,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics & ,bold4 ,illu/ration3 ,bull4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,agriculture4 ,frontispiece4 ,an ,api>y 9 ,m>yl&4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #a4 ,new ,s]ies4 7,?ird ,edition47 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,division ,,( ,,entomology4 ,,! ,,honey ,,bee3 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,apiculture ,,by ,,frank ,,b5ton1 ,m4 ,s41 ,,assi/ant ,,entomologi/4 ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #ahii4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,entomology1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 ,may #bg1 #ahii4 ,sir3 ,i h ! honor to transmit h]e) = republication a manual entitl$1 ,! ,honey ,bee3 ,a ,manual ( ,in/ruction 9 ,apiculture1 by ,mr4 ,frank ,b5ton1 :o has be5 9 *>ge ( ! api>ian "w ( ?is ,division = sev]al ye>s4 ,! con/ant dem& = in=mation conc]n+ bee culture = a long "t indicat$ a ne$ = su* a public manual1 & ! "w 0 begun & ne>ly complet$ "u ! direction ( my pr$ecessor1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,v4 ,riley4 ,! manuscript 0 submitt$ ,septemb] #bj1 #ahie1 & ! edition ( #a1jjj copies 0 soon exhau/$4 ,9 ,april1 #ahif1 ,congress ord]$ a repr9t ( #bj1jjj copies1 9 :i* "s corrections & additions 7 made by ! au?or4 ,he has also tak5 advantage ( ! repr9t ( ano!r 7! ?ird7 edition to make "s slight additional *anges4 ,! api>ian indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is practically a developm5t ( ! la/ =ty ye>s1 al?\gh isolat$ individuals 7 engag$ 9 ?is "w long prior to t "t4 ,! importance ( ! indu/ry at ! pres5t day is n g5]ally realiz$1 & ! foll[+ figures w probably be surpris+ to _m well-in=m$ individuals3 ,api>ian societies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aaj ,api>ian j\rnals #h ,/eam factories = ! manufacture ( beehives & api>ian implem5ts #ae ,honey produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfi 7accord+ to ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,report7 p\nds #ad1gjb1hae ,honey produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhi 7accord+ to ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,report7 p\nds #fc1hid1ahf ,p]sons engag$ 9 ! culture ( bees 7e/imat$7 #cjj1jjj ,honey & wax produc$1 at :olesale rates 7,elev5? ,c5sus7 #g1jjj1jjj ,mr4 ,b5ton's e/imate ( ! pres5t annual value ( api>ian products #bj1jjj1jjj ,z supplem5t>y to ^! figures x may be /at$ t 9 addition to ! #ae /eam-p[] factories !re is a v l>go numb] ( small] factories1 us+ ma9ly h& & horse p[]1 :i* are engag$ 9 ! production ( supplies1 su* z hives1 smok]s1 honey extractors1 sections1 comb f\ndation1 & o!r api>ian app>atus4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,b5ton t ! pres5t exi/+ flora ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld und\bt$ly support1 ) ! same av]age pr(it1 t5 times ! numb] ( colonies ( bees x n[ supports4 ,?is bran* ( agricultural indu/ry does n impov]i% ! soil 9 ! lea/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 results 9 bett] se$ & fruit crops4 ,! total money ga9 to ! c\ntry f ! prosecution ( ?is indu/ry w\ld und\bt$ly be plac$ at sev]al times ! am\nt giv5 9 ! table above 7 we only able to e/imate 9 doll>s & c5ts ! result ( ! "w ( bees 9 cross f]tiliz+ ! blossoms ( fruit crops4 ,9 support ( ?is x is only necess>y to ref] to ! fact t rec5t inve/igations by ano!r division ( ?is ,dep>tm5t h %[n t c]ta9 v>ieties ( pe> are ne>ly or q /]ile unless bees br+ poll5 f o!r di/9ct v>ieties = _! complete cross f]tilization4 ,i respectfully recomm5d ! publication ( ?is manual z ,no4 #a ( ! new s]ies ( bullet9s ( ?is ,division4 ,respectfully1 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,entomologi/4 ,hon4 ,james ,wilson1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,,preface4 ,?is treatise is design$ to make ! practical managem5t ( an api>y pla9 to ^? ^: acqua9tance ) ! subject is limit$1 & to direct su* z may f9d 9 x a pleasant & pr(itable occupation to a sy/em ( managem5t :i* may be foll[$ on an ext5sive scale ) ! c]ta9ty ( fair remun]ation = ! labor & capital requir$4 ,) ?is object 9 view ! au?or has deem$ x be/ to treat ! natural hi/ory ( ! bee b briefly1 & also to give little space to matt]s :i* are 9 "q1 or to diff]5t me?ods ( accompli%+ giv5 results1 or to su* z are only adapt$ to a limit$ portion ( ! c\ntry1 b r to expla9 "o settl$ way widely applicable & :i* w lead to success4 ,! me?ods advis$ "h are su* z ! au?or has f\nd practical dur+ an ext5d$ exp]i5ce1 yet 9 reg>d to num]\s details _m works--bo? =eign & ,am]ican--h be5 consult$1 none m freely ?an ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey ,bee1 revis$ by ,*as4 ,dadant ,son1 & ,bees & ,bee ,keep+1 by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,r4 ,*e%ire4 ,_m ( ! illu/rations 7 specially prep>$ = ?is bullet94 ,"s h be5 tak5 f publications ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,^! include "s ( ! small] illu/rations ( honey-produc+ plants & also ,plates ,,iii to ,x1 :i* are f reports ( ! ,botani/ ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,plates ,,ii & ,,xi1 & figures #e1 #f1 #h1 #dd1 #ej1 #ea1 & #gf are copi$ f ,*e%ire2 figs4 #jh & #fi f ,simm9s4 ,! ,dep>tm5t is also "u obligations to ! ,a4 ,i4 ,root ,company1 to ,*as4 ,dadant ,son1 ,t4 ,f4 ,b+ham1 ,hayek ,bros41 ,tan ,all5 ,williams1 & ,dr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,t9k]1 = electrotypes4 ,frank ,b5ton4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,*apt] ,i4--,classification ( ! honey bee #aa ,! diff]5t species & races #aa ,common ,ea/ ,indian honey bee1 ,apis indica #ab ,t9y ,ea/ ,indian honey bee1 ,apis florea #ac ,giant ,ea/ ,indian honey bee1 ,apis dorsata #ac ,common hive or honey bee1 ,apis mellif]a #ae ,cyprians #ae ,italians #af ,c>niolans #ag ,g]man1 common black or br[n bees #ah ,*apt] ,,ii4--,k9ds ( bees compos+ a colony ,bee products & description ( combs--,developm5t ( brood #ai ,k9ds ( bees 9 a colony #ai ,bee products & organs us$ 9 _! prep>ation #ba ,nect> & honey #bb ,propolis #bd ,bee poison & ! /+ #bd ,wat] #be ,silk #be ,wax #be ,combs #bf ,developm5t ( brood #bh ,! work] #bi ,! drone #cj ,*apt] ,,iii4--,quiet+ & manipulat+ bees #ca ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,e/abli%+ an api>y3 ,"t--,select+ hives ( bees--,mov+ bees ,selection ( site #ce ,selection ( /ocks #ce ,mov+ bees #cg ,selection ( site #ch ,*apt] ,v4--,hives & implem5ts #dj ,hives #dj ,implem5ts #dg ,bee smok]s #dg ,veils #dh ,honey extractors & honey knives #di ,wax extractors #ej ,que5 introduc+-cages #ej ,bee fe$]s #ea ,section fold]s #eb ,bee escapes #eb ,f\ndation fa/5]s #eb ,comb-f\ndation ma*9es #ed ,*apt] ,,vi4--,bee pa/urage #ef ,cultivation ( honey plants #ei ,bees z cross f]tiliz]s #fb ,honey & poll5 produc+ plants #fd ,*apt] ,,vii4--,spr+ manipulation #fi ,transf]r+ #ga ,que5lessness 9 spr+ #gd ,*apt] ,,viii4--,secur+ surplus honey & wax #ge ,extract$ honey #ge ,comb honey #gi ,putt+ on sections #ha ,production ( wax #hd ,*apt] ,,ix4--,re>+ & introduc+ que5s #hg ,mail+ que5s #ib ,introduc+ que5s #ic ,*apt] ,x4--,increase ( colonies #ie ,natural sw>m+ #ie ,clipp+ que5s #ig ,automatic hiv]s #ih ,prev5tion ( aft]-sw>m+ #ih ,artificial increase #ii ,divid+ #ajj ,driv+ or bru%+ #ajj ,! nucleus sy/em #aja ,prev5tion ( sw>m+ #aja ,deque5+ #ajb ,reque5+ #ajb ,space ne> entrances #ajc ,langdon non-sw>m+ device #ajd ,selection 9 bre$+ #aje ,*apt] ,,xi4--,w9t]+ bees #ajf ,outdoor w9t]+ #aji ,indoor w9t]+ #aaa ,*apt] ,,xii4--,diseases & enemies ( bees #aab ,di>rhea & dys5t]y #aab ,f\l brood #aab ,! wax mo? #aac ,braula or bee l\se #aae ,o!r enemies #aae ,robb] flies1 dragon flies1 etc4 #aae ,ants & wasps #aae ,spid]s #aaf ,toads & liz>ds #aaf ,birds #aaf ,mammals #aaf ,robb] bees #aaf ,lay+ work]s #aag ,brief li/ ( books & j\rnals relat+ to apiculture #aah ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 ,page4 ,an api>y 9 ,m>yl& ,frontispiece4 ,plate ,i4 ,honey bees #af ,,ii4 ,dige/ive sy/em ( bee #bb ,,iii4 ,alfalfa 7,m$icago saliva7 #fd ,,iv4 ,esp>cet or sa9fo9 7,onobry*is sativa7 #fd ,v4 ,sweet clov] or melilot 7,melilotus alba7 #fd ,,vi4 ,acacia 7,acacia con/ricta7 #fd ,,vii4 ,mesquite 7,prosopis juliflora7 #fd ,,viii4 ,blue we$ or vip]'s bugloss 7,e*ium vulg>e7 #fd ,,ix4 ,crimson clov] 7,trifolium inc>natum7 #fd ,x4 ,alsike clov] 7,trifolium hybridum7 #fd ,,xi4 ,bacillus alvei #aab ,,text ,,figures4 ,fig4 #a4 ,work] cells ( common ,ea/ ,indian honey bee 7,apis indica7 #ab #b4 ,work] cells ( t9y ,ea/ ,indian honey bee 7,apis florea7 #ac #c4 ,comb ( t9y ,ea/ ,indian honeybee 7,apis florea7 #ad #d4 ,work] cells ( common honey bee 7,apis mellif]a7 #ae #e4 ,ov>ies ( que5 & work]s #ai #f4 ,heads ( que5 & drone #bj #g4 ,modifications ( ! legs ( diff]5t bees #ba #h4 ,head & tongue ( ,apis mellif]a work] #bb #i4 ,wax disks ( social bees #bf #aj4 ,comb build+1 side ( hive remov$ #bg #aa4 ,cross section ( brood ap>tm5t #bi #ab4 ,use ( veil & bee smok] #ca #ac4 ,manipulation remov+ comb f hive #cb #ad4 ,manipulation tilt+ to br+ rev]se side ( comb to view #cc #ae4 ,manipulation rev]se side ( comb br\ght to view #cc #af4 ,manipulation exam9+ rev]se side ( comb #cc #ag4 ,qu9by clos$-end frames #cd #ah4 ,box hive prep>$ = transportation #cg #ai4 ,frame hive prep>$ = transportation #cg #bj4 ,an api>y 9 ,florida #ch #ba4 ,an api>y 9 ,cali=nia #ci #bb4 ,anci5t ,greek movable comb hive #da #bc4 ,dadant-,qu9by =m ( ,lang/ro? hive ) cap & gable ro( #da #bd4 ,lang/ro? frame %[+ con/ruction #db #be4 ,=m 9 :i* to nail frames #db #bf4 ,lock-jo9t *aff hive #dc #bg4 ,mann] ( nail+ hives #dc #bh4 ,section ( improv$ t9 frame-re/ #dd #bi4 ,! ,lang/ro? hive 7,dadant-,qu9by =m71 cross section %[+ con/ruction #de #cj4 ,! ,nonp>eil hive #df #ca4 ,dadant-,qu9by =m ( ,lang/ro? hive op5 #df #cb4 ,! ,b+ham bee smok] #dh #cc4 ,automatic rev]sible honey extractor #di #cd4 ,qu9by uncapp+ knife #di #ce4 ,b+ham ,he!r+ton uncapp+ knife #di #cf4 ,excelsior wax extractor #ej #cg4 ,simplicity fe$] #ea #ch4 ,fruit-j> bee fe$]1 bottom ( fe$+ /age & p]=at$ cap %[n sep>ately #ea #ci4 ,! ,port] spr+ bee escape #eb #dj4 ,daisy f\ndation fa/5] #ec #da4 ,fa/5+ />t] ( comb f\ndation 9 frame #ec #db4 ,spur wire-emb$d] #ed #dc4 ,comb-f\ndation ma*9e #ee #dd4 ,will[ h]b 7,epilobium angu/ifolium7 #eg #de4 ,wagn]'s flat pea 7,la?yrus sylve/ris wagn]i7 #ei #df4 ,dw>f ,essex or w9t] rape 7,brassica napus7 #fj #dg4 ,summ] or bird rape 7,brassica napus7 #fj #dh4 ,sacal9e or giant knotwe$ 7,polygonum sa*al95se7 #fa #di4 ,russian or hairy vet* 7,vicia villosa7 #fa #ej4 ,m\nta9 laurel 7,kalmia latifolia7 #fc #ea4 ,apple 7,pyrus malus7 #fc #eb4 ,hea?-l wild a/] 7,a/] ericoides7 #fd #ec4 ,transf]r+ drumm+ ! bees f a box hive into a frame hive #ga #ed4 ,transf]r$ comb & ins]t$ que5 cell #gc #ee4 ,uncapp+ & extract+ honey #gg #ef4 ,"o-piece ,v-groov$ sections #hj #eg4 ,sup] ) section hold]s & sections 9 place #hj #eh4 ,dadant-,qu9by =m ( ,lang/ro? hive1 elevat$ f bottom bo>d & slid back = v5tilation 9 summ] #hb #ei4 ,lang/ro? hive ) comb9$ surplus case & %ipp+ crate #hc #fj4 ,honey %ipp+ cases #hc #fa4 ,bo>dman sol> wax extractor #he #fb4 ,comb %[+ work] brood & que5 cells #hh #fc4 ,que5 cells & work] brood 9 v>i\s /ages #hi #fd4 ,! ,b5ton que5 cage fur transport+ a que5 & att5dants by mail #ib #fe4 ,cag+ a que5 = mail+ #ib #ff4 ,que5 introduc+-cage #id #fg4 ,hiv+ a sw>m ( bees #if #fh4 ,! ,simm9s non-sw>m+ sy/em1 s+le-/ory hive ) sup]s #ajc #fi4 ,! ,simm9s non-sw>m+ sy/em1 d\ble-/ory hive ) sup]s #ajc #gj4 ,beehives ) ,langdon non-sw>m] atta*$ #ajd #ga4 ,p]colator = prep>ation ( w9t] food #ajg #gb4 ,! ,am]ican /raw hive ( ,hayek ,bros #ajh #gc4 ,davis hive ) newspap]s pack$ betwe5 inn] & out] cases & brood frames on end = w9t] #ajh #gd4 ,d\ble-wall$ hive adapt$ to outdoor w9t]+ z well z summ] use bel[ #dj ,c nor? latitude 9 ,unit$ ,/ates #aji #ge4 ,an api>y 9 ,v]mont w9t] view #aaj #gf4 ,*e%ire anti-robb+ entrance #aag ,,manual ,,( ,,apiculture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,honey ,,bee ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,species ,,& ,,races4 ,a k ( ! /ructural peculi>ities & ! life hi/ory ( bees w aid anyone :o essays to manage !m = pr(it 9 det]m9+ m accurately :at conditions are necess>y to _! greate/ welf>e4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t su* k w take ! place ( an acqua9tance ) ^? conditions "u :i* actual practice has %[n t bees ?rive1 b t x =ms a good basis = an und]/&+ ( :atev] practice has f\nd be/ 9 ! managem5t ( ^! indu/ri\s & pr(itable insects4 ,x w also assi/ 9 po9t+ out 9 :at way practice c be improv$4 ,9 a small treatise l ! pres5t "o1 ! object ( :i* is to give 9 pla9 language ! in=mation ne$$ by "o :o engages 9 bee keep+ prim>ily = pr(it1 x is n possible to d m ?an pres5t a m]e outl9e ( classification & a few g5]al facts reg>d+ /ructure4 ,! read] :o f9ds !m int]e/+ & valuable 9 8 "w is rem9d$ t ! treatm5t ( ^! matt]s 9 m ext5d$ volumes1 su* z ,lang/ro?'s1 ,*e%ire's1 etc41 w be f\nd f> m s4 ,s+l+ out f ! ord] ,hym5opt]a1 or membran\s-w+$ insects1 ! family ,apid1 or bee family1 sev]al m>k$ types call$ g5]a are se5 to compose x1 su* z ,apis 7! hive bee71 ,bombus 7! bumble bee71 ,xylocopa 7! c>p5t] bee71 ,mega*ile 7! leaf-cutt]71 ,melipona 7! /+less honey bee ( ! ,am]ican tropics71 etc4 ,all ( ^! are v int]e/+ to /udy1 & ea* fulfills a purpose 9 ! economy ( nature2 b ! plan ( ^! pages c only be to consid] ! fir/ g5us1 ,apis1 or ! hive bee4 ,incid5tally x may be m5tion$ t ! plan ( introduc+ ! /+less bees 7,melipona7 f tropical ,am]ica has frequ5tly be5 br\ght up ) ! expectation ( realiz+ important practical results f x4 ,^! bees might possibly be kept 9 ! w>m] portions ( our c\ntry1 b _! honey yield is small1 n well rip5$1 & n easily h>ve/$ 9 good %ape1 s9ce ! honey cells are ( d>k wax1 l t made by our bumble bees1 & !y are n arrang$ 9 regul> ord]1 b 9 irregul> clumps l ^? ( bumble bees4 ,! writ] _h a colony "u obs]vation la/ ye>1 & exp]im5ts h be5 made ) !m 9 _! native l&s z well z 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,( ! g5us ,apis ! only repres5tative 9 ?is c\ntry is mellif]a1 al?\gh sev]al o!rs are natives ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,,! ,,common ,,ea/ ,,indian ,,honey ,,bee4 7,apis indica ,fab47 ,! common bee ( s\!rn ,asia is kept 9 v limit$ numb]s & ) a small degree ( pr(it 9 e>!n j>s & sections ( holl[ trees 9 portions ( ! ,briti% & ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,!y are also f\nd wild1 & build :5 9 ?is /ate 9 holl[ trees & 9 rock clefts4 ,_! combs1 compos$ ( hexagonal wax cells1 are rang$ p>allel to ea* o!r l ^? ( ,a4 mellif]a1 b ! work] brood cells are small] ?an ^? ( our ord9>y bees1 %[+ #cf to ! squ>e in* ( surface in/ead ( #bi1 :ile ! comb :]e work] brood is re>$1 in/ead ( hav+1 l t ( ,a4 mellif]a1 a ?ickness ( sev5-eigh?s in*1 is b five-eigh?s in* ?ick4 7,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,work] cells ( common ,ea/ ,indian honey bee 7,apis indica72 natural size4 7,orig9al47 ,! work]s4--,! bodies ( ^!1 ?ree-eigh?s in* long :5 empty1 measure ab\t "o-half in* :5 dilat$ ) honey4 ,! ?orax is cov]$ ) br[ni% hair & ! %ield or cresc5t betwe5 ! w+s is l>ge & yell[4 ,! abdom5 is yell[ und]nea?4 ,above x pres5ts a r+$ appe>ance1 ! ant]ior "p ( ea* segm5t be+ orange yell[1 :ile ! po/]ior "p %[s b&s ( br[n ( great] or less wid? & cov]$ ) :iti%-br[n hairs2 tip black4 ,!y are nimble on foot & on ! w+1 & active ga!r]s4 ,! que5s4--,! que5s are l>ge 9 proportion to _! work]s & are q prolific2 color1 lea!r or d>k copp]y4 ,! drones4--,^! are only slightly l>g] ?an ! work]s2 color1 jet-l blue black1 ) no yell[1 _! /rong w+s %[+ *ang+ hues l ^? ( wasps4 ,manipulations ) colonies ( ^! bees are easy to p]=m if smoke be us$1 & ?\gh !y are m excitable ?an our common hive bees1 ?is peculi>ity does n lead !m to /+ m1 b seems r to proce$ f fe>4 ,! /+ is also less sev]e4 ,"u ! rude me?ods ?us f> employ$ 9 ! managem5t ( ?is bee no great yields ( honey are obta9$1 "s #aj or #ab p\nds hav+ be5 ! mo/ report$ f a s+le hive4 ,x is q probable t if import$ into ?is c\ntry x w\ld d m4 ,^! bees w\ld no d\bt visit _m small fl[]s n frequ5t$ by ! hive bees we n[ h1 & ^: nect> is !re=e wa/$1 b v likely !y might n )/& ! sev]e w9t]s ( ! ,nor? unless furni%$ ) su* extra protection z w\ld be af=d$ by q w>m cell>s or special repositories4 ,,! ,,t9y ,,ea/ ,,indian ,,honey ,,bee4 7,apis florea ,fab47 ,?is bee1 also a native ( ,ea/ ,india1 is ! smalle/ kn[n species ( ! g5us4 ,x builds 9 ! op5 air1 atta*+ a s+le comb to a twig ( a %rub or small tree4 ,?is comb is only ab\t ! size ( a man's h& & is exce$+ly delicate1 !re be+ on ea* side #ajj work] cells to ! squ>e in* ( surface 7figs4 #b & #c74 ,! work]s1 m sl5d] ?an h\se flies1 ?\gh long] bodi$1 are blue-black 9 color1 ) ! ant]ior ?ird ( ! abdom5 bright orange4 ,colonies ( ^! bees accumulate s little surplus honey z to give no hope t _! cultivation w\ld be pr(itable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #b4--,work] cells ( t9y ,ea/ ,indian honey bee 7,apis florea72 natural size4 7,orig9al74 ,,! ,,giant ,,ea/ ,,indian ,,honey ,,bee4 7,apis dorsata ,fab47 ,?is l>ge bee 7,plate ,i1 figs4 #b & #c71 :i* might n be inappropriately /yl$ ! ,giant ,ea/ ,indian bee1 has its home also 9 ! f> ,ea/--bo? on ! cont95t ( ,asia & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,!re are probably sev]al v>ieties1 m or less m>k$1 ( ?is species1 & v likely ,apis zonata ,gur4 ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 report$ to be ev5 l>g] ?an ,a4 dorsata1 w prove on fur!r inve/igation to be only a v>iety ( ! latt]4 ,all ! v>ieties ( ^! bees build huge combs ( v pure wax--(t5 #e to #f feet 9 l5g? & #c to #d feet 9 wid?1 :i* !y atta* to ov]hang+ l$ges ( rocks or to l>ge limbs ( l(ty trees 9 ! primitive =e/s or jungles4 ,:5 atta*$ to limbs ( trees !y are built s+ly & pres5t mu* ! same appe>ance z ^? ( ! t9y ,ea/ ,indian bee1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure 7fig4 #c74 ,! ,giant bee1 h[ev]1 q 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r species ( ,apis m5tion$ "h1 does n con/ruct l>g] cells 9 :i* to re> drones1 ^! & ! work]s be+ produc$ 9 cells ( ! same size4 ,( ^! bees--long a sort ( a my? to ! bee keep]s ( ,am]ica & ,europe--/range /ories h be5 told4 ,x has be5 /at$ t !y build _! combs horizontally1 aft] ! mann] ( pap]-mak+ wasps2 t !y are s giv5 to w&]+ z to make x impossible to keep !m 9 hives1 & t _! f]ocity r5d]s !m objects greatly to be dread$4 ,! fir/ real in=mation reg>d+ ^! po9ts 0 giv5 by ! au?or1 lb #d visit$ ,india 9 #ahhj-ha = ! purpose ( obta9+ colonies ( ,apis dorsata4 ,^! 7 procur$ 9 ! jungles1 cutt+ ! combs f _! orig9al atta*m5ts1 & x 0 ?us asc]ta9$ t 7z might h be5 expect$ 9 ! case ( any species ( ,apis71 _! combs are always built p]p5dicul>ly2 also t ! colonies plac$ 9 frame hives & p]mitt$ to fly freely did n des]t ^! habitations & t1 f> f be+ f]oci\s1 ^! colonies 7 easily h&l$ by prop] precautions1 )\t ev5 ! use ( smoke4 ,x 0 also prov$ by ! quantity ( honey & wax pres5t t !y are good ga!r]s4 ,! execution at t "t ( ! plan ( br++ ^! bees to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 prev5t$ only by sev]e illness contract$ 9 ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,comb ( t9y ,ea/ ,indian honey bee 7,apis florea7 "o-?ird natural siz$4 7,orig9al47 ,^! l>ge bees w\ld d\btless be able to get honey f fl[]s ^: nect>ies are locat$ out ( rea* ( ord9>y bees1 notably ^? ( ! r$ clov]1 n[ visit$ *iefly by bumble bees & :i* x is ?\ght ! ,ea/ ,indian bees might poll9ate & cause to produce se$ m abundantly4 ,ev5 if no fur!r utilizable1 !y might prove an important factor 9 ! production 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( l>ge quantities ( excell5t beeswax1 n[ su* an exp5sive article4 ,%\ld ^! bees & ! common ,ea/ ,indian bee 7,apis indica71 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 visit 9 ! ma9 only su* fl[]s z are n adapt$ to our hive bees1 _! introduction1 :]ev] x c\ld be made successful1 w\ld1 )\t decreas+ ! yield f our hive bees1 add mat]ially to ! honey & wax production ( ! c\ntry4 ,!oretical conclusions z to ! results ( su* an introduction c n be ( mu* acc\nt unless bas$ ^u an intimate acqua9tance ) ! nature & habits ( ! bees to be introduc$4 ,en\gh is kn[n ( ! small bee to remove all d\bt reg>d+ ! possibility ( its successful introduction1 & x is also probable t ! l>ge "o w\ld prove valuable4 ,9 nei!r case does !re appe> any possibility t evil results might foll[ _! introduction4 ,!re are also num]\s o!r v>ieties or species ( bees 9 ,africa & ,asia ab\t :i* no m or ev5 less is kn[n1 b to inve/igate !m fully w require mu* "t & consid]able exp5se4 ,x is a subject1 h[ev]1 t %\ld receive c>eful consid]ation because ( ! possible b5efits to apiculture & ! wid] b5eficial effects on agriculture4 ,,! ,,common ,,hive ,,or ,,honey ,,bee4 7,apis mellif]a ,l9n47 ,besides ! common br[n or ,g]man bee import$ f ,europe to ?is c\ntry "s "t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & n[ widely spread f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 sev]al o!r races h be5 br\ght "h--! ,italian 9 #ahfj1 & lat] ! ,egyptian1 ! ,cyprian1 ! ,syrian1 ! ,pale/9e1 ! ,c>niolan 7,plate ,i1 figs4 #a1 #d1 & #e71 & ! ,tunisian4 ,( ^! ! br[n or ,g]man1 ! ,italian1 &1 9 a few api>ies1 ! ,c>niolan bees are probably ! only races exi/+ pure 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! o!rs hav+ become m or less hybridiz$ ) ! br[n race or among !mselves or _! cultivation hav+ be5 discont9u$4 ,x %\ld also be rem>k$ t s few h kept _! ,c>niolans pure t pur*as]s :o wi% ?is race %\ld use caution 9 _! selection or else import _! own bre$+ que5s4 ,!re are _m bre$]s ( ,italians f :om good /ock c be obta9$4 ,egyptian bees 7 tri$ "s ?irty ye>s ago1 b only to a v limit$ ext5t1 &1 z has be5 ! case ) ,syrians & ,pale/9es import$ 9 #ahhj1 & ^: te/ 0 m prolong$ & g5]al1 !y 7 condemn$ z inf]ior 9 temp] & w9t]+ qualities to ! races ( bees already "h1 x n be+ ?\ght t ^! po9ts ( inf]iority 7 suffici5tly balanc$ by _! great] prolificness & _! great] en]gy 9 honey collect+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,work] cells ( common honey bee 7,apis mellif]a72 natural size4 7,orig9al47 ,! ,tunisians1 = simil> reasons & also because !y are great collectors ( propolis1 nev] became popul>1 al?\gh a p]si/5t attempt 0 made a few ye>s s9ce to create sale = !m "u ! new "n ( ,punic bees1 ! undesirable qualities ( ! race hav+ previ\sly be5 made kn[n1 "u ! orig9al "n1 by ! au?or1 :o _h te/$ !m c>efully = sev]al ye>s--a "p ( ! "t 9 ,tunis4 ,cyprians4--,bees ( ! race native to ! ,isl& ( ,cyprus h produc$ ! l>ge/ yield ( honey on record f a s+le colony 9 ?is c\ntry1 #a1jjj p\nds 9 "o season4 ,ev]yone :o has fairly te/$ !m admits _! wond]ful honey-ga!r+ p[]s & _! p]sev]+ c\rage 9 _! labors ev5 :5 ! fl[]s are secret+ honey b scantily4 ,!y w9t] well & def5d _! hives aga9/ robb] bees & o!r enemies ) great] en]gy ?an any o!r kn[n race4 ,:5 /or+ honey ,cyprians till ! cells q fall be=e seal+1 & ?us ! capp+ re/s aga9/ ! honey1 pres5t+ a semitransp>5t or wat]y appe>ance1 :i* is undesirable4 ,!y are extremely s5sitive1 h5ce easily ang]$ by r\gh or bungl+ manipulators1 & :5 once ?or\ghly ar\s$ are v en]getic 9 ! use ( _! /+s4 ,^! faults h caus$ a v g5]al rejection ( ,cyprians1 especially by ^? :o produce comb honey4 ,ev5 ! produc]s ( extract$ honey d n seem to h le>n$ h[ to manipulate ,cyprians easily & )\t ! use ( mu* smoke1 nor h[ mu* m rapidly !y c\ld free _! extract+ combs f ,cyprian bees ?an f ,italians4 ,nor h !y seem$ to c\nt z ( mu* importance ! fact t ,cyprians1 unlike ,italians & ,g]man or common bees1 d n volunte] an attack :5 undi/urb$2 t !y w1 9 fact1 let "o pass & repass _! hives q unmole/$ & ev5 "u su* circum/ances z w\ld call =? a vigor\s & v disagreeable prote/ f ! o!r races j m5tion$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t !re has be5 su* a widespread rejection ( a race hav+ su* important & well-e/abli%$ excell5t qualities4 ,x w\ld be easi] by selection 9 bre$+ to r$uce ! faults ( ?is race ?an to br+ any o!r cultivat$ race to _! equal 9 ! o!r desirable po9ts4 ,cyprians are small]-bodi$ & m sl5d] ?an bees ( ,european races4 ,! abdom5 is also m po9t$ & %[s1 :5 ! bees are purely br$1 ?ree light orange b&s on ! ?ree segm5ts ne>e/ ! ?orax4 ,! und]side ( ! abdom5 is ev5 light] orange color$ ne>ly or q to ! tip4 ,! po/scutellum--! small lunule-l prom95ce on ! ?orax betwe5 ! bases ( ! w+s--is likewise orange color$ in/ead ( dull1 z 9 ,european races4 ,! re/ ( ! ?orax is cov]$ ) a russet-br[n pubesc5ce4 ,cyprians are ! yell[e/ ( ! orig9al races1 & _! bright colors & symmetrical =ms r5d] !m attractive objects4 ,italians4--,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture bees ( ?is race 7 introduc$ direct f ,italy 9 #ahfj4 ,!re _h previ\sly be5 repeat$ individual ef=ts to secure ,italians br$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! race _h be5 introduc$ "s ye>s e>li]1 & a small numb] ( que5s _h be5 l&$ "h alive 9 ! autumn ( #ahei1 b mo/ ( ^! di$ ! foll[+ w9t] & ! few rema9+ alive seem n to h be5 multipli$ z rapidly z ^? obta9$ 9 ,italy by a pur*as+ ag5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & l&$ "h e>ly 9 #ahfj4 ,_! good qualities 7 soon appreciat$1 & !y _h become well e/abli%$ & widely spread long be=e ! ,cyprians1 import$ tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,= ?is reason1 toge!r ) ! fact t !y cap _! surplus combs :it] ?an "s o!r races & because less skill is requir$ 9 subdu+ & h&l+ ,italians1 !y h reta9$ _! popul>ity ov] bees :i*1 ?\gh bett] honey ga!r]s1 are m n]v\s "u manipulation4 ,_! gold5-yell[ color has also prov$ s attractive to _m t ! good qualities ( m somb]-hu$ races--g5tl]1 bett] w9t]]s1 & bett] comb build]s--h n receiv$ due consid]ation4 ,italians are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly pref]able to ! common br[n or black bees1 = !y %[ great] en]gy 9 ga!r+ honey & 9 ! def5se ( _! hives aga9/ mo? l>v & robb] bees1 :ile at ! same "t !y are g5tl] "u manipulation ?an ! blacks1 ?\gh !y d n w9t] z well 9 sev]e climates4 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,i4 ,illu/ration ,honey ,bees4 #a4 ,work]1 ,c>niolan v>iety ( ,apis mellif]a--twice natural size4 #b4 ,giant honey bee ( ,ea/ ,india 7,apis dorsata71 work] twice natural size4 #c4 ,giant honey bee ( ,ea/ ,india 7,apis dorsata71 drone twice natural size4 #d4 ,drone1 ,c>niolan v>iety ( ,apis mellif]a twice natural size4 #e4 ,que51 ,c>niolan v>iety ( ,apis mellif]a--twice natural size4 ,italian work]s ne>ly equal ,g>niolans 9 size1 & %[ across ! abdom5 :5 ! latt] is di/5d$ ) honey n less ?an ?ree yell[ b&s1 :i* approa* m or less a r$di% or d>k lea!ry color4 ,by selection 9 "s in/ances1 & 9 o!rs by ! introduction ( ,cyprian blood1 ,italians & ,italian hybrids h rec5tly be5 br$ :i* %[ f\r or five yell[ b&s or :i* are ev5 yell[ to ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,!y are c]ta9ly pleas+ to ! eye1 & 9 case due he$ has be5 giv5 to ! vigor & work+ qualities ( ! /ock select$ :5 e/abli%+ ! /ra91 no valid objection c be br\ght aga9/ !m except ! t5d5cy !y h to rev]t to ! orig9al type ( ,italians4 ,?is is due to ! comp>atively %ort "t !y h be5 br$1 & ) ea* season's selection w ( c\rse gr[ less4 ,c>niolans4--,^!1 ! gray bees f ! elevat$ ,alp9e prov9ce ( ,c>niola1 ,au/ria1 are ! g5tle/ ( all races1 & z1 besides _! o!r good qualities1 !y w9t] ! be/ ( any1 x is n surpris+ to see t !y h /eadily gr[n 9 favor4 ,_! seal$ combs are exce$+ly :ite1 z !y d n fill ! cells s full t ! honey t\*es ! capp+1 & !y ga!r little propolis1 qualities highly appreciat$ by ! produc] ( comb honey4 ,!y are q prolific1 & if kept 9 small hives1 su* z h be5 popul>iz$ ( late 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are some:at m incl9$ to sw>m ?an ! o!r races introduc$ "h4 ,?is t5d5cy becomes m pron\nc$ :5 !y are tak5 into a c\ntry ^: summ]s are hot1 l ours1 & _! hives are n well %ad$1 z !y h be5 br$ = c5turies1 ) only slight introduction ( outside blood1 9 a climate :]e ! summ]s are %ort & cool4 ,moreov]1 ! practice 9 ,c>niola is to place ! long1 %all[ hives us$ almo/ exclusively !re1 9 beeh\ses & side by side1 "o above ! o!r1 ) int]v5+ air spaces1 s t at mo/ only ! front ends are expos$ to ! sun4 ,?is managem5t long cont9u$ has d\btless t5d$ to develop & fix m or less p]man5tly 9 ?is race c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 _! managem5t else:]e4 ,) ^! precautions !y d well 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,see ,plate ,i1 figs4 #a1 #d1 & #e47 ,! ,c>niolan work] is readily recogniz$ by its l>ge =m1 less po9t$ abdom51 & g5]al a%y gray coat1 ! abdom9al segm5ts especially pres5t+ a r+$ appe>ance on acc\nt ( silv]y :ite hairs :i* cov] ! po/]ior half ( ea* ( ^! segm5ts4 ,by cross+ ,c>niolans ) ,italians or ) ,cyprians a yell[ type ) silv]y r+s is produc$1 & by cont9u$ selection 9 bre$+ ! g5tle disposition ( ! ,c>niolans c be secur$ ) ! great] honey-ga!r+ p[]s ( ,cyprians %\ld ^! be employ$ 9 =m+ ! new /ra94 ,g]man1 common black1 or br[n bees4--,^! bees are f\nd commonly ?r\gh\t our c\ntry f ocean to ocean1 bo? wild & dome/icat$4 ,exactly :5 !y 7 introduc$ f ,europe is n kn[n1 b consid]able evid5ce exi/s :i* %[s t !re 7 no hive bees 7,apis mellif]a7 9 ?is c\ntry = "s "t aft] ! fir/ colonies 7 e/abli%$2 also1 x 0 n until ne> ! close ( ! la/ c5tury t !y rea*$ ! ,mississippi1 & less ?an half a c5tury has pass$ s9ce ! fir/ 7 successfully l&$ on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,_m bee keep]s1 hav+ m attractively color$ & frequ5tly bett] bees1 are incl9$ to consid] ?is race z possess+ h>dly any r$eem+ qualities1 or at lea/ to und]rate ^! because accompani$ by undesirable traits4 ,:ile x is true t !y h "s s]i\s faults1 ! latt] are n s great z ^? ( "s o!r races4 ,!y h become ?or\ghly acclimat$ s9ce _! fir/ importation1 ov] two c5turies ago1 & besides possess+ good w9t]+ & comb-build+ qualities1 !y w1 :5 ! fl[ ( honey is q abundant1 g5]ally equal ,italians 9 ga!r+4 ,b ! disposition :i* bees ( ?is race h ( fly+ t[>d "o :o approa*es ! api>y & /++ him1 ev5 ?