,,am]ican ,horological ,j\rnal4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,july1 #ahfi4 ,,no4 #a4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,horology1 #e ,,wat* ,,& ,,*ronomet] ,,jewell+1 #aa ,,h9ts ,,on ,,clocks ,,& ,,clock ,,mak+1 #ae ,,notices ,,( ,,new ,,tools1 #ag ,,gre5wi* ,,obs]vatory1 #ag ,,p9ions1 #bj ,,new ,,?ree-,,p9 ,,escapem5t1 #bc ,,engli% ,,op9ion ,,( ,,am]ican ,,wat* ,,manufacture1 #bc ,,correspond5ce1 #bd ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 #be ,,diamond ,,cutt+1 #be ,,alloys ,,( ,,alum9um ,,) ,,copp]1 #be ,,equation ,,( ,,"t ,,table1 #bh ,address all communications = ,,horological ,,j\rnal to ,g4 ,b4 ,,mill]1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #fgae1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,publication ,(fice #bbi ,broadway4 ,a/ronomy 9 its ,relations to ,horology4 ,,numb] ,,"o4 ,h[ev] accurate an in/rum5t = ! m5suration ( "t may be1 x w\ld be ( little use = close obs]vation unless we h "s /&>d by :i* to te/ its p]=mance4 ,we look to ,a/ronomy to furni% u ) ?is desid]atum1 nor d we look 9 va94 ,! mean sid]eal day1 measur$ by ! "t elaps$ betwe5 any two consecutive transits ( any /> at ! same m]idian1 & ! mean sid]eal ye>--:i* is ! "t includ$ betwe5 two consecutive returns ( ! sun to ! same />--are immutable units ) :i* all great p]iods ( "t are comp>$2 ! oscillations ( an iso*ron\s p5dulum af=d+ u a means ( correctly divid+ ! int]m$iate space into h\rs & days4 ,we mu/ premise t ! :ole !ory ( tak+ "t by sid]eal obs]vations is bas$ on angul> motion1 ! m5suration ( "o ( ! angles ( motion giv+ a measurem5t ( space1 s t to say space1 or di/ance1 is equival5t to say+ "t4 ,f noon ( "o day to noon ( ano!r is ! :ole problem to be solv$ by correct division4 ,! a/ronomical day beg9s at noon1 b 9 civil law ! day is dat$ f midnight4 ,s 9 ! ye> ! a/ronomical day is dat$ ,decemb] #ca1 :ile 9 common reckon+ ! #a/ ( ,janu>y is ! initial po9t4 ,?is day is divid$ into tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 c\nt$ 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 & ! mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal nations ( ,europe1 by twelve & twelve4 ,! ,fr5* a/ronom]s1 h[ev]1 adopt$ ! decimal sy/em1 = ease 9 ! computation4 ,?us !y divid$ ! day into t5 h\rs1 ! h\r into "o hundr$ m9utes1 & ! m9ute into "o hundr$ seconds4 ,?is plan 0 9 con=mity ) ! ,fr5* sy/em ( decimal weights & measures4 ,aga91 9 ,italy1 ! day 0 divid$ into tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b c\nt+ f "o to tw5ty-f\r o'clock4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em pres5ts "s features well wor?y ( adoption1 z x gives results s mu* m easy 9 computation--a facility unatta9able 9 ! common division2 yet x did n come into g5]al use 9 o!r c\ntries1 & al?\gh "s ,fr5* a/ronom]s /ill hold to ! sy/em1 x is gradually dy+ out4 ,at "o "t dur+ ! ,revolution 9 ,france a clock 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,tuil]ies 0 regulat$ to %[ "t by ! decimal sy/em4 ,= ! ,horologi/ ! mean l5g? ( ! day is suffici5t to %[ ! rate ( 8 in/rum5t = t p>ticul> day1 b ! a/ronomical & civil division requires a mu* long] p]iod ( obs]vation4 ,?is is obta9$ by ! position ( ! mean annual equ9oxes or sol/ices1 & is e/imat$ f ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! middle ( ! long annual night "u ! ,nor? ,pole2 & ! p]iod betwe5 ?is sol/ice & its return is a natural cycle1 peculi>ly suit$ = a /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,ev5 ) su* a /&>d z ! civil ye> ( #cfe;d4 #e;h4 #dhm4 #di4gs41 ! incomm5surability t exi/s betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! day & ! real place ( ! sun makes x v difficult to adju/ ! ratio ( bo? 9 :ole numb]s4 ,7 we to return to ! po9t 9 ! e>?'s orbit 9 exactly #cfe days1 we w\ld h precisely ! same numb] ( days 9 ea* ye>1 & ! sun w\ld be at ! same po9t on ! ecliptic at ! same second at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! ye>4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fraction ( a day1 s t a sol> ye> & civil are n ( equal duration4 ,x is ?us we h our bissextile ye>1 f ! fact t ! inequality am\nts to ne>ly a qu>t] ( a day1 s t 9 f\r ye>s we h a :ole day's ga92 b n exactly1 because a fraction /ill rema9s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,n[1 if we %\ld suppress ! "o day ( leap-ye> once at ! end ( ea* ?ree out ( f\r c5turies1 ! civil w\ld be )9 a v small fraction equal to ! sol> ye>1 z giv5 by obs]vation2 ?is small fraction w\ld be almo/ entirely elim9at$1 provid$ we suppress$ ! bissextile at ! end ( e f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,7 ?is fraction neglect$1 ! beg9n+ ( ! new civil ye> w\ld prec$e ! tropical by j t mu*1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( #aejg ye>s ! :ole day's diff]5ce w\ld obta94 ,! ,egyptian ye> 0 dat$ f ! heliacal ris+ ( ! /> ,sirius2 x conta9$ only #cfe days4 ,by easy computation x c be %[n t 9 e #adfa ye>s a :ole ye> 0 lo/2 ?is cycle 0 call$ ! ,so?aic p]iod1 9 :i* ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole ye> & took place aga9 on ! same day4 ,! comm5cem5t ( t cycle took place #acbb ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ye> by ! ,roman cal5d> 0 dat$ by ,julius ,cs> ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 t be+ ! day ( ! new moon imm$iately foll[+ ! w9t] sol/ice 9 ! #gjg? ye> ( ,rome4 ,*ri/'s nativity is dat$ on ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 9 ,cs>'s #de? ye>1 & ! #df? ye> ( ! ,julian cal5d> is assum$ to be ! #a/ ye> ( our era4 ,! prec$+ ye> is designat$ by *ronologi/s ! #a/ ye> be=e ,*ri/1 ! dates !nce runn+ backw>d ! same z !y run =w>d subsequ5t to t p]iod4 ,a/ronomically1 t ye> is regi/]$ #j2 ! a/ronomical ye> beg9s at noon on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 & ! date ( any obs]vation expresses ! numb] ( days & h\rs :i* h actually elaps$ s9ce t "t1 ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]--,ye> #j4 ,! ye> is divid$ into mon?s by old & almo/ univ]sal cons5t1 b ! p]iod ( sev5 days is by f> ! mo/ p]man5t division ( a rotation ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun4 ,x 0 ! division long be=e ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,! ,brahm9s 9 ,india us$ x ) ! same d5om9ations z at ! pres5t day ! ,jews1 ,arabs1 ,egyptians1 & ,assyrians4 8,x has surviv$ ! fall ( empires1 & has exi/$ among all successive g5]ations1 a pro( ( _! common orig940 ,no?+ c be m int]e/+ 9 ! /udy ( a/ronomy ?an its *ronological value4 ,la ,place says3 8,:ole nations h be5 swept f ! e>?1 ) _! languages1 arts1 & sci5ces1 leav+ b confus$ masses ( ru9s to m>k ! place :]e mighty cities /ood2 _! hi/ory1 ) b ! exception ( a few d\btful traditions1 has p]i%$2 b ! p]fection ( _! a/ronomical obs]vations m>ks _! high antiquity1 fixes ! p]iods ( _! exi/5ce1 & proves t ev5 at t e>ly "t !y mu/ h made consid]able progress 9 sci5ce40 ,! e>? revolv+ ar\nd ! sun 9 an ellipse1 ! position ( ! major axis ( ! orbit w\ld indicate some?+ 9 reg>d to eras 9 a/ronomy ext5d+ n only beyond ! hi/orical p]iod1 b s f> back 9 ! pa/ t imag9ation is almo/ at fault4 ,! position ( ! major axis ( ! orbit dep5ds on ! direct motion ( ! p]igee & ! precession ( ! equ9oxes conjo9tly1 ! annual motions respectively be+ #aa4h & #ej4a1 ! two comb9$ motions be+ #fa4i annually4 ,a tropical revolution is made 9 #bji4hd ye>s4 ,?is be+ a con/ant quantity1 we may asc]ta9 :5 ! l9e ( ! major axis co9cid$ ) ! l9e ( ! equ9oxes4 ,?is occurr5ce took place ab\t #d1jjj or #d1jij ye>s be=e ! ye> #j4 ,9 ! ye> #f1dhc ! major axis w aga9 co9cide ) ! l9e ( ! equ9oxes1 b !n ! sol> p]igee w co9cide ) ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,s1 x w be se5 t ! p]iod ( revolution is #bj1iff ye>s4 ,b 9 ! progress ( ?is revolution !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 ! major axis 0 p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( ! equ9oxes4 ,a simple calculation w %[ t ! ev5tful ye> 0 #abej2 & s important is ?is ev5t consid]$1 t ,la ,place1 ! immortal au?or ( ! ,m*anique ,cle/e1 propos$ to make ! v]nal equ9ox ( ?is ye> ! initial day ( ! ye> #a ( our era4 ,aga91 at ! sol/ices ! sun is at ! greate/ di/ance f ! equator2 consequ5tly ! decl9ation ( ! sun is equal to ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic4 ,! l5g? ( a %ad[ ca/ at noonday f ! /ile ( an ord9>y sun-dial w\ld accurately det]m9e ! precise "t on :i* ?is position occurs4 ,?\gh want+ 9 accuracy1 su* a measurem5t is ( int]e/1 f ! fact t !re are record$ obs]vations ( ?is k9d t 7 tak5 9 ! city ( ,layang1 9 ,*9a1 #aajj ye>s be=e our pres5t era is dat$4 ,?is obs]vation gives ! z5i? di/ance ( ! sun at ! mom5t ( ! obs]vation4 ,half ! sum ( ! z5i? di/ances gives ! latitude1 & half _! diff]5ce gives ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic at ! p]iod4 ,n[ ! law ( ! v>iation ( ! ecliptic is well kn[n1 & mod]n computation has v]ifi$ bo? ! mom5t ( tak+ ! obs]vation & ! latitude ( ! place4 ,eclipses 7 ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ( ,*9ese *ronology1 & record$ obs]vations prove ! civilization ( t /range race = #dgjj ye>s4 ,horology1 ) a/ronomy1 0 n neglect$ ev5 z e>ly z #cajb ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 z ! foll[+ w %[4 ,! cycles ( ,jupit] & ,saturn are v unequal1 ! latt] be+ a p]iod ( #iah ye>s2 ! mean motion ( ! two planets 0 det]m9$ by ! ,indians 9 t "p ( ! respective orbits :]e ,saturn's motion 0 ! sl[e/ & ,jupit]'s ! mo/ rapid4 ,?is obs]v$ ev5t mu/ h be5 #cajb ye>s be=e1 & #adia aft] ! ye> #j2 b ! record %[s t ! obs]vation 0 tak5 be=e ! la/-nam$ date4 ,s9ce bo? sol> & sid]eal "t is e/imat$ f ! passage ( ! sun & ! equ9octial po9t across ! m]idian ( ! place ( obs]vation1 ! "t w v>y 9 diff]5t places by z mu* z ! passage prec$es ea*4 ,x be+ obvi\s t :5 ! sun is 9 ! m]idian at any "o place1 x is midnight at a po9t on ! e>?'s surface diametrically opposite2 s an obs]vation tak5 at diff]5t places at ! same mom5t ( absolute "t1 w be record$ z hav+ happ5$ at diff]5t times4 ,!re=e :5 a comp>ison ( ^! diff]5t obs]vations is to be made1 x becomes necess>y to r$uce !m by computation to :at ! result w\ld h be5 _h !y be5 tak5 "u ! same m]idian at ! same mom5t ( absolute "t4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el propos$ to employ mean equ9octial "t1 :i* is ! same = all ! _w4 ,x is ! "t elaps$ f ! mom5t ! mean sun ent]s ! mean v]nal equ9ox1 & is reckon$ 9 mean sol> days & p>ts ( days4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 "t is really ! angul> motion ( ! e>?1 & by measur+ x ! longitude ( any place on ! surface ( ! e>? c be det]m9$1 provid$ we h a /&>d po9t ( dep>ture1 & an in/rum5t capable ( accurately divid+ ! "t into small quantities dur+ its transit f ! m]idian on :i* x 0 rat$4 ,z w be h]eaft] %[n1 ! axis ( ! e>?'s rotation is inv>iable4 ,7 ! position ( ! major axis ( ! e>?'s orbit z immutable1 an obs]vation ( any /> on ! m]idian tak5 at any place w\ld always be ! same4 ,aga91 ! =m ( ! e>? has an important effect2 ! equatorial diamet] exce$s ! pol>1 ?us giv+ a l>ge excess ( matt] at ! equator4 ,n[ ! attraction ( an ext]nal body n only draws ano!r to x 9 its :ole mass1 b1 z ! =ce ( attraction is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 x foll[s t ! attract$ body w\ld be revolv$ on its own c5tre ( gravity until its major diamet] 0 9 a /raight l9e ) ! attract+ body4 ,! sun & moon are bo? attract+ bodies = ! e>?2 ! plane ( ! equator is at an angle to ! plane ( ! ecliptic ( #bc #bg #cd4fi1 & ! plane ( ! moon's orbit is incl9$ to x #e #h #dg4i ,n[ f ! oblate =m ( ! e>?1 ! sun & moon1 act+ obliquely & unequally1 urge ! plane ( ! equator f its own position f ea/ to we/1 ?us *ang+ ! equ9octial po9ts to ! ext5t ( #ej4da annually4 ,?is action1 7 x n comp5sat$ by ano!r =ce1 w\ld 9 "t alt] ! angle ( ! ecliptic until ! equatorial plane & ! ecliptic co9cid$4 ,!re are few b h se5 ! philosophical toy call$ ! ,gyrascope4 ,?is toy1 on a m9iature scale1 gives a f9e illu/ration ( ! =ce br\ght 9 to correct ! comb9$ action ( ! sun & moon on ! obliquity ( ! equator4 ,! rotation ( ! e>? is held 9 its own plane by its own revolution1 ! same z ! gyrascope seems to ov]come ! laws ( gravitation by its =ce ( revolution4 ,b n only d ! sun & moon di/urb ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 b ! action ( o!r planets on ! e>? & sun is to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,a v sl[ v>iation 9 ! position ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 9 relation to ! plane ( ! equator1 is obs]v$ f ^! influ5ces4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a v slight deviation 9 ! angle c & w\ld be detect$ by obs]vation ) mod]n in/rum5ts4 ,we d f9d t ?is attraction affects ! incl9ation ( ! ecliptic to ! equator ( #j4ca annually4 ,?is motion is entirely indep5d5t ( ! =m ( ! e>?4 ,n[1 if we assume t ! sun & moon give ! equ9octial po9ts a retrograde motion on ! ecliptic1 we mu/ d$uct ! influ5ce ( ! planets4 ,we may !n calculate ! mean di/urbance by subtract+ ! latt] f ! =m]--! diff]5ce is settl$ by bo? !ory & obs]vation to be #ej4a annually4 ,?is motion ( ! equ9oxes is call$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,its consid]ation =ms a v important elem5t 9 ! e/imation ( "t1 z ! position ( ! v>i\s fix$ />s1 ?