,,field1 ,,=e/ ,,& ,,f>m ,,?+s ,,int]e/+ ,,to ,,"y ,,nature-,,lov]s1 ,,includ+ ,,"s ,,matt]s ,,( ,,mom5t ,,to ,,g>d5]s ,,& ,,fruit-,,gr[]s ,,by ,,jean-,,h5ri ,,fabre ,au?or ( 8,! ,/ory-,book ( ,sci5ce10 8,our ,humble ,help]s10 8,social ,life 9 ! ,insect ,_w10 etc4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,by ,,flor5ce ,,con/able ,,bicknell ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 #aiai ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,! ,/aff ( ,life #c ,,ii ,! ,hi/ory ( ,tobacco #aa ,,iii ,! ,orig9 ( ,f]tile ,soil #af ,,iv ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,soil #ba ,v ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,soil 7,cont9u$7 #be ,,vi ,pota% & ,phosphorus #cj ,,vii ,phosphates & ,nitrog5 #ce ,,viii ,vegetation & ! ,atmosph]e #db ,,ix ,lime #dg ,x ,lime 9 ,agriculture #eb ,,xi ,pla/] ( ,p>is #ef ,,xii ,pla/] ( ,p>is 9 ,agriculture #fj ,,xiii ,natural ,f]tiliz]s--,guano #fe ,,xiv ,! ,/alk ( ! ,plant #gj ,,xv ,! ,root #gd ,,xvi ,buds #hj ,,xvii ,adv5titi\s ,buds #hd ,,xviii ,bulbs & ,bulblets #hi ,,xix ,tub]s--,/>* #ic ,,xx ,uses ( ,/>* #ih ,,xxi ,hi/ory ( ! ,potato #ajb ,,xxii ,asc5d+ ,sap #ajg ,,xxiii ,desc5d+ ,sap #aab ,,xxiv ,tree-,prun+ #aaf ,,xxv ,p9*+--,bud-,nipp+ #abj ,,xxvi ,mak+ ,fruit ,trees ,be> #abd ,,xxvii ,! ,se$ #abi ,,xxviii ,! ,se$'s ,food-,supply #acd ,,xxix ,g]m9ation #ach ,,xxx ,! ,blossom #add ,,xxxi ,poll5 #aej ,,xxxii ,! ,gra9 ( ,:eat #aee ,,xxxiii ,cultivat$ ,plants #aei ,,xxxiv ,diff]5t ,ways ( ,propagat+ #afe ,,xxxv ,lay]+ #agj ,,xxxvi ,slipp+ #agh ,,xxxvii ,graft+ #ahd ,,xxxviii ,graft+ 7,cont9u$7 #aij ,,xxxix ,graft+ 7,conclud$7 #aig ,,xl ,rotation ( ,crops #bjb ,,xli ,rotation ( ,crops 7,cont9u$7 #bjh ,,xlii ,l&-,dra9age #bad ,,xliii ,p>+ & ,burn+ #bai ,,xliv ,w9e-,mak+ #bbc ,,xlv ,! ,/ag-,beetle #bbh ,,xlvi ,%ea?-,w+$ ,insects #bce ,,xlvii ,! ,june-,bug #bdb ,,xlviii ,cat]pill>s & ,butt]flies #bdi ,,xlix ,ants #bef ,l ,! ,ant-,lion #bfd ,,li ,v5om\s ,animals #bga ,,lii ,! ,phyllox]a #bgi ,,liii ,! ,phyllox]a 7,cont9u$7 #bhh ,,liv ,nocturnal ,birds ( ,prey #bie ,,lv ,! ,small] ,birds #cjj ,,lvi ,birds' ,ne/s #cje ,,lvii ,migration ( ,birds #cag ,,lviii ,c>ri]-,pigeons #cbb ,,lix ,"s ,prehi/oric ,animals #cbh ,,lx ,! ,orig9 ( ,coal #ccf ,,lxi ,! ,f>m]'s ,help]s #cdb ,,lxii ,! ,f>m]'s ,help]s 7,cont9u$7 #cdh ,,field1 ,,=e/ ,,& ,,f>m ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,/aff ,,( ,,life ,) 8 nephews z will+ companions & eag] li/5]s1 ,uncle ,paul cont9u$ 8 walks & talks 9 ! pleasant summ] aft]noons4 8,bread is made ( fl\r10 he began1 8& fl\r is :eat r$uc$ to p[d] "u ! mill/one4 ,:at an int]e/+ me*anism t is1 ! fl\r-mill1 driv5 by wat]1 by ! w9d1 sometimes by /eam6 ,:at we>isome ef=t1 :at wa/e ( "t1 if we _h n ?is inv5tion & 7 =c$ to d its "w ( gr9d+ by %e] /r5g? ( arm6 8,i mu/ tell y t 9 anci5t times1 = want ( kn[+ h[ to gr9d :eat1 p _h to cont5t !mselves ) cru%+ x betwe5 two /ones aft] p>*+ x a little ov] ! fire4 ,! co>se meal ?us obta9$ 0 cook$ 9 wat] to a sort ( porridge & eat5 ) no fur!r prep>ation4 ,bread 0 unkn[n4 8,lat] ! plan 0 hit ^u ( knead+ ! meal ) wat] & ( cook+ ! d\gh betwe5 two hot /ones4 ,?us 0 obta9$ a crude sort ( biscuit1 ab\t z ?ick z y\r f+]1 /odgy & h>d1 & mix$ ) *>coal & a%es4 ,x 0 pref]able to ! porridge1 ! insipid pa/e1 ( ! e>li] "t1 b f> inf]ior to ! poore/ bread ( to-day4 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 by trial aft] trial success 0 at la/ atta9$ 9 ! mak+ ( bread l ours4 ,x became necess>y !n1 )\t possess+ any?+ to comp>e ) our mills1 to gr9d :eat 9 l>ge quantities4 8,fl\r 0 obta9$ by triturat+ ! :eat 9 a holl[$ /one ) a pe/le4 ,?is latt] 0 sometimes light en\gh to be op]at$ directly by h&2 sometimes1 to produce quick] results1 x 0 s l>ge & heavy t x _h to be turn$ 9 its /one mort> ) ! help ( a long b>4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ mill4 ,) appliances ( ?is sort ,i leave y to imag9e h[ long a "t 0 requir$ = ! production ( a s+le h&ful ( fl\r4 ,= bread en\gh to fe$ "o p]son at "o meal1 wret*$ slaves 7 kept toil+ f morn+ till night & f night till morn+ 9 turn+ ! pe/le40 8,:at cruel ma/]s !y mu/ h _h60 exclaim$ ,emile4 8,yes1 ! slaves 7 h>ness$ to ! b> l bea/s ( burd52 & :51 weak5$ ) fatigue1 !y did n g fa/ en\gh1 a ra:ide 0 appli$ to _! b>e %\ld]s4 ,^! un=tunate mill]s 7 poor wret*es tak5 9 w> & aft]w>d sold 9 ! m>ket ) ! same indiff]5ce ) :i* a drov] sells 8 cattle4 ,su*1 !n1 7 ! h>d%ips t l$ ! way to ! mod]n mill :i* to-day1 ) a few turns ( its wat]-:eel1 & to ! *e]ful accompanim5t ( its tick-tack1 c make fl\r en\gh = a :ole family4 8,b let u leave ! mill & turn our att5tion to ! foll[+ int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,take a h&ful ( fl\r & ) a little wat] make x into d\gh4 ,?is done1 knead ! d\gh ) y\r f+]s ov] a l>ge plate :ile an assi/ant moi/5s x cont9ually ) wat] f a pit*]4 ,keep ! d\gh well 9 h& & cont9ue knead+ x1 flatt5+ x out & ga!r+ x toge!r aga91 turn+ x ov] & ov] "u ! f9e /ream ( wat] p\r$ f above4 8,exam9e c>efully ! wat] t passes ov] ! d\gh & wa%es x4 ,x falls into ! plate z :ite z milk1 %[+ t x c>ries ) x some?+ f ! fl\r4 ,?is some?+ w f9ally settle at ! bottom ( ! liquid1 & we %all f9d x to be a sub/ance n unlike ! />* us$ = />*+ l954 ,9 fact1 x is />*1 or fecula1 z ! *emi/s call x--nei!r m nor less4 ,! />* us$ 9 ! laundry is obta9$ 9 consid]able quantities by simil> means3 d\gh is wa%$ & ! :it5$ wat]1 left undi/urb$1 deposits a lay] ( />* :i* has only to be ga!r$ toge!r & dri$4 #a 8,s mu*1 !n1 is made cle>3 fl\r conta9s />*1 b x conta9s some?+ else also4 ,!re is a limit beyond :i* ! wa%$ d\gh yields no m />*2 x is useless to knead x1 ! wat] falls colorless into ! plate4 ,:at rema9s 9 "o's h&s aft] ?is prolong$ wa%+ is a s(t1 gluey sub/ance1 hav+ some?+ ( ! ela/ic quality ( rubb]4 ,grayi% 9 color1 x has a r pron\nc$ odor4 ,:5 dri$ 9 ! sun1 x becomes h>d & transluc5t l horn4 ,x is call$ glut5 f its gluelike "*1 its viscosity4 8,n[ ?is sub/ance1 s unattractive 9 appe>ance1 all s(t & /icky & gett+ clogg$ betwe5 ! f+]s--?is glut51 9 %ort--d y "k :at x is8 ,don't try to dispute me1 = :at ,i am go+ to tell y is ! exact tru?4 ,9 its composition glut5 does n diff] f fle%4 ,x is vegetable fle%1 capable ( becom+ animal fle% by ! simple process ( dige/ion1 )\t any mat]ial loss or ga94 ,!re=e x is glut51 fir/ & =emo/1 t gives to bread its great nutritive value4 8,( all ! c]eals :eat conta9s ! mo/ glut51 ) rye hold+ second place4 ,maize & rice1 z well z *e/nuts & potatoes1 are :olly lack+ 9 ?is +r$i5t2 & = t reason fl\r made f !m1 ri* ?\gh x be 9 />*1 is n at all ! k9d ( fl\r = bread4 ,?is w expla9 to y ! sup]iority ( :eat ov] all o!r f>9ace\s gra9s4 8,:eat1 ! only c]eal t c give u :ite bread1 t sup]ior bread :i* nev]!less is n always to y\r ta/e unless spread ) a little butt]1 does n gr[ 9 all c\ntries4 ,op5 y\r atlas & run ov] ) y\r f+] ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean2 y\r travels w embrace ! pr9cipal regions :]e :eat fl\ri%es4 ,f>!r nor? x is too cold = ! successful culture ( ! preci\s c]eal2 f>!r s\? x is too w>m4 8,b t is n all4 ,9 ! privileg$ regions n e di/rict is adapt$ to ?is incomp>able crop3 :eat ne$s ! mild temp]ature & f]tile soil ( ! pla9s1 n ! h>% climate & dry slopes ( ! m\nta9s4 ,let u consid] ,france 9 p>ticul>4 ,its pla9s produce excell5t :eat1 b n en\gh to fe$ ! entire population2 !re=e 9 ! hilly & cool] regions1 :]e ?is c]eal _c be rais$1 rec\rse is _h 9 ! fir/ place to rye1 :i* yields a bread t is compact1 br[n1 & heavy1 b on ! :ole pref]able to any o!r except1 ( c\rse1 :eat4 ,?is rye bread is ! cu/om>y food ( ! c\ntry 9 ! great] numb] ( our dep>tm5ts4 8,! rais+ ( rye becomes 9 its turn impossible 9 regions too cold & too /]ile4 ,!re !n rema9s1 z a la/ resort1 b>ley1 ! h>die/ ( c]eals1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s until we rea* ! neighborhood ( p]petual sn[1 & c be rais$ ev5 9 ! frigid climate ( ! extreme ,nor?4 8,y ought to ta/e ! mis]able bread made f b>ley 9 ord] to f9d our bread good--or1 ,i might bett] say1 9 ord] to f9d x an exquisite da9ty ev5 )\t butt] or jam4 ,b>ley bread is full ( long bri/les t /ick 9 ! ?roat2 x conta9s m bran ?an fl\r2 x is bitt]1 /odgy1 & ( a disagreeable odor4 ,oh1 :at sorry /uff6 ,& yet _m h to be cont5t ) x1 & are only glad if !y c get en\gh ( x4 8,9 ! great] "p ( ! _w :eat1 widely di/ribut$ by comm]ce1 furni%es bread only = ! tables ( ! ri*4 ,! re/ ( ! population kn[s no?+1 z a rule1 ( ?is article ( food1 has nev] s mu* z se5 x1 & at mo/ has only he>d ( x z a r>e curiosity4 ,9 place ( bread ! p eat "h "o ?+1 !re ano!r1 accord+ to ! c\ntry4 ,asia has rice1 ,africa millet1 ,am]ica maize4 ,9 ,india & ,*9a ! p h h>dly any?+ to eat b rice boil$ 9 wat] ) a little salt4 ,half ! entire _w has practically ! same diet4 8,! plant t produces rice has a /alk resembl+ t ( :eat1 b in/ead ( end+ 9 an upright e> x be>s a clu/] ( feeble & p5d5t bran*es1 all load$ ) se$s4 ,! leaves are n>r[ & ribbon-%ap$1 r\gh to ! t\*4 ,?is plant is aquatic4 ,9 ord] to fl\ri%1 x mu/ s5d d[n its roots into ! subm]g$ mud & spread its foliage1 except+ ! tip1 9 ! flood4 ,m>%y %all[s1 inundat$ a "p ( ! ye>1 are adapt$ to its cultivation40 8,b :at d !y d :]e !re are no su* m>%es80 ask$ ,l\is4 8,:5 su* m>%es are lack+1 ! +5i\s ,*9aman floods ! l[l&s ) wat] f "s ne>-by /ream until ! gr\nd is all s(t & muddy4 ,he !n draws (f ! wat] ?r\gh a s]ies ( little canals1 & works ! mud ) a light pl[ drawn by a buffalo1 a k9d ( ox ) a long be>d hang+ f its *9 & a mane wav+ on its back4 8,! se$ once s[n 9 ! furr[s & ! "y plants />t$1 ! wat] f ! /ream is aga9 made to flood ! fields1 :]e x rema9s until h>ve/ "t4 ,!n = ! second "t x is drawn (f1 & ! reap]1 sickle 9 h& & ) ! black mud up to 8 knees1 cuts d[n ! rice-lad5 tops ( ! /alks4 8,maize1 or ,indian corn1 is ! /aple food ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z rice is t ( ,asia4 ,_m call x ,turki% :eat1 a "n d\bly inappropriate1 = 9 ! fir/ place ?is gra9 is n indig5\s to ,turkey1 b to ,am]ica1 & 9 ! second place x has no?+ 9 common ) ! :eat f :i* bread is made4 ,f ,am]ica its cultivation has spread to our "p ( ! globe4 8,! e> ( maize is v l>ge & is compos$ ( full1 r\nd$ k]nels1 yell[ & %9y1 closely pack$ 9 regul> r[s4 ,l rice1 maize furni%es a f9e fl\r ( pleas+ appe>ance b lack+ 9 "o ess5tial3 x conta9s no glut54 ,h5ce ! utt] impossibility ( us+ ei!r rice or maize = mak+ bread1 despite ! good appe>ance ( ! fl\r made f !m4 8,nev]!less maize is a v :olesome article ( food1 & "o ( great value 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ! appetite is %>p5$ by op5 air & h>d "w4 ,only x is n 9 ! =m ( bread t x be/ yields its n\ri%m5t1 b r 9 t ( porridge1 or boil$ meal & wat]40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,tobacco 8,be=e tak+ ! =m ( ! p[d] :i* ! us] ( snuff pu%es up into 8 nose to tickle 8 no/rils & promote sneez+1 be=e be+ roll$ into ! cig> or r$uc$ to t crisp1 moss-l sub/ance :i* ! smok] /uffs into 8 pipe1 tobacco has _h a previ\s exi/5ce z a plant be>+ ?is same "n4 ,a /alk ab\t "o met] 9 height1 l>ge1 clammy leaves ( a /rong odor1 bright r$ fl[]s ea* %ap$ l a n>r[ funnel & exp&+ into ! five po9ts ( a /> at ! orifice1 dry capsules fill$ ) innum]able little se$s--!re y h ! tobacco plant4 8,only ! leaves are us$1 & ^! only aft] und]go+ c]ta9 processes t int5sify _! natural prop]ties & cause !m to lose _! gre5 color4 ,roll$ into compact little cyl9d]s1 !y become cig>s2 cut v f9e1 !y take ! =m ( smok+ tobacco4 ,r$uc$ to p[d]1 !y furni% :at is kn[n z snuff4 8,am]ica1 ! same l& to :i* we owe ! potato1 also gave u tobacco4 ,:51 almo/ f\r c5turies ago1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus discov]$ ! new _w1 "o ( ! fir/ l&+s he made 0 on ! l>ge isl& ( ,cuba4 ,appreh5sive ( dang] 9 ! =e/s f ! savage tribes on e side1 ,columbus s5t sc\ts ahead to reconnoitre ! c\ntry4 8,! sailors =m+ ?is p>ty enc\nt]$ on ! way1 to _! extreme surprise1 num]\s ,indians1 bo? m5 & wom51 hold+ ea* a sort ( light$ fire-br& betwe5 ! tee? & inhal+ ! smoke4 ,^! fire-br&s1 call$ #8tabagos1' 7 made ( a plant roll$ up 9 a dry leaf4 ,!re1 !n1 7 ! fir/ smok]s & ! fir/ cig>s record$ 9 hi/ory4 8,! natives ( ,cuba & ! neighbor+ isl&s _h1 we inf]1 be5 addict$ to smok+ = a long "t1 probably = c5turies1 :5 ! ,europeans fir/ appe>$ among !m4 ,!y _h _! rolls ( dry leaves1 or tabagos1 & _! smok+ appliances ( s(t /one or bak$ clay1 appliances call$ by u #8pipes' & by !m #8calumets4' ,tobacco1 9 fact1 play$ a prom95t "p 9 _! m$ic9e1 _! sup]/iti\s obs]vances1 & _! political assemblies4 8,consult$ z to future ev5ts1 ! soo?say] fir/ ( all inhal$ ! smoke ( sev]al tabagos1 :ile ! o!r p]sons pres5t1 seat$ 9 a circle1 vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! en]gy ( _! smok+1 _! ultimate object be+ to enwrap !mselves 9 a d5se cl\d4 ,!n f ! mid/ ( ?is cl\d ! soo?say]1 8 imag9ation wr\ght to a high pit* by ! fumes ( ! tobacco1 deliv]$ 8 oracles 9 unwont$ t]ms t made ! he>]s believe !y 7 li/5+ to ! voice ( ,god4 8,a l c]emony 0 obs]v$ 9 ! assemblies held = discuss+ public affairs4 ,seat$ on a /one & inhal+ ! smoke f 8 calumet1 ! orator :o 0 ab\t to take ! floor wait$ 9 passive sil5ce :ile ! *iefs ( ! nation approa*$ him1 "o at a "t1 to bl[ into 8 face pl5te\s puffs f _! pipes & to comm5d to him ! int]e/s ( ! tribe4 ,^! fumigations conclud$1 ! orator ab&on$ himself to 8 eloqu5ce amid ! en?usia/ic acclaim ( ! assembly4 8,see+ ! isl&]s smok+1 ,columbus's companions wi%$ to try ?is s+ul> cu/om = !mselves4 ,to ! gratification ( ?is desire ! ,indian l5t 8 ready assi/ance3 he %[$ !m h[ ! tabago is roll$1 & h[ ! calumet is fill$ & light$4 ,?\gh hi/ory is sil5t on ! subject1 x is cle> t ! fir/ sailor to und]take ! inhalation mu/ h be5 seiz$ ) t fe>ful nausea :i* no novice 9 smok+ c escape4 ,a /oma* ( any delicacy w\ld h be5 =ev] repell$2 ! h>% gullet ( ! m>9] f\nd a c]ta9 *>m 9 ! ?+ :5 once ! try+ exp]i5ces ( initiation 7 ov]4 8,! ta/e = smok+ 0 s soon acquir$ t1 on _! return to ,spa91 ! companions ( ,columbus v quickly ext5d$ ?is ,indian cu/om 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,be=e long1 too1 !re 0 discov]$ a new way to use tobacco3 "s "o conceiv$ ! idea ( r$uc+ ! leaf to a dry p[d] & /uff+ x into ! no/rils1 sniff+ ) ea* p9* ( ! p[d]$ sub/ance4 ,! ,indian _h discov]$ smok+ tobacco2 ! ,european 9 8 turn inv5t$ snuff4 8,spa9 & ,portugal numb]$ _! smok]s & snuff-tak]s by ! ?\s& :51 9 #aefj1 tobacco made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,france4 ,nicot1 ,fr5* ambassador at ,lisbon1 s5t z an object ( curiosity to 8 sov]eign que51 ,ca!r9e de ,mdicis1 "s se$s ( ! fa%ionable plant & a box ( tobacco 9 p[d]$ =m4 ,*>m$ ) ?is gift1 ! que5 quickly contract$ ! habit ( tak+ snuff4 ,to please h]1 tobacco 0 cultivat$1 & snuff-tak]s soon became num]\s 9 all ! prov9ces4 ,x 0 said t a c]ta9 great p]sonage ( ! p]iod took z mu* z ?ree ounces daily4 ,he c]ta9ly mu/ h _h 8 nose well tann$4 8,f "o nation to ano!r ! use ( tobacco gradually spread1 b n )\t s]i\s opposition4 ,! ,turks are to-day passionately addict$ to smok+1 extremely fond ( _! long pipes2 yet he> :at sort ( a reception !y at fir/ gave to tobacco4 ,aga9/ smok]s & snuff-tak]s _! emp]or1 ,amurat1 issu$ an edict sev]e to ! po9t ( cruelty4 ,e del9qu5t 0 condemn$ to receive fifty /rokes ) ! rod on ! soles ( 8 feet40 8,t ought to h driv5 tobacco out ( ! c\ntry 9 %ort ord]10 rem>k$ ,jules4 8,t 0 m]ely a w>n+ to fir/ (f5d]s10 return$ 8 uncle4 8,= a second (f5se ! luckless p]son caught 9 ! act _h 8 nose cut (f4 ,x 0 a radical measure to disc\rage ! snuff-tak]3 no m nose1 no m snuff4 ,b ! smok]s1 aft] ?is horrible mutilation1 p]si/$ 9 _! smok+4 8,a k+ ( ,p]sia devis$ :at he ?\ght w\ld cure ev5 ?is habit3 e "o caught ) a pipe 9 8 m\? _h 8 upp] lip cut (f4 ,at ! same "t1 ( c\rse1 e nose prov$ guilty ( snuff-tak+ fell "u ! execution]'s knife4 ,b ! atroci\s edict ( ! ,p]sian k+ prov$ z futile z t ( ! ,turki% emp]or4 ,despite all ! noses /ruck (f1 all ! lips cut away1 all ! feet made to t+le "u ! rod1 ! use ( tobacco /ill cont9u$ to spread4 ,^! fruitless sev]ities _h to be ab&on$4 8,o!r regulations sprang up "h & !re1 less cruel1 b suffici5tly fruitful 9 f9es1 imprisonm5ts1 vexations ( all sorts4 ,/ill no?+ 0 ( any avail2 smok]s & snuff-tak]s rema9$ incorrigible4 ,f9ally1 tak+ wis] c\nsel1 ! gov]nm5t au?orities conceiv$ a plan = mak+ ?is passion1 :i* no sev]ity _h be5 able to subdue1 yield !m l>ge rev5ues4 ,! gov]nm5t itself became exclusive v5d] ( ! v article x _h at fir/ proscrib$ ) su* rigor4 ,france alone d]ives a ye>ly rev5ue ( almo/ ?ree hundr$ million francs f ! sale ( tobacco40 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,f]tile ,,soil 8,f]tile or arable soil10 resum$ ,uncle ,paul1 8con/itutes only ! surface lay] ( e>?1 t :i* is work$ by ! f>m]'s implem5ts & yields nutrim5t to ! roots ( plants & promotes _! developm5t4 ,9 "o place y w see b>e rocks & utt] b>r5ness2 9 ano!r y f9d f]tile soil to a dep? ( an in* or two1 scantily c>pet$ ) grass2 & aga91 9 a ?ird1 y come ^u ri* e>? s deep z to ma9ta9 abundant vegetation4 ,b n[h]e does ?is f]tile lay] h an indef9ite ?ickness3 at a dep? nev] v consid]able a subsoil hav+ ! qualities ( ! neighbor+ m\nta9s is sure to be f\nd4 ,h[ !n has !re come to be =m$ ?is lay] ( e>? :5ce is d]iv$ all ! nutrim5t requir$ by plants1 animals1 & m58 8,und]m9$ all w9t]1 & ev5 ! :ole ye> r\nd on high m\nta9s1 by ! ice t =ms 9 _! slighte/ fissures1 rocks ( all k9ds break into small fragm5ts1 divide into gra9s ( s&1 fall into du/1 & furni% ! p[d]y m9]al matt] :i* ! ra9 wa%es away & deposits 9 ! valleys4 ,?is z a rule is ! orig9 ( brok5 /ones1 s&1 clay1 & f]tile soil4 ,ice by its expansive =ce has deta*$ !m f ! tops ( m\nta9s & ! wat]s h swept !m away & c>ri$ !m fur!r4 ,"o c =m an idea ( ! action ( ice 9 crumbl+ rocks to make soil ( !m & enri* ! valleys1 by exam9+ ! surface ( a h>d road at ! mom5t ( ?aw+4 ,firm und]foot be=e freez+1 ?is surface loses its firmness aft] a ?aw & is pu%$ up "h & !re 9 little f9ely-p[d]$ clods4 ,at ! mom5t ( freez+1 ! humidity ) :i* ! soil 0 impregnat$ turn$ into ice :i*1 increas+ 9 volume1 r$uc$ to f9e p>ticles ! surface lay] ( ! road4 ,:5 ! ?aw comes1 ^! p>ticles :i* ! ice no long] holds toge!r =m fir/ mud1 !n du/4 ,9 exactly ?is mann] arable l& 0 =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( rocks ( all k9ds1 :i* 7 r$uc$ to p>ticles by ! action ( fro/4 ,b soil suitable = agriculture conta9s n only p[d]y m9]al matt]1 b also a little mold f ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]4 ,to give y an idea ( ! causes :i* f ! v e>lie/ times h little by little f]tiliz$ ?is rock-du/ ) vegetable mold1 let u take ! foll[+ example4 ,geography has taught y :at a volcano is4 ,x is a m\nta9 ^: summit is holl[$ out 9 an imm5se funnel-%ap$ excavation call$ a crat]4 ,f "t to "t ! gr\nd trembles ne> a volcano & =midable noises simil> to ! roll+ ( ?und] & ! boom+ ( cannon are he>d f ! dep?s ( ! m\nta94 ,! crat] ?r[s up into ! air a l(ty column ( smoke1 d>k by day1 fi]y r$ at night4 ,all at once ! m\nta9 is r5t & vomits up ?r\gh ! crevices a /ream ( fire1 a curr5t ( melt$ rock1 or lava4 ,f9ally ! volcano quiets d[n2 ! s\rce ( ! t]rible flood dries up4 ,! /reams ( lava h>d5 & cease runn+2 & aft] a lapse ( "t :i* may be ye>s !y become q cold4 ,n[ :at is to become ( ?is enorm\s b$ ( black /one simil> 9 "* to ! slag f a =ge8 ,:at w ?is %eet ( lava cov]+ an area ( sev]al squ>e miles produce8 8,?is desolate1 bla/$ expanse seems de/9$ nev] to be clo!d ) v]dure4 ,b 9 any su* assumption "o w\ld be mi/ak54 ,aft] c5turies & c5turies a vigor\s gr[? ( oaks1 bee*es1 & o!r l>ge trees w h tak5 root !re4 ,9 fact1 y w see t air1 ra91 sn[1 &1 above all1 fro/ attack 9 turn ! h>d surface ( ! lava1 deta* f9e p>ticles f x1 & sl[ly produce a little du/ at its exp5se4 ,on ?is du/ !re w spr+ into be+ c]ta9 /range & h>dy plants1 ^? :ite or yell[ pat*es1 ^? vegetable incru/ations1 calculat$ to live on ! surface ( /one & kn[n z li*5s4 ,^! li*5s fa/5 !mselves to ! lava1 gnaw x /ill m1 & 9 dy+ leave a little mold =m$ f _! decay+ rema9s4 ,on ?is preci\s mold1 lodg$ 9 "s cavity ( ! lava1 !re is n[ a gr[? ( mosses :i* p]i% 9 _! turn & increase ! quantity ( f]tiliz+ mat]ial4 ,next come f]ns1 :i* require a ri*] soil1 & aft] t a few tufts ( grass2 !n "s brambles1 "s meag] %rubs2 & ?us ) ea* succe$+ ye> ! f]tile soil is add$ to f ! new remnants ( lava & mold left by ! prec$+ g5]ation ( plants t h gone to decay4 ,x is 9 ?is way t gradually a lava-b$ f9ally becomes cov]$ ) a =e/4 8,our own arable l& _h a simil> orig94 ,/]ile rocks1 h>d z !y are1 contribut$ ! m9]al "p by be+ r$uc$ to du/ ?r\gh ! comb9$ action ( wat]1 air1 & fro/2 & ! successive g5]ations ( plant-life1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/1 furni%$ ! mold4 8,notice h[ admirably1 9 ! processes ( nature1 ! smalle/ ( creat$ be+s p]=m _! "p & contribute z be/ !y c to ! g5]al h>mony4 ,to produce f]tile soil !re is ne$$ some?+ m ?an ! fro/s & ?aws t crumble ! h>de/ rock3 !re is ne$ ( plants h>dy en\gh to live on ?is /]ile soil1 su* z t\gh grasses1 mosses1 li*5s1 :i* gnaw ! /one4 ,x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^! rudim5t>y plants1 s pitiful 9 appe>ance & yet s h>dy1 t ! du/ ( ! rocks is enri*$ ) mold & conv]t$ into a soil capable ( be>+ o!r & m delicate plants4 8,x is n 9 cultivat$ fields t y w f9d ^? ?ick c>pets ( mosses & li*5s1 valiant dis9tegrators ( /one2 x is on ! m\nta9-tops t !y c be se5 at _! "w ( cru/+ ov] ! smoo? rock 9 ord] to conv]t x into f]tile soil4 ,x is f ^! heights t ?is f]tile soil has desc5d$1 little by little1 wa%$ d[n by ! ra91 until x has f]tiliz$ ! valleys4 ,?is "w is go+ on all ! "t2 9 hilly regions plants ( ! l[e/ ord] are con/antly add+ to ! ext5t ( arable l&4 ,! little ?reads ( ra9-wat] t furr[ ^! regions c>ry away ) !m "s ( ?is humus & be> x to ! pla9s bel[4 8,:at a wor?y subject = our ?\ghtful /udy is ?is =mation ( arable soil by ^! legions ( inf]ior plants1 obscure work]s indefatigably crumbl+ ! rock6 ,:at imm5se results obta9$ by ! simple/ means60 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,soil 8,f\r sub/ances1 m+l$ 9 v v>iable proportions1 ent] into ! composition ( f]tile soil1 or arable l&1 namely3 s& or silica1 clay1 lime/one1 & humus1 or vegetable mold4 ,ea* "o ( ^! +r$i5ts sep>ately w\ld make b v poor soil1 q unsuit$ = agriculture2 b unit$1 mix$ toge!r1 !y fulfill ! conditions necess>y to f]tility4 ,arable l& g5]ally conta9s all f\r1 ) ! pr$om9ance sometimes ( "o1 sometimes ( ano!r4 ,! soil takes ! "n ( its mo/ abundant con/itu5t4 ,?us h aris5 ! names1 silici\s soil1 argillace\s soil1 calc>e\s soil1 & hum\s soil1 to designate ! f]tile l&s dom9at$ respectively by s&1 clay1 lime/one1 & humus4 ,comp\nd t]ms are also us$4 ,= example1 :5 x is said ( a c]ta9 soil t x is argillo-calc>e\s1 x is meant t clay & lime/one are its *ief con/itu5ts4 8,s& consi/s ( p>ticles1 m or less m9ute1 ( v h>d rock1 sometimes opaque1 sometimes z transp>5t z glass1 & always easily recognizable by its prop]ty ( emitt+ sp>ks :5 /ruck ) /eel4 ,fl9t & :ite pebbles belong to ?is k9d ( rock1 :i* is call$ silex1 silica1 or qu>tz4 ,^! ?ree expressions mean ab\t ! same4 ,s&y soils h little consi/5cy1 are easily p]meat$ by wat]1 & freely absorb ! sun's heat1 :i* makes !m v subject to dr\ght4 8,! "n ( granite is giv5 to a rock compos$ *iefly ( silica & :i* =ms :ole m\nta9s1 z 9 c5tral ,france & 9 ,brittany4 ,! soil =m$ by ! gradual dis9tegration ( ?is rock is sometimes call$ granite soil4 ,x is n v good = agriculture4 ,*e/nut trees prosp] 9 x1 z well z c]ta9 wild plants *>act]i/ic ( ?is k9d ( l&4 ,! pr9cipal ones are ! v>i\s species ( hea!r & ! purple digitalis4 ,hea!r1 ) its da9ty little p9k blossoms1 c>pets 9 ri*e/ abundance ! poore/ ( s&y soils4 ,! purple digitalis is a l>ge-leav$ plant ^: fl[]s1 r$ on ! outside1 /rip$ ) purple & :ite inside1 are arrang$ 9 a long & magnific5t di/aff rea*+ almo/ to ! height ( a man4 ,! fl[]s are 9 ! %ape ( long tun-belli$ bells or1 r1 glove-f+]s2 h5ce ! plant is sometimes call$ foxglove1 sometimes lady's f+]s4 8,! soil compos$ ( sub/ances ?r[n up by volcanoes is also s&y1 & is call$ volcanic soil4 ,x is g5]ally black & sometimes v f]tile4 8,s&y-clay soil is f\nd 9 ! valleys ( great riv]s4 ,x is ! mo/ fruitful & ! easie/ to cultivate4 ,su* are ! soils ( ! ,rhone valley1 ! valley ( ! ,loire1 & t ( ! ,se9e4 ,x is /ill m f]tile if x is flood$ by ! /ream at high wat]4 ,!n ! riv] deposits a ri* slime compos$ ( clay & organic matt] wa%$ d[n by ! curr5t4 8,! soil ( hea?y or %rubby l& is compos$ ( f9e s& & ( humus f ! decay$ leaves ( hea!r & o!r plants4 ,x is only us$ = fl[] g>d5s1 & furni%es an example ( :at might be call$ s&-&-humus soil4 8,clay is a soil :i*1 :5 moi/5$ ) wat] & ?or\ghly knead$1 becomes a s(t & t5aci\s d\gh1 suitable = mold+ into any desir$ %ape4 ,:5 p]fectly pure x is :ite1 & is kn[n z kaol91 a r>e sub/ance ( :i* porcela9 is made4 ,pla/ic clays are ^? t are unctu\s to ! t\*1 =m+ ) wat] a yield+ mass t h>d5s ) fir+4 ,!y are us$ 9 mak+ pott]y4 ,smectite1 or full]'s e>?1 is a clay ( v diff]5t "*1 n pliable :5 moi/5$1 b v absorb5t ( grease & h5ce us$ by full]s = cleans+ clo? ( ! oil left on x 9 weav+4 ,o*res are clays color$ ei!r r$ or yell[ by iron-ru/4 ,!y are us$ 9 co>se pa9t+4 ,r$ *alk belongs to ?is class ( clays4 ,m>l is a mixture 9 v>iable proportions ( clay & lime/one4 ,accord+ to :i* con/itu5t pr$om9ates1 x is call$ argillace\s or calc>e\s4 ,subject$ to ! action ( air & moi/ure1 m>l becomes flaky & crumbles to du/4 ,m>l is us$ 9 agriculture to improve ! soil4 8,a clay soil is q ! opposite ( a s&y soil3 wat] makes x swell & conv]ts x into a /icky pa/e :i* cl+s t5aci\sly to f>m+ implem5ts4 ,once wet1 x is cold1 t is to say x dries v sl[ly4 ,a spade c only divide x into d5se clods sl[ to crumble 9 ! air & n fit = receiv+ se$4 ,! f>m] mu/ be c>eful to dra9 (f ! wat] & break up ! gr\nd by work+ x be=e & dur+ fro/s4 ,x is improv$ by mix+ ) x s&1 coal-a%es1 & lime4 ,:eat fl\ri%es bett] 9 a clayey soil ?an 9 any o!r k9d4 8,clayey soils are recogniz$ by _! vegetation4 ,! wild plants peculi> to ?is k9d ( soil are colt's-foot & danewort4 ,colt's-foot is also call$ horse-foot f ! %ape ( its leaves1 ! outl9e ( :i* rem9ds "o ( a horse's ho(4 ,! leaves are :ite und]nea?4 ,! fl[]s are yell[ l little m>igolds1 & !y appe> at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ be=e ! leaves4 ,danewort is a k9d ( h]bace\s eld] ( ab\t half ! height ( a man4 ,its small :ite fl[]s are succe$$ by b]ries full ( a violet-r$ juice40 ,,*apt] ,v ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,soil 7,cont9u$7 8,lime/one is ! rock f :i* lime is obta9$4 ,x is compos$ ( c>bonic acid & lime4 ,to obta9 ! latt]1 ! lime/one is subject$ to int5se heat 9 a furnace or lime-kiln4 ,! c>bonic acid escapes1 is dissipat$ 9 ! air1 & only ! lime rema9s4 ,9 arable l& lime/one is f\nd r (t5 9 small] or l>g] pieces1 b m frequ5tly z a f9e p[d] :i* ! eye c sc>cely di/+ui% f ! o!r con/itu5ts1 especially clay4 ,! wat] ( riv]s & o!r /reams almo/ always conta9s a small proportion ( dissolv$ lime/one4 ,!nce comes ! ?9 lay] ( /one t accumulates little by little on ! inn] surface ( bottles1 coat+ ! glass4 ,"s wat]s conta9 en\gh ( ?is dissolv$ lime/one to deposit a m9]al cru/ on objects imm]s$ 9 !m1 z mosses & aquatic plants1 & to ob/ruct _! aqu$ucts4 ,! cle>e/ wat]1 9 :i* no =eign sub/ance c be se51 absolutely none1 nev]!less conta9s dissolv$ lime/one1 j z sweet5$ wat] conta9s invisible sug>4 ,9 dr9k+ a glass ( wat] we dr9k a little /one at ! same "t4 ,our body1 9 ord] to gr[ /rong & increase 9 size1 ne$s consid]able calc>e\s matt] = ! =mation ( bones1 :i* are to u :at its solid framework is to a build+4 ,?is mat]ial1 s necess>y to u1 is n creat$ by u2 we obta9 x f our food & dr9k4 ,wat] plays its "p 9 furni%+ ?is lime/one1 :i* x furni%es also to plants2 !y all conta9 a great] or less proportion ( ?is m9]al matt]4 8,calc>e\s soils are :iti% f _! *ief con/itu5t1 *alk4 ,entirely /]ile :5 ! proportion ( lime/one is excessive1 !y are tol]ably productive :5 clay is add$4 ,!y are especially suitable = v9ey>ds & = rais+ luc]ne1 sa9fo91 & clov]4 ,*ampagne & ! s\? ( ,france (f] examples ( ?is k9d ( soil4 ,its pr9cipal v>ieties are *alky soil1 :i* is ne>ly /]ile1 conta9+ z mu* z n9ety-five p] c5t ( *alk1 & m>ly soil :i* is compos$ ( clay & *alk4 8,! plant-life *>act]i/ic ( calc>e\s soils comprises ! box-tree1 ^: compact & f9e-gra9$ wood is s e/eem$ by turn]s2 ! wild cornel1 ^: r$1 olive-%ap$ fruit is "o ( ! be/-lik$ autumn products t nature (f]s u2 & ! alkek5gi1 or w9t] *]ry1 ^: yell[ b]ries are us$ = color+ butt]4 ,^! b]ries are encas$ 9 a l>ge1 gorge\sly r$ membran\s bag4 8,wood1 leaves1 h]bage1 left a long "t 9 contact ) air & moi/ure1 und]go a sl[ combu/ion2 9 o!r words1 !y rot4 ,! result ( ?is decomposition is a br[n sub/ance call$ humus or vegetable mold4 ,! he>t ( old holl[ will[s is conv]t$ into humus2 x is ! same ) leaves t fall f ! trees & rot on ! gr\nd4 ,humus f ! rema9s ( e>li] g5]ations ( plant-life n\ri%es ! plant-life ( to-day1 & ?is 9 turn w become mold f :i* future plants w spr+4 ,x is 9 ?is way t vegetation is ma9ta9$ 9 places n cultivat$ by man4 ,humus1 !n1 is nature's manure4 ,:]e x is all[$ to =m freely1 vegetation nev] loses its vigor1 us+ ov] & ov] aga9 ! same mat]ial1 :i* takes alt]nately ! two =ms ( plant & humus4 ,b hay f ! field is /or$ 9 ! hay-l(t1 & ! annual h>ve/ ( :eat is tak5 to ! gran>y4 ,?us ! l& is robb$ ( ! mold t w\ld be =m$ naturally by ! rott+ ( ?is hay & :eat2 !re=e we mu/ give back to x1 "u "s =m or o!r1 ?is mold t has be5 tak5 away1 s9ce o!rwise ! soil w become less & less productive until f9ally x is q /]ile4 ,?is re/itution is made 9 ! =m ( animal manure1 :i* is a sort ( humus produc$ by dige/ive processes in/ead ( by natural decay4 8,humus plays a tw(old "p 9 ! soil4 ,fir/1 x mell[s ! l&1 or 9 o!r words makes x m easily p]meable by air & wat]4 ,secondly1 by ! sl[ combu/ion tak+ place 9 ! humus !re is con/antly be+ lib]at$ a small quantity ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is tak5 up by ! adjac5t roots4 ,agriculture c succe$ only 9 s f> z ! soil conta9s humus4 ,:eat requires ne>ly eight p] c5t1 oats & rye only two p] c5t4 ,9 poor1 s&y soils1 to increase ! am\nt ( vegetable mold1 x is cu/om>y to pl[ c]ta9 gre5 crops "u1 z ! f>m]s express x2 t is1 ! surface soil is turn$ ov] & ! gr[+ crop int5d$ = manur+ purposes is buri$ & left to decay 9 ! gr\nd4 ,t is :at is done :5 ! pl[man turns "u a field ( gr[+ grass or a /ret* ( clov]4 ,:5 x is propos$ to improve a piece ( l& by ?is process1 x is ! practice to beg9 by rais+ a crop 7:i* w lat] be turn$ "u7 t d]ives ! great] "p ( its n\ri%m5t f ! air1 s9ce ! soil 9 ?is in/ance _c ( itself furni% ?is n\ri%m5t4 ,among ! plants satisfy+ ^! conditions are buck:eat1 clov]1 lup9e1 beans1 vet*es1 luc]ne1 & sa9fo94 8,soils ri* 9 humus h = _! *ief con/itu5t ! br[n sub/ance t results f ! decay+ ( leaves & o!r vegetable matt]4 ,turf l& /&s fir/ z ri* 9 humus4 ,turf is a d>k1 spongy sub/ance t =ms 9 moi/ l[l&s f ! accumulation ( vegetable refuse1 especially mosses4 ,turf1 or peat1 z x is also call$1 is us$ = fuel4 ,to turn su* a soil to acc\nt1 x mu/ fir/ be made :olesome by dra9age1 x mu/ be mell[$ by p>+ & burn+ & by ! addition ( s& & m>l1 & a proportion ( lime mu/ be mix$ 9 to ha/5 ! decomposition ( all vegetable matt]4 ,turf l&s are recogniz$ by _! sphagnei1 great mosses t gr[ ) _! roots 9 ! wat]2 & by _! flax-l s$ges1 f ! tops ( :i* hang beautiful tufts ( d[n hav+ ! s(tness & :it5ess ( ! f9e/ silk40 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,pota% ,,& ,,phosphorus 8,let u burn a plant1 no matt] :at k9d4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! heat is to produce c>bon1 :i*1 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 con/itut$ ! plant4 ,if combu/ion cont9ues1 ?is c>bon is dissipat$ 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas1 & !re rema9s an e>?y residue :i* we call a%es4 ,"h !n are two k9ds ( mat]ial1 c>bon & a%es1 :i* )\t exception ent] into all plant-life4 ,! plant did n create !m1 did n make !m out ( no?+1 s9ce x is impossible to obta9 some?+ f no?+4 ,x mu/1 !n1 h d]iv$ !m f "s s\rce4 ,we %all take up be=e long ! subject ( coal & its orig91 & %all f9d t x comes *iefly f ! atmosph]e1 :5ce ! leaves obta9 c>bonic acid gas1 :i* !y decompose "u ! action ( ! sun's rays1 reta9+ ! c>bon & ?r[+ (f ! air 9 a condition fit = brea?+4 ,! vegetation ( ! entire e>? ?us f9ds its pr9cipal nutrim5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 an inexhau/ible & increas+ly abundant res]voir1 because ! respiration ( animals1 putrefaction1 & combu/ion are cont9ually giv+ =? z mu* c>bonic acid gas z ! comb9$ plant-life ( ! e>? c consume4 ,to ma9ta9 ! f]tility ( 8 fields1 !re=e1 ! f>m] ne$ n give a ?\ght to ! subject ( c>bon2 ) no assi/ance f him 8 gr[+ crops f9d 9 ! air all ! c>bonic acid gas !y require4 ,!re rema9s = our consid]ation1 !n1 ! residue left aft] combu/ion1 ! a%es 9 fact1 a mixture ( v>i\s sub/ances ( :i* we w n[ exam9e ! mo/ important4 8,let u put a few h&fuls ( a%es to boil 9 a pot ( wat]4 ,aft] boil+ a little :ile we w let ! cont5ts cool4 ,! a%es settle to ! bottom & ! liquid at ! top becomes cle>4 ,well1 we %all f9d ?is liquid emitt+ a peculi> odor1 exactly l t :i* comes f ! lye obta9$ by pass+ wat] ?r\gh a b>rel ( a%es4 ,we %all also f9d t x has an acrid1 almo/ burn+ ta/e4 ,?is smell ( lye1 ?is acrid ta/e 7 n 9 ! wat] at fir/2 !y come f ! a%es1 :i* h yield$ a c]ta9 con/itu5t to ! wat]4 8,h5ce we see t a%es mu/ conta9 at lea/ two sub/ances ( diff]5t k9ds1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal "o _c dissolve 9 wat]1 b settles at ! bottom z an e>?y deposit1 :ile ! o!r1 =m+ b a v small "p ( ! :ole1 dissolves easily 9 wat] & gives x its prop]ties1 especially its odor & its acrid ta/e4 8,if we wi% to obta9 ?is latt] elem5t by itself1 we c v easily d s4 ,all t is necess>y is to put ! cle> liquid into a pot ov] ! fire & boil x until all ! wat] has evaporat$4 ,!re w be left a v small quantity ( :iti% matt] resembl+ table salt4 ,b despite its appe>ance x is n table salt by any means2 f> f x1 z we %all quickly discov] f its unbe>able ta/e4 ,x is kn[n z pota%1 & x is :at makes lye s good = clean+ l954 ,fur!rmore1 ( ! v>i\s compon5ts ( a%es x is ! "o mo/ ess5tial to vegetation4 ,e tree1 e %rub1 e plant1 ev5 to ! smalle/ blade ( grass1 conta9s a c]ta9 proportion ( x1 sometimes l>g]1 sometimes small]1 accord+ to ! k9d ( plant-life1 & !re=e mu/ f9d x 9 ! soil 9 ord] to ?rive4 ,let u add t 9 gr[+ plants pota% is n z ! action ( fire leaves x aft] ! plants h be5 r$uc$ to a%es4 ,9 nature x is comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances :i* free x f t burn+ acridity4 ,9 ! same way c>bon1 :5 comb9$ ) o!r elem5ts1 loses its blackness & h>dness2 9 fact1 x is no long] common coal4 8,:at else is !re 9 a%es8 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ! matt] w tell u4 ,9 #affi !re liv$ 9 ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 a le>n$ old man nam$ ,br&t1 ^: head 0 a little turn$ & :o s\ght to turn common metals into gold4 ,f old iron1 ru/y nails1 & worn-out kettles1 he hop$ to produce ! preci\s metal4 ,b he did n succe$ 9 8 endeavors1 nor 0 x de/9$ t he %\ld succe$1 = ! simple reason t ! ?+ is impossible4 ,nev] is "o metal *ang$ into ano!r4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t at ! end ( 8 res\rces he took x into 8 head to conceive a cr[n+ absurdity4 ,he imag9$ t 9 ur9e w\ld be f\nd ! +r$i5t capable ( turn+ all metals into gold4 ,behold him1 !n1 boil+ ur9e1 evaporat+ x1 & cook+ ! disgu/+ s$im5t1 fir/ ) ?is1 !n ) t1 until at la/ "o ev5+ he saw some?+ %9+ 9 8 phials4 ,x 0 n gold1 b some?+ m useful3 x 0 phosphorus1 :i* to-day gives u fire4 ,don't make fun ( old ,br&t & 8 fooli% cook+3 9 seek+ ! impossible he made "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies4 ,to him we owe ! sulphur mat*1 t preci\s s\rce ( light & fire s easily & quickly us$4 8,if y exam9e a sulphur mat* y w see t ! inflammable tip conta9s two sub/ances3 sulphur1 laid on to ! wood1 & ano!r sub/ance add$ to ! sulphur4 ,?is la/ is phosphorus1 color$ ) a blue1 r$1 or br[n p[d]1 accord+ to ! caprice ( ! manufactur]4 ,phosphorus by itself is slightly yell[ 9 color & transluc5t l wax4 ,its "n means #8light-be>]4' ,:5 rubb$ g5tly betwe5 ! f+]s 9 ! d>k1 x does inde$ give out a pale gleam4 ,at ! same "t !re is a smell ( g>lic2 x is ! odor ( phosphorus4 ,?is sub/ance is excessively inflammable3 ) v little heat or ) slight friction aga9/ a h>d surface1 x cat*es fire4 ,h5ce its use 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es4 8,phosphorus is a horribly poison\s sub/ance4 ,by melt+ a little ( x 9 grease a poison c be obta9$ t w de/roy rats & mice4 ,cru/s ( bread are sme>$ ) ?is composition & expos$ 9 places frequ5t$ by ^! animals4 ,a nibble is en\gh to ensure spe$y dea?4 ,h5ce y p]ceive t because ( _! poison\s nature mat*es are to be h&l$ ) extreme c>e4 ,contact ) food might produce ! grave/ consequ5ces40 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,phosphates ,,& ,,nitrog5 8,phosphorus1 :i* is a dang]\s poison1 z we h se51 is nev]!less f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! bodies ( all animals4 ,x occurs 9 ! ur9e1 :5ce ,br&t 0 ! fir/ to extract x2 x is f\nd /ill m pl5tifully 9 ! bones1 & f !nce x is n[ obta9$4 ,!re is "s 9 meat1 9 milk1 & 9 *eese2 also 9 plants1 notably c]eals2 h5ce fl\r & bread conta9 x4 ,b d n be al>m$3 we %all n die ( poison l ! rats t h nibbl$ cru/s sme>$ ) grease & phosphorus40 8,b :y n10 ask$ ,emile1 8if we eat x z ! rats d80 8,i w try to expla910 repli$ 8 uncle4 8,:5 two or m sub/ances are mix$ toge!r1 !y lose _! orig9al prop]ties1 :ile ! new sub/ance obta9$ by _! comb9ation is f\nd to possess new prop]ties hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ! old ones4 ,?us c>bon1 :5 comb9$ ) ! air t we brea!1 becomes an invisible gas1 subtle1 & unfit = brea?+4 ,9 l mann] lime1 burn+ to ! ta/e1 is conv]t$ by union ) c>bonic acid gas into *alk1 a calc>e\s /one void ( ta/e4 ,fur!rmore1 poison\s sub/ances1 deadly 9 a v small dose1 may become h>mless & ev5 ent] into ! composition ( our food :5 !y are comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances4 ,?us x is ) phosphorus4 ,:at1 !n1 is unit$ ) phosphorus 9 ! =m 9 :i* x ceases to be poison\s & ent]s into ! composition ( meat & fl\r8 ,t is :at we w n[ consid]4 8,:5 phosphorus is burn$ x produces a ?ick :ite smoke1 ( :i* y c get "s idea by /rik+ a numb] ( mat*es all at once4 ,?is :ite smoke ) ! slighte/ trace ( humidity is r$ucible to an extraord9>ily acid liquid call$ phosphoric acid4 ,s9ce ?is comp\nd results f ! combu/ion ( phosphorus1 j z c>bonic acid is ! result ( ! combu/ion ( c>bon1 x mu/ & 9 fact does conta9 ! air )\t :i* no combu/ion c take place4 ,phosphoric acid is no long] inflammable1 h[ev] mu* x may be heat$2 be+ itself ! product ( combu/ion1 x _c burn aga94 ,b if !re is no dang] ( its cat*+ fire1 phosphoric acid is nev]!less dang]\s on acc\nt ( its int5se acidity1 :i* makes x viol5tly corrosive 9 its action on fle%4 ,if mix$ ) lime1 h[ev]1 ?is =midable comp\nd loses its injuri\s prop]ties & is *ang$ into a :ite sub/ance )\t ! lea/ ta/e or ! slighte/ poison\s effect4 ,?is sub/ance is call$ phosphate ( lime4 ,burnt phosphorus & lime1 ?us unit$1 furni% ! great] "p ( ! m9]al matt] f\nd 9 bones4 ,put a bone into ! fire3 ! grease & juices t p]meate its sub/ance w be burnt up & ! bone w lose a "p ( its weight & become friable & p]fectly :ite4 ,well1 ?is bone1 calc9$ 9 ! fire = a long "t1 is compos$ *iefly ( phosphate ( lime4 ,x conta9s phosphorus1 ! mo/ combu/ible ( sub/ances1 & yet is itself absolutely incombu/ible2 x conta9s "o ( ! mo/ poison\s sub/ances1 & yet is itself q h>mless2 into its composition !re has ent]$ an +r$i5t possess+ atroci\s acidity1 & yet ! comp\nd itself has no ta/e4 ,simil>ly comb9$ & equally h>mless1 phosphorus is f\nd 9 meat1 milk1 c]eals1 9 fl\r & bread4 8,a c[ c furni% ea* week ab\t #gj lit]s ( milk conta9+ #dfj grams ( phosphate4 ,?is phosphate comes f hay1 :i* obta9s x f ! soil4 ,b z ! soil conta9s only a mod]ate quantity ( x1 & ! hay cont9ually takes x away1 ! supply w at la/ become exhau/$ & ! milk w become poor] & less abundant4 ,if a kilogram ( p[d]$ bones1 conta9+ ab\t ! same quantity ( phosphate z ! #gj lit]s ( milk1 is spread ov] ! pa/ure1 x w make good ! weekly loss 9 phosphate t ! soil und]goes 9 ! production ( ! c['s milk4 ,h5ce ! efficacy ( p[d]$ bones on exhau/$ pa/ure l&4 8,phosphoric acid comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances is f\nd 9 all our agricultural products1 & h5ce ! phosphate f bones has a v m>k$ effect on our crops4 ,h>ve/s h be5 d\bl$ z if by magic ?r\gh ! use ( p[d]$ bones4 ,a kilogram ( ?is p[d] conta9s en\gh phosphoric acid = ! gr[? ( a hundr$ kilograms ( :eat4 ,despite _! great value z a f]tiliz] bones w nev] be ?us us$ except to a limit$ ext5t1 because !y are n abundant en\gh & also because !y are mu* 9 dem& 9 v>i\s arts & manufactures4 ,=tunately 9 "s localities phosphate ( lime is f\nd 9 c]ta9 co>se pebbles call$ nodules or coprolites4 ,^! preci\s /ones are c>efully collect$ & gr\nd to p[d] 9 a mill4 ,!n1 9 ord] to make ! sub/ance m soluble 9 damp soil1 & ?us bett] fitt$ = ! nutrition ( plants1 x is spray$ ) an extremely corrosive liquid call$ sulphuric acid or1 m commonly1 oil ( vitriol4 ,9 ?is way is obta9$ ! sup]phosphate ( lime :i* manufacture gives to agriculture z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( f]tiliz]s1 especially = ! rais+ ( gra94 8,we 7 wond]+ a little :ile ago :at sub/ances c\ld be conta9$ 9 ! a%es ( a burnt plant1 & we h n[ f\nd pota% to be "o ( !m4 ,moreov]1 s9ce all vegetation mu/ h phosphate 9 ord] to ?rive1 ?is also ought to be f\nd 9 ! a%es1 phosphate be+ inde/ructible by heat4 ,&1 9 fact1 aft] ! inc9]ation ( any vegetable matt] :atev]1 z a bundle ( hay or a h&ful ( gra91 ! delicate processes ( sci5ce c always recov] ?is comp\nd ( phosphorus2 & !y fur!r f9d lime1 iron 9 ! =m ( ru/1 ! silici\s compon5t ( pebbles1 & div]s o!r sub/ances ( less int]e/4 8,to f9i% ?is difficult b v important subject ( ! nutrition ( plants1 ,i mu/ say a few words ab\t ammonia4 ,?is ^w does n tell y any?+ s9ce x is a new ^w to y4 ,b ,i w make its mean+ cle> to y by a famili> illu/ration4 8,y mu/ h notic$ ! /rong1 p5etrat+ odor preval5t 9 ill-kept wat]-closets2 & y h also p]ceiv$ ! same odor :5 soil$ g>m5ts are clean$ ) a c]ta9 liquid t looks l cle> wat]4 ,well1 ?is odor1 s pung5t t x almo/ produces ! effect ( f9e ne$les ?ru/ up into ! no/rils & br+s te>s to ! eyes1 is ! odor ( ammonia4 8,ammonia is an invisible gas capable ( be+ tak5 up 9 l>ge quantities by wat]1 ! mixture be+ kn[n z aqua ammoni1 or wat] ( ammonia4 ,comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances ammonia loses its pung5t odor & =ms comp\nds :i* are among ! mo/ effective f]tiliz]s4 ,^! comp\nds furni% vegetation ) "o ( its ess5tial +r$i5ts call$ nitrog54 ,by itself nitrog5 is an odorless & colorless gas4 ,9 ?is /ate x =ms f\r-fif?s ( ! volume ( ord9>y air1 ! air we brea!4 ,! o!r fif? is compos$ ( a second gas call$ oxyg51 also colorless & odorless4 ,x is oxyg5 t our lungs dem& :5 we brea!1 & x is oxyg5 t is necess>y :5 we wi% to burn any?+4 ,x is ?is alone t plays its invaluable "p 9 ! combu/ion ( c]ta9 sub/ances 9 our blood & 9 ! g5]ation ( natural heat2 x is ?is t 9 ! process ( combu/ion releases c>bon1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & o!r combu/ibles1 to comb9e ) !m & produce a comp\nd kn[n z c>bonic acid gas 9 ! case ( burnt c>bon1 phosphoric acid 9 ! case ( phosphorus4 ,9 fact1 to x belong ! prop]ties t we h until n[ attribut$ to ! atmosph]e z a :ole4 ,z = nitrog51 x has no o!r purpose 9 ! atmosph]e ?an to mod]ate by its pres5ce ! too viol5t en]gies ( oxyg52 x plays !re ! "p ( ! wat] t we put into too /rong w9e4 8,all vegetation requires nitrog54 ,:eat1 = example1 mu/ h x to develop ! gra9 9 ! e>2 peas1 beans1 l5tils dem& x 9 ord] to fill out _! pods2 ! pa/ure & ! hay-field ne$ x if !y are to furni% ! nutrim5t t ! %eep & ! c[ w trans=m into milk4 ,b plants _c take ?is nitrog5 f ! air1 :]e x is s abundant2 x mu/ be s]v$ up to !m aft] a c]ta9 necess>y prep>ation4 ,we ourselves ne$ phosphorus1 s9ce x ent]s into ! composition ( our bones2 we ne$ c>bon /ill m1 ! pr9cipal fuel us$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! heat ( ! body4 ,b are we to eat ! *>coal t ! *>coal-burn] manufactures 9 8 furnace1 & ! phosphorus us$ 9 ! mak+ ( mat*es8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! fir/ w\ld be a frightful m\?ful1 ! second an atroci\s poison4 ,we mu/ h !m prep>$ 9 a suitable way1 su* z !y are f\nd 9 bread1 milk1 meat1 fruits1 vegetables4 ,9 ! same mann] plant-life requires nitrog51 n z x occurs 9 ! atmosph]e1 b z x exi/s 9 c]ta9 comb9ations1 ( :i* ! mo/ notable are ! comp\nds ( ammonia4 ,?is expla9s to u ! highly b5eficial effect ( manure on our crops4 ,manure is compos$ ( ! b$d+ us$ 9 /ables & ! animal excrem5t ) :i* x has become mix$ & impregnat$4 ,n[ ?is excrem5titi\s matt]1 especially ur9e1 yields ammonia 9 decompos+1 z is prov$ by ! odor aris+ f latr9es 9 hot wea!r & s p[]fully affect+ ! eyes & nose4 ,?us manure may be said to hold ammonia comp\nds 9 /orage1 & f !m plants d]ive _! nitrog51 z also _m o!r +r$i5ts4 8,let u summ>ize ^! details4 ,9 ! nutrition ( plants f\r sub/ances are ( prime importance4 ,fir/1 c>bonic acid gas1 :i* yields c>bon1 ! mo/ widely diffus$ ( all ! elem5ts 7b :i* we ne$ n dwell ^u "h71 s9ce plants take x *iefly f ! atmosph]e1 to :i* x is suppli$ unceas+ly4 ,aft] c>bonic acid come pota%1 phosphoric acid1 & nitrog51 all ( :i* ! roots extract f ! soil1 :]e x occurs 9 "s comp\nd or o!r4 ,^! are ! +r$i5ts t ! soil1 if x is to rema9 f]tile1 mu/ h giv5 back to x z fa/ z !y are exhau/$ by ! crops4 ,su* is ! "p play$ by f]tiliz]s1 )\t :i* ! soil becomes exhau/$ & ceases to produce40 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,vegetation ,,& ,,! ,,atmosph]e 8,! c>bonic acid gas produc$ simply by ! brea?+ ( ! great human family am\nts e ye> to ab\t #afj1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic met]s1 :i* repres5ts #hf1bgj1jjj1jjj kilograms ( burnt c>bon4 ,pil$ up1 ?is c>bon w\ld =m a m\nta9 "o league r\nd at its base & betwe5 f\r hundr$ & five hundr$ met]s high4 ,s mu* c>bon is requir$ by man to ma9ta9 8 natural heat4 ,all ( u toge!r eat ?is m\nta9 ( c>bon 9 our food & 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> dissipate x all 9 ! air1 a brea?ful at a "t2 aft] :i* we imm$iately beg9 ! dissipation ( ano!r m\nta9 ( c>bon4 ,h[ _m m\nta9s ( c>bon1 !n1 s9ce ! _w 0 creat$1 mu/ mank9d h exhal$ into ! atmosph]e6 8,we mu/ take acc\nt1 too1 ( ! animals1 :i*1 collectively1 ^? ( ! l& & ^? ( ! sea1 use up a big m\nta9 ( combu/ible matt]4 ,!y are mu* m num]\s ?an we2 !y inhabit ! entire globe1 bo? cont95ts & seas4 ,:at a quantity ( c>bon x mu/ take to su/a9 ! life ( our planet6 ,& to ?9k t x all goes =? into ! air1 z a deadly gas1 ( :i* a few brea?s w\ld cause dea?6 8,nor is t all4 ,f]m5tation1 z 9 grape-juice & ris+ d\gh1 & putrefaction1 z 9 decay+ manure1 produce c>bonic acid gas4 ,& x ne$s only a light lay] ( manure to cause a cultivat$ field to give =? betwe5 "o hundr$ & two hundr$ cubic met]s ( c>bonic acid gas p] day = ea* hect>e4 8,! wood1 coal1 & *>coal burnt 9 our h\ses1 & especially ! quantities consum$ 9 ! great furnaces ( factories--are n !y also return$ to ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( h>mful gas8 ,j ?9k ( ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid gas vomit$ into ! atmosph]e by a factory furnace into :i* coal is p\r$ by ! c>load6 ,?9k also ( ! volcanoes1 gigantic natural *imneys :i* 9 a s+le eruption ?r[ up su* quantities ( gas t furnaces (f] no comp>ison4 ,x is v cle>3 ! atmosph]e is con/antly receiv+ c>bonic acid gas 9 torr5ts t defy computation4 ,& yet animal life has no?+ to fe> = ! pres5t or = ! future1 s9ce ! atmosph]e1 ?