,,h[ ,,to ,,deciph] ,,& ,,/udy ,,old ,,docum5ts4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,family ,,de$ ,,*e/ ,,h[ ,,to ,,deciph] ,,& ,,/udy ,,old ,,docum5ts ,,be+ ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,read+ ,,( ,,anci5t ,,manuscripts ,,by ,e4 ,e4 ,,?oyts 7,,mrs4 ,,john ,,haut5ville ,,cope7 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,c4 ,,trice ,,m>t9 ,,assi/ant ,,keep] ,,( ,h4,m4 ,,records ,,second ,,edition ,,london ,,elliot ,,/ock1 #fb1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[ #aijc ,illu/ration ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,j t5 ye>s ago ?is little volume made its fir/ appe>ance4 ,al?\gh _m books on simil> subjects h be5 writt5 9 t "t1 none h exactly giv5 ! same in=mation1 & ?is second edition has be5 decid$ ^u4 ,additions & corrections to br+ ! book up to date h be5 made1 b mu* /ill rema9s1 & mu/ rema91 imp]fect 9 s small a "w on s l>ge a subject1 & ! pres5t pages only pr(ess to help beg9n]s ov] "s ( ! initial difficulties !y w meet )4 ,x has be5 urg$ t h&writ+ & its *>act]i/ics h no?+ to d ) old de$s1 b c>eful /udy ( e l9e & lett] is useful1 especially ) reg>d to private lett]s1 or :5 any "q arises z to :e!r ! manuscripts are g5u9e or =g]ies4 ,t is :y ! second *apt]1 on h&writ+ & descriptions ( old ink1 pap]1 & pap] m>ks & seals1 0 writt51 = all su* items are ( great importance4 ,a rec5t celebrat$ trial 7! ,%ipway case1 9 :i* an old regi/] 0 alt]$7 %[s t c>eful att5tion to m9ute details is necess>y4 ,p>i% regi/]s h n1 & are n1 at ! pres5t mom5t protect$ aga9/ frauds ( ?is k9d1 :i* are f> less common ?an might be suppos$4 ,old de$s are n[ b\ght & sold2 x is a trade q z mu* z t 9 old books4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 ,ed9burgh1 a numb] ( clev] =g]ies 7 sold z g5u9e1 :i* if !y _h be5 s w\ld h cle>$ up a hi/orical "q ( great importance4 ,_m fri5ds :o help$ me :5 ,i fir/ wrote ! book are1 alas6 dead2 only _! lett]s rema91 & f ^! ,i h us$ extracts 9 revis+ ?is edition4 ,mr4 ,trice ,m>t9 has mo/ k9dly read x ?r\gh & criticis$ x1 z he did t5 ye>s ago1 & if mi/akes /ill rema91 ,i tru/ my read]s w be l5i5t4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ,i am writ+ only ab\t ! class ( de$s :i* are usually met ) 9 old h\ses1 & n attempt+ to describe e description ( *>t] or de$4 ,,emma ,,elizabe? ,,cope4 #acj1 ,,hyde ,,p>k ,,mansions1 ,w4 ,septemb]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h tri$ to describe ! ?+s :i* puzzl$ me :51 z a beg9n]1 ,i fir/ essay$ to read & und]/& ! old records ( bygone times4 ,writt5 9 a language ,i knew n1 relat+ to cu/oms no long] exi/+1 all 0 /range & unfamili>4 ,i toil$ on2 by degrees light dawn$ & ! difficulties melt$ away4 ,! k ?us ga9$ ,i h endeav\r$1 9 all humility1 to write d[n z a possible guide & help to o!rs :o may1 l myself1 pref] to foll[ antiqu>ian rese>* by means ( old de$s & o!r manuscripts1 z be+ ! orig9al s\rce & mo/ tru/wor?y f\nta9-head ( k1 & by ?is means to avoid z mu* z possible repeat+ ! ass]tions & mi/akes ( previ\s writ]s4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,paleography ,i h nam$ ! books :i* 7 my guides1 & 9 ^! pages ,i h tri$ to supply in=mation supplem5t>y to :at is already pr9t$ on ! subject1 r ?an repeat :at has previ\sly be5 expla9$4 ,! gr[+ fa%ion = all k9ds ( antiqu>ianism creates a desire = books treat+ ^u su* subjects1 & ?is has induc$ me to write ?is book4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,?oyts4 ,,sulham/ead1 ,may1 #ahic4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction xi ,i4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,! ,,beg9n] #a ,,ii4 ,,"* ,,by ,,h&writ+ #ad ,,iii4 ,,saxon1 ,,norman-,,fr5* ,,& ,,law ,,lat9 #bh ,,iv4 ,,old ,,de$s #da ,v4 ,,law ,,te*nicalities #ec ,,vi4 ,,manor ,,& ,,c\rt ,,rolls #gj ,,vii4 ,,mona/ic ,,*>t]s #hf ,,viii4 ,,p>i% ,,regi/]s #ajc ,,ix4 ,,p>i% ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,_! ,,acc\nt ,,books #aab ,x4 ,,books ,,on ,,paleography #abg ,,xi4 ,,old ,,lett]s #ace ,,xii4 ,,abbreviations1 ,,etc4 #adb ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,signature #bc ,,extract ,,f ,,domesday #bi ,,norman-,,fr5* ,,de$ #cd ,,=m ,,( ,,f9e #ef ,,%]iff',s ,,roll 7,,neville ,,mss47 #fe ,,c\rt ,,roll #gf ,,arabic ,,num]als #gi ,,read+ ,,abbey ,,*>t] #ib ,,read+ ,,abbey ,,*>tul>y #id ,,pap]-,,mak]s' ,,initials #acf ,,"s ,,qua9t ,,lett]s ,,f ,,old ,,p>i% ,,regi/]s #acg ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,introduction4 ,books writt5 to tea* any bran* ( human k are1 9 mo/ cases1 writt5 by p]sons :o h long kn[n & us$ ! k :i* !y imp>t1 &1 p]haps = t reason1 h m or less =gott5 ! /eps ( ! ladd] up :i* !y h climb$2 b 9 ?is case ! process has be5 s rec5t t ! difficulties & dang]s ( ea* /ep h be5 rememb]$1 & ! read] accord+ly w>n$ aga9/ !m4 ,! mean+ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( docum5ts :i* are likely to be f\nd among ! title-de$s ( an e/ate1 or among ! ar*ives ( a p>i% or a corporation1 are describ$ )\t ne$less te*nicalities1 9 a practical way1 :i* w appeal to ^? :o beg9 to "w among su* mat]ial )\t previ\s k4 ,! fir/ /ep1 ( c\rse1 is to le>n to read4 ,?is wants p]sev]ance & a quick eye1 b regul> practice w soon enable ! /ud5t to read any ord9>y docum5ts1 :i* at fir/ seem$ utt]ly un9telligible1 & gradually ! p[] ( und]/&+ really difficult & obscure ,,mss4 w be acquir$4 ,b ?is fir/ /ep mu/ be ?or\ghly ma/]$1 = to attempt to get in=mation f old writ+s )\t ?or\ghly kn[+ ! =ms ( ! lett]s1 & ! diff]5t sy/ems ( abbreviations & contractions1 w\ld be l try+ to keep acc\nts )\t kn[+ h[ to add up a column ( figures4 ,& inde$ paleography is ! f\ndation ( all hi/ory4 ,!re may be hi/orians1 l ! late ,mr4 ,freeman1 :o h b little k ( ! sci5ce 7he1 ,i believe1 boa/$ ( 8 inability to read a manuscript71 b !n su* writ]s rely on ! paleographic k ( o!rs1 :o h edit$ ! manuscripts :i* !y desire to use1 & !y h1 or ought to h1 suffici5t s*ol>%ip to judge :i* are ! be/ editions1 & ev5 occasionally to detect editors' mi/akes4 ,b an acqua9tance ) ?is bran* ( k is (t5 ( ! greate/ use to biograph]s & hi/orians4 ,x is mu* bett]1 = in/ance1 to be able to judge :e!r a c]ta9 docum5t is ( ! age :i* x pr(esses1 or 9 ^: h& a draft ( a treaty is1 ?an to h to accept ! op9ion ( someone else4 ,! mi/akes made ?r\gh want ( ?is k are common1 & sometimes v amus+4 ,famili> en\gh is ! old /ory ( ! p>i% prie/ 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o 9 ! canon ( ! ,mass1 9 ! pray] aft] tak+ ! w9e1 read ! ^w #8sumpsimus' z mumpsimus1 because he _h a ?irte5?-c5tury missal 9 :i* s & m are mu* alike1 & refus$ to alt] 8 mi/ake :5 x 0 po9t$ out to him4 ,x 0 ref]r$ to by ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 8 spee* to ! ,p>liam5t 9 #aede1 &1 9 fact1 ?is ignorant prie/ has #8made himself an ev]la/+ "n' = cons]vative /upidity4 ,9 m rec5t times1 ! hi/orian ( "o ( our beautiful nor?-c\ntry abbeys talks ( a gift ( a silv] *e/ by ! f\nd] 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! read] wond]s :at ?is *e/ c\ld h be5--0 x a native "w or import$8 0 x "s ecclesia/ical ornam5t or m]ely a /rong box8 ,b on turn+ to ! docum5t on :i* ! acc\nt is bas$1 ! mean+ is cle>4 ,x 0 n a *e/ ( silv]1 b an ord9>y co9 kn[n z a m>k ( silv]4 ,! ,,ms4 reads unm>carg5ti4 ,! writ] ( ! book _h n notic$ ! contraction ov] ! fir/ a1 divid$ ! words wrongly1 & read x unam arcam1 in/ead ( unam m>cam4 ,9 ano!r simil> book ! /ory is n>rat$ ( ! ill-treatm5t by a =e/] ( an abbot ^: h\se 0 ne> a royal =e/4 ,! abbot 0 no d\bt l ! monk :o made ! celebrat$ pilgrimage to ,cant]bury-- #8,an outryd]e t lov$e v5]ye4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he yaf nat ( t text a pull$ h5 ,t sei? t hunt]s be5 nat holy m54' ,& p]haps ! =e/] _h good reason to compla9 ( him4 ,b 9 ! acc\nt ( ! qu>rel1 ! =e/] is said to h gone into ! abbot's kit*5 & tak5 away 8 cabbages--n v likely ?+s = a =e/] to take1 z he probably w\ld h f\nd some?+ f> bett] wor? c>ry+ (f4 ,h[ev]1 on look+ at ! ,,ms4 x appe>s almo/ c]ta9 t :at 0 read z *\s is really *5s1 t is1 *i5s4 ,9 fact1 !y 7 ! #8,greh\ndes he hadde z swifte z f[el 9 flight1 ,= prik+ & = hunt+ = ! h>e1' :o 7 p]haps ly+ be=e ! fire asleep aft] a long aft]noon's c\rs+4 ,9 ! same case x is said t ! =e/]'s treatm5t ( ! t5ants on "o ( ! abbey f>ms is s bad t no "o d>e die !re2 x is sugge/$1 because ! =e/] w\ld n all[ anyone to come to adm9i/] ! la/ consolations ( religion4 ,b ! words de murir1 on :i* ! obs]vation is bas$1 are m]ely a c>eless scribe's writ+ ( demeur]4 ,9 ano!r book f>m]s are repres5t$ z us+ /ones = fuel1 :i* are sugge/$ to h be5 coal2 b ?is results f mis-read+ petarum 7peat71 z if x 7 petarum1 a contract$ =m ( petr>um 7/ones74 ,! spread+ desire to "k some?+ ( paleography is v rem>kable1 & is mu* to be comm5d$4 ,= all p]sons :o int]e/ !mselves 9 ! docum5ts to :i* !y may h access 9 ! possession ( private p]sons1 or 9 repositories n g5]ally kn[n1 are help+ 9 ! gr& "w ( mak+ cle> ! laws & cu/oms & mode ( liv+ ( our ance/ors1 & ?us con/antly come across in=mation1 n to be f\nd 9 our m public collections ( records1 :i* (t5 ?r[s light on _m d>k passages ( hi/ory4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,m>t94 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,h[ ,,to ,,deciph] ,,& ,,/udy ,,old ,,docum5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,beg9n]s4 ,fa%ion *anges 9 ev]y?+2 b ^! alt]ations g on s imp]ceptibly1 s gradually1 t (ttimes we fail to recognise _! progress except by glanc+ backw>ds into ! pa/4 ,b ! fa%ion ( h&writ+ & its *anges are v =cibly br\ght home to u :5 confront$ = ! fir/ "t ) "s old de$ or pap]2 & a feel+ ( helplessness r$uces ! amateur to ! v]ge ( despair z ! pages ( un9telligible hi]oglyphics are spread out1 z unfamili> z ,sanscrit or ,egyptian *>act]s4 ,b p]sev]ance conqu]s all difficulties4 ,e g5]ation has its own p>ticul> type ( writ+4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 any bundle ( lett]s tak51 hap-haz>d1 out ( an old desk or secrtaire2 x is q easy to sort !m into bundles 9 sequ5ce ( dates1 & also guess accurately ! age & position ( ! writ]s4 ,! fl[+ ,italian h&1 us$ by educat$ wom5 e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 *ang$ ) fa%ion into ! fre] /yle ( ! succe$+ g5]ation2 ?is 9 ! ?ird g5]ation _h fur!r develop$ into ! bold1 decisive1 almo/ mascul9e writ+ adopt$ by ! m /rong-m9d$ females ( ! latt] end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,( c\rse1 s*ool-tea*+ is responsible to a c]ta9 ext5t = h&writ+4 ,our ,univ]sity m5 ( to-day all1 ) few exceptions1 use a neat s*ol>ly =m ( writ+1 free f fl\ri%es1 & ) simple capital lett]s & ! small brok5-back$ ,greek lett] 4 ,comp>$ ) ! s*ol>'s1 ! soldi]'s writ+ is bold] & r\nd]1 :ile ! cl]k's is /ill m di/9ct 9 type 9 its op5 lett]+1 int]sp]s$ ) curls & twi/s4 ,s ) mo/ pr(essions x w be f\nd t ea* has special *>act]i/ics2 b ^! are liable to *ange accord+ to circum/ances2 ?us1 ! cl]k w =m 8 lett]s less di/9ctly aft] ! ne$ ( great legibility no long] compels him to c>efulness4 ,self-education w (t5 alt] a vulg>1 ill-=m$ writ+ to a bett]1 m /udi$ /yle2 & writ+ is ! cle>e/ pro( ( bo? bodily & m5tal condition1 = 9 cases ( p>alysis or m5tal ab]ration ! doctor takes x z a c]ta9 guide4 ,! writ+ ( feeble-m9d$ p]sons is l t ( a sc>cely-educat$ *ild4 ,look+ back to ! days :5 writ+ 0 a pr(ession ( itself1 x c easily be und]/ood h[ x is t we f9d less v>iety among old writ+s4 ,= 9 ^? days1 be=e pr9t+ 0 discov]$1 or at lea/ b imp]fectly execut$ & und]/ood1 all books _h to be produc$ by h&1 & 7 ! "w ei!r ( paid scribes1 ^: duty x 0 to reproduce copies ( well-kn[n au?ors2 or else copi$ out by cl]ks or private secret>ies at ! dictation ( ! au?ors !mselves1 :o c\ld seldom sp>e ! "t to commit _! ideas to pap]1 or1 ev5 if !y did s1 x 0 cu/om>y to h additional copies made by pr(ess$ scribes4 ,unacqua9t$ ) ! subjects ( ! books1 & copy+ m]ely f v]bal dictation1 x is no wond] t mi/akes & misund]/&+s (t5 occurr$1 especially 9 ! spell+ ( place & p]sonal names2 = "o man read+ al\d to sev]al scribes1 ea* w\ld write d[n ! names & words z !y s\nd$ to 8 individual s5se ( he>+1 = ! con/ant int]ruption necess>y to ensure complete accuracy w\ld cause ! process to be t$i\s & v l5g?y4 ,private correspond5ce1 ev51 0 c>ri$ on z a pr(ession2 writ+ %ops exi/$ up to a comp>atively late p]iod2 at pres5t1 9 out-(-!-way /reets 9 ,london1 "o reads ! notice #8,lett]s writt5 "h1' ?\gh ?is g5]ally means t lett]s may be s5t to t address4 ,au?ors :o indit$ or dictat$ _! own books _h !m aft]w>ds transcrib$ neatly = pres]vation1 & probably de/roy$ ! orig9al notes1 = ( ^! comp>atively few1 if any1 exi/4 ,all ! e>lie/ scribes _h a special education = _! pr(ession1 be+ s5t to "s mona/]y = t purpose2 h5ce !y 7 ei!r =eign]s1 or educat$ "u =eign monks1 ei!r ,fr5* or ,italian1 & ! effect ( ?is tea*+ is cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! similitude :i* exi/s all ov] ,europe betwe5 manuscripts ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,norman ,conque/ ov]rul$ mo/ ( ! previ\s cu/oms & /yles4 ,va/ cr[ds ( ,normans emigrat$ cont9u\sly to our %ores4 ,?is w5t on m or less = at lea/ ?ree or f\r c5turies1 & !n prejudice aga9/ =eign]s ass]t$ itself1 & ! ,saxon elem5t1 :i* /ill rema9$ among ! l[] classes ( ! p1 ga9$ ! asc5dant4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,v4 ali5 priories 7 suppress$1 & =eign monks & prie/s no long] travell$ backw>ds & =w>ds f ! ,norman abbeys to ! junior h\ses or cells 9 ,engl&4 ,! ri* m]*ants1 :o resort$ "h f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & ,g]many1 br\ght ) !m _! own cu/oms & fa%ions2 & at ?is "t w fir/ be notic$ ! use ( a writt5 "*1 l ! mod]n ,g]man1 :i* /eadily came m & m into use until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 x di$ out & ! /yle alt]$ to a r\nd]1 fre] h&4 ,s long z education 0 almo/ entirely mona/ic1 or at lea/ conduct$ by tea*]s tra9$ 9 mona/ic in/itutions1 we f9d 7z we %\ld naturally expect to d7 a regul>ity1 c>efulness & =mality 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! p]iod2 b s soon z ,engl& _h %ak5 (f ! au?ority ( ,rome & ! educat$ communities _h be5 scatt]$ & disb&$1 a m>k$ *ange took place 9 ! quantity & quality ( all k9ds ( writ+4 ,! monks & nuns1 r5d]$ homeless by ! ,re=mation1 return$ to _! native villages1 ?us spread+ education among all classes & creat+ a desire aft] le>n+4 ,b ! prim>y cause ( ! alt]ation 9 h&writ+1 s v m>k$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 p]haps attributable to ! introduction ( ! art ( pr9t+1 :i* naturally 0 fatal to h&writ+ z a pr(ession4 ,! scribe 0 no long] requir$ to multiply ! au?or's productions2 s t lawy]s & public (fice cl]ks only rema9$ out ( ! l>ge class :o _h =m]ly e>n$ _! liv+ z pr(essional writ]s4 ,9 ! actual writ+1 also1 a *ange took place4 ,! old elaborate lett]s 7 supplant$ by ! simple capitals copi$ f ! pr9t]'s blocks4 ,"s day1 maybe1 writ+ w die out altoge!r2 e ye> fre% improvem5ts & inv5tions are increas+2 n[ type-writ]s & multiply+ ma*9es are us$ 9 place ( h&writ+ 9 _m (fices1 :ile soon] or lat] typ+ by ma*9e w be univ]sal4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 v few if any ( ! lab\r]s c\ld ei!r read or write2 ev5 n[1 9 out-(-!-way c\ntry places1 !re exi/ p ignorant ( ^! 7to u7 necess>y arts4 ,! m>riage regi/]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury prove to u ! ignorance ( ! c\ntry folk2 frequ5tly nei!r ! contract+ p>ties nor _! witnesses c\ld write _! names1 us+ in/ead ei!r "s ecc5tric monogram be>+ a fa9t resemblance to initials--a memory p]haps ( a bygone & v slight am\nt ( tea*+--or (t5] /ill we f9d 9 lieu ( "n ! old ,*ri/ian cross1 :i* has be5 9 use by ! illit]ate f ,saxon times z a pl$ge ( good fai? & cons5t4 ,previ\s to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 education 9 c\ntry places 0 ei!r altoge!r abs5t or provid$ out ( ! b\nty ( ! squire or p>son1 ! tea*] be+ "s old ignorant p]son prev5t$ by age or bodily infirmity f pursu+ active lab\r1 & ^: qualifications 7 m]ely a smatt]+ ( ! #8?ree ,r's1' :i*1 ) pla9 sew+1 0 ! :ole ( 8 or h] useful ?\gh scanty rp]toire4 ,*ildr5 !n 7 s5t out to "w at ! age ( n9e or t5 ye>s1 & e>li] if anybody c\ld be f\nd to employ !m 9 s]vice4 ,:5 once plac$ out1 !y _h no opportunities ( ga9+ fur!r book k1 & soon =got ! little !y _h le>nt = want ( practice or /imulation1 nor _h !y suffici5t m5tal capacity to /udy by !mselves1 except 9 v exceptional cases ( natural g5ius4 ,if ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s )9 ! memory ( ^? /ill alive1 we c well believe h[ v limit$ 0 ! k ( h&writ+ "s hundr$s ( ye>s ago1 & c m fully und]/& t ! scribe 0 a v important p]sonage1 & took great pride 9 8 "w4 ,x is v r>e to f9d mi/akes or erasures 9 ! lett]+ ( old *>t]s4 ,v>ieties ( spell+ occur ev]y:]e2 a "n is (t5 f\nd spelt two or ?ree diff]5t ways on ! same page2 b ?is is easily expla9$ if ! "w 0 writt5 f dictation1 especially if pron\nc$ to or by a =eign]4 ,our ,engli% language be+ s full ( unexpect$ v>iations ( spell+1 x is no wond] t names ( p & places suff]$ at ! h&s ( a transcrib] unacqua9t$ ) ! localities1 & :o m]ely wrote d[n ! words z !y s\nd$ to him4 ,! actual spell+ ( words rema9$ fairly con/ant4 ,c]ta9ly to u !y look v curi\s1 = ,engli% or?ography has und]gone innum]able *anges2 9 c\rse ( "t new words are be+ co9$1 & old words alt] n only 9 spell+1 b also 9 mean+ & significance4 ,if we wi% = an example ( ,old ,engli% phraseology1 we h our pres5t v]sion ( ! ,bible--:i*1 be+ translat$ into ,engli% 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 n[ s\nds qua9t1 & 9 _m p>ts ! s5se ( ! words is a matt] ( dispute4 ,if x be comp>$ ) ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 our language 9 ! two pa/ c5turies become v evid5t4 ,all ?is mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 ! task ( transcrib+ & translat+ old writ+ is und]tak51 & all[ance mu/ be made = all su* alt]ations bo? 9 /yle & spell+4 ,x has be5 said t a k ( ,lat9 is indisp5sable to ! w\ld-be transcrib] ( old de$s2 ?is is n really ! case = ord9>y antiqu>ian rese>*1 = ! mean+ c be discov]$ easily ) only v slight k4 ,legal ,lat9 consi/s s entirely ( set =ms t :5 once ^! =ms are famili> to ! read]1 !y are )\t any difficulty recognis$1 & are s little liable to any v>iations t !y are easily r5d]$ into ,engli%4 ,! mo/ important po9ts be+ a correct & accurate att5tion to ! names ( p & places1 ) ! descriptions ( ! localities ref]r$ to4 ,z ! use ( ,lat9 = legal transactions almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! ,norman-,fr5* language aft] ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7al?\gh x is an op5 "q :e!r de$s 7 n duplicat$ into ! two languages71 v few old de$s are met ) 9 ! latt] language1 & ^? few are usually s well writt5 & legible t !y c easily be und]/ood ) ! help ( a slight k ( mod]n ,fr5*4 ,inde$1 a transcrib]'s "w prop]ly consi/s *iefly 9 correctly putt+ into mod]n h&writ+ ! de$s :i* are only illegible to ^? unfamili> ) ! h&writ+2 9 consequ5ce an actual acqua9tance ) ! ,lat9 gramm> is less important ?an a correct eye1 quick to note e m9ute diff]5ce 9 lett]s4 ,e /roke ( ! p5 means some?+2 b>s or curves are ! repres5tatives ( abs5t words or syllables1 & are nev] da%$ d[n hap-haz>d or by accid5t4 ,!re=e x is possible to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! abbreviat$ portions correctly1 al?\gh ext5sion ) absolute grammatical correctness c nev] be ensur$ )\t /udy ( ! language & a k ( its gramm>4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( le>n+ to read c\r?& is fir/ to devote a %ort "t to ! /udy ( %or?&2 any sy/em w d1 x be+ m]ely a means ( tra9+ ! eye & bra9 into spe$ily notic+ small %ades ( diff]5ce1 undetect$ except by comp>ison4 ,= 9 all k9ds ( %or?