\gh s v di/ant1 are all affect$ 9 longitude by ?is quantity ( #ej4a--;be+ an increase ( longitude4 ,!re=e1 if we 7 to calculate ! position ( any giv5 /> 9 ord] to get a transit = mean "t1 or true "t1 we mu/ take ?is quantity into consid]ation4 ,! increase is s great t ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s1 ev5 ) _! imp]fect modes ( obs]vation1 detect$ x4 ,hipp>*us1 #abh ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 comp>$ 8 own obs]vations ) ^? ( ,timo*>is1 #aec ye>s be=e4 ,he f\nd ! solution ( ! problem ! same z ,diophantus f\nd ! solution ( ! squ>es & cubes1 by analysis4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us1 ! sun 0 at a po9t #cj 9 advance ( its pres5t position1 = x !n ent]$ into ! con/ellation ( ,aries ne> ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! position ( ! equ9octial po9ts %[s a recession ( ! :ole1 #cj #a #dj4b4 ,at ?is rate ( motion ! con/ellations call$ ! ,signs ( ! ,zodiac are "s di/ance f ! divisions ( ! ecliptic t be> _! names4 ,at ! rate ( #ej4a ! :ole revolution ( ! equ9octial po9ts w be accompli%$ 9 #be1hfh ye>s2 b ?is is aga9 modifi$ because ! precession mu/ v>y 9 diff]5t c5turies = ! foll[+ reasons3 ! sun's motion is direct1 ! precession retrograde2 !re=e1 ! sun arrives at ! equator soon] ?an he does at ! same /> ( obs]vation4 ,n[1 ! tropical ye> is #cfe;d4 #e;h4 #dh #di4g2 & z ! precession is exactly #ej4a1 we mu/ suppose x takes "s "t = ! sun to move ?r\gh t arc4 ,by direct obs]vation x is f\nd t ! "t requir$ = su* translation is #bj #ai4f4 ,by add+ ?is am\nt to ! tropical ye> we h ! sid]eal ye> ( #cfe;d4 #f;h4 #i #i4f 9 mean sol> days4 ,?is am\nt ( precession has be5 on ! increase s9ce ! days ( its fir/ record]1 ,hipp>*us1 z ! augm5tation am\nts to no less ?an #j4dee4 ,by add+ t to ! kn[n precession we f9d t ! civil ye> is %ort] n[ by #d4ba ?an 9 8 "t2 b1 z a great division ( "t1 ! ye> c be *ang$ by ?is cause n m ?an #dc4 ,! action ( ! moon on ! accumulation ( matt] at ! e>?'s equator is a s\rce ( di/urbance t 9 v accurate obs]vations = "t %\ld be elim9at$4 ,?us ! moon1 ) ! conjo9t action ( ! sun1 dep5d+ on relative position1 causes ! pole ( ! equator to describe a small ellipse 9 ! heav5s ) axes ( #ah4e = ! major1 & #ac4fgd = ! m9or2 ! long] axis be+ direct$ to ! pole ( ! ecliptic4 ,?is inequality has a p]iod ( #ai ye>s1--x be+ equal to ! revolution ( ! nodes ( ! lun> orbit4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! di/urbances *anges1 by a small quantity1 ! position ( ! pol> axis ( ! e>? 9 reg>d to ! />s1 b n 9 reg>d to its own surface4 ,) s _m di/urb+ causes1 we mu/ add t ( ,jupit]1 ^: attraction is dim9i%+ ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic by #j4deg accord+ to ,m4 ,bessel4 ,! results ( all ^! =ces mu/ affect ! position ( all ! />s & planets z se5 f our e>?4 ,_! longitudes be+ reckon$ f ! equ9oxes1 ! precession ( ^! po9ts w\ld increase ! longitude2 b z x affects all ! />s & planets alike1 x w\ld make no real or app>5t *ange 9 _! relative positions4 ,nutation1 h[ev]1 affects ! cele/ial latitudes & longitudes1 z ! real motion ( ! e>?'s pol> axis *anges ! relative positions4 ,s great is ! *ange t our pres5t pole /> has *ang$ f #ab to #a #bd2 9 reg>d to ! cele/ial pole1 ! gradual approximation w cont9ue until x is ) #j #cj1 aft] :i* x w leave ! pole indef9itely until 9 #ab1icd ye>s ,lyr w be ! pole />4 ,s f> we h giv5 only ! causes t affect ! m]idian1 & consequ5tly our /&>d = "t2 b t po9t be+ e/abli%$ = ! ye>ly & diurnal revolutions1 x becomes necess>y to f9d "s means to divide ! day into m9ute fractional p>ts1 su* z seconds & p>ts ( seconds4 ,?is1 x has be5 /at$1 is effect$ by means ( an iso*ron\s p5dulum4 ,on ?is in/rum5t no comm5t is requir$ b ( ! causes t di/urb its accuracy mu* is ne$$4 ,9 #afgb1 at ,cay5ne1 ! a/ronom] ,ri*t]1 :ile tak+ transits ( fix$ />s1 f\nd 8 clock lo/ #b #bh p] day4 ,?is 0 an error t arre/$ 8 att5tion1 & he imm$iately attribut$ x to "s v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum--due to o!r causes ?an atmosph]ic *anges & expansion4 ,he det]m9$ ! l5g? ( a p5dulum beat+ seconds 9 t latitude1 :i* 0 #e ,n4 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,he f\nd t t p5dulum 0 %ort] ?an "o beat+ seconds 9 ,p>is1 by #jhcc ( an in*4 ,n[1 if ! e>? 0 a sph]e1 ! attraction ( gravitation at all places on its surface w\ld be equal1 & ! oscillations ( a p5dulum w\ld also be equal1 or - ! di/urb+ effect ( c5trifugal =ce--an am\nt t c be easily det]m9$4 ,! real reason ( ! v>iation is f\nd 9 ! configuration ( ! e>?4 ,! am\nt ( ! attraction ( gravitation at any po9t ( ! e>?'s surface is f\nd by ! di/ance trav]s$ by any body dur+ ! fir/ second ( its fall4 ,! p5dulum is a fall+ body1 & may be by ! same analysis reason$ on t p]ta9s to ! laws ( gravitation2 ! c5trifugal =ce is measur$ by any deflection f a tang5t to ! e>?'s surface 9 a second4 ,x foll[s t ! c5trifugal =ce at ! poles1 :]e !re is ! lea/ motion1 w\ld n be equal to ! =ce ( gravitation1 & at ! equator mu/ be exactly equal2 b ! deflection ( a circle f a tang5t measures ! int5sity ( ! e>?'s attraction1 & is equal to ! v]s$ s9e ( ! arc describ$ dur+ t "t1 ! velocity ( ! e>?'s rotation be+ kn[n1 ! value ( ! arc is d$ucible4 ,! c5trifugal =ce at ! equator is equal to ? "p ( ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,aga91 ! uni=mity ( ! e>?'s mass becomes an object ( consid]ation4 ,assum+ t ! figure ( ! e>? is an ellipsoid ( rotation1 we w %[ ! relation t =m be>s to ! equal oscillation ( a p5dulum4 ,tak+ ! e>? z a homog5e\s mass1 analysis gives u ! c]ta9ty t if ! int5sity ( gravitation at ! equator be tak5 z unity1 ! increase ( gravity to ! poles elim9at+ ! diff]5ces ( ! c5trifugal =ce mu/ be to #b4e1 ! ratio ( ! c5trifugal =ce to t ( gravitation at ! equator4 ,n[1 tak+ ! #b4e ( 4#cdf #a_/aae4b1 ?is !n mu/ be ! total increase ( gravitation4 ,did we "k ! exact am\nt ( increase at e po9t1 f ! equator to ! poles1 a p]fect map ( ! =m ( ! e>? c\ld be produc$ f calculation2 exp]im5t be+ f physical causes totally impracticable4 ,! foll[+ analysis1 quot$ f an em95t physici/1 gives a v lucid idea ( ! reason+3 8,if ! e>? 7 a homog5e\s sph]e )\t rotation1 its attraction on bodies on its surface w\ld be ev]y:]e equal4 ,if x be elliptical & ( v>iable d5sity1 ! =ce ( gravity ought to increase 9 int5sity f ! equator to ! pole z unity plus a con/ant quantity multipli$ into ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! latitude4 ,b = a sph]oid 9 rotation ! c5trifugal v>ies by ! law ( me*anics1 z ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! latitude f ! equator1 :]e x is greate/1 to ! poles1 :]e x is lea/4 ,& z x t5ds to make bodies fly (f ! surface1 x dim9i%es ! =ce ( gravity by a small quantity4 ,h5ce1 by gravitation1 :i* is ! diff]5ce ( ^! two =ces1 ! fall ( bodies ought to be accel]at$ f ! equator to ! poles proportionably to ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! latitude1 & ! weight ( ! body ought to increase 9 t ratio40 ,assum+ ! above reason+ to be correct1 x foll[s1 t ! rate ( desc5t ( fall+ bodies w be accel]at$ 9 ! transition f ! equator to ! poles4 ,n[1 x has be5 be=e /at$ t ! p5dulum is a fall+ body2 !re=e1 ) ! same l5g? ( p5dulum1 ! oscillations at ! pole %\ld be fa/] ?an at ! equator4 ,!ory1 9 ?is case1 is v]ifi$2 = x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts1 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 t a p5dulum oscillat+ #hf1djj times 9 a mean day at ! equator1 w give ! same numb] ( oscillations at any o!r po9t1 provid$ its l5g? is made long] 9 ! exact ratio z ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! latitude4 ,! sequ5ce to be d]iv$ f all ! =ego+ consid]ations is1 t ! :ole decrease ( gravitation f ! equator to ! poles is #j4jje4addi1 :i* subtract$ f ! #a_/aee4b gives ! am\nt ( compression ( ! e>? to be ne>ly #a_/bhe4bf4 ,b ?is =m ( ! e>? w\ld give ! excess ( ! equatorial axis ov] ! pol> ab\t #bf miles4 ,! measurem5t is confirm$ by ,mr4 ,ivory 9 8 inve/igations on ! five pr9cipal measurem5ts ( arcs ( ! m]idian 9 ,p]u1 ,india1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,lapl&4 ,he f\nd t ! law requir$ an ellipsoid ( revolution ^: equatorial radius %\ld be #c1ifb4hbd miles1 & ! pol> #c1idi4ehe miles2 ! diff]5ce is #ac4bci miles2 ?is quantity multipli$ by two gives #bf4dgh z ! excess ( "o diamet] ov] ! o!r4 ,?us1 by two diff]5t processes ! figure ( ! e>? has be5 det]m9$2 b ano!r rema9s t is ! result ( pure analysis1 d]iv$ f ! nutation & precession ( ! equ9oxes--=1 z expla9$ be=e1 ^! effects are caus$ by ! excess ( matt] at ! e>?'s equator4 ,! calculation does n lead u to c]ta9ty1 b x does %[ ! compression to be compris$ betwe5 ! two fractions & 4 ,!re is ?is advantage 9 ! lun> !ory1 t x takes ! e>? z a :ole1 disreg>d+ any irregul>ities ( surface1 or ! local attractions t influ5ce ! p5dulum--! difficulties ( measur+ an arc ( ! m]idian be+ an ob/acle to p]fect accuracy4 ,! =m ( ! e>? has1 h[ev]1 a value conf9$ n alone to ^? int]e/$ 9 horology--x furni%es u ) a /&>d ( weights & measures4 ,9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! p5dulum is ! unit ( m5suration1 or at lea/ ! common /&>d f :i* measurem5t is d]iv$4 ,x has be5 %[n t1 d$uct+ ! effects ( nutation1 ! axis ( ! e>?'s rotation is always 9 ! same plane4 ,n[1 ! mass be+ ! same con/ant quantity1 a p5dulum oscillat+ seconds at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 has be5 adopt$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t z its /&>d ( l5g?4 ,oscillat+ 9 vacuo at ! level ( ! sea1 at #fb ,fahr41 ,capta9 ,kat] f\nd its approximate l5g? to be #ci4acic in*es2 z ?is mu/ be inv>iable "u ! same circum/ances1 x becomes a /&>d = all "t4 ,! ,fr5* d$uc$ _! /&>d f ! measurem5t ( ! t5-million? "p ( a quadrant ( ! m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ,=m5t]a & ,gre5wi*4 ,!y h also adopt$ ! decimal sy/em2 yet x seems to prove t no?+ "u ! sun is new1 = ov] =ty c5turies ago ! ,*9ese us$ ! decimal sy/em 9 ! division ( degrees1 weights1 & measures4 ,! antiquity ( ! p5dulum is also %[n by ! fact t ! ,arabs 7 9 ! habit ( divid+ ! "t 9 obs]vations1 by its oscillations1 :5 ,ibn ,junis1 9 ! ye> "o ?\s&1 0 mak+ 8 a/ronomical rese>*es4 ,be=e we lose sight ( ! influ5ce ( ! =m ( ! e>? on ! p5dulum1 x may be well to /ate ano!r s\rce ( di/urbance1 aris+ f ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! e>?'s rotation & ! fact t a body mov+ 9 its own plane seeks to ma9ta9 t plane4 ,x w be se5 f ! v beautiful exp]im5t %[+ ! rotation ( ! e>?1 t if a body l a p5dulum be susp5d$ s z to be free 9 e direction1 & n be influ5c$ by ! motion ( ! e>? :5 set 9 oscillation 9 any plane1 t t plane w pres]ve its l9e ( motion1 :ile ! e>? 