceres 7,virgo7 bears in her hand the   
blue ,lotus1 which plant  is            
acknowledged to be the emblem of        
celestial love so frequently seen       
mounted on the back of ,leo in the      
ancient remains4 ,the following is a    
translation of the ,purana relating to  
the cosmogony of the ,hindus1 and  will 
be found interesting as showing the     
importance attached to the  ,lotus in   
the worship of the ancients3--8,we find 
,brahma emerging from the  ,lotus4 ,the 
whole universe was dark and covered with
 water4 ,on this  primeval water did    
,bhagavat 7,god71 in a masculine form1  
repose for the  space of one ,calpho 7a 
thousand years72 after which period the 

intention  of creating other beings for 
his own wise purposes became predominant
 in  the mind of the ,great ,creator4   
,in the first place1 by his sovereign   
will was produced the flower of the     
,lotus1 afterwards1 by the same will1   
was brought to light the form of ,brahma
 from the said flower2 ,brahma1         
emerging from the cup of the ,lotus1    
looked round on all the four sides1  and
 beheld from the eyes of his four heads 
an immeasurable expanse of  water4      
,observing the whole world thus involved
 in darkness and submerged  in water1 he
 was stricken with prodigious amazement1
 and began to  consider with himself1   
#8,who is it that produced me8' #8whence
 came ,i8'  #8and where am ,i8'         
8,brahma1 thus kept two hundred years in
 contemplation1 prayers1 and  devotions1
 and having pondered in his mind that   
without connection of  male and female  
an abundant generation could not be     
effected--again  entered into profound  
meditation on the power of the ,supreme1

 when1 on a  sudden by the omnipotence  
of ,god1 was produced from his right    
side  ,swayambhuvah ,menu1 a man of     
perfect beauty2 and from the ,brahma's  
left  side a woman named ,satarupa4 ,the
 prayer of ,brahma runs thus3--#8,o     
,bhagavat6 since thou broughtest me from
 nonentity into existence for a         
particular purpose1 accomplish by thy   
benevolence that purpose4' ,in a  short 
time a small white boar appeared1 which 
soon grew to the size of  an elephant4  
,he now felt ,god in all1 and that all  
is from ,him1 and all  in ,him4 ,at     
length the power of the ,omnipotent had 
assumed the body of  ,vara4 ,he began to
 use the instinct of that animal4       
,having divided the  water1 he saw the  
earth a mighty barren stratum4 ,he then 
took up the  mighty ponderous globe     
7freed from the water7 and spread the   
earth like  a carpet on the face of the 
water2 ,brahma1 contemplating the whole 
earth1 performed due reverence1 and     
rejoicing exceedingly1 began to         

consider the means of peopling the      
renovated world40 ,pyag1 now            
,allahabad1 was the first land said to  
have appeared1 but with the  ,brahmins  
it is a disputed point1 for many affirm 
that ,casi or ,benares  was the sacred  
ground4                                 
,,meru    ,the learned ,higgins1 an     
,english judge1 who for some years spent
 ten  hours a day in antiquarian        
studies1 says that ,moriah1 of ,isaiah  
and  ,abraham1 is the ,meru of the      
,hindus1 and the ,olympus of the        
,greeks4  ,solomon built high places for
 ,ashtoreth1 ,astarte1 or ,venus1 which 
because mounts of ,venus1 mons          
veneris--,meru and ,mount ,calvary--each
 a  slightly skull-shaped mount1 that   
might be represented by a bare head4    
,the ,bible translators perpetuate the  
same idea in the word 8calvaria40       
,prof4 ,stanley denies that 8,mount     
,calvary0 took its name from its being  
the place of the crucifixion of ,jesus4 
,looking elsewhere and in earlier  times

 for the bare calvaria1 we find among   
,oriental women1 the ,mount of  ,venus1 
mons veneris1 through motives of        
neatness or religious  sentiment1       
deprived of all hirsute appendage4 ,we  
see ,mount ,calvary  imitated in the    
shaved poll of the head of a priest4    
,the priests of  ,china1 says ,mr4 ,j4  
,m4 ,peebles1 continue to shave the     
head4 ,to make a  place holy1 among the 
,hindus1 ,tartars1 and people of        
,thibet1 it was  necessary to have a    
mount ,meru1 also a ,linga-,yoni1 or    
,arba4                         ,,lingam 
,,in ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,elora        
,this marvellous work of excavation by  
the slow process of the chisel1  was    
visited by ,capt4 ,seeley1 who          
afterwards published a volume           
describing the temple and its vast      
statues4 ,the beauty of its             
architectural ornaments1 the innumerable
 statues or emblems1 all hewn  out of   
solid rock1 dispute with the ,pyramids  
for the first place among  the works    

