,illustration3 ,perspective ,sketch of ,bungalow 7with ,attic7 7,see ,plate #ag7 ,arnold ,w4 ,brunner4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,,cottages ,,or ,,hints ,,on ,,economical ,,building ,,containing ,,twenty-,,four ,,plates ,,of ,,medium ,,and ,,low ,,cost ,,houses1 ,,contributed ,,by ,,different ,,new ,,york ,,architects4 ,,together ,,with ,,descriptive ,,letterpress1 ,,giving ,,practical ,,suggestions ,,for ,,cottage ,,building4 ,,compiled ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,brunner1 ,,arch',t4 ,,to ,,which ,,is ,,added ,a ,,chapter ,,on ,,the ,,water ,,supply1 ,,drainage1 ,,sewerage1 ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilation1 ,,and ,,other ,,sanitary ,,questions ,,relating ,,to ,,country ,,houses4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,paul ,,gerhard1 ,c4 ,e4 #ahhd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,william ,t4 ,,comstock1 #f ,,astor ,,place4 ,,copyright1 #ahhd4 ,,william ,t4 ,,comstock4 ,illustration3 ,preface ,the aim of this little book is simply to offer a few hints and suggestions to those about to build1 or those interested in building1 and to present a series of designs of low-cost cottages4 ,these designs were made1 by request1 by different ,new ,york architects who have turned their attention to the subject4 ,in view of the rapid growth of 8,art ,ideas10 and the great improvement in taste that has taken place during the last few years1 it is believed that there is a demand for dwellings reasonable in cost yet artistic and home-like4 ,,architects ,,whose ,,designs ,,are ,,contained ,,in ,,this ,,book4 ,mr4 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,bates1 #adi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,,chas4 ,i4 ,,berg1 #aeb ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,brunner1 #bi ,union ,square1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,,jas4 ,d4 ,,hunter1 ,jr41 #eg ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,mess4 ,,rossiter ,,wright1 #adi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,,thos4 ,,tryon1 #aeb ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,,wm4 ,b4 ,,tuthill1 #eb ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,,frank ,f4 ,,ward1 #ei ,astor ,house1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,,fred4 ,b4 ,,white1 #bid ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,cottages ,,hints ,,on ,,economical ,,building ,i4 ,during the past few years our conception of what a country house should be1 has entirely changed4 ,simplicity1 elegance and refinement of design are demanded1 and outward display1 overloading with cheap ornamentation1 is no longer in favor4 ,naturally the more expensive houses were the first to get the benefit of the architectural inspiration drawn largely from ,england4 ,but now that ,english gables and dormers have spread so widely1 now that we realize the beauty of our own colonial architecture1 and that the ,queen ,anne craze is subsiding1 so that only its best features remain1 the less ambitious dwellings must not be left to the mercy of those builders whose ideas of beauty are limited to scroll-saw brackets and ,french roofs4 ,it is our intention1 in presenting a number of designs for country houses1 to show what can be done with simple means1 and to give sketches of cottages that may meet the wants of many who desire inexpensive homes which shall be at the same time cosy and picturesque4 ,it must be stated1 however1 that all we can hope to do in the compass of this little volume is to give some hints on building and offer a few suggestions and ideas which may be of value to those about to build4 ,it is by no means claimed that the drawings here given are sufficient for constructing the houses4 ,proper working drawings are a much more serious affair1 and should in all cases be prepared by an architect4 ,this is as important for a cottage as for a mansion4 ,it seems hardly necessary to enlarge upon the importance of an architect's services1 since that is now generally recognized4 ,sensible people1 when they are ill1 consult a physician and not an apothecary2 and when they wish to plan a house1 they take the advice of an architect and not a builder4 ,both apothecary and builder are of course necessary1 but they must be wisely directed or they may be dangerous indeed4 ,in this 8intensely new world10 as ,matthew ,arnold calls it1 we have not yet had time to pay much attention to our simpler kind of dwellings4 ,one can say but little for the majority of our cottages beyond that they give us shelter from the sun1 rain and wind4 ,the quaint interest1 the great beauty of old ,european towns1 are so marked1 that we would do well to remember that each of the houses in their picturesque old streets was evidently built to suit the special tastes and requirements of its owner4 ,at present1 the fashion is set2 and1 while it lasts1 all cottages are built to suit4 ,the fashion changes and the next batch of cottages must come up to the new standard4 ,now1 ready-made houses1 like ready-made clothes1 may fit1 but the conditions of house-planning are complex and the requirements are many and varied4 ,the house in which we live should have some individuality1 and not be a mere duplicate of our neighbor's dwelling4 ,we do not care to confess that we are exactly like other people4 ,of course we are not4 ,we may not wish to be considered eccentric or 8funny10 but we do flatter ourselves that we have some ideas of our own2 so our home1 if it is to be a home1 must be planned just to suit our habits4 ,regarding the exterior appearance1 that1 to a certain extent at least1 will proclaim both the disposition of the interior and its inmates4 ,now the intelligent client will of course consult a competent architect1 but being intelligent1 he and ,mrs4 ,client will first talk it all over very carefully1 and after discussing the matter thoroughly will decide upon just what they need4 ,when a decision has been arrived at1 they will go to ,mr4 ,architect and tell him their wants1 and he will proceed1 to the best of his ability1 to solve the problem4 ,this solution he presents in the form of plans1 elevations and sections1 which is his way of showing how he intends to fulfill the conditions imposed4 ,but ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,client may not find it such an easy matter to decide upon what they ought to have4 ,building a house is generally a new experience1 and many and vexed are the questions that arise4 ,being a bright1 well-informed couple1 with ideas of their own1 they wisely decide to think it out for themselves and not to tell the disciple of ,sir ,christopher ,wren to make them 8something real pretty--you know what we want--and we'll call to-morrow to see the drawings40 ,no1 they know better than that4 ,it is for them to say what they want2 and how it is to be done1 is the architect's province4 ,so1 to help the worthy couple in their deliberations1 we will mention some of the points to be considered in building a country home1 only touching upon them1 however2 for volumes might be1 and indeed have been1 written on the numberless considerations that present themselves4 ,a little thought and time spent before commencing to build may avoid a great deal of trouble and regret when it is too late to effect alterations4 ,even when the house is in the course of erection1 changes are unduly expensive1 as one deviation from the plans is likely to entail another4 ,the superficial knowledge people have of their own houses is often surprising1 and it would be well for ,mrs4 ,client to examine critically her present dwelling1 while ,mr4 ,c4 takes a few measurements of some of the rooms4 ,this will bring their ideas of dimensions to a more definite shape and greatly aid them to fully understand a set of plans4 ,,ii4 ,the first thing to be decided is where the cottage shall be placed4 ,for a castle in ,spain1 any picturesque spot would do1 nor need we choose it until our castle is quite complete4 ,but for a real house1 one that will keep out the cold and keep in the heat1 one that will be comfortable to live in and presumably beautiful to look at1 one that is subject to many practical as well as artistic conditions1 we will proceed to select the prettiest piece of ground in the healthiest neighborhood we can find4 ,healthy--of course4 ,better not build at all than make our house the abiding-place of malaria4 ,so we will carefully avoid marshy or ill-drained ground4 ,sandy or gravelly soil is good4 ,clay is bad4 ,a side-hill has many advantages and affords opportunity for something picturesque4 ,we need not fear it1 for a broad trench dug deep as our cellar1 and running obliquely back of the house1 will leave us high and dry4 ,if we are sensible rather than ambitious1 we will not choose the summit of a hill4 ,sooner be a little lower down on the slope1 securing shelter from the wind and a readier water supply4 ,the question of site is an important one1 and much depends on a wise selection4 ,even a small lot offers some choice1 and a few feet in either direction may avoid damp cellars and future fevers4 ,but if we have a wider choice1 let us exercise it well1 and secure a position where we can study nature in her varying moods and enjoy her beauty4 ,let us be surrounded by meadows and flowers and trees4 ,trees by all means4 ,not too near1 or we may shut out sunlight and secure dampness instead2 but trees are good neighbors1 and we owe them grateful shade in summer and shelter from winter storms4 ,a stately oak and a few graceful maples1 or perhaps some faithful evergreens1 will take away the barren and forlorn appearance a house often presents when standing quite alone4 ,a little terracing and grading1 besides helping to shed the surface water1 often give the building the appearance of being well and firmly placed4 ,care will of course be taken to see that an abundant supply of pure water is obtainable2 to decide its quality a few preliminary borings should be made4 ,having roughly chosen the position and driven a stake in the site1 we must decide in which direction our house shall face4 ,the living rooms should look to the south or south-east1 as they will be cooler in summer1 receiving the southern breezes1 and warmer in winter--and always cheerful4 ,next to a southern exposure an eastern one is best4 ,we must consider how the grounds shall be laid out1 the approaches to the house1 position of the public road1 and proximity of objectionable neighbors4 ,our friend ,mr4 ,architect will want to know all this and more too4 ,he will ask you from what directions come the prevailing winds1 what is the character of the scenery1 and whether there is any choice of prospect1 or our pet view will stand in danger of being wasted on blank walls1 or visible only from the kitchen4 ,then1 after telling him how much we wish to spend1 he will be in a condition intelligently to go to work and plan the house4 ,a thorough understanding between architect and client is most desirable4 ,,iii4 8,a history of house-planning is the history of civilization1 one of the best means by which we can realize the social condition and family life of successive times10 says ,stephenson in his interesting book on ,house ,architecture4 ,the gradual change in the arrangement of dwellings indicates most clearly the development of what we call civilized ideas4 ,in all important houses in the ,middle ,ages1 the ,hall1 which was frequently an immense apartment1 was the chief feature4 ,to quote ,stephenson again1 8,it was in reality the house1 and hence 7in ,england7 country houses are still called ,halls40 ,the ends were screened off by wooden partitions1 the kitchen at one side1 the private apartments at the other4 ,the ,hall was used as a dining-room and sitting-room1 and the household would sleep there1 both tables and beds being movable4 ,later1 the tendency arose to have separate apartments for different purposes1 and the number of rooms in a house multiplied4 ,in modern planning strict privacy is essential1 and each room must be accessible from the halls and stairways4 ,as soon as a room becomes a mere passage to another1 it loses its chief value4 ,the arrangement of a house is1 to a certain degree1 influenced by considerations of exterior effect1 but use and comfort are of prime importance4 ,in the so-called 8classic0 houses1 where symmetry was imperative1 convenience of plan was often sacrificed4 ,a well-studied plan is characterized by compactness and the absence of any visible make-shifts or after-thoughts4 ,everything fits well and seems in its natural place4 ,a rectangular house is the cheapest and best1 the octagonal and circular forms are better adapted for bays or projections only4 ,very irregular and straggling plans may produce picturesque results1 but are sure to be comparatively expensive4 ,a square house has always been a favorite with many practical-minded people4 ,it is such a 8sensible0 shape and cuts up well into rooms4 ,true1 a given length of line1 as a square1 encloses a greater area than in any other rectangular form1 so we get the most house for our materials and money4 ,still1 we will probably find that1 after arranging our plan1 considering comfort and convenience alone1 it will not result in a mathematical square2 but1 if it be compact and capable of being simply roofed1 we need not reproach ourselves with undue extravagance4 ,all space occupied in passages and corridors1 increasing the size but not the capacity of the building1 is wasted4 ,light and air are1 we know1 essentials of life4 ,let us not forget it in planning our house4 ,dark passages and stairways should not be tolerated4 ,in our cities1 where land is very expensive1 and the houses which often cover nearly the entire building lot are crowded closely together1 many expedients have to be adopted to render the inner rooms habitable4 ,light-shafts are used1 and rooms often receive only borrowed light by means of glass doors or partitions4 ,in country houses these methods are inexcusable4 ,fresh air and the light of day should have access to every nook and corner4 ,,iv4 ,in our modern houses the hall is generally a mere narrow passage connecting the rooms1 and only large enough to contain the staircase4 ,lately there has been a tendency to give the hall greater prominence2 and1 as many of the plans in this book show1 it may be made a most desirable sitting-room1 by adding a few feet to what before was almost waste space4 ,it may have an open fire-place and some little nook arranged with a seat4 ,the stairs may be partly or wholly screened1 a treatment giving opportunities for a picturesque effect4 ,let us have plenty of light on our staircase1 and plan it so that even at night one is not liable to stumble4 8,winders10 that is to say1 steps which radiate at the corners1 are to be avoided as much as possible1 for it is easy to slip on the narrow end4 ,do not try to have your stairs in a single run4 ,platforms1 which should be square1 form a convenient rest4 ,for ordinary stairs the risers may be #g inches1 and treads #aj inches4 ,if the risers are less1 the treads must be proportionally greater4 ,the old rule of a #f inch riser and #ab inch tread is almost too luxurious1 and when the risers are less than #f inches they become actually uncomfortable and tiresome4 ,if newels are used1 as they are in the better class of work1 have the tops rounded1 and let there be no sharp angles that would be disagreeable to the touch4 ,the dining-room should have an eastern or north-eastern exposure1 so that it may receive the cheerful rays of the morning sun4 ,a western outlook is undesirable1 for at sunset the 8western waves of ebbing day0 will flood the apartment1 making it necessary to close the shutters1 excluding the air and leaving the room in darkness4 #aa feet in width is sufficient to admit of chairs on both sides of the table1 with space for a servant to pass around1 but a larger room is desirable4 ,the kitchen should be near the dining-room4 ,it may be in the basement1 and if the house is on a side hill this is a good arrangement1 as the kitchen may then be entirely above ground4 ,in some of the ,southern ,states it is the custom to separate the kitchen entirely from the house1 thereby avoiding all the smell and heat of cooking4 ,it is a good plan for summer cottages to have the kitchen in a wing by itself1 even if not disconnected with the rest of the house4 ,in a small house1 where the dining-room and kitchen must be placed next to each other1 a pantry with doors not opposite each other1 between the rooms1 will do much to intercept odors and noises4 ,a sitting-room or living-room should be bright and cheerful4 ,let it have the benefit of any good view that the situation of the house may command4 ,give it broad1 generous windows1 admitting plenty of light and sunshine4 ,sunshine may not be good for the carpets1 but you are not building the house for them1 and the health and cheerfulness of the inmates are the first consideration4 ,if carpets will fade we may use matting1 which is now obtainable in good designs and excellent colors4 ,or let us have good honest wood floors oiled or waxed1 for they need not be very expensive4 ,then with a pretty rug1 perhaps1 in the middle of the room1 we secure greater cleanliness than is possible with a carpet1 and need not be afraid of the light of day1 two points which should help to decrease our doctors' bills4 ,in providing for light it is better to have one large window than two small ones4 ,a broad casement with a window-seat1 or a three-sided or semi-circular bay1 with room for a few flowers1 or perhaps a small work-table and chairs1 will be a delightful feature4 ,in the pride of our heart we may want a parlor1 or drawing-room1 as our ,english cousins would call it4 ,well1 let us have it if we must1 for hospitality is a virtue to be cherished4 ,but true hospitality consists in giving our friends what we deem to be our best4 ,now a parlor that is kept for state occasions and is such a prim1 formal room1 that everything in it is too awfully nice to touch1 is not a place where true friendship is likely to flourish4 ,if we need another apartment for our guests1 let it merely be an extension of our sitting-room4 ,the room we occupy most will be the pleasantest in the house1 as we will naturally surround ourselves with the objects we love best4 ,but the spirit of cheerfulness and cosiness should pervade the entire house1 and the selection we make of books1 pictures and ornaments1 will do much towards giving a room a friendly or unfriendly aspect4 ,in a large country-house a separate room for a library is convenient1 also a breakfast or morning-room1 and a billiard-room1 is a luxury to be enjoyed1 if possible4 ,if we can manage it1 a nursery1 where the children can make a noise and have a real good time without shocking anybody's nerves1 will be found a great comfort4 ,give the little ones space1 where they can romp to their hearts' content1 a large1 sunny room1 with broad windows and a big fire-place1 a room with nothing in it that will spoil by contact with little hands1 and you will contribute much to their happiness4 ,if we can contrive a little retreat