9 its motion b5ea? ! body c be se5 to sl[ly move1 z ?\gh ! m9ute h& ( a wat* 7 made /ation>y :ile ! dial revolv$4 ,! same pr9ciple is ! "o t ma9ta9s ! sp9n+-top 9 a p>allel position to ! horizon1 or ! gyrascope 9 its app>5tly anomal\s defiance ( all ! laws ( gravitation4 ,9 ! p5dulum ?is t5d5cy to pres]ve ! same plane ( motion becomes a cause ( error--slight1 x is true1 b c be v easily rem$i$ by s plac+ x t ! plane ( oscillation %all be p>allel to ! equator4 ,x w be readily se5 t ?is precaution w become m important z we rec$e f ! equator2 = if we 7 to susp5d a p5dulum at ! pole 9 a true l9e ) ! axis ( rotation1 & if ! plane ( vibration rema9$ con/ant1 ! e>? w\ld turn once ar\nd t plane 9 ! diurnal p]iod4 ,dur+ ?is "t !re w\ld be a cont9u\s torsion on ! po9t ( susp5sion1 t w\ld 9 "t mat]ially affect ! accuracy ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! reason+ holds good = e latitude--degree ( influ5ce be+ ! only diff]5ce4 ,hav+ giv5 ! action ( ! e>?'s =m1 mass1 & rotation on ! p5dulum1 !re rema9 ! di/urbances due to expansion & contraction1 ow+ to *anges ( temp]ature & ^? ( atmosph]ic causes4 ,! a/ronomical po9ts to be obs]v$ are some:at too fully laid d[n1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t an exact sci5ce requires ! premises to be fully e/abli%$ be=e a sequ5ce c be drawn4 ,z ! /&>d ( "t dep5ds on ! passage ( a /> or ! sun1 or any kn[n cele/ial object1 at a c]ta9 "t across ! m]idian ( ! place :]e ! obs]vation is tak51 x 0 absolutely necess>y to give ! modes ( calculation1 toge!r ) ! di/urb+ causes4 ,moreov]1 a full appreciation ( ! indebt$ness ( horology to a/ronomy c\ld n be obta9$ )\t a g5]al k ( ! *ange ( ! position ( ! major axis ( ! orbit describ$ by ! e>? ar\nd ! sun4 ,also1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 mean & app>5t sol> "t 0 requir$ to illu/rate ! use ( ! tables ( equat$ "t1 ! necessity ( :i* w become pat5t :5 ! use ( ! transit in/rum5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( "t1 or a fix$ /&>d1 is introduc$4 ,also1 ! di/urb+ effects ( ! sun & moon collectively & relatively z to position1 c\ld n be pass$1 z !y produce ! precession ( ! equ9oxes & ! nutation ( ! pole--ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! computation ( "t4 ,wat* & ,*ronomet] ,jewell+4 ,,numb] ,,"o4 ,?is :ole subject is well wor?y an article bo? 9 a sci5tific & me*anical s5se1 :e!r we consid] ! delicacy ( ! op]ations or ! intractable "* ( ! mat]ial op]at$ on--= !re has be5 no improvem5t 9 ! horological trade ( m importance to accuracy & durability ( "t-keep]s4 ,! sub/itution ( /one = common brass or gold be>+s1 0 prompt$ by ! inevitable we> ( ! holes f frequ5t clean+1 & ! abrasion ( ! pivots1 produc$ by ! accumulation ( du/ ) viscid oil2 ! pivot be+ cut away1 or ! hole op5$ too l>ge4 ,s long z ! v]ge & cyl9d] 7 ! prevail+ escapem5ts1 ! necessity = jewell+ 0 n s /rongly felt1 except 9 ! balance holes4 ,! introduction ( ! lev] escapem5t br\ght ) x a bett] wat*1--capable ( m accurate "t1 b dem&+ an improv$ con/ruction4 ,an ,italian1 9 #agbc1 fir/ introduc$ ! practice ( us+ /one = be>+s4 ,he n only conceiv$ ! idea1 b 0 successful z an artisan 9 mak+ 8 own jewels2 +5i\s & skilful z he 01 h[ev]1 he enc\nt]$ ob/acles almo/ insurm\ntable4 ,! art ( cutt+ gems1 x is true1 0 at t "t well und]/ood1 b no "o _h attempt$ to drill a hole 9 a h>d /one f9e en\gh = a prop]ly siz$ pivot4 ,! wat*es at t "t t 7 jewell$ c\ld boa/ ( no?+ m ?an ! balance holes1 & !y 7 n pi]c$ to let ! pivot ?r\gh4 ,x is a v difficult matt] to poli% a tap] ind5tation 9 a /one1 ev5 ) mod]n appliances1 9 consequ5ce ( ! t5d5cy to create a tit at ! bottom1--?us ?r[+ ! balance /aff out ( upright4 ,! difficulties 9 ! !n /ate ( k ret>d$ ! g5]al introduction ( /one-"w = _m ye>s4 ,! ,swiss1 h[ev]1 see+ ! advantages d]iv$1 f9ally /ruck out ! v>i\s manipulations ) success4 ,"t & exp]i5ce gave m skill1 & at ! pres5t "t x is impossible to f9d a ,swiss wat*1 ev5 ( ! *eape/ class1 t is n jewell$ 9 at lea/ f\r holes4 ,! ,engli% trade adopt$ ! art lat]2 b ev5 !n x did n become g5]al = _m ye>s4 ,)9 a g5]ation1 only f9e ,engli% lev]s 7 jewell$4 ,! m]e sub/itution ( a h>d] sub/ance 0 n ! only improvem5t2 o!r conditions necess>y to accuracy 7 insur$4 ,! hole c\ld be made r\nd--! mat]ial ( su* a "* t no *emical action c\ld be effect$ on ! oil us$ = lubrication1 & ! v]tical section ( ! hole c\ld be made s z to pres5t ! lea/ am\nt ( frictional surface1 yet /ill giv+ a p]fectly poli%$ be>+1 ?us avoid+ ! cutt+ ( ! pivot4 ,! :ole 8modus op]&i0 f ! /one 9 ! r\gh to ! la/ sett+ up is well wor? ! att5tion ( ! wat* repair]1 & c]ta9ly t ( ! manufactur]4 ,( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! trade1 ! fir/ & mo/ important is ! diamond1 us$ only 9 ! "t-piece z an end-/one--b at ! b5* all-important1 z a means ( mak+ ! o!r jewels4 ,! diamond possesses ! requisite susceptibility ( poli%1 comb9$ ) greate/ h>dness ( any sub/ance kn[n2 b ?is adamant9e quality precludes its be+ pi]c$ ) a ?r\gh hole4 ,consid]$ *emically1 ! diamond is pure c>bon1--its diff]5t v>ieties diff]+ only 9 /ructure--common *>coal1 its l[e/--plumbago1 its int]m$iate grade4 ,ano!r v>iety1 call$ ! 8black diamond10 or 8diamond c>bon10 occurs1 :i* is int]e/+ z be+ a p>allel ) em]y1 comp>$ ) cry/allic sapphire4 ,! =m ( diamond mo/ 9 use = me*anical manipulations1 is almo/ always cry/alliz$2 yet x w be se5 t ! agglom]at$ =m ( diamond c>bon plays no unimportant "p 9 jewell+4 ,z a jewel1 no use is made ( ! diamond1 o!r ?an z an end-/one4 ,m>9e *ronomet]s1 9 :i* ! balance w weigh f five to n9e p5nyweights1 are almo/ inv>iably furni%$ ) a diamond end-/one1 set 9 /eel4 ,yet1 h>d z ! sub/ance is1 x is (t5 t a pivot w cut an ind5tation 9 its face4 ,! cause ( ?is app>5t anomaly is to be f\nd 9 ! /ructural "* ( ! gem1 & its value4 ,! lapid>y1 sav+ 9 weight z possible1 does n c>e1 9 8,rose ,diamonds10 to pay att5tion to ! l9es ( cleavage4 ,if ! face ( ! /one makes a slight angle ) ! /rata ( ! jewel1 !re occur innum]able small angles ( extreme ?9ness--! pivot1 com+ 9 contact ) any ( ^! ?9 portions1 may fracture x1 & ! fragm5t1 becom+ imb$d$ 9 ! temp]$ /eel pivot1 becomes a drill+ tool4 ,9 our exp]i5ce we h _h m>9e *ronomet]s s5t = repair1 t h lo/ _! rate s mu* z to become utt]ly unreliable f ?is cause alone--! pivot hav+ produc$ an ind5tation ( ! /one1 creat+ m friction1 & ?us de/roy+ ! accuracy ( ! in/rum5t4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! rose diamonds sold = ?is purpose are suffici5tly good = g5]al "w4 ,9 a v f9e wat* or *ronomet] ! /one %\ld be select$ ) ref]5ce to its poli% on ! face1 & its p>allelism 9 ! l9es ( cleavage4 ,! diamond1 h[ev]1 gets its great importance f be+ ! only ag5t we c use 9 work+ o!r /ones4 ,)\t x ! :ole art ( jewell+ w\ld n be practicable4 ,! v>i\s /eps are all connect$ "s way ) diamond 9 its diff]5t %apes4 8,bort10 ! te*nical "n = ano!r v>iety1 is m]ely fragm5ts ( ! /one t h be5 cleav$ (f f a gem 9 process ( cutt+1 or gems t h be5 cut1 b f\nd too full ( flaws to become ( use = ornam5tal jewelry purposes1 ! co/ dep5d+ on ! size1 v>y+ f #e4ej to #ah p] c>at4 ,?is 8,bort0 is us$ z turn+ tools--! l>g] pieces be+ select$ & 8set0 9 a brass wire & us$ on ! la!1 9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same facility1 z ! common grav]4 ,= tools1 ev5 ! diamond is n ( equal value--a pure :ite & cry/all9e 9 /ructure g5]ally be+ too brittle 7?\gh h>d7 to endure ! "w4 ,among ! workm5 ! 8,london smoke10 a cl\d$1 br[ni% /one1 is mo/ priz$--x possess+ ! tw(old qualities ( t\ghness & h>dness4 ,ano!r =m ( 8,bort0 comes 9 ! %ape ( a small globule1 sometimes ! size ( a pea2 x is cry/allic1 & :5 fractur$ g5]ally gives v small1 inde$ m9ute pieces ( a ne$le %ape4 ,^! are c>efully select$1 & =m ! drills ) :i* ! ,engli% hole-mak] p]=ates ! jewel4 ,^! drills1 :5 f\nd p]fect1 = s\ndness1 =m1 & size1 are v highly priz$ by ! workman1 z ! *oice ( ano!r1 toge!r ) ! sett+1 w (t5 take a va/ deal ( "t & labor4 8,bort0 is also us$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! laps or mills ) :i* ! jewell] r$uces ! /ones to a condition = ! la! & subsequ5t processes4 ,= ?is purpose su* pieces z are n fit = cutt+-tools1 or drills1 are select$4 ,a copp] disk1 hav+ be5 fir/ surfac$ & turn$ (f 9 ! la!1 is plac$ on a block or small anvil2 ea* piece ( /one is !n sep>ately plac$ on ! copp]1 & driv5 9 ) a sm>t bl[--c>e be+ tak5 t no place %all occur 9 ! disk t does n pres5t1 9 revolution1 "s cutt+ po9t4 ,x w\ld seem impossible to reta9 ! diamond fragm5t1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! copp]1 be+ a v ductile metal1 receives ! piece2 ! fir/ rubb+ ( a h>d /one !n burni%es ! burr$ edges ( ! ind5tations ov] e irregul> face ( ! diamond1 leav+ only a cutt+ edge to project4 ,! rapidity ) :i* su* a lap1 well *>g$1 w r$uce ! h>de/ /one1 is some:at m>vell\s4 ,x is ! fir/ tool us$ 9 jewell+1 & s important t a m detail$ & explicit description ( its make w be giv5 :5 ! process ( manufacture is treat$ ^u4 ,diamond p[d] is equally z important z 8bort10 be+ us$ 9 ne>ly e /age ( jewel-mak+4 ,! co>se/ *>ges ! 8skives0 or saws us$ = splitt+ up ! /one4 ,^! skives are made ( s(t %eet-iron1 & act on ! same pr9ciple z ! laps4 ,! f9] grades1 9 bulk1 resemble v mu* ord9>y slate-p5cil du/2 inde$1 ! latt] is (t5 us$ z an adult]ation4 ,?is p[d] is n uni=m 9 f95ess1 & ! jewel-mak] is "u ! necessity ( sep>at+ ! diff]5t grades4 ,?is is effect$ by a simple process call$ 8float+ (f10 & is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( p[d]1 say a c>at1 is put into a p9t ( pure sweet oil1 conta9$ 9 "s su* %all[ vessel z a sauc]4 ,dep5d+ on ! fluidity ( ! oil1 ! mixture1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly incorporat$1 is all[$ to /& undi/urb$ = ab\t an h\r or an h\r & a half4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ow+ to _! great] gravity1 ! l>ge/ p>ticles are precipitat$1 leav+ held 9 susp5sion a p[d] ( ne>ly uni=m f95ess4 ,! mixture is n[ c>efully decant$ into ano!r simil> vessel1 leav+ ! co>se p[d] at ! bottom ( ! fir/4 ,?is co>se deposit is d5om9at$ ,no4 #a1 & is us$ = skives1 laps1 & o!r r\gh purposes4 ,! decant$ mixture 9 ! second vessel is all[$ to rema9 quiesc5t = twelve h\rs1 :5 ! same op]ation is p]=m$2 & ! ?ird vessel n[ conta9s mo/ ( ! oil1 toge!r ) ! f9e/ p>ticles ( p[d]4 ,! precipitate f ! second decantation is ! ord9>y op5+ p[d]2 ! f9e/ be+ = poli%+ bo? ! holes & outsides ( jewels1 & giv+ ! f9al f9i% to ! faces ( pallets1 roll] p9s1 lock+ spr+ jewels1 etc4 ,! good workman is c>eful to keep ! p[d] 9 ?is condition z free z possible f any extrane\s du/1 & above all to pres]ve ! diff]5t grades f any int]mixture1 z a small quantity ( a co>s] grade w\ld de/roy a f9] "o = all its purposes1 & ! process ( 8float+ (f0 w\ld h to be repeat$4 ,! mo/ important /one 9 jewell+1 ! diamond1 becomes m ( an ag5t ( ! manufacture ?an an object4 ,prop]ly1 = jewell+ ! ruby & sapphire are pre-em95t2 inf]ior only to diamond 9 h>dness1 possess+ a suffici5t degree ( t\ghness1 susceptible ( an exquisite poli%1 ?is 7= !y are "o & ! same7 /one is ! favorite ( ! ,swiss1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican1 = all high class "w--! ,swiss1 h[ev]1 us+ x indiscrim9ately 9 all wat*es4 ,! ruby prop] is ( "o color1 b 9 its v>ieties ( int5sity may *ange to a v light p9k4 ,:5 /ill light] x is rank$ a sapphire1 :i* comes 9 almo/ e possible color & %ade1 f ruby to a p]fect transp>5t colorless cry/al4 ,?is /one diff]s 9 degrees ( h>dness & capacity ( work+--! h>de/ be+ a gre5i% yell[1 9 ! %ape ( pebbles1 ) v slightly r\nd$ edges1 difficult to "w1 b =m+ ! /ronge/ & mo/ p]fect jewel kn[n4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is description gives ! value ( ! ruby & sapphire z a mat]ial = jewell+ only4 ,= ornam5tal jewelry1 ! value dep5d+ on color1 ( ! mo/ int5se ruby or blue = sapphire1 toge!r ) brilliancy & weight4 ,! ruby & sapphire are =m$ on an alum9um base1 ! common em]y be+ ano!r =m ( /ructural arrangem5t1 b ( ! same *emical con/itution4 ,^! /ones possess e quality to make !m ! base ( p]fect jewell+2 & /ill ! *rysolite is equally 9 favor ) mo/ jewell]s4 ,x is n q s h>d1 b x is m easily work$ & *eap] 9 price1 & x w\ld be difficult to tell :]e9 x is inf]ior to ei!r ! ruby or sapphire4 ,x has a yell[i% t+e1 v]g+ to ! color ( ! olive4 ,z a /one = jewelry x is n fa%ionable1 & only 9 ,p]sia is x valu$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s v /rong objections to its use by ! workman2 x is n uni=m 9 h>dness2 9 poli%+ x w drag1 t is1 ! surface w te> up 9 ! process4 ,un=tunately ! eye is n able to detect ! fault be=e work+1 & x is f\nd only :5 mu* prelim9>y "t & tr\ble has be5 exp5d$4 ,x is susceptible1 :5 good1 ( a p]fect poli%1 & is mu* us$ 9 *ronomet] "w1 especially = jewell+ ! #d? hole1 z its non-liability to fracture r5d]s x valuable4 8,aqua ,m>9e0 is a bro!r to ! em]ald1 diff]+ f x only 9 int5sity ( color1 & compos$ ( ! same con/itu5ts4 ,^! two gems are ! only ones 9 :i* ! r>e metal1 gluc9um1 has be5 detect$4 ,x is ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,am]ican & ,engli% wat*es1 b nev] 9 ! ,swiss4 ,x is s(t1 n mu* h>d] ?an qu>tz1 b comes 9 l>ge pieces1 p]fectly transp>5t1 & ( a color :i* is t pure gre5 ( sea-wat]1 f :i* x takes its "n1 8,aqua ,m>9e40 ,! g>net 9 ,engli% wat*es plays an important "p = pallets1 also = roll]-p9s2 a v s(t /one1 b v por\s4 ,:5 set 9 ! pallet ) a po9t$ too!d :eel1 x is apt to act z a file f its porosity1 cutt+ ! end ( ! too?4 ,?is may be detect$ 9 any po9t$ too? lev] wat*1 by obs]v+ ! color ( ! back ( ! too?4 8,black vomit0 x us$ to be call$ 9 ! ,bo/on factory4 ,mo/ ( ! g>net us$ is an ,ori5tal /one1 ! be/ quality com+ 9 bead =m1 ! holes hav+ be5 pi]c$ by ! natives4 ,! co/ ( pi]c+ ! /one 9 ,europe or ,am]ica w\ld be f> above its value4 ,! ,ori5tal is ! be/ = ,horological purposes1 ?\gh ,hung>y & ,bohemia furni% ! mo/ highly priz$ /ones us$ = ornam5tal purposes2 inde$1 9 "s ,g]man t[ns ! cutt+ & sett+ ( ! g>net is a specialty1 giv+ employm5t to a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,&1 /range to say1 ! be/ m>ket = _! sale is ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is comprises ab\t all ! /ones us$ 9 wat* & *ronomet] jewell+4 ,/ill 9 clock "w ! pallets are g5]ally jewell$ 9 agate1 a /one n at all suit$ to ! purpose1 x hav+1 ev5 9 ! be/ specim5s1 a decid$ /ratification t prev5ts an uni=m surface be+ =m$ by any process4 ,! cornelian =m ( ! agate is n op5 to ?is objection1 & makes capital be>+s = knife edges ( f9e balances1 & compass /ones = c5tres ( magnetic ne$les4 ,= wat* or *ronomet] purposes ! only really useful /ones are sapphire1 ruby1 *rysolite1 & aqua m>9e--all possess+ peculi>ities t des]ve "s rem>ks1 z !y are ( ! utmo/ importance to ! hole mak]4 ,! sapphire is ! h>de/ /one1 next to ! diamond1 & yet specim5s c be1 & are f\nd1 s s(t z to drag 9 poli%+4 ,aga91 if /ratifi$ v cle>ly1 w 8fire crack0 9 op5+ ! hole4 ,! ruby is m uni=m 9 its /ructure1 & is m highly priz$ on t acc\nt2 its h>dness be+ all t is necess>y1 :ile its susceptibility ( receiv+ a high poli% is equal to t ( ! sapphire or *rysolite4 ,! aqua m>9e is always uni=m & may be poli%$ bo? ext]nally & 9 ! hole ) 8tripoli10 sav+ some?+ 9 diamond p[d] 9 ! process ( mak+4 ,9 our e/imation1 h[ev]1 ! *rysolite is ! mo/ valuable ( all ! /ones4 ,true1 :5 pur*as$ 9 ! r\gh1 _m pieces w be f\nd unfit = ! jewell]'s purpose2 b :5 ! "r quality is f\nd1 no?+ c be bett] adapt$ to jewell+4 ,h>d1 x is easily wr\ght1 tak+ a peculi> uncti\s poli%1 reta9+ oil 9 its mo/ limpid condition = a long "t4 ,^! /ones =m ! g5]al /ock by & f :i* jewels are made4 ,! details ( ! v>i\s manufactur+ manipulations1 ! tools us$1 also ! sett+ 9 ! "w1 toge!r ) ! important item ( ! screws1 w =m ! subject ( ! next article on ,wat* & ,*ronomet] ,jewell+4 ,n hav+ be5 able to get our engrav+ done 9 "t = publication1 we are compell$ to res]ve ! rema9d] = ! next numb]4 ,h9ts on ,clocks & ,clock-,mak+4 ,,numb] ,,"o4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ( h>d labor amid/ ! du/ & d9 ( ma*9]y1 ) h&s cramp$1 & f+]s /iff5$ by ! cont9ual use ( tools1 & ) a bra9 con/antly occupi$ 9 r++ ! *anges ^u :eels & lev]s 9 _! almo/ inf9ite comb9ations1--x requires a degree ( c\rage to und]take to write any?+ t c be dignifi$ ) ! "n ( an 8article10 al?\gh x does propose to treat ^u a subject ) :i* we are fairly famili>2 b x is consol+ to ?9k t "o is n expect$ to write = ! pages ( ?is practical j\rnal ) ! same degree ( elegance & poli% t %\ld grace ! columns ( a review or magaz9e2 t we c appe> "h z pla91 practical me*anics1 & use good h>d1 r\nd words to express our ideas1 back$ by an exp]i5ce :i* %\ld add "s weight--& we welcome ! appe>ance ( ! 8,am]ican ,horological ,j\rnal10 :i* is to s]ve a good purpose by br++ out ! actual exp]i5ce ( m5 :o h gr[n gray 9 ! art & my/]y ( clock-mak+1 & pres]v+1 by means ( ! 8art pres]vative ( all arts10 _! de>ly b\ght k & exp]i5ce1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o 9 _! turn %all foll[ !m2 & x w also b5efit ! p 9 g5]al by giv+ in=mation t w lead to ! pur*ase ( good & ta/eful clocks = h\sehold use4 ,t su* a j\rnal is ne$$ to enlight5 u1 is made pla9 by ! fact t 9 almo/ e newspap] we h a vivid acc\nt ( "s wond]ful clock 8rec5tly inv5t$10 :i* may possess "s m]it1 b !y are s grossly exagg]at$ by "s ignorant 8p5ny-a-l9]10 t we are almo/ l$ to believe 9 ! ,iri%man's m>vell\s 8eight-day clock1 t actually ran ?ree weeks40 ,ev5 ! prov]bially correct 8,sci5tific ,am]ican10 ( :i* ,i am a con/ant read]1 has 9 its issue ( ,june #ai?1 an acc\nt 9 its 8editorial summ>y0 ( a clock 9 ,france conta9+ 8#ij1jjj :eels10 & p]haps ! mo/ curi\s "p ( ! me*anism is t :i* gives 8! additional day 9 leap-ye>10 etc4 ,n[1 x w require b little k ( clocks to tell u t "o ) #ij1jjj :eels 0 nev] made & nev] w be1 b 8! additional day 9 leap-ye>0 has be5 giv5 by cal5d> clocks 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce ! ye> #ahec4 ,x is n propos$ 9 ! s]ies ( articles to foll[1 to discuss ! e>ly hi/ory ( clocks4 ,reid & ,d5nison h writt5 en\gh to conv9ce ! mo/ skeptical t ! clock is an old inv5tion4 ,x is n important to u :o inv5t$ ! p5dulum1 or ?is or t escapem5t1 b :o makes ! be/ p5dulum1 ! be/ escapem5t1 ! mo/ p]fect tra9 ( :eels & p9ions4 ,^! are vital po9ts1 & we %all endeavor to give !m t att5tion t _! importance dem&s4 ,x is prop] to /ate "h t any ass]tion made1 or rule giv51 has be5 te/$1 & is ! result m]ely ( our exp]i5ce1 & we d n claim t x is all !re is ( ! subject2 = we are aw>e t ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs may h l$ to results entirely diff]5t2 b if all clock-mak]s w avail !mselves ( ! columns ( ?is j\rnal1 we %all n only become bett] acqua9t$ by an ex*ange ( ideas1 b bett] clock-mak]s4 ,! subject ( :eels & p9ions is ( ! greate/ importance 9 clock-mak+1 & ! utmo/ c>e & skill are requir$ to execute a tra9 :i* %all n only run ) z little friction z possible1 b ! friction mu/ be equal2 = if !re is no v>iation 9 ! tra9 =ce1 ! escapem5t & p5dulum w always be actuat$ by ! same am\nt ( p[]1 & ! p]=mance ( ! clock c be reli$ ^u4 ,clock text-books d n fully impress ?is subject4 ,we f9d a great deal ^u ?is or t escapem5t1 & ! diff]5t p5dulums4 ,d5nison has a c\ple ( pages full ( ab/ruse calculations ^u a me?od ( %ift+ an extra weight ^u a rod1 s t ! go+ ( a clock c be v>i$ "o second p] day2 b if 8 :eels & p9ions are n p]fect1 a l>ge too? "h & !re w v>y ! clock m ?an t4 ,reid ov]awes u ) 8 k ( ! prop] curves ( ! tee? ( :eels2 b x mu/ h be5 only !ory1 = 8 practice 0 to saw 8 tee?1 & 8 cycloids1 epicycloids1 & hypocycloids 7 left to ! m]cy ( ! 8topp+ file0 9 ! h&s ( 8 8:eel tee? f9i%]s10 in/ead ( %ap+ up ! tee? 9 ! eng9e1 z is done n[4 ,we h g5]ally cut ! :eels ( f9e clocks ov] sev]al times ) diff]5t cutt]s be=e tak+ !m f ! eng9e2 ! la/ cutt] hav+ b "o too?1 :i* c be made p]fect z to cut & %ape1 &1 runn+ ) great spe$1 w leave ! tee? ! prop] %ape1 v smoo?1 & z true z ! dial ( ! eng9e4 ,escape :eels1 especially1 require great c>e 9 cutt+1 z ! tee? = dead-beat escapem5ts are some:at long & ?92 ! lea/ inaccuracy is c]ta9 to cause tr\ble4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! dial plate ( ! cutt+ eng9e %\ld be p]fectly true1 ) clean1 r\nd holes1 & a p]fect fitt+ index po9t1 ) a cutt] arbor )\t end play or lat]al motion--^! are ! ess5tials ( a good cutt+ eng9e1 )\t :i* a good clock _c be made4 ,we h g5]ally made a practice1 ^u ! completion ( ! tra9 = a f9e clock1 to put 9 ! place ( ! escape-:eel a v light1 well-balanc$ fly1 to prev5t 8backla%10 & a v f9e s(t cord on ! b>rel2 !n hang on a v light weight2 s slight t--all ( ! :eels be+ balanc$1 & no oil ^u ! pivots--! fly w move s sl[ly t its revolutions may be c\nt$4 ,by tak+ c>e t ! weight be n too mu* 9 excess ( ! resi/ance1 ! lea/ inaccuracy 9 ! :eels & p9ions may be discov]$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! velocity ( ! fly1 or by its sudd5ly /opp+1 :i* w be occasion$ by any inequality 9 ! tra9 tee?1 :i* w\ld n h be5 discov]$ by ! close/ scrut9y4 ,x 0 by means ( ?is te/ t we discov]$ an inaccuracy 9 a p9ion1 caus$ by h>d5+1 :i* c\ld n h be5 discov]$ by a less delicate te/4 ,! :eels 9 ! tra9 %\ld be z light z possible1 = z ! :ole tra9 is /opp$ e "t a too? drops on ! pallets1 x is pla9 t ! driv+ weight mu/ ov]come ! in]tia z well z ! friction ( ! tra9 at e beat4 ,to ?is end x has be5 cu/om>y to 8arm out0 ! :eels1 leav+ a v light rim support$ by light arms1 ! :eels be+ g5]ally ( ca/ brass1 turn$ up1 & cut1 !n light5$4 ,we foll[$ ?is plan = "s "t1 b ab&on$ x1 z we f\nd great difficulty 9 mak+ a p]fectly r\nd :eel4 ,! arms s]ve z po/s to support ! rim 9 cutt+ or turn+1 b ! space betwe5 is v apt to spr+ d[n4 ,we pref] mak+ ! :eels ( f9e h>d-roll$ %eet brass2 x is sup]ior to ca/ brass1 mu* f9]1 h>d]1 & m durable1 & is fre] f flaws4 ,aft] ! :eels are cut1 !y are turn$ out on ea* side1 leav+ a ?9 web 9 ! c5tre2 !y c be made light]1 f9i%$ easi]1 & are r\nd4 ,z to ! %ape ( ! tee? 9 clock-:eels1 ! subject has be5 s ably treat$ by ,reid1 ,d5nison1 & ,pr(4 ,willis 7:o has inv5t$ an in/rum5t to assi/ 9 lay+ out ! curves = ! tee? ( :eels71 t we %all n attempt x 9 ?is pap]2 besides1 !re is s little ( ! entire !ory t c be appli$ to a clock-:eel ( two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 ) #abj to #adj tee?1 f>!r ?an to leave ! :eel & p9ion ( ! prop] diamet]1 t we consid] x unnecess>y2 = if mak]s ( regulators & o!r f9e clocks w use p9ions ( #af or #bj tee?1 ! friction or driv+ is all aft] ! l9e ( c5tres1 & ! :ole subject ( cycloids1 epicycloids1 & hypocycloids is r$uc$ to a v small po9t1 & might be said to 8vani% into ?9 air40 ,hav+ giv5 only a few practical h9ts1 & n yet cross$ ! ?re%old ( ! subject1 we propose to cont9ue f mon? to mon?