,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ z ,bold & ,italics4 ,,bee-,,keep+ ,,= ,,pr(it ,e4 ,h4 ,,taylor1 ,,welwyn1 ,,h]ts4 ,illu/ration ,! ,smallhold]'s ,no4 #ab ,dovetail ,hive at #h_/i4 ,! ,/ronge/ ,hive be/ value ev] (f]$4 ---- ,a ,big ,/ock ( ,bee ,goods always on h& = imm$iate despat* #b ord]s c>riage paid z conditions 9 ,catalogue4 ,,l>ge ,,catalogue ,,free4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,cassell',s ,,volumes ,practical ,rabbit ,keep+ ,by ,george ,a4 ,t[ns5d4 ,) #bj full-page ,illu/rations4 ,clo? gilt4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,p\ltry ,pr(it ,by ,william ,w4 ,broomhead4 ,clo?4 #as4 net4 ,dogs ,all ,ab\t ,!m ,by ,rob]t ,leighton4 ) ,frontispiece 9 ,col\r & #af ,plates 9 ,black-&-,:ite4 ,clo?4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,p\ltry ,foods ,fe$+ ,by ,d4 ,f4 ,laurie4 ,clo?4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,h[ to ,h&le a ,frame ,,bee-,,keep+ ,,= ,,pr(it ,,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,morley ,,) ,,eight ,,plates ,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,ltd ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto & ,melb\rne #aiad ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction #a #a4 ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,& ,,h9ts #c #b4 ,,hives #ba #c4 ,,bee-,,keep]s' ,,requisites #ce #d4 ,,bees3 ,,_! ,,habits ,,& ,,products #dd #e4 ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,bees #ec #f4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,work+ ,,! ,,bees #eh #g4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,work+ ,,! ,,bees 7cont9u$7 #fh #h4 ,,fe$+ #hb #i4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,secure ,,! ,,h>ve/ ,,( ,,! ,,hive #ib #aj4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,secure ,,! ,,h>ve/ ,,( ,,! ,,hive 7cont9u$7 #ih #aa4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,bees #ajf #ab4 ,,enemies ,,( ,,! ,,bee ,,& ,,bee-,,keep] #aab ,,index #abj ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,h[ ,,to ,,h&le ,a ,,frame ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,,que51 ,,work] ,,& ,,drone ,,bees #ab ,a ,,/&>d ,,frame ,,) ,,drawn-,,out ,,comb3 ,,an ,,effici5t ,,que5 ,,exclud]3 ,a ,,frame ,,hive ,,) ,,! ,,top ,,remov$ #cf ,,que5 ,,on ,a ,,pat* ,,( ,,seal$ ,,honey #dh ,,exam9+ ,,frames #fd ,,skepp+ ,a ,,sw>m #fh ,,%ak+ ,a ,,sw>m #gh ,,section ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,comb ,,f\ndation3 ,,bees ,,at ,,"w ,,on ,a ,,section #id ,,introduction ,,x is only 9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s t att5tion has be5 giv5 to bee-keep+ on a sci5tific basis4 ,a=etime !re 7 c]ta9 traditional me?ods to be foll[$ to secure ! honey h>ve/1 b ^? :o practis$ !m knew nei!r ! :y nor :]e=e4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 ?anks to ! obs]vations ( our great sci5ti/s on ! life & habits ( ! bee1 to _! pati5ce & dilig5ce 9 not+ ! insect's mann] ( work+1 we are 9 possession ( k :i* has enabl$ ! practical bee-keep] to r$uce ! old haphaz>d ways to me?od1 ord]l9ess1 & def9ite purpose4 ,! budd+ bee-keep]1 z he reads "o or o!r ( ^! great works on ! bee & its ways1 may beg9 to wond] if x is n all too wond]ful = him to deal )1 & if he may ev] hope to become pr(ici5t 9 ! art & practice ( bee-keep+4 ,let me say1 "h & n[1 t1 giv5 pati5ce1 p]sev]ance1 & dilig5ce1 a measure ( success is op5 to anyone :o br+s intellig5ce into 8 "w4 ,al?\gh ! d\bts & difficulties t assail ! tyro1 & ! que/ions aris+ !refrom1 might raise a smile f ! exp]t--if only z a rem9d] ( 8 own e>ly aspirations & ef=ts--yet !re is no reason = despair2 ?\gh disappo9tm5ts are c]ta9 to arise1 !y %\ld be accept$ m]ely z spurs to fur!r ef=t1 z /eps t[>ds ! ultimate goal ( success4 ,"s may ?9k--ra%ly--t !re is no?+ new to be said or le>n$ ab\t ! bee1 b ! fact is t ev5 sci5ti/s are /ill ignorant z to ! def9ite uses ( c]ta9 ( ! insect's organs1 & ( ! orig9 & rem$ies ( "s ( ! diseases f :i* x suff]s4 ,putt+ aside1 !re=e1 ! m]ely comm]cial aspect ( bee-keep+1 !re is /ill a wide field ( int]e/ & rese>* op5 = exploration by ! intellig5t bee-keep]4 ,,bee-,,keep+ ,,= ,,pr(it ,,*apt] ,i ,g5]al ,in=mation & ,h9ts ,! "q ( pr(it dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! k1 en]gy1 & p]sev]ance ( ! bee-keep]1 =1 giv5 suitable hive-accommodation & prop] att5tion1 ! bees c g5]ally be dep5d$ ^u to d _! %>e ( ! "w4 ,regul>ity & ,=esight4--,all :o are engag$ 9 productive "w 9 conjunction ) ,nature "k t !re is a "t = ev]y?+1 9 connection ) t "w1 & e advantage mu/ be tak5 ( t p>ticul> tide if full b5efits are to be secur$ at ! h>ve/ season4 ,"w mu/ be done 9 regul> rotation4 ,a f>m] mu/ pl\gh 8 l& be=e he c s[ 8 se$2 ! se$ mu/ be s[n at a c]ta9 "t--s[n 9 hope _m mon?s be=e ! h>ve/ c be expect$4 ,! same regul>ity & hopeful anticipation are necess>y 9 bee-keep+ if full advantage is to be secur$ ( ! honey-h>ve/4 ,9 ! same mann]1 j z f>m]s mu/ make use ( mod]n me?ods & appliances to obta9 ! be/ return = ! outlay ( capital & lab\r1 s ! bee-keep] mu/ br+ into 8 "w ! practice ( up-to-date pr9ciples & lab\r-sav+ appliances connect$ ) bee-keep+4 ,! old skep1 & ! happy-g-lucky me?ods connect$ ) x h giv5 place to ! frame hive ) well-def9$ pr9ciples to gov]n & /imulate ! production ( its community ( work]s4 ,to "w a b>-fram$ hive = pr(it x is fir/ necess>y t ! bee-keep] %\ld ex]cise =e?\ght & be prep>$ = any em]g5cy t may arise4 ,he %\ld always h by him pl5ty ( sp>e frames1 f\ndations1 sup]s1 & o!r necessities1 = no?+ is m annoy+ ?an a %ortage ( su* dur+ an unexpect$ honey-fl[4 ,x is always at su* times t 8 ord]s take longe/ 9 fulfilm5t1 = x is !n ! appliance-mak] is ov]:elm$ ) commissions f unprep>$ cli5ts1 & ! delay 9 ! deliv]y ( ! goods means a correspond+ r$uction ( ! bee-keep]'s pr(its4 ,wat*fulness & ,intellig5ce4--,^! two qualities are ess5tial assets to any w\ld-be successful bee-keep]4 ,!re is no gold5 rule1 = 8 guidance ?r\gh ! ye>1 no?+ t mu/ be done inv>iably at /at$ times & seasons4 ,x is "h t ! novice is puzzl$ & p]plex$1 = app>5tly :at is "r at "o "t becomes wrong at ano!r1 b x is only by exp]i5ce t ! guid+ k is acquir$4 ,= in/ance1 x is useless to fe$ a hive ) ! view to increase ! brood1 if ! hive be que5less1 or possesses a drone-bre$+ que51 or a f]tile work]4 ,& aga91 x is useless to put a sup] on a que5less /ock or a weak hive1 = in/ead ( help+ to cons]ve ! heat ( ! hive "o b adds to ! area = ! bees to heat ) _! own little bodies1 ) ! additional risk ( *ill+ ! brood & />v+ ! bees4 ,= x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! cold] ! hive1 ! great] ! consumption ( food by ! bees4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! be/ ( all heat-produc]s 9 a hive are ! bees !mselves1 b to enable !m satisfactorily to become s suitable accommodation & food are absolutely necess>y4 ,! ,que54--,"o ( ! greate/ my/]ies connect$ ) ! hive is ! life hi/ory ( ! que5 bee1 & h] position 9 ! bee community4 ,ea* hive is1 z x 71 a republic ( female work]s1 :o s]ve ) slavi% devotion "o ( _! numb] set ap>t f bir? = ! position ( supreme head ( ! community4 ,l _! sex g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,nature1 !y give ( _! be/ :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,!y "k by _! in/9ct t if ! que5 is f$ ) ri* food h] egg-lay+ capacity is /imulat$1 &1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! honey-fl[ is f9i%$1 t ! supply ( su* food mu/ be *eck$1 ) a consequ5t r$uction 9 ! numb] ( eggs laid4 ,!y "k t ! great] ! population ( ! hive ! great] ! dra9 on _! honey /ore4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! life ( a que5 bee ext5ds f two to five ye>s1 at :i* age %e is g5]ally exhau/$1 or is depos$ by ! community 9 fav\r ( a y\ng] que54 ,! egg f :i* a que5 bee develops is at ! fir/ precisely simil> to t :i* produces a work]1 & bo? are f]tile4 ,x all dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( cell 9 :i* ! egg is deposit$ by ! que5 :e!r a m]e work] or a royal (fspr+ ensues4 ,! que5 cells are acorn %ap$1 & l>g] 9 size ?an ! o!rs & are g5]ally plac$ on ! edge ( ! comb4 ,x is :5 ! eggs are hat*$--?ree days aft] !y h be5 plac$ 9 ! cells--t ! special treatm5t ( ! que5 grub comm5ces4 ,x is tak5 *>ge ( by ! nurses & f$ ) ! ri* food--kn[n z *yle food 7see page #ej71 & x is ?is food alone t produces ! diff]5ce betwe5 a que5 & a work] bee4 ,:5 ! "y que5 is ab\t a week old %e w leave ! hive to f9d a mate4 ,z mat+ c only take place :5 ! que5 & drone are on ! w+1 %e so>s into ! air foll[$ by ! rival & eag] drones4 ,:5 ! mat+ is accompli%$ ! que5 returns to ! hive & is !n capable ( lay+ eggs1 bo? f]tile & unf]tile1 at w4 ,! drone also returns home1 b only to die3 he has laid d[n 8 life = ! p]petuation ( 8 race4 ,a que5 t has be5 rec5tly mat$ c be id5tifi$ by a :ite speck on ! back ne> ! end ( ! abdom5--! organ torn away f ! drone4 ,%\ld a que5 fail to be mat$ )9 six weeks ( h] leav+ ! cell %e is only capable ( lay+ unf]tile eggs4 ,! egg-lay+ capacity ( ! que51 "u ! *yle-food treatm5t is enorm\s1 rang+ up to #c1jjj eggs p] day4 ,:5 a rul+ que5 realises t a que5 grub is be+ re>$ 9 ! hive1 ! sex-hatr$ ( a possible rival soon manife/s itself1 & 7 x n = ! wat*ful c>e ( ! work]s ! "y que5's c>e] w\ld soon be end$4 ,b ! old que5 is put virtually "u arre/1 & n all[$ to v5ture ne> ! que5 cells4 ,h] agitation increases until %e summons toge!r all :o are will+ to foll[ h] & leaves ! hive4 ,?is exodus ( a que5 & h] adh]5ts is kn[n z a sw>m4 7,see page #dd47 ,! que5 bee c always be di/+ui%$ by h] great] size1 :ile ! increas$ l5g? ( h] legs makes h] /ill m prom95t among ! work]s4 ,if x is wi%$ to prev5t ! re>+ ( que5s 9 ! hive1 all t is necess>y is = ! bee-keep] to cut out ! que5 cells f ! combs1 & give ! bees additional room to /ore ! food !y ga!r4 ,! ,work] ,bee4--,! normal work] bee is an undevelop$ female & a true amazon4 ,%e is utt]ly indiff]5t to ! drone1 & is1 ( c\rse1 unable to propagate h] species4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 ! ov>ies ( a work] are s f> develop$ t %e is able to produce eggs :i* are necess>ily unf]tile4 ,su* a work] is a nuisance 9 a mod]n hive work$ = pr(it4 ,z we h already se51 ! egg f :i* ! work] develops is precisely simil> to t f :i* a que5 spr+s2 ! rle ( work] or que5 is det]m9$ by ! cell 9 :i* ! egg is deposit$4 ,a grub 9 a work] cell gets b little *yle food--x is /opp$ altoge!r on ! ?ird day--& a mix$ diet ( honey & poll54 ,! drone is br\ght up entirely on ! latt] food4 ,z soon z a work] grub leaves ! cell x ent]s ^u its life ( lab\r4 ,x is immature at ?is po9t1 & z ! air-organs1 or tra*e1 are n fully develop$1 x _c fly4 ,its fir/ "w1 !re=e1 is t ( nurse to ! grubs /ill 9 ! cells1 & to supply ! que5 ) *yle food4 ,ab\t a =tnight aft] leav+ ! cell1 ! "y bee1 if ! wea!r be f9e & w>m1 w v5ture out ( ! hive to try its w+s1 & on e>ly spr+ days su* numb]s ( !m may be se5 sport+ ne> ! entrance ( ! hive z to lead a novice to suppose t sw>m+ 0 ab\t to take place4 ,! bee-keep] ( exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 :ile rejoic+ at ! sight1 w "k t ! exodus is p>tly due to ! fact t "s natural or artificial food has ent]$ ! hive & t m mu/ be suppli$ = ! ne$s ( ! inmates4 ,aft] ! work]'s trial flight1 %e proce$s ^u h] duties z a food suppli] to ! community4 ,%e has _h "s exp]i5ce z a nurse 9 h&l+ poll51 s t at fir/ x seems b natural %e %\ld give mo/ att5tion to t food1 &1 9 clean+ h] body f its cl++ p>ticles1 %e f9ds out ! uses ( h] sev]al organs4 ,9 ! beg9n+ h] loads ( poll5 are (t5 small1 b ) exp]i5ce h] c>ry+ capacity soon f9ds its limit4 ,9 "t %e discov]s nect> 9 ! fl[]s1 & z %e becomes less able to ga!r poll5 %e increases h] honey-collect+ p[]4 ,:5 nect> is abundant bees w (t5 comm5ce _! "w at sunrise & cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! day until sunset4 ,9 su* a honey-fl[ ! av]age life ( ! work] f ! "t %e leaves ! cell is seldom m ?an six or eight weeks1 e m9ute ( :i* is giv5 up to ! communal lab\r4 ,! :ole ( ! "w inside ! hive dep5ds ^u ! work]--%e is ar*itect1 build]1 c>etak]1 nurse1 sanit>y (fic] & ! re/2 !re is me?od 9 ev]y?+ %e does1 s x is inadvisable to int]f]e unnecess>ily ) any "p ( x4 ,%e objects /rongly to undue int]f]5ce1 to m]e curiosity ( inquisitive humans4 ,! work] bees are1 inde$1 wondr\s creatures3 !y are kn[n to h _! feel+s ( fri5d%ip & dislike almo/ human 9 _! int5sity2 _! expressions ( sorr[ on ! loss ( _! que5 or :5 _! /ores are fail+ are z unmi/akable z _! hum ( cont5tm5t :5 ! hive is ?riv+1 or ! buzz ( ang] :5 rudely-di/urb$4 ,! ,drone4--,! drone is ! male bee4 ,he is ! prog5y ( an unf]tilis$ egg laid by ! que51 or by a f]tile work]4 ,8 life is usually a %ort & m]ry "o4 ,he lives entirely on ! lab\r ( o!rs1 &1 unless !re is some?+ radically wrong ) ! hive1 he is se5 only dur+ ! spr+ & summ] mon?s1 :5 8 s]vices are 9 requisition4 ,:5 on ! w+ ! drone is by f> ! noisie/ ( bees1 al?\gh ! s\nd he makes is some:at simil> to t made by ! work] :5 on ! w>pa?1 ! note ( w>n+ to ! di/urb+ human1 & ! trumpet call to h] fell[-work]s4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> /ructure ( ! drone1 mat+ c only take place 9 ! air1 & :5 x has be5 accompli%$ ! drone returns to ! hive b to die4 ,:5 ! honey-fl[ fails ! dea? w>rant ( ! drones /ill 9 ! hive is issu$4 ,!y are seiz$ by ! work]s & kill$ or eject$ f ! hive4 ,to ! onlook] !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( amusem5t to wat* ?is slaught] ( ! non-produc]s ( ! community3 to see a c\ple ( work]s wre/l+ ) ! unwieldy drone1 p]haps bit+ (f "o ( 8 w+s 9 ! ef=t to disable him1 be=e ! f9i%+ /roke is giv54 ,:51 h[ev]1 a bee-keep] sees ! array ( dead drones he w probably ?9k x w\ld h be5 bett] = him _h !y be5 work]s--produc]s r ?an consum]s ( honey4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 greatly to ! advantage ( a bee-keep] t ! numb] ( ! drones %\ld be kept d[n z l[ z possible4 ,?is c be done by giv+ ! bees full %eets ( bees-wax impress$ completely ) ! basal =ms ( ! natural work] cells1 ?us induc+ !m to conf9e _! build+ to ^? cells only4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! fact t a work] bee & a virg9 que5 are capable ( produc+ eggs4 ,! prog5y ( ^! eggs1 h[ev]1 al?\gh !y may be produc$ 9 work] cells1 are drones1 fully develop$1 ?\gh small] ?an ^? hat*$ 9 drone-cells4 ,:5 ?is /ate ( affairs is discov]$ 9 ! hive ! bee-keep] mu/ asc]ta9 by obs]vation :e!r x is ! que5's do+s1 &1 if s1 depose h] &1 if t ( a f]tile work]1 de/roy h]4 ,z a rule a f]tile work] deposits h] eggs 9 a scatt]$ sort ( way1 b z ! cells conta9+ !m are always capp$ z drone-cells--t is ! capp+s are rais$ 9 a dome-l way--!y are easily di/+ui%able to ! exp]i5c$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,work] ,bee ,illu/ration3 ,que5 ,bee ,illu/ration3 ,drone ,bee 7,magnifi$ two diamet]s4 ,photographs by ,john ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 7 ,metamorphosis4--,! metamorphosis1 or *ange ( =m1 :i* occurs 9 ! e>ly life hi/ory ( ! bee is among ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! insect _w4 ,:5 ! egg is deposit$ by ! que51 x re/s on end on ! bottom ( ! cell & almo/ p>allel ) ! sides4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ day x incl9es to an angle ( ab\t #de1 & aft] two days x falls to ! floor ( ! cell4 ,z a rule1 ! p]iod ( incubation is ?ree days1 & ! grub is imm$iately tak5 *>ge ( by ! nurse bees1 & f$ accord+ to ! k9d ( cell 9 :i* x has be5 plac$4 ,at ! end ( five or six days ! grub is seal$ up 9 its cell to und]go ! next1 or pupa1 /age ( its exi/5ce4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! que5 is ready to leave h] cell on ! fifte5? day1 ! work] on ! tw5ty-fir/1 & ! drone on ! tw5ty-f\r? day f ! "t ! egg is laid4 ,if ! wea!r is cold ^! p]iods may be ext5d$3 x is a curi\s fact t ! egg ( an insect c (t5 be> a great] int5sity ( cold )\t injury ?an c ! develop$ insect4 ,anatomy ( ! ,bee4--,x is advisable t all bee-keep]s %\ld "k some?