or 8den0 in some out-of-the-way corner of the house1 it may be well1 for1 although man is a social animal1 8solitude sometimes is best society40 ,many of us will appreciate a little sanctum entered by one door only1 where we can leave our books and papers1 having the sweet satisfaction that they will remain undisturbed4 ,the bed-rooms should be specially light1 airy and well ventilated4 ,space must be left for the bed1 a consideration which1 if overlooked in the plan1 may make it necessary to put the bed in front of a window or against a closet door4 ,the arrangement of doors and windows requires particular attention1 and a little care in regard to this will contribute much to comfort4 ,a certain amount of wall-surface should always be left1 or there will be no place to put the furniture--a fault often found in our houses1 and productive of much discomfort4 ,every bed-room should have a closet1 and1 indeed1 an abundance of closets is necessary1 it being hardly possible to have too many of them4 ,one for coats1 in the front hall1 one for linen1 one for stores1 and a good-sized pantry for the kitchen1 are dear to the heart of a housekeeper4 ,no house should be without a bath-room1 large and conveniently located4 ,care must be taken that the plumbing apparatus is not exposed to the cold1 or the pipes will freeze in winter4 ,the matter of ventilation and construction of the plumbing work1 is ably discussed in a separate article devoted to that and other sanitary questions4 ,v4 ,doors are generally hung according to the sweet will of the carpenter1 but there are two ways to hang a door1 one so as to expose the room1 the other so as to screen it4 ,the first may be good for the more public rooms1 but1 in regard to bed-rooms1 the doors must swing so that1 when partly open1 they will shield the apartment from view4 ,closet doors should be hung so that the closet may receive light from the nearest window4 ,doors are sometimes made to swing out on stair landings or halls1 and who has not seen two doors so placed that they strike each other when opened8 ,it is hardly necessary to say that these methods should not be adopted4 ,the question of how to heat a house is discussed at length elsewhere1 but from the point of beauty1 cheerfulness and comfort1 we must enter a plea for the open fire-place4 ,it may be troublesome to keep clean1 although this may be obviated by an ash-shoot to the cellar4 ,we admit that the open fire-place is wasteful1 as two-thirds of the heat goes up the chimney4 ,and then most of the foul air in the room goes with it1 and we have the best and surest ventilating flue yet devised4 ,but the cheerful appearance1 the crackling of the logs1 the sparkling embers1 the ruddy flames twisting themselves into fantastic shapes--are these worth nothing to us8 ,contrast a roaring fire of hickory logs1 blazing on a broad brick hearth1 with the dismal hole in the floor or wall covered with a cast-iron register4 ,the cricket on the hearth is a little out of fashion now1 and with it has gone the sense of comfort that the broad1 picturesque chimney-piece always gave4 ,open fire-places alone are often insufficient in our climate1 and furnaces are extremely useful for heating the halls and the house generally2 but to rely on their heat entirely excludes one of the features which make home more home-like4 ,the fire-place should be in a position so as to admit of a group sitting around it2 it should not stand between two doors1 for instance4 ,a little nook or seat may be contrived next to it1 making a cosy corner in the room4 ,chimney-stacks can be combined if the house be judiciously planned1 and a saving of expense effected4 ,the plans in ,plates ,,vi1 ,x and ,,xvii1 show how one stack can serve three rooms on the same floor with fire-places1 and in the case of the double houses all the designs show that this method of saving expense has been adopted4 ,chimneys must be carefully built of good1 hard brick1 laid in cement mortar1 the flues straight and smooth and of uniform size4 ,to allow of better arrangement in the upper floors1 the flues may be safely drawn on one side to at least #cj from the perpendicular4 ,there must always be at least #h inches of brick work when the chimney-stack comes in contact with any wood-work4 ,every house should have a cellar with stone or brick walls and cement floors4 ,and it is of the utmost importance that the cellar be dry4 ,to insure this1 the greatest care should be given to the outside finish of the walls--reversing the usual practice of carefully finishing the interior1 and on the exterior allowing the rough edges of stone to project and form little courses and channels through which the moisture will pass4 ,in case the cellar extends only under part of the house1 the rest of the walls should be supported upon brick piers1 only filled in between with wooden lattice1 giving free access to the air1 thus preventing dampness and rotting of timbers4 ,if the reader desires to study construction1 or intends to superintend the building of his own house1 he cannot do better than consult ,mr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,clark's book on 8,building ,superintendence40 ,the standard of workmanship that it gives may be a little too high for cheap work1 otherwise it is an extremely useful volume4 ,,vi4 ,planning has been called a series of compromises1 and in fact we will nearly always find it impossible to secure all we desire4 ,something must be sacrificed1 and the best plan is the one that fulfills the most important requirements at the expense of the minor ones4 ,after securing the proper relative arrangement of rooms1 their exposure may be wrong1 or the chimneys will not combine4 ,we secure an economical combination of chimneys and find that the doors come 8all wrong10 and the staircase is crowded to one side4 ,then the shape of the rooms is ugly1 the veranda seems only possible in front of the kitchen1 the entrance porch faces the north1 and there is no way of getting to the cellar4 ,these little difficulties overcome1 we find that we cannot get up-stairs1 and even if we could1 the rooms in the upper floors come just as we do not want them1 and the hall will be dark4 ,then we will begin all over again4 ,the amateur must not be disheartened if this is the result of his first attempt to plan a house4 ,the best and seemingly most simple arrangement of rooms is generally the result of the most study4 ,in planning1 as in many other things1 the simplest is often the best1 and what appears so satisfactory and looks as if it were quite the most obvious thing to do1 was probably arrived at only after much consideration and thought4 ,irregularities in our plan may be turned to account and picturesque and useful features result1 but they must come naturally and not be forced1 or they will give the appearance of striving to be eccentric4 ,it is a comparatively easy matter to plan a house which is intended exclusively for summer or for winter occupancy4 ,but in those sections of the country where we have successively samples of every conceivable kind of weather1 and we wish to build a permanent residence1 the difficulties are numerous4 ,during part of the year we need broad verandas1 large windows and doors so arranged that we can get a current of air through the rooms4 ,the heat from the kitchen distresses us1 and the refrigerator is regarded with more affection than the fireplace4 ,in a few months the veranda only serves to shut out the precious sunlight1 and double sashes for the windows may be desirable to keep out the cold too easily admitted by the doors4 ,we draw close to the hearth1 piled high with blazing logs1 and rejoice that the slight heat from the kitchen chimney is not wasted on the outer air4 ,fortunately1 what keeps out the heat keeps out the cold--or rather keeps in the heat--and walls constructed so as to keep the house warm in winter will keep it cool in summer4 ,the veranda is a particularly ,american feature1 and should be encouraged1 not only because it is ,american1 but because it is a great comfort and a sensible contrivance4 ,let it be broad and low1 to keep out the sun's rays2 let it be large enough for plenty of chairs and a work table1 and perhaps a rattan sofa or a hammock1 and during the long summer months it will be a most delightful retreat4 ,even in winter the veranda serves to keep the wind1 sleet and snow from our windows1 and so contributes a little warmth if it does rob us of some sunlight4 ,it can be so constructed that it may be enclosed in winter1 but it is difficult to heat1 even if the cellar extended beneath it4 ,,vii4 ,materials of all kinds have been used for building1 but for our purpose only stone1 brick and wood are suitable1 and mud1 papier-mach1 glass1 iron1 and many others need not be considered4 ,stone is the favorite for all monumental buildings1 but it may be occasionally used to advantage in low-cost country houses4 ,if it must be brought from a distance1 and is to be cut1 tooled and dressed1 it will be much beyond the average cottager's means4 ,but when found in the immediate vicinity and laid in irregular courses 8just as it comes10 with the corners squared off only enough to make good joints1 we shall get excellent effects without great expense4 ,it is well to use it only for the first story of the house1 as shown on ,plate ,,xii4 ,if cut stone lintels and jambs are too costly1 we may use brick1 either red or buff1 selecting the one which harmonizes best with the color of the stone4 ,the doors and windows in this case will be arched and not square-headed4 ,stone walls need not be very thick--#ah inches will be ample--and they need not be damp if properly furred1 leaving an airspace4 ,frequently use large stones1 the entire thickness of the wall1 as 8binders10 and leave the natural surface as much as possible4 ,then1 if the stones are well selected1 we shall have a beautiful surface1 whose color1 softened by that of mosses and lichens1 and partly covered by the creeping ivy1 will become more beautiful and mellow with age4 ,brick is a most valuable building material1 wonderfully durable1 as the remains of the old ,roman buildings testify1 and fire-proof1 as often demonstrated4 ,to the minds of many1 brick suggests all the ugliness of the immense crop of buildings that has sprung up in our ,american cities--buildings with wondrous painted and sanded cornices and window caps1 with a front pierced with regularly spaced square-headed openings4 ,but the builder and not the material is at fault1 for as countless ,european examples show us1 brick can be used with most excellent effect4 ,bricks are now made in many shapes1 and good mouldings can be obtained for cornices1 belt courses1 etc4 ,then terra-cotta1 which is nothing more than its name implies1 baked earth1 or brick in other forms1 comes to our aid1 and we have ornamental panels1 columns1 pilasters1 voussoirs and all sorts of architectural finery4 ,for small cottages we may use brick laid in red mortar1 combining it with wood1 and perhaps some of the simpler mouldings1 with a terra-cotta panel or two1 to give character to the design4 ,wood is the material that will commend itself1 as being the cheapest for building country houses1 needing only a light foundation and being easily handled4 ,the old 8half timbered0 houses give us suggestions for a most picturesque treatment4 ,in these buildings the frame is exposed and filled in with brick or stucco1 producing an excellent effect4 ,in the north of ,france1 where rain is abundant1 the exposed wood is sometimes covered with slate4 ,this method of construction is adapted to our climate1 but brick is better for filling in than plaster or stucco1 which is likely to be affected by our severe frosts4 ,clapboards and shingles are both excellent4 ,the shingles may be cut in different shapes1 or irregularly laid1 giving a variety of surface4 ,tiles1 which are more durable but more expensive1 may be substituted4 ,battened houses1 that is1 houses faced with vertical boards1 the joints of which are covered by narrow strips of wood or 8battens10 are not recommended4 ,,viii4 ,the first four plates in this book show designs for the simplest kind of cottages4 ,strict economy has been observed1 and the arrangement is as compact as possible1 no space being wasted4 ,the first has two rooms on a floor--the living-room containing the stairs4 ,the roof is unbroken1 overhanging enough to cover the bay1 and merely extending to form the porch4 ,plates ,,ii1 ,,iii and ,,iv show a separate hall for the stairs1 and closets and pantry are provided4 ,in one case the upper floor contains two large rooms1 in the others1 four smaller chambers4 ,plate ,,iii shows the kitchen and living-room separated by a pantry with two doors1 and in the next design1 communication between these rooms is had through the hall1 an arrangement quite suitable for such a small house4 ,nothing could be plainer1 or more straight-forward1 than the plans and exterior treatment of these four cottages1 and the result is interesting in showing that even the simplest house may be planned with some reference to comfort1 and a pleasing exterior expression attained without the least ornamentation4 ,plates ,v1 ,,vi and ,,vii1 give designs for slightly larger cottages1 with three rooms on the first floor4 ,the roofs are boldly treated1 and in ,plate ,v we see the picturesque effect obtained by an exterior chimney4 ,this design also shows an effective treatment of windows in the sitting-room1 and a broad low veranda covered by a continuation of the main roof4 ,designs ,,vi and ,,vii are two six-room cottages very compactly planned2 the exteriors show clapboards on the first-story1 and shingles above4 ,plate ,,viii gives a cottage without a kitchen 7there is space for it if desired71 which may be built in connection with a hotel4 ,this is becoming a favorite way of living during the summer1 the inmates of the cottage taking their meals at the hotel1 and thus much of the trouble of housekeeping is avoided4 ,several of the plans in this book could be used in a similar way2 the space for kitchen devoted to other uses or omitted entirely4 ,in this plan the two rooms on the first floor open into each other1 making practically one large airy apartment1 which1 with the shady veranda in front1 is an arrangement well adapted for warm weather4 ,in ,plate ,,ix we have a small seven-room house4 ,the sitting-room has a large fire-place with seats at the side1 screened by an arch or transom1 and making a pleasant little nook4 ,plate ,x is a design of a picturesque cottage which shows in plan a nearly square hall with a fire-place1 opening into a broad piazza4 ,at a little extra expense the small bed-room on the second floor could be made wider1 or a bath-room added to advantage4 ,the plan of ,plate ,,xi provides an entrance hall or vestibule1 which will be of special use if the house is occupied in winter4 ,the side door opens into the end of the main hall1 and the arrangement of rooms is well studied4 ,the overhanging gables have a bold effect1 and the materials used are the same as in nearly all the preceding designs4 ,plate ,,xii gives plans and elevations for a house1 the first story of which is to be built of stone--the second of wood4 ,the stone is irregularly laid1 the rough surface contrasting well with the shingles above4 ,the plan provides for six good-sized rooms with plenty of closets4 ,in ,plate ,,xiii we have a house planned so that the two main rooms on each floor are exposed on three sides1 an arrangement which1 if the size and shape of the lot permits1 is good for a summer residence4 ,the treatment of exterior also indicates this use4 ,plate ,,xiv gives a design for a seven-room cottage1 with a wide hall and a bath-room4 ,the kitchen is conveniently placed1 both in regard to the dining-room and front door4 ,the balcony in the second story adds to the exterior effect by giving more shadow to the front4 ,plate ,,xv is a design for a sea-side cottage4 ,the hall is so arranged that the stairs are screened1 thus making a little vestibule4 ,the dining-room and parlor are only divided by an arch1 and may be separated by a portire or thrown into one large room1 while the veranda gives the shade so desirable at the sea-shore4 ,plate ,,xvi shows a picturesque house broadly treated4 ,the second story overhangs the first1 covering the piazza4 ,the rooms are large and of good proportion1 and each bed-room has its closet4 ,bungalows1 as the one-story houses used in ,india are called1 seem adapted to some parts of ,america1 particularly as summer cottages4 ,plate ,,xvii and the frontispiece show a house which will commend itself to those who dislike going up and down stairs4 ,this plan provides a hall1 dining-room and kitchen1 each with its fire-place and closet1 and three bed-rooms4 ,the door of the bath-room and that of the bed-room opposite are misplaced1 and should open into the corridor4 ,there is a small stairway to the attic1 where there is space for dormitories1 if desired4 ,the construction of this sort of house is so simple1 and the foundation may be so light1 that it will cost but a trifle more than if the rooms were arranged in the ordinary way4 ,the bungalow here given is very simply treated1 the roof being only broken for the outlook from the attic1 and extending to cover the veranda4 ,plate ,,xviii shows a house suitable for an ordinary 8fifty-foot suburban lot40 ,the entrance hall is divided by an arch and book-cases1 making an agreeable sitting-room or library4 ,the second story contains three bed-rooms and a bath-room4 ,there are accommodations in the attic for servants4 ,plate ,,xix is a design for a cottage on a side hill1 with the kitchen in the basement4 ,the projection of the stairs in the main hall gives place for a seat opposite the fire-place1 and may be made a cosy little corner4 ,the dining-room1 hall and sitting-room1 open into each other4 ,the last four ,plates are designs for double or 8semi-detached0 houses4 ,if1 instead of building single houses1 two persons will combine1 adopting some arrangement such as these designs show1 they will effect a considerable saving of expense4 ,the houses1 although receiving light and air only on three sides1 are bright and comfortable4 ,privacy is not destroyed1 as the entrance porches are separated1 and windows placed so as to avoid looking from one house to the other4 ,the exterior treatment in ,designs ,,xx and ,,xxi seems to indicate more clearly than the others that they are double houses1 while ,nos4 ,,xxii and ,,xxiii1 though not concealing this fact1 have more the air of large single houses4 ,this is a nice question of 8expression0 which our readers may decide for themselves4 ,these drawings show different architects' conceptions of what small and medium-sized cottages should be4 ,they differ greatly from each other1 both in plan and exterior design1 but the general expression seems to be much the same4 ,they are not pretentious1 and no ornament exists for its own sake4 ,chimneys and roofs are boldly and frankly treated1 and a certain breadth and hospitality are expressed by nearly all4 ,only a few of their special features have been mentioned1 a