--if ! read]s ( ! ,,j\rnal d n we>y--! discussion ( ! v>i\s p>ts t g to make ! sum total ( a f9e clock1 ) notices ( ! v>i\s clocks made 9 ?is c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x c]ta9ly comes )9 ! prov9ce1 & is ! duty1 ( a j\rnal devot$ to ,horology1 to make a note ( any & all ! new improvem5ts t p]ta9 to ! sci5ce4 ,we give1 !n1 "s few1 ! m]its ( :i* h /ruck u z be+ a v important matt] ( consid]ation4 ,! be/ clock "t-keep] is n absolutely p]fect1 s its rate mu/ be kept2 b ! wat*mak] ord9>ily has no means ( correct+ ! error ( 8 regulator1 until ! accumulation r5d]s x a s]i\s inconv5i5ce4 ,did he possess a ,transit in/rum5t1 prop]ly set & adju/$ = m]idian1 toge!r ) ! requir$ books & k ( obs]v+1 he c\ld f day to day correct 8 clock & keep accurate "t2 b ^! are all exp5sive1 z well z involv+ "t & labor4 ,suit$ to ! wants ( ! artisan is a little in/rum5t call$ ! ,dipleidescope2 simple 9 its con/ruction1 & n liable to get out ( position or ord]1 x =ms ! be/ sub/itute = ! transit we h se54 ,x is f\nd$ on ! !ory t ! d\ble reflection f ! two surfaces ( planes at an angle ( #fj w co9cide :5 ! object reflect$ is 9 a true l9e ) half ! base ( ! :ole triangle4 ,hav+ a prism cut 9 an equilat]al triangle1 "o angle is set directly d[n t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ! base be+ br\ght p>allel ) ! l9e ( ! horizon4 ,n[1 if ! axis ( ! prism is 9 a l9e ) ! m]idian1 a reflection ( ! sun w appe>1 at ! in/ant ( cross+ ! m]idian1 on itself--t is1 !re w\ld be b "o image4 ,if ! in/rum5t is well made1 !re c be no d\bt ( its accuracy & value to ^? :o1 wi%+ to v]ify _! "t1 are n situat$ s z to use a transit4 ,ano!r improvem5t is a ,b5*-,key = wat*mak]'s use4 ,no "o :o has _h any exp]i5ce at ! b5* b w appreciate an article t facilitates ! sett+ ( "t-pieces = 8 cu/om]s4 ,9 w9d+1 x is equally valuable4 ,x is n dep5d5t = its /r5g? ( torsion on ! spr+-*uck pr9ciple1 ! p[] be+ appli$ close to ! squ>e by means ( a p9 t passes ?r\gh ! key4 ,hall's ,pat5t ,cutt+ ,nipp]s are a positive desid]atum2 a l>ge wire c be cut (f )\t ! lea/ j> to ! h&1 ! lev]age is s great4 ,! smalle/ sizes are suitable to ! ord9>y run ( wat*-"w1 & c be us$ 9 clock-"w bett] ?an any cutt+-ply]s extant4 ,/rong & durable1 !y possess "o quality t all wat*mak]s w appreciate--if a cutt+-jaw is brok5 x c be replac$ by ano!r4 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,engl& began to take a lead 9 ! m]cantile comm]ce ( ! _w2 h] %ips 7 daily pass+ across ! ,atlantic1 & ,india also 0 beg9n+ to attract h] att5tion4 ,x 0 !re=e ( ! utmo/ importance t navigators %\ld be enabl$ to f9d _! longitude :5 at sea1 indep5d5tly ( wat*es or clocks2 & a rew>d 0 (f]$ to any "o :o %\ld discov] a me?od by :i* ?is result might be obta9$4 ,! plan propos$ 01 t ! angul> di/ance ( ! moon f c]ta9 />s %\ld be calculat$ be=eh&1 & publi%$1 s t1 = example1 x might be /at$ t at t5 m9utes & five seconds pa/ n9e on su* a day1 ! moon %\ld be di/ant f ,m>s #dj degrees4 ,if f a %ip 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic1 ,m>s & ! moon 7 f\nd to be #dj degrees ap>t1 !n x w\ld be kn[n t ! "t 9 ,engl& 0 t5 m9utes & five seconds pa/ n9e4 ,"h1 !n1 0 "o item asc]ta9$1 & ! me?od 0 a good "o2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! want ( accuracy z reg>d$ ! moon's motions1 & ! exact positions ( ! />s1 x c\ld n be practically c>ri$ out4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,*>les ,,ii4 decid$ t a national obs]vatory %\ld be built1 & an a/ronom] appo9t$2 & a site 0 at once select$ = ! build+4 ,wr51 ! ar*itect1 select$ ,gre5wi* ,p>k z ! mo/ suitable locality1 because f !nce vessels pass+ up & d[n ! ,?ames might see ! "t-signals1 & also because !re 0 a comm&+ view nor? & s\? f ! hill select$ = ! site4 ,! obs]vatory 0 complet$ 9 #afgf1 & ,flam/e$1 ! *ief a/ronom]1 imm$iately comm5c$ 8 obs]vations1 b ) v imp]fect in/rum5ts ( 8 own4 ,dur+ ?irty ye>s1 ,flam/e$ labor$ indefatigably1 & =m$ a valuable catalogue ( />s1 & made a va/ collection ( lun> obs]vations4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,halley1 :o c>ri$ on simil> obs]vations2 & f t "t to ! pres5t1 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory has be5 our head-qu>t]s = a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,! "w c>ri$ on at ,gre5wi* is entirely practical1 & consi/s 9 =m+ a catalogue ( />s & planets1 & s wat*+ !m t e *ange 9 _! movem5ts is at once discov]$4 ,n[ t ?is "w has be5 p]=m$ = sev]al ye>s1 ! movem5ts ( ! pr9cipal cele/ial bodies h be5 s accurately det]m9$1 t ! ,nautical ,almanac--! (ficial guide on ^! subjects--is publi%$ f\r ye>s 9 advance1 & ?us we f9d t on a p>ticul> night 9 #ahfh1 ! moon w be at a c]ta9 angul> di/ance f a />1 & ! second satellite ( ,jupit] w disappe> at a p>ticul> in/ant4 ,on ! ext]ior wall ( ! obs]vatory !re is a l>ge electric clock1 :i*1 be+ plac$ 9 8contact0 ) ! v>i\s o!r clocks 9 ! obs]vatory1 indicates exact ,gre5wi* "t4 ,! face ( ?is clock %[s tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 s t x requires t a novice %\ld look at x twice be=e comp>+ 8 wat*4 ,on ! left ( ?is clock are metal b>s let into ! wall1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts ! l5g? ( a /&>d measure1 su* z a y>d1 foot1 etc4 ,& let u "h say a few words ab\t ^! /&>ds4 ,to ! un9itiat$ a y>d is simply ?ree feet1 & a foot is twelve in*es--an in* be+1 we are told 9 our 8,tables10 ! l5g? ( ?ree b>leycorns4 ,n[1 z ! l5g? ( a b>leycorn v>ies consid]ably1 x requires some?+ m def9ite ?an ?is to det]m9e our national measures4 ,?us1 ! "q1 :at is a foot8 is m difficult to answ] ?an at fir/ sight appe>s4 ,_m ye>s ago ! ,fr5* p]ceiv$ ! difficulty app]ta9+ to ! national /&>d1 & !y1 !re=e1 decid$ t a metre %\ld be ! t5-million? "p ( "o-f\r? ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce--t is1 t5-million? ( ! di/ance f ! ,equator to ! ,pole4 ,b "h ano!r difficulty 0 enc\nt]$1 because diff]5t calculators f\nd ?is arc ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,by law1 h[ev]1 x 0 decid$ t "o measurem5t only 0 correct1 & s ! metre 0 fix$ at #c4jgid ,p>is feet2 ?\gh s9ce !n1 m accurate obs]vations & improv$ in/rum5ts h %[n ^! measur$ acres to h be5 v incorrectly asc]ta9$1 & ?us ! ,fr5* me?od fail$ :5 practically tri$4 ,! l5g? ( a seconds p5dulum oscillat+ 9 a c]ta9 latitude has be5 our me?od ( obta9+ a /&>d2 b ?is also has its weak po9ts1 s t to obta9 a con/ant /&>d x is necess>y to h "s patt]n :i* is un*angeable1 & ?us a metal has be5 *os5 t exp&s or contracts b little ei!r ) heat or cold2 & ?is1 at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 is ! /&>d measure1 & su* a /&>d may be se5 on ! ext]ior wall ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ,on ent]+ ! doorway--:i* is gu>d$ by a ,gre5wi* p5sion]1 :o w possibly fir/ peep at ! visitor1 9 ord] to see :o ! individual may be :o is desir\s to tread )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts--"o f9ds a c\rt-y>d1 on ! left ( :i* are ! transit-room1 ! comput+-room1 & ! *ronomet]-room4 ,! transit room takes its "n f ! in/rum5t !re91 :i* is a l>ge 8transit40 ,?is consi/s ( a l>ge telescope1 ! outside ( :i* is n unlike a heavy cannon1 z x is ( solid iron4 ,! in/rum5t is support$ by trunnions1 :i* all[ ! telescope to be elevat$ or depress$ to po9t s\? or nor?1 &1 9 fact1 to make a complete revolution1 b nev] to div]ge f ! nor? or s\? l9e4 ,! magnify+ p[] ( ?is in/rum5t is n v great1 s t x admits pl5ty ( light1 = x is int5d$1 n z a se>*] = or = gaz+ at cele/ial objects1 b = ! purpose ( not+ ! exact "t at :i* />s & planets pass s\? or nor? ( ,gre5wi*4 ,^u look+ ?r\gh ?is telescope1 ! obs]v]'s eye is fir/ attract$ by a v]tical r[ ( :at seem to be iron b>s1 plac$ at equal di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 prove to be only spid]s' webs1 & are us$ = ! purpose ( tak+ ! "t ( passage ( a /> ov] ea* wire1 & ?us to asc]ta9 ! exact in/ant ( its be+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! telescope4 ,dur+ ev5 ! f9e/ & calme/ nights1 !re is occasionally f\nd a tremul\sness 9 ! in/rum5t1 :i*1 z x is rigidly fix$ to ! walls ( ! build+1 mu/ be due to a slight vibration 9 ! gr\nd itself4 ,?us1 _m a feeble e>?quake unfelt by ! outsid] may be p]ceiv$ by ! a/ronom] by ! aid ( 8 delicate in/rum5ts4 ,! v>i\s />s seem to be travell+ at an imm5se rate :5 se5 9 ! field ( ! transit telescope1 & x is really n]v\s "w not+ ! exact "t :5 ea* wire is pass$4 ,! exp]i5c$ obs]v]1 h[ev]1 n only w give ! m9ute & second1 b also ! decimal ( a second :5 ! /> 0 on ! wire4 ,! result is obta9$ by c\nt+ ! beats ( a clock ! face ( :i* is opposite ! obs]v]4 ,?us1 if at ?ree ! /> seems z mu* %ort ( ! wire z at f\r x _h pass$ x1 !n #c4e might be ! in/ant ( 8transit40 ,at noon ea* day ! sun's passage is obs]v$ by ne>ly ! :ole /aff ( obs]v]s4 ,"o individual looks ?r\gh ! telescope1 & gives ! "t = ea* wire1 :ile o!rs exam9e a v>iety ( micromet]s 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! fractional p>ts ( seconds1 etc41--^! micromet]s be+ plac$ at ! side ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ! morn+1 ! pr9cipal "w consi/s 9 mak+ :at are t]m$ ! 8r$uctions0 to ! obs]vations ( ! previ\s night4 ,^! r$uctions are ! corrections requisite = ! slight in/rum5tal inaccuracy1 = ! refraction ( ! atmosph]e1 & = ! kn[n con/ant error ( ! obs]v]4 ,:51 !re=e1 a bright w9t]'s night has occurr$1 ! "w on ! foll[+ morn+ is usually v heavy4 ,at noon ! sun's "t ( transit is tak51 & at "o o'clock ! 8ball0 is dropp$1 by means ( :i* ! v>i\s vessels 9 ! ,docks & 9 ! ,?ames set _! *ronomet]s1 or asc]ta9 _! rate4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! "t is s5t by electricity to ,deal & "o or two o!r seaports1 9 ord] t e vessel may be able to "k ! accurate "t1 if )9 sight ( ^? places4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ portion ( ! obs]vatory is ! *ronomet] room4 ,= a v small *>ge1 manufactur]s or own]s may h _! *ronomet]s rat$ at ,gre5wi*1 :i* is accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! *ronomet] is plac$ 9 ! *ronomet] room1 & comp>$ ) ! l>ge electric clock 9 ! room1 ?is clock be+ kept 9 ord] by ! />s4 ,ea* day ! *ronomet] is exam9$1 & ?us its rate is asc]ta9$ 9 its !n temp]ature4 ,x is aft]w>ds plac$ 9 a sort ( closet w>m$ by gas1 a condition suppos$ to repres5t ! tropics1 & x is !re kept = a c]ta9 p]iod1 be+ te/$ ea* day z be=e4 ,?is *ange ( temp]ature is f\nd to produce v little effect on ! be/ in/rum5ts1 :i*1 :5 !y h pass$ ! ordeal1 are return$ to ! own]s ) _! "* ticket$ to !m4 ,"s hundr$ *ronomet]s are (t5 plac$ 9 ?is room2 & to comp>e !m is a sci5ce1 ! 8exp]t0 by a glance discov]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two in/rum5ts1 :il/ a novice w\ld require to m5tally add or subtract1 & ?us sl[ly to arrive at ! same results4 ,z soon z x becomes d>k en\gh to see />s by ! aid ( a telescope1 "o ( ! /aff comm5ces 8 obs]vations4 ,^! are cont9u$ dur+ ! night2 & a regi/] is kept ( ea* />1 planet1 comet or moon1 :i* is 8doctor$0 9 ! morn+ by ! comput]s4 ,z all mortals are fallible1 x is desirable to br+ ma*9]y into use :]e possible1 & ?is has be5 manag$ 9 connection ) a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,in/ead ( ! comput] regi/]+ by judgm5t ! "t ( a />'s transit ov] ! v>i\s wires1 he /rikes a small indicator1 :i*1 complet+ ! electric circuit1 causes a prick] to fall & make a hole 9 a piece ( pap] t is atta*$ to a sl[ly revolv+ b>rel4 ,ea* "t ! /> passes a wire1 ! prick] desc5ds & leaves its m>k2 & ! int]val betwe5 ^! m>ks be+ measur$ by scale1 ! mean "t ( transit may be obta9$4 ,!re is usually a feel+ ( ! sublime t comes ov] u :5 we reflect ^u ! va/ unexplor$ regions ( space1 or contemplate ! /ell> _w t %9es ^u u4 ,! magnitude & gr&eur ( "s ( ! planets 9 ! sol> sy/em /rike u ) a feel+ ( awe & wond]1 :ile we are puzzl$ at ! my/]ies att5d+ comets1 d\ble />s1 nebul1 etc4 ,no su* feel+s or s5tim5ts1 h[ev]1 are all[$ to ent] into ! con/itution or m9d ( an obs]v] at ,gre5wi*4 ,saturn1 ! glori\s r+$ planet1 ) its galaxy ( moons1 is simply 8,saturn1 ,"r ,asc5sion #aj h\rs #h m94 #ab sec41 ,nor? decl9ation #af #ab #b40 ,any?