undertaken to display power and embody  
feeling4 ,the stupendous  temple is     
detached from the neighbouring mountain 
by a spacious area all  round1 and is   
nearly #bej feet deep and #aej feet     
broad1 reaching to the  height of #ajj  
feet and in length about #ade feet4 ,it 
has well-formed  doorways1 windows1     
staircases1 upper floors1 containing    
fine large rooms  of a smooth and       
polished surface1 regularly divided by  
rows of pillars2  the whole bulk of this
 immense block of isolated excavation   
being  upwards of #ejj feet in          
circumference1 and having beyond its    
areas three  handsome figure galleries  
or verandas supported by regular        
pillars4  ,outside the temple are two   
large obelisks or phalli standing1 8of  
quadrangular form1 eleven feet square1  
prettily and variously carved1  and are 
estimated at forty-one feet high2 the   
shaft above the pedestal  is seven feet 
two inches1 being larger at the base    
than ,cleopatra's  ,needle40    ,in one 

of the smaller temples was an image of  
,lingam1 8covered with oil  and red     
ochre1 and flowers were daily strewed on
 its circular top4 ,this  ,lingam is    
larger than usual1 occupying with the   
altar1 a great part of  the room4 ,in   
most ,ling rooms a sufficient space is  
left for the votaries  to walk round    
whilst making the usual invocations to  
the deity 7,maha  ,deo74 ,this deity is 
much frequented by female votaries1 who 
take  especial care to keep it clean1   
washed1 and often perfume it with       
oderiferous oils and flowers1 whilst the
 attendant ,brahmins sweep the          
apartment and attend the five oil lights
 and bell ringing40 ,this oil  vessel   
resembled the ,yoni 7circular frame71   
into which the light itself  was placed4
 ,no symbol was more venerated or more  
frequently met with  than the altar and 
,ling1 ,siva1 or ,maha ,deo4 8,barren   
women constantly  resort to it to       
supplicate for children10 says ,seeley4 
,the mysteries  attended upon them is   

not described1 but doubtless they were  
of a very  similar character to those   
described by the author of the 8,worship
 of  the ,generative ,powers of the     
,western ,nations10 showing again the   
similarity of the custom with those     
practised by the ,catholics in  ,france4
 ,the writer says3--8,women sought a    
remedy for barrenness by  kissing the   
end of the ,phallus2 sometimes they     
appear to have placed a  part of their  
body1 naked1 against the image of the   
saint1 or to have  sat upon it4 ,this   
latter trait was perhaps too bold an    
adoption of the  indecencies of ,pagan  
worship to last long1 or to be practised
 openly2  but it appears to have been   
innocently represented by lying upon the
  body of the saint1 or sitting upon a  
stone1 understood to represent him      
without the presence of the energetic   
member4 ,in a corner in the church  of  
the village of ,st4 ,fiacre1 near       
,monceaux1 in ,france1 there is a stone 
called the chair of ,st4 ,fiacre1 which 

confers fecundity upon women who  sit   
upon it2 but it is necessary nothing    
should intervene between their  bare    
skin and the stone4 ,in the church of   
,orcival in ,auvergne1 there was  a     
pillar which barren women kissed for the
 same purpose and which had  perhaps    
replaced some less equivocal object40   
,the principal object of worship at     
,elora is the stone1 so frequently      
spoken of2 8the ,lingam10 says ,seeley1 
and he apologises for using the  word so
 often1 but asks to be excused1 8is an  
emblem not generally  known1 but as     
frequently met with as the ,cross in    
,catholic worship40 ,it  is the god     
,siva1 a symbol of his generative       
character1 the base of which  is usually
 inserted in the ,yoni4 ,the stone is of
 a conical shape1 often  black stone1   
covered with flowers 7the ,belia and    
,asuca shrubs74 ,the  flowers hang      
pendant from the crown of the ,ling     
stone to the spout of  the ,argha or    
,yoni 7mystical matrix72 the same as the