\gh cont9ually be+ poison$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 is at ! same "t always be+ purg$ ( x4 8,& :at is ! purgative ag5t commission$ by ,provid5ce to ma9ta9 ! salubrity ( ! atmosph]e8 ,x is vegetation1 my fri5ds1 vegetation1 :i* fe$s on c>bonic acid gas to prev5t our p]i%+ & turns x into ! bread ( life = our su/5ance4 ,?is deadly gas1 :i* absorbs into itself all sorts ( putrefaction1 is ! *oice/ ( n\ri%m5t = plant-life2 & ?us out ( ! bosom ( dea? ! blade ( grass builds up new life4 8,a leaf is riddl$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( excessively m9ute orifices1 ea* encircl$ by two lips :i* give x ! appe>ance ( a half-op5 m\?4 ,!y are call$ /omata4 ,on a s+le leaf ( ! l9d5 m ?an a million c be c\nt$1 b s small are !y z to be q invisible )\t a magnify+-glass4 ,?is picture %[s y h[ !y look "u a microscope4 ,well1 ?r\gh ^! orifices ! plant brea!s1 n pure air su* z we brea!1 b poison$ air1 fatal to an animal b :olesome = a plant4 ,x inhales ?r\gh its myriads ( millions ( /omata ! c>bonic acid gas diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e2 x admits ?is gas into ! inn] sub/ance ( its leaves1 & !re1 "u ! sun's rays1 a m>vel\s process foll[s4 ,/imulat$ by ! light1 ! leaves op]ate ^u ! deadly gas & take f x all its c>bon4 ,!y unburn 7! ^w is n 9 ! diction>y1 m's ! pity1 = x gives ! "r idea7--!y unburn ! burnt c>bon1 undo :at combu/ion _h done1 sep>ate ! c>bon f ! air ) :i* x is b\nd up2 9 a ^w1 !y decompose ! c>bonic acid gas4 8,& d n ?9k x any easy ?+ to unburn a burnt sub/ance1 to re/ore to _! orig9al condition two sub/ances unit$ by fire4 ,sci5ti/s w\ld ne$ all ! +5i\s means & p[]ful drugs !y possess to extract c>bon f c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is task1 :i* w\ld tax ! utmo/ res\rces ( ! man ( sci5ce1 leaves accompli% noiselessly1 )\t ef=t1 ev5 in/antane\sly1 & ) ! sole requirem5t t !y %all h ! aid ( ! sun4 8,b if sunlight fails1 ! plant c d no?+ ) ! c>bonic acid gas1 ! *ief item 9 its diet4 ,x !n p9es away ) hung]1 %oots up z if 9 que/ ( ! miss+ sun%9e1 :ile its b>k & leaves turn pale & lose _! gre5 color4 ,f9ally x dies4 ,?is sickly /ate induc$ by ! abs5ce ( light is call$ etiolation4 ,x is artificially produc$ 9 g>d5+ = ! purpose ( obta9+ t5d]] vegetables & ( less5+ or ev5 entirely remov+ ! too /rong & unpleasant ta/e ( "s plants4 ,9 ?is way "s salad gre5s are b\nd ) a ru% s t ! he>t1 depriv$ ( ! sun's rays1 may become t5d] & :ite2 & ?us1 too1 cel]y is bank$ up & left to :it51 s9ce o!rwise its ta/e w\ld be unbe>able4 ,if we cov] grass ) a tile or hide a plant "u a pot turn$ upside d[n1 we %all aft] a few days ( ?is en=c$ d>kness f9d ! foliage all sickly & yell[4 8,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! plant receives ! sun's rays )\t h9drance1 ! c>bonic acid gas is decompos$ 9 no "t1 ! c>bon & ! air sep>ate1 & ea* resumes its orig9al prop]ties4 ,fre$ ( its c>bon1 ! air becomes :at x 0 be=e ?is admixture3 x becomes pure air1 fit to ma9ta9 bo? fire & life4 ,9 ?is /ate x is re/or$ to ! atmosph]e by ! /omata to be us$ aga9 9 combu/ion & respiration4 ,x ent]$ ! plant z a fatal gas1 x leaves x z a vivify+ gas4 ,x w return "s day ) a new *>ge ( c>bon1 :i* x w deposit 9 ! plant1 & !n1 re/or$ to purity once m1 x w recomm5ce its atmosph]ic r\nd4 ,a sw>m ( bees goes & comes1 f ! hive to ! fields & f ! fields to ! hives1 on "o trip light5$ & eag] = booty & on ! o!r heavily lad5 ) honey & return+ to ! comb on we>i$ w+4 ,9 ! same way air on com+ to ! leaves is *>g$ ) c>bon f an animal's body1 a burn+ fire-br&1 or decay+ matt]2 x gives x to ! plant & dep>ts = a fre% supply4 8,x is ?us t ! atmosph]e pres]ves its salubrity despite ! imm5se torr5ts ( c>bonic acid t are ca/ into x4 ,! plant lives on deadly gas4 ,"u ! action ( ! sun's light x decomposes ! gas into c>bon1 :i* x keeps = build+ up its own sub/ance1 & brea?able air1 :i* x returns to ! atmosph]e4 ,f ?is c>bon comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances come wood1 sug>1 />*1 fl\r1 gum1 res91 oil1 9 fact e k9d ( vegetable product4 ,animal & plant are ( mutual assi/ance1 ! animal produc+ c>bonic acid gas1 :i* n\ri%es ! plant1 & ! plant *ang+ ?is deadly gas into air fit to brea! & into food4 ,?us our dep5d5ce on plants is tw(old3 !y purify ! atmosph]e & !y give u food40 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,lime ,to make mort> ) :i* masonry is held 9 place x is cu/om>y to use lime4 ,9 a sort ( tr\gh l9$ ) s& are plac$ lumps ( /one hav+ a calc9$ appe>ance1 & on ^! /ones wat] is p\r$4 ,9 a few mom5ts ! pile becomes heat$ to high temp]ature1 cracks & splits & f9ally crumbles into du/1 at ! same "t absorb+ ! wat]1 :i* disappe>s little by little z x is tak5 up by ! solid matt] or vaporiz$ by ! heat4 ,m wat] is add$ to r$uce x all to pa/e1 :i* is f9ally mix$ ) s&4 ,! product ( ! mixture is mort>4 ,su* is ! process (t5 witness$ by ,emile & ,jules1 :o are always surpris$1 t /one1 by hav+ wat] p\r$ on to x1 %\ld become hot & turn ! wat] into jets ( /eam4 8,lime10 ,uncle ,paul expla9$ to !m1 8is obta9$ f a widely diffus$ /one call$ lime/one or1 9 m le>n$ language1 c>bonate ( lime4 ,! process is ( ! simple/ sort4 ,x consi/s ( heat+ ! /one 9 kilns built 9 ! op5 air 9 ! vic9ity ( bo? lime/one & fuel1 s z to avoid ! exp5se ( transportation 9 ! manufacture ( a product t x is desirable to furni% at a l[ price4 8,a lime-kiln is ab\t ?ree met]s high1 & is l9$ ) fire-pro( brick4 ,an op5+ at ! bottom s]ves = tak+ out ! lime :5 ! fir+ has cont9u$ long en\gh4 ,9 fill+ ! kiln x is ! usual practice to beg9 by lay+ l>ge pieces ( lime/one s z to =m a sort ( rude vault ov] ! fireplace1 & on ?is vault are pil$ small] fragm5ts until ! entire cavity is fill$4 ,! fuel us$ may be fagots1 bru%wood1 turf1 or coal4 ,aft] ! fir+ has gone on long en\gh1 op]ations are susp5d$ & ! lime is )drawn by break+ d[n ! vault support+ ! entire mass1 :i* crumbles & comes cr[d+ out at ! l[] op5+1 :5ce x is usually remov$4 8,ano!r me?od /ill foll[$ 9 "s localities & ( m anci5t orig9 consi/s ( fill+ ! kiln ) alt]nate lay]s ( fuel & lime/one4 ,! :ole re/s on a b$ ( fagots t s]ves = />t+ ! fire4 ,z soon z ! fire has spread ?r\gh\t ! mass1 ! op5+ at ! top is clos$ ) pieces ( sod 9 ord] to make ! combu/ion sl[] & m ev540 8,no?+ c\ld be simpl]10 said ,jules1 8?an lime-mak+4 ,n[ ,i %\ld l to "k :at effect ! heat ( ! kiln has on ! lime/one4 ,h[ does x happ5 t /one turns into lime by pass+ ?r\gh fire80 8,lime/one10 answ]$ 8 uncle1 8conta9s two diff]5t sub/ances3 fir/1 lime1 & !n an invisible sub/ance1 impalpable z air itself1 9 fact1 a gas1 c>bonic acid gas4 ,! "n ( c>bonate ( lime giv5 to ! lime/one d5otes precisely ?is comb9ation4 ,z x is :5 tak5 f ! gr\nd1 ! /one conta9s ! two sub/ances closely unit$1 s incorporat$ inde$ z no long] to h ! qualities *>act]iz+ !m :5 ap>t4 ,heat de/roys ?is union3 ! lime /ays 9 ! kiln1 & ! c>bonic acid gas is dissipat$ 9 ! atmosph]e ) ! smoke f ! burnt fuel4 ,aft] ?is lib]ation ( ! gas ! lime is left 9 its pure /ate1 no long] mask$ by ! pres5ce ( ano!r sub/ance1 b j z x is ne$$ by ! mason = mak+ mort>40 8,!n all t ! fire does10 qu]i$ ,jules1 8is j to break ap>t ! lime/one & drive out ! c>bonic acid gas t x conta9$80 8,:at takes place 9 ! lime-kiln10 repli$ 8 uncle1 8is no?+ b ! sep>ation ( ! lime & ! gas4 ,n[ let u turn our att5tion to ! mort>4 ,:5 lime is wat]$1 x gets v hot1 swells1 cracks op51 & crumbles into a f9e p[d] l fl\r4 ,! heat t is g5]at$ comes f ! viol5ce ) :i* ! two sub/ances ru% toge!r4 ,be=e absorb+ wat] lime is call$ quicklime2 aft] ?is absorption1 :i* has r$uc$ x to p[d]1 x is call$ slak$ lime4 ,?is slak$ lime is r$uc$ to a pa/e ) wat]1 & !n well mix$ & knead$ ) s&4 ,! result is ! mort> us$ 9 lay+ /one & brick 9 ord] to hold ! c\rses firmly toge!r & give solidity to ! build+4 8,!re is "o ?+ ,i advise y to note1 if y h n already done s1 s9ce x w expla9 to y ! "p play$ by mort> 9 masonry4 ,look at ! wat] t = sev]al days has cov]$ a b$ ( lime slak$ by ! masons4 ,y w see float+ on ! surface small transp>5t p>ticles resembl+ ice4 ,well1 ^! t9y fragm5ts ( cru/ are no?+ b /one l t f :i* ! lime 0 obta9$2 9 a ^w1 !y are lime/one or c>bonate ( lime4 ,to make /one ( t k9d two sub/ances are necess>y1 z ,i h j told y3 lime & c>bonic acid gas4 ,! lime is furni%$ by ! wat]1 9 :i* x mu/ be pres5t 9 solution1 s9ce ! wat] cov]s a ?ick b$ ( ?is mat]ial2 & z to ! c>bonic acid gas1 x is furni%$ by ! air1 :]e x is always to be f\nd1 ?\gh 9 small quantities4 ,lime1 !n1 has ?is peculi>ity1 t x sl[ly incorporates ! small am\nt ( c>bonic acid gas pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 & s once m becomes ! lime/one t x 0 be=e4 8,a simil> process goes on 9 mort>3 ! lime takes back f ! atmosph]e ! gas t x _h lo/ 9 ! heat ( ! lime-kiln1 & little by little becomes /one aga94 ,! s& mix$ ) x s]ves to dis9tegrate ! lime1 :i* ?us m easily absorbs ! air necess>y = its conv]sion into lime/one4 ,:5 ! mort> has fully resum$ ! =m ( lime/one ! c\rses ( masonry are s /rongly b\nd "o to ano!r t ! /ones !mselves sometimes break r ?an give way4 8,:at is kn[n z fat lime is lime t develops great heat :5 br\ght into contact ) wat]1 & also increases consid]ably 9 volume1 =m+ ) ! wat] a ?ick1 cohesive pa/e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 poor lime develops b little heat1 dis9tegrates sl[ly1 & increases sc>cely any 9 volume4 ,! fir/ k9d comes f ne>ly pure lime/one & c be mix$ ) a l>ge proportion ( s&1 ?us mak+ a great quantity ( mort>4 ,! second k9d is obta9$ f lime/one hav+ v>i\s =eign sub/ances & w admit ( b a small admixture ( s&1 ?us yield+ less mort> ?an ! o!r4 ,bo? h ! prop]ty ( h>d5+ 9 ! air by ! absorption ( c>bonic acid gas :i* conv]ts !m into lime/one4 8,!re is a ?ird v>iety ( lime call$ hydraulic lime1 :i* has ! peculi> m]it ( be+ able to h>d5 "u wat]4 ,x is made f a lime/one conta9+ a c]ta9 proportion ( clay4 ,hydraulic mort> is us$ = ! masonry ( bridges1 canals1 ci/]ns1 f\ndations1 vaults1 9 fact = all /one & brick "w "u wat] or 9 damp soil40 ,,*apt] ,x ,,lime ,,9 ,,agriculture 8,to be f]tile a soil mu/ conta9 lime/one1 s&1 & clay1 besides ! organic sub/ances com+ f humus & f]tiliz]s4 ,n[ x may be t nature has n end[$ ! soil ) a suffici5t quantity or ) any ( ^! ?ree con/itu5ts4 ,!n ! "* ( ! soil mu/ be correct$ by giv+ x :at x lacks4 ,t is :at is call$ improv+ ! l&4 ,?us a soil t is too s&y is improv$ by ! addition ( lime/one & clay2 "o t is too compact1 too clayey1 is improv$ by add+ s& &1 /ill m1 by add+ lime/one4 ,m9]al sub/ances ?us add$ to ! soil to correct x are call$ correctives4 ,^! sub/ances cop]ate also 9 ! nutrition ( plants1 & f ?is po9t ( view may be reg>d$ z m9]al f]tiliz]s4 8,"o ( ! mo/ valuable ( correctives is lime1 :i* is indisp5sable to soils lack+ lime/one1 indisp5sable also to ! nutrition ( ne>ly all our cultivat$ vegetables4 ,x acts 9 v>i\s ways4 ,fir/1 x en]getically attacks vegetable sub/ances1 decompos+ !m & conv]t+ !m into humus4 ,a pile ( leaves t w\ld take long mon?s to rot becomes 9 a %ort "t a mass ( humus :5 mix$ ) lime4 ,h5ce its great utility 9 fields ov]gr[n ) we$s1 & 9 newly cle>$ l&--9 %ort1 :]ev] !re are old /umps1 piles ( leaves1 remnants ( wood1 & pat*es ( hea!r1 :i* ne$ to be decompos$4 ,) ! help ( lime all ^! h]bace\s or woody sub/ances are quickly conv]t$ into humus1 ) :i* ! soil becomes enri*$ to ! great advantage ( future crops4 8,9 ! second place1 lime corrects or neutralizes ! acidity peculi> to c]ta9 soils1 z is prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,let u mix "s v9eg>1 no matt] h[ /rong1 ) a little lime4 ,9 a %ort "t ! smell & acid ta/e ( ! v9eg> w h disappe>$4 ,n[ :]ev] masses ( vegetable refuse1 su* z leaves1 mosses1 ru%es1 old /umps1 are und]go+ decay1 !re are produc$ c]ta9 s\r-ta/+ sub/ances or1 9 o!r words1 acids1 :i* are inv>iably h>mful to agriculture4 ,?is g5]ation ( acid occurs notably 9 turfy soils1 :i* h an excessive acidity favorable to ! gr[? ( co>se ru%es & s$ges t are valueless to u1 & at ! same "t ?is acid is highly injuri\s to all our cultivat$ plants4 ,lime1 !re=e1 :i* is sure to correct ?is acidity1 works wond]s 9 m>%y l&s1 damp mead[s1 & turfy soils4 ,we are w>n$ ( ! ne$ ( lime by ! appe>ance ( f]ns1 hea!r1 s$ge or re$-grass1 ru%es1 mosses & sphagnei4 8,?irdly1 :5 once mix$ ) ! soil1 lime spe$ily resumes ! =m x wore be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! lime-kiln2 t is to say1 x becomes lime/one1 b 9 ! %ape ( f9e p[d]4 ,?is return to ! lime/one condition is br\ght ab\t by union ) ! c>bonic acid gas com+ f ! atmosph]e or ?r[n (f by ! sub/ances decay+ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,"u ?is new =m lime cont9ues to play a useful "p by supply+ ! calc>e\s +r$i5t to soil t lack$ x1 & also by prev5t+ ! clay f becom+ too cohesive1 too imp]vi\s to air & wat]4 8,! addition ( lime to ! soil %\ld take place at ! end ( summ]1 :5 ! gr\nd is dry4 ,little heaps ( quicklime1 ea* conta9+ ab\t tw5ty kilograms1 are plac$ at int]vals ( five met]s & cov]$ ) a few spadefuls ( e>?4 ,9 a %ort "t ! moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e r$uces ! lime to a f9e p[d]1 :i* is !n spread ev5ly ) a %ovel & cov]$ ) e>?--an op]ation involv+ no sev]e labor4 8,lime %\ld nev] be appli$ ) se$4 ,m]e contact ) x w\ld burn ! "y %oots4 ,nei!r %\ld x be mix$ ) manure be=e x is us$1 s9ce ! imm$iate result w\ld be a total loss ( great quantities ( ammonia1 ?r[n (f 9 gase\s =m2 & ammonia1 z ,i h expla9$1 is "o ( ! ri*e/ ( f]tiliz]s4 ,lime & manure1 !re=e1 %\ld be us$ sep>ately4 8,soils ri* 9 turf1 clay1 or granite are ! ones on :i* lime acts mo/ b5eficially4 ,because ( ! important results atta9$ by ! use ( lime1 its manufacture = purely agricultural purposes by c]ta9 exp$iti\s & effective me?ods is cu/om>y 9 _m places4 ,?us 9 ,may5ne1 :]e ?is application ( lime has conv]t$ tracts ( uncultivat$ clayey l& into ri* pa/ures or into :eat fields ( exceptional f]tility1 lime is made 9 enorm\s kilns a doz5 met]s high & support$ by ! cliff t furni%es ! lime/one & sometimes ! fuel also4 8,all animal matt] makes excell5t f]tiliz]4 ,( ?is class are old wool5 rags1 /ray bits ( lea!r1 fragm5ts ( horn1 dri$ blood f slaught]-h\ses1 & fle% n fit = human consumption4 ,all ^! sub/ances are ri* 9 nitrog5 & phosphates1 & if mix$ ) f>m manure !y add greatly to its value4 ,lime furni%es u ! means ( utiliz+ "o ( ^! sub/ances1 fle%1 9 ! be/ way possible4 8,dead bodies ( animals1 he$lessly left = dogs & cr[s & magpies to dev\r1 %\ld be cut up 9 pieces & !n buri$ ) a mixture ( e>? & quicklime4 ,?is attacks ! fle% & quickly decomposes x1 s t 9 a few mon?s' "t !re w\ld be available a deposit ( ! mo/ p[]ful f]tiliz] in/ead ( a useless1 disease-bre$+ c>cass4 ,z to ! bones1 resi/ant to ! action ( lime1 !y are burn$ to r5d] !m m friable1 & !n r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,?is bone-du/1 mix$ ) ! f]tiliz] furni%$ by ! decay$ fle%1 w contribute to gra9-field or pa/ure a ri* supply ( phosphorus4 ,to uses ( ?is sort ! f>m] %\ld put all horses & mules t h _h to be kill$1 z well z all l>ge f>m animals t h di$ ( disease40 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is 8,?\gh less important ?an lime1 pla/] ( ,p>is is nev]!less mu* us$ 9 build+1 especially = ceil+s1 mold$ *imney-pieces1 & 9 ! fill+ ( cracks & cavities4 ,x is a :ite p[d] :i* is made into a pa/e by add+ wat]1 prep>$ a little at a "t & only z fa/ z ne$$40 8,i've se5 !m d x10 ,emile int]pos$2 8! workman takes a few h&fuls ( t p[d] out ( a bag1 & !n he mixes x ) a little wat] 9 8 tr\gh ) a tr[el4 ,he scrapes ! pa/e all toge!r 9 8 h& & uses x imm$iately1 be=e mak+ any m4 ,:y don't !y mix all ! pla/] at once1 z !y d ) lime :5 !y make mort>80 8,pla/] is n all prep>$ be=eh& = ! reason t x h>d5s v quickly1 turns to /one1 & is !n unfit = use4 ,accord+ly1 to h x 9 a suitable /ate ( s(tness1 x mu/ be prep>$ at ! mom5t ( us+40 8,& :at d !y make t p[d] ( t turns to /one :5 x is mix$ ) wat]80 8,pla/] is made f a /one call$ gypsum1 :i*1 always ! same z to its nature1 v>ies mu* 9 appe>ance accord+ to its /ate ( purity4 ,sometimes x is a %apeless rock1 :iti% & m or less gra9$2 sometimes a f9e fibr\s mass ) a silky lu/]2 or1 aga91 a sub/ance z transp>5t z glass & splitt+ into v ?9 scales :i* %[1 "h & !re1 ! sup]b colors ( ! ra9b[4 ,/ruck by _! beauty1 workm5 engag$ 9 qu>ry+ gypsum h giv5 ! "n ( #8,jesus-/one' to ^! brilliant lam94 ,also1 f _! brilliance & _! *eapness1 !y are call$ #8donkey's mirrors4' ,9 anci5t times ^! beautiful %eets ( transp>5t gypsum 7 us$ z w9d[-panes4 8,impure gypsum1 9 ! =m ( %apeless rock1 is us$ = ord9>y pla/]1 :ile pure gypsum1 :i* comes 9 glass-l %eets or 9 blocks ( a silky appe>ance1 is us$ = f9e pla/]1 z 9 all sorts ( mold+4 ,! /one f :i* pla/] is obta9$ occurs 9 abundance 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ,france1 :]e x =ms hills & ev5 :ole m\nta9s1 z = example 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,se9e1 ! ,m\?s ( ! ,rhone1 & ,vaucluse4 ,= conv]sion into ! usual pla/] ( ,p>is ?is /one mu/ be subject$ to a mod]ate heat4 ,to ?is end x is ! practice to build ) gypsum blocks a r[ ( small vaults1 & on ^! vaults to pile fragm5ts ( small] size4 ,!n ! fir+ is done by burn+ fagots & bru%wood "u ^! vaults40 8,& is x c>bonic acid gas ?is "t1 too1 t is driv5 out by ! heat1 z 9 ! manufacture ( lime80 ask$ ,jules4 8,no1 my fri5d3 gypsum does n conta9 any c>bonic acid gas4 ,x is made ( lime1 z 9 lime/one1 b unit$ ) sulphuric acid1 :i* heat is p[]less to drive out4 ,besides ?is x conta9s wat]1 :i* =ms a fif? ( ! total weight ( ! /one4 ,?is wat]1 & no?+ fur!r1 escapes "u ! action ( heat4 ,) ?is expell$ ! gypsum is turn$ to pla/]4 8,b ?is latt] has a /rong t5d5cy to take on aga9 ! moi/ure p>t$ ) 9 ! kiln1 & ?us to become once m :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+--primitive /one4 ,x is ?is peculi>ity t r5d]s gypsum suitable = pla/]4 ,moi/5$ 9 ! tr\gh1 ! p[d]y matt] quickly incorporates ! wat] t is ?us re/or$ to x1 & ! :ole h>d5s into a block hav+ ! solidity ( gypsum t has n yet pass$ ?r\gh ! kiln4 ,lime turns to /one by be+ p]meat$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 :i* re/ores x to its lime/one /ate4 ,pla/] becomes /one by absorb+ wat]1 :i* br+s x back to ! /ate ( gypsum4 ,! trans=mation ( lime is sl[1 ( pla/] v rapid4 8,z soon z x comes f ! kiln pla/] is gr\nd "u v]tical mill/ones & !n sift$4 ,! p[d] mu/ be kept 9 a v dry place1 s9ce x contracts moi/ure easily & !n w n h>d5 or set1 z !y say1 :5 mix$ ) wat]4 ,y w p]ceive cle>ly en\gh t aft] be+ m or loss impregnat$ ) moi/ure pla/] _c h ! same t5d5cy to absorb ! wat] necess>y to *ange x into a solid mass2 ! sub/ance be+ already some:at soak$ w n %[ ! same ?ir/ :5 ! "t comes = us+ x4 ,all damp &1 /ill m1 all wet pla/] is ( no fur!r use4 8,/atues1 bu/s1 m$allions1 & v>i\s o!r ornam5tal objects are made by ca/+ ) f9e pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,?is is prep>$ f ! pure/ gypsum1 ^? beautiful transp>5t scales ,i told y ab\t a little :ile ago4 ,x is heat$ 9 ov5s simil> to ^? us$ by bak]s1 & cut (f f contact ) ! burn+ fuel1 s z to pres]ve its :it5ess4 ,! p[d]1 :i* looks l f9e fl\r1 is mix$ ) wat] & r$uc$ to a smoo? pa/e1 :i* is !n p\r$ into molds4 ,:5 ! pla/] has set1 ! mold1 :i* is 9 sev]al pieces1 all jo9$ toge!r1 is tak5 ap>t & ! f9i%$ ca/ )drawn40 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is ,,9 ,,agriculture 8,9 agriculture pla/] ( ,p>is has by no means ! importance ( lime2 nev]!less x produces excell5t results on clov]1 sa9fo91 & luc]ne4 ,x is us$ 9 ! spr+ = spr9kl+ ! "y leaves :5 !y are /ill damp ) ! morn+ dew4 ,/ill1 foggy wea!r is ! mo/ favorable = ?is "w4 ,pla/] also acts well on rape1 flax1 buck:eat1 & tobacco1 b has no effect on c]eals4 8,! intellig5t f>m] puts pla/] ( ,p>is to /ill ano!r use4 ,9 e dunghill !re is always go+ on a sl[ combu/ion1 or f]m5tation1 giv+ =? ammonia 9 vapor\s =m2 & ?is ammonia escapes into ! air z a total loss1 :]eas x ought to be reta9$ z f> z possible 9 ! manure1 s9ce ! comp\nds ( ammonia con/itute ! s\rce :5ce plants obta9 nitrog54 ,!re=e to prev5t ?is wa/e1 pla/] is spr9kl$ ov] ! dunghill4 ,sometimes1 too1 x is spr9kl$ ov] ea* lay] ( manure z ! pile rises4 ,! pla/] absorbs ! ammoniac vapors1 gives !m a little ( its sulphuric acid1 & conv]ts !m into a comp\nd1 sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* is pro( aga9/ vaporization4 ,h5ce we say t pla/] ( ,p>is fixes ammonia1 t is to say prev5ts its be+ dissipat$4 8,to illu/rate ! f]tiliz+ effect ( pla/] ( ,p>is on luc]ne1 ! foll[+ incid5t is relat$4 ,frankl91 "o ( ! *ief glories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 aw>e ( ! great f]tiliz+ p[] ( pla/]1 wi%$ to ext5d ! agricultural use ( ?is sub/ance among 8 fell[-citiz5s2 b !y1 cl++ to old cu/oms1 w\ld n li/5 to him4 ,to conv9ce !m1 ,frankl9 spread pla/] ov] a field ( luc]ne by ! side ( ! mo/ frequ5t$ road lead+ out ( ,philadelphia1 b spread x 9 su* a way z to =m lett]s & words4 ,! luc]ne grew all ov] ! field1 b mu* tall]1 gre5]1 & ?ick] :]e ! pla/] _h be5 appli$1 s t ! pass]s-by read 9 ! field ( luc]ne ^! words trac$ 9 gigantic lett]s3 #8,pla/] ( ,p>is 0 appli$ "h4' ,! +5i\s exp$i5t 0 a great success & pla/] 0 v soon adopt$ 9 agriculture40 8,! d\bt]s mu/ h be5 conv9c$10 said ,jules1 8on see+ ^? big gre5 lett]s ris+ above ! re/ ( ! luc]ne4 ,did n ,frankl9 d "s o!r rem>kable ?+s8 ,i rememb] ! "n2 ,i h se5 x sev]al times 9 books40 8,yes10 repli$ 8 uncle1 8,frankl9 became by 8 le>n+1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 ( 8 "t4 ,among o!r ?+s1 we owe to him ! inv5tion ( ! lightn+-conductor1 t tall po9t$ iron rod erect$ on ! ro(s ( build+s to protect !m f ! ?und]bolt4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ _h ! sup]b audacity to evoke ! lightn+ f ! mid/ ( ! ?und]-cl\ds1 to direct x accord+ to 8 wi%es1 & to br+ x to 8 feet t he might /udy its nature4 ,"o /ormy day 9 #ageb he w5t out into ! c\ntry ne> ,philadelphia 9 company ) 8 "y son :o c>ri$ a kite made out ( a silk h&k]*ief ti$ at ! f\r corn]s to glass rods4 ,a po9t$ piece ( metal t]m9at$ ! app>atus4 ,a long hemp cord1 ) a %ort] cord ( silk ti$ to ! l[] end1 0 fa/5$ to ! kite1 :i* 0 !n s5t up t[>d a black ?und]cl\d4 ,at fir/ no?+ happ5$ to confirm ! previsions ( ! ,am]ican sage1 & he 0 beg9n+ to despair ( success :5 !re came a %[] ( ra9 & ) x a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! wet cord prov$ a bett] conductor ?an :5 dry4 ,)\t ?9k+ ( ! dang] he ran1 & transport$ ) joy at hav+ br\ght )9 8 rea* t :i* causes ?und]1 ,frankl9 put 8 f+] ne> ! cord & made little spurts ( fire d>t out1 light$ br&y f ^! sp>ks out ( ! sky1 & only br\ght 8 p]il\s exp]im5t to an end :5 he _h fully det]m9$ ! orig9 & nature ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,?is 0 ! way he /udi$ ! my/]y at close qu>t]s1 discov]$ its nature1 & f9ally succe$$ 9 protect+ build+s by means ( a po9t$ iron rod4 8,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 #agjf4 ,he 0 ! y\nge/ #b ( sev5te5 *ildr54 ,h5ce1 z 8 fa!r 0 a poor tall[-*&l] & soap-boil]1 he c\ld n acquire at home any?+ beyond a k ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,at t5 ye>s ( age he 0 tak5 f s*ool & set to p]=m+ small tasks ab\t ! h\se4 ,he cut c&le-wicks & p\r$ ! tall[ into ! molds1 wait$ on cu/om]s 9 8 fa!r's %op1 & ran err&s4 ,8 "w br\ght him 9 a few p5ce :i* he did n yet "k h[ to sp5d judici\sly4 ,he tells u ! foll[+ little /ory on ?is subject1 :i* we may all pr(it by4 8#8,"o day1' says he1 #8f9d+ myself ! possessor ( a h&ful ( copp]s1 ,i ran out to buy "s toys1 :5 a little boy ( ab\t my own age happ5$ to pass t way ) a :i/le 9 8 h&4 ,delight$ ) ! s\nd ( ! :i/le1 ,i propos$ to my comrade to ex*ange all my money = 8 musical in/rum5t4 ,to ?is he v will+ly agre$4 ,elat$ ) my pur*ase1 :i* ,i ?\ght v f9e1 ,i return$ home1 :]e ,i cont9u$ :i/l+ to my great joy1 b to ! great displeasure ( ! e>s ( my family4 ,i told !m ( ! magnific5t ex*ange ,i _h j made4 ,my bro!rs & si/]s made fun ( me1 say+ t = ! price ,i _h paid ,i might h b\ght doz5s ( su* :i/les at ! toy-%op4 ,only !n did x occur to me :at f9e ?+s ,i might h b\ght ) my money1 & ,i began to cry ) vexation4 ,*agr9 at ! ex*ange ,i _h made n[ caus$ me m pa9 ?an ! :i/le _h be=e giv5 me pleasure4 ,?is little incid5t made an impression on me t has nev] be5 effac$ & has be5 ( s]vice to me on m ?an "o occasion4 ,ev] s9ce1 :5ev] ,i am tempt$ to buy "s useless ?+1 ,i say to myself1 8,d n pay too mu* = y\r :i/le02 & s ,i save my money4'0 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,natural ,,f]tiliz]s--,,guano 8,plant-life f9ds a "p ( its su/5ance provid$ by nature 9 ! atmosph]e2 x f9ds c>bonic acid gas1 :5ce x d]ives ! c>bon x requires2 b ! c>e & +5uity ( man h to supplem5t ^! natural res\rces by provid+ f]tiliz]s4 8,"o ( ! *ief ( ^! f]tiliz]s1 f>m manure1 is furni%$ by ! b$d+ & excrem5t ( animals4 ,to obta9 an excell5t dress+ ( ?is sort x is cu/om>y to use = b$d+1 z f> z possible1 ! /raw f gra91 s9ce ?is1 be+ compos$ ( holl[ /alks1 is capable ( hold+ consid]able moi/ure4 ,b1 z 9 c]ta9 cases /raw w\ld h>dly be able to absorb all ! fluid matt]1 x is well to make a tr5* 9 ! /able & ?us c>ry (f ! excess ( liquid to a res]voir outside1 :]e ano!r heap ( /raw or simil> mat]ial is 9 read9ess to receive x4 ,!n1 at a di/ance f all ra9-sp\ts & gutt]s1 & 9 ! %ade ( trees1 a sub/antial lay] ( clay is spread on ! gr\nd1 & on ?is is erect$ ! pile ( manure4 ,all ar\nd x is dug a little tr5* :i* conducts ! br[n liquid t oozes f ! manure1 & t is kn[n z liquid manure1 into a hole l>ge en\gh to admit ( ! use ( a bucket 9 draw+ out ! liquid4 8,liquid manure is compos$ ( ! fluid matt] ) :i* ! b$d+ is /eep$1 & x holds 9 solution a great "p ( ! nutritive con/itu5ts ( ! manure4 ,agriculture kn[s no ri*] f]tiliz]4 ,h5ce c>e %\ld be tak5 n to let x g to wa/e 9 neighbor+ dit*es or soak into ! gr\nd4 ,t is :y ! pile is plac$ on a lay] ( clay1 :i* keeps ! liquid manure f soak+ into ! gr\nd :]e x w\ld be wa/$2 & x is also ! reason = digg+ a tr5* to receive ?is fluid matt] & conduct x to ! hole4 ,:5 ?is hole is full ! liquid manure is drawn out ) a bucket & ?r[n back on to ! dung-hill4 8,nor is t ! :ole ( ! /ory4 ,a sl[ combu/ion w soon beg9 ?r\gh\t ! pile ( manure2 its mass w f]m5t & become heat$1 & z a consequ5ce ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts w decompose & w lib]ate ammonia1 :i* w escape into ! air & be lo/ if ! f]m5tation is excessive4 ,x is to avoid too rapid a heat+ t ! manure-pile is plac$ 9 ! %ade & n "u ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,moreov]1 ! liquid manure ?r[n on to ! heap f "t to "t also mod]ates ! f]m5t+ process4 8,comp>e ?is c>eful me?od ) ! practice on mo/ f>ms1 :]e ! manure is heap$ up )\t any precaution1 )\t %elt] f ! sun1 unprotect$ f ! dr5*+ ra9s1 :i* wa% away ! soluble con/itu5ts4 ,?9k ( ^? rivulets ( liquid manure trickl+ away 9 ?is direction & t1 & collect+ "h & !re 9 puddles ( infection4 ,see h[ all ! inmates ( ! p\ltry-y>d scrat* at ! heap1 turn+ ov] & scatt]+ its cont5ts1 & ?us caus+ ! ammonia to escape into ! atmosph]e4 ,c su* a dung-hill be z valuable z "o t is att5d$ to prop]ly8 8,liquid manure be+ ! ri*e/ "p ( ! :ole pile1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to let escape :at ! b$d+ does n absorb4 ,x %\ld be fir/ dilut$ ) wat] & !n appli$ to ! gr[+ crops4 ,:5 x is desir$ = use 9 non-liquid =m1 x %\ld be mix$ ) en\gh e>? to absorb x1 & ! result is an excell5t f]tiliz]4 8,9 summ] x is n unusual to enclose ) hurdles a piece ( l& soon to be cultivat$1 & into ?is enclosure a flock ( %eep is driv5 to pass ! night "u ! c>e ( ! %eph]d 9 8 movable hut1 & ) ! protection ( tru/y dogs well able to cope ) any m>aud+ wolves4 ,! next night ! flock is qu>t]$ 9 ano!r spot1 & s on until ! entire field has ?us s]v$1 a little at a "t1 z /able = ! flock4 ,! purpose ( ?is proc$ure is to utilize ! excrem5t1 bo? solid & liquid1 left beh9d by ! flock4 ,9 "o night a %eep c f]tilize a squ>e met] ( surface4 ,?is me?od ( f]tiliz+ is v effective because ( ! complete absorption ( ! fluid matt] by ! soil4 8,(f ! coa/ ( ,p]u 9 ,s\? ,am]ica are sev]al small isl&s :i* =m a common r5dezv\s = great numb]s ( sea-birds4 ,birds t frequ5t ! sea are all notori\s = _! insatiable appetite4 ,con/antly 9 se>* ( fi%1 :i* !y live on1 !y sp5d ! day explor+ ! surface ( ! wat]s at imm5se di/ance f l&4 ,nature has end[$ !m ) prodigi\s fly+ p[]4 ,to ^! indefatigable rov]s an arial prom5ade ( "s hundr$s ( leagues be=e d9n] is a m]e no?+4 ,scatt]$ dur+ ! day 9 all directions 9 que/ ( prey1 !y rea* ! islets 9 ! ev5+ to sp5d ! night1 arriv+ 9 flocks s d5se z to d>k5 ! sky4 ,be+ well f$1 ?anks to _! =ag+ excursions1 !y cov] ! gr\nd at night ) a ?ick lay] ( excrem5t4 ,& z ?is has be5 go+ on c5tury aft] c5tury ev] s9ce ! _w 0 made1 ^! deposits1 pil$ "o on ano!r1 h at la/ become massive b$s tw5ty or ?irty met]s ?ick1 & s h>d1 s compact1 t to break !m x is necess>y to use a pick or a pet>d1 j z "o w\ld 9 qu>ry+ /one4 ,workm5 op]ate ?is dung m9e1 & vessels f all p>ts ( ! _w fet* c>goes ( ?is valuable mat]ial1 :i* is call$ guano4 ,?is enorm\s mass ( dung1 :i* has by ! lapse ( ages be5 turn$ into a sort ( :iti% loam1 gives ,p]u an annual rev5ue am\nt+ to sixty millions ( francs4 8,guano is ! /ronge/ f]tiliz] kn[n to agriculture4 ,x is scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! field :5 vegetation is />t+1 & = ! be/ results a r damp "t is *os5 = ?is "w 9 ord] t ! moi/ure may convey to ! roots ( ! plants1 by gradual infiltration1 ! soluble con/itu5ts ( ! f]tiliz]4 ,! action ( guano on vegetation is ( ! prompte/1 mo/ p[]ful sort40 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,/alk ,,( ,,! ,,plant 8,! /alk is ! common support ( ! plant's v>i\s p>ts4 ,x is call$ annual or h]bace\s :5 x lives only "o ye>1 z 9 ! potato1 sp9a*1 p>sley1 & all =ms ( vegetation t f _! s(t /ructure belong to ! class ( h]bs4 ,ligne\s is ! "n giv5 to ! /alk :51 design$ to live = a great] or less numb] ( ye>s1 x is made ( /rong woody fib]s1 su* z we f9d 9 ! trunks ( trees4 8,let u make a clean cut ?r\gh any tree-trunk1 t ( an oak = example4 ,we %all f9d x divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 9 ! c5t] ! pi? or m>r[1 v slightly develop$2 ar\nd ! m>r[ ! wood prop]2 &1 f9ally1 on ! outside1 ! b>k4 ,a clos] exam9ation %[s t ! wood is =m$ ( conc5tric lay]s :i* are indicat$ 9 ! cross-section by a s]ies ( circles hav+ ! m>r[ = a common c5t]4 ,^! lay]s are call$ ligne\s zones or1 s9ce "o is =m$ e ye>1 annual lay]s4 ,dur+ ! summ] !re is a d[nw>d fl[1 ?r\gh\t ! tree1 ( a peculi> liquid1 ! desc5d+ sap1 :i* con/itutes ! fluid n\ri%m5t ( ! tree4 ,?is liquid runs betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k & becomes1 little by little 9 its c\rse1 on "o side a lay] ( wood :i* atta*es itself to ! out] surface ( ! prec$+ ye>'s lay]1 & on ! o!r side a ?9 %eet ( b>k :i* is add$ to ! inn] surface ( ! b>k already =m$4 8,?us ea* ye> bo? b>k & wood =m a new lay]2 b ?is add$ lay] is appli$ 9 opposite ways 9 ! two in/ances1--outside on ! wood1 inside on ! b>k4 ,! wood ?us encircl$ f ye> to ye> by new lay]s increases 9 age t[>d ! c5t] & becomes y\ng] & y\ng] t[>d ! circumf]5ce1 :]eas ! b>k1 l9$ e ye> ) a fre% %eet1 %[s its y\? on ! inside & its age on ! outside4 ,! fir/ buries inside ! trunk its decrepit & dead lay]s2 ! second ?ru/s its old lay]s outside1 :]e !y crack & fall (f 9 l>ge scales4 ,?is ag+ process is simultane\s on ! outside & 9 ! c5t] ( ! tree-trunk2 b betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k life is always at "w1 creat+ fre% accretions4 8,"h are "s exp]im5tal pro(s ( ?is annual =mation ( a ligne\s lay]4 ,a /rip ( b>k is remov$ f ! trunk ( a tree1 & on ! wood ?us laid b>e is fa/5$ a ?9 %eet ( metal4 ,! b>k is !n replac$ & b\nd ) ligatures s t ! w\nd may heal4 ,we w suppose t5 ye>s h pass$4 ,! b>k is rais$ aga9 at ! same place4 ,! metal %eet is no long] visible2 to f9d x y mu/ bore deep into ! wood4 ,n[1 if y c\nt ! ligne\s lay]s remov$ be=e rea*+ ! metal %eet1 y w f9d precisely t51 j ! numb] ( ye>s t h pass$4 8,a numb] ( obs]vations l ! foll[+ are famili>3 ,"s =e/]s cut d[n a bee* be>+ on its trunk ! date #agej4 ,! same inscription 0 f\nd aga9 9 ! inn] sub/ance ( ! wood1 b to rea* x !y _h to cut ?r\gh fifty-five lay]s on :i* no m>k :atev] appe>$4 ,if n[1 we add #ee to #agej we obta9 precisely ! ye> :5 ! tree 0 fell$1 or #ahje4 ,! inscription c>v$ on ! trunk 9 ! ye> #agej _h pass$ ?r\gh ! b>k & rea*$ ! lay] ( wood t 0 !n out]mo/4 ,s9ce t ev5t fifty-five ye>s _h pass$ & new lay]s1 exactly ! same 9 numb]1 _h gr[n ov] ! fir/4 8,?us a tree is compos$ ( a succession ( woody %ea?s1 ! out] ones envelop+ ! inn]4 ,! /em or trunk conta9s !m all2 ! bran*es1 accord+ to _! age1 conta9 m or few]4 ,ea* "o repres5ts a s+le ye>'s gr[?4 ,! woody %ea? ( ! pres5t ye> occupies ! ext]ior ( ! trunk1 imm$iately "u ! b>k2 ^? ( =m] ye>s occupy ! int]ior1 & ! ne>] !y are to ! c5t] ! old] !y are4 ,! lay]s ( future ye>s w come "o at a "t & take _! places ov] prec$+ lay]s1 s t :at is n[ ! out]mo/ lay] w 9 its turn be f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! body ( ! trunk4 8,( all ^! ligne\s zones ( unequal age ! mo/ important to-day is ! outside "o2 its de/ruction w\ld cause ! dea? ( ! tree1 s9ce ?r\gh x ! nutritive juices ( ! e>? rea* ! buds1 leaves1 & "y bran*es4 ,9 _! "t ! int]ior lay]s1 "o by "o1 :5 !y =m$ ! surface1 r5d]$ ! same s]vice to ! buds ( _! day2 b n[ t ^! buds h become bran*es ! inn] lay]s h only a second>y (fice1 or ev5 none at all4 ,^? ne>e/ ! outside /ill h "s aptness = "w & help ! lay] ( ! ye> to c>ry ! juices f ! e>? to ! bran*es4 ,z to ! inn]mo/ ones1 !y h lo/ all activity2 _! wood is h>d1 dri$ up1 encru/$ ) in]t matt]4 ,9 _! decrepitude ^! int]ior lay]s are incapable ( s]vice 9 ! "w ( vegetation2 ! mo/ !y c d is by ! support ( _! firm woody /ructure to give solidity to ! :ole4 ,?us ! tree's activity decreases f ! outside t[>d ! c5t]4 ,on ! surface are y\?1 vigor1 labor2 9 ! c5t] old age1 ru91 repose40 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,root 8,! /alk or trunk is ! upw>d-gr[+ "p ( ! plant1 & ne$s air & light4 ,! root1 on ! contr>y1 is ! d[nw>d-gr[+ "p1 & x ne$s soil & d>kness4 ,! extreme ends ( ! root's v>i\s subdivisions are always gr[+1 always "y1 ( delicate /ructure1 & = t reason admirably fitt$ = imbib+1 v mu* z a f9e sponge w\ld d1 ! liquids ) :i* ! soil is impregnat$4 ,because ( _! facility 9 absorb+ moi/ure ^! ev]-gr[+ tip-ends are call$ spongioles4 ,! spongioles t]m9ate ! rootlets1 t is to say ! f9al subdivisions ( ! root1 subdivisions kn[n z root-hairs on acc\nt ( _! resemblance to real hair4 8,! root takes v>i\s =ms1 :i* are all r$ucible to two fundam5tal types4 ,sometimes x consi/s ( a ma9 body or tap-root1 :i* s5ds out bran*es z x bores deep] into ! soil4 ,?is designation1 tap-root1 is a common & famili> t]m4 ,sometimes ! root assumes ! =m ( a tuft1 a bun* ( rootlets1 simple or bran*+1 :i*1 spr++ f ! same po9t1 cont9ue to gr[ at a ne>ly equal rate & on an equal foot+ z to importance4 ,roots ( ?is sort are commonly kn[n z fibr\s roots4 8,z a g5]al rule1 ! gr[? ( ! root keeps pace ) t ( ! /em or trunk4 ,?us ! oak1 elm1 maple1 bee*1 & all our l>ge trees h a vigor\s1 deep-gr[+ root z an*orage = ! enorm\s sup]/ructure1 to brace x firmly aga9/ ! w9d4 ,b !re is no lack ( l[ly h]bage t has roots q out ( proportion to ! o!r p>ts1--v]itable tap-roots ( great] size & vigor ?an _m a plant ( f> great] arial developm5t c boa/4 ,to ?is class belong ! mall[1 c>rot1 & radi%4 ,luc]ne has = support to its meag] foliage a root t bores two or ?ree met]s into ! gr\nd4 8,an agricultural practice ( supreme int]e/ is bas$1 at lea/ p>tly1 on ! excessive developm5t ( c]ta9 roots4 ,! plant is a laboratory :]e life conv]ts into nutritive matt] ! manure f our /ables & p\ltry-y>ds4 ,a c>t-load ( dung becomes at ! f>m]'s pleasure1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh "o sort ( plant or ano!r1 a crop ( peas or beans1 a basket ( fruit1 or a loaf ( bread4 ,h5ce ?is f]tiliz] is a v preci\s ?+ :i* no?+ c replace & :i* mu/ be utiliz$ to ! v utmo/4 ,! n\ri%m5t ( u all dep5ds on x4 ,enri*$ ) ?is f]tiliz]1 ! soil produces1 we w say1 a fir/ h>ve/ ( :eat4 ,b :eat ) its bun* ( %ort & f9e roots1 has drawn only ^u ! upp] lay] ( f]tiliz+ mat]ial1 leav+ intact all t ! ra9 has dissolv$ & c>ri$ d[n into ! l[] lay]s4 ,x has p]=m$ its mission admirably1 x is true2 x has made a clean sweep & conv]t$ into :eat all ! f]tiliz] conta9$ 9 ! lay] ( soil accessible to its roots1 s t if :eat 7 s[n a second "t no h>ve/ w\ld be obta9$4 ,! soil1 !n1 is exhau/$ on ! surface1 b 9 its und]ly+ /rata x is /ill ri*4 ,well1 :at crop %all we *oose = ! utilization ( ^! l[] /rata & ! production ( /ill fur!r supplies ( food8 ,x _c be b>ley1 oats1 or rye1 s9ce _! little fibr\s roots w\ld f9d no?+ to glean 9 ! surface soil aft] ! fir/ crop ( :eat4 ,b x w be luc]ne1 s9ce ?is plant w s5d d[n its roots1 ea* z ?ick z y\r f+]1 to ! dep? ( "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree met]s1 if ne$ be1 & give back ! f]tiliz] 9 ! =m ( =age1 :i*1 ) ! help ( ! animal t fe$s on x1 w be conv]t$ into nutriti\s meat1 valuable dairy products1 excell5t wool1 or1 at ! v lea/1 animal p[] = draft s]vice or o!r "w4 ,?is succession ( two or m diff]5t k9ds ( crops = ! utmo/ utilization ( a giv5 area ( prep>$ soil is call$ rotation ( crops1 ( :i* !re w be m to say lat]4 8,deep roots1 s admirably adapt$ to ! utilization ( ! l[] /rata ( ! soil1 become 9 o!r circum/ances a s\rce ( s]i\s difficulty4 ,suppose a tree is to be transplant$4 ,its long tap-root w make ! op]ation difficult & haz>d\s4 ,y mu/ dig deep1 bo? 9 pull+ x out & 9 replant+ x2 & !n y mu/ be c>eful n to injure ! root1 = x is all 9 "o piece & if x does n take hold & gr[ ! sapl+ w die4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be mu* to ! tree's advantage to h fibr\s roots runn+ d[n only to a slight dep?2 x c\ld !n be pull$ up easily1 & if "s roots p]i%$ 9 ! op]ation en\gh w\ld be left intact to insure ! success ( ! transplant+4 8,?is result c be obta9$3 x is no difficult matt] to make ! tree lose its tap-root & acquire1 n a regul> bundle ( roots ( ev5 l5g?2 b a %ort & mu* ramifi$ root t possesses ! advantages ( ! bun* ( small roots )\t hav+ its %ape4 ,?us 9 nurs]ies :]e "y trees rema9 = "s ye>s be=e be+ transplant$1 aft] two ye>s' gr[? a spade is pass$ "u ! surface ( ! soil to cut (f ! ma9 root1 :i* w\ld 9 "t become a deep tap-root4 ,! /ump t rema9s !n bran*es out horizontally )\t go+ deep]4 ,ano!r way is to pave ! nurs]y b$ ) tiles4 ,! tap-root ( ! "y tree pu%es d[nw>d until x rea*es ?is b>ri]1 :]e x is /raightway =c$ to /op gr[+ 9 dep? & compell$ to s5d out lat]al bran*es4 8,! k9d ( root we h ?us f> be5 talk+ ab\t is primordial1 orig9al2 e plant has x on em]g+ f ! se$2 x appe>s z soon z ! se$ g]m9ates4 ,b _m plants h o!r roots t develop at diff]5t po9ts ( ! /em1 replac+ ! orig9al root :5 t dies1 or at lea/ com+ to its aid if x cont9ues to live4 ,!y are call$ adv5titi\s roots1 & !y play a highly important "p1 notably 9 c]ta9 horticultural op]ations su* z propagat+ by slips & lay]s1 :i* we w talk ab\t lat]4 8,besides ^! two op]ations1 ! object ( :i* is to multiply ! plant1 x is cu/om>y to prompt ! gr[? ( adv5titi\s roots ei!r = ! purpose ( fix+ ! plant m firmly 9 ! gr\nd or 9 ord] to increase its yield4 ,! be/ way to atta9 ?is result is to bank up ! e>? at ! base ( ! /alk4 ,?is process is sometimes call$ e>?+ up4 ,! buri$ portion soon s5ds out a great numb] ( roots4 ,indian corn1 = example1 if left to itself is too poorly root$ to resi/ w9d & ra91 :i* beat x d[n4 ,9 ord] to give x great] /ability ! f>m] e>?s up ! corn4 ,9 ! e>? bank$ up at ! base ( ! /alk bundles ( adv5titi\s roots =m & furni% ! plant a firm] support4 8,:eat /alks be> on _! l[] ends buds :i*1 accord+ to circum/ances1 p]i% to ! detrim5t ( ! h>ve/ or develop into roots & promote ! gr[? ( m e>s ( gra94 ,let u suppose :eat has be5 s[n 9 ! autumn4 ,9 t cold & ra9y season vegetation is sl[1 ! /alk gr[s b little1 & ! v>i\s buds rema9 v close toge!r almo/ on a level ) ! gr\nd4 ,b if !y are favor$ by hav+ damp soil ne> !m1 ^! buds s5d =? adv5titi\s roots :i* n\ri% !m directly & promote a fullness ( gr[? t ! ord9>y root by itself c\ld n h secur$4 ,?us /imulat$ by n\ri%m5t1 ^! buds develop into s _m :eat-/alks1 ea* "o end+ at a lat] p]iod 9 an e> ( gra94 ,b if :eat is s[n 9 ! spr+1 its rapid gr[? "u ! influ5ce ( mild wea!r br+s ! buds too high = !m to s5d out roots4 ,! /alk !n rema9s s+le4 ,9 ! fir/ case f "o gra9 ( :eat s[n !re spr+s a clu/] ( /alks produc+ z _m e>s2 9 ! second case ! h>ve/ is r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms3 f "o gra9 ( :eat "o /alk1 "o e>4 ,h5ce ?is developm5t ( ! l[] buds ( c]eals is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,to obta9 x1 or1 9 agricultural t]ms1 to make ! :eat s5d up suck]s1 ! l[] buds mu/ s5d d[n adv5titi\s roots1 z !y w d if !y are br\ght into contact ) ! soil4 ,to ?is end1 %ortly aft] g]m9ation a wood5 roll] is pass$ ov] ! field1 & ?is roll]1 )\t bruis+ ! "y /alks1 pu%es !m deep] into ! gr\nd40 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,buds 8,let u take a bran* ( lilac or any %rub4 ,9 ! angle =m$ by ea* leaf & ! bran* t be>s x1 an angle call$ ! axil ( ! leaf1 we %all see a little r\nd body envelop$ 9 br[n scales4 ,t is a bud or1 z x is also nam$1 an eye4 8,buds make _! appe>ance at fix$ po9ts1 & x is ! rule = "o to =m 9 ! axil ( ea* leaf2 x is also ! rule = ! tip-end ( ! bran* to be> "o4 ,^? situat$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves are call$ axill>y buds1 & ^? t are f\nd on ! ends ( bran*es1 t]m9al buds4 ,!y are n all equally vigor\s1 ! /ronge/ be+ at ! top ( ! bran*1 ! weake/ at ! bottom4 ,! l[] leaves ev5 %elt] su* small ones 9 _! axils t only ! close/ scrut9y w reveal !m4 ,^! dim9utive buds (t5 p]i% )\t develop+ unless artificially enc\rag$ to d s4 ,on a lilac bran* x is easy to note ^! diff]5ces ( size f bud to bud4 8,bo? t]m9al & axill>y buds are divid$ into two classes4 ,9 develop+ "s spr\t up & produce only leaves2 ^! are call$ leaf buds4 ,:5 fully develop$ !y become %oots or scions1 & f9ally bran*es4 ,o!rs pu% upw>d b little & be> only fl[]s or leaves & fl[]s simultane\sly4 ,!y are call$ fl[] buds1 or simply buds4 ,x is v easy to di/+ui% "o k9d f ! o!r on our fruit-trees1 ! leaf buds be+ long & po9t$1 ! fl[] buds r\nd & ?ick]4 8,all summ] long ! leaf buds gr[ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves2 !y are ga9+ /r5g? to g ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,cold wea!r comes & ! leaves fall1 b ! buds rema9 9 _! place1 firmly implant$ on a l$ge ( ! b>k1 or a sort ( little cu%ion1 situat$ j above ! sc> left by ! fall+ ( ! adjac5t leaf4 ,to )/& ! rigors ( cold & dampness1 :i* w\ld be fatal to !m1 w9t] clo?+ is indisp5sable4 ,x consi/s ( a w>m inn] envelope ( flock & d[n1 & a /rong out] cas+ ( well v>ni%$ scales4 ,let u exam9e = in/ance ! bud ( a *e/nut-tree4 ,)9 we %all f9d a sort ( wadd+ enswa?+ its delicate little leaves1 :ile on ! outside a solid cuirass ( scales1 arrang$ ) ! regul>ity ( tiles on a ro(1 wraps x closely4 ,fur!rmore1 to keep out all dampness1 ! sep>ate pieces ( ?is scale armor are coat$ ) a res9\s cem5t :i* n[ resembles dri$ v>ni%1 b s(t5s 9 ! spr+ to let ! bud op54 ,!n ! scales1 no long] /uck toge!r1 sep>ate1 all /icky1 & ! fir/ leaves unfold cov]$ ) a velvety r$ d[n4 ,ne>ly all buds1 at ! "t ( _! spr+ travail1 pres5t 9 diff]5t degrees ?is /ick9ess result+ f ! s(t5+ ( _! res9\s coat+4 ,i w m5tion especially ! buds ( ! a%1 ald]1 &1 above all1 ! popl>1 :i* :5 press$ betwe5 ! f+]s emit an abundant yell[ glue1 ( bitt] ta/e4 ,?is sub/ance is dilig5tly ga!r$ by ! bees1 :i* use x to make _! bee-glue1 t is to say ! cem5t ) :i* !y /op ! fissures & r\gh-coat ! walls ( _! hive be=e con/ruct+ ! combs4 ,"u its mode/ appe>ance ! bud is a v]itable ma/]piece3 its v>ni% excludes dampness2 its scales protect x f h>mful atmosph]ic influ5ces2 its l9+ ( flock1 wadd+1 d[ny r$ hair1 keeps out ! cold4 8,! scales =m ! mo/ important "p ( ! bud's w9t] clo?+4 ,!y are no?+ m nor less ?an t9y leaves h>d5$ & t\gh5$1 9 %ort s modifi$ z to s]ve ! purpose ( protection4 ,! leaves imm$iately "u !m & con/itut+ ! he>t ( ! bud h ! usual =m4 ,!y are all small1 pale1 delicate1 & arrang$ 9 a m>vel\sly me?odical mann] s z to take up ! lea/ possible room & at ! same "t to be conta9$1 all ( !m1 despite _! consid]able numb]1 )9 ! n>r[ limits ( _! cradle4 ,x is surpris+ :at a quantity ( mat]ial a bud c make room = "u its %ea? ( scales 9 a space s small t we %\ld f9d x difficult to pack away !re a s+le hemp-se$2 & yet x holds leaves by ! doz5 or a :ole bun* ( fl[]s4 ,! bun* enclos$ 9 a lilac bud numb]s a hundr$ & m blossoms4 ,& all ?is is conta9$ 9 t n>r[ cell1 ) no te>+ or bruis+ ( any portion ( x4 ,if ! v>i\s p>ts ( a bud 7 disconnect$1 "o by "o1 if ! delicate arrangem5t 7 once undone1 :at f+]s w\ld be clev] en\gh to put x toge!r aga98 ,! pr9cipal leaves l5d !mselves to a ?\s& diff]5t modes ( arrangem5t 9 ord] to occupy ! lea/ space possible4 ,!y take 9 ! bud ! =m ( a cornet2 or !y roll !mselves up 9 a scroll1 sometimes f "o edge only1 sometimes f bo?2 or !y fold up l5g?wise or crosswise2 or !y may roll up into little balls1 or crumple up1 or fold l a fan40 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,adv5titi\s ,,buds 8,buds su* z we h be5 consid]+ appe> 9 ! spr+ & !n sp5d ! summ] 9 ga9+ /r5g?1 aft] :i* !y rema9 /ation>y & z if wrapp$ 9 deep sleep all ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! foll[+ spr+ !y wake up & gr[ into bran*es or blossom into fl[]s4 ,x is pla9ly to be se5 t ^! dormant buds1 z arboriculture calls !m 9 its picturesque language1 mu/1 9 ord] to )/& ! summ] heat & ! w9t]'s cold1 be clo!d s z n to be p>*$ by ! sun or kill$ by ! fro/4 ,!y are all 9 fact cov]$ ) a wrapp+ ( scales1 & = t reason are call$ scaly buds4 ,buds ( ?is class are f\nd 9 ! lilac1 *e/nut1 pe>1 apple1 *]ry1 popl>1 & 9 fact ne>ly all ! trees ( our c\ntry4 ,b if a tree c wait & devote a :ole ye> to ! developm5t ( its buds1 :i* are clo!d 9 a %ea? ( scales because ( ?is wait+1 !re are a multitude ( plants t h only a limit$ "t at _! disposal3 !y live only a ye>1 & h5ce are call$ annuals4 ,su* are ! potato1 c>rot1 pumpk91 & a great _m m4 ,9 a few mon?s or days !y mu/ ha/ily develop _! buds4 ,^!1 n hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! w9t]1 are nev] envelop$ 9 protect+ scales3 !y are nak$ buds4 ,z soon z !y appe> !y elongate1 unfold _! leaves1 & become bran*es tak+ "p 9 ! "w ( ! :ole4 ,v soon1 9 ! axils ( _! leaves1 o!r buds make _! appe>ance & behave l _! pr$ecessors2 t is to say1 !y develop quickly into bran*es :i* 9 _! turn produce o!r buds4 ,& s on indef9itely until w9t] puts a /op to ?is scaffold ( bran*es & kills ! :ole plant4 ,?us annuals ramify rapidly4 ,9 "o ye> !y produce sev]al g5]ations ( bran*es implant$ "o on ano!r1 sometimes m1 sometimes few]1 accord+ to _! species & _! degree ( vigor4 ,_! buds1 design$ = imm$iate developm5t1 are always nak$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? =ms ( vegetation t h a long life1 su* z trees1 ramify sl[ly2 !y h only "o g5]ation ( bran*es a ye>1 & _! buds1 de/9$ to live ?r\gh ! w9t]1 are scaly4 ,c]ta9 examples ( plant-life h bo? k9ds ( buds4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! pea*-tree & ! grape-v9e4 ,at ! end ( w9t] ! v9e-%oot be>s scaly buds l9$ ) flock1 & ! pea* bran*es scaly buds coat$ ) v>ni%4 ,bo? belong to ! class ( dormant buds3 !y h slept all w9t] 9 _! %ea?s ( fur & scales4 ,9 ! spr+ !y develop into bran*es accord+ to ! g5]al rule2 b at ! same "t !re appe> 9 ! axils ( ! leaves o!r buds )\t any protect+ cov]+1 & ^! develop imm$iately into bran*es4 ,?us ! grape-v9e & ! pea*-tree beget two g5]ations 9 "o ye>3 ! fir/1 ! issue ( ! scaly buds t h endur$ ! w9t]2 ! second1 nak$ buds =m$ 9 ! spr+ & develop+ v soon aft] _! =mation4 ,! bran*es aris+ f ^! latt] f9ally give bir? to scaly buds1 :i* sleep ?r\gh ! w9t] & reproduce ! same ord] ( ?+s ! foll[+ ye>4 8,bo? axill>y & t]m9al buds are 9 ! normal ord] ( plant-life3 !y appe> 9 all =ms ( vegetation t live sev]al ye>s4 ,b :5 ! plant is 9 dang]1 :5 by "s accid5t ! regul> buds are lack+ or insuffici5t1 o!rs spr+ into be+ "h & !re at haphaz>d1 ev5 on ! root if necess>y1 to re/ore a langui%+ vitality & put ! plant once m 9 a fl\ri%+ condition4 ,^! accid5tal buds are to ! "p ( ! plant above ! gr\nd :at adv5titi\s roots are to ! "p bel[ ! gr\nd3 ! m5ace ( ! mom5t calls !m into exi/5ce at any endang]$ po9t4 ,! edges ( ! w\nd caus$ by ! lopp+ (f ( a bran*1 ! "p ( a tree-trunk con/rict$ by a b&1 portions ( ! b>k injur$ by contusion1 ^! are ! po9ts :]e !y appe> by pref]5ce4 ,!y are call$ adv5titi\s buds1 b _! /ructure does n diff] f t ( normal buds4 8,adv5titi\s buds l5d !mselves to valuable uses4 ,suppose a numb] ( "y sapl+s to be plant$ at prop] int]vals 9 ! gr\nd4 ,if !y are !n left to !mselves ^! sapl+s gr[ ea* into a s+le trunk & =m collectively a wood or =e/4 ,b x may be ( advantage to replace ea* ( ^! s+le trunks by a gr\p ( sev]al trunks4 ,9 t case ! "y plantation is cut d[n to ! level ( ! gr\nd1 & ar\nd ! edge ( ea* cross-section !re pres5tly spr+ a numb] ( adv5titi\s buds :i* %oot up into an equal numb] ( /ems1 s t ea* sapl+ t w\ld h develop$ only "o trunk is trans=m$ into a /ump f :i* />t num]\s spr\ts or suck]s1 all ( ! same age & /r5g?4 ,!n in/ead ( a wood or =e/ we h a gr[? ( und]bru%1 or a copse4 ,:5 ! suck]s h acquir$ ! desir$ size1 a fre% cutt+ back lays !m l[ & induces a /ill d5s] gr[? ( %oots by multiply+ ! numb] ( w\nds4 ,x is ?us t f a s+le /ock1 repeat$ly cut back & z (t5 re9vigorat$ by ! gr[? ( adv5titi\s buds1 a quantity ( wood is obta9$ exce$+ t produc$ by ! free & solit>y developm5t ( "o tree4 8,sp>$ by ! axe1 ! popl> rises 9 a maje/ic obelisk ( v]dure4 ,! will[1 s ungraceful 9 appe>ance along ! banks ( our dit*es1 ) its %apeless top bri/l+ ) %oots /ick+ out 9 all directions1 is1 9 its natural /ate1 a tree ( r>e elegance on acc\nt ( ! suppl5ess ( its bran*es & ! f95ess ( its foliage4 ,consid]$ z a ?