,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 bold ?us bold4 ,!re are _m app>5t subsections )9 ! text v>i\sly indicat$ by bold1 italic & capital text4 ,!re is "s1 inconsi/5t1 correspond5ce betwe5 ^! & ! sup-topics 9 ! ,cont5ts4 ,because ( ?is no attempt has be5 made to e/abli% a hi]>*y ( ^! head+s & !y rema9 z pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,equally1 p>agraph numb]+ is n always consi/5t b rema9s un*ang$4 ,,h&-,,book ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,in=mation ,,= ,,h\sehold]s1 ,,conta9+ ,,facts ,,& ,,sugge/ions ,,ab\t ,,v5tilation1 ,,dra9age1 ,,c>e ,,( ,,contagi\s ,,diseases1 ,,dis9fection1 ,,food1 ,,& ,,wat]4 ,,) ,,app5dices ,,on ,,dis9fectants ,,& ,,plumb]s' ,,mat]ials4 ,,by ,,rog] ,s4 ,,tracy1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,sanit>y ,,inspector ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,heal? ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #a1 #c1 ,,& #e ,,bond ,,/reet4 #ahhd4 ,,copyright ,,by ,,rog] ,s4 ,,tracy1 ,m4 ,d4 #ahhd4 ,,preface4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is h&-book 0 sugge/$ by p]si/5t que/ion+ ab\t ! matt]s x conta9s4 ,its purpose is to furni% h\sehold]s ) in=mation :i* has be5 s scatt]$1 or buri$ s deep 9 te*nical discussions1 t x has n be5 easy = !m to f9d x = !mselves4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly a compilation1 & ! only difficulties met ) h be5 ^? incid5t to ! arrangem5t & cond5sation ( a l>ge mass ( mat]ial4 ,i h int5d$ to give cr$it1 :]e cr$it seem$ to be due1 = ev]y?+ borr[$1 &1 if ,i h fail$ to d s 9 any case1 x is n my fault1 b my mis=tune4 ,r4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,,air #g-ba ,normal ,air4--,contam9ation ( ! ,air4--,te/ = ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ,air4--,diseases caus$ by ,f\l ,air4--,composition ( ,sew]-,air4--,gr\nd ,air4--,v5tilation4--,smoky ,*imneys4 ,,ii4--,,dra9age #ba-ff ,privy-,vaults4--,tanks4--,pails4--,e>?- ,closets4--,wat]-,c>riage4--,plumb+ ,regulations ( ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal?4--,explanatory ,rem>ks4--,dra9age ( ,c\ntry ,h\ses4--,subsoil ,dra9age4--,defective ,dra9age4--,s\rces ( ,bad ,odors4--,exam9ation ( ,h\se-,dra9age4--,pepp]m9t ,te/4--,summ>y4--,exclusion ( ,gr\nd-,air4 ,,iii4--,,dis9fection #ff-gc ,directions issu$ by ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?4--,comm5ts4--,precautions 9 ,special ,diseases4 ,,iv4--,,food #gc-he ,adult]ations1 & ,me?ods ( detect+ !m4 ,v4--,,wat] #hf-ij ,pollution ( ,wat]4--,filt]s4--,te/s = ,impurities4--,precautions4 ,,app5dix ,a4--,,dis9fectants #ia-ii 0 ,b4--,,plumb]s' ,,mat]ials #ajj-ajb ,,index #ajc ,,h&-,,book ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,in=mation4 ,necess>y to cont9u$ good heal? are ,,good ,,air1 ,,good ,,food1 & ,,good ,,wat]4 ,x is ! object ( ,sanit>y ,sci5ce to secure ^!4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,air4 ,normal air conta9s #gi p] c5t ( nitrog51 #bj4if p] c5t ( oxyg51 & 4#jd p] c5t 7#d p>ts 9 #aj1jjj7 ( c>bonic acid4 ,oxyg5 supports animal life2 c>bonic acid1 vegetable life2 & ! use ( ! nitrog51 o!rwise ?an z a dilu5t1 is n kn[n4 ,v pure air conta9s #gh4ih p] c5t ( nitrog51 #bj4ii p] c5t ( oxyg51 & 4#jc p] c5t ( c>bonic acid4 ,air beg9s to be v bad :5 ! oxyg5 is r$uc$ to #bj4fj p>ts 9 #ajj4 ,9 m9es1 :]e c&les g out1 oxyg5 is r$uc$ to #ah4ej p>ts 9 #ajj1 &1 9 ! wor/ specim5 yet exam9$ by ,angus ,smi?1 to #ah4bg4 ,air 9 :i* ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 has be5 r$uc$ to #ag4bj is v difficult to rema9 9 = _m m9utes4 ,aside f impurities due to local causes1 ! pure/ air is f\nd f six to =ty feet above ! gr\nd1 & ! mo/ impure f sev5ty to n9ety feet1 :]e ! air f *imneys is p\r$ =?4 ,air is contam9at$ by ! products ( respiration & ! bodily emanations ( heal?y p]sons1 & by ! products ( combu/ion4 ,an adult man1 9 ord9>y "w1 gives (f 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs f twelve to eighte5 cubic feet ( c>bonic acid1 accord+ to 8 size2 wom51 *ildr51 & old p]sons less4 ,edw>d ,smi? f\nd t an adult asleep exhal$ ab\t n9ete5 gra9s ( c>bonic acid p] h\r1 &1 :5 he walk$ ?ree miles an h\r1 ! am\nt 0 increas$ to #ajj4f gra9s4 ,w4 ,r4 ,ni*ols1 ( ,bo/on1 f\nd 9 pass5g]-c>s #bc4b p>ts ( c>bonic acid to #aj1jjj p>ts ( air1 & 9 ! ,b]keley ,/reet sew] #aj4d p>ts p] #aj1jjj4 ,wilson f\nd 9 ,portsm\? ,prison1 9 cells conta9+ six hundr$ & f\rte5 cubic feet ( air1 always occupi$1 #g4bj p>ts p] #aj1jjj1 & 9 cells conta9+ two hundr$ & t5 cubic feet1 occupi$ only at night1 #aj4dd p] #aj1jjj4 ,besides ! c>bonic acid1 !re is exhal$ f ! lungs a small am\nt ( organic matt]1 ( unkn[n composition4 ,x =ms a glut9\s coat+ on ! furniture1 walls1 & w9d[s ( clos$ rooms1 decomposes rapidly1 imp>ts a peculi>ly (f5sive odor to ! air ( a badly-v5tilat$ room1 & poisons ^? :o inhale x4 ,its quantity is s small t x has s f> defi$ analysis4 ,9 a room contam9at$ by respiration alone1 ! odor ( ?is sub/ance beg9s to be p]ceiv$ :5 ! c>bonic acid has increas$ to ab\t #g p>ts 9 #aj1jjj1 & #aj p>ts 9 #aj1jjj may be consid]$ ! maximum am\nt ( c>bonic acid all[able 9 dwell+s4 ,! foll[+ table %[s h[ mu* c>bonic acid artificial lights produce p] h\r3 ,petroleum1 slit-burn]1 #aj c&le-light1 #a4ih cubic feet1 ,petroleum1 r\nd-burn]1 #g4f 0 #b4ae 0 ,oil-lamp1 #d 0 #a4ji 0 ,c&le1 #a 0 4#ci 0 ,coal-gas1 slit-burn]1 #g4h 0 #c4be 0 ,coal-gas1 flat-burn]1 #aj 0 #c 0 ,a five-foot gas-burn] produces z mu* c>bonic acid p] h\r z five m54 ,z ! mo/ poison\s elem5t ( ! brea? c n readily be detect$ by analysis1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid is tak5 z a measure ( ! impurity ( air contam9at$ by respiration4 ,te/ = c>bonic acid 9 air 7,pett5k(]'s me?od73 ,%ake up a def9ite volume ( ! air 9 a clos$ vessel ) a def9ite am\nt ( lime-wat]4 ,! c>bonic acid unites ) ! lime1 =m+ c>bonate ( lime4 ,?is comp\nd1 be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 r5d]s x turbid4 ,! degree ( turbidity may be judg$ ( by look+ ?r\gh ! wat] at a cross m>k$ 9 lead-p5cil on ! inside ( a piece ( pap] pa/$ on ! opposite side ( ! bottle1 & a /&>d may be fix$ by %ak+ up ord9>y ext]nal air 9 a sixte5-ounce bottle1 z describ$ bel[1 :i* w %[ ! degree ( turbidity produc$ by #d p>ts ( c>bonic acid 9 #aj1jjj4 ,lime-wat] c be b\ght ( a druggi/1 or made by %ak+ di/ill$ wat] ) slak$ lime1 all[+ x to settle1 & p\r+ (f ! cle> liquid4 ,) a common h&-ball syr+e1 ! end ( ! rubb] tube re/+ on ! bottom ( ! bottle1 pump 9 air1 until ! bottle is fill$ ) ! air to be te/$4 ,put 9 half an ounce ( lime-wat]1 cork ! bottle1 & %ake x up well4 ,let x /& = five m9utes1 & if ! wat] becomes turbid1 z if a little milk _h be5 dropp$ into x1 ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air w be indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions4 ,size ( bottle4 ,am\nt ( lime-wat]4 ,p>ts 9 #aj1jjj4 #af ounces #a-b ounce ,a little less ?an #d #ab 0 0 ,a little m ?an #e #aj 0 0 0 0 0 #f #h 0 0 #h #f 0 0 ,a little m ?an #aj #d 0 0 0 0 0 #ae ,dang]s ( su* ,contam9ation4 ,air contam9at$ by ! products ( respiration & by bodily emanations 7p]spiration1 etc47 conta9s sub/ances :i* h be5 eject$ f human bodies z useless or injuri\s4 ,:at all sy/ems reject c n be heal?y = any1 & x is f\nd t long-cont9u$ exposure 9 an atmosph]e lad5 ) ^! impurities produces anmia1 g5]al debility1 & poor nutrition1 conditions likely to result 9 ! developm5t ( scr(ula & consumption4 ,x is believ$1 too1 t typhus fev] may orig9ate 9 ?is mann]1 :ile :5 su* poisons are inhal$ 9 a m conc5trat$ =m1 z 9 ! fam\s ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta1 nausea1 v]tigo1 convulsions1 & ev5 dea? are produc$4 ,! air is at c]ta9 times & places contam9at$ by ! products ( respiration & ! bodily emanations ( diseas$ p]sons4 ,9 c]ta9 diseases1 commonly kn[n z contagi\s1 organic matt]s are ?r[n (f by ! lungs & sk9 ( ! sick1 :i* t5d to reproduce ^! diseases 9 ! bodies ( o!r p]sons4 ,! exact nature ( ^! poisons is 9 mo/ cases unkn[n1 b !y are g5]ally believ$ to be liv+ microscopic organisms 7bact]ia1 bacilli1 micrococci1 etc471 :i* multiply _! k9d 9 ! blood ( ! p]son :o has inhal$ !m4 ,( su* diseases1 ! dang]\s ones are small-pox1 measles1 sc>let fev]1 typhus fev]1 & diph!ria1 & _! contagi\s quality is m>k$ v ne>ly 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h m5tion$4 ,! less h>mful ( ^! diseases are :oop+-c\gh1 *ick5-pox1 mumps1 & ,g]man measles4 ,!re is /rong evid5ce t consumption is contagi\s1 ?\gh n z m>k$ly s z ! diseases above enum]at$4 ,! air may be contam9at$ by ! products ( ! decomposition ( ! excreta ( heal?y p]sons4 ,! cont5ts ( cesspools1 privy-vaults1 & sew]s1 are g5]ally compos$ ( dis*>ges f ! b[els & kidneys1 v>i\s matt]s wa%$ (f f ! bodies ( animals & f cul9>y & h\sehold ut5sils1 & dissolv$ soap1 con/itut+ a mixture :i* rapidly decomposes & af=ds a f9e soil = ! n\ri%m5t & propagation ( microscopic organisms4 ,air contam9at$ 9 ?is way1 popul>ly kn[n z sew]-gas1 conta9s sulphide ( ammonium & sulphuret$ hydrog5 7:i* cause ! *>act]i/ic odor ( rott5 eggs71 c>buret$ hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bonic acid 7odorless71 & c]ta9 undet]m9$ organic matt]s4 ,pr(essor ,ni*ols analyz$ ! air ( ! ,b]keley ,/reet sew] 9 ,bo/on1 a type ( a badly-con/ruct$ & badly-v5tilat$ sew]4 ,! sulphuret$ hydrog51 etc41 7 9 too small quantity to be measur$4 ,! highe/ p]c5tages f\nd 71 ( oxyg51 #bj4ij2 ( nitrog51 #gi4bf2 ( c>bonic acid1 4#d 7#dj p>ts 9 #aj1jjj74 ,! l[e/ 71 oxyg51 #bj4dh2 nitrog51 #gh4hi2 & c>bonic acid1 4#je 7#e p>ts 9 #aj1jjj74 ,le!by f\nd t sew]-wat] 7conta9+ #abh4h gra9s ( organic matt] to ! gallon7 exclud$ f air yield$1 = n9e weeks1 #a4b cubic in*es ( gas p] h\r4 ,9 "o hundr$ volumes ( ?is mixture !re 7 #gh4hc p>ts ( m>%-gas 7c>buret$ hydrog571 #ae4ij p>ts ( c>bonic acid1 #aj4ai p>ts ( nitrog51 & 4#jh ( sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,exam9ation ( sewage-mud 9 ! ,se9e by ,dur&-,claye gave #gb4hh p>ts ( m>%-gas1 #ac4cj ( c>bonic acid1 #f4gj ( sulphuret$ hydrog51 #b4ed ( c>bonic oxide1 #d4eh ( nitrog51 & "s o!r gases4 ,su* mixtures are sometimes f\nd 9 long-clos$ cesspools & privy-vaults1 b n 9 sew]s prop]4 ,( ^! gases1 sulphuret$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid are v poison\s1 & :5 !y are inhal$ 9 conc5trat$ =m produce almo/ imm$iate unconsci\sness1 & (t5 dea?4 ,:5 less conc5trat$1 sew]-air may cause nausea & vomit+1 foll[$ by a l[ fev] :i* sometimes kills1 &1 if n1 results 9 a t$i\s convalesc5ce4 ,z a rule1 x is s l>gely dilut$ t x produces no imm$iate effects1 except+ ! discom=t due to (f5sive odor1 & ! m5tal anxiety result+ !refrom4 ,! effects usually attribut$ to ! cont9u$ brea?+ ( dilut$ sew]-air are g5]al malaise1 loss ( appetite1 anmia1 impair$ nutrition1 & !re=e dim9i%$ p[] ( resi/ance to attacks ( disease :i* are n directly attributable to sew]-air poison+4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ^! effects are due to ! con/ant introduction ( sew]-air 9 m9ute quantities into ! blood1 or to ! inhalation ( p>ticles ( organic matt] float+ 9 su* a contam9at$ atmosph]e4 ,! greate/ dang]1 h[ev]1 9 ! brea?+ ( sew]-air is t ( inhal+ ) x ! liv+ p>ticles 7bacilli1 etc47 conta9$ or develop$ 9 ! excreta ( diseas$ p]sons4 ,! diseases believ$ to be propagat$ 9 ?is way are *ol]a1 typhoid fev]1 & dys5t]y4 ,! dis*>ges bo? f ! m\? 7/oma*7 & b[els are kn[n to be poison\s4 ,x believ$ by _m t ! poisons ( typhoid fev] & diph!ria may be develop$ de novo by ! decomposition ( ! mixtures f\nd 9 cesspools & sew]s4 ,!re also seems to be a connection1 imp]fectly und]/ood1 betwe5 bad dra9age & mal>ial fev]s1 & p]haps c]ebro-sp9al m5+itis4 ,! orig9 ( yell[ fev] is n yet asc]ta9$4 ,surgical erysipelas1 pu]p]al fev]1 & hospital gangr5e1 are only develop$ on & ab\t w\nd$ surfaces1 & seem to be due to ! organisms develop$ 9 ! secretions ( su* surfaces1 :]e v5tilation & dra9age are bad4 ,air may be contam9at$ by ! products ( organic decomposition ris+ f ! gr\nd & drawn into ! h\se ?r\gh furnace-flues1 etc4 ,gr\nd-air conta9s f #a4di to #hj p>ts p] #a1jjj ( c>bonic acid1 & frequ5tly conta9s products ( organic decomposition4 ,a damp soil is also v unheal?y1 z %[n by ,b[dit* & o!rs4 8,a p]si/5tly l[ gr\nd-wat]1 say fifte5 feet d[n or m1 is heal?y2 a p]si/5tly high gr\nd-wat]1 less ?an five feet f ! surface1 is unheal?y2 & a fluctuat+ level1 especially if ! *anges are sudd5 & viol5t1 is v unheal?y0 7,de ,*aumont74 ,su* soils are especially productive ( consumption4 ,,v5tilation4 ,! contam9ation ( ! atmosph]e by ! respiration & bodily emanations ( human be+s & o!r animals is unavoidable1 b ! noxi\s matt]s ?us add$ to ! air are be+ con/antly *ang$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,oxidation4 ,! organic matt]s1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ z especially injuri\s1 are gradually decompos$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & *ang$ into h>mless sub/ances1 :i* ei!r rema9 z con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 or are wa%$ into ! e>? by ra9s4 #b4 ,vegetable gr[?4 ,plants absorb c>bonic acid 7:i* is compos$ ( c>bon & oxyg57 ?r\gh _! leaves1 & give back oxyg5 to ! air1 reta9+ ! c>bon = _! own n\ri%m5t4 ,!re is ?us a con/ant int]*ange betwe5 animals & vegetables1 ! =m] exhal+ c>bonic acid & appropriat+ oxyg51 & ! latt] appropriat+ c>bonic acid & exhal+ oxyg54 ,! small p]c5tage ( c>bonic acid always f\nd 9 ! air is1 !re=e1 ess5tial to vegetable life1 :ile h>mless to animals4 ,x is necess>y1 = ! prop] purification ( a contam9at$ atmosph]e1 t x %\ld be l>gely dilut$ ) fre% air4 ,h5ce arises ! ne$ ( ! con/ant *ange ( air 9 dwell+s4 ,air exp&s :5 heat$ & s becomes light]4 ,local diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 creat$ by natural & artificial means1 !re=e br+ ab\t curr5ts 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! cool] & heavi] column ( air always desc5d+1 & ! w>m] & light] always ris+4 ,?is fact is tak5 advantage ( 9 v5tilation4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t1 to keep ! air pure1 ?ree ?\s& cubic feet ( fre% air p] h\r are requir$ = a male adult1 & t a sleep+-room %\ld conta9 at lea/ twelve hundr$ cubic feet ( air-space = ea* occupant4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air is su* t ! doors & w9d[s c be con/antly op51 !y af=d ! be/ means ( v5tilation = dwell+s4 ,an exposure to draughts1 h[ev]1 is dang]\s to _m p]sons1 & x is desirable1 !re=e1 9 cool] wea!r1 to devise means ( admitt+ fre% air )\t creat+ a draught4 ,at a temp]ature ( #fj1 a draught is p]ceiv$ :5 ! air moves at a high] rate ( spe$ ?an ?ree feet a second4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t a draught may be r5d]$ h>mless if ! ent]+ curr5t ( air is guid$ 9 su* a direction z n to /rike ! occupants ( a room4 ,?is is accompli%$ simply & *eaply by ei!r ( two devices3 ,if ! l[] sa% ( a w9d[ is rais$ a few in*es 7say f\r71 & ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! sa% & ! w9d[-sill is fill$ by an accurately fitt$ bo>d1 !re w be a space betwe5 ! panes ( ! two sa%es1 ?r\gh :i* air w ent]1 sp\t+ upw>d t[>d ! ceil+ & n fall+ until its mom5tum is s mu* dim9i%$ t x w n be felt z a draught4 ,! o!r plan is to make ! upp] portion ( ! upp] sa% movable1 s t x c be tilt$ inw>d at su* an angle z to direct ! ent]+ curr5t upw>d 7ess5tially ! ,%]r+ham valve1 ?