+ app]ta9+ to ! physical con/itution1 ! probable cause ( ! r+1 or ! object ( s gr& an orb1 does n come )9 ! range ( ! obs]vations at ,gre5wi*1 :i* are limit$ to b>e matt]-(-fact bus9ess "w4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ! obs]vatory gr\nd is devot$ to ! inve/igation ( meteorological subjects1 & is "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,glai%]1 :o is n[ well kn[n z an a]ial voyag]4 ,x is "h t an exact record is kept ( ! am\nt ( ra9 t daily falls1 ( ! direction & =ce ( ! w9d1 ( ! magnetic *anges1 ( ! temp]ature1 am\nt ( ozone1 etc4--all matt]s :i* may1 & probably w1 lead u ev5tually to ! discov]y ( "s laws connect$ ) ! /ates ( wea!r1 & enable u to pr$ict :at may be expect$ f day to day4 ,:il/ we are n[ able to calculate to a few seconds1 & = ye>s 9 advance1 ! in/ant :5 an eclipse may occur1 & to expla9 ! causes ( ! v>i\s planet>y movem5ts1 yet we are 9 a sad /ate ( ignorance z reg>ds ! causes ( hurricanes1 ?und]-/orms1 cont9u$ ra9s & dr\ghts2 & ?us we f9d t all ! w\ld-be prophets :o f "t to "t spr+ up & oracul>ly ann\nce a com+ fro/ or f9e wea!r1 or ! rev]se1 are p]petually meet+ ) mo/ signal failures1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n det] future adv5tur]s f attempt+ to ga9 a *eap tempor>y r5[n by try+ _! luck at a prophecy4 ,! p]petual accumulation ( facts at ,gre5wi*1 :e!r ^! be ( an a/ronomical nature1 or app]ta9+ to ! air we brea! & its subtle *anges1 is a proce$+ t mu/ ev5tually lead u on to a correct k ( ! laws :i* gov]n ^! matt]s1 & also keep u acqua9t$ ) any v>iations t may be occurr+ 9 ! elem5ts t surr\nd u4 ,! ord] & quietness necess>y 9 su* calculations z ^? c>ri$ on at ,gre5wi* prev5t x f be+ a 8%[0 e/abli%m5t1 & h5ce visitors are n admitt$ except on special bus9ess4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 e aid & assi/ance are (f]$ to ! /ud5t & inquir]2 ! use ( books & in/rum5ts is freely giv51 & su* in=mation suppli$ z ! little sp>e "t ( ^? belong+ to ! e/abli%m5t enables !m to af=d4 ,?us a visit to or a p]iod ( /udy at ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory w amply repay ^? :o wi% to ga9 ! late/ & mo/ accurate in=mation on a/ronomical subjects1 or to practise !mselves at ! adju/m5ts & use ( ! in/rum5ts2 & to ^? :o h n su* opportunity1 we (f] ?is slight sket*4 ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal4 ,p9ions4 ,well made z to tru? ( c5tr+1 ( division1 ( =m ( leaves1 & poli%1 are1 z ! trade well kn[s1 ( vital importance to ! value ( ! "t-piece4 ,! mak+ & f9i%+ is "o ( ! mo/ tr\blesome1 z well z mo/ exp5sive ( all ! processes 9 wat* "w4 ,! nature ( ! mat]ial r5d]s x difficult z x approa*es s ne>ly 9 h>dness to ! tools us$ 9 cutt+4 ,9 ! ord9>y ,yankee clock1 ! lant]n p9ion has entirely sup]s$$ ! solid leaf1 :i* sub/itution 0 ! greate/ elem5t ( success 9 _! *eap con/ruction4 ,! lant]n p9ion is really a ne>] approximation to ! requir$ anti-frictional =m ?an a majority ( cut p9ions 9 ord9>y clocks4 ,9 ! process ( manufacture ( ! cut v>iety1 ! fir/ consid]ation is ! quality ( ! /eel to be us$4 ,= ?is purpose x %\ld be c>efully select$ by trial1 ?us asc]ta9+ its f95ess1 uni=mity1 s(tness :5 anneal$1 toge!r ) its capacity = tak+ a good temp]1 ) ! lea/ am\nt ( spr++ dur+ ! h>d5+ process4 ,v few p9ions are cut f ! solid piece--! drawn p9ion wire be+ q good en\gh1 :5 mill$ & f9i%$1 = ! ord9>y run ( wat* "w4 ,! /eel wire hav+ be5 select$1 ! fir/ process is to cut x up 9 l5g?s a trifle l>g] ?an ! requir$ p9ion4 ,! sep>at$ pieces are !n c5tr$ ) c>e1 & hav+ be5 plac$ 9 a la!1 ! /aff & pivot are turn$ up to ne>ly ! requir$ gauge1 leav+ a portion ( ! :ole piece ! full size = ! leaves4 ,!y are n[ tak5 to ! mill+ tool to h ! prop] =m giv5 to ! leaves4 ,z ?is =m is ( ! highe/ importance1 x may be z well to give "h ! reasons4 ,suppos+ a :eel ( #fj tee?1 dep?+ into a p9ion ( #h leaves1 x c readily be se5 t ! arc ( ! motion ( ! :eel too? is ( great] radius ?an t ( ! leaf ( ! p9ion1 & x foll[s t if ! tee? & ! leaves are made 9 tap] =m ) /raight sections1 !re mu/ occur a slid+ motion on ! surfaces ( bo?--! p[] ?us absorb$ be+ totally wa/$2 b if we curve ! surfaces we may approa* a =m s ne>ly p]fect t ! :eel tee?1 be+ motors1 really roll on ! leaves1 avoid+ almo/ entirely ! friction caus$ by slid+2 ! necessity = ?is curvature becom+ great] ! m ! :eel exce$s ! p9ion 9 diamet]4 ,?is curve1 :i* has be5 demon/rat$ by v pr(\nd ma!matical rese>*es1 is ! 8epicycloidal20 !oretically x %\ld give no m slid+ motion ?an ! surfaces ( two pla9 :eels revolv+ on ea* o!r4 ,to obta9 ?is p]fect =m1 v great pa9s h be5 tak5 & exp5ses incurr$1 especially by ! mak]s ( ! be/ "t-keep]s4 ,9 ! ,am]ican factories ! cutt]s are v elaborately made1 ! section be+ an object ( great solicitude--x be+ an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! space betwe5 any two leaves1 & also ( "o-half ! top ( ! leaf f ! curvature to ! po9t1 s t 9 mill+1 ! space made by ! cutt] is its %ape1 leav+ ! leaf ( ! prop] =m4 ,g5]ally ! p9ion passes "u two cutt]s2 ! fir/ to /rike d[n ! r\gh /ock1 ! o!r to dress x to size & %ape1 ) a light cut4 ,! c>e & skill requir$ to make ^! is c]ta9ly v great1 & x is a pro( ( ! wond]ful +5uity ( man t !y are made s p]fect z to %ape & cutt+ p[]4 ,a v +5i\s device is us$ = divid+ ! leaves "u ! cutt]1 :i* revolves at a mod]ate spe$ ov] a slide1 c>ry+ a pair ( c5tres1 betwe5 :i* ! turn$ up piece ( p9ion wire is plac$4 ,! slide is n[ pu%$ up to & "u ! cutt]1 & 9 its passage z mu* ( a cut is tak5 z is desirable2 9 draw+ back ! slide ! fre% cut space passes "u a flat piece ( ?9 /eel1 screw$ on ! frame1 & set at a slight angle to ! axis ( ! c5tres4 ,on mov+ ! slide t[>ds ! cutt] = a fre% cut1 ! /eel plate takes ! la/ cut1 & 9 pass+ by x ! p9ion is turn$ j z mu* z ! angul>ity ( ! plate1 :i* mu/ be j "o leaf4 ,by ?is v clev] device ! division is effect$ )\t an index plate4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is n good en\gh = "w int5d$ to be v accurate--! p9ion wire n be+ always1 or inde$ r>ely correctly divid$1 ! orig9al error w be p]petuat$ 9 all ! subsequ5t processes4 ,^! are all mill$1 ) oil or soda wat] = a lubricator1 & x foll[s t ! spe$ ( ! cutt] is regulat$ to get ! greate/ cut )\t dull+ ! tool4 ,:5 dull1 h[ev]1 ! mill is %>p5$ on ! face ( ! cutt+ too? by means ( small gr9d]s ( iron1 us+ ,arkansas oil-/one du/ = ! fir/ gr9d+1 & giv+ ! necess>y delicacy ( ! edge by means ( crocus1 or %>p1 foll[$1 :5 f9e "w is ne$$1 by r\ge4 ,x is necess>y t ?is c>e %\ld be tak51 = if ! edge is left co>se x w become spe$ily dull$1 & leave a v unequal & r\gh surface on ! cut ( ! p9ion1 :i* 9 ! subsequ5t gr9d+ gives rise to error 9 %ape & size4 ,! p9ions1 ?us cut to gauge1 are dri$ 9 sawdu/1 h>d5$1 & temp]$2 ! /aff & pivots are n[ turn$ up to size1 & !n pass to ! poli%]s4 ,9 ! factory !y are f9i%$ by means ( :at are call$ ,wig-,wags1 :i* x may be int]e/+ to ! read] to h a g5]al description (4 ,two ,vs are arrang$ z c5tres1 ! p9ion is plac$ betwe5 !m1 ! circul> p>ts re/+ 9 ea* ,v1 b free to turn on its own axis4 ,imm$iately above ! ,vs is a frame on :i* a slide1 c>ry+ ! poli%]1 may trav]se--g5]ally ab\t two in*es4 ,?is slide is movable v]tically s z to accommodate itself to ! p9ion2 atta*$ to ! slide is a connection :i* leads to a v]tical lev]1 :i* is put 9 motion f a crank on ! c\nt] %aft4 ,! gr9d+ is effect$ by br++ ! gr9d]1 *>g$ ) oil-/one du/ 9 oil1 9 "o ( ! spaces ( ! p9ion1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is s arrang$ z to br+ x p>allel & c5tral ) ! gr9d]4 ,! p[] be+ appli$1 ! slide takes a v rapid reciprocatory motion1 & ! face ( ! gr9d]1 s *>g$1 rapidly r$uces ! unev5 surface left by ! cutt] to :at is call$ ! gray4 ,! =m ( ?is gr9d] mu/ be z p]fect z ! cutt]s1 & ! c>e tak5 to get ! requisite p>allelism is 9 equal proportion1 & 9 all ! be/ poli%]s is plan$ up :ile 9 its position4 ,! gr9d] is compos$ ( t9 & lead1 ) sometimes a slight admixture ( antimony1 roll$ to an ev5 ?ickness1 cut (f 9 suitable l5g?s1 & !n m\nt$ 9 ! c>ri] ( ! ,wig-,wag to be plan$ up to %ape4 ,!re are too _m m9ute adju/m5ts 9 ! ma*9e to r5d] a full description 9 ?is article admissible4 ,x is l>ge comp>$ ) ! "w x has to p]=m1 b x is v admirably made1 z inde$ all ! tools are1 9 ! ,am]ican factories4 ,! poli%+ ( ! leaves is ! next /ep1 & ?is is effect$ by means precisely ! same z gr9d+4 ,9 ea* /age ! p9ions are ?or\ghly cleans$ be=e ent]+ on ano!r4 ,! poli%] is made precisely l ! gr9d]2 b in/ead ( oil-/one du/1 crocus mix$ ) oil is sub/itut$4 ,ow+ to ! less cutt+ quality ( ! mat]ial us$1 ! poli%] loses its =m soon] ?an ! gr9d]1 & has to be m frequ5tly re%ap$4 ,9 v f9e "w ! crocus is succe$$ by f9e well-levigat$ r\ge to br+ up t jet black poli%1 :i* is consid]$ a m>k ( quality by *ronomet] & wat* mak]s4 ,) ! exception ( turn+ up ! /aff & pivots1 all ! "w hi!rto describ$ has be5 exp5d$ on ! leaves--a v t$i\s process1 yet done1 :5 ! tools & mat]ials are 9 prop] ord]1 ) m>vell\s rapidity2 b t$i\s z ^! h be51 !re are two o!rs q z mu* s be=e ! leaves are f9i%$4 ,! ends are to be fac$--!y mu/ be flat 7t is a true plane7 & receive ! same f9i% t ! leaves took1 & is effect$ by ! wig-wag2 only ! p9ion revolves betwe5 c5tres1 at a high spe$1 ! gr9d] be+ br\ght up to ! turn$ face4 ,two motions op]ate--"o rectil9e>1 ! o!r circul>--! result be+ a comp\nd motion :i* prev5ts ! gr9d] f t\*+ ! same spot twice 9 succession4 ,to effect ?is m surely1 ! op]ator gives ! gr9d] a slight vibratory v]tical motion4 ,! poli%+ ( ! two faces is effect$ 9 ! same mann] z ! gr9d+2 9 all cases ! cutt+ face ( ! gr9d]s & poli%]s be+ kept 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! p9ion1 bo? v]tical & horizontal4 ,! /aff & pivots be+ 9 ! same condition !y came f ! la!1 ! next /ep is to gr9d & poli% !m4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we treat on ?is process1 x may n be amiss to give ! g5]al wat* repair] a process by :i* ! fac+ may be done on a small scale4 ,z a rule1 :5 ! wat* repair] has to replace a p9ion he selects "o f ! mat]ial deal]1 f9i%$ 9 ! leaves1 b n on ! ends or faces4 ,! foll[+ op]ations are simple1 & any "o may f9i% ^! faces ) little tr\ble4 ,hav+ turn$ up y\r pivots & squ>$ d[n ! face ( ! leaves ) ! turn+ tool1 gr9d x 9 ! la! by means ( a r+ ( metal1 ! inside diamet] be+ some:at l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! /aff4 ,?is r+ is held betwe5 two c5tres1 ?us all[+ x a vibratory motion1 s t :5 x comes up to ! face x accommodates itself to its plane1 & ?us has no t5d5cy to =ce x out ( a true flat2 ! r+1 be+ l>g] ?an ! /aff or pivot1 admits a small lat]al motion1 en\gh to effect a cont9u\s *ange ( surface4 ,! same little tool may be us$ = poli%+ by sub/itut+ ano!r poli%] & us+ crocus & r\ge4 ,= ! repair]1 p]haps on g5]al "w ! r\ge w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,vi5na lime1 us$ ) a little slip ( boxwood1 br+s up a v f9e & brilliant poli%1 & 9 replac+ new "w 9 an injur$ "t-piece1 ! /eel may always be poli%$ ) great rapidity by us+ ! lime on ! gray surface left f ! oil-/one du/2 be+ quickly done & af=d+ a v h&some f9i%4 ,to resume ! consid]ation ( ! p9ion1 ! la/ /age is ! poli%+ ( ! circul> portions4 ,"h aga9 ! wig-wag is ! mo/ useful tool1 b x op]ates some:at diff]5tly1 = ! gr9d] or poli%] is press$ d[n by ! f+] ( ! op]ator1 ! p9ion be+ held betwe5 ! c5tres ( a small la! atta*$ to ! wig-wag2 ! /aff is fir/ gr\nd & poli%$ z ! leaves h be5 be=e1 & ?is is ! la/ op]ation p]=m$ ) ! p9ion betwe5 c5tres4 ,f ?is /age x is *uck$ 9 a la! v peculi>ly fitt$1 ! m&rel be+ holl[2 & 9 x is fitt$ :at is call$ a pump-c5tre1 :i* is movable 9 direction ( ! axis ( ! m&rel1 & capable ( be+ securely fa/5$ at any desir$ po9t4 ,on ! nose ( ! m&rel is secur$ a holl[ /eel *uck1 ! two sides ( :i* h be5 fil$ out1 ?us leav+ an op5 space betwe5 ! end ( ! pump-c5tre & ! end ( ! *uck4 ,on ?is end a small /eel plate1 extremely ?91 is fa/5$ by means ( %ellac1 & a hole drill$ 9 ! plate capable ( tak+ 9 ! *amf] on ! %\ld] ( ! pivot4 ,! pump-c5tre be+ drawn back1 ! p9ion is introduc$ into ! *uck1 ! pivot plac$ 9 ! hole 9 ! /eel plate1 & ! pump c5tre is drawn =w>d until x =ces ! *amf] to fill ! hole2 ! pivot project+ f ! *uck is n[ ready = all ! gr9d+ & poli%+ processes4 ,"h ! wig-wag /eps 9 aga91 & f ! delicacy ( ! pivots is modifi$ to suit ! case2 ?is is done by hav+ a poli%] hung 9 ! wig-wag on c5tres1 s x may revolve2 :5 9 op]ation "o side ( ! poli%] re/s on ! pivot1 ! o!r on a ruby plac$ 9 a screw1 & :i* screw enables ! op]ative to insure ! p>allelism ( ! pivot4 ,! ends ( ! pivots are next r\nd$ (f & f9i%$ 9 ano!r set ( tools4 ,! p9ion is n[ ready = use1 assum+ x to be ( ! prop] gauge4 ,9 ! ,am]ican wat*es ! scape & f\r? :eels are g5]ally /ak$ on ! /aff p9* tight2 ! ?ird & c5tre are /ak$ on ! p9ion leaves1 a rebate hav+ be5 turn$ d[n on ! ends1 ! :eel set on ! %\ld]1 & ! project+ ends ( ! leaves