,,!atre ,,arts ,,monographs4 ,no4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,faade & entrance ( ! ,bee*wood ,!atre & ,sc>bor\gh ,s*ool1 ,sc>bor\gh1 ,new ,york4 ,welles ,boswor?1 ,ar*itect4 7,photograph by ,arnold ,g5!47 ,,on ,,build+ ,a ,,!atre ,,/age ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,small ,,!atres1 ,,s*ools ,,& ,,community ,,build+s ,,by ,,irv+ ,,pi*el ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,!atre ,,arts ,,inc4 #aibj ,copyright #aibj by ,,!atre ,,arts1 ,inc4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,i4 ,,ar*itectural ,,tradition ,,9 ,,! ,,!atre3 ,,! ,,auditorium ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/age ,,plan ,,iii4 ,,provision ,,= ,,back-,,/age ,,work]s ,,iv4 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,! ,,/age ,v4 ,,/age ,,light+ ,,vi4 ,,/age ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,sett+s ,,bibliography ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,entrance ( ! ,bee*wood ,!atre ,frontispiece ,/age ( ! ,teatro ,f>nese at ,p>ma #ae ,sket* ( an ,elizabe?an ,!atre #af ,int]ior ( ! ,little ,!atre1 ,new ,york #be ,ext]ior ( ! ,little ,!atre1 ,new ,york #bf ,! ,muni* ,art ,!atre #ci ,ext]ior ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre #dj ,section ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre #da ,auditorium ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre #db ,! ,arts & ,crafts ,!atre1 ,detroit #ee ,! ,c>negie ,in/itute ,!atre1 ,pittsburgh #ef ,! ,neighborhood ,playh\se1 ,new ,york #fe ,! ,arti/'s ,guild ,!atre1 ,/4 ,l\is #ff ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text-- #a4 ,plan ( ! ,teatro ,olympico at ,vic5za #ai #b4 ,plans ( ! ,b]l9 ,volksbhne #bj #c4 ,plan & section ( ! ,little ,!atre1 ,new ,york #bb #d4 ,plan ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ,!atre1 ,pittsburgh #bh #e4 ,fir/-floor plan ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre #cj #f4 ,second-floor plan & section ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre #ca #g4 ,plan ( ! #ci? ,/reet ,!atre1 ,new ,york #ce #h4 ,plan ( ! ,bee*wood ,!atre #cg #i4 ,/age ( ! ,?tre du ,vieux ,colombi] #ga ,,introduction ,ar*itectural ineptitudes are m likely to be p]petuat$ & 9 "t condon$ ?an ^? 9 any o!r art4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a bad pa9t+ is scrapp$1 poor music rema9s unpubli%$ & unplay$ 7along ) mu* good music1 no d\bt71 & bad books1 aft] a "t1 cease to be read4 ,b a build+ is someh[ inescapable4 ,hav+ a durability t ne$s no treasur+1 & be+ erect$ m (t5 = use ?an = beauty1 a build+ g5]ally a*ieves longevity1 & ! bad art crumbles no soon] ?an ! good /one4 ,usefulness1 great initial co/1 /urdy /uff1 are all aga9/ a build+'s be+ put out ( ! way m]ely because x is ugly4 ,or ev51 z a matt] ( fact1 because x does n successfully s]ve ! purpose = :i* x 0 erect$4 ,z p live 9 a h\se1 or "w1 day aft] day1 9 a /ore or factory or public build+1 !y become us$ to inconv5i5ces1 bad arrangem5t1 & lack ( prop] facilities4 ,!y compla9 = a "t1 p]haps1 & !n =get4 ,& aft] a :ile1 :5 ! h\se has become home1 or ! l>ge build+ has ga!r$ tradition1 a sort ( admiration settles ^u x4 ,:at is really pla9 ugly or wrong or bad appe>s qua9t & full ( 8atmosph]e40 ,& is imitat$4 ,/yle & tradition embalm ! v features t make ! build+ a bad build+4 ,9 ! !atre1 ?is p]petuation ( mu/y1 tradition-hall[$ faults ( con/ruction has be5 c>ri$ to an extraord9>y extreme4 ,!re is m ritual1 "o might believe1 9 con/ruct+ a /age & auditorium 9 accordance ) honor$ cu/om ?an !re is 9 ! build+ ( a *ur*4 ,9 ! m mod]n !atres1 !re h be5 notable improvem5ts ov] ! !atres ( a g5]ation ago2 b 9 ! auditoriums & /ages ( s*ools1 clubs & societies1 & 9 o!r public or semi-public build+s 9 :i* su* facilities are includ$ z a sort ( side issue1 ! anci5t law is obs]v$4 ,! av]age high s*ool /age seems to be inspir$ by ! fa9t recollection ( a visit to ! !atre1 supplem5t$ by ! exam9ation ( old pr9ts illu/rat+ ! /age ( ,inigo ,jones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to-day1 by a conc]t$ movem5t ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 hundr$s ( community h\ses are be+ plann$ z w> memorials4 ,^! build+s are design$ to include facilities = all ! social & recreational int]e/s ( ! communities !y w s]ve4 ,practically all ( !m w include /ages & auditoriums4 ,at ! same "t1 hundr$s ( new s*ool build+s are be+ plann$1 & ^!1 too1 w h /ages int5d$ to be useful = dramatic productions4 ,b unless ar*itects h at _! disposal mu* m te*nical k ( ! produc]s' requirem5ts ?an 9 ! pa/1 x is c]ta9 t mo/ ( ^! auditoriums & /ages w be bad--z are ! auditoriums & /ages 9 mo/ exi/+ s*ools4 ,x is to =e/all "s ( ! common mi/akes t ?is pap] has be5 prep>$--to describe !m 9 detail1 & to set up aga9/ !m ! ideal features t[>d :i* ! design]s ( su* /ructures %\ld /rive4 ,i believe t ! memorial halls are de/9$ to play s l>ge a "p 9 community life t !y mu/ h remov$ f !m e ob/acle to _! fulle/ usefulness4 ,9 e community ( mod]ate size & culture !re is a releas+ to-day ( dramatic impulse1 & folks turn m & m t[>d ! !atre z a mode ( gr\p expression4 ,! ,little ,!atre movem5t1 ) its eighty-five or m c5t]s r5ew+ _! life1 n[ t ! w> is ov]1 is an evid5ce ( ! bir? ( a new !atre 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,innum]able community pageants & masques are an indication t p turn to ! drama z a means ( express+ _! corporate /hetic4 ,! production ( wor?y plays by s*ools & colleges1 ! int]e/ su* in/itutions are %[+ 9 ! writ+ ( plays & 9 ! fo/]+ ( an indig5\s drama1 ! widespread discussion ( ! drama & ! !atre by clubs1 read+ circles & drama leagues1 all are port5ts ( a !atre t %all be a vital & integral "p ( our daily community life4 ,& at ! v mom5t ^! words are be+ writt51 ! comm]cial !atre t has s long held ! ar5a is be+ convuls$ by a revolution t may mean no?+ %ort ( its ev5tual ext9ction4 ,! sy/em ( :olesale manufacture & di/ribution ( !atre products is on ! wane1 & ! !atre z an art1 z a social in/itution ( ! rank & significance ( ! s*ool or ! *ur*1 may soon h ! field to itself4 ,h\rly1 9 ! little !atres1 9 community drama und]tak+s1 9 ! municipal !atres1 9 ! classrooms & ! clubs1 & on ! s*ool /ages1 ! new !atre is gr[+ up4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ s]vices t ! memorial community h\se c r5d] is to provide a home = ! dramatic impulse ( ! community--n a make%ift home1 b "o wor?y ( ! f9e art ( ! drama & ! f9e craft ( ! !atre4 ,x does n matt] :e!r or n ! build+ is to be l>ge & pret5ti\s or small & inexp5sive2 b x matt]s t x %\ld be fitt$ to ! lea/ detail to fulfill its function effici5tly & beautifully4 ,i d n write ^! pages z an ar*itect or z an in/ructor ( ar*itects1 b z "o kn[+ fairly well ! conditions :i* a /age has to meet :5 x is us$ = dramatic repres5tations ( any sort4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a r v>i$ exp]i5ce 9 ! !atre--amateur & pr(essional1 little & big1 comm]cial & 8art0--,i h enc\nt]$ practically all ! mi/akes t are made 9 /age con/ruction4 ,i h f\nd !m to be ( two sorts3 mi/akes ( imitation1 & mi/akes ( +5uity4 ,! fir/ type ( mi/ake is easy en\gh to acc\nt =4 ,usually1 ! auditoriums & /ages ( s*ools h be5 int5d$ prim>ily = use z 8*apels0 or assembly halls4 ,!re has be5 a feel+ on ! "p ( s*ool au?orities t ! dramatic in/9ct is 9 "s way un:olesome & t its expression %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,z (t5 z n ! design ( ! s*ool /age has be5 a conspiracy to ?w>t its gr[?4 ,! attitude ( ! au?orities has rec5tly *ang$ some:at1 b ) ! *ange has come v little m intellig5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,:]e1 be=e1 !y 7 c>eful to ob/ruct1 !y are n[ m]ely neglig5t1 leav+ ! ar*itect to 8 own devices4 ,! proce$+ is v mu* at r&om1 & exp]ts are r>ely consult$4 ,x is n :olly ! ar*itect's fault t he builds z he does4 ,opportunities to build /ages are n frequ5t2 he kn[s m ab\t build+ !m ?an us+ !m1 & ! models he foll[s h n be5 (t5 en\gh refre%$ by ! innovations ( !atre exp]ts4 ,8 patt]ns are l>gely outmod$4 ,9 ! l>ge/ high s*ool 9 "o ( ! greate/ midwe/]n cities1 ,i h se5 a /age built no m ?an five ye>s ago 9 :i* is exemplifi$ almo/ e /age feature ( ! civil w> p]iod--a va/ curv$ apron1 grooves = w+s1 & a /age floor slop+ f ! back wall t[>d ! footlights4 ,9 addition1 !re are "o or two mi/akes peculi> to high s*ools1--notably ! omission ( an entrance to ! /age1 save on "o side4 ,! o!r type ( error :i* "o enc\nt]s is usually made by a clev] man :o has obs]v$ ! m mod]n practices 9 build+ l>ge !atres & attempts to adapt !m to a space utt]ly inadequate or wrongly %ap$ = ! purpose4 ,usually he cramps 8 space hopelessly & r5d]s x ev5 less useful = its purpose ?an x might h be5 _h no su* +5uity be5 display$4 ,! f9ely equipp$ /age ( ! ,arti/s' ,guild ,!atre 9 ,/4 ,l\is is an admirable replica 9 little ( a fully equipp$ /age ( ! comm]cial !atre4 ,b ! /ageh\se is s small t ! fly gall]y at ! left & ! pa9t bridge at ! back are a con/ant emb>rassm5t4 ,! /age w\ld h be5 m workable if ^! devices _h n be5 employ$4 ,^! errors ( con/ruction1 aft] all1 indicate b "o ?+--t ! /age has be5 reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic type ( /ructure1 to be built accord+ to e/abli%$ rules1 r ?an z a place design$ to fulfill a peculi> function4 ,a /age is a space on :i* a dramatic action is to be reveal$ be=e an audi5ce4 ,:atev] ! space at ! build]'s disposal--its size or %ape--or :atev] ! build+ he mu/ remodel1 t is ! only ?+ to be consid]$4 ,a play is to be giv54 ,! play]s mu/ be se5 & he>d4 ,!re mu/ be means = !m to ent] ! pres5ce ( ! audi5ce1 & exit4 ,! space on :i* !y appe> mu/ be illum9at$4 ,someh[ ! space set aside = ! play] %all be able to sugge/1 ei!r by means ( sc5]y z x is commonly und]/ood1 or by "s conv5tional arrangem5t1 p]man5t or v>iable1 a _w 9 :i* ! "* he portrays might move4 ,beg9n+ ) ?is mu* specification & no m1 ,i propose to "w out ) "s def9it5ess ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! con/ruction ( an ideal /age & ! relation ( ! auditorium to x1 be>+ 9 m9d all ! :ile ! fact t _m ( ! /ages 9 ! ,w> ,memorial ,build+s & little !atres are to be small1 t l>ge sums _c always be sp5t on !m1 & t !y mu/ 9 mo/ cases s]ve a v>iety ( purposes4 ,if we rememb] always ! function our /age is to fulfill1 we h two good s\rces f :i* to draw practical details = its con/ruction1 & a ?ird s\rce1 debatable b int]e/+4 ,fir/1 !re are ! errors :i* ,i h ref]r$ to4 ,"s ( ^! ,i %all discuss 9 detail 9 ! next *apt]4 ,!n1 mo/ valuable ( all s\rces1 are ! conclusions to be drawn f ! practice ( ! mo/ skill$ ar*itects & arti/s ( ! !atre4 ,& f9ally1 to be consid]$ briefly1 !re are speculations z to ! dem&s :i* ! drama ( ! future may make on ! !atre1--dem&s t c be =eca/$ inaccurately at be/1 b des]v+ a glance1 p]haps1 if only to call att5tion to ! c]ta9ty t su* dem&s w be made4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,ar*itectural ,,tradition ,,9 ,,! ,,!atre3 ,,! ,,auditorium ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r types ( auditorium & plat=m ?an t ( ! !atre4 ,*ur*es1 lecture halls1 & ! *amb]s ( legislative assemblies are plann$ ) ! same g5]al end ( mak+ a p]son or p]sons at "o "p ( ! room audible & visible to _m p]sons ga!r$ 9 ano!r "p4 ,! ready def5se ( mu* bad plann+ 9 s*ool auditoriums is t !y 7 n modell$ aft] !atres b aft] "o ( ^! o!r =ms4 ,to-day ?is w n s]ve z a def5se4 ,int]e/ 9 ! drama is too widespread1 & recognition ( ! social pot5cy ( ! !atre is too g5]al4 ,& :]eas none ( ^! o!r =ms ( audi5ce *amb] meets ! ne$s ( ! !atre1 a well-plann$ !atre c s]ve any use to :i* a ga!r$ community may c>e to put x4 ,! rocks :i* ?reat5 disa/] to our int5t to devise a room :i* may s]ve z !atre1 assembly hall1 *apel1 or :atev]1 are1 if we g to beg9n+s1 ! traditional =m ( ! !atre & its traditional dcor4 ,9 ! latt]1 "t has wr\ght _m *anges4 ,x 0 once felt t a !atre 0 n a !atre if x 0 n adorn$ ) a weal? ( gild$ cupids1 masks1 tamb\rs1 & dagg]s1 surr\nd$ by /ucco wrea?s & g>l&s 9 high relief1 & int]spac$ ) pictur$ panels ( ! muses1 especially ^? mo/ at home 9 a playh\se4 ,&1 inde$1 ab\t ^? old h\ses1 _! g>i%ness n[ mell[$1 !re is a glamor peculi>ly ( ! !atre1 & a sweet mu/9ess 9 ! air bespeak+ audi5ces ( p]fum$ ladies1 long s9ce dead1 ! grease-pa9t & pomade ( a long l9e ( play]s1 old sc5]y1 ! f9e fu/ian ( ! old plays4 ,x is some:at l ! odor 9 a g>ret /or$ ) ! treasures ( our gr&p>5ts1 or ! mu/9ess ( an old book4 ,b ^! are fad$ fl[]s t _c be br\ght to life1 & ! !atre ( to-day1 its plays & its play]s1 are mov$ by a diff]5t _s4 ,:atev] lure ^! t9selly old temples h is a rem9isc5t "o4 ,to-day1 !re may be f\nd !atres ) ! simplicity & peace ( a *ur*1 ! unobtrusive luxury ( ! draw+-room1 & ev51 by ov]%oot+ ! m>k ( simplicity1 ! b>5ess ( ! lecture-room or ! legislative *amb]4 ,! great] s9c]ity t has come into ! !atre1 & t fe> ( romance t m>ks ! fir/ decade or m ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 did mu* to ov]come traditional ov]-elaboration4 ,!re has come1 too1 a m>k$ fre$om f tradition 9 ! plann+ ( ! usual l>ge %[-h\ses4 ,! m mod]n !atres are1 = ! mo/ "p1 free f ^? gl>+ /ructural ineptitudes t sev]al c5turies ( cu/om _h impos$4 ,9 ,g]many especially 7! traditional =m ( ! !atre did n develop !re71 great progress has be5 made1 & ! !atres ( su* ar*itects z ,max ,littmann & ,osk> ,kaufmann s]ve z models4 ,/age ma*9]y 9 ,g]many has be5 br\ght to a po9t ( p]fection n yet rea*$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,laut5s*lag]1 ,br&t1 & ,=tuny 7a ,spani>d7 h contribut$ inv5tions t h only occasionally be5 exp]im5t$ ) 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !n some:at half-he>t$ly4 ,tradition cl+s close to its native hea?1 nev]!less1 & 9 ,engl&1 to :i* ,am]ica looks fir/1 p]haps1 & 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries1 x has en\gh vitality /ill to be a s\rce ( dang]4 ,x may be wor? :ile to scan ! hi/ory ( ! tradition1 especially f ! 