,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,9 p>ticul> ! au?or uses ,kavah9 = :at is n[ normally ref]r$ to z ,kava94 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,,!sis pres5t$ = ! degree ( ,,ma/] ,,( ,,sci5ce at ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,hawaii ,,june #aiae by ,,alice ,a4 ,,ball4 ,! ,!sis1 h]e)1 on 8,! ,*emical ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,active ,pr9ciple ( ! ,ava ,root0 by ,alice ,a4 ,ball1 cle>ly demon/rates h] ability to d orig9al "w & to pres5t h] results 9 logical =m4 ,approv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,f4 ,ill+wor? ,*air ( ! ,committee on ,advanc$ ,degrees4 ,college ( ,hawaii1 ,may #ad1 #aiae4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,pip] ,,me?y/icum ,,or ,,! ,,*emical ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,! ,,active ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,ava ,,root4 ,,index4 ,page #a4 ,hi/orical #a #b4 ,me?od ( ,extraction #g #c4 ,me?od ( ,sep>ation ( ! ,res9s #i #d4 ,v>i\s ,metallic ,salts ( ! ,res9\s ,acids #ab #e4 ,! ,total ,res9s #ac #f4 ,! ,b>ium ,acid #ae #g4 ,oxidation ,products ( ! ,b>ium ,acids #ba #h4 ,! ,iron ,acids #bh #i4 ,oxidation ( ! ,iron ,acids & ! ,free ,acids #cc #aj4 ,alcohol ,radicals #cd #aa4 ,me?y/ic9 & ,me?y/ic9ic ,acid #cf #ab4 ,physiological ,action #ch #ac4 ,conclusion #dc ,,hi/orical4 8,among ! cu/oms peculi> to ! inhabitants ( ! ,s\? ,pacific ,isl&s1 p]haps ! mo/ not$ is t ( ! prep>ation & dr9k+ ( a n>cotic bev]age call$ ava1 kava1 or yakona4 ,mu* ( its notoriety arises f ! repulsive way 9 :i* x is sometimes made4 ,aside f ?is1 x is *>act]i/ic ( a c]ta9 oceanic area1 & seems to be z /rik+ly limit$ to ?is area z is ! /ick-&-groove me?od ( mak+ fire4 ,! cu/om1 is n conf9$ to "o e?nic /ock1 _m notices 9 lit]ature %[+ t bo? ,papuans & ,polynesians practise x4 ,9 _m ( ! isl&s ! ,liquor is concoct$ by *ew+ ! root ( ! ,macropip] me?y/icum1 or long pepp]1 eject+ ! comm9ut$ mass into a b[l1 add+ wat]1 /ra9+ out ! pulp1 & dr9k+ ! fluid4 ,9 o!r localities x is made by simply grat+ ! root & add+ wat]4 8,! plant f :i* kava is made is a %rub ( ! natural ord] ,pip]aceae4 ,x is ab\t six feet high ) /ems rang+ f an in* to an in* & a half 9 ?ickness2 ! leaves are cordate & f f\r to eight in*es long4 ,?is family is ! s\rce ( ! pepp] ( comm]ce & conta9s sev]al species t are ( m$ic9al & comm]cial importance4 ,9 mak+ kava1 ! root & base ( ! /em is us$4 ,! roots usually weigh f two to f\r p\nds1 ?\gh sometimes z mu* z #bb p\nds4 ,sev]al v>ieties are di/+ui%$ by ! natives2 = in/ance1 9 ,tahiti !re is a yell[ v>iety call$ ,m>ea2 ano!r1 :i* becomes p9k on exposure to ! air1 is call$ av9i-ute4 8,*ew$ :5 fre%ly ga!r$1 ! root fir/ ta/es sweet & aromatic1 !n bitt]1 acrid & pung5t4 ,x provokes abundant secretion ( saliva & 9 a few seconds occasions a s5sation ( burn+ on ! tongue4 ,! root conta9s ab\t fifty p]c5t ( />*1 a little pale-yell[ ess5tial oil1 two p]c5t ( an acrid res91 & "o p]c5t ( ! neutral cry/all9e pr9ciple me?y/ic91 call$ kavah94 ,to ! latt] pr9ciple we mu/ attribute ! toxic qualities ( ! kava prep>ation4 ,! res9 & ! kavah9 are insoluble 9 wat]1 b are soluble 9 saliva & ! ga/ric juices4 8,9 ,samoa1 ! ava root is grat$ or *ew$1 !n soak$1 ! woody pulp /ra9$ (f1 & ! fluid drunk4 ,! root is us$ ei!r dry or gre54 ,! flavor ( ! liquid is at fir/ l t ( soapsuds1 b imm$iately aft]w>d a pleasant aromatic ta/e is imp>t$1 fa9tly bitt]1 z 9 qu99e4 ,9 ,samoa1 ava dr9k+ is ! accompanim5t ( all meet+s ( ! m54 8,kava is at fir/ /imulat+1 b ! effect ( an excess resembles t ( opium1 produc+ a dr[sy drunk5ness1 la/+ = two h\rs4 ,! inebriate is usually peaceable1 b sometimes is irritat$ by noises1 :i* is attribut$ by natives to ! use ( kava gr[n 9 moi/ gr\nd4 ,! results ( excess are sk9 disease1 emaciation1 & g5]al decrepitude4 ,! peculi> :it5ess ( ! sk9 caus$ by kava dr9k+ is said to be s\ght aft] 9 "s isl&s z a sign t its possessor is weal?y en\gh to devote 8 "t to its acquirem5t4 8,!re is "s misappreh5sion 9 reg>d to :e!r ! liquid und]goes f]m5tation be=e x is consum$1 b x is positively kn[n t !re c be no f]m5tation1 = ! liquor is drunk imm$iately aft] ! addition ( wat] to ! mac]at$ root4 ,kava t is prep>$ by *ew+ is said to be m palatable1 :i* is p]haps due to ! conv]sion ( ! />* into a f]m5table sub/ance by ! ptyal9 ( ! saliva40#a #a--;,by ,walt] ,h\gh--,repr9t$ f ,smi?sonian ,miscellane\s ,collections--,no4 #adgb--;,augu/ #aijd4 8,kava ,dr9k+ z ,practis$ by ! ,papuans & ,polynesians40 8,9 #aggi ,capta9 ,k+1 ,r4 ,n41 :o foll[$ ,capta9 ,cook to ! ,isl&s1 describes ! case ( a prie/ z foll[s #8a little old man ( an emaciat$ figure1 8 eyes exce$+ly sore & r$1 & 8 body cov]$ ) a :ite lepr\s scurf1 ! effects ( an immod]ate use ( ava4' ,he also says1 #8,! *iefs suff] dreadful effects f ! immod]ate use ( ava4 ,^? :o are mo/ affect$ by x _h _! bodies cov]$ ) a :ite scurf1 _! eyes r$ & inflam$1 _! limbs emaciat$1 _! :ole frame trembl+ & accompani$ ) a disability