\gh ! hives h n be5 mole/$1 _! way ( runn+ excit$ly ov] ! combs & dropp+ 9 bun*es :5 !y are h&l$1 besides /++ ! backs ( ! op]ator's h&s1 unless ! :ole colony has fir/ be5 ?or\ghly subdu$ & ! bees induc$ to gorge !mselves ) honey1 or are con/antly delug$ ) smoke1 are v annoy+ to ! novice :o und]takes to p]=m necess>y manipulations ) !m1 & may ev5 s disc\rage & daunt him z to cause ! neglect ( "w ( great importance to ! welf>e ( ! colony4 ,! easy disc\ragem5t ( bees ( ?is race :5 a sudd5 *eck 9 ! fl[ ( honey occurs is also a peculi>ity :i* does n comm5d !m4 ,^! ?+s1 t5d+ to r$uce pr(its1 (t5 damp5 ! beg9n]'s en?usiasm be=e he has acquir$ ! k & skill necess>y to make ! "w g5u9ely successful4 ,he _h !re=e bett] *oose ei!r ,italians or ,c>niolans1 & use z bre$]s only que5s t are kn[n to h mat$ purely4 ,! common race %[s consid]able v>iation 9 its m>k+s & qualities4 ,! work]s h a dull1 ru/y br[n color1 especially ab\t ! ?orax4 ,"s /ra9s are h[ev] mu* d>k] ?an o!rs & 9 g5]al ! drones are d>k] ?an ! work]s4 ,9 size work]s1 drones1 & que5s ( ?is race are int]m$iate betwe5 ! o!r ,european races & ^? f ! ,ori5t4 ,! same c>e & skill appli$ 9 ! selection ( bre$+ /ock w\ld result 9 z great improvem5t 9 ?is z 9 any ( ! m attractive yell[ races4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,ov>ies ( que5 & work]s3 ,a1 abdom5 ( que5--"u side 7magnifi$ eight times72 ,p1 petiole2 ,o1 ,o1 ov>ies2 hs1 position fill$ by honey sac2 ds1 position ?r\gh :i* dige/ive sy/em passes2 od1 oviduct2 co4d1 common oviduct2 ,e1 egg-pass+ oviduct2 s1 sp]ma!ca2 i1 inte/9e2 po1 poison bag2 p4g1 poison gl&2 /1 /+2 p1 palpi4 ,b1 rudim5t>y ov>ies ( ord9>y work]2 sp1 rudim5t>y sp]ma!ca4 ,c1 p>tially develop$ ov>ies ( f]tile work]2 sp1 rudim5t>y sp]ma!ca4 7,f ,*e%ire47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,bees ,,compos+ ,a ,,colony--,,bee ,,products ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,combs--,,developm5t ,,( ,,brood4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,bees ,,9 ,a ,,colony4 ,ea* colony ( bees 9 good condition at ! op5+ ( ! season conta9s a lay+ que5 & "s #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj work] bees1 or six to eight qu>ts by measurem5t4 ,besides ?is !re %\ld be f\r1 five1 or ev5 m combs fairly /ock$ ) develop+ brood1 ) a good supply ( honey ab\t x4 ,drones may also be pres5t1 ev5 sev]al hundr$ 9 numb]1 al?\gh x is bett] to limit _! production to select$ hives1 :i* 9 ! ma9 x is n difficult to accompli%4 ,"u normal conditions ! que5 lays all ( ! eggs :i* are deposit$ 9 ! hive1 be+ capable ( deposit+ "u favorable conditions z _m z #d1jjj 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ord9>ily %e mates b once1 fly+ f ! hive to meet ! drone--! male bee--high 9 ! air1 :5 five to n9e days old g5]ally1 al?\gh ?is "t v>ies "u diff]5t climatic conditions z well z ) diff]5t races4 ,sem9al fluid suffici5t to impregnate ! great] numb] ( eggs %e w deposit dur+ ! next two or ?ree ye>s 7sometimes ev5 f\r or five ye>s7 is /or$ at ! "t ( mat+ 9 a sac--! sp]ma!ca1 op5+ into ! oviduct or egg-passage 7fig4 #e1 s74 ,! que5 seems to be able to control ?is op5+ s z to f]tilize eggs or n z %e wills at ! "t ( deposit+ !m4 ,if f]tiliz$ !y develop into work]s or que5s accord+ to ! "* ( ! food giv51 ! size & %ape ( ! cell1 etc42 if unf]tiliz$1 into drones4 ,! que5's life may ext5d ov] a p]iod ( f\r or five ye>s1 b ?ree ye>s is q z long z any que5 ought to be kept1 unless a p>ticul>ly valuable "o = bre$+ purposes & n easy to replace4 ,inde$1 if full advantage be tak5 ( h] lay+ p[]s x w r>ely be f\nd pr(itable to reta9 a que5 long] ?an two ye>s4 ,^u ! work]s1 :i* are undevelop$ females1 devolves all ! labor ( ga!r+ honey1 poll51 propolis1 & br++ wat]1 secret+ wax1 build+ combs1 /opp+ up crevices 9 ! hive1 nurs+ ! brood1 & def5d+ ! hives4 ,to enable !m to d all ?is !y are furni%$ ) highly specializ$ organs4 ,^! w be m fully ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ! description ( ! products ga!r$ & prep>$ by ! work]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,a1 ,head ( que51 magnifi$ t5 times1 %[+ small] comp\nd eyes at sides1 & ?ree ocelli on v]tex ( head2 n1 jaw not*4 ,b1 head ( drone1 magnifi$ t5 times1 %[+ l>g] comp\nd eyes at sides1 ) ?ree ocelli betwe52 n1 jaw not*4 7,f ,*e%ire47 ,! drones1 aside f contribut+ some:at to ! g5]al w>m? ( ! hive necess>y to ! developm5t ( ! brood1 seem to h no o!r (fice b t connect$ ) reproduction4 ,9 ! wild /ate colonies ( bees are widely sep>at$1 be+ locat$ :]ev] ! sw>ms *ance to h f\nd holl[ trees or rock cavities1 h5ce ! production ( _m drones has be5 provid$ =1 s "y que5s fly+ out to mate w n run too _m risks f bird & insect enemies1 /orms1 etc4 ,mat+ 9 ! hive w\ld result 9 too cont9u\s 9-&-9 bre$+1 produc+ loss ( vigor4 ,z we f9d x arrang$1 ! mo/ vigor\s are ! mo/ likely to reproduce _! species4 ,at ! "t ( ! que5's mat+ !re are 9 ! hive nei!r eggs nor "y l>v f :i* to re> ano!r que52 ?us1 %\ld %e be lo/1 no m f]tiliz$ eggs w\ld be deposit$1 & ! old work]s gradually dy+ (f )\t be+ replac$ by "y ones1 ! colony w\ld become ext9ct 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s at mo/1 or meet a spe$i] fate ?r\gh intrud]s1 su* z wax-mo? l>v1 robb] bees1 wasps1 etc41 :i* its weakness w\ld prev5t its repell+ long]2 or cold is v likely to f9i% su* a decimat$ colony1 especially z ! bees1 because que5less1 are uneasy & d n clu/] compactly4 ,! loss ( que5s :ile fly+ out to mate is evid5tly "o ( ! provisions 9 nature to prev5t bees f too great multiplication1 = 7 !re no su* *ecks !y w\ld soon become a pe/ 9 ! l&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! risk to ! que5 is n uselessly increas$1 = %e mates b once dur+ h] life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,modifications ( ! legs ( diff]5t bees3 ,a1 ,apis3 a1 wax p9c] & out] view ( h9d leg2 b1 inn] aspect ( wax p9c] & leg2 c1 comp\nd hairs hold+ gra9s ( poll52 d1 ant]ior leg1 %[+ ant5na clean]2 e1 spur on tibia ( middle leg4 ,b1 ,melipona3 f1 peculi> gr\p ( sp9es at apex ( tibia ( h9d leg2 g1 inn] aspect ( wax p9c] & fir/ jo9t ( t>sus4 ,c1 ,bombus3 h1 wax p9c]2 i1 inn] view ( same & fir/ jo9t ( t>sus--all enl>g$4 7,f ,insect ,life47 ,,bee ,,products ,,& ,,organs ,,us$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,prep>ation4 ,poll5 & honey =m ! food ( honey bees & _! develop+ brood4 ,bo? ( ^! are plant products :i* are only modifi$ some:at by ! manipulation to :i* !y are subject$ by ! bees & are !n /or$ 9 wax5 cells if n want$ = imm$iate use4 ,poll51 ! f]tiliz+ du/ ( fl[]s1 is c>ri$ home by ! bees 9 small pellets held 9 basket-l depressions on ea* ( ! h9d legs4 ,! hairs cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! bee's body are m or less s]viceable 9 enabl+ ! bee to collect poll51 b ^? on ! "u side ( ! abdom5 are mo/ likely to get well du/$1 & ! r[s ( hairs1 n9e 9 numb]1 kn[n z poll5 bru%es1 locat$ on ! inn] surface ( ! fir/ t>sal jo9t 7fig4 #g1 b71 are !n br\ght into use to bru% out ?is poll54 ,:5 ^! bru%es are fill$ ) poll5 ! h9d legs are cross$ dur+ flight & ! poll5 comb$ out by ! sp9e-l hairs t fr+e ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! tibial jo9t--t above a 9 fig4 #g4 ,! out] surface ( ?is jo9t is depress$1 & ?is1 ) ! r[s ( curv$ hairs on ! ant]ior m>g9 & ! /raight] ones j ref]r$ to =ms a basket l cavity kn[n z ! corbiculum or poll5 basket1 repres5t$ by ! longe/ jo9ts ( ! legs1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 fig4 #g4 ,into ?is ! poll5 falls1 & ) ! middle pair ( legs is tamp$ d[n = transportation to ! hive4 ,hav+ arriv$ !re1 ! bee ?ru/s its h9d legs into a cell locat$ z ne> to ! brood ne/ z may be1 & loos5+ ! pellets lets !m fall into ! bottom ( ! cell4 ,! tibial spur 7fig4 #g1 e7 on ea* middle leg is1 z ,pr(essor ,*e%ire has po9t$ out1 probably ( use 9 pry+ ! pellets out4 ,! latt] are simply dropp$ into cells & left = "s o!r bee to pack d[n by knead+ or press+ ) its m&ibles4 ,v>i\s colors--yell[1 br[n1 r$1 slate1 etc41 accord+ to ! k9ds ( fl[]s f :i* ga!r$--frequ5tly %[ 9 lay]s 9 ! same cell4 ,(t5 :5 p>tly fill$ ) poll5 ! cell is !n fill$ up ) honey & seal$ m or less h]metically ) wax4 ,! bees /ore ! poll51 = conv5i5ce 9 fe$+1 above & at ! sides ( ! brood & z ne> to x z possible1 ! comb on ea* side ( ! brood ne/ be+ g5]ally well /or$ ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,head & tongue ( ,apis mellif]a work] 7magnifi$ twelve times71 a1 ,ant5na1 or feel]2 m1 m&ibula1 or out] jaw2 g1 gum flap1 or epiph>ynx2 mxp1 maxill>y palpus2 pg1 p>aglossa2 mx1 maxilla1 or inn] jaw2 lp1 labial palpus1 l1 ligula1 or tongue2 b1 b\ton1 or spoon ( ! same4 7,r$uc$ f ,*e%ire47 ,,nect> ,,& ,,honey4 ,! liquid secret$ 9 ! nect>ies ( fl[]s is usually q ?91 conta9+1 :5 j ga!r$1 a l>ge p] c5tage ( wat]4 ,bees suck or lap x up f su* fl[]s z !y c rea* ) _! flexible1 suck+ tongue1 #j4be to #j4bh in* long4 7,fig4 #h1 l47 ,?is nect> is tak5 into ! honey sac 7,plate ,,ii1 h4s47 locat$ 9 ! abdom51 = transportation to ! hive4 ,x is possible t "p ( ! wat] is elim9at$ by ! ga!r]s be=e !y rea* ! hive4 ,a ,russian bee keep]1 ,m4 ,nassan(f1 :ile dissect+ a work]1 discov]$ betwe5 ! fif? & six? abdom9al segm5ts a small canal1 to :i* he attribut$ an excretory function1 & ,z\b>eff1 hav+ notic$ bees eject+ a wat]y sub/ance :ile return+ f ! fields1 sugge/$ t ?is gl& probably s]v$ to sep>ate a portion ( ! wat] f ! nect>1 ! liquid deposit$ 9 ! cells appe>+ to conta9 less ( x ?an t j secret$ by ! fl[]s4 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/ration ,dige/ive ,sy/em ( ,bee 7magnifi$ t5 times74 ,a1 ,horizontal section ( body2 lp1 labial palpus2 mx11 maxilla3 e1 eye2 dv1 dv1 dorsal vessel3 v1 v5tricles ( ! same2 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 saliv>y gl& sy/ems1 #a1 #b1 #c2 1 sophagus2 pro4t1 pro?orax2 mesa4t1 mesa?orax2 meta4t1 meta?orax2 g1 g1 ganglia ( *ief n]ve *a92 n1 n]ves2 hs1 honey sac2 p1 petaloid /opp] ( honey sac or /oma* m\?2 c4s1 *yle /oma*3 bt1 bili>y or ,malpighian vessels3 si1 small inte/9e2 l1 lamell or gl& plates ( colon2 li1 l>ge inte/9e4 ,h[ev] ?is maybe1 evaporation takes place rapidly 9 ! heat ( ! hive aft] ! nect> or ?9 honey has be5 /or$1 z x is tempor>ily1 9 op5 cells4 ,besides be+ ?91 ! nect> has at fir/ a raw1 rank ta/e1 g5]ally ! flavor & odor peculi> to ! plant f :i* ga!r$1 & ^! are frequ5tly f> f agreeable4 ,to make f ?is raw product ! heal?ful & delici\s table luxury :i* honey con/itutes--fit food = ! gods--is ano!r ( ! functions peculi> to ! work] bee4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! /ation+ ( work]s 9 l9es ne> ! hive entrances4 ,^!1 by incessant buzz+ ( _! w+s1 drive curr5ts ( air into & out ( ! hive & ov] ! comb surfaces4 ,if ! h& be held be=e ! entrance at su* a "t a /rong curr5t ( w>m air may be felt com+ out4 ,! l\d buzz+ he>d at night dur+ ! summ] "t is due to ! w+s ( work]s engag$ *iefly 9 rip5+ nect>4 ,in/ead ( be+ at re/1 z _m suppose1 ! busy work]s are c>+ = ! la/ lot ( ga!r$ nect> & mak+ room = fur!r accessions4 ,?is may g on f> into ! night1 or ev5 all night1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ! l\dness & activity be+ proportionate to ! am\nt & ?9ness ( ! liquid4 ,frequ5tly ! rip5+ honey is remov$ f "o set ( cells & plac$ 9 o!rs4 ,?is may be to ga9 ! use ( c]ta9 combs = ! que51 or possibly x is m]ely incid5tal to ! manipulation ! bees wi% to give x4 ,:51 f9ally1 ! process has be5 complet$1 x is f\nd t ! wat] cont5t has usually be5 r$uc$ to #aj or #ab p] c5t1 & t ! disagreeable odors & flavors1 probably due to volatile oils1 h also be5 driv5 (f 9 a great measure1 if n :olly1 by ! heat ( ! hive1 l>gely g5]at$ by ! bees4 ,dur+ ! manipulation an antiseptic--=mic acid--secret$ by gl&s 9 ! head ( ! bee1 & x is also possible o!r gl&ul> secretions1 h be5 add$4 ,! f9i%$ product is /or$ 9 wax5 cells above & ar\nd ! brood ne/ & ! ma9 clu/] ( bees1 z f> f ! entrance z x c be & /ill be ne> to ! brood & bees4 ,! "w ( seal+ ) wax5 caps !n goes =w>d rapidly1 ! cov]+ be+ m or less por\s4 ,ea* k9d ( honey has its di/9ctive flavor & aroma1 d]iv$1 z already indicat$1 ma9ly f ! p>ticul> blossoms by :i* x 0 secret$1 b modifi$ & s(t5$ by ! manipulation giv5 x 9 ! hives4 ,:5 ! secretion is abundant 9 a fl[] hav+ a %ort or op5 corolla1 h5ce "o f :i* ! bees f9d x easy to obta9 ! honey1 !y w conf9e _! visits to t k9d if ! latt] is pres5t 9 suffici5t numb]s4 ,?us x is t l9d51 :ite clov]1 buck:eat1 :ite sage1 mesquite1 s\rwood1 a/]1 tulip tree1 mangrove1 orange1 & o!r k9ds ( honey may be h>ve/$ sep>ately1 & ea* be readily recognizable by its color1 flavor1 consi/5cy1 & aroma4 ,:51 h[ev]1 no great honey yield] is pres5t 9 l>ge quantity & ! s\rce is miscellane\s1 all mann] ( comb9ations ( qualities may exi/1 introduc+ great & (t5 agreeable v>iety4 ,?us ! m$ic9al qualities & ! food value ( diff]5t k9ds ( honey diff] z greatly z d _! prices on ! m>ket4 ,,propolis4 ,?is sub/ance1 commonly kn[n z bee glue1 is obta9$ by ! bees f ! buds & crevices ( trees1 & is c>ri$ to ! hives 9 ! corbicula or basket-l cavities on ! outside ( ! tibial jo9ts ( ! work]s' h9d legs1 ! same z !y c>ry poll54 ,! work]s ) _! m&ibles scrape toge!r & bite (f ! p>ticles ( propolis1 & ) ! front & middle legs pass !m back to ! baskets1 :]e ! middle legs & feet are us$ to tamp !m d[n4 ,! pellets c be readily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( poll51 ! latt] be+ dull & granul> 9 appe>ance1 :ile ! fre%ly ga!r$ propolis is compact & %9y4 ,?is res9\s mat]ial1 :i* becomes h>d soon aft] x is ga!r$1 is at fir/ q /icky1 & ! bee br++ x requires aid 9 unload+4 ,ano!r work] takes hold ( ! mass ) its jaws1 & by unit$ ex]tion !y get x out ( ! pocket1 ?\gh (t5 by piecemeal & 9 long ?reads4 ,x is n /or$ 9 cells1 b is us$ at once to /op up crevices 9 ! hives & to v>ni% ! :ole int]ior surface1 z well z to glue movable portions fa/1 also 9 /r5g!n+ ! combs at _! atta*m5ts1 & if ! latt] are design$ exclusively = honey1 & especially if n fill$ at once1 ! edges ( _! complet$ cells receive a ?9 coat+ ( propolis1 :i* adds consid]ably to _! /r5g?4 ,! bees (t5 make ! flight hole small] by fill+ a "p ( x ) masses ( propolis1 sometimes mix$ ) old wax4 ,c>niolans ga!r ! lea/ & ,tunisians ! mo/ propolis ( any ( ! diff]5t races4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! =m] are bett] suit$ ?an ! latt] to ! production ( fancy :ite comb honey4 ,,bee ,,poison ,,& ,,! ,,/+4 ,! work] & ! que5 are suppli$ ) ano!r organ :i* is ( great importance to !m1 namely1 ! /+2 = )\t ?is ! h>d-e>n$ /ores ( ! hive w\ld soon be a prey to all mann] ( m>aud]s1 & ! que5 w\ld be depriv$ ( an organ ( occasional use to h] 9 dispat*+ rivals1 & ( daily use to h] dur+ ! work+ season 9 ! deposition ( eggs4 ,! d>ts "w indep5d5tly & alt]nately1 & are connect$ at ! base ) ! poison sac1 )\t ^: p[]ful cont5ts su* a t9y weapon w\ld be :olly ineffective4 ,poison gl&s p\r an acid secretion--l>gely =mic acid--into ?is sac1 :5ce x is convey$ to ! tip ( ! /+ along ! groove or canal =m$ by ! junction ( ! %ea? & ! d>ts4 ,! /+ be+ b an ovipositor modifi$ also ano!r purpose 9 addition to oviposition1 9 ! p]fect female 7! que57 its ma9 use is 9 plac+ ! eggs 9 _! prop] position 9 ! bottoms ( ! cells4 ,=mic acid is kn[n to h consid]able antiseptic prop]ties4 ,*emical te/s %[ its pres5ce 9 well-rip5$ honey1 b n 9 fre%ly ga!r$ nect>4 ,! natural conclusion is t x has be5 add$ by ! bees to assi/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! honey4 ,9 :at mann] x is suppli$ has frequ5tly be5 que/ion$4 ,te/s appli$ to ! blood ( ! bee %[ its pres5ce !re1 & ! secretions ( ! head gl&s %[ /ill l>g] quantities4 ,x is !re=e reasonable to suppose t ^! gl&s1 z well z ! poison gl&s !mselves secrete =mic acid1 & t ! honey receives its portion f ! =m]1 ! head gl&s1 ^u be+ disgorg$ f ! honey-sac or dur+ ! manipulation to :i* x is subject$ 9 ! hive4 ,,wat]4 ,dur+ cold or cool wea!r mu* cond5sation ( moi/ure takes place 9 wood5 hives z ^! are usually arrang$4 ,! wat]1 collect+ 9 drops on ! int]ior walls ( ! hive & on ! cold1 seal$ honey1 (t5 trickles d[n ov] ! clu/] ( bees1 to _! great injury4 ,x has be5 claim$ t :5 brood re>+ beg9s ?is cond5s$ moi/ure w be utiliz$ 9 ! prep>ation ( brood food4 ,v possibly x may1 yet its use is probably detrim5tal1 s9ce x is *>g$ ) wa/e products ( ! hive--^? ( respiration1 etc4 ,9 its abs5ce ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! honey1 if ! latt] has n granulat$1 seems to be suffici5t4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 no cond5sation takes place 9 ! hive & ! great] numb] ( develop+ l>v require consid]able supplies ( wat] 9 _! food1 special trips are made to brooks & pools = x1 & dew is (t5 ga!r$ f leaves4 ,,silk4 ,! l>val bee produces a small am\nt ( silk f gl&s 9 its head4 ,! pupal cell is p>tially l9$ ) ?is4 ,lat]1 z ! bee develops1 !re be+ no fur!r use = ! gl&s1 !y become atrophi$4 ,,wax4 ,! light color$ pellets :i* are c>ri$ into ! hive on ! h9d legs ( ! work]s1 & :i* h be5 describ$ z poll51 are (t5 mi/ak5 = wax4 ,! fact is1 wax is n ga!r$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* we see x1 except 9 r>e in/ances1 :51 bits ( comb hav+ be5 left ab\t1 small quantities w be load$ up & tak5 9 z pellets on ! legs4 ,ord9>ily x comes into ! hive 9 ! %ape ( honey & is trans=m$ by ! work]s )9 _! own bodies into wax4 ,?is production is :olly conf9$ to ! work]s1 = al?\gh ! que5 has wax plates #jaa ! und]side ( ! abdom5 & wax gl&s b5ea? !m1 yet bo? are less develop$ ?an 9 ! work]s & are nev] us$4 ,! wax plates ( ! work] ov]ly+ ! secret+ gl&s are well %[n 9 fig4 #i1 ^? ( ! que5 & ( ! relat$ g5]a1 ,bombus & ,melipona1 be+ %[n = comp>ison4 ,dur+ wax secretion1 t is1 :5 combs are be+ built or honey cells seal$ ov]1 a high temp]ature is ma9ta9$ 9 ! hive1 & _m work]s may be se5 to h small scales ( wax protrud+ f betwe5 ! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 on ! und]side4 ,! molds or plates1 eight 9 numb]1 9 :i* ! scales appe> are conceal$ by ! ov]lapp+ ( ! abdom9al segm5ts1 b :5 expos$ to view 7fig4 #i1 a7 are se5 to be five-sid$ depressions l9$ ) a transp>5t membrane4 ,! wax gl&s !mselves are b5ea? ?is membrane1 & ?r\gh x ! wax comes 9 a liquid =m4 ,z ! scales h>d5 !y are pu%$ out by ! addition ( wax b5ea?4 ,! bees pluck !m out ) neat p9c]s 7fig4 #g1 a & b7 =m$ by ! articulation ( ! h9d tibi ) ! adjac5t t>sal jo9ts1 pass !m =w>d to ! m&ibles1 & mold !m into ! %ape ( hexagonal cells1 mean:ile w>m+ & moi/5+ !m ) ! secretions ( ! head gl&s to r5d] ! wax m pliable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,wax disks ( social bees3 a1 ,apis mellif]a work]2 b4 ,a4 mellif]a que52 c1 ,melipona work]2 d1 ,bombus work]--all enl>g$4 7,f ,insect ,life47 ,,combs4 ,wax is fa%ion$ by ! work]s into cells ( v>i\s sizes & %apes1 accord+ to ! use to be made ( !m4 ,! mo/ regul> 9 %ape & size are ! cells design$ = brood 7fig4 #d74 ,^! combs 9 :i* work]s are br$ %[ ne>ly #bi cells on a squ>e in* ( surface1 ! combs be+ sev5-eigh?s in* ?ick & ! cells g5]ally q regul> hexagons 9 outl9e4 ,drone cells are l>g]1 !re be+ b #ah ( !m to ! squ>e in* ( surface1 & ! comb is #a in*es ?ick4 ,! cells ( combs design$ only = honey are frequ5tly m irregul> 9 %ape1 g5]ally curve upw>d some:at1 & are (t5 deep5$ z ! honey is /or$ 9 !m1 s t ^! combs sometimes rea* a ?ickness ( #b or #c in*es4 ,! cells 9 :i* que5s are br$ be> 9 size & %ape "s resemblance to a gr\nd or pea nut4 ,!y are (t5 irregul> 9 =m1 be+ sometimes curv$1 or %ort & ?ick1 accord+ to ! space bel[ _! po9t ( atta*m5t1 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly ! l[] edge or ! side edge ( a comb1 or sometimes a m]e projection or angul>ity 9 ! g5]al surface ( a comb4 ,que5 cells op5 d[nw>d in/ead ( be+ built horizontally l drone & work] cells 7figs4 #fb & #fc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,comb build+--side ( hive remov$4 7,orig9al47 ,into ! mat]ial us$ 9 con/ruct+ brood combs bees (t5 incorporate bits ( wax & fib]-l gnaw+s ( cocoons f old combs 9 :i* brood has be5 re>$1 & if giv5 capp+s or trimm+s ( combs !y w "w !m all ov] & utilize mo/ ( ! mat]ial4 ,also :5 ! bees h abundant supplies ( poll5 mu* ( ?is is incorporat$ into ! mat]ial ( brood combs1 ?us sav+ ! co/li] sub/ance--wax4 ,su* combs %[ at once by _! br[ni% or /raw color1 ev5 :5 fir/ con/ruct$1 t !y are n made ( wax alone4 ,x w readily be se5 f ! above t ! quantity ( honey consum$ by ! bees 9 produc+ a p\nd ( comb mu/ v>y greatly1 = if ! comb is design$ = surplus honey x w be made ( newly secret$ wax1 :ile if = brood o!r mat]ial w1 z j /at$1 replace a portion ( ! wax4 ,! am\nt ( honey com+ 9 v>ies f day to day1 & x is difficult to e/imate h[ mu* is consum$ 9 fe$+ & keep+ w>m ! brood3 moreov]1 a high temp]ature is requir$ 9 ! hive to facilitate ! secretion & work+ ( wax1 necessitat+1 ( c\rse1 extra food consumption :5 ! outside temp]ature is l[4 ,accord+ly e/imates z to ! am\nt ( honey requir$ to produce #a p\nd ( comb range f #e p\nds to #be p\nds4 ,m accurate exp]im5ts are ne$$ 9 ?is direction be=e any?+ positive c be /at$4 ,until !n #ah to #bj p\nds might be look$ ^u z ne>e/ ! correct figure = :ite surplus combs1 & half z mu* = dull /raw-color$ or br[ni% combs built = brood re>+4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,brood4 ,ord9>ily ! w9t] clu/] 9 a hive ( bees occupies ! m c5tral combs1 f\r or five 9 numb]4 ,ne> ! middle ( ?is clu/] ! que5 deposits ! fir/ eggs ( ! season 7:i* are f]tiliz$ eggs7 9 ! small-siz$ or work] cells4 ,"u favorable circum/ances1 t is1 9 a /rong colony amply protect$ aga9/ inclem5t wea!r1 ?is deposition usually occurs 9 ,janu>y1 ?\gh 9 a v mild climate "s brood is g5]ally pres5t dur+ e mon? ( ! ye>1 & ! cessation ( egg-lay+ is v %ort4 ,! eggs hat* on ! ?ird day aft] deposition into m9ute :ite l>v1 to :i* ! work]s supply food 9 abundance4 ,! composition ( ?is food has be5 ! subject ( mu* att5tion & m !oriz+4 ,x may be consid]$ z pretty c]ta9 t dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ( ! life ( ! l>va its food is a secretion f gl&s locat$ 9 ! heads ( ! adult work]s--a sort ( bee milk1 to :i*1 aft] ! ?ird day1 honey is add$ 9 ! case ( ! work] l>v1 & honey & poll5 9 ! case ( drone l>va84 ,z ?is wean+ proce$s bo? work] & drone l>v receive poll51 & 9 con/antly increas+ proportions1 9 place ( ! secretion4 ,b ?is ri* album9\s sub/ance is cont9u$ to ! que5 l>v ?r\gh\t _! :ole p]iod ( fe$+2 moreov]1 ! quantity ( ?is food suppli$ to ea* que5 l>va is app>5tly sup]-abundant1 = aft] x ceases to fe$ q a mass ( ! food some:at dri$ out w be f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! cell f :i* a well-develop$ que5 has issu$4 ,aft] assum+ ! pupa =m ! "y que5 is atta*$ to ?is food by means ( ! tip ( ! abdom51 & x v likely cont9ues = "s "t to receive n\ri%m5t f ! mass4 ,! foll[+ table %[s approximately ! "t occupi$ 9 ! developm5t ( work]1 drone1 & que53 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,f deposition ,egg4 ,l>va4 ,pupa4 ( egg to imago4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,days4 ,days4 ,days4 ,days4 ,que5 #c #e #g #ae ,work] #c #e #ac #ba ,drone #c #f #ae #bd ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! orig9al circles ( brood are gradually increas$ by ! deposition ( eggs 9 ! cells next outside ^? already occupi$1 & circles are soon begun 9 ! adjo9+ combs4 ,9 ?is way ! space occupi$ by ! develop+ bees is gradually increas$1 :ile pres]v+ ! g5]al sph]ical %ape ( ! brood ne/ ?us =m$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! %ape ( ! hive (t5 modifies some:at4 ,z already m5tion$1 ea* circle ( brood has r[s ( poll5 cells ab\t x1 *iefly above & at ! sides1 & ! combs on ei!r side contigu\s to ! brood are usually well pack$ ) poll54 ,outside ( ! poll5 mo/ ( ! honey on h& is /or$4 ,?us 7fig4 #aa7 a cross section made 9 any direction ?r\gh ! middle ( a hive 9 normal condition at ! op5+ ( ! active season %\ld %[ ?is relative arrangem5t ( brood1 poll51 & honey1 :i* economizes mo/ ! heat ( ! hive & ! labors ( ! nurse bees1 favor+ 9 ?is way ! rapid increase ( ! population4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,cross section ( brood ap>tm5t3 s1 s1 sides ( hive2 t1 t1 top-b>s ( frames2 h1 p1 l1 sb1 combs conta9+ 7h7 honey1 7p7 poll51 7l7 l>v & eggs1 & 7sb7 seal$ brood4 7,orig9al47 ,,! ,,work]4 ,! work] l>v are f$ five days1 & !n ! cell is giv5 by ! adult bees a cov]+ :i* is q por\s by reason ( num]\s poll5 gra9s incorporat$ into its mass1 ?is op5ness ( texture be+ necess>y to give ! develop+ bee air to brea!4 ,! l>va /r5g? ens ?is capp+ by a loose webwork ( silk )91 ext5d+ d[n ! side b slightly & atta*$ at its edges to ! la/ sk9 ca/ by ! molt+ l>va4 ,?is sk91 extremely delicate & press$ closely aga9/ ! inside ( ! cell1 =ms ! l9+ ( its sides & bottom4 ,9 ab\t twelve days aft] seal+1 t is1 tw5ty-"o days f ! "t ! egg 0 deposit$1 ! imago1 or p]fect bee1 bites its way ?r\gh ! br[n cov]+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a c\ple ( days x takes up ! "w ( a nurse1 & 9 a week to t5 days may appe> at ! entrance on pleasant days1 tak+1 h[ev]1 b %ort flights = ex]cise1 z ord9>y field "w is n und]tak5 until x has pass$ ab\t two weeks 9 ! c>e ( brood4 ,! work] !n takes up also wax secretion1 if honey is to be capp$ ov] or combs built1 al?\gh old bees c & d to a c]ta9 ext5t engage 9 wax production4 ,,! ,,drone4 ,eggs left unf]tiliz$ produce drones & require tw5ty-f\r days f ! "t !y are deposit$ until ! p]fect insect appe>s4 ,!y are normally deposit$ 9 ! l>g]-siz$ horizontal cells1 & :5 ! latt] are seal$1 ! capp+ is m convex z well z light]-color$ ?an t ( work] brood1 :i* is br[n & ne>ly flat4 ,! fact t drones develop f unf]tiliz$ eggs is to be not$ z hav+ an important practical be>+ 9 connection ) ! introduction ( new /ra9s ( a giv5 race or ( new races ( bees into an api>y4 ,f a s+le *oice home-br$ or import$ "m1 "y que5s ( und\bt$ purity ( blood may be re>$ = all ( ! colonies ( ! api>y1 & s9ce ! mat+ ( ^! "y que5s does n affect _! drone prog5y1 !reaft] only drones ( ! desir$ /ra9 or race & pure 9 blood w be produc$1 r5d]+1 !re=e1 ! pure mat+ ( future re>+s fairly c]ta9 if o!r bees are n num]\s )9 a mile or two4 ,ev5tually also all ( ! colonies w be *ang$ to ! new race & )\t admixture ( impure blood1 provid$ always t ! "y que5s be re>$ f mo!rs ( pure blood mat$ to drones ( equal purity4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,quiet+ ,,& ,,manipulat+ ,,bees4 ,! demeanor ( bees t[>d an individual dep5ds l>gely ^u 8 be>+ & treatm5t ( !m4 ,lang/ro?1 9 8 excell5t treatise1 ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey ,bee 7p4 #aic1 revis$ edition71 says3 ,let all y\r motions ab\t y\r hives be g5tle & sl[2 nev] cru% or injure ! bees2 acqua9t y\rself fully ) ! pr9ciples ( managem5t1 & y w f9d y h little m reason to dread ! /+ ( a bee ?an ! horns ( a favorite c[ or ! heels ( y\r fai?ful horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,use ( veil & bee smok]4 7,orig9al47 ,mo/ bee manipulators1 h[ev]1 gr[ some:at indiff]5t to /+s1 s9ce 9 "t !y become s inoculat$ ) ! poison ( ! bee t ! pa9 ( ! /+ is less sev]e & ! swell+ slight4 ,b to avoid ! /+s is1 ) "s ( ! races m rec5tly introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 simply a "q ( c>e 9 manipulation & a free use ( smoke4 ,x is n meant t ! bees %\ld be /upefi$ ) smoke1 b m]ely al>m$ & subjugat$1 & :5ev] !y %[ any disposition to act on ! (f5sive rec\rse is to be _h to smoke4 ,x is n necess>y t ! smoke %\ld be f a p>ticul> s\rce1 b t f c]ta9 sub/ances1 z tobacco1 subjugates !m m quickly1 :ile burn+ puffball /upefies !m = ! "t4 ,!re are "s objections to ^! sub/ances :i* d n apply to wood1 ei!r p>tially decay$ or s\nd1 & z ! latt] :5 9 a good smok] holds fire be/ & is v effective1 x is advisable to keep a good supply at h&4 ,season$ hickory or h>d maple are be/1 ?