,illu/ration3 ,,baxt]s ,,pat5t ,,oil ,,color ,,pr9t+ ,,xi1 ,,nor?ampton ,,squ>e ,,*imborazo ,,views ,,( ,,nature3 ,,or ,,contemplations ,,on ,,! ,,sublime ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,creation2 ,,) ,,sci5tific ,,illu/rations4 ,,by ,,alex&] ,,von ,,humboldt4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,ott1 ,,& ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn4 ,,) ,a ,,frontispiece ,,f ,a ,,sket* ,,by ,,! ,,au?or1 ,a ,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,8 ,,h&-,,writ+1 ,,& ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,index4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 #ahej4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,h>rison ,,& ,,sons1 ,,london ,,gazette ,,(fice1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9's ,,lane4 ,,preface ,,by ,,! ,,publi%]4 ,great pa9s h be5 tak5 ) ! pres5t translation1 z well 9 reg>d to fidelity & /yle1 z 9 :at may be t]m$ ! accessories4 ,9 addition to all t is conta9$ 9 ! orig9al "w1 x comprises an int]e/+ view ( ,*imborazo1 f a sket* by ,humboldt himself2 a fac-simile ( ! au?or's h&writ+2 head-l9es ( cont5ts2 translations ( ! pr9cipal ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,spani% quotations2,a a v complete index2 & a conv]sion ( all ! =eign measurem5ts4 ,x 0 at fir/ int5d$ to give bo? ! =eign & ,engli% measurem5ts1 9 juxta-position2 b ?is plan 0 ab&on$ on p]ceiv+ t ! pages w\ld become ov]load$ ) figures1 & pres5t a p]plex+ & some:at appall+ aspect1 )\t af=d+ any equival5t advantage to ! ,engli% read]4 ,9 "s few in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e x seem$ desirable1 & 9 all ! p>allel tables1 duplicate measurem5ts h be5 ins]t$4 ,! ,fr5* toises are conv]t$ into _! relative numb] ( ,engli% feet2 & ,g]man miles1 :e!r simple or squ>e1 are r$uc$ to our own4 ,! longitudes h be5 calculat$ f ,gre5wi*1 con=mably to ,engli% maps1 9 lieu ( ^? giv5 by ,humboldt1 :i* are calculat$ f ,p>is4 ,! degrees ( temp]ature1 in/ead ( ,reaumur's1 are ,fahr5heit's1 z n[ ! mo/ g5]ally recognis$4 ,x "h becomes necess>y to say some?+ ( ! translators1 & ! cause ( s mu* unexpect$ delay 9 produc+ ?is volume2 ! m s z _m ( ! subscrib]s to ! ,sci5tific ,libr>y h express$ an int]e/ 9 ! subject1 ow+1 9 "s measure1 to a controv]sy :i* arose out ( my previ\s publication ( ,cosmos4 ,! translation 0 orig9ally entru/$ to ,e4 ,c4 ,ott1 ) an agreem5t z to "t1 accord+ to :i* ,i _h e reason to expect t ,i %\ld fulfil my engagem5t to publi% x 9 ,octob] la/1 or at late/ 9 ,novemb]2 b1 aft] mu* ( ! manuscript 0 prep>$1 ! translator's indisposition & subsequ5t abs5ce f ,london1 occasion$ a s]i\s susp5sion4 ,9 ?is dilemma ,i f\nd x necess>y to call 9 aid1 z well z to assi/ p]sonally4 ,! result ( ?is 8co-op]ation ( =ces0 w no d\bt prove satisfactory to ! read]1 inasmu* z e %eet has be5 at lea/ trebly revis$1 & x is hop$ proportionably improv$4 ,9 addition to ! responsible translator1 my pr9cipal collaborateur has be5 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,:itelocke1 a g5tleman well qualifi$ = ! task4 ,all ! measurem5ts are calculat$ by ! sci5tific fri5d1 :o fulfill$ ?is dep>tm5t s satisfactorily 9 my edition ( ,cosmos4 ,! translation ( ! pretty poem1 ,! ,p>rot ( ,atures1 7page #ahi17 n[ fir/ giv5 9 ,engli%1 is contribut$ by ,mr4 ,edg> ,a4 ,b[r+4 ,= ! additional notes subscrib$ 8,,ed40 ,i am myself1 9 mo/ in/ances1 responsible4 ,mu* has be5 said1 pro & con1 ab\t ! sanction ( ! ,au?or to ! sev]al translations ( 8 works4 ,my answ] has1 ,i believe1 be5 g5]ally consid]$ satisfactory & conclusive4 ,i h n[ only to add1 t :5 ,i wrote to ,b>on ,humboldt1 m ?an a ye> & a-half ago1 pres5t+ him ) my !n unpubli%$ edition ( ,cosmos1 ,i ann\nc$ my int5tion ( proce$+ ) 8 o!r works1 & consult$ him on ! subject4 ,he repli$ 9 ! k9de/ _s1 )\t intimat+ any previ\s engagem5t1 & hon\r$ me ) sev]al valuable sugge/ions4 ,a portion ( "o ( 8 lett]s is annex$ 9 fac-simile4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :at ,i !n presum$ to be 8 recomm5dation1 ,i det]m9$ to make ! ,ansi*t5 my next volume1 & ann\nc$ x1 long be=e any "o else1 ?\gh n at fir/ by its ,engli% "n4 ,at t "t ,i _h reason to hope t ,i %\ld receive ! new ,g]man edition at lea/ z e>ly z any "o1 b 0 disappo9t$4 ,?is circum/ance1 add$ to ! delay already allud$ to1 has br\ght me late into ! field4 ,9 n[1 h[ev]1 pres5t+ my subscrib]s ) :at ,i h tak5 e available means to r5d] a p]fect book1 ,i hope ,i %all af=d !m ample atonem5t4 ,a few words respect+ ! "w itself4 ,! fir/ edition 0 publi%$ =ty-?ree ye>s ago1 ! second 9 #ahbf1 & ! ?ird1 ( :i* ! pres5t volume is a translation1 9 ,augu/ la/4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree editions 9 respect to ! text 7if ,i may s di/+ui% ! m ent]ta9+ "p ( ! "w f ! sci5tific 8,illu/rations07 is n mat]ial1 except+ t ea* has "o or m new *apt]s4 ,?us to ! second edition 0 add$ ! ,essay on ,volcanos & ! curi\s allegory on vital =ce1 entitl$ ,! ,rhodian ,g5ius1 & to ! ?ird ,! ,plateau ( ,caxam>ca4 ,! additions to ! 8,illu/rations0 h[ev] 9 ! ?ird edition are consid]able1 & comprise a rapid sket* ( :atev] has be5 contribut$ by mod]n sci5ce 9 illu/ration ( ! ,au?or's fav\rite subjects4 ,no intellectual read] c p]use ?is ma/]ly "w )\t int5se int]e/ & consid]able in/ruction4 ,aft] fea/+ on ! highly wr\ght &1 x may be said1 poetical descriptions1 writt5 9 ! ,au?or's e>li] ye>s1 he w turn ) increas$ ze/ to ! elaborate illu/rations1 :i*1 9 a sep>ate =m1 are br\ght to be> on e subject ( ! text4 ,?is sci5tific portion1 al?\gh n at fir/ ! mo/ attractive1 pres5ts _m delightful episodes1 :i* w amply repay ! p]usal ( ev5 ^? :o m]ely read = amusem5t4 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn4 ,york ,/reet1 ,janu>y1 #ahej4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface1 ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,) "s diffid5ce1 ,i "h pres5t to ! public a s]ies ( pap]s :i* orig9at$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! noble/ objects ( nature1--on ! ,ocean1--9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1--9 ! ,savannahs ( ,v5ezuela1--& 9 ! solitudes ( ! ,p]uvian & ,mexican ,m\nta9s4 ,sev]al deta*$ fragm5ts1 writt5 on ! spot1 h s9ce be5 wr\ght into a :ole4 ,a survey ( nature at l>ge1--pro(s ( ! co-op]ation ( =ces1--& a r5ewal ( ! enjoym5t :i* ! imm$iate aspect ( ! tropical c\ntries af=ds to ! susceptible behold]1--are ! objects at :i* ,i aim4 ,ea* ,essay 0 design$ to be complete 9 itself2 & "o & ! same t5d5cy p]vades ! :ole4 ,?is /hetic mode ( treat+ subjects ( ,natural ,hi/ory is fraught ) great difficulties 9 ! execution1 not)/&+ ! m>vell\s vig\r & flexibility ( my native language4 ,! wond]ful luxuriance ( nature pres5ts an accumulation ( sep>ate images1 & accumulation di/urbs ! h>mony & effect ( a picture4 ,:5 ! feel+s & ! imag9ation are excit$1 ! /yle is apt to /ray into poetical prose4 ,b ^! ideas require no amplification "h1 = ! foll[+ pages af=d b too abundant examples ( su* deviations & ( su* want ( unity4 ,not)/&+ ^! defects1 :i* ,i c m easily p]ceive ?an am5d1 let me hope t ^! 8,views0 may af=d ! read]1 at lea/ "s portion ( t enjoym5t :i* a s5sitive m9d receives f ! imm$iate contemplation ( nature4 ,z ?is enjoym5t is height5$ by an insight into ! connection ( ! occult =ces1 ,i h subjo9$ to ea* treatise sci5tific illu/rations & additions4 ,ev]y:]e ! read]'s att5tion is direct$ to ! p]petual influ5ce :i* physical nature ex]cises on ! moral condition & on ! de/9y ( man4 ,x is to m9ds oppress$ ) c>e t ^! pages are especially consecrat$4 ,he :o has escap$ f ! /ormy waves ( life w joyfully foll[ me into ! dep?s ( ! =e/s1 ov] ! b\ndless /eppes & prairies1 & to ! l(ty summits ( ! ,&es4 ,to him are address$ ! words ( ! *orus :o preside ov] ! de/9ies ( mank9d3 ,on ! m\nta9s is fre$om6 ! brea? ( decay ,nev] sullies ! fre% fl[+ air2 ,oh6 nature is p]fect :]ev] we /ray2 ',tis man t de=ms x ) c>e4,b ,,au?or',s ,,preface1 ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,editions4 ,! tw(old object ( ?is "w1--an anxi\s endeav\r to height5 ! enjoym5t ( nature by vivid repres5tations1 & at ! same "t to increase1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 ! read]'s insight into ! h>moni\s co-op]ation ( =ces1--0 po9t$ out by me 9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition1 ne>ly half a c5tury ago4 ,i !re allud$ to ! sev]al ob/acles :i* oppose !mselves to ! /hetic treatm5t ( ! gr& sc5es ( nature4 ,! comb9ation ( a lit]>y & a purely sci5tific aim1 ! desire to engage ! imag9ation1 & at ! same "t to enri* life ) new ideas by ! increase ( k1 r5d] ! due arrangem5t ( ! sep>ate p>ts1 & :at is requir$ z unity ( composition1 difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,not)/&+ ^! disadvantages1 h[ev]1 ! public h cont9u$ to receive ) indulg5t p>tiality1 my imp]fect p]=mance4 ,! second edition ( ! ,views ( ,nature1 0 publi%$ by me 9 ,p>is 9 #ahbf4 ,two pap]s 7 !n add$1 "o1 8,an inquiry into ! /ructure & mode ( action ( ,volcanos 9 diff]5t regions ( ! e>?20 ! o!r1 8,vital ,=ce1 or ,! ,rhodian ,g5ius40 ,s*ill]1 9 remembrance ( 8 y\?ful m$ical /udies1 lov$ to conv]se ) me1 dur+ my long /ay at ,j5a1 on physiological subjects4 ,! inquiries 9 :i* ,i 0 !n engag$1 9 prep>+ my "w 8,on ! condition ( ! fibres ( muscles & n]ves1 :5 irritat$ by contact ) sub/ances *emically oppos$10 (t5 imp>t$ a m s]i\s direction to our conv]sation4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ,i wrote ! little allegory on ,vital ,=ce1 call$ ,! ,rhodian ,g5ius4 ,! pr$ilection :i* ,s*ill] ent]ta9$ = ?is piece1 & :i* he admitt$ into 8 p]iodical1 ,die ,hor51 gave me c\rage to introduce x "h4 ,my bro!r1 9 a lett] :i* has rec5tly be5 publi%$ 7,william von ,humboldt's ,lett]s to a ,female ,fri5d1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ci71 delicately alludes to ! subject1 b at ! same "t v ju/ly adds2 8,! developm5t ( a physiological idea is exclusively ! object ( ! essay4 ,su* semi-poetical clo?+s ( grave tru?s 7 m 9 vogue at ! "t ?is 0 writt5 ?an !y are at pres5t40 ,9 my eightie? ye> ,i h /ill ! gratification ( complet+ a ?ird edition ( my "w1 & entirely rem\ld+ x to meet ! dem&s ( ! age4 ,almo/ all ! sci5tific illu/rations are ei!r enl>g$ or replac$ by new & m compreh5sive ones4 ,i h indulg$ a hope ( /imulat+ ! /udy ( nature1 by compress+ into ! smalle/ possible compass1 ! num]\s results ( c>eful inve/igation on a v>iety ( int]e/+ subjects1 ) a view ( %ew+ ! importance ( accurate num]ical data1 & ! necessity ( comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r1 z well z to *eck ! dogmatic smatt]+ & fa%ionable scepticism :i* h too long prevail$ 9 ! s-call$ high] circles ( society4 ,my exp$ition into nor!rn ,asia 7to ! ,ural1 ! ,altai1 & ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea7 9 ! ye> #ahbi1 ) ,ehr5b]g & ,gu/avus ,rose1 at ! comm& ( ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 took place betwe5 ! second & ?ird editions ( my "w4 ,?is exp$ition has ess5tially contribut$ to ! enl>gem5t ( my views 9 all t conc]ns ! =mation ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! direction ( m\nta9-*a9s1 ! connexion ( ! ,/eppes & ,des]ts1 & ! geographical di/ribution ( plants accord+ to asc]ta9$ influ5ces ( temp]ature4 ,! ignorance :i* has s long exi/$ respect+ ! two great sn[-cov]$ m\nta9-*a9s1 ! ,?ian-s*an & ! ,ku5-ln1 situat$ betwe5 ! ,altai & ,himalaya1 has 7ow+ to ! injudici\s neglect ( ,*9ese s\rces ( in=mation7 obscur$ ! geography ( ,c5tral ,asia1 & propagat$ fancies in/ead ( facts1 9 works ( ext5sive circulation4 ,)9 ! la/ few mon?s ! hypsometric comp>isons ( ! culm9at+ po9ts ( bo? cont95ts h unexpect$ly receiv$ important & corrective illu/ration1 ( :i* ,i am ! fir/ to avail myself 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! measurem5t 7n[ dive/$ ( =m] errors7 ( ! altitude ( ! two m\nta9s1 ,sorata & ,illimani1 9 ! ea/]n *a9 ( ! ,&es ( ,bolivia1 has n yet1 ) c]ta9ty1 re/or$ ! ,*imborazo to its anci5t pre-em95ce among ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ! new _w4 ,9 ! ,himalaya ! rec5t b>ometric measurem5t ( ! ,k9*9j+a 7#bf1dch ,p>isian1 or #bh1agh ,engli% feet7 places x next 9 height to ! ,dhawalagiri1 :i* has also be5 trigonometrically measur$ ) great] accuracy4 ,to pres]ve uni=mity ) ! two =m] editions ( ! ,views ( ,nature1 ! calculations ( temp]ature1 unless :]e ! contr>y is /at$1 are giv5 accord+ to ! eighty degrees !rmomet] ( ,reamur4 ,! l9eal measurem5t is ! old ,fr5*1 9 :i* ! toise is equival5t to six ,p>isian feet4 ,! miles are geographical1 fifte5 to a degree ( ! equator4 ,! longitudes are calculat$ f ! fir/ m]idian ( ! ,p>isian ,obs]vatory4 ,b]l91 ,m>*1 #ahdi4 ,,cont5ts ,page ,,publi%]',s ,,preface v ,,au?or',s ,,preface1 ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ix ,,au?or',s ,,preface1 ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,editions xi ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts xvii ,,/eppes ,,& ,,des]ts #a ,illu/rations & ,additions #bb ,,cat>acts ,,( ,,! ,,or9oco #aec ,illu/rations & ,additions #agd ,,nocturnal ,,life ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,! ,,primeval ,,=e/ #aia ,illu/rations & ,additions #bjb ,hypsometric ,add5da #bjd ,,ideas ,,= ,a ,,physiognomy ,,( ,,plants #baj ,illu/rations & ,additions #bcb ,,on ,,! ,,/ructure ,,& ,,mode ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,volcanos ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #cec ,illu/rations & ,additions #cgf ,,vital ,,=ce1 ,,or ,,! ,,rhodian ,,g5ius #chj ,illu/ration & ,note #chf ,,! ,,plateau ,,( ,,caxam>ca1 ! ,anci5t ,capital ( ! ,inca ,atahuallpa1 & ,fir/ ,view ( ! ,pacific f ! ,ridge ( ! ,&es #cij ,illu/rations & ,additions #dba ,,index #dcg ,illu/ration3 ,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,! ,,h&-,,writ+ ,,( ,,b>on ,,humboldt4 ,,extracts ,,( ,a ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,publi%]4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,on ,,/eppes ,,& ,,des]ts pp4 #a-ba4 ,coa/-*a9 & m\nta9-valleys ( ,c>acas4 ,! ,lake ( ,tac>igua4 ,contra/ betwe5 ! luxuriant abundance ( organic life & ! treeless pla9s4 ,impressions ( space4 ,! /eppe z ! bottom ( an anci5t inl& sea4 ,brok5 /rata ly+ some:at above ! surface1 & call$ ,banks4 ,uni=mity ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by pla9s4 ,hea?s ( ,europe1 ,pampas & ,llanos ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,african des]ts1 ,nor? ,asiatic ,/eppes4 ,div]sifi$ "* ( ! vegetable cov]+4 ,animal life4 ,pa/oral tribes1 :o h convuls$ ! _w--pp4 #a-e4 ,description ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican pla9s & savannahs4 ,_! ext5t & climate1 ! latt] dep5dant on ! outl9e & hypsometrical configuration ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,comp>ison ) pla9s & des]ts ( ,africa--pp4 #e-aj4 ,orig9al abs5ce ( pa/oral life 9 ,am]ica4 ,nutrim5t yield$ by ! ,mauritia ,palm4 ,p5dant huts built 9 trees4 ,gu>anes--pp4 #aj-ac4 ,! ,llanos h become m habitable to man s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,rem>kable increase ( wild ,ox51 ,horses1 & ,mules4 ,description ( ! seasons ( dr\ght & ra94 ,aspect ( ! gr\nd & sky4 ,life ( animals2 _! suff]+s & combats4 ,adaptability ) :i* nature has end[$ animals & plants4 ,jagu>1 ,crocodiles1 ,electric ,fi%es4 ,unequal conte/ betwe5 gymnoti & horses--pp4 #ac-ai4 ,retrospective view ( ! di/ricts :i* bord] /eppes & des]ts4 ,wild]ness ( ! =e/-region betwe5 ! ,or9oco & ,amazon riv]s4 ,native tribes sep>at$ by wond]ful div]sity bo? ( language & cu/oms2 a toil+ & divid$ race4 ,figures grav5 on rocks prove t ev5 ^! solitudes 7 once ! seat ( a civilization n[ ext9ct--pp4 #ai-ba4 ,,sci5tific ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions pp4 #bb-aeb4 ,! isl&-/udd$ ,lake ( ,tac>igua4 ,its relation to ! m\nta9-*a9s4 ,geogno/ic tableau4 ,progress ( civilization4 ,v>ieties ( ! sug>-cane4 ,cacao plantations4 ,great f]tility ( soil )9 ! tropics accompani$ by great atmosph]ic insalubrity4--pp4 #bb-bf4 ,banks1 or brok5 floetz-/rata4 ,g5]al flatness4 ,l&-slips--pp4 #bf-bh4 ,resemblance ( ! di/ant /eppe to ! ocean4 ,nak$ /ony cru/1 tabul> masses ( sy5ite2 h !y a detrim5tal effect on ! atmosph]e8--pp4 #bh-bi4 ,mod]n views on ! m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! two ,am]ican p59sulas4 ,*a9s1 :i* h a direction f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e41 9 ,brazil & 9 ! ,atlantic portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,depression ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,*iquitos2 ridges z wat]m>ks betwe5 ! ,guapor & ,aguapehi 9 #ae & #ag s\? lat41 & betwe5 ! fluvial di/ricts ( ! ,or9oco & ,rio ,negro 9 #b & #c nor? lat4--pp4 #bi-ca4 ,cont9uation ( ! ,&es-*a9 nor? ( ! i/hmus ( ,panam ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( ! ,aztecs1 7:]e ! ,popocatepetl1 rec5tly asc5d$ by ,capt4 ,/one1 rises to an altitude ( #ag1gbj feet17 & ?r\gh ! ,crane & ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,valuable sci5tific inve/igations ( ,capt4 ,frmont4 ,! greate/ b>ometric levell+ ev] accompli%$1 repres5t+ a pr(ile ( ! gr\nd ov] #bh ( longitude4 ,culm9at+ po9t ( ! r\te f ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic to ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,! ,s\? ,pass s\?w>d ( ! ,w9d-,riv] ,m\nta9s4 ,swell+ ( ! gr\nd 9 ! ,great ,bas94 ,long disput$ exi/5ce ( ,lake ,timpanogos4 ,coa/-*a91 ,m>itime ,alps1 ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia4 ,volcanic eruptions4 ,cat>acts ( ! ,columbia ,riv]--pp4 #ca-ch4 ,g5]al consid]ations on ! contra/ betwe5 ! configuration ( ! t]ritorial spaces1 pres5t$ by ! two div]g+ coa/-*a9s1 ea/ & we/ ( ! c5tral *a91 call$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,hypsometric con/itution ( ! ,ea/]n ,l[l&1 :i* is only f #djj to some:at m ?an #fjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & ( ! arid un9habit$ plateau ( ! ,great ,bas91 f #ejjj to m ?an #fjjj feet high4 ,s\rces ( ! ,mississippi 9 ,lake ,i/aca accord+ to ,nicollet1 ^: lab\rs are mo/ m]itori\s4 ,native l& ( ! ,bisons2 _! anci5t dome/ication 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico ass]t$ by ,gom>a--pp4 #ch-db4 ,retrospective view ( ! entire ,&es-*a9 f ! cliff ( ,diego ,ramirez to ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,long preval5t errors conc]n+ ! height ( ! ea/]n ,&es-*a9 ( ,bolivia1 especially ( ! ,sorata & ,illimani4 ,f\r summits ( ! we/]n *a91 :i*1 accord+ to ,p5tl&'s late/ det]m9ations1 surpass ! ,*imborazo 9 height1 b n ! /ill-active volcano1 ,aconcagua1 measur$ by ,fitz-,roy--pp4 #db-dd4 ,! ,african m\nta9 range ( ,h>udje-el-,abiad4 ,oases ( vegetation1 ab\nd+ 9 spr+s--pp4 #dd-df4 ,we/]ly w9ds on ! bord]s ( ! des]t ,sah>a4 ,accumulation ( sea-we$2 pres5t & =m] position ( ! great fucus-bank1 f ! "t ( ,scylax ( ,c>y&a to t ( ,columbus & to ! pres5t p]iod--pp4 #df-ej4 ,tibbos & ,tu>yks4 ,! camel & its di/ribution--pp4 #ej-ec4 ,m\nta9-sy/ems ( ,c5tral ,asia betwe5 ,nor!rn ,sib]ia & ,india1 betwe5 ! ,altai & ! ,himalaya1 :i* latt] range is aggregat$ ) ! ,ku5-ln4 ,errone\s op9ion z to ! exi/5ce ( "o imm5se plateau1 ! s-call$ 8,plateau de la ,t>t>ie0--pp4 #ec-ef4 ,*9ese lit]ature a ri* s\rce ( orographic k4 ,gradations ( ! ,high ,l&s4 ,gobi & its direction4 ,probable mean height ( ,?ibet--pp4 #ef-fc4 ,g5]al review ( ! m\nta9 sy/ems ( ,asia4 ,m]idian *a9s3 ! ,ural1 :i* sep>ates l[] ,europe f l[] ,asia or ! ,scy?ian ,europe ( ,ph]ecydes ( ,syros & ,h]odotus4 ,bolor1 ,kh+an1 & ! ,*9ese *a9s1 :i* at ! great b5d ( ! ,?ibetan & ,assam-,burmese riv]1 ,dzangbo-ts*u1 /ret* f nor? to s\?4 ,! m]idian elevations alt]nate betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ff & #gg ea/ long4 f ,cape ,comor9 to ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 l displac$ ve9s4 ,?us ! ,ghauts1 ! ,soliman *a91 ! ,p>alasa1 ! ,bolor1 & ! ,ural foll[ f s\? to nor?4 ,! ,bolor gave rise1 among ! anci5ts1 to ! idea respect+ ! ,imaus1 :i* ,aga?odmon consid]$ to be prolong$ nor?w>ds z f> z ! l[l& or bas9 ( ! l[] ,irtys*4 ,p>allel *a9s1 runn+ ea/ & we/1 ! ,altai1 ,?ian-s*an ) its active volcanos1 :i* lie #aebh miles f ! froz5 ocean at ! m\? ( ! ,obi1 & #aeab f ! ,indian ,ocean at ! m\? ( ! ,ganges2 ,ku5-ln1 already recogniz$ by ,erato/h5es1 ,m>9us ( ,tyre1 ,ptolemy1 & ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 z ! greate/ axis ( elevation 9 ! ,old ,_w1 betwe5 #ce & #cf lat4 9 ! direction ( ! diaphragm ( ,dicar*us4 ,himalaya4 ,! ,ku5-ln may be trac$1 :5 consid]$ z an axis ( elevation1 f ! ,*9ese wall ne> ,lung-ts*eu1 ?r\gh ! some:at m nor!rly *a9s ( ,nan-s*an & ,kilian-s*an1 ?r\gh ! m\nta9 node ( ! 8,/>ry ,sea10 ! ,h9doo ,cu% 7! ,p>opanisus & ,indian ,caucasus ( ! anci5ts71 &1 la/ly1 ?r\gh ! *a9 ( ! ,demav5d & ,p]sian ,elburz1 z f> z ! ,taurus 9 ,lycia4 ,n f> f ! int]section ( ! ,ku5-ln by ! ,bolor1 ! correspond+ direction ( ! axes ( elevation 7incl9+ f ea/ to we/ 9 ! ,ku5-ln & ,h9doo ,cu%1 & on ! o!r h& s\?-ea/ & nor?-we/ 9 ! ,himalaya7 proves1 t ! ,h9doo ,cu% is a prolongation ( ! ,ku5-ln1 & n ( ! ,himalaya :i* is associat$ to ! latt] 9 ! mann] ( a gang or ve94 ,! po9t :]e ! ,himalaya *anges its direction1 t is to say1 :]e x leaves its =m] ea/-we/]ly direction1 lies n f> f #ha ea/ long4 ,! ,djawahir is n1 z has hi!rto be5 suppos$1 ! next 9 altitude to ! ,dhawalagiri1 :i* is ! highe/ summit ( ! ,himalaya2 =1 accord+ to ,joseph ,hook]1 ?is rank is due to a m\nta9 ly+ 9 ! m]idian ( ,sikhim betwe5 ,butan & ,nepaul1 call$ ! ,k9*9j+a or ,k9ts*9-,ds*unga4 ,?is m\nta9 7,k9*9j+a7 measur$ by ,col4 ,waugh1 ,director ( ! ,trigonometrical ,survey ( ,india1 has = its we/]n summit an altitude ( #bh1agh feet1 & = its ea/]n #bg1hbf feet1 accord+ to ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1 ,novemb]1 #ahdh4 ,! m\nta91 n[ consid]$ high] ?an ! ,dhawalagiri1 is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ to ! title-page ( ,joseph ,hook]'s spl5did "w1 ,! ,rhodod5drons ( ,sikkim ,himalaya1 #ahdi4 ,det]m9ation ( ! sn[-limits on ! nor!rn & s\!rn slopes ( ! ,himalaya2 ! =m] lies 9 ! mean ab\t #cfbj up to #dijj feet high]4 ,new /atem5ts ( ,hodgson4 ,b = ! rem>kable di/ribution ( heat 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! air1 ! table-l& ( we/]n ,?ibet w\ld be un9habitable to millions ( human be+s--pp4 #fc-hj4 ,! ,hiongnu1 :om ,deguignes & ,john ,mll] consid]$ to be a tribe ( ,huns1 appe> r to be "o ( ! widely spread ,turki% races ( ! ,altai & ,tangnu m\nta9s4 ,! ,huns1 ^: "n 0 kn[n ev5 to ,dionysius ,p]iegetes1 & :o are describ$ by ,ptolemy z ,*uns 7h5ce ! lat] t]ritorial "n ( ,*unig>d67 are a ,f9ni% tribe1 f ! ,ural m\nta9s1 :i* sep>ate ! two cont95ts--pp4 #hj-ha4 ,repres5tations ( ! sun1 animals1 & *>act]s1 grav5 on rocks at ,si]ra ,p>ime1 z well z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 h frequ5tly be5 reg>d$ z writ+--p4 #hb4 ,description ( ! cold m\nta9 regions betwe5 #aa1jjj & #ac1jjj ,p>isian1 or #aa1gbj & #ac1hej ,engli% feet 9 height1 :i* h be5 designat$ ,p>amos4 ,"* ( _! vegetation--p4 #hc4 ,orographic rem>ks on ! two m\nta9 clu/]s 7,pac>aima & ,si]ra de ,*iquitos7 :i* sep>ate ! ?ree pla9s ( ! l[] ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 & ,la ,plata riv]s f ea* o!r--p4 #hd4 ,conc]n+ ! ,dogs ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 ! aborig9al z well z ^? f ,europe1 :i* h become wild4 ,suff]+s ( ,cats at heights surpass+ #ac1hed feet--pp4 #he-hh4 ,! ,l[ ,l& ( ! ,sah>a & its relations to ! ,atlas range1 accord+ to ! late/ reports ( ,daumas1 ,c>ette1 & ,r5\4 ,! b>ometric measurem5ts ( ,f\rnel r5d] x v probable1 t "p ( ! nor? ,african des]t lies bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,oasis ( ,bisc>a4 ,abundance ( rock-salt 9 regions :i* ext5d f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e4 ,causes ( nocturnal cold 9 ! des]t1 accord+ to ,melloni--pp4 #hh-ib4 ,in=mation respect+ ! ,riv] ,wadi ,dra 7"o-six? long] ?an ! ,rh9e71 :i* is dry dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,%eikh ,beir\k1 :o is indep5d5t ( ! ,emp]or ( ,morocco1 accord+ to manuscript communications ( ,capt4 ,c\nt ,b\et ,villaumez1 ( ! ,fr5* ,m>9e4 ,! m\nta9s nor? ( ,cape ,nun 7an ,edrisian "n1 9 :i* by a play ( words a negation has be5 assum$ s9ce ! #ae? c5tury7 atta9 an altitude ( #iahf feet--pp4 #ib-id4 ,gram9e\s vegetation ( ! ,am]ican ,llanos betwe5 ! tropics1 comp>$ ) ! h]bace\s vegetation ( ! ,/eppes 9 ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,9 ^!1 especially 9 ! mo/ f]tile ( !m1 a pleas+ effect is af=d$ 9 spr+ by ! small sn[-:ite & r$ fl[]+ ,rosace1 ,amygdale1 ! species ( ,a/ragalus1 ,cr[n-imp]ial1 ,cyprip$ias1 & ,tulips4 ,contra/ ) ! des]t ( ! salt-/eppes full ( ,*5opodi1 & ( species ( ,salsola & ,atriplex4 ,num]ical consid]ations ) respect to ! pr$om9ant families4 ,! pla9s :i* skirt ! ,froz5 ,ocean 7nor? ( :at ,admiral ,wrangel has describ$ z ! b\nd>y ( ,conif] & ,am5tace71 are ! doma9 ( cryptogamic plants4 ,physiognomy ( ! ,tundra on an ev]-froz5 soil1 cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( ,sphagnum & o!r foliace\s mosses1 or ) ! sn[-:ite ,c5omyce & ,/]eocaulon pas*ale--pp4 #id-if4 ,*ief causes ( ! v unequal di/ribution ( heat 9 ! ,european & ,am]ican cont95ts4 ,direction & inflection ( ! iso!rmal l9es 7equal mean-heat ( ! ye>1 9 w9t] & summ]7--pp4 #if-aje4 ,is !re reason to believe t ,am]ica em]g$ lat] f ! *aotic cov]+ ( wat]s8--pp4 #aje-ajg4 ,!rmal comp>ison betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es 9 high latitudes--pp4 #ajg-aji4 ,app>5t connexion betwe5 ! s&-seas ( ,africa1 ,p]sia1 ,k]man1 ,beloo*i/an1 & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,on ! we/]n portion ( ! ,atlas1 & ! connection ( purely my?ical ideas1 ) geographical leg5ds4 ,indef9ite allusions to fi]y eruptions4 ,triton ,lake4 ,crat] =ms1 s\? ( ,hanno's 8,bay ( ! ,gorilla ,apes40 ,s+ul> description ( ! ,holl[ ,atlas1 f ! ,dialexes ( ,maximus ,tyrius--pp4 #aaj-aa4 ,explanations ( ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 7,djebel-al-,komr7 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 accord+ to ,re9aud1 ,beke1 & ,ayrton4 ,w]ne's in/ructive report ( ! second exp$ition1 :i* 0 und]tak5 by comm& ( ,mehemet ,ali4 ,! ,abyss9ian high m\nta9 *a91 :i*1 accord+ to ,rppell1 atta9s ne>ly ! height ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nt ( ! sn[ betwe5 ! tropics is conta9$ 9 ! inscription ( ,adulis1 :i* is ( a some:at lat] date ?an ,juba4 ,l(ty m\nta9s1 :i* betwe5 #f & #d1 & ev5 m s\!rly1 approa* ! ,bahr-el-,abiad4 ,a consid]able rise ( gr\nd sep>ates ! ,:ite ,nile f ! bas9 ( ! ,gos*op4 ,l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! wat]s :i* fl[ t[>ds ! ,m$it]ranean & ,indian seas1 accord+ to ,c>l ,zimm]mann's map4 ,lupata *a91 accord+ to ! in/ructive rese>*es ( ,wilhelm ,pet]s--pp4 #aad-abj4 ,oceanic curr5ts4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,atlantic ! wat]s are agitat$ 9 a true rotatory movem5t4 ,t ! fir/ impulse to ! ,gulf-/ream is to be look$ = at ! s\!rn apex ( ,africa1 0 a fact already kn[n to ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t 9 #aefj4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,gulf-/ream on ! climate ( ,sc&9avia4 ,h[ x contribut$ to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,in/ances ( ,esquimaux1 :o1 fav\r$ by nor?-we/ w9ds1 h be5 c>ri$1 ?r\gh ! return+ ea/]ly incl9$ portion ( ! w>m gulf-/ream1 to ! ,european coa/s4 ,in=mation ( ,cornelius ,nepos & ,pomponius ,mela respect+ ,indians1 :om a ,k+ ( ! ,boii s5t z a pres5t to ! ,gallic ,proconsul ,qu9tus ,metellus ,cel]2 & aga9 ( o!rs 9 ! times ( ! ,o?os1 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 ,columbus1 & ,c>d9al ,bembo4 ,aga91 9 ! ye>s #afhb & #afhd1 natives ( ,gre5l& appe>$ at ! ,orkney ,isl&s--pp4 #abj-abe4 ,effects ( li*5s & o!r cryptogamia 9 ! frigid & temp]ate zones1 9 promot+ ! gr[? ( ! l>g] phan]ogamia4 ,9 ! tropics ! prep>atory gr\nd-li*5s (t5 f9d sub/itutes 9 ! oleag9\s plants4 ,lactif]\s animals ( ! ,new ,cont95t2 ! ,llama1 ,alpaca1 & ,guanaco--pp4 #abe-abh4 ,culture ( f>9ace\s grasses--pp4 #abh-aca4 ,on ! e>lie/ population ( ,am]ica--pp4 #aca-acd4 ,! coa/-tribe ! ,gu>anes 7,w>raus71 & ! littoral palm ,mauritia1 accord+ to ,bembo1 ,raleigh1 ,hillh\se1 ,rob]t & ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk--pp4 #acd-acf4 ,ph5om5a produc$ 9 ! ,/eppe by a long dr\ght4 ,s&-sp\ts1 hot w9ds1 deceptive images by arial refraction 7mirage74 ,! awak+ ( crocodiles & tortoises aft] a long summ] sleep--pp4 #acf-adb4 ,otomaks4 ,g5]al consid]ations respect+ ! e>?-eat+ ( c]ta9 tribes4 ,unctu\s & ,infusorial e>?s--pp4 #adb-adf4 ,c>v$ ,figures on rocks1 :i* =m a belt runn+ ea/ & we/ f ! ,rupunuri1 ,essequibo1 & m\nta9s ( ,pac>aima1 to ! solitudes ( ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,e>lie/ obs]vation 7,april1 #agdi7 ( su* traces ( an anci5t civilization1 9 ! unpubli%$ travels ( ! ,surgeon ,nicolas ,hortsmann1 ( ,hilde%eim1 f\nd among d',anville's pap]s--pp4 #adg-aea4 ,! vegetable poison ,cur>e1 or ,ur>i--pp4 #aea-aeb4 ,,on ,,! ,,cat>acts ,,( ,,! ,,or9oco1 ,,ne> ,,atures ,,& ,,maypures pp4 #aec-agc4 ,! ,or9oco1 g5]al view ( its c\rse4 ,ideas excit$ 9 ! m9d ( ,columbus on behold+ its m\?4 ,its unkn[n s\rces lie to ! ea/ ( ! l(ty ,duida & ( ! ?ickets ( ,b]?olletia4 ,cause ( ! pr9cipal b5ds ( ! riv]--pp4 #aec-afb4 ,! ,falls4 ,raudal ( ,maypures1 b\nd$ by f\r /reams4 ,=m] /ate ( ! region4 ,insul> =m ( ! rocks ,k]i & ,oco4 ,gr& spectacle display$ on desc5d+ ! hill ,manimi4 ,a foam+ surface1 sev]al miles 9 ext5t1 sudd5ly pres5ts itself to view4 ,iron-black masses ( t[]-l rocks rise precipitately f ! b$ ( ! riv]2 ! summits ( ! l(ty palms pi]ce ?r\gh ! cl\ds ( vap\ry spray--pp4 #afb-afh4 ,raudal ( ,atures1 ano!r isl&-_w4 ,rock-dykes1 connect+ "o isl& ) ! o!r4 ,!y are ! resort ( ! pugnaci\s1 gold5-col\r$ rock manak94 ,"s p>ts ( ! riv]-b$ 9 ! cat>acts are dry1 9 consequ5ce ( ! wat]s hav+ =m$ = !mselves a *annel ?r\gh subt]ranean cavities4 ,visit to ^! p>ts on ! approa* ( night1 dur+ a heavy ?und]-/orm4 ,unsuspect$ prop9quity ( crocodiles--pp4 #afh-aga4 ,! celebrat$ cave ( ,at>uipe1 ! grave ( an ext9ct tribe--pp4 #aga-agc4 ,,sci5tific ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions pp4 #agd-aij4 ,abode ( ! riv]-c[ 7,tri*ecus ,manati7 9 ! sea1 at ! spot :]e1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,xagua on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,isl& ( ,cuba1 spr+s ( fre% wat] gu% =?--pp4 #agd1 #age4 ,geographical illu/ration ( ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco--pp4 #age-agi4 ,juvia 7,b]?olletia71 a ,lecy?idea1 rem>kable z an in/ance ( l(ty organic developm5t4 ,haulm ( an ,arund9>ia upw>ds ( sixte5 feet f jo9t to jo9t--pp4 #agi-ahj4 ,on ! fabul\s ,lake ,p>ime--pp4 #ahj-ahh4 ,! ,p>rot ( ,atures1 a poem by ,ern/ ,curtius4 ,! bird liv$ 9 ,maypures1 & ! natives decl>$ t he 0 n und]/ood1 because he spoke ! language ( ! ext9ct ,aturian tribe--pp4 #ahh-aij4 ,,nocturnal ,,life ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,! ,,primeval ,,=e/ pp4 #aia-bja4 ,diff]5ce 9 ! ri*ness ( languages z reg>ds precise & def9ite words = *>act]iz+ natural ph5om5a1 su* z ! /ate ( vegetation & ! =ms ( plants1 ! cont\r & gr\p+ ( cl\ds1 ! appe>ance ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! %ape ( m\nta9s4 ,loss :i* languages su/a9 9 su* expressive words4 ,! mis9t]pretation ( a ,spani% ^w has enl>g$ m\nta9-*a9s on maps1 & creat$ new ranges4 ,,primeval ,,=e/4 ,frequ5t misuse ( ?is t]m4 ,want ( uni=mity 9 ! association ( ! arboral species is *>act]i/ic ( ! =e/s )9 ! tropics4 ,causes ( _! imp]vi\sness4 ,! ,climb+ plants 7,lianes7 (t5 =m b a v inconsid]able portion ( ! und]wood--pp4 #aia-aif4 ,aspect ( ! ,rio ,apure 9 its l[] c\rse4 ,m>g9 ( ! =e/ f5c$ l a g>d5 by a l[ h$ge ( ,sauso 7,h]mesia74 ,! wild animals ( ! =e/ issue ) _! "y ?r\gh solit>y gaps1 to approa* ! riv]-side4 ,h]ds ( l>ge ,capyb>1 or ,cavies4 ,fre%-wat] dolph9s--pp4 #aif-aii4 ,! cries ( wild animals res\nd ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,cause ( ! nocturnal noises--pp4 #aii-bjj4 ,contra/ to ! repose :i* reigns at noontide on v hot days )9 ! tropics4 ,description ( ! rocky n>r[s ( ! ,or9oco at ! ,b>aguan4 ,buzz+ & humm+ ( insects2 9 e %rub1 9 ! crack$ b>k ( trees1 9 ! p]=at$ e>?1 furr[$ by hym5opt]\s insects1 life is audible & manife/--pp4 #bjj-bja4 ,,sci5tific ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions pp4 #bjb-bjc4 ,*>act]i/ic d5om9ations ( ! surface ( ! e>? 7,/eppes1 ,savannahs1 ,prairies1 ,des]ts7 9 ! ,arabic & ,p]sian4 ,ri*ness ( ! dialects ( ,old ,ca/ile = designat+ ! =ms ( m\nta9s4 ,fre%-wat] rays & fre%-wat] dolph9s4 ,9 ! giant /reams ( bo? cont95ts "s organic sea-=ms are repeat$4 ,am]ican nocturnal apes ) cat's eyes2 ! tricol\r$ /rip$ ,d\r\coali ( ! ,cassiqui>e--pp4 #bjb-bjc4 ,,hypsometric ,,add5da pp4 #bjd-bji4 ,p5tl&'s measurem5ts 9 ! ea/]n m\nta9-*a9 ( ,bolivia4 ,volcano ( ,aconcagua1 accord+ to ,fitz-,roy & ,d>w94 ,we/]n m\nta9-*a9 ( ,bolivia--pp4 #bjd-bje4 ,m\nta9 sy/ems ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s & sn[y *a9 ( ,cali=nia4 ,laguna de ,timpanogos--pp4 #bje-bjg4 ,hypsometric pr(ile ( ! ,highl& ( ,mexico z f> z ,santa ,f--pp4 #bjg-bji4 ,,ideas ,,= ,a ,,physiognomy ,,( ,,plants pp4 #baj-bca4 ,univ]sal pr(usion ( life on ! slopes ( ! highe/ m\nta9 summits1 9 ! ocean & 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,subt]ranean ,flora4 ,silice\s-%ell$ polyga/rica 9 masses ( ice at ! pole4 ,podurell 9 ! ice tubules ( ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps2 ! glaci]-flea 7,desoria glacialis74 ,m9ute organisms ( ! du/ fogs--pp4 #baj-bac4 ,hi/ory ( ! vegetable cov]+4 ,gradual ext5sion ( vegetation ov] ! nak$ cru/ ( rock4 ,li*5s1 mosses1 oleag9\s plants4 ,cause ( ! pres5t abs5ce ( vegetation 9 c]ta9 di/ricts4--pp4 #bac-bbj4 ,ea* zone has its peculi> "*4 ,all animal & vegetable con=mation is b\nd to fix$ & ev]-recurr+ types4 ,physiognomy ( ,nature4 ,analysis ( ! comb9$ effect produc$ by a region4 ,! individual elem5ts ( ?is impression4 ,outl9e ( ! m\nta9 ranges2 azure ( ! sky2 %ape ( ! cl\ds4 ,t :i* *iefly det]m9es ! "* is ! vegetable cov]+4 ,animal organizations are defici5t 9 mass2 ! mobility ( individual species1 & (t5 _! dim9utiv5ess1 conceals !m f view--pp4 #bbj-bbc4 ,enum]ation ( ! =ms ( ,plants :i* pr9cipally det]m9e ! physiognomy ( ,nature1 & :i* increase or dim9i% f ! equator t[>ds ! ,pole1 9 ob$i5ce to e/abli%$ laws-- ,text4 ,illu/rations4 ,palms pp4 #bbc-bbd pp4 #bif-cjd ,banana =m p4 #bbd p4 #cje ,malvace p4 #bbd pp4 #cje-cjg ,mimos p4 #bbe pp4 #cjg-cjh ,erice p4 #bbe pp4 #cjh-caj ,cactus =m p4 #bbf pp4 #caj-cab ,=m ( ,or*ide p4 #bbf pp4 #cab-cac ,casu>9 p4 #bbf pp4 #cac-cad ,acicul>-leav$ ,trees p4 #bbg pp4 #cad-cbi ,po?os =m1 & t ( ! ,aroide p4 #bbg pp4 #cbi-cca ,lianes & ,climb+ plants pp4 #bbg-bbh pp4 #cca-ccb ,aloes p4 #bbh pp4 #ccb-ccd ,grass =m p4 #bbh pp4 #ccd-ccg ,f]ns p4 #bbi pp4 #ccg-cda ,lilies p4 #bbi pp4 #cda-cdc ,will[ =m p4 #bbi p4 #cdc ,myrtles p4 #bbi pp4 #cdc-cdf ,mela/omace p4 #bbi p4 #cdf ,laurel =m p4 #bbi p4 #cdf ,enjoym5t result+ f ! natural gr\p+ & contra/s ( ^! plant-=ms4 ,importance ( ! physiognomical /udy ( plants to ! l&scape-pa9t]--pp4 #bbi-bca4 ,,sci5tific ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions pp4 #bcb-ceb4 ,organisms1 bo? animal & vegetable1 9 ! highe/ ,alp9e regions1 ne> ! l9e ( et]nal sn[1 9 ! ,&es *a91 & ! ,alps2 insects are c>ri$ up involunt>ily by ! asc5d+ curr5t ( air4 ,! small field-m\se 7,hypudu nivalis7 ( ! ,swiss ,alps4 ,on ! real height to :i* ! ,*9*illa lanig] m\nts 9 ,*ili--pp4 #bcb-bcc4 ,lecide1 ,p>meli on rocks n entirely cov]$ ) sn[2 b c]ta9 phan]ogamic plants also /ray 9 ! ,cordill]as beyond ! b\nd>y ( p]petual sn[1 ?us ,saxifraga ,b\ss+aulti to #ae1ggc feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,gr\ps ( phan]ogamic ,alp9e plants 9 ! ,&es *a9 at f #ac1gjj to ne>ly #ae1jjj feet high4 ,species ( ,culcitium1 ,espeletia1 ,ranunculus1 & small moss-l umbellif]a1 ,myrrhis &icola1 & ,fragosa arctioides--pp4 #bcc-bcd4 ,measurem5t ( ,*imborazo1 & etymology ( ! "n--pp4 #bcd-bcf4 ,on ! greate/ absolute height to :i* m5 9 bo? cont95ts1 9 ! ,cordill]as & ! ,himalaya1--on ! ,*imborazo & ,t>higang--h z yet asc5d$--p4 #bcf4 ,economy1 habitat1 & s+ul> mode ( captur+ ! ,condor 7,cuntur1 9 ! ,inca language7 by means ( palisades--pp4 #bcg-bci4 ,use ( ! ,gall9azos 7,ca?>tes urubu & ,c4 aura7 9 ! economy ( nature1 = purify+ ( ! air 9 ! neighb\rhood ( human dwell+s2 _! dome/ication--pp4 #bci-bdj4 ,on ! s-call$ revivification ( ! rotif]a1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g & ,doyre2 accord+ to ,pay51 g]ms ( ,cryptogamia reta9 _! p[] ( reproduction 9 ! highe/ temp]ature--pp4 #bdj-bda4 ,dim9ution1 if n total susp5sion1 ( organic functions 9 ! w9t]-sleep ( ! high] classes ( animals--p4 #bdb4 ,summ]-sleep ( animals 9 ! tropics4 ,dr\ght acts l ! cold ( w9t]4 ,t5recs1 ,crocodiles1 ,tortoises1 & ,ea/-,african ,lepidosir5s--pp4 #bdb-bdd4 ,poll51 ,fructification ( ,plants4 ,! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s conc]n+ ! ,clebogyne2 x br+s =? mature se$s 9 ,engl& )\t a trace ( male organs--pp4 #bdd-bde4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,ocean ?r\gh lum9\s animals z well z organic fibres & membranes ( ! decompos+ animalcul4 ,acaleph & silice\s-%ell$ lum9\s infusoria4 ,influ5ce ( n]v\s irritability on ! coruscation--pp4 #bde-bej4 ,p5ta/oma1 inhabit+ ! lungs ( ! rattle-snake ( ,cumana--p4 #bea4 ,rock-con/ruct+ ,coral animals4 ,! /ructure surviv+ ! ar*itects4 ,m correct views ( ! pres5t p]iod4 ,coa/-reefs1 ,reefs surr\nd+ isl&s & ,lagoon-isl&s4 ,atolls1 ,coral walls inclos+ a lagoon4 ,! royal g>d5s ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ,! ,coral ,isl&s s\? ( ,cuba4 ,! liv+ gelat9\s coat+ ( ! calc>e\s fabric ( ! coral-/ems allures fi%es 9 que/ ( food1 & also turtles4 ,s+ul> mode ( fi%+ ) ! ,remora1 ,e*5eis ,naucrates 7! little angl+ fi%7--pp4 #bea-beh4 ,probable dep? ( ! corall9e /ructures--pp4 #beh-bfj4 ,besides a great quantity ( c>bonate ( lime & magnesia1 ! madrepores & ,a/re conta9 also "s fluoric & phosphoric acid--pp4 #bfj-bfa4 ,oscillat+ /ate ( ! sea-bottom accord+ to ,d>w9--pp4 #bfa-bfb4 ,irruptions ( ! sea4 ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,sluice-!ory ( ,/rato4 ,samo?racian leg5ds4 ,! ,my? ( ,lyctonia & ! subm]g$ ,atlantis--pp4 #bfb-bff4 ,conc]n+ ! precipitation ( cl\ds--p4 #bff4 ,! indurat+ cru/ ( ! e>? :ile giv+ out caloric4 ,heat$ curr5ts ( air1 :i* 9 ! primordial p]iod1 dur+ ! frequ5t corrugations ( ! m\nta9\s /rata1 & ! upheaval ( l&s1 h p\r$ into ! atmosph]e ?r\gh tempor>y fissures & *asms--pp4 #bff-bfh4 ,colossal size & great age ( c]ta9 g5]a ( trees1 e4 g41 ! dragon-tree ( ,orotava ( #ac1 ! ,adansonia digitata 7,baobab7 ( #cc feet 9 diamet]4 ,c>v$ *>act]s ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,adanson assigns to c]ta9 ,baobab-/ems ( ,s5egambia an age ( f #ejjj to #fjjj ye>s--pp4 #bfh-bgc4 ,accord+ to an e/imate bas$ on ! numb] ( ! annual r+s1 !re are yews 7,taxus baccata7 ( f #bfjj to #cjjj ye>s old4 ,:e!r 9 ! temp]ate nor!rn zone t "p ( a tree :i* faces ! nor? has n>r[] r+s1 z ,mi*ael ,montaigne ass]t$ 9 #aeha8 ,gigantic trees1 ( :i* "s individuals atta9 a diamet] ( above #bj feet & an age ( sev]al c5turies1 belong to ! mo/ opposite natural families--pp4 #bgc-bgd4 ,diamet] ( ! ,mexican ,s*ub]tia di/i*a ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,tule #dc1 ( ! oak ne> ,sa9tes 7,dep4 de la ,*>5te inf47 #cj feet4 ,! age ( ?is oak consid]$ by its annual r+s to be f #ahjj to #bjjj ye>s4 ,! ma9 /em ( ! rose-tree 7#bg feet high7 at ! crypt ( ! *ur* ( ,hilde%eim is #hjj ye>s old4 ,a species ( fucus1 ,macrocy/is pyrif]a1 atta9s a l5g? ( m ?an #cej feet1 & !re=e exce$s all ! conif]a 9 l5g?1 n except+ ! ,sequoia gigantea itself--pp4 #bgd-bgf4 ,inve/igations into ! suppos$ numb] ( ! phan]ogamic species ( plants1 :i* h hi!rto be5 describ$ or are pres]v$ 9 h]b>iums4 ,num]ical ratios ( plant-=ms4 ,discov]$ laws ( ! geographical di/ribution ( ! families4 ,ratios ( ! great divisions3 ( ! ,cryptogamia to ! ,cotyl$ons1 & ( ! ,monocotyl$ons to ! ,dicotyl$ons1 9 ! torrid1 temp]ate1 & frigid zones4 ,outl9es ( ari?metical botany4 ,numb] ( ! individuals1 pr$om9ance ( social plants4 ,! =ms ( organic be+s /& 9 mutual dep5d5ce on ea* o!r4 ,if once ! numb] ( species 9 "o ( ! great families ( ! ,glumace1 ,legum9os1 or ,composit1 on any "o po9t ( ! e>?1 be kn[n1 an approximative conclusion may be arriv$ at n only z to ! numb] ( all ! phan]ogamia1 b also ( ! species ( all rema9+ plant-families gr[+ !re4 ,connection ( ! num]ical ratios "h treat$ on 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( ! families1 ) ! direction ( ! iso!rmal l9es4 ,primitive my/]y 9 ! di/ribution ( types4 ,abs5ce ( ,roses 9 ! s\!rn1 & ( ,calceol>ias 9 ! nor!rn zone4 ,:y has our hea? 7,calluna vulg>is71 & :y h our ,oaks n progress$ ea/w>ds across ! ,ural into ,asia8 ,! vegetation-cycle ( ea* species requires a c]ta9 m9imum heat = its due organic developm5t--pp4 #bgc-bhg4 ,analogy ) ! num]ic laws 9 ! di/ribution ( animal =ms4 ,if m ?an #ce1jjj species ( phan]ogamia are n[ cultivat$ 9 ,europe1 & if f #afj1jjj to #bab1jjj phan]ogamia are n[ conta9$1 describ$ & undescrib$1 9 our h]b>iums2 x is probable t ! numb] ( collect$ insects sc>cely equals t numb] ( phan]ogamia2 :]eas 9 individual ,european di/ricts ! insects collect$ prepond]ate 9 a ?reefold ratio ov] ! phan]ogamia--pp4 #bhg-bia4 ,consid]ations on ! proportion borne by ! numb] ( ! phan]ogamia actually asc]ta9$1 to ! entire numb] exi/+ on ! globe--pp4 #bia-bie4 ,influ5ce ( ! pressure ( atmosph]ic /rata on ! =m & life ( plants1 ) ref]5ce to ,alp9e vegetation--pp4 #bie-bif4 ,specialities on ! plant-=ms already enum]at$4 ,physiognomy ( plants discuss$ f ?ree diff]5t po9ts ( view3 ! absolute diff]5ce ( ! =ms1 _! local prepond]ance 9 ! sum total ( ! phan]ogamic ,floras1 & _! geographical z well z climatic disp]sion--pp4 #bif-cdf4 ,greate/ height ( arboral plants2 examples ( #bbc to #bdf feet 9 ,p9us ,lamb]tiana & ,p4 ,d\glasii1 ( #bff 9 ,p4 ,/robus1 ( #cjj feet 9 ,sequoia gigantea & ,p9us trigona4 ,all ^! examples are f ! nor?-we/]n "p ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,! ,arauc>ia excelsa ( ,norfolk ,isl&1 accurately measur$1 rises only f #ahb to #bbc feet2 ! ,alp9e palms ( ! ,cordill]as 7,c]oxylon &icola71 only #aij feet--pp4 #cbb-cbd4 ,a contra/ to ^! gigantic vegetable =ms1 pres5t$ n m]ely by ! /em ( ! arctic will[ 7,salix arctica1 two in*es 9 height17 /unt$ by cold & exposure on ! m\nta9s1 b also 9 ! tropical pla9s by ! ,tri/i*a hypnoides1 a phan]ogamic plant :i* is h>dly ?ree ,fr5* l9es 7qu>t] ( an in*7 9 height1 :5 fully develop$--pp4 #cbd-cbe4 ,bur/+ =? ( blossoms f ! r\gh b>k ( ! ,cresc5tia ,cujete1 ( ! ,gu/avia augu/a1 f ! roots ( ! ,cacao tree4 ,! l>ge/ blossoms borne by ! ,rafflesia ,arnoldi1 ,ari/olo*ia cordata1 ,magnolia1 ,helian?us annuus--p4 #cdh4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( plants det]m9e ! sc5ic "* ( vegetation 9 ! diff]5t zones4 ,physiognomic classification1 or di/ribution ( ! gr\ps accord+ to ext]nal facies1 is f its basis ( arrangem5t entirely diff]5t f ! classification accord+ to ! sy/em ( natural families4 ,! physiognomy ( plants is bas$ pr9cipally on ! s-call$ organs ( vegetation1 on :i* ! pres]vation ( ! individual dep5ds2 sy/ematic botany bases ! classification ( ! natural families on ! consid]ation ( ! organs ( reproduction1 on :i* ! pres]vation ( ! species dep5ds--pp4 #cdh-ceb4 ,,on ,,! ,,/ructure ,,& ,,mode ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,volcanos ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,e>?-- pp4 #cec-cge4 ,influ5ce ( travels 9 di/ant l&s on ! g5]alization ( our ideas & on ! progress ( physical orology4 ,influ5ce ( ! con=mation ( ! ,m$it]ranean on ! e>lie/ ideas respect+ volcanic ph5om5a4--,,comp>ative ,,geology ,,( ,,volcanos4 ,p]iodical return ( c]ta9 revolutions 9 nature1 ! cause ( :i* lies deep 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,proportion ( ! height ( volcanos to t ( _! cone ( a%es 9 ! ,pi*9*a1 ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & ,vesuvius4 ,*anges 9 ! height ( volcanic m\nta9 summits4 ,measurem5ts ( ! m>g9s ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius f #aggc to #ahbb2 ! au?or's measurem5ts embrace ! p]iod f #ahje to #ahbb--pp4 #cec-cfe4 ,circum/antial description ( ! eruption 9 ! night betwe5 ! #bd? & #be? ( ,octob]1 #ahbb4 ,fall+ 9 ( a cone ( a%es m ?an #djj feet high1 :i* /ood 9 ! int]ior ( ! crat]4 ,! eruption ( a%es f ! #bd? to ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 0 ! mo/ memorable among ^?1 ( :i* au!ntic acc\nts are possess$1 s9ce ! "t ( ! eld] ,pl9y--pp4 #cfe-cga4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 volcanos t are ( v div]se =ms1 ) p]man5t crat]s1 & ! ph5om5a m r>ely obs]v$ 9 hi/oric times1 9 :i* tra*ytic m\nta9s sudd5ly op51 eject lava & a%es1 & reclose1 p]haps = ev]4 ,! latt] ph5om5a are peculi>ly in/ructive = geognosy1 because !y rem9d u ( ! e>lie/ revolutions t occurr$ 9 ! oscillat+1 upheav$1 fissur$ surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 anci5t times !y l$ to ! notion ( ! ,pyriphlege?on4 ,volcanos are int]mitt5t e>?-spr+s1 ! result ( a p]man5t or transitory connection betwe5 ! int]ior & ext]ior ( our planet1 ! result ( a reaction ( ! /ill fluid int]ior aga9/ ! cru/ ( ! e>?2 h5ce ! "q is useless1 z to :at *emical sub/ance burns 9 ! volcanos1 & furni%es ! mat]ial = combu/ion--pp4 #cga-cgc4 ,! prim>y cause ( subt]ranean heat is1 z 9 all planets1 ! =mative process itself1 ! sep>ation ( ! conglom]at+ mass f a cosmic vapor\s fluid4 ,p[] & influ5ce ( ! calorific radiation f num]\s deep fissures1 unfill$ ve9s 9 ! primordial _w4 ,great indep5d5ce1 at t p]iod1 ( ! climate 7atmosph]ic temp]ature7 9 respect to geographical latitude1 ! position ( ! planet t[>ds ! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,organisms ( ! pres5t tropical _w buri$ 9 ! icy nor?--pp4 #cgc-cge4 ,,sci5tific ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions pp4 #cgf-cgi4 ,b>ometric measurem5ts on ,vesuvius1 comp>ison ( ! two crat]-m>g9s & ! ,rocca del ,palo--pp4 #cgf-cgi4 ,increase ( temp]ature ) dep?1 be+ #a ( ,fahr5heit = e #ed feet4 ,temp]ature ( ! ,artesian well 9 ,oeynhaus5's ,ba? 7,new ,salt-works ne> ,m9d571 at ! greate/ dep? yet rea*$ bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury ! !rmal spr+s ne> ,c>?age l$ ,patricius1 ,bi%op ( ,p]tusa1 to =m correct suppositions respect+ ! cause ( calorific increase 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?--p4 #cgi4 ,,vital ,,=ce1 ,,or ,,! ,,rhodian ,,g5ius2 ,,an ,,allegory4 pp4 #chj-che4 ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,note pp4 #chf-chi4 ,! ,rhodian ,g5ius is ! developm5t ( a physiological idea 9 a my?ical g>b4 ,diff]5ce ( views conc]n+ ! necessity & nonnecessity = ! assumption ( peculi> vital =ces--pp4 #chf-chg4 ,! difficulty ( satisfactorily r$uc+ ! vital ph5om5a ( ! organism to physical & *emical laws is1 pr9cipally1 bas$ on ! complexity ( ! ph5om5a1 on ! multiplicity ( =ces act+ simultane\sly1 z well z on ! v>y+ conditions ( _! activity4 ,def9ition ( ! expressions1 animate & inanimate matt]4 ,crit]ia ( ! misc5t /ate ensu+ ^u sep>ation1 are ! simple enunciation ( a fact--pp4 #chg-chi4 ,,! ,,plateau ,,( ,,caxam>ca1 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,capital ,,( ,,! ,,inca ,,atahuallpa1 ,,& ,,fir/ ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,f ,,! ,,ridge ,,( ,,! ,,&es4 pp4 #cij-dbj4 ,c9*ona1 or ,qu9a-woods 9 ! valleys ( ,loxa4 ,fir/ use ( ! fev]-b>k 9 ,europe2 ! ,vice-,que5 ,c\ntess ( ,*9*on--pp4 #cij-cib4 ,alp9e vegetation ( ! ,p>amos4 ,ru9s ( anci5t ,p]uvian causeways2 !y rise 9 ! ,p>amo del ,assuay almo/ to ! height ( ,mont ,blanc--p4 #cid4 ,s+ul> mode ( communication1 by a swimm+ c\ri]--p4 #cii4 ,desc5t to ! ,amazon ,riv]4 ,vegetation ar\nd ,*amaya & ,tomep5da2 r$ groves ( ,b\ga9villa4 ,rocky ridges :i* cross ! ,amazon ,riv]4 ,cat>acts4 ,n>r[s ( ! ,pongo de ,mans]i*e1 9 :i* ! mighty /ream1 measur$ by ,la ,condam9e1 is h>dly #afj feet broad4 ,fall ( ! rocky dam ( ,r5tema1 :i* = sev]al h\rs1 laid b>e ! b$ ( ! riv]1 to ! t]ror ( ! inhabitants on its banks--p4 #dja4 ,passage across ! ,&es *a91 :]e x is int]sect$ by ! magnetic equator4 ,ammonites ( ne>ly #ae in*es1 ,e*9i & ,isoc>dia ( ! *alk-=mation1 collect$ betwe5 ,guambos & ,montan1 ne>ly #ab1hjj feet above ! sea4 ,ri* silv]-m9es ( ,*ota4 ,! picturesque1 t[]-l ,c]ro de ,gualgayoc4 ,an enorm\s mass ( filam5t\s virg9 silv] 9 ! ,pampa de ,nav>4 ,a treasure ( virg9 gold1 tw9$ r\nd ) filam5t\s silv]1 9 ! %ell-field 7,*oropampa71 s nam$ on acc\nt ( ! num]\s fossils4 ,outbur/s ( silv] & gold ores 9 ! *alk-=mations4 ,! little m\nta9-t[n ( ,micuipampa lies #aa1hgc feet above ! sea--pp4 #djb-dje4 ,across ! m\nta9 wild]ness ( ! ,p>amo de ,yanaguanga ! travell] desc5ds into ! beautiful embosom$ valley or r ,plateau ( ,caxam>ca 7almo/ at an equal altitude ) ! city ( ,quito74 ,w>m ba?s ( ! ,inca4 ,ru9s ( ,atahuallpa's palace1 inhabit$ by 8 indig5t desc5dants1 ! family ( ,a/orpilca4 ,belief ent]ta9$ !re1 9 ! exi/5ce ( subt]ranean gold5 g>d5s ( ! ,inca2 said to be situat$ 9 ! lovely valley ( ,yucay1 "u ! ,temple ( ! ,sun at ,cuzco1 & at _m o!r po9ts4 ,conv]sation ) ! son ( ! ,curaca ,a/orpilca4 ,! room is /ill %[n 9 :i* ! un=tunate ,atahuallpa 0 kept prison] = n9e mon?s1 f ! ,novemb] ( #aecb2 also ! wall on :i* he made a m>k to indicate ! height to :i* he w\ld cause ! room to be fill$ ) gold1 if 8 p]secutors w\ld set him free4 ,acc\nt ( ! pr9ce's execution on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 #aecc1 & rem>ks on ! s-call$ 8indelible blood /a90 on a /one slab be=e ! alt> 9 ! *apel ( ! city prison--pp4 #djf-dad4 ,h[ ! hope 9 a re/oration ( ! ,inca empire1 also indulg$ 9 by ,raleigh1 has be5 ma9ta9$ among ! natives4 ,causes ( ?is fanciful belief--p4 #dad4 ,j\rney f ,caxam>ca to ! sea-coa/4 ,passage across ! ,cordill]as ?r\gh ! ,altos de ,guangam>ca4 ,! (t5 disappo9t$ hope ( enjoy+ ! sight ( ! ,pacific f ! cre/ ( ! ,&es1 at la/ gratifi$1 at a height ( #ichj feet--pp4 #dae-dbj4 ,,sci5tific ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions pp4 #dba-dcf4 ,on ! orig9 ( ! "n borne by ! ,&es ,*a9 p4 #dba4 ,epo* ( ! introduction ( ,c9*ona 7,p]uvian7 b>k into ,europe--p4 #dbb4 ,ru9s ( ! ,inca's causeways & =tifi$ dwell+s2 ,apos5tos de ,mulalo1 ,=taleza del ,caar1 ,inti-,guaycu--p4 #dbc4 ,on ! anci5t civilization ( ! ,*ib*as or ,muyscas ( ,new ,granada--p4 #dbe4 ,age ( ! culture ( ! potato & banana--p4 #dbg4 ,etymology ( ! ^w ,cund9am>ca1 corrupt$ f ,cundirum>ca1 & :i*1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( republican indep5d5ce1 designat$ ! :ole c\ntry ( ,new ,granada--p4 #dbg4 ,*ronometric connection ( ! city ( ,quito ) ,tomep5da1 on ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,amazon ,riv]1 & ! ,callao de ,lima1 ! position ( :i* 0 accurately det]m9$ by ! transit ( ,m]cury on ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 #ahjb--p4 #dbh4 ,on ! t$i\s c\rt c]emonies4 ( ! ,incas4 ,atahuallpa's imprisonm5t & unavail+ ransom--p4 #dbi4 ,free-?9k+ ( ! ,inca ,huayna ,capac4 ,philosophical d\bts on ! (ficial wor%ip ( ! sun1 & ob/acles to ! diffusion ( k among ! l[] & poor] classes ( p1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,padre ,blas ,val]a--p4 #dca4 ,raleigh's project = ! re/oration ( ! ,inca dyna/y "u ,engli% protection1 :i* %\ld be grant$ = an annual tribute ( sev]al hundr$ ?\s& p\nds--p4 #dcb4 ,columbus' e>lie/ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,pacific4 ,x 0 fir/ se5 on ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #aeac1 by ,vasco ,nunez de ,balboa1 & fir/ navigat$ by ,alonso ,m>t9 de ,don ,b5ito--p4 #dcb4 ,on ! possibility ( con/ruct+ an ,oceanic canal ?r\gh ! i/hmus ( ,panama 7) few] locks ?an ! ,cal$onian ,canal74 ,po9ts1 ! exploration ( :i* has be5 hi!rto totally neglect$--p4 #dce4 ,det]m9ation ( ! longitude ( ,lima--p4 #dce4 ,,on ,,/eppes ,,& ,,des]ts4 ,at ! foot ( ! l(ty granitic range :i*1 9 ! e>ly age ( our planet1 resi/$ ! irruption ( ! wat]s on ! =mation ( ! ,c>ibbean ,gulf1 ext5ds a va/ & b\ndless pla94 ,:5 ! travell] turns f ! ,alp9e valleys ( ,c>acas1 & ! isl&-/udd$ lake ( ,tac>igua#a1 ^: wat]s reflect ! =ms ( ! neighb\r+ bananas1--:5 he leaves ! fields v]dant ) ! light & t5d] gre5 ( ! ,tahitian sug>-cane1 or ! sombre %ade ( ! cacoa groves1--8 eye re/s 9 ! s\? on ,/eppes1 ^: seem+ elevations disappe> 9 ! di/ant horizon4 ,f ! ri* luxuriance ( organic life ! a/oni%$ travell] sudd5ly f9ds himself on ! dre>y m>g9 ( a treeless wa/e4 ,nor hill1 nor cliff re>s its head1 l an isl& 9 ! ocean1 above ! b\ndless pla93 only "h & !re brok5 /rata ( floetz1 ext5d+ ov] a surface ( two hundr$ squ>e miles1 7m ?an ?ree ?\s& ,engli% squ>e miles,c17 appe> s5sibly high] ?an ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,! natives t]m !m banks#b1 z if ! _s ( language w\ld convey "s record ( t anci5t condition ( ! _w1 :5 ^! elevations =m$ ! %oals1 & ! ,/eppes !mselves ! bottom1 ( "s va/ inl& sea4 ,ev5 n[1 illusion (t5 recalls1 9 ! obscurity ( night1 ^! images ( a =m] age4 ,= :5 ! guid+ con/ellations illum9e ! m>g9 ( ! pla9 ) _! rapidly ris+ & sett+ beams1 or :5 _! flick]+ =ms are reflect$ 9 ! l[] /ratum ( undulat+ vap\r1 a %oreless ocean seems spread be=e u#c4 ,l a limitless expanse ( wat]s1 ! ,/eppe fills ! m9d ) a s5se ( ! inf9ite1 & ! s\l1 fre$ f ! s5su\s impressions ( space1 exp&s ) spiritual emotions ( a high] ord]4 ,b ! aspect ( ! ocean1 its bright surface div]sifi$ ) rippl+ or g5tly swell+ waves1 is productive ( pleasurable s5sations1--:ile ! ,/eppe lies /ret*$ be=e u1 cold & monoton\s1 l ! nak$ /ony cru/ ( "s desolate planet#d4 ,9 all latitudes nature pres5ts ! ph5om5on ( ^! va/ pla9s1 & ea* has "s peculi> "* or physiognomy1 det]m9$ by div]sity ( soil & climate1 & by elevation above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 nor!rn ,europe ! ,hea?s :i*1 cov]$ by "o sole =m ( vegetation1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 ext5d f ! extremity ( ,jutl& to ! m\? ( ! ,s*eldt1 may be reg>d$ z true ,/eppes4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 bo? hilly & ( v inconsid]able ext5t :5 comp>$ ) ! ,llanos & ,pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ev5 ) ! ,prairies on ! ,miss\ri#e & ,copp] ,riv]1 ! resort ( ! %aggy ,bison & ! small ,musk ,ox4 ,! pla9s 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa pres5t a gr&] & m impos+ spectacle4 ,l ! wide expanse ( ! ,pacific1 !y h rema9$ unexplor$ until rec5t times4 ,!y are portions ( a sea ( s&1 :i* t[>ds ! ea/ sep>ates fruitful regions f ea* o!r1 or incloses !m l isl&s1 z ! des]t ne> ! basaltic m\nta9s ( ,h>uds*#f1 :]e1 9 ! ,oasis ( ,siwah1 ri* 9 date-trees1 ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,ammon indicate ! v5]able seat ( e>ly civilization4 ,nei!r dew nor ra9 refre%es ^! b>r5 wa/es1 or unfolds ! g]ms ( vegetation )9 ! gl[+ dep?s ( ! e>?2 = ev]y:]e ris+ columns ( hot air dissolve ! vap\rs & disp]se ! pass+ cl\ds4 ,:]ev] ! des]t approa*es ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 z betwe5 ,wadi ,nun & ! ,:ite ,cape1 ! moi/ sea-air ru%es 9 to fill ! vacuum caus$ by ^! v]tically asc5d+ curr5ts ( air4 ,! navigator1 9 /e]+ t[>ds ! m\? ( ! riv] ,gambia1 ?r\gh a sea ?ickly c>pet$ ) we$s1 inf]s by ! sudd5 cessation ( ! tropical ea/ w9d#g1 t he is ne> ! f>-spread+ & radiat+ s&y des]t4 ,flocks ( swift-loot$ o/ri*es & h]ds ( gazelles w&] ov] ?is b\ndless space4 ,) ! exception ( ! newly discov]$ gr\p ( ,oases1 ri* 9 spr+s1 ^: v]dant banks are frequ5t$ by nomadic tribes ( ,tibbos & ,tu>ycks#h1 ! :ole ( ! ,african des]ts may be reg>d$ z un9habitable by man4 ,x is only p]iodically t ! neighb\r+ civiliz$ nations v5ture to trav]se !m4 ,on tracks ^: undeviat+ c\rse 0 det]m9$ by comm]cial int]c\rse ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ! long l9e ( c>avans passes f ,tafilet to ,timbuctoo1 or f ,m\rz\k to ,born\2 d>+ ent]prises1 ! practicability ( :i* dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( ! camel1 ! %ip ( ! des]t#i1 z x is t]m$ 9 ! anci5t leg5ds ( ! ,ea/4 ,^! ,african pla9s cov] an area :i* exce$s almo/ ?ree times t ( ! neighb\r+ ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y are situat$ p>tly )9 & p>tly ne> ! tropics1 a position on :i* dep5ds _! individual natural "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! old cont95t ! same geogno/ic ph5om5on is peculi> to ! temp]ate zone4 ,on ! m\nta9\s range ( ,c5tral ,asia1 betwe5 ! ,gold or ,altai ,m\nta9 & ! ,k\5-li5#aj1 f ! ,*9ese wall to ! fur!r side ( ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 & t[>ds ! ,sea ( ,aral1 ov] a space ( sev]al ?\s& miles1 ext5d1 if n ! highe/1 c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ ,/eppes 9 ! _w4 ,i myself enjoy$ an opportunity1 full ?irty ye>s aft] my ,s\? ,am]ican travels1 ( visit+ t portion ( ! ,/eppes :i* is occupi$ by ,kalmuck-,kirghis tribes1 & is situat$ betwe5 ! ,don1 ! ,volga1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! ,*9ese ,lake ( ,dsaisang1 & :i* consequ5tly ext5ds ov] an area ( ne>ly #b1hjj geographical miles4 ,! vegetation ( ! ,asiatic ,/eppes1 :i* are sometimes hilly & int]sp]s$ ) p9e =e/s1 is 9 its gr\p+s f> m v>i$ ?an t ( ! ,llanos & ! ,pampas ( ,c>acas & ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,! m beautiful portions ( ! pla9s1 inhabit$ by ,asiatic pa/oral tribes1 are adorn$ ) l[ly %rubs ( luxuriant :ite-blossom$ ,rosace1 ,cr[n ,imp]ials 7,fritill>i71 ,cyprip$e1 & ,tulips4 ,z ! torrid zone is 9 g5]al di/+ui%$ by a t5d5cy 9 ! vegetable =ms to become arboresc5t1 s we also f9d1 t "s ( ! ,asiatic ,/eppes ( ! temp]ate zone are *>act]iz$ by ! rem>kable height to :i* fl[]+ plants atta92 z1 = in/ance1 ,saussure1 & o!r ,synan!re2 all siliquose plants1 & p>ticul>ly num]\s species ( ,a/ragalus4 ,on cross+ ! trackless portions ( ! h]b-cov]$ ,/eppes 9 ! l[ c>riages ( ! ,t>t>s1 x is necess>y to /& upright 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! direction to be pursu$ ?r\gh ! copse-l & closely cr[d$ plants t b5d "u ! :eels4 ,"s ( ^! ,/eppes are cov]$ ) grass2 o!rs ) succul5t1 ev]gre51 articulat$ alkal9e plants2 :ile _m are radiant ) ! effulg5ce ( li*5-l tufts ( salt1 scatt]$ irregul>ly ov] ! clayey soil l newly fall5 sn[4 ,^! ,mongolian & ,t>t> ,/eppes1 :i* are int]sect$ by num]\s m\nta9 *a9s1 sep>ate ! anci5t & long-civiliz$ races ( ,?ibet & ,h9do/an f ! rude nations ( ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,!y h also ex]t$ a manifold influ5ce on ! *ang+ de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,!y h incl9$ ! curr5t ( population s\?w>d1 imp$$ ! int]c\rse ( nations m ?an ! ,himalayas1 or ! ,sn[y ,m\nta9s ( ,sir9agur & ,gorka1 & plac$ p]man5t limits to ! progress ( civilization & ref9em5t 9 a nor!rly direction4 ,hi/ory _c1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! pla9s ( ,c5tral ,asia "u ! "* ( ob/ructive b>ri]s alone4 ,!y h frequ5tly prov$ ! means ( spread+ mis]y & deva/ation ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! pa/oral tribes inhabit+ ?is ,/eppe1--! ,mongols1 ,get1 ,alani1 & ,uni1--h convuls$ ! _w4 ,if 9 ! c\rse ( e>li] ages1 ! dawn ( civilization spread l ! vivify+ light ( ! sun f ea/ to we/2 s 9 subsequ5t ages & f ! same qu>t]1 h b>b>ism & rud5ess ?reat5$ to ov]cl\d ,europe4 ,a tawny tribe ( h]dsm5#aa ( ,tukiui% i4 e41 ,turki% orig91 ! ,hiongnu1 dwelt 9 t5ts ( sk9s on ! elevat$ ,/eppe ( ,gobi4 ,a portion ( ?is race _h be5 driv5 s\?w>d t[>ds ! int]ior ( ,asia1 aft] cont9u+ = a long "t =midable to ! ,*9ese p[]4 ,?is %ock1 7dislodgem5t ( ! tribes7 0 communicat$ un9t]rupt$ly z f> z ! anci5t l& ( ! ,f9s1 ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,ural4,d ,f !nce p\r$ =? b&s ( ,huns1 ,av>s1 ,*as>s1 & a num]\s admixture ( ,asiatic races4 ,w>like bodies ( ,huns fir/ appe>$ on ! ,volga1 next 9 ,pannonia1 !n on ! ,m>ne & ! banks ( ! ,po1 lay+ wa/e ^? ri*ly cultivat$ tracts1 :]e1 s9ce ! age ( ,ant5or1 man's creative art _h pil$ monum5t on monum5t4 ,?us swept a pe/il5tial brea? f ! ,mongolian des]ts ov] ! fair ,cisalp9e soil1 /ifl+ ! t5d]1 long-*]i%$ blossoms ( art6 ,f ! ,salt-/eppes ( ,asia1--f ! ,european ,hea?s1--smil+ 9 summ] ) _! sc>let1 honey-yield+ fl[]s1--& f ! b>r5 des]ts ( ,africa1 we return to ! pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! picture ( :i* ,i h already begun to sket* 9 rude outl9e4 ,b ! int]e/ yield$ by ! contemplation ( su* a picture mu/ arise f a pure love ( nature4 ,no ,oasis "h rem9ds ! travell] ( =m] inhabitants1 no hewn /one#ab1 no fruit-tree once cultivat$ & n[ gr[+ wild1 be>s witness to ! indu/ry ( pa/ races4 ,z if a /rang] to ! de/9ies ( mank9d1 & b\nd to ! pres5t alone1 ?is region ( ! e>? pres5ts a wild doma9 to ! free manife/ation ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! ,/eppe ext5ds f ! littoral *a9 ( ,c>acas to ! =e/s ( ,guiana1 & f ! sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1 on ^: declivity lies ! ,natron lake ( ,urao1--! object ( ! religi\s sup]/ition ( ! natives1--to ! va/ delta =m$ by ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco4 ,to ! s\?-we/ x /ret*es l an arm ( ! sea#ac1 beyond ! banks ( ! ,meta & ( ! ,vi*ada1 to ! unexplor$ s\rces ( ! ,guavi>e1 & to ! solit>y m\nta9 gr\p to :i* ! vivid imag9ation ( ! ,spani% w>riors gave ! "n ( ,p>amo de la ,suma ,paz1 z ?\gh x 7 ! beautiful seat ( et]nal repose4 ,?is ,/eppe incloses an area ( #bef1jjj squ>e miles4 ,ow+ to inaccurate geographical data1 x has (t5 be5 describ$ z ext5d+ 9 equal bread? to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 unm9dful t x is int]sect$ by ! wood$ pla9 ( ! ,amazon1 :i* is b\nd$ to ! nor? by ! grassy ,/eppes ( ! ,apure1 & to ! s\? by ^? ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,! ,&es ( ,co*abamba & ! ,brazilian m\nta9s approximate ea* o!r by means ( sep>ate transv]se spurs1 project+ betwe5 ! prov9ce ( ,*iquitos & ! i/hmus ( ,villabella#ad4 ,a n>r[ pla9 unites ! ,hyla ( ! ,amazon ) ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,! area ( ! latt] is ?ree times l>g] ?an t ( ! ,llanos ( ,v5ezuela2 inde$ s va/ 9 ext5t1 t x is b\nd$ on ! nor? by palms1 :ile its s\!rn extremity is almo/ cov]$ ) p]petual ice4 ,! ,tuyu1 :i* resembles ! ,cass[>y1 7,/ru?io ,rhea17 is peculi> to ^! ,pampas1 z are also ^? h]ds ( wild dogs#ae1 :i* dwell 9 social community 9 subt]ranean cav]ns1 & (t5 f]oci\sly attack man1 = ^: def5ce _! prog5itors f\ght4 ,l ! great] "p ( ! des]t ( ,sah>a#af1 ! ,llanos1 ! mo/ nor!rn pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 lie )9 ! torrid zone4 ,twice 9 e ye> !y *ange _! :ole aspect1 dur+ "o half ( x appe>+ wa/e & b>r5 l ! ,lybian des]t2 dur+ ! o!r1 cov]$ ) v]dure1 l _m ( ! elevat$ ,/eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia#ag4 ,! attempt to comp>e ! natural *>act]i/ics ( remote regions1 & to p\rtray ! results ( ?is comp>ison 9 brief outl9e1 ?\gh a gratify+1 is a some:at difficult bran* ( physical geography4 ,a numb] ( causes1 _m ( !m /ill b little und]/ood#ah1 dim9i% ! dryness & heat ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,among ^! are3 ! n>r[ness ( ?is ext5sively ind5t$ cont95t 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! tropics1 :]e ! fluid basis on :i* ! atmosph]e re/s1 occasions ! asc5t ( a less w>m curr5t ( air2 its wide ext5sion t[>ds bo? ! icy poles2 a broad ocean swept by cool tropical w9ds2 ! flatness ( ! ea/]n %ores2 curr5ts ( cold sea-wat] f ! ant>ctic region1 :i*1 at fir/ foll[+ a direction f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 /rike ! coa/ ( ,*ili bel[ ! p>allel ( #ce s\? lat41 & advance z f> nor? on ! coa/s ( ,p]u z ,cape ,p>ia1 :]e !y sudd5ly div]ge t[>ds ! we/2 ! num]\s m\nta9s ab\nd+ 9 spr+s1 ^: sn[-cr[n$ summits so> above ! /rata ( cl\ds1 & cause ! desc5t ( curr5ts ( air d[n _! declivities2 ! abundance ( riv]s ( enorm\s bread?1 :i* aft] _m w9d+s inv>iably seek ! mo/ di/ant coa/2 ,/eppes1 devoid ( s&1 & !re=e less readily acquir+ heat2 imp5etrable =e/s1 :i*1 protect+ ! e>? f ! sun's rays1 or radiat+ heat f ! surface ( _! leaves1 cov] ! ri*ly-wat]$ pla9s ( ! ,equator1 & exhale into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 mo/ remote f m\nta9s & ! ,ocean1 prodigi\s quantities ( moi/ure1 p>tly absorb$ & p>tly g5]at$--all ^! causes produce 9 ! flat portions ( ,am]ica a climate :i* pres5ts a mo/ /rik+ contra/ 9 po9t ( humidity & coolness ) t ( ,africa4 ,on ^! alone dep5d ! luxuriant & exub]ant vegetation & t ri*ness ( foliage :i* are s peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! atmosph]e on "o side ( our planet be m humid ?an on ! o!r1 a consid]ation ( ! actual condition ( ?+s w be suffici5t to solve ! problem ( ?is inequality4 ,! natural philosoph] ne$ n %r\d ! explanation ( su* ph5om5a 9 ! g>b ( geological my?s4 ,x is n necess>y to assume t ! de/ructive conflict ( ! elem5ts rag$ at diff]5t epo*s 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n hemisph]es1 dur+ ! e>ly condition ( our planet2 or t ,am]ica em]g$ subsequ5tly to ! o!r qu>t]s ( ! _w f ! *aotic cov]+ ( wat]s1 z a swampy isl&1 ! abode ( crocodiles & s]p5ts#ai4 ,s\? ,am]ica pres5ts inde$ a rem>kable simil>ity to ! s\?-we/]n p59sula ( ! old cont95t1 9 ! =m ( its outl9es & ! direction ( its coa/-l9e4 ,b ! int]nal /ructure ( ! soil1 & its relative position ) respect to ! contigu\s masses ( l&1 occasion 9 ,africa t rem>kable aridity :i* ov] a va/ area *ecks ! developm5t ( organic life4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ,s\? ,am]ica lie beyond ! ,equator1 & !re=e 9 a region :i*1 on acc\nt ( its abundant wat]s1 z well z f _m o!r causes1 is cool] & moi/] ?an our nor!rn hemisph]e#bj4 ,to ?is1 nev]!less1 ! mo/ consid]able portion ( ,africa belongs4 ,! ext5t f ea/ to we/ ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/eppes or ,llanos1 is only "o ?ird t ( ! ,african ,des]t4 ,! =m] are refre%$ by ! tropical sea w9d1 :ile ! latt]1 situat$ 9 ! same p>allel ( latitude z ,arabia & ,s\!rn ,p]sia1 are visit$ by curr5ts ( air :i* h pass$ ov] heat-radiat+ cont95ts4 ,! v5]able fa!r ( hi/ory1 ,h]odotus1 s long insuffici5tly appreciat$1 has 9 ! true _s ( a compreh5sive obs]v] ( nature1 describ$ all ! des]ts ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,yem51 ,k]man1 & ,mekran 7! ,g$rosia ( ! ,greeks71 z f> ev5 z ,mooltan 9 ,we/]n ,india1 z "o sole connect$ sea ( s&#ba4 ,to ! action ( hot l& w9ds1 may be associat$ 9 ,africa1 z f> z we "k1 a defici5cy ( l>ge riv]s1 ( =e/s t g5]ate cold by exhal+ aque\s vap\r1 & ( l(ty m\nta9s4 ,! only spot cov]$ ) p]petual sn[ is ! we/]n portion ( ,m\nt ,atlas#bb1 ^: n>r[ ridge1 se5 lat]ally1 appe>$ to ! anci5t navigators :5 coa/+ ! %ore1 z "o solit>y & arial pill> ( heav54 ,?is m\nta9 range ext5ds ea/w>d to ,dakul1 :]e ! fam$ ,c>?age1 once mi/ress ( ! seas1 lies 9 crumbl+ ru9s4 ,?is range =ms a f> ext5d$ coa/-l9e or ,gtulian ramp>t1 :i* repels ! cool nor? w9ds & ) !m ! vap\rs ris+ f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 ,djebel-al-,komr#bc1 fabul\sly repres5t$ z =m+ a m\nta9\s p>allel betwe5 ! elevat$ pla9 ( ,habes*--an ,african ,quito--& ! s\rces ( ! ,s5egal1 7 suppos$ to rise above ! l[] sea l9e4 ,ev5 ! ,cordill]as ( ,lupata1 :i* skirt ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,mozambique & ,monomotapa1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,&es b\nd ! we/]n %ores ( ,p]u1 are cov]$ ) et]nal sn[ 9 ! gold di/ricts ( ,ma*+a & ,mocanga4 ,b ^! m\nta9s1 abundantly wat]$1 are situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! va/ des]t :i* ext5ds f ! s\!rn declivity ( ! *a9 ( ,atlas to ! ,nig]1 ^: wat]s fl[ 9 an ea/]ly direction4 ,possibly1 ^! comb9$ causes ( aridity & heat w\ld h prov$ insuffici5t to conv]t su* l>ge portions ( ! ,african pla9s into a dre>y wa/e1 _h n "s convulsion ( nature--z = in/ance ! irruption ( ! ocean--on "s occasion depriv$ ^! flat regions ( _! nutri5t soil1 z well z ( ! vegetation :i* x support$4 ,! epo* :5 ?is occurr$1 & ! nature ( ! =ces :i* det]m9$ ! irruption1 are alike %r\d$ 9 ! obscurity ( ! pa/4 ,p]haps x may h be5 ! result ( ! great rotatory curr5t#bd1 :i* drives ! w>m] wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ov] ! bank ( ,newf\ndl& to ! old cont95t1 & by :i* ! cocoa-nut ( ! ,we/ ,indies & o!r tropical fruits h be5 borne to ! %ores ( ,irel& & ,norway4 ,"o bran* ( ?is oceanic curr5t1 aft] x leaves ! ,azores1 has /ill1 at ! pres5t "t1 a s\?-ea/]ly c\rse1 /rik+ ! l[ range ( ! s&y coa/s ( ,africa ) a =ce t is frequ5tly fraught ) dang] to ! m>9]4 ,all sea-coa/s--b ,i ref] "h m p>ticul>ly to ! ,p]uvian %ore betwe5 ,amotape & ,coquimbo--af=d evid5ce ( ! hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 :i* mu/ pass be=e ! mov+ s& c yield a firm basis = ! roots ( h]bace\s plants1 9 ^? hot & ra9less regions :]e nei!r ,lecide nor o!r li*5s c gr[#be4 ,^! consid]ations suffice to expla9 :y1 not)/&+ _! ext]nal simil>ity ( =m1 ! cont95ts ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica pres5t ! mo/ widely diff]5t climatic relations & *>act]s ( vegetation4 ,al?\gh ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/eppe is cov]$ ) a ?9 cru/ ( fruitful e>?1 is p]iodically refre%$ by ra9s1 & adorn$ ) luxuriant h]bage1 its attractions 7 n suffici5t to induce ! neighb\r+ nations to ex*ange ! beautiful m\nta9 valleys ( ,c>acas1 ! sea-girt di/ricts1 & ! ri*ly wat]$ pla9s ( ! ,or9oco1 = ?is treeless & spr+less des]t4 ,h5ce on ! arrival ( ! fir/ ,european & ,african settl]s1 ! ,/eppe 0 f\nd to be almo/ )\t inhabitants4 ,! ,llanos are1 x is true1 adapt$ = ! bre$+ ( cattle1 b ! primitive inhabitants ( ! new cont95t 7 almo/ :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! managem5t ( animals yield+ milk#bf4 ,sc>cely "o ( ! ,am]ican tribes knew h[ to avail !mselves ( ! advantages :i* nature1 9 ?is respect1 _h plac$ be=e !m4 ,! ,am]ican aborig9es1 :o1 f #fe nor? lat4 to #ee s\? lat41 con/itute 7) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! ,esquimaux17 b "o sole race1 pass$ directly f a hunt+ to an agricultural life )\t go+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( a pa/oral life4 ,two species ( indig5\s hom$ cattle 7! ,buffalo & ! ,musk ,ox7 graze on ! pa/ure l&s ( ,we/]n ,canada & ,quivira1 z well z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! colossal ru9s ( ! ,aztek =tress1 :i* rises l "s ,am]ican ,palmyra on ! des]t solitudes ( ! riv] ,gila4 ,a long-horn$ ,m\flon1 resembl+ ! s-call$ prog5itor ( ! %eep1 roams ov] ! p>*$ & b>r5 lime/one rocks ( ,cali=nia2 :ile ! camel-l ,vicunas1 ,huanacos1 ,alpacas1 & ,llamas1 are natives ( ! s\!rn p59sula4 ,b ( ^! useful animals ! two fir/ only 7viz4 ! ,buffalo & ! ,musk ,ox7 h pres]v$ _! natural fre$om = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! use ( milk & *eese1 l ! possession & culture ( f>9ace\s grasses1 is a di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! nations ( ! old _w#bg4 ,if "s few tribes h pass$ ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,asia to ! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & pref]r+ to keep )9 a temp]ate climate1 h foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! ridges ( ! ,&es s\?w>d#bh1 su* migrations mu/ h be5 made by r\tes on :i* ! settl]s 7 unable to transport ei!r flocks or gra94 ,! "q "h arises1 :e!r on ! d[nfall ( ! long-decl9+ empire ( ! ,hiongnu1 ! consequ5t migration ( ?is p[]ful race may n h be5 ! means ( draw+ f ! nor?-ea/ ( ,*9a & ,korea1 b&s ( settl]s1 by :om ,asiatic civilisation 0 transport$ to ! new cont95t8 ,if ! primitive coloni/s _h be5 natives ( ^? ,/eppes 9 :i* agriculture 0 unkn[n1 ?is bold hypo!sis 7:i* z yet is b little w>rant$ by etymological comp>isons7 w\ld at all ev5ts expla9 ! rem>kable abs5ce ( ! ,c]eals 9 ,am]ica4 ,p]haps contr>y w9ds may h driv5 to ! %ores ( ,new ,cali=nia "o ( ^? ,asiatic ,prie/-colonies :o 7 in/igat$ by _! my/ic dream]ies to und]take di/ant voyages1 & ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ! peopl+ ( ,japan1 at ! "t ( ! ,?s9s*ihuang-ti1 af=ds a memorable in/ance4#bi ,if a pa/oral life--t b5efic5t int]m$iate /age :i* b9ds nomadic b&s ( hunt]s to fruitful pa/ure l&s1 & at ! same "t promotes agriculture--0 unkn[n to ! primitive races ( ,am]ica1 x is to ! v ignorance ( su* a mode ( life t we mu/ attribute ! scant9ess ( population 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/eppes4 ,b ?is circum/ance all[$ fre] scope = ! =ces ( nature to develop !mselves 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( animal life2 a fre$om only circumscrib$ by !mselves1 l vegetable life 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! ,hym5a & ! giant laurel1 exempt f ! ravages ( man1 are only 9 dang] ( a too luxuriant embrace ( ! plants :i* surr\nd !m4 ,ag\tis1 small spott$ antelopes1 ! %ield$ ,armadillo1 :i*1 rat-l1 t]rifies ! h>e 9 its subt]ranean retreat2 h]ds ( slo?ful ,*iguires1 beautifully /rip$ ,viv]r1 ^: pe/il5tial od\r infects ! air2 ! great maneless ,lion2 ! v>iegat$ ,jagu> 7commonly kn[n z ! tig]71 ^: /r5g? enables x to drag to ! summit ( a hill ! body ( ! "y bull x has sla9--^!1 & _m o!r =ms ( animal life#cj roam ov] ! treeless pla94 ,?is region1 :i* may be reg>d$ z peculi>ly ! habitation ( wild animals1 w\ld n h be5 *os5 z a place ( settlem5t by nomadic hordes1 :o l ! ,indo-,asiatics g5]ally pref] a vegetable diet1 _h x n possess$ "s few fan-palms 7,mauritia7 scatt]$ "h & !re4 ,! b5efic5t qualities ( ?is tree ( life h be5 univ]sally celebrat$4#ca ,^u ?is alone subsi/ ! unsubdu$ tribe ( ! ,gu>anes1 at ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco nor?w>d ( ! ,si]ra de ,imataca4 ,:5 !y increas$ 9 numb]s & became ov]-cr[d$1 x is said t1 besides ! huts :i* !y built on horizontal plat=ms support$ by ! /umps ( fell$ palm-trees1 !y also +5i\sly susp5d$ f /em to /em spread+ mats or hammocks wov5 ( ! leaf-/alk ( ! ,mauritia1 :i* enabl$ !m1 dur+ ! ra9y season1 :5 ! ,delta 0 ov]fl[$1 to live 9 trees 9 ! mann] ( apes4 ,^! p5d5t huts 7 p>tly cov]$ ) clay4 ,! wom5 k9dl$ ! fire necess>y = _! cul9>y occupations on ! humid floor+4 ,z ! travell] pass$ by night along ! riv]1 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by a long l9e ( flame susp5d$ high 9 ! air1 & app>5tly unconnect$ ) ! e>?4 ,! ,gu>anes owe ! pres]vation ( _! physical1 & p]haps ev5 ( _! moral indep5d5ce1 to ! loose m>%y soil1 ov] :i* !y move ) fleet & buoyant foot1 & to _! l(ty sylvan domiciles2 a sanctu>y :i!r religi\s en?usiasm w\ld h>dly lead an ,am]ican ,/ylite4#cb ,! ,mauritia n only af=ds a secure habitation1 b likewise yields num]\s articles ( food4 ,be=e ! t5d] spa! unfolds its blossoms on ! male palm1 & only at t peculi> p]iod ( vegetable metamorphosis1 ! m$ull>y portion ( ! trunk is f\nd to conta9 a sago-l meal1 :i* l t ( ! ,jatropha root1 is dri$ 9 ?9 breadlike slices4 ,! sap ( ! tree :5 f]m5t$ con/itutes ! sweet inebriat+ palm-w9e ( ! ,gu>anes4 ,! n>r[-scal$ fruit1 :i* resembles r$di% p9e-cones1 yields1 l ! banana & almo/ all tropical fruits1 diff]5t articles ( food1 accord+ to ! p]iods at :i* x is ga!r$1 :e!r its sac*>9e prop]ties are fully matur$1 or :e!r x is /ill 9 a f>9ace\s condition4 ,?us 9 ! l[e/ grades ( man's developm5t1 we f9d ! exi/5ce ( an entire race dep5d5t ^u almo/ a s+le tree2 l c]ta9 insects :i* are conf9$ to p>ticul> portions ( a fl[]4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! new cont95t1 its pla9s 7,llanos7 h become habitable to man4 ,"h & !re t[ns#cc h sprung up on ! %ores ( ! ,/eppe-riv]s1 built to facilitate ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! coa/s & ,guiana 7! ,or9oco di/rict74 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ^! va/ di/ricts ! inhabitants h begun to re> cattle4 ,at di/ances ( a day's j\rney f ea* o!r1 we see deta*$ huts1 wov5 toge!r ) re$s & ?ongs1 & cov]$ ) ox-hides4 ,innum]able h]ds ( ox51 horses1 & mules 7e/imat$ at ! peaceful p]iod ( my travels at a million & a half7 roam ov] ! ,/eppe 9 a /ate ( wildness4 ,! prodigi\s increase ( ^! animals ( ! old _w is ! m rem>kable1 f ! num]\s p]ils ) :i*1 9 ^! regions1 !y h to cont5d4 ,:51 b5ea? ! v]tical rays ( ! bright & cl\dless sun ( ! tropics1 ! p>*$ sw>d crumbles into du/1 !n ! indurat$ soil cracks & bur/s z if r5t asund] by "s mighty e>?quake4 ,& if1 at su* a "t1 two opposite curr5ts ( air1 by conflict mov+ 9 rapid gyrations1 come 9 contact ) ! e>?1 a s+ul> spectacle pres5ts itself4 ,l funnel-%ap$ cl\ds1#cd _! apexes t\*+ ! e>?1 ! s&s rise 9 vap\ry =m ?r\gh ! r>efi$ air 9 ! electrically-*>g$ c5tre ( ! :irl+ curr5t1 sweep+ on l ! ru%+ wat]-sp\t1 :i* /rikes su* t]ror into ! he>t ( ! m>9]4 ,a dim & sall[ light gleams f ! l[]+ sky ov] ! dre>y pla94 ,! horizon sudd5ly contracts1 & ! he>t ( ! travell] s9ks ) dismay z ! wide ,/eppe seems to close ^u him on all sides4 ,! hot & du/y e>? =ms a cl\dy veil :i* %r\ds ! heav5s f view1 & increases ! /ifl+ oppression ( ! atmosph]e#ce2 :ile ! ea/ w9d1 :5 x bl[s ov] ! long-heat$ soil1 in/ead ( cool+1 adds to ! burn+ gl[4 ,gradually1 too1 ! pools ( wat]1 :i* _h be5 protect$ f evaporation by ! n[ se>$ foliage ( ! fan-palm1 disappe>4 ,z 9 ! icy nor? animals become torpid f cold1 s "h ! crocodile & ! boa-con/rictor lie wrapt 9 unbrok5 sleep1 deeply buri$ 9 ! dri$ soil4 ,ev]y:]e ! dr\ght ann\nces dea?1 yet ev]y:]e ! ?ir/+ w&]] is delud$ by ! phantom ( a mov+1 undulat+1 wat]y surface1 creat$ by ! deceptive play ( ! reflect$ rays ( light 7! mirage#cf74 ,a n>r[ /ratum sep>ates ! gr\nd f ! di/ant palm-trees1 :i* seem to hov] al(t1 ow+ to ! contact ( curr5ts ( air hav+ diff]5t degrees ( heat & !re=e ( d5sity,e4 ,%r\d$ 9 d>k cl\ds ( du/1 & tortur$ by hung] & burn+ ?ir/1 ox5 & horses sc\r ! pla91 ! "o bell[+ dismally1 ! o!r ) out/ret*$ necks snuff+ ! w9d1 9 ! endeav\r to detect1 by ! moi/ure 9 ! air1 ! vic9ity ( "s pool ( wat] n yet :olly evaporat$4 ,! mule1 m cauti\s & cunn+1 adopts ano!r me?od ( allay+ 8 ?ir/4 ,!re is a globul> & articulat$ plant1 ! ,melocactus#cg1 :i* encloses "u its prickly integum5t an aque\s pulp4 ,aft] c>efully /rik+ away ! prickles ) 8 =efeet1 ! mule cauti\sly v5tures to apply 8 lips to imbibe ! cool+ ?i/le juice4 ,b ! draught f ?is liv+ vegetable spr+ is n always unatt5d$ by dang]1 & ^! animals are (t5 obs]v$ to h be5 lam$ by ! puncture ( ! cactus ?orn4 ,ev5 if ! burn+ heat ( day be succe$$ by ! cool fre%ness ( ! night1 "h always ( equal l5g?1 ! we>i$ ox & horse enjoy no repose4 ,huge bats n[ attack ! animals dur+ sleep1 & vampyre-l suck _! blood2,f or1 fa/5+ on _! backs1 raise fe/]+ w\nds1 9 :i* mosquitoes1 hippobosces1 & a ho/ ( o!r /++ insects1 burr[ & ne/le4 ,su* is ! mis]able exi/5ce ( ^! poor animals :5 ! heat ( ! sun has absorb$ ! wat]s f ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,:51 aft] a long dr\ght1 ! g5ial season ( ra9 arrives1 ! sc5e sudd5ly *anges#ch4 ,! deep azure ( ! hi!rto cl\dless sky assumes a light] hue4 ,sc>cely c ! d>k space 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross be di/+ui%$ at night4 ,! mild phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,magellanic cl\ds fades away4 ,ev5 ! v]tical />s ( ! con/ellations ,aquila & ,ophiu*us %9e ) a flick]+ & less planet>y light4 ,l "s di/ant m\nta91 a s+le cl\d is se5 ris+ p]p5dicul>ly on ! s\!rn horizon4 ,mi/y vap\rs collect & gradually ov]spread ! heav5s1 :ile di/ant ?und] proclaims ! approa* ( ! vivify+ ra94 ,sc>cely is ! surface ( ! e>? moi/5$ be=e ! teem+ ,/eppe becomes cov]$ ) ,kyll+i1 ) ! _m-panicl$ ,paspalum1 & a v>iety ( grasses4 ,excit$ by ! p[] ( light1 ! h]bace\s ,mimosa unfolds its dormant1 droop+ leaves1 hail+1 z x 71 ! ris+ sun 9 *orus ) ! mat9 song ( ! birds & ! op5+ fl[]s ( aquatics4 ,horses & ox51 buoyant ) life & enjoym5t1 roam ov] & crop ! pla9s4 ,! luxuriant grass hides ! beautifully spott$ ,jagu>1 :o1 lurk+ 9 safe concealm5t1 & c>efully measur+ ! ext5t ( ! leap1 d>ts1 l ! ,asiatic tig]1 ) a cat-l b\nd on 8 pass+ prey4 ,at times1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ! natives1 ! humid clay on ! banks ( ! morasses#ci1 is se5 to rise sl[ly 9 broad flakes4 ,accompani$ by a viol5t noise1 z on ! eruption ( a small mud-volcano1 ! upheav$ e>? is hurl$ high into ! air4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! ph5om5on fly f x2 = a colossal wat]-snake or a mail$ & scaly crocodile1 awak5$ f its trance by ! fir/ fall ( ra91 is ab\t to bur/ f 8 tomb4 ,:5 ! riv]s b\nd+ ! pla9 to ! s\?1 z ! ,arauca1 ! ,apure1 & ! ,pay>a1 gradually ov]fl[ _! banks1 nature compels ^? creatures to live z amphibi\s animals1 :i*1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye>1 7 p]i%+ ) ?ir/ on ! wat]less & du/y pla94 ,a "p ( ! /eppe n[ pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a va/ inl& sea#dj4 ,! m>es retreat ) _! foals to ! high] banks1 :i* project1 l isl&s1 above ! spread+ wat]s4 ,day by day ! dry surface dim9i%es 9 ext5t4 ,! cattle1 cr[d$ toge!r1 & depriv$ ( pa/urage1 swim = h\rs ab\t ! inundat$ pla91 seek+ a scanty n\ri%m5t f ! fl[]+ panicles ( ! grasses :i* rise above ! lurid & bubbl+ wat]s4 ,_m foals are dr[n$1 _m are seiz$ by crocodiles1 cru%$ by _! s]rat$ tails1 & dev\r$4 ,horses & ox5 may n unfrequ5tly be se5 :i* h escap$ f ! fury ( ?is blood-?ir/y & gigantic liz>d1 be>+ on _! legs ! m>ks ( its po9t$ tee?4 ,?is spectacle involunt>ily rem9ds ! contemplative obs]v] ( ! adaptability grant$ by an all-provid5t nature to c]ta9 animals & plants4 ,l ! f>9ace\s fruits ( ,c]es1 ! ox & horse h foll[$ man ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?--f ! ,ganges to ! ,rio de la ,plata1 & f ! sea-coa/ ( ,africa to ! m\nta9\s pla9 ( ,antisana1 :i* lies high] ?an ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe#da4 ,9 ! "o region ! nor!rn bir*1 9 ! o!r ! date-palm1 protects ! we>i$ ox f ! noonday sun4 ,! same species ( animal :i* cont5ds 9 ea/]n ,europe ) be>s & wolves1 is expos$1 9 a diff]5t latitude1 to ! attacks ( tig]s & crocodiles6 ,! crocodile & ! jagu> are n1 h[ev]1 ! only enemies t ?reat5 ! ,s\? ,am]ican horse2 = ev5 among ! fi%es x has a dang]\s foe4 ,! m>%y wat]s ( ,b]a & ,ra/ro#db are fill$ ) innum]able electric eels1 :o c at pleasure dis*>ge f e "p ( _! slimy1 yell[-speckl$ bodies a dead5+ %ock4 ,?is species ( gymnotus is ab\t five or six feet 9 l5g?4 ,x is p[]ful en\gh to kill ! l>ge/ animals :5 x dis*>ges its n]v\s organs at "o %ock 9 a fav\rable direction4 ,x 0 once f\nd necess>y to *ange ! l9e ( road f ,uritucu across ! ,/eppe1 ow+ to ! numb] ( horses :i*1 9 =d+ a c]ta9 rivulet1 annually fell a sacrifice to ^! gymnoti1 :i* _h accumulat$ !re 9 great numb]s4 ,all o!r species ( fi% %un ! vic9ity ( ^! =midable creatures4 ,ev5 ! angl]1 :5 fi%+ f ! high bank1 is 9 dread le/ an electric %ock %\ld be convey$ to him along ! moi/5$ l9e4 ,?us1 9 ^! regions1 ! electric fire breaks =? f ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! wat]s4 ,! mode ( captur+ ! gymnotus af=ds a picturesque spectacle4 ,a numb] ( mules & horses are driv5 into a swamp1 :i* is closely surr\nd$ by ,indians1 until ! unusual noise excites ! d>+ fi% to v5ture on an attack4 ,s]p5t-l !y are se5 swimm+ along ! surface ( ! wat]1 /riv+ cunn+ly to glide "u ! bellies ( ! horses4 ,by ! =ce ( _! invisible bl[s numb]s ( ! poor animals are sudd5ly pro/rat$2 o!rs1 snort+ & pant+1 _! manes erect1 _! eyes wildly fla%+ ) t]ror1 ru% madly f ! rag+ /orm2 b ! ,indians1 arm$ ) long bamboo /aves1 drive !m back into ! mid/ ( ! pool4 ,by degrees ! fury ( ?is unequal conte/ beg9s to slack54 ,l cl\ds t h dis*>g$ _! electricity1 ! we>i$ eels disp]se4 ,!y require long re/ & n\ri%+ food to repair ! galvanic =ce :i* !y h s lavi%ly exp5d$4 ,_! %ocks gradually become weak] & weak]4 ,t]rifi$ by ! noise ( ! trampl+ horses1 !y timidly approa* ! br9k ( ! morass1 :]e !y are w\nd$ by h>poons1 & drawn on %ore by non-conduct+ poles ( dry wood4 ,su* is ! rem>kable conte/ betwe5 horses & fi%4 ,t :i* con/itutes ! invisible b liv+ weapon ( ^! inhabitants ( ! wat]--t1 :i* awak5$ by ! contact ( moi/ & dissimil> p>ticles#dc1 circulates ?r\gh all ! organs ( animals & plants--t :i* fla%+ amid ! ro> ( ?und] illum9ates ! wide canopy ( heav5--:i* b9ds iron to iron1 & directs ! sil5t recurr+ c\rse ( ! magnetic ne$le--all1 l ! v>i$ hues ( ! refract$ ray ( light1 fl[ f "o common s\rce1 & all bl5d toge!r into "o et]nal all-p]vad+ p[]4 ,i might "h close my bold attempt ( del9eat+ ! natural picture ( ! ,/eppe2 b1 z on ! ocean1 fancy delights 9 dwell+ on ! recollections ( di/ant %ores1 s w we1 ere ! va/ pla9 vani%es f our view1 ca/ a rapid glance ov] ! regions by :i* ! ,/eppe is b\nd$4 ,! nor!rn des]t ( ,africa sep>ates two races ( m5 :i* orig9ally belong$ to ! same portion ( ! globe1 & ^: inext+ui%able feuds appe> z old z ! my? ( ,osiris & ,typhon#dd4 ,to ! nor? ( ,m\nt ,atlas !re dwells a race *>act]is$ by long & /raight hair1 a sall[ complexion1 & ,caucasian features2 :ile to ! s\? ( ,s5egal1 9 ! direction ( ,s\dan1 we f9d hordes ( ,negroes occupy+ v>i\s grades 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,9 ,c5tral ,asia ! ,mongolian ,/eppe divides ,sib]ian b>b>ism f ! anci5t civilization ( ! p59sula ( ,h9do/an4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/eppes are ! b\nd>ies ( a ,european semi-civilization#de4 ,to ! nor?1 betwe5 ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ,v5ezuela & ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 lie1 cr[d$ toge!r1 indu/rial cities1 clean & neat villages1 & c>efully till$ fields4 ,ev5 a ta/e = arts1 sci5tific culture1 & a noble love ( civil fre$om1 h long s9ce be5 awak5$ )9 ^! regions4 ,to ! s\?1 a dre> & savage wild]ness b\nds ! ,/eppe4 ,=e/s1 ! gr[? ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 9 "o imp5etrable ?icket1 ov]spread ! m>%y region betwe5 ! riv]s ,or9oco & ,amazon4 ,huge masses ( lead-col\r$ granite#df contract ! b$s ( ! foam+ riv]s4 ,m\nta9s & =e/s re-e*o ) ! ?und] ( ru%+ wat]s1 ! ro> ( ! tig]-l jagu>1 & ! dull ra9-=ebod+ h[l ( ! be>d$ ape#dg4 ,:]e ! %all[] p>ts ( ! riv] disclose a s&bank1 ! crocodile may be se51 ) op5 jaws1 & motionless z a rock1 its unc\? body (t5 cov]$ ) birds#dh2 :ile ! *equ]$ boa-con/rictor1 its tail la%$ r\nd ! trunk ( a tree1 lies coil$ 9 ambu% ne> ! bank1 ready to d>t ) c]ta9 aim on its prey4 ,rapidly uncoil+1 x /ret*es =? its body to seize ! "y bull1 or "s feebl] prey1 z x =ds ! /ream1 & moi/5+ its victim ) a viscid secretion1 labori\sly =ces x d[n its dilat+ ?roat#di4 ,9 ?is gr& & wild condition ( nature dwell num]\s races ( m54 ,sep>at$ by a rem>kable div]sity ( languages1 "s are nomadic1 unacqua9t$ ) agriculture1 & liv+ on ants1 gums1 & e>?1 m]e outca/s ( humanity#ej1 su* z ! ,ottomaks & ,j>ures3 o!rs1 = in/ance ! ,maquirit>es & ,macos1 h settl$ habitations1 live on fruits cultivat$ by !mselves1 are intellig5t1 & ( g5tl] mann]s4 ,ext5sive tracts betwe5 ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,atabapo are inhabit$ solely by ! ,tapir & social apes2 n by man4 ,figures grav5 on ! rocks#ea atte/ t ev5 ^! des]ts 7 once ! seat ( a high] civilization4 ,!y be> te/imony1 z d also ! unequally develop$ & v>y+ languages 7:i* are among/ ! olde/ & mo/ imp]i%able ( ! hi/orical records ( man71 to ! *ang+ de/9ies ( nations4 ,:ile on ! ,/eppe tig]s & crocodiles cont5d ) horses & cattle1 s on ! =e/ bord]s & 9 ! wilds ( ,guiana ! h& ( man is ev] rais$ aga9/ 8 fell[ man4 ,) revolt+ eag]ness1 "s tribes dr9k ! fl[+ blood ( _! foes1 :il/ o!rs1 seem+ly un>m$1 yet prep>$ = murd]1 deal c]ta9 dea? ) a poison$ ?umb-nail#eb4 ,! feebl] tribes1 :5 !y tread ! s&y %ores1 c>efully efface ) _! h&s ! traces ( _! trembl+ /eps4 ,?us does man1 ev]y:]e alike1 on ! l[e/ scale ( bruti% debasem5t1 & 9 ! false glitt] ( 8 high] culture1 p]petually create = himself a life ( c>e4 ,& ?us1 too1 ! travell]1 w&]+ ov] ! wide _w by sea & l&1 & ! hi/orian :o se>*es ! records ( bygone ages1 are ev]y:]e met by ! unv>y+ & melan*oly spectacle ( man oppos$ to man4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o amid ! discordant /rife ( nations1 w\ld seek intellectual repose1 turns ) delight to contemplate ! sil5t life ( plants1 & to /udy ! hidd5 =ces ( nature 9 h] sacr$ sanctu>ies2 or yield+ to t inh]5t impulse1 :i* = ?\s&s ( ye>s has gl[$ 9 ! brea/ ( man1 directs 8 m9d1 by a my/]i\s pres5tim5t ( 8 de/9y1 t[>ds ! cele/ial orbs1 :i*1 9 undi/urb$ h>mony1 pursue _! anci5t & et]nal c\rse4,g ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions4 ,footnote #a3 p4 #a--8,! ,lake ( ,tac>igua40 ,on advanc+ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ! coa/ ( ,c>acas or ( ,v5ezuela t[>ds ! ,brazilian fronti] 7f ! #aj? degree ( nor? latitude to ! equator71 ! travell] fir/ passes a l(ty *a9 ( m\nta9s 7! littoral *a9 ( ,c>acas7 incl9+ f we/ to ea/2 next va/ treeless ,/eppes or pla9s 7,los ,llanos71 :i* ext5d f ! foot ( ! littoral *a9 to ! left bank ( ! ,or9oco2 &1 la/ly1 ! m\nta9 range :i* gives rise to ! cat>acts ( ,atures & ,maypure4 ,?is m\nta9 *a91 :i* ,i h nam$ ! ,si]ra ,p>ime1 passes 9 an ea/]ly direction betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,branco & ,rio ,esquibo1 9 ! direction ( ,dut* & ,fr5* ,guiana4 ,?is region1 :i* is ! seat ( ! m>vell\s my?s ( ! ,dorado1 & is compos$ ( a m\nta9 mass1 divid$ into num]\s gridiron-l ridges1 is b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! woody pla9 ?r\gh :i* ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,amazon h =m$ !mselves a *annel4 ,^? :o w\ld seek fur!r in/ruction reg>d+ ^! geographical relations1 may comp>e ! l>ge *>t ( ,la ,cruz ,olm$illa 7#agge71 :i* has s]v$ z ! basis ( ne>ly all ! m mod]n maps ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) t ( ,columbia1 :i* ,i drew up 9 accordance ) my own a/ronomical det]m9ations ( place1 & publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahbe4 ,! littoral *a9 ( ,v5ezuela is1 geographically consid]$1 a portion ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es4 ,^! are divid$ at ! great m\nta9 node ( ! s\rces ( ! ,magdal5a 7lat4 #a #ee to #b #bj7 into ?ree *a9s1 runn+ to ! s\? ( ,popayan1 ! ea/]nmo/ ( :i* ext5ds into ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ,m]ida4 ,^! m\nta9s gradually decl9e t[>ds ! ,p>amo de las ,rosas into ! hilly di/rict ( ,quibor & ,tocuyo1 :i* connects ! littoral *a9 ( ,v5ezuela ) ! ,cordill]as ( ,cund9am>ca4 ,?is littoral *a9 ext5ds murally & un9t]rupt$ly f ,portocabello to ! promontory ( ,p>ia4 ,its mean elevation is sc>cely #gej toises1 or #dgif ,engli% feet2 b "s few summits1 l ! ,silla de ,c>acas 7also call$ ! ,c]ro de ,avila71 :i* is adorn$ ) ! purple-fl[]+ ,bef>ia 7! r$-blossom$ ,am]ican ,alp9e rose71 rise #acej toises1 or #hfcc ,engli% feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! coa/ ( ! ,t]ra ,firma ev]y:]e be>s traces ( deva/ation1 giv+ evid5ce ( ! action ( ! great curr5t :i* runs f ea/ to we/1 & :i*1 aft] ! dis9tegration ( ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s1 =m$ ! pres5t ,sea ( ! ,antilles4 ,! tongues ( l& ( ,araya & ,*up>ip>i1 & m especially ! coa/s ( ,cumana & ,new ,b>celona1 pres5t to ! geologi/ a rem>kable aspect4 ,! rocky isl&s ( ,bora*a1 ,c>acas1 & ,*imanas rise l beacon-t[]s f ! sea1 af=d+ evid5ce ( ! fe>ful irruption ( ! wat]s aga9/ ! %att]$ m\nta9 *a94 ,! ,sea ( ! ,antilles may once h be5 an inl& sea1 l ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* has sudd5ly be5 connect$ ) ! ocean4 ,! isl&s ( ,cuba1 ,hayti1 & ,jamaica /ill exhibit ! rema9s ( ! m\nta9s ( micace\s s*i/ :i* =m$ ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ?is lake4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! highe/ peaks are situat$ at ! v po9t :]e ^! isl&s approa* "o ano!r ! close/4 ,x may be conjectur$ t ! pr9cipal nucleus ( ! *a9 0 situat$ betwe5 ,cape ,tiburon & ,morant ,po9t4 ,! height ( ! copp] m\nta9s 7montaz de cobre7 ne> ,sa9t ,iago de ,cuba has n yet be5 measur$1 b ?is range is probably high] ?an ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,jamaica 7#aach toises1 or #gbgg ,engli% feet71 ^: elevation some:at exce$s t ( ! ,pass ( ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,i h already express$ my conjectures m fully reg>d+ ! valley-l =m ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & ! anci5t connection ( ! cont95ts1 9 a treatise writt5 at ,cumana1 entitl$ ,fragm5t d'un ,tableau gologique de l',amrique mridionale1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,messidor1 an ,,ix4 ,x is rem>kable t ,columbus himself makes m5tion1 9 8 (ficial report1 ( ! connection betwe5 ! c\rse ( ! equ9octial curr5t & ! =m ( ! coa/-l9e ( ! ,great] ,antilles4,h ,! nor!rn & m cultivat$ portion ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas is a m\nta9\s region4 ,! m>g9al *a9 is divid$1 l t ( ! ,swiss ,alps1 into _m ranges1 enclos+ longitud9al valleys4 ,! mo/ rem>kable among ^! is ! *>m+ valley ( ,aragua1 :i* produces an abundance ( indigo1 sug>1 & cotton1 &1 :at is p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> ( all1 ev5 ,european :eat4 ,! s\!rn m>g9 ( ?is valley is b\nd$ by ! beautiful ,lake ( ,val5cia1 ! anci5t ,indian "n ( :i* 0 ,tac>igua4 ,! contra/ pres5t$ by its opposite %ores gives x a /rik+ resemblance to ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,! b>r5 m\nta9s ( ,guigue & ,guiripa h inde$ less gr&eur & solemnity ( "* ?an ! ,savoy ,alps2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! opposite %ore1 :i* is cov]$ ) bananas1 mimos1 & tripl>is1 f> surpasses 9 picturesque beauty ! v9ey>ds ( ! ,pays de ,vaud4 ,! lake is #aj leagues1 7( :i* #bj =m a degree ( ! ,equator71 i4e41 ab\t #cj geographical miles1 9 l5g?1 & is ?ickly /udd$ ) small isl&s1 :i* cont9ually increase 9 size1 ow+ to ! evaporation be+ great] ?an ! influx ( fre% wat]4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s sev]al s&banks h ev5 become true isl&s1 & h acquir$ ! significant "n ( ,las ,ap>ecidas1 or ! 8,newly ,appe>$40 ,on ! isl& ( ,cura ! rem>kable species ( solanum is cultivat$1 :i* has edible fruit1 & has be5 describ$ by ,willd5[ 79 8 ,hortus ,b]ol95sis1 #ahaf1 ,tab4 xxvii474 ,! elevation ( ! ,lake ( ,tac>igua above ! level ( ! sea is almo/ #adjj ,fr5* feet 7accord+ to my measurem5t1 exactly #bcj toises1 i4e41 #adga ,engli% feet7 less ?an ! mean height ( ! valley ( ,c>acas4 ,?is lake has sev]al species ( fi% peculi> to itself1,i & ranks among ! mo/ beautiful & attractive natural sc5es t ,i am acqua9t$ ) 9 any "p ( ! e>?4 ,:5 ba?+1 ,bonpl& & myself 7 (t5 t]rifi$ by ! appe>ance ( ! ,bava1 a species ( crocodile-liz>d 7,dragonne871 hi!rto undescrib$1 f ?ree to f\r feet 9 l5g?1 ( repulsive aspect1 b h>mless to man4 ,we f\nd 9 ! ,lake ( ,val5cia a ,typha1 p]fectly id5tical ) ! ,european bulru%1 ! ,typha angu/ifolia--a s+ul> & highly important fact 9 ref]5ce to ! geography ( plants4 ,9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 skirt+ ! lake1 bo? v>ieties ( ! sug>-cane are cultivat$1 viz41 ! common ,caa criolla1 & ! species newly introduc$ f ! ,s\? ,sea1 ! ,caa de ,otaheiti4 ,! latt] v>iety is ( a f> light] & m beautiful gre51 & a field ( x may be di/+ui%$ f ! common sug>-cane at a great di/ance4 ,cook & ,george ,=/] 7 ! fir/ to describe x2 b x w\ld appe>1 f ,=/]'s treatise on ! edible plants ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 t !y 7 b little acqua9t$ ) ! true value ( ?is important product4 ,b\ga9ville br\ght x to ! ,isle ( ,france1 :5ce x pass$ to ,cay5ne & 7subsequ5tly to ! ye> #agib7 to ,m>t9ique1 ,sa9t ,dom+o or ,haiti1 & _m ( ! ,less] ,antilles4 ,! ent]pris+ b un=tunate ,capta9 ,bligh transport$ x1 toge!r ) ! bread-fruit tree1 to ,jamaica4 ,f ,tr9idad1 an isl& contigu\s to ! cont95t1 ! new sug>-cane ( ! ,s\? ,sea pass$ to ! neighb\r+ coa/s ( ,c>acas4 ,"h x has become ( great] importance ?an ! bread-fruit tree1 :i* w probably nev] sup]s$e s valuable & nutriti\s a plant z ! banana4 ,! ,tahitian sug>-cane is m succul5t ?an ! common species1 :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to be a native ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,x likewise yields "o-?ird m sug> on ! same area ?an ! ,caa criolla1 :i* is ?9n] 9 its /alk1 & m cr[d$ ) jo9ts4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s are beg9n+ to suff] great sc>city ( fuel 7on ! isl& ( ,cuba ! sug>-pans are heat$ ) orange-wood71 ! new plant acquires additional value f ! fact ( its yield+ a ?ick] & m ligne\s cane 7bagaso74 ,if ! introduction ( ?is new product _h n be5 ne>ly simultane\s ) ! outbreak ( ! sangu9>y ,negro w> 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ! prices ( sug> 9 ,europe w\ld h ris5 ev5 high] ?an !y did1 ow+ to ! int]ruption occasion$ to agriculture & trade4 ,! important "q :i* "h arises1 :e!r ! sug>-cane ( ,otaheiti1 :5 remov$ f its indig5\s soil1 w n gradually deg5]ate & m]ge into ! common sug>-cane1 has be5 decid$ 9 ! negative1 f ! exp]i5ce hi!rto obta9$ on ?is subject4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,cuba a caball]ia1 t is to say1 an area ( #cd1ifi squ>e toises 7ne>ly #cc ,engli% acres71 produces #hgj cwt4 ( sug>1 if x be plant$ ) ! ,tahitian sug>-cane4 ,x is rem>kable en\gh t ?is important product ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s %\ld be cultivat$ precisely 9 t portion ( ! ,spani% colonies :i* is mo/ remote f ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,! voyage f ! ,p]uvian %ore to ,otaheiti may be made 9 tw5ty-five days1 & yet1 at ! p]iod ( my travels 9 ,p]u & ,*ili1 ! ,tahitian sug>-cane 0 n yet kn[n 9 ^? prov9ces4 ,! natives ( ,ea/] ,isl&1 :o suff] great di/ress f want ( fre% wat]1 dr9k ! juice ( ! sug>-cane1 &1 :at is v rem>kable 9 a physiological po9t ( view1 likewise sea-wat]4 ,on ! ,society1 ,fri5dly1 & ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ! light gre5 & ?ick /emm$ sug>-cane is ev]y:]e cultivat$4 ,9 addition to ! ,caa de ,otaheiti & ! ,caa criolla1 a r$di% ,african sug>-cane is cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,caa de ,gu9ea4 ,x is less succul5t ?an ! common ,asiatic v>iety1 b its juice is e/eem$ especially well adapt$ = ! prep>ation ( rum4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas ! light gre5 ( ! ,tahitian sug>-cane =ms a beautiful contra/ ) ! d>k %ade ( ! cacao plantations4 ,few tropical trees h s ?ick a foliage z ! ,!obroma ,cacao4 ,?is noble tree ?rives be/ 9 hot & humid valleys4 ,extreme f]tility ( soil & insalubrity ( atmosph]e are z insep>ably connect$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica z 9 ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,nay1 x has ev5 be5 obs]v$ t 9 proportion z ! cultivation ( ! l& increases1 & ! woods are remov$1 ! soil & ! climate become less humid1 & ! cacao plantations ?rive less luxuriantly4 ,b :ile !y dim9i% 9 numb]s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 !y spread rapidly 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ,new ,b>celona & ,cumana1 m especially 9 ! humid woody region ly+ betwe5 ,c>iaco & ! ,golfo ,tri/e4 ,footnote #b3 p4 #a--8,! natives t]m ?is ph5om5on #8banks4'0 ,! ,llanos ( ,c>acas are cov]$ ) a widely-ext5d$ =mation ( anci5t conglom]ate4 ,on pass+ f ! valleys ( ,aragua ov] ! mo/ s\!rn range ( ! coa/ *a9 ( ,guigue & ,villa de ,cura1 desc5d+ t[>ds ,p>ap>a1 ! travell] meets successively ) /rata ( gneiss & micace\s s*i/1 a probably ,silurian transition rock ( argillace\s s*i/ & black lime/one2 s]p5t9e & gre5/one 9 deta*$ sph]oidal masses2 & la/ly1 on ! m>g9 ( ! great pla91 small elevations ( augitic amygdaloid & porphyritic s*i/4 ,^! hills betwe5 ,p>ap>a & ,ortiz appe> to me to be produc$ by volcanic eruptions on ! old sea-%ore ( ! ,llanos4 ,fur!r to ! nor?1 rise ! f>-fam$ cav]n\s & grotesquely-%ap$ elevations kn[n z ! ,morros de ,san ,juan1 :i* =m a species ( devil's dyke1 ! gra9 ( :i* is cry/all9e1 l upheav$ dolomite4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ r z portions ( ! %ore ?an z isl&s 9 ! anci5t gulf4 ,i consid] ! ,llanos to h be5 a gulf1 = :5 _! inconsid]able elevation above ! pres5t sea level1 ! adaptation ( _! =m to ! rotation curr5t1 runn+ f ea/ to we/1 & ! l[ness ( ! ea/]n %ore betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,essequibo are tak5 into acc\nt1 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! sea once ov]fl[$ ! :ole ( ?is bas9 betwe5 ! coa/ *a9 & ! ,si]ra de la ,p>ime1 ext5d+ we/w>d to ! m\nta9s ( ,m]ida & ,pamplona 79 ! same mann] z x probably pass$ ?r\gh ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy to ! ,cottian & ,p5n9e ,alps74 ,moreov]1 ! incl9ation or l9e ( /rike ( ^! ,llanos is direct$ f we/ to ea/4 ,_! elevation at ,calabozo1 a di/ance ( #ajj geographical 7#djj ,engli%7 miles f ! sea1 sc>cely am\nts to #cj toises1 or #aib ,engli% feet2 consequ5tly #ae toises 7#if ,engli% feet7 less ?an ! elevation ( ,pavia1 & #de toises 7#bhh ,engli% feet7 less ?an t ( ,milan 9 ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy betwe5 ! ,swiss ,lepont9e ,alps & ! ,ligurian ,ap5n9es4 ,?is con=mation ( ! l& rem9ds u ( ,claudian's expression1 8curvata tumore p>vo planities40 ,! surface ( ! ,llanos is s p]fectly horizontal t 9 _m p>ts ov] an area ( "s #dhj ,engli% squ>e miles1 n a s+le po9t appe>s elevat$ "o foot above ! surr\nd+ level4 ,:5 x is fur!r borne 9 m9d t !re is a total abs5ce ( all %rubs1 & t 9 "s p>ts1 z 9 ! ,mesa de ,pavones1 !re is n ev5 a solit>y palm-tree to be se51 x may easily be suppos$ t ?is sea-l & dre>y pla9 pres5ts a mo/ s+ul> aspect4 ,f> z ! eye c range1 x sc>cely re/s on any object elevat$ _m in*es above ! g5]al level4 ,if ! b\nd>y ( ! horizon did n cont9ually pres5t an undef9$ flick]+ & undulat+ outl9e1 ow+ to ! condition ( ! l[] /rata ( air1 & ! refraction ( light1 sol> elevations might be det]m9$ by ! sextant above ! m>g9 ( ! pla9 z above ! horizon ( ! sea4 ,?is p]fect flatness ( ! anci5t sea-bottom r5d]s ! banks ev5 m /rik+4 ,!y are compos$ ( brok5 floetz-/rata1 :i* rise abruptly ab\t two or ?ree feet above ! surr\nd+ level1 & ext5d uni=mly ov] a l5g? ( f #aj to #ab geographical 7i4e41 #dj to #dh ,engli%7 miles4 ,x is "h t ! small riv]s ( ! ,/eppe take _! orig94 ,on our return f ! ,rio ,negro1 we frequ5tly met ) traces ( l&slips 9 pass+ ov] ! ,llanos ( ,b>celona4 ,we "h f\nd 9 ! place ( elevat$ banks1 isolat$ /rata ( gypsum ly+ f #c to #d toises1 or #ai to #be ,engli% feet1 bel[ ! contigu\s rock4 ,fur!r we/w>d1 ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,riv] ,caura & ! ,or9oco1 a l>ge tract ( ?ickly gr[n =e/ l& to ! ea/ ( ! ,mission ( ,san ,p$ro de ,alcant>a1 fell 9 aft] an e>?quake 9 ! ye> #agij4 ,a lake 0 imm$iately =m$ 9 ! pla91 :i* measur$ upw>ds ( #cjj toises 7#aiai feet7 9 diamet]4 ,! l(ty trees1 z ! ,desman?us1 ,hym5a1 & ,malpighia1 reta9$ _! v]dure & foliage = a long "t aft] _! subm]sion4 ,footnote #c3 p4 #b--8;,a %oreless ocean seems spread be=e u40 ,! di/ant aspect ( ! ,/eppe is ! m /rik+ :5 ! travell] em]ges f d5se =e/s1 :]e 8 eye has be5 famili>is$ to a limit$ prospect & luxuriant natural sc5]y4 ,i %all ev] reta9 an indelible impression ( ! effect produc$ on my m9d by ! ,llanos1 :51 on our return f ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 !y fir/ broke on our view f a di/ant m\nta91 opposite ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,apure1 ne> ! ,hato del ,capu*9o4 ,! la/ rays ( ! sett+ sun illum9$ ! ,/eppe1 :i* seem$ to swell be=e u l "s va/ hemisph]e1 :ile ! ris+ />s 7 refract$ by ! l[] /ratum ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! pla9 has be5 excessively heat$ by ! v]tical rays ( ! sun1 ! evolution ( ! radiat+ heat1 ! asc5t ( curr5ts ( air1 & ! contact ( atmosph]ic /rata ( unequal d5sity1 cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,footnote #d3 p4 #b--8,! nak$ /ony cru/40 ,! des]ts ( ,africa & ,asia acquire a peculi> "* f ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( imm5se tracts ( l&1 cov]$ by "o flat uni=m surface ( nak$ rock4 ,9 ! ,s*a-mo1 :i* sep>ates ,mongolia & ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ,ulangom & ,malakha-,oola f ! nor?-we/ "p ( ,*9a1 su* rocky banks are t]m$ ,tsy4 ,9 ! woody pla9s ( ! ,or9oco !y are f\nd to be surr\nd$ ) ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation4,j ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! flat1 tabul> masses ( granite & sy5ite1 sev]al ?\s&s ( feet 9 diamet]1 pres5t+ m]ely a few scatt]$ li*5s1 we f9d 9 ! =e/s1 or on _! m>g9s1 little isl&s ( light soil1 cov]$ ) l[ & ev]-fl[]+ plants1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( small g>d5s4 ,! monks settl$ on ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 s+ul>ly en\gh reg>d ! :ole ( ^! horizontal nak$ /ony pla9s1 :5 ext5d+ ov] a consid]able area1 z conducive to fev]s & o!r diseases4 ,_m ( ! villages belong+ to ! mission h be5 transf]r$ to o!r spots on acc\nt ( ! g5]al preval5ce ( ?is op9ion4 ,d ^! /ony flats 7laxas7 act *emically on ! atmosph]e or influ5ce x only by means ( a great] radiation ( heat8 ,footnote #e3 p4 #b--8;,comp>$ ) ! ,llanos & ,pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ev5 ) ! ,prairies on ! ,miss\ri40 ,our physical & geogno/ic k ( ! we/]n m\nta9 region ( ,nor? ,am]ica has rec5tly be5 enri*$ by ! acquisition ( _m accurate data yield$ by ! admirable lab\rs ( ! ent]pris+ travell] ,major ,long1 & 8 companion ,edw9 ,james1 b m especially by ! compreh5sive inve/igations ( ,capta9 ,frmont4 ,! k ?us e/abli%$ cle>ly corroborates ! accuracy ( ! diff]5t facts :i* 9 my "w on ,new ,spa9 ,i c\ld m]ely advance z hypo!tical conjectures reg>d+ ! nor!rn pla9s & m\nta9s ( ,am]ica4 ,9 natural hi/ory1 z well z 9 hi/orical rese>*1 facts rema9 isolat$ until by long-cont9u$ inve/igation !y are br\ght into connection ) ea* o!r4 ,! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica incl9es f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 z does ! ,brazilian coa/ s\? ( ! equator f ! ,rio de la ,plata to ,ol9da4 ,on bo? ^! regions !re rise1 at a %ort di/ance f ! coa/ l9e1 two ranges ( m\nta9s m ne>ly p>allel to ea* o!r ?an to ! we/]n ,&es1 7! ,cordill]as ( ,*ili & ,p]u71 or to ! ,nor? ,mexican *a9 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican or ,brazilian m\nta9 sy/em1 =ms an isolat$ gr\p1 ! highe/ po9ts ( :i*1 ,itacolumi & ,itambe1 d n rise above an elevation ( #ijj toises1 or #egee ,engli% feet4 ,! ea/]n portion ( ! ridge mo/ contigu\s to ! sea is ! only "p t foll[s a regul> incl9ation f ,s4,s4,w4 to ,n4,n4,e41 increas+ 9 bread? & dim9i%+ 9 g5]al elevation z x approa*es fur!r we/w>d4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,p>ecis hills approximates to ! riv]s ,it5es & ,guapor1 9 ! same mann] z ! m\nta9s ( ,aguapehi & ,san ,f]n&o 7s\? ( ,villabella7 approa* ! l(ty ,&es ( ,co*abamba & ,santa ,cruz de la ,si]ra4 ,!re is no direct connection betwe5 ! two m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! ,atlantic & ,s\?-sea coa/s 7! ,brazilian & ! ,p]uvian ,cordill]as72 ,we/]n ,brazil be+ sep>at$ f ,ea/]n or ,upp] ,p]u by ! l[ l&s ( ! prov9ce ( ,*iquitos1 :i* is a longitud9al valley t incl9es f nor? to s\?1 & communicates bo? ) ! pla9s ( ! ,amazon & ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,9 ^! regions1 z 9 ,pol& & ,russia1 a ridge ( l&1 sometimes imp]ceptible 7t]m$ 9 ,slavonic ,uwaly71 =ms ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 diff]5t riv]s2 z = in/ance1 betwe5 ! ,pilcomayo & ,madeira1 betwe5 ! ,aguapehi & ,guapor1 & betwe5 ! ,p>aguay & ! ,rio ,topayos4 ,! ridge 7seuil7 ext5ds f ,*ayanta & ,pomabamba 7#ai-bj lat417 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction1 & aft] int]sect+ ! depress$ tracts ( ! prov9ce ( ,*iquitos1 7:i* has become almo/ unkn[n to geograph]s s9ce ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits17 =ms to ! nor?-ea/1 :]e "s scatt]$ m\nta9s are aga9 to be met )1 ! divortia aqu>um at ! s\rces ( ! ,baures & ne> ,villabella 7#ae-ag lat47 ,?is wat]-l9e ( sep>ation :i* is s important to ! g5]al int]c\rse & gr[+ civilization ( diff]5t nations corresponds 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ,s\? ,am]ica ) a second l9e ( dem>cation 7#b-c lat47 :i* sep>ates ! di/rict ( ! ,or9oco f t ( ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,amazon4 ,^! elevations or ris+s 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla9s 7t]r tumores1 accord+ to ,front9us7 may almo/ be reg>d$ z undevelop$ m\nta9-sy/ems1 design$ to connect two app>5tly isolat$ gr\ps1 ! ,si]ra ,p>ime & ! ,brazilian highl&s1 to ! ,&es *a9 ( ,timana & ,co*abamba4 ,^! relations1 to :i* v little att5tion has hi!rto be5 direct$1 =m ! basis ( my division ( ,s\? ,am]ica into ?ree depressions or bas9s1 viz41 ^? ( ! ,or9oco 9 its l[] c\rse1 ( ! ,amazon1 & ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,( ^! ?ree bas9s1 ! ext]ior ones1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 are ,/eppes or ,prairies2 b ! c5tral "o betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,p>ime & ! ,brazilian *a9 ( m\nta9s mu/ be reg>d$ z a wood$ pla9 or ,hyla4 ,9 endeav\r+ by a few equally brief t\*es to give a sket* ( ! natural features ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we mu/ fir/ glance at ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 :i*1 n>r[ at its orig91 soon increases 9 height & bread? z x foll[s an incl9ation f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/1 pass+ ?r\gh ,panama1 ,v]agua1 ,guatimala1 & ,new ,spa94 ,?is range ( m\nta9s1 =m]ly ! seat ( an anci5t civilization1 pres5ts a l b>ri] to ! g5]al curr5t ( ! sea betwe5 ! tropics1 & to a m rapid int]communication betwe5 ,europe1 ,we/]n ,africa1 & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,f ! #ag? degree ( latitude at ! celebrat$ ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec1 ! *a9 deflects f ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 & incl9+ f s\? to nor? becomes an inl& ,cordill]a4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mexico1 ! ,crane ,m\nta9s 7,si]ra de las ,grullas7 con/itute a portion ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,on _! we/]n declivity rise ! ,columbia & ! ,rio ,colorado ( ,cali=nia2 on ! ea/]n side ! ,rio ,roxo ( ,nat*ito*es1 ! ,canadian riv]1 ! ,arkansas1 & ! %all[ riv] ,platte1 :i* latt] has rec5tly be5 conv]t$ by "s ignorant geograph]s1 into a ,rio de la ,plata1 or a riv] yield+ silv]4 ,betwe5 ! s\rces ( ^! riv]s rise 9 ! p>allels ( #cg #bj & #dj #ac lat41 ?ree huge peaks compos$ ( granite1 conta9+ little mica1 b a l>ge proportion ( hornbl5de4 ,^! h be5 respectively nam$ ,spani% ,peak1 ,james or ,pike's ,peak1 & ,big ,horn or ,long's ,peak4,k ,_! elevation exce$s t ( ! highe/ summits ( ! ,nor? ,mexican ,&es1 :i* inde$ n[h]e atta9 ! height ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ f ! p>allels ( #ah & #ai lat41 or f ! gr\p ( ,orizaba1 7#bgag toises1 or #ag1cgd ,engli% feet71 & ( ,popocatepetl 7#bgga toises1 or #ag1gbj ,engli% feet7 to ,santa ,f & ,taos 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,james' ,peak 7#ch #dh lat47 is said to h an elevation ( #aa1dig ,engli% feet4 ,( ?is only #hecg feet h be5 det]m9$ by trigonometrical measurem5t1 ! rema9d] be+ d$uc$ 9 ! abs5ce ( b>ometrical obs]vations1 f unc]ta9 calculations ( ! declivity or fall ( riv]s4 ,z x is sc>cely ev] possible1 ev5 at ! level ( ! sea1 to conduct a purely trigonometrical measurem5t1 det]m9ations ( impracticable heights are always 9 "p b>ometrical4 ,measurem5ts ( ! fall ( riv]s1 ( _! rapidity & ( ! l5g? ( _! c\rse1 are s deceptive1 t ! pla9 at ! foot ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 m especially ne> ^? summits m5tion$ 9 ! text1 01 be=e ! important exp$ition ( ,capta9 ,frmont1 e/imat$ sometimes at #hjjj & sometimes at #cjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4,l ,f a simil> defici5cy ( b>ometrical measurem5ts1 ! true height ( ! ,himalaya rema9$ = a long "t unc]ta92 n[1 h[ev]1 sci5ce has made su* advances 9 ,india1 t :5 ,capta9 ,g]>d _h asc5d$ on ! ,t>higang1 ne> ! ,sutl$ge1 nor? ( ,%ipke1 to ! height ( #ai1daa feet1 he /ill _h1 aft] hav+ brok5 ?ree b>omet]s1 f\r equally correct ones rema9+4,m ,frmont1 9 ! exp$ition :i* he made betwe5 ! ye>s #ahdb & #ahdd1 at ! comm& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 discov]$ & measur$ b>ometrically ! highe/ peak ( ! :ole *a9 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! nor?-nor?-we/ ( ,spani%1 ,james'1 ,long's1 & ,l>amie's ,peaks4 ,?is sn[-cov]$ summit1 :i* belongs to ! gr\p ( ! ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s1 be>s ! "n ( ,frmont's ,peak on ! great *>t publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,colonel ,ab]t1 *ief ( ! topographical dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,?is po9t is situat$ 9 ! p>allel ( #dc #aj nor? lat41 & #aaj #g we/ long41 & !re=e ne>ly #e #cj nor? ( ,spani% ,peak4 ,! elevation ( ,frmont's ,peak1 :i* accord+ to direct measurem5t is #ac1efh feet1 mu/ !re=e exce$ by #bjgb feet t giv5 by ,long to ,james' ,peak1 :i* w\ld appe> f its position to be id5tical ) ,pike's ,peak1 z giv5 9 ! map above ref]r$ to4 ,! ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s con/itute ! divid+ ridge 7divortia aqu>um7 betwe5 ! two seas4 8,f ! summit10 says ,capta9 ,frmont 9 8 (ficial report1,n 8we saw on ! "o side num]\s lakes & /reams1 ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,colorado1 :i* c>ries its wat]s ?r\gh ! ,cali=nian ,gulf to ! ,s\? ,sea2 on ! o!r1 ! deep valley ( ! ,w9d ,riv]1 :]e lie ! s\rces ( ! ,yell[/one ,riv]1 "o ( ! ma9 bran*es ( ! ,miss\ri :i* unites ) ! ,mississippi at ,/4 ,l\is4 ,f> to ! nor?-we/ we c\ld j discov] ! sn[y heads ( ! ,trois ,tetons1 :i* give rise to ! true s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri n f> f ! primitive /ream ( ! ,oregon or ,columbia riv]1 :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( ,snake ,riv]1 or ,lewis ,=k40 ,to ! surprise ( ! adv5tur\s travell]s1 ! summit ( ,frmont's ,peak 0 f\nd to be visit$ by bees4 ,x is probable t ^! insects1 l ! butt]flies :i* ,i f\nd at f> high] elevations 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 & also )9 ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 _h be5 involunt>ily drawn ?i!r by asc5d+ curr5ts ( air4 ,i h ev5 se5 l>ge w+$ lepidopt]a1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ f> out to sea by l&-w9ds1 drop on ! %ip deck at a consid]able di/ance f l& 9 ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,frmont's map & geographical rese>*es embrace ! imm5se tract ( l& ext5d+ f ! conflu5ce ( ,kanzas ,riv] ) ! ,miss\ri1 to ! cat>acts ( ! ,columbia & ! ,missions ( ,santa ,b>b>a & ,pueblo de los ,angeles 9 ,new ,cali=nia1 pres5t+ a space am\nt+ to #bh degrees ( longitude 7ab\t #acfj miles7 betwe5 ! #cd? & #de? p>allels ( nor? latitude4 ,f\r hundr$ po9ts h be5 hypsometrically det]m9$ by b>ometrical measurem5ts1 & = ! mo/ "p1 a/ronomically3 s t x has be5 r5d]$ possible to del9eate ! pr(ile above ! sea's level ( a tract ( l& measur+ #c1fjj miles ) all its inflections1 ext5d+ f ! nor? ( ,kanzas ,riv] to ,=t ,vanc\v] & to ! coa/s ( ! ,s\? ,sea 7almo/ #gbj miles m ?an ! di/ance f ,madrid to ,tobolsk74 ,z ,i believe ,i 0 ! fir/ :o attempt$ to repres5t1 9 geogno/ic pr(ile1 ! configuration ( entire c\ntries1 z ! ,spani% ,p59sula1 ! highl& ( ,mexico1 & ! ,cordill]as ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7= ! half-p]spective projections ( ! ,sib]ian travell]1 ! ,abb ,*appe1,o 7 bas$ on m]e & = ! mo/ "p on v inaccurate e/imates ( ! falls ( riv]s72 x has af=d$ me special satisfaction to f9d ! graphical me?od ( repres5t+ ! e>?'s configuration 9 a v]tical direction1 t is1 ! elevation ( solid ov] fluid p>ts1 a*iev$ on s va/ a scale4 ,9 ! mean latitudes ( #cg to #dc ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s pres5t1 besides ! great sn[-cr[n$ summits1 ^: height may be comp>$ to t ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 elevat$ plateaux ( an ext5t sc>cely to be met ) 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 & ^: bread? f ea/ to we/ is almo/ twice t ( ! ,mexican highl&s4 ,f ! range ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* beg9 a little we/w>d ( ,=t ,l>amie1 to ! fur!r side ( ! ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s1 ! elevation ( ! soil is un9t]rupt$ly ma9ta9$ f five to upw>ds ( sev5 ?\s& feet above ! sea's level2 nay1 ?is elevat$ portion occupies ! :ole space betwe5 ! true ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,cali=nian sn[y coa/ range f #cd to #de nor? latitude4 ,?is di/rict1 :i* is a k9d ( broad longitud9al valley1 l t ( ! lake ( ,titicaca1 has be5 nam$ ,! ,great ,bas9 by ,joseph ,walk] & ,capta9 ,frmont1 travell]s well acqua9t$ ) ^! we/]n regions4 ,x is a t]ra incognita ( at lea/ #hjjj geographical 7or #abh1jjj ,engli%7 squ>e miles1 arid1 almo/ un9habit$1 & full ( salt lakes1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is #cidj ,p>isian 7or #dbjj ,engli%7 feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & is connect$ ) ! n>r[ ,lake ,utah1,p into :i* ! 8,rock ,riv]0 7,timpan ,ogo 9 ! ,utah language7 p\rs its copi\s /ream4 ,fa!r ,escalante1 9 8 w&]+s f ,santa ,f del ,nuevo ,mexico to ,mont]ey 9 ,new ,cali=nia1 discov]$ ,frmont's 8,great ,salt ,lake0 9 #aggf1 & conf\nd+ toge!r ! riv] & ! lake1 call$ x ,laguna de ,timpanogo4 ,"u ?is "n ,i ins]t$ x 9 my map ( ,mexico1 :i* gave rise to mu* uncritical discussion reg>d+ ! assum$ non-exi/5ce ( a l>ge inl& salt lake1,q--a "q previ\sly moot$ by ! le>n$ ,am]ican travell] ,tann]4 ,gallat9 expressly says 9 8 memoir on ! aborig9al races,r--8,g5]al ,a%ley & ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,smi? h f\nd ! ,lake ,timpanogo 9 ! same latitude & longitude ne>ly z _h be5 assign$ to x 9 ,humboldt's ,atlas ( ,mexico40 ,i h purposely dwelt at l5g? on ^! consid]ations reg>d+ ! rem>kable elevation ( ! soil 9 ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 s9ce by its ext5sion & height x und\bt$ly ex]cises a great1 al?\gh hi!rto unappreciat$ influ5ce on ! climate ( ! nor!rn half ( ! new cont95t1 bo? 9 its s\!rn & ea/]n portions4 ,on ?is va/ & uni=mly elevat$ plateau ,frmont f\nd ! wat] cov]$ ) ice e night 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,nor is ! configuration ( ! l& less important :5 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! social condition & progress ( ! great ,nor? ,am]ican ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,al?\gh ! m\nta9 range :i* divides ! wat]s atta9s a height ne>ly equal to t ( ! passes ( ,m\nt ,simplon 7#fagj ,p>isian or #fegf ,engli% feet71 ,m\nt ,go?>d 7#fddj ,p>isian or #fhfc ,engli% feet71 & ! great ,/4 ,b]n>d 7#gdgf ,p>isian or #gieg ,engli% feet71 ! asc5t is s prolong$ & gradual t no imp$im5ts oppose a g5]al int]c\rse by means ( vehicles & c>riages ( e k9d betwe5 ! ,miss\ri & ,oregon t]ritories1 betwe5 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 & ! new settlem5ts on ! ,oregon 7or ,columbia7 riv]1 or betwe5 ! coa/-l&s ly+ opposite to ,europe on ! "o side ( ! cont95t1 & to ,*9a on ! o!r4 ,! di/ance f ,bo/on to ! old settlem5t ( ,a/oria on ! ,pacific at ! m\? ( ! ,oregon :5 measur$ 9 a direct l9e1 & tak+ into acc\nt ! diff]5ce ( longitude1 is #eej geographical1 i4e41 #bbjj ,engli% miles1 or "o-six? less ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ,lisbon & ,ka!r95burg 9 ! ,ural di/rict4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is g5tle asc5t ( ! elevat$ pla9s lead+ f ! ,miss\ri to ,cali=nia & ! ,oregon t]ritory 7all ! re/+-places measur$ betwe5 ! ,=t & ,riv] ,lam>ie on ! nor!rn bran* ( ! ,platte riv] to ,=t ,hall on ! ,lewis ,=k ( ! ,columbia1 be+ situat$ at an elevation ( f five to upw>ds ( sev5 ?