,,on ,,!      ,,prep>ations      ,,(    
,,! ,,indian ,,hemp1      ,,or          
,,gunjah1      7,,cannabis ,,indica74   
,,_! ,,effects ,,on ,,! ,,animal ,,sy/em
 ,,9 ,,heal?1 ,,&    ,,_! ,,utility ,,9 
,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,tetanus    ,,&     
,,o!r ,,convulsive ,,diseases4          
,,by      ,w4 ,b4 ,o',,%aughnessy1      
,m4,d41      ,,b5gal ,,army1      ,late 
,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,mat]ia ,m$ica 9 
! ,m$ical ,college    ( ,calcutta4      
,,london3      ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,s4         
,,taylor1 #f1 ,,*&os-,,/reet1 ,,/r&4    
,repr9t$ f ! ,transactions ( ! ,m$ical  
,society ( ,calcutta1    #ahch2 & f !   
,prov9cial ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ahdc4      
,,indian ,,hemp1 c4      ,! n>cotic     
effects ( hemp are popul>ly kn[n 9 !    
,s\? (  ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,turkey1 
,egypt1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,india1 & !        
adjac5t t]ritories ( ! ,malays1         
,burmese1 & ,siamese4 ,9 all  ^!        
c\ntries hemp is us$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 by !  
dissipat$  & deprav$1 z ! ready ag5t ( a
 pleas+ intoxication4 ,9 !  popul>      

m$ic9e ( ^! nations1 we f9d x ext5sively
 employ$  = a multitude ( affections1   
especially ^? 9 :i* spasm or  neuralgic 
pa9 are ! prom95t symptoms4 ,b 9 ,we/]n 
,europe its  use1 ei!r z a /imulant or z
 a rem$y1 is equally unkn[n4 ,) !       
exception ( ! trial1 z a frolic1 ( !    
,egyptian 8ha%ee%10 by a  few y\?s 9    
,m>seilles1 & ( ! cl9ical use ( ! w9e ( 
hemp  by ,hahnemann1 z %[n 9 a subsequ5t
 extract1 ,i h be5 unable to  trace any 
notice ( ! employm5t ( ?is drug 9       
,europe4    ,mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s
 on ! "q1 :e!r ! hemp  s abundant 9     
,europe1 ev5 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 is
 id5tical  9 specific *>act]s ) ! hemp (
 ,asia ,m9or & ,india4 ,!  extraord9>y  
symptoms produc$ by ! latt] dep5d on a  
res9\s  secretion ) :i* x ab\nds1 & :i* 
seems totally abs5t 9  ! ,european k9d4 
,! close/ physical resemblance or ev5   
id5tity  exi/s betwe5 bo? plants2       
diff]5ce ( climate seems to me m  ?an   
suffici5t to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( !      
res9\s secretion1  & consequ5t want (   

n>cotic p[] 9 t indig5\s 9 cold]        
c\ntries4    ,9 ! subsequ5t article ,i  
fir/ endeav\r to pres5t an adequate     
view ( :at has be5 record$ ( ! e>ly     
hi/ory1 ! popul> uses1  & employm5t 9   
m$ic9e ( ?is p[]ful & valuable sub/ance2
 ,i  !n proce$ to notice sev]al         
exp]im5ts :i* ,i h in/itut$ on  animals1
 ) ! view to asc]ta9 its effects on !   
heal?y sy/em2  &1 la/ly1 ,i submit an   
ab/ract ( ! cl9ical details ( !         
treatm5t ( sev]al pati5ts afflict$ )    
hydrophobia1 tetanus1 &  o!r convulsive 
disord]s1 9 :i* a prep>ation ( hemp 0   
employ$  ) results1 :i* seem to me to   
w>rant our anticipat+ f its  m ext5sive 
& imp>tial use no inconsid]able addition
 to !  res\rces ( ! physician4    ,9 !  
hi/orical & /ati/ical dep>tm5t ( !      
subject1 ,i owe  my cordial ?anks = mo/ 
valuable assi/ance to ! di/+ui%$        
travell] ! ,sy$ ,k]amut ,ali1           
,mootawulee ( ! ,hooghly ,imamb>rah1  & 
also to ! ,hakim ,mirza ,abdul ,razes ( 
,teh]an1 :o h furni%$  me ) int]e/+     

details reg>d+ ! consumption ( hemp 9   
,c&ah>1 ,cabul1 & ! c\ntries betwe5 !   
,indus & ,h]at4 ,!  ,p&it ,moodoosudun  
,gootu has favor$ me ) notices ( !      
/atem5ts  reg>d+ hemp 9 ! e>ly ,sanscrit
 au?ors on mat]ia m$ica2 to  ! celebrat$
 ,kamalakan?a ,vidyalanka1 ! ,p&it ( !  
,asiatic  ,society1 ,i h also to record 
my ackn[l$gm5ts2 ,mr4 ,da,costa has     
oblig+ly suppli$ me ) copi\s notes f !  
8,mukzun-ul-,udwieh10  & o!r ,p]sian &  
,h9dee sy/ems ( mat]ia m$ica4 ,=        
in=mation  relative to ! v>ieties ( !   
drug1 & its consumption 9 ,b5gal1  ,mr4 
,mc,cann1 ! deputy sup]9t5d5t ( police1 
des]ves my ?anks2  &1 la/ly1 to ! m$ical
 g5tlem5 nam$ 9 ! sequel1 ,i feel mu*   
indebt$ = ! cl9ical details ) :i* !y h  
enri*$ !  subject4      ,botanical      
,*>act]s--,*emical                      
,prop]ties--,production4    ,botanical  
,description4--,assum+1 ) ,l9dley & o!r 
em95t  writ]s1 t ! ,cannabis sativa &   
,indica are id5tical1 we f9d  t ! plant 
is dici\s1 annual1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 

cov]$  ov] ) a f9e pubesc5ce2 ! /em is  
erect1 bran*$1 bright  gre51 angul>2    
leaves1 alt]nate or opposite1 on long   
weak petioles2  digitate1 scabr\s1 )    
l9e>1 lanceolate1 %>ply s]rat$ leaflets1
  tap]+ into a long smoo? entire po9t2  
/ipules subulate2 clu/]s  ( fl[]s       
axill>y ) subulate bractes2 males lax & 
droop+1  bran*$ & leafless at base2     
females erect1 simple & leafy at !      
base4 ,calyx d[ny1 five p>t$1 imbricat$4
 ,/am5s five2 an!rs l>ge  & p5dul\s4    
,calyx cov]$ ) br[n gl&s4 ,ov>y r\ndi% )
  p5dul\s ovule1 & two long fili=m      
gl&ul> /igmas2 a*5ium  ovate1 "o        
se$$4--,vide ,l9dley's ,flora ,m$ica1 p4
 #bii4    ,! fibres ( ! /ems are long & 
extremely t5aci\s1 s z to  af=d ! be/   
tissue = cordage1 ?us con/itut+ !       
mat]ial =  "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es 
( ,european manufactures4    ,! se$ is  
simply album9\s & oily1 & is devoid (   
all n>cotic  prop]ties4    ,*emical     
,prop]ties4--,9 c]ta9 seasons & 9 w>m   
c\ntries a  res9\s juice exudes &       

concretes on ! leaves1 sl5d] /ems1 &    
fl[]s2 ! mode ( remov+ ?is juice w be   
subsequ5tly detail$4  ,sep>at$ & 9      
masses x con/itutes ! *urrus#a ( ,nipal 
&  ,h9do/an1 & to ?is1 ! type or basis (
 all ! hemp prep>ations1  are ! p[]s (  
^! drugs attributable4    ,! res9 ( !   
hemp is soluble 9 alcohol & !r2 p>tially
  soluble 9 alkal9e1 insoluble 9 acid   
solutions2 :5 pure1 ( a  blacki% grey   
color2 h>d at #ij2 s(t5s at high]       
temp]atures1 &  fuses readily2 soluble 9
 ! fix$ & 9 sev]al volatile oils4 ,its  
odor is fragrant & n>cotic2 ta/e        
slightly w>m1 bitt]i%1 &  acrid4    ,!  
dri$ hemp plant1 :i* has fl[]$ & f :i* !
 res9 has  n be5 remov$1 is call$       
,,gunjah4 ,x sells = #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 
= #b  lbs4 9 ! ,calcutta baza>s1 &      
yields to alcohol tw5ty p] #ajj (       
res9\s extract1 compos$ ( ! res9        
7*urrus71 & gre5 color+  matt]          
7*lorophylle74 ,di/ill$ ) a l>ge        
quantity ( wat] or  _s1 traces (        
ess5tial oil pass ov]1 & ! di/ill$      

liquor  has ! p[]ful n>cotic odor ( !   
plant4 ,! gunjah is sold =  smok+       
*iefly4 ,! bundles ( gunjah are ab\t two
 feet long &  f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 &    
conta9 tw5ty-f\r plants4 ,! color is    
dusky gre52 ! odor agreeably n>cotic2 ! 
:ole plant res9\s &  adhesive to ! t\*4 
,! l>g] leaves & capsules1 )\t ! /alks1 
are call$ 8bang1  subjee1 or sidhee40   
,!y are us$ = mak+ an intoxicat+ dr9k1  
= smok+1 & 9 ! cons]ve or confection    
t]m$ majoon4 ,bang  is *eap] ?an gunjah1
 &1 ?\gh less p[]ful1 is sold at su* a  
l[ price t = less ?an a half-p5ny en\gh 
c be pur*as$ to  intoxicate an          
8exp]i5c$0 p]son4    ,accord+ to ,mr4   
,mc,cann's notes1 ! gunjah consum$ 9    
,b5gal is  *iefly br\ght f ,mirzapore & 
,ghazeepore1 be+ ext5sively  cultivat$  
ne> ,gwalior & 9 ,tirhoot4 ,! natives   
cut ! plant :5  9 fl[]1 all[ x to dry = 
?ree days1 & !n lay x 9 bundles  av]ag+ 
two p\nds weight ea*1 :i* are di/ribut$ 
to ! lic5s$  deal]s4 ,! be/ k9ds are    
br\ght f ,gwalior & ,bhurtpore1 & x  is 

also cultivat$1 ( good quality1 9 a few 
g>d5s r\nd ,calcutta4  ,9 ,jessore1 ,i  
am in=m$1 ! drug is produc$ ( excell5t  
quality  & to a v consid]able ext5t (   
cultivation4 ,9 ,c5tral ,india1  & !    
,saugor t]ritory1 & 9 ,nipal1 *urrus is 
collect$ dur+  ! hot season 9 ! foll[+  
s+ul> mann]3--,m5 clad 9 lea!rn  dresses
 run ?r\gh ! hemp fields1 bru%+ ?r\gh ! 
plant )  all possible viol5ce2 ! s(t    
res9 adh]es to ! lea!r1 & is            
subsequ5tly scrap$ (f & knead$ into     
balls1 :i* sell f #ajs4  to #abs4 = #b  
lbs4 ,a /ill f9] k9d1 ! momeea or wax5  
*urrus1  is collect$ by ! h& 9 ,nipal & 
sells = ne>ly d\ble ! price  ( ! ord9>y 
k9d4 ,9 ,nipal1 ,dr4 ,mc,kinnon in=ms   
me1 ! lea!rn  attire is disp5s$ )1 & !  
res9 is ga!r$ on ! sk9s (  nak$ coolies4
 ,9 ,p]sia1 x is /at$ by ,mirza ,abdul  
,razes t !  *urrus is prep>$ by press+ !
 res9\s plant on co>se clo?s1  & !n     
scrap+ x f ^! & melt+ x 9 a pot ) a     
little  w>m wat]4 ,he consid]s ! *urrus 
( ,h]at z ! be/ & mo/  p[]ful ( all !   

v>ieties ( ! drug4      ,popul> ,uses4  
,! prep>ations ( hemp are us$ = !       
purpose ( intoxication z  foll[s3--     
,sidhee1 subjee1 & bang 7synonym\s7 are 
us$ ) wat] z  a dr9k1 :i* is ?us prep>$4
 ,ab\t ?ree tola weight1 #edj troy      
gra9s1 are well wa%$ ) cold wat]1 !n    
dri$ & rubb$ to  p[d]1 mix$ ) black     
pepp]1 cucumb] & melon se$s1 sug>1 half 
a p9t ( milk1 & an equal quantity (     
wat]4 ,?is is consid]$  suffici5t to    
intoxicate an habituat$ p]son4 ,half !  
quantity is  en\gh = a novice4 ,?is     
composition is *iefly us$ by !          
,mahom$ans  ( ! bett] class4    ,ano!r  
recipe is z foll[s3--    ,! same        
quantity ( sidhee is wa%$1 dri$1 &      
gr\nd1 mix$ )  black pepp]1 & a qu>t (  
cold wat] add$4 ,?is is drank at "o     
sitt+4 ,?is is ! favorite bev]age ( !   
,h9dus :o practice ?is  vice1 especially
 ! ,birjobassies & _m ( ! ,rajpootana   
soldi]y4    ,f ei!r ( ^! bev]ages       
intoxication w ensue 9 half an h\r4     
,almo/ inv>iably ! inebriation is ( !   