fuller description being deemed unnecessary4 ,,ix4 ,it will be noticed in all these designs that whatever grace or charm they may have is the result of the simplest treatment4 ,a building should be logically designed1 and the exterior be the natural expression of the plan4 ,this is what is meant by ,truth in ,architecture4 ,but just how much need be expressed1 is not always clear4 ,a proper regard for our architectural morals does not require us to exhibit to the passer-by every detail of construction and arrangement4 ,only what is shown must be true4 ,a building ought at least to declare its purpose1 which should be recognizable at a glance4 ,but a house may well express more than the fact that it is a house4 ,it may have a pretentious and showy appearance1 or be modest and unassuming4 ,it may look cheerful and hospitable1 or cold and forbidding4 ,now1 for a cottage to be pretentious is in bad taste4 ,it need not be so humble as to nestle among the violets1 but it can assert itself sufficiently without being decked with tawdry ornaments1 or the vanity of cupola or towers4 ,on the other hand1 it would be equally false for a large mansion which should have an air of dignity and magnificence to attempt to assume a simple1 rustic appearance4 ,indeed1 ,southey informs us that the devil's 8favorite sin is the pride that apes humility40 ,proportion--that is1 the relation of parts to each other and to the whole1 is the most important element of beauty in architecture4 ,this has been the subject of much discussion and controversy4 ,the parts of a building having a certain mathematical relation to each other1 numerous attempts have been made to formulate this and establish reliable rules for the guidance of the designer4 ,all the theories1 however1 are conflicting2 notwithstanding that most of them are proved by their authors to apply directly to the ,parthenon1 which 8,earth proudly wears444 ,as the best gem in her zone40 ,it seems that the sense of proportion1 like an eye for color or an ear for music1 is an innate quality possessed by some and lacked by others2 and that it is as impossible to design a building as to make a musical composition by mathematical rules4 ,beauty alone is not sufficient to constitute architectural excellence4 ,architecture is the art of building1 and utility is the first consideration4 ,if the architect be an artist1 endowed with an appreciation of form and color1 he will so combine the materials at his command that he will produce a building at once useful and beautiful4 ,exterior ornament should be sparingly used on cottages1 and1 if at all1 should be so employed as to emphasize the design4 ,but it seems more sensible in an economical dwelling to keep the exterior quite simple4 ,while we should not inflict our neighbors with an ugly house1 we will not be open to the charge of selfishness if we choose the extravagance of a daintily carved oak mantel in our sitting-room to that of ornamented brackets and posts on the veranda4 ,x4 ,in these designs for cottages it will be observed that there has been no attempt made to adhere to any historical style4 ,and this1 we believe1 shows a greater appreciation of the beauties of architectural styles than if they had been misapplied and tortured into what once was known as 8,rural ,gothic0 or 8,italian40 ,after defining architecture to be 8the material expression of the wants1 faculties1 and the sentiments of the age in which it is created10 ,owen ,jones1 in his 8,grammar of ,ornament10 said that 8,style in architecture is the peculiar form that expression takes under the influence of climate and the material at hand40 ,accepting this definition1 we see the absurdity of copying buildings erected under totally different conditions from ours4 ,although an ,italian villa is more adaptable to our wants than a ,greek temple 7and our country-houses have often copied both with lamentable results7 it does not readily submit to be ,americanized4 ,italy may give us suggestions1 and ,france1 ,england and ,germany offer us many and valuable ones1 but in adapting them to our country houses we must show discrimination4 ,and our own wants and sentiments1 if well and naturally expressed1 take forms that are not displeasing1 even if ,corinthian columns and ,gothic arches are absent4 ,the question of color is an important one1 as an unfortunate selection may spoil the 7otherwise7 prettiest house4 ,we have discovered that considerations of cleanliness do not require us to paint our houses white1 which1 even with the addition of green shutters1 is hardly satisfactory4 ,the staring1 conspicuous effect of these white houses is what we should avoid1 and the tints we choose must be those that will blend harmoniously with the surrounding landscape4 ,the pearly gray that shingles become after exposure to the atmosphere has a very good effect if relieved by contrast with some other color4 ,a good treatment is to give the house a coat of crude petroleum1 and1 if desired1 a transparent stain may be mixed with it which will show the grain of the wood4 ,a range of soft yellows1 reds and browns1 may be so obtained4 ,messrs4 ,rossiter and ,wright have published a book entitled 8,modern ,house ,painting10 which gives excellent directions and examples4 ,,xi4 ,if we strive to give to the exterior of our houses a pleasing appearance1 how much more reason is there to beautify the interior4 ,it has been claimed that pretty and comfortable homes exert a decided moral influence4 ,be this as it may1 we are all interested in making our homes attractive4 ,and there is no reason why they should not be so4 ,we are apt to think that costly things must be beautiful1 but this is by no means true1 nor is it true that inexpensive objects must be ugly4 ,the same materials used in the construction and decoration of an ugly apartment might1 with the exercise of a little taste1 be so employed that a graceful combination result4 ,low ceilings give an air of comfort1 while very high ones have a cold and barren effect1 and increase the cost of the house4 ,the ventilation of a room should be quite independent of the height of its ceiling1 that is to say1 a room with a low ceiling may be well ventilated1 and one with a high ceiling may gain nothing by the extra height but greater facilities for retaining poisonous gases and foul air4 ,gwilt gives as a rule that the height of the ceiling of a rectangular room should be the same as the width of the room2 but since the apartments on a floor are of unequal size and the ceiling commonly of the same height throughout1 no such proportion can be kept4 ,nor is it necessary for a small cottage4 ,from #i to #aj feet is ample for the first story rooms4 ,the proportion of a room may be modified by the treatment of its walls4 ,vertical lines give an appearance of greater height1 and horizontal lines make a room look lower4 ,accordingly1 the division of a wall into horizontal bands by means of the dado and frieze1 now in such favor1 has a tendency to make a room look lower than it really is4 ,this division1 however1 is a good one4 ,the dado is simply a substitute of a cheaper material for a paneled wainscot of wood4 ,the wooden base board and chair-rail should be retained1 as they serve to protect the wall4 ,a broad frieze is an excellent decorative feature4 ,it should be separated from the wall surface by a picture-moulding from which the pictures will hang4 ,the excavations at ,pompeii have shown many beautiful examples of harmonious wall decoration4 ,the walls are divided by dado and frieze1 the dado being generally darker and the frieze lighter1 than the intermediate surface4 ,we will do well to follow this arrangement even if we do not adopt the ,pompeian colors4 ,if the plaster is finished with a rough surface 7sand finish7 it takes color well1 and makes a satisfactory wall4 ,within the last few years1 wall-papers have been manufactured which are good in design and low in cost4 ,many of them1 printed in two tones of the same color1 are delicate1 and make good backgrounds for pictures4 ,being delicate and quiet does not necessarily mean that the paper must be gray and colorless4 ,it may have a decided color1 and still harmonize well with the pictures and other objects in the room4 ,dark red matting used for a dado gives a most satisfactory effect4 ,it may be continuous or divided in panels by narrow strips of wood4 ,cartridge or ingrain-paper is now made in excellent colors1 and is a good substitute for printed wall-papers4 ,to break the flat surface a stencil pattern may be traced on it1 or this may be done directly on the plaster1 which must first be colored4 ,a good ceiling is made of simple felting-paper in lieu of plaster2 the paper divided into small panels by narrow beaded strips of wood4 ,lincrusta-,walton is a valuable material for some choice bit of decoration4 ,for door and window trims and other interior woodwork1 white pine is recommended1 as it is the cheapest1 and1 if properly finished1 looks very well4 ,it may be stained1 if too light--the transparent stains merely darken the wood and do not conceal the natural grain4 ,under no circumstances try to imitate oak or walnut by graining4 ,such shams deceive no one and are in the worst taste4 ,if we use paint for interior work let us use it frankly1 carefully selecting the color1 and avoiding a shiny surface1 a flatted or dull finish being preferable4 ,we have a great variety of wood to choose from1 if not limited in expense1 but 8hard woods10 such as cherry1 oak1 mahogany1 etc41 not only are expensive in themselves1 but require more labor4 ,ash is the cheapest of them4 ,if some of the patent 8fillers0 are used1 an excellent surface may be given to the wood1 but these require to be finished with shellac1 and carefully rubbed down4 ,for cheap work1 two coats of boiled oil may be used2 or1 if a polished surface is desired1 varnish may be substituted4 ,our fire-places may be of brick laid in red mortar1 with wooden shelves1 and perhaps lightly framed with wood4 ,tiles are appropriate for facings and hearth1 as they are not affected by the heat4 ,let our windows be large and extend well up to the ceiling4 ,have window-seats if we can1 and dispense with interior doors as much as possible4 ,a curtain of some soft material 7it need not be expensive7 will look better than a six-panel door1 and it may be pushed to one side1 while the door is irrepressible4 ,let us make our hall a bright1 cheerful apartment1 that may aid us to 8welcome the coming1 speed the parting1 guest40 ,,xii4 ,the cost of building depends so largely upon varying circumstances that it is impossible to give precise estimates without exact information upon such points as the amount of excavation needed1 facilities for obtaining stone for foundation1 etc4 ,then the prices of labor and materials vary greatly in different localities1 so the figures here given can only be approximately correct4 ,cottage ,no4 ,i could be built as shown on plan1 for #ejj4 ,a cellar under it would make it cost about #ajj more4 ,cottages ,nos4 ,,ii1 ,,iii and ,,iv would cost from #fjj to #ajjj4 ,those shown in plates ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,ix1 ,x1 and others of similar character and size may be estimated to cost from #b4ej to #c4jj per square ft4 ,that is to say1 if1 as in ,fig4 ,,ix1 the extreme exterior dimensions are #ba ft4 by #bi ft41 the house covers #fji square ft41 and would cost from #aebb to #ahbg4 ,cottage ,no4 ,,xiv could be built for from #cjjj to #cejj4 ,these prices are given as guides1 and may serve the reader as a standard to follow4 ,if plain interior finish is adopted1 these figures may be relied upon for ordinary cases4 ,some sites1 however1 present unexpected difficulties1 and some localities are peculiarly favored4 ,then the style of interior finish adopted affects the cost greatly1 and the expense may be easily doubled by the use of elaborate cabinet work4 ,a brick house of the same capacity as a wooden one1 will cost nearly #bj per cent4 more4 ,rubble stone1 if easily obtained1 costs about as much as brick4 ,in building double houses1 we may save from #aj to #ae per cent4 on the cost of the houses singly4 ,good materials and workmanship are always the cheapest in the end1 and it is by no means advisable to economize too closely on that score4 ,there can be no comfort in a house that constantly needs repairs2 and the money spent in building a home1 carefully and substantially constructed1 will never be regretted4 ,illustration3 ,,sanitary ,,questions ,by ,,wm4 ,,paul ,,gerhard1 ,c4 ,e4 ,in selecting a site1 a loose1 porous soil is1 for obvious reasons1 preferable to ground liable to be damp or wet4 ,pure1 dry sand1 and gravel1 make excellent sites for building purposes4 ,next to these1 rocky soils may be chosen1 and are usually quite healthy4 ,clay soils1 which are more or less impervious to water1 and therefore always damp and chilly1 and alluvial lands1 must not be chosen as a site for dwellings4 ,but1 above all1 avoid made land4 ,although this refers more particularly to city lots1 it is not uncommon1 even in the suburbs of large cities1 to find low ground filled with garbage1 rubbish1 and decaying vegetable and animal debris1 which are prime causes of impure air in dwellings4 ,ground which has not before been built upon is1 undoubtedly1 preferable to sites of old1 torn-down buildings4 ,if the latter must be taken1 a detailed and thorough examination should be made with respect to the purity of the soil4 ,some lots are literally honey-combed with cesspools1 privy-holes1 or have a net-work of broken drains full of accumulated filth1 and the soil is at times found to be contaminated from liquid house refuse1 or by soakage from barn-yards1 stables1 etc4 ,a well should never be sunk through such formerly occupied ground4 ,it is quite important to ascertain by preliminary borings1 the level of the ground water1 for a high water level means continuous dampness1 and must be abated by thorough under-drainage4 ,by underdrainage of a site1 we effect a permanent lowering of the ground water1 and thus secure to the proposed dwelling1 dry foundation walls1 and absence of dampness from the house interior4 ,to remove such subsoil water1 small porous1 round tile-drains1 #a inches in diameter1 should be laid with open joints at least two feet below the level of the cellar floor4 ,the general arrangement of the lines may vary somewhat in each case1 but ordinarily the branch drains can be laid in parallel lines1 their distance varying from ten to twenty-five feet1 according to the amount of water to be removed4 ,wherever springs are found1 special lines may be required4 ,the trenches should be refilled with broken stones or coarse gravel4 ,all branch pipes should be collected in one main pipe1 for which a #b inch tile pipe will answer in most cases4 ,this main drain should be continued with proper fall to a ditch1 ravine or water course4 ,there must never be any connection between such subsoil drains and any foul-water drain1 sewer1 or with a cesspool or sewage tank4 ,if the dwelling stands on a hill-side1 exposed to subsoil water flowing over an impervious stratum1 the foundation walls of the house nearest to the hill are very apt to be wet1 often even so much as to have the subsoil water percolate through the cellar walls4 ,in this case1 the subterranean water vein should be cut off by a blind drain1 i4e4 a trench dug above the house sufficiently deep and carried with proper fall diagonally across the lot4 ,the trench to be filled with broken stones and to be carried down the hill to some outlet1 either an open ditch or a brook4 ,some attention should be paid to the proper removal of surface water4 ,in the case of suburban cottages the rain falling upon the roof is almost always collected and stored for use in underground cisterns4 ,occasionally a public water supply is available1 the cistern is omitted1 and the roof water is allowed to run away on the surface1 and partly soak into the ground1 thereby tending to keep the foundation walls damp and unhealthy4 ,to avoid this evil1 the grounds surrounding the house must be properly graded1 in order to shed the water off from the walls4 ,at a good distance from the house the surface water may sometimes be permitted to soak away into the ground1 the vegetation helping to absorb a part of it4 ,in other cases1 however1 surface channels or gutters must be arranged1 especially with clay soils4 ,besides water1 the upper layers of the soil always contain ground air1 which has a tendency to rise into the dwelling1 especially in winter when our heated dwellings act as huge chimneys1 drawing up large quantities of air from the ground beneath them4 ,such exhalations1 which consist in the case of a pure soil of carbonic acid and watery vapor1 and which in the case of a contaminated soil are largely mixed with gases of decomposing organic matter1 should be rigidly excluded from the interior of houses4 ,for this reason1 dwellings without a cellar should never be placed immediately on the ground1 but must be raised on piers1 arches or posts sufficiently to allow of a large air space and perfect circulation between the surface and the floor beams4 ,this will1 at the same time1 prevent the quick rotting of the joists and floor-boards4 ,to prevent the rapid cooling of the basement floor this should be laid double with an intermediate space1 filled with a non-conducting material1 such as mineral wool4 ,it is more expensive1 but always preferable1 to excavate for a cellar and to build the house on strong1 well made foundation walls4 ,the floor of the cellar must be made perfectly tight against ground water and ground air4 ,there are different ways of doing this4 ,one of the best methods is the following3 cover the surface of the cellar1 which has previously been levelled1 with a layer of concrete1 at least four inches1 better six inches deep4 ,next put on a thin layer 7about inch7 of hot1 pure asphaltum1 and on top of this a finish of ,portland cement4 ,the cellar walls must always be made impervious to dampness4 ,as usually built1 they are extremely porous1 and moisture rises in them by contact with the adjoining ground and by capillary attraction4 ,the best plan to prevent dampness of walls is to have a complete cut-off between the foundation walls and the ground1 by an open area1 carried completely round the building1 and well drained and ventilated4 ,this1 however1 is expensive1 and a similar isolation may be accomplished by building double or hollow walls1 the space between inner and outer walls being well aired4 ,the foundation walls should be placed upon a bed of concrete1 and must be covered on their outside with a layer of asphaltum to a point somewhat above the level of the ground4 ,it is very important to provide1 at this height in the wall1 a horizontal isolating or damp proof course1 which may consist of a thick layer of asphaltum1 or of slate1 bedded in cement1 or of layers of tarred roofing paper1 or else of hollow tiles4 ,the sill and the floor joists must1 of course1 be kept above the damp proof course4 ,the surface water may be kept away from the outer walls by filling the space next to the wall1 to a depth