+ ( beauty1 x c]ta9ly has no?+ to ga9 by man's int]f]5ce ) its mode ( gr[?4 ,b1 alas1 productivity does n always g h& 9 h& ) beauty2 & if x is desir$ to make ^! two trees1 ! popl> & ! will[1 produce a great mass ( bran*es & fire-wood1 decapitation1 repeat$ p]iodically1 trans=ms !m into poll>ds1 seam$ ) sc>s1 gap+ ) ble$+ w\nds1 disfigur$ ) bruises1 b at ! same "t cont5d+ aga9/ all ?is h>d usage by a nev]-fail+ gr[? ( adv5titi\s buds :i* con/antly replace ) increas+ prodigality ! bru%wood t has fall5 victim to ! axe4 8,to f9i% ! subject ( adv5titi\s buds--buds t p]si/ 9 multiply+ ev5 :5 ! p>5t /ock langui%es1 & t )/& de/ruction until utt] exhau/ion has set 9--let u recall = a mom5t c]ta9 we$s su* z dog's-too? grass1 cock-spur grass1 & o!r grasses t are s h>d to keep out ( our g>d5 pa?s unless we d some?+ m ?an m]ely rake ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,y may h tak5 inf9ite pa9s1 we w say1 to clean ! pa?s1 & h left !m immaculate1 or at lea/ y ?9k s4 ,b y are mi/ak54 ,9 a few days ! grass has all come back 9 ri*] tufts ?an ev]4 ,! reason is pla9 en\gh n[3 y\r rak+ simply cut back ! /ems1 leav+ w\nds t imm$iately cov]$ !mselves ) adv5titi\s buds1 :i* quickly s5t up new /alks4 ,?us1 in/ead ( de/roy+1 y h multipli$4 ,! only way to cle> ! gr\nd ( we$s is to pull !m up by ! roots2 t done1 y may consid] ! job well done40 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,bulbs ,,& ,,bulblets 8,aft] atta9+ ! requisite degree ( /r5g? ! buds ( c]ta9 plants leave ! p>5t /alk &1 if we may s express x1 emigrate2 t is to say1 !y deta* !mselves & take root 9 ! e>?1 to draw n\ri%m5t directly !refrom4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a bud design$ = indep5d5t developm5t _c h precisely ! /ructure ( "o de/9$ nev] to leave ! p>5t /em4 ,to satisfy its fir/ ne$s be=e roots capable ( n\ri%+ x h be5 s5t d[n into ! soil1 x mu/ ( necessity h a c]ta9 prep>$ /ore ( nutrim5t4 ,!re=e e bud t emigrates c>ries a supply ( food ) x4 8,!re is cultivat$ 9 g>d5s a pretty little lily native to high m\nta9s1 be>+ orange-color$ blossoms1 & kn[n z ! bulbif]\s lily4 ,"h is a piece ( ! /alk ) its buds situat$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,^! buds mu/ pass ?r\gh ! w9t] & develop ! foll[+ spr+4 ,!y are cov]$ ) succul5t scales1 v ?ick1 t5d]1 & fle%y1 good = n\ri%m5t z well z = protection4 ,?is /ore ( provisions makes ! bud q plump4 ,t[>d ! end ( summ] "s ( ^! buds leave ! "m plant2 !y fall at ! slighte/ w9d1 scatt] on ! gr\nd1 & are h5ce=? giv5 ov] to _! own res\rces4 ,if ! season is a wet "o1 _m ( !m1 /ill 9 place at ! axils ( ! leaves1 s5d out "o or two little roots t hang 9 ! air z if try+ to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,be=e ,octob] arrives all ! buds h fall54 ,!n ! "m /alk dies4 ,soon ! autumn w9ds & ra9s cov] ! scatt]$ buds ) dead leaves & mold4 ,"u ?is %elt] !y swell all w9t] f ! juices ( _! scales1 plunge _! roots into ! gr\nd little by little1 &1 behold1 9 ! spr+ ea* "o displays its fir/ gre5 leaf1 cont9ues h5ce=? its indep5d5t gr[?1 & f9ally becomes a plant l ! orig9al lily4 8,! fle%y1 scaly buds de/9$ to develop indep5d5tly ( ! "m /alk are call$ bulblets4 ,no plant kn[n to agriculture c\ld furni% u s /rik+ an example ( bud-emigration z ! bulbif]\s lily2 b 9 our kit*5 g>d5s we h g>lic1 :i* acts 9 almo/ ! same way4 ,take a :ole head ( g>lic4 ,on ! outside are dry1 :ite wrapp+s4 ,/rip ^! (f & und]nea? y w f9d l>ge buds :i* c easily be deta*$ "o by "o4 ,!n come m :ite wrapp+s foll[$ by new buds1 s t ! entire head is a package ( alt]nate wrapp+s & buds4 8,^! wrapp+s are ! dri$-up l[] portions ( ! old leaves ( ! plant1 leaves blan*$ :]e ! soil cov]$ !m1 & :]e !y /ill rema91 & =m]ly gre5 :]e expos$ to ! air1 ?\gh t "p is n[ lack+4 ,9 ! axils ( ^! leaves buds h =m$ accord+ to ! g5]al rule2 only1 z !y are de/9$ to develop by !mselves1 !y h /or$ up supplies 9 _! ?ick5$ scales1 & t is :at makes !m unusually l>ge4 ,split "o ( !m l5g?wise4 ,"u a t\gh %ea? y w f9d an enorm\s fle%y mass =m+ almo/ ! :ole ( ! bud4 ,t is ! /oreh\se4 ,) su* supplies ( food ! bud is well able to take c>e ( itself4 ,&1 9 fact1 :5 a m>ket-g>d5] wi%es to raise a crop ( g>lic1 he does n h rec\rse to ! se$2 t w\ld take too long4 ,he turns 8 att5tion to ! buds2 t is to say1 he plants 9 ! gr\nd1 "o by "o1 ! bulblets ( :i* ! heads ( g>lic are compos$4 ,ea* ( ^! bulblets1 su/a9$ at fir/ by its own res]ves ( food1 puts =? roots & leaves & becomes a complete g>lic plant4 8,f ! bulblet to ! bulb1 f g>lic to an onion1 !re is b a s+le /ep4 ,let u split an onion 9 two f top to bottom4 ,we %all f9d x compos$ ( a succession ( fle%y scales compactly fitt$ toge!r4 ,9 ! he>t ( ?is clu/] ( succul5t scales1 :i* are no?+ b leaves s modifi$ z to =m a food-/oreh\se1 are f\nd o!r leaves ( normal %ape & gre5 color4 ,an onion1 !n1 is a bud provision$ = an indep5d5t life by ! conv]sion ( its outside leaves into fle%y scales2 & x is call$ a bulb1 n a bulblet1 because ( its size1 ! latt] t]m be+ ! dim9utive =m ( #8bulb4' ,bulb & bulblet diff] m]ely 9 size3 ! bulb is l>g]1 ! bulblet small]1 & t is all4 8,e "o has notic$ t an onion hang+ on ! wall ready at h& = ! cook1 is awak5$ to life 9 ! c\rse ( ! w9t] by ! heat ( ! room1 & f )9 its envelope ( r$ scales puts =? a beautiful gre5 %oot t seems to prote/ aga9/ ! rigors ( ! season & rem9ds u ( ! sweet pleasures ( spr+4 ,z x develops1 its fle%y scales wr9kle1 s(t51 become flabby1 & f9ally fall (f 9 decay to s]ve z f]tiliz] = ! "y plant4 ,soon] or lat]1 h[ev]1 its /ore ( provision be+ exhau/$1 ! %oot p]i%es unless plac$ 9 e>?4 ,!re we h a /rik+ example ( a bud t develops indep5d5tly by means ( its own accumulat$ supplies4 ,! leek is also a bulb1 b v sl5d] 9 %ape4 ,l ! onion1 x consi/s ( a clu/] ( l[] leaf-p>ts %ea!d "o inside ano!r4 ,among ornam5tal plants hav+ bulbs are ! lily1 ! tulip1 & ! hyac9?40 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,tub]s--,,/>* 8,!re are buds t1 ?\gh call$ to an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 d n1 be=e sep>at+ f ! "m plant1 /ore up provisions nor ?ick5 _! scales2 b ! plant itself is *>g$ ) fe$+ !m4 ,:5 x is int5d$ t ! /em or bran* %all itself ma9ta9 ! buds x be>s1 !n1 in/ead ( com+ out into ! op5 air :]e x w\ld spe$ily cov] itself ) foliage & fl[]s1 x rema9s und]gr\nd & has = leaves only rudim5t>y scales4 ,x gr[s s corpul5t & de=m$ z to cease to be> ! "n ( bran* & to take in/ead t ( tub]4 ,z soon z necess>y supplies h be5 /or$ up1 ! tub] deta*es itself f ! "m plant1 & !nce=? ! buds x be>s f9d 9 x abundant n\ri%m5t = _! sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,a tub]1 !n1 is an und]gr\nd bran* swoll5 ) nutritive mat]ial & hav+ undevelop$ scales 9 place ( leaves1 & x is also dott$ "h & !re ) buds :i* x mu/ fe$4 8,let u n[ look at a potato4 ,:at d we see on ! surface8 ,c]ta9 small cavities or eyes2 t is to say1 s _m buds1 = ^! eyes develop into bran*es if ! potato is plac$ 9 favorable conditions4 ,on old potatoes1 late 9 ! season1 ! buds are se5 to s5d =? spr\ts :i* ne$ only a little sun%9e to turn gre5 & become /alks4 ,agriculture makes good use ( ?is peculi>ity3 to propagate ! plant x is cu/om>y to put into ! gr\nd1 n ! se$s1 :i* w\ld yield no h>ve/ be=e ! lapse ( sev]al ye>s1 b ! tub]s1 :i* produce abundantly ! same ye>4 ,or else ! potato is cut into pieces & ea* piece1 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 s5ds up a new plant on condition t x has at lea/ "o eye2 if x has none x rots )\t produc+ any?+4 8,fur!rmore1 y c see on ! eyes t9y little scales1 :i* are leaves modifi$ to adapt !m to an und]gr\nd life1 leaves ) ! same "r to ! "n z ! t\gh scales ( an ord9>y bud4 ,s9ce x has leaves & buds ! potato is !re=e a bran*4 ,%\ld !re rema9 any l+]+ d\bts on ?is subject1 x might be add$ t by e>?+ up ! plant1 t is to say by heap+ soil ar\nd ! /alk1 ! "y bran*es ?us buri$ c be conv]t$ into potato-be>]s2 & x might also be add$ t 9 ra9y & cl\dy seasons x is n r>e to see "s ( ! ord9>y bran*es ?ick5 & swell up 9 ! op5 air1 & ?us produce potatoes m or less p]fect4 ,accord+ly ! potato is to be reg>d$ z an und]gr\nd bran* swoll5 ) n\ri%m5t--9 %ort1 a tub]4 8,_m o!r plants produce simil> bran*es t gr[ "u gr\nd4 ,9 ?is numb] is ! ,j]usalem arti*oke1 ! tub]s ( :i* h buds arrang$ two by two on opposite swell+s1 f front to back & f "r to left 9 turn1 exactly z are leaves & buds on ! /em4 8,! potato fe$s x buds on a f>9ace\s sub/ance call$ fecula or1 9 less le>n$ language1 />*4 ,x is ! v mat]ial t makes ! vegetable s ri* 9 nutrim5t = u4 ,we turn to our own acc\nt :at ! plant has /or$ up = its "y %oots4 ,/>* is conta9$ 9 ! extremely small cavities ) :i* ! fle% ( ! tub] is all riddl$4 ,^! cavities are call$ cells4 ,!y are microscopic sacs made ( a f9e membrane & hav+ no op5+4 ,cramm$ full ( />* gra9s & cr[d$ "o aga9/ ano!r1 !y compose ! fle%y sub/ance ( ! potato4 ,b ^! cavities are s small t a p]son w\ld /ra9 8 eyes 9 va9 9 any attempt to see !m 9 ! cross-section ( a potato4 ,a magnify+ glass is necess>y4 ,s m9ute are ! cells t 9 a piece ( potato no l>g] ?an a p9's head !re is room = doz5s & doz5s ( !m4 ,?is picture %[s y1 b mu* l>g] ?an 9 nature1 a potato cell ) ! gra9s ( />* x encloses40 8,h[ beautifully10 exclaim$ ,emile1 8^? gra9s ( />* are arrang$ 9 _! little cubby-hole6 ,!y might be tak5 = a ne/ ( eggs4 ,& y say !re are heaps & heaps ( ^! little />* cells80 8,yes1 my boy2 9 a m$ium-siz$ potato !y c\ld be c\nt$ by millions & millions40 8,x mu/ be r a curi\s sight to look at a little piece ( potato ?r\gh a p[]ful magnify+-glass40 8,x is inde$ "o ( ! mo/ curi\s sights1 ?is c\ntless multitude ( />* gra9s1 all ! same %ape1 all :ite z sn[1 ga!r$ toge!r by t5s1 doz5s1 scores1 & ev5 m1 9 _! delicate little box-l cells4 8,let u p]=m an exp]im5t n beyond our means2 let u remove ! />* f a potato4 ,all we ne$ to d is to te> op5 ! cells 9 ord] to lib]ate ! />* gra9s1 & !n filt] !m out4 ,wat* me d x4 ,) a kit*5 grat] ,i r$uce ! potato to pulp & ?us te> ! cells op54 ,n[ ,i put ! pulp on a piece ( l95 ov] a l>ge glass & p\r a little wat] ?r\gh x ) "o h& :ile ) ! o!r ,i keep /irr+ ! pulp4 ,! gra9s ( />* f ! ruptur$ cells are wa%$ away by ! wat] & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! fabric1 :ile ! remnants ( ! cell-walls1 be+ too l>ge to pass ?r\gh1 /ay beh9d 9 ! filt]4 8,?us ,i obta9 a glassful ( turbid wat]4 ,look at x "u a bright sun4 ,9 ! wat] a multitude ( :ite sat9y specks are fall+ l s mu* sn[ & pil+ up on ! bottom4 ,9 a few mom5ts ! deposit has settl$4 ,i !n ?r[ away ! cle> wat] above x & h left a p[d]y sub/ance1 magnific5tly :ite1 :i* if press$ betwe5 ! f+]s creaks l f9e s&4 ,x is ! />* ( ! potato1 & is made up ( su* f9e gra9s t x w\ld take f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ to equal ! head ( a p9 9 size4 ,nev]!less ^! gra9s1 m9ute ?\gh !y are1 h a v complicat$ /ructure1 ea* "o ( !m be+ compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( t9y leaflets fold$ "o ov] ano!r4 ,! picture ,i %[$ y j n[ w s]ve to give y an idea ( ^! sup]pos$ leaflets t g to make1 all toge!r1 a s+le gra94 ,n[ if "s ( ?is />* is boil$ 9 a little wat]1 ! successive leaflets ( ! gra9 op5 & sep>ate1 & ! :ole becomes an unctu\s jelly f> exce$+ 9 volume t ( ! />* us$40 ,to prove ?is ass]tion1 ,uncle ,paul proce$$ to heat 9 a little wat] ! />* tak5 f ! potato1 & soon ! p[d]y matt] 0 r$uc$ to a beautiful pellucid jelly4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,uses ,,( ,,/>* 8,t jelly10 rem>k$ ,jules1 8looks j l ! pa/e t ,i make ) laundry />*4 ,y\r potato />* !re 9 ! bottom ( ! glass has exactly ! same appe>ance z />* dissolv$ 9 cold wat] = iron+ clo!s40 8,t close resemblance10 repli$ 8 uncle1 8is expla9$ by ! fact t potato />* & laundry />* are at bottom ! same ?+4 ,bo? sub/ances are *emically kn[n z fecula2 b laundry />* is made f c]eals1 p>ticul>ly :eat1 :ile fecula1 prop]ly speak+1 comes ei!r f potatoes or f v>i\s gra9s & roots4 8,l ! />* ( ! potato1 laundry />* is 9 ! =m ( sup]pos$ leaflets1 b its gra9s are mu* small]3 t5 ?\s& w\ld h>dly be en\gh to make a pellet ! size ( a p9's head4 ,& !re are "s /ill small]4 ,x w\ld take sixty-f\r ?\s& gra9s ( ,indian corn />* to make a p9's head or1 to be m exact1 to fill ! inside ( a cube measur+ "o millimet] on a side2 & 9 ! case ( ! beet x w\ld take t5 millions4 ,y see t 9 spite ( _! excessive smallness1 a smallness t makes !m invisible to ! nak$ eye1 ! />* gra9s ( ! potato are giants 9 comp>ison4 8,x is *iefly by ! v>y+ size ( _! microscopic gra9s t ! />*es ( diff]5t k9ds are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,9 sub/ance & /ructure !y are all alike4 ,plac$ 9 w>m wat]1 _! gra9s swell1 bur/1 exp& _! leaflets1 & ! />*1 f :atev] s\rce1 is *ang$ into a glut9\s jelly4 8,/>* is ! food supply ( plant-life4 ,:]ev] we f9d buds t are int5d$ to develop by !mselves1 :]ev] we f9d g]ms1 !re also we %all f9d a supply ( />* s]v+ z a sort ( food res]ve4 ,h5ce ?is peculi> provision is met ) 9 tub]s1 bulbs1 bulblets1 se$s1 & fle%y roots4 ,n[ :5 ^! buds & g]ms develop1 ! />* becomes1 9 ! process ( vegetation1 a k9d ( sug> :i*1 be+ soluble 9 wat]1 c be s5t to all p>ts ( ! "y plant & s]ve x = food4 8,by c]ta9 artificial devices ?is same *ange ( />* into sug> c be br\ght ab\t4 ,! simple/ ( ^! devices is ! application ( heat1 :i* always ent]s into ! prep>ation ( f>9ace\s food4 ,let u take a few examples4 ,a raw potato is uneatable4 ,boil$ 9 wat] or roa/$ 9 ! a%es1 x is excell5t4 ,:at has happ5$1 !n8 ,heat has conv]t$ a "p ( ! />* into sug>1 & ! tub] has become a sug>y f>9ace\s pa/e4 ,! same c be said ( ! *e/nut4 ,raw1 x is no great delicacy1 al?\gh at a p9* x c be eat52 cook$1 x is wor?y ( all ! praise we c give x4 ,i appeal to y to back me up 9 ?is ass]tion4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ano!r trans=mation ( />* into sug> by ! action ( heat4 ,beans1 peas1 bo? z h>d z bullets 9 ! dry /ate & ( no agreeable flavor1 are unmi/akably sweet5$ by be+ boil$ 9 wat] & hav+ _! />* act$ on by heat4 ,our v>i\s f>9ace\s foods behave 9 ! same way4 ,+5uity br+s into play a m p[]ful ag5t ?an heat alone to conv]t ! />* into sug>4 ,x is boil$ 9 wat] & dur+ ! boil+ a little sulphuric acid or oil ( vitriol is add$4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is en]getic fluid ! />* is *ang$ into a sug>y syrup4 ,x is ( c\rse to be und]/ood t ?is syrup1 z soon z x has be5 ?us produc$1 is sep>at$ f ! oil ( vitriol :i* has s]v$ to make x4 8,! sug> ?us obta9$ is a s(t1 /icky sub/ance1 & almo/ z sweet z honey1 b v diff]5t f ord9>y sug>1 :i* is solid & comes 9 beautiful :ite loaves4 #c ,x is call$ />*-sug> or glucose4 ,confection]s use x a great deal4 ,:5 y crun* a sug>-plum--& ,i am p]suad$ t y d n und]e/imate ! excell5ce ( sug>-plums--d y "k :at y are eat+8 ,a composition ( />* & />*-sug>4 ,i pass ov] ! almond 9 ! c5t]2 t is beside ! "q40 8,d y mean to say10 dem&$ ,jules1 8t a bag ( sug>-plums comes f su* /uff z potatoes & oil ( vitriol80 8,su* is und\bt$ly ! orig9 ( ! delici\s sug>-plum10 0 ! reply2 8& inde$ _m ( ! delicacies ( ! pa/ry-cook1 ( ! confection]1 & ( ! manufactur] ( refre%+ bev]ages1 :i* y believe to be sweet5$ ) ord9>y sug>1 really owe _! sweet ta/e to syrup made f />*--a mu* *eap] product ?an sug>4 ,y see ! potato furni%es some?+ else besides ! mode/ di%es ) :i* x supplies our table4 8,nor is t ! :ole /ory4 ,/>*-sug>1 or glucose1 is exactly ! same z ! sug> ( ripe grapes4 ,) potato-fl\r1 wat]1 & a few drops ( oil ( vitriol !re is artificially produc$1 9 enorm\s boil]s1 ! same sug>y sub/ance t ! v9e produces 9 its bun*es ( grapes ) ! help ( ! sun's rays4 ,n[ grape sug> turns to alcohol by f]m5t+4 ,glucose mu/ und]go a simil> *ange4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 nor!rn c\ntries too cold to admit ( ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 alcoholic liquors are made f />* previ\sly *ang$ into sug>4 ,on acc\nt ( _! orig9 ^! liquors g "u ! g5]al "n ( potato-br&y4 ,all se$s & roots ri* 9 />* c be us$ 9 simil> manufacture4 8,be] is a product ( ?is sort4 ,fir/ b>ley is made to g]m9ate by be+ kept moi/ & w>m4 ,9 ! process ( g]m9ation ! />* is *ang$ into glucose = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! "y %oots4 ,:5 ! little plants beg9 to develop1 ! gra9 is dri$ & gr\nd to fl\r4 ,?is mix$ ) wat] furni%es a sug>y liquid :i* f]m5ts1 turn+ p>tly to alcohol & f9ally becom+ be]40 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,potato 8,next to :eat no plant 9 our "p ( ! _w is ( s mu* importance = food z ! potato4 ,its use 0 n introduc$ into ?is c\ntry until t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! potato among our p is a curi\s piece ( hi/ory4 ,:y %\ld ,i n relate x to y8 ,x w %[ y :at noble ef=ts & p]sev]ance are sometimes necess>y to br+ ab\t ! adoption1 on ! "p ( ^? w$d$ to bl9d r\t9e1 ( ! simple/1 mo/ natural idea1 & "o s ri* 9 future possibilities4 8,! potato is native to ,s\? ,am]ica2 x came to u f ! high pla9s ( ,colombia1 ,*ile1 & ,p]u4 ,its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,europe dates f #aefe4 ,a c5tury & a half lat] ! potato fl\ri%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,its introduction into g5]al use 9 ,france 0 sl[]4 ,! fir/ di% ( potatoes1 !n a high-pric$ r>ity1 0 s]v$ at ! table ( ,k+ ,l\is ,,xiii 9 #afaf4 8,! royal di% is to-day at ! comm& ( ! poore/2 b ?is 0 n effect$ )\t a good deal ( tr\ble1 z y w see4 ,= a long "t ! ,am]ican tub] rema9$ 9 our c\ntry a simple object ( curiosity to :i* 7 attribut$ injuri\s prop]ties1 & :i* agriculture w\ld h no?+ to d )4 ,f9ally1 t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a wor?y man succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ^! prejudices & popul>iz$ ! culture ( ?is valuable food plant4 ,8 "n is ,p>m5ti]4 ,rememb] ?is v5]at$ "n1 my fri5ds2 he :o bore x bani%$ fam9e by mak+ ! potato supply ! defici5cy ( :eat4 8,p>m5ti] communicat$ 8 ideas to ,l\is ,,xvi4 #8,! potato1' said he1 #8is bread already made & requir+ nei!r mill] nor bak]4 ,take x j z x comes out ( ! gr\nd & bake x 9 hot a%es or cook x 9 boil+ wat]1 & y w h a f>9ace\s food rival+ :eat4 ,poor l& unfit = o!r crops w raise x1 & x w h5ce=? relieve u ( all fe> ( ^? t]rible de>?s t ,france has s (t5 suff]$ 9 ! pa/4' 8,l\is ,,xvi li/5$ to ?is proposal ) eag] att5tion1 b ! difficulty 0 to make o!rs li/5 also4 ,9 ord] to int]e/ ! _w ( fa%ion 9 ! culture ( ! disda9$ tub] ! k+ appe>$ at a public fe/ival "o day ) a l>ge b\quet ( potato blossoms 9 8 h&4 ,curiosity 0 ar\s$ at ! sight ( ^! :ite fl[]s t+$ ) violet & set (f by ! d>k gre5 ( ! leaves4 ,!y 7 talk$ ( at c\rt & 9 t[n2 flori/s made imitations ( !m = _! artificial b\quets2 9 ornam5tal g>d5s !y 7 us$ = ! bord]s2 & z ! sure/ way to royal favor ! nobles s5t potatoes to _! t5ant f>m]s ) ord]s to plant & cultivate !m40 8,behold ! potato fairly />t$ on ! "r road60 int]pos$ ,jules4 8,x _c fail to become popul> n[1 "u ! protection ( k+ & c\rt40 8,n s fa/1 my little fri5d4 ,p]suasion is a good deal bett] ?an comm&4 ,! tub]s patroniz$ by royalty 7 ?r[n on ! dunghill4 ,at mo/1 "h & !re a f>m]1 afraid ( be+ reprim&$1 all[$ !m to gr[ z be/ !y c\ld 9 "s neglect$ corn]40 8,& !n80 8,!n ! only ?+ to d 0 to conv9ce1 n ! nobleman :o c>$ no?+ = ! potato except z a means = w9n+ ! k+'s favor1 b ! peasant himself directly int]e/$ 9 ?is affair4 ,x 0 necess>y to ov]come 8 repugnance1 a repugnance t made him reject ! potato ev5 z fodd] = cattle2 he mu/ be taught by 8 own exp]i5ce t ! tub] ( ill repute1 f> f be+ a poison1 is excell5t food4 ,all ?is ,p>m5ti] ?or\ghly und]/ood & he set to "w )\t delay40 8,?is "t he is sure to succe$40 8,n at fir/ & n )\t great pa9s4 ,9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is he b\ght or r5t$ = f>m+ l>ge tracts ( l& :i* he caus$ to be plant$ ) potatoes4 ,! fir/ ye> ! h>ve/ 0 sold at a v l[ price4 ,a few p b\ght "s40 8,n[ we are ne>+ ! goal40 8,n yet4 ,good is n accompli%$ s easily4 ,! second ye> ! potatoes 7 giv5 away = no?+4 ,nobody want$ !m40 8,& ,p>m5ti] 0 left ) ! :ole crop on 8 h&s80 8,! excell5t man c\ld n f9d a welcome = a s+le basket ( potatoes4 ,9 ! c\ntry !y laugh$ malici\sly at 8 ob/9acy 9 cultivat+ a vile root t no peasant w\ld ev5 fe$ to 8 pigs4 ,b ,p>m5ti] did n despair4 ,a s+ul> idea came to him3 to see :e!r ! *>m ( =bidd5 fruit w\ld n accompli% :at he _h fail$ to effect by 8 writ+s1 8 advice1 8 p]sonal example1 & 8 g5]\s (f]s4 8,a l>ge field 0 plant$ ) potatoes1 & :5 ! crop 0 ripe a f5ce 0 built ab\t ! field z if to protect a mo/ valuable h>ve/4 ,& m ?an ?is1 ,p>m5ti] caus$ x to be trumpet$ abroad ?r\gh\t ! neighbor+ villages t x 0 expressly =bidd5 to t\* ! potatoes "u p5alty ( all ! rigors ( ! law aga9/ m>aud]s4 ,dur+ ! day ! gu>ds kept /rict wat* ov] ! field1 & woe betide :oev] %\ld try to climb ov] ! f5ce60 8,x seems to me10 said ,emile1 8t ) all ^? prohibitions & gu>ds & f5ces ,p>m5ti] 0 m likely ?an ev] to h all 8 potatoes to himself40 8,su* 0 n 8 purpose2 f> f x4 ,! gu>ds kept good wat* dur+ ! day1 b !y _h ord]s to /ay at home at night & leave unmole/$ any :o might attempt to get into ! field4 #8,:at1 !n1 is ?is plant t is gu>d$ ) su* jeal\s c>e8' ! peasants ask$ "o ano!r1 attract$ by ! /rictness ( ! prohibitory measures4 #8,x mu/ be v preci\s4 ,let u try to get "s :5 ! night is d>k4' 8,"s bold m>aud]s climb$ ! f5ce1 ha/ily pull$ up a doz5 tub]s1 & scamp]$ (f aga91 look+ back to make sure !y 7 n pursu$4 ,n a gu>d 0 to be se54 ,^w soon spread t ! field 0 n gu>d$ at night4 ,!n ! pillage began 9 e>ne/3 ! tub]s hi!rto s despis$ 7 c>ri$ (f by sackfuls4 ,9 a few days !re 0 n a potato left 9 ! gr\nd4 8,p came & told ,p>m5ti] ( ! deva/ation ( 8 field4 ,! wor?y man wept = joy2 ! "o robb$ bless$ 8 robb]s4 ,by 8 ruse he _h end[$ 8 c\ntry ) an ine/imable food-supply2 =1 once plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o w\ld cons5t to cultivate x1 ! potato 0 valu$ at its true wor? & spread rapidly40 8,oh1 :at a curi\s /ory60 cri$ ,l\is1 :5 ,uncle ,paul _h f9i%$2 8:at a curi\s /ory6 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght x took all t tr\ble to make p accept a food t to-day is ( su* value to u8 ,is x1 !n1 s v h>d to spread a good idea :5 x is new80 8,v h>d inde$10 repli$ ,uncle ,paul1 8z ^? well "k :o make x _! mission to fight aga9/ prejudice & ignorance40 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,asc5d+ ,,sap 8,n[ let u see h[ ! plant is n\ri%$ by ! v>i\s sub/ances ( :i* we h j /udi$ ! mo/ important4 ,e =m ( plant-life is made up1 n ( a compact & uni=m mass ( matt] ) no occasional empty spaces1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ) ! aid ( a microscope x is se5 t an inf9ite numb] ( v m9ute cavities call$ cells are int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! plant4 ,^! cells may be reg>d$ z extremely small clos$ sacs1 sometimes r\nd1 sometimes oval1 b m (t5 ) irregul> & angul> outl9es by reason ( ! mutual pressure ex]t$ by ! cells4 ,! cell-wall is compos$ ( an excessively f9e membrane4 ,9 ! pi? ( ! eld]1 all riddl$ l a sponge1 y h an example ( cells l>ge en\gh to be se5 )\t a microscope4 ,o!r cavities are long1 po9t$ at bo? ends & swoll5 9 ! middle l a sp9dle4 ,!y are call$ fib]s4 ,/ill o!rs =m canals ( uni=m size ?r\gh\t1 z f9e z a hair & long en\gh to ext5d f ! roots to ! topmo/ leaves4 ,^! canals are call$ ducts4 ,look closely at ! cross-section ( a v dry v9e-bran*1 & y w see a multitude ( orifices into :i* x w\ld be possible to ?ru/ a hair4 ,^? are ! op5+s into s _m brok5 ducts4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! plant1 absolutely ev]y?+--root1 /alk1 wood1 b>k1 leaves1 fl[]s1 fruit1 se$s1 no matt] :at--is compos$ ( a mass ( cells1 fib]s1 & ducts4 8,t und]/ood1 let u consid] ! root ( ! plant4 ,9 its new p>ts1 at ! tip-ends ( its f9e/ ramifications1 tip-ends t we h call$ spongioles1 x is compos$ ( cells j =m$ & consequ5tly t5d] & fitt$ = absorb+ easily ! moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,spongioles1 !n1 fill !mselves mu* z sponges w\ld d4 ,t done1 conduits (f] _! s]vices = convey+ ! liquid to ! top ( ! plant3 !y are ! ducts j ref]r$ to1 & comp>able "h to ! wat]-pipes 9 our own f\nta9s4 ,b if 9 f\nta9s wat] runs by its own weight1 go+ f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ po9t1 x is n s ) ! liquid absorb$ by ! roots1 a liquid runn+ f bel[ upw>d4 ,:at !n is ! =ce t makes x asc5d8 8,?is =ce is 9 ! buds or1 to speak m correctly1 9 ! leaves4 ,ea* leaf is ! seat ( an active evaporation ^: object is to rid ! plant ( ! great quantity ( wat] requir$ = dissolv+ 9 ! soil & !n convey+ to ! leaves ! nutritive sub/ances pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,?is evaporation leaves a void 9 ! cells t h giv5 up ! evaporat$ wat]4 ,b ?is void is imm$iately fill$ f ! neighbor+ cells1 :i* give up _! cont5ts & receive 9 turn ! cont5ts ( ! next l[] lay]s4 ,f cell to cell1 f fib] to fib]1 f duct to duct1 a simil> transf] takes place at po9ts f>!r & f>!r away f ! evaporat+ surface1 until ! tip-ends ( ! rootlets are rea*$1 :]e a cont9u\s absorption makes good ! loss ( moi/ure by evaporation4 ,! process rem9ds "o some:at ( ! work+ ( our pumps1 9 :i* ! pi/on leaves beh9d x a void t is imm$iately fill$ by ! wat] 9 ! pipe1 :i* 9 its turn gets wat] f ! bottom ( ! well4 ,?is liquid :i* asc5ds 9 e plant1 absorb$ by ! spongioles ( ! rootlets & put 9 motion by ! evaporation f ! leaves1 is call$ asc5d+ sap1 or crude sap4 ,! sap is call$ asc5d+ because x passes f bel[ upw>d1 f ! roots to ! bran*es2 & x is call$ crude because x has n yet und]gone ! prep>ation t w turn x into ! nutritive liquid ( ! plant4 ,?us we h le>n$ our fir/ lesson1 namely3 asc5d+ sap is c>ri$ especially to ^? p>ts ( ! plant :]e buds are num]\s1 :]e leaves ab\nd2 x seeks by pref]5ce ! ends ( ! bran*es1 :]e evaporation is mo/ active4 8,we "k t ! surface wood is ! newe/2 x is =m$ ( cells1 fib]s1 & ducts ^: cavities are free & ^: walls are p]meable4 ,! int]ior wood is old]2 its cells1 fib]s1 & ducts are encru/$1 /opp$ up1 decrepit1 out ( use4 ,! liquid accord+ly makes its way :]e circulation is possible1 & ceases to fl[ :]e ! passage is ob/ruct$4 ,t is to say1 ! asc5t ( ! sap takes place ?r\gh ! sap-wood & *iefly ?r\gh ! out]mo/ lay]s1 or ^? ( mo/ rec5t =mation4 ,repeat$ exp]im5t leaves no d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,:5 a tree is cut d[n at ! "t ( ! sap's greate/ activity1 we f9d ! sap-wood moi/ & ! old] wood p]fectly dry4 ,f9ally1 9 h]bace\s plants ! sap asc5ds ?r\gh ! :ole body ( ! /em4 ,susp5d$ dur+ ! w9t] on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( foliage1 ?is asc5t ( ! sap becomes rem>kably brisk at ! awak5+ ( vegetation4 ,!n x is t fruit-trees %$ te>s1 s to speak1 :]e ! prun+-hook has left its m>k2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! asc5d+ sap oozes f ! op5+s ( ! sev]$ ducts4 ,^! te>s are especially noticeable 9 ! grape-v9e1 :]e x has rec5tly be5 trimm$4 8,n[ :at w\ld y expect to f9d 9 ?is liquid if y collect$ "s ( x z x trickles 9 ! =m ( te>s ei!r f ! v9e or f a fruit-tree8 ,_m ?+s1 d\btless1 y w say1 s9ce ?is preci\s liquid is ! prime s\rce ( all t ! plant conta9s 9 itself4 ,if su* is y\r ?\ght1 undeceive y\rselves3 asc5d+ sap is little m ?an cle> wat]1 & (t5 x is v difficult = sci5ce to prove beyond a d\bt ! pres5ce 9 x ( v>i\s sub/ances 9 solution1 s m9ute a fraction ( ! :ole d !y compose4 ,among ^! sub/ances ! mo/ frequ5t are comp\nds ( pota%1 ( lime1 ( c>bonic acid gas1 traces ( phosphates1 & comp\nds ( nitrog5 or ammonia4 ,9 %ort1 ! liquid f :i* ! plant is to d]ive its n\ri%m5t is ! weake/ sort ( bro?1 compos$ ( an enorm\s quantity ( wat] & a v small proportion ( dissolv$ sub/ances4 ,^! inconsid]able sub/ances are ! only or almo/ ! only ?+s utiliz$ by ! plant2 & ! wat] t has collect$ !m 9 filt]+ ?r\gh ! soil1 & has !n c>ri$ !m f ! roots to ! leaves ?r\gh ! sap-wood1 ! wat] t =ms almo/ ! :ole ( ! asc5d+ sap1 is de/9$1 z soon z ! j\rney is accompli%$1 to leave ! plant & return z vapor to ! atmosph]e :5ce x desc5d$ 9 ! =m ( ra940 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,desc5d+ ,,sap 8,asc5d+ sap1 a liquid compos$ ( a l>ge quantity ( wat] & a v small proportion ( dissolv$ nutritive sub/ances1 is absorb$ 9 ! gr\nd by ! roots & c>ri$ to ! leaves ?r\gh ! sap-wood4 ,x is n yet a nutritive fluid = ! plant2 x becomes s 9 ! foliage by a d\ble process4 ,fir/1 on be+ di/ribut$ to ! leaves1 :i* furni% a va/ surface = evaporation1 x exhales its sup]abundant wat] 9 ! =m ( vapor & ?us conc5trates its usable +r$i5ts4 ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! gre5 matt] conta9$ 9 ! leaves1 x und]goes modifications t "w a fundam5tal *ange 9 its "*4 ,among ! processes "h tak+ place1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n is ! decomposition ( ! c>bonic acid gas tak5 f ! air by ! leaves & f ! soil by ! roots4 8,we h se5 t ?is gas1 ! plant's *ief s\rce ( n\ri%m5t1 is compos$ ( c>bon comb9$ ) ! brea?able "p ( ! air1 or oxyg54 ,"u ! action ( ! sun's light ! leaves decompose ?is gas1 lib]at+ ! oxyg5 9 a condition h5ce=? fit = ! respiration ( animals & = combu/ion1 :ile ! c>bon rema9s 9 ! plant1 mixes ) ! sub/ances br\ght by ! asc5d+ sap1 & ) !m becomes ! n\ri%+ liquid1 ! desc5d+ or elaborat$ sap1 f :i* all future p>ts ( ! plant are to be =m$4 ,?is liquid _c be call$ wood1 b>k1 leaf1 fl[]1 or fruit2 x is n at all l any ( ^!1 & yet x is ess5tially a little ( !m all4 ,an animal's blood is nei!r fle%1 bone1 nor fleece2 b bone1 fle%1 & fleece are ( its sub/ance4 ,likewise ! elaborat$ sap is a liquid design$ = ! su/5ance ( all p>ts ( ! plant2 x conta9s matt] = fruit & wood1 leaves & fl[]s1 b>k & buds4 ,x is ! plant's blood2 ev]y?+ 9 ! plant gets f x its n\ri%m5t1 its :]e)al to develop4 ,:at a wond]ful1 :at an incompreh5sible process its production appe>s to u6 ,9 ! cr[d$ ranks ( ! leaf-cells1 :]e "o w\ld suppose ev]y?+ to be at re/1 :at activity1 :at trans=mations beyond ! rea* ( human sci5ce6 ,liquids swell ! cells1 ooze f "o to ano!r1 transpire1 infiltrate1 circulate1 ex*ange _! dissolv$ sub/ances2 vapors are exhal$1 gases come1 o!rs g2 ! sun's light sep>ates :at 0 unit$1 unites :at 0 sep>at$1 & ! raw mat]ials ( ! asc5d+ sap comb9e h5ce=? ) ! mat]ials ( life4 8,! elaborat$ sap desc5ds f ! leaves to ! twigs1 f ! twigs to ! bran*es1 f ! bran*es to ! /alk or trunk1 & f ! latt] to ! root1 di/ribut+ itself "h & !re on its way4 ,x circulates betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k4 ,x is ?is sap t1 9 ! spr+1 :5 x is 9 great abundance1 =ms betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k a ?9 lay] ( slightly visc\s moi/ure & makes ! b>k easy to peel f its bran*4 ,:i* ( y 9 ! mon? ( ,may has n tak5 advantage ( ?is peculi>ity to peel (f all 9 "o piece a tube ( b>k f a v smoo? twig ( will[ or lilac 9 ord] to make a :i/le1 trumpet1 or o!r noisy play?+1 ! delight ( boys ( y\r age8 8,no?+ is easi] ?an to prove ! passage ( sap f above d[nw>d4 ,if y remove f a tree-trunk an annul> b& ( b>k1 ! n\ri%+ liquid oozes & accumulates at ! upp] edge ( ! w\nd1 b no?+ ( ! sort takes place at ! l[] edge4 ,arre/$ ?us by a break 9 its pa?1 ! sap accumulates above ! uncov]$ r+ & causes !re an abundant gr[? ( wood & b>k1 :i* piles up 9 ! =m ( a ?ick circul> swell+1 :ile bel[ ! r+ ! trunk pres]ves its =m] size4 8,a tight ligature1 by compress+ & ob/ruct+ ! passages ?r\gh :i* ! nutritive fluid has to pass1 causes ! =mation ( a simil> swell+ above ! l9e ( /oppage4 ,y may h se5 a sapl+1 b\nd too tightly to ! /ake int5d$ = its support1 /rangl$ by its own gr[? if ! g>d5] has =gott5 to loose ! b& 9 "t4 ,little by little ! trunk swells above ?is b&1 :i* is f9ally ov]gr[n by ! b>k & ev5 hidd5 )9 its sub/ance4 ,inde$1 x is n r>e to f9d a tree ) its trunk caught fa/ 9 a n>r[ passage1 z = example 9 ! crevice ( a rock1 & swoll5 above ! ob/acle into an unsightly excresc5ce4 ,! /oppage ( ! sap 9 its d[nw>d c\rse expla9s ?is ph5om5on4 8,if ! tree-trunk is n completely encircl$ by ! /ricture1 if some:]e !re is a /rip ( b>k left free to s]ve z a passage1 ! n\ri%+ juice takes ?is way to get ar\nd ! ob/acle1 & s pursues its c\rse to ! roots4 ,!n ! tree cont9ues to live4 ,b if ! b>ri] is absolutely insup]able1 z 9 ! case ( an unyield+ ligature or :5 ! tree has be5 girdl$1 ! sap _c desc5d to ! roots to n\ri% !m2 & ) ! dea? ( ^! ! end ( ! tree is n f> di/ant4 8,an important lesson rema9s to be drawn f ^! details conc]n+ ! circulation ( ?is nutritive liquid 9 plants4 ,h5ce=?1 :5 we fa/5 a plant to its prop or support+ /ake1 we %all be c>eful n to tie ! /r+ too tight or else to loos5 x at ! prop] "t1 s9ce o!rwise we %\ld run ! risk ( /rangl+ ! plant & s caus+ its dea?40 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,tree-,,prun+ 8,self-pres]vation is ! fir/ law ( a tree's life1 & next to t ! pres]vation ( its species1 :i* is to be p]petuat$ by means ( se$s4 ,all ?is is p]fectly natural1 = no po/]ity w\ld be possible to ! tree unless its own exi/5ce 7 ma9ta9$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,accord+ly ! tree lives fir/ = itself1 accompli%+ ?is object by cov]+ itself ) buds t develop into bran*es cov]$ ) leaves4 ,x is inde$ on ! leaves t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! plant's life are bas$2 x is 9 _! sub/ance t1 ) ! sun's help1 ! desc5d+ sap is elaborat$1 ?is sap be+ ! nutritive fluid1 ! life-blood z x 71 ( ! vegetable organism4 ,! propagation ( ! species comes next 9 importance4 ,?is duty devolves on ! fl[]-buds or ^? t blossom & produce fruit1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* are ! se$s4 8,?us1 left to its own impulses1 a tree1 if vigor\s & enjoy+ favorable conditions1 at fir/ uses all its sap 9 mak+ buds = ! increase ( its own woody /ructure2 x cov]s itself ) /\t bran*es & abundant foliage be=e mak+ up its m9d to blossom4 ,lat]1 :5 its limbs are /rong & ! ardor ( gr[? beg9s to abate1 ! fl[]-buds appe>1 b usually 9 small numb]s because a prodigal production ( fruit causes rapid decl9e4 ,copi\s blossom+ comes only t[>d ! latt] "p ( life2 a tree nev] blossoms bett] ?an :5 x is ab\t to die1 z if1 =esee+ its end1 x /rove be=e succumb+ to leave beh9d x a num]\s prog5y4 ,a ?riv+ tree blossoms little or n at all2 a sickly tree makes ha/e to blossom4 ,b x is to man's int]e/ t a tree %\ld blossom & be> fruit z e>ly & z abundantly z possible2 we dem& f x n ! bran*es x w\ld give u )\t our int]v5tion1 b baskets ( fruit induc$ by our c>e4 ,f ?is /ruggle betwe5 ! natural t5d5cies ( ! tree & our own ne$s has sprung ! practice ( prun+1 or ! art ( manipulat+ fruit-trees s z to obta9 f !m an abundant h>ve/4 8,"h let u exam9e ! g5]al pr9ciples t are to guide u 9 ! practice ( ?is art4 ,! %ape to be giv5 ! tree's sup]/ructure ( bran*es & foliage is ! fir/ "q we mu/ consid]4 ,?is %ape is f> f be+ unimportant2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 v important1 s9ce ! circulation ( ! sap & ! di/ribution ( ! sun's rays1 ess5tial conditions to plant-life1 are /rictly dep5d5t on x4 ,if ! tree is left free to develop by itself & to take its natural =m1 ! sap f ! roots w1 "u ! impetus ( its asc5t1 always seek by pref]5ce ! highe/ po9ts1 :]e gr[? w 9 consequ5ce proce$ ) vigor1 :ile ! l[] p>ts w langui% & die out = want ( suffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,if ! bran*es are n prop]ly ?9n$ ! c5tral ones1 depriv$ ( ! sun's vivify+ rays1 w rema9 poor1 puny1 m or less blan*$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tree ought to fill1 z f> z possible1 ! place assign$ x1 9 ord] t !re may be no unproductive space4 8,^! conditions prescribe ! tree's %ape4 ,fir/ ( all1 x %\ld be symmetrical1 9 ord] t ! di/ribution ( n\ri%m5t may be ev5 & no "p ( ! tree be gorg$ ) sap :ile ano!r "p is depriv$ ( x4 ,secondly1 ! sun's rays %\ld be all[$ to p5etrate ev]y:]e s z to rip5 ! fruit & facilitate 9 ! foliage ! important "w ( sap-elaboration4 ,to atta9 ^! diff]5t objects cu/om has fix$ ^u ?ree pr9cipal %apes3 ! trellis1 ! pyramid1 & ! goblet4 ,9 trellis prun+ ! tree spreads its bran*es symmetrically1 "r & left1 aga9/ a wall4 ,! wall s]ves x z support & z %elt] f ! w9d2 x also gives ! foliage & fruit additional heat & light by reflect+ ! sun's rays ^u !m4 ,:5 prun$ to take ! pyramid =m1 ! tree has its bran*es s trimm$ z to decrease 9 l5g? regul>ly f ! base to ! summit & to rema9 f> en\gh ap>t to admit ! light to ! c5t]4 ,! :ole =ms a sug>-loaf1 a cone1 into ! mid/ ( :i* sun & air ent] freely4 ,x is ! %ape mo/ 9 accord ) nature4 ,f9ally1 ! goblet-%ap$ tree has a c]ta9 numb] ( bran*es ( equal vigor dispos$ 9 a circle ar\nd a c5tral space t rema9s empty & ?us receives its %>e ( sunlight )\t h9drance40 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,p9*+--,,bud-,,nipp+ 8,:5 ! desir$ %ape has be5 obta9$ ! next ?+ is to keep x1 despite all opposition on ! "p ( ! tree1 :i* revolts 9 its own peculi> fa%ion2 t is1 x /rives to re/ore ! natural con=mation ( its bran*es4 ,suppose1 = example1 t a pe>-tree1 prun$ aft] ! mann] ( wall-fruit1 has gr[n all out ( symmetry & develop$ "o side m ?an ! o!r4 ,h[ %all ! two halves be re/or$ to correct proportions8 ,h[ %all ! too vigor\s "p be weak5$ & ! too feeble "p /r5g!n$8 ,sev]al me?ods (f] !mselves4 8,on ! vigor\s side let u cut back ! bran*es ) ! prun+ %e>s1 leav+ only ! base ( ea* ) a small numb] ( buds2 9 o!r words1 let u cut !m v %ort4 ,on ! weak side1 on ! contr>y1 let u leave ! bran*es intact or cut !m v long1 ?us leav+ !m ! great] "p ( _! buds4 ,:at w come ( ?is treatm5t8 ,s9ce abundant foliage1 ! active laboratory ( ! desc5d+ sap & also a k9d ( pump t sucks up ! sap & causes x to asc5d f ! roots1 is ! prime cause ( vigor\s vegetation1 ! weak "p1 ) its num]\s buds develop$ into leafy %oots1 w gr[ /rong]1 :ile ! /rong "p1 ) its small numb] ( buds1 w become weak]4 ,bo? effects w t5d to ! same result3 ! re/oration ( ! desir$ symmetry4 8,) ! ends ( ! f+]s & ! help ( ! ?umb-nail1 x is cu/om>y to p9* (f f ! too vigor\s side ! tips ( ! "y bran*es :ile !y are /ill t5d]4 ,?is op]ation we may call p9*+4 ,! sap t w\ld h be5 us$ = ! developm5t ( ^! bran*es is div]t$ f its c\rse & c>ri$ t[>d ! weak %oots1 :i* x r5ews & /imulates4 ,if ! weak side itself ne$s p9*+ to arre/ %oots t impair ! desir$ symmetry1 ! op]ation is po/pon$ z long z possible1 :ile on ! /rong side x is c>ri$ out v e>ly4 ,! sap ?us turn$ away f ! vigor\s side t[>d ! ail+ "o has a :ole season 9 :i* to re/ore ! lo/ equilibrium4 8,in/ead ( limit+ ourselves to p9*+ (f ! tips ( ! "y %oots ) our ?umb-nail1 we c suppress !m altoge!r :ile !y are /ill t5d]4 ,?is is done z e>ly z possible on ! /rong side1 only ! indisp5sable %oots be+ left4 ,if x is necess>y on ! weak side1 x is n done until ! late/ possible mom5t4 ,?is op]ation we may /yle bud-nipp+1 s9ce ! ^w #8bud1' by :i* we designate ! g]m ( ! future bran* :5 x is /ill envelop$ 9 scales1 applies also = ! sake ( conv5i5ce to ! bran* already develop$ b /ill "y & t5d]4 ,x is evid5t t nipp+ (f ! buds f ! /rong "p t5ds1 ev5 m ?an p9*+1 to promote ! desir$ gr[? ( ! weak "p4 ,! m bran*es we suppress entirely1 ! few] w be left to %>e ! sap ne$$ by ! bran*es we wi% to /r5g!n4 8,:at turns aside ! sap f ! "p prun$1 p9*$1 or nipp$1 t[>d ! "p left intact1 is evid5tly ! m or less complete suppression ( foliage4 ,x is prim>ily ! leaves t by ! cont9ual evaporation ( :i* _! surface is ! seat det]m9e ! asc5t ( ! liquid drawn f ! soil by ! roots4 ,! m num]\s ^! leaves are at any "o po9t1 ! m abundant ! fl[ ( sap to t po9t2 ! sc>c] !y are1 ! less ! fl[ ( sap4 ,to dim9i% at any po9t ! numb] ( leaves by p9*+1 bud-nipp+1 or any o!r means1 is !re=e to dim9i% at ! same po9t ! fl[ ( sap1 :i* w g 9 "s o!r direction1 to ! p>ts t h m leaves & h5ce a m rapid rate ( evaporation to summon ! sap4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t a middle c\rse may be foll[$ betwe5 ! p9*+ t p>tly suppresses ! foliage ( a "y bran* & ! bud-nipp+ t suppresses x entirely4 ,?is middle c\rse consi/s 9 cutt+ a c]ta9 numb] ( leaves f ! too vigor\s %oots2 & !y %\ld be cut clean )\t te>+1 by sev]+ ! /em & leav+ its base undi/urb$4 8,! easie/ way = ! sap to run f ! roots to ! foliage is f bottom to top 9 a v]tical l9e4 ,any?+ t int]f]es ) ?is c\rse h9d]s also ! upw>d impetus4 ,?us 9 bran*es ) %>p elb[s & abrupt b5ds ! ru% ( sap is slack5$ j z ! rate ( fl[ ( a wat]-curr5t is dim9i%$ by ! w9d+s occurr+ 9 its b$4 ,?us1 aga91 9 a bran* hav+ a decid$ incl9e d[nw>d ! sap moves ) difficulty1 because its movem5t t[>d ! extremity ( ?is bran* is 9 a direction contr>y to t :i* is natural to x4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple is evid5t4 ,if we wi% to mod]ate a too vigor\s gr[? ( bran*es1 we b5d !m t[>d ! gr\nd2 if we wi% to /imulate a too feeble gr[?1 we /raight5 up ! bran*es until !y assume a v]tical po/ure4 8,we c also turn to acc\nt ! exhau/+ effect ( fruit-be>+4 ,! m fruitful a bran* is1 ! weak] x becomes1 s9ce ! use ( sap 9 fruit means s mu* ! less = foliage1 & x is foliage t invigorates ! bran*4 ,accord+ly we w leave ! greate/ possible quantity ( fruit on ! /rong "p ( our tree1 & suppress x on ! weak "p40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,mak+ ,,fruit ,,trees ,,be> 8,if "o side ( a tree is prun$ v %ort & ! o!r v long1 ! natural c\rse ( ! sap is to "s ext5t div]t$ f ! fir/ side t[>d ! second1 :i* is ri*] 9 buds & consequ5tly 9 foliage4 ,we h j se5 h[ ?is pr9ciple is utiliz$ to *eck ! gr[? ( too vigor\s a "p 9 ord] to /imulate t ( "o t is too feeble & ?us r$ress ! balance betwe5 ! two4 ,b :at w\ld be ! result if ! :ole tree 7 prun$ at once8 8,let u fir/ see :at takes place 9 a s+le bran*4 ,prun$ long1 x pres]ves ! great] "p ( its buds1 all ( :i* call = n\ri%m5t f ! sap fl[+ 9 t direction2 prun$ %ort1 x keeps only a few buds1 :i* hav+ ! sap ( ! entire bran* at _! disposal1 w receive ea* a supply t is sup]abundant 9 proportion to ! fewness ( ! buds4 ,= example1 :at twelve w\ld ord9>ily h _h = consumption1 two or ?ree w n[ h to !mselves2 & because ( ?is sup]abundance ( n\ri%m5t ea* bud w develop mu* m vigor\sly ?an x w\ld o!rwise h done4 ,h5ce if ! :ole tree is prun$ ) an unsp>+ h&1 all ! sap drawn f ! soil by ! roots1 hav+ no long] a t5d5cy to g to "o side r ?an ! o!r1 w be di/ribut$ ev5ly2 & ! few buds left intact by ! prun+-%e>s w %[ a luxuriance ( gr[? 9 proportion to ! supply ( n\ri%m5t plac$ at _! disposal4 ,?us ?or\gh prun+ appli$ to ! :ole tree has ! effect ( giv+ x new vigor1 ( rejuv5at+ x 9 "s measure1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( replac+ its worn-out bran*es ) vigor\s ones4 ,accord+ly :5 a tree has become exhau/$ by abundant fruit-be>+1 x is prun$ )\t /9t "o ye> 9 ord] to re/ore its vigor ( gr[?4 8,let u n[ see :at we %\ld d if we _h q ! opposite end 9 view2 t is1 if we wi%$ to make a tree blossom & be> fruit4 ,"h two pr9ciples w s]ve u z guides4 ,fir/1 9 ! fulness ( its vigor a tree puts =? long bran*es & ?ick foliage1 b does n cov] itself ) blossoms1 be>+ 9 fact only a few4 ,x is n until x has become some:at enfeebl$ t x beg9s to fl[] 9 pr(usion4 ,secondly1 :at w\ld 9 ! tree's y\?ful /r5g? h be5 a bran*-produc+ bud becomes 9 its enfeeblem5t a fl[]-bud2 s t a fl[] may be reg>d$ z a bran* :i*1 in/ead ( develop+ freely & cov]+ itself ) leaves1 has rema9$ /unt$1 ?r[n back ^u itself1 = lack ( vigor1 & has ex*ang$ its leaves = floral organs1--sepals1 petals1 /am5s1 pi/ils4 ,weak5 a tree & y weak5 ! buds2 su*1 9 a ^w1 is ! prevail+ pr9ciple4 8,to weak5 ! buds individually1 ! prun+-%e>s w be pli$ b sp>+ly1 leav+ ! buds almo/ intact2 !n ^!1 be+ _m 9 numb]1 w h s mu* ! less = ea* "o sep>ately1 & "s ( !m1 especially t[>d ! l[] "p ( ! bran*1 w f9d !mselves too feeble to cont5d ) ! o!rs & !re=e w take ! =m ( fl[]-buds1 :]eas !y w\ld h produc$ bran*es & n fl[]s if a m ?or\gh prun+ _h rid !m ( _! rivals4 8,to weak5 ! tree z a :ole1 all t we h to d is to p9* (f or cut (f ) ! ?umb-nail ! t5d] tips ( ! "y bran*es2 !n we b5d ^! bran*es back s z to give !m a numb] ( crooks & turns t w imp$e ! circulation ( ! sap4 ,f9ally1 ! woody bran*es ( ! prec$+ ye> are brok5 by ! h&1 sometimes :olly1 sometimes half1 s t ! tip is left hang+ d[n4 ,if ! tree is n too vigor\s ^! ?ree me?ods1 p9*+1 b5d+1 & break+1 are g5]ally suffici5t to make x be>4 8,b :5 we h to d ) v exub]ant vegetation1 m en]getic me?ods are necess>y4 ,"o ( ^! we may call ar*+4 ,! bran*es are all b5t d[n s t ea* =ms an ar*2 t is1 ! tip-end ( ea* is pull$ d[n to ! gr\nd & fa/5$ !re 9 any way t may be easie/4 ,?is abnormal position ( ! bran*1 ) its top d[nw>d1 is contr>y to ! asc5d+ movem5t ( ! sap1 :i* consequ5tly fl[s less freely to ! buds4 ,! result+ de>? is conducive to fruit-be>+1 & z soon z ?is effect is assur$ ! bran*es are all[$ to return to _! natural position2 o!rwise ! tree w\ld become exhau/$4 8,ano!r me?od is z foll[s4 ,prun+ is done v late1 :5 ! "y %oots are already "s c5timet]s long4 ,! sap us$ up 9 ! gr[? ( ! %oots cut (f by ! prun+ %e>s is a great loss to ! tree1 :i*1 be+ no long] able to supply ample n\ri%m5t to ! l[] buds ( ! bran*es1 turns !m into fl[]-buds4 8,if ^! means d n suffice to make ! tree be> fruit1 !re are m viol5t ones :i* are employ$ only 9 ! la/ extremity4 ,t[>d ! end ( w9t]1 be=e ! sap has />t$1 an incision "s millimet]s wide & deep en\gh to p5etrate ! out] lay]s ( wood is made all ar\nd ! base ( ! trunk4 ,sap1 z we "k1 asc5ds ?r\gh ^! ext]ior lay]s1 ! newe/1 ! mo/ p]meable by liquids2 s if we p>tially int]cept its passage x w fl[ less abundantly to ! buds & ! weak5$ tree w soon beg9 to be>4 8,/ill ano!r exp$i5t is to /rike at ! v s\rce ( ! sap1 ! roots4 ,! foot ( ! tree is laid b>e 9 ! spr+time1 its ma9 roots be+ d5ud$ ( _! cov]+ & left ?us expos$ all summ] to ! op5 air & ! hot sun4 ,no long] enjoy+ ! coolness & d>kness necess>y to _! (fice1 !y furni% less n\ri%m5t to ! tree1 & ?is sc>city causes ! =mation ( fl[]-buds4 ,a /ill m dra/ic me?od1 b "o t w\ld kill ! tree if employ$ imprud5tly1 is to /rip ! roots ( ! refractory subject )\t m]cy1 cutt+ & mutilat+ a c]ta9 numb] ( !m & !n putt+ back ! e>? t has be5 remov$4 ,a dim9ution 9 ! fl[ ( sap mu/ necess>ily result f ?is surgical op]ation4 ,f9ally1 if ! tree is small en\gh = ! purpose1 x is dug up at ! end ( autumn1 ) c>e to pres]ve ! roots z f> z possible1 & plant$ aga9 some:]e else4 ,! di/urbance caus$ by ?is *ange ( place suffices to make ! tree blossom ! next ye>40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,se$ 8,! ov>y ( ! fl[]1 aft] be+ f]tiliz$ by ! poll51 becomes ! fruit1 ! apple on ! apple-tree1 ! *]ry on ! *]ry-tree1 ! walnut on ! walnut-tree1 ! gra9 ( :eat 9 ! :eat-e>1 & s on = all plants4 ,! fruit conta9s se$s 9 great] or less numb]1 & sometimes only "o1 z 9 ! pea*1 plum1 & almond2 (t5 sev]al1 z 9 ! apple & pe>2 :ile 9 o!r in/ances !y c be c\nt$ by hundr$s & ?\s&s1 z 9 ! melon1 ! pumpk91 & ! poppy-head4 ,! natural function ( ! fruit is fir/ to supply n\ri%m5t & !n to protect its se$s by means ( cov]+s1 ^! be+ sometimes fle%y1 sometimes ?9 & dry1 sometimes h>d & 9 ! =m ( /rong %ells4 ,9 _! turn ! se$s h z _! task ! propagat+ ( ! species4 ,e =m ( plant-life1 f ! giants ( ! =e/1 ! oak1 bee*1 fir1 & o!rs1 to ! t9ie/ moss1 has its beg9n+ 9 ! se$4 ,e plant has its fl[]s1 its fruit1 & its se$s4 ,x is 9 ! se$ t vegetation is pres]v$ 9 a ?riv+ condition ?r\gh ! ages2 x is by ! se$ t e tree1 e %rub1 e blade ( grass propagate _! k9d & leave a num]\s prog5y4 8,:o w\ld n l to "k10 cont9u$ ,uncle ,paul1 8some?