8front ( ! h\se01 be=e we consid] ! /age itself4 ,= x is f "h t ! grave/ criticism aga9/ a /age c be made1--t x is n easily visible f all p>ts ( ! h\se4#a #a ,i %all n consid] x exp$i5t1 9 any "p ( ?is discussion1 to g into que/ions ( eng9e]+ detail4 ,x is assum$ t ! ar*itect is equipp$ or w equip himself ) su* te*nical k4 ,nor %all ,i ref] to /ructural modifications br\ght ab\t by ! regulations ( ,bo>ds ( ,fire ,und]writ]s4 ,^! matt]s h be5 treat$ m or less effici5tly 9 sev]al o!r works1 to :i* ref]5ce w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,! =m ( ! /age & ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 us$ h1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! !atre1 be5 ! prim>y factors 9 det]m9+ ! %ape ( ! auditorium4 ,! ,greek !atre 0 devot$ to a c]emonial drama 9 honor ( ,dionysus1 act$ ab\t an alt> erect$ to him4 ,s ! /age took ! =m ( a circul> space ) an alt> 9 ! c5t]4 ,! seat+ 0 arrang$ 9 conc5tric ti]s1 ) ! alt> z a c5t]1 & m ?an half surr\nd$ ! /age space or or*e/ra4 ,tang5t to ?is circle1 & p]p5dicul> to a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! seat+ space1 0 built ! sk5e1 or back sc5e4 ,at fir/1 ?is 0 m]ely a dress+ t5t2 lat] x 0 a wall1 ( wood or /one1 mask+ ! dress+-rooms ( ! actors4 ,x 0 pi]c$ ) doors1 giv+ access to ! /age be=e x1 & s]v$ z ! palace1 temple1 or city wall1 9 front ( :i* ! sc5e ( ! play 0 laid4 ,!re is no satisfactory evid5ce t x gave on to a rais$ space con=m+ to ! lat] /age plat=m4 ,*orus & actors 7 on ! gr\nd level ( ! or*e/ra4 ,all ! seats be+ rais$1 ! spectator look$ d[n ^u ! action ( ! play1 & all ! seats 7 set on radial l9es drawn f ! alt> or c5t] ( ! or*e/ra4 ,illu/ration3 ,/age ( ! ,teatro ,f>nese at ,p>ma1 ,italy4 ,an example ( ! picture-frame /age set into ! pla/ic /age ( an antique !atre4 ,see page #ah4 7,f ,hammitzs*'s ,d] ,mod]ne ,!at]bau47 ,illu/ration3 ,contempor>y sket* ( an ,elizabe?an ,!atre4 7,f ,caff9's ,appreciation ( ! ,drama47 ,9 ! ,roman !atre1 a numb] ( radical *anges are to be not$4 ,! l>ge or*e/ra is no long] ne$$ = a *orus1 & ! space is cut to a semicircle1 9 :i* are plac$ ! *airs ( ! ,s5ators4 ,s9ce spectators are n[ on ! gr\nd level1 ! actors mu/ be rais$1 & ! /age becomes a long1 %all[ plat=m1 beg9n+ at ! diamet] ( ! circle4 ,rais$ ti]s ( seats1 z 9 ! ,greek !atre1 surr\nd ! semicircul> gr\nd space4 ,at ! back ( ! /age is a wall1 or scna1 :i* also closes 9 ea* side ( ! /age1 meet+ ! seats at ! diamet] ends4 ,x is built to ! height ( ! upp]mo/ ti] ( seats4 ,s9ce ! /age ext5d$ almo/ ! :ole wid? ( ! seat+1 & 0 rais$ above ! gr\nd1 sight l9es 7 ideal4 ,betwe5 ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! revival ( classic le>n+ 9 ,italy1 ! !atre _h no settl$ home4 ,! drama w5t ?r\gh v>i\s vicissitudes1 took on new functions1 express$ itself 9 new =ms4 ,! m$ival !atre ( my/]ies & miracles1 aft] x _h become secul>iz$1 w5t =? f ! *ancel ( ! *ur*1 & became a vagrant & an opportuni/4 ,x set up its p>aph]nalia 9 ! public squ>e1 9 ! inn-y>d1 9 ! guild hall4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 x 0 a daylight1 outdoor recreation1 ) no fix$ home1 & no su* special c]emonial functions z 9 ! ,greek & ,roman /ate4 ,x 0 prolet>ian1 di/9ctly4 ,) ! ,r5aissance1 9 addition to ! popul> it9]ant !atre ( ! p1 !re 7 two new manife/ations4 ,! humani/s1 9 _! academies1 reviv$ ! ,roman com$ies ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce2 ! c\rts ( ! rul+ families ( ! free cities became ! sc5es ( magnific5t productions ( masques1 pageants1 8triumphs0 & ftes4 ,^! 7 usually allegories bas$ on classic my?ology or on anci5t hi/ory1 b pres5t$ l>gely 9 ! =m & mann] ( ! popul> drama ( ! "t4 ,to ! pres5tation ( ! c\rt ftes1 ! greate/ arti/s1--,bramante1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,giulio ,romano1 etc41--br\ght _! tal5ts4 ,!y 7 giv5 9 ! g>d5s ( ! palaces at night1 illum9at$ by fl>es & fireworks4 ,! 8pageant0 or :eel$ /age ( ! m$ival popul> drama1 0 us$ = ! display ( "s l>ge piece ( decoration or ma*9]y4 ,z e>ly z #adia1 h[ev]1 at ,p]ugia1 ! fir/ indoor p]=mances 7 giv54 ,! /age w5t ?r\gh v>i\s modifications1 /ill keep+ its resemblance to ! /age ( ! m$ival drama1 until "o inv5tion en=c$ ! mo/ radical developm5t t _h yet tak5 place1--p]spective sc5]y4 ,hammitzs*#b traces ! inv5tion ( sc5]y 9 pa9t$ p]spective to ,bramante's decoration ( ! sacri/y ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,satiro 9 ,milan4 ,! wall pa9t+ repres5ts 9 p]spective an ext5d$ vi/a ( ! sacri/y1 9 an attempt to make x appe> l>g]4 ,! mod]n c\nt]p>t is ! mirror$ re/aurant4 ,x is c]ta91 at all ev5ts1 t ,p]uzzi employ$ su* sc5]y 9 dramatic repres5tations 9 ,rome be=e #aeaj4 ,) ^! pa9t$ prospects came a v>iety ( *anges 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! rooms 9 :i* ! masques 7 giv52 ! /age became m a place ap>t2 x 0 set at ! end ( ! room r ?an along ! sides1 t ! effect ( di/ance produc$ by ! pa9t$ prospects might be enhanc$1 & ! prosc5ium frame enclos$ x4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! !atre z a build+ design$ specifically = ! pres5tation ( plays came into be+1 ! =m ( auditorium 0 n s ?\ghtfully adapt$ to ?is new type ( /age z _h be5 ! case ) ! anci5t !atres4 ,= x 0 to !m t ar*itects turn$ = models = ! auditorium1 ?\gh ! /age 0 no long] ! /age t w5t ) ! amphi!atre =m ( seat+4 #b ,hammitzs*1 ,d] ,mod]ne ,!at]bau1 ,i4 ,teil1 p4 #aa4 ,! !atre ( ! ,academy ( ,olympians at ,vic5za1 begun 9 #aehj by ! ar*itect ,palladio & complet$ 9 #aehd by 8 son ,scillo 7,fig4 #a71 is practically a ,roman !atre ro($ ov]1 & equipp$ ) a /age t compromises ) ! /age !n 9 mode4 ,x has a slop+ floor 7to increase ! effect ( ! p]spective7 & alleys ( sc5]y giv+ (f ea* entranceway 9 ! /age wall4 ,! ,teatro ,f>nese 9 ,p>ma1 complet$ 9 #afai by ,aleotti1 is ! fir/ mod]n !atre4 ,9 x appe> !atre features t h come d[n to our own day1--! elongation ( ! amphi!atre auditorium into ! horse%oe =m1 & a /age completely sep>at$ f ! auditorium & equipp$ n only to h&le ! new sc5]y b to manipulate x quickly1 s t *anges ( sc5e might be effect$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 ?is !atre1 ,aleotti n only broke away f ! classic /age b also f ! multiple sett+ ( ! m$ival /age & def9itely introduc$ ! mod]n =m ( picture /age4 ,less completely did he break away f ! classic seat+1 b he modifi$ x some:at to meet new conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a--,plan ( ! ,teatro ,olympico1 ,vic5za4 ,) ,aleotti pass$ ! p]iod ( primitive exp]im5t ) a new in/rum5t4 ,f 8 day until v rec5t ye>s1 !re 0 to be no m>k$ *ange1 except ! introduction ( balconies1 a feature already anticipat$ 9 ! !atres ( o!r c\ntries & soon employ$ 9 ,italy1 & ! fur!r acc5tuation ( ! horse%oe =m4 ,! old circle plan became an ellipse1 & /ill lat]1 z ! side balconies 7 br\ght 9 clos] to ! /age1 an oval4 ,9 ,engl&1 v mu* ! same hi/ory 0 enact$4 ,! old ,engli% miracle & my/]y gave ! !atre its plat=m /age1 b ! imitations ( ,lat9 com$y fir/ gave x a p]man5t home4 ,public p]=mances ( univ]sity-made imitations ( ,roman com$y 7 common dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,six?1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe? 7#aeeh-afjc7 sev5te5 pr(essional !atres 7 lic5s$ = ! exhibition ( contempor>y plays4 ,9 some?+ l sixty ye>s1 ! ,engli% drama & ! ,engli% !atre _h gr[n f crude beg9n+s to ! highe/ po9t !y h yet rea*$4 ,& x 0 by pr(essional companies ( actors pres5t+ dramas & n by ! c\rt or academic pres5tations1 t ! !atre 0 fir/ giv5 =m4 ,^! companies1 l ! craftsm5 b&s ( miracle & my/]y play]s1 act$ :]ev] !y c\ld f9d a place or :]ev] !y 7 bidd51--at c\rt1 9 great halls1 9 ! prov9ces1 9 ! *ur* or ! moot hall or ! inn1 & 9 ,london1 9 ! inn-y>d or be> pit4 ,x 0 ! inn-y>d t 0 mo/ us$ & _h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! =m ( ! playh\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b--,plans ( ! !atre j complet$ 9 ,b]l9 = ! ,b]l9] ,volksbhne4 ,! =m ( ! auditorium is typical ( ! late/ practice 9 cont95tal & ,am]ican !atre design 7see page #bg74 ,! l>ge am\nt ( /age space1 9 proportion to ! auditorium1 h[ev]1 is un=tunately n typical ( ,am]ican !atres4 ,! second-floor plan is includ$ to illu/rate ! g5]al arrangem5t r ?an to %[ ! balcony =m1 :i* is nei!r typical nor p>ticul>ly good4 ,! inns 7 usually built 9 ! =m ( a holl[ squ>e4 ,a small passage gave access to ! inn] c\rt1 :i* 0 surr\nd$ by gall]ies4 ,! /age w\ld be erect$ at ! end ( ! c\rt opposite ! entrance1 & spectators /ood on ! level gr\nd ( ! y>d or f\nd seats 9 ! gall]ies4 ,! be> pits or bull r+s 7 usually circul> build+s ) sev]al gall]ies simil> to ^? ( ! inn-y>ds4 ,! e>lie/ !atres1 built ab\t #aegf1 7 r\nd 9 %ape1 ) ^! *>act]i/ic gall]ies4 ,!y seem to h be5 us$ int]*angeably = !atrical p]=mances & = be>-bait+4 ,! c5t]s 7 op5 to ! sky1 l ! inn-y>ds1 & only ! gall]ies & "p ( ! /age 7 ro($4 ,! /ages project$ into ! c5t]1 & c\ld be view$1 bo? by spectators on ! gr\nd & by ^? 9 ! gall]ies1 f ?ree sides4 ,! only contempor>y draw+ ( ! ,elizabe?an /age is t ( ,johannes ,de ,witt ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,utre*t1 :o visit$ ,london 9 #aeif4 ,8 draw+ ( ! ,swan ,!atre diff]s 9 _m details f ! specifications ( ! contract1 b x gives a g5]al idea ( ! =m ( auditorium & /age4 ,) ! build+ ( ^! !atres1--,! ,!atre1 ,! ,curta91 ,! ,hope1 ,! ,globe1 ,blackfri>'s1 ,! ,swan1--! use ( ! inn-y>ds did n cease1 & ! ,que5's m5 p]=m$ regul>ly at ,! ,bo>'s ,head 9 ,ea/*eap z late z #afjc4c #c ,a%ley ,h4 ,?orndike1 ,%akespe>e's ,!atre1 p4 #db4 ,contemporane\sly1 !re 7 9 ,engl&1 z abroad1 spectacul> p]=mances at c\rt1 ri*ly co/um$ & decorat$4 ,!y 7 p]=m$ 9 spaci\s palace halls1 be+ act$ on pageant wagons or on ! ma9 floor1 & 7 view$ f b5*es & balconies ar\nd ! sides4 ,ev5tually ! pageant gave way to a /age tempor>ily erect$ at "o end ( ! room1 ! danc]s desc5d+ to ! ma9 floor = l>ge ensembles & ballets4 ,z e>ly z #afjg1 sc5]y1 curta9s1 & a prosc5ium ar* _h be5 us$4 ,! picture /age1 ) its sc5]y 9 pa9t$ p]spective1 0 an importation f ,italy1 foll[+ a visit !re ( ,inigo ,jones1 & "u 8 h& rea*$ a high degree ( developm5t dur+ ! ?ird decade ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c--;,above is ! section ( ! ,little ,!atre1 ,new ,york1 %[+ cle>ly ! relation%ip ( ! /age1 auditorium & o!r portions ( ! build+4 ,! dress+-rooms are above ! auditorium & are rea*$ by bo? /airs & elevator4 ,on ! opposite page is ! fir/-floor plan ( ! build+4 ,x is a notable example ( ! be/ contempor>y ,am]ican practice 9 auditorium arrangem5t4 ,^! draw+s illu/rate ! build+ z orig9ally con/ruct$1 )\t ! rec5tly add$ balcony & o!r *anges4 ,h>ry ,creighton ,+alls & ,f4 ,b4 ,h(fman ,jr41 ,associate ,ar*itects4 ,illu/ration ,) ! reop5+ ( ! !atres aft] ! ,re/oration1 ! practice ( ! ,italian !atre & op]a h\se sup]s$$ ! old-,engli% tradition practically altoge!r1 ! only notewor?y remnant be+ ! social di/9ction t made ! gr\nd level or 8pit0 ! place ( ! prolet>iat 9 ! !atre4 ,! visits ( ! ari/ocracy to ! !atre dur+ ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 ev5 :5 !atres 7 "u c\rt patronage1 7 some?+ 9 ! nature ( an escapade4 ,! %elt]$ gall]ies 7 res]v$ = ! g5try1 & ! unro($ gr\nd space or pit 0 op5 to ! cr[d4 ,f ! gall]ies1 moreov]1 a bett] view ( ! protrud+ ?ree-sid$ /age 0 to be _h4 ,9 ! lat]1 :olly-ro($ !atres1 ! /age /ill protrud$ some:at4 ,a great curv$ 8apron0 project$ beyond ! prosc5ium4 ,nor 0 ! prosc5ium ! m]e picture-frame ( to-day1 b a deep portal4 ,! balconies ext5d$ ov] ! /age to ! curta91 s t spectators at ! =w>d ends ( ! balconies 7 directly above ! /age4 ,! balconies 7 giv5 swell+ curves1 br++ !m fur!r t[>d ! c5t] ( ! /age1 s t ^? :o occupi$ ^! =w>d seats c\ld n only see b c\ld be se54 ,! /age boxes ( to-day are a relic ( ?is type ( apron-/age !atre1 & to-day1 ) ! picture frame /age1 s]ve no purpose b ! /upid social "o ( self-display4 ,! apron /age pres]v$ "o great advantage ( ! plat=m /age3 t ( keep+ ! /age gr\p+1 = at lea/ a "p ( ! audi5ce1 pla/ic4 ,& ! dimness ( c&le or oil footlights compell$ ! actors to keep to ! front ( ! /age z mu* z possible4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! apron has be5 due :olly to ! improv$ light+ ( ! mod]n !atre4 ,) its disappe>ance %\ld g ! auditorium features t belong$ ) x4 ,& ev5 ?\gh !re h be5 occasional rev]sions to ! plat=m /age & apron 9 ! productions ( ,granville ,b>k] or ,jacques ,copeau1 !re is no occasion = ! revival ( ! horse%oe balcony or ! /age box4 ,9 lat] pages ( ?is pap]1 :]e ,i deal specifically ) ! /age1 ,i %all recomm5d provision be+ made = an apron1 ei!r p]man5t or movable2 b ! auditorium %\ld n rev]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,auditorium ( ! ,little ,!atre1 ,new ,york4 ,?is build+1 con/ruct$ = ,w9?rop ,ames 9 #aiab1 /ill /&s z probably ! be/-design$ small !atre 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is photograph %[s ! abs5ce ( boxes1 ! c>efully adju/$ floor slope1 & ! h>mony ( all ! decorative elem5ts1 al?\gh x h>dly does ju/ice to ! intimate 8feel0 ( ! room4 ,rec5tly l>ge *anges h be5 made 9 ! build+1 a balcony hav+ be5 add$ & a new decorative s*eme c>ri$ out4 ,h>ry ,creighton ,+alls & ,f4 ,b4 ,h(fman ,jr41 ,associate ,ar*itects4 ,illu/ration3 ,ext]ior ( ! ,little ,!atre1 ,new ,york4 ,h>ry ,creighton ,+alls & ,f4 ,b4 ,h(fman ,jr41 ,ar*itects4 7,f ,! ,new ,movem5t 9 ! ,!atre1 by c\rtesy ( ,mit*ell ,k5n]ley47 ,) mod]n res\rces 9 light+ & con/ruction eng9e]+1 mo/ ( ! 