well below the foundation walls1 with broken stones or gravel4 ,sometimes a tile drain is placed below the foot course to carry off any accumulation of percolating storm water4 ,this trench may be covered at the top with a stone slab to shed off surface water4 ,most so-called 8practical0 builders will probably sneer at these suggestions4 ,i can assure those of my readers who care to build a healthy home1 that the money paid for such preventive measures will be spent for an excellent purpose4 ,the proper construction of healthy foundation walls1 and of a cellar1 dry and cheerful at all times1 is the basis of sanitation in cottage-building4 ,this much accomplished1 all remaining requirements are not so difficult to fulfill4 ,next to dryness1 the most desirable features of a good cellar are1 that it is well lighted and perfectly ventilated4 ,good light in a cellar helps much toward its being kept in a proper condition4 ,as regards the necessity of cellar ventilation1 remember that your floors will necessarily have some crevices or shrinkage holes1 and through these the cellar air will rise and mingle with the atmosphere of your living and sleeping rooms4 ,above all other things1 do not allow your cellar to be made a sort of gigantic poke-hole for rags1 cast-off clothing1 old shoes1 tin-cans1 rotten vegetables1 garbage1 swill or other offensive matters4 ,see that it is kept at all times free from rats and vermin4 ,do not tolerate any opening in the cellar floor for the removal of surplus water into foul water drains4 ,such opening1 even if trapped1 will be sure to act at times as an inlet for unwelcome sewer air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the water supply of cottages is derived either from wells1 cisterns or springs4 ,rarely do we find in the case of scattered houses a public supply1 delivering water under pressure4 ,a common sight in the country is a well located close to or adjoining a leaching cesspool or a privy4 ,such wells are usually sunk to but a limited depth1 and the liquid sewage from cesspools soaks through the porous subsoil down to the subterranean water stratum4 ,the danger to health from drinking impure water is now universally acknowledged4 ,polluted well water is rendered more dangerous by the fact that it often has a bright1 sparkling and clear appearance and has1 in summer time1 a low temperature1 making it particularly agreeable to drink4 ,nothing but a chemical analysis or the microscope reveals its unwholesome condition4 ,it is extremely difficult to fix a limit of minimum distance between a well and a cesspool1 or privy1 as so many different factors have to be taken into consideration4 ,in rocky ground1 especially1 there may exist hidden fissures carrying the contents of cesspools a much greater distance than is generally expected4 ,if there is no leaching cesspool1 no privy1 nor other cause of soil contamination1 in the neighborhood1 a well may safely be used4 ,if cesspools must be kept on or near your1 or the neighbor's1 lot1 or if the ground has previously been saturated with filth1 do not sink a well4 ,a properly built well should have walls made tight and impervious from the level of the ground-water up to the surface1 in order to prevent any filtration from the soil surrounding the well4 ,the surface of the ground should be raised somewhat at the well1 and graded so as to pitch in all directions away from the well4 ,this will prevent the entrance of surface-washings4 ,the opening of the well must be thoroughly well covered1 in order to prevent the falling into the well of vermin and smaller animals1 or the washing in of decaying vegetable or organic matter4 ,the following mode of building a well has many advantages over the ordinary way3 ,excavate down to the water-level1 then arch the well over with stones1 and place the suction-pipe into the well4 ,next refill with loose stones1 on top of these place coarse gravel1 sand1 and finally clean earth4 ,carry the pipe above ground to the suction-pump4 ,a thus built well is very safe against introduction of foreign matter4 ,the best wells are probably what are called 8driven wells0 or 8,abyssinian0 wells4 ,they are constructed as follows3 ,a wrought-iron tube1 #a to #b inches diameter1 having at its end a steel point perforated with numerous holes1 is driven into the ground1 which must1 of course1 be free from stones or boulders1 until the ground water is reached4 ,if necessary1 several lengths of tubing are screwed together by means of couplings4 ,the upper end of the tube is attached to the pump1 and continued suction will soon wash away the sand at the lower end of the pipe1 and furnish a stream of clear water4 ,wherever a well cannot be sunk1 cottages should be supplied with rain water collected from the roof and stored either in tanks placed in the garret1 or else in underground cisterns4 ,the latter keep the temperature of the water moderately low throughout the year4 ,most people1 unaccustomed to drink rain water1 object to it on account of its flat taste1 but if it is carefully collected1 properly stored1 boiled before use1 filtered1 cooled with ice and well aerated1 it makes an exceedingly wholesome and agreeable drink4 ,to determine the amount of rain water available from a certain roof1 ascertain the amount of surface of its horizontal projection1 and multiply this by the annual rainfall in feet and decimals of a foot4 ,the total amount in cubic feet must be divided by two1 to allow for unavoidable loss through evaporation and for wasted1 impure roof washings4 ,it is easy to arrive at a proper size for the cistern1 if the available amount of water is known4 ,in collecting roof water1 it is important to allow the first washings from the roof1 which always contain more or less filth in the shape of dust1 horse dung from the street1 excrements of birds1 leaves from trees1 etc41 to run off on the surface4 ,this may readily be accomplished by cut-offs on the rain water pipes1 to be worked by hand or arranged to act automatically4 ,the best roofing surface for collecting rain water is slate1 and next to this shingles4 ,underground cisterns are usually built circular in shape1 of hard-burnt brick1 laid in hydraulic cement4 ,the walls of the cistern must be made perfectly watertight1 not only to prevent leakage from it to the outside1 but also to prevent the entrance into it of ground water4 ,if an overflow pipe is provided1 it should under no circumstances whatever communicate with any drain or sewer1 or discharge into a cesspool4 ,as soon as delivered into the cistern1 the water must be kept scrupulously clean1 and any possible source of pollution should be removed4 ,it is a good plan to build into the cistern a filtering chamber to remove the coarser impurities in the water4 ,cisterns should be frequently inspected1 emptied and cleaned2 the opening at the top must be closed by a solid cover1 to prevent the falling in of vermin1 mice1 rats1 etc41 and to guard against contamination by surface-washings4 ,occasionally a dwelling-house is supplied from a distant spring1 by a gravitation supply in case the spring is near a hill-top1 or by means of a hydraulic ram if the spring is situated at a lower level than the house4 ,if the dwelling draws its supply from a well or a cistern1 the water is usually lifted by means of suction-pumps1 generally located1 for convenience's sake1 inside the house1 at the kitchen sink4 ,if the cottage has any plumbing fixtures on the upper floor1 it becomes necessary to force water by a lift and force-pump to a small reservoir or tank under the roof1 from which it is distributed to the fixtures under a constant head of pressure4 ,such water tanks should be made of cast iron well painted1 or of wrought iron well protected against rust4 ,slate tanks are also very good4 ,cheaper than either of these are wooden tanks4 ,wooden tanks are often lined with tinned copper2 lead1 zinc or galvanized iron linings are undesirable4 ,care must be taken not to run the overflow of a tank into any soil or drain pipe4 ,the simplest way of disposing of it is to run it into the gutter of the roof4 ,if this is not feasible run it down to the kitchen sink1 and make it serve as a tell-tale for use with the force-pump at the kitchen sink4 ,pipes for conveying water to the plumbing fixtures may be of drawn lead1 or tin-lined lead1 or of block tin4 ,wrought iron is used extensively1 either plain or galvanized or enamelled2 rubber-coated1 glass-lined and tin-lined wrought-iron pipes are also made1 but are too expensive for ordinary use4 ,drawn lead pipe is a material possessing many merits1 and hence it is used extensively4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that soft water attacks lead1 and a sufficient amount of lead is occasionally dissolved to cause dangerous poisoning of persons drinking water from such pipes4 ,it is a good precaution in the case of new pipes to allow the water to run for a while1 especially if it has been standing in the pipes over night4 ,tin-lined pipes1 although more expensive1 are much safer for use1 but great care must be taken in making joints in such pipe1 lest the tin be removed at the joints4 ,tin-lined as well as block tin pipes should always be used as suction-pipes in wells and cisterns in preference to ordinary lead pipes4 ,plain wrought-iron pipes rust quickly1 especially if not constantly kept full of water2 water conveyed through them is apt to make iron stains in the washing4 ,a further disadvantage is the frequent choking up of the smaller sizes through rust4 ,pipes coated with some kind of enamel are better and safer1 provided care is taken in making the joints properly4 ,plain wrought-iron pipes1 made rustless by the ,bower-,barff process1 have lately been used and promise to show good results4 ,wrought-iron pipes are largely used1 protected with a coating of zinc1 and such 8galvanized0 pipes may be safely used1 for1 although water dissolves and is often found to contain salts of zinc1 which are poisonous in large amounts1 dilution makes them practically harmless4 ,a more serious objection to galvanized pipes may be the fact that the zinc coating1 unless applied with great care1 soon wears off and ceases to protect the pipe against rust4 ,copper tubes1 lined with tin1 are occasionally used1 but are expensive and troublesome to put up4 ,in some of the ,eastern ,states drawn seamless brass tubes are used for hot-water pipes4 ,their only advantage over lead would seem to be their neater appearance and less liability to sag1 although changes of temperature affect brass pipes by expansion and contraction1 causing leaky joints4 ,brass pipes1 if used for drinking-water1 should be tinned on the inside4 ,it is important to arrange all water-pipes so that they can be completely drained or emptied1 when the supply is shut off4 ,pipes running on outside walls should be suitably protected against frost4 ,it is recommended1 even in the case of the smallest buildings1 to have a plan1 showing the exact size1 material and location of all water pipes1 stop-cocks1 faucets1 cisterns1 etc4 ,all pipes should be kept accessible1 and1 wherever possible1 in sight4 ,the supply for drinking purposes is often purified by means of domestic filtration4 ,this is especially desirable with cistern water4 ,domestic filters should act not only as strainers by removing suspended impurities1 but they ought also to act chemically by oxidizing a part or all of the dissolved organic matter4 ,various materials are used for domestic filters1 amongst them being sand1 sponge1 flannel1 cotton1 animal charcoal and spongy iron4 ,nothing is more erroneous than the supposition that a filter1 once started1 will continue to act1 without further attention1 forever4 ,whatever the filtering material may be1 it should be frequently cleaned and aerated1 and renewed from time to time4 ,it must1 therefore1 always be easily accessible4 ,most small filters1 to be screwed to faucets on the supply pipe1 are made reversible1 and if this operation is regularly performed1 they work quite well1 although their action is of necessity largely mechanical4 ,larger filters are connected by means of a hose or a pipe with the pressure supply1 and these1 too1 answer well1 provided they have an arrangement for periodical reversing of the direction of the filtering current4 ,other filters are portable vessels to be filled by hand4 ,filters are also placed in cisterns1 or at the end of the suction pipe in wells or cisterns4 ,a good plan is to build into the cistern a partition wall1 establishing a small chamber1 in which the suction pipe is placed4 ,the dividing wall is built with courses of brick1 some of which1 being laid dry1 act as strainers4 ,this arrangement1 it need hardly be said1 wants periodical cleaning as much as any of the household filters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a serious and all-important matter is the question of removal and disposal of the household wastes4 ,we will assume1 as is the case in ninety-nine out of every hundred isolated country dwellings1 that there are no sewers in the streets1 and that a discharge into a large creek or stream1 or into the sea1 is not feasible4 ,the common practice is to build a leaching cesspool1 if the soil is at all porous4 ,all the liquid wastes from the household are carried by a drain to this cesspool1 and allowed to soak away into the soil1 while the cesspool1 and the spaces between its wall-stones1 are gradually filling up with the more solid matter1 the grease1 etc41 which undergo a slow process of decomposition1 creating a noxious and disagreeable accumulation of gases4 ,the cesspool is usually unventilated1 and the only exit for gases is through the drain pipe1 up the house pipes1 and through defective joints and equally defective traps into the house4 ,occasionally two cesspools are used1 one for the kitchen sink waste1 the other for soil and bath-room waste water4 ,the conditions of these cesspools after some use will not differ materially from each other1 and such an arrangement is1 if anything1 more of a nuisance than the one first-mentioned4 ,the smaller the house lot1 the greater is the danger from a cesspool4 ,no leaching cesspool should ever be placed nearer to a dwelling than one hundred feet4 ,to locate such a cesspool close to the well1 or even a cistern1 is a practice which should be forbidden by law4 ,a cesspool or sewage tank1 if required1 should be built thoroughly tight1 tighter even1 if this were possible1 than a cistern4 ,it should be of moderate dimensions1 preferably circular in shape1 built with hard-burnt brick1 laid in hydraulic cement1 and the tank must be well rendered inside and outside with pure ,portland cement4 ,the tank should be arched over and covered with an iron cover4 ,it must be emptied1 cleaned and disinfected at frequent intervals1 and it should be at all times well ventilated1 by a pipe1 carried up to a good height above ground4 ,if possible1 the cesspool should not be located in a direction from the house of the prevailing winds4 ,the liquid contents of a sewage-tank may with advantage be used to sprinkle and irrigate a lawn1 or a kitchen garden1 or shrubbery1 or a vine trellis1 while the solids1 removed at frequent intervals1 may be dug as fertilizers into the ground4 ,if this arrangement is adopted ,i usually advise having two chambers in the cesspool2 the smaller one for retaining the solids1 the larger one to receive the liquid wastes4 ,the overflow delivering the latter from the retaining or settling chamber for solids1 into the liquid-tank1 must dip well below the water-line1 so as to avoid carrying scum with the water4 ,the liquid manure may be pumped by a small pump1 set over the top of the liquid cesspool chamber4 ,the question is to some extent simplified if the cottage contains no water-closets4 ,the liquid manure will be easier removed and taken care of4 ,the usual and much to be condemned substitute for a water-closet is a privy1 located close to or at a distance from the house4 ,it rivals with the leaching cesspool in nastiness and danger to health4 ,it pollutes the soil1 taints the water in the well and contaminates the air of the neighborhood4 ,a privy must always receive unqualified condemnation4 ,there are cheap and cleanly substitutes for it1 such as the various apparatus known as earth or ash closets4 ,while ,i should hesitate to recommend placing an earth-closet inside a cottage1 except for the use of invalids1 it is very easy to arrange it so as to be quite near the rear part of the house1 accessible from it by a not too conspicuous1 well covered1 shady1 dry and sheltered walk4 ,the shed1 in which the earth-closet is placed1 should be well-built1 strong and tight1 and preferably plastered1 so as not to be too cold in winter storms1 but also sufficiently ventilated4 ,a simple earth-closet is illustrated in the writer's book1 8,hints on the ,drainage and ,sewerage of ,dwellings40 ,more expensive closets1 with mechanical apparatus for throwing a fixed quantity of earth after use1 are sold and generally give satisfaction if used intelligently1 although plain earth-closets answer well in the case of inexpensive cottages4 ,with cottages1 provided with earth-closets1 the earth-manure can be advantageously used in the kitchen garden1 or else it may be disposed of to neighboring farmers4 ,the disposal of slop water 7kitchen and chamber slops7 may be effected where there are grounds about the house1 sloping somewhat away from it1 by sub-surface irrigation1 consisting in placing a series of common #b-;inch drain tiles in parallel lines1 about #aj inches below the surface of the ground1 and distributing the sewage water intermittently through such a network of pipes into the ground1 where it is acted upon by the vegetation and purified by the earth1 acting as a filter4 ,the details of this system1 which answers better than any other known method of disposal for isolated country dwellings1 are given in the author's book1 quoted before4 ,this system is also practical when water-closets are used inside the house1 but in this case1 the solids should be intercepted in a small receiving reservoir1 which must be frequently cleaned1 otherwise the distributing tiles will speedily choke1 and create a nuisance by ceasing to work4 ,cottages or suburban dwellings of moderate cost should have as few plumbing fixtures as possible1 especially if water is scarce1 and must be pumped to a distributing tank by hand labor4 ,where there is a system of service pipes1 tanks and fixtures1 there will be more or less outlay for annual repairs1 besides the frequent annoyance of apparatus getting out of order1 or refusing to work1 or freezing up and bursting4 ,it is certainly much cheaper to have a properly managed earth-closet and to confine the plumbing in the house to a kitchen sink1 a force-pump1 a tank and a kitchen boiler4 ,certain advantages1 however1 of an indoor water-closet1 as regards comfort1 convenience and health1 must be conceded4 ,a bath-room with a plain bath-tub is also a great convenience and an important aid to bodily cleanliness4 ,it pays well to arrange for it1 even where one must forego the luxury of a good