+ ab\t ! =mation ( ! se$ t is s[n 9 ! gr\nd to become ei!r a little plant or an enorm\s tree8 ,:at is inside x8 ,h[ c an oak come f an acorn & a pe>-tree f ! pip ( a pe>8 ,i w try1 my fri5ds1 to satisfy ! v natural curiosity su* a my/]y _c fail to ar\se 9 y4 8,let u look at ! fruit ( an almond-tree4 ,fir/ x has an outside sk91 gre5 & t5d]1 :i* at maturity op5s ( its own accord1 dries up1 folds back1 & lets its cont5ts out4 ,exam9+ ! latt]1 we f9d a %ell1 sometimes fragile en\gh to be brok5 ) ! tee?1 b at o!r times v h>d & yield+ only to ! hamm]4 ,break+ ! %ell1 we come to ! se$4 ,( :at use are ! two p>ts we h j remov$8 ,we mu/ be v /upid if we _c recognize 9 !m ! cov]+s int5d$ to protect ! se$1 ! wrapp+s t %elt] ! delicate g]m f cold1 heat1 ra91 & ! tee? ( animals4 ,! out] envelope1 cov]$ ) a %ort1 velvety d[n1 s]ves z a protection aga9/ ! wea!r2 ! inn] "o is a v]itable /rong-box :i* we h to break betwe5 two /ones be=e we c get at its cont5ts4 ,simil> means ( def5se are f\nd 9 all fruit1 b ) wide diff]5ces 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( plants4 ,! *]ry1 plum1 pea*1 & apricot h ! h>d %ell1 ! /rong-box1 ( ! almond1 & also an out] envelope ( juicy fle%4 ,! apple & pe> h _! se$s or pips1 z !y are call$1 snugly ensconc$ 9 five little cavities gr\p$ 9 ! %ape ( a five-po9t$ />1 z may be se5 9 a cross-section ( ! fruit4 ,^! little cavities h walls ( a t\gh1 scaly mat]ial some:at resembl+ horn1 :ile all ab\t !m is a ?ick ramp>t ( fle%4 ,beans & peas are arrang$ 9 a sort ( long %ea? t op5s 9 two pieces4 ,*e/nuts are pack$ 9 a bag cov]$ ) long prickles4 ,all ^! protect+ cov]+s1 :atev] _! %ape & "* & degree ( t\ghness1 =m "p ( ! fruit4 8,let u g back to ! almond4 ,! %ell be+ brok51 we come to ! se$1 :i* is all 9 "o piece4 ,?is se$1 z we h j se51 is protect$ by two cov]+s1 ! inn] "o ( :i* is a v firm1 h>d cas+ call$ ! /one4 ,z a protection is x en\gh8 ,n q4 ,b5ea? ! ext]ior def5sive armor comes ! f9e inn] cov]+ t wraps ! se$ closely & %ields x f contact ) ! h>d %ell4 ,?is cov]+ is d\ble & is compos$ on ! outside ( a r$di% sk9 & inside ( an extremely ?9 & flexible :ite cuticle4 ,simil> d\ble clo?+ is f\nd on all se$s4 ,! inn] "o is always v f9e1 z inde$ x %\ld be1 s9ce x comes next to ! mo/ ess5tial & delicate "p ( ! se$4 ,d we put co>se clo?1 r\gh wool5 /uff next to ! t5d] fle% ( a new-born babe8 ,c]ta9ly n2 b r ! f9e/ ( l951 & ov] t ! wool5 fabric4 ,! plant does ! same ) its t5d] "y se$s4 ,! out] envelope1 mu* firm] & t\gh] ?an ! inn]1 looks v diff]5tly 9 diff]5t plants4 ,9 ! almond & walnut x is a r$di% sk91 & s x is also 9 ! /ones ( ! pea*1 apricot1 & plum4 ,9 ! pips ( ! pe> & apple x is a t\gh br[n cas+4 ,9 beans x is smoo? & %9y1 sometimes q :ite1 sometimes black & :ite1 sometimes speckl$ ) r$ spots4 ,9 addition1 peas & beans ( all k9ds h at "o po9t on _! surface a sort ( little oval eye4 ,to ?is eye 0 once atta*$ a small %ort cord t fa/5$ ! se$ to ! wall ( ! pod & s]v$ z a pipe = supply+ x ) n\ri%m5t4 ,all se$s h ?is atta*m5t1 or nurs+-cord1 z we may call x1 b n all h s cle>ly m>k$ z 9 ! bean ! eye :]e ! cord is fa/5$4 8,aft] ! two cov]+s ( ! se$ h be5 remov$1 :i* is v easily done :5 ! almond is new1 !re rema9s a :ite object1 firm & savory1 ! eatable "p ( ! fruit ( ! almond-tree4 ,t object is ! se$ prop]2 t is to say1 ! "p t w\ld h become a tree if plant$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is r\nd at "o end & r po9t$ at ! o!r4 ,f ! po9t$ end projects a little nipple1 & all ar\nd ! edge runs a slight furr[ indicat+ t "h ! se$ may be split 9 two4 ,let u ins]t ! po9t ( a knife into ?is furr[ & ex]t a little pressure4 ,"o half w come away & ! o!r half w %[ u :at y see 9 ?is picture4 8,! little po9t$ nipple 7r7 is call$ a radicle4 ,x is ! "p t1 if all[$ to gr[1 w\ld pu% d[n into ! e>?1 s5d out bran*es !re1 & become ! root4 ,at ! po9t m>k$ g is a compact bun* ( t9y leaves1 all :ite1 =m+ a k9d ( bud1 b "o t is mu* feebl] & m delicate ?an buds t gr[ on bran*es4 ,x is call$ a gemmule4 ,?is bud w unfold & s5d =? ! fir/ leaves4 ,f9ally1 ! n>r[ l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! radicle & ! gemmule is call$ ! tigella1 & f x ! trunk ( ! tree w take its />t4 ,su* is ! almond-tree 9 its se$4 ,! l>ge tree t w s5d out a mass ( bran*es & foliage into ! air & ?ru/ p[]ful roots into ! gr\nd is n[ conta9$ 9 an insignificant corpuscle j l>ge en\gh to be se540 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,se$',s ,,food-,,supply 8,:5 x has leaves & roots t are suffici5tly develop$1 ! little almond-tree w n\ri% itself by draw+ :at x ne$s f ! e>? & air4 ,b until !n x mu/ live1 x mu/ gr[ /rong]1 & x mu/ increase a little 9 size4 ,z no?+ c come f no?+1 ! g]m9at+ se$ mu/ f9d some:]e ! mat]ial = its fir/ gr[?4 ,?is _c be 9 ! soil s long z ! radicle is no?+ b a po9t1 incapable ( any "w2 nei!r c x be 9 ! air s long z ! little leaf-bud has n unfold$ & develop$ into foliage4 ,! se$1 !n1 mu/ h a c]ta9 supply ( nutrim5t /or$ up )9 itself4 ,let u turn our att5tion to ?is prep>$ /ock ( food4 8,9 ! almond we h /udi$ ! gemmule or leaf-bud1 ! radicle1 & ! tigella2 b !re /ill rema9 two l>ge pieces1 easily sep>able f ea* o!r1 & con/itut+ by !mselves alone almo/ ! entire bulk ( ! se$4 ,^! two pieces are ! plant's fir/ pair ( leaves1 b leaves ( a peculi> /ructure1 be+ v ?ick1 fle%y1 & relatively enorm\s 9 size4 ,!y are ! alim5t>y res]voirs1 ! /oreh\ses ( food f :i* 9 its beg9n+ ! "y plant mu/ draw its su/5ance4 ,:5 g]m9ation beg9s1 ^! two l>ge leaves1 swoll5 ) nutritive matt]1 yield little by little a "p ( _! sub/ance to ! t9y plant & suckle x1 z x 74 ,!y might !re=e be call$ vegetable udd]s1 nurs+-leaves1 b sci5ce calls !m cotyl$ons4 ,! unhat*$ *ick 9 its %ell has ! yolk ( ! egg to furni% sub/ance = its gr[?1 ! "y lamb has its "m's milk1 ! g]m ( ! plant has ! juice ( ! cotyl$ons4 8,! same /ructure1 ) two cotyl$ons ( great size & easy to obs]ve1 may be f\nd 9 ! broad bean1 pea1 kidney bean1 & acorn1 & 9 ! /ones ( ! pea*1 apricot1 & plum4 ,x w\ld also be f\nd 9 ! pips ( pe>s & apples z well z 9 ! se$s ( mo/ ( our cultivat$ plants1 b m difficult to di/+ui% 9 proportion to ! smallness ( ! se$4 ,9 e in/ance ! se$ w\ld be f\nd to h two cotyl$ons z food-/oreh\ses1 & also a gemmule & a radicle unit$ by ! tigella4 ,o!r plants1 on ! contr>y1 l maize1 :eat1 & ! o!r c]eals1 z also ! lily1 tulip1 & iris1 h b "o cotyl$on1 "o nurs+-leaf = ! new vegetable organism4 8,x is n always easy1 especially :5 ! se$ is v small1 to asc]ta9 :e!r x has two cotyl$ons or only "o2 b z soon z g]m9ation has begun1 ?is difficulty disappe>s4 ,!n ! se$ ) two cotyl$ons is se5 to pu% up two leaves1 ! v fir/ to appe>1 situat$ opposite ea* o!r1 & v (t5 diff]+ 9 %ape f ^? t come lat]4 ,9 ! radi%1 = example1 !y are he>t-%ap$2 9 ! c>rot1 long & n>r[ l little tongues4 ,^! two leaves t prec$e ! o!rs are kn[n z sem9al leaves4 ,!y come f ! two cotyl$ons1 :i* g5]ally op5 9 ! air & gr[ gre5 :ile n\ri%+ ! "y plant ) a "p ( _! sub/ance2 b sometimes1 z 9 ! acorn1 !y rema9 hidd5 und]gr\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 se$s hav+ b "o cotyl$on come up ) only "o sem9al leaf1 g5]ally n>r[ & long4 ,?is is :at we obs]ve if we wat* ! g]m9ation ( a gra9 ( :eat4 8,a simpl] & quick] me?od may be us$ = asc]ta9+ h[ _m cotyl$ons a se$ has4 ,hold a leaf up to ! light & y w see its texture trav]s$ by a multitude ( little cords :i* s]ve x z a k9d ( framework4 ,^! cords are call$ ve9s or n]ves4 ,n[ !n1 if y comp>e ! leaf ( a pe>-tree ) a blade ( :eat1 or re$1 y w see t 9 ! =m] ! ve9s are m & m subdivid$ & ramifi$1 jo9+ "o ano!r & ?us =m+ a network ) irregul> me%es1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! ve9s d n bran*1 b run 9 p>allel l9es )\t =m+ me%es4 ,we %\ld f9d ! same diff]5ce ( framework betwe5 ! leaves ( ! elm1 popl>1 & plane-tree1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( ! iris1 n>cissus1 & tulip1 on ! o!r4 ,?is diff]5ce be+ e/abli%$1 ,i w add t ) few exceptions1 ( no int]e/ to u "h1 e plant ) nett$-ve9$ leaves has two cotyl$ons 9 its se$1 & t e plant ) p>allel-ve9$ leaves has b "o4 ,consequ5tly x is only necess>y to glance at ! foliage 9 ord] to "k :e!r ! se$ has two cotyl$ons or only "o4 ,i w say fur!r t p9es1 firs1 & ! o!r res9\s trees h z _m z t5 cotyl$ons1 :i* %[ !mselves z a delicate tuft ( leaves :5 ! little plant comes out ( ! gr\nd40 ,uncle ,paul !n l$ ! *ildr5 into ! g>d5 to fix 9 _! m9ds by obs]vation ! lesson !y _h j le>n$4 8,ga!r haphaz>d10 said he1 8! fir/ leaves y come to2 !n exam9e !m & tell me h[ _m cotyl$ons ! se$ mu/ conta94 ,fir/1 "h is ! iris1 ) l>ge blue fl[]s & sword-%ap$ leaves40 8,i see10 said ,jules1 8ve9s runn+ 9 regul> l9es side by side1 )\t ev] jo9+ "o ano!r4 ,s9ce ^! ve9s are p>allel ! iris se$ has only "o cotyl$on40 8,& ?is blade ( grass1 ?is also t ,i pick f a corn-/alk80 ask$ 8 uncle4 8,!y1 too1 h p>allel ve9s1 bo? ( !m2 & s _! se$s mu/ h only "o cotyl$on40 8,& ?is grape-leaf1 ?is leaf ( ! *]ry tree80 8,x's my turn n[10 ,emile ha/5$ to int]pose4 8,! ve9s =m a sort ( lace ) v f9e me%es4 ,! grape & ! *]ry h two cotyl$ons40 8,x is z easy z t1 my fri5ds4 ,! leaf ) its arrangem5t ( ve9s %[s u ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! plant4 ,x tells u :e!r ! g]m is f$ by "o nurs+-leaf or two1 :e!r ! "y plant comes up ) "o sem9al leaf or two40 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,g]m9ation 8,! g]m 9 ! he>t ( ! se$ is 9 a /ate t may be lik5$ to deep sleep3 its life is1 z x 71 arre/$1 susp5d$4 ,b "u ! /imulus ( c]ta9 conditions x awak5s1 ?r[s (f its cov]+s1 ga!rs /r5g? f its /or$-up food1 unfolds its fir/ leaves1 & appe>s above gr\nd4 ,?is op5+ ( ! se$ is call$ g]m9ation4 ,moi/ure1 w>m?1 & air are ! det]m9+ causes2 )\t _! cop]ation ! se$ w\ld rema9 a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t 9 good condition = s[+1 aft] :i* x w\ld )] & lose its g]m9at+ p[]4 8,no se$ g]m9ates )\t ! help ( moi/ure4 ,wat] plays a multiple "p4 ,fir/ x soaks into ! g]m & ! p>ts surr\nd+ x1 caus+ ^! to swell m ?an ! envelope1 s t ! latt]1 h[ev] h>d a %ell x may be1 is bur/ op54 ,?r\gh ! cracks ( ?is brok5 envelope ! gemmule pu%es out on "o side & ! radicle on ! o!r1 & h5ce=? ! little plant enjoys ! b5efit ( sun & air4 ,g]m9ation is m or less sl[ accord+ to ! degree ( resi/ance (f]$ by ! walls ( ! se$4 ,if ^! are h>d & /ony x is only ) extreme sl[ness t ! g]m absorbs moi/ure & manages to bur/ its cell4 ,!re=e1 to %ort5 ! p]iod ( g]m9ation c>e is tak5 to ?9 ! %ells ( excessively h>d se$s by rubb+ !m ) a /one4 8,besides ! me*anical "p play$ by wat] 9 op5+ ! se$1 x has /ill ano!r relat+ to nutrition4 ,! v>i\s *anges und]gone by ! alim5t>y cont5ts ( ! p]isp]m & ! cotyl$ons 9 becom+ liquefi$ & capable ( absorption _c take place )\t ! aid ( wat]4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is liquid is indisp5sable = dissolv+ ! nutritive +r$i5ts1 introduc+ !m into ! "y plant1 & di/ribut+ !m ev5ly ?r\gh\t4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t if ! se$ rema9s dry x is absolutely impossible = x to g]m9ate1 & t 9 ord] to pres]ve se$s ! fir/ condition is to protect !m f moi/ure4 8,) moi/ure !re mu/ also be w>m?4 ,z a g5]al rule1 g]m9ation proce$s mo/ satisfactorily :5 ! !rmomet] regi/]s betwe5 t5 & tw5ty degrees c5tigrade1 our spr+ & autumn temp]ature4 ,outside ^! limits1 be x above or bel[1 g]m9ation is ret>d$1 ceas+ altoge!r 9 extreme temp]atures4 8,! cop]ation ( air is n less necess>y4 ,se$s might h ! prop] temp]ature & suffici5t moi/ure1 b if air 7 lack+ g]m9ation w\ld n foll[4 ,?is capital condition expla9s to u :y se$s plant$ too deep fail to come up2 :y g]m9ation is mu* easi] 9 soil t is mell[ & c be p]meat$ by ! air ?an 9 soil t is compact2 :y delicate se$s %\ld be cov]$ ) v little e>? or ev5 simply s[n on ! surface ( ! moi/ gr\nd2 &1 f9ally1 :y gr\nd on be+ brok5 (t5 becomes cov]$ ) fre% vegetation f ! spr\t+ ( se$s t h = ye>s la9 dormant 9 ! soil1 ne$+ only to be /irr$ up & br\ght into contact ) ! air 9 ord] to g]m9ate4 8,"u l conditions ( temp]ature1 moi/ure1 & air1 by no means all se$s require ! same l5g? ( "t = g]m9at+4 ,common g>d5 cress g]m9ates 9 ab\t two days4 ,sp9a*1 turnips1 & beans take ?ree days to come up2 lettuce1 f\r2 melons & pumpk9s1 five2 c]eals1 ab\t a week4 ,two ye>s & sometimes m are ne$$ by ! rose-bu%1 ! haw?orn1 & v>i\s /one-fruit trees4 ,g5]ally se$s ) ?ick & h>d %ells are sl[ 9 g]m9at+ on acc\nt ( ! ob/acle !y oppose to ! p5etration ( moi/ure4 ,f9ally1 :5 s[n fre%1 imm$iately aft] com+ to maturity1 se$s g]m9ate quick] ?an :5 old1 because old se$s h to recov] by a prolong$ soj\rn 9 ! gr\nd ! moi/ure lo/ ?r\gh prolong$ dry+4 8,accord+ to _! k9d1 se$s reta9 = a long] or %ort] p]iod _! p[] ( g]m9at+2 b :y ?is vitality is m endur+ 9 "o in/ance & less s 9 ano!r1 we _c tell4 ,nei!r ! bulk ( ! se$ nor ! "* ( its outside cov]+s1 nor ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a p]isp]m1 appe>s to decide its longevity4 ,su* & su* a se$ lives = :ole ye>s1 ev5 c5turies1 :ile ano!r loses its g]m9at+ p[] 9 a few mon?s1 f no cause t we c discov]4 ,?us ! se$s ( ! angelica w n come up unless !y are s[n imm$iately aft] matur+2 b beans h be5 kn[n to g]m9ate aft] be+ kept m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 & rye aft] a hundr$ & =ty4 ,exclud$ f ! air1 c]ta9 se$s may be kept = c5turies1 always ready to g]m9ate :5ev] favorable conditions %all pres5t !mselves4 ,?is expla9s :y /rawb]ry1 bluet1 & camomile se$s f anci5t tombs h g]m9at$ j z new se$s w\ld h done4 ,f9ally1 ru% se$s h be5 made to g]m9ate t 7 dug up f great dep?s 9 ! ,isl& ( ! ,se9e1 ! orig9al site ( ,p>is4 ,d\btless ^? se$s dat$ f ! "t :5 ,p>is1 "u ! "n ( ,lutetia1 consi/$ ( a few mud & re$ huts on ! m>%y bord]s ( ! /ream4 ,b despite ^! rem>kable exceptions let u nev] =get t rec5t se$ is pref]able to old = s[+2 x comes up bett] & 9 great] abundance4 8,we h j se5 t c]ta9 se$s are v sl[ 9 com+ up1 z = example ! pea*1 apricot1 & plum1 ^: ?ick %ells resi/ ! moi/ure requir$ = g]m9ation4 ,put directly into ! gr\nd 9 ! v places t ! "y plants are to occupy lat]1 ^! se$s w\ld be expos$ to n a few dang]s dur+ _! leisurely g]m9ation4 ,prolong$ ra9s might make !m rot2 v>i\s m>aud]s t are p>tial to !m1 su* z rats1 field-mice1 jays1 magpies1 & cr[s1 might dig !m up & dev\r !m4 ,besides1 !y w\ld occupy = a long "t1 ) no pr(it to any "o1 ! gr\nd 9 :i* !y _h be5 plant$4 ,all ^! objections are avoid$ by mak+ a prelim9>y plant+ aft] a me?od kn[n z /ratification1 f ! ,lat9 ^w /ratum1 mean+ b$ or lay]4 ,9 a l>ge1 deep e>!n pan1 ) holes 9 its bottom1 or 9 any o!r suitable receptacle1 su* z a box1 a pot1 or a tub1 likewise pi]c$ ) holes1 x is ! practice to place fir/ a lay] ( small pebbles4 ,! holes at ! bottom & ?is lay] ( pebbles are to give easy access to ! air & dra9 (f ! excess ( wat] aft] ea* irrigation4 ,next comes a b$ ( f9e s&y soil1 !n a lay] or /ratum ( se$s arrang$ side by side1 & on top ( t a second b$ ( e>?4 ,on ?is is plac$ ano!r /ratum ( se$s1 :i* 9 its turn is cov]$ ) e>?2 & s ! process goes on ) alt]nat+ lay]s ( se$s & e>? until ! receptacle is full4 ,!n x is wat]$ & plac$ 9 a cell> or a d>k %$4 ,all t is necess>y aft] ?is is to keep ! cont5ts ( pan or tub suffici5tly moi/ by an occasional spr9kl+4 ,enclos$ ?us 9 a small space easy to wat* ov]1 ) no dang] f m>aud+ animals1 & )\t ne$lessly occupy+ gr\nd t might be us$ = o!r purposes1 ! se$s c n[ take _! own "t to break _! h>d %ells & c g]m9ate ) all ! sl[ness natural to !m4 8,:5 ! %ells at la/ crack op5 & ! radicle appe>s1 x is "t to proce$ to ! f9al plant+4 ,! half-g]m9at$ se$s are !n put into ! gr\nd "o by "o 9 an op5 field1 ea* at ! exact spot ! "y plant is to occupy4 8,/ratification (f]s /ill ano!r advantage4 ,fruit trees z well z o!r trees h a /\t tap-root :i* bores v]tically into ! gr\nd to a consid]able dep? & gives a good deal ( tr\ble if transplant+ is und]tak54 ,to alt] ?is tap-root into a root n gr[+ s deep1 b bran*+ horizontally1 w\ld be decid$ly advantage\s4 ,9 speak+ ( ! root we saw :at ! nurs]y-man does to obta9 ?is result4 ,he passes ! %>p edge ( 8 spade "u ! base ( ea* tree-trunk s z to sev] ! tap-roots ( 8 "y plantations4 ,9 /ratification ! me?od is mu* simpl] & success sur]4 ,) 8 ?umb-nail ! g>d5] nips (f ! tip ( ! t5d] radicle be=e ! f9al plant+ is done4 ,t is all4 ,depriv$ ( its gr[+ end ! "y root h5ce=? bran*es out horizontally in/ead ( desc5d+ v]tically40 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,blossom 8,"h is ! f5nel-fl[]1 :i*1 ) ! corn-fl[] & ! poppy1 is s common 9 our fields ( gra94 ,x is purpli% r$1 :ile ! poppy is sc>let & ! corn-fl[]1 or bluet1 is ( an azure l t ( ! sky1 z its alt]native "n indicates4 ,on ! outside ( ! f5nel-fl[] are five gre51 firm pieces jo9$ toge!r at ! bottom b t]m9at+ 9 long po9ts at ! top4 ,ea* ( ^! pieces is call$ a sepal1 & ! five toge!r =m ! calyx4 ,inside are five o!r pieces1 ?91 f9e1 broad1 purpli% r$ 9 color4 ,ea* "o be>s ! "n ( petal1 & collectively !y =m ! corolla4 8,mo/ fl[]s h two envelopes l ^!1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,! out] "o1 or calyx1 is ne>ly always gre5 9 color & firm 9 /ructure2 ! inn] "o1 or corolla1 mu* m delicate 9 texture1 is t+$ ) ^? magnific5t hues t please ! eye s mu* 9 fl[]s4 8,! sepals ( ! calyx & ! petals ( ! corolla are sometimes sep>at$ f "o ano!r & sometimes jo9$ toge!r4 ,9 ! f5nel-fl[] ! sepals are unit$ bel[ 9 a common %ea? bri/l+ ) co>se hairs2 b 9 _! upp] "p !y are sep>at$ into five n>r[ & po9t$ /rips4 ,! corolla we f9d to be compos$ ( five pieces1 five petals di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! blossom ( ! campanula ! five petals ( ! corolla are jo9$ at ! edges & =m a beautiful blue bell :i* looks z if made ( "o piece4 ,! five l>ge tee? t bord] ! op5+ ( ! bell nev]!less %[ t ! corolla is really compos$ ( five petals1 ( :i* ^! tee? are ! t]m9ation4 8,! calyx & ! corolla are ! fl[]'s clo?+1 a d\ble clo?+ hav+ bo? ! sub/antial mat]ial t protects f cold & /orm1 & ! f9e fabric t *>ms ! eye4 ,! calyx1 ! out] g>m5t1 is ( simple =m1 gre5 9 color1 & ( firm texture suitable = )/&+ bad wea!r4 ,x has to protect ! /ill unop5$ fl[]1 to %ield x f ! sun1 f cold & wet4 ,exam9e a rose-bud & note ) :at delicate precision ! five sepals ( ! calyx are unit$ s z to cov] ! re/4 ,n ! slighte/ drop ( wat] c\ld p5etrate ! int]ior1 s c>efully are _! edges jo9$ toge!r4 ,!re are fl[]s t close _! calyx e ev5+ & snuggle d[n inside to keep f gett+ *ill$4 8,! corolla or inn] g>m5t unites elegance ( =m & ri*ness ( t9t ) f95ess ( texture4 ,x is ! fl[]'s f9]y & is :at especially captivates our eye1 s t we commonly consid] x ! mo/ important "p ( ! blossom1 :]eas x is really no?+ b an ornam5t4 8,( ! two g>m5ts1 ! calyx is ! m necess>y4 ,_m fl[]s h no corolla1 b !y always h at lea/ a calyx1 :i* 9 its simple/ =m is r$uc$ to a t9y leaflet %ap$ l a scale4 ,fl[]s ) no corolla rema9 unnotic$1 & ! plants t be> !m seem to u to h no blossoms4 ,x is a mi/ake3 all trees & plants bloom1 ev5 ! oak1 will[1 popl>1 p9e1 bee*1 :eat1 & multitudes ( o!rs ^: blossom+ is unhe$$ by ! inatt5tive eye4 ,_! fl[]s are extremely num]\s1 b z !y are v small & h no bright-color$ corolla !y escape any b ! close/ scrut9y4 8,x w\ld be kn[+ a p]son v little only to be able to say t he we>s su* & su* a coat2 nor does "o "k a fl[] any bett] :5 "o c m]ely say t x is clo!d ) a calyx & a corolla4 ,:at is !re "u ?is clo?+8 8,let u exam9e toge!r a lily1 :i* by its size l5ds itself readily to /udy4 ,x has no calyx1 #d b x does h a sup]b corolla =m$ ( six petals gracefully curv$ inw>d at ! edges1 & :it] ?an ivory4 ,i take away ^! six petals4 ,:at is left n[ is ! ess5tial "p2 t is to say1 ! ?+ )\t :i* ! fl[] c\ld n p]=m its function1 c\ld n1 9 %ort1 be> fruit or se$4 ,let u c>efully consid] ?is rema9+ "p4 ,y w f9d x well wor? ! tr\ble4 8,fir/ !re are six filam5ts or little :ite rods1 ea* "o surm\nt$ by a t9y bag full ( yell[ p[d]4 ,^! six pieces are call$ /am5s4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all fl[]s 9 great] or less numb]1 & 9 ! lily !re are six ( !m4 ,! little bag t tops ! /am5 is call$ an an!r4 ,! yell[ du/ conta9$ 9 ! an!r is call$ poll52 t is :at daubs our nose :5 we smell ! lily too closely4 8,i take away ! six /am5s4 ,!re rema9s a c5tral body swoll5 at ! bottom1 n>r[$ at ! top to a long filam5t1 & surm\nt$ by a k9d ( head wet ) a /icky moi/ure4 ,9 its entirety ?is c5tral body be>s ! "n ( pi/il2 ! swell+ at ! bottom is call$ ! ov>y1 ! filam5t gr[+ out ( x is ! /yle1 & ! /icky head t]m9at+ ?is filam5t is kn[n z ! /igma4 8,:at big names = su* little ?+s6 y w say4 ,little1 yes2 b ( unrival$ importance4 ,^! little ?+s1 my fri5ds1 give u our daily bread2 )\t ! miracul\s "w ( ^! little ?+s ! _w w\ld come to an end4 8,) a p5knife ,i cut ! ov>y 9 two horizontally4 ,9 ?ree comp>tm5ts gr\p$ 9 a circle we see "s t9y gra9s arrang$ s t ea* comp>tm5t has two r[s ( !m4 ,!y are ! future se$s ( ! plant4 ,! ov>y1 !n1 is ! "p ( ! plant :]e ! se$s are =m$4 ,aft] a c]ta9 "t ! fl[] )]s1 ! petals wilt & fall1 ! calyx does ! same1 or sometimes x rema9s to play ! "p ( protector a :ile long]1 ! dri$ /am5s break (f1 & only ! ov>y rema9s1 gr[+ l>g]1 rip5+1 & f9ally becom+ ! fruit t conta9s ! se$s4 8,e sort ( fruit--! pe>1 apple1 apricot1 pea*1 walnut1 *]ry1 melon1 grape1 almond1 *e/nut--began by be+ a little swell+ ( ! pi/il2 all ^? excell5t ?+s t ! tree & plant give u = food 7 fir/ ov>ies40 8,!n a big juicy pe> began by be+ ! ov>y ( a pe> blossom80 qu]i$ ,emile4 8,yes1 my fri5d10 0 ! reply2 8pe>s1 apples1 *]ries1 apricots1 ev5 big melons & enorm\s pumpk9s beg9 by be+ ! little ov>ies ( _! respective fl[]s4 ,i w %[ y an apricot 9 its blossom40 ,uncle ,paul took an apricot blossom1 op5$ x ) 8 p5knife1 & %[$ 8 li/5]s :at is "h reproduc$ 9 ! picture4 8,9 ! he>t ( ! fl[]10 he expla9$1 8y see ! pi/il surr\nd$ by num]\s /am5s4 ,! head at ! top ( x is ! /igma2 ! swell+ at ! bottom is ! ov>y or future apricot40 8,t little gre5 ?+10 ,emile exclaim$ incr$ul\sly1 8w\ld h turn$ into a plump1 juicy apricot su* z ,i am s fond (80 8,yes10 affirm$ 8 uncle1 8t little gre5 ?+ w\ld h turn$ into an apricot su* z ,emile is s fond (4 ,a simil> little gre5 ?+ w\ld h turn$ into a big juicy pe>1 into a fragrant apple1 or into a huge pumpk91 s heavy t x re/s lazily on its /oma*4 ,to conclude1 ,i w %[ y ! ov>y f :i* come :eat & consequ5tly bread40 ,uncle ,paul took a ne$le2 !n ) ! skill & pati5ce necess>y = ?is op]ation he isolat$ "o ( ! num]\s fl[]s t collectively make up ! e> ( :eat4 ,! delicate little fl[] display$ cle>ly1 on ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 ! diff]5t p>ts compos+ x4 8,! bless$ plant t gives u bread10 cont9u$ ,uncle ,paul1 8has v mode/ fl[]s4 ,two poor scales s]ve x = calyx & corolla4 ,y c easily recognize ?ree hang+ /am5s ) _! d\ble-sa*et$ an!rs full ( poll54 ,! ma9 body ( ! fl[] is ! plump ov>y :i*1 :5 ripe1 w be a gra9 ( :eat4 ,x is surm\nt$ by ! /igma1 :i* has ! %ape ( an elegant d\ble plume4 ,su* is ! mode/ little fl[] t furni%es u all ) ! /aff ( life40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,poll5 8,9 a few days1 ev5 9 a few h\rs1 a fl[] )]s4 ,petals1 calyx1 /am5s fade & die4 ,only "o "p survives3 ! ov>y1 :i* is to become fruit4 ,n[1 9 ord] to outlive ! re/ ( ! fl[] & rema9 on its /em :5 all else dries up & falls1 ! ov>y at ! mom5t ( blossom+1 receives an access ( vigor1 ,i might almo/ say a new life4 ,! magnific5ce ( ! corolla1 its sumptu\s color+1 its p]fume1 all s]ve to celebrate ! solemn mom5t :5 ?is new vitality is awak5$ 9 ! ov>y4 ,?is great act accompli%$1 ! fl[] has _h its day4 8,well1 x is ! du/ ( ! /am5s1 ! poll51 t gives ?is increase ( en]gy )\t :i* ! nasc5t se$s w\ld p]i% 9 ! ov>y1 itself )]$4 ,x falls f ! /am5s on to ! /igma1 :i* con/antly we>s a /icky coat+ design$ to hold x2 & f ! /igma x makes its my/]i\s influ5ce felt 9 ! v dep?s ( ! ov>y4 ,animat$ !n ) new life1 ! nasc5t se$s develop rapidly1 :ile ! ov>y swells s z to give !m ! n\ri%m5t & ! space !y require4 ,! f9al result ( ?is incompreh5sible travail is ! fruit1 ) its conta9$ se$s all ready to g]m9ate4 8,let u cite a few ( ! num]\s exp]im5ts t prove ! absolute indisp5sability ( poll54 8,mo/ fl[]s h bo? /am5s & pi/ils2 b !re are plants t h _! /am5s & pi/ils 9 sep>ate fl[]s4 ,sometimes ! fl[]s ) /am5s only & ^? ) pi/ils only are f\nd on ! same plant2 sometimes !y are f\nd on sep>ate plants4 ,plants hav+ fl[]s ) /am5s only & fl[]s ) pi/ils only on ! same /ock are call$ monci\s plants4 ,?is expression means #8liv+ 9 "o h\se4' ,! fl[]s ) /am5s & ^? ) pi/ils d inde$ live toge!r 9 ! same h\se1 s9ce !y are f\nd on ! same plant4 ,! pumpk91 cucumb]1 melon1 hazel-nut-tree are monci\s plants4 8,:]e fl[]s ) /am5s & ^? ) pi/ils are f\nd on diff]5t /ocks1 ! plants are t]m$ dici\s2 t is to say1 !y are d\ble-h\se plants4 ,hemp1 ! locu/-tree1 & ! date-tree are dici\s4 8,x is especially 9 monci\s & dici\s plants t ! poll5's indisp5sability is pla9ly manife/ on acc\nt ( ! natural sep>ation ( ! /am5s & pi/ils4 ,let u take = example ! locu/1 a tree ( extreme s\!rn ,france1 be>+ se$s 9 pods simil> to ^? ( ! pea1 b br[n1 v long1 & v wide1 & conta9+ 9 addition to ! se$s a sug>y pulp4 ,suppos+ we took a notion1 if ! climate p]mitt$1 to gr[ locu/ se$s 9 our g>d51 :at locu/ tree mu/ we plant8 ,evid5tly ! "o ) pi/ils1 because x alone produces ! ov>ies t become fruit4 ,b t is n en\gh4 ,plant$ by itself1 ! locu/ tree ) pi/ils w inde$ blossom pr(usely e ye>1 b w nev] 9 all et]nity be> any se$s1 = its fl[]s w fall )\t leav+ a s+le ov>y on ! bran*es4 ,:at is want+8 ,! action ( ! poll54 ,ne> ! locu/ ) pi/ils let u plant "o ) /am5s4 ,n[ fructification proce$s z we wi%4 ,puffs ( w9d1 insects t pilf] f "o fl[] & c>ry to ano!r--^! convey ! poll5 f ! /am5s to ! /igmas1 ! torpid ov>ies spr+ to life1 & ! locu/ pods gr[ & rip5 p]fectly4 ,) poll51 se$s2 )\t poll51 no se$s4 8,ano!r example4 ,9 spots ( f]tile l& 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 spots ( l& call$ oases1 ! ,arabs cultivate num]\s date-trees :i* provide !m ) dates1 _! pr9cipal food4 ,date-trees1 too1 l ! locu/1 are dici\s4 ,n[1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! date-tree1 a s&y pla9 p>*$ by ! sun1 spots ( wat]$ & f]tile l& are r>e & h to be turn$ to ! utmo/ possible acc\nt4 ,accord+ly ! ,arabs plant only date-trees ) pi/ils1 ! only ones t w produce dates4 ,b :5 !y are 9 fl[]1 ! ,arabs g long di/ances to fet* bun*es ( blossoms ) /am5s f wild date trees 9 ord] to %ake ! poll5 on ! trees !y h plant$4 ,)\t ?is precaution !re is no h>ve/4 8,b ,i am com+ to an example t w be m famili> to u4 ,! pumpk9 is monci\s3 fl[]s ) /am5s & fl[]s ) pi/ils inhabit ! same h\se1 ! same v9e4 ,be=e !y are full-bl[n !y c easily be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,! fl[]s ) pi/ils h "u ! corolla a l>ge swell+ :i* is ! ov>y1 ! future pumpk94 ,! blossoms ) /am5s h n ?is swell+4 ,well1 f "o pumpk9 v9e /&+ ap>t 9 ! g>d5 let u cut (f all ! buds ) /am5s be=e !y op51 & leave ^? ) pi/ils4 ,= great] surety we w wrap ea* "o ( ^! latt] 9 a piece ( gauze l>ge en\gh to let ! fl[] develop )\t h9drance4 ,?is op]ation mu/ be c>ri$ out be=e ! buds op51 9 ord] to make sure t ! /igmas h n already receiv$ any poll54 ,"u ^! conditions1 n be+ able to receive ! vivify+ du/1 s9ce ! fl[]s ) /am5s are cut (f1 & s9ce also ! gauze wrapp+s keep out ! insects t might br+ ! poll5 !y _h pilf]$ f "s neighbor+ pumpk9 v9e1 ! pi/illate fl[]s w )] aft] langui%+ a:ile1 & _! ov>ies w dry up )\t gr[+ into pumpk9s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% any select$ blossoms to fructify 9 spite ( _! gauze prison & ! suppression ( ! /am9ate blossoms1 we take a small camel's hair bru% & ga!r a little poll5 :i* we put on ! /igma4 ,t is en\gh1 ! pumpk9 w come4 8,! absolute necessity ( poll5 = ! =mation ( fruit expla9s to u ! h>mful effect ( viol5t w9ds & prolong$ ra9s 9 blossom+ "t4 ,swept away by bla/s ( w9d1 or wa%$ away by ra9s1 or simply spoil$ by long-cont9u$ moi/ure1 ! du/ ( ! /am5s no long] acts on ! ov>ies1 & ! fl[]s fall )\t fructify+4 ,?is ru9 ( ! h>ve/ f lack ( poll5 is kn[n z blight40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,gra9 ,,( ,,:eat 8,n[ turn y\r att5tion to ?is picture ( an ivy se$ cut ?r\gh l5g?wise4 ,:]e is ! g]m or little plant 9 its egg8 ,x is t little :ite ?+1 r long & n>r[1 emb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! se$ at "o end4 ,a f9e l9e m>ks ! division ( ! two cotyl$ons1 :i* are n[ press$ close toge!r4 ,next to !m comes ! tigella1 or little /alk1 end+ 9 ! radicle1 or rootlet4 ,notice1 my fri5ds1 h[ small ^! cotyl$ons are1 h[ diff]5t f ! enorm\s nurs+-leaves ( ! almond1 acorn1 broad bean1 kidney bean1 & pea4 ,^! poor little plant-udd]s mu/ soon get dri$ up1 & if !re 7 no o!r res\rces available at ! "t ( g]m9ation ! ivy w\ld spe$ily />ve to dea?4 8,b look3 "u ! sk9 ( ! se$ we f9d a goodly /ore ( f>9ace\s matt]1 9 :i* ! g]m is emb$d$4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! se$ consi/s ( ?is accumulation ( fl\r4 ,s "h we h ! food-supply t w supplem5t t conta9$ 9 ! cotyl$ons1 a v insuffici5t provision 9 itself4 ,?is gran>y ( pl5ty )9 :i* ! g]m is lodg$1 ?is /oreh\se ( food is call$ ! p]isp]m4 ,! almond1 acorn1 pea1 bean1 ) a ho/ ( o!rs1 are q lack+ 9 any?+ ( ! sort1 hav+ "u ! sk9 only ! g]m & no?+ m1 absolutely no?+4 ,! reason = ?is diff]5ce is pla9 en\gh4 ,! almond1 bean1 pea1 acorn1 ) _! big cotyl$ons bur/+ ) nutritive matt]1 d n ne$ a supplem5t>y ration2 ! g]m w be suffici5tly suckl$ by ! udd]s nature has provid$ 9 ! =m ( ^! cotyl$ons4 ,b ! ivy1 ) its poor little cotyl$ons1 calls = help1 & f9ds x 9 ! f>9ace\s /oreh\se ( ! p]isp]m4 8,?us a se$ may h a d\ble supply ( n\ri%m5t to meet ! ne$s ( ! "y plant3 t conta9$ 9 ! cotyl$ons & t /or$ up 9 ! p]isp]m4 ,cotyl$ons are nev] lack+1 b ! p]isp]m is n f\nd 9 all se$s4 ,!re is none 9 ! almond1 acorn1 *e/nut1 apricot1 bean1 or pea2 b to make up = ?is lack _! cotyl$ons are ( consid]able size4 ,on ! o!r h&1 buck:eat1 *ickwe$1 & ivy1 ^: cotyl$ons are small1 are provid$ ) a p]isp]m4 ,all ?is may be r$uc$ to "o g5]al rule4 ,cotyl$ons & p]isp]m play simil> p>ts3 !y bo? help to n\ri% ! little plant 9 its infancy4 ,s1 g5]ally speak+1 ! se$ ) l>ge cotyl$ons has no p]isp]m1 :ile ! se$ ) small cotyl$ons has "o4 8,i h j told y t _m plants h only "o cotyl$on4 ,i w add t ?is cotyl$on is usually v small4 ,x is especially 9 ^! plants t ! p]isp]m is pres5t4 ,! gra9 ( :eat (f]s a notable illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,cut l5g?wise & look$ at ?r\gh a magnify+-glass1 ?is se$ w\ld reveal to u :at is repres5t$ 9 ! picture ,i n[ %[ y4 ,at ! bottom & t[>d "o side is ! g]m1 =m+ b a v small "p ( ! se$4 ,at c is ! s+le cotyl$on1 :5ce w come ! fir/ leaf1 ! sem9al leaf4 ,at e is ! gemmule1 :i* w furni% ! next leaves4 ,at ! opposite end is a %ort nipple1 ! radicle1 :5ce ! root w spr+4 ,n[ comp>e ! t9y cotyl$on ( ! :eat ) ! two volum9\s ones ( ! almond4 ,! latt]1 ) _! ri* /ore ( n\ri%m5t1 w easily be able to fe$ ! "y plant until x has vigor\s roots2 b ! cotyl$on ( ! :eat1 s poor & sl5d]--c x n\ri% ! "y plant8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n ! :eat g]m mu/ )\t fail h a /oreh\se ( provisions4 ,?is /oreh\se is ! p]isp]m 7pr71 a f>9ace\s mass con/itut+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! se$4 ,?is same p]isp]m1 ! fir/ food ( ! :eat's fir/ %oot1 is also ! *ief food ( man2 x is :at1 "u ! mill/one1 becomes fl\r1 ( :i* bread is made4 ,b h[ c ! f>9ace\s sub/ance ( ! p]isp]m n\ri% ! plant8 ,a v simple exp]im5t w %[ u4 ,put "s :eat 9 a sauc] & keep x slightly moi/4 ,9 a %ort "t ! se$ w g]m9ate4 ,z soon z ! "y spr\ts %[ _! gre5 po9ts take "o ( ! gra9s3 y w f9d x s(t5$ all ?r\gh4 ,y c cru% x betwe5 y\r f+]s & squeeze out a :ite fluid1 v sweet to ! ta/e & mu* resembl+ "s sort ( milk4 ,:at has tak5 place ought n to be beyond y\r p[] to surmise f ! acc\nt ,i gave y ( ! wond]ful *ange />* may und]go4 ,! p]isp]m ( ! :eat-gra9 consi/s *iefly ( />*4 ,dur+ g]m9ation ?is accumulation ( />* is conv]t$ into a sug>y sub/ance1 into glucose 9 fact4 ,!nce comes ! sort ( plant-milk ) :i* ! se$ is n[ swoll54 ,! g]m is imm]s$ 9 ?is sweet liquid2 x imbibes x1 soaks x up almo/ z a f9e sponge w\ld2 & ) ! matt] ?us absorb$ x augm5ts its own sub/ance1 :i* l5g!ns into root1 /em1 & leaves4 ,) :at furni%es u bread ! gra9 ( :eat suckles ! />t+ :eat-/alk40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,cultivat$ ,,plants 8,?ree modes ( plant-propagation are 9 use among horticulturi/s1 namely3 lay]+1 slipp+1 & graft+4 ,to get an adequate notion ( ! great usefulness ( ^! op]ations let u dwell = a mom5t on ! orig9 ( our cultivat$ plants4 8,y p]haps imag9e t f ! beg9n+ ( "t1 9 view ( our ne$ ( food1 ! pe>-tree 0 eag] to be> l>ge fruit1 plump & juicy2 t ! potato1 j to accommodate u1 /uff$ its big tub]s ) f>9ace\s matt]2 t ! cabbage1 9 its desire to gratify u1 conceiv$ ! idea ( ga!r+ ^? beautiful :ite leaves into a compact head4 ,y imag9e t :eat1 pumpk9s1 c>rots1 grapes1 beets1 & no "o kn[s :at besides1 possess$ ) a great int]e/ 9 man1 h always work$ = him ( _! own accord4 ,y ?9k t our grapes ( to-day are l ^? f :i* ,noah extract$ ! juice t made him drunk2 t :eat1 ev] s9ce x appe>$ on ! e>?1 has nev] fail$ to yield its annual h>ve/ ( gra92 t ! beet & ! pumpk9 _h at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w ! plumpness t makes !m priz$ by u n[4 ,y imag9e1 9 %ort1 t our food-plants came to u orig9ally j z we h !m n[4 ,undeceive y\rselves3 ! wild plant is usually ( v little nutritive value to man4 ,8 is /ill ! task ( s cultivat+ x z to d]ive advantage f its natural aptitudes by improv+ !m4 8,9 its native c\ntry1 on ! m\nta9s ( ,*ile & ,p]u1 ! potato 9 its wild /ate is a poor dim9utive tub] ab\t z l>ge z a hazel-nut4 ,man takes ! wor?less wild /ock into 8 g>d51 plants x 9 ri* soil1 t5ds x1 wat]s x2 & behold1 f ye> to ye> ! potato ?rives m & m1 ga9+ 9 size & 9 nutritive prop]ties1 & f9ally becom+ a f>9ace\s tub] z l>ge z y\r two fi/s4 8,on ! sea-coa/s1 expos$ to all ! w9ds t bl[1 !re gr[s a wild cabbage ) a tall /alk & a few gre5 leaves ( bitt] ta/e & rank odor4 ,b b5ea? its rude ext]ior x may p]haps hide invaluable aptitudes4 ,app>5tly ?is suspicion occurr$ to him :o fir/1 s long ago t ! record ( x is lo/1 took ! sea-coa/ cabbage "u cultivation4 ,! suspicion 0 well-f\nd$4 ,! wild cabbage has be5 improv$ by man's incessant c>e3 its /alk has become firm] & its leaves h multipli$1 :it5$1 acquir$ t5d]ness1 & mass$ !mselves 9 a compact head1 s t we h ! crisp & succul5t cabbage ( to-day z ! admirable result ( ?is notable metamorphosis4 ,!re on ! sea-coa/ rock 0 ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! excell5t plant2 "h 9 our g>d5s is its pres5t atta9m5t4 ,b :at ab\t its int]m$iate =ms :i*1 ?r\gh ! c5turies1 m>k$ ! gradual developm5t ( ! species to its pres5t high /ate ( p]fection8 ,ea* ( ^! =ms 0 a /ep =w>d1 & ea* _h to be pres]v$1 kept f deg5]at+1 & made ! subject ( /ill fur!r improvem5t4 ,:o c\ld tell ! /ory ( all ! labor & pa9s x has tak5 to produce ! cabbage-head z we n[ h x8 8,& ! wild pe>-tree--are y acqua9t$ ) x8 ,x is a frightful bramble-bu%1 all bri/l+ ) %>p ?orns2 & ! pe>s !mselves--a mo/ repell5t fruit1 sure to *oke y & set y\r tee? on edge--are v small1 s\r1 h>d1 & full ( grit t rem9ds "o ( gravel-/ones4 ,surely he mu/ h _h an extraord9>y inspiration :o fir/ p9n$ 8 fai? on ?is crabb$ specim5 ( und]bru% & =esaw 9 ! remote future ! butt]-pe> on :i* we regale ourselves to-day4 8,9 ! same way1 by ! pa9/ak+ culture ( ! primitive v9e1 ^: grapes 7 no l>g] ?an our eld]b]ries1 man has1 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[1 develop$ ! lusci\s fruit ( ! mod]n v9ey>d4 ,f "s poor species ( grass n[ =gott5 he has also produc$ ! :eat t to-day supplies u ) bread4 ,a few wret*$ h]bs & %rubs1 f> f promis+ 9 appe>ance1 he has cultivat$ & improv$ until !y became ! vegetables & fruit trees s priz$ by u at pres5t4 ,?is old e>? ( ours1 9 ord] to make u "w & ?us fulfill ! law ( our exi/5ce1 has behav$ to u l a h>% /epmo!r4 ,to ! birds ( ! air %e gives food 9 abundance1 b to u %e (f]s ( h] own free w no?+ b wild blackb]ries & s\r sloes4 ,b let u n compla91 = ! /]n /ruggle ) necessity is precisely :at con/itutes our gr&eur4 8,x is = u1 by our intellig5ce & labor1 to "w our way out ( ! difficulty2 ^u u x is enjo9$ to put into practice ! noble cre$1 ,god helps ^? :o help !mselves4 8,?us f ! e>lie/ times x has be5 man's /udy to select f ! c\ntless =ms ( vegetation at 8 disposal ^? t be/ l5d !mselves to improvem5t4 ,! great] numb] ( species h rema9$ useless to u1 b o!rs1 pr$e/9$ no d\bt1 & creat$ especially ) a view to man's ne$s1 h respond$ to our ef=ts & acquir$ ?r\gh cultivation qualities ( prime importance1 s9ce our su/5ance dep5ds on !m4 ,nev]!less ! improvem5t atta9$ is n s radical t we c c\nt on its p]man5ce if our vigilance relaxes4 ,! plant always t5ds to rev]t to its primitive /ate4 ,= example1 let ! g>d5] leave ! head$ cabbage to itself )\t f]tiliz+1 wat]+1 or cultivat+ x2 let him leave ! se$s to g]m9ate by *ance :]ev] ! w9d bl[s !m1 & ! cabbage w quickly "p ) its compact head ( :ite leaves & resume ! loose gre5 leaves ( its wild ance/ors4 ,9 l mann] ! v9e1 set free f man's con/ant att5tion1 w deg5]ate into ! little-e/eem$ wild species t haunts our h$ge-r[s & yields a scant h>ve/ t w n1 all toge!r1 be wor? a s+le bun* ( cultivat$ grapes4 ,! pe>-tree1 if neglect$1 w aga9 be f\nd on ! outskirts ( our woods1 once m bri/l+ ) long %>p ?orns & be>+ "u-siz$ & extremely unpalatable fruit4 ,"u l conditions ! plum-tree & ! *]ry-tree w be> no?+ b /ones cov]$ ) a s\r sk94 ,9 %ort1 all ! ri*es ( our or*>ds w 9 simil> circum/ances und]go su* det]ioration z to be wor?less to u4 8,?is rev]sion to ! wild /ate occurs ev5 "u cultivation & 9 spite ( ef=ts to prev5t x :5 se$ is us$ = propagat+ ! plant4 ,suppose ! se$s f an excell5t pe> are put into ! gr\nd4 ,well1 ! trees t spr+ f ^? se$s w be> = ! mo/ "p only m$iocre or poor1 ev5 v poor1 pe>s4 ,ano!r plant+ is made ) ! pits ( ! second g5]ation1 & ! result %[s /ill fur!r decl9e4 ,?us if ! exp]im5t is cont9u$ ) se$s tak5 ea* "t f ! imm$iately prec$+ g5]ation1 ! fruit1 becom+ small] & small]1 bitt]] & h>d]1 w at la/ return to ! sorry wild pe> ( ! ?icket4 8,"o m example4 ,:at fl[] equals ! rose 9 nobl5ess ( c>riage1 9 p]fume & brilliant color+8 ,suppose we plant ! se$s ( ?is sup]b fl[]2 its desc5dants w turn out to be mis]able bu%es1 no?+ b wild roses l ^? ( our h$ges4 ,b we ne$ n be surpris$ at ?is4 ,! noble plant _h ! wild rose = ance/or1 & 9 try+ to propagate x by its se$ we h simply caus$ x to resume its native *>act]i/ics4 8,) "s plants1 let u note 9 conclusion1 ! improvem5t atta9$ by cultivation is m /able & p]si/s ev5 :5 ! se$ is us$ = purposes ( propagation2 b ?is p]si/5ce is only on ! express condition t our vigilance %all n relax4 ,all plants1 if left to !mselves & propagat$ by se$1 rev]t to ! primitive /ate aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]ations 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ics impos$ by human skill & c>e gradually disappe>40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,diff]5t ,,ways ,,( ,,propagat+ 8,s9ce our fruit-trees & ornam5tal plants1 if propagat$ by se$1 rev]t soon] or lat] to ! wild type1 h[ c !y be propagat$ )\t risk ( deg5]ation8 ,?is mu/ be done by means ( ! buds in/ead ( ! se$s4 ,buds or bran*es ( a plant or tree mu/ be transplant$ f "o /ock to ano!r2 ?is is call$ graft+2 or !y may be plant$ directly 9 ! soil by processes kn[n z lay]+ & slipp+4 ,^! are invaluable me?ods1 s9ce !y enable u to /abilize 9 ! plant ! improvem5ts atta9$ aft] long ye>s ( labor1 & ?us to pr(it by ^! improvem5ts1 :i* we owe to our pr$ecessors1 in/ead ( beg9n+ all ov] aga9 a c\rse ( tra9+ t w\ld dem& f> m ?an a s+le life-"t4 8,lay]+1 slipp+1 & graft+ insure ! fai?ful reproduction ( all ! qualities ( ! p>5t /ock4 ,z are ! fruit1 fl[]s1 foliage ( ?is p>5t /ock :i* has furni%$ ! buds or slips = transplant+1 s w be ! fruit1 fl[]s1 foliage ( ! result+ plant or tree4 ,no?+ w be add$ to ! qualities we wi% to p]petuate1 b on ! o!r h& no?+ w be subtract$4 ,to ! d\ble fl[]s ( ! orig9al f :i* came ! lay]1 ! slip1 or ! graft1 w correspond ! d\ble fl[]s ( ! plant develop+ f ?is lay]1 slip1 or graft3 ! same %ade ( color+ w be reproduc$1 & ! fruit w h ! same size1 savor1 & sweetness4 ,! slighte/ peculi>ity :i*1 = unkn[n reasons1 appe>s 9 a plant gr[n f ! se$1 & :i* sometimes is f\nd only on a s+le bran*1 z ! ind5t$ outl9e ( ! leaves or ! v>iegation ( ! blossoms1 is reproduc$ ) m9ute accuracy if ! graft1 slip1 or lay] is tak5 f ! bran* hav+ ?is modification4 ,by ?is means horticulture is daily enri*+ itself ) d\ble fl[]s or a new %ade1 or ) fruit rem>kable = its size1 its e>ly or late rip5+1 its juicy fle%1 its m pron\nc$ aroma4 ,)\t ! help ( graft & slip ^! =tunate accid5ts1 occurr+ b once & no "o kn[s h[1 w\ld lead to no fur!r pr(it aft] ! dea? ( ! plant ?us favor$ by *ance2 & horticulture w\ld f9d itself compell$ to repeat ov] & ov] aga9 its attempts to br+ ab\t improvem5ts :i*1 almo/ z soon z effect$1 w\ld inv>iably be lo/ = want ( means to fix !m & r5d] !m p]man5t4 8,if hi/ory _h pres]v$ ! record1 :at long & pa9ful ef=ts to develop our v>i\s cultivat$ plants f wor?less se$l+s %\ld we n read !re6 ,j ?9k ( :at a happy inspiration x mu/ h tak5 to select exactly ! k9d ( vegetable or o!r plant susceptible ( improvem5t1 :at pati5t exp]im5tal attempts to subject x to cultivation1 :at we>isome labor to improve its quality f "o ye> to ano!r1 :at c>e to prev5t its deg5]at+ & to h& x d[n to po/]ity 9 p]fect condition4 ,?9k ( all ?is & y w see h[ ! smalle/ fruit1 ! smalle/ vegetable1 repres5ts m ?an ! toil ( him :o has rais$ x 9 8 g>d54 ,x repres5ts1 p]haps1 ! accumulat$ ef=t ( a hundr$ g5]ations1 an ef=t indisp5sable if we are to h a succul5t pot-h]b z ! desc5dant ( a wor?less we$4 ,we live on ! fruit & vegetables creat$ by our pr$ecessors2 we live on ! labor1 /r5g?1 ideas ( ! pa/4 ,may ! future 9 its turn live on our /r5g? bo? ( arm & ?\ght6 ,s %all we wor?ily fulfill our mission4 8,x 0 n *ance t gave man ! idea ( lay]+1 slipp+1 & graft+1 b r ! ?\ghtful obs]vation ( nature's me?ods all ab\t him4 ,he :o 0 fir/1 = example1 to note h[ ! /rawb]ry gr[s & multiplies1 receiv$ ! fir/ lesson 9 lay]+4 ,let u 9 our turn exam9e ?is curi\s process4 8,f ! p>5t /ock ( ! /rawb]ry v9e a numb] ( runn]s />t out1 long1 sl5d]1 & creep+ on ! gr\nd4 ,^! runn]s are also kn[n z /olons or creep+ suck]s4 ,aft] rea*+ a c]ta9 di/ance !y exp& at ! end into a little tuft :i* takes root 9 ! gr\nd & is soon self-support+4 ,! new tuft ( ! /rawb]ry v9e1 z soon z /rong en\gh1 9 its turn s5ds out long runn]s :i* foll[ ! example ( ! fir/ ones2 t is to say1 !y creep along ! gr\nd1 end ea* 9 a rosette ( leaves1 & take root4 ,! picture %[s u a fir/ tuft1 m vigor\s ?an ! o!rs4 ,f ! axil ( "o ( its leaves />ts a runn] ^: t]m9al bud has develop$ into a small plant already provid$ ) roots ( "s vigor4 ,a second runn] sprung f ?is plant be>s a ?ird rosette ^: leaves are beg9n+ to unfold4 ,aft] s5d+ out an indef9ite numb] ( simil> runn]s ! "m plant f9ds h]self surr\nd$ ) "y suck]s1 e/abli%$ "h & !re1 z _m z ! season & ! nature ( ! soil p]mit4 ,at fir/ ^! suck]s are atta*$ to ! "m plant by ! runn]s1 & sap fl[s f ! old plant to ! "y ones2 b soon] or lat] !re is a sev]ance ( ties1 ! runn]s dry up & are h5ce=w>d useless1 & ea* (f%oot1 prop]ly root$1 becomes a sep>ate /rawb]ry v9e4 ,"h we f9d1 )\t any ( man's +5uity or skill1 all ! details ( lay]+2 & x 0 und\bt$ly ! natural process t sugge/$ ! artificial me?od4 ,a long bran* b5ds d[n to ! gr\nd1 takes root !re1 & !n becomes deta*$ f ! p>5t /ock by ! dea? or de/ruction ( ! connect+ "p4 ,! horticulturi/ lays a long %oot 9 ! gr\nd1 waits until x s5ds d[n adv5titi\s roots1 & f9ally sev]s ! connection ) 8 prun+-%e>s4 ,t is lay]+40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,lay]+ 8,"s plants1 & among !m ! p9k1 s5d out f ! base ( ! "m /alk /raight1 pliant %oots :i* c be us$ = obta9+ s _m new plants4 ,^! %oots are b$d$ by be+ b5t elb[-wise & hav+ ! angle /uck into ! gr\nd & fa/5$ !re ) a crot*2 !n ! end is rais$ upright & held s by means ( a /ake4 ,soon] or lat] ! buri$ elb[ s5ds d[n adv5titi\s roots1 b until !n n\ri%m5t is drawn f ! p>5t /ock4 ,:5 ! buri$ p>ts h s5t d[n en\gh roots1 ! connections are cut betwe5 ! old plant & ! new ones1 & ea* ( ^! latt]1 set out by itself1 is !nce=? a di/9ct plant4 ,?is op]ation is call$ lay]+1 & ! sev]al %oots us$ 9 obta9+ new plants are call$ lay]s4 8,let u n[ put into practice ! me?od we h j be5 /udy+ 9 !ory4 ,9 a v9ey>d1 we w suppose1 a numb] ( ! v9es h di$ f "s cause or o!r1 & x is necess>y to replace !m4 ,lay]+ (f]s u ! readie/ means & w occasion lea/ delay to ! h>ve/4 ,ne> ! place occupi$ by ! dead v9e we select a /ock provid$ ) a vigor\s %oot ( suffici5t l5g? & conv5i5tly situat$4 ,!n we dig d[n :]e ! old v9e /&s & pull up all ( ! lifeless /alk z well z ! roots1 s9ce ^! are seats ( decay t might infect ! :ole neighborhood4 ,f9ally1 9 ! soil ?us /irr$ we dig a dit* two or ?ree decimet]s deep1 & 9 ?is we lay ! %oot we h select$1 tak+ c>e 9 b5d+ x d[n n to break or spl9t] x4 ,! "p ?us put into ! gr\nd is !n cov]$ ) a tol]ably ?ick lay] ( e>?1 & on ?is1 to complete ! fill+ ( ! dit*1 is ?r[n a basketful ( manure4 ,! tip ( ! %oot is rais$ upright1 ti$ to a /ake1 & trimm$ 9 su* a mann] z to reta9 only two eyes or buds above gr\nd4 ,z to ! eyes on ! "p ext5d+ f ! "m /em to ! po9t :]e ! %oot plunges into ! gr\nd1 !y are nipp$ (f because !y w\ld ne$lessly appropriate a "p ( ! sap4 ,?is op]ation is call$ v9e-lay]+1 & ! %oot b5t d[n & plac$ 9 ! gr\nd we speak ( z a v9e-lay]4 ,! be/ "t = ?is "w is ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 because ! long re/ enjoy$ by ! %oot 9 ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t ! season :5 vegetation slumb]s disposes x to spr\t ) m vigor ^u ! r5ewal ( sap-circulation 9 ! spr+4 8,let u n[ wat* ! behavior ( ! p>tly buri$ v9e-%oot4 ,if x _h rema9$ all 9 ! op5 air1 x w\ld h borne fruit2 x w\ld h _h its ?ree or f\r bun*es ( grapes4 ,:y %\ld x n d s "u ! conditions impos$ by ! v9e-dress]1 conditions t h alt]$ no?+ 9 its relations to ! "m /em8 ,x /ill rema9s 9 un9t]rupt$ communication ) ! v9e t su/a9s x2 x receives its %>e ( asc5d+ sap drawn f ! soil by ! roots ( ?is v9e2 ! buds rema9+ to x w develop leaves :i*1 ) ! help ( sunlight1 w conv]t ?is crude sap into elaborat$ sap2 9 %ort1 x lacks no?+ to enable x to function almo/ z x w\ld h done _h x n be5 p>tly buri$4 ,& 9 fact ! v9e-lay] does be> t same ye>2 if well c>$ =1 x be>s sev]al bun*es ( grapes4 ,s ! prov]b says3 ,! v9e-lay] pays its own] f ! v fir/ ye>4 ,mean:ile1 act$ on by ! coolness & moi/ure ( ! soil & ! /imulus ( f]tilization1 x puts =? adv5titi\s roots :]e x has be5 plac$ und]gr\nd1 & ^! roots gr[ 9 numb] & vigor until ! "t comes :5 !y suffice to n\ri% ! "y v9e )\t ! help ( ! "m /em4 ,x is 9 ! ?ird ye> t ! root+ is f> en\gh advanc$ = ! "y (f%oot's indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,wean+ is !n und]tak51 & ! nursl+ is depriv$ ( its nurse2 t is to say1 a /roke ( ! prun+-knife close to ! gr\nd & on ! side t[>d ! p>5t /ock sep>ates ! latt] f ! v9e-lay]1 :i* becomes h5ce=? self-support+4 8,) its long %oots s ne> ! gr\nd ! v9e (f]s e conv5i5ce = c>ry+ out ! op]ation j describ$2 b z a g5]al rule %rubs & trees are f> less favorably situat$3 _! bran*es are n long en\gh or flexible en\gh or 7a prime ess5tial7 ne> en\gh to ! gr\nd to be b5t d[n & laid 9 ! tr5* dug = receiv+ ! lay]4 ,h[ is ?is difficulty to be ov]come8 ,! way is v simple4 ,we h already obs]v$ ! effect ( cutt+ back2 we "k t a /em cut back1 t is to say cut (f close to ! gr\nd1 develops ar\nd ! bord] ( its w\nd num]\s adv5titi\s buds :i* gr[ into s _m %oots4 ,!y are precisely ! sort ( %oots we ne$1 long1 flexible1 & />t+ f ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,ea* ( !m1 if treat$ z a lay]1 p>tly buri$ 9 a tr5* :]e x is fix$ ) a crot*1 & held1 above gr\nd1 9 a v]tical position by means ( a prop1 takes root soon] or lat] accord+ to its species1 & c !n be transf]r$ z an indep5d5t plant to any desir$ spot4 ,su* is ! simple me?od kn[n bo? z lay]+ & z ar*+1 because x is ess5tially ! same z ord9>y lay]+ & at ! same "t necessitates ! b5d+ ( ! "y %oot s z to describe an ar*4 8,! foll[+ me?od disp5ses ) ?is b5d+1 :i* is impracticable :5 ! wood is too brittle4 ,9 ! spr+ ! /alk or trunk t is to furni% ! lay]s is cut back4 ,all ar\nd ?is cross-section "y %oots soon make _! appe>ance1 aft] :i* x is only necess>y to wait until !y are long en\gh b h n yet lo/ _! t5d]ness1 a /ate mo/ conducive to ! gr[? ( adv5titi\s buds2 !n ! p>5t trunk is e>!d up1 or 9 o!r words light soil is heap$ all ab\t ! /ump s z to cov] ! l[] "p ( ea* %oot4 ,! e>? is pil$ up 9 ! %ape ( a truncat$ cone ) a cup-%ap$ holl[ at ! top to receive wat] f "t to "t & ?us ma9ta9 ! necess>y degree ( moi/ure & coolness4 ,kept damp & cool 9 ?is mann]1 ! "y %oots w be=e long s5d d[n adv5titi\s roots1 & ! foll[+ ye> !re w be a clu/] ( root$ plants t c easily be deta*$ ) a knife4 ,t is :at is call$ lay]+ by e>?