mo/ *e]ful k9d1 caus+  ! p]son to s+ &  
dance1 to eat food ) great reli%1 & to  
seek aphrodisiac enjoym5ts4 ,9 p]sons ( 
a qu>relsome disposition  x occasions1 z
 might be expect$1 an exasp]ation ( _!  
natural  t5d5cy4 ,! intoxication la/s   
ab\t ?ree h\rs1 :5 sleep  sup]v5es4 ,no 
nausea or sickness ( ! /oma* succe$s1   
nor are !  b[els at all affect$2 next   
day !re is slight gidd9ess & mu*        
vascul>ity ( ! eyes1 b no o!r symptom   
wor? record+4    ,gunjah is us$ = smok+ 
only3 "o rupee weight1 #ahj gra9s1 & a  
little dri$ tobacco are rubb$ toge!r 9 !
 palm ( ! h& )  a few drops ( wat]4 ,?is
 suffices = ?ree p]sons4 ,a little      
tobacco  is plac$ 9 ! pipe fir/1 !n a   
lay] ( ! prep>$ gunjah1  !n m tobacco1 &
 ! fire above all4    ,f\r or five      
p]sons usually jo9 9 ?is debau*4 ,!     
hookah is pass$  r\nd1 & ea* p]son takes
 a s+le draught4 ,intoxication ensues   
almo/ in/antly2 & f "o draught to !     
unaccu/om$1 )9 half  an h\r2 & aft] f\r 
or five inspirations to ^? m practis$  9

 ! vice4 ,! effects diff] f ^? occasion$
 by ! sidhee4  ,heav9ess1 laz9ess1 &    
agreeable rev]ies ensue1 b ! p]son c  be
 readily r\s$1 & is able to dis*>ge     
r\t9e occupations1 su*  z pull+ !       
punkah1 wait+ at table1 c4    ,! majoon1
 or hemp confection1 is a comp\nd (     
sug>1 butt]1  fl\r1 milk1 & sidhee or   
bang4 ,! process has be5 repeat$ly      
p]=m$ be=e me by ,ame]1 ! proprietor ( a
 celebrat$ place (  resort = hemp       
devotees 9 ,calcutta1 & :o is consid]$ !
 be/  arti/ 9 8 pr(ession4 ,f\r ounces (
 sidhee & an equal quantity  ( ghee     
7cl>ifi$ butt]7 are plac$ 9 an e>!n or  
well-t9n$  vessel1 a p9t ( wat] add$1 & 
! :ole w>m$ ov] a *>coal  fire4 ,!      
mixture is con/antly /irr$ until ! wat] 
all boils away1  :i* is kn[n by !       
crackl+ noise ( ! melt$ butt] on ! sides
  ( ! vessel2 ! mixture is !n remov$ f !
 fire1 squeez$  ?r\gh clo? :ile hot--by 
:i* an oleag9\s solution ( ! active     
pr9ciples & color+ matt] ( ! hemp is    
obta9$--& ! leaves1  fibres1 c41 rema9+ 

on ! clo? are ?r[n away4    ,! gre5 oily
 solution soon concretes into a butt]y  
mass1 & is  !n well wa%$ by ! h& ) s(t  
wat] s long z ! wat]  becomes color$4 ,!
 color+ matt] & an extractive sub/ance  
are  ?us remov$1 & a v pale gre5 mass1 (
 ! consi/5ce ( simple  o9tm5t1 rema9s4  
,! wa%+s are ?r[n away2 ,ame] says t ^! 
are intoxicat+1 & produce con/riction ( 
! ?roat1 great pa91  & v disagreeable & 
dang]\s symptoms4    ,! op]ator !n takes
 two p\nds ( sug>1 &1 add+ a little     
wat]1 places x 9 a pipk9 ov] ! fire4 ,:5
 ! sug> dissolves  & fro?s1 two ounces (
 milk are add$2 a ?ick scum rises & is  
remov$2 m milk & a little wat] are add$ 
f "t to "t1  & ! boil+ cont9u$ ab\t an  
h\r1 ! solution be+ c>efully  /irr$     
until x becomes an adhesive cle> syrup1 
ready to solidify  on a cold surface2   
f\r ounces ( tyre 7new milk dri$ be=e ! 
sun7 9 f9e p[d] are n[ /irr$ 91 &1      
la/ly1 ! prep>$  butt] ( hemp is        
introduc$1 brisk /irr+ be+ cont9u$ = a  
few  m9utes4 ,a few drops ( uttur (     

roses are !n quickly spr9kl$ 91  & !    
mixture p\r$ f ! pipk9 on a flat cold   
di% or slab4  ,! mass concretes         
imm$iately into a ?9 cake1 :i* is divid$
 into  small loz5ge-%ap$ pieces4 ,?us   
prep>$ x sells = #hs4 ! #b lbs2  "o     
dra*m1 by weight1 w intoxicate a beg9n]2
 ?ree dra*ms "o  exp]i5c$ 9 its use4 ,! 
ta/e is sweet1 & ! odor v agreeable4    
,ame] /ates t !re are sev5 or eight     
majoon mak]s 9 ,calcutta2  t sometimes1 
by special ord] ( cu/om]s1 he introduces
 /ramonium  se$s1 b nev] nux vomica2 t  
all classes ( p]sons1 includ+ !  l[]    
,portuguese or 8,kala ,f]+hees10 &      
especially _! females1  consume ! drug2 
t x is mo/ fasc9at+ 9 its effects1      
produc+  extatic happ9ess1 a p]suasion (
 high rank1 a s5sation ( fly+1  voraci\s
 appetite1 & int5se aphrodisiac desire4 
,he d5ies t its  cont9u$ use leads to   
madness1 impot5ce1 or to ! num]\s evil  
consequ5ces describ$ by ! ,arabic &     
,p]sian physicians4 ,al?\gh  ,i         
disbelieve ,ame]'s /atem5ts on ?is po9t1

 8 description ( !  imm$iate effects (  
majoon is /rictly & accurately correct4 
,mo/ c>nivor\s animals eat x gre$ily1 & 
v soon exp]i5ce its  n>cotic effects1   
becom+ ludicr\sly drunk1 b seldom suff]+
 any  worse consequ5ces4      ,hi/orical
 ,details--,notices ( ,hemp & its ,uses1
 by ! ,sanscrit1  ,arabic1 & ,p]sian    
,writ]s4    ,! prec$+ notice suffices to
 expla9 ! subsequ5t hi/orical  & m$ic9al
 details4 ,i premise ! hi/orical1 9 ord]
 to %[ !  exact /ate ( our k ( !        
subject1 :5 ,i attempt$ its             
inve/igation4    ,al?\gh ! mo/ em95t ( !
 ,arabic & ,p]sian au?ors concur  9     
ref]r+ ! orig9 ( ! practice ( hemp      
intoxication to !  natives ( ,h9do/an1 x
 is rem>kable t few traces c be detect$ 
( ! preval5ce ( ! vice at any e>ly p]iod
 9 ,india4    ,! ,p&it ,moodoosudun     
,gooptu f9ds t ! 8,rajniguntu10 a /&>d  
treatise on mat]ia m$ica1 :i* he        
e/imates vaguely at #fjj  ye>s date1    
gives a cle> acc\nt ( ?is ag5t4 ,its    
synonymes are  8bijoya10 8ujoya10 &     

8joya10 names :i* mean promot]s (       
success2 8brijputta10 or ! /r5g!n]1 or !
 /rong-leav$2  8*apola10 ! caus] ( a    
reel+ gait2 8ununda10 or !              
laught]-mov+2 8hurs9i10 ! excit] (      
sexual desire4 ,its effects  on man are 
describ$ z excitant1 heat+1 a/r+5t4 ,x  
is add$ t  x 8de/roys phlegm1 expels    
flatul5ce1 induces co/iv5ess1 %>p5s  !  
memory1 increases eloqu5ce1 excites !   
appetite1 & acts z a  g5]al tonic40     
,! 8,rajbulubha10 a ,sanscrit treatise (
 r lat] date1 alludes  to ! use ( hemp 9
 gonorrha1 & repeats ! /atem5ts ( !     
8,rajniguntu40 ,9 ! ,h9du ,tantra1 a    
religi\s treatise1 tea*+  peculi> &     
my/ical =mul & rites = ! wor%ip ( !     
deities1  x is said1 moreov]1 t sidhee  
is m intoxicat+ ?an w9e4    ,9 !        
celebrat$ 8,susruta10 :i* is p]haps !   
mo/ anci5t ( all  ,h9du m$ical works1 x 
is writt51 t p]sons labor+ "u cat>rh    
%\ld1 ) o!r rem$ies1 use int]nally !    
bijoya or sidhee4  ,! effects1 h[ev]1   
are n describ$4    ,! le>n$ ,kamalakan?a

 ,vidyalanka has trac$ a notice ( hemp 9
  ! #e? *apt] ( ,m5u1 :]e ,brahm9s are  
prohibit$ to use !  foll[+              
sub/ances--pal&oo or onions1 gunj>a or  
gunjah1 &  su* condim5ts z h /rong &    
pung5t sc5ts4    ,! ,arabic & ,p]sian   
writ]s are1 h[ev]1 f> m volum9\s &      
precise 9 _! acc\nts ( ^! fasc9at+      
prep>ations4 ,9 ! #a/  vol4 ( ,de       
,sacy's 8,cre/oma?ie ,arabe0 we f9d an  
extremely int]e/+  summ>y ( ! writ+s (  
,takim ,edd9 ,makrizi on ?is subject4   
,lane  has notic$ x too ) 8 usual       
ability 9 8 admirable "w1 8!  ,mod]n    
,egyptians40 ,f ^! two s\rces1 ! ,,ms4  
notes ( ! ,sy$  ,k]amut ,ali & ,mr4     
,da,costa1 & a curi\s pap] communicat$  
by our  fri5d ,mirza ,abdul ,razes1 a   
mo/ intellig5t ,p]sian physician1 !     
foll[+ epitome is compil$3--    ,makrizi
 treats ( ! hemp 9 8 gl[+ description ( 
! celebrat$  ,canton de la ,timbali]e1 !
 anci5t pleasure gr\nds1 9 ! vic9ity  ( 
,cairo4 ,?is qu>t]1 aft] _m             
vicissitudes1 is n[ a heap (  ru9s4 ,9 x

 0 situat$ a cultivat$ valley nam$      
,djone9a1 :i*  we are in=m$ 0 ! !atre ( 
all conceivable abom9ations4  ,x 0 fam\s
 above all = ! sale ( ! ha%eeha1 :i* is 
/ill gre$ily consum$ by ! dregs ( !     
populace1 & f !  consumption ( :i*      
sprung ! excesses :i* l$ to ! "n (      
8assass90 be+ giv5 to ! ,s>ac5s 9 !     
,holy ,w>s4 ,! hi/ory  ( ! drug ! au?or 
treats ( ?us3--,! olde/ "w 9 :i* hemp   
is notic$ is a treatise by ,hasan1 :o   
/ates t 9 ! ye> #feh1 ,m4  ,e4 ! ,%eikh 
,djaf> ,%irazi1 a monk ( ! ord] (       
,haid]1 le>n$  f 8 ma/] ! hi/ory ( !    
discov]y ( hemp4 ,haid]1 !  *ief (      
ascetics & self-*a/5]s1 liv$ 9 rigid    
privation on a  m\nta9 betwe5 ,ni%abor &
 ,ramah1 :]e he e/abli%$ a mona/]y  (   
,fakirs4 ,t5 ye>s he _h sp5t 9 ?is      
retreat )\t leav+ x  = a mom5t1 till "o 
burn+ summ]'s day :5 he dep>t$ alone to 
! fields4 ,on 8 return an air ( joy &   
gaiety 0 impr9t$ on  8 c\nt5ance2 he    
receiv$ ! visits ( 8 bre?r5 & enc\rag$  
_! conv]sation4 ,on be+ que/ion$1 he    