\gh bee*1 s(t maple1 etc41 are good4 ,! mo/ improv$ bell[s smok]s1 :5 suppli$ ) su* fuel saw$ #e or ,c in*es long & split into bits a half in* or less 9 size1 w burn all day & be ready at any "t to give a good volume ( blue smoke1 by :i* bees ( mo/ ( ! races n[ cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry are subdu$ at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,manipulation--remov+ comb f hive4 7,orig9al47 ,) ,italian or black bees a puff or two ( smoke %\ld be giv5 at ! hive entrance & ! cov] & honey bo>d1 or quilt1 remov$ sl[ly & c>efully1 smoke be+ driv5 9 z soon z ! lea/ op5+ is made & ! volume increas$ en\gh to keep d[n all bees z fa/ z ! cov]+ is remov$4 ,! smok] may !n be plac$ on ! w9dw>d side ( ! hive to all[ ! fumes to pass ov] ! top & t[>d ! op]ator4 ,! frames may !n be g5tly pri$ loose & lift$ out c>efully1 )\t cru%+ a bee if x c be avoid$4 ,cru%+ bees fills ! air ) ! odor ( poison1 :i* irritates ! bees4 ,s also :5 "o bee is provok$ to /+ o!rs foll[ because ( ! odor ( poison4 ,too mu* smoke w (t5 r5d] c]ta9 manipulations difficult2 = example1 :5 que5s are to be s\ght out1 or nuclei or artificial sw>ms made1 volumes ( smoke bl[n 9 betwe5 ! combs w drive ! bees f !m s t !y w clu/] 9 clumps on ! bottoms ( ! frames or 9 ! corn]s ( ! hives4 ,a little obs]vation & judgm5t w enable "o to "k :5 ! bees ne$ smoke & h[ mu* ( x to prev5t any outbreak on _! "p1 :i* x is always be/ to =e/all r ?an be oblig$ to quell aft] x is fully "u way4 ,! frame hive z n[ made--) metal rabbets & arrangem5ts = surplus honey1 & quilts in/ead ( honey bo>ds--r$uces propolization to a m9imum & r5d]s ! dang] ( irritat+ ! bees by j>r+ :5 manipulat+ mu* less4 ,z a pr]equisite to rapid & safe manipulation p]fectly /raight combs are necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,manipulation--tilt+ to br+ rev]se side ( comb 9 view4 7,orig9al47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,manipulation--rev]se side ( comb br\ght to view4 7,orig9al47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,manipulation--exam9+ v]se side ( comb4 7,orig9al47 ,) ! common or black bees x is nev] safe to d )\t ! veil z a protection to ! face1 & ) ^! bees x w also be v difficult to avoid /+s on ! h&s unless consid]able smoke has be5 driv5 into ! entrance be=eh& & "t has be5 giv5 ! bees to get well fill$ ) honey be=e ! hive is op5$2 ev5 !n frequ5t rec\rse to smoke w g5]ally be necess>y4 ,blacks are by f> ! mo/ tr\blesome ( all races ab\t fly+ f _! hive entrances to /+ 9 an unprovok$ mann]4 ,next to ^! are ! crosses conta9+ ! blood ( ! blacks4 ,italians h mu* less ( ?is disposition1 & ,c>niolans & ,cyprians r>ely1 !n latt] almo/ nev]1 fly f _! hive entrances to attack unless _! hives h be5 di/urb$4 ,pure ,cyprians c g5]ally be h&l$ )\t ! use ( ! bee veil by skillful bee manipulators :o und]/& ! qualities ( ! race4 ,mu* ( ! "w among pure ,italians c be done )\t a veil aft] "o has ga9$ exp]i5ce 9 manipulation4 ,dur+ f\r ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,c>niola ! writ]1 manipulat+ annually sev]al hundr$ colonies ( bees1 nev] _h occasion to employ a bee veil4 ,if no bees b gray ,c>niolans ( pure blood are 9 ! api>y & "s smoke is us$ a veil w nev] be necess>y4 ,!y maybe h&l$ 9 all k9ds ( wea!r1 e>ly & late1 ev5 dur+ ! night1 yet ) b a small "p ( ! risk :i* att5ds ! manipulation ( o!r races4 ,nor w x be necess>y to delude !m ) smoke f "t to "t1 z "o is oblig$ to d ) blacks4 ,to disp5se entirely ) ! bee veil is a m important consid]ation1 especially to ! pr(essional bee-ma/]1 ?an is at fir/ app>5t to ! inexp]i5c$4 ,its use injures ! eyesight s]i\sly1 especially :]e "o is oblig$ to /ra9 8 eyes = h\rs to see eggs1 l>v1 etc41 9 ! cells1 to hunt out que5s & que5 cells1 & adju/ frames4 ,besides ?is1 ! h9drance to rapid "w :i* ! veil causes1 z well z ! great discom=t 9 we>+ x = h\rs dur+ hot wea!r1 are consid]ations wor? weigh+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,qu9by clos$-end frames4 7,f ,a ,b ,c ( ,bee ,culture47 ,to recapitulate3 ,to secure easy1 rapid1 & safe manipulation accurately made hives1 ) ! frames1 if hang+1 arrang$ to re/ on fold$ metal rabbets1 & ! combs p]fectly /raight1 are ess5tial4 ,x is equally important also t "s "o ( ! g5tl] races be kept ,fur!rmore1 a good bee smok] f$ ) dry fuel is necess>y1 :ile ! bee escape to cle> sup]s )\t manipulation ( combs is a great help4 ,quilts1 que5 exclud]s1 & bee escapes r$uce ! am\nt ( manipulation requir$1 & at ! same "t facilitate :at is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 g5]al1 ! be/ "t to manipulate hives is :5 mo/ ( ! bees are busy 9 ! fields4 ,! "y bees left at home are mo/ easily controll$ & ! old ones return+ are g5]ally lad54 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,e/abli%+ ,,an ,,api>y3 ,,"t--,,select+ ,,hives ,,( ,,bees--,,mov+ ,,bees--,,selection ,,( ,,site4 ,spr+ is ! be/ season to e/abli% an api>y1 especially = a p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! practical c>e ( bees4 ,colonies 9 good condition procur$ !n are m easily kept 9 ord] by ! novice ?an if pur*as$ 9 ! fall4 ,mi/akes 9 managem5t may possibly be rem$i$ be=e ! season closes1 & by ! "t x is necess>y to prep>e = ! w9t] ! le>n] w h ga9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( practical k ( ! nature & requirem5ts ( ! bees4 ,if ! />t be made late 9 ! season mi/akes1 if !y occur1 may result fatally be=e ! prop] rem$y c be appli$4 ,! beg9n] _h bett] obta9 8 />t by pur*as+ "o or two colonies ( pure ,italian or ,c>niolan bees 9 accurately made frame hives & 9 fir/-class condition4 ,^! he %\ld get f "s bee-ma/] ( repute ne> 8 own place1 if possible1 9 ord] to avoid expressage & possible damage ?r\gh long conf9em5t or num]\s transf]s4 ,! co/ p] colony may be #f to #h2 yet bees at ?is price w g5]ally be f\nd mu* *eap] 9 ! end1 =1 ?\gh common bees 9 box hives may frequ5tly be obta9$ = half or ev5 less ?an half z mu*1 ! co/1 :5 f9ally transf]r$ into frame hives1 fitt$ up ) /raight combs1 & ! common que5s replac$ by ,italians or ,c>niolans1 w n be less4 ,! possession ( a colony already 9 prime work+ ord] gives ! novice a /&>d ) :i* to comp>e all o!rs & (t5 enables him to avoid co/ly exp]im5ts4 ,ano!r plan1 also comm5dable1 is to agree ) "s neighbor+ bee keep] to deliv] z _m fir/ sw>ms on ! day !y issue z are want$4 ,^! w give ! "r />t if plac$ z soon z receiv$ 9 hives ) f\ndation />t]s & ! frames prop]ly spac$--#a in*es f c5t] to c5t]1 x be+ und]/ood t ! sw>ms are e>ly & prime ones1 ) vigor\s que5s4 ,only ^? issu+ f colonies t h sw>m$ ! ye> be=e or f su* z 7 !mselves second sw>ms ( ! previ\s ye> %\ld be accept$4 ,sw>ms f ^! w h que5s n ov] "o ye> old4 ,x is bett] to h que5s ( ! curr5t ye>'s rais+1 b ^! c only be obta9$ by tak+ ! second or ?ird sw>ms f a giv5 hive1 :i* come lat] & are small]1 or by sub/itut+ "y que5s = ^? :i* come ) ! sw>ms4 ,,selection ,,( ,,/ocks4 ,! relative ,/r5g? ( diff]5t /ocks may be det]m9$ by wat*+ ! flight ( ! bees4 ,! play+ ( ! "y bees 9 front ( ! hive is apt to deceive "o4 ,?is la/s b tw5ty m9utes or s1 b a weak /ock comp>$ !n ) a /rong "o ^: "y bees are n fly+ might be reg>d$ z v popul\s4 ,! "y bees sport+ 9 front ( ! hive may be kn[n by _! light1 fuzzy appe>ance1 & by ! fact t z !y take w+ to leave ! hive !y turn _! heads t[>d ! entrance & sail ab\t x 9 semicircles1 frequ5tly alight+ on ! flight bo>d & tak+ w+ aga94 ,!y are ?us m>k+ ! location ( ! hive s z to be able to return to x1 = an attempt to ent] ano!r hive might result fatally to !m4 ,!y f9ally fly away 9 con/antly wid5+ circles4 ,field work]s us$ to ! location fly 9 a direct l9e away f ! hive4 ,:5 ! "y bees return !y d n alight at once z d ! field work]s lad5 ) honey1 b g5]ally hov] ab\t ! entrance until c]ta9 !y h rea*$ ! "r hive4 ,hav+ not$ by _! flight :i* /ocks seem to h ! mo/ bees1 a clos] exam9ation c be made by bl[+ a little smoke ( any sort into ! entrances & tipp+ ! hives back1 if !y /& on loose bottom bo>ds4 ,:5 n s con/ruct$ ! exam9ation mu/1 ( c\rse1 be made by remov+ ! top cov]+1 or if ! combs are built 9 frames1 "s ( ^!4 ,9 addition to ! /r5g? ( ! colony1 ! numb] ( combs conta9+ brood1 /raightness1 k9d & age ( combs1 am\nt ( honey on h&1 ! cleanl9ess & heal?fulness ( ! colony are po9ts ^u :i* full in=mation is desirable4 ,9 ,april a good colony locat$ 9 a c5tral latitude ought to h brood 9 five or six combs2 yet z ord9>ily w9t]$ x w be difficult to f9d colonies hav+ at ?is "t m ?an ?ree or f\r combs conta9+ brood4 ,! combs %\ld be /raight1 s t if 9 an old-fa%ion$ box hive !y c be cut out & fitt$ )\t great wa/e into frames1 & if ! hive is a frame "o x is absolutely necess>y to h combs /raight & built :olly )9 ! frames 9 ord] t ! latt] may be readily remov$ & return$ to ! hive4 ,! less drone comb ! bett]4 ,!re w always be en\gh1 an area half ! size ( a man's h& be+ q suffici5t = ea* hive4 ,! l>g] size ( ! drone cells & great] ?ickness ( ! combs 7#a in*es7 w make x readily recognizable4 ,if ov] "o-eigh? ( ! surface is drone comb ! colony %\ld be reject$4 ,if ! combs are s old z to be ne>ly black & to %[ cell walls mu* ?ick5$ !y are v objectionable4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al p\nds ( seal$ honey 9 ea* hive 9 e>ly spr+4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^? /ocks :i* come ?r\gh ! w9t] ) #bj p\nds or s ( seal$ honey 9 ! combs w develop mu* fa/] ?an ^? hav+ j en\gh to la/ !m until !y ga!r fre% honey rapidly en\gh to supply _! daily ne$s4 ,! pres5ce ( an abundance gives ! bees c\rage4 ,!y d n fe> to draw ^u _! /ores to supply ! "y t are fa/ develop+4 ,! combs fill$ ) honey "p ) _! heat only sl[ly :5 ! outside temp]ature falls1 & !re is ?us less dang] ( a *eck 9 ! developm5t ( ! brood ?r\gh too l[ temp]ature 9 ! hive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,box hive prep>$ = transportation4 7,orig9al47 ,if ! surfaces ( ! combs1 ! frames1 or ! inn] walls ( ! hive are spott$ ) a br[n1 crumbly look+ sub/ance x is an evid5ce t ! bees h bad di>rhea dur+ ! w9t] or spr+1 & if !y h be5 badly affect$ n only w ! combs & ! :ole int]ior ( ! hive be soil$1 ! =m] p]haps s z to be r5d]$ almo/ wor?less1 b ! bees w lack vitality1 & w soon dw9dle 9 numb]s1 n be+ able to survive ! fir/ ardu\s labors ( ! op5+ ( ! season4 ,x is n always easy to det]m9e :e!r a /ock 9 a box hive is affect$ ) f\l brood or n1 = ! odor ( decay+ brood is n ( itself suffici5t to w>rant su* a conclusion1 al?\gh x is well to reject any hive hav+ any putrid odor ab\t x4 ,! natural odor ( ! hive1 produc$ z x is l>gely by honey1 wax1 poll51 & propolis1 is n unpleasant to mo/ p1 s t ! pres5ce ( any disagreeable odor %\ld ar\se suspicion4 ,if l>v t h turn$ black are se5 9 ! cells1 & ! capp+ ( ! seal$ brood is sunk5 & 9 "s in/ances p]=at$1 %[+ br[n & ropy cont5ts 9 ! bottoms ( ! cells1 & ! putrid odor is pres5t1 ! exi/5ce ( f\l brood 7,bacillus alvei ,*e%ire7 is pretty c]ta94 ,?is is a sc\rge mu* to be dread$4 ,n only %\ld no hives or colonies be pur*as$ f ! same api>y1 b none 9 ! vic9ity ( an api>y s affect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,frame hive prep>$ = transportation4 7,orig47 ,,mov+ ,,bees4 ,9 mov+ bees ! box hives %\ld be turn$ bottom upw>d1 ! bees driv5 back by bl[+ a little smoke on !m1 & a few loose rolls ( rags laid across ! l[] edges ( ! combs 9 su* a mann] t a piece ( %eet+1 sack+1 or pref]ably *eese clo? or o!r op5 mat]ial may be ti$ ov] ! :ole l[] end & drawn tightly1 s z to press ! rolls aga9/ ! combs & hold !m 9 place4 ,x is ev5 well to tack /rips ( la? outside ( ! cov]+1 s plac$ t !y w cross ! rolls ( rags & press ! latt] m firmly aga9/ ! l[] edges ( ! combs4 ,/rips may also be tack$ ar\nd ! l[] edges ( ! hive to hold ! clo? 9 place1 or x maybe fa/5$ by w9d+ ) /rong cord4 ,! bees %\ld be ?us prep>$ z late 9 ! day z possible1 c>e be+ tak5 t none escape1 & at dusk /ood bottom upw>d 9 a spr+ conveyance or on /raw or hay sev]al in*es deep 9 ! box ( a wagon1 ) /raw pack$ betwe5 & ar\nd ! hives4 ,x is advisable to drive sl[ly1 avoid+ ruts z mu* z possible4 ,by turn+ ! hives bottom upw>d ! weight ( ! combs re/s on _! po9ts ( atta*m5t1 & s9ce 9 su* hives ! combs are n always atta*$ well d[n ! sides dang] ( breakage is less5$1 especially :5 ! rolls ( clo? are press$ aga9/ ! edges ( ! combs4 ,if ! bees are 9 frame hives1 ! frames ( :i* h n be5 di/urb$ rec5tly1 x is likely t1 ) c>e 9 driv+1 ! combs w n get displac$4 ,if necess>y to use a %eet or clo? to give v5tilation1 x %\ld be ti$ ov] ! top & ! hive plac$ 9 ! wagon 9 ! same position x occupi$ on ! /&1 le/ ! combs1 n be+ atta*$ all ! way d[n1 %\ld fall to "o side or ! o!r4 ,except dur+ q w>m wea!r & = long trips x may n be necess>y to adopt all ! precautions "h indicat$1 al?\gh 9 case bees are to be transport$ on long j\rneys by rail or wat] f> m c>eful prep>ation is ev5 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,an api>y 9 ,florida4 7,reproduc$ f photograph47 ,,selection ,,( ,,site4 ,! api>y %\ld be locat$ :]e no surface wat] w collect dur+ heavy /orms1 yet ! gr\nd %\ld n be v unev51 b r a g5tle slope4 ,9 ! cold] portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a s\?-ea/]n exposure is decid$ly pref]able1 ?\gh 9 ! ,s\? ! slope ( ! site is less important to ! welf>e ( ! bees2 a direct s\!rn or s\? we/]n exposure1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd extremely uncom=table at times bo? = ! op]ator & = 8 bees4 ,a w9dbreak1 su* z a bo>d f5ce1 a h$ge1 or a r[ ( ev]gre5s on ! nor? & we/1 is advisable z a protection aga9/ %>p w9ds 9 w9t] & e>ly spr+1 :i* keep _m bees f rea*+ _! hives ev5 :5 ne> ! entrances4 ,"s %ade is desirable1 yet su* d5sity z to produce dampness is extremely detrim5tal4 ,9 moi/ elevat$ regions1 :i* are ( c\rse cool1 no %ade w be ne$$1 except tempor>ily = newly hiv$ sw>ms4 ,tall trees are objectionable 9 or ne> ! api>y1 because sw>ms are likely to clu/] s high z to r5d] _! capture difficult & dang]\s4 ,"s ( ! self-hiv]s or n\s w>m+ devices n[ (f]$ = sale may ) improvem5t yet accompli% ! end 9 view1 b h]et(ore clipp+ "o w+ ( ea* lay+ que5 & us+ all precautions to prev5t aft]-sw>m+1 mak+ artificial sw>ms1 selection 9 bre$+1 or any o!r means kn[n to limit sw>m+1 h n suffic$ to prev5t ! occasional issuance ( a sw>m ) a que5 hav+ w+s4 ,!re=e x is advisable to h ! api>y locat$ "u or ne> l[ trees1 :]e ! hives c be readily se5 f ! h\se4 ,c>niolan1 ,italian1 & ,cyprian bees give less tr\ble to pass]s-by or to live /ock ?an d ! ord9>y br[n or ,g]man bees1 or hybrids ( ^! races1 yet :atev] race be kept1 x is be/ to h ! api>y z seclud$ z ! necess>y or desirable conditions w p]mit4 ,! frontispiece & figures #bj1 #ba1 & #ge1 tak5 f photographs ( api>ies locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 give a fair idea ( sites actually occupi$ & ! arrangem5t ( hive-4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,an api>y 9 ,cali=nia4 7,reproduc$ f photograph47 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hives ,,& ,,implem5ts4 ,! safe/ & be/ rule 9 mak+ or select+ hives & implem5ts = ! api>y is1 h !m simple & accurate 9 con/ruction4 ,a pla9 box ) frames & z few o!r loose p>ts z possible w yield 9 ! h&s ( a skillful bee-ma/] f> bett] results ?an ! mo/ elaborately con/ruct$ bee palace manipulat$ by "o :o does n und]/& ! nature & requirem5ts ( bees2 9 fact1 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ g5]ally pref] ! =m]4 ,! important po9t to decide 9 connection ) any propos$ modification or adjunct ( ! hive is :e!r its adoption w m ?an comp5sate = ! resultant loss ( simplicity4 ,:ile zeal\sly endeavor+ to pres]ve simplicity ( con/ruction1 h[ev]1 complete adaptability to ! purpose design$ mu/ be kept 9 view1 & %\ld n be sacrific$ because ( a slight add$ exp5se4 ,! bee keep] ne$s b few implem5ts4 ,) ev5 a limit$ numb] ( hives1 a smok]1 a wax extractor1 & a few que5-introduc+ cages are ! mo/ necess>y1 & "o or two bee veils _h bett] be add$ to ! equipm5t1 ! total co/ ( :i* ne$ n exce$ #e to #f4 ,if ! int5tion be to produce comb honey1 & b a few hives are kept1 !n sections fold$ & ) />t]s 9 place _h bett] be pur*as$1 b ) t5 or m hives & "t dur+ ! w9t] season to prep>e sections = ! h>ve/1 a section fold] & a f\ndation fa/5]1 co/+ toge!r ab\t #c1 may be pr(itably add$ to ! outfit4 ,if only extract$ honey is want$ a honey extractor ) "o or two uncapp+ knives %\ld be pur*as$ in/ead ( ! section fold] & f\ndation fa/5]1 ! co/ ( ! outfit be+ 9 ?is case "s #ae to #ah4 ,fifty or ev5 sev5ty-five hives may be manag$ conv5i5tly & economically ) no great] inve/m5t 9 implem5ts ?an t indicat$ above1 & if bo? comb & extract$ honey are want$ ! co/ ( ! outfit1 x c readily be se51 ne$ n exce$ #bj4 ,,hives4 ,9 reg>d to ! p>ticul> /yle or =m ( hive to be us$ to insure ! be/ results1 x %\ld be /at$ t :ile an intellig5t api>i/ ^: exp]i5ce has be5 consid]able may be successful ) almo/ any hive1 ev5 ) poor ones1 !re c be no d\bt t a hive n only adapt$ to ! nature ( ! bees b also to ! climate ( ! bee keep]'s p>ticul> locality1 & at ! same "t p]mitt+ ! rapid p]=mance ( all op]ations necess>y 9 secur+ surplus honey1 w v mat]ially affect ! net pr(it ( an api>y4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! orig9al co/ ( a hive1 :e!r a doll> or two m or less1 is ( small importance comp>$ ) ! desirability ( secur+ conv5i5ce & simplicity 9 its managem5t & ( promot+ ! welf>e ( ! bees 9 w9t] & summ]4 ,frame hives manag$ ) intellig5ce & skill are ess5tial to ! greate/ success4 ,inaccurately made frame hives1 neglect$1 z is too frequ5tly ! case1 s t ! combs are built irregul>ly betwe5 or across ! frames1 are n "o :it bett] ?an box hives4 ,ev5 an accurately built frame hive1 if no att5tion is giv5 to ! spac+ ( ! frames :5 combs are be+ built1 w soon pres5t no advantages ov] a box hive ( ! same dim5sions & hav+ ! same space = sup]+ above ! brood ap>tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,anci5t ,greek movable comb hive4 7,aft] ,la ,maison ru/ique1 publi%$ 9 #agdb47 ,! frame & hive mo/ 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry is ! inv5tion ( ,rev4 ,l4 ,l4 ,lang/ro?1 & ?is hive1 ) slight modifications1 has be5 g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engl& & h] colonies4 ,x is also becom+ kn[n & appreciat$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! pat5t on ! frame ! ess5tial feature--expir$ _m ye>s ago1 s t anyone :o may wi% to d s is n[ free to employ ! inv5tion4 ,x is /ill us$ by _m 9 ! same =m 9 :i* x 0 br\ght out 9 #aheb4 ,o!rs h *ang$ ! dim5sions ( ! frames & giv5 !m diff]5t names1 :ile reta9+ ! special feature ( ! inv5tor's pr9ciple1 namely1 ! loose-fitt+ frame susp5d$ by ! project+ ends ( its top b> on a cont9u\s rabbet4 ,! outside dim5sions ( ! ,lang/ro? frame mo/ 9 use are #ag in*es long by #i in*es deep 7fig4 #bd74 ,mr4 ,m4 ,qu9by1 "o ( ! mo/ practical & successful bee-ma/]s ( our c5tury1 pref]r$ frames #ab in*es deep by #ah in*es ,long1 & ^! are /ill us$ by _m l>ge honey rais]s4 ,o!r sizes are also us$ some:at4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,dadant-,qu9by =m ( ,lang/ro? hive1 ) cap & gable ro(4 7,r$rawn f ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey ,bee47 ,! b>s compos+ frames are usually made sev5-eigh?s in* wide1 al?\gh "s pref] to h ! top b> #a in* or ev5 #a in*es wide1 & ! bottom b> is made by "s z n>r[ z live-eigh?s in* or ev5 ?ree-eigh?s in* squ>e4 ,! n>r[] bottom b>1 at lea/ d[n to a wid? ( five eigh?s in*1 r5d]s ! removal ( ! frames less difficult1 & bees are bru%$ (f a little m easily2 b :5 combs cut f box hives are to be fitt$ into ! frames x is n q s easy to hold ! pieces 9 ! c5t] ( ! frame by means ( transf]r+ /icks & get ! bees to fa/5 !m securely at ! bottom z x is ) full sev5-eigh?s-in* bottom b>s4 ,top b>s h be5 made by "s hive manufactur]s f "o-f\r?-in* to ?ree-eigh?s-in* /rips1 /r5g!n$ some:at by a v ?9 /rip plac$ edgewise on ! und]side z a comb guide2 b su* b>s are mu* too light & w sag :5 fill$ ) honey or ) brood & honey1 & :5 section hold]s or o!r receptacles = surplus honey or sets ( combs are plac$ above !m m ?an a bee space exi/s betwe5 ! upp] & l[] sets ( frames or betwe5 ! section hold] & ! frames bel[1 & ! bees w fill 9 ) bits ( comb betwe5 ^!1 mak+ x difficult to remove ! top /ory or any ( ! combs f x2 inde$1 an attempt "u su* circum/ances to remove combs f ! top /ory g5]ally results 9 te>+ ! frames ap>t & break+ ! combs1 & if honey leaks out robb+ may be induc$ at "s times ( ! ye>1 all because ( an error 9 con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,lang/ro? frame2 size1 #ag 94 by #i 94 outside2 pn1 project+ nail4 7,orig9al47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,=m 9 :i* to nail frames3 b1 button2 db1 d\ble button4 7,orig9al47 ,to avoid ?is ! top b> %\ld nev] be less ?an five-eigh?s in* to ?ree-f\r?s in* ?ick1 :ile = long top b>s sev5-eigh?s-in* or #a-;in* /rips are pref]able4 ,! side & bottom b>s may be made ( "o-f\r?-in* /rips4 ,a corn] is tak5 f ! end ( ! top b> by a cross cut made at exactly "r angles on ! und]side ( ! top b>1 rea*+ to )9 "o-f\r? in* ( ! top ( ! b>1 & ano!r cut f ! end s z to meet ! fir/-m5tion$ "o4 ,ea* side b> c !n be nail$ by "o nail driv5 f above ?r\gh ! top b>1 & two driv5 ?r\gh ! side b> itself into ! end ( ! top b>4 ,! bottom b> c !n be nail$ on1 or1 bett] /ill1 cut %ort en\gh to p]mit x to be ins]t$ betwe5 ! side b>s1 ! nails hold+ x to be driv5 ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,nail+ frames loosely or )\t gett+ !m exactly 9 true br+s ) x great disadvantages4 ,if only slightly out ( %ape !y may sw+ toge!r at ! bottom or t\* ! sides ( ! hive1 & 9 ei!r case w be glu$ fa/ by ! bees2 also 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! combs1 :i* are always built p]p5dicul>ly1 w n be :olly )9 ! frames4 ,to avoid ^! tr\bles x is ess5tial1 fir/1 t ! p>ts = ! frames be cut v accurately2 second1 t ! frame be 9 exact %ape at ! "t ( nail+2 & ?ird1 t ! nails be driv5 9 q firmly2 long1 sl5d]1 flat-head$ wire nails be+ necess>y to secure prop] /iffness ( ! frame4 ,nails #a to #a in*es long made ( ,no4 #af or ,no1 #ag wire1 or #d;d4 f9e wire nails are ! "r size4 ,nail+ 9 a =m1 su* z is %[n by fig4 #be1 is !re=e advisable4 ,great] ease 9 )draw+ ! frames f ! hive is secur$ by mak+ ! bottom ( ! frame "o-f\r? in* less 9 wid? ?an ! upp] "p4 ,a r\nd-head$ nail or a curv$ wire /aple driv5 ?r\gh ! side b> at ea* l[] corn] into ! end ( ! bottom b> & left project+ "o f\r? in* w also facilitate ! removal ( frames & _! ins]tion 9 ! hive )\t ! cru%+ ( bees1 & h5ce all[ m rapid manipulation4 7,fig4 #bd1 pn47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,lock-jo9t *aff hive4 7,f ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,mann] ( nail+ hives4 7,orig9al47 ,! hive to hold ! frames %\ld be ! pla9e/ k9d ( a box1 ! frames re/+ on rabbets made 9 ! upp] edges4 ,con/ruct+ x ) lock jo9ts1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bf1 or by halv+ toge!r ! ends ( ! bo>ds1 z 9 fig4 #bg1 &1 9 ei!r case1 nail+ 9 bo? directions makes a /rong hive body4 ,! latt] may be s+le-wall$ = mild climates or :]e cell> w9t]+ is practic$3 b = sev]e regions x is advisable to h p]man5t d\ble walls ) ! int]-spaces fill$ ) *aff1 gr\nd cork1 or simil> mat]ial1 or else out] cases %\ld be provid$ giv+ space betwe5 ! latt] & ! hive prop] = dry pack+4 ,z ! bees always try to glue ! frames fa/ by means ( propolis1 x is bett] to make !m re/ on /rips ( t91 galvaniz$ iron1 or b& iron4 ,! rabbet %\ld !re=e be made elev5-sixte5?s in* deep1 & ! /rip ( iron or o!r metal frame-re/ nail$ on s t its edge w project upw>d five-sixte5?s in* f ! bottom ( ! rabbet4 ,fold$ /rips ( t9 z made by manufactur]s ( api>ian implem5ts are pref]able to s+le /rips nail$ on1 s9ce !y facilitate ! slid+ ( frames & d n cut ! top b>s :]e ! latt] re/ ^u !m 7fig4 #bh74 ,! project+ ends ( ! top b>s be+ "o-f\r? in* ?ick1 ! b>s !mselves come )9 "o-eigh? in* ( ! upp] edge ( ! hive4 ,x is ess5tial t ! di/ance betwe5 ! ends ( ! frames & ! hive %\ld n exce$ ?ree-eigh?s in*1 le/ 9 "t ( pl5ty ! bees %\ld build comb !re2 nor c less ?an "o-f\r? in* space be all[$1 = if ! bees c n readily pass ar\nd ! ends ( frames ( ! ,lang/ro? type !y w glue ! frames to ! side walls ( ! hive1 mak+ x v difficult1 if n impossible1 to remove !m )\t breakage4 ,if1 z sugge/$1 ! frames are made "o-f\r? in* %ort] at ! bottom ?an at ! top1 t is1 #ag in*es at bottom & #ag in*es at top1 ! hive %\ld !n be #ah in*es inside f front to re>1 ! frames runn+ 9 ?is direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,section ( improv$ t9 frame-re/3 ,a1 fold$ edge on :i* frame re/s2 ,b & ,d1 nails4 7,f ,glean+s47 ,if ! frames are accurately made !re w !n be "o f\r? in* space at ea* end ( ! frame j bel[ ! top b> & ?ree-eigh?s in* at ea* end ( ! bottom b>4 ,betwe5 ! frames & ! bottom bo>d1 on :i* ! hive re/s1 "o-half in* space answ]s1 b five-eigh?s in* is pref]able4 ,! wid? ( ! hive w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! numb] ( frames decid$ ^u1 #a in*es be+ all[$ = ea* frame1 & ?ree-eigh?s in* add$ = ! extra space at ! side4 ,if a top /ory to conta9 frames = extract+ is plac$ ov] ! brood *amb]1 its dep? is to be su* z to leave ! space betwe5 ! two sets ( combs n ov] five-sixte5?s in*1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 ! l[] /ory1 ! space betwe5 ! ends ( ! frames & ! hive wall %\ld be no m ?an ?ree-eigh?s in*4 ,a good way to keep ra9 f beat+ 9 betwe5 ! /ories & also to reta9 ! w>m? ( ! bees 9 outdoor w9t]+1 yet admit ( suitable provision = ! upw>d escape ( moi/ure1 is to h ! second /ory fit ov] ! top ( ! l[] "o1 & re/ on l$ges made by nail+ /rips ar\nd ! latt] "o-half in* bel[ ! upp] edge4 ,z ?is makes ! upp] /ory ne>ly #b in*es l>g] f front to re> ?an ! l[] "o3 x w be necess>y :5 arrang+ ?is /ory = frames to make ! front & re> d\ble-wall$4 ,?is is easily done by tack+ on ! inside ( ea* end two half-in* /rips1 on :i* a halt-in* bo>d is !n nail$4 ,^! inside end pieces %\ld be only wide en\gh to rea* )9 ?ree-f\r?s in* ( ! top edge ( ! out] ends1 &1 l ! l[] /ory1 %\ld be f9i%$ at ! top ) a metal rabbet = ! frames to re/ on1 or ! inside piece may be made to come )9 ?ree-eigh?s in* ( ! top & its upp] edge bevel$ s ! frames c n be greatly propoliz$1 an arrangem5t :i* answ]s v well = ?is /ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,! ,lang/ro? hive--,dadant-,qu9by =m--cross section %[+ con/ruction4 7,f ,lang/ro?47 ,z to ! wid? ( hives & consequ5t numb] ( frames ea* /ory is to hold1 !re has be5 ( late mu* div]sity ( op9ion4 ,! orig9al ,lang/ro? hive held t5 frames 9 ! l[] /ory & elev5 frames 9 ! second or top /ory4 ,a dem& = small]-siz$ brood *amb]s & uni=mity ( ! /ories hav+ be5 creat$1 ! l>g] hive-manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts gave hives con/ruct$ to hold eight frames ! mo/ prom95t place 9 _! catalogues1 & by _m x 0 consid]$ t ^? :o adh]$ to ! old]1 l>g] =m did s m]ely ?r\gh cons]vatism4 ,b aft] "s ye>s' trial a reaction 9 favor ( l>g] hives seems to h set 91 especially among produc]s ( extract$ honey4 ,_m ( ! latt] are f9d+ t ) c>efully br$ que5s ev5 twelve-frame brood ap>tm5ts give ! be/ results4 ,! au?or's exp]i5ce ( ov] tw5ty-five ye>s ) frame hives ( v>i\s sizes & /yles1 bo? ,am]ican & =eign1 9 widely diff]+ climates1 conv9ces him t to re/rict a hive to a capacity ( less ?an t5 frames = ! brood *amb] is1 9 mo/ localities1 undesirable1 b x w frequ5tly be f\nd advantage\s to contract tempor>ily ! space occupi$ by ! bees4 ,= extract$ honey alone1 especially 9 any region hav+ a %ort fl[ ( honey1 twelve-frame capacity is pref]able4 ,?91 movable p>titions1 kn[n z division bo>ds1 enable "o to contract ! space at w1 & ! addition ( sup]s or top /ories gives /orage room = surplus honey4 ,"s pref] to h ! hive 9 "o /ory hold+ twice ! usual numb] ( frames & contractible ) a division bo>d4 ,! entrance is !n usually at "o end1 p>allel ) ! combs1 & ! surplus honey is obta9$ f ! re> "p ( ! hive1 ei!r 9 sections held 9 wide frames or x is extract$ ) a ma*9e f ord9>y frames4 ,?is plan r5d]s access to all ( ! frames some:at easi] ?an :5 two or m /ories are us$1 b z ! me?ods n[ mo/ foll[$ involve on ! :ole less manipulation ( individual frames ?an 0 =m]ly deem$ advantage\s ?is sup]iority c n c\nt = mu*--h>dly en\gh 9 fact to balance ! limitation z to ! numb] ( frames & ! inconv5i5ce ( l>g] & m unwieldy hive bodies1 cov]s1 & bottom bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,! ,nonp>eil hire4 7,f ,bee-,keep+ = ,pr(it47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,dadant-,qu9by =m ( ,lang/ro? hive1 op53 a1 front ( brood ap>tm5t2 b1 alight+ bo>d2 c1 movable entrance block2 d1 cap2 e1 /raw mat2 f1 c>riage-clo? cov] = frames2 g1 g1 frames ) combs4 7,f ,lang/ro?47 ,small hives may yield excell5t results 9 ! h&s ( a skillful bee-ma/]1 b an equal degree ( skill w1 9 g5]al1 give z good1 if n bett]1 returns f l>ge hives1 & ! novice :o may n "k j :5 or h[ to p]=m all op]ations w f9d himself mu* saf] ) hives hold+ t5 or twelve frames 9 ea* /ory1 & f> m likely to secure good returns f !m ?an f small] ones4 ,a good1 tight ro( or cov] is indisp5sable1 well pa9t$1 s t no drop ( wat] c get 9 f above4 ,a flat ro( slant+ f front to re> w answ]1 b a v5tilat$ gable ro( ) ! sides well slant$ is f> pref]able4 ,above ! sections or ! upp] set ( frames a piece ( c>riage clo?1 enamel$ side d[n1 %\ld be laid dur+ ! summ] season to prev5t too great escape ( heat above & to keep ! bees f gett+ into ! ro( or propoliz+ x4 ,! clo? is m suitable ?an a bo>d1 s9ce ! latt] :5 propoliz$ c n be remov$ )\t consid]ably j>r+ ! bees4 ,if ! c>riage clo? be weight$ ) a bo>d :i* has be5 clamp$ ) a /rip across ea* end to prev5t w>p+1 !re w be less propolization ( ! sections above or build+ ( bits ( comb on ! tops ( ! frames :5 ^! h be5 us$4 ,to disp5se ) ?is extra piece & also to r5d] ! gable cov] flat on ! und]side1 ! bo>d :i* re/s on ! c>riage clo? may be nail$ to ! cov] p]man5tly4 ,dur+ v hot wea!r ! quilt may be turn$ back & ! cov] propp$ up4 ,! bottom bo>d to ! hive may be nail$ p]man5tly or ! hive may be m]ely plac$ on x4 ,9 ei!r case ! sides & back ( ! hive %\ld be wide en\gh to come d[n ov] ! edges ( ! bottom bo>d & ?us %$ all wat] t runs d[n ! outside ( ! hive4 ,a slop+ bo>d 9 front w facilitate ! entrance ( heavily lad5 bees & _m t fall to ! gr\nd w crawl 9 if ! hive is )9 #h or #aj in*es ( ! gr\nd4 ,_m p]sons place ! bottom bo>ds directly on ! gr\nd1 & ! majority h !m b #c or #d in*es above ! surface4 ,by arrang+ !m f>!r f ! gr\nd1 at lea/ #f or #h in*es1 dampness is avoid$ & ! ease 9 manipulation is greatly increas$4 ,engli% manufactur]s make ! ,lang/ro? hive ) p]man5t legs "s #f or #h in*es long4 ,?is is no d\bt necess>y 9 ! damp climate ( t c\ntry1 & ev5 "h ! free circulation ( ! air b5ea? ! hive & ! entrance ( direct rays ( sunlight at times are s b5eficial t !re might well be a return to ?is valuable feature1 :i* 0 "p ( ! orig9al ,lang/ro? hive4 ,great accuracy ( p>ts mu/ be insi/$ ^u 9 hives & frames1 bo? because cov]s & top /ories %\ld be made to fit int]*angeably1 & because ! bees c>ry out _! own "w ) great precision1 s t ease 9 manipulation ( combs c only be secur$ by nice adju/m5t4 ,hives cut by ma*9]y are !re=e greatly to be pref]r$1 & ?\gh mo/ ( ^? kept 9 /ock by api>ian manufactur]s d n include 9 _! con/ruction all ( ! features m5tion$ above1 !y /ill answ] 9 mo/ p>ticul>s ! requirem5ts ( bee life1 &1 if prop] protection = ! w9t] be af=d$1 are v s]viceable4 ,,implem5ts4 ,,bee ,,smok]s4 ,no well-appo9t$ api>y 9 ^! days is )\t "o or m bee smok]s4 ,! pr(essional bee keep] :o has once us$ a bell[s smok] w\ld z soon ?9k ( disp5s+ ) ?is implem5t z a skillful cook w\ld be dispos$ to g back f ! mod]n cook+ range to ! old-fa%ion$ fireplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,! ,b+ham bee smok]4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s smoke has be5 us$ to quell & ev5 /upefy bees1 & v>i\s =ms ( bee smok]s h long be5 us$2 b ! mod]n bell[s =m1 s f> sup]ior to ! old clumsy implem5ts :i* (t5times requir$ bo? h&s ( ! op]ator1 or to be held betwe5 ! tee?1 is purely an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,qu9by1 "o ( ! pione]s 9 improv$ me?ods 9 apiculture 9 ,am]ica1 0 ! inv5tor ( ! bell[s smok] hav+ ! fire box at ! side ( ! bell[s s arrang$ z to enable ! op]ator to "w x ) "o h&1 & :5 n 9 use to /& x upright & secure a draft :i* w\ld keep ! fire go+4 ,c]ta9 improvem5ts on ! orig9al ,qu9by smok] h be5 made )\t *ang+ ! g5]al =m ( ! implem5t1 "o ( ! mo/ effective & durable ( ^! improv$ makes be+ ! ,b+ham direct-draft smok]4 ,o!r modifications are ! ,crane1 ) a cut-(f valve1 ! ,cl>k1 ,hill1 & ,corneil smok]s4 ,! m$ium & l>g] siz$ smok]s1 ev5 = use 9 small api>ies1 are pref]able4 ,!y light easi]1 take 9 all k9ds ( fuel1 & hold fire bett]1 :ile !y are always mu* m effective s9ce !y furni% a l>ge volume ( smoke at a giv5 in/ant1 ?us nipp+ 9 ! bud any incipi5t rebellion4 ,! bee smok] & its use are well %[n by figs4 #ab1 #cb1 & #ec4 ,,veils4 ,veils = ! protection ( ! face w be ne$$ at times--= visitors if n = ! manipulator4 ,! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 %\ld use "o "u all circum/ances until he has acquir$ "s skill 9 op5+ hives & manipulat+ frames & has become acqua9t$ ) ! temp] & notes ( bees1 s t he w h confid5ce :5 !y are buzz+ ab\t him & w "k :5 x is really safe to disp5se ) ! face protector4 ,veils are made ( v>i\s mat]ials4 ,9 ^? :i* (f] ! lea/ ob/ruction to ! sight1 black silk tulle or brussels net is us$1 ! me%es ( :i* are hexagonal4 ,l95 brussels net is m durable ?an silk1 z is also cotton1 ?\gh ! latt] turns gray 9 "t & ob/ructs ! vision4 ,by mak+ ! front only ( silk & ! sides ( "s ord9>y :ite cotton nett+ ! co/ ( ! veil is less1 b x is n s com=table to we> 9 hot wea!r1 be+ less op54 ,a rubb] cord is drawn into ! upp] edge1 :i* br+s ! latt] snugly 9 ab\t ! hat b&4 ,by hav+ ! veil long & full & draw+ x ov] a /raw hat ) a wide1 /iff brim1 ty+ ! l[] edge ab\t ! %\ld]s or button+ x inside a jacket or coat1 ! face is securely protect$4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,,honey ,,extractors ,,& ,,honey ,,knives4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,williams' automatic rev]sible honey extractor4 ,! honey extractor 7fig4 #cc7 consi/s ( a l>ge c1 )9 :i* a light metal basket revolves4 ,! full combs ( honey1 f :i* ! capp+s ( ! cells h be5 remov$ by a %>p knife1 are plac$ inside ! basket & aft] sev]al rapid revolutions by means ( a simple ge>+ are f\nd to h be5 empti$ ( _! cont5ts4 ,! combs1 only v slightly damag$1 c !n be return$ to ! hives to be refill$ by ! bees4 ,if extra sets ( combs are on h& to supply z fa/ z ! bees ne$ ! room 9 :i* to /ore honey1 great yields c (t5 be obta9$4 ,a good extractor %\ld be made ( metal1 & ! basket 9 :i* ! combs are revolv$ %\ld be light1 /rong1 & d\bly brac$ on ! outside s t ! wire-clo? surface1 aga9/ :i* ! combs press1 w n yield4 ,! wire clo? us$1 z well z all int]ior p>ts ( ! extractor1 %\ld be t9n$1 z acids ( honey act on galvaniz$ iron1 z9c1 iron1 etc4 ,wire clo? made ( co>se wire & ) me%es "o-half in* squ>e is (t5 us$1 b x injures ! surface ( new combs & ^? v heavy ) honey m ?an t made ( ab\t ,no4 #bj wire & ) "o-f\r?-in* me%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,qu9by uncapp+ knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,b+ham ,he!r+ton uncapp+ knife4 ,= remov+ ! wax cov]+ ) :i* ! bees close ! full cells a peculi>ly %ap$ knife1 kn[n z an uncapp+ knife1 is ne$$ 7figs4 #cd & #ce74 ,! blade1 :i* %\ld be ( ! f9e/ /eel to hold a ke5 edge1 is fix$ at su* an angle ) ! h&le z to keep ! h& t grasps ! latt] f rubb+ ov] ! surface ( ! comb or ! edges ( ! frames4 ,! =m ( knife ) curv$ po9t is be/ adapt$ to rea* any depression 9 ! comb1 :i*1 if uncapp$ & empti$ ( its honey1 w likely next "t be built out ev5 ) ! g5]al surface4 ,dipp+ ! knife 9 hot wat] facilitates rapid "w1 & ( c\rse ! heavi]-blad$ knives hold ! heat bett] ?an ?9 blad$ ones1 & are = ?is reason pref]r$ by "s2 also because !y m surely lift ! capp+ cle> f ! surface ( ! comb4 ,,wax ,,extractors4 ,a sol> wax extractor is ne$$ 9 e api>y2 sev]al are kept runn+ 9 _m l>ge api>ies4 ,extractors :i* r5d] wax by /eam are also us$4 ,to ! latt] class belongs ! improv$ ,swiss wax extractor 7fig4 #cf74 ,?is implem5t1 inv5t$ 9 ,switz]l& & improv$ 9 ,am]ica1 consi/s ( a t9 or copp] vessel ) a circle ( p]=ations 9 ! bottom ne> ! sides to let 9 /eam f a boil] bel[1 & )9 ?is upp] vessel ano!r receptacle--! comb receiv]--made ( p]=at$ z9c4 ,its use1 z well z t ( ! sol> wax extractor1 is describ$ "u ! head ( ,wax production4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,excelsior wax extractor4 ,)9 a few ye>s wax extractors employ+ ! heat ( ! sun & kn[n z sol> wax extractors h come into g5]al use 7fig4 #fa74 ,! ess5tial features 9 all ! =ms t h be5 devis$ are a metal tank ) a glass cov] & usually a wire-clo? /ra9]1 bel[ :i* is plac$ ! receptacle = ! wax1 ! :ole s arrang$ z to enable "o to tilt x at su* an angle z w cat* ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! sol> wax extractor is increas$ by hav+ ! glass d\bl$1 & add+ also a reflector1 su* z a mirror or a %eet ( bright metal4 ,an important advantage ( ! sol> wax extractor is ! ease ) :i* small quantities ( comb c be r5d]$4 ,by hav+ ?is ma*9e mu* is !re=e sav$ t might be ru9$ by wax mo? l>v if all[$ to accumulate1 besides s]v+ at ! same "t to increase ^! pe/s ab\t ! api>y4 ,! wax obta9$ by sol> heat is also ( sup]ior quality1 be+ clean1 nev] wat]-soak$ nor scor*$1 & also light 9 color1 ow+ to ! blea*+ action ( ! sunlight4 ,! co/ ( a m$ium-siz$ sol> wax extractor does n exce$ t ( ! l>g] ,swiss /eam extractors1 yet ( ! two ! =m] is likely to prove by f> ! m valuable1 ev5 ?\gh x c be us$ only dur+ ! w>m] mon?s4 ,,que5-,,introduc+ ,,cages4 ,9 e api>y !re %\ld be sev]al ( ^! on h&4 ,! be/ are su* z p]mit ! cag+ ( ! que5 directly on ! comb ov] cells ( honey4 ,a little practice w enable anyone to make v s]viceable & *eap cages = introduc+ que5s4 ,f a piece ( wire clo? hav+ t5 to twelve me%es to ! in* cut a /rip #b in*es wide2 cut ?is 9 pieces #d in*es long1 roll ea* piece ar\nd a /ick to give x a cyl9drical =m1 lap ! edges1 & sew ) a piece ( wire4 ,!n 9 "o end ( ?is cyl9d] make slits ?ree-qu>t]s in* ap>t & ?ree-qu>t]s in* deep1 & b5d ov] ! tongues ?us =m$ s z to close ?is end ( ! cage4 ,) ! flat end ( a p5cil press w>m wax or comb into ! bottom inside to give x firmness4 ,!n unravel five or six /r&s ( ! wire clo? at ! o!r end4 ,! wire po9ts left aft] unravel+ ^! /r&s may be press$ into ! comb s z to conf9e a que5 & f\r or five ( h] att5dant work]s4 7,fig4 #ff47 ,mo/ ( ! que5-mail+ cages are arrang$ to admit ( _! use 9 introduc+ ! que5s also1 s t :5 receiv$ x is only necess>y to )draw a cork & place ! cage on top ( ! brood frames1 ?us admitt+ ! bees to ! c&y4 ,!y w eat _! way 9 & release ! que5 9 tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,?is plan is v good = su* z lack exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ que5s1 & h5ce might injure !m by grasp+ ! abdom51 by p9*+ ! ?orax too h>d1 or by cat*+ ! legs on ! wire clo? ( ! introduc+ cage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,simplicity fe$]4 7,f ,a ,b ,c ( ,bee ,culture47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,fruit-j> bee fe$]4 ,bottom ( fe$+ /age & p]=at$ cap %[n sep>ately4 7,orig47 ,,bee ,,fe$]s4 ,dur+ w>m wea!r liquid food may be plac$ 9 any op5 receptacles :i* c be set 9 ! upp] /ories ( ! hives4 ,t9 fruit or vegetable cans t h be5 us$ may be made to s]ve ! purpose1 a wood5 float = ea* or "s bits ( comb be+ put 9 to keep ! bees f dr[n+2 b dur+ cool wea!r fe$]s arrang$ to admit ! bees b n p]mit ! escape ( heat _h bett] be employ$4 ,glass fruit j>s ) metal caps are g5]ally at ,l&1 & make excell5t fe$]s by m]ely pun*+ a few holes 9 ea* cap4 ,aft] ! j> is fill$ ) liquid food & ! cap screw$ on tightly x is inv]t$ ov] a fe$ hole 9 ! quilt or honey bo>d4 ,! cap1 or top /ory1 ) cov]1 protects ! :ole1 & x is v easy to see :5 m food is want$ by m]ely rais+ ! cov] slightly4 ,if arrang$ on a fe$+ /age cov]$ on ! und]side ) wire clo?1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ch1 fe$+ may be accompli%$ )\t be+ tr\bl$ by ! work]s4 ,fe$]s ( v>i\s =ms con/ruct$ ( wood or t91 or ( ^! mat]ials comb9$1 mo/ ( !m s]v+ ! purpose excell5tly1 are (f]$ 9 catalogues ( api>ian manufactur]s4 ,,section ,,fold]s4 ,sections c be fold$ or put toge!r readily ov] an accurately made block j l>ge en\gh to fill ! space inclos$ by a section1 & sev]al ma*9es to facilitate ! "w 9 case x is to be done on a l>ge scale h be5 devis$4 ,,bee ,,escapes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,! ,port] spr+ bee escape4 ,! bee escape 7fig4 #ci7 is an important labor-sav+ inv5tion = ! honey produc]4 ,a numb] ( !m may be reg>d$ z necess>y 9 e api>y4 ,!y are ins]t$ 9 holes bor$ 9 a honey bo>d & us$ 9 free+ sup]s f bees1 z describ$ "u ,honey production4 ,,f\ndation ,,fa/5]s4 ,= sections4--,sev]al /yles ( implem5ts = fa/5+ ?9 f\ndation 9 sections h be5 devis$4 ,all ( !m d ! "w well4 ,a simple "o1 :i* is also l[ pric$1 is ,p>k]'s2 ,cl>k's & ! ,daisy are also highly recomm5d$1 & ,a4 ,c4 ,mill]'s is v complete1 work+ automatically4 ,! latt]1 & ! ,daisy %[n 9 fig4 #dj1 ea* require ! use ( a lamp4 ,= frames4--,if ! top b>s ( ! frames h a slot or saw k]f "o-eigh? to ?ree-sixte5?s in* deep on ! und]side1 made by pass+ !m l5g?wise ov] a circul> saw1 %eets ( f\ndation c be v readily fa/5$ by slipp+ ! edge into ?is groove & runn+ melt$ wax along ! angle =m$ on ea* side by ! f\ndation & ! top b>4 ,or a w$ge-%ap$ /rip may be cr[d$ 9 at ! side & secur$ ) small wire nails4 ,if ! top b> is flat on ! und]side x w be necess>y to press ! f\ndation firmly aga9/ x2 t is1 to incorporate ! edge ( ! wax %eet into ! wood ( ! top b> by rubb+ x ) a smoo? bit ( h>d wood or bone1 su* z a knife h&le1 moi/5+ ?is implem5t to prev5t ! wax f /ick+1 & !n fix x firmly by p\r+ melt$ wax d[n ! o!r side4 ,9 ! case ( top b>s hav+ triangul> comb guides or a project+ tongue on ! und]side ! f\ndation c be securely fa/5$ by m]ely cutt+ five or six slits ?ree-eigh?s to "o-half in* deep 9 "o edge ( ! f\ndation & b5d+ ! tongues ?us =m$ 9 alt]nate directions s z to place ! ,v-edge ( ! top b> betwe5 !m1 :5 !y c be firmly atta*$ to ! top b> by rubb+ ) a knife h&le z be=e4 ,soapsuds or />* wat] may be us$ to advantage 9 moi/5+ ! knife h&le4 ,! f\ndation roll] 7fig4 #da71 a small disk ( h>d wood :i* revolves 9 a slot at ! end ( a h&le & co/s b a few c5ts1 does effective "w 9 fa/5+ f\ndation 9 brood frames2 9 fact1 x is r bett] ?an ! knife h&le = ! "w j m5tion$1 except t x w n rea* into ! corn]s ( ! frames1 & to secure ! f\ndation !re ! knife h&le mu/ /ill be us$4 ,! roll] w ne$ to be moi/5$ ! same z ! knife h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,! ,daisy f\ndation fa/5]4 7,f ,glean+s47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,fa/5+ />t] ( comb f\ndation 9 frame4 7,orig9al47 ,x is p>ticul>ly important t ! %eets ( f\ndation be well fa/5$1 = if "o edge breaks loose ) ! weight ( ! bees x w crumple d[n 9 su* a way z n only to ru9 t comb1 or r to prev5t ! build+ ( a good comb 9 ! frame 9 "q1 b also v likely 9 ! adjo9+ frames if !y h n be5 previ\sly built out2 & 9 ?is case damage w probably result to !m4 ,to prev5t bulg+ ( ! comb x is also ess5tial t ! %eets ( f\ndation1 if n wir$1 be n>r[] ?an ! inside dep? ( ! frame & %ort] ?an its inside l5g?4 ,a full in* ( space %\ld be all[$ betwe5 ! bottom b> & ! %eet ( f\ndation1 & a half in* at ea* end = two-?irds ( ! way up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,spur wire-emb$d]4 7,f ,glean+s47 ,) ^! precautions sw>ms may ev5 be hiv$ on full %eets ( f\ndation )\t wir+ ! frames3 b ! practice w probably cont9ue ( us+ />t]s1 *iefly 9 ! case ( sw>ms1 &1 :5 full %eets are employ$1 ( alt]nat+ !m ) combs already built out4 ,"s pref] to wire ! frames ev5 ?\gh x is consid]able tr\ble1 = ! combs require less att5tion :ile 9 process ( con/ruction & are firm] = %ipp+1 = use 9 ! extractor1 or = any o!r manipulation4 ,?ree or f\r horizontal wires w suffice4 ,no4 #cj anneal$ t9n$ wire is ! pref]able size & quality4 ,! end b>s ( ! frame are pi]c$ by f\r holes1 ! fir/ #a in* bel[ ! top b>4 ,a small tack secures ! end ( ! wire1 :i* is !n pass$ back & =? & drawn up s z to leave no slack4 ,! f\r horizontal wires1 #b in*es ap>t1 w be suffici5t to r5d] combs q secure4 ,aft] fa/5+ ! f\ndation to ! top b> 9 ! usual way ! wires are emb$d$ 9 ! wax by a spur emb$d]1 :i* is a small :eel ) groov$ tee? 7fig4 #db74 ,:]e l>ge numb]s ( frames are to be wir$ a curr5t ( electricity f a small batt]y w d ! "w m neatly & quickly ?an ! spur emb$d]4 ,! disadvantages ( wir+ frames are1 fir/1 its exp5se1 caus$ *iefly by ! "t employ$ 9 do+ x2 & second1 ! fact t :]ev] ! wire does n get emb$d$ into ! midrib ( ! f\ndation1 z is sure to happ5 9 _m cases1 ! re>+ ( brood is int]f]$ )1 & also1 "u ! me?ods employ$ by ! majority 9 w9t]+1 moi/ure is v likely to cause ! combs to cleave f ! wires1 :]eupon ! bees are dispos$ to gnaw ! combs away f ! wires 9 spots & n rebuild !m4 ,^! disadvantages1 except t ( exp5se1 are ov]come by incorporat+ f9e wire 9 ! %eets ( f\ndation :5 !y are roll$4 ,! %eets are trimm$ ) wood5 %e>s1 :i* leave ! ends ( ! wires project+4 ,^! are !n glu$ to ! b>s ( ! frame4 ,! add$ exp5se is aga9 ! ma9 objection1 except to ^? :o wi% to %ip colonies or nuclei1 or transport !m f place to place = pa/urage4 ,,comb-,,f\ndation ,,ma*9es4 ,! fir/ attempts to give bees outl9es ( cells z a basis = comb build+ 7 made 9 ,g]many4 ,! top b>s ( ! frames 7 coat$ on ! und]side ) beeswax1 & a /rip ( wood hav+ ! outl9es ( bees' cells cut on x 0 !n press$ aga9/ ?is wax s z to =m a guide :i* %\ld lead ! bees to build _! combs )9 ! frames4 ,?is 0 only a comb guide1 b 0 succe$$ by small /rips ( wax hav+ ! outl9es ( bees' cells press$ on !m by h&1 a block ( wood be+ engrav$ = ?is purpose4 ,! g5]al use ( comb f\ndation1 especially ( ! full %eets1 0 only made possible ?r\gh ! improv$ means ( manufactur+ x develop$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! sl[ process ( h& /amp+ 0 succe$$ by its rapid production on ma*9es1 ! ess5tial feature ( :i* is two engrav$ cyl9d]s betwe5 :i* ! w>m %eet ( wax is made to pass 7fig4 #dc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,comb-f\ndation ma*9e4 7,f ,lang/ro?47 ,su* ma*9es are n[ made 9 num]\s patt]ns co/+ f #ae up4 ,f\ndation is made ) flat-bottom$ cells & also ) ! same =m z t giv5 by ! bees to combs con/ruct$ :olly by !mselves4 ,bo? sorts are readily accept$ by ! bees & built out4 ,bo? ^! k9ds are also made 9 v>i\s qualities & weights4 ,only a good quality ( p]fectly pure beeswax %\ld be accept$4 ,brood f\ndation is made 9 light1 m$ium1 & heavy weights4 ,= use 9 section boxes ?9 surplus & extra ?9 surplus are made ( light-color$ wax4 ,:5 full %eets are us$ 9 sections x is bett] to h x extra ?9 le/ !re %\ld be a noticeable t\ghness ( ! midrib1 te*nically kn[n z fi%bone4 ,= unwir$ frames ! m$ium or heavy brood-comb f\ndation %\ld be employ$4 ,until us$ x is be/ to keep comb f\ndation betwe5 %eets ( pap] & well wrapp$1 s9ce if long expos$ to ! air ! surface ( ! wax h>d5s some:at1 b if well pack$ x may be us$ ye>s aft] x 0 made ) almo/ ! same advantage z :5 fir/ roll$ out4 ,x requires consid]able skill to make f\ndation successfully1 & ^? :o use b a small am\nt w d bett] to pur*ase _! supply4 ,! high quality ( ne>ly all ( ! f\ndation ?us f> suppli$ 9 ?is c\ntry has also ju/ifi$ ?is plan4 ,%\ld ! practice ( adult]at+ wax become z common among comb-f\ndation manufactur]s 9 ?is c\ntry z on ! cont95t ( ,europe no d\bt _m m w\ld procure ma*9es & make _! own f\ndation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,bee ,,pa/urage4 ,bees obta9 _! food f su* a v>iety ( s\rces t !re are few localities 9 our c\ntry :]e a small api>y c\ld n be made to yield a surplus above its own ne$s4 ,ev5 9 ! c5t] ( our l>g] cities bees plac$ on ! ro(s ( /ores & dwell+s h (t5 furni%$ q a surplus ga!r$ f ! g>d5s ( ! city & its environs4 ,aga91 9 regions :]e ! soil is too light1 rocky1 or wet to admit ( pr(itable cultivation1 x is (t5 ! case t honey-produc+ plants ab\nd2 inde$1 wa/e l& is frequ5tly f> m pr(itable = ! honey-produc] ?an fields t h be5 br\ght "u cultivation1 especially :5 ! latt] are ma9ly devot$ to gra9 or potato rais+1 = insignificant we$s 9 field or swamp (t5 yield honey abundantly1 & among ! be/ yield]s are c]ta9 =e/ trees1 ^: blossoms1 by reason ( _! di/ance f ! gr\nd & 9 "s in/ances _! small size1 escape notice4 ,%[y fl[]s made d\ble by ! g>d5]'s skill1 su* z roses1 dahlias1 *rysan!mums1 etc41 h r>ely any attraction = our honey bees4 ,moreov]1 ! small numb] ( ^! ornam5tal plants usually f\nd 9 any "o locality r5d]s ! honey yield1 ev5 9 case !y are abundant secret]s ( nect>1 s slight t !y are ( little value4 ,! novice :o is seek+ to det]m9e ! honey res\rces ( 8 locality %\ld !re=e n be l$ into error by ^!4 ,he %\ld comp>e ! flora ( 8 locality ) reliable li/s ( honey-produc+ plants1 &1 if possible1 consult "s practical bee-ma/] famili> ) 8 surr\nd+s4 ,& all in=mation on ?is score %\ld be fully accept$ only aft] c>eful v]ification1 z x is v easy = anyone to be deceiv$ reg>d+ ! s\rces ( giv5 honey yields--plants :i* produce abundantly "o season n always yield+ ! next1 or ^? t produce honey freely 9 "o portion ( ! c\ntry n yield+ any?+ 9 ano!r4 ,soil & climate1 ! v>iations ( successive seasons1 & all o!r conditions affect+ plant gr[?--conditions :i* ev5 ! mo/ skillful sci5tific agriculturi/s admit are exce$+ly difficult to und]/&1 & 9 _m respects1 z yet unexpla9able--influ5ce ! am\nt & quality ( nect> secret$ by a giv5 plant4 ,! dang] ( ov]/ock+ is l>gely imag9>y1 yet 9 e/abli%+ a l>ge api>y x is ( c\rse ess5tial to look to ! natural res\rces ( ! location1 & especially to decide only ^u a place :]e two or m ( ! lead+ honey-produc+ plants are pres5t 9 great numb]s4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 will[s1 ald]1 maples1 d&elion1 fruit blossoms1 tulip tree 7frequ5tly call$ :itewood71 locu/1 clov]s 7:ite1 alsike1 crimson1 & mammo? r$71 ) alfalfa & melilot1 *e/nut1 l9d5 or basswood1 ,indian corn1 buck:eat1 firewe$1 will[-h]b1 knotwe$s1 m9ts1 cleome1 gold5-rods1 ,spani% ne$le1 & a/]s may be cit$ z ! *ief s\rces ( poll5 & honey2 & ( ^! ! tulip tree1 locu/1 :ite clov]1 alfalfa1 melilot1 l9d51 & buck:eat furni% mo/ ( ! surplus honey4 ,! fruit blossoms1 ) ! exception ( raspb]ry1 come s e>ly t a small proportion only ( ! colonies are suffici5tly /rong to /ore surplus1 & ( c\rse ?is /atem5t applies ) /ill m =ce to plants :i* blossom be=e apple1 pe>1 *]ry1 etc4 ,"s ( ! clov]s1 mu/>d1 rape1 cultivat$ teasel1 *e/nut1 b>b]ry1 sumac coral b]ry1 pleurisy root1 firewe$1 borage1 m9ts1 will[-h]b1 ,spani% ne$les1 cleome1 etc41 ?\gh yield+ well1 are only f\nd abundantly ov] c]ta9 areas1 & d n !re=e supply any consid]able portion ( ! honey t appe>s on ! m>ket1 ?\gh :5 any ( !m are pl5tiful 9 a c]ta9 locality ! bee keep] locat$ !re w f9d 9 ne>ly all cases t ! surplus honey is greatly increas$ !reby4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,will[ h]b 7,epilobium angu/ifolium74 ,a1 "y fl[]3 s1 /igma turn$ back3 a1 an!rs2 l1 lobe or pod4 ,b1 old] fl[]3 s1 /igma turn$ =w>d2 a1 an!rs3 l1 lobe4 ,c1 spike ( fl[]s4 ,d1 section ( poll5 gra93 e1 ext9e2 i1 int9e2 ti1 ?ick int9e2 f1 fovilla4 ,e1 gr[+ po9t ( poll5 gra93 e1 e1 ext9e2 i1 i1 int9e2 f1 fovilla2 pt1 poll5 tube4 7,f ,*e%ire47 ,9 ! middle section ( our c\ntry1 f ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a we/w>d1 mo/ ( ! s\rces nam$ above are pres5t1 al?\gh ! maples 7p>ticul>ly h>d maple7 furni% less1 & fruit bloom1 ! clov]s1 l9d51 & buck:eat are n z great yield]s z 9 ! ,nor?4 ,s\rwood or sorrel tree1 m\nta9 laurels1 s\r gum or tupelo1 huckleb]ry1 c[pea1 magnolia1 & p]simmon make up 9 "p = ^!1 ! s\rwood be+ especially important1 :ile 9 "s localities c]ta9 species ( a/]s yield v abundantly4 ,! tulip tree 7kn[n commonly z popl>7 is a great] yield] ?an 9 ! ,nor?1 :ile 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! middle section ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 bee plant or cleome & m ext5sive areas ( alfalfa & melilot are v important s\rces4 ,9 ! m s\!rn ,/ates fruit bloom is f> f be+ z great a s\rce ( honey z 9 ! ,nor?1 ?\gh ) ! ext5sion ( orange groves 9 ,florida & ,l\isiana an increas$ production ( v f9e honey maybe look$ = 9 ^? ,/ates4 ,! titi1 magnolia1 palmetto1 & black mangrove yield well 9 "s p>ts1 & s\r gum 7tupelo or pepp]idge71 cotton1 & p5nyroyal are s\rces n to be ov]look$4 ,9 ,texas horsem9t & mesquite1 ! latt] also ext5d+ f>!r ,we/1 furni% f9e yields1 :ile _m m\nta9 localities ( s\!rn ,cali=nia are clo!d ) :ite & black sages--wond]ful honey produc]s4 ,9 c]ta9 localities !re ! orange & o!r fruit or*>ds1 & also wild buck:eat1 give ! bees excell5t pa/urage = a portion ( ! ye>4 ,c]ta9 small homopt]\s insects1 su* z plant-lice1 b>k-lice1 mealy-w+s1 & "s leaf-hopp]s1 :i* congregate on ! leaves or b>k ( v>i\s plants & trees1 notably p9es1 oaks1 & bee*es1 & suck _! juices1 secrete a sweet liquid1 :i* is (t5 tak5 up by bees z x falls on ! surr\nd+ vegetation4 ,?is secretion1 commonly kn[n z honeydew1 or plant-l\se honey1 is usually ( an inf]ior qua lit y1 ?\gh t f p9e-tree aphides is sometimes fairly good4 ,mo/ ( x granulates v soon aft] hav+ be5 ga!r$1 sometimes ev5 be=e ! cells h be5 seal$4 ,"u peculi> conditions ( ! atmosph]e sweet exudations1 also kn[n z honeydew1 drop f ! leaves ( c]ta9 plants & are eag]ly tak5 up by ! bees4 ,?is sub/ance is sometimes v abundant & ( excell5t quality4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be conf\nd$ ) ! secretions ( extra-floral gl&s su* z are possess$ by ! c[pea1 horse bean1 p>tridge pea1 & vet*es4 ,^! seem to be natural productions = ! purpose ( attract+ insects to ! plants1 :ile ! =m] is app>5tly an accid5tal exudation ?r\gh ! plant pores1 br\ght ab\t v likely by "s sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature4 ,bo? are1 h[ev]1 m]ely ! sac*>9e juices ( ! plant1 & :5 ref9$ by ! bees may become excell5t honey4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,honey ,,plants4 ,9 all localities !re w probably be f\nd int]vals dur+ ! work+ season :5 bees w f9d v little or ev5 no?+ ga!r1 unless suppli$ by cultivation4 ,:5 possible x is ah be/ to till 9 su* int]vals ) "s honey-produc+ plant :i* at ! same "t furni%es "s o!r product--fruit1 gra91 =age1 gre5 manure1 or timb]4 ,! attempt to cultivate any plant = its honey alone has n ?us f> be5 f\nd pr(itable1 9 practice1 h[ev] promis+ x may seem !oretically4 ,catnip 7,nepeta cat>ia71 mo!rwort 7,leonurus c>diaca71 globe ?i/le 7,e*9ops sphrocephalus71 figwort 7,scrophul>ia nodosa71 bee balm 7,melissa (fic9alis71 borage 7,borago (fic9alis71 ,rocky ,m\nta9 cleome 7,cleome s]rulata71 melilot or sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba71 & l9d5 7,tilia am]icana7 h all be5 recomm5d$ repeat$ly & tri$ "h & !re some:at ext5sively4 ,b ?us f> ! hope ( secur+ a suffici5t increase 9 ! crop ( honey to pay = ! cultivation ( ^! plants has 9 all cases _h to be ab&on$4 ,) ! appreciation 9 value ( agricultural l&s ! prospects = ! pr(itable cultivation ( any crop = honey alone are /ill fur!r remov$4 ,yet ! writ] is fully conv9c$ t 9 ! future1 especially 9 ! old] portions ( our c\ntry1 em95t success 9 bee rais+ w require mu* m att5tion to ! furni%+ ( artificial pa/urage = ! bees1 a close /udy1 9 fact1 ( ! bee flora ( "o's locality1 & a sy/ematic ef=t to supply ! defici5cies by s[+ self-propagat+ honey plants1 & su* z may be cultivat$ ) pr(it = o!r reasons besides _! honey yield4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,wagn] a flat pea 7,la?yrus sylve/ris wagn]i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,dw>f ,essex or w9t] rape 7,brassica napus74 ,among ^? plants :i* h j be5 m5tion$ z hav+ be5 cultivat$ at v>i\s times = _! honey alone1 ! l9d5 = %ade & ornam5t z well z = timb]1 catnip = sale z an h]b or to secure its se$1 & melilot = =age or gre5 manur+ are ! only ones :i*1 "u pres5t conditions1 might 9 "s cases be pr(itably cultivat$4 ,!re may be introduc$ ) advantage1 h[ev]1 all su* honey-produc+ plants z1 ) "o s[+ or plant+1 w readily propagate !mselves & )\t cultivation ext5d _! area along roadsides & ov] wa/e l&s1 always except+ ( c\rse su* z may become tr\blesome we$s4 ,= ?is purpose mo/ ( ! plants ref]r$ to above are available1 & _m o!rs :i* l ^! are adapt$ to "o portion or ano!r ( our c\ntry might be add$1 z1 = example1 pleurisy root or butt]fly we$ 7,asclepias tub]osa71 ,indian currant or coral b]ry 7,symphoric>pos symphoric>pos71 vip]'s bugloss 7,e*ium vulg>e71 lady's ?umb 7,polygonum p]sic>ia71 horsem9t 7,mon>da citriodora71 will[-h]b 7,epilobium angu/ifolium71 etc41 b ( c\rse x c n be expect$ t !y w ?rive & ?or\ghly e/abli% !mselves )\t fur!r att5tion1 except 9 su* localities z pres5t v favorable conditions = _! gr[?4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is always ! risk t a plant :i* yields honey abundantly 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry may n d s 9 ano!r region1 ev5 ?\gh x gr[s well1 s t x is necess>y 9 mo/ cases1 especially ) wild plants1 to te/ !m anew be=e ext5sive introduction1 no matt] h[ well e/abli%$ _! reputation z honey produc]s may be else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,summ] or bird rape 7,brassica napus74 ,among plants ( economic value 9 o!r directions fruit trees & %rubs are to be c\nt$ z ( mu* importance to bees4 ,! apple & ! *]ry yield well1 ! o!rs less1 ?\gh ! gooseb]ry1 7 x m pl5tiful1 w\ld be ( consid]able value4 ,/rawb]ry blossoms are1 9 g5]al1 visit$ sp>+ly & yield only a small am\nt1 b ! raspb]ry1 com+ lat]1 :5 ! colonies are /rong]1 is a mo/ important s\rce1 greatly lik$ by ! bees1 & furni%+ z f9e a quality ( honey z is kn[n4 ,t5 acres 9 raspb]ries w furni% pa/urage = ?ree weeks to #ge or #ajj colonies ( bees4 ,mu/>d = se$1 & rape = pa/ure & se$1 may be made to furni% mu* to ! bees 9 e>ly spr+4 ,buck:eat honey is d>k & /rong1 b is reli%$ by "s1 & :5 well rip5$ is good w9t] food = bees1 s t :5ev] ?is plant c be made to blossom at a "t :5 ! bees f9d no?+ bett] & a crop ( gra9 c also be h>ve/$ f x1 a pl5tiful supply %\ld by all means be s[n3 ! clov]s1 :ite1 alsike1 crimson1 & mammo? or m$ium r$ may be s[n = pa/urage1 hay1 =age1 = purposes ( gre5 manur+1 or = se$1 & honey ( f9e quality obta9$ if a suffici5t numb] ( blossoms are all[$ to appe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,sacal9e or giant knotwe$ 7,polygonum sa*al95se74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,russian or hairy vet* 7,vicia villosa74 ,alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa71 a mo/ important honey produc] z well z p]5nial =age crop1 c be gr[n ov] a mu* great] area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an has h]et(ore be5 g5]ally suppos$4 ,sa9fo9 7,onobry*is sativa7 & s]radella 7,orni?opus sativus71 bo? mo/ excell5t honey plants1 h n receiv$ ! att5tion !y m]it ei!r ,nor? or ,s\?4 ,japan clov] 7,lesp$eza /riata7 is gr[n pr(itably 9 ! ,s\?1 & m ev5 might be expect$ f ! introduction ( sulla clov] 7,h$ys>um coron>ium7 !re1 ! latt] a great honey produc]4 ,*icory1 ev5 on poor soil1 is a good honey & poll5 plant4 ,nor!rn bee keep]s %\ld try ! dw>f 7quick-gr[+7 v>ieties ( c[peas 7,vigna s95sis7 ext5sively gr[n 9 ! ,s\? = =age & gre5 manur+4 ,vet*es are ( recogniz$ value = ! same purposes1 especially ! ,russian hairy vet* 7,vicia villosa74 ,sacal9e 7,polygonum sa*al95se7 & flat peas 7,la?yrus sylve/ris7 are visit$ by bees1 & 9 c]ta9 situations may be f\nd ( value o!rwise4 ,pepp]m9t 7,m5?a pip]ita7 yields well 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,p>snips 7,pa/9aca sativa7 :5 gr[n = se$ are assidu\sly visit$ by bees = honey dur+ ,june4 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,gorse or furze 7,ulex europu7 = =age may prove valuable 9 "s localities "h1 z x is highly e/eem$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,its odor\s yell[ blossoms1 mu* frequ5t$ by bees1 appe> 9 ,may4 ,filb]t bu%es 7,corylus avellana7 w gr[ 9 _m portions ( our c\ntry1 yield+1 besides nuts1 an abundance ( e>ly poll51 ev5 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,! c>ob tree 7,c]atonia siliqua7 succe$s 9 ! ,s\?we/1 yield+ a crop ( economic value1 besides a h>ve/ 9 late summ] = bees4 ,x is also a f9e ornam5tal tree4 ,!re are no f9] %ade or ornam5tal trees = ! lawn or roadside ?an l9d5s 7basswoods7 & horse-*e/nuts4 ,to ^! *e/nut1 locu/1 s\rwood1 & tulip trees may be add$4 ,! timb] ( all is useful2 & s9ce !y are great honey yield]s _! propagation ne> ! api>y is v desirable4 ,bees range ord9>ily )9 #b or #c miles 9 all directions f _! homes1 b sometimes g f>!r4 ,pa/urage to be especially valuable1 h[ev]1 %\ld be )9 #b miles1 & less ?an a mile di/ant to ! ma9 s\rce is q pref]able4 ,! advantage is probably n s mu* 9 ! sav+ ( "t 9 go+ back & =?1 = bees fly ) great rapidity1 b because :5 sudd5 /orms arise1 especially ^? accompani$ by high w9ds1 ! heavily lad5 bees are m likely to rea* home safely & ! hive w n be decimat$ ( its ga!r+ =ce4 ,,bees ,,z ,,cross-,,f]tiliz]s4 ,allusion has already be5 made 9 ?is bullet9 to ! importance ( bees 9 ! complete cross f]tilization ( fruit blossoms & to ! fact t c]ta9 v>ieties ( pe>s h be5 f\nd to be completely self-/]ile1 requir+1 !re=e1 poll5 f o!r v>ieties be=e !y c develop p]fect se$s & fruits4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy ! ways 9 :i* cross f]tilization ( plants is secur$ ?r\gh ! visits ( insects4 ,! "p t bees p]=m 9 ! developm5t & p]petuation ( num]\s ornam5tal & economic plants is !reby cle>ly %[n4 ,space w only p]mit ! introduction "h ( "o or two examples4 ,! will[-h]b1 :i* is an abundant secret] ( nect> & ?us attracts bees freely1 illu/rates "o feature 9 poll9ation by bees4 ,a "y blossom ( ?is plant 7fig4 #dd1 ,a7 %[s ! /am5s matur+ & %$d+ _! poll51 :ile ! pi/il rema9s curv$ d[nw>d & ) clos$ /igmas4 ,9 ! old] fl[] 7fig4 #dd1 ,b71 ! /am5s hav+ %$ _! poll5 & begun to )]1 ! pi/il has /raight5$ up & expos$ its /igmatic surfaces = ! reception ( ! poll5 :i* a bee *anc+ to come f a y\ng] blossom is likely to br+4 ,self-poll9ation is ?us positively prev5t$ & cross f]tilization is insur$4 ,9 ! m\nta9 laurel ! an!rs are held securely by little pockets 9 ! corolla1 s t z ! fl[] op5s ! /am5s are f\nd b5t ov] 7fig4 #ej1 ,b7 ready to be lib]at$ 7fig4 #ej1 ,c7 by ! visit ( a bee4 ,:5 ! /am5 flies up ! poll5 is dis*>g$ f ! an!r & du/$ on ! und]side ( ! bee4 ,! latt] z x alights on ! next fl[] naturally t\*es ! /igma fir/ & rubs (f "s ( ! poll5 x has br\ght f ! la/ fl[] visit$4 ,x !n proce$s to secure ! nect> ( ! fl[] on :i* x has j alight$1 & 9 do+ ?is lib]ates ! /am5s ( ?is fl[] & gets du/$ aga9 ) poll51 :i* x c>ries to ! next fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,m\nta9 laurel 7,kalmia latifolia74 ,a1 fl[]+ bran*4 ,b1 exp&$ fl[]3 ap1 an!r pocket4 ,c1 section ( exp&$ fl[]3 ap1 ap1 an!r pockets2 s1 /igma3 a1 an!r 7free72 pg1 poll5 gra9s 9 %[]3 ca1 calyx4 ,d1 section ( fl[] bud3 ap1 an!r pocket4 ,e1 /am5 m enl>g$3 a1 an!r2 po1 pores2 pg1 poll5 gra9s2 f1 filam5t4 7,f ,*e%ire47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,apple 7,pyrus malus71 %[+ /ructure ( fl[] & result ( imp]fect f]tilization4 ,a1 blossom3 s1 /igmas2 a1 an!rs2 p1 petal2 s1 sepal2 ca1 calyx2 d1 dissepim5t4 ,b1 cross section ( imp]fectly develop$ fruit3 f1 f1 f]tiliz$ c>pels2 u1 unf]tilis$ c>pel4 7,f ,*e%ire47 ,! cross section ( an imp]fectly develop$ apple %[n h]e) 7fig4 #ea1 ,b7 illu/rates ! importance ( complete f]tilization ( fruit blossoms4 ,! se$ vessel at u %[s only an abortive se$1 & ! side ( ! fruit ne>e/ ?is po9t is also correspond+ly undevelop$4 ,?is is ow+ to imp]fect or complete lack ( f]tilization ( ?is c>pel1 five di/9ct f]tilizations be+ necess>y to produce a p]fect fruit4 ,bees be+1 dur+ ! p]iod ( fruit blossoms1 ! mo/ abundant insects t might effect ! necess>y di/ribution ( ! poll5 ( ^! fl[]s1 ! importance is at once se5 ( hav+ an api>y 9 or ne> ! or*>d4 ,cont9u$ ra9y or cold wea!r may keep ! bees conf9$ to _! hives mu* ( ! "t dur+ fruit bloom1 h5ce x is advisable to h !m ne> at h& & 9 numb]s proportionate to ! size ( ! or*>ds1 s t ev5 a few h\rs ( sun%9e w assure _! mak+ a ?or\gh di/ribution ( ! poll54 ,9 ! abs5ce ( accurate exp]im5ts reg>d+ ! numb] ( colonies ( bees requir$ to insure prop] f]tilization 9 ! or*>d1 & also 9 view ( ! fact t surr\nd+ conditions v>y greatly1 x is difficult to say exactly h[ _m colonies are positively necess>y = a giv5 numb] ( trees4 ,h[ev]1 f\r or five well-populat$ hives = e hundr$ l>ge apple trees w d\btless suffice1 ev5 ?