8practical0 consid]ations t det]m9$ ! =m ( ! old h\ses d n apply1 & ! social consid]ations t call$ = ! display ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! audi5ce are n ev5 tacitly ackn[l$g$ 9 ! m democratic !atre ( to-day1 except at ! op]a4 ,accord+ly1 ! proc$ure ( ! ar*itect %\ld be gov]n$ :olly by consid]ations ( utility4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is t ( visibility4 ,a sight l9e drawn f any seat 9 ! auditorium %\ld give a cle> view ( ! entire /age4 ,z a g5]al rule1 !re=e1 ! seat+ space %\ld be v little wid] ?an ! /age op5+4 ,a sight l9e drawn f a seat to ! "r or ! left ( ! prosc5ium ar* pa/ ! correspond+ side ( ! ar* w cut (f t corn] ( ! /age4 ,! clos] ! seat is to ! /age ! great] is ! "p ( ! /age conceal$4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,accord+ly1 x is ! cu/om 9 mo/ mod]n !atres to n>r[ ! auditorium z x approa*es ! /age1 s t ! front ( ! seat+ is no great] 9 wid? ?an ! wid? ( ! prosc5ium4 ,! re> ( ! auditorium is slightly wid]4 7,see ,figs4 #b & #c47 ,z a concession to ?is plan1 ! back ( a /age sett+ is (t5 n>r[] ?an ! front4 ,t is1 9 ! case ( an int]ior sett+1 ! side walls ( ! room repres5t$1 in/ead ( be+ set at "r angles to ! back wall1 z is ! case 9 mo/ rooms1 are set at an angle correspond+ to ! sight l9es drawn f ! extreme "r & left ends ( ! la/ r[ ( seats4 ,?is is purely a conv5tion1 requir$ by ! %ape ( ! playh\se1 & p>donable on ! gr\nd t x is less irritat+ to look at a di/ort$ room ?an to be unable to see its corn]s4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is =m ( auditorium af=ds a high] visibility ?an did ! old horse%oe %ape4 ,! mo/ notewor?y move t[>d ! adoption ( ?is type ( seat+ 0 made by ,ri*>d ,wagn] 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,op]a ,h\se at ,bayreu?4 ,"h ! auditorium is 9 ! %ape ( a fan or blunt-nos$ w$ge1 ) ! /age at ! n>r[ end4 ,! mo/ approv$ type ( mod]n auditorium foll[s ?is =m to "s ext5t4 ,9 su* !atres z ! ,kn/l] ,!at] 9 ,muni* 7,littmann71 or 8 ,pr9z-,reg5t5 ,op]a ,h\se1 ?is plan is develop$4 7,see ,fig4 #e47 ,! g5]al plan ( ! be/ mod]n ,am]ican !atres is rectangul> ) ! side walls conv]g+ t[>d ! /age1 beg9n+ at a po9t ab\t two-?irds ( ! way f ! back4 ,! seats are 9 conc5tric r[s foll[+ a curve drawn f a c5t] approximately at ! middle ( ! back wall ( ! /age4 ,! back wall ( ! auditorium foll[s ! curve ( ! seats4 ,! ,little ,!atre 9 ,new ,york is built on ?is plan4 ,:]e balconies are includ$1 !y h only a slight curve1 approximately ! same z t ( ! or*e/ra seats4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d--,plan ( ! !atre at ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,pittsburgh4 ,! sight-l9es f ! sides ( ! auditorium are badly di/ort$1 evid5tly to pres]ve ! novel ar*itectural effect ( an elliptical room4 ,by draw+ l9es f ! outmo/ seats 9 ! fir/ five r[s1 x c be se5 t spectators !re w be %ut (f f any view ( m ?an half ! /age space4 ,! "o out/&+ feature "h is ! l>ge am\nt ( space giv5 to sc5]y /orage-room & gre5-room4 ,x is a common fault ( s*ool auditoriums t ! seat+ is ext5d$ to ! "r & ! left ( ! /age1 s t a consid]able numb] ( seats are valueless = see+4 ,!y pres]ve1 also1 = no kn[n reason1 o!r ?an t x has be5 ! !atre practice1 ! apron1 project+ f> beyond ! l9e ( ! prosc5ium ar*4 ,a second requirem5t = assur+ direct sight l9es f e seat to ! /age is an incl9$ floor4 ,9 _m cases1 ?is appe>s an insup]able difficulty4 ,auditoriums :i* mu/ be us$ z gymnasiums or dance halls require level floors4 ,(t51 !n1 ! /age is elevat$ at a great] height f ! floor ?an usual1 9 ! belief t ?is device w ov]come ! lack ( an incl9$ floor4 ,on ! contr>y1 x m]ely makes ! spectator tilt 8 head at an uncom=table angle1 makes ! play]s appe> pret]naturally tall1 &1 z !y move t[>d ! back ( ! /age1 conceals ! l[] "p ( _! bodies4 ,! be/ height = a /age1 :e!r ) incl9$ or flat auditorium1 is ?ree feet1 n9e in*es4 ,a numb] ( means may be us$ to provide an incl9$ floor :5 p]=mances are to be giv5 9 a hall :i* mu/ be us$ = _m purposes4 ,9 ,copley ,hall1 ,bo/on1 movable ris]s 7 in/all$1 ea* r[ ( seats be+ lift$ ab\t six in*es above ! r[ 9 front4 ,?is s*eme has ! advantage ( be+ ! lea/ co/ly at ! beg9n+1 b ?is consid]ation is outweigh$ by a ho/ ( disadvantages4 ,! tre/les & plat=ms occupy a l>ge /orage space :5 n 9 use1 !y are n a hundr$ p]c5t safe1 & !y emit a squeak ) e foot/ep4 ,moreov]1 !y increase1 to "s degree1 ! fire haz>d4 ,f> m +5i\s & ne$+ no /orage space is ! device employ$ by ,laur5ce ,ewald 9 build+ ! ,little ,!atre ( ! ,arti/s' ,guild1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! !atre occupies a w+ ( ! build+ us$ ord9>ily z an art gall]y1 & has a level floor4 ,:5 p]=mances are to be giv51 ! !atre seats are bolt$ to ! floor1 & ! back half ( ! floor1 :i* is built 9 "o piece1 h+$ at ! middle ( ! auditorium1 is lift$ at ! re> by a f\r-ton hydraulic jack until a pit* ( ab\t "o in* p] foot is obta9$4 ,mr4 ,ewald has provid$ me ) ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! con/ruction ( ! floor3 8,! movable "p ( ! floor consi/s ( a floor-be>+ /ructure ( /eel :i* ext5ds f a h+e half-way betwe5 ! back ( ! h\se & ! /age1 & p>allel ) ! front ( ! /age1 to ! back ( ! h\se4 8,?is /ructure is made up ( f\r ,i-beams at "r angles to ! front ( ! /age1 & ano!r ,i-beam atta*$ to !m at "r angles at ! back end ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! cell>1 imm$iately b5ea? ?is cross beam1 is plac$ an ord9>y f\r-ton hydraulic jack1 :i*1 :5 op]at$1 revolves ! back floor /ructure on ! h+es at ! middle ( ! h\se4 ,:5 ! floor has be5 rais$ ?irty in*es1 f\r legs susp5d$ f ! f\r ,i-beams drop ( _! own weight into position & support ! load1 & ! jack is remov$40 ,_h x n be5 = ! /ructure ( ! room "u ! auditorium1 ,mr4 ,ewald w\ld h con/ruct$ ! entire floor on a /eel frame1 z describ$ above1 & balanc$ x on an axle at ! c5t]1 :]e ! h+es n[ are4 ,) suitable space "u ! front half ( ! floor1 x c\ld h be5 tipp$ on its axle1 depress+ ! front & elevat+ ! back1 giv+ an incl9e to ! entire auditorium4 ,built ?us1 ! floor w\ld require no jack & w\ld be amply support$ at ?ree po9ts2 or1 ) ! und]/ructure built 9 ! =m ( a truss1 ! floor c\ld be made to rock on ! apex ( ! truss4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ! front half ( ! floor w\ld h support along its entire l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e--;,fir/-floor plan ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre4 ,note t ! seats %[n "h =m only a "p ( ! ma9 floor section1 z indicat$ 9 ! plans on ! page opposite4 ,max ,littmann1 ,ar*itect4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f--;,above is a section %[+ ! arrangem5t & /ructural features ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre4 ,bel[ is ! second-floor plan4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! seats "h are n a balcony b a cont9uation1 on ! same floor slope1 ( ! seats %[n 9 ! plan on ! page opposite4 ,ano!r device1 propos$ = a great municipal auditorium 9 a we/]n city1 w n s readily comm5d itself = g5]al use1 because ( ! great initial co/ & because ( ! dep? ( cell>age requir$ "u ! auditorium4 ,"h ! entire floor 0 to make a semi-revolution4 ,on "o side ( ! revolv+ plane 0 a smoo? floor+2 on ! o!r1 seats 7 bolt$4 ,:5 ! build+ 0 to be us$ z a !atre1 ! side ) ! seats 0 turn$ upp]mo/ & held at ! prop] pit*4 ,:5 ! hall 0 us$ = a ball or = a dog %[1 or any function ne$+ a level floor1 ! smoo? side 0 turn$ up & secur$ at a horizontal position4 ,:5 ! floor c be built ) a p]man5t slope1 ei!r a simple incl9e or an incl9e 9 ! =m ( a p>abolic curve is us$4 ,! latt] =m is pref]able4 ,9 _m places ! fire laws limit ! pit* ( ! floor to "o in* p] foot4 ,) r[s ( seats spac$ at ! legal m9imum ( ?irty-two in*es ?is does n give en\gh cle>ance = ! p 9 ea* r[ to see ov] ! heads ( ^? 9 ! r[ 9 front4 ,= a dec5t degree ( com=t1 a little seat+ capacity %\ld be sacrific$1 & ! r[s spac$ ?irty-six in*es ap>t4 ,if possible1 !re %\ld be a gradi5t ( two in*es to ! foot1 giv+ a diff]5ce ( elevation betwe5 r[s ( six in*es4 ,if ! law prev5ts ! two-in* grade1 ! same effect c be produc$ by 8/agg]+0 ! seats4 ,t is1 ! seats ( alt]nate r[s are set 9 direct alignm5t1 :ile ! int]m$iate r[s are set half a seat-wid? to ! "r or left4 ,?us spectators w look betwe5 ! %\ld]s ( ^? imm$iately 9 front ( !m1 & w be able to see ov] ! heads ( ^? 9 ! second r[ 9 front1 :o1 by su* an arrangem5t1 w be sitt+ 9 a direct l9e ) !m4 ,!re w ?us be a six-in* diff]5ce betwe5 ea* two r[s ( seats4 ,beyond all ^! consid]ations ( adequate sight l9es1 h[ev]1 !re is ano!r requirem5t f> m important1 f> less well und]/ood1 ev5 9 ! light ( any guid+ or misguid+ tradition1 by ! av]age ar*itect4 ,t is ! requirem5t ( good ac\/ics4 ,until q rec5tly1 ?is 0 left :olly to accid5t4 ,build+s 7 erect$1 & ! ac\/ic prop]ties 7 te/$ aft]w>ds4 ,if !y *anc$ to be good1 ! own]s 7 to be congratulat$4 ,if !y 7 bad1 great sums 7 sp5t /r++ piano wires1 or nets ( raw silk1 or padd+ ! walls4 ,& !n1 q z (t5 z n1 ! ac\/ics rema9$ bad4 ,! late ,wallace ,sab9e1 h[ev]1 demon/rat$ t x 0 possible to pr$ict ! ac\/ic prop]ties ( a propos$ /ructure ) sci5tific accuracy1 & to =e/all defects by /ructural modification4 ,9 ,! ,am]ican ,ar*itect1 ,dec4 #ca1 #aiac1 ,pr(essor ,sab9e describ$ ! exp]im5ts by :i* ! causes ( ! ac\/ic difficulties 9 ! ,new ,!atre 7n[ ! ,c5tury7 9 ,new ,york 7 discov]$ & ov]come1 & ! me?ods :i* he employ$ 9 help+ plan a numb] ( ! !atres design$ by ,c4 ,h4 ,blackhall1 p]haps ! mo/ exp]i5c$ !atre ar*itect 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is pap] & o!rs by ,pr(essor ,sab9e %\ld be read by any ar*itect :o contemplates build+ an auditorium ( any sort4 ,! matt] is too vital to be left to a hit-or-miss *ance ( success4 ,) an auditorium f e "p ( :i* ! /age c be se51 f e seat ( :i* all ! words ( ! actors c be he>d1 !re w be little fault to be f\nd4 ,its com=t1 its v5tilation1 its isolation f /reet noises1 its protection aga9/ fire--^! are matt]s :i* ne$ n be treat$ "h1 & :i* h be5 writt5 ( else:]e m adequately ?an ,i c\ld write ( !m4 ,z = its decoration1 !re are no rules to gov]n t4 ,if ! design] has bad ta/e1 !re is no help = x1 except to avoid him4 ,if he is an arti/1 let him ex]cise 8 art on ! int]ior ( ! auditorium & =get ! sort ( ?+ t has traditionally adorn$ !atres & w$d+ cakes4 ,b1 mo/ ( all1 let him talk ) ! arti/1 if !re %\ld luckily be "o1 :o is go+ to "w 9 ! p>ticul> !atre1 & le>n f him ! sorts ( play t are to be done1 & ! /hetic ( ! gr\p t is to pres5t !m1 if x has "o1 & s f9d "s clue to ! atmosph]e ! auditorium %\ld evoke4 ,f !n on1 8 task is "o ( high creation4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/age ,,plan ,we are accu/om$ to reg>d z ! /age ( a !atre t "p on :i* ! actors appe>1 imm$iately beh9d ! footlights1 b\nd$1 "r & left1 by ! prosc5ium ar*4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is is a v small "p ( ! /age4 ,f ! con/ruction ( _m s*ool /ages & _m ( ! /ages ( ! little & exp]im5tal !atres1 ,i am conv9c$ t ?is misconception really exi/s4 ,x is true t _m little !atre gr\ps h be5 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 a cramp$ /age & no /age at all4 ,on ! :ole1 ! "w !y h done1 9 ! light ( _! limit$ equipm5t1 is no?+ %ort ( amaz+4 ,"o well-kn[n little !atre director has decl>$ to me t he values ^! inadequacies because ( ! +5uity requir$ to ov]come !m4 ,& ,i imag9e t v frequ5tly admiration = ?is sort ( +5uity passes curr5t = ! evaluation on its own m]its ( "w done 9 ^! !atres4 ,no director c\ld be h9d]$1 h[ev]1 by hav+ excell5t facilities at 8 comm&4 ,8 imag9ation1 in/ead ( vision+ means ( ov]com+ too l[ a ro( to 8 /age or ! lack ( (f-/age space1 w\ld be free to int]pret ! matt] ( ! play itself4 ,x w\ld be a great pity to lose ! "w ( _m e>ne/ gr\ps :o h be5 pres5t+ plays 9 remodell$ dwell+s1 saloons1 or /ables1 ) :at appe> to be hopelessly inadequate /ages4 ,b if a build+ is to be erect$ = ! purpose ( h\s+ a !atre1 x w mean great] fre$om = ! arti/s 79 fact or int5t7 :o are to occupy x1 if !y are giv5 e facility t =esight c provide4 ,! /age1 prop]ly speak+1 is ab\t five times z l>ge z ! "p ( x t is visible to ! audi5ce :5 ! curta9 is rais$4 ,! spaces to "r & left ( ! prosc5ium ar* %\ld equal ! c5t] space )9 ! prosc5ium4 ,!n !re is ! space above ! /age1 ! space "u ! /age & ! space requir$ adjac5t to ! /age = dress+ rooms1 %ops1 etc4 ,dim5sions = practically all ( ^! spaces c be/ be d]iv$ f ! dim5sions ( ! prosc5ium ar*4 ,! wid? ( ! op5+ g5]ally is equal to half ! wid? ( ! auditorium at its wide/ "p4 ,x may be some:at less or some:at great]1 b x is well to e/abli% a m9imum ( tw5ty-f\r feet = ! wid? ( ! op5+4 ,less ?an ?is w n give adequate space )\t s]i\s cr[d+ = ! pres5tation ( sc5es ) m ?an a v few p4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g--,plan ( ! ,?irty-,n9? ,/reet ,!atre1 ,new ,york4 ,an example ( good plann+ = sight-l9es1 illu/rat+ an auditorium ) c5t] aisle4 ,9 height ! prosc5ium %\ld be fitt+ly proportion$ to ! wid?1 ) a m9imum ( ab\t twelve feet 9 m9d4 ,a /age too l[ & too n>r[ w ?r[ ! human figure out ( proportion to 8 surr\nd+s on ! /age4 ,let u assume t we h a /age ) a prosc5ium op5+ tw5ty-f\r feet wide & n less ?an twelve feet high4 ,! aggregate (f-/age space "r & left %\ld !n equal ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet1 mak+ ! total wid? ( ! /age-h\se =ty-eight feet4 ,! dep? ( ! /age %\ld be n less ?an tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,! height ( ! /age1 f floor to 8rigg+ l(t0 %\ld be n less ?an ?irty-six feet4 ,! cell> "u ! /age %\ld be n less ?an t5 or twelve feet deep4 ,?is is m]ely a r\gh guide1 us+ ! measurem5ts ( ! prosc5ium z index4 ,claude ,b4 ,hag51 con/ruction eng9e] = ! ,c5tury ,!atre 9 ,new ,york1 sugge/s a 8rule ( sev50 = ! d]ivation ( ^! dim5sions1 mak+ all ( !m multiples ( sev54 ,! foll[+ table gives 8 measurem5ts = /ages ( v>i\s sizes3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,prosc5ium wid? #bh ft4 #ce ft4 #db ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,prosc5ium height ,sev5 feet less ?an wid? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,height ( l(t #ef ft4 #fc ft4 #gj ft4 to #hd ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,height ( fly-gall]y floor #bh ft4 #ce ft4 7#g ft4 back ( prosc5ium7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,wid? ( /age #db ft4 #ef ft4 #gj ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,dep? ( /age #ba ft4 #bh ft4 #ce ft4 to #db ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,cell> #ad ft4 #ba ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,di/ance betwe5 bord] lights ,sev5 feet f c5t] to c5t] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,^! measurem5ts1 :ile cu/om>y1 are h>dly ideal1 & are g5]alizations f ! m or less arbitr>y dim5sions impos$ by high l& values4 ,x goes )\t say+ t h[ev] small a !atre is1 its /age %\ld be z l>ge z ! plot on :i* ! build+ /&s w all[4 ,! (f-/age space at ! sides is p>ticul>ly important4 ,)\t x1 entrances to ! sc5e are cramp$1 !re is no place to pack furniture & sc5]y = o!r acts ?an ! "o 9 progress on ! /age1 & !re is no place = ! actors to await _! entrances4 ,su* space is ne$$1 (t51 = ! sugge/ion ( o!r rooms ?an ! "o be=e ! audi5ce1 & an important "p ( ! light+ ( ! sc5e is done f ! sides4 ,next 9 importance is ! space above ! /age1 ! 