\gh ?is is made ( iron1 ) side-*eeks to prev5t a lat]al outfl[ ( air74 ,!re are v>i\s pat5t app>atuses = ! admission ( fre% air ?r\gh w9d[s )\t draught1 b !y are mo/ly modifications ( ! me?ods above m5tion$4 ,9 wea!r :5 artificial heat is necess>y = com=t1 ?or\gh v5tilation is n difficult1 provid$ exp5se is n consid]$4 ,z ! removal ( ! f\l air1 h[ev]1 involves a consid]able wa/e ( heat & consumption ( fuel1 ! means ( procur+ ! be/ v5tilation at ! lea/ co/ becomes a problem ( great intricacy1 :i* has n yet be5 satisfactorily solv$4 ,fireplaces1 or op5 grates1 are excell5t v5tilators4 ,an ord9>y fireplace r5ews ! air ( ! room f\r or five times h\rly1 remov+ 9 t "t f fifte5 to tw5ty ?\s& cubic feet ( air4 ,b only ab\t #ab or #ad p] c5t4 ( ! heat giv5 (f by ! fuel is utiliz$1 ! re/ pass+ (f by ! *imney4 ,! objections to ! fireplace z a sole means ( heat+ are1 its wa/efulness1 & ! fact t x w>ms only by radiation1 s t ! room is unequally w>m$1 & may be too cold 9 "o place & insupportably hot 9 ano!r4 ,/oves & furnaces c n be reli$ on = v5tilation1 ! v5tilat+ p[] ( a close /ove be+ only "o t5? ( t requir$ = a s+le adult4 ,mod]n fireplaces are sometimes built ) a metallic flue ext5d+ upw>d into ! *imney4 ,betwe5 ?is flue & ! masonry is an air-*amb] op5+ to ! ext]nal air & communicat+ ) ! room ne> ! ceil+1 s t fre% air f outside ! h\se is cont9u\sly w>m$1 & dis*>g$ into ! room at a temp]ature ( #hj or #ij4 ,! ,galton fireplace 7,fig4 #a7 is ( ?is k9d1 & utilizes #ce p] c5t4 ( ! fuel4 ,! be/ comb9$ heat+ & v5tilat+ arrangem5t at pres5t seems to be t :i* w>ms ! fre% air by means ( a soap/one furnace or /eam-coils1 & removes ! f\l air ?r\gh a fireplace4 ,9 mild] wea!r1 gas may be burn$ 9 ! *imney at a slight exp5se4 ,accord+ to ,mor91 sev5 cubic feet ( gas burn$ 9 a flue elev5 in*es squ>e & sixty-six feet high1 w draw ?irte5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$ cubic feet ( air p] h\r f a room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,galton's fireplace4 ,! damp]s ( /oves %\ld nev] be 9 ! pipes1 = !y dam back ! gases :i* ought to ent] ! *imney1 & =ce !m into ! room4 ,! fire %\ld be regulat$ by damp]s :i* prev5t ! access ( air1 & n its escape aft] contam9ation4 ,v5tilat+ flues 9 walls d v little good1 unless special means are provid$ to heat !m 7e4 g41 gas lights or lamps74 ,! common :irl+ v5tilators 9 w9d[-panes are ( v little use4 ,z a rule1 fre% air %\ld ent] a room ne> ! ceil+1 & f\l air be remov$ ne> ! floor4 ,9 v cold climates1 dang]\s draughts are (t5 produc$ by ! cool+ ( ! air 9 contact ) ! w9d[-panes1 s t x falls & sweeps along ! floor4 ,?is dang] may be prev5t$ by d\ble w9d[s1 :i* also save fuel4 ,d\ble w9d[s may be utiliz$ 9 v5tilation1 by rais+ ! l[] out] sa% a few in*es1 & l[]+ ! upp] inn] "o4 ,smoky ,*imneys4 ,:5 a *imney smokes1 ! draught is d[nw>d4 ,?is may be1 caus$--#a4 ,by an ob/ruction 9 ! flue or /ove-pipe4 #b4 ,by a high] *imney 9 ! same h\se1 ! air com+ d[n ! %ort] *imney1 & go+ up ! o!r4 ,! rem$y is to equalize ! heights1 or close ! doors betwe5 ! two4 #c4 ,if1 :5 ! fire is />t$1 ! air outside is w>m] ?an t 9 ! *imney1 ! heavi] column w ( c\rse fall4 ,?is effect w vani% 9 a few m9utes1 :5 ! flue becomes heat$4 #d4 ,! doors & w9d[s ( ! room may be s tight z to prev5t a suffici5t supply ( fre% air to burn ! fuel4 ,if s1 !y mu/ be op5$4 #e4 ,! *imney may be l[] ?an ! adjo9+ wall1 & ! w9d f c]ta9 directions1 /rik+ ! wall1 may be direct$ d[n ! flues4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by ext5d+ ! *imney above ! wall1 or by capp+ ! flues ) "o ( ! v>i\s c[ls t prev5t a d[nw>d draught4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,dra9age4 ,h[ to prev5t ! contam9ation ( ! air by ! products ( decomposition4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! emanations f fre% h\se-slops1 or ! excreta ( heal?y animals1 are injuri\s to heal?1 b x has be5 prov$ t :5 ^! matt]s decompose !y become dang]\s4 ,! bubbles ( gas :i* rise to ! surface ( su* decompos+ matt]s1 :5 !y bur/1 ?r[ up solid p>ticles ( organic matt] 9 ! air1 :i* float ab\t = "s "t be=e fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tial to heal? t all su* matt]s %all be remov$ f ! vic9ity ( human be+s promptly1 be=e decomposition sets 91 or else s manipulat$ z to prev5t decomposition1 or promote rapid oxidation4 ,! l[] animals seem to recognize by in/9ct t _! excreta are dang]\s1 & !y deposit !m 7except :5 p5n$ up by m57 9 places remote f _! abodes1 or else c>efully cov] !m ) fre% e>?4 ,man alone reta9s 8 excreta 9 c>efully prep>$ receptacles ne> 8 place ( resid5ce1 until ! accumulation is s l>ge t he is =c$ to remove x4 ,! ord9>y privy-vault %\ld nev] be all[$4 ,its only advantage is its *eapness1 :ile x involves con/ant dang] ( contam9ation ( ! wat] ( adjo9+ wells or ci/]ns4 ,_m an epidemic ( typhoid fev] has be5 unmi/akably trac$ to ?is s\rce4 ,if su* a vault is a necessity1 x %\ld be made wat]-tight1 be small & frequ5tly empti$1 ! cont5ts %\ld be frequ5tly dis9fect$1 pref]ably by be+ cov]$ ) fre% e>?1 & x %\ld be built 9 su* a spot t ! curr5t ( gr\nd-wat] 7:i* furni%es ! well-wat]7 %all be f ! well t[>d ! vault1 & nev] 9 ! opposite direction4 ,bett] /ill is a movable tank1 9 :i* ! excreta are receiv$ & cov]$ ) fre% e>? daily4 ,?is c be empti$ ov] a g>d5 or field )\t (f5se4 ,9 villages :]e sew]age is impossible1 pails are sometimes us$4 ,!y h tight cov]s1 & are remov$ frequ5tly 7once or twice a week1 clean ones be+ sub/itut$ at ! "t ( removal by ! prop] au?orities71 ! cont5ts be+ conv]t$ into p\drette at "s place remote f habitations4 ,a bett] means ( dispos+ ( ! excreta1 :]e wat]-closets c n be _h1 is ! e>?-closet1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,^! are s con/ruct$ t !y resemble a wat]-closet 9 appe>ance1 b ! excreta are caught 9 a receptacle b5ea? ! seat1 & cov]$ ) e>?1 :5 ! h&le beside ! seat is rais$4 ,dry e>? is an excell5t dis9fectant1#a & :5 excreta are ?us m+l$ ) x !y are gradually oxidiz$ & disappe>1 s t aft] a "t ! same e>? may1 ) prop] precautions1 be us$ aga94 #a ,its dis9fectant prop]ties h be5 %[n to be due to ! pres5ce ( microscopic organisms1 :i* decompose ! excreta 9 ! act ( n\ri%+ !mselves4 ,a little *lor(orm p>alyzes !m1 & deprives ! e>? ( its dis9fect+ prop]ties1 :i* return1 h[ev]1 :5 ! *lor(orm is wa%$ out1 & ! organisms recov] _! natural vigor4 ,! e>? = ^! closets mu/ be dry1 & sift$ ( co>se p>ticles1 & en\gh mu/ be deposit$ ^u ! excreta to cov] !m & to absorb ! ur9e4 ,its advantages1 z comp>$ ) ! wat]-closet1 are1 t x is *eap]1 requires less repair1 is n hurt by fro/1 is n injur$ :5 improp] sub/ances are ?r[n d[n x1 & requires no wat]4 ,its disadvantages are1 ! tr\ble ( collect+ & dry+ ! e>?1 ! necessity ( frequ5tly remov+ ! soil1 ! du/ sometimes caus$ by its use1 & ! necessity ( provid+ additional means = ! disposal ( slops4 ,a p]fect me?od ( disposal ( excreta & o!r h\se refuse w\ld be "o :i* w\ld insure _! prompt & rapid removal 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! contam9ation ( ! air ( any inhabit$ locality dur+ su* removal1 or aft] _! f9al deposition4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t & economical means yet inv5t$ ( accompli%+ ?is object is wat]-c>riage2 i4 e41 ! matt]s ref]r$ to are convey$ f ! h\se1 ) ! addition ( suffici5t wat] to insure a rapid fl[1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( pipes & tunnels into a l>ge body ( runn+ wat]1 or ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 "u conditions :i* insure _! rapid conv]sion into h>mless sub/ances4 ,! wat]-c>riage sy/em includes b[ls or s9ks = ! deposit ( refuse matt]s1 connect+-pipes to remove su* matt]s f ! h\se1 & public sew]s = _! fur!r conveyance away f human abodes4 ,! con/ruction & c>e ( public sew]s belong to ! local gov]nm5t2 we h "h only to d ) h\se-dra9age4 ,! ess5tials ( h\se-dra9age are3 #a4 ,! prim>y receptacles 7b[ls1 s9ks1 wat]-closets1 etc47 %\ld be ( su* mat]ial & s con/ruct$ z to be imp]vi\s to fluids1 & easy to clean & keep clean4 #b4 ,! pipes %\ld be ( su* mat]ial z to be z durable z possible1 & s laid & connect$ z to =m gas-tight conduits1 & to insure ! rapid passage ( :atev] ent]s !m1 s z to prev5t ! =mation ( deposits or incru/ations4 #c4 ,! dra9age sy/em %\ld be s plann$ & con/ruct$ t nei!r ! atmosph]e ( ! h\se nor ! dr9k+-wat] c be pollut$ by any?+ escap+ f x1 & no noxi\s matt]s c ent] x f any o!r h\se4 ,! foll[+ plan ( con/ruction is t recomm5d$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,new ,york city3 #a4 ,all mat]ials mu/ be ( good quality & free f defects2 ! "w mu/ be execut$ 9 a ?or\gh & workmanlike mann]4 #b4 ,! arrangem5t ( soil & wa/e pipes mu/ be z direct z possible4 #c4 ,! dra91 soil1 & wa/e pipes1 & ! traps1 mu/1 if practicable1 be expos$ to view = ready inspection at all times1 & = conv5i5ce 9 repair+4 ,:5 necess>ily plac$ )9 p>titions or 9 recesses ( walls1 soil & wa/e pipes mu/ be cov]$ ) wood-"w1 s fa/5$ ) screws z to be readily remov$4 ,9 no case %all !y be absolutely inaccessible4 #d4 ,x is recomm5d$ to place ! soil & o!r v]tical pipes 9 a special %aft1 betwe5 or adjac5t to ! wat]-closet & ! ba?-room1 & s]v+ z a v5tilat+ %aft = !m4 ,?is %aft %\ld be at lea/ two & a half feet squ>e4 ,x %\ld ext5d f ! cell> ?r\gh ! ro(1 & %\ld be cov]$ by a l\v]$ sky-light4 ,x %\ld be accessible at e /ory1 & %\ld h a v op5 b /rong grat+ at ea* floor to /& ^u4 ,%afts n less ?an ?ree feet squ>e 9 area are requir$ 9 t5em5t-h\ses1 to v5tilate int]ior wat]-closets4 #e4 ,e h\se or build+ mu/ be sep>ately & indep5d5tly connect$ ) ! /reet-sew]4 #f4 ,:]e ! gr\nd is made or fill$ 91 ! h\se-sew]--t is to say1 ! portion ( ! dra9 ext5d+ f ! public sew] to ! front wall--mu/ be ( ca/-iron1 ) ! jo9ts prop]ly calk$ ) lead4 #g4 ,:]e ! soil consi/s ( a natural b$ ( loam1 s&1 or rock1 ! h\se-sew] may be ( h>d1 salt-glaz$1 & cyl9drical e>!nw>e pipe1 laid on a smoo? bottom1 free f all projections ( rock1 & ) ! soil well ramm$ to prev5t any settl+ ( ! pipe4 ,ea* section mu/ be wett$ be=e apply+ ! cem5t1 & ! space betwe5 ea* hub & ! small end ( ! next section mu/ be completely & uni=mly fill$ ) ! be/ hydraulic cem5t4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t any cem5t be+ =c$ into ! dra9 to become an ob/ruction4 ,no temp]$-up cem5t %all be us$4 ,a /raight-edge mu/ be us$ inside ! pipe1 & ! diff]5t sections mu/ be laid 9 p]fect l9e on ! bottom & sides4 #h4 ,:]e !re is no sew] 9 ! /reet1 & x is necess>y to con/ruct a private sew] to connect ) a sew] on an adjac5t /reet or av5ue1 x mu/ be laid "u ! roadway ( ! /reet on :i* ! h\ses front1 & n ?r\gh ! y>ds or "u ! h\ses4 #i4 ,! h\se-dra9 mu/ be ( iron1 ) a fall ( at lea/ "o qu>t] in* to ! foot1 if possible1 & n m ?an "o in* to ! foot4 #aj4 ,:]e wat]-closets or a s*ool-s9k dis*>ge into x1 ! dra9 mu/ be at lea/ f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 #aa4 ,x mu/ be hung on ! cell> wall or ceil+1 unless ?is is impracticable1 9 :i* case x mu/ be laid 9 a tr5* cut at a uni=m grade1 wall$ ^u ! sides ) brick laid 9 hydraulic cem5t1 & provid$ ) movable cov]s1 & ) a hydraulic concrete base ( f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 on :i* ! pipe is to re/4 #ab4 ,x mu/ be laid 9 a /raight l9e1 if possible4 ,all *anges 9 direction mu/ be made ) curv$ pipes1 & all connections ) ,y-bran* pipes & "o-eigh? b5ds4 #ac4 ,any h\se-dra9 or h\se-sew]1 put 9 & cov]$ )\t due notice to ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t1 mu/ be uncov]$ = inspection at ! direction ( ! inspector4 #ad4 ,a runn+ or half ,s-trap mu/ be plac$ on ! h\se-dra9 at an accessible po9t ne> ! front ( ! h\se4 ,?is trap mu/ be furni%$ ) a h&-hole = conv5i5ce 9 clean+1 ! cov] ( :i* mu/ be prop]ly fitt$ & made gas & air tight ) "s prop] cem5t4 #ae4 ,!re mu/ be an inlet = fre% air ent]+ ! dra9 j inside ! trap1 ( at lea/ f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 lead+ to ! out] air & op5+ at or ne> ! /reet curb1 or at a conv5i5t place n less ?an t5 feet f ! ne>e/ w9d[4 ,no cold-air box = a furnace %all be s plac$ t x c by any possibility draw air f ?is inlet-pipe4 ,! inlet-pipe %\ld nev] be c>ri$ up to ! ro( inside or outside ! h\se4 #af4 ,no brick1 %eet-metal1 e>!nw>e1 or *imney-flue %all be us$ z a sew]-v5tilator1 nor to v5tilate any trap1 dra91 soil1 or wa/e pipe4 #ag4 ,e v]tical soil-pipe & wa/e-pipe mu/ be ( iron1 &1 :]e x receives ! dis*>ge ( fixtures on two or m floors1 x mu/ be ext5d$ at lea/ two feet above ! highe/ "p ( ! ro( or cop+1 ( undim9i%$ size1 ) a return b5d or c[l4 ,x mu/ n op5 ne> a w9d[1 nor an air-%aft :i* v5tilates liv+rooms4 #ah4 ,soil1 wa/e1 & v5t pipes1 9 an ext5sion1 mu/ be ext5d$ above ! ro( ( ! ma9 build+1 :5 o!rwise !y w\ld op5 )9 tw5ty feet ( ! w9d[s ( ! ma9 h\se or ! adjo9+ h\se4 #ai4 ,horizontal soil & wa/e pipes are prohibit$4 #bj4 ,! m9imum diamet] ( soil-pipe p]mitt$ is f\r in*es4 ,a v]tical wa/e-pipe1 into :i* a l9e ( kit*5-s9ks dis*>ge1 mu/ be at lea/ two in*es 9 diamet]1 ) "o in* & a half bran*es4 #ba4 ,:]e lead pipe is us$ to connect fixtures ) v]tical soil or wa/e pipes1 or to connect traps ) v]tical v5t-pipes1 x mu/ n be light] ?an ,d-pipe4 #bb4 ,!re %all be no traps on v]tical soil-pipes or v]tical wa/e-pipes4 #bc4 ,all iron pipes mu/ be s\nd1 free f holes1 & ( a uni=m ?ickness ( n less ?an "o eigh? ( an in* = a diamet] ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r in*es1 or five ?irty-seconds ( an in* = a diamet] ( five or six in*es2 &1 9 case ! build+ is ov] sixty-five feet 9 height above ! curb1 ! use ( :at is kn[n z extra heavy pipe1 & correspond+ fitt+s1 are requir$1 :i* weigh z foll[s3 #b in*es1 #e p\nds p] l9eal foot4 #c 0 #i 0 0 #d 0 #ac 0 0 #e 0 #ag 0 0 #f 0 #bj 0 0 #g 0 #bg 0 0 #h 0 #cc 0 0 #aj 0 #de 0 0 #ab 0 #ed 0 0 #bd4 ,be=e !y are connect$ !y mu/ be ?or\ghly coat$ inside & outside ) coal-t> pit*1 appli$ hot1 or "s o!r equival5t sub/ance4 #be4 ,:5 requir$ by an inspector f ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ! plumb+ mu/ be te/$ ) ! pepp]m9t or ! wat] te/1 by ! plumb] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! inspector1 & all defective jo9ts made tight1 & o!r op5+s made imp]meable to gases4 ,defective pipe discov]$ mu/ be remov$ & replac$ by s\nd pipe4 #bf4 ,all jo9ts 9 ! iron dra9-pipes1 soil-pipes1 & wa/e-pipes mu/ be s calk$ ) oakum & lead1 or ) cem5t made ( iron fil+s & sal-ammoniac1 z to make !m imp]meable to gas4 #bg4 ,all connections ( lead ) iron pipes mu/ be made ) a brass sleeve or f]rule1 ( ! same size z ! lead pipe1 put 9 ! hub ( ! bran* ( ! iron pipe1 & calk$ 9 ) lead4 ,! lead pipe mu/ be atta*$ to ! f]rule by a wip$ jo9t4 #bh4 ,all connections ( lead pipe %\ld be by wip$ jo9ts4 #bi4 ,e wat]-closet1 ur9al1 s9k1 bas91 wa%-tray1 ba?1 & e tub or set ( tubs1 mu/ be sep>ately & effectively trapp$1 except :]e a s9k & wa%-tubs imm$iately adjo9 ea* o!r1 9 :i* case ! wa/e-pipe f ! tubs may be connect$ ) ! inlet side ( ! s9k-trap2 9 su* a case ! tub wa/e-pipe is n requir$ to be sep>ately trapp$4 #cj4 ,traps mu/ be plac$ z ne> ! fixtures z practicable1 & 9 no case %all a trap be m ?an two feet f ! fixture4 #ca4 ,all exit-pipes mu/ be provid$ ) /rong metallic /ra9]s4 #cb4 ,9 no case %all ! wa/e f a ba?