\gh no o!r hive bees are )9 a mile ( ! or*>d4 ,! bees ( a neighbor's api>y are (t5 q suffici5t = ! or*>di/'s purpose1 ! b5efit result+ f _! labors be+1 !re=e1 mutual1 ?\gh ! or*>di/ d\btless d]ives 9 ?is case great] advantage f !m ?an does _! own] himself4 ,escap$ sw>ms lodg$ 9 =e/ trees 9 ! vic9ity ( ! or*>d are sometimes suffici5tly num]\s to p]=m ! "w well4 ,! great value ( bees z cross f]tiliz]s makes _! de/ruction a s]i\s injury to ! int]e/s ( ! fruit gr[]4 ,!re=e spray+ ) ars5icals dur+ fruit bloom %\ld nev] be practic$4 ,! injuri\s insects c be rea*$ q z well be=e & aft] ! bloom+ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,hea?-l wild a/] 7,a/] ericoides74 7,orig9al47 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration ,alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa74 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration ,esp>cet or ,sa9fo9 7,onobry*is sativa74 #a1 #b4 #c1 #d1 p>ts ( fl[]2 #e1 pod2 #f1 #g1 se$ ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration ,sweet ,clov] or ,melilot 7,melilotus alba74 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,illu/ration ,acacia 7,acacia con/ricta71 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,illu/ration ,mesquite 7,prosopis juliflora74 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,illu/ration ,blue ,we$ or ,vip]'s ,bugloss 7,e*ium vulg>e74 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,ix4 ,illu/ration ,crimson ,clov] 7,trifolium inc>natum74 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,x4 ,illu/ration ,alsike ,clov] 7,trifolium hybridum74 ,,honey ,,& ,,poll5 ,,produc+ ,,plants4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/s ! int5tion has be5 m]ely to indicate ! ma9 s\rces f :i* our hive bees secure honey & poll54 ,any?+ l a complete enum]ation ( ^? plants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates visit$ by hive bees w\ld occupy f> too mu* space = a brief treatise l ?is4 ,_m plants are !re=e omitt$ :i* secrete nect> freely b :i* are abundant only locally2 o!rs are left out because !y secrete only at r>e int]vals1 or "u peculi> conditions1 or are visit$ by bees only :5 "s bett] honey s\rce fails2 o!rs aga9 because1 ?\gh secret+ well & readily yield+ _! honey or poll5 /ores to ! bees1 !y are n (t5 pres5t 9 suffici5t numb]s 9 any "o locality to enable ! bees to add mat]ially to _! surplus /ores4 ,su* plants are1 h[ev]1 (t5 ( great value because !y cause ! bees to re> brood dur+ int]vals betwe5 ! times ( /or+ surplus honey & ?us keep ! colonies popul\s = successive h>ve/s4 ,besides ! ma9 honey plants x w\ld be easy to "n = any locality q a numb] ( second>y importance :i* are frequ5t$ by honey bees1 yet ev5 ?\gh ! localities 7 b a few miles ap>t sc>cely any two li/s w\ld agree ei!r z to ! plants to be includ$ or z to _! relative importance4 ,! foll[+ honey & poll5 produc+ plants are !re=e ( wide di/ribution or ( special importance 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,= conv5i5ce sep>ate li/s are giv5 = ! ?ree sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates made by ! p>allels ( #ce & #dj ,n4 ,! flora ( ! we/]n portion ( ea* section diff]s ( c\rse greatly f t ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! same section4 ,only ! mo/ important honey yield]s among ^? ( local int]e/ 9 ! extreme ,s\?we/ & ! ,we/ h be5 includ$ 9 ! li/s1 & ! *ief range ( ea* has be5 not$4 ,an ef=t has be5 made to indicate by ! type ! relative importance ( ! plants z poll5 & honey produc]s4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,nor!a/4 ,above #dj ,n4 ,r$ or ,s(t ,maple 7,ac] rubrum7 ,april4 ,ald]s 7,alnus7 ,april4 ,elm 7,ulmus7 ,april4 ,will[s 7,salix7 ,apr4-,may4 ,d&elion 7,t>axacum t>axacum ,t4 (fic9ale ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,apr4-,may4 ,sug>1 ,rock1 or ,h>d ,maple 7,ac] sac*>um ,a4 sac*>9um ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,apr4-,may4 ,juneb]ry1 or ,s]vice ,b]ry 7,amelan*i] canad5sis7 ,may4 ,wild ,crab ,apples 7,pyrus7 ,may4 ,,gooseb]ry & ,,currant 7,ribes7 ,may4 ,,pea*1 ,,*]ry1 & ,,plum 7,prunus7 ,may4 ,,pe> & ,,apple 7,pyrus7 ,may4 ,huckleb]ries & ,blueb]ries 7,gaylussacia & ,vacc9ium7 ,may-,june4 ,,common1 ,,black1 or ,,yell[ ,,locu/ 7,rob9ia pseudacacia7 ,may-,june4 ,european ,horse-*e/nut 7sculus hippoca/anum7 ,may-,june4 ,common ,b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is7 ,may-,june4 ,,tulip ,,tree1 or ,,:itewood 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a7 ,may-,june4 ,grapev9es 7,vitis7 ,may-,june4 ,rape 7,brassica napus7 ,may-,june4 ,:ite ,mu/>d & ,black ,mu/>d 7,brassica alba & ,b4 nigra7 ,june4 ,,raspb]ry 7,rubus7 ,june4 ,,:ite ,,clov] 7,trifolium rep5s7 ,june-,july4 ,,alsike ,,clov] 7,trifolium hybridum7 ,june-,july4 ,edible ,*e/nut 7,ca/anea d5tata ,c4 sativa v>4 am]icana ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,june-,july4 ,,alfalfa1 or ,,luc]n 7,m$icago sativa7 ,june-,july4 ,,l9d51 or ,,basswood 7,tilia am]icana7 ,july4 ,smoo? ,sumac 7,rhus glabra7 ,july4 ,buttonbu% 7,cephalan?us occid5talis7 ,july4 ,,melilot1 ,,bokh>a1 or ,,sweet ,,clov] 7,melilotus alba7 ,july-,aug4 ,indian ,corn 7,zea mags7 ,july-,aug4 ,melon1 ,cucumb]1 ,squa%1 ,pumpk9 7,citrullus1 ,cucumis1 & ,cucurbita74 ,july-,aug4 ,firewe$ 7,ere*?ites hi]acifolia7 ,july-,sept4 ,*icory 7,ci*orium intybus7 ,july-,sept4 ,,great ,,will[-,,h]b 7,epilobium angu/ifolium7 ,july-,aug4 ,,knotwe$s 7,polygonum1 especially ,p4 p5nsylvanicum & ,p4 p]sic>ia74 ,aug4-,sept4 ,,buck:eat 7,fagopyrum fagopyrum ,f4 escul5tum ( ,gray's ,manual74 ,aug4-,sept4 ,indian ,currant1 or ,coral ,b]ry 7,symphoric>pos symphoric>pos ,s4 vulg>is ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,aug4-,sept4 ,?or\gh wort1 or ,boneset 7,eupatorium p]foliatum7 ,aug4-,sept4 ,bur ,m>igolds 7,bid5s1 especially ,,spani% ,,ne$les1 ,bid5s bip9nata74 ,aug4-,oct4 ,wild ,a/]s 7,a/]7 ,aug4-,oct4 ,,gold5-,,rods 7,solidago7 ,aug4-,oct4 ,,middle ,,section4 ,betwe5 #ce & #dj ,n4 ,r$bud 7,c]cis canad5sis7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,ald] 7,alnus rugosa ,a4 s]rulata ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,r$ or ,s(t ,maple 7,ac] rubrum7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,elm 7,ulmus7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,will[s 7,salix7 ,m>4-,may4 ,d&elion 7,t>axacum t>axacum ,t4 (fic9ale ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,apr4-,may4 ,apricot 7,prunus arm5iaca7 ,apr4-,may4 ,juneb]ry or ,s]vice ,b]ry 7,amelan*i] canad5sis7 ,apr4-,may4 ,wild ,crab ,apples 7,pyrus7 ,apr4-,may4 ,gooseb]ry & ,currant 7,ribes7 ,apr4-,may4 ,rhodod5drons 7,rhodod5dron7 ,apr4-,may4 ,pea*1 ,*]ry1 & ,plum 7,prunus7 ,apr4-,may4 ,pe> & ,apple 7,pyrus7 ,apr4-,may4 ,,crimson ,,clov] 7,trifolium inc>natum7 ,apr4-,may4 ,huckleb]ries & ,blueb]ries 7,gaylussacia & ,vacc9ium7 ,may4 ,am]ican ,holly 7,ilex opaca7 ,may4 ,black ,gum1 ,s\r ,gum1 ,tupelo or ,pepp]idge 7,nyssa aquatica ,n4 sylvatica ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,may4 ,manzanitas 7,arcto/aphylos7 7,cali=nia7 ,may4 ,,common1 ,,black1 or ,,yell[ ,,locu/ 7,rob9ia pseudacacia7 ,may4 ,b>b]ry 7,b]b]is canad5sis7 ,may4 ,,tulip ,,tree1 or ,,popl> 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a7 ,may4 ,m\nta9 ,laurel 7,kalmia latifolia7 ,may-,june4 ,grapev9es 7,vitis7 ,may-,june4 ,p]simmon 7,diospyros virg9iana7 ,may-,june4 ,,:ite ,,clov] 7,trifolium rep5s7 ,may-,june4 ,alsike ,clov] 7,trifolium hybridum7 ,may-,june4 ,,raspb]ry 7,rubus7 ,may-,june4 ,,c[pea 7,vigna s95sis7 ,may-,aug4 ,,edible ,,*e/nut 7,ca/anet d5tata ,c4 saliva v>4 am]icana ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,june4 ,*9quap9 7,ca/anea pumila7 ,june4 ,catalpas1 or ,indian ,bean ,trees 7,catalpa7 ,june4 ,,magnolia1 or ,,sweet ,,bay 7,magnolia glauca7 ,june ,,l9d51 or ,,l9n 7,tilia am]icana & ,t4 het]ophylla7 ,june4 ,,s\rwood1 or ,,sorrel ,,tree 7,oxyd5drum arboreum7 ,june-,july4 ,oxeye ,daisy1 or ,:itewe$ 7,*rysan!mum leucan!mum7 ,june-,july4 ,,alfalfa 7,m$icago saliva7 7,we/7 ,june-,aug4 ,,melilot1 ,,bokh>a1 or ,,sweet ,,clov] 7,melilotus alba7 ,june-,aug4 ,smoo? ,sumac 7,rhus glabra7 ,july4 ,buttonbu% 7,cephalan?us occid5talis7 ,july4 ,,cleome1 or ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,bee ,,plant 7,cleome s]rulata ,c4 integrifolia ( ,gray's ,manual7 7,we/7 ,july-,aug4 ,indian ,corn 7,zea mays7 ,july-,aug4 ,cucumb]4 ,melon4 ,squa%4 ,pumpk9 7,cucumis1 ,citrullus1 & ,cucurbita7 ,july-,aug4 ,knotwe$s 7,polygonum1 especially ,p4 p5nsylvanicum & ,p4 p]sic>ia7 ,july-,sept4 ,buck:eat 7,fagopyrum fagopyrum ,f4 escul5tum ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,aug4-,sept4 ,wild ,a/]s 7,a/]1 especially ,,hea?-,,l ,,a/]1 ,a/] ericoides7 ,aug4-,oct4 ,?or\ghwort1 or ,boneset 7,eupatorium p]foliatum7 ,aug4-,oct4 ,bur ,m>igolds 7,bid5s1 especially ,,spani% ,,ne$les1 ,bid5s bip9nata7 ,aug4-,oct4 ,gold5-rods 7,solidago7 ,aug4-,oct4 ,,s\?4 ,bel[ #ce ,n4 ,r$bud 7,c]cis canad5sis7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,ald] 7,alnus rugosa ,a4 s]rulata ( ,gray's ,manual 7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,r$ or ,s(t ,maple 7,ac] rubrum7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,elm 7,ulmus7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,will[s 7,salix7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,d&elion 7,t>axacum t>axacum ,t4 (fic9ale ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,apricot 7,prunus arm5iaca7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,,wild ,,p5nyroyal 7,h$eoma pulegioides7 ,feb4-,m>4 ,c>ol9a ,*]ry1 or ,laurel ,*]ry 7,prunus c>ol9iana7 ,m>*4 ,juueb]ry1 or ,s]vice ,b]ry 7,amelan*i] canad5sis7 ,m>*4 ,,orange & ,lemon 7,citrus7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,cottonwoods1 or ,popl>s 7,populus7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,,titi 7,cliftonia monophylla7 7,florida & s\!rn ,georgia1 we/w>d47 ,m>4-,apr4 ,gooseb]ry & ,currant 7,ribes7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,pea*1 ,*]ry1 & ,plum 7,prunus7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,pe> & ,apple 7,pyrus7 ,m>4-,apr4 ,huckleb]ries & ,blueb]ries 7,gaylussacia & ,vacc9ium7 ,april4 ,crimson ,clov] 7,trifolium inc>natum7 ,april4 ,,black ,,gum1 ,,s\r ,,gum1 ,,tupelo1 or ,,pepp]idge 7,nyssa aquatica ,n4 sylvatica ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,april4 ,,ball1 or ,,black ,,sage 7,romona /a*yoides1 ,r4 palm]i1 etc4 ,audib]tia /a*yoides1 etc41 ( ! ,botany ( ,cali=nia7 7,cali=nia7 ,april4 ,,gallb]ry1 or ,,holly 7,ilex glabra7 ,apr4-,may4 ,manzanitas 7,arcto/aphylos ,cali=nia7 ,apr4-,may4 ,acacias 7,acacia7 ,apr4-,may4 ,common1 ,black1 or ,yell[ ,locu/ 7,rob9ia pseudacacia7 ,apr4-,may4 ,p]simmon 7,diospyros virg9iana7 ,apr4-,may4 ,,edible ,,*e/nut 7,ca/anea d5tata ,c4 sativa v>4 am]icana ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,apr4-,may4 ,*9quap9 7,ca/anea pumila7 ,apr4-,may4 ,catalpas 7,catalpa7 ,apr4-,may4 ,,magnolias 7,magnolia7 ,apr4-,may4 ,rhodod5drons1 ,rosebays1 ,azaleas 7,rhodod5dron7 ,apr4-,may-,june4 ,,mesquite 7,prosopis juliflora7 7,texas & we/w>d7 ,apr4-,july4 ,c[pea 7,vigna s95sis7 ,apr4-,aug4 ,,tulip ,,tree1 or ,,popl>1 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a7 ,may4 ,m\nta9 ,laurel 7,kalmia latifolia7 ,may4 ,grapev9es 7,vitis7 ,may4 ,raspb]ry 7,rubus7 ,may4 ,*9a ,b]ry1 ,*9a ,tree1 or ,pride ( ,india 7,melia az$>a*7 ,may4 ,,:ite ,,sage 7,ramona poly/a*ya ,audib]tia poly/a*ya ( ! ,botany ( ,cali=nia7 7,cali=nia7 ,may-,june4 ,,s\rwood1 or ,,sorrel ,,tree 7,oxyd5drum arboreum7 ,may-,june4 ,,saw ,,palmetto 7,s]5oa s]rulata7 7coa/s ( ,georgia & ,florida7 ,may-,june4 ,,horsem9t 7,mon>da citriodora7 ,may-,july4 ,,banana 7,musa sapi5tum7 ,may-,sept4 ,,l9d51 or ,,l9n 7,tilia am]icana1 ,t4 pubesc5s1 & ,t4 het]ophylla7 ,june4 ,b$ ,bay 7,p]sea borbonia ,p4 c>ol95sis ( ,gray's ,manual7 ,june4 ,indian ,corn 7,zea mays7 ,june-,july4 ,cucumb]1 ,melon1 ,squa%1 ,pumpk9 7,cucumis1 ,citrullus1 & ,cucurbita7 ,june-,july4 ,,blackwood or ,,black ,,mangrove 7,aric5nia nitida7 7,florida7 ,june-,july4 ,,alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa7 ,june-,aug4 ,,melilot1 ,,bokh>a1 or ,,sweet ,,clov] 7,melilotus alba7 ,june-,aug4 ,,cotton 7,gossypium h]baceum7 ,june-,aug4 ,,wild ,,buck:eat 7,eriogonum fasciculatum7 7,cali=nia7 ,june-,oct4 ,,cabbage ,,palmetto 7,sabal palmetto7 7coa/s ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,georgia1 & ,florida7 ,july-,aug4 ,japan or ,bu% ,clov] 7,lesp$eza /riata7 ,aug4-,sept4 ,bur ,m>igolds 7,bid5s1 especially ,,spani% ,,ne$les1 ,bid5s bip9nata7 ,aug4-fro/4 ,wild ,a/]s 7,a/]1 especially ,,hea?-,,l ,,a/]1 ,a/] ericoides7 ,aug4-fro/4 ,gold5-rods 7,solidago7 ,aug4-fro/4 ,,blue ,,gum & ,,r$ ,,gum 7,eucalyptus globulus & ,e4 ro/rata7 7,cali=nia74 ,dec4-,m>4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,spr+ ,,manipulation4 ,! fir/ exam9ation 9 ! spr+ %\ld be ma9ly = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r or n ! honey /ores h be5 exhau/$4 ,x %\ld be e>ly1 & h5ce n s ext5d$ z to risk ! loss ( mu* w>m? f ! brood ap>tm5t4 ,m]ely lift+ "o edge ( ! quilt or1 if ! bottom bo>d is a loose "o1 tipp+ ! hive back s z to get a view 9 betwe5 ! combs w (t5 suffice4 ,%\ld !re n be at lea/ ! equival5t ( two full frames ( honey x is be/ to supply ! defici5cy at once4 ,)\t di/urb+ ! brood full combs may be sub/itut$ at ea* side = ! empty ones4 ,if combs /or$ ) honey & seal$ ov] are n 9 res]ve liquid honey or sug> sirup may be p\r$ into empty ones & plac$ 9 ! hives at night4 ,a less dauby plan is to use "o or m fe$]s directly ov] ! brood ne/1 supply+ sev]al p\nds ( food at once4 ,an excell5t way is to give at "o "t all !y ne$ 9 ! %ape ( a cake ( bee c&y1 made by mix+ f9e sug> ) j en\gh honey to produce a /iff d\gh4 ,?is cake ( c&y %\ld be wrapp$ 9 heavy pap] 7half p>*m5t1 or su* z is us$ = wrapp+ butt] is good7 & laid on top ( ! frames1 aft] hav+ punctur$ ! pap] 9 sev]al places ) a p5cil or %>p /ick to give ! bees ready access4 ,two or ?ree twigs or /rips ( wood laid across ! frames be=e ! cake is plac$ on !m w also give ! bees a bett] opportunity to rea* ! food4 ,if ! food be giv5 9 small quantities brood re>+ w be enc\rag$ & /ill great] supplies ( food w be call$ =1 r5d]+ x absolutely necess>y to give a l>ge am\nt at once or cont9ue ! fe$+ until natural s\rces fully supply ! ne$s ( ! bees & brood1 o!rwise bo? may />ve4 ,?ree p\nds ( sug> dissolv$ 9 "o qu>t ( wat] w make a suitable sirup = spr+ fe$+4 ,dry sug> may be us$ in/ead ( sirup4 ,! bees w liquefy x !mselves if !y h access to wat]4 ,= /imulative purposes honey2 s bett] ?an sug>1 /ra9$ honey be+ bett] ?an extract$4 ,?is is because ( ! great] am\nt ( poll5 :i* ! /ra9$ product conta9s1 ! poll5 be+ highly nitrog5\s1 h5ce capable ( build+ up muscul> tissue4 ,b if ! liquid honey is "o-half m 9 price p] p\nd ?an sug> ! latt] w\ld d\btless be ! m economical1 c]ta9ly s if a pl5tiful supply ( good poll5 9 ! combs or fre% f ! fields c be _h4 ,eye fl\r put 9 sunny places & spr9kl$ ) honey to attract ! bees w be collect$ until new poll5 comes4 ,:5 ! wea!r has become suffici5tly settl$ to r5d] safe ! inspection ( ! brood combs1 or1 9 g5]al1 :5 ! bees fly ! great] "p ( ea* cle> day1 ! "w ( ! que5 may be inspect$4 ,%\ld ! comb hav+ ! l>ge/ area ( brood 9 x be t[>d "o side ( ! hive x is be/ to locate x z ne> ! c5t] z may be1 plac+ on ei!r side successively ^? combs hav+ small] circles ( brood & on ea* side ( ^! ! combs conta9+ no brood1 b well /or$ ) poll51 :ile ^? hav+ honey only w come /ill outside ( ^!4 ,! brood ne/ w !n h an opportunity to develop equally 9 all directions4 ,empty combs are ( little use at ?is "t outside ( ! brood ne/ z ?us arrang$1 & %\ld be replac$ by combs ( honey if ! latt] is ne$$1 or remov$ altoge!r4 ,if ! combs are well cr[d$ ) bees & ! que5 %[s by h] regul> & compact plac+ ( ! brood1 z well z by ! quantity %e seems to h1 t %e is vigor\s & ?us capable ( accompli%+ m ?an any ord9>y brood ne/ w require ( h] at ?is "t ( ! ye>1 a frame fill$ ) work] comb may be slipp$ into ! c5t] ( ! brood ne/4 ,?is w be tak5 possession ( imm$iately by ! bees1 clean$ & w>m$ up1 :]eupon ! que5 w soon h x fill$ ) eggs4 ,f "t to "t o!r combs may be add$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,if cauti\sly & judici\sly foll[$ ?is plan1 supplem5t$ by lib]al /ores1 w increase ! brood area & ev5tually ! population ( ! hive4 ,b ! utmo/ caution is ne$$1 = if done too e>ly cool wea!r may cause ! bees to clu/] m closely & result 9 ! *ill+ ( "s "p ( ! brood :i* has ?us be5 spread4 ,! v object s\ght is n only miss$1 b ! loss ( brood w prove a s]i\s setback to ! colony4 ,! escape ( any ( ! w>m? g5]at$ by ! bees1 z also sudd5 *anges 9 ! wea!r1 %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,w>m cov]+ above & out] protection are !re=e absolute necessities if ! be/ results are to be atta9$4 ,) favorable wea!r = ! developm5t ( brood x is c]ta9 t /imulative fe$+1 if made necess>y by ! fact t ! natural honey res\rces ( ! c\ntry w n alone br+ ! /r5g? ( ! colony fairly up to ! desir$ /&>d by ! op5+ ( ! h>ve/1 is to be begun six to sev5 weeks be=e ! op5+ ( ! honey fl[ f :i* surplus is to be expect$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is honey fl[ comes s e>ly t x is likely to be prec$$ by wea!r unfavorable to ! developm5t ( brood1 x w be necess>y to all[ = ?is by beg9n+ ! /imulation ev5 e>li]1 s t x may be done m gradually1 & ! greate/ c>e w h to be tak5 to reta9 all ! heat ( ! brood ne/4 ,%\ld ! ma9 fl[ be prec$$ by a light] "o1 especially if ! latt] comes "s weeks be=e ! *ief h>ve/1 x may be important to wat* ! brood ne/ closely le/ x becomes clogg$ ) honey to ! exclusion ( brood1 incl9+ ! bees n to ent] surplus receptacles plac$ above & caus+ ! colony to be weak 9 numb]s lat] 9 ! season4 ,?is /ate ( affairs c be easily avoid$ by ! timely use ( ! honey extractor1 s9ce ! brood combs1 empti$ ( ! honey :i* ! work]s 9 an em]g5cy h /or$ :]ev] !y f\nd vacant cells1 are made available = ! que54 ,be=e ! ma9 h>ve/ op5s x may ev5 be necess>y 9 ord] to keep ! combs fill$ ) brood to fe$ back gradually ?is extract$ honey or its equival5t2 b by tak+ x away & return+ x gradually ! object s\ght w h be5 accompli%$1 namely1 keep+ ! combs /ock$ ) brood until ! h>ve/ is well "u way1 or z long z ! l>g] population ?us ga9$ 9 ! hive c be made available4 ,x is 9 ?is gett+ work]s ready = ! e>ly h>ve/--hives ov] fl[+1 z x 71 ) bees--t ! skill ( ! api>i/ is tax$ to its utmo/4 ,! "w prop]ly beg9s ) ! close ( ! summ] prec$+ ! h>ve/1 = ! fir/ /eps t[>d successful w9t]+ %\ld be tak5 !n1 & unless w9t]$ successfully ! colony c n be put 9 %ape to take full advantage ( an e>ly honey h>ve/4 ,good judgm5t 9 ! application ( ! h9ts giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 ) c>eful & frequ5t att5tion1 w br+ colonies to ! *ief spr+ or e>ly summ] fl[ ( honey 9 good condition1 ) pl5ty ( bees & ) combs well /ock$ ) brood1 provid$ !y h w9t]$ well & h good que5s4 ,,transf]r+4 ,if colonies h be5 pur*as$ 9 box hives1 x is advisable at ! fir/ favorable opportunity to get !m into frame hives4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,transf]r+--drumm+ ! bees f a box hive into a frame hire4 7,orig9al47 ,e>ly 9 ! season--t is1 9 ,april or ,may 9 middle latitudes1 be=e ! brood ne/ has rea*$ its greate/ ext5sion & :ile ! hive conta9s ! lea/ honey--x is n a difficult matt] to drive ! bees f _! combs1 cut out ! latt]1 & fit !m into frames4 ,if ! combs ?us fitt$ 9 are held tempor>ily 9 place 9 ! frames1 ! bees1 "u ^: c>e !y %\ld be plac$ at once1 w fa/5 !m securely 9 a few h\rs or days at mo/4 ,to drive ! bees f ! box hive proce$ z foll[s3 ,t[>d ! middle ( a pleasant day bl[ smoke into ! hive to be transf]r$1 & aft] ! bees h be5 giv5 a few m9utes 9 :i* to lap up _! fill ( honey1 inv]t ! hive & place ov] ! op5 end an empty box1 or ! frame hive itself1 mak+ :i*ev] is us$ fit closely on ! hive 7fig4 #ec74 ,by rapp+ cont9u\sly = "s m9utes on ! hive ! bees w be impell$ to leave x & clu/] 9 ! upp] box4 ,a l\d humm+ w d5ote t !y are mov+4 ,! hive ?us vacat$ may !n be tak5 into a clos$ room & "o side pri$ (f to facilitate ! removal ( ! combs4 ,! box conta9+ ! bees is to be plac$ mean:ile on ! spot orig9ally occupi$ by ! box hive1 ! bees be+ all[$ to g 9 & out )\t re/ra9t1 only two precautions be+ necess>y1 namely1 to %ade ! box well & provide = v5tilation by propp+ x up f ! bottom1 leav+ also1 if possible1 an op5+ at ! top4 ,:5 ! combs h be5 fitt$ into frames1 ! hive conta9+ !m is plac$ on ! orig9al /& & ! bees %ak5 f ! box 9 front ( x4 ,9 fill+ ! frames ) combs cut f a box hive1 ! l>ge/ & /raighte/ %eets hav+ ! mo/ seal$ work] brood 9 !m %\ld be select$ fir/ & s cut t ! frame w slip ov] !m snugly1 tak+ pa9s1 z f> z possible1 to h ! comb plac$ 9 ! frame 9 ! same position 9 :i* x 0 built1 s9ce mo/ ( ! cells1 in/ead ( be+ horizontal1 are incl9$ upw>d1 ! incl9ation ( ! deep] /ore cells be+ greate/4 ,! comb1 if n heavy1 c be held 9 place tempor>ily by sl5d] wire nails pu%$ ?r\gh holes pun*$ 9 ! side & top b>s4 ,be=e ! introduction ( wire nails ! writ] us$ long ?orns pull$ f ?orn-apple trees1 :i* s]v$ ! purpose v well4 ,9 ! case ( combs heavy ) honey or brood or piec$ m or less x w be saf] to use1 9 addition to a few wire nails1 a pair or two ( transf]r+ /icks4 ,^! are simply sl5d] /rips ( wood slightly long] ?an ! dep? ( ! frame & not*$ at ea* end4 ,by plac+ su* a /ick on ei!r side ( ! comb & w9d+ anneal$ wire ar\nd ! top & bottom ends s z to draw ! /icks firmly aga9/ ! surface ( ! combs ! latt] w be held securely 9 ! frames4 ,! midrib betwe5 ! r[s ( cells %\ld be press$ nei!r to "o side nor ! o!r2 ?us1 if cells on "o side are deep] ?an ^? on ! o!r1 !y %\ld be %av$ d[n1 unless ! honey w be cut into too mu*1 9 :i* case ! comb maybe all[$ to project on "o side until x has be5 fa/5$ 9 ! frame & ! hive has be5 g5]ally put 9 ord] by ! bees1 ! po9t be+ n to =ce !m to try to manage too mu* runn+ honey at "o "t1 le/ robb+ be induc$4 ,9 _m in/ances ! comb :5 press$ into ! frame w seem to be s firm z n to ne$ nails or /icks1 b 9 ! heat ( ! hive1 & ) ! weight ( ! bees t w clu/] on x to repair ! cut edges & fa/5 !m to ! b>s ( ! frame1 unsupport$ combs are v apt to give way1 creat+ disa/r\s confusion4 ,?us ! /icks1 nails1 or _! equival5t %\ld always be us$ 7fig4 #ed74 ,all frames %\ld be fill$ ) p]fectly /raight combs s z to be int]*angeable4 ,) c>e 9 fitt+ 9 & "s trimm+ & press+ into %ape aft]w>ds1 fully ?ree-f\r?s ( ! work] combs cut f box hives c be made into good1 s]viceable combs 9 frame hives4 ,! process is mu* facilitat$ if su* combs are us$ 9 ! extractor dur+ ! fir/ season or two aft] transf]r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,transf]r$ comb & ins]t$ que5 cell4 7,orig9al47 ,%\ld ! "t be ne> ! sw>m+ season ! combs w be s fill$ ) brood & honey t ! task w be mu* great]1 & ! transf] %\ld be po/pon$ until ?ree weeks aft] ! fir/ sw>m issues4 ,! brood left by ! old que5 w h matur$ & issu$ f ! cells by t "t1 & ! "y que51 if no accid5t has happ5$ to h]1 w h begun lay+2 yet !re w usually be only eggs1 ) p]haps a few v "y l>v1 pres5t 9 ! combs at ?is "t1 s t ! cutt+ out & fitt+ ( ! latt] into frames w n be z tr\blesome nor att5d$ ) s mu* wa/e z j be=e ! sw>m issu$4 ,/ill ano!r plan--"o :i* x w\ld n be be/ to employ be=e fairly w>m wea!r has set 91 b :i* w r5d] ! "w ( transf]r+ ! lighte/--is to turn ! box hive bottom upw>d & place on x ! brood ap>tm5t ( a frame hive1 hav+ 9 x frames fill$ ) work] combs or ) comb f\ndation1 arrang+ at ! same "t to give ! bees ready access f _! combs to ^? above & no entrance to _! hive except ?r\gh ! frame hive above4 ,?is c easily be done by mak+ a tempor>y bottom bo>d = ! frame hive1 ) sev]al holes ?r\gh x1 or ) "o l>ge "o ab\t ! size ( ! op5 end ( ! box hive4 ,z soon z x is p]ceiv$ t ! que5 has tak5 possession ( ! new combs--z %e w be almo/ c]ta9 to d1 especially if "o ( ! combs plac$ above conta9s "s brood--a piece ( que5-exclud+ z9c plac$ ov] ! op5+ betwe5 ! two hives w keep h] above1 & ?ree weeks lat]1 :5 all ! brood 9 ! combs bel[ has matur$1 ! box hive may be remov$ & ! combs transf]r$ to frames1 if wor? us+ 9 ?is way2 b if old or compos$ ( drone cells or v irregul> 9 %ape ^! combs may be r5d]$ into wax1 aft] extract+ any honey t may happ5 to be 9 !m4 ,inv]t+ ! box hive w g5]ally cause ! bees to remove :at honey !y h /or$ 9 ! combs4 ,?is honey w be utiliz$ 9 build+ out ! f\ndation plac$ 9 ! add$ /ory1 or1 hav+ ^! combs complet$1 ! bees w /ore 9 !m :atev] rema9s4 ,%\ld ! que5 fail to ent] ! sup]pos$ hive1 ! plan may be adopt$ ( driv+ h] ) h] work]s into ! add$ /ory1 z describ$ on page #gb4 ,:5 ! l[] combs h be5 ne>ly des]t$ x w be safe to assume t ! que5 has gone into ! upp] hive ) ! ma9 =ce ( work]s1 & ! exclud] z9c may be ins]t$4 ,,que5lessness ,,9 ,,spr+4 ,! loss ( a que5 dur+ w9t] or e>ly spr+ c g5]ally be discov]$ by notic+ j at nightfall1 aft] ! fir/ or second g5]al flight1 :i* colonies are re/less & cont9ue to buzz excit$ly :5 ! o!rs are humm+ 9 a cont5t$ mann] or h quiet$ d[n = ! night4 ,! work]s ( ! que5less colony run 9 & out excit$ly1 se>*+ ov] ! front ( ! hive4 ,%\ld x be op5$ !y w n res5t ! intrusion1 b1 rema9+ on ! combs1 w at once set up a l\d & prolong$ buzz+4 ,^! symptoms become less pron\nc$ f day to day4 ,if a comb conta9+ brood be ins]t$ dur+ ?is p]iod x w be hail$ ) evid5t delight1 manife/$ by ! eag] cr[d+ ( ! bees f all sides t[>d x4 ,a cont5t$ hum replaces ! s\nd ( m\rn+1 & if "y work]-l>v are pres5t prep>ations1 z describ$ on pages #hh-hi1 are begun at once to re> a que54 ,h[ev]1 if mu* r$uc$ 9 numb]s ! colony %\ld be jo9$ to "o ) a que51 or sev]al que5less ones unit$4 ,! latt] may be smok$ & simply %ak5 or bru%$ toge!r4 ,b bees t h be5 que5less long :5 add$ to ^? t h n yet miss$ _! own que5 w frequ5tly be kill$ at once4 ,! que5 %\ld !re=e be tak5 f h] own bees & cag$ = ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs 9 ! hive :i* has previ\sly be5 que5less1 & h] own bees add$ :5 %e is releas$4 7,see page #id47 ,a bo>d lean$ aga9/ ! front ( ! hive w cause ! bees to note _! *ange 9 location :5 !y fly out & !y w !n easily f9d _! new qu>t]s :5 return+ f _! flight4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,secur+ ,,surplus ,,honey ,,& ,,wax4 ,if ! colonies ( bees h be5 br\ght to ! op5+ ( a giv5 honey fl[ ) a p[]ful population rec5tly hat*$ x w require no great skill to secure a good crop1 grant$1 ( c\rse1 t ! fl[]s actually d secrete ! nect>4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts "s colonies are likely to come ?r\gh to ! e>ly h>ve/ 9 good %ape1 b if all ^? conta9$ 9 a l>ge api>y are 9 prime ord] at ?is "t x is good evid5ce ( skill on ! "p ( ! att5dant1 ?is ev5 ?\gh ! wea!r & o!r circum/ances may h favor$ 8 "w4 ,to secure a yield ( surplus honey ! "p rema9+ to be done1 if all goes well1 is m]ely to put ! surplus receptacles 9 place1 admit ! bees1 & remove ! combs :5 fill$ & seal$4 ,b if sw>m+ complications arise ! :ole ( ! bee keep]'s skill & +5uity may aga9 be call$ into requisition to keep ! =ces toge!r & /or+ 9 ! surplus receptacles4 ,%\ld ! expect$ h>ve/ n come--t is1 %\ld ! fl[]s f :i* ! yield is anticipat$ n secrete honey1 or %\ld !y bloom :5 ! wea!r w\ld n p]mit ! bees to fly--( c\rse no am\nt ( skill c\ld make up ! defici5cy4 ,9 su* a case all t c be done is to c>ry ! colonies ?r\gh to ! next honey yield 9 good %ape--to keep up 7by fe$+ if necess>y7 ! popul\sness ( ! colonies4 ,! fl[ may beg9 sudd5ly or be=e x is look$ =2 x may be excell5t = only a v %ort "t1 a day or two ev51 & be cut (f %ort 9 ! mid/ ( its greate/ abundance4 ,?us ! skill lies 9 hav+ ! colonies ready = :atev] may come & a =ce suffici5t to /ore ! :ole season's surplus 9 a few days4 ,,extract$ ,,honey4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 secur+ extract$ honey is to h a l>ge /ock ( surplus combs4 ,^!1 ) ! /rong colonies ( bees to utilize !m1 & ! honey extractor1 are ! great requisites ( ! produc] ( extract$ honey4 ,z fa/ z ! bees c cov] & utilize !m1 ^! combs are add$ to ! colonies1 "o or two at a "t f ! op5+ ( ! season until ! brood ap>tm5t is full4 ,z soon z m combs ?an ! l[] /ory w hold are ne$$ a second /ory fill$ ) combs may be add$1 or b two or ?ree may be plac$ 9 x at "o side ) a division bo>d next to !m4 ,x is a good plan to sort ov] ! combs ( ! brood ap>tm5t1 remov+ sev]al ( ! less regul> ones1 or if all are alike z reg>ds regul>ity & 9 hav+ work] cells only1 b "s conta9 consid]able honey & little brood1 ^! are to be remov$ & ! empty space fill$ 9 ) good work] combs4 ,! remov$ combs %\ld be plac$ 9 ! top /ory1 :i*1 if ! wea!r & ! /r5g? ( ! colony p]mit1 is to be fill$ out ) combs at once4 ,! /ronge/ colonies w1 ( c\rse1 beg9 "w fir/1 & c (t5 sp>e p>tly fill$ combs to be plac$ 9 ! top /ories ( less popul\s colonies1 ?us enc\rag+ ! latt] to beg9 "w 9 ! upp] /ories4 ,x is safe to say t 9 g5]al m ?an twice ! yield ( honey c be obta9$ f colonies suppli$ dur+ ! :ole honey fl[1 ) all ! complet$ combs !y are able to utilize1 ?an c be expect$ f colonies t h to build all ( ! combs = _! surplus :ile /or+4 ,complet$ combs n be+ available1 comb f\ndation 9 full %eets %\ld be employ$4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! h>ve/ ?is w be drawn out v quickly & aid greatly 9 secur+ ! honey :i* o!rwise might be lo/ = want ( /ore combs z fa/ z might be ne$$4 ,dur+ a fair yield ! f\ndation w pay = itself ! fir/ season 9 ! extra am\nt ( honey1 & ! combs1 prop]ly c>$ =1 c be us$ ye> aft] ye>--indef9itely1 9 fact--= extract+4 ,! be/ ( !m %\ld be pick$ out con/antly to replace less desirable ones t may be f\nd 9 ! brood ap>tm5t1 or to give to new sw>ms de/9$ to produce extract$ honey4 ,"s pref] = ! surplus cases frames half ! dep? ( ord9>y brood frames1 f9d+ !m easi] to manipulate4 ,:5ev] ! combs ( a top /ory are ne>ly fill$1 & be=e !y are completely seal$1 x may be lift$ up & ano!r /ory1 fill$ ) empty combs1 plac$ betwe5 x & ! brood ap>tm5t1 & ?is may be cont9u$ until ! end ( ! honey fl[1 & all may be left on ! hive dur+ ! w>m wea!r4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be easi] to add ! new /ories successively at ! top--t is1 above ! p>tially fill$ surplus /ories--& ?is plan works well z long z ! honey fl[ is abundant1 b :5 put on j z ! yield slack5s1 ev5 if b little1 or :5 ! wea!r is cool1 ! bees may refuse to beg9 "w 9 ! new sup] unless x is plac$ betwe5 ! p>tially fill$ ones & ! brood ap>tm5t4 ,leav+ ! fill$ top /ories on ! hives = "s "t p]mits ! m complete evaporation ( ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! newly ga!r$ honey1 & by m>k+ ! /ories ! honey f a c]ta9 s\rce1 :5 ! yield has be5 suffici5t to get ! combs fill$ & seal$1 c be extract$ by itself4 ,if ! supply ( combs is insuffici5t to hold ! :ole am\nt ga!r$1 x mu/ !n be extract$ z fa/ z seal$1 le/ ! bees1 lack+ ready cells 9 :i* to deposit _! surplus z fa/ z ga!r$1 hang idly ab\t1 or if space = new combs exi/s1 only sl[ly provide ^!1 los+ mean:ile mu* ( ! h>ve/4 ,:5 seal$ ! honey w g5]ally be f\nd fairly rip5$1 ?