/at$ t1 /ruck by !  aspect ( a plant :i*
 danc$ 9 ! heat z if ) joy1 :ile all  ! 
re/ ( ! vegetable creation 0 torpid1 he 
_h ga!r$ &  eat5 ( its leaves4 ,he l$ 8 
companions to ! spot1--all ate &  all 7 
simil>ly excit$4 ,a t9cture ( ! hemp    
leaf 9 w9e or  _s seems to h be5 !      
fav\rite =mula 9 :i* ! ,%eikh  ,haid]   
indulg$ himself4 ,an ,arab poet s+s (   
,haid]'s em]ald  cup--an evid5t allusion
 to ! ri* gre5 col\r ( ! t9cture (  !   
drug4 ,! ,%eikh surviv$ ! discov]y t5   
ye>s1 & subsi/$  *iefly on ?is h]b1 & on
 8 dea? 8 disciples by 8 desire  plant$ 
x 9 an arb\r ab\t 8 tomb4    ,f ?is     
sa9tly sepul*re ! k ( ! effects ( hemp  
is  /at$ to h spread into ,khorasan4 ,9 
,*aldea x 0 unkn[n until  #gbh ,m4 ,e4  
dur+ ! reign ( ! ,khalif ,mo/ansir      
,billah2 ! k+s (  ,ormus & ,bahre9 !n   
introduc$ x into ,*aldea1 ,syria1       
,egypt1 &  ,turkey4    ,9 ,khorasan1    
h[ev]1 x seems t ! date ( ! use ( hemp  
is  consid]$ to be f> prior to ,haid]'s 
era4 ,biraslan1 an ,indian  pilgrim1 !  

contempor>y ( ,cosres1#b is believ$ to h
 introduc$  & diffus$ ! cu/om ?r\gh     
,khorasan & ,yem54 ,9 pro( ( !  great   
antiquity ( ! practice1 c]ta9 passages 9
 ! works (  ,hippocrates may be cit$1 9 
:i* "s ( its prop]ties are cle>ly       
describ$1 b ! difficulty ( decid+ :e!r !
 passages be  spuri\s or g5u9e1 r5d]s ! 
fact ( little value4 ,dioscorides  7lib4
 ij4 cap4 #afi71 describes hemp1 b m]ely
 notices ! emolli5t  prop]ties ( its    
se$s2 its intoxicat+ effects mu/        
consequ5tly be  reg>d$ z unkn[n to !    
,greeks prior to 8 era1 :i* is g5]ally  
agre$ to be ab\t ! second c5tury ( !    
,*ri/ian epo*1 &  some:at subsequ5t to !
 life-"t ( ,pl9y4    ,9 ! n>rative (    
,makrizi we also le>n t oxymel & acids  
are !  mo/ p[]ful antidotes to ! effects
 ( ?is n>cotic2 next to ^!1  emetics1   
cold ba?+1 & sleep2 & we are fur!r told 
t x  possesses diuretic1 a/r+5t1 &      
especially aphrodisiac prop]ties4  ,ibn 
,beit> 0 ! fir/ to record its t5d5cy to 
produce m5tal  d]angem5t1 & he ev5 /ates

 t x occasionally proves fatal4    ,9   
#ghj ,m4 ,e4 v sev]e ord9ances 7 pass$ 9
 ,egypt aga9/ !  practice2 ! ,djone9a   
g>d5 0 root$ up1 & all ^? convict$ (  ! 
use ( ! drug 7 subject$ to ! extraction 
( _! tee?2  b 9 #gii ! cu/om re-e/abli%$
 itself ) m ?an orig9al  vigor4 ,makrizi
 draws an expressive picture ( ! evils  
?is vice !n  inflict$ on its            
vot>ies--8,z its consequ5ce1 g5]al      
corruption (  s5tim5ts & mann]s ensu$1  
mode/y disappe>$1 e base & evil  passion
 0 op5ly indulg$ 91 & nobility ( ext]nal
 =m alone  rema9$ to ^! infatuat$ be+s40
      ,m$ic9al ,prop]ties assign$ to    
,hemp by ! ,anci5t ,arabian &  ,p]sian  
,writ]s1 & by ,mod]n ,european ,au?ors4 
,9 ! prec$+ notice ( ,makrizi's writ+s  
on ?is subject1 we  h conf9$ ourselves  
*iefly to hi/orical details1 exclud+    
descriptions ( suppos$ m$ic9al effects4 
,! ,mukzun-ul-,udwieh &  ! ,p]sian ,,ms4
 9 our possession1 in=m u z to !        
prop]ties :i*  ! anci5t physicians      
attribut$ to ?is p[]ful n>cotic4    ,9  

,mr4 ,da,costa's ,,ms4 v]sion ( ! *apt] 
on hemp 9 !  ,mukzun-ul-,udwieh1 *urrus1
 we are in=m$1 if smok$ ?r\gh a pipe1   
causes torpor & intoxication1 & (t5     
proves fatal to ! smok]4  ,?ree k9ds are
 notic$1 ! g>d51 wild1 & m\nta91 ( :i*  
! la/ is deem$ ! /ronge/2 ! se$s are    
call$ %eadana or  %aldaneh 9 ,p]sia4 ,^!
 are said to be 8a comp\nd ( opposite   
qualities1 cold & dry 9 ! ?ird degree--t
 is to say1 /imulant  & s$ative1 imp>t+ 
at fir/ a g5tle reviv+ heat1 & !n a     
consid]able refrig]ant effect40    ,!   
contr>y qualities ( ! plant1 its        
/imulant & s$ative  effects1 are        
prom95tly dwelt on4 8,!y at fir/        
exhil>ate !  spirits1 cause *e]fulness1 
give color to ! complexion1 br+ on      
intoxication1 excite ! imag9ation into !
 mo/ raptur\s ideas1  produce ?ir/1     
increase appetite1 excite concupisc5ce4 
,aft]w>ds !  s$ative effects beg9 to    
preside1 ! spirits s9k1 ! vision d>k5s  
& weak5s2 & madness1 melan*oly1         
fe>fulness1 dropsy1 & su*  l di/emp]s1  

are ! sequel--& ! sem9al secretions dry 
up4  ,^! effects are increas$ by sweets1
 & combat$ by acids40    ,! au?or ( !   
,mukzun-ul-,udwieh fur!r in=ms u--      
8,! leaves make a good snuff = det]g+ ! 
bra92 ! juice (  ! leaves appli$ to !   
head z a wa%1 removes d&riff & v]m92    
drops ( ! juice ?r[n into ! e> allay pa9
 & de/roy worms or  insects4 ,x *ecks   
di>rha1 is useful 9 gonorrha1 re/ra9s   
sem9al  secretions1 & is diuretic4 ,!   
b>k has a simil> effect40    8,! p[d] is
 recomm5d$ z an ext]nal application to  
fre% w\nds  & sores1 & = caus+          
granulations2 a p\ltice ( ! boil$ root  
& leaves = discuss+ inflammations1 &    
cure ( erysipelas1 &  = allay+ neuralgic
 pa9s4 ,! dri$ leaves1 bruis$ & spread  
on a ca/or oil leaf1 cure hydrocele &   
swell$ te/es4 ,! dose  int]nally is "o  
direm1 or =ty-eight gra9s4 ,! antidotes 
are  emetics1 c['s milk1 hot wat]1 &    
sorrel w9e40    ,allud+ to its popul>   
uses1 ! au?or dwells on ! ev5tual evil  
consequ5ces ( ! indulg5ce2 weakness ( ! 

dige/ive organs fir/  ensues1 foll[$ by 
flatul5cy1 indige/ion1 swell+ ( ! limbs 
& face1 *ange ( complexion1 dim9ution ( 
sexual vigor1 loss (  tee?1 heav9ess1   
c[>dice1 deprav$ & wick$ ideas2         
scepticism 9  religi\s t5ets1           
lic5ti\sness1 & ungodl9ess are also     
enum]at$  9 ! catalogue ( deplorable    
results4    ,! m$ic9al prop]ties ( hemp1
 9 v>i\s =ms1 are ! subject  ( "s       
int]e/+ notes by ,mirza ,abdul ,razes4  
8,x produces a  rav5\s appetite &       
con/ipation1 arre/s ! secretions except 
t ( ! liv]1 excites wild imag9+1        
especially a s5sation (  asc5d+1        
=getfulness ( all t happ5s dur+ its use1
 & su*  m5tal exultation1 t ! behold]s  
attribute x to sup]natural              
inspiration40    ,mirza ,abdul consid]s 
hemp to be a p[]ful excit] ( ! fl[ (    
bile1 & relates cases ( its efficacy 9  
re/or+ appetite--(  its utility z an    
ext]nal application z a p\ltice ) milk1 
9  reliev+ hmorrhoids1 & int]nally 9    
gonorrha4 ,a qu>t] ( a  dra*m ( bangh is

 giv5 9 wat] z ! dose 9 gonorrha4 ,he   
/ates1 also1 t ! habitual smok]s (      
gunjah g5]ally die  ( diseases ( !      
lungs1 dropsy1 & anas>ca1 8s d ! eat]s  
( majoon & smok]s ( sidhee1 b at a lat] 
p]iod4 ,!  inexp]i5c$ on fir/ tak+ x are
 (t5 s5seless = a day1 "s g  mad1 o!rs  
are kn[n to die40    ,9 ! #ce? *apt] ( !
 #e? volume ( 8,rumphius' ,h]b>ium      
,ambo95se10 p4 #bjh1 ,ed4 ,am/]d4 ,a4,d4
 #afie1 we f9d a long & v  good acc\nt (
 ! hemp1 illu/rat$ by two excell5t      
plates4 ,!  subjo9$ is an epitome (     
,rumphius' article3--    ,rumphius fir/ 
describes botanically ! male & female   
hemp plants1  ( :i* he gives two        
admirable draw+s4 ,he assigns ! upp]    
prov9ces ( ,india z its habitat1 & /ates
 x to be cultivat$ 9  ,java & ,amboyna4 
,he !n notices v briefly ! excit+       
effects  ascrib$ to ! leaf1 & to        
mixtures !re( ) spices1 camphor1  &     
opium4 ,he alludes d\bt+ly to its alleg$
 aphrodisiac p[]s1  & /ates t ! k9d (   
m5tal excitem5t x produces dep5ds on  ! 

temp]am5t ( ! consum]4 ,he quotes a     
passage f ,gal51 lib4  i4 7de alim5t4   
facult471 9 :i* x is ass]t$ t 9 t great 
writ]'s "t x 0 cu/om>y to give hemp se$ 
to ! gue/s at  banquets z a promot] (   
hil>ity & enjoym5t4 ,rumphius adds1 t  !
 ,mahom$ns 9 8 neighb\rhood frequ5tly   
s\ght = ! male  plant f 8 g>d51 to be   
giv5 to p]sons afflict$ ) virul5t       
gonorrha & ) a/hma1 or ! affection :i*  
is popul>ly call$  8/it*es 9 ! side40   
,he tells u1 moreov]1 t ! p[d]$ leaves  
*eck di>rha1 are /oma*ic1 cure ! malady 
nam$ pitao1 &  mod]ate excessive        
secretion ( bile4 ,he m5tions ! use (   
hemp smoke  z an enema 9 /rangulat$     
h]nia1 & ( ! leaves z an antidote  to   
poison+ by orpim5t4 ,la/ly1 he notices 9
 ! two subsequ5t  *apt]s v>ieties (     
hemp1 :i* he t]ms ! gunjah sativa &     
gunjah agre/is4    ,9 ! ,hortus         
,malab>icus1 ,rhe$e's article on ! hemp 
is a m]e  e*o ( ,rumphius' /atem5ts4    
,among mod]n ,european writ]s ! only    
in=mation ,i c\ld trace on !  m$ic9al   

use ( hemp 9 ,europe1 is 9 ! rec5t "w ( 
,nees v4  ,es5beck1 f :i* ! foll[+ is an
 extract k9dly suppli$ by ,dr4          
,walli*3--    8,! fre% h]b ( ! hemp has 
a v p[]ful & unpleasant  n>cotic smell1 
& is us$ 9 ! ,ea/ 9 comb9ation ) opium 9
  ! prep>ation ( intoxicat+ potions1 c4 
,x is probable t !  nep5! ( ! anci5ts 0 
prep>$ f ! leaves ( ?is plant4  ,_m     
physicians1 ,hahnemann among !m1        
prescribe ! v9\s extract  9 v>i\s n]v\s 
disord]s1 :]e opium & hyoscyamus us$ to 
be  employ$1 be+ less heat+ & devoid (  
bitt]ness40#c    ,no in=mation z to !   
m$ic9al effects ( hemp exi/s 9 !  /&>d  
works on mat]ia m$ica1 to :i* ,i h      
access4 ,s\beiran1  ,fe1 ,m]at & de     
,l5s1 9 _! admirable diction>y2 ,*evali]
 &  ,ri*>d1 ,roques 7,phytographie      
,m$icale72 ,rati] & ,h5ry 7,ph>macope   
,franaise72 & ! ,dictionnaire des       
,sci5ces ,m$icales1 are all  equally    
sil5t on ! subject4    ,9 8,a9slie's    
,mat]ia ,indica10 #bnd vol41 we f9d ?ree
 notices ( ?is  plant & its prep>ations4