water-closet4 ,if means are not available for a system of hot and cold water pipes1 the bath tub may be filled by pails4 ,a small slop sink or slop hopper for removing chamber slops is also useful and facilitates the work of servants4 ,both sink and tub may be arranged in one room1 which should have plenty of ventilation and direct light by large windows to the outer air4 ,even the smallest cottage must have a plain kitchen sink4 ,where the kitchen is large1 a set of laundry tubs may be arranged close by the sink2 in larger dwellings a special room is generally set aside for laundry purposes1 next to the kitchen1 or below the kitchen1 in the basement1 and hot water from the kitchen boiler is generally available4 ,if a bath-room is wanted1 with a water-closet and a bath-tub1 and all necessary amount of hot and cold water pipes1 waste and vent pipes1 let the arrangement be as plain and as open--which does not necessarily mean unsightly--as possible4 ,keep all pipes outside of walls or partitions1 have them where you can constantly see them and lay your hands on any stopcock or other plumbing detail1 if necessary4 ,dispense with woodwork as much as possible4 ,arrange every fixture1 especially the sink and the water-closet1 open to inspection and accessible to the dust-brush and wiping cloth of the servants4 ,it is important--for the sake of economy as well as on account of plain and straight arrangement of pipes--that the bath-room should be as nearly as possible directly over the kitchen1 so that one waste pipe and one line of vent pipe may answer for both4 ,a little skill and foresight in planning will usually accomplish this desirable feature4 ,let the kitchen sink be of plain cast-iron1 the laundry tubs of wood1 or better1 of slate2 the bath-tub of wood1 lined with #ad oz4 copper1 and select a good earthen-ware flushing rim hopper with supply-cistern4 ,of course1 there is more expensive1 more durable and handsomer plumbing apparatus sold1 but the above fixtures1 if well set1 answer all practical requirements of a small home4 ,the water-closet should be arranged with so little woodwork as only a seat resting on cleats2 the closet itself standing on all sides free on the floor4 ,this may be finished in hard wood or covered with oil-cloth1 or with slate slabs4 ,a closet thus arranged answers well for pouring out chamber slops and for use as a urinal4 ,for further details on plumbing fixtures see the author's books on the subject4 ,here are a few approved rules on house sewerage1 so far as they relate to plain cottages4 ,the main house sewer outside the building to be of strong well-burnt1 and glazed vitrified pipe1 circular in section1 four inches in diameter1 laid in straight lines1 or with curves of large radius at changes of direction4 ,joints to be made with pure ,portland cement4 ,it is important that no cement remains on the inside of the joint4 ,the bottom part of each pipe should be tightened with particular care4 ,the drain to be firmly laid at the bottom of the trench1 if necessary1 on a bed of concrete4 ,grooves should be cut for the pipe-sockets4 ,the depth of the drain should be about #c feet4 ,junctions to be made with ,y branches4 ,inclination to be1 if possible1 inch to the foot4 ,wherever grades are very flat provide some simple and inexpensive flushing apparatus at the head of the house sewer4 ,all the pipes inside the house to be thoroughly gas and water-tight1 and well flushed and ventilated4 ,the house sewer inside the dwelling1 to a point five feet outside of the house walls1 to be of heavy iron pipe2 of cast iron1 if kept below the floor2 of wrought iron or cast iron1 if run along the cellar wall or ceiling4 ,provide a sufficient number of access-holes for inspection and for removing stoppages4 ,the soil pipe or waste pipe to be of heavy tarred cast iron with well caulked lead joints1 or of asphalted wrought iron with steam-tight screw-joints4 ,pipes to run as straight as possible from the cellar to the roof1 and to be continued full-size at least two feet above the roof4 ,mouth to be left wide open4 ,size of soil pipe #d inches2 of waste pipe #b inches4 ,provide a running trap on line of main house sewer1 inside or outside of the house4 ,arrange a #d-;inch fresh air pipe1 at the house side of such trap1 run preferably some distance away from the house and hidden from sight by shrubbery4 ,branch waste pipes from fixtures to be of heavy lead pipe1 #a inches diameter4 ,joints between lead and iron pipe to be made with brass ferrules or brass screw nipples4 ,each fixture to be separately trapped near its outlet by a self-cleansing and secure trap4 ,overflow pipes to be dispensed with as much as possible2 if used to join the waste pipe between the fixture and the trap4 ,traps to be either the siphon 7,s or running traps71 in which case siphonage should be prevented by an air pipe1 or else to be anti-siphoning or mechanical or mercury-seal traps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the question of how to warm our cottage will depend1 in the first place1 upon the climate and locality of the proposed dwelling1 and furthermore upon its exposure4 ,three methods of warming the air of halls and rooms must be considered1 namely1 warming by open fire-places1 by stoves and by hot-air furnaces4 ,direct and indirect heating by steam and by hot-water apparatus are excluded on account of their cost for buildings1 such as here shown4 ,ordinary fire-places warm principally by radiation1 the heat from the fire being imparted to surrounding objects or persons without much warming the surrounding air4 ,the degree of heat varies with the square of the distance from the grate1 and it thus happens that with a fire-place as the only means of heating a room of an exposed dwelling1 a person near the fire may be nearly roasted1 while at the opposite extreme end of the room the temperature may be almost down to the freezing point4 ,a further disadvantage is the fact that it heats only the part of the body facing the fire4 ,the greatest objection to the ordinary open grate fire lies in the fact that #he per cent4 and more of the fuel is wasted1 the heat from it going straight up the chimney flue4 ,a fire-place generally causes extremely cold drafts from window cracks1 or from door spaces1 especially in very cold weather4 ,on the other hand1 if such cracks are all carefully closed and stopped up1 the chimney is apt to smoke4 ,while1 therefore1 an open fire-place may be adequate in warm climates1 it is entirely inadequate to warm1 per se1 cottages in our eastern1 northern1 and northwestern ,states4 ,to say that a very large waste of fuel is incident to warming by fire-places1 is not strictly correct1 for the heat is not actually wasted4 ,it forms a good aid to the ventilation of rooms1 and we will see later that1 as an accessory of other heating methods1 the fire-place is eminently serviceable1 and much to be recommended4 ,better1 however1 than ordinary fire-places1 are the improved1 so-called ventilating fire-places1 which are provided with a large air chamber1 and a sufficient air supply from outdoors4 ,there are several excellent devices of this kind in the market1 and these are1 of course1 much more economical as far as burning fuel is concerned1 about #ce per cent4 of the heat being utilized4 ,they make splendid ventilators1 and are generally superior and free from defects4 ,in this country stoves of cast iron and of wrought iron are the usual and most economical means of heating small cottages and suburban dwellings4 ,it is also1 unfortunately1 true that1 as ordinarily arranged1 they make the worst possible devices for warming the air of our rooms4 ,heating should always be combined with ventilation1 that is1 there should be a continuous removal of the fouled air and introduction of plenty of pure air instead1 but arranged so as not to cause inconvenient or unhealthy drafts4 ,a room warmed by an air-tight stove must soon contain air entirely unfit to breathe1 for a close stove removes practically none of the vitiated air1 and there is usually an entire absence of any provision for introducing fresh air4 ,less fuel is consumed1 and stove-heating is consequently economical1 at least apparently so1 while in reality it causes loss of strength1 vigor and appetite1 and general debility and extreme sensitiveness4 ,if a dwelling is to be heated by stoves1 the following precautions must be observed4 ,select a good-sized1 well-built stove1 with tight joints1 and lined on the inside with fire-brick to prevent the iron from getting red hot and to retain1 as much as possible1 the heat4 ,a supply of fresh pure air from the outside must be arranged1 carried to a jacket surrounding the stove1 where the air is warmed by contact with the stove1 and circulated in the room4 ,the smoke pipe of the stove should be large1 and must never have a damper to shut off the draft4 ,a valve may be placed on the fresh-air inlet pipe to regulate the amount of ventilation at will4 ,for the removal of foul air outlets must be arranged1 near the ceiling of the room1 and into the chimney1 care being taken to prevent down-drafts or entrance of smoke1 by arranging a self-closing flap valve at the outlet4 ,it is much preferable1 however1 to have an extracting or ventilating flue1 arranged in the chimney adjoining the smoke flue and warmed by the latter1 with outlets from the room into such flue4 ,the stove should have ample capacity to heat the room even in very cold weather without driving the fire to a red heat4 ,it is a good plan to supply a moderate amount of moisture to the air by placing a water kettle or evaporating pan on the stove4 ,heating suburban dwellings by hot-air furnaces has many advantages over stove heating4 ,furnace heating is1 strictly speaking1 stove heating1 but with this difference1 that there is only one large stove1 centrally located in the basement or cellar1 from which air pipes of sufficient size carry the warmed air into the rooms as desired4 ,there is1 consequently1 less labor in carrying coal and making fires1 less trouble in keeping up the fire1 and less dirt and dust from removing ashes4 ,furnace heating is disliked and has often been condemned by many as detrimental to health1 and while such is true of improperly arranged furnace apparatus1 it is1 nevertheless1 a mode of heating which can be made perfectly healthy and agreeable4 ,it is impossible to heat a room well by furnace heat1 unless arrangements are made1 by an open fire-place or other outlet into a chimney flue1 for withdrawal of the air once breathed and fouled by respiration4 ,you cannot introduce pure1 warmed air1 unless you remove a like amount of fouled air4 ,another mistake1 frequently made1 is to take the air supply to the furnace air-chamber directly from the cellar4 ,thus1 cellar air1 ground air1 or air from sewer pipes1 is often sent up in a heated condition into the living and sleeping rooms4 ,if warming by a hot-air furnace is decided upon1 care should be taken to select from the innumerable patterns in the market a good furnace4 ,the furnace should be of the best quality of material of its kind--either cast iron1 wrought iron or soap-stone1--and of a good size1 for if the furnace is small1 it will be overheated in extremely cold weather1 which is very objectionable1 as it renders the air less fit for breathing1 and is liable to cause cracks in cast-iron1 and loose joints in wrought-iron furnaces4 ,the furnace must be well constructed1 the pot must be lined with fire-brick to prevent the rapid burning out of the iron1 the joints must be few in number and perfectly tight1 and this must be made the subject of a special examination4 ,the furnace should have one or two large cold air-ducts1 leading to the outside of the house1 located on opposite sides of the house if there are two4 ,these air-ducts should take their supply preferably five or more feet above the surface of the ground4 ,a slide-valve must be arranged in the cold-air box1 to regulate the amount of incoming air1 and where there is danger from impurities in the air1 the air supply should be filtered through a loose cotton filter4 ,at the mouth of the air box place a wire-netting to prevent rats or other animals from entering4 ,the box should be constructed of well-dried1 wooden plank1 with closely fitted joints4 ,better1 although more expensive1 is a galvanized sheet iron air-duct4 ,it is advisable to carry the cold-air box along the ceiling of the cellar1 where it is in sight1 and not below the ground1 where it may and often is filled with ground water or pools of sewage from broken cellar drains4 ,the size of the fresh-air inlet should be equal in area to the aggregate sum of all hot-air flues1 leading from the air chamber into rooms4 ,the fresh air should be kept tolerably moist by arranging an evaporating pan kept constantly full of water in the air chamber of the furnace4 ,the furnace must be arranged as centrally as possible1 so as to make the horizontal hot-air flues short1 for in these the velocity of the air current is reduced by friction1 especially if the flues are small4 ,the hot-air flues should1 preferably1 be kept on inside walls1 and must be as direct as possible1 and of ample capacity4 ,the inlets or registers1 for admitting warm air into the room1 should not be in the floor1 for it is unhealthy to stand over them1 moreover they form receptacles of dirt and dust1 and are unsightly in the floor4 ,the inlets should be placed in a side wall4 ,to avoid danger from charring woodwork no hot-air flues should come in direct contact with floor-joists1 boards or partitions2 all woodwork should be securely protected by some non-conducting material4 ,the smoke-pipe must be large and run to a good-sized smooth flue1 so as to insure a good steady draft1 which will remove all gases of combustion4 ,there should be no damper on the smoke pipe1 and the fire should be regulated only by more or less admission of air under the fire grate4 ,overheating of the furnace must be avoided1 for it unduly dries the air1 and scorches the organic matter in the air coming in contact with the fire1 thus causing a peculiar1 disagreeable smell4 ,an open fire-place in the hall and all principal rooms makes1 in connection with hot-air heating1 the most comfortable and pleasant arrangement for withdrawing fouled air from the room4 ,with the air of the room introduced at a warm temperature1 the radiant heat from the fire-place is particularly invigorating and comforting4 ,we all love to gather around a cheerful1 glowing fire on the hearth of a cosy home1 and exchange pleasant thoughts or dream away twilight hours in looking at the flickering light4 ,if fire-places are not available for ventilation1 outlets must be provided into warm1 ventilating flues1 arranged parallel to smoke-flues in chimneys4 ,chimney flues should preferably not be built against outside walls1 for they are not apt to draw well in such position1 unless a special air space is arranged in the rear of the flue to prevent its too rapid cooling4 ,ventilating flues must be without sharp angles1 smooth on the inside and preferably round in section4 ,if they remove the air from a number of rooms1 their cross-section must be proportionately increased4 ,bedrooms should never be heated by base burner stoves1 but should have a fire-place acting at all times as an efficient foul-air flue4 ,halls must be moderately heated to avoid cold drafts through door-cracks1 and to insure a more uniform heat throughout the dwelling4 ,bathrooms and kitchens must be ventilated with special care4 ,ventilation or change of air in dwellings must go on at all seasons of the year4 ,it aims at removing the vitiated air in a dwelling and introducing a sufficient amount of pure air1 moderately heated in winter time1 supplied with a proper amount of moisture1 and thoroughly and uniformly diffusing it in the house interior in gentle currents1 without causing undue drafts4 ,drafts are dangerous to health1 because they rob the human body too suddenly of a part of its heat4 ,in summer-time ventilation is happily and easily accomplished by opening doors or windows1 and by occasional 8air-flushing0 by creating cross-currents through rooms4 ,fire-places should not be covered up in summer by fire-boards4 ,in winter-time ventilation should always be combined with heating4 ,in the spring or fall of the year we often content ourselves with a small wood or coal fire on the hearth1 and in such a case the easiest way to provide for incoming fresh air is by admitting air through the windows1 directing the cold current to rise up to the ceiling4 ,this may be done by lowering the upper sash and raising the lower one slightly1 not enough to leave openings at top and bottom4 ,a better way is1 of course1 to have a ventilating open fire-place1 such as the 8fire-on-the-hearth0 stove1 or other apparatus4 ,the so-called spontaneous or accidental ventilation by air penetrating walls cannot1 practically1 establish a sufficient change of air4 ,its effect is very much reduced by papering1 painting1 plastering on the inside1 and by treating the outside walls by some water-proof process1 as is frequently done1 as a protection against driving rains4 ,for details on ventilation1 amount of cubic space in rooms1 amount of air-supply required1 proper position of inlets and outlets1 and other questions1 we refer to larger hand-books on ventilation4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,plates4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i ,perspective ,sketch4 ,rossiter and ,wright ,architects4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,sketch for ,cottage4 ,wm4 ,a4 ,bates4 ,architect4 #adi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,perspective ,sketch4 ,arnold ,w4 ,brunner4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,sketch for ,cottage4 ,wm4 ,a4 ,bates4 ,architect4 #adi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v ,perspective4 ,thos4 ,tryon4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,perspective ,sketch4 ,arnold ,w4 ,brunner4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,suburban ,cottage4 ,frank ,f4 ,ward4 ,architect4 #ei ,astor ,house1 ,n4,y4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,sketch4 ,design for ,cottage-,rooms in connection with a ,summer ,hotel4 ,fredk4 ,b4 ,white4 ,architect4 #bid ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,sketch for ,cottage4 ,wm4 ,a4 ,bates4 ,architect4 #adi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x ,perspective4 ,chas4 ,i4 ,berg4 ,architect4 ,n4,y4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,perspective ,sketch4 ,fredk4 ,b4 ,white4 ,architect4 #bid ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,a ,stone ,timber ,cottage4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,tuthill4 ,architect4 #eb ,broadway1 ,n4,y4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,perspective ,sketch4 ,thos4 ,tryon4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv ,perspective ,sketch4 ,arnold ,w4 ,brunner4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv ,a ,low priced ,sea-side ,cottage4 ,perspective ,sketch4 ,rossiter and ,wright ,architects4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi ,sketch for ,small ,cottage4 ,jas4 ,d4 ,hunter ,jr4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii ,bungalow with ,attic4 ,arnold ,w4 ,brunner4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii ,a house planned to meet the requirements of a #ej ft4 suburban lot4 ,rossiter and ,wright ,architects4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,cottage on ,side ,hill4 ,arnold ,w4 ,brunner4 ,architect4 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,a ,double ,cottage4 ,frank ,f4 ,ward4 ,architect4 #ei ,astor ,house1 ,n4,y4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,pair of ,semi-detached ,cottages4 ,chas4 ,i4 ,berg4 ,architect4 ,n4,y4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,semi-,detached ,homes for a ,village ,street4 ,fredk4 ,b4 ,white4 ,architect4 #bid ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,sketch for a small double house4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,tuthill4 ,architect4 #eb ,broadway1 ,n4,y4 ,illustration3 ,,advertisements ,,durham ,,system ,,of ,,house ,,drainage4 ,,the ,durham ,house ,drainage ,company ,,of ,,new ,,york4 ,,manufacturing ,,the ,,durham ,,patent ,,system ,,of ,,screw-,,joint ,,iron ,,house ,,drainage ,,trustees3 ,,joseph ,p4 ,,davis1 ,vice-,pres't ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,rudolph ,,hering1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,daniel ,p4 ,,bruner1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,henry ,g4 ,,prout1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,durham1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,boardman4 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,,fayette ,,taylor4 ,,floyd ,b4 ,,wilson4 ,,chas4 ,p4 ,,whitney4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,durham1 ,,president4 ,,chas4 ,p4 ,,whitney1 ,,secretary4 ,,wm4 ,,paul ,,gerhard1 ,,chief ,,eng',r4 ,,joseph ,p4 ,,davis1 ,,vice-,,president4 ,,henry ,g4 ,,prout1 ,,treasurer4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,vail1 ,,general ,,agent4 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 #bca-bce ,east ,forty-,second ,street4 ,,albany1 ,,richard ,,prescott1 ,m4,e4 #hf ,state ,street4 ,,philadelphia1 #aad ,s4 ,sixth ,st4 7,ledger ,building47 ,,brooklyn1 #bf ,court ,st4 7#dj ,garfield ,building47 ,,mechanical ,,perfection ,,in ,,scientific ,,plumbing4 ,the ,durham system of construction for house drains provides absolute and permanent security from sewer malaria1 and relief from expenses for repairs4 ,the ,durham ,companies construct all work with their own workmen1 under the supervision of their own engineers4 ,expert mechanics are sent to any distance to execute contracts4 ,all work is of standard quality1 fully guaranteed1 and furnished at an ordinary manufacturing profit1 at a cost no greater than is asked for the best class of old style plumbing4 ,its permanance renders it cheaper than the cheapest kind of 8skin0 plumbing4 ,the ,durham system will be constructed in old or new buildings1 including or excluding the balance of the plumbing work1 fixtures and gas fitting1 as may be desired4 ,the ,durham system can be cheaply introduced into old buildings1 making them fresh and wholesome4 ,illustrated ,pamphlets ,sent on ,application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,appleton',s ,,home-,,books4 ,appleton's ,home-,books are now put up in three volumes1 elegantly bound in cloth1 four books to a volume1 as follows3 ,,building ,a ,,home4 ,illustrated4 ,volume ,one3 ,,how ,,to ,,furnish ,a ,,home4 ,illustrated4 ,,the ,,home ,,garden4 ,illustrated4 ,,home ,,grounds4 ,illustrated4 ,,home ,,decoration4 ,illustrated4 ,volume ,two3 ,,the ,,home ,,needle4 ,illustrated4 ,,amenities ,,of ,,home4 ,,household ,,hints4 ,,the ,,home ,,library4 ,illustrated4 ,volume ,three3 ,,home ,,occupations4 ,illustrated4 ,,home ,,amusements4 ,,health ,,at ,,home4 ,each four books make a large handsome1 #abmo volume1 printed on extra fine paper and elegantly bound4 ,sold in sets1 or each volume separately4 ,price1 #b per volume4 7,the separate books may be obtained2 price1 #fj cents each47 8,a series of hand-books devoted to the practical scheme of home-making4 ,the work is planned with especial reference to the needs of the great body of plain people to whom economy is a prime element in the problem1 but to whom beauty and healthfulness and perfect service are also indispensable40--,home ,journal4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 ,publishers1 #a1 #c and #e ,bond ,street4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajj ,page ,,illustrated ,,catalogue of ,,books on ,,architecture1 ,,building1 ,,carpentry1 ,,painting1 ,,decoration1 and ,,ornament4 ,,sent ,,to ,,any ,,address ,,on ,,receipt ,,of #aj ,,cents4 ,william ,t4 ,comstock1 ,publisher1 ,no4 #f ,,astor ,,place1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the attention of architects1 builders and house owners is called to the only practical fixture for opening and closing outside-blinds1 from within the house1 without raising the windows or removing window screen4 ,with each set of fixtures is furnished all the iron-ware necessary for hanging a pair of blinds4 ,the hinges are the strongest and most durable of any in the market2 they1 and all other parts of the fixture1 are made of malleable-iron and subjected to a process which renders them rust-proof4 ,they can be applied to blinds already hung1 as well as to new work4 ,illustration ,for full information apply to ,the ,dudley ,shutter-,worker and ,burglar-,alarm ,co41 ,rooms #aje and #ajf ,temple ,court1 #e ,beekman ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,n4 ,h4 ,,egleston ,,jr4 ,no4 #g ,east ,washington ,place ,n4,y4 ,,mosaic ,,glass ,,curtains ,,textiles ,,cabinet ,,woodworks ,,memorial ,,windows ,,and general leaded glass work for ecclesiastical and domestic use ,,gas ,,fixtures ,ceiling ,designs ,,and ,mural ,decoration ,,brass and ,,other ,,metal ,,work ,glass ,mosaics ,designs and estimates for all sorts of interior decoration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recently ,,published4 ,illustration3 ,,design ,,selected ,,from 8,,american ,,cottages40 ,a ,,new ,,and ,,important ,,work1 ,,american ,,cottages1 ,,consisting ,,of #dd ,,large ,,quarto ,,plates1 ,,containing ,original ,designs of ,medium and ,low ,cost ,cottages1 ,seaside and ,country ,houses4 ,also1 a ,club ,house1 ,school ,house1 ,pavilion1 and a ,small ,seaside ,chapel1 ,,together ,,with ,a ,,form ,,of ,,specification ,,for ,,cottages4 ,all in the latest prevailing styles1 from the drawings of a number of prominent architects1 thus securing a great variety of plans and diversity of treatment1 and offering the largest opportunity for selection4 ,,one ,,large ,,quarto ,,vol4 ,,price1 ,,post ,,paid1 #e4 ,,press ,,notices4 ,such books as this 444 do absolute good to the profession at large1 by showing the public how infinite are the ways of treating the same problem1 and that even if the appropriation is small1 it is not necessary that the building should be in the carpenter vernacular4--,am4 ,architect4 ,this is a very handsomely gotten up book 444 some of the designs are very fine and are in full accord with the present prevailing styles of architecture1 and will be found useful to the man who is about to build1 as well as to the architectural student and professional builder4 ,the work reflects credit on the publisher4--,builder and ,wood-worker4 444 ,the designs are unique1 beautiful1 and can be erected at small cost4--,lumber ,trade ,journal4 ,devoted to low priced houses 444 is a good exhibit of artistic feeling in their treatment4--,am4 ,agriculturalist4 ,the whole work is an invaluable one to those contemplating building4--,the ,criterion4 ,persons about to build will like to consult the collection of designs 444 gathered in ,american ,cottages4--,home ,journal4 ,affords a fine field of selection from the latest and most approved styles of ,modern ,architecture4--,the ,tradesman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,just ,,published4 ,a ,,new ,,and ,,revised ,,edition of this important work of especial interest to ,architects1 ,builders1 ,painters and ,house ,owners4 ,,modern ,,house ,,painting ,this edition has several new plates1 and the whole system of coloring has been thoroughly revised2 new plates in several instances being substituted for the old ones2 the letter press describing the plates has been entirely re-written1 making it practically a new book4 ,it contains twenty colored lithographic plates1 exhibiting the use of color in ,exterior and ,interior ,house ,painting1 and embracing examples of simple and elaborate work in plain1 graded and parti-colors4 ,also the treatment of old styles of houses1 together with full descriptive letter press1 covering the preparation1 use and application of colors1 with special directions applicable to each example4 ,the whole work offering valuable hints and suggestions on harmonious color treatment1 suitable to every variety of building4 ,by ,e4 ,k4 ,,rossiter and ,f4 ,a4 ,,wright1 ,architects4 #a oblong quarto volume1 handsomely bound in cloth4 ,price1 post-paid1 #e4jj 99 99 99 99 99 ,building ,superintendence4 ,by ,professor ,,theodore ,m4 ,,clark4 #a volume4 ,profusely illustrated with plans1 diagrams1 etc4 ,price1 #c4jj ,an exceedingly valuable work1 based on the series of thirty articles recently published in ,the ,american ,architect1 and so fully illustrated with cuts and diagrams that every point is made very plain4 ,the countless problems involved in the overseeing of the construction of buildings are stated1 studied and solved in a practical1 direct and perfectly comprehensible manner4 ,,william ,t4 ,,comstock1 ,publisher1 #f ,astor ,place1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recently ,,published4 ,,interiors ,,and ,,interior ,,details ,illustration3 ,miniature ,illustration4 ,selected from 8,interiors and ,interior ,details40 ,fifty-two large quarto plates1 comprising a large number of original designs of ,halls1 ,stair-cases1 ,parlors1 ,libraries1 ,dining-,rooms1 etc4 ,together with special designs for ,low ,cost1 ,medium and ,elaborate ,wood ,mantels1 ,sideboards1 ,furniture1 ,wood ,ceilings1 ,doors1 ,door and ,window ,trims1 ,wainscots1 ,bank1 ,office and ,store ,fittings1 in ,perspective1 ,elevation and ,detail1 making a valuable series of ,suggestions for ,architects1 ,architectural ,designers1 ,builders and persons intending to build4 ,and a large collection of interior details suited to the requirements of carpenters1 builders and mechanics1 reproduced from the drawings of prominent architects of ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,chicago and other cities4 ,with an ,introduction1 ,description of ,plates1 and ,notes on ,wood ,finish4 ,by ,,william ,b4 ,,tuthill1 ,a4 ,m41 ,architect4 ,author of 8,practical ,lessons in ,architectural ,drawing40 #a large quarto volume1 handsomely bound in cloth4 ,price1 post-paid1 #g4ej ,,william ,t4 ,,comstock1 ,publisher1 #f ,astor ,place1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,just ,,published4 ,an ,entirely ,new and ,original ,work4 ,,practical ,,lessons ,,in ,,architectural ,,drawing ,,or ,how to ,make the ,working ,drawings for ,buildings4 #dd pages descriptive letter press1 illustrated by #cc full page plates 7one in colors71 and #cc woodcuts1 showing methods of construction and representation4 ,the work embraces ,scale ,drawings of ,plans1 ,elevations1 ,sections and ,details of ,frame1 ,brick and ,stone ,buildings1 with full descriptions and a form of ,specifications adapted to the same4 ,suited to the wants of ,architectural ,students1 ,carpenters1 ,builders1 and all desirous of acquiring a thorough knowledge of ,architectural ,,drawing and ,,construction4 ,,contents4 ,,chap4 ,i4--,introduction4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4--,a ,small ,frame ,house4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4--,a ,frame ,building4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4--,a ,brick ,building4 ,,chap4 ,v4--,a ,stone ,building4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4--,the ,specifications4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4--,color4 ,by ,,william ,b4 ,,tuthill1 ,a4,m41 ,architect4 ,one large #hvo volume1 oblong4 ,cloth4 ,price1 post-paid1 #b4ej ,,editorial ,,notices4 ,the author has made the most complete and most practical book for students and builders1 ever prepared in this country4--,the ,american ,bookseller4 ,the ,work is designed as a guide to the making of working drawings and specifications for buildings and is a valuable and practical aid for carpenters1 builders and architectural students4--,the ,publishers ,weekly4 ,this work is of a purely practical and useful kind1 and such as we have frequently had inquiries for4 ,to the carpenter1 joiner or architectural student who is struggling to obtain a knowledge of architectural drawing and construction1 this work will prove of great value4--,the ,builder and ,woodworker4 ,we have been favored with a number of advance sheets of the above work1 and find it1 both in conception and execution1 worthy of unqualified praise4 ,the material embraced in this volume promises to be entirely new and original1 and not the mere re-hash of a literary hack4 ,the work will be a most useful book of instruction4--,the ,manufacturer and ,builder4 ,the work is admirably described in its title4 ,the author is a practical architect and has made a practical book which will be of great assistance to carpenters1 builders1 and students1 containing just the information they most need1 and are least likely to find in books4--,the ,united ,states ,news ,dealer4 ,this is probably the most important work to which we have ever drawn our readers' attention4 ,it contains within its covers a greater fund of knowledge than many of the practicing architects of the day possessed when they first entered the profession4 ,its usefulness to those who desire to engage in architecture can therefore be appreciated4--,carpentry and ,building4 ,a compact handy little manual1 we commend it to students4--,n4 ,y4 ,sun4 ,his drawings are clear and thorough and so detailed as to show the whole construction4--,the ,n4 ,y4 ,world4 ,young men who are seeking a profession1 will find it a guide4--,n4 ,y4 ,despatch4 ,the technical work and general construction are admirable4 ,the details are carefully drawn and show a practiced hand4 ,the introduction is sound4 ,the work will be welcomed heartily by students and young draftsmen4 ,to such we cordially recommend it4--,the ,sanitary ,engineer4 --,is one of the most practical and useful books of the kind that we have ever noticed4 ,it may also be read with advantage by many practicing architects4--,california ,architect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,improved ,,leveling ,,instrument ,adapted to the use of ,architects1 ,engineers1 ,masons1 ,builders1 ,farmers and others4 ,illustration ,the instrument is made of ,brass and ,iron1 ,lacquered and ,japanned so that it will not corrode1 and consists of the following principal parts3 ,the ,sighting ,tube ,a ,a4 ,the ,horizontal ,circle and the lower ,disc or ,base ,b4 ,price of ,instrument1 ,complete1 #bj4 ,,the ,,only ,,low ,,priced ,,level ,,that ,,can ,,be ,,thoroughly ,,adjusted ,,in ,,the ,,field4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,level4 ,the sighting tube ,a ,a is #ad in4 long and has at the end ,a a pin hole looking through the tube1 and at the other end ,a a small ring inside the brass shield or outer ring shown in cut holding the cross wires4 ,a cover is provided as shown in cut to protect the cross wires4 ,this tube rests in the ,ys1 ,y and ,y4 ,on this tube at the ,ys are two rings with flanges1 like car wheels1 and it is held in its place by the latches on the top of the ,ys4 ,by loosening these latches this sighting tube may be revolved to test the adjustment of the cross wires4 ,at the feet of the ,ys will be seen the nuts1 one above and one below the end of the cross bar1 which may be turned1 thus raising or lowering the end of the tube and adjusting the line of sight to the line of level4 ,the circle ,c is graduated to #aj and the pointer marked to degrees1 so that the instrument may be used in laying off angles1 squaring foundations1 c4 ,the pointer is movable and can be fixed in position by the set screw shown in the cut just below the cross bar4 ,the cross bar carries the glass bubble which is seen in the cut4 ,the bubble itself may be adjusted by the screws4 ,to the circle are attached the two thumb screws and springs opposite to them by means of which the instrument is brought to a level4 ,in the outer edge of the ,base ,b is a smoothly turned groove in which the feet of the screws and springs may slip easily whenever it may be necessary to revolve the circle on the base4 ,the centre of the base is formed into a socket for the ball referred to above4 ,the under surface has a solid cylinder which screws in the collar of the tripod4 ,the cord suspending the plumb-bob drops from the centre of the instrument to which it is attached by a loop not shown in the cut4 ,from this description it will be seen that this instrument can be adjusted in every way possible in the highest priced instruments1 and has besides the additional feature of a horizontal circle1 making it in reality a plain transit1 as well as level4 ,every instrument will be completely adjusted before it is shipped4 ,the instrument is put up in a handsome wooden box with strap for carrying and furnished with a surveyor's tripod and a short or mason's tripod4 ,,price ,,of ,,instrument ,,complete1 #bj4 ,forwarded by express on receipt of price4 ,the charges of transportation from ,new ,york to the purchaser are in all cases to be borne by him1 ,i guaranteeing the safe arrival of all instruments to the extent of express transportations1 and holding the express companies responsible to me for all losses or damages on the way4 ,a ,,new ,,leveling ,,rod4 ,illustration ,this rod is round and made in two sections1 so that it can be conveniently carried1 is united by a solid screw joint1 so that when together it is as firm as if of one length1 and has a target as shown in illustration1 made to slide on the rod4 ,there are two scales3 one side being ,engineer's 7feet1 #ajths and #ajjths72 the other ,architect's scale 7or feet1 inches and #hths74 ,forwarded by express on receipt of price4 ,the charges of transportation from ,new ,york to the purchaser are in all cases to be borne by him4 ,price1 #f4jj ,where the ,level is ordered with the rod1 the price of the two will be1 #be4jj4 ,,william ,t4 ,,comstock1 ,manufacturer1 #f ,astor ,place1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,just ,,published4 ,,modern ,architectural ,designs ,details ,illustration3 ,miniature of ,plate #dd1 full size #i #ab4 ,,containing #hj ,,finely ,,lithographed ,,plates2 showing new and original designs of ,dwellings of ,moderate ,cost1 in the ,queen ,anne1 ,eastlake1 ,elizabethan1 and other modernized styles1 giving ,perspective ,views1 ,floor and ,framing ,plans1 ,elevations1 ,sections1 