8flies10 9 ! te*nical vocabul>y ( ! !atre4 ,9 ?is space1 above ! l9e ( vision ( ! spectator1 mu* sc5]y is hung until ne$$1 light+ units are susp5d$1 & ) good ov]head space1 effects ( height c be produc$ & ampl] places reveal$ ?an t 9 :i* ! audi5ce sits4 ,! cell> "u ! /age is ( especial importance :]e ! (f-/age spaces at ! sides are cramp$4 ,x is us$ = ! /orage ( sc5]y & furniture1 = /age ma*9]y & = entrances f a l[] floor 7) ! aid ( traps71 & x (t5 provides passage f "o side ( ! /age to ! o!r dur+ ! progress ( a sc5e t occupies ! entire dep? ( ! /age4 ,9 "s !atres1 a "p ( ! /age floor may be l[]$ by an elevator1 & prop]ties or furniture dispos$ ( dur+ ! *anges ( sc5e1 ?us prev5t+ cr[d+ ( ! /age-h\se itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h--,plan ( ! ,bee*wood ,!atre & ,sc>bor\gh ,s*ool4 ,! entire space "u ! /age is giv5 up to a work%op1 & ov] ! ve/ibule & lobby is a libr>y4 ,additional dress+-rooms & a prop]ty-room are ov] ! /age-level dress+-rooms %[n "h4 ,! build+ is practically a complete !atre ) two s*ool-room w+s4 ,welles ,boswor?1 ,ar*itect4 ,h>dwood %\ld nev] be us$ = ! /age floor4 ,! ar*itect ( ! excell5t ,arts & ,crafts ,!atre 9 ,detroit1 9 8 desire to use only ! be/ ( build+ mat]ials1 specifi$ a /age floor ( maple4 ,z a consequ5ce1 x is almo/ impossible to support sc5]y by ! use ( /age braces1 screw$ to ! floor ) a /age screw or 8peg40 ,s(t wood into :i* ! pegs bite easily1 is ! only sort to use4 ,x is p>ticul>ly important 9 small !atres t ! /age walls be z unbrok5 by entrances z possible4 ,at lea/ two !re mu/ be3 a l>ge high door1 op5+ to an alley or /reet1 by :i* sc5]y may be br\ght 9 & tak5 out1 & a small "o1 a /age entrance = ! p ( ! !atre4 ,x is well s to contrive ! build+ t ?is "o door gives access to ! /age f ! dress+-room corridors1 %ops1 cell>1 /airs1 /reet & front ( ! h\se4 ,) _m doors op5+ on ! /age1 x is difficult to f9d space = ! /ack+ ( sc5]y )\t block+ !m4 ,x is (t5 desirable to h "o dress+ room v ne> ! /age or op5+ imm$iately ^u x1 n = ! use ( ! />1 b = ! play] :o may happ5 to h ! quicke/ *ange ( co/ume4 ,/ages int5d$ = ! h\s+ ( l>ge productions & travel+ companies %\ld include also a fly gall]y1 built out f "o ( ! side walls ( ! /age at a height ( n less ?an tw5ty feet f ! floor4 ,! ropes by :i* drop curta9s1 ceil+s1 & 8frame-pieces0 ( sc5]y are rais$ & l[]$ are op]at$ f ?is floor & are ti$ (f to p9s fa/5$ 9 ! gall]y rail+1 te*nically kn[n z ! p9-rail4 ,9 small] /ages1 ( no great height1 x w save space1 con/ruction co/s & op]at+ exp5se to h ! p9-rail at ! floor level4 ,be=e discuss+ ! equipm5t ( ! /age 9 detail1 ,i wi% to digress = a mom5t & consid] ! provisions to be made = ! "w t is done out ( sight ( ! audi5ce1--by ! c>p5t]s & prop]ty m51 ! seam/resses1 ! electricians1 & ! actors be=e !y are ready to appe> be=e ! footlights4 ,illu/ration3 ,auditorium ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre4 ,! plates on ?is & ! foll[+ ?ree pages1 & ! plans on pages #cj & #ca illu/rate ! int]ior & ext]ior appe>ance1 z well z ! /ructural features1 ( a mod]n ,european !atre :i* comes close to be+ a model = ar*itects ev]y:]e4 ,above is a view ( ! auditorium z se5 f a po9t ne> ! boxes at ! back4 ,! decoration 9 panel$ wood 7= ac\/ic reasons71 ! abs5ce ( prosc5ium boxes1 ! uni=m slope ( ! auditorium1 & ! simple decorative curta91 are *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ contempor>y ,european practice4 7,! photographs are reproduc$ by c\rtesy ( ! ar*itect1 ,pr(4 ,max ,littmann47 ,illu/ration3 ,ext]ior ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre4 ,illu/ration3 ,a cross-section model ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre1 %[+ cle>ly ! arrangem5t ( boxes1 auditorium1 exits1 /age1 hidd5 or*e/ra pit1 d\ble prosc5ium1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,a "p ( ! auditorium ( ! ,muni* ,art ,!atre z se5 f ! /age4 ,?is is int]e/+ *iefly z illu/rat+ ! arrangem5t ( ! boxes at ! back1 & ! unbrok5 ti]s ( seats ) side exits4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,provision ,,= ,,back-,,/age ,,work]s ,i h not$ 9 an e>li] *apt] t ! ar*itecture ( ! !atre is always gov]n$ by ! function ( ! drama p]=m$ 9 x4 ,! use to :i* ! /age is put det]m9es always ! %ape & /yle ( ! auditorium4 ,!re is no d\bt t "s great *ange is soon to ov]take ! !atre2 ! drama w assume a new =m1 dem&+ a new mode ( pres5tation1 & s a new !atre4 ,pres5tly ,i %all discuss :at =ms ?is new !atre may assume1 b = ! mom5t x is en\gh to obs]ve t x w be m>k$ by a clos] bond1 "o way or ano!r1 betwe5 ! audi5ce & ! play]s1 betwe5 ! audi5ce & ! play4 ,= a long :ile1 ! !atre has %r\d$ itself 9 a sort ( pseudo-my/]y4 8,back-/age0 has _h ! lure = ! layman ( a hat f :i* rabbits are drawn by a conjur]4 ,( c\rse1 "u inspection1 su* a hat is f\nd to be z empty z any o!r1 be>+ ev51 9 mo/ cases1 ! m>k ( a respectable mak]4 ,& ! inspection deep5s ! my/]y4 ,! /age has %unn$ ?is sort ( scrut9y1 because our drama ( to-day & our !atre live mo/ly by 8effects04 ,& if ! effect is /ripp$ ( wond]1 ! !atre is almo/ z good z dead4 ,:at a sign ( weakness ?is is6 ,if ! sn[/orm is se5 to be bits ( pap] %ak5 out ( a bag1 & if x is f\nd t ! imitation w9d is produc$ by ! scrap+ ( paddles on canvas1 ! public w lose int]e/ 9 ! !atre4 ,& ! p ( ! /age6 ,h[ hungrily necks are cran$ = a glimpse ( ! popul> actor or ( ! beautiful actress1 %\ld "o pass 9 a hotel or on ! /reet4 ,!y inhabit t my/]i\s1 unexplor$ back-/age4 ,& a clev] manag] w enc\rage ?is sort ( curiosity by advis+ 8 p n to %[ !mselves 9 ! /reet1 except unavoidably4 ,! matt] ( see+ ! actors close may be dismiss$ ) a quip1--!y might be f\nd respectable ^u acqua9tance1 or1 m likely1 dull4 ,b ! tru? ab\t ! back ( ! !atre is ! tru? ab\t ! conjur]'s hat1--!re's no?+ !re to see1 except ! pitiful little bag ( tricks1 ! sn[/orm & ! w9d4 ,!re is n ev5 ! mak]'s label4 ,b ?is empt9ess is n all1 = z ) ! hat1 x's q engross+ :ile ! rabbits are !re4 ,! wor/ ( x is t x is s poor1 s mean (t51 s dirty1 s cramp$ & litt]$1 to ! la/1 d>k cranny1 t we wond] h[ ! actor-rabbits endure x all & keep _! fur s :ite4 ,a rudim5t>y %ame on ! "p ( ! manag]s1 & a v human pride on ! "p ( ! actors1 h help$ to keep ^! matt]s f ! !atrego]4 ,out front1 !re is w>m?1 light1 com=t1 elegance4 ,! spectator is lull$ into =getfulness ( "w1 & ! play ca/s its spell ov] him4 ,b a glimpse ( ! wret*$ b>r5ness ( ! dress+-room or %op w\ld make %ort "w ( 8 peace ( m9d1 j z a k ( ! tricks %e]s !m ( illusion4 ,^! ?+s are becom+ kn[n1 because ! bond betwe5 ! spectator & ! !atre-work] is already be+ =m$4 ,:5 x is full gr[n1 su* facts w n be discov]$2 !y w no long] exi/4 ,= two movem5ts t are b\nd to affect ! !atre ( ! future are br++ ! lay public clamb]+ ov] ! footlights & cr[d+ 9 at ! /age door4 ,"o1 ! ,little ,!atre ,movem5t1 is almo/ altoge!r a lay insurg5cy4 ,9 scores ( communities1 x has made its way2 tradesm51 /ud5ts1 cl]ks1 me*anics1 p ( leisure & work+ p ) a little leisure1 h come toge!r & 9 a %ort "t h plumb$ ! silly little my/]ies ( back-/age1 & h br\ght into _! !atres a little bit ( ! real ,my/]y ( life & art t belongs !re4 ,& ! m ext5sive1 democratic ,community ,drama movem5t is mak+ play-actors & !atre-work]s ( ?\s&s :o h h]et(ore be5 auditors4 ,!re w always be a pr(essional gr\p ( arti/s ( ! !atre1 b 9 _! !atres !re w be a close und]/&+ & p]haps a physical connection betwe5 ! audi5ce & ! /age2 9 ! great1 popul> !atre x is conceivable t !re w be v little di/9ction betwe5 ! auditorium & ! /age4 ,x may be t !y w be int]*angeable or be "o & ! same4 ,!n1 x is c]ta9 t ! conditions ( com=t & conv5i5ce t apply to ! "o %all apply fully to ! o!r1 t ! actor %all be z well c>$ = 9 ! !atre z ! public4 ,let ^? :o are build+ to-day look to ?is3 ,visit ! dress+-rooms1 see ! workplaces ( ! o!r work]s ( ! !atre1--! c>p5t]1 electrician1 prop]ty-man1 & w>drobe work]s4 ,consid] ^! workplaces1 n only 9 comp>ison ) ! front ( ! h\se1 b z fit places = human be+s to sp5d z mu* z an h\r a day4 ,consid] !m z places :]e "w t %\ld h 9 x joy & beauty may develop4 ,! community !atres t are go+ to be built )9 ! next few ye>s are b\nd to be a bless+ to ^? :o h access to !m4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 _! projectors & build]s are laym51 kn[+ little ( ! va/ "w ( prep>ation t mu/ be done be=e a play is ready = an audi5ce4 ,:]e ! comm]cial !atre build] does n c>e h[ ! actor & ! !atre me*anic f>e1 ! lay build] is a little likely to ov]look _! exi/5ce4 ,i h se5 doz5s ( clubs & s*ools1 ) fairly adequate /ages & auditoriums1 b ) no m ?an two small dress+-rooms1 "o = m5 & "o = wom54 ,i h se5 sev]al ) no m ?an "o1 orig9ally int5d$ = a closet b set aside z a dress+-room :5 x 0 discov]$ t some?+ ( ! sort is indisp5sable4 ,aside f ! fact t ! play]s & ! workm5 are human be+s1 q (t5 ( ! same ta/es & bre$+ z ^? :o occupy ! front ( ! !atre1 !y h a long & exact+ "w to p]=m1 mo/ ( :i* c be done only 9 ! !atre4 ,& _! doma9 is ! "p ( ! !atre beh9d ! prosc5ium l9e4 ,! actors mu/ rehe>se = sev]al weeks be=e ! play c be act$4 ,!y mu/ be 9 ! !atre "s "t be=e ! curta9 rises on ! play & !y leave x "s "t aft] ! play has end$ & ! audi5ce has gone home4 ,= !y mu/ dress & 8make-up01 & %\ld be all[$ a little :ile to %ake (f ,john ,smi? & ent] into ,hamlet4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 sc5]y to be built & pa9t$1 furniture & prop]ties to be made1 lights to be arrang$1 effects to be devis$1 co/umes to be cut1 fitt$ & sew$4 ,h[ %\ld ^! activities & ^! work]s be tak5 c>e (8 ,fir/1 ! actors4 ,= _! rehe>sals1 fir/ ( all1 ! /age %\ld be us$4 ,if ! /age is o!rwise occupi$1 ) sc5]y1 or ) ! rehe>sals ( ano!r production1 z x (t5 is 9 busy !atres1 !re %\ld be ano!r place 9 ! same build+ :]e rehe>sals c be held1 a room ) z l>ge a floor z t ( ! /age prop]4 ,b1 z (t5 z possible1 ! /age %\ld be us$ = rehe>sals4 ,!n1 = _! prep>ation to appe> 9 a p]=mance1 _! dress+ & make-up4 ,dress+-rooms mu/ be provid$1 suffici5t 9 numb] to accommodate ! ca/ ( ! av]age play )\t cr[d+ m ?an two p to a room4 ,"u ideal conditions1 ea* play] w h a sep>ate room1 s t he c prep>e = 8 p]=mance1 m5tally z well z physically1 )\t di/urbance4 ,! rooms %\ld be n less ?an eight by t5 feet1 %\ld ea* h a w9d[1 & %\ld be heat$ 9 w9t]4 ,aga9/ "o wall !re %\ld be a long %elf or table1 ab\t eighte5 in*es wide4 ,above x1 %\ld be a good mirror1 ) lights s plac$ t ! face ( an actor seat$ at ! %elf & look+ into ! mirror w be well illum9at$4 ,"u ! %elf1 !re %\ld be a draw] 9 :i* make-up mat]ials may be kept4 ,ea* dress+ room %\ld be provid$ ) a wa%/& & ) hot & cold wat]4 ,!re %\ld be a high clo!s-closet or w>drobe 9 :i* co/umes may be hung4 ,:]e ?is is impractical1 !re %\ld be suffici5t hooks to accommodate a numb] ( co/umes1 & means ( cov]+ !m ) a clo? to protect !m f du/4 ,above ! clo!s hooks1 or at ! top ( ! closet1 %\ld be a %elf = hats1 %oes1 etc4 ,x is well to provide f eight to twelve dress+-rooms1 ea* l>ge en\gh to accommodate two p]sons4 ,9 addition1 !re %\ld be two l>ge rooms1 ea* ) space = ab\t a doz5 p]sons1 ^! to be us$ = *orus1 sup]num]>ies1 or play]s ( small p>ts4 ,on ea* dress+-room floor !re %\ld be prop] toilet accommodations = ea* sex4 ,also1 ! ideally equipp$ build+ w h %[] ba?s4 ,9 ^! days ( ,dunsany1 ,h9dus & ,arabs & ,e?iopians may be met 9 _m a t[n en r\te f ! little !atre to _! homes1 !re to wa% !mselves :ite4 ,x has be5 not$ t1 to pres]ve ! unbrok5 wall space ( ! /age z f> z possible1 dress+-rooms %\ld n op5 directly ^u ! /age floor4 ,9 _m !atres1 !y are rang$ (f gall]ies above ! /age4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is is inadvisable4 ,a dress+-room door1 inopportunely op5$1 w let a beam ( light fall ^u ! /age1 (t5 spoil+ ! light+ ( a sc5e4 ,! slamm+ ( doors1 s\nd ( voices1 & o!r noises are almo/ unavoidable4 ,& ! argum5t usually advanc$ = s arrang+ dress+-rooms--t ! actors c he> :at is go+ on on ! /age & ?us be 9 "t = _! entrances1 is fallaci\s4 ,?is v fact bre$s 9 !m a confid5ce t makes !m c>eless1 & !y are m (t5 late ?an if !y 7 requir$ to wait = _! cues on ! /age4 ,"o m ?+ %\ld be provid$ = ! actor1 n indisp5sable1 b mak+ = fell[%ip & com=t--! feature kn[n 9 ,g]man !atres z ! ,konv]zations-,zimm] & 9 old] ,engli% & ,am]ican !atres z ! ,gre5 ,room4 ,?is %\ld be a com=table l\nge1 furni%$ m z a room 9 a home or club1 ?an 9 a !atre1 & /ock$ ) books & p]iodicals relat+ to ! !atre4 ,) ! actor c>efully consid]$ 9 ! matt] ( cleanl9ess & *e]fulness back/age1 a new pleasure w come into 8 "w4 ,likewise1 ) ! o!r work]s ( ! !atre4 ,close/ to ! actor1 p]haps1 ! w>drobe p4 ,9 ! ideal !atre two rooms %\ld be set aside = ! w>drobe1 "o = ! mak+ ( clo!s & ano!r = _! /orage4 ,! sew+ room1 ne$less to say1 %\ld be well light$1 %\ld h a space p>tition$ (f z a fitt+ room1 %\ld be provid$ ) prop] closets 9 :i* to hang dresses 9 ! process ( mak+1 & %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ = a numb] ( seam/resses & a l>ge cutt+ table4 ,!re %\ld be a built-9 closet equipp$ ) %elves & draw]s 9 :i* to /ore clo?s1 trimm+s1 f9d+s1 etc41 = ! mak+ ( co/umes4 ,= ! co/ume /orage room1 a l(t space t might o!rwise g to wa/e c (t5 be utiliz$4 ,?is room %\ld h long closets1 fitt$ ) b>s on :i* dresses c be hung1 & %\ld h draw]s 9 :i* o!r items ( dress c be pack$--hats1 %oes1 wigs1 /ock+s1 tights1 etc4 ,^! draw]s %\ld be num]\s en\gh to all[ = ! sort+ out ( co/umes by colors or p]iods1 & %\ld be prop]ly labell$4 ,ea* ( ! me*anical dep>tm5ts %\ld likewise h its two rooms1 "o a %op & ! o!r = /orage4 ,! c>p5t]1 if ! sc5]y is built 9 ! !atre1 (t5 c use ! space "u ! /age = build+4 ,if he _c build 8 sc5]y !re1 ei!r ano!r place %\ld be set aside or ! sc5]y %\ld be built outside ! build+4 ,he %\ld n use ! /age4 ,x mu/ be kept free = rehe>sals4 ,he %\ld h1 h[ev]1 a room 9 :i* to keep 8 tools1 draw 8 plans1 & file 8 gr\nd & fram+ plans1 bills1 "t-%eets1 etc4 ,! matt] ( /orage space = sc5]y is to be det]m9$ :olly by ! am\nt ( space at ! build]'s disposal & ! use to :i* ! !atre is to be put4 ,if _m productions are to be made1 a space %\ld be provid$ = a sc5e-dock1 adjac5t to ! /age b sep>ate f x1 unless ! build+ is small1 9 :i* case a /oreh\se else:]e may be us$4 ,sc5]y %\ld n be all[$ to accumulate on ! /age4 ,! !atre ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,te*nology at ,pittsburgh has an excell5t dock1 %[n on ! gr\nd plan1 ,figure #d4 ,! prop]ty dep>tm5t ne$s a %op = ! mak+ ( furniture1 papi] m* "w1 etc41 & a /orage room 9 :i* furniture & o!r /age furni%+s c be /or$4 ,(t5 "o l>ge room c be made to d = bo?4 ,! electrical dep>tm5t likewise mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,!re mu/ be closets = ! keep+ ( inc&esc5t bulbs1 lamp dyes1 plugs1 connectors1 cable1 wire1 & o!r electrical h>dw>e1 gelat9es1 color frames1 etc4 ,!re mu/ be provision 9 ! %op = ! dye+ ( lamps1 te/+1 repair+1 etc4 ,! prop]ty & electrical dep>tm5ts1 l ! c>p5t]'s1 mu/ also be fitt$ 9 a s5se z (fices1 = ! keep+ ( electric & prop]ty plots1 full records relat+ to pa/ & com+ productions1 bills1 ord]s1 receipts1 "t %eets1 & l data4 ,x may be object$ at ?is po9t t ^! v>i\s dem&s presuppose a l>ge-siz$ plant ) elaborate equipm5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y apply q z mu* to ! t9ie/ ( little !atres--ev5 m s1 = 9 su*1 prop] ord]+ ( space & isolation ( sep>ate activities is equival5t1 9 gett+ effici5cy1 to m ample space less c>efully sub-divid$4 ,=1 inevitably1 ^! v>i\s k9ds ( "w mu/ be done 9 ! !atre1 & ! p :o d !m mu/ f9d space "h or !re = _! "w1 & ! ?