    ,at page #ci 8banghie0 7,tamul71 ) !
 ,p]sian & ,h9dee synonymes  ( 8b5g0 &  
8subjee10 is describ$ z an intoxicat+   
liquor prep>$  ) ! leaves ( ! gunjah or 
hemp plant4    ,"u ! head 8gunjah10     
,a9slie gives num]\s synonymes1 & tells 
u t ! leaves are sometimes prescrib$ 9  
cases ( di>rha2 &  9 conjunction )      
turm]ic1 onions1 & w>m g+ilie oil1 are  
made  into an unction = pa9ful protrud$ 
piles4 ,dr4 ,a9slie also gives a  brief 
view ( ! popul> uses & botanical *>act]s
 ( ! plant4    ,majoon1 la/ly1 is       
describ$ by ,dr4 ,a9slie1 page #agf1 z a
  prep>ation ( sug>1 milk1 ghee1 poppy  
se$s1 fl[]s ( ! datura1  p[d] ( nux     
vomica1 & sug>4 ,! true majoon1 h[ev]1 z
  prep>$ 9 ,b5gal1 conta9s nei!r datura 
nor nux vomica4 ,i h  already describ$ !
 process by :i* x has be5 manufactur$   
be=e  me4    ,9 ! 8,j\rnal de           
,ph>macie10 ! mo/ complete magaz9e 9    
exi/5ce  on all ph>maceutical subjects1 
we f9d hemp notic$ 9 sev]al  volumes4 ,9
 ! 8,bullet9 de ,ph>macie10 t4 ,v4,a4   

#ahaj1 p4 #djj1 we  f9d x briefly       
describ$ by ,m4 ,r\y]1 apo!c>y to       
,napoleon1 &  memb] ( ! ,egyptian       
sci5tific commission1 9 a pap] on !     
popul>  rem$ies ( ,egypt4 ,) ! leaves & 
tops1 he tells u1 collect$  be=e rip5+1 
! ,egyptians prep>e a cons]ve1 :i* s]ves
 z  ! base ( ! b]*1 ! diasm\k1 & !      
b]na\y4 ,hemp  leaves r$uc$ to p[d]1 &  
incorporat$ ) honey or /irr$ )  wat]1   
con/itute ! b]* ( ! poor classes4 ,!    
same "w also  7,bullet91 vol4 i41 p4    
#ebc1 ,a4 #ahji7 conta9s a v brief      
notice (  ! intoxicat+ prep>ations (    
hemp1 read by ,m4 ,de ,sacy be=e !      
,in/itute ( ,france1 9 ,july1 #ahji4 ,m4
 ,de ,sacy's subsequ5t analysis  (      
,makrizi1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 an outl9e1 is1
 h[ev]1 mu* m  copi\s 9 details ?an !   
article 9 ! ,bullet94    ,pr(essor      
,royle 9 8 admirable "w1 entitl$        
8,illu/rations ( !  ,botany1 c4 ( !     
,himalayas10 p4 #ccd1 gives a v brief   
notice ( !  synonymes & epi!ts ( ! hemp 
res91 & m5tions its intoxicat+          

prop]ties1 b af=ds u no in=mation on its
 m$ic9al effects4      ,exp]im5ts by !  
,au?or--,inf]5ces z to ! ,action ( !    
,drug on  ,animals & ,man4    ,su* 0 !  
am\nt ( prelim9>y in=mation be=e me1 by 
:i* ,i  0 guid$ 9 my subsequ5t attempts 
to ga9 m accurate k  ( ! action1 p[]s1 &
 possible m$ic9al applications ( ?is    
rem>kable ag5t4    ,!re 0 suffici5t to  
%[ t hemp possesses1 9 small doses1 an  
extraord9>y p[] ( /imulat+ ! dige/ive   
organs1 excit+ !  c]ebral sy/em1 ( act+ 
also on ! g5]ative app>atus4 ,l>g]      
doses1 aga91 7 %[n by ! hi/orical       
/atem5ts to induce  ins5sibility or to  
act z a p[]ful s$ative4 ,! influ5ce ( ! 
drug 9 allay+ pa9 0 equally manife/ 9   
all ! memoirs ref]r$  to4 ,z to ! evil  
sequel s unanim\sly dwelt on by all     
writ]s1  ^! did n appe> to me s num]\s1 
s imm$iate1 or s =midable1  z _m :i* may
 be cle>ly trac$ to ov]-indulg5ce 9 o!r 
p[]ful /imulants or n>cotics--viz1      
alcohol1 opium1 or tobacco4    ,! dose 9
 :i* ! hemp prep>ations might be        

adm9i/]$1  con/itut$1 ( c\rse1 "o ( !   
fir/ objects ( inquiry4 ,ibn ,beit>  _h 
m5tion$ a direm1 or =ty-eight gra9s (   
*urrus2 b ?is  dose seem$ to me s       
enorm\s1 t ,i deem$ x exp$i5t to proce$ 
) mu* small] quantities4 ,h[ =tunate 0  
?is caution1 !  sequel w suffici5tly    
d5ote4    ,an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts
 on animals 0 9 ! fir/ place  und]tak51 
among :i* ! foll[+ may be cit$3--       
,expt4 #a4--,t5 gra9s ( ,nipalese       
*urrus1 dissolv$ 9 _s  7 giv5 to a      
middl+ siz$ dog4 ,9 half an h\r he      
became /upid  & sleepy1 doz+ at         
int]vals1 />t+ up1 wagg+ 8 tail z if    
extremely cont5t$2 he ate "s food       
gre$ily2 on be+ call$ to he  /agg]$ to &
 fro1 & 8 face assum$ a look ( utt] &   
helpless  drunk5ness4 ,^! symptoms la/$ 
ab\t two h\rs1 & !n gradually  pass$    
away2 9 six h\rs he 0 p]fectly well &   
lively4    ,expt4 #b4--,"o dra*m (      
majoon 0 giv5 to a small siz$ dog2  he  
ate x ) great delight1 & 9 tw5ty m9utes 
0 ridicul\sly  drunk2 9 f\r h\rs 8      

symptoms pass$ away1 also )\t h>m4      
,expts4 #c1 #d1 & #e4--,?ree kids _h t5 
gra9s ea* ( ! alcoholic  extract (      
gunjah4 ,9 "o no effect 0 produc$2 9 !  
second !re  0 mu* heav9ess1 & "s        
inability to move2 9 ! ?ird a m>k$      
alt]ation ( c\nt5ance 0 conspicu\s1 b no
 fur!r effect4    ,expt4 #f4--,tw5ty    
gra9s 7 giv51 dissolv$ 9 a little _s1 to
  a dog ( v small size4 ,9 a qu>t] ( an 
h\r he 0 intoxicat$2  9 half an h\r he  
_h great difficulty ( movem5t2 9 an h\r 
he _h  lo/ all p[] ov] ! h9d]           
extremities1 :i* 7 r /iff b  flexible2  
s5sibility did n seem to be impair$1 & !
 circulation  0 natural4 ,he readily    
ackn[l$g$ calls by an attempt to rise   
up4 ,9  f\r h\rs he 0 q well4    ,9 none
 ( ^! or sev]al o!r exp]im5ts 0 !re !   
lea/  indication ( pa91 or any degree ( 
convulsive movem5t obs]v$4    ,x seems  
ne$less to dwell on ! details ( ea*     
exp]im5t2  suffice x to say t !y l$ to  
"o rem>kable result--t :ile  c>nivor\s  
animals & fi%1 dogs1 cats1 sw9e1        

vultures1 cr[s1 &  adjutants1 inv>iably 
exhibit$ ! intoxicat+ influ5ce ( ! drug1
  ! gram9ivor\s1 su* z ! horse1#d de]1  
monkey1 goat1 %eep1 &  c[1 exp]i5c$ b   
trivial effects f any dose we adm9i/]$4 
,enc\rag$ by ^! results1 no hesitation  
c\ld be felt z to !  p]fect safety (    
giv+ ! res9 ( hemp an ext5sive trial 9 !
  cases 9 :i* its app>5t p[]s promis$ ! 
greate/ degree (  utility4      ,cases (
 ,rheumatism treat$ by ,hemp4 ,catalepsy
 produc$ by "o gra94    ,! fir/ cases   
select$ 7 two ( acute rheumatism & "o ( 
t  disease 9 ! *ronic =m1 occurr+ among 
! pati5ts 9 !  ,cl9ical ,hospital ( !   
,m$ical ,college4 ,9 ! two =m] b little 
relief _h be5 d]iv$ f a fair trial (    
antiphlogi/ic measures1  & ( ,dov]'s    
p[d] ) antimonials2 9 ! la/ case1       
s>sap>illa  at fir/1 & subsequ5tly !    
,hemidesmus ,indicus ) w>m ba?s _h  be5 
tri$ )\t advantage4    ,on ! #f?        
,novemb]1 #ahch1 "o gra9 ( ! res9 ( hemp
 0  adm9i/]$ 9 solution1 at two1 p4m41  
to ea* ( ^! ?ree pati5ts4    ,at f\r1   

p4m41 x 0 report$ t "o 0 becom+ v       
talkative1  0 s++ songs1 call+ l\dly =  
an extra supply ( food1 &  decl>+       
himself 9 p]fect heal?4 ,! o!r two      
pati5ts rema9$  unaffect$4    ,at six1  
p4m41 ,i receiv$ a report to ! same     
effect1 b /at+ t  ! fir/ pati5t 0 n[    
fall+ asleep4    ,at eight1 p4m41 ,i 0  
al>m$ by an em]g5t note f ,nob9*und]    
,mitt]1 ! cl9ical cl]k on duty1 desir+  
my imm$iate att5dance  at ! hospital1 z 
! pati5t's symptoms 7 v peculi> &       
=midable4 ,i w5t to ! hospital )\t      
delay1 & f\nd him ly+  on 8 cot q       
ins5sible1 b brea?+ ) p]fect regul>ity1 
8 pulse & sk9 natural1 & ! pupils freely
 contractile on !  approa* ( light4     
,al>m$ & pa9$ beyond description at su* 
a /ate ( ?+s1 ,i  hurri$ to ! o!r       
pati5ts--f\nd "o asleep1 ! ?ird awake1  
intellig5t1 & free f any symptoms (     
intoxication or al>m4    ,return+ !n to 
! fir/1 an emetic 0 direct$ to be       
prep>$1  & :ile wait+ = x ,i *anc$ to   
lift up ! pati5t's arm4 ,!  pr(essional 

read] w judge ( my a/oni%m5t1 :5 ,i f\nd
 t  x rema9$ 9 ! po/ure 9 :i* ,i plac$  
x4 ,x requir$ b a  v brief exam9ation ( 
! limbs to f9d t ! pati5t _h by  !      
influ5ce ( ?is n>cotic be5 ?r[n into t  
/range & mo/  extraord9>y ( all n]v\s   
conditions1 into t /ate :i* s few  h    
se51 & ! exi/5ce ( :i* s _m /ill        
discr$it--!  g5u9e catalepsy ( !        
nosologi/4    ,x _h be5 my good =tune   
ye>s be=e to h witness$ two  unequivocal
 cases ( ?is disord]4 ,"o occurr$ 9 !   
female cl9ical  w>d 9 ,ed9burgh1 "u ,dr4
 ,duncan's treatm5t1 & 0 report$ by     
myself = ! 8,lancet10 9 #ahbh4 ,! second
 took place 9 #ahca1 9 a  family ) :om  
,i resid$ 9 ,london4 ,?is case 0        
witness$ by ,dr4  ,silv]1 ,mr4 ,g4      
,mills1 & sev]al o!r pr(essional fri5ds4
 ,9 bo?  ^! cases ! cataleptic /ate 0   
e/abli%$ 9 full p]fection1  & 9 bo? !   
p>oxysm t]m9at$ sudd5ly )\t any evil    
consequ5ce4    ,to return to our pati5t2
 we rais$ him to a sitt+ po/ure1 &      
plac$ 8 arms & limbs 9 e imag9able      