 ,phallus of the  ,greeks4 ,five lamps  
are commonly used in the worship at the 
symbol1 or  one lamp with five wicks4   
,the ,lotus is often seen on the top of 
the  ,ling4                             
,,venus-,,urania4--,,the ,,mother       
,,goddess    ,the characteristic        
attribute of the passive generative     
power was  expressed in symbolical      
writing1 by different enigmatical       
representations of the most             
distinguished characteristic of the     
female  sex3 such as the shell or       
,concha ,veneris1 the fig-leaf1 barley  
corn1  and the letter ,delta1 all of    
which occur very frequently upon coins  
and  other ancient monuments in this    
sense4 ,the same attribute personified  
as  the goddess of ,love1 or desire1 is 
usually represented under the           
voluptuous form of a beautiful woman1   
frequently distinguished by one of      
these symbols1 and called ,venus1       
,kypris1 or ,aphrodite1 names of rather 
uncertain mythology4 ,she is said to be 

the daughter of ,jupiter and  ,dione1   
that is of the male and female          
personifications of the  all-pervading  
,spirit of the ,universe2 ,dione being  
the female ,dis or  ,zeus1 and therefore
 associated with him in the most ancient
 oracular  temple of ,greece at ,dodona4
 ,no other genealogy appears to have    
been  known in the ,homeric times2      
though a different one is employed to   
account for the name of ,aphrodite in   
the 8,theogony0 attributed to  ,hesiod4 
,the ,genelullides or ,genoidai were the
 original and appropriate  ministers or 
companions of ,venus1 who was however1  
afterwards attended  by the ,graces1 the
 proper and original attendants of      
,juno2 but as both  these goddesses were
 occasionally united and represented in 
one image1  the personifications of     
their respective subordinate attributes 
were on  other occasions added3 whence  
the symbolical statue of ,venus at      
,paphos  had a beard1 and other         
appearances of virility1 which seems to 

have been  the most ancient mode of     
representing the celestial as           
distinguished  from the popular goddess 
of that name--the one being a           
personification of  a general           
procreative power1 and the other only of
 animal desire or  concupiscence4 ,the  
refinement of ,grecian art1 however1    
when advanced to  maturity1 contrived   
more elegant modes of distinguishing    
them2 and1 in a  celebrated work of     
,phidias1 we find the former represented
 with her foot  upon a tortoise2 and in 
a no less celebrated one of ,scopas1 the
 latter  sitting upon a goat4 ,the      
tortoise1 being an androgynous animal1  
was  aptly chosen as a symbol of the    
double power2 and the goat was equally  
appropriate to what was meant to be     
expressed in the other4    ,the same    
attribute was on other occasions        
signified by a dove or pigeon1  by the  
sparrow1 and perhaps by the polypus1    
which often appears upon  coins with the
 head of the goddess1 and which was     

accounted an  aphrodisiac1 though it is 
likewise of the androgynous class4 ,the 
fig was  a still more common symbol1 the
 statue of ,priapus being made of the   
tree1 and the fruit being carried with  
the ,phallus in the ancient  processions
 in honour of ,bacchus1 and still       
continuing among the common  people of  
,italy to be an emblem of what it       
anciently meant3 whence we  often see   
portraits of persons of that country    
painted with it in one  hand1 to signify
 their orthodox elevation to the fair   
sex4 ,hence1 also  arose the ,italian   
expression far la fica1 which was done  
by putting  the thumb between the middle
 and fore-fingers1 as it appears in many
  ,priapic ornaments extant2 or by      
putting the finger or thumb into the    
corner of the mouth and drawing it down1
 of which there is a  representation in 
a small ,priapic figure of exquisite    
sculpture1  engraved among the          
,antiquities of ,herculaneum4           
,,liberality ,,and ,,sameness ,,of ,,the

 ,,world-,,religions    ,the same       
liberal and humane spirit still prevails
 among those nations  whose religion is 
founded on the same principles4 8,the   
,siamese10 says a  traveller of the     
seventeenth century1 8shun disputes and 
believe that  almost all religions are  
good0 78,journal du ,voyage de ,siam074 
,when the  ambassador of ,louis ,,xiv   
asked their king1 in his master's name1 
to  embrace ,christianity1 he replied1  
8that it was strange that the king of   
,france should interest himself so much 
in an affair which concerns only  ,god1 
whilst ,he1 whom it did concern1 seemed 
to leave it wholly to our  discretion4  
,had it been agreeable to the ,creator  
that all nations should  have had the   
same form of worship1 would it not have 
been as easy to ,his  omnipotence to    
have created all men with the same      
sentiments and  dispositions1 and to    
have inspired them with the same notions
 of the  ,true ,religion1 as to endow   
them with such different tempers and    