+s !y make mu/ be kept some:]e4 ,unless ea* job & ea* product is assign$ its prop] corn]1 ! build+ is soon a clutt] ( /uff1 accumulat+ du/1 gett+ jo/l$ ab\t & brok54 ,!n we are back at ! old1 d>k1 dirty !atre we are try+ s h>d to improve ^u4 ,! provisions discuss$ above1 ?\gh !y are n on ! /age1 are v mu* a "p ( x1 & g f> t[>d mak+ x an in/rum5t ( precision4 ,9 community build+s & s*ools1 ! v>i\s work%ops1 rehe>sal room1 etc41 c (t5 be comb9$ ) rooms s]v+ o!r purposes4 ,9 any case "s provision = !m is q z important z ! op5 /age itself4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,! ,,/age#d #d ,?r\gh\t ?is *apt] ,i am at a disadvantage 9 t ,i d n ?or\ghly believe 9 ! /&>ds :i* ,i "h set up4 ,x is true t ,i am recomm5d+ high] /&>ds ?an usually prevail 9 ! sort ( build+ :i* is "h consid]$1 or high] ev5 ?an ^? t prevail 9 ! well-equipp$ pr(essional !atre4 ,x is true1 also1 t ^! recomm5dations z view$ 9 ! light ( ! kn[n & tri$ me?ods ( play production1 are 9 ! nature ( re=m & improvem5t4 ,z su*1 ,i believe 9 !m4 ,z view$ 9 ! light ( ! !atre ( ! future1 ,i d n s ?or\ghly believe 9 !m4 ,b only a revolution 9 !atre me?ods c refre% our conceptions ( :at sort ( place ?is !atre ( ! future is to be4 ,?is matt] we %all leave = discussion 9 a f9al *apt]4 ,i %\ld be ill-advis$ 9 advis+ ambiti\s gr\ps int]e/$ 9 build+ adequate little playh\ses to set aside f9ally ! kn[n & tri$ me?ods ( play production & ! /age !y involve = me?ods adapt$ to a type ( drama t may n yet exi/1 = me?ods t mu/ be evolv$ only by s5sitive & v]s$ arti/s ( ! !atre4 ,x is true t _m signal new ideas come into any art ?r\gh work]s :o d n "k or tr\ble ab\t tradition1 "y h&s :o blund] ^u valuable me?ods ?r\gh attack+ _! m$ium exp]im5tally4 ,= in/ance1 ,anto9e1 a gas-fitt] by trade1 :o began 8 !atrical c>e] z an amateur1 by 8 d>+ innovations 9 ! ,?tre ,libre1 r5ew$ ! life-=ce ( ! ,fr5* !atre4 ,b1 9 ! ma91 ,i believe t ! mo/ important revolution>y *anges 9 ! /age are wr\ght by m5 :o are ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ! old practice1 z 0 ,gordon ,craig4 ,h5ce1 if ! little !atres & community playh\ses cont9ue = ! com+ g5]ation ) a !atre modell$ aft] ! be/ practice ( ?is our day1 !y may 9 good season contribute mightily to t !atre ( ! future to :i* ,i ref]r$4 ,h5ce1 = ! pres5t x is be/ t ,i cont9ue 9 ! rle ( report]1 r ?an t ( prophet4 ,! out/&+ po9t ab\t ! /age1 ap>t f ! life ! actors br+ to x1 is t x is a ma*9e4 ,x is a me*anical device us$ to aid 9 ! sett+ =? ( a play1 mu* z a pott]'s :eel aids ! mak] ( vases1 or a mortise & t5on ma*9e helps ! cab9et-mak]4 ,p]haps ! cab9et-mak] is no less a h&-craftsman because he uses ! me*anical device to %ort5 8 labor1 & x is probable t ! vase has a tru] =m = be+ turn$ on a :eel4 ,b cab9ets h be5 made :olly by h& & vases turn$ )\t ! pott]'s :eel4 ,!re are p :o treasure works made :olly by h& above ! ma*9e-aid$ "w1 h[ev] arti/ic4 ,! !atre once did )\t ! adv5titi\s aids x n[ employs4 ,once x 0 m]ely a plat=m set 9 ! sunlight1 reveal$ to ! sight ( an assembl$ audi5ce4 ,_m believe t ! !atre ( ! future w be some?+ ( t sort1 welcom+1 h[ev]1 9 addition to or in/ead ( ! sun1 ! m con/antly available1 controllable & subtly colorable electric light4 ,b ! ,greeks _h _! ma*9es = ! revelation ( gods1 & !re is some?+ ab\t p]iaktoi1 or revolv+ pieces ( sc5]y4 ,x is ) ! ma*9es t ! !atre has conc]n$ itself mo/ ( all4 ,e develop$ /age has employ$ an am\nt ( me*anism = ! produc+ ( ^? 8effects0 :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 & x may be t ! !atre always w1--"o w+ ( ! !atre1 ! ,"r1 d\btless4 ,( late ye>s1 ) ! adv5t ( ! naturali/ic or reali/ic type ( drama1 ! /age has s\ght m & m illusion1 n only 9 its imitations ( ! movem5ts & acts ( m5 & wom5 b 9 its repres5tation ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,x has tri$ to become a m p]fect ma*9e1--m ne>ly an in/rum5t ( precision4 ,x may be significant to obs]ve t1 al?\gh ma/]pieces ( drama gave impetus to ! developm5t ( ! illusion /age1--out/&+ly ! plays ( ,ibs51--! illusion /age has br\ght =? no ma/]pieces4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 x may be held responsible = ! buzz-saw1 tra9-wreck1 or horse-race type ( melodrama1 a type n[ happily remov$ f ! !atre by ! mov+ picture ) its /ill high] degree ( visual v]acity4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! /age z ma*9e has be5 develop$ to an extraord9>y degree1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 nev] debau*$ by exhibitions ( effects = _! own sake1 z 9 our s5sational melodrama ( half a g5]ation ago4 ,i %all discuss a numb] ( ^! ,g]man inv5tions 9 a lat] *apt]1 b = ! pres5t propose to consid] ! /age z a ma*9e adapt$ to av]age dem&s4 ,!re are two prim>y dem&s--t ! ma*9e %all be able to d ! "w dem&$ ( x effici5tly & ) a m9imum dang] ( breakd[n1 & t ! ma*9e be subject to control4 ,! "w ( ! /age-ma*9e is1 ( c\rse1 ! h&l+ ( sc5]y1 ! illusion-/uff ( ! pres5t-day /age4 ,?is sc5]y is ( two types3 pieces t are susp5d$ f ropes 7hang+ pieces71 & pieces t /& on ! floor 7set pieces74 ,= ext]ior sc5es1 ! fir/ type includes drops1 8bord]s0 repres5t+ foliage1 leg-drops repres5t+ trees1 pill>s1 ar*es1 etc41 or sections ( wall1 h\se-front1 or o!r flat ar*itectural units1 l>ge en\gh to w>rant hang+ ov]head :5 out ( use1 s z to save floor space2 &--= int]ior sc5es--ceil+s & back walls4 ,! second type includes1 = ext]ior sc5es1 any l[-/&+ units1 su* z walls1 h$ges1 f5ces1 tree trunks1 8w+s0 or set-h\ses2 & = int]ior sc5es1 ! side-walls ( ! room & v (t5 "p or ! :ole ( ! back wall4 ,= ! manipulation ( hang+ sc5]y1 ! mo/ important piece ( /age ma*9]y is ! grid-iron4 ,?is is a slatt$ plat=m ( /eel or iron joi/s1 built a few feet bel[ ! ro( ( ! /age1 j en\gh bel[ to all[ head-room = a man /&+ on x4 ,along ! c5t] ( ! grid-iron1 on a l9e at a "r angle to ! foot-lights1 is set a r[ ( blocks & %eaves ( a special type1 manufactur$ = /age use4 ,equidi/ant "r & left ( ?is c5t] r[ by half ! wid? ( ! /age prop] 7! "p ( ! /age )9 ! prosc5ium7 are o!r r[s4 ,ov] ^! %eaves1 ropes are pass$4 ,?us1 hang+ ov] ! /age p>allel to ! back wall1 9 sets ( ?ree1 are l9es to :i* sc5]y may be atta*$4 ,! o!r ends ( ! l9es 9 ea* set are br\ght toge!r at "o side or ! o!r ( ! /age1 s t ! ?ree ropes ( ea* set may be op]at$ z "o4 ,on ! side to :i* ! l9es are l$ is locat$ ! p9-rail1 ei!r on a fly-gall]y or at ! floor level4 ,( ea* set ( ?ree1 ! l9e hang+ ne>e/ ! side f :i* ! l9es are op]at$--! p9-rail side--is kn[n z ! %ort l9e1 ! l9e mo/ remote f x is kn[n z ! long l9e1 & ! o!r z ! c5t] l9e4 ,on v l>ge /ages1 ) an op5+ ( =ty feet or m1 f\r l9es to ea* set are advisable1 n only to be> ! great] weight ( ! l>g] pieces ( sc5]y requir$1 b also to secure a bett] trim1 or level hang ( ! sc5]y4 ,^! l9es1 ne$less to say1 %\ld be ( ! be/ hemp rope1 ( a weight adju/$ to ! size ( ! /age4 ,half-in* l9e is ! lighte/ x is wise to use4 ,?is rope %\ld be subject$ to p]iodical inspection1 to =e/all break+ & ! fall+ ( sc5]y1 ) consequ5t damage to ! sc5]y1 ! play1 or ! actors4 ,on "s grid-irons1 ! blocks are screw$ to ! "u side ( ! grid4 ,?is is unsafe1 z !y h be5 kn[n to te> loose4 ,!y %\ld ride ! joi/s1 ! l9es dropp+ betwe5 ea* two4 ,at lea/ tw5ty-five sets ( l9es %\ld be provid$4 ,:5 a set ( l9es is n weight$ ) sc5]y1 s&bags are ti$ to ! loose ends1 s t !y may be l[]$ to ! floor :5 ne$$4 ,frequ5tly a piece ( sc5]y w be f\nd too heavy = "o or two m5 to raise f ! floor4 ,9 su* cases1 c\nt]weights 9 ! =m ( l>ge s&-bags are hung on ! "p ( ! l9es betwe5 ! grid-iron & ! p9-rail4 ,! prim>y purpose ( hang+ sc5]y 9 ?is fa%ion is to be able to haul x out ( sight 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /age :5 x is n 9 use4 ,h5ce l>ge ov]head space is necess>y4 ,?is sy/em also makes possible ! use ( un/iff5$ sc5ic units1 su* z drop curta9s & bord]s1 :i*1 lit]ally1 h no legs to /& on4 ,9 l>ge /ages ! l9es are controll$ f a p9-rail on a gall]y1 built out f "o ( ! side walls ( ! /age4 ,9 small] /ages ! p9-rail may be built aga9/ "o ( ! side walls on ! floor level4 ,?is has v>i\s advantages--ease ( access ! =emo/1 & ! sav+ ( a /age-h&1 :o w\ld o!rwise h to rema9 on ! fly-gall]y1 besides4 ,! advantages to be claim$ = ! fly-gall]y are t its use leaves ! /age floor cle> ( ropes1 leaves ! side wall cle> = ! /ack+ ( sc5]y1 & is a valuable vantage po9t f :i* to ca/ light ^u ! /age4 ,! /age ( ! ,c5tury ,!atre is equipp$ ) a c\nt]weight sy/em t practically elim9ates h&-p[] 9 ! rais+ & l[]+ ( hang+ sc5]y4 ,to ea* set ( l9es is atta*$ a metal case1 or conta9]1 :i* rides up ! /age wall betwe5 tracks4 ,at ! top ( ! /age1 above ea* conta9]1 !re is a magaz9e fill$ ) buck%ot4 ,by an +5i\s me*anism1 :5 a piece ( sc5]y hang+ 9 ! l(t is to be l[]$ to ! floor level1 a quantity ( ! %ot 9 ! conta9] is all[$ to fl[ out1 s t ! sc5]y outweighs ! c\nt]weight & desc5ds4 ,its desc5t c be /opp$ at any po9t by brakes on ! l9es4 ,:5 x is to be rais$1 %ot f ! magaz9e above is all[$ to fl[ into ! conta9] until ! c\nt]weight outweighs ! sc5]y1 & ! sc5]y asc5ds4 ,! %ot t fl[s to ! bottom ( ! *ute is convey$ by an endless *a9-&-bucket convey] to ! magaz9es at ! top4 ,su* a sy/em is only w>rant$ on /ages ( op]a-h\se proportions4 ,!re are also sy/ems = controll+ ! l9es by motors2 b on ! /age ( av]age size1 man-p[] is ! safe/ & mo/ dep5dable4 ,sc5]y t /&s on ! floor requires little by way ( ma*9]y4 ,"s ( x is self-support+1 z are ! 8w+s10--fold+1 scre5-l pieces us$ to mask ! sides ( ! /age4 ,all set sc5]y is 8fram$10 s t x /&s rigid en\gh :5 brac$ f ! back4 ,"p ( ! equipm5t ( e /age is a supply ( /age-braces = ! support ( su* sc5]y4 ,^! are made ( h>dwood1 c be ext5d$ to any desir$ l5g?1 h a prong at ! top :i* hooks into a screw-eye fa/5$ to ! sc5]y1 & a foot-iron at ! bottom :i* c he fa/5$ to ! /age floor by means ( a /age screw or 8peg40 ,! use ( ^! pegs dem&s a s(t-wood /age floor into :i* !y w bite easily4 ,good /age braces c be obta9$ f any reliable deal] 9 /age equipm5t4 ,! ma9 curta9 ( ! !atre1 if x raises & l[]s1 is (t5 op]at$ f ! fly-gall]y4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to h x op]at$ f ! /age level1 on ! same side ( ! /age z ! fly-gall]y or ! p9-rail4 ,! draw type ( curta9 is always h&l$ f ! /age floor4 8,travel]s0 = ^! curta9s c be m *eaply b\ght ?an made1 & are kept 9 /ock by any /age-rigg+ firm4 ,x is well to h ! /age floor+ built 9 lat]al sections re/+ on joi/s t run ! wid? ( ! /age4 ,:5 traps are ne$$ 9 ! floor1 !y c !n be cut )\t difficulty at any po9t4 ,! light+ equipm5t ( ! /age1 by f> ! mo/ important ( its me*anical attributes1 ,i %all describe lat]1 b ,i %all treat "h ( "o device1 :i* is /ructural4 ,x is "o ( ! ,g]man inv5tions = ! p]fection ( illusion to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & ! only "o ,i recomm5d to little !atres1 f> & wide4 ,i recomm5d x because ( ! add$ beauty x c br+ into ! playh\se1 r ?an because ( its m]it z a "p ( ! p]fect ma*9e4 ,?is is ! ,kuppel-horizont1 or sky-dome4 ,! sky-dome approximates 9 %ape a qu>t]-sph]e1 mu* l ! %ells commonly plac$ beh9d out-door b& /&s4 ,! base l9e beg9s f> en\gh t[>d ! front ( ! /age & beh9d ! prosc5ium to be mask$ f ! opposite side ( ! auditorium1 & sweeps ar\nd ! back ( ! /age4 ,! back & sides ( ! dome rise v]tically = "s di/ance & !n ar* at ! top t[>d ! front ( ! /age4 ,! high] ! dome is1 ! less ! canopy ne$ ov]hang ! front ( ! /age2 & ! less x ov]hangs1 ! m grid-iron space is available = hang+ sc5]y4 ,b x w be se5 at once t ! m dome !re is to take ! place ( ! usual hang+ /uff1 ! few] ( ! usual tawdry bord]s are ne$$4 ,! late ,wallace ,sab9e1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts conduct$ ) a model built at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity by ,!odore ,c4 ,br[ne & ! pres5t writ]1 conclud$ t ! qu>t]-sph]e 0 disadvantage\s to ! ac\/ics ( ! /age & 0 n requir$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results 9 light+4 ,he recomm5d$ a =m flatt] at ! back & ) a %>p] curvature at ! sides & top4 ,?ree modifications ( ?is device h be5 in/all$ 9 little !atres 9 ,am]ica--"o at ! ,neighborhood ,playh\se 9 ,new ,york1 "o at ! ,bee*wood ,!atre 9 ,sc>bor\gh1 & "o at ! ,arts & ,crafts ,!atre 9 ,detroit4 ,! ,neighborhood ,playh\se 8dome0 is really little m ?an a cyclorama built 9 pla/]4 ,x has no canopy ov]head1 & ! ends ext5d t[>d ! front ( ! /age only a little di/ance4 ,! "o at ! ,bee*wood ,!atre is simil>ly simplifi$4 ,b ev5 ?is pla/] cyclorama is a great improvem5t ov] ! canvas cyclorama 9 its /ability1 fre$om f wr9kles1 & bett] diffusion ( light4 ,at ! ,arts & ,crafts ,!atre1 ! ends ( ! dome d n curve t[>d ! front ( ! /age at all1 b ! top ar*es1 =m+ a canopy ov] ! back "p ( ! /age4 ,! only true dome 9 ?is c\ntry 0 in/all$ by ,samuel ,j4 ,hume at ! ,madison ,!atre 9 ,detroit1 n[ us$ z a mov+-picture playh\se4 ,) su* a dome1 a great deal ( ! litt] ( pa9t$ sc5]y c be done away )4 ,a backgr\nd ( light takes ! place ( ! usual pa9t$ back-drop1 & mu* ( ! sc5]y usually set at ! sides or hung ov]head1 m]ely to keep ! eye f p5etrat+ to ! back-regions ( ! /age1 is no long] ne$$4 ,add$ to ! /age at ! "t ( con/ruction1 ! dome co/s little m ?an ! price ( its mat]ials4 ,! initial co/ w be sav$ _m times ov] 9 ! decreas$ co/ ( sc5]y4 ,! v lea/ t %\ld be