+ up or by spr\t+4 8,if x is f\nd undesirable to cut back ! p>5t /em 9 ord] to obta9 %oots = lay]+1 & if at ! same "t ! %oot t we wi% to root is too high to be b5t d[n & ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ! foll[+ exp$i5t may be employ$4 ,a fl[]-pot brok5 9 two l5g?wise or a lead5 cornucopia is hung on ! tree1 & ! bran* to be root$ is plac$ l5g?wise 9 ! pot or cornucopia4 ,! pot is !n fill$ ) mold or moss kept damp by frequ5t wat]+1 & ! result1 soon] or lat]1 is ! gr[? ( adv5titi\s roots4 ,:5 ^! are suitably develop$1 gradual wean+ is next 9 ord]2 t is to say1 und]nea? ! pot a slight cut is made1 & ?is is deep5$ day by day4 ,! end "h 9 view is to accu/om ! lay] little by little to d )\t ! "m /em & support itself4 ,at la/ ! sep>ation is complete4 ,?is gradual wean+ is no less advantage\s :5 ! lay]s are plac$ 9 ! gr\nd3 x assures ! success ( ! op]ation4 8,if ! wood is t5d]1 adv5titi\s roots spr+ )\t difficulty f ! int]r$ "p1 & ! me?ods already describ$ suffice = ! success ( ! lay]+2 b woods ( d5se /ructure are m or less ob/9ate ab\t tak+ root1 & might rema9 9 ! gr\nd indef9itely )\t yield+4 ,9 su* cases our art mu/ int]v5e1 bas$ on ! plant's mann] ( liv+4 ,let u recall ! effect ( a b& drawn tightly ab\t a /alk or trunk4 ,above ?is l9e ( /rangulation ! desc5d+ sap accumulates m & m1 s9ce x c no long] cont9ue on its c\rse betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k1 ?is latt] be+ compress$ by ! ligature4 ,x accumulates & produces a r+-%ap$ swell+ :]e ! plant tries to dis*>ge on ! outside ! sup]abundance ( matt] arre/$ 9 its passage4 ,let ?is protub]ance be heap$ ab\t ) fre% e>?1 & adv5titi\s roots w spe$ily be develop$ to all[ ! sap to cont9ue its desc5t4 ,a t9y /reamlet1 runn+ free1 foll[s its *annel )\t ef=t & )\t any und]m9+ ( ob/acles4 ,b if we ob/ruct its passage ! accumulat+ body ( wat] w ga9 p[] to op5 new v5ts = itself ?r\gh ! dam4 ,sap does likewise4 ,circulat+ freely 9 its natural *annel1 x is n div]t$ f its c\rse by any allurem5ts on its way2 & unless ! conditions pres5t 9 wood & b>k favor ! gr[? ( new roots1 no sap w be exp5d$ = ?is purpose4 ,b if its usual passage is b>r$1 ! sap devotes its en]gies to ! =mation ( adv5titi\s roots 9 ord] t x may1 ?r\gh !m1 resume its int]rupt$ c\rse4 ,a l result foll[s if a r+ ( b>k is remov$ f ! buri$ "p ( ! bran* or %oot t we wi% to take root4 ,! arre/$ sap produces a r+-%ap$ swell+ on ! upp] edge ( ! w\nd1 & f ?is swell+ spr+ roots4 8,n[ let u apply ^! !oretical pr9ciples4 ,if ! wood is compact & = t reason rebels aga9/ ! laws ( simple lay]+1 we w take a piece ( wire & /rangle 7t is ! ^w7 ! bran* we are op]at+ ^u2 t is to say1 we w b9d x tight1 b )\t break+ ! b>k4 ,! compression %\ld be made j bel[ a bud or eye1 & ab\t midway ( ! "p t is to be und]gr\nd4 ,?is process is call$ lay]+ by /rangulation4 8,or aga91 /ill midway ( ! "p to be b$d$ 9 ! e>?1 & imm$iately "u a bud1 we cut ! b>k all ar\nd ! bran* )\t injur+ ! wood2 a second incision is made a c5timet] & a half l[] d[n2 !n te>+ (f ! /rip ( b>k betwe5 ! two circumcisions1 we remove x all 9 "o piece4 ,?is me?od is kn[n z annul> incision f ! r+ ( b>k ?us tak5 away4 8,or z a ?ird exp$i5t1 /ill midway ( ! "p to be b$d$ 9 ! tr5*1 we make ) a %>p in/rum5t an oblique incision f bel[ upw>d1 cutt+ into ! wood z f> z ! m>r[4 ,9 ?is way we are enabl$ to raise a tongue compris+ half ! ?ickness ( ! %oot1 & ?is tongue is held 9 its lift$ position by a small pebble ins]t$ 9 ! slit4 ,?is is :at we call a ,y-%ap$ incision1 because ! rais$ tongue =ms ) ! re/ ( ! /em an op5+ l t betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ! lett] ,y4 ,?r\gh ! half t rema9s intact communication ) ! "m /em is ma9ta9$ & ! ne$$ %>e ( crude sap is receiv$1 :ile f ! cut & uprais$ half adv5titi\s roots are put =? because ! c\rse ( ! desc5d+ sap is arre/$ !re4 8,9 ord] to br+ into contact ) ! damp soil a great] ext5t ( w\nd$ fib] fit = putt+ =? adv5titi\s roots1 x is cu/om>y to split ! uprais$ tongue 9 two & keep ! two p>ts gap+ by int]pos+ a small pebble4 ,?is me?od ( d\ble incision is us$ = trees t (f] ! greate/ resi/ance to successful lay]+4 8,to sum up1 all ^! me?ods & o!rs d]iv$ f !m h = _! object ! fo/]+ ( adv5titi\s roots by arre/+ ! c\rse ( ! desc5d+ sap at a c]ta9 po9t b5ea? ! soil40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,slipp+ 8,propagation by means ( a slip or scion cut f ! p>5t tree & s plac$ t x w develop adv5titi\s roots we may = conv5i5ce speak ( z slipp+4 ,! cut end ( ! slip is set 9 ! gr\nd 9 "s cool1 moi/1 %ady spot :]e evaporation is sl[ & ! temp]ature mild4 ,= delicate slips ! %elt] ( a bell-glass is (t5 necess>y 9 ord] to insure ! requisite moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e & ?us prev5t ! slip f dry+ up be=e x has s5t d[n roots to make good its losses4 ,= great] surety1 if ! slip has _m leaves1 mo/ ( ! l[] ones are remov$ 9 ord] to r$uce ! evaporat+ surface z mu* z possible )\t compromis+ ! plant's vitality1 :i* resides especially 9 ! upp] "p4 ,b 9 _m cases ^! precautions are ne$less2 ?us1 to propagate ! grape-v9e1 will[1 & popl>1 x suffices m]ely to ?ru/ ! deta*$ scion into ! gr\nd4 8,trees ^: wood is s(t & well fill$ ) sap are ! ones be/ fitt$ = slipp+2 to ?is class belongs ! will[1 ) its notably t5d] fib]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wood t is d5se & h>d gives u sure w>n+ t ?is mode ( propagation w be f\nd v difficult or ev5 impossible4 ,?us x w\ld inv>iably fail ) ! oak1 ! olive1 ! box-tree1 & a great _m m h>d-wood trees4 ,fur!rmore1 slipp+ (f]s f> less c]ta9ty ( success ?an lay]+1 s9ce ! lay] rema9s 9 communication ) ! p>5t /ock & is ?us suppli$ ) n\ri%m5t until x has acquir$ roots ( its own1 :]eas ! slip1 all su* communication be+ abruptly cut (f1 is oblig$ f ! outset to rely on its own res\rces & pass )\t help ?r\gh ! difficult p]iod ( rootlessness4 ,among fruit-be>]s !re are sc>cely any except ! grape-v9e1 ! currant-bu%1 ! qu9ce-tree1 & a few v>ieties ( plum & apple trees1 t l5d !mselves to ?is me?od ( propagation4 ,among ! l>g] trees ! will[ & ! popl> take root ) no difficulty :atev] :5 />t$ f ! slip4 ,f9ally1 a great _m ornam5tal species1 h]bace\s plants or bu%es l ! rose1 jasm9e1 & honeysuckle1 multiply easily by ?is me?od1 ! usual "o adopt$ ) !m by ! fl[]-g>d5]4 8,let u g back n[ to ! v simple/ case1 ! "o call+ = ! fewe/ precautions4 ,a damp piece ( gr\nd on ! wat]'s edge is to be plant$ ) popl>s or will[s4 ,t[>d ! end ( w9t] ! =e/] 9 *>ge cuts a suffici5t numb] ( vigor\s "y bran*es z l>ge ar\nd z a /\t cane or ev5 a man's fi/1 or p]haps l>g]1 & f "o to f\r met]s long4 ,he removes all ! l[] twigs1 clips ! int]m$iate ones to half _! l5g?1 & leaves ! upp] ones intact if ! tree is to be pyramid-%ap$2 o!rwise he gives ! top a truncate =m4 ,f9ally ! l[] end is cut to a po9t ) ! hat*et1 to make x easi] to ?ru/ into ! gr\nd4 ,n[ ! slip is ready = plant+1 & all t is necess>y is to pu% x well d[n into ! e>? by its po9t$ end & leave x to itself4 ,)\t any fur!r att5tion1 if ! gr\nd is suffici5tly damp1 adv5titi\s roots w />t1 & ea* ( ! /akes ?us rudely hack$ w become a popl> or a will[4 8,b o!r =ms ( vegetation are f> f manife/+ ?is facility 9 root+ :i* makes possible ! gr[? ( a tree f a /ake driv5 into ! gr\nd1 x may be ) ! bl[ ( a club2 !re=e delicate precautions are necess>y = success if ^! obdurate subjects are to be propagat$ by slips4 ,let u take ! grape-v9e z an example4 ,its slips = plant+ are %oots ( ! same ye>'s gr[?4 ,^! are ti$ 9 a bundle & _! cut ends plac$ 9 wat] to soak = a week or m4 ,:y ?is long imm]sion ( ! "p t lat] is to be plant$ 9 ! gr\nd8 ,because ! outside b>k is dry & t\gh1 difficult = t5d] roots to pi]ce1 especially if ! soil is dry4 ,accord+ly ! b>k is s(t5$ by soak+ = "s "t 9 wat]2 & also1 :5 ! slips are tak5 out ( ! wat]1 !y are lightly scrap$ :]e !y are to be 9 ! e>?1 b left unt\*$ :]e !y are to be 9 ! air4 ,9 ?is way ! out] lay] ( b>k is remov$ aft] be+ s(t5$ 9 wat]1 & !re is s mu* ! less resi/ance (f]$ to ! gr[+ roots2 b ! inn] lay]s1 :]e ! v9e's vital activities g on1 are scrupul\sly sp>$4 ,! slight w\nds inflict$ by ?is scrap+1 let x be fur!r not$1 favor ! />t+ ( roots by arre/+ ! sap4 ,aft] be+ prep>$ 9 ?is mann] ! slips are set out4 ,9 soil t has be5 well work$ s t ! "y roots may pu% d[nw>d )\t h9drance1 v]tical holes are made ) a long iron or wood5 dibble1 & 9 ea* ( ^! holes a slip is ins]t$ to ! dep? ( ab\t half a met]4 ,f9e e>? is !n sift$ into ! hole & well ramm$ d[n to insure p]fect contact ) ! slip1 & ! op]ation is f9i%$4 8,j z ! process ( lay]+ is facilitat$ by ! =mation ( a r+-%ap$ swell+ :]e ! desc5d+ sap is arre/$ 9 its c\rse ei!r by a ligature or by ! removal ( a r+ ( b>k1 s ! same artifice c be advantage\sly employ$ 9 propagat+ by means ( slips4 ,ar\nd ! %oot select$ z slip = ! next ye>'s plant+ an iron wire is tightly b\nd2 or1 in/ead ( ?is1 a r+ ( b>k is cut away4 ,by autumn a swell+ w h =m$ all ab\t ! /em1 :]eupon ! %oot is deta*$ & plac$ 9 ! gr\nd = ! w9t] 9 ord] t ! swell+ may become a little fur!r enl>g$ & some:at s(t5$4 ,9 ! spr+ ! %oot is tak5 up aga91 trimm$ s t x %all h only f\r or five buds left1 & plant$ l an ord9>y slip4 ,f ! r+-%ap$ swell+ caus$ by ! accumulation ( sap roots w />t4 8,all ! advantages (f]$ by ! r+-%ap$ swell+ may be secur$ ) no exp5diture ( +5uity on our "p4 ,take hold ( a small bran* & pull x d[n s z to split x (f f ! ma9 /em4 ,?us torn away x w br+ ) x a sort ( spur or spl9t] f ! trunk directly "u ! sev]$ bran*4 ,?is spur1 trimm$ ) a knife to give x a less ragg$ outl9e1 w r5d] ! same s]vice z ! r+-%ap$ swell+3 ! desc5d+ sap w be /opp$ 9 its c\rse at ?is po9t1 w accumulate1 & w fo/] ! gr[? ( adv5titi\s roots4 8,in/ead ( break+ (f ! bran* by te>+ x away at its base1 "o c1 ) a /roke ( ! prun+-knife above ?is base & ano!r bel[ x1 cut ! old] limb be>+ ?is bran* s t ! latt] c>ries ) x a piece ( ! =m]4 ,) ?is piece z a sort ( natural b\rrelet or swell+1 success is r5d]$ m assur$ ?an 9 any o!r way4 8,to conclude1 let u say a few words ab\t slipp+ by means ( buds1 a k9d ( plant+ t uses buds in/ead ( se$s4 ,?is me?od1 :i* requires ! nice/ c>e ( any1 is adopt$ only 9 exceptional cases4 ,let u suppose we h a v few %oots1 or only "o1 f "s extremely r>e v>iety ( grape-v9e1 & we wi% to obta9 f ?is s+le %oot ! greate/ possible numb] ( slips4 ,to ?is end ! %oot is cut into small pieces ab\t five c5timet]s long1 ea* be>+ a bud midway ( its l5g?4 ,^! pieces are !n ea* split 9 two l5g?wise1 & ! "p ) ! bud is reta9$1 ! o!r ?r[n away4 ,?us prep>$1 ! pieces are plant$ 9 f]tile soil ) ! split surface und]nea? & ! bud j peep+ out ( ! e>?4 ,b to insure any likelihood ( success ) ?is me?od1 c]ta9 special conditions n call$ = 9 ord9>y plant+ mu/ be obs]v$1 z w be readily und]/ood4 ,! delicate slips are arrang$ ) c>e 9 an e>!n pan or pot1 & cov]$ ) a bell-glass to assure !m a moi/ & w>m atmosph]e4 ,aft] roots h />t$ ! slips are transplant$1 ea* be+ plac$ 9 a sep>ate pot :]e x ga9s /r5g? & awaits ! prop] "t = plant+ 9 ! gr\nd40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,graft+ 8,graft+ is ! process by :i* a twig or a bud #e is transplant$ f "o bran* to ano!r1 or f "o tree to ano!r4 ,t :i* is to s]ve z support & su/5ance to ! transf]r$ "p is kn[n z ! /ock1 :ile ! twig or bud receiv$ by x is call$ ! graft4 8,"o absolutely necess>y condition mu/ be fulfill$ if ?is op]ation is to be successful3 ! transf]r$ "p mu/ f9d on its new nurs+-bran* nutrim5t to its ta/e1 t is to say1 a sap l its own4 ,?is requires t ! two plants1 ! /ock & ! "o t furni%es ! graft1 %\ld be ( ! same species or at lea/ belong to closely relat$ species1 s9ce lik5ess ( sap & its products c result only f lik5ess ( organization4 ,x w\ld be a m]e wa/e ( "t to try to engraft ! lilac ^u ! rose1 or ! rose ^u ! will[1 = !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 ^! ?ree species ei!r 9 leaves1 fl[]s1 or fruit4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 /ructure is inv>iably accompani$ by a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 respect to nutrition4 ,h5ce ! rose-bud w\ld />ve to dea? on a lilac-bran*1 & ! lilac-bud w\ld meet ) ! same sad fate on a rose-bu%4 ,b lilac c v well be graft$ on lilac1 rose-bu% on rose-bu%1 v9e on v9e4 ,& "o c ev5 g fur!r ?an ?is3 a pea*-bud w fl\ri% on an apricot-tree1 a *]ry-bud on a plum-tree1 & vice v]sa2 = betwe5 ! memb]s ( ea* ( ^! pairs !re is a close & easily disc]nible analogy4 ,9 %ort1 !re mu/ be ! close/ possible resemblance betwe5 ! two plants if graft+ is to succe$4 8,! anci5ts 7 f> f hav+ any cle> idea on ?is absolute ne$ ( lik5ess 9 organization4 ,!y tell u ( graft+ ! holly ) ! rose to obta9 gre5 roses1 ! walnut tree ) ! grape to produce enorm\s grapes z l>ge z walnuts4 ,9 our own "t has n ! project be5 s]i\sly consid]$ ( graft+ a v9e %oot on to a mulb]ry tree 9 ord] to re/ore vigor to ! grape ^: roots an und]gr\nd grub has attack$8 ,su* graft+s & o!rs betwe5 plants completely unlike h nev] be5 successfully und]tak5 except 9 ! imag9ation ( ^? :o dreamt !m4 8,we h already se5 t1 gr[n f se$1 our v>i\s fruit trees d n1 z a rule1 reproduce ! quality ( fruit ( ! p>5t /ock2 an inv9cible t5d5cy to rev]t to ! wild /ate causes ! fruit to lose1 little by little1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 ! improvem5t x _h acquir$ ?r\gh cultivation4 ,?us ! pe>1 ?r\gh repeat$ plant+s ( ! se$1 w\ld become increas+ly s\r1 small1 & h>d1 until x _h at la/ return$ to ! sorry /ate ( ! wild pe> gr[+ on ! edge ( ! woods4 ,b ?is defect att5d+ gr[? f ! se$ is r$eem$ by "o v desirable quality3 ! tree ?us gr[n rega9s m or less ! robu/ness ( its wild type2 x is incomp>ably m vigor\s1 heal?i]1 long]-liv$1 ?an ! artificially p]fect$ tree ^: /r5g? is compromis$ by ! v excess ( its fructification4 ,"o has vigor1 ! o!r f9e fruit4 ,! two attributes _c g toge!r2 if "o increases1 ! o!r decreases4 ,well !n1 ^! robu/ specim5s re>$ f ! se$ are j :at we require = graft+4 ,us$ z /ocks1 !y supply ! quality inh]5t 9 !m1 namely1 vigor2 & ! cutt+ engraft$ ^u !m furni%es ! o!r quality1 excell5ce ( fruit4 8,accord+ly x is ! practice to plant ! pips ( pe>s & apples1 & ! /ones ( apricots & pea*es2 & on ! trees ?us obta9$ to graft cutt+s f pe>1 apple1 apricot1 & pea* trees t be> fruit ( recogniz$ sup]iority4 ,9 ?is way !re are unit$ 9 ! same tree ! root & trunk ( ! robu/ & almo/ wild k9d ) ! leaves & blossoms ( ! weak b artificially improv$ k9d4 ,e v>iety ( pe> tree is by nature fitt$ to receive a pe> graft1 e v>iety ( pea* tree to receive a pea* graft1 & s on ) all fruit-trees4 ,!re is no objection to select+ z /ock any wild pe>1 *]ry1 or plum tree t may h sprung up ( itself 9 h$ge or ?icket4 ,x is ?us = example t ! *]ry is graft$ on two o!rs ( l sort1 ! wild *]ry & ! *]ry ( ,sa9t ,lucia1 bo? frequ5t]s ( uncultivat$ hillsides4 ,! fir/ be>s fruit h>dly z l>ge z a pea1 black1 r\nd1 & full ( a v d>k & r bitt] juice2 ! second has /ill small] fruit ) sc>cely any pulp & uneatable4 ,no matt]3 ) grafts f a suitably *os5 s\rce !y w cov] !mselves ) ! f9e/ *]ries4 ,9 l mann] our sup]b g>d5 roses c be gr[n on ! wild rose /ock1 ! common dog rose ( ! h$ges1 ^: mode/ blossoms h only five petals ( a pale c>nation color & are well-nigh odorless4 ,sometimes1 aga91 two species ( simil> *>act]i/ics are *os5 = graft+ purposes4 ,?us ! pe> grafts well on ! qu9ce-tree1 ! fruit ( ! latt] be+1 aft] all1 a sort ( big pe>2 ! apricot c be graft$ on ! plum2 ! pea* on ! plum &1 /ill bett]1 on ! almond1 s l ! pea* 9 its foliage1 its e>ly blossom+1 & ! /ructure ( its fruit4 8,z a curiosity let u m5tion ! mix+ ( sev]al k9ds ( fruit on ! same /ock4 ,by means ( graft+ ! same tree c be>1 all at "o "t1 almonds1 apricots1 pea*es1 plums1 & *]ries1 because ^! five k9ds admit ( reciprocal graft+2 ano!r tree may be cov]$ simultane\sly ) pe>s1 qu9ces1 b]ries ( ! m\nta9 a%1 m$l>s1 & s]vice-b]ries4 ,^! are v odd in/ances1 c]ta9ly1 b ( no practical int]e/4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to dwell long] on !m did !y n tea* a useful lesson4 ,!y demon/rate t h[ev] _m fre% grafts are add$ to a tree1 ! new-com]s ex]t no influ5ce outside _! own sph]e4 ,:e!r (f%oots ( ! tree itself or ali5s1 ! grafts develop1 blossom1 & fructify1 ea* aft] its own k9d1 )\t contract+ any ( its neighbor's habits4 ,among ! curi\s ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ?is artificial juxtaposition ( mutually indep5d5t grafts1 we w m5tion a pe>-tree on :i* 7 repres5t$1 by means ( graft+1 all ! diff]5t v>ieties ( cultivat$ pe>s4 ,s\r or sweet1 dry or juicy1 l>ge or small1 gre5 or bright-color$1 r\nd or long1 h>d or mell[1 ea* & all rip5$ on ! same tree & grew aga9 ye> aft] ye> )\t *ange1 fai?ful to ! specific "*1 n ( ! support+ tree1 b ( ! v>i\s grafts plant$ on ?is common /ock4 8,! m]e br++ toge!r ( analog\s plants does n suffice = ! success ( ! op]ation ( graft+2 !re mu/ be a consid]able ext5t ( contact betwe5 ^? p>ts ( ! graft & ! /ock t h ! mo/ vitality & are consequ5tly be/ fitt$ to coalesce4 ,?is contact %\ld be 9 ! inn] lay]s ( ! b>k & 9 ! seat ( plant-gr[? situat$ betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k4 ,! vital activity ( ! plant1 9 fact1 resides especially 9 ?is region4 ,x is betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k t ! elaborat$ sap desc5ds2 !re is :]e new cells & new fib]s are organiz$1 to =m on "o side a %eet ( b>k & on ! o!r a lay] ( wood4 ,h5ce x is !re & only !re t coalesc5ce is possible betwe5 ! graft & ! /ock40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,graft+ 7,cont9u$7 8,!re are ?ree pr9cipal k9ds ( graft+1 namely3 graft+ by approa* 7also call$ simply #8approa*+' or #8in>*+'71 graft+ by %oots or scions1 & graft+ by buds 7commonly kn[n z #8budd+'74 ,! =m giv5 to ! two cut ends t are br\ght toge!r & ! disposition ( ! p>ts ?us plac$ 9 contact give rise1 9 practice1 to num]\s subdivisions t ne$ n be m5tion$ "h4 ,we w conf9e ourselves to ! ess5tials4 8,graft+ by approa* is analog\s to lay]+1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! tree to be graft$ takes ! place ( ! soil t receives ! lay]4 ,9 lay]+ we induce ! gr[? ( adv5titi\s roots by p>tly bury+ 9 ! gr\nd a bran* or %oot /ill adh]+ to ! /ock t n\ri%es x4 ,:51 act$ ^u by ! soil1 roots h />t$ 9 suffici5t numb]1 ! %oot is gradually cut loose until at la/ x is q sev]$ f ! p>5t /ock4 ,9 graft+ by approa* x is also propos$ to make a bran*1 a %oot1 a tree-top1 :ile /ill unit$ to its own /em or /ock1 take root1 s to speak1 n 9 ! gr\nd1 b 9 ! sub/ance ( a neighbor+ tree4 8,let u suppose t two %rubs are gr[+ close toge!r & t we wi% to engraft on "o ( !m a twig or %oot ( ! o!r4 ,! p>ts to be plac$ 9 contact receive ea* a longitud9al ga% t p5etrates to ! m>r[1 or ev5 deep]1 & ! two ga%es are made ( equal l5g?4 ,^! p>ts are !n br\ght toge!r1 c>e be+ tak5 to make ! "y & gr[+ portions 9 ! "o exactly meet ^? 9 ! o!r2 t is to say1 ! inn] lay] ( b>k 9 ea*1 ) ! *annel trav]s$ by ! elaborat$ sap1 is c>efully fitt$ to ! correspond+ "p 9 its neighbor4 ,! :ole is !reupon made fa/ ) a ligature1 & ! two w\nds are left to ! sl[ op]ation ( vital =ces4 ,f$ by its own /em or trunk1 f :i* x is n yet sep>at$1 ! %oot to be transplant$ m+les its sap ) ! sap ( its neighbor2 on bo? sides !re are new gr[?s to cicatrize ! w\nds1 :ile ! two p>ts gradually coalesce until1 soon] or lat]1 ! graft becomes incorporat$ ) its future support4 ,& n[ ! graft mu/ be wean$2 t is1 x mu/1 little by little1 be depriv$ ( ! su/5ance furni%$ by its own /ock4 ,?is is accompli%$ z 9 simple lay]+1 by gradually cutt+ ?r\gh ! %oot bel[ ! po9t ( union4 ,z soon z ! graft is ?\ght to be gett+ all its n\ri%m5t f ! new /em1 x is completely sev]$ f ! "m tree4 ,?is mode ( graft+1 ! mo/ elem5t>y ( all1 sometimes takes place accid5tally & unassi/$4 ,9 a h$ge or any d5se gr[? ( bu%es1 if two bran*es *ance to come into close & prolong$ contact1 !re w be at ?is po9t1 fir/1 a slight abrasion & !n a complete we>+ away ( ! b>k until ! two raw surfaces end1 x may be1 9 gr[+ toge!r4 ,x is n improbable t natural occurr5ces ( ?is k9d furni%$ man ) 8 fir/ notions ( graft+4 8,graft+ by approa* is an excell5t me?od to apply :5ev] 9 ! arrangem5t ( a fruit-tree's bran*es !re is a vacant space t ne$s fill+4 ,regul> di/ribution1 symmetry ( arrangem5t1 is a condition dem&$ if only to satisfy ! eye1 :i* is always (f5d$ by disord]2 b !re is ano!r & /ill m conv9c+ reason = ?is regul>ity4 ,! m ev5ly a tree's bran*es are di/ribut$1 s t ea* %all receive an equal %>e ( sap1 sunlight1 & heat1 s mu* ! m fruit w x be>4 ,suppose1 !n1 !re is a lack ( bran*es 9 "s "p4 ,to fill ?is gap & ?us re/ore ! tree's symmetry1 graft+ by approa* (f]s a ready means4 ,f a bran* ne> ! vacant space & itself suffici5tly suppli$ ) twigs or %oots1 "o ( ^! latt]1 ( good l5g?1 is select$2 !n x is prop]ly cut or ga%$ & ! ga% is br\ght into contact ) a simil> ga% at ! po9t :]e x is desir$ to />t a new gr[?2 &1 f9ally1 a ligature is appli$ to hold ! two p>ts toge!r4 ,z soon z coalesc5ce is complete ! graft is sev]$ bel[ ! po9t ( union1 & ! l[] section1 aft] be+ /raight5$ up aga91 is ready to s]ve once m z bran* to ! limb t be>s x4 ,9 ?is way1 ) no loss to !mselves1 ! m abundant bran*es furni% (f%oots to ! poor] ones4 8,graft+ by means ( %oots or scions cut f ! p>5t /ock at ! outset is analog\s to slipp+4 ,x consi/s 9 transplant+ on to a new /ock a %oot deta*$ f its "m bran*4 ,! mo/ common me?od is cleft-graft+4 ,x is done 9 ! spr+ :5 ! buds beg9 to op54 ,%oots ( ! prec$+ ye> are *os5 = grafts1 c>e be+ tak5 to select ^? t are vigor\s & t h atta9$ no lat] ?an ,augu/ ! h>d & woody condition necess>y = resi/ance to ! sev]ities ( w9t]4 ,"o precaution at ! v outset mu/ be tak54 ,:5 ! graft is put 9 place x w be ( ! utmo/ importance t x %all f9d 9 its new position n\ri%m5t proportionate to its ne$s4 ,x w\ld infallibly p]i% if x %\ld prove to be 9 a m advanc$ /ate ( vegetation ?an ! /ock select$ to n\ri% x4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 ought to be r ahead ( ?an beh9d ! =m] 9 ?is respect4 ,to secure ?is result1 betwe5 "o & two mon?s be=e ! op]ation is to be c>ri$ out x is well to cut ! grafts & place !m 9 ! gr\nd on ! nor? side ( a wall1 :]e !y w rema9 quiesc5t :ile ! bran*es to :i* !y are to be transf]r$ w make progress & _! sap w />t4 8,we w suppose !re is a wor?less pe>-tree 9 our g>d51 gr[n f a pip or transplant$ f its native wood1 & we propose to make x be> good pe>s4 ,! c\rse to pursue is z foll[s4 ,we cut (f entirely ! upp] "p ( ! wild pe> tree1 trimm+ ! cut ) our prun+-knife s t !re are no ragg$ edges1 s9ce ^! w\ld n sc> ov] readily & might become ! seat ( a f>-rea*+ decay4 ,if ! trunk is ( mod]ate size & is to receive b "o graft1 x is cut a little obliquely ) a small level surface on ! upp] edge1 z %[n 9 ! picture4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is horizontal facet a split is made to ! dep? ( ab\t six c5timet]s4 ,t done1 we take "o ( ! grafts set aside z already indicat$1 & we cut x s z to leave only two or ?ree buds1 ( :i* ! topmo/ "o %\ld be at ! tip ( ! bran*4 ,!n1 j "u ! l[e/ bud we :ittle ! end ( ! graft into ! %ape ( a knife-blade1 lett+ ! bud /& j above ! back or dull edge ( ! blade4 ,= great] /ability :5 ! graft is put 9 place1 a n>r[ inv]t$ l$ge is cut at ! top ( ! blade on bo? sides4 ,a glance at ! picture w %[ y all ^! little details4 ,f9ally1 ! graft is slipp$ into ! cleft ( ! /ock1 b>k exactly meet+ b>k1 wood meet+ wood4 ,! :ole is br\ght tightly toge!r by b9d+1 & ! w\nds are cov]$ ) graft+ ma/ic1 :i* may be b\ght already prep>$4 ,if ?is ma/ic is lack+ we c use :at is kn[n 9 ! c\ntry z ,sa9t ,fiacre's o9tm5t1 a sort ( pa/e made ( clay1 or r a mixture ( clay & c[s' dung1 ! fibr\s nature ( ! latt] prev5t+ ! =m] f crack+4 ,a w9d+ ( rags holds ! o9tm5t 9 place4 ,?us w\nd1 ! /ump does n suff] f exposure to ! air1 :i* w\ld dry x up4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! w\nds cicatrize1 & ! b>k & wood ( ! graft coalesce ) ! b>k & wood ( ! sev]$ trunk4 ,f9ally ! buds ( ! graft1 n\ri%$ by ! /ock1 develop into bran*es & at ! end ( a few ye>s ! top ( ! wild pe> tree is replac$ by t ( a cultivat$ pe> tree be>+ pe>s equal to ^? ( ! tree t furni%$ ! graft4 8,! op]ation ( cutt+ back a bran* or trunk to receive ! graft always promotes ! gr[? ( num]\s buds4 ,:at is to be done ) ! %oots t spr+ f ^!8 ,evid5tly !y mu/ be suppress$1 = !y w\ld appropriate1 to no good end1 ! sap int5d$ = ! graft4 ,nev]!less ! suppression mu/ be done cauti\sly4 ,let u n =get t :at prim>ily causes ! sap to asc5d is ! evaporation ( moi/ure f ! leaves4 ,z long z ! graft has n op5$ its buds & spread its leaves1 x is well to let ! "y %oots ( ! /ock rema9 unt\*$4 ,!y act z help]s1 9 t _! foliage draws upw>d ! juices extract$ f ! soil by ! roots2 s t1 f> f hav+ an injuri\s effect at ?is "t1 _! pres5ce is mo/ useful4 ,b ! day w come :5 ! graft alone w suffice = ?is "w ( pump+ up ! sap1 & !n x is be/ to get rid ( ^! messmates :i*1 ( he>ti] appetite ?an ! graft1 w\ld soon />ve x out4 ,fir/ ! l[] %oots ( ! /ock are suppress$1 !n gradually ^? high] up1 c>e be+ tak5 n to de/roy ! top ones until ! graft has develop$ %oots two or ?ree decimet]s long40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,graft+ 7,conclud$7 8,! "p ( a plant or tree above gr\nd & ! "p "u gr\nd are mutually dep5d5t1 ! developm5t ( "o imply+ a correspond+ developm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,if !re is a sup]abundance ( foliage1 ! roots w be unable to furni% x suffici5t n\ri%m5t2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! roots are unduly vigor\s1 !re w be too mu* sap = ! foliage--an excess ( n\ri%m5t :i*1 !re be+ no use = x1 w encumb] ! plant & be injuri\s to x4 ,h5ce if ! trunk to be graft$ is /rong x mu/ h sev]al grafts1 9 ord] t ! numb] ( buds to be n\ri%$ may be 9 "r proportion to ! numb] ( n\ri%+ roots4 8,to ?is end ! trunk is cut1 n obliquely z = a s+le graft1 b horizontally4 ,!n x is split all ! way across1 foll[+ a l9e t passes ?r\gh ! c5tral pi?1 & two grafts are implant$ 9 ! cleft1 "o at ea* end4 ,x is evid5t t n m ?an two c be plac$ 9 ! same cleft1 because ! b>k ( ! graft mu/ ( necessity come 9 contact ) ! b>k ( ! /ock to insure int]-communication & coalesc5ce betwe5 ! sap-canals ( ! two4 ,if ! size ( ! /ock requires m ?an two grafts1 in/ead ( splitt+ ! trunk diametrically sev]al times1 x is pref]able to make lat]al clefts :i*1 leav+ ! c5t] unt\*$1 cause less dang] to ! solidity ( ! /ock4 8,rec\rse c also be _h to ! foll[+ me?od1 9 :i* no clefts :atev] are call$ =1 clefts be+ difficult to cicatrize :5 ! wood is old4 ,! grafts are cut l ! m\?piece ( a flute2 t is to say1 at ! base half is tak5 (f l5g?wise :ile ! o!r half is left1 b is :ittl$ d[n1 ?9n] & ?9n] t[>d ! end1 mu* l a flute's m\?piece4 ,?us %ap$1 ! grafts are ins]t$ betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k ( ! /ock1 an op]ation facilitat$ by ! fl[ ( sap 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! b>k sep>ates easily f ! wood4 ,if !re is dang] ( te>+ ! b>k "u ! /ra9 ( ! graft act+ z a w$ge1 a slight incision is made 9 ! b>k to give x ! play x ne$s4 ,9 ?is way ! circumf]5ce ( ! /ock receives ! numb] ( grafts deem$ necess>y4 ,x only rema9s n[ to b9d ! :ole securely & cov] ! w\nds ) ma/ic4 ,?is me?od is call$ cr[n-graft+1 because ! grafts are arrang$ 9 a cr[n on ! circumf]5ce ( ! cross-section4 8,graft+ by buds corresponds to t v>iety ( slipp+ 9 :i* buds1 ea* "o by itself on a small fragm5t ( ! bran*1 are set into ! gr\nd4 ,x consi/s 9 transplant+ on ! /ock a simple bud ) ! bit ( b>k t be>s x4 ,x is ! me?od mo/ commonly employ$4 ,accord+ to ! "t ( ye> :5 ! op]ation is und]tak51 ! graft is call$ an active bud or a dormant bud4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! graft+ is done 9 ! spr+1 :5 nature is awak+ f h] w9t]'s sleep1 s t ! eye or bud implant$ 9 ! /ock coalesces ) x & v soon develops into a "y %oot4 ,9 ! second in/ance ! bud is set 9 place "s "t 9 ,july or ,augu/1 at ! p]iod ( ! autumnal sap1 s t x lies dormant or1 9 o!r words1 rema9s /ation>y dur+ ! foll[+ autumn & w9t]1 aft] unit+ ) ! /ock4 8,! implem5t "h requir$ is ! graft+-knife1 furni%$ at "o end ) a v %>p blade1 & at ! o!r ) a %ort spatula ( bone or v h>d wood4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to remove ! bud to be transplant$4 ,on a bran* 9 :i* ! sap is work+ we make ) ! graft+-knife a transv]se cut above ! bud & ano!r bel[2 !n1 hold+ ! bran* 9 "o h& & ! graft+-knife 9 ! o!r1 z ! picture %[s1 we remove ! /rip ( b>k ly+ betwe5 ^! two cuts & delimit$ lat]ally by ! l9e ggg & its opposite1 9 figure ,f4 ,?is /rip1 :i* we call ! %ield1 is %[n by itself 9 ,h4 ,! leaf t %elt]$ ! bud 9 its axil has be5 remov$1 b ! base ( ! /em ( ?is leaf has be5 left & w be useful lat] = tak+ hold ( ! %ield & h&l+ x m conv5i5tly4 ,! %ield mu/ be cut away )\t any te>+ & 9 su* a mann] t no sap-wood is left cl++ to ! b>k4 ,! latt] mu/ be p]fectly intact1 especially 9 its inn] lay]s1 ! seat ( vital activities4 ,f9ally1 ! bud %\ld h its prop] complem5t ( "y1 gre5i% wood1 :i* con/itutes ! g]m1 ! v he>t ( ! bud4 ,%\ld ?is g]m be remov$ by unskilful manipulation1 ! bud w\ld h to be ?r[n away1 = ! graft w\ld surely fail4 8,! next /ep is to make a d\ble incision 9 ! b>k 9 ! %ape ( a ,t1 p5etrat+ z f> z ! wood b )\t injur+ x4 ,) ! spatula ( ! graft+-knife ! two lips ( ! w\nd are rais$ a little :ile ! bud ) its %ield is tak5 up by ! piece ( leaf-/em atta*$ to x & ins]t$ betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood4 ,all t n[ rema9s to be done is to draw ! lips ( ! little w\nd toge!r & b9d ! :ole ) "s sort ( mat]ial suffici5tly pliant & ela/ic n to compress & f9ally /rangle ! bud z x develops4 ,a ru%1 a sl5d] ?ong made ( a long & flexible grass-blade1 or1 bett] /ill1 a piece ( wool5 y>n is well suit$ to ! purpose4 ,b if despite all precautions ! ligature %\ld aft] a :ile prove too tight on acc\nt ( ! swell+ ( ! graft1 x w\ld be necess>y to loos5 x )\t delay4 ,z soon z ! graft has #8tak51' z we say1 ! "y %oots />t+ out on ! /ock are gradually suppress$ 9 ! cauti\s mann] prescrib$ = cleft-graft+4 8,:5 ! /ock is too small to receive a bud 9 ! usual mann]1 ! foll[+ exp$i5t is resort$ to4 ,f a %oot ( ab\t ! same size z ! /ock a rectangul> /rip ( b>k ) bud atta*$ is cut ) f\r incisions ( ! graft+-knife4 ,?is /rip is imm$iately laid ^u ! /ock to s]ve z a patt]n :ile ! po9t ( ! knife is pass$ all ar\nd x4 ,9 ?is way !re is cut f ! /ock a /rip ( b>k hav+ exactly ! same %ape & size z ! patt]n1 :i* latt] is !reupon ins]t$ 9 ! vacant place & made fa/ !re by a ligature4 ,?is process may n inappropriately be call$ v5e]+4 8,9 flute-graft+ ! b>k bo? above & bel[ ! bud is cut transv]sely all ar\nd ! /em1 & !n ano!r cut is made l5g?wise betwe5 ^! two sla%es4 ,a cyl9d] ( b>k may ?us be peel$ (f 9 "o piece4 ,f ! /ock1 :i* %\ld mat* ?is cyl9d] 9 size1 a simil> cyl9d] is remov$ & its place tak5 by ! o!r "o be>+ ! bud we wi% to transplant40 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops ,!y are eat+ d9n] at ! f>m4 ,a l>ge platt] ( pork cutlets & beans is smok+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! table4 ,e "o has be5 s]v$4 ,x is a pleasure to see ^! good p eat1 !y h su* he>ty appetites4 ,jacques1 ! big ox-driv]1 is ! fir/ to f9i%4 ,he ?r[s 8 bone away4 ,azor is !re to seize x4 ,he lies flat on 8 /oma* & takes ! bone 9 8 =e paws4 ,he> him bite on 8 h>d pittance4 ,h[ x cracks6 ,let any "o bew>e ( teas+ ,azor n[4 ,an angry gr[l & a b>+ ( 8 f\r =midable can9e tee? w\ld w>n ! ra% intrud] to h done ) 8 jok+ at once1 = if n--well1 ,i w n be responsible = ! consequ5ces4 ,azor is n a surly dog2 f> f x2 b he is well )9 8 rights :5 he brooks no nons5se at 8 meals4 ,he has done 8 duty mo/ valiantly z a dog4 ,night be=e la/ "s wolves 7 pr[l+ ab\t ! %eep-fold1 & he drove !m (f4 ,let ,azor gnaw 8 bone 9 peace4 ,ha1 !re6 ,! big tortoise-%ell cat1 ,ma/] ,m9et1 is o!rwise m9d$4 ,he draws ne>1 hair erect1 tail z l>ge ar\nd z y\r arm1 to try to fright5 ,azor & rob him ( 8 all[ance4 ,azor1 )\t dropp+ ! bone1 gives a l[ gr[l & lifts "o paw4 ,t is en\gh1 ! cat flees4 ,s1 my bold ,m9et1 :at 7 y aft] "h8 ,! bone is n = y2 y\r tee? are n /rong en\gh to bite x4 ,g away6 ,m>?a is call+ y to give y "s bread soak$ 9 gravy4 ,t w suit y bett] ?an a bone z h>d z a /one4 ,ah1 "h come "s m gue/s4 ,! door /&s op5 & 9 come ! h5s f ! p\ltry-y>d4 ,tap1 tap1 tap1 tap2 !y peck ! crumbs fall5 f ! table4 ,azor has no use = su* diet--t9y morsels mu* too small = him2 nor does ! cat want !m ei!r1 !y are too fl\ry4 ,b ! h5s fea/ on !m4 ,& all1 human be+s1 dog1 cat1 h5s1 d9e at ! same "t2 only ea* mu/ make ! be/ ( :at ! o!rs _c use4 ,azor is cont5t ) ! bone t big ,jacques ?rew away2 ! cat is satisfi$ ) a little bread soak$ 9 gravy1 a di% q inadequate to ,azor's ne$s2 ! h5s pick up ! crumbs disda9$ by ,jacques1 ,azor1 & ! cat4 ,m>?a1 x seems1 _h prep>$ d9n] only = ! f>m p1 & behold1 by utiliz+ ! scraps t are wor?less to "s1 _m o!rs jo9 9 ! midday meal4 ,f ! scraps disda9$ by man ! dog w ga9 /r5g? to def5d ! flock2 f ^? reject$ by ! dog ! cat w acquire ke5 eyesight & %>p claws to see & to seize ! m\se2 f :at is ( no value to ! cat ! h5s w make eggs2 & ev]y?+1 absolutely ev]y?+1 w g to ! pr(it ( ! f>m4 8,agriculture 9 its turn10 rem>k$ ,uncle ,paul1 turn+ to acc\nt ?is homely illu/ration 9 dome/ic economy1 8prep>es d9n] = ! crops 9 its own peculi> mann]4 ,x spreads ! gr\nd ) manure1 t f]tile dress+ s reli%$ by gr[+ plants4 ,! table is set1 or 9 o!r words ! field is ready1 well pl[$ & h>r[$1 & well manur$4 ,:om %all we call fir/ to ! table1 = x is pla9 we _c invite all at once4 ,:om %all we call fir/8 ,x %all be :eat1 let u say1 a plant ) ta/es h>d to please1 b "o t 9 return gives u bread4 ,s :eat is s[n4 ,9 ?is soil1 full ( all sorts ( good ?+s1 x _c fail to ?rive1 h[ev] unfavorable ! season may be4 ,x w select :at suits x be/ & leave ! re/4 8,n[ t is done4 ,! h>ve/ is 91 & x h&somely comes up to our hopes4 ,! :eat has conv]t$ into magnific5t gra9 ! f]tiliz] put into ! gr\nd4 ,out ( decay x has creat$ n\ri%m5t4 ,surely x has well acquitt$ itself ( its *>ge4 ,x has made a clean sweep3 all t c\ld be turn$ into :eat x has appropriat$1 & !re rema9s no?+ fur!r to be done4 ,:at w\ld happ51 !n1 if :eat 7 s[n aga9 9 ! same field8 ,exactly ! same ?+ t w\ld happ5 to ,simon if he _h no?+ to eat b ! bone t ,jacques ?rew away4 ,he w\ld die ( hung]4 ,simon mu/ h man's food1 :eat mu/ h :eat's food4 ,s if ! fir/ crop has exhau/$ ! supply ( mat]ial = mak+ :eat1 h[ c y expect to raise a second crop8 ,evid5tly t is ask+ ! impossible2 x is runn+ ! risk ( reap+ only a v m$iocre h>ve/ or ev5 none at all4 ,!re=e x is ! rule n to s[ :eat twice 9 succession 9 ! same field4 ,& :at is true ( :eat is true also ( all o!r crops4 ,:]e a plant has prosp]$ "o ye>1 ! same plant w n d well ! second ye>1 because ! +r$i5ts requir$ by ?is plant are m or less exhau/$4 ,x is fooli% to invite gue/s to a table t is /ripp$ b>e4 8,if ! table 7 spread aga91 if m f]tiliz] 7 add$ to ! soil1 t w\ld be q a diff]5t matt]1 & :eat w\ld gr[ z well z x did ! fir/ "t4 ,b su* a proc$ure w\ld be bad managem5t1 = ! v utmo/ %\ld be made ( "o meal4 ,be=e fur!r exp5diture 9 ! way ( f]tiliz] let u exhau/ ! virtue ( ! f]tiliz] already appli$4 ,azor d9$ well on :at ,jacques disc>d$2 ! h5s 7 well f$ ) :at ,azor & ! cat left4 ,let u take an example f ?is succession ( eat]s :o utilize ea* 9 8 own way ! remnants wor?less to ! o!rs4 ,! :eat has exhau/$1 or ne>ly exhau/$1 all t is suitable = :eat2 b j z ,jacques ! ox-driv] left ! bone1 x has left 9 ! soil a good _m +r$i5ts t make excell5t food = o!r crops4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to utilize to ! la/ ounce ! fir/ spread+ ( f]tiliz]1 we mu/ invite to ! repa/ a gue/ ( diff]5t ta/es4 ,?is gue/ may be1 = example1 ! potato4 ,9 soil t w\ld h furni%$ b />vation diet = :eat ! potato w f9d q en\gh to live on1 its ta/es n be+ ! same z ! c]eal's4 8,?us we h two successive crops = "o coat+ ( manure3 we h sacks ( potatoes ) no additional outlay 9 f]tiliz]4 ,is t all8 ,n yet4 ,aft] ! :eat & ! potatoes !re is1 to be sure1 b meag] n\ri%m5t left 9 ! upp] lay] ( ! soil2 b 9 ! l[] lay]s !re rema9s ! "p ( ! f]tiliz] t ! ra9 has wa%$ d[n & dissolv$ & t ! %ort roots ( ! prec$+ crops c\ld n rea*4 ,to utilize ?is und]ly+ matt] & br+ x up aga9 to ! surface 9 ! =m ( =age let u n[ s[ a plant ) vigor\s roots1 su* z clov]1 sa9fo91 or1 /ill bett]1 luc]ne1 :i* w p5etrate deep]4 ,& s we get our ?ird crop4 8,aft] clov] we c try a f\r? crop1 ( a diff]5t k9d2 b x is evid5t t z ! gue/s succe$ "o ano!r at ! same table ! remnants become m & m scanty & difficult to utilize4 ,accord+ly we mu/ *oose a h>dy plant & "o t is cont5t ) little4 ,f9ally a "t w come1 & at no v di/ant date1 :5 ! bo>d w be b>e3 ! coat+ ( manure w h giv5 up its la/ p>ticle ( nutriti\s matt]4 ,!n ! table mu/ be g>ni%$ afre%1 ! field f]tiliz$ anew be=e beg9n+ aga9 ) ! same crops or attempt+ o!rs4 ,let u dem& no m4 ,y und]/&1 my "y fri5ds1 t 9 ord] to utilize to ! utmo/ ?is preci\s sub/ance t gives u e k9d ( food1 su* z bread1 vegetables1 =age1 meat1 fruit1 dairy products--to make ! v be/ use ( ?is we mu/1 in/ead ( rais+ ! same crop 9 ! same field ye> aft] ye>1 adopt ! plan ( v>y+ our crops1 *ang+ f "o ( "o k9d to ano!r ( a diff]5t "*1 s t :at e>li] plant+s h left 9 ! soil may be turn$ to acc\nt by lat] ones4 ,?is succession ( diff]5t sorts ( f>m produce is call$ rotation ( crops40 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops 7,cont9u$7 8,:5 soil is spok5 ( z worn out & ne$+ re/1 ! speak] uses a figure ( spee* mean+ t ! soil has be5 exhau/$ by ! crops x has borne4 ,! crops d inde$ take f ! l& a great quantity ( sub/ances necess>y = plant-life2 & :5 ^! sub/ances are no long] pres5t 9 suffici5t am\nt1 ! soil refuses to produce2 x is exhau/$4 ,to re/ore its orig9al f]tility w\ld require a l>ge outlay 9 f]tiliz] & h5ce x is (t5 m advantage\s to accompli% ?is object by "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods4 8,sometimes ! l& is all[$ to lie fall[2 t is to say1 x is left to itself )\t any c>e :atev] = :ole ye>s4 ,we$s spr+ up freely1 & at ! same "t wat]1 air1 & fro/ act on ! soil1 dis9tegrat+ & mell[+ x & induc+ ! =mation ( c]ta9 sub/ances necess>y to vegetation4 ,! we$s are conv]t$ into mold1 & f9ally ! l&1 re/$ & recup]at$1 is ready to be> a new crop4 ,re/oration by ?is process is v sl[1 tak+ sev]al ye>s1 & h5ce x is cu/om>y to %ort5 ! p]iod ( wait+ by work+ ! soil & ev5 manur+ x1 al?\gh x may n yet be ! int5tion to s[ any se$4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! l& is call$ fall[ l&4 8,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o way to obta9 an un9t]rupt$ succession ( crops f ! same l& unless ! soil is v poor4 ,all plants d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f ! soil & ! atmosph]e2 b "s take m f ! atmosph]e1 o!rs f ! soil4 ,! plants t get _! su/5ance *iefly f ! air are ^? t h luxuriant foliage4 ,! potato is "o ( ^!4 ,y "k t x is ?r\gh _! leaves t plants obta9 ! c>bonic acid gas diffus$ 9 ! air4 ,! great] ! spread ( foliage1 ! m abundant w ?is absorption be4 ,! plants t dep5d almo/ :olly on ! soil are ^? ) only a few small1 sl5d] leaves1 ?us tak+ b little c>bonic acid gas f ! air4 ,su* is :eat4 8,moreov]1 f ! potato plant we take only ! tub]s1 :i* =m b a small "p ( ! :ole1 & we turn "u ! /alks & leaves1 :i* are !reupon conv]t$ into humus4 ,?us ! potato has ! prop]ty ( enri*+ ! soil at ! exp5se ( ! atmosph]e1 & x gives back m ?an x takes4 ,x is1 !n1 "o ( ! enri*+ r ?an impov]i%+ plants 9 respect to its action on ! soil4 ,c]eals1 on ! contr>y1 are utiliz$ by ! h>ve/] bo? z to se$ & haulm1 no?+ b ! meag] roots be+ left 9 ! gr\nd2 & z1 on acc\nt ( _! v scanty foliage1 c]eals d]ive almo/ _! entire su/5ance f ! soil1 !y take f x mu* m ?an !y give back to x4 ,!y accord+ly belong to ! class ( plants t impov]i% r ?an enri* ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 8,x is impossible1 ?us1 except by a ru9\s exp5diture ( f]tiliz]1 to raise a crop ( gra9 e ye> on ! same l&4 ,b if we %\ld let potatoes succe$ :eat1 & :eat succe$ potatoes1 :at w\ld be ! result8 ,! latt] crop1 d]iv+ a l>ge "p ( its n\ri%m5t f ! air1 w\ld fl\ri% 9 soil comp>atively exhau/$ by :eat2 & on hav+ its leaves & /alks turn$ "u x w\ld give back to ! soil a "p ( its =m] f]tility4 ,:eat c\ld !n be successfully rais$ aga9 on ! same l&4 8,?is practice ( rais+ successively on ! same l& diff]5t crops z little h>mful to "o ano!r z possible & capable ( utiliz+ to ! utmo/ ! dress+ put on to ! l&1 is no?+ b t v rotation ( crops t ,i h already told y some?+ ab\t4 ,its purpose is to economize f]tiliz] & at ! same "t to secure an un9t]rupt$ succession ( crops4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple consi/s 9 mak+ an enri*+ plant succe$ an impov]i%+ "o2 t is to say1 a plant ) luxuriant foliage is made to succe$ "o ) scanty foliage4 ,! *ief enri*+ plants are clov]1 luc]ne1 sa9fo91 potatoes1 turnips1 & beets4 ,c]eals1 on ! contr>y1 are all impov]i%+ plants4 ,x is a g5]al cu/om to raise on ! same l& a m or less ext5d$ s]ies ( diff]5t crops1 ! s]ies runn+ f\r1 five1 or six ye>s1 or ev5 long]1 aft] :i* x beg9s ov] aga9 9 ! same ord]4 ,?is rotation ( crops is designat$ accord+ to ! numb] ( ye>s ! s]ies cov]s1 z = in/ance a five-ye> or a six-ye> rotation4 ,a six-ye> rotation might run1 we w say1 some:at z foll[s3 #a/ ye>--potatoes--enri*+ crop4 #bnd ye>--:eat--impov]i%+ crop4 #crd ye>--clov]--enri*+ crop4 #d? ye>--:eat--impov]i%+ crop4 #e? ye>--sa9fo9--enri*+ crop4 #f? ye>--oats--impov]i%+ crop4 8,let u exam9e 9 detail ?is s]ies t we h tak5 z an example4 ,! fir/ ye> ! soil is ?or\ghly manur$4 ,"o ( ! effects ( manur+ is to />t a great crop ( we$s t w\ld infe/ ! l& & impov]i% ! crop 7 !y n c>efully remov$4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( we$+4 ,to we$ a piece ( gr\nd is to de/roy ! we$s ei!r by h& or ) "s implem5t4 ,b x is n e crop t admits ( we$+3 ! plants mu/ be a c]ta9 di/ance ap>t1 z o!rwise !y w be trampl$ "u foot1 cut (f1 or uproot$ 9 ! we$+ process4 ,:eat _c be we$$1 its /alks are too close toge!r2 b potatoes are f> en\gh ap>t = we$+ )\t difficulty4 ,n[1 we$+ de/roys all useless1 injuri\s grasses & o!r unwelcome intrud]s2 _! future reappe>ance is prev5t$ by pull+ !m up be=e _! se$s rip51 & ?us at la/ ! gr\nd is clean$ & made ready = a *oice crop4 ,?is w expla9 to y ! great advantage ( lett+ ! potato or "s o!r crop t c be we$$ take prec$5ce ( ! c]eals4 8,! second ye> comes :eat4 ,clean$ by ! tillage t has gone be=e1 ! gr\nd is no long] cov]$ ) grass & we$s4 ,nor does x ne$ fre% manure1 = if ! potatoes h consum$ c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ! soil1 ^! are n exactly ! same t :eat requires2 &1 fur!rmore1 ! dead plants1 turn$ "u & r$uc$ to vegetable mold1 comp5sate by :at !y h d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e = :at ! tub]s may h tak5 f ! soil4 ,:eat is !re=e j ! crop to raise n[4 8,b x w\ld be mu* aga9/ "o's int]e/ to exact f ! soil ano!r crop ( :eat ! ?ird ye>4 ,exhau/$ by ! gra9 x has j produc$1 ! soil w\ld yield b a scanty h>ve/ unless x 7 fre%ly manur$1 a process t w\ld make ( ! :ole op]ation1 n a piece ( f>m+1 b an example ( g>d5+1 & w\ld also entail too great exp5se4 ,= t reason ! ?ird ye> is devot$ to ! rais+ ( an enri*+ crop1 su* z clov]4 ,aft] furni%+ a supply ( fodd]1 :at is left ( ! clov] is turn$ "u1 & all its remnants ( roots1 /ems1 & leaves are r$uc$ to mold1 :i* r5d]s ! soil fit = ano!r :eat h>ve/ ! f\r? ye>4 ,a ?ird enri*+ crop to be turn$ "u aft] ! f9al m[+1 is likewise ne$$ = ! fif? ye>2 & ?is crop may be sa9fo94 ,at ! end ( ! s]ies comes ano!r c]eal1 oats1 = example4 ,! rotation is n[ complete1 & ! program beg9s all ov] aga94 8,crop-rotation is capable ( innum]able v>iations1 & ! s]ies may be long] or %ort]1 b !re %\ld be ! slighte/ possible dep>ture f ! rule t a c]eal crop ought always to be prec$$ by "s crop t enri*es ! soil40 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,l&-,,dra9age 8,9 ! bottom ( a fl[]-pot y w f9d a small r\nd hole4 ,ov] ?is hole x is cu/om>y to lay a bit ( brok5 tile1 & on ?is1 if ! plant to occupy ! pot is delicate1 a few small pebbles4 ,?is done1 ! pot is fill$ ) vegetable mold4 ,:y ?is hole1 ?is bit ( tile1 ^! pebbles8 ,t is :at we are n[ ab\t to consid]4 8,wat] is absolutely indisp5sable to plants1 s9ce x is ! m$ium t dissolves ! v>i\s nutritive +r$i5ts ( ! soil & ?us r5d]s !m capable ( assimilation by ! roots4 ,accord+ly ! soil p5etrat$ by ^! roots mu/ be con/antly suppli$ ) suffici5t moi/ure ei!r by ra9fall or by artificial irrigation4 ,b air is n less indisp5sable4 ,x dis9fects ! soil & by caus+ sl[ combu/ion ( ! humus gives rise to a slight b un9t]rupt$ lib]ation ( c>bonic acid gas1 "o ( ! nutritive sub/ances requir$ by vegetation4 ,%\ld ! roots be cut (f f ?is life-giv+ ag5cy1 !y w\ld langui% & f9ally decay4 ,?us x is t if vegetation is to ?rive ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s mu/ h at ! same "t bo? air & wat]4 ,b if ! bottom ( ! fl[]-pot has no op5+1 or if its op5+ is /opp$ up1 ! wat] f ! wat]+-c w n fl[ ?r\gh1 nor w !re be any air admitt$ f bel[1 & = lack ( ?is ! roots w decay4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! wat]1 aft] saturat+ ! e>?1 runs out freely by ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! pot1 ! damp soil w become a sort ( sponge to :i* ! air w h access f all sides1 & ! plant w ?rive4 8,?is reason+ applies to ! mo/ ext5sive agricultural op]ations z well z to ! c>e ( a pott$ plant4 ,aft] wat] has soak$ into ! gr\nd x %\ld f9d "s *annel to c>ry x (f2 o!rwise ! roots w decay = want ( air4 ,t is :y clayey soils1 :i* reta9 wat] :5 !y are once saturat$1 are unsuit$ to agriculture1 :ile light soils1 hav+ s& mix$ ) ! clay & ?us readily all[+ ! wat] to dra9 (f1 are well adapt$ to x4 ,= ! same reason1 aga91 a s&y subsoil accel]ates vegetation1 & a clayey subsoil ret>ds x4 ,a s&y subsoil (f]s ! same advantage z a fl[]-pot op5 at ! bottom1 :]eas a clayey subsoil is l a fl[]-pot clos$ at ! bottom4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! surplus ( wat] dra9s (f & ! air has free access2 9 ! second ! sup]abundant moi/ure f9ds no outlet & ! air _c rea* ! roots4 8,n[ let u suppose we h a m>%y soil to deal )4 ,because ( ! /agnant wat] ei!r on ! surface or a little bel[ x no?