& ! lea/ /roke or dot1 or ev5 a *ange 9 ! position ( a l9e1 w entirely alt] ! spell+ or mean+ ( a ^w4 ,next1 ,i w\ld advise ! c>eful /udy ( an old de$1 "o ( ^? writt5 late 9 ! sev5te5? or e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 because ^! de$s give ! phraseology or =m ( s5t5ces1 & are (t5 writt5 9 ,engli% 9 a fairly cle> h&1 fre] f contractions ?an e>li] manuscripts1 & ! beg9n] has s _m new ?+s to discov] & le>n t x is well to comm5ce by n attempt+ too mu* at ! fir/ />t4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! /yle ( words us$ 9 legal language is a good gr\ndwork to comm5ce )4 ,spread out ! p>*m5t be=e y2 nev] m9d ! fact t only a ^w or two1 or ev5 only a *ance lett] "h & !re cat*es y\r eye4 ,!n set to "w to comp>e ! lett]s ( ! words y d "k ) ! lett]s 9 o!r words :i* at ! comm5cem5t look$ s /range to y4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ,egyptian hi]oglyphics 7 fir/ successfully /udi$4 ,rememb] t ?ree consonants seldom come toge!r2 no ^w is =m$ )\t ! help ( "o or m v[els2 ! f9al lett] or lett]s m (t5 supply a clue ?an ! capital lett] or beg9n+ syllable1 especially 9 ! s-call$ c\r?&s4 ,bew>e ( too imag9ative guesses4 ,al?\gh ?is fault is easily rem$i$1 /ill1 x is bett] to spell a ^w out lett] by lett]1 h[ev] un9telligible & depress+ ! result at fir/ may be4 ,x is s easy to take a "n or ^w = grant$1 & an idea once seiz$ ^u is n quickly eradicat$1 & may br+ ab\t absurd results & d$uctions4 ,d n pond] too long ov] a ^w :i* puzzles y1 b g on1 leav+ gaps 9 y\r copy ) a /roke und]nea? correspond+ ) or leav+ suffici5t space = ! miss+ ^w4 ,^! spaces c !n be fill$ 9 aft]w>ds1 :5 ! g5]al s5se ( ! docum5t has be5 ma/]$1 & ! aspect ( ! p>ticul> /yle ( writ+ has become famili>4 ,!n x w be f\nd t words hi!rto seem+ly un9telligible resolve !mselves into readable =m1 & al?\gh app>5tly impossible to deciph] at ! fir/ read+1 lat] on !y pres5t no difficulty4 ,a little practice & pati5ce soon ov]come ! difficulties ( ! fir/ />t1 & aft] t ! progress is rapid4 ,to beg9 by le>n+ a v>iety ( old alphabets seems to me s mu* wa/e ( "t1 al?\gh x w\ld be a valuable gr\ndwork to comm5ce )4 ,! true alphabet = beg9n]s lies 9 ! contract$ words1 ^: miss+ portions mu/ be suppli$ by ! read] f ! few lett]s giv51 :i* are (t5 n ev5 "o connect$ syllable1 b in/ead m]ely "o or two lett]s out ( ! miss+ syllable clu/]$ toge!r4 ,! reason = ?is /yle ( writ+ 0 to save "t & mat]ial4 ,) use1 x grew into a complete sy/em1 a language ( its own4 ,at ! "t x 0 p5n$1 ^! contractions 7 no d\bt p]fectly famili> to all1 j z our mod]n abbreviations are4 ,( ^! la/ !re are m contractions 9 use n[adays ?an w\ld at fir/ be realiz$--our daily correspond5ce is full ( !m2 ^! may h orig9at$ f ! old] sy/em ( contractions1 relics ( x1 /ill left l+]+ on4 ,a few examples ( mod]n abbreviations w n be out ( place "h1 z %[+ t a contract$ =m ( writ+ is n s v difficult or extraord9>y aft] all4 1 &1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 et2 ! second example1 :i* is /ill 9 use1 c be trac$ 9 v old docum5ts f et1 till gradually x assum$ its mod]n %ape4 ,mr1 mi/] or ma/]2 ,sr = sir 0 =m]ly 9 common use4 ,co1 company2 ,cie1 compagnie 7,fr5*74 etc41 d]iv$ f ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! ,lat9 ^w etcet]a4 ,! words #8)1 :i*1 :]e(1 :]e1' etc41 7 =m]ly abbreviat$2 also yr = y\r1 ye !1 & _m o!rs n[ obsolete4 ,p\nds1 %ill+s & p5ce we /ill designate by ! ,lat9 s4 d4 ,! long ^w #8affectionate' is seldom writt5 9 full2 s1 too1 ) _m o!r words !re are recognis$ =ms ( contraction1 & :5 ?is is borne 9 m9d ! abbreviations ( old de$s appe> 9 q a diff]5t light1 & we attack _! difficulties ) less dread ( failure4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h&writ+4 ,_m books h be5 rec5tly publi%$ on ! subject ( #8,"* by ,h&writ+1' b !y are n v descriptive 9 detail1 al?\gh ! !ories & rules = "*-describ+ by ?is means are bo? cle> & decid$4 ,x is n[ no long] ! rule to tea* *ildr5 to write entirely by ! aid ( set copies1 z 0 ! case ) our =efa!rs1 :o wrote aft] "o approv$ patt]n1 :i* *ildr5 copi$ z ne>ly z possible f ! orig9al set = !m2 !re=e *>act]i/ic peculi>ities 7 long] 9 ass]t+ !mselves1 & :at is n[ consid]$ a #8=m$' h&writ+ 0 n develop$ till late 9 life4 ,!re 71 & /ill are1 two divisions or classes ( h&writ+--! pr(essional & ! p]sonal2 ) ! fir/ ! action 0 me*anical1 & exhibits few1 if any1 traces ( p]sonality4 ,yet ev5 9 ! olde/ manuscripts !re are c]ta9 def9$ *>act]i/ics pla9ly %[n4 ,! h&writ+s ( hi/orical & celebrat$ p]sonages co9cide to a rem>kable degree ) _! kn[n virtues & vices1 z criticis$ & detail$ by _! biograph]s4 ,z ! art ( writ+ became g5]al1 its =m v>i$ m & m1 becom+ gradually less =mal1 & ea* p]son wrote z 0 easie/ to himself4 ,education1 z a rule1 has a f> f b5eficial effect ^u h&writ+2 an active bra9 creates ideas too fa/ to give ! h& "t to =m ! lett]s cle>ly1 pati5tly & ev5ly1 ! matt]1 n ! mat]ial1 be+ to ! writ] ( prim>y importance4 ,s1 z /udy increas$ among all classes1 writ+ deg5]at$ f its orig9ally cle>1 regul> lett]+ into e /yle ( p5man%ip4 ,( c\rse a *ild's writ+ resembles only ! copy-book1 ( :i* x is suppos$ to be an exact imitation2 soon1 h[ev]1 ! r\nd curves %>p51 ! disconnect$ lett]s jo9 )\t any breaks 9 ! words2 ! ev5 l9es & di/ances are no long] s c>efully measur$ & consid]$2 ecc5tricities ( /yle creep 91 ) sundry loops & twirls1 giv+ ! :ole a gr[n-up appe>ance--a decid$ individuality ( its own4 ,if ! subject ( h&writ+ z a te/ ( "* is c>efully /udi$ x w be f\nd t imm$iate circum/ances greatly influ5ce x3 anxiety or great excitem5t ( any k9d1 illness or any viol5t emotion1 w = ! mom5t greatly affect ! writ+4 ,f h&writ+ ! doctor c haz>d an op9ion z to ! m5tal /ate ( 8 pati5t4 ,9 all cases ( p>alysis ! writ+ is tempor>ily affect$1 & ! pati5t is usually at fir/ depriv$ ( ! p[] ( writ+2 :5 ! m9d recov]s its consci\sness & ! muscles _! /r5g?1 ! p[] returns1 b ) a feebl5ess n =m]ly obs]v$4 ,writ+ dep5ds ^u s _m ?+s--a firm grasp ( ! p51 a pliability ( ! muscles1 cle>ness ( vision & bra9-p[]--ev5 ! writ+ mat]ials1 p5s1 ink & pap]1 all make a diff]5ce4 ,x is n /range1 !n1 t ) s _m causes ^u :i* x dep5ds1 writ+ %\ld be an excell5t te/ ( temp]am5t & bodily heal?4 ,any s*ool-tea*] or head ( a college1 ?r\gh ^: h&s a l>ge correspond5ce passes1 usually contracts a habit ( =m+ conclusions z to ! m5tal & moral calibre ( ! writ]s1 _! social /atus & natural bias ( disposition4 ,a r\nd1 *ildi% h&writ+ is said to %[ conceit & self-satisfaction4 ,ignorance & conceit are (t5 closely l9k$ toge!r4 ,! un$ucat$ g5]ally h a v good op9ion ( _! own p]sonal qualifications4 ,! mo/ y\?ful =m ( writ+ is n1 !re=e1 indicative ( tal5t or g5]al capacity1 & seldom %[s any orig9ality4 ,all ne$less fl\ri%es & ornam5tation are ! result ( egotism & vanity4 ,b be x rememb]$ t any virtue exagg]at$ at once becomes a fault2 t :]eas a little conceit is necess>y to /imulate ambition1 ! same 9 too great excess becomes egoti/ic vanity4 ,g5ius is apt to ov]e/imate its own dep? & orig9ality1 yet )\t any self-appreciation !re is dang] ( a lack ( ef=t2 despair prev5ts p]sev]ance1 & is a b> to any success4 ,excitability1 ha/9ess1 & impati5ce are all se5 9 ! h&writ+ at a glance4 ,a quick bra9 sugge/s words & s5t5ces s fa/1 "o ^u ano!r1 t ?\gh ! p5 races along ! page x _c write d[n ! ideas quickly en\gh to satisfy ! au?or4 ,) a calm1 calculat+ disposition ?is frantic ha/e is nei!r kn[n nor und]/ood--su* p]sons d n ru% to conclusions1 b pond] ov] e subject4 ,intuitive p]ception 9 ! excitable p]son becomes judgm5t 9 a tranquil m9d4 ,temp] dep5ds ^u temp]am5t4 ,! crosses ( ! lett] #8t' are ! index :]eby to judge ( x4 ,if ^! /rokes are regul> ?r\gh a :ole page ( writ+1 ! writ] may be assum$ to h an ev5-plac$ temp]2 if da%$ (f at r&om--quick %ort /rokes1 some:at high] ?an ! lett] itself--quick outbur/s ( ang] may be expect$1 b ( %ort duration1 unless ! /roke is firm & black1 9 :i* case great viol5ce may safely be pr$ict$4 ,unc]ta9ty ( "* & temp] is %[n by ! v>iation ( ^! /rokes to ! lett] #8t'4 ,sometimes ! cross is firm & black1 !n next "t x is light2 sometimes x is omitt$ altoge!r1 v>y+ ) ea* repetition ( ! lett] l ! op9ions & s5tim5ts ( an undecid$ p]son4 ,! up & d[n /rokes ( ! lett]s tell ( /r5g? or weakness ( w2 gradations ( light & %ade1 too1 may be obs]v$ 9 ^! /rokes4 ,! slop+ ,italian h&writ+ ( our gr&mo!rs is j :at might be expect$ f wom5 ref9$ & s5sitive1 gr\nd$ 9 sev]al bran*es ( /udy1 well educat$ z a :ole1 b n especially s 9 any "o p>ticul> l9e4 ,! abs5ce ( any self-ass]tion is v /rongly m>k$4 ,! indep5d5ce ( _! gr&daught]s c be trac$ 9 e l9e & /roke ( _! p5s4 ,little or no di/9ction is obs]vable betwe5 ! writ+ ( "y m5 & wom5 n[adays4 ,ev5 ! graphologi/ d>e sc>cely haz>d an op9ion z to ! sex ( ! writ]1 b indulges 9 vague word+1 avoid+ any direct use ( p]sonal pron\ns4 ,capital lett]s tell u _m po9ts ( int]e/4 ,by !m orig9ality1 tal5t1 & m5tal capacity are display$1 z well z any lat5t vulg>ity or want ( education4 ,!re are two /yles ( capital lett]s at pres5t 9 use4 ,! high-class /yle employ$ by p]sons ( education is pla9 & (t5 ecc5tric1 b )\t mu* ornam5tation4 ,! o!r may be call$ ! middle class1 = x is us$ by s]vants & tradespeople hav+ a fair am\nt ( education1 m+l$ ) a good deal ( conceit$ ignorance & false pride4 ,) ^! la/ ! capital lett]s are mu* adorn$ by loops1 hooks1 & curves1 noticeable pr9cipally 9 ! heads ( ! lett]s or at _! comm5cem5t4 ,p]haps1 = purposes ( "* del9eation1 x w be bett] to give ! *>act]i/ics1 po9t+ out ! /yle & =m ( ! lett]s peculi> to ea*4 ,pla91 neatly-=m$ h&writ+ %[s an ord]ly m9d1 ! result ( education4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( education is to regulate ! m9d & re/ra9 ! impulses4 ,education *ecks conceit1 = ! m anyone kn[s1 ! m aw>e does he become ( ! wide am\nt !re is to be le>nt1 & h[ little is ! k possess$ by ! clev]e/ s*ol>s 9 ! _w4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t ) writ+ hav+ mu* resemblance1 a *>act]i/ic simil>ity also exi/s2 !re=e1 to become pr(ici5t z a graphologi/1 a c>eful /udy mu/ be made ( ! writ+s ( ^? ^: :ole life & "*1 toge!r ) p]sonal peculi>ities1 are intimately kn[n & und]/ood1 & f ?is conclusions may be drawn & rules arriv$ at = future use4 ,affection is m>k$ by op5 loops & a g5]al slant or slope ( ! writ+4 ,a h>d nature1 unsympa!tic & unimpressionable1 has v little arti/ic feel+ or love ( ! f9e arts2 !re=e ! same ?+s :i* indicate a s(t1 affectionate disposition w also indicate poetry1 music1 & pa9t+1 or "o or o!r k9dr$ subjects4 ,! fir/ ( ^! accompanies a lov+1 impulsive nature2 ) music ! impulse is replac$ by p]sev]ance2 = natural g5ius _c exp& )\t pati5t /udy4 ,9 pa9t+ ?ree ?+s are absolutely necess>y to produce an arti/4 ,=m1 col\r1 light & %ade--all ^! ?ree w influ5ce ! writ+2 b art ( any k9d is v complex4 ,success implies a c]ta9 degree ( ambition1 & consequ5t ^u x is vanity & egotism2 h5ce ! arti/'s signature is g5]ally peculi> & (t5 unreadable1 f its orig9ality1 egotism1 & exub]ance ( creative p[]4 ,imag9ation & impulse d n t5d to improve h&writ+4 ,! /rokes are too erratic1 & ! capital lett]s nev] foll[ ! copy-book patt]n4 ,ov]-ha/e is visible 9 e l9e4 ,a w>m-he>t$1 impulsive p]son feels deeply & passionately at ! mom5t ( writ+1 & da%es (f ! words )\t reg>d to ! effect !y w produce ^u ! read]4 ,:at is g5]ally lack+ is judgm5t & ! p[] ( analytical ?\ght4 ,^! important qualities may be detect$ 9 disjo9$ words1 :i* "h & !re may be se5 ev5 ) a h&writ+ 9 :i* impulse & sequ5ce ( ideas are lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,! writ] has evid5tly paus$ to ?9k1 al?\gh unaw>e ( x himself4 ,^! breaks give a p[] ( criticism1 comb9$ ) cle>ness ( intellect4 ,)\t breaks no common-s5se is f\nd1 b if !y appe> too (t5 x %[s a we>y+ & ne$less worry ov] trivial details1 & self-torm5t z to ! op9ions ( o!r p4 ,tru? & /raight=w>dness give ev5 l9es runn+ across ! page & regul> di/ances f "o ^w to ano!r4 ,tact is v ess5tial4 ,?is quality requires (t5 slight deceptions to be all[$ or practis$1 :ite lies1 or delusive sil5ce2 h5ce an unev5ness 9 ! writ+ is obs]v$4 ,x is a deviation1 al?\gh slight1 f ! pa? ( tru?1 & "h & !re ! lett]s rise or fall bel[ ! l9es4 ,untru?fulness gives great] unev5ness /ill2 b d n ru% to conclusions on ?is po9t1 = an un=m$ h&writ+ %[s ?is peculi>ity v (t51 be+ m]ely due1 n to evil qualities1 b to an un/eady h& employ$ 9 "w to :i* x is unus$4 ,v r\nd ev5 writ+ 9 :i* ! v[els are n clos$1 d5otes c&\r & op5ness ( disposition1 ) an aptitude = giv+ advice1 :e!r ask$ or unask$1 n always ( a complim5t>y k9d4 ,blunt1 crabb$ writ+ sugge/s ob/9acy & a selfi% love ( p[]1 )\t ?\ght = ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,true selfi%ness gives e curve an inw>d b5d1 v m>k$ 9 ! comm5cem5t ( words or capital lett]s4 ,p]sev]ance & pati5ce are closely alli$4 ,9 ! =m] ! lett] #8t' is hook$ at ! top1 & also its /roke has a d>k curv$ end1 %[+ t :5 once an idea has be5 ent]ta9$ no e>?ly p]suasion w alt] or eradicate x4 ,su* writ]s h /rongly-def9$ prejudices1 & are apt to take v /rong dislikes )\t mu* cause4 ,calmness & pati5ce also are frequ5tly l9k$ toge!r--m (t5 9 lat] life1 :5 adv]sity has blunt$ ! faculties1 or ! dull r\t9e ( unev5tful exi/5ce has de/roy$ all romance4 ,!n ! writ+ has %ort up-&-d[n /rokes1 ! curves are r\nd1 ! b>s %ort & /raight2 !re are no loops or fl\ri%es2 ! :ole writ+ exhibits great neatness & regul>ity4 ,economy ( liv+1 curi\sly en\gh1 is m>k$ by a sp>e use ( ink4 ,! t]m9als are abrupt & blunt1 leav+ (f %ort4 ,:]e economy is ! result ( circum/ances1 n disposition1 only "s ( ! words are ?us end$1 :ile o!rs h op51 free curves1 & ! long lett]s are loop$4 ,g5]osity & lib]ality may be se5 likewise 9 ! end curve ( e ^w4 ,:]e ^! *>act]i/ics are incon/ant & v>iable1 ! disposition w be f\nd to be unc]ta9--lib]al 9 "s matt]s1 :ile ne$lessly economical & /+y 9 o!rs4 ,illu/ration ,a p]son fond ( society writes ! capital lett] #8,m' ) ! ?ree upp] curves on ! same level4 ,if ! tail ( ?is lett] is c>ri$ f> bel[ ! l9e1 !re is vulg>ity ( m9d & imp]fect education4 ,b>s us$ in/ead ( /ops are ! result ( caution4 ,! writ] fe>s le/ 8 s5t5ces %\ld be mis9t]pret$ by be+ run into ea* o!r4 ,:5 a b> is plac$ bel[ ! signature1 x means t5acity ( purpose1 c\pl$ ) extreme caution2 p]haps1 also1 a dread ( criticism & adv]se op9ions4 ,no dots to ! lett] #8i' means neglig5ce1 a want ( att5tion to details1 ) b a small faculty ( obs]vation4 ,:5 ! dots are plac$ at r&om1 nei!r above nor 9 proximity to ! lett] to :i* !y belong1 impressionability1 want ( reflection1 & impulsiv5ess may be anticipat$4 ,ambition & gratifi$ happ9ess give to ! :ole writ+ an upw>d t5d5cy4 ,hopefulness lacks ! firmness ( ambition1 & appe>s only 9 ! signature :i* curves upw>ds1 :ile ! re/ ( ! writ+ is impulsive1 )\t mu* firmness4 ,sorr[ gives e l9e ( ! writ+ a d[nw>d incl9ation4 ,tempor>y affliction w at once %[ 9 ! writ+3 a preoccupi$ m9d1 full ( tr\ble1 c>es little :e!r ! lett] !n writt5 is legible or neat2 h5ce ! writ+ is erratic1 unc]ta91 & ! confusion ( m9d is cle>ly exhibit$ 9 e l9e4 ,irritable & t\*y p]sons slope ! fl\ri%es only1 su* z ! cross ( ! lett] #8t' & ! upp] p>ts ( ! capital lett]s4 ,:5 ! capital lett]s /& alone 9 front ( ! words1 & ! f9al lett]s also are isolat$1 x betok5s great creative p[] & ideality1 su* z w\ld =m an au?or & clev] writ]4 ,! mo/ p]sonal "p ( a lett] or docum5t is1 ( c\rse1 ! signature1 b alone x is n a safe guide to "*4 ,! l9es plac$ bel[ or aft] x tell a great deal m ?an ! actual "n4 ,a curv$ b5d+ l9e1 end+ 9 a hook1 indicates coquetry1 love ( effect1 & ideality4 ,an exagg]at$1 comma-l =m ( l9e means caprice1 temp]$ by gravity ( ?\ght1 & v]satility ( ideas4 ,an unyield+ w--fi]y1 & at ! same "t det]m9$--draws a firm hook$ l9e aft] ! "n4 ,a wavy l9e %[s great v>iety 9 m5tal p[]1 ) orig9ality4 ,resolution is %[n by a pla9 l9e2 & extreme caution1 ) full p[] to calculate effect & reason a subject f e po9t ( view1 is %[n by two l9es & dots1 ?us----3----4 ,to sum up ! matt] briefly1 x w be obs]v$ t a clev] p]son c>es v little ab\t ! =m ( 8 writ+--x is ! matt] alone :i* conc]ns him2 :]eas1 ) a limit$ bra9-p[]1 great c>e z to appe>ance is tak54 ,b human nature is nev] a simple comb9ation ( elem5ts1 x is dep5dable ^u a complexity ( *anges & *ances4 ,x is said t ) ev]yone a complete *ange takes place e sev5 ye>s4 ,motives & circum/ances all leave decid$ m>ks ^u ! "* & m9d ( an individual4 ,n p]haps = ye>s w innate virtues or vices become app>5t1 :i* h la9 dormant1 await+ circum/ances to develop !m4 ,a collection ( any p]son's old lett]s is v curi\s4 ,writt5 f e>lie/ *ildhood to extreme old age1 a v]itable life's hi/ory lies 9 ! fad$ ink2 & to /udy "* f h&writ+ fairly x c only be done f su* au!nticat$ examples4 ,old lett]s writt5 two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago are ( great value = ! purpose1 because1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 all p>ty _s & prejudice is dead1 buri$1 & =gott54 ,_! biograph]s no long] fe> ! consequ5ce ( a too c&id & p]sonal acc\nt1 & are !re=e m likely to give a j & calm criticism ( "*1 weigh+ ev5ly 9 ! balance bo? virtues & vices4 ,) hi/orical *>act]s x is curi\s to contra/ ! contempor>y biographies ) ! graphologi/'s op9ion ( _! h&writ+1 giv5 )\t kn[+ ^: ! writ+ 04 ,any collection ( old ,,mss4 is int]e/+1 z %[+ ! v>i\s /yles ( writ+ 9 vogue at diff]5t p]iods4 ,fa%ion or circum/ances _h "s influ5ce on ?is po9t4 ,royal m>riages ) =eign pr9cesses br\ght ,engl& into contact ) diff]5t nations4 ,w>s 9 /range l&s introduc$ ali5 words into our vocabul>y1 "s ( :i* spe$ily became naturaliz$1 :ile o!rs1 vot$ slang1 rema9$ only = a %ort :ile & !n disappe>$4 ,new words are con/antly be+ co9$1 & take ! place ( o!rs4 ,?is may seem a trivial matt]1 & irrelevant to ! subject ( old writ+1 b any po9ts be>+ on ! subject mu/ ?r[ new light ^u x & help to elucidate x4 ,! p]sonality ( a writ] c nev] be :olly sep>at$ f 8 works4 ,& 9 any "q ( date or au!nticity ( a docum5t be+ call$ 9 "q1 ! value ( graphology & its !ories w be f\nd ( ! utmo/ importance2 = ! v>i\s *anges 9 ! /yle ( h&writ+1 or 9 ! spell+ ( words1 al?\gh p]haps s m9ute & gradual z seldom to be rem>k$1 are1 nev]!less1 l9ks 9 a *a9 :i* x w\ld be extremely h>d to =ge successfully s z to deceive ^? acqua9t$ ) ! matt] & well v]s$ 9 its peculi>ities4 ,m>k$ *>act]i/ics are noticeable 9 ! old ,black ,lett] ,,mss4 ( ! e>ly days be=e pr9t+1 & ! au!nticity ( a de$1 etc41 may be decid$ by "s slight peculi>ity 9 its lett]+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,anglo-,,saxon1 ,,norman-,,fr5*1 ,,lat91 ,,& ,,old ,,engli%4 ,al?\gh we are always told t our pres5t ,engli% language is directly d]iv$ f t ( our ,saxon =efa!rs1 ?is in=mation gives u v little1 if any1 help t[>ds deciph]+ ! old ,anglo-,saxon docum5ts4 ,! ,saxons1 we are told1 7 n "o nation1 b r compos$ ( an aggregate ( tribes ( ,g]manic & ,sc&9avian orig91 ^: piratical in/9cts l$ !m to seek adv5ture by sea & l& & =m new colonies1 j z at ! pres5t day ,engli%m5 g =? 9 se>* ( fame & =tune 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,extract ,,f ,,domesday4#a ,?us ! ,saxon language1 al?