and a great variety of miscellaneous ,,exterior ,,and ,,interior ,,details of ,dwellings1 ,stores1 ,offices1 etc4 ,also1 a number of designs of ,low ,priced ,cottages1 in the various popular styles1 adapted to the requirements of ,seaside and ,summer ,resorts1 and ,suburban and ,country ,places1 comprising drawings by prominent architects of ,new ,york1 ,boston and other localities1 as well as other designs prepared expressly for this work4 ,all ,elevations1 ,plans and ,details to ,scale4 ,one ,large 7#aa #ad7 ,quarto ,volume1 handsomely bound in ,cloth4 ,price1 post-paid1 #aj4jj4 ,for ,contents1 see following pages4 ,preface and ,contents in ,english and ,german4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,modern ,architectural ,designs and ,details4 ,,price1 ,,post-,,paid1 #aj4jj4 ,,contents3 ,plate #a--,perspective ,view and ,plans of ,queen ,anne ,cottage4 ,plate #b--,three ,elevations of same to inch ,scale4 ,plate #c--;,framing ,plans1 showing ,construction4 ,plate #d--;,exterior ,details of same1 and inch ,scale and ,rear ,elevation4 ,plate #e--;,exterior ,details of same1 and inch ,scale4 ,plate #f--;,interior ,details of same1 and inch ,scale4 ,plate #g--,porch and ,details1 and inch ,scale1 miscellaneous4 ,plate #h--d ,piazzas and ,details1 and inch ,scale1 miscellaneous4 ,plate #i--,store ,front1 ,scale1 inch1 #a foot ,details of ,show ,window1 0 0 #a 0 #c ,designs for ,counters4 0 0 #a 0 ,elevation of ,shelves with ,sections1 0 #a 0 #a 0 ,plate #aj--c ,store ,counters and ,sections4 #b ,designs for ,shelving and ,sections4 #a ,case with ,glass ,front and ,drawers1 ,scale1 in41 #a ft4 ,plate #aa--bj ,designs for ,brackets1 0 0 #a 0 ,plate #ab--d ,designs for ,gates and ,fences1 0 0 #a 0 ,plate #ac--aj ,designs ,window ,caps and ,hoods1 0 #c 0 #a 0 ,plate #ad--bd ,designs ,architraves and ,bases1 0 #c 0 #a 0 #b ,designs ,wainscoting1 0 0 #a 0 #b ,designs ,window ,sills and ,aprons1 0 #c 0 #a 0 ,plate #ae--ag ,designs1 ,sections and details of ,balconies1 ,scale1 inch1 #a foot4 ,plate #af--f ,elevations and #c ,plans of low priced cottages1 costing from #ejj to #a1ejj1 according to locality4 ,we do not publish cost in book1 as we prefer to have builders fix prices as per requirements4 ,scale of ,elevations and ,plans1 inch1 #a foot4 ,plate #ag--f ,elevations and #c ,plans of low priced ,cottages1 in ,queen ,anne style1 costing from #ejj to #a1ejj and upwards1 according to locality and style of finish4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #ah--b ,designs and ,details of ,summer ,houses ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #ai--,perspective ,view and ,plans of ,house ,suitable for ,seaside1 ,summer or ,southern ,residence1 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bj--c ,elevations of ,design ,plate #ai4 ,scale1 in1 #a ft4 ,plate #ba--;,framing ,plans of ,design ,plate #ai4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bb--;,exterior ,details of ,design ,plate #ai ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bc--;,interior ,details of ,design ,plate #ai ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bd--i ,designs of ,window ,sash1 ,queen ,anne ,style ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #be--b ,elevations and ,details of ,stores of moderate cost1 with ,dwellings above4 ,scale1 1 and in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bf--;,elevations and ,details of ,stores in ,queen ,anne ,style4 ,scale1 1#a and #c in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bg--b ,elevations and ,basement ,plan of a ,first ,class ,modern ,dwelling1 to cost about #e1jjj4 ,scale of ,elevations4 in4 ,scale of ,plan4 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bh--;,first and ,second ,floor ,plans of ,design shown on ,plates #bg and #bi ,scale in4 #a ft4 ,plate #bi--b ,elevations and ,attic ,plan of ,design ,plate #bg4 ,scale of ,elevations1 in4 ,scale of ,plan1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #cj--;,details of ,front ,porch ,architraves ,panels of ,front ,door1 etc41 of ,design ,plates #bg and #bi4 ,scale1 indicated on plate4 ,plate #ca--;,details of ,rear ,porch1 ,front ,gable1 ,balustrade1 ,cornice1 ,water ,table1 ,shingles1 and ,view of ,flower ,balcony4 ,scale1 and #a in4 #a ft4 ,plate #cb--bj ,designs of ,exterior and ,interior ,cornices and ,belt ,courses4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #cc--e ,cornices1 ,wood1 ,terra ,cotta and ,stone4 ,scale1 #a in4 #a ft4 ,plate #cd--d ,designs for ,single ,doors1 and #b ,designs and ,sections of ,front and ,vestibule ,doors4 ,scale1 and #a in4 #a ft4 ,plate #ce--h ,designs for ,exterior and ,interior ,doors ,scale1 in4 ,details of ,panels4 full size1 and #i ,designs of full size ,mouldings4 ,plate #cf--ae ,designs of ,windows4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #cg--b ,designs and ,details of ,bay ,windows4 ,scale1 and in4 #a ft4 ,plate #ch--,plans1 ,elevations and ,view of a ,suburban ,house of moderate cost4 ,scale indicated on plate4 ,plate #ci--;,details of ,design ,plate #ch4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #dj--;,elevations and ,sections of ,hall1 ,library1 ,parlor and #b ,chamber ,mantels4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #da--,perspective ,view and ,plans of ,house costing #f1jjj4 ,plans to scale4 ,plate #db--b ,elevations of ,design ,plate #da4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #dc--;,exterior ,details of ,design ,plates #da and #db4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,general ,piazza ,details2 ,front ,gable ,details2 ,dormer in ,small ,gable2 ,tower ,dormer2 ,finial on ,tower ,roof2 ,section through ,main ,cornice2 ,cut ,shingles2 ,small ,posts ,dormer1 with ,balcony4 ,plate #dd--;,interior ,details of ,design ,plates #da and #db4 ,stair ,details ,rail and ,balustrade2 scale #a in4 #a ft42 ,bracket in ,hall3 scale1 #a in4 #a ft42 ,bracket used on ,beam between ,library and ,sitting ,room2 scale1 #c in4 #a ft42 ,window finish2 scale1 #c in4 #a ft42 ,elevation of ,staircase2 scale1 #a in4 #a ft42 ,small ,post1 scale1 #a in4 #a ft42 ,bracket on ,small ,posts2 scale1 #a in4 #a ft42 ,roll stopping ,hand ,rail on ,newel ,post2 scale1 #a in4 #a ft42 ,rosette on ,newel2 scale1 #a in4 #a ft42 ,stair ,newel2 scale1 #a in4 #a ft4 ,plate #de--,perspective ,view of ,queen ,anne ,house at ,short ,hills1 ,n4 ,j41 with ,oriel ,bay ,window and #d plans4 ,plans to scale4 ,cost #f1jjj4 ,plate #df--;,front and ,side ,elevations of ,design ,plate #de2 scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #dg--;,exterior ,details1 ,design ,plates #de and #df2 scale1 in4 #a ft42 ,bracket over ,balcony2 ,water ,table1 etc42 ,section through ,verandah2 ,tower ,finial2 ,triplet ,window in side ,gable2 ,carved ,panels under front ,gable ,window2 ,section through ,oriel2 ,porch ,gable4 ,plate #dh--;,interior ,details1 ,design ,plates #de and #df2 scale of ,elevations1 in4 #a ft42 scale of details1 #a in4 #a ft42 ,interior of ,hall2 ,newel2 ,baluster ,rail1 etc42 ,wainscot2 ,hall ,arch2 ,triplet ,window2 ,horizontal section2 ,section through window sill2 ,cornice4 ,plate #di--,perspective ,view and ,plans of a ,sea or ,lake-,shore ,cottage4 ,plans to ,scale4 ,plate #ej--,water ,front and ,side ,elevation of ,design ,plate #di4 ,drawn to scale4 ,plate #ea--,perspective ,view of ,main ,hall of ,design ,plate #di4 ,half ,plan at ,fireplace2 ,half ,plan at ,shelf2 ,plan and ,elevation of ,drawing ,room2 scale1 in4 ,details of ,porch1 ,gable and ,chimney at in4 scale4 ,plate #eb--b ,sea-,side ,cottages or ,southern ,houses1 with ,front ,elevations and ,plans of ,first ,floor2 ,scale1 in4 ,plate #ec--c ,small ,sea-,shore or ,southern ,cottages1 ,two ,elevations of each and one ,plan of each4 ,scale of ,elevations1 #ab ft4 to #a in4 ,scale of ,plan #bd and #cf ft4 to #a in4 ,plate #ed--e ,designs for ,lattice ,work4 ,scale1 in4 to #a ft4 ,plate #ee--f ,specimens of ,sea-,side ,cottages4 ,scale ,design ,no4 #a1 in4 to #a ft4 ,scale ,designs ,no4 #b to #f1 in4 to #a ft4 ,plate #ef--;,inside ,finish of a ,summer ,cottage4 ,fireplace1 ,niche and ,plan ,scale4 in4 to #a ft4 ,staircase ,details and ,bracket under ,beam4 ,scale1 #a in4 to #a ft4 ,plate #eg--;,front and ,north ,elevations of a ,lake ,view ,cottage4 ,scale1 in4 ,plate #eh--,plans of ,first and ,second ,floors1 ,roof and ,attic4 ,scale1 in4 ,plate #ei--,south and ,rear ,elevations of ,lake ,view ,cottage4 ,scale1 in4 ,plate #fj--;,details of ,lake ,view ,cottage4 ,hall1 ,fire-,place and ,section ,scale1 in4 ,exterior ,finish ,scale1 in4 ,interior ,finish ,scale1 in4 ,plate #fa--,plan1 ,elevations and ,sections of a ,dining ,room ,closet4 ,scale of ,design1 in4 ,scale of ,details1 #a in4 ,plate #fb--,plans1 ,elevations1 ,details and ,sections of #b ,wash ,bowl ,cabinets4 ,scales1 #a and #c in4 ,plate #fc--e ,elevations and #d ,plans of ,low ,priced ,colonial ,cottages4 ,scale1 in4 ,plate #fd--,turned ,work4 #e ,designs of ,posts1 #ah ,designs of ,balusters1 #c ,designs of ,columns1 #f ,designs of ,drops and #f ,designs of ,finials4 ,plate #fe--,perspective ,view and ,plans of a ,modern ,dwelling costing about #c1ejj4 ,scale of ,plans1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #ff--b ,elevations and ,sections of ,design ,plate #fe4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,plate #fg--;,exterior and ,interior ,details of ,design1 plate #fe4 ,scale in4 #a ft4 ,plate #fh--;,a ,balcony ,gable4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 ,section1 in4 ,plan1 in4 ,section of ,cornices at full size4 ,baluster1 full size4 ,plate #fi--;,design of ,house recently ,erected in ,california4 ,this plate shows #b ,plans1 #b ,elevations1 ,sections and ,details4 ,scale1 to in4 #a ft4 ,plate #gj--c ,designs and ,details of ,verge ,boards4 ,scale of ,designs1 in4 #a ft4 ,details1 #a in4 ,plate #ga--b ,plans and #b ,elevations of ,dwelling ,house showing ,eastlake features4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 to in4 #a ft4 ,plate #gb--d ,elevations and #d ,sections of ,ventilators4 ,scale1 in4 #a ft4 to in4 #a ft4 ,plate #gc--,perspective ,view and ,plans of ,brick and ,frame ,cottage4 ,scale1 in4 #a foot4 ,plate #gd--,three ,elevations of ,design1 ,plate #gc4 ,scale1 and in4 #a ft4 ,plate #ge--;,exterior and ,interior ,details of ,design1 ,plate #gc1 embracing ,details of ,main ,cornice1 ,parlor ,bay1 ,porch1 ,cresting1 ,front ,staircase and ,parlor ,mantel4 ,scales1 in4 and #a in4 #a foot4 ,plate #gf--;,dwelling in the ,elizabethan ,style4 ,elevations and ,plans4 ,scale1 in4 #a foot4 ,plate #gg--;,fittings for ,banking or ,insurance ,office4 ,elevations and ,sections of ,counter and ,screen2 ,partition1 ,balusters1 ,rail1 ,desk1 c4 ,scale1 in4 #a foot4 ,plate #gh--;,bank ,fixtures1 #b ,elevations of ,bank ,desks1 ,sections of same and ,details4 ,scale of ,elevations1 in4 #a foot2 ,scale of ,details1 #c in4 #a foot4 ,plate #gi--,ventilating ,registers1 cut in ,brass1 #b circular1 #b oblong1 and #c spandril4 ,scale1 and full size4 ,plate #hj--;,eight ,designs for ,chimney ,tops4 ,scale1 in4 #a foot4 99 99 99 99 99 #aj4jj1 ,reduced to #f4jj4 ,,this ,,valuable ,,book1 ,detail1 ,cottage and ,constructive ,architecture4 ,illustration ,containing ,seventy-,five ,large ,lithographic ,plates1 ,published under the direction of ,a4 ,j4 ,,bicknell4 ,showing a great variety of ,designs for ,cornices1 ,brackets1 ,windows and ,window ,caps1 ,doors1 ,piazzas1 ,porches1 ,bay and ,dormer ,windows1 ,observatories1 ,towers1 ,chimney ,tops1 ,balconies1 ,canopies1 ,scrolls1 ,gable and ,sawed ,ornaments1 ,fences1 ,stairs1 ,newels1 ,architraves1 ,mantels1 ,plaster ,finish1 ,etc41 including3 ,forty-five ,perspectives1 ,elevations1 and ,plans of ,modern ,designs for ,cottages1 with ,details1 and ,eighteen ,elevations of ,summer ,houses1 ,villas1 ,sea-,side ,cottages1 and ,country ,houses1 together with ,fourteen ,designs for ,street and ,store ,fronts1 with inside finish for ,stores and ,banks2 also1 ,framing for ,dwellings1 ,barns1 ,exhibition ,buildings1 ,roofs1 ,bridges1 etc41 etc41 making in all a ,practical ,book for ,architects1 ,builders1 ,carpenters1 and all who contemplate ,building or ,remodeling ,wood1 ,stone1 or ,brick ,buildings4 ,,one ,,large ,,quarto ,,volume4 ,,sent ,,free1 ,,by ,,mail ,,or ,,express1 ,,on ,,receipt ,,of ,,price4 #f4jj4 ,for description of ,plates see following pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recently ,,published4 ,illustration3 8,,artistic ,,homes40 ,,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,fuller1 ,architect1 ,containing #dd ,plates of ,queen ,anne and ,colonial ,style ,villas and ,cottages1 costing from #gjj upwards ,one large 7#h #ab inches7 volume1 handsomely bound in ,cloth4 ,,price1 ,,post-,,paid1 #c4ej4 ,,contents3 ,plate ,i4--,perspective ,view of ,stone and tile villa4 ,plate ,,ii4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,i4 ,plate ,,iii4--,perspective ,view of ,staircase ,hall of ,plate ,i1 showing staircase and terra cotta mantel4 ,plate ,,iv4--,perspective ,view of ,dining ,room of ,plate ,i1 showing fireplace1 recess1 sideboard1 dining table and furniture4 ,plate ,v4--,perspective ,view of brick and tile villa4 ,plate ,,vi4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,v4 ,plate ,,vii4--,perspective ,view of ,staircase ,hall of ,plate ,v1 showing staircase1 fireplace under staircase in arched recess1 and entrance to conservatory4 ,plate ,,viii4--,perspective ,view of wood villa4 ,plate ,,ix4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,viii4 ,plate ,x4--,perspective ,view of ,staircase ,hall of ,plate ,,viii1 showing staircase1 c4 ,plate ,,xi4--,perspective ,view of dining room of ,plate ,,viii1 showing fireplace and mantel1 and furniture4 ,plate ,,xii4--,perspective ,view of 8,the old made new40 ,plate ,,xiii4--,perspective ,view of wood villa4 ,plate ,,xiv4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xiii4 ,plate ,,xv4--,perspective ,view of ,staircase ,hall of ,plate ,,xiii1 showing staircase1 c4 ,plate ,,xvi4--,perspective ,view of wood villa4 ,plate ,,xvii4--,floor ,plans of villa ,no4 ,,xvi4 ,plate ,,xviii4--,perspective ,view of brick and tile villa4 ,plate ,,xix4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xviii4 ,plate ,,xx4--,perspective ,view of wood villa4 ,plate ,,xxi4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xx4 ,plate ,,xxii4--,perspective ,view of ,wood ,cottage4 ,plate ,,xxiii4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xxii4 ,plate ,,xxiv4--,perspective ,view of ,wood ,cottage4 ,plate ,,xxv4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,plate ,,xxvi4--,perspective ,view of ,wood ,cottage4 ,plate ,,xxvii4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,plate ,,xxviii4--,perspective ,view of ,wood ,cottage4 ,plate ,,xxix4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,plate ,,xxx4--,perspective ,view of ,wood ,cottage4 ,plate ,,xxxi4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xxx4 ,plate ,,xxxii4--,perspective ,view of ,seaside ,cottage 7wood74 ,plate ,,xxxiii4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4--,perspective ,view of ,seaside ,cottage 7wood74 ,plate ,,xxxv4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4--,perspective ,view of ,bed-room ,interior1 showing furniture4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4--,perspective ,view of ,bed-room ,interior1 showing furniture4 ,plate ,,xxxviii4--,explanation of the ,drainage and ,plumbing4 ,plate ,,xxxix4--,drawing showing the ,drain and ,plumbing4 ,plate ,,xl4--,perspective ,view of a ,city ,house ,front4 ,plate ,,xli4--,floor ,plans of ,plate ,,xl4 ,plate ,,xlii4--,perspective ,view of ,staircase ,hall of ,plate ,,xl41 showing ,staircase1 ,hatstand1 c4 ,plate ,,xliii4--,floor ,plans of a ,city ,house built in a block4 ,plate ,,xliv4--,perspective ,view of a ,country ,church built of brick and ,stone1 and costing #aj1jjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,standard ,,architectural ,,books ,,bicknell',s ,,detail1 ,,cottage ,,and ,,constructive ,,architecture4 ,containing seventy-five large ,lithographic ,plates1 published under the direction of ,a4 ,j4 ,,bicknell1 showing a great variety of ,designs for ,cornices1 ,brackets1 ,windows and ,window ,caps1 ,doors1 ,piazzas1 ,porches1 ,bay and ,dormer ,windows1 ,observatories1 ,towers1 ,chimney ,tops1 ,balconies1 ,canopies1 ,scrolls1 ,gable and ,sawed ,ornaments1 ,fences1 ,stairs1 ,newels1 ,architraves1 ,mantles1 ,plaster ,finish1 etc41 including forty-five ,perspectives1 ,elevations and ,plans of ,modern ,designs for ,cottages1 with ,details1 and eighteen ,elevations of ,summer ,houses1 ,villas1 ,seaside ,cottages and ,country ,houses1 together with fourteen ,designs for ,street and ,store ,fronts1 with inside finish for ,stores and ,banks2 also ,framing for ,dwellings1 ,barns1 ,exhibition ,buildings1 ,roofs1 ,bridges1 etc41 making in all a ,practical ,book for ,architects1 ,builders1 ,carpenters1 and all who contemplate ,building or ,remodeling ,wood1 ,stone or ,brick ,buildings4 ,one large #dto volume1 sent free by mail or express on receipt of price4 ,reduced from #aj4jj to #f4jj4 ,,brown',s ,,building ,,table ,,and ,,estimate ,,book4 ,by a ,practical ,mechanic4 ,for ,carpenters1 ,builders and ,lumber ,men4 ,one #hvo volume1 cloth1 #aeb pages4 #a4ej4 ,,camp',s ,,draftsman',s ,,manual2 or1 ,how ,can ,i ,learn ,architecture4 ,by ,f4 ,t4 ,,camp4 ,containing ,hints to ,enquirers and ,directions in ,draftsmanship4 ,contents3--,introduction2 ,preliminary ,words2 ,draftsman's ,outfit2 ,technics of ,planning2 ,general ,remarks on ,planning2 ,general ,remarks on ,exteriors2 ,drawing the ,plan2 ,using the ,instruments2 ,designing the ,elevations2 ,tracing and ,inking2 ,proportion of ,rooms4 ,new1 ,revised and ,enlarged ,edition4 ,one small volume1 cloth4 ,price #ej;c4 ,,cummings' ,,architectural ,,details4 ,by ,m4 ,f4 ,,cummings1 ,m4 ,a41 ,architect1 ,associate ,author of 8,architecture1 by ,cummings and ,miller40 ,containing #chg ,designs and #ifg ,illustrations of the ,various ,parts needed in the ,construction of ,buildings1 ,public and ,private1 both for the ,city and ,country2 also ,plans and ,elevations of ,houses1 ,stores1 ,cottages1 and other ,buildings4 ,one large #dto volume1 fifty-six ,plates4 ,reduced from #aj4jj to #f4jj4 ,,gardner',s ,,common ,,sense ,,in ,,church ,,building4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,gardner1 author of 8,homes and ,how to ,make them10 8,illustrated ,homes10 and 8,home ,interiors40 ,illustrated by seven original ,plates4 ,one #abmo volume1 handsomely bound in cloth4 ,price #a4jj4 ,,gould',s ,,carpenters' ,,and ,,builders' ,,assistant ,,and ,,woodworkers' ,,guide4 ,by ,l4 ,d4 ,,gould1 ,architect and ,practical ,builder4 7,fourth ,revised ,edition7 ,containing thirty-six ,plates1 fully described4 ,also1 ,tables of the ,strength of ,materials1 ,length of ,braces where the ,run is given1 and ,length of ,run where the ,brace is given4 ,technical ,terms used by ,carpenters1 etc4 ,this work is intended to combine all the knowledge the workman requires to construct any design in carpentry by an easy system of lines4 #hvo volume1 bound in cloth4 ,price #b4ej4 ,,hulme',s ,,treatise ,,on ,,mathematical ,,drawing ,,instruments1 and ,how to ,use ,them4 ,one imperial #afmo volume1 bound in cloth1 containing #aeb ,pages1 and over #gj ,illustrations1 including #aa different ,styles of ,lettering4 ,price #a4ej4 ,,hussey',s ,,home ,,building4 ,this work contains #db ,plates of ,designs and ,plans of ,dwellings of low and medium cost1 with short ,descriptive ,specifications1 including #b ,designs for ,small ,barns1 #a ,design for ,carriage-,house1 #a ,design for ,small ,bank ,building1 #a ,design for ,small ,chapel1 and #a ,design for a ,church4 ,nearly #djj pages in all1 including letter-press4 ,price #b4ej4 ,,interiors ,,and ,,interior ,,details4 ,with an ,introduction1 ,description of ,plates1 and ,notes on ,wood ,finish1 by ,,wm4 ,b4 ,,tuthill1 ,a4 ,m41 ,architect1 author of 8,practical ,lessons in ,architectural ,drawing40 ,fifty-two large quarto plates1 comprising a large number of original designs of ,halls1 ,staircases1 ,parlors1 ,libraries1 ,dining rooms1 etc4 ,together with special designs for ,low ,cost1 ,medium and ,elaborate ,wood ,mantels1 ,sideboards1 ,furniture1 ,wood ,ceilings1 ,doors1 ,door and ,window ,trims1 ,wainscots1 ,bank ,office1 and ,store ,fittings1 in ,perspective1 ,elevation and ,detail1 making a valuable series of ,suggestions for ,architects and ,architectural ,designers4 ,and a large collection of interior details suited to the requirements of carpenters1 builders and mechanics1 reproduced from the drawings of prominent architects of ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,chicago1 and other cities4 ,one large quarto volume1 handsomely bound in cloth4 ,price #g4ej4 ,,mitchell',s ,,stepping-,,stone ,,to ,,architecture4 ,by ,,thomas ,,mitchell4 ,nearly #ajj engravings4 ,price #fj;c4 ,,rossiter ,,wright',s ,,modern ,,house ,,painting4 7,new ,edition74 ,by ,e4 ,k4 ,,rossiter and ,f4 ,a4 ,,wright1 ,architects4 ,containing #bj colored lithographic plates1 exhibiting the use of color in the ,exterior and ,interior ,house ,painting1 and embracing examples of simple and elaborate work in plain1 graded and parti-colors4 ,also the treatment of old style of houses1 together with full descriptive letter press1 covering the preparation1 use and application of colors1 with special directions applicable to each example4 ,the whole work offering valuable hints and suggestions on harmonious color treatment1 suitable to every variety of building4 ,one oblong quarto volume1 handsomely bound in cloth4 ,price #e4jj4 ,,tuthill',s ,,practical ,,lessons ,,in ,,architectural ,,drawing2 ,or1 ,how to ,make the ,working ,drawings for ,buildings4 ,by ,,wm4 ,b4 ,,tuthill1 ,a4 ,m41 ,architect4 #dd pages descriptive letter-press1 illustrated by #cc full-page plates 7one in colors7 and #cc wood-cuts1 showing methods of construction and representation4 ,one large #hvo volume1 oblong4 ,cloth4 ,price #b4ej4 ,,withers' ,,church ,,architecture4 ,by ,,frederick ,,clark ,,withers4 ,illustrated with ,plans1 ,elevations and ,views of twenty-one ,churches and two ,school ,houses1 ,photo-,lithographed from original drawings2 also full descriptive letter-press1 which includes numerous engravings on wood1 showing construction and details4 ,one large volume of fifty-one #i #aj ,plates1 substantially bound in extra cloth4 ,sent by express to any part of the ,united ,states on receipt of the price #aj4jj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hints ,,on ,,the ,drainage and ,sewerage of ,dwellings4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,paul ,,gerhard1 ,civil ,engineer4 ,one #abmo volume4 ,cloth1 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4--,fresh ,air versus ,sewer ,gas4 0 ,,ii4--,necessity of ,ventilation in ,rooms containing 8,modern ,conveniences1 and ,defective ,arrangements of ,plumbing ,fixtures40 ,figs4 #a to #ah4 0 ,,iii4--,soil and ,waste ,pipe ,system as usually found in ,dwellings4 ,figs4 #ai to #ca4 0 ,,iv4--,traps and ,systems of ,trapping4 ,figs #cb to #ch4 0 ,v4--,details of ,traps4 ,figs4 #ci to #aei4 0 ,,vi4--,insecurity of ,common ,water ,seal ,traps4 ,figs4 #afj to #afd4 0 ,,vii4--,defects in the ,plumbing ,work of ,dwellings4 0 ,,viii4--,cellar ,drains and ,drainage of ,cellars4 ,figs4 #afe to #afi4 0 ,,ix4--,usual ,defects of ,house ,drains1 ,sewer ,connections1 ,privies1 ,vaults and ,cesspools4 ,figs4 #agj to #aha4 0 ,x4--,system of ,plumbing as it should be inside a ,dwelling4 ,figs4 #ahb to #bjf4 0 ,,xi4--,plumbing ,fixtures4 ,figs4 #bjg to #bfb4 0 ,,xii4--,removal and ,disposal of ,household ,wastes4 ,figs4 #bfc to #bhb4 ,,notices ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,rarely do we find between the covers of one small book more satisfactory wisdom than is contained in ,mr4 ,wm4 ,paul ,gerhard's 8,drainage and ,sewerage of ,dwellings40444 ,typographically1 the book is all that can be desired1 the binding is elegant1 and the illustrations are copious and clear4--,the ,builder4 444 ,it contains a large amount of well-digested matter1 is copiously illustrated on almost every page1 and written in a clear and direct style4444 ,we recommend the work to all who are interested in the subject as a valuable addition to the existing literature on the subject treated4--,the ,sanitary ,engineer4 ,mr4 ,gerhard again shows his practical acquaintance with sanitary matters and the best remedies and methods to correct the prevalent evils connected with the application of this important science in the work before us4 ,the very presentable manner1 in which the author treats his subject1 is by no means the least valuable feature of his literary work in the direction indicated4--,american ,engineer4 444 ,while it does not pretend to be an exhaustive treatise on these subjects1 it most certainly possesses a practical value1 which is far superior to many of the larger works on ,dwelling ,house ,sanitation4 ,the author has wisely employed the pencil as well as the pen in the illustration of his subject4 ,and when we state the fact that there are #bhb illustrations 7not old ones already used in other works1 but mostly new1 fresh and artistic7 within the compass of #cjb pages1 it will be seen that suggestion and instruction are conveyed in the most direct and forcible manner4444 ,there is throughout the book a remarkable absence of any 8pet theory10 or of the advertisement of any special 8patent0--in short1 it is a book which we should like to see upon the library table of every physician in the land4--,n4 ,y4 ,medical ,times4 ,our readers are already familiar with the thoroughly lucid and practical style of ,mr4 ,gerhard's contributions to sanitary works4 ,we commend this book as a brief manual to all architects1 engineers1 builders1 mechanics1 physicians1 sanitarians and householders--to none more than the last4--,the ,sanitarian4 ,we have seen no more thorough1 intelligent and convincing discussion of the important subject of house drainage than ,mr4 ,wm4 ,paul ,gerhard's 8,hints on the ,drainage and ,sewerage of ,dwellings40--,literary ,world4 ,a volume on domestic economy1 well worth examination1 is ,hints on the ,drainage and ,sewerage of ,dwellings1 by ,wm4 ,paul ,gerhard1 ,c4 ,e41 a #afmo4 of about #cjj pages1 which states clearly the correct principles and methods1 shows by copious intelligible diagrams the ordinary variations1 neglects and defects1 and contains in large variety and full detail1 descriptions and drawings of the means and appliances that may be relied on1 and the principle of their construction and operation4 ,for full1 intelligent treatment of all questions involved1 both in theory and practice1 relating to the causes of trouble1 the theories involved in their treatment1 and the mechanical appliances available1 this is the very best condensed manual that has yet appeared4--,the ,independent4 ,this valuable little manual consists of articles from 8,building10 revised and extended1 and will be found of much service by builders1 architects1 physicians and householders4444 ,it would be a good idea for every head of a family to examine the sanitary state of his or her surroundings1 with this book as a guide4444 ,so also1 those intending to lease or buy new houses1 would find the price of the work an ounce of prevention which could not be better expended4 ,mr4 ,gerhard is an experienced engineer1 well read in sanitary literature1 and a clear and careful writer4--,the ,christian ,union4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,building40 ,,an ,,architectural ,,monthly4 ,subscription1 #a4jj per ,year1 in advance4 ,single ,copies1 #aj cts4 ,treating on all matters of interest to the ,building trades4 ,each number contains #d full-page lithographic plates4 ,with the ,february number will commence a series of articles on ,roof ,construction1 fully illustrated1 by ,prof4 ,n4 ,,clifford ,,ricker1 of the ,illinois ,industrial ,university4 ,the ,competition ,designs for a #b1ejj ,cottage are now in course of publication4 ,samples sent on application4 ,special inducements will be offered those wishing to get up clubs2 send for club rates4 8,,special ,,illustrated ,,edition ,,of ,,building40 ,,devoted ,,to ,,architecture1 ,,furniture1 ,,decoration ,,and ,,ornament4 ,,published ,,monthly4 ,subscription1 #e a ,year in advance4 ,single ,copies1 #ej;c4 ,it is intended to make this a most elaborate and complete architectural journal4 ,it will be issued in a handsome cover1 and contain in addition to the contents of the regular issue of 8,,building10 a large number of ,lithographic ,plates1 a special feature of which will be the republication of the best designs selected from the leading foreign journals1 so that subscribers for this monthly will obtain the cream of all the foreign publications on these subjects4 ,each number contains #af full-page lithographic plates4 ,,press ,,notices ,of 8,,building10 and the 8,,special ,,illustrated ,,edition ,,of ,,building40 ,it is not often that so much and so valuable material is found at one time in a trade journal4--,the ,publishers' ,weekly4 ,in its specialty this journal cannot fail to be of the greatest service1 and all persons interested in building should avail themselves of its store of valuable information4--,bookseller and ,stationer4 ,the magazine is well edited1 and must prove very interesting to those interested in building4--,american ,machinist4 ,mr4 ,comstock is to be congratulated upon the contents and general appearance of his ,special ,illustrated ,edition of ,,building4 ,we have no doubt this new venture will be appreciated by the architectural and building public4--,engineering ,news4 ,the first number of the second volume of ,,building1 an excellent architectural monthly1 has just made its appearance4 ,it is full of instructive matter1 and the illustrations are numerous1 well executed and interesting4--,the ,evening ,telegram4 ,for an architect or builder1 this publication cannot fail to be of great and continual interest4--,the ,new ,york ,world4 ,we are in receipt of ,,building4 ,it bears eloquent testimony to eminent literary1 as well as artistic talent1 connected with its publication4--,chemical ,review4 8,,building0 begins its second volume with a special number filled with a rich array of illustrations4444 ,persons who desire a monthly magazine1 devoted to the circle of arts1 included under the title of building1 will do well to examine this work4--,home ,journal4 ,one of the handsomest and best architectural papers among our exchanges is ,,building4 ,well illustrated1 printed and edited1 treating on all matters of interest to the building trade4--,wood and ,iron4 ,we most heartily congratulate ,mr4 ,comstock on the fine appearance of ,,building1 and feel confident he will meet with the success his energy and enterprise deserves4--,american ,real ,estate ,guide4 ,in the richness of contents1 beauty of illustrations1 the current number of ,,building is a decided credit to ,american journalism4--,trade ,review and ,western ,machinist4 ,the value to the architect and builder cannot be overestimated1 and the price1 five dollars a year1 is a merely nominal consideration for the subjects of interest and instruction it possesses4--,lumber ,trade ,journal4 ,very attractive in appearance1 and is well worthy of liberal patronage4--,american ,engineer4 ,nothing finer in its way has been offered to the public4--,the ,mechanical ,news4 ,the illustrations are very artistic4--,the ,sanitary ,news4 ,the number before us is in itself a complete book on building and kindred subjects4--,chattanooga ,daily ,times4 ,we commend the ,,building to our students1 amateurs and professors in architecture and building4--,ithaca ,daily ,journal4 ,it is without doubt the most valuable publication of the kind published in the country4--,southern ,lumberman4 ,one of the best architectural periodicals of the day is ,,building4--,the ,christian ,union4 ,,building1 an architectural monthly4444 ,this new claimant for public favor well deserves it4444 ,every number is worth the subscription price to any who have interest in building1 old or new4--,living ,church1 ,chicago4 ,persons sending #ej;c4 for sample copy of the 8,,special ,,illustrated ,,edition ,,of ,,building0 will receive a receipt entitling them to the remaining numbers for the year on receipt of #d4ej1 provided their subscription is received within #fj days thereafter4 ,illustration3 ,miniature ,illustration4 ,selected from the 8,special ,illustrated ,edition of ,building40 ,subscription1 #e4jj per ,year4 ,single ,copies1 #ej cents4 ,illustration3 ,miniature ,illustration4 ,selected from 8,building40 ,subscription1 #a4jj per ,year4 ,single ,copies1 #aj cents4 ,,william ,t4 ,,comstock1 ,publisher1 #f ,astor ,place1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration3 ,miniature ,illustration4 ,selected from 8,building40 ,,building4 ,regular ,edition1 #a4jj per ,year4 ,special ,illustrated ,edition1 #e4jj per ,year4 ,,wm4 ,t4 ,,comstock1 ,publisher1 #f ,astor ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,lincrusta-,walton ,,the ,new ,indestructible ,,and ,imperishable ,decoration ,,for ,,walls ,,and ,,ceilings1 ,,furniture ,,and ,,art ,,objects4 ,lincrusta-,walton ,illustration3 ,,wainscoting ,,in ,,lincrusta-,,walton4 ,the ,designs4 ,lincrusta-,walton is the refinement of all previous systems of decoration4 ,the designs are of a high order of artistic merit1 making the material the most perfect and beautiful of all coverings for ,walls and ,ceilings4 ,the ,material is water-proof4 ,durable as the wall4 ,has many sanitary advantages4 ,as easy to hang as wall paper4 ,cost4 ,the price is quite moderate1 and its durability renders its use economical4 ,new ,buildings can be permanently decorated at once1 as ,lincrusta-,walton is unaffected by moisture1 and excludes damp4 ,now in general use in ,public ,buildings and ,private ,dwellings1 ,hotels1 ,offices1 and the homes of the people4 ,sold by all ,decorators1 ,furniture1 ,wall ,paper and ,art ,dealers throughout the ,united ,states4 ,send for ,descriptive ,pamphlet4 ,,fr4 ,,beck ,,co4 ,manufacturers of ,fine ,wall ,papers1 ,corner #bith ,street and #gth ,avenue1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the only ,manufacturers of ,lincrusta-,walton in the ,united ,states under the patents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns' ,,asbestos ,,liquid ,,paints ,our liquid paints are composed exclusively of the best and purest materials combined on different principles from any other ,liquid or ,mixed ,paints4 ,they have been thoroughly tested in nearly all parts of the world and have been found to withstand the severest tests of climatic changes1 sea air and other trying exposures1 where the best white lead has failed1 and the universal testimony of those who have used them is sufficient proof of our claims that they are in every respect strictly reliable and first-class paints of a higher grade than have ever before been offered to the public for structural purposes1 either in 8paste0 or liquid form1 and second to none in richness and permanency of color1 beauty of finish1 durability1 uniformity1 and all characteristics which are requisite to form a perfect ornamental protective covering4 ,our paints are sold by ,u4,s4 ,standard ,gallon measure 7#bca cubic inches72 i4e41 our packages contain1 from #h to #ab per cent4 more paint than is usually sold for the same quantity1 and they weigh from #aj to #bj per cent4 more to the gallon than any others in the market4 ,,one ,,gallon ,,will ,,cover ,,from #bbe ,,to #bej ,,square ,,feet1 ,,two ,,coats4 ,we manufacture forty-eight shades of 8body0 and trimming colors1 and also make ,standard and ,light ,greens1 ,light and ,dark ,blues1 ,reds1 ,black1 etc41 samples of which will be supplied on application4 ,the finest and most extensive structures in this country are painted with these paints1 among them1 the ,u4,s4 ,capitol at ,washington2 ,light ,houses and ,life ,saving ,stations2 ,u4,s4 ,custom ,house at ,chicago2 ,navy ,yard ,buildings2 ,metropolitan ,elevated ,r4 ,r2 ,oriental and ,manhattan ,beach ,hotels2 the 8,argyle0 and ,cottages at ,babylon2 ,hygeia ,hotel1 ,fortress ,monroe2 ,thousand ,islands ,house2 ,crossman ,house2 ,forest ,hill ,house1 ,franconia1 ,n4 ,h42 ,sinclair ,house1 ,bethlehem1 ,n4 ,h42 ,fort ,point ,house1 ,stockton1 ,me42 ,pequot ,house and ,cottages1 ,new ,london1 ,conn42 ,appledore ,house1 ,isle of ,shoals2 the 8,dakota10 ,new ,york ,city1 and thousands of other public and private buildings4 ,our pamphlet on 8,,structural ,,decoration0 ,will be sent free by mail on application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,roof1 ,,car ,,and ,,bridge ,,paints ,these paints possess a more elastic body than any other1 and are less liable to injury4 ,they are prepared ready for use1 and have proven to be the most economical paints ever produced for similar purposes4 ,they were originally designed for preserving ,,tin ,,and ,,other ,,roofs1 but are now also used for railroad buildings1 bridges1 freight cars1 steamboat decks1 boats1 and all wood and iron work exposed to salt or fresh water1 and are especially adapted for out-buildings1 fences1 floors1 gas holders1 and other iron and rough wood-work4 ,they are supplied in seven colors1 viz43 brown1 red1 yellow1 gray1 buff1 slate1 and cream-white4 ,one gallon will cover about #djj square feet1 one coat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,strictly ,,pure ,,colors ,ground in ,refined ,oil4 ,they are intended to take the place of the ordinary 8colors in oil0 for general house decoration4 ,they are ground in refined ,calcutta linseed oil1 to a fineness not excelled by the best imported 8artists colors40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,asbestos ,,building ,,felts ,for interlining frame buildings1 floors1 etc4 ,are wind1 dust and fire-proof4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns ,manufacturing ,co4 #hg ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,sole ,,manufacturers ,,of ,h4 ,w4 ,johns' ,genuine ,asbestos ,liquid ,paints1 ,roof ,paints1 ,roofing1 ,steam ,pipe and ,boiler ,coverings1 ,fire proof ,coatings1 ,cements1 etc4 ,,descriptive ,,price ,,list ,,and ,,sample ,,free4