\s& feet1 & t 9 ,old ,p>k ev5 at ! height ( #igfj ,p>isian or #aj1djb ,engli% feet671 consid]able difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 det]m9+ ! culm9at+ po9t1 or t ( ! divortia aqu>um4 ,x is s\? ( ! ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s1 ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! coa/ l9e ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 & is situat$ at an elevation ( #gdij feet1 or only #dhj feet l[] ?an ! pass ( ! ,great ,b]n>d4 ,! emigrants call ?is culm9at+ po9t ! ,s\? ,pass4,s ,x is situat$ 9 a pleasant region1 embelli%$ by a pr(usion ( artemisi1 especially ,a4 trid5tata 7,nuttall71 & v>ieties ( a/]s & cactuses1 :i* cov] ! micace\s slate & gneiss rocks4 ,a/ronomical det]m9ations place its latitude 9 ! p>allel ( #db #bd1 & its longitude 9 t ( #aji #bd ,w4 ,adolf ,erman has already drawn att5tion to ! fact1 t ! l9e ( /rike ( ! great ea/-,asiatic ,aldanian m\nta9-*a91 :i* sep>ates ! bas9 ( ! ,l5a f ! riv]s fl[+ t[>ds ! ,great ,s\!rn ,ocean1 if ext5d$ 9 ! =m ( a great circle on ! surface ( ! globe1 passes ?r\gh _m ( ! summits ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s betwe5 #dj & #ee nor? lat4 8,an ,am]ican & an ,asiatic m\nta9-*a910 he rem>ks1 8appe> !re=e to be only portions ( "o & ! same fissure erupt$ by ! %orte/ *annels40,t ,! we/]n high m\nta9 coa/ *a9 ( ! ,cali=nian m>itime ,alps1 ! ,si]ra ,nevada de ,cali=nia1 is :olly di/9ct f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* s9k t[>ds ! ,mack5zie ,riv] 7t rema9s cov]$ ) ice = a great portion ( ! ye>71 & f ! high table l& on :i* rise individual sn[-cov]$ peaks4 ,h[ev] injudici\s ! *oice ( ! appellation ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s may be1 :5 appli$ to ! mo/ nor!rly prolongation ( ! ,mexican c5tral *a91 ,i d n deem x exp$i5t to sub/itute = x ! d5om9ation ( ! ,oregon ,*a91 z has frequ5tly be5 attempt$4 ,^! m\nta9s d inde$ give rise to ! s\rces ( ?ree ma9 bran*es con/itut+ ! great ,oregon or ,columbia riv] 7viz41 ,lewis'1 ,cl>ke's1 & ,nor? ,=k72 b ?is mighty /ream also int]sects ! *a9 ( ! ev] sn[-cr[n$ m>itime ,alps ( ,cali=nia4 ,! "n ( ,oregon ,t]ritory is also employ$1 politically & (ficially1 to designate ! less] t]ritory ( l& we/ ( ! coa/ *a91 :]e ,=t ,vanc\v] & ! ,walahmutti settlem5ts are situat$2 & x w\ld !re=e seem bett] to ab/a9 f apply+ ! "n ( ,oregon ei!r to ! c5tral or to ! coa/ *a94 ,?is d5om9ation1 moreov]1 l$ ! celebrat$ geograph] ,malte-,brun into a misconception ( ! mo/ rem>kable k9d4 ,he read 9 an old ,spani% *>t ! foll[+ passage3--8,& x is /ill unkn[n 7y aun se ignora7 :]e ! s\rce ( ?is riv]0 7n[ call$ ! ,columbia7 8is situat$10 & he believ$ t ! ^w ignora signifi$ ! "n ( ! ,oregon4,u ,! rocks :i* give rise to ! cat>acts ( ! ,columbia at ! po9t :]e ! riv] breaks ?r\gh ! *a91 m>k ! prolongation ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia f ! #dd? to ! #dg? degree ( latitude4,v ,9 ?is nor!rn prolongation ( ! *a9 lie ! ?ree colossal elevations ( ,m\nt ,jeff]son1 ,m\nt ,hood1 & ,m\nt ,/4 ,hel5's1 :i* rise #ad1edj ,p>isian 7or #ae1ejj ,engli%7 feet above ! sea-level4 ,! height ( ?is coa/ *a9 or range f> exce$s !re=e t ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 8,dur+ an eight mon?s' j\rney along ^! m>itime ,alps10 says ,capta9 ,frmont1,w 8we 7 con/antly )9 sight ( sn[-cov]$ summits2 & :ile we 7 able to cross ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ?r\gh ! ,s\? ,pass at an elevation ( #gjbg feet1 we f\nd t ! passes 9 ! m>itime range1 :i* is divid$ into sev]al p>allel *a9s1 7 m ?an #bjjj feet high]0--& !re=e only #aagj 7,engli%7 feet bel[ ! summit ( ,m\nt ,etna4 ,x is also a v rem>kable fact1 & "o :i* rem9ds u ( ! relations ( ! ea/]n & we/]n ,cordill]as ( ,*ili1 t volcanoes /ill active are only f\nd 9 ! ,cali=nian *a9 :i* lies 9 ! close/ proximity to ! sea4 ,! conical m\nta9s ( ,regni] & ( ,/4 ,hel5's are almo/ inv>iably obs]v$ to emit smoke2 & on ! #bcrd ( ,novemb]1 #ahdc1 ! latt] ( ^! volcanoes erupt$ a mass ( a%es :i* cov]$ ! %ores ( ! ,columbia = a di/ance ( =ty miles1 l a fall ( sn[4 ,to ! volcanic ,cali=nian *a9 belong also 9 ! f> nor? ( ,russian ,am]ica1 ,m\nt ,elias 7accord+ to ,la ,pr\se #aihj toises1 or #ab1ffj feet1 & accord+ to ,malasp9a #bgib toises1 or #ag1hej feet 9 height71 & ,m\nt ,fair ,wea!r 7,c]ro de ,bu5 ,tiempo1 #bcjd toises1 or #ad1gcc feet high74 ,bo? ^! conical m\nta9s are reg>d$ z /ill active volcanoes4 ,frmont's exp$ition1 :i* has prov$ alike useful 9 ref]5ce to botany & geognosy1 likewise collect$ volcanic products 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7z scoriace\s basalt1 tra*yte1 & true obsidian71 & discov]$ an old ext9ct crat] some:at to ! ea/ ( ,=t ,hall 7#dc #b nor? lat41 & #aab #bh we/ long471 b no traces ( any /ill active volcanoes emitt+ lava & a%es1 7 to be met )4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ) ^! ! hi!rto unexpla9$ ph5om5on t]m$ smok+ hills1 ctes brles1 & t]ra9s ard5s1 9 ! language ( ! ,engli% settl]s & ! natives :o speak ,fr5*4 8,r[s ( l[ conical hills10 says ! accurate obs]v] ,m4 ,nicollet1 8are almo/ p]iodically1 & sometimes = two or ?ree ye>s cont9ually1 cov]$ ) d5se black smoke1 unaccompani$ by any visible flames4 ,?is ph5om5on is m p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri1 & /ill ne>] to ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e !re is a riv] nam$ by ! natives ,mankizitah-watpa1 or ! riv] ( smok+ e>?4 ,scorifi$ pseudo-volcanic products1 a k9d ( porcela9 jasp]1 are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! smok+ hills40 ,s9ce ! exp$ition ( ,lewis & ,cl>ke an op9ion has g5]ally prevail$ t ! ,miss\ri deposits a true pumice on its banks2 b "h :ite masses ( a delicate cellul> texture h be5 mi/ak5 = t sub/ance4 ,pr(essor ,ducatel 0 ( op9ion t ! ph5om5on :i* is *iefly obs]v$ 9 ! *alk =mation1 0 ow+ to 8! decomposition ( wat] by sulphur pyrites & to a reaction on ! br[n coal floetzes40,x ,if be=e we close ^! g5]al rem>ks reg>d+ ! configuration ( ,nor? ,am]ica we once m ca/ a glance at ^? regions :i* sep>ate ! two div]g+ coa/ *a9s f ! c5tral *a91 we %all f9d 9 /rong contra/1 on ! ,we/1 betwe5 t c5tral *a9 & ! ,cali=nian ,alps ( ! ,pacific1 an arid & un9habit$ elevat$ plateau ne>ly six ?\s& feet above ! sea2 & 9 ! ,ea/1 betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,alleghanies4 7^: highe/ po9ts1 ,m\nt ,wa%+ton & ,m\nt ,m>cy1 rise1 accord+ to ,lyell1 to ! respective heights1 ( #ffeb & #edjj feet17 we see ! ri*ly wat]$1 fruitful1 & ?ickly-inhabit$ bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 at an elevation ( f f\r to six hundr$ feet1 or m ?an twice t ( ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! hypsometrical "* ( ?is ea/]n valley1 or 9 o!r words1 its relation to ! sea's level1 has only v rec5tly be5 expla9$ by ! admirable lab\rs ( ! tal5t$ ,fr5* a/ronom] ,nicollet1 unhappily lo/ to sci5ce by a premature dea?4 ,8 great *>t ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi1 execut$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcf & #ahdj1 0 bas$ on two hundr$ & =ty a/ronomical det]m9ations ( latitude1 & "o hundr$ & sev5ty b>ometrical det]m9ations ( elevation4 ,! pla9 :i* encloses ! valley ( ! ,mississippi is id5tical ) t ( nor!rn ,canada1 & =ms "p ( "o & ! same depress$ bas91 ext5d+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,arctic ,sea4,y ,:]ev] ! l[ l& falls 9 undulations1 & slight elevations :i* /ill reta9 _! un-,engli% appellation ( cteaux des prairies1 cteaux des bois1 occur 9 connect$ r[s betwe5 ! p>allels ( #dg & #dh nor? lat41 ^! r[s & g5tle undulations ( ! gr\nd sep>ate ! wat]s betwe5 ,hudson's ,bay & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,su* a l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! wat]s is =m$1 nor? ( ,lake ,sup]ior or ,ki*i ,gummi1 by ! ,missabay ,heights1 & fur!r we/ by ! elevations kn[n z ,hauteurs des ,t]res1 9 :i* are situat$ ! true s\rces ( ! ,mississippi1 "o ( ! l>ge/ riv]s 9 ! _w1 & :i* 7 n discov]$ till ! ye> #ahcb4 ,! highe/ ( ^! *a9s ( hills h>dly atta9s an elevation ( f #aejj to #afjj feet4 ,f its m\? 7! old ,fr5* ,balize7 to ,/4 ,l\is1 some:at to ! s\? ( its conflu5ce ) ! ,miss\ri1 ! ,mississippi has a fall ( only #chj feet1 not)/&+ t ! it9]>y di/ance betwe5 ^! two po9ts exce$s #abhj miles4 ,! surface ( ,lake ,sup]ior lies at an elevation ( #fah feet1 & z its dep? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! isl& ( ,magdal5a is fully #gij feet1 its bottom mu/ be #agb feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean4,z ,beltrami1 :o 9 #ahbe sep>at$ himself f ,major ,long's exp$ition1 boa/$ t he _h f\nd ! s\rces ( ! ,mississippi 9 ,lake ,cass4 ,! riv] passes1 9 its upp] c\rse1 ?r\gh f\r lakes1 ! second ( :i* is ! "o ref]r$ to1 :ile ! out]mo/ "o1 ,lake ,i/aca 7#dg #ac nor? lat41 & #ie we/ long471 0 fir/ recognis$ z ! true s\rce ( ! ,mississippi1 9 #ahcb1 9 ! exp$ition ( ,s*oolcraft & ,lieut5ant ,all54 ,?is /ream1 :i* subsequ5tly becomes s mighty1 is only #ag feet 9 wid?1 & #ae in*es deep1 :5 x issues f ! s+ul> horse-%oe-%ap$ ,lake ,i/aca4 ,! local relations ( ?is riv] 7 fir/ fully e/abli%$ on a basis ( a/ronomical obs]vations ( position by ! sci5tific exp$ition ( ,nicollet1 9 ! ye> #ahcf4 ,! height ( ! s\rces1 t is to say1 ( ! la/ access ( wat] receiv$ by ,lake ,i/aca f ! ridge ( sep>ation1 call$ ,hauteur de ,t]re1 is #afhj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,ne> ?is po9t1 & at ! s\!rn declivity ( ! same sep>at+ ridge1 lies ,elb[ ,lake1 ! s\rce ( ! small ,r$ ,riv] ( ! nor?1 :i* empties itself1 aft] _m w9d+s1 into ,hudson's ,bay4 ,! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s exhibit simil> relations 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! riv]s :i* empty !mselves into ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,sea4 ,m4 ,nicollet gave ! names ( celebrat$ a/ronom]s1 oppon5ts z well z fri5ds1 ) :om he _h become acqua9t$ 9 ,europe1 to ! tw5ty small lakes :i* comb9e toge!r to =m n>r[ gr\ps 9 ! s\!rn & we/]n regions ( ,lake ,i/aca4 ,8 atlas is ?us conv]t$ into a geographical album1 rem9d+ "o ( ! botanical album ( ! ,flora ,p]uviana ( ,ruiz & ,pavon1 9 :i* ! names ( new families ( plants 7 made to accord ) ! ,c\rt ,cal5d>1 & ! v>i\s alt]ations made 9 ! ,(iciales de la ,secret>ia4 ,! ea/ ( ! ,mississippi is /ill occupi$ by d5se =e/s2 ! we/ by prairies only1 on :i* ! buffalo 7,bos ,am]icanus7 & ! musk ox 7,bos mos*atus7 pa/ure4 ,^! two species ( animals1 ! l>ge/ ( ! new _w1 furni% ! nomadic tribes ( ! ,apa*es-,llan]os & ,apa*es-,lipanos ) ! means ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! ,ass9ibo9s occasionally slay f sev5 to eight hundr$ bisons 9 ! c\rse ( a few days 9 ! artificial enclosures con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( driv+ toge!r ! wild h]ds1 & kn[n z bison p>ks4,,aa ,! ,am]ican bison1 call$ by ! ,mexicans ,cibolo1 is kill$ *iefly on acc\nt ( ! tongue1 :i* is reg>d$ z a special delicacy4 ,?is animal is n a m]e v>iety ( ! auro*s ( ! old _w2 al?\gh1 l o!r species ( animals1 z = in/ance ! elk 7,c]vus alces7 & ! re9de] 7,c]vus t>&us71 no less ?an ! /unt$ inhabitants ( ! pol> regions1 x may be reg>d$ z common to ! nor!rn portions ( all cont95ts1 & z af=d+ a pro( ( _! =m] long exi/+ connection4 ,! ,mexicans apply to ! ,european ox ! ,aztec t]m quaquahue1 or horn$ animal1 f quaquahuitl1 a horn4 ,! huge ox-horns :i* h be5 f\nd 9 anci5t ,mexican build+s ne> ,cu]navaca1 s\?-we/ ( ! capital ( ,mexico1 appe> to me to belong to ! bison4 ,! ,canadian bison c be us$ = agricultural lab\r1 & w bre$ ) ! ,european cattle1 al?\gh x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! hybrid ?us eng5d]$ is capable ( propagat+ its species4 ,alb]t ,gallat91 :o1 be=e 8 appe>ance 9 ,europe z a di/+ui%$ diplomati/1 _h acquir$ by p]sonal obs]vation a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation reg>d+ ! uncultivat$ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 assures u t ! fruitfulness ( ! mix$ bre$ ( ! ,am]ican buffalo & ,european cattle is an und\bt$ fact3 8! mix$ bre$10 he writes1 80 q common fifty ye>s ago 9 "s ( ! nor?-we/]n c\nties ( ,virg9ia1 & ! c[s1 ! issue ( t mixture1 propagat$ l all o!rs40 8,i d n rememb]10 he fur!r adds1 8t full-gr[n buffaloes 7 tam$2 b dogs w\ld at t "t occasionally br+ 9 ! "y bison-calves1 :i* 7 re>$ & br$ ) ,european c[s4 ,at ,monongahela all ! cattle = a long "t 7 ( ?is mix$ bre$4 ,x 0 said1 h[ev]1 t ! c[s yield$ b little milk40 ,! fav\rite food ( ! buffalo is ! ,tripsacum dactyloides 7kn[n z buffalo-grass 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a7 & a hi!rto undescrib$ species ( clov] alli$ to ! ,trifolium rep5s1 & designat$ by ,b>ton z ,trifolium bisonicum4 ,i h else:]e,,ab drawn att5tion to ! fact1 t accord+ to a passage ( ! tru/wor?y ,gom>a,,ac1 !re liv$1 z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 an ,indian tribe 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,mexico1 9 #dj nor? lat41 ^: greate/ weal? consi/$ 9 hordes ( tam$ buffaloes 7bueyes con una giba74 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! possibility ( tam+ ! buffalo1 & ! abundance ( milk x yields1 & not)/&+ ! h]ds ( ,lamas 9 ! ,p]uvian ,cordill]as1 no pa/oral tribes 7 met ) on ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,nor does hi/ory af=d any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce1 at any p]iod1 ( ?is int]m$iate /age ( national developm5t4 ,x is also a rem>kable fact t ! ,nor? ,am]ican bison or buffalo has ex]t$ an influ5ce on geographical discov]ies 9 pa?less m\nta9 di/ricts4 ,^! animals advance 9 h]ds ( _m ?\s&s 9 se>* ( a mild] climate1 dur+ w9t]1 9 ! c\ntries s\? ( ! ,arkansas riv]4 ,_! size & cumbr\s =ms r5d] x difficult = !m to cross high m\nta9s on ^! migratory c\rses1 & a well-trodd5 buffalo-pa? is !re=e foll[$ :]ev] x is met )1 z x inv>iably indicates ! mo/ conv5i5t passage across ! m\nta9s4 ,?us buffalo-pa?s h indicat$ ! be/ tracks = pass+ ov] ! ,cumb]l& ,m\nta9s 9 ! s\?-we/]n p>ts ( ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky1 & ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,yell[/one & ,plate riv]s1 & betwe5 ! s\!rn bran* ( ! ,columbia & ! ,cali=nian ,rio ,colorado4 ,european settlem5ts h gradually driv5 ! buffalo f ! ea/]n portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,=m]ly ^! migratory animals pass$ ! banks ( ! ,mississippi & ! ,ohio1 advanc+ f> beyond ,pittsburgh4,,ad ,f ! granitic rocks ( ,diego ,ramirez & ! deeply-int]sect$ di/rict ( ,t]ra del ,fuego 7:i* 9 ! ea/ conta9s silurian s*i/1 & 9 ! we/1 ! same s*i/ metamorphos$ into granite by ! action ( subt]ranean fire17,,ae to ! ,nor? ,pol> ,sea1 ! ,cordill]as ext5d ov] a di/ance ( m ?an #hjjj miles4 ,al?\gh n ! l(tie/1 !y are ! longe/ m\nta9 *a9 9 ! _w1 be+ upheav$ f "o fissure1 :i* runs 9 ! direction ( a m]idian f pole to pole1 & exce$+ 9 l9e> ext5t ! di/ance :i*1 9 ! old cont95t1 sep>ates ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules f ! ,icy ,cape ( ! ,ts*ukt*es1 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,asia4 ,:]e ! ,&es are divid$ into sev]al p>allel *a9s1 ^? ly+ ne>e/ ! sea are f\nd to be ! seat ( ! mo/ active volcanoes2 & x has moreov] be5 repeat$ly obs]v$ t :5 ! ph5om5on ( an eruption ( subt]ranean fire ceases 9 "o m\nta9 *a91 x breaks =? 9 "s o!r p>allel range4 ,! cones ( eruption usually foll[ ! direction ( ! axis ( ! *a92 b 9 ! ,mexican table-l&1 ! active volcanoes are situat$ on a transv]se fissure1 runn+ f sea to sea1 9 a direction f ea/ & we/4,,af ,:]ev] ! upheaval ( m\nta9 masses 9 ! fold+ ( ! anci5t cru/ ( ! e>? has op5$ a communication ) ! fus$ int]ior1 volcanic activity cont9u$ to be exhibit$ on ! murally upheav$ mass by means ( ! ramification ( fissures4 ,t :i* we call a m\nta9 *a9 has n be5 rais$ to its pres5t elevation1 or manife/$ z x n[ appe>s1 at "o def9ite p]iod2 = we f9d t rocks1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 age1 h be5 sup]impos$ on "o ano!r1 & h p5etrat$ t[>ds ! surface ?r\gh e>ly =m$ *annels4 ,! div]sity obs]vable 9 rocks is ow+ to ! outp\r+ & upheaval ( rocks ( eruption1 z well z to ! complicat$ & sl[ process ( metamorphism go+ on 9 fissures fill$ ) vap\r1 & conducive to ! conduction ( heat4 ,! foll[+ h = a long "t1 viz41 f #ahcj to #ahdh1 be5 reg>d$ z ! highe/ or culm9at+ po9ts ( ! ,cordill]as ( ! new cont95t3-- ,! ,nevado de ,sorata1 also call$ ,ancohuma or ,tusubaya 7#ae #eb s\? lat471 some:at to ! s\? ( ! village ( ,sorata or ,esquibel1 9 ! ea/]n *a9 ( ,bolivia3 elevation1 #be1bbb feet4 ,! ,nevado de ,illimani1 we/ ( ! mission ( ,yrupana 7#af #ch s\? lat471 also 9 ! ea/]n *a9 ( ,bolivia3 elevation1 #bd1jjj feet4 ,! ,*imborazo 7#a #bg s\? lat471 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito3 elevation1 #ba1dbb feet4 ,! ,sorata & ,illimani 7 fir/ measur$ by ! di/+ui%$ geologi/1 ,p5tl&1 9 ! ye>s #ahbg & #ahch2 & s9ce ! publication ( 8 l>ge map ( ! bas9 ( ! ,laguna de ,titicaca1 9 ,june1 #ahdh1 we le>n t ! above elevations giv5 = ! ,sorata & ,illimani are #cifj feet & #bhea feet too high4 ,8 map gives only #ba1bhf feet = ! ,sorata1 & #ba1adi feet = ! ,illimani4 ,a m exact calculation ( ! trigonometrical op]ations ( #ahch l$ ,mr4 ,p5tl& to ^! new results4 ,he ascribes an elevation ( f #ba1gjj to #bb1cej feet to f\r summits ( ! we/]n ,cordill]as2 &1 accord+ to 8 data1 ! ,peak ( ,sahama w\ld ?us be #ibf feet high] ?an ! ,*imborazo1 b #hej feet l[] ?an ! ,peak ( ,aconcagua4 ,footnote #f3 p4 #b--8,! des]t ne> ! basaltic m\nta9s ( ,h>uds*40 ,ne> ! ,egyptian ,natron ,lakes1 :i* 9 ,/rabo's "t _h n yet be5 divid$ into ! six res]voirs by :i* !y are n[ *>act]iz$1 !re rises abruptly to ! nor? a *a9 ( hills1 runn+ f ea/ to we/ pa/ ,fezzan1 :]e x at l5g? appe>s to =m "o connect$ range ) ! ,atlas *a94 ,x divides 9 nor?-ea/]n1 z ,m\nt ,atlas does 9 nor?-we/]n ,africa ! ,lybia1 describ$ by ,h]odotus z inhabit$ & situat$ ne> ! sea1 f ! l& ( ! ,b]birs1 or ,bil$ulg]id1 fam$ = ! abundance ( its wild animals4 ,on ! bord]s ( ,middle ,egypt ! :ole region1 s\? ( ! #cj? degree ( latitude1 is an ocean ( s&1 /udd$ "h & !re ) isl&s or oases ab\nd+ 9 spr+s & ri* 9 vegetation4 ,ow+ to ! discov]ies ( rec5t travell]s1 a va/ addition has be5 made to ! numb] ( ! ,oases =m]ly kn[n1 & :i* ! anci5ts limit$ to ?ree1 comp>$ by ,/rabo to spots ^u a pan!r's sk94 ,! ?ird ,oasis ( ! anci5ts1 n[ call$ ,siwah1 0 ! nomos ( ,ammon1 a hi]>*ical seat & a re/+-place = ! c>avans1 :i* inclos$ )9 its prec9cts ! temple ( ! horn$ ,ammon & ! spr+ ( ! ,sun1 ^: wat]s 7 suppos$ to become cool at c]ta9 p]iods4 ,! ru9s ( ,ummibida 7,omm-,beydah7 inconte/ably belong to ! =tifi$ c>avans]ai at ! ,temple ( ,ammon1 & !re=e con/itute "o ( ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts :i* h come d[n to u f ! dawn ( human civilization4,,ag ,! ^w ,oasis is ,egyptian1 & is synonym\s ) ,auasis & ,hyasis4,,ah ,abulf$a calls ! ,oases el-,wah4 ,9 ! latt] "t ( ! ,cs>s1 malefactors 7 s5t to ! ,oases1 be+ bani%$ to ^! isl&s 9 ! s&y ocean1 z ! ,spani>ds & ,engli% transport$ _! malefactors to ! ,falkl& isl&s & ,new ,holl&4 ,! ocean af=ds almo/ a bett] *ance ( escape ?an ! des]t surr\nd+ ! ,oases2 :i*1 moreov]1 dim9i% 9 fruitfulness 9 proportion to ! great] quantity ( s& incorporat$ 9 ! soil4 ,! small m\nta9 range ( ,h>uds* 7,h>udje,,ai7 consi/s ( grotesquely-%ap$ basaltic hills4 ,x is ! ,mons ,at] ( ,pl9y1 & its we/]n extremity1 kn[n z ! ,s\dah m\nta91 has be5 rec5tly explor$ by my un=tunate fri5d1 ! ent]pris+ travell] ,rit*ie4 ,^! basaltic eruptions 9 ! t]ti>y lime/one1 & r[s ( hills ris+ abruptly f fissures1 appe> to be analog\s to ! basaltic eruptions 9 ! ,vic5t9e t]ritory4 ,nature repeats ! same ph5om5a 9 ! mo/ di/ant regions ( ! e>?4 ,hornemann f\nd an imm5se quantity ( petrifi$ fi%es' heads 9 ! lime/one =mations ( ! ,:ite ,h>uds* 7,h>udje el-,abiad71 belong+ probably to ! old *alk4 ,rit*ie & ,lyon rem>k$ t ! basalt ( ! ,s\dah m\nta9 0 9 _m places intimately m+l$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 z is ! case 9 ,monte ,b]ico2 a ph5om5on t is probably connect$ ) eruptions ?r\gh lime/one /rata4 ,lyon's *>t ev5 indicates dolomite 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,mod]n m9]alogi/s h f\nd sy5ite & gre5/one1 b n basalt1 9 ,egypt4 ,is x possible t ! true basalt1 f :i* _m ( ! anci5t vases f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry 7 made1 c h be5 d]iv$ f a m\nta9 ly+ s f> to ! we/8 ,c ! obsidius lapis h come f !re1 or are we to seek basalt & obsidian on ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea8 ,! /rip ( ! volcanic eruptions ( ,h>uds*1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,african des]t1 moreov] rem9ds ! geologi/ ( augitic vesicul> amygdaloid1 phonolite1 & gre5/one porphyry1 :i* are only f\nd on ! nor!rn & we/]n limits ( ! /eppes ( ,v5ezuela & ( ! pla9s ( ! ,arkansas1 & !re=e1 z x 71 on ! anci5t coa/ *a9s4,,aj ,footnote #g3 p4 #c--8,:5 sudd5ly des]t$ by ! tropical ea/ w9d1 & ! sea is cov]$ ) we$s40 ,x is a rem>kable ph5om5on1 al?\gh "o g5]ally kn[n to m>9]s1 t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,african coa/1 7betwe5 ! ,can>ies & ! ,cape de ,v]de isl&s1 & m especially betwe5 ,cape ,bojador & ! m\? ( ! ,s5egal17 a we/]ly w9d (t5 prevails in/ead ( ! usual ea/ or trade w9d ( ! tropics4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on is to be ascrib$ to ! f>-ext5d+ des]t ( ,zah>a1 & arises f ! r>efaction1 & consequ5t v]tical asc5t ( ! air ov] ! heat$ s&y surface4 ,to fill up ! vacuum ?us occasion$1 ! cool sea-air ru%es 91 produc+ a we/]ly breeze1 adv]se to vessels sail+ to ,am]ica2 & ! m>9]1 long be=e he p]ceives any cont95t1 is made s5sible ( ! effects ( its heat-radiat+ s&s4 ,z is well kn[n1 a simil> cause produces t alt]nation ( sea & l& breezes1 :i* prevails at c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day & night on all sea-coa/s4 ,! accumulation ( sea-we$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! we/]n coa/s ( ,africa has be5 (t5 ref]r$ to by anci5t writ]s4 ,! local position ( ?is accumulation is a problem :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! conjectures reg>d+ ! ext5t ( ,phnician navigation4 ,! ,p]iplus1 :i* has be5 ascrib$ to ,scylax ( ,c>y&a1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! inve/igations ( ,niebuhr & ,letronne1 0 v probably compil$ 9 ! "t ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 conta9s a description ( a k9d ( fucus sea1 ,m> de ,s>gasso1 beyond ,c]ne2 b ! locality indicat$ appe>s to me v diff]5t f t assign$ to x 9 ! "w 8,de ,mirabilibus ,auscultationibus10 :i* = a long "t1 b incorrectly1 bore ! great "n ( ,ari/otle4,,ak 8,driv5 by ! ea/ w9d10 says ! pseudo-,ari/otle1 8,phnician m>9]s came 9 a f\r days' voyage f ,gades to a place :]e ! sea 0 f\nd cov]$ ) ru%es & sea-we$ 7 74 ,! sea-we$ is uncov]$ at ebb1 & ov]fl[$ at flood tide40 ,does he n "h ref] to a %oal ly+ betwe5 ! #cd? & #cf? degrees ( latitude8 ,has a %oal disappe>$ !re 9 consequ5ce ( volcanic revolution8 ,vobonne ref]s to rocks nor? ( ,madeira4,,al ,9 ,scylax x is /at$ t 8! sea beyond ,c]ne ceases to be navigable 9 consequ5ce ( its great %all[ness1 its mudd9ess1 & its sea-grass4 ,! sea-grass lies a span ?ick1 & x is po9t$ at its upp] extremity1 s t x pricks40 ,! sea-we$ :i* is f\nd betwe5 ,c]ne 7! ,phnician /ation = m]*ant vessels1 ,gaulea2 or1 accord+ to ,gossel91 ! small e/u>y ( ,f$allah1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,mauritania17 & ,cape ,v]de1 at ! pres5t "t by no means =ms a great mead[ or connect$ gr\p1 8m>e h]bidum10 su* z exi/s on ! o!r side ( ! ,azores4 ,moreov]1 9 ! poetic description ( ! coa/ giv5 by ,fe/us ,avi5us1,,am 9 :i*1 z ,avi5us himself v di/9ctly ackn[l$ges1 he avail$ himself ( ! j\rnals ( ,phnician %ips1 ! imp$im5ts pres5t$ by ! sea-we$ are describ$ ) great m9ut5ess2 b ,avi5us places ! site ( ?is ob/acle mu* fur!r nor?1 t[>ds ,i]ne1 ! ,holy ,isle4 ,sic nulla late flabra propellunt ratem1 ,sic segnis humor quoris pigri /upet4 ,adjicit et illud1 plurimum int] gurgites ,ex/>e fucum1 et spe virgulti vice ,ret9]e puppim 444 ,hc int] undas multa cspitem jacet1 ,eamque late g5s ,hibemorum colit4 ,:5 we consid] t ! sea-we$ 7fucus71 ! mud or slime 771 ! %all[ness ( ! sea1 & ! p]petual calms1 are always reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,we/]n ,ocean beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 we feel incl9$1 especially on acc\nt ( ! ref]5ce to ! calms1 to ascribe ?is to ,punic cunn+1 to ! t5d5cy ( a great trad+ p to h9d] o!rs1 by t]rific descriptions1 f compet+ ) !m 9 m>itime trad+ we/w>ds4 ,b ev5 9 ! g5u9e writ+s ( ! ,/agyrite1,,an ! same op9ion is reta9$ reg>d+ ! abs5ce ( w9d1 & ,ari/otle attempts to expla9 a false notion1 or1 z x seems to me1 m correctly speak+1 a fabul\s m>9]'s /ory1 by an hypo!sis reg>d+ ! dep? ( ! sea4 ,! /ormy sea betwe5 ,gades & ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ 7,cadiz & ! ,can>ies7 c 9 tru? 9 no way be comp>$ ) ! sea1 :i* lies betwe5 ! tropics1 ruffl$ only by ! g5tle trade-w9ds 7v5ts aliss71 & :i* has be5 v *>act]i/ically nam$ by ! ,spani>ds,,ao ,el ,golfo de las ,damas4 ,f v c>eful p]sonal rese>*es & f comp>ison ( ! logs ( _m ,engli% & ,fr5* vessels1 ,i am l$ to believe t ! old & v indef9ite expression ,m> de ,s>gasso1 ref]s to two fucus banks1 ! l>g] ( :i* is ( an elongat$ =m1 & is ! ea/]nmo/ "o1 ly+ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ai & #cd1 9 a m]idian #g we/w>d ( ! ,isl& ( ,corvo1 "o ( ! ,azores2 :ile ! small] & we/]nmo/ bank is ( a r\ndi% =m1 & is f\nd betwe5 ,b]muda & ! ,bahama ,isl&s 7lat4 #be-ca1 long4 #ff-gd74 ,! pr9cipal diamet] ( ! small bank1 :i* is trav]s$ by %ips sail+ f ,baxo de ,plata 7,caye d',arg5t17 nor?w>d ( ,/4 ,dom+o to ! ,b]mudas1 appe>s to me to h a ,n4 #fj ,e4 direction4 ,a transv]se b& ( fucus natans1 ext5d+ 9 an ea/-we/]ly direction betwe5 ! latitudes ( #be & #cj1 connects ! great] ) ! small] bank4 ,i h _h ! pleasure ( see+ ^! views adopt$ by my lam5t$ fri5d ,major ,r5nell1 & confirm$1 9 8 great "w on ,curr5ts1 by _m new obs]vations4,,ap ,! two gr\ps ( sea-we$1 toge!r ) ! transv]se b& unit+ !m1 con/itute ! ,s>gasso ,sea ( ! old] writ]s1 & collectively occupy an area equal to six or sev5 times t ( ,g]many4 ,! vegetation ( ! ocean ?us (f]s ! mo/ rem>kable example ( social plants ( a s+le species4 ,on ! ma9 l& ! ,savannahs or grass pla9s ( ,am]ica1 ! hea?s 7ericeta71 & ! =e/s ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,asia1 9 :i* are associat$ conif]\s trees1 bir*es1 & will[s1 produce a less /rik+ uni=mity ?an d ^! ?alassophytes4 ,our hea?s pres5t 9 ! nor? n only ! pr$om9at+ ,calluna vulg>is1 b also ,erica tetralix1 ,e4 cili>is1 & ,e4 c9]ea2 & 9 ! s\?1 ,erica arborea1 ,e4 scop>ia1 & ,e4 ,m$it]ranea4 ,! uni=mity ( ! view pres5t$ by ! ,fucus natans is incomp>ably great] ?an t ( any o!r assemblage ( social plants4 ,ovi$o calls ! fucus banks 8mead[s10 prad]ias de y]va4 ,if we consid] t ,p$ro ,velasco1 a native ( ! ,spani% h>b\r ( ,palos1 by foll[+ ! flight ( c]ta9 birds f ,fayal1 discov]$ ! ,isl& ( ,flores z e>ly z #adeb1 x seems almo/ impossible1 consid]+ ! proximity ( ! great fucus bank ( ,corvo & ,flores1 t no "p ( ^! oceanic mead[s %\ld h be5 se5 be=e ! "t ( ,columbus by ,portuguese %ips driv5 we/w>d by /orms4 ,we le>n1 h[ev]1 f ! a/oni%m5t ( ! companions ( ! admiral1 :5 !y 7 cont9u\sly surr\nd$ by sea-grass f ! #af? ( ,septemb] to ! #h? ( ,octob]1 #adib1 t ! magnitude ( ! ph5om5on 0 at t p]iod unkn[n to m>9]s4 ,9 ! extracts f ! %ip's j\rnal giv5 by ,las ,casas1 ,columbus c]ta9ly does n m5tion ! appreh5sions :i* ! accumulation ( sea-we$ excit$1 or ! grumbl+ ( 8 companions4 ,he m]ely speaks ( ! compla9ts & murmurs reg>d+ ! dang] ( ! v weak b con/ant ea/ w9ds4 ,x 0 only 8 son1 ,f]n&o ,colon1 :o 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 fa!r's life1 endeav\r$ to give a some:at dramatic del9eation ( ! anxieties ( ! sailors4 ,accord+ to my rese>*es1 ,columbus made 8 way ?r\gh ! great fucus bank 9 ! ye> #adib1 9 latitude #bh1 & 9 #adic1 9 latitude #cg1 & bo? times 9 ! longitude ( #ch-da4 ,?is c be e/abli%$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty f ! e/imation ( ! velocity record$ by ,columbus1 & 8! di/ance daily sail$ ov]20 n inde$ by dropp+ ! log1 b by ! in=mation af=d$ by ! runn+ out ( half-h\r s&-glasses 7ampolletas74 ,! fir/ c]ta9 & di/9ct acc\nt ( ! log1 7cat5a della poppa17 :i* ,i h f\nd1 is 9 ! ye> #aeba1 9 ,pigafetta's ,j\rnal ( ,magellan's ,circumnavigation ( ! ,_w4,,aq ,! det]m9ation ( ! %ip's place dur+ ! days 9 :i* ,columbus 0 cross+ ! great bank is ! m important1 because x %ews u t = ?ree c5turies & a half ! total accumulation ( ^! socially-liv+ ?alassophytes1 7:e!r consequ5t on ! local "* ( ! sea's bottom or on ! direction ( ! recurr5t ,gulf /ream17 has rema9$ at ! same po9t4 ,su* evid5ces ( ! p]si/5ce ( great natural ph5om5a d\bly arre/ ! att5tion ( ! natural philosoph]1 :5 !y occur 9 ! ev]-mov+ oceanic elem5t4 ,al?\gh ! limits ( ! fucus banks oscillate consid]ably1 9 accordance ) ! /r5g? & direction ( long pr$om9at+ w9ds1 yet we may /ill1 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 take ! m]idian ( #da we/ ( ,p>is 7or #h #ch we/ ( ,gre5wi*7 z ! pr9cipal axis ( ! great bank4 ,columbus1 ) 8 vivid imag9ative =ce1 associat$ ! idea ( ! position ( ?is bank ) ! great physical l9e ( dem>cation1 :i* accord+ to him1 8sep>at$ ! globe into two p>ts1 & 0 intimately connect$ ) ! *anges ( magnetic deviation & ( climatic relations40 ,columbus :5 he 0 unc]ta9 reg>d+ ! longitude1 attempt$ to det]m9e 8 place 7,febru>y1 #adic17 by ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ float+ masses ( tangl$ we$ 7de la prim]a y]va7 on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! great ,corvo bank4 ,! physical l9e ( dem>cation 01 by ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! ,admiral1 conv]t$ on ! #d? ( ,may1 #adic1 into a political "o1 9 ! celebrat$ l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ,spani% & ,portuguese rights ( possession,,ar4 ,footnote #h3 p4 #c--8,! ,nomadic ,tribes ( ,tibbos & ,tu>yks40 ,^! two nations1 :i* inhabit ! des]t betwe5 ,born\1 ,fezzan1 & ,l[] ,egypt1 7 fir/ made m accurately kn[n to u by ! travels ( ,hornemann & ,lyon4 ,! ,tibbos or ,tibb\s occupy ! ea/]n1 & ! ,tu>yks 7,tu]egs7 ! we/]n portion ( ! great s&y ocean4 ,! =m]1 f _! habits ( con/ant mov+1 7 nam$ by ! o!r tribes 8birds40 ,! ,tu>yks are subdivid$ into two tribes--! ,aghadez & ! ,tagazi4 ,^! are (t5 c>avan lead]s & m]*ants4 ,!y speak ! same language z ! ,b]b]s1 & und\bt$ly belong to ! primitive ,lybian races4 ,!y pres5t ! rem>kable physiological ph5om5on t1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! climate1 ! diff]5t tribes v>y 9 complexion f a :ite to a yell[1 or ev5 almo/ black hue2 b !y nev] h woolly hair or negro features4,,z ,footnote #i3 p4 #c--8,! %ip ( ! des]t40 ,9 ! poetry ( ! ,ea/1 ! camel is designat$ z ! l&-%ip1 or ! %ip ( ! des]t 7,sefynet-el-badyet,,at74 ,! camel is1 h[ev]1 n only ! c>ri] 9 ! des]t1 & ! m$ium = ma9ta9+ communication betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries1 b is also1 z ,c>l ,bitt] has %[n 9 8 admirable treatise on ! sph]e ( di/ribution ( ?is animal1 8! ma9 requirem5t ( a nomadic mode ( life 9 ! patri>*al /age ( national developm5t1 9 ! torrid regions ( our planet1 :]e ra9 is ei!r :olly or 9 a great degree abs5t4 ,no animal's life is s closely associat$ by natural bonds ) a c]ta9 primitive /age ( ! developm5t ( ! life ( man1 z t ( ! camel among ! ,b$\9 tribes1 nor has any o!r be5 e/abli%$ 9 l mann] by a cont9u\s hi/orical evid5ce ( sev]al ?\s& ye>s40,,au 8,! camel 0 entirely unkn[n to ! cultivat$ p ( ,c>?age ?r\gh all ! c5turies ( _! fl\ri%+ exi/5ce1 until ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght into use = armies by ! ,m>usians1 9 ,we/]n ,lybia1 9 ! times ( ! ,cs>s2 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( its employm5t 9 comm]cial und]tak+s by ! ,ptolemies1 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,guan*es1 inhabit+ ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 :o 7 probably relat$ to ! ,b]b] race1 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! camel be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 introduc$ by ,norman conqu]ors & settl]s4 ,9 ! probably v limit$ communication ( ! ,guan*es ) ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ! smallness ( _! boats mu/ necess>ily h imp$$ ! transport ( l>ge animals4 ,! true ,b]b] race1 :i* 0 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 & to :i* ! ,tibbos & ,tu>yks1 z already obs]v$1 belong1 is probably indebt$ to ! use ( ! camel ?r\gh\t ! ,lybian des]t & its oases1 n only = ! advantages ( int]nal communication1 b also = its escape f complete annihilation & = ! ma9t5ance ( its national exi/5ce to ! pres5t day4 ,! use ( ! camel cont9u$1 on ! o!r h&1 to be unkn[n to ! negro races1 & x 0 only 9 company ) ! conqu]+ exp$itions & proselyt+ missions ( ! ,b$\9s ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 t ! useful animal ( ! ,n$s*d1 ( ! ,naba!ans1 & ( all ! di/ricts occupi$ by ,aramean races1 spread "h1 z else:]e1 to ! we/w>d4 ,! ,go?s br\ght camels z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury to ! ,l[] ,i/ros 7! ,danube71 & ! ,ghaznevides transport$ !m 9 mu* l>g] numb]s to ,india z f> z ! banks ( ! ,ganges40 ,we mu/ di/+ui% two epo*s 9 ! di/ribution ( ! camel ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,african cont95t2 ! fir/ "u ! ,ptolemies1 :i* op]at$ ?r\gh ,cyr5e on ! :ole ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,africa1 & ! second "u ! ,mahomm$an epo* ( ! conqu]+ ,arabs4 ,x has long be5 a matt] ( discussion1 :e!r ^? dome/ic animals :i* 7 ! e>lie/ companions ( mank9d1 z ox51 %eep1 dogs1 & camels1 are /ill to be met ) 9 a /ate ( orig9al wildness4 ,! ,hiongnu1 9 ,ea/]n ,asia1 are among ! nations :o e>lie/ tra9$ wild camels z dome/ic animals4 ,! compil] ( ! great ,*9ese "w1 ,si-yu-w5-ki5-lo,,av1 /ates t 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 wild camels1 z well z wild horses & wild asses1 /ill roam$ ov] ,ea/]n ,turke/an4 ,hadji ,*alfa1 9 8 ,turki% ,geography1 writt5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 speaks ( ! v frequ5t hunt+ ( ! wild camel 9 ! high pla9s ( ,ka%g>1 ,turfan1 & ,khotan4 ,s*ott f9ds 9 ! writ+s ( a ,*9ese au?or1 ,ma-ds*i1 t wild camels exi/ 9 ! c\ntries nor? ( ,*9a & we/ ( ! bas9 ( ! ,hoang-ho1 9 ,ho-si or ,tangut4 ,cuvi],,aw alone d\bts ! pres5t exi/5ce ( wild camels 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia4 ,he believes t !y h m]ely 8become wild20 s9ce ,calmucks1 & o!rs pr(ess+ k9dr$ ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 set camels & o!r animals at lib]ty1 9 ord] 8to acquire to !mselves m]it = ! o!r _w40 ,! ,ailanitic ,gulf ( ! ,naba!ans 0 ! home ( ! wild ,arabian camel1 accord+ to ,greek witnesses ( ! times ( ,artemidorus & ,aga?>*ides ( ,cnidus4,,ax ,! discov]y ( fossil camel-bones ( ! anci5t _w 9 ! ,sewalik hills 7:i* are project+ spurs ( ! ,himalaya range71 by ,capta9 ,cautley & ,dr4 ,falcon]1 9 #ahcd1 is especially wor?y ( notice4 ,^! rema9s 7 f\nd ) ant$iluvian bones ( ma/odons1 true elephants1 giraffes1 & a gigantic l& tortoise 7,colosso*elys71 twelve feet 9 l5g? & six feet 9 height4,,ay ,?is camel ( ! anci5t _w has be5 nam$ ,camelus sival5sis1 al?\gh x does n %[ any great diff]5ce f ! /ill liv+ ,egyptian & ,bactrian camels ) "o & two humps4 ,=ty camels h v rec5tly be5 introduc$ into ,java1 f ,t5]iffe,,az4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t has be5 made 9 ,sam>ang4 ,9 l mann]1 re9de] 7 only introduc$ into ,icel& f ,norway 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!y 7 n f\nd !re :5 ! isl& 0 fir/ colonis$1 not)/&+ its proximity to ,ea/ ,gre5l&1 & ! exi/5ce ( float+ masses ( ice4,,ba ,footnote #aj3 p4 #c--8;,betwe5 ! ,altai & ! ,ku5-ln40 ,! great highl&1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 ! m\nta9 plateau ( ,asia1 :i* comprises ! less] ,bu*>ia1 ,song>ia1 ,?ibet1 ,tangut1 & ! ,mogul c\ntry ( ! ,*alcas & ,olotes1 is situat$ betwe5 ! #cf? & #dh? degrees ( nor? latitude & ! m]idians ( #ha & #aah ,e4 long4 ,x is an errone\s idea to repres5t ?is "p ( ! int]ior ( ,asia z a s+le1 undivid$ m\nta9\s swell+1 cont9u\s l ! plateaux ( ,quito & ,mexico1 & situat$ f sev5 to upw>ds ( n9e ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,i h already %[n 9 my 8,rese>*es respect+ ! ,m\nta9s ( ,nor!rn ,india1,,bb0 t !re is n 9 ?is s5se any cont9u\s m\nta9 plateau 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia4 ,my views conc]n+ ! geographical di/ribution ( plants1 & ! mean degree ( temp]ature requisite = c]ta9 k9ds ( cultivation1 _h e>ly l$ me to ent]ta9 consid]able d\bts reg>d+ ! cont9uity ( a great ,t>t>ian plateau betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! *a9 ( ! ,altai4 ,?is plateau cont9u$ to be *>act]iz$1 z x _h be5 describ$ by ,hippocrates1 z 8! high & nak$ pla9s ( ,scy?ia1 :i*1 )\t be+ cr[n$ ) m\nta9s1 rise & ext5d to b5ea? ! con/ellation ( ! ,be>40,,bc ,klapro? has ! und5iable m]it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to make u acqua9t$ ) ! true position & prolongation ( two great & entirely di/9ct *a9s ( m\nta9s1--! ,ku5-ln & ! ,?ian-s*an1 9 a "p ( ,asia :i* bett] des]ves to be t]m$ 8c5tral10 ?an ,ka%me]1 ,balti/an1 & ! ,sacr$ ,lakes ( ,?ibet 7! ,manasa & ! ,ravanahrada74 ,! importance ( ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s 7! ,?ian-s*an7 _h inde$ be5 already surmis$ by ,pallas1 )\t 8 be+ consci\s ( _! volcanic "*2 b ?is highly-gift$ inve/igator ( nature1 l$ a/ray by ! hypo!ses ( ! dogmatic & fanta/ic geology preval5t 9 8 "t1 & firmly believ+ 9 8*a9s ( m\nta9s radiat+ f a c5tre10 saw 9 ! ,bogdo ,oola 7! ,mons ,augu/us1 or culm9at+ po9t ( ! ,?ian-s*an17 su* 8a c5tral node1 :5ce all ! o!r ,asiatic m\nta9 *a9s div]ge 9 rays1 & :i* dom9ates ov] all ! re/ ( ! cont95t60 ,! errone\s idea ( a s+le b\ndless & elevat$ pla91 occupy+ ! :ole ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ! 8,plateau de la ,t>t>ie10 orig9at$ 9 ,france1 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! result ( hi/orical comb9ations1 & ( a n suffici5tly att5tive /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! celebrat$ ,v5etian travell]1 z well z ( ! nave relations ( ^? diplomatic monks :o1 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies 7?anks to ! unity & ext5t ( ! ,mogul empire at t "t71 7 able to trav]se almo/ ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 f ! ports ( ,syria & ( ! ,caspian ,sea to ! ea/ coa/ ( ,*9a1 wa%$ by ! great ocean4 ,if a m exact acqua9tance ) ! language & anci5t lit]ature ( ,india 7 ( an old] date among u ?an half a c5tury1 ! hypo!sis ( ?is c5tral plateau1 occupy+ ! wide space betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! s\? ( ,sib]ia1 w\ld no d\bt h s\ght support f "s anci5t & v5]able au?ority4 ,! poem ( ! ,mahabh>ata appe>s1 9 ! geographical fragm5t ,bhis*mak&a1 to describe 8,m]u0 n s mu* z a m\nta9 z an enorm\s swell+ ( ! l&1 :i* supplies ) wat] ! s\rces ( ! ,ganges1 ^? ( ! ,bhadrasoma 7,irtys*71 & ^? ( ! =k$ ,oxus4 ,^! physico-geographical views 7 int]m+l$ 9 ,europe ) ideas ( o!r k9ds1 & ) my?ical rev]ies on ! orig9 ( mank9d4 ,! l(ty regions f :i* ! wat]s 7 suppos$ to h fir/ retreat$ 7= geologi/s 9 g5]al 7 long av]se to ! !ories ( elevation7 mu/ also h receiv$ ! fir/ g]ms ( civilization4 ,hebraic sy/ems ( geology1 bas$ on ideas ( a deluge1 & support$ by local traditions1 fav\r$ ^! assumptions4 ,! intimate connexion betwe5 "t & space1 betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( social ord] & ! pla/ic condition ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 l5t a peculi> importance & an almo/ moral int]e/ to ! ,plateau ( ,t>t>y1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be *>act]iz$ by un9t]rupt$ cont9uity4 ,acquisitions ( positive k1--! late matur$ fruit ( sci5tific travels & direct measurem5ts1--) a fundam5tal /udy ( ! languages & lit]ature ( ,asia1 & m especially ( ,*9a1 h gradually demon/rat$ ! inaccuracy & exagg]ation ( ^? wild hypo!ses4 ,! m\nta9 pla9s 77 ( ,c5tral ,asia are no long] reg>d$ z ! cradle ( human civilization1 & ! primitive seat ( all arts & sci5ces4 ,! anci5t nation ( ,bailly's ,atlantis1 :i* d',alemb]t has happily describ$ z 8hav+ taught u ev]y?+ b its own "n & exi/5ce10 has vani%$4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,oceanic ,atlantis 7 already treat$1 9 ! "t ( ,posidonius1 z hav+ a m]ely apocryphal exi/5ce4,,bd ,a plateau ( consid]able b v unequal elevation runs ) little int]ruption1 9 a ,s4,s4,w4-,n4,n4,e4 direction1 f ,ea/]n ,?ibet t[>ds ! m\nta9 node ( ,k5tei1 s\? ( ,lake ,baikal1 & is kn[n by ! names ( ,gobi1 ,s*a-mo1 7s& des]t17 ,s*a-ho4 7s& riv]17 & ,han-hai4 ,?is swell+ ( ! gr\nd1 :i* is probably m anci5t ?an ! elevation ( ! m\nta9-*a9s by :i* x is int]sect$1 is situat$1 z we h already rem>k$1 betwe5 #ha & #aah ea/ longitude f ,gre5wi*4 ,measur$ at "r angles to its longitud9al axis1 its bread? 9 ! s\?1 betwe5 ,ladak1 ,g]top1 & ,h'lassa 7! seat ( ! great ,lama71 is #gbj miles2 betwe5 ,hami 9 ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 & ! great curve ( ! ,hoang-ho1 ne> ! ,9-s*an *a91 x is sc>cely #dhj2 b 9 ! nor?1 betwe5 ! ,khanggai1 :]e ! great city ( ,k>akhorum once /ood1 & ! *a9 ( ,kh9-gan-,pets*a1 :i* runs 9 a m]idian l9e 79 ! "p ( ,gobi trav]s$ 9 go+ f ,kia*ta to ,pek9 by way ( ,urga71 x is #gfj miles4 ,! :ole ext5t ( ?is elevat$ gr\nd1 :i* mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! m ea/]n & high] m\nta9-range1 may be approximately e/imat$1 includ+ its deflections1 at ab\t ?ree times ! area ( ,france4 ,! map ( ! m\nta9-ranges & volcanoes ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* ,i con/ruct$ 9 #ahci1 b did n publi% until #ahdc1 %[s 9 ! cle>e/ mann] ! hypsometric relations betwe5 ! m\nta9-ranges & ! ,gobi plateau4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on ! critical employm5t ( all ! a/ronomical det]m9ations accessible to me1 & on _m ( ! v ri* & copi\s orographic descriptions 9 :i* ,*9ese lit]ature ab\nds1 & :i* 7 exam9$ at my reque/ by ,klapro? & ,/anislaus ,juli54 ,my map m>ks 9 prom95t *>act]s ! mean direction & ! height ( ! m\nta9-*a9s1 toge!r ) ! *ief features ( ! int]ior ( ! cont95t ( ,asia f #cj to #fj degrees ( latitude1 betwe5 ! m]idians ( ,pek9 & ,*]son4 ,x diff]s ess5tially f any map hi!rto publi%$4 ,! ,*9ese enjoy$ a triple advantage1 by means ( :i* !y 7 enabl$ to enri* _! e>lie/ lit]ature ) s consid]able an am\nt ( orographic k reg>d+ ,upp] ,asia1 & m especially ^? regions situat$ betwe5 ! ,9-s*an1 ! alp9e lake ( ,khuku-noor1 & ! %ores ( ! ,ili & ,t>im1 ly+ nor? & s\? ( ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 & :i* 7 s little kn[n to ,we/]n ,europe4 ,^! ?ree advantages 71 besides ! peaceful conque/s ( ! ,buddhi/ pilgrims1 ! w>like exp$itions t[>ds ! we/ 7z e>ly z ! dyna/ies ( ,han & ,?ang1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two ye>s be=e our era1 & aga9 9 ! n9? c5tury1 :5 conqu]ors advanc$ z f> z ,f]ghana & ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea72 ! religi\s int]e/ atta*$ to c]ta9 high m\nta9 summits1 on acc\nt ( ! p]iodical p]=mance ( sacrifices1 9 accordance ) pre-exi/+ enactm5ts2 & la/ly1 ! e>ly & g5]ally kn[n use ( ! compass = det]m9+ ! direction ( m\nta9s & riv]s4 ,?is use1 & ! k ( ! s\?-po9t+ ( ! magnetic ne$le1 twelve c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 gave a great sup]iority to ! orographic & hydrographic descriptions ( ! ,*9ese ov] ^? ( ,greek & ,roman au?ors1 :o treat$ less frequ5tly ( subjects ( ?is nature4 ,! acute obs]v] ,/rabo 0 alike ignorant ( ! direction ( ! ,pyr5ees & ( t ( ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es4,,be ,to ! l[l&s belong almo/ ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,asia to ! nor?-we/ ( ! volcanic ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s 7,?ian-s*an72 ! /eppes to ! nor? ( ! ,altai & ! ,sayanic *a92 & ! c\ntries :i* ext5d f ! m\nta9s ( ,bolor1 or ,bulyt-tagh 7,cl\d ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,uigurian dialect71 :i* run 9 a nor? & s\? direction1 & f ! upp] ,oxus1 ^: s\rces 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,pam]%ian ,lake1 ,sir-i-kol 7,lake ,victoria71 by ! ,buddhi/ pilgrims ,hiu5-?sang & ,song-yun 9 #eah & #fbi1 by ,m>co ,polo 9 #abgg1 & by ,lieut5ant ,wood 9 #ahch1 t[>ds ! ,caspian ,sea2 & f ,lake ,t5ghiz or ,balkas*1 ?r\gh ! ,kirghis ,/eppe1 t[>ds ! ,aral & ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( m\nta9\s pla9s1 ^: elevation v>ies f #fjjj to m ?an #aj1jjj feet above ! sea's level1 we may assur$ly be all[$ to apply ! t]m l[l&s to di/ricts :i* are only elevat$ f #bjj to #abjj feet4 ,! fir/ ( ^! heights correspond ) t ( ! city ( ,mannheim1 & ! second ) t ( ,g5eva & ,tb+54 ,if we ext5d ! application ( ! ^w plateau1 :i* has s frequ5tly be5 misus$ by mod]n geograph]s1 to elevations ( ! soil :i* sc>cely pres5t any s5sible diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! vegetation & climate1 physical geography1 ow+ to ! indef9it5ess ( ! m]ely relatively important t]ms ( high & l[ l&1 w be unable to di/+ui% ! connexion betwe5 elevation above ! sea's level & climate1 betwe5 ! decrease ( ! temp]ature & ! increase 9 elevation4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,*9ese ,dzung>ei1 betwe5 ! b\nd>ies ( ,sib]ia & ,lake ,saysan 7,dsaisang71 at an equal di/ance f ! ,icy ,sea & ! m\? ( ! ,ganges1 ,i might assur$ly consid] myself to be 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! b>omet]1 h[ev]1 soon %[$ me t ! elevation ( ! pla9s wat]$ by ! ,upp] ,irtys* betwe5 ,u/kam5ogorsk & ! ,*9ese ,dzung>ian po/ ( ,*onimaila*u 7! %eep-bleat+7 0 sc>cely z mu* z f #hej to #aagj feet4 ,pansn]'s e>li] b>ometric det]m9ations ( height1 :i* 7 fir/ made kn[n aft] my exp$ition1 h be5 confirm$ by my own obs]vations4 ,bo? af=d a refutation ( ! hypo!ses ( ,*appe ,d',aut]o*e 7bas$ on calculations ( ! fall ( riv]s7 reg>d+ ! elevat$ position ( ! %ores ( ! ,irtys*1 9 ,s\!rn ,sib]ia4 ,ev5 fur!r ea/w>d1 ! ,lake ( ,baikal is only #adbj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 ord] to associate ! idea ( ! relation betwe5 l[l&s & highl&s1 & ( ! successive gradations 9 ! elevation ( ! soil1 ) actual data bas$ on accurate measurem5ts1 ,i subjo9 a table1 9 :i* ! heights ( ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica are giv5 9 an asc5d+ scale4 ,) ^! numb]s we may !n fur!r comp>e all t has z yet be5 made kn[n reg>d+ ! mean height ( ! ,asiatic pla9s1 or true l[l&s4 ,toises4 ,feet4 ,plateau ( ,auv]gne #agj #a1jhg ( ,bav>ia #bfj #a1ffc ( ,ca/ille #cej #b1bch ( ,mysore #dfj #b1idb ( ,c>acas #dhj #c1jgj ( ,popayan #ijj #e1gee ( ! vic9ity ( ! ,lake ( ,tzana1 9 ,abyss9ia #iej #f1jge ( ! ,orange ,riv] 79 ,s\? ,africa7 #ajjj #f1cie ( ,axum 79 ,abyss9ia7 #aajj #g1jcd ( ,mexico #aagj #g1dhb ( ,quito #adij #i1ebh ( ! ,prov9ce de los ,pa/os #afjj #aj1bca ( ! vic9ity ( ! ,lake ( ,titicaca #bjaj #ab1hec ,no portion ( ! s-call$ ,des]t ( ,gobi1 :i* consi/s 9 "p ( f9e pa/ure l&s1 has be5 s ?or\ghly inve/igat$ 9 relation to its diff]5ces ( elevations z ! zone :i* ext5ds ov] an area ( ne>ly #fjj miles1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,sel5ga & ! ,*9ese wall4 ,a v accurate b>ometrical levell+ 0 execut$1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 by two di/+ui%$ savans--! a/ronom] ,george ,fuss1 & ! botani/ ,bunge4 ,!y accompani$ a mission ( ,greek monks to ,pek91 9 ! ye> #ahcb1 9 ord] to e/abli% !re "o ( ^? magnetic /ations ^: con/ruction ,i _h recomm5d$4 ,! mean height ( ?is portion ( ! ,des]t ( ,gobi am\nts h>dly to #dbfc feet1 & n to #hjjj or #hejj feet1 z _h be5 too ha/ily conclud$ f ! measurem5ts ( contigu\s m\nta9 summits by ! ,jesuits ,g]billon & ,v]bie/4 ,! surface ( ! ,des]t ( ,gobi is n m ?an #beeh feet above ! level ( ! sea betwe5 ,erghi1 ,durma1 & ,s*>aburguna2 & sc>cely m ?an #cbj feet high] ?an ! plateau ( ,madrid4 ,erghi is situat$ midway1 9 #de #ca nor? lat41 & #aaa #bf ea/ long41 9 a depression ( ! l& ext5d+ 9 a direction f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/ ov] a bread? ( m ?an #bdj miles4 ,an anci5t ,mongolian saga designates ?is spot z ! =m] site ( a l>ge inl& sea4 ,re$s & sal9e plants1 g5]ally ( ! same species z ^? f\nd on ! l[ %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 are "h met )2 :ile !re are 9 ?is c5tral "p ( ! des]t sev]al small sal9e lakes1 ! salt ( :i* is c>ri$ to ,*9a4 ,accord+ to a s+ul> op9ion preval5t among ! ,mongols1 ! ocean w at "s p]iod return1 & aga9 e/abli% its dom9ion 9 ,gobi4 ,su* geological rev]ies rem9d u ( ! ,*9ese traditions ( ! bitt] lake1 9 ! int]ior ( ,sib]ia1 ( :i* ,i h else:]e spok54,,bf ,! bas9 ( ,ka%mir1 :i* has be5 s en?usia/ically prais$ by ,b]ni]1 & too mod]ately e/imat$ by ,victor ,jacquemont1 has also giv5 occasion to great hypsometric exagg]ations4 ,jacquemont f\nd by an accurate b>ometric measurem5t t ! height ( ! ,wulur ,lake1 9 ! valley ( ,ka%mir1 ne> ! capital ,sir9agur1 0 #ecdf feet4 ,unc]ta9 det]m9ations by ! boil+ po9t ( wat] gave ,b>on ,c>l von ,hgel #ehai feet1 & ,lieut5ant ,cunn+ham only #ejeb feet4,,bg ,! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,ka%mir1 :i* has excit$ s great an int]e/ 9 ,g]many1 & ^: climatic advantages h lo/ some:at ( _! reputation s9ce ,c>l von ,hgel's acc\nt ( ! f\r mon?s ( w9t] sn[ 9 ! /reets ( ,sir9agur1,,bh does n lie on ! high cre/s ( ! ,himalaya1 z has commonly be5 suppos$1 b con/itutes a true cauldron-l valley on _! s\!rn declivity4 ,on ! s\?-we/1 :]e ! ramp>t-l ,pir ,panjal sep>ates x f ! ,indian ,punjaub1 ! sn[-cr[n$ summits are cov]$1 accord+ to ,vigne1 by basaltic & amygdaloid =mations4 ,! latt] are v *>act]i/ically t]m$ by ! natives s*is*ak deyu1 or devil's pock-m>ks4,,bi ,! *>ms ( ! vegetation h also be5 v diff]5tly describ$1 accord+ z travell]s pass$ into ,ka%mir f ! s\?1 & left beh9d !m ! luxuriant & v>i$ vegetation ( ,india2 or f ! nor!rn regions ( ,turke/an1 ,sam>k&1 & ,f]ghana4 ,moreov]1 x is only v rec5tly t we h obta9$ a cle>] view reg>d+ ! elevation ( ,?ibet1 ! level ( ! plateau hav+ long be5 uncritically conf\nd$ ) ! m\nta9 tops ris+ f x4 ,?ibet occupies ! space betwe5 ! two great *a9s ( ! ,himalaya & ! ,ku5-ln1 & =ms ! elevat$ gr\nd ( ! valley betwe5 !m4 ,! l& is divid$ f ea/ to we/1 bo? by ! inhabitants & by ,*9ese geograph]s1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,we di/+ui% ,upp] ,?ibet1 ) its capital1 ,h'lassa 7probably #ieib feet high72 ,middle ,?ibet1 ) ! t[n ( ,leh or ,ladak 7#iiie feet72 & ,little ,?ibet1 or ,balti/an1 call$ ! ,?ibet ( ,apricots 7,s>i-,butan71 9 :i* lie ,isk>do 7#fcjj feet71 ,gilgit1 & s\? ( ,isk>do1 b on ! left bank ( ! ,indus1 ! plateau ,deotsuh1 ^: elevation 0 det]m9$ by ,vigne 7#aa1igg feet74 ,on c>efully exam9+ all ! notices we h hi!rto possess$ reg>d+ ! ?ree ,?ibets1 & :i* w h be5 abundantly augm5t$ dur+ ! pres5t ye> by ! brilliant b\nd>y survey+ exp$ition "u ! auspices ( ! ,gov]nor-g5]al1 ,"l ,dalh\sie1 we soon become conv9c$ t ! region betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,ku5-ln is no unbrok5 table-l&1 b t x is int]sect$ by m\nta9 gr\ps1 :i* und\bt$ly belong to p]fectly di/9ct sy/ems ( elevation4 ,actual pla9s are v few 9 numb]3 ! mo/ consid]able are ^? betwe5 ,g]top1 ,daba1 ,s*ang-?ung 7! ,%eph]d's ,pla971 ! native c\ntry ( ! %awl-goat1 & ,s*ipke 7#aj1ddi feet72 ^? r\nd ,ladak1 :i* atta9 an elevation ( #ac1dbi feet1 & mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! depress$ l& 9 :i* ! t[n lies2 & f9ally1 ! plateau ( ! ,sacr$ ,lakes1 ,manasa & ,ravanahrada 7probably #ad1ife feet71 :i* 0 visit$ by ,fa!r ,antonio de ,&rada z e>ly z ! ye> #afbe4 ,o!r p>ts are entirely fill$ ) compress$ m\nta9 masses1 8ris+10 z a rec5t travell] obs]ves1 8l ! waves ( a va/ ocean40 ,along ! riv]s1 ! ,indus1 ! ,sutl$ge1 & ! ,y>u-dzangbots*u1 :i* 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! ,buramput] 7or correctly ! ,brahmaputra71 po9ts h be5 measur$ :i* are only betwe5 #fgad & #hieb feet above ! sea2 & ! same is ! case ) ! ,?ibetian villages ,pangi1 ,kunawur1 ,kelu1 & ,murung4,,bj ,f _m c>efully collect$ det]m9ations ( heights1 ,i ?9k t we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! plateau ( ,?ibet betwe5 #gc & #he ea/ long1 does n atta9 a mean elevation ( #aa1eaj feet3 ?is is h>dly ! elevation ( ! fruitful pla9 ( ,caxam>ca 9 ,p]u1 & is #acdi & #baee feet less ?an ! plateau ( ,titicaca1 & ( ! /reet pavem5t ( ! ,upp] ,t[n ( ,potosi 7#ac1ffe feet74 ,t beyond ! ,?ibetian highl&s & ! ,gobi1 ^: outl9e has be5 already def9$1 ,asia pres5ts consid]able depressions1 & inde$ true l[l&s1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #cg & #dh1 :]e once an immeasurable cont9u\s plateau 0 fabul\sly suppos$ to exi/1 is prov$ by ! cultivation ( plants :i* _c fl\ri% )\t a c]ta9 degree ( temp]ature4 ,an att5tive /udy ( ! travels ( ,m>co ,polo1 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 & ( ! production ( cotton 9 nor!rn latitudes1 _h long ago direct$ ! att5tion ( ! acute ,klapro? to ?is po9t4 ,9 a ,*9ese "w1 be>+ ! title ,in=mation respect+ ! rec5tly conqu]$ ,b>b>ians 7,s9kiang-wai-tan-ki-lio71 x is /at$ t 8! c\ntry ( ,aksu1 some:at to ! s\? ( ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 ne> ! riv]s :i* =m ! great ,t>im-gol1 produces grapes1 pomegranates1 & numb]less o!r fruits ( s+ul> excell5ce2 also cotton 7,gossypium religiosum71 :i*1 cov]s ! fields l yell[ cl\ds4 ,9 summ] ! heat is extremely great1 & 9 w9t] !re is "h1 z at ,turfan1 nei!r int5se cold nor heavy sn[40 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,khotan1 ,kas*g>1 & ,y>k& /ill1 z 9 ! "t ( ,m>co ,polo1,,bk pays its tribute 9 home-gr[n cotton4 ,9 ! oasis ( ,hami 7,khamil71 above #bjj miles ea/ ( ,aksu1 orange trees1 pomegranates1 & ! f9] v9es are f\nd to fl\ri%4 ,! products ( cultivation :i* are "h notic$ lead to ! belief t ov] ext5sive di/ricts ! elevation ( ! soil is v slight4 ,at s great a di/ance f ! sea side1 & 9 ! ea/]ly situation :i* s mu* increases ! degree ( w9t] cold1 a plateau1 z high z ,madrid or ,muni*1 might inde$ h a v hot summ]1 b w\ld h>dly h1 9 #dc & #dd latitude1 an extremely mild & almo/ sn[less w9t]4 ,i h se5 a high summ] heat fav\r ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 z at ! ,caspian ,sea1 #hc feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,black ,sea 7at ,a/rakhan1 latitude #df #ba72 b ! w9t] cold is !re f -#d to -#ac4 ,moreov]1 ! v9e is sunk to a great] dep? 9 ! gr\nd aft] ! mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,we c und]/& t cultivat$ plants1 :i*1 z x 71 live only 9 ! summ]1 z ! v9e1 ! cotton plant1 rice1 & melons1 may be cultivat$ ) success betwe5 ! latitudes ( #dj & #dd1 on plateaux at an elevation ( m ?an #cjjj;,,bl feet1 & may be fav\r$ by ! action ( radiant heat2 b h[ c\ld ! pomegranate trees ( ,aksu1 & ! orange trees ( ,hami1 ^: fruit ,fa!r ,grosi] extoll$ z excell5t1 endure a long & sev]e w9t] 7! necess>y consequ5ce ( a great elevation,,bm78 ,c>l ,zimm]man,,bn has %[n x to be extremely probable t ! ,t>im depression1 or ! des]t betwe5 ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ,?ian-s*an & ,ku5-ln1 :]e ! /eppe riv] ,t>im-gol dis*>ges itself into ! ,lake ( ,lop1 =m]ly describ$ z an alp9e lake1 is h>dly #abhj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 or only twice ! elevation ( ,prague4 ,sir ,alex&] ,burnes also ascribes to ,bokh>a only an elevation ( #aahh feet4 ,x is mo/ e>ne/ly to be desir$ t all d\bt reg>d+ ! elevation ( ! plateaux ( ,c5tral ,asia1 s\? ( #de nor? latitude1 %\ld f9ally be remov$ by direct b>ometrical measurem5ts1 or by det]m9ations ( ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 conduct$ ) great] c>e ?an is usual 9 ^! cases4 ,all our calculations ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! limits ( p]petual sn[ & ! maximum elevation ( v9e cultivation 9 diff]5t climates1 re/ at pres5t on too complex & unc]ta9 elem5ts4 ,9 ord] z briefly z possible to rectify t :i* has be5 advanc$ 9 ! =m] edition ( ! pres5t "w1 reg>d+ ! great m\nta9 sy/ems :i* int]sect ! int]ior ( ,asia1 ,i subjo9 ! foll[+ g5]al review3--,we beg9 ) ! f\r p>allel *a9s1 :i* run1 ) tol]able regul>ity1 f ea/ to we/1 & are connect$ toge!r by means ( a few deta*$ transv]se l9es4 ,diff]5ces ( direction indicate1 z 9 ! ,alps ( ,we/]n ,europe1 a diff]5ce 9 ! epo* ( elevation4 ,aft] ! f\r p>allel *a9s 7! ,altai1 ! ,?ian-s*an1 ! ,ku5-ln1 & ! ,himalaya7 we mu/ consid] z foll[+ ! direction ( m]idian1 ! ,ural1 ! ,bolor1 ! ,kh+an1 & ! ,*9ese *a9s1 :i*1 ) ! great inflection ( ! ,?ibetian & ,assam-,birmese ,dzangbo-ts*u incl9e f nor? to s\?4 ,! ,ural divides a depress$ portion ( ,europe f a simil>ly l[ portion ( ,asia4 ,! latt] 0 call$ by ,h]odotus1,,bo & ev5 e>li] by ,ph]ecydes ( ,syros1 ,scy?ian or ,sib]ian ,europe1 & compris$ all ! c\ntries to ! nor? ( ! ,caspian & ( ! ,iax>tes1 :i* fl[s f ea/ to we/1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( our ,europe1 8z x n[ exi/s1 ext5d+ l5g?wise across ! cont95t ( ,asia40 #a4 ,! great m\nta9 sy/em ( ! ,altai 7! 8gold m\nta9s0 ( ,m5&] ( ,byzantium1 an hi/orical writ] ( ! sev5? c5tury2 ! ,alta-al9 ( ! ,moguls1 & ! ,k9-s*an ( ! ,*9ese7 =ms ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! great ,sib]ian l[l&s1 & runn+ betwe5 #ej & #eb nor? latitude1 ext5ds f ! ri* silv] m9es ( ! ,snake ,m\nta9s1 & ! conflu5ce ( ! ,uba & ! ,irtys*1 to ! m]idian ( ,lake ,baikal4 ,! divisions & names ( ! 8,great0 & ! 8,little ,altai10 tak5 f an obscure passage ( ,abulghasi1 %\ld be :olly avoid$4,,bp ,! m\nta9 sy/em ( ! ,altai compreh5ds--7a7 ! ,altai prop]1 or ,kolywanski ,altai1 :i* is entirely "u ! ,russian sceptre3 x lies to ! we/ ( ! int]sect+ fissures ( ! ,telezki ,lake1 :i* foll[ ! direction ( ! m]idian2 & 9 ante-hi/oric times probably con/itut$ ! ea/]n %ore ( ! great arm ( ! sea1 by :i*1 9 ! direction ( ! /ill exi/+ lakes1 ,aksakal-,b>bi & ,s>y-,kupa1,,bq ! ,aralo-,caspian bas9 0 connect$ ) ! ,icy sea2--7b7 ,ea/ ( ! ,telezki *a9s1 :i* foll[ ! direction ( ! m]idian1 ! ,sayani1 ,tangnu1 & ,ulangom1 or ,malakha ranges1 all tol]ably p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & foll[+ an ea/ & we/ direction4 ,! ,tangnu1 :i* m]ges 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,sel5ga1 has1 f v remote times1 con/itut$ ! national b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,turki% race1 to ! s\?1 & ! ,kirghis 7,hakas1 id5tical ) 71 to ! nor?4,,br ,x is ! orig9al seat ( ! ,samoi$s or ,soyotes4 :o w&]$ z f> z ! ,icy ,sea1 & 7 long reg>d$ 9 ,europe z a race inhabit+ exclusively ! coa/s ( ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,! highe/ sn[-cov]$ summits ( ! ,kolywan ,altai are ! ,bielu*a & ! ,katunia ,pill>s4 ,! latt] atta9 only a height ( ab\t #aa1jjj feet1 or ab\t ! height ( ,etna4 ,! ,daurian highl&1 to :i* ! m\nta9 node ( ,k5tei belongs1 & on ^: ea/]n m>g9 lies ! ,jablonoi ,*rebet1 divides ! depressions ( ! ,baikal & ! ,amur4 #b4 ,! m\nta9 sy/em ( ! ,?ian-s*an1 or ! *a9 ( ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 ! ,t5gri-tagh ( ! ,turks 7,tukiu71 & ( ! k9dr$ race ( ! ,hiongnu1 is eight times z long1 9 an ea/ & we/ direction1 z ! ,pyr5ees4 ,beyond1 t is to say1 to ! we/ ( its int]section ) ! m]idian *a9 ( ! ,bolor & ,kosuyrt1 ! ,?ian-s*an be>s ! names ( ,asf]ah & ,aktagh1 is ri* 9 metals1 & is int]sect$ ) op5 fissures1 :i* emit hot vap\rs lum9\s at night1 & :i* are us$ = obta9+ sal-ammoniac4,,bs ,ea/ ( ! transv]se ,bolor & ,kosyurt *a91 !re foll[ successively 9 ! ,?ian-s*an1 ! ,ka%g> ,pass 7,kas*g>-dawan71 ! ,glaci] ,pass ( ,djep>le1 :i* leads to ,kut* & ,aksu 9 ! ,t>im bas92 ! volcano ( ,pe-s*an1 :i* erupt$ fire & /reams ( lava at lea/ z late z ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury2 ! great sn[-cov]$ massive elevation ( ,bogdo-,oola2 ! ,solfat>a ( ,urumtsi1 :i* furni%es sulphur & sal-ammoniac 7nao-s*a71 & lies 9 a coal di/rict2 ! volcano ( ,turfan 7or volcano ( ,ho-ts*eu or ,bis*balik71 almo/ midway betwe5 ! m]idians ( ,turfan 7,kune ,turpan71 & ( ,pidjan1 & :i* is /ill 9 a /ate ( activity4 ,! volcanic eruptions ( ! ,?ian-s*an *a9 rea*1 accord+ to ,*9ese hi/orians1 z f> back z ! ye> #hi1 ,a4,d41 :5 ! ,hiongnu 7 pursu$ by ! ,*9ese f ! s\rces ( ! ,irtys* z f> z ,kut* & ,kh>as*>,,bt4 ,! ,*9ese ,g5]al1 ,teu-hian1 cross$ ! ,?ian-s*an1 & saw 8! ,fire ,m\nta9s1 :i* s5t out masses ( molt5 rock t fl[ to ! di/ance ( _m ,li40 ,! great di/ance ( ! volcanoes ( ! int]ior ( ,asia f ! sea coa/ is a rem>kable & isolat$ ph5om5on4 ,abel ,rmusat1 9 a lett] to ,cordi],,bu1 fir/ direct$ ! att5tion ( geologi/s to ?is fact4 ,?is di/ance1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! volcano ( ,pe-s*an1 f ! nor? or ! ,icy ,sea at ! m\? ( ! ,obi1 is #aebh miles2 & f ! s\? or ! m\?s ( ! ,indus & ! ,ganges1 #aeab miles2 s c5tral is ! position ( fire-emitt+ volcanoes 9 ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,to ! we/ its di/ance f ! ,caspian at ! ,gulf ( ,k>uboghaz1 is #acfj miles1 & f ! ea/ %ores ( ! ,lake ( ,aral1 #ajbj miles4 ,! active volcanoes ( ! ,new ,_w _h hi!rto (f]$ ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( great di/ance f ! sea coa/1 b 9 ! case ( ! volcano ( ,popocatepetl1 9 ,mexico1 ?is di/ance is only "o hundr$ & ?irty-two miles1 & only n9ety-two1 "o hundr$ & f\r1 & "o hundr$ & fifty-six1 respectively 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican volcanoes ,sangai1 ,tolima1 & de la ,fragua4 ,all ext9ct volcanoes1 & all tra*ytic m\nta9s1 :i* h no p]man5t connexion ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 h be5 exclud$ f ^! /atem5ts,,bv4 ,ea/ ( ! volcano ( ,turfat1 & ( ! fruitful ,oasis ( ,hami1 ! *a9 ( ! ,?ian-s*an m]ges into ! great elevat$ tract ( ,gobi1 :i* runs 9 a ,s4,w4 & ,n4,e4 direction4 ,?is int]ruption ( ! m\nta9 *a9 cont9ues = m ?an #i degrees ( longitude2 x is caus$ by ! transv]sal int]section ( ! ,gobi1 b beyond ! latt]1 ! m s\!rn *a9 ( ,9-s*an 7,silv] ,m\nta9s71 proce$+ f we/ to ea/1 to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ne> ,pek9 7nor? ( ! ,pe-ts*eli71 =ms a cont9uation ( ! ,?ian-s*an4 ,z we may reg>d ! ,9-s*an z an ea/]n prolongation ( ! fissure f :i* ! ,?ian-s*an is upheav$1 s we may also be incl9$ to consid] ! ,caucasus z a we/]n prolongation ( ! same range1 beyond ! ,great ,aralo-,caspian bas9 or ( ! l[l&s ( ,turan4 ,! mean p>allel or axis ( elevation ( ! ,?ian-s*an oscillates betwe5 #dj #dj & #dc nor? latitude2 t ( ! ,caucasus 7incl9+1 accord+ to ! map ( ! ,russian ,/aff1 f ,e4,s4,e4 to ,w4,n4,w47 betwe5 #da & #dd4;,,bw ,( ! f\r p>allel *a9s t trav]se ,asia1 ! ,?ian-s*an is ! only "o ( :i* no summit has z yet be5 measur$4 #c4 ,! m\nta9 sy/em ( ! ,ku5-ln 7,kurkun or ,kulkun71 includ+ ! ,h9doo-,coo%1 ) its we/]n prolongation 9 ! ,p]sian ,elburz & ,demav5d1 & ! ,am]ican *a9 ( ! ,&es1 con/itute ! longe/ l9es ( elevation on our planet4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! m]idian *a9 ( ! ,bolor int]sects ! ,ku5-ln at "r angles1 ! latt] receives ! "n ( ,onion ,m\nta9s 7,t*sung-l+71 a t]m also appli$ to a portion ( ! ,bolor at ! inn] ea/]n angle ( int]section4 ,b\nd+ ,?ibet 9 ! nor?1 ! ,ku5-ln runs 9 a regul> direction f ea/ to we/1 9 ! p>allel ( #cf nor? latitude2 until ! *a9 is brok5 9 ! m]idian ( ,h'lassa1 by ! va/ m\nta9 node :i* surr\nds ! ,sea ( ,/>s1 ,s+ s-hai 7s celebrat$ 9 ! my?ical geography ( ! ,*9ese71 & ! ,alp9e lake ( ,khuku-noor4 ,! *a9s ( ,nan-s*an & ,kilian-s*an1 ly+ some:at fur!r nor?1 & ext5d+ to ! ,*9ese wall ne> ,liang-t%eu1 may almo/ be reg>d$ z ! ea/]n prolongation ( ! ,ku5-ln4 ,to ! we/ ( ! int]section ( ! ,bolor & ! ,ku5-ln 7,t*sung-l+71 ! regul> direction ( ! axes ( elevation 7incl9+ f ea/ to we/ 9 ! ,ku5-ln & ,h9doo-,coo%1 & f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/ 9 ! ,himalaya7 proves1 z ,i h else:]e attempt$ to %[1 t ! ,h9doo-,coo% is a prolongation ( ! ,ku5-ln & n ( ! ,himalaya4,,bx ,f ! ,taurus 9 ,lycia to ! ,kafiri/an1 ! *a9 foll[s ! p>allel ( ,rhodes 7! diaphragm ( ,dicar*us7 ov] a di/ance ( #de degrees ( longitude4 ,! gr& geological views ( ,erato/h5es1,,by :i* 7 fur!r develop$ by ,m>9us ( ,tyre1 & by ,ptolemy1 & accord+ to :i* 8! prolongation ( ! ,taurus 9 ,lycia 0 cont9u$1 9 ! same direction1 ?r\gh all ,asia z f> z ,india10 appe> 9 "p to be bas$ on repres5tations d]iv$ by ! ,p]sians & ,indians f ! ,punjaub4 8,! ,brahm9s ma9ta910 says ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 9 8 ,*ri/ian ,topography,,bz1 8t a l9e drawn f ,tz9itza 7,?97 across ,p]sia & ,romania1 w\ld exactly pass ov] ! c5tre ( ! inhabit$ e>?40 ,x is rem>kable1 z ,erato/h5es obs]ves1 t ?is greate/ axis ( elevation 9 ! old _w passes directly ?r\gh ! bas9 7! depression7 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ! p>allels ( #ce & #cf nor? latitude1 to ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4,,ca ,! mo/ ea/]n portion ( ,h9doo-,coo% is ! ,p>opanisus ( ! anci5ts1 ! ,indian ,caucasus ( ! companions ( ! great ,mac$onian4 ,! "n ( ,h9doo-,coo%1 :i* is s frequ5tly us$ by geograph]s1 does n 9 reality apply to m ?an "o s+le m\nta9 pass1 :]e ! climate is s sev]e1 z we le>n f ! travels ( ! ,arabian writ]1 ,ibn ,batuta1 t _m ,indian slaves frequ5tly p]i% f ! cold4,,cb ,! ,ku5-ln /ill exhibits active fire-emitt+ eruptions at ! di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles f ! sea-coa/4 ,flames1 visible at a great di/ance1 bur/ f ! cav]n ( ! m\nta9 ( ,s*9khieu1 z ,i le>n f a translation ( ! ,yu5-?ong-ki1 made by my fri5d ,/anislaus ,juli54,,cc ,! l(tie/ summit 9 ! ,h9doo-,coo%1 nor?-we/ ( ,jellalabad1 is #bj1bcb feet above ! level ( ! sea2 to ! we/1 t[>ds ,h]at1 ! *a9 s9ks to #beeh feet1 ris+ aga9 nor? ( ,teh]an1 9 ! volcano ( ,demav5d1 to ! height ( #ad1fge feet4 #d4 ,! m\nta9 sy/em ( ! ,himalaya has a normal direction f ea/ to we/1 runn+ m ?an #ae degrees ( longitude 7f #ha to #ig71 or f ! colossal m\nta9 ,dhawalagiri 7#bh1jgb feet7 to ! int]section ( ! ,dzangbo-ts*eu 7! ,irawaddy ( ,dalrymple & ,klapro?71 ^: exi/5ce 0 long reg>d$ z problematical1 & to ! m]idian *a9s1 :i* cov] ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,*9a1 & =m ! great m\nta9 gr\p1 f :i* spr+ ! s\rces ( ! ,kiang1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,sse-ts*uan1 ,hu-kuang1 & ,kuang-si4 ,next to ! ,dhawalagiri1 ! ,k9*9j+a1 & n ! m ea/]n peak ( ,s*amal>i1 z has hi!rto be5 suppos$1 is ! highe/ po9t ( ?is portion ( ! ,himalaya1 :i* incl9es f ea/ to we/4 ,! ,k9*9j+a1 9 ! m]idian ( ,sikhim1 betwe5 ,butan & ,nepal1 betwe5 ! ,s*amal>i 7#bc1ihj feet7 & ! ,dhawalagiri1 is #bh1agd feet 9 height4 ,x is only )9 ! pres5t ye> t x has be5 trigonometrically measur$ ) exactness1 & z ,i le>n f ,india ?r\gh ! same *annel1 8t a new measurem5t ( ! ,dhawalagiri /ill leaves x ! fir/ place among all ! sn[-cr[n$ summits ( ! ,himalaya10 ?is m\nta9 mu/ necess>ily h a great] elevation ?an ! #bh1jgb feet hi!rto ascrib$ to x4,,cd ,! po9t ( deflection 9 ! direction ( ! *a9 is1 ne> ! ,dhawalagiri1 9 #ha #bb1 ea/ longitude4 ,f !nce ! ,himalaya no long] foll[s a due we/ direction1 b runs f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w41 z a va/ connect+ sy/em ( ve9s betwe5 ,mozuf]-abad & ,gilgit1 m]g+ into a "p ( ! ,h9doo-,coo% *a9 9 ! s\? ( ,kafiri/an4 ,su* a turn & alt]ation 9 ! l9e ( ! axis ( elevation ( ! ,himalaya 7f ,e4-,w4 to ,s4,e4-,n4,w47 c]ta9ly indicates1 z 9 ! we/]n region ( our ,european ,alp9e m\nta9s1 a diff]5t age or p]iod ( elevation4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,upp] ,indus1 f ! sacr$ lakes ( ,manasa & ,itavana-hrada1 7at an elevation ( #ad1ife feet17 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* ?is great riv] takes its orig91 to ,isk>do1 & to ! plateau ( ,deotsuh 7at an elevation ( #ab1iid feet71 measur$ by ,vigne1 foll[s 9 ! ,?ibetian highl&s ! same nor?-we/]ly direction z ! ,himalaya4 ,"h are situat$ ! ,djawahir1 ^: height 0 long s9ce accurately det]m9$ at #bf1ijb feet1 & ! ,alp9e valley ( ,cas*m]e 7nev] visit$ by w9ds or /orms71 :]e1 at an elevation ( only #ecdf feet1 lies ! lake ( ,wulur1 :i* freezes e w9t]1 & ^: surface is nev] brok5 by a s+le ripple4 ,aft] consid]+ ! f\r great m\nta9 sy/ems ( ,asia1 :i*1 9 _! normal geogno/ic "*1 are true p>allel *a9s1 we mu/ turn to ! long s]ies ( alt]nat+ elevations foll[+ a direction f nor? to s\?1 & :i* ext5d f ,cape ,comor91 opposite to ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 to ! ,icy ,sea1 alt]nat+ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ff & #gg ea/ longitude1 f ,s4,s4,e4 to ,n4,n4,w4 ,to ?is sy/em ( m]idian *a9s1 ^: alt]nations rem9d u ( faults 9 ve9s1 belong ! ,ghauts1 ! ,soliman *a91 ! ,p>alasa1 ! ,bolor1 & ! ,ural range4 ,?is int]ruption ( ! pr(ile ( ! elevation is s con/itut$1 t ea* new *a9 beg9s 9 a degree ( latitude beyond t to :i* ! prec$+ "o _h atta9$1 all alt]nat+ successively 9 an opposite direction4 ,! importance :i* ! ,greeks 7probably n e>li] ?an ! second c5tury ( our era7 atta*$ to ^! *a9s runn+ f nor? to s\?1 induc$ ,aga?odmon & ,ptolemy 7,tab4 vii4 et viii47 to reg>d ! ,bolor "u ! "n ( ,imaus z an axis ( elevation1 :i* ext5d$ z f> z #fb nor? latitude into ! bas9 ( ! l[] ,irtys* & ,obi4,,ce ,z ! v]tical height ( m\nta9 summits above ! sea's level 7h[ev] unimportant ! ph5om5on ( ! m or less ext5sive fold+ ( ! cru/ ( a planet>y sph]e may be 9 ! eyes ( geognosi/s7 w always cont9ue1 l all t is difficult ( atta9m5t1 to be an object ( g5]al curiosity1 ! pres5t w\ld appe> to furni% a fitt+ place = ! introduction ( an hi/orical notice relative to ! gradual advance ( hypsometric k4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ,europe 9 #ahjd1 aft] an abs5ce ( f\r ye>s1 n "o ( ! high sn[-cr[n$ summits ( ,asia 79 ! ,himalaya1 ! ,h9doo-,coo%1 or ! ,caucasus7 _h be5 yet measur$ ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,i 0 unable1 !re=e1 to comp>e my det]m9ations ( ! heights ( p]petual sn[ 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,quito or ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico1 ) any results obta9$ 9 ,india4 ,! important travels ( ,turn]1 ,davis1 & ,saund]s to ! highl&s ( ,?ibet1 7 inde$ accompli%$ 9 ! ye> #aghc2 b ! intellig5t ,colebrooke ju/ly obs]v$ t ! height ( ! ,s*amal>i 7#bh #e nor? latitude1 #hi #cj ea/ longitude1 some:at nor? ( ,tassisudan71 z giv5 by ,turn]1 re/$ on a f\ndation q z slight z ! assum$ measurem5ts ( ! heights se5 f ,patna & ,kafiri/an by ,colonel ,craw=d & ,lieut5ant ,mac>tney4,,cf ,! admirable lab\rs ( ,webb1 ,hodgson1 ,h]b]t1 & ! bro!rs ,g]>d1 h inde$ ?r[n consid]able light on ! "q conc]n+ ! heights ( ! colossal summits ( ! ,himalaya2 b yet1 9 #ahjh1 ! hypsometric k ( ! ,ea/ ,indian m\nta9 *a9s 0 /ill s unc]ta91 t ,webb wrote to ,colebrooke1 8,! height ( ! ,himalaya /ill rema9s undet]m9$4 ,x is true t ,i h asc]ta9$ t ! summits visible f ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,rohilk& are #ba1jjj feet high] ?an t plateau1 b we are ignorant ( _! absolute height above ! sea40 ,9 ! ye> #ahbj x fir/ began to be curr5tly report$ 9 ,europe t !re 7 n only mu* high] summits 9 ! ,himalaya ?an 9 ! ,cordill]as1 b t ,webb _h se5 9 ! pass ( ,niti1 & ,moorcr(t 9 ! ,?ibetian plateau ( ,daba1 & ! sacr$ lakes1 f9e corn-fields & f]tile pa/urel&s at elevations f> exce$+ ! height ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,?is ann\ncem5t 0 receiv$ 9 ,engl& ) great incr$ulity1 & oppos$ by d\bts reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( ! refraction ( light4 ,i h %[n ! uns\ndness ( su* d\bts 9 two pr9t$ treatises on ! m\nta9s ( ,india1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique4 ,! ,tyrolese ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,tief5?al]1 :o 9 #agff p5etrat$ z f> z ! prov9ces ( ,kemaun & ,nepal1 _h already div9$ ! importance ( ! ,dhawalagiri4 ,we read on 8 map3 8,montes ,albi1 qui ,indis ,dolaghir1 nive obsiti40 ,capta9 ,webb always employs ! same "n4 ,until ! measurem5ts ( ! ,djawahir 7#cj #bb nor? latitude1 & #gi #eh ea/ longitude1 #bf1ijb feet 9 elevation71 & ( ! ,dhawalagiri 7#bh #dj nor? latitude1 & #hc #ba ea/ longitude1 #bh1jgb feet 9 elevation71 7 made kn[n 9 ,europe1 ! ,*imborazo1 :i*1 accord+ to my trigonometrical measurem5t1 0 #ba1dbb feet 9 height1,,cg 0 /ill ev]y:]e reg>d$ z ! l(tie/ summit on ! e>?4 ,! ,himalaya appe>$1 !re=e1 at t "t1 to be #dcbc feet or #ffbj feet high] ?an ! ,cordill]as1 accord+ z ! comp>ison 0 made ) ! ,djawahir or ! ,dhawalagiri4 ,p5tl&'s ,s\? ,am]ican travels1 9 ! ye>s #ahbg & #ahch1 direct$ att5tion to two sn[-cr[n$ summits ( ,upp] ,p]u1 ea/ ( ! lake ( ,titicaca1 :i* 7 conjectur$ to be respectively #chbd & #begh feet high] ?an ! ,*imborazo4,,* ,x has be5 already obs]v$1,,ci t ! mo/ rec5t computations 9 ! measurem5ts ( ! ,sorata & ,illimani h %[n ! error ( ?is hypsometric ass]tion4 ,! ,dhawalagiri1 !re=e1 on ^: declivity 9 ! riv]-valley ( ,gh&aki1 ! ,salagrana ,ammonites1 s celebrat$ 9 ! ,brahm9ical ritual z symbols ( ! te/ace\s inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 are collect$1 /ill indicates a diff]5ce ( elevation betwe5 bo? cont95ts ( m ?an #ffjj feet4 ,! "q has be5 ask$1 :e!r !re may n be /ill great] heights 9 ! re> ( ! s\!rnmo/ *a91 :i* has be5 z yet measur$ ) m or less exactitude4 ,colonel ,george ,lloyd1 :o 9 #ahdj edit$ ! important obs]vations ( ,capta9 ,alex&] ,g]>d & 8 bro!r1 ent]ta9s ! op9ion1 t 9 t "p ( ! ,himalaya1 :i* he some:at indef9itely names ! 8,t>t>ic ,*a90 7& consequ5tly 9 ,nor!rn ,?ibet1 9 ! direction ( ! ,ku5-ln1 p]haps 9 ! ,kailasa ( ! sacr$ lakes or beyond ,leh7 !re are m\nta9-summits :i* atta9 an elevation ( f #bi1jjj to #cj1jjj feet1 "o or two ?\s& feet high]1 !re=e1 ?an ! ,dhawalagiri4,,cj ,no def9ite op9ion c be =m$ on ! subject until we are 9 ! possession ( actual measurem5ts1 s9ce ! indication :i* l$ ! natives ( ,quito1 long be=e ! arrival ( ,b\gu] & ,la ,condam9e1 to reg>d ! summit ( ! ,*imborazo z ! culm9at+ po9t--or ! highe/ po9t )9 ! region ( p]petual sn[--is r5d]$ v deceptive 9 ! temp]ate zone ( ,?ibet1 :]e ! radiation ( ! table-l& is s effective1 & :]e ! l[] limit ( p]petual sn[ does n con/itute a regul> l9e ( equal level z 9 ! tropics4 ,! greate/ elevation above ! level ( ! sea t has be5 rea*$ by man on ! sides ( ! ,himalaya is #ai1dhh feet4 ,?is elevation 0 ga9$ by ,capta9 ,g]>d1 ) sev5 b>omet]s1 z we h already obs]v$1 on ! m\nta9 ( ,t>higang1 some:at to ! nor?-we/ ( ,s*ipke4,,ck ,?is happ5s to be almo/ ! same height z t to :i* ,i myself asc5d$ up on ! ,*imborazo 7on ! #bcrd ( ,june1 #ahjb71 & :i* 0 rea*$ ?irty ye>s lat] 7#af? ( ,decemb]1 #ahca7 by my fri5d ,b\ss+ault4 ,! unatta9$ summit ( ! ,t>higang is1 moreov]1 #abee feet high] ?an ! ,*imborazo4 ,! passes across ! ,himalaya f ,h9do/an to ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 or r to ,we/]n ,?ibet1 especially betwe5 ! riv]s ,buspa & ,s*ipke1 or ,langz+ ,khampa1 are f #ae1cdg to #ah1edd feet 9 height4 ,9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es ,i f\nd t ! pass ( ,assuay1 betwe5 ,quito & ,cu5ca1 at ! ,lad]a de ,cadlud1 0 also fully #ae1eff feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,a great "p ( ! ,alp9e pla9s ( ! int]ior ( ,asia w\ld lie buri$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye> 9 sn[ & ice1 if ! limits ( p]petual sn[ 7 n s+ul>ly elevat$1 probably to ab\t #af1fbf feet1 by ! =ce ( ! heat radiat$ f ! ,?ibetian pla91 ! con/ant s]5ity ( ! sky1 ! r>ity ( ! =mation ( sn[ 9 ! dry atmosph]e1 & by ! p[]ful sol> heat peculi> to ! ea/]n cont95tal climate1 :i* *>act]izes ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya4 ,fields ( b>ley 7( ,hordeum hexa/i*on7 h be5 se5 9 ,kunawur at an elevation ( #ad1gjj feet & ano!r v>iety ( b>ley1 call$ ,ooa1 & alli$ to ,hordeum cle/e1 ev5 mu* high]4 ,:eat ?rives admirably well 9 ! ,?ibetian highl&s1 up to an elevation ( #ab1jjj feet4 ,on ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya1 ,capta9 ,g]>d f\nd t ! upp] limits ( ! bir* woods asc5d to #ad1jfi feet2 & small bru%wood us$ by ! natives = fuel 9 _! huts is ev5 f\nd )9 ! p>allels ( #cj #de & #ca nor? latitude1 at an elevation ( #af1idf feet1 & !re=e ne>ly #abhj feet high] ?an ! l[] sn[-limit 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,x foll[s f ! data hi!rto collect$ t on ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya ! mean ( ! l[] sn[-l9e is at lea/ #af1fbf feet1 :il/ on ! s\!rn declivity x falls to #ab1ihj feet4 ,b = ?is rem>kable di/ribution ( heat 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 ! m\nta9 pla9 ( ,we/]n ,?ibet w\ld be r5d]$ un9habitable = ! millions ( m5 :o n[ occupy x4,,cl ,9 a lett] :i* ,i h lately receiv$ f ,india f ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook]1 :o is engag$ 9 meteorological & geological obs]vations1 z well z 9 ! /udy ( ! geography ( plants1 he says1 8,mr4 ,hodgson1 :om we "h consid] m ?or\ghly conv]sant ?an any o!r geograph] ) ! hypsometric relations ( ! sn[ ranges1 recognises ! correctness ( ! op9ions y h advanc$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( y\r ,asie c5trale1 reg>d+ ! cause ( ! unequal height ( ! limit ( p]petual sn[ on ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya range4 ,9 ! trans-,sutl$ge region 79 #cf nor? latitude7 we (t5 obs]v$ ! sn[ limit z high z #bj1jjj feet1 :il/ 9 ! passes s\? ( ,brahmaputra1 betwe5 ,assam & ,birmah 79 #bg nor? latitude71 :]e ! mo/ s\!rn sn[-capp$ m\nta9s ( ,asia are situat$1 ! sn[ limit s9ks to #ae1jjj feet40 ,i believe we ought to di/+ui% betwe5 ! extreme & ! mean elevations1 b 9 bo? we f9d ! =m]ly disput$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,?ibetian & ! ,indian declivities manife/$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4 ,my result = ! mean height ( ,extremes accord+ to ,dr4 ,hook]'s ! sn[ l9e z giv5 9 ,asie ,lett]4 c5trale1 t4 iii41 p4 #cbf4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,nor!rn declivity #af1fbf ,nor!rn declivity #bj1jjj ,s\!rn declivity #ab1iha ,s\!rn declivity #ae1jjj ------------ ------------ ,diff]5ce #c1fde ,diff]5ce #e1jjj ,! local diff]5ces v>y /ill m1 z may be se5 f ! s]ies ( extremes giv5 9 ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii41 p4 #bie4 ,alex&] ,g]>d saw ! sn[-limit asc5d to #bj1dfc feet on ! ,?ibetian declivity ( ! ,himalaya2 & ,jacquemont f\nd x z l[ z #aa1ejj feet on ! s\?-,indian declivity1 nor? ( ,cursali on ! ,jumnautri4 ,! rec5t inve/igations ( ,lieut5ant ,/ra*ey %[ t ,m4 ,humboldt has be5 l$ a/ray1 :5 treat+ ( ! ,himalaya1 by ! v au?orities on :om he plac$ ! mo/ reliance4 ,! results ( 8 inquiries on ?is po9t are giv5 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,,cosmos 7,bohn's ,ed471 pp4 #i & #cch4 ,z ! subject is "o ( consid]able int]e/ we give a brief sket* ( ,lieut5ant ,/ra*ey's,,cm rec5t lab\rs1 conf9+ ourselves to 8 own views1 & omitt+ 7= want ( space7 8 some:at l5g?y exposition ( ! errors committ$ by ! au?orities quot$ by ,humboldt4 ,! foll[+ are 8 p]sonal obs]vations reg>d+ ! s\!rn limit ( ! belt ( p]petual sn[4 8,9 ?is "p ( ! ,himalaya x is n1 on an av]age ( ye>s1 till ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 t ! sn[ l9e appe>s decid$ly to desc5d = ! w9t]4 ,aft] ! end ( ,septemb]1 inde$1 :5 ! ra9s are q ov]1 light falls ( sn[ are n ( v uncommon occurr5ce on ! high] m\nta9s1 ev5 d[n to #ab1jjj feet2 b _! effects usually disappe> v quickly1 (t5 9 a few h\rs4 ,! latt] "p ( ,octob]1 ! :ole ( ,novemb]1 & ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 are "h g5]ally *>act]is$ by ! beautiful s]5ity ( ! sky2 & x is at ?is season1 on ! s\!rn edge ( ! belt1 t ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ is se5 to atta9 its greate/ elevation4 8,! foll[+ are ! results ( trigonometrical measurem5ts ( ! elevation ( ! inf]ior edge ( sn[ on spurs ( ! ,tresl & ,n&devi gr\ps ( peaks1 made1 be=e ! w9t] sn[ _h begun1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahdh4 ,height on face ,po9t ,height z obs]v$ on face expos$ to ! expos$ to obs]v$4 ,ea/4 ,we/4 ,obs]v$ f ,almorah4 ,f ,almorah1 ,f ,b9s>1 7height1 #eehf 7height1 #gifi ,mean4 ft47 ft47 ,no4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,feet4 #a #af1eii #af1gfg #af1fhc #ae1hgb #b #af1ifi #ag1jje #af1ihg #c #ag1ahf #ag1ahe #ag1ahe #ad1hgh #d #ae1bic #ae1cfa #ae1cbg 8,! po9ts #a1 #b & #c are 9 ridges t run 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction4 ,! dip ( ! /rata be+ to ! nor?-ea/1 ! faces expos$ to view f ! s\? are = ! mo/ "p v abrupt1 & sn[ nev] accumulates on !m to any great ext5t4 ,?is 9 "s measure w acc\nt = ! height to :i* ! sn[ is se5 to h rec$$ on ! ea/]n exposures1 t is1 upw>ds ( #ag1jjj feet4 ,on ! we/]n exposures ! gr\nd is less /eep1 & ! sn[ is se5 to h be5 obs]v$ at a consid]able less elevation2 b x 0 9 v small quantities1 & _h probably fall5 lately1 s t ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t its height1 viz41 ab\t #ae1jjj feet1 r indicates ! elevation bel[ :i* ! light autumnal falls ( sn[ 7 incapable ( ly+1 ?an t ( ! inf]ior edge ( ! p]petual sn[4 ,x is fur!r to be und]/ood1 t bel[ ?is level ( #ae1jjj feet ! m\nta9s 7 absolutely )\t sn[1 except+ ^? small isolat$ pat*es t are se5 9 rav9es1 or at ! head ( glaci]s1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 d n affect su* calculations z ^!4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ,i consid] t ! height ( ! sn[-l9e on ! m prom95t po9ts ( ! s\!rn edge ( ! belt may be fairly reckon$ at #af1jjj feet at ! v lea/4 8,! po9t ,no4 #d 0 select$ z be+ 9 a mu* m retir$ position ?an ! o!rs4 ,x is situate n f> f ! head ( ! ,p9dur riv]4 ,x 0 q free f sn[ at #ae1cjj feet1 & ,i %all !re=e consid] #ae1jjj feet z ! elevation ( ! sn[-l9e 9 ! re-ent]+ angles ( ! *a94 8,i conclude1 !n1 t #ae1ejj feet1 ! mean ( ! heights at ! mo/ & lea/ prom95t po9ts1 %\ld be assign$ z ! mean elevation ( ! sn[-l9e at ! s\!rn limit ( ! belt ( p]petual sn[ 9 ,kumaon2 & ,i conceive t :atev] error !re may be 9 ?is e/imate w be f\nd to lie on ! side ( dim9ution r ?an ( exagg]ation4 8,?is result appe>s to accord well ) :at has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,bissehir range4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,dr4 ,g]>d ( 8 visit to ! ,%tl ,pass on ?is range1 :i* he und]took expressly = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! height ( ! sn[-l9e1 conta9s ! only def9ite in=mation z to ! limit ( ! p]petual sn[ at ! s\!rn edge ( ! belt t is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole ( ! publi%$ writ+s ( ! ,g]>ds2 & ! foll[+ is a %ort ab/ract ( 8 obs]vations4 ,dr4 ,g]>d rea*$ ! summit ( ! ,%tl ,pass1 ! elevation ( :i* is #ae1ejj feet1 on ! #i? ( ,augu/1 #ahbb1 & rema9$ !re till ! #ae? ( ! same mon?4 ,he f\nd ! s\!rn slope ( ! range g5]ally free f sn[1 & he /ates t x is sometimes left )\t any :atev]4 ,on ! top ( ! pass itself !re 0 no sn[2 b on ! nor!rn slope ( ! m\nta9 x lay z f> d[n z ab\t #ad1jjj feet4 ,on 8 arrival ra9 0 fall+1 & out ( ! f\r days ( 8 /ay on ?is pass x ei!r ra9$ or sn[$ = ! great] "p ( ?ree4 ,! fre% sn[ t fell dur+ ?is "t did n lie bel[ #af1jjj feet1 & "s ( ! m precipit\s rocks rema9$ cle> ev5 up to #ag1jjj feet4 8,! conclusion to :i* ,dr4 ,g]>d comes f ^! facts is1 t ! sn[-l9e on ! s\!rn face ( ! ,bissehir range is at #ae1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,b ,i %\ld myself be m incl9$1 f 8 acc\nt1 to consid] t #ae1ejj feet 0 ne>] ! tru?2 & 9 ?is view ,i am confirm$ by v]bal acc\nts ( ! /ate ( ! passes on ?is range1 :i* ,i h obta9$ f p]sons ( my acqua9tance1 :o h cross$ !m some:at lat] 9 ! ye>4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is aft] all trifl+4 8,su* is ! direct evid5ce t c be (f]$ on ! height ( ! sn[-l9e at ! s\!rn limit ( ! belt ( p]petual sn[3 "s additional light1 may1 h[ev]1 be ?r[n on ! subject g5]ally by my %ortly expla9+ ! /ate 9 :i* ,i h f\nd ! high] p>ts ( ! m\nta9s at ! diff]5t seasons dur+ :i* ,i h visit$ !m4 8,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 on ! m\nta9s to ! ea/ ( ! ,rmganga riv]1 ne> ,nmik1 ,i f\nd ! gr\nd on ! summit ( ! ridge1 call$ ,*ampw1 n only p]fectly free f sn[ at an elevation ( #ab1jjj feet1 b cov]$ ) fl[]s1 9 "s places gold5 ) cal%a & ranunculus polypetalus1 9 o!rs purple ) primulus4 ,! sn[ _h 9 fact already rec$$ to upw>ds ( #ab1ejj feet1 beh9d :i* ev5 a few little g5tians proclaim$ ! adv5t ( spr+4 8,t[>ds ! end ( ! same mon?1 at ! end ( ! ,p9dur1 ne> ! glaci] f :i* t riv] rises1 an op5 spot on :i* ,i c\ld pit* my t5t c\ld n be f\nd above #ab1jjj feet4 ,b "h ! accumulation ( sn[1 :i* 0 consid]able 9 all rav9es ev5 bel[ #aa1jjj feet1 is manife/ly ! result ( avalan*es & drift4 ,! surface ( ! glaci]1 cle> ice z well z mora9es1 0 q free f sn[ up to ne>ly #ac1jjj feet2 b ! effect ( ! m retir$ position ( ! place 9 ret>d+ ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 0 manife/ f ! less advanc$ /ate ( ! vegetation4 ,dur+ my /ay at ,p9duri ! wea!r 0 v bad1 & sev]al in*es ( sn[ fell2 b1 except+ :]e x _h fall5 on ! old sn[1 x all melt$ (f aga9 9 a few h\rs1 ev5 )\t ! assi/ance ( ! sun's direct rays4 ,on ! glaci]1 at #ac1jjj feet1 x _h all disappe>$ twelve h\rs aft] x fell4 8,on revisit+ ,p9duri ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 ! *ange t _h tak5 place 0 v /rik+4 ,n[ n a sign ( sn[ 0 to be se5 on any "p ( ! road up to ! v head ( ! glaci]2 a luxuriant vegetation _h sprung up1 b _h already almo/ entirely p]i%$1 & its rema9s cov]$ ! gr\nd z f> z ,i w5t4 ,f ?is elevation1 ab\t #ac1jjj feet1 evid5t signs ( vegetation c\ld be se5 to ext5d f> up ! less precipit\s m\nta9s4 ,! place is n "o at :i* ! height ( ! p]petual sn[ c be easily e/imat$1 = on all sides are glaci]s1 & ! va/ accumulations ( sn[ f :i* !y are suppli$1 & ^! _c always be readily di/+ui%$ f sn[ 9 situ2 b z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 ^? places :i* might be consid]$ z (f]+ a fair crit]ion 7 free f sn[ up to #ae1jjj1 or ev5 #af1jjj feet4 8,t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/ ,i cross$ ! ,b>jikang ,pass1 betwe5 ,rlam & ,juhr1 ! elevation ( :i* is ab\t #ae1cjj feet4 ,!re 0 "h no ve/ige ( sn[ on ! asc5t to ! pass f ! s\?-ea/1 & only a v small pat* rema9$ on ! nor?-we/]n face4 ,! view ( ! cont9uation ( ! ridge 9 a s\!rly direction 0 cut (f by a prom95t po9t1 b no sn[ lay on t side )9 #ejj feet ( ! pass1 :ile to ! nor? ,i e/imat$ t !re 0 no sn[ 9 consid]able quantity )9 #aejj feet or m1 t is1 ne>ly up to #ag1jjj feet4 ,! vegetation on ! v summit ( ! pass 0 f> f scanty1 ?\gh x _h already begun to break up into tufts1 & _h lo/ t "* ( cont9uity :i* x _h ma9ta9$ to )9 a height ( #ejj or #fjj feet4 ,species ( ,pot5tilla1 ,s$um1 ,saxifraga1 ,corydalis1 ,aconitum1 ,delph9ium1 ,?alictrum1 ,ranunculus ,saussurea1 ,g5tiana1 ,p$icul>is1 ,primula1 ,rheum1 & ,polygonum1 all evid5tly fl\ri%+ 9 a cong5ial climate1 %[$ t ! limits ( vegetation & region ( p]petual sn[ 7 /ill f> di/ant4 8,9 addition to ^! facts1 x may n be out ( place to m5tion t !re are two m\nta9s visible f ,almorah1 ,rigoli-gdri1 9 ,g>hwal betwe5 ! ,kailganga & ,n&kni1 & ,*ipula1 9 ,kumaon1 betwe5 ! ,gori & ,dauli 7( ,d>ma71 bo? upw>ds ( #ac1jjj feet 9 elevation1 f ! summits ( :i* ! sn[ disappe>s long be=e ! end ( ! summ] mon?s1 & :i* d n usually aga9 become cov]$ = ! w9t] till late 9 ,decemb]40 ,^! rem>ks are foll[$ by an exposition ( ! errors into :i* ,webb1 ,colebrooke1 ,hodgson1 ,a4 ,g]>d1 & ,jacquemont1 h fall54 ,! heights assign$ by ^! travell]s 8mu/ all be reject$2 nor c x be consid]$ at all surpris+ t any am\nt ( mi/ake1 z to ! height ( ! sn[-l9e1 %\ld be made1 s long z travell]s _c di/+ui% sn[ f glaci] ice1 or look = ! b\nd>y ( p]petual sn[ at ! beg9n+ ( ! spr+40 ,) reg>d to ! nor!rn limit ( ! belt ( p]petual sn[1 ,lieut5ant ,/ra*ey's obs]vations 7 made 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdh1 on 8 way f ,milam into ,hundes1 vi ,unta-dhra1 ,kyung>-ght1 & ,bal*-dhra1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?2 & on 8 road back aga91 vi ,lakhur-ght1 at ! end ( ! mon?4 8,( ! ?ree passes t we cross$ on our way f ,milam1 all ( !m be+ ab\t #ag1jjj feet 9 elevation1 ! fir/ is ,wata-dhra1 & we saw no sn[ on any "p ( ! way up to its top1 :i* 0 rea*$ 9 a v disagreeable drizzle ( ra9 & sn[4 ,! f9al asc5t to ! pass f ! s\? is ab\t #ajjj feet4 ,! pa? leads up ! side ( a rav9e1 d[n :i* a small /ream trickles1 ! gr\nd hav+ a g5]ally ev5 & r\nd$ surface4 ,nei!r on any "p ( ?is nor on ! summit ( ! pass itself1 :i* is tol]ably level1 7 !re any rema9s ( sn[ :atev]4 ,on ! ridge to ! "r & left !re 7 pat*es ( sn[ a few hundr$ feet above2 & on ! nor!rn face ( ! pass an accumulation rema9$ t ext5d$ ab\t #bjj feet d[n1 app>5tly ! effect ( ! drift ?r\gh ! gap 9 :i* ! pass lies4 ,bel[ ?is aga9 ! gr\nd 0 ev]y:]e q free f sn[4 ,on ! asc5t to ,wata-dhra1 at p]haps #ag1jjj feet1 a few blades ( grass 7 se51 b on ! :ole x may be said to h be5 utt]ly devoid ( vegetation4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! pass1 #cjj or #djj feet bel[ ! summit1 a crucif]\s plant 0 ! fir/ met )4 8,! ,kyung> pass1 :i* is f\r or six miles nor? ( ,wata-dhra1 0 f\nd equally free f sn[ on its s\!rn face & summit1 :i* latt] is p>ticul>ly op5 & level4 ,! m\nta9s on ei!r side 7 also free f sn[ to "s height2 b on ! nor? a l>ge b$ lay a little way d[n ! slope1 & ext5d$ to ab\t #ejj feet f ! top4 ,on ?is pass a borag9e\s plant 9 fl[] 0 f\nd above #ag1jjj feet2 a species ( ,urtica 0 also got ab\t ! same altitude1 & we aft]w>ds saw x aga9 ne>ly z high up on ! ,lakhur pass4 8,9 our asc5t to ! ,bal* pass no sn[ 0 obs]v$ on any ( ! s\!rn spires ( ! range1 & only "o or two v small pat*es c\ld be se5 f ! summit on ! nor? side4 ,! av]age height ( ! top ( ?is range c h>dly be m ?an #ejj feet great] ?an t ( ! pass2 & z a :ole x c]ta9ly does n ent] ! region ( p]petual sn[4 ,z view$ f ! pla9s ( ,h&es1 x _c be said to appe> sn[y1 a few only ( ! peaks be+ tipp$4 8,we return$ to ,milam vi ,*ir*un4 ,! :ole ( ! asc5t to ,! ,lakhur pass 0 p]fectly free f sn[ to ! v top1 i4e4 #ah1cjj feet1 & _m ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s 7 b>e /ill high]4 ,! next ridge on ?is r\te is ,ja9ti-dhra1 :i* is pass$ at an elevation ( #ah1ejj feet1 b /ill )\t cross+ ! lea/ portion ( sn[4 ,! l9e ( p]petual sn[ is h[ev] evid5tly ne>2 = ?\gh ! ,ja9ti ridge 0 q free1 & "s ( ! peaks ne> u 7 cle> probably to upw>ds ( #ai1jjj feet1 yet 9 m %elt]$ situations unbrok5 sn[ c\ld be se5 consid]ably bel[ u2 & on ! :ole ,i ?9k t #ah1ejj feet mu/ be ne> ! av]age height ( ! sn[-l9e at ?is place40 ,a brief recapitulation ( ! pr9cipal results ( ,lieut5ant ,/ra*ey's inquiries %[s u t 8! sn[-l9e or ! s\!rn edge ( ! belt ( p]petual sn[ 9 ?is portion ( ! ,himalaya is at an elevation ( #ae1jjj feet1 :ile on ! nor!rn edge x rea*es #ah1ejj feet2 & t on ! m\nta9s to ! nor? ( ! ,sutlej1 or /ill fur!r1 x rec$es ev5 beyond #ai1jjj feet4 ,! great] elevation :i* ! sn[-l9e atta9s on ! nor!rn edge ( ! belt ( p]petual sn[ is a ph5om5on n conf9$ to ! ,?ibetan declivity alone1 b ext5d+ f> into ! int]ior ( ! *a92 & x appe>s to be caus$ by ! quantity ( sn[ t falls on ! nor!rn portion ( ! m\nta9s be+ mu* less ?an t :i* falls f>!r to ! s\? along ! l9e :]e ! peaks1 cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 fir/ rise above ! less elevat$ ranges ( ! ,himalaya40 ,! lett]s ( ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook] publi%$ dur+ ! pres5t ye> 7#ahdi7 9 ! ,a!num 7pp4 #dca & #ajci7 may also be consult$ ) advantage4 ,footnote #aa3 p4 #e--8;,a tawny tribe ( ,h]dsm540 ,! ,hiongnu 7,hi\ng-n\71 :om ,deguignes & ) him _m o!r hi/orians long believ$ to be id5tical ) ! ,huns1 inhabit$ ! va/ ,t>t>ian tract ( l& :i* is bord]$ on ! ea/ by ,uo-leang-ho1 ! pres5t t]ritory ( ! ,mant-s*u1 on ! s\? by ! ,*9ese wall1 on ! we/ by ! ,u-sin1 & on ! nor? by ! l& ( ! ,eleu!s ,b ! ,hiongnu belong to ! ,turki%1 & ! ,huns to ! ,f9ni% or ,uralian race4 ,! nor!rn ,huns1 a rude p ( h]dsm51 unacqua9t$ ) agriculture1 7 ( a blacki% br[n complexion4 ,! s\!rn ,huns1 or ,hajatehah call$ by ! ,byzant9es ,eu?alites or ,neph?alites1 & inhabit+ ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 _h fair] sk9s4 ,^! pursu$ agriculture1 & dwelt 9 t[ns4 ,!y are frequ5tly t]m$ ,:ite ,huns1 & d',h]belot ev5 reg>ds !m z ,indo-,scy?ians4 ,9 ,deguignes,,cn an acc\nt w be f\nd ( ! ,punu1 ! lead] or ,tanju ( ! ,huns1 & ( ! great dr\ght & fam9e :i* l$ to ! migration ( a portion ( ! nation nor?w>ds ab\t ! ye> #df ,a4,d4 ,all ! details1 giv5 9 8 celebrat$ "w reg>d+ ! ,hiongnu1 h be5 rec5tly submitt$ by ,klapro? to a rigid & le>n$ scrut9y4 ,f ! result ( 8 inve/igations x w\ld appe>1 t ! ,hiongnu belong to ! widely diffus$ ,turki% races ( ! ,altai & ,tangnu m\nta9 di/ricts4 ,! "n ( ,hiongnu 0 a g5]al "n = ! ,ti1 ,?u-kiu or ,turks1 9 ! nor? & nor?-we/ ( ,*9a1 ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! s\!rn ,hiongnu submitt$ !mselves to ! ,*9ese1 & 9 conjunction ) ! latt] de/roy$ ! empire ( ! nor!rn ,hiongnu1 :o 7 9 consequ5ce compell$ to flee to ! we/1 & ?us appe> to h giv5 ! fir/ impulse to ! migration ( nations 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! ,huns1 :o 7 long conf\nd$ ) ! ,hiongnu 7z ! ,uigures 7 ) ! ,ugures & ,hung>ians7 belong$1 accord+ to ,klapro?1,,co to ! ,f9ni% race ( ! ,uralian m\nta9s1 :i* race has be5 v>i\sly int]mix$ ) ,g]mans1 ,turks1 & ,samoi$es4 ,! ,huns 77 are fir/ m5tion$ by ,dionysius ,p]iegetes1 a writ] :o 0 able to obta9 m accurate in=mation ?an o!rs reg>d+ ! int]ior ( ,asia1 because1 z a le>n$ man & a native ( ,*>ax on ! ,arabian ,gulf1 he 0 s5t back to ! ,ea/ by ,augu/us1 to accompany ?i!r 8 adopt$ son1 ,caius ,agrippa4 ,ptolemy1 a c5tury lat]1 writes ! ^w ) a /rong aspiration1 :i*1 z ,/4 ,m>t9 obs]ves1 is aga9 met ) 9 ! geographical "n ( ,*unig>d4 ,footnote #ab3 p4 #f--8,no hewn /one40 ,repres5tations ( ! sun & figures ( animals h c]ta9ly be5 f\nd grav5 9 rocks on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 ne> ,caic>a1 :]e ! woody region bord]s on ! pla91 b 9 ! ,llanos !mselves n a trace ( ^! r\gh memorials ( e>li] inhabitants has ev] be5 discov]$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t no accurate acc\nt has rea*$ u ( a monum5t :i* 0 s5t to ,c\nt ,maurepas1 9 ,france1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,kalm1 0 discov]$ 9 ! prairies ( ,canada1 #ijj ,fr5* leagues 7ab\t #bgjj ,engli% miles7 we/ ( ,montreal1 by ,m4 de ,v]&ri]1 :ile engag$ on an exp$ition to ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4,,cp ,?is travell] met 9 ! pla9s ) huge masses ( /one erect$ by ! h& ( man1 on "o ( :i* !re 0 an inscription believ$ to be 9 ! ,t>t> language,,cq4 ,h[ c s important a monum5t h rema9$ un9ve/igat$8 ,c x actually h borne an alphabetical inscription1 or are we n r to believe t x mu/ h be5 an hi/orical picture1 l ! s-call$ ,phnician inscription1 :i* has be5 discov]$ on ! bank ( ! ,taunton riv]1 & ^: au!nticity has be5 que/ion$ by ,c\rt de ,gebel98 ,i inde$ reg>d x z highly probable t ^! pla9s 7 once trav]s$ by civilis$ nations1 & x seems to me t ?is fact is prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( pyramidal grave-works or burr[s & bulw>ks ( extraord9>y l5g?1 betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,alleghanys1 on :i* ,squi] & ,davis h n[ ?r[n new light 9 _! acc\nt ( ! anci5t monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi valley4,,cr ,m4 de ,v]&ri] 0 despat*$1 ab\t ! ye> #agdf1 on ?is exp$ition by ! ,*evali] de ,beauh>nois1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,canada2 & sev]al ,jesuits 9 ,quebec assur$ ,kalm t !y _h actually _h ?is s-call$ inscription 9 _! h&s1 & t x 0 grav5 on a small tablet :i* 0 f\nd inlaid 9 a hewn pill>4 ,i h 9 va9 reque/$ sev]al ( my fri5ds 9 ,france to make inquiries reg>d+ ?is monum5t1 9 ! ev5t ( its be+ 9 ! ,collection ( ,c\nt ,maurepas4 ,i h also f\nd equally unc]ta9 acc\nts ( ! alphabetical writ+ ( ! ,am]ican aborig9al races1 9 a "w ( ,p$ro de ,ciea de ,leon1,,cs 9 ,g>cia1,,ct & 9 ,columbus's,,cu j\rnal ( 8 fir/ voyage4 ,m4 de ,v]&ri] ma9ta9$ also t traces ( ! pl\gh%>e 7 obs]v$ = days toge!r 9 travell+ ov] ! grassy pla9s ( ,we/]n ,canada2 a circum/ance t o!r travell]s1 prior to him1 likewise pr(ess to h notic$4 ,b ! utt] ignorance ( ! primitive nations ( ,nor? ,am]ica reg>d+ ?is implem5t ( agriculture1 ! want ( bea/s ( draught1 & ! va/ ext5t ( surface ov] :i* ^! tracks ext5d ?r\gh ! prairie1 t5d r to make me adopt ! op9ion t ?is s+ul> appe>ance ( furr[s is ow+ to "s movem5t ( wat] ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,footnote #ac3 p4 #f--8;,x spreads l an arm ( ! sea40 ,! great /eppe1 :i* ext5ds f ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco to ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1 f ea/ to we/1 deflects t[>ds ! s\? 9 ! p>allel ( #h nor? latitude1 & occupies ! :ole space betwe5 ! ea/]n declivity ( ! elevat$ m\nta9s ( ,new ,granada & ! ,or9oco1 :i* "h fl[s 9 a nor!rly direction4 ,t portion ( ! ,llanos1 :i* is wat]$ by ! ,meta1 ,vi*ada1 ,zama1 & ,guavi>e1 connects z x 7 ! valley ( ! ,amazon ) t ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco4 ,! ^w ,p>amo1 :i* ,i h frequ5tly employ$ 9 ?is "w1 signifies 9 ! ,spani% colonies all alp9e regions :i* are situat$ f #aa1jjj to #ad1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & ^: climate is rude1 ung5ial1 & mi/y4 ,9 ! high] ,p>amos hail & sn[ fall daily = _m h\rs cont9u\sly1 & yield a b5eficial supply ( humidity to ! alp9e plants1 n f ! absolute quantity ( vap\r 9 ! high] /rata ( ! air1 b by ! frequ5cy ( ! aque\s deposits occasion$ by ! rapidly *ang+ curr5ts ( air1 & ! v>iations ( ! electric t5sion4 ,! trees f\nd 9 ^! regions are l[1 & spread out 9 an umbrella-l =m1 h gn>l$ bran*es1 :i* are con/antly cov]$ ) fre% & ev]gre5 foliage4 ,!y are mo/ly l>ge-fl[]+ laurel & myrtle-leav$ alp9e %rubs ,escallonia tub>1 ,escallonia myrtilloides1 ,*uquiraga insignis1 ,arali1 ,we9manni1 ,frezi]1 ,gual!ri1 & ,&rom$a reticulata1 may be reg>d$ z ! repres5tatives ( ! physiognomy ( ?is vegetation4,,cv ,to ! s\? ( ! t[n ( ,santa ,f de ,bogota lies ! celebrat$ ,p>amo de la ,suma ,paz1 an isolat$ m\nta9 gr\p1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,indian leg5ds1 great treasures are conceal$2 & h5ce issues a small /ream or brook1 :i* p\rs its foam+ wat]s ?r\gh a rem>kable natural bridge 9 ! rocky rav9e ( ,icononzo4 ,9 my ,lat9 treatise1 ,de ,di/ributione geographica ,plant>um secundum cli temp]iem et altitud9em montium1 #ahag1 p4 #ajd1 ,i h ?us endeav\r$ to *>act]ise ^! ,alp9e regions3 8,altitud9e #agjj-aijj hexapod3 asp]ri solitud9es1 qu a colonis hispanis uno nom9e ,p>amos appellantur1 tempe/atum vicissitud9ibus mire obnoxi1 ad quas solut et emollit defluunt nives2 v5torum flatibus ac nimborum gr&9isque jactu tumultuosa regio1 qu que p] diem et p] noctes riget1 solis nubila et tri/i luce f]e nunquam calefacta4 ,habitantur 9 hac ipsa altitud9e sat magn civitates1 ut ,micuipampa ,p]uvianorum1 ubi !rmometrum c5tes4 m]idie int] #e et #h1 noctu -#j4d consi/]e vidi2 ,huancavelica1 propt] c9nab>is v5as celebrata1 ubi altitud9e #ahce hexap4 f]e totum p] annum temp]ies m5sis ,m>tii ,p>isiis40 ,footnote #ad3 p4 #f--8,! ,cordill]as ( ,co*abamba & ! ,brazilian m\nta9s approximate to "o ano!r by means ( sep>ate transv]se *a9s40 ,! imm5se space betwe5 ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ea/]n declivity ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es is contract$ by two m\nta9 masses1 :i* p>tially sep>ate f "o ano!r ! ?ree valleys or pla9s ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 & ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,! m nor!rn m\nta9 mass1 call$ ! gr\p ( ! ,p>ime1 is opposite to ! ,&es ( ,cund9am>ca1 :i*1 aft] ext5d+ f> t[>ds ! ea/1 assume ! =m ( "o elevat$ m\nta91 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ff & #fh we/ longitude4 ,x is connect$ by ! n>r[ m\nta9 ridge ( ,pac>aima ) ! granitic hills ( ,fr5* ,guiana1 z ,i h cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! map ( ,columbia :i* ,i drew up f my own a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,! ,c>ibs1 9 _! long exp$itions f ! missions ( ,c>ony to ! pla9s ( ,rio ,branco1 & ev5 to ! ,brazilian fronti]1 are oblig$ to trav]se ! cre/s ( ,pac>aima & ,quimiropaca4 ,! second gr\p ( m\nta9s1 :i* sep>ates ! valley ( ! ,amazon f t ( ,la ,plata1 is ! ,brazilian1 :i* approximates to ! promontory ( ,santa ,cruz de la ,si]ra1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*iquitos1 we/ ( ! ,p>ecis hills4 ,z nei!r ! gr\p ( ! ,p>ime1 :i* gives rise to ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 nor ! ,brazilian gr\p1 is directly connect$ ) ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 ! pla9s ( ,v5ezuela & ^? ( ,patagonia are directly connect$ ) "o ano!r4,,cw ,footnote #ae3 p4 #f--8;,h]ds ( wild dogs40 ,9 ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres ! travell] meets ) ,european dogs1 :i* h become wild4 ,!y live greg>i\sly 9 holes & excavations1 9 :i* !y conceal _! "y4 ,:5 ! horde becomes too num]\s1 sev]al families g =?1 & =m new settlem5ts else:]e4 ,! ,european dog b>ks z l\dly aft] x has become wild1 z does ! indig5\s ,am]ican hairy species4 ,g>cilaso ass]ts t1 prior to ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,p]uvians _h a race ( dogs call$ ,p]ros gozques2 & he calls ! indig5\s dog ,allco4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% ?is animal f ! ,european v>iety1 x is call$ 9 ! ,qui*ua language ,runa-allco1 ,indian dog1 or dog ( ! natives4 ,! hairy ,runa-allco appe>s to be a m]e v>iety ( ! %eph]d's dog4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 small]1 has long yell[-o*ry col\r$ hair1 is m>k$ ) :ite & br[n spots1 & has erect & po9t$ e>s4 ,x b>ks cont9ually1 b seldom bites ! natives1 h[ev] x may attack ! :ites4 ,:5 ! ,inca ,pa*acutec1 9 8 religi\s w>s1 conqu]$ ! ,indians ( ,xauxa & ,huanca 7! pres5t valley ( ,huancaya & ,jauja71 & compell$ !m by =ce to submit to ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 he f\nd t dogs 7 made ! objects ( _! adoration1 & t ! prie/s us$ ! skulls ( ^! animals z w9d in/rum5ts4 ,x w\ld also appe> t ! fle% ( ?is can9e div9ity 0 eat5 by ! believ]s4,,cx ,! v5]ation ( dogs 9 ! valley ( ! ,huancaya is probably ! reason :y ! skulls1 & ev5 :ole mummies1 ( ^! animals are sometimes f\nd 9 ! ,huacas1 or ,p]uvian graves ( ! mo/ anci5t p]iod4 ,von ,ts*udi1 ! au?or ( an admirable treatise on ! ,fauna ,p]uana1 has exam9$ ^! skulls1 & believes !m to belong to a peculi> species1 :i* he calls ,canis +1 & :i* is diff]5t f ! ,european dog4 ,! ,huancas are /ill1 9 d]ision1 call$ 8dog-eat]s0 by ! inhabitants ( o!r prov9ces4 ,among ! natives ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 cook$ dog's fle% is plac$ be=e ! /rang] gue/1 z a fea/ ( hon\r4 ,capta9 ,frmont 0 pres5t at su* a dog-fea/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,=t ,l>amie1 :i* is "o ( ! /ations ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company = trad+ 9 sk9s & peltries ) ! ,si\x ,indians4,,cy ,! ,p]uvian dogs 7 made to play a s+ul> "p dur+ eclipses ( ! moon1 be+ beat5 z long z ! d>kness cont9u$4 ,! ,mexican ,te*i*i1 a v>iety ( ! common dog1 :i* 0 call$ 9 ,anahuac ,*i*i1 0 ! only completely dumb dog4 ,! lit]al signification ( ! ^w ,te*i*i is 8/one-dog10 f ! ,aztec1 tetl1 a /one4 ,?is dog 0 eat5 accord+ to ! anci5t ,*9ese cu/om1 & ! ,spani>ds f\nd ?is food s indisp5sable be=e ! introduction ( horn$ cattle1 t ! race 0 gradually almo/ entirely extirpat$4,,cz ,buffon conf\nds ! ,te*i*i ) ! ,k\p>a ( ,guiana1,,da :i* is1 h[ev]1 id5tical ) ! ,procyon or ,ursus cancrivorus1 ! ,raton crabi]1 or ! crab-eat+ ,agu>a-guaza ( ! coa/s ( ,patagonia4,,db ,l9nu1 on ! o!r h&1 conf\nds ! dumb dog ) ! ,mexican ,itzcu9tepotzotli1 a can9e species :i* has n hi!rto be5 p]fectly describ$1 & :i* is said to be *>act]is$ by a %ort tail1 a v small head1 & a l>ge hump on ! back4 ,! "n signifies a hump-back$ dog1 & is d]iv$ f ! ,aztec itzcu9tli1 ano!r ^w = dog1 & tepotzotli1 hump$ or a humpback4 ,i 0 mu* /ruck 9 ,am]ica1 especially 9 ,quito & ,p]u1 ) ! great numb] ( black hairless dogs4 ,!y are t]m$ ,*i5s turcs by ,buffon1 & are ! ,canis gyptius ( ,l9nu4 ,?is species is common among/ ! ,indians1 :o1 h[ev]1 g5]ally despise !m1 & treat !m ill4 ,all ,european dogs multiply rapidly 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 & if no species are to be met ) equal to ^? ( ,europe1 x is p>tly ow+ to want ( c>e1 & p>tly to ! circum/ance t ! f9e/ v>ieties 7z ! elegant greyh\nd & ! ,dani% tig] bre$7 h nev] be5 introduc$4 ,von ,ts*udi makes ! s+ul> rem>k1 t on ! ,cordill]as1 at elevations ( m ?an #ab1jjj feet1 delicate bre$s ( dogs & ! ,european dome/ic cat are expos$ to a p>ticul> k9d ( mortal disease4 8,innum]able attempts h be5 made to keep cats z dome/ic animals 9 ! t[n ( ,c]ro de ,pasco 7ly+ at an elevation ( #ad1ajj feet above ! sea's level72 b su* endeav\rs h inv>iably be5 fru/rat$1 z bo? cats & dogs h di$ 9 convulsions at ! end ( a few days4 ,! cats1 aft] be+ attack$ by convulsive fits1 attempt to climb ! walls1 b soon fall to ! gr\nd exhau/$ & motionless4 ,i frequ5tly obs]v$ in/ances 9 ,yauli ( ?is *orea-l disease2 & x seems to arise f insuffici5t atmosph]ic pressure40 ,9 ! ,spani% colonies1 ! hairless dog1 :i* is call$ ,p]ro *9esco1 or *9o1 is suppos$ to be ( ,*9ese orig91 & to h be5 br\ght f ,canton1 or f ,manila4 ,accord+ to ,klapro?1 ! race has be5 v common 9 ! ,*9ese ,empire f ! e>lie/ ages ( its culture4 ,among ! animals indig5\s to ,mexico1 !re 0 a v l>ge1 totally hairless1 & dog-l wolf1 nam$ ,xoloitzcu9tli1 f ! ,mexican xolo or xolotl1 a s]vant or slave4,,dc ,! result ( ,ts*udi's obs]vations reg>d+ ! ,am]ican indig5\s races ( dogs are z foll[s3--,!re are two v>ieties almo/ specifically diff]5t--#a4 ,! ,canis c>aibicus ( ,lesson1 totally hairless1 ) ! exception ( a small tuft ( :ite hair on ! =ehead & at ! tip ( ! tail2 ( a slate-gray col\r1 & )\t voice4 ,?is v>iety 0 f\nd by ,columbus 9 ! ,antilles1 by ,cortes 9 ,mexico1 & by ,piz>ro 9 ,p]u 7:]e x suff]s f ! cold ( ! ,cordill]as72 & x is /ill v frequ5tly met ) 9 ! w>m] di/ricts ( ,p]u1 "u ! "n ( ,p]ros *9os4 #b4 ,! ,canis +1 :i* belongs to ! b>k+ species1 & has a po9t$ nose & po9t$ e>s2 x is n[ us$ = wat*+ %eep & cattle2 x exhibits _m v>iations ( col\r1 induc$ by be+ cross$ ) ,european bre$s4 ,! ,canis + foll[s man up ! heights ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,9 ! old ,p]uvian graves1 ! skeleton ( ?is dog is sometimes f\nd re/+ at ! feet ( ! human mummy1 pres5t+ an emblem ( fidelity frequ5tly employ$ by ! m$ival sculptors4,,dd ,european dogs1 t _h become wild1 7 f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 & 9 ,cuba1 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! ,spani% conque/4,,de ,9 ! savannahs betwe5 ! ,meta1 ,arauca1 & ,apure1 dumb dogs 7p]ros mudos7 7 us$ z food z late z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! natives call$ !m ,majos or ,auries1 says ,alonzo de ,h]r]a1 :o und]took an exp$ition to ! ,or9oco1 9 #aece4 ,! highly intellig5t travell] ,gisecke f\nd ?is v>iety ( non-b>k+ dogs 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! dogs ( ! ,esquimaux live entirely 9 ! op5 air1 scrap+ = !mselves at night holes 9 ! sn[1 & h[l+ l wolves1 9 conc]t ) "o ( ! troop1 :o sits 9 ! middle1 & takes ! lead 9 ! *orus4 ,! ,mexican dogs 7 ca/rat$1 9 ord] t _! fle% might become m fat & delicate4 ,on ! bord]s ( ! prov9ce ( ,durango1 & fur!r nor?1 ne> ! ,slave ,lake1 ! natives load ! l>g] dogs ) _! buffalo-sk9 t5ts1 7at all ev5ts !y did s =m]ly17 :51 on ! *ange ( seasons1 !y seek a diff]5t place ( abode4 ,^! v>i\s details may all be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! mode ( life l$ by ! nations ( ,ea/]n ,asia4,,df ,footnote #af3 p4 #g--8,l ! great] "p ( ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a1 ! ,llanos lie )9 ! ,torrid ,zone40 ,significant d5om9ations1 p>ticul>ly su* z ref] to ! =m ( ! e>?'s surface1 & :i* arose at a p]iod :5 !re 0 only v unc]ta9 in=mation respect+ diff]5t regions & _! hypsometric relations1 h l$ to v>i\s & long-cont9u$ geographical errors4 ,! anci5t ,ptolemaic d5om9ation ( ! 8,great] & ,less] ,atlas0,,dg has ex]cis$ ! injuri\s influ5ce "h indicat$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! sn[-cov]$ we/]n summits ( ! ,atlas ( ,morocco may be reg>d$ z ! ,great ,atlas ( ,ptolemy2 b :]e is ! limit ( ! ,little ,atlas8 ,are we /ill to ma9ta9 ! division into two ,atlas *a9s 7:i* ! cons]vative t5d5cy ( geograph]s has reta9$ = #agjj ye>s7 9 ! t]ritory ( ,algi]s1 & ev5 betwe5 ,tunis & ,tlemse8 ,are we to seek a ,great] & a ,less] ,atlas betwe5 ! coa/ & ! p>allel *a9s ( ! int]ior8 ,all travell]s famili> ) geogno/ic views1 :o h visit$ ,alg]ia s9ce x has be5 9 ! possession ( ! ,fr5*1 conte/ ! mean+ convey$ by ! g5]ally adopt$ nom5clature4 ,among ! p>allel *a9s1 t ( ,jurjura is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! highe/ ( ^? :i* h be5 measur$2 b ! well-in=m$ ,f\rnel 7:o 0 long ,+nieur en *ef des ,m9es de l',algrie7 affirms t ! m\nta9 range ( ,aurs1 ne> ,batnah1 :i* ev5 at ! end ( ,m>* 0 f\nd cov]$ ) sn[1 has a great] elevation4 ,f\rnel conte/s ! exi/5ce ( a ,little & a ,great ,atlas1 z ,i d t ( a ,little & a ,great ,altai,,dh4 ,!re is b "o ,atlas1 =m]ly call$ ,dyris by ! ,mauritanians1 8a "n t mu/ be appli$ to ! fold+s 7rides1 suites de crtes71 :i* =m ! division betwe5 ! wat]s fl[+ to ! ,m$it]ranean & t[>ds ! l[l& ( ! ,sah>a40 ,! l(ty ,atlas *a9 ( ,morocco incl9es f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 & n1 l ! ,ea/]n ,mauritanian portion ( ! ,atlas1 f ea/ to we/4 ,x rises into summits :i*1 accord+ to ,r5\1 atta9 an elevation ( #aa1djj feet1 exce$+1 !re=e1 ! height ( ,etna,,di4 ,a s+ul>ly =m$ highl&1 ( an almo/ squ>e %ape 7,sahab el-,m>ga71 is situat$ 9 #cc nor? lat41 & is b\nd$ to ! s\? by high elevations4 ,f !nce ! ,atlas decl9es 9 height 9 a we/]ly direction t[>ds ! sea1 ab\t a degree s\? ( ,mogador4 ,?is s\?-we/]n portion be>s ! "n ( ,idr>-,n-,d]54 ,! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ! ext5d$ l[ region ( ! ,sah>a 9 ,mauritania1 z well z its s\!rn limits t[>ds ! f]tile ,sudan1 h hi!rto be5 b imp]fectly inve/igat$4 ,if we take ! p>allels ( #af & #cb nor? lat4 z ! out] limits1 we obta9 = ! ,des]t1 includ+ its oases1 an area ( m ?an #a1hif1jjj squ>e miles2 or betwe5 n9e & t5 times ! ext5t ( ,g]many1 & almo/ ?ree times t ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 exclusive ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,! be/ & mo/ rec5t intellig5ce1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! ,fr5* obs]v]s1 ,colonel ,daumas1 & ,,mm4 ,f\rnel1 ,r5\1 & ,c>ette1 %[s u t ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a is compos$ ( sev]al deta*$ bas9s1 & t ! numb] & ! population ( ! f]tile ,oases is v mu* great] ?an _h be5 imag9$ f ! awfully des]t "* ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,insalah & ,timbuctoo1 & ! road f ,m\rz\k1 9 ,fezzan1 to ,bilma1 ,tirtuma1 & ,lake ,ts*ad4 ,x is n[ g5]ally affirm$ t ! s& cov]s only ! small] portion ( ! l[l&s4 ,a simil> op9ion _h be5 previ\sly advanc$ by my ,sib]ian travell+ companion1 ! acute obs]v] ,ehr5b]g1 f :at he _h himself se5,,dj4 ,( l>g] wild animals1 only gazelles1 wild asses1 & o/ri*es are to be met )4 8,t lions exi/ 9 ! des]t10 says ,m4 ,c>ette1 8is a my? popul>is$ by ! dreams ( arti/s & poets1 & has no f\ndation b 9 _! imag9ation4 ,?is animal does n quit ! m\nta9s :]e x f9ds %elt]1 food1 & dr9k4 ,:5 ! travell] que/ions ! natives conc]n+ ^! wild bea/s1 :i* ,europeans suppose to be _! companions 9 ! des]t1 !y reply1 ) imp]turbable sang froid1 #8,h y1 !n1 lions 9 y\r c\ntry :i* c dr9k air & eat leaves8 ,) u lions require runn+ wat] & liv+ fle%2 & !re=e !y only appe> :]e !re are wood$ hills & wat]4 ,we fe> only ! vip] 7lefa71 &1 9 humid spots1 ! innum]able sw>ms ( mosquitoes :i* ab\nd !re4,,dk'0 ,:ile ,dr4 ,oudney1 9 8 long j\rney f ,tripoli to ,lake ,ts*ad1 e/imat$ ! elevation ( ! ,s\!rn ,sah>a at #afcg feet1 & ,g]man geograph]s ev5 v5tur$ to add an additional ?\s& feet1 ,f\rnel1 ! eng9e]1 has1 by c>eful b>ometric measurem5ts1 bas$ on correspond+ obs]vations1 made x tol]ably probable t a "p ( ! nor!rn des]t is bel[ ! sea's level4 ,! portion ( ! des]t :i* is n[ call$ 8,le ,zah>a d',algrie10 advances to ! *a9s ( hills ( ,metlili & el-,ga\s1 :]e lies ! mo/ nor!rn ( all ! ,oases1 el-,kant>a1 fruitful 9 dates4 ,?is l[ bas91 :i* rea*es ! p>allel ( #cd lat41 receives ! radiant heat ( a /ratum ( *alk1 incl9$ at an angle ( #fe t[>ds ! s\?1 & :i* is full ( ! %ells ( ,inoc]amus,,dl4 8,arriv$ at ,bisc>a 7,biskra710 says ,f\rnel1 8an indef9ite horizon1 l t ( ! sea1 lay spread be=e u40 ,betwe5 ,bisc>a & ,sidi ,ocba ! l& is only #bdc feet above ! sea's level4 ,! incl9ation increases consid]ably t[>ds ! s\?4 ,9 ano!r "w,,dm1 :]e ,i h br\ght toge!r all ! po9ts t ref] to ! depression ( "s portions ( cont95ts bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 ,i h already notic$ t1 accord+ to ,le ,pre1 ! bitt] lakes 7lacs am]s7 on ! i/hmus ( ,suez1 :5 !y h b little wat]1 &1 accord+ to ,g5]al ,&rossy1 ! ,natron lakes ( ,fay\m1 are also l[] ?an ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,among o!r manuscript notices ( ,m4 ,f\rnel1 ,i possess a geogno/ic v]tical pr(ile1 ) all ! inflexions & incl9ations ( ! /rata1 repres5t+ ! surface ! :ole way f ! coa/ ne> ,philippeville to a spot ne> ! ,oasis ( ,bisc>a 9 ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a4 ,! direction ( ! l9e on :i* ! b>ometric measurem5ts 7 tak5 is s\? #bj we/2 b ! po9ts ( elevation det]m9$ are project$1 z 9 my ,mexican pr(iles1 on a diff]5t plane1 "o f ,n4 to ,s4 ,asc5d+ un9t]rupt$ly f ,con/ant9e1 ^: elevation is #babc feet1 ! highe/ po9t is f\nd betwe5 ,batnah & ,tizur1 at only #ceha feet4 ,9 ! "p ( ! des]t :i* lies betwe5 ,bisc>a & ,tuggurt1 ,f\rnel has succe$$ 9 digg+ a s]ies ( artesian wells,,dn4 ,we le>n f ! old acc\nts ( ,%aw1 t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 7 acqua9t$ ) a subt]ranean supply ( wat]1 & relat$ fabul\s tales ( a 8sea "u ! e>? 7bahr thl el-erd740 ,fre% wat]s1 :i* fl[ betwe5 clay & m>l /rata ( ! old *alk & o!r s$im5t>y =mations1 "u ! action ( hydro/atic pressure1 =m gu%+ f\nta9s :5 ! /rata are pi]c$,,d4 ,! ph5om5on ( fre% wat] be+ (t5 f\nd ne> b$s ( rock salt1 ne$ n surprise ! geognosi/1 acqua9t$ ) m9+ op]ations1 s9ce ,europe (f]s _m analog\s ph5om5a4 ,! ri*es ( ! des]t 9 rock-salt1 & its employm5t = purposes ( build+1 h be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ,h]odotus4 ,! salt zone ( ! ,sah>a 7zone salifre du ds]t7 is ! mo/ s\!rn ( ! ?ree zones :i* pass ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,africa f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 & is believ$ to be connect$ ) ! b$s ( rock-salt 9 ,sicily & ,pale/9e describ$ by ,fri$ri* ,h(fman1 & by ,rob9son,,dp4 ,! trade 9 salt ) ,sudan1 & ! possibility ( cultivat+ ! date-tree 9 ! _m ,oasis-l depressions1 caus$ probably by e>?-slips 9 ! b$s ( t]ti>y *alk or ,keup]-gypsum1 h equally contribut$ to animate ! des]t1 at v>i\s p>ts1 by human int]c\rse4 ,! high temp]ature ( ! air1 :i* r5d]s ! day's m>* s oppressive across ! ,sah>a1 makes ! coolness ( ! night 7( :i* ,d5ham & ,sir ,alex&] ,burnes frequ5tly compla9$ 9 ! ,african & ,asiatic des]ts7 s mu* ! m rem>kable4 ,melloni,,dq ascribes ?is coolness 7:i* is probably produc$ by ! radiation ( heat f ! gr\nd71 n to ! great purity ( ! heav5s 7irraggiam5to calorifico p] la gr&e s]5it di cielo nell' imm5sa e des]ta pianura dell' ,africa c5trale71 b to ! extreme calm1 & ! abs5ce ( all movem5t 9 ! air ?r\gh\t ! :ole night,,dr4 ,! riv] ,quad-,dra 7,wadi ,dra71 :i* is almo/ dry ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,r5\,,ds1 is "o-six? long] ?an ! ,rh9e1 fl[s into ! ,sah>a 9 #cb nor? latitude1 f ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,atlas ( ,morocco4 ,x runs at fir/ f nor? to s\?1 until 9 #bi nor? lat41 & #e #h we/ long41 x deflects at "r angles to ! we/1 & trav]s+ ! great fre%-wat] lake ( ,debaid1 fl[s into ! sea at ,cape ,nun1 9 lat4 #bh #df1 & long4 #aa #h4 ,?is region1 :i* 0 fir/ r5d]$ celebrat$ by ! ,portuguese discov]ies ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ^: geography has subsequ5tly be5 %r\d$ 9 ! deepe/ obscurity1 is n[ kn[n on ! coa/ z ! c\ntry ( ! ,s*eik ( ,beir\k 7^: dom9ions are indep5d5t ( ! ,emp]or ( ,morocco74 ,x 0 explor$1 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 #ahdj1 by ! ,fr5* ,c\nt1 ,capta9 de ,b\et-,villaumez1 "u ! ord]s ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,f manuscript & (ficial reports x w\ld appe> t ! m\? ( ! ,quad-,dra is at pres5t s mu* block$ up by s& z to h an op5 *annel ( only ab\t #aij feet4 ,! ,saguiel-el-,hamra1--/ill v little kn[n1--:i* comes f ! s\?1 & is suppos$ to h a c\rse ( at lea/ #fjj miles1 fl[s into ! same m\? at a po9t some:at f>!r ea/w>d4 ,! l5g? ( ^! deep1 b g5]ally dry1 riv]-b$s is a/oni%+4 ,!y are anci5t furr[s1 simil> to ^? :i* ,i obs]v$ 9 ! ,p]uvian des]t at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]as1 betwe5 ! latt] & ! %ores ( ! ,pacific4 ,9 ,b\et's manuscript n>rative,,dt1 ! m\nta9s :i* rise to ! nor? ( ,cape ,nun are e/imat$ at ! great height ( #i1ahf feet4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ,cape ,nun 0 discov]$ 9 #adcc by ! ,knight ,gilianez1 despat*$ "u ! ord] ( ! celebrat$ ,infante1 ,h5ry1 ,duke ( ,viseo1 & f\nd] ( ! ,academy ( ,sagres1 :i* 0 presid$ ov] by ! pilot & cosmograph]1 ,me/re ,jacom1 ( ,majorca2 b ! ,portulano ,m$iceo1--! "w ( a ,g5oese navigator ( ! ye> #acea1--;already conta9s ! "n ( 8,cavo di ,non40 ,! d\bl+ ( ?is ,cape 0 z mu* dread$ z has be5 s9ce !n ! passage r\nd ,cape ,horn2 al?\gh x is only #bc nor? ( ! p>allel ( ,t5]iffe1 & might be rea*$ by a few days' sail f ,cadiz4 ,! ,portuguese adage1 8,quem passa o ,cabo de ,num1 ou torn> ou no10 c\ld n intimidate ! ,infante1 ^: h]aldic ,fr5* motto ( 8,tal5t de bi5 faire10 well express$ 8 noble1 ent]pris+1 & vigor\s "*4 ,! "n ( ?is ,cape1 :i* has long be5 suppos$ to orig9ate 9 a play ( words on ! negative p>ticle1 does n appe> to me to be ( ,portuguese orig94 ,ptolemy plac$ on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,africa a riv] ,nuius1 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion ,nunii o/ia4 ,edrisi ref]s to a t[n1 ,nul1 or ,wadi ,nun1 some:at fur!r s\?1 & ab\t ?ree days' j\rney 9 ! int]ior1 nam$ by ,leo ,africanus ,belad de ,non4 ,sev]al ,european navigators _h p5etrat$ f> to ! s\? ( ,cape ,nun be=e ! ,portuguese squadron "u ,gilianez4 ,! ,catalan1 ,don ,jayme ,f]r]1 9 #acdf1 z we le>n f ! ,atlas ,catalan1 publi%$ at ,p>is by ,bu*on1 _h advanc$ z f> z ! ,gold ,riv] 7,rio d ,ouro71 9 #bc #ef nor? lat42 :ile ! ,normans1 at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 rea*$ ,si]ra ,leone 9 #h #cj nor? latitude4 ,! m]it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to cross ! equator 9 ! ,we/]n ,ocean incontrov]tibly belongs1 l s _m o!r great a*ievem5ts1 to ! ,portuguese4 ,footnote #ag3 p4 #g4--8;,z a grassy pla91 resembl+ _m ( ! ,/eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia40 ,! ,llanos ( ,c>acas1 ( ! ,rio ,apure & ! ,meta1 :i* are ! abode ( num]\s h]ds ( cattle1 are1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 grassy pla9s4 ,! two families ( ! ,cyp]ace & ! ,gram9e1 :i* are ! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ! vegetation1 yield num]\s =ms ( ,paspalum 7,paspalum lepto/a*yum1 ,p4 l5ticul>e71 ( ,kyll+ia 7,kyll+ia monocephala 7,rottb471 ,k4 odorata71 ( ,panicum 7,panicum granulif]um1 ,p4 micran?um71 ( ,antephora1 ,ari/ida1 ,vilfa1 & ,an?i/]ia 7,an?i/]ia reflexa1 ,a4 foliosa74 ,x is only "h & !re t any h]bace\s dicotyl$on1 z ! l[-gr[+ species ( ,mimosa int]m$ia & ,m4 dormi5s1 :i* are s grateful to ! wild horses & cattle1 are f\nd int]sp]s$ among ! ,gram9e4 ,! natives v *>act]i/ically apply to ?is gr\p ! "n ( 8,dormid]as10 or sleepy plants1 because ! delicate & fea!ry leaves close on be+ t\*$4 ,= _m squ>e miles n a tree is to be se52 b :]e a few solit>y trees are f\nd1 !y are1 9 humid di/ricts1 ! ,mauritia ,palm1 &1 9 arid spots1 a ,proteacea describ$ by ,bonpl& & myself1 ! ,rhopala complicata 7,*ap>ro bobo71 :i* ,willd5[ reg>d$ z an ,embo?rium2 also ! useful ,palma de ,covija or de ,sombr]o2 & our ,corypha in]mis1 an umbrella palm alli$ to ,*amrops1 & us$ by ! natives = ! cov]+ ( _! huts4 ,h[ mu* m v>i$ & ri* is ! aspect ( ! ,asiatic pla9s6 ,9 a great portion ( ! ,kirghis & ,kalmuck ,/eppes :i* ,i h trav]s$ 7ext5d+ ov] a space ( #dj degrees ( longitude71 f ! ,don1 ! ,caspian ,sea & ! ,or5burg-,ural riv] ,jaik1 to ! ,obi & ! ,upp] ,irtys*1 ne> ! ,lake ,dsaisang1 ! extreme range ( view is nev] b\nd$ by a horizon 9 :i* ! vault ( heav5 appe>s to re/ on an unbrok5 sea-l pla91 z is s frequ5tly ! case 9 ! ,llanos1 ,pampas1 & ,prairies ( ,am]ica4 ,i h1 inde$1 nev] obs]v$ any?+ approa*+ to ?is ph5om5on1 except+1 p]haps1 :]e ,i h look$ only t[>ds "o qu>t] ( ! heav5s1 = ! ,asiatic pla9s are frequ5tly int]sect$ by *a9s ( hills1 or clo!d ) conif]\s woods4 ,! ,asiatic vegetation1 too1 9 ! mo/ fruitful pa/ure l&s1 is by no means limit$ to ! family ( ! ,cyp]ace1 b is enri*$ by a great v>iety ( h]bace\s plants & %rubs4 ,9 ! season ( spr+1 small sn[y :ite & r$ fl[]+ ,rosace & ,amygdale 7,spira1 ,cratgus1 ,prunus sp9osa1 ,amygdalus nana71 pres5t a pleas+ appe>ance4 ,i h else:]e spok5 ( ! tall & luxuriant ,synan!re 7,saussurea am>a1 ,s4 salsa1 ,artemisi1 & ,c5taure71 & ( legum9\s plants1 7species ( ! ,a/ragalus1 ,cytisus & ,c>agana74 ,cr[n ,imp]ials 7,fritill>ia ru!nica & ,f4 meleagroides71 ,cyprip$i & tulips gladd5 ! eye ) _! v>i$ & bright hues4 ,a contra/ is pres5t$ to ?is *>m+ vegetation ( ! ,asiatic pla9s by ! dre>y ,salt ,/eppes1 especially by t portion ( ! ,b>ab9ski ,/eppe :i* lies at ! base ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 betwe5 ,b>naul & ! ,s]p5t ,m\nta91 & by ! c\ntry to ! ea/ ( ! ,caspian4 ,"h ! social ,*5opodi1 species ( ,salsola1 ,atriplex1 ,salicorni1 & ,halimocnemis crassifolia,,du1 cov] ! clayey soil ) pat*es ( v]dure4 ,among ! five hundr$ phan]ogamic species :i* ,claus & ,gbel collect$ on ! ,/eppes1 ,synan!re1 ,*5opodi1 & ,crucif] 7 m num]\s ?an ! grasses2 ! latt] con/itut+ only ? ( ! :ole1 & ! two =m] ? & ?4 ,9 ,g]many1 ow+ to ! alt]nation ( hills & pla9s1 ! ,glumace 7compris+ ! ,gram9e1 ,cyp]ace1 & ,juncace7 con/itute ?1 ! ,synan!re 7,composit7 ?1 & ! ,crucif] ? ( all ! ,g]man ,phan]ogamic species4 ,9 ! mo/ nor!rn "p ( ! flat l& ( ,sib]ia1 ! extreme limit ( tree & %rub vegetation 7,conif] & ,am5tace7 is1 accord+ to ,admiral ,wrangell's f9e map1 #fg #ae nor? lat41 9 ! di/ricts contigu\s to ,behr+'s ,/raits1 :ile m to ! we/1 t[>ds ! banks ( ! ,l5a1 x is #ga1 :i* is ! p>allel ( ! ,nor? ,cape ( ,lapl&4 ,! pla9s bord]+ on ! ,pol> ,sea are ! doma9 ( ,cryptogamic plants4 ,!y are call$ ,tundra 7,tuntur 9 ,f9ni%71 & are va/ swampy di/ricts1 cov]$ p>tly ) a ?ick mantle ( ,sphagnum palu/re & o!r ,liv]worts1 & p>tly ) a dry sn[y-:ite c>pet ( ,c5omyce rangif]9a 7,re9de]-moss71 ,/]eocaulon pas*ale1 & o!r li*5s4 8,^! ,tundra10 says ,admiral ,wrangell1 9 8 p]il\s exp$ition to ! ,isl&s ( ,new ,sib]ia1 s ri* 9 fossil wood1 8accompani$ me to ! extreme/ ,arctic coa/4 ,_! soil is compos$ ( e>? t has be5 froz5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 ! dre>y uni=mity ( ! l&scape1 & surr\nd$ by re9de]1 ! eye ( ! travell] re/s ) pleasure on ! smalle/ pat* ( gre5 turf t %[s itself on a moi/ spot40 ,footnote #ah3 p4 #g4--8;,a div]sity ( causes dim9i%es ! dryness & heat ( ! ,new ,cont95t40 ,i h endeav\r$ to compress ! v>i\s causes ( ! humidity & less] heat ( ,am]ica into "o g5]al category4 ,x w ( c\rse be und]/ood1 t ,i c only h ref]5ce "h to ! g5]al hygroscopic condition ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! temp]ature ( ! :ole cont95t2 = 9 consid]+ individual regions1 z = in/ance1 ! isl& ( ,m>g>ita1 or ! coa/s ( ,cumana & ,coro1 x w be f\nd t ^! exhibit an equal degree ( dryness & heat ) any portion ( ,africa4 ,! maximum ( heat1 at c]ta9 h\rs ( a summ]'s day1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to a long s]ies ( ye>s1 has be5 f\nd to be almo/ ! same 9 all regions ( ! e>?1 :e!r on ! ,neva1 ! ,s5egal1 ! ,ganges1 or ! ,or9oco1 namely1 betwe5 #ic & #ajd ,fahr41 & on ! :ole n high]2 provid$ t ! obs]vation be made 9 ! %ade1 f> f solid radiat+ bodies1 & n 9 an atmosph]e fill$ ) heat$ du/ or granules ( s&1 & n ) _s-!rmomet]s1 :i* absorb light4 ,! f9e gra9s ( s& 7=m+ c5tres ( radiant heat7 :i* float 9 ! air1 7 probably ! cause ( ! fe>ful heat 7#abb to #acc ,fahr4 9 ! %ade7 9 ! ,oasis ( ,m\rz\k to :i* my unhappy fri5d ,rit*ie1 :o p]i%$ !re1 & ,capta9 ,lyon1 7 expos$ = weeks4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( a high temp]ature1 9 an air probably free f du/1 is m5tion$ by an obs]v] :o well knew h[ to arrange & correct all 8 in/rum5ts ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,rppel f\nd ! temp]ature #aaj4f ,fahr4 at ,ambukol1 9 ,abyss9ia1 ) a cl\dy sky1 a /rong s\?-we/ w9d1 & an approa*+ ?und]-/orm4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ! tropics1 or ! actual climate ( ! region ( palms1 is on ! ma9 l& betwe5 #gh4b & #he4e ,fahr41 )\t any s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! obs]vations made 9 ,s5egal1 ,pondi*]y1 & ,sur9am,,dv4 ,! great coolness1 "o might almo/ say coldness1 :i* prevails dur+ a great portion ( ! ye> 9 ! tropics1 on ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 & :i* causes ! m]cury to fall to #ei ,fahr41 is1 z ,i hope to %[ 9 ano!r place1 n to be attribut$ to ! effect ( neighb\r+ m\nta9s cov]$ ) sn[1 b r to ! mi/ 7g>ua7 :i* obscures ! sun's disk1 & to a curr5t ( cold sea-wat] comm5c+ 9 ! ant>ctic regions1 & :i* com+ f ! s\?-we/1 /rikes ! coa/ ( ,*ili ne> ,valdivia & ,concepcion1 & is !nce propell$ ) viol5ce1 9 a nor!rly direction1 to ,cape ,p>ia4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,lima1 ! temp]ature ( ! ,pacific is #fj4b ,fahr41 :il/ x is #gi4b ,fahr4 "u ! same p>allel ( latitude :5 outside ! curr5t4 ,x is s+ul>1 t s rem>kable a fact %\ld h rema9$ unnotic$1 until my resid5ce on ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific1 9 ,octob]1 #ahjb4 ,! v>iations ( temp]ature1 ( _m p>ts ( ! e>?1 dep5d pr9cipally on ! "* ( ! bottom ( ! arial ocean1 or 9 o!r words1 on ! nature ( ! solid or fluid 7cont95tal or oceanic7 base on :i* ! atmosph]e re/s4 ,seas1 trav]s$ 9 v>i\s directions by curr5ts ( w>m & cold wat] 7oceanic riv]s71 ex]t a diff]5t action f articulat$ or in>ticulat$ cont95tal masses or isl&s1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! %oals 9 ! arial ocean1 & :i*1 not)/&+ _! small dim5sions1 ex]cise1 ev5 to great di/ances1 a rem>kable degree ( influ5ce on ! climate ( ! sea4 ,9 cont95tal masses1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 b>r5 s&y des]ts1 savannahs1 7grassy pla9s17 & =e/ di/ricts4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,n\et & myself f\nd1 at noon1 ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd1 :i* 0 compos$ ( granitic s&1 #aed & #ada ,fahr4 ,num]\s c>eful obs]vations in/itut$ at ,p>is1 h giv51 accord+ to ,arago1 #abb & #abf4e ,fahr4,,dw ,! ,savannahs1 :i*1 betwe5 ! ,miss\ri & ! ,mississippi1 are call$ ,prairies1 & :i* appe> 9 ! s\? at ! ,llanos ( ,v5ezuela & ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 are cov]$ ) small monocotyl$ons1 belong+ to ! family ( ! ,cyp]ace1 & ) grasses1 ^: dry po9t$ /alks1 & ^: delicate1 lanceolate leaves radiate t[>ds ! uncl\d$ sky1 & possess an extraord9>y p[] ( emission4 ,wells & ,daniell,,dx h ev5 se5 9 our latitude1 :]e ! atmosph]e has a mu* less consid]able degree ( transp>5cy1 ! !rmomet] fall to #ad4e1 or #ah ,fahr4 on be+ plac$ on ! grass4 ,melloni has mo/ ably %[n,,dy t 9 a calm1 :i* is a necess>y condition ( a p[]ful radiation1 & ( ! =mation ( dew1 ! cool+ ( ! /ratum ( grass is promot$ by ! fall+ to ! gr\nd ( ! cool] p>ticles ( air1 z be+ ! heavi]4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! equator1 "u ! cl\dy sky ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,amazon1 ! pla9s are cov]$ ) d5se primeval =e/s2 b to ! nor? & s\? ( ?is woody di/rict1 !re ext5d1 f ! zone ( palms & ( tall dicotyl$on\s trees 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! ,llanos ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 ! ,meta1 & ,guavi>e2 & 9 ! s\?1 ! ,pampas ( ! ,rio de la ,plata & ( ,patagonia4 ,! area ?us cov]$ by grassy pla9s1 or ,savannahs1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 is at lea/ n9e times great] ?an t ( ,france4 ,! =e/ region acts 9 a ?reefold mann]1 by ! coolness induc$ by its %ade1 by evaporation1 & by ! cool+ process ( radiation4 ,=e/s uni=mly compos$ 9 our temp]ate zone ( 8social0 plants1 belong+ to ! families ( ! ,conif] or ,am5tace 7! oak1 bee*1 & bir*71 & "u ! tropics compos$ ( plants n liv+ socially1 protect ! gr\nd f direct insolation1 evaporate ! fluids !y h !mselves produc$1 & cool ! contigu\s /rata ( air by ! radiation ( heat f _! leafy app5dicul> organs4 ,! leaves are by no means all p>allel to "o ano!r1 & pres5t diff]5t incl9ations t[>ds ! horizon2 & accord+ to ! laws e/abli%$ by ,leslie & ,f\ri]1 ! influ5ce ( ?is incl9ation on ! quantity ( heat emitt$ by radiation is su*1 t ! radiat+ p[] ( a giv5 measur$ surface a1 hav+ a giv5 oblique direction1 is equal to ! radiat+ p[] ( a leaf ( ! size ( a project$ on a horizontal plane4 ,9 ! initial condition ( radiation ( all ! leaves :i* =m ! summit ( a tree1 & :i* p>tially cov] ea* o!r1 ^? :i* are directly pres5t$ t[>ds ! uncl\d$ sky1 w be fir/ cool$4 ,?is production ( cold 7or ! exhau/ion ( heat by emission7 w be ! m consid]able 9 proportion to ! ?9ness ( ! leaves4 ,a second /ratum ( leaves has its upp] surface turn$ to ! "u surface ( ! =m]1 & w give out m heat by radiation t[>ds t /ratum ?an x c receive f x4 ,! result ( ?is unequal ex*ange w !n be a dim9ution ( temp]ature = ! second /ratum also4 ,a simil> action w ext5d f /ratum to /ratum1 till all ! leaves ( ! tree1 by _! great] or less radiation1 z modifi$ by _! diff]5ce ( position1 h pass$ into a condition ( /able equilibrium1 ( :i* ! law may be d$uc$ by ma!matical analysis4 ,9 ?is mann]1 9 ! s]5e & long nights ( ! equ9octial zone1 ! =e/ air1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! /rata ( leaves1 becomes cool$ by ! process ( radiation2 = a tree1 a horizontal section ( ^: summit w\ld h>dly measure #bjjj squ>e feet1 w\ld1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great numb] ( its app5dicul> organs 7! leaves71 produce z great a dim9ution 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air z a space ( b>e l& or turf _m ?\s& times great] ?an #bjjj squ>e feet4,,dz ,i h ?us s\ght to develope some:at fully ! complicat$ relations :i* ! action ( great =e/ regions ex]ts on ! atmosph]e1 because !y h s (t5 be5 t\*$ ^u 9 connection ) ! important "q ( ! climate ( anci5t ,g]many & ,gaul4 ,z 9 ! old cont95t1 ,european civilization has _h its pr9cipal seat on ! we/]n coa/1 x c\ld n fail to be e>ly rem>k$ t "u equal degrees ( latitude ! opposite ea/]n littoral region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 sev]al degrees cold]1 9 mean annual temp]ature1 ?an ,europe1 :i* is1 z x 71 a we/]n p59sula ( ,asia1 & be>s mu* ! same relation to x z ,brittany does to ! re/ ( ,france4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 escap$ notice t ^! diff]5ces decrease f ! high] to ! l[] latitudes1 & t !y are h>dly p]ceptible bel[ #cj4 ,= ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,new ,cont95t exact obs]vations ( ! temp]ature are /ill almo/ entirely want+2 b ! mildness ( ! w9t] 9 ,new ,cali=nia %[s t 9 ref]5ce to _! mean annual temp]ature1 ! we/ coa/s ( ,am]ica & ,europe "u ! same p>allels1 sc>cely pres5t any diff]5ces4 ,! annex$ table gives ! mean annual temp]atures1 :i* correspond to ! same geographical latitudes1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,new ,cont95t & ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe3-- ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,simil> ,ea/]n ,we/]n ,mean ,temp]ature ! annual ,degrees ( ,coa/ ( ,coa/ ( ( ! ,ye>1 ( ,temp]ature ( ,latitude4 ,am]ica4 ,europe4 ,w9t]1 & ,ea/]n ,am]ica ,summ]4 & ,we/]n ,europe4 - #j4d #eg #aj,na9 #be4g ---------- #de4g #bj4g #ca4e #eg #da ,gott5burg #df4d ---------- #fb4d #bc #dg #cd,/4 ,john's #ch4a ---------- #ed #ca4a #dg #cj ,buda #ej4e ---------- #ac4f #fi4h #cg4h #dh #ej ,p>is #ea4g ---------- #fd4f #bd4a #dd #ci;,halifax #dc4e ---------- #fc4j #ac4g #db4h #dd #ej ,bordeaux #eg4b ---------- #ga4a #cb4b #dj #dc,new ,york #eb4e ---------- #gb4i #cb4b #ci #eg,philadelphia #eb4b ---------- #gb4g #cf4j #ch #ec,wa%+ton #ed4i ---------- #i4c #ga4a #di4e #dj #ea ,naples #fa4j ---------- #gd4i #eb4b #ch #eb ,lisbon #fa4e ---------- #ga4a #ei4e #bi #dh,/4 ,agu/9 #gb4c ---------- #ha4e #j4e #eh4e #cj #b ,cairo #ga4h ---------- #hd4f ,9 ! prec$+ table ! numb] plac$ be=e ! fraction repres5ts ! mean annual temp]ature1 ! num]ator ( ! fraction1 ! mean w9t] temp]ature1 & ! d5om9ator ! mean summ] temp]ature4 ,besides ! m m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean annual temp]atures1 !re is also a v /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! opposite coa/s 9 respect to ! di/ribution ( heat ov] ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>2 & x is inde$ ?is di/ribution :i* ex]ts ! greate/ influ5ce on our bodily feel+s & on ! process ( vegetation4 ,dove,,ea makes ! g5]al rem>k1 t ! summ] temp]ature ( ,am]ica is l[] "u equal degrees ( latitude ?an t ( ,europe4 ,! climate ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh 7lat4 #ei #ef71 or to speak m correctly1 ! mean annual temp]ature ( t city1 is f\nd on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 9 lat4 #dg #cj1 or #ab #cj m to ! s\?2 & 9 l mann] we f9d ! climate ( ,knigsb]g 7lat4 #ed #dc7 at ,halifax 9 lat4 #dd #ci4 ,t\l\se 7lat4 #dc #cf7 corresponds 9 its !rmic relations to ,wa%+ton4 ,x is v haz>d\s to attempt to obta9 any g5]al results respect+ ! di/ribution ( heat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 s9ce !re are ?ree regions to be di/+ui%$--#a1 ! region ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 ea/ ( ! ,alleghanys2 #b1 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 9 ! wide bas9 betwe5 ! ,alleghanys & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 wat]$ by ! ,mississippi1 ! ,ohio1 ! ,arkansas1 & ! ,miss\ri2 & #c1 ! elevat$ pla9s betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,coa/ ,range ( ,new ,cali=nia1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,oregon or ,columbia riv] w5ds its c\rse4 ,s9ce ! comm5dable e/abli%m5t by ,john ,calh\n ( un9t]rupt$ obs]vations ( temp]ature1 made on a uni=m plan1 at ?irty-five milit>y /ations1 & r$uc$ to diurnal1 m5sal1 & annual means1 we h atta9$ m correct climatic views ?an 7 g5]ally held 9 ! "t ( ,jeff]son1 ,b>ton1 & ,volney4 ,^! meteorological /ations ext5d f ! po9t ( ,florida & ,?ompson's ,isl& 7,we/ ,key71 lat4 #bd #cc1 to ! ,c\ncil ,bluffs on ! ,miss\ri2 & if we reckon ,=t ,vanc\v] 7lat4 #de #cg71 among !m1 !y include a space ext5d+ ov] =ty degrees ( longitude4 ,x _c be affirm$ t on ! :ole ! second region has a high] mean annual temp]ature ?an ! fir/1 or ,atlantic4 ,! fur!r advance t[>ds ! nor? ( c]ta9 plants on ! we/]n side ( ! ,alleghanys1 dep5ds p>tly on ! nature ( ^? plants & p>tly on ! diff]5t di/ribution ?r\gh ! seasons ( ! ye> ( ! same annual am\nt ( heat4 ,! broad valley ( ! ,mississippi enjoys1 at its nor!rn extremity1 ! w>m+ influ5ce ( ! ,canadian lakes1 & at ! s\?1 t ( ! ,mexican ,gulf-,/ream4 ,^! five lakes 7,lakes ,sup]ior1 ,mi*igan1 ,huron1 ,erie1 & ,ont>io17 cov] an area ( #ib1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! climate is s mu* mild] & m uni=m 9 ! vic9ity ( ! lakes1 t at ,niag>a1 = in/ance 79 #dc #ae nor? lat471 ! mean annual w9t] temp]ature is only half a degree bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 :il/1 at a di/ance f ! lakes1 9 #dd #ec nor? lat4 at ,=t ,snell+1 ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! riv] ,/4 ,pet] ) ! ,mississippi1 ! mean w9t] temp]ature is #ae4h ,fahr4,,eb ,at ?is di/ance f ! ,canadian lakes1 ^: surface is f five to upw>ds ( six hundr$ feet above ! sea's level1 :il/ ! bottom ( ,lakes ,mi*igan & ,huron is five hundr$ feet bel[ x1 rec5t obs]vations h %[n t ! climate ( ! c\ntry possesses ! actual cont95tal "* ( hott] summ]s & cold] w9t]s4 8,x is prov$10 says ,=ry1 8by our !rmometrical data1 t ! climate we/ ( ! ,alleghany *a9 is m excessive ?an t on ! ,atlantic side40 ,at ,=t ,gibson1 on ! ,arkansas riv]1 :i* falls into ! ,mississippi1 9 lat4 #ce #dg1 :]e ! mean annual temp]ature h>dly equals t ( ,gibralt>1 ! !rmomet] 0 obs]v$1 9 ,augu/1 #ahcd1 to rise to #aag ,fahr4 :5 9 ! %ade1 & )\t any reflect$ heat f ! gr\nd4 ,! /atem5ts s frequ5tly advanc$1 al?\gh unsupport$ by measurem5ts1 t s9ce ! fir/ ,european settlem5ts 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,virg9ia1 ! de/ruction ( _m =e/s on bo? sides ( ! ,alleghanys1 has r5d]$ ! climate m equable1--mak+ ! w9t]s mild] & ! summ]s cool]1--are n[ g5]ally discr$it$4 ,no s]ies ( !rmometric obs]vations wor?y ( confid5ce ext5d fur!r back 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an sev5ty-eight ye>s4 ,we f9d f ! ,philadelphia obs]vations t f #agga to #ahbd1 ! mean annual heat has h>dly ris5 #b4g ,fahr42--an increase t may fairly be ascrib$ to ! ext5sion ( ! t[n1 its great] population1 & to ! num]\s /eam-eng9es4 ,?is annual increase ( temp]ature may also be ow+ to accid5t1 = 9 ! same p]iod ,i f9d t !re 0 an increase ( ! mean w9t] temp]ature ( #b ,fahr42 b ) ?is exception ! seasons _h all become some:at w>m]4 ,?irty-?ree ye>s' obs]vations at ,salem 9 ,massa*usetts %[ sc>cely any diff]5ce1 ! mean ( ea* "o oscillat+ )9 #a ( ,fahr5heit1 ab\t ! mean ( ! :ole numb]2 & ! w9t]s ( ,salem1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 r5d]$ m mild1 z conjectur$1 f ! eradication ( ! =e/s1 h become cold] by #d ,fahr4 dur+ ! la/ ?irty-?ree ye>s4,,ec ,z ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be comp>$1 9 equal latitudes1 ) ! ,sib]ian & ,*9ese ea/]n coa/s ( ,europe1 9 respect to mean annual temp]ature1 s ! we/]n coa/s ( ,europe & ,am]ica h also v ju/ly be5 comp>$ toge!r4 ,i w "h only adduce a few in/ances f ! we/]n region ( ! ,pacific1 = two ( :i*1 viz41 ,sitka4 7,new ,ar*angel17 9 ,russian ,am]ica1 & ,=t ,george4 7hav+ ! same latitudes respectively z ,gott5burg & ,g5eva17 we are indebt$ to ,admiral ,ltke's voyage ( circumnavigation4 ,iluluk & ,danzig are situat$ 9 ab\t ! same p>allel ( latitude1 & al?\gh ! mean temp]ature ( ,iluluk1 ow+ to its insul> climate & ! cold sea curr5t contigu\s to x1 is l[] ?an t ( ,danzig1 ! w9t]s ( ! =m] are mild] ?an ^? ( ! ,baltic city4 #cc4c ,sitka ,lat4 #eg #c ,long4 #ace #af ,w4 #dd4f ---------- #ee4j #ca4f ,gott5burg ,lat4 #eg #da ,long4 #aa #ei ,e4 #df4d ---------- #fb4d #cg4h ,=t ,george ,lat4 #df #ah ,long4 #abc #eh ,w4 #ej4b ---------- #fj4j #cc4f ,g5eva ,lat4 #df #ab ,altitude #abih feet #di4h ---------- #fc4e #be4j ,*]son ,lat4 #df #ch ,long4 #cb #ci ,e4 #ec4a ---------- #ga4j ,sn[ is h>dly ev] se5 on ! banks ( ! ,oregon or ,columbia riv]1 & ice on ! riv] la/s only a few days4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature :i* ,mr4 ,ball ev] obs]v$ !re 79 #ahch7 0 #ah4d ,fahr4,,ed ,a cursory glance at ! summ] & w9t] temp]atures giv5 above1 suffices to %[ t a true insul> climate prevails on & ne> ! we/]n coa/s2 :il/ ! w9t] cold is less consid]able ?an 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! old cont95t1 ! summ]s are mu* cool]4 ,?is contra/ is made mo/ app>5t :5 we comp>e ! m\? ( ! ,oregon ) ,=ts ,snell+ & ,h[>d1 & ! ,c\ncil ,bluffs 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri bas91 7#dd-df nor? lat417 :]e1 to speak ) ,buffon1 we f9d an excessive or true cont95tal climate1--a w9t] cold1 :i* on "s days is -#cb or ev5 -#cg ,fahr41 foll[$ by a mean summ]'s heat1 :i* rises to #fi & #ga4d ,fahr4 ,footnote #ai3 p4 #h4--8;,z if ,am]ica _h em]g$ lat] f ! *aotic cov]+ ( wat]s40 ,! acute natural inquir] ,b5jam9 ,smi? ,b>ton1 expresses himself ?us accurately3,,ee--8,i _c b deem x a pu]ile supposition1 unsupport$ by ! evid5ce ( nature1 t a great "p ( ,am]ica has probably lat] em]g$ f ! bosom ( ! ocean ?an ! o!r cont95ts40 ,i h already else:]e treat$ ( ?is subject 9 a memoir on ! primitive nations ( ,am]ica3,,ef--8,! rem>k has be5 too frequ5tly made by au?ors ( g5]al & well-atte/$ m]it t ,am]ica 0 9 e s5se ( ! ^w a new cont95t4 ,! luxuriance ( vegetation1 ! va/ mass ( wat]s 9 ! riv]s1 & ! cont9u$ activity ( great volcanoes1 confirm ! fact 7say ^! writ]s17 t ! /ill agitat$ & humid e>? is 9 a condition approximat+ m closely to ! *aotic primordial /ate ( our planet ?an ! old cont95t4 ,su* ideas appe>$ to me1 long be=e my travels 9 ^? regions1 no less unphilosophical ?an at v>iance ) g5]ally ackn[l$g$ physical laws4 ,^! imag9>y repres5tations ( an e>li] age & a want ( repose1 & ( ! increase ( dryness & in]tia ) ! increas$ age ( our globe1 c\ld only h be5 fram$ by ^? :o seek to discov] /rik+ contra/s betwe5 ! two hemisph]es1 & :o d n endeav\r to consid] ! con/ruction ( our t]re/rial planet f "o gr& & g5]al po9t ( view4 ,are we to reg>d ! s\!rn z m rec5t ?an ! nor!rn "p ( ,italy1 simply because ! =m] is almo/ con/antly di/urb$ by e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions8 ,h[ inconsid]able1 moreov]1 are ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by our volcanoes & e>?quakes1 :5 comp>$ ) ! convulsions ( nature :i* ! geognosi/ mu/ conjecture to h occurr$ 9 ! *aotic condition ( our globe1 :5 m\nta9 masses 7 upheav$1 solidifi$1 or cleft asund]8 ,diff]5t causes mu/ also occasion a div]sity ( effects 9 ! =ces ( nature 9 p>ts ( ! e>? remote f "o ano!r4 ,! volcanoes 9 ! new cont95t10 7( :i* ,i /ill c\nt ab\t tw5ty-eight17 8may probably h cont9u$ long] active1 because ! high m\nta9 ridges on :i* !y are erupt$ 9 r[s ^u long fissures are ne>] to ! sea1 & because ?is vic9ity appe>s to modify ! en]gy ( ! subt]ranean fire1 9 a mann] :i*1 ) few exceptions1 has n yet be5 expla9$4 ,besides1 bo? e>?quakes & fire-erupt+ m\nta9s act p]iodically4 ,at pres5t0 7?is ,i wrote =ty-two ye>s ago17 8physical disquietude & political repose prevail 9 ! new cont95t1 :il/ 9 ! old cont95t ! calm repose ( nature is contra/$ ) ! diss5sions ( diff]5t nations4 ,! "t may h[ev] come1 :5 ?is /range contra/ betwe5 physical & moral =ces may *ange its !atre ( action f "o qu>t] ( ! _w to ano!r4 ,volcanoes enjoy c5turies ( repose betwe5 _! manife/ations ( activity2 & ! idea t 9 ! old] c\ntries nature mu/ be *>act]iz$ by a c]ta9 repose & quietude1 has no o!r f\ndation ?an 9 ! m]e caprice ( ! imag9ation4 ,!re exi/s no reason = assum+ t "o side ( our planet is old] or m rec5t ?an ! o!r4 ,isl&s1 z ! ,azores & _m flat isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 :i* h be5 upheav$ by volcanoes1 or be5 gradually =m$ by coral animals1 are inde$ m rec5t ?an _m plutonic =mations ( ! ,european c5tral *a94 ,small tracts ( l&1 z ,bohemia & ,ka%me]1 & _m ( ! valleys 9 ! moon1 inclos$ by a r+ ( m\nta9s1 may cont9ue = a long "t "u ! =m ( a sea1 ow+ to p>tial inundations1 & aft] ! fl[+ (f ( ^! inl& wat]s1 ! bottom1 on :i* plants w\ld gradually manife/ !mselves1 might inde$ be figuratively reg>d$ z ( m rec5t orig94 ,isl&s h be5 connect$ toge!r into cont95tal masses by upheaval1 :il/ o!r p>ts ( ! previ\sly exi/+ l& h disappe>$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! subsid5ce ( ! oscillat+ gr\nd2 b g5]al subm]sions c1 f hydro/atic laws1 only be imag9$ z embrac+ simultane\sly all p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! sea _c p]man5tly subm]ge ! va/ l[l&s ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 )\t at ! same "t de/roy+ our ,baltic l&s4 ,moreov] ! succession & id5tity ( ! floetz /rata1 & ( ! organic rema9s ( plants & animals belong+ to ! primitive _w1 inclos$ 9 ^? /rata1 %[ t sev]al great depositions h occurr$ almo/ simultane\sly ov] ! :ole e>?40,,eg ,footnote #bj3 p4 #h4--8,! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e is cool] & m humid ?an ! ,nor!rn40 ,*ili1 ,bu5os ,ayres1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,brazil1 & ,p]u1 enjoy ! cool summ]s & mild w9t]s ( a true insul> climate1 ow+ to ! n>r[ness & contraction ( ! cont95t t[>ds ! s\?4 ,?is advantage ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e is manife/$ z f> z #dh or #ej s\? lat41 b beyond t po9t1 & ne>] ! ,ant>ctic ,pole1 ,s\? ,am]ica is an inhospitable wa/e4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( latitude at :i* ! s\!rn extremities ( ,au/ralia1 includ+ ,van ,diem5's ,isl&1 ( ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 t]m9ate1 give to ea* ( ^! cont95ts its peculi> "*4 ,! ,/raits ( ,magellan lie betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ec & #ed s\? lat42 & not)/&+ ?is1 ! !rmomet] falls to #da ,fahr4 9 ! mon?s ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 :5 ! sun is eighte5 h\rs above ! horizon4 ,sn[ falls almo/ daily 9 ! l[l&s1 & ! maximum ( atmosph]ic heat obs]v$ by ,*urruca 9 #aghh1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 & consequ5tly 9 ! summ] ( t region1 did n exce$ #eb4b ,fahr4 ,! ,cabo ,pil>1 ^: turret-l rock is only #acid feet 9 height1 & :i* =ms ! s\!rn extremity ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 is situat$ 9 ne>ly ! same latitude z ,b]l94,,eh ,:il/ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e all cont95ts fall1 9 _! prolongation t[>ds ! ,pole1 )9 a mean limit1 :i* corresponds tol]ably accurately ) #gj1 ! s\!rn extremities ( ,am]ica4 79 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 :i* is s deeply ind5t$ by int]sect+ arms ( ! sea17 ( ,au/ralia1 & ( ,africa1 are respectively #cd1 #df #cj & #ef di/ant f ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,! temp]ature ( ! unequal ext5ts ( ocean :i* sep>ate ^! s\!rn extremities f ! icy ,pole contributes ess5tially t[>ds ! modification ( ! climate4 ,! areas ( ! dry l& ( ! two hemisph]es sep>at$ by ! equator are z #c to #a4 ,b ?is defici5cy ( cont95tal masses 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e is great] 9 ! temp]ate ?an 9 ! torrid zone1 ! ratio be+ 9 ! =m] at #ac to #a1 & 9 ! latt] z #e to #d4 ,?is great inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( dry l& ex]ts a p]ceptible influ5ce on ! /r5g? ( ! asc5d+ atmosph]ic curr5t1 :i* turns t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole1 & on ! temp]ature ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e g5]ally4 ,"s ( ! noble/ =ms ( tropical vegetation1 z = in/ance tree-f]ns1 advance s\? ( ! equator to ! p>allels ( f #df to #ec1 :il/ to ! nor? ( ! equator !y d n occur beyond ! tropic ( ,canc]4,,ei ,tree-f]ns ?rive admirably well at ,hob>t ,t[n 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7#db #ec lat471 ) a mean annual temp]ature ( #eb4b ,fahr41 & !re=e on an iso!rmal l9e less by #c4f ,fahr4 ?an t ( ,t\lon4 ,rome1 :i* is almo/ "o degree ( latitude fur!r f ! equator ?an ,hob>t ,t[n1 has an annual temp]ature ( #ei4g ,fahr42 a w9t] temp]ature ( #df4f ,fahr41 & a summ] temp]ature ( #hf ,fahr42 :il/ 9 ,hob>t ,t[n ^! ?ree means are respectively #eb1 #db4a1 & #fc ,fahr4 ,9 ,dusky ,bay1 ,new ,zeal&1 tree-f]ns ?rive 9 #df #h lat41 & 9 ! ,auckl& & ,campbell ,isl&s 9 #ec lat4,,ej ,9 ! ,ar*ipelago ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 hav+ a mean w9t] temp]ature ( #cc ,fahr41 & a mean summ] temp]ature ( only #ej ,fahr41 9 ! same latitude z ,dubl91 ,capta9 ,k+ f\nd 8vegetation ?riv+ mo/ luxuriantly 9 l>ge woody-/emm$ trees ( ,fu*sia & ,v]onica20 :il/ ?is vigor\s vegetation1 :i*1 especially on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica 79 #ch & #dj s\? lat471 has be5 s picturesquely describ$ by ,*>les ,d>w91 sudd5ly disappe>s s\? ( ,cape ,horn1 on ! rocks ( ! ,s\!rn ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & ( ! ,s&wi* ,ar*ipelago4 ,^! isl&s1 b scantily cov]$ ) grass1 moss1 & li*5s1 ,t]res de ,dsolation1 z !y h be5 call$ by ,fr5* navigators1 lie f> to ! nor? ( ! ,ant>ctic ,pol> ,circle2 :il/ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 9 #gj lat41 on ! extreme/ v]ge ( ,sc&9avia1 fir-trees rea* a height ( m ?an #fj feet4,,ek ,if we comp>e ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 & m p>ticul>ly ,port ,fam9e1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 #ec #ch lat41 ) ,b]l91 :i* is situat$ "o degree ne>] ! equator1 we %all f9d = ,b]l91 #dg4c #ch4i_/fb4c2 & = ,port ,fam9e1 #db4f #cd4g_/ej4j ,fahr4 ,i subjo9 ! few c]ta9 data ( temp]ature :i* we at pres5t possess ( ! temp]ate zones ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 & :i* may be comp>$ ) ! temp]atures ( nor!rn regions 9 :i* ! di/ribution ( summ] heat & w9t] cold is s unequal4 ,i make use ( ! conv5i5t mode ( notation already expla9$ 9 :i* ! numb] /&+ be=e ! fraction indicates ! mean annual temp]ature1 ! num]ator ! w9t]1 & ! d5om9ator ! summ] temp]ature4 ,s\? ,mean ,annual1 ,w9t]1 ,places4 ,latitude4 & ,summ] ,temp]atures4 #ed4e ,sydney & ,p>amatta 7,new ,holl&7 #cc #ej #fd4f ---------- #gg4e #eh4e ,cape ,t[n 7,africa74 #cc #ee #fe4g ---------- #gc4b #eb4e ,bu5os ,ayres #cd #ag #fb4d ---------- #gc4j #eg4d ,monte ,video #cd #ed #fg ---------- #gg4e #db4a ,hob>t ,t[n 7,van ,diem5's ,l&7 #db #de #eb4e ---------- #fc4j #cd4g ,port ,fam9e 7,/raits ( ,magellan7 #ec #ch #db4f ---------- #ej4j ,footnote #ba3 p4 #i4--8,"o connect$ sea ( s&40 ,z we may reg>d ! social ,erica z furni%+ "o cont9u\s vegetable cov]+ spread ov] ! e>?'s surface1 f ! m\? ( ! ,s*eldt to ! ,elbe1 & f ! extremity ( ,jutl& to ! ,h>z m\nta9s1 s may we likewise trace ! sea ( s& cont9u\sly ?r\gh ,africa & ,asia1 f ,cape ,blanco to ! fur!r side ( ! ,indus1 ov] an ext5t ( #e1fjj miles4 ,! s&y region m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 :i* ! ,arabs call ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a1 & :i* is int]rupt$ by oases1 trav]ses ! :ole ( ,africa l a dri$ arm ( ! sea4 ,! valley ( ! ,nile is ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,lybian des]t4 ,beyond ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez & ! porphyritic1 sy5itic1 & gre5/one rocks ( ,s9ai beg9s ! ,des]t m\nta9 plateau ( ,n$s*d1 :i* occupies ! :ole int]ior ( ! ,arabian ,p59sula1 & is b\nd$ to ! we/ & s\? by ! fruitful & m highly fav\r$ coa/-l&s ( ,h$s*az & ,hadhramaut4 ,! ,euphrates =ms ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,arabian & ,syrian des]t4 ,! :ole ( ,p]sia1 f ! ,caspian ,sea to ! ,indian ,ocean1 is int]sect$ by imm5se tracts ( s& 7bejaban71 among :i* we may reckon ! soda & pota% ,des]ts ( ,k]man1 ,sei/an1 ,beluds*i/an1 & ,mekran4 ,! la/ ( ^! b>r5 wa/es is sep>at$ by ! ,indus f ! ,des]t ( ,m\ltan4 ,footnote #bb3 p4 #i4--8,! we/]n portion ( ,m\nt ,atlas40 ,! "q ( ! position ( ! ,atlas ( ! anci5ts has (t5 be5 agitat$ 9 our own day4 ,9 mak+ ?is inquiry1 anci5t ,phnician traditions are conf\nd$ ) ! /atem5ts ( ! ,greeks & ,romans reg>d+ ,m\nt ,atlas at a less remote p]iod4 ,! eld] ,pr(essor ,idel]1 :o comb9$ a pr(\nd k ( languages ) t ( a/ronomy & ma!matics1 0 ! fir/ to ?r[ light on ?is obscure subject2 & ,i tru/ ,i may be p>don$ if ,i ins]t ! communications ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ by ?is enlight5$ obs]v]4 8,! ,phnicians v5tur$ at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory to p5etrate beyond ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,!y f\nd$ ,gades & ,t>tessus on ! ,spani%1 & ,lixus1 toge!r ) _m o!r cities on ! ,mauritanian coa/s ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,!y sail$ nor?w>d along ^! %ores to ! ,cassit]ides1 f :5ce !y obta9$ t91 & to ! ,prussian coa/s :]e !y procur$ amb] f\nd !re2 :il/ s\?w>d !y p5etrat$ z f> z ,madeira & ! ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s4 ,among/ o!r regions !y visit$ ! ,ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>y ,isles1 :]e _! att5tion 0 arre/$ by ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ^: great height appe>s to be ev5 m consid]able ?an x actually is f ! circum/ance ( ! m\nta9 project+ directly f ! sea4 ,?r\gh _! colonies e/abli%$ 9 ,greece1 especially "u ,cadmus 9 ,botia1 ! ,greeks 7 made acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ?is m\nta9 :i* so>$ high above ! region ( cl\ds1 & ) ! #8,=tunate ,isl&s' on :i* ?is m\nta9 0 situat$1 & :i* 7 adorn$ ) fruits ( all k9ds1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! gold5 orange4 ,by ! transmission ( ?is tradition ?r\gh ! songs ( ! b>ds1 ,hom] became acqua9t$ ) ^! remote regions1 & he speaks ( an ,atlas to :om all ! dep?s ( ocean are kn[n1 & :o be>s ^u 8 %\ld]s ! great columns :i* sep>ate f "o ano!r ! heav5s & ! e>?1,,el & ( ! ,elysian ,pla9s1 describ$ z a wondr\sly beautiful l& 9 ! we/40,,em ,hesiod expresses himself 9 a simil> mann] reg>d+ ,atlas1 :om he repres5ts z ! neighb\r ( ! ,hesp]ides4,,en ,! ,elysian ,pla9s1 :i* he places at ! we/]n limits ( ! e>?1 he t]ms ! #8,isl&s ( ! ,bless$4',,eo ,lat] poets h /ill fur!r embelli%$ ^! my?s ( ,atlas1 ! ,hesp]ides1 _! gold5 apples1 & ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 :i* are de/9$ to be ! abode ( good m5 aft] dea?1 & h connect$ !m ) ! exp$itions ( ! ,tyrian ,god ( ,comm]ce1 ,melic]tes1 ! ,h]cules ( ! ,greeks4 8,! ,greeks did n ent] into rival%ip ) ! ,phnicians & ,c>?ag9ians 9 ! art ( navigation until a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,!y inde$ visit$ ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic1 b !y nev] appe> to h advanc$ v f>4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !y _h p5etrat$ z f> z ! ,can>y ,isles & ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe2 b be ?is z x may1 !y 7 aw>e t ,m\nt ,atlas1 :i* _! poets _h describ$ z a v high m\nta9 situat$ on ! we/]n limits ( ! e>?1 mu/ be s\ght on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,?is too 0 ! locality assign$ to x by _! lat] geograph]s ,/rabo1 ,ptolemy1 & o!rs4 ,z h[ev] no m\nta9 ( any great elevation 0 to be met ) 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,africa1 mu* p]plexity 0 ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! actual position ( ,m\nt ,atlas1 :i* 0 s\ght sometimes on ! coa/1 sometimes 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & sometimes 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 or fur!r s\?w>d4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ! armies ( ,rome _h p5etrat$ to ! int]ior ( ,mauritania & ,numidia1 x 0 usual to give ! "n ( ,atlas to ! m\nta9 *a9 :i* trav]ses ,africa f we/ to ea/ 9 a p>allel direction ) ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,pl9y & ,sol9us 7 bo?1 h[ev]1 fully aw>e t ! description ( ,atlas giv5 by ! ,greek & ,roman poets did n apply to ?is m\nta9 range1 & !y !re=e deem$ x exp$i5t to transf] ! site ( ,m\nt ,atlas1 :i* !y describ$ 9 picturesque t]ms1 9 accordance ) poetic leg5ds1 to ! t]ra incognita ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,! ,atlas ( ,hom] & ,hesiod c1 !re=e1 be none o!r ?an ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 :ile ! ,atlas ( ,greek & ,roman geograph]s mu/ be s\ght 9 ! nor? ( ,africa40 ,i w only v5ture to add ! foll[+ rem>ks to ! le>n$ explanations ( ,pr(essor ,idel]4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y & ,sol9us1 ,atlas rises f ! mid/ ( a s&y pla9 7e m$io ar5>um71 & its declivity af=ds pa/ure to elephants1 :i* h und\bt$ly nev] be5 kn[n 9 ,t5]iffe4 ,t :i* we n[ t]m ,atlas is a long m\nta9 ridge4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,romans h recognis$ "o isolat$ conical elevation 9 ?is m\nta9 range ( ,h]odotus8 ,may ! cause n be ascrib$ to ! optical illusion by :i* e m\nta9 *a91 :5 se5 lat]ally f an oblique po9t ( view1 appe>s to be ( a n>r[ & conical =m8 ,i h (t51 :5 at sea1 mi/ak5 long m\nta9 ranges = isolat$ m\nta9s4 ,accord+ to ,h/1 ,m\nt ,atlas is cov]$ ) p]petual sn[ ne> ,morocco4 ,its elevation mu/ !re=e be upw>ds ( #aa1ejj feet at t p>ticul> spot4 ,x seems to me v rem>kable t ! b>b>ians1 ! anci5t ,mauritanians1 if we are to believe ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 call$ ,m\nt ,atlas ,dyris4 ,?is m\nta9 *a9 is /ill call$ by ! ,arabs ,d>an1 a ^w t is almo/ id5tical 9 its consonants ) ,dyris4 ,hornius1,,ep on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks t he recognises ! t]m ,dyris 9 ! ^w ,ayadyrma1 ! "n appli$ by ! ,guan*es to ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4,,eq ,z our pres5t geological k ( ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,nor? ,africa1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be admitt$ to be v limit$1 does n make u acqua9t$ ) any traces ( volcanic eruptions )9 hi/oric times1 x seems ! m rem>kable t s _m indications %\ld be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,anci5ts ( a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* ph5om5a 9 ! ,we/]n ,atlas & ! contigu\s we/ coa/ ( ! cont95t4 ,! /reams ( fire s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,hanno's ,%ip's ,j\rnal might inde$ h be5 tracks ( burn+ grass1 or beacon fires light$ by ! wild inhabitants ( ! coa/s z a signal to w>n ea* o!r ( ?reat5+ dang] on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ho/ile vessels4 ,! high summit ( ! 8,*>iot ( ! ,gods10 ( :i* ,hanno speaks 7! 71 may also h _h "s fa9t ref]5ce to ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe2 b f>!r on he describes a s+ul> configuration ( ! l&4 ,he f9ds 9 ! gulf1 ne> ! ,we/]n ,horn1 a l>ge isl&1 9 :i* !re is a salt lake1 :i* aga9 conta9s a small] isl&4 ,s\? ( ! ,bay ( ! ,gorilla ,apes ! same con=mation is repeat$4 ,does he ref] to coral /ructures1 lagoon isl&s 7,atolls71 & to volcanic crat] lakes1 9 ! middle ( :i* a conical m\nta9 has be5 upheav$8 ,! ,triton ,lake 0 n 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! less] ,syrtis1 b on ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,atlantic4,,er ,! lake disappe>$ 9 an e>?quake1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) great fire-eruptions4 ,diodorus,,es says expressly 4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful configuration is ascrib$ to ! holl[ ,atlas1 9 a passage hi!rto b little notic$ 9 "o ( ! philosophical ,dialexes ( ,maximus ,tyrius1 a ,platonic philosoph] :o liv$ 9 ,rome "u ,commodus4 ,8 ,atlas is situat$ 8on ! cont95t :]e ! ,we/]n ,lybians inhabit a project+ p59sula40 ,! m\nta9 has a deep semi-circul> abyss on ! side ne>e/ ! sea2 & its declivities are s /eep t !y _c be desc5d$4 ,! abyss is fill$ ) trees1 & 8"o looks d[n ^u _! summits & ! fruits !y be> z if "o 7 look+ into a well40,,et ,! description is s m9ute & graphic t x no d\bt sprung f ! recollection ( "s actual view4 ,footnote #bc3 p4 #i4--8,! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 ,djebel-al-,komr40 ,! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon describ$ by ,ptolemy1,,eu 1 =m on our old] maps a va/ un9t]rupt$ m\nta9 *a91 trav]s+ ! :ole ( ,africa f ea/ to we/4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! m\nta9s seems c]ta92 b _! ext5t1 _! di/ance f ! equator1 & _! mean direction1 /ill rema9 problematical4 ,i h indicat$ 9 ano!r "w,,ev ! mann] 9 :i* a m intimate acqua9tance ) ,indian idioms & ! anci5t ,p]sian or ,z5d tea*es u t a "p ( ! geographical nom5clature ( ,ptolemy con/itutes an hi/orical memorial ( ! comm]cial relations t exi/$ betwe5 ! ,we/ & ! remote/ regions ( ,s\!rn ,asia & ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,! same direction ( ideas is app>5t 9 relation to a subject t has v rec5tly become a matt] ( inve/igation4 ,x is ask$1 :e!r ! great geograph] & a/ronom] ( ,pelusium m]ely meant 9 ! d5om9ation ( ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 7z 9 t ( 8,isl& ( ,b>ley10 7,jabadiu1 ,java7 to give ! ,greek translation ( ! native "n ( ^? m\nta9s2 :e!r1 z is mo/ probable1 ,el-,i/a*ri1 ,edrisi1 ,ibn-al-,v>di1 & o!r e>ly ,arabian geograph]s1 simply transf]r$ ! ,ptolemaic nom5clature into _! own language2 or :e!r simil>ity 9 ! s\nd ( ! ^w & ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 writt5 misl$ !m8 ,9 ! notes to ! translation ( ,abd-,allatif's celebrat$ description ( ,egypt1 my great tea*]1 ,silve/re de ,sacy1,,ew expressly says1 8,! "n ( ! m\nta9s reg>d$ by ,leo ,africanus z furni%+ ! s\rces ( ! ,nile1 has g5]ally be5 r5d]$ #8,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1' & ,i h adh]$ to ! same practice4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! ,arabs orig9ally borr[$ ?is d5om9ation f ,ptolemy4 ,x may inde$ be inf]r$ t at ! pres5t day !y und]/& ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( moon1 pron\nc+ x kam>2 ,i d n ?9k h[ev]1 t su* 0 ! practice ( ! old] ,arabs1 :o pron\nc$ x komr1 z has be5 prov$ by ,makrizi4 ,ab\lf$a positively rejects ! op9ion ( ^? :o w\ld adopt ! pronunciation kam>1 & d]ive ! ^w f ! "n ( ! moon4 ,z1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ,kam\s1 ! ^w komr1 consid]$ z ! plural ( 1 signifies an object ( a gre5i% or dirty :ite col\r1 x w\ld appe> t "s au?ors h suppos$ t ?is m\nta9 d]iv$ its "n f its col\r40 ,! le>n$ ,re9aud1 9 8 rec5t excell5t translation ( ,abulf$a 7t4 ii41 p4 i41 pp4 #ha1 #hb71 reg>ds x z probable t ! ,ptolemaic int]pretation ( ! "n ( ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 7 7 0 t orig9ally adopt$ by ! ,arabs4 ,he obs]ves t 9 ! ,mos*t>ek ( ,yakut1 & 9 ,ibn-,said1 ! m\nta9 is writt5 al-,komr1 & t ,yakut writes 9 a simil> mann] ! "n ( ! ,isl& ( ,z5dj 7,zangueb>74 ,! ,abyss9ian travell] ,beke1 9 8 le>n$ & critical treatise on ! ,nile & its tribut>ies1,,ex endeav\rs to prove t ,ptolemy1 9 8 1 m]ely foll[$ ! native "n1 = ! k ( :i* he 0 indebt$ to ! ext5sive comm]cial int]c\rse :i* !n exi/$4 ,he says1 8,ptolemy knew t ! ,nile rises 9 ! m\nta9\s di/rict ( ,moezi1 & 9 ! languages :i* are spok5 ov] a great "p ( ,s\!rn ,africa 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ,congo1 ,monj\1 & ,mozambique71 ! ^w moezi signifies ! moon4 ,a l>ge tract ( c\ntry situat$ 9 ! s\?-we/ 0 call$ ,mono-,muezi1 or ,mani-,moezi1 i4e41 ! l& ( ! ,k+ ( ,moezi 7or ,moon-l&72 = 9 ! same family ( languages 9 :i* moezi or muezi signifies ! moon1 mono or mani signifies a k+4 ,alv>ez,,ey speaks ( ! #8regno di ,manicongo1' or t]ritory ( ! k+ ( ,congo40 ,beke's oppon5t1 ,ayrton1 seeks ! s\rces ( ! ,:ite ,nile 7,bahr el-,abiad71 n z d ,arnaud1 ,w]ne1 & ,beke1 ne> ! equator1 or s\? ( x 79 #ca #bb ,e4 long4 f ,gre5wi*71 b f> to ! nor?-ea/1 z does ,anto9e d',abbadie1 9 ! ,godjeb & ,gibbe ( ,ene>a 7,ini>a71 !re=e 9 ! high m\nta9s ( ,habes*1 9 #g #bj nor? lat41 & #ce #bb ea/ long4 f ,gre5wi*4 ,he is ( op9ion t ! ,arabs1 f a simil>ity ( s\nd1 may h int]pret$ ! native "n ,gam>o1 :i* 0 appli$ to ! ,abyss9ian m\nta9s ly+ s\?-we/ ( ,gaka1 & 9 :i* ! ,godjeb 7or ,:ite ,nile7 takes its rise1 to signify a m\nta9 ( ! moon 7,djebel al-,kam>72 s t ,ptolemy himself1 :o 0 famili> ) ! int]c\rse exi/+ betwe5 ,abyss9ia & ! ,indian ,ocean1 may h adopt$ ! ,semitic int]pretation1 z giv5 by ! desc5dants ( ! e>ly ,arab immigrants4,,ez ,! lively int]e/ :i* has rec5tly be5 felt 9 ,engl& = ! discov]y ( ! mo/ s\!rn s\rces ( ! ,nile induc$ ! ,abyss9ian travell] above ref]r$ to1 7,*>les ,beke7 at a rec5t meet+ ( ! 8,briti% ,association = ! advancem5t ( ,sci5ce10 held at ,swansea1 m fully to develope 8 ideas respect+ ! connection betwe5 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon & ^? ( ,habes*4 8,! ,abyss9ian elevat$ pla910 he says1 8g5]ally above #hjjj feet high1 ext5ds t[>ds ! s\? to ne>ly #i or #aj nor? latitude4 ,! ea/]n declivity ( ! highl&s has1 to ! inhabitants ( ! coa/1 ! appe>ance ( a m\nta9 *a94 ,! plateau1 :i* dim9i%es consid]ably 9 height t[>ds its s\!rn extremity1 passes into ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 :i* run n ea/ & we/1 b p>allel to ! coa/1 or f ,n4,n4,e4 to ,s4,s4,w41 ext5d+ f #aj nor? to #e s\? latitude4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,:ite ,nile are situat$ 9 ! ,mono-,moezi c\ntry1 probably 9 #b #cj s\? latitude1 n f> f :]e ! riv] ,sabaki1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 falls into ! ,indian ,ocean1 ne> ,mel9deh1 nor? ( ,mombaza4 ,la/ autumn 7#ahdg71 ! two ,abyss9ian mission>ies ,rebmann & ,dr4 ,krapf 7 /ill on ! coa/ ( ,mombaza4 ,!y h e/abli%$ 9 ! vic9ity1 among ! ,wakamba tribe1 a mission>y /ation1 call$ ,rabbay ,empie1 :i* seems likely to be v useful = geographical discov]ies4 ,families ( ! ,wakamba tribe h advanc$ we/w>d five or six hundr$ miles into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 z f> z ! upp] c\rse ( ! riv] ,lusidji1 ! great lake ,nyassi or ,zambeze 7#e s\? lat4871 & ! vic9al s\rces ( ! ,nile4 ,! exp$ition to ^! s\rces1 :i* ,fri$ri* ,bialloblotzky1 ( ,hanov]1 is prep>+ to und]take0 7by ! advice ( ,beke71 8is to />t f ,mombaza4 ,! ,nile com+ f ! we/ ref]r$ to by ! anci5ts is probably ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal1 or ,keilah1 :i* falls into ! ,nile 9 #i nor? lat41 above ! m\? ( ! ,godjeb or ,sobat40 ,russegg]'s sci5tific exp$ition--und]tak5 9 #ahcg & #ahch1 9 consequ5ce ( ,mehemet ,ali's eag] desire to p>ticipate 9 ! gold wa%+s ( ,fazokl on ! ,blue 7,gre57 ,nile1 ,bahr el-,azrek--has r5d]$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,m\nta9 ( ! ,moon v d\btful4 ,! ,blue ,nile1 ! ,a/apus ( ,ptolemy1 ris+ f ,lake ,coloe 7n[ call$ ,lake ,tzana71 w9ds ?r\gh ! colossal ,abyss9ian range ( m\nta9s2 :ile to ! s\?-we/ !re appe>s a f> ext5d$ tract ( l[ l&4 ,! ?ree explor+ exp$itions :i* ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t s5t f ,*>tum to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,blue & ! ,:ite ,nile 7! fir/ "u ! comm& ( ,selim ,bimbas*i1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahci2 ! next1 :i* 0 att5d$ by ! ,fr5* eng9e]s ,arnaud1 ,sabati]1 & ,?ibaut1 9 ! autumn ( #ahdj2 & ! ?ird1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #ahda71 fir/ remov$ "s ( ! obscurity :i* _h hi!rto %r\d$ our k ( ! high m\nta9s1 :i* betwe5 ! p>allels ( #f-d1 & probably /ill fur!r s\?w>d1 ext5d fir/ f we/ to ea/1 & subsequ5tly f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 t[>ds ! left bank ( ! ,bahr-el-,abiad4 ,! second ( ,mehemet ,ali's exp$itions fir/ saw ! m\nta9 *a91 accord+ to ,w]ne's acc\nt1 9 #aa #bj nor? lat41 :]e ,gebel ,abul & ,gebel ,kutak rise to ! height ( #cfbc feet4 ,! high l& cont9u$ to approa* ! riv] m to ! s\? f #d #de nor? lat4 to ! p>allel ( ! ,isl& ( ,t*5k] 9 #d #d1 ne> ! po9t at :i* t]m9at$ ! exp$ition comm&$ by ,selim & ,feizulla ,eff5di4 ,! %all[ riv] breaks its way ?r\gh ! rocks1 & sep>ate m\nta9s aga9 rise 9 ! l& ( ,b>i to ! height ( m ?an #cbjj feet4 ,^! are probably a "p ( ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 z !y are giv5 9 our mo/ rec5t maps1 al?\gh !y are n cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 z ass]t$ by ,ptolemy4,,fa ,! l9e ( p]petual sn[ w\ld assur$ly n be f\nd 9 ^! p>allels ( latitude bel[ an elevation ( ne>ly #ae1ejj feet above ! sea's level4 ,x is n improbable t ,ptolemy ext5d$ ! k he may h possess$ ( ! high m\nta9s ( ,habes*1 ne> ,upp] ,egypt & ! ,r$ ,sea1 to ! c\ntry ( ! s\rces ( ! ,:ite ,nile4 ,9 ,godjam1 ,kaffa1 ,mie*a1 & ,sami1 ! ,abyss9ian m\nta9s rise f #aj1jjj to ne>ly #ae1jjj feet1 z we le>n f exact measurem5ts2 7n accord+ to ^? ( ,bruce1 :o gives to ,*>tum an elevation ( #ejda feet1 in/ead ( ! true height1 #aebd feet67 ,rppell1 :o ranks among/ ! mo/ accurate obs]v]s ( ! pres5t day1 f\nd ,abba ,j>at 79 #ac #aj nor? lat47 only #gj feet bel[ ! elevation ( ,mont ,blanc1,,fb ,! same obs]v] /ates t a pla91 elevat$ #ac1idj feet above ! ,r$ ,sea1 0 b>ely cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( fre%ly fall5 sn[4,,fc ,! celebrat$ inscription ( ,adulis1 :i*1 accord+ to ,niebuhr1 is ( some:at lat] date ?an ! age ( ,juba & ,augu/us1 speaks ( 8,abyss9ian sn[ t rea*es to ! knee10 & af=ds1 ,i believe1 ! mo/ anci5t record 9 antiquity ( sn[ )9 ! tropics1,,fd z ! ,p>opanisus is #ab lat4 nor? ( t limit4 ,zimm]mann's map ( ! di/rict ( ! ,upp] ,nile %[s ! divid+ l9e :]e ! bas9 ( ! great riv] t]m9ates 9 ! s\?-ea/1 & :i* sep>ates x f ! doma9 ( ! riv]s belong+ to ! ,indian ,ocean1 viz42 f ! ,do>a :i* empties itself nor? ( ,magadoxo2 f ! ,teb on ! amb] coa/ ( ,ogda2 f ! ,gos*op ^: abundant wat]s are d]iv$ f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gibu & ! ,zebi1 & :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! ,godjeb1 r5d]$ celebrat$ s9ce #ahci by ,anto9e d',abbadie1 ,beke1 & ! ,mission>y ,krapf4 ,9 a lett] to ,c>l ,ritt] ,i hail$ ) ! mo/ lively joy ! appe>ance ( ! comb9$ results ( ! rec5t travels ( ,beke1 ,krapf1 ,is5b]g1 ,russegg]1 ,rppel1 ,abbadie1 & ,w]ne1 z ably & compreh5sively br\ght toge!r 9 #ahdc by ,zimm]mann4 8,if a prolong$ span ( life10 ,i wrote to him1 8br+ ) x _m inconv5i5ces to ! individual himself1 & "s to ^? ab\t him1 x yields a comp5sation 9 ! m5tal enjoym5t1 af=d$ by comp>+ ! e>li] /ate ( our k ) its m rec5t condition1 & ( see+ ! gr[? & developm5t ( _m bran*es ( sci5ce t _h long cont9u$ torpid1 or ^: actual fruits hyp]criticism may ev5 h attempt$ to set aside4 ,?is g5ial enjoym5t has f "t to "t fall5 to our lot 9 our geographical /udies1 & m especially 9 ref]5ce to ^? portions ( :i* we c\ld hi!rto only speak ) a c]ta9 timid hesitation4 ,! int]nal configuration & articulation ( a cont95t dep5ds 9 its lead+ *>act]s on sev]al pla/ic relations :i* are usually among ! late/ to be elucidat$4 ,a new & excell5t "w ( our fri5d1 ,c>l ,zimm]mann1 on ! di/rict ( ! ,upp] ,nile & ( ! ea/]n portions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 has made me m vividly s5sible ( ^! consid]ations4 ,?is new map indicates1 9 ! cle>e/ mann]1 by means ( a special mode ( %ad+1 all t /ill rema9s unkn[n1 & all t by ! c\rage & p]sev]ance ( travell]s ( all nations 7among :i* our own c\ntrym5 happily play an important "p71 has already be5 disclos$ to u4 ,we may reg>d x z alike important & useful t ! actual condition ( our k1 %\ld1 at diff]5t p]iods1 be graphically repres5t$ by m5 well acqua9t$ ) ! exi/+ & (t5 widely scatt]$ mat]ials ( k1 & :o n m]ely del9eate & compile1 b :o "k h[ to comp>e1 select1 &1 :]e x is practicable1 te/ ! r\tes ( travell]s by a/ronomical det]m9ations ( place4 ,^? :o h contribut$ z mu* to ! g5]al /ock ( k z y h done1 h inde$ an especial "r to expect mu*1 s9ce _! comb9ations h greatly increas$ ! numb] ( connect+ po9ts2 yet ,i sc>cely ?9k t :51 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 y execut$ y\r great "w on ,africa1 y c\ld h anticipat$ s _m additions z we h receiv$40 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t1 9 "s cases1 we h only acquir$ a k ( riv]s1 _! direction1 _! bran*es1 & _! num]\s synonymes accord+ to v>i\s languages & dialects2 b ! c\rses ( riv]s indicate ! configuration ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ex]t a ?reefold influ5ce2 !y promote vegetation1 facilitate g5]al int]c\rse1 & are pregnant ) ! future de/9y ( man4 ,! nor!rn c\rse ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 & ! s\?-ea/]n c\rse ( ! great ,gos*op1 %[ t bo? riv]s are sep>at$ by an elevation ( ! surface ( ! e>?2 al?\gh we are z yet b imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* su* an elevation is connect$ ) ! highl&s ( ,habes*1 or h[ x may be prolong$ 9 a s\!rly direction beyond ! equator4 ,probably1 & ?is is also ! op9ion ( my fri5d ,c>l ,ritt]1 ! ,lupata ,m\nta9s1 :i*1 accord+ to ! excell5t ,wilhelm ,pet]s1 ext5d to #bf s\? lat41 are connect$ by means ( ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon ) ?is nor!rn swell+ ( ! e>?'s surface 7! ,abyss9ian ,highl&s74 ,lupata1 accord+ to ! la/-nam$ ,african travell]1 signifies1 9 ! language ( ,tette1 clos$1 :5 us$ z an adjective4 ,?is m\nta9-range :i* is only int]sect$ by "s few riv]s w\ld ?us be ! clos$ or b>r$4 8,! ,lupata *a9 ( ! ,portuguese writ]s10 says ,pet]s1 8is situat$ ab\t #ij leagues f ! m\? ( ! ,zambeze1 & has an elevation ( little m ?an #bjjj feet4 ,?is mural *a9 has a direction due nor? & s\?1 al?\gh x frequ5tly deflects to ! ea/ or ! we/4 ,x is sometimes int]rupt$ by pla9s4 ,along ! coa/ ( ,zanzib> ! trad]s 9 ! int]ior appe> to be acqua9t$ ) ?is long1 b n v high range1 :i* ext5ds betwe5 #f & #bf s\? lat4 to ! ,factory ( ,l\r5zo-,m>ques on ! ,rio de ,espirito ,santo 79 ! ,delagoa ,bay ( ! ,engli%74 ,! fur!r ! ,lupata *a9 ext5ds to ! s\?1 ! ne>] x approa*es ! coa/1 until at ,l\r5zo-,m>ques x is only #ae leagues di/ant f x40 ,footnote #bd3 p4 #aj4--8,! consequ5ce ( ! great rotatory movem5t ( ! wat]s40 ,! wat]s ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,atlantic betwe5 ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ! ,new ,cont95t1 are agitat$ by a cont9ually recurr+ gyratory movem5t4 ,"u ! tropics ! g5]al curr5t to :i* ! t]m rotation-/ream might appropriately be giv5 9 consid]ation ( ! cause f :i* x arises1 moves1 z is well kn[n1 l ! trade w9d f ea/ to we/4 ,x accel]ates ! navigation ( vessels sail+ f ! ,can>y ,isles to ,s\? ,am]ica2 :ile x is ne>ly impossible to pursue a /raight c\rse aga9/ ! curr5t f ,c>?ag5a de ,indias to ,cumana4 ,?is b5d to ! we/1 attribut$ to ! trade w9ds1 is accel]at$ 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea by a mu* /rong] movem5t1 :i* orig9ates 9 a v remote cause1 discov]$ z e>ly z #aefj by ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t1,,fe & confirm$ 9 #ahcb by ,r5nell4 ,! ,mozambique curr5t1 fl[+ f nor? to s\? betwe5 ,madagasc> & ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 sets on ! ,lagullas ,bank1 & b5ds to ! nor? ( x r\nd ! s\!rn po9t ( ,africa4 ,aft] advanc+ ) mu* viol5ce along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa beyond ! equator to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 x gives a nor?-we/]ly direction to a portion ( ! wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 caus+ !m to /rike ,cape ,/4 ,augu/91 & foll[ ! %ores ( ,guiana beyond ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco1 ! ,boca del ,drago1 & ! coa/ ( ,p>ia4,,ff ,! ,new ,cont95t f ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama to ! nor!rn "p ( ,mexico =ms a dam or b>ri] aga9/ ! movem5ts ( ! sea4 ,ow+ to ?is ob/ruction ! curr5t is necess>ily deflect$ 9 a nor!rly direction at ,v]agua1 & made to foll[ ! s9uosities ( ! coa/-l9e f ,co/a ,rica1 ,mosquitos1 ,campe*e1 & ,tabasco4 ,! wat]s :i* ent] ! ,mexican ,gulf betwe5 ,cape ,cato*e ( ,yucatan1 & ,cape ,san ,antonio de ,cuba1 =ce _! way back into ! op5 ocean nor? ( ! ,/raits ( ,bahama1 aft] !y h be5 agitat$ by a great rotatory movem5t betwe5 ,v]a ,cruz1 ,tamiagna1 ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,bravo del ,norte1 & ! ,mississippi4 ,"h !y =m a w>m1 rapid curr5t1 kn[n to m>9]s z ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* deflects 9 a diagonal direction fur!r & fur!r f ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,%ips b\nd = ?is coa/ f ,europe1 & unc]ta9 ( _! geographical longitude1 are enabl$ by ?is oblique direction ( ! curr5t to regulate _! c\rse z soon z !y rea* ! ,gulf ,/ream by obs]vations ( latitude only4 ,! be>+s ( ?is curr5t 7 fir/ accurately det]m9$ by ,frankl91 ,williams1 & ,p[nall4 ,f ! p>allel ( #da nor? lat4 ?is /ream ( w>m wat] foll[s an ea/]ly direction1 gradually dim9i%+ 9 rapidity z x increases 9 bread?4 ,x almo/ t\*es ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,great ,newf\ndl& ,bank1 :]e ,i f\nd ! greate/ am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream & ^? expos$ to ! cool+ action ( ! banks4 ,be=e ! w>m curr5t rea*es ! ,we/]n ,azores x sep>ates into two bran*es1 "o ( :i* turns at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> t[>ds ,irel& & ,norway1 :ile ! o!r fl[s 9 ! direction ( ! ,can>y ,isles & ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! c\rse ( ?is ,atlantic curr5t1 :i* ,i h describ$ m fully 9 ! fir/ volume ( my travels 9 ! regions ( ! tropics1 af=ds an explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 not)/&+ ! action ( ! trade w9ds1 /ems ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian dicotyl$ons h be5 f\nd on ! coa/s ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,i made _m obs]vations on ! temp]ature ( ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,newf\ndl& ,bank4 ,?is curr5t be>s ! w>m] wat] ( l[] latitudes ) great rapidity into m nor!rn regions4 ,! temp]ature ( ! /ream is !re=e f ab\t #d to #g ,fahr4 high] ?an t ( ! contigu\s & unmov$ wat] :i* con/itutes ! %ore z x 7 ( ! w>m oceanic curr5t4 ,! fly+-fi% ( ! equ9octial zone 7,exocetus volitans71 is borne by its pr$ilection = ! w>m? ( ! wat] ( ! ,gulf ,/ream f> to ! nor? ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,float+ sea-we$ 7,fucus natans71 *iefly tak5 up by ! /ream 9 ! ,mexican ,gulf1 makes x easy = ! navigator to recognize :5 he has ent]$ ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :il/ ! position ( ! bran*es ( ! sea-we$ indicate ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! ma9ma/ ( ! ,engli% %ip ( w>1 ! ,tilbury1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! sev5 ye>s' w> on ! coa/s ( ,sa9t ,dom+o1 0 c>ri$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream to ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,scotl&3 & casks fill$ ) palm-oil1 ! rema9s ( ! c>go ( an ,engli% %ip wreck$ on a rock (f ,cape ,lopez 9 ,africa1 7 9 l mann] c>ri$ to ,scotl&1 aft] hav+ twice trav]s$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 once f ea/ to we/ betwe5 #b & #ab nor? lat41 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! equ9octial curr5t1 & once f we/ to ea/ betwe5 #de & #ee nor? lat4 by help ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,r5nell1 9 ! "w already ref]r$ to1 p4 #cdg1 relates ! voyage ( a bottle inclos+ a writt5 pap] :i* _h be5 ?r[n f ! ,engli% %ip ,newca/le 9 #ch #eb nor? lat41 & #fc #eh we/ long41 on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahai1 & :i* 0 fir/ se5 on ! #bnd ( ,june1 #ahbj1 at ! ,rosses 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,irel&1 ne> ! ,isl& ( ,arran4 ,%ortly be=e my arrival at ,t5]iffe a /em ( ,s\? ,am]ican c$>-wood 7,c$rela odorata71 ?ickly cov]$ ) li*5s1 0 ca/ a%ore ne> ! h>b\r ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,! effects ( ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 /r&+ on ! ,azorean ,isl&s ( ,fayal1 ,flores1 & ,corvo1 bamboos1 artificially cut pieces ( wood1 trunks ( an unkn[n species ( p9e f ,mexico or ! ,we/ ,indies1 & corpses ( m5 ( a peculi> race1 hav+ v broad faces1 h ma9ly contribut$ to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 z !y confirm$ ,columbus 9 8 belief ( ! exi/5ce ( ,asiatic c\ntries & isl&s situat$ 9 ! we/4 ,! great discov]] ev5 he>d f a settl] on ! ,cap de la ,v]ga 9 ! ,azores 8t p]sons 9 sail+ we/w>d _h met ) cov]$ b>ks1 :i* 7 manag$ by m5 ( =eign appe>ance1 & appe>$ to be con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] t !y c\ld n s9k1 almadias con casa mov$iza que nunca se hund540 ,!re are well au!nticat$ pro(s1 h[ev] mu* ! facts may h be5 call$ 9 "q1 t natives ( ,am]ica 7probably ,esquimaux f ,gre5l& or ,labrador71 7 c>ri$ by curr5ts or /reams f ! nor?-we/ to our own cont95t4 ,james ,wallace,,fg relates t 9 ! ye> #afhb a ,gre5l&] 9 8 canoe 0 se5 on ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,isl& ( ,eda by _m p]sons1 :o c\ld n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 rea*+ him4 ,9 #afhd a ,gre5l& fi%]man appe>$ ne> ! ,isl& ( ,we/ram4 ,9 ! *ur* at ,burra !re 0 susp5d$ an ,esquimaux boat1 :i* _h be5 driv5 on %ore by curr5ts & /orms4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,orkneys call ! ,gre5l&]s :o h appe>$ among/ !m ,f9nm54 ,9 ,c>d9al ,bembo's ,hi/ory ( ,v5ice ,i f9d x /at$1 t 9 ! ye> #aejh a small boat1 mann$ by sev5 p]sons ( a =eign aspect1 0 captur$ ne> ! ,engli% coa/ by a ,fr5* %ip4 ,! description giv5 ( !m applies p]fectly to ! =m ( ! ,esquimaux 7hom9es erant septem m$iocri /atura1 colore subobscuro1 lato et pat5te vultu1 cicatriceque una violacea signato74 ,no "o und]/ood _! language4 ,_! clo?+ 0 made ( fi% sk9s sewn toge!r4 ,on _! heads !y wore coronam e culmo pictam1 septem quasi auriculis intextam4 ,!y ate raw fle%1 & drank blood z we w\ld w9e4 ,six ( ^! m5 p]i%$ dur+ ! voyage1 & ! sev5?1 a y\?1 0 pres5t$ to ! ,k+ ( ,france1 :o 0 !n at ,orleans4,,fh ,! appe>ance ( m5 call$ ,indians on ! coa/s ( ,g]many "u ! ,o?os & ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa 9 ! t5? & twelf? c5turies1 & z ,cornelius ,nepos 79 8 ,fragm5ts71,,fi ,pomponius ,mela1,,fj & ,pl9y,,fk relate1 :5 ,qu9tus ,metellus ,cel] 0 ,proconsul 9 ,gaul1 may be expla9$ by simil> effects ( oceanic curr5ts & by ! long cont9uance ( nor?-we/]ly w9ds4 ,a k+ ( ! ,boii1 or1 z o!rs say1 ( ! ,suevi1 gave ^! /r&$ d>k-col\r$ m5 to ,metellus ,cel]4 ,gom>a,,fl reg>ds ^! ,indian subjects ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,boii z natives ( ,labrador4 ,he writes1 ,si ya no fues5 de ,ti]ra del ,labrador1 y los tuvies5 los ,romanos por ,indianos engaados en el color4 ,x may be inf]r$ t ! appe>ance ( ,esquimaux on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,europe 0 m frequ5t 9 e>li] times1 = we le>n f ! inve/igations ( ,bask & ,f9n ,magnus51 t ?is race _h spread 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5tury 9 consid]able numb]s1 "u ! "n ( ,skrl+]s1 f ,labrador z f> s\? z ! ,good ,v9l&1 i4e4 ! %ore ( ,massa*ussets & ,connecticut4,,fm ,z ! w9t] cold ( ! mo/ nor!rn "p ( ,sc&9avia is ameliorat$ by ! action ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* c>ries ,am]ican tropical fruits 7z cocoa-nuts1 se$s ( ,mimosa sc&5s & ,anac>dium occid5tale7 beyond #fb nor? lat42 s also ,icel& enjoys f "t to "t ! g5ial influ5ce ( ! diffusion ( ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream f> to ! nor?w>d4 ,! sea coa/s ( ,icel&1 l ^? ( ! ,f>oe ,isles1 receive a l>ge numb] ( trunks ( trees1 driv5 ?i!r f ,am]ica2 & ?is drift-wood1 :i* =m]ly came 9 great] abundance1 0 us$ = ! purposes ( build+1 & cut into bo>ds & la?s4 ,! fruits ( tropical plants collect$ on ! ,icel&ic %ores1 especially betwe5 ,rauf>hav5 & ,vapnafiord1 %[ t ! movem5t ( ! wat] is f a s\!rly direction4,,fn ,footnote #be3 p4 #aj4--8,lecide & o!r ,li*5s40 ,9 nor!rn regions1 ! abs5ce ( plants is comp5sat$ = by ! cov]+ ( ,bomyces roseus1 ,c5omyce rangif]9us1 ,lecidea muscorum1 ,lecidea icmadophila1 & o!r cryptogamia :i* are spread ov] ! e>?1 & :i* may be said to prep>e ! way = ! gr[? ( grasses & o!r h]bace\s plants4 ,9 ! tropical _w1 :]e mosses & li*5s are only obs]v$ to ab\nd 9 %ady places1 "s few oily plants supply ! place ( ! l[ly li*54 ,footnote #bf3 p4 #aa4--8,! ,c>e ( ,animals yield+ milk4--,ru9s ( ! ,aztek =tress40 ,! two ox5 already nam$1 ,bos am]icanus & ,bos mos*atus1 are peculi> to ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,b ! natives-- ,queis neque mos1 neque cultus erat1 nec jung]e tauros ,virg4 n4 i4 #caf4 drank ! fre% blood1 & n ! milk1 ( ^! animals4 ,"s few exceptions h inde$ be5 met )1 b only among tribes :o at ! same "t cultivat$ maize4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ,gom>a speaks ( a p 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,mexico :o possess$ h]ds ( tame bisons1 & d]iv$ _! clo?+1 food1 & dr9k f ^! animals4 ,?is dr9k 0 probably ! blood1,,fo =1 z ,i h frequ5tly rem>k$1 a dislike ( milk1 or at lea/ ! abs5ce ( its use1 appe>s be=e ! arrival ( ,europeans to h be5 common to all ! natives ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 z well z to ! inhabitants ( ,*9a & ,co*9 ,*9a1 not)/&+ _! great vic9ity to true pa/oral tribes4 ,! h]ds ( tame lamas :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! highl&s ( ,quito1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 belong$ to a settl$ & agricultural population4 ,p$ro de ,ciea de ,leon,,fp seems to imply1 al?\gh assur$ly z a v r>e exception to ! g5]al mode ( life1 t lamas 7 employ$ on ! ,p]uvian m\nta9 pla9 ( ,callao = draw+ ! pl\gh4,,fq ,pl\gh+ 01 h[ev]1 g5]ally conduct$ 9 ,p]u by m5 only4,,fr ,b>ton has made x appe> probable t ! ,am]ican buffalo _h f an e>ly p]iod be5 re>$ among "s ,we/ ,canada tribes on acc\nt ( its fle% & hide4,,fs ,9 ,p]u & ,quito ! lama is n[h]e f\nd 9 its orig9al wild condition4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5ts made to me by ! natives1 ! lamas on ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,*imborazo became wild at ! "t :5 ,lican1 ! anci5t resid5ce ( ! rul]s ( ,quito1 0 laid 9 a%es4 ,9 ,c5tral ,p]u1 9 ! ,ceja de la ,montaa1 cattle h 9 l mann] become completely wild2 a small b d>+ race t (t5 attacks ! ,indians4 ,! natives call !m 8,vacas del ,monte0 or 8,vacas ,cim>ronas40,,ft ,cuvi]'s ass]tion t ! lama _h desc5d$ f ! guanaco1 /ill 9 a wild /ate1 :i* _h un=tunately be5 ext5sively propagat$ by ! admirable obs]v]1 ,mey51,,fu has n[ be5 completely refut$ by ,ts*udi4 ,! ,lama1 ! ,paco or ,alpaca1 & ! ,guanaco are ?ree orig9ally di/9ct species ( animals4,,fv ,! ,guanaco 7,huanacu 9 ! ,qui*ua language7 is ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree1 & ! ,alpaca1 measur$ f ! gr\nd to ! cr[n ( ! head1 ! smalle/4 ,! ,lama is next to ! ,guanaco 9 height4 ,h]ds ( ,lamas1 :5 z num]\s z ,i h se5 !m on ! elevat$ plateaux betwe5 ,quito & ,riobamba1 are a great ornam5t to ! l&scape4 ,! ,moromoro ( ,*ili appe>s to be a m]e v>iety ( ! lama4 ,! diff]5t species ( camel-l %eep f\nd /ill wild at elevations ( f #ac1jjj to upw>ds ( #af1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 are ! ,vicua1 ! ,guanaco1 & ! ,alpaca2 ( ^! ! two latt] species are also f\nd tame1 al?\gh ?is is b r>ely ! case ) ! ,guanaco4 ,! alpaca does n be> a w>m climate z well z ! lama4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! m useful horse1 mule1 & ass 7! latt] ( :i* exhibits great animation & beauty 9 tropical regions71 ! lama & alpaca h be5 less g5]ally re>$ & employ$ z bea/s ( burd5 9 ! m9+ di/ricts4 ,b _! wool1 :i* v>ies s mu* 9 f95ess1 is /ill an important bran* ( indu/ry among ! inhabitants ( ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ,*ili ! wild & ! tame guanaco are di/+ui%$ by special names1 ! =m] be+ call$ 8,luan0 & ! latt] 8,*ilihueque40 ,! wide dissem9ation ( ! wild ,guanacos f ! ,p]uvian ,cordill]as to ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 sometimes 9 h]ds ( #ejj heads ( cattle1 has be5 facilitat$ by ! circum/ance t ^! animals c swim ) great facility f isl& to isl&1 & are n !re=e imp$$ 9 _! passage across ! ,patagonian *annels or fiords4,,fw ,s\? ( ! riv] ,gyla1 :i* toge!r ) ! ,rio ,colorado p\rs itself into ! ,cali=nian ,gulf 7,m> de ,cortes71 lie 9 ! mid/ ( ! dre>y /eppe ! my/]i\s ru9s ( ! ,aztek ,palace1 call$ by ! ,spani>ds 8las ,casas ,gr&es40 ,:51 ab\t ! ye> #aafj1 ! ,azteks fir/ appe>$ 9 ,anahuac1 hav+ migrat$ f ! unkn[n l& ( ,aztlan1 !y rema9$ = a "t on ! bord]s ( ! ,gyla riv]4 ,! ,franciscan monks1 ,g>ces & ,font1 :o saw ! 8,casas ,gr&es0 9 #aggh1 are ! la/ travell]s :o h visit$ ^! rema9s4 ,accord+ to _! /atem5t1 ! ru9s ext5d$ ov] an area exce$+ sixte5 squ>e miles4 ,! :ole pla9 0 cov]$ ) ! brok5 fragm5ts ( +5i\sly pa9t$ e>!nw>e vessels4 ,! pr9cipal palace1 if ! ^w c be appli$ to a h\se =m$ ( unburnt clay1 is #ddg feet 9 l5g? & #bgg feet 9 bread?4,,fx ,! ,tay ( ,cali=nia1 a del9eation ( :i* is giv5 by ! ,padre ,v5egas1 appe>s to diff] b inconsid]ably f ! ,ovis musimon ( ! ,old ,cont95t4 ,! same animal has also be5 se5 9 ! ,/ony ,m\nta9s ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,riv] ( ,peace1 & diff]s entirely f ! small :ite & black spott$ goat-l animal f\nd on ! ,miss\ri & ,arkansas4 ,! synonyme ( ,antilope furcif]1 ,a4 tememazama4 7,smi?17 & ,ovis montana is /ill v unc]ta94 ,footnote #bg3 p4 #aa4--8,! culture ( f>9ace\s grasses40 ,! orig9al habitat ( ! f>9ace\s grasses1 l t ( ! dome/ic animals :i* h foll[$ man s9ce 8 e>lie/ migrations1 is %r\d$ 9 obscurity4 ,jacob ,grimm has +5i\sly d]iv$ ! ,g]man "n = corn1 ,getraide1 f ! old ,g]man 8gitragidi10 8getreg$e40 8,x is z x 7 ! tame fruit 7fruges1 frum5tum7 t has fall5 into ! h&s ( man1 z we speak ( tame animals 9 opposition to ^? t are wild40,,fy 8,x is a mo/ /rik+ fact t on "o half ( our planet !re %\ld be nations :o are :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( milk & ( ! meal yield$ by n>r[-e>$ grasses1 7,hordeace & ,av5acec7 :il/ 9 ! o!r hemisph]e nations may be f\nd 9 almo/ e region :o cultivate c]eals & re> mil* cattle4 ,! culture ( diff]5t c]eals is common to bo? hemisph]es2 b :ile 9 ! ,new ,cont95t we meet ) only "o species1 maize1 :i* is cultivat$ f #eb nor? to #df s\? lat41 we f9d t 9 ! ,old ,_w ! fruits ( ,c]es1 7:eat1 b>ley1 spelt1 & oats17 h be5 ev]y:]e cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ ages record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! belief t :eat grew wild 9 ! ,leont9e pla9s z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,sicily 0 common to sev]al anci5t nations1 & is m5tion$ z e>ly z ,diodorus ,siculus40,,fz ,c]eals 7 also f\nd 9 ! alp9e mead[ ( ,enna4 ,diodorus says expressly1 8,! inhabitants ( ! ,atlantis 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! fruits ( ,c]es1 ow+ to _! hav+ sep>at$ f ! re/ ( mank9d be=e ^? fruits 7 made kn[n to mortals40 ,spr5gel has collect$ sev]al int]e/+ facts f :i* he is l$ to conjecture t ! great] numb] ( our ,european c]eals orig9ally grew wild 9 ,nor!rn ,p]sia & ,india4 ,he supposes = in/ance t summ] :eat 0 indig5\s 9 ! l& ( ! ,musicani1 a prov9ce ( ,nor!rn ,india2,,ga b>ley1 antiquissimum frum5tum1 z ,pl9y t]ms x1 & :i* 0 also ! only c]eal kn[n to ! ,guans*es ( ! ,can>ies1 orig9at$1 accord+ to ,moses ( ,*or5e1,,gb on ! banks ( ! ,araxes or ,kur 9 ,georgia1 & accord+ to ,m>co ,polo 9 ,balas*am1 9 ,nor!rn ,india2,,gc & ,spelt orig9at$ 9 ,hamadan4 ,my intellig5t fri5d & tea*]1 ,l9k1 has h[ev] %[n 9 a compreh5sive & critical treatise1,,gd t ^! passages are op5 to mu* d\bt4 ,9 a =m] essay ( my own1,,ge ,i express$ d\bts reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( wild c]eals 9 ,asia1 & consid]$ !m to h become wild4 ,re9hold ,=/]1 :o be=e 8 voyage ) ,capta9 ,cook made an exp$ition = purposes ( natural hi/ory into ! s\? ( ,russia by ord] ( ! ,empress ,ca!r9e1 report$ t ! two-l9$ summ] b>ley 7,hordeum di/i*on7 grew wild ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,sam>a & ! ,volga4 ,at ! end ( ,septemb] 9 ! ye> #ahbi1 ,ehr5b]g & myself also h]boris$ on ! ,sam>a1 dur+ our j\rney f ,or5burg & ,uralsk to ,s>at[ & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,! quantity ( :eat & rye plants gr[+ wild on uncultivat$ gr\nd 9 ?is di/rict 0 c]ta9ly v rem>kable2 b ! plants did n appe> to u to diff] f ! ord9>y k9ds4 ,ehr5b]g receiv$ f ,m4 ,c>el9 a species ( rye1 ,secale fragile1 t _h be5 ga!r$ on ! ,kirghis ,/eppe1 & :i* ,m>%al ,bieb]/e9 = "s "t conjectur$ to be ! "m plant ( our cultivat$ rye1 ,secale c]eale4 ,mi*aux's h]b>ium does n %[ 7accord+ to ,a*ill ,ri*>d's te/imony71 t ,spelt 7,triticum spelta7 gr[s wild at ,hamadan 9 ,p]sia1 z ,olivi] & ,mi*aux h be5 suppos$ to ma9ta94 ,m confid5ce is due to ! rec5t acc\nts obta9$ ?r\gh ! unwe>i$ zeal ( ! intellig5t travell]1 ,pr(essor ,c>l ,ko*4 ,he f\nd a l>ge quantity ( rye 7,secale c]eale v>4 1 pect9ata7 9 ! ,pontic ,m\nta9s1 at heights ( m ?an #ejjj or #fjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 on spots :]e ?is species ( gra9 _h n )9 ! memory ( ! inhabitants be5 previ\sly cultivat$4 8,its appe>ance "h is ! m important10 he rem>ks1 8because ) u ?is gra9 nev] propagates itself spontane\sly40 ,ko* collect$ 9 ! ,s*irwan "p ( ! ,caucasus a k9d ( gra9 :i* he calls ,hordeum spontaneum1 & reg>ds z ! orig9ally wild ,hordeum zeocriton4 7,l9n47,,gf ,a negro slave ( ! great ,cortes 0 ! fir/ :o cultivat$ :eat 9 ,new ,spa91 f ?ree se$s :i* he f\nd among/ "s rice br\ght f ,spa9 = ! use ( ! troops4 ,9 ! ,franciscan conv5t at ,quito ,i saw1 pres]v$ z a relic1 ! e>!n vessel :i* _h conta9$ ! fir/ :eat s[$ 9 ,quito by ! ,franciscan monk1 ,fray ,jodoco ,rixi de ,gante1 a native ( ,gh5t 9 ,fl&]s4 ,! fir/ crop 0 rais$ 9 front ( ! conv5t1 on ! 8,plazuela de ,s4 ,francisco10 aft] ! wood :i* !n ext5d$ f ! foot ( ! ,volcano ( ,pi*9*a _h be5 cle>$4 ,! monks1 :om ,i frequ5tly visit$ dur+ my /ay at ,quito1 begg$ me to expla9 ! inscription on ! cup1 :i* accord+ to _! conjecture conta9$ "s hidd5 allusion to :eat4 ,on exam9+ ! vessel1 ,i read 9 old ,g]man ! words 8,let him :o dr9ks f me1 ne'er =get 8 ,god40 ,?is old ,g]man dr9k+ cup excit$ 9 me feel+s ( v5]ation6 ,w\ld t ev]y:]e 9 ! ,new ,cont95t ! names ( ^? 7 pres]v$ :o1 in/ead ( deva/at+ ! soil by bloody conque/s1 confid$ to x ! fir/ fruits ( ,c]es6 ,!re are 8few] examples ( a g5]al aff9ity ( names 9 t]ms relat+ to ! diff]5t species ( corn & objects ( agriculture ?an to ! re>+ ( cattle4 ,h]dsm5 :5 !y migrat$ to o!r regions _h /ill mu* 9 common1 :ile ! subsequ5t cultivators ( ! soil _h to inv5t special words4 ,b ! fact t 9 comp>ison ) ! ,sanscrit1 ,romans & ,greeks seem to /& on ! same foot+ ) ,g]mans & ,slavonians1 speaks 9 fav\r ( ! v e>ly contemporane\s emigration ( ! two latt]4 ,yet ! ,indian java 7frum5tum hordeum71 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,li?uanian jawai1 & ! ,f9ni% jywa1 af=ds a /rik+ exception40,,gg ,footnote #bh3 p4 #aa4--8,pref]r+ to keep )9 a cool] climate40 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,mexico & ,p]u we f9d ! trace ( human civilisation conf9$ to ! elevat$ table-l&s4 ,we saw ! ru9s ( palaces & ba?s on ! sides ( ! ,&es1 at an elevation ( f #aj1bcj to #aa1eaj feet4 ,none b nor!rn tribes migrat+ f ! nor? t[>ds ! equator c\ld h rema9$ f pref]5ce 9 su* a climate4 ,footnote #bi3 p4 #ab4--8,! hi/ory ( ! peopl+ ( ,japan40 ,i believe ,i h succe$$ 9 %[+1 9 my "w on ! monum5ts ( ! ,am]ican primitive races1,,gh by an exam9ation ( ! ,mexican & ,?ibetian-,japanese cal5d>s1 by a correct det]m9ation ( ! position ( ! ,scansile ,pyramids1 & by ! anci5t my?s :i* record f\r revolutions ( ! _w & ! disp]sion ( mank9d aft] a great deluge1 t ! we/]n nations ( ! ,new ,cont95t ma9ta9$ relations ( int]c\rse ) ^? ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 long be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,^! obs]vations h d]iv$ additional weight1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( my "w1 f ! facts rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 reg>d+ ! rem>kable pieces ( sculpture c>v$ 9 ! ,indian /yle1 :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,guatimala & ,yucatan4,,gi ,! anci5t ar*itectural rema9s f\nd 9 ! p59sula ( ,yucatan te/ify m ?an ^? ( ,pal5que1 to an a/oni%+ degree ( civilization4 ,!y are situat$ betwe5 ,valladolid1 ,m]ida1 & ,campe*e1 *iefly 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ! monum5ts on ! isl& ( ,cozumel1 7prop]ly ,cuzamil17 ea/ ( ,yucatan1 7 ! fir/ :i* 7 se5 by ! ,spani>ds 9 ! exp$ition ( ,juan de ,grijalva 9 #aeah1 & 9 t ( ,cortes 9 #aeai4 ,_! discov]y t5d$ to diffuse ?r\gh\t ,europe an exalt$ idea ( ! advanc$ condition ( anci5t ,mexican civilization4 ,! mo/ important ru9s ( ! p59sula ( ,yucatan 7un=tunately n yet ?or\ghly measur$ & drawn by ar*itects7 are ^? ( ! 8,casa del ,gob]nador0 ( ,uxmal1 ! ,teocallis & vault$ con/ructions at ,kabah1 ! ru9s ( ,labnan ) its dom$ pill>s1 ^? ( ,zayi :i* exhibit columns ( an ord] ( ar*itecture ne>ly approa*+ ! ,doric1 & ^? ( ,*i*e ) l>ge ornam5t$ pila/]s4 ,an old manuscript writt5 9 ! ,maya language by a ,*ri/ian ,indian1 :i* is /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! 8,gefe politico0 ( ,peto1 ,don ,juan ,rio ,p]ez1 gives ! diff]5t epo*s 7,katunes ( #eb ye>s7 at :i* ! ,toltecs settl$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! p59sula4 ,p]ez w\ld inf] f ^! data t ! ar*itectural rema9s ( ,*i*e g back z f> z ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 :il/ ^? ( ,uxmal belong to ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury2 b ! accuracy ( ^! hi/orical d$uctions is op5 to great d\bt4,,gj ,i reg>d ! exi/5ce ( a =m] int]c\rse betwe5 ! p ( ,we/]n ,am]ica & ^! ( ,ea/]n ,asia z m ?an probable1 al?\gh x is impossible at ! pres5t "t to say by :at r\te & ) :i* ( ! tribes ( ,asia ?is int]c\rse 0 e/abli%$4 ,a small numb] ( individuals ( ! cultivat$ hi]>*ical ca/es may p]haps h suffic$ to effect great *anges 9 ! social condition ( ,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,! fabul\s acc\nts =m]ly curr5t reg>d+ ,*9ese exp$itions to ! ,new ,cont95t ref] m]ely to exp$itions to ,fusang or ,japan4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ,japanese & ,sian-,pi may h be5 driv5 by /orms f ! ,corea to ! ,am]ican coa/s4 ,we "k z matt]s ( hi/ory t ,bonzes & o!r adv5tur]s navigat$ ! ,ea/]n ,*9ese seas 9 se>* ( a rem$ial ag5t capable ( mak+ man immortal4 ,?us "u ,ts*9-*i-huang-ti ?ree hundr$ "y c\ples 7 dispat*$ to ,japan 9 ! ye> #bji be=e our era1 :o1 in/ead ( return+ to ,*9a1 settl$ on ! ,isl& ( ,nipon4,,gk ,may n accid5t h l$ to simil> exp$itions to ! ,fox ,isl&s1 to ,alas*ka1 or ,new ,cali=nia8 ,z ! we/]n coa/s ( ! ,am]ican cont95t incl9e f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 & ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,asia f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two cont95ts 9 ! mild] zone1 :i* is mo/ conducive to m5tal developm5t 7#de lat471 w\ld appe> too consid]able to admit ( an accid5tal settlem5t hav+ be5 made 9 ?is latitude4 ,we mu/ !re=e assume t ! fir/ l&+ took place 9 ! ung5ial climate ( #ee & #fe1 & t cultivation1 l ! g5]al advance ( population 9 ,am]ica1 progress$ by gradual /ations f nor? to s\?4,,gl ,x 0 ev5 believ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ! fragm5ts ( %ips f ,catayo1 i4e4 f ,japan or ,*9a1 _h be5 f\nd on ! coa/s ( ! ,nor!rn ,dorado1 call$ also ,quivira & ,cibora4,,gm ,we "k z yet too little ( ! languages ( ,am]ica entirely to r5\nce ! hope t1 amid _! _m v>ieties1 "s idiom may be discov]$1 t has be5 spok5 ) c]ta9 modifications 9 ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,c5tral ,asia1 or t might at lea/ indicate an anci5t aff9ity4 ,su* a discov]y w\ld und\bt$ly be "o ( ! mo/ brilliant to :i* ! hi/ory ( ! human race c hope to atta96 ,b analogies ( language are only des]v+ ( confid5ce :]e m]e resemblances ( s\nd 9 ! roots are n alone ! object ( rese>*1 b att5tion is also direct$ to ! organic /ructure1 ! grammatical =ms1 & ^? elem5ts ( language :i* manife/ !mselves z ! product ( ! intellectual p[] ( man4 ,footnote #cj3 p4 #ab--8,_m o!r =ms ( animal life40 ,! ,/eppes ( ,c>acas ab\nd 9 flocks ( ! s-call$ ,c]vus mexicanus4 ,?is /ag :5 "y is spott$1 & resembles ! roe4 ,we h frequ5tly met ) p]fectly :ite v>ieties1 :i* is a v /rik+ fact :5 ! high temp]ature ( ?is zone is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! ,c]vus mexicanus is n f\nd on ! declivities ( ! ,&es 9 ! equatorial region1 at an elevation exce$+ f #ddgf to #eaae feet1 b ano!r :ite de]1 :i* ,i c\ld sc>cely di/+ui% by any "o specific *>act]i/ic f ! ,european species1 asc5ds to an elevation ( ne>ly #ac1jjj feet4 ,! ,cavia capyb>a is kn[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas by ! "n ( ,*iguire4 ,?is un=tunate animal is pursu$ 9 ! wat] by ! crocodile1 & on l& by ! tig] or jagu>4 ,x runs s badly t we 7 (t5 able to cat* x ) our h&s4 ,! extremities are smok$ & eat5 z hams1 b h a mo/ unpleasant ta/e1 ow+ to ! flav\r & smell ( musk by :i* !y are impregnat$2 & on ! ,or9oco we gladly ate monkey-hams 9 pref]5ce4 ,^! beautifully /rip$ animals--! ,viv]ra mapurito1 ,viv]ra zorilla1 & ,viv]ra vittata--exhale a fetid od\r4 ,footnote #ca3 p4 #ab--8,! ,gu>anes & ! fan-palm ,mauritia40 ,! small coa/ tribe ( ! ,gu>anes 7call$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 ! ,w>raws1 or ,gu>anos1 & by ! ,c>ibs ,u-ara-u7 inhabit n only ! swampy delta & ! riv] net-"w ( ! ,or9oco 7m p>ticul>ly ! banks ( ! ,manamo gr&e & ! ,cao ,mac>eo71 b also ext5d1 ) v slight diff]5ces 9 _! mode ( liv+1 along ! sea-%ore1 betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,essequibo & ! ,boca de ,navios ( ! ,or9oco4,,gn ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,s*omburgk1 ! admirable obs]v] ref]r$ to 9 ! note1 !re are /ill ab\t #agjj ,w>raus or ,gu>anos liv+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cumaca1 & along ! banks ( ! ,b>ime riv]1 :i* empties itself into ! gulf ( ! ,boca de ,navios4 ,! social habits ( ! tribes settl$ 9 ! delta ( ! ,or9oco 7 kn[n to ! great hi/orian ,c>d9al ,bembo1 ! cotempor>y ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ,am]igo ,vespucci1 & ,alonzo de ,hoj$a4 ,he says,,g quibusdam 9 locis propt] paludes incol domus 9 arboribus dificant4 ,x is h>dly probable t in/ead ( ! ,gu>anos at ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco1 ,bembo %\ld "h allude to ! natives ( ! c\ntry ne> ! m\? ( ! gulf ( ,m>acaibo1 :]e ,alonzo de ,hoj$a1 9 ,augu/1 #adii1 7:5 accompani$ by ,vespucci & ,juan de la ,cosa7 f\nd a population hav+ _! dwell+s fondata sopra l'acqua come ,v5ezia 78built l ,v5ice on ! wat]074,,gp ,vespucci1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 travels1 9 :i* we meet ) ! fir/ traces ( ! etymology ( ! "n ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela 7,little ,v5ice7 z us$ = ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 speaks only ( h\ses built on a f\ndation ( piles1 & makes no m5tion ( habitations 9 trees4 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh be>s a subsequ5t & incontrov]tible evid5ce to ! same fact1 = he says expressly 9 8 description ( ,guiana1 t on 8 second voyage 9 #aeie1 :5 9 ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco1 8he saw ! fire ( ! ,tivitites & ,qua-rawetes0 7s he calls ! ,gu>anes71 8high up 9 ! trees40,,gq ,!re is a draw+ ( ! fire 9 ! ,lat9 edition ( ?is "w1,,gr & ,raleigh 0 ! fir/ :o br\ght to ,engl& ! fruit ( ! ,mauritia palm1 :i* he v ju/ly comp>$1 on acc\nt ( its scales1 to fir-cones4 ,fa!r ,jos ,gumilla1 :o twice visit$ ! ,gu>anes z a mission>y1 says1 inde$1 t ?is tribe h _! dwell+ 9 ! ,palm>es 7palm groves7 ( ! morasses2 b :ile he speaks m def9itely ( p5d5t habitations support$ by high pill>s1 makes no m5tion ( plat=ms atta*$ to /ill gr[+ trees4,,gs ,hillh\se & ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk,,gt are ( op9ion t ,bembo1 ?r\gh ! relations ( o!rs1 & ,raleigh1 by 8 own obs]vation1 7 deceiv$ into ?is belief 9 consequ5ce ( ! high tops ( ! palm trees be+ light$ up 9 su* a mann] by ! fires bel[ !m1 t ^? sail+ by ?\ght ! habitations ( ! ,gu>anes 7 atta*$ to ! trees !mselves4 8,we d n d5y10 says ,s*omburgk1 8t 9 ord] to escape ! attacks ( ! mosquitos1 ! ,indian sometimes susp5ds 8 hammock f ! tops ( trees1 b on su* occasions no fires are made "u ! hammock40,,gu ,accord+ to ,m>tius1 ! beautiful ,palm1 ,mori*e1 ,mauritia flexuosa1 ,quieteva1 or ,ita ,palm1,,gv belongs1 toge!r ) ,calamus1 to ! family ( ! ,lepidoc>y or ,coryphe4 ,l9nu has describ$ x v imp]fectly1 z he errone\sly consid]$ x to be devoid ( leaves4 ,! trunk is #bf feet high1 b x probably does n atta9 ?is height 9 less ?an #abj or ev5 #aej ye>s4 ,! ,mauritia ext5ds high up ! declivity ( ! ,duida1 nor? ( ! ,esm]alda mission1 :]e ,i f\nd x 9 great beauty4 ,x =ms1 9 moi/ places1 f9e gr\ps ( a fre% & %9+ v]dure1 rem9d+ u ( t ( our ald]s4 ,! trees pres]ve ! moi/ure ( ! gr\nd by _! %ade1 & h5ce ! ,indians believe t ! ,mauritia draws wat] ar\nd its roots by "s my/]i\s attraction4 ,9 con=mity ) an analog\s !ory !y advise1 t s]p5ts %\ld n be kill$1 because ! de/ruction ( ^! animals is foll[$ by ! dry+ up ( ! lagoons4 ,?us d ! rude *ildr5 ( nature conf\nd cause & effect6 ,gumilla calls ! ,mauritia flexuosa ( ! ,gu>anes ! tree ( life 78arbol de la vida074 ,x is f\nd on ! m\nta9s ( ,ronaima1 ea/ ( ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco1 z high z #dbfc feet4 ,on ! unfrequ5t$ banks ( ! ,rio ,atabapo1 9 ! int]ior ( ,guiana1 we discov]$ a new species ( ,mauritia hav+ a prickly /em2 our ,mauritia aculeata4,,gw ,footnote #cb3 p4 #ac4--8;,an ,am]ican ,/ylite40 ,! f\nd] ( ! sect ( ,/ylites1 ! fanatical ,pill>-sa9t1 ,simeon ,sisanites ( ,syria1 ! son ( a ,syrian h]dsman1 is said to h pass$ ?irty-sev5 ye>s 9 holy contemplation1 elevat$ on five columns1 ea* high] ?an ! prec$+4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #dfa4 ,! la/ ( ! pill>s :i* he occupi$ 0 #dj ells 9 height4 ,= sev5 hundr$ ye>s !re cont9u$ to be foll[]s ( ?is mode ( life1 :o 7 call$ ,sancti ,column>es1 or ,pill>-sa9ts4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many1 9 ! see ( ,treves1 attempts 7 made to f\nd simil> arial cloi/]s2 b ! dang]\s practice met ) ! con/ant opposition ( ! bi%ops4,,gx ,footnote #cc3 p4 #ad4--8,t[ns on ! banks ( ! ,/eppe-riv]s40 ,families :o live by rais+ cattle & d n take "p 9 agricultural pursuits h congregat$ toge!r 9 ! middle ( ! ,/eppe1 9 small t[ns1 :i*1 9 ! cultivat$ p>ts ( ,europe1 w\ld sc>cely be reg>d$ z villages4 ,among ^! are ,calabozo1 :i*1 accord+ to my a/ronomical obs]vations1 is situat$ 9 #h #ef #ad nor? lat41 & #fg #dc we/ long42 ,villa del ,pao 7#h #ch #a nor? lat41 & #ff #eg we/ long472 ,sa9t ,seba/ian1 & o!rs4 ,footnote #cd3 p4 #ad4--8;,funnel-%ap$ cl\ds40 ,! s+ul> ph5om5on ( ^! s&-sp\ts1 ( :i* we see some?+ analog\s on ! cross roads ( ,europe1 is especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,p]uvian s&y des]t betwe5 ,amotape & ,coquimbo4 ,su* d5se cl\ds ( s& may endang] ! safety ( ! travell] :o does n cauti\sly avoid !m4 ,x is rem>kable t ^! p>tial & oppos+ curr5ts ( air %\ld arise only :5 !re is a g5]al calm4 ,! arial ocean resembles ! sea 9 ?is respect2 = "h1 too1 we f9d t ! small curr5ts 7filets de c\rant7 9 :i* ! wat] may frequ5tly be he>d to fl[ ) a spla%+ s\nd1 occur only 9 a dead calm 7calme plat74 ,footnote #ce3 p4 #ad4--8;,increases ! /ifl+ oppression40 ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! ,llanos de ,apure1 at ! cattle f>m ( ,guadalupe1 t ! !rmomet] rose f #ib4g to #ig4b ,fahr4 :5ev] ! hot w9d began to bl[ f ! des]t1 :i* 0 cov]$ ei!r ) s& or %ort )]$ grass4 ,9 ! middle ( ! s&-cl\d ! !rmomet] /ood = sev]al m9utes toge!r at #aaa ,fahr4 ,! dry s& 9 ! village ( ,san ,f]n&o de ,apure _h a temp]ature ( #abf ,fahr4 ,footnote #cf3 p4 #ae4--8,! phantom ( a mov+ undulat+ surface40 ,! well kn[n ph5om5on ( ! mirage is call$ 9 ,sanscrit 8! ?ir/ ( ! gazelle40,,gy ,all objects appe> to float 9 ! air1 :ile _! =ms are reflect$ 9 ! l[] /ratum ( ! atmosph]e4 ,at su* times ! :ole des]t resembles a va/ lake1 ^: surface undulates l waves4 ,palm trees1 cattle1 & camels sometimes appe> inv]t$ 9 ! horizon4 ,9 ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt1 ?is optical illusion (t5 ne>ly drove ! fa9t & p>*$ soldi]s to di/raction4 ,?is ph5om5on has be5 obs]v$ 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! anci5ts 7 also acqua9t$ ) ! rem>kable refraction ( ! rays ( light 9 ! ,lybian ,des]t4 ,we f9d m5tion made 9 ,diodorus ,siculus ( /range illusive appe>ances1 an ,african ,fata ,morgana1 toge!r ) /ill m extravagant explanations ( ! conglom]ation ( ! p>ticles ( air4,,gz ,footnote #cg3 p4 #ae4--8,! ,melocactus40 ,! ,cactus melocactus is frequ5tly f #aj to #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 & has g5]ally #ad ribs4 ,! natural gr\p ( ! ,cactace1 ! :ole family ( ! ,nopale ( ,jussieu1 belongs exclusively to ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,! ,cactus assumes a v>iety ( %apes1 be+ ribb$ & melon-l 7,melocacti72 articulat$ 7,opunti72 upright-l columns 7,c]ei72 ( a s]p5t9e or creep+ =m 7,rhipsalides72 or provid$ ) leaves 7,p]eski74 ,_m ext5d high up ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s4 ,ne> ! foot ( ! ,*imborazo1 9 ! s&y table-l& ar\nd ,riobamba1 ,i f\nd a new species ( ,pitahaya 7,cactus sepium71 ev5 at an elevation ( #aj1ffj feet4,,ha ,footnote #ch3 p4 #af4--8,! sc5e sudd5ly *anges 9 ! ,/eppe40 ,i h endeav\r$ to describe ! approa* ( ! ra9y season1 & ! signs by :i* x is ann\nc$4 ,! deep blue ( ! heav5s 9 ! tropics is occasion$ by ! imp]fect solution ( vap\r4 ,! cyanomet] indicates a light] %ade ( blue z soon z ! vap\rs beg9 to fall4 ,! d>k spot 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross becomes indi/9ct 9 proportion z ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e decreases1 & ?is *ange ann\nces ! approa* ( ra94 ,! bright radiance ( ! ,magellanic cl\ds 7,nubecula major & ,nubecula m9or7 !n gradually fades away4 ,! fix$ />s :i* _h be=e be5 %9+ ) a calm1 /eady1 planetlike light1 are n[ se5 to sc9tillate 9 ! z5i?4,,hb ,all ^! ph5om5a are ! result ( ! increas$ quantity ( aque\s vap\r float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,footnote #ci3 p4 #af4--8,! humid clay soil is se5 to rise sl[ly 9 a broad flake40 ,dr\ght produces ! same ph5om5a 9 animals & plants z ! ab/raction ( heat4 ,dur+ ! dry season _m tropical plants lose _! leaves4 ,! crocodile & o!r amphibi\s animals conceal !mselves 9 ! mud & lie app>5tly dead1 l animals 9 cold regions :o are ?r[n into a /ate ( hyb]nation4,,hc ,footnote #dj3 p4 #ag4--8;,a va/ inl& sea40 ,n[h]e are ^! inundations on a l>g] scale ?an 9 ! net-"w ( /reams =m$ by ! ,apure1 ! ,ara*una1 ! ,pay>a1 ! ,arauca1 & ! ,cabuli>e4 ,l>ge vessels sail across ! c\ntry ov] ! ,/eppe = #dj or #ej miles4 ,footnote #da3 p4 #ag4--8,to ! m\nta9\s pla9 ( ,antisana40 ,! great m\nta9 plateau :i* surr\nds ! volcano ( ,antisana is #ac1dgc feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is s inconsid]able at ?is height1 t blood w fl[ f ! no/rils & m\? ( ! wild bull :5 hunt$ ) dogs4 ,footnote #db3 p4 #ag4--8,! m>%y wat]s ( ,b]a & ,ra/ro40 ,i h else:]e m circum/antially describ$ ! capture ( ! gymnotus4,,hd ,mons4 ,gay ,lussac & myself 7 p]fectly successful 9 ! exp]im5ts we conduct$ )\t a *a9 on a liv+ gymnotus1 :i* 0 /ill v vigor\s :5 x rea*$ ,p>is4 ,! dis*>ge ( electricity is entirely dep5d5t on ! w ( ! animal4 ,we did n obs]ve any electric sp>ks1 b o!r physici/s h done s on num]\s occasions4 ,footnote #dc3 p4 #ah4--8;,awak5$ by ! contact ( moi/ & dissimil> p>ticles40 ,9 all organic bodies dissimil> sub/ances come into contact ) ea* o!r1 & solids are associat$ ) fluids4 ,:]ev] !re is organization & life1 !re mu/ be electric t5sion1 or1 9 o!r words1 a voltaic pile mu/ be br\ght into play1 z ! exp]im5ts ( ,nobili & ,matteucci1 & m especially ! late mo/ admirable lab\rs ( ,emil ,dubois1 tea* u4 ,! la/-nam$ physici/ has succe$$ 9 8manife/+ ! pres5ce ( ! electric muscul> curr5t 9 liv+ & :olly un9jur$ animal bodies30 he %[s t 8! human body1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a copp] wire1 c at w cause ! magnetic ne$le at a di/ance to deflect fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ano!r40,,he ,i h myself witness$ ^! movem5ts produc$ at w1 & h ?us unexpect$ly se5 mu* light ?r[n on ph5om5a1 to :i* ,i _h labori\sly & ard5tly devot$ s _m ye>s ( my e>li] life4 ,footnote #dd3 p4 #ai4--8,! my? ( ,osiris & ,typhon40 ,respect+ ! /ruggle ( two human races1 ! ,arabian %eph]d tribes ( ,l[] ,egypt & ! cultivat$ agricultural races ( ,upp] ,egypt2 on ! subject ( ! fair-hair$ ,pr9ce ,baby or ,typhon1 :o f\nd$ ,pelusium2 & on ! d>k-complexion$ ,dionysos or ,osiris2 ,i w\ld ref] to ,zoga's old] & almo/ univ]sally disc>d$ views z set =? at p4 #egg ( 8 ma/]ly "w 8,de orig9e et usu obeliscorum40 ,footnote #de3 p4 #ai--8,! b\nd>ies ( ,european semi-civilization40 ,9 ! ,capitania ,g5]al de ,c>acas1 z well z 9 all ! ea/]n "p ( ,am]ica1 ! civilization =m]ly introduc$ by ,europeans is limit$ to ! n>r[ /rip ( l& :i* skirts ! %ore4 ,9 ,mexico1 ,new ,granada1 & ,quito on ! o!r h&1 ,european civilization has p5etrat$ f> into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry & advanc$ up to ! ridges ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,!re exi/$ already 9 ! fifte5? c5tury an e>li] /age ( civilization among ! inhabitants ( ! la/-nam$ region4 ,:]ev] ! ,spani>ds p]ceiv$ ?is culture !y pursu$ its track1 reg>dless :e!r ! seat ( x 0 at a di/ance f ! sea1 or 9 its vic9ity4 ,! anci5t cities 7 enl>g$ & _! =m] significant ,indian names mutilat$1 or ex*ang$ = ^? ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts4 ,footnote #df3 p4 #ai--8;,huge masses ( lead5-col\r$ granite40 ,9 ! ,or9oco1 & m especially at ! cat>acts ( ,maypures & ,atures 7n 9 ! ,black ,riv] or ,rio ,negro71 all blocks ( granite1 ev5 pieces ( :ite qu>tz1 :]ev] !y come 9 contact ) ! wat]1 acquire a grayi% black coat+1 :i* does n p5etrate beyond #jja ( a l9e into ! int]ior ( ! rock4 ,! travell] might almo/ suppose t he 0 look+ at basalt1 or fossils col\r$ ) graphite4 ,inde$1 ! cru/ does actually appe> to conta9 manganese & c>bon4 ,i say 8appe>s0 to d s1 because ! ph5om5on has n yet be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,some?+ p]fectly analog\s to ?is 0 obs]v$ by ,rozi] 9 ! sy5itic rocks ( ! ,nile 7ne> ,sy5e & ,phil72 by ! un=tunate ,capta9 ,tuckey on ! rocky banks ( ! ,zaire2 & by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk at ,b]bice4,,hf ,on ! ,or9oco ^! lead5-col\r$ rocks are suppos$ :5 wet to give =? noxi\s exhalations1 & _! vic9ity is believ$ to be conducive to ! g5]ation ( fev]s4,,hg ,x is also rem>kable t ! ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s g5]ally1 :i* h black wat]s 7aguas negras71 or wat]s ( a c(fee br[n or w9e yell[ t9t1 d n d>k5 ! granite rocks2 t is to say1 !y d n act ^u ! /one 9 su* a mann] z to =m f its con/itu5t p>ts a black or lead5-col\r$ cru/4 ,footnote #dg3 p4 #bj--8,! ra9-=ebod+ h[l ( ! be>d$ ape40 ,"s h\rs be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ra91 ! melan*oly cries ( v>i\s apes1 z ,simia s5iculus1 ,simia beelzebub1 c41 fall on ! e> l a /orm rag+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,! int5sity ( ! noise produc$ by su* small animals c only be expla9$ by ! circum/ance t "o tree (t5 conta9s a h]d ( sev5ty or eighty apes4 ,i h else:]e spok5 ( ! l>yngeal sac1 & ! ossification ( ! l>ynx ( ^! animals4,,hh ,footnote #dh3 p4 #bj--8;,its unc\? body (t5 cov]$ ) birds40 ,! crocodiles lie s motionless1 t ,i h (t5 se5 flam+oes 7,phnicopt]us7 re/+ on _! heads1 :ile ! o!r p>ts ( ! body 7 cov]$1 l ! trunk ( a tree1 ) aquatic birds4 ,footnote #di3 p4 #bj--8;,d[n its dilat+ ?roat40 ,! saliva ) :i* ! boa cov]s its prey t5ds to promote rapid decomposition4 ,! muscul> fle% is r5d]$ gelat9\sly s(t "u its action1 s t ! animal is able to =ce entire limbs ( its sla9 victim ?r\gh its swell+ ?roat4 ,! ,creoles call ! giant boa ,tragav5ado 7/ag-swall[]71 & fabul\sly relate t ! antl]s ( a /ag :i* c\ld n be swall[$ by ! snake h be5 se5 fix$ 9 its ?roat4 ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$ ! boa con/rictor swimm+ 9 ! ,or9oco1 & 9 ! small] =e/ /reams1 ! ,tuam9i1 ! ,temi1 & ! ,atabapo4 ,x holds its head above wat] l a dog4 ,its sk9 is beautifully speckl$4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 t ! animal atta9s a l5g? ( #dh feet1 b ! longe/ sk9s :i* h z yet be5 c>efully measur$ 9 ,europe d n exce$ f #ba to #bc feet4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican boa 7a ,py?on7 diff]s f ! ,ea/ ,indian4,,hi ,footnote #ej3 p4 #bj--8,liv+ on gums & e>?40 ,x is curr5tly report$ ?r\gh\t ! coa/s ( ,cumana1 ,new ,b>celona1 & ,c>acas 7:i* ! ,franciscan monks ( ,guiana are 9 ! habit ( visit+ on _! return f ! missions17 t !re are m5 liv+ on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco :o eat e>?4 ,on ! #f? ( ,june1 #ahjj1 on our return f ! ,rio ,negro1 :5 we desc5d$ ! ,or9oco 9 ?irty-six days1 we sp5t ! day at ! mission inhabit$ by ^! p 7! ,otomacs74 ,_! little village1 :i* is call$ ,la ,concepcion de ,uruana1 is v picturesquely built aga9/ a granite rock4 ,x is situat$ 9 #g #h #c nor? lat42 & accord+ to my *ronometrical det]m9ation1 9 #fg #ah we/ longitude4 ,! e>? :i* ! ,otomacs eat1 is an unctu\s1 almo/ ta/eless clay1 true pott]'s e>?1 ( a yell[i% grey col\r1 9 consequ5ce ( a slight admixture ( oxide ( iron4 ,!y select x ) great c>e1 & seek x 9 c]ta9 banks on ! %ores ( ! ,or9oco & ,meta4 ,!y di/+ui% ! flav\r ( "o k9d ( e>? f t ( ano!r2 all k9ds ( clay n be+ alike acceptable to _! palate4 ,!y knead ?is e>? into balls measur+ f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]1 & bake !m be=e a sl[ fire1 until ! out] surface assumes a r$di% col\r4 ,be=e !y are eat51 ! balls are aga9 moi/5$4 ,^! ,indians are mo/ly wild1 unciviliz$ m51 :o abhor all tillage4 ,!re is a prov]b curr5t among ! mo/ di/ant ( ! tribes liv+ on ! ,or9oco1 :5 !y wi% to speak ( any?+ v unclean1 8s dirty t ! ,otomacs eat x40 ,z long z ! wat]s ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,meta are l[1 ^! p live on fi% & turtles4 ,!y kill ! =m] ) arr[s1 %oot+ ! fi% z !y rise to ! surface ( ! wat] ) a skill & dext]ity t has frequ5tly excit$ my admiration4 ,at ! p]iodical swell+ ( ! riv]s1 ! fi%+ is /opp$1 = x is z difficult to fi% 9 deep riv] wat] z 9 ! deep sea4 ,x is dur+ ^! int]vals1 :i* la/ f two to ?ree mon?s1 t ! ,otomacs are obs]v$ to dev\r an enorm\s quantity ( e>?4 ,we f\nd 9 _! huts consid]able /ores ( ^! clay balls pil$ up 9 pyramidal heaps4 ,an ,indian w consume f ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd to a p\nd & a qu>t] ( ?is food daily1 z we 7 assur$ by ! intellig5t monk1 ,fray ,ramon ,bu5o1 a native ( ,madrid1 :o _h liv$ among ^! ,indians = a p]iod ( twelve ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! ,otomacs !mselves1 ?is e>? con/itutes _! ma9 support 9 ! ra9y season4 ,9 addition1 !y h[ev] eat1 :5 !y c procure !m1 liz>ds1 sev]al species ( small fi%1 & ! roots ( a f]n4 ,b !y are s p>tial to clay1 t ev5 9 ! dry season1 :5 !re is an abundance ( fi%1 !y /ill p>take ( "s ( _! e>?-balls1 by way ( a bonne b\*e aft] _! regul> meals4 ,^! p are ( a d>k1 copp]-br[n col\r1 h unpleasant ,t>t>-l features1 & are /\t1 b n protub]ant4 ,! ,franciscan :o _h liv$ among/ !m z a mission>y1 assur$ u t he _h obs]v$ no diff]5ce 9 ! condition & well-be+ ( ! ,otomacs dur+ ! p]iods 9 :i* !y liv$ on e>?4 ,! simple facts are !re=e z foll[s3--,! ,indians und\bt$ly consume l>ge quantities ( clay )\t injur+ _! heal?2 !y reg>d ?is e>? z a nutriti\s article ( food1 t is to say1 !y feel t x w satisfy _! hung] = a long "t4 ,?is prop]ty !y ascribe exclusively to ! clay1 & n to ! o!r articles ( food :i* !y contrive to procure f "t to "t 9 addition to x4 ,if an ,otomac be ask$ :at are 8 w9t] provisions--! t]m w9t] 9 ! torrid p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica imply+ ! ra9y season--he w po9t to ! heaps ( clay 9 8 hut4 ,^! simple facts d n1 h[ev]1 by any means decide ! que/ions3 :e!r clay c actually be a nutriti\s sub/ance2 :e!r e>?s c be assimilat$ 9 ! human body2 :e!r !y only s]ve z balla/2 or m]ely di/5d ! walls ( ! /oma*1 & ?us appease ! crav+s ( hung]8 ,^! are que/ions :i* ,i _c v5ture to decide4,,hj ,x is s+ul>1 t ,fa!r ,gumilla1 :o is g5]ally s cr$ul\s & uncritical1 %\ld h d5i$ ! fact ( e>? be+ eat5 by & = itself4,,hk ,he ma9ta9s t ! clay-balls are l>gely mix$ ) maize-fl\r1 & crocodile's fat4 ,b ! mission>y ,fray ,ramon ,bu5o1 & our fri5d & fell[-travell]1 ! lay-bro!r ,fray ,juan ,gonzales1 :o p]i%$ at sea (f ! coa/ ( ,africa 7at ! "t we lo/ a portion ( our collections71 bo? assur$ u1 t ! ,otomacs nev] mix _! clay cakes ) crocodile's fat1 & we he>d no?+ 9 ,uruana ( ! admixture ( fl\r4 ,! e>? :i* we br\ght ) u1 & :i* 0 *emically inve/igat$ by ,m4 ,vauquel91 is q pure & unmix$4 ,may n ,gumilla1 by conf\nd+ het]og5e\s facts1 h int5d$ to allude to a prep>ation ( bread f ! long pod ( a species ( ,+a8 z ?is fruit is c]ta9ly buri$ 9 ! e>?1 9 ord] to ha/5 its decomposition4 ,x appe>s to me especially rem>kable1 t ! ,otomacs %\ld n lose _! heal? by eat+ s mu* e>?4 ,has ?is tribe be5 habituat$ = g5]ations to ?is /imulus8 ,9 all tropical c\ntries m5 exhibit a wond]ful & almo/ irresi/ible desire to dev\r e>?1 n ! s-call$ alkal9e or calc>e\s e>?1 = ! purpose ( neutraliz+ acidity1 b unctu\s1 /rong-smell+ clay4 ,x is (t5 f\nd necess>y to %ut *ildr5 up 9 ord] to prev5t _! runn+ into ! op5 air to dev\r e>? aft] rec5t ra94 ,! ,indian wom5 :o are engag$ on ! riv] ,magdal5a1 9 ! small village ( ,banco1 9 turn+ e>!nw>e pots1 cont9ually fill _! m\?s ) l>ge lumps ( clay1 z ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$1 mu* to my surprise4,,hl ,wolves eat e>?1 especially clay1 dur+ w9t]4 ,x w\ld be v important1 9 a physiological po9t ( view1 to exam9e ! excrem5ts ( animals & m5 t eat e>?4 ,individuals ( all o!r tribes1 except+ ! ,otomacs1 lose _! heal? if !y yield to ?is s+ul> prop5sity = eat+ clay4 ,9 ! mission ( ,san ,borja we f\nd ! *ild ( an ,indian woman1 :i*1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( its "m1 w\ld h>dly eat any?+ b e>?4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 mu* emaciat$1 & look$ l a m]e skeleton4 ,:y is x t 9 ! temp]ate & cold zones ?is morbid eag]ness = eat+ e>? is s mu* less frequ5tly manife/$1 & is inde$ limit$ almo/ entirely to *ildr5 & pregnant wom51 :il/ x w\ld appe> to be indig5\s to ! tropical l&s ( e qu>t] ( ! e>?8 ,9 ,gu9ea ! negroes eat a yell[i% e>?1 :i* !y call ca\ac2 & :5 !y are c>ri$ z slaves to ! ,we/ ,indies !y ev5 endeav\r !re to procure = !mselves "s simil> species ( food1 ma9ta9+ t ! eat+ ( e>? is p]fectly h>mless 9 _! ,african home4 ,! ca\ac ( ! ,am]ican isl&s1 h[ev]1 d]anges ! heal? ( ! slaves :o p>take ( x2 = :i* reason ! eat+ ( e>? 0 long s9ce =bidd5 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 not)/&+ :i* a species ( r$ or yell[i% tuff 7un tuf r\ge jauntre7 0 secretly sold 9 ! public m>ket ( ,m>t9ique 9 ! ye> #agea4 8,! negroes ( ,gu9ea say t 9 _! own c\ntry !y habitually eat a c]ta9 e>?1 ! flav\r ( :i* is mo/ agreeable to !m1 & :i* does n occasion !m any inconv5i5ce4 ,^? :o h addict$ !mselves to ! excessive use ( ca\ac are s p>tial to x1 t no puni%m5t c prev5t !m f dev\r+ ?is e>?40,,hm ,9 ! isl& ( ,java1 betwe5 ,s\rabaya & ,sam>ang1 ,labill>dire saw small squ>e r$di% cakes publicly sold 9 ! villages4 ,! natives call$ !m tana ampo 7tanah signifies e>? 9 ,malay & ,javanese72 & on exam9+ !m m closely1 he f\nd t !y 7 cakes made ( a r$di% clay1 & int5d$ = eat+4,,hn ,! edible clay ( ,sam>ang has rec5tly 7#ahdg7 beep s5t1 by ,mohnike1 to ,b]l9 9 ! %ape ( roll$ tubes l c9namon1 & has be5 exam9$ by ,ehr5b]g4 ,x is a fre%-wat] =mation deposit$ 9 t]ti>y lime/one1 & compos$ ( microscopic polyga/rica 7,gallionella1 ,navicula7 & ( ,phytoli?>ia4,,ho ,! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia1 to appease _! hung]1 eat lumps z l>ge z ! fi/ ( friable /eatite1 9 :i* ,vauquel9 detect$ an appreciable quantity ( copp]4,,hp ,9 ,popayan & _m p>ts ( ,p]u calc>e\s e>? is sold 9 ! /reets z an article ( food = ! ,indians4 ,?is is eat5 toge!r ) ! ,coca 7! leaves ( ! ,ery?roxylon p]uvianum74 ,we ?us f9d t ! practice ( eat+ e>? is common ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! torrid zone among ! indol5t races :o inhabit ! mo/ beautiful & fruitful regions ( ! e>?4 ,b acc\nts h also come f ! nor?1 ?r\gh ,b]zelius & ,retzius1 f :i* we le>n1 t 9 ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ,sw$5 hundr$s ( c>tloads ( e>? conta9+ infusoria are annually consum$ by ! c\ntry p z bread-meal1 m f fancy 7l ! smok+ ( tobacco7 ?an f necessity4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,f9l& a simil> k9d ( e>? is mix$ ) ! bread4 ,x consi/s ( empty %ells ( animalcules1 s small & s(t1 t !y break betwe5 ! tee? )\t any p]ceptible noise1 fill+ ! /oma* )\t yield+ any actual n\ri%m5t4 ,*ronicles & ar*ives (t5 make m5tion dur+ times ( w> ( ! employm5t z food ( infusorial e>?1 :i* is spok5 ( "u ! indef9ite & g5]al t]m ( 8m\nta9 meal40 ,su*1 = in/ance1 0 ! case 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 at ,cam9 9 ,pom]ania1 ,muskau 9 ! ,lausitz1 & ,kleik5 9 ! ,dessau t]ritory2 & subsequ5tly 9 #agai & #agcc1 at ! =tress ( ,witt5b]g4,,hq ,footnote #ea3 p4 #bj4--8;,images grav5 9 rocks40 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #b & #d nor? lat41 lies a wood$ pla9 inclos$ by f\r riv]s1 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,atabapo1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,"h we f9d granitic & sy5itic rocks1 :i*1 l ^? ( ,caic>a & ,uruana1 are cov]$ ) colossal symbolical figures ( crocodiles1 tig]s1 ut5sils ( dome/ic use1 signs ( ! sun & moon1 c4 ,?is remote portion ( ! e>? is at pres5t :olly un9habit$ ?r\gh\t an ext5t ( m ?an #hjjj squ>e miles4 ,! neighb\r+ tribes1 :o occupy ! l[e/ place 9 ! scale ( humanity1 are nak$ w&]+ savages1 :o c\ld n possibly h c>v$ hi]oglyphics 9 /one4 ,a :ole range ( ^! rocks cov]$ ) symbolical signs may be trac$ f ,rupunuri1 ,essequibo1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,pac>aima1 to ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ( ! ,yupura1 ext5d+ ov] m ?an eight degrees ( longitude4 ,^! c>v+s may belong to v diff]5t p]iods ( "t1 = ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk ev5 f\nd on ! ,rio ,negro repres5tations ( a ,spani% galliot1,,hr :i* mu/ necess>ily h be5 ( a date subsequ5t to ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & t 9 a wild]ness :]e ! inhabitants 7 probably z rude !n z !y n[ are4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott51 z ,i h already else:]e obs]v$1 t nations ( v diff]5t desc5t1 b 9 simil>ly unciviliz$ conditions1 possess$ ( ! same disposition to simplify & g5]alize outl9es1 & urg$ by id5tical inh]5t m5tal t5d5cies1 may be l$ to produce simil> signs & symbols4,,hs ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 9 ,london a memoir 0 read on ! #ag? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcf1 by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 8,on ! religi\s traditions ( ! ,macusi ,indians1 :o inhabit ! ,upp] ,mahu1 & a portion ( ! ,pac>aima m\nta9s10 & :o h !re=e n *ang$ _! habitation = a c5tury 7s9ce ! j\rney ( ! intrepid ,hortsmann74 8,! ,macusis10 says ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 8believe t ! only be+ :o surviv$ a g5]al deluge1 repeopl$ ! e>? by conv]t+ /ones into human be+s40 ,?is my?1 :i* is ! fruit ( ! lively imag9ation ( ^! tribes1 & :i* rem9ds u ( t ( ,deucalion & ,pyrrha1 %[s itself 9 a some:at modifi$ =m among ! ,tamanacs ( ! ,or9oco4 ,:5 ^! p are ask$ h[ ! human race surviv$ ?is great flood1 ! age ( wat]s ( ! ,mexicans1 !y unhesitat+ly reply1 8t "o man & "o woman 7 sav$ by tak+ refuge on ! summit ( ! l(ty m\nta9 ( ,tamanacu1 on ! banks ( ! ,asiv]u1 & t !y !n ?rew ov] _! heads ! fruits ( ! ,mauritia palm1 f ! k]nels ( :i* sprang m5 & wom51 :o aga9 peopl$ ! e>?40 ,"s miles f ,enc>amada !re rises 9 ! mid/ ( ! savannah ! rock ( ,tepu-,m]eme2 i4e41 ! 8pa9t$ rock10 :i* exhibits num]\s figures ( animals & symbolical signs1 hav+ mu* resemblance to ^? :i* we obs]v$ at "s di/ance above ,enc>amada1 ne> ,cayc>a4 7#g #e to #g #dj nor? lat41 & #ff #bh to #fg #bc we/ long47 ,simil>ly c>v$ rocks are f\nd betwe5 ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,atabapo 7#b #e to #c #bj lat472 & :at is mo/ /rik+1 also #efj miles fur!r ea/w>d 9 ! solitudes ( ! ,p>ime4 ,! la/-nam$ fact is prov$ beyond a d\bt1 by ! j\rnal ( ,nicolas ,hortsmann ( ,hilde%eim1 ( :i* ,i h se5 a copy 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! celebrat$ d',anville4 ,t simple & mode/ travell] wrote d[n e day on ! spot :atev] _h /ruck him z wor?y ( notice2 & 8 n>rative des]ves p]haps ! m confid5ce f ! fact t ! great disappo9tm5t he exp]i5c$ 9 hav+ fail$ 9 ! object ( 8 rese>*es1 :i* 0 ! discov]y ( ! ,lake ( ,dorado1 ) its lumps ( gold & a diamond m9e 7:i* prov$ to be m]ely rock cry/al ( a v pure k9d71 l$ him to look ) a c]ta9 degree ( contempt on all t fell 9 8 way4 ,on ! bank ( ! ,rupunuri1 at ! po9t :]e ! riv]1 w9d+ betwe5 ! ,mac>ana m\nta9s1 =ms sev]al small cascades2 & be=e rea*+ ! c\ntry imm$iately surr\nd+ ! ,lake ( ,amucu1 he f\nd1 on ! #af? ( ,april1 #agdi1 8rocks cov]$ ) figures10 or1 z he says 9 ,portuguese1 8de v>ias letras0 7) v>i\s lett]s or *>act]s74 ,we 7 %[n1 at ! rock ( ,culimac>i1 on ! banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 signs said to be *>act]s drawn by l9e & rule3 b !y 7 m]ely ill-=m$ figures ( ! heav5ly bodies1 crocodiles1 boa-con/rictors1 & ut5sils us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( manioc-meal4 ,i f\nd among ^! pa9t$ rocks 7pi$ras p9tadas7 nei!r a symmetrical arrangem5t nor any trace ( *>act]s drawn ) a reg>d to regul>ity 9 space & size4 ,! ^w 8letras0 9 ! j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,surgeon 7,hortsmann7 mu/ n1 !re=e1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 be tak5 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,s*omburgk did n succe$ 9 f9d+ ! rocks obs]v$ by ,hortsmann1 b he has describ$ o!rs :i* he saw on ! bank ( ! ,essequibo1 ne> ! cascade ( ,w>aputa4 8,?is cascade10 he says1 8is celebrat$ n only = its height1 b also = ! great numb] ( figures hewn 9 ! rock1 :i* be> a great resemblance to ^? t ,i h se5 on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,john1 7"o ( ! ,virg9 ,isl&s17 & :i* ,i consid] to be )\t d\bt ! "w ( ! ,c>ibs1 by :om ?is "p ( ! ,antilles 0 peopl$ 9 =m] times4 ,i made ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts to hew away a portion ( ! rock c>v$ ) inscriptions1 :i* ,i 0 desir\s ( tak+ ) me2 b ! /one 0 too h>d1 & my /r5g? _h be5 wa/$ by fev]4 ,nei!r ?reats nor promises c\ld prevail on ! ,indians to aim a s+le /roke ( ! hamm] aga9/ ^! rocks--! v5]able monum5ts ( ! culture & sup]ior skill ( _! =efa!rs4 ,!y reg>d !m z ! "w ( ! ,great ,_s2 & all ! diff]5t tribes we met 7 acqua9t$ ) !m1 al?\gh liv+ at a great di/ance4 ,t]ror 0 pa9t$ on ! faces ( my ,indian companions :o seem$ to expect e mom5t t ! fire ( heav5 w\ld fall on my head4 ,i n[ saw cle>ly t all my ef=ts 7 fruitless1 & ,i 0 !re=e oblig$ to cont5t myself ) br++ away a complete draw+ ( ^! monum5ts40 ,! la/ resolution 0 und\bt$ly ! be/1 & ! editor ( ! ,engli% j\rnal1 to my great satisfaction1 subjo9s 9 a note ! rem>k1 8t x is to be wi%$ t o!rs may succe$ no bett] ?an ,s*omburgk1 & t no travell] belong+ to a civiliz$ nation w 9 future attempt ! de/ruction ( ^! monum5ts ( ! unprotect$ ,indians40 ,! symbolical signs :i* ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk f\nd 9 ! fluvial valley ( ! ,essequibo1 ne> ! rapids ( ,w>aputa1,,ht resemble1 inde$1 accord+ to 8 obs]vation1 ! g5u9e ,c>ib c>v+s ( "o ( ! small] ,virg9 ,isl&s 7,/4 ,john72 b not)/&+ ! wide ext5t ( ! ,c>ib invasions1 & ! anci5t p[] ( t f9e race1 ,i _c believe t ?is va/ belt ( c>v$ rocks :i* int]sects a great portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica f we/ to ea/1 is actually to be ascrib$ to ! ,c>ibs4 ,^! rema9s seem r to be traces ( an anci5t civilization1 :i* may h belong$ to an epo* :5 ! tribes1 :om we n[ di/+ui% by v>i\s names & races1 7 /ill unkn[n4 ,! v5]ation :i* is ev]y:]e %[n by ! ,indians = ^! rude c>v+s ( _! pr$ecessors1 proves t ! pres5t races h no idea ( ! execution ( simil> works4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is1 betwe5 ,enc>amada & ,cayc>a1 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 _m ( ^! hi]oglyphic figures are f\nd sculptur$ on ! sides ( rocks at a height :i* c n[ only be rea*$ by means ( extremely high scaffold+4 ,:5 ask$ :o c h c>v$ ^! figures1 ! natives answ] ) a smile1 z if x 7 a fact ( :i* none b a :ite man c\ld be ignorant1 t 89 ! days ( ! great wat]s _! fa!rs sail$ 9 canoes at ?is height40 ,"h we f9d a geological dream s]v+ z a solution ( ! problem pres5t$ by a long ext9ct civilization4 ,i w\ld "h be p]mitt$ to subjo9 a rem>k1 :i* ,i borr[ f a lett] address$ to me by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 ! di/+ui%$ travell] already m5tion$4 8,! hi]oglyphic figures are mu* m widely ext5d$ ?an y probably h conjectur$4 ,dur+ my exp$ition1 ! object ( :i* 0 ! exploration ( ! riv] ,cor5tyn1 ,i n only obs]v$ sev]al gigantic figures on ! rock ( ,tim]i 7#d #cj nor? lat4 & #eg #cj we/ long471 b ,i also discov]$ simil> ones 9 ! vic9ity ( ! great cat>acts ( ! riv] ,cor5tyn 79 #d #ba #cj nor? lat4 & #eg #ee #cj we/ long47 ,^! figures h be5 execut$ m c>efully ?an any o!rs :i* ,i met ) 9 ,guiana4 ,!y are ab\t #ab feet 9 height & appe> to repres5t human figures4 ,! head-ge> is extremely rem>kable2 x surr\nds ! entire head1 spreads f> out1 & is n unlike ! glory repres5t$ r\nd ! heads ( ,sa9ts4 ,i left draw+s ( ^! images 9 ! colony1 :i* ,i hope "s day to be able to lay collectively be=e ! public4 ,i h se5 less complete figures on ! ,cuyuw9i1 a riv] :i*1 fl[+ f ! nor?-we/1 empties itself into ! ,essequibo 9 #b #af nor? lat42 & ,i subsequ5tly f\nd simil> figures on ! ,essequibo itself 9 #a #dj nor? lat4 ,^! figures1 !re=e1 z appe>s f actual obs]vations1 ext5d f #g #aj to #a #dj nor? lat41 & f #eg #cj to #ff #cj we/ long4 ,! zone 7or belt7 ( ! sculptur$ rocks 7z f> z x has yet be5 inve/igat$7 ?us ext5ds ov] an area ( #aib1jjj squ>e miles1 & includes )9 its circuit ! bas9s ( ! ,cor5tyn1 ,essequibo1 & ,or9oco--a circum/ance t enables u to judge ( ! =m] population ( ?is portion ( ! cont95t40 ,rem>kable relics ( a =m] culture1 consi/+ ( granitic vessels ornam5t$ ) beautiful repres5tations ( labyr9?s1 & ! e>!nw>e =ms resembl+ ! ,roman masks1 h be5 discov]$ among ! wild ,indians on ! ,mosquito coa/4,,hu ,i _h !m engrav$ 9 ! picturesque ,atlas app5d$ to ! hi/orical portion ( my travels4 ,antiqu>ians are a/oni%$ at ! resemblance ( ^! algreco vessels to ^? :i* embelli% ! ,palace ( ,mitla 7ne> ,oaxaca1 9 ,new ,spa974 ,! l>ge-nos$ race1 :o are s frequ5tly sculptur$ 9 relief on ! ,pal5que ( ,guatimala & 9 ,aztec pictures1 ,i h nev] obs]v$ 9 ,p]uvian c>v+s4 ,klapro? recollects hav+ notic$ t ! ,*alkas1 a horde ( ,nor!rn ,mongolia1 _h simil> l>ge noses4 ,x is univ]sally kn[n1 t _m races ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,canadian1 & copp]-col\r$ ,indians1 h f9e aquil9e noses1 :i* con/itute an ess5tial physiognomical m>k ( di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,new ,granada1 ,quito1 & ,p]u4 ,are ! l>ge-ey$1 fair-sk9n$ natives ( ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 ( :om ,m>*& speaks z liv+ 9 #ed & #eh nor? lat41 desc5d$ f ! ,usuns1 an ,alano-,go?ic race ( ,c5tral ,asia8 ,footnote #eb3 p4 #bj4--8;,deal c]ta9 dea? ) a poison$ ?umb-nail40 ,! ,otomacs frequ5tly poison _! ?umb-nails ) cur>e4 ,! m]e impress ( ! nail proves fatal1 %\ld ! cur>e become mix$ ) ! blood4 ,we h 9 our possession ! creep+ plant1 f ! juice ( :i* ! cur>e is prep>$1 9 ! ,esm]alda ,mission1 on ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 b1 un=tunately1 we did n f9d ! plant :5 9 blossom4 ,f its physiognomy1 x seems to be alli$ to ,/ry*nos4,,hv ,s9ce ,i wrote ! above notice ( ! ,cur>e1 or ,ur>i1 z ! plant & poison 7 call$ by ,raleigh1 ! bro!rs ,rob]t & ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk h r5d]$ important s]vice to sci5ce by mak+ u accurately acqua9t$ ) ! nature & mode ( prep>+ ?is sub/ance1 :i* ,i 0 ! fir/ to br+ to ,europe 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk f\nd ?is creep+ plant 9 fl[] 9 ,guiana1 on ! banks ( ! ,pom]oon & ,sururu1 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,c>ibs1 :o are1 h[ev]1 ignorant ( ! mode ( prep>+ ! poison4 ,8 in/ructive "w,,hw gives ! *emical analysis ( ! juice ( ! ,/ry*nos toxif]a1 :i*1 not)/&+ its "n & organic /ructure1 conta9s1 accord+ to ,b\ss+ault1 no trace ( /ry*n9e4 ,vir*['s & ,mnt]'s int]e/+ physiological exp]im5ts %[ t ! cur>e or ur>i poison does n appe> to de/roy by resorption f )\t1 b *iefly :5 x is absorb$ by ! animal sub/ance aft] ! sep>ation ( ! cont9uity ( ! latt]2 t cur>e does n belong to tetanic poisons2 & t x especially produces p>alysis1 i4e41 a cessation ( volunt>y muscul> movem5t1 :ile ! function ( ! involunt>y muscles 7z ! he>t & inte/9es7 cont9ues unimpair$4,,hx ,,on ,,! ,,cat>acts ,,( ,,! ,,or9oco1 ,ne> ,atures & ,maypures4 ,9 ! prec$+ section1 :i* ,i made ! subject ( an ,academical ,lecture1 ,i h del9eat$ ^? b\ndless pla9s1 ^: natural "* is s v>i\sly modifi$ by climatic relations1 t :at 9 "o region appe> z b>r5 treeless wa/es or des]ts1 9 ano!r are ,/eppes or f>-/ret*+ ,prairies4 ,) ! ,llanos ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 may be contra/$ ! fe>ful s&y des]ts 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa2 & ^! aga9 ) ! ,/eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ! habitation ( ^? _w-/orm+ h]dsm51 :o1 once p\r+ =? f ! ea/1 spread b>b>ism & deva/ation ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,:ile on t occasion 7#ahjf71 ,i v5tur$ to comb9e _m massive features 9 "o gr& picture ( nature1 & endeav\r$ to ent]ta9 a public assembly ) subjects1 some:at 9 accordance ) ! gloomy condition ( our m9ds at t p]iod1 ,i w n[1 conf9+ myself to a m limit$ circle ( ph5om5a1 p\rtray 9 bright] t9ts ! *e]ful picture ( a luxuriant vegetation1 & fluvial valleys ) _! foam+ m\nta9 torr5ts4 ,i w describe two sc5es ( ,nature f ! wild regions ( ,guiana1--,,atures & ,,maypures1 ! f>-fam$ ,,cat>acts ,,( ,,! ,,or9oco1--:i*1 previ\sly to my own travels1 _h be5 visit$ by few ,europeans4 ,! impression :i* is left on ! m9d by ! aspect ( natural sc5]y is less det]m9$ by ! peculi> "* ( ! region1 ?an by ! v>i$ nature ( ! light ?r\gh :i* we view1 or m\nta9 or pla91 sometimes beam+ b5ea? an azure sky1 sometimes envelop$ 9 ! gloom ( l[]+ cl\ds4 ,?us1 too1 descriptions ( nature affect u m or less p[]fully1 9 proportion z !y h>monize ) ! condition ( our own feel+s4 ,= ! physical _w is reflect$ ) tru? & animation on ! inn] susceptible _w ( ! m9d4 ,:atev] m>ks ! "* ( a l&scape3 ! pr(ile ( m\nta9s1 :i* 9 ! f> & hazy di/ance b\nd ! horizon2 ! deep gloom ( p9e =e/s2 ! m\nta9 torr5t1 :i* ru%es headlong to its fall ?r\gh ov]hang+ cliffs3 all /& alike 9 an anci5t & my/]i\s communion ) ! spiritual life ( man4 ,f ?is communion arises ! nobl] portion ( ! enjoym5t :i* nature af=ds4 ,n[h]e does %e m deeply impress u ) a s5se ( h] greatness1 n[h]e does %e speak to u m =cibly ?an 9 ! tropical _w1 b5ea? ! 