\gh d]iv$ f "o id5tical base1 0 a collection ( dialects b&$ toge!r1 :i*1 9 its educat$ & s*ola/ic =m1 greatly resembl$ ,g]man 9 its con/ruction4 ,! language ( ! ,anglo-,saxon 7s f> z ,great ,brita9 is conc]n$7 has be5 classifi$ "u ?ree di/9ct head+s1 ! fir/ be+ pure ,anglo-,saxon1 i4e41 ! language z spok5 by ! fir/ settl]s1 ) an admixture ( ,celtic or ,briti%2 secondly1 ?is same comb9ation ) ! addition ( ,dani%2 & ?irdly1 ! ?ree above-nam$ languages comb9$1 ) ! fur!r addition ( ,norman-,fr5*1 hav+ 9 all a ,saxon dialect = ! basis1 to :i* 7 aft]w>ds add$ new words br\ght into x by =eign invad]s or emigrants f ov] ! seas4 ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ great *anges h tak5 place 9 our language1 & to g back prior to t epo* reveals great] *anges /ill4 ,! writ+s ( e>ly *ronicl]s & poets are s full ( words & phrases n[ obsolete t _m books & diction>ies h be5 compil$ to expla9 _! mean+s4 ,! ,"l's ,pray]1 z giv5 9 ! ,durham ,book4 ,?is is a copy ( ! ,gospels ( ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod4 ,x 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,cottonian ,libr>y1 n[ 9 ! ,manuscript ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is kn[n z #8,n]o ,d4 iv4' ,old ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton _h bu/s ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors ov] 8 book-%elves1 & ! names survive71 looks to u hopelessly =eign--only a few words are famili>4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns #8u1' #8we1' #8he1' #8him1' & ! preposition #8to1' z well z ! conjunction #8&1' are un*ang$1 b ! v]bs are conjugat$ q diff]5tly to ! correct ,engli% ( to-day2 /ill1 if we w\ld seek = a liv+ example resembl+ old ,saxon dialect1 x c easily be f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl&1 su* z ,devon%ire1 ,dorset%ire1 & o!r c\nties1 ! c\ntry-folk /ill speak+ almo/ pure ,anglo-,saxon1 ?\gh ?is is fa/ dy+ out be=e ! advance ( education & ,bo>d-s*ool sci5ce4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon alphabetical *>act]s diff] only f ! ,roman 9 ! lett] #8w1' writt5 4 ,9 _! alphabet !re are also two additional d\ble lett]s--#8?1' repres5t$ by ! foll[+ lett] 1 & #8dh1' 1 ^! la/ be+ frequ5tly us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( words4 ,! e>ly ,saxon h&writ+ 0 bold & cle>4 ,mo/ ( x n[ exi/+ consi/s ( mona/ic copies ( books or *>t]s4 ,! ,saxons 7 a clev] & indu/ri\s p1 plodd+ & practical4 ,_! abbeys 7 m ( ! nature ( l>ge sem9>ies or colleges1 :]e le>n+ 0 c>ri$ on2 & 9 ?is respect ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,engl& 7 bett] suppli$ ?an ! s\?1 a result caus$ probably by ea* fre% influx ( tribes l&+ on ! nor!rn & ea/]n coa/s ( ! c\ntry1 & spread+ inl& f !nce4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! reign ( ,k+ ,alfr$ did mu* to promote /udy & an increas$ att5tion to lit]ature1 previ\sly neglect$ except among a few pr(ess$ s*ol>s4 ,a le>n$ ,k+ w\ld naturally set ! fa%ion to 8 subjects1 & ,alfr$ mu/ h possess$ imm5se en]gy4 ,x 0 an extraord9>y ?+ = a middle-ag$ man to be able to educate himself suffici5tly to ma/] ! difficulties ( a =eign language s oppos$ 9 con/ruction to 8 own native tongue z ,lat91 :i* 9 n[ise resembles ,saxon4 ,he mu/ h toil$ h>d to h complet$ ! _m translations f ,lat9 into ,saxon :i* are accr$it$ to him4 ,alfr$ 0 a popul> h]o1 &1 l all h]oes1 0 inve/$ by tradition ) ! cr$it ( e improvem5t 9 lit]ature or art :i* took place )9 8 era4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re is no d\bt t he did /imulate 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 to make ef=ts t[>ds self-improvem5t1 by sett+ !m a practical example 9 himself4 ,su* examples are un=tunately r>e2 !y mu/ always be productive ( good results--an #8ounce ( practice is wor? a p\nd ( precept4' ,f ! "t ( ,k+ ,alfr$'s re-introduction ( ,lat9 into ?is c\ntry x gradually ga9$ gr\nd z ! language ( s*ol>s4 ,le>n$ ecclesia/ics com+ to ,engl& f\nd x conv5i5t z ! m$ium = ex*ange ( ?\ghts & ideas4 ,x 0 = _m c5turies ! accept$ #8,volapuk1' und]/ood by all :o pr(ess$ any le>n+4 ,rome 0 ! light ( ! ,we/]n _w1 ! c5tre f :5ce religion & le>n+ 0 dissem9at$ to ! less enlight5$ p>ts ( ,europe4 ,c>eful /udy ( ! old au?ors necessitat$ an acqua9tance ) bo? ,greek & ,lat94 ,! emiss>ies ( ! ,pope1 ei!r z legates or mission>ies1 spread all ov] civiliz$ ,europe1 & c>ri$ ) !m ! le>n+ ( _! age4 ,int]c\rse betwe5 ,engl& & ,france 0 some:at *eck$ by diss5sions & w>s bo? at home & abroad1 b ) ! ,conque/ came a l>ge body ( monks4 ,! *ief weal? ( ,norm&y 0 inve/$ 9 its ri* abbeys1 f :5ce ,duke ,william _h borr[$ l>ge sums ( money to fit out 8 exp$ition ^u ! security ( 8 future possession ( ,engl&4 ,^! loans he hone/ly & amply repaid by l>ge grants ( l& out ( 8 new k+dom2 h5ce new abbeys sprang up 9 ,engl&1 fill$ ) =eign monks1 :o br\ght ov] _! language1 arts & sci5ces1 to tea* 9 ! new c\ntry !y _h adopt$ z _! own4 ,! language ( ! c\rt 0 ( necessity ,norman-,fr5*1 :i* diff]s z mu* f ! ,fr5* ( to-day z anci5t f mod]n ,engli%4 ,b a k ( ,fr5* makes ^! e>ly de$s easy to und]/&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman-,,fr5* ,,de$4 ,! l[] ord]s ( ! p clung p]si/5tly to _! own old ,saxon tongue1 a fact cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! way ! old ,saxon field-names are to ! pres5t day reta9$1 & fl[]s1 animals1 & matt]s ( ev]yday c\ntry-life be> names ( evid5t ,saxon orig94 ,! ,saxons 7 a conqu]$ race1 & z su* became ! s]vants ( _! conqu]ors4 ,! animals :i* 9 life !y t5d$ 7 eat5 by ! ,norman nobles1 :o call$ !m1 :5 us$ z food1 by names ( ,fr5* d]ivation4 ,?us ! ,saxon #8%eep' :5 dead became #8mutton'2 #8pig' turn$ into #8pork'2 #8calf' into #8veal1' etc4 ,) ! names ( _m wildfl[]s ,fr5* orig9 is traceable1 especially ) cultivat$ sorts4 ,we "k ! monks ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 clev] g>d5]s1 & probably by !m ! wildfl[]s 7 nam$4 ,9 ,b]k%ire ! village *ildr5 call field-daisies #8m>gs1' abbreviat$1 )\t d\bt1 f ! ,fr5* m>gu]ite4 ,among g>d5 fl[]s !re are pansies1 ,fr5* p5s2 gillyfl[]1 gir(ll1 & _m o!rs2 b z a :ole !re are few words ( di/9ctly ,lat9 orig9 to be f\nd 9 ! ,engli% dialects relat+ to ev]yday affairs4 ,norman-,fr5* did n come into imm$iate use 9 legal docum5ts aft] ! ,conque/4 ,! e>lie/ de$s ( ! ,norman k+s 7 writt5 9 ,lat91 b aft] a :ile ,fr5*1 ! ev]yday language ( ! upp] classes1 sup]s$$ x = law "w--possibly !re 7 duplicate copies ( ! de$s 9 bo? languages--b only = a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 a /atute be+ pass$ 9 ! ?irty-six? ye> ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii4 decid+ ^u ,lat9 z ! law language ( ! realm1 & f ?is date ! use ( ,norman-,fr5* di$ out1 & ! ,engli% language may be said to h comm5c$4 ,! gr[+ dislike ( ! ,engli% to =eign prelates l$ to a /eady resi/ance ( _! claims1 culm9at+ 9 ! ,/atutes ( ,mortma91 ,provisors & ,prmunire1 & f9ally 9 ! suppression ( all ali5 priories & =eign cells4 ,?is /opp$ ! influx ( ,fr5* & ,italian monks to our %ores2 s x 0 t1 aft] ne>ly f\r c5turies1 ! ,norman-,fr5* language di$ out & 0 =gott54 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & until ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 ! mona/]ies /ill cont9u$ to be ! pr9cipal seats ( le>n+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ,lat9 held its gr\nd among s*ol>s & lawy]s4 ,! introduction ( pr9t+1 &1 f9ally1 ! *anges wr\ght by ! ,re=mation1 di/urb$ ! pre-exi/+ c\rse ( ?+s4 ,! ,engli% language 0 gradually settl+ d[n into its pres5t =m1 & ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury x began m & m to be us$ = law bus9ess transactions4 ,! law-,lat91 z us$ 9 ,engl&1 deg5]at$ greatly2 x became int]sp]s$ ) words ( native orig91 ,lat9iz$ by ! lawy]4 ,old c\rt-rolls especially are full ( obsolete words2 s1 too1 are ! public rolls1 b !re are n[ _m diction>ies expla9+ _! mean+s4 ,al?\gh ( c\rse1 "h & !re an unkn[n ^w may occur1 yet ! context w usually expla9 or help t[>ds its significance4 ,! legal ,lat9 became1 f9ally1 m]ely a s]ies ( me*anical =ms2 ^! at la/ 7 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,= ?is reason a c>eful /udy ( ! word+ ( a de$ ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engli% w %[ t x is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! same class ( docum5t 9 its old] ,lat9 =m4 ,lat91 l ,norman-,fr5*1 _h _h its day & 0 dy+ out4 ,f9ally1 by ,george ,,iii4's ,act ( ,p>liam5t ! native language 0 ord]$ to be us$ = law "w1 & n[ ,lat9 has become obsolete1 s f> z practical "w is conc]n$4 ,und]/&+ old legal ,lat9--once a necessity = a lawy]--has n[ become an antiqu>ian pr(ession4 ,"o relic ( ,anglo-,saxon rema9$ on 9 our language = _m c5turies4 ,! d\ble lett] 1 #8?1' w be f\nd 9 ! writt5 copies ( monki% *>tul>ies = place-names beg9n+ ) #8?4' ,ev5 s late z ! fifte5? c5tury we f9d x freely employ$ 9 ,engli% docum5ts4 ,i possess a copy ( ! crim9al *>ges made aga9/ ,de la ,pole1 ,duke ( ,suffolk1 = high treason1 #adej4 ,?r\gh\t ! manuscript ! ,saxon appe>s 9 su* words z #8o!r1' #8t1' #8!1' etc41 :i* look curi\s writt5 #8oer1' #8t1' #8e4' ,! 9 "s words 0 pr9t$ #8y1' :i* cont9u$ 9 use until ! la/ c5tury4 ,i am n aw>e ( any place-names hav+ be5 alt]$ by ?is *ange ( lett]+1 b x is q possible t "s *anges may h occurr$ ?r\gh x4 ,x w\ld be easy = a p]son unaccu/om$ to ! ,saxon to mi/ake x = o!r lett]s1 z #8?1' #8p1' or #8y' mu/ be foll[$ ei!r by a v[el or ! consonant #8r1' #8ph' 9 old docum5ts be+ usually replac$ by an #8f4' ,( late ye>s _m absurd mi/akes h be5 made by ! ,ordnance ,surveyors 9 _! maps1 :o1 mi/ak+ ! local dialect1 or f preconceiv$ ideas z to :at ! names ought to be1 h set d[n _m incorrectly4 ,on ?is subject ,i wrote =m]ly 9 a pap] 9 ! ,b]k%ire ,ar*ological ,magaz9e4 ,a man f ! ,s\? ( ,engl& fails to compreh5d ! ,nor!rn or ,we/]n dialects4 ,c\ntry-folk f ! ,nor? _c und]/& a ^w spok5 by ,s\!rn]s2 ?is also w\ld acc\nt = errors4 ,spell+1 ( c\rse1 has s mu* alt]$ t x is no safe guide t[>ds d]ivation2 phonetic pronunciation ( a ^w is m likely to give a clue to ! orig94 ,field-names h be5 h&$ d[n orally f g5]ation to g5]ation2 & x is v curi\s to obs]ve h[ fai?fully ! phonetic s\nds h be5 pres]v$ among an illit]ate p1 long aft] ! mean+s ( ! words h disappe>$4 ,! ,saxons nam$ _! fields f ord9>y ?+s1 or surr\nd+s1 or ! animals :o f$ 9 ! mead[s4 ,! foll[+ ,saxon words may be f\nd occurr+ con/antly z field-names3 cne1 fruitful2 c]1 field2 besn or fesne1 pa/ure2 ,ata1 ,atih1 t>es1 or oats--! latt] 7 common4 ,birce1 bir*-tree4 ,cyrc1 ,cyrce1 ,cyrice1 ,circ1 ,circe1 *ur*--! la/ two mo/ common2 ,culfre1 a dove2 ,cealc1 *alk2 ,ceorl1 *url or husb&man4 ,ent1 a giant2 ,eorisc1 a bulru%2 ,erri*1 /ubble2 ,enid or ,en$1 a duck2 ,emn1 ev54 ,fe>ras1 ,f]ris1 ox52 ,fe>h1 a little pig2 ,fe>h-,cwl1 sw9e-fev]4 ,getrem9c1 =tress2 ,gat or ,yat1 a ,goat4 ,halga1 a sa9t2 halig1 holy2 ,hyd1 hide1 a l& measure2 ,ham1 home1 home/ead2 ,hur/1 or ,hyr/1 a wood2 ,holt1 a grove2 ,hleotan1 to ca/ lots 7mead[s 7 held 9 lots1 or allotm5ts1 f a v e>ly p]iod1 & s cont9u$ up to ! "t ( ! ,enclosure ,acts72 ,hluton1 "p allott$2 ,halm1 /ubble4 ,i? ,yrn?1 arable2 ,ilt1 a s[4 ,ley1 ,lea1 ,leaze or ,lay1 ,lye1 mead[ or grassl&4 ,neolnes1 m prop]ly spelt ,ne[lnes1 an abyss4 ,on-l1 a burn+4 ,riip1 h>ve/4 ,sul1 a pl\gh2 ,/ret1 or ,/rt1 a /reet or public highway4 ,wong1 a mead[2 ,welig1 a will[2 ,weglea/1 a go+ out ( ! way2 ,w]1 an enclosure4 ,z a :ole ! ,engli% language has *ang$ m dur+ ! pa/ c5tury ?an at any "t ( ! prec$+ ages4 ,railway & telegraph h br\ght all p>ts ( ! k+dom into clos] contact1 & int]c\rse ) =eign c\ntries acc\nts = con/ant alt]ations 9 language & cu/oms4 ,new words are introduc$ & old ones die out2 x is ! same 9 e language4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,old ,,de$s4 ,among old family pap]s x is r>e to meet ) _m dat+ fur!r back ?an ! ,re=mation2 fir/ ( all1 ?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! enorm\s am\nt ( l& possess$ by ! monks1 :o1 in/ead ( hav+ to se>* ?r\gh de$s1 ent]$ ^! grants & gifts ( prop]ty into _! *>t]-book4 ,! mona/ic e/ates1 aft] ! ,dissolution1 7 manag$ ?r\gh ! ,augm5tation ,(fice2 _m ( ! orig9al de$s 7 de/roy$ or lo/ 9 ! g5]al confusion1 & a new di/ribution ( ! l&s took place by ! ,k+ irrespective ( ! =m] own]s1 ^: claims 7 totally ignor$1 al?\gh 9 su* grants or de$s ( gift ! "n ( ! mona/]y =m]ly own+ ! prop]ty is usually nam$4 ,! ,k+ mu/ h realiz$ l>ge sums ( money by ^! transactions1 :i* 7 c>ri$ out ?r\gh1 & 9 ! names (1 8 commission]s or ag5ts1 & n usually grant$ direct f ! ,cr[n2 v little ( ! l& confiscat$ f ! abbeys 0 reta9$ z royal prop]ty1 b appe>s to h be5 almo/ imm$iately sold or grant$ away4 ,b to beg9 f ! olde/ reliable p]iod at :i* de$s may ref] to1 is to g back to ! ,norman ,conque/1 or1 r1 to ! "t :5 ! l&s _h be5 di/ribut$ among ! ,norman noblem51 z describ$ 9 ! fam\s ,domesday ,book1 compil$1 x is said1 betwe5 #ajhj & #ajhe4 ,ref]5ce is !re9 made to previ\s ,saxon possessors2 b only 9 v few in/ances c any c]ta9 in=mation be obta9$ ( private prop]ty prior to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,private de$s d exi/ betwe5 ! "t ( ,william ,i4 & ,ri*>d ,i42 f ?is latt] ,k+'s reign1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aagi1 legal memory dates#b2 b usually ! e>lie/ family de$s are ( ,edw>d ,i41 because !n x 0 t ! legal era 0 fix$ to comm5ce4 ,?is ,k+ has be51 s f> z reg>ds manorial rights & cu/oms1 rightly call$ ! #8,engli% ,solon4' ,he pass$ innum]able ,acts ( ,p>liam5t on ! subject ( legal matt]s2 he revis$ ! :ole ( ! national laws1 reta9+ b improv+ exi/+ arrangem5ts4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( e>ly ,engli% law & manorial cu/oms is publi%$ by ! ,seld5 ,society4 ,x is v r>e inde$ to discov] private de$s e>li] ?an ?is2 b1 ( c\rse1 e rule has its exception4 ,to prove a title to prop]ty x is n[ only requisite to %[ a tw5ty ye>s' possession ( x4 ,pap]s =m+ ! title de$s to f>ms or small hold+s are seldom ( any great age4 ,! cu/om ( deposit+ e/ate records 9 ! c>e ( ! family lawy] has t5d$ to pres]ve a few de$s2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 has result$ 9 mu* :olesale de/ruction ( useless b curi\s docum5t>y evid5ce4 ,va/ numb]s ( de$s h be5 & are be+ sold :5 a lawy]'s (fice has be5 brok5 up4 ,^! pap]s1 hav+ la9 = ye>s unclaim$ until ! own]%ip 0 lo/ or =gott51 f9ally 7 sold to "s antiqu>ian booksell] or antiqu>y1 or else ! sk9 0 cleans$ & us$ aga91 p>*m5t be+ a valuable sub/ance4 ,x is employ$ 9 _m trades4 ,f x size is prep>$4 ,gold-beat]s employ x l>gely1 & also to ! book-b9d]'s trade x is ess5tial1 besides hav+ _m o!r & v>i$ uses4 ,ev5 n[ lawy]s f9d great difficulty 9 pres]v+ & /or+ ! de$s entru/$ to _! *>ge4 ,! dang]s ( fire & damp are conflict+1 & to avoid ! "o may br+ ab\t great] risk f ! o!r cause4 ,p>*m5t be+ an animal sub/ance 7usually made f ! sk9 ( %eep71 if kept 9 a damp place1 soon beg9s to decay & become (f5sive1 mites readily attack x1 dirt & du/ accumulate rapidly on its ext]nal woolly surface--all ^! make a se>* among ho>ds ( old de$s any?+ b a pleasant or a cleanly occupation4 ,! usual /oreh\se = su* collections 0 "s unus$ g>ret or /able-l(t1 :]e rats & mice ran riot & birds flew 9 & out z !y lik$4 ,=gott51 p]haps1 = sev]al g5]ations1 ! old pap]s lay unt\*$ till dea? or removal br\ght *anges1 & ! de$s 7 ei!r plac$ 9 saf] keep+1 or else--alas6 ! mo/ usual c\rse--7 consign$ to ! flames z useless rubbi%4 ,! quality ( p>*m5t v>ies mu*4 ,t ^u :i* e>ly de$s--^? ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury--are writt51 is 9 small pieces1 woolly 9 texture & ( a d>k br[n %ade4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! %eets are l>g]1 smoo!r1 & yell[1 becom+ :it] 9 col\r & m ev5 z its prep>ation 0 bett] und]/ood & practis$4 ,vellum 0 a f9] sort ( p>*m5t prep>$ f ! sk9s ( v "y or /ill-born animals4 ,( x ! old manuscript books 7 made1 adorn$ ) illum9ations & m9iature pa9t+s1 :i* requir$ a f9e1 smoo? surface1 & vellum 0 free f ! flaws :i* frequ5tly occur 9 ! sk9s ( mature animals4 ,) ! hi/ory ( pap]-mak+ we h no?+ to d4 ,pap] 0 kn[n z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b = law "w 9 ,engl& x 0 seldom1 if ev]1 employ$ be=e ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n examples are describ$ z be+ made ( silk manufactur$ abroad4 ,on ! ,cont95t x 0 us$ = illum9at$ "w 9 ! place ( vellum--at lea/1 s ,pr\ /ates1 b does n tell u ( any notable examples4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engli%-made pap] is some:at obscure4 ,ord9>y lesson-books1 publi%$ = ! enlight5m5t ( ! "y1 /ate t ! fir/ ,engli% pap]-mill 0 erect$ at ,d>t=d1 9 ,k5t1 by ,speilman1 a ,g]man1 9 #aehh4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be wrong1 = 9 t popul> educator ( ! pa/ g5]ation1 ! ,saturday ,magaz9e1 a %ort acc\nt is giv5 ( e>ly pap] & its wat]-m>ks1 & ,john ,tate is nam$ z hav+ a mill at ,h]t=d1 8 device be+ a /> ( five po9ts enclos$ )9 a d\ble circle4 ,john ,tate ! y\ng] is "h /at$ to h made ! pap] = ! fir/ book pr9t$ on ,engli%-made pap] ab\t ! ye> #adif4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ,lat91 & entitl$ #8,b>?olomeus de ,proprietatibus ,r]um4' ,8 m>k ^u x 0 a :eel4 ,?is mill exi/$ = ?irty-five ye>s--#adfj to #adif4 ,?is same acc\nt goes on to say t ! pap] us$ by ! e>ly pr9t]s bore great v>iety ( m>ks3 a bull1 fifte5? c5tury3 ! oxhead1 ) ! /> betwe5 ! horns1 late fifte5? c5tury2 ! black lett] p2 ! %e>s2 an op5 h&1 surm\nt$ by a />2 a coll>$ dog's head1 ) a trefoil above x2 a cr[n1 an orb1 a %ield *>g$ ) a b5d1 & _m o!r devices4 ,hone1 9 8 #8,ev]yday ,book1' also gives a few o!r m>ks4 ,he m5tions ! orb z a =eign pap]-m>k exi/+ z e>ly z #acja1 & says x is ! #8olde/ kn[n m>k4' ,h&-pap] is ! k9d usually f\nd us$ = e>ly docum5ts4 ,x 0 a conv5i5t size = c\rt-rolls or legal writ+s4 ,! "n arose f its wat]-m>k1 t ( an op5 h& ) a /> above ! middle f+]4 ,?is is f\nd bo? 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,its date ( manufacture 0 c]ta9ly old] ?an #adej4 ,! actual device v>i$4 ,sometimes ! f+]s 7 rais$ 9 bless+1 sometimes x 0 a h& encas$ 9 a glove or gauntlet4 ,! /> _h sometimes five & at o!rs six po9ts4 ,on ! wri/ are ! mak]'s initials4 ,on "s co>se :iti%-br[n pap] ( #adfe a g>t] 0 us$2 ab\t ! same date a bull or bull's head appe>s4 ,?is is f\nd on "s ( ,fau/'s e>lie/ pr9t$ books4 ,^! 7 deta*$ %eets3 !re 0 no di/9ction !n betwe5 book or lett] pap]4 ,a c>eful /udy ( pap]-m>ks w\ld be int]e/+ & valuable if ! au!nticity or age ( old pap]s or draw+s 7 d\bt$1 ?\gh ! "q ( =g]y sc>cely ev] arises1 = s mu* k & +5uity w\ld be requir$ to produce a manuscript :i* w\ld deceive an adept & pass mu/] z a v]itable antique1 t fraud ( ?is k9d is well-nigh impossible4 ,pap] 0 n kn[n 9 ,france1 & consequ5tly n us$1 be=e #aacj4 ,x did n rea* z f> nor? z ,norm&y until ! f\rte5? c5tury2 !re=e x is improbable t x f\nd its way into ,engl& till aft] ?is date1 or1 if s1 only 9 v small quantities4 ,! olde/ pap] is co>se & r\gh1 sc>cely siz$ at all1 s t ! ink sank into x l blott+-pap]1 mak+ erasures impossible4 ,suppos+ ev5 t pap] 0 made 9 ,engl& 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ! quantities produc$ "h 7 v small & inadequate to meet ! dem&2 h5ce ! *ief supply 0 ( =eign manufacture ev5 until a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,! tax on ,engli% pap] may h int]f]$ ) its production4 ,! ,ne!rl&s & ,g]many 7 ! great pap]-produc+ c\ntries4 ,x 0 a ,/ate privilege1 & ! wat]-m>ks us$ 7 ei!r ! arms ( ! royal patron or a cre/ or badge ( ! manufactur]1 s by ?is means ! precise locality ( "s ( ^! anci5t manufactur]s may be asc]ta9$4 ,! ,dut* pap] bore ! arms ( ! c\ntry--i4e41 ! lion rampant1 hold+ ! sabre 9 "o paw & ! arr[s 787 9 ! o!r4 ,! hi/ory ( old pap]-m>ks sadly ne$s a ,*aff]s or a ,cripps to inve/igate ! matt]4 ,no su* collection has ev] be5 attempt$1 nor has ! subject hi!rto met ) ! att5tion x dem&s & des]ves4 ,p]haps1 n[ t antiqu>ianism is becom+ s fa%ionable1 ?is1 l o!r k9dr$ sci5ces1 w f9d "s foll[]s4 ,9 ! ,antiqu>y magaz9e = ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #ahie1 may be se5 two articles ,i wrote on old wat]-m>ks ( pap]4 ,! m>ks 7 *iefly collect$ f ! old family pap]s belong+ to ! ,pule/ons ( ,emral4 ,^! pap]s 71 ,i fe>1 burnt aft] ! dea? ( my uncle1 ! late ,sir ,gresley ,pule/on1 ,b>t4 ,z reg>ds pap] & pap]-mak+1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,so!by publi%$ a co/ly "w4 ,!re is also a small book writt5 by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h]r+ 9 #ahfc4 ,ano!r important "p ( a de$ is ! ink ) :i* x 0 writt54 ,ea* scribe _h 8 own p>ticul> receipt = mak+ x1 ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts be+ oak-galls & sulphate ( iron4 ,_m *emicals are recomm5d$ z re/oratives = fad$ ink1 b ^! %\ld be avoid$ z f> z possible1 z !y are liable to /a9 & disfigure ! p>*m5t1 & 9 ! end make matt]s worse4 ,famili>ity ) p>ticul> h&writ+s aft] "s practice w enable ! read] to make out o!rwise un9telligible words )\t any o!r assi/ant ?an a p[]ful magnify+ glass4 ,if ! ink is v fa9t ! simple/ & mo/ h>mless re/orative is sulphate ( ammonia2 b its loa?some smell once endur$ is n easily =gott52 ! exp]im5t 9 consequ5ce is v seldom repeat$1 = ! result is sc>cely good en\gh to risk a repetition ( s horrible a smell1 & x is liable to affect ! ,,mss4 ,col\r$ inks or pigm5ts 7 seldom1 if ev]1 employ$ = legal docum5ts4 ,! use ( ^! 