to raise ! head4'0#b #b 8,leprosy ,prize ,essays10 #bnd s]ies by ,?ompson & ,cantile1 #ahig4 ,f4 ,a4 ,griel1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t 9 a foot note4 8,! mixture is a subn>cotic1 & if drunk by ,european sailors produces highly nause\s effects4 ,if frequ5tly tak5 a dry burn+ heat is produc$ all ov] ! body1 ! eyes become r$1 sk9 peels (f 9 flakes & !n deg5]ates into lepr\s ulc]s or ! :ole body becomes emaciat$ & wa/es away40#c #c ,miquel1 ,sy/ema ,pip]ace>um4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to isolate ! active *emical con/itu5t or con/itu5ts4 ,z e>ly z #ahdd ,morson discov]$ an active pr9cipal ,kaw9e4 ,?is is a gre5i%-yell[1 /rongly aromatic & acrid res94 ,?is 0 aga9 /udi$ by ,cuzant 9 #ahfj4 ,gobley isolat$ f kava root a cry/all9e pr9ciple 7analog\s to pip]971 me?y/ic91 or kavah91 :i* is )\t odor & ta/e & is probably in]t4#d ,9 #ahhf ,lew9 sep>at$ ! res9 into two res9s1 ( :i* ! ,beta res9 is greasy & ( a r$di%-br[n color1 appe>+ 9 mass almo/ black4 ,?is is less active ?an ! alpha res9 :i* is yell[i% br[n1 has ! *>act]i/ic odor ( ! drug1 is freely soluble 9 alcohol1 & plac$ ^u ! tongue produces a burn+ s5sation foll[$ by local anae/hesia4#e #d ,j4 ,p4 ,c4 ,jan4 #ahfj4 #e ,a4 ,j4 ,p4 #ahhf1 #dej4 ,a volatile oil has be5 f\nd 9 ! root4#f #f ,j4 ,p4 ,c4 ,m>* #ahfb4 ,lavialle claim$ to h obta9$ an alkaloid1 ,kava9e4#g #g ,l',union ,ph>m4 ,jan4 #ahhi4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t 0 f\nd 9 8,watts ,*emical ,diction>y01 8,kawa9--a cry/all9e res9 occurr+ along ) me?y/ic9 9 kawa-kawa1 ,x is n a glucoside4 ,on oxidation x yields b5zoic acid4#h #h ,gobley1 ,j4 ,ph4 7#c7 #cg1 #ai4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t appe>s 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 8,!re appe>s to be little d\bt t ! active pr9ciple 9 ?is bev]age is a poison ( an alkaloidal nature4 ,x seems likely t ?is sub/ance is n pres5t z su* 7i4e4 z a free alkaloid7 9 ! plant1 b t x exi/s 9 ! =m ( a glucoside1 & t by ! process ( *ew+1 ?is glucoside is split up by "o ( ! f]m5ts 9 ! saliva & ! free alkaloid & sug> is =m$04 ,ar?ur ,boss+ham#i communicates ! results ( a *emical exam9ation ( ,kava-kava4 ,besides ! cry/all9e body1 me?y/ic91 :i* has already be5 describ$ by o!rs1 he 0 able to isolate & id5tify ?ree res9s1 "o soluble 9 #e solution ( potassium c>bonate1 ! second insoluble 9 ?is1 b soluble 9 #e solution ( cau/ic pota%1 :ile ! ?ird 0 insoluble 9 bo? ( ^! alkal9e solv5ts1 ,! a% am\nts to #b4die ( ! air dri$ root1 & conta9$ besides m]e traces ( ,fe1 ,mn1 ma9ly ,calcium1 ,sodium & ,potassium4#aj #i ,proc4 ,a4 ,ph4 ,a4 #ahih1 #efd4 #aj ,proc4 ,wisc4 ,ph>m4 ,assos4 #ahih1 #ec1 #ee4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,extraction4 ,! fre% rhizome 0 *opp$ up & !n gr\nd up by means ( a meat *opp]4 ,9 ! prelim9>y "w ! mat]ial 0 dri$ 9 a vacuum ov5 at a temp]ature n exce$+ =ty degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,9 ! lat] "w ! mat]ial 0 rapidly dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,?is op]ation requir$ ab\t two days "t4 ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly dri$1 ! mat]ial 0 f9ely p[d]$1 & !n extract$ ) e!r4 ,! foll[+ cont9u\s extraction app>atus 0 us$4 ,due to ! extreme rapidity ) :i* ! e!r evaporat$1 x 0 necess>y to surr\nd ! coils ) ice s z to keep ! cond5s]s cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( app>atus ,,me?od ,,( ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,res9s4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! cry/all9e me?y/ic9 f ! extract1 ! foll[+ me?od ( sep>ation ( ! res9\s products 0 us$4 ,! free acids 7 remov$ by %ak+ ! total res9s successively ) solutions ( "o p]c5t ammonium c>bonate1 "o p]c5t sodium c>bonate & "o p]c5t sodium hydroxide4 ,! acids ?us remov$ 7 recov]$ by treat+ ! alkal9e solution ) dilute hydro*loric acid & %ak+ out ) e!r4 ,! ?ree acids 7 n m>k$ly diff]5t 9 _! physical prop]ties4 ,!y possess$ ! *>act]i/ic odor ( ! crude drug1 7 visc\s1 br[n 9 color & did n solidify at m9us t5 degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,^! free acids con/itute ab\t five p]c5t ( ! total res9s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! extract 0 treat$ ) alcoholic potassium hydroxide & saponifi$ by heat+ ! solution to ab\t eighty degrees = fifte5 m9utes4 ,aft] ! alcohol 0 remov$ by di/illation a small quantity ( wat] 0 add$4 ,?is result+ solution 0 !n extract$ ) e!r to remove ! alcohol radical or radicals & ! unsaponifiable mat]ial f ! saponifi$ product4 ,! e!r extract 0 sav$ to be us$ 9 ! "w on ! alcohol radicals4 ,! aque\s portion 0 evaporat$ to a semi-solid mass4 ,c>bon dioxide 0 pass$ ov] ?is mass = ab\t fifte5 m9utes to *ange any excess ( potassium hydroxide to potassium c>bonate4 ,alcohol 7#ie7 0 !n add$ to precipitate ! c>bonate4 ,! c>bonate 0 !n filt]$ (f & wat] add$ to ! filtrate4 ,to ! cle> filtrate a solution ( b>ium *loride 0 add$4 ,imm$iately a d5se ?ick cream yell[ precipitate =m$4 ,b>ium *loride 0 add$ 9 excess4 ,! b>ium salt 0 filt]$ (f by means ( a suction pump & ! precipitate wa%$ ) wat]4 ,! filtrate 0 treat$ ) a few drops m ( b>ium *loride s z to be sure t an excess _h be5 add$1 :i* 0 prov5 if no fur!r precipitate =m$4 ,to ?is cle> filtrate an excess ( a solution ( f]ric *loride 0 add$4 ,imm$iately a ?ick heavy precipitate ( ! iron salt came d[n1 :i* 0 filt]$ (f by means ( a suction pump & ! precipitate wa%$ ) wat]4 ,! b>ium precipitate 0 treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid & heat$ to boil+ to decompose ! b>ium res9ate1 & to lib]ate ! free res9 acid4 ,! lib]at$ acid 0 a br[n res9 ( a ?9 consi/5cy & _h a *>act]i/ic odor4 ,?is acid 0 remov$ by %ak+ out ) e!r4 ,! e!real solution 0 dri$ ) anhydr\s sodium sulphate1 filt]$1 & ! e!r remov$ by di/illation4 ,! la/ traces ( e!r 7 remov$ by heat+ ! res9 acids 9 a vacuum ov5 at sixty five degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,?is res9\s acid is ! acid spok5 h]eaft] 9 ?is pap] z ! ,,b>ium ,,acid4 ,! iron precipitate 0 treat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid 7f]ric *loride is soluble 9 e!r & f]ric sulphate is n7 & heat$ to boil+ to decompose ! iron res9ate4 ,! acid :5 lib]at$ _h a /rong *>act]i/ic aromatic odor4 ,x 0 extract$ ) e!r 9 ! same mann] z ! b>ium acid4 ,?is res9\s acid is ! acid spok5 ( 9 ?is pap] z ! ,,iron ,,acid4 ,! res9\s extract left aft] ! removal ( ! cry/all9e me?y/ic9 is spok5 ( z ! ,,total ,,res9s4 ,! res9 acids remov$ by ! prelim9>y %ak+ out ) ! v>i\s aque\s alkalies are spok5 ( z ! ,,total ,,free ,,acids4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,metallic ,,salts ,,( ,,! ,,res9\s ,,acids4 ,aft] obta9+ ! potassium salts ( ! acids & hav+ fre$ ! same f ! excess ( ! potassium hydroxide & potassium c>bonate1 ! possibilities ( ! =mation ( diff]5t metallic salts 7 tri$4 ,! soluble salts ( ! foll[+ metals yield$ precipitates3-- ,manganese ,b>ium ,cobalt ,silv] ,m]cury ,iron ,z9c ,copp] ,calcium ,lead ,! foll[+ metallic salts gave a complete precipitation3-- ,silv] ,iron 7f]ric7 ,manganese ,s9ce ! b>ium & iron 7f]ric7 salts gave ! be/ means ( sep>ation1 !y 7 us$ to sep>ate ! res9s4 ,,! ,,total ,,res9s4 ,! total res9s 7 br[n 9 color1 ?ick syrupy consi/5cy & possess$ ! *>act]i/ic odor ( ! drug4 ,a molecul> weight det]m9ation 0 made 9 ! same mann] z ) ! ,b>ium acids1 & ! foll[+ data obta9$4 ,wt4 ( pipette be=e #ah4gffj ,wt4 ( pipette aft] #ad4gafj ,wt4 ( res9 us$ #d4jejj ,temp]ature be=e #c4eb ,temp]ature aft] #c4ga ,*ange 9 temp]ature 4#ah ,volume #cg cc4 ,con/ant = solv5t #cbhj ,approximate molecul> weight #bjjj ,combu/ions 7 made & ! foll[+ data obta9$4 ,wt4 ( boat #c4dgbb #c4dgbj ,wt4 ( boat & res9 #c4fcee #c4fbbj ,wt4 ( res9 4#afcc 4#aejj ,sulphuric acid tube #gi4ajea #gi4chfe ,tube plus wat] #gi4bjgc #gi4dggj ,wat] 4#ajbb 4#jije ,hydrog5 equival5t 4#jaacf 4#jajjf ,,koh bulb #di4dcaf #ej4hgbj ,bulb plus c>bon dioxide #di4hcej #ea4bdcj ,c>bon dioxide 4#djcd 4#cgaj ,c>bon equival5t 4#abajb 4#ajaj ,p]c5t ,c>bon #fg4ca #fg4c ,p]c5t ,hydrog5 #f4i #f4g ,p]c5t ,oxyg5 #bf4h #bg4j ,! total res9s :5 plac$ on ! end ( ! tongue produc$ a m>k$ /++ s5sation foll[$ by a local anae/hesia4 ,aft] ! fir/ /++ 0 produc$ ! s5sation 0 r pleasant4 ,! local anae/hesia p]si/$ a long "t1 giv+ a s5sation mu* ! same z t produc$ by coca9e4 ,! b>ium & iron acids also produc$ ?is local anae/hesia1 b ! initial /++ s5sation 0 mu* m pron\nc$1 :i* 0 probably due to ! acid nature ( ! sub/ance4 ,,! ,,b>ium ,,acid4 ,! res9\s mat]ial us$ & spok5 ( z ! 8,b>ium ,acid0 is ! mat]ial prep>$ & s nam$ z giv5 "u ! 8,me?od ( ,sep>ation04 ,,physical ,,prop]ties3--,d>k r$di% br[n 9 color1 syrupy 9 consi/5cy & has a *>act]i/ic odor2 heavi] ?an wat]2 soluble 9 b5zol1 e!r1 alcohol & acetone1 b insoluble 9 petroleum e!r & wat]4 ,?is res9 con/itutes ab\t sixty p]c5t ( ! total e/] res9s2 i4e4 ! res9s left aft] ! free acids h be5 remov$ ) aque\s potassium hydroxide4 ,an analysis ( ! b>ium salt obta9$ by precipitation f ! potassium soap 0 made & ! foll[+ data obta9$3-- ,wt4 ( sub/ance us$ #a4agae 4#ehfj ,wt4 ( b>ium sulphate 4#ddcj 4#bbje ,b>ium equival5t 4#bfjf 4#abih ,p]c5t b>ium #bb4b #bb4a ,! foll[+ me?od 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! above analysis4 ,! weigh$ mat]ial 0 ignit$ 9 a plat9um crucible by g5tly heat+ until ! combu/ible gases =m$ 7 giv5 (f4 ,! crucible 0 !n m /rongly heat$ to completely burn (f ! c>bonace\s mat]ial left4 ,! residue 0 extract$ ) nitric acid & ! b>ium precipitat$ z ! sulphate ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! weight ( ! b>ium sulphate det]m9$4 ,express$ z ! ,,acid ,,numb]1 or ! numb] ( milligrams ( potassium hydroxide requir$ to neutralize ! free acids 9 "o gram ( ! sub/ance1 ! foll[+ data 0 obta9$3-- ,b>ium equival5t 4#bfjf 4#abih ,b>ium express$ z ,,koh equiv4 4#baca 4#ajfb ,wt4 ( mat]ial us$ #a4agae 4#ehfj ,milligrams ( ,,koh p] gram #aha4i #aha4c ,,acid ,,numb] #aha4i #aha4c ,! foll[+ gives ! ,,acid ,,numb] obta9$ by direct titration ( ! b>ium acid2 9 8,a01 b>ium hydroxide 0 us$ & 9 8,b01 sodium hydroxide 0 us$4 ,a small quantity ( ! mat]ial 0 dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( neutraliz$ alcohol to give a liquid ( a light yell[ color1 ,ph5olph?ale9 0 us$ z ! indicator1 & ! alkali 0 add$ until a r$ color 0 produc$4 8,a0 8,b0 ,wt4 ( sub/ance 4#fafj 4#bcde ,cc4 ( alkalie #d4ed #a4ge ,,koh equiv4 p] gram #da4dj #da4ij ,acid numb] #da4dj #da4ij ,on evaporat+ a portion ( ! alcohol f ! mat]ial left aft] titrat+ ) ! sodium hydroxide1 & add+ wat] to obta9 an aque\s solution ( ! sodium salt1 an emulsion 0 =m$1 & on /&+ globules ( ! free res9\s acid sep>at$4 ,f ! data ?us obta9$1 x c readily be se5 t ! acid or acids :i* con/itute ! ,,b>ium ,,acid mu/ h a numb] ( c>boxyl gr\ps & =m a diff]5t s]ies ( salts by precipitation ?an by direct titration4 ,! salt or salts =m$ by direct titration1 al?\gh neutral to ph5ol?ale9 may be acid 9 /ructure4 ,?is is fur!r %[n by ! fact t ! potassium salts produc$ by direct titration are readily hydrolyz$4 ,! acid numb] obta9$ by ! precipitation ( ! b>ium salt may be call$ ! ,,comb9+ ,,value1 & ! acid numb] obta9$ by titration ! ,,titration ,,value4 ,a numb] ( molecul> weight det]m9ations 7 made on ! free b>ium acid4 ,mc,coy's ,boil+ ,po9t ,app>atus 0 us$ & ,m]k's b5zol 7free f ?ioph5e7 0 us$ z ! solv5t4 ,a weigh+ pipette ) a bulb 0 us$ to introduce ! mat]ial1 ! bulb be+ weigh$ be=e ! mat]ial 0 introduc$ into ! app>atus1 & aft]w>ds1 ! diff]5ce be+ ! weight ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,wt4 ( pipette 7be=e7 #af4cfgj #ad4hhie ,wt4 ( pipette 7aft]7 #ad4hhie #ab4dfaj ,wt4 ( mat]ial us$ #a4ebbe #b4dbhe ,orig9al temp]ature #c4ec #c4ec ,f9al temp]ature #c4fj #c4fb-c ,*ange 9 temp]ature 4#jg 4#ji ,volume ( solution #cg cc #dc4e cc ,con/ant = solv5t #cbhj #cbhj ,approx4 ,molecul> ,wt4 #bjjj #bajj or #ahjj ,combu/ions 7 made us+ ! b>ium acids4 ,by qualitative te/s x 0 f\nd t ! acids conta9$ only c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,! foll[+ gives ! results ( ! combu/ions4 ,wt4 ( boat #b4hdjb #b4hdjb ,wt4 ( boat & res9 #c4jejj #c4jbej ,wt4 ( res9 4#bjih 4#ahdh ,wt4 ( ,h#b,,s#d tube #gh4jbej #gh4adae ,wt4 ( tube plus wat] #gh4aebj #gh4beej ,wt4 ( wat] 4#abgj 4#aace ,hydrog5 equiv4 4#jadc 4#jabf ,wt4 ( ,,koh bulb #dh4hadj #ea4gjie ,wt4 ( bulb plus ,,co#b #di4chjj #eb4bjhe ,wt4 ( ,,co#b 4#effj 4#diij ,c>bon equiv4 4#aedc 4#acfa ,p]c5t ,hydrog5 #gh4e #gc4f ,p]c5t ,c>bon #f4h #f4h ,p]c5t ,oxyg5 #ai4g #ai4f ,an attempt 0 made to make ! potassium salts ( ! b>ium acids by saponification ) alcoholic pota%4 ,a small quantity ( ! acid 0 treat$ ) an excess ( t5 p]c5t alcoholic pota% & heat$ to eighty degrees ,c5tigrade to complete ! saponification4 ,in/ead ( ! =mation ( ! potassium salts1 a ?ick d>k br[n solid1 gummy mass sep>at$4 ,on cool+ x solidifi$ to a brittle solid :i* _h all ! physical prop]ties ( a true res94 ,?is solid is soluble 9 e!r1 *lor(orm & b5zol1 slightly soluble 9 alcohol & insoluble 9 petroleum e!r & wat]4 ,x burns )\t ! =mation ( an a%4 ,evid5tly1 ?is brittle mat]ial is a cond5sation product ( ! orig9al b>ium acid4 ,,oxidation ,,products ,,( ,,! ,,b>ium ,,acids4 ,a small am\nt ( ! ,b>ium acids 0 seal$ ) conc5trat$ nitric acid 9 a h>d glass tube & heat$ 9 a bomb furnace = an h\r & a half at #aae to #abj degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,on cool+ a yell[ solid sep>at$4 ,qualitative te/s %[$ t ?is oxidation product conta9$ no nitrog51 comb9$ ) sodium hydroxide readily1 is soluble 9 hot wat]1 slightly soluble 9 cold wat]1 easily soluble 9 e!r1 alcohol & b5zol & slightly soluble 9 c>bon tetra*loride4 ,x decolorizes alkal9e p]manganate b does n decolorize brom9e wat]4 ,t !re are a numb] ( int]m$iate products =m$ & t nitration also takes place dur+ ! =mation ( ^! int]m$iate products is %[n by ! foll[+4 ,a small quantity ( ! acids 7 plac$ 9 a te/ tube & cov]$ ) conc5trat$ nitric acid4 ,?is 0 susp5d$ 9 an ,h#b,,s#d ba? & a !rmomet] ins]t$ s z to obs]ve ! temp]ature4 ,on be+ g5tly w>m$ ! nitric acid & ! res9 began to react ) a rapid evolution ( c>bon dioxide & oxides ( nitrog54 ,z soon z ! reaction _h modifi$ & be=e ! temp]ature rose above "o hundr$ degrees ,c5tigrade1 a small am\nt 0 remov$ & add$ to wat]4 ,"s ( ! solid acid 0 =m$ & also a numb] ( globules ( oil & !re 0 a /rong p]si/5t odor ( nitrob5z5e4 ,! orig9al te/ tube 0 heat$ to ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty degrees c5tigrade & a small portion aga9 remov$4 ,!re 0 m ( ! solid mat]ial =m$ & ! odor 0 simil> to vanill9 or c\m>9 or c9namic aldehyde4 ,! te/ tube 0 aga9 te/$ :5 ! temp]ature _h rea*$ "o hundr$ & ?irty five degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,!re 0 no aromatic odor & a l>ge am\nt ( ! solid =m$4 ,:5 view$ "u ! microscope ! sub/ance _h ! appe>ance ( curl$ ?reads4 ,:5 ! b>ium acids 7 treat$ ) ! /&>d nitrat+ mixture1 a solid 0 obta9$ :i* %[$ ! pres5ce ( nitrog5 :5 ! /&>d te/ 0 appli$4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y