+ c gr[ on ?is piece ( gr\nd except ru%es or o!r h>dy plants design$ by nature = ?is k9d ( soil4 ,accord+ly we proce$ to dig a numb] ( small dit*es1 ( a dep? some:at great] ?an t atta9$ by plant-roots1 & we fill ! bottom ( ^! dit*es ) small /ones1 on :i* we f9ally ?r[ back ! e>? we h remov$4 ,^! und]gr\nd dit*es are suitably incl9$1 & all empty at ! l[] end into a ma9 canal4 ,! wat] saturat+ ! soil collects 9 ^! dit*es1 filt]s ?r\gh ! lay] ( pebbles1 & empties into ! ma9 canal1 :i* c>ries x (f to "s riv] or o!r /ream4 ,our m>%y soil is n[ l ! potful ( e>? ) a hole at ! bottom1 ! bit ( brok5 tile1 & lay] ( little pebbles3 ! air has free access & br+s f]tility ) x4 ,?is op]ation ( ours is call$ dra9age1 a ^w =m$ f #8dra91' :i* is bo? a v]b & a n\n4 ,9 ! latt] s5se we apply x to ! n>r[ dit* dug = c>ry+ (f sup]flu\s wat]4 8,a dra9age sy/em l t j describ$ is ! simple/ possible1 b !re is "o s]i\s objection to x3 ! lay] ( small /ones soon becomes clogg$ ) soil wa%$ d[n by ! wat]1 & ! latt] c no long] run (f4 ,h5ce x is cu/om>y to use fagots in/ead ( /ones1 s9ce !y (f] less ob/ruction4 ,b /ill bett] results are obta9$ ) e>!nw>e conduits laid 9 ! dit*es4 ,sometimes ^! conduits take ! =m ( dra9-tiles su* z are us$ on ro(s1 & !y re/ on sills or gr\nd-pieces ( ! same mat]ial2 or1 aga91 !y may be tubul> 9 =m1 ! successive sections loosely fitt$ toge!r s t ! wat] to be c>ri$ (f may ent] :]e ! sections jo94 8,! effect ( dra9age is n m]ely to c>ry (f ! sup]flu\s wat] & ?us promote ! aration ( ! soil to ! dep? rea*$ by ! roots2 x also keeps ! soil cool & moi/ by ! con/ant pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! dra9age dit*es or pipes4 ,:5 a heap ( s& is wat]$ at its base1 ! moi/ure is se5 to m\nt high] & high] until x rea*es ! top4 ,9 l mann] ! wat] collect$ 9 our dra9age dit*es soaks into ! upp] soil 9 a dry "t & ?us rea*es ! roots ( plants gr[+ !re1 s t wat] :i* is sup]flu\s or ev5 h>mful at c]ta9 p]iods is held 9 res]ve & gradually di/ribut$ at ! "r mom5t4 8,ano!r advantage ( a dra9age sy/em is t x prev5ts t cool+ ( ! soil :i* w\ld result f prolong$ evaporation4 ,9 tak+ ! =m ( vapor wat] *ills ! objects t help to promote ! evaporation4 ,= ?is reason we feel a decid$ *ill on em]g+ f a ba?2 ! film ( moi/ure t cov]$ u is pass+ (f 9 vapor\s =m4 ,simil>ly a con/ant evaporation at ! surface ( a wat]-soak$ tract ( l& *ills ! gr\nd & we h a cold soil4 ,b if ! wat] is c>ri$ (f by prop] dra9age1 evaporation ceases & !re is no fur!r *ill+ ( ! surface soil4 ,n[1 a high temp]ature is always favorable to vegetation4 8,dra9+ is s b5eficial t x is n conf9$ to m>%y gr\nd1 :i* )\t x w\ld be q unproductive1 b is appli$ also to ord9>y arable l&4 ,:]ev] ! soil is too clayey1 or ev5 :]e ! surface soil is good b ! subsoil clayey1 ra9-wat] _c dra9 (f readily & ! gr\nd rema9s soggy & cold4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 x dries up1 b !re be+ no way = ! air to p]meate ! soil1 ! latt] is left h>d & unyield+1 s t ! roots are by turns dr[n$ 9 liquid mud & held fa/ 9 a t5aci\s pa/e t has be5 bak$ by ! sun4 ,dra9age ov]comes ^! difficulties1 & consequ5tly all ri* soils t hold ra9-wat] = "s "t be=e infiltration are mu* improv$ by be+ prop]ly dra9$40 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,p>+ ,,& ,,burn+ 8,y see t man ov] !re on ! hillside10 said ,uncle ,paul1 po9t+ to a labor] :o1 ) a l>ge hoe1 0 p>+ ! gr\nd1 s to speak1 by %av+ (f great squ>es ( e>? cov]$ ) grass & we$s & %rubs4 8,y see h[ he /&s ^? pieces up1 ei!r 9 pairs1 back to back1 or "o at a "t1 s b5t or vault$ t !y w /ay upright by !mselves4 ,?us ! air is all[$ to circulate & dry !m rapidly4 ,if we come back 9 a few days1 aft] sun & air h done _! "w & ! dry+ process is complete1 we %all f9d our man !re aga9 at 8 "w2 & we %all see h[ he piles up ! turf ) ! e>?y side upw>d & outw>d4 ,9 ! middle ( ! pile he leaves a cavity :i* he fills ) bru%wood & dry leaves4 ,!n he sets fire to ! :ole4 ,a second pile is con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] & likewise set on fire4 ,soon ! entire hillside is cov]$ ) a great numb] ( ^! small furnaces1 burn+ sl[ly & s5d+ out long trails ( smoke4 ,9 a few days1 ?ree or f\r at mo/1 ! fires burn !mselves out1 & !n1 z soon z all ! piles are cold1 ! mixture ( a%es & calc9$ e>? is spread ov] ! gr\nd ) a %ovel4 ,?is agricultural op]ation is kn[n z p>+ & burn+1 & is c>ri$ out = ! purpose ( r5d]+ arable a tract ( l& n yet "u cultivation & /ill cov]$ ) wild vegetation4 8,! op]ation ( p>+ & burn+ produces two effects1 "o ) ref]5ce to ! clay 9 ! soil1 ! o!r hav+ to d ) ! a%es left f ! burn+ ( ! we$s4 ,clay1 z y "k1 is a t5aci\s1 b9d+ sub/ance1 imp]vi\s to bo? air & wat]4 ,consequ5tly a soil t is too clayey is unfavorable = vegetation1 furni%+ ! roots ) insuffici5t air & moi/ure4 ,n[1 :5 clay is heat$ to a high temp]ature1 x acquires v diff]5t prop]ties3 x no long] makes pa/e by ! addition ( wat]1 b is por\s1 p]meable1 & readily admits air & wat]4 ,! p>+-&-burn+ process1 !re=e1 improves an argillace\s soil by calc9+ ! clay & r5d]+ x p]meable4 ,t is z mu* z to say t if p>+ & burn+ are b5eficial to heavy or clayey soils1 !y are1 on ! o!r h&1 h>mful to ^? t are light or s&y4 8,f9ally1 ! op]ation j describ$ affects ! soil ?r\gh ! a%es ( ! burnt we$s4 ,aft] ! combu/ion ( all vegetable matt] !re rema9s an e>?y p[d] or a% compris+ ! m9]al sub/ances conta9$ 9 t vegetable matt]1 sub/ances un*ang$ by combu/ion because ( _! great resi/ance to heat4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is pota%4 ,all ! +r$i5ts t once belong$ to ! burnt plants are evid5tly adapt$ to ! =mation ( new plants4 ,! a%es1 !n1 ( ! we$s consum$ 9 ! process ( p>+ & burn+ w be v useful to ! plants ab\t to be rais$ on ! l& t has be5 burnt ov]4 ,by ! burn+1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to turn to acc\nt all t ! we$s conta9$3 :at escapes 9 ! =m ( smoke is s mu* lo/4 ,h5ce c>e %\ld be tak5 n to c>ry combu/ion too f>4 ,9 ?is connection ! calc9$ clay r5d]s /ill ano!r s]vice4 ,by becom+ por\s ?r\gh calc9ation its nature is alt]$ s t x c absorb & reta9 ! gase\s products ( combu/ion & ?us save j s mu* wa/e4 ,b if a soil lacks clay1 p>+ & burn+ are h>mful1 & x is bett] simply to turn ! we$s "u1 :]eupon !y w be conv]t$ into mold in/ead ( be+ dissipat$ 9 ! atmosph]e z smoke4 8,a%es o!r ?an ^? result+ f p>+ & burn+ are also us$ z an agricultural f]tiliz]1 ?\gh !y are r>ely put to ?is use j z !y are1 because ! conta9$ pota%1 a highly valuable sub/ance1 is fir/ extract$ by lea*+4 ,aft] ?is process ! a%es are call$ buck-a%es4 ,!y conta9 silica & also c>bonate & phosphate ( lime1 all 9 a condition mo/ favorable = assimilation by plants4 ,( less /r5g? ?an ord9>y a%es1 lea*$ a%es nev]!less produce good results1 especially on clayey soil4 ,coal a%es1 too1 x %\ld be add$1 s]ve to light5 a heavy soil s9ce !y conta9 a l>ge proportion ( calc9$ clay4 8,! subject ( a%es leads u naturally to t ( soot1 a sub/ance compos$ ( vegetable matt] incompletely decompos$ by heat & conta9+ ammonia1 :i* r5d]s x highly efficaci\s z a f]tiliz]4 ,x is appli$ to "y plants1 giv+ !m an increas$ vigor ( gr[?4 ,by its acrid quality1 moreov]1 x is excell5t z a protection aga9/ insects t attack vegetation40 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,w9e-,,mak+ 8,:5 w9e is heat$1 !re is fir/ an escape ( an inflammable vapor t burns ) a blui% flame4 ,a p]son ne$s only to h se5 once ?is prep>ation ( hot w9e to recall t curi\s flame flick]+ ov] ! boil+ liquid & d>t+ up little blue tongues4 ,n[1 ?is inflammable vapor comes f alcohol1 a fluid sub/ance t gives to w9e its peculi> prop]ties & is h5ce sometimes call$ spirits ( w9e4 ,!re are1 !n1 9 w9e two di/9ct liquids1 "o easily r$ucible to vapor & call$ alcohol1 ! o!r sl[] to vaporize & recognizable z wat]4 ,?is does n mean t ! w9e has be5 wat]$3 ! wat] 9 "q is n !re z ! result ( fraud2 x belongs naturally to ! w9e & comes f grapes j z alcohol does4 ,w9e is !re=e a natural mixture ( a small proportion ( alcohol ) a great quantity ( wat]4 ,9 our ord9>y w9es ! proportion ( alcohol = ea* hundr$ qu>ts ( liquid v>ies f n9e to f\rte5 qu>ts4 8,w9e is made f ! juice ( grapes4 ,?is juice1 z x is press$ out ( ! sweet grapes1 has none ( ! ta/e or smell peculi> to w9e1 = x does n yet conta9 any alcohol2 b x does h an agreeably sweet ta/e1 ! same ta/e t makes grapes s desirable a fruit = ! table4 ,?is pleasant flavor is due to a sort ( sug> pres5t 9 ! grapes4 ,exam9e c>efully a h&ful ( rais9s su* z y buy at ! groc]'s3 y w detect on _! surface1 c]ta9 t9y :ite gra9s t crun* "u ! tee? & h a sweet savor4 ,^? gra9s are little p>ticles ( sug> t h collect$ on ! outside ( ! grapes dur+ ! process ( dry+4 ,grapes1 !n1 mu/ conta9 sug>4 8,well n[1 ?is sug> is exactly :at causes ! =mation ( alcohol4 ,:at is sug> 9 ! fre% juice ( grapes is alcohol 9 ! same juice aft] x has f]m5t$ & turn$ to w9e4 ,let u consid] briefly h[ ?is *ange comes ab\t4 8,! v9tage is fir/ ( all subject$ to a process ( tread+ by m5 :o trample on ! grapes 9 l>ge vats1 aft] :i* ! result+ mixture ( juice & sk9s is left to #8"w1' z we say4 ,be=e long ?is liquid mu% beg9s to heat ( its own accord1 & pres5tly !re sets 9 a sort ( boil+ :i* lib]ates big bubbles ( gas z if !re 7 a fire und]nea?4 ,?is work+ process is call$ f]m5tation1 & its seat is 9 ! sug> ( ! grape-juice4 ,little by little ! sug> decomposes1 splits ap>t z we might say1 into two sub/ances v diff]5t f ea* o!r & also v diff]5t f ! sug> :5ce !y came4 ,( ^! two sub/ances "o is alcohol2 ! o!r is a gas already kn[n to u--c>bonic acid1 ! same gas t plants fe$ on & t animals give =? 9 brea?+2 ! same1 f9ally1 z t produc$ by burn+ coal4 ,! alcohol rema9s 9 ! liquid1 :i* ?us gradually loses its orig9al sweet ta/e & acquires in/ead a v9\s flavor4 ,! gas1 on ! contr>y1 works its way to ! surface1 agitat+ ! mass ) a sort ( tumultu\s movem5t l t ( boil+ wat]1 & is dissipat$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 8,let u be> 9 m9d t c>bonic acid gas is z invisible z ! air itself1 t x has no odor1 no color1 & f9ally t x kills quickly if inhal$ 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,t expla9s ! dang] lurk+ 9 a w9e-vat dur+ f]m5tation1 or ev5 9 a w9e-cell> t lacks suffici5t v5tilation to c>ry (f ! p]il\s gas4 ,no "o %\ld ent] su* places )\t hold+ be=e "o a light$ tap] at ! end ( a long /ick4 ,:ile ! tap] cont9ues to burn 9 ! usual mann]1 "o c proce$ )\t fe>3 !re is no c>bonic acid gas pres5t4 ,b if ! flame becomes dim1 gets small] & small]1 & f9ally goes out altoge!r1 "o mu/ beat a ha/y retreat1 = ! ext9ction ( ! tap] is a sure sign ( ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid gas1 & fur!r advance w\ld mean expos+ oneself to imm95t dea?4 8,b to return to ! subject ( w9e-mak+1 we 7 say+ t ! sug> :i* imp>ts its sweet ta/e to ! mu/ 7t is1 ! unf]m5t$ grape-juice7 *anges its nature & divides into two p>ts3 alcohol1 :i* rema9s 9 ! liquid & turns x to w9e1 & c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is dissipat$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ?is process is f9i%$ ! w9e is drawn (f1 leav+ beh9d ! residuum ( sk9s & pips4 ,! f9al product is ?us compos$ ( a l>ge quantity ( wat] f ! grapes !mselves1 a small quantity ( alcohol f ! sug> :i* has und]gone ! *emical *ange j describ$1 &1 f9ally1 a color+ sub/ance furni%$ by ! d>k grape-sk9s4 8,:ite w9e is made f :ite grapes1 :i* h sk9s ) no color+ matt]2 b x c v well be made f d>k grapes1 color$ ?\gh !y are4 ,! secret consi/s simply 9 ?is3 ! cru%$ grapes are press$ be=e f]m5tation beg9s4 ,9 ?is way ! juice is sep>at$ f ! sk9s1 &1 ^! latt] be+ remov$1 ! w9e w be :ite ev5 ) d>k grapes4 ,9 %ort1 ! color+ matt] 9 grapes :i* gives its hue to r$ w9e is conta9$ solely 9 ! sk9s2 & fur!rmore x is insoluble 9 wat]1 b easily soluble 9 alcohol4 ,h5ce x is only aft] f]m5tation has made "s progress t ! liquid becomes color$ by ! dissolv+ ( ! color+ matt] ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! alcohol t has be5 g5]at$4 ,accord+ly1 if ! sk9s are remov$ be=e ! juice f]m5ts & g5]ates alcohol1 ! w9e rema9s :ite1 s9ce x no long] conta9s any color+ matt] to dissolve4 8,"s w9es =ce out ! corks f _! bottles & are cov]$ ) foam on be+ p\r$ into glasses4 ,^! are foamy w9es1 & to produce !m ! bottl+ mu/ be done be=e f]m5tation is f9i%$4 ,! c>bonic acid gas !n cont9ues to =m1 b z x f9ds no way ( escape s9ce ! bottle is tightly cork$1 x dissolves 9 ! liquid & accumulates !re1 ?\gh all ! :ile endeavor+ to free itself2 & t is :at makes ! cork pop ) a %>p report :5 ! /r+ t holds x d[n is cut2 t is :at causes ! w9e to ru% foam+ out ( ! bottle2 &1 f9ally1 t is :at gives ! bead to a glass ( w9e & makes a slight crackl+ s\nd z ! bubbles bur/ on ! surface4 8,foamy w9e has a pung5t b agreeable ta/e ow+ to ! c>bonic acid x conta9s4 ,we dr9k1 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! liquid1 ! same gas z w\ld kill u if freely inhal$2 b x has no t]rors except :5 ?us inhal$4 ,mix$ ) our dr9ks1 x imp>ts to !m a slightly t>t flavor1 h>mless & ev5 salubri\s1 s9ce x aids dige/ion4 ,!re is c>bonic acid gas 9 ne>ly all wat] t we dr9k1 & x is 9 fact by reason ( ?is gas t wat] is able to hold 9 solution ! small proportion ( /ony matt] t contributes t[>d ! =mation ( our bones4 ,x is to ?is gas1 f9ally1 t eff]vesc5t lemonade1 cid]1 be]1 & ,seltz] wat] owe _! pung5cy & _! foam40 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,! ,,/ag-,,beetle 8,"o ( ! joys ( y\r "t ( life1 ,i am sure10 resum$ ,uncle ,paul1 z he & 8 he>]s seat$ !mselves 9 ! %ade ( an old oak tree amid ! humm+ & :irr+ ( insect life all ab\t !m1 8is ! /udy ( ! little creatures ( field & f>m & =e/1 s int]e/+ 9 _! mode ( life1 s v>i$ 9 _! =ms & colors4 ,y *ase ! spl5did butt]fly f fl[] to fl[]1 y take up ! cock*af] & put x on a b$ ( fre% leaves1 ) a /raw y drive ! cricket f its hole4 ,! insect t amuses y c also in/ruct y4 ,9 our mode/ /udies let u n[ h a little talk on ?is subject4 8,:at is ?is t9y creature ) ! /\t coat-(-mail ( *e/nut color8 ,its l>ge head1 %[+ p>allel folds t might h be5 c>v$ by a sculptor's h&1 is arm$ ) two bran*+ nipp]s :i* op5 l a pair ( tongs & !n close1 mangl+ betwe5 _! tee? ! f+] !y h seiz$4 ,woe to ! giddy-pate t lets himself be caught by !m6 ,! trap closes tight] & tight] & nev] lets g4 8,b1 vigor\s z are its m&ibles1 ! insect is n "o to be afraid (1 provid$ only y look out = ^? nipp]s4 ,= all its ?reat5+ aspect1 x is at bottom a peaceful creature4 ,cat* x by "o leg & x w fly r\nd & r\nd l ! ,june-bug4 ,x is call$ ! /ag-beetle1 a "n t expla9s itself1 = x has bran*+ m&ibles resembl+ a /ag's horns1 & x belongs to ! family ( beetles4 ,put ! two words toge!r & y h #8/ag-beetle4' 8,! s+ul> creature has n always be5 z we see x to-day4 ,9 its y\?1 n lat] ?an la/ ye>1 x _h nei!r its pres5t m&ibles nor its six legs nor its *e/nut-color$ coat-(-mail4 ,9 fact1 its =m _h no?+ 9 common ) :at we n[ behold4 ,!n x 0 a big1 fat worm1 ) f9e :ite sk91 crawl+ on legs s small & feeble z h>dly to des]ve m5tion4 8,! :ole animal consi/$ ( little m ?an a crawl+ /oma* unprovid$ ) any protection4 ,! head alone 0 =tifi$ ) a sub/antial skull ( horn1 & x also bore1 "o on ! "r side ( ! m\?1 ! o!r on ! left1 two %ort b /rong tee? adapt$ to cutt+ 9 pieces ! wood ( ! oak1 its sole n\ri%m5t4 8,su* a worm1 entirely nak$1 evid5tly _c live 9 ! op5 air1 :]e ! ?\s& little r\ghnesses ( ! gr\nd w\ld be cont9ually w\nd+ its delicate sk94 ,x mu/ h a safe %elt] t x ne$ n leave until x has become ! well-armor$ insect we n[ see4 ,! grub ( ! /ag-beetle does 9 fact live inside ! oak1 :i* af=ds x at once food & lodg+4 ,!re1 9 ! dep?s ( ! tree-trunk1 is its inviolable retreat4 8,) its two tee?1 z h>d & %>p z a c>p5t]'s tool1 x cuts away1 pati5tly1 bit by bit1 ! fre% wood imbu$ ) sap4 ,ea* fragm5t ?us deta*$ is a m\?ful = ! worm's n\ri%m5t2 b z x is by no means a ri* diet !re mu/ be a good deal ( x to furni% en\gh nutrim5t4 ,!re=e ! gnaw+ goes on )\t cessation1 9 all directions1 ) a correspond+ enl>gem5t ( ! domicile1 :i* soon becomes a labyr9? ( gall]ies t g up & d[n & cross "o ano!r1 p5etrate f>!r into ! trunk or approa* ! surface1 at ! pleasure ( ! occupant1 ^: *oice is det]m9$ by its ta/e = morsels ly+ 9 ?is or t direction4 8,= ?ree or f\r ye>s ?is is ! worm's mode ( life4 ,to make itself big & fat is its sole bus9ess1 & to ?is x devotes itself ) vigor4 ,i leave y to imag9e :at mu/ become ( an oak tree work$ by a doz5 ( ^! gnaw+ creatures4 ,"u ! b>k1 :i* is almo/ intact1 ! trunk is "o va/ w\nd1 p]=at$ ) gall]ies t are !mselves litt]$ ) wormhole du/1 & ooz+ ) a br[n juice t smells l a tann]y4 ,unless ! =e/] applies a rem$y1 & t spe$ily1 ! enorm\s oak w be ru9$4 ,leav+ ?is c>e to 8 *>ge1 let u g on ) our /ory4 8,:5 x has become big en\gh & fat en\gh1 aft] at lea/ ?ree ye>s ( cont9ual fea/+1 ! worm prep>es to *ange its =m4 ,ne> ! surface1 t its future exit may be ! easi]1 ! little creature holl[s out a suffici5tly l>ge oval *amb] & l9es x ) a sort ( wadd+ made ( ! f9e/ fib]s ( ! wood4 ,?us ! t5d] fle% ( ! rejuv5at$ insect w be protect$ f all rude out] contact4 8,^! precautions tak51 ! worm und]goes its transfiguration3 x splits op5 all d[n ! back1 /rips (f its sk91 ?r[s x away l a disc>d$ g>m5t1 & is born a second "t1 z "o might say1 b "u a totally diff]5t =m4 ,x is no long] a worm--f> f x--b x is n yet a /ag-beetle1 al?\gh ! outl9es ( ! latt] are already disc]nible4 8,! creature is q motionless1 z if dead4 ,! legs1 neatly fold$ ov] ! /oma*1 are z transp>5t z cry/als2 ! nipp]s are press$ close to ! brea/2 ! w+s1 n yet exp&$1 h ! appe>ance ( a %ort sc>f encircl+ ! flanks2 & ! :ole is swa!d 9 swaddl+-clo!s f9] 9 texture ?an an onion sk94 ,! entire organism is wrapp$ 9 a repose s pr(\nd t "o might ?9k all life ext9ct4 ,x is :ite or cry/all9e 9 appe>ance1 & s t5d] t a m]e no?+ w w\nd x4 ,! co>se worm ( ! beg9n+ has be5 succe$$ by ?is mo/ delicate ( creatures4 8,out ( ! mat]ial amass$ by ! wood-gnaw]'s voraci\s appetite !re is creat$ an entirely new be+4 ,! fle%1 at fir/ ne>ly fluid1 sl[ly acquires consi/5cy2 ! sk9 h>d5s1 assumes a *e/nut hue1 takes on ! firmness ( horn2 9 fact1 :5 ! w>m season returns aga9 ! insect wakes up f t deep sleep1 n ( dea?1 b nev]!less v mu* l x4 ,! creature moves1 te>s ap>t ! swa?+ b&s "u :i* its rebir? has tak5 place1 /rips (f ^! wrapp+s1 & "h at la/ we h ! insect 9 its full p]fection4 ,behold ! /ag-beetle6 8,x comes out f its native oak1 spreads its w+s 9 flight "u cov] ( ! foliage1 & settles d[n1 n[ on ?is tree1 n[ on t1 9 ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! fre$om ( ! op5 air & ! enjoym5t ( ! light ( day con/itute its supreme felicity = :i* x has be5 prep>+ dur+ ! ?ree or f\r ye>s ( con/ant toil 9 ! d>k gall]ies ( an old oak4 8,!nce=? x gr[s no l>g]4 ,j z x 0 on em]g+ f its cell1 s x w rema9 to ! end1 )\t ! lea/ increase ei!r 9 weight or 9 bulk4 ,?us x leads a v /aid exi/5ce4 ,9 its grub /ate ! fami%$ creature gnaw$ wood night & day2 its life 0 a p]petual dige/ion4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 all t x ne$s 9 ! way ( su/5ance is an occasional sip ( ! sweet5$ sap ooz+ f ! b>k ( ! tree4 8,b its days ( idle delight are numb]$2 x has sc>cely a c\ple ( mon?s to sp5d joy\sly among ! oak trees4 ,!n x lays its eggs1 "o by "o1 9 ! crevices ( tree-trunks1 to propagate its k9d2 &1 t done1 x v soon dies4 ,x has play$ its "p4 ,f ^? eggs w come =? worms :i* w pati5tly "w _! way into ! wood1 holl[ out gall]ies !re 9 _! turn1 & beg9 all ov] aga9 ! v sort ( exi/5ce l$ by _! =e-fa!rs4 8,! great] numb] ( insects h ! same life-hi/ory z ! /ag-beetle3 !y pass ?r\gh diff]5t /ages be=e tak+ on _! f9al =m4 ,all )\t exception1 ! smalle/ z well z ! l>ge/1 come f eggs deposit$ by ! "m 9 *os5 places :]e ! ne$$ n\ri%m5t1 s v>iable 9 diff]5t species1 is easy to f9d4 8,f ! egg em]ges1 n ! f9i%$ insect ) all its di/9ctive traits1 b a provisional creature be>+1 v (t51 no resemblance to ! p>5t or to ! matur$ (fspr+ ( t p>5t4 ,?is initial =m we call$ a worm 9 speak+ ( ! /ag-beetle1 & ! "n is 9 t in/ance appropriate2 b 9 a multitude ( cases x w\ld be incorrect1 hav+ no agreem5t ) ! creature's appe>ance4 ,we !n call x a l>va4 8,! l>va is !re=e ! insect "u ! =m x pres5ts on em]g+ f ! egg4 ,its cont9uance 9 ?is =m is long] ?an 9 t ( ! f9ally p]fect$ creature4 ,! l>va ( ! /ag-beetle rema9s a l>va = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 :]eas ! beetle itself lives b a c\ple ( mon?s4 ,! sole occupation ( ?is grub is eat+1 cont9ual eat+1 t x may gr[ fat & /ore up supplies en\gh to c>ry x ?r\gh its subsequ5t trans=mations4 8,hav+ atta9$ suffici5t size1 ! l>va con/ructs a retreat = itself1 holl[s out a little cell1 & sp9s a cocoon :]e 9 p]fect quiet ! delicate task ( trans=mation w be und]tak54 ,x /rips (f its sk9 & becomes an in]t1 =mative body kn[n z a nymph4 8,f9ally1 ! nymph1 hav+ arriv$ at ! "r degree ( maturity1 ca/s (f its wrapp+s & reveals itself z trans=m$ into a p]fect insect4 ,x lays its eggs1 & ! same succession ( *anges is aga9 repeat$4 ,! egg1 ! l>va1 ! nymph1 ! p]fect insect--!re y h ! f\r /ages ( ! insect's life4 ,^! *anges ( =m are call$ metamorphoses40 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi ,,%ea?-,,w+$ ,,insects 8,i %[ y "h ! sc>ab1 clo!d all 9 black4 ,passionate lov] ( ! sun1 x r>ely /rays beyond ! regions bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x belongs to ! b& ( scav5g]s1 a gr\p ( h&some insects :i*1 fe$+ on ordure1 are *>g$ ) ! sanitation ( ! gre5sw>d defil$ by graz+ h]ds4 8,its favorite di% is ! dung ( horses & mules4 ,) ! too!d edges ( its head x rummages 9 ! dung2 ) its wide1 s]rate =e legs x cuts up ?is mat]ial1 kneads x1 & molds x into a ball ab\t z l>ge z an apricot4 ,?is done1 ! next ?+ is to seek out "s quiet retreat f> f ! hubbub ( its fell[s :o h be5 drawn to ! spot = z mu* z a kilomet] r\nd ab\t by ! odor2 & ( c\rse ! booty mu/ be trundl$ away to ?is secure retreat1 !re to be eat5 at ease1 )\t fe> ( pr$atory assaults f ! envi\s4 8,?is task is p]=m$ 9 c\ples4 ,"o hooks on to ! globule 9 front & pulls ) head up2 ! o!r pu%es f beh9d ) head d[n4 ,heave ho6 ,x />ts1 x rolls1 "u ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! two p>tn]s4 ,on ! d[n grade ! load aga9 & aga9 runs away ) ! team1 :i* falls headlong1 gets up aga91 & cat*es hold ( ! c>go once m ) an ardor t no?+ c disc\rage4 ,"u ! rays ( a scor*+ sun ?is /ore ( provision is ?us dragg$ a long di/ance ov] ! s&1 across ! gre5sw>d1 & ov] ruts4 ,p]haps ! sc>abs f9d _! bread at fir/ n suffici5tly compact1 & seek to give x consi/5cy by roll+ x on ! gr\nd4 ,e "o accord+ to 8 fancy4 8,at la/ a favorable spot is select$ 9 a s&y tract4 ,"o ( ! two proprietors holl[s out 9 all ha/e a d9+-room1 :ile ! o!r /&s gu>d )\t ov] ! globul> treasure1 ready to def5d x /\tly aga9/ any *ance m>aud]4 ,z soon z ! d9+-room is ready ! provisions are /or$ away !re1 aft] :i* ! two colleagues %ut !mselves up 9 _! domicile1 safe f unwelcome visitors1 clos+ _! door ) s&4 ,s !re !y are at table1 ) _! heap ( victuals 9 front ( !m2 & n[ = a good fea/6 ,:5 ! bo>d is b>e aga91 ! two banquet]s leave _! dug\t to ga!r toge!r a new globule & resume _! fea/+4 8,! sc>ab is n f\nd ev]y:]e1 ! m's ! pity1 = its mann] ( life is v curi\s to wat*4 ,want+ ?is manufactur] ( globules1 we nev]!less d h ev]y:]e o!r scav5g]s :i* "w 9 some:at simil> fa%ion4 ,out ( ordure !y put toge!r little balls ( ! size ( a *]ry1 & sometimes !y roll away _! plund]1 z does ! sc>ab1 bury x 9 ! gr\nd1 & !re regale !mselves on x4 ,_! trade ( mak+ ^! little balls or pills has giv5 !m ! expressive "n ( pill-mix]s4 8,let u pass on to o!r k9ds4 ,?is "o1 = example1 is call$ ! calosoma4 ,by reason ( ! elegance ( its =m & ! ri*ness ( its color+ x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful insects ( our region4 ,its back has ! brilliance ( a gem su* z no jewel] ev] possess$4 ,"o w\ld really take x to be made ( gold1 b gold ( a peculi> sort & mu* ri*] ?an ours1 fla%+ z x does ) r$1 gre51 & purple gl9ts4 ,!re is no?+ to comp>e ) ?is dazzl+ co/ume4 ,x %\ld be add$ t if ! insect is tak5 betwe5 ! f+]s x emits1 z a means ( def5se1 a /rong odor rem9d+ "o ( a *emi/'s disagreeable drugs4 8,! calosoma does n %>e ! sc>ab's peaceful habits3 x is an ard5t hunt] & leads a life ( c>nage4 ,its prey is ! cat]pill>1 ! bigg] ! bett]1 :e!r smoo?-sk9n$ or hairy4 ,if y happ5 to f9d a calosoma1 put x into a good-siz$ bottle & give x = d9n] a lu/y "y cat]pill> z l>ge z y\r f+]4 ,y w see ) :at f]oci\s satisfaction ?is dr9k] ( blood w disemb[el ! poor worm1 despite all its wri?+ & squirm+1 & w fea/ on its gre5 entrails4 8,! c>abid1 :i* is also a passionate lov] ( game1 has ! calosoma's activity & brilliance1 b is ( small] size4 ,"s are bronze 9 color1 o!rs gold51 /ill o!rs ( a copp] t9t1 or black edg$ ) a sup]b violet4 ,all explore ) ke5 scrut9y ! ?ick tufts ( grass1 & give *ase to small prey su* z l>v1 cat]pill>s1 & worms4 ,! mo/ common example ( ?is class we>s a gold5 gre5 coat & is a frequ5t] ( g>d5s1 :]e x makes w> on all k9ds ( v]m94 ,x is ! little gu>dian ( our b$s ( peas & beans1 & ( our fl[] bord]s4 ,9 honor ( its s]vices to ! g>d5 we call x ! g>d5]4 8,! calosoma & ! c>abid d n fly2 !y are made = runn+1 z is evid5t f _! long legs1 _! agile movem5ts1 & _! li! =m4 ,!y *ase ! game 9 hot pursuit1 or else lie 9 wait = x beh9d a leaf1 b nev] pursue x on ! w+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sc>ab1 ! common ,june-bug1 & a ho/ ( o!r insects fly v well40 8,b :y don't !y all fly80 ask$ ,emile4 8,i w tell y10 repli$ 8 uncle4 8,look c>efully at ! ,june-bug a mom5t4 ,x has two k9ds ( w+s3 on ! outside two l>ge & sub/antial scales ( horn1 & b5ea? ^! two f9e membran\s w+s1 exp&$ dur+ flight1 b c>efully fold$ toge!r & conceal$ :5 n 9 use4 ,! outside scales are call$ elytra1 or %ea?s4 ,!y s]ve z a case = enclos+ & protect+ ! delicate membran\s w+s1 :i* alone are fitt$ = fly+4 ,! c>abid & ! calosoma h %ea?s ( spl5did brilliance1 x is true1 b b5ea? ^! %ea?s !re are no membran\s w+s to spread !mselves 9 flight & fold up aga9 9 repose4 ,h5ce ^! two insects are unable to fly4 8,! dytiscus & ! hydrophile1 ^: names signify #8div]' & #8wat]-lov]' respectively1 bo? frequ5t ! wat]s ( deep ponds1 ( dit*es1 & ( pools4 ,) _! legs flatt5$ out l o>s1 _! v smoo? bodies1 ar*$ above & keel-%ap$ bel[1 !y are fir/-rate swimm]s & div]s4 ,x is a fea/ = ! eye to foll[ ! graceful agility ( _! o>s :5 !y r[ calmly on ! surface or plunge b5ea? x4 8,at ! lea/ al>m !y d>t quickly to ! b$ ( ! pond & take refuge amid ! wat] plants4 ,on ! in/ant ( div+ _! belly is se5 to fla% l a plate ( poli%$ silv]4 ,! reason ( ?is borr[$ %e5 is f\nd 9 a ?9 lay] ( air t !y c>ry ) !m adh]5t to ! belly4 ,) ?is supply !y w h air to brea! until1 all dang] pa/1 !y asc5d aga9 to ! surface4 8,9 ! matt] ( co/ume ^! two ma/]-swimm]s are ( mode/ appe>ance4 ,bo? are ( a v somb] olive gre51 b 9 addition ! dytiscus we>s fad$ gold lace on its %ea?s4 ,if ! pond dries up or ceases to please !m1 !y c quickly betake !mselves to ano!r--n on foot1 = _! flatt5$ legs1 excell5t z o>s1 are wor?less 9 walk+1 b by flight1 ) ! help ( _! membran\s w+s1 ord9>ily hidd5 "u ! %ea?s1 :]e ! wat] _c rea* !m4 8,9 old oak trees ! l>va ( ! capricorn-beetle1 ano!r ravag] ( =e/s1 leads mu* ! same k9d ( life z does ! grub ( ! /ag-beetle4 ,l>ge 9 size1 all black ) gleams ( *e/nut1 ?is insect is rem>kable = its jo9t$ horns1 :i* are long] ?an its body4 ,:at c x d ) ^! cumb]some ornam5ts8 ,does x we> !m on its =ehead to intimidate ! foe8 ,i w\ld n v5ture to dispute ! matt]1 b :at ,i d "k v well is t ) its extravagantly long horns x fright5s ! inexp]i5c$ "y pupil s t he d>es n t\* x1 & he calls x ! devil4 ,all ! same1 ! capricorn-beetle does n des]ve ! evil reputation x has got f ! timid4 ,x is p]fectly h>mless4 8,insects' horns are call$ ant5n4 ,all h !m1 "s long] & "s %ort]1 n[ ( "o %ape1 n[ ( ano!r4 ,9 "s in/ances !y are flexible filam5ts1 jo9t$ *aplets2 9 o!rs1 %ort /ems end+ 9 ei!r a clu/] ( little buds or a bun* ( leaves press$ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,see = example ! burly & magnific5t insect t br[ses ! foliage ( our p9e-trees on w>m summ] days4 ,x is call$ ! p9e-beetle4 ,on a *e/nut backgr\nd x we>s a spr9kl+ ( :ite spots4 ,! ant5n c>ry at ! end a set ( little plates or scales :i* op5 & %ut l ! leaves ( a book4 8,x is 9 place "h to m5tion ! common ,june-bug1 furni%$ l ! p9e-beetle ) ant5n be>+ leaf-clu/]s at ! end4 ,i propose to tell y its /ory 9 detail2 =1 if ?is little creature is ! joy ( "y p ( y\r age1 x is also ! t]ror ( ! f>m]4 8,b fir/ "o ^w m to conclude our %ort /ory ( %ea?-w+$ insects4 ,_! numb] is imm5se4 ,ne>ly all h membran\s w+s "u ! protect+ case =m$ by ! %ea?s2 & ^! c fly4 ,o!rs1 relatively few1 are unprovid$ ) membran\s w+s1 & h5ce are unfitt$ = flight4 ,?is entire gr\p be>s ! g5]al "n ( coleopt]a1 mean+ %ea?-w+$4 ,a coleopt] is any insect furni%$ ) %ea?s1 :e!r x flies or n40 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii ,,! ,,june-,,bug 8,x is a discov]y ( no small importance 9 y\r eyes1 my "y fri5ds1 :5 y f9d ! fir/ ,june-bug ( ! season on ! "y foliage4 ,9 ! ev5+ y get toge!r 9 a corn] & talk ab\t x1 y make plans = ! morr[1 & all y\r conv]sation is ab\t ! ,june-bug t has j arriv$4 ,y arrange to get up e>ly ! next day & %ake ! trees 9 ord] to br+ d[n ! sleep+ insects2 y get ready a box1 pi]c$ ) holes1 to receive ! captives1 & put 9 a h&ful ( fre% leaves = !m to fe$ on4 8,at ! fir/ /reak ( dawn y are up2 y visit ! will[s1 ! popl>s1 ! haw?orn h$ges wet ) dew4 ,x is a fruitful hunt3 ! ,june-bugs1 b5umb$ by ! *ill ( night1 fall l hail :5 y %ake ! bran*es4 ,soon y h a half a score ( !m1 !n a doz51 !n tw5ty4 ,x is en\gh4 ,y g back to ! h\se ) y\r prison]s flutt]+ & /ruggl+ 9 ! foot ( an old /ock+1 9 y\r h&k]*ief1 or 9 y\r cap4 ,y br+ a supply ( gre5 leaves4 8,& n[ = y\r exp]im5ts6 ,y tie a long /r+ to ! leg ( "o ( ! beetles & put ! insect 9 ! sun4 ,x inflates & deflates its belly1 raises its w+-%ea?s1 & exp&s its w+s4 ,!re x goes1 into ! air4 ,y\r exp]im5t has succe$$4 ,^! delights ( ! ,june-bug season1 my *ildr5--enjoy !m z long z y c4 ,o!r pleasures pale beside !m4 ,9 view ( ! amusem5t x af=ds y ,i gladly welcome ! ,june-bug4 ,b turn n[ to a less pleas+ aspect ( ! matt]4 8,l e o!r insect1 ! ,june-bug is at fir/ a grub4 ,9 t =m x lives ?ree ye>s 9 ! gr\nd1 :]eas 9 its f9al /ate1 :5 x is f\nd on trees & bu%es1 x lives b two or ?ree weeks4 ,?is grub or l>va is commonly call$ ! :ite grub1 also ! fi%-worm1 & sometimes ! gr\nd-hog4 ,look at x c>efully = a mom5t & tell me :at y see40 8,i see10 answ]$ ,l\is1 8a fat1 big-belli$ worm1 sl[ 9 its movem5ts1 & fond ( ly+ curl$ up on its side4 ,x is ( a :iti% color ) a yell[i% head40 8,yes1 & :at else80 8,x has six legs1 n made = runn+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 b = crawl+ und]nea?2 & x has /rong jaws = bit+ ! roots ( plants4 ,its head is capp$ ) horn to help x 9 bor+ ?r\gh ! soil40 8,v good10 0 ,uncle ,paul's approv+ comm5t2 8& y see h[ ! /oma* is di/5d$ ) food1 :i* %[s 9 a d>k] t9t ?r\gh ! :ite sk9 ( ! paun*4 ,s gorg$ is ! worm1 9 fact1 t x _c /& on its legs1 b lies lazily on its side4 8,= ?ree ye>s ?is fat grub lives "u gr\nd1 always "u gr\nd1 tunnel+ l a mole 9 all directions1 & liv+ on roots4 ,!n x makes = itself a little *amb] out ( e>?1 v smoo? inside1 & %uts itself up !re2 aft] :i* x proce$s to trans=m itself into a nymph1 & !n into a ,june-bug4 ,ev]y?+ s]ves x = food3 ! roots ( grass & ( trees1 ( c]eals & ( fodd]1 ( vegetables & ( fl[]s4 ,9 w9t] x buries itself deep 9 ! gr\nd & becomes torpid2 at ! approa* ( spr+ x returns to ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil1 in/alls itself among ! roots1 & goes f plant to plant1 leav+ deva/ation 9 its pa?4 ,y h1 let u suppose1 a f9e b$ ( lettuce 9 y\r g>d54 ,f no app>5t cause1 "s morn+1 y f9d x all )]$4 ,y pull up "o ( ! plants1 & x proves to h no root2 ! :ite grub has cut x away4 ,or y h a nurs]y ( "y fruit trees = y\r or*>d4 ,! t]rible worm passes t way1 & y\r nurs]y is good = no?+ b fire-wood4 ,or y h s[n sev]al acres ) :eat or rape1 y h made a consid]able outlay = f]tiliz] & labor2 b !re is promise ( a h&some h>ve/ ) l>ge pr(it to y4 ,! l>va ( ! ,june-bug works its way up f ! dep?s1 & !n good-bye to y\r h>ve/2 ! /alks dry up z !y /&1 hav+ no roots left to su/a9 !m4 ,:5 ?is =midable worm invades a c\ntry1 fam9e w\ld surely foll[ 7 x n t traffic facilities make possible ! spe$y importation ( provisions f o!r l&s4 ,we live 9 a progressive age &1 ?anks to ! means ( transport & to ! briskness ( trade1 p d n die ( hung] 9 a prov9ce ^: fields h be5 deva/at$ by ! :ite grub4 ,!y d n die ( hung]1 b :at woe foll[s 9 ! wake ( ! dev\r+ l>va6 ,ye> 9 & ye> out1 x de/roys millions ( francs' wor? ( crops 9 ,france alone4 8,! multitude ( ^! little insects is truly t]rify+4 ,:5 !y invade a field1 ! e>?1 und]m9$ 9 all directions1 loses its firmness & yields "u ! pressure ( ! foot4 ,"o ye>1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,s>!1 ! ravages became s s]i\s t x 0 necess>y to und]take a sy/ematic de/ruction ( ! pe/4 ,! ,june-bug 0 hunt$ on a l>ge scale1 & sixty ?\s& decalit]s 7 ga!r$ 91 ea* decalit] conta9+ ab\t five ?\s& insects4 ,?us ! total numb] tak5 am\nt$ to ?ree hundr$ millions4 ,to give y "s idea ( ! imm5sity ( ?is numb] ,i w add t if y %\ld try to c\nt ^? ?ree hundr$ million insects1 "o by "o1 x w\ld take y m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 work+ t5 h\rs a day4 8,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,l[] ,se9e !re 0 at "o "t f\nd to be an av]age ( tw5ty-?ree l>v ( ! ,june-bug to ! squ>e met]1 or two hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& dev\r]s to ea* hect>e4 ,a hect>e w raise a crop ( "o hundr$ ?\s& beets4 ,?us ea* beet 0 gnaw$ by at lea/ two worms4 ,all[+ eighty ?\s& rape-/alks to ! hect>e1 we f9d ea* /alk fe$+ ?ree worms1 or v ne>ly4 ,x is cle> t "u ^! desp]ate conditions no rape-se$ oil or beet-root sug> c be produc$4 ,e plant p]i%es4 ,9 ! s+le ye> #ahff ! ,l[] ,se9e lo/ f ?is cause ab\t tw5ty-five million francs4 8,9 #ahfh1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,france1 notably 9 ,norm&y1 ! multiplication ( ,june-bugs 0 s great z to spread al>m ?r\gh\t ! rural di/ricts4 ,trees 7 completely /ripp$ ( _! foliage1 & 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! insects fly abroad1 su* cl\ds ( !m encumb]$ ! atmosph]e z to make x difficult to walk ab\t4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e !re 7 ,june-bug hunts organiz$1 & ^? :o ga!r$ ! insects receiv$ f ! public treasury f f\r to six francs p] hundr$ lit]s4 ,9 "o place alone1 ,fonta9e-,mallet1 ne> ,havre1 !re 7 ga!r$ f\r ?\s& & fifty-n9e kilograms ( ! insects 9 f\r days4 ,! s*ool-ma/] s5t 8 pupils out aft] ,june-bugs1 & f\r hundr$ & =ty kilograms 0 ! result ( "o day's collect+4 ,all ^! insects 7 c>t$ to ,havre by ! wagon-load & dr[n$ 9 ! sea4 ,9 c]ta9 communes !y 7 br\ght to ! t[n hall 9 su* quantities t !re 0 no way ( dispos+ ( !m4 ,! air reek$ ) ! /5* !y made4 8,x is said t 9 #affh ! ,june-bugs de/roy$ all ! vegetation 9 "o c\nty ( ,irel&1 s t ! c\ntry pres5t$ ! dead appe>ance ( w9t]4 ,! s\nd made by ! insects' m&ibles 9 br[s+ ! foliage ( ! trees 0 l t ( a c>p5t]'s saw1 & ! hum ( w+s resembl$ ! di/ant beat+ ( drums4 ,envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( insects & bl9d$ by ! liv+ hail1 ! inhabitants c\ld h>dly see to g ab\t4 ,! fam9e 0 horrible3 ! poor ,iri% p 7 ev5 oblig$ to eat ! ,june-bugs to keep f />v+40 8,oh1 h[ awful t mu/ h be560 exclaim$ ! gr\p ( li/5]s4 8,yes1 awful1 inde$10 ass5t$ ,uncle ,paul1 8& ,i h a few m in/ances to relate1 less lam5table ?an ! ,iri% fam9e1 x is true1 b /ill ( a nature to %[ u h[ prodigi\s 7 ! legions ( ,june-bugs 9 c]ta9 ye>s4 ,9 #ahcb1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,gisors1 a /age-coa* became envelop$ at nightfall 9 a cl\d ( ^! insects4 ,bl9d$ & t]rifi$1 ! horses ob/9ately refus$ to g on4 ,f9ally !re 0 no?+ to d b turn ab\t & g back1 s completely did ! humm+ sw>m b> ! way4 ,=ty ye>s ago ! ,june-bugs desc5d$ ^u ,mcon aft] ravag+ ! v9ey>ds 9 its vic9ity4 ,!y 7 scoop$ up 9 ! /reets by ! %ovelful1 & to make "o's way ?r\gh ! cl\d ( beetles "o _h to cle> a passage by ! en]getic br&i%+ ( a /ick4 8,s9ce ! ,june-bug is s r$\btable a sc\rge to agriculture1 s9ce x is a foe ) :i* "o mu/ reckon mo/ s]i\sly1 h[1 y w ask1 is x to be got rid (8 ,!re is "o way1 & only "o3 collect+ & de/roy+ bo? grubs & beetles4 ,we c c\nt to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! help ( moles1 h$ge-hogs1 rav5s1 cr[s1 & magpies1 all ( :i* hunt ! l>v1 especially 9 newly pl\gh$ fields2 & we c also c\nt on ! aid ( a ho/ ( birds su* z %rikes1 sp>r[s1 & o!rs1 :i* dev\r ! beetles2 b ! numb] ( ! enemy is s great t ?is de/ruction by natural means does n always suffice4 ,we mu/ !n l5d an en]getic h& ourselves4 ,:i* ( ! two is to enjoy ! fruits ( ! e>?1 man or ,june-bug8 ,man1 if he w b be/ir himself & wage unceas+ w> on bo? ! insect & its l>va4 8,! :ite grub1 z ,i told y1 bores into ! e>? m or less deeply accord+ to ! season4 ,9 w9t] x goes d[n half a met]1 a dep? at :i* x is protect$ f ! fro/4 ,^u ! return ( mild] wea!r x comes up aga91 to be )9 rea* ( ! roots2 & f ! fir/ ( ,april x c be f\nd by digg+ d[n tw5ty c5timet]s4 ,a favorable "t1 !re=e1 is *os5 = turn+ up ! e>? & br++ ! l>v to ! surface1 :]eupon wom5 & *ildr51 foll[+ aft] ! pl\gh1 ga!r up ! :ite grubs 9 ! furr[s4 ,a s+le hect>e has be5 kn[n to yield 9 ?is way f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ kilograms ( worms4 ,! v]m9 are press$ d[n into ! e>? ) lime1 ! :ole mak+ an excell5t manure1 & ! enemy ( h>ve/s ?us s]ves to accel]ate _! gr[?40 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,,cat]pill>s ,,& ,,butt]flies 8,( all insects butt]flies are ! mo/ graceful1 ! mo/ wor?y ( *ildhood's eag] desire4 ,oh1 h[ beautiful !y are6 ,pois$ on a fl[]1 !y seem to =m a "p ( x & to animate x ) ! g5tle beat+ ( _! w+s4 ,y cauti\sly draw ne>1 y cr\* d[n & make a quick clut* ) ! h&1 b ! beautiful creature is no long] !re4 ,x is wait+ = y on ano!r fl[]1 q unconc]n$ at y\r designs on its fre$om4 ,let u leave x1 !n1 to flit f "o clu/] ( lilacs to ano!r1 & occupy ourselves a :ile ) an acc\nt ( its /ructure & habits4 8,all butt]flies h f\r w+s suitable = fly+1 two upp] & l>g] ones1 & two l[] ones half hidd5 "u ! o!rs4 ,"h we f9d no horny %ea?s su* z are worn by ! sc>ab & ! ,june-bug1 no protect+ case "u :i* ! membran\s w+s are fold$ to gu>d aga9/ lac]ation4 ,! sc>ab is a clod-hopp]1 well acqua9t$ ) ! h>% irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd4 ,he pursues 8 plodd+ c\rse on foot1 & x is only r>ely t he spreads 8 w+s 9 flight4 ,! butt]fly is a delicate creature ( ! air1 v seldom us+ its legs = walk+1 b f9d+ !m ( s]vice :5 x alights ^u a fl[]4 ,x has1 !re=e1 f\r broad w+s1 wide-spread & always ready = flight4 8,& :at w+s6 ,words are lack+ to describe !m fitly4 ,"s are :ite z if coat$ ) fl\r1 o!rs sky-blue1 & /ill o!rs sulphur-yell[4 ,aga9 y f9d !m ( a flame-l r$ or d>k crimson4 ,"s h r\nd spots l eyes1 :i* look at y ) _! l>ge pupils encircl$ by azure1 "m-(-pe>l1 or gold2 & y w see o!rs speckl$ ) black1 adorn$ ) silv] lace1 or fr+$ ) c>m9e4 ,if y t\* !m !y leave on y\r f+]s a brilliant p[d] beside :i* ! fil+s ( ! preci\s metals w\ld look dull4 8,?is du/ might be call$ ! butt]fly's plumage4 ,x consi/s ( scales ( extreme delicacy1 plac$ regul>ly side by side l ! tiles on a ro(1 & atta*$ by "o end to ! membrane ( ! w+ j z a bird's fea!rs h _! quills implant$ 9 its sk94 ,grasp$ r\ghly betwe5 ! f+]s1 ! w+ p>ts ) its delicate cov]+2 x loses its ornam5tal scales & %[s nak$ to ! view4 ,x is !n a f9e1 transluc5t membrane trav]s$ by a network ( t9y ribs1 or n]vures1 z !y are call$1 :i* hold x exp&$ & give x firmness4 8,at re/1 butt]flies d n all c>ry _! w+s 9 ! same mann]4 ,^? t fly by day & g f fl[] to fl[] 9 full sunlight1 hold _! w+s erect on ! back & fold$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,^! butt]flies are also recogniz$ by _! brilliant color+1 _! lightness on ! w+1 _! grace ( =m4 ,^?1 #f on ! o!r h&1 t fly ei!r by night or at ev5+ twilight be> _! w+s1 9 repose1 ei!r outspread or else lightly fold$ 9 a sort ( ro(-%ape4 ,!y are ( bulki] =m & heavi] ?an ! fir/-m5tion$1 & sombre hues pr$om9ate 9 _! co/ume4 8,:e!r fri5ds ( light or fond ( d>kness1 :e!r c\rt+ ! sun%9e or lov]s ( ! night1 butt]flies are inv>iably v ab/emi\s1 f9d+ all ! n\ri%m5t !y require 9 ! t9y drop ( honey exud+ at ! bottom ( a fl[]4 ,_m fl[]s h long & n>r[ m\?s2 no insect muzzle is sl5d] en\gh to rea* into flasks l ^! & lap up ! syrup1 & !re=e butt]flies mu/ h a special in/rum5t adapt$ to ! purpose4 8,?is in/rum5t is ! proboscis1 z f9e z a hair & long en\gh to rea* to ! exquisite drop1 h[ev] deeply x may be hidd54 ,:5 n 9 use1 ?is proboscis is kept tightly coil$ at ! entrance to ! insect's m\?4 ,:5 x f9ds a fl[] to its ta/e1 x uncoils ?is spiral & ext5ds ! proboscis 9 a long ?read :i* plunges into ! n>r[-neck$ bottle & proce$s to suck up ! covet$ drop4 ,if we wi%$ to dr9k f a flask ( simil> %ape1 we %\ld use a /raw or re$4 ,its proboscis is ! butt]fly's /raw ) :i* x takes its refre%m5t f ! fl[]s4 8,z ) o!r insects1 ! butt]fly is at fir/ a l>va or worm1 v diff]5t1 y und]/&1 f :at ! creature w aft]w>d become4 ,! l>v ( butt]flies are no?+ 9 ! _w b cat]pill>s40 8,oh1 h[ disgu/+60 cri$ ,emile1 mak+ a wry face4 8,b nev]!less s x is10 proce$$ 8 uncle4 8,cat]pill>s1 repugnant creatures to u1 *ange into ^? magnific5t butt]flies t we are nev] tir$ ( admir+4 ,:at 0 ugly becomes beautiful1 :at 0 frightful f9ds itself ! pr\d possessor ( grace & *>m4 8,!re are "s cat]pill>s t h ! sk9 q nak$ & mottl$ ) v>i\s colors 9 a mann] n unpleas+ to ! eye4 ,to t\* ^! worms1 ev5 to h&le !m1 inspires little or no fe>1 s h>mless d !y look4 ,b !re are o!rs1 ( a l>g] size1 :i* c>ry on ! back1 t[>d ! re>1 a m5ac+ horn1 a sort ( hook1 ( :i* x seems prud5t to bew>e4 ,?is appreh5sion1 h[ev]1 is gr\ndless3 ! horn is in(f5sive1 be+ n a weapon b a m]e ornam5t4 ,cat]pill>s ?us equipp$ become l>ge butt]flies fly+ 9 ! late ev5+ twilight4 8,/ill o!rs h an ev5 m repulsive look1 bri/l+ z !y d ) clu/]s ( prickles & ) tufts ( long hair4 ,f ^! ugly creatures1 ^: v t\* w\ld be s disagreeable to u & w\ld make u utt] cries ( fe>1 come "s ( ! mo/ beautiful butt]flies ( our "p ( ! _w4 ,su* is ! cat]pill> t br[ses ! leaves ( ! nettle & becomes ! ,vanessa ,io or peacock-butt]fly4 ,x is black ) :ite spots1 & we>s a r\gh armor ( too!d prickles4 ,! butt]fly1 ! ,vanessa1 has w+s ( a bright brick-r$ adorn$ ) a l>ge eye ( m+l$ black1 violet1 & blue4 ,:o w\ld ev] imag9e1 unless he _h se5 ! trans=mation or he>d ab\t x1 t s ravi%+ a creature has su* an orig98 8,b = all _! hairs & prickles cat]pill>s ne$ cause u no al>m4 ,no?+ ab\t !m ju/ifies ! fe> !y too (t5 inspire4 ,no cat]pill> is poison\s1 no cat]pill> s]i\sly injures ! h&s t t\* x4 ,yet x is well n to repose full confid5ce 9 hairy cat]pill>s3 sometimes ! hairs become deta*$ & cl+ to ! f+]s1 caus+ r lively it*+ s5sations4 ,b a little scrat*+ ord9>ily ends ! tr\ble4 ,accord+ly any "o :o %\ld h]eaft] be afraid ( cat]pill>s w\ld n des]ve ! privilege ( *as+ butt]flies4 8,e l>va is a glutton\s eat]1 because x mu/ gr[ big & accumulate ! :]e)al = its subsequ5t *anges ( =m4 ,nor are cat]pill>s lack+ 9 response to ?is s]i\s duty4 ,! future butt]fly's welf>e is at /ake4 ,made solely = eat+1 ! l>v gnaw & br[se unceas+ly4 ,ea* "o has its own p>ticul> k9d ( su/5ance1 its *os5 plant1 & no?+ else meets ! requirem5ts4 ,! l>va ( ! ,vanessa selects ! nettle & turns ) av]sion f all sub/itutes2 t ( ! ,pi]is1 a :ite butt]fly ) black spots1 w h only ! cabbage2 t ( ! ,ma*aon1 a butt]fly ) l>ge w+s t end 9 a sort ( tail1 fea/s on f5nel2 & s ( o!rs4 8,aft] atta9+ ! full size assign$ to !m by nature1 cat]pill>s1 l o!r l>v1 prep>e = _! trans=mation4 ,"s %ut !mselves up 9 a cocoon made f a silk5 ?read t !y sp9 f _! m\?1 :ile o!rs cont5t !mselves ) b9d+ toge!r1 by means ( ! small supply ( ?read at _! disposal1 p>ticles ( e>?1 bits ( wood1 & hairs pluck$ f _! own body4 ,?us is obta9$1 at small exp5se1 a suffici5tly sub/antial tempor>y abode4 ,f9ally1 /ill o!rs1 especially among ! butt]flies t fly 9 ! daytime1 m]ely seek a retreat on ! side ( "s wall or aga9/ a tree-trunk1 & !re susp5d !mselves 9 a girdle ( silk4 8,^! precautions tak51 ! cat]pill> /rips (f its sk9 & becomes a nymph1 b v diff]5t f t :i* ! /ag-beetle %[$ u4 ,! coleopt]1 9 its nymph /age1 0 already recognizable1 ) its bran*+ m&ibles1 its legs fold$ on its /oma*1 & its w+s enclos$ 9 _! %ea?s4 ,! butt]fly1 on ! contr>y1 is n at all disc]nible "u ! cas+ ( ! nymph4 ,?is nymph1 ) sk9 z t\gh z p>*m5t1 is an object little indicative ( its true nature & mu* m sugge/ive ( ! k]nel ( "s /range fruit ?an ( any animal =m4 ,because ( its %ape1 s diff]5t f t %[n to u by ord9>y nymphs1 x has receiv$ a special "n1 t ( *rysalis4 8,?is ^w means gold5 %ea?4 ,sometimes1 notably 9 ! case ( ! ,vanessa1 ! *rysalis is adorn$ ) gild+2 b 9 ! great majority ( in/ances ! sugge/ive "n is n des]v$1 a uni=m *e/nut hue1 d>k] or light]1 be+ ! usual color ( ! *rysalis4 ,rip5$ by long repose1 ?is species ( animal %ell splits d[n ! back & releases ! p]fect insect1 complete 9 all its attributes4 ,! butt]fly passes a few fe/ive days amid ! fl[]s1 & be=e dy+ lays eggs :5ce w spr+ cat]pill>s to cont9ue ! race40 ,,*apt] ,,xlix ,,ants 8,ants live 9 communities1 ea* conta9+ _m memb]s1 9 und]gr\nd abodes1 :]e ! "y are re>$4 ,^! communities are compos$ ( ?ree k9ds ( insects3 males & females1 recognizable by _! l>ge transp>5t w+s1 f\r to ea* ant2 & ! neut]s1 or work]s1 :i* h no w+s4 ,^! la/1 ! work]s1 build ! h\se1 take c>e ( ! community1 re> ! l>v & br+ !m _! food1 di/ribut+ x to ea* "o4 ,! o!rs d n "w4 ,to add to ! population by furni%+ an abundant supply ( eggs is all t !y are expect$ to d4 8,z soon z ! rays ( ! morn+ sun /rike ! ant-hill1 ! work]s /&+ wat* at ! entrance ha/5 )91 nudge _! comrades ) _! ant5n to wake !m up1 run f "o to ano!r1 urge !m on1 hu/le !m into activity1 & put all ! subt]ranean gall]ies into lively commotion4 ,fir/ ( all1 att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! l>v1 feeble transp>5t worms1 )\t feet & unable to fe$ !mselves & to gr[ unless !y receive assidu\s c>e f _! nurses4 8,accord+ly1 ar\s$ by ! tumult caus$ by ! work]s ru%+ 9 f outside1 ! ants proce$ to busy !mselves ) ! l>v & also ) ! nymphs1 c>ry+ !m ) all possible exp$ition into ! op5 air & plac+ !m :]e !y w be/ be expos$ = "s "t to ! b5ign influ5ce ( ! sun's heat4 ,aft] ?is sun-ba? !y are return$ to ! d>kness & /[$ away 9 *amb]s expressly prep>$ = !m4 ,& n[ is ! "t = fe$+ ! nursl+s4 8,j z little birds receive ! beakful ( food1 s d ! l>v take _! n\ri%m5t4 ,:5 !y are hungry !y raise !mselves a little & seek ! m\? ( "s "o ( ! work]s engag$ 9 m9i/]+ to !m4 ,! nurs+ ant op5s its m&ibles & lets a t9y drop ( sweet5$ liquid be tak5 f its m\?4 ,?us1 "o suck at a "t1 ! nutritive juice is di/ribut$ until ! entire brood is f$4 8,b c>ry+ ! l>v into ! sun & fe$+ !m w n suffice3 !y mu/ also be kept 9 a /ate ( extreme cleanl9ess4 ,! work]s be/[ ^u _! *>ges ! same t5d] c>e t ! "m cat ex]cises t[>d h] kitt5s4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 !y lick ! nursl+'s body to give x p]fect :it5ess1 & !y tug cauti\sly at ! wr9kl$ sk9 :5 ! trans=mation draws ne>4 8,be=e ca/+ ?is sk9 ! l>va sp9s itself a cocoon ( silk1 elongat$ & cyl9drical 9 %ape1 pale yell[ 9 color1 v smoo?1 & compact 9 texture4 ,"u cov] ( ?is protect+ sac1 ! worm becomes a nymph4 ,9 ?is =m ! ant assumes its f9al %ape1 lack+ only /r5g? & a little firmness4 ,all its memb]s are di/9ct1 b envelop$ 9 a f9e membrane :i* x mu/ /rip (f to become a p]fect insect4 8,if y di/urb an ant-hill y w see ! work]s ha/5+ to c>ry away & put 9 a safe place c]ta9 cyl9drical bodies hav+ some:at ! appe>ance ( gra9s ( :eat & v inappropriately call$ ant-eggs4 ,!y are n ! eggs ( ! insect1 :i* are 9 reality mu* small]2 !y are cocoons ) _! cont5ts1 l>v at fir/1 nymphs lat]4 8,:5 ! "t comes = leav+ its cocoon1 ! enclos$ ant is unable ( itself to ga9 its fre$om by pi]c+ ) its m&ibles ! silk5 envelope2 x possesses no?+ resembl+ ! solv5t liquid :i* ! silk-worm holds 9 res]ve 9 its /oma*2 nor has x at ! =w>d end ( its prison-cell a door = exit analog\s to ! curi\s pal+ provid$ = ! great peacock-butt]fly4 ,x w\ld p]i% 9 its silk sack if ! work+ ants did n be/ir !mselves = its deliv]ance4 8,?ree or f\r ( ^! m\nt ! cocoon & /rive to op5 x at ! end correspond+ to ! prison]'s head4 ,!y beg9 by weak5+ ! texture ( ! sac by te>+ away a few ?reads ( silk at ! po9t :]e ! op5+ is to be made2 !n1 nipp+ & twi/+ ! tissue s difficult to break ?r\gh1 !y at la/ succe$ 9 punctur+ x ) a numb] ( holes ne> "o ano!r1 :]eupon ! m&ibles are appli$ at "o ( ^! holes j z "o w\ld apply a pair ( scissors1 & a n>r[ /rip is cut away4 ,at ?is h>d labor ! ants "w 9 relays1 toil+ & re/+ by turn4 ,"o holds ! n>r[ /rip t has be5 cut1 :ile a second enl>ges ! op5+1 & a ?ird g5tly extricates ! "y ant f its natal sac4 8,at la/ ! insect comes =?1 b unable to walk or ev5 to /& on its legs1 = x is /ill enswa!d 9 a f9al membrane :i* x _c /rip (f unaid$4 ,! work]s d n =sake x 9 ?is new pr$icam5t2 !y free x f ! sat9 envelope enwrapp+ all its memb]s2 ) delicate c>e !y extricate ! ant5n f _! %ea?s2 !y dis5gage ! feet & set ! body at lib]ty4 ,!n ! "y ant is 9 a condition to walk ab\t &1 above all1 to take n\ri%m5t1 :i* x greatly ne$s aft] all ?is fatigu+ ex]tion4 ,its lib]ators vie ) "o ano!r 9 (f]+ ! m\? & disgorg+ a little sweet5$ liquid4 ,= "s days long] ! work]s keep a wat*ful eye on _! new companions & foll[ !m ab\t1 acqua9t+ !m ) ! labyr9?9e passages ( _! abode4 ,?us in/ruct$1 ! "y ants m+le ) ! o!rs & %>e _! labors4 8,! nurses rema9+ at home to p]=m ! h\sehold duties dep5d = _! rations on ! work]s t g out to collect supplies4 ,^! latt] br+ !m little insects1 or pieces ( ^? t !y h dismemb]$ on ! spot :5 ! entire prey is too l>ge = conveyance4 ,:atev] !y may be1 ^! provisions are pass$ ar\nd & are spe$ily dispos$ ( by ! assembl$ company4 ,if ! work+ ants *ance to f9d ripe fruit or l>ge pieces ( game t _c be divid$ into small p>ts1 !y adopt ano!r mode ( proc$ure4 ,plac$ 9 possession ( s great ri*es1 !y cont5t !mselves ) ! juice alone1 ( :i* !y imbibe copi\sly1 !n return home ) /oma*s full ( liquid food :i* !y disgorge1 drop by drop1 z fa/ z _! hungry comrades pres5t !mselves4 8,! ant 9 ne$ ( n\ri%m5t /rikes rapidly ) its ant5n ^? ( ! ant expect$ to r5d] ! desir$ assi/ance4 ,pres5tly !y are se5 to approa* ea* o!r ) op5 m\?s & tongues out 9 read9ess = ! transf] ( ! nutritive liquor f "o to ! o!r4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! ant receiv+ ! m\?ful ( su/5ance keeps up an un9t]rupt$ c>ess+1 ) =e legs & ant5n1 ( ! ant m9i/]+ to its ne$s4 8,:o is n famili> ) ! lice t infe/ plants1 assembl$ 9 d5se gr\ps t conta9 ea* m memb]s ?an "o c\ld easily c\nt8 ,!re are black lice on ! bean/alks1 gre5 ones on ! rosebu%es1 _! /oma*s c>ry+1 beh9d1 two little tubes :5ce oozes f "t to "t a t9y drop ( liquid4 ,?is liquid is ! ant's ma9 dep5d5ce = food4 ,let u foll[ an ant on its r\nds among ! plant-lice4 8,x goes hi!r & ?i!r among ! motionless h]d1 :i* is n[ise di/urb$ by its pres5ce4 ,hav+ f\nd :at x is aft]1 ! ant /ations itself close to "o ( ! lice1 :i* x proce$s to c>ess ) g5tle taps ( its ant5n on ! little creature's /oma*1 fir/ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r4 ,! mil*-l\se all[s itself to be s$uc$ by ^! fri5dly ov]tures1 & a drop ( liquid oozes out at ! end ( ! tubes1 ! ant suck+ x up at once4 ,a second l\se is visit$1 & x too is solicit$ 9 ! same c>ess+ fa%ion4 ,x yields its drop ( liquid & lets itself be milk$1 aft] :i* ! ant passes )\t delay to a ?ird l\se1 :i* x coaxes 9 l mann]4 ,a f\r?1 probably already dra9$1 )/&s ! :e$l+1 :]eupon ! ant1 p]ceiv+ t no?