0 re/rict$ to ! cloi/]1 requir+ manipulation by an illum9ator in/ead ( a m]e scribe4 ,r$1 blue1 & gre5 7 9 use2 ^! 7 m9]al col\rs4 ,! r$ 0 compos$ ei!r ( r$-lead or oxide ( iron1 ! gre5 f copp]1 & ! blue f lapis lazuli f9ely p[d]$1 or else x1 too1 l ! gre51 0 prep>$ f an oxide ( copp]4 ,illum9at+ 0 a sep>ate pr(ession ap>t f t ( writ+4 ,! *>t] or missal 0 f9i%$ by ! scribe1 & !n h&$ ov] to ! arti/ to be adorn$ ) fanciful capital lett]s & elaborate scroll-works4 ,su* ornam5tation 0 unnecess>y = legal docum5ts1 yet sometimes ^! _h fancy head+s1 :i*1 l ! illum9ations1 7 put 9 aft] ! writ+ 0 f9i%$1 z is prov$ by ! occasional omission ( !m1 al?\gh space is left :]e !y ought to h be5 fill$ 94 ,seals & seal+-wax des]ve a few words4 ,^! came into use gradually4 ,! e>lie/ de$s are v small1 & h v small insignificant seals4 ,!re are "s v f9e seals 9 ! ,record ,(fice ,museum 7=m]ly ! ,rolls ,*apel74 ,x is said t nei!r ! ,saxon nor ,norman noblem5 c\ld sign _! own names1 b in/ead employ$ ! ,*ri/ian sign ( ! cross 7/ill 9 use among ! illit]ate7 z _! pl$ge ( good fai?1 & to witness _! cons5t & approval4 ,! use ( seals z app5dices to de$s 0 a fur!r pro( t ! de$ itself 0 approv$ & execut$4 ,a man's seal or signet 0 always reg>d$ z 8 mo/ sacr$ possession4 ,x 0 de/roy$ aft] dea? to avoid its be+ us$ = fraudul5t purposes4 ,! use ( signet-r+s is v anci5t4 ,_m old ,roman & ,saxon signet-r+s h be5 dug up f "t to "t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,small private seals be>+ devices appe> to h be5 atta*$ to de$s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,_m ( ! l>ge wax seals are v beautiful1 b few1 alas6 9 private collections ( de$s exi/ 9 any /ate ( p]fection4 ,! wax us$ = !m 0 ei!r its natural col\r or else a seal+-wax ( a v d>k gre51 also black1 or r$2 :ite1 also1 0 us$1 n[ discol\r$ by age into a d+y yell[4 ,besides ! royal seals1 ea* abbey _h its own p>ticul> seal1 be>+ ei!r a view ( ! abbey1 a portrait ( its patron sa9t1 or its badge or %ield4 ,_m ( ^! are describ$ by ,dugdale 9 ! #8,mona/icon1' b he 0 unable to discov] ! devices p]ta9+ to ! less] h\ses or cells4 ,! fa%ion = l>ge seals di$ out1 till at la/ only royal grants or simil> docum5ts ( ! sixte5? c5tury h !m atta*$4 ,9 ! ,georgian p]iod we f9d small private seals plac$ on ! m>g9s ( de$s4 ,^! 7 n always ! arms & cre/ ( ! p]son aga9/ ^: signature !y appe>--p]haps belong$ to ! lawy] or "o ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,"h x is t a k ( h]aldry is extremely useful4 ,! size & %ape ( a de$ at fir/ glance goes f> ) ! exp]i5c$ read] to det]m9e its age1 ev5 be=e a s+le ^w ( x has be5 read2 likewise ! g5]al aspect w give a slight h9t z to ! possible cont5ts )\t deciph]+ any ( x4 ,! de$s relative to ! e>lie/ grants ( l& are v small 9 size1 a m>k$ contra/ to ! volum9\s %eets ( p>*m5t consid]$ necess>y to a mod]n conveyance or de$4 ,! writ+ (t5 0 m9ute1 b ea* lett] 0 c>efully =m$4 ,_m e>ly de$s are 9 f> bett] pres]vation ?an "s ( ^? writt5 sev]al c5turies lat]1 :5 less att5tion 0 paid to ! mat]ials on :i* !y 7 indit$1 or ! ink us$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,law ,,te*nicalities4 ,! two *ief divisions into :i* all law de$s may be r\ghly classifi$ are ! de$-pole & ! ind5ture4 ,! =m] is a squ>e piece ( p>*m5t1 made by "o p]son1 su* z a w or a bond1 ! ind5ture be+ ! "w ( sev]al p>ties4 ,( ?is latt] k9d are de$s ( tru/ee%ip1 m>riage settlem5ts1 mortgages1 & sales or transf]s ( l&4 ,! ind5ture 0 s call$ f ! fact t its upp] edge 0 v&yk$1 or ind5t$--a v secure b primitive me?od ( te/+ au!nticity2 ea* p>ty _h a copy4 ,^! duplicates 7 writt5 on a s+le /rip ( p>*m5t m]ely cut asund] aft]w>ds1 ?r\gh a ^w writt5 betwe5 ! two copies1 su* z #8*irographum1' s t :5 requir$ to be produc$ z evid5ce ! two divid$ portions & words w\ld fit ea* o!r exactly--indisputable evid5ce ( _! orig9ality1 bo? simple & +5i\s4 ,a v common =m ( de$1 met ) among title-de$s1 is ! #8,f9e1' te*nically s-call$ f its op5+ s5t5ce3 #8,hic e/ f9alis concordia facta 9 curia ,dom9i ,regis'2 ! ,sov]eign's "n foll[s ) ! ye> ( accession1 aft] :i* are ! names ( ! buy] & sell] ( ! prop]ty1 a full description ( ! am\nt ( acreage1 t5em5ts1 etc4 ,aft] w>rant+ ! :ole = life to its pur*as]1 ! de$ concludes ) ! sum ( money paid = ! prop]ty2 ?is is writt5 9 words1 n figures4 ,^! de$s are m puzzl+ to amateurs ?an any o!r4 ,! #8,f9es' are n>r[ /rips ( p>*m5t1 two 9 numb]2 !y are closely cov]$ ) black lett]+1 mak+ !m at fir/ difficult to deciph]4 ,?is transf] ( l& by #8f9e' orig9at$ at fir/ f an actual suit at law comm5c$ to recov] possession ( ! l&s1 & by ?is means to e/abli% a cle> indisputable title to x2 9 c\rse ( "t ! suit 0 discont9u$1 b ! =m ( word+ 0 reta9$ by cu/om4 #8,a 8f9e10' says ,black/one1 #8is s call$ because x puts an end to ! suit 7f ! ,lat9 ^w f9is1 an end71 :i*1 :5 once decid$1 puts an end n only to t suit1 b also to all o!r controv]sies conc]n+ ! same matt]1 = by ?is means an absolute sale 0 effect$1 & all previ\s claims ^u ! prop]ty 7 made void4' ,sale by f9e is ( v anci5t date4 ,in/ances ( x are said to be kn[n prior to ! ,norman invasion4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t x 0 probably an old ,saxon cu/om1 or 0 devis$ 9 lat] times z a c]ta9 means to avoid dispute & disagreem5t aris+ f an imp]fect title ( possession4 ,!re are sev]al legal v>ieties ( #8f9es1' b ^! are ( little consequ5ce to ! antiqu>y1 ^: int]e/ lies only 9 ! names1 dates1 & localities m5tion$1 &1 s long z ! l& *ang$ its own]%ip1 c>es little ab\t ! te*nical process by :i* ! transf] 0 made4 ,ano!r way ( mak+ a good title s z to legalize & effect a complete sale ( prop]ty 0 t kn[n z #8,sale by ,recov]y4' ,?is also consi/$ ( a law-suit1 at fir/ real1 !n imag9>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=m ,,( ,,f9e ,! prescrib$ =m 0 v complicat$4 ,explanations ( x are to be f\nd 9 mo/ books on law subjects1 b ! matt] lies 9 a nut%ell4 ,"o man desir$ to sell c]ta9 l& :i* ano!r man 0 anxi\s to pur*ase1 :]eupon ! w\ld-be pur*as] issu$ a writ1 9 :i* he pret5d$ to claim ! l&4 ,at ?is /age ( ! affair a ?ird p>ty1 n really conc]n$ 9 any way 9 x1 0 br\ght =w>d to w>rant ! title ( ! real own]1 :o !n came =w>d br++ a witness prov+ own]%ip to 8 prop]ty2 ?us an undisputable title to ! l& 0 e/abli%$4 ,a de$ ( recov]y 0 !n issu$ rehe>s+ ! :ole transaction1 agree+ t a c]ta9 sum ( money1 equival5t to ! value ( ! l&1 %\ld be paid by ! pur*as]2 & "h ! b>ga9 0 conclud$1 & ! curta9 fell on ! legal f>ce4 ,"s ( ^! recov]y de$s are q works ( art4 ,!y are writt5 9 c\r?& on l>ge squ>es ( p>*m5t1 smoo? & :ite4 ,! head+ & capital lett] are ornam5t$ ) scroll-"w 9 p5 & ink4 ,g5]ally an engrav$ portrait ( ! reign+ ,sov]eign 0 add$4 ,"p ( ?is ornam5tation 0 done by h&1 & ! re/ complet$ ) /eel engrav+4 ,! mo/ elaborate de$s are ^? ( ! ,/u>t mon>*s1 especially t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b aft] ! "t ( ! second ,george ^! well-execut$ de$s disappe>4 ,! olde/ /atute relat+ to ,recov]ies ( :i* ,i f9d any m5tion is ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 b ,i h n met ) any z e>ly 9 date z ?is4 ,a beg9n] f9ds mu* difficulty 9 decid+ betwe5 de$s ( sale or appo9tm5t ( tru/ees = ! safe cu/ody ( l& to secure m>riage portions & de$s ( mortgage4 ,all ^! ?ree de$s are1 9 po9t ( size & g5]al outl9e1 ne>ly id5tical2 ! exp]i5c$ lawy] c detect !m at once2 he ne$s only to /udy :at is call$ ! op]ative "p ( ! docum5t1 avoid+ any wa/e ( "t :i* wad+ ?r\gh ! te*nical phrases involves4 ,"o ( ! commone/ =ms ( de$s met ) relative to ! sale ( l& is t kn[n z #8,lease & ,release1' a me?od inv5t$ by ,s]jeant ,moore 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :i*1 f its simplicity1 spe$ily became v popul>1 & sup]s$$ ! o!r =ms ( sale4 ,! pr9cipal de$s ref]r+ to a ,lease & ,release are two 9 numb]4 ,! small] ( ^! is g5]ally f\nd wrapp$ up )9 ! l>g] p>*m5t1 z ! two _h to be kept toge!r1 be+ 9 reality "p & p>cel ( ea* o!r4 ,! small] p>*m5t 0 ! lease drawn up betwe5 ! p>ties2 by x a =mal lease = a ye> ( ! premises or l& 0 grant$ by ! own] to ! pur*as]1 b no m5tion ( any r5t or sum ( money is made 9 x1 & h]e9 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sale-lease & an ord9>y lease1 = 9 ?is latt] bo? ! t]m ( ye>s & ! ye>ly r5tal are expressly nam$4 ,! #8,release1' or l>g] p>*m5t1 is dat$ a day foll[+ ! lease :i* x cancels1 h]eby ga9+ its "n ( #8release4' ,x is 9 reality ! actual de$ ( sale1 = ! price paid = ! l& w be f\nd 9 x1 & a full & complete w>ranty secur+ x = ev] to ! pur*as]4 ,an ord9>y lease ( premises is word$ simil>ly to ! above1 b diff]s f x 9 sev]al ways2 usually x is a l>g] %eet ( p>*m5t4 ,! t]m ( ye>s v>ies f ?ree1 five1 sev51 to tw5ty-"o1 at a fix$ r5t paid ei!r half-ye>ly or qu>t]ly at ! f\r pr9cipal fea/s1 ,lady ,day1 or ! ,fea/ ( ! ,annunciation1 ! ,fea/ ( ,/4 ,john1 or ,midsumm]1 ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,all ,angels1 bett] kn[n z ,mi*aelmas1 & ! ,fea/ ( ! ,nativity1 popul>ly call$ ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,^! de$s comm5ce ) ! date ( ! day1 mon? & ye>1 foll[$ by ! names ( ! p]sons contract+ ! agreem5t1 ) ^? ( _! co-tru/ees1 or witnesses1 usually select$ f among relatives or connections by m>riage1 or else imm$iate neighb\rs4 ,an exact t]ri] ( ! l& is giv51 its locality1 field-names1 & acreage4 ,?ree p>ts ( ! way d[n ! %eet ( p>*m5t w be f\nd ! r5t & t]m ( ye>s = :i* ! l& is grant$1 toge!r ) /ipulations z to repairs1 rights ( +ress & egress2 any s]vices1 cu/oms or h]iots1 :e!r due 9 k9d or by paym5t2 la/ ( all comes ! w>rant aga9/ intrud]s4 ,( c\rse1 ) de$s ( sale !re are o!r legal docum5t>y =ms1 ) v>iations ( word+1 b ! two la/ above describ$ are ^? g5]ally met )4 ,! olde/ =m ( sale is call$ a #8fe(fm5t1' or grant4 ,ext]nally x diff]s little 9 appe>ance f a #8f9e1' at lea/ z reg>ds its e>lie/ =m1 bo? be+ v small1 closely-writt5 de$s2 ! fir/ 0 9 ! set lawy] type ( h&writ+1 :ile a #8f9e' 0 indit$ 9 c\r?&4 ,a #8fe(fm5t1' or grant1 0 ! olde/ & simple/ =m ( docum5t2 b 9 lat] times x 0 foll[$ by a de$ #8( ,uses1' :i* requir$ _m o!r de$s to foll[ 9 its wake be=e a p]man5t & satisfactory sale 0 effect$4 ,x is all ^! legal =malities :i* make ! read+ ( old de$s s unnecess>ily confus+2 _! intricacies c only be ma/]$ by c>eful /udy ( books on legal matt]s1 & a comp>ison ( ! sev]al k9ds ( de$s above enum]at$4 ,a mortgage de$ diff]s f ! sales or leases 9 sev]al p>ticul>s3 fir/ly1 ! t]m ( ye>s grant$ is usually absurdly long--n9e hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps2 :ile 9 lieu ( money ! nom9al r5t ( "o pepp]corn ye>ly1 or "s equally insignificant equival5t1 0 dem&$4 ,9 place ( ! r5t 9 an ord9>y lease ! real reason ( ! mortgage is giv5 9 full1 ) ! date & appo9t$ place :]e & :5 ! borr[$ money is to be repaid4 ,(t5 ! vic>age1 or ! p>son's h\se1 0 *os5--p]haps consid]$ z an additional gu>d aga9/ fraud1 & t ! cl]gyman z a witness1 be+ a dis9t]e/$ p>ty1 w\ld see ju/ice done on bo? sides4 ,no mortgage de$s are old2 ! old] ones1 if !y exi/$1 7 probably de/roy$ z soon z ! transaction 0 f9i%$4 ,mo/ ( ^? f\nd among family pap]s are ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 & ref] to small pieces ( l& or cottages1 %[+ t ev5 !n ! small own]s became involv$ 9 debts & difficulties1 be+ oblig$ to raise money ^u _! hold+s1 until f9ally ! l& itself _h to be sold to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! cr$itors1 ! pur*as] usually be+ ! ne>e/ l>ge l&$ proprietor1 :o paid a bett] price = :at w\ld jo9 on to & complete ! area ( 8 e/ate4 ,^! small hold+s _h probably be5 accumulat$ bit by bit out ( ! wa/e4 ,fir/1 p]haps1 ! settl] rigg$ up a primitive dwell+1 or hut1 ! old tradition be+ t if a ro($ dwell+ ) a *imney c\ld be erect$ 9 "o night a claim to ! l& 0 !reby e/abli%$4 ,if undi/urb$1 ! squatt] w\ld gradually ext5d 8 b\nd>ies2 b a small r5t 0 g5]ally dem&$ by ! "l ( ! manor z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! encroa*m5t2 ^! little hold+s are call$ #8key-hold+s1' & are to be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,at pres5t !re is a gr[+ desire to increase ! numb] ( small proprietors2 #8fa%ion1' x is said1 #8repeats itself p]iodically4' ,=m] exp]i5ce %[$ ! result ( small hold]s to be a failure2 no l&1 h[ev] small 9 acreage1 c be work$ )\t capital2 a succession ( bad seasons causes imm$iate loss & cont9u\s outlay )\t a comp5sat+ return2 debts once begun are apt to accumulate2 all trades are work$ *eap] on a :olesale scale4 ,bit by bit1 z failure comes1 ! small pieces ( l& w roll up into l>ge prop]ties aga91 l balls ( quicksilv] sep>at$ only = a:ile4 ,_m ( ! de$s ( mortgage are sad & sil5t witnesses ( ! gradual decay & d[nfall ( old families4 ,! squire rais$ money to pay (f tru/s1 legacies1 & d[]s4 ,he pl$g$ 8 mansion2 & 9 ! inv5tory ( 8 h\sehold effects we c /udy _m que] facts4 ,our ance/ors' homes 7 scantily furni%$2 su* li/s surprise u1 = !y %[ :at a v small am\nt ( furniture 0 =m]ly consid]$ necess>y to r5d] a h\se habitable4 ,among family pap]s !re is (t5 ano!r class ( de$s altoge!r3 "o is a small squ>e piece ( p>*m5t1 ) a huge seal atta*$2 ?is is (t5 enclos$ 9 a r\gh t9 case or box4 ,^! are adv[son de$s1 or pres5tation ( ,*ur* pref]m5t4 ,! gifts ( _m ,*ur* liv+s are 9 private h&s4 ,x 0 orig9ally an h]$it>y prop]ty1 & !re are cases ( x ( v great antiquity2 b private family de$s ref]r+ to *ur* prop]ty are seldom f\nd e>li] ?an ! ,jacobean p]iod1 & v seldom z old z t4 ,! e>lie/ pres5tations or appo9tm5ts to p>o*ial duty 7 no d\bt purely ecclesia/ical1 b ) ! ,norman accession ! secul> & ecclesia/ical affairs m]g$ into clos] proximity2 x 0 consid]$ a religi\s privilege to rebuild or erect a *ur*4 ,?is ! "l ( ! manor g5]ally und]took1 p]haps orig9ally z a private *apel or *antry4 ,! appo9tm5t ( an (ficiat+ prie/ became an ecclesia/ical matt]1 be+ (t5 grant$ to ! mona/]ies by ! patrons4 ,to avoid ! encroa*m5t ( lay int]f]5ce1 ,?omas ,beckett 0 ! fir/ to ord] t no cl]gyman %\ld be in/itut$ to a liv+ )\t a bi%op's approval & p]mission2 b !re 7 (t5 disputes on ?is subject4 ,few neighb\rhoods exi/$ )\t a mona/]y some:]e 9 ! locality1 & f ! ne>e/ religi\s h\se a c&idate 0 probably select$2 f9ally1 ! "r ( pres5tation 0 claim$ by ! mona/]y1 ) :om x may h1 by cu/om or by de$ ( gift1 previ\sly re/$4 ,"s education & a k ( ,lat9 0 ess5tial = a prie/1 & education 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! monks or _! pupils4 ,?omas ,beckett1 z ,ar*bi%op1 issu$ 8 m&ate on ! subject ( p>o*ial pres5tations z a means ( reta9+ su* in/itutions 9 episcopal h&s1 & s avoid+ any appeals to ! ,pope :i* might be made by 8 legates or ! abbots4 ,) ! mona/]ies ! *antries also pass$ away1 soon be+ =gott52 numb]less small unb5efic$ *apels 7 !n all[$ to fall into ru9s1 ! sites ev5 ( ^! n[ hav+ be5 lo/4 ,de$s rec\nt+ ! appo9tm5t ( *antry prie/s are r>e1 & always possess "s po9ts ( int]e/2 (t5 *antry prie/s 7 appo9t$ by beque/1 & sums ( money left = _! ma9t5ance4 ,^! appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 entirely di/9ct f ! p>i% prie/1 al?\gh p]haps ! (fice may ev5tually h m]g$ into "o & ! same4 ,!re seems f e>lie/ times to h exi/$ a jeal\sy betwe5 ,ca!dral bodies & ! monks2 b z ! mona/ic ord]s wax$ m & m weal?y & influ5tial1 we lose sight ( ! cont5tion1 & on all que/ions ( e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory !re yet ne$s an imp>tial writ] to decide _m matt]s :i* at pres5t are /ill unc]ta91 & are view$ by diff]5t writ]s accord+ to _! own p>ticul> religi\s bias1 :e!r ,anglican or ,roman2 h5ce z hi/ory !y are too prejudic$ to be entirely reli$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%]iff',s ,,roll 7,,neville ,,mss474 7,see page #ff47 ,a %]iff =m]ly 0 ! mo/ important p]sonage 9 8 c\nty1 be+ ! ambassador or repres5tative ( ! ,sov]eign4 ,he 0 appo9t$ directly by ! ,cr[n2 ev5 at ! pres5t day ! names ( ?ree c\nty g5tlem5 are writt5 d[n & suppos$ to be pres5t$ to ! ,k+1 :o pricks ! "n ( ! man *os5 to be %]iff2 b really ! names foll[ 9 sequ5ce1 ea* out-go+ %]iff add+ a fre% "n to ! li/ previ\s to 8 own be+ eras$ z hav+ s]v$ 8 turn4 ,! =mal de$ ( appo9tm5t z %]iff 0 a n>r[ p>*m5t /rip1 ) a f9e seal atta*$ to x2 8 dis*>ge f (fice 0 a v unimportant-look+ docum5t4 ,! %]iff's roll 0 ! ye>ly bill ( exp5ses incurr$ 9 ! ,k+'s "n by 8 %]iff or repres5tative2 z a rule !y are n v int]e/+1 al?\gh "h & !re ! names ( m5 appo9t$ to local (fices may appe>1 facts :i* might int]e/ ! local hi/orian2 b he w\ld h to wade ?r\gh ! cont5ts ( _m rolls be=e he extract$ any in=mation wor? 8 att5tion1 & mu* "t w\ld h to be exp5d$ ov] su* a se>*4 ,^! rolls are long broad /rips ( p>*m5t /it*$ toge!r2 ! upp] edge is sometimes cut squ>e1 & at o!rs cut into a po9t or peak4 ,! word+ runs z foll[s3 #8,9 ,magno ,rotulo de anno 444 ,regis 444 9 ,comitatu----' ,a li/ ( ! %]iffs ( ,engl& 7,h5ry ,i4 to f\r? ye> ( ,edw>d ,,iii47 is to be f\nd 9 ! ?irty-fir/ report1 page #bfb1 ( ! ,deputy ,keep] ( ! ,public ,records4 ,a li/ ( %]iffs is publi%$ 7,public ,record ,(fice3 ,li/s & ,indices1 ,no4 ,,ix474 ,9 "s c\nties %]iff-li/s ) additional g5ealogies & notes h be5 compil$1 giv+ a v good c\nty hi/ory ( ! olde/ families ( ! %ire4 ,a royal p>don 0 a de$-poll ) a beautiful seal atta*$ to x4 ,x comm5c$ ) ! ,sov]eign's "n4 ,! writ+ 0 exact & well execut$4 ,! de$ 0 divid$ into clauses or sections1 ! comm5c+ ^w ( ea* be+ writt5 9 v cle> black lett]s4 ,aft] ! ^w #8,sciatis' comes ! royal lic5se & ! "n ( its recipi5t1 :o is =giv5 #8all rebellion & insurrection aga9/ ! ,cr[n1 all homicide1 felony1 robb]y or p>ticipation ) su*1' & ! p>don$ subject is p]mitt$ to reta9 8 possessions3 ! ^w #8,p]donamus' com+ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! docum5t4 ,un=tunately no in=mation is giv5 9 ! *>t] 9 any way z to ! p>ticul> cause = p>don be+ grant$ or ! (f5ce committ$4 ,?is c only be guess$ at by ! help ( ,engli% hi/ory1 & a probable reason be assign$ f among ! _m disput$ accessions1 civil w>s1 religi\s controv]sies ( bygone c5turies1 all probable s\rces ( high treason aga9/ ! ,cr[n4 ,few old families 7 exempt f *>ges ( treason if !y *anc$ to take any "p 9 public affairs or 7 kn[n to h be5 /an* adh]5ts to prohibit$ religion4 ,a bond is a small pap] or p>*m5t--on "o side writt5 9 ,engli%1 on ! o!r 9 ,lat9--! promise to repay or pay money due2 g5]ally ! bond is 9 ,lat91 & ! conditions ( x writt5 9 ,engli%4 ,bonds 7 made out on ! sale ( prop]ty1 or = mortgages or legacies2 !y occur 9 numb]s among family pap]s4 ,if ! de$ does n beg9 ) ! ,k+'s "n 9 ^: reign x 0 made1 ! ye> ( ! reign w be f\nd at ! end4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,h5ry ,,vi4 & ,*>les ,,ii4 are bo? puzzl+1 ow+ to civil w>s1 & bo? reckon$ f ! date ( ! dea? ( ! previ\s ,sov]eign4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 is reckon$ f #adbb1 & includes ! :ole p]iod till 8 dea?