8,indian sky10 z ! climate ( ! torrid zone 0 call$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:ile ,i n[1 !re=e1 v5ture to give a del9eation ( ^! regions1 ,i am enc\rag$ to hope t ! peculi> *>m :i* belongs to !m w n be unfelt4 ,! remembrance ( a di/ant & ri*ly end[$ l&1 ! aspect ( a free & p[]ful vegetation1 refre%es & /r5g!ns ! m9d2 ev5 z our so>+ _s1 oppress$ ) ! c>es ( ! pres5t1 turns ) delight to contemplate ! e>ly dawn ( mank9d & its simple gr&eur4,,hy ,we/]n curr5ts & tropical w9ds fav\r ! passage ov] t pacific arm ( ! sea#ec :i* occupies ! va/ valley /ret*+ betwe5 ! ,new ,cont95t & ,we/]n ,africa4 ,be=e ! %ore is se5 to em]ge f ! highly curv$ expanse ( wat]s1 a foam+ ru% ( conflict+ & int]m+l+ waves is obs]v$4 ,! m>9] :o is unacqua9t$ ) ?is region w\ld suspect ! vic9ity ( %oals1 or a wond]ful bur/ ( fre% spr+s1 su* z occur 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,ocean among ! ,antilles#ed4 ,on approa*+ ne>] to ! granitic %ores ( ,guiana1 he sees be=e him ! wide m\? ( a mighty riv]1 :i* gu%es =? l a %oreless sea1 flood+ ! ocean ar\nd ) fre% wat]4 ,! gre5 waves ( ! riv]1 :i* assume a milky :ite hue z !y foam ov] ! %oals1 contra/ ) ! indigo-blue ( ! sea1 :i* m>ks ! wat]s ( ! riv] 9 %>p outl9es4 ,! "n ,or9oco1 :i* ! fir/ discov]]s gave to ?is riv]1 & :i* probably owes its orig9 to "s confusion ( language1 is unkn[n 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,= 9 _! condition ( animal rud5ess1 savage tribes only designate by peculi> geographical names1 ^? objects :i* might be conf\nd$ ) o!rs4 ,?us ! ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 & ! ,magdal5a1 are ea* simply t]m$ ,! ,riv]1 ! ,great ,riv]1 & ,! ,great ,wat]2 :il/1 ^? :o dwell on ! banks ( ev5 ! smalle/ /reams di/+ui% !m by special names4 ,! curr5t produc$ by ! ,or9oco betwe5 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t & ! asphaltic isl& ( ,tr9idad is s p[]ful1 t %ips1 ) all _! canvass spread1 & a we/]ly breeze 9 _! fav\r1 c sc>cely make way aga9/ x4 ,?is desolate & fe>ful spot is call$ ! ,bay ( ,sadness 7,golfo ,tri/e71 & its entrance ! ,dragon's ,m\? 7,boca del ,drago74 ,"h isolat$ cliffs rise t[]-l 9 ! mid/ ( ! ru%+ /ream4 ,!y seem to m>k ! old rocky b>ri]#ee :i*1 be=e x 0 brok5 ?r\gh by ! curr5t1 connect$ ! isl& ( ,tr9idad ) ! coa/ ( ,p>ia4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is region fir/ conv9c$ ! bold navigator ,columbus ( ! exi/5ce ( an ,am]ican cont95t4 8,su* an enorm\s body ( fre% wat]10 conclud$ ?is acute obs]v] ( nature1 8c\ld only be collect$ f a riv] hav+ a long c\rse2 ! l&1 !re=e1 :i* suppli$ x mu/ be a cont95t1 & n an isl&40 ,z1 accord+ to ,arrian1 ! companions ( ,alex&]1 :5 !y p5etrat$ across ! sn[-cr[n$ summits ( ,p>opanisus#ef1 believ$ t !y recogniz$ 9 ! crocodile-teem+ ,indus a "p ( ! ,nile1,,hz s ,columbus1 9 8 ignorance ( ! simil>ity ( physiognomy :i* *>act]ises all ! products ( ! climate ( palms1 imag9$ t ! ,new ,cont95t 0 ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! f> project+ ,asia4 ,! grateful coolness ( ! ev5+ air1 ! e!real purity ( ! />ry firmam5t1 ! balmy fragrance ( fl[]s1 waft$ to him by ! l& breeze--all l$ him to suppose4 7z we are told by ,h]r]a1 9 ! ,decades#eg17 t he 0 approa*+ ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 ! sacr$ abode ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,! ,or9oco seem$ to him "o ( ! f\r riv]s1 :i*1 accord+ to ! v5]able tradition ( ! anci5t _w1 fl[$ f ,p>adise1 to wat] & divide ! surface ( ! e>?1 newly adorn$ ) plants4 ,?is poetical passage 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,columbus1 or r 9 a lett] to ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 writt5 f ,haiti 9 ,octob]1 #adih1 pres5ts a peculi> psy*ological int]e/4 ,x tea*es u anew1 t ! creative fancy ( ! poet manife/s itself 9 ! discov]] ( a _w1 no less ?an 9 e o!r =m ( human greatness4 ,:5 we consid] ! great mass ( wat] p\r$ into ! ,atlantic ,ocean by ! ,or9oco1 we are naturally l$ to ask :i* ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s is ! greate/--! ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 or ! ,la ,plata8 ,! "q is z indet]m9ate z ! idea ( greatness itself4 ,! ,rio de la ,plata has und\bt$ly ! wide/ m\?1 its wid? measur+ #ib miles across2 b ?is riv]1 l ^? ( ,great ,brita91 is comp>atively ( b inconsid]able l5g?4 ,its %all[ness1 too1 is s great z to imp$e navigation at ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,! ,amazon1 :i* is ! longe/ ( all riv]s1 measures #bhhj miles f its rise 9 ! ,lake ( ,laurico*a to its e/u>y4 ,yet its wid? 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de ,bracamoros1 ne> ! cat>act ( ,r5tama1 :]e ,i measur$ x at ! foot ( ! picturesque m\nta9 ( ,pata*uma1 is sc>cely equal to t ( ! ,rh9e at ,may5ce4 ,! ,or9oco is n>r[] at its m\? ?an ei!r ! ,la ,plata or ! ,amazon1 :ile its l5g?1 accord+ to my a/ronomical obs]vations1 does n exce$ #aabj geographical miles4 ,b 9 ! int]ior ( ,guiana1 #efj miles f its e/u>y1 ,i f\nd t at high wat] ! wid? ( ! riv] measur$ upw>ds ( #ag1bfe feet4 ,its p]iodical swell+ "h raises ! level ( ! wat]s e ye> f #cj to #cf feet above ! l[e/ wat]-m>k4 ,we are /ill )\t suffici5t data = an accurate comp>ison betwe5 ! enorm\s riv]s :i* trav]se ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,= su* a comp>ison x w\ld be necess>y to asc]ta9 ! pr(ile ( ! riv]-b$1 z well z ! velocity ( ! wat]1 :i* v>ies v consid]ably at diff]5t po9ts4 ,if ! ,or9oco1 9 ! ,delta =m$ by its v>i\sly divid$ & /ill unexplor$ bran*es1 z well z 9 ! regul>ity ( its rise & fall1 & 9 ! numb] & size ( its crocodiles1 exhibits num]\s po9ts ( resemblance to ! ,nile2 !re is ?is fur!r analogy betwe5 ! two riv]s1 t !y = a long di/ance w9d _! impetu\s way1 l =e/ torr5ts1 betwe5 granitic & sy5itic rocks1 till1 sl[ly roll+ _! wat]s ov] an almo/ horizontal b$1 skirt$ by treeless banks1 !y rea* ! sea4 ,an arm ( ! ,nile 7! ,gre5 ,nile1 ,bahr-el-,azrek71 f ! celebrat$ m\nta9 lake1 ne> ,gond>1 9 ! ,gojam ,alps1 9 ,abyss9ia1 to ,sy5e & ,elephantis1 w9ds its way ?r\gh ! m\nta9 range ( ,s*angalla & ,s5n>2 & 9 l mann] ! ,or9oco rises on ! s\!rn slope ( a m\nta9 *a91 :i* /ret*es betwe5 ! p>allels ( #d & #e nor? lat41 f ,fr5* ,guiana1 9 a we/]ly direction t[>ds ! ,&es ( ,new ,granada4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco h nev] be5 visit$ by any ,european#eh1 nor ev5 by any natives :o h held int]c\rse ) ,europeans4 ,:51 9 ! summ] ( #ahjj1 we asc5d$ ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 we pass$ ! mission ( ,esm]alda1 & rea*$ ! m\?s ( ! ,sodomoni & ! ,guapo4 ,"h so>s high above ! cl\ds1 ! mighty peak ( ! ,yeonnam>i or ,duida2 a m\nta9 :i* pres5ts "o ( ! gr&e/ spectacles 9 ! natural sc5]y ( ! tropical _w4 ,its altitude1 accord+ to my trigonometrical measurem5t1 is #hbgh 7#hhbc ,engli%7 feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,its s\!rn slope is a treeless grassy pla91 r$ol5t ) ! od\r ( p9e-apples1 ^: fragrance sc5ts ! humid ev5+ air4 ,among l[ly mead[ plants rise ! juicy /ems ( ! anana1 ^: gold5 yell[ fruit gleams f ! mid/ ( a blui% gre5 diadem ( leaves4 ,:]e ! m\nta9 spr+s break =? f b5ea? ! grassy cov]+1 rise isolat$ gr\ps ( l(ty fan-palms1 ^: leaves1 9 ?is torrid region1 are nev] /irr$ by a cool+ breeze4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,duida m\nta91 beg9s a ?icket ( wild cacao trees1 among :i* are f\nd ! celebrat$ almond tree1 ,b]?olletia excelsa1 ! mo/ luxuri\s product ( a tropical vegetation#ei4 ,"h ! ,indians collect colossal /alks ( grass1 ^: jo9ts measure upw>ds ( #ah feet f knot to knot1 :i* !y use z bl[-pipes = ! dis*>ge ( _! arr[s#fj4 ,"s ,franciscan monks h p5etrat$ z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,*iguire1 :]e ! riv] is already s n>r[ t ! natives h susp5d$ ov] x1 ne> ! wat]fall ( ! ,guah>ibes1 a bridge wov5 ( ! /ems ( tw9+ plants4 ,! ,guaicas1 ( pali% complexion & %ort /ature1 arm$ ) poison$ arr[s1 oppose all fur!r progress ea/w>d4 ,!re=e1 all t has be5 advanc$ to prove t ! ,or9oco d]ives its s\rce f a lake mu/ be reg>d$ z a fable#fa4 ,9 va9 ! travell] seeks to discov] ! ,lake ( ,el ,dorado1 :i*1 9 ,arr[smi?'s maps1 is set d[n z an inl& sea measur+ upw>ds ( #bj geographical 7#hj ,engli%7 miles4 ,c ! little re$-cov]$ lake ( ,amucu1 ne> :i* rises ! ,pir>a 7a bran* ( ! ,mahu71 h giv5 rise to ?is my?8 ,?is swamp lies1 h[ev]1 #d to ! ea/ ( ! region 9 :i* we may suppose ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco to be situat$4 ,"h tradition plac$ ! isl& ( ,pumac5a1 a rock ( micace\s s*i/1 ^: %9+ brightness has play$ a memorable1 &1 = ! delud$ adv5tur]s1 (t5 a fatal1 "p 9 ! fable ( ,el ,dorado1 curr5t s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ! belief ( _m ( ! natives1 ! ,magellanic cl\ds ( ! s\!rn sky1 & ev5 ! glori\s nebul 9 ! con/ellation ,argo1 are m]e reflections ( ! metallic brilliancy ( ^! silv] m\nta9s ( ! ,p>ime4 ,x 0 besides an anci5t cu/om ( dogmatis+ geograph]s to make all ! mo/ consid]able riv]s ( ! _w orig9ate 9 lakes4 ,! ,or9oco is "o ( ^? rem>kable riv]s :i*1 aft] num]\s w9d+s1 fir/ t[>ds ! we/ & !n to ! nor?1 f9ally return t[>ds ! ea/ 9 su* a mann] z to br+ bo? its e/u>y & its s\rce into ne>ly ! same m]idian4 ,f ! ,*iguire & ! ,gehette z f> z ! ,guavi>e1 ! c\rse ( ! ,or9oco incl9es we/w>d1 z if x w\ld p\r its wat]s into ! ,pacific4 ,"h bran*es (f to ! s\?1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 a rem>kable riv]1 b little kn[n to ,europeans1 :i* unites ) ! ,rio ,negro1 or z ! natives call x1 ! ,gua9ia3 furni%+ ! only example ( a bifurcation :i* =ms 9 ! v int]ior ( a cont95t a natural connection betwe5 two great riv] valleys4 ,! nature ( ! soil1 & ! junction ( ! ,guavi>e & ,atabapo ) ! ,or9oco1 cause ! latt] to deflect sudd5ly nor?w>ds4 ,f a want ( correct geographical data1 ! ,guavi>e1 fl[+ 9 f ! we/1 0 long reg>d$ z ! true s\rce ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! d\bts advanc$ s9ce #agig by an em95t geograph]1 ,m4 ,bua*e1 reg>d+ ! possibility ( a connection ) ! ,amazon1 h1 ,i tru/1 be5 completely set at re/ by my exp$ition4 ,9 an un9t]rupt$ voyage ( #ibj miles1 ,i p5etrat$ ?r\gh a rem>kable net-"w ( riv]s1 f ! ,rio ,negro1 along ! ,cassiqui>e1 into ! ,or9oco2 across ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 f ! ,brazilian b\nd>y to ! coa/ ( ,c>acas4 ,9 ! upp] portion ( ?is fluvial di/rict1 betwe5 #c & #d nor? lat41 nature has exhibit$1 at _m diff]5t po9ts1 ! puzzl+ ph5om5on ( ! s-call$ black wat]s4 ,! ,atabapo1 ^: banks are adorn$ ) ,c>ol9ias & arboresc5t ,mela/omas1 ! ,temi1 ,tuam9i1 & ,gua9ia1 are all riv]s ( a br[n or c(fee col\r1 :i*1 "u ! deep %ade ( ! palms1 assumes a blacki%1 inky t9t4 ,:5 plac$ 9 a transp>5t vessel1 ! wat] appe>s ( a gold5 yell[ col\r4 ,^! black /reams reflect ! images ( ! s\!rn />s ) ! mo/ rem>kable cle>ness4 ,:]e ! wat]s fl[ g5tly !y af=d ! a/ronom]1 :o is mak+ obs]vations ) reflect+ in/rum5ts1 a mo/ excell5t artificial horizon4 ,an abs5ce ( crocodiles z well z ( fi%--great] coolness--less torm5t f /++ mosquitoes--& salubrity ( atmosph]e1 *>act]ize ! region ( ! black riv]s4 ,!y probably owe _! s+ul> col\r to a solution ( c>burett$ hydrog51 to ! ri* luxuriance ( tropical vegetation1 & to ! abundance ( plants on ! soil ov] :i* !y fl[4 ,inde$1 ,i h obs]v$ t on ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,*imborazo1 t[>ds ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ! ov]fl[+ wat]s ( ! ,rio de ,guayaquil gradually assume a gold5 yell[1 approa*+ to a c(fee col\r1 aft] !y h cov]$ ! mead[s = sev]al weeks4 ,ne> ! m\?s ( ! ,guavi>e & ,atapabo gr[s "o ( ! noble/ =ms ( ! palm-tree1 ! ,piriguao#fb1 ^: smoo? /em1 :i* is ne>ly #gj feet 9 height1 is adorn$ ) delicate flag-l leaves hav+ curl$ m>g9s4 ,i "k no palm :i* be>s equally l>ge & beautifully col\r$ fruits4 ,!y resemble pea*es 9 _! bl5d$ t9ts ( yell[ & crimson4 ,sev5ty or eighty ( ^! =m "o enorm\s clu/]1 ( :i* ea* /em annually rip5s ?ree4 ,?is noble tree might be t]m$ ! pea*-palm4 ,x s fle%y fruit1 ow+ to ! extreme luxuriance ( vegetation1 is g5]ally devoid ( se$2 & x yields ! natives a nutriti\s & f>9ace\s article ( food :i*1 l ! banana & ! potato1 is capable ( be+ prep>$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,to ?is po9t1 t is1 z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,guavi>e1 ! ,or9oco fl[s along ! s\!rn declivity ( ! *a9 ( ! ,p>ime4 ,f its left bank1 across ! equator1 & z f> u ! p>allel ( #ae s\? lat41 ext5ds ! b\ndless wood$ pla9 ( ! riv] ,amazon4 ,at ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo ! ,or9oco1 turn+ (f abruptly 9 a nor!rly direction1 int]sects a portion ( ! m\nta9 *a9 itself4 ,"h are ! great wat]falls ( ,atures & ,maypures1 & "h ! b$ ( ! riv] is ev]y:]e contract$ by colossal masses ( rocks1 :i* give x ! appe>ance ( be+ divid$ by natural dams into sep>ate res]voirs4 ,at ! entrance ( ! ,meta /&s1 9 ! mid/ ( an enorm\s :irlpool1 an isolat$ rock1 :i* ! natives v aptly t]m ! 8,rock ( ,pati5ce10 because :5 ! wat]s are l[1 x sometimes ret>ds = two :ole days ! asc5t ( ! navigator4 ,"h ! ,or9oco1 bit+ deep into its %ores1 =ms picturesque rocky bays4 ,opposite ! ,indian mission ( ,c>i*ana1 ! travell] is surpris$ by a mo/ rem>kable prospect4 ,involunt>ily 8 eye is arre/$ by a /eep granite rock1 8,el ,mogote de ,cocuyza10 a cubi=m mass1 :i* rises precipit\sly to a height ( m ?an #bjj feet2 & ^: summit is cr[n$ ) a luxuriant =e/4 ,l a ,cyclopic monum5t ( simple gr&eur1 ?is bold promontory t[]s high above ! tops ( ! surr\nd+ palms1 cutt+ ! deep azure ( ! sky ) its /rongly m>k$ outl9es1 & lift+1 z x 71 =e/ ^u =e/4 ,on desc5d+ beyond ,c>i*ana1 ! travell] arrives at a po9t :]e ! riv] has op5$ itself a passage ?r\gh ! n>r[ pass ( ,b>aguan4 ,"h we ev]y:]e recognise traces ( *aotic deva/ation4 ,to ! nor?1 t[>ds ,uruana & ,enc>amada1 rise granite rocks ( grotesque appe>ance1 :i*1 9 s+ul>ly =m$ crags ( dazzl+ :it5ess1 gleam brightly f amid/ ! surr\nd+ groves4 ,at ?is po9t1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,apure1 ! /ream leaves ! granitic *a91 & fl[+ ea/w>d1 sep>ates z f> z ! ,atlantic1 ! imp5etrable =e/s ( ,guiana f ! ,savannahs1 on ^: f> di/ant horizon ! vault ( heav5 seems to re/4 ,?us ! ,or9oco surr\nds on ! s\?1 we/1 & nor?1 ! high m\nta9 *a9 ( ! ,p>ime1 :i* occupies ! va/ space betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,jao & ( ! ,caura4 ,no cliffs or rapids ob/ruct ! c\rse ( ! riv] f ,c>i*ana to its m\?1 except+1 inde$1 ! 8,hell's ,m\?0 7,boca del ,inf]no7 ne> ,muitaco1 a :irlpool occasion$ by rocks1 z at ,atures & ,maypures1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 block up ! :ole bread? ( ! /ream4 ,9 ?is di/rict1 :i* is contigu\s to ! sea1 ! only dang]s enc\nt]$ by ! boatm5 arise f ! natural timb]-floats1 aga9/ :i* canoes are (t5 wreck$ at night4 ,^! floats consi/ ( =e/ trees :i* h be5 uproot$ & torn away f ! banks by ! ris+ ( ! wat]s4 ,!y are cov]$1 l mead[s1 ) bloom+ wat]-plants1 & rem9d u ( ! float+ g>d5s ( ! ,mexican lakes4 ,aft] ?is brief glance at ! c\rse ( ! ,or9oco & its g5]al features1 ,i pass to ! wat]falls ( ,maypures & ,atures4 ,f ! high m\nta9-gr\p ( ,cunavami1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! riv]s ,sipapo & ,v5tu>i1 a granite ridge projects to ! f> we/ t[>ds ! m\nta9 ( ,uniama4 ,f ?is ridge desc5d f\r /reams1 :i* m>k1 z x 71 ! limits ( ! cat>acts ( ,maypures2 two b\nd ,sipapo & ,san>iapo1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,or9oco2 & two ! ,cameji & ,top>o1 on ! we/]n side4 ,at ! site ( ! mission>y village ( ,maypures ! m\nta9s =m a wide bay op5+ t[>ds ! s\?-we/4 ,"h ! /ream ru%es foam+ d[n ! ea/]n declivity ( ! m\nta91 :ile f> to ! we/ traces rema9 ( ! anci5t & n[ =sak5 bank ( ! riv]4 ,an ext5sive ,savannah /ret*es betwe5 ! two *a9s ( hills1 at an elevation ( sc>cely #cj feet above ! upp] wat]-level ( ! riv]1 & "h ! ,jesuits h erect$ a small *ur* =m$ ( ! trunks ( palms4 ,! geogno/ical aspect ( ?is region1 ! insul> =m ( ! rocks ( ,k]i & ,oco1 ! cavities worn 9 ! =m] by ! curr5t1 & :i* are situat$ at exactly ! same level z ^? 9 ! opposite isl& ( ,uivit>i2 all ^! indications t5d to prove t ! ,or9oco once fill$ ! :ole ( ?is n[ dri$-up bay4 ,x is probable t ! wat]s =m$ a wide lake1 z long z ! nor!rn dam )/ood _! passage4 ,:5 ?is b>ri] gave way1 ! ,savannah n[ inhabit$ by ! ,gu>eke ,indians em]g$ z an isl&4 ,! riv] may p]haps long aft] ?is h cont9u$ to surr\nd ! rocks ( ,k]i & ,oco1 :i* n[ picturesquely project1 l ca/ellat$ =tresses1 f its anci5t b$4 ,aft] ! gradual dim9ution ( ! wat]s1 ! riv] )drew :olly to ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9 *a94 ,?is conjecture is confirm$ by v>i\s circum/ances4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,or9oco1 l ! ,nile at ,phil & ,sy5e1 has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( col\r+ black ! r$di%-:ite masses ( granite1 ov] :i* x has fl[$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,z f> z ! wat]s rea* "o obs]ves on ! rocky %ore a lead5-col\r$ manganese\s & p]haps c>bonace\s coat+ :i* has p5etrat$ sc>cely onet5? ( a l9e into ! /one4 ,?is black coloration1 & ! cavities already allud$ to1 %[ ! =m] wat] level ( ! ,or9oco4 ,^! black cavities may be trac$ at elevations ( f #afj to #aib feet above ! pres5t level ( ! riv] on ! rocks ( ,k]i1 9 ! isl&s ( ! cat>acts2 9 ! gneiss-l hills ( ,cumadanim>i1 :i* ext5d above ! isl& ( ,tomo2 & la/ly at ! m\? ( ! ,jao4 ,_! exi/5ce proves1 :at inde$ we le>n f all ! riv]-b$s ( ,europe1 t ^? /reams :i* /ill excite our admiration by _! magnitude1 are b inconsid]able rema9s ( ! imm5se masses ( wat] belong+ to a =m] age4 ,^! simple facts h n escap$ ev5 ! rude natives ( ,guiana4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,indians drew our att5tion to ^! traces ( ! anci5t wat]-level4 ,nay1 9 a ,savannah ne> ,uruana !re rises an isolat$ rock ( granite1 :i*1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( p]sons wor?y ( cr$it1 exhibits at an elevation ( betwe5 #hj & #ij feet1 a s]ies ( figures ( ! sun & moon1 & ( v>i\s animals1 especially crocodiles & boa-con/rictors1 grav51 almo/ 9 r[s4 ,at ! pres5t day ?is p]p5dicul> rock1 :i* well des]ves ! c>eful exam9ation ( future travell]s1 _c be asc5d$ )\t ! aid ( scaffold+4 ,9 a simil>ly rem>kable elevat$ position1 ! travell] c trace hi]oglyphic *>act]s c>v$ on ! m\nta9s ( ,uruana & ,enc>amada4 ,if ! natives are ask$ h[ ^! *>act]s c\ld h be5 grav5 !re1 !y answ] t x 0 done 9 =m] times1 :5 ! wat]s 7 s high t _! fa!rs' canoes float$ at t elevation4 ,su* l(ty condition ( ! wat] level mu/ !re=e h be5 coeval ) ^! rude memorials ( human skill4 ,x indicates an anci5t di/ribution ( l& & wat] ov] ! surface ( ! globe widely diff]5t f t :i* n[ exi/s2 b :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) t condition :5 ! primeval vegetation ( our planet1 ! colossal rema9s ( ext9ct t]re/rial animals1 & ! oceanic creatures ( a *aotic _w1 f\nd "o common grave 9 ! indurat+ cru/ ( our e>?4 ,at ! mo/ nor!rn extremity ( ! cat>acts our att5tion is attract$ by :at are call$ ! natural repres5tations ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,! rock ( ,k]i1 to :i* ,i h m ?an once ref]r$1 d]ives its "n f a gli/5+ :ite spot se5 at a consid]able di/ance1 & 9 :i* ! ,indians pr(ess to recognize a /rik+ resemblance to ! disc ( ! full moon4 ,i 0 n myself able to climb ?is precipit\s rock1 b x seems probable t ! :ite spot is a l>ge knot ( qu>tz1 =m$ by a clu/] ( ve9s 9 ! greyi%-black granite4 ,opposite to ! ,k]i rock1 on ! tw9 m\nta9 ( ! isl& ( ,uivit>i1 :i* has a basaltic appe>ance1 ! ,indians po9t1 ) my/]i\s admiration1 to a simil> disc1 :i* !y v5]ate z ! image ( ! ,sun1 ,camosi4 ,! geographical position ( ^! two rocks may h contribut$ to _! respective appellations1 = ,i f\nd t ,k]i 0 turn$ t[>ds ! we/1 & ,camosi t[>ds ! ea/4 ,"s etymological inquir]s h ?\ght !y c\ld recognize an analogy betwe5 ! ,am]ican ^w ,camosi & ! ^w ,camo%1 a "n appli$ 9 "o ( ! ,phnician dialects to ! sun1 & id5tical ) ! ,apollo ,*omeus or ,beelphegor & ,amun4 ,! l(ty falls ( ,niag>a1 :i* are #aej feet 9 height1 d]ive _! orig91 z is well kn[n1 f ! comb9$ precipitation ( "o enorm\s mass ( wat]4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) respect to ! cat>acts ( ,maypures1 nor are !y n>r[ /raits or passes ?r\gh :i* ! /ream ru%es ) increas+ velocity1 l ! ,pongo ( ,mans]i*e on ! ,amazon1 b r to be reg>d$ z a c\ntless numb] ( small cascades succe$+ ea* o!r l /eps4 ,! ,raudal1 7z ! ,spani>ds t]m ?is k9d ( cat>act17 is =m$ by an ar*ipelago ( isl&s & rocks1 :i* s contract ! b$ ( ! riv] t its natural wid? ( m ?an #hejj feet is (t5 r$uc$ to a *annel sc>cely navigable to ! ext5t ( #bj feet4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ea/]n side is f> less accessible & f> m dang]\s ?an ! we/]n4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,cameji ! boatm5 unload _! c>go t !y may leave ! empty canoe1 or1 z x is "h call$1 ! ,piragua1 to be pilot$ by ,indians well acqua9t$ ) ! ,raudal1 z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,top>o1 :]e all dang] is suppos$ to be pa/4 ,:]e ! rocks or %elvy l$ges1 7ea* ( :i* has its p>ticul> "n17 are n above two or ?ree feet 9 height1 ! natives v5ture to %oot ! rapid ) _! canoes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y h to asc5d ! /ream1 !y swim 9 advance ( ! piragua1 & aft] mu* lab\r1 &1 p]haps1 _m unsuccessful ef=ts1 succe$ 9 ?r[+ a rope r\nd a po9t ( rock project+ above ! break]s1 & by ?is means draw ! canoe aga9/ ! /ream1 :i*1 9 ?is ardu\s op]ation1 is (t5 wat]-logg$1 or upset4 ,sometimes ! canoe is da%$ to pieces on ! rock1 & ?is is ! only dang] ! natives fe>4 ,) ble$+ bodies !y !n /ra9 e n]ve to escape ! fury ( ! :irlpool & swim to l&4 ,:]e ! rocky l$ges are v high & =m a b>ri] by ext5d+ across ! entire b$ ( ! riv]1 ! light canoe is haul$ to l& & dragg$ = "s di/ance along ! %ore on bran*es ( trees :i* s]ve ! purpose ( roll]s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ & mo/ p]il\s l$ges are ^? ( ,purim>imi & ,manimi1 :i* are betwe5 n9e & t5 feet 9 height4 ,x 0 ) surprise ,i f\nd1 by b>ometrical measurem5ts1 t ! entire fall ( ! ,raudal1 f ! m\? ( ! ,cameji to t ( ! ,top>o1 sc>cely am\nt$ to m ?an #cj or #cb feet4 7,a geodesic levell+ is n practicable1 ow+ to ! inaccessibility ( ! locality & ! pe/if]\s atmosph]e1 :i* sw>ms ) mosquitoes47 ,i say ) surprise1 = ,i h5ce discov]$ t ! trem5d\s ro> & wild da%+ ( ! /ream arose f ! contraction ( its b$ by num]\s rocks & isl&s1 & ! c\nt]-curr5ts produc$ by ! =m & position ( ! masses ( rock4 ,! tru? ( my ass]tion reg>d+ ! inconsid]able height ( ! :ole fall w be be/ v]ifi$ by obs]v+ ! cat>acts1 9 desc5d+ to ! b$ ( ! riv]1 f ! village ( ,maypures1 across ! rocks ( ,manimi4 ,at ?is po9t ! behold] enjoys a mo/ /rik+ & wond]ful prospect4 ,a foam+ surface1 sev]al miles 9 l5g?1 int]sect$ ) iron-black masses ( rock project+ l battlem5t$ ru9s f ! wat]s1 is se5 at "o view4 ,e islet & e rock is adorn$ ) luxuriant =e/ trees4 ,a p]petual mi/ hov]s ov] ! wat]y mirror1 & ! summits ( ! l(ty palms pi]ce ?r\gh ! cl\ds ( vap\ry spray4 ,:5 ! rays ( ! gl[+ ev5+ sun are refract$ 9 ! humid atmosph]e1 an exquisite optical illusion is produc$4 ,col\r$ b[s appe>1 vani%1 & reappe>1 :ile ! e!real picture dances1 l an ignis fatuus1 ) e motion ( ! sportive breeze4 ,dur+ ! long ra9y seasons1 ! fall+ wat]s c>ry d[n quantities ( vegetable m\ld1 :i* accumulat+1 =m isl&s ( ! nak$ rocks2 adorn+ ! b>r5 /one ) bloom+ b$s ( ,mela/omes & ,dros]as1 silv]-leav$ ,mimos1 & a v>iety ( f]ns4 ,!y recal to ! m9d ( ! ,european ^? gr\ps ( vegetation :i* ! inhabitants ( ! ,alps t]m c\rtils1 blocks ( granite b$eck$ ) fl[]s :i* project solit>ily amid ! ,glaci]s ( ,savoy4 ,9 ! blue di/ance ! eye re/s on ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ,cunavami1 a f>-/ret*+ *a9 ( hills :i* t]m9ates abruptly 9 a %>ply truncat$ cone4 ,we saw ?is conical hill1 call$ by ! ,indians ,calitam9i1 gl[+ at sunset z if 9 crimson flames4 ,?is appe>ance daily returns4 ,no "o has ev] be5 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ?is m\nta94 ,possibly its dazzl+ brightness is produc$ by ! reflect+ surface ( decompos+ talc1 or mica s*i/4 ,dur+ ! five days t we pass$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! cat>acts1 we 7 mu* /ruck by ! fact t ! ro> ( ! ru%+ torr5t 0 ?ree times z great by night z by day4 ,! same ph5om5on is obs]v$ 9 all ,european wat]falls4 ,to :at c we ascribe ?is effect 9 a solitude :]e ! repose ( nature is undi/urb$8 ,probably to asc5d+ curr5ts ( w>m air1 :i* produc+ an unequal d5sity ( ! ela/ic m$ium1 ob/ruct ! propagation ( s\nd by displac+ its waves2 causes :i* cease aft] ! nocturnal cool+ ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! ,indians %[$ u traces ( ruts caus$ by :eels4 ,!y speak ) wond] ( ! horn$ cattle1 7ox517 :i* at ! p]iod ( ! ,jesuit missions us$ to draw ! trucks1 t convey$ ! canoes1 along ! left %ore ( ! ,or9oco1 f ! m\? ( ! ,cameji to t ( ! ,top>o4 ,! canoes at t "t 7 transport$ )\t ! dis*>ge ( _! c>goes1 & 7 n z n[ injur$ by be+ con/antly dragg$ ov] %>p-po9t$ rocks1 or /r&$4 ,! topographical plan :i* ,i h sket*$ ( ! locality1 %ews t a canal might be op5$ betwe5 ! ,cameji & ! ,top>o4 ,! valley 9 :i* ^! two abundantly wat]$ riv]s fl[ is a g5tle level2 & ! canal1 ( :i* ,i sugge/$ a plan to ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,v5ezuela1 w\ld become a navigable arm ( ! ,or9oco1 & sup]s$e ! old & dang]\s b$ ( ! riv]4 ,! ,raudal ( ,atures is exactly simil> to t ( ,maypures1 l :i* x consi/s ( a clu/] ( isl&s betwe5 :i* ! riv] =ces itself a passage ext5d+ f #ah1jjj to #bd1jjj feet4 ,"h too a =e/ ( palm trees rises f ! mid/ ( ! foam+ surface ( ! wat]s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ l$ges ( ! cat>act are situat$ betwe5 ! isl&s ( ,avaguri & ,jav>iv5i1 betwe5 ,suripamana & ,uirapuri4 ,:5 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself 7 return+ f ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro1 we v5tur$ to pass ! latt]1 t is ! l[] half1 ( ! ,raudal ( ,atures 9 our load$ canoe4 ,we sev]al times disemb>k$ to climb ov] rocks1 :i*1 l dykes1 connect$ "o isl& ) ano!r4 ,at "o "t ! wat] %oots ov] ^! dykes2 at ano!r x falls into _! cavities ) a deaf5+ holl[ s\nd4 ,9 "s places consid]able portions ( ! b$ ( ! riv] are p]fectly dry1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ream hav+ op5$ = itself a subt]ranean passage4 ,9 ?is solitude ! gold5-col\r$ ,rock ,manak9 7,pipra rupicola7 builds its ne/4 ,?is bird1 :i* is z pugnaci\s z ! ,ea/ ,india cock1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful birds ( ! tropics1 & is rem>kable = its d\ble moveable cre/ ( fea!rs ) :i* its head is decorat$4 ,9 ! ,raudal ( ,canuc>i ! dyke is =m$ ( pil$-up granitic b\ld]s4 ,we crept into ! int]ior ( a cav]n1 ^: humid walls 7 cov]$ ) conf]v & phosphoresc5t ,byssus4 ,! riv] ru%$ ov] our heads ) a t]rible & /unn+ noise4 ,by accid5t we _h an opportunity ( contemplat+ ?is gr& sc5e long] ?an we desir$4 ,! ,indian boatm5 _h left u 9 ! middle ( ! cat>act1 to take ! canoe r\nd a small isl&1 at ! o!r extremity ( :i*1 aft] a consid]able circuit1 we 7 to re-emb>k4 ,= an h\r & a half we rema9$ expos$ to a fe>ful ?und]-/orm4 ,night 0 approa*+1 & we 9 va9 s\ght %elt] 9 ! fissures ( ! rocks4 ,! little apes :i* we _h c>ri$ ) u = mon?s 9 wick] cages1 attract$ by _! pla9tive cries l>ge crocodiles1 ^: size & lead5-grey col\r indicat$ _! great age4 ,i %\ld n h allud$ to ! appe>ance ( ^! animals 9 ! ,or9oco1 :]e !y are ( su* common occurr5ce1 7 x n t ! natives _h assur$ u t no crocodiles _h ev] be5 se5 among ! cat>acts2 inde$1 on ! /r5g? ( t ass]tion1 we _h repeat$ly v5tur$ to ba! 9 ?is portion ( ! riv]4 ,mean:ile our anxiety increas$ e mom5t1 le/1 dr5*$ z we 7 & deaf5$ by ! ?und]+ ro> ( ! fall+ wat]s1 we %\ld be compell$ to sp5d ! long tropical night 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,raudal4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! ,indians made _! appe>ance ) our canoe4 ,_! delay _h be5 occasion$ by ! inaccessibility ( ! /eps !y _h to desc5d1 ow+ to ! l[ /ate ( ! wat]2 :i* _h oblig$ !m to seek 9 ! labyr9? ( *annels a m practicable passage4 ,ne> ! s\!rn entrance ( ! ,raudal ( ,atures1 on ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 lies ! cav]n ( ,at>uipe1 s celebrat$ among ! ,indians4 ,! surr\nd+ sc5]y has a gr& & solemn "*1 :i* seems to m>k x z a national burial-place4 ,) difficulty1 & n )\t dang] ( be+ precipitat$ into ! dep?s bel[1 we clamb]$ a /eep & p]fectly b>e granite rock1 on ^: smoo? surface x w\ld be h>dly possible to keep "o's foot+ 7 x n = l>ge cry/als ( feldsp>1 :i*1 defy+ ! action ( wea!r1 project an in* or m f ! mass4 ,on ga9+ ! summit1 a wide prospect ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry a/oni%es ! behold]4 ,f ! foam+ b$ ( ! riv] rise hills ri*ly cr[n$ ) woods1 :ile beyond its we/]n bank ! eye re/s on ! b\ndless ,savannah ( ! ,meta4 ,on ! horizon loom l ?reat5+ cl\ds ! m\nta9s ( ,uniama4 ,su* is ! di/ant view2 b imm$iately ar\nd all is desolate & contract$4 ,9 ! deep rav9es ( ! valley moves no liv+ ?+ save :]e ! vulture & ! :irr+ goat-suck] w+ _! lonely way1 _! heavy %ad[s gleam+ fitfully pa/ ! b>r5 rock4 ,! cauldron-%ap$ valley is encompass$ by m\nta9s1 ^: r\nd$ summits be> huge granite b\ld]s1 measur+ f #dj to m ?an #ej feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y appe> pois$ on only a s+le po9t ( _! surface1 z if ! slighte/ %ock ( ! e>? w\ld hurl !m d[n4 ,! fur!r side ( ?is rocky valley is ?ickly wood$4 ,x is 9 ?is %ady spot t ! cave ( ! ,at>uipe is situat$2 prop]ly speak+1 h[ev]1 x is n a cave1 b a vault =m$ by a f> project+ & ov]hang+ cliff1--a k9d ( bay holl[$ out by ! wat]s :5 =m]ly at ?is high level4 ,?is spot is ! grave ( an ext9ct tribe#fc4 ,we c\nt$ ab\t six hundr$ well-pres]v$ skeletons1 plac$ 9 z _m baskets1 =m$ ( ! /alks ( palm-leaves4 ,^! baskets1 call$ by ! ,indians mapires1 are a k9d ( squ>e sack v>y+ 9 size accord+ to ! age ( ! deceas$4 ,ev5 new-born *ildr5 h ea* _! own mapire4 ,^! skeletons are s p]fect1 t n a rib or a f+] is want+4 ,! bones are prep>$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 "s are blea*$1 "s dy$ r$ ) onoto1 ! pigm5t ( ! ,bixa ,orellana2 o!rs l mummies1 are ano9t$ ) fragrant res9 & wrapp$ 9 banana leaves4 ,! ,indians assur$ me t ! corpse 0 buri$ dur+ sev]al mon?s 9 a moi/ e>?1 :i* gradually de/roy$ ! fle%2 & t aft] be+ dis9t]r$1 any p>ticles ( fle% /ill adh]+ to ! bones 7 scrap$ (f ) %>p /ones4 ,?is practice is /ill cont9u$ among _m tribes ( ,guiana4 ,besides ^! baskets or mapires1 we saw _m urns ( half-burnt clay1 :i* appe> to conta9 ! bones ( :ole families4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! urns are upw>ds ( ?ree feet 9 height & ne>ly six feet 9 l5g?1 ( an elegant oval =m1 & gre5i% col\r2 ) h&les %ap$ l crocodiles & s]p5ts1 & ! rims bord]$ ) fl[+ scrolls & labyr9?9e figures4 ,^! ornam5ts are precisely simil> to ^? :i* cov] ! walls ( ! ,mexican palace at ,mitla4 ,!y are f\nd 9 e clime & e /age ( human culture1--among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 no less ?an on ! %ields ( ,otaheitans1 & o!r ,s\? ,sea isl&]s1--9 all regions :]e a rhy?mical repetition ( regul> =ms delights ! eye4 ,! causes ( ^! resemblances1 z ,i h expla9$ else:]e1 are r to be ref]r$ to psy*ical conditions1 & to ! inn] nature ( our m5tal qualifications1 ?an z af=d+ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a common orig9 & ! anci5t int]c\rse ( nations4,,ia ,our int]pret]s c\ld give u no c]ta9 in=mation reg>d+ ! age ( ^! vessels2 b t ( ! skeletons did n 9 g5]al appe> to exce$ a hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re is a leg5d among/ ! ,gu>eke ,indians1 t ! brave ,atures1 :5 closely pursu$ by ! cannibal ,c>ibs1 took refuge on ! rocks ( ! cat>acts1--a m\rnful place ( abode1 9 :i* ?is oppress$ race p]i%$1 toge!r ) its language6#fd ,9 ! mo/ inaccessible portion ( ! ,raudal o!r graves ( ! same "* are met )2 inde$ x is probable t ! la/ desc5dants ( ! ,atures did n become ext9ct until a mu* m rec5t p]iod4 ,!re /ill lives & x is a s+ul> fact1 an old p>rot 9 ,maypures :i* _c be und]/ood1 because1 z ! natives ass]t1 x speaks ! language ( ! ,atures6 ,we left ! cave at nightfall1 aft] hav+ collect$1 to ! extreme annoyance ( our ,indian guides1 sev]al skulls & ! p]fect skeleton ( an ag$ man4 ,"o ( ^! skulls has be5 del9eat$ by ,blum5ba* 9 8 admirable craniological "w2,,ib b ! skeleton1 toge!r ) a l>ge portion ( our natural hi/ory collections1 especially ! entomological1 0 lo/ by %ipwreck (f ! coa/ ( ,africa on ! same occasion :5 our fri5d & =m] travell+ companion1 ! "y ,franciscan monk1 ,juan ,gonzalez1 lo/ 8 life4 ,z if ) a pres5tim5t ( ?is pa9ful loss1 we turn$ f ! grave ( a dep>t$ race ) feel+s ( deep emotion4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? cle> & delici\sly cool nights s frequ5t b5ea? ! tropics4 ,! moon /ood high 9 ! z5i?1 encircl$ by a halo ( col\r$ r+s1 h] rays gild+ ! m>g9s ( ! mi/1 :i* 9 well def9$ outl9e hov]$ l cl\ds above ! foam+ flood4 ,innum]able insects p\r$ _! r$ phosphoresc5t light ov] ! h]b-cov]$ surface1 :i* gl[$ ) liv+ fire1 z ?\gh ! />ry canopy ( heav5 _h sunk ^u ! grassy pla94 ,climb+ ,bignonia1 fragrant ,vanillas1 & gold5-fl[]$ ,bani/]ias1 adorn$ ! entrance ( ! cave1 :ile ! ru/l+ palm-leaves wav$ ov] ! re/+-place ( ! dead4 ,?us pass away ! g5]ations ( m56--?us p]i% ! records ( ! glory ( nations6 ,yet :5 e emanation ( ! human m9d has fad$--:5 9 ! /orms ( "t ! monum5ts ( man's creative art are scatt]$ to ! du/--an ev] new life spr+s f ! bosom ( ! e>?4 ,unceas+ly prolific nature unfolds h] g]ms1--reg>dless ?\gh s9ful man1 ev] at w> ) himself1 tramples b5ea? 8 foot ! rip5+ fruit6 ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions4 ,footnote #ec3 p4 #aed--8;,across t pacific arm ( ! sea40 ,! ,atlantic ,ocean1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #bc s\? lat4 & #gj nor? lat41 has ! =m ( a furr[$ longitud9al valley1 9 :i* ! advanc+ & rec$+ angles are opposite to ea* o!r4 ,i fir/ develop$ ?is idea 9 my "w entitl$ ,essai d'un ,tableau ,gologique de l',amrique mridionale1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 t4 liii4 p4 #fa4;,,ic ,f ! ,can>y ,isles1 especially f #ba nor? lat41 & #bc we/ long41 to ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! surface ( ! ocean is s calm1 & ! waves s g5tle1 t an op5 boat might navigate x 9 safety4 ,footnote #ed3 p4 #aee--8;,fre% spr+s among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,antilles40 ,on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,cuba1 s\?-we/ ( ! h>b\r ( ,batabano1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,xagua1 at a di/ance ( eight to twelve miles f ! %ore1 spr+s ( fre% wat] gu% f ! b$ ( ! ocean1 probably f ! action ( hydro/atic pressure4 ,! jet is propell$ ) su* =ce t boats use extreme caution 9 approa*+ ?is spot1 :i* is well kn[n = its c\nt] curr5t produc+ a heavy swell4 ,trad+ vessels sail+ along ! coa/1 :i* d n purpose putt+ into port1 sometimes visit ^! spr+s1 9 ord] to provide !mselves1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean1 ) a supply ( fre% wat]4 ,! fre%ness ( ! wat] increases ) ! dep? f :i* x is drawn4 ,riv] c[s 7,tri*ecus manati71 :i* d n g5]ally inhabit salt wat]1 are frequ5tly kill$ "h4 ,?is s+ul> ph5om5on 7! fre% spr+s71 ( :i* no m5tion _h hi!rto be5 made1 0 mo/ accurately inve/igat$ by my fri5d1 ,don ,francisco ,lemaur1 :o made a trigonometrical survey ( ! ,bahia de ,xagua4 ,i did n myself visit ,xagua1 b rema9$ 9 ! insul> gr\p situat$ fur!r to ! s\? 7! s-call$ ,j>d9es del ,rey71 to make a/ronomical det]m9ations ( _! latitude & longitude4 ,footnote #ee3 p4 #aee--8;,anci5t rocky b>ri]40 ,columbus1 ^: unwe>i$ _s ( obs]vation 0 direct$ on e side1 proposes 9 8 lett]s to ! ,spani% mon>*s1 a geogno/ic hypo!sis reg>d+ ! configuration ( ! l>g] ,antilles4 ,be+ fully impress$ ) ! idea ( ! /r5g? ( ! ,equ9octial curr5t1 :i* has (t5 a we/]ly direction1 he ascribes to x ! dis9tegration ( ! gr\p ( ! small] ,antilles1 & ! s+ul>ly l5g!n$ configuration ( ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,porto ,rico1 ,haiti1 ,cuba1 & ,jamaica1 all ( :i* foll[ almo/ exactly ! direction ( p>allels ( latitude4 ,on 8 ?ird voyage 7f ! end ( ,may1 #adih1 to ! end ( ,novemb]1 #aejj71 :51 f ! ,boca del ,drago to ! ,isl& ( ,m>g>ita1 & aft]w>ds f t isl& to ,haiti1 he felt ! :ole =ce ( ! equ9octial curr5t1 8t movem5t ( ! wat]s :i* accords ) ! movem5t ( ! heav5s--movimi5to de los cielos10 he says expressly t ! viol5ce ( ! curr5t has torn ! ,isl& ( ,tr9idad f ! ma9l&4 ,he ref]s ! sov]eigns to a *>t :i* he s5ds !m--a 8p9tura de la ti]ra10 drawn by himself1 to :i* frequ5t ref]5ce is made 9 ! celebrat$ lawsuit aga9/ ,don ,diego ,colon respect+ ! rights ( ! fir/ ,admiral4 8,es la c>ta de m>e> y figura que hizo el ,almirante seal&o los rumbos y vi5tos por los quales v9o ,p>ia1 que dic5 p>te del ,asia40,,id ,footnote #ef3 p4 #aef--8;,across ! sn[-cr[n$ ,p>opanisus40 ,9 ,diodorus' description ( ! ,p>opanisus1,,ie we seem to recognise a del9eation ( ! ,p]uvian *a9 ( ! ,&es4 ,! army pass$ ?r\gh inhabit$ di/ricts 9 :i* sn[ daily fell6 ,footnote #eg3 p4 #aef--8;,h]r]a 9 8 ,decades40 ,hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias ,occid5tales1 ,dec4 i4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #ab 7ed4 #afja1 p4 #ajf72 ,juan ,bati/a ,muoz1 ,hi/oria del ,nuevo ,mundo1 lib4 vi4 c4 #ca1 p4 #cja2 ,humboldt1 ,exam5 ,crit41 t4 iii4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #eh3 p4 #aeh--8,! ,s\rces ( ! ,or9oco h nev] be5 visit$ by any ,european40 ,?us ,i wrote respect+ ^! s\rces 9 ! ye> #ahjg1 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,ansi*t5 d] ,natur1 & ,i repeat ) equal tru? ! same /atem5t aft] an int]val ( =ty-"o ye>s4 ,! travels ( ! bro!rs ,rob]t & ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk1 s important 9 ref]5ce to all dep>tm5ts ( natural sci5ce & geography1 h e/abli%$ o!r & m int]e/+ facts2 b ! problem ( ! situation ( ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco has be5 only p>tially solv$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk4 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself advanc$ f ! we/ z f> z ,esm]alda1 or ! conflu5ce ( ! ,or9oco ) ! ,guapo2 & ,i 0 enabl$1 by ! aid ( well-atte/$ in=mation1 to describe ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,or9oco to above ! m\? ( ! ,gehette1 & to ! small wat]fall 7,raudal7 de los ,guah>ibos4 ,f ! ea/ ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 proce$+ f ! m\nta9s ( ! ,majonkong ,indians1 ! inhabit$ portion ( :i* he e/imat$ by ! boil+ po9t ( wat] to be #ceag feet 9 height1 succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! ,or9oco by ! ,padamo ,riv]1 :i* ! ,majonkongs & ,gu9aus 7,guaynas87 call ,p>amu4,,if ,i _h plac$ ?is conflu5ce ( ! ,padamo ) ! ,or9oco 9 my ,atlas1 9 #c #ab ,n4 lat41 & #fe #df ,w4 long4 b ,s*omburgk f\nd x by direct obs]vation 9 #b #ec lat4 & #fe #dh ,w4 long4 ,! ma9 object ( ?is travell]'s j\rney 0 n #8natural hi/ory1' b ! solution ( ! prize "q propos$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcd1--on ! connection ( ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,guiana ) ! ea/]nmo/ po9t :i* ,i _h rea*$ on ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,aft] und]go+ _m suff]+s1 ?is object 0 ?or\ghly a*iev$4 ,rob]t ,s*omburgk rea*$ ,esm]alda1 ) 8 in/rum5ts1 on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y1 #ahci4 ,8 det]m9ations ( ! latitude & longitude ( ! place agre$ m closely ) m9e ?an ,i _h anticipat$4 ,let u "h all[ ! obs]v] to speak = himself3--8,words are inadequate to describe ! feel+s :i* ov]:elm$ me :5 ,i sprang on %ore4 ,my object 0 atta9$2 my obs]vations1 begun on ! coa/ ( ,guiana1 7 br\ght into connection ) ^? ( ,humboldt at ,esm]alda1 & ,i freely admit t at a "t :5 my physical p[]s _h almo/ entirely des]t$ me1 & :5 ,i 0 surr\nd$ by dang]s & difficulties ( no ord9>y k9d1 ! recognition :i* ,i hop$ = f him1 0 ! sole inducem5t :i* inspir$ me ) a fix$ det]m9ation to press =w>d t[>ds ! goal :i* ,i _h n[ rea*$4 ,! emaciat$ figures ( my ,indian companions & my fai?ful guides proclaim$ m fully ?an any words c\ld d1 :at difficulties we _h _h to surm\nt1 & _h surm\nt$40 ,aft] cit+ expressions s gratify+1 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to subjo9 ! op9ions ,i express$ reg>d+ ?is great und]tak+ promot$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london1 9 my ,preface to ! ,g]man edition ( ,rob]t ,s*omburgk's ,acc\nt ( 8 ,travels1 publi%$ 9 #ahda4 8,imm$iately aft] my return f ,mexico1 ,i indicat$ ! direction & ! r\tes by :i* ! unkn[n portion ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco1 ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ,pac>aima1 & ! sea-%ore ne> ,essequibo1 might be explor$4 ,^! wi%es1 s /rongly express$ 9 ! p]sonal n>rative ( my j\rney1 h at l5g?1 aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly half a c5tury1 be5 = ! mo/ "p fulfill$4 ,i rejoice t ,i h be5 sp>$ to see s important an enl>gem5t ( our geographical k2 ,i rejoice too 9 see+ a c\rage\s & well-conduct$ ent]prise1 requir+ ! mo/ devot$ p]sev]ance1 execut$ by a "y man1 to :om ,i feel b\nd no less by ! ties ( simil>ity ( pursuits ?an ^? ( c\ntry4 ,^! circum/ances 7 alone able to ov]come ! av]sion & dis9cl9ation :i* ,i ent]ta91 p]haps unju/ly1 = introductory prefaces by a diff]5t h& ?an t ( ! au?or himself4 ,b ,i c\ld n resi/ ! impulse ( express+ ?us publicly my s9c]e e/eem = ! accompli%$ travell] :o1 l$ on by ! m]itori\s idea ( p5etrat+ f ea/ to we/1 f ! ,valley ( ! ,essequibo to ,esm]alda1 has succe$$1 aft] five ye>s ( ef=ts & ( suff]+s 7! ext5t ( :i* ,i well appreciate f my own exp]i5ce71 9 atta9+ ! object ( 8 ambition4 ,c\rage = ! sudd5 accompli%m5t ( a haz>d\s und]tak+ is easi] to f9d1 & implies less inw>d /r5g?1 ?an ! resolution to endure ) resignation long-cont9u$ physical suff]+s1 excit$ by absorb+ m5tal int]e/2 & /ill to press =w>d1 undismay$ by ! c]ta9ty ( hav+ to retrace 8 /eps "u equally great privations & ) enfeebl$ p[]s4 ,s]5ity ( m9d1 :i* is almo/ ! fir/ requisite = an ent]prise 9 inhospitable regions1 a passionate love = any dep>tm5t ( sci5tific lab\r 7be x natural hi/ory1 a/ronomy1 hypsometrics1 or magnetism71 a pure feel+ = ! enjoym5t :i* nature is capable ( imp>t+1 are elem5ts :i*1 :5 !y comb9e toge!r 9 "o individual1 ensure valuable results f a great & important j\rney40 ,i w preface my consid]ation ( ! "q ( ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco ) my own conjectures 9 relation to ! subject4 ,! p]il\s r\te travell$ 9 #agci by ! surgeon ,nicolas ,hortsmann1 ( ,hilde%eim2 9 #agge by ! ,spani>d ,don ,antonio ,santos1 & 8 fri5d ,nicolas ,rodriguez2 9 #agic by ! ,lieut5ant-,colonel ( ! #a/ ,regim5t ( ! ,l9e ( ,p>a1 ,don ,francisco ,jos ,rodriguez ,b>ata2 & 7accord+ to manuscript maps1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! =m] ,portuguese ,ambassador 9 ,p>is1 ,*evali] de ,brito7 by sev]al ,engli% & ,dut* settl]s1 :o 9 #ahaa travell$ f ,sur9am to ,p>a by ! portage ( ! ,rupunuri & by ! ,rio ,branco2--divides ! t]ra incognita ( ! ,p>ime into two unequal p>ts1 & s]ves to m>k ! position ( a v important po9t 9 ! geography ( ^? regions--viz41 ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco1 :i* x is no long] possible to remove to an indef9ite di/ance t[>ds ! ea/1 )\t int]sect+ ! b$ ( ! ,rio ,branco1 :i* fl[s f nor? to s\? ?r\gh ! fluvial di/rict ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco2 :ile ?is portion ( ! great riv] itself pursues = ! mo/ "p a direction f ea/ to we/4 ,! ,brazilians1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 h f political motives manife/$ a vivid int]e/ 9 ! ext5sive pla9s ea/ ( ! ,rio ,branco4,,ig ,ow+ to ! position ( ,santa ,rosa on ! ,ur>icap>a1 ^: c\rse appe>s to h be5 pretty accurately det]m9$ by ,portuguese eng9e]s1 ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco _c be situat$ ea/ ( ! m]idian ( #fc #h we/ long4 ,?is is ! ea/]n limit beyond :i* !y _c be plac$1 & tak+ into consid]ation ! /ate ( ! riv] at ! ,raudal de los ,guah>ibos 7above ,cao ,*iguire1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! /rik+ly fair-sk9n$ ,guaycas ,indians1 & #eb ea/ ( ! great ,c]ro ,duida71 x appe>s to me probable t ! ,or9oco 9 its upp] "p does n ext5d1 at ! utmo/1 beyond ! m]idian ( #fd #h we/ long4 ,?is po9t is1 accord+ to my comb9ations1 #d #ab we/ ( ! little lake ( ,amucu1 :i* 0 rea*$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk4 ,i w n[ detail ! conjectures ( t travell]1 aft] hav+ fir/ giv5 my own e>li] ones4 ,accord+ to him ! c\rse ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 to ! ea/ ( ,esm]alda1 is direct$ f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/2 my e/imations ( latitude = ! m\?s ( ! ,padamo & ! ,gehette appe> to be respectively #ai & #cf too small4 ,s*omburgk conjectures t ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco are situat$ 9 lat4 #b #cj1 & ! f9e 8,map ( ,guayana1 to illu/rate ! r\te ( ,r4 ,h4 ,s*omburgk10 :i* accompanies ! spl5did ,engli% "w entitl$ ,views 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,guiana1 places its geographical s\rces 9 #fd #ef we/ long41 i4e41 #a #f we/ ( ,esm]alda1 & only #dh ( longitude ne>] to ! ,atlantic ?an ,i _h det]m9$ ! position ( ?is po9t4 ,a/ronomical comb9ations l$ ,s*omburgk to place ! m\nta9 ( ,m>avaca1 :i* is ab\t t5 ?\s& feet high1 9 #c #da lat4 & #fe #dh we/ long4 ,! ,or9oco 0 sc>cely ?ree hundr$ y>ds wide ne> ! m\? ( ! ,padamo or ,p>amu1 & m to ! we/1 :]e x exp&s to a wid? ( f f\r to six hundr$ y>ds1 x 0 s %all[1 & s full ( s&banks1 t ! exp$ition 0 oblig$ to dig *annels1 z ! riv] b$ 0 only fifte5 in*es deep4 ,fre%-wat] dolph9s 7 /ill to be se5 9 great numb]s ev]y:]e--a ph5om5on :i* ! zoologi/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury w\ld n h expect$ to f9d 9 ! ,or9oco & ! ,ganges4 ,footnote #ei3 p4 #aeh--8,! mo/ luxuri\s product ( a tropical climate40 ,! ,b]?olletia excelsa 7,juvia71 ( ! family ( ,myrtace 7& plac$ 9 ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk's propos$ division ( ,lecy?ide71 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ,plantes ,equ9oxiales1 t4 i4 #ahjh1 p4 #abb1 tab4 #cf4 ,?is colossal & magnific5t tree (f]s1 9 ! p]fect developm5t ( its cocoa-l1 r\nd1 close-gra9$1 woody fruit1 inclos+ ! ?ree-corn]$ & also woody se$-vessels1 ! mo/ rem>kable example ( luxuriant organic developm5t4 ,! ,b]?olletia gr[s 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 betwe5 ! ,padamo & ! ,ocamu1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m\nta9 ( ,mapaya1 z well z betwe5 ! riv]s ,amaguaca & ,gehette4,,ih ,footnote #fj3 p4 #aeh--8;,grass /alks1 ^: jo9ts measure upw>ds ( eighte5 feet f knot to knot40 ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 :5 visit+ ! small m\nta9\s c\ntry ( ! ,majonkongs1 on 8 r\te to ,esm]alda1 0 =tunate en\gh to det]m9e ! species ( ,arund9>ia1 :i* furni%es ! mat]ial = ^! bl[+-tubes4 ,he says ( ?is plant3 8,x gr[s 9 l>ge tufts1 l ! bambusa2 ! fir/ jo9t rises1 9 ! old cane1 )\t a knot1 to a height ( f #af to #ag feet be=e x beg9s to be> leaves4 ,! entire height ( ! ,arund9>ia1 gr[+ at ! foot ( ! great m\nta9-clu/] ( ,m>avaca1 is f #cj to #dj feet1 ) a ?ickness ( sc>cely half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! top is always incl9$2 & ?is species ( grass is peculi> to ! s&/one m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,v5tu>i1 ! ,p>amu 7,padamo71 & ! ,mavaca4 ,! ,indian "n is ,curata1 &1 !re=e1 f ! excell5ce ( ^! celebrat$ long bl[+-tubes1 ! ,majonkongs & ,gu9aus ( ^! di/ricts h acquir$ ! "n ( ! ,curata nation40,,ii ,footnote #fa3 p4 #aei--8;,fabul\s orig9 ( ! ,or9oco f a lake40 ,! lakes ( ^! regions 7"s ( :i* are :olly imag9>y1 :ile ! real size ( o!rs has be5 mu* exagg]at$ by !oretical geograph]s7 may be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps comprise ^? situate betwe5 ,esm]alda 7! mo/ ea/]ly mission on ! ,upp] ,or9oco71 & ! ,rio ,branco2 to ! second1 belong ! lakes presum$ to exi/ 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,rio ,branco & ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ,briti% ,guiana4 ,?is g5]al view1 ( :i* travell]s %\ld nev] lose sight1 proves t ! "q ( :e!r !re is ano!r ,lake ,p>ime ea/w>d ( ! ,rio ,branco1 besides ! ,lake ,amucu1 se5 by ,hortsmann1 ,santos1 ,colonel ,b>ata1 & ,s*omburgk1 has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! problem ( ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco4 ,z ! "n ( my di/+ui%$ fri5d ! =m] ,director ( ! ,hydrographic ,(fice at ,madrid1 ,don ,felipe ,bauza1 is ( great weight 9 que/ions ( geography1 ! imp>tiality :i* ought to influ5ce e sci5tific inve/igation makes x incumb5t on me to m5tion t ?is le>n$ man 0 incl9$ to ! view t !re mu/ be lakes we/ ( ! ,rio ,branco1 at no great di/ance f ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco4 ,he wrote to me f ,london %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 8,i wi% y 7 "h t ,i might conv]se ) y respect+ ! geography ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 :i* has occupi$ y s mu*4 ,i h be5 =tunate en\gh to rescue f entire de/ruction ! pap]s ( ! ,g5]al ( ,m>9e1 ,don ,jos ,solano1 fa!r ( ! ,solano :o p]i%$ 9 s melan*oly a mann] at ,cadiz4 ,^! docum5ts relate to ! settlem5t ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese1 ) :i* ,solano _h be5 *>g$ s9ce #aged1 9 conjunction ) ! ,escadre ,*ef ,yturriaga & ,don ,vic5te ,doz4 ,9 all ^! plans & sket*es ,i f9d a ,laguna ,p>ime sometimes z a s\rce ( ! ,or9oco1 & sometimes z :olly deta*$ f x4 ,are we !n to assume t !re is ano!r lake fur!r ea/w>d to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,esm]alda80 ,lffl+1 ! celebrat$ pupil ( ,l9nu1 accompani$ ! la/-nam$ exp$ition to ,cumana 9 ! capacity ( botani/4 ,he di$ on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y1 #agef1 at ! mission ( ,santa ,eulalia de ,murucuri 7some:at to ! s\? ( ! conflu5ce ( ! ,or9oco & ,c>oni71 aft] trav]s+ ! missions on ! ,piritu & ,c>oni4 ,! docum5ts ( :i* ,bauza speaks are ! same z ^? on :i* ! great map ( ,de la ,cruz ,olm$illa is bas$4 ,!y h s]v$ z ! f\ndation ( all ! maps ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 be=e ! end ( ! la/ c5tury2 & h also s]v$ = ! two maps execut$ 9 #agef by ,fa!r ,caul91 ! hi/oriograph] ( ,solano's exp$ition1 & by ,m4 de ,surville1 ,keep] ( ! ,ar*ives 9 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate's ,(fice at ,madrid1 :o 0 b an unskilful compil]4 ,! contradictions ab\nd+ 9 ^! maps %[ ! little reliance t c be plac$ on ! results ( ?is exp$ition4 ,nay m1 ,fa!r ,caul91 above ref]r$ to1 acutely details ! circum/ances :i* gave rise to ?is fable ( ! lake ( ,p>ime2 & ! map ( ,surville1 :i* accompanies 8 "w1 n only re/ores ?is lake1 "u ! "n ( ! ,:ite ,lake1 & ! ,m> ,dorado1 b indicates ano!r small] "o1 f :i* fl[ p>tly by means ( collat]al bran*es1 ! ,or9oco1 ,siapa1 & ,ocamo4 ,i 0 able to conv9ce myself on ! spot ( ! foll[+ facts well kn[n 9 ! missions2 t ,don ,jos ,solano did n d m ?an cross ! cat>acts ( ,atures & ,maypures2 t he did n rea* ! conflu5ce ( ! ,guavi>e & ! ,or9oco 9 #d #c nor? lat41 & #fh #i we/ long42 & t ! a/ronomical in/rum5ts ( ! b\nd>y exp$ition 7 nei!r c>ri$ to ! i/hmus ( ! ,pimi*9 & ! ,rio ,negro1 nor to ! ,cassiqui>e2 & ev5 on ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 n beyond ! m\? ( ! ,atabapo4 ,?is va/ ext5t ( t]ritory 0 n made ! sc5e ( any accurate obs]vations be=e my j\rney1 & has subsequ5tly to ,solano's exp$ition be5 trav]s$ only by "s few soldi]s :o _h be5 s5t on explor+ exp$itions2 :ile ,don ,apol9>io de ,fu5te1 ^: j\rnal ,i obta9$ f ! ar*ives ( ! prov9ce ( ,quixos1 has ga!r$ )\t discrim9ation ev]y?+ f ! fallaci\s n>ratives ( ! ,indians t c\ld flatt] ! cr$ulity ( ! ,gov]nor ,c5turion4 ,no memb] ( ! exp$ition _h se5 a lake1 & ,don ,apol9>io 0 unable to advance beyond ! ,c]ro ,yum>ique & ,gehette4 ,al?\gh a l9e ( sep>ation1 =m$ by ! bas9 ( ! ,rio ,branco1 is n[ e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! c\ntry1 to :i* we are desir\s ( direct+ ! inquir+ zeal ( travell]s1 x mu/ yet be admitt$1 t our geographical k ( ! di/rict we/ ( ?is valley betwe5 #fb & #ff long41 has made no advance :atev] = at lea/ a c5tury4 ,! repeat$ attempts made by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,spani% ,guiana s9ce ! exp$itions ( ,iturria & ,solano1 to rea* & to pass ov] ! ,pac>aima ,m\nta9s1 h be5 att5d$ by v unimportant results4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds1 9 proce$+ to ! missions ( ! ,catalonian capu*9s ( ,b>celoneta1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,c>oni & ! ,rio ,p>agua1 asc5d$ ! la/-nam$ riv] s\?w>d to its junction ) ! ,p>aguamusi1 !y f\nd$ at ?is po9t ! mission ( ,guirion1 :i*1 at fir/1 bore ! pomp\s appellation ( ,ciudad de ,guirion4 ,i place x 9 ab\t #d #cj nor? latitude4 ,f !nce ! ,gov]nor ,c5turion1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exagg]at$ acc\nts giv5 by two ,indian *iefs1 ,p>anac>e & ,arimuicapi1 respect+ ! p[]ful tribe ( ! ,ipurucotos1 0 excit$ to se>* = #8,el ,dorado1' & 9 c>ry+ :at 7 !n call$ spiritual conque/s /ill fur!r1 f\nd$1 beyond ! ,pac>aima ,m\nta9s1 ! two villages ( ,santa ,rosa & ,san ,bauti/a de ,caudacacla4 ,! =m] 0 situate on ! upp] ea/]n bank ( ! ,ur>icap>a1 a tribut>y ( ! ,ur>icu]a1 :i* ,i f9d 9 ! j\rnal ( ,rodriguez "u ! "n ( ! ,rio ,cur>ic>a2 ! latt]1 at f #bd to #bh miles fur!r ea/-s\?-ea/4 ,! a/ronomo-geograph] ( ! ,portuguese ,b\nd>y ,commission1 ,capta9 ,don ,antonio ,pires de ,sylva ,pontes ,leme1 & ! ,capta9 ( ,eng9e]s1 ,don ,ric>do ,franco d',almeida de ,s]ra1 :o betwe5 #aghg & #ahjd1 survey$ ) ! greate/ c>e ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,rio ,branco & its upp] tribut>ies1 call ! mo/ we/]n "p ( ! ,ur>icap>a1 8,! ,valley ( ,inundation40 ,!y place ! ,spani% mission ( ,santa ,rosa 9 #c #df nor? lat41 & m>k ! r\te t leads f !nce nor?w>d across ! m\nta9 *a9 to ! ,cao ,anocapra1 a bran* ( ! ,p>aguamusi1 :i* =ms a connect+ passage betwe5 ! bas9 ( ! ,rio ,branco & t ( ! ,c>oni4 ,two maps ( ^! ,portuguese (fic]s1 embrac+ all ! details ( ! trigonometrical survey ( ! b5ds ( ! ,rio ,branco1 ! ,ur>icu]a1 ! ,tacutu1 & ! ,mahu1 7 mo/ k9dly communicat$ to ,colonel ,lapie & myself by ! ,c\nt ( ,l9h>es4 ,^! valuable unpubli%$ docum5ts1 ( :i* ,i h avail$ myself1 are /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! le>n$ geograph]1 :o long s9ce began to h !m engrav$ at 8 own exp5se4 ,! ,portuguese sometimes call ! :ole ( ! ,rio ,branco by ! "n ( ,rio ,p>ime1 & sometimes limit ?is appellation to "o bran* only1 ! ,ur>icu]a1 some:at bel[ ! ,cao ,may>i & above ! old mission ( ,san ,antonio4 ,z ! words ,p>agua & ,p>ime alike imply wat]1 great wat]1 lake1 & sea1 we _c wond] at f9d+ !m s (t5 repeat$ among tribes liv+ at great di/ances f ea* o!r2 z1 = in/ance1 by ! ,omaguas on ! ,upp] ,m>aon1 by ! ,we/]n ,gu>anis1 & by ! ,c>ibs4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 l>ge riv]s are call$ by ^? :o live on _! banks 8! ,riv]10 )\t any specific d5om9ation4 ,p>agua1 ! "n ( a bran* ( ! ,c>oni1 is also ! t]m appli$ by ! natives to ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,! "n ,or9ucu is ,tamanaki%2 & ,diego de ,ordaz fir/ he>d x us$ 9 ! ye> #aeca1 :5 he asc5d$ to ! m\? ( ! ,meta4 ,besides ! ,valley ( ,inundation above m5tion$ we f9d o!r l>ge pieces ( wat] betwe5 ! ,rio ,xumuru & ! ,p>ime4 ,"o ( ^! bays is a bran* ( ! ,tacutu1 & ! o!r ( ! ,ur>icu]a4 ,ev5 at ! base ( ! ,pac>aima ,m\nta9s ! riv]s are subject to great p]iodical ov]fl[+s2 & ! ,lake ,amucu1 ( :i* we %all subsequ5tly speak m fully1 exhibits exactly ! same "* at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pla9s4 ,! ,spani% missions1 ,santa ,rosa & ,san ,bauti/a de ,caudacacla1 or ,cayacaya1 f\nd$ 9 ! ye>s #aggj & #aggc1 by ! ,gov]nor ,don ,manuel ,c5turion1 7 de/roy ed be=e ! close ( ! la/ c5tury2 & s9ce t "t1 no new attempt has be5 made to advance f ! bas9 ( ! ,c>oni to ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,pac>aima ,m\nta9s4 ,! t]ritory ea/ ( ! valley ( ! ,rio ,branco has ( late ye>s be5 made ! subject ( sev]al successful explorations4 ,mr4 ,hillh\se navigat$ ! ,mass>uni z f> z ! ,bay ( ,c>anang1 :5ce1 z he says1 a pa? w\ld lead ! travell]1 9 two days1 to ! s\rce ( ! ,mass>uni2 &1 9 ?ree days1 to ! tribut>ies ( ! ,rio ,branco4 ,) respect to ! w9d+s ( ! great riv] ,mass>uni1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,hillh\se1 he himself obs]ves1 9 a lett] address$ to me f ,dem]>a1 #a/ ,janu>y1 #ahca1 t 8! ,mass>uni1 reckon+ f its s\rces1 fl[s fir/ to ! we/1 !n = "o degree ( latitude to ! nor?2 aft]w>ds ne>ly #bjj miles ea/w>d2 &1 f9ally1 to ! nor? & nor?-nor?-ea/ till x m]ges 9 ! ,essequibo40 ,z ,mr4 ,hillh\se 0 unable to rea* ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,pac>aima *a91 he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! ,amucu ,lake2 & he says himself1 9 8 pr9t$ report1 t 8f ! acc\nts giv5 him by ! ,acca\ais1 :o are cont9ually trav]s+ ! c\ntry betwe5 ! %ore & ! ,amazon ,riv]1 he is conv9c$ !re is no lake 9 ?is di/rict40 ,?is ass]tion occasion$ me "s surprise1 z x 0 directly oppos$ to ! views ,i _h previ\sly =m$ reg>d+ ! ,lake ,amucu1 f :i* fl[s ! ,cao ,pir>a1 accord+ to ! acc\nts giv5 by ! travell]s ,hortsmann1 ,santos1 & ,rodriguez 7& :i* _h inspir$ me ) ! m confid5ce1 because !y entirely co9cide ) ! rec5t ,portuguese manuscript *>ts74 ,f9ally1 aft] five ye>s ( expectation1 ,s*omburgk's j\rney has remov$ all f>!r d\bt4 8,x is difficult to believe10 says ,mr4 ,hillh\se1 9 8 int]e/+ memoir on ! ,mass>uni1 8t ! tradition ( a l>ge inl& sea is :olly unf\nd$4 ,accord+ to my views1 ! foll[+ circum/ance may h giv5 rise to ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! fabul\s lake ( ! ,p>ime4 ,at "s di/ance f ! rocky fall ( ,teboco ! wat]s ( ! ,mass>uni pres5t to ! eye z little motion z ! calm surface ( a lake4 ,if at a m or less remote p]iod ! horizontal granitic /rata ( ,teboco _h be5 totally compact & )\t fissures1 ! wat]s mu/ h be5 at lea/ #ej feet above _! pres5t level1 & !re w\ld h be5 =m$ an imm5se lake #aj or #ab miles 9 wid?1 & #aejj or #bjjj miles 9 l5g?40,,ij ,! ext5t ( ?is suppos$ inundation is n ! only reason :i* prev5ts me f acc$+ to ?is explanation2 = ,i h se5 pla9s 7,llanos71 :]e1 dur+ ! ra9y season1 ! ov]fl[+ ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,or9oco annually cov]$ a surface ( #fdjj squ>e miles4 ,! labyr9? ( ramifications betwe5 ! ,apure1 ,arauca1 ,capanap>o1 & ,s9>uco 7see maps #ag & #ah ( my ,physical ,atlas71 is !n :olly lo/ sight (2 ! configuration ( ! riv] b$s c no long] be trac$1 & ! :ole appe>s l "o va/ lake4 ,b ! locality ( ! fabul\s ,dorado1 & ( ! ,lake ,p>ime1 belongs hi/orically to q a diff]5t "p ( ,guiana1 namely1 t ly+ s\? ( ! ,pac>aima m\nta9s4 ,?is my? ( ! ,:ite ,sea & ( ! ,dorado ( ! ,p>ime1 has aris51 z ,i endeav\r$ ?irty ye>s ago to %[ 9 ano!r "w1 f ! appe>ance ( ! micace\s rocks ( ! ,ucucuamo1 ! "n ,rio ,p>ime 7,rio ,branco71 ! inundations ( ! tribut>ies2 & especially f ! exi/5ce ( ! lake ,amucu1 :i* is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,rio ,rupunuw9i 7,rupunuri71 & is connect$ by means ( ! ,pir>a ) ! ,rio ,p>ime4 ,i h _h mu* pleasure 9 f9d+ t ! travels ( ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk h fully corroborat$ ^! e>ly views4 ,! section ( 8 map :i* gives ! c\rse ( ! ,essequibo & ( ! ,rupunuri is q new1 & ( great importance 9 a geographical po9t ( view4 ,x places ! ,pac>aima *a9 betwe5 #c #eb;& #d nor? lat41 :ile ,i _h giv5 its mean direction f #d to #d #aj4 ,! *a9 rea*es ! conflu5ce ( ! ,essequibo & ,rupunuri 9 #c #eg nor? lat41 & #eh #a we/ longitude2 ,i _h plac$ x half a degree too f> to ! nor?4 ,s*omburgk calls ! la/-nam$ riv] ,rupununi1 accord+ to ! pronunciation ( ! ,macusis2 & gives z ! synonymes ,rupunuri1 ,rupunuw9i & ,opununy1 :i* h aris5 f ! difficulty ! ,c>ib tribes ( ^! di/ricts f9d 9 pron\nc+ ! lett] 8r40 ,! position ( ! lake ,amucu & its relations to ! ,mahu 7,ma\7 & ,tacutu 7,tacoto7 correspond p]fectly ) my map ( ,colombia drawn 9 #ahbe4 ,we agree equally well reg>d+ ! latitude ( ! lake ( ,amucu1 = :ile he places x 9 #c #cc1 ,i consid]$ x to be 9 #c #ce2 ! ,cao ,pir>a 7,pir>>a7 :i* connects ! ,amucu ) ! ,rio ,branco1 fl[s f x t[>ds ! nor?1 & n to ! we/ z ,i _h m>k$ x4 ,! ,sib>ana ( my map1 ! s\rces ( :i* ,hortsmann plac$ to ! nor? ( ! ,c]ro ,ucucuamo ne> a f9e m9e ( rock cry/al1 is ! ,sip>uni ( ,s*omburgk's map4 ,8 ,waa-,ekuru is ! ,tav>ic>u ( ! ,portuguese geograph] ,pontes ,leme1 & is ! bran* ( ! ,rupunuri :i* lies ! ne>e/ to ! lake ( ,amucu4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks f ! report ( ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk ?r[ "s light on ! subject 9 "q4 8,! lake ( ,amucu10 says ?is travell]1 8is )\t d\bt ! nucleus ( ! ,lake ( ,p>ime & ( ! suppos$ ,:ite ,sea4 ,9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 :5 we visit$ x1 x 0 sc>cely a mile 9 l5g?1 & 0 half cov]$ ) re$s40 ,! same obs]vation occurs on ,d',anville's map ( #agdh4 8,! ,pir>a fl[s f ! lake to ! ,w4,n4,w4 ( ! ,indian village ( ,pir>a & falls into ! ,ma\ or ,mahu4 ,! la/-nam$ riv] rises1 accord+ to ! in=mation giv5 me1 nor? ( ! ridge ( ! ,pac>aima m\nta9s1 :i* 9 _! ea/]n portion d n atta9 a great] elevation ?an ab\t #afjj feet4 ,! s\rces ( ! riv] are on a plateau1 f :5ce x is precipitat$ 9 a beautiful wat]fall1 kn[n z ! ,corona4 ,we 7 on ! po9t ( visit+ ?is fall1 :5 on ! ?ird day ( our excursion to ! m\nta9s1 ! indisposition ( "o ( my companions compell$ me to return to ! /ation at ! lake ,amucu4 ,! ,mahu has black c(fee-col\r$ wat]1 & its curr5t is m impetu\s ?an t ( ! ,rupunuri4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ?r\gh :i* x pursues its c\rse x is ab\t #fj y>ds 9 bread?4 ,its environs are "h extremely picturesque4 ,?is valley z well z ! bank ( ! ,buroburo1 :i* fl[s into ! ,sip>uni1 are inhabit$ by ! ,macusis4 ,9 ,april ! :ole ,savannahs are ov]fl[$1 & !n pres5t ! peculi> ph5om5on ( ! wat]s belong+ to two diff]5t riv] bas9s comm+l+ toge!r4 ,x is probable t ! va/ ext5t ( ?is tempor>y inundation may h giv5 rise to ! fable ( ! lake ( ,p>ime4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season a wat] communication is =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,essequibo1 ! ,rio ,branco1 & ! ,gran ,p>a4 ,"s gr\ps ( trees1 ris+ l ,oases on ! s&-hills ( ! ,savannahs1 pres5t1 at ! "t ( ! inundation1 ! appe>ance ( isl&s scatt]$ ov] a lake2 & ^! are )\t d\bt ! ,ipomuc5a isl&s ( ,don ,antonio ,santos40 ,9 ,d',anville's manuscripts1 :i* 8 heirs k9dly all[$ me to exam9e1 ,i f9d t ,hortsmann ( ,hilde%eim1 :o describ$ ^! di/ricts ) great c>e1 saw a second ,alp9e lake1 :i* he places two day's j\rney above ! conflu5ce ( ! ,mahu ) ! ,rio ,p>ime 7,tacutu874 ,x is a black wat] lake1 situat$ on ! summit ( a m\nta94 ,he explicitly di/+ui%es x f ! lake ( ,amucu1 :i* he describes z 8cov]$ ) ru%es40 ,! descriptions giv5 by ,hortsmann & ,santos co9cide ) ! ,portuguese manuscript maps ( ! ,m>9e ,bureau at ,rio ,janeiro1 9 n indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( an un9t]rupt$ connection betwe5 ! ,rupunuri & ! lake ( ,amucu4 ,9 ,d',anville's maps ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! riv]s are bett] drawn 9 ! fir/ edition publi%$ 9 #agdh1 ?an 9 ! m ext5sively circulat$ "o ( #agfj4 ,s*omburgk's travels fully confirm ! indep5d5ce ( ! bas9 ( ! ,rupunuri & ,essequibo2 b he draws att5tion to ! fact t1 dur+ ! ra9y season1 ! ,rio ,waa-,ekuru1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rupunuri1 is 9 connection ) ! ,cao ,pir>a4 ,su* is ! condition ( ^! riv]-*annels1 :i* are /ill b little develop$1 & almo/ entirely )\t sep>at+ ridges4 ,! ,rupunuri & ! village ( ,anai1 #c #ef nor? latitude1 #eh #cd we/ longitude1 are at pres5t recognis$ z ! political b\nd>ies betwe5 ! ,briti% & ,brazilian doma9s 9 ^! des]t regions4 ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk 0 compell$ by sev]e illness to make a protract$ /ay at ,anai4 ,he bases 8 *ronometrical det]m9ations ( ! position ( ! lake ( ,amucu on ! mean ( _m lun> di/ances1 ea/ & we/1 :i* he measur$ dur+ 8 soj\rn at ,anai4 ,8 det]m9ations ( longitude = ^! po9ts ( ! ,p>ime are 9 g5]al "o degree m ea/ ?an ^? 9 my map ( ,colombia4 ,:ile ,i am f> f call+ 9 "q ! result ( ^! lun> obs]vations tak5 at ,anai1 ,i may be all[$ to obs]ve t ! calculation ( ^! di/ances is ( importance1 :5 x is desir$ to c>ry ! comp>ison f ! lake ( ,amucu to ,esm]alda1 :i* ,i f\nd 9 #ff #ai we/ longitude4 ,?us !n we see ! great ,m> de la ,p>ima1 7:i* x 0 s difficult to remove f our maps1 t ev5 aft] my return f ,am]ica x 0 /ill suppos$ to be #afj miles 9 l5g?17 r$uc$ by rec5t inve/igations to ! lake ( ,amucu1 measur+ only two or ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! illusions ent]ta9$ = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 & :i* 9 ! la/ ,spani% exp$ition1 9 #agge1 = ! discov]y ( ,el ,dorado1 co/ sev]al hundr$ lives1 h f9ally t]m9at$ by enri*+ geography ) "s few results4 ,9 ! ye> #aeab ?\s&s ( soldi]s p]i%$ 9 ! exp$ition1 und]tak5 by ,ponce de ,leon1 to discov] ! 8,f\nta9 ( ,y\?10 on "o ( ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 call$ ,b9imi1 :i* is h>dly to be f\nd on any ( our maps4 ,?is exp$ition l$ to ! conque/ ( ,florida1 & to ! k ( ! great oceanic curr5t1 or gulf-/ream1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! ,/raights ( ,bahama4 ,! ?ir/ aft] gold1 & ! desire ( rejuv5esc5ce--! ,dorado & ! ,f\nta9 ( ,y\?--/imulat$1 to an almo/ equal ext5t1 ! passions ( mank9d4 ,footnote #fb3 p4 #afa--8,! ,piriguao1 "o ( ! noble/ =ms ( ! ,palm40 ,comp>e ,humboldt1 ,bonpl&1 & ,kun?1 ,nova ,g5]a ,plant>um1 & ,plant4 qu9oct41 t4 i4 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #fc3 p4 #aga--8,! grave ( an ext9ct race40 ,dur+ my /ay 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 rese>*es 7 be+ made1 by royal comm&1 9 ref]5ce to ^! bone-caves4 ,! mission>y ( ! cat>acts _h be5 falsely accus$ ( hav+ discov]$ 9 ^! caves treasures :i* ! ,jesuits _h conceal$ !re prior to _! flight4 ,footnote #fd3 p4 #agb--8,:5 8 language p]i%$ ) him40 ,! p>rot ( ! ,atures has be5 made ! subject ( a *>m+ poem by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,curtius1 ! tutor ( ! promis+ "y ,pr9ce ,fri$rick ,wilhelm ( ,prussia4 ,! au?or w =give me = clos+ ! pres5t section ( ! 8,views ( ,nature0 ) ?is poem1 :i* 0 n design$ = publication1 & 0 communicat$ to me by lett]4 ,,! ,,p>rot ,,( ,,atures4 ,:]e1 ?r\gh des]ts wild & dre>y1 ,or9oco da%es on1 ,sits a ,p>rot old & we>y1 ,l a sculptur'd ?+ ( /one4 ,?r\gh its rocky b>ri]s fl[+1 ,onw>d rolls ! foam+ /ream2 ,wav+ palms on high are gl[+ ,9 ! sun's m]idian beam4 ,ceaselessly ! waves are heav+1 ,sp>kl+ up 9 antic play2 ,:ile ! sunny rays are weav+ ,ra9b[s 9 ! fea!ry spray4 ,:]e yon bill[s wild are break+1 ,sleeps a tribe = ev]more1 ,:o1 _! native l& =sak+1 ,refuge s\ght on ?is lone %ore4 ,z !y liv$1 free1 dauntless ev]1 ,s ! brave ,aturians di$2 ,& ! gre5 banks ( ! riv] ,all _! mortal relics hide4 ,yet ! ,p>rot1 ne'er =gett+ ,^? :o lov$ him1 m\rns !m /ill2 ,on ! /one 8 %>p beak :ett+1 ,:ile ! air 8 wail+s fill4 ,:]e are n[ ! y\?s :o br$ him1 ,to pron\nce _! "m tongue1-- ,:]e ! g5tle maids :o f$ him1 ,& :o built 8 ne/ :5 "y8 ,all1 alas6 are lifeless ly+1 ,/ret*'d ^u _! grassy b$2 ,nor c all 8 m\rnful cry+1 ,e'er awake ! slumb]+ dead4 ,/ill he calls ) voice implor+1 ,to a _w t he$s him n2 ,n\ght replies b wat]s ro>+-- ,no k9d s\l bewails 8 lot4 ,swift ! savage turns 8 rudd]1 ,:5 8 eyes ! bird behold2 ,none e'er saw )\t a %udd] ,t ,aturian ,p>rot old6 ,,! ,,nocturnal ,,life ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,! ,,primeval ,,=e/4 ,if ! faculty ( appreciat+ nature1 9 diff]5t races ( man1 & if ! "* ( ! c\ntries !y n[ inhabit1 or h trav]s$ 9 _! e>li] migrations1 h m or less enri*$ ! respective languages by appropriate t]ms1 expressive ( ! =ms ( m\nta9s1 ! /ate ( vegetation1 ! appe>ances ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! cont\r & gr\p+ ( ! cl\ds1 x mu/ be admitt$ t by long use & lit]>y caprice _m ( ^! designations h be5 div]t$ f ! s5se !y orig9ally bore4 ,words h gradually be5 reg>d$ z synonym\s1 :i* ought to h rema9$ di/9ct2 & languages h ?us lo/ a portion ( ! expressiv5ess & =ce :i* might else h imp>t$ a physiognomical "* to descriptions ( natural sc5]y4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* a communion ) nature1 & ! requirem5ts ( a labori\s nomadic life1 may enri* language1 ,i w\ld recall ! abundance ( *>act]i/ic d5om9ations employ$ 9 ,arabic & ,p]sian1 to di/+ui% pla9s1 /eppes1 & des]ts#fe1 accord+ z !y are entirely b>e1 cov]$ ) s&1 or int]sect$ by tabul> masses ( rock2 or z !y are div]sifi$ by spots ( pa/ure l& & ext5d$ tracts ( social plants4 ,! old ,ca/ilian dialects are no less rem>kable#ff = ! copi\sness ( _! t]ms descriptive ( ! physiognomy ( m\nta9s1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ^? features :i* recur 9 all regions ( ! e>?1 & :i* proclaim af> (f ! nature ( ! rock4 ,z ! declivities ( ! ,&es & ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! ,can>ies1 ! ,antilles1 & ! ,philipp9es1 are all inhabit$ by races ( ,spani% desc5t2 & z ! nature ( ! soil has !re influ5c$ ! mode ( life ( ! inhabitants to a great] degree ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 except+ p]haps 9 ! ,himalaya & ! ,?ibetian ,highl&s2 s also ! designations expressive ( ! =ms ( m\nta9s 9 tra*ytic1 basaltic1 & porphyritic di/ricts1 z well z 9 s*i/ose1 calc>e\s1 & s&/one =mations1 h be5 happily pres]v$ 9 daily use4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 newly =m$ words become incorporat$ ) ! common /ock4 ,spee* acquires life f ev]y?+ :i* be>s ! true impress ( nature1 :e!r x be by ! def9ition ( s5su\s impressions receiv$ f ! ext]nal _w1 or by ! expression ( ?\ghts & feel+s t emanate f our inn] be+4 ,9 descriptions ( natural ph5om5a1 z well z 9 ! *oice ( ! expressions employ$1 ?is tru? to nature %\ld be especially kept 9 view4 ,! object w be ! be/ atta9$ by simplicity 9 ! n>ration ( :atev] we h ourselves obs]v$ & exp]i5c$1 & by closely exam9+ ! locality ) :i* ! subject-matt] is connect$4 ,g5]alisation ( physical views1 & ! enum]ation ( results1 belong pr9cipally to ! /udy ( ! ,cosmos1 :i*1 inde$1 mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z an inductive sci5ce2 b ! vivid del9eation ( organic =ms 7animals & plants17 9 _! picturesque & local relations to ! multi=m surface ( ! e>?1 al?\gh limit$ to a small section ( t]re/rial life1 /ill af=ds mat]ials = ?is /udy4 ,x acts z a /imulus to ! m9d :]ev] x is capable ( appreciat+ ! great ph5om5a ( nature 9 an /hetic po9t ( view4 ,to ^! ph5om5a belongs especially ! b\ndless =e/ di/rict :i*1 9 ! torrid zone ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 connects ! riv] bas9s ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon4 ,?is region des]ves1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 to be call$ a primeval =e/--a t]m t has1 9 rec5t times1 be5 s frequ5tly misappli$4 ,primeval 7or primitive71 z appli$ to a =e/1 a nation1 or a p]iod ( "t1 is a ^w ( r indef9ite signification1 & g5]ally b ( relative import4 ,if e wild =e/1 d5sely cov]$ ) trees1 on :i* man has nev] laid 8 de/roy+ h&1 is to be reg>d$ z a primitive =e/1 !n ! ph5om5on is common to _m p>ts bo? ( ! temp]ate & ! frigid zones2 if1 h[ev]1 ?is "* consi/s 9 imp5etrability1 ?r\gh :i* x is impossible to cle> ) ! axe1 betwe5 trees measur+ f #h to #ab feet 9 diamet]1 a pa? ( any l5g?1 primitive =e/s belong exclusively to tropical regions4 ,?is imp5etrability is by no means1 z is (t5 errone\sly suppos$ 9 ,europe1 always occasion$ by ! int]lac$ climb+ 8lianes10 or creep+ plants1 = ^! (t5 con/itute b a v small portion ( ! und]wood4 ,! *ief ob/acles are ! %rub-l plants :i* fill up e space betwe5 ! trees1 9 a zone :]e all vegetable =ms h a t5d5cy to become arboresc5t4 ,if travell]s1 ! mom5t !y set foot 9 a tropical region1 & ev5 :ile on isl&s1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea-coa/1 imag9e t !y are )9 ! prec9cts ( a primeval =e/1 ! misconception mu/ be ascrib$ to _! ard5t desire ( realiz+ a long-*]i%$ wi%4 ,e tropical =e/ is n primeval =e/4 ,i h sc>cely ev] us$ ! latt] t]m 9 ! n>rative ( my travels2 al?\gh1 ,i believe1 t ( all inve/igators ( nature n[ liv+1 ,bonpl&1 ,m>tius1 ,pppig1 ,rob]t & ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk1 & myself1 h sp5t ! longe/ p]iod ( "t 9 primeval =e/s 9 ! int]ior ( a great cont95t4 ,not)/&+ ! /rik+ ri*ness ( ! ,spani% language 9 designations1 7descriptive ( natural objects1 ( :i* ,i h already spok571 yet "o & ! same ^w monte is employ$ = a m\nta9 & a =e/1 = c]ro 7montaa71 & = selva4 ,9 a "w on ! true bread? & ! greate/ ext5sion ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es t[>ds ! ea/1 ,i h %[n h[ ?is tw(old signification ( ! ^w monte has l$ to ! error1 9 a f9e & ext5sively circulat$ ,engli% map ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ( m>k+ ranges ( high m\nta9s 9 di/ricts occupi$ only by pla9s4 ,:]e ! ,spani% map ( ,la ,cruz ,olm$illa1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( s _m o!rs1 indicat$ ,cacao ,woods1 ,montes de ,cacao#fg1 ,cordill]as 7 suppos$ to exi/1 al?\gh ! ,cacao-tree affects only ! hotte/ ( ! l[ l&s4 ,if we compreh5d1 9 "o g5]al view1 ! woody region :i* embraces ! :ole ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! grassy pla9s ( ,v5ezuela 7los ,llanos de ,c>acas7 & ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 ly+ betwe5 #h nor? & #ai s\? latitude1 we p]ceive t ?is connect$ ,hyla ( ! tropical zone is unequall$ 9 ext5t by any o!r on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,its area is ab\t twelve times t ( ,g]many4 ,trav]s$ 9 all directions by riv]s1 "s ( ^: direct & indirect tribut>y /reams 7z well ^? ( ! second z ( ! fir/ ord]7 surpass ! ,danube & ,rh9e 9 ! abundance ( _! wat]s1 x owes ! wond]ful luxuriance ( its vegetation to ! tw(old influ5ce ( great humidity & high temp]ature4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia1 =e/s may be nam$ f p>ticul> g5]a ( trees :i* gr[ toge!r z social plants 7plant sociales71 & =m sep>ate woods4 ,9 ! ,oak1 ,p9e1 & ,bir* =e/s ( ! nor!rn regions1 & 9 ! ,l9d5 or ,lime ,woods ( ! ea/]n1 !re usually pr$om9ates only "o species ( ,am5tace1 ,conif] or ,tiliace2 :ile sometimes a s+le species ( ,p9if] is int]mix$ ) trees ( decidu\s foliage4 ,su* uni=mity ( association is unkn[n 9 tropical =e/s4 ,! excessive v>iety ( _! ri* sylvan flora r5d]s x va9 to ask1 ( :at d ! primeval =e/s consi/4 ,numb]less families ( plants are "h cr[d$ toge!r2 & ev5 9 small spaces1 plants ( ! same species are r>ely associat$4 ,e day1 & ) e *ange ( place1 new =ms pres5t !mselves to ! travell]'s att5tion2 (t5 fl[]s1 beyond 8 rea*1 al?\gh ! %ape ( ! leaf & ! ramifications ( ! plant excite 8 curiosity4 ,! riv]s1 ) _! innum]able bran*es1 are ! only means ( trav]s+ ! c\ntry4 ,a/ronomical obs]vations1 or 9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 det]m9ations by compass ( ! b5ds ( ! riv]s1 betwe5 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 & ! ,rio ,negro1 h %ewn t two lonely mission-/ations might be situat$ only a few miles ap>t1 & yet ! monks !re(1 9 visit+ ea* o!r w\ld require a day & a half to make ! passage 9 _! holl[-tree canoes1 along ! w9d+s ( small /reams4 ,! mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( ! imp5etrability ( "s portions ( ^! =e/s1 is af=d$ by a trait 9 ! habits ( ! ,am]ican tig]1 or pan!r-l ,jagu>4 ,:ile ! introduction ( ,european horn$ cattle1 horses1 & mules1 has yield$ s abundant a supply ( food to ! bea/s ( prey 9 ! ext5sive grassy & treeless pla9s ( ,v>9as1 ,meta1 & ,bu5os ,ayres2 t ^! animals1 7ow+ to ! unequal conte/ betwe5 !m & _! prey17 h consid]ably increas$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica2 o!r individuals ( ! same species lead a toilsome life 9 ! d5se =e/s contigu\s to ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! di/ress+ loss ( a l>ge ma/iff1 ! fai?ful companion ( our travels1 :ile we 7 biv\ack+ ne> ! junction ( ! ,cassiqui>e ) ! ,or9oco1 induc$ u on our return f ! insect-sw>m+ ,esm]alda1 to pass ano!r night on ! same spot 7unc]ta9 :e!r he 0 dev\r$ by a tig]7 :]e we _h already long s\ght him 9 va94 ,we aga9 he>d 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ! cries ( ! ,jagu>1 probably ! v same animal to :i* we ow$ our loss4 ,z ! cl\dy /ate ( ! sky r5d]$ x impossible to conduct a/ronomical obs]vations1 we made our int]pret] 7l5gu>az7 repeat to u :at ! natives1 our boatm51 relat$ ( ! tig]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! s call$ black ,jagu> is1 z we le>nt1 n unfrequ5tly f\nd among !m4 ,x is ! l>ge/ & mo/ blood-?ir/y v>iety1 & has a d>k br[n sk9 m>k$ ) sc>cely di/+ui%able black spots4 ,x lives at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 ranges ( ,m>aguaca & ,unturan4 8,! love ( w&]+1 & ! rapacity ( ! ,jagu>s10 said our ,indian n>rator1 "o ( ! ,durimond tribe2 8(t5 lead !m into su* imp5etrable ?ickets ( ! =e/1 t !y c no long] hunt on ! gr\nd1 & !n live = a long "t 9 ! trees--! t]ror ( ! families ( monkeys1 & ( ! preh5sile-tail$ viv]ra4 7,c]coleptes470 ,! j\rnal :i* ,i wrote at ! "t 9 ,g]man1 & f :i* ,i borr[ ^! extracts1 0 n entirely exhau/$ 9 ! n>rative ( my travels 7publi%$ 9 ,fr5*74 ,x conta9s a circum/antial description ( ! nocturnal life ( animals2 ,i might say1 ( _! nocturnal voices 9 ! tropical =e/s4 ,& ?is sket* seems to me to be especially adapt$ to con/itute "o ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,views ( ,nature4 ,t :i* is writt5 d[n on ! spot1 or soon aft] ! impression ( ! ph5om5a has be5 receiv$1 may at lea/ claim to possess m fre%ness ?an :at is produc$ by ! recollection ( long pass$ ev5ts4 ,we rea*$ ! b$ ( ! ,or9oco by desc5d+ f we/ to ea/ along ! ,rio ,apure1 ^: inundations ,i h notic$ 9 ! sket* ( ! ,des]ts & ,/eppes4 ,x 0 ! p]iod ( l[ wat]1 & ! av]age bread? ( ! ,apure 0 only a little m ?an #abjj feet2 :ile ! ,or9oco1 at its conflu5ce ) ! ,apure 7ne> ! granite rocks ( ,curiquima1 :]e ,i 0 able to measure a base-l9e71 0 /ill upw>ds ( #ab1ahj feet4 ,yet ?is po9t 7! rock ( ,curiquima17 is #djj miles 9 a /raight l9e f ! sea & f ! delta ( ! ,or9oco4 ,"s ( ! pla9s1 wat]$ by ! ,apure & ! ,pay>a1 are inhabit$ by ,y>uros & ,a*aguas1 :o are call$ savages 9 ! mission-villages e/abli%$ by ! monks1 because !y w n rel9qui% _! indep5d5ce4 ,9 ref]5ce to social culture1 !y h[ev] occupy ab\t ! same scale z ^? ,indians1 :o1 al?\gh baptiz$ & liv+ 8"u ! bell0 7baxo la campana71 h rema9$ /rang]s to e =m ( in/ruction & cultivation4 ,on leav+ ! ,isl& del ,diamante1 :]e ! ,zambos1 :o speak ,spani%1 cultivate ! sug>-cane1 we ent]$ into a gr& & wild doma9 ( nature4 ,! air 0 fill$ ) c\ntless flam+oes 7,phnicopt]us7 & o!r wat]-f[l1 :i* seem$ to /& =? f ! blue sky l a d>k cl\d 9 ev]-v>y+ outl9es4 ,! b$ ( ! riv] _h "h contract$ to less ?an #ajjj feet1 & =m$ a p]fectly /raight canal1 :i* 0 inclos$ on bo? sides by ?ick woods4 ,! m>g9 ( ! =e/ pres5ts a s+ul> spectacle4 ,9 front ( ! almo/ imp5etrable wall ( colossal trunks ( ,csalp9ia1 ,c$rela1 & ,desman?us1 !re rises ) ! greate/ regul>ity on ! s&y bank ( ! riv]1 a l[ h$ge ( ,sauso1 only f\r feet high2 x consi/s ( a small %rub1 ,h]mesia ca/anifolia1 :i* =ms a new g5us#fh ( ! family ( ,euphorbiace4 ,a few sl5d]1 ?orny palms1 call$ by ! ,spani>ds ,piritu & ,corozo 7p]haps species ( ,m>t9ezia or ,bactris7 /& close alongside2 ! :ole resembl+ a trimm$ g>d5 h$ge1 ) gate-l op5+s at consid]able di/ances f ea* o!r1 =m$ und\bt$ly by ! l>ge f\r-foot$ animals ( ! =e/s1 = conv5i5t access to ! riv]4 ,at sunset1 & m p>ticul>ly at break ( day1 ! ,am]ican ,tig]1 ! ,tapir1 & ! ,pecc>y 7,pec>i1 ,dicotyles7 may be se5 com+ =? f ^! op5+s accompani$ by _! "y1 to give !m dr9k4 ,:5 !y are di/urb$ by a pass+ ,indian canoe1 & are ab\t to retreat into ! =e/1 !y d n attempt to ru% viol5tly ?r\gh ^! h$ges ( ,sauso1 b proce$ delib]ately along ! bank1 betwe5 ! h$ge & riv]1 af=d+ ! travell] ! gratification ( wat*+ _! motions = sometimes f\r or five hundr$ paces1 until !y disappe> ?r\gh ! ne>e/ op5+4 ,dur+ a sev5ty-f\r days' almo/ un9t]rupt$ riv] navigation ( #aebj miles up ! ,or9oco1 to ! neighb\rhood ( its s\rces1 & along ! ,cassiqui>e1 & ! ,rio ,negro--dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t we 7 conf9$ to a n>r[ canoe--! same spectacle pres5t$ itself to our view at _m diff]5t po9ts1 &1 ,i may add1 always ) r5ew$ excitem5t4 ,!re came to dr9k1 ba!1 or fi%1 gr\ps ( creatures belong+ to ! mo/ opposite species ( animals2 ! l>g] mammalia ) _m-col\r$ h]ons1 palam$eas ) ! pr\dly-/rutt+ curass[ 7,crax ,alector1 ,c4 ,pauxi74 8,x is "h z 9 ,p>adise0 7es como en el ,p>adiso71 rem>k$ ) pi\s air our /e]sman1 an old ,indian1 :o _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! h\se ( an ecclesia/ic4 ,b ! g5tle peace ( ! primitive gold5 age does n reign 9 ! p>adise ( ^! ,am]ican animals1 !y /& ap>t1 wat*1 & avoid ea* o!r4 ,! ,capyb>a1 a cavy 7or riv]-hog7 ?ree or f\r feet long 7a colossal repetition ( ! common ,brazilian cavy1 7,cavia ,aguti71 is dev\r$ 9 ! riv] by ! crocodile1 & on ! %ore by ! tig]4 ,!y run s badly1 t we 7 frequ5tly able to ov]take & capture sev]al f among ! num]\s h]ds4 ,bel[ ! mission ( ,santa ,b>b>a de ,ari*una we pass$ ! night z usual 9 ! op5 air1 on a s&y flat1 on ! bank ( ! ,apure1 skirt$ by ! imp5etrable =e/4 ,we _h "s difficulty 9 f9d+ dry wood to k9dle ! fires ) :i* x is "h cu/om>y to surr\nd ! biv\ac1 z a safegu>d aga9/ ! attacks ( ! ,jagu>4 ,! air 0 bl& & s(t1 & ! moon %one brightly4 ,sev]al crocodiles approa*$ ! bank2 & ,i h obs]v$ t fire attracts ^! creatures z x does our crabs & _m o!r aquatic animals4 ,! o>s ( our boats 7 fix$ upright 9 ! gr\nd1 to support our hammocks4 ,deep /illness prevail$1 only brok5 at int]vals by ! bl[+ ( ! fre%-wat] dolph9s#fi1 :i* are peculi> to ! riv] net-"w ( ! ,or9oco 7z1 accord+ to ,colebrooke1 !y are also to ! ,ganges1 z high up ! riv] z ,b5>es72 !y foll[$ ea* o!r 9 long tracks4 ,aft] elev5 o'clock1 su* a noise began 9 ! contigu\s =e/1 t = ! rema9d] ( ! night all sleep 0 impossible4 ,! wild cries ( animals rung ?r\gh ! woods4 ,among ! _m voices :i* res\nd$ toge!r1 ! ,indians c\ld only recognise ^? :i*1 aft] %ort pauses1 7 he>d s+ly4 ,!re 0 ! monoton\s1 pla9tive1 cry ( ! ,aluates 7h[l+ monkeys71 ! :9+1 flute-l notes ( ! small sapaj\s1 ! grunt+ murmur ( ! /rip$ nocturnal ape#gj 7,nyctipi!cus trivirgatus1 :i* ,i 0 ! fir/ to describe71 ! fitful ro> ( ! great tig]1 ! ,cugu> or maneless ,am]ican lion1 ! pecc>y1 ! slo?1 & a ho/ ( p>rots1 p>raquas 7,ortalides71 & o!r pheasant-l birds4 ,:5ev] ! tig]s approa*$ ! edge ( ! =e/1 our dog1 :o be=e _h b>k$ incessantly1 came h[l+ to seek protection "u ! hammocks4 ,sometimes ! cry ( ! tig] res\nd$ f ! bran*es ( a tree1 & 0 !n always accompani$ by ! pla9tive pip+ tones ( ! apes1 :o 7 endeav\r+ to escape f ! unwont$ pursuit4 ,if "o asks ! ,indians :y su* a cont9u\s noise is he>d on c]ta9 nights1 !y answ]1 ) a smile1 t 8! animals are rejoic+ 9 ! beautiful moonlight1 & celebrat+ ! return ( ! full moon40 ,to me ! sc5e appe>$ r to be ow+ to an accid5tal1 long-cont9u$1 & gradually increas+ conflict among ! animals4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! jagu> w pursue ! pecc>ies & ! tapirs1 :i*1 d5sely cr[d$ toge!r1 bur/ ?r\gh ! b>ri] ( tree-l %rubs :i* opposes _! flight4 ,t]rifi$ at ! confusion1 ! monkeys on ! tops ( ! trees jo9 _! cries ) ^? ( ! l>g] animals4 ,?is ar\ses ! tribes ( birds :o build _! ne/s 9 communities1 & sudd5ly ! :ole animal _w is 9 a /ate ( commotion4 ,fur!r exp]i5ce taught u1 t x 0 by no means always ! fe/ival ( moonlight t di/urb$ ! /illness ( ! =e/2 = we obs]v$ t ! voices 7 l\de/ dur+ viol5t /orms ( ra91 or :5 ! ?und] e*o$ & ! lightn+ fla%$ ?r\gh ! dep?s ( ! woods4 ,! good-natur$ ,franciscan monk :o 7not)/&+ ! fev] f :i* he _h be5 suff]+ = _m mon?s71 accompani$ u ?r\gh ! cat>acts ( ,atures & ,maypures to ,san ,c>los1 on ! ,rio ,negro1 & to ! ,brazilian coa/1 us$ to say1 :5 appreh5sive ( a /orm at night1 8,may ,heav5 grant a quiet night bo? to u & to ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/60 ,a s+ul> contra/ to ! sc5es ,i h "h describ$1 & :i* ,i _h repeat$ opportunities ( witness+1 is pres5t$ by ! /illness :i* reigns )9 ! tropics at ! noontide ( a day unusually sultry4 ,i borr[ f ! same j\rnal ! description ( a sc5e at ! ,n>r[s ( ,b>aguan4 ,"h ! ,or9oco =ms = itself a passage ?r\gh ! we/]n "p ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,p>ime4 ,t :i* is call$ at ?is rem>kable pass a ,n>r[ 7,ango/ura del ,b>aguan71 is1 h[ev]1 a bas9 almo/ #egjj feet 9 bread?4 ,) ! exception ( an old )]$ /em ( ,aubletia 7,apeiba ,tiburbu71 & a new ,apoc9ea 7,allam&a ,salicifolia71 ! b>r5 rocks 7 only cov]$ ) a few silv]y croton %rubs4 ,a !rmomet] obs]v$ 9 ! %ade1 b br\ght )9 a few in*es ( ! l(ty mass ( granite rock1 rose to m ?an #abb ,fahr4 ,all di/ant objects _h wavy undulat+ outl9es1 ! optical effect ( ! mirage4 ,n a brea? ( air mov$ ! du/-l s&4 ,! sun /ood 9 ! z5i?2 & ! effulg5ce ( light p\r$ ^u ! riv]1 & :i*1 ow+ to a g5tle ripple ( ! wat]s1 0 brilliantly reflect$1 gave additional di/9ctness to ! r$ haze :i* veil$ ! di/ance4 ,all ! rocky m\nds & nak$ b\ld]s 7 cov]$ ) l>ge1 ?ick-scal$ ,iguanas1 ,gecko-liz>ds1 & spott$ ,salam&]s4 ,motionless1 ) uplift$ heads & widely ext5d$ m\?s1 !y seem$ to inhale ! heat$ air ) ec/asy4 ,! l>g] animals at su* times take refuge 9 ! deep recesses ( ! =e/1 ! birds ne/le b5ea? ! foliage ( ! trees1 or 9 ! clefts ( ! rocks2 b if 9 ?is app>5t /illness ( nature we li/5 closely = ! fa9te/ tones1 we detect1 a dull1 muffl$ s\nd1 a buzz+ & humm+ ( insects close to ! e>?1 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e4 ,ev]y?+ proclaims a _w ( active organic =ces4 ,9 e %rub1 9 ! crack$ b>k ( trees1 9 ! p]=at$ gr\nd inhabit$ by hym5opt]\s insects1 life is ev]y:]e audibly manife/4 ,x is "o ( ! _m voices ( nature reveal$ to ! pi\s & susceptible _s ( man4 ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions4 ,footnote #fe3 p4 #aia4--8;,*>act]i/ic d5om9ations 9 ,arabic & ,p]sian40 ,m ?an tw5ty words might be cit$ by :i* ! ,arabs di/+ui% betwe5 a ,/eppe 7tanufah71 accord+ z x may be a ,des]t )\t wat]1 entirely b>e1 or cov]$ ) silice\s s&1 & int]sp]s$ ) spots ( pa/ure l& 7,sah>a1 ,kafr1 ,mikf>1 ,tih1 ,mehme74 ,sahl is a depress$ pla92 ,dakkah a desolate elevat$ plateau4 ,9 ,p]sian ,beyaban is an arid s&y wa/e 7z ! ,mongolian ,gobi & ! ,*9ese ,han-hai & ,s*a-mo72 ,yaila is a ,/eppe cov]$ ) grass r ?an ) l[-gr[+ plants 7l ! ,mongolian ,kdah1 ! ,turki% ,tala or ,ts*ol1 & ! ,*9ese ,huang74 ,des*ti-reft is a nak$ elevat$ plateau4,,ik ,footnote #ff3 p4 #aia4--8,! old ,ca/ilian dialects40 ,pico1 pica*o1 mogote1 cucuru*o1 espigon1 loma t5dida1 mesa1 panecillo1 f>allon1 tablon1 pea1 peon1 peasco1 peol]ia1 roca p>tida1 laxa1 c]ro1 si]ra1 s]rania1 cordill]a1 monte1 montaa1 montauela1 cad5a de montes1 los altos1 malpais1 rev5tazon1 bufa1 c4 ,footnote #fg3 p4 #aid4--8,:]e ! map _h indicat$ ,montes de ,cacao40 ,on ! range ( hills f :i* ! l(ty ,&es de ,cu*ao h orig9at$1 see my ,relation hi/orique1 t4 iii4 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #fh3 p4 #aig4--8;,h]mesia40 ,! g5us ,h]mesia1 ! ,sauso1 has be5 describ$ by ,bonpl&1 & is del9eat$ 9 our ,plantes qu9oxiales1 t4 i4 p4 #afb1 tab4 xlvi4 ,footnote #fi3 p4 #aii4--8,! fre%-wat] dolph940 ,^! are n sea dolph9s1 :i*1 l "s species ( ,pleuronectes 7flat fi% :i* inv>iably h bo? eyes on "o side ( ! body71 asc5d ! riv]s to a great di/ance1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,lim&e 7,pleuronectes ,lim&a71 :i* is f\nd z f> inl& z ,orleans4 ,"s =ms ( sea fi%1 z ! dolph9 & skate 7,raia71 are met ) 9 ! great riv]s ( bo? cont95ts4 ,! fre%-wat] dolph9 ( ! ,apure & ! ,or9oco diff]s specifically f ! ,delph9us gangeticus z well z f all sea dolph9s4,,il ,footnote #gj3 p4 #aii4--8,! /rip$ nocturnal monkey40 ,?is is ! ,d\r\c\li or ,cusi-cusi ( ! ,cassiqui>e :i* ,i h else:]e describ$ z ! ,simia trivirgata1,,im f a draw+ made by myself ( ! liv+ animal4 ,we h s9ce se5 ! nocturnal monkey liv+ 9 ! m5ag]ie ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is4,,9 ,spix also met ) ?is rem>kable little animal on ! ,amazon ,riv] & call$ x ,nyctipi!cus vocif]ans4 ,,potsdam1 ,,june #ahdi4 ,,hypsometric ,,add5da4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,p5tl&1 ^: sci5tific lab\rs h ?r[n s mu* light on ! geology & geography ( ,bolivia1 = ! foll[+ det]m9ations ( position1 :i* he communicat$ to me 9 a lett] f ,p>is 7,octob] #ahdh71 subsequ5t to ! publication ( 8 great map4 ,nevado ( ,sorata1 ,s\? ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,height4 or ,ancohuma4 ,s\? ,peak #ae #ea #cc #fh #cc #ee #ba1bhf ,nor? ,peak #ae #di #ah #fh #cc #eb #ba1jdc ,illimani4 ,s\? ,peak #af #ch #eb #fg #di #ah #ba1ade ,middle ,peak #af #ch #bf #fg #di #ag #ba1jid ,nor? ,peak #af #cg #ej #fg #di #ci #ba1jfj ,! numb]s repres5t+ ! heights are1 ) ! exception ( ! unimportant diff]5ce ( a few feet 9 ! ,s\? ,peak ( ,illimani1 ! same z ^? 9 ! map ( ! ,lake ( ,titicaca4 ,a sket* ( ! ,illimani1 z x appe>s 9 all its maje/y f ,la ,paz1 0 giv5 at an e>li] date by ,mr4 ,p5tl& 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4,,io ,b ?is 0 five ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! fir/ measurem5ts 9 ! ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes = #ahcj1 p4 #cbc1 :i* results ,i myself ha/5$ to dissem9ate 9 ,g]many4,,ip ,! ,nevado de ,sorata lies to ! ea/ ( ! village ( ,sorata or ,esquibel1 & is call$ 9 ! ,ym>ra language1 accord+ to ,p5tl&1 ,ancomani1 ,itampu1 & ,illhampu4 ,9 ,illimani we recognize ! ,ym>ra ^w illi1 sn[4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ! ea/]n *a9 ( ,bolivia ! ,sorata 0 long assum$ to be #cifb feet1 & ! ,illimani #bhea feet too high1 !re are 9 ! we/]n *a9 ( ,bolivia1 accord+ to ,p5tl&'s map ( ,titicaca 7#ahdh71 f\r peaks ea/ ( ,arica betwe5 ! latitudes #ah #g & #ah #be1 all ( :i* exce$ ,*imborazo 9 height1 :i* itself is #ba1dbb feet4 ,^! f\r peaks are3-- ,engli% feet4 ,fr5* feet4 ,pom>ape #ba1gjj #bj1cfj ,gualateiri #ba1ifj #bj1fjd ,p>9acota #bb1jcj #bj1fgj ,sahama #bb1cej #bj1iga ,b]ghaus has appli$ to ! *a9s ( ! ,&es 9 ,bolivia1 ! inve/igation :i* ,i publi%$,,iq reg>d+ ! proportion1 :i* v>ies extremely 9 diff]5t m\nta9-*a9s1 ( ! m\nta9 ridge 7! mean height ( ! passes71 to ! highe/ summits 7or ! culm9at+ po9ts74 ,he f9ds1,,ir accord+ to ,p5tl&'s map1 t ! mean height ( ! passes 9 ! ea/]n *a9 is #ac1eje1 & 9 ! we/]n *a9 #ad1dif feet4 ,! culm9at+ po9ts are #ba1bhe & #bb1cej feet2 consequ5tly ! ratio ( ! height ( ! ridge to t ( ! highe/ summit is1 9 ! ea/]n *a91 z #a 3 #aeg1 & 9 ! we/]n *a9 z #a 3 #aed4 ,?is ratio1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! measure ( ! subt]ranean upheav+ =ce1 is v simil> to t 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 b v diff]5t f ! pla/ic =m ( ! ,alps1 ! mean height ( ^: passes is f> less 9 comp>ison ) ! height ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees ^! ratios are z #a 3 #adc1 & 9 ! ,alps z #a 3 #bji4 ,b1 accord+ to ,fitzroy & ,d>w91 ! height ( ! ,sahama is /ill surpass$ by #hdh feet by t ( ! volcano ,aconcagua 7s\? lat4 #cb #ci71 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,valp>aiso 9 ,*ili4 ,! (fic]s ( ! exp$ition ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle f\nd1 9 ,augu/ #ahce1 t ! ,aconcagua 0 betwe5 #bc1jjj & #bc1djj feet 9 height4 ,if we reckon x at #bc1bjj feet x is #aggf feet1 high] ?an ,*imborazo4,,is ,accord+ to m rec5t calculations1,,x ,aconcagua is det]m9$ to be #bc1ijf feet4 ,our k reg>d+ ! sy/ems ( m\nta9s1 :i*1 nor? ( ! p>allels ( #cj & #ca1 are di/+ui%$ z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia1 has be5 va/ly augm5t$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s 9 ! a/ronomico-geographical1 hypsometric1 geogno/ic1 & botanical dep>tm5ts1 by ! excell5t works ( ,*>les ,frmont1,,iu ( ,dr4 ,wisliz5us1,,iv & ( ,lieut5ants ,ab]t & ,peck4,,iw ,!re prevails ?r\gh\t ^! ,nor? ,am]ican works a sci5tific _s des]v+ ( ! w>me/ ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! rem>kable plateau1 ref]r$ to 9 p4 #cd1 betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia1 :i* rises un9t]rupt$ly f #djjj to #ejjj ,fr5* 7#dbfj to #eccj ,engli%7 feet high1 & is t]m$ ! ,great ,bas91 pres5ts an int]ior clos$ riv]-sy/em1 !rmal spr+s1 & salt lakes4 ,none ( its riv]s1 ,be> ,riv]1 ,c>son ,riv]1 & ,humboldt ,riv]1 f9d a passage to ! sea4 ,t :i*1 by a process ( induction & comb9ation1 ,i repres5t$ 9 my great map ( ,mexico1 execut$ 9 #ahjd1 z ! ,lake ( ,timpanogos1 is ! ,great ,salt ,lake ( ,frmont's map4 ,x is #fj miles long f nor? to s\?1 & #dj miles broad1 & x communicates ) ! fre%-wat] ,lake ( ,utah1 :i* lies at a high] level1 & into :i* ! ,timpanogos or ,timpanaozu ,riv] ent]s f ! ea/w>d1 9 lat4 #dj #ac4 ,! fact ( ! ,lake ( ,timpanogos n hav+ be5 plac$ 9 my map suffici5tly to ! nor? & we/1 arose f ! entire abs5ce1 at t p]iod1 ( all a/ronomical det]m9ations ( position ( ,santa ,f 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,= ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! lake ! error am\nts to almo/ fifty m9utes1 a diff]5ce ( absolute longitude :i* w appe> less /rik+ :5 x is rememb]$ t my it9]>y map ( ,guanaxuato c\ld only be bas$ = an ext5t ( #ae ( latitude on det]m9ations made by ! compass 7magnetic surveys71 in/itut$ by ,don ,p$ro de ,riv]a4,,ix ,^! det]m9ations gave my tal5t$ & prematurely lo/ fell[-lab\r]1 ,h]r ,fries51 #aje #cf z ! longitude ( ,santa ,f1 :ile1 by o!r comb9ations1 ,i calculat$ x at #ajd #ea4 ,accord+ to actual a/ronomical det]m9ations ! true longitude appe>s to be #ajf4 ,! relative position ( ! /rata ( rock salt f\nd 9 ?ick /rata ( r$ clay1 s\?-ea/ ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake 7,laguna de ,timpanogos71 ) its _m isl&s1 & ne> ! pres5t ,=t ,mormon & ! ,utah ,lake1 is accurately giv5 9 my l>ge map ( ,mexico4 ,i may ref] to ! mo/ rec5t evid5ce ( ! travell] :o made ! fir/ tru/wor?y det]m9ations ( position 9 ?is region4 8,! m9]al or rock salt1 ( :i* a specim5 is plac$ 9 ,congress ,libr>y1 0 f\nd 9 ! place m>k$ by ,humboldt 9 8 map ( ,new ,spa9 7nor!rn half71 z d]iv$ f ! j\rnal ( ! ,mission>y ,fa!r ,escalante1 :o attempt$ 7#aggg7 to p5etrate ! unkn[n c\ntry f ,santa ,f ( ,new ,mexico to ,mont]ey ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,s\?-ea/ ( ! ,lake ,timpanogos is ! *a9 ( ! ,:a-sat* ,m\nta9s2 & 9 ?is1 at ! place :]e ,humboldt has writt5 ,montagnes de sel gemme1 ?is m9]al is f\nd40,,iy ,a great hi/orical int]e/ is atta*$ to ?is "p ( ! highl&1 especially to ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,lake ( ,timpanogos1 :i* is probably id5tical ) ! ,lake ( ,teguayo1 ! ance/ral seat ( ! ,aztecs4 ,?is p1 9 _! migration f ,aztlan to ,tula1 & to ! valley ( ,t5o*titlan 9 ,mexico1 made ?ree /ations at :i* ! ru9s ( ,casas gr&es are /ill to be se54 ,! fir/ halt+-place ( ! ,aztecs 0 at ! ,lake ( ,teguayo1 s\? ( ,quivira1 ! second on ! ,rio ,gila1 & ! ?ird n f> f ! ,presidio de ,llanos4 ,lieut5ant ,ab]t f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,gila ! same imm5se quantity ( elegantly pa9t$ fragm5ts ( delf & pott]y scatt]$ ov] a l>ge surface ( c\ntry1 :i*1 at ! same place1 _h excit$ s mu* a/oni%m5t 9 ! mission>ies ,francisco ,g>ces & ,p$ro ,fonte4 ,f ^! products ( ! h& ( man1 x may be inf]r$ t !re 0 a "t :5 a high] human civilization exi/$ 9 ?is n[ desolate region4 ,repetitions ( ! s+ul> ar*itectural /yle ( ! ,aztecs1 & ( _! h\ses ( sev5 /ories1 are at ! pres5t "t to be f\nd f> to ! ea/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e del ,norte2 z1 = in/ance1 at ,taos4,,iz ,! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia is p>allel to ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific2 b betwe5 ! latitudes ( #cd & #da1 betwe5 ,san ,bu5av5tura & ! ,bay ( ,tr9idad1 !re runs1 we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 a small coa/ *a9 ^: culm9at+ po9t1 ,monte del ,diablo1 is #cfgd feet high4 ,9 ! n>r[ valley1 betwe5 ?is coa/ *a9 & ! great ,si]ra ,nevada1 fl[ f ! s\? ! ,rio de ,san ,joaqu91 & f ! nor? ! ,rio del ,sacram5to4 ,x is 9 ! alluvial soil on ! banks ( ! latt] riv] t ! ri* goldwa%+s occur1 :i* are n[ proce$+ ) s mu* activity4 ,besides ! hypsometric levell+ & ! b>ometric measurem5ts to :i* ,i h already ref]r$ 7see page #cc71 betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,kanzas ,riv] 9 ! ,miss\ri & ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific1 ?r\gh\t ! imm5se expanse ( #bh ( longitude1 ,dr4 ,wisliz5us has successfully prosecut$ ! levell+ comm5c$ by myself 9 ! equ9octial zone ( ,mexico1 to ! nor? z f> z to lat4 #ce #ch1 & consequ5tly to ,santa ,f del ,nuevo ,mexico4 ,we le>n ) a/oni%m5t t ! plateau :i* =ms ! broad cre/ ( ! ,mexican ,&es by no means s9ks d[n to an inconsid]able height1 z 0 long suppos$ to be ! case4 ,i give "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 accord+ to rec5t measurem5ts1 ! l9e ( levell+ f ! city ( ,mexico to ,santa ,f1 :i* is )9 #af miles f ! ,rio del ,norte4 ,fr5* feet4 ,engli% feet4 ,mexico #gjjh #gdfi ,ht4 ,tula #fcah #fgcc ,ht4 ,san ,juan del ,rio #fjij #fdij ,ht4 ,qu]et>o #eigj #fcfb ,ht4 ,celaya #efdf #fjag ,ht4 ,salamanca #edif #egfa ,ht4 ,guanaxuato #fdad #fhcf ,ht4 ,silao #eedf #eiaa ,br4 ,villa de ,leon #egee #facc ,br4 ,lagos #eihc #fcgf ,br4 ,aguas ,cali5tes #ehge #fbfa ,br4 ,san ,luis ,potosi #egad #fjij ,br4 ,zacatecas #gedd #hjch ,br4 ,fresnillo #fgig #gbdd ,br4 ,durango #fdbf #fhdh 7,oteiza7 ,p>ras #dfgh #dihe ,ws4 ,saltillo #diag #ebdj ,ws4 ,el ,bolson de ,mapimi f #cfjj #chcf ,ws4 to #dbjj #ddgf ,*ihuahua #dceb #dfch ,ws4 ,cosiquiria*i #ehhf #fbgc ,ws4 ,passo del ,norte 7on ! ,rio ,gr&e #cegg #chaj ,ws4 del ,norte7 ,santa ,f del ,nuevo ,mexico #ffab #gjdg ,ws4 ,! atta*$ lett]s ,ws41 ,br41 & ,ht41 indicate ! b>ometric measurem5ts ( ,dr4 ,wisliz5us1 ,ob]gra? ,burk>t1 & myself4 ,to ! valuable memoir ( ,dr4 ,wisliz5us !re are app5d$ ?ree pr(ile del9eations ( ! c\ntry2 "o f ,santa ,f to ,*ihuahua ov] ,passo del ,norte2 "o f ,*ihuahua ov] ,p>ras to ,reynosa2 & "o f ,=t ,indep5d5ce 7a little to ! ea/ ( ! conflu5ce ( ! ,miss\ri & ! ,kanzas ,riv]7 to ,santa ,f4 ,! calculation is bas$ on daily correspond+ obs]vations ( ! b>omet]1 made by ,engelmann at ,/4 ,l\is1 & by ,lilly 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,if we consid] t 9 ! nor? & s\? direction ! diff]5ce ( latitude betwe5 ,santa ,f & ,mexico is m ?an #af1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! di/ance 9 a direct m]idian direction1 indep5d5tly ( curvatures on ! road1 is m ?an #ifj miles2 we are l$ to ask :e!r1 9 ! :ole _w1 !re exi/s any simil> =mation ( equal ext5t & height 7betwe5 #ejjj & #gejj feet above ! level ( ! sea74 ,f\r-:eel$ waggons c travel f ,mexico to ,santa ,f4 ,! plateau1 ^: levell+ ,i h "h describ$1 is =m$ solely by ! broad1 undulat+1 flatt5$ cre/ ( ! *a9 ( ! ,mexican ,&es2 x is n ! swell+ ( a valley betwe5 two m\nta9-*a9s1 su* z ! 8,great ,bas90 betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 or ! elevat$ plateau ( ! ,lake ( ,titicaca1 betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n *a9s ( ,bolivia1 or ! plateau ( ,?ibet1 betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,ku5-ln1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,,ideas ,,= ,a ,,physiognomy ,,( ,,plants4 ,:5 ! active _s ( man is direct$ to ! inve/igation ( nature1 or :5 9 imag9ation he scans ! va/ fields ( organic creation1 among ! v>i$ emotions excit$ 9 8 m9d !re is none m pr(\nd or vivid ?an t awak5$ by ! univ]sal pr(usion ( life4 ,ev]y:]e--ev5 ne> ! ice-b\nd poles1--! air res\nds ) ! song ( birds & ) ! busy hum ( insects4 ,n only ! l[] /rata1 9 :i* ! d5s] vap\rs float1 b also ! high] & e!real regions ( ! air1 teem ) animal life4 ,:5ev] ! l(ty cre/s (1 ! ,p]uvian ,cordill]as1 or ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 s\? ( ,lake ,leman1 h be5 asc5d$1 liv+ creatures h be5 f\nd ev5 9 ^! solitudes4 ,on ! ,*imborazo#ga1 :i* is upw>ds ( eight ?\s& feet high] ?an ,m\nt ,etna1 we saw butt]flies & o!r w+$ insects4 ,ev5 if !y are /rang]s c>ri$ by asc5d+ curr5ts ( air to ^? l(ty regions1 :i!r a re/less _s ( inquiry leads ! toilsome /eps ( man1 _! pres5ce nev]!less proves t ! m pliant organization ( animals may subsi/ f> beyond ! limits ( ! vegetable _w4 ,! ,condor#gb1 t giant among ! vultures1 (t5 so>$ above u at a great] altitude ?an ! summits ( ! ,&es1 & ev5 high] ?an w\ld be ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe 7 x pil$ ^u ! sn[-cr[n$ summits ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,rapacity & ! pursuit ( ! s(t-wooll$ ,vicunas1 :i* h]d1 l ! *amois1 on ! sn[-cov]$ pa/ures1 allure ?is p[]ful bird to ^! regions4 ,b if ! unassi/$ eye %[s t life is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole atmosph]e1 ! microscope reveals yet great] wond]s4 ,:eel-animalcules1 bra*ioni1 & a ho/ ( microscopic insects are lift$ by ! w9ds f ! evaporat+ wat]s bel[4 ,motionless & to all appe>ance dead1 !y float on ! breeze1 until ! dew be>s !m back to ! n\ri%+ e>?1 & bur/+ ! tissue :i* incloses _! transp>5t rotat+#gc bodies1 in/ils new life & motion into all _! organs1 probably by ! action ( ! vital pr9ciple inh]5t 9 wat]4 ,! yell[ meteoric s& or mi/ 7du/ nebul7 (t5 obs]v$ to fall on ! ,atlantic ne> ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s1 & n unfrequ5tly borne 9 an ea/]ly direction z f> z ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,italy1 & ,c5tral ,europe1 consi/s1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g's brilliant discov]y1 ( agglom]ations ( silice\s-%ell$ microscopic organisms4 ,_m ( ^! p]haps float = ye>s 9 ! highe/ /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 until !y are c>ri$ d[n by ! ,etesian w9ds or by desc5d+ curr5ts ( air1 9 ! full capacity ( life1 & actually engag$ 9 organic increase by spontane\s self division4 ,toge!r ) ^! develop$ creatures1 ! atmosph]e conta9s c\ntless g]ms ( future =mations2 eggs ( insects1 & se$s ( plants1 :i*1 by means ( hairy or fea!ry cr[ns1 are borne =w>d on _! long autumnal j\rney4 ,ev5 ! vivify+ poll5 scatt]$ abroad by ! male blossoms1 is c>ri$ by w9ds & w+$ insects ov] sea & l&1 to ! di/ant & solit>y female plant#gd4 ,?us1 :]esoev] ! naturali/ turns 8 eye1 life or ! g]m ( life lies spread be=e him4 ,b if ! mov+ sea ( air 9 :i* we are imm]s$1 & above ^: surface we are unable to raise ourselves1 yields to _m organic be+s _! mo/ ess5tial n\ri%m5t1 !y /ill require !re) a m sub/antial species ( food1 :i* is provid$ = !m only at ! bottom ( ?is gase\s ocean4 ,?is bottom is ( a tw(old k9d3 ! small] portion con/itut+ ! dry e>?1 9 imm$iate contact ) ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e2 ! l>g] portion consi/+ ( wat]1--=m$1 p]haps1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago f gase\s matt]s fus$ by electric fire1 & n[ incessantly und]go+ decomposition 9 ! laboratory ( ! cl\ds & 9 ! pulsat+ vessels ( animals & plants4 ,organic =ms desc5d deep into ! womb ( ! e>?1 :]ev] ! meteoric ra9-wat]s c p5etrate into natural cavities1 or into artificial excavations & m9es4 ,! doma9 ( ! subt]ranean cryptogamic flora 0 e>ly an object ( my sci5tific rese>*es4 ,!rmal spr+s ( ! highe/ temp]ature n\ri% small ,hydropores1 ,conf]v & ,oscillator4 ,n f> f ! ,arctic circle1 at ,be> ,lake1 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 ,ri*>dson saw fl[]+ plants on ! gr\nd :i*1 ev5 9 summ]1 rema9s froz5 to ! dep? ( tw5ty in*es4 ,x is /ill undet]m9$ :]e life is mo/ abundant3 :e!r on ! e>? or 9 ! fa?omless dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,ehr5b]g's admirable "w on ! relative condition ( animalcul> life 9 ! tropical ocean & ! float+ & solid ice ( ! ,ant>ctic circle1 has spread ! sph]e & horizon ( organic life be=e our eyes4 ,silice\s-%ell$ ,polyga/rica & ev5 ,cosc9odisc1 alive1 ) _! gre5 ov>ies1 h be5 f\nd envelop$ 9 masses )9 twelve degrees ( ! ,pole2 ev5 z ! small black glaci] flea1 ,desoria ,glacialis1 & ,podurell1 inhabit ! n>r[ tubules ( ice ( ! ,swiss glaci]s1 z prov$ by ! rese>*es ( ,agassiz4 ,ehr5b]g has %[n t on "s microscopic infusorial animalcules 7,syn$ra & ,cocconeis71 o!r species live p>asitically2 & t 9 ! ,gallionell ! extraord9>y p[]s ( division & developm5t ( bulk are s great1 t an animalcule invisible to ! nak$ eye c 9 f\r days =m two cubic feet ( ! ,bil9 poli%+ slate4 ,9 ! ocean1 gelat9\s sea-worms1 liv+ & dead1 %9e l lum9\s />s#ge1 conv]t+ by _! phosphoresc5t light ! gre5 surface ( ! ocean into "o va/ %eet ( fire4 ,indelible is ! impression left on my m9d by ^? calm tropical nights ( ! ,pacific1 :]e ! con/ellation ( ,argo 9 its z5i?1 & ! sett+ ,s\!rn ,cross1 p\r _! mild planet>y light ?r\gh ! e!real azure ( ! sky1 :ile dolph9s m>k ! foam+ waves ) _! lum9\s furr[s4 ,b n alone ! dep?s ( ocean1 ! wat]s1 too1 ( our own swamps & m>%es1 conceal innum]able worms ( wond]ful =m4 ,almo/ indi/+ui%able by ! eye are ! ,cyclidi1 ! ,eugl5es1 & ! ho/ ( ,naiads divisible by bran*es l ! ,lemna 7,duckwe$71 ^: leafy %ade !y seek4 ,surr\nd$ by diff]5tly compos$ atmosph]es1 & depriv$ ( light1 ! spott$ ,asc>is brea!s 9 ! sk9 ( ! e>?-worm1 ! silv]y & bright ,leucophra exi/s 9 ! body ( ! %ore ,nais1 & a ,p5ta/oma 9 ! l>ge pulmon>y cells ( ! tropical rattle-snake#gf4 ,!re are animalcules 9 ! blood ( frogs & salmon1 & ev51 accord+ to ,nordmann1 9 ! fluid ( ! eyes ( fi%es1 & 9 ! gills ( ! bream4 ,?us are ev5 ! mo/ hidd5 recesses ( creation replete ) life4 ,we purpose 9 ! foll[+ pages to consid] ! diff]5t families ( plants1 s9ce on _! exi/5ce entirely dep5ds t ( ! animal creation4 ,incessantly are !y occupi$ 9 organiz+ ! raw mat]ial ( ! e>?1 assimilat+ by vital =ces ^? elem5ts :i* aft] a ?\s& metamorphoses become ennobl$ into active n]v\s tissue4 ,! glance :i* we direct to ! dissem9ation ( vegetable =ms1 reveals to u ! fulness ( t animal life :i* !y su/a9 & pres]ve4 ,! v]dant c>pet :i* a luxuriant ,flora spreads ov] ! surface ( ! e>? is n wov5 equally 9 all p>ts2 = :ile x is mo/ ri* & full :]e1 "u an ev]-cl\dless sky1 ! sun atta9s its greate/ height1 x is ?9 & scanty ne> ! torpid poles1 :]e ! quickly-recurr+ fro/s too spe$ily blight ! op5+ bud or de/roy ! rip5+ fruit4 ,yet ev]y:]e man rejoices 9 ! pres5ce ( n\ri%+ plants4 ,ev5 :]e f ! dep?s ( ! sea1 a volcano bur/+ ?r\gh ! boil+ flood1 upheaves a scoriace\s rock4 7z once happ5$ 9 ! ,greek ,isl&s72 or1 to in/ance a m gradual ph5om5on1 :]e ! unit$ lab\rs ( ! coral animal 7,li?ophytes7#gg h pil$ up _! cellul> dwell+s1 on ! cre/s ( subm>9e m\nta9s1 until aft] toil+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s _! edifice rea*es ! level ( ! ocean1 :5 its ar*itects p]i%1 & leave a coral isl&4 ,?us are organic =ces ev] ready to animate ) liv+ =ms ! nak$ rock4 ,h[ se$s are s sudd5ly transport$ to ^! rocks1 :e!r by birds1 or by w9ds1 or by ! waves ( ocean1 is a "q t _c be decid$1 ow+ to ! great di/ance ( ^! isl&s f ! coa/s4 ,b no soon] has ! air greet$ ! nak$ rock1 ?an1 9 our nor!rn c\ntries1 x gradually acquires a cov]+ ( velvet-l fibres1 :i* appe> to ! eye to be col\r$ spots4 ,"s ( ^! are bord]$ by s+le & o!rs by d\ble r[s1 :ile o!rs aga9 are trav]s$ by furr[s & divid$ into comp>tm5ts4 ,z !y increase 9 age _! col\r d>k5s4 ,! bright glitt]+ yell[ becomes br[n1 & gradually ! blui%-grey mass ( ! ,lepr>i *anges to a du/y black4 ,z ! outl9es ( ?is vegetable surface m]ge into ea* o!r ) increas+ age1 ! d>k gr\nd acquires a new cov]+ ( fre% circul> spots ( dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,?us "o organic tissue rises1 l /rata1 ov] ! o!r2 & z ! human race 9 its developm5t mu/ pass ?r\gh def9ite /ages ( civilization1 s also is ! gradual di/ribution ( plants dep5d5t on def9ite physical laws4 ,9 spots :]e l(ty =e/ trees n[ re> _! t[]+ summits1 ! sole cov]+ ( ! b>r5 rock 0 once ! t5d] li*52 ! long & immeasurable int]val 0 fill$ up by ! gr[? ( grasses1 h]bace\s plants1 & %rubs4 ,! place occupi$ 9 nor!rn regions by mosses & li*5s is suppli$ 9 ! tropics by ,portulacas1 ,gomphr5as1 & o!r l[ & oleag9\s m>9e plants4 ,! hi/ory ( ! vegetable cov]+ & ( its gradual ext5sion ov] ! b>r5 surface ( ! e>?1 has its epo*s1 z well z t ( ! migratory animal _w4 ,b al?\gh life is ev]y:]e diffus$1 & al?\gh ! organic =ces are incessantly at "w 9 comb9+ into new =ms ^? elem5ts :i* h be5 lib]at$ by dea?2 yet ?is fulness ( life & its r5ovation diff] accord+ to diff]5ce ( climate4 ,nature und]goes a p]iodic /agnation 9 ! frigid zones2 = fluidity is ess5tial to life4 ,animals & plants1 except+ inde$ mosses & o!r ,cryptogamia1 "h rema9 _m mon?s buri$ 9 a w9t] sleep4 ,ov] a great portion ( ! e>?1 !re=e1 only ^? organic =ms are capable ( full developm5t1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( resi/+ any consid]able ab/raction ( heat1 or ^? :i*1 de/itute ( leaf-organs1 c su/a9 a protract$ int]ruption ( _! vital functions4 ,?us1 ! ne>] we approa* ! tropics1 ! great] ! increase 9 v>iety ( /ructure1 grace ( =m1 & mixture ( col\rs1 z also 9 p]petual y\? & vig\r ( organic life4 ,?is increase may readily be d\bt$ by ^? :o h nev] quitt$ our own hemisph]e1 or :o h neglect$ ! /udy ( physical geography4 ,:5 9 pass+ f our ?ickly foliat$ =e/s ( oak1 we cross ! ,alps or ! ,pyr5ees & ent] ,italy or ,spa91 or :5 ! travell] fir/ directs 8 eye to "s ( ! ,african coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 he may easily be l$ to adopt ! errone\s inf]5ce t abs5ce ( trees is a *>act]i/ic ( hot climates4 ,b !y =get t ,s\!rn ,europe wore a diff]5t aspect1 :5 x 0 fir/ colonis$ by ,pelasgian or ,c>?ag9ian settl]s2 !y =get too t an e>li] civilization ( ! human race sets b\nds to ! increase ( =e/s1 & t nations1 9 _! *ange-lov+ _s1 gradually de/roy ! decorations :i* rejoice our eye 9 ! ,nor?1 & :i*1 m ?an ! records ( hi/ory1 atte/ ! y\?fulness ( our civilization4 ,! great cata/rophe by :i* ! ,m$it]ranean 0 =m$1 :5 ! swoll5 wat]s ( an inl& sea bur/ _! way ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles & ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 appe>s to h /ripp$ ! contigu\s l&s ( a l>ge portion ( _! alluvial soil4 ,! records ( ! ,samo?racian traditions#gh pres]v$ by ,greek writ]s seem to indicate ! rec5t date ( ?is great convulsion ( nature4 ,moreov]1 9 all ! l&s ba!d by ! ,m$it]ranean1 & :i* are *>act]is$ by ! t]ti>y & cretace\s =mations 7,nummulites & ,neocomian rocks71 a great portion ( ! e>?'s surface is nak$ rock4 ,! picturesque beauty ( ,italian sc5]y dep5ds ma9ly on ! pleas+ contra/ betwe5 ! b>e & desolate rock & ! luxuriant vegetation :i*1 isl&-l1 is scatt]$ ov] its surface4 ,:]e ! rock is less int]sect$ by fissures1 s t ! wat] re/s long] on its surface1 & :]e x is cov]$ ) e>? 7z on ! en*ant+ banks ( ,lake ,albano71 !re ev5 ,italy has h] oak-=e/s1 z %ady & v]dant z c\ld be desir$ by an inhabitant ( ! ,nor?4 ,! b\ndless pla9s or /eppes ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! des]ts beyond ! ,atlas range ( m\nta9s1 c only be reg>d$ z m]e local ph5om5a4 ,! =m] are f\nd to be cov]$1 at lea/ 9 ! ra9y season1 ) grasses & l[ almo/ h]bace\s ,mimos2 :ile ! latt] are seas ( s& 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,old ,cont95t1--va/ arid tracts surr\nd$ by bord]s ( ev]gre5 =e/s4 ,"h & !re only a few isolat$ fan-palms rem9d ! w&]] t ^! dre>y solitudes are a portion ( animat$ nature4 ,amid ! optical delusions occasion$ by ! radiation ( heat1 we see ! bases ( ^! trees at "o mom5t hov]+ 9 ! air1 at ! next _! inv]t$ image reflect$ 9 ! undulat+ /rata ( ! atmosph]e4 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es1 on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ,i h pass$ weeks 9 trav]s+ ^! wat]less des]ts4 ,! orig9 ( ?is abs5ce ( plants ov] l>ge tracts ( l&1 9 regions *>act]is$ on e side by ! mo/ exub]ant vegetation1 is a geological ph5om5on :i* has hi!rto receiv$ b little att5tion2 x und\bt$ly arises f =m] revolutions ( nature1 su* z inundations1 or f volcanic convulsions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,:5 once a region loses its vegetable cov]+1 if ! s& is loose & devoid ( spr+s1 & if v]tically asc5d+ curr5ts ( heat$ air prev5t ! precipitation ( vap\r#gi1 ?\s&s ( ye>s may elapse be=e organic life c p5etrate f ! gre5 %ores to ! int]ior ( ! dre>y wa/e4 ,^? :o are capable ( survey+ nature ) a compreh5sive glance1 & ab/ract _! att5tion f local ph5om5a1 _c fail to obs]ve t organic developm5t & abundance ( vitality gradually increase f ! poles t[>ds ! equator1 9 proportion to ! increase ( animat+ heat4 ,b 9 ?is di/ribution e diff]5t climate has allott$ to x "s beauty peculi> to itself3 to ! ,tropics belong v>iety & magnitude 9 vegetable =ms2 to ! ,nor? ! aspect ( its mead[s & ! p]iodical r5ovation ( nature at ! fir/ g5ial brea? ( spr+4 ,e zone1 besides its own peculi> advantages1 has its own di/9ctive "*4 ,! primeval =ce ( organization1 not)/&+ a c]ta9 indep5d5ce 9 ! abnormal developm5t ( individual p>ts1 b9ds all animal & vegetable /ructures to fix$ ev]-recurr+ types4 ,= z 9 "s individual organic be+s we recognise a def9ite physiognomy1 & z descriptive botany & zoology are1 /rictly speak+1 analyses ( animal & vegetable =ms1 s also !re is a c]ta9 natural physiognomy peculi> to e region ( ! e>?4 ,t :i* ! pa9t] designates by ! expressions 8,swiss sc5]y0 or 8,italian sky0 is bas$ on a vague feel+ ( ! local natural "*4 ,! azure ( ! sky1 ! effects ( light & %ade1 ! haze float+ on ! di/ant horizon1 ! =ms ( animals1 ! succul5ce ( plants1 ! bright glossy surface ( ! leaves1 ! outl9es ( m\nta9s1 all comb9e to produce ! elem5ts on :i* dep5ds ! impression ( any "o region4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t 9 all latitudes ! same k9d ( rocks1 z tra*yte1 basalt1 porphyritic s*i/1 & dolomite1 =m m\nta9 gr\ps ( exactly simil> physiognomy4 ,?us ! gre5/one cliffs ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico resemble ^? ( ! ,fi*tel m\nta9s ( ,g]many1 9 l mann] z among animals1 ! =m ( ! ,allco1 or ! orig9al can9e race ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 is analog\s to t ( ! ,european race4 ,! inorganic cru/ ( ! e>? is z x 7 indep5d5t ( climatic influ5ces2 p]haps1 because div]sity ( climate aris+ f diff]5ce ( latitude is ( m rec5t date ?an ! =mations ( ! e>?1 or t ! h>d5+ cru/1 9 solidify+ & dis*>g+ its caloric1 acquir$ its temp]ature f int]nal & n f ext]nal causes#hj4 ,all =mations are1 !re=e1 common to e qu>t] ( ! globe & assume ! l =ms4 ,ev]y:]e basalt rises 9 tw9 m\nta9s & truncat$ cones2 ev]y:]e trap-porphyry pres5ts itself to ! eye "u ! =m ( grotesquely-%ap$ masses ( rock1 :ile granite t]m9ates 9 g5tly r\nd$ summits4 ,?us1 too1 simil> vegetable =ms1 z p9es & oaks1 alike cr[n ! m\nta9 declivities ( ,sw$5 & ^? ( ! mo/ s\!rn portion ( ,mexico#ha4 ,b not)/&+ all ?is co9cid5ce ( =m1 & resemblance ( ! outl9es ( individual portions1 ! gr\p+ ( ! mass1 z a :ole1 pres5ts ! greate/ div]sity ( "*4 ,z ! oryctogno/ic k ( m9]als diff]s f geology1 s also does ! g5]al /udy ( ! physiognomy ( nature diff] f ! individual bran*es ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,! "* ( c]ta9 portions ( ! e>?'s surface has be5 describ$ ) inimitable tru?fulness by ,george ,=/] 9 8 travels & small] works1 by ,goe! 9 ! descriptive passages :i* s frequ5tly occur 9 8 immortal writ+s1 by ,buffon1 ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re1 & ,*ateaubri&4 ,su* descriptions are n only calculat$ to yield an enjoym5t ( ! noble/ k9d1 b ! k ( ! "* ( nature 9 diff]5t regions is also mo/ intimately associat$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! human race & its m5tal culture4 ,= al?