-tub or o!r fixture be connect$ ) a wat]-closet trap4 #cc4 ,traps mu/ be protect$ f siphonage1 & ! wa/e-pipe lead+ f !m v5tilat$1 by a special air-pipe1 9 no case less ?an two in*es 9 diamet] = wat]-closet traps1 & "o in* & a half = o!r traps4 ,except 9 private dwell+s1 ! v]tical v5t-pipes = traps ( wat]-closets 9 build+s m ?an f\r /ories 9 height mu/ be at lea/ ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ) two-in* bran*es to ea* trap1 & = traps ( o!r fixtures n less ?an two in*es 9 diamet]1 ) bran*es "o & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 unless ! trap is small]1 9 :i* case ! diamet] ( bran* v5t-pipe mu/ be at lea/ equal to ! diamet] ( ! trap4 ,9 all cases v]tical v5t-pipes mu/ be ( ca/ or wr\ght iron4 #cd4 ,^! pipes mu/ ei!r ext5d two feet above ! highe/ "p ( ! ro( or cop+1 ! ext5sion to be n less ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet] to avoid ob/ruction f fro/1 or !y may be bran*$ into a soil-pipe above ! inlet f ! highe/ fixture4 ,!y may be comb9$ by bran*+ toge!r ^? :i* s]ve sev]al traps4 ,^! air-pipes mu/ always h a cont9u\s slope1 to avoid collect+ wat] by cond5sation4 #ce4 ,traps ( fixtures ne> ! fre%-air inlet may be v5tilat$ by be+ connect$ ) x4 #cf4 ,no trap v5t-pipe %all be us$ z a wa/e or soil pipe4 #cg4 ,ov]fl[-pipes f fixtures mu/1 9 ea* case1 be connect$ on ! inlet side ( ! trap4 #ch4 ,e safe "u a wa%-bas91 ba?1 ur9al1 wat]-closet1 or o!r fixture1 mu/ be dra9$ by a special pipe n directly connect$ ) any soil-pipe1 wa/e-pipe1 dra91 or sew]1 b dis*>g+ into an op5 s9k1 ^u ! cell>-floor1 or outside ! h\se4 #ci4 ,! wa/e-pipe f a refrig]ator %all n be directly connect$ ) ! soil or wa/e pipe1 or ) ! dra9 or sew]1 or dis*>ge into ! soil2 x %\ld dis*>ge into an op5 s9k4 ,su* wa/e-pipes %\ld be s arrang$ z to admit ( frequ5t flu%+1 & %\ld be z %ort z possible1 & disconnect$ f ! refrig]ator4 #dj4 ,! s$im5t-pipe f kit*5 boil]s mu/ be connect$ on ! inlet side ( ! s9k-trap4 #da4 ,all wat]-closets )9 ! h\se mu/ be suppli$ ) wat] f special tanks or ci/]ns1 ! wat] ( :i* is n us$ = any o!r purpose4 ,! closets mu/ nev] be suppli$ directly f ! ,croton supply-pipes4 ,a gr\p ( closets may be suppli$ f "o tank2 b wat]-closets on diff]5t floors are n p]mitt$ to be flu%$ f "o tank4 #db4 ,! valves ( ci/]ns mu/ be s fitt$ & adju/$ z to prev5t wa/+ ( wat]1 especially :]e ci/]ns are suppli$ f a tank on ! ro(4 #dc4 ,! ov]fl[-pipes f wat]-closet ci/]ns mu/ dis*>ge into an op5 s9k1 or :]e its dis*>ge w attract att5tion & indicate t wa/e ( wat] is occurr+1 b n into ! b[l ( ! wat]-closet1 n into ! soil or wa/e pipe1 nor into ! dra9 or sew]4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! ,croton is n suffici5t to supply ^! tanks1 a pump mu/ be provid$4 #dd4 ,tanks = dr9k+-wat] are objectionable2 if indisp5sable1 !y mu/ nev] be l9$ ) lead1 galvaniz$ iron1 or z9c4 ,!y %\ld be con/ruct$ ( iron1 or wood l9$ ) t9n$ & plani%$ copp]4 ,! ov]fl[ %\ld dis*>ge ^u ! ro(1 or be trapp$ & dis*>ge into an op5 s9k1 nev] into any soil or wa/e pipe or wat]-closet trap1 nor into ! dra9 or sew]4 #de4 ,ra9-wat] lead]s mu/ nev] be us$ z soil1 wa/e1 or v5t pipes2 nor %all any soil1 wa/e1 or v5t pipe be us$ z a lead]4 #df4 ,:5 )9 ! h\se1 ! lead] mu/ be ( ca/-iron1 ) lead$ jo9ts2 :5 outside ( ! h\se1 & connect$ ) ! h\se-dra91 x mu/ be trapp$ b5ea? ! gr\nd or j inside ( ! wall1 ! trap be+ arrang$ 9 ei!r case s z to prev5t freez+4 ,9 e case :]e a lead] op5s ne> a w9d[ or a light-%aft1 x mu/ be prop]ly trapp$ at its base4 #dg4 ,no /eam exhau/ or bl[-(f pipe f a /eam-boil] w be all[$ to connect ) any soil or wa/e pipe1 or directly ) ! h\se-dra94 ,!y %\ld dis*>ge into a tank or cond5s]1 ! wa/e f :i*1 if to be dis*>g$ into ! sew] ?r\gh ! h\se-dra91 mu/ be connect$ on ! sew] side ( ! runn+ trap4 #dh4 ,subsoil dra9s mu/ be provid$ :5ev] necess>y4 #di4 ,y>ds & areas %\ld always be prop]ly grad$1 cem5t$1 flagg$1 or well pav$1 & prop]ly dra9$2 :5 ! dra9 is connect$ ) ! h\se-dra91 x mu/ be effectively trapp$4 ,front-area dra9s mu/1 :]e practicable1 be connect$ ) ! h\se-dra9 inside ( ! runn+ trap4 #ej4 ,cell> & f\ndation walls mu/1 :]e possible1 be r5d]$ imp]vi\s to dampness1 & ! use ( asphaltum or coal-t> pit*1 9 addition to hydraulic cem5t1 is recomm5d$ = t purpose4 #ea4 ,no privy-vault or s*ool-s9k w be all[$ 9 any cell> or basem5t2 nor %all ! g5]al privy accommodation ( a t5em5t or lodg+ h\se be all[$ to be 9 ! cell> or basem5t4 #eb4 ,no privy-vault1 or cesspool = sewage1 w be p]mitt$ 9 any "p ( ! city :]e wat]-closets or a s*ool-s9k c be connect$ ) a public sew] 9 ! /reet4 #ec4 ,s*ool-s9ks mu/ be ( ca/-iron1 n m ?an two feet 9 dep?1 connect$ at ! upp] end ) ! ,croton supply1 & at ! l[] end ) a dra9 lead+ to ! /reet-sew]1 & provid$ ) an outlet at ! l[e/ po9t & on ! bottom s z to admit ( a complete dis*>ge ( ! cont5ts :5ev] ! outlet is op5$ & ! s9k flu%$ ) wat]4 #ed4 ,! s9k mu/ be set s t ! flange w be at lea/ two feet bel[ ! y>d surface1 to prev5t freez+4 ,x mu/ be at lea/ t5 feet f any w9d[1 or z ne> t di/ance z practicable4 #ee4 ,! wa/e-pipe f a hydrant-s9k 9 ! y>d mu/ be prop]ly trapp$1 especially :]e x dis*>ges into a s*ool-s9k1 a privy-vault1 or cesspool1 or ! h\se-dra94 #ef4 ,op5 light & air c\rts mu/ be prop]ly dra9$4 #eg4 ,:5 a privy-vault or cesspool mu/ necess>ily be us$1 & ! wat]-supply ( ! premises is f a well1 !y mu/ be at lea/ fifty feet f ! well2 & ! privy-vault mu/ be absolutely tight4 ,explanatory ,rem>ks4 #b4 ,z direct z possible4 ,to insure an un9t]rupt$ fl[4 ,:5 a pipe has to pass an ob/ruction 7a beam or po/7 an (fset is us$ 7,fig4 #b74 #c4 ,! soil-pipe is t :i* conveys ! cont5ts ( wat]-closets to ! h\se-dra93 ! wa/e-pipes are int5d$ to c>ry o!r refuse fluids only4 ,! h\se-dra9 is ! l>ge pipe :i* receives ! cont5ts ( ! soil & wa/e pipes & conveys !m outside ! h\se4 ,a trap is a b5d 7) or )\t an enl>gem5t7 ( ! pipe1 int5d$ to reta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( ! fluids t ent] x to occlude ! pipe & prev5t ! backw>d fl[ ( air4 ,! effective wat]-seal is repres5t$ by ! total dep? ( wat] 9 ! trap1 m9us ! inside diamet] ( ! pipe1 & %\ld be at lea/ "o in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,(fset4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,s-trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,half ,s-trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,d-trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,bag-trap4 ,traps are ( v>i\s k9ds1 & _m are pat5t$4 ,! accompany+ figures repres5t ! pr9cipal types4 ,fig4 #c is ! ,s-trap4 ,fig4 #d is ! half ,s-trap4 ,!re is also a ?ree-qu>t] ,s-trap4 ,fig4 #e is a ,d-trap1 =m]ly mu* us$1 b n[ mo/ly out ( date1 because x reta9s dirt4 ,fig4 #f is a bag-trap4 ,x has no advantage ov] ! ,s-trap1 & uses m mat]ial4 ,fig4 #g is a bottle-trap1 mu* us$ 9 ,bo/on4 ,?is also reta9s dirt4 ,!re are v>ieties ( x1 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( all be+ t ! fluids ent] !m at ! bottom & fl[ out at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,bottle-trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,bell-trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,runn+-trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,mason's trap4 ,fig4 #h is ! bell-trap1 s call$ f its %ape4 ,mu* us$ = ! dra9s ( pav$ areas1 y>ds1 & cell>s2 liable to reta9 dirt1 & ne$s frequ5t clean+2 n a good trap4 ,fig4 #i is a runn+-trap1 us$ 9 h\se-dra9s & o!r pipes t are ne>ly horizontal4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts a mason's trap4 ,is built ( brick or /one & cem5t4 ,us$ 9 brick-dra9s & sew]s1 9 receiv+-bas9s at /reet corn]s1 etc4 ,requires frequ5t clean+1 & %\ld nev] be us$ inside a build+4 ,fig4 #aa repres5ts ! me?od ( trapp+ a cesspool4 ,! same plan is also us$ = grease-traps1 ! outlet-pipe dipp+ bel[ ! surface ( ! cont5ts s t x is nev] ob/ruct$ by ! grease1 :i* floats on top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,trapp$ cesspool4 ,a few pat5t traps are %[n z samples3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,adee trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,b[] trap4 ,fig4 #ab is ! ,adee trap1 a modification ( ! ,d-trap4 ,fig4 #ac is ! ,b[] trap1 claim$ to be secur$ aga9/ siphonage or back pressure by a rubb] ball :i* floats up aga9/ ! ent]+-pipe4 ,modification ( ! bottle-trap4 ,fig4 #ad is ,b$ell's trap1 ) a metallic flap or valve1 & an op5+ on ! sew] side ( ! valve1 to relieve pressure4 ,fig4 #ae is ,/ew>t's trap1 intelligible f ! diagram4 ,traps are also made ( iron or glass1 ) a m]cury seal1 :i*1 x is claim$1 are pro( aga9/ siphon+1 pressure1 or evaporation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,b$ell's trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,/ew>t's trap4 #d4 ,a l\v]$ sky-light is "o ) slats at ! sides incl9+ outw>d1 s t air c escape b ra9 c n ent]4 #f4 ,calk$ ) lead4 7,see #bf47 #g4 ,temp]$-up cem5t4 ,cem5t :i* has be5 us$ once1 & has be5 brok5 up & gr\nd1 = us+ a second "t4 #i4 ,h\se-dra91 ( iron4 7,see 8,bad ,odors1 #b1 a407 #aj4 ,wat]-closets4 ,f\r pr9cipal classes1 ) innum]able v>ieties1 mo/ly pat5t$4 #a4 ,! pan-closet 7,fig4 #af74 ,its *ief advantage is its *eapness & ! ease ) :i* x c be repair$4 ,its disadvantage is ! odor t usually att5ds its use4 ,:5 ! h&le 7a7 is rais$1 ! cont5ts ( ! pan 7b7 are ?r[n aga9/ ! side ( ! iron conta9] 7c71 & "s fil? adh]es !re & decomposes1 fill+ ! conta9] ) a noisome /5*1 :i* escapes into ! room e "t ! closet is us$4 ,an abundant flu%1 an enamel$ conta9]1 & prop] v5tilation ( ! conta9]1 r$uce ?is nuisance mat]ially4 ,g5]ally condemn$ by sanit>ians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,pan-closet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,hopp]-closet4 #b4 ,hopp]-closets 7,fig4 #ag74 ,r unsightly1 because ! wat] & float+ matt] 9 ! trap are visible1 & matt]s (t5 cl+ to ! sides1 b1 ) an abundant flu% sudd5ly dis*>g$1 are v in(f5sive4 #c4 ,plung]-closets1 ( :i* ! ,j5n+s closet 7,fig4 #ah7 may be tak5 z a type4 ,! h&le lifts a plug1 :i* all[s ! cont5ts ( ! b[l to run out1 &1 :5 ! plug is dropp$ 9 place1 ! b[l is fill$ aga9 f a ball-cock4 ,^! closets are liable to get out ( ord]2 ! plung]s or plugs lose _! rubb] flanges & leak1 & ! plung]-*amb] is apt to reta9 fil?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,j5n+s closet4 #d4 ,x is evid5t t if ! hopp]-closet c\ld h its trap b5t to "o side out ( sight1 & its hopp] enl>g$ t[>d ! bottom1 s t no?+ w\ld /rike & cl+ to its sides1 x w\ld be an excell5t "o4 ,( su* a type are ! ,tidal-,wave & ,national closets 7,fig4 #ai71 a be+ ! wat]-pipe1 :i* dis*>ges into a flu%+ rim1 & b a v5t-pipe to relieve pressure betwe5 ! two bodies ( wat] dur+ a dis*>ge1 & prev5t siphon+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,tidal-wave closet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,y-bran*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,qu>t] b5d4 ,a wat]-closet1 to be well flu%$1 %\ld h a dis*>ge ( ?ree gallons ( wat] 9 five seconds1 s5t directly d[nw>d all ar\nd ! rim4 ,s*ool-s9k 7also call$ tr\gh-s9k or privy-s9k74 ,an iron tr\gh1 hav+ a sew]-connect$ op5+ ) a movable iron plug 9 ! bottom at "o end1 = ! dis*>ge ( its cont5ts1 & a pipe at ! o!r end1 f :i* x is fill$ ) wat]4 ,x is practically an elongat$ wat]-closet4 7,see #ec47 #ab4 ,y-bran* 7,fig4 #bj71 s nam$ f its %ape4 ,!re are also half ,y-bran*es4 ,eigh? b5ds4 ,!re are also qu>t] b5ds 7,fig4 #ba71 six? b5ds1 & sixte5? b5ds4 ,^! are us$ 9 pipe-connections 9 ord] to dis*>ge ! cont5ts ( ! bran* pipes 9 ! same g5]al direction ) ! curr5t 9 ! ma9 pipes1 =1 if ! dis*>ge ent]s at a "r angle1 a deposit is apt to =m opposite ! po9t ( connection4 #ad4 ,trap 9 h\se-dra94 ,int5d$ to cut (f all communication betwe5 ! h\se & ! /reet sew]4 ,if a contagi\s disease occurs 9 "o's own h\se1 he c be sure t ! excreta are dis9fect$1 & t disease-g]ms c n escape into ! air1 ev5 if ! pipes happ5 to be defective2 b he c n be sure t su* excreta are prop]ly dis9fect$ 9 o!r h\ses4 ,! only safe way1 !re=e1 is = ea* h\se to be cut (f f all o!rs by ! means describ$4 ,! objections to ! trap on ! h\se-dra9 are1 t x =ms a slight ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( dra9age1 & is liable to be ob/ruct$ by deposits1 & t x favors 8cu%ion+10 i4 e41 ! =c+ ( small] traps1 :5 ! air 9 ! dra9 is compress$ betwe5 ?is trap & a d[n-com+ mass ( wat]4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a1 d47 ,! fir/ ( ^! objections is met by mak+ ! trap a half ,s "o1 s t ! fluids fall d[n "o limb ) suffici5t =ce to wa% out ! bottom ( ! trap ?or\ghly ) ea* dis*>ge1 & ! second by ! fre%-air inlet1 :i* relieves ! pressure t o!rwise might =ce ! traps4 #ae4 ,! fre%-air inlet af=ds free entrance = air1 &1 z ! ma9 l9es ( pipe are op5 above ! ro(1 ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( ! pipes w give rise to a con/ant curr5t ( fre% air ?r\gh !m1 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a c47 ,?is results 9 ! oxidation ( :atev] fil? may cl+ to ! pipes1 & dilutes (f5sive gases s t !y are r5d]$ h>mless4 ,x has also be5 %[n t ! v>i\s microscopic organisms1 :i* are believ$ to be ! specific cause ( c]ta9 diseases1 increase 9 virul5ce1 :5 !y propagate 9 ! abs5ce or ) a defici5t supply ( oxyg51 :ile ! int5sity ( _! action is dim9i%$ if !y gr[ :]e oxyg5 is pl5tiful4 #af4 ,v5tilation 9 *imney-flues4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a1 c47 #ag4 ,v]tical pipes ( iron4 ,iron resi/s corrosion & ! assaults ( rats bett] ?an lead1 & lead pipes are sometimes occlud$ by pressure & settl+4 ,bran* wa/es are g5]ally ( lead because x is easily cut & b5t1 s z to be us$ 9 difficult situations4 ,return-b5d or c[l4 ,to prev5t s5seless p]sons f ?r[+ ?