te/s 7 made1 ! foll[+ me?od ( prep>ation 0 us$4 ,two or ?ree grams ( ! b>ium acids 7 introduc$ into a h>d glass tube ( ab\t ?irty c5timet]s 9 l5g? & fifte5 or tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ nitric acid add$4 ,! reaction :i* is v vigor\s at fir/ 0 regulat$ by keep+ ! tube "u runn+ wat]4 ,aft] ?is vigor\s action 0 ov] ! tube 0 plac$ 9 a sulphuric acid ba?1 & ! temp]ature gradually increas$ until x _h rea*$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty five degrees ,c5tigrade1 at :i* temp]ature x 0 kept = ab\t five h\rs4 ,x 0 necess>y to add a small quantities ( nitric acid f "t to "t to make up ! loss by evaporation4 ,:5 ! oxidation 0 complet$ ! product 0 p\r$ into wat] & !n heat$ to boil+4 ,! result+ solution 0 filt]$ & ! filtrate all[$ to cool4 ,on /&+ a quantity ( a pale yell[ sub/ance sep>at$4 ,! foll[+ data gives ! p]c5t yield ( ?is oxidation product4 ,wt4 ( conta9] #f4gbbj ,wt4 ( conta9] & sub/ance #g4eibj ,wt4 ( sub/ance 4#hgjj ,wt4 ( oxidation product 4#abdj ,p]c5t yield #ad ,! oxidation product 0 dri$ by plac+ x 9 a vacuum ov] sulphuric acid = sev]al days4 ,! neutralization equival5t ( ?is crude oxidation product 0 #aeg4 ,wt4 ( sub/ance us$ 4#jejb ,numb] ,cc4 ( ,na,o,h ,n_/#aj #c4b cc4 ,neutralization equival5t #aeg ,! oxidation product 0 heat$ on a wat* cry/al & ! sublimate all[$ to collect on a funnel4 ,! fir/ sublimate gave a melt+ po9t ( #aji degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,combu/ions 7 made on ?is sublimate ) ! foll[+ results4 7#a7 ,c #ff ,h #d4g 7#b7 ,c #fe4g ,h #d4h 7#c7 ,c #fe4ae ,h #d4h 7#d7 ,c #fe4h ,h #d4he ,! neutralization equival5t 0 obta9$ by titrat+ an alcoholic solution ( ! sublimate ) /&>d sodium hydroxide4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ on two diff]5t lots ( ! sublim$ oxidation product4 ,wt4 ( sub/ance 4#ji 4#ajjf ,cc4 ( alkali ,n_/#aj #g cc #g4i;cc ,neutralization equiv4 #abh4f #abg4c ,us+ a ?ird sample ! neutralization equival5t 0 obta9$ f ! analysis ( ! silv] salt4 ,! silv] salt 0 =m$ by add+ silv] nitrate solution to a c>efully neutraliz$ solution ( ! sublimate4 ,! insoluble silv] salt 0 filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) wat] to remove ! excess ( silv] nitrate1 & dri$ 9 a vacuum ov] sulphuric acid = sev]al days4 ,a weigh$ quantity ( ! silv] salt 0 ignit$ 9 a plat9um crucible & ! residue ( metallic silv] 0 weigh$4 ,! foll[+ data 7 obta9$ us+ mat]ial f ! same sample = ea* analysis4 ,wt4 ( di% #ab4hhbe #ab4hhbf ,wt4 ( di% & sub/ance #ac4jjfj #ac4acaj ,wt4 ( sub/ance 4#abce 4#bdhd ,wt4 ( di% & silv] #ab4idjj #ab4iihj ,wt4 ( silv] 4#jege 4#aaed ,neutralization equiv4 #abe #abe4c ,us+ ! same sample1 a neutralization equival5t 0 obta9$ by titration ) /&>d ,na,o,h4 ,wt4 ( sub/ance 4#jiab ,n_/#aj ,na,o,h #g4be;cc ,neutralization equiv4 #abe4h ,! above data %[s t ! sublimate is a mixture4 ,no empirical =mula c be calculat$ f ! combu/ions1 & diff]5t samples give diff]5t neutralization equival5ts al?\gh ! duplicate det]m9ations on ! same sample %[$ good agreem5t ?us demon/rat+ ! reliability ( ! me?ods4 ,by fractional sublimation x 0 possible to obta9 fractions ) diff]5t melt+ po9ts4 ,! fir/ sublimate melt$ %>ply at #aji degrees4 ,f ! la/ fraction x 0 possible to sep>ate "s cry/als t melt at #bjj degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,^! might possibly be p-acetyl-b5zoic acid1 z its prop]ties ( solubility1 cry/all9e =m1 its melt+ po9t & p[] ( sublimation agree ) ^? ( p-acetyl-b5zoic acid4 ,^? cry/als t appe>$ id5tical ) b5zoic acid 7 plac$ 9 a melt+ po9t tube1 & "s kn[n b5zoic acid 7f toluol7 0 plac$ 9 ano!r tube4 ,^! two tubes 7 plac$ 9 ! same sulphuric acid conta9] & _! melt+ po9ts tak5 at ! same "t4 ,!y melt$ at ! same temp]ature4 ,! sublimate _h a v pleasant aromatic odor resembl+ b5zo94 ,x gave no coloration ) f]ric *loride1 ?us elim9at+ a l>ge gr\p ( aromatic comp\nds4 ,"s ( ! cry/als 7 f\nd to be id5tical ) b5zoic acid :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,! *>act]i/ic odor ( me?yl b5zoate 0 produc$ :5 a small quantity ( ! cry/als 7 heat$ ) me?yl alcohol & conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,on treat+ "s ( ! c>efully neutraliz$ product ) f]ric *loride solution1 a fle% color$ precipitate 0 =m$4 ,x agre$ closely 9 its analysis ) ! precipitate =m$ ) kn[n b5zoic acid4 ,! filtrate left aft] ! removal ( ! iron precipitate 0 acidifi$ & extract$ ) e!r1 & ! e!r remov$ by evaporation4 ,! result+ sub/ance decoloriz$ alkal9e p]manganate solution1 b did n decolorize brom9e wat]4 ,:5 ! leaflet ne$les t melt at #bjj degrees 7 me*anically remov$ f ! orig9al sublimate1 ! sub/ance left aft] precipitat+ ) f]ric *loride melt$ at #aji degrees4 ,:5 ^! cry/als 7 n remov$1 ! melt+ po9t ( ?is mat]ial 0 n def9ite1 b 0 ov] a range ( five degrees1 f #aaj to #aae degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,! oxidation product conta9s at lea/ ?ree di/9ct sub/ances1 b5zoic acid1 a sub/ance melt+ at #bjj degrees &--:i* is probably p-acetyl b5zoic acid & a ?ird sub/ance melt+ at #aaj degrees4 ,,! ,,iron ,,acids4 ,! res9\s mat]ial us$ & spok5 ( z ! ,,iron ,,acids is ! mat]ial prep>$ & s nam$ "u ! 