rivet$ d[n4 ,?is has n be5 design$ z an exhau/ive article on p9ions2 x is m]ely int5d$ to op5 ! subject z pursu$ 9 ! factories4 ,!re is mu* m to be said2 & ! v>i\s processes on ! small scale1 z p]=m$ by ! ,swiss & ,engli%1 toge!r ) _! tools1 w be> m ?an a g5]al description1 z !y are applicable at any wat* b5*4 ,! subject w be cont9u$1 9 ! ef=t to give a full & useful article4 ,new ,?ree-,p9 ,escapem5t4 ,a contributor to ! ,london ,horological ,j\rnal gives ! foll[+ description ( 8 inv5tion3 8,! m]it ( ?is escapem5t is 9 a newly inv5t$ escape-:eel :i* is self-lock+ & requires no bank+ p9s2 ! pallets are curv$ inside ! impulse & outside ! lock+1 to "w ) ! curv$ po9ts ( ! tee? ( ! :eel2 be+ made ( gold ! :eel w g )\t oil4 ,f its =m x has ! p[] ( d\ble impulse & d\ble lock+ ) ! lev]4 ,! fir/ takes place at ! dis*>ge ( ! escapem5t1 ! second does n act unless ! wat* receives a sudd5 motion1 & !n ! p9 or pallet 9 ! roll] /rikes lightly on ! lev]1 :5 ! propellant p[] drives x back aga94 ,! balance passes ?r\gh two turns be=e ! second lock+ takes place1 & is =m$ s z to be able to take up ! lev]1 & ! wat* soon rights itself1 & its "t w n be affect$4 ,ano!r advantage is1 t ! lev] is made ( a flat piece ( /eel1 z ,i h introduc$ a gold /ud to receive ! ruby impulse /one1 :i* is made to adju/ easily s z to br+ ! escapem5t to ! close/ geometrical accuracy4 ,by its =mation ?is ruby guides ! impulse to ! ext]nal edge ( ! roll] not*4 ,^! advantages1 & its simplicity1 r5d] x suitable to ! be/ *ronomet] wat*es40 ,a ,,few ye>s ago1 9 #ahei or '#fj1 ,mr4 ,peabody1 a v tal5t$ g5tleman ( ?is city1 pat5t$ a ?ree-p9 escapem5t t p]=m$ extremely well4 ,a full description ( 8 pat5t & plan is n at h&1 b we w endeavor to give x to our read]s 9 our next issue4 ,engli% ,op9ion ( ,am]ican ,wat* ,manufacture4 ,9 ! ,london circle ( ,horologi/s1 m att5tion is paid to ! sci5tific dep>tm5ts ?an ! m]cantile2 b = all t1 a ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ganney has held =? be=e ! 8,briti% ,horological ,in/itute10 on 8,am]ican ,wat* ,manufacture40 ,?\gh an ,engli%man1 ) ,engli% prejudices1 he c]ta9ly gives a v fair & imp>tial /atem5t ( ! subject2 yet he views x almo/ entirely 9 ! money-mak+ aspect4 ,he gives all ! cr$it des]v$ to ,am]ican ent]prise & +5uity1 & yet !re is a c]ta9 s5se ( a drawback4 ,he _h be=e him samples ( ma*9e "w2 among o!rs1 to quote1 8sev]al movem5ts made by ! ,briti% ,wat* ,company1 :i* fl\ri%$ & fail$ ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago2 ^! 7 ma*9e-made1 & ! p]fection & complet5ess ( ! ma*9]y !y us$ = produc+ ^! frames has n be5 equall$1 ,i believe1 9 ,am]ica2 sev]al ma*9es be+ us$ !re to accompli% :at 0 begun & complet$ by "o "h40 ,mr4 ,ganney is "r 9 8 /atem5t1 b ! example giv5 by ! ,briti% ,wat* ,company 0 ! rock se5 by ! ,am]ican navigators4 ,"o tool1 = fac+ (f1 tru+ up1 drill+1 dep?+1 & do+ all ! "w on ! pill> plate1 hav+ co/1 be=e completion1 "s ?ree ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 & f its v complexity be+ utt]ly ineffici5t--worse ?an useless4 ,9 ! v inception ( ! ,am]ican wat* manufacture a simil> mi/ake 0 almo/ made4 ,exp]i5ce & s\nd reason+ prov$1 h[ev]1 t a multiplicity ( op]ations 9 any "o ma*9e r5d]$ x entirely too complex1 ! adju/m5ts too num]\s1 & ! "w totally wor?less4 ,we %all 9 ano!r numb] ref] aga9 to ,mr4 ,ganney's lecture1 & p]haps give "s beam+s ( light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican wat* manufacture1 d]iv$ f p]sonal obs]vation at ! "t4 ,correspond5ce4 ,,editors ,,horological ,,j\rnal3 ,i receiv$ a ,prospectus a few days ago advis+ me ( y\r contemplat$ exi/5ce4 ,i c\ld h>dly believe ! fact2 8! news 0 too good to be true40 ,h[ev]1 ,i %all take x = grant$1 = ,i _c see :y somebody has n be=e _h ! ent]prise to laun* out 9 ! p]iodical l9e on subjects connect$ ) ,horology1 ! field be+ s ext5sive & ! want s sev]ely felt4 ,enclos$ ,i s5d y ! subscription price2 9 ?is mu* ,i h accept$ y\r invitation1 b ,i also enclose "s few l9es on a subject n p>ticul>ly practical or !oretical1 b v ne> ! tru?1 & may p]haps give y a view ( our wants4 ,to tell ! 8pla9 unv>ni%$ tru?10 ,i am a wat* repair]1 locat$ 9 a small c\ntry village1 ) a dec5t /ock ( tools & a mod]ate trade4 ,9 all ?is ,i am no exception2 s ,i write ?is 9 ! "n ( all :o are simil>ly situat$4 ,isolat$ z we are1 we 7! c\ntry village wat* repair]s7 h few means to improve our k ( ! trade1 b "w on ! same old pr9ciples le>n$ :5 we 7 boys & appr5tices1 & ( bett] & m exp$iti\s ways ( do+ our "w we are entirely oblivi\s4 ,true1 our fri5ds ( ! ,hebraic p]suasion1 :o1 angel l1 br+ u face to face ) ! out] horological _w by sell+ u mat]ial & tools1 occasionally pres5t to our b5umb$ vision some?+ new1 su* z a ,swiss la!1 or la!s us$ 9 ! factories2 b ( :at use are !y to u8 ,we pur*ase "o2 well1 on ! b5* x may be an ornam5t1 b = use1 drill+ l>ge holes is ! height ( our ambition4 ,we h n ! "t to le>n by self-exp]i5ce all ! boa/$ usefulness & capacities ( ! tool2 s we g back to our old v]ge or ,jacot la! :5 we h to put 9 a pivot or a new /aff4 ,we may "k all ab\t ! escapem5t & be able to detect ! cause ( any tr\ble ) x1 b we h no k ( ! late/ modes ( repair+ ! injury :5 x is discov]$1 & ?is k is :at ,i hope to f9d 9 y\r j\rnal4 ,i live 9 a section :]e ! g5]al class ( "w is ( a v l[ grade1 ev5 ! old v]ge be+ v common4 ,our /ock ( mat]ial has to be heavy 9 proportion to our trade1 & !n once 9 a :ile we are compell$ to s5d our "w to ! city1 "s sixty miles di/ant1 9 consequ5ce ( n be+ able to d x1 ei!r f a lack ( ! mat]ial or want ( a prop] tool4 ,to all int5ts & purposes we rema9 z /ation>y z ! oy/]4 ,n only d we h ^! vexations1 b ! ignorance ( ! public at l>ge z to ! treatm5t ( _! "t-keep]s is a fruitful s\rce ( annoyance2 we are (t5 *>g$ ) fraudul5t practices1 & a c]ta9 degree ( caution is obs]v$ by m ?an ! mo/ ignorant4 ,?us1 a few days ago1 a /alw>t son ( ! ,gre5 ,isle made 8 appe>ance 9 front ( ! c\nt]1 &1 project+ 9 front ( our optics a huge ,engli% d\ble-cas$ v]ge wat*1 spoke 9 almo/ dramatic tones3 8,plase1 sir1 av' ye c\ld make me tick] "h g1 sir80 ,answ]+ 9 ! affirmative we rea*$ = ! sil5t 8tick]40 ,he drew back ) al>m4 8,b$ad1 an' ye'll n /ale a morsle frae ?is80 8,well1 b let me see ! wat*40 8,an' w ye let me eyes be on yes all ! "t80 8,yes40 8,an' yes'll n /ale a jewil80 8,no40 8,?91 !re x is40 ,on look+ at ! movem5t ! v]ge 0 f\nd brok51 ! injury expla9$1 & ! price giv54 ,he decid$ on ! repairs be+ done1 b said1 8,give me ! wat* n[ & :5 ye gets ! ?+ fix$ its meself w come & git x & pay yes40 8,b we _c repair ! wat* )\t hav+ x40 8,fai?1 ?91 ye'll n h x2 ye'll be tak+ some?+ frae x40 ,n[1 ?is is an extreme case ( ignorance1 p>donable1 p]haps1 9 ?is in/ance1 b ! public embraces multitudes j z ignorant :]e an all[ance _c be made4 ,i d n expect ! ,,j\rnal to rea* su* cases1 or to influ5ce ! g5]al mass1 b my hope is t x w1 by rais+ ! g5]al self-respect & tone ( ! repair]s1 indirectly elevate ! respect felt = !m by ! public at l>ge4 ,b ,i am writ+ too long & rambl+ a lett]4 ,i wi% to express my he>ty wi%es = y\r prosp]ity4 ,&1 9 conclusion1 w y all[ me to express a hope t y w give u ! k we ne$--t is1 po/ u up on ! m9uti ( repair+ 9 ! late/ /yles1 ! newe/ processes devis$1 &1 above all1 give u an article on ! la! & its uses8 ,y\rs truly1 ,w4 ,l4 ,c4 ,we h ! pleasure to give our correspond5t ! assurance t an exp]t w contribute to our next numb] an article int]e/+ z well z valuable 9 in/ruction z to ! use ( ! la!4 ,eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,! approa*+ total eclipse ( ! sun1 on ! #g? ( ,augu/ next1 is excit+ mu* int]e/4 ,! obscuration fir/ occurs 9 latitude #ci #ec #c nor?1 longitude #ach #cg #d we/--,wa%+ton be+ ! m]idian4 ,! fir/ totality is on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,sib]ia1 at sunrise1 9 lat4 #eb #da #i nor?1 & long4 #afe #bf #d we/4 ,! eclipse is total at noon 9 ,alaska1 lat4 #fa #df #i nor?1 & long4 #fh #d #f we/4 ,! l9e ( ! total eclipse n[ runs s\?-ea/]ly1 graz+ ! coa/ ne> ,sitka1 !nce nor? into ,briti% ,am]ica2 !n ent]+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ne> ! head ( ,milk ,riv]1 long4 #cj ,w42 !nce ?r\gh ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ,m9nesota1 diagonally ?r\gh ,i[a1 crosses ! ,mississippi at ,burl+ton2 !nce ?r\gh ,ill9ois1 a little nor? ( ,spr+field1 crosses ! ,ohio riv] at or ne> ,l\isville1 ,ky41 passes ?r\gh ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ?r\gh ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 j s\? ( ,raleigh1 end+ on ! ,atlantic coa/ at sunset1 j nor? ( ,beau=t1 ,n4 ,c41 9 lat4 #ca #ae #b nor?1 & long4 #i #cf #f ea/4 ,! l9e ?us describ$ w be t ( totality1 only p>tial 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t is1 or has be51 e/abli%+ a m]idian l9e at ,spr+field1 p>tly to make obs]vations on ?is com+ eclipse1 & ) ! fur!r view ( det]m9+ a /&>d ( survey$ l9es--all ( ! ,gov]nm5t surveys 9 ,ill9ois hav+ be5 geodetic4 ,pr(essor ,au/91 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 is 9 *>ge ( ! "w1 aid$ by an able corps ( assi/ants4 ,diamond-,cutt+4 ,at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 ,p>is1 9 a "p ( ! p>k contigu\s to ! ,ne!rl& section1 ,m4 ,co/]1 ( ,am/]dam1 has erect$ a build+ :]e9 all ! processes ( diamond-cutt+ are c>ri$ on4 ,! fir/ r\gh %ap+ ( ! m important facets ( ! brilliants is "h se5 p]=m$ by ! workman1 :o op]ates on two diamonds at once1 by bruis+ ea* aga9/ ! o!r1 angle aga9/ angle4 ,! du/ t falls f ! /ones is pres]v$ = ! subsequ5t processes ( gr9d+ & poli%+ ^? facets t di/+ui% ! _m-sid$ brilliant f ! dull1 orig9al cry/al ( ! diamond4 ,x is us$1 m+l$ ) oil1 on a flat iron disk1 set revolv+ ) va/ rapidity by /eam-p[]1 ! /one itself be+ held ^u ?is disk or :eel by a tool to :i* x is atta*$ by a mass ( fusible metallic alloy1 into :i* ! /one is skilfully ins]t$4 ,skill ( eye & h&1 only atta9able by great practice1 is ne$$ = ?is "w2 b a skill n less exact is ne$$ = ano!r process1 :i* may "h be se5 9 daily op]ation--! process ( cleavage4 ,! diamond1 :5 a bl[ is /ruck on an edg$ tool plac$ p>allel to "o ( ! octah$ral faces ( ! cry/al1 readily splits 9 t direction4 ,b to recognize ! precise direction on ! complex & g5]ally r\nd$ =m ( ! diamond cry/al2 to cut a little not* by means ( a knife edge ( diamonds =m$ ( "o ( ! slices cleav$ f a cry/al1 & to cut t not* exactly ! "r spot2 !n to plant ! /eel knife t is to split ! diamond precisely 9 ! "r position2 f9ally1 ) a sm>t bl[1 to effect ! cleavage s z to sep>ate nei!r too l>ge nor small a portion ( ! /one--^! v>i\s /eps 9 ! process ne$ great skill & judgm5t1 & pres5t to ! obs]v] ! int]e/+ spectacle :i* a h&icraft dep5d5t on exp]i5ce ( h& & eye always af=ds4 ,b ,mr4 ,co/]'s exhibition has o!r objects ( int]e/4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 we may see "h1 side by side1 ! diamond ) ! m9]als t accompany x 9 ! riv] b$s ( ,brazil2 & !re are ev5 examples 9 :i* cry/als ( diamonds are includ$ )9 a mass ( qu>tz cry/als1 :i* h all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 =m$ simultane\sly ) deposits ( ! diamond4 ,! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,rio & ( ,bahia are ?us repres5t$--! =m] produc+ a confus$ly cry/alliz$ sort ( diamond t]m$ 8bort10 & ! latt] an opaque black v>iety2 bo? ^! k9ds be+ f\nd associat$ ) ! cry/alliz$ diamonds us$ = jewelry4 ,?