inclinations8 ,ought they not rather to 
believe that the true ,god has as  much 
pleasure in being honoured by a variety 
of forms and ceremonies1 as  in being   
praised and glorified by a number of    
different creatures8 ,or  why should    
that beauty and variety1 so admirable in
 the natural order of  things1 be less  
admirable or less worthy of the wisdom  
of ,god in the  supernatural80    ,the  
,hindus profess exactly the same        
opinion4 8,they would readily admit  the
 truth of the ,gospel10 says a very     
learned writer long resident among      
them1 8but they contend that it is      
perfectly consistent with their         
,shastras4 ,the ,deity1 they say1 has   
appeared innumerable times in many      
parts of this world and in all worlds1  
for the salvation of his  creatures2 and
 we adore1 they say1 the same ,god1 to  
whom our several  worships1 though      
different in form1 are equally          
acceptable if they be  sincere in       
substance40    ,the ,chinese sacrifice  

to the spirits of the air1 the mountains
 and the  rivers2 while the ,emperor    
himself sacrifices to the sovereign     
,lord of  ,heaven1 to whom all these    
spirits are subordinate1 and from whom  
they  are derived4 ,the sectaries of    
,fohi have1 indeed1 surcharged this     
primitive elementary worship with some  
of the allegorical fables of  their     
neighbours2 but still as their          
creed--like that of the ,greeks and     
,romans--remains undefined1 it admits of
 no dogmatical theology1 and of  course 
no persecution for opinion4 ,obscure and
 sanguinary rites have1  indeed1 been   
wisely prescribed on many occasions2 but
 still as actions  and not as opinions4 
,atheism is said to have been punished  
with death  at ,athens2 but nevertheless
 it may be reasonably doubted whether   
the  atheism1 against which the citizens
 of that republic expressed such  fury1 
consisted in a denial of the existence  
of the gods2 for ,diagoras1  who was    
obliged to fly for this crime1 was      

accused of revealing and  calumniating  
the doctrines taught in the ,mysteries2 
and from the  opinions ascribed to      
,socrates1 there is reason to believe   
that his  offence was of the same kind1 
though he had not been initiated4       
,these were the only two martyrs to     
religion among the ancient ,greeks1     
such as were punished for actively      
violating or insulting the ,mysteries1  
the only part of their worship which    
seems to have possessed any  vitality2  
for as to the popular deities1 they were
 publicly ridiculed  and censured with  
impunity by those who dared not utter a 
word against  the populace that         
worshipped them2 and as to the forms and
 ceremonies of  devotion1 they were held
 to be no otherwise important1 then as  
they were  constituted a part of civil  
government of the state2 the ,pythian   
priestess having pronounced from the    
tripod1 that whoever performed the      
rites of his religion according to the  
laws of his country1 performed  them in 

a manner pleasing to the ,deity4 ,hence 
the ,romans made no  alterations in the 
religious institutions of any of the    
conquered  countries2 but allowed the   
inhabitants to be as absurd and         
extravagant  as they pleased1 and to    
enforce their absurdities and           
extravagances  wherever they had any    
pre-existing laws in their favour4 ,an  
,egyptian  magistrate would put one of  
his fellow-subjects to death for killing
 a  cat or a monkey2 and though the     
religious fanaticism of the ,jews was   
too  sanguinary and too violent to be   
left entirely free from restraint1 a    
chief of the synagogue could order      
anyone of his congregation to be        
whipped for neglecting or violating any 
part of the ,mosaic ,ritual4    ,the    
principle underlying the system of      
emanations was1 that all things  were of
 one substance1 from which they were    
fashioned and into which  they were     
again dissolved1 by the operation of one
 plastic spirit  universally diffused   

and expanded4 ,the polytheist of ancient
 ,greece and  ,rome candidly thought1   
like the modern ,hindu1 that all rites  
of worship  and forms of devotion were  
directed to the same end1 though in     
different  modes and through different  
channels4 8,even they who worship other 
gods10 says ,krishna1 the incarnate     
,deity1 in an ancient ,indian poem      
7,bhagavat-,gita71 8worship me although 
they know it not40--,payne  ,knight4    
,,the ,,end4                      99    
99       99       99       99           
,transcriber's ,notes    ,some          
inconsistencies in spelling1            
hyphenation1 and punctuation have been  
retained4    ,obvious typographical     
errors have been corrected4    ,this    
file uses underscores to indicate italic
 text4