+ ( ! /ructure ( ! bee1 ( its pr9cipal organs & _! functions4 ,! subject is too te*nical to be dealt ) at l5g? 9 a volume su* z ?is1 b ! foll[+ notes may be ( suffici5t s]vice to r\se int]e/ to fur!r inquiry4 ,tra*e4--,bees h no lungs1 b 9 place ( !m h air-sacs1 connect$ up by air-tubes or tra*e :i* run ?r\gh\t ! body1 v>y+ 9 size mu* z d ! ve9s ( a leaf1 until !y are m9ute en\gh to s]ve ! extremities ( ! insect1 ! ant5nae & /+4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! air-supply+ organs1 g5]al ?r\gh\t ! insect _w1 may h some?+ to d ) ! hib]nation1 to :i* mo/ are subject 9 a great] or less degree1 9 cold wea!r4 ,! work]-bee is extremely s5sitive to cold1 b ! que5 seems f> less susceptible1 & (t5 causes p]ceptible anxiety 9 a hive by w&]+ out ( ! clu/] 9 cold wea!r4 ,i "k ( "o in/ance :i* came "u my notice :]e ! que5 0 v mu* alive 9 a hive 9 :i* all ! work]s 7 dead1 or dy+ f />vation 9 cold wea!r1 & al?\gh x is a recognis$ fact t que5s :i* h be5 injur$ by fro/ become drone-bre$]s x 0 n s 9 ?is case4 ,! ,ant5n4--,! ant5nae ( ! bee mu/ be acc\nt$ among ! mo/ m>vell\s ( its organs4 ,!y are made up ( a numb] ( jo9ts & *amb]s1 &1 ?\gh !y are conjectur$ to be ! organs ( ! s5ses ( he>+1 feel+1 & smell+ !y are n def9itely s kn[n to be4 ,z 9 ! case ( _m o!r insects ! ant5n ( ! male bee are mu* long] ?an ^? ( ! female4 ,! ,tongue4--,f ! bee-keep]'s po9t ( view ! tongue ( ! bee is "o ( its mo/ important organs1 = by means ( x ! bee secures ! nect> f ! fl[]s4 ,:5 ! nect> is 9 abundance ! tongue s]ves z a trunk or proboscis ?r\gh :i* x c be drawn1 & :5 ! supply is scanty ! spoon-l end ( ! proboscis s]ves to lap x up4 ,f ! tongue ! nect> passes into ! honey /oma* f :i* x is regurgitat$ & /or$ 9 ! hive4 ,! ,legs4--,! six legs ( ! bee s]ve = manifold purposes o!r ?an walk+1 & are s wond]fully adapt$ to !m z to be wor?y ( close /udy4 ,!y s]ve z h&s1 z combs & bru%es = cleans+ purposes1 !y are provid$ ) claws :i* are available = climb+ r\gh surfaces1 or = cl++ 9 ! sw>m3 betwe5 ! claws is a pad :i* secretes a sub/ance :i* enables ! bee to walk com=tably on smoo? surfaces :e!r upside d[n or normally4 ,on ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs are ! poll5 baskets 9 :i* are c>ri$ ! burd5 ( poll5 ga!r$ f ! fl[]s & tak5 to ! hive = /orage4 ,! ,eyes4--,?ree eyes1 "o simple & two comp\nd1 =m ! complem5t = ea* bee4 ,! s+le eye1 ! smalle/1 is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cr[n ( ! head1 & ! two comp\nd on ei!r side ( ! head4 ,ea* comp\nd eye consi/s ( hundr$s ( facets ea* ( :i* has a p]fect vision4 ,mu* argum5t has be5 made z to ! reason = all ?is sight-p[]1 b )\t arriv+ at any satisfactory conclusion4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ! bee c move ab\t freely & "w 9 ! d>kness ( ! hive1 yet x _c see 9 ! d>k1 = :o among ^? :o h work$ bees has n he>d ! pla9tive wail ( a bee t has be5 ov]tak5 by ! night be=e ga9+ its hive--& ?is ) ! hives )9 easy range8 ,! ,jaws4--,! jaws are us$ 9 mu* ( ! "w ( ! hive--knead+ wax1 cutt+ & r$uc+ ! combs1 capp+ ! cells1 = cle>+ away refuse1 & p>ticul>ly = c>ry+ dead bees f ! hive4 ,!y s]ve z weapons1 too1 = fight+1 & 9 eject+ ! useless drones :5 _! season is end$4 ,!n ! jaws are us$ z nipp]s to cut ! w+s ( ! bulky drone & s r5d] him helpless4 ,! ,w+s4--,ea* w+ consi/s ( two p>ts1 an arrangem5t :i* all[s ! bee to close1 or fold !m up :5 %e alights4 ,on ! adjo9+ edge ( ea* "p is a r[ ( m9ute hooks1 & :5 ! w+s are exp&$ ^! hooks become atta*$ & ?us provide a /rong & reliable fly+ surface4 ,9 addition to provid+ ! means ( flight1 ! w+s ( ! bee s]ve z fans = ! v5tilation ( ! hive1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! community1 :o also act z s5tries1 (t5 be+ engag$ 9 su* duty4 ,%\ld a bee-keep] see any ( ! fann]s at "w on ! alight+ bo>d at ! entrance ( ! hive he may "k at once t ! hive is too w>m1 & if he be wise w op5 ! entrance a little wid]4 ,%\ld ! bees cont9ue _! v5tilat+ "w aft] t1 !n he may surely "k t some?+ is wrong & op5 ! hive to inve/igate4 ,! bees d n s "w )\t urg5t ne$4 ,x may be t ! /ores ( food are f]m5t+1 or t wet has p5etrat$ to ! combs3 mice may h ent]$ ! hive1 or1 wor/ ( all1 f\l brood may be rampant4 ,all ^! w\ld cause bad od\rs1 & ! bees %\ld be help$ z spe$ily z possible to remove ! evil4 ,! ,/+4--,?is weapon ( (f5ce & def5ce is usually ! la/ 9 ! equipm5t ( ! bee to be us$1 = its dis*>ge g5]ally means loss ( life to its own]4 ,to ! enemy aga9/ :om x is laun*$1 x becomes a s\rce ( irritation & annoyance & sometimes ( dang]4 ,! /+ is a f9e lance1 ) incisions d[n "o side :i* act z b>bs :5 ! fle% is pi]c$ by x1 s9k+ ! lance deep] at ea* convulsion ( ! /+] or ! /ung4 ,s soon z a b>b is fix$ x is impossible = ! bee to )draw ! /+1 & 9 its /ruggle to be free ! :ole ( ! /++ organs--includ+ ! poison sac--are dragg$ f x1 & ! poison ent]s ! w\nd4 ,= ?is reason x is necess>y t ! /+ %\ld be extract$ z soon z possible1 = ! long] x rema9s 9 ! fle% ! great] w be ! irritation4 ,%\ld ! /+ be inflict$ ne> a hive x w be wise to remove oneself f ! neighb\rhood )\t loss ( "t1 = x is a well-kn[n fact t ! sc5t ( ! /+ attracts o!r bees & ar\ses _! ang] aga9/ ! presum$ enemy ( _! k9d4 ,! be/ rem$y = a /+ f a bee is me?ylat$ _s1 appli$ imm$iately ! /+ has be5 extract$--?\gh x is well to rememb] t bees h an abhorr5ce ( _s1 s t all trace ( x %\ld be remov$ be=e v5tur+ ne> a hive1 or fur!r /+s may be induc$4 ,!re are _m popul> rem$ies = /+s1 su* z ! application ( ammonia1 wa%+ soda1 ! blue bag1 an onion--all ( :i* h ! same object--to nullify ! effects ( ! irritant poison1 ( :i* =mic acid is "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts4 ,occasionally bees w attack f[ls1 al?\gh x is m ?an likely 9 mo/ su* cases t ! f[ls are ! aggressors & mi/ake ! bees = flies1 ( :i* !y are v fond4 ,/+less ,bees4--,!re has be5 mu* talk ( bre$+ /+less bees1 b p]sonally ,i d n ?9k su* bees are ev] likely to ou/ our native bre$s1 = :at *ance c\ld !y h 9 fights ) ! arm$ v>iety8 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,hives ,! "q ( ! hive is1 ( c\rse1 ! all-important "o to ! bee-keep]2 ^u x dep5ds 9 v l>ge measure ! success or non-success ( 8 ent]prise4 ,to ! beg9n]1 especially1 x is a matt] = s]i\s consid]ation1 "o n to be dealt ) 9 any haphaz>d fa%ion4 ,!re are s _m =ms & v>ieties ( hive on ! m>ket to-day t ! novice1 :o p]haps />t$ out ) ! idea t a hive 0 m]ely a hive--any "o w\ld d--& ! bees w\ld accompli% ! re/1 is puzzl$ z to h[ to make a selection4 ,z a g5]al recomm5dation 9 ?is direction ,i w\ld say1 select ! "o t is lea/ complicat$ & easie/ to clean4 ,simplicity 9 work+1 comb9$ ) effici5cy 9 its purpose1 is a sure & safe /&>d to apply :5 select+ a hive4 ,x is z well = ! beg9n] to try "o or two v>ieties1 s t he may f9d out by exp]i5ce :i* is bett] suit$ to 8 p>ticul> di/rict1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t to manipulate4 ,t settl$1 he c !n adopt = g5]al use ! "o be/ suit$ to 8 purpose4 ,! ,skep ,hive4--,! skep hive1 made ( /raw1 is ! survival ( ^? pre-sci5tific days :5 bee-keep+ 0 conduct$ )\t me?od1 o!r ?an provid+ a h\se = ! bees4 ,except t x is /ill us$ by "s :o w n take ! tr\ble to adapt !mselves to ! mod]n me?ods1 ! skep hive w\ld f9d no m5tion 9 a book on bee-keep+ = pr(it4 ,prim>ily ! skep 0 made by our =efa!rs m]ely z a means ( secur+ ! bees = ! honey season1 by provid+ !m ) a ready-made home 9 :i* !y c\ld prep>e _! combs & /ore _! honey4 ,orig9ally x 0 a r\gh /ructure ( /raw1 b\nd toge!r probably ) bramble-runn]s1 peel$ & split1 & x has develop$ into ! =m 9 :i* we "k x to-day4 ,its picturesqu5ess 9 ! cottage fl[] g>d5 _c be d5i$1 nei!r c its utility up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & t po9t 0 :5 ! "t ( ! +a!r+ ( ! honey h>ve/ arriv$1 = to secure ! honey ! bees 7 de/roy$4 ,z a rule1 x is ! hive t conta9s ! be/ que5 :i* has ! mo/ honey1 & z ! skep t 0 heavie/ 0 always select$ = cle>+1 x necess>ily foll[$ t 9 de/roy+ ! bees ! be/ que5s 7 sacrific$4 ,! usual plan ( tak+ a skep hive 0 to dig a hole ab\t a foot deep1 n q l>ge en\gh to hold ! skep4 ,a few r$ hot c9d]s 7 plac$ on ! bottom & on ^! 0 scatt]$ brim/one4 ,!n ! skep 0 plac$ ov] ! hole & ! bees smo!r$ by ! sulphur fumes4 ,x 0 a cruel & wa/eful practice & x is /range t x %\ld survive 9 ^! days :5 ! k ( bett] & m economical me?ods is )9 rea* ( all4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 disease is rampant 9 ! di/rict ! skepi/ is (t5times a b5efactor to a neighb\r+ up-to-date api>i/ by supply+ him ) sw>ms1 or driv5 bees4 ,! capacity ( a skep is sometimes increas$ by means ( an imp made ( /raw ( ! same circumf]5ce z ! base ( ! skep on :i* ! hive is plac$4 ,ano!r me?od is to use bell glasses & sections z a sup] plac$ ov] ! fe$-hole ( ! hive4 ,al?\gh x c f9d no place 9 pr(itable bee-keep+--unless x be = tempor>ily hiv+ a sw>m--! skep nev]!less possesses "s advantages ov] ! wood5 hive4 ,x is n liable to ! attacks ( fungus1 or rot2 x is also w>m] = ! bees 9 w9t] if prop]ly cov]$ 9 sev]e wea!r1 = z ! combs are fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! hive !y s]ve ! purpose ( a cavity wall or dead space4 ,wood5 ,hives4--,! wood5 hive n[ reigns supreme 9 all well-regulat$ api>ies1 & ! me*anical me?ods ( work+ wood1 ) _! accuracy ( jo9+1 c41 f a con/ructional po9t ( view h br\ght !m practically to p]fection4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t wood is n ! ideal mat]ial = hive mak+4 ,z we h already sugge/$1 x is subject to det]ioration f fungus & rot1 &1 ev5 :5 well-season$1 conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure :i* r5d]s x readily liable to ^! evils4 ,! int]ior ( a hive1 too1 becomes moi/ f cond5sation1 :i* aga9 helps to promote decay1 a decay :i* 9 turn is fav\rable to ! developm5t ( disease among ! bees4 ,z a *eck to ! ill-effects ( ?is moi/ure "s bee-keep]s make a practice1 :5 clean+ _! hives1 ( ?or\ghly scor*+ ! int]ior walls ) a bl[ lamp4 ,s-call$ rot prev5t]s are n to be recomm5d$ = use inside ! hives1 = _m ( !m are highly injuri\s to ! bees4 ,9 pur*as+ hives x %\ld be se5 t !y are 9 no wise crack$ or w>p$1 t no l>ge knots are conta9$ 9 ! wood1 & t ! workman%ip ( ! jo9ts is 9 e way p]fect4 ,! ro( ne$s to be completely ra9-pro( & ! eaves %\ld hang well ov] ! sides s z to ensure ! ra9-wat] be+ c>ri$ away f ! walls ( ! hive4 ,size ( ,hive4--,9 ! selection ( a hive ! size mu/ dep5d ^u ! bee-keep]'s own conv5i5ce1 s t x is useless to lay d[n any h>d-&-fa/ rule4 ,_m api>i/s h a regul> sy/em ( mov+ _! hives f di/rict to di/rict to meet ! v>y+ crops & honey s\rces1 & x naturally foll[s t ! less cumb]some ! hive 9 _! case ! bett]4 ,p]sonally ,i pref] a hive ( ab\t eighte5 in*es squ>e1 outside measurem5t4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ r l>ge = w9t] requirem5ts1 b x is always a simple matt] to r$uce ! int]ior space ) a dummy4 ,"o or two odd siz$ hives are conv5i5t to possess2 !y are useful 9 em]g5cies1 & ! small] sizes especially come 9 h&y = que5 re>+ purposes1 or :5 /r5g!n+ nucleus4 ,! ,floorbo>d4--,! hive bottom1 or floorbo>d1 :i* includes ! slop+ plat=m outside ! hive1 on :i* ! bees alight1 %\ld be removable = ! purposes ( clean+--:i* mu/ be done ?or\ghly at lea/ twice a ye>4 ,?is alight+ bo>d %\ld provide = an entrance ( an in* bel[ ! level ( ! sides & back ( ! hive & %\ld slope upw>ds to ! floorbo>d ab\t #d or #e in*es inside ! hive4 ,:5 hives are mov$ frequ5tly f "o di/rict to ano!r x is advisable to h a %ort alight+ bo>d1 z less space is !reby tak5 up 9 ! removal conveyance4 ,x is an easy matt] to l5g!n ! bo>d :5 ! hive is 9 position if x is f\nd necess>y4 ,a ro(+ slate makes a v good addition to a %ort alight+ bo>d4 ,! ,brood ,*amb]4--,! brood *amb] re/s on ! floorbo>d3 x is usually made ) a por*$ entrance f ! alight+ bo>d1 b1 al?\gh a por* is useful if ! hive is 9 an expos$ situation1 ! bees1 z a rule1 w d equally well )\t x4 ,! por*1 inde$1 (t5 proves a s\rce ( tr\ble to "y bees1 :o fail to f9d ! entrance & ru% frantically along ! top ( ! por* 9 _! ef=ts to d s4 ,! brood *amb] usually has two s+le & two d\ble walls3 on ! inn]1 :i* are l[] ?an ! out]1 re/ ! ends ( ! b> frames t conta9 ! combs or brood f\ndation4 ,x is "h t ! brood is re>$ & ! natural life & "w1 ( ! hive proce$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,& ,,sectional ,,side ,,view ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,b>-,,frame ,,hive4 7,?is ,hive has a d\ble set ( ,/&>d ,frames7 ,b> ,frames4--,! b> frame is us$ z a case or support to hold ! honeycombs4 ,)\t !m x w\ld be impossible to lift ! combs f ! hive & replace !m 9 _! prop] position4 ,x is ^! frames t enable ! mod]n bee-keep] to d s mu* m ?an 0 possible ) ! old skep1 & x has be5 by _! aid t s mu* has be5 le>n$ ( ! home-life ( ! bee4 ,/&>d ,frames4--,frames v>y 9 size 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b ! /&>d frame n[ 9 g5]al use 9 ,great ,brita9 is #h in*es high1 #ad in*es wide1 ) a top b> #ag in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! #a in*es at ea* end re/ on ! top ( ! inn] walls ( ! hive4 ,! frames are spac$ ! prop] di/ance ap>t by metal ends ( uni=m size4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( ^! self-spac]s1 b ^? mo/ g5]ally 9 use 9 ,engl& 7 ! inv5tion ( a pa/-ma/] 9 api>y1 ! late ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,c>r4 ,^! ends slip on ! t]m9als ( ! top b>4 ,:5 h&l+ ! frames1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to hold !m by ! metal ends1 z !y are apt to slip (f & cause disa/]4 ,ano!r matt] t ne$s att5tion 9 connection ) !m is _! liability to ru/1 & :5 work+ = honey production ! bee-keep] %\ld be scrupul\sly c>eful to see t only good clean metal ends are us$ on ! frames4 ,to ,hang ,/&>d ,b> ,frames4--,! sides ( ! frame %\ld hang at lea/ #c_/af ( an in* & at ! mo/ ( an in* cle> ( ! walls ( ! hive4 ,if ! space be less ?an #c_/af ! bees w fa/5 ! combs to ! sides ( ! hive1 & if x be ov] ( an in* !y w build combs betwe5 ! frame & ! hive4 ,! n>r[] space is suffici5t to all[ ! bees a free passage r\nd ! frames4 ,"s frames on ! m>ket are a little wid] ?an ! ord9>y /&>d4 ,kn[n z wide-%\ld]$ frames1 no spac]s are necess>y to keep !m ! prop] di/ance ap>t4 ,/&>d frames1 h[ev]1 c be us$ successfully ei!r 9 ! ord9>y hive1 ! que5-re>+ hive1 or z a sup] 7see page #ca7 if x is work$ 9 accordance ) ! in/ructions giv5 on page #gc1 = z !y are exactly ! same 9 measurem5t !y c be int]*ang$ ) any hive4 ,x is advisable to p9 or nail toge!r any loose p>ts ( frames :5 mak+ !m up1 = by s do+ regrettable accid5ts may (t5 be avoid$4 ,%all[ ,frames4--,! %all[ frame is only #e in*es high1 ) o!r dim5sions simil> to ! /&>d4 ,!y are us$ by mo/ bee-keep]s 9 ?is c\ntry :o "w = surplus honey4 ,!y are ( a conv5i5t size = ga!r+ & /or+ sep>ately ! v>i\s crops ( honey4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a great advantage1 = x enables ! bee-keep] to select ! *oice/ honey = exhibition1 or = sale at increas$ price4 ,!y are especially useful 9 ?is direction :5 