--=ty-n9e & a half ye>s--( :i* only ?irty-eight & a half ye>s he actually 0 ,k+4 ,*>les ,,ii4 is reckon$ f ! ye> #afdi4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal k9ds ( de$s met ) among family pap]s1 be+ ! commone/ legal =ms4 ,if o!rs are f\nd ( an unusual "* !y %\ld be put aside = clos] inve/igation :5 practice has giv5 great] exp]i5ce1 or be submitt$ to an exp]t = exam9ation4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,manor ,,& ,,c\rt ,,rolls4 ,! olde/ acc\nt ( an e/ate is to be obta9$1 n f de$s ( pur*ase & mortgage1 b f its own private records1 call$ c\rt rolls1 a mo/ curi\s class ( docum5ts1 puzzl+ to ! antiqu>y because !y conta9 local words obsolete & n recognisable ?r\gh d]ivation4 ,manor rolls are a /udy 9 !mselves1 a subject hi!rto ov]look$4 ,!y give u an insight into ! mo/ primitive =m ( local gov]nm5t1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* lawlessness & disreg>d ( laws 7 kept "u be=e a regul> magi/]ial jurisdiction came into exi/5ce4 ,! local manor c\rt occupi$ ! position & did ! "w n[ und]tak5 by ! magi/rates1 ,c\nty ,c\rt judges1 & ,c\nty ,c\ncils4 ,:5 compla9ts are rais$ z to an excessive imposition ( f9es = trivial misdemean\rs by any ( ^! mod]n means ( ju/ice1 ,i w\ld advise ! compla9ants to /udy "s old c\rt rolls1 :]e9 may be read ! f9es impos$ = (f5ces no long] puni%able4 ,! villag] 0 f9$ if he kept dogs or pigeons1 = trespass 9 ! woods1 /eal+ bru%wood1 = illegal fi%+1 = fight+1 = all[+ animals to /ray & become imp\nd$4 ,nor1 unless he 0 a fre$man1 0 he all[$ to m>ry or give 9 m>riage )\t 8 "l's p]mission4 ,all ?is s\nds v arbitr>y & sev]e2 9 reality x probably 0 n s4 ,! bond betwe5 l&lord & t5ant mu/ h be5 a v close "o4 ,!y 7 drawn into ne> connection "o ) ano!r2 ! well-be+ ( "o meant ! welf>e ( ! o!r4 ,nor 0 ! met+ =? ( ju/ice left solely 9 ! h&s ( ! "l ( ! manor1 b r to ! twelve jurym5 :o =m$ ! c\rt itself4 ,c]ta9ly ?is self-gov]nm5t op5$ a means = unfair influ5ce & rev5ge ( petty qu>rels4 ,?is 0 gu>d$ aga9/ z f> z possible4 ,a v common item br\ght be=e ! c\rt 0 ! accusation ( wrongful in=mation laid by a man aga9/ 8 neighb\r 9 direct opposition to ! n9? comm&m5t4 ,!re 7 two sections ( manor c\rts--! ,c\rt ,leet & ! ,c\rt ,b>on4 ,! =m] dealt ) (f5ces committ$ by ! t5antry1 & conta9$ mu* t is ent]ta9+ & curi\s2 ! o!r 0 occupi$ ) ! t5ants & _! hold+s1 ( :i* !y _h e ye> to give acc\nt to ! "l ( ! manor4 ,^u ! dea? ( a t5ant1 or ! expiration ( ! lease1 new pres5tm5ts 7 made to ! l&lord = admission to ! premises1 or a fre% life add$ to ! lease f "t to "t4 ,9 ^! rolls we f9d notices ( h]iots & o!r old s]vices due f ! t5ants ( c]ta9 l&s2 inde$1 ^! old cu/oms are n yet :olly ext9ct1 ?\gh !y h frequ5tly fall5 into abeyance4 ,on "s e/ates h]iots are /ill due1 b1 z a rule1 h = _m g5]ations be5 comp\nd$ = by a money paym5t1 j 9 ! same way t feudal s]vice pass$ into small sums ( money & f9ally di$ out1 or ev5tually took ! =m ( money r5t4 ,on _m f>ms x 0 "p ( ! r5t to give ! l&lord ye>ly1 geese or *eese4 ,9 a small f>m ( ours 9 ,*e%ire ! t5ant _h to give a *eese ye>ly1 c>t coals1 keep a dog & a fight+-cock = 8 l&lord4 ,! manorial hi/ory ( ,engl& w\ld c>ry u back v f> did we attempt to trace x to its e>lie/ beg9n+s4 ,p]haps ! v fir/ /ep t[>ds x 0 ! settlem5t ( ! ,saxon tribes1 :o1 9 appropriat+ & di/ribut+ ! l&1 laid ! f\ndation ( h]$it>y own]%ip4 ,!re is no rule or limit z to h[ _m manors !re might be 9 ea* p>i%4 ,cle>ly ! p>i% 0 ! old] division ( ! two2 nor c ! creation ( a manor be dat$ 9 any way1 = _m ( ! old manors 7 subsequ5tly split up into two or m less] ones4 ,! affixes or manorial names are kn[n to h1 9 "s in/ances1 v>i$ ) ! family :o held ! l&4 ,almo/ )\t exception ^! manorial names 7 directly d]iv$ f ! possessors4 ,few are old] ?an ! ,norman p]iod1 p]haps hav+ supplant$ ^? 9 exi/5ce previ\sly4 ,:]e d\ble p>o*ial names are us$1 ! fir/ is usually ,saxon1 ! affix be+ a ,norman addition1 %[+ ! fusion ( ! two races1 :i*1 ?\gh liv+ 9 close proximity1 7 yet totally di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages manors 7 fur!r subdivid$1 easily to be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way3 ,! own] ( a manor 0 at fir/ />t ! t5ant ( "s weal?y & p[]ful nobleman1 :o1 own+ va/ tracts ( l&1 sublet x out 9 manors1 :i* 7 aft] "s g5]ations b\ght outright1 or look$ ^u almo/ z freehold4 ,! t5ant 0 ! resid5t squire ( ! place1 liv+ on ! l&1 & f>m+ x ) ! assi/ance ( 8 *ildr5 & dep5d5ts4 ,aft] a "t ! family grew up1 ! sons m>ri$ & ne$$ homes ( _! own4 ,9 ^? days no "o mov$ f> away f ! bir?place4 ,:at 0 m natural ?an t ! squire %\ld provide homes = 8 *ildr5 close ar\nd ! old manor-h\se1 &1 divid+ (f ! prop]ty by ! manorial b\nd>ies1 give to ea* a portion = self-ma9t5ance8 ,?is acc\nts = ! l>ge1 old-fa%ion$ f>mh\ses to be f\nd 9 mo/ c\ntry p>i%es4 ,! hi/ory ( ea* f>m1 if inve/igat$1 w furni% a curi\s pro( ( ! cons]vatism ) :i* c]ta9 b\nd>ies 7 pres]v$1 & ! manors reg>d$ z sections seldom subdivid$ except into recognis$ less] manors4 ,society 0 v primitive two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x 0 !n possible to live com=tably & make a liv+ out ( ! l&4 ,no =eign gra9 0 import$ to affect ! prices ( corn 9 c\ntry places4 ,competition 0 unkn[n1 & ! p l$ a quiet1 unev5tful exi/5ce1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( _! =efa!rs4 ,gradually *anges h come ab\t4 ,! old race ( yeom5 has di$ out2 ! few t are left make u =cibly regret t ?is %\ld be ! case4 ,! yeoman 0 a man ( good education & long p$igree2 he belong$ to ! l>ge/ section ( ,engli% society1 call$ #8middle class4' ,agriculture 0 8 pr(ession2 he seldom left home1 consequ5tly _h few opportunities ( sp5d+ money2 ! "* & p]sonal hi/ory ( e human be+ on ! place 0 intimately kn[n to him1 = ! villag]s liv$ & di$ 9 _! native villages4 ,! roads 7 bad1 !re=e traffic f place to place 0 re/rict$ to :at 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,po/s & pass5g] coa*es 7 r>ities1 & :5 fir/ />t$ met ) little patronage f ! majority ( ! p4 ,to return to ! manorial c\rts4 ,^! 7 held b once dur+ ! ye>4 ,x 0 ! annual audit ( ! freem5 on ! e/ate1 ! #8,visus franciplegii1' z ! op5+ words ( ! c\rt roll /ates4 ,qu>t] sessions 7 held f\r times 9 ! ye>1 :ile ! %]iff's t\rn took place half-ye>ly4 ,^! inquir$ into matt]s ( public int]e/ & public exp5se1 :]eas ! manor c\rt dealt ) trivial matt]s p]ta9+ to ! manor itself4 ,! %]iff's t\rn & ! manorial c\rt 7 almo/ id5tical 9 object2 ! fir/ 0 ! repres5tative ( ! ,cr[n disp5s+ ju/ice to ! ,k+'s subjects2 9 a less] radius & degree ! "l ( ! manor _h a simil> (fice to fulfil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rt ,,roll4 7,see page #ge47 ,manors 7 rul$ by cu/om1 & cu/oms v>i$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,! g5]al aspect ( a c\rt roll w always be f\nd to be id5tical4 ,! old] rolls are 9 ,lat91 b1 l ! de$s1 ! lat] ones are writt5 9 ,engli%4 ,! e>lie/ ones are lit]ally #8rolls' closely writt5 on p>*m5t 9 ! h&writ+ call$ by ! ,fr5* #8m9uscule4' ,e c\rt roll has at its comm5cem5t ! "n ( ! manor writt5 ei!r above or on ! m>g94 ,! op5+ words read ?us3 #8,visus franciplegii cum curia4' ,aft] ?is is ! "n ( ! "l ( ! manor1 ! date ( ! day & mon?1 foll[$ by ! ,k+'s "n & ! numb] ( ye>s s9ce he asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,esson41 on ! m>g91 is ! abbreviation = essonium1 an excuse--namely1 ! jurym5 :o plead$ abs5ce f ! c\rt4 ,foll[+ ?is are ! names ( ! twelve jurym5 pres5t1 & !n ! "w beg9s4 ,9 ! old] rolls ! pres5tm5t ( (f5ces are ! pr9cipal items2 latt]ly only ! t5ants & _! leases employ$ ! att5tion ( ! c\rt at its annual sitt+4 ,! fir/ ?+ to consid] 0 usually ! assize--lic5s+1 s to speak1 ( bread & ale4 ,by ?is means fraud & adult]ation 7 held 9 *eck4 ,! "r ( brew+ ale 0 a privilege n to be infr+$ )\t p5alty2 ! f9e impos$ 0 at ! rate ( #a;d4 = ea* illegal brew+2 ! (f5d]s are g5]ally wom54 ,any damage to crops or f5ces1 highways ne$+ repair1 qu>rels end+ 9 blood%$1 neglect by :i* animals 7 p]mitt$ to /ray & become seiz$ by ! hayw>d or p9d]--all su* (f5ces are f\nd *ronicl$ 9 ! c\rt roll4 ,la/ ( all is ! sum total receiv$ 9 f9es1 sign$ by ! names ( ! two (fic]s appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! assize4 ,a c\rt roll is always writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 "o h&writ+1 )\t any private m>ks or signatures4 ,f ! writ+1 !y are g5]ally ! "w ( a pr(essional scribe or cl]k :o mu/ h _h a regul> education--fir/ z a ,lat9 s*ol>1 secondly z an acc\ntant1 & ?irdly probably le>nt to write be=e he le>nt ,lat94 ,mi/akes or erasures are seldom to be detect$2 !re=e ! rolls mu/ h be5 c>efully copi$ at leisure f r\gh notes made at ! "t2 moreov]1 ! spell+ ( ! surnames is fairly con/ant1 :i* w\ld n be if writt5 f dictation4 ,up to ! ,re=mation p]iod ! c\rt rolls 7 *]i%$ z be+ valuable records1 provid+ /&>ds = future ref]5ce2 h5ce we f9d1 until !n1 a fairly p]fect sequ5ce ( ^! ye>ly rolls1 aft] :i* a break occurs1 & only a casual roll "h & !re is pres]v$4 ,no guide to c\rt rolls w\ld be complete unless ! olde/ =m ( ! ,arabic num]als is giv5 & expla9$4 ,! ,roman num]als are ! olde/ me?od ( writ+ figures 9 ,europe1 b gradually ! s-call$ ,arabic figures 7really ( ,indian orig97 7 introduc$1 sup]s$+ ! =m] /yle4 ,to ,g]b]t1 o!rwise kn[n z ,pope ,silve/] ,,ii4 7he di$ 9 #ajjc71 is attribut$ _! introduction ,illu/ration3 xii? c5tury4 xiii? c5tury4 xiv? c5tury4 xv? c5tury4 f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/2 anyway1 f ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,arabic num]als rapidly came into use4 ,! #j 0 n inv5t$ be=e ! twelf? c5tury4 ,a curi\s resemblance is traceable betwe5 ! figures ( ! alt]nate c5turies4 ,our pres5t /yle ( figures has gr[n out ( ! old] ones1 b is bold] 9 outl9e & curve4 ,! figure #e has pass$ ?r\gh mo/ v>iation1 :ile #f1 #h & #i h sc>cely alt]$ at all4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t be=e #ageb ! ,old ,/yle 0 /ill us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! ye> !re=e comm5c$ on ,m>* #be? in/ead (1 z x does at pres5t1 on ,janu>y #a/4 ,:5 ! cal5d> 0 correct$ 9 #ageb elev5 days 7 omitt$1 & ,septemb] #bnd 0 foll[$ by ,septemb] #ad?4 ,! p bewail$ x1 & contempor>y skits are num]\s1 e*o+ ! popul> cry ( #8,give u back our lo/ elev5 days4' ,on ! ,cont95t ! alt]ation _h tak5 place long be=e4 ,9 "s ,engli% p>i% *ur* regi/]s we f9d confusion z to ! actual ye> date to be us$ = ! mon?s betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,lady ,day4 ,?is unc]ta9ty may be obs]v$ be=e #agej4 ,9 _m c\ntry places ! old /yle 0 ma9ta9$ long aft] ! ye> #ageb4 ,i h a v curi\s old cal5d> ( #adhc2 9 x ! sa9ts' days are v]itable r$-lett] days4 ,_m ( ! sa9ts nam$ are unkn[n to u ei!r by "n or leg5d1 b 9 c\rt rolls only ! pr9cipal sa9ts' days are m5tion$ z ^? on :i* ! c\rt sat4 ,"s mon?s seem to h be5 m fav\r$ ) sa9ts' days ?an o!rs4 ,! foll[+ li/1 ?\gh by no means complete1 gives ! *ief ,engli% sa9ts3 ,janu>y4 #a4 ,circumcisio ,dom9i4 #ac4 ,/4 ,v]onica4 #ac4 ,/4 ,hil>y4 #be4 ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,febru>y4 #a4 ,/4 ,bride1 or ,bridget4 #b4 ,purification ( ! ,virg91 or ,c&lemas ,day4 #bd4 ,/4 ,mat?ias ! ,apo/le4 ,m>*4 #a4 ,/4 ,david4 #b4 ,/4 ,*ad4 #d4 ,/4 ,lucius1 ,pope & ,m>tyr1 ,a4,d4 #bec4 #ad4 ,/4 ,b5et1 or ,b5$ict4 #ah4 ,/4 ,edw>d4 #ai4 ,/4 ,joseph1 ! ,virg9's husb&4 #bj4 ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 #be4 ,annunciation ( ! ,virg94 ,lady-,day4 ,april4 #bc4 ,/4 ,george4 #be4 ,/4 ,m>k ! ,evangeli/4 ,may4 #a4 ,/4 ,philip & ,/4 ,james ! ,less1 ,apo/les4 #b4 ,/4 ,a?anasius4 #c4 ,inv5tion 7or discov]y7 ( ! ,holy ,cross4 #e4 ,/4 ,hil>y1 ,bi%op ( ,arles4 ,! two sa9ts ( ?is "n are confus+1 b ?is ,/4 ,hil>y is r>ely m5tion$ 9 ,engli% docum5ts4 #bf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,june4 #aa4 ,/4 ,b>nabas1 ,apo/le4 #ac4 ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua4 #bb4 ,/4 ,alban4 #bd4 ,nativity ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,midsumm] ,day4 #bi4 ,/s4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,apo/les4 #cj4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,apo/le4 ,july4 #b4 ,visitation ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 #ae4 ,/4 ,s)94 #bb4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal54 #be4 ,/4 ,james ! ,great1 ,apo/le4 #be4 ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,lamma/ide4 ,augu/4 #a4 ,/4 ,pet] ad ,v9cula1 or ,/4 ,pet] 9 *a9s4 #e4 ,/4 ,oswald4 #f4 ,! ,transfiguration ( our ,"l4 #ae4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 #ba4 ,/4 ,b]n>d4 #bd4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ,apo/le4 #bh4 ,/4 ,au/91 or ,augu/9e4 #bi4 ,behead+ ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,septemb]4 #a4 ,/4 ,egidius1 or ,giles4 #h4 ,! ,nativity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 #ad4 ,exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross4 #ba4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,apo/le & ,evangeli/4 #bi4 ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,all ,angels4 ,mi*aelmas4 ,octob]4 #d4 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 #i4 ,/4 ,d5is1 or ,dionysius ( ,p>is4 #ag4 ,/4 ,audry1 or ,e!ldr$a4 #ah4 ,/4 ,luke ! ,evangeli/4 #ba4 ,/4 ,ursula1 & #aa1jjj virg9s4 #be4 ,/4 ,crisp94 #bh4 ,/4 ,simon ! ,canaanite1 ,apo/le4 ,novemb]4 #a4 ,all ,sa9ts' ,day4 #b4 ,all ,s\ls' ,day4 #aa4 ,/4 ,m>t94 ,m>t9mas4 #af4 ,/4 ,edmund4 #ba4 ,pres5tation ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 #bb4 ,/4 ,cecilia4 #be4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 #cj4 ,/4 ,&rew1 ,apo/le4 ,decemb]4 #f4 ,/4 ,ni*olas4 #h4 ,! ,conception ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 #ac4 ,/4 ,lucy4 #ba4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,apo/le4 #be4 ,! ,nativity ( our ,bless$ ,"l4 ,*ri/mas4 #bf4 ,/4 ,/eph54 #bg4 ,/4 ,john1 ,evangeli/ & ,apo/le4 #bh4 ,! ,holy ,innoc5ts4 #bi4 ,/4 ,?omas ,beckett4 ,! sa9ts' days 7 br\ght be=e ! p 9 _m ways--9 ! village fea/s1 or ! d$ication ( *ur*es1 9 ! mural pa9t+s :i* cov]$ ! *ur* walls1 & 9 ! ,*ri/ian names giv5 at baptism4 ,9 ! old rolls ! date ( ! mon? is nev] m5tion$1 ! pr9cipal fea/-day ne>e/ to x be+ us$ in/ead4 ,sa9ts' days1 z holidays1 7 probably ! mo/ conv5i5t days = assembl+ toge!r = bus9ess4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,mona/ic ,,*>t]s4 ,e abbey ( any importance kept a *>tul>y--9 o!r words1 a catalogue ( its possessions 9 ! copies ( grants ( l& all collect$ )9 "o or m volumes--a c>efully compil$ "w1 giv+ all ! b5efactions & privileges ( ! f\ndation1 ent]$ by ! scribe or secret>y ( ! e/abli%m5t1 :o mu/ h sp5t _m h\rs ( 8 life ov] ! "w1 = ^! books are r>ely f\nd to be ! "w ( m ?an "o1 or at mo/ two1 m5--"o h&writ+ cont9u+ on until replac$ by ano!r4 ,great c>e & neatness 0 us$ 9 ! =mation ( ea* black lett]--ev5 & p]fect z ! mo/ exact pr9t+ ev] done by ma*9]y4 ,ea* *>t] 0 emphasiz$ ) an elaborate capital lett]1 & ! index or head+s to !m 7 fill$ 9 aft] ! writ+ 0 f9i%$1 z is prov$ by ! fact t ^! 7 sometimes nev] complet$4 ,! probability is t !y 7 ! "w ( ano!r arti/ or illum9ator1 & appe> to h be5 sket*$ 9 ) a bru% or hair p5cil1 ! writ+ hav+ be5 execut$ ) a quill p54 ,col\r is sometimes employ$ to embelli% & ornam5t ! "w1 b 9 ! olde/ *>tul>ies col\r1 usually r$1 is only us$ to m>k special passages1 or1 z 9 ,domesday ,book1 to po9t out names ( p]sons or places4 ,! l>ge/ "w on ,engli% mona/]ies 0 compil$ by ,sir ,william ,dugdale2 b 9 s ext5sive a "w z ! #8,mona/icon' too mu* 0 und]tak52 x 0 impossible to se>* deeply en\gh into exi/+ records = in=mation conc]n+ e religi\s h\se ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh a valuable f\ndation to />t )1 mu* m may /ill be asc]ta9$ f manuscripts1 public & private1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! less] religi\s h\ses or cells to =eign abbeys4 ,*ri/ianity among ! ,anglo-,saxons 0 a mission>y und]tak+1 !re=e x enc\rag$ ! f\ndation ( organiz+ c5tres2 b ^! seem at fir/ to h r tak5 ! =m ( bi%oprics ?an abbeys2 /ill1 in=mation z to ! e>ly ,*ur* 9 ,engl& does n exi/ suffici5tly 9 detail to p]mit u to /ate cle>ly ! actual religi\s "w or its me?od ( work+4 ,lat] on ! ,saxon abbeys p>took r ( ! nature ( l>ge tra9+ colleges1 :]e le>n+ 0 c>ri$ on4 ,! mission ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ext5d$ ! mona/ic sy/em1 & spread ,*ri/ianity to a wid] ext5t4 ,x also enc\rag$ ! resort hi!r ( =eign monks4 ,great rivalry exi/$ betwe5 ! ,engli% bi%ops & ^! =eign mission>y prie/s1 a feud :i* nev] seems entirely to h di$ out4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( ,engli% abbeys sprang up aft] ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! invad]s manife/$ _! religion by be/[+ l>ge grants ( l&s z votive (f]+s & 9 tok5 ( gratitude1 :ile ,duke ,william's hone/ repaym5t ( ! loans giv5 him = ! equipm5t ( 8 armada br\ght ov] hundr$s ( prie/s & monks to take possession ( _! new t]ritories4 ,*ur* build+ 0 a religi\s "w (t5 und]tak5 = ! expiation ( s9s4 ,volunt>y "w is always ! be/ ( its k9d4 ,to ?is day ! rema9s ( ! old ,norman abbeys surprise u ) _! solidity ( /ructure & elegance ( design4 ,!y mu/1 inde$1 h be5 beautiful :5 ! int]iors 7 fitt$ up ) correspond+ magnific5ce4 ,at fir/ ! monks 7 poor--!y 7 giv5 l&1 n always ( ! be/1 (t5 9 wild & unfrequ5t$ regions2 b by frugality1 skill & indu/ry1 !y soon br\ght x into a f]tile /ate1 & liv$ on its produce & ! gifts ( _! patrons4 ,! ,ci/]cians 7 great wool-deal]s1 & we "k h[ mu* ,engli% clo? 0 priz$ at home & abroad = its goodness ( quality4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! monks1 by _! lab\rs1 became ri*4 ,! ne$ = toil be+ ov]1 !y sank into indol5t afflu5ce2 in/ead ( h>d-work+ communities1 !y became weal?y l&[n]s4 ,! abbots 7 m9iature k+s1 rul+ ov] _! vassals & dep5d5ts1 liv+ 9 almo/ royal /ate1 surr\nd$ by _! c\rt4 ,! hi/ory ( mona/ic ,engl& ext5ds ov] v _m c5turies1 ev5 if its comm5cem5t is only plac$ at ! arrival ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ,a4,d4 #eig1 or lat] /ill1 ) ! ,norman invasion4 ,*anges ( all k9ds took place 9 ^? long c5turies4 ,l>ge abbeys _h sunk into pov]ty1 & o!rs aris5 9 _! places4 ,! monks _h be5 subdivid$ into ord]s1 ea* hav+ its own peculi> rules4 ,! olde/ ( ^! 0 ! ,b5$ict9e1 or ,black ,monks1 :o held mo/ ( ! l>ge/ mona/]ies--z _m z #aef 9 numb]4 ,f ?is ,ord] arose ! ,ci/]cians1 ev5 m sev]e 9 _! regulations--popul> 9 ,engl&1 probably f hav+ _h an ,engli%man z _! f\nd]1 ,/eph5 ,h>d+1 head ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,citeaux 7,ci/]cium7 ab\t ! ye> #aabe4 ,?is ord] _h be5 approv$ by ! ,pope tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly4 ,gasquet gives ! names ( #hf ,ci/]cian h\ses 9 ,engl&1 ! ,cluniac z #bf1 & ,c>?usian z #i4 ,^! less] ord]s _h ea* its own di/9ctive rules1 b1 z ! above figures %[1 7 less popul> ?an ! old] ord]s ( monks4 ,! numb] ( nunn]ies 0 also v l>ge 7,gasquet gives #adj74 ,^! 7 pr9cipally ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,ord]4 ,i h se5 x /at$ t !re 0 only "o h\se ( ,:ite ,nuns 9 ,engl&1 t ( ,grace ,dieu1 9 ,leice/]%ire1 b ?is is n correct4 ,z ! old ,b5$ict9e ,ord] relax$ 9 sev]ity1 ! ,ci/]cians came =w>d1 & :5 ^! 