\gh x may improve by be+ /or$ 9 op5 buckets or cans 9 a dry1 w>m room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,uncapp+ & extract+ honey4 7,orig9al47 ,! process ( extract+ is extremely simple1 & a little practice w enable an obs]v+ p]son to d x well 7fig4 #ee74 ,z indicat$ above1 "s judgm5t is requir$ 9 ! selection ( combs1 reg>d be+ _h to ! future condition ( ! colony4 ,! fill$ comb-1 z fa/ z remov$1 are plac$ 9 a light case ! size ( a hive1 or a t9 c made specially = ! purpose1 cov]$ closely to prev5t ! access ( robb]s1 & tak5 to ! extract+ room1 :i* %\ld be bee-pro(4 ,x is n always necess>y to use su* c>e 9 exclud+ all bees1 b ! novice %\ld practice x until he le>ns to di/+ui% by ! actions ( ! bees :5 su* precautions may be disp5s$ )4 ,:5ev] possible ! /ories conta9+ surplus honey %\ld be lift$ up & honey bo>ds conta9+ bee escapes slipp$ betwe5 !m & ! brood ap>tm5t e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! day be=e ! extract+ is to be done1 9 case ! bees are /ill ga!r+1 o!rwise ! night be=e w d4 ,! combs w !n be free f bees1 or ne>ly s1 :5 ! op]ator wi%es to remove !m1 & w conta9 no honey ga!r$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! la/ day's ga!r+ hav+ also be5 rip5$ consid]ably dur+ ! night prec$+ ! ins]tion ( ! escapes4 ,:5 ! que5 has n be5 re/rict$ 9 h] lay+ to ! l[] /ory by means ( exclud]s1 ?is plan ( free+ ! combs ( bees w fail 9 case ! escapes are plac$ on l[] /ories above :i* ! brood & ! que5 may be4 ,! only way !n w be to remove ! combs "o by "o1 aft] smok+ ! bees to quiet !m1 & %ake or bru% (f ! latt] into ! top /ory4 ,italians c n be %ak5 (f unless _! bodies are pretty well fill$ ) honey1 b !y may be safely bru%$ (f aft] smok+4 ,= ?is a s+le l>ge fea!r f ! left w+ ( a turkey is be/4 ,o!r races c be %ak5 (f aft] smok+4 ,ea/]n bees %\ld nev] be bru%$ f ! combs :5 extract+1 nor at any "t unless !y are gorg$ ) honey4 ,!y c all be %ak5 (f easily1 & w ne$ less smoke ?an ! ,european races4 ,:5 mu* extract+ is to be done1 top /ories ( hives or light cases ) clo? cov]s1 weight$ ) a rod sew$ into ! loose edge1 may be us$ to hold ! full combs z fa/ z tak5 f ! hives1 & ^!1 plac$ on a :eelb>r[1 c>t1 or c>1 c be easily transport$ to ! extract+ room4 ,! uncapp+ knife1 kept 9 hot wat] :5 n 9 use1 is pass$ rapidly "u ! capp+ ( ! seal$ combs1 ! po9t ( x be+ us$ to rea* depress$ surfaces4 ,! loos5$ capp+s drop into a sieve re/+ ov] a pan1 or into ! upp] "p ( a c specially design$ to receive capp+s4 ,! small am\nt ( honey remov$ ) ! capp+s dra9s ?r\gh ! /ra9] & is drawn (f bel[4 ,! uncapp$ combs are plac$ 9 ! extractor at once4 ,z ! cells g5]ally slant upw>d m or less1 especially ^? built = /ore cells outside ! brood ne/1 ! ?r[+ out ( ! honey is facilitat$ by plac+ ea* comb 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! top b> at ! "r h&1 ! basket be+ revolv$ 9 ! mo/ natural way--t is1 f "r to left4 ,a little practice w enable ! op]ator to note ! spe$ requir$ 9 ord] to free ! combs entirely f honey1 :i* w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! consi/5cy ( ! honey & ! l5g? ( "t combs are revolv$4 ,:ile x is1 9 g5]al1 be/ to avoid extract+ f combs conta9+ brood1 cases w arise :]e x is necess>y4 ,if ! brood is seal$1 !re w1 be less liability ( injur+ x ?an :5 op5 cells conta9+ l>v are plac$ 9 ! extractor2 b a mod]ate degree ( spe$ cont9u$ some:at long] w usually br+ ! honey out )\t di/urbance to ! immature bees4 ,?ree p]sons c "w toge!r v advantage\sly--"o to remove ! surplus cases or combs f ! hives1 free !m ( _! bees1 & br+ !m into ! extract+ room1 :]e two assi/ants uncap & extract ! honey4 ,if ! bees are n ga!r+ honey & are !re=e prone to rob1 ! p]son :o removes ! combs f ! hives %\ld be assi/$ by an active boy :o c cov] hives or cases quickly or lift ! latt] :5 necess>y4 ,! combs :5 empti$ may be return$ at once to ! hives if ! bees are /ill engag$ 9 /or+4 ,! slight damage :i* !y h su/a9$ "u ! uncapp+ knife or 9 ! extractor w soon be repair$2 inde$1 ) a little exp]i5ce ! uncapp]s w be able to smoo? & trim irregul> combs 9 su* a way z to r5d] !m /raight] aft] !y h be5 ?r\gh ! extractor4 ,x is p>ticul>ly desirable1 9 ord] to /raight5 ! combs ( transf]r$ colonies & get !m 9 good work+ trim1 t !y be run = extract$ honey dur+ ! fir/ ye> or two2 moreov]1 a good yield ( extract$ honey is m likely to be obta9$ f rec5tly transf]r$ colonies ?an comb honey1 especially if ! manipulators are beg9n]s 9 ! "w4 ,:5 ! extract+ is done aft] ! close ( ! ga!r+ p]iod1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 n to />t robb+4 ,! surplus combs %\ld be return$ to ! hives j be=e nightfall1 & n ev5 a ta/e ( sweets ( any k9d %\ld be left expos$4 ,! object 9 return+ ! combs is to h !m clean$ up1 & also to h !m "u ! protection ( ! bees until cool wea!r puts a /op to ! de/ructive "w ( wax-mo? l>v4 ,:5 %>p fro/s occur1 ! surplus combs may be remov$ f ! hives & plac$ 9 a dry1 cold room4 ,an op5 l(t 7if n infe/$ ) mice or if ! combs are protect$ f ! latt]7 is a good place1 & x is mu* bett] to place ! combs s !y d n t\* ea* o!r4 ,,comb ,,honey4 ,! g5]al directions giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] on spr+ manipulation to secure popul\s colonies apply z well to ^? design$ = comb honey z to ^? :i* are to produce extract$ honey4 ,if any diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ x is ev5 m important t ! =m] be br\ght to ! op5+ ( ! honey fl[ ) ! brood combs compactly fill$ ) develop+ bees to ! exclusion ( honey1 ?an t ! latt] %\ld be s2 & colonies n /rong en\gh to ent] sections readily1 if at all1 may /ill be utiliz$1 & (t5 d fairly well 9 ! production ( extract$ honey4 ,! old-fa%ion$ surplus boxes hold+ #be to #cj p\nds are reg>d$ q z relics ( ! pa/ by ^? :o use frame hives & produce comb honey 9 f9e m>ketable %ape1 & ev5 if = home consumption ! p\nd 7fig4 #ej7 & #ab-p\nd sections are always pref]r$1 s9ce !y are s *eap1 p]mit ! use ( comb f\ndation1 & are 9 neat %ape & ( conv5i5t size = ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,"o-piece ,v-groov$ section4 7,f ,glean+s47 ,section hold]s 7fig4 #eg7 ) sections fold$ & 9 place1 ea* section suppli$ ) ?9 f\ndation1 pref]ably full %eets1 b at lea/ guides1 %\ld be 9 read9ess be=e ! op5+ ( ! h>ve/4 ,=ty to fifty sections = ea* hive %\ld be prep>$4 ,"o-piece sections1 if b\ght 9 ! flat1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! cell> = two or ?ree days be=e fold+4 ,if ! section back ( ! ,v-jo9ts is !n moi/5$ slightly !y c be set up rapidly )\t breakage4 ,sections made ( :ite popl> are by f> ! neate/ look+ & d n co/ mu* if any m ?an basswood1 s t bee keep]s might %[ _! disapproval ( ! :olesale de/ruction ( our basswood or l9d5 timb] by resolutely refus+ to buy sections made ( t wood4 ,! f\r-piece sections1 if well made1 are pref]able to ! "o-piece4 ,! latt] d n keep _! %ape z firmly z ! f\r-piece sections1 :i* are made ) lock jo9ts at all ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,sup] ) sections & section hold]s 9 place3 ,a1 sup]2 ,d1 sep>ator2 ,e1 sections2 ,f1 foll[]2 ,g1 w$ge4 7,f ,glean+s47 ,! f\ndation = sections %\ld be ! quality kn[n z ?9 surplus or1 pref]ably1 if full %eets be us$1 extra-?9 surplus4 ,^! grades are made ( select$1 light-color$ wax1 & #a p\nd furni%es full %eets = #ajj to #abe /&>d sections 7#d by #d in*es74 ,! %eets %\ld be cut no l>g] ?an #c in*es squ>e4 ,^! w take up ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 fa/5+1 :i* w leave ne>ly "o-half in* space betwe5 ! l[] edge & ! bottom piece ( ! section & all[ ! f\ndation to /ret* :ile be+ drawn out4 ,?is is necess>y1 o!rwise ! p>tially complet$ comb w bulge z soon z x rea*es ! bottom ( ! section4 ,9 cutt+ f\ndation ei!r = sections or frames "o edge--! "o to be atta*$--%\ld be p]fectly /raight4 ,to secure ?is n m ?an six to t5 %eets 7dep5d+ on _! ?ickness7 %\ld be laid 9 "o pile1 & a %>p1 ?9-blad$ knife1 z well z a /raight rule1 us$4 ,two or ?ree piles may be laid side by side & ) a rule long en\gh to rea* across !m all a doz5 to ?irty %eets c be cut at a "t4 ,dipp+ ! knife 9 w>m wat] facilitates ! "w4 ,! %eets are fa/5$ 9 ! section by ! use ( "o ( ! ma*9es m5tion$ on page #eb4 ,!y secure ! wax to ! wood by pressure comb9$ 9 "s in/ances ) heat4 ,fig4 #dj %[s "o ( ^!4 ,! simple/ =m consi/s m]ely ( a slid+ lev] h+$ to a block4 ,x is int5d$ to be fa/5$ by means ( screws to a table or b5*1 & is !n ready = use :5 ! lev] is moi/5$ ) honey1 />* wat]1 or soapsuds along ! edge :i* is to t\* ! wax %eets4 ,! f\ndation is laid flat on ! top piece ( ! section 9 su* a way t ! /raight edge passes ! c5t] l9e "o-eigh? ( an in*1 & ! :ole is !n slipp$ "u ! lev]4 ,! latt] is br\ght d[n ) a slid+ motion t[>d ! op]ator & at ! same "t ! f\ndation is b5t up at "r angles to ! top piece4 ,if ! wax is slightly s(t x w adh]e firmly4 ,a heat$ brick plac$ be=e ! pile ( />t]s w keep ! edges s(t en\gh if ! "w is done 9 a mod]ately w>m room4 ,/>t]s half to ?ree-f\r?s in* 9 wid? are sometimes us$ at ! bottoms ( sections to secure firm atta*m5t ( combs !re4 ,bees incl9e to gnaw ^! bottom />t]s away unless ! top pieces ( f\ndation rea* )9 "o-half in* ( !m4 ,top />t]s an in* or less 9 wid? may be us$ alone z comb guides :5 x is desirable to avoid great outlay = f\ndation4 ,! use ( /rips ( t9 or wood z sep>ators 7fig4 #eg1 ,d7 betwe5 ! sections insures /raight combs ) smoo? surfaces1 ?us conv5i5t to h&le & %ip4 ,! sections furni%$ ) />t]s or full %eets ( f\ndation are slipp$ ) sep>ators into sup]s & pil$ away ready = use z soon z ! h>ve/ op5s4 ,,putt+ ,,on ,,sections4 ,x is bett] n to put surplus honey receptacles on ! hive until ! honey fl[ actually beg9s1 z1 ( c\rse1 no "w w be done 9 !m until !n4 ,moreov]1 all ! heat is ne$$ 9 ! brood ap>tm5t dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season4 ,! bees might also become disc\rag$ by ! l>ge am\nt ( empty space & might n beg9 "w 9 x at all be=e sw>m+4 ,! sections w\ld also be soil$ by ! bees crawl+ ov] !m & daub+ !m ) propolis4 ,! bee keep] :o is famili> ) ! honey-produc+ flora ( 8 locality w note ! developm5t ( ! fl[] buds ( any plant f :i* he expects a crop & w be able to judge accurately by a glance at ! colony :5 sections are ne$$4 ,! beg9n] w d well to consult c>efully ! li/ ( honey-produc+ plants giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,bee pa/urage1 & also endeavor by inquiry 9 8 neighborhood to asc]ta9 :at o!r s\rces1 if any1 are )9 ! rea* ( 8 bees4 ,! usual "t ( bloom+ ( all pr9cipal honey plants %\ld be not$1 & ! managem5t to secure popul\s colonies hav+ be5 9 accordance ) ! directions giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii on ,spr+ manipulation1 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ blossoms ( any "o ( ! important honey yield]s %\ld be ! signal = plac+ sup]s ) sections on all hives int5d$ = comb honey production4 ,%\ld ^! indications n be suffici5t1 !re is /ill ano!r :i* no "o c\ld mi/ake4 ,x is to exam9e ! tops ( ! brood combs f "t to "t & note :5 ! /ore cells betwe5 ! brood & ! top b> are be+ made deep] by add$ wax4 ,! fre%1 :it5$ appe>ance :i* su* combs pres5t :5 view$ f above readily di/+ui%es !m f ! yell[ or d>k combs :olly built dur+ previ\s seasons4 ,! l[] edges ( p>tially complet$ combs w also %[ additions at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,dadant-,qu9by =m ( ,lang/ro? hive1 elevat$ f bottom bo>d & slid back = v5tilation 9 summ]4 7,r$rawn f ,lang/ro?47 ,x hav+ be5 det]m9$ t ! "t to put on sections has arriv$1 ! quilt us$ ov] ! frames is remov$ & ! sup]1 ) section hold]s1 sections1 & sep>ators 9 place1 is set ov] ! frames4 ,a clean enamel$ or c>riage-clo? quilt %\ld be laid ov] ! tops ( ! sections1 if ^! are op5 above1 & ?is weight$ d[n ) a bo>d :i* has be5 clamp$ to prev5t w>p+4 ,at ?is "t ! flight hole %\ld be full wid? & ! hive protect$ f ! direct rays ( ! sun dur+ ! hott] portions ( ! day4 ,) small1 s+le-wall$ hives1 su* z hold eight combs or less1 x may be necess>y1 if ! hives are cr[d$ ) bees1 to raise !m slightly f ! bottom bo>d or slide !m back1 s z to give small op5+s at ! re>4 ,mr4 ,simm9s's plan ( plac+ bel[ ! brood ne/ a hive *amb] ) />t]s only 9 ! frames p]mits ! bees to avoid clu/]+ too compactly & yet to keep up _! "w inside dur+ extremely hot wea!r4 ,v5tilation & %ad+ ( hives assi/ greatly t[>d ! prev5tion ( sw>m+1 & hav+ br$ ! colony up until x is suffici5tly /rong to take advantage ( ! h>ve/1 & hav+ rea*$ ! op5+ ( t h>ve/1 x is desirable by all means to keep ! =ces toge!r z long z ! fl[ la/s4 7,fig4 #eh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,lang/ro? hive ) comb9$ surplus case & %ipp+ crate4 7,orig9al47 ,! sup]s %\ld be remov$ z fa/ z fairly fill$4 ,! bees are sl[ 9 seal+ ov] ! outside sections2 !re=e x is bett] n to lose "t wait+ = ^! to be completely capp$1 b replace ! :ole ) a new set4 ,"s pref] to lift up ! sup] :5 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s complet$ & place ! empty "o bel[--t is1 betwe5 x & ! brood *amb]4 ,! objection to ?is plan is t by ! "t ! sections plac$ above h be5 fully complet$ !y w h m or less propolis daub$ on !m & ! combs w be consid]ably soil$ by ! bees runn+ ov] !m4 ,a bett] plan to secure ! completion ( ! outside sections is1 aft] remov+ a numb] ( sup]s1 to select en\gh incomplete ,sections to fill "o sup]1 ,:i* is !n plac$ on a /rong colony = completion1 or ! p>tly fill$ sections may be us$ 9 ! middle ( new sup]s z bait sections to induce ! bees to clu/] & beg9 "w 9 !m at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,honey %ipp+-cases4 7,f ,glean+s47 ,not)/&+ su* precautions = ! prev5tion ( sw>m+ z %ad+ ! hives1 v5tilation1 hav+ only "y que5s1 & ! removal ( ! outside combs1 sub/itut+ = !m frames ( f\ndations or />t]s ne> ! c5t] ( ! brood ne/1 sw>ms w sometimes issue1 especially f hives devot$ to comb-honey production4 ,! be/ plan 9 ?is case is to hive ! sw>m 9 a clean new hive ^: frames h be5 fill$ ) />t]s & place ?is on ! /& ( ! p>5t colony1 mov+ ! latt] to a new position or m feet away4 ,! sw>m 9 its new qu>t]s w !n be jo9$ by ! re/ ( ! field work]s f ! p>5t hive1 & ! :ole tone1 reunit$ & hav+ = "s days no brood to c>e =1 w con/itute a /rong colony = /or+ honey4 ,! sup] ( p>tly f9i%$ sections %\ld be lift$1 bees & all1 f ! p>5t hive & plac$ on ! brood *amb] ( ! new colony4 ,! sup]s %\ld be promptly remov$ at ! close ( ! honey h>ve/1 honey bo>ds ) bee escapes 9 !m be+ us$ to free !m f bees1 z describ$ "u ! head ( ,extract+4 ,if ! ga!r+ season = ! ye> has also end$1 an exam9ation ( ! brood ap>tm5t %\ld be made to det]m9e :e!r fe$+ is necess>y1 ei!r to prolong brood re>+ or = w9t] /ores4 ,,production ,,( ,,wax4 ,! progressive api>i/ ( ! pres5t "t does n look ^u ! production ( wax 9 s great a proportion comp>$ ) 8 honey yield z did ! old-"t box-hive bee keep]4 ,! latt] obta9$ mu* ( 8 honey = ! m>ket by cru%+ ! combs & /ra9+ x out1 leav+ ! cru%$ combs to be melt$ up = _! wax4 ,be=e ! use ( sup]s late sw>ms & _m colonies q heavy 9 honey 7 smo!r$ by ! use ( sulphur2 ! light ones because _! honey supply w\ld n br+ !m ?r\gh ! w9t]1 & ! v heavy ones because ( ! ri* yield 9 honey4 ,frequ5t losses ( bees 9 w9t]+ & ?r\gh que5lessness gave m combs = melt+1 z )\t frame hives2 honey extractors1 or comb-f\ndation ma*9es1 ! vacat$ combs 7 n (t5 utiliz$ aga94 ,! wax f ! press$ combs 0 all m>ket$1 s9ce !re c\ld be b little home use = x4 ,! bee keep] ( to-day1 aft] hav+ remov$ ! honey f ! combs by c5trifugal =ce1 returns !m1 b slightly injur$1 to be refill$ by ! bees1 & at ! end ( ! season ^! combs are /or$ away = use 9 successive ye>s1 or he secures ! surplus1 also ap>t f ! brood1 9 neat sectional boxes1 to be m>ket$ z /or$--t is1 )\t cutt+4 ,! wax mu/ !re=e come f ! capp+s ( combs :]e extract$ honey is produc$1 f occasional brok5 comb1 bits ( drone comb t are cut out to be replac$ by work] comb1 f unf9i%$ & travel-/a9$ sections f :i* ! honey has be5 extract$1 or f old brood combs t ne$ to be replac$4 ,s9ce ! price p] p\nd ( extract$ honey is usually n less ?an "o-?ird & t ( comb honey "o-half ! price ( wax1 & x has already be5 indicat$ 7p4 #bh7 t "s #ab to #ae p\nds ( honey may 9 g5]al be safely reckon$ z necess>y to produce #a p\nd ( comb1 x c readily be se5 t x is mu* m pr(itable to turn ! work+ =ce1 9 s f> z possible1 to ! production ( honey r ?an wax1 tak+ only z mu* wax z c be produc$ )\t l[]+ ! yield ( honey2 & :at wax is tak5 is practically turn$ into honey ! foll[+ ye>1 = x is made into comb f\ndation1 :i*1 judici\sly us$1 increases 9 turn ! season's yield ( honey4 ,wax be+ s mu* m valuable ?an honey1 x behooves ! bee keep] to save ev5 ! smalle/ pieces ( comb2 b dur+ w>m wea!r !y mu/ n be left long or !y w s]ve z bre$+ places = ! wax mo?1 unless fumigat$ ) burn+ sulphur or expos$ to ! fumes ( bisulphide ( c>bon two or ?ree times ea* mon? until no m eggs ( ! mo? rema94 ,! old way ( r5d]+ wax 0 to put ! combs into a sack made ( "s op5 /uff'1 weight ?is d[n 9 a kettle ( wat]1 & boil = "s "t4 ,! wax rose1 & :5 cold 0 remov$ 9 a cake4 ,?is process1 besides be+ dauby1 (t5 yield$ inf]ior wax--burn$1 wat]-soak$1 or fill$ ) settl+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,! ,bo>dman sol> wax extractor4 7,f ,glean+s47 ,! mo/ approv$ me?od ( r5d]+ wax is1 = mod]ate-siz$ api>ies at lea/1 by means ( ! sol> wax extractor 7fig4 #fa71 already m5tion$ "u ! head ( ,implem5ts4 ,its managem5t is v simple4 ,! ma*9e is plac$ 9 ! sunnie/ spot 9 or ne> ! api>y1 & all ( ! wax capp+s1 aft] hav+ be5 dra9$ ( honey or work$ ov] by ! bees1 z well z bits ( comb1 are ?r[n into ! receiv] above ! wire /ra9]1 ! glass is adju/$1 & ! :ole is turn$ s t ! direct rays ( ! sun ent]4 ,m bits ( comb are add$ f "t to "t dur+ ! day4 ,! melt$ wax trickles ?r\gh ! /ra9] & collects 9 a t9 plac$ at ! l[] edge ( ! tank or melt]4 ,! cake is remov$ ea* morn+1 x hav+ cool$ & contract$ dur+ ! night suffici5tly to cause ! mass to cleave readily f ! vessel4 ,! sol> wax extractor c be us$ dur+ f\r or five mon?s ( ! ye> 9 ! m nor!rn ,/ates1 & = a long] "t 9 ! ,s\?4 ,to r5d] wax at o!r times /eam heat is be/4 ,:5 available a jet f a boil] may be connect$ ) a b>rel or vessel conta9+ ! combs & a l>ge am\nt r5d]$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,9 small] api>ies a /eam extractor = use ov] a boil] on ! /ove may be employ$ 7fig4 #cj74 ,! mann] ( us+ ^! extractors is simple4 ,! capp+s & bits ( comb to be r5d]$ are plac$ 9 an inside basket made ( p]=at$ metal4 ,^u plac+ ?is ov] a wat] boil]1 into :i* x tits closely1 ! /eam rises ?r\gh holes 9 ! bottom ( ! upp] c & readily p5etrates ! mass4 ,! melt$ wax runs out ?r\gh a sp\t at ! l[] edge ( ! upp] c & is caught 9 a pan p>tly fill$ ) w>m wat]4 ,z fa/ z ! mass 9 ! p]=at$ c settles away m bits ( comb are add$4 ,! d>k residue rema9+ is compos$ ( cocoons1 poll51 & accid5tal impurities4 ,^! may1 h[ev]1 conta9 consid]able wax :i* !y h absorb$ z x melt$4 ,?is wa/e may be avoid$ 9 a great measure if ! combs are brok5 up & soak$ 9 ra9 wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e melt+4 ,cakes ( wax1 if design$ = ! comb-f\ndation manufactur]1 w be acceptable j z !y come f ! wax extractor1 b if = ! g5]al m>ket !y %\ld all be remelt$ 9 ord] to purify !m4 ,?is mu/ be done ) c>e or ! wax w be s]i\sly injur$4 ,iron vessels w discolor x1 & z well or spr+ wat] frequ5tly conta9s iron1 ! use ( ra9 wat]1 :5ev] x is to come 9 contact ) ! melt$ wax1 w be f\nd m desirable4 ,x is be/ to melt ! wax sl[ly1 = if heat$ too rapidly ! p>ticles become disaggregat$ & take up a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 ! mass loses its lu/]1 & becomes pale & granul>4 ,9 ?is condition its m>ket value is l[4 ,remelt+ sl[ly1 especially 9 a sol> wax extractor1 w re/ore x4 ,^! difficulties 9 purify+ wax may be avoid$ if x is melt$ 9 a t9 or copp] vessel & 9 a wat] ba?1 t is1 ! melt] is to /& )9 a l>g] vessel conta9+ suffici5t wat] to surr\nd ! =m]4 ,z mu* wax z possible %\ld be melt$ at "o "t1 & :5 conv5i5t ! inn] c is left /&+ 9 ! wat]1 s t ! wax rema9s liquid "s "t1 p]mitt+ ! impurities to settle4 ,^! may be %av$ f ! bottom ( ! cake & remelt$ if !y conta9 mu* wax4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,re>+ ,,& ,,introduc+ ,,que5s4 ,s mu* ( ! bee keep]'s success dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( 8 colonies1 & ?is 9 turn ^u ! "* ( ! que5s head+ ^! colonies1 t he ne$s to be well in=m$ z to :at con/itutes a really good que5 & h[ to produce su*1 &1 hav+ ?is k1 x w be pr(itable to be con/antly on ! al]t to see t all colonies are suppli$ ) ! be/ que5s procurable4 ,) a que5 f a poor /ra9 ( bees1 or an unprolific "o f a good /ra91 a colony1 ev5 9 a season ( abundant honey secretion1 w give little or no return1 :ile ! seasons are n frequ5t dur+ :i* "o giv5 a fair />t & hav+ a l>ge1 prolific que5 ( an active honey-produc+ /ra9 c n collect a fair surplus beyond its own ne$s4 ,admitt+ ?is1 x w be pla9 to all t que5 bees diff] proportionately 9 value z mu* z horses or cattle1 & ! keep] ( bees :o does n "k h[ to select & produce ! be/ c n be call$ a bee-ma/]4 ,:5 bees sw>m !y g5]ally leave a numb] ( seal$ que5 cells 9 ! p>5t colony4 ,) blacks & ,italians !re are usually #f to #aj2 r>ely m ?an a doz54 ,c>niolans g5]ally con/ruct ab\t two doz51 b "u favorable conditions c be induc$ to build #ge to #ajj good cells at a "t4 ,fig4 #fb repres5ts a comb f a hive ( ,c>niolans :i* _h built at "o "t #gj que5 cells4 ,cyprians usually make #cj or #dj que5 cells1 b may greatly exce$ ?is numb] "u ! be/ conditions1 :ile ,syrians ne>ly always exce$ x1 sometimes ev5 build+ z _m z #bjj2 & ! writ] has se5 #cej cells con/ruct$ at "o "t by a s+le colony ( bees 9 ,tunis4 ,x might be ?\ght t :]e s _m 7 con/ruct$ only a small proportion ( !m w\ld produce good que5s4 ,su* is n ! case1 h[ev]2 = 9 g5]al a mu* l>g] proportion ( ! cells =m$ by ^! ea/]n races produce well develop$ que5s4 ,b 9 all hives "s que5 cells are und]siz$4 ,?is may be because !y are locat$ ne> ! bottom or sides1 :]e space = full developm5t is lack+1 b 9 _m in/ances x arises f ! fact t !y are =m$ la/1 & l>v t are really too old to make full siz$1 p]fect que5s h to be us$4 ,^! small] cells are usually smoo? on ! outside & %[ ?9 walls4 ,9 select+ cells only ! l>ge1 slightly tap]+ ones1 an in* or m 9 l5g? & /raight1 %\ld be sav$4 ,yet good que5s may frequ5tly be obta9$ f crook$ cells1 9 case ! latt] are l>ge & ext5d well into ! midrib ( ! comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,comb %[+ work] brood & que5 cells4 7,orig9al--f photograph47 ,:5 a lay+ que5 is remov$ f a colony dur+ ! work+ season1 eggs & l>v ( all ages are left beh9d4 ,z indicat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 any egg :i* has be5 f]tiliz$ may be made to develop into a que54 ,s also l>va8 f su* eggs may1 up to ! ?ird day1 be tak5 to re> f )\t dang] ( produc+ inf]ior que5s4 ,cells 9 :i* to produce que5s w be />t$ ov] "s ( ^! l>v on ! edges ( ! combs1 or1 by te>+ d[n p>titions & ?us enl>g+ ! l[] portion ( ! cell1 a beg9n+ is obta9$ = a que5 cell4 ,fig4 #fc %[s su* que5 cells con/ruct$ ov] eggs or l>v orig9ally design$ to produce work]s4 ,!y are kn[n z em]g5cy cells4 ,! "y l>va is at once lib]ally suppli$ ) a secretion1 :i* is probably a production ( ! gl&s ( ! head1 & :i* analyses h %[n to be ri* 9 nitrog5 & fatty elem5ts1 be+ simil> to t giv5 at fir/ to ! work] l>va4 ,?is is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole fe$+ p]iod1 :ile1 z ,dr4 ,von ,planta has %[n1 9 ! case ( ! work]s & drones1 aft] ! ?ird day ! proportion ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! l>val food is s *ang$ t !y receive mu* less album5 & fat & m sug>4 ,x is *iefly ! influ5ce ( ?is food :i* causes ! l>va t w\ld h develop$ z a work] to become a que54 ,! latt] has some:at *ang$ in/9cts11 & its reproductive sy/em is develop$1 in/ead ( abortive z 9 ! case ( ! work]4 ,! size ( ! cell1 &1 to a less ext5t p]haps1 its position1 no d\bt influ5ce ?is developm5t1 b ! food seems to be ! ma9 factor1 = small cells built horizontally1 if _! l>v are suppli$ ) ! food design$ = royal l>v1 w be f\nd to conta9 que5s1 & frequ5tly ^! que5s1 ev5 ?\gh small1 are q prolific1 & %[ 9 all respects ! in/9cts ( a que54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,que5 cells & work] brood 9 v>i\s /ages4 7,orig9al47 ,x is believ$ by mo/ que5 rais]s t 9 ord] to secure ! be/ developm5t ( ! "y que5s a colony %\ld be all[$ to build b a few cells at a "t4 ,t _! belief is n well f\nd$ is %[n by ! facts j cit$ conc]n+ ! l>ge numb]s ( well-develop$ que5 cells :i* produce also p]fect & prolific que5s4 ,x lies )9 ! skill ( ! bee-ma/] to e/abli% conditions favor+ ! production ( food = ! que5 l>v--! s call$ royal jelly--& ?is hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t1 !re ne$ be no hesitancy 9 p]mitt+ ! con/ruction ( hundr$s ( que5 cells 9 "o colony if su* numb]s are ne$$4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! plan1 aft] remov+ ! que5 f a colony 9 ord] to secure que5 cells1 to trim ! l[] edges ( ! combs conta9+ eggs or v "y l>v1 or to cut out /rips ( comb ab\t an in* wide j bel[ work] cells conta9+ eggs or j-hat*$ l>v4 ,?is practice gave ! bees space 9 :i* to build p]fect full-siz$ cells1 b x _h c]ta9 disadvantages4 ,good work] combs 7 mutilat$1 (t5 q ru9$1 9 ord] to secure ! con/ruction ( ! cells & also 9 cutt+ out ! latt]4 ,cells s =m$ are (t5 9 gr\ps s close toge!r t !y c n be sep>at$ )\t injury to numb]s ( !m1 necessitat+1 if desirable to save all1 a close wat*1 or at lea/ frequ5t exam9ation1 = h\rs or ev5 days1 s9ce all ! que5s are n likely to em]ge at ! same "t4 ,to rem$y ?is ,mr4 ,o4 ,h4 ,t[ns5d1 ( ,mi*igan1 devis$ a plan :i* is describ$ 9 ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture = ,july1 #ahhj 7,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cbb74 ,x consi/s 9 cutt+ combs ^: cells conta9 eggs or fre%ly hat*$ l>v into n>r[ /rips & p9n+ or /ick+ ^! on ! sides ( brood combs 9 su* a mann] t ! cells conta9+ ! eggs or l>v f :i* que5s are desir$ %all op5 d[nw>d4 ,mr4 ,t[ns5d remov$ ! l>v f "s ( ! cells1 believ+ t he secur$ bett] develop$ que5s by limit+ ! numb]1 & also because he c\ld !n cut !m out m easily = ins]tion 9 sep>ate hives4 ,9 ! succe$+ numb] ( ,glean+s 7,augu/1 #ahhj71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,brooks1 ( ,indiana1 illu/rat$ a plan = secur+ ev5 great] regul>ity4 ,?is consi/s 9 %av+ (f ! cells on "o side d[n ne>ly to ! midrib ( ea* /rip ( work] comb conta9+ ! eggs or l>v select$ to re> que5s f1 & !n /ick+ ^! /rips on ! und]sides ( horizontal b>s nail$ 9 ord9>y comb frames4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,alley1 9 8 "w on que5 re>+1 publi%$ 9 #ahhc1 recomm5ds /ick+ ! prep>$ /rips1 %all[ cells d[nw>d1 on ! l[] edges ( combs :i* h be5 trimm$ s z to r\nd d[nw>d4 ,?is leaves pl5ty ( space = ! full developm5t ( que5 cells1 ! eggs or l>v 9 alt]nate cells hav+ be5 remov$ z 9 ! plans previ\sly m5tion$4 ,all conditions be+ favorable1 _m cells conv5i5tly locat$ are ?us secur$1 & if ! exact age ( ! eggs or j-hat*$ l>v has be5 not$ ! "t ! "y que5s w em]ge may be kn[n be=eh&1 s t prep>ation c be made = !m4 ,nuclei--small clu/]s ( bees conta9+ a qu>t to two qu>ts--are to be plac$ 9 sep>ate hives & giv5 combs1 em]g+ brood1 & a supply ( food1 & to ea* ( ^! a mature cell is to be giv54 ,! nuclei ?us prep>$ may be conf9$ to _! hives ) wire clo? & plac$ 9 a cell> = two or ?ree days1 & :5 set out1 j at dusk 7p4 #aag71 ! bees w adh]e to _! new location4 ,full colonies1 ^: que5s x is desir$ to replace1 may also be made que5less ab\t two or ?ree days be=eh&1 & :5 mature ! cells ins]t$ "o ea* 9 ^!4 ,9 cutt+ out ! cell a small piece ( comb1 triangul> %ap$1 #a to #b in*es long & ab\t #a in*es broad at ! top1 is to be left atta*$ to x :5ev] practicable1 s9ce x w !n be easy to ins]t x 9 "o ( ! combs ( ! que5less colony or nucleus1 by cutt+ out a correspond+ triangul> piece4 ,fig4 #ed %[s a que5 cell ins]t$ 9 a brood comb4 ,x is safe/ n to cut ! cells out until !y are )9 tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs ( _! full maturity4 ,9 case a nucleus or colony has n be5 que5less long en\gh to make x ready to accept a que5 cell1 ! latt] may be plac$ 9 a cell protector made ( wire clo? or ( a spiral coil ( wire & !n ins]t$ betwe5 ! c5tral combs ( ! hive4 ,! l[] end only ( ! protector is op51 s t ! upp] portion ( ! cell--! "p easily bitt5 op5 by ! work]s--is :olly cov]$4 ,que5 nurs]ies on ! g5]al plan devis$ _m ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,jewell ,davis1 ( ,ill9ois1 are us$ to hold surplus matur+ cells & ! "y que5s1 aft] em]g+1 = :i* colonies or nuclei are n ready at once4 ,^! nurs]ies consi/ ( comp>tm5ts ab\t #a in*es squ>e1 made ( wood & wire clo?1 & s arrang$ t !y may be