hea!r honey is ! objective1 bo? z a body box & z a sup]4 ,z a sup]1 inde$1 !y are g5]ally recomm5d$ to ! novice 9 bee-keep+1 z1 ow+ to !re be+ less space = ! bees to heat1 !y are w>m] ?an ! /&>d frames = ?is purpose4 ,!re is no "q t a w>m sup] induces ! bees to explore x1 & if food is pl5tiful to use x z a /ore or w>eh\se1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld ! heat ( ! sup] be l[]$ by a *ange 9 ! outside temp]ature aft] ! bees h comm5c$ to /ore !re91 !y w (t5 remove ! honey !nce to ! brood-*amb]4 ,%all[ frames are also us$ by "s bee-keep]s :5 work+ = sections 9 /rong hives imm$iately ov] ! brood-*amb]1 z ?is proc$ure usually prev5ts ! l[] case ( sections f becom+ discol\r$ by ! heat f ! brood4 ,sections4--,sections are small wood5 frames1 :i* 9 ,engl& are g5]ally ab\t #d in*es squ>e1 9 :i* honey may be /or$ by ! bees ready = sale purposes4 ,!y are made f ! wood ( ! ,am]ican lime tree--commonly kn[n z basswood--:i* is beautifully :ite & easy to "w4 ,! sections are made all 9 "o piece1 :i* is cut into %ape by ma*9]y4 ,! sections are plac$ 9 a rack or crate :i* usually hold tw5ty-"o 9 sev5 r[s ( ?ree1 ) a divid] ( t9 or wood betwe5 ea* r[1 & a bee space "u ea* section4 ,! me?od ( work+ ) sections is expla9$ on page #id4 ,! ,sup]4--,! sup]1 or lift1 is ! bee-keep]'s addition to ! hive1 9 :i* he induces ! bees to /ore honey = him4 ,x is plac$ above ! brood ne/ & suppli$ ) frames or sections 9 :i* ! bees may "w ap>t f ! brood4 ,to secure t1 ( c\rse1 is ! duty ( ! bee-keep]1 & 9 ! *apt] foll[+1 ! me?od w be dealt )4 ,bee ,escapes4--,! escape is to provide ! bees ) an additional exit f ! hive or sup]4 ,x is fix$ 9 a hole bor$ ?r\gh ea* end or side ( ! top portion ( ! hive1 two or ?ree in*es bel[ ! c5tre ( ! ro(4 ,! old-fa%ion$ cone-%ap$ v>iety is n[ usually work$ d\ble1 "o be+ fix$ inside ! hive & "o on ! outside1 b !y are n altoge!r satisfactory1 z ! bees w sometimes f9d _! way back ?r\gh !m to ! sup]4 ,x w also (t5 be f\nd :5 cle>+ sup]s by ?is means t ! bees are v sl[ 9 escap+4 ,a new escape1 call$ ,! ,port] ,escape1 ) a spr+ has be5 rec5tly inv5t$ :i* all[s ! bees to return f ! sup] direct into ! hive4 ,x is fix$ on a bo>d :i* is plac$ "u ! sup]4 ,! ,dummy4--,! dummy is a piece ( bo>d ) lugs or ends :i* project f ! sides1 & re/ on ! inn] walls ( ! hive4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a movable wall :i* is us$ to r$uce ! capacity ( a hive4 ,! requisite numb] ( frames are remov$ & ! dummy plac$ 9 position to cov] ! expos$ side4 ,! ,quilt4--,ov] all1 is plac$ ! quilt :i* reta9s ! heat 9 ! hive4 ,mo/ bee-keep]s h _! own op9ion z to ! be/ mat]ial to use = ?is purpose4 ,am]ican clo?1 glass1 wood1 c>pet1 horse-hair1 matt+1 felt1 sack+1 cotton1 & pap] all f9d _! advocates1 & probably exp]i5ce has prov$ !m all4 ,x is useless1 !n1 to be dogmatic 9 fav\r ( any4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 h[ev]1 t "o ( ! *eape/ =ms ( quilt is "o made ( unblea*$ calico1 = ?is is ab\t ! only mat]ial t ! bees d n try to sample1 or fa/5 to ! frames4 ,g5]ally speak+ x is advisable t a hole %\ld be made 9 ! quilt = fe$+ purposes4 ,= ?is x is n necess>y to cut a piece q out b m]ely to make an incision along ?ree sides ( a squ>e1 ?us =m+ a flap t c be fold$ back :5 fe$+ is necess>y4 ,?is quilt %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be supplem5t$ ) o!rs to secure ?or\gh ret5tion ( heat 9 ! hive4 ,all old quilts t h any propolis 7see page #ea7 on !m %\ld be sav$ to pack r\nd crates ( sections1 or ! propolis may be cut (f & us$ z a decoy 9 spr+ among/ artificial poll54 ,que5-,re>+ ,hives4--,!re are _m v>ieties ( nucleus or que5-re>+ hives1 b ! "o ,i h f\nd to give mo/ satisfaction holds f ?ree to five /&>d frames4 ,^! are us$ solely = ! purpose ( re>+ "y que5s to take ! place ( ^? worn out by h>d "w or old age4 ,! me?od to be foll[$ 9 ?is direction is giv5 on page #ge4 ,obs]vation ,hive4--,?is consi/s ( a glass case made to hold "o /&>d frame1 a %all[ frame1 & a r[ ( sections4 ,! bees c ?us be se5 at "w on ! combs4 ,x is m\nt$ on a pivot1 ?r\gh :i* ! bees mu/ pass to ! entrance4 ,( c\rse1 ! obs]vation hive is n int5d$ to keep bees 9 = m ?an a few days at a "t1 & :5 x is 9 use c>e %\ld be tak5 n to expose ! combs or ! bees to ! heat ( ! sun4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,bee-keep]s' ,requisites ,comb ,f\ndation4--,x is ?is wond]ful inv5tion t ) ! b>-frame has made bee-keep+ a practical factor2 )\t x1 inde$1 ! b>-frame hive w\ld be useless f a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,! comb-f\ndation is a ?9 %eet ( bees-wax1 impress$ by ma*9]y1 on bo? sides1 ) true hexagonal1 or six-sid$1 bases ( cells1 a slight f\ndation = ! walls be+ also impress$4 ,?us ! bees are giv5 a />t1 z x 71 9 _! "w4 ,?is f\ndation is made ei!r ) work] or drone cells & ! bees w foll[ unfail+ly ! lead ?us giv5 !m 9 _! build+4 ,x is made 9 ?ree degrees ( ?ickness--?91 m$ium1 & ?ick2 ! fir/ = use 9 sections1 & ! o!rs 9 ! brood *amb]4 ,z a rule bee-keep]s 9 ,engl& buy only ! work]-brood f\ndation1 = %\ld drones be requir$ !y c be secur$ by m]ely cutt+ away ! l[] "p ( a honey-comb1 or supply+ only half a %eet ( f\ndation 9 ! frames1 = ! bees w almo/ )\t fail build drone cells on ^!4 ,f\ndation is catalogu$ by all mak]s ( bee-keep+ appliances1 b x %\ld be obta9$ only f reliable s\rces1 = "o ( its ess5tials is t x %\ld be made f pure bees-wax ?or\ghly cleans$ & /]iliz$4 ,o!rwise x may conta9 g]ms ( brood disease4 ,old ,f\ndation4--,if a /ock ( f\ndation %\ld at any "t be left 9 h& x is advisable t x %\ld be slightly w>m$ be=e x is giv5 = ! use ( ! bees1 = unless x is q pliable ! bees w reject x4 ,exclud] ,z9c4--,x is impossible to "w ! b>-frame hive = pr(it )\t ! aid ( exclud] z9c1 = x is ?is useful appliance :i* prev5ts ! que5 f ent]+ ! sup]s & spoil+ ! surplus honey by lay+ h] eggs 9 ! comb4 ,= ! novice mu/ le>n at once t no honey %\ld be extract$ f combs :i* conta9 brood4 ,! que5 exclud] %\ld completely cov] ! op5 space above ! brood ne/ be=e ! sup] is plac$ ov] x4 ,a new que5 exclud] is n[ on ! m>ket1 made ( h>d wires /rapp$ toge!r1 & ! pat5tee claims t m work]s c pass ?r\gh x ?an is possible ) ! old type4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,/&>d ,frame ) ,drawn-out ,comb ,illu/ration3 ,an ,effici5t ,que5 ,exclud] ,illu/ration3 ,a ,frame ,hive ) ! top remov$ ,fe$]s4--,!re are _m v>ieties ( fe$]s 9 use among bee-keep]s1 & to attempt to give a description ( !m all w\ld occupy f> too mu* space4 ,x w\ld1 moreov]1 be unnecess>y1 =1 aft] all1 ! me?od ( fe$+ is "o to be decid$ by ! bee-keep]'s own conv5i5ce & res\rces4 ,sev]al fe$]s are on ! m>ket to meet ! requirem5ts ( quick fe$+2 ^! are made ei!r ( t9 or wood & include ! float fe$]s & ! ,canadian patt]n1 bo? ( :i* f9d consid]able fav\r4 ,ano!r type cov]s ! s-call$ sl[ fe$]s1 9 :i* ! supply c be regulat$ by turn+ ! food vessel r\nd to all[ a l>g] or small] quantity ( food to escape at ! option ( ! bee-keep]4 ,a *eap & s]viceable fe$] may be made by fill+ a glass jam j> or pickle bottle ) syrup & /ret*+ a piece ( blea*$ calico ov] ! top & ty+ x securely r\nd ! neck4 ,! j> is !n plac$ 9 an inv]t$ position ov] ! fe$-hole ( ! hive4 ,%\ld ! syrup escape too quickly ano!r ?ickness ( calico c be add$4 ,glass j>s %\ld always be us$ z inv]t$ fe$]s z ! quantity & condition ( ! rema9+ food c be se5 at a glance4 ,scrupul\s cleanl9ess is necess>y ) all fe$]s1 or ! food is liable to turn s\r or f]m5t4 ,uncapp+ ,knives4--,us$ = ! purpose ( remov+ ! cap ( wax f ! cells :5 extract+ ! honey f ! combs1 ^! knives %\ld be made ( good mat]ial & be kept p]fectly clean & bright4 ,blades :i* discol\r quickly %\ld n be us$1 & :]e l>ge quantities ( honey are extract$ at a "t x is advisable t two knives %\ld be available4 ,?is enables ! process to be cont9u\s1 z "o knife c be heat$--9 hot wat]--:ile ! o!r is 9 use4 ,9 us+ ! knife x is bett] to give x a saw+ motion :5 uncapp+1 = by s do+ ! *ances ( injur+ ! cells are consid]ably less5$4 ,x %\ld be s arrang$ t ! capp+s fall1 z !y are remov$1 into a tray or di%4 ,! ,extractor4--,?is is a ma*9e :i* %\ld be includ$ 9 ! outfit ( e bee-keep] :o is work+ ) a view to pr(it4 ,! initial outlay may seem l>ge1 b by its quickness & effici5cy a good ma*9e soon pays = itself & contributes to ! cr$it side ( ! acc\nt4 ,! extractor is usually cyl9drical 9 %ape & conta9s two cages1 ea* suffici5tly l>ge to hold "o /&>d frame ( comb4 ,^! cages are atta*$ to a sp9dle :i* runs ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e1 & is work$ ei!r direct by a h&le or by a simple *a9 or cog ge> at ! top4 ,a lid & a honey tap complete ! outfit4 ,! advantages ( ! extractor are _m1 b ! *ief "o is t ! honey c be sep>at$ f ! combs )\t break+ ! latt]4 ,h9ts = work+ ! extractor are giv5 on page #ih4 ,! ,honey ,press4--,?is is us$ to squeeze ?ick or d5se honey f ! combs4 ,!re are _m v>ieties & makes on ! m>ket1 rang+ 9 size d[n to t ( ! ord9>y potato squeez]4 ,^? us$ by ! l>g] honey f>m]s "w ) screw pressure4 ,! combs are plac$ 9 a wrapp+ ( *eese-clo?1 laid betwe5 pieces ( ,am]ican wire :i* re/ on flut$ or ribb$ bo>ds1 & ! pressure appli$4 ,! honey escapes by means ( ! flut$ guides & ! wax rema9s z a solid cake4 ,! ,smok]4--,?is is an indisp5sable article 9 ! equipm5t ( ! bee-keep]4 ,x is n int5d$ = ! purpose ( /ifl+ ! bees1 b on ! contr>y to make !m good-hum\r$1 &1 al?\gh x does n always h ! desir$ effect1 mo/ bee-keep]s h (t5 prov$ ! smok] a good fri5d4 ,! effect ( ! smok] :5 prop]ly appli$ is to cause ! bees to gorge !mselves ) honey1 = bees1 l mo/ human be+s1 are good-temp]$ aft] a he>ty meal4 ,aft] ! smok] has once be5 light$ x %\ld be plac$ on end1 = %\ld x be laid flat ! fuel w probably be ext+ui%$4 ,x is always advisable :5 work+ ! smok] to h a sp>e c>tridge h&y s z to replace ! "o imm$iately x is consum$4 ,fuel = ! smok] c be made f ?9 corrugat$ /rawbo>d1 br[n pap]1 calico1 cotton wool1 or any?+ inde$ t w sm\ld] r ?an burn ) a fl>e4 ,x is a good plan to roll toge!r "s fa/ & sl[ burn+ mat]ials1 !reby ensur+ a /eady smo!r :ile x la/s4 ,a supply ( c>tridges ( ?is k9d %\ld be cut & ti$ into l5g?s ready = use :5 requir$4 ,c>bolic ,clo?s4--,^! are useful = driv+ ! bees d[n f ! frames into ! hive1 :5 ! frames ne$ manipulat+4 ,! clo?s are usually ab\t #ah in*es squ>e1 made ( calico1 & spr9kl$ ) "o "p ( c>bolic acid to two p>ts ( wat]4 ,!y are laid ov] ! tops ( ! frame1 b c>e has to be tak5 t ! c>bolic solution is n too /rong1 or ! bees w be driv5 f ! hive4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! clo?s %\ld be kept roll$ up 9 a t9 to ensure _! cleanl9ess & to reta9 _! /r5g?4 ,bru%es4--,bees are v p>ticul> conc]n+ ! k9d ( bru%es us$ by ! bee-keep] to bru% !m f ! combs1 or to ga!r a sw>m toge!r :5 x is scatt]$ "u a bu% or 9 a position :]e x is n possible to %ake !m into a hive4 ,!y h a firm objection to any?+ ( a hairy nature1 & ! v be/ me?od to r\se !m to wra? is to use a h\semaid's broom "u ! circum/ances m5tion$4 ,x is a c]ta9 incitem5t to tr\ble4 ,mo/ bru%es sold by appliance mak]s are ( fibre1 b "o ( ! v be/ =ms c be made f montbretia leaves4 ,! leaves1 or blades1 %\ld be cut f ! plant ne> ! gr\nd & ! tops d\bl$ ov] & ti$ ne> ! end ( ! /alk4 ,! /alk end is us$ z a h&le1 ! bru% consi/+ ( ! int]v5+ "p4 ,montbretia is a v adaptable plant & w ?rive almo/ any:]e ) a little c>e4 ,dis9fectants4--,dis9fectants play a l>ge "p 9 ! "w ( ! bee-keep]1 to secure ! cleanl9ess :i* is su* an ess5tial factor to success1 = ! prev5tion ( disease1 & ! conf\nd+ ( ! _m enemies ( ! bees4 ,c>bolic ,acid is ! dis9fectant mo/ g5]ally us$1 probably because x is available = o!r purposes4 ,x %\ld n be us$1 h[ev]1 :5 sup]s are be+ remov$ or on any combs conta9+ honey t is to be tak5 = use4 ,:5 clean+ ! inside ( a hive only "o "p ( c>bolic acid %\ld be us$ to t5 or ev5 tw5ty p>ts ( hot wat]1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! hive is ?or\ghly dry be=e combs are plac$ 9 x1 or ! bees admitt$4 ,naph?al5e & ,camphor are ea* us$ = dis9fect+ purposes1 b m especially z antidotes aga9/ ! wax-mo? & o!r insects t play havoc 9 ! hive4 ,two fairly l>ge pieces c be plac$ 9 "o hive1 ei!r 9 ! cavities at ! ends ( ! frames or ov] ! quilt4 ,veils4--,"s bee-keep]s sc(f at ! necessity = a veil = protection :5 h&l+ ! bees1 b !re is no "q t 9 spite ( ! grotesque appe>ance x imp>ts ! veil is a v pres5t help 9 tr\ble to ! av]age bee-keep]4 ,"s p are =tunate en\gh to be /+-pro( & su* c af=d to smile at ^? :o seek1 protection f a veil1 b to ^? :o are n immune f ! consequ5ces ( ! angry att5tions ( ! bee ! veil is indisp5sable4 ,s]viceable veils c be made ( ,brussels or silk net1 mosquito nett+1 or f9e wire4 ,!y c be procur$ 9 any col\r1 ?\gh black is mo/ g5]ally adopt$1 t hav+ be5 f\nd ! lea/ objectionable to ! bees1 :o ent]ta9 viol5t prejudices on ! subject ( col\r4 ,p]sonally1 ,i believe t x is ! human brea? to :i* ! bees p>ticul>ly object1 & ,i h f\nd t if a little honey be eat5 be=e "o op5s a hive ! enmity ( ! bees w be neutralis$ to a v great ext5t4 ,a pair ( gloves1 ) gauntlets1 are absolutely necess>y to ! bee-keep]'s equipm5t1 ?\gh an admirable make%ift = ! latt] c be adapt$ f old /ock+ legs4 ,^! pull$ ov] ! sleeves ( ! coat1 aft] ! gloves h be5 button$1 =m an effici5t gu>d aga9/ an explor+ bee4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,bees3 ,_! ,habits & ,products ,sw>m+4--,z already expla9$ 7pp4 #g1 #h7 a hive w sw>m :5 an old que5 f9ds t o!r que5s are be+ nurtur$ 9 ! hive4 ,9 su* a case %e calls =? z _m ( h] adh]5ts z w foll[ h] & goes out to f\nd a new community4 ,(t5times ! site ( ! new home is def9itely settl$ be=eh& 9 "s unoccupi$ hive1 & 9 su* cases sc\t work]s w h prep>$ & cleans$ ! hive "s days 9 advance4 ,! pass+ to & fro ( ^! pione]s w sometimes give ! own] ( ! empty hive ! idea t he has bees work+ !re4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! sw>m issues f ! hive )\t any def9ite objective & flies on until ! que5 settles1 :5 h] ret9ue ( work]s =m a clu/] ar\nd h]4 ,z a rule x is an easy matt] to tell :5 ! bees are sw>m+1 = !y ru% pell-mell 9 a tumultu\s /ream f ! hive1 & fly r\nd & r\nd1 & 9 & out1 hundr$s be+ on ! w+ toge!r1 tak+ ! appe>ance ( a liv+ cl\d4 ,!y are p]fectly docile & w all[ ! spectator to /& among !m provid$ !y are n provok$4 ,( c\rse ?is is easily done3 ! m]e gett+ entangl$ 9 ! hair ( ! onlook] is suffici5t to r\se _! ang]4 ,any symptoms ( n]v\sness1 too1 seem to become app>5t at once to ! bees1 & p]spiration1 aga91 is objectionable to !m4 ,b an exp]t bee-h&l] may lift a sw>m ) 8 h&s & suff] no ill1 = s long z !y are n cru%$ ! bees w n res5t ! h&l+4 ,x is seldom t a fir/ sw>m issues f ! hive o!r ?an :5 ! wea!r is w>m & ! sun %9+4 ,g5]ally x is betwe5 #i a4m4 & #d p4m4 t sw>m+ takes place4 ,fir/ sw>ms are usually ! l>ge/1 = :5 ! joyful hum ( ! ris+ sw>m s\nds =? _m ( ! bees f adjo9+ hives w be drawn to jo9 ! sw>m & are receiv$ 9 a fri5dly mann]4 ,virg9 ,sw>ms4--,! bees ( a sw>m w (t5 foll[ a virg9 que5 :5 %e goes out to seek a mate1 ! bees app>5tly ?9k+ t if %e is lo/ !y w die4 ,x is !re=e advisable t a hive :i* is kn[n to conta9 a virg9 sw>m %\ld h ! entrance block$ up s t only "o or two bees c pass 9 or out at a "t4 ,?is may be wid5$ aft] ! que5 has be5 mat$4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,sw>ms w be f\nd expla9$ on page #fh4 ,! ,sc5t ( ! ,bee4--,e novice 9 bee-keep+ %\ld make a po9t ( acquir+ k by practical exp]i5ce on ?is wond]ful po9t 9 connection ) bees1 = x plays a mo/ important "p 9 ! success ( bee-keep+4 ,n only does ea* hive diffuse a diff]5t sc5t f t ( its neighb\r--ev5 ?