\gh useful 9 /ate ( p[d]1 ! black c>bon & 8bort0 are incapable ( be+ cut z a jewel4--8,maskelyne's ,report10 ,great ,exhibition4 ,! ,alloys ( ,alum9um ) ,copp]4 ,:5 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy ann\nc$ ! fact t soda1 lime1 pota%1 magnesia1 & ! o!r alkalies 7 b oxides ( a metallic base1 x w\ld h be5 deem$ *im]ical to h suppos$ t ! discov]ies he made by ! exp5sive aid ( ! batt]y w\ld at lat] date become ( really comm]cial value4 ,he did obta9 bo? sodium & potassium 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,! sub/ances 9 ?is =m 7 new to ! *emical _w1 /ill m /range to ! popul>4 ,s new 0 x to ! *emi/s1 t1 on a globule ( ! r$uc$ sodium be+ pres5t$ to a v di/+ui%$ *emi/1 he1 ) "s en?usiasm1 exam9$ x2 &1 admitt+ ! fact ( its be+ a metal1 exclaim$1 8h[ heavy x is60--:5 ! real fact 0 t its specific gravity 0 less ?an wat]2 ! expression 0 ! result ( ! g5]al preconceiv$ op9ion t a high specific gravity 0 a te/ ( a metallic body4 ,x 0 res]v$ = a ,fr5* *emi/1 ,h5ry ,/4 ,claire ,deville1 to utilize ! metal sodium1 & t1 too1 9 su* a mann] t ! dem& ar\s$ att5tion to its production2--dem& w inevitably br+ a supply4 ,! orig9al r$uction 0 made by ,davy1 by means ( ! voltaic batt]y4 ,aft] x _h be5 prov$ t ^! bases 7 really metals capable ( r$uction1 *emi/ry br\ght all its res\rces to be> on ! problem1 & !y 7 produc$ by o!r me?ods ?an ! batt]y4 ,all ! processes adopt$1 h[ev]1 7 too exp5sive & labori\s1 involv+ an extraord9>y am\nt ( complicat$ manipulations ) b inadequate results4 ,! metal sodium1 :i* is ! imm$iate subject ( our inquiry1 long rema9$ an object simply ( curiosity or exp]im5t 9 ! laboratory4 ,! me?ods ( r$uc+ ! metal h ( late ye>s be5 s simplifi$ t1 to quote ,pr(4 ,*as4 ,a4 ,joy 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry3 8,a few ye>s ago a p\nd ( ?is metal c\ld n h be5 pur*as$ = two hundr$ doll>s1 & ev5 at t price !re 7 few manufactur]s h>dy en\gh to take ! ord]4 ,at ! pres5t "t x c be readily manufactur$ = sev5ty-five c5ts1 if n = fifty c5ts a p\nd2 & ! probabilities are t we %all soon be able to obta9 x = "o-qu>t] ( a doll>40 ,deville f\nd t by ! reaction ( ! metallic sodium on common *loride ( alum9um a r$uction 0 effect$2 ! *lor9e tak+ up ! sodium1 =m+ *loride ( sodium 7common salt71 :ile ! alum9um 0 left free 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to g into ! p>ticul>s ( ! process2 b a metal well kn[n to exi/1 _h1 = ! fir/ "t1 be5 br\ght to ! _w 9 su* a condition ( /ructure t its qualities c\ld be te/$1 n only *emically1 b me*anically4 ,?is 0 ! direct result ( ,deville's metallurgic process ( obta9+ ! r$uc+ ag5t--sodium4 ,alum9um 9 itself w\ld be ( b little use1 s t a brief description w be all t is necess>y4 ,x is ab\t ! color ( silv]1 b susceptible ( a high] poli%1 especially on a fre%-cut surface2 x is mu* less susceptible ( oxidization ?an silv]2 its specific gravity is b little m ?an p9e wood1 & its t5acity1 ductility1 & lam9at+ qualities are ne>ly equal to silv]4 ,its use 9 ! me*anical arts is limit$1 not)/&+ all ^! qualities1 f ! fact ( its l[ po9t ( fusibility1 & at ! heat ( ! fusible po9t be+ easily oxidiz$1 s mu* s z to prev5t sold]+1 except by an autog5\s process4 ,b alum9um does possess a prop]ty peculi> to itself--t ( =m+ a purely & /rictly *emical alloy ) copp]4 ,x unites ) x 9 any proportion2 ! comp\nd =m$ by ! addition ( #aj p] c5t4 ( alum9um to #ij p] c5t4 ( copp] has be5 f\nd to possess all ! prop]ties ( an entirely new metal1 ) qualities t r5d] x a v valuable mat]ial 9 all f9e "w1 su* z a/ronomical in/rum5ts2 & v f9e ma*9]y1 su* z wat*-la!s1 etc4 ,! ,fr5* reports on ! alloy are some:at volum9\s1 b we give ! foll[+4 ,! color ( ?is bronze s closely resembles t ( #ah c>at gold1 su* z is us$ = ! be/ jewelry & wat*-cases1 t x is capable ( receiv+ ! highe/ poli%1 & is f> sup]ior 9 beauty to any gild+4 ,samples tak5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! l>ge/ ca/+s1 :5 analyz$1 %[ ! mo/ complete uni=mity ( composition1 provid$ only t ! two metals h orig9ally be5 prop]ly mix$ :ile 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u cyl9d]s weigh+ _m hundr$s ( p\nds1 & are entirely conclusive4 ,?is valuable quality is n f\nd 9 any ( ! m ord9>y alloys ( copp]4 ,! alloy ( copp] ) t91 = example1 kn[n z gun metal1 is notori\sly subject to a ph5om5on kn[n z liquation2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a great diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! composition ( ! same ca/+1 bo? 9 ! top z comp>$ ) ! bottom1 & 9 ! c5tre z comp>$ ) ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is ph5om5on (t5 causes great inconv5i5ce1 z ! diff]5t p>ts ( l>ge objects w 9 consequ5ce v>y greatly 9 h>dness z well z 9 /r5g?4 ,9 ca/+ artill]y ! difficulty becomes a s]i\s "o1 & no means h yet be5 discov]$ by :i* x c be entirely remov$4 ,?is homog5e\sness ( alum9um bronze is a natural consequ5ce ( ! great aff9ity exi/+ betwe5 ! two metals ( :i* x is compos$2 & t !re is su* an aff9ity is cle>ly prov$ by ! ph5om5on att5d+ ! manufacture ( ! alloy4 ,! copp] is fir/ melt$ 9 a crucible & ! alum9um is !n add$ to x 9 +ots4 ,at fir/ !re is1 ( c\rse1 a r$uction ( temp]ature1 because ! alum9um 9 melt+ absorbs ! heat f ! melt$ copp]2 & ?is absorption is s great1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great capacity = heat ( alum9um1 t a "p ( ! copp] may ev5 become solid4 ,b let ! mixture be /irr$ a mom5t ) an iron b>1 & ! two metals imm$iately unite2 & 9 an in/ant1 al?\gh ! crucible may h be5 remov$ f ! furnace1 ! temp]ature ( ! metals rises to inc&esc5ce1 :ile ! mass becomes z fluid z wat]4 ,?is enorm\s dis5gagem5t ( heat1 n se5 9 ! prep>ation ( any o!r ord9>y alloy1 indicates1 n a simple mixture1 b a real *emical comb9ation ( ! two metals4 ,! #aj p] c5t4 bronze may !re=e be prop]ly comp>$ to a salt1 ! m s z x is f\nd by calculation to conta91 )9 a v m9ute fraction1 f\r equival5ts ( copp] to "o equival5t ( alum9um4 ,! #aj p] c5t4 bronze may be =g$ cold1 & becomes extremely d5se "u ! action ( ! hamm]4 ,! blades ( dess]t-knives are ?us treat$ 9 ord] to give !m ! requisite h>dness & ela/icity4 ,b x has ano!r valuable quality :i* is f\nd 9 no o!r k9d ( brass or bronze3 x may be =g$ hot1 z well z1 if n bett] ?an ! v be/ iron4 ,x ?us becomes h>d] & m rigid1 & its fracture %[s a gra9 simil> to t ( ca/ /eel4 ,on acc\nt ( ! h>dness ( ! alum9um bronze1 roll+ x into %eets w\ld be a t$i\s & exp5sive process1 7 x n = ?is prop]ty ( be+ malleable at a r$ heat4 ,b x may 9 ?is mann] be roll$ into %eets ( any ?ickness or drawn into wire ( any size4 ,x may also be drawn into tubes ( any dim5sion4 ,f sev]al exp]im5ts made at diff]5t times at ,p>is1 x appe>s t ! break+ weight ( ! ca/ bronze v>ies f #fe to #gj kilogrammes ! squ>e millimetre4 ,! same bronze drawn into wire support$ a weight ( #ij kilogrammes ! squ>e millimetre4 ,! iron us$ = susp5sion bridges1 te/$ 9 ! same mann]1 did n %[ an av]age ( m ?an #cj kilogrammes4 ,"s exp]im5ts 7 also made by ,mr4 ,&]son1 at ! ,royal ,ars5al at ,woolwi*1 9 ,engl&1 :o te/$ at ! same "t ! alum9um bronze1 ! brass us$ = artill]y & commonly call$ gun metal1 & ! ca/ /eel made by ,krupp 9 ,prussia4 ,tak+ = ! maximum /r5g? ( ! bronze ! l[e/ ( ! numb]s f\nd z above1 we are ?us enabl$ to =m ! foll[+ table ( comp>ative t5acities3 ,alum9um bronze #aj p] c5t4 #fe ,crupp's ,ca/ ,/eel #ec ,ref9$ ,iron #cj ,brass = cannon #bh ,! comp>ative t\ghness ( ^! same f\r metals 0 also te/$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a b> ( ea* 0 prep>$ ( ! same size1 & ea* b> 0 !n not*$ ) a *isel to precisely ! same dep?4 ,! b>s 7 brok5 sep>ately1 ^u an anvil1 by bl[s f a hamm]4 ,! la/ ?ree metals 9 ! table broke ea* at ! fir/ bl[1 ) a clean & squ>e fracture4 ,! alum9um bronze only began to crack at ! eigh? bl[1 & requir$ a numb] ( additional bl[s be=e ! two pieces 7 entirely sep>at$4 ,& ! irregul>1 torn surface ( ! fracture %[$ ! peculi>ly t\gh & fibr\s nature ( ! metal4 ,! ela/icity ( ! alum9um bronze 0 te/$ by ,m4 ,tresca1 ,pr(essor at ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,mti]s4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made ^u a b> ( simple ca/ metal1 & ! foll[+ is 8 report3 8,! coeffici5t ( ela/icity ( ! alum9um bronze1 ! ca/ metal1 is half t ( ! be/ wr\ght-iron4 ,?is coeffici5t is d\ble t ( brass & f\r times t ( gun metal1 "u ! same conditions40 ,! specific gravity is #g4g1 ab\t ! same z iron4 ,ano!r v valuable quality is pres5t$ 9 ! fact t x is act$ on by atmosph]ic influ5ces less ?an are silv]1 brass1 or bronze4 ,?is places x 9 ! same rank ) gold1 plat9um & alum9um4 ,v /iff & v ela/ic1 t\gh] ?an iron1 v little act$ ^u *emically1 & 9 c]ta9 cases n at all1 capable ( be+ ca/ l ord9>y bronze or brass1 =g$ l iron & /eel1 ( be+ work$ 9 e way l ! mo/ malleable metals or alloys1 hav+1 add$ to ^! prop]ties1 a color analog\s to t ( ! mo/ preci\s metal1 ?is bronze proves itself adapt$ to uses almo/ innum]able4 ,at fir/ sight1 x seems difficult to admit t ! relatively small proportions ( alum9um :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ?is bronze c be suffici5t to modify s extraord9>ily ! prop]ties ( ! copp] :i* con/itutes s l>ge a portion ( its weight4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! specific gravity ( alum9um is v l[1 & t a giv5 weight ( ?is metal possesses a bulk f\r times z l>ge z ! same weight 9 silv]4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! t5 p] c5t4 ( alum9um conta9$ 9 ! bronze equals 9 bulk =ty p] c5t4 9 silv]4 ,! specim5s ( ! w>e we h se51 su* z spoons1 =ks1 cups1 wat*-cases1 etc41 are c]ta9ly v beautiful1 hav+ ! color & high poli% ( gold1 :ile dilute acids d n affect ! surface4 ,on ! ,r$uction ( ,silv] 9 ! ,wet ,way4 ,e *emi/ is famili> ) ! r$uction ( *loride ( silv] 9 ! =m ( p[d] by means ( metallic z9c 9 ! pres5ce ( a little free acid4 ,x is n easy to br+ two su* sub/ances z ! silv] salt & ! metal into close contact1 & aft] ! "w is accompli%$ ! removal ( ! excess ( z9c has its difficulties4 ,dr4 ,grag] sugge/s a modification ( ! old me?od t ought to be m g5]ally made kn[n4 ,! *loride ( silv] is dissolv$ 9 ammonia & p\r$ into a well-/opp$ bottle1 & into ?is is introduc$ an excess ( metallic z9c1 9 n too small fragm5ts1 s t any r$uc$ metal adh]+ to x may be readily wa%$ (f4 ,! decomposition beg9s imm$iately1 & is rapidly accompli%$1 especially if ! cont5ts ( ! flask be well %ak5 up4 ,?ree h\rs w suffice to r$uce "o-qu>t] ( a p\nd ( *loride ( silv]4 ,x is easy to asc]ta9 :5 ! r$uction is end$1 by te/+ a portion ( ! ammoniacal solution ) hydro*loric acid4 ,z soon z no cl\d9ess or curdy precipitate is =m$1 ! "w may be reg>d$ z complet$4 ,a slight excess ( ammonia is said to be favorable4 ,! r$uc$ silv] mu/ be wa%$ ) wat] until all odor ( ammonia has disappe>$4 ,! pieces ( z9c are remov$ by p\r+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask ?r\gh a funnel1 ! op5+ ( :i* is too n>r[ = ! passage ( ! z9c fragm5ts1 :ile ! r$uc$ silv] c be easily wa%$ ?r\gh4 ,! f9ely divid$ silv] c be dige/$ 9 hydro*loric acid to re/ore x to a pure :ite color1 & x is !n ready = solution or fusion1 & w be f\nd to be p]fectly pure4 ,9 deal+ ) l>ge quantities x w\ld be economical to recov] a portion ( ! ammonia by di/illation4 ,9 ! same way an ammoniacal solution ( nitrate ( silv] c also be r$uc$ by z9c1 & ! silv] obta9$ pure1 ev5 :5 ! orig9al solution ( ! nitrate conta9s copp]--provid$ a small quantity ( silv] be kept 9 ! ba?4 ,x is bett] :]e copp] is pres5t n to take all ( ! z9c t may be requisite = ! r$uction ( ! silv]4 ,x w prove a great conv5i5ce to be sp>$ ! necessity ( conv]t+ ! silv] into ! *loride1 z x is no easy task to wa% out ?is salt on filt]s--& x w be f\nd to be applicable to alloys :i* d n conta9 m ?an #be p] c5t4 ( silv]4--,f ,pr(4 ,joy 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s errors 9 punctuation h be5 fix$4 ,page #g3 8,me*anique ,cele/e0 *ang$ to 8,m*anique ,cle/e0 ,page #ab3 8ou rexp]i5ce0 *ang$ to 8our exp]i5ce0 ,page #ah3 8head-qu>t]s f> a/ronomical obs]vations0 *ang$ to 8head-qu>t]s = a/ronomical obs]vations0 ,page #bb3 8x accomodates0 *ang$ to 8x accommodates0 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts li/s 8,equation ( ! ,"t ,table0 z ! article on page #bh4 ,! actual article is nam$ 8,on ! ,r$uction ( ,silv] 9 ! ,wet ,way40 ,?is has int5tionally be5 left z p] ! orig9al4 ,simil>ly1 !re is no actual section titl$ 8,notices ( ,new ,tools0 despite its inclusion 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 & ?is has be5 left z p] ! orig9al4