susp5d$ 9 ! c5t] ( a colony ( bees1 a frame be+ fill$ ) !m = ?is purpose4 ,ea* comp>tm5t conta9s a bit ( s(t c&y to su/a9 ! life ( ! que5 9 case ! bees fail to fe$ h]4 ,spiral coils ( wire some:at long] ?an ^? us$ z que5-cell protectors h be5 arrang$ ) a metal cup = food1 s t1 9 pr9ciple1 !y are ! same z ! comp>tm5ts ( ! ,davis que5 nurs]ies & are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! "y que5s w usually mate :5 f five to sev5 days old1 fly+ f ! hive = ?is purpose4 ,if any undesirable drones are 9 ! api>y !y may be re/ra9$ f fly+ by means ( exclud] z9c ov] ! hive entrances1 p]mitt+ only work]s to pass 9 & out4 ,9 a day or two aft] mat+ ! que5 g5]ally comm5ces to deposit eggs1 & is !n ready = use 9 ! api>y or to be s5t away z an unte/$ que54 ,to enable h] to rank z a te/$ que5 x w be necess>y to keep h] ?ree weeks or a little long] 9 ord] to see h] work] prog5y & asc]ta9 by _! m>k+s t ! que5 has mat$ ) a drone ( h] own race4 ,z bo? te/$ & unte/$ que5s are usually rais$ f ! same mo!rs--! be/ 9 ! giv5 api>y--ei!r may be obta9$ = honey production2 b = use z bre$]s only te/$ que5s :i* h be5 approv$ 9 e way %\ld be pur*as$1 unless1 inde$1 ! pur*as] pref]s to buy sev]al unte/$ que5s1 :i* c usually be obta9$ = ! price ( "o approv$ & select$ bre$]1 & d 8 own te/+1 tru/+ t among !m "o or m may prove valuable z a bre$+ que54 ,w>rant$ que5s are unte/$ que5s s5t out ) a gu>anty t !y h mat$ purely4 ,if few or no drones ( ano!r race are 9 ! vic9ity ( a bre$]1 he is tol]ably safe 9 do+ ?is4 ,! prop] plan is = ! bre$] to keep a record ( ! brood ( all su* que5s & replace su* z %[ t !y h mismat$4 ,exact records ( ! ages ( all que5s %\ld be kept1 & notes on ! qualities ( _! prog5y are desirable1 :ile 9 "s in/ances p>ticul>s z to p$igrees are valuable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,! ,b5ton cage = transport+ a que5 & att5dants by mail4 7,orig9al47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,cag+ a que5 = mail+4 7,orig9al--f photograph47 ,,mail+ ,,que5s4 ,que5s are n[ transport$ ne>ly always by mail1 & s5t to all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ev5 to di/ant =eign c\ntries1 ! cage us$ almo/ exclusively be+ ! "o %[n 9 fig4 #fd or "s slightly modifi$ =m ( ! same4 ,no attempt 0 ev] made to pat5t ?is cage1 & z ! con/ruction is obvi\s f ! figure giv5 "h1 anyone :o desires c make & use x4 ,! food usually employ$ 9 ^! cages by que5 bre$]s is a s(t c&y recomm5d$ _m ye>s ago z bee food by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,s*olz1 ( ,g]many4 ,! ,s*olz c&y is made by knead+ f9e sug> & honey toge!r until a /iff d\gh has be5 =m$4 ,"s ?9k x an improvem5t to heat ! honey be=e add+ ! sug>4 ,! ,viallon %ipp+ c&y consi/s ( f\r p>ts ( br[n sug> & twelve ( :ite sug>1 ) two tablespoonfuls ( honey & "o ( fl\r to ea* p\nd ( ! mix$ sug>s2 ^!1 ) a little wat] add$1 =m a batt]1 :i* is boil$ until x comm5ces to ?ick51 :5 x is p\r$ into ! food comp>tm5t ( ! mail+ cage4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,good recomm5d$ = use 9 que5 cages a mixture ( granulat$ sug> & extract$ honey2 h5ce ?is c&y has s9ce be5 kn[n z ! ,good c&y4 ,! bees f$ on x leave loose granules ( sug> 9 ! cage1 & ^! becom+ moi/ (t5 daub ! :ole int]ior 9 su* a way z to cause ! dea? ( que5 & work]s4 ,x is !re=e n adapt$ to long j\rneys4 ,! food = ! j\rney hav+ be5 plac$ 9 ! end opposite t conta9+ ! v5tilat+ holes1 a bit ( comb f\ndation is press$ d[n ov] x to assi/ 9 reta9+ ! moi/ure1 ! food comp>tm5t hav+ also previ\sly be5 coat$ ) wax = ! same purpose4 ,! cov]1 ) p]haps a bit ( wire clo? betwe5 x & ! bees to give great] security1 toge!r ) ! address & a #a-;c5t /amp1 completes ! arrangem5t = a que5 & eight to twelve att5dant work]s to take a j\rney ( #c1jjj miles4 ,a special po/al regulation admits !m to ! mails at m]*&ise rates 7,i c5t p] ounce74 ,= transportation to di/ant c\ntries ( ! ,pacific a l>g] cage & m c>e are necess>y to success4 ,a rec5t e/imate by "o ( ! api>ian j\rnals places ! numb] ( que5s sold & ?us transport$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates annually at #bj1jjj4 ,,introduc+ ,,que5s4 ,mo/ ( ! mail+ cages are arrang$ s t :5 receiv$ ! removal ( ! wood5 lid & also ( a small cork at "o end w p]mit ! bees to eat _! way out :5 assi/$ by ^? ( ! hive to :i* ! que5 is to be giv54 ,! cage is laid1 ) ! wire clo? d[n1 on ! frames ( a colony t has previ\sly be5 made que5less4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs ! que5 w usually h be5 lib]at$1 b x is saf] n to di/urb ! combs = f\r or five days le/ ! bees1 on ! wat* = intrud]s :5 _! combs are expos$1 reg>d ! new que5 z su*1 &1 cr[d+ ab\t h] 9 a d5se ball1 /+ h] in/antly or smo!r h]4 ,colonies hav+ only "y bees accept que5s readily1 s t :5 a sw>m has issu$ & ! p>5t /ock has be5 remov$ to a new /& ! "t = que5 introduction is propiti\s4 ,dur+ a great honey fl[ que5s are accept$ )\t mu* "q1 if any at all4 ,!y may at su* times ne>ly always be safely run 9 j at d>k by lift+ "o corn] ( ! cov] or quilt ( a que5less hive & driv+ ! bees back ) smoke4 ,! new que51 hav+ be5 kept )\t food & away f all o!r bees = a half h\r previ\sly1 is !n slipp$ 9 & ! hive left undi/urb$ = sev]al days4 ,?is & simil> me?ods ( direct introduction )\t cages1 hav+ be5 develop$ & advocat$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,simm9s1 ( ,engl&1 are kn[n z ! ,simm9s me?ods ( direct introduction ( que5s4 ,9 ! fall & at all times :5 honey is n com+ 9 freely1 cag+ ! que5 = a few h\rs or days is desirable4 ,a cage :i* p]mits ! que5 to rema9 directly on ! comb itself is inf9itely sup]ior to any o!r4 ,fig4 #ff %[s a pipe-cov] cage z made by ! au?or1 ! size ( :i* may be great] if circum/ances require--t is1 :5 x seems advisable1 ) a que5 ( great value1 to include "u ! cage a numb] ( cells conta9+ em]g+ brood4 ,ord9>ily ! size "h %[n w suffice4 ,! que5 is cag$ be=e a clos$ w9d[ on a comb ( honey ) five or six rec5tly em]g$ bees tak5 f ! hive to :i* %e is to be introduc$4 ,! comb hold+ ! cag$ que5 is to be plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! que5less colony1 :]e ! bees w clu/] on x1 yet ) ! end ( ! cage press$ firmly aga9/ ! adjo9+ comb1 s t ! cage w rema9 9 place ev5 ?\gh a heavy clu/] %\ld ga!r on x4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 j be=e d>k1 ! que5 %\ld be releas$1 provid$ t ^u op5+ ! hive ! work]s are n pack$ d5sely ab\t ! cage try+ to /+ h] ?r\gh x4 ,9 ! latt] case %e %\ld be left tw5ty-f\r or ev5 =ty-eight h\rs long]1 & 9 ! autumn x is g5]ally advisable to keep h] cag$ sev]al days or ev5 a :ole week4 ,if left long] ?an "o day all que5 cells %\ld be hunt$ out & de/roy$ a few h\rs be=e releas+ ! que54 ,fe$+ :ile ! que5 is cag$ is a good plan if ga!r+ is n go+ on briskly4 ,^u free+ ! que51 dilut$ honey drizzl$ d[n betwe5 ! combs w s]ve to put ! bees 9 a good humor = ! reception ( ! new "m bee4 ,! entrance ( ! hive %\ld be contract$ = a %ort "t s t b a few bees c pass 9 or out at a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,b5ton que5-introduc+ cage4 7,orig9al47 ,! conditions necess>y to success 9 introduc+ que5s are compli$ ) by ! above plan1 namely3 ,! bees are que5less long en\gh to h become fully aw>e ( ! fact1 yet usually n long en\gh to h />t$ que5 cells2 ! /range que5 is cag$ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to acquire ! peculi> odor ( ! hive to :i* %e is to be giv52 ! bees are all at home :5 ! que5 is releas$1 & ?us all become ?or\ghly gorg$ ) food & are well dispos$ t[>d ! new que54 ,no robb]-bees come ab\t1 & by morn+ all is 9 ord]4 ,z que5s mate only once 7p4 #ai71 & work]s & drones live b a few weeks or at mo/ a few mon?s 7p4 #bj71 if an ,italian1 a ,c>niolan1 or o!r *oice que5 mat$ to a drone ( h] own race1 be introduc$ to a giv5 colony ! bees ( ?is colony w soon be replac$ by o!rs ( ! same race z ! que5 introduc$4 ,all ( ! colonies ( an api>y may ?us be *ang$2 or1 f a s+le bre$+ que5 ! api>y may be suppli$ ) "y que5s pure 9 blood1 &1 s9ce ^! 7ev5 ?\gh mat$ to drones ( ano!r race7 w produce drones ( _! own blood ! api>y w soon be /ock$ ) males ( ! desir$ race4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,increase ,,( ,,colonies4 ,,natural ,,sw>m+4 ,an abundant secretion ( honey & g5]al prosp]ity ( ! colony--) combs cr[d$ ) bees & brood--are ! imm$iate conditions :i* incite a colony ( bees to sw>m4 ,if a colony 9 prosp]\s condition be f\nd :5 ! ga!r+ season has fairly op5$1 ) eggs or l>v 9 p>tly f9i%$ que5 cells1 a sw>m may be expect$ 9 a few days %\ld ! wea!r cont9ue favorable4 ,! fir/ "o f a giv5 hive usually issues )9 tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs aft] ! seal+ ( ! fir/ que5 cell4 ,9 ! case ( /rong colonies ?is may occur 9 favor$ situations 9 ! ,nor? e>ly 9 ,may1 9 ! ,middle ,/ates 9 ,april1 & 9 ! extreme ,s\? 9 ,m>*4 ,b mo/ ( ! sw>ms w come1 9 ea* section1 a mon? lat]4 ,:5 ! fl[ ( honey is prolong$ ! p]iod dur+ :i* sw>ms may issue is also ext5d$1 & 9 case a second fl[ occurs 9 midsumm]1 aft] an int]ruption1 a second sw>m+ p]iod may occur4 ,! outw>d indications imm$iately prec$+ sw>m+ are a p>tial cessation ( field "w on ! "p ( colonies t h be5 indu/ri\sly ga!r+ & ! clu/]+ or loit]+ ( ! work]s ab\t ! entrances at times :5 !y h usually be5 engag$ 9 collect+ & :5 o!r colonies no m popul\s are at "w4 ,app>5tly _m are await+ ! signal to migrate1 :ile "s seem n to h caught ! _s1 b cont9ue _! field "w4 ,sudd5ly great excitem5t seizes ! work]s t happ5 to be 9 ! hive at ! "t4 ,!y ru% =? pellmell1 accompani$ by ! old que51 & aft] circl+ ab\t = "s m9utes clu/] on "s neighbor+ tree or %rub4 ,x v r>ely happ5s t a sw>m fails to clu/] be=e leav+1 b x may d s if x has sw>m$ be=e & return$ to ! hive because ! que5 fail$ to accompany x4 ,spray+ wat] on ! lead]s or advance portion ( ! sw>m f a =ce pump1 fir+ a gun among !m1 or ?r[+ ! reflection f a mirror on !m w disconc]t ! abscond+ sw>m & ne>ly always cause ! bees to settle1 b ! rem$y mu/ be at h& & appli$ in/antly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,hiv+ a sw>m4 7,orig9al--f photograph47 ,:5 a sw>m has fairly settl$ x is be/ to hive x z soon z possible1 le/ o!rs com+ out may jo9 x1 occasion+ a loss ( que5s1 & sometimes ( bees1 or mu* tr\ble 9 sep>at+ !m4 ,! op]ation ( hiv+ may appe> v =midable to ! novice & att5d$ ) great risks1 b a little exp]i5ce w dispel su* appreh5sions4 ,! bees be=e sw>m+ usually fill _! sacs ) honey & are q peaceable1 s t by ! use ( a little smoke 9 hiv+ !re is seldom any difficulty4 ,b to be d\bly sure ! novice %\ld spr9kle sweet5$ wat] ov] ! clu/]1 & at ! same "t we> a veil to protect 8 face4 ,( c\rse1 ! hive has be5 ready = "s "t & has be5 /&+ 9 ! %ade s x w n be heat$4 ,if ! clu/] %\ld be on a small limb :i* c be readily cut (f1 x c be laid d[n 9 front ( ! new hive1 :i* %\ld h a full-wid? entrance or be rais$ up 9 front4 ,! bees w g troop+ 91 b if n fa/ en\gh g5tle urg+ ( ! re> gu>d ) a fea!r w ha/5 matt]s4 ,if ! bees h clu/]$ on a bran* :i* x is desirable to pres]ve1 yet :]e ! hive c conv5i5tly be plac$ directly "u ! clu/] & close to x1 ! sw>m may be %ak5 into ! hive at once 7fig4 #fg72 or ! hive may be locat$ on ! /& x is to occupy & ! bees %ak5 into a l>ge basket or into a regul> sw>m cat*] & p\r$ 9 front ( ! hive4 ,if ! clu/] is on ! body ( ! tree x w be necess>y to place ! hive ne> & smoke or bru% ! bees into x4 ,!y w g up m readily ?an d[n1 & may (t5 be dipp$ ) a small t9 dipp] or a wood5 spoon & p\r$ 9 front ( ! hive4 ,:atev] plan be pursu$1 exp$ition is advisable1 & x is be/ be=e leav+ !m to see t ne>ly all ( ! bees are inside ( ! hive3 at lea/ no clu/]s1 h[ev] small1 %\ld be left on ! tree1 z ! que5 might be among ^? left beh9d1 9 :i* case ! sw>m w\ld des]t ! new hive & return to ! tree or g :]ev] ! que5 _h settl$1 or1 fail+ to f9d h]1 w\ld return to ! hive :5ce !y _h issu$1 unless mean:ile "s o!r sw>m %\ld issue1 :i* !y w\ld be likely to jo94 ,a few bees fly+ ab\t or crawl+ excit$ly ov] ! spot f :i* ! ma9 "p ( ! sw>m has be5 remov$ ne$ n be he$$4 ,!y w f9d _! way back to ! /& f :i* !y came4 ,z soon z ! sw>m is fairly )9 ! new hive ! latt] %\ld be c>ri$ to its p]man5t /&1 & well %ad$ & v5tilat$4 ,x is bett] policy1 h[ev]1 to place ! hive conta9+ ! fir/ sw>m on ! /& ( ! p>5t colony at once1 remov+ ! latt] to a new location4 ,! new sw>m1 hav+ ! old que51 ) ne>ly all ( ! flight bees1 w be 9 prime condition = /or+ honey1 s t sup]s may be plac$ on x z soon z x has made a fair />t 9 its new home--t is1 on ! second or ?ird day aft] ! sw>m 0 hiv$4 ,if !re are uncomplet$ sup]s on ! p>5t colony :i* has be5 remov$1 !y %\ld be lift$ ov] to ! new hive on ! second or ?ird day1 z ! p>5t colony1 hav+ p>t$ ) s _m ( its work]s1 w n be able to /ore at once4 ,b ! new sw>m1 plac$ 9 a clean hive ) />t]s only1 w be 9 %ape to /ore 9 sections at once & produce ! :ite/ combs & honey :i* ! s\rce ( ! yield w p]mit4 ,,clipp+ ,,que5s4 ,to prev5t sw>ms f abscond+ & to facilitate ! "w ( hiv+ !m1 z well z to keep track m easily ( ! ages ( que5s1 _m p]sons pref] to clip ! w+s ( _! que5s z soon z mat$4 ,! fir/ season "o ( ! l>ge or prim>y w+s is clipp$ half away2 at ! op5+ ( ! second season ! ,o!r l>ge w+1 & ! ?ird season an additional clip is tak5 f "o ( ! l>ge w+s1 & ) x a portion ( "o ( ! second>y or small] w+s4 ,) f9ely po9t$ scissors ?is op]ation c be p]=m$ :ile ! que5 is loose on ! combs1 b !re is mu* dang] ( clipp+ "o or m ( h] legs also4 ,if %e be caught by h] w+s ) ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! "r h&1 & !n grasp$ by ! ?orax ) ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s ( ! left h&1 h] w+s c easily be rea*$ ) ! scissors4 ,x w n d to grasp ! que5 by ! abdom58 & ( c\rse !re %\ld be b little pressure ex]t$ on ! ?orax4 ,!re are "s objections aga9/ clipp+4 ,! que5s1 be+ unable to fly1 are liable to get lo/ 9 ! grass or /ray into ! wrong hives :5 !y sw>m dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! att5dant4 ,!y c]ta9ly look unsightly :5 ?us maim$1 & occasionally ! bees are m dispos$ to replace su* que5s ?an unmutilat$ ones4 ,x is ( c\rse pref]able to lose "o ( ^! occasionally r ?an ! :ole sw>m4 ,:5 ! que5 is clipp$ ! op]ation ( hiv+ is v easy if ! bee keep] is on h& to cat* ! que5 z %e falls f ! entrance to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! sw>m is fairly out & :ile ! bees are /ill circl+ 9 ! air an empty hive %\ld be set 9 place ( ! "o f :i* ! sw>m has issu$4 ,! bees1 miss+ _! que51 w soon beg9 to return to _! old location & w %ortly cr[d ! entrance ( ! new hive4 ,:5 ab\t "o-f\r? h ent]$ ! que5 may be all[$ to run 91 & ! treatm5t w !n n be diff]5t f t giv5 any newly hiv$ sw>m4 ,,automatic ,,hiv]s4 ,?us f> ! automatic hiv]s h be5 only p>tially successful1 s t ! exp]im5tal /age has n yet be5 pass$2 b ! practical p]fection ( su* a device is look$ =w>d to ) consid]able confid5ce4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,aft]-,,sw>m+4 ,! p>5t colony1 remov$ f its old hive z soon z ! fir/ sw>m issues1 w r>ely ca/ a second sw>m1 especially if a "y que5 is at h& to be introduc$ )9 a day or two4 ,! surplus que5 cells are likely to be de/roy$ by ?is "y que51 ) ! assi/ance ( ! work]s4 ,a lay+ que5 w be readily accept$ by a colony :i* by sw>m+ & removal has lo/ its old bees1 & t5 to fifte5 days w be ga9$ 9 ! production ( brood4 ,unless increase is especially desir$ x is be/ to limit x 9 ?is way to fir/ sw>ms4 ,if /ill less increase is want$1 me?ods :i* w be ref]r$ to lat] may be foll[$ to prev5t sw>m+ z f> z possible1 & su* *ance sw>ms z d issue may be return$ to ! p>5t hive4 ,if ! que5s are two or m ye>s old1 !y may 9 mo/ in/ances be pr(itably de/roy$ at ?is "t & "y ones introduc$ f nuclei2 b :e!r introduc+ "y que5s or return+ ! sw>m ) its old que51 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to de/roy e que5 cell1 o!rwise ! introduc$ que5 may be kill$ or ! sw>m may aga9 issue4 ,if1 h[ev]1 no "y que5 is at h& & x is desirable to replace ! old que51 all cells b "o may be de/roy$1 b ?is mu/ on no acc\nt be j>r$ or d5t$4 ,! dang] ( ov]look+ a cell :]e ! hive is cr[d$ ) bees makes ?is me?od some:at unc]ta93 moreov]1 :5 ! bees h once got ! sw>m+ fev] !y may sw>m aga9 )\t prep>ation 9 ! way ( que5 cells4 ,x is also v tr\blesome to remove sup]s to get at ! brood combs4 ,^! difficulties w induce _m :o may wi% to limit ! numb] ( _! colonies to pref] hiv+ ! sw>ms on />t]s ( f\ndation on ! old /&s & giv+ !m ! sup]s1 :ile ! p>5t colonies are plac$ ne> !m ) entrances turn$ away = a few days4 ,! flight bees return1 ( c\rse1 to ! old /&4 ,! p>5t colony %\ld be turn$ a little ea* day s z to br+ x 9 five or six days side by side ) ! hive conta9+ ! sw>m1 :i* is on ! old /&1 & make its front face 9 ! same way4 ,by lift+ x a day or s lat]1 :ile ! "y bees are fly+1 ov] to ! opposite side ( ! old /& & turn+ its entrance away f t ( ! hive on ?is /&1 ! bees t are fly+1 z well z ^? t h m>k$ _! la/ location1 w jo9 ! sw>m3 & if ! same op]ation be repeat$ at ! end ( ano!r week mo/ ( ! rema9+ bees w f9d _! way )9 a day or two into ! hive on ! old /&4 ,ab\t ?is "t--t is1 "s fifte5 or sixte5 days aft] ! issuance ( ! fir/ sw>m--! "y que5 w comm5ce lay+ & may be put 9 place ( ! old "o :i* issu$ ) ! sw>m4 ,if honey is /ill com+ 91 ! "y que51 ) accompany+ bees1 may usually be safely introduc$ at ?is "t by %ak+ !m 9 front ( ! hive f :i* ! que5 has be5 remov$1 bo? lots ( bees hav+ be5 smok$ be=eh& s z to get !m to fill !mselves ) honey3 or ! two combs betwe5 :i* ! que5 is f\nd may be lift$1 ) adh]+ bees1 & plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! colony to :i* ! que5 is to be giv54 ,be=e do+ ?is x is be/ to smoke ! latt] pretty ?or\ghly1 & if two ( ! brood combs f ?is hive h be5 remov$ a few h\rs be=e & plac$1 aft] _! bees h be5 %ak5 (f1 9 ! colony to be unit$1 & all o!r combs tak5 away f ! latt]1 ! bees1 ) _! que51 w be clu/]$ on ^! brood combs1 & !y may be lift$ up )\t di/urbance & plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! o!r hive1 ^: sup]s & cov] are to be put 9 place at once & ! bees left to quiet d[n & resume /or+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! loss ( a que5 w be v r>e3 nev]!less1 9 ! case ( an exceptionally valuable "o1 cages & o!r me?ods are advisable4 7,see ,*apt] ,,ix47 ,,artificial ,,increase4 ,! "t lo/ 9 wat*+ = sw>ms & hiv+ !m1 ! occasional losses ( sw>ms1 & ! vexations att5dant ^u _! issuance1 su* z _! clu/]+ 9 tall trees1 unit+ & kill+ que5s1 & ! delay 9 _! sw>m+ :5 ! "t has come = x1 h l$ bee keep]s to devise me?ods :i* w\ld save _! "t & avoid z f> z possible ! unc]ta9ties connect$ ) ?is feature ( _! "w4 ,:]e increase is desir$ ! "q is "o ( consid]able importance4 ,9 ! m nor!rn ,/ates1 :]e ! ma9 honey yield comes on sudd5ly & is abundant = a %ort p]iod only1 & sw>m+ is conf9$ ma9ly to a p]iod ( f\r to six weeks1 or ev5 to ?ree weeks if ! colonies are ( pretty uni=m /r5g?1 ?is "q has less weight2 b f>!r s\?1 :]e ! yield is m prolong$ & ! p]iod dur+ :i* sw>ms are liable to issue is sometimes ext5d$ ov] ?ree or f\r mon?s1 x is ( consid]able mom5t1 & ! bee ma/] :o int5ds to multiply ! numb] ( 8 colonies w d well to foll[ "s good sy/em ( control4 ,,divid+4 ,! simple/ me?od ( artificial increase is to lift f ! popul\s colony a portion ( ! combs1 ) adh]+ bees1 & place !m 9 ano!r hive ne> ! p>5t colony1 tak+ c>e t ! "p )\t any que5 %\ld h a majority ( ! bees & %\ld be on ! old /&4 ,if a mature que5 cell is at h& to give to ?is "p a day or two aft] ! division1 ! new colony w soon h a lay+ que51 %\ld all g well4 ,b ?is la/ po9t w ne$ look+ aft] t5 days or s lat]4 ,%\ld a lay+ que5 be at h& to supply to ! que5less portion ( ! divid$ colony1 ! que5 f\nd 9 ! hive at ! "t ( ! division _h bett] be left 9 t "p ( ! colony :i* rema9s on ! orig9al /&1 s9ce ! old bees w ( c\rse return to t spot & w n z readily receive a /range que5 z w ! remov$ portion ( ! colony :i* has p>t$ ) its flight bees4 ,by introduc+ a lay+ que5 :5 ! division is made ! deposition ( eggs w be begun a week e>li] ?an if a cell only %\ld be giv54 ,at ?is season ( ! ye> ?is w make a diff]5ce ( a good _m ?\s&s ( work]s1 & w also prev5t ! bees f clogg+ ! brood combs ) honey1 z !y w\ld if left )\t a lay+ que5 = a week or m4 ,! sup]s are to be plac$ on ?is "p on ! old /&1 :i*1 hav+ mo/ ( ! flight bees1 w be f> bett] able to /ore surplus ?an ! o!r portion4 ,! plan ( mak+ ! division ne>ly equal is q objectionable 9 case x is foll[$ closely by ! ma9 honey fl[ ( ! season1 = x places nei!r colony 9 ! be/ condition = imm$iate /or+4 ,b if only a mod]ate yet cont9u\s honey fl[1 foll[$ by a l>g] yield1 is to be anticipat$1 bo? p>ts w h "t to become popul\s1 & ! equal division1 if done 9 "t--t is1 be=e ! sw>m+ fev] has tak5 hold ( ! colony--w be likely to prev5t sw>m+4 ,,driv+ ,,or ,,bru%+4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 "s imm$iate "w is expect$ ( ei!r "p ( ! divid$ colony1 x is pref]able to make ! division 9 su* a way z to secure ab\t all ( ! flight bees z well z mo/ ( ! "y bees1 :i* w soon become flight bees1 9 ! hive on ! old /&4 ,?is may be done by %ak+ or bru%+ ne>ly all ( ! bees f ! combs ( ! hive to be divid$1 or1 if ! latt] is a box hive1 ! sw>m may be driv5 into an empty box1 z describ$ "u ,transf]r+1 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 & !n hiv$ z an ord9>y sw>m1 ! p>5t colony receiv+ also ! same treatm5t z describ$ "u ,natural sw>m+4 ,,! ,,nucleus ,,sy/em4 ,p]haps ! safe/ plan1 consid]+ t ! yield1 ev5 :5 "o is acqua9t$ ) ! flora1 c n be =etold1 is to foll[ ! plan ( mak+ nuclei1 &1 z soon z ^! h lay+ que5s1 build+ !m up gradually to full colonies by add+ frames ( brood1 frames fill$ ) work] comb1 or ) comb f\ndation1 or m]ely />t]s1 z may seem be/4 ,?is sy/em1 besides be+ safe1 has c]ta9 o!r advantages4 ,x leaves ! p>5t hives /rong = ! work+ season1 yet t5ds to disc\rage sw>m+1 because :5ev] colonies become ov]cr[d$1 & be=e !y h contract$ ! sw>m+ fev]1 "o or m brood combs are remov$ & ! colony is ?us induc$ to cont9ue "w 9 ! brood *amb] to fill ! empty space1 :ile1 ( c\rse1 !y are kept suppli$ ) pl5ty ( /orage room above = surplus honey4 ,fur!rmore1 x is easy to ex*ange ! "y que5 ( ! nucleus1 z soon z %e comm5ces lay+1 ) ! que5 ( ! full colony4 ,if ! nucleus has be5 />t$ e>ly1 ! full colony w ?us secure a que5 ( ! curr5t season's rais+ suffici5tly e>ly to r$uce greatly ! probability ( its want+ to sw>m t ye>1 ev5 ?\gh p]mitt$ to get v /rong1 z x is almo/ c]ta9 to d "u su* circum/ances4 ,^! nuclei build /raight combs & may be reli$ on to build1 ev5 )\t f\ndation1 work] comb only4 ,on ! :ole1 a rational me?od ( artificial increase is pref]able to natural sw>m+2 b exp]i5ce & judgm5t 9 c>ry+ x out are requir$ to make x advantage\s4 ,x %\ld be cauti\sly und]tak5 by ! beg9n]1 & ! ma9 reliance plac$ ^u natural sw>m+ until ! bee keep] is famili> ) ! bees' way4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,sw>m+4 ,! mo/ commonly practic$ & easily appli$ prev5tive measure is t ( giv+ abundant room = /orage ( honey4 ,?is to be effective %\ld be giv5 e>ly 9 ! season1 be=e ! bees get fairly into ! sw>m+ notion1 & ! honey %\ld be remov$ frequ5tly1 unless additional empty combs c be giv5 9 ! case ( colonies manag$ = extract$ honey1 :ile ^? /or+ 9 sections %\ld be giv5 additional sup]s be=e ^? already on are complet$4 ,) colonies run = comb honey x is n s easy to keep d[n sw>m+ z 9 ^? run = extract$ honey & kept suppli$ ) empty comb4 ,free v5tilation & %ad+ ( ! hives z soon z w>m days come w also t5d t[>d prev5tion4 ,op5+ ! hives once or twice weekly & de/roy+ all que5 cells t h be5 comm5c$ w *eck sw>m+ = a "t 9 _m in/ances1 & is a plan :i* seems v ?or\gh & ! mo/ plausible ( any to beg9n]s4 ,b sometimes sw>ms issue )\t wait+ to =m cells2 x is also v difficult to f9d all cells )\t %ak+ ! bees f ea* comb 9 succession1 an op]ation :i*1 besides consum+ mu* "t1 is v labori\s :5 sup]s h to be remov$1 & greatly di/urbs ! labors ( ! bees4 ,if b "o cell is ov]look$ ! colony w /ill sw>m4 ,! plan !re=e leaves at be/ mu* to be desir$1 & is 9 g5]al n wor? ! ef=t x co/s & c n be dep5d$ on4 ,,deque5+4 ,! removal ( a que5 at ! op5+ ( ! sw>m+ season int]f]es1 ( c\rse1 ) ! plans ( ! bees1 & !y w !n delay sw>m+ until !y get a "y que54 ,!n if ! bee keep] de/roys all que5 cells be=e ! t5? day1 sw>m+ w aga9 be *eck$4 ,b to prev5t sw>m+ by keep+ colonies que5less long] ?an a few days at mo/ is to atta9 a c]ta9 desir$ result at a disproportionate co/1 = ! bees w n /ore dilig5tly :5 fir/ made que5less1 & ! :ole yield ( honey1 especially if ! fl[ is ext5d$ ov] "s "t or o!r yields come lat] 9 ! season1 is likely1 or ev5 ne>ly sure1 to be less f su* colonies1 :ile ! int]ruption to brood re>+ may decimate ! colony & prove v disa/r\s to x4 ,! plan is !re=e n to be comm5d$4 ,,reque5+4 ,q ! opposite ( ?is1 & m efficaci\s 9 ! prev5tion ( sw>m+1 is ! practice ( replac+ ! old que5 e>ly 9 ! season ) a "y "o ( ! same season's rais+1 produc$1 p]haps1 9 ! ,s\? be=e x is possible to re> que5s 9 ! ,nor?4 ,su* que5s are n likely to sw>m dur+ ! fir/ season1 & z !y are vigor\s lay]s ! hive w be well populat$ at all times & ?us ready = any h>ve/4 ,?is is important inasmu* z a fl[ ( honey may come unexpect$ly f "s plant ord9>ily n c\nt$ ^u1 & also s9ce ! conditions ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s honey-yield+ plants diff] greatly1 _! "t & succession ( honey yield w also diff] ) ! season1 ! same z ! quantity may v>y4 ,"y que5s are also safe/ to head ! colonies = ! w9t]4 ,! plan is conducive to ! highe/ prosp]ity ( ! colonies & is consi/5t ) ! secur+ ( ! l>ge/ av]age yield ( honey1 s9ce besides giv+ !m vigor\s lay]s x g5]ally keeps ! population toge!r 9 p[]ful colonies4 ,x is !re=e to be comm5d$ on all acc\nts z be+ 9 l9e ) ! mo/ progressive managem5t1 )\t at ! same "t int]f]+ ) ! application ( o!r prev5tive measures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,! ,simm9s non-sw>m+ sy/em--s+le-/ory hive ) sup]s3 bc1 brood *amb]2 sc1 sup]2 /1 />t]s ( f\ndation2 c1 entrance4 7,r$rawn f ,a ,mod]n ,bee-,f>m47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,! ,simm9s non-sw>m+ sy/em--d\ble-/ory hive ) sup]s2 bc1 brood *amb]2 sc1 sup]s2 /1 *amb] ) />t]s2 e1 entrance4 7,r$rawn f ,a ,mod]n ,bee ,f>m47 ,,space ,,ne> ,,entrances4 ,arrang+ frames ) />t]s or combs m]ely begun betwe5 ! brood ne/ & ! flight hole ( ! hive :ile ! bees are giv5 /or+ space above or back ( ! brood-ne/ 7figs4 #fh & #fi7 ,la a plan /rongly recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,simm9s1 ( ,engl&1 & :i* has come to be kn[n z ! ,simm9s non-sw>m+ me?od1 "s features ( x & ! comb9ation into a well def9$ me?od hav+ be5 orig9al ) him4 ,x is an excell5t prev5tive measure1 ?\gh n inv>iably successful ev5 :5 ! di/9ctive features br\ght =w>d prom95tly by ,mr4 ,simm9s--empty space betwe5 ! brood combs & entrance1 toge!r ) ! employm5t ( drawn combs 9 ! sup]s--are supplem5t$ by o!r measures already m5tion$2 b :51 9 addition to ! space betwe5 ! brood & ! flight hole1 ! precaution be tak5 to get sup]s on 9 "t1 to v5tilate ! hive well1 & to keep que5s n ov] two ye>s old1 sw>m+ w be v limit$4 ,if to ^! precautions be add$ t ( sub/itut+ = ! old que5s "y ones ( ! curr5t season's rais+1 be=e sw>m+ has begun1 practical immunity f sw>m+ is g5]ally insur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,beehives ) ,langdon non-sw>m] atta*$3 ,a1 ,b1 hives2 ,s1 ,s1 sup]s2 ,d1 non-sw>m+ device2 e1 e1 entrances correspond+ to hive entrances2 sl1 slide = clos+ entrance2 c1 c1 conical wire-clo? bee-escapes2 ex1 ex1 exits ( same4 7,f ,insect ,life47 ,,langdon ,,non-,,sw>m+ ,,device4 ,?is device 7fig4 #gj1 ,d71 fir/ describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,insect ,life = ,april1 #ahic 7,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #d71 is design$ to d m ?an m]ely prev5t sw>m+4 ,! foll[+ claims are made by ! inv5tor3 7#a7 ,x prev5ts all sw>m+ )\t cag+ que5s1 cutt+ out que5 cells or manipulation ( brood combs4 7#b7 ,two light colonies t w\ld n d mu* 9 sections if work+ sep>ately make "o good "o by runn+ ! field =ce ( bo? into ! same set ( sup]s4 7#c7 ,no bait sections are ne$$1 z ! bees c be cr[d$ into ! sections )\t sw>m+4 7#d7 ,! honey w be f9i%$ 9 bett] condition1 t is1 ) less travel /a91 because ! union ( ! field =ces enables !m to complete ! "w 9 less "t4 7#e7 ,!re w be few] unf9i%$ sections at ! close ( ! honey h>ve/ = ! reason j m5tion$4 7#f7 ,also = ! same reason honey c be tak5 (f by ! full case in/ead ( by ! section or hold]ful4 7#g7 ,drones w be few] 9 numb]1 z a d\ble h&ful w (t5 be kill$ (f 9 ! clos$ hive :ile ! o!r is /or+ honey rapidly4 7#h7 ,artificial sw>ms & nuclei c be m easily made1 z combs ( brood & bees c be tak5 f ! clos$ hive 9 :i* ! que5 c be f\nd v quickly4 7#i7 ,x enables "o to c>e = m ?an twice z _m colonies z "u ! sw>m+ sy/em4 ,results accord+ ) ! claims m5tion$ above h be5 report$ f v>i\s localities1 b num]\s adv]se reports h also be5 giv51 ! latt] indicat+ cle>ly t "s modification ( ! device is necess>y if x is to be made g5]ally s]viceable4 ,a fur!r trial ( ! pr9ciple "u v>y+ conditions & climates w also be requir$ to decide its exact value4 ,! mann] ( us+ ! device is simple4 ,be=e ! colonies sw>m ! device is atta*$ to ! fronts ( two adjac5t hives4 ,! slide 7fig4 #gj1 sl7 hav+ be5 ins]t$ at "o end ( ! device1 ! bees return+ f ! fields are all run into ! o!r hive1 on :i* ! sup]s are !n plac$4 ,be=e ! colony1 ?us made d\bly popul\s1 decides to sw>m1 ! slide & sup]s are bo? *ang$ to ! o!r hive4 ,?is is repeat$ e f\r or five days dur+ ! sw>m+ p]iod4 ,,selection ,,9 ,,bre$+4 ,"s races ( bees %[ great] incl9ation ?an o!rs t[>d sw>m+1 & ! same diff]5ce c be not$ betwe5 individual colonies ( a giv5 race2 !re=e1 :atev] me?ods be adopt$ to prev5t or limit increase1 no d\bt ! con/ant selection ( ^? que5s to bre$ f ^: work]s %[ ! lea/ t5d5cy t[>d sw>m+ w\ld 9 "t greatly r$uce ?is disposition4 ,inde$1 x is p]fectly consi/5t to believe t p]si/5t ef=t1 c\pl$ ) rigid & intellig5t selection1 w ev5tually result 9 a /ra9 ( bees q z mu* entitl$ to be t]m$ non-sw>m+ z c]ta9 bre$s ( f[ls :i* h be5 produc$ by artificial selection are to be call$ non-sitt]s4 ,^! t]ms are ( c\rse only relative1 be+ m]ely indicative ( ! possession ( a c]ta9 disposition 9 a less degree ?an t %[n by o!rs ( ! same species4 ,x might nev] be possible to *ange ! nature ( our honey bees s completely t !y w\ld nev] sw>m "u any circum/ances1 & ev5 if possible x w\ld take a long p]iod1 s /rongly implant$ seems ?is in/9ct4 ,b to modify x is )9 ! rea* ( any intellig5t bre$] :o w p]si/5tly make ! ef=t4 ,su* "w %\ld be und]tak5 9 exp]im5tal api>ies :]e its cont9uance :5 a s+le po9t has be5 ga9$ w n be affect$ by ! *anges ( individual =tunes4 ,_m features connect$ ) sw>m+ /ill rema9 my/]ies4 ,! :ole subject requires /ill m /udy1 & its full elucidation w\ld no d\bt be ( great practical value to apiculture4 ,! field is invit+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,w9t]+ ,,bees4 ,!re w be little compla9t ( losses 9 w9t]+ bees1 :e!r 9 a cold climate or a w>m "o1 :e!r indoors or outside1 provid$ ! foll[+ po9ts are obs]v$ ) ea* colony3 7#a7 ,! colony mu/ h a good que54--,by a good que5 is meant "o n ov] two ye>s old & :i* %[s no signs ( failure dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! season4 ,x is pref]able to h a que5 ( ! curr5t season's rais+4 ,su* a que51 if re>$ f good /ock & "u good conditions dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! summ]1 w be 9 h] prime ! foll[+ spr+1 & if no o!r conditions are lack+ w h h] colony /rong = ! h>ve/4 7#b7 ,pl5ty ( good bees4--,bees t are sev]al mon?s old or t h ga!r$ a heavy fall h>ve/ ( honey are n good to dep5d ^u = ! w9t]4 ,!y drop (f gradually ( old age be=e !re are "y bees to fill _! places1 & ! que51 h[ev] prolific1 n hav+ bees en\gh to cov] h] eggs1 c n br+ up1 z %e o!rwise w\ld1 ! /r5g? ( ! colony to a prop] /&>d 9 "t = ! h>ve/4 ,!re %\ld be "y bees em]g+ at all times up to ! mon? ( ,octob]1 or1 9 ! ,s\?1 ev5 lat]4 7#c7 ,good food & pl5ty ( x4--,any well-rip5$ seal$ honey t is n cry/alliz$ is good w9t] food4 ,honeydew /or$ by bees & honey f a few fl[]s 7crucif]\s plants1 a/]s1 etc47 cry/allizes 9 ! combs soon aft] x is ga!r$ & ! bees are oblig$ to liquefy x z !y use x4 ,!y c n d ?is well 9 dry1 cold wea!r1 & dampness )9 ! hive1 ?