\gh ! nect> may be ga!r$ by ! bees f ! same s\rce--b ! sc5t ( ea* hive may v>y accord+ to ! "w t is go+ on )9 x4 ,ea* individual bee1 too1 c diffuse a v>y+ sc5t to suit its circum/ances4 ,an exp]t bee-keep] c g5]ally tell f ! sc5t imm$iately he op5s 8 hive :at reception he is likely to meet )1 = ev5 our native bees are seldom f\nd to be docile 9 ! mid/ or t[>ds ! end ( a honey-fl[4 ,:5 bees are sw>m+ !y emit q a di/9ct sc5t1 :i* probably acc\nts = ! fri5dly reception accord$ at t "t to bees f o!r hives4 ,:5 a /rang] approa*es a hive1 or if ! bees are di/urb$1 x w be notic$ t ^? on ! alight+ bo>d elevate _! abdom5s & fan vigor\sly ) _! w+s--) ! result t o!r memb]s ( ! hive ru% to ! sc5e4 ,x is true t ! s\nd ( _! w+ movem5ts is diff]5t f t caus$ by ! v5tilat+ fann+1 b !re is no "q t an al>m sc5t is emitt$ f ! abdom5 & diffus$ by ! vigor\s movem5t ( ! w+s4 ,9 ! same mann] ! /+ ( ! bee :5 dis*>g$ emits a peculi> sc5t :i* has ! effect ( r\s+ o!r bees to ang]1 z ?\gh to av5ge ! dea? ( _! fell[-work]4 ,! exp]t bee-keep] well kn[s ! sc5t ( ! /+ ev5 ?\gh he may be immune f its effect4 ,x is well to note1 by ! way1 t cross-br$ bees z a rule are v qu>relsome & extremely s5sitive1 & are (t5 dang]\s on ?is acc\nt1 = !y are v free ) _! /+4 ,x seems evid5t t :5 a bee is fright5$ %e loses h] di/9ctive sc5t1 = driv5 bees1 :5 !y h no?+ to fight =1 w unite peacefully4 ,& ,i h kn[n bees ( ! same hive fight among !mselves 9 a mom5t ( panic1 ?us af=d+ evid5ce t ! sc5t ( ! community has be5 de/roy$ = ! "t1 preclud+ ! memb]s ( x f recognis+ _! fell[s "u ! /ress ( ! fright4 ,! sc5t ( ! que5 is diff]5t f t ( ! work]s4 ,?is c be notic$ especially 9 ! case ( a sw>m1 = work]s w (t5 be se5 retriev+ ! place ov] :i* ! que5 has pass$1 ev5 ?\gh ! trail may be brok53 %\ld !y fail to f9d h] !y w (t5 clu/] & die4 ,because ( ?is x is nev] advisable to h&le a que51 = ! bees w notice ! *ange ( sc5t caus$ !reby & (t5 w kill a que5 !y d n own2 to /rang] drones1 h[ev]1 !y raise no objection dur+ a honey-fl[4 ,honey4--,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t1 contr>y to ! ass]tion ( ! poet1 bees d n ga!r honey all ! day1 f e op5+ fl[]4 ,honey is ess5tially a product ( ! bee f ! nect> provid$ by ! fl[]s z an inducem5t to ! visitation ( bees & o!r insects--n = ! b5efit ( ! bee b to s]ve ! purposes ( ! fl[]s !mselves ( cross-f]tilisation4 7,see ,*apt] on ,fl[]s & ,bees1 page #ec47 ,! nect> is assimilat$ by ! bee & regurgitat$ 9 ! =m ( honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,que5 on a pat* ( ,seal$ ,honey 7,?is is a diseas$ frame3 notice ! irregul>ity7 ,honeycomb4--,! honeycomb is d\btless "o ( ! greate/ m>vels ( ! bee community4 ,9 its ar*itecture & workman%ip x =ms1 inde$1 "o ( ! greate/ wond]s 9 ! :ole realm ( nature4 ,) its multitud9\s hexagonal cells1 a honeycomb pres5ts a cont9u\s s\rce ( delight2 x is s con/ruct$ t n a s+le atom ( space is wa/$ & s design$ t ! m9imum ( mat]ial is us$4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! honeycomb1 prim>ily1 is int5d$ to s]ve z a ne/ = ! (fspr+ ( ! que5--ea* cell to be a sep>ate cradle = ! product ( ! egg plac$ !re94 ,z a rule1 z we h not$1 ! cells are six-sid$2 ! exceptions are ! que5 cells--:i* are acorn-%ap$--& ! int]m$iate cells :i* =m buff]s z x 7 betwe5 ! work] & drone cells4 ,! latt] are always built on ! outside edge ( ! combs4 ,! work] cells are ! smalle/1 &1 al?\gh ! bees hat*$ f new combs are usually l>g] ?an ^? f old ones1 ! diff]5ce is b slight4 ,! reason = ?is is t z ea* bee is hat*$ x leaves beh9d 9 ! cell ! cocoon 9 :i* its metamorphosis 0 accompli%$1 & ?us dim9i%es to t ext5t ! size ( ! cell4 ,bees-wax4--,! wax ( :i* ! cells are compos$ is produc$ f ! body ( ! bee itself4 ,x =ms 9 ?9 plates und]nea? ! abdom51 ^! plates be+ knead$ by ! jaws into ! requir$ consi/5cy & =m4 ,:5 comb-mak+ is 9 progress ! bees clu/] toge!r 9 fe/oons1 v simil> 9 appe>ance to a sw>m4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 an exce$+ly sl[ process1 & ! mod]n bee-keep]1 to exp$ite matt]s 9 ?is direction1 assi/s ! bees by giv+ !m ready-made f\ndation on :i* to build _! cells4 ,=tunately ! bees h prov$ am5able to ?is hu/l+ process & are ?us able to devote a l>g] "p ( _! %ort life to ! m remun]ative "w--f ! bee-keep]'s po9t ( view--( honey-produc+4 ,*yle ,food4--,z be=e /at$1 ?is is ! ri* sub/ance ) :i* ! que5 is f$1 & ! work] grub indulg$ 9 = a %ort p]iod4 ,x is regurgitat$ f ! *yle or second /oma* ( ! "y or nurse bees4 ,all au?orities agree t ! p[] to produce ! food gradually dim9i%es aft] ! insect is a =tnight old4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 ei!r t ! "y bees h ! p[] to )hold ! supply dur+ a p]iod ( re/1 or ! p[] to assimilate x is acquir$ by ! old] bees1 9 proportion to _! age & ! ord9>y food !y consume1 dur+ ! p]iod ( compulsory-retirem5t 9 w9t]4 ,?is semi-hib]nation p]iod v>ies 9 l5g? 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b 9 "s cases x mu/ la/ = at lea/ ?ree mon?s1 betwe5 ! date :5 ! la/ eggs 7 laid & t :5 ! que5 resumes egg-lay+ aga9 9 e>ne/4 ,*yle food has a ?ick1 milky-:ite appe>ance1 an acid flav\r1 & quickly congeals if expos$ to ! air4 ,probably on acc\nt ( its be+ f$ to ! infant bees "o ( its popul> names is pap & ano!r bee's-milk4 ,propolis4--,?is is a sub/ance produc$ by ! bees f ! gum :i* exudes f buds & trees1 or ! wax giv5 (f by "s grasses4 ,propolis emits a :olesome smell & is usually bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,x is us$ by ! bees to plug up any holes or cracks 9 ! walls ( ! hive & to fa/5 ! sup]s1 lifts1 frames1 & sections toge!r1 & also =ms _! natural dis9fectant4 ,al?\gh me?ylat$ _s is viol5tly dislik$ by bees1 yet "s =ms ( _s v>ni% are v attractive to !m1 probably yield+ some?+ t[>ds ! production ( propolis4 ,"s bees produce propolis to excess & x !n becomes a nuisance1 = hives 9 :i* su* a condition exi/s are always m difficult to "w4 ,! que5s f ^! hives %\ld nev] be us$ = re>+ purposes4 ,x w be f\nd t =eign bees z a rule produce m propolis ?an ! native bre$s4 ,propolis always s]ves to attract bees1 especially aft] x has be5 w>m$ be=e a fire = a few m9utes2 x !n becomes v /icky4 ,x is (t5 us$ to entice bees to artificial food 9 e>ly spr+ to /imulate brood-re>+ be=e natural poll5 becomes abundant4 ,?is is done by scatt]+ artificial poll5 among %av+s or *aff1 & g5]ally s]ves its purpose4 ,old quilts pla/]$ ) propolis are us$ by unscrupul\s bee-keep]s to attract sw>ms f neighb\r+ hives4 ,,*apt] ,v ,fl[]s & ,bees ,,9 ! economy ( ! _w ( fl[]s ! bee plays an important "p1 :ile 9 return ! fl[]s provide ! :]e)al ( exi/5ce = ! bee4 ,= ! m]e transf]5ce ( poll5 f "o fl[] to ano!r ! plant (f]s ! bee a supply ( nect> & a p]c5tage ( ! poll5 :i* %e is to c>ry = ! plant's b5efit4 ,x is ! case t mo/ plants dep5d ^u cross-f]tilization1 & :ile "s rely ^u ! w9d to c>ry ! poll51 o!rs1 & by f> ! great] numb]1 dep5d ^u bees & o!r insects to p]=m ! "w = !m4 ,! me?ods adopt$ by fl[]s to secure ! visitation ( _! insect fri5ds =m a fasc9at+ /udy :i* _c be ent]$ ^u "h1 ours only to consid] ! outcome1 s f> z ! bees are conc]n$1 ( ! transaction4 ,honey4--,= ! production ( honey !re mu/ be = ! bees easily available access to nect> produc+ fl[]s1 & x might be not$ t fl[]s always produce mo/ nect> :5 gr[+ "u natural conditions4 ,x is a common error to suppose t all sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s are visit$ by bees2 = 9 ! g>d5s1 roses & sweet peas are neglect$ by !m1 & 9 ! h$g][s ! honeysuckle is pass$ by--x cat]s = mo?s only1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 plants ^: sc5t is entirely repugnant to ! human s5se ( smell provide attractive & happy hunt+ gr\nds = ! bee4 ,aft] ! re/+ "t ( bo? fl[]s & bees ?r\gh ! d>k days ( w9t] !re is a /eady rotation ( fl[]s ?r\gh spr+ & summ]1 :i* is br\ght to a close 9 ! autumn by ! fl[]+ ( ! hea!r4 ,approximately ! appe>ance ( ! fl[]s ( plants & trees is 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 sn[drops1 w9t] aconite1 e>ly crocuses1 palm will[1 fl[]+ currant1 arabis1 aubrietias1 ,norway maple1 elm1 plum1 *]ry1 apple1 pe>1 *e/nut1 sycamore1 d&elion1 ! b]ry trees1 :ite?orn1 & lilac2 ^! m>k ! int]val betwe5 w9t] & ! full glory ( summ]'s bloom4 ,! bees w beg9 _! lab\rs almo/ z soon z ! fl[]s beg9 to %[1 & all ?r\gh ! full spr+ & summ] _! "w nev] ceases4 ,9 ,augu/ ! hea!r gives !m a busy "t until ! autumn br+s ! re/+ season r\nd aga94 ,g5]ally speak+ ! s\rce f :i* honey is ga!r$ may be recognis$ by its col\r & flav\r4 ,_m fl[]s1 inde$1 exude nect> ( a simil> col\r to _! own1 al?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! honey always becomes light] z x c&ies or granulates4 ,b1 approximately speak+1 x may be tak5 t :ite clov] honey %\ld be v light 9 col\r2 sa9fo9 honey %\ld be yell[1 lime a gre5i% yell[1 :ile hea!r honey w v>y f orange to purpli% r$4 ,! flav\r ( honey v>ies 9 l mann]1 ?\gh x is an und\bt$ fact t ! wea!r at ! "t ( its ga!r+ & /or+ by ! bees influ5ces x greatly4 ,! w>m] & sunni] ! day ! m pron\nc$ ! flav\r ( ! honey4 ,:ite clov] honey is e/eem$ ! be/ = table & exhibition purposes1 = its purity ( col\r1 f95ess ( gra91 & mild flav\r4 ,at ! o!r extreme is hea!r honey--d>k 9 col\r1 /rong 9 flav\r1 & a texture s ?ick t x w n run2 s ?ick1 inde$1 t x is impossible to extract or /ra9 x by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,z a rule x is usually press$ f ! combs4 ,poll54--,! bee uses poll5 = a v>iety ( purposes--= fe$+ ! pupae1 z food = ! old] bees :5 honey is sc>ce or ! /ores dim9i%+1 & = mix+ ) wax to seal ! brood cells4 ,bee-bread is !re=e a good "n = x1 al?\gh prim>ily its purpose is n to s]ve ! bees at all4 ,( an inf9ite v>iety ( col\r & flav\r--ea* fl[] produces its own v>iety 9 bo? p>ticul>s--! poll5 ga!r$ by ! bees is /or$ 9 ! hive /rictly ) its own k9d4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a bee visit+1 say1 clov]1 does n t\* ano!r k9d ( fl[] on t r\nd1 & s on4 ,& ea* section ( ! work]s /ore _! p>ticul> poll5 9 p>ticul> cells4 ,! "y work] bee is usually well cov]$ ) hairs :i* s]ve to ga!r up ! poll5 f ! fl[]s visit$4 ,leav+ a fl[] p[d]$ ov] ) x %e scrapes x f h] body into ! poll5 baskets on ! ?ighs ( h] h9d pair ( legs4 ,dis*>g$ at ! hive1 ! poll5 is knead$ by ! jaws & head & /or$ 9 ! cells1 :]e x is cov]$ ) honey to pres]ve x4 ,z ! bee gets old] ! body-hairs are gradually worn away s t z "t passes ! work] becomes a honey-ga!r] almo/ entirely4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,h9ts on ,work+ ! ,bees ,position ( ,hives4--,all hives1 if possible1 %\ld be arrang$ to face s\?1 = cold & draughts are among ! deadlie/ foes ( ! bees4 ,cold %[]s ( ra9 or sleet 9 ! spr+ (t5 "w havoc among !m s t x is well to m9imise ! dang] z mu* z possible4 ,9 ?is connection x is a common sight 9 e>ly spr+ to see bees t h become *ill$ ly+ on ! gr\nd ne> ! hives1 & novices may ga9 exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ bees by pick+ up ^! moribund specim5s4 ,!y %\ld be lift$ ) "o f+] & ?umb & dropp$ into a j> :i* %\ld be cov]$ at ! top & plac$ be=e a fire4 ,:5 ! bees h reviv$ !y may be lib]at$4 ,manipulat+ ! ,bees4--,confid5ce is ! mo/ necess>y quality to ! bee-keep] & "o1 ( c\rse1 t c only be acquir$ by exp]i5ce4 ,"o gold5 rule to be rememb]$ by ! beg9n] is t ! hive %\ld be approa*$ always f ! re>1 & ano!r1 t ev]y?+ %\ld be done sl[ly & delib]ately & nev] j]kily4 ,no?+ irritates bees m ?an erratic or j]ky movem5ts on ! "p ( ^? manipulat+ ! hives4 ,until "o has def9itely prov$ immunity f ! bee-/+ x is necess>y t all safe-gu>ds %\ld be adopt$ be=e any "w is attempt$ on hives ( :i* ! bees are 9 possession4 ,! veil1 gloves1 & gauntlets %\ld be donn$ & ! tr\s]s ti$ tightly r\nd ! ankles to prev5t ! incursion 9 t direction ( any rov+ memb] ( ! hive4 ,= al?\gh bees are usually on good t]ms ) _! own] !y are subject to v>y+ moods1 & x is well to run no unnecess>y risks4 ,! ,smok]4--,! smok] %\ld always be ready to h&1 *>g$ & light$1 ) mat*es imm$iately available 9 case ! fuel does n burn prop]ly4 ,z already expla9$1 ! effect ( ! smok] is to cause ! bees to gorge !mselves ) food & s become good-temp]$4 ,hav+ remov$ ! ro( ( ! hive1 "o corn] ( ! quilt is rais$ & a little smoke bl[n "u x4 ,! op]ation %\ld be repeat$ 9 two or ?ree diff]5t places1 & !n an int]val ( two or ?ree m9utes all[$ to elapse 9 :i* ! bees may fill !mselves4 ,! quilt may !n be c>efully remov$1 & if necess>y m smoke may be bl[n ov] ! frames1 b n d[nw>ds among ! bees4 ,:5 h&l+ ! frames ! ne>e/ "o at ! side or back ( ! hive %\ld be tak5 out fir/1 ! bees t are on x %ak5 (f1 & ! frame plac$ safely on "o side4 ,?is all[s ample space 9 ! hive = mov+ ! frames ab\t = exam9ation & o!r purposes )\t cru%+ ! bees4 ,h[ to ,h&le ,frames4--,frames %\ld nev] be held by ! metal ends1 = ^! are liable to slip (f & cause disa/]4 ,! frames %\ld always be lift$ & h&l$ ne> ! ends ( ! top b>4 ,a frame ( comb %\ld nev] be turn$ horizontally1 = 9 t position ! comb is apt to break4 ,! prop] way is to l[] "o end ( ! frame until x is 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 !n sw+ x r\nd half a turn & l[] ! o!r end4 ,! comb w !n be ! wrong side up & ! movem5t mu/ be cont9u$ until ! comb is aga9 9 its prop] position4 ,exam9ation or o!r "w 9 connection ) ! hive %\ld be complet$ z quickly z possible s t ! combs may n be unduly expos$4 ,spr+ & ,autumn ,clean+4--,9 ! spr+time--g5]ally speak+ ab\t ! middle ( ,april--x is necess>y t ! hive %\ld be clean$1 &1 to secure a ?or\gh spr+ clean1 ! bees %\ld be transf]r$ to ano!r hive t has be5 already clean$4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! hive mu/ be ?or\ghly ov]haul$1 & %\ld any ( ! combs be f\nd to be 9 a bad condition & )\t any bees on !m !y %\ld be remov$4 ,if ! combs are full ( brood & honey x is necess>y to exp& ! brood *amb] z describ$ on page #fg4 ,9 ! autumn ! hive mu/ be exam9$ & clean$ aga94 ,all empty combs1 or ^? n us$ by ! bees1 %\ld be remov$ & ! space ?us r5d]$ vacant clos$ by a dummy4 ,%\ld ! hive conta9 only a small quantity ( food ! bees w h to be f$ artificially4 7,see page #hb47 ,weak ,hives4--,x is at ! spr+ & autumn exam9ations t ! real /ate ( ! hive community is discov]$1 & 9 ! =m] ! weak4 hive is a common occurr5ce4 ,x is !n t mu* dep5ds ^u ! bee-keep] :e!r 8 "w is to be successful or n4 ,x is !n t weak /ocks mu/ be br\ght up & /r5g!n$ ei!r by d\bl+ or unit+ ! /ocks1 or by fe$+4 ,! bees f /rong hives soon f9d out ^? t are weak1 & app>5tly act on ! pr9ciple t to him t ha? %all be giv51 = !y proce$ to help !mselves to ! deplet$ /ores ( ! weak hive4 ,!y ev5 g to ! l5g? ( =c+ its occupants to help 9 ! removal ( _! /ores & grant !m ! privilege ( jo9+ _! community = s do+4 ,^? t rema9 fai?ful to ! que5 ( ! weak hive are ?us r$uc$ to />vation4 ,:5 a bee-keep] f9ds t a weak hive is be+ raid$ 9 ?is mann] he %\ld close x up entirely = a day or two4 ,?is w (t5 quick5 ! _s ( its inhabitants & cause !m to retaliate on ! raid]s4 ,d\bl+ ,/ocks4--,= ?is purpose an empty hive is necess>y1 & x %\ld be "o 9 :i* ! frames range f ! front to ! back4 ,plac+ ! two weak hives on ei!r side ( ! empty "o1 ! frame ) ! bees f ! "r h& hive are transf]r$ to ! "r side ( ! new hive4 ,a dummy is !n plac$ & all holes ?r\gh :i* a bee might crawl c>efully block$ up4 ,! frames f ! o!r hive are !n plac$ 9 ! rema9+ space & ! hive clos$ up4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to