\gh ! dawn ( ?is culture _c h be5 det]m9$ solely by physical influ5ce1 climatic relations h at any rate to a great ext5t influ5c$ its direction1 z well z ! "* ( nations1 & ! degree ( gloom or *e]fulness 9 ! dispositions ( m54 ,h[ p[]fully did ! skies ( ,greece act on its inhabitants6 ,0 x n among ! nations :o settl$ 9 ! beautiful & happy region betwe5 ! ,euphrates1 ! ,halys1 & ! gean ,sea1 t social poli% & g5tl] feel+s 7 fir/ awak5$8 & 0 x n f ^! g5ial climes t our =efa!rs1 :5 religi\s en?usiasm _h sudd5ly op5$ to !m ! ,holy ,l&s ( ! ,ea/1 br\ght back to ,europe1 !n relaps+ into b>b>ism1 ! se$s ( a g5tl] civilization8 ,! poetical works ( ! ,greeks & ! rud] songs ( ! primitive nor!rn races owe mu* ( _! peculi> "* to ! =ms ( plants & animals1 to ! m\nta9-valleys 9 :i* _! poets dwelt1 & to ! air :i* surr\nd$ !m4 ,to rev]t to m famili> objects1 :o is !re t does n feel himself diff]5tly affect$ b5ea? ! emb[]+ %ade ( ! bee*5 grove1 or on hills cr[n$ ) a few scatt]$ p9es1 or 9 ! fl[]+ mead[ :]e ! breeze murmurs ?r\gh ! trembl+ foliage ( ! bir*8 ,a feel+ ( melan*oly1 or solemnity1 or ( light buoyant animation is 9 turn awak5$ by ! contemplation ( our native trees4 ,?is influ5ce ( ! physical on ! moral _w--?is my/]i\s reaction ( ! s5su\s on ! ideal1 gives to ! /udy ( nature1 :5 consid]$ f a high] po9t ( view1 a peculi> *>m :i* has n hi!rto be5 suffici5tly recognis$4 ,h[ev] mu* ! "* ( diff]5t regions ( ! e>? may dep5d ^u a comb9ation ( all ^! ext]nal ph5om5a1 & h[ev] mu* ! total impression may be influ5c$ by ! outl9e ( m\nta9s & hills1 ! physiognomy ( plants & animals1 ! azure ( ! sky1 ! =m ( ! cl\ds1 & ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e1 /ill x _c be d5i$ t x is ! vegetable cov]+ ( ! e>?'s surface :i* *iefly conduces to ! effect4 ,! animal organism is defici5t 9 mass1 :ile ! mobility ( its individual memb]s & (t5 _! dim9utiv5ess remove !m f ! sph]e ( our obs]vation4 ,vegetable =ms1 on ! o!r h&1 act on ! imag9ation by _! endur+ magnitude--= "h massive size is indicative ( age1 & 9 ! vegetable k+dom alone are age & ! manife/ation ( an ev]-r5ew$ vig\r l9k$ toge!r4 ,! colossal ,dragon ,tree#hb1 :i* ,i saw 9 ! ,can>y ,isles1 & :i* measur$ m ?an sixte5 feet 9 diamet]1 /ill be>s1 z x !n did1 ! blossoms & fruit ( p]petual y\?4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* adv5tur]s1 ! ,b!nc\rts1 conqu]$ ^! ,=tunate ,isles 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,dragon ,tree ( ,orotava1 reg>d$ by ! natives ) a v5]ation equal to t be/[$ on ! olive tree ( ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 or ! elm at ,ephesus1 0 ( ! same colossal magnitude z at pres5t4 ,9 ! tropics a grove ( ,hym5e & ,cesalp9i is probably a memorial ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,on tak+ "o g5]al view ( ! diff]5t phan]ogamic species :i* h already be5 collect$ into our h]b>iums#hc1 & :i* may n[ be e/imat$ at consid]ably m ?an #hj1jjj1 we f9d t ?is prodigi\s quantity pres5ts "s few =ms to :i* mo/ ( ! o!rs may be ref]r$4 ,9 det]m9+ ^? =ms1 on ^: individual beauty1 di/ribution1 & gr\p+1 ! physiognomy ( a c\ntry's vegetation dep5ds1 we mu/ n gr\nd our op9ion 7z f o!r causes is necess>ily ! case 9 botanical sy/ems7 on ! small] organs ( propagation1 t is1 ! blossoms & fruit2 b mu/ be guid$ solely by ^? elem5ts ( magnitude & mass f :i* ! total impression ( a di/rict receives its "* ( individuality4 ,among ! pr9cipal =ms ( vegetation !re are1 inde$1 "s :i* con/itute entire families1 accord+ to ! s-call$ 8natural sy/em0 ( botani/s4 ,bananas & ,palms1 ,casu>9e & ,conif]1 =m di/9ct species 9 ?is mode ( arrangem5t4 ,! sy/ematis+ botani/1 h[ev]1 sep>ates into diff]5t gr\ps _m plants :i* ! /ud5t ( ! physiognomy ( nature is compell$ to associate toge!r4 ,:]e vegetable =ms occur 9 l>ge masses1 ! outl9es & di/ribution ( ! leaves1 & ! =m ( ! /ems & bran*es lose _! individuality & become bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! pa9t]--& "h 8 delicate arti/ical appreciation ( nature comes especially into play--di/+ui%es betwe5 p9es or palms & bee*es 9 ! backgr\nd ( a l&scape1 b n betwe5 =e/s ( bee* & o!r ?ickly foliat$ trees4 ,! physiognomy ( nature is pr9cipally det]m9$ by sixte5 =ms ( plants4 ,i m]ely enum]ate su* z ,i h obs]v$ 9 my travels ?r\gh ! old & new _w dur+ _m ye>s' /udy ( ! vegetation ( diff]5t latitudes1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #fj nor? & #ab s\?4 ,! numb] ( ^! =ms w no d\bt be consid]ably increas$ by travell]s p5etrat+ fur!r into ! int]ior ( cont95ts1 & discov]+ new g5]a ( plants4 ,we are /ill :olly ignorant ( ! vegetation ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,asia1 ! int]ior ( ,africa & ,new ,holl&1 & ( ,s\? ,am]ica f ! ,amazon to ! prov9ce ( ,*iquitos4 ,might n a region be "s day discov]$ 9 :i* ligne\s fungi1 ,c5omyce rangif]9a1 or mosses1 =m high trees8 ,neck]a d5drodes1 a ,g]man species ( moss1 is 9 fact arboresc5t1 & ! sight ( a wood ( l(ty mosses c\ld h>dly af=d great] a/oni%m5t to its discov]]s ?an t exp]i5c$ by ,europeans at ! aspect ( arboresc5t grasses 7bamboos7 & ! tree-f]ns ( ! tropics1 :i* are (t5 equal 9 height to our l9d5s & ald]s4 ,! maximum size & degree ( developm5t atta9able by organic =ms ( any g5us1 :e!r ( animals or plants1 are det]m9$ by laws ) :i* we are /ill unacqua9t$4 ,9 ea* ( ! great divisions ( ! animal k+dom1 z insects1 reptiles1 cru/acea1 birds1 fi%es1 or mammalia1 ! dim5sions ( ! body oscillate betwe5 c]ta9 extreme limits4 ,b ^! limits1 bas$ on ! obs]vations hi!rto contribut$ to sci5ce1 may be enl>g$ by new discov]ies ( species ) :i* we are at pres5t unacqua9t$4 ,9 l& animals a high degree ( temp]ature1 dep5d+ on latitude1 appe>s to h ex]cis$ a fav\rable influ5ce on ! g5etic developm5t ( organization4 ,?us ! small & sl5d] =m ( our liz>ds exp&s 9 ! s\? into ! colossal1 unwieldy1 & mail-clad body ( ! =midable crocodile4 ,9 ! huge cats ( ,africa & ,am]ica1 ! tig]1 lion1 & jagu>1 we f9d1 repeat$ on a l>g] scale1 ! =m ( "o ( ! smalle/ ( our dome/ic animals4 ,b if we p5etrate into ! recesses ( ! e>?1 & se>* ! tombs ( plants & animals1 ! fossil rema9s ?us br\ght to light n only manife/ a di/ribution ( =ms at v>iance ) ! pres5t climates1 b !y also reveal colossal /ructures1 :i* exhibit z m>k$ a contra/ ) ! small types t n[ surr\nd u1 z does ! simple yet dignifi$ h]oism ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 :5 comp>$ ) :at is recogniz$ at ! pres5t day z 8greatness ( "*40 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! e>? has und]gone consid]able1 p]haps p]iodically recurr+ *anges1 &1 if ev5 ! relations betwe5 sea & l&1 & ! height & pressure ( ! atmosph]ic ocean#hd1 h n always be5 ! same1 !n ! physiognomy ( nature1 & ! magnitude & =ms ( organic bodies1 mu/ also h be5 subject to _m v>iations4 ,enorm\s ,pa*yd]mata1 elephant9e ,ma/odons1 ,ow5's ,mylodon robu/us1 & ! ,colosso*elys1,,ja a l& tortoise upw>ds ( six feet 9 height1 once inhabit$ =e/s ( colossal ,lepidod5dra1 cactus-l ,/igm>i1 & num]\s g5]a ( ,cycade4 ,unable accurately to del9eate ! physiognomy ( our ag+ & alt]+ planet accord+ to its pres5t features1 ,i w only attempt to br+ prom95tly =w>d ^? *>act]i/ics :i* specially app]ta9 to ea* individual gr\p ( plants4 ,not)/&+ all ! ri*ness & adaptability ( our language1 ! attempt to designate 9 words1 t :i*1 9 fact1 app]ta9s only to ! imitative art ( ! pa9t]1 is always fraught ) difficulty4 ,i w\ld also wi% to avoid t we>y+ effect :i* is almo/ unavoidably insep>able f a long enum]ation ( individual =ms4 ,we w beg9 ) ,palms#he1 ! l(tie/ & mo/ /ately ( all vegetable =ms4 ,to ^!1 above all o!r trees1 ! prize ( beauty has always be5 aw>d$ by e nation2 & x 0 f ! ,asiatic palm-_w1 or ! adjac5t c\ntries1 t human civilization s5t =? ! fir/ rays ( its e>ly dawn4 ,m>k$ ) r+s1 & n unfrequ5tly arm$ ) ?orns1 ! tall & sl5d] %aft ( ?is graceful tree re>s on high its cr[n ( %9+1 fan-l1 or p9nat$ leaves1 :i* are (t5 curl$ l ^? ( "s gram9e4 ,smoo? /ems ( ! palm1 :i* ,i c>efully measur$1 rose to a height ( #aij feet4 ,! palm dim9i%es 9 size & beauty z x rec$es f ! equatorial t[>ds ! temp]ate zones4 ,europe owns among/ its indig5\s trees only "o repres5tative ( ?is =m ( vegetation1 ! dw>fi% coa/ palm 7,*amops71 :i*1 9 ,spa9 & ,italy1 is f\nd z f> nor? z #dd lat4 ,! true palm climate has a mean annual temp]ature ( #gh to #ha4e ,fahr41 b ! date-palm1 :i* has be5 br\ght to u f ,africa1 & is less beautiful ?an o!r species ( ?is family1 vegetates 9 ! s\? ( ,europe 9 di/ricts ^: mean temp]ature is only f #ei to #fb4d ,fahr4 ,/ems ( palms & skeletons ( elephants are f\nd buri$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? 9 ,nor!rn ,europe2 _! position r5d]s x probable t !y 7 n drift$ f ! tropics t[>ds ! nor?1 b t1 9 ! great revolutions ( our planet1 climates1 & ! physiognomy ( nature :i* is regulat$ by climate1 h be51 9 _m respects1 alt]$4 ,9 all regions ( ! e>? ! palm is f\nd associat$ ) ! planta9 or banana2 ! ,scitam9e & ,musace ( botani/s1 ,heliconia1 ,amomum1 & ,/relitzia4 ,?is =m has a l[1 succul5t1 & almo/ h]bace\s /em1 ! summit ( :i* is cr[n$ ) delicately /rip$1 silky1 %9+ leaves ( a ?9 & loose texture4 ,groves ( bananas =m ! ornam5t ( humid regions2 & on _! fruit ! natives ( ! torrid zone *iefly dep5d = subsi/5ce4 ,l ! f>9ace\s c]eals or corn-yield+ plants ( ! nor?1 ! banana has accompani$ man f ! e>lie/ infancy ( 8 civilization#hf4 ,by "s ,semitic traditions ! primitive seat ( ^! nutriti\s tropical plants has be5 plac$ on ! %ores ( ! ,euphrates1 & by o!rs1 ) great] probability1 9 ,india1 at ! foot ( ! ,himalaya m\nta9s4 ,greek leg5ds cite ! pla9s ( ,enna z ! home ( ! c]eals4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 ! c]eals1 spread by culture ov] ! nor!rn regions1 9 monoton\s & f> ext5d+ tracts1 add b little to ! beauty ( ! l&scape2 ! inhabitant ( ! tropics1 on ! o!r h&1 is enabl$1 by ! propagation ( ! banana1 to multiply "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ lovely ( vegetable productions4 ,! =m ( ! ,malvace#hg & ,bombace1 repres5t$ by ,ceiba1 ,cavanillesia1 & ! ,mexican h& tree 7,*eiro/emon71 has imm5sely ?ick /ems1 ) lanug9\s1 l>ge1 cordate1 or ind5t$ leaves1 & magnific5t fl[]s1 frequ5tly ( a purple-r$4 ,to ?is gr\p belongs ! ,baobab1 or monkey bread-tree1 ,adansonia digitata1 :i*1 ) a mod]ate height1 has occasionally a diamet] ( #cb feet1,,jb & may probably be reg>d$ z at once ! l>ge/ & mo/ anci5t organic memorial ( our planet4 ,! ,malvace already beg9 to imp>t to ! vegetation ( ,italy a peculi>ly s\!rn "*4 ,! temp]ate zone 9 our old cont95t un=tunately is :olly devoid ( ! delicately p9nate ,mimosas#hh1 ^: pr$om9at+ =ms are ,acacia1 ,desman?us1 ,gl$its*ia1 ,porl]ia1 & ,tam>9dus4 ,?is beautiful =m occurs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e1 "u equal p>allels ( latitude1 vegetation is m v>i$ & luxuriant ?an 9 ,europe4 ,! ,mimosas are g5]ally *>act]is$1 l ! ,italian p9e1 by an umbellate expansion ( _! bran*es4 ,an extremely picturesque effect is produc$ by ! deep blue ( a tropical sky gleam+ ?r\gh ! delicate trac]y ( _! foliage4 ,hea?s#hi1 :i* m especially belong to an ,african gr\p ( plants1 include1 accord+ to physiognomic "* & g5]al appe>ance1 ! ,epacride & ,diosme1 _m ,proteace1 & ! ,au/ralian ,acacias1 :i* h no leaves b m]e flatt5$ petioles 7phyllodia74 ,?is gr\p be>s "s resemblance to acicul>-leav$ =ms1 ) :i* x contra/s ! m gracefully by ! abundance ( its campanulate blossoms4 ,! arboresc5t hea?s1 l "s few o!r ,african plants1 ext5d z f> z ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y adorn ! pla9s ( ,italy1 & ! ,ci/us groves ( s\!rn ,spa91 b ,i h n[h]e se5 !m gr[+ m luxuriantly ?an on ! declivities ( ! ,peak ( ,teyde at ,t5]iffe4 ,9 ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,baltic1 & fur!r nor?w>d1 ! appe>ance ( ?is =m ( plants is reg>d$ ) appreh5sion1 z ! precursor ( dr\ght & b>r5ness4 ,our hea?s1 ,erica 7,calluna7 vulg>is1 & ,erica tetralix1 ,e4 c>nea & ,e4 c9]ea1 are social plants1 aga9/ ^: ext5sion agricultural nations h cont5d$ = c5turies1 ) b little success4 ,x is s+ul> t ! pr9cipal repres5tative ( ?is family %\ld be peculi> to "o side ( our planet alone4 ,!re is only "o ( ! ?ree hundr$ kn[n species ( ,erica to be met ) 9 ! new cont95t1 f ,p5nsylvania & ,labrador to ,nootka ,s\nd & ,alas*ka4 ,! ,cactus =m#ij1 on ! o!r h&1 is almo/ peculi> to ! new cont95t2 x is sometimes globul>1 sometimes articulat$1 sometimes ris+ 9 tall polygonal columns n unlike organ-pipes4 ,?is gr\p =ms ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ ) ! ,lily & ,banana families1 & belongs to t class ( plants :i* ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re felicit\sly t]ms vegetable f\nta9s ( ! ,des]t4 ,9 ! p>*$ arid pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ?ir/+ animals eag]ly seek ! ,melon-cactus1 a globul> plant half-buri$ 9 ! dry s&1 ^: succul5t int]ior is conceal$ by =midable prickles4 ,! /ems ( ! column> cactus atta9 a height ( m ?an #cj feet2 _! c&elabra-l ramifications1 frequ5tly cov]$ ) li*5s1 rem9d+ ! travell]1 by "s analogy 9 _! physiognomy1 ( c]ta9 ( ! ,african ,euphorbias4 ,:ile ^! plants =m gre5 ,oases 9 ! b>r5 des]t1 ! ,or*ide#ia %$ beauty ov] ! mo/ desolate rocky clefts1 & ! se>$ & black5$ /ems ( ^? tropical trees :i* h be5 discol\r$ by ! action ( light4 ,! ,vanilla =m is di/+ui%$ by its light gre5 succul5t leaves1 & by its v>iegat$ & s+ul>ly %ap$ blossoms4 ,"s ( ! or*ide\s fl[]s resemble 9 %ape w+$ insects1 :ile o!rs look l birds1 attract$ by ! fragrance ( ! honey vessels4 ,an entire life w\ld n suffice to enable an arti/1 al?\gh limit+ himself to ! specim5s af=d$ by "o circumscrib$ region1 to depict ! spl5did ,or*ide :i* embelli% ! deep alp9e valleys ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es4 ,! =m ( ! ,casu>9e#ib1 leafless1 l almo/ all ! species ( ,cactus1 comprises a gr\p ( trees hav+ bran*es resembl+ ! ,equisetum1 & is peculi> to ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific & to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,traces ( ?is type1 :i* is c]ta9ly m s+ul> ?an beautiful1 may h[ev] be f\nd 9 o!r regions ( ! e>?4 ,plumi]'s ,equisetum altissimum1 ,=skl's ,eph$ra aphylla ( ,nor? ,africa1 ! ,p]uvian ,colletia1 & ! ,sib]ian ,calligonum ,pallasia1 are ne>ly alli$ to ! =m ( ! ,casu>9as4 ,:ile ! ,banana =m pres5ts u ) ! greate/ degree ( expansion1 ! ,casu>9as & ! acicul>-leav$#ic trees exhibit ! greate/ contraction ( ! leaf-vessels4 ,p9es1 ,?ujas1 & ,cypresses con/itute a nor!rn =m b r>ely met ) 9 ! tropics & 9 "s conif] 7,damm>a ,salisburia71 ! leaves are bo? broad & acicul>4 ,_! ev]gre5 foliage enliv5s ! gloom ( ! dre>y w9t] l&scape1 :ile x proclaims to ! natives ( ! pol> regions t1 al?\gh sn[ & ice cov] ! surface1 ! inn] life ( plants1 l ! ,prome!an fire1 is nev] :olly ext9ct on our planet4 ,besides ! ,or*ide1 ! ,po?os tribe ( plants#id also yields a graceful cov]+ to ! ag$ /ems ( =e/ trees 9 ! tropical _w1 l ! p>asitic mosses & li*5s ( our own climes4 ,_! succul5t h]bace\s /alks are furni%$ ) l>ge leaves1 arr[-%ap$1 digitate1 or elongat$1 & inv>iably furni%$ ) ?ick ve9s4 ,! blossoms ( ! ,aroide are inclos$ 9 spa!s1 by :i* _! vital heat is increas$2 !y are /emless1 & s5d =? arial roots4 ,po?os1 ,dracontium1 ,caladium1 & ,arum are all k9dr$ =ms2 & ! la/-nam$ ext5ds z f> z ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 contribut+1 toge!r ) succul5t ,tussilago 7,coltsfoot71 high ?i/les1 & ! ,acan?us1 to give a luxuriant s\!rn "* to ! vegetation ( ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,?is ,arum =m is associat$1 9 ! torrid regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) ! tropical ,lianes or creep+ plants#ie1 :i* exhibit ! utmo/ luxuriance ( vegetation 9 ,paull9ias1 ,bani/]ias1 ,bignonias1 & ,passion-fl[]s4 ,our t5drill$ hops & v9es rem9d u ( ?is tropical =m4 ,on ! ,or9oco ! leafless bran*es ( ! ,bauh9ia are (t5 upw>ds ( #dj feet 9 l5g?1 sometimes hang+ p]p5dicul>ly f ! summit ( l(ty ,swiet5i1 7,mahogany trees71 sometimes /ret*$ obliquely l ropes f a ma/2 along ^! ! tig]-cat may be se5 climb+ to & fro ) wond]ful agility4 ,! self-su/a9+ =m ( ! blui%-fl[]$ ,aloe tribe#if pres5ts a m>k$ contra/ to ! pliant climb+ lianes ) _! fre% & brilliant v]dure4 ,:5 !re is a /em x is almo/ bran*less1 closely m>k$ ) spiral r+s1 & surr\nd$ by a cr[n ( succul5t1 fle%y1 long-po9t$ leaves1 :i* radiate f a c5tre4 ,! l(ty-/emm$ aloe does n gr[ 9 clu/]s l o!r social plants1 b /&s isolat$ 9 ! mid/ ( dre>y solitudes1 imp>t+ to ! tropical l&scape a peculi> melan*oly 7"o might almo/ say ,african7 "*4 ,to ?is aloe =m belong1 9 ref]5ce to physiognomic resemblance & ! impression !y produce on ! l&scape3 ! ,pitcairnias1 f ! family ( ! ,bromeliace1 :i* 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es gr[ out ( clefts 9 ! rock2 ! great ,p\rnetia pyramidata 7! ,ats*upalla ( ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,new ,gr5ada72 ! ,am]ican aloe 7,agave71 ,bromelia ,ananas & ,b4 ,k>atas2 ^? r>e species ( ! family ( ! ,euphorbiace1 :i* h ?ick1 %ort1 c&elabra-l divid$ /ems2 ! ,african aloe1 & ! ,dragon tree1 ,dracna ,draco1 ( ! family ( ! ,asphodele2 & la/ly ! tall fl[]+ ,yucca1 alli$ to ! ,liliace4 ,:ile ! ,aloe =m is *>act]is$ by an air ( solemn repose & immobility1 ! grass =m#ig1 especially z reg>ds ! physiognomy ( ! arboresc5t grasses1 is expressive ( buoyant lightness & flexible sl5d]ness4 ,9 bo? ! ,indies1 bamboo groves =m ar*$ & %ady walks4 ,! smoo? & (t5 incl9$ & wav+ /em ( ! tropical grasses exce$s 9 height our ald]s & oaks4 ,z f> nor? z ,italy1 ?is =m already beg9s1 9 ! ,arundo ,donax1 to raise itself f ! gr\nd1 & to det]m9e1 by height z well z mass1 ! natural "* ( ! c\ntry4 ,! =m ( ,f]ns#ih1 l t ( grasses1 also assumes nobl] dim5sions 9 ! torrid regions ( ! e>?1 & ! arboresc5t f]ns1 :i* frequ5tly atta9 ! height ( above =ty feet1 h a palm-l appe>ance1 al?\gh _! /em is ?ick]1 %ort]1 & m r\gh & scaly1 ?an t ( ! palm4 ,! leaf is m delicate1 ( a loose & m transp>5t texture1 & %>ply s]rat$ on ! m>g9s4 ,^! colossal f]ns belong almo/ exclusively to ! tropics1 b !re !y pref] ! temp]ate localities4 ,z 9 ^! latitudes dim9ution ( heat is m]ely ! consequ5ce ( an increase ( elevation1 we may reg>d m\nta9s t rise #bjjj or #cjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea z ! pr9cipal seat ( ^! plants4 ,arboresc5t f]ns gr[ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 side by side ) t b5efic5t tree ^: /em yields ! febrifuge b>k1 & bo? =ms ( vegetation are indicative ( ! happy region :]e reigns ! g5ial mildness ( p]petual spr+4 ,i h n[ to m5tion ! =m ( ! ,liliace\s plants#ii1 ,am>yllis1 ,ixia1 ,gladiolus1 & ,pancratium1 ) _! flag-l leaves & spl5did blossoms1 ! pr9cipal home ( :i* is ,s\!rn ,africa2 also ! ,will[ =m#ajj1 :i* is indig5\s 9 all latitudes1 & is repres5t$ 9 ! plateaux ( ,quito1 n by ! %ape ( its leaves1 b 9 ! =m ( its ramification1 9 ,s*9us ,molle2 also ! ,myrtle-=m#aja 7,metrosid]os1 ,eucalyptus1 ,escallonia myrtelloides72 ,mela/omace#ajb2 & ! ,laurel =m#ajc4 ,x w\ld be an und]tak+ wor?y ( a great arti/ to /udy ! "* ( all ^! vegetable gr\ps1 n 9 ho?\ses1 or f ! descriptions ( botani/s1 b on ! gr& !atre ( tropical nature4 ,h[ int]e/+ & in/ructive to ! l&scape pa9t]#ajd w\ld be a "w t %\ld pres5t to ! eye accurate del9eations ( ! sixte5 pr9cipal =ms enum]at$1 bo? individually & 9 collective contra/6 ,:at c be m picturesque ?an ! arboresc5t ,f]ns1 :i* spread _! t5d] foliage above ! ,mexican laureloak6 :at m *>m+ ?an ! aspect ( banana-groves1 %ad$ by ^? l(ty grasses1 ! ,guadua & ,bamboo6 ,x is peculi>ly ! privilege ( ! arti/ to sep>ate ^! into gr\ps1 & ?us ! beautiful images ( nature1 if we may be p]mitt$ ! simile1 resolve !mselves b5ea? 8 t\*1 l ! writt5 works ( man1 into a few simple elem5ts4 ,x is b5ea? ! gl[+ rays ( a tropical sun1 t ! noble/ =ms ( vegetation are develop$4 ,9 ! cold ,nor? ! b>k ( trees is cov]$ only ) dry li*5s & mosses1 :ile b5ea? ! tropics ! ,cymbidium & ! fragrant ,vanilla adorn ! trunks ( ! ,anac>dias & ! gigantic ,fig-tree4 ,! fre% gre5 ( ! ,po?os leaves & ( ! ,dracontias contra/ ) ! _m col\r$ blossoms ( ! ,or*ide2 climb+ ,bauh9ias1 ,passion-fl[]s & gold5 fl[]$ ,bani/]ias encircle e tree ( ! =e/4 ,delicate blossoms unfold !mselves f ! roots ( ! ,!obroma1 & f ! ?ick & r\gh b>k ( ! ,cresc5tia & ,gu/avia#aje4 ,amid ?is luxuriant abundance ( fl[]s & foliage1 amid ?is exub]ance & tangl$ web ( creep+ plants1 x is (t5 difficult = ! naturali/ to recognise ! /ems to :i* ! v>i\s leaves & blossoms belong4 ,a s+le tree1 adorn$ ) ,paull9ias1 ,bignonias1 & ,d5drobias1 =ms a gr\p ( plants1 :i*1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 w\ld cov] a consid]able space ( gr\nd4 ,9 ! tropics1 plants are m succul5t1 ( a fre%] gre51 & h l>g] & m glossy leaves1 ?an 9 ! nor!rn regions4 ,social plants1 :i* give su* a "* ( uni=mity to ,european vegetation1 are almo/ :olly abs5t 9 ! equatorial zone4 ,trees1 almo/ twice z high z our oaks1 !re bloom ) fl[]s z l>ge & spl5did z our lilies4 ,on ! %ady banks ( ! ,magdal5a ,riv]1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 gr[s a climb+ ,ari/olo*ia1 ^: blossoms1 measur+ f\r feet 9 circumf]5ce1 ! ,indian *ildr5 sportively draw on _! heads z caps#ajf4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! fl[] ( ! ,rafflesia is ne>ly ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & weighs above f\rte5 p\nds4 ,! extraord9>y height to :i* n only individual m\nta9s b ev5 :ole di/ricts rise 9 tropical regions1 & ! consequ5t cold ( su* elevations1 af=ds ! inhabitant ( ! tropics a s+ul> spectacle4 ,= besides 8 own palms & bananas1 he is surr\nd$ by ^? vegetable =ms :i* w\ld seem to belong solely to nor!rn latitudes4 ,cypresses1 p9es1 & oaks1 b>b]ry %rubs & ald]s 7ne>ly alli$ to our own species7 cov] ! m\nta9 pla9s ( ,s\!rn ,mexico & ! *a9 ( ! ,&es at ! equator4 ,?us nature has p]mitt$ ! native ( ! torrid zone to behold all ! vegetable =ms ( ! e>? )\t quitt+ 8 own clime1 ev5 z are reveal$ to him ! lum9\s worlds :i* spangle ! firmam5t f pole to pole#ajg4 ,^! & _m o!r ( ! enjoym5ts :i* nature af=ds are d5i$ to ! nations ( ! ,nor?4 ,_m con/ellations & _m vegetable =ms1 includ+ m especially ! mo/ beautiful productions ( ! e>? 7palms1 tree-f]ns1 bananas1 arboresc5t grasses1 & delicately fea!r$ mimosas71 rema9 = ev] unkn[n to !m2 = ! puny plants p5t up 9 our ho?\ses1 give b a fa9t idea ( ! maje/ic vegetation ( ! tropics4 ,b ! ri* developm5t ( our language1 ! gl[+ fancy ( ! poet1 & ! imitative art ( ! pa9t]1 af=d u abundant comp5sation2 & enable ! imag9ation to depict 9 vivid col\rs ! images ( an exotic ,nature4 ,9 ! frigid ,nor?1 amid b>r5 hea?s1 ! solit>y /ud5t may appropriate all t has be5 discov]$ 9 ! mo/ remote regions ( ! e>?1 & ?us create )9 himself a _w z free & imp]i%able z ! _s f :i* x emanates4 ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions4 ,footnote #ga3 p4 #baj--8,on ! ,*imborazo1 upw>ds ( eight ?\s& feet high] ?an ,etna40 ,small s++ birds1 & ev5 butt]flies1 7z ,i h myself witness$ 9 ! ,pacific17 are (t5 met ) at great di/ances f ! %ore1 dur+ /orms bl[+ (f l&4 ,9 a simil> mann] insects are involunt>ily c>ri$ into ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 to an elevation ( #ag1jjj to #ai1jjj feet above ! pla9s4 ,! light bodies ( ^! insects are borne upw>ds by ! v]tically asc5d+ curr5ts ( air caus$ by ! heat$ condition ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault1 an admirable *emi/1 :o asc5d$ ! ,gneiss ,m\nta9s ( ,c>acas1 :ile hold+ ! appo9tm5t ( ,pr(essor 9 ! newly e/abli%$ ,m9+ ,academy at ,santa ,f de ,bogot1 witness$1 dur+ 8 asc5t to ! summit ( ! ,silla1 a ph5om5on :i* confirm$ 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann] ?is v]tical asc5t ( air4 ,he & 8 companion1 ,don ,m>iano de ,riv]o1 obs]v$ at noon a numb] ( lum9\s :iti% bodies rise f ! valley ( ,c>acas to ! summit ( ! ,silla1 an elevation ( #egee feet1 & !n s9k t[>ds ! adjac5t sea coa/4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 un9t]rupt$ly prolong$ = a :ole h\r1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t ! bodies1 at fir/ mi/ak5 = a flock ( small birds1 7 a numb] ( m9ute balls ( grass-haums4 ,b\ss+ault s5t me "s ( ?is grass1 :i* 0 imm$iately recognis$ by ,pr(essor ,kun? z a species ( ,vilfa1 a g5us ( grass :i* toge!r ) ,agro/is is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! prov9ces ( ,c>acas & ,cumana4 ,x 0 ! ,vilfa t5acissima ( our ,synopsis ,plant>um qu9octialium ,orbis ,novi1 t4 i4 p4 #bje4 ,saussure f\nd butt]flies on ,mont ,blanc1 & ,ramond obs]v$ !m 9 ! solitudes ar\nd ! summit ( ,mont ,p]du4 ,:5 ,,mm4 ,bonpl&1 ,c>los ,montuf>1 & myself1 on ! #bcrd ( ,june1 #ahjb1 asc5d$ ! ea/]n declivity ( ,m\nt ,*imborazo1 to a height ( #ai1bhf feet1 & :]e ! b>omet] _h fall5 to #adhd in*es1 we f\nd w+$ insects buzz+ ar\nd u4 ,we recognis$ !m to be ,dipt]a1 resembl+ flies1 b x 0 impossible to cat* ^! insects /&+ on ! rocky l$ges 7cu*illa71 (t5 less ?an a foot 9 bread?1 & betwe5 masses ( sn[ precipitat$ f above4 ,! elevation at :i* we obs]v$ ^! insects 0 almo/ ! same z t 9 :i* ! nak$ tra*ytic rock1 :i* project$ f ! et]nal sn[s ar\nd1 exhibit$ ! la/ traces ( vegetation 9 ,lecidea geographica4 ,^! insects 7 fly+ at an elevation ( #ah1bbe feet1 or ne>ly #bffj feet high] ?an ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc3 & some:at bel[ ?is height1 at an elevation ( #af1fbf feet1 & !re=e also above ! region ( sn[1 ,m4 ,bonpl& saw yell[ butt]flies fly+ close to ! gr\nd4 ,! mammalia :i* live ne>e/ to ! region ( p]petual sn[1 are1 9 ! ,swiss ,alps1 ! hyb]nat+ m>mot1 & a v small field-m\se1 7,hypudu nivalis17 describ$ by ,m>tius1 :i* on ! ,faulhorn lays up1 almo/ "u ! sn[1 a /ore ( ! roots ( phan]ogamic alp9e plants4,,jc ,! op9ion preval5t 9 ,europe1 t ! beautiful rod5t1 ! ,*9*illa1 ^: s(t & glossy fur is s mu* e/eem$1 is f\nd 9 ! highe/ m\nta9 regions ( ,*ili1 is an error4 ,! ,*9*illa lanig] 7,gray7 lives only 9 a mild l[] zone1 & does n advance fur!r s\? ?an ! p>allel ( #ce4;,,jd ,:il/ among our ,european ,alps1 ,lecideas1 ,p>melias1 & ,umbilic>ias b scantily clo! ) a few col\r$ pat*es ^? rocks t are n :olly cov]$ ) sn[1 we f\nd 9 ! ,&es1 at elevations ( #ac1gjj to ne>ly #ae1jjj feet1 "s phan]ogamic plants :i* we 7 ! fir/ to describe2 z = in/ance1 ! woolly species ( ,fraylejon4 7,culcitium nivale1 ,c4 rufesc5s1 & ,c4 reflexum1 ,espeletia gr&iflora1 & ,e4 arg5tea71 ,sida pi*9*5sis1 ,ranunculus nubig5us1 ,r4 ,gusmanni ) r$ or orange-col\r$ fl[]s1 ! small moss-l umbellif]\s plant1 ,myrrhis &icola1 & ,fragosa arctioides4 ,on ! declivity ( ! ,*imborazo1 ! ,saxifraga ,b\ss+aulti1 describ$ by ,adolph ,brongni>t1 gr[s beyond ! limits ( p]petual sn[ on loose blocks ( /one at an elevation ( #ae1ggj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & n at #ag1jjj z has be5 /at$ 9 two admirable ,engli% j\rnals4,,je ,?is ,saxifrage1 discov]$ by ,b\ss+ault1 mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z ! highe/ gr[+ phan]ogamic plant 9 ! _w4 ,! v]tical height ( ,*imborazo is1 accord+ to my measurem5t1 #ba1dbb feet4,,jf ,?is result is a mean betwe5 ^? :i* h be5 giv5 by ! ,fr5* & ,spani% ,academicians4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ces d n "h dep5d on diff]5t assumptions = ! refraction1 b on a diff]5ce 9 r$uc+ ! measur$ l9e to ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is r$uction c only be made 9 ! ,&es by ! b>omet]1 & h5ce e s-call$ trigonometric measurem5t mu/ also necess>ily be a b>ometric "o1 ^: result w v>y accord+ to ! diff]5t =mul employ$4 ,ow+ to ! enorm\s mass ( ! m\nta9 *a91 we c only obta9 v small angles ( altitude1 :5 ! great] portion ( ! :ole height has to be measur$ trigonometrically1 & ! obs]vation is made at "s l[ & di/ant po9t ne> ! pla9 or ! level ( ! sea4 ,x is on ! o!r h& extremely difficult to obta9 a conv5i5t base l9e1 z ! space t is to be det]m9$ b>ometrically increases ) e /ep we advance t[>ds ! m\nta94 ,^! ob/acles h to be enc\nt]$ by e travell] :o on ! high table-l&s1 :i* surr\nd ! summit ( ! ,&es1 selects a spot = p]=m+ a geodetic op]ation4 ,on ! pumice-cov]$ pla9 ( ,tapia1 to ! we/ ( ! ,rio ,*ambo1 at a height ( #idgg feet1 b>ometrically det]m9$1 ,i measur$ ! ,*imborazo4 ,! ,llanos de ,luisa1 & m especially ! pla9 ( ,sisgun1 ^: elevation is #ab1aej feet1 w\ld yield great] angles ( altitude4 ,i _h on "o occasion made e prep>ation necess>y = ! measurem5t ( ,m\nt ,*imborazo1 f ! pla9 ( ,sisgun1 :5 ! summit ( ! m\nta9 0 sudd5ly %r\d$ 9 a d5se cl\d4 ,"s hypo!tical sugge/ions1 reg>d+ ! probable d]ivation ( ! "n ( ! f>-fam$ 8,*imborazo10 may n be :olly unwelcome to etymologi/s4 ,! di/rict 9 :i* ! m\nta9 is situat$ is call$ ,*imbo1 a ^w :i* ,la ,condam9e,,jg d]ives f *impani1 to cross a riv]4 8,*imborao0 means1 accord+ to him1 8! sn[ ( ! opposite bank10 f ! fact ( a brook be+ cross$ at ! village ( ,*imbo1 9 sight ( ! huge sn[-cov]$ m\nta94 7,9 ! ,qui*ua language *impa signifies ! opposite bank or side2 *impani to cross a riv]1 bridge1 c47 ,sev]al natives ( ! prov9ce ( ,quito assur$ me t ,*imborazo meant simply ! sn[ ( ,*imbo4 ,9 ,c>guairazo we meet ) ! same t]m9ation1 & x w\ld appe> t 8razo0 is a prov9cial ^w4 ,! ,jesuit ,holgu91 ^: excell5t vocabul>y,,jh ,i possess1 is n acqua9t$ ) ! ^w razo4 ,! g5u9e t]m = sn[ is ritti4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,bus*mann1 an admirable l+ui/1 rem>ks t 9 ! ,*9*aysuyo dialect1 7employ$ nor? ( ,cuzco z f> z ,quito & ,pa/o7 raju1 ! j be+ app>5tly guttural1 signifies sn[4,,ji ,z *impa & *impani d n well suit on acc\nt ( ! a1 we may seek a def9ite mean+ = ! fir/ portion ( ! "n ( ! m\nta9 & ( ! village ,*imbo1 9 ! ,qui*ua ^w 8*impu10 :i* is us$ to express a col\r$ ?read or fr+e 7seal de lana1 hilo borlilla de colores72 ! r$ness ( ! sky 7arreboles71 & ! halo r\nd ! sun & moon4 ,! "n ( ! m\nta9 might be ?us d]iv$ f ?is ^w1 )\t ref]5ce to ! di/rict or village4 ,at all ev5ts1 :atev] may be ! etymology ( ! ^w ,*imborazo1 x %\ld be writt5 9 ! ,p]uvian mann] ,*imporazo1 z ! ,p]uvians h no b 9 _! alphabet4 ,may n ! "n ( ?is colossal m\nta9 be :olly indep5d5t ( ! ,inca language1 & h come d[n f a bygone age8 ,! ,inca or ,qui*ua language _h n be5 introduc$ long prior to ! ,spani% invasion into ! k+dom ( ,quito1 :]e ! n[ :olly ext9ct ,puruay language _h be5 previ\sly us$4 ,! names ( o!r m\nta9s1 z ,pi*9*a1 ,il9issa1 & ,cotopaxi1 are :olly devoid ( mean+ 9 ! language ( ! ,incas1 & are !re=e und\bt$ly ( high] antiquity ?an ! introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 & ( ! c\rt-language ( ! rul]s ( ,cuzco4 ,! names ( m\nta9s & riv]s belong 9 all regions ( ! e>? to ! mo/ anci5t & au!ntic relics ( languages2 & my bro!r1 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 9 8 inve/igations into ! =m] di/ribution ( ! ,ib]ian races1 has made +5i\s use ( ^! names4 ,a s+ul> & unexpect$ /atem5t has rec5tly be5 made1,,jj 8t ! ,incas1 ,tupac ,yupanqui1 & ,huayna ,capac1 7 a/oni%$ on _! fir/ conque/ ( ,quito1 to f9d a dialect ( _! ,qui*ua language 9 use among ! natives40 ,prescott1 h[ev]1 seems to reg>d ?is z a v bold ass]tion4,,jk ,if we c\ld suppose ! pass ( ,/4 ,go?>d1 ,m\nt ,a?os1 or ! ,rigi1 pil$ on ! summit ( ! ,*imborazo1 we %\ld h ! elevation :i* is at pres5t ascrib$ to ! ,dhawalagiri 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,! geologi/ :o reg>ds ! int]ior ( our planet f a m g5]al po9t ( view1 & to :om n ! directions1 b ! relative heights ( ! rocky projections1 :i* we designate m\nta9 *a9s1 appe> b z ph5om5a ( little importance1 w n be a/oni%$ if at "s future p]iod m\nta9 summits %\ld be discov]$ betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,altai1 :i* %\ld surpass 9 height ^? ( ,dhawalagiri & ,djawahir z mu* z ^! exce$ t ( ,*imborazo4,,jl ,! great height to :i* ! sn[-l9e rec$es 9 summ] on ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya1 ow+ to ! heat radiat$ f ! elevat$ plateaux 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 r5d]s ! m\nta91 not)/&+ t x is situat$ 9 #bi to #cj nor? lat41 z accessible z are ! ,p]uvian ,&es 9 ! region ( ! tropics4 ,capta9 ,g]>d has moreov] rec5tly asc5d$ ! ,t>higang z high1 if n #aag feet high]1,,jm ?an ,i asc5d$ ! ,*imborazo4 ,un=tunately1 z ,i h else:]e m fully %[n1 ^! m\nta9 asc5ts1 beyond ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 h[ev] !y may engage ! curiosity ( ! public1 are ( v little sci5tific utility4 ,footnote #gb3 p4 #baj--8,! ,condor1 t giant among vultures40 ,i h else:]e,,jn giv5 ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,condor1 :i* be=e my travels _h be5 v>i\sly mis/at$4 ,! "n is prop]ly ,cuntur 9 ! ,inca language2 ,maque among ! ,araucanes 9 ,*ili2 ,s>coramphus ,condor accord+ to ,dumril4 ,i sket*$ ! head ( ?is bird f life1 ( ! natural size1 & _h my draw+ engrav$4 ,next to ! ,condor1 ! ,lmm]gei] ( ,switz]l&1 & ! ,falco de/ructor 7,daud471 probably ,l9nu' ,falco ,h>pyia1 are ! l>ge/ ( all fly+ birds4 ,! region :i* may be reg>d$ z ! common resort ( ! ,condor1 beg9s at ! elevation ( ,m\nt ,etna4 ,x embraces atmosph]ic /rata :i* are f #aj1jjj to #ai1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,humm+ birds also1 :i* 9 _! summ] flights advance z f> z #fa nor? lat4 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & are on ! o!r h& f\nd 9 ! ,ar*ipelago ( ! ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 7 se5 by ,von ,ts*udi 9 ,puna at an elevation ( #ad1fjj feet4,,jo ,!re is a pleasure 9 comp>+ ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/ ( ! fea!r$ inhabitants ( ! air4 ,! l>ge/ among ! ,condors f\nd 9 ! ,cordill]as1 ne> ,quito1 measure ne>ly #ae feet across ! exp&$ w+s1 & ! small] ones #h feet4 ,?is size1 & ! visual angle at :i* ! birds are se5 v]tically above "o's head1 af=d an idea ( ! enorm\s height to :i* ! ,condor so>s 9 a cle> sky4 ,a visual angle ( f\r m9utes1 = in/ance1 w\ld give a v]tical elevation ( #gccj feet4 ,! cav]n 7,mackay7 ( ,antisana1 opposite ! m\nta9 ( ,*ussulongo1 & :]e we measur$ ! birds so>+ ov] ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 lies at an elevation ( ne>ly #af1jjj feet above ! surface ( ! ,pacific2 ! absolute height :i* ! ,condor rea*$ mu/ !re=e be #bc1bgc feet1 a height at :i* ! b>omet] sc>cely /&s at #abg in*es2 b :i*1 h[ev]1 does n exce$ t ( ! l(tie/ summit ( ! ,himalaya4 ,x is a rem>kable physiological ph5om5on t ! same bird1 :i* :eels = h\rs toge!r ?r\gh ^! highly r>efi$ regions1 %\ld be able sudd5ly1 z = in/ance on ! we/]n declivity ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 to desc5d to ! sea-%ore1 & ?us 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs trav]se1 z x 71 all climates4 ,at heights ( #bc1jjj feet & upw>ds ! membran\s air-sacs ( ! ,condor mu/ und]go a rem>kable degree ( inflation aft] be+ fill$ 9 l[] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,ulloa1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 express$ 8 a/oni%m5t t ! ,vulture ( ! ,&es c\ld so> at heights :]e ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 0 less ?an fifte5 in*es4,,jp ,an op9ion 0 at t "t ent]ta9$1 f ! analogy ( exp]im5ts made ) ! air-pump1 t no animal c\ld exi/ "u ?is slight am\nt ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,i h myself1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 se5 ! b>omet] fall to #adhe in*es on ! ,*imborazo2 & my fri5d1 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac1 brea!d = a qu>t] ( an h\r an atmosph]e 9 :i* ! pressure 0 only #abi in*es4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t man1 :5 we>i$ by muscul> ex]tion1 f9ds himself 9 a /ate ( pa9ful exhau/ion at su* elevations2 b 9 ! ,condor1 ! respiratory process seems to be p]=m$ ) equal facility "u a pressure ( #cj or ( #ac in*es4 ,?is bird probably raises itself volunt>ily to a great] height f ! surface ( our e>? ?an any o!r liv+ creature4 ,i use ! expression 8volunt>ily10 s9ce small insects & silice\s-%ell$ infusoria are frequ5tly borne to great] elevations by a ris+ curr5t ( air4 ,x is probable t ! ,condor flies ev5 high] ?an ! above calculations w\ld appe> to %[4 ,i rememb] obs]v+ ne> ! ,cotopaxi1 9 ! pumice pla9 ( ,suniguaicu1 at an elevation ( #ad1dga feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ?is bird so>+ at su* a height above my head t x appe>$ l a black speck4 ,b :at is ! smalle/ angle "u :i* fa9tly illum9$ objects c be di/+ui%$8 ,_! =m 7l9e> ext5sion7 ex]cises a great influ5ce on ! m9imum ( ?is angle4 ,! transp>5cy ( ! m\nta9 air is s great "u ! equator1 t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 z ,i h else:]e /at$1 ! :ite cloak 7pon*o7 ( a horseman may be di/+ui%$ ) ! nak$ eye at a horizontal di/ance ( #hi1ffd feet1 & !re=e "u an angle ( ?irte5 seconds4 ,x 0 my fri5d ,bonpl& :om we obs]v$1 f ! pleasant c\ntry-seat ( ! ,m>ques de ,selvalegre1 mov+ along a black rocky precipice on ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a4 ,lightn+ conductors1 be+ ?9 elongat$ objects1 are visible1 z ,arago has obs]v$1 f ! greate/ di/ances & "u ! smalle/ angles4 ,! acc\nt ,i h giv5 9 my ,monograph ( ! ,condor 7,zoologie1 pp4 #bf-de7 ( ! habits ( ?is p[]ful bird 9 ! m\nta9 di/ricts ( ,quito & ,p]u has be5 confirm$ by a m rec5t travell]1 ,gay1 :o has explor$ ! :ole ( ,*ili1 & describ$ x 9 8 admirable "w1 ,hi/oria fisica y politica de ,*ile4 ,?is bird :i*1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 l ! ,lamas1 ,vicuz1 ,alpacas & ,guanacos1 is n f\nd beyond ! equator 9 ,new ,granada1 p5etrates z f> s\? z ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,9 ,*ili1 z 9 ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,quito1 ! ,condors1 :i* usually live 9 pairs1 or ev5 alone1 congregate 9 flocks = ! purpose ( attack+ lambs & calves1 or seiz+ on "y ,guanacos 7,guanacillos74 ,! havoc annually committ$ by ! ,condor among ! h]ds ( %eep1 goats & cattle1 z well z among ! wild vicuz1 alpacas & guanacos ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es is v consid]able4 ,! ,*ilians ass]t t ?is bird :5 9 captivity c endure hung] = =ty days2 :5 9 a free /ate1 h[ev]1 its voracity is excessive1 & x !n1 l ! vulture1 fe$s by pref]5ce on c>rion4 ,! mode ( cat*+ ^! birds1 by an inclosure ( palisades su* z ,i h already describ$1 is z successful 9 ,*ili z 9 ,p]u1 = ! bird aft] be+ r5d]$ heavy f excess ( food is oblig$ to run a %ort di/ance ) half-ext5d$ w+s be=e x c take flight4 ,a dead ox :i* is already 9 an incipi5t /ate ( decomposition1 is /rongly inclos$ ) palisades1 )9 :i* n>r[ space ! ,condors ?rong toge!r2 be+ unable1 z already obs]v$1 to fly on acc\nt ( ! excess ( food :i* !y h dev\r$1 & imp$$ 9 _! run by ! palisades1 ^! birds are ei!r kill$ by ! natives ) clubs1 or are caught alive by ! lasso4 ,! ,condor 0 repres5t$ z a symbol ( /r5g? on ! co9age ( ,*ili imm$iately aft] ! fir/ decl>ation ( political indep5d5ce4,,jq ,! diff]5t species ( ,gall9azos1 :i* are mu* m consid]able 9 po9t ( numb]s ?an ! ,condors1 are also f> m useful ?an ! latt] 9 ! great economy ( ,nature = de/roy+ & remov+ animal sub/ances t are becom+ decompos$1 & ?us purify+ ! atmosph]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( human dwell+s4 ,9 tropical ,am]ica1 ,i h sometimes se5 sev5ty or eighty ( ^! creatures collect$ r\nd a dead ox2 & ,i am able1 z an eye-witness1 to confirm ! fact t has ( late errone\sly be5 call$ 9 "q by orni?ologi/s1 t ! appe>ance ( "o s+le k+-vulture 7:o is n l>g] ?an ! ,gall9azos7 is suffici5t to put a :ole assemblage ( ^! birds to flight4 ,no conte/ ev] takes place2 b ! ,gall9azos 7two species ( :i*1 7,ca?>tes urubu & ,c4 aura17 h be5 conf\nd$ toge!r by an un=tunately fluctuat+ nom5clature7 are intimidat$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance & ! c\rage\s demean\r ( ! ri*ly col\r$ 8,s>coramphus ,papa40 ,z ! anci5t ,egyptians protect$ ! ,p]cnopt]i1 :i* purifi$ ! atmosph]e1 s also ! wanton de/ruction ( ,gall9azos is puni%$ 9 ,p]u by a f9e 7multa7 :i*1 accord+ to ,gay1 am\nts 9 "s cities to #cjj pia/res = e bird4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 t ?is species ( vulture1 z 0 already te/ifi$ by ,don ,felix de ,az>a1 if tra9$ e>ly1 w s accu/om !mselves to ! p]son :o has re>$ !m1 t !y w foll[ him on a j\rney = _m miles1 fly+ aft] 8 c>riage across ! ,pampa4 ,footnote #gc3 p4 #baa--8;,encloses _! rotat+ bodies40 ,fontana1 9 8 admirable treatise 8on ! poison ( ! vip]10 vol4 i4 p4 #fb1 m5tions t he succe$$ 9 re/or+ to animation1 aft] two h\rs' imm]sion 9 a drop ( wat]1 a :eel-animalcule :i* _h la9 9 a dri$ & motionless condition = ! space ( two ye>s & a half4,,jr ,! s-call$ reanimation ( ,rotif]a has v rec5tly aga9 be5 made a subject ( lively discussion1 s9ce obs]vations h be5 conduct$ ) m exactness & subject$ to a /rict] criticism4 ,bak] affirm$ t 9 #agga1 he _h reviv$ pa/e-eels :i* ,ne$ham _h giv5 him 9 ! ye> #agdd6 ,franz ,bau] saw 8 ,vibrio tritici1 :i* _h la9 f\r ye>s 9 a dry /ate1 move on be+ moi/5$4 ,! rem>kably c>eful & exp]i5c$ obs]v]1 ,doyre1,,js draws ! foll[+ conclusions f 8 beautiful exp]im5ts3 t ,rotif]a revive1 i4e4 pass f a motionless /ate to "o ( motion1 aft] be+ expos$ to a cold ( #aa4b ,fahr41 or to a heat ( #aac ,fahr42 t !y pres]ve ! prop]ty ( reviv+ 9 dry s& up to a temp]ature ( #aei ,fahr42 b t !y lose ?is prop]ty & rema9 immoveable if w>m$ 9 moi/ s& to #aca ,fahr4 only2,,jt & t ! possibility ( ?is s-call$ revivification is n prev5t$ by _! be+ expos$ to desiccation = tw5ty-eight days 9 b>ometric tubes1 9 vacuo1 ev5 %\ld *loride ( lime or sulphuric acid be employ$4,,ju ,doyre has also se5 ,rotif]a sl[ly revive aft] be+ dri$ )\t s&1 7dess*s nu17 a fact :i* ,spallanzani d5ies4,,jv 8,desiccation conduct$ 9 an ord9>y temp]ature might be op5 to _m objections :i* are n p]haps :olly obviat$ by ! employm5t ( a dry vacuum2 b :5 we obs]ve t ! ,t>digrades irrevocably p]i% 9 a temp]ature ( #aca ,fahr4 if _! tissues are p]meat$ ) wat]1 :]eas !y c1 :5 dri$1 support a temp]ature t may be e/imat$ at #bdh ,fahr41 we are dispos$ to admit t ! sole condition requir$ = animal revivification is ! p]fect integrity ( organic /ructure & cont9uity40 ,9 l mann]1 ! sporules1 or g]m9at+ cells ( cryptogamic plants1 :i* ,kun? comp>es to ! propagation ( c]ta9 phan]ogamic plants by buds 7bulbill71 reta9 _! p[] ( g]m9ation 9 ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,pay51 ! sporules ( a small fungus 7,odium aurantiacum71 :i* inve/s ! crumb ( bread ) a r$di% fea!ry coat+1 d n ev5 lose _! vegetative p[]s by be+ expos$ 9 clos$ tubes = half an h\r to a temp]ature ( #ahc to #bjh ,fahr4 be=e be+ /rewn on fre%1 unspoilt d\gh4 ,may n ! newly discov]$ & wond]ful monad 7,monas prodigiosa71 :i* causes blood-l spots 9 mealy sub/ances1 h be5 mix$ ) ?is fungus8 ,ehr5b]g1 9 8 great "w on ,infusoria 7p4 #dib-dif71 has giv5 ! mo/ complete hi/ory ( all ! obs]vations in/itut$ on ! s-call$ revivification ( ,rotif]a4 ,he believes1 t not)/&+ all ! means ( desiccation employ$1 ! organization-fluid /ill rema9s 9 ! app>5tly dead animal4 ,he conte/s ! hypo!sis ( 8lat5t life02 = dea?1 he says1 8is n life 9 a torpid /ate1 b ! abs5ce ( life40 ,! hyb]nation or w9t]-sleep ( bo? w>m & coldblood$ animals1 z dormice1 m>mots1 s&-m>t9s 7,hirundo rip>ia1 accord+ to ,cuvi]7,,jw1 & ( frogs & toads1 af=ds u evid5ce ( ! dim9ution1 if n ( ! complete susp5sion1 ( ! organic functions4 ,frogs awak5$ f _! w9t]-sleep by w>m?1 c rema9 eight times long] "u wat]1 )\t dr[n+1 ?an frogs 9 ! bre$+ season4 ,x seems z if ! respiratory functions ( ! lungs require a less degree ( activity aft] ! long susp5sion ( _! excitability4 ,! circum/ance ( ! s&-m>t9 bury+ itself dur+ ! w9t] 9 m>%es1 is a ph5om5on :i*1 :ile x sc>cely admits ( a d\bt1 is ! m rem>kable1 because 9 birds1 ! function ( respiration is s extremely en]getic1 t1 accord+ to ,lavoisi]'s exp]im5ts1 two sp>r[s 9 an ord9>y condition w1 9 ! same "t1 decompose z mu* atmosph]ic air z a ,gu9ea-pig4,,jx ,w9t]-sleep is n suppos$ to be g5]al to ! :ole species ( ^! s&-m>t9s1 b only to "s few individuals4,,jy ,z 9 ! frigid zone deprivation ( w>m? produces w9t]-sleep 9 "s animals1 s 9 ! torrid regions1 )9 ! tropics1 an analog\s ph5om5on is manife/$ t has n hi!rto be5 suffici5tly reg>d$1 & to :i* ,i h appli$ ! t]m summ]-sleep4,,jz ,dr\ght & a cont9u\s high temp]ature act l ! cold ( w9t] 9 r$uc+ excitability4 ,madagasc>1 except+ a v small portion ( its s\!rn extremity1 lies )9 ! tropics1 & "h1 z 0 already obs]v$ by ,bruguire1 ! h$gehog-l ,t5recs 7,c5t]es1 ,illig]71 "o species ( :i* 7,c4 ecaudatus7 0 introduc$ into ! ,isle ( ,france 7#bj #i1 latitude71 sleep dur+ excessive heat4 ,! objection advanc$ by ,desj>d9s1 t ! "t ( _! sleep falls )9 ! season ( w9t] 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z applicable 9 ref]5ce to a c\ntry1 :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! colde/ mon? is ne>ly #g ,fahr4 above t ( ! hotte/ mon? 9 ,p>is2 & ?is circum/ance _c !re=e *ange ! ?ree mon?s' summ]-sleep ( ! ,t5rec 9 ,madagasc> & ,port ,l\is 7,isle ( ,france7 into actual hyb]nation4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! ,crocodile 9 ! ,llanos ( ,v5ezuela1 ! l& & wat] ,tortoises on ! ,or9oco1 & ! colossal ,boa1 & _m ( ! small] species ( s]p5ts1 lie torpid & motionless 9 ! h>d5$ gr\nd1 ?r\gh\t ! hot & dry season ( ! ye>4 ,! mission>y ,gilij relates1 t ! natives1 9 seek+ ! dormant ,t]ekai 7l&-tortoises71 :i* lie buri$ 9 dry mud to ! dep? ( #af or #ag in*es1 are (t5 bitt5 by s]p5ts sudd5ly awak5$1 & :i* _h buri$ !mselves ) ! tortoises4 ,an admirable obs]v]1 ,dr4 ,pet]s1 :o has only j return$ f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 writes to me z foll[s3 8,i c\ld n obta9 any c]ta9 in=mation reg>d+ ! ,t5rec dur+ my %ort /ay 9 ,madagasc>1 b ,i am1 on ! o!r h&1 well aw>e1 t 9 ! portion ( ea/]n ,africa :]e ,i sp5t sev]al ye>s1 diff]5t species ( tortoises 7,p5tonyx & ,trionices7 rema9 enclos$ = mon?s toge!r1 )\t food1 9 ! p>*$ & indurat$ gr\nd1 dur+ ! dry season ( ?is tropical c\ntry4 ,! ,lepidosir5 also rema9s motionless & coil$ up 9 ! h>d5$ e>?1 f ,may to ,decemb]1 :]ev] ! swamps h be5 dri$ up40 ,we ?us meet ) an enfeeblem5t ( c]ta9 vital functions 9 num]\s & v diff]5t classes ( animals1 &1 :at is peculi>ly /rik+1 )\t ! same ph5om5on pres5t+ itself 9 organisms ne>ly alli$1 & belong+ to "o & ! same family4 ,! nor!rn glutton 7,gulo71 alli$ to ! badg] 7,meles71 does n1 l ! latt]1 sleep dur+ ! w9t]2 :il/1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 8a ,myoxus 7,dorm\se ( ,s5egal1 ,myoxus ,c\peii7 :i* _h probably nev] exp]i5c$ a w9t]-sleep 9 its tropical home1 fell into a /ate ( hyb]nation at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 ! fir/ ye> x 0 br\ght to ,europe40 ,?is enfeeblem5t ( ! vital functions & vital activity passes ?r\gh sev]al gradations1 accord+ z x ext5ds to ! processes ( nutrition1 respiration & muscul> movem5t1 or induces a depression ( ! c]ebral & n]v\s sy/ems4 ,! w9t]-sleep ( ! solit>y be> & ( ! badg] is n att5d$ ) rigidity1 & h5ce ! awak5+ ( ^! animals is easy1 &1 z ,i frequ5tly he>d 9 ,sib]ia1 v dang]\s to ! hunt]s & c\ntry p4 ,! recognition ( ! gradation & connection ( ^! ph5om5a leads u to ! s-call$ vita m9ima ( ! microscopic organisms1 :i* occasionally fall 9 ! ,atlantic 9 %[]s ( meteoric du/1 & "s ( :i* h gre5 ov>ies & are engag$ 9 a self-g5]at+ process4 ,! app>5t revivification ( ! ,rotif]a & ( ! silice\s-%ell$ ,infusoria is only ! r5ewal ( long enfeebl$ vital functions--a condition ( vitality nev] entirely ext+ui%$1 b m]ely reviv$ by excitation4 ,physiological ph5om5a c only be compreh5d$ by be+ trac$ ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( analog\s modifications4 ,footnote #gd3 p4 #baa--8,w+$ ,insects40 ,! fructification ( dici\s plants 0 at "o "t pr9cipally ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( ! w9d4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,klreut]1 & also ) mu* +5uity by ,spr5gel1 t bees1 wasps & num]\s small w+$ insects1 are ! ma9 ag5ts 9 ?is process4 ,i use ! phrase 8ma9 ag5ts01 s9ce ,i _c reg>d x z consonant to nature t fructification %\ld be impossible )\t ! int]v5tion ( ^! insects1 z ,willd5[ has also fully %ewn4,,ka ,on ! o!r h& di*ogamy1 sap-m>ks1 7macul indicantes71 col\r$ spots indicat+ ! pres5ce ( honey-vessels1 & fructification by insects1 appe> to be almo/ insep>able f "o ano!r4,,kb ,! /atem5t (t5 repeat$ s9ce ,spallanzani1 t ! dici\s common hemp 7,cannabis sativa71 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,europe f ,p]sia1 be>s ripe se$s )\t be+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( poll5-tubes1 has be5 entirely refut$ by m rec5t inve/igations4 ,:5 se$s h be5 obta9$1 an!rs 9 a rudim5t>y /ate h be5 f\nd ne> ! ov>ium1 & ^! may h be5 capable ( yield+ "s gra9s ( fructify+ poll54 ,su* h]maphrodism is frequ5t 9 ! :ole family ( ,urtice1 b a s+ul> & hi!rto unexpla9$ ph5om5on is manife/$ 9 ! =c+-h\ses at ,kew by a small ,new ,holl& %rub1 ! ,clebogyne ( ,smi?4 ,?is phan]ogamic plant br+s =? se$s 9 ,engl& )\t exhibit+ any trace ( male organs1 & )\t ! ba/>d introduction ( ! poll5 ( any o!r plant4 8,a species ( ,euphorbiace10 787 writes ! di/+ui%$ botani/1 ,jussieu1 8! ,clebogyne1 :i*1 al?\gh b rec5tly describ$1 has be5 cultivat$ = _m ye>s 9 ,engli% cons]vatories1 has sev]al times borne se$s1 :i* 7 evid5tly p]fect1 s9ce ! well-=m$ embryos !y conta9$ h produc$ simil> plants4 ,! mo/ c>eful obs]vations h hi!rto fail$ 9 discov]+ ! slighte/ trace ( an!rs or ev5 poll5 9 ! fl[]s1 :i* are dici\s4 ,no male plants ( ?is k9d are kn[n to exi/ 9 ,engl&4 ,! embryo _c !re=e h come f ! poll51 :i* is :olly defici5t1 b mu/ h be5 =m$ entirely 9 ! ovule40,,kc ,9 ord] to obta9 a fre% & confirmatory explanation ( ?is important & isolat$ physiological ph5om5on1 ,i lately address$ myself to my "y fri5d1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook]1 :o aft] hav+ accompani$ ,sir ,james ,ross 9 8 ,ant>ctic voyage1 has n[ jo9$ ! great ,?ibeto-,himalayan exp$ition4 ,dr4 ,hook] wrote to me z foll[s f ,alex&ria1 at ! close ( ,decemb]1 #ahdg1 prior to 8 emb>kation at ,suez3 8,our ,clebogyne /ill fl[]s ) my fa!r at ,kew1 z well z 9 ! ,g>d5s ( ! ,horticultural ,society4 ,x rip5s its se$s regul>ly4 ,i h repeat$ly exam9$ x ) c>e1 b h nev] be5 able to discov] a p5etration ( poll5 utricles into ! /igma1 nor any traces ( _! pres5ce 9 ! latt] or 9 ! /yle4 ,9 my h]b>ium ! male blossoms are 9 small catk9s40 ,footnote #ge3 p4 #bab--8,l lum9\s />s40 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ocean is "o ( ^? spl5did ph5om5a ( nature :i* excite our admiration1 ev5 :5 we behold its recurr5ce e night = mon?s toge!r4 ,! ocean is phosphoresc5t 9 all zones ( ! e>?1 b he :o has n witness$ ! ph5om5on 9 ! tropics1 & especially 9 ! ,pacific1 c =m b a v imp]fect idea ( ! maje/y ( ?is brilliant spectacle4 ,! travell] on bo>d a man-(-w>1 :5 pl\gh+ ! foam+ waves be=e a fre% breeze1 feels t he c sc>cely satisfy himself ) gaz+ on ! spectacle pres5t$ by ! circl+ waves4 ,:]ev] ! %ip's side rises above ! waves1 blui% or r$di% flames seem to fla% lightn+-l upw>ds f ! keel4 ,! appe>ance pres5t$ 9 ! tropical seas on a d>k night is indescribably glori\s1 :5 %oals ( dolph9s are se5 sport+ ar\nd1 & cutt+ ! foam+ waves 9 long & circl+ l9es1 gleam+ ) bright & sp>kl+ light4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,c>iaco1 betwe5 ,cumana & ! ,p59sula ( ,maniqu>ez1 ,i h sp5t h\rs 9 enjoy+ ?is spectacle4 ,le ,g5til & ! eld] ,=/] ascrib$ ^! flames to ! electrical friction ( ! wat] on ! vessel z x glides =w>d--an explanation t mu/1 9 ! pres5t condition ( our physical k1 be reg>d$ z unt5able4,,kd ,!re are probably few subjects ( natural inve/igation :i* h excit$ s _m & su* long-cont9u$ cont5tions z ! phosphoresc5ce ( sea-wat]4 ,all t is kn[n ) c]ta9ty reg>d+ ?is mu* disput$ "q may be r$uc$ to ! foll[+ simple facts4 ,!re are _m lum9\s mollusca :i* possess ! prop]ty :5 alive ( emitt+ at w a fa9t phosphoric light2 :i* is ( a blui% t+e 9 ,n]eis noctiluca1 ,m$usa pelagica v>4 1,,ke & 9 ! pipe-l ,monophora noctiluca1 discov]$ 9 ,baud9's exp$ition4,,kf ,! lum9osity ( sea-wat] is 9 "p ow+ to liv+ light-be>+ animals1 & 9 "p to ! organic fibres & membranes ( ! same1 :5 9 a /ate ( decomposition4 ,! fir/-nam$ ( ^! causes ( ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ocean is und\bt$ly ! mo/ common & ! mo/ widely diffus$4 ,! m actively & ! m effici5tly t travell]s engag$ 9 ! /udy ( nature h le>nt to employ p[]ful microscopes1 ! m our zoological sy/ems h be5 enri*$ by new gr\ps ( mollusca & infusoria1 ^: prop]ty ( emitt+ light ei!r at w or f ext]nal /imulus has be5 recognis$4 ,! lum9osity ( ! sea1 z f> z x dep5ds on liv+ organisms1 is pr9cipally ow+1 among zoophytes1 to ! ,acaleph 7! families ( ,m$us & ,cyane71 to "s ,mollusca1 & to an innum]able ho/ ( ,infusoria4 ,among ! small ,acaleph 7,sea-nettles71 ! ,mamm>ia sc9tillans pres5ts u1 z x 71 ) ! glori\s image ( ! />ry firmam5t reflect$ 9 ! surface ( ! sea4 ,:5 full-gr[n ?is little creature sc>cely equals 9 size ! head ( a p94 ,! exi/5ce ( silice\s-%ell$ lum9\s infusoria 0 fir/ %[n by ,mi*aelis at ,kiel4 ,he obs]v$ ! coruscation ( ! ,p]id9ium4 7a ciliat$ animalcule17 ( ! ,cuirass-monad 7,proroc5trum micans71 & ( a rotif]1 :i* he nam$ ,syn*ata baltica1,,kg ! same t ,focke subsequ5tly f\nd 9 ! lagoons ( ,v5ice4 ,my di/+ui%$ fri5d & fell[ travell] 9 ,sib]ia1 ,ehr5b]g1 succe$$ 9 keep+ two lum9\s ,infusoria ( ! ,baltic alive = ne>ly two mon?s at ,b]l94 ,i exam9$ !m ) him 9 #ahcb2 & saw !m coruscate 9 a drop ( sea-wat] on ! d>k5$ field ( ! microscope4 ,:5 ^! lum9\s ,infusoria 7! l>ge/ ( :i* 0 only & ! smalle/ f to ( a ( a ,p>isian l9e 9 l5g?7 7 exhau/$1 & ceas$ to emit sp>ks1 !y w\ld r5ew _! fla%+ on be+ /imulat$ by ! addition ( acids or by ! application ( a little alcohol to ! sea-wat]4 ,by repeat$ly filt]+ fre% sea-wat]1 ,ehr5b]g succe$$ 9 procur+ a fluid 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( ^! light-emitt+ animalcules 7 accumulat$4,,kh ,?is acute obs]v] has f\nd 9 ! organs ( ! ,photo*>is :i* give (f fla%es ( light 7ei!r volunt>ily or :5 /imulat$71 a cellul> /ructure ( a gelat9\s "* 9 ! int]ior1 & :i* manife/s "s simil>ity ) ! electric organ ( ! ,gymnotus & ! ,torp$o4 8,:5 ! ,photo*>is is irritat$1 9 ea* cirrus a k9dl+ & a gleam+ ( sep>ate sp>ks may be obs]v$1 :i* gradually increase & at l5g? illum9ate ! :ole cirrus2 until ! liv+ flame runs also ov] ! back ( ?is n]eid-l animalcule1 mak+ x appe> "u ! microscope l a burn+ ?read ( sulphur ) a gre5i%-yell[ light4 ,9 ! ,oceania 7,?auman?ias7 hemisphrica1 ! numb] & position ( ! sp>ks correspond accurately1 at ! ?ick5$ base1 ) ! l>g] cirri or organs :i* alt]nate ) !m1 a circum/ance t m]its special att5tion4 ,! manife/ation ( ?is wrea? ( fire is an act ( vitality1 & ! :ole developm5t ( light an organic vital process1 :i* exhibits itself 9 ,infusorial animals z a mom5t>y sp>k ( light1 & is repeat$ aft] %ort int]vals ( re/40,,ki ,! lum9\s animals ( ! ocean appe>1 f ^! conjectures1 to prove ! exi/5ce ( a magneto-electric light-g5]at+ vital process 9 o!r classes ( animals besides fi%es1 insects1 mollusca1 & acaleph4 ,is ! secretion ( ! lum9\s fluid :i* is effus$ 9 "s animalcules1 & :i* cont9ues to %9e = a long p]iod )\t fur!r influ5ce ( ! liv+ organism 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ,lampyrides & ,elat]ides1 9 ! ,g]man & ,italian gl[-worms1 & 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cucuyo ( ! sug>-cane71 m]ely ! consequ5ce ( ! fir/ electric dis*>ge1 or is x simply dep5d5t on *emical composition8 ,! lum9osity ( insects surr\nd$ by air assur$ly dep5ds on physiological causes diff]5t f ^? :i* give rise to a lum9\s condition 9 aquatic animals1 fi%es1 ,m$us1 & ,infusoria4 ,! small ,infusoria ( ! ocean1 be+ surr\nd$ by /rata ( salt-wat] :i* con/itutes a p[]ful conduct+ m$ium1 mu/ be capable ( an enorm\s electric t5sion ( _! fla%+ organs to enable !m to %9e s vividly 9 ! wat]4 ,!y /rike l ! ,torp$o1 ! ,gymnotus1 & ! ,electric ,silurus ( ! ,nile1 ?r\gh ! /ratum ( wat]3 :il/ electric fi%es :i*1 9 connection ) ! galvanic circuit1 are capable ( decompos+ wat]1 & ( imp>t+ magnetic p[] to /eel ne$les4 7z ,i %[$ m ?an half a c5tury ago1,,kj & z ,john ,davy has m rec5tly confirm$1,,kk7 yield no indications ( electricity ?r\gh ! smalle/ int]v5+ /ratum ( flame4 ,! consid]ations :i* we h "h develop$ r5d] x probable t "o & ! same process op]ates1 alike 9 ! smalle/ liv+ organisms invisible to ! nak$ eye1 9 ! conte/s ( ! s]p5t-l ,gymnoti1 9 ! fla%+ lum9\s ,infusoria :i* imp>t su* glori\s brilliancy to ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 9 ! ?und]-cl\d & 9 ! t]re/rial or pol> light 7! sil5t magnetic fla%es71 :i*1 caus$ by an increas$ t5sion ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 are ann\nc$1 = "s h\rs previ\sly1 by ! sudd5 v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le4,,kl ,sometimes "o _c1 ev5 ) high magnify+ p[]s1 discov] any animalcules 9 ! lum9\s wat]2 & yet1 :]ev] a wave breaks 9 foam aga9/ a h>d body1 &1 inde$1 :]ev] wat] is viol5tly agitat$1 fla%es ( light become visible4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on dep5ds probably on ! decompos+ fibres ( dead ,mollusca1 :i* are diffus$ 9 ! greate/ abundance ?r\gh\t ! wat]4 ,if ?is lum9\s wat] be filt]$ ?r\gh f9ely wov5 clo?s1 ! fibres & membranes appe> l sep>ate lum9\s po9ts4 ,:5 we ba!d at ,cumana1 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 & walk$ nak$ on ! solit>y bea* 9 ! beautiful ev5+ air1 p>ts ( our bodies rema9$ lum9\s f ! bright fibres & organic membranes :i* adh]$ to ! sk91 nor did !y lose ?is light = "s m9utes4 ,if we consid] ! enorm\s quantity ( ,mollusca :i* animate all tropical seas1 we c h>dly wond] t sea-wat] %\ld be lum9\s1 ev5 :]e no fibres c be visibly sep>at$ f x4 ,f ! endless subdivision ( ! masses ( dead ,dagys & ,m$us ! :ole ocean may1 9 fact1 be reg>d$ z a fluid conta9+ gelat9e1 &1 z su*1 lum9\s & ( a nause\s ta/e2 unfit = ! use ( man1 b capable ( af=d+ n\ri%m5t to _m species ( fi%4 ,on rubb+ a bo>d ) a portion ( ! ,m$usa hysocella1 ! surface ?us rubb$ recov]s its phosphoresc5ce :5 friction is appli$ by means ( ! dry f+]4 ,dur+ my voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica ,i occasionally plac$ a ,m$usa on a t9 plate1 & ,i !n obs]v$ t if ,i /ruck ! plate ) ano!r metallic sub/ance ! slighte/ vibrations ( ! t9 7 suffici5t to cause ! animal to emit light4 ,h[ d ! bl[ & ! vibrations "h act8 ,is ! temp]ature mom5t>ily augm5t$1 or are new surfaces pres5t$8 or1 aga91 does "s gase\s matt] su* z phosphurett$ hydrog51 exude 9 consequ5ce ( ?is impulse1 & burn :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 or ) t dissolv$ 9 ! sea-wat]1 & by :i* ! respiration ( ! ,mollusca is ma9ta9$8 ,?is light-excit+ effect ( ! bl[ is mo/ rem>kable 9 a cross or sug>-loaf sea1 7m] clapoteuse17 :]e ! waves1 cla%+ f opposite directions1 rise 9 a conical =m4 ,i h se5 ! ocean1 9 ! tropics1 lum9\s 9 ! mo/ opposite k9ds ( wea!r1 b mo/ /rongly s be=e a /orm1 or 9 a sultry & hazy atmosph]e ) ?ick cl\ds4 ,heat & cold appe> to ex]cise b little influ5ce on ?is ph5om5on1 =1 on ! ,bank ( ,newf\ndl&1 ! phosphoresc5ce is frequ5tly v brilliant 9 ! sev]e/ w9t]4 ,occasionally1 too1 ! sea w be highly lum9\s "o night1 & n at all s on ! foll[+1 not)/&+ an app>5t id5tity ( ext]nal conditions4 ,does ! atmosph]e fav\r ?is developm5t ( light8 or d all ! diff]5ces obs]v$ dur+ ?is ph5om5on dep5d on ! accid5tal circum/ance ( ! sea be+ m or less impregnat$1 9 "s p>ts1 ) ! gelat9\s portions ( mollusca8 ,p]haps ^! phosphoresc5t social animalcules only rise to ! surface "u c]ta9 conditions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x has be5 ask$1 :y our fre%-wat] swamps :i* are fill$ ) polyps are n phosphoresc5t4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 bo? 9 animals & plants1 a peculi> mixture ( organic p>ticles fav\rs ?is developm5t ( light2 ?us1 = in/ance1 ! wood ( ! will[ is m frequ5tly f\nd to be lum9\s ?an t ( ! oak4 ,9 ,engl&1 salt-wat] has be5 r5d]$ lum9\s by mix+ h]r+-br9e ) x2 inde$1 x w be easy = any "o to conv9ce himself by galvanic exp]im5ts1 t ! lum9osity ( liv+ animals dep5ds on n]v\s irritation4 ,i h obs]v$ /rong phosphoresc5ce emitt$ f a dy+ ,elat] noctilucus1 on t\*+ ! ganglion ( its =e leg ) z9c & silv]4 ,m$us also occasionally emit a /rong] light at ! mom5t ! galvanic circuit is complet$4,,km ,footnote #gf3 p4 #bac--8,:i* inhabits ! lungs ( ! ,rattlesnake ( ! tropics40 ,! animal :i* ,i =m]ly nam$ an ,e*9orhyn*us1 & to :i* ,i ev5 appli$ ! t]m ,porocephalus1 appe>s1 on a clos] inspection1 accord+ to ,rudolphi's bett] gr\nd$ op9ion1 to belong to ! division ( ,p5ta/oma4,,kn ,x is f\nd 9 ! abdom9al cavity & ! wide-cell$ lungs ( a species ( ,crotalus1 :i*1 9 ,cumana1 occasionally infe/s ev5 ! int]ior ( h\ses1 & preys on mice4 ,! ,asc>is lumbrici,,ko lives b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! common e>?-worm1 & is ! smalle/ ( all ! species ( ,asc>is4 ,leucophra nodulata1 ,glei*5's pe>l animalcule1 has be5 obs]v$ by ,otto ,fri$ri* ,mll] 9 ! int]ior ( ! r$di% ,nais littoralis4,,kp ,x is probable t ^! microscopic animals are1 9 _! turn1 inhabit$ by o!rs4 ,all are surr\nd$ by air1 defici5t 9 oxyg51 & copi\sly *>g$ ) hydrog5 & c>bonic acid4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r any animal c\ld exi/ 9 pure nitrog51 al?\gh su* an op9ion did1 =m]ly inde$1 seem w>rant$ ) ref]5ce to ,fis*]'s ,ci/idicola f>ionis1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,f\rcroy's exp]im5ts1 ! swimm+-bladd] ( fi% 0 presum$ to conta9 air :olly devoid ( oxyg54 ,b ! exp]im5ts made by ,erman1 & confirm$ by myself1 prove t ! swimm+-bladd] ( fre%-wat] fi% nev] conta9s pure nitrog54,,kq ,9 sea fi% z mu* z #jhj p>ts ( oxyg5 h be5 f\nd1 :ile1 accord+ to ,biot's views1 ! purity ( ! air dep5ds on ! dep? at :i* ! fi%es live4,,kr ,footnote #gg3 p4 #bad--8,! unit$ ,li?ophytes40 ,accord+ to ,l9nu & ,ellis ! calc>e\s ,zoophytes1 7among :i* ,madrepores1 ,me&r91 ,a/r1 & ,pocillopor especially produce mural coral-reefs17 are inhabit$ & inve/$ by animalcules1 :i* 7 long suppos$ to be alli$ to ! ,n]eids belong+ to ,cuvi]'s ,annelida 7jo9t$ worms74 ,! anatomy ( ^! gelat9\s animalcules has be5 made kn[n by ! acute & compreh5sive rese>*es ( ,cavol9i1 ,savigny1 & ,ehr5b]g4 ,we h le>n$ t1 9 ord] to und]/& ! :ole organism ( ! 7s-call$7 rock-build+ animals1 we mu/ n consid] ! scaffold+ :i* rema9s aft] _! dea?1 namely1 ! lay]s ( lime =m$ into delicate lamell by a vital function ( secretion1 z =eign to ! s(t membranes ( ! food-receiv+ animal4 ,besides our increas$ k ( ! wond]ful =mation ( ! liv+ coral-/ocks1 a m correct view has gradually ga9$ gr\nd respect+ ! ext5sive influ5ce :i* ! coral _w has ex]cis$ on ! appe>ance ( l[ isl& gr\ps above ! level ( ! sea1 on ! migration ( l&-plants1 & ! successive ext5sion ( ! doma9 ( ! ,floras1 &1 inde$1 9 "s p>ts ( ! ocean1 on ! di/ribution ( ! human race & ( languages4 ,z m9ute social organisms ! corals play an important "p 9 ! g5]al economy ( nature1 al?\gh !y d n1 z p began to believe aft] ,capt4 ,cook's voyages ( discov]y1 build up isl&s or enl>ge cont95ts f almo/ unfa?omable dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,!y excite ! livelie/ int]e/1 :e!r reg>d$ z physiological objects1 & z illu/rat+ ! v>i\s gradations ( animal =m1 or 9 connection ) ! geography ( plants1 & ! geogno/ic relations ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,accord+ to ! compreh5sive views ( ,leopold von ,bu*1 ! :ole ,jura-=mation consi/s ( 8l>ge elevat$ coral-banks ( ! anci5t _w1 surr\nd+ at a c]ta9 di/ance ! old m\nta9 *a9s40 ,accord+ to ,ehr5b]g's classification1,,ks coral-animals1 79 ,engli% works (t5 incorrectly t]m$ coral-insects17 are sep>able into ! mono/om\s ,an?ozoa1 :i* are ei!r free & ) ! p[] ( deta*+ !mselves1 z ,animal-corals2 or are atta*$ 9 ! mann] ( plants1 z ,phyto-corals4 ,to ! fir/ ord] 7,zoocorallia7 belong ! ,hydras or ,armpolyps ( ,trembley1 ! ,act9i1 radiant ) ! mo/ spl5did col\rs1 & ! mu%room-corals2 & to ! second ord] belong ! ,madrepores1 ! ,a/r1 & ! ,ocell94 ,! ,polyps ( ! second ord] are ^? :i* f _! cellul>1 wave-resi/+1 wall-works are ! pr9cipal subject ( ?is illu/ration4 ,! wall-"w is compos$ ( ! aggregate ( ! coral-trunks1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n sudd5ly lose _! comb9$ vitality1 l a dead =e/ tree4 ,e coral-trunk arises by a process ( gemmation 9 accordance ) c]ta9 laws1 & =ms "o complete /ructure1 ea* portion be+ =m$ by a great numb] ( organically di/9ct individual animals4 ,9 ! gr\p ( ,phyto-corals ^! _c sep>ate !mselves spontane\sly1 b rema9 unit$ ) "o ano!r by lamell ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,h5ce ea* coral-trunk by no means possesses a c5tral po9t ( common vitality4,,kt ,! propagation ( coral-animals1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! ord]s1 is by eggs1 spontane\s division or gemmation4 ,?is la/ k9d ( propagation pres5ts ! greate/ v>iety ( =ms 9 ! developm5t ( individuals4 ,! ,coral-reefs 7or1 z ,dioscorides designates !m1 sea-plants1 a =e/ ( /ony-trees1 ,li?od5dra71 are ( ?ree k9ds2 namely1 ,coa/-reefs1 7%ore-reefs1 fr++-reefs71 :i* are directly connect$ ) cont95tal or insul> coa/s1 z on ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,new ,holl&1 betwe5 ,s&y ,cape & ! dread$ ,torres ,/raits1 & almo/ all ! coral-banks ( ! ,r$ ,sea exam9$ = eighte5 mon?s by ,ehr5b]g & ,hempri*2 ,isl&-surr\nd+ reefs 7b>ri]-reefs1 encircl+-reefs71 z at ,vanikoro 9 ! small ar*ipelago ( ,santa ,cruz1 nor? ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 & at ,puynipete1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9as2 & ,coral-banks surr\nd+ lagoons 7,atolls or ,lagoon-isl&s74 ,?is v natural division & nom5clature h be5 introduc$ by ,*>les ,d>w91 & are mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! v +5i\s explanation :i* ?is intellectual naturali/ has giv5 ( ! gradual orig9 ( ^! wond]ful =ms4 ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 ,cavol9i1 ,ehr5b]g1 & ,savigny h complet$ ! sci5tific anatomical k ( ! organization ( coral-animals1 on ! o!r1 ! geographical & geological relations ( coral-isl&s h be5 inve/igat$1 fir/ by ,re9hold & ,george ,=/] 9 ,cook's second voyage1 & !n1 aft] a long int]val1 by ,*amisso1 ,pron1 ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 ,fl9d]s1 ,ltke1 ,bee*ey1 ,d>w91 d',urville1 & ,lott94 ,! coral-animals & _! /ony cellul> scaffold+s belong1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ! w>m tropical seas2 & ! reefs occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,?us we f9d ! ,atolls or ,lagoon ,isl&s cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! s-call$ coral-sea betwe5 ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,new ,holl&1 ,new ,cal$onia1 ,solomon's ,isl&s1 & ! ,l\isiade ,ar*ipelago2 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,l[ ,isl&s 7,l[ ,ar*ipelago71 eighty 9 numb]2 9 ! ,fidji1 ,ellice1 & ,gilb]t ,isl&s2 & 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 nor?-ea/ ( ,madagasc>1 "u ! "n ( ! ,atoll gr\p ( ,saya de ,malha4 ,! great ,*agos ,bank1 ^: /ructure & dead coral-trunks h be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,capta9s ,moresby & ,p[ell1 is ! m int]e/+ to u1 because we may reg>d x z a prolongation ( ! m nor!rn ,laccadive & ,maldive ,isl&s4 ,i h previ\sly direct$ att5tion 9 ano!r "w,,ku to ! importance ( ! ord] ( succession ( ! ,atolls1 :i* are exactly 9 ! direction ( a m]idian z f> z #g s\? lat41 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al m\nta9 sy/em1 & ! =m ( ! e>?'s surface1 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! m]idian-*a9s1 :i* m>k ! int]section ( _m m\nta9-sy/ems runn+ f ea/ to we/ at ! great b5d ( ! ,?ibetian riv] ,tzang-bo1 correspond ) ! great m]idian m\nta9 ramp>t ( ! ,ghauts & ( ! m nor!rn ,bolor 9 fur!r or trans-,gangetic ,india4 ,"h lie ! p>allel *a9s ( ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,siam1 & ,malacca1 z well z ^? ( ,ava & ,arracan1 :i*1 aft] c\rses ( unequal l5g?1 all t]m9ate 9 ! gulfs ( ,siam1 ,m>taban1 & ,b5gal4 ,! bay ( ,b5gal appe>s l an arre/$ ef=t ( nature to produce an inl& sea4 ,a deep inbreak ( ! wat]s1 betwe5 ! simple we/]n sy/em ( ! ,ghauts1 & ! v complex ea/]n trans-,gangetic sy/em1 has swall[$ up a great "p ( ! ea/]n l[l&s1 b met ) an imp$im5t n s easily ov]come 9 ! e>ly exi/+ & ext5sive table-l& ( ,mysore4 ,an oceanic inbreak ( ?is nature has giv5 rise to two almo/ pyramidal p59sulas ( v diff]5t l5g? & n>r[ness2 & ! prolongation ( two oppos+ m]idian sy/ems1 ! m\nta9 sy/em ( ,malacca 9 ! ea/1 & ! ,ghauts ( ,malab> 9 ! we/1 manife/s itself 9 subm>9e1 symmetrical s]ies ( isl&s1 on ! "o side 9 ! ,&aman & ,nicob> ,isl&s1 :i* are poor 9 corals1 & on ! o!r 9 ?ree long-ext5d$ ar*ipelagos ( ,atolls--! ,laccadives1 ! ,maldives1 & ,*agos4 ,! la/1 call$ by m>9]s ! ,*agos ,bank1 =ms a lagoon1 belt$ by a n>r[1 & already mu* brok5 coral-reef4 ,! l5g? ( ?is lagoon is #hh1 & its bread? #gb miles4 ,:il/ ! enclos$ lagoon is only f #ag to #dj fa?oms deep1 bottom 0 sc>cely f\nd at a dep? ( #baj fa?oms at a small di/ance f ! out] m>g9 ( ! coral wall1 :i* appe>s to be n[ s9k+4,,kv ,at ! coral-lagoon1 kn[n z ,keel+-,atoll1 s\? ( ,sumatra1 ,capta9 ,fitz-,roy /ates1 t at only #bjjj y>ds f ! reef1 no s\nd+s 7 f\nd ) #gbjj feet ( l9e4 8,! =ms ( coral1 :i* 9 ! ,r$ ,sea rise 9 ?ick wall-l masses1 are ,m&r91 ,a/r1 ,favia1 ,madrepores 7,porites71 ,pocillopora 7,hempri*ii71 ,millepores1 & ,het]opores4 ,! latt] are among ! mo/ massive1 al?\gh !y are bran*$4 ,! deepe/ coral trunks1 :i* magnifi$ by ! refraction ( light1 appe> to ! eye to resemble ! dome ( a ca!dral1 belong1 z f> z c\ld be det]m9$1 to ,m&r9 & ,a/r40,,kw ,a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 s+le & 9 "p free polyp-trunks1 & ^? :i* =m wall-l rocks4 ,if ! accumulation ( build+ polyp-trunks 9 "s regions is s /rik+1 x is no less a/oni%+ to obs]ve ! p]fect abs5ce ( ^! /ructures 9 o!r & (t5 adjac5t regions4 ,_! pres5ce or abs5ce mu/ be det]m9$ by c]ta91 /ill un9ve/igat$1 relations ( curr5ts1 by ! p>tial temp]ature ( ! wat]1 & by ! abundance or defici5cy ( nutrim5t4 ,t c]ta9 delicate-bran*$ corals1 ) less calc>e\s deposition on ! side opposite to ! m\?1 pref] ! /illness ( ! int]ior lagoons1 is n to be d5i$2 b ?is pref]5ce = /ill wat] mu/ n1 z has too (t5 happ5$1,,kx be reg>d$ z a peculi>ity ( ! :ole class ( ^! animals4 ,accord+ to ! exp]i5ces ( ,ehr5b]g & ,*amisso 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & 9 ! ,m>%all ,isl&s1 :i* ab\nd 9 ,atolls & lie ea/ ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 & accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,capta9s ,bird ,all5 & ,moresby 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ! ,maldives1 we f9d t liv+ ,madrepores1 ,millepores1 ,a/rz1 & ,m&r9as1 c support 8a trem5d\s surf20,,ky & inde$ seem to pref] localities ! mo/ expos$ to ! action ( /orms4 ,! vital =ces ( ! organism regulat+ ! cellul> /ructure1 :i* ) age acquires a rocky h>dness1 resi/ mo/ triumphantly ! me*anical =ces1--! %ock ( mov+ wat]s4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,pacific !re is a p]fect abs5ce ( coral-reefs at ! ,galapagos & along ! :ole ( ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 not)/&+ _! vic9ity to ! num]\s ,atolls ( ! ,l[ ,isl&s1 & ! ,ar*ipelago ( ,m5daa or ! ,m>quesas4 ,x is true t ! curr5t ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 :i* wa%es ! coa/s ( ,*ili & ,p]u4 7& ^: l[ temp]ature ,i obs]v$ 9 ! ye> #ahjb17 is only #fj4a ,fahr41 :ile ! undi/urb$ wat] at ! sides ( ! cold curr5t is f #ha4e to #hc4g ,fahr4 at ,punta ,p>ima1 :]e x deflects to ! we/4 ,moreov] at ! ,galapagos !re are small curr5ts betwe5 ! isl&s1 hav+ a temp]ature ( only #eh4c ,fahr4 ,b ?is l[] temp]ature does n prevail fur!r nor?w>ds along ! coa/s ( ! ,pacific f ,guayaquil to ,guatimala & ,mexico1 nei!r does x prevail 9 ! ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s1 on ! :ole we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 or at ! small isl&s ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,asc5sion1 & ,san ,f]n&o ,noronha2 yet 9 none ( ^! are !re coral-reefs4 ,if ?is abs5ce ( reefs *>act]ises ! we/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,new ,holl&1 !y are1 on ! o!r h&1 ( frequ5t occurr5ce on ! ea/]n coa/s ( tropical ,am]ica1 on ! ,african coa/ ( ,zanzib>1 & on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! be/ opportunities ,i h enjoy$ = p]sonally exam9+ coral banks h be5 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & s\? ( ! ,isl& ( ,cuba1 9 ! s-call$ 8,g>d5s ( ! ,k+ & ,que50 7,j>d9es y ,j>d9illos del ,rey y de la ,reyna74 ,x 0 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus himself :o1 on 8 second voyage1 9 ,may1 #adid1 gave ?is "n to ?is little gr\p ( isl&s1 because f ! pleasant association ( ! silv]-leav$ arboresc5t ,t\rne=tia gnapholoides1 ( fl[]+ species ( ,doli*os1 ( ,avic5nia nitida1 & mangrove-?ickets 7,rhizophora71 ! coral-isl&s =m$ z x 7 an ar*ipelago ( float+ g>d5s4 8,son ,cayos v]des y graciosos ll5os de arbol$as10 says ! admiral4 ,on my voyage f ,batabano to ,tr9idad de ,cuba1 ,i rema9$ = sev]al days 9 ^! g>d5s1 :i* lie to ! ea/ ( ! great ,isle ( ,p9es1 ab\nd+ 9 mahogany1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! longitude ( ! diff]5t ,cayos4 ,! ,cayos ,flam5co1 ,bonito1 de ,diego ,p]ez1 & de ,pi$ras1 are coral isl&s1 ris+ only f #h to #ae in*es above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! upp] edge ( ! reef does n consi/ m]ely ( dead polyp-trunks1 b is r =m$ ( a true conglom]ate1 9 :i* angul> pieces ( coral1 ly+ 9 v>i\s directions1 are emb$d$ 9 a cem5t compos$ ( granules ( qu>tz4 ,9 ,cayo de ,pi$ras ,i saw su* emb$d$ masses ( coral1 "s ( !m measur+ upw>ds ( ?ree cubic feet4 ,sev]al ( ! ,we/ ,indian small] coral isl&s h fre% wat]1 a ph5om5on :i* m]its a c>eful inve/igation :]ev] x occurs 7z = in/ance ne> ,radak 9 ! ,s\? ,sea71,,kz s9ce x has sometimes be5 ascrib$ to hydro/atic pressure1 act+ f a di/ant coa/ 7z 9 ,v5ice1 & 9 ! ,bay ( ,xagua1 ea/ ( ,batabano71 & sometimes to ! filtration ( ra9-wat]4,,la ,! liv+ gelat9\s cov]+ ( ! calc>e\s fabric ( ! coral-trunks attracts fi%es & ev5 turtles 9 se>* ( food4 ,9 ! "t ( ,columbus ! n[ desolate di/rict ( ! ,j>d9es del ,rey 0 animat$ by a s+ul> bran* ( indu/ry pursu$ by ! inhabitants ( ! sea-coa/s ( ,cuba1 :o avail$ !mselves ( a little fi%1 ! ,remora1 or suck+-fi% 7! s-call$ ,%ip-hold]71 probably ! ,e*5eis naucrates1 = cat*+ turtles4 ,a long & /rong l9e1 made ( ! fibres ( ! palm1 0 atta*$ to ! tail ( ! fi%4 ,! ,remora 7call$ 9 ,spani% ,reves1 or rev]s$1 because at fir/ sight ! back & abdom5 might easily be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r71 atta*es itself by suction to ! turtle ?r\gh ! ind5t$ & moveable c>tilag9\s plates ( ! upp] %ell t cov]s ! head4 ,! ,remora1 says ,columbus1 w\ld r let itself be torn to pieces ?an rel9qui% its prey1 & ! little fi% & ! turtle are ?us drawn out ( ! wat] toge!r4 8,no/rates10 says ,m>t9 ,anghi]a1 ! le>n$ secret>y ( ,*>les ,v1 8piscem ,rev]sum appellant1 quod v]sus v5atur4 ,non alit] ac nos canibus gallicis p] quora campi lepores insectamur1 illi 7incol ,cub insul7 v5atorio pisce pisces alios capiebant40,,lb ,we le>n f ,dampi] & ,comm]son1 t ?is artifice ( employ+ a suck+-fi% to cat* o!r fi%es is v common on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,africa1 ne> ,cape ,natal & ,mozambique1 z well z on ! isl& ( ,madagasc>4,,lc ,an acqua9tance ) ! habits ( animals1 & ! same necessities1 lead to simil> artifices & modes ( capture among/ tribes hav+ no connection ) "o ano!r4 ,al?\gh1 z we h already rem>k$1 ! actual seat ( ! ,li?ophytes :o build calc>e\s walls1 lies )9 a zone ext5d+ f #bb to #bd degrees on ei!r side ( ! equator1 yet coral-reefs1 fav\r$1 x is suppos$1 by ! w>m ,gulf ,/ream1 are met ) ar\nd ! ,b]mudas 9 #cb #bc lat41 & ^! h be5 admirably describ$ by ,lieut5ant ,nelson4,,ld ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e corals 7,millepores & ,cellepores7 are f\nd s+ly z f> z ,*iloe & ev5 to ! ,*onos-,ar*ipelago & ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 9 #ec lat41 :ile ,retepores h ev5 be5 f\nd z f> z #gb lat4 ,s9ce ,capta9 ,cook's second voyage1 ! hypo!sis advanc$ by him z well z by ,re9hold & ,george ,=/]1 t ! flat coral isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific h be5 built up by liv+ ag5ts f ! dep?s ( ! sea's bottom1 has f\nd num]\s advocates4 ,! di/+ui%$ naturali/s ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 :o accompani$ ,capta9 ,freyc9et on 8 voyage ( circumnavigation 9 ! frigate 8,uranie10 7 ! fir/ :o express$ !mselves1 9 #ahbc1 ) mu* fre$om aga9/ ! views advanc$ by ! two ,=/]s 7fa!r & son71 by ,fl9d]s1 & ,pron4,,le 8,9 direct+ ! att5tion ( naturali/s to coral-animalcules10 !y say1 8we hope to be able to prove t all :i* has be5 hi!rto affirm$ or believ$ up to ! pres5t "t1 reg>d+ ! imm5se /ructures !y are capable ( rais+1 is = ! mo/ "p inexact1 & 9 all cases v greatly exagg]at$4 ,we are r ( op9ion t coral-animalcules1 in/ead ( re>+ p]p5dicul> walls f ! dep?s ( ! ,ocean1 only =m /rata or incru/rations ( "s few toises 9 ?ickness40 ,quoy & ,gaim>d 7p4 #bhi7 h also express$ an op9ion1 t ,atolls 7coral walls inclos+ a lagoon7 owe _! orig9 to subm>9e volcanic crat]s4 ,!y h und\bt$ly und]rat$ ! dep? at :i* animals :o con/ruct coral-reefs 7z = example ! ,a/ra7 c exi/1 z !y place ! extreme limits at f #bf to #cb feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,*>les ,d>w91 a naturali/1 :o has kn[n h[ to enhance ! value ( 8 own obs]vations by a comp>ison ) ^? ( o!rs 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 places ! region ( liv+ coral-animals at a dep? ( #bj or #cj fa?oms1,,lf :i* corresponds ) t 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes f\nd ! greate/ numb] ( corals 9 ! gean ,sea4 ,?is is ,pr(essor ,=bes's f\r? region ( m>9e-animals1 z giv5 9 8 +5i\s memoir on ! ,prov9ces ( ,dep?1 & ! geographical di/ribution ( ,mollusca at p]p5dicul> di/ances f ! surface4,,lg ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! dep? at :i* corals live is v diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t species1 especially 9 ! m delicate ones :i* d n =m su* consid]able /ructures4 ,sir ,james ,ross1 9 8 ,ant>ctic exp$ition1 br\ght up corals f a great dep? ) ! lead2 & ^! he remitt$ = accurate exam9ation to ,mr4 ,/okes & ,pr(essor ,=bes4 ,we/w>d ( ,victoria ,l&1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,c\lman ,isl&1 9 #gb #ca s\? lat41 & at a dep? ( #bgj fa?oms1 ,retepora cellulosa1 a ,horn]a1 & ,prymnoa ,rossii4 7! latt] v simil> to a species common to ! coa/s ( ,norway17 7 f\nd alive & 9 a p]fectly fre% condition4,,lh ,9 ! f> nor? too1 ! ,gre5l& ,umbell>ia ,grnl&ica has be5 br\ght up alive by :ale fi%]s f a dep? ( #bcf fa?oms4,,li ,! same relation betwe5 species & locality is met ) among sponges1 :i* h[ev] are n[ reg>d$ z belong+ m to plants ?an to zoophytes4 ,on ! %ores ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! common m>9e sponge is br\ght up f dep?s v>y+ f #e to #cf fa?oms1 al?\gh "o v small species ( ! same g5us is only f\nd at a dep? ( at lea/ #ahj fa?oms4,,lj ,x is difficult to div9e :at h9d]s ! ,a/rz1 ,madrepores1 ,m&r9as1 & ! :ole gr\p ( tropical phyto-corals1 :i* are capable ( con/ruct+ l>ge cellul> calc>e\s walls1 f liv+ 9 v deep /rata ( wat]4 ,! decrease ( temp]ature is v gradual1 ! dim9ution ( light ne>ly ! same1 & ! exi/5ce ( num]\s ,infusoria at great dep?s ( ! ,ocean proves t !re _c "h be any defici5cy ( food = polyps4 ,9 opposition to ! hi!rto g5]ally adopt$ op9ion respect+ ! abs5ce ( all organisms & liv+ creatures 9 ! ,dead ,sea1 x is wor?y ( notice t my fri5d & fell[-lab\r]1 ,m4 ,val5ci5nes1 has receiv$1 ?r\gh ! ,m>quis ,*>les de l',escalopi]1 & ?r\gh ! ,fr5* ,consul ,botta1 beautiful specim5s ( ,porites elongata f ! ,dead ,sea4 ,?is fact is ! m int]e/+1 because ?is species is n f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 b only 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i*1 accord+ to ,val5ci5nes1 has b few organisms 9 common ) ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,z a sea-fi%1 a species ( ,pleuronectes1 advances f> into ! int]ior ( ,france1 & accu/oms itself to gill-respiration 9 fre% wat]1 s also does a rem>kable flexibility ( organization exi/ 9 ! above-m5tion$ coral-animal 7,porites elongata ( ,lam>ck71 z ! same species lives bo? 9 ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* is sup]saturat$ ) salt1 & 9 ! op5 ocean ne> ! ,s*elles ,isl&s4,,lk ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t *emical analyses ( ! y\ng] ,silliman1 ! g5us ,porites1 l _m o!r cellul> coral-trunks 7,madrepores1 ,a/rz1 & ,m&r9as ( ,ceylon & ! ,b]mudas71 conta9s besides f #ib to #ie p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & magnesia1 a portion ( fluor9e & phosphoric acid4,,ll ,! pres5ce ( fluor9e 9 ! h>d skeleton ( ! polyps rem9ds u ( ! fluoride ( calcium f\nd 9 fi% bones accord+ to ,more*9i's & ,gay-,lussac's exp]im5ts at ,rome4 ,silex is mix$ only 9 v small quantities1 ) ! fluoride ( calcium & phosphate ( lime f\nd 9 ! coral-trunks2 b "o coral animal alli$ to ! ,horn corals 7,gray's ,hyalonema1 ,glass ?read7 has an axis ( fibres ( pure silex1 resembl+ a hang+ tuft ( hair4 ,pr(essor ,=*hamm]1 :o has rec5tly be5 engag$ 9 a ?or\gh analysis ( sea-wat] 9 ! mo/ opposite p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 f9ds ! quantity ( lime 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea rem>kably small1 x be+ only 1 :il/ 9 ! ,cattegat x am\nts to 4 ,he is dispos$ to ascribe ?is diff]5ce to ! num]\s coral-banks ne> ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :i* appropriate ! lime to !mselves1 & ?us exhau/ ! sea-wat]4,,lm ,*>les ,d>w9 has ) great +5uity develop$ ! g5etic connection betwe5 %ore-reefs1 isl&-encircl+ reefs1 & lagoon isl&s1 i4 e41 n>r[1 annul> coral banks :i* surr\nd inn] lagoons4 ,accord+ to 8 views1 ^! ?ree k9ds ( /ructure dep5d ^u ! oscillat+ condition ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 or on p]iodical elevations & subsid5ces4 ,! (t5-advanc$ hypo!sis1 accord+ to :i* ! lagoon-isl&s1 or atolls1 m>k by _! circul>ly enclos$ coral-reefs1 ! outl9e ( a subm>9e crat]1 rais$ on a volcanic crat]-m>g91 is oppos$ by ! great ext5t ( _! diamet]s1 :i* are 9 "s in/ances upw>ds ( #cj1 #dj1 or ev5 #fj miles4 ,our fire-emitt+ m\nta9s h no su* crat]s1 & if we w\ld comp>e ! lagoon1 ) its subm]g$ mural surface & n>r[ encircl+ reef1 ) "o ( ! annul> lun> m\nta9s1 we mu/ n =get t ^! annul> m\nta9s are n volcanoes1 b tracts ( l& enclos$ by walls4 ,accord+ to ,d>w91 ! foll[+ is ! process ( =mation4 ,an isl& m\nta9 closely encircl$ by a coral reef subsides1 :ile ! fr++ reef t _h sunk ) x1 is con/antly recov]+ its level ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! coral animals to rega9 ! surface by r5ew$ p]p5dicul> /ructures2 ^! con/itute fir/ a reef encircl+ ! isl& at a di/ance1 & subsequ5tly1 :5 ! inclos$ isl& has :olly subsid$1 an atoll4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :i* reg>ds isl&s z ! mo/ prom95t p>ts1 or ! culm9at+ po9ts ( ! subm>9e l&1 ! relative position ( ! coral isl&s w\ld disclose to u :at we c\ld sc>cely hope to discov] by ! s\nd+ l9e1 viz41 ! =m] configuration & articulation ( ! l&4 ,?is attractive subject 7to ! connection ( :i* ) ! migrations ( plants & ! di/ribution ( ! races ( m5 we drew att5tion at ! beg9n+ ( ?is note71 c only be fully elucidat$ :5 we %all succe$ 9 acquir+ fur!r k ( ! dep? & nature ( ! diff]5t rocks :i* s]ve z a f\ndation = ! l[] /rata ( ! dead polyp-trunks4 ,footnote #gh3 p4 #baf--8,( ! ,samo?racian ,traditions40 ,diodorus has pres]v$ to u ^! rem>kable traditions1 ! probability ( :i* has inve/$ !m ) almo/ hi/orical c]ta9ty 9 ! eyes ( geologi/s4 ,! isl& ( ,samo?race1 once also nam$ ,e?iopea1 ,d>dania1 & ,leucania or ,leucosia 9 ! ,s*olia/ ( ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ! seat ( ! anci5t my/]ies ( ! ,cabiri1 0 inhabit$ by ! remnant ( an aborig9al p1 sev]al words ( ^: v]nacul> language 7 pres]v$ 9 lat] times 9 sacrificial c]emonies4 ,! position ( ,samo?race1 opposite to ! ,?racian ,hebrus1 & ne> ! ,d>danelles1 expla9s :y a m circum/antial tradition ( ! great cata/rophe ( an outbur/ ( ! wat]s ( ! ,pontus 7,eux9e7 %\ld h be5 especially pres]v$ 9 ?is isl&4 ,sacr$ rites 7 "h p]=m$ at alt>s erect$ on ! suppos$ limits ( ?is inundation2 & among ! ,samo?racians1 z well z ! ,betians1 a belief 9 ! p]iodical de/ruction ( ! human race 7a belief :i* also prevail$ among ! ,mexicans 9 _! my? ( ! f\r de/ructions ( ! _w7 0 associat$ ) hi/orical recollections ( individual inundations4,,ln ,accord+ to ,diodorus1 ! ,samo?racians relat$ t ! ,black ,sea _h be5 an inl& lake1 :i*1 swell$ by ! influx ( riv]s 7long prior to ! inundations :i* _h occurr$ among o!r nations7 _h bur/1 fir/ ?r\gh ! /raits ( ! ,bosphorus1 & subsequ5tly ?r\gh ^? ( ! ,hellespont4,,lo ,^! anci5t revolutions ( nature h be5 consid]$ 9 a special treatise1 by ,dureau de la ,malle1 & all ! facts kn[n reg>d+ !m collect$ by ,c>l von ,h(f1 9 an important "w on ! subject4,,lp ,! ,samo?racian traditions seem reflect$ z x 7 9 ! ,sluice-!ory ( ,/rato ( ,lampsacus1 accord+ to :i* ! swell+ ( ! wat]s 9 ! ,eux9e fir/ =m$ ! passage ( ! ,d>danelles1 & next ! op5+ ?r\gh ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,/rabo1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,geography1 has pres]v$ among ! critical extracts f ! works ( ,erato/h5es1 a rem>kable fragm5t ( ! lo/ "w ( ,/rato1 :i* pres5ts views t embrace almo/ ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 8,/rato ( ,lampsacus10 says ,/rabo1,,lq 8ent]s m fully ?an ! ,lydian ,xan?us 7:o has describ$ ! impressions ( %ells f> f ! sea7 into a consid]ation ( ! causes ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,he ma9ta9s1 t ! ,eux9e _h =m]ly no outlet at ,byzantium1 b t ! pressure ( ! swoll5 mass ( wat]s caus$ by ! influx ( riv]s _h op5$ a passage1 :]eupon ! wat] ru%$ into ! ,propontis & ! ,hellespont4 ,! same ?+ also happ5$ to our sea 7! ,m$it]ranean71 = "h too a passage 0 op5$ ?r\gh ! i/hmus at ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fill+ ( ! sea by curr5ts1 :i* 9 fl[+ (f left ! =m] swampy banks uncov]$ & dry4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ,/rato affirms1 fir/1 t ! out] & inn] bottoms ( ! sea are diff]5t2 !n t !re is /ill a bank runn+ "u ! sea f ,europe to ,lybia1 :i* %[s t ! inn] & out] sea 7 =m]ly n unit$2 next t ! ,eux9e is extremely %all[1 :ile ! ,cretan1 ! ,sicilian & ! ,s>d9ian seas are1 on ! contr>y1 v deep2 ! cause ( ?is be+ t ! =m] is fill$ ) mud f ! num]\s l>ge riv]s fl[+ into x f ! nor?4 ,h5ce too ! ,eux9e is ! fre%e/1 & ! /reams fl[+ f x are direct$ t[>ds ! p>ts :]e ! bottom is deepe/4 ,x w\ld also appe> t if ^! riv]s cont9ue to fl[ into ! ,eux9e1 x w "s day be completely *ok$ ) mud1 = ev5 n[1 its left side is becom+ m>%y 9 ! direction ( ,salmydessus 7! ,?racian ,apollonia71 at ! "p call$ by m>9]s #8,! ,brea/s1' be=e ! m\? ( ! ,i/] & ! des]t ( ,scy?ia4 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 ! ,lybian ,temple ( ,ammon may also h once /ood on ! sea-%ore1 its pres5t position 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry be+ 9 consequ5ce ( su* (f-fl[+s ( riv]s4 ,/rato also conjectures t ! fame & celebrity ( ! ,oracle 7( ,ammon7 is m easily acc\nt$ =1 on ! supposition t ! temple 0 on ! sea-%ore1 s9ce its great di/ance f ! coa/ w\ld o!rwise make its pres5t di/9ction & fame inexplicable4 ,egypt also 0 9 anci5t times ov]fl[$ by ! sea z f> z ! m>%es ( ,pelusium1 ,m\nt ,casius1 & ,lake ,s]bonis2 = :5ev] 9 digg+ x happ5$ t salt-wat] 0 met )1 ! bor+s pass$ ?r\gh /rata ( sea-s& & %ells1 z if ! c\ntry _h be5 inundat$1 & ! :ole di/rict ar\nd ,m\nt ,casius & ,g]rha _h be5 a m>%y sea1 cont9u\s ) ! ,gulf ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,:5 ! sea 7! ,m$it]ranean7 retreat$1 ! c\ntry 0 uncov]$1 leav+1 h[ev]1 ! pres5t ,lake ,s]bonis4 ,subsequ5tly ! wat]s ( ?is lake also fl[$ (f1 conv]t+ its b$ into a swamp4 ,9 l mann] ! banks ( ,lake ,mris resemble m ! %ores ( a sea ?an ^? ( a riv]40 ,an errone\s read+ introduc$ z an em5dation by ,grosskurd1 9 consequ5ce ( a passage 9 ,/rabo1,,lr gives 9 place ( ,mris1 8! ,lake ,halmyris10 b ! latt] 0 situat$ ne> ! s\!rn m\? ( ! ,danube4 ,! ,sluice-!ory ( ,/rato l$ ,erato/h5es ( ,cyr5e 7! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ! s]ies ( ! libr>ians ( ,alex&ria7 to inve/igate ! problem ( ! uni=mity ( level 9 all ext]nal seas fl[+ r\nd cont95ts1 al?\gh ) less success ?an ,ar*im$es 9 8 treatise on float+ bodies4,,ls ,! articulation ( ! nor!rn coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean z well z ! =m ( its p59sulas & isl&s _h giv5 orig9 to ! geogno/ic my? ( ! anci5t l& ( ,lyctonia4 ,! orig9 ( ! less] ,syrtis1 ( ! ,triton ,lake1,,lt & ( ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,atlas1,,lu _h be5 embodi$ 9 an imag9>y s*eme ( fire-eruptions & e>?quakes4,,lv ,i h rec5tly ent]$ m fully into ?is "q1,,lw 9 a passage ) :i* ,i w\ld be all[$ to close ?is note3 8,! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean possesses ! advantage ( be+ m ri*ly & v>i\sly articulat$ ?an ! s\!rn or ,lybian %ore1 & ?is 01 accord+ to ,/rabo1 already notic$ by ,erato/h5es4 ,"h we f9d ?ree p59sulas1 ! ,ib]ian1 ! ,italian1 & ! ,hell5ic1 :i*1 ow+ to _! v>i\s & deeply ind5t$ cont\r1 =m1 toge!r ) ! neighb\r+ isl&s & ! opposite coa/s1 _m /raits & i/hmuses4 ,su* a configuration ( cont95ts & ( isl&s t h be5 p>tly sev]$ & p>tly upheav$ by volcanic ag5cy 9 r[s1 z if ov] f>-ext5d+ fissures1 e>ly l$ to geogno/ic views reg>d+ eruptions1 t]re/rial revolutions1 & outp\r+s ( ! swoll5 high] seas into ^? bel[ !m4 ,! ,eux9e1 ! ,d>danelles1 ! ,/raits ( ,gades1 & ! ,m$it]ranean ) its num]\s isl&s1 7 well fitt$ to orig9ate su* a sy/em ( sluices4 ,! ,orphic ,argonaut1 :o probably liv$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian era1 has int]wov5 old my?ical n>rations 9 8 composition4 ,he s+s ( ! division ( ! anci5t ,lyctonia into sep>ate isl&s1 #8:5 ! d>k-hair$ ,poseidon 9 ang] ) ,fa!r ,kronion /ruck ,lyctonia ) ! gold5 trid5t4' ,simil> fancies1 :i* may (t5 c]ta9ly h sprung f an imp]fect k ( geographical relations1 7 frequ5tly elaborat$ 9 ! erudite ,alex&rian s*ool1 :i* 0 s devot$ to ev]y?+ connect$ ) antiquity4 ,:e!r ! my? ( ! break+ up ( ,atlantis be a vague & we/]n reflection ( t ( ,lyctonia1 z ,i h else:]e %[n to be probable1 or :e!r1 accord+ to ,otfri$ ,mll]1 #8! de/ruction ( ,lyctonia 7,leuconia7 ref]s to ! ,samo?racian tradition ( a great flood1 :i* *ang$ ! =m ( t di/rict1' is a "q :i* x is "h unnecess>y to decide40 ,footnote #gi3 p4 #bag--8,precipitation f ! cl\ds40 ,! v]tical asc5t ( curr5ts ( air is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! mo/ important meteorological ph5om5a4 ,:]e a des]t or a s&y surface devoid ( vegetation is surr\nd$ by a high m\nta9-*a91 ! sea-w9d may be obs]v$ driv+ a d5se cl\d ov] ! des]t1 )\t any precipitation ( vap\r tak+ place be=e x rea*es ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9s4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 =m]ly v unsatisfactorily ref]r$ to an attraction suppos$ to be ex]cis$ by ! m\nta9-*a9 on ! cl\ds4 ,! true cause appe>s to lie 9 ! asc5t f ! s&y pla9 ( a column ( w>m air1 :i* prev5ts ! cond5sation ( ! vesicles ( vap\r4 ,! m b>r5 ! surface1 & ! great] ! degree ( heat acquir$ by ! s&1 ! high] w be ! asc5t ( ! cl\ds1 & ! less readily w ! vap\r be precipitat$4 ,ov] ! declivities ( m\nta9s ^! causes cease4 ,! play ( ! v]tical column ( air is !re weak]2 ! cl\ds s9k1 & _! dis9tegration is effect$ by a cool] /ratum ( air4 ,?us defici5cy ( ra9 & abs5ce ( vegetation 9 ! des]t /& 9 a reciprocal action to "o ano!r4 ,x does n ra9 because ! b>r5 & b>e surface ( s& becomes m /rongly heat$ & radiates m heat2 & ! des]t is n conv]t$ into a /eppe or grassy pla9 because )\t wat] no organic developm5t is possible4 ,footnote #hj3 p4 #bah--8,! indurat+ & heat-emitt+ mass ( ! e>?40 ,if accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ! ,neptuni/s 7n[ long s9ce obsolete71 ! s-call$ primitive rocks 7 also precipitat$ f a fluid1 ! transition ( ! e>?'s cru/ f a condition ( fluidity to "o ( solidity1 mu/ h be5 foll[$ by ! lib]ation ( an enorm\s quantity ( caloric1 :i* w\ld h giv5 rise to new evaporation & new precipitations4 ,! m rec5t ^! precipitations1 ! m rapid1 ! m tumultu\s1 & ! m uncry/all9e w\ld !y h be54 ,su* a sudd5 lib]ation ( caloric f ! indurat+ cru/ ( ! e>?1 indep5d5t ( ! latitude1 & ! position ( ! e>?'s axis1 might inde$ occasion local elevations ( temp]ature 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* w\ld influ5ce ! di/ribution ( plants4 ,! same cause might also occasion a k9d ( porosity :i* seems to be indicat$ by _m enigmatical geological ph5om5a 9 floetz rocks4 ,i h develop$ my conjectures on ?is subject 9 detail 9 a small memoir on primitive porosity4,,lx ,accord+ to ! views ,i h m rec5tly adopt$1 x appe>s to me t ! v>i\sly %att]$ & fissur$ e>?1 ) its fus$ int]ior1 may long h cont9u$ 9 ! primeval p]iod1 to imp>t to its oxidis$ surface a high degree ( temp]ature1 indep5d5t ( its position ) respect to ! sun & to latitude4 ,:at an influ5ce w\ld n1 = in/ance1 be ex]cis$ = ages to come on ! climate ( ,g]many by an op5 fissure a ?\s& fa?oms 9 dep?1 ext5d+ f ! ,adriatic ,gulf to ! nor!rn coa/8 ,al?\gh 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! e>?1 long-cont9u$ radiation has almo/ entirely re/or$ ! /able equilibrium ( temp]ature fir/ calculat$ by ,f\ri] 9 8 ,?orie analytique de la ,*aleur1 & ! out] atmosph]e is n[ only br\ght into direct communication ) ! molt5 int]ior ( ! e>?1 by means ( ! insignificant op5+s ( a few volcanoes2 yet 9 ! primitive condition ( our planet1 ?is int]ior emitt$ hot /reams ( air into ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! v>i\s clefts & fissures =m$ by ! frequ5tly recurr+ fold+s 7or corrugations7 ( ! m\nta9 /rata4 ,?is emission 0 :olly indep5d5t ( latitude4 ,e newly =m$ planet mu/ ?us 9 its e>lie/ condition h regulat$ its own temp]ature1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly *ang$ & det]m9$ by its position 9 relation to ! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,! moon's surface also exhibits traces ( ?is reaction ( ! int]ior ^u ! cru/4 ,footnote #ha3 p4 #bah--8,! m\nta9-declivities ( ! mo/ s\!rn p>ts ( ,mexico40 ,! sph]ical gre5/one 9 ! m\nta9 di/rict ( ,guanaxuato is p]fectly simil> to t ( ! ,fi*telb]g 9 ,franconia4 ,bo? =m grotesque domes1 :i* break ?r\gh & are sup]impos$ on transition argillace\s s*i/s4 ,9 ! same mann] pe>l-/one1 porphyritic s*i/1 tra*yte1 & pit*-/one porphyry pres5t analog\s =ms 9 ! ,mexican m\nta9s1 ne> ,c9apecu>o & ,moran1 9 ,hung>y1 ,bohemia1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,footnote #hb3 p4 #bbj--8,! ,colossal ,dragon-tree ( ,orotava40 ,?is colossal dragon-tree 7,dracna draco7 /&s 9 ! g>d5 ( ,m4 ,franqui1 9 ! little t[n ( ,orotava1 call$ =m]ly ,taoro1 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ spots 9 ! _w4 ,9 ,june1 #agii1 :5 we asc5d$ ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 we f\nd t ?is enorm\s tree measur$ #dh feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,our measurem5t 0 made at sev]al feet above ! root4 ,ne>] to ! gr\nd ,le ,dru f\nd x ne>ly #gi feet4 ,sir ,g4 ,/aunton ass]ts t at an elevation ( t5 feet f ! gr\nd1 its diamet] is /ill #ab feet4 ,! height ( ! tree is n mu* m ?an #fi feet4 ,accord+ to tradition x w\ld appe> t ?is tree 0 v5]at$ by ! ,guan*es 7z 0 ! a%-tree ( ,ephesus by ! ,greeks1 ! ,planta9 ( ,lydia1 :i* ,x]xes decorat$ ) ornam5ts1 also ! sacr$ ,banyan-tree ( ,ceylon71 & t 9 ! ye> #adjb1 :i* 0 ! p]iod ( ,b!nc\rt's fir/ exp$ition1 x 0 z l>ge & z holl[ z 9 ! pres5t day4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! dragon-tree is ev]y:]e ( v sl[ gr[?1 we may conclude t ! "o at ,orotava is ( extreme antiquity4 ,b]?ollet says1 9 8 description ( ,t5]iffe1 8,on comp>+ ! "y dragon-trees :i* gr[s ne> ?is colossal tree1 ! calculations we are l$ to make on ! age ( ! latt] /rike ! m9d ) a/oni%m5t40,,ly ,! ,dragon-tree has be5 cultivat$ f ! mo/ anci5t times 9 ! ,can>y isles1 9 ,madeira1 & ,porto ,santo1 & t accurate obs]v]1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 f\nd x gr[+ wild ne> ,igue/i 9 ,t5]iffe4 ,its orig9al habitat is n !re=e ! ,ea/ ,indies1 z has long be5 believ$2 & its appe>ance does n af=d any refutation ( ! op9ion ( ^? :o reg>d ! ,guan*es z a :olly isolat$ primitive ,atlantic race1 hav+ no int]c\rse ) ,african or ,asiatic nations3 ,! =m ( ! ,dracn is repeat$ on ! s\!rn extremity ( ,africa1 9 ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 ^! remotely di/ant regions we recognise species ( ! same g5us1 b none are to be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 :]e ?is =m is suppli$ by ! ,yucca4 ,! ,dracna borealis ( ,aiton is a true ,convall>ia1 ! nature ( bo? be+ p]fectly id5tical4,,lz ,i h giv5 a repres5tation1 9 ! la/ plate ( ! ,picturesque ,atlas ( my ,am]ican j\rney1,,ma ( ! dragon-tree ( ,orotava1 tak5 f a draw+ made 9 #aggf by ,f4 d',ozonne1 & :i* ,i f\nd among ! po/hum\s pap]s ( ! celebrat$ ,borda1 9 ! /ill unpr9t$ j\rnal entru/$ to me by ! ,dpt de la ,m>9e1 & f :i* ,i h borr[$ important a/ronomically-det]m9$ geographical1 data besides _m b>ometrical & trigonometrical notices4,,mb ,! measurem5t ( ! dragon-tree 9 ! ,villa ,franqui 0 made 9 ,borda's fir/ voyage ) ,p+r 9 #agga1 & n 9 ! second1 made #aggf ) ,v>ela4 ,x is ass]t$1 t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 dur+ ! e>ly p]iods ( ! ,norman & ,spani% conque/s1 mass 0 p]=m$ at a small alt> erect$ 9 ! holl[ trunk ( ?is tree4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,dracna ( ,orotava lo/ "o side ( its leafy top 9 ! /orm ( ! #ba/ ( ,july1 #ahai4 ,!re is a f9e l>ge ,engli% copp]-plate engrav+1 :i* gives an exce$+ly true repres5tation ( ! pres5t condition ( ! tree4 ,! monum5tal "* ( ^! colossal liv+ =ms1 & ! impression ( rev]5ce :i* !y h creat$ among all nations1 h l$1 9 mod]n times1 to a m c>eful /udy ( ! num]ical det]m9ation ( _! age1 & ( ! size ( _! trunks4 ,! results ( su* inve/igations induc$ ! eld] ,dec&olle1 7! au?or ( ! important treatise1 entitl$ ,de la ,longvit des ,arbres17 ,endli*]1 ,ung]1 & o!r di/+ui%$ botani/s to conjecture1 t ! age ( _m exi/+ vegetable =ms may ext5d to ! e>lie/ hi/orical times1 if n to ! records ( ! ,nile1 at lea/ to ^? ( ,greece & ,italy4 ,9 ! ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve 7t4 xlvii4 #ahca1 p4 #ej7 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 8,num]\s examples seem to confirm ! idea1 t !re /ill exi/1 on our planet1 trees ( a prodigi\s antiquity--! witnesses1 p]haps1 ( "o or m ( its late/ physical revolutions4 ,if we consid] a tree z ! comb9ation ( z _m individual =ms z !re h be5 buds develop$ on its surface1 "o _c be surpris$ if ! aggregate result+ f ! cont9ual addition ( new buds to ! old] ones1 %\ld n necess>ily h any fix$ t]m9ation to its exi/5ce40 ,9 ! same mann]1 ,ag>dh says3 8,if 9 ea* sol> ye> new p>ts be =m$ 9 ! plant1 & ! old] h>d5$ ones be replac$ by new p>ts capable ( conduct+ sap1 we h a type ( gr[? limit$ by ext]nal causes alone40 ,he ascribes ! %ort duration ( ! life ( h]bace\s plants1 8to ! prepond]ance ( ! production ( blossoms & fruit ov] ! =mation ( leaves40 ,unfruitfulness 9 a plant insures a prolongation ( its life4 ,endli*] adduces ! in/ance ( an individual plant ( ,m$icago sativa1 v>4 v]sicolor1 :i* liv$ eighty ye>s because x bore no fruit4,,mc ,to ! dragon-trees1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! gigantic developm5t ( _! clos$ vascul> bundles1 mu/ be class$1 9 respect to _! floral p>ts1 9 ! same natural family z ,asp>agus & ! g>d5 onion1 belongs ! ,adansonia1 7! monkey bread-tree1 ,baobab71 und\bt$ly among ! l>ge/ & mo/ anci5t inhabitants ( our planet4 ,9 ! e>lie/ voyages ( discov]y made by ,catalans & ,portuguese1 ! sailors 7 accu/om$ to c>ve _! names on ^! two species ( trees2 n always f a m]e wi% ( p]petuat+ _! memory1 b also z 8m>cos10 or signs ( possession1 & ( ! rights :i* nations assume 9 virtue ( fir/ discov]y4 ,! ,portuguese m>9]s (t5 select$ = c>v+ on ! trees1 z a 8m>co10 or m>k ( possession1 ! elegant ,fr5* motto tal5t de bi5 faire1 s frequ5tly employ$ by ! ,infante ,don ,h5rique1 ! ,discov]]4 ,?us ,manuel de ,f>ia y ,s\sa says expressly2,,md 8,era uso de los prim]os ,navegantes de dex> inscrito el motto del ,infante1 tal5t de bi5 faire1 en la corteza de los arboles40,,me 7,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! e>ly navigators to inscribe ! motto ( ! ,infante 9 ! b>k ( ! trees47 ,! above-nam$ motto1 cut on ! b>k ( two trees by ,portuguese navigators 9 ! ye> #adce1 & !re=e tw5ty-eight ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ! ,infante ,don ,h5rique1 ,duke ( ,viseo1 is s+ul>ly connect$1 9 ! hi/ory ( discov]ies1 ) ! discussions t h aris5 f a comp>ison ( ,vespucci's f\r? voyage ) t ( ,gonzalo ,coelho 7#aejc74 ,vespucci relates1 t ! ,admiral's %ip ( ,coelho's squadron 0 wreck$ on an isl& :i* 0 sometimes suppos$ to be t ( ,san ,f]n&o ,noronha2 sometimes1 ,peedo de ,san ,p$ro2 & sometimes1 ! problematical isl& ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! la/-nam$ isl& 0 discov]$ on ! #ae? ( ,octob]1 #aebe1 by ,g>cia ,j(re de ,loaysa 9 #b s\? lat41 9 ! m]idian ( ,cape ,palmas1 & almo/ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea4 ,he rema9$ !re eighte5 days at an*or1 & f\nd crosses1 orange-trees t _h become wild1 & two trunks ( trees hav+ inscriptions t bore ! date ( n9ety ye>s back4,,mf ,i h 9 ano!r place1,,mg 9 an inquiry reg>d+ ! tru/wor?9ess ( ,am]igo ,vespucci1 m fully consid]$ ?is problem4 ,! olde/ description ( ! ,baobab 7,adansonia digitata7 is t ( ! ,v5etian1 ,aloysius ,cadamo/o4 7^: real "n 0 ,alvise da ,ca da ,mo/o7 9 #aded4 ,he f\nd at ! m\? ( ! ,s5egal4 7:]e he jo9$ ,antoniotto ,usodim>e71 trunks1 ^: circumf]5ce he e/imat$ at #ag fa?oms1 or #aab feet4,,mh ,he might h comp>$ !m to dragon-trees1 :i* he _h already se54 ,p]rottet says1,,mi t he _h se5 monkey-bread fruit trees1 :i* _h a diamet] ( ab\t ?irty-two feet1 ) a height ( only f sev5ty to eighty-five feet4 ,! same dim5sions _h be5 giv5 by ,adanson 9 8 voyage1 #agdh4 ,! l>ge/ trunks ( ! monkey bread-fruit trees1 :i* he himself saw1 9 #agdi1 "s on "o ( ! small ,magdal5a isl&s ne> ,cape de ,v]d1 & o!rs at ! m\? ( ! ,s5egal1 7 f #bf to ne>ly #bi feet 9 diamet]1 ) a height ( little m ?an #gj feet1 & a top measur+ upw>ds ( #ahj feet across4 ,adanson1 h[ev]1 makes ! rem>k t o!r travell]s _h f\nd trunks hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t #cb feet4,,mj ,fr5* & ,dut* sailors _h c>v$ _! names on ! trunks 9 *>act]s six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,"o ( ^! inscriptions 0 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1,,mk :ile all ! o!rs 7 ( ! sixte5?4 ,f ! dep? ( ! cuts1 :i* are cov]$ ) new lay]s ( wood1,,ml & f a comp>ison ( ! ?ickness ( trunks1 ^: v>i\s ages 7 kn[n1 ,adanson comput$ ! age ( trees hav+ a diamet] ( #cb feet at #eaej ye>s4,,mm ,he h[ev] cauti\sly subjo9s ! foll[+ rem>ks1 9 a qua9t mode ( spell+ :i* ,i d n alt]3 8le calcul de l'aje de *ake c\*e n'a pas d'exactitude gometrike40 ,9 ! village ( ,gr& ,gal>ques1 also 9 ,s5egambia1 ! negroes h adorn$ ! entrance ( a holl[ ,baobab ) c>v+s cut out ( wood /ill gre54 ,! inn] cavity s]ves z a place ( g5]al meet+ 9 :i* ! community debate on _! int]e/s4 ,?is hall rem9ds u ( ! holl[ 7specus7 9 ! int]ior ( a planta9 9 ,lycia1 9 :i* ! ,roman ex-consul1 ,luc9ius ,mutianus1 ent]ta9$ tw5ty-"o gue/s4 ,pl9y 7xii4 #c7 gives to a cavity ( ?is k9d ! some:at ample bread? ( eighty ,roman feet4 ,! ,baobab 0 se5 by ,r5 ,cailli 9 ! valley ( ! ,nig] ne> ,j5ne1 by ,cailliaud 9 ,nubia1 & by ,wilhelm ,pet]s along ! :ole ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 :]e ?is tree1 :i* is call$ ,mulapa1 i4e4 ,nlapa-tree1 or m correctly muti-nlapa1 advances z f> z ,l\r5zo ,m>ques1 almo/ to #bf s\? lat4 ,! olde/ & ?icke/ trunks se5 by ,pet]s 8measur$ f #fj to #ge feet 9 circumf]5ce40 ,al?\gh ,cadamo/o obs]v$1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 em95tia non quadrat magnitud9i2 & al?\gh ,golb]ry,,mn f\nd1 9 ! 8,valle des deux ,gagnacks10 trunks only #fd feet 9 height ^: diamet] 0 #cf feet1 ?is disproportion betwe5 ?ickness & height mu/ n be assum$ to be g5]al4 8,v old trees10 says ! le>n$ travell]1 ,pet]s1 8lose _! cr[ns by gradual decay1 :ile !y cont9ue to increase 9 circumf]5ce4 ,on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa "o n unfrequ5tly meets ) trees hav+ a diamet] ( m ?an #aj feet :i* rea* ! height ( ne>ly #gj feet40 ,:ile !re=e ! bold calculations ( ,adanson & ,p]rottet assign to ! ,adansonias measur$ by !m1 an age ( #eaej or ev5 #fjjj ye>s1 :i* w\ld make !m coeval ) ! build]s ( ! ,pyramids1 or ev5 ) ,m5es1 & w\ld place !m 9 an epo* :5 ! ,s\!rn ,cross 0 /ill visible 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many2,,mo ! m c]ta9 e/imations yield$ by annul> r+s1 & by ! relation f\nd to exi/ betwe5 ! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( wood & ! duration ( gr[?1 give u1 on ! o!r h&1 %ort] p]iods = our temp]ate nor!rn zone4 ,dec&olle f9ds t ( all ,european species ( trees1 ! yew atta9s ! greate/ age2 & accord+ to 8 calculations1 #cj c5turies mu/ be assign$ z ! age ( ! ,taxus baccata ( ,braburn 9 ,k5t1 f #be to #bf to ! ,scot* yew ( ,=t+al1 & #ad & #ab respectively to ^? ( ,cr[hur/ 9 ,surrey & ,ripon 7,f\nta9s ,abbey7 9 ,york%ire4,,mp ,endli*] rem>ks t 8ano!r yew-tree 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,gras=d1 ,nor? ,wales1 :i* measures m ?an #ej feet 9 gir? bel[ ! bran*es1 is m ?an #adjj ye>s old1 :il/ "o 9 ,d]by%ire is e/imat$ at #bjif ye>s4 ,9 ,li?uania l9d5 trees h be5 fell$ :i* measur$ #hg feet r\nd1 & 9 :i* #hae annul> r+s h be5 c\nt$40,,mq ,9 ! temp]ate zone ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e "s species ( ! ,eucalyptus atta9 an enorm\s gir?1 & z !y at ! same "t atta9 a height ( ne>ly #bej feet1 !y af=d a s+ul> contra/ to our yew trees1 :i* are colossal only 9 ?ickness4 ,mr4 ,backh\se f\nd 9 ,emu ,bay1 on ! %ore ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 ,eucalyptus trunks :i*1 ) a circumf]5ce ( #gj feet at ! base1 measur$ z mu* z #ej feet at a little m ?an #e feet f ! gr\nd4,,mr ,x 0 n ,malpighi1 z has be5 g5]ally ass]t$1 b ! intellectual ,mi*el ,montaigne1 :o _h ! m]it ( fir/ %[+1 9 #aeha1 9 8 ,voyage en ,italie1 ! relation t exi/s betwe5 ! annual r+s & ! age ( ! tree4,,ms ,an intellig5t artisan1 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 fir/ drew ,montaigne's att5tion to ! significance ( ! annual r+s1 ass]t+ t ! "p ( ! trunk direct$ t[>ds ! nor? _h n>r[] r+s4 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau ent]ta9$ ! same op9ion2 & 8 ,emile1 :5 he loses himself 9 ! =e/1 is made to direct 8 c\rse 9 accordance ) ! deposition ( ! lay]s ( wood4 ,rec5t phyto-anatomical obs]vations,,mt tea* u1 h[ev]1 t ! accel]ation ( vegetation z well z ! remission ( gr[?1 & ! v>y+ production ( ! circles ( ! ligne\s bundles 7annual deposits7 f ! cambium cells1 dep5d on o!r influ5ces ?an position ) respect to ! qu>t] ( ! heav5s4 ,trees :i* 9 ! case ( "s examples atta9 a diamet] ( m ?an #bj feet1 & an age ( _m c5turies1 belong to v diff]5t natural families4 ,we may "h in/ance ,baobabs1 ,dragon trees1 v>i\s species ( ,eucalyptus1 ,taxodium di/i*um4 7,ri*417 ,p9us ,lamb]tiana4 7,d\glasii17 ,hym5a ,c\rb>il1 ,csalp9ie1 ,bombax1 ,swiet5ia ,mahagoni1 ! ,banyan tree 7,ficus religiosa71 ,liriod5dron tulipif]a7871 ,platanus ori5talis1 & our ,l9d5s1 ,oaks1 & ,yews4 ,! celebrat$ ,taxodium di/i*on1 ! ,ahuahuete ( ! ,mexicans 7,cupressus di/i*a1 ,l9n41 ,s*ub]tia di/i*a1 ,mirbel71 ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,tule1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,oaxaca1 has n a diamet] ( #fj feet1 z /at$ by ,dec&olle1 b exactly #dj feet4,,mu ,! two beautiful ,ahuahuetes :i* ,i h frequ5tly se5 at ,*apoltepec 7gr[+ 9 :at 0 probably once a g>d5 or pleasure gr\nd ( ,montezuma7 measure1 accord+ to ! in/ructive acc\nt 9 ,burk>dt's travels 7bd4 i4 s4 #bfh7 only #cf & #ch feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & n 9 diamet]1 z has (t5 be5 errone\sly ma9ta9$4 ,! ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon v5]ate ! colossal trunk ( ! sacr$ fig-tree ( ,anurahdepura4 ,! ,banyan1 :i* takes root by its bran*es1 (t5 atta9s a ?ickness ( #cj feet1 & =ms1 z ,onesicritus truly expresses himself1 a leafy ro( resembl+ a _m-pill>$ t5t4,,mv ,on ! ,bombax ,ceiba see e>ly notices f ! "t ( ,columbus 9 ,bembo4,,mw ,among ^? oak trees :i* h be5 v accurately measur$1 ! l>ge/ 9 ,europe is und\bt$ly ! "o ne> ,sa9tes on ! road to ,cozes1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t de la ,*>5te infrieure4 ,?is tree1 :i* has an elevation ( #fd feet1 measures v ne>ly #cj feet 9 diamet] ne> ! gr\nd1 :ile #e feet high] up x is ne>ly #bc feet1 & :]e ! ma9 bran*es beg9 m ?an #f feet4 ,a little room1 f #aj feet #h in*es to #ab feet #i in*es 9 wid? & #i feet #g in*es 9 height1 has be5 cle>$ 9 ! dead "p ( ! trunk1 & a semi-circul> b5* cut )9 x f ! gre5 wood4 ,a w9d[ gives light to ! int]ior1 & h5ce ! walls ( ?is little room1 :i* is clos$ by a door1 are gracefully clo!d ) f]ns & li*5s4 ,f ! size ( a small piece ( wood t _h be5 cut out ov] ! door1 & 9 :i* two hundr$ ligne\s r+s 7 c\nt$1 ! age ( ! oak ( ,sa9tes mu/ be e/imat$ at #ahjj or #bjjj ye>s4,,mx ,) respect to ! rose-tree 7,rosa can9a7 reput$ to be a ?\s& ye>s old1 :i* gr[s 9 ! crypt ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,hilde%eim1 ,i le>n f accurate in=mation1 bas$ on au!ntic records1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ! ,/adtg]i*ts-,assessor ,rm]1 t ! ma9 /em only has an age ( eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,a leg5d connects ?is rose-tree ) a v[ ( ! fir/ f\nd] ( ! ca!dral1 ,l\is ! ,pi\s2 & a docum5t ( ! elev5? c5tury says1 8t :5 ,bi%op ,hezilo rebuilt ! ca!dral1 :i* _h be5 burnt d[n1 he enclos$ ! roots ( ! rose-tree )9 a vault /ill rema9+1 rais$ on ! latt] ! walls ( ! crypt1 :i* 0 re-consecrat$ 9 #ajfa1 & spread ! bran*es ( ! rose-tree ov] its sides40 ,! /em1 /ill liv+1 is ne>ly #bg feet 9 height1 & only #b in*es ?ick1 & spreads across a wid? ( #hb feet ov] ! out] wall ( ! ea/]n crypt4 ,x is und\bt$ly ( v consid]able antiquity1 & well wor?y ( ! r5[n x has s long enjoy$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,if excessive size1 9 po9t ( organic developm5t1 may 9 g5]al be reg>d$ z a pro( ( a long protraction ( life1 special att5tion is due1 among ! ?alassophytes ( ! subm>9e vegetable _w1 to a species ( fucus1 ,macrocy/is pyrif]a1 ,ag>dh 7,fucus giganteus74 ,?is m>9e plant atta9s1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,cook & ,george ,=/]1 a l5g? ( #cfj feet1 & exce$s !re=e ! height ( ! l(tie/ ,conif]\s trees1 n except+ ,sequoia gigantea1 ,endl4 7,taxodium semp]vir5s1 ,hook1 & ,arnott7 ( ,cali=nia4,,my ,capta9 ,fitz-,roy has confirm$ ?is /atem5t4,,mz ,macrocy/is pyrif]a gr[s f #fd s\? lat4 to #de nor? lat41 z f> z ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ! ,new ,cont95t2 inde$ ,joseph ,hook] believes t ?is species ( ,fucus advances z f> z ,kamts*atka4 ,9 ! wat]s ( ! ,ant>ctic seas x is ev5 se5 float+ betwe5 ! pack-ice4,,na ,! cellul> b& & ?read-l /ructures ( ! ,macrocy/is 7:i* are atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! sea by an adhesive organ resembl+ a claw7 seem to be limit$ 9 _! l5g? by accid5tal di/urb+ causes alone4 ,footnote #hc3 p4 #bbj--8,phan]ogamic plants already record$ 9 h]b>iums40 ,?ree que/ions mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r3 #a4 ,h[ _m species ( plants h be5 describ$ 9 pr9t$ works8 #b4 ,h[ _m ( ^? discov]$--t is to say includ$ 9 h]b>iums--/ill rema9 undescrib$8 #c4 ,h[ _m species probably exi/ on ! surface ( ! e>?8 ,murray's edition ( ! ,l9nan sy/em conta9s1 includ+ cryptogamic plants1 only #aj1jdb species4 ,willd5[1 9 8 edition ( ! ,species ,plant>um f #agig to #ahjg1 has describ$ z _m z #ag1deg species ( phan]ogamia1 reckon+ f ,mon&ria to ,polygamia dicia4 ,if to ^! we add #cjjj species ( cryptogamic plants1 we %all br+ ! numb] z giv5 by ,willd5[ to #bj1jjj4 ,m rec5t inve/igations h %[n h[ f> ?is e/imate ( ! species describ$1 & ( ^? pres]v$ 9 h]b>iums1 falls %ort ( ! tru?4 ,rob]t ,br[n,,nb fir/ enum]at$ above #cg1jjj phan]ogamia1 & ,i at t "t attempt$ to describe ! di/ribution ( #dd1jjj species ( phan]ogamic & cryptogamic plants1 ov] ! diff]5t portions ( ! _w already explor$4,,nc ,dec&olle f9ds1 on comp>+ ,p]soon's ,en*iridium ) 8 ,univ]sal ,sy/em divid$ into twelve families1 t m ?an #ef1jjj species ( plants may be enum]at$ f ! writ+s ( botani/s & ,european h]b>iums4,,nd ,if we consid] h[ _m new species h be5 describ$ by travell]s s9ce t "t1 7my exp$ition alone af=d$ #cfjj ( ! #ehjj collect$ species ( equ9octial plants71 & if we be> 9 m9d t !re are assur$ly upw>ds ( #be1jjj phan]ogamic plants1 cultivat$ 9 all ! diff]5t botanical g>d5s1 we %all soon see h[ mu* ,dec&olle's e/imate is bel[ ! tru?4 ,f our complete ignorance ( ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7,mato-,grosso1 ,p>aguay1 ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,&es1 ,santa-,cruz de la ,si]ra1 & all ! c\ntries ly+ betwe5 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 ! ,amazon1 & ,puruz71 ( ,africa1 ( ,madagasc>1 & ,borneo1 & ( ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,asia1 ! idea involunt>ily pres5ts itself to ! m9d t we are n yet acqua9t$ ) "o ?ird1 or probably ev5 ) "o fif? "p ( ! plants exi/+ on ! e>?4 ,drge has collect$ #gjib phan]ogamic species 9 ,s\!rn ,africa alone2 & he believes t ! flora ( t region consi/s ( m ?an #aa1jjj phan]ogamic species1 see+ t 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 on an equal area 7#aib1jjj squ>e miles17 ,ko* has describ$ only #ccjj1 & ,dec&olle only #cfde phan]ogamia 9 ,france4 ,i w\ld "h also in/ance ! new g5]a1 consi/+ p>tly ( high =e/ trees1 :i* are /ill be+ discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge comm]cial t[ns 9 ! less] ,antilles1 al?\gh !y h be5 visit$ by ,europeans = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,su* consid]ations1 :i* ,i purpose develop+ m fully at ! close ( ?is illu/ration1 seem to v]ify ! anci5t my? ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 t 8! creat+ primeval =ce call$ =? #abj1jjj vegetable =ms f ! sacr$ blood ( ! bull40 ,if !re=e no direct sci5tific solution c be af=d$ to ! "q1 h[ _m vegetable =ms--leafless cryptogamia 7wat] alg1 fungi1 & li*5s71 *>ace1 liv]worts1 foliace\s mosses1 m>silace1 lycopodiace1 & f]ns--exi/ on ! dry l&1 & 9 ! wide bas9 ( ! sea1 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! organic t]re/rial life ( our planet1 x only rema9s = u to employ an approximative me?od = asc]ta9+ ) "s degree ( probability c]ta9 8extreme limits0 7num]ical data ( m9ima74 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahae1 ,i h1 9 my ari?metical consid]ations on ! geography ( plants1 calculat$ ! numb]s express+ ! ratio :i* ! aggregate ( species ( diff]5t natural families be>s to ! :ole mass ( ! phan]ogamia 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! latt] is suffici5tly det]m9$4 ,rob]t ,br[n1,,ne ! greate/ botani/ ( our age1 _h1 prior to my rese>*es1 already det]m9$ ! num]ical proportion ( ! pr9cipal divisions ( vegetable =ms1 z = in/ance ( acotyl$ons 7,agam1 cryptogamic or cellul> plants7 to cotyl$ons 7,phan]ogamia1 or vascul> plants71 & ( monocotyl$ons 7,endog57 to dicotyl$ons 7,exog574 ,he f9ds ! ratio ( monocotyl$ons to dicotyl$ons 9 ! tropical zone z 9 ! proportion ( #a to #e1 & 9 ! frigid zone1 9 ! p>allels ( #fj nor?1 & #ee s\? lat4 z #a to #b4,,nf ,! absolute numb]s ( ! species are comp>$ toge!r 9 ! ?ree great divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom1 accord+ to ! me?od develop$ 9 ,br[n's "w4 ,i 0 ! fir/ :o pass$ f ^! pr9cipal divisions to ! individual families1 & consid]$ ! numb] ( ! species conta9$ 9 ea*1 9 _! ratio to ! :ole mass ( phan]ogamia belong+ to "o zone4,,ng ,! num]ical relations ( ! =ms ( plants1 & ! laws obs]v$ 9 _! geographical di/ribution1 admit ( be+ consid]$ f two v diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,:5 we /udy plants 9 _! arrangem5t accord+ to natural families1 )\t reg>d to _! geographical di/ribution1 ! "q arises3 ,:at are ! fundam5tal =ms or types ( organization1 9 accordance ) :i* ! great] numb] ( _! species are =m$8 ,are !re m ,glumace ?an ,composit on ! e>?'s surface8 ,d ^! two ord]s ( plants comb9$1 con/itute "o-f\r? ( ! phan]ogamia8 ,:at num]ical relation d monocotyl$ons be> to dicotyl$ons8 ,^! are que/ions ( g5]al phytology1 a sci5ce t inve/igates ! organization ( plants & _! mutual connection1 & !re=e has ref]5ce to ! n[ exi/+ /ate ( vegetation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! species ( plants t h be5 connect$ toge!r accord+ to _! /ructural analogy1 are consid]$ n ab/ract$ly1 b 9 accordance ) _! climatic relations1 & _! di/ribution ov] ! e>?'s surface1 ^! que/ions acquire a totally diff]5t int]e/4 ,we !n exam9e :at families ( plants pr$om9ate 9 ! torrid zone m ?an t[>ds ! pol> circle ov] o!r phan]ogamia8 ,we inquire1 :e!r ! ,composit are m num]\s 9 ! new ?an 9 ! old _w1 "u equal geographical latitudes or betwe5 equal iso!rmal l9es8 ,:e!r ! =ms :i* gradually lose _! pr$om9ance 9 advanc+ f ! equator to ! poles1 foll[ a simil> law ( decrease 9 asc5d+ m\nta9s situat$ 9 ! equatorial region8 ,:e!r ! relations ( ! diff]5t families to ! :ole mass ( ! phan]ogamia diff] "u equal iso!rmal l9es 9 ! temp]ate zones on ei!r side ( ! equator8 ,^! que/ions belong to ! geography ( plants prop]ly s call$1 & are connect$ ) ! mo/ important problems t c be pres5t$ by meteorology & t]re/rial physics4 ,?us ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 families ( plants det]m9es ! "* ( a l&scape1 & :e!r ! aspect ( ! c\ntry is desolate or luxuriant1 or smil+ & maje/ic4 ,grasses1 =m+ ext5d$ ,savannahs1 or ! abundance ( fruit-yield+ palms1 or social conif]\s trees1 h respectively ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! mat]ial condition1 mann]s1 & "* ( nations1 & on ! m or less rapid developm5t ( _! prosp]ity4 ,9 /udy+ ! geographical di/ribution ( =ms1 we may consid] ! species1 g5]a1 & natural families ( plants sep>ately4 ,a s+le species1 especially among social plants1 frequ5tly cov]s an ext5sive tract ( l&4 ,?us we h 9 ! nor?1 ,p9e or ,fir =e/s1 & ,hea?s 7ericeta72 9 ,spa91 ,ci/us groves2 & 9 tropical ,am]ica1 collections ( "o & ! same species ( ,cactus1 ,croton1 ,bra?ys1 or ,bambusa ,guadua4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy m closely ^! relations ( individual increase1 & ( organic developm5t2 & "h we may inquire1 :at species produces ! greate/ numb] ( individuals 9 "o c]ta9 zone2 or1 m]ely :at are ! families to :i* ! pr$om9at+ species belong 9 diff]5t climates4 ,9 a v high nor!rn latitude1 :]e ! ,composit & ! ,f]ns /& 9 ! ratios ( #a 3 #ac & #a 3 #be to ! sum ( all ! phan]ogamia 7i4 e41 :]e ^! ratios are f\nd by divid+ ! sum total ( all phan]ogamia by ! numb] ( species includ$ 9 ! family ( ! ,composit1 or 9 t ( ! ,f]ns72 "o s+le species ( ,f]n may1 h[ev]1 cov] t5 times m space ?an all ! species ( ! ,composit tak5 toge!r4 ,9 ?is case ! ,f]ns pr$om9ate ov] ! ,composit by _! mass1 & by ! numb] ( ! individuals belong+ to ! same species ( ,pt]is1 or ,polypodium2 b !y w n be f\nd to pr$om9ate1 if we only comp>e ! numb] ( ! diff]5t specific =ms ( ! ,filices1 & ( ! ,composit1 ) ! sum total ( all ,phan]ogamia4 ,z1 !re=e1 multiplication ( plants does n foll[ ! same laws 9 all species1 & z all d n produce an equal numb] ( individuals1 ! quoti5ts obta9$ by divid+ ! sum ( all phan]ogamic plants by ! species ( "o family1 d n alone det]m9e ! lead+ features impress$ on ! l&scape1 or ! physiognomy ( nature peculi> to diff]5t regions ( ! e>?4 ,if ! att5tion ( ! travell+ botani/ be arre/$ by ! frequ5t repetition ( ! same species1 by its mass1 & ! uni=mity ( vegetation ?us produc$1 x w be /ill m =cibly arre/$ by ! infrequ5cy ( _m o!r species useful to man4 ,9 tropical regions1 :]e ! ,rubiace1 ,myrtles1 ,legum9os1 or ,t]eb9?ace1 compose ! =e/s1 "o is a/oni%$ to meet ) s few trees ( ,c9*ona1 or ( c]ta9 species ( mahogany 7,swiet5ia71 ( ,hmatoxylon1 ,/yrax1 or balsamic ,myroxylon4 ,i w\ld also "h ref] to ! scanty & deta*$ occurr5ce ( ! preci\s febrifuge-b>k trees 7species ( ,c9*ona7 :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ on ! declivity ( ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,bogota & ,popayan1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,loxa1 9 desc5d+ t[>ds ! unheal?y valley ( ! ,catamayo1 & to ! riv] ,amazon4 ,! febrifuge-b>k hunt]s 7,cazadores de ,casc>illa71 z ^? ,indians & ,me/izoes are call$ at ,loxa1 :o ea* ye> collect ! mo/ efficaci\s ( all ! m$ic9al b>ks1 ! ,c9*ona ,condam9ea1 among ! lonely m\nta9s ( ,caxanuma1 ,uritus+a1 & ,rumisitana1 und]go consid]able dang] 9 climb+ to ! summits ( ! highe/ =e/-trees1 9 ord] to obta9 an ext5d$ view1 f :i* !y may di/+ui% ! scatt]$1 sl5d]1 & aspir+ trunks ( ! ,c9*ona1 by ! r$di% t9t ( _! l>ge leaves4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ?is important =e/ region 7betwe5 #d & #d s\? lat47 v>ies f #fj to #fh ,fahr41 at an absolute height ( f #fdjj to #hjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4,,nh ,9 consid]+ ! di/ribution ( species1 we may also1 indep5d5tly ( individual multiplication & mass1 comp>e toge!r ! absolute numb] :i* belong to ea* family4 ,su* a mode ( comp>ison1 :i* 0 employ$ by ,dec&olle1,,ni has be5 ext5d$ by ,kun? to m ?an #ccjj ( ! species ( ,composit ) :i* we are at pres5t acqua9t$4 ,x does n %[ :at family prepond]ates by individual mass1 or by ! numb] ( its species1 ov] o!r phan]ogamic =ms1 b x simply indicates h[ _m ( ! species ( "o & ! same family are indig5\s 9 any "o c\ntry or portion ( ! e>?4 ,! results ( ?is me?od are1 on ! :ole1 m exact1 because !y are obta9$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! sep>ate families1 )\t requir+ t ! :ole numb] ( ! phan]ogamia ( e c\ntry %\ld be kn[n4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( ,f]ns are f\nd 9 ! tropical zone1 ea* g5us pres5t+ ! greate/ numb] ( species 9 ! temp]ate1 humid1 & %ad$ m\nta9\s p>ts ( isl&s4 ,:ile ^! species are less num]\s 9 pass+ f tropical regions to ! temp]ate zone1 _! absolute numb] dim9i%es /ill m 9 approa*+ ne>] to ! poles4 ,al?