8,me?od ( ,sep>ation04 ,,physical ,,prop]ties3--,transp>5t & r$di% br[n 9 color1 oily 9 consi/5cy & has a *>act]i/ic tea l odor1 heavi] ?an wat]1 freely soluble 9 b5zol1 e!r1 alcohol & acetone1 b insoluble 9 petroleum e!r & wat]4 ,?is res9 con/itutes ab\t eighte5 p]c5t ( ! total e/] res9s4 ,by qualitative te/s x 0 %[n t ! acids conta9$ only c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,combu/ions made on ! iron acids gave ! foll[+ results4 ,wt4 ( boat #b4fiej #b4fiej ,wt4 ( boat & sub/ance #b4hdgj #b4hdie ,wt4 ( sub/ance 4#aebj 4#aede ,,koh bulb #ej4ifbj #ea4jhje ,bulb & ,,co#b #ea4ccgj #ea4dfaj ,wt4 ( ,,co#b 4#cgej 4#chje ,c>bon equival5t 4#ajbc 4#ajcgf ,sulphuric acid tube #gf4bddh #gf4cdej ,tube & wat] #gf4cdjj #gf4ddec ,wt4 ( wat] 4#jieb 4#ajjc ,hydrog5 equiv4 4#jajf 4#jaaad ,p]c5t ,c>bon #fg4c #fg4b ,p]c5t hydrog5 #g4j #g4b ,p]c5t ,oxyg5 #be4g #be4f ,an analysis ( ! iron salt obta9$ by precipitation f ! potassium soap gave ! foll[+ data4 ,wt4 ( sub/ance us$ 4#biee 4#cchg ,wt4 ( ,fe,s,o#d 4#jdde 4#jeji ,f]ric equiv4 4#jcbjh 4#jcfgf ,p]c5t ,iron #aj4he #aj4he ,! foll[+ me?od 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! above analysis4 ,! weigh$ mat]ial 0 ignit$ 9 a plat9um crucible by g5tly heat+ until ! combu/ible gases =m$ 7 giv5 (f4 ,! crucible 0 !n /rongly heat$ until ! c>bonace\s mat]ial 0 completely burn$ (f4 ,! residue 0 weigh$ & ! p]c5tage ( iron det]m9$4 ,express$ z ! ,,acid ,,numb]1 or ! numb] ( milligrams ( ,,koh requir$ to neutralize ! free acids 9 "o gram ( ! sub/ance1 ! foll[+ data 0 obta9$4 ,f]ric equival5t 4#jcbjh 4#jcfgf ,fe express$ z ,,koh equiv4 4#jife 4#aajg ,wt4 ( mat]ial us$ 4#biee 4#cchg ,mg4 ( ,,koh p] gram #cbf4f #cbf4g ,acid numb] #cbf4f #cbf4g ,! foll[+ gives ! ,,acid ,,numb] obta9$ by direct titration ( ! ,iron acid4 ,! me?od is ! same z t us$ 9 gett+ ! titration value ( ! ,b>ium acid4 ,wt4 ( sub/ance 4#bdej 4#bdgb ,cc ( alkalie #b4b #b4c ,,koh equiv4 4#jabcb 4#jabhh ,,koh equiv4 p] gram #ec4hg #eb4 ,an attempt 0 made to saponify "s ( ! iron acid1 b x 0 impossible4 ,! alcohol 0 p>tially di/ill$ (f1 & ! acid fre$ by mak+ ! mass acid ) sulphuric acid1 & %ak+ out ) e!r4 ,! e!r 0 di/ill$ (f1 b ! rema9+ acid _h diff]5t physical prop]ties f ! acid ) :i* ! exp]im5t 0 />t$4 ,x 0 light] 9 color1 & solidifi$ at z]o degrees4 ,at room temp]ature x 0 almo/ solid4 ,on ignition x left no a%4 ,?is probably is a polym]ization product ( ! orig9al acid4 ,s9ce _m organic acids ^: salts _c be prep>$ by ! ord9>y me?ods c be prep>$ by pass+ dry ammonia gas ?r\gh a solution ( ! acid 9 anhydr\s e!r1 ?is me?od 0 tri$ ) ! iron acid4 ,! iron acid 0 dissolv$ 9 anhydr\s e!r1 & ! dry ammonia gas 0 bubbl$ ?r\gh ?is e!r solution4 ,at fir/ no *ange 0 not$1 b aft] sev]al m9utes !re 0 a floccul5t ?ready precipitate =m$ :i* 0 light br[n 9 color4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$4 ,at fir/ ! precipitate 0 a v light br[n1 b aft] =m+ x quickly d>k5$4 ,aft] /&+ a few h\rs ! floccul5t precipitate *ang$ to a /icky br[n mass4 ,?is same *ange 0 produc$ imm$iately if ! precipitate 0 expos$ to ! air4 ,! result+ mass _h no odor ( ammonia4 ,! floccul5t precipitate =m$ at fir/ 0 probably ! ammonium salt ( ! iron acid1 :i* l mo/ ammonium salts1 x 0 precipitat$ due to its insolubility 9 e!r4 ,due to ! ease ( hydrolysis ?is salt imm$iately decompos$ to ! acid & ammonia :5 traces ( moi/ure 7 pres5t4 ,,oxidation ,,( ,,! ,,iron ,,acids ,,& ,,! ,,free ,,acids4 ,:5 ! iron acids 7 oxidiz$ 9 ! same mann] z ! b>ium acids ! am\nt ( ! oxidation product =m$ 0 ab\t "o f\r? ( t produc$ ) an equal am\nt ( ! b>ium acids4 ,! "t necess>y to completely oxidize ! iron acids 0 mu* less !n requir$ = ! b>ium acids4 ,on sublimation ! iron acid gave a product melt+ at #aaj degrees ,c5tigrade & is probably id5tical ) ! "o =m$ f ! b>ium acids4 ,! iron acid also yield$ a sublimate melt+ at #bjh degrees ,c4 ,! free acids :5 oxidiz$ 9 a l mann] gave z "o ( ! products a l[ melt+ cry/all9e comp\nd t conta9$ nitrog54 ,! iron acid al?\gh relat$ to ! b>ium acid z %[n by ! =mation ( a common oxidation product is diff]5t 9 /ructure z %[n by ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( ! oxidation product =m$ & ! "t to complete ! oxidation4 ,,! ,,alcohol ,,radicals ,,& ,,unsaponifiable ,,mat]ial4 ,! mat]ial t 0 %ak5 out ) e!r aft] ! saponification consi/s ( ! unsaponifiable mat]ial & ! alcohol radicals ( ! acids produc$ by saponification4 ,on all[+ ! e!r to evaporate f ?is mat]ial1 fea!ry ne$les sep>at$4 ,^! 