attitude4 ,a wax5 figure  c\ld n be m   
pliant or m /ation>y 9 ea* position1 no 
matt]  h[ contr>y to ! natural influ5ce 
( gravity on ! "p4    ,to all           
impressions he 0 mean:ile almo/         
ins5sible2 he made no  sign ( und]/&+   
que/ions2 c\ld n be ar\s$4 ,a s9apism to
  ! epiga/rium caus$ no sign ( pa94 ,!  
ph>ynx & its coadjutor  muscles act$    
freely 9 ! deglutition ( ! /imulant     
rem$ies :i*  ,i ?\ght x advisable to    
adm9i/]1 al?\gh ! manife/ cataleptic    
/ate _h fre$ me altoge!r ( ! anxiety "u 
:i* ,i be=e  labor$4    ,! second pati5t
 _h mean:ile be5 r\s$ by ! noise 9 !    
w>d1  & seem$ va/ly amus$ at ! /range   
aspect & ! /atue-l  attitudes 9 :i* !   
fir/ pati5t _h be5 plac$1 :5 on a  sudd5
 he utt]$ a l\d peal ( laught]1 &       
exclaim$ t 8f\r  spirits 7 spr++ ) 8 b$ 
into ! air40 ,9 va9 we  attempt$ to     
pacify him2 8 laught] became mom5t>ily m
 & m  incontrollable4 ,we n[ obs]v$ t ! 
limbs 7 r rigid1 &  9 a few m9utes m 8  
arms or legs c\ld be b5t1 & w\ld rema9  

9 any desir$ position4 ,a /rong /imulant
 dr9k 0 imm$iately  giv51 & a s9apism   
appli$4 ,( ! latt] he made no compla9t1 
b  8 intoxication l$ him to su* noisy   
exclamations t we _h to  remove him to a
 sep>ate room2 "h he soon became        
tranquil1 8 limbs  9 less ?an an h\r    
ga9$ _! natural condition1 & 9 two h\rs 
he repres5t$ himself to be p]fectly well
 & excessively hungry4    ,! fir/ pati5t
 cont9u$ cataleptic till "o1 a4m41 :5   
consci\sness & volunt>y motion quickly  
return$1 & by two1 a4m41  he 0 exactly 9
 ! same /ate z ! second pati5t4    ,!   
?ird man exp]i5c$ no effect :atev]1 & on
 fur!r inquiry x  0 f\nd t he 0         
habituat$ to ! use ( gunjah 9 ! pipe4   
,on ! foll[+ day x gave me mu* pleasure 
to f9d t bo? !  individuals above       
m5tion$ 7 n only un9jur$ by ! n>cotic1  
b mu* reliev$ ( _! rheumatism2 !y 7     
dis*>g$ q cur$  9 ?ree days aft]4    ,! 
f\r? case ( trial 0 an old muscul>      
cooley1 a rheumatic  mal+]]1 & to him   
half a gra9 ( hemp res9 0 giv5 9 a      

little  _s4 ,! fir/ day's report w      
suffice = all3--,9 two h\rs !  old      
g5tleman became talkative & musical1    
told sev]al /ories1 &  sang songs to a  
circle ( highly delight$ auditors1 ate !
 d9n]s  ( two p]sons subscrib$ = him 9 !
 w>d1 s\ght also = o!r  luxuries we c   
sc>cely v5ture to allude to--& f9ally   
fell s\ndly  asleep1 & s cont9u$ till ! 
foll[+ morn+4 ,on ! noon-day  visit1 he 
express$ himself free f heada*e or any  
o!r unpleasant  sequel1 & begg$ h>d = a 
repetition ( ! m$ic9e1 9 :i* he  0      
indulg$ = a few days & !n dis*>g$4    ,9
 sev]al cases ( acute & *ronic          
rheumatism admitt$ ab\t ?is  "t1        
half-gra9 doses ( ! res9 7 giv51 )      
closely analog\s  effects2 alleviation (
 pa9 9 mo/1 rem>kable increase (        
appetite  9 all1 unequivocal aphrodisia1
 & great m5tal *e]fulness4 ,9  no "o    
case did ^! effects proce$ to delirium1 
or 0 !re any  t5d5cy to qu>rell+4 ,!    
disposition develop$ 0 uni=m 9  all1 & 9
 none 0 heada*e or sickness ( /oma* a   

sequel ( !  excitem5t4      ,case (     
,hydrophobia4    ,a case n[ occurr$ 9   
:i* ! influ5ce ( a n>cotic1 capable     
ei!r ( *e]+ or ( induc+ h>mless         
ins5sibility1 w\ld be  fraught ) bless+s
 to ! wret*$ pati5t4    ,on ! #bbnd     
,novemb]1 at eight1 a4m41 a note 9      
,engli% 0 h&$ to  me by my s]vant1      
entreat+ my assi/ance = ! ,hakim        
,abdullah1 !n  at my gate1 :o _h be5    
bitt5 by a rabid dog ?ree weeks be=e1  &
 :o fe>$ t ! mis]able consequ5ces ( !   
bite already  _h comm5c$4 ,i f\nd ! poor
 man 9 a c>riage2 he 0 p]fectly         
compos$1 ?\gh q conv9c$ ( ! desp]ate    
nature ( 8 case4  ,he told me t ! ev5+  
be=e1 on pass+ ne> a tank1 he />t$  9   
al>m1 & s9ce !n 0 unable to swall[      
liquid4 ,8 eye 0  re/less1 suspici\s1 & 
wild2 8 features anxi\s2 8 pulse #abe2  
8 sk9 b$ew$ ) cold moi/ure2 he /at$     
nev]!less t he  wi%$ = food & felt well4
 ,a small r$ & pa9ful cicatrix exi/$  on
 ! left =e-arm4    ,he 0 imm$iately     
remov$ to ! hospital1 :]e ,i accompani$ 

him4 ,by 8 own desire wat] 0 br\ght 9 a 
metallic vessel1  :i* he grasp$1 &      
br\ght ne> 8 lips2 nev] c ,i =get !     
indescribable horrors ( ! p>oxysm :i*   
ensu$4 ,x abat$ 9  ab\t ?ree m9utes1 &  
morbid ?ir/ /ill goad+ ! unhappy  man1  
he bes\ght 8 s]vant to apply a moi/5$   
clo? to 8 lips4  ,intellig5t & brave1 he
 det]m9ately await$ ! contact ( !  clo?1
 & = a few seconds1 ?\gh 9 appall+      
agony1 p]mitt$ "s  drops to trickle on 8
 tongue2 b !n ensu$ a second /ruggle1   
:i*1 ) a due %>e ( ! call\sness ( my    
pr(ession1 ,i c\ld  n /& by to          
contemplate4    ,two gra9s ( hemp res9 9
 a s(t pillul> mass 7 ord]$ e  h\r2 aft]
 ! ?ird dose1 he /at$ t he felt comm5c+ 
intoxication2 he n[ *att$ *e]fully on 8 
case1 & display$  great intellig5ce &   
exp]i5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! v disease  )  
:i* he 0 visit$4 ,he talk$ calmly (     
dr9k+1 b said x  0 9 va9 to try--b he   
c\ld suck an orange2 ?is 0 br\ght to    
him1 & he succe$$ 9 swall[+ ! juice )\t 
any difficulty4    ,! hemp 0 cont9u$    

till ! six? dose1 :5 he fell asleep & _h
  "s h\rs' re/4 ,e>ly ! ensu+ morn+1    
h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,siddons1 my  assi/ant1 0   
call$ up to him1 & f\nd him 9 a /ate (  
tumultu\s  agony & excitem5t2 tortur$ by
 ?ir/ he attempt$ to dr9k2 b ,i  w sp>e 
! read] ! details ( ! horrors :i* ensu$4
    ,! hemp 0 aga9 repeat$2 & aga91 by !
 ?ird dose1 ! *e]+  alleviation ( !     
previ\s day 0 witness$4 ,he ate a piece 
(  sug>-cane1 & aga9 swall[$ ! juice2 he
 p>took freely ( "s  moi/5$ rice1 &     
p]mitt$ a purgative enema to be         
adm9i/]$2  8 pulse 0 ne>ly natural2 !   
sk9 natural 9 e respect2 8  c\nt5ance 0 
happy4 ,on "o subject only 0 he         
incoh]5t1 &  ev5 "h 0 manife/$ ! p[]ful 
& peculi> influ5ce ( !  n>cotic4 ,he    
spoke 9 raptures ( ! ladies ( 8 z5ana1 &
 8  anxiety to be ) !m4 ,we asc]ta9$1   
h[ev]1 t he _h no su*  e/abli%m5t4      
,f\r days ?us pass$ away1 ! doses ( hemp
 be+ cont9u$4 ,:5 he  fell asleep1 on   
wak+ ! p>oxysms return$1 b 7 aga9 almo/ 
imm$iately assuag$ z at fir/4 ,mean:ile1

 purgative enemata 7  employ$1 & he     
p>took freely ( solid food1 & once drank
 wat]  )\t ! lea/ suff]+4 ,b ab\t ?ree1 
p4m41 ( ! fif? day he  sunk into a      
pr(\nd /upor1 ! brea?+ slightly /]tor\s2
 9 ?is  /ate he cont9u$1 & )\t fur!r    
/ruggle dea? t]m9at$ 8  suff]+s at f\r1 
a4m41 on ! #bg? ( ,novemb]4    ,review+ 
! prec$+ summ>y ( ?is int]e/+ case1 x   
seems  evid5t t at lea/ "o advantage 0  
ga9$ f ! use ( !  rem$y--! awful malady 
0 /ripp$ ( its horrors2 if n less fatal 
?an be=e1 x 0 r$uc$ to less ?an ! scale 
( suff]+ :i*  prec$es dea? f mo/ ord9>y 
diseases4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1  too1 t 9 
?is1 ! fir/ case ev] s treat$1 ,i       
possess$ no data  to guide me z to !    
dose or mann] ( adm9i/ration ( ! drug4  
,! rem>kable cases ( tetanus detail$ 9 !
 sequel ?r[ light  on ^! important      
po9ts1 & w lead1 9 future cases1 to !   
unhesitat+ adm9i/ration ( mu* l>g]      
quantities ?an at fir/ ,i  v5tur$ to    
employ4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 ra% en\gh to    
indulge ! hope  :i* involunt>ily =ces   

itself ^u me1 t we w ev] f ?is  n>cotic 
d]ive an effectual rem$y = ev5 a solit>y
 case ( ?is  disease2 b next to cure1 ! 
physician w p]haps e/eem ! means  :i*   
enable him 8to /rew ! pa? to ! tomb )   
fl[]s10 & to  dive/ ( its specific      
t]rors ! mo/ dreadful malady to :i*     
mank9d is expos$4    ,:ile ! prec$+ case
 0 "u treatm5t1 & excit+ ! utmo/  int]e/
 9 ! s*ool1 sev]al pupils comm5c$       
exp]im5ts on  !mselves to asc]ta9 !     
effects ( ! drug4 ,9 all1 ! /ate (  !   
pulse 0 not$ be=e tak+ a dose1 &        
subsequ5tly ! effects  7 obs]v$ by two  
pupils ( mu* intellig5ce4 ,! result (   
sev]al  trials 01 t 9 z small doses z a 
qu>t] ( a gra9 ! pulse  0 increas$ 9    
fulness & frequ5cy2 ! surface ( ! body  
gl[$2  ! appetite became extraord9>y2   
vivid ideas cr[d$ ! m9d2  unusual       
loquacity occurr$2 &1 ) sc>cely any     
exception1 great  aphrodisia 0 exp]i5c$4
    ,9 "o pupil1 ,d9ona? ,dhur1 a retir+
 lad ( excell5t habits1 t5  drops ( !   
t9cture1 equal to a qu>t] ( a gra9 ( !  