done1 if ! budget does n all[ = ! con/ruction ( an entire dome1 is to pla/] ! back wall ( ! /age4 ,?is1 m ?an c\nt]weights1 traps1 revolv+ /ages1 & all ! o!r p>aph]nalia ( advanc$ con/ruction1 w ext5d ! possibilities ( ! /age ma*9e1 n only = ! uses ( illusion b = ! s]vice ( ! imag9ation4 ,a famili> feature ( mo/ !atres 9 :i* productions are made is ! pa9t-bridge & pa9t-frame at ! back ( ! /age4 ,"h ! sc5]y to be pa9t$1 m\nt$ on ! frame1 is rais$ & l[]$ be=e ! bridge4 ,to my m9d1 ?is is a wa/e ( space & money4 ,prim>ily x is a wa/e ( space at ! back ( ! /age4 ,if ! dome is us$ x is q out ( ! "q4 ,b1 /ronge/ argum5t ( all1 x is n ne$$4 ,if ! sc5]y mu/ be pa9t$ 9 ! !atre1 x c be pa9t$ ly+ flat on ! floor4 ,! sav+ on ?is item may well be en\gh to cov] ! co/ ( ! sky-dome4 ,illu/ration3 ,auditorium ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,!atre1 ,detroit4 ,?is !atre is ( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 connection ) ! movem5t to build community h\ses z w> memorials4 ,x %[s h[ a playh\se may be fitt$ in=mally & beautifully into a build+ n design$ prim>ily = dramatic purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,auditorium ( ! !atre at ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,pittsburgh4 ,?is is an admirable example ( dignifi$ decoration1 uni=m floor slope1 & g5]\sly spac$ seats2 b ! auditorium is too wide to secure adequate sight-l9es f all seats4 ,see plan on page #bh4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,/age ,,light+ ,! mo/ vital "p ( ! /age ma*9e is yet to be t\*$ ^u1 ! only "p 9 :i* any my/]y is involv$4 ,aft] all1 mo/ ( our ma*9]y ( ! !atre is ( ! simple/ type1--ropes & pulleys & simple brac+4 ,9 a d\ble s5se1 ! electrical equipm5t is approa*$ ) m awe4 ,:ile mo/ p "k a little ab\t ! simpl] laws ( me*anics1 electricity1 gu>d$ by an elem5t ( dang]1 is a matt] too recondite to be br\ght into ! fold ( ev]yday in=mation out ( m]e curiosity1 or to be reason$ out z ! *ildi% work+ ( a pulley c be figur$ out by common s5se2 x has to be /udi$ & le>n$4 ,& besides be+ outside common matt]-(-fact1 light is my/]y itself1 unplumb$ nature1 a fraction ( ! inscrutable life ( ! _w l$ by /r+s to ! /age4 ,if ! little playh\se is )\t any me*anical conv5i5ce1 if its /age is cramp$ & mean1 x c /ill a*ieve visual beauty ?r\gh light4 ,?is =ce br+s into ! playh\se ! mo/ vibrant1 subtle & affect+ gift ( ! physical _w1 b>r+ only ! human pres5ce4 ,ultimately x w be se5 t a =?right attempt to imitate nature on ! /age c result only 9 failure2 ! pa9t$ or model$ semblances ( rocks1 trees1 grass or di/ant prospects are 9 ! long run se5 to be :at !y are n :at !y pret5d to be4 ,simil>ly1 close z ! light ( ! /age c be br\ght to resemble ! light ( ! out] _w1 x w /ill be %ort ( complete fidelity to its orig9al4 ,b x is1 9 itself1 a =ce ( beauty1 an au!ntic transplant+ ( ! reveal] ( nature's div]s beauties1 s t1 if x fails to a*ieve :at ! manipulator tries to make x d1 x may a*ieve some?+ possibly m beautiful4 ,m & m c ?is be true 9 ! !atre1 z ! arti/ comes to reg>d light z a pure m$ium1 z he le>ns m ( its pr(\nd effect on human emotion1 ev5 on ! work+ ( ! body's organs1 & z he becomes famili> ) ! ?\s& subtle ways 9 :i* ! e>? & its atmosph]e modify ! light s5t by ! sun1 reflect+ & refract+ x1 /eal+ c]ta9 colors f its :it5ess & leav+ o!rs1 resolv+ x prismatically by mi/s & cl\ds & ! swirls ( atmosph]e4 ,^! are a few ( ! ways 9 :i* nature plays ! arti/ ) light4 ,!y po9t to unlimit$ lessons 9 te*nique t ! !atre arti/ 9 light has yet to le>n4 ,! little !atre1 or any !atre = t matt]1 _c g wrong by beg9n+ at ! beg9n+4 ,let x revalue ! cu/om>y ma*9]y = /age light+1 & ! results a*iev$ by its use4 ,lat] ,i %all describe ?is cu/om>y equipm5t1 = x has its great uses1 & mu* ( ! criticism t ,i %all apply to x applies p]haps ) great] ju/ice to ! mann] 9 :i* x is us$4 ,b1 implicit 9 ! sy/em itself1 is a criticism ( its purpose to reproduce ! effects ( nature "u conditions t 9 n[ise resemble ^? ( nature1 or its lay+ ov] a conv5tion 7arti/ic at its be/1 futilely ana*roni/ic at its wor/7 n ano!r conv5tion1 b a lant]n ( ,diog5es1 %[+ up %ams4 ,g back to ! beg9n+4 ,"o c&le rightly us$1 z 9 ,rob]t ,edmond ,jones' light+ ( ! d5 sc5e 9 ,r$emption1 is bo? drama & beauty4 ,imag9e ,wallace ,/ev5s' ,c>los ,among ! ,c&les %[n ^u ! /age by ! c&le light ( ! /range room-_w :i* is ! play's univ]se4 ,"h is a complete w$d+ ( drama & ! mobile beauty ( light itself1 a light we c readily a*ieve4 ,f ^! c&les to ! sun ( ,%akespe>e's com$ies1 ! /orms ( 8 ,le> or ! mi/s & fogs ( ,! ,tempe/ is a f> cry4 ,he begg$ ! "q1 9 extraord9>y v]se1 & act$ ! words & emotions ( 8 plays 9 ! pla9 light ( day1 :i* is b\nd to be beautiful1 ev5 :5 x is n illusive ( ! moon4 ,"r "h lies ! crux ( ! problem ( in/all+ lights 9 ! little !atre4 ,a dual approa* is requir$1 z 9 any art3 ! creator's vision ( :at he wi%es to d1 & ! te*nician's k ( h[ to g ab\t x4 ,! great] responsibility re/s on ! fir/ function1 = we mu/ settle :e!r we are to try to reproduce nature or atta9 a correlative beauty4 ,to me ! beauty ( a /age sunset has r>ely be5 ! beauty ( a real sunset2 x has be5 ! beauty ( rosy light4 ,if any?+1 ! unreality ( ! sunset has /ood 9 ! way ( my appreciation ( ! reality ( r$4 ,! beauty ( r$ 0 accid5tal1 & n ! arti/'s int5tion4 ,x c\ld n h be5 avoid$1 = x is g]mane to sunset1 b ! fact rema9s t ! arti/ a*iev$ some?+ o!r ?an he set out to a*ieve4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to g 9 = r$ & atta9 x ?an to g 9 = sunset & atta9 r$4 ,if blue light intimates ! moon1 well & good4 ,x is beautiful itself1 & does n awak5 m>vel at ! clev]ness ) :i* we h contriv$ an effect4 ,:]eas a nicely op]at$ moonrise1 or a jiggl+ procession ( /]eoptican cl\ds leaves u gap+ :ile ! trag$y hobbles1 unatt5d$1 to x close4 ,:5 ! !atre =sook ! sunlight1 x fac$ ! "q ( light solely z illum9ation4 ,by v>i\s means1--tor*es & tap]s1 gas1 8limes0 & electricity1--x has made its art visible indoors & at night4 ,! introduction ( electric light into ! !atre has made possible an illum9ation s dep5dable & controllable t ( late ye>s att5tion has be5 turn$ to o!r phases ( ! light+ problem4 ,?anks mu/ be giv5 = mo/ ( ! advance ?us f> to ! ef=t ( ! illusion-!atre to imitate ! light ( nature4 ,my belief is t ! great] advance lies ahead1 9 ! /udy ( light on ! /age z an art m$ium p] se4 ,two important ?+s ! /age work] ( ! mod]n !atre contribut$1 ?r\gh 8 r\gh approximations ( reali/ic effect1 two ?+s t w s]ve1 :atev] our aim 9 light+4 ,he saw t ! light at "s seasons1 9 "s wea!rs1 & at "s times ( day1 is less bright ?an at o!rs1 & t x fades at dusk4 ,he devis$ means1 !re=e1 ( v>y+ its int5sity4 ,second1 he p]ceiv$ t at sunset light is "o color1 at noon ano!r1 & by full moon ano!r4 ,he gave u dyes & color scre5s1 & ) !m & 8 dimm]s br\ght to ! /age ! important elem5t ( control4 ,o!r advances1 ?r\gh o!r ag5cies 9 ! !atre1 t5d to subtilize ! function ( light1 c>ry+ x beyond prim>y illum9ation4 ,second1 p]haps1 comes ! sc5e design]1 :o dem&s t ! light1 9 addition to illum9at+ ! play]s & /at+ ! "t ( day or ye>1 %all contribute values to 8 design z picture4 ,x %all be made to ca/ %ad[s :]e d>k masses are want$ 9 8 composition4 ,x %all highlight o!r features ( ! sc5e2 x %all re9=ce ! pa9t]'s "w ) color2 x %all give pla/icity to ! build]'s "w ) its highlight & %ad[4 ,next1 ! dramati/ & produc] make _! dem&s--! light %all re9=ce ! mood & mean+s ( ! play4 ,by its int5sity or dimness1 x gives 8atmosph]e02 by its color x has a direct psy*ological & physiological effect on ! spectator1 s5sitiz+ him to values 9 ! play he might n p]ceive 7 x enact$ 9 light ( ano!r sort4 ,dramati/1 director & design]1 9 ! light+ ( a play1 if n[h]e else1 %\ld be s mu* at "o t x is easy to und]/& ,gordon ,craig's wi% t "o man %\ld comb9e ! functions ( all ?ree4 ,light1 9 ! !atre1 !n3 7#a7 illum9ates ! /age & actors2 7#b7 /ates h\r1 season1 & wea!r1 ?r\gh sugge/ion ( ! light effects 9 nature2 7#c7 helps pa9t ! sc5e 7/age picture7 by manipulation ( masses ( light & %ad[ & by height5+ color values2 7#d7 l5ds relief to ! actors & to ! pla/ic elem5ts ( ! sc5e2 & 7#e7 helps act ! play1 by symboliz+ its mean+s & re9=c+ its psy*ology4 ,to a*ieve ^! five functions ( /age light1 five diff]5t k9ds or s\rces ( light are n1 ( c\rse1 ne$$4 ,"o light may comb9e sev]al1 or all1 ( ^! functions4 ,9 ,joseph ,urban's light+ & sett+ ( ! la/ act ( ,tri/an & ,isolde "s ye>s ago at ! ,bo/on ,op]a ,h\se1 a beam ( late aft]noon sunlight /ruck across ! /age to ! figure ( ,tri/an ly+ b5ea? a great oak tree4 ,sl[ly1 z ! day wan$1 ! sun pat* crept f ! figure1 until1 at 8 dea?1 x _h left him 9 cool %ad[4 ,?us1 a light t illum9at$1 t told ! "t ( day1 t gave ! figure ( ! s+] & ! bole ( ! great tree high relief by /rik+ f only "o side1 also aid$ symbolically & psy*ologically 9 ! int]pretation ( ! drama4 ,?us to make light function 9 _m ways is to use x ) a s5se ( its ductility & subtlety z a m$ium ( !atre art4 ,9 x we h ! only s+le ag5cy 9 ! !atre t c "w ) all ! o!r ag5cies1 b9d+ !m toge!r--t c reveal ) ! dramati/1 pa9t ) ! design]1 & act ) ! actors4 ,! ma*9]y by :i* ?is m$ium is br\ght to ! /age & ?r\gh :i* its wond]s are wr\ght comm&s a deep respect4 ,tradition has already laid its heavy h& "h1 & innovation 9 light+ equipm5t moves sl[ly4 ,x is almo/ :olly )9 ! la/ five ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t light+ units ( m>k$ novelty h be5 introduc$4 ,( fir/ importance is ! ma*9]y ( control1 ! swit*bo>d & dimm]s4 ,! cu/om>y place = ! bo>d 9 ,am]ican !atres is at "o side ( ! prosc5ium ar*1 ei!r on ! /age floor level1 or on a p]* rais$ "s n9e or t5 feet above ! /age floor4 ,! manife/ disadvantage ( ?is location is t ! op]ator _c see ! :ole ( ! /age1 & mu/ dep5d = 8 cues ^u a /age manag]4 ,x has1 !re=e1 become ! practice 9 _m ,european !atres to place ! op]ator 9 a pit directly 9 front ( ! /age1 %ield$ f ! auditorium & fac+ ! actors4 ,f "h he c wat* ! action & see ! effects ( 8 lights con/antly4 ,telephone connections ) lamp op]ators at ! back ( ! /age enable him to keep !m "u 8 control4 ,! con/ruction ( ! bo>d & m\nt+ ( ! swit*es are /rictly prescrib$ by bo>ds ( fire und]writ]s 9 v>i\s cities1 & ne$ n be detail$ "h4 ,! important consid]ation at ?is po9t is t1 s f> z possible1 ea* light unit on ! /age %all be subject to c5tral control f a vantage po9t f :i* ! /age c be se52 t ea* unit %all be subject to sep>ate control2 t gr\ps ( l units1 class$ by location or color1 %all be subject to gr\p control1 ap>t f o!r gr\ps2 & t ! /age light1 z a :ole1 %all be controllable ap>t f ! h\se lights4 ,t is1 assum+1 = purposes ( illu/ration1 ! arrangem5t ( lights common to mo/ !atres1 ! :ite lights ( ! fir/ bord] %all be controll$ by a swit* ap>t f t controll+ ! :ite lights ( ! second bord] or ! ?ird or ! f\r?4 ,s1 likewise1 = ea* color circuit ( ea* bord]1 sep>ately4 ,!n !re %\ld be a :ite bord] ma9 swit*1 controll+ ! :ite lights ( all ! bord]s1 & a blue bord] ma91 etc4 ,above ^!1 !re %\ld be a bord] ma9 swit* controll+ all ! bord] lights simultane\sly4 ,& ?us ) ea* division ( ! /age lights4 ,ov] all1 "o /age ma9 swit* %\ld control all ! lights ( ! /age4 ,! auditorium lights1 ) _! own swit*es1 %\ld be controll$ f ! same bo>d z ! /age lights4 ,! out/&+ item ( exp5se 9 build+ a good swit*bo>d is ! co/ ( dimm]s1 ! resi/ance devices by :i* ! int5sity ( ! light is controll$4 ,!y v>y 9 capacity ) _! wattage & type4 ,b ! dimm]s1 m ?an any o!r "p ( ! control sy/em1 contribute to ! flexibility ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 a mod]n !atre !y are indisp5sable4 ,s f> z possible1 !re %\ld be a dimm] = ea* swit* on ! bo>d1 controll+ ea* light unit sep>ately4 ,) 8ma/]0 lev]s1 relat$ light units c be gang$ & controll$ simultane\sly4 ,:5 only a limit$ numb] ( dimm]s c be af=d$1 x is possible s to con/ruct ! swit*bo>d t circuits to be dimm$ c be 8%unt$0 ?r\gh ! dimm]s1 :ile circuits t ne$ n be dimm$ rema9 on con/ant4 ,a v +5i\s bo>d ( ?is type 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,bassett ,jones = ! ,arti/s' ,guild ,!atre 9 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,?is bo>d has eight dimm]s :i* c be us$ = any eight light units on ! /age1 giv+ x a f> great] flexibility ?an x w\ld h if only a p>ticul> eight c\ld be dimm$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r complicat$1 ) its dual sy/em ( con/ant & dimm] plugs & connectors1 s t only great famili>ity ) x makes x quick 9 action4 ,9 addition to ! swit*bo>d type ( dimm]1 !re are also small] dimm]s made = use ) nitrog5 lamp spots & floods4 ,:]e ^! are us$ ,i believe !y %\ld be set by ! ma9 swit*bo>d1 r ?an on ! lamp itself4 ,atta*$ to ! lamp !y require an additional op]ator & break up ! c5tralization ( control4 ,! actual /age lights fall into two classes--/ation>y & movable4 ,! /ation>y or fix$ equipm5t has rema9$1 on ! :ole1 highly conv5tional4 ,x consi/s1 prim>ily1 ( ! footlights1 a tr\gh ( lights set along ! floor at ! front edge ( ! /age1 ?r[+ light upw>d ^u ! actors & ! sc5e1 & ! bord] lights1 hang+ tr\ghs1 adju/able 9 height1 ?r[+ _! light d[nw>d4 ,! fir/ ( ^! bord] lights1 (t5 kn[n z ! conc]t bord]1 hangs imm$iately beh9d ! curta9 or prosc5ium drap]y1 & ! o!rs are hung at int]vals ( sev5 feet f c5t] to c5t]4 ,! footlights & bord]s are usually wir$ 9 ?ree circuits1 ea* circuit be+ fill$ ) lamps ( a diff]5t color1 cu/om>ily :ite1 r$ or amb]1 & blue4 ,( late1 ^! cu/om>y units h be5 put on trial & f\nd want+4 ,!y s]ve pr9cipally1 & almo/ exclusively1 ! fir/ function ( /age light--illum9ation--& are f\nd1 on ! mod]n /age1 n to s]ve x well4 ,footlights1 especially1 h come "u ! ban1 ?\gh ! campaign aga9/ !m has be5 wag$ a little indiscrim9ately4 ,:5 footlights alone are us$ 9 a reali/ic sc5e1 !y are bad4 ,if ! light f ! floor dom9ates1 ! "u surfaces ( ! face--*91 nose-tip1 eyelids--are unnaturally & disagreeably acc5tuat$4 ,if ! light f bel[ & above is balanc$1 ! result1 ?