+ is to be hop$ = !re1 proce$s to a fif? memb] ( ! h]d & obta9s :at x desires4 ,a few ( ^! m\?fuls are en\gh to satisfy an ant1 & !n x returns to its home4 8,c]ta9 ants are great /ay-at-homes3 = !m x w\ld be a pa9ful infliction to h to g out into ! _w4 ,9 ord] to sp>e !mselves ?is necessity !y raise plant-lice & pa/ure !m 9 enclosures v ne> ! ant-hill s t ! milk+ may be done at leisure4 ,^! h]d$ plant-lice are _! preci\s possession1 & ! community is m or less ri* z x owns m or less ( ?is prop]ty4 ,x con/itutes ! ants' flocks & h]ds1 _! c[s & goats4 ,!y build und]gr\nd /ables among ! grass-roots1 & !re keep ! plant-lice :i* !y obta9 f a di/ance1 j z we ga!r our dome/ic animals "u ! ro( ( b>n or fold4 8,o!rs display an ev5 m curi\s +5uity3 !y take possession ( ! lice liv+ on "s bran* or twig ( a gr[+ bu%1 &1 jeal\sly wat*ful ( _! cattle1 suff] no /rang] to come & lay claim to ! food-supply !y !mselves are prep>+ to appropriate4 ,) _! m&ibles !y drive (f all intrud]s2 !y patrol ! twig 9 vigilant def5se & /& c>eful gu>d ov] _! h]ds4 ,if ! dang] becomes too m5ac+1 !y ha/5 to c>ry away _! live/ock & pa/ure x else:]e1 9 a safe place4 8,or1 z /ill ano!r device1 !y take little pellets ( e>? & build ar\nd ! twig a sort ( pavilion1 a /ructure ) a v n>r[ op5+1 a %eep-fold1 9 a ^w1 ) a few leaves gr[+ inside x & furni%+ su/5ance to ! enclos$ flock4 ,9 ?is quiet retreat ! proprietors milk _! ewes1 safely %elt]$ f ra9 & sun &1 mo/ important ( all1 f ali5 ants4 8,we h 9 ?is region a r l>ge r$di% ant kn[n z ! r$ ant or ,amazon ant1 :i* _c )\t help build its h\se1 raise its l>v1 procure food1 or ev5 eat food2 b ) its hook$ m&ibles x is admirably equipp$ = fight+ & pillage4 ,slaves are ! object ( its pr$atory raids1 slaves to fe$ x1 to g out aft] provisions1 to build ! ant-hill1 & to re> ! "y4 ,a small black or drab ant is ! object ( its slave-hunt+ excursions4 8,9 battalions ( "s ?\s&s ea* ! r$s g =? 9 que/ ( a ne/ ( drabs4 ,!y break into ! ant-hill not)/&+ its occupants' resi/ance1 & sack ! und]gr\nd city4 ,pres5tly !y take _! dep>ture1 ea* ) 8 plund] betwe5 8 m&ibles4 ,!y c>ry away1 n ! full-gr[n ants1 s9ce ^! c\ld n be tra9$ to s]ve 9 ! /range ant-hill & w\ld spe$ily make _! way back to _! =m] home1 b ! "y ones1 & ! nymphs %ut up 9 _! cocoons4 8,hat*$ 9 ! domicile ( ! r$s1 ! ants issu+ f ! /ol5 cocoons look ^u ! natal ant-hill z _! own & !re fulfill _! cu/om>y duties ) dilig5ce4 ,!y g out aft] prov5d]1 und]take all build+ op]ations1 c>e = ! l>v ( ! ,amazon ants1 & fe$ _! big & /upid conqu]ors :o1 once 9 possession ( en\gh slaves1 nev] leave home aga940 ,,*apt] ,l ,,! ,,ant-,,lion 8,on ! m>g9 ( ponds & /reams we may see1 fly+ f "o bulru% to ano!r1 c]ta9 insects ) l>ge transp>5t w+s & abdom5 long & sl5d] l a piece ( /r+4 ,"s are ( a bronze gre5 color1 o!rs ( a spl5did indigo blue1 :ile /ill o!rs1 some:at l>g]1 are clo!d 9 m+l$ black & yell[4 ,!y are call$ libellulids or1 m commonly1 dragon-flies1 & also devil's d>n+-ne$les4 8,d y recognize ! insect8 ,hav5't y ev] run aft] x8 ,p]*$ on a re$ t trembles 9 ! curr5t1 x seems to be doz+ & wait+ = y1 its w+s ext5d$ to ! utmo/4 ,y\r h& d>ts out to seize x4 ,good-bye1 d>n+-ne$le6 ,x is t5 paces away f y40 8,yes1 inde$10 repli$ ,l\is1 8e "o has *as$ d>n+-ne$les1 b ,i nev] knew ( any "o's cat*+ !m4 ,& we don't h to g s f> z ! brook or ! mill-pond to f9d !m1 ei!r40 8,no2 n all ( !m are lov]s ( wat]4 ,"s1 9 fact1 avoid x & pref] s&y places p>*$ by ! burn+ sun4 ,a mode/ gray is _! uni=m1 b !y make up = _! lack ( brilliancy by _! curi\s mode ( life :ile !y are /ill 9 ! l>va =m4 ,! picture t ,i %[ y "h illu/rates :at ^! gray dragon-flies look l at an e>li] /age4 8,a s+ul> creature & n exactly +ratiat+ 9 appe>ance4 ,x w\ld n be v pleasant to enc\nt] "o 9 a lonely nook 9 ! woods1 little adapt$ ?\gh its size is = attack+ u4 ,look at its f]oci\s po9t$ nipp]s1 op5+ & clos+ l a pair ( tweez]s4 ,d !y n betok5 a ?ir/ = blood8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! little creature lives by c>nage exclusively2 x is a hunt] ^: game is ! ant4 ,h5ce its "n ( ant-lion1 or1 z x might be put1 ! lion ( ! ants4 8,prey ( t sort is incapable ( s]i\s resi/ance :5 once x has be5 seiz$ by ^? t]rible hooks2 b x mu/ fir/ be seiz$1 & !re is ! difficulty4 ,! nimble ant scamp]s (f at ! fir/ approa* ( dang]1 & if x %\ld *ance to be h>d press$ x has only to run up a blade ( grass & !re be out ( rea*4 ,! ant-lion1 on its "p1 heavy ( paun* & %ort ( leg1 drags itself along v awkw>dly2 &1 moreov]1 if x ev] und]takes to get ov] ! gr\nd--a r>e occurr5ce--x always moves backw>d1 :i* is n :at might be call$ a spe$y gait & does n adapt itself to keep+ ! object ( "o's pursuit always 9 sight4 8,! *ase be+ ?us r5d]$ impracticable1 !re rema9 ! sn>e & ! ambuscade4 ,! creature mu/ capture by cunn+ :at its sluggi%ness ( movem5t makes x impossible to get possession ( o!rwise4 ,let u see :at =m ?is cunn+ takes4 8,hunt at ! base ( sun-expos$ walls & rocks1 & if y f9d !re "s little nook ) v f9e & dry s&y soil1 ! ant-lion w seldom fail to be !re too4 ,its abode is easily recogniz$ by ! regul> funnel-%ap$ holl[ scoop$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! insect itself is invisible1 be+ hidd5 "u ! s& at ! bottom ( ! excavation4 8,) ! blade ( a knife ?ru/ obliquely into ! gr\nd lift up ! bottom ( ! funnel1 & y w h ! little creature1 r aba%$ at fir/ by ! sudd5 de/ruction ( its retreat1 b soon recov]$ & /riv+ to hide itself 9 ! soil by a backw>d movem5t4 ,make ha/e to take x & put x into a glass "u a lay] ( f9e s& l t b5ea? :i* y f\nd x4 ,!re at y\r leisure y c wat* x z x holl[s out its funnel1 a pitfall = cat*+ ants4 ,y w see x put into practice ! cunn+ wiles ( an ambu%$ hunt]4 8,let u = a mom5t /& z onlook]s1 m5tally at lea/1 :ile ?is "w goes =w>d4 ,plac$ on a b$ ( s& & re/or$ f its =m] dismay1 ! ant-lion proce$s to plunge its belly halfway into ! soil2 !n1 ) ?is sub/itute = a pl[%>e1 & always mov+ backw>d1 x draws a circul> furr[4 ,return+ to its />t+-po9t x draws a second furr[ close to ! fir/1 !n a ?ird next to ! second1 & s on ) a great _m m1 ea* "o ( small] circumf]5ce ?an ! prec$+1 s t !y all toge!r =m a spiral :i* con/antly approa*es ! c5t]2 & z ?is liv+ pl[ is driv5 deep] & deep] at ea* circuit1 & ?r[s outw>d ! soil t x turns up1 ! f9al result is a funnel ( ab\t two in*es 9 diamet] & some:at less 9 dep?4 ,!re y h ! ant-lion's trap1 ! trea*]\s pitfall 9 :i* ! ants are caught4 8,( c\rse ! huntsman employ+ su* a device z ?is mu/ himself keep well out ( sight4 ,! ant-lion is too well v]s$ 9 its art to violate ?is elem5t>y pr9ciple4 ,x cr\*es d[n "u ! s& at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! upturn$ funnel1 ) only its nipp]s %[+1 & ^! are press$ close to ! gr\nd1 b wide op5 & ready to seize any luckless ant t may *ance to tumble d[n ! incl9e4 ,al?\gh ! horrible p9c]s are expos$1 !y are n likely to excite suspicion1 be+ easily mi/akable f ! edge ( ! excavation = "s /ray bits ( dead leaves4 8,^! prep>ations complet$1 ! insect lies 9 wait1 p]fectly motionless4 ,its pati5ce & its hung] are subject$ to prolong$ trial4 ,h\rs & ev5 days pass ) no sign ( game4 ,alas1 h[ difficult x is 9 ?is _w ev5 = an ant-lion to w9 its m\?ful ( bread6 8,b at la/ !re comes an ant1 on bus9ess b5t t takes x into ^! p>ts4 ,preoccupi$ ) its own conc]ns1 x takes no he$ ( ! pitfall4 ,h>dly has x approa*$ ! edge ( ! *asm :5 ! s&1 :i* is extremely un/able1 gives way "u ! little creature's feet4 ,!re is a l&-slide1 & ) x d[n tumbles ! incauti\s ant4 ,9 mid-c\rse x succe$s by desp]ate ef=ts 9 arre/+ its desc5t4 ,x /ruggles to rega9 ! upp] level2 its t9y claws1 trembl+ ) fe>1 cat* z be/ !y may at ! r\ghness ( ! slope2 b z soon z t\*$ ^! supports yield1 & ! d[n-ru% beg9s anew ) irresi/ible impetus4 8,"o gra9 ( s&1 m firmly plant$ ?an ! re/1 (f]s "s resi/ance4 ,p]haps safety w be f\nd 9 ?is po9t ( support if x cont9ues to )/& ! /ra94 ,x holds firm1 surely en\gh4 ,! ant climbs up a little1 he$ful ( its /eps = fe> ( precipitat+ ano!r slide4 ,x has almo/ ga9$ ! edge ( ! excavation & seems ab\t to f9d its feet once m on firm gr\nd4 ,w x inde$ escape scot-free8 8,oh1 no4 ,! hungry wat*] at ! bottom ( ! funnel w h some?+ to say on t subject4 ,he int5ds to make a good d9n] on ! ant4 ,if ?+s _h foll[$ _! cu/om>y c\rse & ! imprud5t victim1 caught 9 ! trap1 _h cont9u$ to slide d[n until )9 rea* ( ! nipp]s1 ^! w\ld h seiz$ _! prey )\t fur!r =mality2 b s9ce ! game seems ab\t to escape1 x is ! huntsman's "p to employ ! manuvres res]v$ = difficult cases4 8,! ant-lion's head is flat & some:at %ovel-%ap$4 ,! insect plunges x into ! s& & !n1 ) a sudd5 movem5t ( ! neck1 ?r[s ! %ovelful up into ! air s t x w come d[n aga9 on ! ant4 ,o!r %ovelfuls foll[ 9 quick succession1 bett] & bett] direct$1 & fall back 9 a hail-/orm on ! n[ ne>ly exhau/$ ant4 8,aga9/ ?is %[] ( s& resi/ance is impossible :5 "o /&s on a trea*]\s foot+ t gives way at ea* attempt to escape4 ,! poor victim is swept away & rolls to ! bottom ( ! funnel4 ,in/antly ! nipp]s seize _! prey1 & all is ov]4 ,! huntsman goes to 8 d9n]1 n gnaw+ ! fruit ( 8 pati5t skill1 s9ce x is too t\gh = t1 b suck+ ! juice l ! ref9$ epicure he is4 8,:5 !re is no?+ left ( ! ant b a dry husk1 ! ant-lion loads x on to 8 head & ) an upw>d toss ?r[s x out ( ! funnel1 9 ord] n to defile 8 place ( ambu% ) a useless corpse :i* might ar\se ! di/ru/ ( pass]s-by4 ,!n a little c>eful m5d+ re/ores ! pitfall to its =m] mobility1 & ! huntsman waits pati5tly = ano!r ant to take a false /ep & slide d[n into 8 lair40 ,,*apt] ,,li ,,v5om\s ,,animals 8,among v5om\s animals !re are "s ^: poison$ weapon has no o!r purpose ?an to s]ve z a means ( def5se4 ,su* is ! bee1 ! work] 9 honey ( our hives2 su* also is ! burly1 hairy bumblebee1 :i* also ga!rs a /ore ( honey1 b keeps x und]gr\nd 9 rude little pots ( wax4 ,let u n mole/ !m at _! task1 ei!r int5tionally or o!rwise1 & !y w n mole/ u4 ,if we irritate !m1 !y /raightway draw on ! aggressor & /ab him ) _! v5om\s dagg]4 ,?is weapon !y c>ry = def5se1 n = attack4 8,b !re are o!r & m r$\btable creatures t use _! v5om = kill+ quickly1 & )\t any dang]\s /ruggle on ! victim's "p1 ! prey on :i* !y fe$4 ,( c\rse ! (f5sive weapon is capable ( becom+ also a def5sive "o 9 mom5ts ( p]il3 t :i* s]ves to kill ! prey s]ves likewise to repel ! enemy4 ,among animals mak+ ?is d\ble use ( _! v5om\s weapon1 fir/ = attack & !n = def5se1 let u note ! scorpion & ! vip]4 8,! scorpion is a hide\s creature & ( int]e/ to u solely on acc\nt ( its /+4 ,x has a flatt5$ /oma*1 dragg+ on ! gr\nd1 & no di/9ct head4 ,9 reality x has a head1 b s little diff]5tiat$ f ! re/ ( its body z to give a truncat$ appe>ance to ! :ole4 ,on ea* side are f\r feeble legs1 & 9 front a big pair ( nipp]s l ^? ( ! crab4 ,beh9d is a sort ( jo9t$ tail1 ! t]m9al jo9t ( :i*1 m swoll5 ?an ! o!rs1 s]ves z res]voir = ! v5om4 ,x ends 9 a hook1 v %>p & ) a microscopic p]=ation at ! po9t1 f :i* ! v5om\s fluid escapes at ! in/ant ( attack4 8,9 ?is jo9t$ tail ) its t]m9al /+ y behold ! scorpion's implem5t ( ! *ase1 a t]rible weapon :i* kills imm$iately1 at "o /roke1 any small game ! animal may h seiz$4 ,x is c>ri$ b5t ov] on ! back1 ready to inflict its deadly w\nd 9 front or beh9d ) ! sudd5ness ( a releas$ spr+4 ,! two-jaw$ nipp]s1 ( :i* only "o jaw moves1 are h>mless despite _! m5ac+ appe>ance4 ,!y are a sort ( tongs us$ by ! animal to hold )9 rea* & prev5t f escap+ ! prey x is ab\t to /+4 8,! scorpion is c>nivor\s1 fe$+ on all game adapt$ to its size1 su* z wood-lice1 insects1 spid]s4 ,end[$ ) b little agility1 x leaves its lair by night & "u cov] ( ! d>kness hunts its sleep+ prey4 ,let u suppose x to *ance ^u a big spid]4 ,t is inde$ a succul5t morsel1 b its capture involves dang]1 = ! spid] on its side is arm$ ) two v5om\s fangs 9 its m\?4 ,be+ bo? ?us equipp$ ) deadly weapons1 :i* ( ! two w succumb8 ,x w be ! spid]4 8,! scorpion seizes x ) its two nipp]s & holds ! victim f> en\gh away to avoid ! risk ( a bite4 ,!n ! coil$ tail quickly /raight5s out ov] ! scorpion & proce$s to inflict a /+ on ! helpless captive4 ,x is all ov]4 ,! /rick5 prey gives a mom5t>y %udd] 9 its dea? agony & !n collapses1 lifeless4 ,! huntsman c n[ fea/ on 8 victim at leisure & 9 p]fect security4 8,we h 9 ,france1 9 ! s\!rn dep>tm5ts1 two species ( scorpions1 ( :i* ! small] & m common is ( a gre5i% black4 ,its cu/om>y haunt is "u ! /ones at ! base ( old walls1 ! favorite lurk+-place ( ! wood-l\se & ! spid]2 b x also v (t5 f9ds its way into human habitations1 :]e x hides 9 d>k corn]s4 ,9 ra9y wea!r x snuggles "u ! l95 laid away 9 cupbo>ds1 & ev5 creeps "u ! b$clo!s4 ,n a pleasant exp]i5ce is x to f9d ?is baneful intrud]1 "s f9e morn+1 9 ! foot ( "o's /ock+4 ,"o %akes out ! frightful creature & treads x "u foot4 ,if x has /ung y1 ! pa9 is no joke1 ?\gh n s]i\sly dang]\s4 8,! o!r species1 mu* l>g] & f> m to be dread$1 is f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ,langu$oc & ,prov5ce4 ,x is /raw-color 9 hue & inhabits s&y hillocks :]e ! sun beats d[n ) ! fi]ce/ heat4 ,!re1 "u "s l>ge /one1 x digs itself a d51 a spaci\s retreat1 :5ce x issues only by night 9 que/ ( some?+ to eat4 ,x is nev] kn[n to intrude into h\ses1 nor does x ev] leave ! w>m? ( its des]t solitudes4 ,unless y di/urb x by lift+ up ! flat /one t ro(s its abode1 y run no risk ( enc\nt]+ ! /+2 b woe to ! reckless "o :o %\ld ra%ly v5ture to rummage 9 t retreat4 ,! creature's /+ is sometimes deadly1 !y say4 8,! vip] makes its home1 by pref]5ce1 on "s w>m & /ony hillside1 :]e x lurks "u ! /ones & 9 ! tangl$ und]bru%4 ,its color is br[n or r$di%1 ) a d>k] zigzag /ripe on ! back & a r[ ( spots on ea* side4 ,its belly is ( a gray slate-color1 & its head1 l>g] ?an ! neck1 is blunt$ z if cut (f 9 front4 8,x is an extremely timid creature & nev] attacks man except 9 self-def5se4 ,its movem5ts are brusque1 irregul>1 & heavy4 ,l all s]p5ts x fe$s on live prey1 especially insects & small field-rats4 ,to capture ^! quickly & to deprive !m ( ! p[] to def5d !mselves1 ! vip] fir/ inflicts a v5om\s w\nd1 z does ! scorpion4 8,all s]p5ts d>t out & 9 betwe5 _! lips1 ) extreme velocity1 a black1 ?read-l memb]1 =k$ at ! end & ( great flexibility4 ,_m p]sons take ?is to be ! reptile's /+1 ?\gh 9 reality x is no?+ b its tongue1 a tongue void ( (f5se & us$ by its possessor to snap up insects & also to express1 9 ! snake's peculi> mann]1 by quickly pass+ out & 9 betwe5 ! lips1 ! passions t agitate ! creature4 ,all s]p5ts h ?is sort ( tongue1 b 9 ^! regions x is only ! vip] t possesses ! t]rible weapon = inflict+ v5om\s w\nds4 8,?is consi/s1 fir/1 ( two fangs1 or long1 %>p tee?1 situat$ 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,^! curv$ tee? are movable1 />t+ up = attack1 at ! reptile's w1 or ly+ d[n 9 a groove ( ! gum & rema9+ !re z in(f5sive z a /iletto 9 its %ea?4 ,?us ! risk ( a self-inflict$ w\nd is avoid$4 ,^! fangs are ea* pi]c$ f end to end ) a n>r[ *annel hav+ at ! too?'s po9t a m9ute op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! v5om is dis*>g$ into ! w\nd4 ,f9ally1 at ! base ( ea* fang is a t9y sac fill$ ) v5om\s liquid4 ,z ) ! bee & ! scorpion1 ?is liquid is h>mless 9 appe>ance1 free f odor1 & )\t ta/e--little else ?an wat]1 "o w\ld say4 ,:5 ! vip] attacks ) its fangs1 ! v5om-sac presses a drop ( its cont5ts into ! d5tal canal & ! t]rible liquid passes into ! w\nd4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole op]ation exactly corresponds to ! simil> proc$ure ,i h describ$ 9 speak+ ( ! bee's /+4 8,let u suppose y are s imprud5t z to di/urb ! reptile z x lies asleep 9 ! sun4 ,imm$iately ! creature uncoils itself &1 ) jaws wide op51 smites y\r h&4 ,x is all ov] 9 a tw9kl+4 ,!n1 ) ! same rapidity1 ! vip] recoils itself & settles back aga91 cont9u+ to ?reat5 y1 ) its head once m ! c5t] ( ! spiral coil4 8,y d n wait = a second attack2 y beat a ha/y retreat2 b1 alas1 ! h>m is done4 ,on y\r w\nd$ h& y discov] two t9y r$ spots1 app>5tly ( little m significance ?an ! /+ ( a bee4 ,no cause = al>m1 y say to y\rself if y are unacqua9t$ ) ! effects ( su* a w\nd4 ,b x is a false reassurance4 8,pres5tly ! r$ spots are encircl$ ) a zone ( livid hue4 ,) a dull s5sation ( pa9 ! h& becomes swoll51 & gradually ! swell+ ext5ds to ! entire arm4 ,be=e long !re foll[ cold sweats & a feel+ ( nausea1 brea?+ is r5d]$ difficult1 vision is cl\d$1 ! intellect is torpid1 & unless timely aid is r5d]$ dea? may be ! sequel4 8,:at is to be done 9 ! face ( su* dang]8 ,"o mu/ press tightly or ev5 b9d fa/ ! f+]1 ! h&1 ! arm1 above ! w\nd1 9 ord] to prev5t ! passage ( ! v5om into ! blood4 ,! w\nd mu/ be made to ble$ by ! ex]cise ( pressure all ar\nd x2 x mu/ be en]getically suck$ to draw out ! v5om\s liquid4 ,i h expla9$ to y 9 speak+ ( ! bee1 & ,i n[ repeat x1 t v5om is n a poison4 ,x w n act1 h[ev] p[]ful x be1 unless x mixes ) ! blood4 ,suck+ x1 !re=e1 is )\t dang] if ! l9+ ( ! m\? is intact4 8,x is pla9 t if1 by en]getic suction & by press+ until ! blood fl[s1 we succe$ 9 extract+ all ! v5om f ! w\nd1 ! latt] w h5ce=? be ( no s]i\s importance4 ,= great] security1 z soon z possible ! w\nd %\ld be caut]iz$ ) a corrosive fluid1 su* z ammonia or nitric acid1 or ev5 ) a r$-hot iron4 ,caut]ization acts 9 su* a mann] z to de/roy ! v5om\s matt]4 ,x is pa9ful1 ,i admit1 b "o mu/ submit to t 9 ord] to escape some?+ worse4 8,caut]ization falls )9 ! physician's prov9ce2 b ! prelim9>y precautions--ligature to /op ! spread ( ! v5om1 pressure to make ! env5om$ blood fl[1 & suction to extract ! v5om\s liquid--are matt]s = our p]sonal att5tion2 & all ?is %\ld be tak5 9 h& imm$iately1 s9ce ! long] ! delay ! m s]i\s ! case becomes4 ,:5 ^! precautions are tak5 x is v seldom t ! vip]'s bite has fatal consequ5ces40 ,,*apt] ,,lii ,,! ,,phyllox]a 8,9 our talks on ants a few words 7 said conc]n+ _! mil*-c[s1 plant-lice4 ,y hav5't =gott5 ^? curi\s h]ds ) udd]s 9 ! =m ( two little tubes t emit1 f "t to "t1 a sweet5$ liquid4 ,! ant comes & milks ^! c[s1 c>ess+ !m z x does s ) its two ant5n4 ,x fills itself ) _! milk1 mak+ its /oma* s]ve ! purpose ( a milk-pail1 & !n runs back1 all bur/+ ) ! delici\s fluid1 to disgorge x into ! nursl+s' m\?s4 8,^! ant-c[s are wat*$ ov] ) jeal\s vigilance2 9 case ( ne$ !y are pa/ur$ )9 enclosures1 = fe> ( m>aud]s4 ,s f> all is = ! be/3 ! ants' cattle af=d u "s pass+ amusem5t1 & app>5tly !y are op5 to no s]i\s reproa*4 ,b if we pursue our inquiries fur!r ! plant-lice w reveal !mselves to u "u a f> m s]i\s aspect4 8,let u speak fir/ ( rosebu% lice4 ,y wi% to pluck a rose4 ,its p]fume fills ! air1 its =m & color rejoice ! eye4 ,b j z y are ab\t to break ! /em :at d y f9d "u y\r f+]s8 ,at ! base ( ! fl[] & all ov] ! bran* t be>s x1 ! sup]b plant is contam9at$ ) a legion ( gre5 lice2 a ho/ ( odi\s v]m9 has tak5 possession ( x2 ! magnific5t has associat$ ) x ! disgu/+4 ,! eye is (f5d$2 ! f+]s recoil be=e ?is species ( animat$ b>k :i* ! slighte/ pressure turns into a /icky mu%4 ,let u pluck ! rose nev]!less1 & be=e %ak+ ! lice f x let u exam9e !m a mom5t4 8,!y are light gre5 9 color1 big-belli$1 & w+less4 ,) a little att5tion we di/+ui% ! two m9ute po/]ior horns :5ce oozes ! liquid on :i* ! ants regale !mselves4 ,!y h1 und]nea?1 a suck]1 /raight & v sl5d]1 a sort ( bore :i* !y pu% into ! t5d] b>k to extract f x ! juices on :i* !y live4 ,! suck] once implant$ at any conv5i5t po9t1 ! animalcule seldom /irs f t spot4 ,if x does decide to move a little1 x is because its well has run dry & x mu/ bore ano!r close beside x4 ,a prom5ade ( m]ely ! l5g? ( ! bran* is a lib]ty t only ! mo/ adv5tur\s d>e all[ !mselves4 ,z a rule1 ! plant-l\se /icks to ! spot :]e x 0 born1 to ! v end40 8,b h[ c ! /em ( a rose get s completely cov]$ ) ^? little gre5 lice80 ask$ ,emile4 8,t is easily expla9$10 answ]$ 8 uncle4 8,plant-lice multiply v rapidly1 s9ce ea* "o1 )\t exception1 f ! fir/ to ! la/1 :atev] _! numb]1 becomes capable 9 a few days ( procreat+ a family4 ,! newly born settle d[n beside _! mo!rs1 & are !mselves soon surr\nd$ by _! own prog5y4 ,^! 9 turn1 9 a little :ile1 h (fspr+ ( _! own2 & s on1 indef9itely1 z long z ! season la/s4 ,?us ! /em1 ! bran*1 ! entire plant1 become cov]$ ) lice s closely pack$ "o aga9/ ano!r t 9 places ! real b>k is hidd5 by ?is b>k ( v]m94 8,h y ev] se5 a g>d5-pat* ( broad beans ov]run by black lice8 ,!re1 bett] ?an any:]e else1 may be se5 ! rapidity ( propagation4 ,on t gre5 expanse appe>s at fir/ a small black /a91 ann\nc+ ! beg9n+ ( ! invasion4 ,x is a family ( lice in/all$ at ! top ( a bean/alk1 ! t5d]e/ "p ( ! plant1 :]e ! insects' suck]s c "w to be/ advantage4 ,! g>d5]1 z soon z he is aw>e ( :at is go+ on1 ha/5s to cut (f ?is "p ( ! /alk & cru% x "u 8 heel4 ,he hopes to exorcise ! evil by de/roy+ ?is ne/ ( v]m94 8,8 hope is %ort-liv$4 ,a few days lat]1 in/ead ( "o plant invad$ !re are doz5s4 ,he lops (f aga92 he turns up ! rema9+ leaves & exam9es !m "o by "o2 he cru%es :at v]m9 he f9ds1 tak+ all pa9s to make ! ext]m9ation complete4 ,w he make an end ( x ?is "t8 ,n at all3 ! black hordes reappe> 9 great] numb]s ?an ev]2 ! invad$ /alks c no long] be c\nt$4 ,a few lice t escap$ ! slaught] 7 en\gh to infe/ ! :ole pat* ( beans4 ,! foliage hangs d[n1 f\l & )]$2 ! "y pods1 riddl$ ) punctures & corrugat$ ) sc>s1 %rivel up & c gr[ no l>g]4 ,= ?is ill !re is no rem$y2 ! h>ve/ is ru9$4 8,! g>d5] pulls x all up & ?r[s x on ! dung-hill4 ,8 c>e & vigilance h be5 unable to arre/ ! invasion4 ,9 va9 he cru%$ legions at a "t "u 8 angry heel3 9 a few days ! half-doz5 survivors _h propagat$ a l>g] colony ?an ev]4 ,man is h>dly 9 a position to cont5d successfully aga9/ ?is l[ly v]m9 :i* braves ext9ction by virtue ( its c\ntless numb]s4 8,z ,i told y1 ! plant-l\se does n l to *ange its place4 ,x plants its suck] on ! v spot :]e x has j be5 born1 & !nce=? /icks to t spot1 fill+ its /oma* ) sap & surr\nd+ itself ) a family4 ,?is love ( repose expla9s to u v well h[ ! twig ( a rosebu% or ! top ( a bean/alk und]goes a progressive colonization2 b x does n acc\nt = ! di/ant propagation ( ! species4 8,) its home-keep+ habits ! insect ought to be conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits1 on a s+le leaf & n on all leaves1 on "o rosebu% & n on ! neighbor+ rosebu%es4 ,b z a matt] ( fact x is dissem9at$ ev]y:]e4 ,:5 "o pat* ( beans becomes infe/$1 ^? 9 ! neighborhood are equally un=tunate2 :5 "o rosebu% %[s a colony ( plant-lice1 all ^? ar\nd x are simil>ly visit$4 ,no vegetable gr[? c def5d itself f ! pe/4 ,h[1 !n1 is x t ?is obese animalcule1 :i* tott]s ) fatigue aft] "o /ep =w>d1 succe$s 9 pass+ f rosebu% to rosebu%1 f g>d5 to g>d58 ,by :at means is x able to spread 9 all directions )\t limit8 8,let u exam9e a numb] ( rosebu%es1 & we %all h a prompt answ] to our "q4 ,9 addition to ! w+less plant-lice1 big ( belly & all gr\p$ on ! t5d] twigs1 we %all see o!rs1 gre5 l ! fir/ ones1 b m elegant 9 =m1 ( great] fre$om ( movem5t1 & provid$ ) f\r w+s1 v beautiful w+s too1 diaphan\s & gleam+ ) ra9b[ t9ts4 ,^! creatures are no lazy sap-bibb]s =ev] squatt+ ov] ! well _! suck] has bor$4 ,!y are se5 to come & g1 circulat+ briskly among ! /ation>y h]d1 inspect+ ! foliage1 pass+ f bran* to bran*1 & ev5 tak+ flight = "s di/ant goal4 ,!y are ! travel]s ( ! family4 ,_! function is to propagate ! race 9 ! surr\nd+ di/rict1 ) ! aid ( _! w+s1 & ev5 at consid]able di/ances :5 a puff ( w9d c>ries !m ?us f>4 8,two classes1 !n1 dissimil> ?\gh relat$1 are to be not$ among ! gre5 lice ( ! rosebu% & ! black ones ( ! bean/alk1 z also among c\ntless o!rs4 ,! memb]s ( "o class h no w+s2 !y pass _! lives :]e !y 7 born1 & multiply 9 s]ri$ legions4 ,^? ( ! o!r class1 :i* is relatively small1 are equipp$ ) w+s4 ,conf9$ to no "o spot1 !y f>e =? z "s pass+ breeze or _! own /r5g? ( w+ may det]m9e1 & deposit 9 favorable localities ! g]ms t are to s]ve ea* z ! beg9n+ ( a community ( w+less plant-lice4 ,! fir/ k9d procreate on ! spot ) a fecundity almo/ beyond belief2 ! second take leave ( ! /ation>y family & g out to />t new c5t]s ( population 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,! fir/ propagate )\t limit2 ! second colonize4 8,to soil ! /em ( a rose ) a coat+ ( lice is n exactly a capital (f5se2 b to lay wa/e a field ( beans1 ! hope ( ! f>m]1 is a f> m s]i\s matt]4 ,yet ev5 t is z no?+ :5 comp>$ ) o!r depr$ations committ$ by plant-lice4 ,!re is a species ( ^! insects t lives und]gr\nd1 subsi/+ on ! roots ( ! grape-v9e4 ,oh1 ! hateful creature6 ,nev] has agriculture kn[n any?+ to equal ! ravages x commits2 no floods or dr\ghts or inclem5t seasons h ev] wr\ght su* woes4 ,its t]rible suck] has1 up to ! pres5t "t1 caus$ u losses e/imat$ at ! fabul\s sum ( t5 milli>d francs4 ,:at a m\?ful = a mis]able little l\se h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye6 ,& to ?9k t ! comb9$ ef=ts ( nations _c succe$ 9 ext]m9at+ ?is pe/6 ,alas1 h[ feeble is m]e =ce :5 confront$ ) ! exce$+ly m9ute inf9itely multipli$6 8,?is de/roy] ( ! v9e is kn[n z ! phyllox]a1 a "n /range to our tongue1 b los+ no?+ ( its impressiv5ess 9 translation4 #8,phyllox]a' means #8)]] ( leaves4' ,! plant-l\se ?us d5om9at$ does inde$ cause ! foliage ( ! v9e to )] up--n act+ on ! leaves directly1 x is true1 b attack+ ! roots4 ,^!1 done to dea? by ! insect's suck]1 cease to draw f ! soil ! n\ri%m5t ne$$ by ! v9e4 ,! v9e-/ock wa/es away1 & ) x ! leaves1 :i* become yell[ & )]$4 8,x is n m]ely ! foliage1 !n1 t ! phyllox]a dries up2 x )]s & kills ! :ole v9e4 ,moreov]1 ! "n x be>s 0 n inv5t$ expressly = x1 b 0 borne by ano!r be=e ! ravag] ( v9ey>ds became kn[n4 ,! l\se t 0 fir/ call$ phyllox]a liv$ at ! exp5se ( ! oak-tree & took up its /ation on ! leaves1 suck+ ! sap f !m4 ,!re y h ! true )]] ( leaves4 ,! v9ey>d l\se has !re=e inh]it$ an old appellation :i* fails to indicate fully ! s]i\sness ( ! creature's depr$ations4 8,?is la/-nam$ insect is a t9y yell[i% l\se1 plump ( body1 b h>dly disc]nible to untra9$ eyes1 its l5g? be+ b>ely ?ree qu>t]s ( a millimet]4 ,x lives 9 clu/]s on ! m9ute ramifications ( ! roots :]ev] ! b>k is t5d] en\gh to enable x to pu% 9 its suck]4 ,its ranks are s d5se t ! infe/$ rootlets we> a cont9u\s coat+ ( v]m9 :i* /a9s ! f+]s ) yell[4 ,x lays its eggs 9 little heaps 9 ! int]/ices t occur 9 ! sw>m+ colony2 & ^! eggs are oval 9 %ape & sulphur-yell[ at fir/1 b turn br[ni% z ! mom5t = hat*+ approa*es4 8,f ^! eggs !re come1 9 a few days1 new lay]s ( eggs1 :i* settle d[n beside ! e>li] com]s & add _! own prog5y to ! already ov]gr[n family4 ,?us1 z long z ! season cont9ues favorable1 ^! myriad numb]s ( successive g5]ations are add$ to ! exi/+ myriads1 until ! ?read-l rootlets become completely hidd5 by ! accumulat$ lay]s ( eggs & ! eggs !mselves4 8,riddl$ ) punctures1 ! rootlets swell up at int]vals & pres5t ! appe>ance ( a /r+ ( elongat$ se$s4 ,?us de=m$1 fatally injur$ 9 _! delicate suck]s1 ! roots cease to imbibe ! nutritive juices ( ! soil1 ! fami%$ v9e langui%es = a "t1 putt+ =? only feeble %oots t are incapable ( be>+ fruit1 & at la/ ! :ole plant dries up & dies4 ,to secure its own prosp]ity ! l\se has kill$ its nurse40 ,,*apt] ,,liii ,,! ,,phyllox]a 7,cont9u$7 8,! yell[ plant-l\se f\nd on ! roots ( ! grape-v9e10 resum$ ,uncle ,paul1 8has no b5t = travel+3 w+less1 sluggi%1 & big-belli$1 x is ill adapt$ to locomotion4 ,:]e once its suck] has implant$ itself1 !re ! creature is glad to abide z long z ! place is t5able4 ,b :5 ! rootlet dies & beg9s to decay1 !n a new refectory mu/ be s\ght out1 ) a bett]-furni%$ table4 ,accord+ly ! l\se has to move4 ,a p]si/5t explor]1 x kn[s h[1 ) pati5ce & 9 c\rse ( "t1 to make its way ?r\gh cracks 9 ! soil f "o root to ano!r1 & d>es ev5 to climb to ! surface1 :]e1 proce$+ 9 ! op5 air1 x emigrates f ! exhau/$ v9e-/ock to ! neighbor+ "o ri* 9 sap2 & !re x pu%es d[n to ! roots ?r\gh "s fissure 9 ! gr\nd4 8,to ?is sl[-go] a s+le "o ( our /eps w\ld be a j\rney ( excessive l5g?4 ,!re=e1 to propagate its k9d f> & wide1 x mu/ h o!r & quick] means ?an ! extremely delib]ate me?od ( locomotion j describ$4 ,?is o!r me?od = plant+ colonies at a consid]able di/ance has already be5 illu/rat$ = u by ! gre5 l\se ( ! rosebu%4 ,l t species1 ! phyllox]a has a special division ( w+$ travel]s1 & x is ^! t propagate ! race ?r\gh\t ! grape-gr[+ di/rict4 8,at ! "t ( ! greate/ midsumm] heat !re make _! appe>ance1 amid ! ?rong ( yell[ lice cov]+ ! roots1 c]ta9 individuals ) long] bodies1 :i* soon *ange _! sk9 & !n be> on _! sides two pairs ( black /umps1 ! %ea?s ( f\r future w+s4 ,^! are ! nymphs de/9$ = emigration4 ,^! nymphs leave _! subt]ranean abode & climb up to ! foot ( ! v9e-/ock1 or sometimes ev5 out ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!re ano!r *ange ( sk9 takes place1 :]eupon we behold ! w+$ insect1 sup]ior 9 =m to its und]gr\nd relatives4 8,x measures a little m ?an a millimet] 9 l5g?1 n includ+ ! w+s4 ,^! latt]1 transp>5t & iridesc5t1 ext5d f> beyond ! l5g? ( ! body1 & ! upp] ones are wide1 r\nd$1 & slightly smoke-color$ at ! end1 ! l[] ones n>r[ & %ort]4 ,!y are support$ by /rong s9ews t d5ote great p[] ( flight4 ,) its l>ge1 diaphan\s w+s1 its broad head & big eyes1 its belly end+ 9 a blunt po9t1 & its yell[i% color1 ! travel+ insect be>s "s resemblance to a v small cicada4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ! phyllox]a commission$ to propagate ! race at a di/ance4 8,we h "h no long] to d ) ! sluggi% pot-belli$ creature t ne$s all its /r5g? to move f "o root to ! next adjo9+2 we behold an agile d5iz5 ( ! air1 capable ( cov]+ ) ! swiftness ( an arr[ a di/ance ( sev]al leagues1 especially :5 aid$ by a favorable w9d4 ,dur+ ! w>m season ( ,july & ,augu/ ^! w+$ insects take flight & settle 9 sw>ms on ! v9ey>ds n yet ravag$4 ,!y alight on ! leaves1 :]e _! suck]s p]=m _! function 9 sob] mod]ation4 8,to /uff !mselves l gluttons1 aft] ! mann] ( _! k9dr$ t live on ! roots1 is n _! way4 ,h5ce _! own depr$ations are ( no importance4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x is _! mission to d u a mo/ disa/r\s diss]vice by infe/+1 "o aft] ano!r1 ! adjac5t v9ey>ds1 peopl+ ! /ill unaffect$ di/ricts ) und]gr\nd ravag]s4 ,all take "p 9 ?is2 all1 )\t exception1 set to "w lay+ eggs4 8,^! eggs are few 9 numb]1 x is true1 ea* insect lay+ at mo/ b half a score amid ! cotton-l d[n ( ! buds & "y leaves4 ,b ! aggregate is none ! less enorm\s1 s9ce 9 ?is /range family we h ?us f> enc\nt]$ none b mo!rs4 ,we h j se5 t all ! w+less phyllox]as on ! roots lay eggs1 & n[ we f9d t all _! w+$ k9dr$ on ! leaves d likewise4 8,?is excessive fecundity w\ld 9 ! end exhau/ ! insect & result 9 its ext9ction if !re 7 no seasons ( quietude = r5ew+ ! vitality ( ! race4 ,yell[i% 9 color l ! eggs ( ! und]gr\nd phyllox]a1 ^? ( ! w+$ insect are ( two k9ds3 "o ( a l>g] size1 ! o!r only ab\t half z l>ge4 ,! fir/ produce females1 ! second males4 ,"h1 at la/1 we h ! two sexes1 ^: cop]ation w assure indef9ite prosp]ity to ! race4 ,t is ! normal ord] gov]n+ all animal life4 8,b :at que] little creatures6 ,yell[1 w+less1 /ubby1 !y look l ! lice on ! roots1 b ev5 small]4 ,^! phyllox]as ( ! ?ird k9d are dw>fs 9 a family ( dw>fs4 ,!y h no /oma*s = dige/+1 no suck]s = punctur+ ! leaves & extract+ _! sap4 ,self-n\ri%m5t1 h[ev] slight1 is n at all _! affair4 ,! lay+ ( eggs t %all r5ew ! vigor ( ! race1 ! plac+ ( !m :]e !y w be safe1 & !n a spe$y dea?--t is ! sole purpose ( _! brief span ( life4 8,= "s days ^! dw>fs1 male & female1 w&] ov] ! v9es & mate1 "o ) ano!r2 !n1 9 ! fissures ( ! wr9kl$ b>k1 ! mo!rs lay ea* an egg1 a s+le egg1 ( enorm\s size 9 comp>ison ) ! smallness ( ! lay]1 gre5i% 9 color & spr9kl$ ) f9e black spots4 ,?is egg takes ! "n ( #8w9t] egg1' be+ de/9$ to pass ! cold season fa/5$ by a little hook to ! v9e's b>k4 ,aft] ?is ! lay] ( ! egg %rivels up into a r$di% po9t & dies40 8,b h[ d ^! eggs manage to get ?r\gh ! w9t] )\t freez+80 ask$ ,l\is4 8,h5s' eggs or birds' eggs w\ld be good = no?+ aft] be+ left out-doors f autumn till spr+40 8,t is true10 ass5t$ ,uncle ,paul2 8nev]!less ^! m9ute g]ms ( future insect life seldom fail to hat* :5 w>m wea!r returns4 ,f !m come plant-lice l ^? on ! roots ( ! v9e4 ,ea* new-born l\se crawls d[n ! natal v9e1 hunts ar\nd on ! gr\nd until x f9ds a crack 9 ! soil1 & !n makes its way ?r\gh ?is fissure to settle at la/ on a rootlet1 into :i* x plunges its suck]4 ,at ease !nce=? b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd & 9 ! bosom ( abundance1 x does n long rema9 alone4 ,close to its fix$ position x deposits its little heap ( yell[ eggs1 :5ce !re quickly issues a new g5]ation4 ,9 l mann] ea* memb] ( ! family surr\nds itself ) a family ( its own2 & s on by sev]al successive repetitions ( ! process until1 f hav+ b a s+le occupant at fir/1 a root spe$ily becomes cov]$ ) a legion ( de/roy]s4 ,to ?is population ( rec5t orig9 we mu/ n =get to add ! old] inhabitants t h pass$ ! w9t] "u gr\nd & h only wait$ = ! return ( ! w>m season to resume _! own lay+ ( eggs on ! roots ( ! v9e4 8,let u recapitulate ^! s+ul> ways ( ! phyllox]a4 ,! species comprises ?ree =ms ( insects1 ea* hav+ its own peculi> /ructure1 its mann] ( life1 its sep>ate function4 ,! cu/om>y animal unity is "h a tr9ity3 ?ree diff]5t insects are gr\p$ 9 a s+le species4 8,! s$5t>y memb]s are w+less & live on ! roots4 ,all lay eggs & are foll[$ by sev]al g5]ations likewise capable ( lay+ eggs4 ,"u ! prick+ ( _! collective suck]s1 numb]less 9 ! aggregate1 v9ey>ds are ru9$4 ,!re we h ! =midable foe1 ! ravag] ^: suck]1 h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye1 has already co/ u m ?an t5 milli>d francs4 8,! migrat+ memb]s are furni%$ ) l>ge w+s4 ,!y live on ! leaves & lay ea* a small numb] ( eggs 9 ! d[n ( ! buds4 ,l _! s$5t>y k9sfolk1 !y all lay eggs4 ,_! peculi> (fice is to dissem9ate ! race f "o v9ey>d to ano!r4 8,! memb]s end[$ ) sex come "u ! op]ation ( ! g5]al law3 !y are divid$ into male & female4 ,unprovid$ ) w+s1 suck]1 or /oma*1 !y w&] ov] ! v9e )\t tak+ any n\ri%m5t4 ,ea* "m lays a s+le egg1 ! w9t] egg1 :5ce issues 9 ! spr+ a s$5t>y phyllox]a1 :i* makes its way d[n to ! roots1 e/abli%es itself !re1 & becomes ! head & c5t] ( a new colony4 8,h[ cont5d aga9/ ?is foe :i*1 by reason ( its numb]s & its und]gr\nd abode1 defies our attempts to ext]m9ate x8 ,?ree pr9cipal me?ods are employ$4 ,9 ! l[l&s ! v9ey>ds are flood$ & kept "u a good dep? ( wat] ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,?is subm]sion causes ! dea? ( ! phyllox]a at ! roots ( ! plant4 ,z a second me?od1 ?r\gh holes bor$ to ! roots ! soil is inject$ ) an asphyxiat+ fluid call$ sulphur ( c>bon1 ! fumes ( :i* in/antly kill all insects t !y rea*4 ,! difficulty is to d a ?or\gh job & leave no survivors4 ,a ?ird device is employ$ by ^? :o import f ,am]ica c]ta9 wild v9es mu* h>di] ?an our cultivat$ ones1 b produc+ inf]ior fruit4 ,^! ,am]ican plants resi/ ! attacks ( ! phyllox]a1 & cont9ue to fl\ri% :]e our v9es w\ld succumb4 ,on ^! wild /ocks1 z soon z !y are well root$1 are graft$ our native v9es1 & ?us is obta9$ a grape-v9e ( two-fold quality1 resi/+ by ! h>dy nature ( its root ! phyllox]a's assaults1 & be>+1 on its engraft$ %oots1 ! incomp>able fruit ( our old v9ey>ds40 ,,*apt] ,,liv ,,nocturnal ,,birds ,,( ,,prey 8,! br[n owl1 ! horn$ owl1 ! b>n-owl & o!r species ( ?is family1 are kn[n "u ! "n ( nocturnal birds ( prey4 ,!y are call$ birds ( prey because !y live on ! small animals t !y cat*1 su* z rats & mice1 bo? ^? t infe/ our h\ses & ^? t live 9 ! fields4 ,owls are1 among birds1 :at cats are among quadrup$s1--! invet]ate foes ( all ^? small rod5ts ( :i* ! m\se is our mo/ famili> example4 8,! ,fr5* language has recogniz$ ?is analogy 9 its t]m *at-huant #g 7hoot+ cat7 appli$ to a c]ta9 k9d ( owl4 ,?is bird is1 9 "s sort1 a cat 9 its mann] ( liv+1 a cat t flies & t utt]s a long-drawn cry l a pla9tive h[l4 ,x is nocturnal2 9 o!r words1 x keeps itself hidd5 by day 9 "s obscure retreat1 :5ce x comes =? only at nightfall1 to hunt 9 ! twilight & "u ! rays ( ! moon4 8,owls h eyes ( rem>kable size1 r\nd1 & bo? 9 a frontal position in/ead ( be+ plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! head4 ,a broad rim ( f9e fea!rs encircles ea* eye4 ,! reason = _! great size is f\nd 9 ! bird's nocturnal habits4 ,hav+ to seek its food by a v feeble light1 x mu/1 9 ord] to see ) any di/9ctness1 h eyes t admit z mu* light z possible2 t is1 eyes t op5 v wide4 8,b ?is wide-op5ness ( ! eyes1 s advantage\s by night1 is a s]i\s inconv5i5ce to ! owl 9 ! bright light ( day4 ,dazzl$1 bl9d$1 by ! sun's rays1 ! bird ( d>kness keeps itself 9 hid+ & d>es n v5ture =?2 b if =c$ to d s1 x obs]ves ! utmo/ circumspection1 fly+ ) cauti\s hesitation & by %ort /ages4 ,! o!r birds1 ^? accu/om$ to broad daylight1 come & insult x at w4 ,rob9 r$brea/ & ! tomtit are ! fir/ to pay _! complim5ts 9 ?is mann]1 & are foll[$ by ! *aff9*1 ! jay1 & _m o!rs40 8,& doesn't ! owl d any?+ to get ev5 ) !m80 ask$ ,jules4 8,v little10 repli$ 8 uncle4 8,p]*$ on a bran* ( "s tree1 ! night bird answ]s its aggressors by a grotesque balanc+ ( its body1 turn+ its l>ge head ?is way & t 9 a ridicul\s fa%ion1 & roll+ its eyes 9 bewild]$ al>m4 ,its m5aces are va93 ! smalle/ & weake/ birds are its bolde/ torm5tors1 peck+ x & pull+ its fea!rs )\t its d>+ to def5d itself4 8,because ( its wide-op5 eyes ! nocturnal bird ( prey ne$s a subdu$ light l t ( e>ly dawn & ( ev5+ dusk4 ,x is1 !re=e1 at nightfall & at ! fir/ signs ( daybreak t ^! birds leave _! retreats & seek _! prey4 ,at ^! h\rs _! hunt is a fruitful "o1 = !y f9d ! rats & mice1 :e!r ^? t lurk ab\t our h\ses & b>ns or ^? t live 9 ! field1 ei!r fa/ asleep or on ! po9t ( go+ to sleep4 ,moonlight nights are ! mo/ favorable = ! nocturnal bird's purposes4 ,su* nights are nights ( pl5ty1 af=d+ opportunity = protract$ hunt+ & _m captures4 8,let u foll[ ! owl on its nocturnal exp$ition4 ,! mom5t is propiti\s1 ! air is calm1 ! moon %9es4 ,! bird leaves its sylvan retreat2 x skims ov] ! op5 field1 ! mead[1 ! prairie2 x inspects ! furr[s :]e ! field-m\se lurks1 ! long grass :]e x burr[s1 ! ru9s ( des]t$ build+s :]e bo? rats & mice scamp] ab\t4 8,its flight is noiseless1 its sil5t w+ cleav+ ! air )\t ! fa9te/ s\nd4 ,x is c>eful n to give ! al>m to its de/9$ victims4 ,?is noiseless flight x owes to ! /ructure ( its fea!rs1 :i* are silky & f9ely divid$4 ,no?+ betrays its sudd5 com+1 & ! prey is seiz$ )\t ev5 suspect+ ! enemy's pres5ce4 ,an extraord9>ily ke5 s5se ( he>+1 on ! o!r h&1 advises ! bird ( all t is go+ on 9 ! neighborhood4 ,its e>s1 l>ge & deep1 p]ceive ! m]e ru/le ( a field-m\se 9 ! grass4 8,! prey is seiz$ ) two /rong claws w>mly clo!d 9 fea!rs cle> d[n to ! v nails4 ,ea* foot has f\r toes1 ( :i* ?ree ord9>ily po9t =w>d1 & "o backw>d2 b1 by a privilege common to nocturnal birds ( prey1 "o ( ! ant]ior toes is movable & c po9t backw>d1 s t ! claw becomes divid$ into two pairs ( equally p[]ful gripp]s :5 ! bird wi%es to seize1 z 9 a vise1 ! bran* :]eon x p]*es or ! victim /ruggl+ to escape4 8,a bl[ ( ! beak breaks ! head ( ! captur$ rat4 ,?is beak is %ort & hook$1 & ! two m&ibles h great mobility1 :i* enables !m1 9 /rik+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 to make a rapid clack+1 a demon/ration by :i* ! bird expresses ang] or al>m4 8,! m&ibles op5 wide 9 ! act ( swall[+1 reveal+ a m\? ( ample proportions & a ?roat ( excessive wid?4 ,! prey1 :i* has fir/ be5 well knead$ by ! claws1 disappe>s d[n ?is ?roat1 bones & all4 ,no?+ is left ( ! rat or ! m\se1 n ev5 ! fur4 8,dige/ion complet$1 !re rema9s 9 ! /oma* a confus$ mass ( sk9s turn$ inside out & /ill we>+ _! fur1 & bones /ripp$ z clean z if !y _h be5 scrap$ ) a knife4 ,! bird !n proce$s to rid itself ( ?is encumbrance ( innutriti\s matt]4 ,grotesque ret*+s indicate ! labor ( ?is deliv]ance4 ,some?+ makes its way upw>d ?r\gh ! ext5d$ ?roat1 ! beak op5s1 & ! act is accompli%$4 ,a r\nd$ mass falls to ! gr\nd1 compos$ ( sk9s1 bones1 hair1 scales--9 fact1 ev]y?+ t has defi$ dige/ion4 ,all nocturnal birds ( prey h ?is ignoble mann] ( free+ ! /oma*3 !y vomit 9 globul> =m ! residue ( _! prey aft] ! latt] has be5 swall[$ :ole40 ,,*apt] ,,lv ,,! ,,small] ,,birds 8,almo/ all ! small] birds are helpful to u 9 protect+ ! fruits ( ! e>? f ! ravages ( insects4 ,_! s]vices des]ve to be record$ 9 a long & detail$ hi/ory1 b "t = t is lack+ & we mu/ conf9e ourselves to brief m5tion ( a few ( ^! valiant cat]pill>-de/roy]s4 8,! titm\se1 or tomtit1 is a small bird full ( life & %[+ a petulant humor4 ,always 9 action1 x flits f tree to tree1 exam9es ! bran*es ) m9ute p>ticul>ity1 p]*es on ! sway+ end ( ! fraile/ twig1 :]e x cl+s p]si/5tly ev5 ?\gh hang+ head d[nw>d1 accommodat+ itself to ! oscillations ( its flexible support )\t once relax+ its clut* or ceas+ its scrut9y ( ! worm-infe/$ buds1 :i* x te>s op5 9 ord] to get at ! enclos$ v]m9 & insect-eggs4 8,x is calculat$ t a tomtit rids u ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& ( ^! eggs e ye>4 ,x has to supply ! ne$s ( a family seldom equall$ 9 size2 b ! support ( tw5ty "y ones1 or ev5 m1 is n too heavy a burd5 = ?is active bird to be>4 ,) ?is infant brood on its h&s1 x mu/ give con/ant & c>eful inspection to buds & to fissures 9 ! b>k1 9 ord] to cat* l>v1 spid]s1 cat]pill>s1 little worms ( all k9ds1 & ?us f9d food = tw5ty beaks incessantly agape ) hung] at ! bottom ( ! ne/4 8,let u suppose ! "m bird to arrive ) a cat]pill>4 ,! ne/ is imm$iately all 9 a tumult3 tw5ty beaks are /ret*$ wide op51 b only a s+le "o receives ! morsel1 :ile n9ete5 are kept wait+4 ,! indefatigable "m flies (f aga91 & :5 ! tw5tie? beak has at la/ be5 f$1 ! fir/ has long s9ce begun aga9 its importunate dem&s4 ,:at a multitude ( worms su* a brood mu/ consume6 8,:ole families ( birds devote !mselves1 z does ! titm\se1 to ?is pati5t que/ = insect eggs 9 ! crevices ( tree-trunks or conceal$ 9 roll$-up leaves1 = l>v betwe5 ! scales ( buds & 9 worm-holes 9 wood1 & = insects hidd5 9 cracks & crannies4 ,9 ?is k9d ( hunt ! bird does n h to *ase its game & cat* x by sup]ior swiftness ( flight2 x mu/ simply "k h[ to f9d x 9 its lair4 ,to ?is end x ne$s a ke5 eye & a sl5d] beak2 w+s play b a second>y "p4 8,b o!r species sp5d _! en]gies 9 ! free op5-air *ase3 !y pursue _! game on ! w+1 hunt+ = gnats1 mo?s1 mosquitoes1 & fly+ beetles4 ,!y mu/ h a %ort beak1 b "o t op5s wide & snaps up un]r+ly insects on ! w+1 despite ! unc]ta9ties ( arial flight2 a beak 9 :i* ! victim is caught & held )\t any ret>dation ( ! bird's swift c\rse2 9 %ort1 a beak ) a /icky l9+ :i* a t9y butt]fly _c s mu* z graze ) its w+ & n become entangl$4 ,above all1 an untir+ & swift w+ is necess>y1 "o t does n flag 9 ! pursuit ( game desp]ately putt+ =? its utmo/ ef=ts to escape1 & "o t is n baffl$ by ! tortu\s c\rse ( a mo? driv5 to bay4 ,a beak inord9ately cleft & w+s ( extraord9>y p[]--su*1 9 a ^w1 %\ld be ! equipm5t ( ! bird ^: hunt+ gr\nd is ! va/ expanse ( ! op5 air4 8,^! conditions are fulfill$ 9 ! highe/ degree 9 ! swall[ & ! m>t91 bo? ( :i* hunt fly+ insects1 pursu+ !m ?is way & t1 back & =?1 ceaselessly & ) a ?\s& subtle tricks4 ,!y cat* !m 9 _! wide-op5 & visc\s gullet1 & cont9ue _! c\rse )\t a mom5t's pause4 8,! bird t lives on gra9 & se$s1 ! granivor\s bird1 z x is call$1 has a beak t is v wide at ! base & adapt$ by its /r5g? to ! op5+ ( ! h>de/ se$s4 ,9 ?is class are ! *aff9*1 ! gre5f9*1 ! l9net1 ! goldf9*1 & ! swall[4 ,! bird t lives on insects1 or ! insectivor\s bird1 has a beak t is f9e & sl5d]1 9 delicacy proportion$ to ! s(tness ( its prey4 ,to ?is numb] belong ! night+ale1 ! w>bl]1 ! fall[-f9*1 & ! wagtail4 ,agriculture has no bett] def5d]s aga9/ ! ravages ( worms ?an ^! little birds ) sl5d] beaks1 voraci\s dev\r]s z !y are ( l>v & insects4 8,b ! granivor\s birds h c]ta9 grave faults3 "s ( !m are addict$ to pilf]+ 9 ! gra9-fields & "k h[ to get ! :eat out ( ! e>1 & "s ev5 come boldly to ! p\ltry-y>d to %>e ) its inmates ! oats ?r[n to !m by ! f>m]'s wife4 ,o!rs pref] ! juicy fle% ( fruit1 & "k soon] ?an we :5 ! *]ries are ripe & ! pe>s mell[4 ,su* fail+s1 h[ev]1 are amply aton$ = by s]vices r5d]$4 ,! granivores pick up 9 ! fields an inf9ite numb] ( se$s ( all sorts :i*1 if left to g]m9ate1 w\ld infe/ our crops ) we$s4 8,to ?is rle ( we$] !y add a second n less m]itori\s4 ,gra9 & se$s are1 x is true1 _! regul> diet2 b insects are to few ( !m s despicable z to be refus$ :5 suffici5tly pl5tiful & easy to cat*4 ,inde$1 we c g /ill fur!r 9 our comm5dation ( ^! birds3 9 _! e>ly days :51 feeble & fea!rless1 !y receive _! n\ri%m5t by ! beakful f _! p>5ts1 _m ( !m are f$ on insects4 8,let u take = example ! h\se-sp>r[4 ,"h we h1 x mu/ be admitt$1 an invet]ate dev\r] ( gra94 ,he robs our dove-cotes & p\ltry-y>ds1 /eals _! food f ! pigeons & ! h5s1 & anticipates ! f>m] 9 reap+ ! gra9-crops ne> 8 h\se4 ,_m o!r misde$s are to be reckon$ aga9/ him4 ,he plund]s ! *]ry-trees1 commits petty l>c5y 9 ! g>d51 plucks up spr\t+ se$s1 & regales himself on "y lettuce & ! fir/ leaves ( gre5 peas4 ,b z soon z ! season ( insect-eggs op5s1 ?is %ameless pilf]] becomes "o ( our mo/ valuable help]s4 ,tw5ty times an h\r1 at lea/1 ! "m & ! fa!r take turns 9 br++ ! beakful ( food to _! little ones2 & ea* "t ! bill ( f>e consi/s ( a cat]pill>1 or an insect l>ge en\gh to be divid$ into qu>t]s1 or p]haps a fat l>va1 or x may be a gras%opp]1 or "s o!r k9d ( small game4 8,9 "o week ! "y brood consumes ab\t ?ree ?\s& insects1 l>v1 cat]pill>s & worms ( all species4 ,!re h be5 c\nt$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a s+le ne/ ( sp>r[s ! rema9s ( sev5 hundr$ ,june-bugs1 besides ^? ( innum]able small] insects4 ,t is ! supply ( food requir$ = re>+ only "o brood4 ,let u !n1 my *ildr51 wi% well to all ! little birds t deliv] u f t =midable ravag]1 ! insect40 ,,*apt] ,,lvi ,,birds' ,,ne/s 8,x is 9 ! build+ ( ne/s de/9$ = ! re>+ ( a family ( "y ones t ! bird %[s 9 a rem>kable way t wond]ful faculty :i* enables ! little creature to accompli%1 )\t previ\s tra9+1 results t w\ld seem to require ! int]v5tion ( reason$ exp]i5ce4 8,^! adepts 9 bird-ne/ ar*itecture h tal5ts ( ! mo/ v>i$ sort4 ,!re are digg]s1 :o scoop out a holl[ 9 ! s&2 m9]s1 :o excavate a little cell to :i* a long & n>r[ passage gives access2 c>p5t]s1 :o bore into ! trunk ( a worm-eat5 tree2 masons1 :o "w ) mort> made ( e>? temp]$ ) saliva2 basket-mak]s1 :o weave toge!r small twigs & f9e roots2 tailors1 :o ) a filam5t ( b>k = ?read & ! beak = ne$le sew a few leaves toge!r into a cornet = hold+ ! mattress on :i* ! "y brood w re/2 work]s 9 felt1 :o make a fabric ( d[n1 hair1 or cotton1 t rivals our own simil> products2 & build]s ( =tresses1 :o protect _! ne/ ) an imp5etrable ?icket z a ramp>t4 8,! goldf9*1 t pretty little r$-head$ bird :i* fe$s on ! se$s ( ?i/les1 builds a wond]fully wr\ght ne/ 9 ! =k ( "s flexible bran*4 ,! outside is made ( moss & ! silky d[n ( ?i/le-se$s & d&elions1 :ile ! inside1 arti/ically r\nd$1 is l9$ ) a ?ick cu%ion ( horse-hair1 wool1 & fea!rs4 8,! *aff9* builds its ne/ 9 ne>ly ! same way1 b1 m mi/ru/ful ?an ! goldf9*1 x cov]s ! outside ( its abode ) a lay] ( gray li*5 :i*1 m]g+ ) ! li*5 gr[+ naturally on ! bran*1 s]ves to baffle ! scrut9y ( ! bird-ne/ hunt]4 8,! w9d[-swall[ makes its ne/ 9 ! corn]s ( w9d[s1 "u ! eaves ( ro(s1 & 9 ! %elt] ( cornices4 ,its build+ mat]ial is f9e e>?1 *iefly t left 9 little piles aft] its dige/ion by e>?