res91  induc$ 9 tw5ty m9utes ! mo/ amus+
 effects ,i ev] witness$4  ,a %\t (     
laught] u%]$ 9 ! symptoms1 & a          
transitory /ate  ( cataleptic rigidity  
occurr$ = two or ?ree m9utes4 ,summon$  
to witness ! effects1 we f\nd him enact+
 ! "p ( a ,rajah  giv+ ord]s to 8       
c\rti]s2 he c\ld recognise none ( 8     
fell[  /ud5ts or acqua9tances2 all to 8 
m9d seem$ z alt]$ z 8 own  condition2 he
 spoke ( _m ye>s hav+ pass$ s9ce 8      
/ud5t's  days2 describ$ 8 tea*]s &      
fri5ds ) a piquancy :i* a  dramati/ w\ld
 envy2 detail$ ! adv5tures ( an imag9>y 
s]ies  ( ye>s1 8 travels1 8 atta9m5t (  
weal? & p[]2 he ent]$  on discussions on
 religi\s1 sci5tific1 & political       
topics1 )  a/oni%+ eloqu5ce1 & disclos$ 
an ext5t ( k1 read+1  & a ready apposite
 wit1 :i* ^? :o knew him be/ 7 altoge!r 
unprep>$ =4 ,= ?ree h\rs & upw>ds he    
ma9ta9$ ! "*  he at fir/ assum$1 & ) a  
degree ( ease & dignity p]fectly  becom+
 8 high situation4 ,a sc5e m int]e/+ x  
w\ld be  difficult to imag9e4 ,x t]m9at$

 ne>ly z sudd5ly z x comm5c$1  & no     
heada*e1 sickness1 or o!r unpleasant    
symptom foll[$ !  innoc5t excess4    ,9 
! symptoms above describ$ we are        
unavoidably l$ to trace a close         
resemblance to ! effects produc$ by !   
reput$ inspiration ( !  ,delphic        
oracles2 p]haps x w\ld n be v errone\s  
to conclude  t x 0 ref]able to ! same   
k9d ( excitem5t4      ,use 9 ,*ol]a4    
,an epidemic *ol]a prevail+ at ?is      
p]iod1 two ( ! /ud5ts  adm9i/]$ !       
t9cture ( hemp 9 sev]al cases ( t       
disease1  & cures 7 daily report$ by its
 alleg$ efficacy4 ,dr4 ,goodeve 0  ?us  
l$ to try x 9 sev]al cases1 & 8 report 0
 9 ! highe/  degree favorable4 ,! di>rha
 0 9 e in/ance *eck$1 & !  /imulat+     
effects ( ! drug cle>ly manife/$4 ,!    
durwan ( !  college1 an a?letic         
,rajpoot1 0 attack$1 & came "u my       
treatm5t  aft] he _h be5 ill sev5 h\rs2 
he 0 pulseless1 cold1 & 9 a  /ate (     
imm95t dang]1 ! *>act]i/ic evacuations  
/ream+ f  him )\t ef=t4 ,half a gra9 ( !

 hemp res9 0 giv51 & 9  tw5ty m9utes !  
pulse return$1 ! sk9 became w>m1 ! purg+
  ceas$1 & he fell asleep4 ,9 an h\r he 
0 cataleptic1 & cont9u$  s = sev]al     
h\rs4 ,9 ! morn+ he 0 p]fectly well & at
 8  duty z usual4    ,x is b fair to    
/ate1 h[ev]1 t ! "* ( ! epidemic  0 n at
 ! "t malignant4 ,i admit ! cases to be 
inconclusive1  b ,i conceive !m to be   
promis+1 & t !y des]ve ! due  att5tion (
 ! practition]4    ,s9ce ?is passage 0  
writt5 9 #ahch1 ! t9cture ( hemp has be5
  us$ 9 a great numb] ( cases1 bo?      
,european & native1 9 !  hospital ( !   
,m$ical ,college4 ,i "k no rem$y equal  
to x z a  g5]al & /eady /imulant :5 giv5
 to ,europeans 9 half dra*m  doses dur+ 
! tractable /age ( ?is disease4 ,i h    
kn[n !  pulse & heat return & ! purg+   
*eck$ by a s+le dose4 ,x  allays vomit+ 
mu* m c]ta9ly ?an ! opium prep>ations1 &
  is n m likely ?an ^! to lead to       
c]ebral conge/ion on !  cessation (     
*ol]a symptoms4 ,! *e]+ effect on !     
pati5t's  spirits is n ! lea/ b5efit ?is

 rem$y conf]s4    ,9 native cases mu*   
less advantage 0 obta9$2 ne>ly all ?is  
class ( pati5ts 7 old gunjah smok]s4    
,use 9 ,tetanus4    ,i n[ proce$ to     
notice a class ( mo/ important cases1 9 
:i* !  results obta9$ are ( ! "* :i*    
w>rants me 9 reg>d+  ! p[]s ( ! rem$y z 
satisfactorily & incontrov]tibly        
e/abli%$4 ,i allude to its use 9 !      
treatm5t ( traumatic  tetanus1 or       
lock-jaw1 next to hydrophobia1 p]haps ! 
mo/  intractable & agonis+ ( ! :ole     
catalogue ( human maladies4    ,! fir/  
case ( ?is disease treat$ by hemp 0 t ( 
,ramjan  ,khan1 ag$ ?irty1 admitt$ to ! 
,college ,hospital1 on ! #ac? (         
,decemb]1 #ahch1 = a sl\gh+ ulc] on !   
back ( ! left h&4  ,five days previ\sly 
a native empiric _h appli$ a r$ hot gool
  7! mixture ( *>coal & tobacco us$ 9 ! 
hookah7 to ! back  ( ! left wri/1 z a   
rem$y = *ronic dys5t]y & sple54 ,!      
pati5t's bro!r 0 simil>ly caut]is$ on ! 
same day4 ,9 bo?  sl\gh+ took place d[n 
to ! t5dons4 ,symptoms ( tetanus occurr$

  on ! #bd? ( ,decemb]4 ,! bro!r1 :o _h 
refus$ to avail himself  ( ,european    
aid1 _h be5 seiz$ ) tetanus at 8 own    
home f\r  days previ\sly1 & di$ aft]    
?ree days' illness4 ,on ! #bf?  ,decemb]
 spasms set 91 & recurr$ at int]vals ( a
 few m9utes2 !  muscles ( ! abdom51     
neck1 & jaws became firmly & p]man5tly  
contract$4 ,l>ge doses ( opium ) calomel
 hav+ be5 adm9i/]$  = "s h\rs1 )\t !    
lea/ alleviation ( symptoms1 & 8  case  
hav+ on consultation be5 pron\nc$       
completely hopeless1 ,i  obta9$ ,mr4    
,eg]ton's p]mission to subject ! poor   
man to ! trial  ( ! hemp res94 ,two     
gra9s 7 fir/ giv5 at half pa/ two1 p4m41
  dissolv$ 9 a little _s4 ,9 half an h\r
 ! pati5t felt giddy2  at five1 p4m41 8 
eyes 7 clos$1 he felt sleepy1 & express$
  himself mu* intoxicat$4    ,he slept  
at int]vals dur+ ! night1 b on wak+ _h  
convulsive  attacks4    ,on ! #bg?1 two 
gra9s 7 giv5 e ?ird h\r 7a purgative    
enema  0 also adm9i/]$1 :i* op]at$ ?ree 
times72 ! /iffness (  ! muscles became  

mu* less t[>ds ev5+1 b ! spasms return$ 
at int]vals z be=e2 pulse & sk9 natural4
    #bh4 ,improv$2 is le?>gic b         
intellig5t2 spasms occasionally occur1  
b at mu* long] int]vals1 & 9 less       
sev]ity4    #bi4 ,dose ( hemp increas$  
to ?ree gra9s e second h\r4 ,symptoms   
mod]at+4    #cj4 ,mu* intoxicat$2       
cont9ues to improve4    ,janu>y #a1     
#ahci4 ,a hemp cataplasm appli$ to !    
ulc]1 & int]nal  use ( rem$y cont9u$4   
,t[>ds ev5+ 0 mu* improv$2 spasms       
trivial2 no p]man5t rigidity2 _h pass$  
two dys5t]ic /ools4    #b4 ,morn+       
report3 ,_h pass$ a good night1 & seems 
mu* bett]4  ,ev5+ report3 ,do+ rem>kably
 well4    #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,cont9ues to    
improve4 ,hemp res9 9 two gra9 doses e  
fif? h\r4    #f4 ,five1 p4m4--,fev]i%2  
sk9 hot2 pulse quick2 all tetanic       
symptoms  gone2 pass+ muc\s & bloody    
/ools4 ,lee*es to abdom52 a />*  & opium
 enema ) ?ree gra9s ( acetate ( lead e  
second h\r2  tepid spong+ to ! body2    
hemp omitt$4    #g4 ,six1 a4m4--,/ill   

fev]i%2 /ools frequ5t1 muc\s2 abdom5    
t5d]  on pressure2 no appetite2 ! ulc]  
sl\ghy1 ragg$1 & (f5sive4  ,opium &     
acetate ( lead cont9u$2 abdom5 lee*$2   
sore dress$ )  wat]4 ,at noon !re 0     
slight rigidity ( abdom9al muscles4     
,hemp  resum$4 ,at ?ree1 p4m41 became   
intoxicat$ & hungry2 ulc] extremely     
dry1 f\l1 & abom9ably ftid2 t[>ds ev5+  
rigidity ceas$4 ,hemp  discont9u$4    ,f
 ?is day ! tetanus may be consid]$ to h 
ceas$ altoge!r1  b ! dys5t]ic symptoms  
cont9u$1 despite ( ! use ( opium  &     
acetate ( lead2 ! ulc]1 too1 prov$      
utt]ly intractable4 ,"s  improvem5t 9 ! 
dys5t]ic symptoms occurr$ f ! #aj? to ! 
#ae?1 :5 natural /ools 7 pass$4 ,he     
seem$ ga9+ /r5g?1  b ! w\nd 0 9 no wise 
improv$2 ! sl\gh1 on ! contr>y1  ?reat5$
 to spread1 & two metac>pal bones lay   
loose 9 ! c5tre  ( ! sore2 on           
consultation x 0 agre$ to amputate !    
arm1 b to  ?is ! pati5t p]emptorily     
object$4 ,! mortification n[ spread     
rapidly1 &1 to our inf9ite regret1 he   

di$ ( exhau/ion on !  night ( ! #bcrd ( 
,janu>y4    ,an unprejudic$ review ( !  
prec$+ details exhibits ! s$ative  p[]s 
( ! rem$y 9 ! mo/ favorable light2 &1   
al?\gh !  pati5t di$1 x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t x 0 ( a diff]5t disease1  ov] :i* x is
 n presum$ t ! hemp possesses ! lea/    
p[]4    ,! second case 0 t ( ,*unoo     
,syce 7treat$ by ,mr4 ,o',bri51  at !   
,native ,hospital71 9 :om tetanus       
sup]v5$ on ! #aa?  ( ,decemb]1 aft] an  
injury f ! kick ( a horse4 ,aft] an     
ineffectual trial ( turp5t9e & ca/or oil
 9 l>ge doses1 two  gra9 doses ( hemp   
res9 7 giv5 on ! #af? ( ,decemb]4 ,he   
consum$ 9 all #acd gra9s ( ! res91 &    
left ! hospital cur$ on  ! #bh? (       
,decemb]4    ,?ird case4--,huroo1 a     
female1 ag$ tw5ty-five1 admitt$ to !    
,native ,hospital on ! #af? ( ,decemb]2 
_h tetanus = ! ?ree  previ\s days1 !    
sequel ( a cut on ! left elb[ receiv$ a 
=tnight be=e4 ,symptoms viol5t on       
admission4 ,turp5t9e & ca/or  oil giv5  
repeat$ly )\t effect2 on ! #af? & #ag?1 