\gh x might enable ! bees to liquefy ! cry/alliz$ honey1 is o!rwise inimical to bee life1 especially s dur+ w9t]4 ,"s ( ! cry/alliz$ food is also wa/$2 h5ce ! bees may />ve ev5 ?\gh ! fall weight indicat$ suffici5t /ores = w9t]4 ,disa/r\s results are v likely1 !re=e1 to foll[ ! attempt to w9t] on su* food4 ,! removal ( all poll5 :5 prep>+ bees = w9t] has be5 advis$ by "s1 :o ass]t t x is unfit w9t] food & produces dys5t]y4 ,x w n1 ( c\rse1 alone su/a9 ! life ( ! adult bees1 b if all conditions are "r no m ( x w be eat5 ?an ! bees require to repair ! wa/e ( bodily tissue1 & ?is be+ slight 9 w9t] ! consumption is small z long z o!r food la/s4 ,! poll5 gra9s :i* by accid5t f9d _! way into honey z ! bees ga!r x w\ld probably be q suffici5t to supply ?is wa/e 9 ! case ( ! adult work]s & no h>m w\ld result to ^! bees f ! sub/itution ( o!r combs = ^? conta9+ poll54 ,b good colonies %\ld beg9 brood re>+ 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 & poll5 or a suitable sub/itute = x conta9+ nitrog5 mo/ !n be pres5t or ! nurse bees w be subject$ to a fe>ful dra9 on _! vitality to supply ! ri* nitrog5\s secretion requir$ by ! develop+ l>v2 9 fact1 !y c n d s long1 & ! colony dw9dles4 ,?is absurd !ory t bees c n h access to poll5 9 w9t] )\t detrim5tal results c be/ be answ]$ by ref]r+ to ! well-kn[n fact t a colony 9 a l>ge box or /raw hive1 freely v5tilat$1 yet hav+ "s "p ( ! hive protect$ f drafts ( air & kept dry1 w almo/ inv>iably come out /rong 9 ! spr+ if popul\s 9 ! fall1 heavy ) honey1 & hav+ a "y & vigor\s que54 ,! poll51 x c\ld n possibly be claim$1 _h be5 injuri\s to su* colonies1 al?\gh !y always ga!r & /ore x )\t re/riction1 & are n di/urb$ 9 ! possession ( x4 ,9 tru?1 _! /ores ( poll5 h con/itut$ an important factor 9 _! developm5t1 & ! /rong in/9ct :i* !y h t[>d mak+ accumulations ( poll5 = w9t] use & :i* !y h ex]cis$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s undi/urb$ is ( great b5efit to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,p]colator = prep>ation ( w9t] food4 7,orig9al47 ,o!r conditions be+ equal1 ^? colonies hav+ ! mo/ honey /or$ compactly 9 ! brood ap>tm5t & close ab\t ! v c5t] :]e ! la/ brood ( "y bees %\ld em]ge1 are ! ones :i* w w9t] be/4 ,=ty p\nds = a nor!rn latitude & #cj 9 ! middle sections ( ! ,t9t$ ,/ates may be consid]$ only a good supply4 ,:5 natural /ores are f\nd to be lack+ 9 ! brood *amb]1 ! be/ sub/itute is a sirup made ( granulat$ sug>1 :i* %\ld be f$ e>ly 9 ! autumn z rapidly z ! bees c manipulate x & /ore x away4 ,if giv5 sl[ly ! bees w be incit$ to re> brood unseasonably1 & w consume mu* ( ! food 9 ?is way4 ,if sev]al p\nds be giv5 at a "t--plac$ 9 ! top /ory ( ! colony to be f$1 j at nightfall--x w be /or$ away quickly1 s t 9 a week at mo/ ! full w9t] /ores w be complet$4 ,! bees w seal x ov] bett] if f$ sl[ly at ! la/2 t is1 aft] ! ma9 fe$+4 ,sirup made by p]colation ( cold wat] ?r\gh a mass ( sug> & !n ?r\gh "s por\s mat]ial1 z cotton1 is :at is call$ a completely saturat$ solution2 t is1 x conta9s all ! sug> ! wat] c be made to hold1 & w n tr\ble by granulation 7fig4 #ga74 ,! same difficulty is avoid$ by add+ well-rip5$ honey to mod]ately ?ick sirup1 ab\t "o-f\r? or "o-fif? z mu* honey z sirup4 ,molasses1 br[n sug>1 glucose1 etc41 are n suitable = w9t] /ores = bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,! ,am]ican /raw hive ( ,hayek ,bros4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,davis hive ) newspap]s pack$ betwe5 inn] & out] cases1 & brood frames on end = ! w9t]4 7,orig9al47 ,x is poor policy to p]mit bees to ent] w9t] qu>t]s )\t an abundance ( /ores--bett] twice ! am\nt t w be actually consum$ ?an m]ely en\gh to enable !m to live ?r\gh4 7#d7 ,! bees mu/ be kept dry & w>m4--,a sub/antial hive ) a tight ro( w keep ra9 & sn[ f ! clu/]2 b ! bees mu/ h air ev5 dur+ ! sev]e/ wea!r & also :5 9 _! mo/ quiesc5t /ate2 h5ce ! "q ( v5tilation has to be consid]$4 ,x has occasion$ m discussion & exp]im5tation ?an any o!r po9t conc]n$ 9 ! w9t]+ ( bees4 ,! am\nt ( v5tilation bo? indoors & outside1 :e!r upw>d v5tilation or l[] v5tilation1 or bo?1 & :e!r ?r\gh ! wood5 walls ( ! hive alone1 h giv5 rise to ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts bas$ on all sorts ( !ories1 & innum]able losses h result$4 ,! matt] is really m complicat$ ?an w\ld seem at fir/ ?\ght4 ,! w>m air ab\t ! bodies ( ! bees 7! w9t] temp]ature ( ! clu/] be+ ab\t #gb ,f47 com+ 9 contact ) ! cold surfaces ( combs ( honey 9 ord9>y hives1 or ) ! inn] ,avails ( su* hives1 cond5sation & deposition ( moi/ure occurs4 ,dur+ sev]e wea!r ?is accumulates 9 ! %ape ( ho>fro/1 :i*1 melt+ ) a rise ( temp]ature1 trickles d[n ov] ! combs1 ! walls ( ! hive1 & ! bees !mselves1 &1 ent]+ ! honey cells ?r\gh ! some:at por\s capp+1 s\rs ! honey ) :i* x mixes4 ,! s\r$ food1 dampness1 & *ill+ ( ! bees comb9e to br+ on di>rhea1 :i* is sure to weak5 & decimate ! colony if x does n ext]m9ate x4 ,to avoid ^! tr\bles ! surplus moi/ure ( ! hive mu/ be c>ri$ away by free v5tilation1 :i* at ! same "t supplies pure air1 b :i* does n create drafts 9 ! hive nor p]mit su* an escape ( heat z w *ill ! clu/] ?r\gh4 ,/raw hives 7fig4 #gb7 d ?is well2 also ! =ms %[n 9 figs4 #gc & #gd if well pack$ ov] ! combs & v5tilat$ above ! pack+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,d\ble-wall$ hive adapt$ to outdoor w9t]+ z well z summ] use bel[ #dj nor? latitude 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?ickness ( ea* wall1 in*2 space betwe5 walls1 #b in*es1 pack$ ) dry *aff or gr\nd cork4 7,orig9al47 7#e7 ,!re %\ld be no manipulation out ( season4--,break+ up ! clu/] & expos+ ! individual bees & _! combs to a l[ temp]ature1 z well z caus+ !m to gorge !mselves ) honey :5 an opportunity = a cleans+ flight may n occur soon1 are also causes :i* br+ on di>rheal difficulties4 ,fe$+ to complete ! w9t] /ores1 :5 necess>y1 %\ld be done soon aft] ! la/ honey fl[1 s t ! bees w settle d[n = ! w9t] on ! approa* ( cool autumn days4 ,aft] ?is !y are bett] (f if left undi/urb$ until ! f9al "w ( prep>+ !m = w9t] is done1 :i*1 if ! hive is well arrang$1 w be no mat]ial di/urbance to ! bees4 ,x is always pref]able n to be oblig$ to t\* ! brood combs or di/urb ! clu/] :5 ! wea!r is too cold = ! bees to fly freely4 ,,outdoor ,,w9t]+4 ,a consid]ation ( ! requirem5ts above m5tion$ leads at once to ! ess5tial features ( any plan ( outdoor w9t]+ t may be foll[$ 9 ! cold] portions ( our c\ntry ) uni=m success1 namely1 ! pres5ce 9 ! colony ( a vigor\s que5 less ?an two ye>s old2 a good clu/] ( heal?y bees br$ ! latt] "p ( ! season1 t is1 ( suffici5t numb]s s t :5 closely clu/]$ dur+ q cool wea!r late 9 ,octob] or ,novemb] n less ?an six spaces betwe5 ! brood combs1 & pref]ably eight or n9e spaces1 %all be occupi$ by a good numb] ( bees1 or t ! clu/] %all be at su* a "t n less ?an #h1 & pref]ably #aj to #ab1 in*es 9 diamet]2 ! /ores %\ld consi/ ( #cj p\nds ( well-rip5$ honey or ?ick sug> sirup1 /or$ & mo/ly seal$ ov] & ab\t ! bees2 s9ce 9 a long1 %all[ hive ! heat is too diffus$1 combs mu* long] ?an deep %\ld be on end = ! w9t]1 to enable ! bees to economize _! natural w>m?2 free access ( pure air1 b )\t ! creation ( drafts1 h5ce ! entrance %\ld be indirect or scre5$ 9 "s mann]2 ! v5tilation %\ld p]mit ! gradual pass+ away ( ! moi/ure-lad5 air ( ! hive1 b n ! escape ( heat1 h5ce #f or m in*es 79 ! colde/ portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aj or #ab in*es7 ( dry1 por\s mat]ial1 s(t & w>m?-reta9+1 %\ld be on all sides ( ! clu/] & ne> to x1 ! :ole be+ protect$ by wat]pro( walls f any access ( outside moi/ure4 ,c>e to e/abli% 9 all cases conditions simil> to ! above be=e bees cease fly+ 9 ! autumn w insure ! api>i/ aga9/ any s]i\s losses 9 w9t]+ out ( doors1 ev5 9 ! sev]e/ portions ( our c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,an api>y 9 ,v]mont--w9t] view4 7,reproduc$ f photograph47 ,9 ! extreme ,s\?1 :]e bees c fly out at any "t ( ! ye>1 little extra precaution is ne$$ = ! w9t] beyond see+ t ! /ores d n become exhau/$ dur+ a dr\ght or a protract$ ra91 :5 no honey c be ga!r$4 ,j 9 proportion to ! sev]ity & l5g? ( ! w9t] season ! above g5]al rules may be look$ ^u z applicable1 always be>+ 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! v>iable climate ( ! middle section ( ! c\ntry _m ( ! precautions /rictly ess5tial 9 a cold] climate may /ill be pr(itably foll[$1 al?\gh fair results may be expect$ 9 ! ma9 )\t _! /rict obs]vance4 ,,indoor ,,w9t]+4 ,dry cell>s or special repositories are utiliz$ 9 ^? portions ( ! c\ntry :]e ! cold ( w9t] is extreme & likely to be some:at cont9u\s4 ,economy ( food is "o ( ! *ief advantages1 b two-?irds z mu*1 or ab\t #bj to #be p\nds p] hive1 are ne$$ to br+ a colony ?r\gh if conditions are favorable4 ,! colonies1 prep>$ z reg>ds bees1 que5s1 "* ( /ores1 etc41 ! same z = outdoor w9t]+1 are c>ri$ into ! cell> or repository j be=e ! fir/ sn[s come or sev]e freez+ occurs4 ,caps are remov$ or lift$ up & cu%ions or mats laid on ! frames4 ,light is exclud$ & all o!r di/urb+ influ5ces 9 s f> z possible1 ! ef=t be+ made to keep ! temp]ature at ab\t #db ,f4 dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! w9t]4 ,lat]1 especially aft] brood-re>+ may h be5 begun1 a some:at high] degree is admissible--#de to #df1 "s ev5 all[+ x to g up to #ej4 ,no def9ite rule c be giv51 h[ev]1 s9ce mu* dep5ds ^u ! humidity ( ! air1 etc4 ,z long z ! bees rema9 quiet ! temp]ature is n too high & is pref]ably to be ma9ta9$4 ,%\ld !y become exce$+ly re/less1 & ! opportunity occur dur+ a w9t] ?aw to give !m a cleans+ flight1 x w be advisable to return !m = a few h\rs or a day or two to _! summ] /&s1 & :5 !y h fl[n & quiet$ d[n1 replace !m 9 ! cell> or repository4 ,9 ! spr+ !re %\ld n be too great eag]ness to get !m out ( ! cell>1 provid$ !y are n re/less4 ,_! conf9em5t indoors makes !m some:at s5sitive to ! outside cold1 & due caution %\ld be obs]v$1 else ! ranks ( ! work]s w become greatly decimat$ be=e "y ones appe> to take _! places4 ,! same que/ions reg>d+ v5tilation ( hives indoors t puzzle _m 9 ! case ( ^? left on _! summ] /&s h be5 discuss$ ov] & ov]4 ,all t is necess>y1 h[ev]1 is to consid] ! same po9ts1 ! "q be+ less complicat$1 ?\gh1 by reason ( ! great] uni=mity betwe5 ! temp]ature surr\nd+ ! clu/] ( bees & t outside ! hive :5 ! latt] is 9 a suitable w9t] repository4 ,"s h report$ success 9 w9t]+ 9 damp cell>s1 yet x is probable t su* success 0 purely accid5tal1 or r occurr$ 9 spite ( ! dampness ( ! repository1 ! o!r conditions v likely hav+ all be5 favorable1 especially z reg>ds v5tilation ( ! cell>1 & ! important po9ts ( hav+ good /ores & an ev5 temp]ature1 :i* %\ld be sev]al degrees high] ?an is requir$ 9 a dry cell>4 ,w9t]+ 9 a damp repository is1 h[ev]1 att5d$ 9 g5]al ) su* risks t x %\ld by all means be avoid$1 & ! bees1 ev5 9 a sev]e climate1 intru/$ pref]ably to _! summ] /&s1 if well prep>$ z reg>ds _! /ores & popul\sness4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,diseases ,,& ,,enemies ,,( ,,bees4 ,,di>rhea ,,& ,,dys5t]y4 ,9 ! *apt] on w9t]+ bees allusion has be5 made to c]ta9 conditions :i* br+ ab\t di>rhea 9 bees4 ,n only w s\r$ or f]m5t$ honey produce ?is disease1 b ?9 honey also1 by requir+ too great ex]tion on ! "p ( ! bees to get rid ( ! surplus moi/ure tak5 into _! bodies1 may indirectly cause ! disease4 ,repeat$ compla9ts h be5 made by ^? locat$ ne> cid] mills t ! apple juice collect$ by _! bees 0 ! cause ( di>rhea & dys5t]y4 ,aphidid secretions sometimes h ! same effect4 ,prolong$ & int5se cold 9 ! int]ior ( ! hive1 especially if ! /ores are n ( ! be/ quality1 causes di/5tion & result+ weakness & soil+ ( ! hive & combs4 ,dampness & *ill+ ( individual bees frequ5tly cause x4 ,! ef=t "s make to avoid ! dampness (t5 results 9 ! *ill+1 = ! cov] is remov$1 & also "s portion ( ! pack+ or ! quilt or honey bo>d to let ! air pass ?r\gh to dry ! int]ior4 ,! true rem$y is a cleans+ flight & w>m? 9 ! hive4 ,%\ld ! wea!r n be favorable = ?is out ( doors1 ! hive may be br\ght into a w>m room & a cage ( wire clo? #b or #c feet squ>e plac$ ov] ! entrance4 ,:5 ?or\ghly w>m$ up ! bees w fly 9 ?is & f9d _! way back into ! hive4 ,x is be/ to leave !m 9 ! w>m room two or ?ree days1 l[]+ ! temp]ature gradually be=e return+ ! hive to its outside /&4 ,,f\l ,,brood4 ,?is disease1 be+ highly contagi\s1 is dread$ mo/ ( all by ! bee keep]4 ,x is due to ! pres5ce ( m9ute vegetable organisms 9 ! body ( ! bee1 ! l>va1 or ! egg1 :i* prey ^u its tissues4 ,^!1 z ,pr(4 ,frank ,*e%ire has %[n1 are bacilli1 :i*1 multiply+ ) m>vel\s rapidity by division & also by spores1 are c>ri$ f hive to hive1 until f a s+le infection ! :ole api>y is soon ru9$4 ,! p>ticul> bacillus :i* is commonly kn[n z f\l brood ,pr(essor ,*e%ire has describ$ z ,bacillus alvei1 or hive bacillus1 z x affects n only ! brood b also ! adult bees4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xi47 ,! fir/ symptoms noticeable 9 ! hive are its lack ( en]gy1 !n dead l>v turn$ black 9 ! cells1 & f9ally sunk5 caps1 "s ( !m p]=at$ slightly ov] l>v & pup4 ,bul4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,illu/ration ,bacillus ,alvei 7,*e%ire74 ,drawn f nature by ,frank ,r4 ,*e%ire = ,j\r4 ,r4 ,micr4 ,soc41 & "h r$uc$ "o-six? f ! orig9al plate4 ,fig4 #a4--,residue ( l>va ?ree days dead ( bacillus alvei2 b1 bacilli4 ,spores & deg5]at$ tra* cov] ! field4 ,fig4 #b4--;,heal?y juices ( bee l>va4 ,fig4 #c4--;,juices ( l>va 7liv+7 ) disease 9 acute /age2 a a1 lepto?rix =ms4 ,fig4 #d4--;,brood cells f a diseas$ colony2 a a1 cells conta9+ heal?y =ms4 ,fig4 #e4--;,cultivation 9 /]iliz$ ag>-ag> %[+ ! colony =m ( bacillus4 ,fig4 #f4--,same cultivation tw5ty-f\r h\rs lat]4 ,fig4 #g4--,spore *ang+ into bacilli4 ,fig4 #h4--;,bacillus pass+ into spore condition4 ,all ( ^! symptoms may1 h[ev]1 be pres5t :5 no f\l brood exi/s2 b if1 ^u op5+ "s ( ! cells ^: caps are sunk5 or slightly punctur$1 a br[n1 ropy1 putrid mass is f\nd1 :i*1 :5 lift$ on ! end ( a sliv] ( wood1 glides back into ! cell or /r+s d[n f ! mass l ?ick sirup1 x is pretty c]ta9 t f\l brood is pres5t4 ,caution is necess>y or x maybe spread all ?r\gh ! api>y4 ,! h&s1 z well z all tools us$ ab\t ! infect$ colony1 %\ld be cleans$ by wa%+ 9 a solution ( corrosive sublimate 7"o-eigh? ounce dissolv$ 9 #a gallon wat]7 be=e go+ to ano!r hive4 ,if b few are f\nd diseas$ !y %\ld be burn$ at once--at night1 :5 all ! bees are at home4 ,if all or ne>ly all are affect$1 or if ! disease does n seem virul5t & o!r api>ies 9 ! neighborhood are n endang]$ !reby1 a cure may be attempt$4 ,removal ( all ( ! combs & conf9em5t ( ! bees 9 an empty box1 oblig+ !m to fa/ until "s drop f hung]1 foll[$ aft] releas+ !m by lib]al fe$+1 w frequ5tly effect a cure1 z indicat$ _m ye>s s9ce by ,mr4 ,m4 ,qu9by4 ,! hives may be dis9fect$ by wa%+ 9 c>bolic-acid wat] & us$ aga94 ,a second removal ( ! bees & fa/+ may be necess>y 9 "s cases4 ,x w also be well to fe$ m$icat$ sirup--#a "p ( c>bolic acid1 or ph5ol1 to #fjj or #gjj p>ts ( sirup4 ,_m omit ! fa/+1 b de/roy all combs & frames & supply comb-f\ndation />t]s1 remov+ f\r days lat] all combs built & giv+ a second lot ( />t]s4 ,x is well to supplem5t ?is treatm5t ) fe$+ ( m$icat$ sirup4 ,ph5ol hav+ be5 sugge/$ to ,pr(essor ,*e%ire z a rem$y1 he exp]im5t$ until he f\nd t if a sirup conta9+ #a "p ( ph5ol to #djj or #ejj p>ts ( ! food be p\r$ 9 ! cells adjac5t to ! brood1 & ! diseas$ brood1 aft] bru%+ (f ! bees1 spray$ ) a solution ( #a ph5ol to #ej wat]1 a cure 0 spe$ily effect$4 ,! great risk ( spread+ ! disease1 z well z ! "t & exp5se :i* a cure by drugs by ! fa/+ process involves1 w cause imm$iate de/ruction to be resort$ to z ! *eape/ 9 ! end if tak5 9 "t4 ,bacillus gaytoni1 also describ$ by ,pr(essor ,*e%ire1 is *>act]iz$ by loss ( hairy cov]+ on ! "p ( ! work]s & _! crawl+ out ( ! hives ov] ! gr\nd1 con/antly wriggl+ _! bodies until dea? occurs4 ,x yields1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,*e%ire1 to ! same rem$ies z ,bacillus alvei1 b hav+ be5 less de/ructive & be+ f> m likely to disappe> )\t ef=t to cure x1 less att5tion has be5 giv5 to x4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 x has be5 al>m+ly de/ructive 9 "s ( ! ext5sive api>ies ( ,cali=nia4 ,colorado1 & ,texas1 s t "s simple rem$y w\ld be v welcome4 ,,! ,,wax ,,or ,,bee ,,mo?4 ,! l>va ( a mo? kn[n to entomologi/s z ,gall]ia mellonella ,l9n4 gnaws passages ?r\gh ! combs ( ! bees1 especially ^? 9 or ne> ! brood ne/1 (t5 prov+ v de/ructive 9 weak or neglect$ colonies4 ,! popul> "n1 wax mo?1 0 d\btless giv5 on ! supposition t ! food ( ! l>va 0 *iefly wax2 b :5 an attempt to re> !m on ?is sub/ance 9 its usual comm]cial purity is made slight developm5t only results4 ,probably *emically pure wax w\ld n be t\*$ by ! l>va2 b 9 combs conta9+ ! l>val sk9s left by develop+ bees1 or conta9+ brood or poll51 !y rea* _! highe/ developm5t if left undi/urb$ dur+ w>m wea!r1 f9d+ ample n\ri%m5t 9 ! nitrog5-conta9+ poll5 & animal tissues left by ! molt+ l>v4 ,to protect !mselves f ! bees !y l9e _! gall]ies ?r\gh ! combs ) a /rong web ( silk & are able to retreat or advance rapidly ?r\gh !m :5 attack$4 ,! obs]v+ bee keep] w occasionally notice ! mo?s re/+ dur+ ! daytime on ! corn]s ( ! hives or "u ! ro( projections or edges ( ! bottom bo>ds4 ,its color is dull or a%y gray1 ) light & d>k /reaks1 mak+ x s ne>ly l a protrud+ sliv] ( a wea!r-beat5 bo>d z to protect x mat]ially f its enemies :5 re/+ on any unpa9t$ surface t has be5 long expos$4 ,at nightfall ! mo?s may be se5 flitt+ ab\t ! hive entrances1 seek+ an opportunity to ent] & deposit _! eggs4 ,if prev5t$ by ! bees1 :i* are !n in/9ctively on ! al]t1 !y deposit 9 ! crevices betwe5 ! hive & /& or betwe5 ! hive & cap4 ,! m9ute l>v z !y em]ge soon make _! way into ! int]ior ( ! hive4 ,x is possible also t "s ( ! eggs ( ! mo? may be left :]e ! bees crawl+ ov] !m c>ry !m into ! hive by accid5t1 ! fre%ly laid egg adh]+ readily to any sub/ance x t\*es4 ,9 ! nor!rn & middle sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates two broods are re>$1 ! fir/ appe>+ 9 ,may1 ! second & l>g] brood 9 midsumm] or ev5 ,augu/4 ,! eggs deposit$ by ! la/ brood develop sl[ly 9 ! cool] autumn wea!r1 b usually rea* ! pupal /age1 9 :i* !y normally pass ! w9t]4 ,individual mo?s may1 h[ev]1 be se5 ab\t ! api>y dur+ ,june & ,july1 & ev5 into ! autumn1 s t egg deposition is con/antly go+ on1 & any combs remov$ f ! hive & left unprotect$ by bees1 especially if 9 a w>m ap>tm5t or a clos$ box1 w soon be 9 complete possession ( ! de/ructive l>v1 :i* wax fat & soon r$uce !m to a mass ( webs4 ,! only rem$ies are to keep ! combs "u ! con/ant protection ( ! bees1 or1 if ! colonies are n popul\s en\gh to cov] !m fairly1 ! combs %\ld be hung s z to leave a space betwe5 !m 9 a cupbo>d or l>ge box :i* c be clos$ tightly1 s z to subject !m = "s "t to ! fumes g5]at$ by ?r[+ a h&ful or two ( sulphur on live coals1 or to ! odors ( bisulphide ( c>bon 9 an op5 vial4 ,caution is ne$$ 9 ! use ( ! latt]1 s9ce x is highly inflammable4 ,ori5tal races ( bees are m en]getic ?an o!rs 9 cle>+ out wax-mo? l>v1 & ,c>niolans & ,italians m s ?an ! common bees4 ,b 9 colonies always suppli$ ) good que5s ! wax-mo? l>v make little headway1 & x is !re=e only ! neglect$ hives t are s]i\sly tr\bl$4 ,mo?-trap atta*m5ts or mo?-pro( hives are !re=e ( no use1 unless1 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 l>v seek+ a secure place 9 :i* to pupate may be caught2 b t implies frequ5t exam9ation1 & ! same or less att5tion to ! colony itself w suffice to d away ) almo/ any bre$+ ( mo?s4 ,hives pro( aga9/ ! entrance ( wax-mo? l>v w\ld1 z ! /atem5ts "h made reg>d+ ! bre$+ habits ( ! mo? indicate1 exclude ! bees also4 ,f ! =ego+ x c be readily se5 t ! att5tive api>i/ no long] reg>ds ! wax mo? z a s]i\s pe/4 ,,braula ,,or ,,bee ,,l\se4 ,a w+less dipt]on1 ,braula cca ,nits*1 kn[n "u ! common "n ( bee l\se1 is a tr\blesome p>asite on bees 9 ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 ! adults1 :i* are v l>ge 9 proportion to ! ho/1 ga!r+ on ! ?oraces ( ! work]s1 r>ely ( ! drones1 b 9 great numb]s on ! que5s4 ,! writ] has remov$ sev5ty-five at "o "t f a que51 ?\gh ord9>ily ! numb]s d n exce$ a doz54 ,:5 num]\s !y r5d] ! que5 weak by ! removal ( vital fluids4 ,! insect has frequ5tly be5 import$ to ?is c\ntry on que5s ) att5dant bees1 b ?us f> has probably ga9$ no foo?old4 ,likely x w nev] d s 9 ! ,nor?1 b ! case might be diff]5t 9 any region resembl+ s\!rn ,europe 9 climate1 & x is by all means advisable to remove e "o f any que5 or work] arriv+ "h infe/$ ) !m4 ,,o!r ,,enemies4 ,robb] flies1 dragon flies1 etc4--,sev]al species ( ,asilus & relat$ pr$ace\s ,dipt]a d n live ^u injuri\s insects alone1 b also capture & dev\r honey bees4 ,!y are m de/ructive 9 ! ,s\? ?an else:]e4 ,! same is true ( ! neuropt]\s insects kn[n z mosquito hawks1 dragon flies1 or devil's d>n+ ne$les4 ,!re seems to be no rem$y = any ( ^! except t ( fright5+ !m away :5 notic$ ab\t ! api>y4 ,! /++ bugs1 belong+ 9 ! hemipt]\s family ,phymatid1 (t5 capture & de/roy work]s z !y visit ! fl[]s4 ,no rem$y is practicable4 ,ants & wasps4--,"s ( ! l>g] ants & social wasps are v tr\blesome to ! api>i/ 9 tropical & ev5 9 subtropical regions4 ,!y seize ! work]s & cut !m 9 pieces ) _! p[]ful jaws4 ,hav+ once r$uc$ ! hive def5d]s1 !y ev5 make bold to ent] & c>ry (f ! que5 z well z help !mselves to honey4 ,trapp+ !m ) honey or ) meat & kill+ !m1 z well z de/roy+ ! ne/s :5 f\nd1 are ! only rem$ies4 ,! pap] ne/s are easily burn$ away1 :ile an effectual rem$y aga9/ ants is to op5 ! hill & p\r 9 an ounce or two ( bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,spid]s4--,webs made ab\t hive entrances (t5 capture bees z well z wax mo?s1 &1 not)/&+ ?is la/-m5tion$ po9t 9 _! favor1 !y _h bett] be remov$4 ,toads & liz>ds4--,^! dev\r _m bees1 & :5ev] f\nd ne> ! hives %\ld be de/roy$ or remov$ to ! vegetable g>d54 ,birds4--,swall[s & k+birds h be5 accus$ ( eat+ _m bees4 ,x is probable t ! de/ruction ( injuri\s insects by !m m ?an makes am5ds = ! bees tak54 ,?is 0 cle>ly prov5 9 ! case ( ! k+bird1 /oma*s ( :i*1 exam9$ at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 %[$ only a v small p]c5tage ( honey bees1 & ^! mo/ly drones4 ,,mammals4 ,mice ga9+ access to ! hive dur+ w9t] gnaw out among ! combs a ne/ cavity & eat honey1 poll51 & bees4 ,l[ entrances1 cov]$1 if f\nd necess>y1 ) a /rip ( t91 w prev5t ! mice f gnaw+ l>g] holes1 yet p]mit ! bees to pass 9 & out4 ,skunks sometimes di/urb hive entrances & cat* bees z !y come out4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly vexati\s 9 ! w9t]1 :5 colonies %\ld be left quiet4 ,9 m\nta9 localities1 be>s1 l$ by _! fondness = honey1 /ill occasionally ov]turn beehives4 ,! rem$ies = bo? ( ^! are1 ( c\rse1 %oot+ or trapp+4 ,,robb] ,,bees4 ,:5 =age is sc>ce 9 ! field1 bees belong+ to diff]5t colonies (t5 wage fi]ce w>s ov] ! /ores already 9 hives4 ,?\s&s are kill$ & ! victors rel5tlessly c>ry (f z booty e drop ( honey f ! vanqui%$ hive1 leav+ its bees to />ve mis]ably4 ,a great /ir & l\d buzz+ 9 ! hive ( ! conqu]ors atte/s _! rejoic+ ov] ! ill-gott5 ga9s4 ,nor h !y any code ( morals :i* incl9es !m to select z oppon5ts =ces equal 9 /r5g? to _! own4 ,) !m all's fair 9 w>4 ,_! only object is plund]1 & !y !re=e select ! mo/ def5seless1 a colony disorganiz$ ?r\gh loss ( its que5 be+ an especial m>k = a comb9$ attack4 ,extreme caution to prev5t robb+ is always advisable4 ,a little c>elessness or neglect 9 ! api>y e>ly 9 ! spr+ or t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! season may result 9 mu* loss4 ,x is easi] to prev5t robb+ ?an to *eck x at once or )\t loss aft] x is well "u way4 ,leav+ honey expos$ ab\t ! api>y (t5 induces robb]s to beg9 _! "w2 h5ce extract+ & simil> "w mu/ be done 9 bee-pro( rooms :5ev] ! bees are n ga!r+ honey freely4 ,x may at su* times be necess>y to d all manipulat+ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 be=e _m ( ! bees h begun to fly1 or lat] 9 ! day1 aft] !y h ceas$1 or ev5 "u a t5t made ( mosquito nett+ & plac$ tempor>ily ov] ! hive to be manipulat$4 ,que5less & weak colonies %\ld be put 9 ord] if possible be=e ! honey fl[ ceases4 ,9 any ev5t ! entrances ( su* hives %\ld be contract$ until b few or ev5 no m ?an "o bee c ga9 access to ! int]ior at "o "t4 ,pr(essor ,*e%ire has devis$ an excell5t entrance block to prev5t or *eck robb+4 ,?is is %[n 9 fig4 #gj1 & is s simple t anyone c make x4 ,:5 contract$ & plac$ at ! hive entrance x w be se5 t ! robb]s mu/ make _! way ?r\gh a n>r[ & b5t passage1 some?+ !y are loa? to attempt1 especially if at ! fir/ onset !y f9d ! passage well gu>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,*e%ire anti-robb+ entrance3 /1 /ation>y piece2 s1 slide2 p1 p9 or /op4 7,r$rawn47 ,if robb+ has begun x may sometimes be /opp$ by ?r[+ co>se grass or we$s ov] ! entrance ( ! hive attack$1 or by lean+ a pane ( glass aga9/ its front1 ! entrance be+1 ( c\rse1 contract$ z indicat$ above4 ,^! plans t5d to confuse ! robb]s = a "t1 & mean:ile ! rightful occupants ( ! hive may be able to organize = def5se4 ,if conv5i5t ! colony attack$ may be mov$ a di/ance ( a half mile or m & plac$ z f> z possible f o!r api>ies until x c recup]ate4 ,ano!r plan 9 extreme cases is to put ! colony 9 a d>k cell> = a few days1 conf9+ ! bees to ! hive ) wire clo?1 s z to all[ pl5ty ( v5tilation1 z describ$ "u ! head ( ,mov+ bees4 ,:5 br\ght out ( ! cell> x is well to place ! colony on a new /&1 ap>t f ! o!r bees1 contract ! entrance1 & lean a bo>d aga9/ ! front ( ! hive4 ,x is also safe/ to br+ x out late 9 ! day1 ev5 j at dusk1 s ! bees w beg9 fly+ f x gradually & n attract ! att5tion ( robb]s4 ,x may be well1 :5 remov+ a colony f its /& to save x f robb]s1 to put 9 its place a hive ) combs conta9+ a little honey & poll54 ,! robb]s1 in/ead ( scatt]+ & ent]+ adjac5t hives1 w cont9ue to visit ! same /&1 _! numb]s gradually dim9i%+ z ! honey gives out & ! poll5 is suck$ dry4 ,if mean:ile ! entrances ( adjo9+ hives h be5 contract$ & ^! colonies are fairly /rong & 9 normal condition1 individual robb]s w be successively repuls$ z !y appe>4 ,quiet w ?us be ev5tually re/or$4 ,,lay+ ,,work]s4 ,al?\gh lay+ work]s are n /rictly enemies ( _! k9d1 _! "w ha/5s ! ext9ction ( ! colony to :i* !y belong1 9 case ! latt] has become que5less & is )\t ! means ( re>+ ano!r que54 ,!y cause ! exp5diture ( ! /ores & /r5g? ( ! colonies 9 a va9 ?\gh well-meant endeavor to p]petuate _! species2 ! eggs :i* lay+ work]s deposit1 & = ^: developm5t ?r\gh ! l>val /age mu* honey & poll5 are requir$1 only result+ 9 ! production ( a lot ( drones1 = ! mo/ "p weak & dw>f$4 ,if n discov]$ until ! hive is ne>ly depopulat$1 ! rema9+ old bees %\ld be bru%$ (f1 & ! combs1 aft] ! seal$ drone brood has be5 unmapp$ & j>r$ out1 may be di/ribut$ among o!r colonies4 ,%\ld ! affect$ colony /ill be wor? sav+1 combs conta9+ em]g+ bees %\ld be add$ & a que5 introduc$ a few days lat]1 or a que5 cell ins]t$1 z soon z ! add$ brood has /ock$ ! hive well ) "y bees4 ,,books ,,& ,,j\rnals ,,relat+ ,,to ,,apiculture4 ,! foll[+ are among ! lead+ books & j\rnals relat+ to apiculture3 ,,books4 ,lang/ro? on ! ,honey ,bee4 ,revis$ edition1 #ahhi4 ,by ,*as4 ,dadant ,son4 ,qu9by's ,new ,bee ,keep+2 or ,! ,my/]ies ( ,bee ,keep+ ,expla9$4 #ahhd4 ,by ,l4 ,c4 ,root4 ,! ,a ,b ,c ( ,bee ,culture3 ,a ,cyclopdia ( ,ev]y?+ ,p]ta9+ to ! ,c>e ( ! ,honey ,bee4 ,by ,a4 ,i4 ,root4 ,advanc$ ,bee ,culture3 ,its ,me?ods & ,managem5t4 #ahia4 ,by ,w4 ,z4 ,hut*9son4 ,bees & ,bee ,keep+1 ,sci5tific & ,practical4 ,by ,frank ,r4 ,*e%ire4 ,9 two volumes3 ,vol4 ,i 7sci5tific71 ,vol4 ,,ii 7practical74 ,publi%$ 9 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,! ,bee ,keep]'s ,guide2 or ,manual ( ! ,api>y4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,cook4 ,a ,mod]n ,bee ,f>m & its ,economic ,managem5t4 ,by ,s4 ,simm9s4 ,publi%$ 9 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,! ,bless$ ,bees4 ,by ,john ,all54 ,bee ,keep+ = ,pr(it4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,t9k]4 ,,j\rnals4 ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal4 ,weekly4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture4 ,semimon?ly4 ,m$9a1 ,ohio4 ,! ,bee ,keep]s' ,review4 ,mon?ly4 ,fl9t1 ,mi*4 ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,keep]4 ,mon?ly4 ,falcon]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,progressive ,bee ,keep]4 ,mon?ly4 ,higg9sville1 ,mo4 ,! ,s\?l& ,que54 ,mon?ly4 ,beeville1 ,texas4 ,! ,we/]n ,bee ,keep]4 ,mon?ly4 ,d5v]1 ,colo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos correct$4 ,illu/rations reposition$ :]e !y split p>agraphs4