\gh ! frigid zone1 z1 = in/ance1 ,lapl&1 supports species ( ! families :i* are be/ able to resi/ ! cold1 ,f]ns pr$om9ate m ov] o!r phan]ogamia 9 ,lapl& ?an ei!r 9 ,france or ,g]many1 not)/&+ ! absolute inf]iority ( ! gross numb] ( f]ns indig5\s to ! nor!rn zone1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r c\ntries4 ,^! relations are1 9 ,france & ,g]many1 z & 1 :ile 9 ,lapl& !y are z 4 ,^! num]ical relations 7obta9$ by divid+ ! sum total ( all ! phan]ogamia ( ! diff]5t floras by ! species ( ea* family7 7 publi%$ by me 9 #ahag1 9 my ,prolegom5a de di/ributione geographica ,plant>um1 & correct$ 9 accordance ) ! great works ( ,rob]t ,br[n1 9 my ,essay on ! ,di/ribution ( ,plants ov] ! e>?'s surface1 :i* ,i subsequ5tly wrote 9 ,fr5*4 ,^! relations1 z we advance f ! equator t[>ds ! poles1 necess>ily v>y f ! ratios obta9$ by a comp>ison ( ! absolute numb] ( ! diff]5t species belong+ to ea* family4 ,we (t5 see ! value ( ! fractions increase by ! decrease ( ! d5om9ator1 :il/ ! absolute numb] ( ! species is r$uc$4 ,9 ! fractional me?od :i* ,i h foll[$ z ! mo/ applicable to que/ions relat+ to ! geography ( plants1 !re are two v>iable quantities2 = 9 pass+ f "o iso!rmal l9e to ano!r1 we d n f9d ! sum total ( ! phan]ogamia *ange 9 ! same proportion z ! numb] ( ! species ( "o p>ticul> family4 ,9 proce$+ f ! consid]ation ( ^! species to t ( ! divisions e/abli%$ 9 ! natural sy/em accord+ to an ideal s]ies ( ab/ractions1 we may direct our att5tion to g5]a or races1 to families1 or ev5 to /ill high] classes ( division4 ,!re are "s g5]a1 & ev5 :ole families1 :i* exclusively belong to c]ta9 zones2 n m]ely because !y c only ?rive "u a special comb9ation ( climatic relations1 b also because !y fir/ sprang up )9 v circumscrib$ localities1 & h be5 *eck$ 9 _! migrations4 ,! l>g] numb] ( g5]a & families h1 h[ev]1 _! repres5tatives 9 all regions ( ! e>?1 & at all elevations4 ,! e>lie/ inquiries into ! di/ribution ( vegetable =ms _h ref]5ce to g5]a alone1 & are to be f\nd 9 ! valuable "w ( ,treviranus4,,nj ,?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 less appropriate = yield+ g5]al results1 ?an t :i* comp>es ! numb] ( ! species ( ea* family1 or ! great lead+ divisions 7acotyl$ons1 monocotyl$ons1 & dicotyl$ons71 ) ! sum total ( ! phan]ogamia4 ,9 ! frigid zone1 ! v>iety ( =ms1 or ! numb] ( ! g5]a1 does n decrease 9 an equal degree ) t ( ! species1 !re be+ 9 ^! regions relatively m g5]a & few] species4,,nk ,! case is almo/ ! same on ! summits ( high m\nta9-*a9s1 :]e are %elt]$ individual memb]s ( _m diff]5t g5]a :i* "o w\ld be dispos$ to reg>d z belong+ exclusively to ! vegetation ( ! pla94 ,i h deem$ x exp$i5t to indicate ! diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* ! laws ( ! di/ribution ( vegetable =ms may be consid]$4 ,x is only :5 ^! po9ts ( view are conf\nd$ toge!r1 t we meet ) contradictions1 :i* h be5 unju/ly attribut$ to unc]ta9ty ( obs]vation4,,nl ,:5 expressions l ! foll[+ are employ$3 8,?is =m1 or ?is family dim9i%es z x approa*es t[>ds ! cold zone10 or 8! true habitat ( ?is =m is 9 su* or su* a p>allel ( latitude20 or 8?is is a s\!rn =m10 or1 aga91 8x pr$om9ates 9 ! temp]ate zone20 x %\ld be def9itely /at$ :e!r ref]5ce is made to ! absolute numb] ( ! species1 & ! proportion ( _! pr$om9ance accord+ to ! increase or decrease ( latitude2 or :e!r ! mean+ convey$ is1 t a family1 :5 comp>$ ) ! :ole numb] ( ! phan]ogamia ( a flora1 pr$om9ates ov] o!r families ( plants4 ,! impression convey$ to ! m9d ( ! pr$om9ance ( =ms1 dep5ds lit]ally on ! conception ( relative quantity4 ,t]re/rial physics h _! num]ical elem5ts z well z ! cosmical sy/em1 & x is only by ! unit$ lab\rs ( botanical travell]s t we c hope gradually to arrive at a k ( ! laws :i* det]m9e ! geographical & climatic di/ribution ( vegetable =ms4 ,i h already obs]v$ t 9 ! temp]ate zone ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! ,composit 7,synan!re7 & ! ,glumace 79 :i* latt] division ,i place ! ?ree families ( ! ,gram9e1 ! ,cyp]oide1 & ! ,juncace7 con/itute ! f\r? "p ( all phan]ogamia4 ,! foll[+ num]ical relations are ! result ( my inve/igations = sev5 great families ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 "o & ! same temp]ate zone3 ,glumace 7,grasses alone 7 ,composit ,legum9os ,labiat ,umbellif] ,am5tace 7,cupulif]1 ,betul9e1 & ,salic9e7 ,crucif] ,! =ms ( organic be+s are reciprocally dep5d5t on "o ano!r4 ,su* is ! unity ( nature1 t ^! =ms limit ea* o!r 9 ob$i5ce to laws :i* are probably connect$ ) long p]iods ( "t4 ,:5 we h asc]ta9$ ! numb] ( ! species on any p>ticul> "p ( ! e>?'s surface belong+ to "o ( ! great families ( ! ,glumace1 ! ,legum9os1 or ! ,composit1 we may ) "s degree ( probability1 =m approximative conclusions reg>d+ ! numb] ( all ! phan]ogamia1 z well z ( ! species belong+ to ! o!r families ( plants gr[+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! numb] ( ! ,cyp]oide det]m9es t ( ! ,composit1 & ! numb] ( ! latt] det]m9es t ( ! ,legum9os2 & ^! e/imates1 moreov]1 enable u to asc]ta9 9 :at classes & ord]s ! ,floras ( a c\ntry are /ill incomplete1 tea*+ u :at h>ve/s may /ill be reap$ 9 ! respective families1 if we gu>d aga9/ conf\nd+ toge!r v diff]5t sy/ems ( vegetation4 ,! comp>ison ( ! num]ical proportions ( families 9 ! diff]5t zones :i* h z yet be5 well explor$1 has l$ me to a k ( ! laws :i* det]m9e ! num]ical increase or decrease ( vegetable =ms con/itut+ a natural family1 9 proce$+ f ! equator to ! poles1 :5 comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) ! :ole mass ( phan]ogamia peculi> to ea* zone4 ,we mu/ "h h reg>d n only to ! direction1 b also to ! rapidity or measure ( ! increase4 ,we see ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction1 :i* expresses ! ratio1 increase or dim9i%4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! beautiful family ( ! ,legum9os dim9i%es 9 proportion z x rec$es f ! equ9octial zone to ! nor? pole4 ,if we f9d its ratio = ! torrid zone 7f #j to #aj ( latitude7 1 we %all h = ! "p ( ! temp]ate zone 7ly+ betwe5 #de & #eb7 1 & = ! frigid zone 7betwe5 #fg & #gj lat47 only 4 ,! direction foll[$ by ! great family ( ! ,legum9os 7viz41 increase t[>ds ! equator7 is also t ( ! ,rubiace1 ! ,euphorbiace1 & especially ! ,malvace4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gram9e & ! ,juncace 7! latt] m ?an ! =m]71 ! ,erice1 & ,am5tace1 dim9i% t[>ds ! torrid zone4 ,! ,composit1 ,labiat1 ,umbellif]1 & ,crucif]1 dim9i% f ! temp]ate zone t[>ds ! pole & ! equator1 & ! two latt] families mo/ rapidly 9 ! direction ( ! equatorial region2 :il/ 9 ! temp]ate zone ! ,crucif] are ?ree times m abundant 9 ,europe ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,gre5l& ! ,labiat are r$uc$ to only "o species1 & ! ,umbellif] to two1 :ile ! :ole numb] ( ! phan]ogamia /ill am\nts1 accord+ to ,hornemann1 to #cae species4 ,x mu/ at ! same "t be obs]v$ t ! developm5t ( plants ( diff]5t families1 & ! di/ribution ( _! =ms1 d n dep5d alone on ! geographical1 or ev5 on ! iso!rmal latitude2 ! quoti5ts n be+ always equal on "o & ! same iso!rmal l9e 9 ! temp]ate zone1 z = in/ance 9 ! pla9s ( ,am]ica & 9 ^? ( ! ,old ,cont95t4 ,)9 ! tropics !re is a v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,am]ica1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! di/ribution ( organic be+s ov] ! surface ( ! e>? does n dep5d solely on ! great complication ( !rmic & climatic relations1 b also on geological causes :i* cont9ue almo/ :olly unkn[n to u1 s9ce !y h be5 produc$ by ! orig9al condition ( ! e>?1 & by cata/rophes :i* h n affect$ all p>ts ( our planet simultane\sly4 ,! l>ge pa*yd]mata are no long] f\nd 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 :ile !y /ill exi/ "u analog\s climates 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,^! diff]5ces1 in/ead ( det]r+ u f ! inve/igation ( ! laws ( nature1 %\ld r /imulate u to /udy !m 9 all _! intricate modifications4 ,! num]ical laws ( families1 ! frequ5tly /rik+ agreem5t betwe5 ! ratios1 :]e ! species con/itut+ ^! families are = ! mo/ "p diff]5t1 lead u into t my/]i\s obscurity :i* envelopes ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! fix+ ( organic types 9 ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants1 & ) all t ref]s to =mation & developm5t4 ,i w take z examples two neighb\r+ c\ntries--,france & ,g]many--:i* h bo? be5 long s9ce explor$4 ,9 ,france _m species ( ,gram9e1 ,umbellif]1 ,crucif]1 ,composit1 ,legum9os1 & ,labiat are want+1 :i* are "s ( ! commone/ 9 ,g]many1 & yet ! ratios ( ^! six l>ge families are almo/ id5tical 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,_! relations1 :i* ,i "h give1 are z foll[s3 ,families4 ,g]many4 ,france4 ,gram9e4 ,umbellif]4 ,crucif]4 ,composit4 ,legum9os4 ,labiat4 ,?is correspond5ce 9 ! numb] ( species ( "o family comp>$ to ! :ole mass ( ! phan]ogamia ( ,g]many & ,france w\ld n exi/1 if ! abs5t ,g]man species 7 n replac$ 9 ,france by o!r types ( ! same families4 ,^? :o delight 9 conjectures respect+ ! gradual trans=mation ( species1 & :o reg>d ! diff]5t p>rots1 peculi> to isl&s situat$ ne> ea* o!r1 z m]ely trans=m$ species1 w ascribe ! rem>kable uni=mity pres5t$ by ! above num]ical ratios to a migration ( ! same species1 :i* hav+ be5 alt]$ by climatic influ5ces1 cont9u+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 appe> to replace ea* o!r4 ,b :y h our common ,hea?1 7,calluna vulg>is17 & our ,oaks n p5etrat$ to ! ea/ ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 & pass$ f ,europe to nor!rn ,asia8 ,:y is !re no species ( ! g5us ,rosa 9 ! s\!rn1 & sc>cely any ,calceol>ia 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e8 ,^! are po9ts t _c be expla9$ by peculi>ities ( temp]ature4 ,! pres5t di/ribution ( =ms 7fix$ =ms ( organization7 is no m expla9$ by !rmal relations alone1 ?an by ! hypo!sis ( migrations ( plants radiat+ f c]ta9 c5tral po9ts4 ,!rmal relations are sc>cely suffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5on :y c]ta9 species h fix$ limits beyond :i* !y _c pass1 ei!r 9 ! pla9s t[>ds ! pole1 or 9 v]tical elevation on ! declivities ( m\nta9s4 ,! cycle ( vegetation ( ea* species1 h[ev] diff]5t may be its duration1 requires a c]ta9 m9imum ( temp]ature to enable x to arrive at ! full /age ( its developm5t4,,nm ,b all ! conditions necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( a plant1 ei!r )9 its natural sph]e ( di/ribution or cultivation--su* z geographical di/ance f ! pole1 & elevation ( ! locality--are r5d]$ /ill m complicat$ by ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! beg9n+ ( ! !rmic cycle ( vegetation2 by ! influ5ce :i* ! unequal di/ribution ( ! same quantity ( heat among days & nights succe$+ ea* o!r 9 gr\ps1 ex]ts on ! irritability1 ! progressive developm5t1 & ! :ole vital process2 & la/ly1 by ! second>y influ5ce ( ! hygrometric & electric relations ( ! atmosph]e4 ,my inve/igations reg>d+ ! num]ical laws ( ! di/ribution ( vegetable =ms may1 p]haps1 at "s future "t1 be appli$ successfully to ! diff]5t classes ( v]tebrate animals4 ,! ri* collections ( ! ,musum d'hi/oire naturelle 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is1 conta9$ 9 #ahbj1 at a r\gh e/imate1 above #ef1jjj species ( phan]ogamic & cryptogamic plants 9 ! h]b>iums1 #dd1jjj insects 7probably bel[ ! actual numb]1 al?\gh !y 7 ?us giv5 me by ,latreille71 #bejj species ( fi%es1 #gjj reptiles1 #djjj birds1 & #ejj mammalia4 ,europe possesses ab\t #hj mammalia1 #djj birds1 & #cj reptiles2 !re are1 !re=e1 five times z _m birds z mammalia 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 7z !re are 9 ,europe five times z _m ,composit z ,am5tace & ,conif]1 & five times z _m ,legum9os z ,or*ide & ,euphorbiace74 ,9 ! s\!rn temp]ate zone ! ratio ( ! ,mammalia be>s a suffici5tly /rik+ accord ) t ( ,birds1 be+ z #a 3 #dc4 ,birds 7& reptiles ev5 to a great] ext5t71 increase m ?an mammalia 9 advanc+ t[>ds ! torrid zone4 ,we might be dispos$ to believe1 f ,cuvi]'s inve/igations1 t ?is ratio 0 diff]5t 9 ! e>li] age ( our planet1 & t ! numb] ( mammalia t p]i%$ by convulsions ( nature 0 mu* great] ?an t ( birds4 ,latreille has %[n ! diff]5t gr\ps ( insects t increase 9 advanc+ t[>ds ! pole1 or t[>ds ! equator1 & ,illig] has indicat$ ! native places ( #chjj birds1 accord+ to ! qu>t]s ( ! globe2--a f> less in/ructive me?od ?an if !y _h be5 giv5 accord+ to zones4 ,we may easily compreh5d h[1 on a giv5 area1 ! individuals ( "o class ( plants or animals may limit ea* o!r's numb]s1 & h[1 aft] ! long-cont9u$ conte/s & fluctuations eng5d]$ by ! requirem5ts ( n\ri%m5t & mode ( life1 a condition ( equilibrium may h be5 at l5g? e/abli%$2 b ! causes :i* h det]m9$ _! typical v>ieties1 & h circumscrib$ ! sph]e ( ! di/ribution ( ! =ms !mselves1 no less ?an ! numb] ( individuals ( ea* =m1 are %r\d$ 9 t imp5etrable obscurity :i* /ill conceals f our view all t relates to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s & ! fir/ appe>ance ( organic life4 ,if1 !re=e1 z ,i h already obs]v$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is illu/ration1 we attempt to give an approximative e/imate ( ! num]ical limit 78le nombre limite0 ( ! ,fr5* ma!maticians71 bel[ :i* we _c place ! sum ( all ! phan]ogamia on ! surface ( ! e>?2 we %all f9d t ! sure/ me?od w be by comp>+ ! kn[n ratios ( ! families ( plants ) ! numb] ( ! species conta9$ 9 our h]b>iums1 or cultivat$ 9 l>ge botanical g>d5s4 ,z ,i h j rem>k$1 ! h]b>iums ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is 71 9 #ahbj1 already e/imat$ at #ef1jjj species4 ,i w n haz>d a conjecture z to ! numb] t may be conta9$ 9 ! h]b>iums ( ,engl&1 b ! great ,p>is h]b>ium1 :i* ,b5jam9 ,deless]t ) ! noble/ dis9t]e/$ness has giv5 up to free & g5]al use1 0 e/imat$1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 to conta9 #hf1jjj species1 a numb] almo/ equal to t :i* ,l9dley1 ev5 9 #ahce1,,nn reg>d$ z ! probable numb] ( all ! species exi/+ 8on ! :ole e>?40 ,few h]b>iums are numb]$ ) c>e1 accord+ to a complete1 sev]e1 & me?odical sep>ation ( ! diff]5t v>ieties2 :ile1 moreov]1 we (t5 f9d no inconsid]able numb] ( plants want+ 9 ! l>ge s-call$ g5]al h]b>iums1 :i* are conta9$ 9 "s ( ! small] ones4 ,dr4 ,klotzs* e/imates ! :ole numb] ( ,phan]ogamic plants 9 ! ,great ,royal ,h]b>ium at ,s*neb]g1 ne> ,b]l91 ( :i* he is curator1 at #gd1jjj species4 ,l\don's useful "w 7,hortus britannicus7 gives a g5]al view ( ! species :i* n[ are or rec5tly h be51 cultivat$ 9 ,engli% g>d5s4 ,! edition ( #ahcb enum]ates1 includ+ indig5\s plants1 exactly #bf1ffj ,phan]ogamia4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ) ?is l>ge numb] ( plants t ei!r h be51 or /ill are1 cultivat$ 9 ,great ,brita91 8all ! liv+ plants :i* may simultane\sly be f\nd 9 an individual botanic g>d540 ,9 ?is la/ respect ! ,botanic ,g>d5 ( ,b]l9 has long be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ,europe4 ,! fame ( its extraord9>y ri*es re/$ =m]ly on a m]e approximative e/imate ( its cont5ts1 &1 z my old fri5d & fell[-lab\r] ,pr(essor ,kun?1 has v correctly rem>k$1,,no 8x 0 only by ! completion ( a sy/ematic catalogue1 bas$ on ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( ! species1 t an actual enum]ation c\ld be und]tak54 ,?is enum]ation gave some:at m ?an #ad1jfj species2 & :5 we d$uct f ^! #cge cultivat$ f]ns1 !re rema9 #ac1fhe ,phan]ogamia1 among :i* !re are #afjj ,composite1 #aaej ,legum9os1 #dbh ,labiat1 #cgj ,umbellif]1 #dfj ,or*ide1 #fj ,palms1 & #fjj ,grasses & ,cyp]ace4 ,if we comp>e ) ^! numb]s ! numb] ( species giv5 9 rec5t works1 z1 = in/ance1 ,composit 7accord+ to ,dec&olle & ,walp]s71 at ab\t #aj1jjj1 ,legum9os #hjgj1 ,labiat 7,b5?am7 #baij1 ,umbellif] #afbj1 ,grasses #cedd1 & ,cyp]ace #bjjj1,,np we %all p]ceive t ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,b]l9 cultivates only 1 1 & ( ! v l>ge families 7,composit1 ,legum9os1 & ,grasses71 & z _m z & ( ! already describ$ species belong+ to ! small families 7,labiat & ,umbellif]74 ,if we e/imate ! numb] ( all ! diff]5t species ( ,phan]ogamia simultane\sly cultivat$ 9 all ! botanical g>d5s ( ,europe at #bj1jjj1 we %all f9d1 z !y appe> to con/itute ab\t ! eigh? "p ( ^? already describ$ & conta9$ 9 h]b>iums1 t ! :ole numb] ( ,phan]ogamia mu/ am\nt to ne>ly #afj1jjj4 ,?is e/imate ne$ n be reg>d$ z too high1 s9ce sc>cely ! hundr$? "p ( _m ( ! l>g] families1 z1 = in/ance1 ,guttif]e1 ,malpighiace1 ,mela/ome1 ,myrtace1 & ,rubiace1 belong to our g>d5s40 ,if we take ! numb] 7#bf1ffj species71 giv5 9 ,l\don's 8,hortus ,britannicus10 z ! basis1 we %all f9d1 f ! well-gr\nd$ s]ies ( inf]5ces drawn by ,pr(essor ,kun?1 & :i* ,i borr[ f 8 manuscript notice above ref]r$ to1 t ! e/imate ( #afj1jjj w increase to #bac1jjj species2 & ev5 ?is is /ill v mod]ate1 s9ce ,heynhold1 9 8 8,nom5clator botanicus hort5sis0 7#ahdf71 e/imates ! species ( ,phan]ogamia already cultivat$ at #ce1fjj4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1--& ! conclusion is1 at fir/ sight1 suffici5tly /rik+1--! numb] ( species ( ,phan]ogamia at pres5t kn[n by cultivation 9 g>d5s1 by descriptions1 & 9 h]b>iums1 is almo/ great] ?an t ( kn[n insects4 ,accord+ to ! av]age e/imates ( sev]al ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ entomologi/s1 ^: op9ion ,i h be5 able to obta91 ! numb] ( insects at pres5t describ$1 or conta9$ 9 collections )\t be+ describ$1 may be /at$ z betwe5 #aej1jjj & #agj1jjj species4 ,! ri* collection at ,b]l9 conta9s fully #ij1jjj1 among :i* !re are ab\t #cb1jjj beetles4 ,travell]s h collect$ an imm5se quantity ( plants 9 remote regions1 )\t br++ ) !m ! insects liv+ ^u !m1 or 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we limit ^! num]ical e/imates to a def9ite portion ( ! e>?'s surface t has be5 ! be/ explor$ 9 reg>d to its plants & insects1 z1 = in/ance1 ,europe1 we f9d ! ratio betwe5 ! vital =ms ( ,phan]ogamic plants & ^? ( insects *ang$ to su* a degree1 t :ile ,europe c\nts sc>cely #gjjj or #hjjj ,phan]ogamia1 m ?an ?ree times t numb] ( ,european insects are at pres5t kn[n4 ,accord+ to ! int]e/+ contributions ( my fri5d ,dohrn 9 ,/ett91 m ?an #hgjj insects h already be5 collect$ f ! ri* fauna ( ! neighb\rhood1 & yet !re are /ill _m ,micro,lepidoptera want+2 :ile ! numb] ( ,phan]ogamia f\nd !re sc>cely exce$s #ajjj4 ,! ,insect-fauna ( ,great ,brita9 is e/imat$ at #aa1fjj4 ,su* a prepond]ance ( animal =ms w appe> less surpris+ :5 we rememb] t sev]al ( ! l>ge classes ( insects live only on animal sub/ances1 :il/ o!rs subsi/ on agamic plants 7,fungi71 & ev5 on ^? :i* are subt]ranean4 ,bombyx ,p9i1 ! ,p9e ,spid]1 ! mo/ de/ructive ( all =e/-insects1 is infe/$1 accord+ to ,ratzeburg1 by no less ?an ?irty-five p>asitical ,i*neumonid4 ,^! consid]ations h l$ u to ! proportion borne by ! numb] ( species gr[+ 9 g>d5s to ! gross numb] ( ^? already describ$ & pres]v$ 9 h]b>iums2 x n[ rema9s = u to consid] ! proportion ( ! latt] to ! conjectural numb] ( species exi/+ on ! :ole e>?1 or1 9 o!r words1 to te/ _! m9imum by ! relative numb]s ( ! diff]5t families--i4 e4 by v>iable multipla4 ,a te/ ( ?is k9d gives1 h[ev]1 su* l[ results = ! l[] am\nt1 z pla9ly to %[ t ev5 9 ! l>ge families1 :i* appe> to h be5 ! mo/ /rik+ly enri*$ 9 rec5t times by ! rese>*es ( descriptive botani/s1 our k is /ill limit$ to a v small portion ( ! treasure actually exi/+4 ,! ,rep]torium ( ,walp]s :i* completes ,dec&olle's ,prodromus ( #ahbe to #ahdf1 gives #hjfh species ( ! family ( ! ,legum9os4 ,we may assume ! mean ratio to be 2 s9ce x is 9 ! tropical zone1 9 ! middle temp]ate zone1 & 9 ! cold nor!rn zone4 ,! describ$ ,legum9os w\ld !re=e only lead u to assume t !re 7 #afi1djj species ( ,phan]ogamia exi/+ on ! e>?1 :]eas ! ,composit1 z already %ewn1 te/ify to ! exi/5ce ( m ?an #afj1jjj kn[n ,phan]ogamia1 i4 e4 su* z h be5 describ$ or are conta9$ 9 h]b>iums4 ,?is discrepancy is in/ructive1 & w be fur!r elucidat$ by ! foll[+ analog\s consid]ations4 ,! l>g] numb] ( ! ,composit1 ( :i* ,l9nu knew only #ghe species1 & :i* h n[ increas$ to #ab1jjj1 appe> to belong to ! ,old ,cont95t4 ,at lea/ ,dec&olle describ$ only #ceij ,am]ican1 :ile he e/imat$ ! ,european1 ,asiatic1 & ,african species at #ejic4 ,?is abundance ( ,composit 9 our vegetable sy/ems is h[ev] deceptive1 & only app>5tly consid]able2 = ! quoti5t ( ?is family 7:i* )9 ! tropical zone is 1 9 ! temp]ate zone 1 & 9 ! frigid zone 7 %[s t m species ( ,composit ?an ( ,legum9os h hi!rto elud$ ! dilig5t rese>* ( travell]s2 = ev5 :5 multipli$ by #ab we only obta9 ! improbably small numb] ( #add1jjj = ! sum total ( ! ,phan]ogamia6 ,! families ( ! ,grasses & ( ! ,cyp]ace give /ill l[] results1 because a proportionally small] numb] ( species h be5 describ$ & collect$4 ,we ne$ only ca/ a glance at ! map ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & rememb] t ! va/ ext5t ( c\ntry occupi$ by ! grassy pla9s ( ,v5ezuela ! ,apure & ! ,meta1 z well z to ! s\? ( ! woody region ( ! ,amazon1 9 ,*aco1 9 ,ea/]n ,tucuman1 & 9 ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres & ,patagonia1 has ei!r be5 v imp]fectly or n at all explor$ 9 relation to botany4 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,asia pres5t an almo/ equally ext5sive t]ritory occupi$ by /eppes2 b "h a l>g] proportion ( dicotyl$on\s plants is int]mix$ ) ! ,gram9e4 ,if we _h suffici5t gr\nds = believ+ t "o-half ( all ! phan]ogamic plants exi/+ on ! surface ( ! e>? are kn[n1 & if we e/imate ?is numb] at only #afj1jjj or at #bac1jjj kn[n species2 we mu/ give to ! family ( grasses1 ^: g5]al ratio appe>s to be 1 9 ! =m] case at lea/ #bf1jjj1 & 9 ! latt] #ce1jjj diff]5t species1 ( :i* 9 ! fir/ case 1 & 9 ! second are kn[n4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations oppose ! hypo!sis t we are already acqua9t$ ) half ! ,phan]ogamia on ! e>?'s surface4 ,sev]al ?\s& species ( ,monocotyl$ons & ,dicotyl$ons1 & among !m l(ty arboresc5t =ms1 h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 7,i w\ld rem9d ! read] ( my own exp$ition7 9 di/ricts ( a v l>ge ext5t1 :i* _h already be5 explor$ by di/+ui%$ botani/s4 ,yet t portion ( ! great cont95ts :i* has nev] be5 visit$ by botanical obs]v]s f> exce$s ! ext5t ( ! p>ts ev5 sup]ficially trav]s$4 ,! greate/ v>iety ( phan]ogamic vegetation1 i4 e4 ! greate/ numb] ( species on an equal area1 is to be met ) 9 ! tropical or subtropical zones4 ,x is !re=e ! m important to be> 9 m9d t we are almo/ :olly unacqua9t$1 nor? ( ! equator1 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 ) ! floras ( ,oaxaca1 ,yucatan1 ,guatimala1 ,nic>agua1 ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 ! ,*oco1 ,antioquia1 & ! ,prov9ce de los ,pa/os2 :ile s\? ( ! equator1 we are equally ignorant ( ! floras ( ! b\ndless =e/-region betwe5 ! ,ucayale1 ! ,rio de la ,madura1 & ! ,toncant9 7?ree mighty tribut>ies ( ! ,amazon71 z well z ( ^? ( ,p>aguay & ! ,prov9ce de las ,missiones4 ,9 ,africa1 we "k no?+ ( ! vegetation ( ! :ole ( ! int]ior1 betwe5 #ae nor? & #bj s\? lat42 & 9 ,asia we are unacqua9t$ ) ! floras ( ! s\? & s\?-ea/ ( ,arabia1 :]e ! highl&s rise to an elevation ( #fdjj feet2 z also ) ! floras betwe5 ! ,?ian-s*an1 ! ,ku5-,ln1 & ! ,himalaya2 ^? ( ,we/]n ,*9a2 & ^? ( ! great portion ( ! c\ntries beyond ! ,ganges4 ,/ill m unkn[n to botani/s are ! int]ior portions ( ,borneo & ,new ,gu9ea1 & ( "s di/ricts ( ,au/ralia4 ,fur!r to ! s\? ! numb] ( ! species decreases 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 z ,joseph ,hook] has ably %[n1 f 8 own obs]vation1 9 8 ,ant>ctic ,flora4 ,! ?ree isl&s :i* con/itute ,new ,zeal& ext5d f #cd to #dg ( latitude1 & z !y h besides sn[-cr[n$ m\nta9s m ?an #hhej feet 9 height1 !y mu/ exhibit consid]able diff]5ces ( climate4 ,! mo/ nor!rn isl& has be5 explor$ ) tol]able accuracy f ! "t ( ,banks & ,sol&]'s voyage 7) ,capt4 ,cook71 to ! visits ( ,lesson1 ! bro!rs ,cunn+ham1 & ,col5so2 & yet 9 m ?an sev5ty ye>s1 ! numb] ( ,phan]ogamia ) :i* we h become acqua9t$ is bel[ #gjj4,,nq ,?is paucity ( vegetable species corresponds ) ! paucity ( animal =ms4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook] has obs]v$ t 8,icel&1 prov]bially b>r5 z x is1 & ^u :i* no tree1 save a few /unt$ bir*es1 is to be f\nd1 possesses five times z _m fl[]+ plants z ,"l ,auckl&'s gr\p & ,campbell's ,isl&s toge!r1 al?\gh ^! are situat$ at f #h to #aj ne>] ! equator 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! ant>ctic flora is at once *>act]is$ by uni=mity & great luxuriance ( vegetation1 :i* is attributable to ! influ5ce ex]t$ by an un9t]rupt$ly cool & humid climate4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,*ili1 ,patagonia1 & ,ti]ra del ,fuego 7f #de to #ef lat47 ?is uni=mity is /rik+ly manife/$ on ! m\nta9s & _! declivities no less ?an 9 ! pla9s4 ,h[ great is ! diff]5ce ( species :5 we comp>e ! flora ( ! s\? ( ,france1 9 ! same latitude z ! ,*onos ,isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 ) ! ,scotti% flora ( ,argyle%ire1 9 ! p>allel ( ,cape ,horn4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! same types ( vegetation pass ?r\gh _m degrees ( latitude4 ,9 ! regions ne> ! nor? pole t5 fl[]+ plants h be5 collect$ on ,wald5 ,isl& 7#hj nor? lat471 :ile !re is sc>cely a solit>y grass to be met ) 9 ! ,s\? ,%etl& ,isl&s1 al?\gh situat$ #fc s\? latitude40,,nr ,^! consid]ations on ! di/ribution ( plants prove t ! great mass ( ! /ill unobs]v$1 uncollect$1 & undescrib$ phan]ogamia belong to ! tropical zone1 & to ! contigu\s regions ext5d+ f twelve to fifte5 degrees f x4 ,i h deem$ x n unimportant to draw att5tion to ! imp]fect /ate ( our k 9 ?is slightly cultivat$ dep>tm5t ( num]ical botany1 & to treat su* que/ions 9 a m def9ite mann] ?an has hi!rto be5 possible4 ,9 all conjectures reg>d+ relative numb]s1 we mu/ fir/ exam9e ! practicability ( obta9+ ! l[e/ limit2 z 9 ! "q1 ( :i* ,i h treat$ else:]e1 reg>d+ ! ratio ( ! gold & silv] co9$ to ! quantity ( ! preci\s metals exi/+ 9 a wr\ght /ate2 or z 9 ! "q ( h[ _m />s1 f ! t5? to ! twelf? magnitude1 are scatt]$ ov] ! heav5s1 & h[ _m ( ! smalle/ telescopic />s may be conta9$ 9 ! ,milky ,way8,,ns ,x is an e/abli%$ fact1 t if x 7 possible to asc]ta9 completely by obs]vation ! numb] ( species ( ! l>ge phan]ogamic families1 we %\ld at ! same "t obta9 an approximate k ( ! sum-total ( all ! phan]ogamia on ! surface ( ! e>? 7t is1 ! numb]s includ$ 9 e family74 ,! m !re=e we are enabl$1 by ! progressive exploration ( unkn[n di/ricts1 gradually to det]m9e ! numb] ( species belong+ to any "o great family1 ! high] w be ! gradual rise ( ! l[e/ limit1 & ! ne>] we %all arrive at ! solution ( a great num]ical vital problem1 s9ce ! =ms1 9 accordance ) /ill unexpla9$ laws ( univ]sal organism1 reciprocally limit ea* o!r4 ,b is ! numb] ( ! organisms a con/ant numb]8 ,d n new vegetable =ms spr+ f ! gr\nd aft] long int]vals ( "t1 :il/ o!rs become m & m r>e1 & f9ally disappe>8 ,geology confirms ! latt] "p ( ?is "q by means ( ! hi/orical memorials ( anci5t t]re/rial life4 8,9 ! primitive _w10 to use ! expression ( ! intellectual ,l9k1,,nt 8elem5ts remote f ea* o!r bl5d toge!r 9 wondr\s =ms1 indicat+1 z x 71 a high] degree ( developm5t & articulation 9 a future p]iod ( ! _w40 ,footnote #hd3 p4 #bbb--8,:e!r ! height ( ! arial ocean & its pressure h always be5 ! same40 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e has a decid$ influ5ce on ! =m & life ( plants4 ,?is life1 ow+ to ! fulness & abundance ( ! leafy organs provid$ ) int]/itial op5+s1 is pr9cipally direct$ outw>ds4 ,plants ma9ly live 9 & ?r\gh _! surfaces1 & h5ce _! dep5d5ce on ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,animals are m dep5dant on int]nal /imuli2 !y g5]ate & ma9ta9 _! own temp]ature1 d]iv+ f muscul> movem5ts _! electric curr5ts1 & ! *emical vital processes :i* arise f & re-act ^u ^? curr5ts4 ,a k9d ( cutane\s respiration con/itutes an active vital function ( plants1 & dep5ds1 s f> z x is an evaporation1 inhalation1 & exhalation ( fluids1 on atmosph]ic pressure4 ,h5ce ,alp9e plants are m aromatic & hirsute ?an o!rs1 & m amply provid$ ) num]\s exhalants4,,nu ,zoonomic exp]im5ts tea* u1 z ,i h %[n 9 ano!r "w1 t organs are m abundant & m p]fectly develop$ 9 proportion to ! facility ) :i* _! functional requirem5ts are fulfill$4 ,! di/urbance occasion$ 9 ! respiration ( _! ext]nal integum5ts1 by increas$ b>ometric pressure1 r5d]s x1 z ,i h else:]e %ewn1 v difficult = ,alp9e plants to ?rive 9 ! pla94 ,:e!r ! arial ocean surr\nd+ ! e>? has always ex]t$ ! same mean pressure is a "q :olly undecid$4 ,we d n ev5 "k = c]ta9 :e!r ! mean b>ometric height has rema9$ ! same dur+ a hundr$ ye>s at any "o giv5 spot4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,pol5i & ,toaldo1 ?is pressure appe>$ v>iable4 ,d\bts 7 long ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! accuracy ( ^! views1 b ! m rec5t inve/igations ( ! a/ronom] ,c>l9i r5d] x almo/ probable t 9 ,milan ! mean b>ometric pressure is on ! decrease4 ,p]haps ! ph5om5on is v local1 & dep5d5t on p]iodic v>iations 9 desc5d+ curr5ts ( air4 ,footnote #he3 p4 #bbc--8,palms40 ,x is rem>kable1 t ( ?is maje/ic =m ( plants--! ,palms--"s ( :i* rise to m ?an twice ! height ( ! ,royal ,palace at ,b]l91 & :i* ! ,indian1 ,am>as9ha1 has v *>act]i/ically call$ 8k+s among grasses10--only fifte5 species _h be5 describ$ up to ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,l9nu4 ,! ,p]uvian travell]s1 ,ruiz & ,pavon1 add$ only eight2 :il/ ,bonpl& & myself1 trav]s+ a great] ext5t ( c\ntry1 f #ab s\? lat4 to #ba nor? lat41 describ$ tw5ty new species1 & di/+ui%$ z _m m :i* we nam$1 )\t h[ev] be+ able to procure _! blossoms 9 a p]fect /ate4,,nv ,at pres5t 7=ty-f\r ye>s aft] my return f ,mexico7 m ?an #ddj species ( palms1 f bo? cont95ts1 h already be5 sci5tifically describ$1 includ+ ! ,ea/ ,indian species arrang$ by ,griffi?4 ,! 8,enum]atio ,plant>um0 ( my fri5d ,kun?1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahda1 conta9s no few] ?an #cef species4 ,! v few palms belong+1 l our ,conif]1 ,qu]c9e1 & ,betul9e1 to social plants1 are ! ,mauritian ,palm 7,mauritia flexuosa71 & ! two species ( ,*amrops1 ( :i* ! ,*amrops humilis cov]s :ole tracts ( l& at ! e/u>y ( ! ,ebro & 9 ,val5cia1 :ile ! o!r1 ,*amrops ,moc9i1 :i* we discov]$ on ! ,mexican %ore ( ! ,pacific1 is entirely )\t prickles4 ,9 ! same mann] z !re are "s species ( palms1 includ+ ,cocos & ,*amrops1 :i* are peculi> to sea-coa/s1 s also is !re a c]ta9 gr\p ( ,alp9e palms belong+ to ! region ( ! tropics1 :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 0 :olly unkn[n be=e my ,s\? ,am]ican j\rney4 ,almo/ all ^! species ( ! palm family gr[ 9 pla9s & 9 a mean temp]ature ( #ha4e & #hf ,fahr41 seldom advanc+ high] up ! sides ( ! ,&es ?an to #aijj feet4 ,! beautiful wax palm 7,c]oxylon &icola71 ! ,palmetto ( ,azufral at ! ,pass ( ,qu9diu1 7,oreodoxa frigida71 & ! re$-l ,kun?ia montana 7,caa de la ,vibora7 ( ,pa/o1 all fl\ri% at elevations v>y+ f #fdjj to #ifjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 :]e ! !rmomet] frequ5tly s9ks 9 ! night to #db4h & #de4e ,fahr41 & ! mean temp]ature is sc>cely #eg ,fahr4 ,^! ,alp9e palms are int]sp]s$ ) nut-trees1 yew-leav$ species ( ,podoc>pus1 & oaks1 7,qu]cus granat5sis74 ,i h det]m9$1 by accurate b>ometric measurem5ts1 ! upp] & l[] limits ( ! wax palm4 ,we began to obs]ve x fir/ on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,qu9diu1 at an elevation ( #gibi feet1 f :5ce x asc5d$ to ! ,g>ita del ,p>amo1 & ,los ,volcancitos1 z high z ab\t #igjj feet4 ,! di/+ui%$ botani/1 ,don ,jos ,caldas1 :o 0 long our companion 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,granada1 & :o fell a victim to ,spani% p>ty hatr$1 f\nd1 _m ye>s aft] my dep>ture f ! c\ntry1 ?ree species ( palms 9 ! ,p>amo de ,guanacos1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! limit ( p]petual sn[1 & !re=e1 probably at an elevation ( ne>ly #ad1jjj feet4,,nw ,ev5 beyond ! tropical region 79 lat4 #bh71 ,*amrops ,m>tiana,,nx rises on ! advanc$ spurs ( ! ,himalaya range to a height ( #ejjj feet4 ,:5 we consid] ! extreme geographical &1 consequ5tly1 also ! climatic limits ( palms at spots :i* are b little elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 we f9d t "s =ms 7! ,date ,palm1 ,*amrops humilis1 ,*4 palmetto1 & ,areca sapida ( ,new ,zeal&17 advance f> )9 ! temp]ate zone ( bo? hemisph]es1 to di/ricts :]e ! mean annual temp]ature sc>cely rea*es f #eg to #fj ,fahr4 ,if we =m a progressive scale ( cultivat$ plants 9 accordance ) ! diff]5t degrees ( heat !y require1 & beg9 ) ! maximum1 we h ,cacao1 ,indigo1 ,bananas1 ,c(fee1 ,cotton1 ,date ,palms1 ,orange & ,lemon trees1 ,olives1 ,spani% ,*esnuts1 & ,v9es4 ,9 ,europe1 ,date ,palms1 toge!r ) ,*amrops humilis1 gr[ 9 ! p>allels ( #dc & #dd1 z1 = in/ance1 on ! ,g5oese ,riv]a del ,pon5te1 ne> ,bordigh]a1 betwe5 ,monaco & ,san ,/efano1 :]e !re is a palm grove1 numb]+ m ?an #djjj trees2 also 9 ,dalmatia1 ne> ,spalatro4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,*amrops humilis is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,nice & 9 ,s>d9ia1 :il/ x is n f\nd 9 ! ,isl& ( ,corsica1 ly+ betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 ! ,*amrops palmetto1 :i* is sometimes m ?an #dj feet high1 does n advance fur!r nor? ?an #cd2 a circum/ance t may be expla9$ by ! inflection ( ! iso!rmal l9es4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ,rob]t ,br[n,,ny f\nd t palms1 ( :i* !re are only v few 7six or sev57 species1 advance z f> z #cd 9 ,new ,holl&2 :ile ,sir ,joseph ,banks saw an ,areca1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 z f> z #ch4 ,africa1 :i*1 contr>y to ! anci5t & /ill ext5sively diffus$ op9ion1 is poor 9 species ( palms1 exhibits only "o palm 7,hyphne coriacea7 :i* advances s\? ( ! equator1 only z f> z ,port ,natal1 9 #cj lat4 ,! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica pres5ts almo/ ! same limits4 ,ea/ ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 9 ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 & 9 ! ,cis-,plata prov9ce1 palms ext5d1 accord+ to ,augu/e de ,/4-,hilaire1,,nz z f> z #cd & #ce4 ,! ,coco de ,*ile1 7our ,juba spectabilis871 ! only species ( palm indig5\s 9 ,*ili1 advances on ! we/]n side ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 accord+ to ,claude ,gay1,,oa to an equal latitude1 viz41 to ! ,rio ,maule4 ,i w "h subjo9 ! aphori/ic obs]vations :i*1 9 ,m>*1 #ahja1 ,i not$ d[n :ile on bo>d %ip1 at ! mom5t we 7 leav+ ! palm region surr\nd+ ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,s9u1 we/ ( ,d>i51 & 7 sett+ sail = ,c>?ag5a de ,indias4 8,9 ! space ( two ye>s1 we h se5 z _m z #bg diff]5t species ( palms 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,h[ _m !n mu/ h be5 obs]v$ by ,comm]son1 ,?unb]g1 ,banks1 ,sol&]1 ! two ,=/]s1 ,adanson1 & ,sonn]at1 on _! ext5sive travels6 ,yet1 at ! mom5t ,i am writ+1 our vegetable sy/ems recognise sc>cely m ?an f f\rte5 to eighte5 me?odically describ$ species ( palms4 ,! difficulties ( rea*+ & procur+ ! blossoms ( palms are1 9 fact1 great] ?an c well be conceiv$2 &1 9 our own case1 we 7 made peculi>ly s5sible ( ?is 9 consequ5ce ( our hav+ direct$ our att5tion especially to palms1 grasses1 cyp]ace1 juncace1 cryptogamia1 & num]\s o!r subjects hi!rto mu* neglect$4 ,mo/ ( ! palms fl[] only once a ye>1 & ?is p]iod ne> ! equator is g5]ally ab\t ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,h[ few travell]s are likely to be 9 ! region ( palms precisely dur+ ?is season6 ,! p]iod ( blossom+ ( p>ticul> trees is (t5 limit$ to a few days1 & ! travell] commonly f9ds1 on 8 arrival 9 ! region ( palms1 t ! blossoms h pass$ away1 & t ! trees pres5t only fructifi$ ov>ies & no male fl[]s4 ,9 an area ( #cb1jjj squ>e miles1 !re are (t5 n m ?an ?ree or f\r species ( palms to be f\nd4 ,:o c possibly1 dur+ ! brief p]iod ( fl[]+1 simultane\sly visit ! v>i\s palm regions ne> ! ,missions on ! ,rio ,c>oni1 9 ! ,mori*ales at ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco1 9 ! valley ( ,caura & ,erevato1 on ! banks ( ! ,atabapo & ! ,rio ,negro1 & on ! declivity ( ! ,duida8 ,!re is1 moreov]1 great difficulty :5 ! trees gr[ 9 ?ick woods or on swampy %ores 7z at ! ,temi & ,tuam9i71 9 rea*+ ! blossoms1 :i* are (t5 susp5d$ f /ems =midably arm$ ) huge ?orns1 & ris+ to a height ( betwe5 #fj & #gj feet4 ,!y :o contemplate di/ant travels f ,europe = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ subjects ( natural hi/ory1 picture to !mselves visions ( effici5t %e>s & curv$ knives atta*$ to poles1 ready = secur+ any?+ t comes 9 _! way2 & ( boys :o1 ob$i5t to _! m&ates1 are prep>$1 ) a cord atta*$ to _! feet1 to climb ! l(tie/ trees6 ,un=tunately1 sc>cely any ( ^! visions are ev] realis$2 :ile ! fl[]s are almo/ unatta9able1 ow+ to ! great height at :i* !y gr[4 ,9 ! mission>y settlem5ts ( ! riv] net-"w ( ,guiana1 ! /rang] f9ds himself among/ ,indians1 :o1 r5d]$ ri* & indep5d5t by _! apa?y1 _! pov]ty1 & _! b>b>ism1 _c be induc$ ei!r by money or pres5ts to deviate ?ree /eps f ! regul> pa?1 suppos+ "o to exi/4 ,?is /ubborn indiff]5ce ( ! natives provokes ! ,european s mu* ! m1 f 8 be+ cont9ually a witness ( ! inconceivable agility ) :i* !y w climb any height :5 prompt$ by _! own incl9ation1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! pursuit ( a p>rot1 an iguana1 or a monkey1 :i*1 w\nd$ by _! arr[s1 saves itself f fall+ by its preh5sile tail4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y ! /ems ( ! ,palma ,real1 our ,oreodoxa ,regia1 7 cov]$ ) sn[-:ite blossoms1 9 all ! mo/ frequ5t$ ?or\ghf>es ( ! ,havannah1 & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! city2 b1 al?\gh we (f]$1 = sev]al days runn+1 a c\ple ( pia/res = a s+le spadix ( ! h]maphrodite blossoms to e negro boy we met 9 ! /reets ( ,regia & ,guanavacoa1 x 0 9 va91 =1 9 ! tropics1 no free man w ev] und]take any lab\r att5d$ by fatigue unless he is compell$ to d s by imp]ative necessity6 ,! botani/s & pa9t]s ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,commission ( ,natural ,hi/ory "u ,c\nt ,don ,j>uco y ,mopox 7,e/evez1 ,boldo1 ,guio1 ,e*ev]ia71 confess$ to u t1 = sev]al ye>s1 !y _h be5 unable to exam9e ^! blossoms1 ow+ to ! absolute impossibility ( obta9+ !m4 8,aft] ?is /atem5t ( ! difficulties att5d+ _! acquisition1 ! fact ( our be+ only able1 9 ! c\rse ( two ye>s1 sy/ematically to describe twelve species ( palms1 al?\gh we _h discov]$ tw5ty species1 may be und]/ood2 b ,i confess x w\ld h>dly h be5 cr$ible to me be=e ,i left ,europe4 ,h[ int]e/+ a "w might be writt5 on palms by a travell]1 :o c\ld exclusively devote himself to ! del9eation1 9 _! natural size1 ( ! spa!1 spadix1 infloresc5ce & fruits60 7,?us ,i wrote _m ye>s be=e ! ,brazilian travels ( ,m>tius & ,spix1 & ! appe>ance ( ! admirable "w on ,palms by ! =m]47 8,!re is mu* sam5ess 9 ! =m ( ! leaves1 :i* are ei!r fea!ry 7p9nata71 or fan-l 7palmo-digitata72 ! leaf-/alk 7petiolus7 is ei!r )\t ?orns or is %>ply s]rat$ 7s]rato-sp9osus74 ,! leaf-=m ( ,c>yota ur5s & ,m>t9ezia c>yotifolia1 :i* we saw on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,atabapo1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! ,&es1 at ! pass ( ,qu9diu1 z high z #cbjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 is almo/ z peculi> among palms z is ! leaf-=m ( ! ,g+ko among trees4 ,! habitus & physiognomy ( palms are expressive ( a gr&eur ( "* :i* x is difficult to describe 9 words4 ,! /em 7caudex7 is simple1 & v r>ely divid$ into bran*es aft] ! mann] ( ! ,dracna1 z 9 ,cucif]a !baica 7! ,doom ,palm71 & 9 ,hyphne coriacea4 ,x is sometimes disproportionately ?ick1 z 9 ,corozo del ,s9u1 our ,alfonsia oleif]a2 ( a re$-l feebl5ess1 z 9 ,piritu1 7,kun?ia montana71 & ! ,mexican ,corypha nana2 ( a some:at =k-l & protub]ant =m t[>ds ! l[] "p1 z 9 ,cocos2 sometimes smoo? & sometimes scaly1 z 9 ! ,palma de ,covija de ,sombr]o1 9 ! ,llanos2 or1 la/ly1 prickly1 z 9 ,corozo de ,cumana & ,macanilla de ,c>ipe1 hav+ ! ?orns v regul>ly arrang$ 9 conc5tric r+s4 8,*>act]i/ic diff]5ces also manife/ !mselves 9 ! roots1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 project ab\t a foot or a foot & a half f ! gr\nd1 rais+ ! /em on a scaffold+1 z x 71 or coil$ r\nd x 9 a padd$-l roll4 ,i h se5 viv]ras & ev5 v small monkeys pass "u ! scaffold+ =m$ by ! roots ( ! ,c>yota4 ,occasionally ! /em is swoll5 only 9 ! middle1 be+ small] above & bel[1 z 9 ! ,palma ,real ( ! isl& ( ,cuba4 ,! gre5 ( ! leaves is ei!r d>k & %9+1 z 9 ,mauritia ,cocos1 or ( a silv]y :ite on ! "u side1 z 9 ! sl5d] fan-palm1 ,corypha ,miraguama1 :i* we saw 9 ! h>b\r ( ,tr9idad de ,cuba4 ,sometimes ! middle ( ! fan-l leaf is adorn$ ) conc5tric yell[ & blue /ripes1 9 ! mann] ( a peacock's tail1 z 9 ! prickly ,mauritia1 :i* ,bonpl& discov]$ on ! ,rio ,atabapo4 8,! direction ( ! leaves is a no less important *>act]i/ic ?an _! =m & col\r4 ,! leaflets 7foliola7 are ei!r rang$ 9 a comb-l mann] close to "o ano!r1 ) a /iff p>5*yma 7z 9 ,cocos ,phnix71 to :i* !y owe ! beautiful reflections ( sol> light t play ov] ! surface ( ! leaves1 :i* %9e ) a brilliant v]dure 9 ,cocos1 & ) a fa9t] & a%y-col\r$ hue 9 ! date-palm2 or sometimes ! foliage assumes a re$-l appe>ance1 hav+ a ?9n] & m flexible texture1 & be+ curl$ ne> ! extremity 7z 9 ,jagua1 ,palma ,real del ,s9u1 ,palma ,real de ,cuba1 & ,piritu del ,or9oco74 ,?is direction ( ! leaves1 toge!r ) ! l(ty /em1 gives to ! palms _! "* ( high maje/y4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic ( ! physiognomical beauty ( ! palm t its leaves are direct$ aspir+ly upw>ds ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( its duration1 7& n only 9 ! y\? ( ! tree1 z is ! case ) ! ,date-,palm1 :i* is ! only "o introduc$ into ,europe47 ,! m acute ! angle made by ! leaves ) ! upp] "p ( ! /em 7t is1 ! ne>] !y approa* ! p]p5dicul>17 ! gr&] & nobl] is ! =m ( ! tree4 ,h[ diff]5t is ! aspect ( ! p5d5t leaves ( ! ,palma de ,covija del ,or9oco y de los ,llanos de ,calabozo 7,corypha tectorum71 f ! m horizontal leaves ( ! ,date & ,cocoa-nut palms1 & ! l(ty heav5w>d-po9t+ bran*es ( ! ,jagua1 ! ,cucurito1 & ,pirijao4 8,nature seems to h accumulat$ all ! beauties ( =m 9 ! ,jagua palm1 :i*1 int]m+l$ ) ! ,cucurito or ,vadgihai1 ^: /em rises to a height ( #hj or ev5 m ?an #ajj feet1 cr[ns ! granite rocks at ! cat>acts ( ,atures & ,maypures1 & :i* we also occasionally saw on ! lonely banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,_! smoo? & sl5d] /ems rise to a height ( f #fd to #ge feet1 project+ l a colonnade above ! d5se mass ( ! surr\nd+ foliage4 ,^! arial summits pres5t a m>k$ & beautiful contra/ ) ! ?ickly-leav$ species ( ,ceiba1 & ) ! =e/ ( ,laur9e1 ,calophyllum1 & ! diff]5t species ( ,amyris :i* surr\nd !m4 ,_! leaves1 :i* seldom exce$ sev5 or eight 9 numb]1 incl9e v]tically upw>ds to a height ( #af or #ag feet1 & are curl$ at ! extremities 9 a k9d ( fea!ry tuft4 ,! p>5*yma ( ! leaf is ( a ?9 grass-l texture1 caus+ ! leaflets to wave ) graceful lightness on ! g5tly oscillat+ leaf-/alk4 ,! floral buds bur/ =?1 9 all species ( palms1 f ! /em imm$iately b5ea? ! leaves2 & ! mode 9 :i* ?is tak]s place modifies _! physiognomical "*4 ,?us 9 "s1 z 9 ,corozo del ,s9u1 ! %ea? is p]fectly erect1 & ! fruit rises l a ?yrsus1 resembl+ ! fruits ( ! ,bromelia4 ,9 ! great] numb]1 ! %ea?s1 :i* 9 "s species are smoo?1 & 9 o!rs v prickly & r\gh1 incl9e d[nw>ds4 ,9 "s1 aga91 ! male blossoms are ( a dazzl+ :ite1 & x may !n be se5 %9+ f a great di/ance2 b 9 mo/ species ( palms !y are yell[1 closely compress$1 & ( an almo/ fad$ appe>ance1 ev5 :5 !y fir/ bur/ f ! spa!4 8,9 palms ) fea!ry leaves ! leaf-/alks ei!r bur/ f ! dry1 r\gh1 ligne\s portion ( ! /em 7z 9 ,cocos1 ,phnix1 ,palma ,real del ,s9u71 or !re rises 9 ! r\gh "p ( ! /em a grass-gre51 smoo?1 & ?9n] %aft1 l "o column above ano!r1 f :i* ! leaf-/alk spr+s1 z 9 ,palma ,real de la ,havana1 ,oreodoxa regia1 :i* excit$ ! admiration ( ,columbus4 ,9 ! fan-palms 7foliis palmatis71 ! leafy cr[n (t5 re/s on a lay] ( dry leaves1 :i* imp>ts to ! tree a "* ( melan*oly solemnity & gr&eur 7z 9 ,mori*e1 ,palma de sombr]o de la ,havana74 ,9 "s umbrella-palms1 ! cr[n consi/s ( a v few scatt]$ leaves1 rais$ on sl5d] /alks 7z 9 ,miraguama74 8,! =m & col\r ( ! fruit also pres5t m v>iety ?an is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! case 9 ,europe4 ,mauritia flexuosa has egg-%ap$ fruits1 ^: smoo?1 br[n1 & scaly surface gives !m ! appe>ance ( "y p9e cones4 ,h[ great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l>ge triangul> cocoa-nut1 ! b]ry ( ! date1 & ! small /one-fruit ( ! ,corozo6 ,b ( all ! fruits ( ! palm1 none c be comp>$ = beauty ) ^? ( ! ,pirijao 7,pihiguao7 ( ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo & ( ,san ,bal?as>4 ,!y are oval1 & ( a gold5 col\r 7"o-half be+ ( a purpli% r$72 are mealy1 )\t se$1 two or ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness1 & hang 9 clu/]s l grapes f ! summits ( _! maje/ic palm-trunks40 ,i h already spok5 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is "w ( ^! beautiful fruits1 ( :i* !re are sev5ty or eighty clu/]$ toge!r 9 "o bun*1 & :i* c be prep>$ 9 a v>iety ( ways l bananas & potatoes4 ,! spa! enclos+ ! blossom bur/s sudd5ly op5 9 "s species ( palms1 ) an audible report4 ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk has l myself obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on,,ob 9 ! fl[]+ ( ! ,oreodoxa ol]acea4 ,?is fir/ op5+ ( ! blossoms ( ! palm accompani$ ) noise1 rem9ds u ( ,p9d>'s ,di?yrambus on ,spr+1 & ( ! mom5t :5 9 ! ,argive ,nema1 8! fir/ op5+ %oot ( ! date-palm ann\nces ! com+ ( balmy spr+40,,oc ,palms1 bananas1 & arboresc5t f]ns con/itute ?ree =ms ( especial beauty peculi> to e portion ( ! tropical zone2 :]ev] heat & moi/ure co-op]ate1 vegetation is mo/ exub]ant & vegetable =ms pres5t ! greate/ div]sity4 ,h5ce ,s\? ,am]ica is ! mo/ beautiful portion ( ! palm _w4 ,9 ,asia ! palm =m is r>e1 9 consequ5ce p]haps ( a consid]able "p ( ! ,indian cont95t b5ea? ! equator hav+ be5 de/roy$ & cov]$ by ! ocean 9 "s e>li] revolution ( our planet4 ,we "k sc>cely any?+ ( ! ,african palms betwe5 ! ,bay ( ,b59 & ! coa/ ( ,ajan2 & we are1 g5]ally speak+1 z already obs]v$1 acqua9t$ ) only a v small numb] ( ,african palm-=ms4 ,palms1 next to ,conif]1 & "s species ( ,eucalyptus belong+ to ! family ( ! ,myrtace1 af=d examples ( ! l(tie/ gr[?4 ,/ems ( ! ,cabbage-palm 7,areca ol]acea7 h be5 se5 f #afj to #agj feet 9 height4,,od ,! ,wax-palm1 our ,c]oxylon &icola1 :i* we discov]$ 9 ! ,montaa de ,qu9diu on ! side ( ! ,&es1 betwe5 ,ibague & ,c>?ago1 atta9s ! enorm\s height ( #ahj to #aij feet4 ,i 0 able to make an accurate measurem5t ( ! trunks ( "s ( ^! trees1 :i* _h be5 fell$ 9 ! woods4 ,next to ! ,wax-palm1 ! ,oreodoxa ,sancona1 :i* we f\nd 9 fl[] 9 ! valley ( ,cauca1 & :i* af=ds a v h>d & admirable wood = build+1 appe>$ to me to be ! highe/ ( all ,am]ican palms4 ,! fact1 t not)/&+ ! enorm\s mass ( fruit yield$ by "s s+le palms1 ! numb] ( individuals ( ea* species gr[+ wild is n v consid]able1 c only be expla9$ by ! frequ5t abortive developm5t ( ! fruit1 & by ! voracity ( ! enemies by :om !y are assail$ f all classes ( animals4 ,9 ! bas9 ( ! ,or9oco1 h[ev]1 :ole tribes f9d ! means ( subsi/5ce = _m mon?s toge!r 9 ! fruit ( ! palm4 8,9 palmetis1 ,pihiguao consitis1 s+uli trunci quotannis f]e #djj fructus f]unt pomi=mes1 tritumque e/ v]bum int] ,fratres ,s4 ,francisci1 ad ripas ,or9oci et ,gua9i deg5tes1 mire p+uesc]e ,indorum corpora1 quoties ub]em ,palm fructum fundant40,,oe ,footnote #hf3 p4 #bbd--8;,f ! e>lie/ infancy ( human civilization40 ,we f9d1 z f> z hi/ory & tradition ext5d1 t ! ,banana has con/antly be5 cultivat$ 9 all cont95ts )9 ! tropical zone4 ,! fact ( ,african slaves hav+1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 br\ght "s v>ieties ( ! ,banana fruit to ,am]ica is z c]ta9 z t ( ! cultivation ( ?is vegetable product by ! natives ( ,am]ica prior to its discov]y by ,columbus4 ,! ,guaik]i ,indians 9 ,cumana assur$ u t on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1 ne> ! ,golfo ,tri/e1 ! ,banana w occasionally produce g]m9at+ se$s1 if ! fruit be suff]$ to rip5 on ! /em4 ,x is f ?is cause1 t wild ,bananas are occasionally f\nd 9 ! recesses ( ! =e/s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ripe se$s be+ scatt]$ abroad by birds4 ,at ,bordones also1 ne> ,cumana1 p]fectly =m$ & matur$ se$s h be5 occasionally f\nd 9 ! fruit ( ! ,banana4,,( ,i h already rem>k$1 9 ano!r "w1,,og t ,onesicritus & o!r companions ( ! great ,mac$onian1 make no m5tion ( high arboresc5t f]ns1 al?\gh !y speak ( ! fan-leav$ umbrella palms & ( ! t5d] ev]gre5 v]dure ( ! banana-plantations4 ,among ! ,sanscrit names giv5 by ,am>as9ha = ! ,banana 7! ,musa ( botani/s7 we f9d bhanu-phala 7sun-fruit71 v>ana-bus*a1 & moko4 ,phala signifies fruit g5]ally4 ,lass5 expla9s ,pl9y's words 7xii4 #f71 8,arbori nom5 pal1 pomo ari510 to ?is effect1 t 8,! ,roman mi/ook ! ^w pala1 fruit1 = ! "n ( ! tree1 :il/ v>ana1 *ang$ 9 ! m\? ( a ,greek to ou>ana1 0 trans=m$ into ari5a4 ,! ,arabic mauza1 our ,musa1 may h be5 =m$ f moko4 ,! ,bhanu fruit seems to approa* to ,banana fruit40,,oh ,footnote #hg3 p4 #bbd--8;,=m ( ! ,malvace40 ,l>g] =ms ( ! ,mall[ appe>1 z soon z we h cross$ ! ,alps2 ,lavat]a arborea1 ne> ,nice & 9 ,dalmatia2 & ,l4 olbia1 9 ,liguria4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ,baobab 7monkey bread-tree7 h already be5 giv54 7,see pp4 #bgj-bgb47 ,) ! =m ( ! ,malvace are associat$ ! botanically alli$ families ( ! ,byttn]iace1 7,/]culia1 ,h]mannia1 & ! blossoms ( ! l>ge-leav$ ,!obroma ,cacao1 ^: fl[]s break =? f ! b>k ( ! trunk z well z f ! roots72 ! ,bombace 7,adansonia1 ,helict]es1 & ,*eiro/emon72 &1 la/ly1 ! ,tiliace 7,sp>mannia ,africana74 ,our ,cavanillesia plantanifolia ( ,turbaco1 ne> ,c>?ag5a 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! celebrat$ ,o*roma-l ,h&-tree1 ! ,macpalxo*iquahuitl ( ! ,mexicans1 7f ,macpalli1 ! flat ( ! h&17 ,arbol de las manitas ( ! ,spani>ds1 our ,*eiro/emon platanoides1 are spl5did repres5tatives ( ! mall[ =m4 ,9 ! la/ nam$1 ! an!rs are connect$ toge!r 9 su* a mann] z to resemble a h& or claw ris+ f ! beautiful purpli%-r$ blossoms4 ,!re is 9 all ! ,mexican free /ates only "o individual rema9+1 "o s+le primval /em ( ?is wond]ful g5us4 ,x is suppos$ n to be indig5\s1 b to h be5 plant$ by a k+ ( ,toluca1 ab\t five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,i f\nd t ! spot :]e ! ,arbol de las ,manitas /&s is #hhbe feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,:y is !re only "o tree ( ! k9d8 ,:5ce did ! k+s ( ,toluca obta9 ! "y tree or ! se$8 ,x is equally enigmatical1 t ,montezuma %\ld n h possess$ "o ( ^! trees 9 8 botanical g>d5s ( ,huaxtepec1 ,*apoltepec1 & ,iztapalapan1 :i* 7 us$ z late z by ,philip ! ,second's physician1 ,h]n&ez1 & ( :i* g>d5s traces /ill rema92 & x appe>s no less /rik+ t ! ,h&-tree %\ld n h f\nd a place among ! draw+s ( subjects connect$ ) natural hi/ory1 :i* ,nezahual ,coyotl1 k+ ( ,tezcuco1 caus$ to be made1 half a c5tury be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! ,h&-tree gr[s wild 9 ! =e/s ( ,guatimala4,,oi ,we f\nd two ,malvace1 ,sida ,phyllan?os 7,cavan471 & ,sida ,pi*9*5sis1 ris+ 9 ! equatorial region to ! great height ( #ac1dcj1 & #ae1jff feet on ! m\nta9 ( ,antisana & at ! volcano ( ,rucu ,pi*9*a4,,oj ,! ,saxifraga ,b\ss+aultii rises f #fjj to upw>ds ( #gjj feet high]1 on ! declivity ( ,*imborazo4 ,footnote #hh3 p4 #bbe--8;,=m ( ! ,mimos40 ,! delicate & fea!ry foliage ( ! ,mimos1 ,acaci1 ,s*ranki1 & ,desman?us1 may be reg>d$ z peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( tropical vegetation2 al?\gh "s repres5tatives ( ?is =m may also be f\nd )\t ! tropics4 ,9 ! ,old ,cont95t ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & inde$ 9 ,asia1 ,i c in/ance only "o l[ %rub1 describ$ by ,m>%al von ,bieb]/e9 z ,acacia ,/ephaniana1 b :i*1 accord+ to ,kun?'s m rec5t inve/igations1 is a species ( ! g5us ,prosopis4 ,?is social plant cov]s ! arid pla9s ( ! prov9ce ( ,s*irvan on ! ,kur 7,cyrus71 ne> ,new ,s*ama*1 z f> z ! anci5t ,araxes4 ,olivi] f\nd x also 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bagdad4 ,x is ! ,acacia foliis bip9natis m5tion$ by ,buxbaum1 & :i* ext5ds t[>ds ! nor? z f> z #db lat4,,ok ,9 ,africa ! ,acacia gummif]a 7,willd471 ext5ds to ,mogador1 & !re=e z f> z #cb nor? lat4 ,9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 ,acacia gl&ulosa 7,mi*aux71 & ,a4 bra*yloba 7,willd471 adorn ! banks ( ! ,mississippi & ,t5nessee1 & ! ,savannahs ( ! ,ill9ois4 ,! ,s*rankia unc9ata 0 f\nd by ,mi*aux to p5etrate f ,florida nor?w>ds to ,virg9ia 7!re=e z f> z #cg nor? lat474 ,gl$its*ia triacan?os is met )1 accord+ to ,b>ton1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 z f> z #ch nor? lat41 & we/ ( ! same range ev5 to #da nor? lat4 ,! extreme nor!rn limit ( ,gl$its*ia monosp]ma is two degrees fur!r s\?w>d4 ,su* are ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,mimosa =m 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 beyond ! tropic ( ,capricorn1 simple-leav$ ,acaci are f\nd z f> z ,van ,dieman's ,l&2 ! ,acacia cav5ia describ$ by ,claude ,gay be+ ev5 f\nd 9 ,*ili betwe5 #cj & #cg s\? lat4,,ol ,*ili has no true ,mimosa1 b ?ree species ( ,acacia2 & ev5 9 ! nor? ( ,*ili ! ,acacia cav5ia gr[s only to a height ( #ab or #ac feet1 :il/ 9 ! s\?1 z x approa*es ! sea-coa/1 x sc>cely rises a foot above ! gr\nd4 ,! mo/ s5sitive ( ! ,mimosas :i* we saw 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are 7next to ! ,mimosa pudica17 ,m4 dormi5s1 ,m4 somnians1 & ,m4 somniculosa4 ,! irritability ( ! ,african s5sitive plant 0 already notic$ by ,!ophra/us 7iv4 #c71 & by ,pl9y 7xiii4 #aj72 b ,i f9d ! fir/ description ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican s5sitive plants 7,dormid]as7 9 ,h]r]a 7,decad4 ii4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #d74 ,! plant fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,spani>ds1 9 #aeah1 9 ! ,savannahs on ! i/hmus r\nd ,nombre de ,dios 78p>ece como cosa s5sible071 & x 0 pret5d$ t ! leaves 78de e*ura de una pluma de paj>os107 only contract$ toge!r :5 !y 7 t\*$ ) ! f+]1 & n :5 br\ght 9 contact ) a piece ( wood4 ,9 ! small swamps :i* surr\nd ! t[n ( ,mompox on ! ,magdal5a ,riv]1 we discov]$ a v beautiful aquatic ,mimosa 7,desman?us lacu/ris71 a repres5tation ( :i* is giv5 9 our 8,plantes qu9oxiales0 7t4 i4 p4 #ee1 pl4 #af74 ,9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es ( ,caxam>ca we f\nd two ,alp9e ,mimosas 7,mimosa montana & ,acacia revoluta7 gr[+ at elevations ( f #ijjj to ne>ly #ifjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,z yet no true ,mimosa1 79 ! mean+ ( ! ^w z e/abli%$ by ,willd5[17 nor ev5 any ,+a1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,among/ all ! ,acacias ! ,ori5tal ,acacia ,julibriss91 :i* ,=skl has conf\nd$ ) ,mimosa arborea1 endures ! greate/ degree ( cold4 ,9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5 ( ,padua !re is a high /em ( consid]able ?ickness gr[+ 9 ! op5 air1 al?\gh ! mean temp]ature ( ,padua is bel[ #ef ,fahr5heit4 ,footnote #hi3 p4 #bbe4--8;,hea?s40 ,we d n1 9 ^! physiognomical consid]ations1 by any means compreh5d1 "u ! "n ( ,hea?s1 ! :ole natural family ( ! ,ericace1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity & analogy 9 ! fl[]+ p>ts ( ! plant1 include ,rhodod5drum1 ,bef>ia1 ,gaul!ria1 & ,escallonia2 we limit ourselves to ! v accordant & *>act]i/ic =m ( ! species ( ,erica1 includ+ ,calluna 7,erica vulg>is1 ,l474 8,:il/ 9 ,europe ,erica c>nea1 ,e4 tetralix1 ,e4 c9]ea1 & ,calluna vulg>is1 cov] l>ge tracts ( c\ntry1 ext5d+ f ! pla9s ( ,g]many1 & f ,france & ,engl&1 to ! extremity ( ,norway2 ,s\!rn ,africa pres5ts ! mo/ v>i$ assortm5t ( species4 ,"o s+le species1 ,erica umbellata1 :i* is indig5\s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 is aga9 f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,spa91 & ,portugal4 ,erica vagans & ,e4 arborea also belong to ! opposite coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! =m] is met ) 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m>seilles1 9 ,sicily & ,dalmatia1 & ev5 9 ,engl&2 ! second 9 ,spa91 ,i/ria1 ,italy1 & ! ,can>ies40,,om ,! common hea?1 ,calluna vulg>is 7,salisbury71 :i* is a social plant1 cov]s l>ge tracts f ! m\? ( ! ,s*eldt to ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,ural4 ,beyond ! ,ural bo? ,oaks & ,hea?s disappe>4 ,bo? are want+ 9 ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 & 9 all ,sib]ia1 z f> z ! ,pacific4 ,gmel9,,on & ,pallas,,oo h express$ _! a/oni%m5t at ?is disappe>ance ( ,calluna vulg>is2 :i*1 on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,ural *a9 is ev5 m decid$ & m sudd5 ?an "o might be l$ to conclude1 f ! words ( ! la/-nam$ great naturali/4 ,pallas m]ely says1 8ultra ,ural5se jugum s5sim deficit1 vix 9 ,iset5sibus campis r>issime app>et1 et ult]iori ,sibiri plane dee/40 ,*amisso1 ,adolph ,erman1 & ,he9ri* ,kittlitz collect$ ,&rom$as b no ,calluna 9 ,kamts*atka & on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,! accurate k :i* we at pres5t possess ( ! mean temp]ature ( diff]5t portions ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 z well z ( ! di/ribution ( annual heat ?r\gh\t ! diff]5t seasons1 9 no way expla9s ! non-advance ( ! ,hea? to ! ea/ ( ! ,ural4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook] has treat$ ) mu* +5uity1 9 a note to 8 8,flora ,ant>ctica10 ( ! two contra/+ ph5om5a ( ! di/ribution ( plants1 8uni=mity ( surface accompani$ by a simil>ity ( vegetation01 & aga91 8in/ances ( a sudd5 *ange 9 ! vegetation1 unaccompani$ ) any div]sity ( geological & o!r feature40,,op ,is !re an ,erica 9 ,c5tral ,asia8 ,t :i* ,saund]s1 9 ,turn]'s 8,travels to ,?ibet10,,oq has describ$ 9 ! highl&s ( ,nepaul1 besides o!r ,european plants 7,vacc9ium ,myrtillus1 & ,v4 oxycoccus71 z ,erica vulg>is1 is1 accord+ to ! op9ion communicat$ to me by ,rob]t ,br[n1 probably ! ,&rom$a fa/igiata ( ,walli*4 ,! abs5ce ( ,calluna vulg>is & ( all species ( ,erica1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! cont95tal "p ( ,am]ica is an equally /rik+ fact1 s9ce ,calluna is met ) 9 ! ,azores & 9 ,icel&4 ,x has n hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ,gre5l&1 b x 0 discov]$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,! natural family ( ! ,ericace is also almo/ entirely want+ 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e its place is suppli$ by ! ,epacride4 ,l9nu describ$ only #ajb species ( ! g5us ,erica1 b1 accord+ to ,klotzs*'s obs]vations1 ?is g5us comprises #ddj true species1 aft] ! v>ieties h be5 c>efully exclud$4 ,footnote #ij3 p4 #bbf--8,! ,cactus =m40 ,:5 ! natural family ( ! ,opuntiace is sep>at$ f ! ,grossul>iace 7species ,ribes71 & is conf9$ )9 ! limits indicat$ by ,kun?1,,or we may reg>d ! :ole z exclusively ,am]ican4 ,i am n ignorant1 t ,roxburgh1 9 ! ,flora indica 7in$ita71 m5tions two species ( ,cactus :i* he reg>ds z peculi> to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,asia1 viz41 ,cactus indicus1 & ,c4 *95sis4 ,bo? are widely diffus$1 orig9ally wild or hav+ become s1 & diff]5t f ,cactus opuntia & ,c4 ,cocc9ellif]2 b x is rem>kable t ?is ,indian plant %\ld h no anci5t ,sanscrit "n4 ,! s-call$ ,*9ese ,cactus has be5 introduc$ by cultivation into ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,mod]n inve/igations1 prosecut$ at a p]iod :5 a m g5]al int]e/ has be5 awak5$ 9 relation to ! orig9al di/ribution ( plants1 w unque/ionably remove ! d\bts t h frequ5tly be5 advanc$ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,asiatic ,opuntiace4 ,we see1 9 a simil> mann]1 c]ta9 vital =ms appe> sep>ately 9 ! animal _w4 ,h[ long did ! ,tapir cont9ue to be reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic =m ( ! ,new ,cont95t6 ,& yet ! ,am]ican ,tapir is1 z x 71 repeat$ 9 t ( ,malacca 7,tapirus indicus1 ,cuv474 ,al?\gh ! ,cactus =m belongs1 prop]ly speak+1 to ! tropical regions1 !re are "s species 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 t are indig5\s to ! temp]ate zone on ! ,miss\ri & 9 ,l\isiana2 z1 = in/ance1 ,cactus missuri5sis & ,c4 vivip>a4 ,back1 9 8 nor!rn exp$ition1 saw ) a/oni%m5t1 ! banks ( ! ,ra9y ,lake 9 lat4 #dh #dj 7long4 #ib #ec7 entirely cov]$ ) ,c4 ,opuntia4 ,s\? ( ! equator ! ,cactus does n advance fur!r ?an ,rio ,itata 7lat4 #cf7 & ,rio ,biobio 7lat4 #cg7 ,9 ! "p ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es ly+ )9 ! tropics1 ,i h f\nd species ( ,cactus 7,c4 sepium1 ,c4 *loroc>pus1 ,c4 bonpl&ii7 on elevat$ pla9s f #ijjj to upw>ds ( #aj1fjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 b 9 ,*ili1 9 ! temp]ate zone1 a f> m /rongly m>k$ ,alp9e "* is exhibit$ by ,opuntia ,ovallei1 ^: upp] & l[] limits h be5 accurately det]m9$ ?r\gh b>ometric measurem5ts by ! le>n$ botani/1 ,claude ,gay4 ,! yell[-fl[]+ ,opuntia ,ovallei1 :i* has a creep+ /em1 does n desc5d bel[ #fgdf feet1 advanc+ z high z ! l9e ( p]petual sn[2 & ev5 above x1 :]ev] a few masses ( rock rema9 uncov]$4 ,^! little plants h be5 ga!r$ at spots ly+ at an elevation ( #ac1ffc feet above ! level ( ! sea4,,os ,"s species ( ,e*9ocactus are also true alp9e plants 9 ,*ili4 ,a c\nt]p>t to ! mu* admir$ f9e-hair$ ,cactus s5ilis is pres5t$ by ! ?ick-wool$ ,c]eus lanatus1 call$ by ! natives ,piscol1 :i* has a f9e r$ fruit4 ,we f\nd x ne> ,guancabamba1 9 ,p]u1 on our j\rney to ! ,amazon riv]4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ,cactace 7a gr\p on :i* ! ,pr9ce ( ,salm-,dyck 0 ! fir/ to ?r[ consid]able light7 pres5t ! mo/ /rik+ contra/s4 ,e*9ocactus ,wisliz5i1 :i* has a circumf]5ce ( sev5 feet & a half1 ) a height ( f\r feet & a qu>t]1 is only ?ird 9 size1 be+ surpass$ by ,e4 +5s1 7,zucc47 & ,e4 platyc]as4 7,lem47,,ot ,! ,e*9ocactus ,/a9esii atta9s a diamet] ( f two feet to two & a-half2 ,e4 visnago1 belong+ to ,mexico1 has a diamet] ( upw>ds ( ?ree feet1 ) a height ( m ?an f\r feet1 & weighs z mu* z f #gjj to #bjjj lbs42 :ile ! ,cactus nanus1 :i* we collect$ ne> ,sondorillo1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ja51 is s small & s loosely root$ 9 ! s&1 t x gets betwe5 ! toes ( dogs4 ,! ,melocactuses1 :i* are full ( juice ev5 9 ! drie/ season1 z ! ,rav5ala ( ,madagasc> 7wood-leaf 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry f rave1 rav51 a leaf1 & ala1 ! ,javanese halas1 a wood71 are vegetable spr+s1 :i* ! wild horses & mules op5 by /amp+ ) _! ho(s--a process 9 :i* !y frequ5tly injure !mselves4,,ou ,cactus ,opuntia has spread dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury 9 a rem>kable mann] ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,syria1 ,greece1 & ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,europe2 p5etrat+ f ! coa/s ( ,africa f> into ! int]ior1 :]e x associates ) ! native plants4 ,aft] be+ accu/om$ to see ,cactuses only 9 our ho?\ses1 we 7 a/oni%$ at ! d5sity ( ! woody fibres 9 old cactus /ems4 ,! ,indians are aw>e t cactus wood is inde/ructible1 & admirably adapt$ = o>s & ! ?re%olds ( doors4 ,!re is h>dly any physiognomical "* ( exotic vegetation t produces a m s+ul> & ineffaceable impression on ! m9d ( ! travell]1 ?an an arid pla9 d5sely cov]$ ) column> or c&elabra-l /ems ( cactuses1 simil> to ^? ne> ,cumana1 ,new ,b>celona1 ,coro1 & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de ,bracamoros4 ,footnote #ia3 p4 #bbf--8,or*ide40 ,! almo/ animal-l =m occasionally obs]v$ 9 blossoms ( ! ,or*ide is mo/ /rongly m>k$ 9 ,anguloa gr&iflora1 celebrat$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica z ! ,torito2 9 ! ,mosquito 7our ,re/repia ant5nif]a72 9 ! ,flor del ,espiritu ,santo 7likewise an ,anguloa1 accord+ to ,flor ,p]uvian ,prodrom4 p4 #aah1 tab4 #bf72 9 ! ant-l fl[] ( ,*iloglottis cornuta2,,ov 9 ! ,mexican ,bletia speciosa2 & 9 ! :ole ho/ ( our rem>kable ,european species ( ,ophrys3 ,o4 muscif]a1 ,o4 apif]a1 ,o4 aranif]a1 ,o4 ara*nites1 c4 ,! ta/e = ^! spl5didly fl[]+ plants has s mu* increas$1 t ! numb] ( species cultivat$ by ,messrs4 ,loddige1 :i*1 9 #ahac1 0 only #aae1 0 upw>ds ( #afej 9 #ahdc1 & 9 #ahdh1 ! numb] 0 e/imat$ at no few] ?an #bcfj4 ,:at a treasure ( sumptu\sly fl[]+ & unkn[n ,or*ide may be inclos$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa :]ev] !re is an abundant supply ( wat]6 ,l9dley1 9 8 beautiful "w1 ,on ! ,g5]a & ,species ( ,or*ide\s ,plants1 #ahdj1 c\nt$ exactly #aihj species2 :il/ ,klotzs* at ! close ( ! ye> #ahdh c\nt$ #cede4 ,:il/ ! temp]ate & cold zone possess only t]re/rial ,or*ide1 gr[+ close to ! gr\nd1 bo? =ms1 ! t]re/rial1 z well z ! p>asitical1 gr[+ on ! trunks ( trees1 are indig5\s 9 ! beautiful regions ( ! tropics4 ,to ! =m] class belong ! tropical g5]a ,neottia1 ,crani*is1 & mo/ ,hab5>ias4 ,b we h f\nd bo? ^! =ms z alp9e plants on ! declivity ( ! ,&es ( ,new ,granada & ,quito1 viz41 ! p>asitical 7,epid5dre7 ,masdevallia uniflora 7at an elevation ( #aj1bca feet71 ,cyrto*ilum flexuosum 7at #aj1ajc feet71 & ,d5drobium aggregatum 7at #idhe feet72 & ! t]re/rial =ms ( ,alt5/e9ia paleacea1 ne> ,lloa ,*iquito1 at ! foot ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a4 ,claude ,gay is ( op9ion t ! ,or*ide suppos$ to h be5 f\nd gr[+ on trees 9 ! ,isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez & ev5 at ,*iloe1 7 probably only p>asitical ,p\rreti1 :i* advance z f> s\? at lea/ z #dj4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 ! tropical =m ( ,or*ide1 hang+ f trees1 is /ill to be se5 z f> s\? z #de4 ,b ! ,or*ide ( ,auckl& & ,campbell ,isl&s 7,*iloglottis1 ,!lymitra1 & ,acian?us71 gr[ on level gr\nd 9 moss4 ,9 ! animal _w !re is at lea/ "o tropical =m t p5etrates fur!r s\?4 ,! ,isl& ( ,macqu>ie 7lat4 #ed #ci7 has an indig5\s p>rot1 :i* lives !re=e 9 a region ne>] to ! s\? pole ?an ,danzig is to ! nor? pole4,,ow ,footnote #ib3 p4 #bbf--8;,=m ( ! ,casu>940 ,acacias1 9 :i* ! place ( ! leaves is suppli$ by phyllodia1 ,myrtace 7,eucalyptus1 ,metrosid]os1 ,melaleuca1 ,leptosp]mum71 & ,casu>91 con/itute ! sole *>act]i/ics ( ! vegetable _w ( ,au/ralia 7,new ,holl&7 & ,tasmania 7,van ,diem5's ,l&74 ,casu>9 ) _! leafless1 ?91 ?read-l1 articulat$ bran*es1 & _! jo9ts furni%$ ) membran\s1 too!d spa!s1 h be5 comp>$ by travell]s1,,ox accord+ to diff]5ces ( species1 ei!r ) arboresc5t ,equisetace 7,horsetails7 or ) our ,scot* firs4 ,i h be5 mu* /ruck ) ! s+ul> appe>ance ( leaflessness pres5t$ by ! small ?ickets ( ,colletia & ,eph$ra 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,p]u4 ,casu>9a quadrivalvis p5etrates1 accord+ to ,labill>dire1 z f> s\? z #dc 9 ,tasmania4 ,! m\rnful =m ( ! ,casu>9a is n unkn[n 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & ev5 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,footnote #ic3 p4 #bbg--8;,acicul>-leav$ trees40 ,! family ( ! ,conif] 7includ+ ! g5]a ( ,damm>a1 ,eph$ra1 & ,gnetum ( ,java & ,new ,gu9ea1 :i* are ess5tially alli$ to x1 ?\gh di/9ctly sep>at$ by ! =m ( ! leaf & ! :ole con=mation71 plays s important a "p 9 consequ5ce ( ! numb] ( individuals 9 ea* species1 & by its geographical diffusion1 :ile x cov]s 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 z a social plant1 su* ext5sive di/ricts1 t we are almo/ compell$ to wond] at ! inconsid]able numb] ( ! species4 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) s _m ,conif] by ?ree-f\r?s z !re are ,palms already describ$1 nay1 ! ,conif] are num]ically less ?an ! ,aroide4 ,zucc>9i1 9 8 8,contributions to ! ,morphology ( ! ,conif]10,,oy enum]ates #baf species1 ( :i* #afe belong to ! ,nor!rn & #ea to ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,^! proportional numb]s mu/ n[1 9 consequ5ce ( my rese>*es1 be diff]5tly express$1 s9ce1 ) ! species ( ,p9us1 ,cupressus1 ,eph$ra1 & ,podoc>pus1 :i* ,bonpl& & ,i discov]$ 9 ! tropical "p ( ,p]u1 ,quito1 ,new ,granada1 & ,mexico1 ! numb] ( ! cone-be>+ trees fl\ri%+ betwe5 ! tropics am\nts to #db4 ,! excell5t & late/ "w ( ,endli*],,oz conta9s #cab species ( ,conif] n[ liv+1 & #agh ( a primeval mundane p]iod :i* are n[ buri$ 9 ! coal =mation1 9 v>iegat$ s&/one1 9 keup]1 & 9 ,jura lime/one4 ,! vegetation ( ! eoc5e _w pres5ts especially to u =ms :i*1 by _! coval relation%ip ) sev]al families ( ! pres5t _w1 rem9d u t ) x _m int]v5+ memb]s h disappe>$4 ,! ,conif]1 s frequ5t 9 ! primeval _w1 accompany1 9 p>ticul>1 ! ligne\s rema9s ( ,palms & ,cycade2 b 9 ! mo/ rec5t b$s ( lignite or br[n coal we aga9 f9d ,conif]1 our ,p9es & ,firs1 associat$ ) ,cupulif] 7or ,ma/worts71 ,maples & ,popl>s4,,pa ,if ! surface ( ! e>? did n rise to great altitudes )9 ! tropics1 ! /rik+ly *>act]i/ic =m ( acicul>-leav$ trees w\ld h rema9$ :olly unkn[n to ! inhabitants ( t zone4 ,i took great pa9s1 9 common ) ,bonpl&1 to trace out1 9 ! ,mexican ,highl&s1 ! l[] & upp] b\nd>y l9e ( ! ,conif] & ,oaks4 ,! heights1 at :i* bo? beg9 to gr[ 7los ,p9ales y ,enc9ales1 ,p9eta et ,qu]ceta71 are hail$ ) joy by ^? :o come f ! sea coa/1 because !y ann\nce a climate n yet invad$1 z f> z exp]i5ce has hi!rto %[n1 by t mortal disease call$ ! black vomit 7vomito prieto1 a =m ( ! yell[ fev]74 ,= ! oaks1 especially ! ,qu]cus ,xalap5sis 7"o ( ! tw5ty-two ,mexican species ( oak :i* we fir/ describ$71 ! l[] l9e ( vegetation1 on ! way f ,v]a ,cruz to ! capital ( ,mexico1 some:at bel[ ! ,v5ta del ,enc]o1 is #cjdh feet above ! sea4 ,at ! we/]n slope ( ! plateau1 betwe5 ! ,s\? ,sea & ,mexico1 ! inf]ior l9e = oaks is some?+ l[]2 x beg9s ne> a hut nam$ ,v5ta de la ,moxon]a1 betwe5 ,acapulco & ,*ilpanz+o1 at ! absolute height ( #bdha feet4 ,i f\nd a simil> diff]5ce 9 ! l[] b\nd>y l9e ( ! p9e-=e/4 ,?is b\nd>y1 t[>ds ! ,s\? ,sea1 9 ! ,alto de los ,caxones1 nor? ( ,quax9quilapa1 is = ! ,p9us ,montezum 7,lamb471 :i* we at fir/ _h consid]$ to be ! ,p9us occid5talis 7,sw>tz71 at ! height ( #djib feet2 b t[>ds ,v]a ,cruz1 at ! ,cue/a del ,soldado1 x rises to #eigi feet4 ,bo? ^! k9ds ( tree1 !re=e1 ! oaks & firs z specifi$ above1 desc5d$ l[] t[>ds ! ,pacific ?an t[>ds ! ,c>ibbean ,gulf4 ,dur+ my asc5t ( ! ,c(re di ,p]ote1 ,i f\nd ! sup]ior b\nd>y ,l9e ( ! oaks to be #aj1cec feet2 t ( ! ,p9us ,montezum #ab1icf feet 7ab\t #bjjj feet high] ?an ! summit ( ,m\nt tna7 & "h1 9 ,febru>y1 consid]able masses ( sn[ _h already fall54 ,! great] ! heights at :i* ! ,mexican cone-be>+ trees beg9 to %[ !mselves1 ! m s+ul> is x1 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba 7:]e1 at ! bord] ( ! tropical zone ! air1 x is true1 is cool$ d[n dur+ nor!rly w9ds to #df4f ,fahr471 to see ano!r k9d ( fir 7,p4 ,occid5talis1 ,sw>tz71 9 ! pla9 itself1 or on ! g5tle hills ( ! ,isle ( ,p9es1 gr[+ among palms & mahogany trees 7,swiet5ia74 ,columbus ev5 makes m5tion ( a fir-wood 7,p9al7 9 ! j\rnal ( 8 fir/ voyage 7,di>io del #be de ,nov41 #adib71 at ,caya de ,moya1 nor?-ea/ ( ,cuba4 ,at ,haiti1 too 7,/4 ,dom+o71 ! ,p9us occid5talis ne> ,cape ,samana desc5ds f ! m\nta9s d[n to ! v bea*4 ,! /ems ( ^! firs1 waft$ by ! gulf-/ream to ! two ,azores1 ,graciosa & ,fayal1 7 among ! pr9cipal signs t proclaim$ to ! great discov]] ! exi/5ce ( unkn[n l&s 9 ! ,we/4,,pb ,is x positively asc]ta9$ t ! ,p9us occid5talis is entirely abs5t f ,jamaica1 not)/&+ its l(ty m\nta9s8 ,we may be p]mitt$ to inquire also1 :at k9d ( ,p9us gr[s on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,guatimala1 s9ce ! ,p4 t5uifolia 7,b5?47 is assur$ly f\nd only on ! m\nta9s ne> ,*9anta4 ,on tak+ a g5]al view ( ! species ( plants :i* =m ! upp] tree-b\nd>y 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e f ! frigid zone to ! equator2 ,i f9d1 = ,lapl&1 accord+ to ,wahl5b]g1 9 ! ,sulitelma ,m\nta9s 7lat4 #fh71 n acicul>-leav$ trees b bir*es 7,betula alba71 f> above ! upp] limit ( ! ,p9us sylve/ris2 & = ! temp]ate zone ,i f9d 9 ! ,alps 7lat4 #de #de7 ,p9us picea 7,du ,roi71 advanc$ beyond ! bir*es4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees 7lat4 #db #cj71 we f9d ,p9us unc9ata 7,ram47 & ,p4 sylve/ris1 v>4 rubra2 )9 ! tropics 9 ,mexico 7lat4 #ai-bj71 ,p9us ,montezum ext5ds f> beyond ,alnus tolucc5sis1 ,qu]cus spicata1 & ,q4 crassipes2 & 9 ! sn[-cr[n$ m\nta9s ( ,quito1 b5ea? ! equator1 ,escallonia myrtilloides1 ,aralia avic5nifolia1 & ,drymis ,w9t]i atta9 ! highe/ limits4 ,?is la/ species ( tree1 id5tical ) ! ,drymis granat5sis 7,mut471 & ! ,w9t]a aromatica ( ,murray1 pres5ts1 z ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook] has %[n1,,pc ! mo/ s+ul> in/ance ( ! un9t]rupt$ dissem9ation ( ! same species ( tree f ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ,h]mit ,isl&1 :]e x 0 discov]$ z e>ly z #aegg by ,drake's exp$ition1 up to ! nor!rn ,highl&s ( ,mexico1 ov] a m]idian ext5t ( #hf ( latitude or #eafj miles4 ,:]e ! acicul> or ne$le-leav$ trees1 z 9 ! ,swiss ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees1 & n ! bir* z 9 ! extreme nor?1 =m ! b\nd>y ( arboresc5t vegetation on ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 :i* !y picturesquely encircle1 !y are imm$iately foll[$ 9 _! asc5t t[>ds ! sn[-cr[n$ summits1 9 ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia by ! ,alp9e roses1 ,rhodod5dra1 & at ! ,silla de ,c>acas1 & ! ,p]uvian ,p>amo de ,s>aguru1 by ! purpli%-r$ blossoms ( ! graceful ,bef>i4 ,9 ,lapl& ! ,rhodod5dron laponicum imm$iately foll[s ! ,conif]\s trees2 9 ! ,swiss ,alps1 ! ,rhodod5dron f]rug9eum & ,r4 hirsutum1 & 9 ! ,pyr5ees ! ,r4 f]rug9eum alone2 & 9 ! ,caucasus ! ,r4 caucasicum4 ,b ,r4 caucasicum has also be5 f\nd isolat$ by ,de ,c&olle 9 ! ,jura m\nta9s 79 ! ,creux de ,v5t71 #eifh feet l[] d[n1 at ! inconsid]able height ( f #ccjc to #cgcj feet4 ,if we w\ld trace out ! la/ zone ( vegetation ne> ! sn[ l9e we mu/ "n1 accord+ to our p]sonal obs]vation1 9 tropical ,mexico1 ,cnicus nivalis & ,*elone g5tianoides2 9 ! cold m\nta9\s tracts ( ,new ,granada1 ! woolly ,espeletia gr&iflora1 ,e4 corymbosa1 & ,e4 arg5tea2 9 ! ,&es *a9 ( ,quito1 ,culcitium rufesc5s1 ,c4 l$ifolium1 & ,c4 nivale2--yell[-blossom$ ,composit1 :i* replace ! some:at m nor!rly lanose h]bs ( ,new ,granada1 & ! ,epeleti1 ) :i* !y h s mu* physiognomical resemblance4 ,?is sub/itution or repetition ( simil> & almo/ id5tical =ms 9 regions t are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by seas or wide int]v5+ tracts1 is a wond]ful law ( nature4 ,x prevails ev5 9 ! r>e/ =ms ( ! floras4 ,9 ,rob]t ,br[n's family ( ! ,rafflesi1 sep>at$ f ! ,cyt9e1 ! two ,hydnor 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 7,h4 ,africana & ,h4 ,triceps71 describ$ by ,?unb]g & ,drege1 h1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,h4 ,am]icana ( ,hook]4 ,f> above ! regions ( ,alp9e h]bs1 ( ! grasses & ! li*5s1 nay1 beyond ! b\nd>y ( p]petual sn[1 !re occasionally appe>s a phan]ogamic plant1 gr[+ sporadically1 & z x 7 isolat$1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( botani/s2 & ?is occurs bo? )9 ! tropics & 9 ! temp]ate zone1 on fragm5ts ( rock :i* rema9 free f sn[ & are probably w>m$ by op5 fissures4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! ,saxifraga ,b\ss+aulti1 :i* is f\nd at a height ( #ae1ggc feet on ! ,*imborazo2 9 ! ,swiss ,alps ! ,sil5e acaulis1 a clovewort or c>yophyllea1 has be5 se5 at a height ( #aa1chb feet4 ,! =m] vegetates at #fdj1 ! latt] at #bfba feet above ! respective local limits ( sn[1 heights :i* 7 det]m9$ :5 bo? ! plants 7 discov]$4 ,9 our ,european ,conif]\s woods ! ,r$ ,p9e 7or ,norway ,spruce71 & ! ,:ite 7or ,silv]7 ,p9e %[ great & rem>kable v>iations z reg>ds _! geographical disp]sion on ! slopes ( m\nta9s4 ,:il/ 9 ! ,swiss ,alps ! ,r$ ,p9e 7,p9us picea1 ,du ,roi1 foliis compressotetragonis2 un=tunately nam$ by ,l9nu & by mo/ botani/s ( our "t ! ,p9us abies671 =ms ! limit ( tree vegetation at ! mean height ( #ehhc feet1 & only "h & !re does ! l[ly ald] 7,alnus viridis1 ,dec41 ,betula viridis1 ,vill471 advance high] t[>ds ! sn[-limit2 ! ,:ite ,p9e 7,p9us abies1 ,du ,roi1 ,p9us picea1 ,l9n41 foliis planis1 pect9ato-di/i*is1 em>g9atis71 has its limit1 accord+ to ,wahl5b]g1 ab\t #ajjj feet l[]4 ,! ,r$ ,p9e does n gr[ at all 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 9 ,spa91 ! ,ap5n9es1 & ,greece2 &1 z ,ramond rem>ks1 x is only se5 on ! slope ( ! nor!rn ,pyr5ees at great heights1 & is entirely want+ 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,! ,r$ ,p9e ext5ds fur!r to ! nor? 9 ,sc&9avia ?an ! ,:ite1 :i* latt] tree appe>s 9 ,greece 7on ! ,p>nassus1 ! ,taygetus1 & ! ta71 z a v>iety ) long acicul> leaves1 foliis apice integris1 brevit] mucronatis1 ! ,abies ,apoll9is ( ! acute obs]v] ,l9k4,,pd ,on ! ,himalaya ! acicul>-leav$ =m ( trees is di/+ui%$ by ! mighty ?ickness & height ( ! /em z well z by ! l5g? ( ! leaf4 ,! *ief ornam5t ( ! m\nta9 range is ! ,c$> ,deodw>a 7,p9us deod>a1 ,roxb471 :i* ^w is1 9 ,sanscrit1 dwa-dru1 i4e4 timb] = ! gods1 its /em be+ ne>ly f #ac to #ad feet 9 diamet]4 ,x asc5ds 9 ,nepaul to m ?an #aa1gjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,m ?an #bjjj ye>s ago ! ,deodw>a c$> ne> ! ,riv] ,behut1 t is1 ! ,hydaspes1 furni%$ ! timb] = ! fleet ( ,ne>*us4 ,9 ! valley ( ,dudegaon1 nor? ( ! copp] m9es ( ,dhunpoor 9 ,nepaul1 ,dr4 ,h(fmei/]1 s e>ly lo/ to sci5ce1 f\nd 9 a =e/ ! ,p9us longifolia 7,royle71 or ! ,ts*elu ,fir1 mix$ ) ! l(ty /ems ( a palm--,*amrops m>tiana 7,walli*74,,pe ,su* an int]sp]sion ( ! p9eta & palmeta _h already1 9 ! new cont95t1 excit$ ! a/oni%m5t ( ! companions ( ,columbus1 z a fri5d & contempor>y ( ! admiral's1 ,petrus ,m>tyr ,anghi]a1 relates4,,pf ,i myself saw1 = ! fir/ "t1 ?is bl5d+ ( p9es ) palms on ! road f ,acapulco to ,*ilpanz+o4 ,! ,himalaya1 l ! ,mexican highl&s1 besides its g5]a ( p9e & c$>1 possesses also =ms ( ! ,cypress 7,cupressus torulosa1 ,don472 ( ! ,yew 7,taxus ,walli*iana1 ,zucc>472 ( ! ,podoc>pus 7,podoc>pus n]eifolia1 ,br[n72 & ! ,junip] 7,junip]us squamata1 ,don41 & ,j4 excelsa1 ,bieb]/42 ! latt] species occurr+ also at ,s*ipke 9 ,?ibet1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ! ,grecian ,isl&s2 on ! o!r h&1 ,?uja1 ,taxodium1 ,l>ix1 & ,arauc>ia1 are =ms ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 :i* are want+ 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,besides ! tw5ty species ( p9e ) :i* we are acqua9t$ 9 ,mexico1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 _! pres5t ext5sion to ! ,pacific1 pres5t =ty-five describ$ species1 :il/ all ,europe c only enum]ate fifte54 ,! same diff]5ce betwe5 abundance & paucity ( =ms is %[n 9 ! oaks1 9 fav\r ( ! ,new ,cont95t 7a qu>t] ( ! _w ! mo/ connect$ & mo/ elongat$ 9 a m]idional direction74 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 v rec5tly demon/rat$ by ! extremely accurate rese>*es ( ,siebold & ,zucc>9i to be an errone\s ass]tion1 t _m ,european species ( p9e1 9 consequ5ce ( _! wide di/ribution ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,asia1 pass$ ov] to ! ,japanese isl&s1 & !re m+l$ ) a g5u9e ,mexican species1 ! ,weym\? p9e 7,p9us /robus1 ,l471 z ,?unb]g ass]ts4 ,:at ,?unb]g consid]$ to be ,european species ( p9e1 are species entirely diff]5t4 ,?unb]g's ,r$ ,p9e 7,p9us abies1 ,l9n47 is ,p4 polita1 ,sieb41 & (t5 plant$ ne> ,buddhi/ temples2 8 nor!rn common fir 7,p9us sylve/ris7 is ,p4 ,massoniana1 ,lamb42 8 ,p4 cembra1 ! ,g]man & ,sib]ian /one p9e-tree1 is ,p4 p>viflora1 ,sieb42 8 common l>* 7,p4 l>ix7 is ! ,p4 leptolepis1 ,sieb42 8 ,taxus baccata1 ! fruit ( :i* ! ,japanese c\rti]s eat z a precaution>y measure :5 att5d+ long c]emonies1,,pg =ms a special g5us & is ,cephalotaxus drupacea1 ,sieb4 ,! ,japanese isl&s1 despite ! proximity ( ! ,asiatic ,cont95t1 h a v diff]5t "* ( vegetation4 ,?unb]g's ,japanese ,weym\? p9e1 :i* w\ld pres5t an important ph5om5on1 is moreov] a naturaliz$ tree1 t diff]s entirely f ! indig5\s p9es ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,x is ,p9us koraj5sis1 ,sieb41 :i* has migrat$ f ! p59sula ( ,corea & ,kamts*atka to ,nipon4 ,( ! #aad species n[ kn[n ( ! g5us ,p9us1 !re is n "o 9 ! :ole s\!rn hemisph]e1 = ! ,p9us ,m]kusii1 describ$ by ,junghuhn & ,de ,vriese1 /ill belongs to t "p ( ! isl& ( ,sumatra :i* is nor? ( ! equator1 t is1 to ! di/rict ( ! ,battas4 ,! ,p4 insul>is1 ,endl41 belongs to ! ,philipp9es1 al?\gh at fir/ x 0 introduc$ into ,l\don's ,arboretum z ,p4 timori5sis4 ,f our pres5t increas+ k ( ! geography ( plants1 we "k t !re are exclud$ also f ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 9 addition to ! g5us ,p9us1 all ! races ( ,cupressus1 ,salisburia 7,g9kgo71 ,cunn+hamia 7,p9us lanceolata1 ,lamb471 ,?uja1 "o species ( :i* 7,?4 gigantea1 ,nutt47 at ! ,columbia riv] rises z high z #ahj feet1 ,junip]us1 & ,taxodium 7,mirbel's ,s*ub]tia74 ,i c introduce ?is la/ g5us "h ) ! great] c]ta9ty1 inasmu* z a ,cape plant1 ,spr5gel's ,s*ub]tia cap5sis1 is no ,taxodium1 b =ms a special g5us1 ,widr+tonia1 ,endl41 9 q ano!r division ( ! ,conif]4 ,?is abs5ce f ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ! true ,abiet9e1 ( ! ,junip]9e1 ,cupress9e1 & all ! ,taxod9e1 z likewise ( ! ,torreya1 ( ! ,salisburia adiantifolia1 & ( ! ,cephalotaxus among ! ,tax9e1 vividly rem9ds u ( ! enigmatical & /ill obscure conditions :i* det]m9$ ! orig9al di/ribution ( vegetable =ms4 ,?is di/ribution c by no means be satisfactorily expla9$ ei!r by ! simil>ity or div]sity ( ! soil1 by !rmal relations1 or by meteorological conditions4 ,i h long s9ce direct$ att5tion to ! fact1 t ! s\!rn hemisph]e possesses1 = in/ance1 _m plants ( ! natural family ( ! ,rosace1 b n a s+le species ( ! g5us ,rosa itself4 ,claude ,gay in=ms u1 t ! ,rosa ,*il5sis1 describ$ by ,mey51 is a v>iety t has become wild ( ! ,rosa c5tifolia1 ,l9n41 :i* has be5 naturaliz$ 9 ,europe = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,su* wild-gr[+ v>ieties occupy l>ge tracts 9 ,*ili ne> ,valdivia & ,osorno4,,ph ,9 ! :ole tropical region ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e we only f\nd "o s+le indig5\s rose1 our ,rosa ,montezum1 & ?is 0 on ! ,mexican highl&1 ne> ,moran1 at a height ( #iccf feet4 ,we may c\nt among ! /range ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! di/ribution ( plants1 ! total abs5ce ( ! ,agave f ,*ili1 ?\gh x possesses ,palms1 ,p\rretias1 & _m species ( ,cactus2 & al?\gh ,a4 am]icana fl\ri%es luxuriantly 9 ,r\ssillon1 at ,nice1 at ,botz51 & 9 ,i/ria1 :]e x 0 probably introduc$ f ! ,new ,cont95t s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 & :]e x =ms "o connect$ l9e ( vegetation f ! nor? ( ,mexico1 across ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 z f> z ,s\!rn ,p]u4 ,) respect to ! ,calceol>ias1 ,i long believ$ t1 l ! roses1 !y 7 only to be f\nd exclusively on ! nor!rn side ( ! equator4 ,9 fact1 among ! tw5ty-two species t we br\ght ) u1 n "o 0 ga!r$ to ! nor? ( ,quito & ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a2 b my fri5d ,pr(essor ,kun? rem>ks t ,calceol>ia p]foliata1 :i* ,b\ss+ault & ,capt4 ,hall f\nd ne> ,quito1 advances also z f> z ,new ,granada1 & t ?is species1 z well z ,c4 integrifolia1 0 s5t by ,mutis f ,santa ,f de ,bogot to ! great ,l9nu4 ,! species ( ,p9us1 :i* are s abundant 9 ! :olly int]-tropical ,antilles1 z well z 9 ! tropical m\nta9 regions ( ,mexico1 d n cross ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 & are :olly want+ 9 ! equally m\nta9\s p>ts ( tropical ,s\? ,am]ica1 t lie nor? ( ! equator2 !y are equally unkn[n on ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,new ,granada1 ,pa/o1 & ,quito4 ,i h advanc$ 9 ! pla9s & on ! m\nta9s f ! ,rio ,s9u1 ne> ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 z f> z #ab s\? lat42 & 9 ?is t]ritorial ext5t1 ( ne>ly #afjj miles 9 l5g?1 ! only =ms ( ne$le-leav$ trees t ,i saw1 7 ! taxoid ,podoc>pus 7,p4 taxifolia71 #fd feet high1 9 ! ,&es pass ( ,qu9diu & 9 ! ,p>amo de ,s>aguru1 9 #d #bf nor? & #c #dj s\? latitude1 & an ,eph$ra 7,e4 am]icana7 ne> ,guallabamba1 nor? ( ,quito4 ,among ! gr\p ( ! ,conif]1 ! foll[+ are common to ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es3 ,taxus1 ,gnetum1 ,eph$ra1 & ,podoc>pus4 ,long be=e l',h]iti]1 ! la/ g5us _h be5 v prop]ly di/+ui%$ f ,p9us by ,columbus on ! #be? ( ,novemb]1 #adib4 ,he says1 8,p9ales en la ,s]rania de ,haiti que no llevan piz1 p]o frutos que p>ec5 azeytunos del ,ax>afe de ,sevilla40,,pi ,species ( yew ext5d f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to #fa nor? lat4 9 ,sc&9avia1 consequ5tly ?r\gh m ?an #ie degrees ( latitude4 ,podoc>pus & ,eph$ra are almo/ z widely di/ribut$2 & ev5 f among ! ,cupulif]1 ! species ( ! oak g5us1 usually t]m$ by u a nor!rn =m1 ?\gh !y d n cross ! equator 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 reappe> 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 at ,java1 9 ! ,indian ar*ipelago4 ,to ?is latt] hemisph]e t5 g5]a ( ! cone-be>+ trees exclusively app]ta91 ( :i* we w "h cite only ! mo/ important3 ,arauc>ia1 ,damm>a 7,aga?is1 ,sal471 ,fr5ela 7compris+ ab\t #ah ,au/ralian species71 ,dacrydium & ,lyboc$rus1 ^: habitat is bo? 9 ,new ,zeal& & ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,new ,zeal& possesses "o species ( ! g5us ,damm>a 7,d4 au/ralis71 b no ,arauc>ia4 ,! contr>y1 by a s+ul> contra/1 is ! case 9 ,new ,holl&4 ,9 ! =m ( acicul>-leav$ trees1 ,nature pres5ts u ) ! greate/ l5g? ( /em exi/+ 9 arboresc5t productions4 ,i use ! t]m arboresc5t1 =1 z we h already rem>k$1 among ! ,lam9>i 7! oceanic alg7 ,macrocy/is pyrif]a1 betwe5 ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia & #fh s\? lat41 (t5 atta9s a l5g? ( m ?an #djj feet4 ,if we exclude ! six ,arauc>ias ( ,brazil1 ,*ili1 ,new ,holl&1 ! ,norfolk ,isl&s & ,new ,cal$onia1 !n ^? ,conif] are ! highe/1 ^: habitat is ! temp]ate zone ( ! ,nor?4 ,z we h f\nd among ! family ( ! palms ! mo/ gigantic ( all1 ! ,c]oxylon &icola1 ab\t #aib feet high1 9 ! temp]ate ,alp9e climate ( ! ,&es1 s 9 l mann] d ! l(tie/ cone-be>+ trees belong1 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 to ! temp]ate nor?-we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica & to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7lat4 f #dj to #eb71 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e to ,new ,zeal&1 ,tasmania or ,van ,dieman's ,l&1 to ,s\!rn ,*ili & ,patagonia1 7:]e ! lat4 is aga9 f #dc to #ej74 ,! mo/ gigantic =ms among ! g5us ,p9us are ,sequoia 7,endl471 ,arauc>ia1 & ,dacrydium4 ,i only "n ^? species ^: height n m]ely rea*es b (t5 exce$s #bjj feet4 ,t ! read] may h a /&>d ( comp>ison1 he is rem9d$ t 9 ,europe ! l(tie/ ,r$ & ,:ite ,p9es1 especially ! latt]1 rea* a height ( f #afj to #agj feet2 = in/ance1 9 ,silesia1 ! p9e 9 ! ,lamp]sdorf =e/1 ne> ,frank5/e91 long fam\s = its altitude1 is only #aeh feet high1 al?\gh #ag feet 9 gir?4,,pj ,we give ! foll[+ examples3-- ,p9us ,gr&is 7,d\gl471 9 ,new ,cali=nia1 atta9s a height ( #bjb-bbd feet4 ,p9us ,frmontiana 7,endl471 also !re1 & probably ( ! same height4,,pk ,dacrydium ,cupress9um 7,sol&]71 9 ,new ,zeal&1 above #bac feet4 ,p9us ,lamb]tiana 7,d\gl471 9 ,nor?-we/]n ,am]ica1 #bbc-bcd feet4 ,arauc>ia ,excelsa 7,r4 ,br[n71 ! ,cupressus column>is ( ,=/]1 9 ,norfolk ,isl& & ! surr\nd+ rocks1 #ahb-bbc feet4 ,! six ,arauc>i hi!rto kn[n fall into two gr\ps1 accord+ to ,endli*]3 4 ,! ,am]ican 7,brazil & ,*ili71 ,a4 brasili5sis ,ri*41 betwe5 #ae & #be s\? lat41 & ,a4 imbricata ,pavon1 betwe5 #ce & #ej s\? lat42 ! latt] #bcd-bfj feet2 4 ,! ,au/ralian 7,a4 ,bidwilli ,hook4 & ,a4 ,cunn+hami ,ait4 on ! ea/]n side ( ,new ,holl&1 ,a4 excelsa ( ,norfolk ,isl&1 & ,a4 ,cookii ,r4 ,br[n ( ,new ,cal$onia74 ,corda1 ,presl1 ,gpp]t1 & ,endli*] h already f\nd five fossil ,arauc>i 9 lias1 9 *alk1 & 9 lignite4,,pl ,p9us ,d\glasii 7,sab47 9 ! valleys ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & at ! ,columbia ,riv] 7nor? lat4 #dc-eb74 ,t m]itori\s ,scot* botani/1 ^: "n ?is tree be>s1 suff]$ a dreadful dea? 9 #ahcc1 :5 he came f ,new ,cali=nia to collect plants on ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,he inadv]t5tly fell into a pit1 into :i* "o ( ! wild bulls ( t c\ntry1 always vici\sly dispos$1 _h previ\sly fall54 ,?is travell] has describ$ f accurate measurem5ts a /em ( ,p4 ,d\glasii1 :i* at ?ree feet f ! gr\nd 0 #eg feet r\nd1 & #bde feet high4,,pm ,p9us ,trigona 7,raf9esque71 on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4,,pn ,?is 8gigantic fir0 0 measur$ ) great c>e2 ! gir? ( ! /em at #f feet above ! gr\nd 0 (t5 f #ch to #de feet4 ,"o /em 0 #cjj feet high1 & )\t bran*es = ! fir/ #aib feet4 ,p9us ,/robus 79 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 especially on ?is side ( ! ,mississippi1 b also aga9 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 f ! s\rce ( ! ,columbia to ,m\nt ,hood1 f #dc to #ed nor? lat471 9 ,europe call$ ! ,weym\? ,p9e1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,:ite ,p9e1 commonly no m ?an #afj to #aij feet high1 b sev]al h be5 se5 9 ,new ,hamp%ire ( #bej & #bff feet4,,po ,sequoia ,gigantea 7,endl42 ! ,condyloc>pus1 ,sal471 ( ,new ,cali=nia1 l ! ,p9us trigona1 ab\t #cjj feet high4 ,! nature ( ! soil & ! conditions ( heat & moi/ure1 on :i* ! n\ri%m5t ( plants simultane\sly dep5ds1 promote1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ! developm5t & ! increase ( ! numb] ( ! individuals 9 a species2 b ! gigantic height atta9$ by ! /ems ( a few among ! _m ne>ly alli$ species ( ! same g5us is n dep5d5t on soil & climate b on a specific organization1 on int]nal natural disposition1 common alike to ! vegetable & to ! animal _w4 ,) ! ,arauc>ia imbricata ( ,*ili1 ! ,p9us ,d\glasii ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 & ! ,sequoia gigantea ( ,new ,cali=nia 7#bde-cjj feet7 contra/s mo/ /rongly--n ! ,will[ 7,salix arctica7 /unt$ by cold or m\nta9 height1 & only two in*es high1--b a little phan]ogamic plant 9 ! beautiful climate ( ! s\!rn tropical region1 9 ! ,brazilian prov9ce ( ,goyaz4 ,! moss-l ,tri/i*a hypnoides1 ( ! ,monocotyl$on\s family ( ! ,podo/eme1 h>dly atta9s ! height ( ?ree l9es4 8,:ile cross+ ! ,rio ,clairo 9 ! prov9ce ( ,goyaz10 says an excell5t obs]v]1 8,i p]ceiv$ on a /one a plant1 ! /alk ( :i* 0 n m ?an ?ree l9es high1 & :i* ,i consid]$ at fir/ to be a moss4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a phan]ogamic plant1 suppli$ ) sexual organs l our oaks1 & ^? gigantic trees :i* rais$ _! maje/ic heads ar\nd40,,pp ,besides ! height ( ! /em1 ! l5g?1 bread?1 & position also ( ! leaves & fruit1 ! aspir+ or horizontal1 almo/ umbellate ramification1 ! gradation ( ! col\r f fre% or silv]-greyi% gre5 to d>k br[n1 give a peculi> physiognomical "* to ! ,conif]4 ,! acicul> leaves ( ,p9us ,lamb]tiana 7,d\glas7 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,am]ica are five1 ^? ( ! ,p4 excelsa 7,walli*7 on ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,himalaya ne> ,katm&u1 sev51 & ^? ( ,p4 longifolia 7,roxb47 on ! m\nta9 range ( ,ca%m]e1 m ?an twelve in*es long4 ,moreov]1 9 "o & ! v same species1 ^! acicul> leaves v>y 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann]1 f ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! n\ri%m5t d]iv$ f soil & air1 & ( ! height above ! level ( ! sea4 ,i f\nd ^! v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( ! leaves ( our common wild p9e 7,p9us sylve/ris7 s great1 :ile travell+ 9 a we/ & ea/ direction ov] an ext5t ( #hj ( longitude 7m ?an #cjdj miles7 f ! ,s*eldt1 ?r\gh ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia1 to ,bogosl[sk1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,ural1 & ,b>naul beyond ! ,obi1 t occasionally1 deceiv$ by ! %ortness & rigidity ( ! leaves1 ,i h mi/ak5 x = ano!r species ( p9e1 alli$ to ! m\nta9 fir1 ,p4 rotundata1 ,l9k1 7,p9us unc9ata1 ,ram47 ,^! are1 z ,l9k correctly obs]ves1,,pq transitions to ,l$eb\r's ,p4 sibirica ( ! ,altai4 ,! delicate & pleas+ gre5 ?\gh decidu\s foliage ( ! ,ahuahuete 7,taxodium di/i*um1 ,ri*41 ,cupressus di/i*a1 ,l9n47 on ! ,mexican plateau especially delight$ me4 ,9 ?is tropical region ! tree1 swell+ out to a portly bulk1 & ! ,aztec "n ( :i* signifies 8wat]-drum0 7f atl1 wat]1 & huehuetl1 drum71 fl\ri%es f #egej to #gfgj above ! level ( ! sea1 :il/ x desc5ds t[>ds ! pla9 9 ! m>%y di/rict 7,cypress swamps7 ( ,l\isiana z f> z #dc lat4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,taxodium di/i*um 7,cyprs *auve71 z well z 9 ! l(ty pla9s ( ,mexico1 atta9s a height ( #abh feet1 ) an enorm\s gir?1 ! diamet] be+ f #cj to ne>ly #dj feet1 :5 measur$ ne> ! gr\nd4,,pr ,! roots1 too1 pres5t a v rem>kable ph5om5on1 = !y h woody excresc5ces1 :i* are sometimes ( a conical & r\nd$1 sometimes ( a tabul> %ape1 & project ?ree & ev5 ne>ly five feet above ! gr\nd4 ,travell]s h comp>$ ^! woody excresc5ces1 9 spots :]e !y are num]\s & frequ5t1 to ! grave-tablets ( a ,jewi% *ur*y>d4 ,augu/e de ,/4 ,hilaire rem>ks1 ) mu* acut5ess3 8,^! excresc5ces ( ! bald cypress1 :i* resemble b\nd>y-po/s1 may be reg>d$ z exo/oses1 & l ^! live 9 ! air2 adv5titi\s buds w\ld d\btless escape f !m1 if ! nature ( ! tissue ( ! conif]\s plants did n oppose itself to ! developm5t ( ^? conceal$ g]ms t give bir? to ^! k9ds ( buds40,,ps ,9 addition to ! above1 a rem>kably endur+ vitality is manife/$ 9 ! roots ( cone-be>+ trees by ! ph5om5on :i*1 "u ! "n ( 8,eff]vesc5ce10 7aft]gr[?87 has attract$1 9 _m ways1 ! att5tion ( botanical physiologi/s1 & :i* ph5om5on1 x appe>s1 r>ely displays itself 9 o!r dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,! /umps ( ! fell$ :ite ,p9e1 left 9 ! gr\nd1 =m1 dur+ a succession ( sev]al ye>s1 new lay]s ( wood1 & cont9ue to increase 9 ?ickness1 )\t ?r[+ out %oots1 bran*es1 or leaves4 ,! excell5t obs]v] ,gpp]t believes1 t ?is takes place solely ?r\gh n\ri%m5t d]iv$ f ! roots1 :i* ! extremity ( ! /em receives f a neighb\r+ liv+ tree ( ! same species4 ,! roots ( ! liv+ tree he conceives are organically incorporat$ ) ^? ( ! /ump4,,pt ,kun?1 9 8 excell5t new ,lehrbu* d] ,botanik1 is oppos$ to ?is explanation ( a ph5om5on1 :i* 0 ev5 kn[n1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 to ,!ophra/us4,,pu ,accord+ to him1 ?is process is p]fectly analog\s to t by :i* metallic plates1 nails1 c>v$ lett]s1 nay1 ev5 /ags' horns become imb$d$ )9 ! body ( wood4 8,! cambium1 t is1 ! ?91 wall$ cellul> tissue1 conduct+ muco-granul> sap1 f :i* new =mations alone proce$1 cont9ues )\t any relation to ! buds 7be+ p]fectly indep5d5t ( !m7 to deposit new lay]s ( wood on ! out]mo/ lay]40,,pv ,! relation above allud$ to1 betwe5 ! absolute height ( ! gr\nd & ! geographical z well z iso!rmal latitude1 %[s itself (t51 no d\bt1 :5 "o comp>es ! arboresc5t vegetation ( ! tropical "p ( ! ,&es *a9 ) ! vegetation ( ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 or ! banks ( ! ,canadian lakes4 ,! same rem>k 0 made by ,d>w9 & ,claude ,gay 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :5 !y1 9 _! desc5t f ! plateau ( ,*ili1 advanc$ t[>ds ,ea/]n ,patagonia1 & ! ,ar*ipelago ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 "h woods ( ,drymis ,w9t]i1 toge!r ) ,fagus ant>ctica & ,fagus ,=/]i1 cov] e ?+ ) long uni=m r[s 9 a nor!rn & s\!rn direction d[n to ! l[ l&s4 ,trifl+ deviations f ! law ( con/ant /ation-ratios betwe5 m\nta9 height & geographical latitude1 dep5d+ or local causes1 n suffici5tly inve/igat$1 occur ev5 9 ,europe4 ,i w\ld call to m9d ! limits ( altitude = ! bir* & common fir 9 a "p ( ! ,swiss ,alps1 on ! ,grimsel4 ,! fir 7,p9us sylve/ris7 fl\ri%es !re up to #fccj2 & ! bir* 7,betula alba7 up to #fijf feet2 beyond !m aga9 !re is a belt ( /one p9es 7,p9us cembra71 ^: upp] b\nd>y is #gcdc feet4 ,! bir*1 9 consequ5ce1 lies !re betwe5 two belts ( ,conif]4 ,accord+ to ! excell5t obs]vations ( ,leopold von ,bu*1 & ! m rec5t ones ( ,m>tius1 :o also visit$ ,spitzb]g51 ! limits ( ! geographical di/ribution 9 ! high ,sc&9avian nor? 79 ,lapl&7 are z foll[s3 8,! ,fir ext5ds to #gj2 ! ,:ite ,bir* 7,betula alba7 to #gj #dj2 ! ,dw>f-,bir* 7,b4 nana7 to #ga at lea/3 ,p9us cembra is entirely want+ 9 ,lapl&40,,pw ,z ! l5g? & ! position ( ! acicul> leaves def9e ! physiognomic "* ( ! conif]1 ?is is /ill m designat$ by ! specific diff]5ce ( ! leaf-bread?1 & ! p>5*ymat\s developm5t ( ! app5dicul> organs4 ,sev]al species ( ,eph$ra may be said to be almo/ leafless2 b 9 ,taxus1 ,arauc>ia1 ,damm>a1 7,aga?is71 & ! ,salisburia adiantifolia ( ,smi? 7,g+ko biloba1 ,l9n471 ! bread? ( ! leaf gradually increases4 ,i h "h arrang$ ! g5]a morphologically4 ,ev5 ! names ( ! species1 z fir/ *os5 by botani/s1 indicate su* an arrangem5t4 ,damm>a ori5talis ( ,borneo & ,java1 (t5 #aa feet 9 diamet]1 0 at fir/ nam$ loran?ifolia3 ,damm>a au/ralis 7,lamb471 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ris+ to #aej feet high1 0 orig9ally nam$ zamfolia4 ,nei!r ( ^! has acicul> leaves1 b 8folia alt]na oblongo lanceolata1 opposita1 9 arbore adultiori spe alt]na1 en]via1 /riata40 ,! l[] surface ( ! leaf is d5sely cov]$ ) /omata4 ,^! transitions ( ! app5dicul> sy/em1 f ! greate/ contraction to a broad leaf surface1 possess1 l e advance f simple to comp\nd1 bo? a morphological & a physiognomical int]e/4,,px ,! %ort-/alk$1 broad1 split leaf ( ! ,salisburia 7,kmpf]'s ,g9kgo71 has also ! brea?+ pores 7/omata7 only on ! inf]ior side4 ,! orig9al habitat ( ! tree is n kn[n4 ,x became di/ribut$ f ! ,*9ese temples to ! g>d5s ( ,japan1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]c\rse t exi/$ 9 old5 times betwe5 ! congregations ( ,buddha4 ,i 0 a witness ( ! s+ul>ly pa9ful impression1 :i* ! fir/ sight ( a p9e-=e/ at ,*ilpanz+o made on "o ( our companions 9 travell+ f a port 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ?r\gh ,mexico to ,europe4 ,born 9 ,quito1 "u ! equator1 he _h nev] se5 ne$le-leav$ trees & folia ac]osa4 ,! trees appe>$ to him to be leafless1 & because we 7 j\rney+ t[>ds ! cold nor?1 he ?\ght he recognis$ already1 9 ! extreme contraction ( ! organs1 ! impov]i%+ influ5ce ( ! ,pole4 ,! travell]1 ^: impressions ,i am "h describ+1 & ^: "n nei!r ,bonpl& nor myself c m5tion )\t regret1 0 an excell5t "y man1 ! son ( ! ,m>quis de ,selvalegre1 ,don ,c>los ,montuf>1 ^: noble & ard5t love ( fre$om c\rage\sly l$ him1 a few ye>s lat]1 to a viol5t1 ?\gh n di%on\rable1 dea?1 9 ! w> ( indep5d5ce1 wag$ by ! ,spani% colonies4 ,footnote #id3 p4 #bbg--8,po?os plants1 ,aroide40 ,caladium & ,po?os are =ms app]ta9+ exclusively to ! tropical _w1 :il/ ! diff]5t species ( ,arum belong m to ! temp]ate zone4 ,arum italicum1 ,a4 dracunculus1 & ,a4 t5uifolium advance z f> z ,i/ria & ,friuli4 ,no ,po?os has hi!rto be5 discov]$ 9 ,africa4 ,! ,ea/ ,indies possess sev]al species ( ?is g5us 7,p4 sc&5s & ,p4 p9nata71 :i* h a less beautiful physiognomy & are ( less luxuriant gr[? ?an ! ,am]ican ,po?os plants4 ,we discov]$ a beautiful true arboresc5t ,aroidea 7,caladium arboreum71 hav+ a /em f #af to m ?an #ba feet 9 height1 ne> ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe1 ea/ ( ,cumana4 ,beauvois f\nd a s+ul> ,caladium 7,culcasia sc&5s7 9 ! k+dom ( ,b594,,py ,9 ! ,po?os =m ! p>5*yma occasionally exp&s to s great a degree t ! leaf-surface becomes p]=at$ ) holes1 z 9 ,calla p]tusa 7,kun?71 & ,dracontium p]tusum 7,jacqu971 :i* we collect$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,cumana4 ,x 0 ! ,aroideas :i* fir/ drew att5tion to ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( ! fev]-heat evolv$ by c]ta9 plants dur+ ! p]iod ( _! infloresc5ce1 & :i* ev5 s5sibly affects ! !rmomet]1 & is connect$ ) a great & tempor>y increase 9 ! absorption ( oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,lam>ck1 9 #aghi1 obs]v$ ?is increase ( temp]ature 9 ! ,arum italicum4 ,accord+ to ,hub]t & ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ! vital heat ( ! ,arum cordifolium rises 9 ! ,isle ( ,france to #aaj or #abj1 :il/ ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air is only #ff4b ,fahr4 ,ev5 9 ,europe1 ,becqu]el & ,bres*et f\nd a diff]5ce ( #ci4d4 ,dutro*et obs]v$ a p>oxysm1--a rhy?mical decrease & increase ( vital heat1--:i* appe>$ by day to atta9 a d\ble maximum4 ,?odore de ,saussure rem>k$ analog\s augm5tations ( heat1 al?\gh only ( #a4a & #a4h ,fahr41 9 o!r families ( plants2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,bignonia radicans & ,cucurbita pepo4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! male plant exhibit$ a great] increase ( temp]ature ?an ! female1 :5 measur$ by a v s5sitive !rmoscopic app>atus4 ,dutro*et--^: e>ly dea? is greatly to be regrett$1 on acc\nt ( ! important s]vices he r5d]$ to physics & vegetable physiology--likewise obs]v$1,,pz by means ( !rmo-magnetic multiplicators1 a vital heat ( #j4be to #j4fg ,fahr4 9 _m "y plants 7,euphorbia la?yris1 ,lilium c&idum1 ,papav] somnif]um71 & ev5 among funguses1 9 _m species ( ,ag>icus & ,lycop]don4 ,?is vital heat disappe>$ at night1 b n by day1 ev5 :5 ! plants 7 plac$ 9 ! d>k4 ,! contra/ pres5t$ by ! physiognomy ( ! ,casu>9eas1 acicul>-leav$ trees1 & ! almo/ leafless ,p]uvian ,colletias & ,po?os plants 7,aroideas71 is /ill m /rik+ :5 we comp>e ^! types ( extreme contraction 9 ! leaf =m ) ,nymphace & ,nelumbone4 ,"h we aga9 meet1 z 9 ! ,aroide1 ) leaves 9 :i* ! cellul> tissue is excessively exp&$ ^u long1 fle%y1 succul5t petioles1--z ,nympha alba1 ,n4 lutea1 ,n4 !rmalis 7=m]ly call$ ,n4 lotus1 f ! hot spr+ ( ,pecze1 ne> ,grosw>de9 9 ,hung>y71 ! species ( ,nelumbo1 ,euryale amazonica 7,pppig71 & ,victoria ,reg9a1 alli$ to ! prickly ,euryale1 al?\gh ( a v diff]5t g5us1 accord+ to ,l9dley1 & discov]$ 9 #ahcg by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk 9 ! riv] ,b]bice1 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! r\nd leaves ( ?is spl5did aquatic plant are f #e to #f feet 9 diamet]1 & surr\nd$ by upright m>g9s f #c to #e in*es 9 height1 :i* are light gre5 on ! inn] side1 b ( a bright crimson on ! outside4 ,^! agreeably p]fum$ fl[]s1 ( :i* #bj or #cj may be se5 toge!r 9 a small space1 are ab\t #ae in*es 9 diamet]1 ( a :ite or rose col\r1 & h _m hundr$ petals4,,qa ,pppig also gives to ! leaves ( 8 ,euryale amazonica1 :i* he f\nd at ,tef1 a diamet] ( ab\t #f feet4,,qb ,:il/ ,euryale & ,victoria pres5t a great] p>5*ymat\s expansion ( ! leaf-=m 9 all its dim5sions ?an o!r g5]a1 ! mo/ gigantic developm5t ( ! blossoms occurs 9 a p>asitical ,cyt9ea1 :i* ,dr4 ,arnold discov]$ 9 ,sumatra 9 #ahah4 ,?is fl[]1 ,rafflesia ,arnoldi 7,r4 ,br[n71 has a /emless blossom measur+ ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 surr\nd$ by l>ge leaf-l scales4 ,l funguses1 x has an animal od\r1 & smells some?+ l beef4 ,footnote #ie3 p4 #bbg--8,lianes1 ,creep+ ,plants1 7,span4 ,vejuccos470 ,accord+ to ,kun?'s division ( ,bauh9ias1 ! true g5us ,bauh9ia belongs to ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,! ,african ,bauh9ia1 ,b4 rufesc5s 7,lam471 is a ,pauletia 7,cav471 a g5us ( :i* we also discov]$ "s new species 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ,bani/]ias ( ! ,malpighiace are actually an ,am]ican =m4 ,two species are indig5\s to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & "o--describ$ by ,cavanilles z ,b4 leona--to ,we/]n ,africa4 ,9 ! tropical zone1 & 9 ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e1 species ( ! mo/ diff]5t families belong to ! climb+ plants :i* 9 ^? regions r5d] ! =e/s s imp5etrable to man & s accessible & habitable to ! :ole monkey family 7,quadrumana71 ! ,c]coleptes1 & ! small tig] cats4 ,! ,lianes ?us af=d :ole flocks ( greg>i\s animals an easy means ( rapidly asc5d+ high trees1 pass+ f "o tree to ano!r1 & ev5 ( cross+ brooks & rivulets4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,europe & 9 ! nor? ( ,am]ica1 ,hops f ! ,urtice1 & ! species ( ,vitis f ! ,ampelide1 belong to ,climb+ ,plants2 :ile ?is =m is repres5t$ 9 ! tropics by climb+ & trail+ grasses4 ,we f\nd on ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,bogota1 9 ! pass ( ,qu9diu 9 ! ,&es1 & 9 ! ,c9*ona =e/s ( ,loxa1 a ,bambusa alli$ to ,na/us1 our ,*usquea sc&5s1 tw9$ r\nd p[]ful trunks ( trees1 adorn$ at ! same "t ) fl[]+ ,or*ide4 ,bambusa sc&5s 7,tjankorreh71 :i* ,blume f\nd 9 ,java1 belongs probably to ,na/us1 or to ! grass-g5us ,*usquea1 ! ,c>rizo ( ! ,spani% settl]s4 ,9 ! p9e =e/s ( ,mexico1 ,climb+ ,plants seem to be entirely want+2 b 9 ,new ,zeal& a fragrant ,p&anus1 ,freyc9etia ,banksii1 toge!r ) "o ( ! ,smilace1 ,ripogonum p>viflorum 7,r4 ,br[n71 :i* r5d]s ! =e/s almo/ imp5etrable1 w9ds r\nd a gigantic fir-tree m ?an #bjj feet high1 ,podoc>pus dacryoides 7,ri*471 call$ ,kakikatea 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry4,,qc ,a /rik+ contra/ to ^! ,climb+ ,grasses & ,creep+ ,p&aneas is af=d$ by ! spl5did _m-col\r$ blossoms ( ! ,passion fl[]s 7among :i*1 h[ev]1 we ourselves f\nd "o arboresc5t1 upright1 species 7,passiflora glauca7 9 ! ,&es ( ,popayan1 at an elevation ( ne>ly #aj1ejj feet1 & by ! ,bignoniace1 ,mutisi1 ,al/rm]i1 ,urville1 & ,ari/olo*i4 ,among ! latt]1 our ,ari/olo*ia cordata has a col\r$ 7purpli% r$7 calyx1 ab\t sev5te5 in*es 9 diamet]2 8flores gigantei1 pu]is mitr in/> ins]vi5tes40 ,ow+ to ! quadrangul> =m ( _! /alks1 _! flatt5+1 :i* is n occasion$ by any ext]nal pressure1 & a b&-l undulatory motion1 _m ( ^! climb+ plants h a peculi> physiognomy4 ,! diagonal int]sections ( ! /ems ( ,bignonias & ,bani/]ias =m1 by means ( furr[s 9 ! ligne\s sub/ance1 & ?r\gh its clefts1 :]e ! b>k p5etrates to "s dep?1 cruci=m or mosaic-l figures4,,qd ,footnote #if3 p4 #bbh--8,! =m ( ,aloes40 ,to ?is gr\p ( plants1 :i* is *>act]is$ by a great simil>ity1 belong ,yucca aloifolia1 :i* p5etrates z f> nor? z ,florida & ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 ,y4 angu/ifolia 7,nutt471 :i* advances to ! banks ( ! ,miss\ri2 ,aletris arborea2 ! ,dragon-tree ( ! ,can>ies1 & two o!r ,dracnas belong+ to ,new ,zeal&2 arboresc5t ,euphorbias2 & ,aloe di*otoma1 ,l9n41 7=m]ly ! g5us ,rhipidod5drum ( ,willd5[71 ! celebrat$ ,kok]-boom1 ^: /em is f\r feet 9 ?ickness1 ab\t tw5ty feet high1 & has a cr[n measur+ #dbf feet r\nd4,,qe ,! =ms :i* ,i h "h associat$ toge!r belong to v diff]5t families3 z1 = in/ance1 to ! ,liliace1 ,asphodele1 ,p&ane1 ,am>yllide1 & ,euphorbiace2 & are !re=e1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ nam$1 all includ$ "u ! great division ( ,monocotyl$ons4 ,"o ( ! ,p&ane1 ,phytelephas macroc>pa 7,ruiz71 :i* we f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a riv] 9 ,new ,granada1 exactly resembles ) its fea!ry leaves a small palm-tree4 ,! ,tagua 7z x is call$ by ! ,indians7 is moreov]1 z ,kun? has obs]v$1 ! only ,p&anea ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,! s+ul> ,agave-l & high-/emm$ ,doryan!s excelsa ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :i* ! intellig5t ,correa de ,s]ra 0 ! fir/ to describe1 belongs to ! ,am>yllide1 l our l[-gr[+ ,n>cissuses & ,jonquils4 ,9 ! c&elabra-l =m ( ,aloes1 ! bran*es ( ! ma9-trunk mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! fl[]-/alks4 ,9 ! ,am]ican aloe1 ,agave ,am]icana 7,maguey de ,cocuyza71 :i* is entirely want+ 9 ,*ili1 & 9 ! ,yucca acaulis 7,maguey de ,cocuyza71 ! leaf-/alks pres5t a c&elabra-l arrangem5t ( ! blossoms dur+ ! excessively rapid & gigantic developm5t ( ! infloresc5ce1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 is b too transi5t a ph5om5on4 ,9 "s arboresc5t ,euphorbias ! physiognomical "* dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on ! bran*es & _! arrangem5t4 ,li*t5/e9 describes1,,qf ) mu* animation1 ! impression made ^u him by ! appe>ance ( an ,euphorbia (fic9>um :i* he saw 9 ! 8,*amtoos ,rivi]10 ne> ,cape ,t[n4 ,! =m ( ! tree 0 s symmetrical1 t x repeat$ itself on a small scale1 l a c&elabrum1 to a height ( m ?an #cj feet4 ,all ! bran*es 7 furni%$ ) %>p ?orns4 ,palms1 ,yucca & ,aloe plants1 arboresc5t ,f]ns1 "s ,aralias1 & ! ,!ophra/a1 :]e ,i h se5 x 9 a /ate ( luxuriant gr[?1 pres5t to ! eye a c]ta9 physiognomical resemblance ( "* by ! nak$ness ( ! /ems 7!re be+ no bran*es7 & ! beauty ( _! summits or cr[ns1 h[ev] !y may o!rwise diff] 9 ! /ructure ( ! infloresc5ce4 ,melanosel9um decipi5s1 7,h(m471 :i* has be5 introduc$ into our g>d5s f ,madeira1 & is sometimes f #aj to #ab feet high1 belongs to a peculi> gr\p ( arboresc5t umbellif] alli$ to ! ,araliace1 to :i* o!r species1 z yet undiscov]$1 w und\bt$ly at "s future "t be add$4 ,f]ula1 ,h]acleum1 & ,?apsia likewise atta9 a consid]able height1 b !y are /ill h]bace\s %rubs4 ,melanosel9um /&s almo/ entirely alone z an arboresc5t umbellif]\s plant2 ,bupleurum 7,t5oria7 fruticosum1 ,l9n41 ( ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,bubon galbanum ( ! ,cape1 & ,cri?mum m>itimum ( our sea-coa/s1 are only %rubs4 ,tropical c\ntries1 :]e1 z ,adanson long s9ce v correctly rem>k$1 ,umbellif]e & ,crucif]e are almo/ :olly want+ 9 ! pla9s1 exhibit1 z we ourselves obs]v$1 ! mo/ dw>fi% ( all ! umbellif]\s family on ! l(ty m\nta9 ridges ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican & ,mexican ,&es4 ,among ! ?irty-eight species :i* we collect$ on elevations ^: mean temp]ature 0 bel[ #ed4e ,fahr41 we f\nd ,myrrhis &icola1 ,fragosa arctiodes1 & ,pectophytum p$uncul>e1 int]sp]s$ ) an equally dw>fi% ,alp9e ,draba1 gr[+ moss-l close to ! rock & ! frequ5tly froz5 e>?1 at a height ( #ac1dbh feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! only tropical umbellif]\s plants :i* we f\nd on ! pla9 9 ! ,new ,cont95t 7 two species ( ,hydrocotyle 7,h4 umbellata & ,h4 lepto/a*ya7 betwe5 ! ,havannah & ,batabano1 & !re=e at ! extreme limit ( ! torrid zone4 ,footnote #ig3 p4 #bbh--8,! =m ( ,grasses40 ,! gr\p ( ! arboresc5t grasses :i* ,kun? has collect$ "u ! head ( ,bambusace1 9 8 great "w on ! plants collect$ by ,bonpl& & myself1 con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ beautiful adornm5ts ( tropical vegetation4 ,bambu1 call$ also ,mambu1 occurs 9 ! ,malay language1 al?\gh accord+ to ,bus*mann m]ely z an isolat$ expression1 ! ord9>y t]m 9 use be+ buluh1 :il/ ! only "n = ?is species ( cane 9 ,java & ,madagasc> is wuluh1 v\l\4 ,! numb]s ( ! g5]a & species includ$ 9 ?is gr\p h be5 extraord9>ily increas$ by ! indu/ry ( botanical travell]s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! g5us ,bambusa is entirely want+ 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 to :i* region1 h[ev]1 ! gigantic ,guaduas1 discov]$ by u1 & :i* atta9 a height ( f #ej to #fd feet1 toge!r ) ! ,*usquea1 exclusively belong2 t ,arund9>ia 7,ri*47 occurs 9 bo? cont95ts1 al?\gh diff]+ specifically 9 ea*2 t ,bambusa & ,bee%a 7,rhe$471 occur 9 ,india & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 & t ,na/us gr[s 9 ! isl&s ( ,madagasc> & ,b\rbon4 ,) ! exception ( ! high-climb+ ,*usquea1 ^! =ms morphologically replace ea* o!r 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e f> beyond ! limits ( ! torrid region1 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 ! travell] is gladd5$ by ! sight ( a species ( ,bamboo1 ! ,arund9>ia macrosp]ma1 =m]ly call$ also ,miegia & ,ludolfia4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 9 ! s\? ( ,*ili1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #cg & #db1 ,gay f\nd "o ( ! ,bambusace m ?an #bj feet high 7n a climb+1 b a /ill undescrib$ arboresc5t self-support+ ,*usquea71 gr[+1 m+l$ ) ,drymis ,*il5sis1 9 a region clo!d ) an uni=m =e/-cov]+ ( ,fagus obliqua4 ,:il/ 9 ,india ! ,bambusa fl[]s s frequ5tly t 9 ,mysore & ,orissa ! se$s are mix$ ) honey1 & eat5 l rice1,,qg 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! ,guadua blossoms s v seldom t 9 ! c\rse ( f\r ye>s we 7 only twice able to procure ! fl[]s2 once on ! solit>y banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 ! arm connect+ ! ,or9oco ) ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,amazon1 & aga9 9 ! prov9ce ( ,popayan1 betwe5 ,buga & ,quili*ao4 ,x is a v /rik+ fact t "s plants gr[ ) ! greate/ vig\r 9 c]ta9 localities )\t fl[]+2 z is ! case ) ! ,european olive-trees introduc$ into ,am]ica c5turies ago1 & gr[+ betwe5 ! tropics1 ne> ,quito1 at elevations ( ab\t #ifjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 & 9 l mann] ! walnuts1 hazel-nut bu%es1 & ! f9e olive-trees 7,olea ,europea7 ( ! ,isle ( ,france4,,qh ,z "s ( ! ,bambusace 7arboresc5t grasses7 advance into ! temp]ate zone1 s also !y d n suff] 9 ! torrid zone f ! temp]ate climate ( m\nta9 di/ricts4 ,!y are c]ta9ly m luxuriant z social plants betwe5 ! sea-%ore & elevations ( ab\t #beeh feet 9 ! ,prov9ce de las ,esm]aldas1 we/ ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 :]e ,guadua angu/ifolia 7,bambusa ,guadua ( our ,plantes qu9oxiales1 t1 i4 tab4 xx7 g5]ates 9 its int]ior l>ge quantities ( ! silice\s ,tabas*ir 7,sanscrit tvakks*ira1 c[-milk74 ,we saw ! ,guadua advance 9 ! pass ( ,qu9diu1 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 to a height ( #egee feet above ! level ( ! sea1 z det]m9$ by b>ometric measurem5ts4 ,na/us borbonicus has be5 call$ a true ,alp9e plant by ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & accord+ to him x does n desc5d l[] ?an #chdj feet on ! declivity ( ! volcano 9 ! isl& ( ,b\rbon4 ,?is appe>ance or ! repetition at great elevations ( c]ta9 =ms belong+ to torrid pla9s calls to m9d ! gr\p ( ,alp9e palms 7,kun?ia montana1 ,c]oxylon &icola1 & ,oreodoxa frigida7 ( :i* ,i h already spok51 & a grove ( ,musace 7,heliconia1 p]haps ,m>anta71 #af feet high1 :i* ,i f\nd gr[+ isolat$ on ! ,silla de ,c>acas1 at a height ( m ?an #gjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4,,qi ,:ile ! =m ( gram9e1 ) ! exception ( "s few h]bace\s dicotyl$ons1 con/itutes ! highe/ phan]ogamic zone on ! sn[-cr[n$ summits ( m\nta9s1 s ! grasses m>k ! b\nd>y ( phan]ogamic vegetation 9 a horizontal direction1 t[>ds ! nor!rn & s\!rn pol> regions4 ,_m admirable g5]al results1 no less ?an a great mass ( important mat]ials1 h be5 yield$ to ! geography ( plants by my "y fri5d1 ,joseph ,hook]1 :o1 aft] hav+ b rec5tly return$ ) ,sir ,james ,boss f ! froz5 ant>ctic regions1 is n[ engag$ 9 explor+ ! ,?ibetian ,himalaya4 ,he draws att5tion to ! fact t phan]ogamic fl[]+ plants 7grasses7 advance #ag ne>] to ! nor? ?an to ! s\? pole4 ,9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ne> ! ?ick knots ( ,tussac grass1 ,dactylis cspitosa1 ,=/]4 7a ,fe/uca1 accord+ to ,kun?71 & 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 "u ! %ade ( ! bir*-leav$ ,fagus ant>ctica1 !re gr[s ! same ,trisetum subspicatum1 :i* spreads ov] ! :ole range ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es1 & across ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 to ,melville ,isl&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,icel&1 & is also f\nd 9 ! ,swiss & ,tyrolese ,alps z well z 9 ! ,altai1 9 ,kamts*atka1 & 9 ,campbell's ,isl&1 s\? ( ,new ,zeal&1 ext5d+ !re=e ov] #abg degrees ( latitude1 or f #ed s\? to #gb #ej nor? lat4 8,few grasses10 says ,joseph ,hook]1,,qj 8h s wide a range z ,trisetum subspicatum 7,beauv471 nor am ,i acqua9t$ ) any o!r arctic species :i* is equally an inhabitant ( ! opposite pol> regions40 ,! ,s\? ,%etl& ,isl&s1 :i* are sep>at$ by ,bransfield ,/raits f d',urville's 8,t]re de ,l\is-,philippe0 & f ,peak ,hadd+ton1 a volcano1 #gjdf feet high1 & situat$ 9 #fd #ab s\? lat41 h rec5tly be5 visit$ by ,dr4 ,eights1 a botani/ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he f\nd !re 7probably 9 #fb or #fb s\? lat47 a small grass1 ,aira ant>ctica1,,qk :i* is 8! mo/ ant>ctic fl[]+ plant hi!rto discov]$40 ,ev5 9 ,deception ,isl&1 belong+ to ! same gr\p1 #fb #ej1 only li*5s are met )1 & no long] any species ( grass2 & 9 l mann] fur!r s\?-ea/1 9 ,cockburn's ,isl& 7#fd #ab7 ne> ,palm]'s ,l&1 only ,lecanoras1 ,lecideas1 & five foliace\s ,mosses1 among :i* is our ,g]man ,bryum arg5teum1 7 ga!r$4 8,?is appe>s to be ! ,ultima ,?ule ( ant>ctic vegetation10 = fur!r s\? ev5 t]re/rial cryptogamia are want+4 ,9 ! great bay =m$ by ,victoria ,l&1 on a small isl& ly+ opposite to ,m\nt ,h]s*el 79 #ga #di lat471 & on ,frankl9 ,isl&1 #ib miles nor? ( ! volcano1 ,erebus1 7#ab1cff feet 9 height71 & 9 #gf #g s\? lat41 ,hook] f\nd no trace ( vegetation4 ,9 extreme nor!rn latitudes1 ! di/ribution ( ev5 ! high] organisms is v diff]5t2 = "h phan]ogamic plants advance #ah ne>] to ! pole ?an 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,wald5 ,isl& 7#hj nor? lat47 possesses /ill t5 species ( phan]ogamia4 ,ant>ctic phan]ogamic vegetation is also poor] 9 species at equal di/ances f ! pole2 ?us ,icel& has five times m phan]ogamia ?an ! s\!rn gr\p ( ,auckl& & ,campbell ,isl&s1 b ! uni=m vegetation ( ! ant>ctic regions is1 f climatic causes1 bo? m succul5t & m luxuriant4,,ql ,footnote #ih3 p4 #bbi--8;,f]ns40 ,if we e/imate ! :ole numb] ( ! cryptogamia hi!rto describ$ at #ai1jjj species1 z has be5 done by ,dr4 ,klotzs*1 a naturali/ possess+ a pr(\nd acqua9tance ) ! ,agamic plants1 we %all h = ,fungi #hjjj 7( :i* ,ag>ici con/itute ! eigh? "p72 = ,li*5s1 accord+ to ,j4 von ,flot[ ( ,hirs*b]g1 & ,hampe ( ,blank5burg1 at lea/ #adjj2 = ! ,alg #behj2 = ,mosses & ,liv]worts1 accord+ to ,c>l ,mll] ( ,halle1 & ,dr4 ,gotts*e ( ,hamburgh1 #chjj2 & = ,f]ns #cbej4 ,= ?is la/ important result we are indebt$ to ! pr(\nd inve/igations made by ,pr(essor ,kunze ( ,leipzig1 on ?is gr\p ( plants4 ,x is a /rik+ fact t ! family ( ! ,polypodiace alone includes #bafe ( ! :ole numb] ( describ$ ,filices1 :il/ o!r =ms1 z ! ,lycopodiac & ,hym5ophyllace1 numb] only #cej & #bjj4 ,!re are !re=e ne>ly z _m describ$ species among ,f]ns z among ,grasses4 ,x is s+ul> t no m5tion ( ! beautiful arboresc5t f]ns is to be f\nd 9 ! classic au?ors ( antiquity1 ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 & ,pl9y2 :ile1 f ! in=mation giv5 by ! companions ( ,alex&]1 ,ari/obulus1 ,mega/h5es1 & ,ne>*us1 ref]5ce is made,,qm to ,bamboos1 8qu fissis int]nodiis lembi vice vectitabant navigates20 to ! ,indian trees 8qu>um folia non m9ora clypeo sunt20 to ! ,fig-tree :i* takes root f its bran*es1 & to ,palms1 8tant proc]itatis1 ut sagittis sup]jici nequeant40 ,i f9d ! fir/ m5tion ( arboresc5t f]ns 9 ,ovi$o4,,qn 8,among f]ns10 says ?is exp]i5c$ travell]1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ by ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 ,director ( ! ,goldwa%+s 9 ,haiti1 8!re are "s :i* ,i class ) trees1 because !y are z ?ick & high z ,p9e-trees4 7,hele*os que yo cu5to por arboles1 tan gruesos como gr&es p9os y muy altos74 ,!y mo/ly gr[ among ! m\nta9s & :]e !re is mu* wat]40 ,?is e/imate ( _! height is exagg]at$1 = 9 ! d5se =e/s ne> ,c>ipe ev5 our ,cya!a speciosa only atta9s a height ( #cb to #cg feet2 & an admirable obs]v]1 ,ern/ ,dieff5ba*1 did n see 9 ! mo/ nor!rn ( ! ?ree isl&s ( ,new ,zeal& any trunks ( ,cya!a dealbata exce$+ #db feet4 ,9 ! ,cya!a speciosa & ! ,m5iscium ( ! ,*aymas missions1 we obs]v$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ %ady "p ( ! primeval =e/1 t ! scaly /ems ( "s ( ! mo/ luxuriantly develop$ ( ^! trees 7 cov]$ ) a %9+ c>bonace\s p[d]1 :i* appe>$ to be ow+ to a s+ul> decomposition ( ! fibr\s p>ts ( ! old leaf /alks4,,qo ,betwe5 ! tropics1 :]e1 on ! declivities ( ! ,cordill]as1 climates are sup]impos$ 9 /rata1 ! true region ( arboresc5t f]ns lies betwe5 ab\t #cbjj & #ecej feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica & 9 ! ,mexican highl&s !y seldom desc5d l[] t[>ds ! pla9s ?an #abhj feet4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ?is happy region is betwe5 #fd4f & #gj4h ,fahr4 ,x rea*es ! l[e/ /ratum ( cl\ds 7:i* floats ! ne>e/ to ! surface ( ! sea & ! pla971 & x !re=e enjoys un9t]rupt$ly a high degree ( humidity1 toge!r ) a great equality 9 its !rmal relations4,,qp ,! inhabitants1 :o are ( ,spani% desc5t1 call ?is region 8,ti]ra templada de los hele*os40 ,! ,arabic designation = f]ns is fel$s*un1 filix1 7f :i* ! f has be5 *ang$1 accord+ to ,spani% usage1 into h17 & p]haps ! t]m may be connect$ ) ! v]b falads*a1 8x divides10 f ! f9ely cut m>g9 ( ! frond4,,qq ,! conditions ( g5ial mildness 9 an atmosph]e *>g$ ) aque\s vap\r & ( great uni=mity 9 respect to moi/ure & w>m?1 are fulfill$ on ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! valleys ( ! ,&es1 & m especially 9 ! s\!rn mild] & m humid hemisph]e1 :]e arboresc5t f]ns advance n only to ,new ,zeal& & ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7,tasmania71 b ev5 z f> z ! ,/raits ( ,magellan & ,campbell ,isl&1 & !re=e to a s\!rn latitude almo/ id5tical 9 degrees ) ! p>allel 9 :i* ,b]l9 is situat$ nor? ( ! equator4 ,f among ! family ( arboresc5t f]ns !re fl\ri%es ! vigor\s ,dicksonia squ>rosa1 9 #df s\? lat4 9 ,dusky ,bay1 ,new ,zeal&2 ,d4 ant>ctica ( ,labill>dire 9 ,tasmania2 a ,?yrsopt]is 9 ! ,isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez2 an undescrib$ ,dicksonia1 ^: /em is f #ab to #af feet high1 ne> ,valdivia 9 ,s\!rn ,*ili2 & a ,lom>ia1 some:at less 9 height1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,campbell ,isl& is /ill ne>] to ! s\? pole1 9 #eb lat41 b ev5 !re ! leafless /em ( ! ,aspidium v5u/um rises to a height ( m ?an f\r feet4 ,! climatic relations "u :i* ,f]ns 7,filices7 9 g5]al fl\ri%1 are manife/$ 9 ! num]ical laws ( _! quoti5ts ( di/ribution4 ,9 ! pla9s )9 ! tropical regions ( l>ge cont95ts ?is quoti5t is1 accord+ to ,rob]t ,br[n1 & f m rec5t inve/igations on ! subject1 ( all ! phan]ogamia1 & 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts ( l>ge cont95ts to 4 ,?is ratio is q diff]5t on ! small isl&s scatt]$ ov] ! ocean2 = "h ! proportion borne by ! numb] ( f]ns to ! sum total ( all ! phan]ogamic plants increases s consid]ably1 t 9 ! ,s\?