?ree gra9s  ( hemp res9 7 giv5 at b$-"t4
 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ah? %e  0 f\nd 9 a    
/ate ( complete catalepsy1 & rema9$ s   
until  ev5+1 :5 %e became s5sible1 & a  
tetanic p>oxysm recurr$4  ,hemp resum$1 
& cont9u$ 9 two gra9 doses e f\r? h\r4  
,%e  subsequ5tly took a gra9 twice daily
 till ! #h? ( ,febru>y1 :5  %e left !   
hospital app>5tly q well4    ,mr4       
,o',bri5 has s9ce us$ ! hemp res9 9 five
 cases1 ( :i* f\r  7 admitt$ 9 a        
p]fectly hopeless /ate4 ,he employ$ !   
rem$y  9 t5 gra9 doses dissolv$ 9 _s4 ,!
 effect he describes z  almo/ imm$iate  
relaxation ( ! muscles & int]ruption ( !
  convulsive t5d5cy4 ,( ,mr4 ,o',bri5's 
sev5 cases f\r h recov]$4    ,9 !       
,police ,hospital ( ,calcutta1 ! late   
,dr4 ,ba9 has us$ !  rem$y 9 ?ree cases 
( traumatic tetanus1 ( ^! "o has di$ &  
two recov]$4    ,a v rem>kable case has 
rec5tly occurr$ 9 ! practice ( my  c\s91
 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,o',%aughnessy4 ,! pati5t 0
 a ,jew1 ag$ ?irty1  attack$ ) tetanus  
dur+ ! progress ( a sl\gh+ sore ( !     

scrotum1 ! sequel ( a neglect$          
hydrocele4 ,?ree gra9 doses 7  us$ e    
second h\r ) ! effect ( induc+          
intoxication &  susp5d+ ! symptoms4 ,!  
pati5t has recov]$ p]fectly1 & n[       
enjoys excell5t heal?4    ,beside !     
prec$+ cases ,i h he>d ( two ( pu]p]al  
trismus  treat$ 9 native females4 ,bo?  
t]m9at$ fatally1 an ev5t :i*  _c        
discr$it ! rem$y1 :5 x is rememb]$ t !  
,h9doo  native females ( all ranks are  
plac$1 dur+ & subsequ5t to _!           
conf9em5t1 9 a cell1 )9 :i* l>ge logs ( 
wood are kept  con/antly ignit$4 ,!     
temp]ature ( ^! d5s ,i h f\nd to  exce$ 
#abj ( ,fahr5heit's scale4    ,a curi\s 
co9cid5tal pro( ( ! value ( hemp 9 ^!   
cases has  v rec5tly come to my notice4 
,9 ! app5dix to ,sir ,james ,murray's   
8,m$ical ,essays10 p4 #af1 dat$ ,dubl9  
#ahcg1 occurs ! foll[+  passage3--8,hav+
 writt5 ! sub/ance ( ^! pages 7,sir     
,james's  "w7 to my bro!r1 !n           
assi/ant-surgeon ( ! #fj? ,rifles1 at  !
 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 he m5tion$ t a    

plant call$ dyka1 or  wild hemp1 :i*    
gr[s on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 is us$  
by !  natives = ?is purpose 7! relief ( 
pu]p]al convulsions71 &  t !y all1 male 
& female1 smoke x to br+ on p]fect      
relaxation  & relief f pa9 & spasm ( any
 k9d dur+ its relax+  influ5ce40    ,!  
prec$+ facts are (f]$ to ! pr(essional  
read] )  unfeign$ diffid5ce z to !      
inf]5ces ,i feel dispos$ to d]ive  f _! 
consid]ation4 ,to me !y seem            
unequivocally to %[ t  :5 giv5 boldly & 
9 l>ge doses ! res9 ( hemp is capable ( 
arre/+ effectually ! progress ( ?is     
=midable disease1 & 9 a  l>ge proportion
 ( cases ( effect+ a p]fect cure4    ,! 
facts are su* at lea/ z ju/ify ! hope t 
! virtues (  ! drug may be widely &     
sev]ely te/$ 9 ! multitudes ( ^!        
appall+ cases :i* pres5t !mselves 9 all 
,indian hospitals4    ,messrs4 ,hughes &
 ,templ>1 em95t vet]9>y surgeons (      
,calcutta1  h us$ ! hemp res9 9 five    
cases ( horses suff]+ f  tetanus2 ( ^!  
?ree h recov]$4 ,dr4 ,sawy]s1 ( ! m$ical

  bo>d1 has cur$ a pony simil>ly        
affect$4    ,drs4 ,esdaile & ,macrae h  
us$ ! hemp ) success2 ! =m]  9 a case ( 
tetanus2 ! latt] 9 "o ( convulsions f   
neuralgia  ( ! te/is1 :i* _h resi/$ e   
o!r rem$y1 & = :i*  ! removal ( ! organ 
_h be5 decid$ on4 ,9 ! 8,london ,m$ical 
,gazette0 ,mr4 ,lewis gives a case (    
tetanus 9 :i* ! hemp 0 us$  ) great     
relief to ! symptoms1 al?\gh x did n    
effect a cure4      ,case ( ,infantile  
,convulsions4    ,a v int]e/+ case ( ?is
 disease has rec5tly occurr$ 9 my       
private practice1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* ,i h
 ! p]mission ( !  family to ins]t 9 ?is 
pap]4    ,a female infant1 =ty days old1
 ! *ild ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,j4 ,l41 (       
,calcutta1 on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] _h a   
slight attack ( convulsions1  :i*       
recurr$ *iefly at night = ab\t a        
=tnight1 & = :i*  ! usual               
purgatives--w>m ba?s & a few doses (    
calomel &  *alk--7 giv5 )\t effect4 ,on 
! #bcrd ! convulsive p>oxysms  became v 
sev]e1 & ! b[els be+ b little d]ang$ two

  lee*es 7 appli$ to ! head4 ,lee*es1   
purgatives1 & opiates1  7 alt]nately    
resort$ to1 & )\t ! slighte/ b5efit1 up 
to  ! #cj? ( ,septemb]4    ,on t day !  
attacks 7 almo/ unceas+1 & am\nt$ to    
regul>  tetanic p>oxysms4 ,! *ild _h1   
moreov]1 completely lo/ appetite  & 0   
emaciat+ rapidly4#e    ,i _h by ?is "t  
exhau/$ all ! usual me?ods ( treatm5t1 &
  ! *ild 0 app>5tly 9 a s9k+ /ate4      
,"u ^! circum/ances ,i /at$ to ! p>5ts !
 results ( !  exp]im5ts ,i _h made ) !  
hemp1 & my conviction t x w\ld  relieve 
_! infant if relief c\ld possibly be    
obta9$4    ,!y gladly cons5t$ to !      
trial1 & a s+le drop ( ! spiritu\s      
t9cture1 equal to ! "o-tw5tie? "p ( a   
gra9 ( extract1 0  plac$ on ! *ild's    
tongue at t51 p4m4 ,no imm$iate effect 0
  p]ceptible1 & 9 an h\r & a half two   
drops m 7 giv54 ,!  infant fell asleep 9
 a few m9utes1 & slept s\ndly till f\r1 
p4m41  :5 %e awoke1 scream$ = food1 took
 ! brea/ freely1 & fell  asleep aga94   
,at n9e1 a4m41 #a/ ( ,octob]1 ,i f\nd ! 

*ild fa/  asleep1 b easily r\s$2 !      
pulse1 c\nt5ance1 & sk9 p]fectly        
natural4 ,9 ?is dr[sy /ate %e cont9u$ = 
f\r days totally free  f convulsive     
symptoms 9 any =m4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! b[els 
7  frequ5tly spontane\sly reliev$1 & !  
appetite return$ to !  natural degree4  
,octob] #d4 ,at "o1 a4m41 convulsions   
return$ & cont9u$ at  int]vals dur+ !   
day2 five drop doses ( ! t9cture 7 giv5 
h\rly4 ,up to midnight !re 7 ?irty fits1
 & =ty-f\r drops (  ! t9cture ( hemp 7  
ineffectually giv54    #e4 ,p>oxysms    
cont9u$ dur+ ! night4 ,at elev51 a4m41 x
 0 f\nd  t ! t9cture 9 use dur+ ! prec$+
 days _h be5 kept by !  s]vant 9 a small
 bottle ) a pap] /opp]2 t ! _s _h       
evaporat$ & ! :ole ( ! res9 _h settl$ on
 ! sides ( !  phial4 ,! infant _h 9 fact
 be5 tak+ drops ( m]e wat] dur+  !      
prec$+ day4    ,a new prep>ation 0 giv5 
9 ?ree drop doses dur+ ! #e? &  #f?1 &  
increas$ to eight drops ) ! effect (    
dim9i%+ !  viol5ce1 ?\gh n ( prev5t+ !  
return ( ! p>oxysm4    ,on ! #g? ,i met 

,dr4 ,ni*olson 9 consultation1 &        
despair+ ( a  cure f ! hemp1 x 0 agre$  
to int]mit its use1 to apply a  mu/>d   
p\ltice to ! epiga/rium1 & to give a    
dose ( ca/or oil  & turp5t9e4 ,! *ild1  
h[ev]1 rapidly became worse1 & at two1  
p4m41 a tetanic spasm set 91 :i* la/$   
)\t int]mission till  half-pa/ six1 p4m4
 ,a cold ba? 0 tri$ )\t solution ( !    
spasm2 ! hemp 01 !re=e1 aga9 resort$ to1
 & a dose ( ?irty  drops1 equal to "o & 
a half gra9s ( ! res91 giv5 at once4    
,imm$iately aft] ?is dose 0 giv5 ! limbs
 relax$1 ! little  pati5t fell fa/      
asleep1 & s cont9u$ = ?irte5 h\rs4 ,:ile
  asleep1 %e 0 evid5tly "u ! peculi>    
influ5ce ( ! drug4    ,on ! #h? ,octob]1
 at f\r1 a4m41 !re 0 a sev]e fit1 & f   
?is h\r to t5 at night tw5ty-five fits  
occurr$1 & #acj drops (  ! t9cture 7    
giv5 9 ?irty drop doses4 ,x 0 n[        
manife/ly a  /ruggle betwe5 ! disease & 
! rem$y2 b at t51 p4m41 %e 0  aga9      
n>cotis$1 & f t h\r no fit return$4     
,on ! ?ree foll[+ days !re 0 consid]able

 grip+1 & on  adm9i/]+ l>ge doses (     
almond oil sev]al small d>k gre5 lumps  
( hemp res9 7 void$1 :i* gave effectual 
relief4 ,! *ild is  n[ 7,decemb] #ag7 9 
! enjoym5t ( robu/ heal?1 & has rega9$  
h] natural plump & happy appe>ance4     
,9 review+ ?is case sev]al v rem>kable  
circum/ances pres5t  !mselves4 ,at fir/ 
we f9d ?ree drops1 or ?ree-tw5tie?s ( a 
gra91 caus+ pr(\nd n>cotism1 subsequ5tly
 we f9d #acj drops daily  requir$ to    
produce ! same effect4 ,! sev]ity ( !   
symptoms  d\btless mu/ be tak5 *iefly   
into acc\nt 9 endeav\r+ to expla9  ?is  
circum/ance4 ,x 0 too soon = habit to   
ga9 asc5d5cy ov]  ! n>cotic p[]s ( !    
drug4 ,%\ld ! disease ev] recur1 x w  be
 a matt] ( mu* int]e/ to notice !       
quantity ( ! t9cture  requisite to af=d 
relief4 ,! read] w rememb] t ?is infant 
0 b sixty days old :5 #acj drops 7 giv5 
9 "o day1 ( !  same prep>ation ( :i* t5 
drops _h intoxicat$ ! /ud5t  ,d9ona?    
,dhur1 :o took ! drug = exp]im5t4       
,use 9 ,delirium ,trem5s4    ,i h giv5 !