\gh m natural1 is p]haps z bad1 = ! light+ is flat1 & !re is no relief 9 ! features or figures ( ! play]s4 ,= plays & sc5es ( a h]oic or fanta/ic sort1 treat$ decoratively1 r ?an lit]ally1 light+ entirely f above gives int]e/+ & picturesque results4 ,x %ad[s ! features heavily1 & l5ds a sculptur$1 massive quality to ! face4 ,m & m1 ?is ov]head light+ has come to be us$1 & ) "s produc]s has be5 made a feti%4 ,! v quality t makes ?is sort ( light+ int]e/+ 9 sc5es ( a c]ta9 k9d exhibits its /ronge/ disadvantage 9 naturali/ic light+4 ,9 ! av]age room1 dur+ ! daytime1 light p\rs 9 ?r\gh w9d[s1 /rik+ faces at face level4 ,! light comes mo/ly f "o side ( ! room1 or if !re are w9d[s on m ?an "o side1 & ! light comes 9 sev]al directions1 x comes 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,! sun does n %9e 9 two directions at once4 ,t is to say1 ?\gh light may come f m ?an "o direction1 & be reflect$ multitud9\sly by walls & ceil+ &1 9 less degree1 ! floor1 ! balance ( int5sity is always 9 favor ( "o direction4 ,& ?is direction is n up or d[n1 b 9 a l9e approa*+ a "r angle to ! erect figure4 ,some?+ ( ! same sort is usually true out-(-doors4 ,only at noon d we h lit]ally ov]head light+4 ,ev5 !n1 ! beam ( light is s broad z to envelop ! figure on all sides1 & is s v>i\sly reflect$ by ! dome ( ! sky1 by trees1 rocks1 wat]1 h\ses1 t !re is1 9 addition to ! direct d[nw>d light1 a consid]able 8g5]al0 diffus$ illum9ation4 ,at mo/ h\rs ( ! day1 ! rays ( ! sun fall ^u ! e>? & its p at a long angle4 ,! factor t gives relief & prev5ts a dull flatness 9 ! light ( nature is ! dom9ance ( ea/ ov] we/ 9 ! morn+ & ( we/ ov] ea/ 9 ! aft]noon4 ,night illum9ation indoors1 ?\gh usually f fixtures above head-level1 is reflect$ by all ! walls ( ! room & by all ! objects 9 x4 ,a s(t1 diffus$ face-level light+ is ?us w>rant$ 9 almo/ all circum/ances4 ,! h>d gl>e ( foots & bord]s1 us$ unre/rict$ly1 does n supply ?is ne$ mo/ happily4 ,us$ mod]ately1 footlights h a di/9ct function1 until bett] means ( mod]at+ ! crude %ad[s ca/ f above %all h be5 devis$4 ,an ef=t to ?r[ light ^u ! /age at an angle less p]p5dicul> ?an t ( footlight & bord] has be5 made at ! ,little ,!atre 9 ,new ,york4 ,"h1 c]ta9 sections ( ! ceil+ panell+ c be l[]$ & light ?r[n ^u ! /age by diffus$ spot lamps at an angle ( #de4 ,9 ,mr4 ,belasco's !atre1 lights h be5 in/all$ 9 ! face ( ! balcony1 a*iev+ ! same result ev5 m satisfactorily4 ,i believe t1 9 good "t1 beautifully design$ light+ units w be frankly set or hung 9 ! auditorium ( ! !atre4 ,! footlight equipm5t ( mo/ !atres is1 z x has long be51 unmodifi$1 consi/+ m]ely ( r[s ( inc&esc5t lamps ( l[ /&>d 7usually =ty watts74 ,! bord] lights h se5 m innovation dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 especially ! fir/ 7or conc]t7 bord]1 mo/ us$ 9 light+ int]ior sc5es4 ,orig9ally1 ^! bord] lights 7 int5d$ to light n only ! /age1 b also ! hang+ /rips ( canvas 7kn[n z bord]s7 =m]ly us$ to sugge/ a ceil+ 9 int]ior sc5es1 & /ill us$ to repres5t foliage & to misrepres5t ! blue sky 9 ext]ior sc5es4 ,) ! use ( flat ceil+s = int]iors comes a dem& = a light t illum9ates ! sc5e r ?an ! ceil+4 ,?is is be/ suppli$ by ! ,x-,ray bord]1 made up ( a small] numb] ( lamps ?an ! old bord] b ( high] /&>d1 ea* lamp be+ #aej or #bej watts4 ,ea* lamp is set 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t1 sep>at$ f its neighbor1 & ea* lamp is back$ by an ,x-,ray reflector ( mirror$ glass ) :orl$ corrugations1 diffus+ ! light ev5ly ov] a l>ge area4 ,ea* comp>tm5t may be fitt$ ) a color scre5 ( gelat9e or dy$ glass4 ,(t51 too1 spot lamps1 l>ge & small1 are m\nt$ on ?is bord] to acc5tuate ! light on c]ta9 areas ( ! /age4 ,! o!r bord]s1 us$ mo/ly = ext]ior sc5es1 mu/ s]ve to flood /age & sc5e ) light4 ,! old type ( bord] does n s]ve adequately1 ev5 9 ! type ( sc5e = :i* x 0 design$4 ,! use ( sky bord]s has l>gely giv5 way to ! high cyclorama ( canvas or pla/]1 leav+ ! sky prospect op5 to ! eye z f> z ! sight l9e rea*es4 ,! ov]head light+ mu/ be p[]ful en\gh to flood /age & sky ) light4 ,x is becom+ m & m common to re9=ce ! ord9>y bord]-light equipm5t ) hang+ ?\s&-watt lamps 9 specially con/ruct$ /eel hoods4 ,9 ! ,arts & ,crafts ,!atre1 9 ,detroit1 ,sam ,hume in/all$ 8 entire ov]head equipm5t ( su* hang+ lamps1 & did away ) ! old bord] light altoge!r4 ,9 ! av]age !atre1 h[ev]1 ^! lamps are m 9 ! nature ( movable lamps ?an ( p]man5t equipm5t1 & w be fur!r spok5 ( bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,neighborhood ,playh\se1 ,new ,york4 ,?is build+ is "o ( ! mo/ satisfy+ examples ( rec5t !atre design 9 ,am]ica1 be+ free f ov]decoration & admirably fitt$ to its purpose te*nically4 ,h>ry ,creighton ,+alls & ,f4 ,b4 ,h(fman ,jr41 ,associate ,ar*itects4 ,illu/ration3 ,auditorium ( ! ,arti/s' ,guild ,!atre1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,?is little auditorium is made useful = bo? dramatic productions & art exhibitions by means ( an +5i\s device = tilt+ ! floor1 describ$ on page #bi4 ,above is ! view t[>d ! balcony1 bel[ ! view t[>d ! /age4 ,laur5ce ,ewald1 ,ar*itect4 ,! footlights & bord] lights1 &1 occasionally1 v]tical /rips inside ! prosc5ium frame at ! sides1 con/itute ! :ole ( ! /age-light+ equipm5t t is m or less a "p ( ! /ructure4 ,!y 8g ) ! build+40 ,ev]y?+ else is movable & falls into ! second classification ( light+ units4 ,b1 9 ! /ructure ( ! /age1 provision mu/ be made = ! use ( su* additional lights4 ,outlets 9 ! =m ( 8/age pockets0 are set at regul> int]vals 9 ! /age floor2 into ^! pockets1 spot & flood lamps may be plugg$4 ,! pockets are set 9 ! /age floor 9 two l9es runn+ up & d[n /age1 a %ort di/ance beh9d ! prosc5ium op5+1 at ei!r side ( x4 ,!re are usually f f\r to six su* pockets on ea* side ( ! /age4 ,sometimes !re is "o at ! back ( ! /age1 & "o or m 9 ! fly-gall]y4 ,occasionally1 also1 9 h\ses s]v$ by alt]nat+ curr5t1 !re are pockets s]v$ by a small h\se g5]ator1 supply+ direct curr5t = ! use ( arc lamps4 ,9 "s !atres1 also1 !re are pockets connect$ ) /orage batt]ies1 int5d$ to supply an em]g5cy s]vice or = use ) light+ units ( a voltage o!r ?an ! usual #aaj volts4 ,! pockets mu/1 ( c\rse1 be c>efully insulat$1 & cov]$ ) a h+$ iron lid set flu% ) ! floor4 ,! movable lights are ( two g5]al types3 flood lights1 = g5]al diffus$ illum9ation1 & l5s lights1 = conc5trat$1 direct 8spott+40 ,"u ! fir/ head+ may be class$ all special lights kn[n1 9 /age p>lance1 z /rips1 floods1 or bun*es4 ,/rips are small tr\ghs1 fitt$ ) f ?ree to t5 sockets1 & are us$ 9 light+ (f-/age 8back+s10 set-pieces ( sc5]y1 & small areas :]e a special acc5t ( color or int5sity is want$4 ,bun*es1 n[ l>gely obsolete1 are hoods set on ext5sion /&>ds1 fitt$ ) t5 or twelve sockets ea*4 ,^! h be5 replac$ by flood lamps1 burn+ #ejj & #a1jjj-watt nitrog5-fill$ mazda bulbs4 ,! hoods ( ^! flood lamps h div]g+ sides or are fitt$ ) a reflector beh9d ! light1 & h grooves at ! front ( ! hood = c>ry+ color-frames4 ,=m]ly su* lamps 7 equipp$ ) arc lights1 b ! nitrog5 lamp has :olly displac$ ! arc 9 flood light+4 ,its advantages are t x does n require an att5dant to 8fe$0 ! light1 t x c be dimm$1 giv+ x range ( int5sity to make up = decreas$ brilliance1 & t x c be burn$ on ei!r direct or alt]nat+ curr5t1 )\t ! annoy+ buzz ( an arc light burn+ alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,spot lamps are m\nt$ 9 clos$ iron hoods1 emitt+ light f only "o end ?r\gh a l5s4 ,! hoods1 l ^? ( flood lamps1 are set on ext5sion /&>ds1 & c be tipp$ up or d[n & turn$ f side to side4 ,arc spots are /ill 9 g5]al use1 z ! ?\s&-watt lamp is n suffici5tly brilliant = use on l>ge /ages or = long ?r[s4 ,9 little !atres1 h[ev]1 ! ?\s&-watt spot is bright en\gh & has all ! advantages ov] ! arc t apply to ! new] type ( flood lamp4 ,= su* small /ages1 ! pr9cipal consid]ation always %\ld be c5traliz$ control1 & x _c be got ) ! arc light4 ,z inc&esc5t1 gas-fill$ bulbs ( /ill high] /&>d are develop$1 ! arc spot w cease to be us$1 ev5 9 l>ge !atres4 ,!re is also a small v>iant ( ! spot light1 kn[n z a 8baby0 spotlight1 burn+ a lamp ( #aej or #bej watts4 ,us$ ) c>e1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ valuable /age lights we h = produc+ delicate v>iations 9 light volume & color 9 p>ticul> areas ( ! /age4 ,^! small lights may also be dimm$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h ref]r$ above to hang+ hoods ) ?\s&-watt lamps = g5]al illum9ation4 ,:]e ^! are n made a "p ( ! p]man5t light+ equipm5t ( ! !atre1 !y may be introduc$ = special sc5es & effects1 be+ hung :]e desir$1 & mass$ 9 su* numb]s & ( su* colors z ne$$4 ,! hoods are equipp$ ) *a9s by :i* !y may be hung ^u pipe batt5s & tipp$ z desir$4 ,!y are plugg$1 l o!r movable lights1 into floor pockets or fly-gall]y pockets4 ,! color ( light on ! /age is obta9$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,:]e lamps ( l[ /&>d 7tw5ty-five or =ty watts7 are us$1 z 9 ! foots or bord]s1 !y may be coat$ ) dyes1 put up = ! purpose1 made ) a collodion base4 ,! burn+ lamp is dipp$ into ! liquid & left alight until ! dye coat has ?or\ghly dri$ & h>d5$4 ,bulbs ( high /&>d1 h[ev]1 _c be dy$1 z ! dye does n /& up "u ! int5se heat g5]at$ by a lamp ( "o hundr$ or m watts4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 few ( ! comm]cial dyes are :olly satisfactory1 ev5 ) small] bulbs4 ,! blues especially det]iorate "u heat1 ei!r fad+ or crack+1 or burn+ to a purple or black4 ,! rays ( l>g] lamps1 burn$ ei!r 9 flood or spotlight hoods1 are color$ ) gelat9e m$iums1 held be=e ! light 9 frames ( prop] size4 ,! gelat9e colors also fade "u heat1 &1 be+ v fragile1 crack & te>1 & mu/ be frequ5tly r5ew$4 ,= durability1 ! be/ color m$ium is a %eet ( glass ) ! color bl[n 94 ,un=tunately su* glass is v co/ly1 _c be _h 9 a l>ge range ( colors1 & is usually n z transluc5t z might be wi%$4 ,mr4 ,munroe ,peve> ( ,bo/on has made int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) m$iums ( dy$ glass4 ,he manufactures 8 own dyes1 & claims = !m a mu* long] life ?an ! comm]cial v>iety enjoys4 ,8 m$iums are highly transluc5t1 & are1 ( c\rse1 f> m durable ?an ! gelat9e m$iums4 ,he makes !m1 h[ev]1 9 only ! ?ree prim>y colors1 = 8 developm5t ( color scre5s has be5 ancill>y to exp]im5ts ( a l>g] int5t--! developm5t ( a syn!tic light+ sy/em4 ,! pr9ciple ( 8 color sy/em is simply ! pr9ciple ( ! prism inv]t$4 ,! prism breaks :ite light up into its prim>ies4 ,mr4 ,peve> unites ! prim>ies to make :ite4 ,by comb9+ 8 r$1 gre51 & blue light 9 v>y+ degrees ( ea*1 he is able to obta9 any color 9 ! spectrum4 ,to pale out 8 lights to t9ts1 he includes 9 8 bord] & footlight equipm5t a f\r? circuit ( :ite lights4 ,to my k1 only "o !atre has be5 equipp$ by ,mr4 ,peve>--! ,toy ,!atre ( ,bo/on1 n[ ! ,copley4 ,b 9 ! %ort-liv$ t5ancy ( ! h\se by ! ,toy ,!atre ,company !re 0 nev] a :ole-he>t$ ef=t to te/ ,mr4 ,peve>'s equipm5t4 ,exp]im5ts ) syn!tic light+ h be5 conduct$ at v>i\s times & places by ,sam ,hume1 ,norman ,g$des1 ! pres5t writ]1 & o!rs4 ,! results m ?an rew>d ! ef=t ( su* exp]im5t1 & ,i comm5d a /udy ( its possibilities to all work]s 9 little !atres4 ,9 addition to ! typical !atrical light+ units1 o!r units1 n design$ prim>ily = !atrical use1 are be+ adopt$4 ,=emo/ among ^! are ! reflectors ( ! ,x-,ray type4 ,^! are made 9 a numb] ( sizes & %apes1 b are ( two types1 ! :orl$ reflector & ! p>abolic reflector4 ,! fir/ type gives a diffus$ light & ! second a conc5trat$ beam4 ,! ,x-,ray flood lamps1 manufactur$ = light+ ! ext]iors ( build+s & = illum9at+ night con/ruction jobs1 are com+ to be us$ on ! /age4 ,!y c be focus$1 h a high] effici5cy ?an a l5s light burn+ ! same numb] ( watts1 & produce a m pleasant spot ?an ! %>ply def9$ light-area ( ! conv5tional spot light1 project+ a brilliant ray1 mo/ int5se at ! c5t] & fad+ t[>d ! edges ( ! field4 ,!re are a numb] ( firms manufactur+ lights ( ?is type1 & !y are n[ g5]ally us$ = light+ outdoor pageants4 ,!y are q z valuable 9 ! indoor !atre z on ! pageant field4 ,i h us$ frequ5tly1 in/ead ( baby spots ( ! regul> type1 automobile w9d%ield spots1 burn+ a six-volt lamp4 ,^! co/ p]haps "o-t5? z mu* z ! regul> type1 & c be us$ on a special circuit suppli$ ) curr5t ei!r ?r\gh a small /ep-d[n trans=m] or f a /orage batt]y1 kept cont9ually *>g$ by runn+ curr5t into x f a /rip ( c>bon lights wir$ 9 s]ies-multiple4 ,^! w9d%ield spots are usually equipp$ ) a swivel & trunnion m\nt+1 s t !y c be turn$ 9 any direction1 are focusable1 & h a clamp by :i* !y c be fa/5$ to pieces ( sc5]y or upright pipe /&>ds 9 ! prosc5ium entrance4 ,besides a goodly numb] ( well-di/ribut$ /age pockets into :i* movable lamps may be plugg$1 !re %\ld be po9ts ( vantage f :i* lights may be ca/1 p]*es & bridges elevat$ above ! level ( ! /age4 ,mo/ useful is a bridge across ! /age1 j inside & above ! prosc5ium4 ,f ?is bridge1 special flood & spot lamps may be manipulat$4 ,(t5 p]*es are built out f ! wall at ei!r side ( ! prosc5ium f :i* spots may be ?r[n d[n to ! /age4 ,occasionally ^! are movable /ructures ) sev]al levels & c be :eel$ to v>i\s po9ts (f /age4 ,! fly-gall]y1 also1 is us$ = spot light+4 ,:5 a false prosc5ium is us$1 ! ov]head bridge & side p]*es are sometimes built into ! /ructure4 ,9 plann+ ! light+ equipm5t = a small /age1 all ?\ght ( ! usual !atre in/allation c be set aside4 ,bord] lights ( ! old type are n useful en\gh to w>rant ! exp5diture ( ! money !y co/4 ,footlights1 too1 ?