fa/5 ! quilt d[n firmly s t ! bees _c obta9 access to ea* o!r1 = if !y d !y w surely fight4 ,= ! same reason ! entrances to ! two p>ts ( ! hive %\ld be plac$ z f> ap>t z possible & a piece ( wood plac$ along ! c5tre ( ! floorbo>d4 ,aft] a few weeks ! bees 9 ! two divisions w acquire ! same sc5t & c be unit$4 ,%\ld a sp>e que5 be requir$ "o c be remov$1 if n ! old] "o %\ld be kill$1 = ! bees %\ld n be left to adju/ ! matt] = !mselves4 ,a hole may be made 9 ! dummy s t ! bees c pass f "o division to ! o!r1 & a few days aft] ! dummy may be remov$ altoge!r4 ,?is proc$ure may be foll[$ also 9 ! autumn1 especially if "y que5s are num]\s & x is desir$ to save "s4 ,fe$+ ,weak ,/ocks4--,if facilities are n to h& = ?us deal+ ) weak /ocks1 ! frames n requir$ by ! bees %\ld be remov$ f ! hive1 ! space contract$ by a dummy1 & ! bees f$ inside ! hive4 ,9 ! autumn x is advisable to give weak hives frames ( food t h be5 /or$ & seal$ by a /rong hive t is kept especially = su* a purpose4 ,:5ev] inside fe$+ is adopt$1 ! entrance ap]ture to ! hive %\ld be r$uc$ s z to keep out bodies ( raid]s4 ,! mo/ effici5t means ( secur+ ?is is to place along ! entrance a piece ( p]=at$ z9c ) holes j l>ge en\gh = "o bee to pass ?r\gh at a "t4 ,?is prev5ts a ru% ( m>aud]s & all[s ample v5tilation 9 ! hive4 ,unit+ ,/ocks4--,?is proc$ure is n s common among ,engli% bee-keep]s z x is ) ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w :]e ! conditions are m fav\rable to a successful result4 ,! reasons are *iefly because we c v seldom secure t ! bees all "w on ! same fl[]s1 & because mo/ ( our ,engli% bees are cross-bre$s & !re=e m addict$ to fight+4 ,x is n to be expect$ t a brok5 bre$ ( bees w unite peacefully ) a pure bre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,exam9+ ,frames ,h[ev]1 unit+ is sometimes resort$ to1 & ! me?od ( proc$ure g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engl& is z foll[s4 ,! hives to be unit$ are br\ght ne>] to ea* o!r gradually1 n m ?an a y>d or s at a "t1 & on f9e days only1 :5 ! bees are fly+ ab\t4 ,! ne$ = ?is precaution>y c>e is t ! bees soon lose _! be>+s if _! hive is %ift$ to any great ext5t & w fly ab\t until dea? ensues f exhau/ion2 :ile to ent] a /range hive 9 mi/ake = _! own is equally fatal = !m4 ,! actual process ( unit+ is accompli%$ by tak+ combs alt]nately f ea* hive & plac+ !m 9 _! new qu>t]s1 mean:ile spray+ bees & combs ) sc5t$ syrup1 or dr$g+ !m ) fl\r4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 recomm5d ! novice to %ake or drive 7see pp4 #gd1 #gi7 ea* /ock be=e unit+ !m1 = hung] w d m to reconcile ! bees to ea* o!r ?an any?+ else4 ,! driv5 bees %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a que5-exclud] & ! olde/ que51 or que5s1 de/roy$4 ,?is w save a battle royal 9 ! new hive1 & d mu* t[>ds unit+ ! two sections ( bees4 ,que5-re>+ hives may h frames ( "y bees add$ to !m )\t mu* fe> ( tr\ble1 = z a rule "y bees d n fight4 ,/imulat+4--,bee-keep]s :o are work+ = honey g5]ally /imulate ! bees aft] ! semi-hib]nation days ( w9t] are pass$1 = a p]iod ( "s six or eight weeks be=e _! s]vices are likely to be requir$ = honey ga!r+4 ,?is is to enc\rage brood-re>+ & is accompli%$ by fe$+ ! bees ) syrup or artificial poll54 7,see ,*apt] on ,fe$+1 p4 #hb47 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t once artificial fe$+ = ?is purpose has be5 resort$ to x mu/ be cont9u$ until ! natural s\rces ( nect> are available to ! bees1 = no?+ *ecks ! population or does m h>m to ! hive ?an /opp+ ! food supply :5 bre$+ has comm5c$4 ,x %\ld be ! aim ( e bee-keep] to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! ord] & approximate times ( blossom+ ( ! fl[]s & trees1 & p>ticul>ly ! l>ge/ s\rce ( nect> 9 8 neighb\rhood4 ,z a rule1 f six to eight weeks is requir$ to get ! hives into a pr(itable condition aft] brood-re>+ has comm5c$ 9 e>ne/4 ,9 "s fav\r$ places ! que5 may beg9 to deposit eggs z e>ly z ,janu>y1 ?\gh ( c\rse1 9 ! nor? & cold] di/ricts1 ?is is exceptional4 ,unless1 !re=e1 a bee-keep] is 9 an exceptionally good di/rict1 & works = e>ly fruit blossoms z a s\rce ( nect>1 x is to 8 int]e/ to leave ! bees to !mselves until ! middle or end ( ,m>*1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 !y are n %ort ( food4 ,*ok$ ,brood-,ne/4--,:5 fe$+ ! bees 9 spr+ x is necess>y to spread ! brood-ne/ f "t to "t by add+ a frame ( comb ne> ! c5tre ( x4 ,?is provides ! que5 ) suffici5t cells 9 :i* to lay h] eggs4 ,%\ld ! brood-ne/ become *ok$ ) honey1 fe$+ %\ld be /opp$ & a frame or two ( honey tak5 f ! hive & extract$1 or giv5 to hives t are n s =tunately plac$1 fill+ up ! space ) empty combs4 ,%\ld ! /ores ( honey & poll5 be pl5tiful1 x is well to scrat* ! capp+s f "s ( ! cells1 ?\gh c>e mu/ be tak5 n to damage ! capp+s ( ! brood cells1 :i* w usually be f\nd 9 ! c5tre ( ! frames4 ,%\ld ! hive be full ( frames & bees & mo/ ( ! cells along ! top ( ! combs be cov]$ ) clean :ite capp+s1 a sup] may be introduc$1 ! necess>y %eet ( que5-exclud] be+ plac$ ov] ! brood-ne/4 ,! sup] %\ld be a w>m "o ) no leaky jo9ts & fit prop]ly ov] ! brood-*amb]4 ,9 di/ricts expos$ to high w9ds ! precaution %\ld be tak5 ( tack+ a n>r[ /rip ( ?9 s(t felt r\nd ! bottom edges ( ! sup] to make x p]fectly draught pro(4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,h9ts on ,work+ ! ,bees--7,cont47 ,sw>m+4--,"o ( ! olde/ practices associat$ ) bee-keep+ is t ( r++ ! sw>m4 ,imm$iately ! sw>m 0 se5 to issue f ! hive ! bee-keep] began to create z l\d a d9 z he c\ld by beat+ a t9 or tray1 &1 s do+1 foll[$ ! bees 9 _! flight4 ,?is entitl$ him to claim ! sw>m :]ev] !y settl$1 ev5 ?\gh x might be 9 a neighb\r's hive4 ,r++ is /ill cont9u$1 = x is ! mo/ effectual means at comm& = caus+ ! bees to settle4 ,! explosion ( fire>ms1 a clap ( ?und]1 or ! ro> ( a bla/1 w secure _! do+ s1 & probably ! mo/ effectual settl] = a sw>m is a %[] ( ra9--b none ( ^! is at ! imm$iate comm& ( ! bee-keep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,skepp+ a ,sw>m ,:51 !re=e1 ! sw>m is se5 issu+ f ! hive prep>ations %\ld be made = r++ & foll[+ x4 ,! noise %\ld n be comm5c$ until x is c]ta9 t ! que5 has come out1 or %e may %[ no incl9ation to d s4 ,sometimes ! sw>m w fly = "s di/ance1 or x may happ5 to clu/] comp>atively ne> its =m] home4 ,9 "s cases tr\ble arises f ! fact1 already /at$ on p4 #dd1 t ! sw>m has *os5 a home 9 a neighb\r's empty hive4 ,any "q ( own]%ip c always be settl$ by an exam9ation ( ! combs 9 ?is hive1 = if !re are no eggs or brood m ?an a few h\rs' old ! bees und\bt$ly belong to ! claimant ( ! sw>m1 & he is entitl$ to _! possession or _! value4 ,%\ld !re be eggs or brood obvi\sly deposit$ 9 ! combs e>li] ?an ! day on :i* ! sw>m ent]$1 !n no claim c /&1 = x is c]ta9 t x is impossible = ! memb]s ( ! sw>m to be pick$ out f ^? already 9 ! hive :5 !y ent]$4 ,h&l+ ! ,sw>m4--,%\ld ! sw>m settle 9 a conv5i5t position on a bran* ( a tree1 x c be transf]r$ directly to a b>-frame hive 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! hive1 plac$ z ne>ly "u ! sw>m z possible1 %\ld h ! entrance to ! body rais$1 & w$g$1 ab\t an in*1 & a bo>d plac$ f ! gr\nd to ! alight+ bo>d2 a %eet %\ld be spread ov] ?is bo>d & ! gr\nd "u ! sw>m4 ,! sw>m %\ld be %ak5 f ! bran* on to ! %eet4 ,%\ld ! clu/] be 9 too awkw>d a position = ?is to be done1 a skep w h to be br\ght into requisition = transf]r+ ! sw>m to _! new qu>t]s4 ,! clu/] may be %ak5 into ! skep by g5tly rais+ ! bran* f :i* x is susp5d$ & !n giv+ x a %>p d[nw>d movem5t4 ,! skep %\ld be held firmly & g5tly turn$ "r side up ov] ! %eet on to :i* ! bees %\ld be %ak5 9 front ( ! b>-frame hive4 ,%\ld ! bees be sl[ to run into ! hive1 ^? at ! re> %\ld be giv5 a few g5tle puffs f ! smok]4 ,sometimes ! sw>m w conta9 m ?an "o que5 & consequ5tly w split up into sev]al clu/]s4 ,9 su* a case ea* clu/] has to be %ak5 sep>ately4 ,occasionally x becomes necess>y to %ake a sw>m two or ?ree times if ! que5 is n hiv$4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 too1 t ! que5 w come out aga9 if ! hive is objectionable to h]1 & almo/ c]ta9ly s if %e be a virg94 ,z a rule1 ?\gh1 ! old que5 comes out ) ! fir/ sw>m1 b ,i h kn[n cases 9 :i* sw>m+ has be5 delay$1 :5 z _m z five que5s1 includ+ ! old "o1 h come out ) ! fir/ sw>m4 ,9 a v /rong hive a virg9 que5 w sometimes come out ) a fir/ sw>m1 b 9 su* cases ! sw>m1 z a rule1 is a v small "o4 ,! hive us$ = a sw>m %\ld be scrupul\sly clean & conta9 suffici5t frames & combs = ! requirem5ts ( ! sw>m4 ,x is usual to place only "o ?9 quilt ov] ! frames = ! fir/ few days aft] a sw>m has be5 giv5 possession4 ,hives conta9+ newly plac$ sw>ms are usually all[$ to /ay until ! ev5+ ( ! day be=e !y are remov$1 b1 ( c\rse1 if ! situation is an inconv5i5t "o1 or if ! hive is liable to be a nuisance to ! public1 x %\ld be tak5 away at once4 ,if all[$ to rema9 x mu/ be %elt]$ f ! rays ( ! sun or ! heat w cause ! bees aga9 to issue =?4 ,%\ld a sw>m n be requir$ by ! bee-keep] he mu/ return x to ! hive :5ce x issu$ v e>ly on ! morn+ foll[+ ! day ( sw>m+4 ,ea* bee 9 a sw>m usually c>ries suffici5t food to meet its requirem5ts = "o day1 s t %\ld a bee-keep] receive a sw>m f a di/ance he %\ld fe$ x z soon z x arrives4 ,all sw>ms %\ld be f$ if ! natural supply ( nect> be scanty4 ,excessive ,sw>m+4--,:]e bees are giv5 to excessive sw>m+ "s bee-keep]s trim "o ( ! w+s ( ! que5 to h9d] h] flight1--a me?od also adopt$ to di/+ui% ! ages ( que5s3 ! "r w+ ( "o ye>'s que5s be+ cut1 & ! left ( ^? ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,( c\rse1 ! w+s ( a virg9 que5 %\ld nev] be trimm$1 = mat+ is !reby prev5t$4 ,sw>m ,prev5t+4--,! bee-keep] :o works = surplus honey does all he c to prev5t 8 bees f sw>m+1 & ?us increases bo? 8 /ock ( bees & supplies ( honey4 ,anyone :o has ev5 b slightly /udi$ ! ways ( bees w h notic$ t !y /ore _! honey above ! brood 9 response to "o ( ! wond]ful in/9cts be/[$ ^u !m by nature1 & x is by tak+ advantage ( ?is fact t ! bee-keep] :o is work+ = pr(it assures himself ( "o po9t ( success4 ,x is ! me?od ( work+ /&>d frames f ! brood-*amb] z a sup] by :i* ea* hive is practically made into two--a que5less colony above & a brood /ock bel[4 ,i h tri$ pretty well all ! sy/ems us$ 9 ,engl& & h prov$ ?is to be ! mo/ successful 9 secur+ ! purpose aim$ at4 ,= !reby ! que5 is giv5 pl5ty ( room 9 :i* to lay h] eggs1 & ! bees pl5ty ( accommodation 9 :i* to /ore _! honey4 ,! me?od ( work+ ?is plan is z foll[s4 ,! bees %\ld be /imulat$ 9 ! spr+ & z soon z ! wea!r is fav\rable to sw>m+ ! /ronge/ hive %\ld be exam9$4 ,x ! frames are se5 to be cov]$ by ! bees1 & almo/ full ( brood or /ores1 ev]y?+ is 9 ord] = ! s*eme4 ,! ess5tial po9t 9 x is ! removal ( ! combs f ! brood-*amb] m9us ! que54 ,a sup] ( ! same size z ! brood-*amb] %\ld be prep>$ & a simil> numb] ( frames to ^? already 9 ! brood-*amb] duly fitt$ ) empty combs or a %eet ( f\ndation4 ,! fir/ frame is !n remov$ f ! brood-*amb]1 ! bees %ak5 f x & plac$ 9 a sup]4 ,! %ak+ %\ld be done by hold+ ! frame ab\t a foot above ! hive & giv+ x a %>p d[nw>d & upw>d j]k to displace ! bees4 ,ne$less to say1 great c>e is necess>y 9 ! op]ation1 z to drop ! frame1 or cru% ! bees1 w\ld lead to disa/]4 ,:5 ! second frame is remov$1 an opportunity is af=d$ to look = ! que51 :i* may be id5tifi$ by h] l>g] bulk & long] legs4 ,close att5tion mu/ be giv5 to see t !re are no que5 cells 9 ! combs z !y are remov$1 = ! pres5ce ( a que5 9 ! sup] is fatal to ! s*eme4 ,all que5 cells--easily id5tifi$ by _! acorn %ape--!re=e1 %\ld be remov$ f ! combs4 ,aft] ! ?ird frame has be5 remov$ ! empty ones %\ld be ins]t$ z ea* full "o is transf]r$ to ! sup]1 until ! :ole int]*ange has be5 effect$4 ,! next proce$+ is to place a %eet ( que5-exclud+ z9c ov] ! brood frames1 s t no possible way is op5 = ! que5 to ga9 access to ! sup]4 ,! sup] is !n plac$ 9 position & cov]$ up4 ,%\ld ! combs conta9 any drone brood opportunity w h to be giv5 !m to escape aft] hat*+1 z !y _c pass ?r\gh ! que5 exclud]4 ,?is may be done by roll+ ! quilt back = ab\t an in* along ! :ole l5g? ( "o side1 on a bright1 sunny day4 ,! drones w soon f9d ! op5+ & take flight4 ,if1 aft] sup]+1 ! wea!r %\ld be unfav\rable = ! bees to ga!r food1 artificial fe$+ w h to be resort$ to4 ,%\ld ! s*eme be c>ri$ out e>ly 9 ! ye> & ! que5 be prolific1 x may be f\nd necess>y to repeat x to prev5t sw>m+4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t inasmu* z ! re>+ ( "y que5s & ! consequ5t sw>m+ is n c>ri$ on "u ?is me?od1 x is a necessity t ! hives %\ld be re-que5$ e two ye>s4 ,que5 ,re>+4--,x is bett] to reta9 "o hive = que5-re>+ purposes & ?is %\ld conta9 ! v be/ que5 available s z to secure a good /ra9 ( work]s4 ,! drones1 too1 %\ld be select$ by all[+ no drone cells 9 any b ! be/ hives4 ,= ! small bee-keep] :o _c sp>e mu* "t among 8 bees1 & :o only requires half a doz5 que5s 9 a ye>1 ,i w\ld recomm5d t que5-re>+ %\ld be work$ 9 ) ! /&>d-frame sup] me?od describ$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,if ?is c\rse be adopt$ ! proc$ure is z foll[s4 ,! hive %\ld be all[$ to come to sw>m+-po9t 9 ord] t que5 cells maybe =m$ by ! bees4 ,^! %\ld conta9 eggs or l>v be=e ! frames are transf]r$ to ! sup]1 & all eggs or l>v %\ld be ( ! same age4 ,?is is an important po9t1 = %\ld "o be hat*$ e>li] ?an ! o!rs x w promptly de/roy all ! o!r que5 eggs or l>vae 9 ! frame4 ,! wise/ plan is to de/roy all que5 cells t are capp$ & ! ages ( eggs or l>v not$ 9 accordance ) ! in=mation giv5 on ?is po9t on page #ac4 ,9 work+ ?is me?od ( que5-re>+1 ! frames mu/ n be %ak51 b ! bees bru%$ (f into ! hive1 o!rwise ! cont5ts ( ! que5 cells w be displac$4 ,! z9c exclud]1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be ?or\ghly appli$ to prev5t ! que5 obta9+ access to ! sup]4 ,! sup] c be left until ! day previ\s to t on :i* ! fir/ "y que5 is due to leave ! cell4 ,x mu/ !n be remov$1 ) all ! bees 9 x1 & x %\ld ei!r be split up or ea* que5 cag$ 9 its cell4 ,aft] ! sup] is split up1 ! bee-keep] %\ld try to procure a sw>m to divide among/ ea* "p ( ! sup]--fir/ runn+ x ?r\gh a que5 exclud] to cat* ! que54 ,^! divisions %\ld be giv5 a sep>ate hive if possible1 b if x is necess>y t !y %\ld occupy "o l>ge hive c>e mu/ be tak5 ?or\ghly to sep>ate ea* section & to h ! entrances z f> ap>t z possible4 ,x is advisable1 too1 t ! entrances %\ld be ( a diff]5t col\r to ensure ! "y que5s ent]+ _! own section1 = %\ld !y by *ance ent] ano!r a battle is sure to ensue ) fatal results4 ,re-que5+ ! ,hive4--,z already /at$1 ! me?od ( work+ ! hive ) /&>d frames z a sup] necessitates re-que5+ e two ye>s4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( do+ ?is4 ,"o is to f9d ! old que5 & kill h]1 & all[ ! bees to in/all "o ( ! "y que5s4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 has _m disadvantages4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re is ! di/urbance to ! hive 9 ! se>* = ! que52 secondly1 if ! que5 be f\nd & kill$1 !re is a loss ( ne>ly ?ree weeks 9 ! height ( summ] :5 no eggs are laid 9 ! hive4 ,ano!r me?od is to all[ ! hive to sw>m & to return ! sw>m to its hive aft] de/roy+ ! que54 ,b ?is plan1 too1 has ! disadvantage ( *eck+ ! supply ( eggs4 ,! be/ me?od = all practical purposes is to re-que5 aft] ! honey-fl[1 ei!r ) a home-re>$ que5 or "o pur*as$ f a reliable bre$]4 ,! old que51 toge!r ) any que5 cells 9 ! combs1 mu/ be remov$ ?ree or f\r days be=e ! new que5 is introduc$4 ,! easie/ way to accompli% ! introduction is by means ( a que5-cage4 ,^! are usually made ( wood ) ?ree comp>tm5ts1 9 ! inn] two ( :i* ! que5 is imprison$4 ,! o!r is fill$ ) s(t c&y4 ,?is cage is plac$ ov] ! frames 9 ! hive & ! que5 is lib]at$ by ! bees eat+ a way ?r\gh ! c&y4 ,by ! "t ?is is accompli%$ ! que5 w h acquir$ ! sc5t ( ! hive & w be accept$ z rul] by ! community4 ,! hive %\ld n be di/urb$ = at lea/ f\r days aft] ! introduction ( ! new que54 ,illu/ration3 ,%ak+ a ,sw>m ,driv+ ,bees4--,aft] ! honey-fl[ is end$1 x becomes necess>y to cle> "s ( ! hives & unite ! bees ) o!rs4 ,! old me?od ( deal+ ) ?is matt] 0 ! dra/ic & wa/eful "o ( putt+ ! hive ov] ! sulphur pit & wip+ out ! bees4 ,! m economical1 z well z humane1 me?od ( driv+ is n[ g5]ally practis$ by ! comm]cial bee-keep]4 ,driv+ is (t5 accompli%$ imm$iately aft] ! clov] has f9i%$ fl[]+1 & ! bees sold to ! bee-keep]s 9 ! hea!r di/ricts1 :o are (t5 glad to increase _! /ocks 9 read9ess = ! hea!r honey h>ve/4 ,9 o!r cases ! driv5 bees are us$ to /r5g!n weak hives4 ,9 any case driv+ mu/ be done be=e ! autumn unless ! bee-keep] is prep>$ to give ! bees drawn-out combs & food to fill !m ) 9 prep>ation = ! w9t]4 ,:5 driv+ is to be put into op]ation x is always advisable to remove ! hive t is to be driv5 well away f ! o!r hives1 = ! op]ator is f> m liable to be /ung by ! bees f !m ?an by ^? to be driv54 ,an empty hive %\ld be plac$ 9 ! position occupi$ by ! remov$ "o3 ?is w s]ve to attract any /raggl]s & prev5t _! fly+ away4 ,ano!r empty hive w also be requir$ = ! process1 :i* is comm5c$ by turn+ ! hive :i* conta9s ! bees upside d[n4 ,ov] ?is is plac$ ! empty "o--:i* %\ld be ( ! same size--& ! edge ne>e/ ! end ( ! longe/ comb is fix$ on ! l[] hive by means ( a knitt+ ne$le ?ru/ ?r\gh bo? edges4 ,! opposite edges ( ! hives %\ld be left ab\t six in*es ap>t1 be+ secur$ 9 t position by means ( driv+ irons or /rong pieces ( hazel %>p5$ & /uck into ! edge ( bo? hives at a diff]5t angle f t ( ! knitt+ ne$le at ! back4 ,x is advisable1 too1 to fix a tea-clo? or a piece ( simil> mat]ial1 s z to prev5t ! bees f runn+ up ! outside ( ! top hive4 ,! actual process ( driv+ consi/s 9 tapp+ ! sides ( ! l[] hive to :i* ! combs are fix$1 simultane\sly ) ! h&s4 ,if ! bees are sl[ to run ! taps may be giv5 at %ort] int]vals1 :ile if !y run freely ! tapp+ may be light] & sl[]4 ,z a rule ! bees w fill !mselves ) food be=e leav+ ! combs & x may be necess>y to use ! smok] to dislodge ! /raggl]s2 9 ?is case only v slight bla/s %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,transport+ ,bees4--,:5 hives are s5t any di/ance c>e mu/ be tak5 t v5tilation is af=d$ above z well z bel[ ! bees4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s2 !re mu/ be a way = ! escape ( hot air :i* rises to ! top ( ! hive4 ,?is c be secur$ by plac+ co>se l95 *eese clo? or a %eet ( p]=at$ z9c "u a ?9 por\s quilt4 ,all loose p>ts ( a b>-frame hive %\ld be made ?or\ghly secure be=e ! hive is dispat*$4 ,skep hives %\ld be pack$ bottom upw>ds 9 a crate4 ,sw>ms & driv5 bees %\ld be s5t away z soon z possible aft] sw>m+ & driv+ are complet$1 =1 z we already h po9t$ out1 bees c only c>ry suffici5t food to meet "o day's requirem5ts4 ,x %\ld be an accept$ rule1 !re=e1 t :5 a hive is receiv$ f a di/ance ! bees %\ld be f$ imm$iately4 ,:5 bees are mov$ ab\t regul>ly f "o di/rict to ano!r x is advisable t ! hive %\ld be fitt$ ) a %ort alight+ bo>d & ?us take up less space 9 ! conveyance4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,fe$+ ,,9 an erratic climate1 su* z t ( ,great ,brita91 bee-keep+ includes among its duties t ( bee-fe$+ at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye>1 if pr(it is to accrue4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t %ortage ( food :5 ! bees are active means an inroad on _! /ores & a susp5sion ( brood-re>+ op]ations4 ,?is applies mo/ p>ticul>ly to e>ly spr+ :5 successful brood-re>+ is absolutely necess>y to ensure a pr(itable issue to ! bee-keep]4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is a %ortage ( food !n1 ! hive w be ?r[n backw>d to su* an ext5t t ! bees w h no "t to ga!r surplus /ores = ! bee-keep]'s b5efit4 ,all _! /r5g? w g to supply ! necessities ( brood-re>+4 ,! honey-fl[ ov]1 ) _! /ore s small t x s]ves _! ne$s b a %ort "t--= mu* food is consum$ 9 summ]--! bees !n beg9 ! p]nici\s sy/em ( robb+ o!r hives1 & !reby caus+ fur!r tr\ble4 ,spr+ ,fe$+4--,spr+ fe$+1 !re=e1 may be look$ ^u z a necessity = ! bee-keep] out = pr(it4 ,x is !n t ! neglect$ hive s (t5 succumbs aft] ! community has exi/$ safely ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,i consid] t outside fe$+ is by f> ! bett] me?od 9 ! spr+4 ,= "o reason x is always risky to di/urb ! bees by inside fe$+ e>ly 9 ! ye>1 & !re is always ! c]ta9ty ( admitt+ a draught ( cold air to ! hive4 ,ano!r reason 9 fav\r ( outside fe$+ is t x induces ! bees to take ex]cise1 :i* is decid$ly good = !m aft] ! w9t] seclusion1 & also keeps ! "y bees f w&]+ 9 se>* ( food1 & !reby runn+ ! risk ( gett+ lo/4 ,! food %\ld be plac$ on a %elf at a good height f ! gr\nd1 & 9 a w>m situation1 well %elt]$ f cold w9ds4 ,protection1 too1 is necess>y = ! food2 a g>d5 light re>$ aga9/ ! h\se wall answ]s ! purpose admirably4 ,! sun's rays pass+ ?r\gh ! glass w w>m ! food & make x m acceptable to ! bees4 ,old honey 9 ! combs is ( c\rse ! ideal food = bees1 b :]e ?is is n available artificial food mu/ be resort$ to4 ,syrup ,food4--,all artificial syrup food %\ld be made f pure ref9$ cane sug>1 :i* supplies ! bees ) a sub/itute z ne> to ! natural food z is possible4 ,syrup = spr+ fe$+ or /imulat+ %\ld be made z foll[s3 ,cane sug> #aj lb4 ,wat] 7clean spr+ wat] pref]ably7 #g p9ts ,table ,salt #a oz4 ,v9eg> #a tablespoonful ,?is mixture mu/ be boil$ 9 a clean enamel saucepan & all scum t rises to ! surface c>efully remov$4 ,"s bee-keep]s add a p9* ( borax1 or "s naph?a beta1 or o!r *emicals z prev5tives aga9/ disease1 b unless disease be actually rife 9 ! di/rict ^! additions are totally unnecess>y1 especially 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,moreov] !y are liable to spoil ! flav\r ( any surplus honey subsequ5tly ga!r$ by ! bees4 ,x is only necess>y to give ea* hive ab\t "o p9t ( syrup p] week1 :5 spr+ fe$+ is comm5c$1 b aft] a few weeks ! am\nt mu/ be gradually increas$4 ,! work] bee g5]ally leaves ! cell ab\t #ba days aft] ! egg has be5 deposit$ by ! que51 & z ! "y bee _c leave ! hive until %e is a =tnight old1 an increas$ am\nt ( food is requir$ aft] ea* bat* ( brood is hat*$4 ,artificial ,poll5 ,food4--,_m bee-keep]s use artificial poll5 9 spr+time = /imulat+ purposes4 ,?is consi/s ( f9ely gr\nd pea or oat meal1 & is spr9kl$ among dry %av+s or *aff 9 a box4 ,a good me?od ( attract+ bees to su* supplies is to place ! poll51 etc41 9 an old skep hive :i* reta9s "s propolis1 or to place an old quilt 9 ! box4 ,9 any case ?is food supply mu/ be kept 9 a %elt]$ spot z direct$ on page #hc4 ,wat]4--,a pl5tiful supply ( clean wat] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! food %elt]1 = ! bees use l>ge quantities 9 ! brood-re>+ op]ations4 ,9 ea* gallon ( wat] #b oz4 ( table salt %\ld be dissolv$4 ,! wat] %\ld be plac$ 9 a glass j> :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) a sauc] & !n inv]t$4 ,%\ld ! sauc] be deep1 "s small pieces ( wood or sp5t tea leaves %\ld be plac$ 9 x to =m alight+ places = ! bees4 ,ano!r me?od ( supply+ wat] is to all[ x to drip f a small b>rel on to a slop+ bo>d4 ,:5 to ,/op ,spr+ ,fe$+4--,artificial fe$+ mu/ be /opp$ z soon z ! bees are able to collect _! natural supplies ( nect> & poll54 ,?is is usually ab\t ! "t :5 ! sycamore blooms1 b 9 di/ricts :]e crocuses or will[s are pl5tiful x w be e>li]4 ,autumn ,fe$+4--,x is :5 ! honey-fl[ is end$1 & !re is no m natural nect> available = ! bees1 t fe$+ mu/ aga9 be resort$ to if ! bees are to be sav$ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! old me?od ( all[+ ! bees to f5d = !mselves & /& ! risk ( />vation 9 ! w9t] is n[ look$ ^u n only z unnecess>ily cruel b absolutely wa/eful4 ,! slight co/ ( fe$+ !m is amply repaid by ! /r5g? ( ! /ock :5 spr+ once m arrives4 ,:5 ! bee-keep]s are work+ up an api>y f sw>ms1 or driv5 bees1 autumn fe$+ is ess5tial1 = x is v seldom t late sw>ms or driv5 bees are capable ( secur+ suffici5t w9t] /ores )\t ! assi/ance ( ! bee-keep]4 ,food giv5 9 autumn %\ld conta9 less wat] ?an t giv5 9 ! spr+4 ,! reason = ?is ne$s b slight consid]ation4 ,9 spr+time :5 ! days become increas+ly w>m]1 & ! temp]ature ( ! hive increases ) ! gr[? ( ! population1 ! bees ne$ ?9n] food4 ,! increas+ heat ( ! hive w\ld rip5 ?ick nect> or syrup too quickly & give ! bees extra "w 9 collect+ wat] ) :i* to ?9 ! food = ! brood4 ,9 autumn1 h[ev]1 ! t5d5cy is to a fall+ temp]ature1 &1 ?\gh brood may be re>$1 ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e w keep t 9 ! hive d[n to ! normal4 ,syrup = autumn fe$+ made accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula w be f\nd to meet all requirem5ts3-- ,cane ,sug> #aj lb4 ,wat] #e p9ts ,salt #a oz4 ,v9eg> #a tablespoonful ,:5 fe$+ bees = ! w9t] all sup]s ( frames %\ld be remov$ f ! hives1 o!rwise ! bees are liable to =m two clu/]s1 & x is g5]ally ! case 9 su* an ev5t t "o ( ^! falls a prey to cold :5 sev]e wea!r comes4 ,! sup]s above ! brood-*amb]s %\ld be remov$ be=e fe$+ is comm5c$4 ,if "o is plac$ "u ! brood-*amb] to give additional air-space ! frames mu/ be remov$ !refrom4 ,w9t] ,fe$+4--,if 9 w9t] ! bees %\ld be %ort ( food1 a cake ( c&y may be put 9 ! hive1 plac+ x on pieces ( wood re/+ on ! frames4 ,! c&y may be made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,if "s is requir$ at %ort notice x may be obta9$ by mix+ "s ca/or sug> ) a little ?9 honey into a /iff pa/e4 ,if "t w all[ ( ! honey be+ heat$ s mu* ! bett]1 = ! c&y w !n keep 9 good condition = "s "t4 ,a c&y us$ by _m bee-keep]s = w9t] fe$+ is made by boil+ #e lb4 ( cane sug> 9 a qu>t ( wat] = ab\t #ae or #bj m9utes4 ,aft] ! sug> has dissolv$ & ! scum has be5 remov$1 ! mixture %\ld be all[$ to boil briskly )\t /irr+4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :5 x has boil$ suffici5tly1 a little %\ld be tak5 9 a spoon & dropp$ into a cup ( cold wat]4 ,%\ld x =m into a s(t ball on ! bottom ( ! cup x is ready = di%+ up2 if x mixes ) ! wat]1 ! boil+ mu/ be cont9u$4 ,x %\ld be p\r$ f ! saucepan into a t9 or enamell$ pan to cool4 ,z soon z x is cool en\gh = "o to be> "o's f+] 9 x1 x %\ld be /irr$ until x is resolv$ into a /iff pa/e4 ,! /irr+ breaks up ! co>se gra9s ( sug> & !reby makes ! c&y m acceptable to ! bees4 ,%\ld ! mixture1 on te/+1 prove brittle or /r+y x is evid5ce ( ov]-boil+1 & m wat] mu/ be add$ until x boils to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,a little honey may be add$ ) advantage aft] ! mixture has be5 remov$ f ! fire--b n be=e1 or ! :ole w boil ov] & be wa/$4 ,! honey w (t5 prev5t ! c&y f becom+ too h>d to be ( use to ! bees4 ,:5 ,bees ,refuse ,food4--,!re are times :5 ! bees w refuse to avail !mselves ( food1 & :5 su* is ! case x is c]ta9 t !re is a reason = x4 ,! bee-keep] %\ld try to asc]ta9 :at ?is may be )\t unnecess>ily di/urb+ ! bees & provid$ t ! wea!r is suitable to an exam9ation ( ! hive4 ,/>vation is (t5 a cause ( bees decl9+ ! food1 or1 r1 n avail+ !mselves ( x4 ,hives t h be5 pur*as$ may be s %ort ( food t ! bees are too weak1 to ex]t !mselves to get to ! food suppli$4 ,9 su* cases ! application ( a little heat to ! hive w g5]ally "w1 wond]s4 ,x may be done by w>m+ "s common bricks & plac+ !m on ! quilt1 aft] clos+ ! entrance to ! hive4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! bricks are n too hot or ! combs w be melt$4 ,su* a proce$+ w sometimes revive bees t are practically dy+ f />vation1 s t !y w take full advantage ( any food t is (f]$ to !m4 ,?is rem$y may be appli$ 9 spr+ to moribund hives4 ,f]m5t+ or ,granulat$ food 9 ! combs are o!r causes ( ! bees decl9+ to take o!r food4 ,! fir/ condition is usually br\ght ab\t ?r\gh excessive moi/ure 9 or ar\nd ! hive4 ,honey t is ga!r$ 9 late autumn1 or syrup t is suppli$ to ! bees1 may n become suffici5tly ripe 9 ! cells to be seal$ by ! bees1 & f]m5tation ensues4 ,old ,honey ,/ores4--,if :5 exam9+ ! hives 9 spr+ x %\ld be f\nd t !re is any consid]able quantity ( d>k col\r$ honey left ov] f _! w9t] /ore x is advisable to p]suade ! bees to use x = brood-re>+4 ,! cells 9 su* combs %\ld be uncapp$ & plac$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! brood-ne/4 ,all old /ores %\ld ?us be us$ up if possible1 o!rwise !y may spoil ! col\r & flav\r ( ! new honey4 ,%\ld any?+ be ! matt] ) ! hive or bees1 try to rectify x2 b1 if ! case be hopeless1 burn or o!rwise de/roy ! :ole r ?an run any risk ( contam9ation to o!r bees f disease4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,h[ to ,secure ! ,h>ve/ ( ! ,hive ,,z already m5tion$1 ! use ( ! b>-fram$ hive is n[ consid]$ ess5tial to pr(itable bee-keep+1 & 9 previ\s *apt]s _m h9ts h be5 giv5 z to ! work+ ( c]ta9 details connect$ ) x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 matt]s connect$ directly ) ! ga!r+ & h>ve/+ ( honey :i* h yet to be dealt )4 ,! ,use ( ,comb-,f\ndation4--,"o ( ! mo/ important items 9 ! work+ ( ! b>-fram$ hive is ! comb-f\ndation to :i* ref]5ce 0 made on page #ce4 ,x is by its use t pr(it reap+ is made possible to ! bee-keep]4 ,:]e x is int5d$ to "w combs on ! /&>d frame pr9ciple1 ! f\ndation %\ld be ( ! ?ick work] k9d1 = if ! bees are n incl9$ to wax-mak+ !y w (t5 ?9 d[n ! ?ick f\ndation to obta9 ! wax ) :i* to draw out ! cells4 ,9 plac+ ! f\ndations 9 ! frames1 p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! latt] are accurately squ>e4 ,! f\ndation %\ld be s plac$ t ! angles ( ! cells po9t to ! top & bottom ( ! frame1 & ! cells run 9 p>allel l9es !reto4 ,! f\ndation mu/ be fix$ firmly 9 ! frame1 &1 to secure ?is1 x is (t5 advisable to drive "o or two f9e or in* nails ?r\gh ! top b>4 ,melt$ bees-wax %\ld !n be run 9 ! sawgate = f9al security4 ,wir+ ,frames4--,_m bee-keep]s wire ! frames to secure a sure hold = ! f\ndation4 ,p]sonally ,i d n consid] x necess>y except "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,! great objection ,i h to x is t ! wire is b\nd to ru/ 9 "t1 m especially ! p>ts t are n cov]$ ) wax1 & ! ru/ is sure to affect ! flav\r ( ! honey4 ,x is well kn[n t no?+ is s detrim5tal to honey z contact ) metal4 ,%\ld wir+ be consid]$ necess>y1 !re are v>i\s ways ( do+ x4 ,"s are cont5t ) two wires /ret*$ across ! wid? ( ! frame at equal di/ance f ! top & bottom1 & o!rs take ! wires across ! l5g? f opposite corn]s4 ,9 any case ! wires mu/ be pull$ taut & emb$d$ 9 ! f\ndation4 ,a little implem5t kn[n z an emb$d] is us$ = ! purpose & has to be heat$ suffici5tly to set ! wire 9 ! wax )\t unduly melt+ ! latt]4 ,an emb$d] c be made by rubb+ or gr9d+ obliquely ! po9t ( a fairly l>ge nail & fil+ a small ,v-%ap$ groove at ! end 9 :i* ! wire c run4 ,hives ( bees t conta9 frames rec5tly fitt$ ) f\ndation %\ld n be mov$ if x c possibly be avoid$1 = ! f\ndation is apt to buckle "u ! heat ( ! hive & may easily break away "u ! /ra9 ( a sudd5 j]k4 ,section ,work+4--,9 work+ ) sections = honey x is always advisable to use ! ?9 f\ndation1 = if !re is no?