-,sea ,isl&s ! quoti5t rises to 1 :ile 9 ! sporadic isl&s1 ,/4 ,hel5a & ,asc5sion1 ! numb] ( f]ns is almo/ equal to half ( ! :ole phan]ogamic vegetation4,,qr ,9 rec$+ f ! tropics 7:]e on ! l>ge cont95ts d',urville e/imates ! proportional numb] at 71 ! relative frequ5cy ( f]ns decreases rapidly z we advance into ! temp]ate zone4 ,! quoti5ts are = ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,briti% ,isl&s 1 = ,france 1 = ,g]many 1 = ! dry p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,italy 1 = ,greece 4 ,! relative frequ5cy aga9 increases consid]ably t[>ds ! frigid nor?4 ,"h ! family ( f]ns decreases mu* sl[] 9 ! numb] ( its species ?an does t ( phan]ogamic plants4 ,! luxuriantly aspir+ "* ( ! species1 & ! numb] ( individuals conta9$ 9 ea*1 augm5t ! deceptive impression ( absolute frequ5cy4 ,accord+ to ,wahlemb]g's & ,hornemann's catalogues1 ! relative numb]s ( ! ,filices are = ,lapl& 1 = ,icel& 1 = ,gre5l& 4 ,su* are1 accord+ to our pres5t k1 ! natural laws t manife/ !mselves 9 ! di/ribution ( ! graceful =m ( ,f]ns4 ,b x w\ld seem z if 9 ! family ( ,f]ns1 :i* h s long be5 reg>d$ z cryptogamic1 we _h lately acquir$ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ano!r natural law1--! morphological law ( propagation4 ,c\nt ,leszczyc-,sum9ski1 :o happily comb9es ! p[] ( microscopic inve/igation ) a v rem>kable arti/ic tal5t1 has discov]$ an organisation capable ( effect+ fructification 9 ! pro?allium ( f]ns4 ,he di/+ui%es two sexual app>atuses1 ( :i* ! female portion is situat$ 9 holl[ ovate cells 9 ! middle ( ! sporangium1 & ! male 9 ! ciliat$ an!ridia1 or ! organs produc+ spiral ?reads1 :i* h already be5 exam9$ by ,ngeli4 ,fructification is suppos$ to be effect$ by means ( moveable ciliat$ spiral ?reads & n by poll5 tubes4,,qs ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,f]ns w\ld be1 z ,ehr5b]g rem>ks1,,qt products ( a microscopic fructification tak+ place on ! pro?allium1 :i* "h s]ves z a f]tiliz+ receptacle1 :ile ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( _! (t5 arboresc5t developm5t !y w\ld be fl[]less & fruitless plants1 hav+ a bud-=mation4 ,! spores ly+ z sori on ! "u side ( ! frond are n se$s b fl[]-buds4 ,footnote #ii3 p4 #bbi--8,! ,liliace40 ,africa is ! pr9cipal seat ( ?is =m2 !re ! greate/ div]sity obta9s2 !re !y =m masses & det]m9e ! natural "* ( ! region4 ,! ,new ,cont95t exhibits also1 x is true1 magnific5t ,al/rm]i & species ( ,pancratium1 ,hman?us1 & ,cr9um4 ,we h enri*$ ! fir/ ( ^! g5]a ) n9e1 & ! second ) ?ree species2 b ^! ,am]ican liliace\s plants are m diffus$ & ( less social habits ?an ! ,european ,iride4 ,footnote #ajj3 p4 #bbi--8,! ,will[ ,=m40 ,ne>ly #aej diff]5t species ( ! ma9 repres5tatives ( ?is =m1 or r ( ! ,will[ itself1 are already kn[n4 ,!y cov] ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! e>? f ! equator to ,lapl&4 ,_! numb] & _! v>ieties ( =m increase betwe5 ! #df? & #gj? degrees ( latitude1 m especially 9 t "p ( nor!rn ,europe :i* has be5 s rem>kably ind5t$ by ! e>ly revolutions ( our planet4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) t5 or twelve species ( int]-tropical ,will[s1 & ^!1 l ! ,will[s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 are des]v+ ( special att5tion4 ,z nature appe>s to delight 9 all zones 9 a wondr\s multiplication ( c]ta9 animal =ms1 z = in/ance1 ,anatid 7,lamelliro/res71 & ,pigeons2 s likewise are ,will[s1 ,p9es1 & ,oaks1 widely diffus$2 ! latt] always exhibit+ a simil>ity 9 _! fruit1 al?\gh v>i\s diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! =m ( ! leaves4 ,9 ,will[s belong+ to ! mo/ widely diff]5t climates ! simil>ity ( ! foliage1 ( ! ramification1 & ( ! :ole physiognomical con=mation1 is almo/ great] ?an 9 ,conif]4 ,9 ! m s\!rn "p ( ! temp]ate zone1 nor? ( ! equator1 ! numb] ( ! species ( ,will[s decreases consid]ably2 al?\gh 7accord+ to ! 8,flora atlantica0 ( ,desfonta9es7 ,tunis has /ill its own species1 resembl+ ,salix caprea2 :il/ ,egypt1 accord+ to ,=skl1 numb]s five species1 f ! catk9s ( ^: male blossoms is di/ill$ ! rem$ial ag5t ,moie *alaf 7aqua salicis71 s mu* us$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,will[ :i* ,i saw 9 ! ,can>ies is also1 accord+ to ,leopold von ,bu* & ,*ri/ian ,smi?1 a peculi> species 7,s4 can>i5sis71 al?\gh common to ^? isl&s & to ,madeira4 ,walli*'s catalogue ( ! plants ( ,nepaul & ! ,himalaya already gives #ac species belong+ to ! subtropical zone ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & :i* h 9 "p be5 describ$ by ,don1 ,roxburgh1 & ,l9dley4 ,japan has its own species1 ( :i* "o1 ,s4 japonica4 7,?unb471 is also met ) 9 ,nepaul z an ,alp9e plant4 ,!re 0 n1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 any species ( ,will[ kn[n z belong+ to ! tropical zone be=e my exp$ition1 ) ! exception ( ,s4 tetrasp]ma4 ,we collect$ sev5 new species1 ?ree ( !m on ! plateaux ( ,mexico1 at an elevation ( #hejj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,/ill high]1 z = in/ance on ! ,alp9e pla9s1 betwe5 #ab1jjj & #ae1jjj feet1 :i* we frequ5tly visit$1 we saw no?+ 9 ! ,&es ( ,mexico1 ,quito1 & ,p]u1 to rem9d u ( ! _m small creep+ ,alp9e ,will[s ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,alps1 or ( ,lapl& 7,s4 h]bacea1 ,s4 lanata1 & ,s4 reticulata74 ,9 ,spitzb]g51 ^: meteorological relations h s mu* analogy ) ^? ( ! sn[-cr[n$ summits ( ,switz]l& & ,sc&9avia1 ,m>tius describ$ two ,dw>f-,will[s1 ^: small woody /ems & bran*es trail along ! gr\nd1 & are s conceal$ 9 ! turf-bogs t x is ) difficulty _! dim9utive leaves c be discov]$ "u ! moss4 ,! ,will[ species :i* ,i f\nd 9 #d #ab s\? lat41 at ! entrance ( ! ,c9*ona or ,p]uvian ,b>k =e/s1 ne> ,loxa 9 ,p]u1 & :i* has be5 describ$ by ,willd5[ z ,salix ,humboldtiana1 is mo/ widely diffus$ ov] ! we/]n "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a ,bea*-,will[ 7,s4 falcata71 :i* we discov]$ on ! s&y %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ne> ,truxillo1 is1 accord+ to ,kun?1 probably a m]e v>iety ( ! =m]4 ,9 l mann] ! beautiful & frequ5tly pyramidal ,will[1 :i* we con/antly saw on ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a riv]1 f ,mahates to ,bojorque1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! report ( ! natives1 _h only spread ?us f> )9 a few ye>s1 may also be id5tical ) ,s4 ,humboldtiana4 ,at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,magdal5a ) ! ,rio ,opon1 we f\nd all ! isl&s cov]$ ) ,will[s1 _m ( :i* _h /ems #fd feet high1 ) a diamet] ( f only #h to #aj in*es4,,qu ,l9dley has made u acqua9t$ ) a species ( ,salix belong+ to ,s5egal1 & !re=e to ! equ9octial region ( ,africa4,,qv ,blume also f\nd two species ( ,will[ ne> ! equator 9 ,java1 "o wild & indig5\s 9 ! isl& 7,s4 tetrasp]ma71 & ano!r cultivat$ 7,s4 ,sieboldiana74 ,i am only acqua9t$ ) ! two ,will[s belong+ to ! s\? temp]ate zone1 :i* h be5 describ$ by ,?unb]g 7,s4 hirsuta & ,s4 mucronata74 ,!y gr[ int]sp]s$ ) ,protea arg5tea1 :i* has ! same physiognomy z ! ,will[1 & _! leaves & "y bran*es con/itute ! food ( ! hippopotamus ( ! ,orange ,riv]4 ,! family ( ,will[s is entirely want+ 9 ,au/ralia & ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,footnote #aja3 p4 #bbi--8,! ,myrtle ,=m40 ,! ,myrtle is a graceful plant1 ) /iff1 %9+1 cr[d$1 & g5]ally entire & small leaves m>k$ ) dots4 ,myrtles imp>t a peculi> "* to ?ree regions ( ! e>?1 viz41 to s\!rn ,europe1 m especially to ! isl&s compos$ ( calc>e\s rocks & tra*ytic /one1 :i* project f ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 to ! cont95t ( ,new ,holl&1 :i* is adorn$ ) ,eucalyptus1 ,metrosid]os1 & ,leptosp]mum2 & to an int]-tropical region 9 ! ,&es ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 "p ( :i* is a l[ pla91 :ile ! rema9d] lies at an elevation ( f #ijjj to m ?an #aj1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is ,alp9e region1 call$ 9 ,quito ! ,p>amos1 is entirely cov]$ ) trees hav+ a ,myrtle-l aspect1 ev5 ?\gh !y may n all belong to ! ,myrtace4 ,at ?is elevation gr[ ,escalonia myrtilloides1 ,e4 tub>1 ,simplocos ,al/onia1 species ( ,myrica1 & ! lovely ,myrtus microphylla1 ( :i* we h giv5 a draw+ 9 our ,plantes qu9oxiales1 t4 i4 p4 #ba1 pl4 iv42 x gr[s on micace\s s*i/1 at an elevation ( #aj1jjj feet on ! ,p>amo de ,s>aguru1 7ne> ,v9ayacu & ,alto de ,pulla17 :i* is adorn$ ) s _m beautiful fl[]+ ,alp9e plants4 ,m4 myrs9oides asc5ds 9 ! ,p>amo de ,guamani z high z #aa1bjj feet4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ! #dj species ( ! g5us ,myrtus :i* we collect$ 9 ! equ9octial zone1 & ( :i* #cg 7 undescrib$1 belong to ! pla9s & ! less elevat$ m\nta9 spurs4 ,we br\ght only a s+le species 7,m4 xalap5sis7 f ! mild tropical climate ( ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico2 b ! ,ti]ra templada1 9 ! direction ( ! ,volcano ( ,orizaba1 no d\bt possesses _m yet undescrib$ v>ieties4 ,we f\nd ,m4 m>itima ne> ,acapulco1 on ! v %ore ( ! ,pacific4 ,! ,escalloni1--among :i* ,e4 myrtilloides1 ,e4 tub>1 ,e4 floribunda are ! ornam5ts ( ! ,p>amos1 & rem9d u /rongly 7by _! physiognomical aspect7 ( ! myrtle-=m1--=m]ly con/itut$1 toge!r ) ! ,european & ,s\? ,am]ican ,alp9e roses 7,rhodod5drum & ,bef>ia71 ) ,cle?ra1 ,&rom$a1 & ,gaylussacia buxifolia1 ! family ( ! ,erice4 ,rob]t ,br[n,,qw has arrang$ !m 9 a special family1 :i* ,kun? has plac$ betwe5 ! ,philadelphi & ,hamamelide4 ,escallonia floribunda af=ds by its geographical di/ribution "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 di/ance f ! equator & v]tical elevation above ! level ( ! sea4 ,i w\ld "h aga9 borr[ support f ! te/imony ( ! accurate obs]v]1 my fri5d ,augu/e de ,/4 ,hilaire4,,qx 8,,mm4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl& 9 _! exp$ition discov]$ ,escallonia floribunda 9 #d s\? lat4 at an elevation ( #hieb feet4 ,i f\nd ! same plant 9 #ba s\? lat4 9 ,brazil1 :i* al?\gh elevat$ is v mu* less s ?an ! ,&es ( ,p]u4 ,?is plant is ( common occurr5ce betwe5 #bd #ej & #be #ee 9 ! ,campos ,g]aes1 & ,i also met ) x aga9 on ! ,rio de la ,plata 9 ab\t #ce lat41 on a level ) ! sea40 ,! gr\p ( ! ,myrtace1--to :i* belong ,melaleuca1 ,metrosid]os1 & ,eucalyptus1 commonly class$ "u ! g5]al d5om9ation ( ,leptosp]me1--produce p>tially1 :]ev] ! true leaves are suppli$ by phyllodia 7petiole-leaves71 or :]e ! direction ( ! leaves is incl9$ t[>ds ! unexp&$ petiole1 a di/ribution ( /reaks ( light & %ade :olly unkn[n 9 our decidu\s-leav$ =e/4 ,we f9d t ! e>lie/ botanical travell]s :o visit$ ,new ,holl& 7 a/oni%$ at ! s+ul> effect ?us produc$4 ,rob]t ,br[n 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ?is ph5om5on dep5ds on ! v]tical direction ( ! exp&$ petioles 7! phyllodia ( ,acacia longifolia & ,acacia suaveol5s71 & on ! circum/ance1 t ! light1 in/ead ( fall+ on horizontal surfaces1 passes betwe5 v]tical ones4,,qy ,morphological laws 9 ! developm5t ( ! leaves det]m9e ! peculi> "* ( ! v>y+ light & %ade4 8,phyllodia10 says ,kun?1 8c 9 my op9ion m]ely occur 9 families :i* h comp\nd p9nate leaves2 & 9 fact !y h z yet only be5 met ) 9 ,legum9os 79 ! ,acacias74 ,9 ,eucalyptus1 ,metrosid]os1 & ,melaleuca1 ! leaves are simple 7simplicia71 & _! edgewise position dep5ds on a half-turn ( ! leaf-/alk 7petiolus72 moreov]1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 t bo? surfaces ( ! leaves are ( a simil> "*40 ,9 ! scantily %ad$ =e/s ( ,new ,holl& ! optical effects "h allud$ to are ! m frequ5t1 s9ce two gr\ps ( ,myrtace & ,legum9os1 species ( ,eucalyptus & ,acacia1 !re con/itute ne>ly "o-half ( all ! greyi%-gre5 tree vegetation4 ,moreov]1 betwe5 ! ba/-lay]s ( ,melaleuca1 !re are =m$ easily soluble membranes1 :i* =ce _! way outw>ds1 & by _! :it5ess rem9ds u ( our bir* b>k4 ,! sph]e ( di/ribution ( ! ,myrtace is v diff]5t 9 ! two cont95ts4 ,9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 & especially 9 its we/]n p>ts1 ?is family1 accord+ to ,joseph ,hook]1,,qz sc>cely ext5ds beyond ! p>allel ( #bf nor? lat41 :ile 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 !re are 9 ,*ili1 accord+ to ,claude ,gay1 t5 species ( ,myrtle & tw5ty-two ( ,eug5ia1 :i* mix$ ) ,proteace 7,embo?rium & ,lomatia7 & ) ,fagus obliqua1 !re con/itute =e/s4 ,! ,myrtace become m frequ5t f ! #ch? degree ( s\? lat42 9 ! isl& ( ,*iloe1 :]e a metrosid]os-l species 7,myrtus /ipul>is7 =ms almo/ imp5etrable und]wood1 :i* is !re nam$ ,tepuales2 & 9 ,patagonia to ! extremity ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego 9 #ef lat4 ,:ile 9 ,europe ! ,myrtace d n ext5d nor?w>d fur!r ?an #df lat41 !y p5etrate 9 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 ,new ,zeal& & ! ,auckl& ,isl&s to #ej s\? latitude4 ,footnote #ajb3 p4 #bbi--8,mela/omace40 ,?is gr\p comprises ! g5]a ,mela/oma 7,fo!rgilla & ,tococa ,aub4 & ,rhexia 7,m]iana & ,osbeckia71 ( :i* we h collect$ no less ?an sixty new species 9 tropical ,am]ica alone1 on bo? sides ( ! equator4 ,bonpl& has publi%$ a spl5did "w on ! ,mela/omace1 9 two volumes1 ) col\r$ plates4 ,!re are species ( ,rhexia & ,mela/oma :i* asc5d 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 z ,alp9e or ,p>amos %rubs1 to #ifjj & ev5 m ?an #aa1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 z = in/ance ,rhexia c]nua1 ,r4 /ricta1 ,mela/oma obscurum1 ,m4 asp]gill>e1 & ,m4 lutesc5s4 ,footnote #ajc3 p4 #bbi--8,! ,laurel-=m40 ,to ?is =m belong ,laurus1 ,p]sea1 ! ,ocote1 s num]\s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 &1--on acc\nt ( _! physiognomic simil>ity1--,calophyllum1 also ! spl5didly aspir+ ,mammea f ! ,guttif]4 ,footnote #ajd3 p4 #bbi--8;,h[ in/ructive to ! l&scape-pa9t] w\ld be a "w :i* %\ld illu/rate ! lead+ =ms ( vegetation40 ,9 ord] to def9e ) m di/9ctness :at ,i h "h only briefly ref]r$ to1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to incorporate ! foll[+ consid]ations f my sket* ( a hi/ory ( l&scape pa9t+1 & ( a graphical repres5tation ( ! physiognomy ( plants4,,ra 8,all t relates to ! expression ( ! passions & ! beauty ( ! human =m has p]haps atta9$ its fulle/ developm5t 9 ! temp]ate nor!rn zone "u ! skies ( ,greece & ,italy4 ,! arti/1 draw+ f ! dep?s ( imag9ation1 no less ?an f ! contemplation ( be+s ( 8 own species1 d]ives ! types ( hi/orical pa9t+ alike f unfett]$ creation & f tru?ful imitation4 ,l&scape pa9t+1 ?\gh sc>cely a m imitative art1 has a m mat]ial basis1 & a m e>?ly t5d5cy4 ,x requires = its developm5t a great] am\nt ( v>i\s & di/9ct impressions1 :i*1 :5 imbib$ f ext]nal contemplation1 mu/ be f]tiliz$ by ! p[]s ( ! m9d 9 ord] to be pres5t$ to ! s5ses ( o!rs z a creative "w ( art4 ,! gr&] /yle ( h]oic l&scape-pa9t+ is ! comb9$ result ( a pr(\nd appreciation ( nature1 & ( ?is inw>d process ( ! m9d4 8,ev]y:]e1 9 e sep>ate portion ( ! e>?1 nature is inde$ only a reflex ( ! :ole4 ,! =ms ( organization recur aga9 & aga9 9 diff]5t comb9ations4 ,ev5 ! icy nor? is *e]$ = mon?s toge!r by ! pres5ce ( h]bs & l>ge ,alp9e blossoms cov]+ ! e>?1 & by a mild azure sky4 ,hi!rto l&scape pa9t+ among u has pursu$ h] graceful lab\rs famili> only ) ! simpl] =ms ( our native floras1 b n !re=e )\t dep? ( feel+ & ri*ness ( creative fancy4 ,dwell+ only on ! native & indig5\s =m ( our vegetation1 ?is bran* ( art1 not)/&+ t x has be5 circumscrib$ by su* n>r[ limits1 has yet af=d$ suffici5t scope = highly-gift$ pa9t]s1 su* z ! ,c>acci1 ,gasp> ,p\ss91 ,claude ,lorra9e1 & ,ruysdael1 to produce ! happie/ & mo/ v>i$ creations ( art1 by _! magical p[] ( manag+ ! gr\p+ ( trees1 & ! effects ( light & %ade4 ,t progress :i* may /ill be expect$ 9 art1 f a m animat$ int]c\rse ) ! tropical _w1 & f ideas eng5d]$ 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ by ! contemplation ( ,nature 9 h] gr&e/ =ms1 w nev] dim9i% ! fame ( ! old ma/]s4 ,i h allud$ to ?is1 to recal ! anci5t bond :i* unites a k ( ,nature ) poetry & a ta/e = art4 ,= 9 l&scape pa9t+1 z 9 e o!r bran* ( art1 a di/9ction mu/ be drawn betwe5 ! elem5ts g5]at$ by a limit$ field ( contemplation & direct obs]vation1 & ^? :i* spr+ f ! b\ndless dep? ( feel+1 & f ! =ce ( idealis+ m5tal p[]4 ,! gr& conceptions :i* l&scape pa9t+1 z a m or less inspir$ bran* ( ! poetry ( nature1 owes to ! creative p[] ( ! m9d1 are1 l man himself1 & ! imag9ative faculties ) :i* he is end[$1 indep5d5t ( place4 ,^! rem>ks especially ref] to ! gradations 9 ! =m ( trees f ,ruysdael & ,ev]d+51 ?r\gh ! works ( ,claude ,lorra9e1 to ,p\ss9 & ,annibal ,c>acci4 ,9 ! great ma/]s ( art !re is no indication ( local limitation4 ,b an ext5sion ( ! visible horizon1 & an acqua9tance ) ! nobl] & gr&] =ms ( nature1 & ) ! luxuriant fulness ( life 9 tropical regions1 af=d ! advantage ( n simply enri*+ ! mat]ial gr\ndwork ( l&scape-pa9t+1 b also ( induc+ m vivid impressions 9 ! m9ds ( less highly gift$ pa9t]s1 & ?us height5+ _! p[]s ( arti/ic creation40 ,footnote #aje3 p4 #bcj--8;,f ! ?ick & r\gh b>k ( ! ,cresc5ti & ,gu/avi40 ,9 ,cresc5tia ,cujete 7! ,tutuma tree1 ^: l>ge fruit-%ells are s indisp5sable to ! natives z h\sehold ut5sils71 9 ,cynometra1 ! ,cacao-tree 7,!obroma71 & ! ,p]ig>a ,gu/avia 7,l9n471 ! t5d] blossoms bur/ =? f ! half-c>boniz$ b>k4 ,:5 *ildr5 eat ! fruit ( ! ,pirig>a speciosa 7! ,*upo71 _! :ole bodies become t+$ ) yell[2 & ?is jaundice1 aft] a cont9uance ( f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs1 disappe>s )\t ! use ( m$ic9e4 ,an indelible impression 0 produc$ on my m9d by ! luxuriant p[] ( vegetation 9 ! tropical _w1 :51 on ent]+ a ,cacao plantation 7,caca hual71 9 ! ,valles de ,aragua1 aft] a damp night1 ,i saw = ! fir/ "t l>ge blossoms spr++ f ! root ( a ,!obroma1 deeply imb$d$ 9 ! black soil4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ in/antane\s manife/ations ( ! activity ( ! vegetative =ce ( organisation4 ,nor!rn nations speak ( 8! awak5+ ( ,nature at ! fir/ g5ial brea? ( ,spr+20--expressions t /rongly contra/ ) ! imag9ative compla9t ( ! ,/agirite1 :o reg>d$ vegetable =ms z buri$ 9 a 8/ill sleep1 f :i* !re is no awak5+1 & free f ! desires t excite to spontane\s motion40,,rb ,footnote #ajf3 p4 #bcj--8;,draw on _! heads z caps40 ,^! are ! fl[]s ( our ,ari/olo*ia cordata1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ,illu/ration #be4 ,! l>ge/ fl[]s 9 ! _w1 besides ^? belong+ to ! ,composit 7! ,mexican ,helian?us annuus71 are produc$ by ,rafflesia ,arnoldi1 ,ari/olo*ia1 ,datura1 ,b>r+tonia1 ,gu/avia1 ,c>ol9ea1 ,lecy?is1 ,nympha1 ,nelumbium1 ,victoria ,reg9a1 ,magnolia1 ,cactus1 ! ,or*ide1 & ! ,liliace\s =ms4 ,footnote #ajg3 p4 #bca--8,! lum9\s worlds :i* spangle ! firmam5t f pole to pole40 ,! m magnific5t portion ( ! s\!rn sky1 9 :i* %9e ! con/ellations ( ! ,c5taur1 ,argo1 & ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 :]e ! ,magellanic cl\ds %$ _! pale light1 is = ev] conceal$ f ! eyes ( ! inhabitants ( ,europe4 ,x is only "u ! equator t man enjoys ! glori\s spectacle ( all ! />s ( ! s\!rn & nor!rn heav5s reveal$ at "o glance4 ,"s ( our nor!rn con/ellations1--z1 = in/ance1 ,ursus ,major & ,ursus ,m9or1--ow+ to _! l[ position :5 se5 f ! region ( ! equator1 appe> to be ( a rem>kable1 almo/ fe>ful magnitude4 ,z ! inhabitant ( ! tropics beholds all />s1 s too1 9 regions :]e pla9s1 deep valleys1 & l(ty m\nta9s are alt]nat$1 does ,nature surr\nd him ) repres5tatives ( e =m ( vegetation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! =ego+ sket* ( a 8,physiognomy ( ,plants10 ,i h endeav\r$ to keep 9 view ?ree ne>ly alli$ subjects1--! absolute div]sity ( =ms2 _! num]ical relations1 i4e4 _! local prepond]ance 9 ! :ole numb] ( phan]ogamic floras2 & _! geographical & climatic di/ribution4 ,if we w\ld rise to a g5]al view reg>d+ vital =ms2--! physiognomy1 ! /udy ( ! num]ical relations 7! ari?metic ( botany71 & ! geography ( plants 7! /udy ( ! local zones ( di/ribution71 _c1 z x seems to me1 be sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,! /udy ( ! physiognomy ( plants mu/ n be exclusively direct$ to ! consid]ation ( ! /rik+ contra/s ( =m :i* ! l>g] organisms pres5t1 :5 consid]$ sep>ately2 b x mu/ rise to ! recognition ( ! laws :i* det]m9e physiognomy ( nature g5]ally1 ! picturesque "* ( vegetation ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 & ! vivid impression produc$ by ! gr\p+ ( contra/$ =ms 9 diff]5t zones ( latitude & elevation4 ,x is :5 conc5trat$ into ?is focus t we fir/ cle>ly p]ceive ! close & intimate connection exi/+ betwe5 ! subjects treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,we h "h ent]$ ^u a field ( inquiry hi!rto b little cultivat$4 ,i h v5tur$ to foll[ ! me?od fir/ prop\nd$ ) su* brilliant results 9 ,ari/otle's zoological works1 & :i* is s especially adapt$ to e/abli% sci5tific confid5ce1--a me?od 9 :i* ! incessant ef=t to arrive at a g5]alisation ( ideas support$ by individual illu/rations1 is associat$ ) an endeav\r to p5etrate to ! specialities ( ph5om5a4 ,! enum]ation ( =ms is1 f ! physiognomical diff]5ce ( _! nature1 incapable ( any /rict classification4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e 9 ! consid]ation ( ext]nal =ms1 !re are c]ta9 ma9 types :i* pres5t ! /ronge/ contra/s1--z ! gr\ps ( ! ,arboresc5t ,grasses1 ! ,aloe =m & ! species ( ,cactus1 ,palms1 ,acicul>-leav$ trees1 ,mimosace1 & ,bananas4 ,ev5 scantily disp]s$ individuals belong+ to ^! gr\ps det]m9e ! "* ( a di/rict1 & produce a la/+ impression on ! m9d ( ! unsci5tific b susceptible behold]4 ,o!r =ms1 p]haps m num]\s & prepond]at+1 may n appe> equally m>k$ ei!r by ! %ape or position ( ! leaves2 ! relation ( ! /em to ! bran*es1 luxuriant vig\r1 animation1 & grace2 or ev5 by ! melan*oly contraction ( ! leaf-organs4 ,z1 !re=e1 a physiognomical classification1 or a di/ribution into gr\ps accord+ to ext]nal appe>ance1 does n admit ( be+ appli$ to ! :ole vegetable k+dom collectively1 ! basis on :i* su* a classification %\ld be gr\nd$ mu/ necess>ily be :olly diff]5t f t :i* has be5 s happily *os5 = ! e/abli%m5t ( our compreh5sive sy/ems ( ! natural families ( plants4 ,vegetable physiognomy gr\nds its divisions & ! *oice ( its types on all t possesses mass1--z ! /em1 bran*es1 & app5dicul> organs 7! =m1 position1 & size ( ! leaf1 ! "* & brilliancy ( ! p>5*yma71 & consequ5tly on all t is n[ includ$ "u ! special t]m1 ! organs ( vegetation1 & on :i* dep5d ! pres]vation 7n\ri%m5t & developm5t7 ( ! individual2 :ile sy/ematic botany1 on ! o!r h&1 bases ! arrangem5t ( ! natural families ( plants on a consid]ation ( ! organs ( propagation1 on :i* dep5ds ! pres]vation ( ! species4,,rc ,x 0 already taught 9 ! s*ool ( ,ari/otle1,,rd t ! g5]ation ( se$ is ! ultimate aim ( ! be+ & life ( a plant4 ,! process ( developm5t 9 ! organs ( fructification has become1 s9ce ,casp> ,fri$4 ,wolf1,,re & our great poet ,g!1 ! morphological basis ( all sy/ematic botany4 ,?is sci5ce & t also ( vegetable physiognomy proce$1 ,i w\ld "h aga9 obs]ve1 f two diff]5t po9ts ( view2 ! =m] dep5d+ ^u an accordance 9 ! infloresc5ce & 9 ! reproduction ( ! delicate sexual organs2 ! latt] on ! con=mation ( ! p>ts con/itut+ ! axes 7! /em & bran*es7 & on ! outl9e ( ! leaves1 :i* are ma9ly det]m9$ by ! di/ribution ( ! vascul> bundles4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! /em & bran*es1 toge!r ) _! app5dicul> organs1 pr$om9ate by mass & volume1 !y det]m9e & /r5g!n ! impression we receive1 :ile !y individualize ! physiognomical "* ( ! vegetation1 z well z t ( ! l&scape or ! zone 9 :i* "s di/+ui%$ types occur4 ,! law is "h express$ by ! accordance & aff9ity 9 ! m>ks app]ta9+ to ! vegetative1 i4e4 ! nutriti5t organs4 ,9 all ,european colonies ! inhabitants h be5 l$ by resemblances ( physiognomy 7habitus1 facies7 to apply ! names ( ,european =ms to c]ta9 tropical plants1 :i* be> :olly diff]5t fl[]s & fruits f ! g5]a to :i* ^! designations orig9ally ref]r$4 ,ev]y:]e 9 bo? hemisph]es1 ! nor!rn settl] has believ$ he c\ld recognise ,ald]s1 ,popl>s1 ,apple & ,olive trees2 be+ misl$ = ! mo/ "p by ! =m ( ! leaves & ! direction ( ! bran*es4 ,! *>m associat$ ) ! remembrance ( native =ms has /r5g!n$ ! illusion1 & ,european names ( plants h ?us be5 p]petuat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 ! slave colonies1 :]e !y h be5 fur!r enri*$ by d5om9ations borr[$ f ! negro languages4 ,a rem>kable ph5om5on is pres5t$ by ! contra/ frequ5tly obs]v$ to arise f a /rik+ accordance 9 physiognomy1 c\pl$ ) ! greate/ diff]5ce 9 ! organs ( infloresc5ce & fructification--betwe5 ! ext]nal =m z det]m9$ by ! app5dicul> or leaf-sy/em1 & ! sexual organs on :i* are bas$ ! v>i\s gr\ps ( ! natural sy/ems ( botany4 ,"o w\ld be dispos$ priori to believe t ! aspect ( vegetative organs 7leaves7 exclusively s call$1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! /ructure ( ! organs ( reproduction1 b ?is dep5d5ce has only be5 obs]v$ 9 a v small numb] ( families1 z ,f]ns1 ,grasses1 ,cyp]ace1 ,palms1 ,conif]1 ,umbellif]1 & ,aroide4 ,9 ! ,legum9os ?is accordance betwe5 ! physiognomical "* & ! infloresc5ce c sc>cely be recogniz$1 except+ :]e !y are sep>at$ into gr\ps 7z ,papilionace1 ,csalp99e1 & ,mimosace47 ,! types :i* exhibit1 :5 comp>$ toge!r1 a v diff]5t /ructure ( infloresc5ce & fructification1 not)/&+ ext]nal accordance 9 physiognomy1 are ,palms & ,cycade1 ! latt] be+ mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! ,conif]2 ,cucu/a1 belong+ to ! ,convolvulace1 & ! leafless ,cassy?a1 a p>asitical ,laur9ea2 ,equisetum 7f ! division ( ! ,cryptogamia7 & ,eph$ra 7a conif]\s tree74 ,! ,grossul>e 7,ribes7 are s ne>ly alli$ by _! effloresc5ce to ,cactuses1 i4 e4 ! family ( ! ,opuntiace1 t x is only v lately t !y h be5 sep>at$ f !m6 ,"o common family 7t ( ! ,asphodele7 comprises ! gigantic tree1 ,dracna ,draco1 ! ,common ,asp>agus1 & ! col\r$ fl[]+ ,aletris4 ,simple & comp\nd leaves frequ5tly belong n only to ! same family1 b ev5 to ! same g5us4 ,we f\nd 9 ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,p]u & ,new ,granada among twelve new species ( ,we9mannia1 five ) simple1 & ! rema9d] ) p9nate leaves4 ,! g5us ,aralia exhibits yet great] indep5d5ce 9 ! leaf-=m1 :i* is ei!r simple1 entire1 lob$1 digitate1 or p9nate4,,rf ,p9nate leaves appe> to me to belong especially to ^? families :i* occupy ! highe/ grade ( organic developm5t1 z = in/ance1 ! ,polypetal2 among p]igynic plants1 ! ,legum9os1 ,rosace1 ,t]eb9?ace1 & ,jugl&e2 among hypogynic plants ! ,aurantiace1 ,c$relace1 & ,sap9dace4 ,! elegant =m ( ! d\bly p9nate leaf1 :i* con/itutes s great an adornm5t ( ! torrid zone1 is mo/ frequ5tly met ) among ! ,legum9os2 among ! ,mimosace1 & also among "s ,csalp9ias1 ,c\lt]ias & ,gl$its*ias2 b nev]1 z ,kun? has obs]v$1 among ! ,papilionace4 ,! =m ( p9nate1 & m especially ( comp\nd leaves1 is unkn[n 9 ,g5tiane1 ,rubiace1 & ,myrtace4 ,9 ! morphological developm5t pres5t$ by ! ri*ness & v>i$ aspect ( ! app5dicul> organs ( dicotyl$ons1 we are only able to recognize a v small numb] ( g5]al laws4 ,,on ,,! ,,/ructure ,,& ,,mode ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,volcanos ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 7,?is ,memoir 0 read at a ,public ,meet+ ( ! ,academy1 at ,b]l91 on ! #bd? ,janu>y1 #ahbc47 ,:5 we consid] ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! /udy ( nature dur+ ! la/ few c5turies1 by ! ext5sion ( geographical k & by means ( sci5tific exp$itions to remote regions ( ! e>?1 we are at once made s5sible ( ! v>i\s "* ( ?is influ5ce1 accord+ z ! inve/igations h be5 direct$ to ! =ms ( ! organic _w1 ! /udy ( ! inorganic cru/ ( ! e>?1 or to ! k ( rocks1 _! relative ages1 & _! orig94 ,diff]5t vegetable & animal developm5ts exi/ 9 e division ( ! e>?1 :e!r x be on ! pla9s1 :]e1 on a level ) ! sea1 ! temp]ature v>ies ) ! latitude & ) ! v>i\s inflections ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 or on ! /eep declivity ( m\nta9 ranges1 w>m$ by ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,organic nature imp>ts to e region ( ! globe its own *>act]i/ic physiognomy4 ,b ?is does n apply to ! inorganic cru/ ( ! e>? dive/$ ( its vegetable cov]+1 = ev]y:]e1 9 bo? hemisph]es1 f ! equator to ! poles1 ! same rocks are f\nd gr\p$ ) "s relation to ea* o!r1 ei!r ( attraction or repulsion4 ,9 di/ant l&s1 surr\nd$ by /range =ms ( vegetation1 & b5ea? a sky beam+ ) o!r />s ?an ^? to :i* 8 eye _h be5 accu/om$1 ! m>9] (t5 recognises1 ) joyful surprise1 argillace\s s*i/s & rocks famili> to him 9 8 native l&4 ,?is indep5d5ce ( geological relations on ! actual condition ( climates does n dim9i% ! b5eficial influ5ce ex]cis$ on ! progress ( m9]alogy & physical geognosy by ! num]\s obs]vations in/itut$ 9 di/ant regions ( ! e>?1 b simply gives a p>ticul> direction to !m4 ,e exp$ition enri*es natural hi/ory ) new g5]a ( plants & animals4 ,at "o "t we acquire a k ( new organic =ms :i* are alli$ to types long famili> to u1 & :i* n unfrequ5tly1 by furni%+ l9ks till !n defici5t1 enable u to e/abli%1 9 all its orig9al p]fection1 an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( natural /ructures4 ,at ano!r "t we become acqua9t$ ) isolat$ /ructures1 :i* appe> ei!r z ! rema9s ( ext9ct g5]a1 or memb]s ( unkn[n gr\ps1 ! discov]y ( :i* /imulates fur!r rese>*4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 f ! inve/igation ( ! e>?'s cru/ t we acquire ^! manifold additions to our k1 = "h we meet r ) an uni=mity 9 ! con/itu5t p>ts1 9 ! sup]position ( dissimil> masses1 & 9 _! regul> recurr5ce1 :i* _c fail to excite ! surprise & admiration ( ! geologi/4 ,9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 z 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,europe1 "o =mation appe>s1 z x 71 to call =? ano!r4 ,masses id5tical 9 "* assume ! same =ms2 basalt & dol]ite compose tw9 m\nta9s2 dolomite1 s&/one1 & porphyry =m abrupt rocky walls2 :ile vitre\s tra*yte1 conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( feldsp>1 rises 9 bell-%ap$ & high-vault$ domes4 ,9 ! mo/ remote regions l>ge cry/als are sep>at$ 9 a simil> mann] f ! compact texture ( ! fundam5tal mass1 &1 bl5d+ & gr\p+ toge!r into subord9ate /rata1 frequ5tly ann\nce ! comm5cem5t ( new & indep5d5t =mations4 ,x is ?us t ! inorganic _w may be said to reflect itself1 m or less di/9ctly1 9 e m\nta9 ( any great ext5t4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ord] p]fectly to und]/& ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( ! composition1 relative age1 & orig9 ( =mations1 to comp>e toge!r ! obs]vations made 9 regions ( ! e>? mo/ widely remote f ea* o!r4 ,problems :i* h long baffl$ ! geologi/ 9 8 own nor!rn region1 f9d _! solution 9 ! vic9ity ( ! equator4 ,if1 z we h already obs]v$1 remote regions d n pres5t u ) new =mations1 t is to say1 ) unkn[n gr\p+s ( simple sub/ances1 !y at lea/ help u to unravel ! great & univ]sal laws ( nature1 by %[+ h[ diff]5t /rata ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? are mutually sup]impos$ on1 & int]sect1 ea* o!r 9 ! =m ( ve9s1 or rise to diff]5t elevations 9 ob$i5ce to ela/ic =ces4 ,al?\gh our geological k may be ?us ext5sively augm5t$ by rese>*es ov] va/ regions1 x c h>dly be a matt] ( surprise t ! class ( ph5om5a con/itut+ ! pr9cipal subject ( ?is address %\ld h be5 s long exam9$ 9 an imp]fect mann]1 s9ce ! means ( comp>ison 7 ( difficult1 & almo/1 x may be said1 ( labori\s access4 ,until t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury all t 0 kn[n ( ! =m ( volcanos & ( ! action ( _! subt]ranean =ces 0 d]iv$ f obs]vations made on two volcanic m\nta9s ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,vesuvius & ,etna4 ,z ! =m] ( ^! 0 ! m accessible1 & 7l all volcanos ( slight elevation7 _h frequ5t eruptions1 a hill became to a c]ta9 degree ! type accord+ to :i* a :ole _w--! mighty volcanos ( ,mexico1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,asiatic ,isl&s--0 suppos$ to be =m$4 ,su* a mode ( reason+ involunt>ily calls to m9d ,virgil's %eph]d1 :o believ$ t 9 8 own humble cot he saw ! image ( ! et]nal city1 ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,?is imp]fect mode ( /udy+ nature might inde$ h be5 obviat$ by a m att5tive exam9ation ( ! :ole ,m$it]ranean1 & especially ( its ea/]n isl&s & littoral di/ricts1 :]e mank9d fir/ awoke to intellectual culture & to a high] /&>d ( feel+4 ,among ! ,sporades1 tra*ytic rocks h ris5 f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & h =m$ l&s simil> to ^? ( ! ,azores1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree c5turies h appe>$ p]iodically at ?ree almo/ equal int]vals ( "t4 ,betwe5 ,epidaurus & ,trz5e1 ne> ,me?one1 9 ! ,peloponnesus1 !re is a ,monte ,nuovo1 describ$ by ,/rabo & s9ce by ,dodwell4 ,its elevation is great] ?an t ( ! ,monte ,nuovo ( ! ,phlegran fields ne> ,bai1 & p]haps ev5 ?an t ( ! new volcano ( ,xorullo1 9 ! pla9s ( ,mexico1 :i* ,i f\nd to be surr\nd$ by _m ?\s& small basaltic cones1 upheav$ f ! e>?1 & /ill emitt+ smoke4 ,x is n only 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t volcanic fires escape f ! p]man5t crat]s ( isolat$ m\nta9s hav+ a con/ant communication ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 z ,/romboli1 ,vesuvius1 & ,etna2 = at ,is*ia1 & on ,m\nt ,epomeus1 & also1 accord+ to ! acc\nts ( ! anci5ts1 9 ! ,lelant9e pla91 ne> ,*alcis1 lavas h fl[$ f fissures :i* h sudd5ly op5$ on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,besides ^! ph5om5a1 :i* fall )9 hi/orical p]iods1 t is1 )9 ! n>r[ b\nds ( au!ntic tradition1 & :i* ,ritt] purposes collect+ & expla9+ 9 8 ma/]ly "w on geography1 ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean pres5t num]\s rema9s ( ! e>li] action ( fire4 ,! s\? ( ,france exhibits 9 ,auv]gne a di/9ct & peculi> sy/em ( volcanos1 l9e>ly arrang$1 tra*ytic domes alt]nat+ ) cones ( eruption1 emitt+ lava /reams 9 ! =m ( b&s4 ,! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 :i* are on a level ) ! sea1 & con/itute ! inn]mo/ bay ( ! ,adriatic1 inclose ! tra*yte ( ! ,euganean ,hills1 :]e rise domes ( granul> tra*yte1 obsidian1 & pe>l-/one4 ,^! masses are develop$ f ea* o!r1 & break ?r\gh ! l[] *alk =mations & nummulitic lime/one1 b h nev] be5 emitt$ 9 n>r[ /reams4 ,simil> evid5ce ( =m] revolutions ( our e>?1 is af=d$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,greek ,cont95t & 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 c\ntries :i* w und\bt$ly "s day yield ! geologi/ ample mat]ials = inve/igation1 :5 ! light ( k %all aga9 %9e on ^? l&s :5ce x fir/ dawn$ on our we/]n _w1 & :5 oppress$ humanity %all cease to groan b5ea? ! weight ( ,turki% b>b>ism4 ,i allude to ! geographical proximity ( su* num]\s & v>i\s ph5om5a 9 ord] to %[ t ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) its s]ies ( isl&s1 might h enabl$ ! att5tive obs]v] to note all ^? ph5om5a :i* h rec5tly be5 discov]$ "u v>i\s =ms & /ructures 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,t5]iffe1 & 9 ! ,aleutian isl&s1 ne> ! ,pol> region4 ,! mat]ials = obs]vation 71 no d\bt1 accumulat$ )9 a n>r[ compass2 b x 0 yet necess>y t travels 9 di/ant c\ntries & comp>isons betwe5 ext5sive tracts ( l&1 bo? 9 & out ( ,europe1 %\ld be und]tak51 9 ord] to obta9 a correct idea ( ! resemblance betwe5 volcanic ph5om5a & ( _! dep5d5ce on ea* o!r4 ,language1 :i* s frequ5tly imp>ts p]man5ce & au?ority to fir/1 & (t5 also errone\s views1 b :i* po9ts1 z x 71 in/9ctively to ! tru?1 has appli$ ! t]m volcanic to all eruptions ( subt]ranean fire & molt5 matt]2 to columns ( smoke & vap\r :i* asc5d sporadically f rocks1 z at ,col>es1 aft] ! great e>?quake ( ,lisbon2 to ,salses1 or argillace\s cones emitt+ moi/ mud1 asphalt1 & hydrog51 z at ,girg5ti 9 ,sicily1 & at ,turbaco 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 to hot ,geys] spr+s1 :i* rise "u ! pressure ( ela/ic vap\rs2 &1 9 g5]al1 to all op]ations ( impetu\s natural =ces :i* h _! seat deep 9 ! int]ior ( our planet4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica 7,guatimala7 & 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ! natives ev5 =mally di/+ui% betwe5 ,volcanes de agua y de fuego1 volcanos emitt+ wat]1 & ^? emitt+ fire2 designat+ by ! =m] appellation1 m\nta9s f :i* subt]ranean wat]s bur/ =? f "t to "t1 accompani$ by a dull holl[ s\nd & viol5t e>?quakes4 ,)\t d5y+ ! connection1 :i* und\bt$ly exi/s among ! ph5om5a j ref]r$ to1 x w\ld seem advisable to apply m def9ite t]ms to ! physical z well z to ! m9]alogical portion ( ! sci5ce ( geology1 & n at "o "t to designate by ! ^w volcano a m\nta9 t]m9at+ 9 a p]man5t fire-emitt+ m\?1 & at ano!r to apply x to any subt]ranean cause1 be x :at x may1 ( volcanic action4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( our e>?1 ! =m ( isolat$ conical m\nta9s 7z ^? ( ,vesuvius1 ,etna1 ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ,tunguragua & ,cotopaxi7 is c]ta9ly ! %ape mo/ commonly obs]v$ 9 volcanos4 ,i h myself se5 su* volcanos v>y+ 9 height f ! mo/ inconsid]able hill to an elevation ( m ?an #ai1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,besides su* conical =ms1 h[ev]1 we cont9ually meet ) p]man5t fire-emitt+ m\?s1 9 :i* ! communication ) ! int]ior ( ! e>? is ma9ta9$ on f>-ext5d$ jagg$ ridges1 & n ev5 always f ! c5tre ( _! mural summits1 b at _! extremity t[>ds _! slope4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ,pi*9*a1 situat$ betwe5 ! ,pacific & ! city ( ,quito1 :i* has acquir$ celebrity f ,b\gu]'s e>lie/ b>ometric =mul1 & su* are ! volcanos on ! ,/eppe de los ,pa/os1 situate at m ?an #aj1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,all ^! v>i\sly %ap$ summits consi/ ( tra*yte1 =m]ly kn[n z trap-porphyry2 a granul> /one full ( n>r[ fissures1 compos$ ( diff]5t k9ds ( feldsp> 7labradorite1 oligoklase1 & albite71 augite1 hornbl5de1 & sometimes int]sp]s$ mica1 & ev5 qu>tz4 ,:]ev] ! evid5ces ( ! fir/ eruption1 ! anci5t /ructures--if ,i may use ! expression--rema9 complete1 ! isolat$ cone is surr\nd$1 circus-l1 ) a high wall ( rock consi/+ ( diff]5t sup]impos$ /rata1 encompass+ x l an out] %ea?4 ,su* walls or circul> inclosures are t]m$ crat]s ( elevation1 & con/itute a great & important ph5om5on1 ^u :i* t em95t geologi/1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 f ^: writ+s ,i h borr[$ _m facts advanc$ 9 ?is treatise1 pres5t$ s rem>kable a pap] to our ,academy five ye>s ago4 ,volcanos :i* communicate ) ! atmosph]e by means ( fire-emitt+ m\?s1 su* z conical basaltic hills1 & dome-l crat]less tra*ytic m\nta9s1 7! latt] be+ sometimes l[1 l ! ,s>c\y1 & sometimes high1 l ! ,*imborazo17 =m v>i\s gr\ps4 ,comp>ative geography draws our att5tion1 at "o "t1 to small ,ar*ipelagos or indep5d5t m\nta9-sy/ems1 ) crat]s & lava /reams1 l ^? 9 ! ,can>y ,isles & ! ,azores1 & )\t crat]s or true lava /reams1 z 9 ! ,euganean hills1 & ! ,sieb5gebirge ne> ,bonn2 at ano!r "t1 x makes u acqua9t$ ) volcanos arrang$ 9 s+le or d\ble *a9s1 & ext5d+ = _m hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 ei!r runn+ p>allel ) ! ma9 direction ( ! range1 z 9 ,guatimala1 ,p]u1 & ,java1 or int]sect+ its axis at "r angles1 z 9 tropical ,mexico4 ,9 ?is l& ( ! ,aztecs fire-emitt+ tra*ytic m\nta9s alone atta9 ! high sn[ limit3 !y are rang$ 9 ! direction ( a p>allel ( latitude1 & h probably be5 upheav$ f a *asm ext5d+ ov] upw>ds ( #dbj miles1 int]sect+ ! :ole cont95t f ! ,pacific to ! ,atlantic4 ,?is cr[d+ toge!r ( volcanos1 ei!r 9 r\nd$ gr\ps or d\ble l9es1 af=ds ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( t _! action does n dep5d on slight causes locat$ ne> ! surface1 b t !y are great & deep-seat$ ph5om5a4 ,! :ole ( ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 :i* is poor 9 metals1 has 9 its pres5t condition no fire-emitt+ op5+s1 no tra*ytic masses1 & p]haps no basalt conta9+ oliv9e4 ,all ! volcanos ( ,am]ica are unit$ 9 ! portion ( ! cont95t opposite to ,asia1 along ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 :i* runs ne>ly due nor? & s\? ov] a di/ance ( m ?an #gbjj miles4 ,! :ole elevat$ table-l& ( ,quito1 :i* is surm\nt$ by ! high m\nta9s ( ,pi*9*a1 ,cotopaxi1 & ,tunguragua1 con/itutes "o sole volcanic he>?4 ,! subt]ranean fire bur/s sometimes f "o & sometimes f ano!r ( ^! op5+s1 :i* h g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z indep5d5t volcanos4 ,! progressive movem5t ( ! fire has1 = ?ree c5turies1 incl9$ f nor? to s\?4 ,ev5 ! e>?quakes1 :i* s fe>fully deva/ate ?is portion ( ! globe1 af=d /rik+ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( subt]ranean communications1 n only betwe5 c\ntries :]e !re are no volcanos--z has long be5 kn[n--b likewise betwe5 volcanic ap]tures situat$ at a di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,?us ! volcano ( ,pa/o1 ea/ ( ! riv] ,guayt>a1 cont9u$ dur+ ?ree mon?s ( ! ye> #agig1 to emit1 un9t]rupt$ly1 a l(ty column ( smoke1 until x sudd5ly ceas$ at ! mom5t ( ! great e>?quake ( ,riobamba1 7at a di/ance ( #bdj miles17 & ! mud eruption ( ! 8,moya10 9 :i* f ?irty to =ty ?\s& ,indians p]i%$4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance1 on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahaa1 ( ! isl& ( ,sabr9a1 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,azores1 0 ! precursor ( ! dreadful e>?quakes :i*1 fur!r we/w>d1 %ook1 f ,may1 #ahaa1 to ,june1 #ahac1 almo/ un9t]rupt$ly1 fir/ ! ,antilles1 !n ! pla9s ( ! ,ohio & ,mississippi1 & la/ly1 ! opposite coa/s ( ,v5ezuela or ,c>acas4 ,?irty days aft] ! total de/ruction ( ! beautiful capital ( ! prov9ce1 !re 0 an eruption ( ! long inactive volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s ( ! ,antilles4 ,a rem>kable ph5om5on accompani$ ?is eruption3 at ! mom5t ( ?is explosion1 :i* occurr$ on ! #cj? ( ,april1 #ahaa1 a t]rible subt]ranean noise 0 he>d 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ov] a di/rict ( m ?an #ce1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! inhabitants ( ! banks ( ! ,apure1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,nula1 & ^? liv+ on ! remote sea-coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 agre$ 9 comp>+ ?is s\nd to ! noise ( heavy artill]y4 ,! di/ance f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,nula ) ! ,apure 7by :i* ,i ent]$ ! ,or9oco7 to ! volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 measur$ 9 a /raight l9e1 is no less ?an #fbh miles4 ,?is noise 0 c]ta9ly n propagat$ ?r\gh ! air1 & mu/ h aris5 f "s deep-seat$ subt]ranean cause2 its int5sity 01 moreov]1 h>dly great] on ! %ores ( ! ,c>ibbean sea1 ne> ! seat ( ! rag+ volcano1 ?an 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,apure & ! ,or9oco4 ,x w\ld be useless to multiply examples ( ?is nature1 by adduc+ o!rs :i* ,i h collect$3 ,i w !re=e only ref] to "o fur!r in/ance1 namely1 ! memorable e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 an important ph5om5on 9 ! annals ( ,europe4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is ev5t1 :i* took place on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 n only 7 ! ,lakes ( ,switz]l& & ! sea (f ! ,sw$i% coa/s viol5tly agitat$1 b 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,antilles1 ne> ! isl&s ( ,m>t9ique1 ,antigua1 & ,b>badoes1 ! tide1 :i* nev] exce$s ?irty in*es1 sudd5ly rose upw>ds ( tw5ty feet4 ,all ^! ph5om5a prove1 t subt]ranean =ces are manife/$ ei!r dynamically1 expansively1 & att5d$ by commotion1 9 e>?quakes2 or possess ! prop]ty ( produc+1 or ( *emically modify+ sub/ances 9 volcanos2 & !y fur!r %[1 t ^! =ces are n seat$ ne> ! surface 9 ! ?9 cru/ ( ! e>?1 b deep 9 ! int]ior ( our planet1 :5ce ?r\gh fissures & unfill$ ve9s !y act simultane\sly at widely di/ant po9ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! m v>i$ ! /ructure ( volcanos1 t is to say1 ( elevations inclos+ a *annel ?r\gh :i* ! molt5 masses ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? rea* ! surface1 ! m important x is to =m a correct idea ( ^! /ructures by c>eful measurem5t4 ,! int]e/ d]iv$ f measurem5ts ( ?is k9d1 :i* ,i made a special subject ( inquiry 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e1 is increas$ by ! consid]ation1 t ! objects to be measur$ v>y 9 magnitude at diff]5t po9ts4 ,a philosophical /udy ( nature seeks1 9 consid]+ ! *anges ( ph5om5a1 to connect ! pres5t ) ! pa/4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! p]iodic recurr5ce1 or ! laws ( ! progressive *anges 9 nature1 we require c]ta9 fix$ po9ts1 & c>efully conduct$ obs]vations1 :i*1 by _! connection ) def9ite epo*s1 may s]ve z a basis = num]ical comp>isons4 ,if ! mean temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e & ( ! e>? 9 diff]5t latitudes1 or ! mean height ( ! b>omet] at ! sea level1 _h be5 det]m9$ only once 9 e ?\s& ye>s1 we %\ld "k to :at ext5t ! heat ( climates has increas$ or dim9i%$1 & :e!r any *anges h tak5 place 9 ! height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,su* po9ts ( comp>ison are especially requir$ to det]m9e ! incl9ation & decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 & ! int5sity ( ^? electro-magnetic =ces on :i* ,seebeck & ,erman1 two admirable physici/s belong+ to ?is ,academy1 h ?r[n s mu* light4 ,if x be a m]itori\s und]tak+ on ! "p ( le>n$ societies to inve/igate ) p]sev]ance ! cosmical *anges 9 ! heat & pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & p>ticul>ly ! magnetic direction & int5sity1 x is no less ! duty ( ! travell+ geologi/ to direct att5tion to ! v>y+ height ( volcanos 9 det]m9+ ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! obs]vations :i* ,i =m]ly made 9 ! ,mexican m\nta9s1 at ! volcano ( ,toluca1 at ,popocatepetl1 at ! ,c(re de ,p]ote1 or ,nauhcampatepetl1 & ,xorullo1 & 9 ! ,&es ( ,quito at ,pi*9*a1 ,i h _h opportunities s9ce my return to ,europe ( repeat+1 at diff]5t p]iods1 on ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,:]e complete trigonometric or b>ometric measurem5ts are want+1 _! place may be suppli$ by angles ( altitude laid d[n ) precision1 & tak5 at po9ts accurately det]m9$4 ,! comp>ison ( su* det]m9ations1 made at diff]5t p]iods ( "t1 may sometimes be ev5 pref]able to ! complication ( m complete op]ations4 ,saussure measur$ ,vesuvius 9 #aggc1 & at t "t bo? ! nor?-we/]n & s\?-ea/]n m>g9s ( ! crat] appe>$ to him to be equal 9 height4 ,he f\nd _! elevation above ! level ( ! sea to be #chid feet4 ,! eruption ( #agid occasion$ a fall+ 9 t[>ds ! s\?1 & an inequality 9 ! m>g9s ( ! crat]1 :i* may be di/+ui%$ f a consid]able di/ance ev5 by ! mo/ unpractis$ eye4 ,leopold von ,bu*1 ,gay ,lussac1 & myself1 measur$ ,m\nt ,vesuvius ?ree times 9 ! ye> #ahje1 & f\nd t ! elevation ( ! nor!rn m>g91 la ,rocca del ,palo1 opposite ! ,somma1 0 exactly z x _h be5 giv5 by ,saussure1 :ile ! s\!rn m>g9 0 #dgi feet l[] ?an x _h be5 9 #aggc4 ,! elevation ( ! volcano itself t[>ds ,torre del ,greco 7! side t[>ds :i*1 = ?irty ye>s1 ! volcanic action has be5 pr9cipally direct$7 _h1 at t "t1 decreas$ "o-eigh?4 ,! cone ( c9d]s be>s to ! total height ( ,vesuvius ! relation ( #a 3 #c2 9 ,pi*9*a1 ! ratio is z #a 3 #aj1 & at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 z #a 3 #bb4 ,( ^! ?ree volcanic m\nta9s1 ,vesuvius has1 !re=e1 comp>atively1 ! highe/ cone ( c9d]s2 probably because1 be+ a volcano ( inconsid]able height1 x has *iefly act$ ?r\gh its summit4 ,a few mon?s ago1 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 ,i succe$$ n only 9 repeat+ my e>li] b>ometric measurem5ts ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 b also 9 det]m9+ m completely all ! m>g9s ( ! crat]#ajh dur+ ?ree asc5ts ( ! m\nta94 ,^! det]m9ations are1 p]haps1 des]v+ ( "s degree ( att5tion1 s9ce !y embrace ! long p]iod ( ! great eruptions betwe5 #ahje & #ahbb1 & are probably ! only measurem5ts hi!rto publi%$ ( any volcano :i* admit ( comp>ison 9 all _! p>ts4 ,!y prove1 t ! m>g9s ( ! crat] %\ld be reg>d$ z a mu* m p]man5t ph5om5on ?an has hi!rto be5 suppos$1 f ! ha/y obs]vations made on ! subject2 & t ?is "* app]ta9s to !m ev]y:]e1 & n m]ely 9 ^? in/ances :]e1 z at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & 9 all ! volcanos ( ! ,&es1 !y evid5tly consi/ ( tra*yte4 ,accord+ to my late/ det]m9ations x w\ld seem1 t s9ce ! "t ( ,saussure1 a p]iod ( =ty-n9e ye>s1 ! nor?-we/]n m>g9 ( ,vesuvius has probably n *ang$ at all1 & t ! s\?-ea/]n "o1 9 ! direction ( ,bos*e ,tre ,case1 :i* 9 #agid _h become #dbf feet l[]1 has s9ce !n only alt]$ ab\t #fd feet4 ,if1 9 ! newspap] reports ( great eruptions1 we (t5 f9d ass]tions made ( an entire *ange ( =m 9 ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & if ^! ass]tions appe> to be confirm$ by ! picturesque views ( ! volcano made at ,naples1 ! cause ( ! error arises f ! outl9es ( ! m>g9s ( ! crat] hav+ be5 conf\nd$ ) ^? ( ! cones ( eruption accid5tally =m$ 9 its c5tre1 ! bottom ( :i* has be5 rais$ by ! =ce ( vap\rs4 ,a cone ( eruption ( ?is k9d1 =m$ by ! accumulation ( masses ( rapilli & scori1 gradually came to view1 above ! s\?-ea/]n m>g9 ( ! crat]1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahaf & #ahah4 ,! eruption 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahbb1 increas$ ?is cone to su* an elevation1 t x project$ f #ajg to #aag feet above ! nor?-we/]n m>g9 ( ! crat] 7! ,rocca del ,palo74 ,?is rem>kable cone1 :i* 0 at l5g? reg>d$ at ,naples z ! actual summit ( ,vesuvius1 fell 9 ) a fe>ful cra% at ! la/ eruption1 on ! night ( ! #bbnd ( ,octob]2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! bottom ( ! crat]1 :i* _h cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly accessible f ! ye> #ahaa1 is n[ ne>ly #hjj feet bel[ ! nor!rn & #bac feet bel[ ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! volcano4 ,! v>y+ =m & relative position ( ! cones ( eruption1 ! ap]tures ( :i* mu/ n1 z !y sometimes are1 be conf\nd$ ) ! crat] ( ! volcano1 give to ,vesuvius at diff]5t epo*s a peculi> physiognomy2 s mu* s1 t ! hi/oriograph] ( ?is volcano1 by a m]e inspection ( ,hack]t's l&scapes 9 ! ,palace ( ,portici1 might guess ! exact ye> 9 :i* ! arti/ _h made 8 sket*1 by ! outl9e ( ! summit ( ! m\nta91 accord+ z ! nor!rn or s\!rn side is repres5t$ 9 respect to height4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! fall ( ! cone ( scori1 :i* 0 #dbf feet high1 & :5 ! small b num]\s /reams ( lava _h fl[$ (f1 on ! night betwe5 ! #bcrd & #bd? ( ,octob]1 !re began a fi]y eruption ( a%es & rapilli1 :i* cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly = twelve days1 b 0 mo/ viol5t dur+ ! fir/ f\r days4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! explosions 9 ! int]ior ( ! volcano 7 s l\d t ! m]e vibrations ( ! air caus$ ! ceil+s to crack 9 ! ,palace ( ,portici1 al?\gh no %ocks ( an e>?quake 7 !n or _h previ\sly be5 exp]i5c$4 ,a rem>kable ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ 9 ! neighb\r+ villages ( ,res9a1 ,torre del ,greco1 ,torre del' ,annunziata1 & ,bos*e ,tre ,case4 ,"h ! atmosph]e 0 s completely saturat$ ) a%es t ! :ole region 0 envelop$ 9 complete d>kness dur+ _m h\rs 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,! inhabitants 7 oblig$ to c>ry lant]ns ) !m ?r\gh ! /reets1 z is (t5 done 9 ,quito dur+ ! eruptions ( ,pi*9*a4 ,nev] _h ! flight ( ! inhabitants be5 m g5]al1 = lava /reams are less dread$ ev5 ?an an eruption ( a%es1 a ph5om5on unkn[n "h 9 any degree ( int5sity1 & "o :i* fills ! imag9ations ( m5 ) images ( t]ror f ! vague tradition ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & ,/abi 7 de/roy$4 ,! hot aque\s vap\r :i* issu$ f ! crat] dur+ ! eruption1 & diffus$ itself ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 =m$1 on cool+1 a d5se cl\d1 :i* envelop$ ! column ( a%es & fire1 t rose to an elevation ( betwe5 #ijjj & #aj1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,s sudd5 a cond5sation ( vap\r1 &1 z ,gay ,lussac has %[n1 ! =mation ( ! cl\d itself1 t5d$ to increase electric t5sion4 ,fla%es ( =k$ lightn+ d>t$ 9 all directions f ! column ( a%es1 :ile ! roll+ ?und] might be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! deep rumbl+ s\nds )9 ! volcano4 ,9 no o!r eruption _h ! play ( ! electric =ces be5 s p[]fully manife/$ z on ?is occasion4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bf? ( ,octob] ! /range report 0 circulat$ t a /ream ( boil+ wat] 0 gu%+ f ! crat]1 & p\r+ d[n ! cone ( c9d]s4 ,monticelli1 ! zeal\s & le>n$ obs]v] ( ! volcano1 soon p]ceiv$ t ?is errone\s report orig9at$ 9 an optical illusion1 & t ! suppos$ /ream ( wat] 0 a great quantity ( dry a%es :i* issu$ l drift s& f a crevice 9 ! highe/ m>g9 ( ! crat]4 ,! long dr\ght1 :i* _h p>*$ & desolat$ ! fields be=e ?is eruption ( ,vesuvius1 0 succe$$1 t[>ds ! t]m9ation ( ! ph5om5on1 by a cont9u$ & viol5t ra91 occasion$ by ! volcanic /orm :i* we h j describ$4 ,a simil> ph5om5on *>act]izes ! t]m9ation ( an eruption 9 all zones ( ! e>?4 ,z ! cone ( c9d]s is usually wrapp$ 9 cl\ds at ?is p]iod1 & z ! ra9 is p\r$ =? ) mo/ viol5ce ne> ?is portion ( ! volcano1 /reams ( mud are g5]ally obs]v$ to desc5d f ! sides 9 all directions4 ,! t]rifi$ peasant looks ^u !m z /reams ( wat] t rise f ! int]ior ( ! volcano & ov]fl[ ! crat]1 :ile ! deceiv$ geologi/ believes t he c recognise 9 !m ei!r sea-wat] or muddy products ( ! volcano1 ! s-call$ eruptions b\euses1 or1 9 ! language ( ! old ,fr5* sy/ematis]s1 products ( an igneo-aque\s liquefaction4 ,:]e1 z is g5]ally ! case 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 ! summit ( ! volcano p5etrates beyond ! sn[-l9e1 atta9+ sometimes an elevation twice z great z t ( ,m\nt ,etna1 ! inundations we h describ$ are r5d]$ v frequ5t & de/ructive1 ow+ to ! melt+ & p]meat+ sn[4 ,^! are ph5om5a :i* h a meteorological connection ) ! eruptions ( volcanos1 & are v>i\sly modifi$ by ! heights ( ! m\nta9s1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! summits :i* are p]petually cov]$ ) sn[1 & ! degree to :i* ! walls ( c9d] cones become heat$2 b !y _c be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( true volcanic ph5om5a4 ,subt]ranean lakes1 communicat+ by v>i\s *annels ) ! m\nta9 /reams1 are frequ5tly =m$ 9 deep & va/ cavities1 ei!r on ! declivity or at ! base ( volcanos4 ,:5 ! :ole mass ( ! volcano is p[]fully %ak5 by ^? e>?quakes :i* prec$e all eruptions ( fire 9 ! ,&es1 ! subt]ranean vaults op51 & p\r =? /reams ( wat]1 fi%es1 & tufface\s mud4 ,?is s+ul> ph5om5on br+s to m9d ! ,pimelodes ,cyclopum1 or ! ,silures ( ! ,cyclops1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! plateau ( ,quito call ,preadilla1 & ( :i* ,i gave a circum/antial acc\nt soon aft] my return to ,europe4 ,:51 on ! night betwe5 ! #ai? & #bj? ( ,june1 #afih1 ! summit ( ,m\nt ,c>guairazo1 situat$ to ! nor? ( ,*imborazo1 & hav+ an elevation ( m ?an #ai1jjj feet1 fell 91 all ! c\ntry = ne>ly #cb squ>e miles 0 cov]$ ) mud & fi%es4 ,a simil> eruption ( fi% f ! volcano ( ,imbaburu 0 suppos$ to h caus$ ! putrid fev]1 :i*1 sev5 ye>s be=e ?is p]iod1 rag$ 9 ! t[n ( ,ib>ra4 ,i ref] to ^! facts because !y ?r[ "s light on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! eruption ( dry a%es & mud-l inundations ( tuff & trass1 inve/+ fragm5ts ( wood1 *>coal1 & %ells4 ,! quantity ( a%es rec5tly erupt$ f ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 l e ph5om5on connect$ ) volcanos & o!r great & fe>ful natural ph5om5a1 has be5 greatly exagg]at$ 9 ! public pap]s2 & two ,neapolitan *emi/s1 ,vic5zo ,pepe & ,guiseppe di ,nobili1 ev5 ass]t$ t ! c9d]s 7 mix$ ) giv5 proportions ( gold & silv]1 not)/&+ ! c\nt]-/atem5ts ( ,monticelli & ,covelli4 ,accord+ to my rese>*es ! /ratum ( a%es :i* fell dur+ ! twelve days 0 only ?ree feet 9 ?ickness 9 ! direction ( ,bos*e ,tre ,case1 on ! declivity ( ! cone1 :]e !y 7 mix$ ) rapilli1 :ile 9 ! pla9s its greate/ ?ickness did n exce$ f #af to #ai in*es4 ,measurem5ts ( ?is k9d mu/ n be made at spots :]e ! a%es h be5 drift$ by ! w9d1 l sn[ or s&1 or :]e !y h be5 accumulat$ 9 pulp-l heaps by means ( wat]4 ,! times are pass$ 9 :i*1 aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5ts1 no?+ 0 reg>d$ 9 volcanic ph5om5a save ! m>vell\s1 & :5 m5 w\ld believe1 l ,ctesias1 t ! a%es f ,etna 7 borne z f> z ! ,indian p59sula4 ,a portion ( ! ,mexican gold & silv] ve9s is c]ta9ly f\nd 9 tra*ytic porphyry1 b 9 ! a%es ( ,vesuvius :i* ,i myself collect$1 & :i* 71 at my reque/1 exam9$ by t di/+ui%$ *emi/ ,he9ri* ,rose1 no trace ( ei!r gold or silv] 0 to be discov]$4 ,h[ev] mu* ^! results1 :i* p]fectly correspond ) ! m exact obs]vations ( ,monticelli1 may diff] f ^? rec5tly ann\nc$1 x _c be d5i$ t ! eruption ( a%es1 :i* cont9u$ f ! #bd? to ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 is ! mo/ memorable t has be5 record$1 on unque/ionable evid5ce1 9 ref]5ce to ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 s9ce ! dea? ( ! eld] ,pl9y4 ,! quantity ( a%es erupt$ on ?is occasion 0 probably ?ree times z great z ! :ole quantity :i* has fall5 s9ce volcanic ph5om5a h be5 obs]v$ ) att5tion 9 ,italy4 ,a /ratum f #af to #ai in*es 9 ?ickness does c]ta9ly1 at fir/ sight1 seem v inconsid]able1 :5 comp>$ ) ! mass ) :i* we f9d ,pompeii cov]$4 ,b1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! heavy ra9s & ! inundations :i* mu/ h increas$ ! bulk ( ?is /ratum 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 & )\t reviv+ ! animat$ cont5tion ma9ta9$ ) mu* scepticism on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps1 reg>d+ ! causes ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,campanian cities1 x may1 at any rate1 be "h obs]v$ t ! eruptions ( a volcano1 at widely remote epo*s1 _c be comp>$ ) respect to _! int5sity4 ,all conclusions mu/ be insuffici5t t are bas$ on m]e analogies ( quantitative relations ( ! lava & a%es1 ! height ( ! column ( smoke1 & ! int5sity ( ! explosions4 ,we le>n f ! geographical description ( ,/rabo1 & f ! op9ion express$ by ,vitruvius on ! volcanic orig9 ( pumice1 t1 until ! ye> ( ,vespasian's dea?1 t is to say1 until ! eruption :i* buri$ ,pompeii1 ,vesuvius appe>$ m l an ext9ct volcano ?an a ,solfat>a4 ,:51 aft] a long-cont9u$ repose1 subt]ranean =ces sudd5ly op5$ = !mselves new *annels1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh /rata ( primitive rock & tra*yte1 effects mu/ h be5 produc$ to :i* no analogy is af=d$ by ^? ( subsequ5t occurr5ce4 ,we cle>ly le>n f ! well-kn[n lett] 9 :i* ,pl9y ! y\ng] in=ms ,tacitus ( ! dea? ( 8 uncle1 t ! r5ewal ( ! eruptions1 or1 "o might almo/ say1 ! revival ( ! slumb]+ volcano1 began ) an outbreak ( a%es4 ,! same ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ at ,xorullo1 :5 ! new volcano1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #agei1 break+ ?r\gh /rata ( sy5ite & tra*yte1 0 sudd5ly upheav$ 9 ! pla94 ,! c\ntry p fl$ 9 t]ror on f9d+ _! cottages cov]$ ) a%es ?r[n up f ! e>?1 :i* 0 bur/+ 9 e direction4 ,9 ! ord9>y p]iodical manife/ations ( volcanic activity a %[] ( a%es usually t]m9ates ea* p>tial eruption4 ,! lett] ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y conta9s1 moreov]1 a passage :i* cle>ly %[s t ! dry a%es fall+ f ! air imm$iately atta9$ a height ( f\r or five feet1 indep5d5t ( accumulation by drifts4 8,! c\rt10 ! n>rative cont9ues1 8:i* l$ to ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ,pl9y took 8 sie/a1 0 s fill$ ) a%es & pumice t1 _h ! sleep] t>ri$ long]1 he w\ld h f\nd ! passage :olly block$ up40 ,)9 ! inclos$ limits ( a c\rt ! w9d _c h ex]cis$ any v consid]able influ5ce on ! drift+ ( ! a%es4 ,i h int]rupt$ my comp>ative view ( volcanos by diff]5t obs]vations 9 relation to ,vesuvius1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! great int]e/ excit$ by its rec5t eruption1 & p>tly because e great outp\r+ ( a%es almo/ involunt>ily recalls to m9d ! classic soil ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,9 a note1 n adapt$ to be read to ! audi5ce to :om ?is lecture is address$1 ,i h collect$ all ! elem5ts ( ! b>ometric measurem5ts :i* ,i made dur+ ! close ( la/ ye> at ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & 9 ! ,campi ,phlegri4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ! =m & effects ( ^? volcanos :i* are p]man5tly connect$1 by means ( a crat]1 ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,! summits ( su* volcanos are upheav$ masses ( tra*yte & lava int]sect$ by num]\s ve9s4 ,! p]man5cy ( _! effects indicates a highly complex /ructure4 ,!y h1 s to say1 a c]ta9 individuality ( "*1 :i* rema9s unalt]$ = long p]iods ( "t4 ,contigu\s m\nta9s g5]ally yield :olly diff]5t products2 = in/ance3 leucitic & feldspa?ic lavas1 obsidian ) pumice1 & basaltic masses conta9+ oliv9e4 ,!y belong to ! m rec5t ph5om5a ( ! e>?1 usually break+ ?r\gh all ! /rata ( ! floetz =mation1 & _! lava curr5ts & products are ( subsequ5t orig9 to our valleys4 ,_! life1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to use a figurative expression1 dep5ds ^u ! mode & ! duration ( _! connection ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,aft] cont9u+ = c5turies 9 a /ate ( repose1 _! activity is (t5 sudd5ly reviv$1 & !y !n become conv]t$ into ,solfat>as1 emitt+ aque\s vap\rs1 gases1 & acids4 ,occasionally1 z at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 _! summits h already become a laboratory ( reg5]at$ sulphur1 :ile consid]able lava curr5ts1 be+ basaltic ne> ! base1 & mix$ ) obsidian & pumice at great] elevations1 :]e ! pressure is less1 cont9ue to fl[ f ! sides ( ! m\nta9#aji4 ,besides volcanos :i* h p]man5t crat]s1 !re is ano!r k9d ( volcanic ph5om5a less frequ5tly obs]v$ ?an ! =m]1 b especially in/ructive to ! geologi/1 z !y rem9d u ( ! primitive _w1 t is1 ( ! e>lie/ revolutions ( our planet4 ,tra*ytic m\nta9s sudd5ly op51 & aft] ?r[+ up a%es & lava1 close aga9 nev] p]haps to re-op54 ,su* has be5 ! case ) ! mighty volcano ( ,antisana 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 & ) ,m\nt ,epomu 9 ,is*ia1 9 ! ye> #acjb4 ,occasionally su* an eruption has occurr$ ev5 9 ! pla9s1 z on ! table-l& ( ,quito1 9 ,icel& at a di/ance f ,hecla1 & 9 ! ,lelant9e pla9s ( ,euba4 ,_m upheav$ isl&s belong to ?is class ( transitory ph5om5a4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! connection ) ! int]ior ( ! e>? is n p]man5t1 ! action ceas+ z soon z ! fissure1 or *annel ( communication1 is aga9 clos$4 ,ve9s ( basalt1 dol]ite1 & porphyry1 :i* trav]se almo/ all =mations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?2 & ! masses ( sy5ite1 augitic porphyry1 & amygdaloid1 :i* *>act]ise ! mo/ rec5t /rata ( transition rock1 & ! olde/ /ratum ( ! floetz =mation2 h all probably be5 =m$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 ! y\?ful p]iod ( our planet1 ! sub/ances t _h cont9u$ 9 a fluid condition )9 ! e>?1 broke ?r\gh its cru/1 ev]y:]e int]sect$ ) fissures1 & became solidifi$ z granul> ve9s1 or 7 spread out 9 broad sup]impos$ /rata4 ,! products t may be t]m$ exclusively volcanic1 :i* h come d[n to u f ! primitive ages ( ! _w1 h n fl[$ 9 /reams or b&s l ! lava ( our isolat$ conical m\nta9s4 ,! mixtures ( augite1 titanic iron1 feldsp>1 & hornbl5de1 may h be5 ! same at diff]5t p]iods1 sometimes alli$ to basalt1 sometimes to tra*yte2 :ile *emical sub/ances1 7z we le>n f ,mits*]li*'s important lab\rs & ! analogies pres5t$ by artificial igne\s products17 may h rang$ !mselves 9 lay]s accord+ to "s def9ite laws ( cry/allization4 ,9 all cases we p]ceive t sub/ances simil>ly compos$ h come to ! surface ( ! e>? by v diff]5t means1 ei!r by be+ simply upheav$1 or escap+ ?r\gh tempor>y fissures2 & t break+ ?r\gh ! old] rocks1 t is to say1 ?r\gh ! e>li] oxidiz$ e>?'s cru/1 !y h fl[$ 9 ! =m ( lava /reams f conical m\nta9s hav+ a p]man5t crat]4 ,if we d n suffici5tly di/+ui% betwe5 ^! v>i\s ph5om5a1 our k ( ! geology ( volcanos w aga9 be %r\d$ 9 t obscurity1 f :i* num]\s comp>ative exp]im5ts are n[ beg9n+ gradually to release x4 ,! que/ions h (t5 be5 ask$1 :at is x t burns 9 volcanos1 :at g5]ates ! degree ( heat capable ( mix+ e>?s & metals toge!r 9 a /ate ( fusion8 ,mod]n *emi/ry has attempt$ to reply t x is ! e>?s1 metals1 & alkalies !mselves1 t is to say1 ! metalloids ( ^! sub/ances1 :i* burn4 ,! solid & already oxidiz$ cru/ ( ! e>? sep>ates ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 ) ! oxyg5 x conta9s1 f ! combu/ible unoxidiz$ sub/ances 9 ! int]ior ( our planet4 ,by ! contact ( ^! metalloids ) ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 ! dis5gagem5t ( caloric ensues4 ,! celebrat$ & tal5t$ *emi/1 :o advanc$ ?is explanation ( volcanic ph5om5a1 soon himself rel9qui%$ x4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made 9 m9es & cav]ns 9 all p>ts ( ! e>?1 & :i* ,m4 ,arago & myself h collect$ 9 a sep>ate treatise1 prove t ev5 at an inconsid]able dep?1 ! temp]ature ( ! e>? is mu* high] ?an ! mean temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e at ! same place4 ,?is rem>kable1 & almo/ univ]sally confirm$ fact1 is connect$ ) :at we le>n f volcanic ph5om5a4 ,! dep? at :i* we might reg>d ! e>? z a fus$ mass1 has be5 calculat$4 ,! primitive cause ( ?is subt]ranean heat is1 z 9 all planets1 ! =mative process itself1 ! sep>ation ( ! sph]ically conglom]at+ mass f a cosmical ari=m fluid1 & ! cool+ ( ! t]re/rial /rata at diff]5t dep?s by ! radiation ( heat4 ,all volcanic ph5om5a are probably ! result ( a p]man5t or transi5t connection betwe5 ! int]ior & ! ext]ior ( our planet4 ,ela/ic vap\rs press ! fus$ oxidiz+ sub/ances upw>ds ?r\gh deep fissures4 ,volcanos !re=e are int]mitt5t e>?-spr+s1 f :i* ! fluid mixtures ( metals1 alkalies1 & e>?s1 :i* become consolidat$ into lava curr5ts1 fl[ g5tly & calmly1 :5 be+ upheav$ !y f9d a v5t4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 accord+ to ,plato's ,phdon1 ! anci5ts reg>d$ all volcanic /reams ( fire z effusions ( ! ,pyriphlege?on4 ,i w\ld fa9 be p]mitt$ to add "o yet bold] obs]vation to ^? ,i h already v5tur$ to advance4 ,may n ! cause ( "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! /udy ( petrifactions1 be dep5d5t on ! condition ( ! inn] heat ( our planet1 :i* is indicat$ by !rmometric exp]im5ts on spr+s#aaj ris+ f diff]5t dep?s1 & by obs]vations on volcanos8 ,we f9d tropical animals1 arboresc5t f]ns1 palms1 & bamboos1 buri$ 9 ! cold nor?1 & ev]y:]e ! primitive _w pres5ts a di/ribution ( organic /ructures :olly at v>iance ) exi/+ climatic relations4 ,_m hypo!ses h be5 advanc$ 9 elucidation ( s important a problem1 su* z ! approximation ( a comet1 ! alt]$ obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 & ! increas$ int5sity ( ! sun's light2 b none ( ^! h satisfi$ at once ! a/ronom]1 ! physici/1 & ! geologi/4 ,i1 = my "p1 w\ld will+ly leave undi/urb$ ! axis ( ! e>? or ! light ( ! sun's disk1 7f ^: spots a celebrat$ a/ronom] expla9$ fruitfulness & failure ( crops17 yet x appe>s to me t 9 e planet !re exi/1 indep5d5tly ( its relations to a c5tral body & its a/ronomical position1 num]\s causes = ! developm5t ( heat1 9 processes ( oxidation1 9 precipitation1 9 ! *emically alt]$ capacity ( bodies1 ! increase ( electro-magnetic t5sion1 & 9 ! *annels ( communication op5$ betwe5 its int]nal & ext]nal p>ts4 ,:]ev]1 9 ! primitive _w1 heat 0 radiat$ f ! deeply fissur$ cru/ ( ! e>?1 palms1 arboresc5t f]ns1 & all ! animals ( ! torrid zone1 c\ld p]haps h fl\ri%$ = c5turies ov] ext5sive tracts ( l&4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :i* ,i h already publi%$ 9 my "w entitl$ ,geogno/is*] ,v]su* b] die ,lag]ung d] ,gebirgs>t5 9 beid5 ,hemisphr51,,rg ! temp]ature ( volcanos w\ld be t ( ! int]ior ( our e>? itself1 & ! same causes :i* n[ occasion su* fe>fully deva/at+ results1 may h be5 able to produce1 9 e zone1 ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation on ! newly oxidiz$ cru/ ( ! e>? & on ! deeply fissur$ /rata ( rocks4 ,%\ld x be assum$1 = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! wond]ful di/ribution ( tropical =ms 9 _! anci5t mausolea1 t ! long-hair$ elephant9e animals1 :i* are n[ f\nd emb$d$ 9 ice1 7 once indig5\s to nor!rn latitudes1 & t animals ( simil> =ms1 belong+ to ! same type1 z1 = in/ance1 lions & lynxes1 7 capable ( liv+ 9 :olly diff]5t climates1 su* a mode ( explanation w\ld at all ev5ts n admit ( be+ ext5d$ to vegetable products4 ,f causes develop$ by ! physiology ( vegetation1 palms1 bananas1 & arboresc5t monocotyl$ons1 are unable to endure ! deprivation ( _! app5dicul> organs1 by ! nor!rn cold2 & 9 ! geological problem :i* we are "h consid]+1 x seems to me a matt] ( difficulty to admit any di/9ction betwe5 vegetable & animal /ructures4 ,"o & ! same mode ( explanation mu/ be appli$ to bo? =ms4 ,9 conclud+ ?is treatise1 ,i h add$ "s unc]ta9 & hypo!tical conjectures to ! facts :i* h be5 collect$ 9 widely remote regions ( ! e>?4 ,! philosophical /udy ( nature rises above ! requirem5ts ( m]e del9eation1 & does n consi/ 9 ! /]ile accumulation ( isolat$ facts4 ,! active & inquir+ _s ( man may !re=e be occasionally p]mitt$ to escape f ! pres5t into ! doma9 ( ! pa/1 to conjecture t :i* _c yet be cle>ly det]m9$1 & ?us to revel amid ! anci5t & ev]-recurr+ my?s ( geology4 ,,explanatory ,,additions4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,p4 #cfc4--8;,a m complete det]m9ation ( ! m>g9s ( ! ,crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius40 ,my a/ronomical fell[-lab\r]1 ,oltmanns1 :o 0 unhappily too e>ly lo/ to sci5ce1 has re-calculat$ ! b>ometric measurem5ts ,i made on ,m\nt ,vesuvius 7f ! #bbnd to ! #be? ( ,novemb]1 & on ! #a/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahbb71 & comp>$ ! results ) ^? yield$ by ! measurem5ts giv5 to me 9 manuscript by ,"l ,m9to1 ,visconti1 ,monticelli1 ,brios*i1 & ,p\lett ,scrope4 ,a4 ,rocca del ,palo1 ! highe/ nor!rn m>g9 ( ! ,crat] ( ,vesuvius1 0 e/imat$ by-- ,feet4 ,saussure1 9 #aggc1 b>ometrically1 probably accord+ to ,deluc's =mula #chid ,poli 7#agid71 b>ometrically #chge ,breislak 7#agid71 b>ometrically1 al?\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ,poli1 x is unc]ta9 :at =mula 0 us$ #cibj ,gay-,lussac1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 & ,humboldt 7#ahje71 b>ometrically1 accord+ to ! =mula ( ,laplace1 z 9 all ! foll[+ b>ometric results #chef ,brios*i 7#ahaj71 trigonometrically #djgi ,visconti 7#ahaf71 trigonometrically #cigg ,"l ,m9to 7#ahbb71 b>ometrically1 & frequ5tly repeat$ #ciga ,p\lett ,scrope 7#ahbb74 ,?is calculation is some:at unc]ta91 ow+ to ! unkn[n relation ( ! diamet]s ( ! tubes to ^? ( ! ci/]n #chfb ,monticelli & ,covelli 7#ahbb7 #ciij ,humboldt 7#ahbb7 #djbb ,! mo/ probable f9al result is #bjbf feet above ! h]mitage1 or #ciif feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,b4 ,! l[e/ s\?-ea/]n m>g9 ( ! ,crat]1 opposite ,bos*e ,tre ,case4 ,aft] ! eruption ( #agid1 ?is m>g9 0 #dbf feet l[] ?an ! ,rocca del ,palo1 consequ5tly1 if ! latt] be e/imat$ at #ciif feet1 x w\ld be #cegj ,gay-,lussac1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 & ,humboldt 7#ahje71 b>ometrically #cdad ,humboldt 7#ahbb71 b>ometrically #cdia ,c4 ,! elevation ( ! cone ( scori t fell into ! ,crat] on ! #bbnd ,octob]1 #ahbb4 ,"l ,m9to1 b>ometrically #daef ,brios*i1 trigonometrically1 accord+ to diff]5t comb9ations-- ,ei!r #djfg ,or #djii ,! mo/ probable f9al result = ! height ( ! cone ( scori t fell 9 dur+ ! ye> #ahbb1 is #daca feet4 ,d4 ,punta ,nasone1 ! highe/ summit ( ! ,somma4 ,%uckburgh 7#agid71 b>ometrically1 probably accord+ to 8 own =mula #cgcd ,humboldt 7#ahbb71 b>ometrically1 accord+ to ! =mula ( ,laplace #cgdg ,e4 ,pla9 ( ! ,atrio del ,cavallo4 ,humboldt 7#ahbb71 b>ometrically #begg ,f4 ,base ( ! cone ( a%es4 ,gay-,lussac1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 & ,humboldt 7#ahje71 b>ometrically #bcff ,humboldt 7#ahbb71 b>ometrically #bdhb ,g4 ,h]mitage ( ,salvatore4 ,gay-,lussac1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 & ,humboldt 7#ahje71 b>ometrically #aiah ,"l ,m9to 7#ahbb71 b>ometrically #aifi ,humboldt 7#ahbb71 aga9 b>ometrically #aigd ,"s ( my measurem5ts h appe>$ 9 ,monticelli's ,/oria de' f5om5i del ,vesuvio1 avv5uti negli anni #ahba-ahbc1 p4 #aae1 b ow+ to ! correction ( ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n hav+ be5 omitt$1 ! numb]s are n giv5 ) p]fect exactness4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! results conta9$ 9 ! above table 7 obta9$ ) b>omet]s ( v diff]5t con/ruction1 at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day1 dur+ ! preval5ce ( v>i\s w9ds1 & on ! unequally heat$ declivity ( a volcano1 9 a locality :]e ! decrease ( ! atmosph]ic temp]ature diff]s v consid]ably f t assum$ 9 our b>ometrical =mul1 ! am\nt ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s results w appe> suffici5tly satisfactory4 ,my measurem5ts ( #ahbb1 at ! "t ( ! ,congress ( ,v]ona1 :5 ,i accompani$ ! late ,k+ to ,naples1 7 conduct$ ) m c>e & "u m fav\rable circum/ances ?an ^? ( #ahje4 ,diff]5ces ( elevations are moreov] always pref]able to absolute elevations4 ,^! diff]5ces %[1 t s9ce #agid1 ! relative condition ( ! m>g9s ( ! ,rocca del ,palo & ( t t[>ds ,bos*e ,tre ,case _h rema9$ almo/ ! same4 ,i f\nd1 9 #ahje1 = ! height1 #dda1 & 9 #ahbb1 ne>ly #ebd feet4 ,a di/+ui%$ geologi/1 ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 obta9$ #dgc feet1 al?\gh 8 absolute heights = ^! two m>g9s ( ! crat] appe> some:at too l[4 ,s inconsid]able a v>iation 9 a p]iod ( tw5ty-eight ye>s1 & dur+ viol5t di/urbances 9 ! int]ior ( ! m\nta91 is und\bt$ly a rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,! height to :i* ! cones ( scori rise f ! bottom ( ! crat] at ,vesuvius also des]ves special att5tion4 ,%uckburgh f\nd 9 #aggf a cone ( ?is nature to be #cicb feet above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 &1 accord+ to ,"l ,m9to--a rem>kably exact obs]v]--! cone ( scori :i* fell 9 on ! #bbnd ( ,octob]1 #ahbb1 0 ev5 #daef feet high4 ,on bo? occasions !re=e ! cone ( scori 9 ! crat] exce$$ ! highe/ po9t ( ! m>g9 ( ! crat]4 ,on comp>+ ! measurem5ts ( ,rocca del ,palo f #aggc to #ahbb1 "o is almo/ involunt>ily l$ to haz>d ! bold conjecture t ! nor!rn m>g9 ( ! crat] has be5 gradually upheav$ by subt]ranean =ces4 ,! correspond5ce ( ! ?ree measurem5ts made betwe5 #aggc & #ahje is almo/ z /rik+ z 9 ^? betwe5 #ahaf & #ahbb4 ,no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ z to ! height be+ f #cigj to #djba feet dur+ ! latt] p]iod4 ,ought less confid5ce to be atta*$ to ! measurem5ts made ?irty or =ty ye>s previ\sly1 & :i* only gave f #chge to #chid feet8 ,aft] a long] lapse ( "t ! "q may be decid$1 z to h[ mu* is attributable to errors ( measurem5t1 & h[ mu* to ! upheaval ( ! m>g9 ( ! crat]4 ,!re is "h no accumulation ( loose masses f above2 if !re=e ! solid tra*ytic lava /rata ( ! ,rocca del ,palo actually rise1 we mu/ assume t !y are upheav$ f bel[ by volcanic =ces4 ,my le>n$ & indefatigable fri5d1 ,oltmanns1 has publi%$ ! details ( all ^! measurem5ts ) critical rem>ks4,,rh ,w\ld t ?is "w might incite geognosi/s to ent] ^u a s]ies ( hypsometric obs]vations1 by :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ,vesuvius1 :i* is1 except+ ,/romboli1 ! mo/ accessible ( all ,european volcanos1 may be ?or\ghly und]/ood 9 all p]iods ( its developm5t4 ,footnote #aji3 p4 #cga--8;,at elevations :]e ! pressure is less40 ,comp>e ,leopold von ,bu* on ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 9 8 ,physikalis*e ,bes*reibung d] can>is*5 ,inseln1 #ahbe1 s4 #bac1 & 9 ! ,abh&lung5 d] knigl4 ,akademie zu ,b]l91 aus d5 ,j4 #ahbj-ba1 s4 #ii4 ,footnote #aaj3 p4 #cgc--8,spr+s :i* rise f diff]5t dep?s40 ,comp>e ,arago 9 ! ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes p\r #ahce1 p4 #bcd4 ,! increase ( ! temp]ature is 9 our latitudes #a ,fahr4 = ne>ly e #ed feet4 ,9 ! ,artesian bor+ at ! ,new ,salt-works 7,oeynhaus5's ,ba?7 ne> ,m9d51 :i* is ! greate/ kn[n dep? t has be5 rea*$ bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at #bbca feet1 is fully #ia ,fahr5heit1 :il/ ! mean upp] temp]ature ( ! air may be assum$ at #dic ,fahr4 ,x is v rem>kable t1 ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 ,sa9t ,patricius1 bi%op ( ,p]tusa1 %\ld h be5 l$1 f ! !rmal spr+s ne> ,c>?age1 to =m a v correct view ( su* an increase ( heat4,,ri ,,vital ,,=ce1 ,,or ,,! ,,rhodian ,,g5ius4 ,! ,syracusans1 l ! ,a!nians1 _h _! ,poecile1,,rj :]e repres5tations ( gods & h]oes1 ! works ( ,grecian & ,italian art1 adorn$ ! ri*ly decorat$ halls ( ! ,portico4 ,incessantly ! p /ream$ ?i!r2 ! "y w>rior to fea/ 8 eyes ^u ! de$s ( 8 =efa!rs1 ! arti/ to contemplate ! works ( ! great ma/]s4 ,among ! num]\s pa9t+s :i* ! active ent]prise ( ! ,syracusans _h collect$ f ! "m c\ntry1 !re 0 b "o :i* = full a c5tury _h cont9u$ to attract ! att5tion ( e visitor4 ,ev5 :51 ! ,olympian ,jupit]1 ,cecrops1 ! f\nd] ( cities1 & ! h]oic c\rage ( ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton1 fail$ to attract admir]s1 a d5se cr[d /ill press$ r\nd ?is "o picture4 ,:5ce ?is pref]5ce8 ,0 ! pa9t+ a rescu$ "w ( ,apelles1 or did x be> ! impress ( ! s*ool ( ,callima*us8 ,no6 al?\gh x possess$ bo? grace & beauty1 yet nei!r 9 ! bl5d+ ( ! col\rs1 nor 9 ! "* & /yle ( its composition1 c\ld x be comp>$ ) _m o!r pa9t+s 9 ! ,poecile4 ,! cr[d--& h[ num]\s are ! classes includ$ 9 ?is d5om9ation--ev] admires & wond]s at :at x does n und]/&6 ,= m ?an a c5tury _h t pa9t+ be5 publicly exhibit$1 & yet1 al?\gh ,syracuse conta9$ )9 its n>r[ limits m arti/ic g5ius ?an all ! re/ ( sea-girt ,sicily1 ! riddle ( its mean+ /ill rema9$ unsolv$4 ,x 0 n ev5 kn[n to :at temple x _h =m]ly belong$1 = x _h be5 sav$ f a /r&$ vessel1 :i* 0 only conjectur$1 f ! freight x c>ri$1 to h come f ,rhodes4 ,! =egr\nd ( ! picture 0 occupi$ by a num]\s gr\p ( y\?s & maid5s1 ^: uncov]$ limbs1 al?\gh well =m$1 7 n ca/ 9 t sl5d] m\ld :i* we s mu* admire 9 ! /atues ( ,praxiteles & ,alcam5es4 ,! full] developm5t ( _! limbs1 :i* bore indications ( labori\s ex]cise1--! human expression ( passion & ( c>e /amp$ on _! features1--all seem$ to dive/ !m ( a heav5ly or ,god-l type1 & to fix !m z creatures ( ! e>?4 ,_! hair 0 simply adorn$ ) leaves & wild fl[]s4 ,_! arms 7 ext5d$ t[>ds ea* o!r ) impassion$ long+1 b _! e>ne/ & m\rnful gaze 0 rivett$ on a ,g5ius1 :o1 surr\nd$ by a brilliant halo1 hov]$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! gr\p4 ,on 8 %\ld] 0 a butt]fly1 & 9 8 "r h& he held al(t a flam+ tor*4 ,8 limbs 7 m\ld$ ) *ild-l grace2 8 eye radiant ) cele/ial light4 ,he look$ imp]i\sly ^u ! y\?s & maid5s at 8 feet4 ,no o!r *>act]i/ic traits c\ld be di/+ui%$ 9 ! picture4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ?\ght !y c\ld p]ceive at 8 foot ! lett]s & 1 & z antiqu>ians 7 !n no less bold ?an !y are n[1 !y inf]r$1 ?\gh f> f happily1 t ! arti/ 0 call$ ,z5odorus1 ! "n borne at a lat] date by ! modell] ( ! ,colossus ( ,rhodes4 8,! ,rhodian ,g5ius10 = s ?is my/]i\s pa9t+ 0 call$1 did n h[ev] want = int]pret]s 9 ,syracuse4 ,virtuosi1 especially ! y\ng] ( !m1 on _! return f a fly+ visit to ,cor9? or ,a!ns1 w\ld h deem$ !mselves defici5t 9 all pret5sions to connoisseur%ip1 _h !y n imm$iately advanc$ "s new explanation4 ,"s reg>d$ ! ,g5ius z ! p]sonification ( spiritual ,love1 =bidd+ ! enjoym5t ( s5sual pleasures2 o!rs 7 ( op9ion t ! dom9ion ( ,reason ov] ! ,passions 0 "h signifi$4 ,! wis] pres]v$ sil5ce1 & :ile !y conjectur$ t ! pa9t+ 0 int5d$ to repres5t some?+ ( a sublim] "*1 delight$ to l+] 9 ! ,poecile to admire ! simple composition ( ! gr\p4 ,! "q cont9u$ to rema9 undecid$4 ,copies ( ! pa9t+1 ) v>i\s additions1 7 s5t to ,greece1 b )\t elicit+ any explanation respect+ its orig94 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 :5 at ! e>ly ris+ ( ! ,pleiades ! gean ,sea 0 aga9 op5$ to navigation1 %ips f ,rhodes ent]$ ! port ( ,syracuse4 ,!y conta9$ a treasure ( /atues1 alt>s1 c&elabras1 & pictures1 :i* a love ( art _h caus$ ! ,dionysii to collect 9 ,greece4 ,among ! pa9t+s !re 0 "o :i* 0 in/antly recognis$ z ! companion to ! 8,rhodian ,g5ius40 ,x 0 ( ! same size1 & exhibit$ a simil> tone ( col\r+1 al?\gh 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! ,g5ius /ood z be=e 9 ! c5tre1 b )\t ! butt]fly2 8 head 0 droop+1 8 tor* ext+ui%$ & rev]s$4 ,! gr\p ( y\?s & maid5s ?rong$ simultane\sly ar\nd him 9 mutual embrace2 _! looks 7 no long] sad & submissive1 b ann\nc$ a wild emancipation f re/ra9t1 & ! gratification ( long-n\ri%$ passion4 ,! ,syracusan antiqu>ies _h already begun to accommodate _! =m] explanations ( ! 8,rhodian ,g5ius0 to ! newly arriv$ pa9t+1 :5 ! ,tyrant ord]$ x to be convey$ to ! h\se ( ,epi*>mus4 ,?is philosoph] ( ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras dwelt 9 ! remote "p ( ,syracuse call$ ,ty*e4 ,he seldom visit$ ! c\rt ( ! ,dionysii1 n b t le>n$ m5 f all ! ,greek colonies assembl$ !re1 b because proximity to pr9ces is apt to rob ! mo/ intellectual ( _! _s & fre$om4 ,he occupi$ himself unceas+ly 9 /udy+ ! nature ( ?+s & _! =ces1 ! orig9 ( plants & animals1 & ^? h>moni\s laws by :i* ! cele/ial bodies on a l>ge1 & ! sn[-flake & ! hail-/one on a small scale1 assume a globul> =m4 ,decrepid ) age1 he caus$ himself to be c>ri$ daily to ! ,poecile1 & !nce to ! h>b\r ( ,nasos1 :]e1 z he said1 ! wide ocean pres5t$ to 8 eye an image ( ! ,b\ndless & ! ,inf9ite1 :i* 8 m9d /rove 9 va9 to compreh5d4 ,he 0 hon\r$ alike by ! l[] classes & by ! tyrant1 b he avoid$ ! latt]1 :ile he joyfully cultivat$ & (t5 assi/$ ! =m]4 ,epi*>mus lay weak & exhau/$ on 8 c\*1 :5 ! newly arriv$ "w ( art 0 br\ght to him by ! comm& ( ,dionysius4 ,he 0 furni%$ at ! same "t ) a fai?ful copy ( ! 8,rhodian ,g5ius10 & ! philosoph] n[ caus$ bo? pa9t+s to be plac$ be=e him4 ,he gaz$ on !m long & e>ne/ly1 !n call$ toge!r 8 s*ol>s1 & 9 acc5ts ( emotion ?us address$ !m3 8,remove ! curta9 f ! w9d[1 t ,i may once m fe$ my eyes ) ! sight ( ! ri*ly animat$ & liv+ e>?4 ,sixty ye>s long h ,i pond]$ on ! int]nal spr+s ( nature & on ! diff]5ces inh]5t 9 matt]1 b x is only ?is day t ! #8,rhodian ,g5ius' has taught me to see cle>ly t :i* be=e ,i _h only conjectur$4 ,:ile ! diff]5ce ( sexes 9 all liv+ be+s b5efic5tly b9ds !m toge!r 9 prolific union1 ! crude matt]s ( inorganic nature are impell$ by l in/9cts4 ,ev5 9 ! d>kness ( *aos1 matt] 0 accumulat$ or sep>at$ accord+ z aff9ity or antagonism attract$ or repell$ its v>i\s p>ts4 ,! cele/ial fire foll[s ! metals1 ! magnet1 ! iron2 amb] :5 rubb$ atta*es light bodies2 e>? bl5ds ) e>?2 salt sep>ates f ! wat]s ( ! sea & jo9s its l1 :ile ! acid moi/ure ( ! /ypt]ia 7 7 & ! fleecy salt ,tri*itis1 love ! clay ( ,melos4 ,ev]y?+ 9 inanimate nature ha/5s to associate itself ) its l4 ,no e>?ly elem5t 7& :o w d>e to class light z su*87 c !re=e be f\nd 9 a pure & virg9 /ate4 ,ev]y?+ z soon z =m$ ha/5s to ent] into new comb9ations1 & n\ght1 save ! disjo9+ art ( man1 c pres5t 9 a sep>ate /ate +r$i5ts :i* ye w\ld va9ly seek 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 or 9 ! mov+ oceans ( air & wat]4 ,9 dead inorganic matt] absolute repose prevails z long z ! bonds ( aff9ity rema9 unsev]$1 & z long z no ?ird sub/ance intrudes to bl5d itself ) ! o!rs2 b ev5 aft] ?is di/urbance unfruitful repose soon aga9 succe$s4 8,diff]5t1 h[ev]1 is ! bl5d+ ( ! same sub/ances 9 animal & vegetable bodies4 ,"h vital =ce imp]atively ass]ts its rights1 &1 he$less ( ! aff9ity & antagonism ( ! atoms ass]t$ by ,democritus1 unites sub/ances :i* 9 inanimate nature ev] flee f ea* o!r1 & sep>ates t :i* is incessantly /riv+ to unite4 8,draw ne>] to me1 my disciples1 & recognise 9 ! #8,rhodian ,g5ius1' 9 ! expression ( 8 y\?ful vig\r1 9 ! butt]fly on 8 %\ld]1 9 ! comm&+ glance ( 8 eye1 ! symbol ( vital =ce z x animates e g]m ( organic creation4 ,! e>?ly elem5ts at 8 feet are /riv+ to gratify _! own desires & to m+le ) "o ano!r4 ,imp]i\sly ! ,g5ius ?reat5s !m ) uprais$ & high-flam+ tor*1 & compels !m1 reg>dless ( _! anci5t rights1 to obey 8 laws4 8,look n[ on ! new "w ( art :i* ! ,tyrant has s5t me to expla92 & turn y\r eyes f ! picture ( life to ! picture ( dea?4 ,! butt]fly has so>$ upw>ds1 ! ext+ui%$ tor* is rev]s$1 & ! head ( ! y\? is droop+4 ,! _s has fl$ to o!r sph]es1 & ! vital =ce is ext9ct4 ,n[ ! y\?s & maid5s jo9 _! h&s 9 joy\s accord4 ,e>?ly matt] aga9 resumes its rights4 ,releas$ f all bonds !y impetu\sly foll[ _! sexual in/9cts1 & ! day ( 8 dea? is to !m a day ( nuptials4--,?us dead matt]1 animat$ by vital =ce1 passes ?r\gh a c\ntless s]ies ( races1 & p]*ance en%r9es 9 ! v sub/ance 9 :i* ( old a mis]able worm enjoy$ its brief exi/5ce1 ! div9e _s ( ,py?agoras4,,rk 8,g1 ,polycles1 & tell ! ,tyrant :at ?\ ha/ he>d6 ,& ye1 my belov$1 ,euryphamos1 ,lysis1 & ,scopas1 come ne>]--& yet ne>] to me6 ,i feel t ! fa9t vital =ce )9 me c no long] reta9 9 subjection ! e>?ly matt]1 :i* n[ reclaims its fre$om4 ,lead me once m to ! ,poecile1 & !nce to ! wide sea-%ore4 ,soon w ye collect my a%es40 ,,illu/ration ,,& ,,note4 ,9 ! ,preface to ! ,second & ,?ird ,editions ( ?is "w 7,see prelim9>y pages ( ?is translation7 ,i h already notic$ ! republication ( ! prec$+ tale1 :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,s*ill]'s ,hor5 7= ! ye> #agie1 "p #e1 pages #ij-if74 ,x embodies ! developm5t ( a physiological idea 9 a semi-my?ical g>b4 ,9 ! ye> #agic1 9 ! ,lat9 ,aphorisms f ! ,*emical ,physiology ( ,plants1 app5d$ to my ,subt]ranean ,flora1 ,i _h def9$ ! vital =ce z ! unkn[n cause :i* prev5ts ! elem5ts f foll[+ _! orig9al attractive =ces4 ,! fir/ ( my aphorisms ran ?us3-- 8,r]um naturam si totam consid]es1 magnum atque durabile1 quod int] elem5ta int]c$it1 discrim5 p]spicies1 quorum alt]a aff9itatum legibus obtemp]antia1 alt]a1 v9culis solutis1 v>ie juncta app>5t4 ,quod quidem discrim5 9 elem5tis ipsis eorumque indole neutiquam positum1 quum ex sola di/ributione s+ulorum pet5dum esse videatur4 ,mat]iam segnem1 brutam1 inanimam eam vocamus1 cujus /am9a secundum leges *ymic aff9itatis mixta sunt4 ,animata atque organica ea potissimum corpora appellamus1 qu1 licet 9 novas mut>i =mas p]petuo t5dant1 vi int]na quadam cont95tur1 quom9us priscam sibique insitam =mam rel9quant4 8,vim int]nam1 qu *ymic aff9itatis v9cula resolvit1 atque ob/at1 quom9us elem5ta corporum lib]e conjungantur1 vitalem vocamus4 ,itaque nullum c]tius mortis crit]ium putr$9e datur1 qua prim p>tes vel /am9a r]um1 antiquis juribus revocatis1 aff9itatum legibus p>5t4 ,corporum inanimorum nulla putr$o esse pote/40,,rl ,^! op9ions1 aga9/ :i* ! acute ,vicq d',azyr has prote/$ 9 8 ,trait d',anatomie1 vol4 i4 p4 #e1 b :i* are /ill ent]ta9$ by _m em95t p]sons among my fri5ds1 ,i h plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,epi*>mus4 ,reflection & prolong$ /udy 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( physiology & *emi/ry h deeply %ak5 my e>li] belief 9 peculi>1 s-call$ vital =ces4 ,9 ! ye> #agig1 at ! conclusion ( my ,v]su*e b] die g]eizte ,muskel- und ,n]v5fas]1 neb/ ,v]mu?ung5 b] d5 *emis*5 ,process des ,leb5s 9 d] ,?i]- und ,pflanz5welt 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #dcj-dcf71 ,i already decl>$ t ,i by no means reg>d$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! peculi> vital =ces z e/abli%$4 ,s9ce t p]iod ,i h n appli$ ! t]m peculi> =ces to t :i* may possibly be produc$ only by ! comb9$ action ( ! sep>ate already long kn[n sub/ances & _! mat]ial =ces4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 d$uce a m c]ta9 def9ition ( animate & inanimate sub/ances f ! *emical relations ( ! elem5ts1 ?an c be d]iv$ f ! crit]ia ( volunt>y movem5t1 ! circulation ( fluid 9 solid p>ts1 & ! inn] appropriation & fibr\s arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts4 ,i call t sub/ance animate 8^: volunt>ily sep>at$ p>ts *ange _! composition aft] sep>ation has tak5 place1 ! =m] ext]nal relations /ill cont9u+ ! same40 ,?is def9ition is m]ely ! expression ( a fact4 ,! equilibrium ( ! elem5ts is ma9ta9$ 9 animate matt] by virtue ( _! be+ p>ts ( "o :ole4 ,"o organ det]m9es ano!r1 "o gives to ano!r ! temp]ature1 ! tone z x 71 9 :i* ^!1 & no o!r aff9ities op]ate4 ,?us 9 organisation all is reciprocal1 means & end4 ,! rapidity ) :i* organic p>ts *ange _! comp\nd /ate1 :5 sep>at$ f a complex ( liv+ organs1 diff]s greatly accord+ to ! degree ( _! dep5d5ce1 & ! nature ( ! compon5t mat]ials4 ,! blood ( animals1 :i* is v>i\sly modifi$ 9 ! diff]5t classes1 und]goes a *ange e>li] ?an ! juices ( plants4 ,fungi g5]ally decompose m rapidly ?an ! leaves ( trees2 & muscle m readily ?an ! cutis4 ,bone1 ! elem5t>y /ructure ( :i* has only be5 und]/ood ( late ye>s1 ! hair ( animals1 ! ligne\s "p ( vegetable sub/ances1 ! %ells or husks ( fruit1 & ! fea!ry calix 7pappus7 ( plants1 are n inorganic & devoid ( life2 b approximate1 ev5 9 life1 to ! condition :i* !y manife/ aft] _! sep>ation f ! re/ ( ! organism4 ,! high] ! degree ( vitality or irritability ( an animate sub/ance1 ! m /rik+ or rapid w be ! *ange 9 its comp\nd /ate aft] sep>ation4 8,! aggregate ( ! cells is an organism1 & ! organism lives z long z its p>ts cont9ue actively subs]vi5t to ! :ole4 ,consid]$ anti!tically to inanimate nature1 ! organism appe>s to be self-det]m9+40,,rm ,! difficulty ( satisfactorily ref]r+ ! vital ph5om5a ( organism to physical & *emical laws1 dep5ds *iefly 7& almo/ 9 ! same mann] z ! pr$iction ( meteorological processes 9 ! atmosph]e7 on ! complication ( ! ph5om5a1 & on ! great numb] ( ! simultane\sly act+ =ces1 z well z ! conditions ( _! activity4 ,i h fai?fully adh]$ 9 ! ,cosmos to ! same mode ( repres5t+ & consid]+ ! s-call$ vital =ces1 & aff9ities1,,rn ! =mative impulse & ! pr9ciple ( organis+ activity4 ,i !re wrote z foll[s3,,ro 8,! my?ical ideas long ent]ta9$ ( ! impond]able sub/ances1 & vital =ces1 peculi> to ea* mode ( organization1 h complicat$ our views g5]ally1 & %$ an unc]ta9 light on ! pa? we ought to pursue4 8,! mo/ v>i\s =ms ( intuition h ?us1 age aft] age1 aid$ 9 augm5t+ ! prodigi\s mass ( empirical k1 :i* 9 our own day has be5 enl>g$ ) ev]-increas+ rapidity4 ,! inve/igat+ _s ( man /rives1 f "t to "t1 ) v>y+ success1 to break ?r\gh ^? anci5t =ms & symbols inv5t$ to subject rebelli\s matt] to rules ( me*anical con/ruction40 ,fur!r 9 ! same "w1,,rp ,i h said1 8,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$1 t ! inorganic cru/ ( ! e>? conta9s )9 x ! same elem5ts t ent] into ! /ructure ( animal & vegetable organs4 ,a physical cosmography w\ld !re=e be incomplete1 if x 7 to omit a consid]ation ( ^! =ces1 & ( ! sub/ances :i* ent] into solid & fluid comb9ations 9 organic tissues1 "u conditions :i*1 f our ignorance ( _! actual nature1 we designate by ! vague t]m ( vital =ces1 & gr\p into v>i\s sy/ems1 9 accordance ) m or less p]fectly conceiv$ analogies40,,rq ,,! ,,plateau1 ,,or ,,table-,,l&1 ,,( ,,caxam>ca1 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,capital ,,( ,,! ,,inca ,,atahuallpa1 ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,ocean1 ,f ! ,ridge ( ! ,&es4 ,aft] hav+ soj\rn$ = a :ole ye> on ! ridge ( ! ,&es1 or ,antis1#aaa1 betwe5 #d nor? & #d s\? latitude1 amid/ ! table-l&s ( ,new ,granada1 ,pa/os1 & ,quito1 & consequ5tly at an elevation v>y+ betwe5 #h1ejj & #ac1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 x is delightful to desc5d gradually ?r\gh ! m g5ial climate ( ! ,c9*ona or ,qu9a ,woods ( ,loxa1 into ! pla9s ( ! ,upp] ,amazon4 ,!re an unkn[n _w unfolds itself1 ri* 9 magnific5t vegetation4 ,! little t[n ( ,loxa has giv5 its "n to ! mo/ efficaci\s ( all fev] b>ks1--! ,qu9a1 or ! ,casc>illa f9a de ,loxa4 ,?is b>k is ! preci\s produce ( ! tree1 :i* we h botanically describ$ z ! ,c9*ona ,condam9ea2 b :i*1 7f ! errone\s supposition t all ! ,c9*ona kn[n 9 comm]ce 0 obta9$ f "o & ! same tree17 _h previ\sly be5 call$ ,c9*ona (fic9alis4 ,! fev] b>k fir/ became kn[n1 9 ,europe1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,seba/ian ,badus affirms1 t x 0 br\ght to ,alcala de ,h5>es 9 ! ye> #afcb2 b accord+ to o!r acc\nts1 x 0 br\ght to ,madrid 9 #afdj1 :5 ! ,c\ntess de ,*9*on#aab1 ! wife ( ! ,p]uvian ,vic]oy1 arriv$ f ,lima1 7:]e %e _h be5 cur$ ( an int]mitt5t fev]17 accompani$ by h] physician1 ,juan del ,vego4 ,! f9e/ k9d ( ,c9*ona is obta9$ at ! di/ance ( f eight to twelve miles s\?w>d ( ! t[n ( ,loxa1 among ! m\nta9s ( ,uritus+a1 ,villonaco1 & ,rumisitana4 ,! trees :i* yield ?is b>k gr[ on mica slate & gneiss1 at ! mod]ate elevations ( #egee & #gfgc feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ne>ly correspond+1 respectively1 ) ! heights ( ! ,hospital on ! ,grimsel1 & ! ,pass ( ! ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,! ,c9*ona ,woods 9 ^! p>ts are b\nd$ by ! little rivulets ,zamora & ,ca*yacu4 ,! tree is fell$ 9 its fir/ fl[]+ season1 or ab\t ! f\r? or sev5? ye> ( its gr[?1 accord+ z x may h be5 re>$ f a /rong %oot or f se$4 ,at ! "t ( my j\rney 9 ,p]u we le>n$1 ) surprise1 t ! quantity ( ! ,c9*ona ,condam9ea annually obta9$ at ,loxa by ! ,casc>illa ga!r]s1 or ,qu9a hunt]s 7,casc>ill]os & ,caadores de ,qu9a71 am\nt$ only to #aaj hundr$ weight4 ,at t "t none ( ?is valuable product f\nd its way into comm]ce2 all t 0 obta9$ 0 %ipp$ at ,payta1 a port ( ! ,pacific1 & convey$ r\nd ,cape ,horn to ,cadiz1 = ! use ( ! ,spani% ,c\rt4 ,to procure ! small supply ( #aa1jjj ,spani% p\nds1 no less ?an #hjj or #ijj ,c9*ona trees 7 cut d[n e ye>4 ,! old] & ?ick] /ems are becom+ m & m sc>ce2 b1 su* is ! luxuriance ( gr[?1 t ! y\ng] trees1 :i* n[ supply ! dem&1 ?\gh measur+ only six in*es 9 diamet]1 frequ5tly atta9 ! height ( f #ec to #fd feet4 ,?is beautiful tree1 :i* is adorn$ ) leaves five in*es long & two broad1 seems1 :5 gr[+ 9 ! ?ick woods1 z if /riv+ to rise above its neighb\rs4 ,! upp] bran*es spread out1 & :5 agitat$ by ! w9d ! leaves h a peculi> r$di% col\r & gli/5+ appe>ance :i* is di/+ui%able at a great di/ance4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! woods ( ! ,c9*ona ,condam9ea v>ies betwe5 #fj & #ff ,fahr5heit2 t is to say1 ab\t ! mean annual temp]ature ( ,flor5ce & ! ,isl& ( ,madeira3 b ! extremes ( heat & cold exp]i5c$ at ^? po9ts ( ! temp]ate zone1 are nev] felt 9 ! vic9ity ( ,loxa4 ,h[ev]1 comp>isons betwe5 climates 9 v diff]5t degrees ( latitude1 & ! climate ( ! table-l&s ( ! tropical zone1 mu/1 f _! v nature1 be unsatisfactory4 ,desc5d+ f ! m\nta9 node ( ,loxa1 s\?-s\?-ea/1 into ! hot valley ( ! ,amazon ,riv]1 ! travell] passes ov] ! ,p>amos ( ,*ulucanas1 ,guamani1 & ,yamoca4 ,^! ,p>amos are ! m\nta9\s des]ts1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 ano!r portion ( ! pres5t "w2 & :i*1 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,&es1 are kn[n by ! "n ( ,puna1 a ^w belong+ to ! ,qui*ua language4 ,9 mo/ places1 _! elevation is ab\t #aj1abe feet4 ,!y are /ormy1 frequ5tly envelop$ = sev]al successive days 9 ?ick fogs1 or visit$ by t]rific hail-/orms2 ! hail-/ones be+ n only ( diff]5t =ms1 g5]ally mu* flatt5$ by rotation1 b also run toge!r into ?9 float+ plates ( ice call$ papa-c>a1 :i* cut ! face & h&s 9 _! fall4 ,dur+ ?is meteoric process1 ,i h sometimes kn[n ! !rmomet] to s9k to #dh & ev5 #dc ,fahr5heit1 & ! electric t5sion ( ! atmosph]e1 measur$ by ! voltaic electromet]1 has *ang$1 9 ! space ( a few m9utes1 f positive to negative4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is bel[ #dc ,fahr5heit1 sn[ falls 9 l>ge flakes1 scatt]$ widely ap>t2 b x disappe>s aft] ! lapse ( a few h\rs4 ,! %ort ?9 bran*es ( ! small leav$ myrtle-l %rubs1 ! l>ge size & luxuriance ( ! blossoms1 & ! p]petual fre%ness caus$ by ! absorption ( ! moi/ atmosph]e--all imp>t a peculi> aspect & "* to ! treeless vegetation ( ! ,p>amos4 ,no zone ( ,alp9e vegetation1 :e!r 9 temp]ate or cold climates1 c be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,p>amos 9 ! tropical ,&es4 ,! solemn impression :i* is felt on behold+ ! des]ts ( ! ,cordill]as1 is increas$ 9 a rem>kable & unexpect$ mann]1 by ! circum/ance t 9 ^! v regions !re /ill exi/ wond]ful rema9s ( ! great road ( ! ,incas1 t /up5d\s "w by means ( :i*1 communication 0 ma9ta9$ among all ! prov9ces ( ! empire along an ext5t ( upw>ds ( #ajjj geographical miles4 ,on ! sides ( ?is road1 & ne>ly at equal di/ances ap>t1 !re are small h\ses1 built ( well-cut free-/one4 ,^! build+s1 :i* answ]$ ! purpose ( /ations1 or c>avans]ies1 are call$ ,tambos1 & also ,inca-,pilca1 7f ,pircca1 ! ,wall74 ,"s are surr\nd$ by a sort ( =tification2 o!rs 7 de/9$ = ba?s1 & _h arrangem5ts = ! conveyance ( w>m wat]3 ! l>g] ones 7 int5d$ exclusively = ! family ( ! sov]eign4 ,at ! foot ( ! volcano ,cotopaxi1 ne> ,callo1 ,i _h previ\sly se5 build+s ( ! same k9d 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,^! ,i accurately measur$1 & made draw+s f !m4 ,p$ro de ,ciea1 :o wrote 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 calls ^! /ructures ,apos5tos de ,mulalo#aac4 ,! pass ( ! ,&es1 ly+ betwe5 ,alausi & ,loxa1 call$ ! ,p>amo del ,assuay1 a mu* frequ5t$ r\te across ! ,lad]a de ,cadlud1 is at ! elevation ( #ae1ebf feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & consequ5tly almo/ at ! height ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,z we 7 proce$+ ?r\gh ?is pass1 we exp]i5c$ consid]able difficulty 9 guid+ our heavily lad5 mules ov] ! m>%y gr\nd on ! level height ( ! ,pullal2 b :il/ we j\rney$ onw>d = ! di/ance ( ab\t f\r miles1 our eyes 7 cont9ually rivett$ on ! gr& rema9s ( ! ,inca ,road1 upw>ds ( #bj feet 9 bread?4 ,?is road _h a deep "u-/ructure1 & 0 pav$ ) well-hewn blocks ( black trap porphyry4 ,none ( ! ,roman roads :i* ,i h se5 9 ,italy1 9 ! s\? ( ,france & 9 ,spa91 appe>$ to me m impos+ ?an ?is "w ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians2 & ! ,inca road is ! m extraord9>y1 s9ce1 accord+ to my b>ometrical calculations1 x is situat$ at an elevation ( #ac1beh feet above ! level ( ! sea1 a height exce$+ t ( ! summit ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe by upw>ds ( #ajjj feet4 ,at an equal elevation1 are ! ru9s said to be ^? ( ! palace ( ! ,inca ,tupac ,yupanqui1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,p>$ones del ,inca1 situat$ on ! ,assuay4 ,f ^! ru9s ! ,inca road1 runn+ s\?w>d 9 ! direction ( ,cu5ca1 leads to ! small b well-pres]v$ =tress ( ! ,caar#aad1 probably belong+ to ! same p]iod1 viz43 ! reign ( ,tupac ,yupanqui1 or t ( 8 w>like son ,huayna ,capac4 ,we saw /ill gr&] rema9s ( ! anci5t ,p]uvian ,inca road1 on our way betwe5 ,loxa & ! ,amazon1 ne> ! ba?s ( ! ,incas on ! ,p>amo ( ,*ulucanas1 n f> f ,guancabamba1 & also 9 ! vic9ity ( ,+atambo1 ne> ,pomahuaca4 ,! ru9s at ! latt] place are situat$ s l[1 t ,i f\nd ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! ,inca road at ,pomahuaca1 & t 9 ! ,p>amo del ,assuay1 to be upw>ds ( #igjj feet4 ,! di/ance 9 a direct l9e1 z det]m9$ by a/ronomical latitudes1 is precisely #ahd miles2 & ! asc5t ( ! road is ab\t #cgcj feet great] ?an ! elevation ( ! ,pass ( ,mont ,c5is1 above ! ,lake ( ,como4 ,!re are two great causeways1 pav$ ) flat /ones1 & 9 "s places cov]$ ) cem5t$ gravel#aae1 on ,macadam's plan4 ,"o ( ^! l9es ( road runs ?r\gh ! broad & b>r5 pla9 ly+ betwe5 ! sea-coa/ & ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 :il/ ! o!r passes along ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,/ones1 m>k+ ! di/ances at equal int]vals1 are frequ5tly se54 ,! rivulets & rav9es 7 cross$ by bridges ( ?ree k9ds2 "s be+ ( /one1 "s ( wood1 & o!rs ( rope4 ,^! bridges are call$ by ! ,p]uvians1 ,pu5tes de ,hamaca1 or ,pu5tes de ,m>oma4 ,!re 7 also aqu$ucts = convey+ wat] to ! ,tambos & =tresses4 ,bo? l9es ( road 7 direct$ to ,cuzco1 ! c5tral po9t & capital ( ! great ,p]uvian empire1 situat$ 9 #ac #ca s\? lat41 & accord+ to ,p5tl&'s ,map ( ,bolivia1 at ! elevation ( #aa1cgh feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,z ! ,p]uvians _h no :eel$ c>riages1 ^! roads 7 con/ruct$ = ! m>* ( troops1 = ! conveyance ( bur!ns borne by m51 & = flocks ( lightly lad5 ,lamas2 consequ5tly1 long flights ( /eps#aaf1 ) re/+-places1 7 =m$ at int]vals 9 ! /eep p>ts ( ! m\nta9s4 ,francisco ,piz>ro & ,diego ,almagro1 9 _! exp$itions to remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 avail$ !mselves ) mu* advantage ( ! milit>y roads ( ! ,incas2 b ! /eps j m5tion$ 7 =midable imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( ! ,spani% cavalry1 especially z 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,conqui/a1 ! ,spani>ds rode horses only1 & did n make use ( ! sure-foot$ mule1 :i*1 9 m\nta9\s precipices1 seems to reflect on e /ep he takes4 ,x 0 only at a lat] p]iod t ! ,spani% troops 7 m\nt$ on mules4 ,s>mi5to1 :o saw ! ,inca roads :il/ !y 7 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation1 m5tions !m 9 a ,relacion :i* he wrote1 & :i* long lay buri$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,escurial4 8,h[10 he asks1 8c\ld a p1 unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( iron1 h con/ruct$ su* great & magnific5t roads1 7cam9os tan gr&es1 y tan sov]vios71 & 9 regions s elevat$ z ! c\ntries betwe5 ,cuzco & ,quito1 & betwe5 ,cuzco & ! coa/ ( ,*ili80 8,! ,emp]or ,*>les10 he adds1 8) all 8 p[]1 c\ld n h accompli%$ ev5 a "p ( :at 0 done by ! well-direct$ ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,incas1 & ! ob$i5t race ( p "u its rule40 ,h]n&o ,piz>ro1 ! mo/ educat$ ( ! ?ree bro!rs1 :o expiat$ 8 misde$s by tw5ty ye>s ( captivity 9 ,m$9a del ,campo1 & :o di$ at #ajj ye>s ( age1 9 ! od\r ( sanctity 7en olor de ,santidad71 obs]ves1 allud+ to ! ,inca roads3 8,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1 no su* roads are to be se5 z ^? :i* we "h admire40 ,cuzco & ,quito1 ! two pr9cipal capitals ( ! ,incas1 are situat$ 9 a direct l9e s\?-s\?-ea/1 nor?-nor?-we/ 9 ref]5ce ! "o to ! o!r4 ,_! di/ance ap>t1 )\t calculat+ ! _m w9d+s ( ! road1 is #ajjj miles2 includ+ ! w9d+s ( ! road1 ! di/ance is /at$ by ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 & o!r ,conqui/adores1 to be 8#ejj ,spani% leguas40 ,not)/&+ ?is va/ di/ance1 we are in=m$1 on ! unque/ionable te/imony ( ! ,lic5tiate ,polo de ,ondeg>do1 t ,huayna ,capac1 ^: fa!r conqu]$ ,quito1 caus$ c]ta9 mat]ials to be convey$ ?i!r f ,cuzco1 = ! erection ( ! royal build+s1 7! ,inca dwell+s74 ,9 ,quito1 ,i f\nd ?is tradition /ill curr5t among ! natives4 ,:51 9 ! =m ( ! e>?1 nature pres5ts to man =midable difficulties to cont5d aga9/1 ^? v difficulties s]ve to /imulate ! en]gy & c\rage ( ent]pris+ races ( p4 ,"u ! despotic c5traliz+ sy/em ( ! ,inca ,gov]nm5t1 security & rapidity ( communication1 especially 9 relation to ! movem5t ( troops1 7 matt]s ( urg5t /ate necessity4 ,h5ce ! con/ruction ( great roads1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( v excell5t po/al arrangem5ts by ! ,p]uvians4 ,among nations 9 ! mo/ v>i\s degrees ( civilization1 national en]gy is frequ5tly obs]v$ to manife/ itself1 z x 7 by pref]5ce1 9 "s special direction2 b ! advancem5t consequ5t on ?is sort ( p>tial ex]tion1 h[ev] /rik+ly exhibit$1 by no means af=ds a crit]ion ( ! g5]al cultivation ( a p4 ,egyptians1 ,greeks#aag1 ,etruscans1 & ,romans1 ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 & ,indians1 pres5t examples ( ^! contra/s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e1 :at space ( "t may h be5 occupi$ 9 ! execution ( ! ,p]uvian roads4 ,^? great works1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,inca ,empire1 on ! table-l& ( ,quito1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 complet$ 9 less ?an ?irty or ?irty-five ye>s2 t is to say1 9 ! %ort int]val betwe5 ! defeat ( ! ,rul] ( ,quito1 & ! dea? ( ! ,inca ,huayna ,capac4 ,) respect to ! s\!rn1 or ^? specially /yl$ ! ,p]uvian roads1 ! p]iod ( _! =mation is involv$ 9 complete obscurity4 ,! date ( ! my/]i\s appe>ance ( ,manco ,capac is usually fix$ #djj ye>s prior to ! arrival ( ,francisco ,piz>ro1 7:o l&$ on ! ,isl& ( ,pun 9 ! ye> #aecb71 consequ5tly1 ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & full #bjj ye>s be=e ! f\ndation ( ! city ( ,mexico 7,t5o*titlan72 b in/ead ( #djj ye>s1 "s ,spani% writ]s repres5t ! int]val betwe5 ,manco ,capac & ,piz>ro to h be5 #ejj1 or ev5 #eej ye>s4 ,h[ev] ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]uvian empire records only ?irte5 reign+ pr9ces ( ! ,inca dyna/y1 :i*1 z ,prescott ju/ly obs]ves1 is n a numb] suffici5t to fill up s long a p]iod z #eej1 or ev5 #djj ye>s4 ,quezalcoatl1 ,bot*ia1 & ,manco ,capac1 are ! ?ree my?ical be+s1 ) :om are connect$ ! e>lie/ traces ( cultivation among ! ,aztecs1 ! ,muyscas1 7prop]ly ,*ib*as71 & ! ,p]uvians4 ,quezalcoatl1 :o is describ$ z be>d$ & clo!d 9 black1 0 ,high ,prie/ ( ,tula1 & aft]w>ds a p5it5t1 dwell+ on a m\nta9 ne> ,tlaxapu*icalco4 ,he is repres5t$ z hav+ come f ! coa/ ( ,panuco2 &1 !re=e1 f ! ea/]n "p ( ,anahuac1 on ! ,mexican table-l&4 ,bot*ia1 or r ! be>d$1 long-rob$ ,nemt]equeteba#aah1 7lit]ally mess5g] ( ,god1 a ,buddha ( ! ,muyscas71 came f ! grassy /eppes ea/w>d ( ! ,&es *a91 to ! table-l&s ( ,bogot4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,manco ,capac1 "s degree ( civilization already exi/$ on ! picturesque %ores ( ! ,lake ( ,titicaca4 ,! =tress ( ,cuzco1 on ! hill ( ,sacsahuaman1 0 built on ! model ( ! m anci5t /ructures ( ,tiahuanaco4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,aztecs imitat$ ! pyramidal build+s ( ! ,toltecs1 & ! latt] copi$ ^? ( ! ,olmecs 7,hulmecs72 & ?us1 by degrees1 we arrive at hi/oric gr\nd 9 ,mexico z e>ly z ! six? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,accord+ to ,sigu5a1 ! ,toltecic ,/ep ,pyramid ( ,*olula1 0 copi$ f ! ,hulmecic ,/ep ,pyramid ( ,teotihuacan4 ,?us1 ?r\gh e /age ( civilization1 we pass into an e>li] "o1 & z human intellig5ce 0 n ar\s$ simultane\sly 9 bo? cont95ts1 we f9d t 9 e nation ! imag9ative doma9 ( my?ology imm$iately prec$$ ! p]iod ( hi/orical k4 ,! e>ly ,spani% ,conqui/adores 7 fill$ ) admiration on fir/ behold+ ! roads & aqu$ucts ( ! ,p]uvians2 yet n only did !y neglect ! pres]vation ( ^? great works1 b !y ev5 wantonly de/roy$ !m4 ,z a natural consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction ( ! aqu$ucts1 ! soil 0 r5d]$ unf]tile by ! want ( irrigation4 ,nev]!less1 ^? works1 z well z ! roads1 7 demoli%$ = ! sake ( obta9+ /ones ready hewn = ! erection ( new build+s2 & ! traces ( ?is deva/ation are m obs]vable ne> ! sea-coa/1 ?an on ! ridges ( ! ,&es1 or 9 ! deeply cleft valleys ) :i* t m\nta9-*a9 is int]sect$4 ,dur+ our long day's j\rney f ! sy5itic rocks ( ,zaulac to ! valley ( ,san ,felipe1 7ri* 9 fossil rema9s & situat$ at ! foot ( ! icy ,p>amo ( ,yamoca71 we _h no less ?an tw5ty-sev5 times to =d ! ,rio de ,guancabamba1 :i* falls into ! ,amazon4 ,we 7 compell$ to d ?is on acc\nt ( ! num]\s s9uosities ( ! /ream1 :il/ on ! br[ ( a /eep precipice ne> u1 we _h cont9ually )9 our sight ! ve/iges ( ! rectil9e> ,inca road1 ) its ,tambos4 ,! little m\nta9 /ream1 ! ,rio de ,guancabamba1 is n m ?an f #abj to #aej feet broad2 yet s /rong is ! curr5t1 t our heavily lad5 mules 7 9 cont9ual dang] ( be+ swept away by x4 ,! mules c>ri$ our manuscripts1 our dri$ plants1 & all ! o!r objects :i* we _h be5 a :ole ye> engag$ 9 collect+2 !re=e1 e "t t we cross$ ! /ream1 we /ood on "o ( ! banks 9 a /ate ( anxi\s susp5se until ! long tra9 ( our bea/s ( bur!n1 eighte5 or tw5ty 9 numb]1 7 fairly out ( dang]4 ,?is same ,rio de ,guancabamba1 :i* 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse has _m falls1 is ! *annel = a curi\s mode ( convey+ correspond5ce f ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific4 ,= ! exp$iti\s transmission ( ! few lett]s t are s5t f ,truxillo to ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de ,bracamoros1 !y are despat*$ by a swimm+ c\ri]1 or1 z he is call$ by ! p ( ! c\ntry1 8el correo que nada40 ,?is c\ri]1 :o is usually a "y ,indian1 swims 9 two days f ,pomahuaca to ,tomep5da2 fir/ proce$+ by ! ,rio de ,*amaya1 7! "n giv5 to ! l[] "p ( ! ,rio de ,guancabamba7 & !n by ! ,amazon riv]4 ,! few lett]s ( :i* he is ! be>]1 he c>efully wraps 9 a l>ge cotton h&k]*ief1 :i* he rolls r\nd 8 head 9 ! =m ( a turban4 ,on arriv+ at ^? p>ts ( ! riv]s 9 :i* !re are falls or rapids1 he l&s1 & goes by a circuit\s r\te ?r\gh ! woods4 ,:5 we>i$ by long-cont9u$ swimm+1 he re/s by ?r[+ "o arm on a plank ( a light k9d ( wood ( ! family ( ! ,bombace1 call$ by ! ,p]uvians ,ceiba1 or ,palo de balsa4 ,sometimes ! swimm+ c\ri] takes ) him a fri5d to be> him company4 ,nei!r tr\bles himself ab\t provisions1 z !y are always sure ( a hospitable reception 9 ! huts :i* are surr\nd$ by abundant fruit-trees 9 ! beautiful ,hu]tas ( ,puc>a & ,cavico4 ,=tunately1 ! riv] is free f crocodiles1 :i* are fir/ met ) 9 ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,amazon1 bel[ ! cat>act ( ,mayasi2 = ! slo?ful animal pref]s to live 9 ! m tranquil wat]s4 ,accord+ to my calculation1 ! ,rio de ,*amaya has a fall#aai ( #aggh feet1 9 ! %ort di/ance ( #eb geographical miles2 t is to say1 measur+ f ! ,=d 7,paso7 de ,puc>a1 to ! po9t :]e ! ,*amaya disembogues 9 ! riv] ,amazon1 bel[ ! village ( ,*oros4 ,! ,gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ,ja5 de ,bracamoros assur$ me1 t lett]s s5t by ! s+ul> wat] po/ conveyance j m5tion$1 are seldom ei!r wett$ or lo/4 ,aft] my return f ,mexico1 ,i myself receiv$1 :5 9 ,p>is1 lett]s f ,tomep5da1 :i* _h be5 transmitt$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,_m ( ! wild ,indian tribes1 :o dwell on ! %ores ( ! ,upp] ,amazon1 p]=m _! j\rneys 9 a simil> mann]2 swimm+ sociably d[n ! /ream 9 p>ties4 ,on "o occasion1 ,i saw ! heads ( ?irty or =ty individuals1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ( ! tribe ( ! ,xib>os1 z !y float$ d[n ! /ream on _! way to ,tomep5da4 ,! ,correo que nada returns by l&1 tak+ ! difficult r\te ( ! ,p>amo del ,p>$on4 ,on approa*+ ! hot climate ( ! bas9 ( ! ,amazon1 ! aspect ( beautiful & occasionally v luxuriant vegetation delights ! eye4 ,n ev5 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 nor on ! w>m coa/s ( ,cumana & ,c>acas1 _h we beheld f9] orange-trees ?an ^? :i* we met ) 9 ! ,hu]tas de ,puc>a4 ,!y consi/$ *iefly ( ! sweet orange-tree 7,citrus aurantium1 ,risso72 ! bitt] orange-tree 7,citrus vulg>is1 ,risso7 0 less num]\s4 ,^! trees1 lad5 ) _! gold5 fruit 9 ?\s&s1 atta9 !re a height ( betwe5 #fj & #gj feet2 & _! bran*es1 in/ead ( gr[+ 9 su* a way z to give ! trees r\nd$ tops or cr[ns1 %oot /raight up l ^? ( ! laurel4 ,ne> ! =d ( ,cavico a v unexpect$ sight surpris$ u4 ,we saw a grove ( small trees1 ab\t #ah or #ai feet high1 ! leaves ( :i*1 in/ead ( be+ gre51 appe>$ to be ( a rose col\r4 ,?is prov$ to be a new species ( ,b\ga9villa1 a g5us fir/ det]m9$ by ,jussieu ! eld]1 f a ,brazilian specim5 9 ,comm]son's ,h]b>ium4 ,b on a ne>] approa* we f\nd t ^! trees 7 really )\t leaves1 prop]ly s call$1 & t :at1 f a di/ant view1 we _h mi/ak5 = leaves1 7 bright rose-col\r$ bracts4 ,ow+ to ! purity & fre%ness ( ! col\r1 ! effect 0 totally diff]5t f t ( ! hue :i* s pleas+ly clo!s _m ( our =e/-trees 9 autumn4 ,! ,rhopala f]rug9ea1 a species ( ! ,s\? ,african family ( ! ,proteace1 has f\nd its way hi!r1 hav+ desc5d$ f ! cool heights ( ! ,p>amo de ,yamoca into ! w>m pla9s ( ! ,*amaya4 ,we likewise frequ5tly saw "h ! beautifully p9nat$ ,porli]ia hygrometrica1 "o ( ! ,zygophylle1 :i*1 by ! clos+ ( its leaves1 indicates *ange ( wea!r1 g5]ally ! approa* ( ra94 ,?is plant is m c]ta9 9 its tok5s ?an any ( ! ,mimosace1 & x v r>ely deceiv$ u4 ,at ,*amaya we f\nd rafts 7balsas7 9 read9ess to convey u to ,tomep5da1 :]e we wi%$ to det]m9e ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ,quito & ! m\? ( ! ,*9*ipe2 a po9t ( "s importance to ! geography ( ,s\? ,am]ica on acc\nt ( an old obs]vation ( ,la ,condam9e#abj4 ,we slept z usual 9 ! op5 air1 & our re/+-place 0 on ! s&y %ore call$ ! ,playa de ,guayan*i1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio de ,*amaya & ! ,amazon4 ,next morn+ we proce$$ d[n ! latt] riv] z f> z ! ,cat>act & ! ,n>r[s1 or ! ,pongo ( ,r5tema4 ,pongo1 ! "n giv5 to ,riv] ,n>r[s by ! natives1 is a corruption ( ! ^w ,puncu1 :i*1 9 ! ,qui*ua language1 signifies a door or gate4 ,9 ! ,pongo de ,r5tema huge masses ( rock consi/+ ( co>se-gra9$ s&/one 7conglom]ate71 rise up l t[]s & =m a rocky dam across ! /ream4 ,i measur$ a base l9e on ! flat s&y %ore1 & f\nd t ! ,amazon ,riv]1 :i*1 fur!r ea/w>ds1 spreads into su* mighty wid?1 is1 at ,tomep5da1 sc>cely #adjj feet broad4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,riv] ,n>r[s1 call$ ! ,pongo de ,mans]i*e1 betwe5 ,santiago & ,san ,borja1 ! bread? is less ?an #afj feet4 ,! ,pongo de ,mans]i*e is =m$ by a m\nta9 rav9e1 9 "s p>ts ( :i* ! ov]hang+ rocks1 ro($ by a canopy ( foliage1 p]mit only a feeble light to p5etrate1 & by ! =ce ( ! curr5t all ! drift-wood1 consi/+ ( trunks ( trees 9 c\ntless numb]s1 is brok5 & da%$ to atoms4 ,! rocks by :i* all ^! ,pongos are =m$1 h1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 und]gone _m *anges4 ,! ,pongo de ,r5tema1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ above1 01 a ye> be=e my visit to x1 9 "p brok5 up by a high flood2 inde$ ! inhabitants ( ! %ores ( ! ,amazon /ill pres]ve by tradition a lively recollection ( ! sudd5 fall ( ! once l(ty masses ( rock along ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,pongo4 ,?is fall took place 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ! debris sudd5ly damm$ up ! riv] & imp$$ ! curr5t4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ! inhabitants ( ! village ( ,puyaya1 situat$ at ! l[] "p ( ! ,pongo de ,r5tema1 7 fill$ ) al>m on behold+ ! dry b$ ( ! riv]2 b1 aft] ! lapse ( a few h\rs1 ! wat]s recov]$ _! usual c\rse4 ,!re appe>s to be no reason = believ+ t ^! rem>kable ph5om5a are occasion$ by e>?quakes4 ,! riv]1 :i* has a v /rong curr5t1 seems1 z x 71 to be incessantly lab\r+ to improve its b$4 ,( ! =ce ( its ef=ts "s idea may be =m$ f ! fact t1 not)/&+ its va/ bread?1 x sometimes rises upw>ds ( #bf feet above its ord9>y level 9 ! space ( #bj or #cj h\rs4 ,we rema9$ sev5te5 days 9 ! hot valley ( ! ,m>aon or ! ,amazon ,riv]4 ,to proce$ f !nce to ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific x is necess>y to cross ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 betwe5 ,micuipampa & ,caxam>ca 79 #f #eg ,s4 lat41 & #gh #cd ,w4 long471 at a po9t :]e1 accord+ to my obs]vations1 x is int]sect$ by ! magnetic equator4 ,at a /ill high] elevation are situat$ ! celebrat$ silv] m9es ( ,*ota4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ pass$ ! anci5t ,caxam>ca 7! sc5e1 #caf ye>s ago1 ( ! mo/ sangu9>y drama 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,spani% ,conqui/a71 & also ,aroma & ,guangam>ca1 ! r\te desc5ds1 ) "s int]ruptions1 into ! ,p]uvian l[l&s4 ,"h1 z 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! ,&es1 z well z ( ! ,mexican ,m\nta9s1 ! highe/ po9ts are picturesquely m>k$ by t[]-l masses ( erupt$ porphyry & tra*yte1 ! =m] frequ5tly pres5t+ ! effect ( imm5se columns4 ,9 "s places ^! masses give a rugg$ cliff-l aspect to ! m\nta9 ridges2 & 9 o!r places !y assume ! =m ( domes or cupolas4 ,!y h "h brok5 ?r\gh a =mation1 :i*1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 is ext5sively develop$ on bo? sides ( ! equator1 & :i* ,leopold von ,bu*1 aft] pr(\nd rese>*1 has pron\nc$ to be cretace\s4 ,betwe5 ,guambos & ,montan1 ne>ly #ab1hjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 we f\nd m>9e fossils#aba 7,ammonites ab\t #ae in*es 9 diamet]1 ! l>ge ,pect5 alatus1 oy/]-%ells1 ,e*9i1 ,isoc>dias1 & ,exogyra polygona74 ,a species ( ,cid>is1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,leopold von ,bu*1 does n diff] f "o f\nd by ,brongni>t 9 ! old *alk at ! ,p]te du ,rhone1 we collect$ 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,amazon at ,tomep5da1 & likewise at ,micuipampa2 t is to say1 at elevations diff]+ ! "o f ! o!r by no less ?an #aj1eej feet4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! ,amui* *a9 ( ! ,caucasian ,daghe/an1 ! *alk ( ! banks ( ! ,sulak1 sc>cely #ecj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 is aga9 f\nd on ! ,t*unum1 at ! elevation ( full #i1fjj feet1 :il/1 on ! summit ( ! ,%adagh ,m\nta91 #ac1iej feet high1 ! ,o/rea diluviana 7,goldf471 & ! same *alk1 pres5t !mselves4 ,abi*'s admirable ,caucasian obs]vations furni% ! mo/ decid$ confirmation ( ,leopold von ,bu*'s geogno/ic views respect+ ! cretace\s ,alp9e developm5t4 ,f ! solit>y f>m ( ,montan1 surr\nd$ ) flocks ( ,lamas1 we asc5d$ fur!r s\?w>d ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,cordill]as1 until we rea*$ ! level height 9 :i* is situat$ ! arg5tif]\s m\nta9 ,gualgayoc1 ! pr9cipal site ( ! f>-fam$ m9es ( ,*ota4 ,night 0 j draw+ 91 & an extraord9>y spectacle pres5t$ itself to our obs]vation4 ,! ,c]ro de ,gualgayoc is sep>at$ by a deep cleft-l valley 7,quebrada71 f ! lime/one m\nta9 ,cormola*e4 ,! latt] is an isolat$ horn/one rock1 pres5t+1 on ! nor!rn & we/]n sides1 almo/ p]p5dicul> precipices1 & conta9+ innum]able ve9s ( silv]1 :i* frequ5tly int]sect & run into ea* o!r4 ,! highe/ %afts are #aedj feet above ! floor ( ! /oll or gr\ndwork1 call$ ! ,socabon de ,esp9a*i4 ,! outl9e ( ! m\nta9 is brok5 by num]\s t[]-l po9ts & pyramidal not*es2 & h5ce ! summit ( ! ,c]ro de ,gualgayoc be>s ! "n ( ,las ,puntas4 ,?is m\nta9 pres5ts a mo/ decid$ contra/ to t smoo?ness ( surface :i* m9]s are accu/om$ to reg>d z *>act]i/ic ( metallif]\s di/ricts4 8,our m\nta910 said a weal?y m9e-own] :om we visit$1 8looks l an en*ant$ ca/le 7como si fuese un ca/illo encantado740 ,! ,gualgayoc be>s "s resemblance to a cone ( dolomite1 b x is /ill m l ! not*$ ridges ( ! ,m\nta9 ( ,mons]rat 9 ,catalonia1 :i* ,i h also visit$1 & :i* has be5 s pleas+ly describ$ by my bro!r4 ,n only is ! silv] m\nta9 ,gualgayoc p]=at$ on e side1 & to its v summit1 by _m hundr$ l>ge %afts1 b ! mass ( ! silice\s rock is cleft by natural op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! d>k blue sky ( ^! elevat$ regions is visible to ! obs]v] /&+ at ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,! p ( ! c\ntry call ^! op5+s w9d[s 7,las v5tanillas de ,gualgayoc74 ,on ! tra*ytic walls ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a simil> op5+s 7 po9t$ out to u1 & !re1 likewise1 !y 7 call$ w9d[s1 7,v5tanillas de ,pi*9*a47 ,! s+ul> aspect ( ! ,gualgayoc is n a little increas$ by num]\s %$s & habitations1 :i* lie scatt]$ l ne/s ov] ! =tress-look+ m\nta9 :]ev] a level spot admits ( _! erection4 ,! m9]s c>ry ! ore 9 baskets1 d[n /eep & dang]\s footpa?s1 to ! places :]e x is submitt$ to ! process ( amalgamation4 ,! value ( ! silv] obta9$ f ! m9es ( ,gualgayoc dur+ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( _! be+ work$1 f #agga to #ahjb1 is suppos$ to h am\nt$ to upw>ds ( ?irty-two millions ( pia/res4 ,not)/&+ ! h>dness ( ! qu>tzose rock1 ! ,p]uvians1 ev5 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 extract$ ri* arg5tif]\s gal5a f ! ,c]ro de la ,l91 & also f ! ,*upiquiyacu2 ( ?is fact _m old %afts & gall]ies be> evid5ce4 ,! ,p]uvians also obta9$ gold f ! ,curimayo1 :]e also natural sulphur is f\nd 9 ! qu>tz rock z well z 9 ! ,brazilian ,itacolumite4 ,we took up our tempor>y abode1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m9es1 9 ! little m\nta9 t[n ( ,micuipampa1 situat$ at an elevation ( #aa1hgc feet above ! sea1 & :]e1 ?