\gh useful :5 no bett] means ( front light+ c be devis$1 c well be replac$ by face-level lights f ! auditorium1 conceal$ by wall traps or by ! balcony rail1 or hidd5 9 decorative cov]+s susp5d$1 *&eli]-l1 f ! ceil+4 ,! ess5tials = a flexible1 adaptable light+ sy/em are c5tralization & delicacy ( control1 num]\s & well-situat$ curr5t outlets1 & z wide a v>iety z possible ( movable lamps = flood+ & spott+4 ,!re %\ld be en\gh circuits to all[ ! use ( a ?ree- or f\r-color sy/em1 along ! l9es ( ! syn!tic sy/em ( ,mr4 ,peve>1 describ$ above4 ,along ) ?is !re mu/ be facilities = ?r[+ light f above ! /age f bridges & movable plat=ms4 ,! only p]man5tly in/all$ piece ( light+ equipm5t t is absolutely necess>y is ! ,x-,ray bord] at ! front ( ! /age = ! light+ ( int]ior sc5es4 ,) a c>efully plann$ swit*bo>d & dimm]-bank1 & num]\s pockets or curr5t outlets1 = ! initial equipm5t1 !re is h>dly any limit to ! developm5t ( ! little !atre's light+ facilities1 = if x mu/ beg9 ) only a few light+ units1 x c acquire m f "t to "t1 & ) ea* acquisition build up its means ( a*iev+ beauty4 ,& 9 ?is direction ! mo/ vital contributions to ! craft ( ! !atre are yet to be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i--,! p]man5t 8sc5e0 ( ! ,?tre du ,vieux ,colombi]4 ,see page #gd4 7,f ,album du ,vieux ,colombi] by ,fauconnet47 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,/age ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,sett+s ,i h made m5tion e>li] ( ! +5uity s (t5 dem&$ ( ! little !atre /age director4 ,! limitations ( 8 /age (t5 compel him to an inv5tiv5ess diff]5t only 9 scale f t display$ by ! great ,g]man te*nicians ( ! !atre4 ,no ,h>v>d /ud5t :o ev] %ift$ sc5]y = ! ,dramatic ,club 9 ,brattle ,hall c outgr[ 8 en?usiasm = ! feats a*iev$ on t absurd /age4 ,at ! ,arti/s' ,guild 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 x gave u unb\nd$ glee to set ! massive *amb] ( ,! ,que5's ,enemies on ! cramp$ /age !re4 ,to be confront$ ) defici5cies ( "o sort or ano!r--me*anical or fiscal--:i* mu/ be ov]come1 is unque/ionably a spur to ambition4 ,to /ruggle ) mat]ial b>ri]s1 space1 "t1 physical means1 & accompli% results 9 spite ( !m2 to wr+ beauty out ( meagre *eeseclo? & t9sel :5 !re is no money = silk & gold galloon1 is a victory ( sorts2 & )\t ! fight+ & w9n+ ( su* battles z ^!1 half our little !atres might nev] h be51 & mu* ( _! be/ "w might n h be5 done4#e ,practically all mod]n /age ma*9]y has be5 devis$ to height5 effects ( nature1 & !re9 x diff]s f ! ma*9]y ( ! !atre ( ! greate/ eras1 :i* 0 devis$ to produce effects beyond nature4 ,! ,greeks & ,elizabe?ans left ,nature /rictly to h]self1 b _h a fairly elaborate me*anical sy/em by :i* !y exhibit$ gods1 demons1 gho/s1 & visions4 #e ,,note4--,i wi% to qualify fundam5tally my admiration = ! +5uity ( ! me*anical features ( ! mod]n /age4 ,9 fact1 ,i d n believe !y c advance ! !atre "o jot4 ,!y are m>vel\sly +5i\s 9 d5y+ ! limitations ( ! /age & 9 "p triumph+ ov] !m4 ,yet ,i h a p]si/5t feel+ t ! recognition ( ! limitations & ! acceptance ( !m is m fundam5tal 9 ! developm5t ( an art or craft ?an ! d5ial ( !m & ! triumph+ ov] !m4 ,ev5 su* a triumph has its ultimate b\nd>ies1 & :5 !y h be5 rea*$1 !re is little to d b ackn[l$ge defeat4 ,:5 matt] has be5 twi/$ & beat5 into ! cunn+e/ p]v]sions ( its fir/ =m1 ! craftsman is /ill n satisfi$2 = 8 _s c so> to fur!r rea*es :]e none ( ! elem5ts c foll[4 ,?is is tru] ( ! !atre arti/1 p]haps1 ?an ( any o!r1 save ! musician 7:o is1 aft] all1 a !atre arti/74 ,! !atre has be51 ^! _m c5turies1 ! !atre because ( ! limitations t encompass x1 n 9 spite ( !m4 ,likewise is ! *ur* 7z a field ( art7 limit$1 & x is by m]it ( its limitations t ! *ur* has be5 great4 ,utt] *ur*l9ess owes little to ! /yle ( ar*itecture ( any specific *ur* edifice4 ,& ! transc5d5t !atre art ( ! ,deuts*es ,!at] 9 ,b]l9 or ( ! ,art ,!atre 9 ,mosc[ does n hang ^u ! skill ) :i* ! "o has us$ a revolv+ /age or ) :i* ! o!r has devis$ its sc5]y4 ,! ,g]man !atres h to a rem>kable degree increas$ natural illusion 9 sc5]y & light+2 b 9 spite ( t !re is ab\t z mu* bad !atre art 9 ,g]many z good4 ,:]e greatness is f\nd1 :]e ! arti/ has mo/ truly realiz$ ! function ( ! !atre1 x w be se5 t 8 _s has transc5d$ utt]ly ! possibilities ( 8 physical /age2 &1 l z n1 he has made no ef=t to /ra9 ! capacities ( 8 m$ium1 b has work$ utt]ly )9 !m4 ,"o ( ! rem>kable facts ab\t ! /age te*nique ( ,rob]t ,edmond ,jones is t he dem&s no?+ impossible to a*ieve4 ,8 designs are easy to execute1 & 8 sc5]y easy to h&le4 ,"h1 aga91 is ! dilemma :i* we fac$ 9 ! discussion ( ! approa* to ! /age light+ problem4 ,!re are limits to our ability to reproduce on ! /age ! light effects ( nature4 ,b !re are practically no limits to ! !atrical expressiv5ess ( light1 reg>d$ z a m$ium1 p] se4 ,!re are limits beyond :i* me*anical skill or inv5tive g5ius _c alt] ! obdurate conf9es ( ! physical /age4 ,b !re are no heights to :i* a human _s1 set 9 public ^u a plat=m1 h[ev] n>r[ & close-wall$1 _c rise4 ,9 view ( ?is great spiritual fact1 ,i w\ld solemnly w>n any little !atre or community h\se t has money to sp5d = mod]nity1 n to sp5d x on ! k9d ( advance /age ma*9]y discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]1 b to sp5d x on arti/s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ me*anical improvem5ts ( our pres5t-day /age 0 ! drehbhne1 or revolv+ /age1 inv5t$ by ,h]r ,laut5s*lag]4 ,its purpose is to move1 )\t inord9ate int]missions betwe5 acts1 sc5]y f> heavi] ?an m5 c h&le4 ,! cult = realism dem&$ a great] pla/icity 9 sc5]y1 & consequ5t increase 9 mass & /ructural complexity4 ,! revolv+ /age is a great turntable on :i* z _m z six or sev5 sc5es c be set at "o "t1 & reveal$ successively to an audi5ce by revolv+ ! table4 ,! sc5]y = ! entire play is set up on ! day ( ! p]=mance1 & no %ift+ ( sc5es ne$ be done dur+ ! progress ( ! play4 ,! design+ ( sc5]y to fit ! revolv+ /age1 develop$ to its highe/ po9t by ,re9h>dt1 is s little und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry t our few revolv+ /ages are seldom us$4 ,! ,c5tury ,!atre /age 9 ,new ,york has a turntable1 b ,i d n "k ( any in/ance 9 :i* ! sc5]y = an entire p]=mance 0 set ^u x4 ,mr4 ,w9?rop ,ames _h a revolv+ /age in/all$ 9 8 ,little ,!atre 9 ,new ,york2 b1 z ?is /age is only ?irty-five feet 9 diamet]1 he f\nd x inadequate = ! sett+ ( _m ( ! sc5es4 ,mr4 ,h>ry ,bi%op1 9 build+ ! ,lib]ty & ,fulton ,!atres 9 ,oakl&1 ,cali=nia1 con/ruct$ revolv+ /ages ( adequate size1 b evad$ ! problem ( devis+ sc5]y especially = !m by in/all+ a revolv+ gridiron also1 s t ! old-fa%ion$ sky & foliage bord]s c\ld ride ar\nd ! /age ) ! set to :i* !y belong4 ,a little labor is sav$ 9 %ift+ sc5es dur+ p]=mances1 b ,i d\bt :e!r ! sav+ equalizes ! co/ ( in/allation ( ^! exp5sive devices4 ,a device ( simil> int5t is ! slid+ /age1 a great wagon ! size ( ! /age op5+--or1 r1 two or ?ree ( !m--run1 z desir$1 be=e ! prosc5ium op5+1 & capable ( be+ pu%$ (f1 aft] be+ us$1 into h\ses at ei!r side ( ! /age or l[]$ to ! basem5t1 !re to be reset = ano!r sc5e4 ,?is device avoids "s ( ! limitations ( ! revolv+ /age1 9 t sc5es ne$ n be made to articulate closely z !y mu/ 9 ord] to fit ! circul> b\nds ( ! turntable2 b x is trem5d\sly co/ly1 & requires a great /age space4 ,!re are o!r devices ( l int5t1 su* z ! ,asphalia /age1 built 9 transv]se sections t c be rais$ & l[]$ on hydraulic plung]s1 & ,/eele ,mac,kaye's elevator /age in/all$ 9 ! old ,madison ,squ>e ,!atre1 ,new ,york4 ,none ( ^! devices c s]ve ei!r ! little !atre movem5t or ! art ( ! !atre4 ,!y are dead5+1 & div]t ef=t f ! true end ( all exp]im5t & advance 9 ! !atre4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 my m9d t ! sort ( !atre t wants to be built is "o 9 :i* ! ma*9]y is r$uc$ to a m9imum1--effici5t1 controllable1 b nev] controll+ ! sort ( "w t mu/ be done on ! /age4 ,9 ord] to h a mod]n1 well-equipp$ /age1 none ( ^! innovations is ne$$4 ,( f> m purpose1 = ! mod]n !atre1 are c]ta9 t5d5cies n[ manife/ t appe> at fir/ glance l rev]sions to an old] type ( /age4 ,i ref] *iefly to su* a /age z t built by ,m4 ,jacques ,copeau = 8 ,?tre du ,vieux ,colombi]1 :i*1 = two seasons1 0 a /range intrud] among ! m lit]al /ages ( ,new ,york4 ,inde$1 save = ! use ,m4 ,copeau made ( mod]n me*anical flexibility1 8 /age 0 a fir/ c\s9 to ! ,elizabe?an /age1 ?\gh 8 arrival at its p>ticul> =m 0 n a case ( atavism b a philosophic realization ( ! true limitations ( ! !atre4 ,8 /age consi/$ ( ?ree p>ts3 a =e-/age1 rea*$ f ! re> /age1 or f ! ma9 floor ( ! auditorium by /eps upw>d1 or f doors high 9 ! walls flank+ ! prosc5ium1 :5ce /eps l$ d[n to ! /age level2 second1 ! /age prop]2 & ?ird1 an upp] /age1 or balcony1 engirdl+ ! ma9 /age4 ,?is balcony & ! space bel[ x might be v>i\sly %ut (f f ! ma9 portion ( ! /age1 by tape/ries1 lattices1 scre5s1 or sections ( sc5]y1 flat or pi]c$ ) w9d[s or doors4 ,/eps c\ld be v>i\sly plac$ to give access to ! balcony4 ,?us1 )\t ! use ( /rictly repres5tative sc5]y1 ,copeau _h a /age :i* provid$ e facility = ! pres5tation ( a play1--entrances1 exits1 & elevations4 ,x gave scope to ! necessities ( action & ! agility ( ! actor4 ,su* a con/ruction may be said to be z mu* sc5ic re=m z re=m 9 me*anics1 except t x l>gely r5d]s ! latt] unnecess>y4 ,i %\ld n deem x "p ( ! purpose ( ?is pap] to m5tion sc5ic matt]s at all1 7 x n t1 v (t51 a c]ta9 am\nt ( sc5]y1 l a c]ta9 am\nt ( light+ equipm5t1 8goes ) ! build+04 ,! contract = ! build+ & its rigg+ (t5 specifies also a 8g>d501 8pla9 *amb] numb] "o01 & 8fancy p>lor numb] ?ree01 or ! l4 ,:e!r !y are ?r[n 9 or n1 )\t extra *>ge1 !y %\ld be c\rte\sly b firmly refus$4 ,!y /unt ! timid imag9ation1 & someh[1 p]haps because !y are 8real0 sc5]y1 nev] get ?r[n away4 ,= ! sc5ic equipm5t ( ! /age ,i c d no?+ bett] ?an ref] ! read] to ! p]man5t sett+ devis$ by ,sam ,hume = ! ,detroit ,arts & ,crafts ,!atre1 ( :i* he 0 = two seasons ! director4 ,?is sett+ consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( int]*angeable units1 flats1 door pieces1 w9d[ pieces1 ar*es1 & pylons4#f ,its initial co/ is l[1 f> l[] ?an t ( sev]al sets out ( ! sc5e pa9t]'s catalogue1 & its usefulness inf9itely great]4 ,9 addition to ?is x has beauty4 #f ,mr4 ,%eldon ,*5ey 9 8 ,! ,art ,!atre has fully describ$ & illu/rat$ ?is set1 %[+ ! multiple v>iations x is capable (4 ,x may be t ! /age ( ! future is to be some?+ q diff]5t ?an t we n[ h4 ,z a !atre ( tru? supplants ! !atre ( illusion1 x may be f\nd t ! /age ( to-day does n answ] at all4 ,! !atre is und\bt$ly 9 a transitional p]iod & arti/s are /riv+ = new =ms & new me?ods ( pres5tation4 ,:at directions ^! t5d5cies may take x is n ! purpose ( ?is pap] to =eca/4 ,nor w\ld x d to advise ! adoption ( a type ( /age n yet te/$ or ( widespread use4 ,:]e !re is an exp]im5tal & creative attitude t[>d ! !atre su* types w be evolv$ )\t any su* rudim5t>y manual z ?is4 ,:]e a manual is want$1 a /age %\ld be built t c be us$ easily1 by ev]ybody :o wi%es to use x1 & :i* w give readily1 9 return = ef=t sp5t ^u x1 a rev5ue ( beauty4 ,^! pages w a*ieve en\gh if !y g a little way t[>d elim9at+ ! usual inept1 difficult con/ructions t = ^! _m ye>s h cumb]$ ! way ( folks1 "y & old1 :o wi% to ent]ta9 !mselves 9 ! !atre4 ,m & m1 !y seek su* ent]ta9m5t at _! own h&s4 ,m & m1 _! ef=ts are be+ fo/]$ by educational bodies & organizations alli$ ) ! !atre4 ,su* aid z ?is pamphlet may br+ !m is hopefully d$icat$ to _! s]vice4 ,a ,,select$ ,,bibliography ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,descriptive ,m>t9 ,hammitzs*1 ,d] ,mod]ne ,!at]bau 7,teil ,i74 ,b]l93 ,e4 ,wasmu?1 #aije4 7,?is is p]haps ! be/ book on ! hi/orical aspect1 al?\gh only ! fir/ volume has s f> appe>$47 ,edw9 ,o4 ,sa*s & ,e4 ,a4 ,woodw>d1 ,mod]n ,op]a ,h\ses & ,!atres4 #c volumes4 ,london3 ,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d4 #ahif-ih4 7,?is monum5tal & v useful s]ies is g5]ally consid]$ ! /&>d descriptive & te*nical "w1 b is n[ some:at out ( date47 ,edw9 ,o4 ,sa*s1 ,/age ,con/ruction4 ,london3 ,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d1 #ahih4 7,a supplem5t to ! above47 ,manfr$ ,semp]1 ,!at]4 ,/uttg>t3 ,arnold ,b]g/rss]1 #aijd4 7,h&bu* d] ,ar*itektur1 ,teil #d1 ,halb-,b& #f1 ,heft #e47 ,roy ,c4 ,flick+]1 ,! ,greek ,!atre & ,its ,drama4 ,*icago3 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aiah4 7,conta9s ! be/ summ>y ( ! conflict+ views ab\t ! =m ( ! anci5t !atre47 ,ar?ur ,elam ,haigh1 ,! ,attic ,!atre4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$4 ,ox=d3 ,! ,cl>5don ,press1 #aijg4 7,a /&>d "w on ! ,greek ,!atre47 ,br&] ,mat!ws1 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,drama4 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company1 #aiaj4 7,*apt] ,,iii treats ( ! =m ( ! !atre 9 relation to ! =ms ( drama47 ,william ,h>vey ,birkmire1 ,! ,plann+ & ,con/ruction ( ,am]ican ,!atres4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,wiley & ,sons1 #ahif4 7,conta9s _m plans & descriptions ( ! old] ,am]ican !atres47 ,max ,littmann1 ,das ,mn*n] ,kn/l]!at]4 ,muni*3 ,i4 ,w]n]1 #aijh4 7,a monograph describ+ "o ( ! be/ small !atres 9 ,europe1 fully illu/rat$ ) plans & photographs47 ,julius ,bab1 ,die ,volksbhne 9 ,b]l94 ,b]l93 ,e4 ,wasmu?1 #aiai4 7,describes & illu/rates "o ( ! be/ l>ge build+s ( ! 8p's !atre0 type47 ,max ,littmann1 ,die ,knigli*5 ,h(!at] 9 ,/uttg>t4 ,d>m/adt3 ,a4 ,ko*1 #aiab4 7,describes & illu/rates an excell5t example ( ! in/itutional or 8c\rt0 playh\se1 9 a build+ conta9+ two complete !atres47 ,,te*nical ,edw>d ,b]n>d ,k9sila1 ,mod]n ,!atre ,con/ruction4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,mov+ ,picture ,_w1 #aiag4 ,ar?ur ,s4 ,meloy1 ,!atres & ,motion ,picture ,h\ses4 ,new ,york3 ,ar*itects' ,supply & ,publi%+ ,company1 #aiaf4 ,william ,paul ,g]h>d1 ,!atres3 ,_! ,safety f ,fire & ,panic1 ,_! ,com=t & ,heal?fulness4 ,new ,york3 ,bak] & ,taylor1 #aiae4 ,ar?ur ,edw9 ,krews1 ,play ,production 9 ,am]ica4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt & ,company1 #aiaf4 7,conta9s brief b compreh5sive *apt]s on /age ma*9]y1 light+1 & o!r te*nical matt]s47 ,bhn5 ,beleu*tung ,sy/em ,=tuny4 7,describes ! important ,=tuny light+ sy/em47 ,,sc5]y ,edw>d ,gordon ,craig1 ,t[>ds a ,new ,!atre3 ,=ty ,designs = ,/age ,sc5es4 ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton & ,company1 #aiac4 ,jacques ,r\*1 ,l',art ,?trale ,mod]ne4 ,p>is3 ,ed\>d ,cornly ,cie41 #aiaj4 ,%eldon ,*5ey1 ,! ,art ,!atre4 ,new ,york3 ,alfr$ ,knopf1 #aiag4 ,hiram ,kelly ,mod]well1 ,! ,!atre ( ,to-,day4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,lane ,company1 #aiad4 ,!atre ,arts ,magaz9e4 #aiaf to date4 7,conta9s sev]al hundr$ illu/rations ( /age sett+s1 /age plans1 etc47 ,,!atre ,,arts ,,magaz9e ,an ,illu/rat$ ,qu>t]ly ,subscription price1 #b4jj a ye> ,,back ,,numb]s conta9+ articles1 plays & sket*es by ,gordon ,craig ,lee ,simonson ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats ,rob]t ,e4 ,jones ,gilb]t ,cannan ,/>k ,"y ,walt] ,pri*>d ,eaton ,susan ,glaspell ,eug5e ,o',neill ,sam ,hume ,ar?ur ,hopk9s ,rollo ,pet]s ,zoe ,atk9s ,john ,dr9kwat] ,,prices--,,unb\nd--,,po/paid ,volumes ,i-,,iv 7complete71 #bj4jj2 ,volume ,,ii1 #c4jj2 ,volume ,,iv1 #d4jj4 7,volumes ,i & ,,iii sold only ) complete sets74 ,all issues except ^? = ,febru>y & ,may #aiag1 ,may #aiah1 ,octob] #aiai1 ,janu>y & ,octob] #aibj1 c /ill be _h s+ly at #ge c5ts4 ,,special3 ,volume ,i-,,iv1 b\nd1 #be4jj4 ,,!atre ,,arts ,,magaz9e ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,p]ceiv$ typographical errors h be5 *ang$4