+s d[n ! pipe1 & ?us ob/ruct+ x4 #bj4 ,diamet] ( pipes4 ,! inside diamet] is always meant4 #ba4 ,d-pipe4 7,see ,app5dix ,b47 #bb4 ,no traps on v]tical pipes11 at ! foot ( su* pipes1 because !y w\ld prev5t ! free circulation ( air1 & ?us r5d] ! fre%-air inlet practically useless4 ,also to prev5t 8cu%ion+40 #bc4 ,ca/-iron pipes are made 9 five-foot l5g?s1 ) an enl>gem5t at "o end1 call$ ! hub or bell1 & a bead ar\nd ! edge ( ! o!r end 7! spigot-end74 ,! spigot-end ( "o pipe fits loosely into ! hub ( ano!r1 suffici5t room be+ left = calk+4 7,see #bf47 #bd4 ,pipes are t>r$ by be+ heat$ to #ejj ,fahr4 & !n dipp$ p]p5dicul>ly into a hot ba? ( coal-t> pit* mix$ ) a small proportion ( heavy coal-oil4 ,?is coat+ prev5ts corrosion1 or at lea/ greatly ret>ds x4 #be4 ,wr\ght-iron pipes1 ) screw jo9ts1 are us$ by ! ,durham ,h\se ,dra9age ,company1 ! jo9ts be+ gas-tight4 ,!y h ! advantage ( be+ v durable & imp]vi\s to gases1 b ! disadvantage ( be+ too p]man5t4 ,if x is desir$ to *ange ! position ( a fixture1 or to connect a new "o1 x is easy to break a hole 9 a ca/-iron pipe1 or to remove a portion ( x1 b :]e wr\ght-iron pipe is us$ ?is is almo/ impossible4 ,! ,durham sy/em also co/s ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t m ?an ! common "o1 & x is n /rictly correct to say t its use r5d]s a h\se absolutely secure aga9/ leakage ( sew]-air1 because x does n d away ) lead bran*-pipes1 9 :i* frequ5t leakages occur1 & all irregul> portions ( pipe1 ) bran*es1 etc41 9 ?is sy/em are made ( ca/-iron ) calk$ jo9ts1 z 9 ! ord9>y sy/em4 ,! wat]-te/ is appli$ by plugg+ ! pipe c>efully1 & clos+ all op5+s bel[ a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n fill+ x ) wat] to t level4 ,if !re is any leakage1 ! wat]-level w gradually s9k4 ,if ! pipes are tight1 x w rema9 ! same4 ,pepp]m9t-te/4 7,see h]eaft]47 #bf4 ,oakum is pack$ into ! space betwe5 ! spigot-end ( "o pipe & ! hub ( ! o!r1 & driv5 aga9/ ! bead above m5tion$4 ,?is pack+ is call$ a gasket4 ,melt$ lead is p\r$ 9 on top ( ! oakum1 &1 :5 x has cool$1 is driv5 9 tight ) a calk+ iron & mallet4 ,:5 ord9>y pipe is us$1 ! calk+ w sometimes split ! hub1 & ?is furni%es an argum5t = ! g5]al use ( extra-heavy pipe4 ,iron-fil+s1 etc41 mak+ :at is call$ a ru/-jo9t4 #bg4 ,f]rules1 or sleeves1 are us$ because lead pipes are too s(t & yield+ to )/& ! calk+4 ,lead c n be sold]$ to iron1 & !re=e brass or copp] has to be us$4 ,if iron f]rules are us$1 ! lead pipe mu/ be turn$ up on ! outside f> en\gh s t its edge %all be cov]$ by ! melt$ lead us$ 9 calk+1 s z to prev5t leakage ( gas1 z h]eaft] describ$4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a1 b47 #bh4 ,wip$-jo9ts are ^? always us$ = lead pipe1 & are indicat$ by a rais$ r+ ( sold] surr\nd+ ! pipe4 #bi4 ,a trap1 ) a good wat]-seal1 is an effective b>ri] aga9/ ! passage ( sew]-air or p>ticles ( organic matt]4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,c>mi*ael1 confirm$ by ,w]ni* & ,pumpelly1 h amply demon/rat$ t sew]-air passes ?r\gh ! wat]-seal 9 su* m9ute quantities t x c n possibly h>m any "o1 & t solid p>ticles ( matt] c n pass at all4 ,sep>ate traps1 except1 etc4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a1 d47 #cc4 ,siphonage4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a1 d #cg47 #cg4 ,ov]fl[-pipes f fixtures4 ,x is bett] to connect !m ) ! trap bel[ ! wat]-level4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a1 d47 #ch4 ,safes are %eets ( metal 7g5]ally lead7 ) turn$-up edges1 plac$ b5ea? bas9s1 s9ks1 wat]-closets1 etc41 to protect ! floor 9 case ( leakage4 ,! wa/e-pipes ( safes are common s\rces ( nuisance4 7,see 8,bad ,odors10 #a1 c47 #ci4 ,to prev5t contam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! refrig]ator4 #da4 ,:5 wat]-closets are flu%$ directly f ! common supply-pipe ( ! h\se1 z 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( valve-closets1 ! wat] 9 ! pipes1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 w be contam9at$3 e4 g41 if a p]son op5s a faucet on "o floor at ! same mom5t t ! valve is op5$ to flu% a wat]-closet on a high] floor1 wat] w be suck$ back f ! valve1 & ! air ( ! closet w foll[ x4 ,*eck-valves h be5 us$ to prev5t ?is1 b !y %\ld n be dep5d$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,v>i\s =ms ( tanks or ci/]ns = wat]-closets are "h %[n4 ,fig4 #bb repres5ts a tank1 b1 :i* dis*>ges wat] z long z ! h&le 7atta*$ to ! *a9 a7 is rais$4 ,x gives a flu% also ( ! entire cont5ts ( ! s]vice-box c1 aft] ! h&le is l[]$4 ,fig4 #bc %[s a wa/e-prev5t+ tank1 :i* is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 b & d4 ,x w be se5 t ?is all[s only ! cont5ts ( d to be dis*>g$1 ) an aft]-flu% f c4 ,fig4 #bd %[s a tank1 9 :i* ! *a9 a is atta*$ to ! seat1 & is pull$ d[n :5 ! seat is depress$4 ,x w be se5 t no wat] c fl[ :ile ! closet is 9 use1 b1 :5 ! seat is releas$1 ! cont5ts ( c are dis*>g$ ) great =ce4 ,9 all ^! figures1 e is a ball-cock4 ,?is cock is controll$ by a holl[ copp] ball1 :i* floats on wat]1 & is atta*$ to ! end ( a lev]4 ,:5 ! wat] falls1 ! ball falls ) x1 & op5s ! cock4 ,:5 x is float$ up to a c]ta9 po9t1 x closes ! cock & /ops ! fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,dra9age plan = dwell+s4 #de4 ,lead]s %\ld n be us$ z soil-pipes1 because1 dur+ a ra91 ! v5tilation ( ! pipes is int]f]$ ) by ! d[nw>d fl[ ( wat]1 :i* w also empty unv5tilat$ traps by siphon+4 ,! necessity ( hav+ lead]s op5 flu% ) ! ro( also int]f]es ) prop] v5tilation4 #dg4 ,if /eam ent]s a soil-pipe1 x heats ! wat] 9 ! traps1 injures jo9ts on acc\nt ( ! extreme *anges ( temp]ature induc$1 & ha/5s corrosion ( ! pipes4 ,fig4 #be %[s a sy/em ( h\se-dra9age = a city h\se plann$ 9 accordance ) ! above rules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,field's flu%-tank4 ,9 c\ntry h\ses1 :]e !re are no sew]s1 ! be/ me?od ( dispos+ ( ! h\se-slops is subsoil dra9age4 ,! h\se sy/em may be ! same z t already expla9$ = city h\ses4 ,! fluids are conduct$ by a pipe ) tight jo9ts to a flu%-tank 7,fig4 #bf7 ne> ! h\se4 ,?is tank is s con/ruct$ t x empties itself1 by a siphon action1 :5ev] x gets full1 dis*>g+ all its cont5ts 9 a v %ort "t1 & ?us wa%+ out ?or\ghly ! pipes into :i* x empties4 8,! outlet-pipe f ?is tank is cont9u$ by a cem5t$ vitrifi$ pipe to a po9t ab\t tw5ty-five feet f>!r away4 ,"h x connects ) a sy/em ( op5-jo9t$ dra9-tiles1 consi/+ ( "o ma91 fifty feet long1 & t5 lat]al dra9s1 six feet ap>t1 & ea* ab\t tw5ty feet long4 ,^! dra9s und]lie a "p ( ! lawn1 & are only ab\t t5 in*es bel[ ! surface0 7,w>+74 ,x w be und]/ood t ! purpose ( ?is me?od ( dra9age is to h ! organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! h\se-refuse appropriat$ by vegetation1 & x mu/ !re=e be di/ribut$ )9 rea* ( ! grass-roots4 ,if wat]-closets are us$1 ! foll[+ sy/em is recomm5d$ 9 8,! ,sanit>y ,eng9e]03 ,collect all ! sewage ( ! h\se 9 a small & p]fectly tight tank or cesspool1 9 :i* ! pap] & fecal matt] soon become mac]at$ by f]m5tation & r$uc$ to a pulp4 ,?is tank %\ld ov]fl[ into ! flu%-tank1 ! ov]fl[-pipe dipp+ at lea/ a foot bel[ ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 to avoid ! scum4 ,! siphon ( ! flu%-tank %\ld be accessible by a man-hole1 s z to be readily clean$4 ,if ?us arrang$1 & if no roots ( trees are 9 ! soil1 ! di/ribution-pipes w n clog = a ye> or m1 sometimes n = t5 ye>s4 ,pipes %\ld be laid at a dep? ( eight in*es1 ) a slight & uni=m desc5t ( n ov] six or eight in*es 9 "o hundr$ feet4 ,bran*es f a f\r-in* ma9 to ! two-in* di/ribution-pipes %\ld lead f ! bottom ( ! =m]1 in/ead ( f ! side1 z 9 ord9>y dra9 connections4 ,!re %\ld be a grease-trap 7see 8,explanatory ,rem>ks10 #c7 atta*$ to ! kit*5 wa/e-pipes1 9 ord] to prev5t clogg+ ( ! tanks & pipes by ! congelation ( fat4 ,bad ,odors4 ,:5 bad odors 9 a h\se are traceable to ! dra9age1 !y w usually be f\nd to be due to "o or m ( ! foll[+ causes3 #a4 ,to faulty con/ruction4 7a47 ,dra9s4--,^! may be made ( brick or /one & cem5t4 ,su* mat]ials are p]vi\s to gases1 ev5 :5 s\nd1 & are peculi>ly liable to be *annel$ by rats1 especially :]e an iron or lead pipe ent]s !m4 ,su* a dra9 %\ld be replac$ by an iron "o4 7b47 ,jo9ts4--,cem5t-jo9ts are p]vi\s to gases4 ,putty-jo9ts crack & s become p]vi\s4 ,a lead pipe is sometimes connect$ ) an iron "o by means ( an iron f]rule1 ! lead pipe pass+ inside ! f]rule & be+ turn$ ov] its l[] edge1 ext5d+ up on ! outside1 ! f]rule !n be+ calk$ into ! hub4 ,:5 pap] is us$ = ! gasket or pack+1 x rots away 9 "t1 & a passage is left ?r\gh :i* gas c escape z foll[s3 up betwe5 ! hub & ! turn$-ov] lead pipe1 ov] its edge1 betwe5 x & ! calk+1 d[n betwe5 ! lead pipe & ! f]rule1 across ! l[] edge ( ! f]rule1 & out betwe5 ! inn] surface ( ! f]rule & ! out] surface ( ! lead pipe4 7,see ,fig4 #bg47 ,sometimes a connection ( lead ) iron is made by means ( a lead flange fa/5$ ar\nd ! iron pipe ) wire1 & sometimes ! lead pipe is simply /uck into a hole 9 ! iron pipe & fa/5$ ) cem5t or putty4 ,su* "w %\ld be replac$ by prop]ly made jo9ts z describ$ 9 ! above regulations4 7,or 9 8,bad ,odors10 #b1 c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,iron f]rule improp]ly calk$4 7c47 ,pipes4--,if ! lead]s are n trapp$ at ! bottom1 (f5sive gases f !m may ent] ! ne>e/ w9d[s4 ,a lead] is nev] ( ! same l5g? z ! soil-pipe1 &1 if !re is direct communication betwe5 !m ?r\gh ! h\se-dra91 !re w always be a curr5t ( air ?r\gh !m 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,if ! ext]nal air is cold] ?an t inside ! pipes1 !n ! heavi] column ( air w be ov] ! %ort] pipe1 & ! curr5t w be d[n t "o & up ! o!r4 ,if ! ext]nal air is w>m] ?an t 9 ! pipes1 ! heavi] column w be t :i* includes ! long] pipe1 & ! curr5t w be d[n t "o & up ! %ort]4 ,s1 z a rule1 ! curr5t 9 w9t] is d[n ! %ort pipe & up ! long "o1 :ile 9 summ] x is rev]s$1 &1 z ! %ort pipe (t5 ends ne> w9d[s1 ! nuisance is greate/ :5 ^! w9d[s are op54 ,( c\rse1 9 su* cases1 ! lead] mu/ be trapp$4 ,v5tilat+-pipes sometimes end 9 *imney-flues4 ,?is is a bad plan1 =1 if ! flue is 9 use1 ! op5 end ( ! pipe w become *ok$ ) soot & f9ally be r5d]$ useless4 ,if ! flue is n us$1 !re w (t5 be a d[n draught 9 x1 & ! (f5sive gases may be convey$ ?r\gh /ove-pipes or fireplaces into ! rooms ( ! h\se4 ,su* gases may ev5 p5etrate ! walls ( ! flue & s ent] ! h\se4 ,if su* a pipe is ev] run into a flue1 x %\ld be ext5d$ at lea/ two feet above ! *imney-top4 ,v5tilat+-pipes are sometimes badly arrang$1 s t !y actually neutralize a trap & r5d] x useless4 7,see ,fig4 #bh47 ,9 ?is figure a is ! soil-pipe & b ! v5tilat+-pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,faulty arrangem5t ( v5tilat+ pipes4 ,safe-wa/es & ! ov]fl[-pipes ( tanks & ci/]ns may be connect$ ) ! soil or wa/e pipe4 ,:5 !y are1 !y are usually trapp$4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd t ! traps are empty & useless1 s t (f5sive gases escape f ! pipes4 ,) tank-ov]fl[ pipes ?is is g5]ally ! case4 ,safe-wa/e traps are sometimes provid$ ) small fe$-pipes1 int5d$ to dis*>ge wat] into !m e "t ! fixtures are us$4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd1 h[ev]1 if ! end ( ! fe$-pipe is pull$ up out ( ! wa/e1 t no wat] runs ?r\gh x1 & x is useless1 sometimes because x is too small & is *ok$ ) du/ & s$im5t1 & sometimes because x is wrongly atta*$ to ! s\rce ( supply4 ,safe-wa/es1 dis*>g+ into ! kit*5 or cell>1 may convey to ! rooms odors ( cook+ or ( articles /or$ 9 ! cell> 7onions1 turnips1 etc471 or f ! s]vants' wat]-closet1 :i* is (t5 (f5sive4 ,if ur9e or o!r (f5sive liquids f leakage fl[ ?r\gh !m1 ! upw>d curr5ts ( air w be impregnat$ ) odors f ! fil? t has clung to ! pipe long aft] ! leak has be5 repair$4 ,9 any ev5t ^! safe-wa/es con/itute a direct communication betwe5 diff]5t rooms ( a h\se1 :i* is n always desirable4 ,x is bett] to d )\t !m4 ,!y are r>ely ( any use4 ,if requir$1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld ei!r be trapp$ "u ! safe1 & means tak5 to insure a con/ant wat]-seal1 or !y may be clos$ by a piece ( pap] pa/$ ov] ! l[] op5+1 :i* w prev5t ! entrance ( any odors f cell> or kit*51 b w give way 9 case ( leakage4 ,! safe-wa/es ( wat]-closets (t5 dis*>ge into ! trap ( ! wat]-closet4 ,?is is a bad plan1 because1 if !re is an ob/ruction 9 ! trap1 ! safe-wa/e is1 ( c\rse1 useless4 ,if (f5sive odors are trac$ to safe-wa/es1 ! op5+s _h bett] be seal$4 ,if ov]fl[-pipes are ! s\rce1 !y mu/ be disconnect$ f ! soil or wa/e pipe & made to dis*>ge else:]e 7e4 g41 into "s s9k or wat]-closet74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,cu%ion+ illu/rat$4 7d47 ,traps4--,if two traps are s arrang$ t ! air is compress$ betwe5 !m by an oncom+ ru% ( wat]1 ! trap conta9+ ! %all[e/ wat]-seal w be =c$1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( air w escape ?r\gh x f ! int]ior ( ! pipe4 ,?is result is due to 8cu%ion+10 z x is call$1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,su* a fault is to be rem$i$ by connect+ ! cr[n ( "o ( ! traps ) a v5tilat+-pipe1 s t any pressure ( ! k9d is imm$iately reliev$ )\t di/urb+ ! seal ( ! trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,d\ble-trapp$ wa/e-pipe 7air-b\nd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,two s9ks ) b "o trap4 ,if !re are two traps on ! same l9e ( pipe 7,fig4 #cj71 s t a "p ( ! int]ior ( ! pipe is cut (f f ! ext]nal air 9 bo? directions1 x becomes 8air-b\nd10 & "o ( two results w foll[1 viz43 wat] dis*>g$ into ! fixture above ! high] trap w rema9 9 ! b[l & n run d[n1 on acc\nt ( ! compression ( air betwe5 ! traps2 or1 if x does run out ( ! fixture1 x w displace an equival5t bulk ( f\l air1 :i* w bubble up ?r\gh ! upp] trap & cause (f5sive odors4 ,9 su* a case1 ! l[] trap %\ld be remov$4 ,if two or m wa/e-pipes 7z 9 sets ( tubs1 9 s9ks1 & (t5 9 ur9als7 are provid$ ) b "o trap = all 7,fig4 #ca71 !re w be a con/ant curr5t ( air along ! pipes1 sometimes em]g+ f "o op5+ & sometimes f ano!r4 ,?is air w be contam9at$ by ! fil? t l9es ! pipes1 & w (t5 be q (f5sive4 ,9 su* cases1 ea* wa/e-pipe %\ld be indep5d5tly trapp$1 or 7z 9 ! case ( ba?-tubs or ur9als7 ! ov]fl[-pipe %\ld be connect$ ) ! trap ( ! wa/e-pipe bel[ ! wat]-seal1 z 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,:5 a body ( wat] suffici5tly l>ge to ne>ly fill a pipe is dis*>g$ into x1 x drags air along ) x1 & exhau/s ! air 9 all bran*-pipes to a great] or less ext5t4 ,:5 ?is exhau/ion am\nts to a dim9ution ( ! pressure 9 ! pipe ( ab\t #a_/cej1 ! wat] 9 an ord9>y trap 7) a "o-in* seal7 w be =c$ out ( x by ! pressure ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 or 9 o!r words w be suck$ out ( ! trap into ! pipe1 leav+ no wat]-seal 9 ! trap1 &1 !re=e1 all[+ free exit = sew]-air4 ,?is effect is kn[n z ! 8siphon+0 ( ! trap1 & is mo/ likely to occur :5 ! ma9 pipe is n op5 at its upp] extremity 7is n v5tilat$71 & :5 ! bran* wa/es are ( ! same size ) ! ma9 "o4 ,?is fault is rem$i$ by ! v5tilation ( ! traps1 & ( ! ma9 pipes1 z describ$ 9 ! regulations above quot$ 7#ag & #cc74 #b4 ,to defects 9 ! pipes4 7a47 ,dra9s4--,bad odors 9 cell>s (t5 come f brok5 e>!nw>e or tile dra9s1 crack$ by settl+1 or f rat-holes 9 cem5t$ dra9s4 ,e>!nw>e or brick dra9s inside a h\se %\ld be replac$ by iron ones4 7b47 ,jo9ts4--,cem5t or putty jo9ts are (t5 crack$4 ,wat]-closets sometimes become loos5$ f ! floor & leak fluids & gases4 ,! cov]s ( h&-holes ( traps sometimes get loose & leak gas4 ,sometimes trap-screws1 in/ead ( be+ at ! bottom ( ! trap1 :]e !y are cov]$ by wat]1 are at ! top2 if ^! are loose1 gases may escape4 ,all su* defects %\ld be repair$4 7c47 ,pipes4--,bo? lead & iron pipes are corrod$ & 9 "t p]=at$ by sew]-air4 ,su* corrosion is mo/ likely to occur at po9ts :]e gases come 9 contact ) a dry "p ( ! pipe1 viz41 at ! cr[ns or domes ( traps1 & 9 v5tilat+-pipes4 ,= ?is reason1 v5tilat+-pipes %\ld nev] be made ( ?9 iron 7galvaniz$ iron71 & %\ld always be protect$ by a t>-coat+4 ,! cr[ns ( lead traps 7especially ( wat]-closets7 are (t5 bitt5 into by rats 9 se>* ( wat]4 ,9 all cases :5 ! cr[n ( a trap is p]=at$1 !re is r>ely any leakage ( fluid to indicate x1 b (f5sive gases escape4 ,all corrod$ traps & pipes %\ld be replac$ by new ones1 & n pat*$ up4 ,holes 9 iron pipes may be clos$ by iron b&s surr\nd+ ! pipe1 & fa/5$ ) r$-lead putty & screw-bolts 7,fig4 #cb74 ,a new jo9t may be made by means ( a saddle-hub 7,fig4 #cc7 c>efully secur$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,lead pipes are sometimes protect$ aga9/ rats by be+ encircl$ by t91 or pack$ 9 p\nd$ glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,b&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,saddle-hub4 #c4 ,to c>elessness4 7a47 ,evaporation4--,if fixtures are n 9 con/ant use1 ! wat] soon evaporates f ! traps & gives exit to sew]-air4 ,?is (t5 happ5s 9 w>m wea!r1 & :5 a h\se is vacant = a "t4 ,to prev5t evaporation1 a little oil may be p\r$ into ! trap1 to protect ! surface ( ! wat]-seal1 or x may be made ! special duty ( a s]vant to keep ! traps full ( wat] :5 ! fixtures are n 9 use4 7b47 ,dirt4--,! inside ( a pipe (t5 becomes coat$ ) slime1 consi/+ l>gely ( grease1 especially 9 kit*5s4 ,?is fil?y l9+ rapidly decomposes1 & t portion above ! trap may give out bad odors4 ,! pipes may be cleans$ ) a /rong hot solution ( soda4 ,exam9ation ( ,h\se-,dra9age4 ,if ! object ( an exam9ation is to det]m9e :e!r ! dra9age is plann$ & con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ! be/ me?ods ( ! day1 ea* po9t ref]r$ to 9 ! above regulations %\ld be c>efully inve/igat$4 ,if ! object is to det]m9e ! s\rce ( (f5sive odors1 or if !re has be5 sickness 9 ! h\se ( su* a "* z to indicate possible defects 9 ! plumb+1 ! sev]al s\rces ( bad odors j enum]at$ %\ld ea* be c>efully inquir$ into4 ,a few additional sugge/ions z to ! me?od ( exam9ation w n be out ( place4 ,x w be f\nd mu* easi] to det]m9e ! direction1 numb]1 & situation ( ! ma9 l9es ( pipe1 if ! exam9ation is begun at ! ro( & cont9u$ d[nw>d4 ,if a beg9n+ is made 9 ! cell>1 confusion results4 8,cu%ion+0 is det]m9$ by caus+ ! dis*>ge ( a consid]able mass ( wat] 7z f a ba?