7 no long] conspicu\s = piety & au/]ity1 !re arose ! w&]+ mission>ies kn[n z ,fri>s1 :o 7 also eloqu5t prea*]s1 a m>k$ contra/ to ! half-educat$ cl]gy4 ,^! fri>s 7 m5dicants1 b\nd by oa? nei!r to possess l& nor money1 nor to enjoy luxury4 ,!y w5t ab\t prea*+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 x 0 ! old /ory ( ! #8h\se divid$ aga9/ itself be+ unable to /&4' ,! fri>s prea*$ aga9/ ! monks1 & ! monks oppos$ ! cl]gy1 end+ 9 ! d[nfall ( ! ?ree rivals "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! fir/ ord] ( fri>s 0 ( ,spani% orig91 f\nd$ by ,dom9ic ,a4,d4 #abjd1 & confirm$ 9 #abae4 ,!y wore a br[n habit ( co>se hair-clo?4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi f\nd$ ! ,grey ,fri>s1 call$ aft] him ,franciscans4 ,^! came to ,engl& ,a4,d4 #abbd1 :]e !y became v popul>4 ,l ! monks1 less] ord]s arose out ( ^!4 ,! ,premon/rat5sians ga9$ little gr\nd 9 ,engl&1 b ! ,augu/9ian or ,au/9 ,fri>s _h _m foll[]s1 bo? m5 & wom54 ,h5ry ,,viii4's fir/ attack on religi\s h\ses 0 made ^u ^? ^: ye>ly incomes did n exce$ #bjj4 ,b ! "w ?us begun did n end "h4 ,x is said t #cgf small mona/]ies 7 doom$2 ( ^! #abc escap$ imm$iate dissolution4 ,?r\gh\t #aece & ! succe$+ five ye>s ! "w ( suppression 0 c>ri$ on4 ,dur+ t "t ! monks =esaw t ultimately !y 7 doom$1 & _h "t to sell or hide _! *oice/ possessions be=e ! ,commission]s appe>$ to claim !m4 ,!n no d\bt _m valuable manuscripts & pap]s 7 de/roy$1 or else ei!r hidd5 or remov$ out ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 sev]al places "s ( ^! buri$ treasures h come to light aft] be+ conceal$ = a long "t4 ,9 ?is way a beautiful copy ( ! ,read+ ,abbey ,*>tul>y 0 pres]v$ = two hundr$ ye>s1 hav+ be5 conceal$ 9 a secret *amb] adjo9+ a *imney-/ack 9 an old manor-h\se at ,%9field1 only discov]$ by workm5 dur+ "s repairs 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,read+ ,,abbey ,,*>t]4 7,photograph$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,h>rison1 ( ,!ale4 ,k9dly l5t by ,"l ,f+all47 ,?is book#c is a good example ( its k9d1 be+ p]fect z ! day :5 x 0 fir/ hidd5 away4 ,9 x are writt5 ! grants ( l&s f ! ,abbey's second f\ndation by ,h5ry ,i4#d ,va/ possessions giv5 bit by bit--g5]ally by ^? families ^: ance/ors lay buri$ 9 ! abbey *ur*1 = ^: s\ls pray]s 7 desir$4 ,! inv5tories ( relics are v curi\s1 & ! ve/m5ts also are describ$4 ,!re is a long li/ ( ! books 9 ! abbey libr>ies ( ,read+ & ,leom9/]4 ,all ! books 9 ?is long li/ disappe>$1 no "o kn[s :]e or h[4 ,two volumes1 a missal & a book ( h\rs1 said once to h be5 "p ( ! abbey libr>y1 7 sold by auction 9 #ahhi4 ,nor 0 ,read+ ! only in/ance ( ! total disappe>ance ( valuable mona/ic manuscripts4 ,gasquet speaks ( ! wanton de/ruction ( manuscripts at ?is p]iod1 & says t !y 7 sold = all k9ds ( uses4 ,mr4 ,maskell1 #8,monum5t ,ritualia ,ecclesi ,anglican1' reckons !re mu/ h be5 m ?an #bej1jjj volumes ( ,*ur* s]vice books 9 use1 & t !y mu/ h be5 de/roy$ to prev5t m5 f foll[+ ! wor%ip ( _! =efa!rs4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ article on #8,anci5t ,prym]s1' ! s]vice books ( ! p1 appe>$ 9 ! ,antiqu>y ( ,m>*1 #ahib1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,littlehales4 ,illu/ration3 ,,read+ ,,abbey ,,*>tul>y4 7,photograph$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,h>rison1 ( ,!ale47 ,! orig9al de$s or grants ( l& to abbeys are seldom met ) among private docum5ts4 ,! word+ diff]s little f t ( an ord9>y grant1 except t ! donor gives = ! good ( 8 s\l & ! s\ls ( 8 ance/ors4 ,sometimes v int]e/+ details may be ga!r$ f ! f\ndation de$s ( *antries1 ) ! appo9tm5t ( a prie/ to celebrate ,mass & (f] up pray]s = ! dead1 receiv+ 9 return a sal>y d]iv$ f l&s or else giv5 at once 9 money4 ,orig9al grants f ! ,cr[n to abbeys are seldom dat$ ! day or ye> !y 7 writt51 except t !y conclude ) ! names ( ! bi%ops atte/+ !m & ! witnesses :o 7 pres5t1 al?\gh sometimes ! ,k+'s reign is giv51 or ! episcopal ye> ( ! ar*bi%op or diocesan bi%op4 ,! names ( ! ,engli% ar*bi%ops & bi%ops are important z supply+ ! date ( undat$ *>t]s4 ,( ! latt] ! contract$ names ( ! sees are all giv5 9 ,wright's #8,c\rt-h& ,re/or$1' b nei!r !re nor 9 any o!r book is m5tion made ( ! ,norman bi%ops1#e :o frequ5tly appe> z witnesses to mona/ic *>t]s4 ,bi%oprics ( ,norm&y1 etc4 ,"n ( ,see4 ,mod]n ,"n4 ,ar*bi%opric3 ,ro?omag5sis4 ,r\54 ,bi%opric3 ,baioc5sis4 ,bayeux4 ,abr9cat5sis4 ,avran*es4 ,lexovi5sis4 ,lisieux4 ,ebroic5sis4 ,evreux4 ,cadom5sis4 ,ca54 ,sylvanect5sis4 ,s5liz4 ,bellovac5sis4 ,beauvais4 ,atrebat5sis4 ,arras4 ,con/anti5sis4 ,c\tances ,sagi5sis4 ,sez4 ,ambian5sis or ,sam>obriv5sis4 ,ami5s4 ,z likely to be a help t[>ds affix+ ! date ( undat$ *>t]s ,i app5d a li/ ( ! ar*bi%ops & *ancellors ( ,engl& f ! ,conque/ to ! f\rte5? c5tury2 also a few ( ! bi%ops ( ! same p]iod4 ,ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury4 ,/ig& #ajeb-ajgj ,lanfranc #ajgj-ajhi ,anselm #ajic-aaji ,ralph ( ,escures #aaad-aabb ,william ( ,corbeil #aabc-aacf ,!obald #aaci-aafa ,?omas ,beckett #aafb-aagj ,ri*>d #aagd-aahd ,baldw9 #aahe-aaij ,reg9ald ,fitz ,joscel9 #aaia ,hub]t ,walt] #aaic-abje ,/eph5 ,langton #abjg-abbi ,ri*>d le ,gr& #abbi-abca ,edmund ,ri* #abcd-abdj ,boniface ( ,savoy #abde-abgj ,rob]t ,kilw>dby #abgc-abgh ,john ,peckham #abgi-abib ,rob]t ,w9*elsey #abid-acac ,next to ,cant]bury came ! important bi%opric ( ,london4 ,! latt] 0 a v l>ge & p[]ful diocese1 orig9at+ fir/ at ,dor*e/] ,a4,d4 #fcd1 divid+ into two sees1 ,w9*e/] & ,%]borne1 ,a4,d4 #gje1 :i* 7 fur!r subdivid$1 ! latt] into ,%]borne & ,wells1 & ! ,w9*e/] see into ,selsey & ,ramsbury 7,corv95sis72 all reunit+ 9 #ajge into ! p[]ful bi%opric ( ,old ,s>um1 ev5tually remov$ to ,salisbury1 #abah4 ,?us x w be se5 t ,w9*e/] & ,%]borne 7 ! *ief bi%oprics1 ! o!rs be+ (f%oots ( lat] creation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,bi%ops ( ,salisbury comm5c$ "u ,h]man 7di$ #ajgg71 previ\sly kn[n z ,bi%op ( ,%]borne 7,scirburni5sis74 ,osmund1 di$ ,dec4 #c1 #ajii4 ,rog]1 elect$ #aajb1 consecrat$ #aajg1 di$ #aaci4 ,jocel9 de ,bailul1 di$ a ,ci/]cian ,monk at ,wav]ley ,abbey1 #aahd4 ,hub]t ,walt]1 #aahi1 translat$ to ,cant]bury1 #aaic4 ,h]b]t ,poore1 #aaid4 ,ri*>d ,poore1 #abag4 ,! see !n transf]r$ to ,new ,s>um or ,salisbury4 ,rob]t ,b+ham1 #abbh4 ,william ( ,york1 #abdf4 ,giles de ,bridport1 #abef4 ,walt] de ,la ,wyle1 #abfc4 ,rob]t de ,wykehampton1 #abga4 ,walt] ,scammel1 #abhd4 ,h5ry de ,braunde/on1 #abhg4 ,william de ,la ,corn]1 #abhi4 ,nicolas ,longespe1 #abic4 ,simon ( ,gh5t1 #abjg4 ,rog] de ,mortival1 #acae4 ,bi%ops ( ,w9*e/] :o 7 ,*ancellors ( ,engl&4 ,william ,giff>d1 introduc$ ! ,ci/]cian ,monks into ,engl& #aajj-aabi ,ni*olas ,ely #abfh-abhb ,john ,s&all #acaf-acbj ,adam ,orlton #accc-acde ,william ,edyngdon1 fir/ ,prelate ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]2 ! ,bi%ops ( ,w9*e/] h ev] s9ce reta9$ ?is hon\r #acde-acfg ,william de ,wykeham4 ,introduc$ ! ,p]p5dicul> ar*itecture into ,engl&2 built ,w9*e/] ,college & ,new ,college1 ,ox=d2 rebuilt "p ( 8 ,ca!dral4 ,a great re=m] ( abuses #acfg-adjd ,h5ry ,beau=t 7,c>d9al7 increas$ ! ,/4 ,cross ,alm%\ses2 took a prom95t "p 9 ! burn+ ( ,joan ( ,arc4 ,see ,%akespe>e's #8,h5ry ,,vi4' #adjd-addg ,william de ,waynflete1 fir/ ,provo/ ( ,eton4 ,f\nd$ ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d2 cont9u$ 8 ma/]'s 7,william de ,wykeham's7 re=mation ( abuses1 etc4 #addg-adhg ,?omas ,wolsey1 ! celebrat$ ,c>d9al ,wolsey ( hi/ory4 ,held ! see 9 comm5dam #aebh-aecj ,/eph5 ,g>d9]4 ,he figures z "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ecclesia/ics dur+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,edw>d ,,vi41 & ,m>y4 ,8 life is "p ( ! hi/ory ( ^? times #aeca-aeej ,*ief ,ju/ices ( ,engl&4 ,odo ( ,bayeux & ,william ,fitz ,osb]n1 ,e>l ( ,h]e=d #ajfg ,william de ,w>r5 & ,ri*>d ,fitz ,gilb]t #ajgc ,lanfranc1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,ge(frey1 ,bi%op ( ,c\tances1 & ,rob]t1 ,c\nt ( ,morta9 #ajgh ,odo1 ,bi%op ( ,bayeux #ajhg-ajhh ,william de ,/4 ,c>ileph1 ,bi%op ( ,durham #ajhh ,ranulph ,flamb>d1 ,bi%op ( ,durham #ajid-aajj ,rob]t ,bloett1 ,bi%op ( ,l9coln #aajj-aajg ,rog] ,le ,poor1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury #aajg-aaci ,rob]t de ,beaumont1 ,e>l ( ,leice/] #aaed-aafg ,ri*>d de ,luci #aaed-aagi ,ranulph ,glanville #aahj-aahi ,hugh1 ,bi%op ( ,durham1 & ,william1 ,e>l ( ,essex #aahi ,hugh1 ,bi%op ( ,durham1 & ,william ,long*amp1 ,bi%op ( ,ely #aaij ,william ,long*amp alone #aaij ,walt] ( ,c\tances1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,r\5 #aaia-aaic ,hub]t ,walt]1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury #aaid-aaih ,ge(frey ,fitz ,pet]1 ,e>l ( ,essex #aaih-abac ,pet] des ,ro*es1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 native ( ,poiti]s #abad-abae ,hub]t de ,burgh #abae-abcb ,/eph5 ,segrave #abcb-abcd ,hugh ,bigot #abeh-abfj ,hugh ,le ,desp5s] #abfj ,philip ,basset #abfa ,ralph de ,h5gham #abgc-abhi ,gilb]t de ,?ornton #abhi-abie ,rog] ,brabazon #abie ,*ancellors ( ,engl&4 ,h]fa/1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,elmham #ajfh ,osb]n1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,exet] #ajgj-ajgd ,osmund1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,salisbury #ajgd-ajgh ,maurice1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,london #ajgh-ajhc ,william de ,beaufoe1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,!t=d #ajhc-ajhe ,william ,giff>d #ajhf-ajij ,rob]t ,bloett #ajij ,wald]ic #ajic ,william ,giff>d #ajid-aaja ,rog] ,le ,poor #aaja-aajc ,william ,giff>d #aajc-aajd ,wald]ic #aajd ,ranulph #aajh-aabc ,ge(frey ,rufus #aabd-aace ,rog] ,le ,poor #aace-aaci ,philip #aaci ,?omas ,beckett #aaed-aafb ,ralph de ,w>neville #aagc-aaha ,ge(frey1 ! ,k+'s son #aaha-aahi ,william ,long*amp1 ,bi%op ( ,ely #aahi-aaig ,eu/ace1 ,bi%op ( ,ely #aaig-aaii ,hub]t ,walt] #aaii-abje ,walt] ,grey #abje-abac ,pet] des ,ro*es #abac-abad ,walt] ,grey #abad ,ri*>d de ,m>isco #abad-abbf ,ralph ,neville #abbf-abdd ,walt] de ,m]ton #abfa ,nicolas de ,ely #abfc ,?omas ,cantelupe #abfe ,walt] ,giff>d #abfe ,godfrey ,giff>d #abfg ,ri*>d ,middleton #abfi-abgb ,walt] de ,m]ton #abgb ,rob]t ,burnell #abgc-abib ,john ,langton #abib ,william ,gre5field #acjb ,william ( ,hamilton #acjd ,ralph ,baldock #acjg ,! witnesses 7 *os5 f ! ,k+'s *ief (fic]s1 ) a few local magnates4 ,?is w sometimes be a valuable guide to locality :5 ! c\nty is n nam$4 ,b z a rule ! "n ( ! c\nty is writt5 on ! m>g91 & also ! "n ( ! place1 toge!r ) a brief index ( ! cont5ts ( ! *>t]4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,p>i% ,,regi/]s4 ,! /udy ( p>i% regi/]s is q ap>t f t ( old de$s4 ,! writ+ ( ! =m] beg9s at ! p]iod :]e ! latt] usually end1 = de$s writt5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury are reg>d$ by ! antiqu>y z #8mod]n'2 b !n comes ! mo/ difficult h&writ+ ( all to deciph]1 because ! old race ( s*ol>ly cl]ks _h di$ out & be5 replac$ by less educat$ m54 ,p>i% regi/]s are unique 9 _m ways4 ,!y conta9 in=mation n[h]e else obta9able4 ,sometimes1 besides ! m]e repetition ( names1 !re are ins]t$ scraps ( orig9al in=mation1 = ! cl]gyman _h undisput$ control ( ! volumes until #afeb1 :i* rema9$ usually 9 ! keep+ ( 8 deputy1 ! p>i% cl]k1 & ei!r ( !m c\ld ent] 9 ! books :atev] he pleas$4 ,e n[ & !n an outcry arises z to ! condition & c>e ( p>i% regi/]s1 & desire is express$ t !y %\ld be deposit$ 9 a l>ge public (fice simil> to ! ,public ,record ,(fice2 b anyone :o has wi%$ to make or obta9 extracts f ! regi/]s at ! diocesan regi/ries is well aw>e ( ! tr\ble & exp5se involv$4 ,se>* fees soon m\nt up4 ,z reg>ds exp5se & difficulty ( se>*+1 ! ,regi/]s ( ,irel& are f> worse ?an ,engl&4 ,_m are ! kn[n in/ances :]e ! preci\s volumes h be5 purposely mutilat$1 or by neglect suff]$ to fall into decay & illegibility2 b1 z a :ole1 x is wond]ful to see ! excell5t condition & pres]vation ( ^! old records1 :i*1 if once remov$ out ( _! own p>i%es into a l>ge public collection1 w\ld lose all individuality1 & become m]g$ 9 ! mass ( manuscripts :i* are m or less buri$ 9 e l>ge libr>y4 ,x is a pity t "s arrangem5t _c be made to ensure pres]vation by a few copies be+ pr9t$ ( ea* regi/]4 ,transcrib+ is gradually be+ und]tak5 privately1 b ought to be work$ on a m sy/ematic plan ) uni=mity ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,! ,p>i% ,regi/] ,society pr9ts volumes1 b !re is no special libr>y or collection ( transcripts1 pr9t$ or ,,ms41 & ! ,briti% ,museum refuses to buy any because !y are n #8orig9al1' :i*1 by ! way1 c\ld n legally be b\ght or possess$ by anyone4 ,! pr9t+ ( a few copies w\ld n 9 any way affect ! fees accru+ to ! cl]gy f rese>*es1 b r t5d to increase !m1 = at pres5t mu* in=mation is lo/ because its :]eab\ts is unkn[n4 ,x is ?is "q ( se>*-fees :i* causes su* a /eady resi/ance on ! "p ( ! resid5t cl]gy to any su* project4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is ! "w has be5 begun already1 & "s day w be a public affair1 & n left to private ent]prise4 ,! regi/]s ( _m p>i%es are pr9t$1 or h ,,ms4 transcripts all ready = ! press2 nor is ! exp5se z great z might be imag9$4 ,a few copies unb\nd may be produc$ at a co/ ( f #c to #aj1 & c easily be cov]$ by subscription4 ,x is n unusual1 :5 apply+ by lett] = extracts f an old regi/]1 to receive a reply ( apology f ! cl]gyman recomm5d+ a p]sonal se>* on ! "p ( ! inquir]1 z ! in=mation c\ld n be s5t ow+ to inability to read ! unfamili> old h&writ+4 ,?is w\ld be avoid$ if a typ$ or pr9t$ copy prop]ly index$ 7 at h& = ref]5ce1 :ile on any important matt]1 :]e an atte/$ copy f ! orig9al 0 necess>y1 x c\ld be obta9$ z h]et(ore1 = legal "w ! orig9al mu/ be consult$1 & a c]tificate obta9$ f ! cl]gyman4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engli% p>i% regi/]s comm5ces f ! ,re=mation ye> ( #aecf1 copi$ f ! ,spani% idea4 ,:e!r any previ\s sy/em _h exi/$ we are unable to say1 = in=mation on ! subject is lack+4 ,"h & !re fragm5ts ( regi/]s are kn[n e>li] ?an ! above-quot$ date1 b ^! are ! exception1 n ! rule4 ,dea?s not$ d[n by ! *antry prie/s or monks are f\nd on ! m>g9s ( old mona/ic brevi>ies1 :5 pray]s = ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ _h be5 desir$4 ,! subject is "o ( va/ importance1 = )\t prop] regi/ration x is impossible to decide ! legality ( a m>riage or prove legitimacy ( (fspr+1 bo? necess>y po9ts ( law :]e inh]itance ( l&$ prop]ty is conc]n$4 ,! s*eme ( p>o*ial regi/ration1 z devis$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4's %rewd m9i/] ,cromwell1 0 only copi$ f a l plan long 9 use abroad4 ,! idea at fir/1 be+ new to ! ,engli% p1 met ) mu* opposition1 be+ mi/ak5 = a new species ( taxation4 ,nev]!less1 ,p>liam5t ord]$ x to be c>ri$ out "u p5alty ( f9es1 &1 be+ f\nd a valuable in/itution1 0 submitt$ to1 until cu/om fully e/abli%$ x4 ,?us our p>i% regi/]s _c be old] ?an #aecf4 ,?\gh 9 a few in/ances e>li] ,,mss4 exi/ !y are ! exception1 = ! ord] did n become g5]al till two ye>s lat]1 !re=e #aech may be reckon$ z ! ye> :5 regi/]s may be said to h 9 reality begun 9 ,engl&4 ,at fir/ ! regi/]s 7 c>efully writt51 ! entries be+ 9 ,lat94 ,aft] a :ile less c>e 0 tak54 ,! notes 7 made on r\gh /rips ( pap] call$ #8cl]k's notes1' & 7 suppos$ to be ent]$ at fix$ int]vals 9 ! book2 b (t5 ?is 0 irregul>ly p]=m$1 & ! /rips 7 mislaid & lo/ be=e !y c\ld be copi$4 ,9 "s p>i%es bo? ! cl]k's notes z well z ! old regi/] book may /ill be se5 & comp>$4 ,v few p]sons "k t ^! are ! orig9al entries1 & ,i believe ignorance ( ! fact excludes !m z legal evid5ce4 ,! religi\s unc]ta9ty ( ! succe$+ reigns caus$ ! "q ( regi/ration to be ignor$1 b ,que5 ,elizabe? issu$ sev]al comm&s on ! subject1 notably t by :i* transcripts 7 ye>ly s5t at ,ea/] to be pres]v$ among ! diocesan records4 ,mo/ ( ! old p>i% regi/] books n[ exi/+ are transcripts made accord+ to ,que5 ,elizabe?'s comm&1 z c be se5 at a glance1 = ! h&writ+ is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! case if ! notes made by ! cl]k _h be5 p]iodically copi$ into ! book4 ,curi\sly1 ! date ( ^! ,acts is n kn[n4 ,! bulk ( ! transcripts date f #aeeh4 ,ano!r m /r+5t ,act1 to ensure ye>ly copies be+ made1 0 pass$ ^u ,james ,i4's accession to ! ?rone1 & ! cl]gyman's "n 0 to be affix$ to ea* page z witness t ! copy 0 fai?fully exact4 ,_h ^! wise regulations be5 c>ri$ out to ! lett]1 & 9 ! _s t 0 int5d$1 we %\ld n[ possess an invaluable corroboration ( ! accuracy ( ! p>i% regi/]s2 b alas6 ! transcripts to be f\nd 9 ! diocesan regi/ries are meagre & imp]fect4 ,ye>s & s]ies ( ye>s are miss+1 & ! entries are s lack+ 9 detail z to be practically useless4 ,9 "s dioceses no transcripts rema9--,ro*e/]1 = in/ance4 ,p]sonal se>* c1 ( c\rse1 be made among ! diocesan regi/]s1 & ?is is /rongly to be recomm5d$1 = any mi/akes 9 a transcript r5d] x n only valueless1 b mis*iev\s4 ,extracts f regi/]s are ! mo/ dang]\s mat]ial a g5ealogi/ has to deal )4 ,unless fur!r au!nticat$ by wills & old de$s to confirm ! relation%ip1 x w be f\nd no easy job to piece toge!r ^! brok5 l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 & )\t wilful misrepres5tation be+ int5d$1 mi/akes may & w occur4 ,take1 = in/ance1 any "n1 & try to trace out ! p$igree ) ! help ( ! p>i% regi/] only4 ,at fir/ x is easy en\gh1 :e!r work$ backw>ds or =w>ds1 b aft] ! fir/ ?ree or f\r g5]ations h be5 work$ out all c]ta9ty ( relation%ip is lo/1 & becomes confus$4 ,! h&writ+ ( ! p>i% regi/]s is a comb9ation ( ! old set law-h& & ! p]sonal h&writ+s m5tion$ 9 ! second *apt]4 ,orig9al entries 7i4e41 entries made at ! "t ( p]=m+ ! religi\s c]emony7 are seldom met ) be=e ! middle ( ,james ,i4's reign1 by :i* "t ! ,lat9 language _h fall5 into disuse4 ,! ,commonweal? ,gov]nm5t pass$ an ,act ( ,p>liam5t appo9t+ paid regi/r>s to e village 7#afec74 ,^! 7 (t5 illit]ate m51 ^: only accompli%m5ts consi/$ ( be+ able to read & write1 & ^: zeal & discretion alone regulat$ ! keep+ ( ! regi/] books4 ,?is duty 0 (t5 b ill-p]=m$1 especially :5 age & infirmity ov]took ! regi/r>1 :o cont9u$ 9 (fice until dea? reliev$ him ( 8 duties4 ,no second regi/r> seem$ 9 any case to h be5 appo9t$1 nor did ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t provide = su* a cont+5cy1 & ! "w ( keep+ ! regi/]s devolv$ aga9 ^u ! cl]gyman & 8 assi/ant cl]k4 ,= sev]al ye>s aft] ! ,re/oration ( #affj ! regi/]s 7 irregul>ly kept1 & v erratic4 ,! old race ( educat$ cl]ks 0 gone4 ,=m]ly1 :5 ! regi/]s fir/ began1 cl]k%ips may h be5 fill$ by m5 educat$ 9 ! mona/]ies1 :o1 :5 turn$ adrift1 7 glad to employ !mselves z prie/s' *apla9s or private tutors z a means ( livelihood4 ,until ! la/ c5tury v few small s*ools ( any k9d exi/$ = ! poor] classes1 except ^? provid$ by *>itable beque/s4 ,^! 