 t9cture ( hemp an ext5sive trial 9 ?is 
disease1  & h _h mu* reason to be       
gratifi$ ) its effects4 ,9  action x    
resembles opium & w9e1 b is mu* m c]ta9 
?an  ^! rem$ies4 ,i h no hesitation 9   
say+1 t 9 ! cases 9  :i* ! opium        
treatm5t is applicable1 hemp w be f\nd  
f> m  effectual4 ,! *ang$ /ate ( m9d x  
produces is truly wond]ful4  ,f !       
appall+ t]ror :i* g5]ally pr$om9ates1 ! 
pati5t  soon passes into a /ate (       
*e]fulness1 (t5 ( boi/]\s mir?1  & soon 
s9ks into a happy sleep4 ,( c\rse !re   
are _m cases 9  :i* ?is1 or any o!r1    
n>cotic %\ld n be employ$4              
,delirium occasion$ by cont9u$ ,hemp    
,inebriation4    ,be=e quitt+ ?is       
subject1 x is desirable to notice !     
s+ul>  =m ( delirium :i* ! incauti\s use
 ( ! hemp prep>ations  (t5 occasions1   
especially among "y m5 :o try x = ! fir/
  "t4 ,sev]al su* cases h pres5t$       
!mselves to my notice4 ,!y  are z       
peculi> z ! 8delirium trem5s0 :i*       
succe$s ! prolong$  abuse ( spiritu\s   

liquors1 b are q di/9ct f any o!r       
species ( delirium ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4
    ,?is /ate is at once recognis$ by ! 
/range balanc+ gait ( !  pati5t1 a      
con/ant rubb+ ( ! h&s1 p]petual giggl+1 
& a  prop5sity to c>ess & *afe ! feet ( 
all by/&]s ( :atev]  rank4 ,! eye we>s  
an expression ( cunn+ & m]rim5t :i*  c  
sc>cely be mi/ak54 ,9 a few cases1 !    
pati5ts are viol5t2  9 _m1 highly       
aphrodisiac2 9 all t ,i h se51          
voraci\sly  hungry4 ,!re is no increas$ 
heat or frequ5cy ( circulation1 or any  
appe>ance ( inflammation or conge/ion1 &
 ! sk9 & g5]al  functions are 9 a       
natural /ate4    ,a bli/] to ! nape ( ! 
neck1 lee*es to ! temples1 &  nauseat+  
doses ( t>t> emetic ) sal9e purgatives h
 rapidly  dispell$ ! symptoms 9 all !   
cases ,i h met )1 & h  re/or$ ! pati5t  
to p]fect heal?4      ,conclusion4    ,!
 prec$+ cases con/itute an ab/ract ( my 
exp]i5ce on ?is  subject1 & con/itute ! 
gr\nds ( my belief t 9 hemp !  pr(ession
 has ga9$ an anti-convulsive rem$y ( !  

greate/ value4  ,ent]ta9+ ?is           
conviction1 be x true or false1 ,i deem 
x my duty  to publi% x )\t any avoidable
 delay1 9 ord] t ! mo/  ext5sive & !    
spe$ie/ trial may be giv5 to ! propos$  
rem$y4  ,i repeat :at ,i h already /at$ 
9 a previ\s pap]--t 7  m]e reputation my
 object1 ,i w\ld let ye>s pass by1 &    
hundr$s (  cases accumulate be=e        
publication2 & 9 publi%+ ,i w\ld ent]   
into e k9d ( elaborate detail4 ,b !     
object ,i h propos$  to myself 9 ^!     
inquiries is ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,to ga!r
  toge!r a few /rong facts1 to asc]ta9 !
 limits :i* _c be  pass$ )\t dang]1 & !n
 po9t+ out ^! to ! pr(ession1  to leave 
!m to prosecute & decide on ! subject ( 
discussion1  su* seems to me ! fitte/   
mode ( attempt+ to explore !  m$ic9al   
res\rces :i* an untri$ rem$y may af=d4  
,x may be useful to add a =mula = mak+ !
 prep>ations :i* ,i  h employ$4    ,!   
res9\s extract is prep>$ by boil+ ! ri*1
 adhesive tops  ( ! dri$ gunjah1 9 _s   
7sp4 gr4 #hce71 until all ! res9  is    

dissolv$4 ,! t9cture ?us obta9$ is      
evaporat$ to dryness by  di/illation1 or
 9 a vessel plac$ ov] a pot ( boil+     
wat]4 ,!  extract s(t5s at a g5tle heat1
 & c be made into pills )\t  any        
addition4    ,! t9cture is prep>$ by    
dissolv+ ! extract 9 _s ( #hce  d5sity4 
,doses1 c4--,9 tetanus a dra*m ( !      
t9cture e half h\r  until ! p>oxysms    
cease1 or catalepsy or n>cotism is      
induc$4 ,9  hydrophobia ,i recomm5d !   
res9 9 s(t pills1 to ! ext5t ( t5  to   
tw5ty gra9s to be *ew$ by ! pati5t1 &   
repeat$ accord+  to ! effect4 ,9 *ol]a1 
?irty drops ( ! t9cture e half  h\r w be
 (t5 f\nd to *eck ! vomit+ & purg+1 &   
br+  back w>m? to ! surface4 ,my        
exp]i5ce w\ld "h lead me to pref]  small
 doses ( ! rem$y 9 ord] to excite r ?an 
n>cotise  ! pati5t4    ,i h only fur!r  
to add1 t s9ce ! sub/ance ( ! prec$+    
memoir 0 fir/ publi%$1 num]\s cases h   
come to my k  9 :i* ! *urrus1 or res9   
prep>$ by ! natives = smok+1  has be5   
us$ ) little effect4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 "s 

exp]im5ts  made by ,dr4 ,p]eira ) *urrus
 :i* ,i s5t him myself4 ,age &          
adult]ation h be5 probably bo? conc]n$ 9
 r5d]+ ?is  sub/ance inactive4 ,b ) !   
alcoholic extract made f ! tops  9 ! way
 ,i recomm5d1 ! practition] has only to 
feel 8 way1 &  increase ! dose till he  
produces intoxication z ! te/ ( !  rem$y
 hav+ tak5 effect4    ,( all p[]ful     
n>cotics x is ! safe/ to use ) boldness 
&  decision4    ,i h giv5 ,mr4 ,squire1 
( ,ox=d-/reet1 a l>ge supply ( !        
gunjah1 & t g5tleman has k9dly promis$  
me to place a suffici5t  quantity ( !   
extract at ! disposal ( any hospital    
physician or  surgeon :o may desire to  
employ ! rem$y4 ,my object is to h x    
ext5sively & exactly te/$ )\t favor or  
prejudice1 = !  exp]i5ce ( f\r ye>s has 
e/abli%$ ! conviction 9 my m9d1  t we   
possess no rem$y at all equal to ?is 9  
anti-convulsive &  anti-neuralgic p[]4  
7,date ( ,repr9t7 ,london1 ,janu>y1     
#ahdc4      ,,footnotes3    #a ,= v f9e 
specim5s ( *urrus1 ,i h to express my   

?anks  to ,dr4 ,campbell1 late political
 resid5t at ,nipal4    #b ,by ?is t]m is
 probably meant ! fir/ ( ! ,sassanian   
dyna/y1  to :om ! epi!t ( 8,khusr[0 or  
,cosroes1 equival5t to ,kis]1  ,cs>1 or 
,cz>1 has be5 appli$ 9 _m g5]ations4    
,?is dyna/y  endur$ f ,a4,d4 #bjb to    
,a4,d4 #fcf4--,vide note #ej to ,lane's 
,translation  ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 vol4
 ii4 p4 #bbf4    #c ,h&bu* d] ,m$ic9 und
 ,ph>mac4 ,botanik1 von ,f4 ,ness von   
,es5beck  und ,dr4 ,c>l ,eb]mai]1 vol4  
i1 p4 #cch4    #d ,al?\gh ,i obs]v$ no  
effect f two dra*ms ( hemp res9 giv5  to
 a horse1 ,messrs4 ,hughes & ,templ>1 ( 
,calcutta1 h s9ce cur$  f\r horses (    
traumatic tetanus by giv+ half-p9t doses
 ( !  t9cture4--,w4 ,b4 ,o',s4    #e ,! 
nurse1 ,i %\ld h m5tion$1 0 *ang$ e>ly 9
 !  illness1 & *ange ( air resort$ to on
 ! riv]1 b 9 va94          ,,indian     
,,hemp4    ,,to ,,! ,,editors ,,( ,,!   
,,prov9cial ,,m$ical ,,j\rnal4          
,,g5tlem51--,) ref]5ce to my pap] on !  
,indian ,hemp1 lately  ins]t$ 9 y\r     

,j\rnal1 ,i tru/ ,i may be p]mitt$ to   
disclaim any  wi% to advance ^!         
prep>ations z specifics 9 ! treatm5t (  
tetanus1 or 9 spasmodic diseases        
g5]ally4 ,t hemp possesses great1  inde$
 extraord9>y1 anti-convulsive p[]1 ,i   
feel assur$ f  num]\s facts :i* ,i h    
myself obs]v$1 & :i* o!rs h also        
witness$4 ,! cases ( ! six horses       
affect$ by traumatic tetanus1  record$ 9
 my pap]1 ( :i* f\r recov]$1 are almo/  
en\gh  by !mselves to conv9ce any       
unprejudic$ p]son ( ! en]gy &  promise (
 ?is drug4    ,_m failures mu/ be       
expect$ at fir/1 f ! salut>y caution    
all good practition]s mu/ obs]ve 9 !    
doses ( a rem$y )  :i* !y are n         
practically famili>4 ,on ?is po9t ,i h  
fur!r  to rem>k t 9 a case ( traumatic  
tetanus1 n[ "u treatm5t1  fifte5 gra9   
doses ( ! res9 h be5 giv5 e second or   
?ird  h\r1 & ( ^! doses five tak5 be=e  
n>cotism 0 induc$4    ,9 cases (        
tetanus1 ,i consid] no trial ( ! drug at
 all conclusive1  unless x has be5 pu%$ 

to ! ext5t ( induc+ /upor &             
ins5sibility4    ,too mu* importance has
 be5 atta*$ by comm5tators on my pap] to
  ! occurr5ce ( catalepsy z an effect ( 
?is drug2 catalepsy ,i  h witness$      
unequivocally 9 _m cases1 b ! effect is 
n an  univ]sal "o2 ,i h se5 x produc$ by
 t5 drops ( ! t9cture1  & by "o gra9 ( !
 res94 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h giv5  fifty
 gra9s 9 "o day to a tetanic pati5t )\t 
any su* effect  be+ obs]vable4    ,x    
seems q evid5t1 f ! exp]im5ts made by   
,mr4 ,ley & ,dr4  ,p]eira1 t mu* l>g]   
doses mu/ be us$ 9 ?is c\ntry ?an  ^? we
 f\nd suffici5t 9 ,india4 ,! cause ( ?is
 is possibly  to be trac$ to molecul>   
*emical *anges tak+ place by age 9  !   
con/itu5ts ( ! drug1 & analog\s to ^?   
famili> to !  pr(ession 9 ! case (      
hemlock & its active pr9ciple4    ,!    
t9cture1 made by dissolv+ ! extract 9   
_s1 ,i consid] !  be/ =m ( ! drug = use 
9 tetanic cases--or ! res9 may be  made 
into an emulsion1 by trituration ) a    
little fl\r1 c>bonate  ( soda1 &        

mucilage4 ,! soda t5ds to dissolve !    
res91 & its  use is 9 accordance ) !    
precepts ( ! anci5t ,ea/]n writ]s1  :o  
prescrib$ hemp ) alkal9e sub/ances1 &   
us$ acids 9 v>i\s  =ms 7su* z oxymel &  
sorrel w9e7 to c\nt]act its effects :5  
tak5 9 ov]doses4    ,9 conclusion1 ,i   
v5ture to ref] to ! v int]e/+ cases     
lately  publi%$ by ,mr4 ,ley1 9 !       
,prov9cial ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,ano!r      
memoir f ! same able p51 w1 ,i und]/&1  
soon appe>1 &  w af=d ample evid5ce ( ! 
!rapeutic value ( ?is ag5t4  ,mr4 ,ley  
in=ms me t ( ! anti-convulsive p[] ( !  
hemp he  ent]ta9s no d\bt4 ,?is is !    
great1 ! valuable result to look  =2 all
 else is comp>atively ( b little        
importance4 ,on "s m9or  po9ts ,mr4     
,ley's results diff] f m9e4 ,?is mu/ be 
reg>d$ b  z a pro( ( ! accuracy ( 8     
obs]vations--t he is record+  fai?fully 
:at he sees1 & is n m]ely tread+ 9 !    
foot/eps (  ano!r4      ,i am1 ,g5tlem51
    ,y\r fai?ful s]vant1    ,w4 ,b4     
,o',,%aughnessy1 ,m4,d4      ,london1   

,feb4 #h1 #ahdc4    ,p4,s4--,i w\ld take
 ! lib]ty ( invit+ exp]im5tali/s to !   
repetition on ! hemp res9 ( ! processes 
= prep>+ conia &  nicot9a--namely by    
di/illation ) cau/ic pota% or soda &    
wat]1  receiv+ ! di/ill$ liquid 9 dilute
 acid1 & r$i/ill+ ?is  ) an excess (    
alkali1 z be=e4 ,my dep>ture f ,india   
int]f]$  ) my trial ( ?is process1 & ,i 
?9k x likely to lead to  valuable       
results4        ,,london3    ,s4        
,taylor1 ,pr9t]1 #f1 ,*&os /reet1       
,cov5t-g>d54          ,transcrib]'s     
,notes    ,a few v m9or mi/akes 9       
punctuation & spell+ 7 fix$4