-tub or wat]-closet7 into ! ma9 pipe1 at "s di/ance above ! suspect$ fixture4 ,if !re is a regurgitation 9 ! fixture "u obs]vation1 !re is c]ta9ly an ob/ruction 9 ! pipe at "s po9t bel[ ! fixture4 ,if ! ob/ruction is caus$ by some?+ lodg$ 9 ! pipe1 ! back-fl[ 9 ! fixture w be a /eady "o1 because !re w be "s leakage ?r\gh ! ob/ruction1 :ile if x is due to compress$ air1 :i* is ela/ic1 ! regurgitation w be by spurts1 & ! wat] 9 ! trap may ev5 be ?r[n up to a consid]able height4 8,siphon+0 is also det]m9$ by fill+ ! pipe ) wat] 9 ! mann] j expla9$4 ,if ! trap ( ! fixture "u obs]vation is empti$ by siphon+1 a suck+ or gurgl+ noise w be he>d 9 x1 & a flame held ov] ! outlet ( ! fixture w be drawn d[nw>d by ! inw>d curr5t ( air4 ,"o trap to sev]al pipes 7:5 x is suspect$ b n c]ta9ly kn[n because ! trap is out ( sight7 may be detect$ by ! fact t !re w always be a curr5t ( air 9 "o direction or ! o!r ?r\gh su* pipes1 & m or less odor w escape4 ,if ! back ( ! h& is wet1 x becomes v s5sitive to su* a curr5t1 & by hold+ alt]nately ! palm & ! back ( ! h&1 or ev5 ( ! =ef+] 7wet71 ov] an op5+1 ! exi/5ce & direction ( su* a curr5t c be easily det]m9$4 ,if ! odors are f su* a s\rce1 x c !n be made evid5t by cov]+ all ! outlets b "o ) wet pap]1 s z to prev5t ! air-curr5ts1 :5 ! odors w tempor>ily disappe>4 ,if a trap is accessible1 x is easy to det]m9e :e!r its wat]-seal is pres]v$ or n by tapp+ x f top to bottom ) "s metallic sub/ance1 :5 ! diff]5ce 9 s\nd w indicate ! exact level ( ! wat] inside4 ,^? p>ts ( ! plumb+ :i* are n accessible to inspection mu/ be exam9$ by introduc+ into ! pipes "s /rong-smell+ sub/ance1 :i* w indicate defects by its escape ?r\gh !m into ! h\se4 ,oil ( pepp]m9t is (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ,pepp]m9t-,te/4 ,= te/+ ! pipes ( an ord9>y dwell+1 "o ounce ( ! oil ( pepp]m9t is suffici5t4 ,= a l>ge build+ m may be ne$$4 ,! drug co/s f tw5ty-five to sev5ty-five c5ts an ounce1 accord+ to its quality & ! place :]e x is b\ght4 ,x is be/ to introduce ! oil into ! pipes f outside ! h\se1 if possible1 s t ! odor :i* inevitably att5ds ! process may be dissipat$ 9 ! ext]nal air4 ,! object be+ to asc]ta9 ! location ( defects 9 ! pipes inside ! h\se1 ! exam9] mu/ feel c]ta91 if he detects ! odor ( pepp]m9t any:]e1 t ! vapor has come to him f inside ! pipes1 & n f ! outside4 ,if ! v5tilat+-pipes are s con/ruct$ t ! oil c n be p\r$ 9 f ! ro(1 !n x mu/ be p\r$ into "s bas9 or wat]-closet 9 ! upp] portion ( ! h\se4 ,! pepp]m9t %\ld fir/ be m+l$ ) a pailful ( hot wat] to promote rapid volatilization1 & p\r$ sl[ly d[n ! pipe4 ,aft] x is p\r$ d[n1 ! op5+s at ! upp] extremities ( ! pipes %\ld be clos$1 s t ! pressure ( ! vapor inside ! pipes may n be reliev$ 9 t direction4 ,if ! odor ( pepp]m9t1 ?us introduc$ ) ! precautions m5tion$ bel[1 is p]ceiv$ any:]e 9 ! h\se1 x is an indication t !re is an op5+ 9 "s pipe1 ?r\gh :i* sew]-air may escape4 ,?is op5+ may be a defect1 or x may be due to siphon+ ( traps1 or to faults ( orig9al con/ruction4 ,!re w n usually be mu* difficulty 9 locat+ x ) consid]able exactness4 ,special ,precautions4 ,! pepp]m9t %\ld be kept on ! ro(1 or on a w9d[-sill outside ! h\se1 until ne$$1 = x is s volatile t ! vapor escapes ?r\gh ! cork1 & if ! odor gets into ! h\se 9 ?is way1 x w vitiate ! exam9ation4 ,! p]son :o p\rs ! pepp]m9t %\ld rema9 on ! ro( or 9 ! room :]e he does x1 ) ! doors clos$1 until ! exam9ation is complete1 = ! odor w cl+ to 8 clo?+ & foll[ him :]ev] he goes = an h\r or m4 ,additional ,rem>ks4 ,if bad odors h be5 notic$1 & no defect c be f\nd 9 ! ways above m5tion$1 !y may be due to decay+ animal matt] 7dead rats1 etc471 or 79 ! city7 to defects 9 ! plumb+ ( ! adjo9+ h\se1 (f5sive gases f :i* may p5etrate ! wall4 ,! s\rce ( bad odors ne$ n necess>ily be 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! place :]e !y are notic$1 = ! walls ( build+s are full ( *annels & op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* (f5sive gases may be c>ri$ by curr5ts ( air1 s z to em]ge at a consid]able di/ance f _! orig94 ,?us1 9 w9t]1 !y are apt to be mo/ noticeable ne> a fire4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,dra9age4 ,= h\ses :]e !re are public sew]s3 wat]-c>riage4 ,= c\ntry h\ses1 if isolat$ f sew]s1 & :]e exp5se is no objection3 wat]-c>riage ) subsoil dra9age4 ,9 villages & small t[ns1 )\t sew]s3 subsoil dra9age 7= slops71 & pails 7= excreta71 frequ5tly remov$ by prop] (fic]s4 ,= f>m-h\ses3 subsoil dra9age = slops1 & a movable tank1 ) dry e>? dis9fection1 = excreta4 ,= sea-side h\ses1 isolat$3 if !re is vegetation1 subsoil dra9age = slops1 & e>?-closets4 ,= sea-side villages3 subsoil dra9age & ! pail sy/em4 ,= sea-side h\ses1 :]e !re is no vegetation3 = excreta1 e>?-closets or a movable iron tank1 ) dry-e>? dis9fection2 = slops1 a wat]-tight cesspool1 ) arrangem5ts = empty+ its cont5ts into ! sea :5 ! tide is ebb+4 ,h[ to prev5t contam9ation ( ! air f ! gr\nd4 ,h ! h\se sep>at$ f ! soil on :i* x is built by a lay] ( asphalt betwe5 two lay]s ( cem5t1 ext5d+ ov] ! :ole cell>-floor1 ?r\gh ! f\ndation-walls & up above ! po9t :]e ! gr\nd t\*es ! walls outside4 ,or h ! h\se built )\t a cell>1 & ) p]=at$ und]p9n+1 s z to all[ a free circulation ( air und]nea? x4 ,! subsoil %\ld also be dra9$ by tiles laid at lea/ a foot l[] ?an ! cell>-bottom4 ,! cold-air boxes ( furnaces %\ld draw _! supply f ! ext]nal air4 ,x is advisable to h a ?9 lay] ( cotton held 9 place by wire gauze to filt] ! air z x ent]s !m4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,dis9fection4 ,h[ to prev5t contam9ation ( ! air by ! respiration1 bodily emanations1 & excreta ( diseas$ p]sons4 ,x is n possible ) our pres5t k to prev5t ! multiplication ( morbid g]ms 9 ! human body1 :5 !y are once implant$ !re1 nor to prev5t _! dis*>ge2 b we c de/roy !m aft] _! exit f ! body1 & s protect o!r p]sons :o are n yet affect$4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions = ! managem5t ( contagi\s diseases 7 prep>$ = ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal? by ,pr(essors ,*&l]1 ,h5ry ,drap]1 ,b>k]1 ,v&] ,poel1 ,e4 ,g4 ,janeway1 & ,ira ,rems54 ,in/ructions = ,dis9fection4 ,dis9fection is ! de/ruction ( ! poisons ( infecti\s & contagi\s diseases4 ,deodoriz]s1 or sub/ances :i* de/roy smells1 are n necess>ily dis9fectants1 & dis9fectants d n necess>ily h an odor4 ,dis9fection c n comp5sate = want ( cleanl9ess nor ( v5tilation4 ,i4 ,dis9fectants to be employ$4 #a4 ,roll-sulphur 7brim/one7 = fumigation4 #b4 ,sulphate ( iron 7copp]as7 dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o & a half p\nds to ! gallon2 = soil1 sew]s1 etc4 #c4 ,sulphate ( z9c & common salt1 dissolv$ toge!r 9 wat] 9 ! proportion ( f\r ounces sulphate & two ounces salt to ! gallon2 = clo?+1 b$-l951 etc4 ,,ii4 ,h[ to use ,dis9fectants4 #a4 ,9 ! sick-room4 ,! mo/ available ag5ts are fre% air & cleanl9ess4 ,! clo?+1 t[els1 b$-l951 etc41 %\ld on removal f ! pati5t1 & be=e !y are tak5 f ! room1 be plac$ 9 a pail or tub ( ! z9c solution1 boil+-hot if possible4 ,all dis*>ges %\ld ei!r be receiv$ 9 vessels conta9+ copp]as solution1 or1 :5 ?is is impracticable1 %\ld be imm$iately cov]$ ) copp]as solution4 ,all vessels us$ ab\t ! pati5t %\ld be cleans$ ) ! same solution4 ,unnecess>y furniture1 especially t :i* is /uff$1 c>pets & hang+s1 %\ld1 :5 possible1 be remov$ f ! room at ! outset2 o!rwise !y %\ld rema9 = subsequ5t fumigation & treatm5t4 #b4 ,fumigation ) sulphur is ! only practicable me?od = dis9fect+ ! h\se4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! rooms to be dis9fect$ mu/ be vacat$4 ,heavy clo?+1 blankets1 b$d+1 & o!r articles :i* c n be treat$ ) z9c solution1 %\ld be op5$ & expos$ dur+ fumigation1 z direct$ bel[4 ,close ! rooms z tightly z possible1 place ! sulphur 9 iron pans support$ ^u bricks plac$ 9 wa%-tubs conta9+ a little wat]1 set x on fire by hot coals or ) ! aid ( a spoonful ( alcohol1 & all[ ! room to rema9 clos$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,= a room ab\t t5 feet squ>e1 at lea/ two p\nds ( sulphur %\ld be us$2 = l>g] rooms1 proportionally increas$ quantities4 #c4 ,premises4 ,cell>s1 y>ds1 /ables1 gutt]s1 privies1 cesspools1 wat]-closets1 dra9s1 sew]s1 etc41 %\ld be frequ5tly & lib]ally treat$ ) copp]as solution4 ,! copp]as solution is easily prep>$ by hang+ a basket conta9+ ab\t sixty p\nds ( copp]as 9 a b>rel ( wat]4 #d4 ,body & b$ clo?+1 etc4 ,x is be/ to burn all articles :i* h be5 9 contact ) p]sons sick ) contagi\s or infecti\s diseases4 ,articles too valuable to be de/roy$ %\ld be treat$ z foll[s3 7a47 ,cotton1 l951 flannels1 blankets1 etc41 %\ld be treat$ ) ! boil+-hot z9c solution2 introduce piece by piece1 secure ?or\gh wett+1 & boil = at lea/ half an h\r4 7b47 ,heavy wool5 clo?+1 silks1 furs1 /uff$ b$-cov]s1 b$s1 & o!r articles :i* c n be treat$ ) ! z9c solution1 %\ld be hung 9 ! room dur+ fumigation1 _! surfaces ?or\ghly expos$ & pockets turn$ inside out4 ,aft]w>d !y %\ld be hung 9 ! op5 air1 beat5 & %ak54 ,pill[s1 b$s1 /uff$ mattresses1 uphol/]$ furniture1 etc41 %\ld be cut op51 ! cont5ts spread out & ?or\ghly fumigat$4 ,c>pets are be/ fumigat$ on ! floor1 b %\ld aft]w>d be remov$ to ! op5 air & ?or\ghly beat54 #e4 ,corpses especially ( p]sons t h di$ ( any infecti\s or malignant disease1 %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) a z9c solution ( d\ble /r5g?2 %\ld !n be wrapp$ 9 a %eet1 wet ) ! z9c solution1 & buri$ at once4 ,metallic1 metal-l9$1 or air-tight c(f9s %\ld be us$ :5 possible2 c]ta9ly :5 ! body is to be transport$ = any consid]able di/ance4 ,comm5ts4 ,,section ,i4 #a4 ,copp]as1 also call$ gre5 vitriol4 #b4 ,ab\t f\r tablespoonfuls ( ! z9c & two tablespoonfuls ( ! salt1 mak+ a solution ( ! *loride ( z9c4 ,,section ,,ii4 #a4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be kept op51 if possible1 b 9 su* a way z to avoid draughts on ! b$4 ,a fire %\ld be con/antly burn+ 9 an op5 fireplace4 ,! room %\ld be on ! top floor1 & all cracks & op5+s communicat+ ) o!r rooms %\ld be clos$ tightly4 ,! door :i* has to be us$ %\ld h a wet %eet hang+ entirely ov] x1 ! w9d[s & fireplace be+ alone reli$ on = v5tilation4 #b4 ,! burn+ ( sulphur produces sulphur\s acid1 :i* is an irrespirable gas4 ,! p]son :o lights ! sulphur mu/1 !re=e1 imm$iately leave ! room1 & aft] ! lapse ( ! prop] "t1 mu/ hold 8 brea? z he ent]s ! room to op5 ! w9d[s & let out ! gas4 ,aft] fumigation1 pla/]$ walls %\ld be :itewa%$1 ! wood-"w well scrubb$ ) c>bolic soap1 & pa9t$ portions repa9t$4 #c4 ,or put copp]as 9 a pail ( wat]1 9 su* quantity t "s may con/antly rema9 undissolv$ at ! bottom4 ,?is makes a saturat$ solution4 ,to e privy or wat]-closet1 all[ "o p9t ( ! solution = e f\r p]sons :5 *ol]a is ab\t4 ,to keep privies f be+ (f5sive1 p\r "o p9t into ea* seat1 night & morn+4 #d4 7a47 ,su* articles %\ld nev] be s5t to a public laundry or m+l$ ) ! family wa%+4 7b47 ,! cutt+ op5 ( /uff$ articles may seem unnecess>y1 b x is n4 ,! poison ( contagi\s diseases cl+s to su* /uffs 7call$ fomites7 ) great t5acity = ye>s1 & mu/ be de/roy$ be=e !y are fit to be us$ aga94 #e4 ,x is also well to fill a l>ge wad ( cotton or f9e %av+s ) coal-t> p[d] or *loride ( lime & place x b5ea? ! hips1 to absorb fluids4 ,contagi\s diseases are (t5 caught at ! fun]als ( ^? :o h di$ ( !m1 & ! sanit>y code ( ,new ,york city =bids a public fun]al ( any p]son :o has di$ ( small-pox1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 yell[ fev]1 typhus fev]1 or ,asiatic *ol]a4 ,x is bett] to limit ! att5dance at su* fun]als to z few z possible4 ,additional ,precautions 9 ,special ,diseases4 ,small-pox4--,e "o 9 ! vic9ity %\ld be vacc9at$ ) fre% virus4 ,e p]son %\ld be vacc9at$ 9 infancy1 aga9 aft] pub]ty1 & aga9 )9 f\r days aft] exposure to small-pox4 ,special c>e %\ld be paid to isolation4 ,inmates ( ! h\se %\ld nei!r make nor receive visits :ile ! pati5t is sick4 ,diph!ria & ,consumption4--,special c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid inhal+ ! brea? ( ! pati5t1 z ! diseases are communicat$ ?r\gh ! secretions ( ! nose1 ?roat1 & lungs4 ,! matt] c\gh$ up %\ld be receiv$ on rags & imm$iately burn$4 ,sc>let ,fev] & ,measles4--,^! are communicable dur+ convalesc5ce1 z well z dur+ ! illness4 ,! body ( ! pati5t %\ld be ano9t$ twice a day ) sweet-oil1 l>d1 or vasel9e1 conta9+ t5 gra9s ( c>bolic acid or ?ymol to ! ounce4 ,?is %\ld be cont9u$ until all bran-l scal+ ( ! sk9 is at an end4 ,be=e aga9 associat+ ) unprotect$ p]sons1 ! pati5t %\ld h sev]al complete ablutions1 includ+ ?or\gh wa%+ ( ! hair ) soap or borax2 & none ( ! clo?+ worn = sev]al days be=e ! disease decl>$ itself %\ld be aga9 us$ until ?or\ghly dis9fect$1 & v5tilat$ 9 ! op5 air sev]al days 7,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? circul>74 ,typhoid ,fev]1 ,asiatic ,*ol]a1 & ,dys5t]y4--,poison conta9$ 9 dis*>ges f ! b[els4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to ! dis9fection ( su* dis*>ges by ! z9c or copp]as solution4 ,yell[ ,fev]4--,poison possibly conta9$ 9 dis*>ges f /oma* & b[els1 b requir+ special conditions = developm5t outside ! body be=e x c affect o!r p]sons4 ,excreta %\ld be imm$iately dis9fect$4 ,g]ms may be c>ri$ long di/ances 9 fomites 7clo?+1 b$d+1 & o!r por\s sub/ances71 & dis9fection ( su* articles mu/ be v ?or\gh4 ,typhus ,fev]4--,no visit+ to be all[$4 ,:5 !re is small-pox1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 measles1 or typhus fev] 9 a h\se1 imm$iate att5dants on ! sick %\ld n leave ! h\se )\t a *ange ( outside clo?+4 ,g5]al ,precautions = ^? ent]+ a ,sick-,room4 ,nev] ent] a sick-room ) an empty /oma*1 or :5 v tir$4 ,nev] eat or dr9k any?