7 few & f> betwe51 & c\ld be ( little b5efit to ! masses ( ! p4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! ill-paid cl]gy 7 oblig$ to be cont5t ) v un$ucat$ m5 to s]ve 9 ! capacity ( cl]k4 ,! regi/]s ( ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are indit$ 9 e v>iety ( illegibly bad writ+4 ,! *ief difficulty ( read+ ! old regi/]s lies 9 ! imm5se v>iety ( =ms a "n 0 capable ( pass+ ?r\gh1 ow+ to ! laxity ( ,engli% spell+ & pronunciation4 ,! p only knew _! own surnames by oral tradition1 & 7 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! p>i% cl]k1 :o wrote d[n ! "n z x s\nd$ to him1 & z s\nds h a diff]5t effect on diff]5t p]sons1 ! commone/ names (t5 appe>$ 9 v /range & unrecognisable disguises be=e !y f9ally cry/alliz$ into _! mod]n =ms4 ,eeles1 ,yeeles1 became ,wells4 ,x is n unusual to f9d items ( miscellane\s in=mation jott$ d[n at r&om by ! cl]gyman among ! entries ( bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s4 ,heavy falls ( sn[1 disa/r\s floods1 p]iods ( dr\ght1 /orms ( any k9d1 7 all ev5ts ( great local importance 9 c\ntry places1 & w\ld rema9 = a long "t z traditional l&m>ks 9 _! annals4 ,alas6 su* items are r>e1 & are n[ r5d]$ impossible 9 ! pr9t$ columns ( ! mod]n regi/] books4 ,! mo/ useful & lea/ tr\blesome way to catalogue ! cont5ts ( a p>i% regi/] = ref]5ce is to write out ! ye>1 & bel[ x ent] ! bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s1 ) ! names occurr+ "u ea* head+1 b )\t tak+ ! "t or tr\ble to copy ! dates ( day or mon?1 ^! la/ be+ only requir$ = law inve/igations1 & = :i* purpose a sign$ c]tificate f ! cl]gyman direct f ! orig9als only w\ld be receiv$ z evid5ce4 ,p>liam5t>y blue-books h be5 issu$ on ! subject ( p>o*ial regi/]s1 & a mo/ useful pamphlet is issu$ by ! ,p>i% ,regi/] ,society e few ye>s1 giv+ z complete a catalogue z possible ( all regi/]s ( :i* up to ! pres5t day pr9t$ copies or indexes h be5 made4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,p>i% ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,_! ,,books4 ,among ! cont5ts ( ! p>i% de$-*e/ :]e9 regi/]s are suppos$ to be safely kept are (t5 f\nd o!r books & pap]s1 seem+ly ( little int]e/ or importance1 b 9 reality v likely to yield curi\s & orig9al scraps ( in=mation1 ) glimpses into ! life ( ! poor] classes dur+ ! pa/ c5turies4 ,"s day ^! old acc\nt books1 n[ flung aside z wor?less1 w be ( great importance 9 an antiqu>y's eyes1 = !y give li/s ( all ! resid5ts 9 ! p>i%1 f ! squire to ! l[e/ & poore/1 %[+ ! social /atus ( ea*2 & fur!r1 are ( value :5 comp>$ ) ! p>i% regi/]s1 z giv+ a clue to ! l5g? ( resid5ce ( inhabitants :o1 if ( ! middle class1 soon] or lat] s]v$ _! turn z p>i% (fic]s2 & if paup]s1 7 ent]$ z recipi5ts ( p>o*ial *>ity4 ,previ\s to ?is c5tury ! *ur*w>d5s1 ov]se]s1 road surveyors & p>i% con/ables held (fice = "o ye> only1 be+ elect$ at ! annual ,ea/] ve/ry2 n[ re-election is suppos$ to take place1 b ! po/ is usually c>ri$ on f ye> to ye> )\t opposition4 ,app>5tly "s rule ( ye>ly income or r5tal gov]n$ ! election1 or else c]ta9 t5em5ts 7 repres5t$ 9 rotation by _! t5ants1 = wid[s 7 liable to s]ve1 9 :i* case a son or "s ne> neighb\r 0 deput$ to act 9 ! woman's "n4 ,n[ ! cu/om ( ye>ly *ange has di$ out1 & a *ur*w>d5 once elect$ goes on f ye> to ye>1 until sickness1 old age1 or dea? r5d]s "s fre% arrangem5t absolutely necess>y4 ,?is /atem5t 0 #8caught up' by ! review]s ( ?is book1 b1 nev]!less1 x is p]fectly true4 ,surely1 if 9 ^? old days1 :5 education 0 s sp>sely di/ribut$1 & ev5 read+ & writ+ look$ ^u z sci5ces--if !n x 0 possible to f9d m5 able & capable ( direct+ local affairs1 x seems /range t n[ s few are consid]$ fit = ! po/1 :5 e day-lab\r]'s son is taught draw+ & essay-writ+ 9 addition to 8 elem5t>y /udies4 ,! (fice ( *ur*w>d5 is v old4 ,n[ x has lo/ mo/ ( its pre/ige1 & ! *ur*w>d5 is almo/ =gott5 except on ! ,sundays :5 collections are made2 =m]ly ea* villag] took a p]sonal int]e/ 9 affairs :i* "s day he himself w\ld probably be call$ ^u to manage4 ,! two *ur*w>d5s ( a p>i% repres5t$ ! rival int]e/s ( its inhabitants3 ! p>son v]sus ! squire & 8 t5ants4 ,ea* (fic] _h 8 cli5ts' int]e/s to uphold & consid]4 ,! mo/ on]\s duty be=e ! pres5t sy/em ( ,poor ,law1 h[ev]1 fell ^u ! ov]se] ( ! poor1 9 ^: h&s re/$ ! responsibility ( ! prop] di/ribution ( ! public funds 9 ! %ape ( beque/s & legacies2 to him came applications = relief1 & ) him also 7 moot$ all que/ions relat+ to ! disposal ( paup]s1 bo? dead & alive4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 =bade ! giv+ ( alms to able-bodi$ m51 b no regul> ,poor ,laws 7 inv5t$ till ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 ,k+4 ,! fir/ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t relat+ to ,poor ,laws 7 pass$ t[>ds ! conclusion ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s long reign4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y to make "s fre% /atutes applicable to ! new /ate ( affairs consequ5t ^u ! ,re=mation4 ,previ\sly mo/ ( ! *>ity _h be5 di/ribut$ or direct$ by ! monks1 & aft] ^! 7 disp]s$ & _! l&s seiz$ by ! ,cr[n & sold1 _! un=tunate dep5d5ts 7 r5d]$ /ill m dep5d5t1 & all ! sev]e laws aga9/ vagrancy & begg>s made by ! ,tudor sov]eigns c\ld n abate ! nuisance or solve ! difficult "q1 :ile doles & gifts ( bread or alms s]v$ only to increase ! evil ?r\gh tol]ation4 ,worse & worse ! /ate ( ?+s became1 till t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ! climax 0 rea*$2 !re 7 !n :ole families ( paup]s :o1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 made no ef=t t[>ds self-support ei!r = !mselves or _! (fspr+4 ,^! la/ 7 br\ght up entirely on *>ity1 clo!d1 f$1 & appr5tic$1 till f9ally m>ri$ by *>ity1 ! fees be+ paid out ( ! *>ity money2 nor did ! matt] end !re1 =1 probably1 aft] ! lapse ( ye>s ! w$d$ c\ple ) _! *ildr5 7if !y became *>geable to ! p>i%7 7 return$ to _! native village1 aga9 to become recipi5ts ( its *>ity till dea? claim$ !m1 & ! p>i% paid ! fun]al exp5ses4 ,! fir/ commission ^u ! ,poor ,laws took place 9 ,william ,,iv4's reign1 & s9ce !n re=m has gradually be5 at "w4 ,9 _m places public *>ity is /ill abus$2 b no real good c be effect$ at once1 & e ef=t mu/ be prov$ by long & fair trial1 "u :i* all unsuitable exp]im5ts w fail1 & only ! practical & b5eficial ones w survive ! te/4 ,( c\rse1 relief & outdoor assi/ance 7 left v mu* to ! discretion & hone/y ( ! ov]se]1 ^: acc\nts 7 ye>ly scrut9iz$ at ! ,ea/] ve/ry1 :5 ! p>o*ial acc\nts 7 discuss$4 ,sometimes ^! discussions 7 consid]$ ( suffici5t importance to be ent]$ 9 ! p>i% books4 ,que/ions z to ! own]%ip & di/ribution ( pews 9 ! *ur*1 repairs to ! edifice1 by :om !y 7 to be done1 b\nd>ies1 & ^: bus9ess x 0 to keep 9 ord] c]ta9 roads ly+ betwe5 rival p>i%es--all su* matt]s came =w>d = consid]ation1 &1 f9ally1 ! (fic]s = ! ensu+ ye> 7 elect$1 & ! books h&$ ov] to ! new *ur*w>d5s4 ,p]haps a fur!r *eck ^u miscellane\s entries be+ made 9 ! books 0 t all ! acc\nts _h #8to be pass$' at ! ne>e/ ,sessions & sign$ by ! presid+ magi/rate1 :o 0 "s neighb\r+ squire4 ,! p>i% con/able is n[ replac$ by ! policeman suppli$ by ! c\nty1 z visible repres5tative ( ! law 9 rural places4 ,"o entry (t5 f\nd among ! old acc\nts 0 ( repairs done to ! village /ocks1 frequ5tly us$ to puni% petty (f5ces1 especially drunk5ness4 ,! p\nd1 too1 (t5 ne$$ m5d+2 f9es = all[+ animals to /ray & become emp\nd$ are among ! mo/ frequ5t entries 9 old manor c\rt rolls4 ,9 _m places a hayw>d 0 a regul>ly appo9t$ (fic] = ?is purpose1 ^: duty x 0 to capture ! animals & att5d to !m until !y 7 reclaim$ by _! own] or sold to defray exp5ses4 ,9 ,b]k%ire ! hayw>d1 or p9d]1 gave a tally to ! p]son :o br\ght ! bea/ f\nd on 8 l&1 & he did n deliv] ! bea/ until its own] produc$ ! tally1 prov+ t comp5sation = damage _h be5 prop]ly paid1 z well z exp5ses = keep dur+ its det5tion4 ,! (fices ( ov]se] ( ! poor & ( road surveyor1 ! latt] call$ wayw>d51 are n ( any great antiquity2 nor are !y ( consequ5ce s f> z reg>ds ! old acc\nt books1 9 :i* _! elections are (t5 n ev5 m5tion$4 ,z to ! con/able1 we only get a casual glimpse ( 8 duties :5 we read a li/ ( 8 exp5ses incurr$ 9 convey+ "s del9qu5t p>i%ion] to ! c\nty gaol1 or ( j\rneys tak5 to di/ant places to enquire into ! antec$5ts ( paup]s1 or 9 tak+ !m back to _! own villages4 ,x is ! ov]se]s' acc\nts :i* are really curi\s--^? long li/s ( g>m5ts b\ght to clo! ! paup]s & _! *ildr51 ! old appr5tice =ms by :i* ! *ildr5 7 plac$ out 9 s]vice s soon z !y 7 capable ( e>n+ a /ray sixp5ce t[>ds _! own keep4 ,cruel z x seem$ to be to s5d out su* "y *ildr5 to "w1 x 01 9 reality1 ! k9de/ ?+ t c\ld be done = !m1 = x gave !m a *ance ( ?or\ghly le>n+ a trade & s becom+ indep5d5t & work+ = !mselves4 ,) all our mod]n ,poor ,law organization & s*emes ( education1 ,i believe 9 ! end we %all ev5tually return to ! old sy/em ( juv5ile appr5tice%ips--a f> m practical me?od ( tea*+ ?an any m]e class in/ruction4 ,maybe a bundle ( old pap]s are roll$ toge!r among ! acc\nt books4 ,^! may be ! ord]s = ! removal ( paup]s back to ! village !y call$ #8home1' a cu/om fir/ orig9at$ by "s ,acts ( ,p>liam5t pass$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 ,at ! same "t ! p>i% (fic]s 7 comm&$ & =c$ by p5alties to provide = paup]s remov$ back into _! p>i%1 &1 to prev5t fraud1 writt5 pro(s z to ! prop] home or resid5ce ( ! paup]s _h to be obta9$ & produc$2 ^! pap]s are call$ #8settlem5ts4' ,paup]s are n[ remov$ back to ! workh\se ( _! own di/rict if !y c prove a c]ta9 l5g? ( resid5ce4 ,! p>i% (fic]s did _! be/ = ! welf>e ( _! *>ges3 !y provid$ ! old wom5 ) sp9n+-:eels1 s t !y c\ld e>n a trifle = !mselves1 :ile ! m5 7 set to "w on ! road2 :5 fail+ 9 heal? !y 7 t5d$ by a p>i% nurse1 & if sick ! doctor saw !m4 ,sometimes !y 7 s5t to ,ba? or ,*elt5ham to be cur$ by ! f>-fam$ wat]s4 ,= _m ye>s ^! old annuitants l+]$ on1 till we read ! la/ entry paid = bury+ ,goody or ,goodman ,s-&-s4 ,any public ev5t :i* requir$ to be celebrat$ by ! r++ ( ! *ur* bells is sure to be m5tion$ among ! ord9>y exp5ses4 ,!re are 9 ! old books 7^? ( t unsettl$ "t :5 ! religion ( ! ,/ate v>i$ accord+ to ! ,sov]eign 9 p[]1 dur+ ! ,tudor & ,/u>t dyna/ies7 _m notices ( ! alt]ations wr\ght bo? 9 t[n & c\ntry places4 ,! *ur* goods 7 fir/ catalogu$ by ord] ( ,edw>d ,,vi4's ,m9i/]s2 ri* ve/m5ts1 alt> hang+s1 & num]\s vessels are nam$ 9 ! fir/ li/1 b lat] on1 "u ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ! p>i% *ur*es 7 fur!r despoil$1 till !re 0 little left = ! ,puritans to remove1 & 9 ! lat] li/s only ! old s]vice books & books ( religi\s in/ruction are left to ! *ur*w>d5s to *ronicle4 ,al?\gh in/ances z e>ly z #abhg are on record1 ! erection ( pews 0 an innovation only introduc$ by degrees aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! de/ruction ( scre5s & ! removal ( alt>s caus$ alt> rails & communion tables to be us$ in/ead4 ,!n came ! t]rors ( civil w>4 ,^u ! *ur*w>d5s devolv$ ! duty ( provid+ burial = soldi]s sla9 9 battle4 ,su* burials 7 n (t5 9 ! *ur*y>d1 b on ! b\nd>ies ( p>i%es1 ! exp5ses be+ defray$ equally by bo? p>i%es2 ?is 0 probably an old cu/om 9 w>f>e1 b x 0 c>ri$ out z late z ! ,commonweal?4 ,a battle 0 a public calamity1 & ! responsibility ( provid+ int]m5t = ! sla9 0 !re=e a public duty4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ! *ur*es 7 repair$ & ! royal arms re/or$4 ,lat] on we f9d "s p>sons resign+ _! "w f noncon=m+ scruples2 at ?is "t1 too1 are notices ( excommunicat$ p]sons4 ,! ,puritan zeal 0 ar\s$ by ,james ,,ii4's injudici\s attempt to re/ore ,ca?olicism2 & att5dance at *ur*1 fir/ comm&$ by ,que5 ,elizabe?1 0 fur!r en=c$ by an ord] t tak+ ( ! ,sacram5t %\ld be reg>d$ z a te/ ( con=mity2 = disob$i5ce ! puni%m5t ( excommunication 0 inflict$ ^u ! *ur*w>d5s' application to ! bi%op4 ,! ,recusants1 z papi/s 7 call$1 7 treat$ ) great sev]ity & inju/ice1 & heavily f9$ = _! religi\s beliefs4 ,any fre% ,act ( ,p>liam5t ) ref]5ce to fees or taxes 0 soon not$ 9 ! p>i% books4 ,fees v>i$ 9 diff]5t places1 accord+ to cu/om4 ,prior to ! eighte5? c5tury fees = burial )9 ! *ur* 7 payable to ! *ur*w>d5s1 b aft]w>ds became ! p>son's p]quisite4 ,^! entries 9 ! *ur*w>d5s' books may lead to ! id5tification ( vaults & int]m5ts n not$ 9 ! p>i% regi/]1 & consequ5tly =gott54 ,! burial ( /rang]s 0 always *>g$ = at a high] rate2 = paup]s ! p>i% paid ! exp5ses1 & ! tax ( #c;d4 on ea* burial1 z levi$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 0 n en=c$4 ,taxes 7 levi$ on _m ?+s "u ! ,georges1 b none 7 m obnoxi\s to ! p ?an ! bir?1 m>riage1 & dea? taxes1 ( :i* ! cl]gyman 0 made to act z a mo/ unwill+ tax-ga!r]4 ,! w9d[-tax fell heavily on old manor h\ses pi]c$ ) innum]able w9d[s & skylights4 ,x 0 !n t _m w9d[s 7 block$ up to avoid paym5t4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury are _m entries ( paym5t = ! release ( m5 seiz$ = s]vice 9 ! army or navy2 :5 ! fa!r ( a family w5t away1 8 wife & *ildr5 7 left to be provid$ = by *>ity1 & ! fir/ paym5t by ! *ur*w>d5s = 8 release 0 9 ! end ! *eape/4 ,a li/ ( rails 7spelt usually #8rayles'7 surr\nd+ ! *ur*y>d rem9ds "o ( ano!r almo/ obsolete cu/om1 t ( ea* p]son repair+ ! rail 9 ! f5ce next to 8 prop]ty or = :i* he 0 liable4 ,! liability 0 atta*$ to ! l&1 ?\gh cu/om decid$ :e!r ! own] or ! occupi] 0 ! p]son to d su* repairs4 ,la/1 n lea/1 9 ! p>i% *e/ 7 bundles ( old pap]s1 te*nically kn[n z #8briefs4' ,9 ! acc\nt books all *ur* collections 7 duly ent]$4 ,orig9ally collections 7 m ( ! nature ( volunt>y rates1 = ! "n ( ea* donor is giv5 & ! sum he gave1 v>y+ 9 accordance ) 8 social position & means4 ,! orig9 ( *ur* collections is obscure2 no d\bt ! (f]+s giv5 at ! ,sacram5t 7 always devot$ to ! relief ( pov]ty & di/ress4 ,to regulate & re/rict ! "r ( levy+ collections ,acts ( ,p>liam5t 7 pass$1 & no collection 0 all[$ to be made )\t a prop] lic5se call$ a #8brief'2 b ! issu+ ( ^! grew to an al>m+ ext5t4 ,briefs 7 issu$ = all sorts ( em]g5cies & disa/]s1 pr9cipally = damage by fire1 !re be+ !n no insurance (fices2 & ! old build+s1 once set alight1 7 seldom rescu$ f total demolition4 ,a complete li/ ( e>ly briefs w\ld be curi\s1 b w\ld be s ext5sive z to fill a l>ge volume4 ,! subject has n met ) ! int]e/ x des]ves1 b ,i believe n[ x is beg9n+ to be /udi$4 ,! *ur*w>d5s probably kept few1 if any1 acc\nts prior to ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re=e any old] *ur* collections are unrecord$ or only m5tion$ by *ance4 ,9 an old p>i% book ( ,sulham/ead are entries ( ! foll[+ collections3 #afgj4 ,collect$ t[>ds ! r$emption ( ,engli% captives 9 ,turkey2 &1 aga91 9 #afhj1 a simil> collection took place4 ,x puzzl$ me mu* :y su* a small ,b]k%ire p>i% %\ld subscribe s lib]ally = ! release ( slaves2 b ?is 0 expla9$ on discov]+ t ,turki% pirates infe/$ ! seas1 & ev5 l&$ ) impunity on ! ,we/]n coa/s1 & c>ri$ (f prison]s1 bo? m5 & wom51 to become slaves4 ,! ma9 road to ! ,we/ ran ?r\gh ,b]k%ire2 travell]s along x d\btless br\ght tales ( su* wild de$s1 :i* lo/ no?+ 9 ! tell+1 & excit$ ! sympa?y ( ! c\ntry-folk4 ,9 #afii money 0 aga9 collect$2 ?is "t to r$eem #cjj captives deta9$ by ! ,k+ ( ,morocco4 ,9 #afgh funds 7 collect$ t[>ds ! rebuild+ ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 de/roy$ twelve ye>s previ\sly 9 ! ,great ,fire ( ,london4 ,_m papi/s all ov] ,engl& add$ _! contributions to ?is collection4 #afii4 ,collection 0 made = ! ,fr5* refugees & ,vaudois settl$ 9 ,switz]l&1 :o _h fl$ at ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,to inhabitants ( ,sulham/ead village ?is may h _h a ke5] int]e/ 9 t ,samuel ,morl&1 aft]w>ds made a b>onet1 ! son ( a =m] rector1 ,rev4 ,?omas ,morl&1 0 s5t out by ,gov]nm5t 9 #afee to inquire into ! condition ( ! ,wald5ses1 & he wrote !reon a book descriptive ( ! c\ntry & its inhabitants4 ,m>t9 ,morl&1 ano!r son ( ! rector1 _h return$ to 8 old home--at ! ,re/oration2 he resign$ 8 liv+ 9 #affe--;= "h two ( 8 sons 7 born4 #afhg4 ,brief = loss by fire 9 ,ayles=d4 #afhi4 ,loss by fire at ,bi%ops ,lav+ton1 ,wilts4 #afij4 ,ditto1 ,ea/ ,smi?field4 ,t[n ( ,/af=d4 ,t[n ( ,bungay1 ,suffolk4 #afij4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,george's1 9 ! bor\gh ( ,s\?w>k4 ,9 ! ,t[n ( ,/4 ,ives1 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,five collections = fires 9 diff]5t c\nties made 9 "o small p>i% )9 a ye>6 ,9 #agjc1 brief = refugees 9 ! ,pr9cipality ( ,orange4 ,aft] #agjc ! giv]s' names are no long] ent]$4 ,! p>i% doctor 0 regul>ly engag$ by ! *ur*w>d5s4 ,9 #aggd ! agreem5t = ,sulham/ead 0 made & sign$ by ! doctor1 & witness$ t he #8%\ld d ! bus9ess ( surg]y & apo!c>y1 brok5 bones except$1 = ! ye>ly sum ( five gu9eas'6 ,no wond] t ^! h>d-work$ physicians lack$ skill1 & reli$ m ^u practice ?an education = :at tal5t !y did possess4 ,! p]ambulation ( p>i% b\nds 0 ano!r ve/ry "q1 ^u :i* re/$ disput$ ti!s4 ,9 entries ( ti! old field-names1 n[ =gott51 may (t5 be recov]$4 ,! commutation ( ti! also 0 discuss$1 & 9 "s places ! p>son made agreem5ts ) 8 p>i%ion]s on ! subject4 ,visitation fees came be=e ! ve/ry1 & s5d+ copies ( ! regi/] to ! ,diocesan ,regi/ry 01 or ought to h be51 an annual occurr5ce4 ,any dispute seems to h come )9 ! ve/ry's jurisdiction1 & all dry subjects 7 wa%$ d[n ) pl5ty ( ale1 an item regul>ly ent]$ among ! exp5ses4 ,p]haps x 0 at ! ve/ry t ! village ur*9s came up to claim rew>ds (f]$ = ! ext]m9ation ( v]m91 _! in/9ctive love ( sport be+ fur!r develop$ by _! love ( ga94 ,foxes are among ! animals nam$ on ! li/1 toge!r ) /oats1 sp>r[s1 etc41 & ! prices paid = ?is :olesale de/ruction seem v high4 ,! spell+ ( _m ( ! old acc\nt books is decid$ly phonetic & orig9al1 b z a :ole !y are legible & neatly kept4 ,!y ne$ no?+ to expla9 _! mean+s z to :at class ( in=mation _! pages w yield1 except a guide su* z ,i h endeav\r$ to give1 = ! books ( "o p>i% closely resemble all o!rs4 ,! hi/ory ( a p>i% c nev] prop]ly be writt5 if ! p>i% books are miss+4 ,! value ( ^! books is n fully appreciat$1 & !y are too (t5 ?r[n aside z useless rubbi%4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,books ,,on ,,paleography ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects4 ,"p ( a guidebook's bus9ess is to direct p's att5tion to o!r simil> works likely to be ( use to !m4 ,few accompli%m5ts c be le>nt ) ! aid ( only "o book on ! subject1 & paleography is a comb9ation ( _m elem5ts4 ,few ,engli% writ]s h exp5d$ _! g5ius 9 books on h&writ+2 x has n 9 ?is c\ntry be5 look$ ^u z "o ( ! sci5ces4 ,abroad ! subject has be5 m /udi$1 especially by ! ,fr5*1 9 ^: language _m valuable books on x h be5 compil$4 ,! type requir$ = ! abbreviations is exp5sive2 small editions only 7 issu$1 & _m valuable works are 9 consequ5ce r>e & little kn[n1 be+ only met ) 9 public libr>ies or among collections ( old books4 ,?us sev5te5 volumes ( #8,la ,biblio?que de l'cole des ,*>tres1' publi%$ 9 ,p>is betwe5 ! ye>s #ahci & #ahhf1 w fet* z mu* z #cj2 #8,album de la ,palographie' 7,quant91 #ahhg71 #f2 #8,elem5ts de la ,palographie1' p> ,natalis de ,wailly1 two volumes1 #ahch1 #c #cs42 #8,muse des ,ar*ives ,nationales1' #ahgb1 #a #ajs4 ,a v useful book1 less exp5sive ?an ! above1 0 writt5 by ,pr\1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is by ,alphonse ,pic>d1 diteur1 #hb1 ,rue ,bonap>te2 & *eap] /ill ?an ?is is ! #8,palographie des ,*>tes et des ,manuscrits du ,,xi4 au ,,xvii4 ,sicles1' p> ,alphonse ,*assant1 publi%$ by ,augu/e ,aubry1 ,rue ,dauph9e #af1 ,p>is4 ,! be/-kn[n *eap book on ! subject1 h[ev]1 is a small pap]-b\nd volume1 #8,dictionnaire des ,abbrviations ,lat9es et ,franaises1' p> ,alphonse ,*assant1 publi%$ by ,jules ,m>t91 #ai1 ,b\lev>d ,haussmann1 ,p>is1 at ! l[ price ( #b francs #ej c5times2 x has already rea*$ a fif? edition4 ,!re are also books on paleography writt5 9 ,g]man1 ,spani% & ,italian1 b ^! are seldom met ) 9 ,engl&4 ,n[ let u see :at our own c\ntrym5 h done t[>ds elucidat+ our national manuscripts4 ,! li/ w n be a long "o4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t fir/ ( all f\r sep>ate languages are requir$1 namely1 ,anglo-,saxon1 ,norman-,fr5*1 ,lat9 & ,old ,engli%4 ,= ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! /&>d "w is ,boswor?'s ,anglo-,saxon diction>y2 a second-h& copy may be b\ght = #hs4 #f;d4 ,x conta9s ! alphabet & grammatical peculi>ities ( ! ,anglo-,saxon language1 besides ! diction>y ( words4 ,= ,norman-,fr5*1 all t is requir$ at fir/ />t is a famili>ity ) ! mod]n language4 ,any good1 old-fa%ion$ diction>y w be ( assi/ance1 & lat] on ,roque=t's diction>y1 ,lacombe's ,burguy1 & ! gloss>y 9 ! ,supplem5t to ,ducange1 may be resort$ to1 to solve difficulties4 ,lat9 & ,engli% may be /udi$ toge!r1 ! "o be+ translat$ v]batim f ! o!r4 ,! /&>d ,engli% "w ^u h&writ+ z a :ole is call$ #8,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,h&writ+1' by ,a/le2 x 0 publi%$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,a good copy is n[ wor? two or ?ree sov]eigns1 ?