+ = ! bees to />t "w on !y w build combs ( all k9ds & %apes among ! sections2 _m bee-keep]s use drone f\ndation = ! purpose4 ,) ! view1 too1 ( conf9+ ea* comb to a section1 divid]s 7see p4 #ca7 are plac$ betwe5 ea* r[ ( sections4 ,! use ( ! que5 exclud]1 ( c\rse1 is absolutely necess>y to ! success ( section work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,section fitt$ ) ,comb ,f\ndation ,illu/ration3 ,bees at "w on a ,section ,x is (t5 advisable :5 giv+ v /rong /ocks sections to "w1 to place a sup] ( %all[ frames imm$iately above ! brood-ne/1 = ! heat aris+ !refrom w (t5 discol\r ! combs 9 ! sections4 ,9 any case1 to avoid ?is risk x is bett] to remove a crate ( sections too soon r ?an too late1 =1 9 addition to ! discoloration risk1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t s long z ! combs rema9 9 ! hive ! bees w cont9ue to add to ! ?ickness ( ! capp+s4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! capp+s are suffici5t to seal ! cells effectually ! crate ( sections %\ld be remov$4 ,i d n advise ! use ( sections unless !re is opportunity & facilities = ! bees to fill ^! f "o s\rce1 = sections nev] look well if !y conta9 v>i-col\r$ honey1 & c]ta9ly ! mosaic-l appe>ance consequ5t !reon is aga9/ !m comm]cially4 ,! ,c>e ( ,honey-combs4--,! bees %\ld be enc\rag$ to draw out z _m honey-combs z possible dur+ a slack "t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,x means fe$+ ! bees1 ( c\rse1 to d ?is1 b1 z brood-re>+ is enc\rag$ at ! same "t1 ! fe$+ is to good purpose4 ,honey-combs are a valuable asset ( ! bee-keep]--a fact t is emphasis$ :5 we consid] t x takes f #f to #bj p\nds ( nect> to produce "o p\nd ( comb4 ,great c>e !re=e %\ld be tak5 ( !m :5 n 9 use & precautions tak5 to pres]ve !m f ! attacks ( mice1 mo?s1 & pr$atory insects4 ,9 w9t] "t !y %\ld be /or$ 9 an old hive 9 a dry situation1 & small pieces ( camphor or naph?al5e %\ld be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! hive & 9 a sauc] ov] ! frames4 ,mildew1 too1 has to be gu>d$ aga9/1 b slight attacks ( x may be rem$i$ by plac+ ! combs ei!r 9 ! w>m? ( ! sun or ne> a fire4 ,! ,honey4--,"o v important fact to rememb] is t no combs %\ld be remov$ f ! hive until ! cells h be5 seal$ by ! bees4 ,:5 ! nect> is ga!r$ & deposit$ 9 ! cells x conta9s a c]ta9 proportion ( wat] :i* mu/ be evaporat$ be=e ! honey is ready to be seal$4 ,! bees "k precisely :5 ! mom5t = seal+ has arriv$1 s t to secure ! honey 9 good condition x is necess>y to await ?is f9al op]ation4 ,! rule _c be--& is n--obs]v$ by bee-keep]s :o are %ort ( sup]s1 = !y are (t5 oblig$ to remove "o f ! hive1 take ! cont5ts1 & return x to ! hive fitt$ ) new frames4 ,?is me?od ( work+ is unsatisfactory f e po9t ( view4 ,n only are ! bees di/urb$ unnecess>ily1 b ! flav\r ( ! honey is n s good if tak5 too soon f ! hive4 ,moreov]1 x is an accept$ rule t honey %\ld be extract$ f ! combs z soon z possible aft] x is tak5 f ! hive1 & if a bee-keep] is to be cont9ually int]rupt+ 8 normal "w to remove & extract honey1 he is giv+ himself f> m tr\ble ?an is necess>y if he is prop]ly equipp$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 f> bett] to leave ! honey 9 ! hive until ! end ( ! honey-fl[ & deal ) x z a :ole4 ,,*apt] ,x ,h[ to ,secure ! ,h>ve/ ( ! ,hive--7,cont47 ,extract+ ,honey4--,! use ( an extractor is a necessity to ! bee-keep] :o is work+ = pr(it1 = *ief among its advantages is t ! honey c be sep>at$ f ! combs )\t break+ !m4 ,uncapp+4--,:5 uncapp+ ! cells1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to collect all ! capp+s 9 a tray or basket z !y are remov$1 & !y %\ld be melt$ d[n z soon z possible aft] ! extract+ is complet$4 ,work+ ! ,extractor4--,! side ( ! comb :i* conta9s mo/ honey %\ld be dealt ) fir/1 & 9 plac+ ! frame 9 ! extractor x %\ld be se5 t ! bottom b> faces ! direction 9 :i* ! sp9dle revolves4 ,! cells ( ! comb are usually built on an angle1 & ! honey w be ?r[n out ( !m quick] 9 ?is way ?an if !y 7 plac$ to cat* ! air4 ,great c>e is ne$$ :5 extract+ honey f new combs1 = !y are exce$+ly brittle4 ,x is g5]ally advisable1 !re=e1 to turn ! h&le v sl[ly at fir/1 &1 unless x runs v freely1 n to extract all ! honey f a comb at ! fir/ op]ation4 ,by p>tially empty+ ! "o side & !n rev]s+ ! comb ! pressure on x is reliev$ gradually & ! risk ( breakage avoid$4 ,:5 ! great] "p ( ! honey has be5 extract$1 ! spe$ ( ! revolutions ( ! cages c be increas$ )\t any dang] to ! combs4 ,all honey %\ld be extract$ f ! combs z soon z possible aft] !y are tak5 f ! hive1 = x w run m freely !n ?an aft] x has be5 all[$ to /& & ?ick51 :ile its flav\r w be bett] reta9$4 ,:5 a l>ge am\nt ( honey has to be extract$1 ! cleane/ combs ) ! lighte/ honey %\ld fir/ be dealt )1 & be=e ! d>k] honey is tak5 ! o!r %\ld be run ?r\gh ! /ra9] & put to rip51 s t ea* k9d %all be kept absolutely sep>ate4 ,rip5+ ,honey4--,aft] extraction1 ! honey %\ld be plac$ 9 a suitable vessel 9 a w>m room to rip54 ,aft] x has /ood = a few days ! surface w be se5 to be cov]$ ) a :ite scum--p>ticles ( wax & poll5--:i* %\ld be remov$ z x =ms4 ,! honey imm$iately bel[ is ?9 & wat]y4 ,?is is due to ! proportion ( wat] x conta9s1 & measures mu/ be tak5 to get rid ( ?is by evaporation1 or x w spoil ! keep+ prop]ty ( ! :ole4 ,to seal up any ( ?is ?9 honey is to ensure f]m5tation & disa/]4 ,! v be/ vessels 9 :i* to rip5 honey are ! l>ge e>!nw>e cream pots t are glaz$ inside4 ,be+ to a c]ta9 ext5t por\s !y all[ = ! evaporation ( excessive moi/ure4 ,!y are1 too1 easy to clean & free f any possibility ( metallic influ5ce on ! honey4 ,/ra9+ ,honey4--,/ra9]s may be made ( _m v>iable mat]ials f wire to musl91 accord+ to ! pref]5ce ( ! bee-keep]4 ,p]sonally ,i h f\nd t ! mo/ s]viceable & effectual /ra9] mat]ial is s(t l95 *eese-clo?1 & ,i w\ld recomm5d t a good supply ( x1 rang+ f co>se to f9e 9 quality1 %\ld be kept by e api>i/ = /ra9+ purposes1 :5 brok5 comb has become mix$ ) ! honey4 ,:5 ! op]ation is necess>y & a consid]able quantity ( comb has to be remov$1 ! foll[+ me?od w be f\nd to be bo? simple & effectual3 ,a piece ( co>se *eese-clo?1 ab\t f\r feet long1 ) ! ends ga!r$ & ti$1 %\ld be held by two p]sons4 ,! honey is p\r$ into ! middle ( ! clo?1 "u :i* is ! vessel into :i* ! honey is to dra94 ,z ! ?9 honey escapes1 ! clo? %\ld be g5tly rais$ & l[]$ alt]nately at ea* end4 ,?is movem5t causes ! comb & wax to move fir/ 9 "o direction & !n ! o!r & accumulate into a ball :i* con/antly ga!rs up ! p>ticles ( wax t 9 ! ord9>y way clog ! /ra9]4 ,by its weight & movem5t1 too1 x =ces ! honey ?r\gh ! clo?4 ,! old-fa%ion$ /ra9]s made f *eese-clo? 9 ! %ape ( a fool's cap 7 effectual1 b sl[] 9 _! action ?an ! me?od ,i h describ$4 ,!y _h ! advantage1 ( c\rse1 t !y c\ld be left to p]=m _! "w :ile o!r matt]s 7 att5d$ to--an advantage to a cottage bee-keep]4 ,!y 7 made by cutt+ a piece ( *eese-clo? squ>e & sew+ up ! cross-cut to ab\t ?ree p>ts ( its l5g?1 ) "o ( ! sides f ! corn] :]e !y meet4 ,aft] ! seam _h be5 run1 ! edge ( ! clo? 0 turn$ ov] & hemm$ to prev5t ! escape ( any p>ticles ( wax ) ! honey4 ,to ,/ra9 ,d5se ,honey4--,mo/ bee-keep]s h _h exp]i5ce ( ! difficulty ( /ra9+ d5se honey1 & mo/ ( !m are agre$ t ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( squeez+ x ?r\gh a /ra9] is f> f satisfactory4 ,x is a t$i\s1 messy process1 calculat$ to try ! pati5ce & temp] ( ! milde/ ( m54 ,! alt]native me?od1 ?\gh n p]fect1 is1 9 my op9ion1 f> pref]able4 ,?is is ( heat+ ! honey by ! wat]-jacket pr9ciple to r$uce its d5sity4 ,! great po9t 9 x1 ( c\rse1 is to apply j suffici5t heat to affect ! honey )\t melt+ ! wax4 ,great c>e is ne$$ 9 ?is respect1 = if ! wax melts & mixes ) ! honey /ra9+ is hopeless & ! sale spoilt4 ,:5 deal+ ) small quantities ! vessel ( honey c be plac$ 9 a pan ( boil+ wat] on ! fire4 ,= l>g] quantities ! extractor1 or a l>ge milk-c--provid$ x be n galvanis$--may be us$1 & susp5d$ ov] or 9 a copp] full ( boil+ wat]4 ,x is advisable1 h[ev]1 n to heat m ?an ?ree in*es ( honey at "o rime1 = !re is ! liability ( hav+ ! honey ne>e/ ! side ( ! vessel hott] soon] ?an t 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is may be obviat$ to a degree by /irr+ x :ile x is heat+4 ,to avoid altoge!r ! risk ( ov]heat+ x is bett] fir/ to w>m ! honey suffici5tly = x to pass ?r\gh a co>se /ra9] & !n repeat ! op]ation ?r\gh a f9] "o4 ,/or+ & ,bottl+ ,honey4--,x is f> bett] to keep honey 9 bulk ?an to /ore x 9 small bottles or j>s1 = !re is no "q t ! flav\r is !reby reta9$ to a great] degree4 ,x %\ld be /or$ 9 a p]fectly dry place1 = x has ! prop]ty ( absorb+ moi/ure4 ,especially is ?is %[n 9 connection ) sections1 = !y g5]ally conta9 a few cells t are only p>tially fill$ or imp]fectly seal$4 ,m>ket+ ,honey4--,9 dispat*+ honey x w be f\nd t ! t9 vessels suppli$ by ! appliance mak]s are ! mo/ conv5i5t1 = !y are light1 &1 if prop]ly pack$ 9 a box or crate1 are n v liable to damage4 ,! bee-keep] :o lives any di/ance f ! m>ket w f9d x m pr(itable to sell 8 honey 9 bulk r ?an to bottle x = sale1 =1 aft] buy+ bottles1 all[+ = c>riage & breakages1 ! small app>5t advantage vani%es4 ,sections %\ld be grad$ accord+ to ! col\r ( ! honey & weight ( ! combs4 ,attractive cases may be obta9$ 9 :i* to place !m1 b be=e be+ put !re9 ! sections mu/1 ( c\rse1 be clean$ ( all odd pieces ( wax & propolis t are g5]ally f\nd adh]+ to !m :5 tak5 f ! hive4 ,bees-,wax4--,bees-wax is "o ( ! byproducts & has a c]ta9 comm]cial value = ! bee-keep]4 ,all pieces ( wax1 h[ev] small1 comb & f\ndation1 %\ld be c>efully pres]v$1 & nev] wa/$4 ,!y %\ld be /or$ 9 an air-tight t9 box1 to secure !m aga9/ ! att5tions ( ! wax-mo? until su* "t z !y c be melt$ d[n4 ,only comb ( a v d>k col\r1 or su* z has ! cells ?ickly coat$ ) l9+s ( cocoons1 are n wor? reta9+ & %\ld be burnt =?)4 ,be=e melt+ ! wax1 x %\ld be sort$ approximately into light & d>k v>ieties1 & ea* melt$ sep>ately4 ,combs f ! brood-ne/ %\ld also be treat$ sep>ately ow+ to ! additional /ra9+ requir$ by ! wax obta9$ f t s\rce4 ,wax extractors are made 9 _m =ms by v>i\s mak]s1 b = ord9>y use no?+ excels ! common e>!nw>e jam or pres]ve j>s1 provid$ !y are s\nd & free f cracks4 ,wat] %\ld be add$ to ! wax be=e x is treat$1 or x w burn 9 ! j>4 ,d>k wax is saleable to tailors1 & ! light] quality to manufactur]s ( f\ndation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,diseases ( ,bees ,,to und]/& ?or\ghly ! life ( ! bee z exhibit$ 9 ! hive is all to ! b5efit ( ! bee-keep]2 = he w !n quickly appreciate :5 matt]s are at all wrong ) ! bee communities 9 8 c>e4 ,he realises ! necessity = keep+ 8 /ocks up to _! full /r5g?1 = 8 k tells him t !y are bett] 9 e way = be+ num]ically /rong2 !y !n keep w>m]1 consume less food proportionately ?an :5 ! hive is weak1 & give a f> bett] return 9 brood & honey4 ,!re are _m infecti\s diseases to :i* bees are liable1 mo/ ( :i* are due to bacilli & yea/s or f]m5ts1 & :i* receive untold assi/ance f inf]ior or f]m5t+ food & unclean conditions 9 ! hive4 ,^!1 !n1 are two conditions aga9/ :i* ! good bee-keep] is always on gu>d4 ,he is c>eful nev] to give f]m5t+ honey1 or an excess ( artificial poll51 :5 natural food is sc>ce1 & especially to b> unsuitable food su* z beet1 raw or ill-condition$ sug>1 & syrup4 ,he is scrupul\s conc]n+ ! cleanl9ess ( ! hives1 & all[s no accumulations ( wax1 dirt1 dead bees1 or ! pres5ce ( decay+ matt] ( any k9d4 ,mo/ p>ticul> is he1 too1 to see t ! ro(s are ?or\ghly wat]tight1 = he kn[s t any leakage is b\nd to eng5d] mildew 9 ! quilts & consequ5t f]m5tation 9 ! combs4 ,he believes 9 prev5tion r ?an cure1 = he kn[s t ! conditions ( bee life t5d to spread disease ) lightn+ rapidity %\ld x once get a hold 9 ! hive4 ,its hundr$s ( inhabitants conf9$ 9 su* a small space1 ea* possess+ air organs :i* p5etrate e "p ( its sy/em1 af=d e advantage to ! spread ( microbic diseases4 ,%\ld bees ev] be se5 vigor\sly fann+ at ! entrances to a hive )\t app>5t cause1 x is a sure sign !re is some?+ wrong1 & exam9ation %\ld be made at once4 ,f\l ,brood4--,?is is ! v wor/ sc\rge to :i* ! bees are subject4 ,x is a disease t attacks ! brood 9 ! cells1 &1 z !re are no "y bees produc$ to take ! place ( ^? t die1 ! hive is soon decimat$4 ,! disease is easily id5tifi$1 = ! :ole ( ! cells attack$ are p]=at$ & ( a br[n col\r1 & a mo/ (f5sive od\r is produc$4 ,! disease is probably spread by bees f an infect$ hive tak+ refuge 9 o!rs1 or by robb] bees ent]+ ! infect$ "o4 ,!re is no?+ to d :5 virul5t f\l brood is discov]$ b to burn ! :ole cont5ts ( ! hive4 ,dys5t]y4--,?is is a disease :i* pr9cipally affects ! old] bees & is g5]ally caus$ by fe$+ too heavily on poll5--m p>ticul>ly 9 w9t] "t :5 prop] ex]cise _c be tak54 ,! symptoms are a di/5d$ abdom51 :i* is fill$ ) a yell[i% br[n sub/ance t is dis*>g$ copi\sly4 ,9 bad cases x is dis*>g$ on ! combs4 ,! be/ rem$y is to add an ounce ( table salt to a qu>t or m ( w>m syrup & fe$ ! bees outside 9 a %elt]$ spot4 ,isle ( ,wight ,disease4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s & deadly diseases :i* affect bees4 ,fur!r1 x attacks ! hives 9 w9t] :5 circum/ances are all 9 its fav\r4 ,l>ge sums ( money h be5 sp5t by bee-keep]s1 & a va/ am\nt ( "t & ?\ght giv5 by pa?ologi/s 9 ! endeav\r to trace its cause & rem$y1 b hi!rto )\t avail4 ,! usual symptoms are simil> to ^? ( dys5t]y1 ) a loss ( p[] ( flight4 ,9 attempt+ to fly1 an affect$ bee falls to ! gr\nd 9 a helpless condition4 ,z 9 dys5t]y1 h[ev]1 x is ! old] bees t are affect$2 ! brood & "y bees seem immune4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! w9t] fe$+ on poll5 has some?+ to d ) x4 ,probably because poll5 is m ( a natural food to !m1 & because _! air organs are n fully develop$1 ! disease does n affect ! "y bees ?r\gh t *annel4 ,!re are _m s-call$ rem$ies :i* claim to be efficaci\s1 b ,i h no fai? 9 !m except 9 v mild cases4 ,i fail to see h[ a rem$y c be adm9i/]$ :5 a hive is attack$ 9 mid-w9t] & ! bees are clu/]$1 or :5 x rea*es ! /age :5 p>alysis occurs4 ,9 su* a case !re is no?+ to be done %ort ( de/ruction4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a bee-keep] %\ld h reason to suspect ! conditions ( a hive1 & x is at all possible to fe$ x outside1 ,i w\ld recomm5d t ! me?od %\ld be tri$1 = no h>m w\ld be done & possibly a c]ta9 am\nt ( good4 ,! food giv5 %\ld be ?9n] ?an usual--to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! f>9ace\s poll5 food--& conta9 d\ble ! ord9>y am\nt ( salt4 ,! hive %\ld be cle>$ ( any dirt1 & ! floor-bo>d wa%$ ov] ) a weak solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,%\ld ! combs become full ( syrup z ! result ( ?is fe$+1 take "s ( !m out & place !m ne> ! fe$]1 replac+ !m ) empty ones4 ,! outside fe$+ enc\rages ! bees to take ex]cise1 :i* is all to _! advantage1 b x is n p]missible :]e !re are l>ge numb]s ( hives 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 su* a case a quilt ( op5 mat]ial mu/ be plac$ ov] ! hive in/ead ( ! sev]al ?ick ones1 & inside fe$+ adopt$4 ,*ill$ ,brood4--,al?\gh ?is _c 9 e in/ance be acc\nt$ a disease1 yet1 unless c>e be tak51 !re is no kn[+ :]e an incipi5t case w end4 ,! cause is sugge/$ by ! "n-- ! brood 9 ! cells becomes *ill$1 & ! effect is dea?4 ,z a rule1 :5 ?is has happ5$ ! capp+s ( ! cells become black1 & ! appe>ance ( an affect$ comb is some?