-worms 9 fields & g>d5s4 ,! swall[ fet*es x1 a beakful at a "t1 moi/5s x ) a little visc\s saliva to make x /ick toge!r1 & deposits x 9 c\rses1 %ap+ ! /ructure into a sort ( hemisph]ical b[l fa/5$ to ! wall & hav+ a n>r[ m\? at ! top to all[ ! bird to squeeze ?r\gh4 ,bits ( /raw emb$d$ 9 ?is masonry ( e>? s]ve to give x great] solidity4 ,f9ally1 ! inside is uphol/]$ ) a quantity ( f9e fea!rs4 8,! *imney-swall[ *ooses a simil> situation = its ne/ & uses ! same build+-mat]ials1 b ! ne/ itself takes a diff]5t =m4 ,in/ead ( a hemisph]ical /ructure ent]$ by a v small op5+1 x builds a cup-%ap$ ne/1 ( no great dep? & wide-op5 at ! top4 8,swall[s l to live toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 s t _! ne/s are sometimes f\nd t\*+ "o ano!r 9 colonies ( sev]al hundr$s "u ! same cornice4 ,ea* pair recognizes un]r+ly its own belong+s & respects scrupul\sly ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 9 return = l respect paid to its own4 ,!re is among !m a deep s5se ( solid>ity1 & !y r5d] mutual aid ) no less intellig5ce ?an zeal4 8,sometimes x *ances t a ne/ has h>dly be5 f9i%$ :5 x crumbles to pieces1 ! mort> us$ hav+ be5 ( poor quality1 or else ! masons1 ) injudici\s ha/e1 hav+ _h too little pati5ce to let "o c\rse dry be=e lay+ ano!r on top ( x4 ,at ! news ( ?is mi%ap neighbors ( bo? sexes ha/5 up to console ! un=tunates & to l5d _! aid 9 rebuild+4 ,all apply !mselves to ! task1 fet*+ mort> ( ! fir/ quality1 & /raws & fea!rs1 ) su* ardor & en?usiasm t 9 two days ! ne/ is completely rebuilt4 ,left to _! own unaid$ ef=ts1 ! afflict$ pair w\ld h ne$$ a =tnight to repair ! disa/]4 8,! gold5 oriole is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful birds ( our clime4 ,ab\t z l>ge z ! blackbird1 x has plumage ( a sup]b yell[1 except ! w+s1 :i* are black4 ,9 build+ its ne/ x selects1 9 "s tall tree1 a long & flexible b\gh ) a =k at ! end4 ,betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ?is =k a hammock is wov5 = receiv+ ! ne/4 ,/r&s ( f9e b>k t has become %r$d$ by long exposure to w9d & wea!r are us$ = ?is "w ( art4 ,^! /r&s or cords pass f "o side ( ! =k to ! o!r1 enlac+ !m1 cross+ & recross+1 & ?us =m+ a sort ( pocket1 firmly fix$ & securely hung4 8,broad blades ( grass consolidate ! /ructure4 ,!n 9 ?is hammock a mattress ( ! f9e/ /raw & hav+ ! =m ( an oval cup is put toge!r4 ,! complet$ "w be>s "s resemblance to ^? elegant little wool-l9$ wick] baskets t are us$ z ne/s = cag$ can>ies4 8,! long-tail$ titm\se1 rem>kable = its excessive caudal developm5t1 :i* con/itutes m ?an half ! total l5g? ( its body1 lives 9 ! woods dur+ ! summ] season1 & comes into our g>d5s & or*>ds only 9 w9t]4 ,x is a small bird ) a r$di% back & :ite brea/4 ,! /oma* is t+$ ) r$2 ! neck & *eeks are :ite4 8,its ne/ is built sometimes 9 ! =k ( a high bran* 9 a clump ( bu%es1 & sometimes 9 ! d5se und]wood ( a ?icket1 a few feet f ! gr\nd2 b x is mo/ (t5 atta*$ to ! trunk ( a will[ or a popl> tree4 ,its %ape is t ( a v l>ge cocoon1 & its entrance is at "o side1 ab\t an in* f ! top4 ,on ! outside x is made ( li*5s l ^? t cov] ! tree1 9 ord] to bl5d ) ! b>k & deceive ! eye ( ! pass]-by4 ,fib]s ( wool s]ve to hold all ! p>ts securely toge!r4 ,to make ! dome ( ! ne/ ra9-pro(1 x is =m$ ( a sort ( ?ick felt compos$ ( bits ( moss & cobwebs4 ,! inside resembles an ov5 ) cup-%ap$ bottom & v high top1 & is furni%$ ) a rem>kably ?ick b$ ( d[ny fea!rs1 :]eon repose f sixte5 to tw5ty little birds1 arrang$ ) c>eful ord] 9 ! re/rict$ space no l>g]1 at ! mo/1 ?an ! holl[ ( "o's h&4 ,by :at miracle ( p>simoni\s economy d ^! tw5ty little ones ) _! "m manage to f9d room = !mselves 9 ?is t9y abode8 ,& h[ 9 ! _w c tails ev] gr[ to su* l5g? !re8 8,! ne/ ( ! sw++ titm\se is /ill m rem>kable4 ,9 our c\ntry ?is bird is h>dly ev] f\nd except on ! banks ( ! l[] ,rhone4 ,x hangs its ne/ v high1 on ! tip-end ( "s sway+ bran* ( a tree at ! wat]-side1 s t its brood is g5tly rock$ by ! breeze sweep+ ov] ! riv]40 8,:y1 ,i %\ld ?9k10 put 9 ,emile1 8!re w\ld be dang] ( ! "y birds' spill+ out ( su* a sw++ ne/40 8,n at all10 repli$ 8 uncle4 8,! %ape ( ! ne/ provides aga9/ t4 ,x is a sort ( oval purse ab\t z l>ge z a w9e-bottle1 ) a small op5+ at "o side1 ne> ! top4 ,?is op5+ is prolong$ l ! neck ( a bottle & w at ! utmo/ admit "o's f+]4 ,to pass ?r\gh s n>r[ an entrance1 ! titm\se1 small z x is1 mu/ /ret* ! ela/ic wall1 :i* yields a little & !n contracts aga94 ,?is purse1 z ,i h call$ x1 is made ( ! cotton-l flock t comes f ! rip5+ se$s ( popl>s & will[s 9 ,may4 ,! titm\se ga!rs ^! bits ( d[n & weaves !m toge!r ) a wo( ( wool & hemp4 ,! fabric ?us obta9$ is n unlike ! felt ( a *eap hat4 8,x w\ld be useless to seek an explanation ( ! bird's a/oni%+ success 9 manufactur+1 ) no implem5ts b beak & claws1 a textile t man's skilful h&1 left to its own res\rces1 w\ld be unable to produce2 & ?is success ! bird a*ieves ) no previ\s appr5tice%ip1 )\t hesitation & )\t ev] hav+ se5 ! ?+ done by o!rs4 ,at ! v fir/ trial ! titm\se surpasses 9 its art our weav]s & full]s4 8,! top ( ! ne/ includes 9 its ?ickness ! end ( ! bran* f :i* x hangs1 ) ! t]m9al twigs ( t bran*1 :i* s]ve z framework = ! ne/'s vault$ ro(1 :ile ! foliage project+ ?r\gh ! sides ( ! ne/ protects x ) its %ade4 ,f9ally1 to secure great] firmness ( support1 a cordage ( wool & hemp is pass$ ar\nd ! bran* & int]lac$ ) ! felt ( ! ne/4 ,! inside ( ?is hang+ habitation is l9$ ) d[n ( ! f9e/ quality f ! popl> tree4 8,are y acqua9t$ ) ! troglodyte or1 z x is m commonly call$1 ! wr58 ,x is ! smalle/ ( our birds1 & x too is a ma/] 9 ! art ( ne/-build+4 ,clo!d 9 r$di% br[n1 ) droop+ w+ & upturn$ beak & tail1 x is always frisk+1 hopp+1 & twitt]+1--te$]ee1 te]ee1 te]ee4 ,e w9t] x comes fly+ ab\t our h\ses1 frequ5t+ ! wood-pile1 inspect+ holes 9 ! wall1 & pry+ into ! d5se/ ?ickets4 ,at a di/ance x might be mi/ak5 = a small rat4 8,9 summ] x lives 9 ! pa?less woods4 ,!re1 "u ! %elt] ( "s big root t lies close to ! gr\nd & is cov]$ ) a ?ick fleece ( moss1 x builds a ne/ patt]n$ aft] t ( ! sw++ titm\se4 ,its mat]ials are bits ( moss1 select$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! ne/ undi/+ui%able 9 appe>ance f t to :i* x is atta*$4 ,! bird ga!rs ^! mat]ials & works !m into ! %ape ( a l>ge1 holl[ ball ) a v small op5+ on "o side4 ,! int]ior is uphol/]$ ) fea!rs4 8,! magpie fixes its dwell+ 9 ! top ( "s l(ty tree :5ce1 z f an obs]vatory1 x c spy f af> ! approa*+ enemy4 ,at ! juncture ( a numb] ( bran*+ twigs t (f] adequate support x plants its ne/1 con/ruct$ ( int]lac+ flexible /icks ) a floor ( temp]$ e>?4 ,f9e rootlets1 blades ( grass1 & a few tufts ( d[n =m ! b$d+ = ! prospective brood4 8,s f> !re is no?+ to diff]5tiate ! /ructure f ord9>y ne/s2 b n[ we behold ! exhibition ( a special tal5t on ! magpie's "p4 ,! entire ne/1 & m p>ticul>ly its upp] "p1 is surr\nd$ by a ?ick ramp>t1 a sort ( =tifi$ enclosure compos$ ( ?orny twigs securely int]tw9$4 ,"o w\ld take ! :ole ?+ = a %apeless mass ( bru%wood4 ,?r\gh ?is ramp>t1 on ! side t is mo/ /rongly def5d$1 an op5+ is left ( j suffici5t size to admit ( ! "m's entrance & exit4 ,x is ! only door to ! arial =tress4 8,let u turn n[ to a bird t builds ^u pil+4 ,x is a w>bl] ( l>ge size1 call$ ! great s$ge-w>bl] or riv]-?ru%4 ,x selects a clu/] ( f\r or five re$s t project above ! surface ( a pond1 ) _! /alks root$ 9 ! mud "u ! wat] & gr[+ ne> toge!r4 ,^! sl5d] piles1 ! tops ( :i* ! bird br+s into su* proximity z may be desir$ & fa/5s ) connect+ /r&s1 are made to be> an int]lac+ ( flexible mat]ials1 su* z ru%es1 b>k-fib]s1 & long blades ( grass4 ,x is a basket-weav]'s job1 ) a framework ( re$s z a basis = ! /ructure4 ,f9ally1 9 ?is basket1 :i* is made mu* long] ?an wide1 is plac$ ! ne/ prop]1 a w>m little b$ ( cotton-l d[n1 spid]s' webs1 & wool4 8,b ?is abode re/+ on piles above ! wat] is expos$ to two dang]s1--! sway+ ( ! re$s :i*1 b5t ov] by ! w9d1 might incl9e ! ne/ s t x w\ld spill its cont5ts ei!r ( eggs or ( "y birds2 & secondly1 ! spr+ fre%ets1 :i* might rise s high z to subm]ge ! ne/4 ,^! dang]s1 h[ev]1 h be5 =ese5 by ! bird4 ,! ne/ is v deep1 & fur!rmore ! edges ( ! op5+ b5d inw>d & =m a p>apet4 ,9 ?is way is avoid$ ! risk ( a fall :5 ! re$s t be> ! ne/ are sway$ by ! w9d4 ,f9ally1 s9ce ! s$ge-w>bl] is at lib]ty to build h] ne/ at any desir$ height above ! surface ( ! pond1 %e places x always high en\gh to be beyond ! rea* ( ! ris+ wat]1 ev5 9 great floods4 ,"o suspects ! bird ( be+ able to =esee1 mon?s 9 advance1 ! com+ inundation2 = %e builds h] ne/ at a great] or less elevation accord+ to ! high-wat] m>k de/9$ lat] to be rea*$ by ! surface ( ! pond4 8,! ci/icola is a small w>bl] v common 9 ! m>%es ( ,cam>gue1 at ! m\? ( ! ,rhone4 ,its ne/ is plac$ 9 ! middle ( a clu/] ( grass & ru%es1 & takes ! =m ( a purse ) a small r\nd op5+4 ,f9e dry leaves =m ! b$ on :i* ! eggs re/1 :ile o!r & l>g] leaves are fix$ all ar\nd x to =m an enclosure4 8,= ?is "w ! bird turns tailor1 cutt+ ! leaves & lapp+ !m ov] "o ano!r4 ,along ! bord] ( ea* leaf x pun*es holes ) ! po9t ( its beak & ?r\gh ^! holes x passes "o or m ?reads made ( cobwebs & ! d[n f c]ta9 plants4 ,its di/aff = hold+ ! ?read--namely1 ! beak--does n admit ( us+ v long /r&s2 h5ce ! ne$leful1 s to speak1 goes only twice or1 at mo/1 ?ree times f "o leaf to ! next "o4 ,b no matt]2 ! sew+ is /rong en\gh to fa/5 ! :ole into a sort ( purse :i* keeps out ! ra94 8,! or?otomus1 or grass-w>bl]1 a small bird ( ,india1 is an ev5 m skilful tailor1 & 9 fact is commonly kn[n z ! tailor-bird4 ,x selects two l>ge leaves1 /ill liv+ & atta*$ to ! bran* on :i* !y grew4 ,^! are br\ght toge!r1 ) _! long] edges t\*+1 & are sew$ bord] to bord] ) /rong cotton ?read made by ! bird's beak4 ,! seams run only half ! l5g? ( ! leaves1 9 su* a mann] t ! two toge!r1 hang+ d[n z !y d1 =m a conical sac ) its m\? upw>d4 ,9 ?is sac ! ne/ is plac$1 hidd5 by its protect+ envelope1 :i* s bl5ds ) ! re/ ( ! foliage t ev5 aft] a p]son has once f\nd ! ne/ he c ) difficulty f9d x aga94 8,9 ,s\? ,africa !re is a bird sc>cely l>g] ?an our swall[ & kn[n z ! social republican f its liv+ 9 l>ge societies ) "o ne/ 9 common4 ,?is ne/1 a sort ( bird village1 is %ap$ l an enorm\s mu%room1 spread+ out all ar\nd ! trunk ( a tree1 :i* s]ves z its /alk1 :ile ! l[] bran*es also furni% _! support4 ,?is colossal edifice is ( su* bulk & weight z to make a wagon-load1 & if "o wi%es to see ! int]ior /ructure x mu/ be *opp$ to pieces ) an axe4 ,x is =m$ :olly ( dry grass arrang$ mu* l ! ?at* on our ru/ic ro(s4 8,inde$1 ?is /ructure1 built at public exp5se by all ! associat$ birds1 is no?+ b a ro(1 a dome1 de/9$ to %elt] ! real ne/s1 :i* are atta*$ to ! inside ( ! ?at*$ cov]+4 ,"h are to be f\nd a multitude ( r\nd holes pres5t+ all toge!r some:at ! appe>ance ( a honeycomb4 ,ea* hole gives access to a small cell1 a v]itable ne/ & ! sep>ate "w ( a s+le pair4 ,! grass ro(1 !n1 is built 9 common by ! :ole society1 aft] :i* ea* family provides = its exclusive use a little ap>tm5t atta*$ to ! l[] side ( ! ro(4 ,! numb] ( inhabitants may rea* z high z a ?\s&40 ,,*apt] ,,lvii ,,migration ,,( ,,birds 8,at ! approa* ( ! cold season10 ,uncle ,paul resum$1 9 8 acc\nt ( bird habits & bird peculi>ities1 8be=e w9t] cle>s ! fields ( insects1 cov]s ! ponds ) a coat+ ( ice1 & :it5s ! l&scape ) sn[1 ?us cutt+ (f ! food-supply hi!rto obta9able f ! e>?1 _m birds1 especially ^? t live on insects or frequ5t bodies ( wat] & m>%y mead[s1 take leave ( _! native l& & direct _! c\rse s\?w>d1 :]e !y w f9d a w>m] sun & a m assur$ supply ( food4 8,!y take _! dep>ture1 "s 9 l>ge flocks1 o!rs 9 small gr\ps1 or ev5 ea* "o sep>ately4 ,) no guide o!r ?an an irresi/ible impulse too my/]i\s = u to expla91 !y trav]se by successive /ages imm5se tracts ( l&1 cross seas1 & b5d _! c\rse t[>d ! c\ntries ( ! s\?4 ,africa is ! r5dezv\s ( our birds & ( ,european birds 9 g5]al4 8,aft] ! cold season has pass$1 ) ! fir/ f9e days ( spr+ ! same birds return to ! regions :]e !y 7 born1 mak+ ! j\rney ?is "t 9 ! opposite direction1 f s\? to nor?4 ,!y take possession once m ( _! groves & =e/s1 _! rocks & prairies1 :i* !y "k h[ to f9d ) an inconceivable accuracy4 ,!re !y build _! ne/s1 re> _! "y1 & ga9 /r5g? = ! com+ j\rney2 & ^u ! return ( cold wea!r !y g back aga9 to ! l&s ( sun%9e4 8,^! p]iodical j\rneys are call$ migrations1 ( :i* !re are two ea* ye>1--t ( autumn1 :5 ! birds leave u & g s\?w>d1 & t ( spr+1 :5 !y fly nor?w>d & come back to u4 ,^! semi-annual flitt+s take place all ov] ! e>?4 8,! v>i\s species d n all fix ^u ! same "t = _! migration1 b ea* has its own cal5d>1 f :i* x dep>ts only v slightly4 ,"s />t well 9 advance ( ! increas+ *ill & ! less5+ abundance ( food1 :ile o!rs d n leave _! native l& until driv5 by actual necessity1 :5 ! cold has become sev]e4 ,?us our m>t9 flies away = ,africa z e>ly z ! mon? ( ,augu/1 :]eas ! *imney-swall[ l+]s until ,octob] or ev5 ,novemb]4 8,! m>t9s =sake our turrets & old walls1 our /eeples & belfries1 :ile ! summ] heat is /ill int5se & ! small flies on :i* !y fe$ are /ill abundant4 ,x is n1 !n1 any l[]+ ( temp]ature t drives !m away1 nor is x any lack ( food t ha/5s _! dep>ture2 b !y h a secret pres5tim5t ( ! *ange ( season t is com+ 9 a few weeks2 a deep-seat$ unre/1 :i* !y _c ov]come1 w>ns !m t ! h\r = _! dep>ture is draw+ ne>4 8,if "o desires to witness ?is anxiety t torm5ts ! bird :5 ! "t = migrat+ arrives1 he may d s by re>+ 9 captivity a migratory bird caught v "y4 ,! captive1 ?\gh nev] hav+ liv$ ) its k9d or _h any k ( _! migratory habits1 & fur!rmore hav+ be5 kept 9 a cage ) no exp]i5ce ( cold or hung]1 nev]!less1 :5 ! season = flitt+ arrives1 %[s agitation & m5tal di/ress1 & tries to escape f its prison--aft] rema9+ s quiet & cont5t$ up to t "t4 ,"s inn] voice--in/9ct we call x--says x is "t to g1 & ! captive is eag] to be (f4 ,if ! desire is ?w>t$1 dea? foll[s4 8,to te> oneself f belov$ haunts to incur ! fatigues & p]ils ( a long j\rney is und\bt$ly a pa9ful decision2 yet ! bird c\rage\sly submits to ! inevitable1 b 9 ! hope ( com+ back aga9 "s day4 ,! /rong reassur+ ! weak1 ! old] ones guid+ ! "y1 ! dep>t+ flock =ms itself into a c>avan & takes w+ = ! s\?4 ,! sea is cross$1 ! trea*]\s sea f :i*1 at long int]vals1 rises an isl& z halt+-place4 ,_m p]i% 9 ! cross+1 _m rea* ! goal worn ) hung] & sp5t ) fatigue4 8,! day = />t+ on ?is mom5t\s j\rney is decid$ ^u 9 a great assembly1 t[>d ! end ( ,augu/ = ! w9d[-swall[1 & consid]ably lat]1 ev5 z late z ,novemb]1 = ! *imney-swall[4 ,:5 once ! date has be5 fix$1 ! w9d[-swall[s ga!r toge!r daily = sev]al days on ! ro(s ( tall build+s4 ,e few m9utes small p>ties deta* !mselves f ! g5]al conclave & circle ab\t 9 ! air ) anxi\s cries1 tak+ a p>t+ look at _! native haunts1 & pay+ !m a la/ f>ewell4 ,!n !y return to _! places among _! companions & jo9 9 noisy *att] on ! subject ( _! hopes & fe>s1 all ! :ile prep>+ !mselves = ! di/ant exp$ition by a c>eful inspection ( _! plumage & a f9al t\* to "o lu/r\s fea!r aft] ano!r4 8,aft] sev]al repetitions ( ^! f>ewells a pla9tive twitt]+ ann\nces ! fateful h\r4 ,! mom5t has come1 x is "t to />t4 ,! flock rises1 ! emigrants are (f = ! s\?4 ,if "o ( !m has be5 m>k$ ) a r$ /r+ ar\nd ! claw 9 ord] to be recogniz$1 y may be sure y w see x come back ! next spr+ & take possession ( its ne/ aga9 ) little cries ( joy at f9d+ x intact & ready = occupancy aft] a few repairs4 8,) _! vigor\s w+s ! duck & goose1 9 _! wild /ate1 are ard5t travel]s4 ,on a gray day 9 ,novemb]1 :5 !re are signs ( sn[1 x is n unusual to see pass+ f nor? to s\?1 at a great height1 birds arrang$ 9 s+le file1 or 9 a d\ble file meet+ 9 a po9t1 l ! two bran*es ( ! lett] ,v4 ,^! birds are a flock ( ei!r ducks or geese 9 ! act ( migrat+4 8,if ! flock is ( no great size1 ! birds compos+ x arrange !mselves 9 "o cont9u\s file1 ! beak ( ea* foll[+ bird t\*+ ! tail ( ! prec$+1 9 ord] t ! passage op5$ ?r\gh ! air may n h "t to close aga94 ,b if ! flock is a l>ge "o1 two files ( equal l5g? are =m$1 :i* meet at an acute angle1 ! front ( ! mov+ mass4 8,?is angul> arrangem5t1 ( :i* we f9d examples 9 ! %ip's pr[1 ! pl[%>e1 ! ?9 edge ( a w$ge1 & a multitude ( ut5sils design$ = cleavage1 is ! mo/ favorable = pu%+ ?r\gh ! mass ( ! air ) ! lea/ fatigue4 ,if 9 m>%al+ _! fly+ battalions ! goose & ! duck _h tak5 c\nsel ( ! eng9e]'s sci5ce1 !y c\ld n h manag$ bett]4 ,b !y h no ne$ ( o!rs' advice3 in/ruct$ by _! own in/9ct1 !y utiliz$ long be=e we did ! pr9ciple ( ! w$ge4 8,moreov]1 to divide among all ! memb]s ( ! flock ! excess ( fatigue incurr$ by ! file-lead] 9 op5+ a passage ?r\gh ! air by /r5g? ( w+1 ea* 9 turn takes ! po/ ( honor1 ! =w>d end ( ! s+le file or ! po9t ( ! angle =m$ by ! d\ble file4 ,its t]m ( s]vice end$1 ! bird at ! head retires to ! re> to recup]ate1 & ano!r lead] takes its place4 ,by ?is equitable division ( labor ! fatigue does n prove excessive = any "o bird1 & ! flock leaves no /raggl]s beh9d40 ,,*apt] ,,lviii ,,c>ri]-,,pigeons ,resum+ ! subject ( bird in/9ct z illu/rat$ by ! migratory flock's un]r+ precision 9 f9d+ its way ov] ?\s&s ( miles to a desir$ ne/+-place1 ,uncle ,paul cont9u$ z foll[s3 8,h[ is x t s _m ?\s&s1 ev5 millions1 ( migrat+ birds c direct _! c\rse ?r\gh trackless space ea* to ! p>ticul> rock or tree or ne/ left beh9d six mon?s be=e1 :5 ! ye>ly removal 0 decid$ ^u to "s s\!rn region a ?\s& miles or m di/ant8 ,h[1 = example1 does ! frail swall[ manage to f9d aga91 at ! return ( spr+1 its t9y abode 9 ! nor? :5 x retraces ! long j\rney ( ! previ\s autumn8 ,9 ord] t we may be sure x is ! same swall[ return$ to ! same ne/ we tie a color$ /r+1 z ,i h said1 ar\nd ! bird's claw2 &1 lo & behold1 :5 ,april comes1 ) x comes our swall[ to its dwell+ "u ! eaves4 ,x is inde$ our id5tical bird & no o!r2 x is ! v "o t fa%ion$ ! ne/ ( clay1 *]i%$ bit ( private prop]ty n[ s eag]ly tak5 possession ( once m4 ,! own]'s demon/rations ( satisfaction & delight are conv9c+ pro(1 ev5 7 ! bit ( r$ ?read n !re to dispel all d\bt4 8,if ! swall[ is able to f9d its ne/ aga9 ^u return+ 9 ! spr+ f ! l& ( ! negroes1 /ill m w x be able to f9d x aft] be+ remov$ m]ely f its native canton to ! neighbor+ "o4 8,a "m sitt+ on h] eggs or fe$+ h] "y is tak51 let u suppose1 put into a basket1 & c>ri$ quickly to a spot tw5ty or ?irty leagues di/ant1 :]e %e is set free aga94 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is unfamili> to h]3 %e has nev] be5 !re be=e4 ,( ! road ov] :i* %e has j come %e has n ! slighte/ k1 hav+ travel$ x 9 ! d>kness ( a clos$ basket4 ,no matt]4 ,) only a mom5t's hesitation %e gets h] be>+s amid ^! /range sc5es & takes flight t[>d h] ne/ z un]r+ly z if x 7 possible to see ! v ro( "u :i* repose h] little ones4 ,9 a few h\rs we %all f9d h] back aga9 on h] ne/4 8,a l behavior "u simil> conditions might be witness$ 9 ! case ( div]s o!r birds not$ = /r5g? ( w+ & p[] ( su/a9$ flight4 ,!y w\ld return to _! domicile 9 spite ( ! di/ance to be trav]s$ & ! unfamili>ity ( ! int]v5+ c\ntry4 ,mat]nal love c accompli% wond]s4 ,9 ord] to save h] eggs f a *ill or h] little ones f />v+ 9 h] abs5ce1 ! "m-bird ex]cises a geographical skill z m>vel\s z t display$ at ! p]iod ( migration40 8,i h he>d x said10 rem>k$ ,l\is1 8t ! pigeon is v clev] at f9d+ its way ov] long di/ances1 & t x is us$ = c>ry+ lett]s f "o place to ano!r40 8,yes10 repli$ ,uncle ,paul1 8?is aptitude = retrac+ ! homew>d way ov] va/ di/ances is %[n to an extraord9>y degree by "s ( our dome/ic pigeons4 ,economiz+ all _! /r5g? = purposes ( su/a9$ flight1 !y h reta9$ ! wild pigeon's po9t$ w+s1 sleek plumage1 & symmetrical =m4 ,we call ^! birds c>ri]-pigeons1 a "n well e>n$1 z y w see f :at ,i h n[ to tell y4 8,a pigeon hav+ a brood ( "y is tak5 f ! pigeon-h\se1 put into a clos$ basket1 & transport$ a di/ance ( a hundr$1 two hundr$ leagues1 or ev5 fur!r if y *oose--f "o end ( ,france to ! o!r4 ,!re x is set free4 ,x rises 9 ! air1 circles ab\t a few times z if to assure itself ( ! direction to be foll[$1 & !n />ts (f 9 impetu\s flight t[>d ! qu>t] :]e pigeon-h\se & "y await its com+4 8,does ! bird cat* sight ( ! pigeon-h\se z x circles ab\t 9 ! upp] air8 ,by no means2 ! di/ance is too great4 ,ev5 %\ld x rise to ! height ( ! cl\ds1 or to /ill great] altitudes1 :]e moreov] its w+s c\ld n su/a9 x1 x w\ld be unable to see its home4 ,on ! j\rney to ! po9t :]e x 0 releas$ x has _h no pass+ glimpse ( any object1 %ut up z x has be5 9 ! d>k basket4 ,! region x n[ trav]ses x sees = ! fir/ "t4 ,no?+ 9 ! surr\nd+ l&scape is famili>1 & yet its flight ev9ces ! assurance t comes f hav+ a def9ite goal 9 view4 ,) a spe$ ( ab\t tw5ty leagues an h\r x w+s its way /raight to ! j\rney's end4 ,if ! di/ance is too great to be cov]$ )\t pause1 halts are made "h & !re = food & re/2 !n ! j\rney is resum$1 swift z an arr['s flight4 ,f9ally1 at ! end ( "s h\rs or days1 accord+ to ! di/ance & ! duration ( ! halts1 ! bird rent]s ! pigeon-h\se ) its beakful ( food = ! wait+ little ones4 8,9 s]i\s situations ! c>ri]-pigeon is a valuable mess5g]4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( t t]rible ye>1 #ahgj-ga1 :5 ! ,g]man hordes besieg$ ,p>is1 no communication 0 possible by ord9>y means betwe5 ! inve/$ city & ! re/ ( ,france1 9 arms to repel ! odi\s invad]4 ,) ,p>is r5d]$ mute by its isolation1 "o might h said t ! he>t ( ! c\ntry _h ceas$ to beat4 ,= communication betwe5 ^? )9 & fri5ds )\t1 rec\rse 0 _h to balloons & pigeons4 8,c]ta9 p]sons ( dauntless c\rage left ,p>is by balloon1 *oos+ especially ! night-"t = _! dep>ture 9 ord] to avoid enc\nt] by day4 ,!y c>ri$ ) !m despat*es f ,p>is & a numb] ( c>ri]-pigeons4 ,ov] ! enemy camps !y w5t1 to alight some:]e1 f> or ne>1 at ! pleasure ( ! w9ds4 ,?us ! prov9ces receiv$ despat*es1 newspap]s1 & private lett]s f ,p>is4 ,! c> ( ! balloon 0 load$ ) all ^!4 8,b h[ c>ry back to ,p>is despat*es f ! prov9ces8 ,to leave a city by balloon 9 any *ance direction is n s v difficult2 b to return by balloon to ! same city is practically impossible4 ,! balloon goes z ! w9d wills1 n z its pass5g]s w\ld l to h x g4 ,to seek to return by ! means employ$ 9 dep>t+ w\ld be to compromise ev]y?+ by incurr+ ! risk ( l&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,prussian l9es4 8,! only rema9+ exp$i5t 0 to use ^? incomp>able aids1 ! pigeons1 :i* ! aronaut _h tak5 ) him on 8 dep>ture4 ,releas$1 "o at a "t1 ) despat*es enclos$ 9 a quill & fa/5$ to ! bird's tail1 !y flew back ov] ! ,g]man army to ! pigeon-h\se2 !y rent]$ ,p>is & br\ght news ( :at 0 go+ on 9 ! prov9ces4 8,d n imag9e t ! w+$ mess5g] 0 able to transmit only a few words or at mo/ a few l9es4 ,x 0 n ) a p5 or on ord9>y pap] t ! despat*es entru/$ to ! pigeons 7 writt54 ,by +5i\s me?ods & ) unhe>d-( delicacy x 0 f\nd possible to obta9 *>act]s s f9e & %eets ( pap] s ?9 t a roll ( ^! %eets weigh+ sc>cely a gram & enclos$ 9 a quill conta9$ z mu* read+ matt] z t5 pr9t$ volumes4 ,:at a m>vel\s piece ( "w1 t package ( lett]s fa/5$ to ! pigeon's tail1 t quill trans=m$ into a libr>y 9 :i* ?\s&s ( p]sons--fri5ds1 k9sfolk1 /atesm5--communicat$ _! projects1 _! fe>s1 _! hopes6 ,9 ?is mann] ! mail s]vice 0 ma9ta9$ dur+ ^? woeful times40 ,,*apt] ,,lix ,,"s ,,prehi/oric ,,animals 8,fossil rema9s ( all sorts ( animals1 f ! l>ge/ to ! smalle/1 are f\nd emb$d$ 9 /one4 ,!re are liz>ds :i*1 if alive1 w\ld h>dly f9d room en\gh to turn ar\nd 9 _m ( our public squ>es1 s mon/r\s is _! size2 tortoises ) %ell z l>ge z a small boat2 fi%es ( /range =mation2 birds ( a s+ul> "* su* z we no long] behold2 & enorm\s quadrup$s t w\ld dw>f to insignificance our /urdy ox4 ,all fly+ creatures ( ! air1 all walk+ & creep+ animals ( ! e>?1 e =m ( life swimm+ 9 ! wat]1 are repres5t$ 9 ^! fossil rema9s f\nd 9 ! he>t ( our rocks1 b ( a %ape & (t5 ( a size v diff]5t f ^? ( our liv+ animals4 8,^! anci5t creatures h nev] be5 se5 alive by man1 s f> back 9 ! pa/ is _! p]iod4 ,aft] inhabit+ ! e>? = a v long "t1 !y disappe>$ =ev]1 to give place to o!r species4 ,:at rema9s ( !m consi/s *iefly ( bones1 :i* f _! h>dness & _! m9]al "* (f] ! mo/ resi/ance to ! v>i\s de/ructive ag5cies4 ,) ! sole aid ( ^! bones sci5ce succe$s 9 recon/ruct+ ! exact =m ( ! animal4 ,x also tells u :at ! animal f$ on & :at 7 its habits4 ,by a miracle ( sagacity x resuscitates1 s to speak1 ! anci5t1 dislocat$ c>cass1 & makes x live aga9 to ! m9d's eye4 8,fossil bones are commonly f\nd emb$d$ 9 /one qu>ri$ at consid]able dep?s2 x ne$s ! "w ( pick & *isel & hamm] to free !m f ! rock4 ,h[ did !y come to be !re8 ,9 ! same way z %ells4 ,if ! creature liv$ 9 ! wat]s ( a lake or ( ! sea1 ! mud at ! bottom cov]$ ! body aft] dea?4 ,if x liv$ on l&1 ! floods swept away its c>cass & bore x to ! riv]1 :i* 9 turn c>ri$ x to lake or ocean4 ,lat] ! lake dri$ up or ! ocean rec$$1 & ! h>d5$ clay left beh9d became ! /one :5ce to-day are obta9$ ! relics ( prehi/oric =ms ( animal life4 8,:at1 !n1 7 ^! prehi/oric =ms ( animal life t prec$$ man8 ,reg>d+ ourselves z relat$ to ! animals provid$ ) bones1 a sort ( inn] framework su/a9+ ! corporeal edifice1 we may say 9 a g5]al way t !re has be5 a gradual succession f l[] to high] 9 /ructure4 ,fir/ appe>$ ! fi%es1 !n came ! reptiles1 next ! birds1 aft] !m ! quadrup$s1 suckl+ _! "y1 & la/ ( all man1 plac$ above all ! re/ by 8 incomp>able end[m5ts4 8,let u glance rapidly at "s examples ( ! anci5t d5iz5s ( l& & sea4 ,look at ?is picture4 ,! back ( ! creature "h repres5t$ resembles a little1 9 its =m & 9 its regul> r[s ( scales1 ! tail ( a fi%2 b ! front--to :at c t be lik5$8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^? l>ge bony plaques arrang$ side by side l ! squ>es 9 a tessellat$ pavem5t8 ,! animal is arm$ ) coat ( mail1 p]haps to protect itself f ! bite ( an enemy4 8,:at is ! purpose ( ^? w+-l app5dages t /rike ! flanks8 ,( :at use are ^? two %ort horns at ! base ( ! =ehead8 ,:at sort ( a creature c x be t ?us s+ul>ly comb9es 9 its /ructure ! tail ( a fi%1 ! %ell ( a tortoise1 ! fea!rless w+s ( a bird1 & ! nasc5t horns ( a ram8 ,y w nev] guess ! answ]1 s diff]5t is ! creature f any t are kn[n to y4 ,x is a fi%1 b su* a fi% z no fry+-pan ( ours has ev] _h acqua9tance )1 nor does ! ocean n[ hold any m l x4 8,x goes back to ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w1 & is call$ ! pt]i*?ys4 ,d n exclaim at ?is "n1 z /range to our e>s z ! creature itself to our eyes4 ,translat$ into our tongue1 x means a w+$ fi%4 ,b did ?is fi% ( =m] ages really fly8 ,assur$ly n4 ,x 0 too heavy1 too massive1 to admit ( t4 ,its w+s 7 simply admirable f9s = swimm+4 8,9 ! seas ( our day !re live c]ta9 fi%es fitt$ = fly+4 ,_! lat]al f9s1 :i* are v long1 op5 l l>ge fans & enable !m to su/a9 !mselves = "s "t 9 ! air4 ,press$ too h>d by a pursu+ foe1 !y escape by leap+ out ( ! wat] & fly+ ov] ! waves1 cle>+ a c]ta9 di/ance be=e plung+ aga9 into ! wat]1 z !y mu/ :5 _! f9s beg9 to get dry & to lose _! suppl5ess4 ,!y are call$ fly+ fi%es4 ,comp>e ^! two pictures & y w see h[ greatly ! pres5t fly+ fi% diff]s f ! anci5t w+$ fi%4 8,& ?is o!r creature--:at wild dream c\ld h conceiv$ su* a mon/rosity8 ,x has ! head & neck ( a pluck$ bird2 & x also has a bird's beak1 b an enorm\s "o arm$ ) po9t$ tee? 9 ea* m&ible4 ,its w+s are ^? ( a bat1 "o talon ( ea* claw be+ disproportionately elongat$ & s]v+ z support to a wide membrane1 mu* z an umbrella-rib holds ! /ret*$ fabric ( ! cov]4 ,its o!r talons are free & are furni%$ ) hook$ nails4 8,! h9d legs & feet are ^? ( ! liz>d4 ,! body is cov]$ ) f9e scales1 is m>bl$ ) t\*es ( a d>k] color1 & ends 9 an abbreviat$ tail4 ,take away f ?is /range animal its bat's w+s1 its long neck & its bird's head1 & y w h some?+ closely resembl+ ! liz>d1 ! creature t basks 9 ! sun on old walls1 or t o!r "o1 l>g] & all gre51 :i* gives u a />t :5 x scuttles away among ! dead leaves or 9 ! d5se gr[? ( ! h$ge40 8,& 0 x a liz>d1 !n1 or a bird80 ask$ ,emile4 8,x 0 a reptile1 c]ta9ly10 0 ! reply1 8& x might be call$ a sort ( liz>d4 ,!re 7 sev]al species1 v>y+ f ! size ( a l>k to t ( a cr[4 ,l ! bat1 ! animal left its retreat 9 ! holl[ ( rocks & came out at night to flutt] awkw>dly ab\t 9 ! air by ! aid ( its w+s ( /ret*$ sk94 ,) its too!d beak x snapp$ up 9 _! flight imm5se dragon-flies1 ! *ief insects ( t "t4 ,its hung] appeas$1 x took its repose on ! gr\nd1 w+s fold$ aga9/ its sides1 body support$ by ! h9d legs2 or else x hung d[n f ! rocks1 susp5d$ by its claws4 ,its "n is pt]odactyl1 :i* means w+-f+]$4 8,let u consid] ano!r ( ^! prehi/oric creatures4 ,?is "t x is a bird1 & :at a m>vel\s bird1 too1 my fri5ds6 ,its beak1 no less mon/r\s ?an t ( ! pt]odactyl1 _h likewise ! two m&ibles arm$ ) a f]oci\s-look+ set ( tee?4 ,po9t$ tee? 9 ! jaws ( a reptile1 su* z a liz>d1 crocodile1 or s]p5t1 are no?+ extraord9>y2 b 9 a bird's m\?1 t is unhe>d-(4 ,to-day "o w\ld se>* 9 va9 all ov] ! e>? = any?+ l x4 ,!re are beaks ( all %apes & sizes1 !re are %ort ones & long ones1 /raight ones & crook$ ones1 /rong ones & weak ones2 b all are too?less1 z are ! h5's & ! sp>r['s4 ,:at a s+ul> cu/om 9 ! primitive bird1 to adopt = beak ! too!d jaws ( ! reptile6 8,& t is n all4 ,?is bird adopt$ also ! reptile's tail1 b cov]$ x ) fea!rs4 ,birds ( ! pres5t day h a %ort1 wide rump1 f :i* gr[ a doz5 co>se fea!rs4 ,! fir/ bird 9 ! ord] ( "t _h its tail compos$ ( a long succession ( little bones1 ea* support+ two fea!rs4 ,"h is a picture ( t tail j z x 0 f\nd 9 ! rock :]e ! /range creature left its rema9s4 ,! bird to :i* ! tail belong$ is call$ by ! le>n$ an ar*opt]yx1 or anci5t w+$ animal4 8,"o m ( ^! mon/]s1 & t w suffice4 ,! animal t y see "h is ! mammo?1 a sort ( enorm\s %aggy elephant1 s tall t its back w\ld h t\*$ ! ceil+ 9 mo/ ( our great halls4 ,its height 0 z mu* z six met]s4 ,by its side ! ord9>y elephant1 ! l>ge/ ( extant t]re/rial animals1 w\ld look no l>g] ?an a %eep beside an ox4 8,its tusks1 :i* _h a pron\nc$ backw>d curve1 measur$ f\r met]s 9 l5g? & weigh$ z mu* z f\r hundr$ & eighty p\nds ea*4 ,:at mu/ h be5 ! /r5g? ( a colossus c>ry+ betwe5 its lips a weight ( n9e hundr$ p\nds z easily z a cat c>ries ! hairs ( its mu/a*es6 8,man 0 already 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! mammo?4 ,arm$ ) %>p fl9t-/ones & bone-po9t$ arr[s1 he made bold to attack ! enorm\s animal ^: weight made ! e>? tremble4 ,he hunt$ x 9 ! *ase & fea/$ on its fle%4 ,:at a piece ( game :5 ! giant fell into ! deep dit* mask$ by a light cov]+ ( b\ghs & foliage6 ,! victim 0 !n ov]:elm$ ) masses ( rock1 aft] :i* !re 0 an int]m9able banquet = ! :ole tribe4 8,let u g no fur!r1 b m]ely say 9 conclusion t ! animals ( to-day are n ! same z ^? ( =m] ages4 ,long be=e ! pres5t species on l& & 9 ! sea1 !re gradually made _! appe>ance o!r v diff]5t =ms ( animal life1 :i* h n[ become ext9ct4 ,n[h]e on ! e>? are !re n[ liv+ any creatures l ^? t h left _! fossil rema9s = our inspection40 ,,*apt] ,,lx ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,coal 8,coal is a fuel ( ine/imable value4 ,by ! heat :i* x develops 9 burn+ x gives movem5t to div]s ma*9es4 ,x makes ! locomotive move ov] ! iron rails & ! /eam%ip trav]se ! ocean4 ,) its aid metals are work$1 fabrics wov51 pott]y is bak$1 glassw>e manufactur$1 newspap]s & books are pr9t$1 tools are %ap$1 & all sorts ( in/rum5ts necess>y to our daily activities are produc$4 ,! arts & crafts h no m p[]ful auxili>y4 ,if we _h to sub/itute ! heat ( wood = t ( coal1 our =e/s w\ld prove insuffici5t4 8,:at1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ?is combu/ible1 :i* fe$s an imm5se indu/ry & is ! s\rce ( incalculable ri*es8 ,ord9>ily a piece ( coal has no great int]e/ = ! eye4 ,x is black1 lu/r\s1 =mless1 friable1 )\t any def9ite "* to af=d u in/ruction4 ,"o c le>n m f ! fragm5ts ( refuse reject$ by ! m9] z too poor 9 c>bon1 fragm5ts 9 :i* ! pr$om9at+ elem5t is a k9d ( d>k /one t splits 9 %eets4 ,9 ^! a surprise is lurk+ t w tell u ! secret ( coal4 8,^! lam9ate blocks1 /one r ?an coal1 %[ u1 on ! slabs t h j be5 sep>at$ by ! bl[ ( ! hamm]1 v>i\s wond]ful designs 9 :i* we recognize )\t hesitation ! impr9t or mold ( "s =m ( vegetation4 ,!re is no mi/ake ab\t x2 a plant has left its rema9s !re2 we behold 9 v tru? ! leaf ) its subdivisions & its ve9s4 ,x is all !re1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,x is really ! leaf m9us ! gre5 color1 = :i* is sub/itut$ ! black ( ! coal4 ,we %\ld n obta9 a m exact repres5tation if we ourselves took ! impr9t ( "s suffici5tly firm leaf on a s(t plaque ( clay4 8,p5d+ ! "t :5 "s lucky *ance %all br+ y into ! neighborhood ( a coal m9e :]e y c obta9 a lam9ate block t y c split into %eets & ?us discov] = y\rselves ! vegetable impr9ts !re conceal$1 "h is a picture t w %[ y :at ^! curi\s m>k+s look l4 8,:at d y ?9k ( x8 ,h we n "h :at seems to be actual leaves1 & v elegant ones too8 ,!y are spread out ) a c>e t w\ld appe> to indicate ! "w ( a pa9/ak+ human h&4 ,yes1 ^! are real leaves1 b turn$ to c>bon & firmly incru/$ 9 _! b$ ( black rock4 8,simil> impr9ts are f\nd 9 great abundance 9 all coal m9es4 ,c]ta9 coal-deposits1 sev]al met]s ?ick1 are compos$ entirely ( !m1 ! smalle/ *ip t "o splits (f be>+ on ea* face ! m>k+s ( foliage4 ,! :ole is no?+ b an accumulation ( leaves & brok5 tree-trunks4 ,an entire =e/1 heap$ up 9 "o pile1 w\ld n pres5t an equal mass4 ,?us x is demon/rat$ t 9 coal are pres]v$ ! rema9s ( anci5t vegetation4 8,dur+ great floods ! riv]s ( =m] ages swept away 9 enorm\s masses ! trees !y _h uproot$ along ! banks1 toge!r ) ! foliage wa%$ into ! curr5t by ! heavy ra9s2 !n all ?is refuse 0 deposit$ 9 ! mud at ! riv]'s m\?1 or 9 "s lake or bay4 ,?us 7 amass$ "h & !re1 "u ! wat]1 dur+ a long s]ies ( c5turies1 ! rema9s ( primitive =e/s4 8,f9e clay became pack$ ab\t ^! masses1 mold+ itself ) delicate accuracy ar\nd ev5 ! smalle/ leaf2 ! weight ( ! sup]impos$ mud cru%$ ! s(t5$ tree-trunks2 a gradual decay conv]t$ ! :ole into *>coal2 & f9ally ! ligne\s mass became a lay] ( coal4 ,lat] ! wat]s *ang$ _! b$1 driv5 else:]e by upheavals 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! previ\sly inundat$ bottom-l&s became solid gr\nd 9 :i* to-day we f9d coal "u massive /rata ( rock4 8,is x possible to di/+ui% ! =ms ( plant-life :5ce has come our coal8 ,yes1 x is possible1 s well pres]v$ are ! details ( t life 9 ! products ( our m9es4 ,n[ an exam9ation ( ! impr9ts left to u 9 ! lam9 or leaves ( our /one book %[s u t ! plant-life ( ^? remote ages 9 :i* ! coal 0 accumulat$ bore n ! lea/ resemblance to t ( our pres5t =e/s4 ,& ?is diff]5ce 0 to be expect$4 ,! animal life has *ang$2 :y1 !n1 %\ld ! plant-life h rema9$ unalt]$80 8,didn't !y h trees !n l ours80 ask$ ,jules4 8,no10 repli$ 8 uncle2 8we d n f9d 9 our coal m9es any signs ( ! exi/5ce ( trees resembl+ ^? ( our day4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w1 9 fact1 are !re n[ to be se5 any su* =ms ( plant-life z fl\ri%$ s abundantly 9 ^? remote ages2 or if any /ill exi/ t are at all analog\s1 !y mu/ be s\ght 9 ! isl&s ( ! tropical seas4 ,no vegetable gr[? ( t coal epo*1 :e!r tree or bu% or simple clu/] ( leaves1 bore fl[]s4 ,! spl5dors ( ! corolla 7 n to appe> until a lat] p]iod4 8,= ! mo/ "p !re 7 only tall /ems or /alks1 )\t bran*es1 ( equal size f top to bottom1 & furr[$ ) *annels or dott$ ) l>ge po9ts arrang$ 9 spiral l9es4 ,at ! top a tuft ( enorm\s leaves balanc$ itself1 ! "u surface ( ea* leaf be>+ elongat$ or r\nd$ swell+s conta9+ a f9e br[n du/1 ea* gra9 ( :i* 0 a se$ = ! propagation ( ! plant4 8,plants t ?us be> _! se$s1 or spores1 9 p[d]y masses on ! "u side ( ! leaves are call$ f]ns4 ,a numb] ( species fl\ri% 9 our "p ( ! _w4 ,!y are unpret5ti\s plants1 fond ( %ade & coolness4 ,old damp walls1 rocks t drip wat] drop by drop1 ! d>ke/ corn]s ( our woods--^! are ! cu/om>y haunts ( ! f]n4 8,a %ort und]gr\nd /ock & a sp>se clu/] ( leaves1 v elegantly %ap$1 x is true1 con/itute our native f]ns4 ,^? ( ! coal epo* 7 ( a diff]5t patt]n4 ,"s ( !m display$ at ! top ( a /em z tall z our popl>s a clu/] ( leaves five or six met]s 9 l5g?4 ,!y are call$ tree-f]ns1 & !y contribut$ ! great] "p ( ! coal-=m+ mat]ial4 8,! accompany+ illu/ration w give y an idea ( :at ! vegetation ( t p]iod mu/ h look$ l4 ,:at /range trees6 ,h[ diff]5t f our oaks & maples & hemlocks6 ,! soil is a liquid mud 9 :i* lie & rot ! tree-trunks pro/rat$ by ! weight ( ye>s2 ! air is sultry1 moi/1 heavy1 /rongly impregnat$ ) a moldy smell2 & ! d5sity ( ! foliage b>ely admits a few sunbeams to flick] ov] ! surface ( ! /agnant pools4 8,ev]y:]e pr(\nd sil5ce4 ,no song ( bird bur/s =? f ! foliage ( ^? tall f]n-trees1 = ! bird is n yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,no foot ( quadrup$ treads ! gr\nd1 = ! quadrup$ ) its coat ( fur w n come until mu* lat]4 ,"s liz>ds lurk+ 9 ! rock-fissures1 "s l>ge dragon-flies at ! wat]'s edge1 "s odi\s scorpions "u ! heaps ( dead leaves--t is all ! animal-life to be f\nd 9 ! =e/s t gave u our coal40 ,,*apt] ,,lxi ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,help]s 8,by #8help]s' ,i "h mean ^? animals & birds t come to our aid1 ?\gh n subject to our c>e & protection1 & make w> on ! insects & div]s o!r dev\r]s t w\ld soon get complete control ( our crops if we 7 left to our own res\rces = prev5t+ _! excessive multiplication4 ,:at c\ld man d aga9/ ^? voraci\s hordes t annually propagate _! k9d at a rate defy+ calculation8 ,w\ld he h ! pati5ce1 ! skill1 ! ke5ness ( eyesight necess>y = effective w>f>e ^u ! smalle/ ( ^! m>aud]s :5 ! ,june-bug1 despite its size1 mocks at our utmo/ ef=ts to ext]m9ate x8 ,w\ld he und]take to exam9e all 8 fields1 a clod at a "t1 to inspect 8 gra91 e> by e>1 to scrut9ize 8 fruit trees1 "o leaf aft] ano!r8 ,= s prodigi\s a task ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! :ole human race w\ld n suffice4 ,! dev\r+ ho/s w\ld eat u up1 my fri5ds1 if we _h no help]s to come to our rescue1 help]s end[$ ) a pati5ce t no?+ c we>y1 an adroitness t baffles all wiles1 a vigilance f :i* !re is no escape4 ,to lie 9 wait = ! enemy1 to seek him 9 8 remote/ retreats1 to pursue him )\t pause or re/1 & f9ally to ext]m9ate him1 t is _! sole conc]n1 _! incessant preoccupation4 ,!y are implacable1 pitiless2 hung] urges !m on1 bo? = _! own sake & 9 behalf ( _! families4 ,!y live at ! exp5se ( ^? t live at our exp5se2 !y are ! enemies ( our enemies4 8,z p>ticipants 9 ?is great "w mu/ be nam$ ! bat & ! h$ge-hog1 ! owl1 ! m>t91 ! swall[1 & all ! small] birds1 ! liz>d1 ! add]1 ! frog1 & ! toad4 ,praise be to ,god :o has giv5 u z protectors f t glutton1 ! insect1 su* birds z ! swall[ & ! w>bl]1 ! rob9 & ! night+ale1 ! m>t9 & ! />l+4 ,& yet ^! invaluable creatures1 gu>dians ( e>?'s b\nty1 a delight to ! eye1 a solace to ! e>1 h _! homes pillag$ by ! b>b>\s & /upid robb] ( birds' ne/s4 ,praise be to ,god :o = ! protection ( our daily bread has giv5 u ! owl & ! toad1 ! h$ge-hog & ! bat1 ! add]1 ! liz>d & ! mole4 ,nev]!less ^! useful creatures t come s valiantly to our aid are curs$ & calumniat$1 & we /upidly v5t ^u !m our loa?+ & hate4 8,by :at p]v]sity are we1 9 g5]al1 impell$ to de/roy animals ^: cop]ation is s mu* to our advantage8 ,ne>ly all our help]s are p]secut$4 ,_! good w mu/ be indomitable to make !m be> our ill treatm5t & n =sake our dwell+s & fields1 nev] to return4 ,! bat rids u ( a ho/ ( enemies1 & is nev]!less "u ! ban2 ! mole cle>s ! soil ( v]m91 & is likewise proscrib$2 ! h$ge-hog wages w> on vip]s & cut-worms1 & x too is an outlaw2 ! owl & v>i\s o!r night birds are accompli%$ rat-hunt]s1 & !y also are 9 disfavor2 ! add]1 toad1 & liz>d fe$ on ! ravag]s ( our crops1 & all ! :ile we hold !m 9 abhorr5ce4 ,!y are ugly1 we say1 & )\t fur!r reason we kill !m4 ,b1 bl9d slay]s1 ! day w come :5 y w p]ceive t y h be5 sacrific+ y\r own def5d]s to an irrational repugnance4 ,y compla9 ( rats1 b y nail ! owl to y\r door & let its body dry 9 ! sun z a hide\s trophy2 y cry out aga9/ cut-worms1 b y cru% ! mole e "t y\r spade turns "o up2 y disemb[el ! h$ge-hog & set y\r dogs on him j = fun2 y bewail ! ravages ( mo? & worm 9 y\r gran>ies1 b if ! bat falls into y\r clut*es x is seldom t y %[ him any m]cy4 ,y\r compla9ts g up to heav51 b all ^! will+ help]s ( y\rs y treat z creatures accurs$4 ,bl9d fools t y are1 fill$ ) an insane desire to kill6 8,insect-eat+ birds are ( imm5se importance to agriculture4 ,!y divide among !mselves ! "w to be done 9 field & h$ge1 mead[ & g>d51 =e/ & or*>d1 & wage unceas+ w>f>e on e species ( v]m91 a t]rible tribe t w\ld de/roy our crops 7 n m vigilant gu>dians ?an we cont9ually on ! wat*--gu>dians ( f> great] adroitness1 ( %>p] eyesight1 ( m la/+ pati5ce 9 _! endless que/1 & hav+ no?+ else to d4 ,i am n exagg]at+1 my little fri5ds2 )\t insect-eat+ birds fam9e w\ld decimate u4 ,:o !n1 unless he be an idiot ) a mania = de/ruction1 w\ld d>e t\* ! ne/s ( birds t enliv5 ! c\ntry ) _! plumage & deliv] u f ! dev\r+ sc\rge ( insects8 ,b !re are1 nev]!less1 blood?ir/y gam9s :o1 if !y c manage to elude ! s*ool-ma/] & play truant1 f9d x a joy\s pa/ime to climb trees & explore h$ges 9 ord] to rob birds' ne/s & slaught] ! "y4 ,^! good-=-no?+s are "u ! surveillance ( ! rural gu>d & liable to ! utmo/ rigors ( ! law1 to ! end t our crops may /ill be protect$ by ! birds & t our fields & or*>ds may cont9ue to yield %eaves ( gra9 & baskets ( fruit4 8,let u add a few words on ! mode ( life ( ^! indisp5sable collaborators4 ,! bat fe$s exclusively on insects1 any?+ 9 t class s]v+ its purpose1--beetles ) h>d w+-%ea?s1 sp9dle-%ank$ mosquitoes1 graceful butt]flies1 plump-belli$ mo?s ( all k9ds1 su* z make havoc ( our c]eals1 v9ey>ds1 fruit trees & wool5 /uffs1 & ^? t come 9 ! ev5+1 attract$ by ! lamplight1 & s+e _! w+s ov] ! flame4 ,:o %all say h[ _m insects are snapp$ up by ! bats 9 _! nightly t\r ( our premises8 ,! game is s small1 ! hunt]'s appetite s insatiable6 8,note :at takes place on a calm summ] ev5+4 ,lur$ abroad by ! mild temp]ature ( ! twilight h\rs1 a sw>m ( insects leave _! retreats & come out to play 9 ! op5 air1 to hunt = food1 & to mate1 "o ) ano!r4 ,x is !n t great night-mo?s fly abruptly f fl[] to fl[] & plunge _! long proboscis to ! bottom ( ! corolla1 :]e !y suck up ! honey2 x is !n t ! mosquito1 eag] = human blood1 s+s its w>-song 9 our e>s & *ooses our t5d]e/ spot = ! ins]tion ( its env5om$ lancet2 & x is !n t ! ,june-bug quits ! %elt]+ leaf1 spreads its res\nd+ w+s1 & goes boom+ ?r\gh ! air 9 que/ ( its k94 ,! gnats dance 9 joy\s sw>ms :i* ! lea/ puff ( w9d disp]ses l a column ( smoke2 ! mo?s1 _! w+s p[d]$ ) silv] du/ & _! ant5n display$ plume-fa%ion1 indulge 9 frolicsome gambols or g 9 se>* ( favorable places = lay+ _! eggs2 ! little wood-gnaw+ beetles explore ! wr9kl$ b>k ( old tree-trunks2 ! :eat-mo?s rise 9 cl\ds f ! ravag$ gra9 & take flight = fre% fields2 & o!r night-fly+ insects flutt] ab\t1 alight+ on grape-v9es & fruit-trees1 all busily se>*+ = food & %elt] = _! calamit\s (fspr+4 8,b sudd5ly ?is sc5e ( jollity is intrud$ ^u by a mo/ unwelcome kill-joy4 ,! bat1 ) zig-zag c\rse1 flits hi!r & ?i!r1 up & d[n1 back & =?1 untir+ ( w+1 appe>+ & disappe>+1 d>t+ its head out ?is way & t1 & ea* "t cat*+ an insect 9 flight1 :i* x imm$iately cru%es & gobbles up1 s5d+ x to its doom d[n a ?roat t op5s wide f e> to e>4 ,x is fam\s hunt+3 gnats1 beetles1 mo?s1 all are !re 9 pl5ty1 & e once 9 a :ile a little cry ( joy ann\nces ! capture ( an especially plump victim4 ,z long z ! fad+ twilight admits ( x1 ! ard5t hunt] cont9ues 9 ?is way 8 "w ( ext]m9ation4 ,/uff$ to repletion at la/1 ! bat rega9s its d>k & quiet retreat2 b on ! morr[1 & e day !reaft] ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 ! hunt w be resum$1 always ) ! same ardor1 always at ! co/ ( insects only4 ,my *ildr51 respect ! bat1 our help] 9 de/roy+ ! ravag]s ( our fields40 ,,*apt] ,,lxii ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,help]s 7,cont9u$7 8,! h$ge-hog's diet consi/s especially ( insects4 ,! l[e/ ord] ( v]m9 is disda9$ by him z too small1 b a ,june-bug l>va or a fat-belli$ cricket is a capital prize1 & :5 ^! are n too deeply buri$ he burr[s ) claws & sn\t to une>? !m4 ,all night long he goes pr[l+ ar\nd1 r\t+ out & crun*+ a goodly numb] ( our enemies1 )\t do+ any appreciable h>m himself4 8,li/5 n[ to :at ,i am go+ to relate to y f ! book ( a le>n$ obs]v]4 #8,i _h 9 a box1' he says1 #8a female h$ge-hog ) h] suckl+s2 & ,i add$ to ! occupants ( ! box a vigor\s vip]1 :i* coil$ itself up 9 "o corn]4 ,! h$ge-hog sl[ly approa*$ & smelt ( ! reptile1 :]eupon ! latt] rais$ its head & put itself on gu>d1 %[+ ! :ile its v5om\s fangs4 ,= a mom5t ! aggressor recoil$1 b only to resume ! (f5sive imm$iately aft] & ) no sign ( fe>4 ,! vip] !n bit ! animal on ! end ( its sn\t4 ,! h$ge-hog lick$ its ble$+ w\nd1 & 9 do+ s receiv$ a second bite on ! tongue )\t suff]+ itself to be at all intimidat$4 ,f9ally x seiz$ ! s]p5t by ! middle ( its body1 & ! two adv]s>ies roll$ toge!r on ! floor 9 a furi\s /ruggle1 ! quadrup$ grunt+ & snort+1 ! reptile hiss+ & mak+ repeat$ use ( its fangs4 ,sudd5ly ! h$ge-hog seiz$ its antagoni/'s head & crun*$ x betwe5 its tee?1 aft] :i*1 )\t ! lea/ sign ( p]turbation1 x proce$$ to dev\r ! =w>d half ( ! body4 ,t done1 x return$ to ! opposite corn] ( ! box &1 ly+ on its side1 calmly began to suckle its "y4 ,on ! morr[ x ate ! re/ ( ! vip]4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 sev]al times repeat$1 ) an int]val ( "s days betwe5 ea* repetition & ! next1 b ! issue 0 always ! same3 9 spite ( w\nds t set its sn\t to ble$+1 ! h$ge-hog inv>iably f9i%$ by dev\r+ ! reptile1 & nei!r ! "m nor h] "y %[$ any ill effects f ! exp]i5ce4' 8,x is to be assum$ t ! h$ge-hog has n receiv$ ! gift ( )/&+ ! v5om ( reptiles only to leave t gift unemploy$4 ,! animal is evid5tly int5d$ to f9d its *ief pleasure 9 haunt+ ! places frequ5t$ by ! vip]2 9 its nightly r\nds among ! und]bru% x mu/ (t5 cat* ! lurk+ s]p5t & make %ort "w ( ! v5om\s creature4 ,:at valuable s]vice x mu/ r5d] 9 regions infe/$ by ?is dang]\s reptile6 ,& yet man is ! h$ge-hog's invet]ate foe1 %[]+ x ) mal$ictions & treat+ x z an unclean bea/ good = no?+ except p]haps to ar\se ! fury ( dogs1 :i* h to bew>e ( its bri/l+ back4 ,d n1 my *ildr51 imitate ?is evil example1 b respect ! h$ge-hog = ridd+ y ( ! cut-worm & ! vip]4 8,n[ z to ! mole1 :at does x eat8 ,! be/ way to decide ! "q ( an animal's diet is to exam9e ! cont5ts ( its /oma*4 ,let u1 !n1 op5 ! mole's /oma* & see = ourselves4 ,sometimes x is f\nd to conta9 r$ fragm5ts ( ! common e>?-worm2 sometimes a ha% ( beetles1 recognizable f ! t\gh rema9s t h resi/$ dige/ion1 su* z bits ( claws & w+-%ea?s2 sometimes1 aga91 & (t5] ?an n1 a m>malade ( l>v1 especially ^? ( ! ,june-bug1 ) _! di/9ctive signs l ! m&ibles & ! h>d cas+ ( ! head4 ,"o f9ds1 9 %ort1 a little ( e sort ( game haunt+ ! soil1--polypods & millep$s1 insects & cat]pill>s1 mo?s 9 ! *rysalis1 und]gr\nd worms & nymphs1 & s on2 b ! m9ute/ scrut9y fails to discov] a s+le p>ticle ( vegetable matt]4 8,! mole1 !n1 is exclusively c>nivor\s1 & fur!rmore x has a mon/r\s appetite1 a p]fectly insatiable /oma* t 9 twelve h\rs dem&s a quantity ( food equal to ! animal's weight4 ,! mole's exi/5ce is "o glutton\s fr5zy1 ev] r5ew+ itself1 nev] appeas$2 a few h\rs' ab/95ce suffices to kill ! creature4 ,to /ill ! angui% ( t /oma*1 :i* is no soon] /uff$ ) food ?an x is empti$ aga91 :at c ! animal c\nt ^u8 ,on ! grubs liv+ 9 ! gr\nd1 & especially on ^? ( ! ,june-bug1 t5d] & fat4 ,x is a small creature = supply+ ! wants ( su* an appetite1 b its numb]s make up = its littl5ess4 ,:at a massacre ( worms1 !n1 mu/ n ! mole be cr$it$ ) 9 ! season :5 worms ab\nd6 ,sc>cely is "o meal f9i%$ be=e ano!r beg9s1 & at ea* repa/ ! worms mu/ be gobbl$ up by ! doz54 ,to cle> a field ( ^! =midable ravag]s ! f>m] has no help] equal to ! mole4 ,! only regret is t to rea* ! v]m9 on :i* ! animal lives1 x has to burr[ among ! roots :]e !y h _! haunts4 ,_m roots t lie 9 ! way are necess>ily ruptur$ 9 ?is "w2 plants are brok5 (f & de/roy$2 &1 f9ally1 ! little piles ( e>?1 or mole-hills1 heap$ up by ! animal 9 ! c\rse ( its excavations1 imp$e ! reap] :5 h>ve/-"t comes ar\nd4 ,nev] m9d3 ! worms w\ld h caus$ mu* m s]i\s damage1 & to get rid ( !m !re is no?+ l ?is rav5\s insect-hunt]4 ,!re=e1 *ildr51 nev] mole/ ! mole1 ! protector ( our crops4 8,! toad is h>mless1 b t is n en\gh to comm5d ! creature to our att5tion4 ,x too is a help] ( great wor?1 a gre$y dev\r] ( slugs1 beetles1 l>v1 & e sort ( v]m94 ,discreetly )drawn by day "u ! cool cov] ( a /one 9 "s obscure hole1 x leaves its retreat at nightfall to make its regul> r\nds1 propell+ itself1 hoppity-hop1 on its ample /oma*4 ,"h is a slug on its way to ! lettuce-plants2 yond] is a cricket *irp+ at ! entrance to its hole2 & ov] !re a ,june-bug is lay+ its eggs 9 ! gr\nd4 ,ma/] toad comes along 9 circumspect fa%ion1 op5s 8 cav]n\s m\?1 & 9 ?ree gulps swall[s !m all ) a gurgle ( satisfaction4 ,oh1 b t 0 good6 ,n[ = "s m ( ! same sort4 8,he cont9ues on 8 r\nds1 & :5 dawn beg9s to glimm] 9 ! ea/ :at k9d ( a hodge-podge ( v>iegat$ v]m9 mu/ !re n be 9 ! glutton's capaci\s maw8 ,yet !y kill ?is useful creature--/one x to dea? because1 =soo?1 x is n s h&some z x might be4 ,my *ildr51 may y nev] be guilty ( su* cruelty1 su* fooli% & mis*iev\s cruelty6 ,nev] /one ! toad1 = 9 do+ s y w\ld be robb+ ! fields ( a vigilant gu>dian4 ,let ! poor creature p]=m 9 peace its appo9t$ task z de/roy] ( worms & insects4 8,f9ally1 & n lea/ ( all1 mu/ be m5tion$ ! v>i\s birds1 *iefly ! little birds ( our fields & f>m-y>ds1 t help ! f>m] by dev\r+ h>mful insects & ! se$s ( wild grasses & intrusive we$s4 ,^! indefatigable assi/ants1 h[ev]1 we h already discuss$1 & we h gratefully ackn[l$g$ our indebt$ness to !m4 ,no m1 !n1 ne$ be said ab\t !m at pres5t1 except 9 ! way ( r5ew$ admonition nev] to mole/ !m1 nev] to rob _! ne/s2 = !y are our fri5ds & b5efactors40 ,,f9is ,,notes #a ,laundry />* is n[ obta9$ *iefly f rice & f pulse4--,translator4 #b ,! au?or is n q accurate "h4 ,frankl9 01 z he tells u1 8! y\nge/ son1 & ! y\nge/ *ild b two40--,translator4 #c ,! old fa%ion$ loaf-sug> is "h meant4--,translator4 #d ,?is is inconsi/5t ) :at ,uncle ,paul /at$ two p>agraphs above4 ,he %\ld h said "h t ! lily has b "o floral envelope4--,translator4 #e ,9 ,engli% ?is transf] ( a bud is commonly call$ 8budd+40--,translator4 #f ,! au?or does n1 ei!r "h or lat]1 di/+ui% by "n1 z might h be5 done1 betwe5 butt]flies & mo?s4 ,! latt] fly mo/ly 9 ! ev5+ or at night4--,translator4 #g ,! correspond+ ,engli% t]m is 8scree*-owl40--,translator4