7 remov$ by means ( a suction pump & recry/alliz$ f hot acetone4 ,! melt+ po9t ( ?is product 0 #abb-abe degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,! precipitate 0 dissolv$ 9 b5zol & all[$ to sl[ly cry/allize4 ,x =m$ long prismatic ne$les ) melt+ po9t ( #acj degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,:5 heat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 a br[n gre5 fluoresc5t solution 0 produc$4 ,! rema9+ mat]ial 0 /eam di/ill$1 & ! di/illate extract$ ) e!r to remove ! oil4 ,! e!r 0 dri$ ) anhydr\s sodium c>bonate1 ! solution filt]$ & ! e!r remov$ by di/illation4 ,! oil t rema9$ 0 light yell[1 specific gravity less ?an t ( wat]1 & possess$ a v *>act]i/ic odor resembl+ t ( musk4 ,! mat]ial left aft] ! /eam di/illation 0 cool$ & %ak5 out ) e!r4 ,! e!real solution 0 dri$ ) anhydr\s sodium sulphate & ! e!r remov$ by di/illation4 ,! result+ mass 0 a d>k br[n res9 )\t any *>act]i/ic odor1 solidify+ at z]o degrees4 ,! cry/all9e product ) a melt+ po9t ( #acj degrees & ! ess5tial oil are evid5tly ! alcohols =m$ ?r\gh saponification ( ! res9 e/]s4 ,! cry/all9e product c\ld be readily sep>at$ f ! res9\s mat]ial because ( its slight solubility 9 acetone4 ,s9ce ?is product 0 n precipitat$ :5 ! unsaponifi$ res9 e/]s 7 treat$ ) acetone & because x did n make its appe>ance until aft] ! process ( saponification1 x is q probable x is a product ( saponification4 ,! ess5tial oil c be detect$ 9 extremely small am\nts due to its p5etrat+ *>act]i/ic odor4 ,be=e ! process ( saponification x c\ld n be detect$1 b z soon z saponification took place ! odor 0 v m>k$4 ,f ?is x is q evid5t t ?is oil is a product ( saponification4 ,! d>k br[n res9\s mass t rema9$ may be ei!r an alcoholic res9 =m$ ?r\gh ! hydrolysis ( ! e/] res9s or x may be a res9 belong+ to ! class kn[n z res5es#aa :i* resi/ saponification4 #aa ,com4 ,organic ,analysis4 ,all5 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #adf4 ,,me?y/ic9 ,,& ,,me?y/ic9ic ,,acid4 ,! cry/all9e product obta9$ f ! e!r extract 0 recry/alliz$ sev]al times f absolute alcohol to remove all traces ( any res9\s mat]ial4 ,x _h a melt+ po9t ( #abb-abc4 ,x !re=e 0 n pure me?y/ic91 :i* has a melt+ po9t ( #ach-aci degrees4 ,on exam9+ ?is product "u ! microscope x 0 f\nd to conta9 two di/9ct =ms ( cry/als1 long ne$les & prismatic plates4 ,"s free me?y/ic9ic acid1 melt+ po9t #ahj 0 exam9$ "u ! microscope & f\nd to consi/ entirely ( prismatic plates4 ,!re=e ! orig9al cry/all9e body conta9s "s me?y/ic9ic acid4 ,"s ( ! orig9al precipitate 0 cry/alliz$ once f absolute alcohol & ?or\ghly dri$4 ,?is 0 us$ = ! foll[+ data to det]m9e ! p]c5t ( free me?y/ic9ic acid 9 ! cry/all9e product4 ,a weigh$ am\nt ( ! cry/all9e product 0 dissolv$ 9 c>efully neutraliz$ alcohol1 & titrat$ ) t5? normal ,na,o,h1 us+ ph5ol?ale9 z ! indicator4 ,wt4 ( sub/ance us$ 4#beij ,na,o,h ,n_/#aj 4#e cc me?y/ic9ic acid4 ,! potassium salts ( ! v>i\s res9 acids =m$ by ! saponification ( ! e/] res9s %\ld yield a res9\s mass syrupy or oily 9 consi/5cy :5 acidifi$1 if x consi/s entirely ( ! two gr\ps ( acids spok5 ( z ! iron acids & ! b>ium acids4 ,also ! weight ( ! b>ium acids plus ! weight ( ! iron acids %\ld ne>ly equal ! weight ( ! e/] res9s1 if ^! are ! only two acids1 because ! alcohol radicals con/itute n m ?an two p]c5t ( ! e/] res9s4 ,b :5 ! total potassium salts 7 acidifi$ ! product =m$ conta9$ a cry/all9e sub/ance 9 addition to ! res9\s acids4 ,?is cry/all9e sub/ance 0 sep>at$ f ! res9\s acids by means ( _! diff]5ce 9 solubility 9 e!r4 ,on recry/allization f absolute alcohol1 x _h a melt+ po9t ( #agi degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,x is !re=e me?y/ic9ic acid4 ,?is acid con/itutes ab\t tw5ty p]c5t ( ! total acids f ! e/] res9s because ! b>ium & iron acids con/itute only ab\t sev5ty five p]c5t4 ,?is me?y/ic9ic acid _c be entirely =m$ by hydrolysis ( me?y/ic9 :i* 0 incompletely remov$ f ! res9\s mat]ial4 ,! me?y/ic9ic acid exi/$ ei!r comb9$ ) "s o!r alcohol ?an me?yl alcohol or 0 comb9$ ) "o ( ! res9 alcohol radicals4 ,,physiological ,,action4 ,due to ! impossibility ( prep>+ ! alkali salts ( ! b>ium & iron acids s z to be positive t ! result+ prep>ations completely repres5t$ ! b>ium & iron acids1 & due to ! insolubility ( ! acids & ! total res9s 9 solv5ts f :i* !y w\ld n aga9 be precipitat$ :5 introduc$ into ! circulation1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to make an emulsion4 ,! emulsify+ ag5t us$ 0 acacia 7gum arabic74 ,x 0 possible by c>eful prep>ation to make a p]man5t emulsion t 0 miscible ) wat] 9 all proportions to =m a homog5e\s mixture4 ,! animals us$ 7 rabbits ( ab\t six p\nds weight4 ,! injections 7 made by ,dr4 ,geo4 ,mc,coy1 director ( ! ,leprosy ,inve/igation ,/ation at ,kalihi4 ,all ! physiological exp]im5ts 7 made at ! bact]iological laboratory at ! ,leprosy ,inve/igation ,/ation4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! emulsion ( ! total res9\s extract 7/r5g? #a 9 #e7 0 inject$ into ! e> ( a rabbit2 ! animal di$ imm$iately4 ,ano!r rabbit 0 inject$ 9 ! same mann] ) "o half cubic c5timet] ( ! same prep>ation4 ,! animal imm$iately /ret*$ out & became rigid1 or appe>$ to be p>alyz$1 b aft] sev]al m9utes ^! symptoms less5$ & aft] ab\t five m9utes ! rabbit appe>$ normal z f> z activity 0 conc]n$4 ,z soon z ! rabbit _h recov]$ a second injection ( "o qu>t] ( a cubic c5timet] ( ! same prep>ation 0 inject$ 9 ! same mann] into ! same animal4 ,! same symptoms 7 produc$ & ) equal int5sity1 b t5 m9utes pass$ be=e ! animal aga9 became consci\s4 ,= sev]al m9utes aft] recov]y ! animal appe>$ some:at dr[sy & /upid b x soon rega9$ its =m] activity4 ,"o half cubic c5timet] ( ! iron acid emulsion 7/r5g? #a 9 #g7 0 inject$ into ! e> ( a rabbit4 ,imm$iate p>alysis & app>5t anae/hesia set 9 la/+ v pron\nc$ly = eight m9utes4 ,! rabbit's head 0 drawn backw>ds & its legs /iff5$ giv+ symptoms simil> to /ry*n9e poison+ b !y did n p]si/4 ,:5 a second injection ( "o qu>t] cubic c5timet] 0 giv5 to ! same animal1 ! same symptoms 7 produc$1 ! animal rema9+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! injection = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,! iron acid injection 0 repeat$ on ano!r rabbit ) ! same pron\nc$ symptoms ( /ry*n9e poison+ b ! effect la/$ only ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,"o half cubic c5timet] ( ! b>ium acid emulsion 7/r5g? #a 9 #g7 0 inject$ into ! e> ve9 ( a rabbit4 ,! animal utt]$ sev]al l\d cries & aft] mov+ sev]al feet x became spa/ic & w5t into a sort ( a /upor1 beg9n+ to come out ( x aft] t5 m9utes4 ,z soon z ! animal recov]$1 a second injection ( "o qu>t] cubic c5timet] 0 made4 ,! animal aga9 utt]$ l\d cries & !n x w5t into a /upor1 b x 0 n spa/ic4 ,?is la/$ approximately t5 m9utes4 ,! animal did n completely recov] until ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,?9k+ t ! action might be l>gely me*anical & t ! symptoms produc$ 7 f ! emulsion itself & n f ! effect ( ! mat]ial t 0 emulsifi$1 an emulsion ( olive oil 0 us$ 9 a l mann]4 ,?is olive oil emulsion 0 made 9 approximately ! same consi/5cy z ! res9\s emulsions1 & "o cubic c5timet] 0 inject$ into ! e> ve9 ( a rabbit4 ,no visible effects foll[$ ?is injection dur+ ! "o h\r's "t ! rabbit 0 "u obs]vation4 ,"o cubic c5timet] intrap]itoneal injections ( ! total res9\s extract emulsion & ! same am\nt ( ! iron acid emulsion 7 made into rabbits4 ,dur+ ! ?ree h\rs ! animals 7 "u obs]vation no symptoms 7 produc$4 ,?is may h be5 due to ! extreme sl[ness ( absorption z comp>$ ) ! rate ( elim9ation f ! circulation4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,ill+wor? /ates z ! result ( 8 obs]vations :ile 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s t ! kava bev]age ev5 :5 tak5 9 l>ge am\nts1 does n app>5tly affect ! bra9 to an ext5t z to cause ! dr9k] to appe> z if "u ! influ5ce ( alcohol1 b he appe>s z if ! muscles f ! hips d[nw>d are p>alyz$4 ,^! symptoms la/ = ab\t half an h\r1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! p]son is p]fectly able to walk home4 ,9 g5]al ! active con/itu5t ( any drug produces a m pron\nc$ b m fugitive effect ?an ! crude drug itself1 & "o might !re=e expect m viol5t reactions f ! isolat$ active con/itu5ts ( ! ,ava !n f ! crude infusion4 ,judg+ f ! negative results obta9$ f ! injection ( ! olive oil emulsion1 x is probable t ! physiological effects describ$ above foll[+ ! intrav5\s injections ( ! v>i\s prep>ations 7 n me*anical b mu/ be ascrib$ to ! action ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! ,ava4 ,,conclusion4 ,! cry/all9e product consi/s1 l>gely ( me?y/ic91 ! me?yl e/] ( me?y/ic9ic acid4 ,9 addition to ?is !re is ab\t five p]c5t ( ! free me?y/ic9ic acid pres5t4 ,! res9\s product consi/s ( ab\t five p]c5t ( free res9\s acids1 :i* acids c be sep>at$ into ?ree diff]5t acids or gr\ps ( acids accord+ to _! solubility 9 ! diff]5t alkalies4 ,! rema9+ res9\s product is compos$ ( e/] res9s4 ,on hydrolysis ^! e/]s yield ?ree di/9ct acids1 two res9\s acids & me?y/ic9ic acid4 ,! two res9\s acids are di/9ctly diff]5t1 bo? 9 physical prop]ties & 9 *emical prop]ties4 ,!y c be %>ply sep>at$ by means ( ! diff]5ce 9 solubility ( _! b>ium & iron salts4 ,^! acids may be sep>ate individual sub/ances1 or a gr\p ( relat$ sub/ances4 ,! b>ium & iron acids al?\gh diff]5t *emically1 h "s gr\ps 9 common z %[n by ! =mation ( a common oxidation product4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree alcohol radicals =m$ ?r\gh hydrolysis1 a res9\s alcohol radical1 a cry/all9e sub/ance ) a melt+ po9t ( #acj degrees1 & a volatile oil4 ,! physiological action ( ! ,ava is due to ! e/] res9s4 ,! two res9\s acids =m$ ?r\gh ! hydrolysis ( ^! e/]s seem to be ! two active con/itu5ts ( ! res9 e/]4 ,f ! above outl9$ "w x appe>s t ! ava root does n conta9 any alkaloidal sub/ance1 z none ( ! con/itu5ts 7 f\nd to conta9 nitrog54 ,t ! aque\s infusion us$ by ! ava dr9k]s conta9s ! same con/itu5ts z are extract$ by ! e!r is %[n by ! foll[+4 ,an infusion ( ! ava 0 made by all[+ "s ( ! p[d]$ drug to rema9 9 contact ) wat] = ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,! infusion 0 !n filt]$ & ! filtrate extract$ ) e!r4 ,a res9\s mass rema9$ :i* f all appe>ances 0 id5tical ) ! res9s obta9$ f ! e!r extract4 ,x also gave ! same action :5 plac$ on ! tongue z 0 produc$ by ! res9s f ! e!r extract4