+ ak9 to t pres5t$ by f\l brood4 ,:5ev] a hive conta9s any quantity ( *ill$ brood1 ! bees %\ld be giv5 to ano!r hive1 & ! que51 toge!r ) ! combs1 de/roy$1 unless ! hive be a v /rong "o4 ,9 su* a case ! wor/ half ( ! combs c be remov$ & _! space fill$ ) a dummy4 ,if new combs are add$ x w g5]ally be f\nd t x is m]ely to af=d facilities to ! spread+ ( ! evil4 ,x is useless to add bees to an affect$ hive1 = !y w imm$iately fly away f ! dang] zone4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,enemies ( ! ,bee & ,bee-keep] ,,bees1 & ) !m ! bee-keep]1 are subject to annoyance & depr$ations f _m enemies 9 ! natural _w4 ,"s make direct attacks on ! hive & _! cont5ts1 & o!rs1 by de/roy+ or int]f]+ ) ! food supply ( ! bees1 sadly depl5i% ! /ores = :i* ! bees "w & on :i* ! bee-keep]'s hopes re/4 ,among ! =m] are insect-eat+ birds1 spid]s1 mo?s1 & o!r insects4 ,prom95t 9 ! o!r class are bud-eat+ birds & ! gre5 fly4 ,?us x w be se5 t 9 bo? classes ! enemies ( ! bees are also ^? ( ! g>d5]1 s t no scruples ne$ be felt 9 combat+ !m ) all ! =ces at our comm&4 ,! ,e>wig4--,among ! mo/ tiresome ( pe/s is ! e>wig4 ,! b>-fram$ hive seems to suit its requirem5ts 9 e p>ticul>1 & an opportunity is app>5tly nev] lo/ by x to ent] & take possession4 ,any empty combs t may lie )9 its purview are imm$iately comm&e]$ = its own p>ticul> purposes--ev5 :5 combs are kept = w>m? 9 a sup] or section crate on ! quilt inside ! hive !y are n safe f ! ravages ( ?is pe/4 ,its eggs are deposit$ 9 ! cells & ! combs r5d]$ useless4 ,"o ( ! be/ traps = cat*+ e>wigs is ! old-fa%ion$ "o ( a plant-pot fill$ ) moss & plac$ upside d[n on ! end ( a /ake4 ,! pot & its cont5ts %\ld be dropp$ into boil+ wat] at regul> int]vals ( a few days4 ,mice4--,bo? h\se & field mice are includ$ 9 ! bee-keep]'s black li/4 ,_! raids are seldom made 9 summ]-"t1 especially if ! hives are up to /r5g?1 b 9 w9t] x is no uncommon occurr5ce to f9d !m 9 possession ( a hive4 ,x is probably ! sweet sc5t & sugge/ion ( w>m? t fir/ attract !m to explore ! hive1 b once inside !y beg9 ! "w ( deva/ation4 ,!y are ke5 aft] ! f>9ace\s poll5 & demoli% ! combs to get to _! /ores4 ,! only effective way to prev5t ! entry ( mice is to place a piece ( z9c p]=at$ ) holes j l>ge en\gh to admit ! passage ( a bee1 along ! entrance to ! hive to a height ( #c_/af ( an in*4 ,mo?s4--,mo?s ( v>i\s k9ds *oose ! hive z a suitable place 9 :i* to deposit _! eggs1 & ! bee-keep] has ne$ to keep a %>p look\t = ! fir/ evid5ce ( _! visitation1 =1 if n dealt ) promptly1 disa/] is sure to foll[4 ,!y g5]ally deposit _! eggs 9 loose bundles among ! combs1 & imm$iately ! grubs are hat*$ !y comm5ce op]ations on ! cells1 :i* are r5d]$ useless by _! p]=ations4 ,! sawgate ( ! frame is a fav\rite lodg+ ( ! mo?1 & ! skep hive1 ( c\rse1 is a happy hunt+ gr\nd = x4 ,! old-fa%ion$ rem$ies--lav5d] fl[]s & camphor--are /ill e/eem$ ! be/ = w>d+ (f mo?s1 ?\gh naph?al5e & *emical solutions are )\t d\bt equally effective4 ,ants4--,! fondness ( ants = sweet ?+s is suffici5t explanation ( _! raids on ! hives4 ,:]e !y are num]\s x is advisable to /& ! legs ( ! hive 9 t9s conta9+ p>aff9 oil3 ?is is an effective means ( prev5t+ _! climb+ into ! hives4 ,! ,bl9d ,l\se4--,?is is a p>asite fairly common 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! bees1 bo? hive & wild v>ieties1 are fav\r$ by x z ho/s4 ,al?\gh x is said to be h>mless1 x mu/ be treat$ ) suspicion1 & if its pres5ce 9 a hive be detect$ /eps %\ld be tak5 to get rid ( x4 ,if tobacco smoke be bl[n into ! hive1 ! p>asite w loos5 its t5aci\s grip & fall to ! floorbo>d ( ! hive4 ,its de/ruction is !n easy4 ,be=e ! floor-bo>d is replac$ x %\ld be wa%$ ) hot wat] into :i* a few drops ( c>bolic acid h be5 dropp$4 ,poll5 ,mites4--,among/ ! smalle/ ( ! insects visible to ! nak$ eye ^! little creatures "w--z _! "n sugge/s--among ! poll5 /or$ by ! bees4 ,!y are ab\t ! size ( a gra9 ( poll5 & pref] ! poll5 :5 x is damp ei!r ) honey or wat]4 ,x is a comm5dable practice to keep combs t conta9 poll5 by !mselves :5 !y are n 9 use4 ,spid]s4--,9 ?is c\ntry ! spid] is n to be s dread$ by ! bee-keep] z x is 9 hott] climates4 ,= cleanl9ess' sake1 h[ev]1 x is well to keep ! hive cle> ( its webs4 ,gre5 ,fly4--,x is ! bee-keep] r ?an ! bee t has cause to dislike ! gre5 fly4 ,to ! bee1 inde$1 ! aphis ranks z great a fri5d z x does to ! ant4 ,to bo? x is ! excretion ) :i* ! aphis surr\nds itself t is ! attraction4 ,to ! g>d5] & ! bee-keep]1 h[ev]1 x is an abom9ation to be w>r$ aga9/ by all means at comm&4 ,! excretion ( ! aphis1 popul>ly kn[n z honeydew1 is :ite :5 at fir/ spray$ out by ! little creature1 b aft] x is /or$ by ! bee 9 ! comb its pres5ce is m>k$ by a d>k pat* 9 ! honey1 & ! bee-keep] kn[s t ! latt] is spoil$4 ,?is d>k col\r is attribut$ to a fungus g5]at$ by ! honeydew4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( honeydew are conta9$ 9 combs ! mo/ economical me?od ( deal+ ) ! latt] is to give !m to ! bees = draw+-out combs1 = x is practically impossible to sep>ate ! honey1 & = comm]cial purposes ! pres5ce ( honeydew is prejudicial4 ,occasionally honey t conta9s honeydew w cry/allise1 sometimes to look l a sponge1 & 9 su* cases ! honeydew c be run (f4 ,if n s treat$ x w f]m5t & p]meate ! c&i$ honey4 ,wasps4--,:5 p>ticul>ly num]\s1 wasps become a s\rce ( anxiety to ! bee-keep]1 & x is !re=e to 8 int]e/ to aid 9 keep+ _! numb]s d[n z mu* z possible4 ,! usual me?od is to de/roy ! ne/s be=e ! que5s are hat*$ out--:i* g5]ally occurs ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,snails & ,slugs4--,"h aga9 ! bee-keep] & ! g>d5] are at "o 9 _! ef=ts aga9/ common enemies4 ,x is probably due to ! trail ( slime left by bo? slug & snail t ! bees d n c>e to int]f]e ) ^! intrud]s to ! hive & leave !m to roam ab\t at _! leisure4 ,! practice ( us+ old honeycombs z bait or traps = ^! m>aud]s is n to be comm5d$1 = _! f]m5t+ cont5ts ne> ! hives is 9 no way good1 & may lead to ill1 = ! bees4 ,:]e snails & slugs are tr\blesome x is bett] to raise ! hives at lea/ a foot f ! gr\nd & cle> away all grass & we$s 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 spr9kl+ ! gr\nd ) /rong salt & wat]--or if ! gr\nd is to be fall[$1 dry salt may be us$4 ,birds4--,= ! mo/ "p birds are indirect enemies ( ! bees1 = !y injure !m by injur+ ! buds & fl[]s on :i* !y draw = nect>4 ,f9*es & sp>r[s are ! wor/ (f5d]s 9 ?is respect4 ,a bird t (t5 makes a direct attack on bees1 h[ev]1 is ! blue-tit1 an insect-eat+ bird4 ,:5 ! w9t] is sev]e1 & insects r>e1 ! blue-tit w v5ture to tackle bees4 ,its me?ods af=d a curi\s in/ance ( ! adaptability ( wild creatures to circum/ances4 ,! g5]al proce$+ is = ! blue-tit to alight on ! front ( a hive & tap g5tly ) its beak at ! entrance4 ,! tapp+ attracts ! att5tion ( ! inmates1 & "o is usually curi\s en\gh to inve/igate its cause4 ,! bird seizes x imm$iately1 flies (f ) x to a conv5i5t bran*1 &1 hold+ x d[n ) "o claw1 ) a quick motion ab/racts ! /+ organs4 ,t s\rce ( dang] remov$1 little ,billy ,bluecap proce$s to peck (f ! head--:i* he likewise disc>ds--& to lay op5 ! ?orax1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are all t he requires4 ,f ?is1 x is evid5t t blue-tits h develop$ an epicurean ta/e ) reg>d to bees1 &1 :5 "o has acquir$ x1 x is a/oni%+ ! numb] ( bees x w demoli% to satisfy its crav+s4 ,:5 hives are liable to su* raids1 p]=at$ z9c1 or small /rips ( glass1 fix$ on edge across ! entrance w (t5 s]ve to fright5 ! birds (f4 ,ano!r bird t raids directly on bees is ! flycat*]1 "o ( ! migratory birds :i* come "h = bre$+ purposes4 ,_! usual swoop+ movem5t :5 cat*+ insects on ! w+ is n practis$ :5 bees are _! objective4 ,x w\ld seem t !y avoid bees :5 fly+4 ,:5 raid+ !m1 ! bird alights at ! back ( ! hive1 & ru%+ "u ! alight+ bo>d1 ga!rs up z _m bees z he c f ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! hive4 ,x is q possible t flycat*]s c\ld acc\nt = _m a miss+ virg9 que54 ,! ,toad4--,p]haps x is h>dly "r to class ! toad z an enemy to ! bee1 see+ t ! bulk ( its food consi/s ( insects t are injuri\s--ei!r directly or ?r\gh _! l>vae--to vegetable or plant life4 ,b1 inasmu* z x v>ies its diet ) bees :5 !y c be obta9$1 we h includ$ x 9 ?is li/4 ,,index ,a ,,air-,,organs ( bee1 #i1 #ad ,alight+ bo>d1 #bf1 #ha ,ammonia z rem$y = bee-/+1 #ai ,ant5n ( bee1 uses (1 #ae ,ants 9 hives1 #aad ,aphis & bees1 #aaf ,artificial poll51 #he ,autumn fe$+1 #hg-h ,b ,,b> frame1 advantages (1 #bh2 h[ to h&le1 9 hive1 #fj1 #gd ,b>-fram$ hive1 work+ = pr(it &1 #d2 comb =mation &1 #ce2 h[ to transport1 #ha2 ess5tial to pr(it-mak+1 #ic2 h[ to "w1 #ib et seq4 ,bee-bread1 #ef ,bee escapes1 #cb ,bees1 z heat produc]s 9 hive1 #e2 & sw>m+1 #h1 #dd1 #fh2 metamorphosis (1 #ac2 anatomy (1 #ac-i2 /+ (1 #ah2 & f[ls1 #ai2 /+less1 #ai2 sc5t (1 #df-g2 & comb-mak+1 #ej2 & v>ni%1 #ea2 & cross f]tilisation ( fl[]s1 #ec2 & honey ga!r+1 #ed-e2 & poll51 #ef-g2 treatm5t ( *ill$1 #eh2 manipulation (1 #eh-i2 h[ to /imulate1 #fe2 & res]ve food1 #gb1 #ha2 h[ to drive1 #gi2 h[ to transport1 #ha2 :5 food is decl9$ by1 #hi2 diseases (1 #ajf et seq42 enemies (1 #aab et seq4 ,bees-wax1 h[ =m$1 #di-ej1 #ib2 value (1 #ajd2 h[ to melt & sort1 #ajd-e ,birds & ! bee-keep]1 #aag ,bl9d l\se & bees1 #aae ,blue-bag z rem$y = bee /+1 #i ,blue-tit & bees1 #aah ,brood-*amb]1 #bf2 :5 to exp&1 #fa2 /&>d frames f1 z sup]1 #gc ,brood-ne/1 *ok$1 treatm5t (1 #fg ,brood-re>+1 artificial fe$+1 &1 #ff2 "t ( comm5cem5t (1 #ff2 use ( old honey /ores 91 #ij-a ,bru%es1 be/ =m (1 #da ,c ,,calico1 unblea*$1 = quilt1 #cc ,camphor1 use (1 9 hives1 #db1 #if1 #aad ,canadian fe$]s1 #cg ,c&y1 = w9t] fe$+1 #hh ,c>bolic acid1 use (1 z dis9fectant1 #db ,c>bolic clo?s1 h[ to use1 #dj-a ,c>r1 ,w4 ,b41 & self spac]s1 #bh1 #bi ,cells1 que51 #f1 #h1 #gd2 drone1 capp+s (1 #ab1 #ac2 %apes (1 #di ,*eese-clo? z /ra9]1 #ajj ,*ill$ brood1 #aaj ,*yle food1 #g1 #i1 #ej-a ,cleanl9ess1 necessity =1 #ch1 #fa1 #ga1 #ajg ,comb-f\ndation1 & drone re>+1 #ab2 v>ieties (1 & h[ to use1 #ce2 h[ to use old1 #cf2 & wax-mak+1 #ej2 h[ to use1 #ib-c2 h&l+ ( hives conta9+1 #id ,confid5ce1 necessity =1 #eh ,d ,,dis9fectants1 #db ,d\bl+ /ocks1 me?od (1 #fb ,driv5 bees1 tak+ old que5 f1 #fe ,driv+1 me?od (1 #gi ,drone1 !1 & mat+1 #g1 #aa2 life hi/ory (1 #aa2 h[ to keep d[n numb] (1 #ab2 p]iod ( incubation (1 #ac2 comb-f\ndation & bre$+ (1 #ce2 cells (1 #di2 means ( escape f sup] =1 #gd ,dummy1 h[ us$1 #cb1 #fa ,dys5t]y1 symptoms (1 & rem$y =1 #ajh ,e ,,e>wig & bees1 #aab ,emb$d]1 a simple1 #id ,enemies ( bees1 #aab ,excessive sw>m+1 rem$y =1 #gc ,exclud]1 z9c1 #cf1 #gd1 #gf ,extractor1 necessity =1 #ch2 h[ to "w1 #ih-i ,eyes ( bee1 #af ,f ,,fann+ z a sign ( tr\ble 9 hive1 #ag1 #ajg ,fe$]s1 v>ieties (1 & h[ to use1 #cg ,fe$+1 circum/ances 9 :i* x is useless1 #e2 v>ieties ( fe$]s1 #cg2 use ( propolis 91 #eb2 :5 necess>y1 #fa1 #ha2 weak /ocks1 #fc2 inside1 #fd2 to enc\rage brood re>+1 #ff2 aft] sup]+ f brood-*amb]1 #ge2 necessity (1 9 spr+1 #hb2 me?od (1 9 spr+1 #hc2 syrup food1 #hd2 artificial poll5 food1 #he2 wat] 91 #he2 :5 to /op1 9 spr+1 #hf2 9 autumn1 #hf2 9 w9t]1 #hh2 injuri\s1 #ajg2 9 cases ( suspect$ disease1 #aji ,f]m5tation 9 hive1 #ah1 #ij ,float-fe$]s1 #cg ,fl[]s & bees1 #ec ,flycat*] & bees1 #aai ,=mic acid1 9 bee /+1 #ai ,fold brood1 #ah2 symptoms (1 #ajg ,fuel = smok]1 #dj ,g ,,gloves1 use (1 #dc1 #ei ,gre5-fly & bees1 #aae ,h ,,hea!r honey1 %all[ frames &1 #cj2 col\r & flav\r (1 #ee2 extraction (1 #ef ,hive1 bees z heat produc]s 91 #e2 bees & v5tilation (1 #ag2 h9ts on selection (1 #ba2 ! skep1 #bb2 disadvantages ( wood51 #bd2 size (1 #be2 floorbo>d (1 #bf2 brood-*amb]1 #bf2 que5-re>+1 #cc1 #ge2 obs]vation1 #cd2 sc5t (1 #df2 position (1 #eh2 h[ & :5 to clean1 #fa2 weak1 #fa2 = sw>m1 #ga2 re-que5+ (1 #ge1 #gg2 transport (1 #ha2 heat+ :5 bees are />v$ 91 #ij2 dang]s ( f]m5t+ food 91 #ij2 use ( old honey-/ores 91 #ij-a2 mice 91 #ah1 #aac ,honey1 :at x is1 #dh2 fl[]s & nect> =1 #ed2 influ5ce ( s\rce ( on col\r1 #ee2 flav\r (1 #ee2 =mation & seal+ (1 #if2 extraction (1 #ig-i2 rip5+1 #ii2 /ra9+1 #ajj-b2 /or+ & bottl+1 #ajc2 m>ket+1 #ajc ,honeycomb1 composition & purpose (1 #dh-i2 c>e (1 #ie1if2 removal f hive (1 #if-g ,honey dew1 #aaf ,honey press1 #ci ,i ,,imps = skep hive1 #bc ,incubation1 p]iod (1 #ac ,isle ( ,wight disease1 #ajh ,j ,,jaws ( bee1 h[ us$1 #ag ,l ,lime honey1 col\r (1 #ee ,m ,,metamorphosis ( bees1 #ac ,me?ylat$ _s1 z rem$y = bee /+1 #ai2 bees' objection to1 #ai1 #ea ,mice & hives1 #ah1 #aac ,mildew1 9 honeycombs1 #if2 9 quilts1 #ajg ,mod]n me?ods1 necessity =1 #c ,montbretia leaves1 bru%es (1 #da ,mo?s 9 hives1 #aad ,n ,,naph?al5e z dis9fectant & insecticide1 #db1 #if1 #aad ,nucleus hives1 #cc ,o ,,obs]vation hives1 #cd ,onion z rem$y = bee-/+1 #ai ,outside fe$+1 advantages (1 #hc2 me?od (1 #hc-d2 9 cases ( suspect$ disease1 #aji-aj ,p ,,poll51 & work] bees1 #aj2 bees z transf]r]s (1 #ec2 h[ us$ by bees1 #ef2 artificial1 #he ,poll5-baskets ( bee1 #af1 #ef ,poll5 mites1 #aae ,port] escape1 #cb ,prev5tion ( sw>m+1 #gb ,pr(it1 necessities to secure1 #c1 #cf1 #ch ,propolis1 on old quilts1 #cc1 #eb2 :at x is1 #ea2 excess (1 #ea-b2 use (1 9 artificial fe$+1 #eb1 #he ,q ,,que5 bee1 life hi/ory (1 #e-g2 *yle food &1 #g2 mat+ (1 #g2 egg-lay+ capacity (1 #g2 virg91 & unf]tile eggs1 #g1 #ab2 & sw>m+1 #h1 #dd1 #fh1 #gj2 size (1 #h2 h[ to prev5t re>+ (1 #h2 p]iod ( incubation (1 #ac2 susceptibility to cold (1 #ad2 hives = re>+1 #cc2 exclud]1 #cf2 sc5t (1 #dh2 %ape ( cell (1 #di2 w+-clipp+ (1 #gb2 exclusion (1 f sup]1 #gd2 re>+ (1 #ge ,que5-cage1 #gh ,que5 exclud]s1 #cf2 use (1 9 driv+1 #fe2 use (1 9 sup]+1 #gd1 #gf ,que5-re>+ hives1 #cc1 #fe1 #ge ,que5-re>+1 me?ods (1 #ge ,quilt1 its use & mat]ial1 #cb-c ,r ,,r++ ! sw>m1 #fh ,rip5+ honey1 me?od (1 #ii ,rot 9 wood hives1 #bd ,rot prev5t]s1 #be ,ru/1 & frame ends1 #bi2 & frame wires1 #ic ,s ,,sc5t ( bees1 #df et seq4 ,sections1 %all[ frames &1 #ca2 h[ made1 #ca2 h[ to "w1 #id2 h[ to m>ket1 #ajd ,self-spac]s = b> frames1 #bh ,%ak+1 a sw>m1 #gj2 frames1 #gd ,%all[ frames1 #cj ,skep hive1 developm5t (1 #bb2 uselessness (1 9 mod]n practice1 #bb2 h[ tak51 #bc2 imp & sup] =1 #bc2 its immunity f fungus & rot1 #bd2 h[ to pack = transport1 #ha ,sl[ fe$]s1 #cg ,slugs & ! bee-keep]1 #aag ,smok]1 object & use (1 #ci-dj2 h[ to use1 #ei1 #hj ,snails & ! bee-keep]1 #aag ,soda z rem$y = bee /+1 #ai ,spid]s 9 hives1 #aae ,spr+ fe$+1 #hc-f ,/&>d frames1 sizes (1 #bh2 ends =1 #bh-i1 #fj2 h[ to hang1 #bi2 wide-%\ld]$1 #bi2 z sup]1 #bi1 #ge2 comb f\ndation &1 #ib2 wir+1 #ia ,/>vation1 symptoms (1 #hi ,/imulat+1 process (1 #fe ,/+ ( bee1 z weapon ( def5ce1 #ah2 rem$y =1 #ai2 sc5t (1 #dg2 safegu>ds aga9/1 #ei ,/+less bees1 #ai ,/ra9+ honey1 #ajj-b ,sup]1 & que5less /ock1 or weak hive1 #e2 = skep1 #bc2 /&>d frames z1 #bi2 %all[ frames z1 #cj2 :at x is1 #ca2 = use ) *ok$ brood-ne/1 #fg2 ( /&>d frames f brood-*amb] z1 #gc2 removal (1 = w9t] fe$+1 #hg2 9 section work+1 #ie ,sw>m1 h[ to h&le !1 #de1 #fi2 virg91 #de2 r++ !1 #fh2 %ak+ !1 #gj2 fir/1 #ga ,sw>m+1 cause (1 #h1 #dd2 signs (1 #dd-e2 times (1 #de2 sc5t 91 #df2 excessive1 #gb2 prev5tion (1 #gb ,syrup food1 recipes =1 #hd1 #hg ,t ,,tongue ( bee1 uses (1 #ae ,tra*e1 #i1 #ad ,transport+ bees1 me?ods (1 #ha ,u ,,uncapp+1 #ih ,uncapp+ knives1 h[ to use1 #ch ,unit+ /ocks1 me?od (1 #fd ,v ,,v>ni%1 & bees1 #ea ,veil1 h[ to use1 #db-c1 #ei ,v5tilation ( hive1 #ag1 #ha ,virg9 que51 & unf]tile eggs1 #g2 sw>m1 #de1 #gj ,w ,wasps & ! bee-keep]1 #aaf ,wat]1 necessity = provid+1 #he2 9 autumn fe$+1 #hg ,weak hive1 #fa2 robb]y f1 #fb2 treatm5t (1 #fb-e ,:ite clov] honey1 col\r (1 #ee ,w+s ( bee1 arrangem5t & uses (1 #ag ,wir+ ( frames1 me?ods (1 #ic ,work] bee1 description (1 #h2 occasional f]tility (1 #h1 #ab2 life hi/ory (1 #h1 #aj2 & poll51 #aj2 z honey-ga!r]1 #aj2 p]iod ( incubation (1 #ac1 #he2 s5sibility to cold (1 #ad2 cells (1 #di2 & poll51 #ef-g ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos correct$4 ,text mov$ to prev5t splitt+ ( p>agraphs by image placem5t4 ,hyph5ation or lack !re(1 7 left z 9 ! orig9al4