\gh ,i h se5 x adv]tis$ = #abs4 #f;d4 ,?is book deals ) e k9d ( kn[n writ+ f its e>lie/ exi/5ce4 ,!re are facsimiles ( ,hebrew1 ,sanscrit1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & o!r languages1 besides specim5s ( ,engli% *>t]s ( ea* c5tury4 ,! ,paleographic ,society 0 />t$ 9 #ahgc1 & _! ye>ly volumes conta9 exact repres5tations ( ! old docum5ts1 b ^! co/ #a #as4 ea*4 ,!y are valuable z hav+ ! facsimile & its transcript side by side1 b z yet !y h only select$ v old *>t]s1 n consid]+ m$ival ,engli% de$s wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,boswor?'s ,anglo-,saxon diction>y is ! /&>d "w on ?is subject4 ,"s ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts 7 publi%$ 9 #ahgh by comm& ( ! ,que51 ^u ! recomm5dation ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls1 ! "w be+ und]tak5 by ,g5]al ,cam]on1 director ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 ) translations add$ by ,w4 ,basevi-,saund]s4 ,! *>t]s select$ 7 ^? among ! ar*ives ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 z !y give ?ree c5turies ( ,anglo-,saxon hi/ory1 ,a4,d4 #gdb to ,a4,d4 #ajdi4 ,?is "w n[ fet*es #b #bs4 ,a collection ( e>ly ,anglo-,saxon *>t]s1 ^? ( ,ab+don ,abbey1 has be5 issu$ 9 ! #8,rolls ,s]ies' 9 two volumes4#f ,o!r ,anglo-,saxon docum5ts h be5 pr9t$ & translat$ at v>i\s times4 ,domesday ,survey has be5 reproduc$ by a photographic process1 & is extremely cle> & well execut$2 x is also publi%$ 9 f\r volumes 9 a m readable type1 b /ill abbreviat$4 ,ea* c\nty c be obta9$ 9 a sep>ate volume4 ,! translations are n giv52 ?is = ! /ud5t is r an advantage ?an o!rwise4 ,no subject has be5 m /udi$ ?an ,domesday ,book4 ,translations1 explanations & diction>ies h be5 writt5 ^u x4 ,^! are v valuable z expla9+ ! obscure po9ts & giv+ ! mod]n acreage1 z comp>$ ) ! c>ucate1 bovate & hide4 ,to und]/& a c\nty hi/ory ^! mu/ be closely comp>$4 ,_m ( ! manors nam$ 9 ! old ,survey are n[ lo/4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t wa/e l&s & commons 7 n always m5tion$1 nor 7 *ur*es or any prop]ty :i* 0 n taxable4 ,= ?is reason ,domesday (t5 disappo9ts u by its meagr5ess ( detail1 b x =ms ! beg9n+ or basis f :i* an inquiry may be />t$1 & to pursue x ?r\gh ! c5turies :i* foll[$1 ! public rolls & manuscripts are ! only means ( in=mation2 ( ^! ,domesday w prove valuable z a key4 ,! really practical book on old ,engli% writ+ be/ kn[n & mo/ popul>1 because nei!r complicat$ nor exp5sive1 is ,wright's #8,c\rt-h& ,re/or$1' price #a1 compil$ 9 #ahdf to meet a long-felt want1 = ,lat9 hav+ ceas$ z ! law language1 lawy]s no long] 7 oblig$ to "k old legal =ms & words z "p ( _! pr(ession1 al?\gh !y (t5 felt ! ne$ ( und]/&+ !m :]e any se>* ?r\gh old de$s 0 requisite4 ,s9ce !n ?is book has pass$ ?r\gh n9e editions1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 br\ght out 9 #ahgi1 edit$ & improv$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,m>t91 ( ! ,public ,record ,(fice4#g ,x conta9s alphabets 9 all /yles1 facsimiles ( all classes ( ,engli% writ+1 ) translations1 a gloss>y ( obsolete words & place-names1 supply+ a valuable textbook to paleography1 giv+ ! read] all ! in=mation necess>y = /udy+ old de$s4 ,s9ce !n 7#ahib7 ,mr4 ,m>t9 has compil$ a full] & m elaborate gloss>y1 call$ #8,! ,record ,int]pret]1' #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! amateur w ne$ no o!r books if he is provid$ ) ^! two volumes4 ,a li/ ( abbreviations tak5 f ! ,pipe ,rolls 0 issu$ among ! ye>ly volumes ( ! ,pipe ,rolls ,society1 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,! f\r? volume ( #8,! ,regi/rum ,palat9um ,dunelm5se1' edit$ by ! late ,sir ,?omas ,duffus ,h>dy1 9 ! ,rolls ,s]ies ( #8,*ronicles & ,memorials1' also conta9s a li/ ( contract$ words & _! explanations4 ,its price is #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! /udy ( old de$s br+s 9 its tra9 a multiplicity ( o!r subjects be>+ ^u old cu/oms & legal =mul1 "s ( :i* 7 complicat$4 ,all ! writ]s ^u ! law expla9 ^! =malities2 #8?\gh n[ antiquat$ s f> z ! actual law "w & proc$ure is conc]n$1' !y give ! anci5t me?ods2 ( ^! #8,black/one's ,comm5t>ies' is ! be/ kn[n4 ,jacobs' #8,law ,diction>y' is ano!r simil> book2 also #8,a ,new ,law ,diction>y1' by ,j4 ,ni*olson4 ,b ^! books are n[ out ( date2 !y may by *ance be met ) at sales or on book/alls1 :]e !y may be b\ght = a few %ill+s4 ,p]haps an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,ex*ange & ,m>t might be successful 9 obta9+ replies4 ,( guides to v>i\s bran*es ( ar*ology !re are pl5ty lately issu$ s9ce ! subject became fa%ionable4 #8,record ,se>*+1' by ,w4 ,rye1 gives a glimpse into ! v>i\s public collections ( books & ,,mss41 & ! class ( in=mation likely to be d]iv$ f manuscripts4 #8,h[ to write ! ,hi/ory ( a ,family1' by ,phillimore1 is a simil> "w1 useful to g5ealogi/s4 #8,h[ to write ! ,hi/ory ( a ,p>i%1' by ,j4 ,c4 ,cox1 ,,ll4,d4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 all ^! ?ree la/ books might be ) advantage remodell$ & ext5d$4 ,!y are 9 reality indices to help ! ar*ologi/ & put him 9 ! way ( obta9+ in=mation4 ,a *>m+ little book1 full ( in=mation1 has be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,*e/] ,wat]s1 ^u ,p>i% ,regi/]s1 price #cs4 #i;d4 ,e cl]gyman %\ld possess a copy ( x4#h ,on ,*ur* ,hi/ory !re are rec5tly publi%$ two v good #as4 volumes1 call$ #8,illu/rat$ ,notes on ,engli% ,*ur* ,hi/ory1' by ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,lane2 small engrav+s ( all ! ,engli% ca!drals & _m h&some & celebrat$ *ur*es are giv51 b no descriptions ( !m4 ,a v good s]ies ( ,diocesan ,hi/ories has be5 br\ght out by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k4 ,^! may n[ be b\ght second-h& at #as4 p] volume4 ,= d]ivation ( words & place-names !re is no bett] guide ?an ,taylor's #8,words & ,places1' & ,edmunds' #8,place-names'2 bo? ^! are tru/wor?y1 & h become recognis$ au?orities2 & also ,boswor?'s ,anglo-,saxon diction>y4 ,quality r ?an quantity %\ld be ! antiqu>y's motto 9 8 *oice ( a libr>y1 b antiqu>ianism & ar*ology require _m books ( ref]5ce1 & x is well to "k ^? books mo/ likely to be ( p]man5t use in/ead ( wa/+ room ^u volumes n requir$ aft] ! fir/ read+4 ,^u ,manor ,rolls !re is a v clev] "w lately issu$ by ! ,seld5 ,society 7volume ii474 ,x gives mu* new in=mation on ,manorial ,cu/oms4 ,all ! volumes issu$ by ?is society are v int]e/+4 ,!y are edit$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl&4 ,^u ,mona/ic ,hi/ory !re are _m v int]e/+ books1 mo/ly publi%$ by ,burns & ,oates1 ,london4 ,a li/ ( useful books might be ext5d$ indef9itely1 especially if br\ght up to date4 ,ar*ology is a cumulative sci5ce glean$ f v>i$ s\rces4 ,! antiqu>y usually is possess$ ( m bra9s ?an money1 b if he is =tunate en\gh to possess bo?1 a l>ge libr>y w be to him a nev]-end+ s\rce ( amusem5t4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,old ,,lett]s4 ,!re 7 always two divisions ( h&writ+3 ! =mal h&1 employ$ = cl]k's "w1 & a fre]1 less me*anical1 less c>eful /yle1 us$ = private correspond5ce4 ,writ+ 0 a pr(ession1 &1 z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 necess>y to communicate ) p]sons at a di/ance1 a pr(essional scribe 0 employ$ to write ! lett]4 ,ev5 n[ 9 slums may be se5 ! notice ( #8,lett]s writt5 "h1' ?\gh ?is *iefly ref]s to x be+ a %op address to :i* lett]s may be direct$4 ,b lett]-writ+ 0 r>e1 & did n become g5]al till aft] ! sixte5? c5tury2 ev5 !n x 0 re/rict$ to ! upp] classes ( society4 ,i h 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 giv5 a brief acc\nt ( ! pap] us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,lett] or po/ pap] 0 made ( a squ>e uni=m %eet1 fold$2 x 0 kn[n z #8,pot pap]1' f its wat]-m>k4 ,?is v>i$ slightly1 ! jug or wat]-pot be+ mu* m elaborate 9 "s examples4 ,x came pr9cipally f abroad1 ei!r ! ,l[ ,c\ntries or ,g]many2 ea* sep>ate factory v likely adopt$ a di/9ct %ape2 ! mak]s' initials are to be f\nd ^u ! b& across ! pot1 b are difficult to read1 nor s f> z ,i "k is any?+ kn[n ab\t ! manufactur]s or _! names4 ,illu/ration3 7#aefa7 7#aefc7 7#afbc7 ,! ?ree above m>ks are tak5 f "s old lett]s1 & are good types ( _! k9d2 a m c>eful /udy ( wat]-m>ks w\ld %[ ! dates ( undat$ pap]s1 & be a safegu>d aga9/ =g]y4 ,! writ+ ( old lett]s ,i h plac$ aft] ! *apt] on regi/]s1 because ! latt] =ms a l9k betwe5 ! cl]ical & p]sonal h&writ+s4 ,! lett]s h *ang$ entirely f ! old black-lett] /yle to a simil> /yle1 l t /ill 9 use 9 ,g]many1 & assum+ a di/9ct "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,qua9t ,,lett]s ,,f ,,old ,,p>i% ,,regi/]s4 ,!re=e1 n only 0 ! mat]ial = lett]-writ+ 7i4e41 pap]7 ( =eign manufacture1 b also ! h&writ+ bore close resemblance to =eign /yles4 ,?is may h result$ f ! orig9al ,anglo-,saxon elem5t 9 ! nationality ( ! p1 aid$ by ! con/ant immigration ( m]*ants f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 :o came ov] to ,engl& dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 & e/abli%$ v>i\s bran*es ( trade1 *iefly 9 l95 or wooll5 goods4 ,!y naturally introduc$ also ! fa%ions & cu/oms ( _! own nations4 ,add$ to ?is 0 ! m>riage ( ! ,k+1 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 ) ! ,g]man ,pr9cess ,anne ( ,bohemia1 foll[$ closely by ! religi\s zeal ( ! ,re=m]s1 br++ ,g]mans & ,g]man ideas /rongly to ! =e 9 ,engli% politics4 ,! e>lie/ pr9t]s 7 ,g]man1 & ab\t ! "t ( ?is inv5tion ! small lett] e writt5 backw>ds fir/ came into use4 ,family de$s are usually only legal matt]1 b "h & !re are f\nd among !m old lett]s & pap]s ( value4 ,lifelong imprisonm5t 0 (t5 ! result ( a ?\ghtless committal ( ideas into tangible =m4 ,lett]s 7 dang]\s witnesses1 & z su* 7 de/roy$ z soon z read4 ,! po/s & mess5g]s 7 n safe f inspection2 spies 7 employ$ freely on all sides1 & m51 n afraid to suff] = _! op9ions1 nev]!less did n c>e to risk _! necks by ne$less imprud5ce4 ,! e>lie/ newspap]s _h a blank column left to be fill$ by ! s5d] ) ! late/ intellig5ce or local news4 ,^! 7 fitly call$ #8,news lett]s4' ,! phraseology ( a sev5te5?-c5tury lett] seems to u /range on acc\nt ( ! conjugation ( ! v]bs1 ! use ( #8ha?' 9 place ( #8has1' & ! abs5ce ( all unnecess>y adv]bs2 ! s5t5ces1 too1 are long]4 ,! comm5c+ words & ! f9al w9d+ up ( lett]s h bo? *ang$ 9 ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,) ! eighte5? c5tury we see ^! *anges gradually settl+ d[n & alt]+ into ! mod]n =ms4 ,! old ,engli% ye = #8!1' & ! abbreviat$ = #8&1' & ! 7symbol7 7d7 writt5 9 its antiquat$ %ape1 /ill rema91 b ! ,g]man lett]s by degrees are giv5 up4 ,! writ+ ( ea* g5]ation is mo/ di/9ctly m>k$2 ! dates f x may be approximately fix$ )\t any difficulty1 z well z ! age & "* ( ! writ]4 ,x has be5 said t ! introduction ( *eap po/age1 & ! imm5se increase ( ev]yday correspond5ce1 has ru9$ h&writ+1 :ile ! typewrit] is quickly becom+ univ]sal1 & bani%$ = ev] ! art ( composition4 ,true1 ! %ort lett]s ( to-day w n be> comp>ison ) ! neat1 volum9\s di>y-lett]s1 full ( graphic sc5ic descriptions1 :i* our gr&p>5ts 7 wont to compile = ! b5efit ( relations left at home2 n[1 :5 simil> correspond5ce is und]tak51 x is copi$ out by ! typewrit] or pr9t$1 = few p w take ! tr\ble to read manuscript compositions4 ,look+ beyond ! op5+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we see a m>k$ paucity ( ideas & c>elessness ( calligraphy 9 ! correspond5ce4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury m5 7 ! *ief correspond5ts on matt]s ( bus9ess2 few lett]s are pres]v$ except on su* topics1 :i* is a pity1 = a lett] mu/ always be a unique production1 ! be/ evid5ce procurable ( ! writ] & 8 times4 ,!re is little to be said on ! subject ( old lett]s4 ,practice 9 read+ !m makes ! lett]+ famili>1 & gives facility :i* no guidebook c\ld expla92 lett]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 w assume a new int]e/ :5 ! little trifl+1 *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ! writ] are exam9$ by _! aid4 ,old receipts1 exp5se-books1 & f>m acc\nts are f\nd 9 pl5ty among old pap]s4 ,^! are valuable z giv+ long-lo/ field-names & o!r details ( p>o*ial hi/ory2 b :at we %\ld prize n[ w\ld be descriptions ( p & places z !y exi/$ "s hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,abbreviations1 ,,etc4 ,9 mo/ books treat+ ( anci5t h&writ+1 ! abbreviations & contractions are put =w>d z ! mo/ important "p2 c]ta9ly x is necess>y to /udy !m c>efully1 b x 0 nev] int5d$ by ! old scribes t !y %\ld be reg>d$ z a language 9 !mselves4 ,at fir/ !y 7 us$ to save "t & space1 !n1 by degrees1 !y increas$ 9 multiplicity z well z complexity1 till bani%$ altoge!r by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ^u ! advance ( :i* ! pr(essional scribe disappe>$4 ,! contract$ words mo/ frequ5tly us$ are n always necess>y to ! s5se ( ! s5t5ce1 :i* may be arriv$ at )\t !m4 ,x is a wa/e ( "t to puzzle ov] a ^w aft] its mean+ has be5 arriv$ at4 ,_m p]sons :o require ,,ms4 extracts f public (fices take r\gh notes ) ! lett]s ( ! contract$ ^w2 ^! c be ext5d$ aft]w>ds at home1 :5 !re is "t to seek 9 diction>ies = ! abbreviation or its mean+2 ) practice ! op5+ words ( a s5t5ce w v (t5 supply ! context4 ,! olde/ =ms ( contraction are a /raight l9e ov] a ^w or a curve2 ^! indicate t a portion ( ! ^w only is pres5t1 b no clue is giv5 z to ! lett]s left out1 or else ! /raight l9e may mean m or n4 ,lat] on ! /raight l9e above a ^w came to repres5t ! lett]s m & n4 ,9 words :]e ^! lett]s 7 duplicat$ ! second "o 0 omitt$ & ! l9e plac$ above to indicate its abs5ce4 ,?is cont9u$ 9 use until late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,comon meant #8common1' & comendation #8comm5dation4' ,if a curv$ l9e 0 ov] ! end syllable ( a ^w1 x meant "o or m lett]s omitt$ at ! end ( a ^w4 ,v]bs are ! mo/ tr\blesome class ( contract$ words1 = a contraction ov] a v]b may mean any syllable1 accord+ to ! prop] grammatical conjugation4 ,"h x is t k ( ! ,lat9 gramm> is a necessity4 ,! mean+ ( ! s5t5ces may (t5 be deciph]$ )\t ext5d+ ! words1 & ! correct conjugation ( ! v]bs c be add$ aft]w>ds by ano!r p]son1 if ! /ud5t's k ( ,lat9 is too limit$ to accompli% ?is ) accuracy4 ,c]ta9 signs or contractions are fairly con/ant 9 _! mean+s1 always tak+ ! place ( special syllables4 ,?us a bold apo/rophe above ! l9e w be f\nd to indicate #8er1' #8ir1' #8or1' #8re4' ,symbol ur4 et1 u4 ,9 ,domesday #8et' is writt5 4 ,symbol ram1 ras1 ris4 ,symbol is4 u1 ous1 os4 ,a small lett] ov] a ^w %[s t a syllable is left out ( :i* ?is lett] =m$ "p4 ,! lett] #8p' _h a sy/em ( its own1 frequ5tly us$ 9 old de$s & also 9 old lett]s3 p]1 p>1 por4 ,symbol pre4 pro4 ,9 old c\rt rolls #8&' is writt5 #8,symbolt1' & #8e/' appe>s z #81' especially 9 c\r?& law de$s4 ,a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! head ( ! lett] #8,symbol' means also ! addition ( o!r lett]s1 z is1 e1 etc4 ,?is contraction 9 names is apt to be confus$ ) d\ble #8tt4' ,x is said t our alphabet did n =m]ly conta9 z _m lett]s z at pres5t4 ,! lett]s #8i' & #8j' 7 id5tical until a rec5t p]iod4 #8,w' is said to h be5 d]iv$ f two #8u's1' & is always s writt5 9 old de$s1 jo9$ toge!r1 :ile #8u' & #8v' 7 us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,9 old manuscripts ! %ort/roke lett]s 7 =m$ alike2 ?us #8n1' #8u1' #8w1' #8i1' are m]ely /rokes or m9ims1 difficult to di/+ui%1 m p>ticul>ly :]e any ( ^! lett]s occur side by side 9 ! =mation ( words2 to c\nt ! /rokes is ! only guide4 ,practice & a k ( likely words to be employ$ solve ! knotty po9t4 ,! *ief difficulty ( all lies 9 ! correct r5d]+ ( names1 = ^! h p]petually *ang$ 9 _! spell+4 ,9 a s+le de$ sev]al diff]5t =ms may be obs]v$1 ! result ( cl]ical copy+4 ,ev5 ) names ! sy/em ( abbreviation 0 c>ri$ on1 especially among c\rt rolls2 ?is w be notic$ 9 su* surnames z #8,c\p]' writt5 #8,c\p1' #8,%eph]d' z #8,%ep4' ,9 c]ta9 /yles ( m$ival writ+ ! t]m9als ( words are c>ri$ upw>ds ) a long sweep1 & are confus+ 9 _! resemblance to abbreviation m>ks4 ,"h1 aga91 practice alone accu/oms ! eye to decide :e!r a ^w is complete or n4 ,dots & o!r k9ds ( /ops 9 writ+ h only come gradually into use 9 _! pres5t significance1 & ! use ( ^! is n[ less obs]v$ ?an e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 z 9 ,roman inscriptions1 ! dot is freely us$ to d5ote contractions z well z to divide ! words f ea* o!r4 ,9 ,domesday ?is is also notic$2 b ) lat] manuscripts ! dot1 or po9t1 su* z is us$ 9 ,norman times1 fell into disuse 9 fav\r ( l9es or curves = ! abbreviat$ syllables4 ,^u ! introduction ( pr9t+ our v>i\s k9ds ( /ops are fir/ obs]v$4 ,x is said t ! ,elzevirs inv5t$ "s ( !m4 ,! rev]s$ semicolon is commonly obs]v$ 9 "s manuscripts4 ,soon] or lat]1 9 any antiqu>ian se>*1 ! pr9t$ s\rces ( in=mation w be exhau/$1 & are n unfrequ5tly f\nd to be untru/wor?y1 especially exi/+ c\nty hi/ories1 :i*1 be+ compil$ by m5 unacqua9t$ ) e m9or detail ( ! locality1 are naturally liable to confuse places ( simil> names4 ,nor is x possible 9 s l>ge a subject z a c\nty hi/ory to ent] m9utely into ! sep>ate p>i% hi/ories ( places & p4 ,?us aft] a:ile ! untru/wor?9ess & insuffici5cy ( book-k w be discov]$1 & "s m orig9al s\rce ( in=mation become desir$4 ,manuscripts exi/ 9 pl5ty1 b are ( little value unless /udi$ p]sonally2 = pr(essional read]s1 al?\gh able to read quickly & correctly1 only give ! in=mation desir$2 :]eas 9 a p]sonal se>* "o subject op5s out fre% clues to o!rs ( equal importance1 & new light is cont9ually be+ ?r[n ^u hi!rto unnotic$ po9ts2 moreov]1 only by a p]sonal inve/igation c ! antiqu>y be c]ta9 t he has obta9$ exactly :at he requir$4 ,!re are n[ pl5ty ( opportunities op5 to ! public ( see+ ! old docum5ts p]ta9+ to v>i\s (fices & societies1 besides private collections1 b )\t "s previ\s k ( ! old h&writ+s1 etc41 ?is p]mission is practically valueless4 ,!re=e1 #8,p]sev]e & practise' is ! be/ motto ,i c give to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! matt]1 = pr(ici5cy comes quickly to ^? :o seek x2 &1 z 9 all subjects1 #8,no?+ succe$s l success4' ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,app5dix4 ,,legal ,,memory4 7,see page #db47 #8,,:it*ur* ,,rectory1 #8,,read+1 #8,octob] #ab1 #ahib4 #8,,de> ,,miss ,,?oyts1 #8,i mu/ ev5 s5d y an in/ant reply to y\r note1 9 ord] to satisfy y\r p]plexity4 #8,i 0 _m ye>s se>*+ = ! reason :y legal memory began ) ,ri*>d ,i4 ,i once ask$ an em95t ,q4,c4 ! "q1 & ?\gh he _h be5 a ,law ,lectur]1 & 0 %ortly aft]w>ds put ^u ! ,b5*1 he c\ld n tell me :y--he only knew ! fact4 #8,x is "o ( ! signs1 good or bad1 ( ! pres5t times1 t y\r sex w n1 l _! mo!rs & gr&mo!rs1 be satisfi$ ) be+ told ! fact1 b w be told :y4 #8,n[ ! 8:y0 ( ?is is j z foll[s3 ,! ,norman ,conque/ upset a great _m ,saxon titles to e/ates1 b n all4 ,& on ! voidance ( a ,norman :o _h no title b 8 own "r h&1 ! ,saxon w\ld try to recov]1 &1 ,i suppose1 n unfrequ5tly succe$$1 by reason ( be+ on ! spot & putt+ on ! ,norman's %oes :ile !y 7 w>m4 ,h5ce endless litigations1 because ! m di/ant ,norman k9 inh]it$ at lea/ ?is mu*--contempt = a ,saxon4 #8,by ,a4,d4 #aagi ?+s began to settle d[n & ,norman & ,saxon to be amalgamat$1 & x 0 !n1 or p]haps r lat]1 agre$1 9 ! ,high ,c\rts1 t 9 que/ions ( title y %\ld n g beh9d ! above date4 #8,n[ ?is is n inconsi/5t ) :at y may h read 9 ,seld51 vol4 ii4 ,i h n read x1 b ,i (f] ?is solution--t x 7i4e41 ,seld51 vol4 ii47 does n mean to speak ( manorial law 9 respect ( ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice ( ! ,realm1 b ( ! intra-manorial regulations ( c\rt leets & c\rt b>ons4 #8,y\rs s9c]ely1 #8,,john ,,slat]4' ,,! ,,end4 ,elliot ,/ock1 #fb1 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #a ,f photos k9dly l5t by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h>rison1 ( ,!ale4 #b ,see ,app5dix4 #c ,! prop]ty ( ! ,e>l ( ,f+all f 8 ance/ors ! ,wollascots4 #d ,a complete copy ( ! ,*>tul>y 0 made by me ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,e>l ( ,f+all4 #e ,a li/ ( ,fr5* ,bi%ops w be f\nd 9 #8,gallia ,*ri/iana1' or 9 #8,neu/ria ,pia4' #f ,?is also conta9s a good gloss>y ( ,anglo-,saxon words4 #g ,:o has k9dly revis$ ?is little volume4 #h ,only procurable second-h&4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,obvi\s pr9t]s'1 punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 #b4 ,italics are %[n z xxx4 #c4 ,bold pr9t is %[n z xxx4 #d4 ,"s hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ v]sions ( ! same words h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4