+ t has be5 long expos$ to ! air ( ! sick-room4 ,brea! ?r\gh y\r nose1 & keep y\r m\? %ut except :5 y are talk+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,food4 ,h[ to di/+ui% a good article ( food f a bad "o1 :5 bo? are 9 _! natural /ate1 is )9 ! prov9ce ( ! cook-book4 ,9 ?is place w be po9t$ out only ! adult]ations ( food1 & ^? me?ods ( detect+ !m :i* c be us$ by h\sehold]s :o h no special k ( ! in/rum5tal & *emical means :i* are g5]ally necess>y4 ,adult]ations are ( two k9ds3 ^? :i* injure ! consum]1 & ^? :i* simply *eat him4 ,! foll[+ details are *iefly tak5 f ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? report = #ahha-'hb1 ! "n ( ! analy/ be+ 9 ea* case app5d$4 ,arr[root4--,(t5 mix$ ) *eap] />*es4 ,tw5ty-?ree samples exam9$3 sev5te5 7 arr[root1 "o 0 arr[root & tapioca1 two arr[root1 tapioca1 & potato1 & ?ree tapioca & potato4 ,h>mless4 7,e4 ,g4 ,love1 ,ph4 ,d47 ,bak]s' *emicals4--7,sal]atus47 ,?is 0 orig9ally bic>bonate ( pota%1 b ! "n is n[ appli$ to ! bic>bonate ( soda4 ,tw5ty samples3 none adult]at$4--7,bak+-soda47 ,tw5ty-?ree samples3 tw5ty samples unadult]at$4 ,"o conta9$ #be p] c5t ( gypsum2 "o same quantity ( gypsum & a little />*2 "o a l>ge am\nt ( sulphate ( soda & #ag p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime4--7,cream ( t>t>47 ,?is is ! bit>trate ( pota%4 ,tw5ty-sev5 samples3 sixte5 adult]at$ & 9 "s n a p>ticle ( cream ( t>t> f\nd4 ,six adult]at$ ) t]ra alba 7gypsum7 & />*1 "o ) />* alone1 two ) />*1 t]ra alba1 & acid phosphate ( lime4 ,six _h t>t>ic acid & no cream ( t>t>4 ,9 eight ! am\nt ( t]ra alba 0 f\nd to v>y f #c4bg to #ic p] c5t4 ,five samples conta9$ ov] #gj p] c5t ( ?is injuri\s adult]ation4 7,love47 ,bak+-p[d]s4--,conta9 bic>bonate ( soda & "s acid or acid salt1 :i* comb9e :5 wat] is add$ & evolve c>bonic-acid gas4 ,!re are f\r classes 9 use4 ,"o conta9s cream ( t>t>1 "o t>t>ic acid1 "o ! acid phosphate ( lime1 & "o pota% or ammonia alum4 ,_m p[d]s conta9 a salt ( ammonia4 ,! pung5t odor ( ?is sub/ance prev5ts its use 9 any b ! smalle/ quantities1 & x c n affect ! :olesom5ess ( ! p[d]4 ,fl\r or />* =ms an +r$i5t ( _m p[d]s to prev5t a premature comb9ation ( its con/itu5ts & a consequ5t det]ioration ( ! p[d]4 ,eighty-f\r samples3 sev5ty-?ree _h fl\r or />*2 ?irty-five conta9$ ammonia4 ,eight adult]at$ ) t]ra alba1 phosphate ( lime1 or t>trate ( lime4 ,z a rule1 ^! p[d]s are h>mless4 7,love47 7,alum47 ,!re does n seem suffici5t evid5ce z to ! injuri\s effects ( alum ^u ! human sy/em to w>rant legislation aga9/ x4 7,love47 ,be]4--,mo/ adult]ations are h>mless4 ,corn1 rice1 :eat1 glucose1 />*1 potatoes1 etc41 are us$ 9 mak+ be]1 & 9 _m c\ntries are all[$ by special laws 7z 9 ,engl& & ,g]many74 ,! use ( sub/itutes = hops )9 ! la/ few ye>s is h>dly possible to believe1 s9ce hops h be5 s *eap1 9 fact1 almo/ ! *eape/ bitt]1 & are1 moreov]1 z e brew] kn[s1 ! be/ mat]ial to pres]ve 8 be]4 7,f4 ,e4 ,engelh>dt1 ,ph4 ,d47 ,br&y4--,cognac br&y is naturally colorless1 b public ta/e dem&s a br[n color1 :i* is imp>t$ by a mixture ( c>amel 7burn$ sug>74 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! br&y 9 ! _w is made ( corn-_s color$ ) burn$ sug> & flavor$ ) oil ( cognac 7an ess5tial oil d]iv$ f ! lees ( w9e2 tw5ty-five hundr$ p\nds ( lees make "o p\nd ( oil47 ,"h is "o recipe3 8,to e t5 gallons ( pure spirits add two qu>ts ,new ,engl& rum or "o qu>t ,jamaica rum1 & f ?irty to =ty drops ( oil ( cognac cut 9 "o half p9t ( alcohol2 color ) burn$ sug>40 ,tw5ty-five samples exam9$3 sixte5 conta9$ fusel-oil1 six _h traces ( x1 & ?ree none4 7,engelh>dt74 ,! only injuri\s +r$i5t 7besides alcohol7 9 ! artificial br&ies seems to be ! fusel-oil conta9$ 9 ! corn-_s or :isky us$ z a base4 ,rub suspect$ br&y on ! palm ( ! h& until x has evaporat$4 ,fusel-oil may !n /ill be detect$ by ! smell4 ,good br&y w leave no odor4 ,bread4--,t5 samples3 no adult]ation4 7,love47 ,9 #ahgc1 ,elwyn ,wall]1 = ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 exam9$ fifty-"o samples1 ( :i* =ty-"o 7 unadult]at$1 & t5 conta9$ traces ( copp] or alum4 ,butt]4--,may be mix$ ) oleom>g>9e1 & ! adult]ation is h>d to detect4 ,oleom>g>9e is m crumbly ?an butt] 9 cold wea!r4 ,(t5 color$ ) annotto1 &1 z ?is sometimes conta9s a little sulphate ( copp]1 a trace ( copp] may occasionally be f\nd 9 butt]4 ,z a rule1 adult]ations ( butt] are h>mless4 ,c&y4--8,taffy0 & gum-drops are almo/ all glucose4 ,color+-matt]s usually h>mless1 b ( t5 samples ( yell[ c&y1 sev5 conta9$ *romate ( lead4 7,w4 ,h4 ,pitt17 ,c&y (t5 conta9s t]ra alba1 fl\r1 & gum-arabic4 ,! only injuri\s +r$i5ts usually f\nd are t]ra alba 7recogniz$ by its gritt9ess & insolubility7 & ! *romate ( lead4 ,on acc\nt ( ! latt] x is be/ to avoid yell[1 gre51 & orange c&ies4 ,cann$ fruits & vegetables4--,eighte5 samples1 includ+ pea*es1 plums1 grapes1 /rawb]ries1 *]ries1 blackb]ries1 olives1 mu%rooms1 corn1 beans1 succota%1 tomatoes1 pumpk91 & peas4 ,no adult]ation f\nd4 ,att5tion 0 giv5 to ! possibility ( ! *emical reaction ( ! fruit acids ^u ! inn] surface ( ! cans1 :]eby salts ( t9 & lead might be produc$1 r5d]+ ! cont5ts 9 "s degree poison\s4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce ( _! pres5ce4 ,"s ( ! articles 7 cann$ ov] a ye> be=e4 7,s4 ,a4 ,lattimore1 ,ph4 ,d47 ,p] contra1 o!r analy/s h f\nd f 4#a to #b4c gra9s ( t9 to ! c4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ?is am\nt ( t9 9 solution is injuri\s1 & ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,hall seem to %[ t ! fruit acids d n act appreciably on ! t9 or ! lead ( ! sold]1 s long z ! air is exclud$4 ,cans once op5$ %\ld !re=e be empti$1 & n left p>tly full4 ,cann$ meats4--,no adult]ations & no t9 or lead f\nd4 ,! heads ( all cans %\ld be slightly concave4 ,?is %[s t ! cont5ts 7 hot :5 ! c 0 seal$4 ,if ! heads are convex1 ! cont5ts are decompos+4 ,c]eals4--,n9ety-f\r samples1 includ+ :eat & ,graham fl\r1 f>9a1 oatmeal1 rye1 b>ley1 corn-meal1 rice1 buck:eat1 sago1 & tapioca4 ,two adult]at$4 ,adult]ations consi/$ 9 mixture ( o!r c]eals1 & 7 h>mless4 7,love47 ,*eese4--,skim-milk *eese (t5 conta9s l>d1 put 9 to replace ! butt] :i* has be5 remov$4 ,?is adult]ation improves ! quality ( ! *eese & (t5 c n be detect$ by exp]ts4 ,"o sample ( *eese1 :i* _h caus$ sickness 9 ^? :o ate x1 0 exam9$1 &1 al?\gh x also made ! analy/ ill1 no kn[n poison\s sub/ance c\ld be detect$ 9 x4 7,g4 ,c4 ,caldwell1 ,ph4 ,d47 ,all yell[ *eese is color$ ) annotto1 :i* c !re=e h>dly be consid]$ an adult]ation4 ,! r9d is sometimes wa%$ ) a m]curial or ars5ical solution1 to protect x f insects1 & %\ld !re=e nev] be eat54 ,cocoa & *ocolate4--,six samples4 ,none adult]at$4 7,lattimore47 ,c(fee4--,?irty-five samples ( unroa/$1 ?ree ( roa/$ ungr\nd1 tw5ty-"o ( gr\nd1 ?ree ( c(fee extract4 ,( ! ?irty-five unroa/$1 9 five a few gra9s 7 f\nd :i* _h be5 slightly color$ or fac$1 app>5tly ) ,prussian blue2 ! ?ree roa/$ ungr\nd 7 pure2 ( ! tw5ty-"o gr\nd1 n9ete5 conta9$ *iccory1 beans1 :eat1 rye1 etc4 ,"o sample consi/$ entirely ( roa/$ hom9y4 ,?ree samples ( c(fee extract consi/$ *iefly ( c>amel & licorice1 & conta9$ no c(fee4 7,lattimore47 ,pure c(fee swims 9 wat]1 & colors x sl[ly4 ,*iccory s9ks & colors wat] rapidly4 ,peas s9k & color wat] sl[ly4 ,rye s9ks m rapidly ?an c(fee1 & colors wat] m quickly4 ,gr\nd c(fee is h>d & crumbles betwe5 ! tee?2 *iccory is s(t & does n crumble4 ,g94--,no injuri\s adult]ations detect$4 ,tw5ty-five samples4 7,engelh>dt47 ,honey4--,?ree samples3 two pure4 ,"o1 label$ 8:ite-clov] honey10 conta9$ #ej p] c5t ( artificial glucose4 ,! pres5ce ( add$ glucose is indicat$ by ! turbidity produc$ by oxalic acid 9 a solution ( ! honey 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is turbidity is due to ! pres5ce ( gypsum 9 artificial glucose--a sub/ance :i* is n conta9$ 9 pure honey4 7,pitt47 ,horse-radi%4--,(t5 h>mlessly adult]at$ ) grat$ turnip4 ,is+lass4--,two samples4 ,bo? 7 common gelat9e4 7,*e/]47 ,jellies4--,fruit-jellies are (t5 simple apple-jelly1 flavor$ ) artificial ess5ces & color$ ) anil9e4 ,safe/ n to use !m unless _! s\rce is kn[n to be tru/wor?y4 ,l>d4--,tw5ty-eight samples4 ,fifte5 pure2 ! re/ conta9$ wat]4 ,good l>d %\ld melt to a cle> fat )\t sputt]+4 ,meat4--,s\nd fre% meat is pale r$ :5 fir/ cut1 ! surface aft] exposure turn+ to a deep r$4 ,! meat ( animals t h di$ a natural dea? is ( a deep purple color1 n hav+ be5 bl$4 ,! greate/ dang] 9 meat1 h[ev]1 is t due to ! pres5ce ( tri*91 :i* are kill$ by a temp]ature ( #afj ,fahr4 ,all =ms ( pork %\ld !re=e be cook$ ?or\ghly be=e eat+4 7,*e/]47 ,poison+ 7vomit+1 cramps1 & di>rha7 produc$ by meat is g5]ally caus$ by "s k9d ( pres]v$ meat 7sausages1 pickl$ meats1 etc471 & is probably due to ! pres5ce ( fungi4 ,milk4--,frauds consi/ g5]ally 9 add+ wat] or remov+ fat 7skimm+74 ,z ! milk ( heal?y c[s v>ies 9 composition )9 c]ta9 limits1 x is necess>y to h a /&>d ( purity1 :i* has be5 fix$ ^u 9 ,new ,york z foll[s3 ,ne>ly #a1jjj c[s h be5 exam9$1 ) ref]5ce to ! specific gravity ( _! milk1 9 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,connecticut4 ,! maximum specific gravity 0 #a4jci 9 milk ( an ,ald]ney c[4 ,! m9imum = normal milk f a heal?y c[ 0 #a4jbi4 ,! specific gravity is det]m9$ by an in/rum5t call$ a lactomet]1 on :i* #j /&s = #a1jjj1 ! specific gravity ( wat]1 & #ajj = #a1jbi1 t ( ! poore/ milk f a heal?y c[4 ,! composition ( su* milk1 adopt$ by ! ,engli% ,society ( ,public ,analy/s & ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 z a result ( fifty analyses1 is z foll[s3 ,fat #b4e ,solids1 n fat 7sug>1 salt1 etc47 #i4j ,wat] #hh4e ----- #ajj4j ,me?od ( us+ ! ,lactomet]4--,put ! milk 9 a vessel s deep t ! lactomet]1 :5 introduc$ & all[$ to float1 %all n t\* ! bottom4 ,notice ! read+ ( ! scale at ! surface ( ! milk4 ,if x is less ?an #ajj1 x gives ! p]c5tage ( milk 9 ! sample4 ,= example1 if ! read+ be #hj1 ! sample conta9s #hj p] c5t ( milk & #bj p] c5t ( wat]4 ,s\rces ( ,error4--,milk v ri* 9 cream may possibly1 ?\gh n probably1 regi/] less ?an #ajj1 b its v appe>ance w %[ t x has n be5 ?9n$ by wat] or by skimm+4 ,skimm$ milk1 especially if a little salt has be5 add$1 may regi/] high above #ajj1 b its ?9ness & blu5ess w %[ t x has be5 doctor$4 ,cond5s$ milk 0 c>efully analyz$1 & f\nd to be unobjectionable4 7,c4 ,e4 ,munsell1 ,ph4 ,d47 ,olive-,oil4--,(t5 adult]at$ ) poppy1 cotton-se$1 gr\nd or peanut1 sesame1 rape-se$1 colza or bee*nut oil1 all h>mless4 ,sixte5 samples2 n9e adult]at$4 7,caldwell47 ,pickles4--,n9e samples4 ,none conta9$ copp] or any o!r metal4 ,! only sample t possess$ a suspici\sly gre5 appe>ance 0 f\nd to conta9 alum4 7,lattimore47 ,rum4--,tw5ty-five samples4 ,no objectionable additions f\nd4 7,engelh>dt47 ,sirups4--,?ree samples ( maple-sirup4 ,two 7 pure1 & "o1 manufactur$ 9 ,*icago & sold 9 cans1 conta9$ #ce p] c5t ( artificial glucose4 ,9 #ahgj ,dr4 ,*&l] f\nd 4#jb p] c5t ( t9 9 ea* ( two samples ( sug>-h\se sirups4 ,?is repres5ts 4#h gra9 ( t9 to ! gallon4 ,a common adult]ant ( sirups is glucose1 :i* dim9i%es _! sweet5+ p[]1 b is n consid]$ injuri\s4 ,spices4--,"o hundr$ & eighty samples1 compris+ mu/>d1 g+]1 allspice1 c9namon1 cassia1 cloves1 :ite1 black1 & r$ pepp]1 mace1 & nutmeg4 ,"o hundr$ & twelve 7 adult]at$ f #dj to #ha4h p] c5t4 ,all ! adult]ations 7 h>mless 7:eat & buck:eat bran1 hulls ( diff]5t se$s1 middl+s ( corn-meal1 /ale %ip's bread1 peas1 beans1 etc474 ,no poison\s sub/ance 0 f\nd4 7,lattimore47 ,sug>4--,"o hundr$ & sixte5 samples1 pr9cipally collect$ 9 ,new ,york city4 ,c>e 0 tak5 to secure ! samples f diff]5t sections ( ! city & f all classes ( /ores4 ,( ^!1 ?irtyf\r 7 microscopically clean1 fifty-f\r slightly contam9at$ ) du/1 tw5ty-two conta9$ consid]able dirt1 & six 7 v dirty4 ,b 9 no case 0 !re an int5tional addition ( insoluble m9]al matt]s4 ,( =ty-n9e :ite sug>s1 all 7 pure2 ( sixty-sev5 br[n sug>s1 f\r 7 adult]at$ ) glucose4 7,a4 ,l4 ,colby1 ,ph4 ,b47 ,!re h be5 _m exagg]at$ /atem5ts put =? reg>d+ ! adult]ation ( sug>4 ,9 #ahgj ,dr4 ,*&l] report$ to ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal? t sixty samples ( sug> b\ght at small groc]ies 7 f\nd pure & unadult]at$ )\t exception4 ,9 #ahgb1 ,elwyn ,wall]1 = ! same bo>d1 exam9$ "o hundr$ & n9e samples ( p[d]$ sug>1 b f\nd no adult]ation4 ,p[d]$ sug> is q g5]ally believ$ to be adult]at$ ) gypsum or fl\r4 ,z bo? ( ^! adult]ants are insoluble 9 wat]1 x is easy = any "o to conv9ce himself ( ! purity ( sug> by dissolv+ x 9 wat]4 ,teas4--,=ty-?ree samples ( gre5 tea1 & eighte5 ( black4 ,_m 7 *eap & ( v inf]ior quality1 "s m]e tea rubbi%1 yet no leaf1 or fragm5t ( a leaf1 :i* 0 exam9$1 c\ld be consid]$ any?+ b tea4 ,no adult]ations 7 f\nd1 & ev5 ! admixture ( exhau/$ leaves c\ld n be positively ass]t$4 7,lattimore47 ,suspect$ leaves %\ld be wet & spread out1 & !n comp>$ ) leaves kn[n to be g5u9e4 ,x is said t exhau/$ leaves ( gre5 tea are (t5 color$ or 8fac$0 ) plumbago1 ,prussian blue1 soap/one1 etc41 s artfully t only an exp]t c detect ! fraud4 ,black tea is g5]ally pure4 ,v9eg>4--,f\r samples1 all poor1 b n adult]at$1 unless ) wat]4 7,lattimore47 ,:isky4--,tw5ty-five samples4 ,fusel-oil decid$ 9 tw5ty1 & traces 9 ! re/4 ,no injuri\s adult]ation f\nd4 8,x is evid5t t ! addition ( wat] & color+-matt] is practic$ m ?an any o!r adult]ation40 7,engelh>dt47 ,w9e4--8,a good w9e %\ld be transp>5t1 & %\ld h a b\quet4 ,:5 p\r+ x into a glass1 x %\ld sp>kle4 ,a s\r ta/e is always a sign ( poor w9e4 ,dizz9ess & heada*e are n produc$ by dr9k+ pure w9e4 ,cl\dy1 discolor$1 highly color$ w9es are suspici\s40 ,!re are v>i\s sub/ances us$ 9 ! manufacture ( w9e :i* %\ld be class$ z adult]ations1 e4g41 calc9$ pla/] is add$ to ! grape-juice dur+ f]m5tation 7s-call$ pla/]+72 9 ?is way is =m$ an insoluble t>trate ( lime1 & a soluble sulphate ( pota%1 ! latt] hav+ a bitt] ta/e & act+ z a purgative ev5 9 small doses4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t =bids ! sale ( w9e conta9+ ov] #j4b p] c5t ( sulphate ( pota%4 ,?is process also leads to ! =mation ( acid sulphates & free sulphuric acid 9 w9es4 ,pla/]+ ( w9es is practic$ 9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! s\? ( ,france4 ,w9es are (t5 =tifi$ by ! addition ( br&y1 cologne _s1 or ,fr5* _s1 to arre/ f]m5tation4 ,ports & %]ries are almo/ inv>iably s4 ,r$ w9es are (t5 color$ ) logwood1 ,brazil-wood1 fu*s9e1 co*9eal1 black hollyhock & r$ poppy fl[]s1 alkana-root1 r$ beets1 *]ries1 :ortleb]ries1 eld]b]ries1 pokeb]ries1 etc4 ,x is v difficult to detect ^!1 & fu*s9 is ! only "o t is poison\s4 ,c>p5 gives ! foll[+ v simple me?od to decide :e!r a r$ w9e is naturally or artificially color$3 ,take a piece ( good1 :ite burn$ lime1 break x into two pieces1 smoo? ! surfaces by a knife or file1 & place a few drops 9 succession on ! same spot ( ! smoo? surface1 & obs]ve aft] a few m9utes ! color produc$4 ,natural r$ w9es give a yell[i%-br[n spot2 color$ ) fu*s9e1 or ,brazil-wood1 a rose-color$ spot2 color$ ) logwood1 a d>k-violet spot2 color$ ) co*9eal1 a r$di%-violet spot2 color$ ) black hollyhock1 a yell[i%-br[n spot2 color$ ) pokeb]ries1 a yell[i% some:at r$ spot4 7,engelh>dt47 ,ano!r te/ is to conc5trate ! w9e1 & dip 9 a piece ( pure :ite wool5-y>n4 ,! natural r$ color+-matt] ( w9e does n dye )\t a mordant1 :ile fu*s9e & co*9eal dye x r$ or p9k4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,wat]4 ,9 cities & t[ns :i* h a common wat]-supply1 ! wat] sometimes conta9s impurities dissolv$ f ! pipes ?r\gh :i* x runs1 or dirt & vegetable dbris /irr$ up f ! bottom ( ! s\rces ( supply1 or br\ght d[n into !m by heavy /orms or melt+ sn[s4 ,s]vice-pipes are usually made ( lead1 &1 aft] mod]ate use1 become coat$ on _! int]nal surface ) insoluble comp\nds 7sulphate ( lead71 :i* prev5t contam9ation ( ! wat] by !m4 ,:5 ! wat] is n v h>d1 h[ev]1 a slight am\nt ( lead may be dissolv$ by x4 ,x is said t ,co*ituate wat] 7,bo/on7 always conta9s traces ( lead1 b t no well-au!nticat$ case ( poison+ f ?is s\rce has ev] be5 report$4 ,croton wat] 7,new ,york71 :i* has /ood ov]night 9 ! pipes1 is said to conta9 "o t5? ( a gra9 ( lead p] gallon--suffici5t to produce poison+ 9 "s in/ances4 ,"o case ( ?is sort has be5 kn[n4 ,if dr9k+-wat] is drawn f tanks1 !y %\ld nev] be l9$ ) lead1 b %\ld be made ( iron1 or ( wood l9$ ) t9n$ & plani%$ copp]4 7,see 8,plumb+ ,regulations10 #dd47 ,wat] pass+ ?r\gh galvaniz$-iron pipes always conta9s z9c salts--n1 h[ev]1 9 injuri\s am\nt4 ,su* pipes soon ru/4 ,dirt & o!r susp5d$ matt]s %\ld be remov$ by means ( a filt]4 ,a good h\sehold filt] mu/ be made ( a mat]ial :i* c n communicate any injuri\s or (f5sive quality to ! wat] t passes ?r\gh x2 x mu/ remove all susp5d$ p>ticles1 s z to r5d] ! wat] bright & cle>2 x mu/ be easy to clean1 or s arrang$ t ! filt]+ mat]ial c be readily r5ew$4 ,! action ( a filt] is ei!r me*anical or *emical2 9 ! latt] case1 ! organic matt]s conta9$ 9 ! wat] are oxidiz$ 9 ! filt]4 ,!re are innum]able pat5t filt]s 9 ! m>ket1 to be atta*$ to ! faucet1 b ^! c only act z /ra9]s4 ,!re is no mat]ial kn[n :i* c be introduc$ into ! small space ( a tap-filt] & accompli% any real purification ( ! wat] :i* passes ?r\gh at ! ord9>y rate ( fl[4 7,ni*ols47 ,! only po9ts to be look$ to1 !re=e1 9 pur*as+ a tap-filt]1 are its effici5cy z a /ra9]1 & ! facility ( cleans+ or r5ew+ ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,:]e ! pressure is n too great1 a closely wov5 cotton-flannel bag1 fa/5$ to ! tap1 makes z good a filt] z any4 ,= l>ge filt]s 79 ci/]ns1 etc471 ^? :i* conta9 animal *>coal are ! mo/ effici5t4 ,9 places :]e ! dr9k+-wat] is drawn f wells1 x is sometimes pollut$ by leakage f cesspools1 privy-vaults1 /ables1 & refuse matt]s ly+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 _! vic9ity4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ beyond a d\bt t epidemics ( typhoid fev] h (t5 orig9at$ & spread 9 ?is way4 ,ev5 :5 no specific disease is caus$1 wat] pollut$ f su* s\rces (t5 causes di>rhal disord]s & v>i\s =ms ( indige/ion 9 ^? :o dr9k x4 ,! det]m9ation ( su* pollution is a matt] ( great delicacy & difficulty1 & c only be tru/$ to an exp]t4 ,wat]s pollut$ by organic matt]s (t5 conta9 an excess ( gase\s con/itu5ts1 & are cle>1 sp>kl+1 & palatable1 pres5t+ to ! un9/ruct$ eye no indication ( impurity4 ,!re are c]ta9 te/s1 h[ev]1 :i* c be us$ by any p]son ( intellig5ce1 :51 if positive results are obta9$1 an exp]t %\ld be call$ 9 to det]m9e ! s\rce & "* ( ! contam9ation4 ,! pollution ( wat] by decompos+ animal matt]s is always to be suspect$1 if !re are evid5ces ( ! pres5ce ( *lor9e or nitrog5 9 ! wat]1 z ^! are inv>iable con/itu5ts ( animal excreta4 ,^! sub/ances are f\nd 9 comb9ation--! =m] 9 *loride ( sodium1 & ! latt] 9 ! s-call$ nitrites & nitrates4#b ,_! pres5ce is det]m9$ z foll[s3 #b ,! album9oid ammonia te/ is too te*nical = ins]tion "h4 ,*lor9e4--,te/s3 ,nitrate ( silv] 7tw5ty-five c5ts a dra*m71 tw5ty-f\r gra9s to "o ounce ( di/ill$ wat]1 & dilute nitric acid 7t5 c5ts an ounce74 ,p\r a few drops ( ea* into ! suspect$ wat]4 ,if *lor9e is pres5t1 !re w be a cl\dy-:ite precipitate ( *loride ( silv]1 :i* w gradually turn d>k]4 ,"o gra9 ( *lor9e to a gallon ( wat] gives a haze2 f\r gra9s a m>k$ turbidity1 & t5 gra9s a consid]able precipitate4 ,9 case *lor9e is f\nd1 & any p>ticul> s\rce is suspect$1 a pailful ( salt 7*loride ( sodium7 & wat] may be ?r[n into ! place f :i* ! leakage is suppos$ to come1 & ! wat] aga9 exam9$1 aft] a few h\rs1 to see :e!r ! am\nt ( *lor9e has increas$4 ,nitrates4--,te/s3 ,pure sulphuric acid & a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( iron 7copp]as74 ,add an equal bulk ( ! acid to any quantity ( ! wat] 9 a te/-tube4 ,! mixture w become v hot4 ,wait until x is cool1 & !n p\r 9 ! iron solution g5tly1 s t x w float above ! mix$ acid & wat]4 ,if nitrates are pres5t1 !re w be an olive-color$ lay] :]e ! fluids meet4 ,nitrites4--,te/-mixture3 ,iodide ( potassium 7fifty c5ts p] ounce71 "o "p2 />*1 tw5ty p>ts2 wat]1 five hundr$ p>ts4 ,make ! />*-solution fir/1 & filt] :5 cold2 !n add ! iodide ( pota%4 ,add to ! suspect$ wat] ?is mixture1 & !n a little dilute sulphuric acid4 ,if nitrites are pres5t1 !re w be an imm$iate blue color4 ,organic ,matt]s 9 g5]al4--,te/3 ,eight gra9s ( *emically pure p]manganate ( pota% 9 "o ounce ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 half a p9t ( ! suspect$ wat] 9 a tumbl]1 put "o drop ( ! solution4 ,if ! r$ color disappe>s 9 "o half h\r1 add m4 ,= e drop t loses color 9 ! half-p9t !re w be f\nd "o & a half to two gra9s ( putrid organic matt] 9 a gallon ( ! wat]4 ,if ! action is rapid1 ! matt] is probably animal2 if sl[1 vegetable4 ,to purify su* wat]1 if x mu/ be us$1 drop 9 ! solution until a slight r$ t+e rema9s4 ,! organic matt] is !n all oxidiz$ & r5d]$ h>mless4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev] to boil su* wat] be=e us+ x = dr9k+4 ,precautions ) reg>d to ,dr9k+-,wat]4 ,d n dr9k wat] t has be5 /&+ long 9 lead pipes1 or lead ci/]ns or tanks4 ,filt] x be=e dr9k+4 ,see t ! curr5t ( gr\nd-wat] 9 ! well f :i* y get y\r dr9k+-wat] is f ! well t[>d any possible s\rce ( contam9ation 7privy-vault1 cesspool1 etc471 & n vice v]sa4 ,if ! use ( a suspect$ wat] is unavoidable1 boil x fir/4 ,x c be r5d]$ palatable by an infusion ( tea or c(fee4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,dis9fectants1 ,,) ,a ,,brief ,,description ,,( ,,ea*1 ,,& ,,! ,,av]age ,,price ,,at ,,retail4 ,c>bolic ,acid4--,a product ( ! di/illation ( coal-t>4 ,:5 pure & free f wat]1 a transp>5t cry/all9e solid4 ,dissolves 9 tw5ty p>ts ( cold wat]4 ,coagulates album9\s matt]s4 ,a "o-p]-c5t solution ( x 9 wat] arre/s putrefaction4 ,= dis9fection use at lea/ a "o-p]-c5t solution4 ,! *ief objection to its use is its odor4 ,?is may be modifi$ to "s ext5t by mix+ ! pure acid ) camphor1 =m+ a liquid1 :i* may !n be dilut$4 ,?is acid is (t5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r dis9fectants4 ,a prep>ation mu* us$ by ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal? = ! dis9fection ( clo?+ conta9s eight ounces ( sulphate ( z9c & ?ree ounces ( c>bolic acid to ?ree gallons ( wat]4 ,ano!r = privies1 wat]-closets1 etc41 is compos$ ( t5 p\nds ( copp]as1 "o p9t ( c>bolic acid1 & five gallons ( wat]4 ,! /rong acid injures iron pipe4 ,d n use 9 comb9ation ) ! p]manganate ( pota% or ! *loride ( z9c4 8,dead ,oil0 7heavy oil ( coal-t>7 conta9s f #e to #ae p] c5t ( c>bolic acid m+l$ ) impurities4 ,x is us$ = ! dis9fection ( dra9s1 /reets1 /ables1 etc4 ,?ymol also occurs 9 coal-t>1 b is usually obta9$ f oil ( ?yme4 ,its action is simil> to t ( c>bolic acid4 ,c>bolic ,p[d]s are made by mix+ five p>ts ( ! pure acid1 or t5 p>ts ( ! crude1 ) "o hundr$ p>ts ( sawdu/1 clay1 or lime4 ,squibb's ,c>bolic ,acid 7,no4 #a71 conta9+ #gg4ij p] c5t ( pure acid1 co/s #a a p9t2 7,no4 #b71 ) #cg4df p] c5t ( pure acid1 #ge c5ts a p9t4 ,diff]5t samples exam9$ 7,wall]71 conta9+ f 4#bj to 4#gh p] c5t1 co/ f #ej c5ts to #a a p9t4 ,crude acid1 conta9+ #ej p] c5t ( acid1 ) _m t>ry impurities1 co/s less ?an #a a gallon4 ,?ymol1 #a p] ounce4 ,*>coal4--,absorbs putrid gases4 ,see ,lime4 ,*loride ( ,lime4 ,see ,*lor9e4 ,*loride ( ,z9c4 ,see ,z9c4 ,*lor9e4--,a pale1 yell[i%-gre5 gas1 ( a suffocat+ quality1 possess+ great blea*+ & dis9fect+ p[]s4 ,:5 dry1 x does n blea*4 ,:5 moi/1 x comb9es ) ! hydrog5 ( wat] or ( organic sub/ances1 & sets free ! oxyg51 :i* con/itutes its dis9fect+ p[]4 ,x decomposes sulphuret$ hydrog51 ammonia1 & 9 g5]al comp\nds aris+ f ! putrid f]m5tation ( organic matt]4 ,x is obta9$ z foll[s3 ,p\r "o p\nd ( sulphuric acid1 previ\sly dilut$ ) f\r times its volume ( wat]1 on ?ree p\nds ( *loride ( lime4 ,mix 9 a l>ge e>!n di% to all[ = fro?+ up4 ,or mix two p>ts1 by weight1 ( ! black oxide 7dioxide7 ( manganese ) ?ree p>ts1 by weight1 ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,! gas is evolv$ v rapidly1 s t x is difficult to make ! mixture complete be=e ! fumes drive away ! p]son manipulat+ x4 ,! colors ( hang+s1 etc41 are apt to be blea*$ out by x1 & metals are corrod$4 7,see also ,sulphur\s ,acid47 ,*loride ( ,lime4--,made by saturat+ slak$ lime ) *lor9e-gas4 ,x conta9s on an av]age ab\t #cj p] c5t ( available *lor9e1 to be set free by an acid4 ,v useful = dis9fection ( cell>s1 damp y>ds1 & areas4 ,"o half p\nd 9 a gallon ( wat] may be us$ = wa%+ floors ( sick-rooms1 etc4 ,heat de/roys its dis9fect+ prop]ties4 ,*loride ( ,alum9um4--,action simil> to b weak] ?an ! iron & z9c salts1 ,sulphuric acid1 black oxide ( manganese1 & hydro*loric acid1 ea* #e c5ts an ounce4 ,*loride ( lime1 #ae c5ts a p\nd4 ,copp]as4 7,gre5 vitriol1 sulphate ( iron47--,comes 9 pale-gre5 cry/als4 ,x is an effici5t dis9fectant = privies1 wat]-closets1 /ables1 etc4 ,/a9s :ite goods4 ,acts by de/roy+ sulphuret$ hydrog5 & ammonia4 ,also oxidizes organic comp\nds & coagulates album9\s matt]s4 ,a good mixture is f\r p\nds ( copp]as & ?ree ounces ( c>bolic acid to a gallon ( wat]4 ,t5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds = #c or less4 ,corrosive ,sublimate4 7,m]curic *loride47--,! mo/ p[]ful dis9fectant kn[n4 ,coagulates album9\s sub/ances4 ,a solution ( "o "p 9 #b1jjj ( wat] kills microscopic organisms4 ,two dra*ms ( ?is sub/ance 9 a gallon ( wat] 7#a to #ejj7 makes a solution sure to de/roy any disease-g]m4 ,x is a deadly poison1 & c only be pur*as$ "u legal re/rictions4 ,fifte5 c5ts an ounce4 ,dead ,oil4 ,see ,c>bolic ,acid4 ,gre5 ,vitriol4 ,see ,copp]as4 ,gypsum4 ,see ,lime4 ,heat4--,boil+ is a good dis9fectant4 ,boil = at lea/ an h\r4 ,if dry air is us$1 ! temp]ature mu/ be f #bej to #cjj = five or six h\rs4 ,cotton & silk w /& a temp]ature ( #bie = ?ree h\rs )\t h>m4 ,wool5 suff]s m4 ,iron1 ,sulphate (4 ,see ,copp]as4 ,lime4--,tw5ty p>ts ( quicklime1 mix$ ) two p>ts ( dry1 fre% *>coal1 =m ! calx-p[d]1 z sold 9 ! %ops4 ,x is useful to absorb putrid gases1 :5 spr9kl$ 9 cell>s1 etc4 ,sulphate ( lime1 or gypsum 7pla/] ( ,p>is71 m+l$ ) coal-t> or impure c>bolic acid1 is an effective deodorant = /ables & manure-heaps4 ,x absorbs & reta9s ammonia1 & !re=e pres]ves to ! manure its mo/ valuable con/itu5t4 ,*loride ( lime4 ,see ,*lor9e4 ,quicklime1 #e c5ts a p\nd4 ,gypsum1 #aj c5ts a p\nd4 ,nitrate ( ,lead4--,!oretically a good dis9fectant1 b practically ( little use4 ,five c5ts an ounce4 ,nitr\s ,acid4--,evolv$ 9 ! =m ( br[ni%-r$ fumes1 :5 nitric acid is p\r$ on copp] turn+s4 ,v dang]\s to inhale1 & little us$ z a dis9fectant4 ,ozone4--,is a =m ( oxyg51 suppos$ to be ?ree volumes cond5s$ into two4 ,is a p[]ful oxidiz]4 ,corrodes cork1 pap]1 & o!r organic sub/ances4 ,oxidizes v rapidly comp\nds ( ammonia1 phosphorus1 & sulphur1 :i* are (f5sive1 in/antly remov+ ! odor4 ,simple vegetables1 l m\ld1 are completely de/roy$ by x4 ,obta9$ by gradually mix+ ?ree p>ts ( sulphuric acid ) two p>ts ( p]manganate ( pota%4 ,?is mixture w cont9ue to give (f ozone = sev]al mon?s4 ,or1 put a piece ( phosphorus on a plate1 & p\r 9 wat] suffici5t to cov] two ?irds ( x4 ,^! me?ods are us$ 9 ! pat5t$ ozone g5]ators4 ,phosphorus1 #dj c5ts an ounce2 sulphuric acid1 #e c5ts an ounce4 ,p]manganate ( ,pota%4--,d>k purple cry/als1 almo/ black4 ,a solution is ( a beautiful purple color1 b /a9s br[n almo/ ev]y?+ x t\*es4 ,c n be us$ ) c>bolic acid or ! coal-t> dis9fectants4 ,is a p[]ful oxidiz]1 & is us$ to dis9fect excreta1 & to purify dr9k+-wat]4 ,fifty c5ts an ounce4 ,sulphate ( ,iron4 ,see ,copp]as4 ,sulphate ( ,lime4 ,see ,lime4 ,sulphate ( ,z9c4 ,see ,z9c4 ,sulphur\s ,acid4 ,an irrespirable gas1 produc$ by burn+ sulphur4 ,p[]ful dis9fectant4 ,coagulates album9\s matt]s & probably de/roys g]ms4 ,de/roys sulphuret$ hydrog5 & ammonia4 ,dry articles are n hurt by x1 b wet clo!s are blea*$4 ,c n be us$ ) *lor9e1 z !y neutralize ea* o!r4 ,*lor9e is z effective1 b is s de/ructive t x c only be us$ 9 empty rooms4 ,x requires ab\t a tablespoonful ( alcohol to light a p\nd ( sulphur4 ,sulphur 7roll-brim/one71 #aj c5ts a p\nd4 ,?ymol4 ,see ,c>bolic ,acid4 ,z9c ,salts4--,! sulphate & ! *loride ( z9c are excell5t dis9fectants4 ,!y are colorless1 & c !re=e be us$ on clo?+4 ,!y =m1 ) album9\s matt]s1 extremely insoluble comp\nds1 & also absorb gases f putrefy+ mat]ial4 ,!y are ! be/ dis9fectants ( _! class4 ,! sulphate is *eap]1 b ! *loride m effici5t4 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #aj c5ts an ounce2 *loride ( z9c1 #bj c5ts an ounce4 ,x is bett] & *eap] to buy & mix "o's own dis9fectants4 ,! _m propriet>y articles are no m effici5t1 & are v exp5sive4 ,! composition ( "s ( ^? mo/ 9 use is "h giv54 7,analyses by ,wall]1 ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,heal? ,dep>tm5t47 ,! fir/ column gives p>ts 9 #ajj1 & ! second1 ounces 9 a gallon 9 ! case ( liquids1 & ounces 9 a p\nd 9 case ( p[d]s4 ,bromo-*loralum 7,tild5 ,co471 #ej c5ts a p9t4 ,*loride ( alum9um #h4aeb #ab4ga ,wat]1 bromide ( alum9um1 lime salts1 etc4 #ia4hdh #adc4be ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #aee4if ,burnett's ,fluid is a solution ( *loride ( z9c 7#be gra9s to ! dra*m74 ,c>bolate ( lime1 9 ?ree-qu>t] p\nd boxes1 at #be c5ts4 ,lime #fd4bde #aj4bh ,magnesia #j4fjb #j4ji ,s&1 oxide ( iron1 etc4 #j4fgj #j4aa ,c>bolic acid #j4dgb #j4jg ,c>bonic acid & organic impurities #cd4jba #e4de ------- ----- #ajj4jjj #af4jj ,*loralum 7,engli% ,*loralum ,co471 #ej c5ts a p9t4 ,*loride ( alum9um #ac4bac #bj4ad ,sulphate ( lime #j4aig #j4cj ,wat]1 *loride ( calcium1 etc4 #hf4eij #aca4ii ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #aeb4dc ,*loride ( lime1 #bj c5ts a p\nd4 ,available *lor9e #ca4ch #e4jb ,lime salts1 wat]1 etc4 #fh4fb #aj4ih ------ ----- #ajj4jj #af4jj ,condy's ,fluid is a solution ( p]manganate ( pota% 7#i4bf gra9s to a fluid ounce1 ab\t #b-a_/b dra*ms to ! p9t74 ,d>by's ,prophylactic ,fluid1 #ej c5ts a half-p9t4 ,p]manganate ( pota% #j4jee #j4jh ,sulphate ( pota% #a4gej #b4ej ,*loride ( potassium #a4bgj #a4ha ,c>bonate ( pota% #f4egj #i4dj ,wat] #ij4cee #abi4bd ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #adc4jc ,egyptian ,dis9fectant1 #be c5ts a p\nd4 ,clay #hg4haj #ad4je ,lime #j4ced #j4jf ,c>bolic acid #j4cbj #j4je ,o!r con/itu5ts ( dead oil #e4fhe #j4ia ,organic matt] & wat] #e4hca #j4ic ------- ----- #ajj4jjj #af4jj ,excelsior ,dis9fectant1 #ae c5ts a p\nd4 ,protosulphate ( iron 7copp]as7 #ca4dfd #e4jc ,*loride ( sodium 7salt7 #ai4bea #c4jh ,fl[]s ( sulphur #g4hjj #a4be ,wat] ( cry/allization1 cassia-oil1 etc4 #da4dhe #f4fd ------- ----- #ajj4jjj #af4jj ,! ,g]micide is a pat5t$ app>atus = dis*>g+ *loride ( z9c into ! b[l ( ! wat]-closet1 & impregnat+ ! air at ! same "t ) ! vapor ( ?ymol4 ,girond9 ,dis9fectant1 #ge c5ts a qu>t4 ,sulphate ( z9c #ai4fib #cb4fd ,sulphate ( copp] #a4bjb #a4ii ,sulphate ( lime #j4dhj #j4gi ,wat]1 traces ( calcium *loride1 etc4 #gh4fbf #acj4cd ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #afe4gf ,lab>raque's ,solution1 #ej c5ts a p9t4 ,available *lor9e #a4dbc #a4if ,wat] & soda salts #ih4egg #ace4ed ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #acg4ej ,metropolitan ,dis9fectant1 #cj c5ts a qu>t4 ,protosulphate ( iron 7copp]as7 #aa4dac #ag4aj ,c>bolic acid 7ab\t7 #c4ccj #d4ii ,wat]1 dead oil1 & impurities #he4beg #abg4gd ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #adi4hc ,ph5ix ,dis9fectant1 #ce c5ts a p\nd4 ,silicate ( alum9a 7clay7 #ef4hgf #i4aj ,sesqui*loride ( iron #a4aib #j4ai ,sesquioxide ( iron #g4ajb #a4ad ,lime #b4dgj #j4ci ,c>bolic acid #j4djj #j4jf ,c>bonic acid & organic impurities #ca4ifj #e4ab ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #af4jj ,ph5ol ,sodique1 #ej c5ts a half p9t4 ,c>bolic acid #a4agg #a4fa ,soda salts1 wat]1 & impurities #ih4hbc #acd4bi ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #ace4ij ,platt's ,*lorides1 #ej c5ts a qu>t4 ,solution *loride ( z9c 7saturat$7 #dj p>ts4 0 0 0 lead 0 #bj 0 0 0 0 calcium 0 #ae 0 0 0 0 alum9um 0 #ae 0 0 0 0 magnesium 0 #e 0 0 0 0 potassium 0 #e 0 --- #ajj 0 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,li/ ( ! prices ( plumb]'s mat]ials & labor1 f :i* a r\gh e/imate may be =m$ ( ! probable co/ ( propos$ plumb+4 ,! prices giv5 are :olesale ones1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t e plumb] is also a retail m]*ant1 :o obta9s 8 mat]ials at a disc\nt1 & *>ges !m to 8 cu/om] at an av]age advance ( #aj or #ae p] c5t on ! prices "h giv54 ,all measurem5ts are ( inside diamet]s4 ,b&s4--,ord9>y ?ickness1 #b by #b in*es1 #ge c5ts2 #f by #f in*es1 #a4ij4 ,int]m$iate sizes at correspond+ prices4 ,b5ds & ,(fsets4--,two in*es 9 diamet]1 #dj c5ts2 extra heavy1 #ej c5ts4 ,six in*es 9 diamet]1 #a4bj2 extra heavy1 #a4ge4 ,ci/]ns & ,s]vice-boxes 7= wat]-closets71 #aj to #bj2 7wa/e-prev5t+71 #ac to #bf4 ,(fsets4 ,see ,b5ds4 ,pipe4--,tile or e>!nw>e 7vitrifi$71 9 l5g?s ( #b-a_/b feet ea*1 #b-;in*1 #ac c5ts a foot2 #c-;in*1 #af c5ts a foot2 #d-;in*1 #bj c5ts a foot2 & #e c5ts m p] foot = ea* additional in* ( diamet]4 ,iron1 9 l5g?s ( #e feet ea*3 ,ord9>y1 ab\t #aj c5ts a foot = e in* ( diamet]4 ,extra heavy1 ab\t twice z mu*4 ,d\ble-hub pipe1 ab\t #f c5ts a foot m4 ,! t>-coat+ co/s ab\t #c c5ts a foot = #b-;in* pipe1 #d c5ts = #c-;in* pipe1 etc4 ,lead1 ab\t #i c5ts a p\nd4 ,manufactur$ pipe 7traps1 etc471 #aj c5ts a p\nd4 ,qualities are m>k$ accord+ to ?ickness--i4 e41 weight = ea* size1 ,,aaa 7be/71 ,,aa1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e4 #c_/h-;in* pipe1 ,,aaa weighs #a p\nd #ab ounces p] foot2 ,b weighs #a p\nd p] foot2 ,c weighs #ad ounces p] foot2 ,d weighs #g ounces p] foot4 #e_/h-;in* pipe1 ,,aaa weighs #c p\nds #h ounces p] foot2 ,,aa weighs #b p\nds #ab ounces p] foot2 ,b weighs #b p\nds p] foot4 #c_/d-;in* pipe1 ,,aaa weighs #d p\nds #ad ounces p] foot2 ,b weighs #b p\nds #c ounces p] foot4 #a-;in* pipe1 ,,aaa weighs #f p\nds p] foot2 ,,aa weighs #d p\nds #h ounces p] foot2 ,a weighs #d p\nds p] foot2 ,b weighs #c p\nds #d ounces p] foot2 ,d weighs #b p\nds #d ounces p] foot4 #b-;in* pipe1 ,,aaa weighs #aj p\nds #aa ounces p] foot2 ,,aa weighs #h p\nds #ad ounces p] foot2 ,a weighs #g p\nds p] foot2 ,b weighs #f p\nds p] foot2 ,d weighs #d p\nds p] foot4 #c-;in* pipe1 #c_/h ?ick1 weighs #ai p\nds #i ounces p] foot4 #d-;in* pipe1 #c_/h ?ick1 weighs #be p\nds #f ounces p] foot1 & s on4 ,= supply-pipes1 ,,aa pipe is g5]ally us$4 ,privy-,s9ks4--,ab\t #e = e foot 9 l5g?4 ,saddle-,hubs4--#b by #b in*es1 #cj c5ts2 extra heavy1 #dj c5ts4 #f by #f in*es1 #a4aj2 extra heavy1 #a4dj4 ,s*ool-,s9ks4 ,see ,privy-,s9ks4 ,traps4--,adee traps ab\t #e c5ts apiece less ?an ord9>y ,s-traps1 & ,b[] traps ab\t twice z mu*4 ,e>!nw>e1 #b-;in*1 #a ea*2 #f-;in*1 #c4be ea*4 ,iron 7,s-traps71 #b-;in*1 #hj c5ts2 extra heavy1 #a4be2 #f-;in*1 #c4ge2 extra heavy1 #e4 ,runn+ traps1 ) or )\t h&-holes1 ab\t ! same4 ,lead1 made ( #f-p\nd lead 7lead weigh+ #f p\nds to ! squ>e foot71 #a-a_/d-;in*1 #fe c5ts2 #a-a_/b-;in*1 #hj c5ts2 #b-;in*1 #a4aj2 #d-a_/b-;in*1 #c4be1 etc4 ,ur9als4--7,e>!nw>e71 #e to #f ea*4 ,wa%-,bas9s4--7,iron1 enamel$ or m>bl$71 #a4ej to #d4ej4 ,wat]-,closets4--,dem>e/'s 7plung]71 #ae to #dj4 ,e>!nw>e hopp]1 #aj to #ab4 ,e>!nw>e hopp]1 ) trap1 wa/e-prev5t+ ci/]n1 *a9 & bracket1 wood-seat1 etc41 #cj4 ,hopp]-valve closet1 ) self-rais+1 r\nd seat1 #i4 ,pan-,closets4--#d4ej to #bb4 ,a j\rneyman & help] are *>g$ = at ! rate ( f #e to #f p] day4 ,,index4 ,acid1 c>bolic1 #gb1 #ia4 c>bonic1 #g-i1 #ac1 #ae4 c>bonic1 te/ =1 #i4 hydro*loric1 #ic4 nitric1 #hh4 nitr\s1 #ie4 sulphuric1 #hi1 #ic1 #ie4 sulphur\s1 #gj1 #if4 ,adult]ations ( food1 #gc4 ,air1 contam9at$ by combu/ion1 #i4 contam9at$ by excreta1 #ab1 #ba4 contam9at$ by respiration1 #h1 #aa4 contam9at$ by ! sick1 #aa4 dang]s ( impure1 #aa-ad4 ,air-b\nd pipes1 #eg4 ,air 9 gr\nd1 #ae4 ,alum1 #ge4 ,alum9um1 *loride (1 #ic4 ,annotto1 #gg1 #gh4 ,areas1 dra9age (1 #cd4 ,arr[root1 #gd4 ,asphalt 9 walls1 #cd1 #ff4 ,bacilli1 #aa1 #ad4 ,bact]ia1 #aa4 ,bad odors1 s\rces (1 #eb4 ,bak]s' *emicals1 #gd4 ,bak+-p[d]s1 #ge4 ,ball-cock1 #dh4 ,b&s1 #fj1 #ajj4 ,bas9s1 #cb1 #ajb4 ,ba?-tubs1 #cj4 ,b$clo?+1 dis9fection (1 #fi4 ,be]1 #ge4 ,b5ds1 #db1 #ajj4 ,bl[-(fs1 #cc4 ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 plumb+ rules (1 #be4 ,boil]s1 s$im5t-pipe (1 #cb4 ,boil+1 dis9fection by1 #id4 ,br&y1 #gf4 ,bread1 #gf4 ,brim/one1 #fg1 #if4 ,bromo-*loralum1 #ig4 ,burnett's ,fluid1 #ig4 ,butt]1 #gf4 ,caldwell11 ,ph4 ,d41 #gh1 #hb4 ,calk+ ( jo9ts1 #de4 ,calx-p[d]1 #id4 ,c&y1 #gg4 ,cann$ fruits & vegetables1 #gg4 ,cann$ meats1 #gh4 ,c>amel1 #gf4 ,c>bolate ( lime1 #ig4 ,c>bolic acid1 #gb1 #ia4 p[d]s1 #ib4 ,c>bonic acid1 #g-i1 #ac1 #ae4 ,c>buret$ hydrog51 #ab4 ,c>mi*ael1 #df4 ,c>p51 #he4 ,ca/-iron pipes1 #dd1 #aja4 ,cell>s1 #cd1 #ff4 ,cem5t$ jo9ts1 #eb4 ,cem5t1 temp]$-up1 #bf1 #ci4 ,c]eals1 #gh4 ,cesspools1 #ab1 #cd1 #ce4 ,*&l]11 ,pr(essor1 #fg1 #hb1 #hc4 ,*>coal1 #id4 ,*eese1 #gh4 ,*eck-valves1 #dg4 ,*e/]11 ,ph4 ,d41 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( t>t>1 #gd4 ,cu%ion+1 #db1 #dd1 #ef4 h[ det]m9$1 #fa4 ,damp soil1 dang] (1 #ae4 ,damp]s1 position (1 #ai4 ,d>by's ,prophylactic ,fluid1 #ih4 ,dead bodies1 dis9fection (1 #fi1 #ga4 ,dead oil1 #ib4 ,deodoriz]s1 #fg4 ,diph!ria1 precautions vs41 #gb4 propagation (1 #ab1 #gb4 ,dis*>ges1 dis9fection (1 #fh4 ,diseases1 contagi\s1 #aa4 ,dis9fectant1 ,egyptian1 #ih4 ,excelsior1 #ih4 ,girond91 #ih4 ,metropolitan1 #ii4 ,ph5ix1 #ii4 ,dis9fectants1 #ia4 h[ to use1 #fg4 ,dis9fection1 #ff4 ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal? rules =1 #fg4 ( b$clo?+1 #fi4 ,dis9fection ( clo?+1 #fi1 #ia4 ( corpses1 #fi1 #ga4 ( furniture1 #fi4 ( premises1 #fh1 #ib1 #id4 ( privies1 #ga1 #ia4 ( wat]-closets1 #ga1 #ia4 ( wool5 /uffs1 etc41 #fi4 ,d\ble w9d[s1 #bj4 ,dra91 fall (1 #bg4 h\se1 #ce4 h\se1 trap 91 #db4 location (1 #bg4 pipes1 #ei4 size (1 #bg4 ,dra9age1 #ba4 diagram (1 #di4 ess5tials (1 #bd4 exam9ation (1 #fa4 ( city h\ses1 #fe4 ( c\ntry h\ses1 #ej1 #fe4 ( f>m-h\ses1 #fe4 ( sea-side h\ses1 #fe4 ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #be4 subsoil1 #ej4 ,dra9s1 defective1 #eb1 #ei4 ,draughts1 h[ produc$1 #ag1 #bj4 h[ to avoid1 #bj4 :5 p]ceiv$1 #ag4 ,dr9k+-wat]1 tanks =1 #cc1 #hf4 te/s (1 #hi4 ,dur&-,claye1 #ac4 ,durham h\se-dra9age sy/em1 #dd4 ,dys5t]y1 precautions vs41 #gb4 propagation (1 #ad4 ,e>? z a dis9fectant1 #bc4 closet1 #bc4 ,e>!nw>e pipes1 #bf1 #ei1 #ajj4 ,egyptian ,dis9fectant1 #ih4 ,engelh>dt11 ,ph4 ,d41 #gf1 #gi1 #hb1 #hd1 #he4 ,erysipelas1 propagation (1 #ad4 ,evaporation f traps1 #fj4 ,excelsior ,dis9fectant1 #ih4 ,excreta1 contam9ation ( air by1 #ad1 #ba4 dang]s f1 #ad1 #ba4 removal (1 #bd4 ,exhau/-/eam 9 soil-pipes1 #cc1 #ej4 ,f>m-h\ses1 dra9age (1 #fe4 ,faulty con/ruction ( dra9s1 #eb4 ,f]rules1 #cj1 #de1 #eb4 ,fev]1 mal>ial1 #ad4 pu]p]al1 #ad4 sc>let1 #aa1 #gb4 typhoid1 #ad1 #gb4 typhus1 #aa1 #gc4 yell[1 #ad1 #gb4 ,field's flu%-tank1 #ej4 ,filt]s1 #hg4 ,fireplace1 ,galton's1 #ah1 #ai4 ,fireplaces1 #ah4 ,flanges1 lead1 #ec4 ,flues = v5tilation1 #bj4 ,flu%-tank1 #ej4 ,fomites1 #ga1 #gc4 ,food1 #gc4 ,fre%-air inlet1 #bh1 #dc4 ,fruits1 cann$1 #gg4 ,fumigation1 me?ods (1 #fh1 #fi4 precautions dur+1 #gj4 treatm5t ( rooms aft]1 #gj4 ,fun]als1 #ga4 ,furniture1 dis9fection (1 #fi4 ( sick-room1 #fh4 ,fusel-oil1 #gf1 #hd4 ,galton's fireplace1 #ah1 #ai4 ,gas1 sew]1 composition (1 #ab4 ,gasket1 #de4 ,g5]al debility1 #aa1 #ac4 ,g]man measles1 #ab4 ,g]micide1 #ih4 ,g91 #gi4 ,girond9 ,dis9fectant1 #ih4 ,glucose1 #ge1 #gi1 #hb4 ,gra9s1 c]eal1 #gh4 ,gre5 vitriol1 #gj1 #ic4 ,gr\nd air1 dang] (1 #ae4 air1 exclusion (1 #ff4 wat]1 high & l[1 #ae4 ,gum-drops1 #gg4 ,gypsum1 #gd1 #gi1 #id4 ,h&-holes1 #ei4 ,heat1 dis9fection by1 #id4 ,honey1 #gi4 ,hops1 #ge4 ,horizontal pipes1 #bh4 ,horse-radi%1 #gi4 ,hospital gangr5e1 #ad4 ,h\se-dra91 #ce4 dra91 trap 91 #bg1 #db4 dra9age1 ,durham sy/em (1 #dd4 dra9age1 ess5tials (1 #bd4 sew]1 mat]ial (1 #bf4 ,hydrant-s9ks1 #ce4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #ic4 ,impurity ( air1 measure (1 #i4 ,inlet1 fre%-air1 #bh1 #dc4 ,iodide ( potassium1 #hi4 ,iron1 sulphate (1 #ic4 ,iron pipes1 weight (1 #bi4 ,is+lass1 #gi4 ,jellies1 #gi4 ,jo9ts1 calk+ (1 #de1 #eb4 cem5t1 #eb1 #ei4 imp]fect1 #ei4 lead1 #de1 #eb4 putty1 #eb1 #ei4 ,jo9ts1 ru/1 #cj1 #de4 wip$1 #df4 ,lab>raque's ,solution1 #ii4 ,labor1 plumb]'s1 #ajb4 ,lactomet]1 me?od ( us+1 #ha4 ,l>d1 #hj4 ,lattimore11 ,ph4 ,d41 #gg-gi1 #hb-hd4 ,lead1 *romate (1 #gg4 dissolv+ (1 9 wat]1 #hf4 flanges1 #ec4 nitrate (1 #ie4 ,lead]s1 bad odors f1 #ec4 z soil-pipes1 #cc1 #di4 trapp+ (1 #cc1 #ec4 ,lead pipes1 weight (1 #aja4 ,le!by1 #ac4 ,lime1 #id4 *loride (1 #ic4 sulphate (1 #id4 ,l\v]$ sky-light1 #ci4 ,love11 ,ph4 ,d41 #gd-gf1 #gh4 ,mal>ial fev]s1 #ad4 ,manganese1 oxide (1 #ic4 ,m>%-gas1 #ac4 ,measles1 precautions vs41 #gb4 propagation (1 #aa4 ,meat1 #hj4 ,meats1 cann$1 #gh4 pres]v$1 poison+ by1 #hj4 ,m]curic *loride1 #id4 ,m]cury seal = traps1 #ci4 ,metropolitan ,dis9fectant1 #ii4 ,microscopic organisms1 #aa1 #dc4 ,milk1 composition (1 #ha4 ,m9es1 air (1 #g4 ,mor91 e/imate by1 #ai4 ,movable tanks = excreta1 #bb4 ,mumps1 #ab4 ,munsell11 ,ph4 ,d41 #ha4 ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 rules1 etc41 #fg4 ,ni*ols1 ,pr(essor1 #h1 #ab1 #hg4 ,nitrate ( lead1 #ie4 ( silv]1 #hh4 ,nitrates1 te/s =1 #hi4 ,nitric acid1 #hh4 ,nitrites1 te/ =1 #hi4 ,nitrog51 #g4 9 sew]s1 #ab1 #ac4 ,nitr\s acid1 #ie4 ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 rules1 etc41 #be4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 rules1 etc41 #gd4 ,oakum1 #de4 ,odors1 (f5sive1 #eb4 ,(fsets1 #ce1 #ajj4 ,oil1 dead1 #ib4 fusel1 #gf1 #hd4 ( cognac1 #gf4 ( pepp]m9t1 #fc4 olive1 #ha4 ,oleom>g>9e1 #gf4 ,"o trap1 etc41 h[ det]m9$1 #eh1 #fb4 ,organic matt] ( respir$ air1 #i4 matt]s1 te/ =1 #hi4 ,organisms1 microscopic1 #aa1 #dc4 ,ov]fl[-pipes1 #cb1 #cc1 #df1 #ed1 #eh4 ,oxidation1 #ae1 #dc4 ,oxide ( manganese1 #ic4 ,oxyg51 #g1 #h1 #ac4 ,ozone1 #ie4 ,pails = excreta1 #bb4 ,p>is1 pla/]-(-1 #id4 ,pepp]m9t te/1 #fc4 ,p]manganate ( pota%1 #ie4 ,pett5k(]'s te/ = c>bonic acid1 #i4 ,ph5ix ,dis9fectant1 #ii4 ,ph5ol ,sodique1 #ii4 ,phosphorus1 #ie4 ,pickles1 #hb4 ,pipe connections1 #cj1 #eb4 ,pipes1 air1 #ca4 air-b\nd1 #eg4 ca/-iron1 #bg1 #bh1 #dd1 #aja4 corrosion (1 #ej1 #ei4 dra91 #bg1 #ei4 e>!nw>e1 #bf1 #ajj4 galvaniz$ iron1 #ei1 #hf4 hub-end (1 #dd4 iron1 weight (1 #bi4 lead1 weight (1 #aja4 ob/ruction (1 #fa4 ov]fl[1 #cb1 #cc1 #df1 #ed1 #eh4 rat-holes 91 #ei4 s]vice1 #hf4 spigot-end (1 #dd4 t>r+ (1 #dd1 #aja4 traps on v]tical1 #bi1 #dd4 v5tilat+1 size (1 #ca4 wa/e1 #bh4 wr\ght-iron1 #dd4 ,pitt111 #gg1 #gi4 ,plants1 action ( air on1 #ae4 ,pla/]-(-,p>is1 #id4 ,platt's *lorides1 #ii4 ,plumb]'s labor1 #ajb4 mat]ials1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,pork1 #hj4 ,pota%1 p]manganate (1 #ie4 ,potassium1 iodide (1 #hi4 ,p[d]s1 calx1 #id4 c>bolic1 #ib4 ,premises1 dis9fection (1 #fh1 #ib1 #id4 ,privies1 dis9fection (1 #ga4 ,privy-s9ks1 #db1 #ajb4 ,privy-vaults1 con/ruction (1 #bb1 #cd1 #ce4 cont5ts (1 #ab4 dang]s (1 #bb4 ,pumpelly1 #df4 ,purification ( wat]1 #hg1 #ij4 ,putty-jo9ts1 #eb1 #ed4 ,rat-holes 9 pipes1 #ei4 ,refrig]ator wa/es1 #cb4 ,respiration1 organic matt] (1 #i4 ,return b5d1 #dc4 ,rum1 #hb4 ,saddle-hubs1 #fj1 #ajb4 ,safes1 #cb1 #df4 dra9+ (1 #cb1 #ed4 ,safe-wa/es1 #cb1 #ed4 ,sal]atus1 #gd4 ,salt1 #fg1 #gj1 #hi4 8,sanit>y ,eng9e]10 #ea4 ,sc>let fev]1 precautions vs41 #gb4 propagation (1 #aa4 ,s*ool-s9ks1 #cd1 #db1 #ajb4 ,seal ( trap1 #cf4 ,sea-side h\ses1 dra9age (1 #fe4 ,se9e1 mud (1 #ac4 ,s]vice-pipes1 #hf4 ,sew]-air1 effects attribut$ to1 #ac4 ,sew]-gas1 composition (1 #ab4 ,sew]1 h\se1 mat]ial (1 #bf4 ,sew]-wat]1 #ac4 ,sew]s1 cont5ts (1 #ab4 private1 #bf4 ,%]r+ham valve1 #ag4 ,sick-room1 c>e (1 #fg1 #gj4 precautions on ent]+1 #gc4 ,s9ks1 #cj4 ,siphonage1 #eh4 h[ det]m9$1 #fb4 prev5tion (1 #ca1 #eh4 ,sirups1 #hb4 ,sky-light1 l\v]$1 #ci4 ,sleeves1 #cj1 #de4 ,slops1 dang]s f1 #ba4 ,small-pox1 precautions vs41 #ga4 propagation (1 #aa4 ,smoky *imneys1 #bj4 ,smi?1 ,angus1 #h4 ,soil1 damp1 dang] (1 #ae4 ,soil-pipe1 #ce4 mat]ial & size (1 #bh4 ,spices1 #hb4 ,/ables1 dis9fection (1 #id4 ,/>*1 #ge1 #hi4 ,squibb's c>bolic acid1 #ib4 ,/eam 9 soil-pipes1 #cc1 #ej4 ,/eam-coils1 heat+ by1 #ai4 ,subsoil dra9age1 #ej4 ,sug>1 #hb4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #gg4 ( iron1 #hi1 #ic4 ( lime1 #id4 ( z9c1 #fg1 #if4 ,sulphide ( ammonium1 #ab4 ,sulphur1 #fg1 #if4 use (1 9 dis9fection1 #fh4 ,sulphuret$ hydrog51 #ab1 #ac4 ,sulphuric acid1 #hi1 #ie4 ,sulphur\s acid1 #gj1 #if4 ,syrups 7see ,sirups74 ,tanks = dr9k+-wat]1 #cc1 #hf4 l9+ (1 #cc4 movable1 = excreta1 #bb4 ,t>r+ ( pipes1 #dd1 #aja4 ,teas1 #hc4 ,t]ra alba1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg4 ,te/1 ,c>p5's1 = w9e1 #he4 = c>bonic acid1 #i4 = *lor9e1 #hh4 = nitrates1 #hi4 = nitrites1 #hi4 ,te/ = organic matt]s 9 wat]1 #hi4 pepp]m9t1 #fc4 wat]1 #de4 ,?ymol1 #gb1 #ib1 #ih4 ,t9 9 cann$ fruits1 #gg4 9 sirups1 #hb4 ,traps1 #ce1 #ajb4 clean+ (1 #fj4 effici5cy (1 #df4 empty1 h[ to det]m9e1 #fb4 9 h\se-dra9s1 #bg1 #db4 on v]tical pipes1 #bi1 #dd4 position (1 #cj4 unseal+ (1 by cu%ion+1 #ef4 unseal+ (1 by evaporation1 #fj4 unseal+ (1 by siphon+1 #eh4 v>i\s k9ds (1 #cf1 #ajb4 v5tilation (1 #ca4 ,trap-screws1 #ei4 ,tri*91 #hj4 ,typhoid fev] caus$ by wat]1 #hh4 precautions vs41 #gb4 propagation (1 #ad4 ,typhus fev]1 precautions vs41 #gc4 propagation (1 #aa4 ,ur9als1 #cj1 #ajb4 ,valve-closets1 dang]s (1 #dg4 ,valves1 *eck1 #dg4 ,vegetables1 cann$1 #gg4 ,v5tilat+ %aft1 #be4 ,v5tilation1 #ae4 diff]5t me?ods (1 #ag-ai4 flues =1 #bj4 ,v5tilation ( pipes1 #ca1 #ed1 #eh4 ,v5tilators1 :irl+1 #bj4 ,v5t-pipes1 #ed4 ,v]tical pipes1 traps on1 #bi1 #dd4 ,v9eg>1 #hd4 ,wall]1 ,elwyn1 ,ph4 ,d41 #hc1 #ig4 ,walls1 damp-pro( c\rses 91 #ff4 ,wa%-trays & tubs1 #cj4 ,wa/e-pipes1 #ce4 mat]ial (1 #bh4 trapp+ (1 #cj4 ,wat]1 #hf4 dr9k+1 tanks =1 #cc1 #hf4 dr9k+1 te/s (1 #hi4 impure1 disord]s due to1 #hh4 9 lead pipes1 #hf4 iron pipes =1 #hf4 ( sew]s1 #ac4 pollution (1 #hg4 precautions reg>d+1 #ij4 purification (1 #ij4 typhoid fev] caus$ by1 #hh4 ,wat]-c>riage1 #bd4 ,wat]-closets1 #ci1 #ajb4 ci/]ns =1 #cb1 #dg1 #ajj4 dis9fection (1 #ga1 #ia4 valve1 dang]s (1 #dg4 ,wat]-seal1 #cf1 #df4 ,wat] te/1 !1 #de4 ,weight ( iron pipe1 #bi4 ( lead pipe1 #aja4 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