\gh only #f #dc f ! equator1 wat] freezes )9 doors1 at night1 dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>4 ,?is wild]ness1 almo/ devoid ( vegetation1 is inhabit$ by #cjjj or #djjj p]sons1 :o are suppli$ ) articles ( food f ! w>m valleys1 z !y !mselves c gr[ no?+ b "s k9ds ( cabbage & salad1 ! latt] exce$+ly good4 ,"h1 z 9 all ! m9+ t[ns ( ,p]u1 ennui drives ! ri*] inhabitants1 :o1 h[ev]1 are n ! be/ in=m$ class1 to ! dang]\s div]sions ( c>ds & dice4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! weal? ?us quickly won is /ill m quickly sp5t4 ,"h "o is cont9ually rem9d$ ( ! anecdote relat$ ( "o ( ! soldi]s ( ,piz>ro's army1 :o compla9$ t he _h lo/ 9 "o night's play1 8a l>ge piece ( ! sun10 mean+ a plate ( gold :i* he _h obta9$ at ! plund] ( ! ,temple ( ,cuzco4 ,at ,micuipampa ! !rmomet]1 at eight 9 ! morn+1 /ood at #cd4b1 & at noon1 at #dg4h ,fahr5heit4 ,among ! ?9 ,i*hu-grass 7possibly our ,/ipa erio/a*ya71 we f\nd a beautiful ,calceol>ia 7,c4 ,sib?orpioides71 :i* we %\ld n h expect$ to see at su* an elevation4 ,ne> ! t[n ( ,micuipampa !re is a high pla9 call$ ! ,llano or ! ,pampa de ,nav>4 ,9 ?is pla9 !re h be5 f\nd1 ext5d+ ov] a surface ( m ?an f\r ,engli% squ>e miles1 & imm$iately "u ! turf1 imm5se masses ( r$ gold ore & wire-l ?reads ( pure silv]4 ,^! are call$ by ! ,p]uvian m9]s remol9os1 clavos1 & vetas manteadas1 & !y are ov]gr[n by ! roots ( ! ,alp9e grasses4 ,ano!r level pla91 to ! we/ ( ! ,purgatorio1 & ne> ! ,quebrada de ,*iqu]a1 is call$ ! ,*oropampa 7! ,muscle-,%ell ,pla971 ! ^w *uru signify+ 9 ! ,qui*ua language a muscle or cockle1 p>ticul>ly a small eatable k9d1 :i* ! p ( ! c\ntry n[ di/+ui% by _! ,spani% names ho/ion or mexillon4 ,! "n ,*oropampa ref]s to fossils ( ! cretace\s =mation1 :i* 9 ?is pla9 are f\nd 9 su* imm5se numb]s t at an e>ly p]iod !y attract$ ! att5tion ( ! natives4 ,9 ! ,*oropampa !re has be5 f\nd ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 a ri* mass ( pure gold1 spun r\nd1 z x 71 ) ?reads ( silv]4 ,?is fact proves h[ slight may be ! aff9ity betwe5 _m ( ! ores upheav$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh fissures & ve9s1 & ! nature ( ! adjac5t rock1 & h[ little relative antiquity exi/s betwe5 !m & t ( ! =mation !y h brok5 ?r\gh4 ,! rock ( ! ,gualgayoc1 z well z t ( ! ,fu5te/iana1 is v wat]y1 :il/ 9 ! ,purgatorio p]fect dryness prevails4 ,9 ! ,purgatorio1 not)/&+ ! height ( ! /rata above ! sea-level1 ,i f\nd to my a/oni%m5t1 t ! temp]ature 9 ! m9e 0 #fg4d ,fahr41 :il/ 9 ! neighb\r+ ,m9a de ,guadalupe ! wat] 9 ! m9e 0 ab\t #eb4b ,fahr4 ,9 ! op5 air ! !rmomet] indicates only #db4a ,fahr41 & ! m9]s1 :o lab\r v h>d1 & :o "w almo/ )\t clo?+1 say t ! subt]ranean heat 9 ! ,purgatorio is /ifl+4 ,! n>r[ pa? f ,micuipampa to ! anci5t ,inca city ,caxam>ca is difficult ev5 = mules4 ,! orig9al "n ( ! t[n 0 ,cassam>ca or ,kazam>ca1 t is to say1 ! ,city ( ,fro/4 ,m>ca1 9 ! signification ( a di/rict or t[n1 belongs to ! nor!rn dialect ( ! ,*9*aysuyo1 or ! ,*9*asuyu1 :il/ 9 ! common ,qui*ua language ! ^w means ! /ory ( a h\se1 & also a =tress & place ( def5ce4 ,= ! space ( five or six miles1 ! road l$ u ?r\gh a succession ( ,p>amos1 :]e we 7 )\t int]mission expos$ to ! fury ( a boi/]\s w9d & ! %>p angul> hail peculi> to ! ridges ( ! ,&es4 ,! height ( ! road is = ! mo/ "p betwe5 #ifjj & #aj1gjj feet above ! sea-level4 ,!re ,i _h ! opportunity ( mak+ a magnetic obs]vation ( g5]al int]e/1 viz41 = det]m9+ ! po9t :]e ! nor? incl9ation ( ! ne$le passes into ! s\? incl9ation1 & also ! po9t at :i* ! travell] has to cross ! magnetic equator#abb4 ,hav+ at l5g? rea*$ ! la/ ( ^! m\nta9 wild]nesses1 ! ,p>amo de ,yanaguanga1 ! travell] joyfully looks d[n into ! f]tile valley ( ,caxam>ca4 ,x pres5ts a *>m+ prospect1 = ! valley1 ?r\gh :i* w9ds a little s]p5t9e rivulet1 is an elevat$ pla9 ( an oval =m1 9 ext5t f #if to #aab squ>e miles4 ,! pla9 be>s a resemblance to t ( ,bogota1 & l x is probably ! b$ ( an anci5t lake2 b 9 ,caxam>ca !re is want+ ! my? ( ! miracle-work+ ,bot*ia1 or ,idacanzas1 ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,iraca1 :o op5$ a passage = ! wat]s ?r\gh ! rocks ( ,tequ5dama4 ,caxam>ca lies #fdj feet high] ?an ,santa ,f de ,bogota1 & consequ5tly its elevation is equal to t ( ! city ( ,quito2 b be+ %elt]$ by surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 its climate is mu* m mild & agreeable4 ,! soil ( ,caxam>ca is extraord9>ily f]tile4 ,9 e direction are se5 cultivat$ fields & g>d5s1 int]sect$ by av5ues ( will[s1 v>ieties ( ! ,datura 7be>+ l>ge r$1 :ite1 & yell[ fl[]s71 ,mimosas1 & beautiful ,qu9u> trees 7our ,polylepsis villosa1 a ,rosacea approximat+ to ! ,al*emilla & ,sanguisorba74 ,! :eat h>ve/ 9 ! ,pampa de ,caxam>ca is1 on ! av]age1 f fifte5 to tw5ty-fold2 b ! prospect ( abundant crops is sometimes blight$ by night fro/s1 caus$ by ! radiation ( heat t[>ds ! cl\dless sky1 9 ! /rata ( dry & r>efi$ m\nta9 air4 ,^! night fro/s are n felt )9 ! ro($ dwell+s4 ,small m\nds1 or hillocks1 ( porphyry 7once p]haps isl&s 9 ! anci5t lake7 are /udd$ ov] ! nor!rn "p ( ! pla91 & break ! wide expanse ( smoo? s&/one4 ,f ! summit ( "o ( ^! porphyry hillocks1 we enjoy$ a mo/ beautiful prospect ( ! ,c]ro de ,santa ,polonia4 ,! anci5t resid5ce ( ,atahuallpa is on ?is side1 surr\nd$ by fruit g>d5s1 & irrigat$ fields ( luc]n 7,m$icago sativa71 call$ by ! p "h ,campos de alfalfa4 ,9 ! di/ance are se5 columns ( smoke1 ris+ f ! w>m ba?s ( ,pultam>ca1 :i* /ill he> ! "n ( ,baos del ,inca4 ,i f\nd ! temp]ature ( ^! sulphuric spr+s to be #aef4b ,fahr4 ,atahuallpa 0 accu/om$ to sp5d a portion ( ea* ye> at ^! ba?s1 :]e "s slight rema9s ( 8 palace h surviv$ ! ravages ( ! ,conqui/adores4 ,! l>ge deep bas9 or res]voir 7el tragad]o7 = supply+ ^! ba?s ) wat]1 appe>$ to me1 judg+ f its regul> circul> =m1 to h be5 artificially cut 9 ! s&/one rock1 ov] "o ( ! fissures :5ce ! spr+ fl[s4 ,tradition records t "o ( ! ,inca's s$an-*airs1 made ( gold1 0 sunk 9 ?is bas91 & t all endeav\rs to recov] x h prov$ va94 ,( ! =tress & palace ( ,atahuallpa1 !re also rema9 b few ve/iges 9 ! t[n1 :i* n[ conta9s "s beautiful *ur*es4 ,ev5 be=e ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ?ir/ = gold accel]at$ ! "w ( de/ruction1 =1 ) ! view ( discov]+ hidd5 treasures1 walls 7 demoli%$ & ! f\ndations ( build+s recklessly und]m9$4 ,! ,inca's palace is situat$ on a hill ( porphyry1 :i* 0 orig9ally cut & holl[$ out f ! surface1 completely ?r\gh ! rock1 s t ! latt] surr\nds ! ma9 build+ l a wall4 ,portions ( ! ru9s h be5 conv]t$ to ! purposes ( a t[n jail & a ,municipal ,hall 7,casa del ,cabildo74 ,! mo/ curi\s p>ts ( ^! ru9s1 :i* h[ev] are n m ?an betwe5 #ac & #af feet 9 height1 are ^? opposite to ! mona/]y ( ,san ,francisco4 ,^! ve/iges1 l ! rema9s ( ! dwell+ ( ! ,caciques1 consi/ ( f9ely-hewn blocks ( free-/one1 two or ?ree feet long1 laid "o ^u ano!r )\t cem5t1 z 9 ! ,inca-,pilca1 or =tress ( ! ,caar1 9 ! high pla9 ( ,quito4 ,9 ! porphyritic rock !re is a %aft :i* once l$ to subt]rane\s *amb]s & into a gall]y1 7by m9]s call$ a /oll17 f :i*1 x is alleg$1 !re 0 a communication ) ! o!r porphyritic rocks already m5tion$2--^? situat$ at ,santa ,polonia4 ,^! arrangem5ts be> evid5ce ( hav+ be5 made z precautions aga9/ ! ev5ts ( w>1 & = ! security ( flight4 ,! bury+ ( treasure 0 a cu/om v g5]ally practis$ among ! ,p]uvians 9 =m] times2 & subt]rane\s *amb]s /ill exi/ b5ea? _m private dwell+s 9 ,caxam>ca4 ,we 7 %[n "s /eps cut 9 ! rock1 & ! footba? us$ by ! ,inca 7el lavatorio de los pies74 ,! op]ation ( wa%+ ! sov]eign's feet 0 p]=m$ amid/ t$i\s c\rt c]emonies#abc4 ,sev]al lat]al /ructures1 :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 7 allott$ to ! att5dants ( ! ,inca1 are built "s ( free-/one ) gable ro(s1 & o!rs ( regul>ly %ap$ bricks1 alt]nat+ ) lay]s ( silice\s cem5t4 ,! build+s con/ruct$ 9 ?is la/-m5tion$ /yle1 to :i* ! ,p]uvians give ! "n ( ,muros y obra de tapia1 h little ar*$ ni*es or recesses4 ,( _! antiquity ,i 0 = a long "t d\btful1 ?\gh ,i am n[ conv9c$ t my d\bts 7 n well-gr\nd$4 ,9 ! pr9cipal build+1 ! room is /ill %[n 9 :i* ! un=tunate ,atahuallpa 0 conf9$ = ! space ( n9e mon?s1 f ! date ( ,novemb]1 #aecbabd4 ,! notice ( ! travell] is /ill direct$ to ! wall1 on :i* he made a m>k to d5ote to :at height he w\ld fill ! room ) gold1 on condition ( 8 be+ set free4 ,?is height is v>i\sly describ$4 ,x]ez 9 ! ,conqui/a del ,p]u 7:i* ,b>cia has pres]v$ to u71 ,h]n&o ,piz>ro 9 8 lett]s1 & o!r writ]s1 all give diff]5t acc\nts ( x4 ,! captive mon>* said1 8t gold 9 b>s1 plates1 & vessels %\ld be pil$ up z high z he c\ld rea* ) 8 h&40 ,! dim5sions ( ! room1 z giv5 by ,x]ez1 are equival5t to #bc feet 9 l5g? & #ah 9 bread?4 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 :o quitt$ ,p]u 9 #aefj1 9 8 tw5tie? ye>1 e/imates t ! treasures br\ght f ! temples ( ! ,sun 9 ,cuzco1 ,huaylas1 ,huama*uco1 & ,pa*acamac1 up to ! fatal #bi? ( ,augu/1 #aecc1 ! day ( ! ,inca's dea?1 am\nt$ to #c1hch1jjj ducados de oro#abe4 ,9 ! *apel ( ! t[n jail1 :i*1 z ,i h m5tion$ above1 is erect$ on ! ru9s ( ! ,inca ,palace1 a /one1 /a9$1 z x is alleg$1 ) 8indelible spots ( blood10 is view$ ) horror by ! cr$ul\s4 ,x is plac$ 9 front ( ! alt>1 & consi/s ( an extremely ?9 slab1 ab\t #ac feet 9 l5g?1 probably a portion ( ! porphyry or tra*yte ( ! vic9ity4 ,to make an accurate exam9ation ( ?is /one1 by *ipp+ a piece (f1 w\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,! ?ree or f\r spots1 said to be blood /a9s1 appe> 9 reality to be no?+ b hornbl5de & pyroxide run toge!r 9 ! fundam5tal mass ( ! rock4 ,! ,lic5tiate ,f]n&o ,montes9os1 ?\gh he visit$ ,p]u sc>cely a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! tak+ ( ,caxam>ca1 gave curr5cy to ! fabul\s /ory t ,atahuallpa 0 behead$ 9 prison1 & t traces ( blood 7 /ill visible on a /one on :i* ! execution _h tak5 place4 ,!re appe>s no reason to "q ! fact1 s9ce x is borne out by ! te/imony ( _m eye-witnesses1 t ! ,inca will+ly all[$ himself to be baptiz$ by 8 cruel & fanatical p]secutor1 ! ,dom9ican monk1 ,vic5te de ,valv]de4 ,he receiv$ ! "n ( ,juan de ,atahuallpa1 & submitt$ to ! c]emony ( baptism to avoid be+ burnt alive4 ,he 0 put to dea? by /rangulation 7el g>rote71 & 8 execution took place publicly 9 ! op5 air4 ,ano!r tradition relates t a *apel 0 erect$ above ! /one on :i* ,atahuallpa 0 /rangl$1 & t ! rema9s ( ! ,inca repose b5ea? t /one4 ,suppos+ ?is to be correct1 ! alleg$ spots ( blood are n acc\nt$ =4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! body 0 nev] deposit$ "u ! /one 9 "q4 ,aft] ! p]=mance ( a mass = ! dead & o!r solemn fun]al c]emonies1 at :i* ! bro!rs ,piz>ro 7 pres5t 9 deep m\rn+7671 ! body 0 convey$ fir/ to ! cemet]y ( ! ,conv5to de ,san ,francisco1 & aft]w>ds to ,quito1 ,atahuallpa's bir?place4 ,?is removal to ,quito 0 9 compliance ) ! wi% express$ by ! ,inca prior to 8 dea?4 ,8 p]sonal enemy1 ! crafty ,rumiavi1 f artful political motives1 caus$ ! body to be int]r$ 9 ,quito ) great solemnity4 ,rumiavi 7lit]ally ! /one-eye7 receiv$ ?is "n f a defect 9 "o ( 8 eyes1 occasion$ by a w>t4 7,9 ! ,qui*ua language rumi signifies /one1 & avi eye47 ,desc5dants ( ! ,inca /ill dwell 9 ,caxam>ca1 amid/ ! dre>y ar*itectural ru9s ( dep>t$ spl5d\r4 ,^! desc5dants are ! family ( ! ,indian ,cacique1 or1 z he is call$ 9 ! ,qui*ua language1 ! ,curaca ,a/orpilca4 ,!y live 9 great pov]ty1 b nev]!less cont5t$ & resign$ to _! h>d & unm]it$ fate4 ,_! desc5t f ,atahuallpa1 ?r\gh ! female l9e1 has nev] be5 a d\btful "q 9 ,caxam>ca2 b traces ( be>d w\ld seem to indicate "s admixture ( ,spani% blood4 ,huasc> & ,atahuallpa1 two sons ( ! great ,huayna ,capac 7:o = a *ild ( ! ,sun 0 some:at dispos$ to free-?9k+7#abf1 reign$ 9 succession be=e ! invasion ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,nei!r ( ^! two pr9ces left any ackn[l$g$ male heirs4 ,9 ! pla9s ( ,quipaypan1 ,huasc> 0 made prison] by ,atahuallpa1 by ^: ord] he 0 %ortly aft] secretly put to dea?4 ,atahuallpa _h two o!r bro!rs4 ,"o 0 ! insignificant y\? ,top>ca1 :o 9 ! autumn ( #aecc ,piz>ro caus$ to be cr[n$ z ,inca2 & ! o!r 0 ! ent]pris+ ,manco ,capac1 :o 0 likewise cr[n$1 b :o aft]w>ds rebell$3 nei!r ( ^! two pr9ces left any kn[n male issue4 ,atahuallpa inde$ left two *ildr52 "o a son1 :o receiv$ 9 ,*ri/ian baptism ! "n ( ,don ,francisco1 & :o di$ "y2 ! o!r a daught]1 ,da ,angel9a1 :o became ! mi/ress ( ,francisco ,piz>ro1 ) :om %e l$ a wild camp life4 ,da ,angel9a _h a son by ,piz>ro1 & to ?is gr&son ( ! slaught]$ mon>* ! ,conqu]or 0 fondly atta*$4 ,besides ! family ( ,a/orpilca1 ) :om ,i became acqua9t$ 9 ,caxam>ca1 ! families ( ,c>gu>aicos & ,titu-,buscamayca 71 at ! "t ,i visit$ ,p]u1 reg>d$ z desc5dants ( ! ,inca dyna/y4 ,! race ( ,buscamayca has s9ce t "t become ext9ct4 ,! son ( ! ,cacique ,a/orpilca1 an int]e/+ & amiable y\? ( sev5te51 conduct$ u ov] ! ru9s ( ! anci5t palace4 ,?\gh liv+ 9 ! utmo/ pov]ty1 8 imag9ation 0 fill$ ) images ( ! subt]ranean spl5d\r & ! gold5 treasures :i*1 he assur$ u1 lay hidd5 b5ea? ! heaps ( rubbi% ov] :i* we 7 tread+4 ,he told u t "o ( 8 ance/ors once bl9dfold$ ! eyes ( 8 wife1 & !n1 ?r\gh _m intricate passages cut 9 ! rock1 l$ h] d[n into ! subt]ranean g>d5s ( ! ,inca4 ,!re ! lady beheld1 skilfully imitat$ 9 ! pure/ gold1 trees lad5 ) leaves & fruit1 ) birds p]*$ on _! bran*es4 ,among o!r ?+s1 %e saw ,atahuallpa's gold s$an-*air 7una de las &as7 :i* _h be5 s long se>*$ = 9 va91 & :i* is alleg$ to h sunk 9 ! bas9 at ! ,ba?s ( ,pultam>ca4 ,! husb& comm&$ 8 wife n to t\* any ( ^! en*ant$ treasures1 rem9d+ h] t ! p]iod fix$ = ! re/oration ( ! ,inca empire _h n yet arriv$1 & t :osoev] %\ld t\* any ( ! treasures w\ld p]i% t same night4 ,^! gold5 dreams & fancies ( ! y\? 7 f\nd$ on recollections & traditions transmitt$ f remote times4 ,gold5 g>d5s1 su* z ^? allud$ to 7,j>d9es hu]tas de oro71 h be5 describ$ by v>i\s writ]s :o allege t !y actually saw !m2 viz41 by ,cieza de ,leon1 ,p>m5to1 ,g>cilaso1 & o!r e>ly hi/orians ( ! ,conqui/a4 ,!y are said to h exi/$ b5ea? ! ,temple ( ! ,sun at ,cuzco1 at ,caxam>ca1 & 9 ! lovely valley ( ,yucay1 :i* 0 a fav\rite seat ( ! sov]eign family4 ,9 places 9 :i* ! gold5 ,hu]tas 7 n "u gr\nd1 b 9 ! op5 air1 liv+ plants 7 m+l$ ) ! artificial ones4 ,among ! latt]1 p>ticul> m5tion is always made ( ! high %oots ( maize & ! maize-cobs 7mazorcas7 z hav+ be5 mo/ successfully imitat$4 ,! son ( ,a/orpilca assur$ me t und]gr\nd1 a little to ! "r ( ! spot on :i* ,i !n /ood1 !re 0 a l>ge ,datura tree1 or ,guanto1 9 full fl[]1 exquisitely made ( gold wire & plates ( gold1 & t its bran*es ov]spread ! ,inca's *air4 ,! morbid fai? ) :i* ! y\? ass]t$ 8 belief 9 ?is fabul\s /ory1 made a pr(\nd & melan*oly impression on me4 ,^! illusions are *]i%$ among ! p "h1 z af=d+ !m consolation amid/ great privation & e>?ly suff]+4 ,i said to ! lad1 8,s9ce y & y\r p>5ts s firmly believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! g>d5s1 d y n1 9 y\r pov]ty1 sometimes feel a wi% to dig = ! treasures t lie s ne> y80 ,! "y ,p]uvian's answ] 0 s simple & s expressive ( ! quiet resignation peculi> to ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 t ,i not$ x d[n 9 ,spani% 9 my ,j\rnal4 8,su* a desire 7tal antojo710 said he1 8nev] comes to u4 ,my fa!r says t x w\ld be s9ful 7que fuese pecado74 ,if we _h ! gold5 bran*es1 ) all _! gold5 fruits1 our :ite neighb\rs w\ld hate u & injure u4 ,we h a little field & good :eat 7bu5 trigo740 ,few ( my read]s w ,i tru/ be displeas$ t ,i h recall$ "h ! words ( "y ,a/orpilca & 8 gold5 dreams4 ,an idea g5]ally spread & firmly believ$ among ! natives is1 t x w\ld be crim9al to dig up & take possession ( treasures :i* may h belong$ to ! ,incas1 & t su* a proce$+ w\ld br+ mis=tune ^u ! :ole ,p]uvian race4 ,?is idea is closely connect$ ) t ( ! re/oration ( ! ,inca dyna/y1 an ev5t :i* is /ill expect$1 & :i* 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 0 look$ =w>d to ) especial confid5ce4 ,oppress$ nations always fondly hope = ! day ( _! emancipation1 & = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( _! old =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,! flight ( ,manco ,inca1 ! bro!r ( ,atahuallpa1 :o retreat$ into ! =e/s ( ,vilcapampa1 on ! declivity ( ! ,ea/]n ,cordill]a2 & ! abode ( ,sayri ,tapac & ,inca ,tupac ,am>u 9 ^? wild]nesses1 are ev5ts :i* h left la/+ recollections 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,x is believ$ t desc5dants ( ! de?ron$ dyna/y settl$ /ill fur!r ea/w>d 9 ,guiana1 betwe5 ! riv]s ,apurimac & ,b5i4 ,^! notions 7 /r5g!n$ by ! my? ( el ,dorado & ! gold5 city ( ,manoa1 :i* popul> cr$ulity c>ri$ f ! we/ & propagat$ ea/w>d4 ,s greatly 0 ! imag9ation ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh inflam$ by ^! dreams1 t he rais$ an exp$ition 9 ! hope ( conqu]+ 8! imp]ial & gold5 city40 ,!re he propos$ to e/abli% a g>rison ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& ,engli%1 & to levy f 8! ,emp]or ( ,guiana1 a desc5dant ( ,huayna ,capac1 & :o holds 8 ,c\rt ) ! same magnific5ce1 an annual tribute ( #cjj1jjj /]l+1 z ! price ( ! promis$ re/oration to ! ?rone 9 ,cuzco & ,caxam>ca40 ,:]ev] ! ,p]uvian ,qui*ua language prevails1 traces ( ! expect$ re/oration ( ! ,inca rule#abg exi/ 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ! natives possess+ any k ( _! national hi/ory4 ,we rema9$ five days 9 ! capital ( ! ,inca ,atahuallpa1 :i*1 at t "t1 numb]$ only #gjjj or #hjjj inhabitants4 ,our dep>ture 0 delay$ by ! necessity ( obta9+ a great numb] ( mules to convey our collections1 & ( select+ c>eful guides to conduct u across ! *a9 ( ! ,&es to ! entrance ( ! long b n>r[ ,p]uvian s&y des]t call$ ! ,desi]to de ,se*ura4 ,our r\te across ! ,cordill]as lay f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,hav+ pass$ ov] ! old b$ ( ! lake1 on ! pleasant level height ( ,caxam>ca1 we asc5d$ an em95ce at an elevation ( sc>cely #aj1bcj feet3 & we 7 !n surpris$ by ! sight ( two /rangely-%ap$ porphyritic m\nds call$ ! ,aroma & ! ,cunturcaga4 ,! latt] is a fav\rite haunt ( ! gigantic vulture1 :i* we call ! ,condor2 kacca1 9 ! ,qui*ua language1 signify+ ! rocks4 ,! porphyritic heights j m5tion$ are 9 ! =m ( columns hav+ five1 six1 or sev5 sides1 f #cg to #db feet 9 height1 & "s ( !m are crook$ & b5t z if 9 jo9ts4 ,^? :i* cr[n ! ,c]ro ,aroma are rem>kably picturesque4 ,! peculi> di/ribution ( ! columns1 :i* are rang$ 9 r[s "o above ano!r1 & frequ5tly conv]g+1 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a two-/ori$ build+1 ro($ by a dome ( massive rock1 :i* is n column>4 ,^! erupt$ masses ( porphyry & tra*yte are1 z ,i h on a =m] occasion rem>k$1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ridges ( ! ,&es1 to :i* !y imp>t a physiognomy totally diff]5t f t ( ! ,swiss ,alps1 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! ,sib]ian ,altai4 ,f ,cunturcaga & ,aroma we desc5d$1 by a zigzag r\te1 a /eep declivity ( #fdjj feet into ! cleft-l valley ( ! ,magdal5a1 ! l[e/ "p ( :i* is #dbfj feet above ! sea level4 ,"h !re is an ,indian village consi/+ ( a few mis]able huts1 surr\nd$ by ! same species ( cotton-trees 7,bombax discolor71 :i* we fir/ obs]v$ on ! banks ( ! ,amazon4 ,! scanty vegetation ( ! valley ( ,magdal5a some:at resembles t ( ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de ,bracamoros1 b we miss$1 ) regret1 ! r$ groves ( ,b\ga9villa4 ,magdal5a is "o ( ! deepe/ valleys ,i h se5 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es4 ,x is a decid$ cleft1 runn+ transv]sely f ea/ to we/1 & b\nd$ on ea* side by ! ,altos ( ,aroma & ,guangam>ca4 ,"h recomm5ces ! same qu>tz =mation :i* 0 s long enigmatical to me4 ,we _h previ\sly obs]v$ x 9 ! ,p>amo de ,yanaguanga1 betwe5 ,micuipampa & ,caxam>ca1 at an elevation ( #aa1gbb feet1 & on ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,cordill]a x atta9s ! ?ickness ( _m ?\s& feet4 ,s9ce ,leopold von ,bu* has prov$ t ! cretace\s =mation is widely ext5d$1 ev5 9 ! highe/ *a9s ( ! ,&es1 & on bo? sides ( ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 x may be conclud$ t ! qu>tz =mation1 ( :i* ,i h j made m5tion 7p]haps trans=m$ 9 its texture by ! action ( volcanic p[]71 belongs to ! free s&/one int]v5+ betwe5 ! inn] *alk & ! gault & gre5s&4 ,f ! g5ial valley ( ! ,magdal5a we aga9 proce$$ we/w>d1 &1 = ! space ( two h\rs & a half1 we asc5d$ a /eep wall ( rock #eaaf feet high1 :i* rises opposite to ! porphyritic gr\ps ( ! ,alto de ,aroma4 ,9 ?is asc5t we felt ! *ange ( temp]ature ! m s5sibly1 z ! rocky acclivity 0 frequ5tly ov]hung ) cold mi/4 ,aft] hav+ travell$ = eighte5 mon?s )\t int]mission1 )9 ! re/rict$ b\nd>ies ( ! int]ior ( a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 we felt an ard5t desire to enjoy a view ( ! op5 sea1 a desire :i* 0 height5$ by repeat$ disappo9tm5ts4 ,look+ f ! summit ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 ov] ! ?ick =e/s ( ! ,prov9cia de las ,esm]aldas1 no sea horizon is di/9ctly disc]nible ow+ to ! great di/ance & ! height ( ! po9t ( view4 ,x is l look+ d[n f a balloon into empty space2 ! fancy div9es objects :i* ! eye _c di/+ui%4 ,aft]w>ds1 :51 betwe5 ,loxa & ,guancabamba1 we arriv$ at ! ,p>amo de ,guamani 7:]e !re are _m ru9s ( build+s ( ! times ( ! ,incas71 our mule-driv]s confid5tly assur$ u t1 beyond ! pla91 on ! o!r side ( ! l[ di/ricts ( ,piura & ,lambajeque1 we %\ld h a view ( ! sea4 ,b a ?ick mi/ ov]hung ! pla9 & obscur$ ! di/ant coa/4 ,we beheld only v>i\sly-%ap$ masses ( rock1 n[ ris+ l isl&s above ! wav+ sea ( mi/1 & n[ vani%+4 ,x 0 a view simil> to t :i* we _h f ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,we exp]i5c$ a simil> disappo9tm5t :il/ proce$+ ?r\gh ! ,&es ,pass ( ,guangam>ca1 :i* ,i am n[ describ+4 ,:il/ we toil$ along ! ridges ( ! mighty m\nta91 ) expectation on ! /ret*1 our guides1 :o 7 n v well acqua9t$ ) ! way1 repeat$ly assur$ u t1 aft] proce$+ ano!r mile1 our hopes w\ld be fulfill$4 ,! /ratum ( mi/1 9 :i* we 7 envelop$1 seem$ sometimes to disp]se = a mom5t1 b :5ev] t happ5$1 our view 0 b\nd$ by int]v5+ heights4 ,! desire :i* we feel to behold c]ta9 objects is n excit$ solely by _! gr&eur1 _! beauty1 or _! importance4 ,9 ea* individual ?is desire is int]wov5 ) pleas+ impressions ( y\?1 ) e>ly pr$ilections = p>ticul> pursuits1 ) ! incl9ation = travell+1 & ! love ( an active life4 ,9 proportion z ! fulfilm5t ( a wi% may h appe>$ improbable1 its realization af=ds ! great] pleasure4 ,! travell] enjoys1 9 anticipation1 ! happy mom5t :5 he %all fir/ behold ! con/ellation ( ! ,cross1 & ! ,magellanic cl\ds circl+ ov] ! ,s\? ,pole2 :5 he %all come 9 sight ( ! sn[ ( ! ,*imborazo1 & ( ! column ( smoke asc5d+ f ! volcano ( ,quito2 :51 = ! fir/ "t1 he %all gaze on a grove ( tree-f]ns1 or on ! wide expanse ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! days on :i* su* wi%es are fulfill$ m>k epo*s 9 life1 & create indelible impressions2 excit+ feel+s :i* require n to be acc\nt$ = by any process ( reason+4 ,! long+ wi% ,i felt to behold ! ,pacific f ! l(ty ridges ( ! ,&es 0 m+l$ ) recollections ( ! int]e/ ) :i*1 z a boy1 ,i _h dwelt on ! n>rative ( ! adv5tur\s exp$ition ( ,vasco ,nunez de ,balboa#abh4 ,t happy man1 ^: track ,piz>ro foll[$1 0 ! fir/ to behold1 f ! heights ( ,qu>equa1 on ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 ! ea/]n "p ( ! great 8,s\? ,sea40 ,! re$y %ores ( ! ,caspian1 view$ f ! po9t :5ce ,i fir/ beheld !m1 viz41 f ! ,delta =m$ by ! m\?s ( ! ,volga1 _c c]ta9ly be call$ picturesque1 yet ! delight ,i felt on fir/ behold+ !m1 0 enhanc$ by ! recollection t1 9 my v e>lie/ *ildhood1 ,i _h be5 taught to obs]ve1 on ! map1 ! =m ( ! ,asiatic inl& sea4 ,! impressions ar\s$ )9 u 9 e>ly *ildhood1 or excit$ by ! accid5tal circum/ances ( life#abi1 frequ5tly1 9 aft] ye>s1 take a grav] direction1 & become /imulants to sci5tific lab\rs & great ent]prises4 ,aft] pass+ ov] _m undulations ( gr\nd1 on ! rugg$ m\nta9 ridges1 we at l5g? rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,alto de ,guangam>ca4 ,! sky1 :i* _h s long be5 obscur$1 n[ sudd5ly bright5$4 ,a %>p s\?-we/ breeze disp]s$ ! veil ( mi/2 & ! d>k blue canopy ( heav5 0 se5 betwe5 ! n>r[ l9es ( ! highe/ fea!ry cl\ds4 ,! :ole we/]n declivity ( ! ,cordill]a 7adjac5t to ,*orillos & ,cascas71 cov]$ ) huge blocks ( qu>tz #ac or #ae feet long2 & ! pla9s ( ,*ala & ,mol9os1 z f> z ! sea coa/ ne> ,truxillo1 lay ext5d$ be=e our eyes1 ) a wond]ful effect ( app>5t proximity4 ,we n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 comm&$ a view ( ! ,pacific4 ,we saw x di/9ctly2 reflect+ along ! l9e ( ! coa/ an imm5se mass ( light1 & ris+ 9 immeasurable expanse until b\nd$ by ! cle>ly-def9$ horizon4 ,! delight :i* my companions1 ,bonpl& & ,c>los ,montuf>1 %>$ ) me 9 view+ ?is prospect1 caus$ u to =get to op5 ! b>omet] on ! ,alto de ,guangam>ca4 ,accord+ to a calculation :i* we made at a place some:at l[] d[n 7an isolat$ f>m call$ ! ,hato de ,guangam>ca71 ! po9t at :i* we fir/ ga9$ a view ( ! ocean1 mu/ h be5 at no great] an elevation ?an betwe5 #ichj & #ifjj feet4 ,! view ( ! ,pacific 0 solemnly impressive to "o1 :o1 l myself1 0 greatly indebt$ = ! =mation ( 8 m9d1 & ! direction giv5 to 8 ta/es & aspirations1 to "o ( ! companions ( ,capta9 ,cook4 ,i made kn[n ! g5]al outl9e ( my travell+ s*emes to ,john ,=/]1 :5 ,i _h ! advantage ( visit+ ,engl& "u 8 guidance1 n[ m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,=/]'s *>m+ pictures ( ,otaheite _h awak5$ ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,europe a deep int]e/ 7m+l$ ) a sort ( romantic long+71 9 fav\r ( ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,at t p]iod1 :5 b few ,europeans _h be5 =tunate en\gh to visit ^? isl&s1 ,i *]i%$ ! hope ( see+ !m1 at lea/ 9 "p2 = ! object ( my visit to ,lima 0 tw(old3 fir/1 to obs]ve ! transit ( ,m]cury ov] ! sol> disc1 & secondly1 to fulfil a promise ,i _h made to ,capta9 ,baud91 on my dep>ture f ,p>is4 ,?is promise 0 to jo9 him 9 ! circumnavigatory voyage :i* he 0 to und]take z soon z ! ,fr5* ,republic c\ld furni% ! necess>y funds4 ,am]ican pap]s circulat$ 9 ! ,antilles ann\nc$ t ! two ,fr5* corvettes1 ,le ,gographe & ,le ,naturali/e1 7 to sail r\nd ,cape ,horn1 & to t\* at ,callao de ,lima4 ,?is in=mation1 :i* ,i receiv$ :5 9 ! ,havannah1 aft] hav+ complet$ my ,or9oco j\rney1 caus$ me to rel9qui% my orig9al plan ( proce$+ ?r\gh ,mexico to ! ,philipp9es4 ,i lo/ no "t 9 engag+ a %ip to convey me f ,cuba to ,c>?ag5a de ,indias4 ,b ,capta9 ,baud9's exp$ition took q a diff]5t c\rse f t :i* _h be5 expect$ & ann\nc$4 ,in/ead ( proce$+ by ! way ( ,cape ,horn1 z _h be5 int5d$ at ! "t :5 x 0 agre$ t ,bonpl& & ,i %\ld jo9 x1 ! exp$ition sail$ r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,"o ( ! objects ( my visit to ,p]u1 & ( my la/ j\rney across ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 0 ?us ?w>t$2 b ,i _h ! s+ul> good =tune1 at a v unfav\rable season ( ! ye>1 9 ! mi/y regions ( ,l[] ,p]u1 to enjoy a cle> bright day4 ,9 ,callao ,i obs]v$ ! passage ( ,m]cury ov] ! sun's disc1 an obs]vation ( "s importance 9 aid+ ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! longitude ( ,lima#acj1 & ( ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! new cont95t4 ,?us1 amid/ ! s]i\s tr\bles & disappo9tm5ts ( life1 !re may (t5 be f\nd a gra9 ( consolation4 ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,additions4 ,footnote #aaa3 p4 #cij--8,on ! ,ridge ( ! ,&es or ,antis40 ,! ,inca ,g>cilaso1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! native language ( 8 c\ntry1 & :o lov$ to trace etymologies1 inv>iably calls ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 8las ,montaz de los ,antis40 ,he /ates positively t ! great m\nta9-*a91 ea/w>d ( ,cuzco1 d]ives its "n f ! race ( ! ,antis & f ! prov9ce ,anti1 :i* 0 situat$ to ! ea/ ( ! capital ( ! ,incas4 ,! quat]n>y divisions ( ! ,p]uvian empire1 accord+ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 reckon+ f ,cuzco1 did n d]ive _! names f ! v circum/antial words 7hav+ ref]5ce to ! sun7 :i* 9 ! ,qui*ua language signify ea/1 we/1 nor?1 & s\? 7intip llucs9anpata1 intip yaucunanpata1 intip *aututa *ayananpata1 intip *aupun*au *ayananpata74 ,^? divisions 7 nam$ f prov9ces & races ( p 7,prov9cias llamadas ,anti1 ,cunti1 ,*9*a y ,colla7 situat$ to ! ea/1 we/1 nor?1 & s\?1 ) ref]5ce to ! city ( ,cuzco1 :i* 0 ! c5tre ( ! empire4 ,! f\r divisions ( ! ,inca !ocracy 7 accord+ly nam$ ,antisuyu1 ,cuntisuyu1 ,*9*asuyu1 & ,collasuyu2 ! ^w ,suyu signify+ /rip or "p4 ,not)/&+ ! great di/ance betwe5 !m1 ,quito belong$ to ,*9*asuyu2 & 9 proportion z ! ,incas1 by _! religi\s w>s1 ext5d$ _! fai?1 _! language1 & _! despotic gov]nm5t1 ^! ,suyus acquir$ great] dim5sions & became m unequal 9 magnitude4 ,) ! names ( ! prov9ces 0 ?us associat$ an indication ( _! position2 & 8to "n ^? prov9ces10 obs]ves ,g>cilaso1 80 ! same z to say to ! ea/ or to ! we/40 7,nombr> aquellos ,p>tidos era lo mismo que decir al ,ori5te1 al ,poni5te47 ,! sn[-*a9 ( ! ,&es 0 reg>d$ z an ea/]n *a94 8,la ,prov9cia ,anti da nombra las ,montaz de los ,antis4 ,llamron la p>te del ,ori5te ,antisuyu1 por la qual tambi5 llaman ,anti toda aquella gran ,cordill]a de ,si]ra ,nevada que pasa al ,ori5te del ,p]u1 por d> ent5d]1 que e/ al ,ori5te40 7,comm5t>ios ,reales1 p4 i4 pp4 #dg1 #abb47,,rr ,lat] writ]s h suppos$ ! "n ( ! ,&es *a9 to be d]iv$ f ! ^w ,anta1 :i*1 9 ! ,qui*ua language1 signifies copp]4 ,t metal 0 inde$ ( ! highe/ importance to a p :o = _! edg$-tools or cutt+ in/rum5ts1 employ$ n iron1 b a sort ( copp] mix$ ) t92 b /ill ! "n ( copp] m\nta9s w\ld sc>cely h be5 ext5d$ ov] s va/ a *a94 ,pr(essor ,bus*mann has ju/ly obs]v$1 t ! f9al 8a0 is reta9$ 9 ! ^w anta :5 x =ms "p ( a comp\nd2 & ,g>cilaso expressly adduces z an example anta1 copp]1 & antam>ca1 prov9ce ( copp]4 ,moreov] 9 ! anci5t language ( ! ,inca empire 7! ,qui*ua71 words & _! comp\nds are s simple 9 =mation t ! conv]sion ( 8a0 into 8i0 out ( ! "q2 s t ,anta1 copp]1 & ,anti or ,ante 7! c\ntry or an inhabitant ( ! ,&es or ! m\nta9-*a9 itself7 mu/ be reg>d$ z words totally di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,9 diction>ies ( ! ,qui*ua language1 ) explanations 9 ,spani%1 ! ^w ,anti or ,ante has ! foll[+ int]pretations3 la ti]ra de los ,&es2--el ,indio1 hombre de los ,&es2--la ,si]ra de los ,&es4 ,! orig9al signification or d]ivation ( ! ^w is buri$ 9 ! d>kness ( pa/ ages4 ,besides ,antisuyu1 "s o!r comp\nds ( :i* ,anti or ,ante =ms a "p1 are1 ,ant]una 7! native inhabitant ( ! ,&es71 ,anteunccuy or ,antionccoy 7! sickness ( ! ,&es2 mal de los ,&es pe/if]o47 ,footnote #aab3 p4 #cij--8,! ,c\ntess de ,*9*on40 ,?is lady 0 ! wife ( ! ,vic]oy ,don ,g]onimo ,f]n&ez de ,cabr]a1 ,bobadilla y ,m5doza1 ,conde de ,*9*on1 :o gov]n$ ,p]u f #afbi to #afci4 ,! cure ( ! ,vice-,que5 took place 9 ! ye> #afch4 ,a tradition :i* is curr5t 9 ,spa91 b :i* ,i h frequ5tly he>d contradict$ 9 ,loxa1 names ,juan ,lopez de ,caiz>es1 ,corregidor ( ! ,cabildo de ,loxa1 z ! p]son by :om ! ,qu9a 7,c9*ona7 b>k 0 fir/ br\ght to ,lima1 & univ]sally recomm5d$ z a m$ic9e4 ,9 ,loxa1 ,i h he>d x affirm$ t ! salut>y prop]ties ( ! tree 7 long previ\sly1 ?\gh n g5]ally1 kn[n 9 ! m\nta9\s regions4 ,imm$iately aft] my return to ,europe1 ,i express$ d\bts :e!r ! discov]y _h really be5 made by ! natives 9 ! vic9ity ( ,loxa1 = ! ,indians 9 ! neighb\r+ valleys1 :]e int]mitt5t fev]s are v preval5t1 h an av]sion to ! ,qu9a b>k4,,rs ,! /ory :i* sets =? t ! natives le>n$ ! virtues ( ! ,c9*ona f ! lions1 8:o cure !mselves ( int]mitt5t fev] by gnaw+ ! b>k ( ! ,qu9a tree10,,rt appe>s to be m]ely a monki% fiction1 & :olly ( ,european orig94 ,no su* disease z ! lion's fev] is kn[n 9 ! ,new ,cont95t2 = ! s-call$ great ,am]ican lion 7,felis concolor7 & ! small m\nta9 lion 7! ,puma1 ^: footm>ks ,i h se5 on ! sn[7 are nev] tam$1 consequ5tly nev] become ! subjects ( obs]vation4 ,nor are ! v>i\s species ( ! fel9e race1 9 ei!r cont95t1 accu/om$ to gnaw ! b>k ( trees4 ,! "n 8,c\ntess's ,p[d]0 7,pulvis ,comitiss7 orig9at$ 9 ! circum/ance ( ! b>k hav+ be5 dealt out z a m$ic9e by ! ,c\ntess de ,*9*on4 ,b ?is "n 0 subsequ5tly metamorphos$ into 8,c>d9al's0 or 8,jesuit's0 ,p[d]1 because ,c>d9al de ,lugo1 ,procurator-,g5]al ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,jesuits1 made kn[n ! m$ic9e1 :il/ he 0 on a j\rney ?r\gh ,france1 & recomm5d$ x ! m urg5tly to ,c>d9al ,maz>91 z ! bre?r5 ( ! ,ord] 7 beg9n+ to c>ry on a pr(itable trade 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,qu9a b>k1 :i* !y contriv$ to obta9 ?r\gh _! mission>ies4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion t ,prote/ant physicians suff]$ !mselves sometimes to be influ5c$ by religi\s intol]ance & hatr$ ( ! ,jesuits1 9 ! long controv]sy t 0 ma9ta9$1 respect+ ! good or evil effects ( ! fev] b>k4 ,footnote #aac3 p4 #cic--8;,apos5tos de ,mulalo40 ,! ,apos5tos are dwell+s or inns4 ,!y are call$ 9 ! ,qui*ua language ,tampu1 :5ce ! ,spani% t]m ,tambo 7an inn74 ,on ! subject ( ^! ,apos5tos see ,ciea's ,*ronica del ,p]u 7cap4 #da ed4 de #aedd1 p4 #ajh71 & my ,vues des ,cordillres 7,pl4 xxiv74 ,footnote #aad3 p4 #cid--8,! =tress ( ! ,caar40 ,?is =tress is situat$ ne> ,tur*e1 & at an elevation ( ab\t #aj1fdj feet4,,ru ,n f> di/ant f ! ,=taleza del ,caar is situat$ ! celebrat$ rav9e ( ! sun1 call$ ! ,inti-,guaycu 79 ! ,qui*ua language huaycco74 ,9 ?is rav9e !re are "s rocks on :i* ! natives imag9e !y see ! image ( ! sun1 & a b5* call$ ! ,+a-,*ungana 7,inca*uncana71 ! ,inca's play4 ,i made draw+s ( bo?4 7,vues des ,cord41 pl4 xviii4 et xix47 ,footnote #aae3 p4 #cid--8;,causeways cov]$ ) cem5t$ gravel40 ,see ,velasco's ,hi/oria de ,quito1 #ahdd1 7t4 i4 p4 #abf-abh71 & ,prescott's ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 7vol4 i4 p4 #aeg47 ,footnote #aaf3 p4 #cie--8;,flights ( ,/eps40 ,see ,p$ro ,san*o 9 ,ramusio1 vol4 iii4 fol4 #djd1 & ! ,extracts f ,manuscript ,lett]s ( ,h]n&o ,piz>ro1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,prescott1 ! great hi/orical writ]1 n[ at ,bo/on1 has s advantage\sly avail$ himself 7vol4 i4 p4 #ddd74 8,el cam9o de las si]ras es cosa de v]1 porque en v]dad en ti]ra tan fragosa en la cri/i&ad no se han vi/o tan h]mosos cam9os1 toda la mayor p>te de calzada40,,rv ,footnote #aag3 p4 #cif--8;,greeks1 ,romans1 c41 pres5t examples ( ^! contra/s40 8,! ,greeks10 says ,/rabo1 7lib4 v4 p4 #bce1 ,casaub17 89 build+ _! cities s\ght to produce a happy result by aim+ at ! union ( beauty & solidity2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,romans direct$ p>ticul> att5tion to objects :i* ! ,greeks neglect$2 pav+ ! /reets ) /one1 build+ aqu$ucts to provide a pl5tiful supply ( wat]1 & con/ruct+ dra9age = c>ry+ all ! uncleanl9ess ( ! city into ! ,tib]4 ,!y likewise pav$ all ! roads 9 ! c\ntry1 s t ! m]*&ize br\ght by trad+ vessels might be conv5i5tly transport$ f place to place40 ,footnote #aah3 p4 #cig--8,nemt]equeteba1 ! mess5g] ( ,god40 ,civilization 9 ,mexico 7! ,aztec c\ntry ( ,anahuac71 & 9 t c\ntry :i*1 9 ! ,p]uvian !ocracy1 0 call$ ! ,empire ( ! ,sun1 has s rivett$ ! att5tion ( ,europe1 t a ?ird po9t ( dawn+ civilization1 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,new ,granada1 0 long totally lo/ sight (4 ,i h already treat$ ?is subject 9 "s detail4,,rw ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,muyscas ( ,new ,granada bore "s resemblance to ! con/itution ( ,japan3 ! temporal rul] correspond$ ) ! ,cubo or ,seogun at ,j$do1 & ! spiritual rul] 0 l ! sacr$ ,dari at ,meaco4 ,! table-l& ( ,bogota 0 call$ by ! natives ( ! c\ntry ,bacata1 i4 e41 ! utmo/ limit ( ! cultivat$ pla9s consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! m\nta9 wall4 ,:5 ,gonzalo ,xim5ez de ,quesada advanc$ ?i!r he f\nd ! c\ntry rul$ by ?ree p[]s1 ^: relative subord9ation "o to ano!r is n n[ cle>ly und]/ood4 ,! spiritual *ief 0 ! electoral high prie/ ( ,iraca or ,sogamoso 7,sugamuxi1 ! place at :i* ,nemt]equeteba is said to h disappe>$71 ! temporal pr9ces 7 ! ,zake 7,zaque ( ,hunsa or ,tunja71 & ! ,zipa ( ,funza4 ,! la/-nam$ pr9ce seems to h be51 9 ! feudal con/itution1 orig9ally subord9ate to ! ,zake4 ,! ,muyscas _h a regul> sy/em ( comput+ "t1 ) int]calation = ! am5dm5t ( ! lun> ye>4 ,= money !y made use ( small circul> gold plates1 ca/1 & all equal 9 diamet]1 7a circum/ance wor?y ( rem>k1 z traces ( co9age ev5 among ! anci5t & highly civiliz$ ,egyptians h hi!rto be5 s\ght 9 va974 ,_! temples ( ! ,sun 7 built ) /one columns1 "s ve/iges ( :i* h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,leiva4,,rx ,! race ( ! ,muyscas %\ld prop]ly be di/+ui%$ by ! d5om9ation ,*ib*as2 = ,muysca1 9 ! ,*ib*a language1 m]ely signifies m5 or p4 ,! orig9 & ! elem5ts ( civilization1 introduc$ among ! ,muyscas1 7 attribut$ to two my?ical be+s1 ,bo*ica & ,nemt]equeteba1 :o are frequ5tly conf\nd$ "o ) ano!r4 ,bo*ica 0 ! mo/ my?ical ( ! two2 hav+ be5 9 "s degree reg>d$ z div9e & ev5 equal to ! ,sun4 ,8 fair companion ,*ia or ,huy?aca occasion$1 ?r\gh h] magical art1 ! subm]sion ( ! beautiful valley ( ,bogota1 & = t reason %e 0 bani%$ f ! e>? by ,bo*ica1 & made to revolve r\nd x z ! moon4 ,bo*ica /ruck ! rocks ( ,tequ5dama1 & !reby op5$ a passage ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s fl[$ (f 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,giants' ,field 7,campo de ,gigantes71 :]e1 at ! elevation ( #hgib feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ! bones ( elephant-l ,ma/odons h be5 discov]$4 ,x is /at$ by ,capta9 ,co*rane1,,ry & by ,mr4 ,john ,rank+1,,rz t animals l ! ,ma/odon /ill live 9 ! ,&es1 & t !y ca/ _! tee?4 ,nemt]equeteba1 surnam$ ,*9zapogua1 7el enviado de ,dios1 ! envoy ( ,god17 0 reg>d$ z a human be+4 ,he is repres5t$ z a be>d$ man1 :o came f ! ,ea/1 f ,pasca1 & :o disappe>$ at ,sogamoso4 ,! f\ndation ( ! sanctu>y ( ,iraca is sometimes ascrib$ to ,nemt]equeteba & sometimes to ,bo*ica4 ,! latt]1 x w\ld appe>1 also bore ! "n ( ,nemt]equeteba1 &1 !re=e1 t ! "o %\ld h be5 conf\nd$ ) ! o!r1 on su* unhi/oric gr\nd1 is a circum/ance easily acc\nt$ =4 ,my old fri5d ,colonel ,aco/a1 9 8 admirable "w entitl$ ,comp5dio de la ,hi/oria de la ,nueva ,granada1 endeav\rs to %[1 ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( ! ,qui*ua language1 t ,new ,granada is ! native l& ( ! potato plant4 ,9 ! ,comp5dio 7p4 #ahe71 he obs]ves1 8t z ! potato 7,solanum tub]osum7 is kn[n 9 ,usm by ! indig5\s "n ,yomi1 & n by ! ,p]uvian "n1 & z x 0 f\nd by ,quesada1 cultivat$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,velez 9 #aecg1 a p]iod :5 its introduction f ,*ile1 ,p]u1 & ,quito mu/ h be5 improbable1 ! plant may be reg>d$ z indig5\s to ,new ,granada40 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ! ,p]uvians _h invad$ ,quito1 & made !mselves completely ma/]s ( x be=e #aebe1 9 :i* ye> ! dea? ( ! ,inca ,huayna ,capac occurr$4 ,inde$1 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,quito fell "u ! dom9ion ( ,tupac ,inca ,yupanqui at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4,,sa ,! hi/ory ( ! fir/ introduction ( ! potato into ,europe is1 un=tunately1 involv$ 9 mu* obscurity1 b ! m]it ( ! introduction is /ill v g5]ally suppos$ to be due to ,sir ,john ,hawk9s1 :o is said to h br\ght ! plant f ,santa ,f 9 ! ye> #aefc or #aefe4 ,b a fact1 :i* appe>s to be bett] au!nticat$1 is1 t ! fir/ potatoes gr[n 9 ,europe 7 ^? plant$ by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh on 8 e/ate at ,y\ghal 9 ,irel&1 f :5ce !y 7 convey$ to ,lanca%ire4 ,! ,banana-tree 7,musa71 :i*1 s9ce ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 has be5 cultivat$ 9 all ! w>m] p>ts ( ,new ,granada1 is believ$1 by ,colonel ,aco/a 7p4 #bje71 to h be5 kn[n only 9 ,*oco be=e ! ,conqui/a4 ,! "n ,cund9am>ca1 :i* by affect$ erudition 0 appli$ to ! "y republic ( ,new ,granada 9 ! ye> #ahaa1 a "n sugge/ive ( gold5 dreams 7sueos dorados71 w\ld prop]ly be ,cundirum>ca1 n ,cunturm>ca4,,sb ,luis ,daza1 :o accompani$ ! small invad+ army comm&$ by ! ,conqui/ador ,seba/ian de ,belalcaz>1 :o advanc$ f ! s\?1 m5tions hav+ he>d ( a di/ant c\ntry1 ri* 9 gold1 & inhabit$ by ! race ( ! ,*icas4 ,?is c\ntry1 ,daza /ates1 0 call$ ,cundirum>ea1 & its pr9ce solicit$ auxili>y troops f ,atahuallpa 9 ,caxam>ca4 ,! ,*i*as h be5 conf\nd$ ) ! ,*ib*as or ,muyscas ( ,new ,granada2 & by a simil> mi/ake ! "n ( ! unkn[n m s\!rly region has be5 transf]r$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,footnote #aai3 p4 #djj--8;,fall ( ! ,rio de ,*amaya40 ,see my ,recueil des ,obs]v4 ,a/ron41 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd2 ,nivellem5t ,b>omtrique1 ,no4 #bcf-bdb4 ,i made a draw+ ( ! swimm+ c\ri]1 repres5t+ him 9 ! act ( w9d+ r\nd 8 head ! h&k]*ief conta9+ ! lett]s4 ,see ,vues des ,cordillres1 pi4 xxxi4 ,footnote #abj3 p4 #dja--8;,a po9t ( "s importance to ! geography ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 on acc\nt ( an old obs]vation ( ,la ,condam9e40 ,my object 0 to connect *ronometrically1 ,tomep5da1 7! />t+-po9t ( ,la ,condam9e's j\rney7 & o!r places on ! ,amazon riv]1 geographically det]m9$ by him1 ) ! t[n ( ,quito4 ,la ,condam9e 0 9 ,tomep5da 9 ,june1 #agdc2 consequ5tly1 #ei ye>s be=e ,i visit$ t place1 :i* ,i f\nd1 aft] a/ronomical obs]vations made dur+ ?ree consecutive nights1 to be situat$ 9 s\? lat4 #e #ca #bh1 & we/ long4 #gh #cd #ee74 ,by my obs]vations1 & a labori\s recalculation ( all ^? previ\sly made1 ,oltmanns has %ewn t until ! "t ( my return to ,france ! longitude ( ,quito _h be5 errone\sly det]m9$1 & t ! error made a diff]5ce ( full #ej arc-m9utes4,,sc ,jupit]'s satellites1 lun> di/ances1 & occultations af=d a satisfactory accordance1 & all ! elem5ts ( ! calculation are be=e ! public4 ,! too ea/]ly longitude :i* _h be5 det]m9$ = ,quito 01 by ,la ,condam9e1 c>ri$ to ,cu5ca & ! ,amazon riv]4 8,je fis10 says ,la ,condam9e1 8mon premi] essai de navigation sur un radeau 7balsa7 en desc5dant la rivire de ,*9*ipe jusqu' ,tomep5da4 ,il fallut me cont5t] d'en dt]m9] la latitude et de conclure la longitude p> les r\tes4 ,j'y fis mon te/am5t politique en rdigeant l'extrait de mes obs]vations les plus importantes40,,sd ,footnote #aba3 p4 #djc--8;,at ! elevation ( ne>ly #ab1hjj feet above ! sea1 we f\nd m>9e fossils40 ,see my ,essai gogno/ique sur le ,gisem5t des ,ro*es1 #ahbc1 p4 #bcf2 & = ! fir/ zoological det]m9ation ( ! fossils conta9$ 9 ! cretace\s =mation ( ! ,&es *a91 see ,leopold de ,bu*1 ,ptrifications recueillies en ,amrique p> ,alex4 de ,humboldt et ,*>les ,deg5h>dt1 #ahci 79 fol471 pp4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ah1 #bb4 ,p5tl& f\nd fossil %ells ( ! ,silurian =mation 9 ,bolivia1 & on ! ,nevado ( ,antakana at ! elevation ( #ag1dhj feet4 7,see ,m>y ,som]ville's ,physical ,geography1 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahe47 ,footnote #abb3 p4 #djg--8,! po9t at :i* ! ,&es-*a9 is int]sect$ by ! magnetic equator40 ,see my ,rlation ,hi/4 du ,voyage aux ,rgions ,equ9oxiales1 t4 iii4 p4 #fbb2 & ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aia1 #dcb2 :]e1 ?r\gh errors ( ! press1 ! longitude is 9 "o place m>k$ #dh #dj1 & 9 ano!r #hj #dj1 :]eas x ought to be #hj #ed4 ,footnote #abc3 p4 #dji--8,t$i\s c\rt c]emonies40 ,con=mably ) an anci5t c]emonial1 ,atahuallpa spat1 n on ! gr\nd1 b into ! h& ( a di/+ui%$ lady ( ! ,c\rt circle4 8,?is 0 done10 obs]ves ,g>cilaso1 8by reason ( 8 maje/y40 8,el ,inca nunca escupia en el suelo1 s9o en la mano de una ,seora mui pr9cipal1 por ,mage/ad40 7,g>cilaso1 ,comm5t4 ,reales1 p4 ii4 p4 #df47 ,footnote #abd3 p4 #daj--8;,captivity ( ,atahuallpa40 ,! captive ,inca 01 at 8 own desire1 a %ort "t be=e he 0 put to dea?1 conduct$ into ! op5 air1 = ! purpose ( see+ a l>ge comet1 describ$ to h be5 ( a gre5i% black hue1 & ne>ly z ?ick z a man's body2 78una cometa v]d9egra1 poco m5os gruesa que el cu]po de un hombre10 ,g>cilaso1 p4 ii4 p4 #dd74 ,?is comet1 :i* ,atahuallpa saw %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 7!re=e1 9 ,july or ,augu/1 #aecc71 he suppos$ to be ! same comet ( evil om51 :i* _h appe>$ at ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ,huayna ,capac1 & 0 c]ta9ly id5tical ) t obs]v$ by ,appian4,,se ,! comet 0 se5 by ,appian1 on ! #ba/ ( ,july1 /&+ high 9 ! nor?1 ne> ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus2 & x appe>$ l a sword held by ,p]seus1 9 8 "r h&4,,sf ,! ye> 9 :i* ! ,inca ,huayna ,capac di$1 is consid]$ by ,rob]tson n to be satisfactorily det]m9$2 b ! inve/igations ( ,balboa & ,velasco %ew1 t ! ev5t mu/ h occurr$ ab\t ! end ( #aebe4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,hevelius 7,comtographie1 p4 #hdd71 & ( ,p+r 7vol4 i4 p4 #dhe71 obta9 additional confirmation f ! te/imony ( ,g>cilaso4 7p4 i4 p4 #cba17 & ! traditions pres]v$ among ! ,amautas 78que son los filos(os de aquella republica074 ,i may "h add ! rem>k1 t ,ovi$o is c]ta9ly incorrect 9 /at+ 9 ! yet unpubli%$ cont9uation ( 8 8,hi/oria de las ,indias10 t ! "n ( ! ,inca 0 n ,atahuallpa1 b ,atabaliva4 ,see ,prescott's ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 vol4 i4 p4 #dih4 ,footnote #abe3 p4 #daj--8;,ducados de ,oro10 7#c1hch1jjj gold5 ducats47 ,! sum m5tion$ 9 ! text is t /at$ by ,g>cilaso de la ,vega4,,sg ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 ,padre ,blas ,val]a & ,gom]a give diff]5t acc\nts4,,% ,moreov]1 x is difficult to asc]ta9 ! precise value ( ! ,ducado ,ca/ellano or ,peso de ,oro4,,si ,! intellig5t hi/orian1 ,prescott1 has _h ! opportunity ( consult+ a manuscript1 be>+ ! promis+ title ( 8,acta de ,rep>ticion del ,rescate de ,atahuallpa10 7,act ( assessm5t = ! ransom ( ,atahuallpa74 ,! ,p]uvian booty %>$ by ! bro!rs ,piz>ro & by ,almagro1 appe>s to be too highly e/imat$ by ,prescott1 :o says x am\nt$ to #c1ejj1jjjl4 /]l+1 b ! ransom money1 ! treasures ( ! diff]5t temples ( ! ,sun1 & ( ! ,hu]tas de ,oro1 7 all includ$ 9 t am\nt4,,sj ,footnote #abf3 p4 #dab--8,! great ,huayna ,capac1 :o1 = a ,*ild ( ! ,sun1 0 some:at dispos$ to free-?9k+40 ,! nightly disappe>ance ( ! sun excit$1 9 ! m9d ( ! ,inca1 _m philosophic d\bts respect+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w by t lum9>y4 ,among ! ,inca's rem>ks on ?is subject1 z record$ by ,padre ,bias ,val]a1 are ! foll[+3--8,_m ma9ta9 t ! sun lives & is ! creator & mak] ( all ?+s 7el hac$or de todas las cosas72 b :osoev] desires to d a ?+ completely mu/ cont9ue at 8 task )\t int]mission4 ,n[ _m ?+s are done :5 ! sun is abs5t1 !re=e1 he _c be ! creator ( all4 ,x may also be d\bt$ :e!r ! sun be really liv+1 =1 ?\gh always mov+ r\nd 9 a circle1 he is nev] we>y 7no se cansa74 ,if ! sun 7 a liv+ ?+ he w\ld1 l ourselves1 become we>y2 & if he 7 free1 he w\ld1 d\btless1 sometimes move into p>ts ( ! heav5s 9 :i* we nev] see him4 ,! sun is l an ox b\nd by a rope1 be+ oblig$ always to move 9 ! same circle 7como una ,res atada que siempre hace un mismo c]co71 or l an arr[ :i* c only g :]e x is s5t1 & n :]e x may itself wi% to g40 7,g>cilaso1 ,comm5t4 ,reales1 p4 i4 lib4 viii4 cap4 #h1 p4 #bgf47 ,! ,inca's simple comp>ison ( ! circl+ movem5t ( a heav5ly body to t ( an ox fa/5$ by a rope is v curi\s1 ow+ to a circum/ance :i* may be expla9$ "h4 ,huayna ,capac di$ at ,quito 9 #aebe 7sev5 ye>s prior to ! invasion ( ! ,spani>ds71 & 8 empire 0 divid$ betwe5 ,huasc> & ,atahuallpa4 ,n[1 9 ! native language ( ,p]u1 ! "n ,huasc> signifies rope1 & ,atahuallpa means a cock or a f[l4 ,in/ead ( res ,huayna ,capac probably us$ ! ^w signify+1 9 8 native language1 animal g5]ally2 b1 ev5 9 ,spani%1 ! ^w res is n appli$ exclusively to ox51 b is employ$ to d5ote cattle ( all k9ds4 ,h[ f> ! ,padre1 ) ! view ( wean+ ! natives f ! dyna/ic s]vice ( ! ,inca1 may h m+l$ passages f 8 own s]mons ) ! h]esies ( ! ,inca1 we ne$ n "h inquire4 ,t x 0 deem$ v important to keep ^! d\bts f ! k ( ! l[] classes ( ! p is evid5t1 f ! v cons]vative policy & ! /ate maxims ( ! ,inca ,roca1 ! conqu]or ( ! prov9ce ( ,*>cas4 ,?is ,inca f\nd$ s*ools exclusively = ! high] classes1 &1 "u heavy p5alties1 prohibit$ in/ruction be+ giv5 to ! common p1 le/ x %\ld r5d] !m presumptu\s1 & cause !m to di/urb ! ,/ate4 7,no es licito que enseen los hijos de los ,plebeios las ,ci5cias1 porque la g5te baja no se eleve y ensob]vezca y m5oscabe la ,republica2 ,g>cilaso1 p4 i4 p4 #bgf47 ,?us ! !ocracy ( ! ,incas may be said to h resembl$ ! ,slave ,/ates 9 ! free l& ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,union4 ,footnote #abg3 p4 #dae--8;,expect$ re/oration ( ! ,inca rule40 ,i h treat$ ?is subject at l5g? 9 ano!r "w4,,sk ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh _h he>d ( an old prophecy curr5t 9 ,p]u1 :i* =etold 8t f ,+lat]ra ^? ,+as %\lde be aga9e 9 "t to come re/or$ & deliu]$ f ! s]uitude ( ! said conqu]ors4 ,i am resolu$ t if !re 7 b a small army afoote 9 ,guiana m>*+ t[>ds ,manoa1 ! *iefe citie ( ,+a1 he w\ld yield h] ,maje/y by composition1 s _m hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ye>ely1 z %\ld bo? def5d all enemies abroad & defray all exp5ses at home1 & t he w\lde besides pay a g>rison ( #cjjj or #djjj soldi]s v royally to def5d him aga9/ o!r nations4 ,! ,inca w be br\ght to tribute ) great gladnes40,,sl ,a re/oration project1 :i* promis$ to be highly satisfactory to bo? p>ties1 b1 un=tunately = ! success ( ! s*eme1 ! dyna/y :i* 0 to be re/or$ & :i* 0 to pay = ! re/oration 0 want+4 ,footnote #abh3 p4 #dah--8,! adv5tur\s exp$ition ( ,vasco ,nuez de ,balboa40 ,i h1 9 ano!r "w1 m5tion$ ! fact t ,columbus1 long be=e 8 dea?1 full t5 ye>s prior to ,balboa's exp$ition1 0 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 & its ne> proximity to ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,v]agua4,,sm ,columbus 0 l$ to ! k ( ?is fact1 n by !oretical speculations on ! configuration ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 b by positive & local in=mation obta9$ f ! inhabitants !mselves1 in=mation :i* he collect$ on 8 f\r? voyage 7#aa? ,may1 #aejb1 to ! #g? ,novemb]1 #aejd74 ,?is f\r? voyage l$ ! ,admiral f ! coa/ ( ,honduras to ! ,pu]to de ,mosquitos1 & ev5 z f> z ! we/]n extremity ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,! natives report$ 7& ,columbus comm5t$ on _! reports 9 ! ,c>ta r>issima ( ! #g? ( ,july1 #aejc71 8t n f> f ! ,rio de ,bel51 ! o!r sea 7! ,s\? ,sea71 turns 7boxa7 to ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges2 s t ! c\ntries ( ! ,aurea 7i4e41 ! ,*]sonesus ,aurea ( ,ptolemy7 are situat$1 9 relation to ! ea/]n %ores ( ,v]agua1 z ,tortosa 7at ! m\? ( ! ,ebro7 is 9 relation to ,fu5t>abia 7on ! ,bidassoa7 9 ,biscay1 or z ,v5ice 9 respect to ,pisa40 ,b1 al?\gh ,balboa fir/ saw ! ,s\? ,sea f ! heights ( ! ,si]ra de ,qu>equa1 on ! #be? ( ,septemb]1,,sn x 0 sev]al days lat] be=e ,alonzo ,m>t9 de ,don ,b5ito1 :o _h discov]$ a passage f ! m\nta9s ( ,qu>equa to ! gulf ( ,san ,miguel1 emb>k$ on ! ,s\? ,sea 9 a canoe4,,s ,! rec5t acquisition ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,new ,cont95t by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! fame ( ! gold5 treasures ( ,new 7n[ call$ ,upp]7 ,cali=nia1 h r5d]$ ! "q ( =m+ a direct communication betwe5 ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic & ! we/]n regions1 by ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 m urg5t ?an ev]4 ,i1 !re=e1 consid] x my duty "h once m to direct att5tion to ! fact1 t ! %orte/ r\te to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 z po9t$ out by ! natives to ,alonzo ,m>t9 de ,don ,b5ito1 is 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,i/hmus1 & l$ to ! ,golfo de ,san ,miguel4 ,we "k t ,columbus,,sp s\ght = a n>r[ pass 7e/re*o de ti]ra firme72 & 9 ! (ficial docum5ts extant1 ( ! dates ( #aeje1 #aejg1 & especially 9 t ( #aead1 m5tion is made ( ! s\ght-= op5+ 7ab]tura71 & ( ! pass 7passo71 :i*1 9 ?is di/rict1 %\ld lead directly to ! 8,indian ,l& ( ,spices40 ,a *annel ( communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific1 is a subject :i* has m or less occupi$ my att5tion = ! space ( =ty ye>s2 & 9 my publi%$ works1 z well z 9 ! sev]al memoirs :i*1 ) hon\rable confid5ce1 ! ,free ,/ates ( ,spani% ,am]ica h reque/$ me to write1 ,i h con/antly recomm5d$ a hypsometrical survey ( ! ,i/hmus ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 b m especially at two po9ts1 viz41 :]e at ,d>i5 & :at 0 =m]ly ! des]t$ prov9ce ( ,biruquete1 x jo9s ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t1 & :]e1 betwe5 ,atrato & ! ,bay ( ,cupica1 on ! %ore ( ! ,pacific1 ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ! ,i/hmus almo/ entirely disappe>s4,,sq ,9 ! ye> #ahbh & #ahbi1 ,g5]al ,boliv>1 at my reque/1 caus$ ! ,i/hmus betwe5 ,panama & ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,*agres to be accurately levell$ by ,lloyd & ,falm>c4,,sr ,s9ce t "t1 o!r measurem5ts h be5 execut$ by intellig5t & exp]i5c$ ,fr5* eng9e]s1 & plans h be5 drawn out = canals & railways ) locks & tunnels4 ,b ^! measurem5ts h inv>iably be5 made 9 ! m]idian direction betwe5 ,porto-bello & ,panama1 or we/w>d f !nce1 t[>ds ,*agres & ,cruces4 ,! mo/ important po9ts ( ! ea/]n & s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,i/hmus1 on bo? %ores1 h 9 ! meantime be5 ov]look$4 ,until ^? p>ts %all be describ$ geographically1 accord+ to accurate 7b easily obta9$7 *ronometrical det]m9ations ( latitude & longitude2 & hypsometrically1 ) ref]5ce to _! sup]ficial con=mation1 by b>ometrical measurem5ts & elevations1 ,i see no reason to alt] ! views ,i h always ent]ta9$ on ?is subject4 ,accord+ly1 at ! pres5t "t 7#ahdi71 ,i "h repeat ! op9ion ,i h (t5 be=e express$2 viz41 t ! ass]tion is gr\ndless & altoge!r premature1 t ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama is unsuit$ to ! =mation ( an ,oceanic ,canal--"o ) few] sluices ?an ! ,cal$onian ,canal--capable ( af=d+ an unimp$$ passage1 at all seasons ( ! ye>1 to vessels ( t class :i* sail betwe5 ,new ,york & ,liv]pool1 & betwe5 ,*ili & ,cali=nia4 ,accord+ to exam9ations1 ! results ( :i* ! ,directors ( ! ,deposito ,hidrografico ( ,madrid h caus$ to be ins]t$ 9 all _! maps s9ce #ahji1 x appe>s t on ! ,antillean %ore ( ! ,i/hmus1 ! creek call$ ! ,ens5ada de ,m&+a1 /ret*es s f> to ! s\? t its di/ance f ! ,pacific %ore1 ea/w>d ( ,panama1 appe>s to be only betwe5 #d & #e ,g]man geographical miles 7#ae to an equatorial degree7 or #af to #bj ,engli% geographical miles4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ also1 ! deep ,golfo de ,san ,miguel1 into :i* falls ! ,rio ,tuyra1 ) its tribut>y ! riv] ,*u*unque 7,*ucunaque71 runs f> into ! ,i/hmus4 ,! riv] ,*u*unque too1 9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse1 runs )9 #af geographical miles ( ! ,antillean %ore ( ! ,i/hmus1 we/w>d ( ,cape ,tiburon4 ,= upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s ,i h be5 repeat$ly consult$ on ! problem ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 by companies hav+ ample pecuni>y means at _! disposal2 b 9 no in/ance has ! simple advice ,i h giv5 be5 foll[$4 ,e eng9e] :o has be5 sci5tifically educat$ kn[s ! fact t betwe5 ! tropics1 ev5 )\t correspond+ obs]vations1 good b>ometrical measurem5ts 7hor>y v>iations be+ tak5 into acc\nt7 may be reli$ on z correct1 )9 f #ge to #if feet4 ,besides x w\ld be easy to e/abli%1 = ! space ( a few mon?s1 "o on ea* %ore1 two fix$ b>ometric /ations2 & frequ5tly to comp>e ! portable in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! prelim9>y levell+ ) ea* o!r1 & ) ^? at ! fix$ /ations4 ,! po9t dem&+ ! mo/ att5tive exam9ation is t :]e ! range ( m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,i/hmus & ! ma9 cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica s9ks into hills4 ,consid]+ ! importance ( ?is subject to ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ! :ole _w1 ! exam9ation %\ld n1 z h]et(ore1 be re/rict$ )9 n>r[ b\nds4 ,a complete compreh5sive survey1 includ+ ! :ole ea/]n "p ( ! ,i/hmus--! results ( :i* w\ld be alike useful 9 facilitat+ e possible s*eme1 :e!r ( canals or railroads--c alone decide ! mu* discuss$ problem1 ei!r affirmatively or negatively4 ,?is "w w 9 ! end be und]tak51 b _h my advice be5 adopt$1 x w\ld h be5 done at fir/4 ,footnote #abi3 p4 #dah--8;,impressions excit$ by ! accid5tal circum/ances ( life40 ,9 ,cosmos ,i h adv]t$ to ! incitem5ts to ! ,/udy ( ,nature4 7,vol4 ii4 p4 #cga1 ,bohn's edition47 ,footnote #acj3 p4 #dbj--8,( importance 9 det]m9+ ! longitude ( ,lima40 ,at ! "t ( my exp$ition ! longitude ( ,lima1 z det]m9$ by ,malasp9a & m>k$ 9 ! maps publi%$ by ! ,deposito ,hidrografico de ,madrid1 0 #e;h #af #ec4 ,! transit ( ,m]cury ov] ! ,sun's disc1 on ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 #ahjb 7:i* ,i obs]v$ at ,callao1 ! port ( ,lima1 f ! ,r\nd ,t[] ( ! ,=t ( ,san ,felipe71 gave = ,callao1 by ! mean ( ! contact ( bo? limbs1 #e;h #ah #af #e2 by ! ext]nal contact only1 #e;h #ah #ah 7#gi #cd #cj74 ,?is result1 obta9$ f ! transit ( ,m]cury1 has be5 confirm$ by ,l>tigue & ,dup]rey2 & by obs]vations made dur+ ,capt4 ,fitzroy's exp$itions ( ! 8,adv5tur]0 & ! 8,beagle40 ,l>tigue fix$ ! longitude ( ,callao at #e;h #ag #eh2 ,dup]rey made x #e;h #ah #af2 & ,capt4 ,fitzroy #e;h #ah #ae4 ,aft] hav+ calculat$ ! longitud9al diff]5ce betwe5 ,callao & ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,juan de ,dios at ,lima1 by c>ry+ *ronomet]s f ! "o place to ! o!r dur+ f\r j\rneys1 ,i f\nd t ! obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,m]cury det]m9$ ! longitude ( ,lima to be #e;h #ag #ea 7#gi #bg #de ,w4 f ,p>is1 or #gg #f #c ,w4 f ,gre5wi*47 ,see my ,recueil d'obs]vations a/ron41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cig1 & ,relation hi/41 t4 iii4 p4 #eib4 ,,potsdam1 ,june1 #ahdi4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,abyss9ia1 elevation ( ! m\nta9s (1 #aaf1 #aah4 ,acaci1 v>i\s species (1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #cjg2 ( ,au/ralia1 #cac4 ,acca\ais1 tribe ( !1 #ahd4 ,a*aguas1 savage tribe (1 #aig4 ,acicul>1 or ne$le-leav$ trees1 natural hi/ory (1 & _! ext5sive geographical diffusion1 #cad1 et seq42 v>ieties (1 #cbe1 #cbh4 ,aconcagua1 elevation ( ! volcano (1 #bje4 ,act9i1 !1 #beb4 ,adansonia1 a colossal species ( dragon-tree 7kn[n z ! ,baobab or monkey-bread tree71 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc4 ,arial ,ocean1 ! influ5ce ( its pressure on plants1 #bib1 #bie1 #bif4 ,africa1 ext5sive b>r5 pla9s 9 ! int]ior (1 #b2 des]ts (1 un9habitable by man1 #c2 ,oasis (1 #b2 des]ts ( describ$ by ,h]odotus1 #i2 causes ( excessive heat1 #i2 m\nta9s (1 #i2 ,nor!rn ,africa "o connect$ sea ( s&1 #i1 #aaj2 "* ( its vegetation1 #aj2 two races ( m5 sep>at$ by ! great nor? des]t1 #ai1 #adj2 nomadic tribes (1 #ej4 ,ag\ti1 ! antelope ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab4 ,aguas ,cali5tes1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,ahuahuetes1 a colossal species ( tree1 #bgd4 ,air1 curr5ts (1 on ! v]tical asc5t (1 #bff2 influ5ce ( its pressure on plants1 #bib1 #bie1 #bif4 ,ald]s1 #bca4 ,allco1 a ,p]uvian dog1 #bah4 ,alleghanys1 temp]ature ( !1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,almond tree1 ! ,b]?olletia excelsa1 #aeh1 #agi4 ,aloes1 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbh1 #ccb2 v>i\s species (1 #ccd4 ,alp9e regions1 elevation & temp]ature (1 #hd4 ,altai1 m\nta9 plateau (1 #ec2 ! m\nta9-*a9 (1 #fc1 #fd4 ,aluates1 ! pla9tive cry ( !1 #aii4 ,amazon1 pla9 ( !1 #f2 ! wild luxuriance ( its regions1 #ai2 call$ ! 8,great ,riv]0 by ! natives1 #aee2 its ext5t1 #aeg2 b\ndless wood$ pla9 ( !1 #afa4 ----1 ,upp]1 pla9s (1 #cij2 bread? (1 at ,tomep5da1 #dja4 ,am5tace1 #aid1 #bhe4 ,am]ica1 migrations to1 ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,asia1 #aa1 #aca2 abs5ce ( c]eal food 91 #ab2 pa/oral life unkn[n to ! aborig9es1 #ab2 on ! cosmological orig9 (1 #aje2 ! s\!rn hemisph]e cool] ?an ! nor!rn1 #ajg4 ----1 ,nor?1 incl9ation ( ! ea/]n %ore1 #bi2 natural features & configuration (1 #ca-dj2 no pa/oral tribes discov]$ among ! aborig9es1 #db2 on ! climate & di/ribution ( heat 91 #ajb et seq4 ----1 ,s\?1 ! va/ ,/eppes (1 #f1 #h1 #he2 physical causes ( ! dim9ution ( heat1 #g1 #if et seq42 pres5ts a rem>kable simil>ity to ! s\?-we/]n cont95t ( ! old _w1 #h1 #aje2 "* ( its vegetation1 #aj2 aborig9es (1 #aa2 cattle (1 #aa2 quadrup$s (1 #ab1 #acc2 ! regions by :i* ! ,/eppes (1 are b\nd$1 #ai2 ! wild luxuriance ( nature1 #ai2 v>i\s races ( man1 #bj2 m\nta9 sy/ems (1 #cj1 #ca2 =e/s (1 #ih2 g5]al disquisition on ! climate (1 #if-aji2 va/ savannahs (1 #ih2 e>ly civilization (1 #acj1 #aca2 limits ( ,european civilization 91 #adj2 c>v$ rocks f\nd 91 #adg-aea2 ! great riv]s (1 #aee et seq42 diff]5t r\tes propos$ 9 ! unkn[n portions (1 #agg2 ,s*omburgk's j\rney across ! cont95t (1 #agf1 #agg2 ! e>ly maps (1 #aha2 _! unc]ta9ty1 #ahb2 imm5se ext5t ( ! woody region betwe5 ! pla9s ( ,v5ezuela1 & ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 #aid2 ! vegetable k+dom (1 z yet imp]fectly explor$1 #bib-bid2 ,humboldt's j\rney across1 f ,caxam>ca to ! ,pacific1 #cic-dbj4 ,ammon1 temple (1 #b2 nomos (1 #dd2 ! probability ( its hav+ /ood on ! sea-%ore1 #bfd4 ,ammonites1 f\nd on ! ,&es1 #djc4 ,amucu1 lake (1 #aei1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahe2 :]e situat$1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,amygdale1 #ie4 ,anai1 village (1 #ahg4 ,&es1 *a9 ( !1 #ca2 ! seat ( active volcanos1 #dc2 inhabit$ by ! ,spani% race1 #aib2 *a9 (1 9 ,bolivia1 v>i\s elevations ( !1 #bje2 soj\rn on ! ridge ( !1 #bij2 p>amos ( !1 #bib2 ,humboldt's j\rney across1 f ,caxam>ca to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 #cij-dbj2 elevation (1 at ! ,p>amo del ,assuay1 #cic2 succession ( ,p>amos1 #djg2 picturesquely m>k$ by masses ( erupt$ porphyry & tra*yte1 #djc2 m>9e fossils f\nd #ab1hjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 #djc2 illu/rative notes ( !1 #dba2 d]ivation (1 #dbc2 ! po9t :]e !y are int]sect$ by ! magnetic equator1 #djg1 #dbi4 ,animal k+dom1 great divisions ( !1 #bbb4 ,animal life exi/+ 9 ! solitudes ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 #baj2 9 ! atmosph]e1 9 ! wat]s1 & ! e>?1 #baa-bad4 ,animalcules ( ! atmosph]e1 ! wat]1 & ! e>?1 #baa-bad4 ,animals :i* yield milk1 #aa1 #abe1 #abf2 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab1 #acc2 /ruggles & conflicts (1 #ag2 on ! hyb]nation (1 #bdb1 #bdc2 dome/ic1 inquiry respect+ ! orig9 (1 #eb2 nocturnal life (1 9 ! primeval =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aia et seq42 traits (1 #aih1 #aii2 v>i\s cries (1 #aii1 #bjj2 illu/rative notes1 #bjb4 ,antilles1 sea ( !1 #bc2 spr+s among ! isl&s ( !1 #aee1 #agd2 inhabit$ by ! ,spani% race1 #aia4 ,antisana1 m\nta9\s pla9 (1 #ag2 great elevation (1 #aci2 cav]n (1 its great elevation1 #bcg2 volcano (1 #cga4 ,anurahdepura1 ! sacr$ fig-tree (1 #bge4 ,ap>ecidas las isl&s s call$1 #bd4 ,apes1 ! =ebod]s ( ra91 #bj1 #ada2 nocturnal cry (1 #aii1 #bjc4 ,apos5tos de ,mulalo1 ( ! ,&es1 #cic1 #dbc4 ,apure1 ,riv]1 /eppes ( !1 #f2 obs]vations on1 #aid4 ----1 ,llanos de1 temp]ature (1 #acg4 ,aqu$ucts1 ( ! ,p]uvians1 #cih4 ,aragua1 valley (1 #bd4 ,arboresc5t vegetation1 #cbb4 ,ari/olo*ia1 imm5se blossoms ( !1 #bcj1 #cdh4 ,armadillo1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab4 ,arum cordifolium1 vital heat ( !1 #ccj4 ,arund9>ia1 #ahj4 ,asc>is1 #bac1 #bea4 ,asia1 ,c5tral1 conta9s ! l>ge/ /eppes 9 ! _w1 #c1 #d1 #id2 ! m\nta9 plateaux (1 #ec-fb2 table ( elevations1 #eh2 g5]al review ( ! m\nta9 *a9s (1 #fc-gc2 ! volcanos (1 di/ant f ! sea1 #fe2 vegetation ( ! /eppes (1 #ie4 ,a/r1 !1 #bec4 ,atabapo1 ! riv]1 #aei2 blackness ( its wat]1 #afj4 ,atahuallpa1 ! anci5t =tress & palace (1 #djh-daa2 8 captivity1 #daj1 #dbi2 hi/orical notices (1 #daa et seq42 dea? (1 & ! appe>ance ( a comet1 #dbi2 8 desc5dants at ,caxam>ca1 #aa1 #daa-dac4 ,at>uipe1 cave (1 ! tomb ( an ext9ct tribe1 #aga1 #ahh2 num]\s skeletons f\nd1 #aga1 #agb4 ,atlantic ,ocean1 nor!rn wat]s (1 agitat$ by a gyratory movem5t1 #abj-abb2 =m ( a longitud9al furr[$ valley1 #aed1 #agd2 calmness ( its surface 9 c]ta9 latitudes1 #aed1 #agd4 ,atlantic & ,pacific1 imm5se advantages to be d]iv$ f a communication1 #dcc4 ,atlantis1 ,isl& (1 #ee4 ,atlas1 ,m\nt1 cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 #i2 inhabitants to ! nor? (1 #ai2 ,great] & ,less]1 rem>ks on1 #hh1 #hi2 elevation (1 #hi2 on ! position ( ! ,atlas ( ! anci5ts1 #aaj-aac4 ,atmosph]e1 animalcules ( !1 #baa2 ! influ5ce ( its pressure on plants1 #bbb1 #bie1 #bif4 ,atolls 7coral-walls71 situation (1 #bed2 orig9 (1 #bei2 process ( =mation (1 #bfb4 ,atures1 cat>acts ( !1 #aec et seq42 g5]al acc\nt (1 #afb et seq4 ----1 ! brave ,indian tribe1 melan*oly leg5d (1 #agb2 v]ses on ! p>rot (1 #ahi4 ,au/ralia1 ,acacias1 ,myrtace1 & ,casu>91 ! pr9cipal vegetable =ms (1 #cac4 ,auv]gne1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,av>s1 e>ly migration ( !1 #e4 ,av5acec1 #abh4 ,axum1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,azteks1 ru9s ( ! =tress ( !1 #abg2 seat ( !1 #bjg2 relics ( civilization f\nd1 #bjg2 pyramidal build+s ( !1 #cih4 ,badg]1 hyb]nation ( !1 #bdd4 ,balboa1 ,vasco de1 8 adv5tur\s exp$ition ov] ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t1 #dah1 #dcb4 ,bal* ,pass1 elevation ( !1 #gi4 ,bambusace1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ornam5ts ( tropical climates1 #ccd1 #cce4 ,bananas1 #bba2 "o ( ! plants by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbd1 #bbg2 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ infancy ( civilization1 #cje4 ,bani/]ias1 #agc4 8,banks10 ( /eppes1 probably ! m>9e %oals ( ! primeval _w1 #a1 #bf2 ph5om5a (1 expla9$1 #bg2 compos$ ( floetz /rata1 #bh2 imm5se tracts (1 9 ! des]ts ( ,africa & ,asia1 #bh4 ,banyan-tree1 colossal size (1 #bge4 ,baobab1 colossal dim5sions ( !1 #bga1 #bgb4 ,b>aguan1 n>r[ pass (1 #afb4 ,b>jikang ,pass1 elevation & vegetation ( !1 #gh4 ,basalt1 =mation (1 #bah4 ,bats ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican /eppes1 #ae4 ,bav>ia1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh4 8,bay ( ,sadness10 #aee4 ,be>1 hyb]nation ( !1 #bbd4 ,bees1 discov]$ at ! summit ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #cc4 ,bef>ia1 ! purple-fl[]+1 #bc4 ,beke1 on ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 #aae1 #aaf4 ,b5gal1 bay (1 an arre/$ ef=t ( ,nature to =m an inl& sea1 #bed4 ,b]?olletia excelsa1 colossal size (1 #aeh1 #agi4 ,bignonia1 #agc4 ,b9imi1 fatal exp$ition to1 #ahh4 ,birds1 hyb]nation (1 #bdb2 ! ratio ( _! num]ical di/ribution1 #bhh4 ,bison1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #dj-db4 ,bixa ,orellana1 pigm5t (1 #aga4 ,black ,sea4 ,see ,eux9e4 ,boa-con/rictor ( ! ,or9oco1 #bj1 #adb2 p]iodic torpidity (1 #bdc4 ,bolivia1 geographical obs]vations on1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,bolson de ,massimi1 el1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,bombace1 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbd4 ,botany4 ,see ,plants & ,vegetation4 ,b\ga9villa1 new & beautiful species (1 #djj1 #dja4 ,brahm9s1 geographical notions ( !1 #fg4 ,branco ,riv]1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,bu5os ,ayres1 situation & temp]ature (1 #aji4 ,buffalo1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aa1 #abe1 #abf2 ( ! ,mississippi1 #dj-db4 ,butt]flies1 on ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc & on ! ,*imborazo1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,cacao1 ,montes de1 #aid-bjb4 ,cactus1 !1 #ae1 #ach2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbe2 indig5\s to ,am]ica1 #caj2 its natural hi/ory1 #caa1 #cab4 ,caladium1 belongs exclusively to tropical climates1 #cbi4 ,cali=nia1 m\nta9 coa/-range (1 #cf1 #cg2 volcanos /ill active 91 #cg2 its gold5 treasures1 & ! advantages ( ! discov]y1 #dcc4 ,cameji1 on ! ,or9oco1 #afc2 m\? ( !1 #aff4 ,camel1 8! %ip ( ! des]t10 #c1 #ea2 great utility ( !1 #ea2 natural hi/ory ( !1 #eb1 #ec4 ,camosi1 rock (1 #afe4 ,canada1 monum5t discov]$ 9 ! prairies (1 #hb4 ,caar1 =tress (1 #cid1 #dbd4 ,can>ies1 inhabit$ by ! ,spani% race1 #aia4 ,ca\ac1 ! food ( ! ,indians1 #ade4 ,cape ,nun1 situation (1 #ic4 ,cape ,t[n1 situation & temp]ature (1 #aci4 ,capyb>a1 ( ! ,or9oco1 #aih4 ,c>acas1 alp9e valleys ( #a1 #b1 #d2 ! va/ /eppes (1 #f2 littoral *a9 (1 #bb2 a m\nta9\s region1 #bc2 sug>-cane (1 #bf2 ,llanos (1 #bf1 #id2 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,c>guairazo1 volcano (1 fall+ 9 ( ! summit f an eruption1 & curi\s ph5om5on1 #cfg4 ,c>ibbean ,gulf1 #a4 ---- ,isl&s1 dis9tegration ( !1 #bc4 ,c>i*ana1 ,indian mission (1 #afa4 ,c>ol9ias1 #afj4 ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 g5]al features ( !1 #dj4 ,casas ,gr&as1 ru9s ( an ,aztek palace1 #abf4 ,cas*m]e1 valley (1 #fi4 ,cassiqui>e1 ! riv] (1 #aei1 #afj4 ,cactace1 #ach4 ,ca/ille1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,casu>9e1 #bba2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbf2 ! pr9cipal vegetable =m ( ,au/ralia1 #cac1 #cad2 physiognomy ( !1 #ccj4 ,cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 diss]tation on !1 #aci et seq42 illu/rative notes to1 #agd-aij4 ---- ( ,maypures & ,atures1 g5]al acc\nt (1 #afb et seq4 ,cattle ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aa1 #abe2 va/ quantities (1 9 ! ,pampas (1 #ad1 #acg4 ,caura1 s\rces ( !1 #afb4 ,causeways ( ! ,inca road ov] ! ,&es1 #cid1 #dbd4 ,caxam>ca 7! anci5t capital ( ! ,inca ,atahuallpa71 ,humboldt's j\rney ov] ! plateau or table-l& (1 #cij-dbj2 ! sc5e ( ! sangu9>y hi/ory ( ! ,spani% conque/1 #djc2 orig9ally call$ ,cassam>ca1 ! 8,city ( ,fro/10 #djg2 f]tile valley (1 #djg2 g5]al description (1 #djh2 anci5t =t & palace ( ,atahuallpa1 #djh-daa2 desc5dants ( ! ,inca resid5t at1 #daa-dae2 ,humboldt's dep>ture f1 #dae2 & arrival at ! ,pacific1 #dai2 illu/rative notes on1 #dba-dcf4 ,cayos ,flam5co1 ,bonito1 c4 coral isl&s (1 #beg4 ,celaya1 elevation ( !1 #bjh4 ,c5tral fire ( ! e>? connect$ ) volcanic eruptions1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cgb4 ,c]eals1 on ! culture (1 #abh1 #abi4 ,c]ro ,duida ,riv]1 #agh4 ,c]vus ,mexicanus1 #acc4 ,cesalp9e1 #bbj4 ,*agos ,bank1 =m$ ( coral1 #bed1 #bee4 ,*amaya1 ,rio de1 #cii1 #djj1 #dja2 fall ( its wat]s1 #djj1 #dbg4 ,*as>s1 e>ly migration ( !1 #e4 ,*]son1 situation & temp]ature (1 #ajd4 ,*iguires1 h]ds (1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab1 #ace4 ,*ihuahua1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,*imborazo1 elevation (1 #dc2 butt]flies & o!r w+$ insects f\nd on ! summit (1 #baj1 #bcb2 peculi> col\r ( ! wat] fl[+ f1 #afj2 elevation ( ! f\r peaks1 ,pom>ape1 ,gualateiri1 ,p>9acota1 & ,sahama1 #bjd2 ! v]tical height1 #bcd2 probable d]ivation ( ! "n1 #bcd2 def9$ z 8! sn[ ( ,*imbo10 #bce2 ! "n probably transmitt$ f a bygone age1 #bce4 ,*9*illa1 !1 #bcc4 ,*9*on1 ,c\ntess de1 biographical notices (1 #cij1 #dbb4 ,*9ese1 anci5t orographic k ( !1 #ef4 ,*oropampa1 pla9 (1 #djf4 ,*ota1 ru9s (1 #bjd2 silv] m9es (1 #djb1 #djc4 ,cid>is1 species (1 #djc4 ,c9*ona1 its fir/ discov]y & m$ical virtues1 #cij1 #dbb2 its habitat & natural hi/ory1 #cia4 ,c9*ona b>k hunt]s1 #bha4 ,civilization1 limits (1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ai1 #adj2 & rema9s (1 #bjg2 progressive /ages (1 #cih2 9 anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u1 #dbe4 ,climate1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #g2 g5]al disquisition on1 #ie et seq42 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ajj et seq42 =ms ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( nations1 #bai4 ,climb+ plants1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,coa/ ,reefs1 situation (1 #bec4 ,co*abamba1 ,cordill]as (1 #hd4 ,cocuyza1 el ,mogote de1 rock (1 #afa4 ,clebogyne1 g]m9ation ( !1 #bde4 ,colosso*elys1 #bbb4 ,columbia1 cat>acts & %ores ( !1 #cg4 ,columbus1 8 voyage ?r\gh ! fucus banks ( ! ocean1 #di1 #ej2 8 fir/ discov]y ( ! new cont95t1 #aef1 #age1 #dcb2 8 obs]vations on ! equ9octial curr5ts1 #age4 ,composit1 num]ical relations ( !1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhf2 num]\s species (1 #bia4 ,condor1 ! giant among vultures1 #baj1 #bcg2 v>i\s names ( !1 #bcg2 its native region1 #bcg2 imm5se altitude to :i* x so>s1 #bcg1 #bch2 its habits1 #bci2 mode ( capture1 #bci4 ,conif]1 #aid1 #bba2 on ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbg2 _! ext5sive geographical diffusion1 #cad1 #cbb1 #cbc1 et seq4 ,coral animals1 lab\rs ( !1 #bad4 ---- animalcules1 wond]ful =mation (1 #beb et seq42 dep? at :i* !y c exi/1 #bei4 ---- ,isl&s1 #beg4 ---- ,reefs1 natural hi/ory (1 #bec1 #beg et seq4 ,corals1 ! greate/ numb] 9 ! gean ,sea1 #bei2 v>i\s =ms (1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 #bee4 ,cordill]as1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 va/ ext5t (1 #db2 names ( ! highe/ po9ts1 #dc2 ( ,co*abamba1 #hd2 ( ,p]u1 #baj2 des]ts ( !1 #cic2 rema9s ( ! great road ( ! ,incas across !1 #cic4 ,cor5tyn ,riv]1 exploration ( !1 #aej4 ,cormola*e1 m\nta9 (1 #djd4 ,cosiquiria*i1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,cosmos1 quot$4 ,see ,humboldt4 ,creep+ ,plants1 #bbg1 #cca4 ,cresc5tia1 delicate blossoms f ! r\gh b>k1 #bcj1 #cdh4 ,crocodile1 ( ! ,or9oco1 #bj1 #adb1 #aih2 p]iodic torpidity (1 #bdc4 ,crotalus1 !1 #bea4 ,crucif]1 #ie1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,cryptogamia1 #bae2 wond]ful reg]m9ation ( !1 #bda2 num]ical di/ribution (1 #ccg4 ,cumadanim>i1 hills (1 #afd4 ,cumana1 exp$ition to1 #aha4 ,cunabami1 m\nta9 gr\p (1 #afb4 ,cupilif]1 _! geographical di/ribution1 #cbb4 ,curata1 ! ,indian "n ( ! colossal grass ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ahj4 ,cur>e1 an ,indian poison1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,curtius1 ,pr(essor1 8 v]ses on ! ,p>rot ( ! ,atures1 #ahi4 ,cuzco1 ! capital ( ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 #cie2 anci5t =tress (1 #cig1 #cih4 ,cya!a speciosa1 #cch4 ,cyclidi1 !1 #bac4 ,cynometia1 delicate blossoms spr+ f ! r\gh b>k1 #cdh4 ,cyp]ace 7,cypresses71 #id1 #ie1 #bca1 #bhd2 gigantic =ms (1 #cbf4 ,date ,palms1 geographical situation (1 #big1 #cjb4 ,dead1 ,indian me?od ( pres]v+ !1 #aga4 ,dead ,sea1 specim5s ( ! ,porites elongata f !1 #bfj4 ,delf & ,pott]y1 rema9s (1 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bjg4 ,des]ts1 g5]al view (1 #a et seq42 ( ,africa1 #b1 #c2 probable causes ( _! /]ility1 #aj2 ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 #aaj4 ,see ,/eppes4 ,dhawalagiri1 elevation ( !1 #fh1 #ga1 #bcf4 ,dicotyl$ons1 num]\s species (1 #bib4 ,diodorus1 8 traditions respect+ ! primeval =mation ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ( ,samo?race1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,dici\s ,plants1 fructification (1 #bdd1 #bdf4 ,djawahir1 elevation ( !1 #fi1 #ga4 ,djebel-al-,komr1 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 #i4 ,dogs1 wild1 h]ds (1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #he2 objects ( ,indian adoration1 #he2 natural hi/ory (1 #hf-hh4 ,dolph9s ( ! ,or9oco1 #aii1 #bjb4 ,dorado1 fabul\s1 #ahe1 #ahh4 8,dormid]as10 ! "n (1 appli$ to c]ta9 plants1 #id4 ,dorm\se1 hyb]nation ( !1 #bdc4 ,dragon ,tree1 colossal dim5sions ( !1 #bbj1 #bfh et seq42 its habitats1 #bfh2 its prodigi\s age1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,dragon's ,m\?1 at ! entrance ( ! ,or9oco1 #aee1 #age4 ,dr\ght ( ! ,/eppes1 #ad1 #ae2 effects ( ! *ange f1 #af1 #aci4 ,duida1 ! m\nta9 (1 describ$1 #aeh4 ,durango1 9 ,mexico1 elevation (1 #bfh4 ,e>?1 ! food ( ! ,otomaks & o!r ,indians1 #adb-adf2 on ! indurat+ & heat-emitt+ mass ( !1 #bah1 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,e>?quake1 subm]sion ( a =e/ by an1 #bh2 evid5ce ( subt]ranean fire communications1 #cfj2 ( #ahaa & #ahac1 :i* %ook ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 #bfj4 ,eels1 electric1 #ag2 mode ( captur+1 #ah2 exp]im5ts on1 #aac4 ,egypt1 once ov]fl[$ by ! sea1 #bfd2 left uncov]$ by ! retreat ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 #bfd4 ,el ,dorado1 ! fable (1 #aei4 ,elat] ,noctilucus1 phosphoresc5ce emitt$ f !1 #bej4 ,elb[ ,lake1 situation (1 #dj4 ,electric ,fi%es1 #bdh4 ,electricity1 op]ations & ext5t (1 #ai1 #adj4 ,elem5ts1 p]petual /ruggle ( !1 #chg4 ,elias1 ,m\nt1 an active volcano1 #cg4 ,elysian ,pla9s1 ( ! anci5ts1 #aaa4 ,enc>amada1 engrav+s on ! rock (1 #afd4 ,engrav+s on ! rocks ( c5tral ,am]ica1 #adg1 #adh2 on ! rocks ( ,uruana & ,enc>amada1 #afd4 ,eph$ra1 ! diff]5t species (1 #cbh4 ,epi*>mus1 ! philosoph] ( ,syracuse1 8 illu/rations ( vital =ce f ! pa9t+ ( ! 8,rhodian ,g5ius10 #chc-che4 ,equ9octial ,curr5t1 obs]vations on !1 #age4 ,erato/h5es1 geographical views (1 #fg4 ,ericace1 #cjh1 #caj2 ! vegetable cov]+ ( ! e>?'s surface1 #aaj1 #bbe4 ,see ,hea?s4 ,escalloni1 ( ! family ( ! ,eriace1 geographical di/ribution (1 #cdd4 ,esm]alda1 t[n (1 #agf1 #agi4 ,esquimaux4 ,see ,indians4 ,eugl5es1 !1 #bac4 ,euphorbiace1 #aig1 #bde1 #bhe4 ,eux9e1 primeval outbur/ ( ! wat]s (1 #bfb2 orig9ally an inl& lake1 #bfc2 =c$ ! passage ( ! ,d>danelles1 #bfc2 extract f ,/rabo1 record+ ! primeval convulsion ( its wat]s on ! au?ority ( ,/rato1 #bfc4 ,fan ,palms ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab1 #ac1 #ace1 #acf4 ,fair ,wea!r1 ,m\nt1 an active volcano1 #ch4 ,f]ns1 gr[? (1 9 diff]5t climates1 #ajh2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbi1 #ccg-cdj2 num]ical relation & geographical di/ribution (1 #bhj1 #ccg2 climatic relations "u :i* !y fl\ri%1 #cci1 #cdj4 ,fi%1 ! swimm+-bladd] (1 #bea4 ,flam+oes1 multitudes (1 #aig4 ,floetz1 /rata (1 #a4 ,flora ,japonica1 curi\s prop]ties ( !1 #cbj4 ,=e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ai1 #ih2 plants compos+ !1 #bhj4 ---- primeval1 on ! nocturnal life ( animals 9 !1 #aia et seq42 betwe5 ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 #aic2 def9ition & description (1 #aic2 ! ,spani% ^w ,monte appli$ bo? to a =e/ & a m\nta91 #aic2 betwe5 ! pla9s ( ,v5ezuela & ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 imm5se ext5t (1 #aid2 ( ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia1 #aid2 imp5etrability ( "s portions (1 #aie2 illu/rative notes1 #bjb4 ,=t ,george1 situation & temp]ature (1 #ajd4 ,fossils1 ,m>9e1 f\nd on ! ,&es1 #djc1 #dbh4 8,f\nta9 ( ,y\?10 fatal exp$ition to discov] !1 #ahh4 ,frmont1 ,capta91 geographical inve/igations (1 #bi1 #cb2 l(ty peak call$ aft] 8 "n1 #cb1 #cc4 ,fresnillo1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,frogs1 vitality (1 "u wat]1 #bdb4 ,fucus1 imm5se size ( ! m>9e ,macrocy/is pyrif]a1 #bgf2 banks ( ! ocean1 #dg-ej4 ,galapagos1 !1 #bef4 ,gall9azos1 diff]5t species (1 #bci2 appreciat$ = _! utility1 #bdj4 ,gallionell1 #bab4 ,gambia1 ! riv]1 #c4 ,gebette ,riv]1 #agi4 ,g5eva1 situation & temp]ature (1 #ajd4 ,geogno/ic 7or ,geological7 pr(iles1 #cc4 ,g]>d1 ,dr41 8 visit to ,%ahil ,pass1 #gf4 ,gila ,riv]1 delf & pott]y f\nd on ! banks (1 #bjg4 ,globe1 primeval1 di/ribution ( l& & wat] diff]5t f ! pres5t1 #afd4 ,glumace1 #ie2 num]ical relation ( !1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,gobi1 ,/eppe (1 #e1 #eh2 elevation (1 #ei4 ,gomphr5as1 #bad4 ,gonzales1 ,juan1 %ipwreck$1 #agb4 ,go?>d1 ,mont1 height (1 #ce4 ,gott5burg1 situation & temp]ature (1 #ajd4 ,gram9e1 #id1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,granite1 masses ( lead5-col\r$1 #ai1 #ada2 turn$ black by ! wat]s ( ! ,or9oco1 #afc1 #afd4 ,grasses ( ! ,/eppes1 #af2 f>9ace\s1 culture (1 #abh2 colossal /alks ( a species (1 #aeh1 #ahj2 arboresc5t1 #bba2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbh1 #ccd-ccg4 ,greeks1 ext5t ( _! m>itime discov]ies1 #aaa4 ,grossul>iace1 #caj4 ,guah>ibes1 wat]fall ( !1 #aeh4 ,guaicas1 tribe ( !1 #aeh4 ,gua9ia1 ! riv]1 #aei1 #afj4 ,gualgaya1 arg5tif]\s m\nta9 (1 #djd2 value ( silv] obta9$ f1 #dje4 ,guamani1 ,p>amo de1 #dag4 ,guanaco1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #abf4 ,guanaxuato1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,guancabamba1 ,rio de1 #cih2 ! swimm+ c\ri]s (1 #cii1 #djj4 ,guan*es1 race ( !1 #ea4 ,guangam>ca1 ,&es pass (1 #dag1 #dah4 ,gu>anes1 a tribe ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab1 #ac1 #acd1 #ace4 ,gu>eke ,indians1 savannahs inhabit$ by !1 #afc2 melan*oly leg5d ( !1 #agb2 _! ext9ction1 #agb2 skeletons & skulls (1 #agb4 ,guavi>e1 ! riv]1 #aei1 #afj4 ,guayaquil1 ,rio de1 peculi> blackness ( its wat]1 #afj4 ,guaycas1 ,indians1 #agh4 ,guiana1 ! granitic /ones (1 #aee2 imp5etrable =e/s (1 #afa2 me?od ( pres]v+ ! dead among ! tribes (1 #aga2 obs]vations on ! coa/ (1 #agf4 ,gu9ea1 negroes (1 eat e>?1 #ade4 ,guirion1 mission (1 #ahb4 ,gulf-/ream ( ,mexico1 #aba-abd4 ,gu/avia1 delicate blossoms spr+ f ! r\gh b>k1 #bcj1 #cdh4 ,gymnotus1 ! electric eel1 #ag2 mode ( captur+1 #ah2 exp]im5ts on1 #aci4 ,hami1 oasis (1 #fb4 ,hanno1 ,p]iplus (1 #aac4 ,h>uds*1 des]t ne> ! m\nta9s (1 #b2 basaltic m\nta9s (1 #dd2 geological features (1 #de4 ,heat1 physical causes = ! dim9ution ( 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #g2 g5]al disquisition on1 #if et seq42 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ajc et seq42 ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 #cgc1 #cgi4 ,hea?s1 ( nor!rn ,europe1 may be reg>d$ z /eppes1 #b4 ----1 7,ericace71 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbe2 ! habitats & natural hi/ory (1 #cjh1 #cji4 ,h$gehog1 hyb]nation ( !1 #bab4 8,hell's ,m\?10 ! :irlpool s call$1 #afb4 ,h]mesia ca/anifolia1 #aig1 #bjb4 ,h]odotus1 has describ$ ! des]ts ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 #i4 ,h]r]a1 8 obs]vations on ! voyage ( ,columbus1 #aef1 #age4 ,hesp]ides1 ( ! anci5ts1 #aaa4 ,hillh\se1 ,mr41 navigates ! ,mass>uni1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,himalaya1 e/imat$ height ( !1 #cb2 m\nta9 plateau ( !1 #ed2 ! m\nta9 *a9 (1 #fc1 #fh2 obs]vations ( v>i\s travell]s1 #gj2 g5]al elevation (1 #ga2 on ! p]petual sn[-l9e ( !1 #gd4 ,h9doo-,coo%1 situation ( !1 #fg4 ,hiongnu1 a tribe ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 #eb1 #hj1 #ha4 ,hob>t ,t[n1 situation & temp]ature (1 #aji4 ,hordace1 #abh4 ,horse1 ! con/ant att5dant ( man1 #ag2 ev]y:]e expos$ to attack1 #ag4 ,huancaya1 can9e wor%ip ( ! ,indians (1 #he4 ,huayna ,capac1 ( ! family ( ! ,incas1 #dab1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 8 j\rney ov] ! plateau or table-l& ( ,caxam>ca to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 #cij-dbj 7see ,caxam>ca72 illu/rative notes ( ! j\rney1 #dba-dcf4 ----1 works (1 ref]r$ to 9 v>i\s notes2-- ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #aeb1 #bgh4 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #bje1 #bee1 #beh1 #cbh4 ,asie ,c5trale1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 #fi1 #ga1 #gc1 #hi1 #ia1 #ig1 #ii1 #aac1 #bcd1 #bfj4 ,cosmos1 #da1 #di1 #ec1 #gc1 #aad1 #aah1 #abd1 #bfe1 #bgc1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cdf1 #chh1 #chi4 ,de ,di/ributione geographica plant>um1 #bgh1 #bif1 #cjd1 #cch1 #cdc4 ,essai ,politique sur la ,n\velle ,espagne1 #ca1 #cd1 #cg1 #dc1 #hh1 #bjf1 #beg1 #cje1 #cjf1 #dcj1 #dcd4 ,essai sur la ,gographie des ,plantes1 #hd1 #abi1 #acf1 #ach1 #bgg1 #bha1 #cje1 #cjf4 ,exam5 ,critique de l',hi/oire de la ,gographie1 #cb1 #dh1 #ej1 #hh1 #acd1 #bcf1 #bfe1 #bga1 #caf1 #cbb4 ,fragm5t d'un tableau gologique de l',amrique ,mridionale1 #bc4 ,lett] to ! ,editor ( ! ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #bdi4 ,mmoire sur les ,montagnes de l',inde1 #ec4 ,mmoire sur les ,lignes ,iso!rmes1 #hg4 ,n\velles ,annales des ,voyages1 #ahe4 ,recueil d',obs]vations ,a/ronomiques1 #bcd1 #bch1 #dbh4 ,recueil d',obs]vations de ,zoologie et d',anatomie ,comp>e1 #bd1 #aci1 #ada1 #bjc1 #bcg1 #bea4 ,relation ,hi/orique du ,voyage aux ,rgions qu9oxiales1 #bi1 #bi1 #df1 #dh1 #hb1 #he1 #acc1 #acd1 #acg1 #aci1 #ada1 #add1 #adg1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bdb1 #bej1 #bfi1 #cje1 #ccf1 #cch1 #dcb1 #dcd4 ,sur la ,fixation des limites des ,guyanes ,franaise et ,portuguaise1 #agh4 ,treatise on ! ,qu9a ,woods1 #dbc4 ,ub] die g]eizte ,muskel- und ,n]v5fas]1 #bie4 ,vues des ,cordillres et ,monum5s des ,peuples indignes de l',amrique1 #aca1 #bcf1 #bfi1 #dbd1 #dbe4 ,humm+-birds1 se5 at an elevation ( #ad1fjj feet1 #bcg4 ,huns1 e>ly migration ( !1 #e2 v>i\s races (1 #hj1 #ha4 ,hyb]nation ( animals1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,hydras1 !1 #beb4 ,hyla1 ( ! ,amazon1 #f4 ,hym5e1 #bbj4 ,hypsometric obs]vations on ! heights ( m\nta9s & _! peaks1 #bjd-bji4 ,illimani ,peaks1 situation & elevation (1 #bjd4 ,inca roads ( ,p]u1 rema9s (1 #cic-cig1 #dbd2 flights ( /eps1 #cie1 #dbd4 ,inca ,roca1 ,/ate policy (1 #dca4 ,incas ( ,p]u1 _! e>ly conque/ ( ,quito1 #bcf2 anci5t =t & palace ( !1 at ,caxam>ca1 #djh-daa2 desc5dants (1 #daa-dac2 treasures tak5 f _! temples by ! ,spani>ds1 #daj1 #dcj2 _! wor%ip ( ! ,sun1 #dcj1 #dca2 expect$ re/oration ( _! anci5t rule1 #dae1 #dcb4 ,see ,atahuallpa4 ,india1 m\nta9 plateaux (1 #ee4 ,indians1 driv5 on ! coa/ ( ,g]many1 #abd2 ( ! ,or9oco1 me?od ( pres]v+ _! dead1 #aga4 ,infusoria1 vital t5acity (1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd2 m>9e1 lum9osity ( !1 #bdg et seq4 ,insect life 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! ocean1 & ! e>?1 #baa-bad4 ,insects1 c>ri$ to an elevation ( #ai1jjj feet above ! pla9s1 #bcb1 #bcc4 8,inundation1 ! ,valley (10 #ahc4 ,ipomuc5a ,isl&s1 #ahg4 ,ipurucotos1 tribe ( !1 #ahb4 ,isl&s =m$ ( coral reefs1 #beg4 ,italian sc5]y1 #baf2 sky1 #bag4 ,jagua ,palm1 beauties ( ! #cib4 ,jagu>1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab2 traits ( !1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig4 ,ja9ti-dhra1 elevation ( !1 #hj4 ,jao1 s\rces ( !1 #afb2 m\? (1 #afd4 ,japan1 hi/ory ( ! peopl+ (1 #ab1 #aca2 ! "* ( its vegetation diff]5t f t ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 #cbj4 ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 at ,p>is1 ri* collections ( !1 #bhg1 #bhh4 ,j>d9es del ,rey1 #beg4 ,j>ures1 race ( !1 #bj4 ,juncace1 #ie1 #bhe4 ,kalmuck-,kirghis tribes1 ext5sive /eppes occupi$ by1 #c4 ,ka%mir1 valley (1 its elevation1 #ei4 ,keel+-,atoll1 a coral lagoon1 #bee4 ,k]i1 rocks (1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe4 ,k9*9j+a1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,himalaya1 #fh4 ,ku5-ln1 ! m\nta9 plateau (1 #ec2 ! m\nta9 *a9 (1 #fc1 #ff1 #fg4 ,kyllyngi1 ! /eppes cov]$ )1 #af4 ,kyung> ,pass1 elevation & vegetation (1 #gi4 ,labiat1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,lagoon ,isl&s1 #bed2 hypo!sis respect+1 #bfa4 ,lagos1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,lake ,i/aca1 s\rces & elevation (1 #dj4 ---- ,sup]ior1 its elevation1 #ci4 ,lakhur ,pass1 asc5t to !1 #hj4 ,lama1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #abf4 ,l&scape-pa9t]s1 lead+ =ms ( vegetation1 in/ructions to1 #cdf4 ---- pa9t+1 on ! beauties (1 z d]iv$ f ! vegetable k+dom1 #cdf1 #cdg4 ,languages1 v>iety (1 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican wilds1 #bj2 *anges 9 ! t]ms (1 #aia2 9 language tru? to nature %\ld be ! *ief object1 #aib4 ,lat5t life1 disquisition on1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,lecide1 #aj1 #abe4 ,legum9os1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,lemaur1 ,don ,f41 8 trigonometrical survey ( ! ,bahia de ,xagua1 #agd4 ,lepidosir51 p]iodic torpidity (1 #bdc4 ,lepr>i1 !1 #bad4 ,leucopria1 #bac2 modulata1 #bea4 ,lianes1 or creep+ plants1 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbg1 #cca4 ,li*5s1 #aj1 #abe4 ,liliace1 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is *iefly det]m9$1 #bbi1 #cda4 ,lima1 obs]vations = det]m9+ ! longitude (1 #dbj1 #dce1 #dcf4 ,lim&e1 ( ! ,or9oco1 #bjc4 ,lions1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab2 nocturnal ro> (1 #aii2 n to be f\nd 9 ! ,sah>a1 #ij4 ,li?od5dra1 !1 #bec4 ,li?ophytes1 !1 #bad1 #bea et seq4 ,llanos ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #b2 ! great pla9s ( !1 #g2 ext5t (1 #h2 adapt$ = bre$+ cattle1 #aj2 h become habitable to man1 #ac1 #ad2 ext5sion (1 #bb2 ( ,c>acas1 #bf1 #bg1 #id2 elevation (1 #bg2 ( ,b>celona1 #bh2 effect (1 on ! m9d1 #bh2 g5]al obs]vations on1 #bi2 ( ! valley ( ! ,amazon1 #hc2 situat$ 9 ! torrid zone1 #hh2 de ,apure1 temp]ature (1 #acg2 ext5sively ov]fl[$ by ! ,or9oco1 #ahe4 ,lffl+'s exp$ition to ,cumana1 #aha4 ,london's ,arboretum1 c41 quot$1 #bgc4 ,loxa1 t[n (1 #cij4 ,lum9osity ( sea-wat]1 #bdf2 attribut$ to ,mollusca1 #bdg et seq4 ,lupata1 ,cordill]as (1 cov]$ ) et]nal sn[1 #i2 m\nta9 range (1 #abj4 ,lyctonia1 anci5t l& (1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,macos1 race ( !1 #bj4 ,macrocy/is pyrif]a1 a species ( m>9e fucus1 colossal size (1 #bgf4 ,macusi ,indians1 religi\s traditions ( !1 #adg4 ,madagasc> ,riv]1 h$gehogs & tortoises (1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,madrepores1 !1 #bec4 ,magdal5a ,riv]1 call$ 8,! ,great ,wat]10 by ! natives1 #aee2 valley (1 #daf4 ,magellan1 /raits (1 ! temp]ature (1 #ajg4 ,magnetic ne$le1 physical effects ( ! sudd5 v>iations ( !1 #bdi4 ,mahu ,riv]1 description ( !1 #ahf4 ,majonkong ,indians1 m\nta9\s c\ntry ( !1 #agf1 #ahj4 ,malvace 7,mall[s71 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbd2 its v>i\s families1 #cje1 #cjf2 on ! natural hi/ory ( !1 #cjf4 ,mammalia1 ! ratio ( _! num]ical di/ribution1 #bhg1 #bhh4 ,man1 v>i\s races (1 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican wilds1 #bj1 #adb2 8 f]ocity 9 a savage /ate1 #bj1 #aea2 discordant elem5ts (1 ev5 9 civiliz$ life1 #ba2 ev]y:]e is man oppos$ to man1 #ba2 ! monum5ts ( 8 creative g5ius pass away1 :ile ! life-spr+s ( ,nature rema9 et]nal1 #agc4 ,manco ,capac1 8 my/]i\s appe>ance 9 ,p]u1 #cig4 ,manimi1 p]il\s cat>act l$ges (1 #aff4 ,mapires1 ! c(f9s ( ! ,indians1 #aga4 ,maps1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aha4 ,maquit>es1 race ( !1 #bj4 ,m> de ,s>gasso1 geographical situation (1 #dh4 ,m>aon1 valley (1 #djb4 ,m>avaca1 m\nta9 (1 #agi4 ,m>mot1 !1 #bcc4 ,mass>uni ,riv]1 navigat$1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,ma/odons1 elephant9e1 #bbb4 ,matt]1 vital =ce (1 aff9itive & repulsive1 #chc2 v>i\s comb9ations (1 #chd1 #che4 ,mauritia-palms ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab2 useful & nutriti\s prop]ties (1 #ac1 #ace1 #acf4 ,maypures1 cat>acts (1 #aec et seq42 g5]al acc\nt ( ! wat]falls (1 #afb1 et seq42 mission>y village (1 #afc2 ,p>rot (1 #agb4 ,m$it]ranean1 great cata/rophe by :i* x 0 =m$1 #baf1 #bfb-bfe2 ,/rato's acc\nt (1 #bfc4 ----1 ?ree p59sulas ( !1 ,ib]ian1 ,italian1 & ,hell5ic1 #bfe4 ,m$usa hysocella1 electric light /ruck f !1 #bdi4 ,mehemet ,ali1 8 explor+ exp$itions to ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 #aag4 ,mela/omace1 #afj2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbi1 #cdf4 ,melocactuses1 !1 #ae1 #ach1 #bbf2 vegetable spr+s1 #cab4 ,meta1 :irlpool & rock at ! entrance ( !1 #afa4 ,mexican ,gulf1 rotatory /ream ( !1 #aba-abd2 coral isl&s 9 !1 #bef4 ,mexico1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh2 elevation (1 9 ! equ9octial zone1 #bjh2 g5]al elevation (1 #bji2 ! ,conif] & oaks (1 #cae et seq4 ,microscope1 wond]ful discov]ies ( !1 #baa4 ,migrations1 ?r\gh nor!rn ,asia to ! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 #aa1 #aca4 ,mimosas1 ! /eppes ( ,s\? ,am]ica cov]$ )1 #af1 #baf2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbd2 ! habitat & natural hi/ory (1 #cjg1 #cjh4 ,mirage1 deceptive appe>ances ( !1 #ac1 #acg4 ,mississippi1 its s\rces & elevation1 #ci2 ! =e/1 prairies (1 #dj2 temp]ature ( ! valley ( !1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,miss\ri1 deposits ( !1 #ch4 ,mris1 ,lake1 probably once connect$ ) ! sea1 #bdd4 ,mollusca1 m>9e lum9osity ( !1 #bdf1 #bdg et seq4 ,monad1 "q respect+ !1 #bda4 ,mongolian ,/eppe1 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 #d1 #ai ,monkeys ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 cries (1 #aii1 #bjc4 ,monocotyl$ons1 num]\s species (1 #bab4 ,moon1 natural repres5tations (1 #afe4 ----1 ,m\nta9s ( !1 #i2 disquisition on1 #aad1 #aae4 ,mont ,blanc1 #baj4 ,monte1 ! t]m1 9 ,spani%1 appli$ bo? to m\nta9 & =e/1 #aid4 ,monte ,video1 situation & temp]ature (1 #ajd4 ---- ,nuovo1 9 ! ,peloponnesus1 #cef4 ,m\flon1 ! long-horn$1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aa4 ,m\nta9s1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 sy/em (1 #cj1 #ca2 plan = measur+ ! heights (1 #cc2 va/ range 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ce-ch2 ! ,cordill]as ! longe/ *a9 9 ! _w1 #db1 #dc2 plateaux ( ,asia1 #ec-fb2 table ( elevations1 #fh2 g5]al view ( ! great m\nta9 *a9s ( ,asia1 #fc-gc2 on ! sn[-l9es (1 #gc et seq42 masses (1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #hd2 num]\s t]ms =1 9 ! ,ca/ilian dialects1 #aia1 #bjb2 ! names (1 d]iv$ f ! mo/ anci5t relics ( languages1 #bcf2 transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e (1 #bch2 process ( _! =mation1 #bfb4 ,mule1 in/9ctive cunn+ ( !1 = allay+ 8 ?ir/1 #ae4 ,musk ,ox1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aa1 #abe2 ( ! ,mississippi1 #dj4 ,muyscas1 ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,new ,granada1 #dbe2 civilization (1 #dbf4 ,mylodon robu/us1 #bbb4 ,myrtace 7,myrtles71 #agi1 #bhj2 ( ,au/ralia1 #cab2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbi1 #cdc-cde4 ,mysore1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,naiads1 !1 #bac4 ,nations1 *>act]i/ics (1 =m$ by climate1 #bai4 ,natron ,lakes1 ( ,egypt1 #dd4 ,nature1 ! /udy (1 conducive to intellectual repose1 #ba2 h] p[]ful influ5ce 9 ! regions ( ! tropics1 #aed1 #bae2 ! life-spr+s (1 ev] prolific & et]nal1 #agc2 ! _m voices (1 reveal$ 9 animal exi/5ce1 #bjj-bja2 p]iodic /agnation ( #bae2 great convulsion (1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 #baf1 #bfb-bfe2 g5]al physiognomy (1 #bah1 #bai2 pr9cipally det]m9$ by sixte5 =ms ( plants1 #bba2 vital =ce (1 illu/rat$ by ,epi*>mus1 #chc-che4 ,negroes1 v>i\s hordes (1 9 ,africa1 #ai4 ,nemt]equeteba1 ! anci5t ,p]uvian 8mess5g] ( ,god10 #cig1 #dbe1 #dbf4 ,nevado de ,sorata1 imm5se elevation (1 #dc4 ---- de ,illimani1 elevation (1 #dc4 ---- situation & elevation ( peaks1 #bjd4 ,new ,granada1 ! anci5t seat ( civilization1 #dbe1 #dbf2 ! native l& ( ! potato1 #dbf1 #dbg4 ,niag>a1 orig9 ( ! falls (1 #afe4 ,nile1 on ! s\rces ( !1 #aae-abi2 w9d+s (1 9 ,abyss9ia1 #aeg4 ,noon-day1 ! /illness ( 9 ! tropics1 contra/$ ) ! night1 #bjj2 all l>g] animals !n take refuge 9 ! =e/1 #bja4 ,oaks1 cov] ! m\nta9 pla9s ( ! equator 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bca2 imm5se size & age ( an oak 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,*>5te1 #bge2 elevat$ situation (1 gr[+ 9 ,mexico1 #ace4 ,oases1 ( ! ,african des]t1 #b1 #c2 numb] (1 9 ,egypt1 #dd2 ! "n (1 ,egyptian1 #de4 ,ocean1 vegetation ( !1 #dh1 #di2 phosphoresc5ce ( !1 #bab1 #bde4 ,ocell91 !1 #bec4 ,oco1 rock (1 #afc4 ,opuntiace1 #caj4 ,orange ,riv]1 its elevation1 #eh4 ---- trees1 numb] & magnitude (1 9 ! ,hu]tas de ,puc>a1 #djj4 ,or*ide1 natural hi/ory ( !1 #cab1 #cac2 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,oregon1 t]ritory (1 #ce2 temp]ature (1 #ajd4 ,or9oco1 ! wild luxuriance ( its regions1 #ai2 rock engrav+s on ! banks (1 #hb2 ! great /eppe ext5d+ f ! m\? ( !1 #ha2 acc\nts ( ! cat>acts (1 #aec et seq42 ! "n unkn[n 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 #aee2 simply call$ 8! riv]10 #aee2 curr5t produc$ by !1 #aee2 ! mighty wat]s ( p\r$ into ! ,atlantic1 #aef2 g5]al description (1 #aeg et seq42 its g5]al c\rse & rem>kable w9d+s1 #aei2 picturesque rocky vales (1 #afa2 its c\rse along ! *a9 ( ! ,p>ime1 #afa1 #afb2 sep>ates ! =e/ ( ,guiana f ! ext5sive savannahs1 #afb2 dang] to boatm5 f float+ =e/ trees1 #afb2 possesses ! s+ul> prop]ty ( col\r+ black ! r$di% masses ( granite1 #afc1 #afd2 on ! s\rces ( !1 #aeh1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #ahj2 ! anci5t wat] level consid]ably depress$1 #afd2 illu/rative notes1 #agd-aij2 passes ?r\gh ! m\nta9s ( ! ,p>ime1 #bjj4 ,orotava1 colossal dragon-tree (1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,orphic ,argonaut1 my?ical n>rations (1 #bfe4 ,otaheiti1 sug> cane (1 #be4 ,otomacs1 or ,ottomaks1 a tribe ( ,indians :o eat e>?1 liz>ds1 c41 #bj1 #adb1 #adc2 obs]vations on1 #add1 #ade2 ! poison cur>e us$ by1 #aea4 ,ox1 ! con/ant att5dant ( man1 #ag2 ev]y:]e expos$ to attack1 #ag4 ,pac>aima ,m\nta9s1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ----1 latitude (1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,pa*yd]mata1 #bbb4 ,pacific ,ocean1 fir/ view (1 f ! ,guangam>ca ( ! ,&es1 #dai2 imm5se advantages to be d]iv$ f a direct communication ) ! ,atlantic1 #dcc4 ,paco1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #abf4 ,padano ,riv]1 #agf1 #agi4 ,padurello1 #bab4 ,palms ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab1 #ac1 #ace1 #acf1 #bih2 ! ,piriguao1 "o ( ! noble/ =ms ( !1 #afa1 #ahe2 ! family (1 #bba2 ! mo/ /ately ( all vegetable =ms1 by :i* ! aspect ( nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbc2 on ! habitat & natural hi/ory (1 #big-cjd2 =m & col\r ( ! fruit1 #cjc4 ,pampa de ,nav>1 #djf4 ,pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #b2 g5]al obs]vation on1 #bi4 ,panama1 ,i/hmus (1 v>i\s measurem5ts (1 #dcd1 #dce4 ,p>agua1 a g5]al "n = wat] or sea1 #aic4 ,p>aguamusi ,riv]1 #ahc4 ,p>amo de la ,suma ,paz1 ! m\nta9 gr\p ( ! ,c>acas1 its elevation1 vegetation1 c41 #d1 #hd2 ! highe/ ,alp9e regions1 #hc1 #id2 ( ! ,&es1 9 ,p]u1 elevation & description (1 #cib1 #djg4 ,p>amu ,riv]1 #agf4 ,p>asitic v]mes1 #bea4 ,p>ime1 m\nta9 *a9 ( !1 #afa1 #afb1 #bjj2 ! t]ra incognita ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #agh2 ! lake (1 alleg$ to be ! s\rce ( ! ,or9oco1 #aha1 ,zabulon1 #ahg2 a g5]al "n = wat] or sea1 #ahc2 ! great ,m> de la1 prov$ to be ! ,lake ,amucu1 #ahh4 ,p>opanisus1 ! sn[-cr[n$ summits ( #aee1 #age4 ,p>ras1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,paspalum1 ! /eppes cov]$ )1 #af4 ,passo del ,norte1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,pa/os1 ,prov9ce de los1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,pecc>y1 tracts ( !1 #aig4 ,p5ta/oma1 #bac2 a division ( ! p>asitic v]mes1 #bea4 ,p]u1 rema9s ( ! great road =m$ by ! ,incas1 #cic-cig4 ,p]iplus ( ,scylax1 #df4 ,p]u1 ,piz>ro's invasion (1 #cie1 #cig2 hi/orical notions (1 #cig2 treasures tak5 f ! temples (1 by ! ,spani>ds1 #daj1 #dcj2 anci5t wor%ip ( ! sun1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,petrifactions1 wond]ful ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! /udy (1 #cgc4 ,phan]ogamic plants1 #bbj1 #bcc1 #bgf2 imm5se v>iety (1 #bgf-bgh2 num]ical relations ( #bgi et seq4 ,philipp9es1 inhabit$ by ! ,spani% race1 #aia4 ,phnicians1 ext5t ( _! discov]ies1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! ocean1 #bab1 #bde4 ,photo*>is1 lum9osity ( !1 #bdg4 ,phyllodia1 #cde4 ,phyto-corals1 #beb1 #bec4 ,p9duri1 p]petual sn[-l9e ( !1 #gg4 ,p9e =e/ at ,*ilpanz+o1 #cbh1 #cbi2 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aid1 #bca2 elevat$ situation ( "s gr[+ 9 ,mexico1 #cae2 v>i\s species (1 9 ,europe1 #cah2 _! geographical di/ribution1 #cba2 gigantic =ms (1 #cbc-cbe4 ,p9nate leaves1 physiognomy (1 #ceb4 ,piragua1 m\? ( !1 #aff4 ,pir>a ,riv]1 c\rse ( !1 #ahf4 ,pirig>a1 s+ul> prop]ties ( !1 #cdh4 ,piriguao1 "o ( ! noble/ species ( palm-trees1 #afa1 #ahe4 ,piz>ro's invasion ( ,p]u1 #cie1 #cig4 ,pla9s1 des]t1 ( ,africa1 #b2 va/ ext5t (1 #c2 ( ,asia1 #d4 ,pla9s4 ,see ,/eppes1 ,llanos1 c4 ,planta9s1 "o ( ! plants by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbd1 #bbg2 imm5se "o 9 ,lycia1 #bgb4 ,plants1 v>i\s species (1 9 ! great ,asiatic ,/eppes1 #d2 diff]5t *>act]i/ics (1 9 ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aj2 on ! cultivation (1 9 elevat$ plateaux1 #fb2 9 ! ,llanos ( ! ,c>acas1 #id2 ! f>9ace\s grasses1 #abh2 ideas on ! physiognomy (1 #baj-bca2 illu/rative notes1 #bcb-ceb2 univ]sality ( _! exi/5ce1 #bad2 causes ( ! abs5ce (1 ov] l>ge tracts ( l&1 #baf1 #bag2 sixte5 =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bba-bbi et passim2 ,palms1 #bbc2 ,planta9s1 or ,bananas1 ,malvace & ,bombace1 #bbd2 ,mimosas1 ,hea?s1 #bbe2 ,cactuses1 ,or*ide1 ,casu>9e1 #bbf2 ,conif]1 ,po?os1 ,lianes1 #bbg2 ,aloes1 ,grasses1 #bbh2 ,f]ns1 ,liliace1 ,will[s1 ,myrtace1 ,mela/omace1 & ,laur9e1 #bbi2 on ! num]\s species ( ,phan]ogamia1 & _! ext5sive geographical di/ribution1 #bgf-bid2 illu/rative notes on ! v>i\s =ms ( plants :i* pr9cipally det]m9e ! aspect ( ,nature1 #bif-cdf et passim2 z yet imp]fectly explor$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bib-bid2 gigantic p9es & cypresses1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbf2 beauties ( ! aspect (1 #cdf1 #cdi2 g5]al view ( ! physiognomy (1 #cdi-ceb2 on ! simil>ity ( vegetative =ms1 #cea4 ,9 addition to ! plants above enum]at$1 ! foll[+ :i* occur passim1 are ref]r$ to "u _! respective alphabetical entries3-- ,acaci1 ,ald]s1 ,am5tace1 ,amygdale1 ,ari/olo*ias1 ,arund>ia1 ,bambusace1 ,banyans ,bignonias1 ,c>ol9as1 ,caladiums1 ,csalp9a1 ,composit1 ,cresc5tia1 ,crucif]1 ,cryptogamia1 ,cupulif]1 ,cu/ace1 ,cyace1 ,cynometia1 ,cyp]ace1 ,dici1 ,dicotyl$ons1 ,ephidi1 ,ericace1 ,escallone1 ,euphorbiace1 ,fucus1 ,glumace1 ,gu/avia1 ,hym5e1 ,juncace1 ,labiat1 ,legum9os1 ,mela/omas1 ,melocactus1 ,monocotyl$ons1 ,oaks1 ,opuntiace1 ,phyllodia1 ,p9if]1 ,polypodiace1 ,portulace1 ,rosace1 ,rubrace1 ,saxifrage1 ,synan!re1 ,t]eb9?ace1 ,!obroma1 ,tiliace1 ,umbellif]1 ,urtice1 ,yews1 c4 ,plata1 ,/eppes (1 #f4 ,plateaux1 m\nta91 ( ,mexico1 g5]al elevation (1 #bji2 ( ,caxam>ca1 ,humboldt's j\rney ov] !1 #cij-dbj2 ( ,asia1 #ec-fb2 table ( elevations1 #eh4 ,pleuronectes1 a species ( sea-fi%1 #bfj4 ,pl9y's acc\nt ( ! eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 #cfi1 #cgj4 ,podoc>pus taxifolia1 its geographical di/ribution1 #cbb4 ,poison1 us$ by ! ,otomaks1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,polyga/rica1 #bab4 ,polypodiace1 family ( !1 #cch4 ,polyps1 natural hi/ory ( !1 #bec4 ,pompeii buri$ by an eruption ( ,vesuvius1 #cfi4 ,pongo ,riv]1 #dja1 #djb4 ,pontus4 ,see ,eux9e4 ,popayan1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,popocatepetl1 volcano (1 #fe4 ,porites elongata1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,porli]ia hygrometrica1 #dja4 ,port ,fam9e1 situation & temp]ature (1 #aji4 ,portulacas1 #bad4 ,potato plant1 ! native produce ( ,new ,granada1 #dbf1 #dbg4 ,po?os1 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbg1 #cbi2 belongs exclusively to tropical climates1 #cbi4 ,prairies on ! ,miss\ri1 #b4 ,primeval ,=e/4 ,see ,=e/4 ,pumac5a1 ! isl& (1 #aei4 ,pumice1 volcanic orig9 (1 #cfi4 ,purim>imi1 p]il\s cat>act l$ge (1 #aff4 ,quad-,dra1 ! riv]1 its c\rse ?r\gh ! ,sah>a1 #ib4 ,quadrup$s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab1 #acc2 ( ! ,mississippi1 #dj4 ,qu]et>o1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,qu9a ,b>k & ,tree1 notices (1 #dbc4 ,quito1 plateau (1 its elevation1 #eh2 ! fir/ conque/ (1 by ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 #bcf2 ! table-l& (1 "o volcanic he>?1 #cfj2 "o ( ! capitals ( ! ,incas1 #cif4 ,rafflesia1 imm5se fl[]s ( !1 #bca4 ,ra91 g5]al effects (1 aft] dr\ght 9 ! ,/eppes1 #af1 #ach4 ,rattlesnake1 v]mes :i* inhabit ! lungs ( !1 #bea4 ,raudal1 ! cat>act (1 #afe2 dang]\s navigation (1 #aff4 ,r$ ,sea1 coral reefs 9 !1 #bee4 ,re9aud1 ,m41 on ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 #aae4 ,remora1 ! suck+ fi%1 an ag5t = cat*+ turtle1 #beg1 #beh4 8,rhodian ,g5ius10 diss]tation on ! my/]i\s pa9t+ s call$1 #chj-che2 ! pr9ciples ( vital =ce illu/rat$ f1 by ,epi*>mus1 #chc2 illu/rative note1 #chf-chi4 ,rhopala f]rug9ea1 #dja4 ,rio de la ,plata1 its magnitude1 #aef4 ,riv]s1 effects (1 ov]fl[+ _! banks1 #ag2 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aef2 ( ! ,c>acas1 ! peculi> blackness ( ! wat]1 #afj2 a g5]ic "n =1 usually adopt$ by ^? inhabit+ _! banks1 #ahc2 ! only means ( trav]s+ ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aie2 ! names (1 d]iv$ f ! mo/ anci5t relics ( languages1 #bcf4 ,roads1 rema9s ( ! great road ( ! ,incas1 #cic-cig4 ,rocca del ,palo1 ! highe/ nor!rn m>g9 ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius1 #cgf4 8,rock ( ,pati5ce10 at ! entrance ( ! ,riv] ,meta1 #afa4 ,rocks ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 images grav5 91 #bj1 #adg1 #adh4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 e/imat$ height (1 #cb2 ext5t (1 #ce2 obs]vations on !1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,rome1 temp]ature (1 #ajh4 ,rose ,tree1 great size & longevity ( "o 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,hilde%eim1 #bge1 #bgf4 ,rosace1 gr[+ 9 ! ,asiatic ,/eppes1 #d1 #ie2 ratio ( _! di/ribution1 #cba4 ,rotation ,/ream ( ! ,atlantic1 #abj-abb4 ,rotif]a1 wond]ful revivification ( !1 #baa1 #bdj1 et seq4 ,rubiace1 #bhj1 #bhe4 ,rupunuri1 ,lake (1 #ahg4 ,sabr9a1 sudd5 appe>ance (1 attribut$ to volcanic subt]ranean fire1 #cfj4 ,sacram5to ,riv] 9 ,cali=nia1 #bjg4 ,sahama1 elevation ( !1 #bje4 ,sah>a1 ! great des]t (1 two races ( m5 sep>at$ by !1 #ai1 #adj2 disquisition on1 #hi-ic2 trav]ses ,africa l a dri$-up arm ( ! sea1 #aaj4 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,m\nt1 height (1 #ce4 ,salamanca1 9 ,mexico1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,salt ,lake1 ,great1 #bjf4 ,saltillo1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,sam>ang1 edible clay (1 #adf4 ,samo?race1 traditions (1 #baf1 #bfb1 #bfe2 aborig9es (1 #bfb2 position (1 #bfb4 ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo1 #afa4 ,san ,juan del ,rio1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,san>iapo1 on ! ,or9oco1 #afc4 ,s&-m>t91 hyb]nation ( !1 #bdb4 ,s&-sp\ts1 fury (1 :5 pass+ ov] ! /eppes1 #ad1 #acg1 #bff4 ,santa ,b>b>a de ,ari*una1 mission (1 #aih4 ,santa ,f del ,nueva ,mexico1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,sapaj\s1 nocturnal cry ( !1 #aii4 ,s>coramphus ,papa1 !1 #bdj4 ,saussure1 gr[+ on ! ,asiatic /eppes1 #d4 ,savannahs ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ih2 on ! bord]s ( ! ,or9oco1 #afb2 inhabit$ by ! ,gu>eke ,indians1 #afc2 ov]fl[$ 9 ,april1 #ahg4 ,saxifrage1 #bcc4 ,s*omburgk1 ,sir ,r41 8 antiqu>ian rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #adg-aea2 8 obs]vations on ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco1 #agf2 8 j\rney across ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #agg2 8 acc\nt ( ! ,lake ( ,amucu1 #ahf4 ,sculptur$ rocks1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #adg-aea4 ,sea1 on ! uni=mity ( its level1 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,sea-coa/s1 l5g? ( "t be=e vegetation appe>s on !1 #aj4 ,sea-wat]1 on ! phosphoresc5ce (1 #bde2 attribut$ to lum9\s mollusca1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,sea-we$s1 ph5om5on ( _! accumulation on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 #ef2 ( ! ocean1 #dg-ej4 ,se$s1 transf]r$ to b>r5 rocks1 #bad4 ,s5egal1 inhabitants to ! s\? (1 #ai4 ,s]p5ts1 p]iodic torpidity (1 #bdc4 ,%tl ,pass1 elevation (1 #gf4 ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia1 obs]vations on !1 #bje1 #bjf2 situation (1 #bjg4 ,si]ra ,p>ime1 m\nta9-*a9 ( !1 #bb4 ,silao1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,silla1 asc5t to ! summit ( !1 #bcb4 ,silv]1 value (1 obta9$ f ! m9es ( ,gualgayoc & o!r ,p]uvian m\nta9s1 #dje4 ,simplon1 ,m\nt1 height (1 #ce4 ,sipapo1 on ! ,or9oco1 #afc4 ,sisgun1 elevation ( ! pla9 (1 #bcd4 ,sitka1 situation & temp]ature (1 #ajd4 ,siwah1 oasis (1 #dd4 ,sn[1 m\nta9s et]nally cov]$ )1 #i4 ,sn[-l9e ( m\nta9s1 #gc et seq42 ( ! ,himalaya1 #bcf4 ,solano1 ,don ,jos1 docum5ts (1 #aha4 ,spani% race1 inhabitants ( p>ts ( ! ,&es1 ! ,can>ies1 ! ,antilles1 & ! ,philipp9es1 #aib4 ,spr+s f ! b$ ( ! ocean1 #aee1 #agd2 :i* rise f diff]5t dep?s1 dep5d5t on int]nal heat1 #cgc-cgi4 ,/ag1 a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #acc4 ,/>s1 glori\s spectacle ( !1 at ! ,equator1 #bca1 #cdi4 ,/eppes & ,des]ts1 g5]al view (1 #a-ba2 9 ! ,c>acas1 #a2 /]ility & monotony (1 #b2 ! hea?s ( nor!rn ,europe may be reg>d$ z su*1 #b2 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 #c1 #i2 9 c5tral ,asia ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 #c2 cov]$ ) v>i\s plants & h]bs1 #d2 h ret>d$ civilization1 #e2 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #f et seq42 ( ,africa1 causes ( _! /]ility1 #aj2 t[ns sprung up on ! riv]s (1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ad1 #acg2 fury ( ! :irlw9ds pass+ ov] !1 #ad2 dr\ght ( !1 & mirage1 #ae2 g5ial effects ( ra9 aft] dr\ght1 #af1 #ach2 l a va/ inl& sea1 #ag1 #aci2 ! view ( ! regions by :i* !y are b\nd$ 9 ,africa & ,am]ica1 #ai1 #adj2 illu/rative notes to ! article on1 #bb-abe2 tracts (1 cov]$ ) nak$ rock1 #bh2 ( nor!rn ,asia1 #eg2 ext5d+ f ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco1 #hc2 ( ,c5tral ,africa1 #id1 #ie2 vegetation (1 #ie2 ! diff]5t features (1 9 ,africa & ,asia1 #aec2 v>i\s t]ms = express+ 9 ! ,arabic & ,p]sian languages1 #aia1 #bjb2 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 may be reg>d$ z m]e local ph5om5a1 #baf4 ,/ra*ey1 ,lieut41 8 obs]vations on ! sn[-l9e ( ! ,himalaya1 #gd4 ,/rato1 8 /atem5t respect+ ! primeval convulsion ( ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,eux9e1 #afc4 ,/ry*nos1 an ,indian poison1 #aeb4 ,/ylites1 seat ( !1 #ac1 #acf4 ,sug>-cane1 v>ieties ( !1 #bd1 #be1 #bf4 ,sun1 wor%ip (1 by ! ,p]uvians1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,sun & ,moon1 repres5tations (1 on ! rocks ( ! ,or9oco1 #afe4 ,swimm+ c\ri]s ( ! ,rio de ,guancabamba1 #cii1 #djj4 ,swiss sc5]y1 #bag4 ,sydney1 situation & temp]ature (1 #aji4 ,synan!re1 #ie4 ,syracuse1 ! pa9t+ ( 8,! ,rhodian ,g5ius0 at1 #chj-che4 ,tac>igua1 lake (1 #a2 its surr\nd+ sc5]y & vegetation1 #bb4 ,tapir1 traits ( !1 #aig4 ,t>t> /eppes1 #d4 ,tay1 an animal ( ,cali=nia1 #abg4 ,taxus baccata1 peculi> prop]ties (1 #cbj4 ,teboco1 rocky falls (1 #ahe4 ,teguayo1 ,lake (1 #bjg4 ,temi1 ! riv]1 blackness ( its wat]1 #afj4 ,temp]atures1 mean annual1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,europe1 tables (1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,t5]iffe1 ,peak (1 ! volcano1 #cga1 #cgi4 ,tepu-m]eme1 c>v$ rock (1 #adh4 ,t]eb9?iace1 #bhj4 ,t]ra del ,fuego1 temp]ature (1 #ajh4 ,t]ra-firma1 coa/ (1 #bc4 ,!obroma1 delicate blossoms spr+ f ! roots1 #bcj1 #cdh4 ,!obroma ,cacao1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bf4 ,?ian-s*an1 ! m\nta9-*a9 (1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff4 ,?ibet1 m\nta9 plateau (1 #ee2 elevation & geographical situation (1 #fj pla9s (1 #fa4 ,tibbos1 nomadic tribes ( ,africa1 #ej4 ,tig]1 ,am]ican1 traits ( !1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig2 its nocturnal ro>1 #aii4 ,tiliace1 #aid4 ,timpanogo1 ,lake (1 suppos$ to be ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 #ce2 longitude (1 #bjf4 ,titicaca1 ,lake (1 elevation ( ! plateau (1 #eh4 ,tomep5da1 t[n (1 on ! ,&es1 #dja1 #dbh4 ,tomo1 isl& (1 #afd4 ,top>o1 on ! ,or9oco1 #afc2 m\? ( !1 #aff4 ,tortoises1 p]iodic torpidity (1 #bdc4 ,trees1 imm5se size & antiquity (1 #bga-bgf2 on ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! annul> r+s & _! age1 #bgd2 natural families (1 #bgd2 heights to :i* !y gr[1 #cbg4 ,tr9idad1 asphaltic isl& (1 #aee2 orig9ally torn f ! ma9l&1 #age4 ,tropical w9ds fav\rable to ! m>9]1 #aed1 #agd4 ,tropics1 beauties ( ev5+ sc5]y1 #agc2 conta9 e v>iety & magnitude ( vegetable =ms1 #bag1 #bca4 ,tuam9i1 ! riv]1 blackness ( its wat]1 #afj4 ,tu>yks1 nomadic tribes ( ,africa1 #ej4 ,tukiui%1 an ,asiatic tribe1 #e4 ,tula1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,tundra1 ! "n ( cryptogamic plants 9 ! arctic regions1 #ie1 #if4 ,turtle1 curi\s mode ( cat*+1 by means ( ! suck+-fi%1 #beg1 #beh4 ,tuyu1 a bird ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #f4 ,tzana1 lake (1 its elevation1 #eh4 ,uivit>i1 isl& (1 #afc1 #afe4 ,umbell>ia ,grnl&ica1 #bff4 ,umbellif]a1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,ummibida1 ru9s (1 #dd4 ,uniami1 m\nta9 (1 #afc4 ,ural *a9 ( m\nta9s1 #fc4 ,ur>icap>a riv]1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,urns us$ = pres]v+ ! a%es ( ! dead1 #aga1 #agb4 ,urtice1 #bde4 ,uruana1 engrav+ on ! rocks (1 #afd4 ,val5cia1 lake (1 #bd4 ,vanilla =m ( ! ,or*ide1 #agc1 #bbf1 #bcj2 ! fragrant1 #bcj4 ,vap\r1 ! precipitation (1 #bag1 #bff4 ,vegetation1 l5g? ( "t be=e x fixes itself on ! sea coa/1 #aj2 diff]5t *>act]s (1 9 ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aj2 natural hi/ory ( ! vegetable cov]+ ( ! e>?1 #bad2 vegetation mo/ exub]ant 9 ! tropics1 #bag1 #bbj1 #bca2 entire families (1 #bba2 ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bba-bbi2 _! num]ical relations & geographical di/ribution1 #bgf et seq42 ratio ( di/ribution1 #bhe2 z yet imp]fectly explor$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bib-bid2 ! lead+ vegetable =ms in/ructive to ! l&scape pa9t]1 #cdf2 g5]al view (1 #cdi-ceb2 simil>ity ( vegetable =ms1 #cea4 ,see ,plants4 ,v5ezuela1 littoral *a9 (1 #bb2 its ext5t & elevation1 #bb2 description (1 #bc4 ,v]mes1 p>asitical1 #bea4 ,vesuvius1 elevation (1 & v>i\s measurem5ts ( ! m>g9s ( ! crat]1 #cfc1 #cgf1 #cgg2 great eruptions (1 #cfd-cff1 #cfh et seq42 ,rocca del ,palo1 ! highe/ nor!rn m>g9 ( ! crat] (1 #cgf1 #cgg2 measurem5t ( ! ,punta ,nasone1 & ( ! ,h]mitage ( ,salvatore1 #cgg2 height to :i* ! scori rise f ! bottom ( ! crat]1 #cgh4 ,vilfa1 species (1 #bcb4 ,villa de ,leon1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,vital =ce1 diss]tation on1 #chj-chi2 illu/rat$ by ,epi*>mus f ! pa9t+ ( ! 8,rhodian ,g5ius10 #chc2 symbols ( its exi/5ce & ext9ction1 #chd2 def9ition (1 #chf2 illu/rative note1 #chf-chi4 ,viv]r1 a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab1 #acd4 ,volcanos1 /ill active 9 ! ,cali=nian *a9 ( m\nta9s1 #cg1 #ch2 ( ,aconcagua1 #bje2 ( ! int]ior ( ,asia & ( ! ,new ,_w1 #fe2 g5]al view ( _! /ructure & mode ( action 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 #cec-cge2 previ\s to ! eighte5? c5tury1 all our k d]iv$ f obs]vations ( ,vesuvius & ,etna1 #cee2 sudd5 volcanic fissures 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 #cef1 #ceg2 v>i\s heights (1 #ceh2 crat]s ( elevation1 ! importance (1 #cei2 v>i\s gr\ps (1 ) fire-emitt+ m\?s1 #cei2 ! table-l& ( ,quito "o imm5se volcanic he>?1 #cfj2 ! subt]ranean fire progressive f nor? to s\?1 #cfj2 e>?quakes evid5ce ( subt]ranean volcanic communication1 #cfj1 #cfa2 elevation ( ,vesuvius1 & v>i\s measurem5ts ( ! m>g9s ( ! crat]1 #cgc1 #cgf1 #cgg2 great eruptions (1 #cfd-cff1 #cfh et seq42 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 p5etrate above ! sn[-l9e1 #cfg2 caus$ ! l(ty summit ( ,m\nt ,c>guairazo to fall 91 :5 ! :ole surr\nd+ c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) mud & fi%es1 #cfg2 volcanic orig9 ( pumice1 #cfi2 ,pompeii buri$ by an eruption ( ,vesuvius1 #cfi2 ,pl9y1 acc\nt (1 #cfi1 #cgj2 ! summits ( upheav$ masses ( tra*yte & lava1 #cgj2 ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 #cga2 sudd5 appe>ance & disappe>ance (1 #cga2 :at g5]ates ! heat (1 #cgb-cgd2 volcanic ph5om5a ! result ( connection betwe5 ! int]ior & ext]ior ( our planet1 #cgc2 illu/rative notes (1 #cgf-cgh4 ,w>aputa1 cascade (1 #adi4 ,wada-dhra1 elevation & vegetation (1 #gi4 ,wat]1 peculi> blackness ( "s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s1 #afj4 ,we/ w9d1 ph5om5on ( its preval5ce on ! ,african coa/1 #df4 ,we/]n curr5ts ( ! ocean fav\rable to ! m>9]1 #aed1 #agd4 ,:a-sat* m\nta9s1 #bjg4 ,:eat1 fir/ culture (1 9 ,new ,spa91 #acj4 ,:eel animalcules1 wond]ful revivification ( !1 #baa1 #bdj1 #bda4 ,:ite ,sea1 my? ( !1 #ahe4 ,will[s1 "o ( ! vegetable =ms by :i* ! aspect ( ,nature is pr9cipally det]m9$1 #bbi1 #cca1 #cdb4 ,words1 *anges 9 ! mean+ (1 #aia4 ,worms1 imm5se v>iety 9 ! dep? ( ! wat]s1 #bab4 ,xagua1 gulf (1 spr+s ( fre% wat] 9 !1 #agd4 ,yanaguanga1 p>amo (1 #djg4 ,y>uros1 savage tribe (1 #aig4 ,yew1 its geographical di/ribution1 #cbb2 its great longevity1 #bgc4 ,yucatan1 ar*itectural rema9s 91 #aca1 #acb4 ,zacatecas1 elevation (1 #bjh4 ,zah>a1 ph5om5on ( ! we/ w9ds on ! ,african coa/ attributable to1 #df4 ,zambos1 tribe ( !1 #aig4 ,zoophytes1 ! calc>e\s1 #bea4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,h>rison ,,& ,,son1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,lane4 ----- ,footnote ,a3 ,to in/ance a few1 see pp4 #bda1 #bde1 #bee1 #bei1 #cjd1 #cbj1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #chf1 #dbb1 #dbd4 ,footnote ,b3 ,^! l9es are f ,s*ill]'s ,bride ( ,mess9a1 z translat$ by ,a4 ,lodge1 ,esq4 ,see ,s*ill]'s works 7,bohn's ed47 vol4 iii4 p4 #eji4 ,footnote ,c3 ,x is n int5d$ 9 e in/ance to tr\ble ! read] ) duplicate measurem5ts2 b !y w be introduc$ occasionally4 ,:]ev] only "o measurem5t is giv51 x mu/ be und]/ood z ,engli%4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,d3 ,! ,huns1 on be+ driv5 f _! anci5t pa/ures by ! ,*9ese1 trav]s$ ,asia1 7#acjj leagues17 &1 swell$ by ! num]\s hordes !y conqu]$ en r\te1 ent]$ ,europe1 & gave ! fir/ impulse to ! great migration ( nations4 ,deguires traces _! progress ) geographical m9ut5ess1 & ,gibbon tells _! /ory ) 8 usual eloqu5ce 9 ,*ap4 ,,xxvi4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,e3 ,?is effect is well repres5t$ 9 ,gr9dlay's ,sc5]y ( ! ,we/]n ,side ( ,india1 plate #ah4--;,,ed4 ,footnote ,f3 ,mod]n naturali/s affirm t all bats are insectivor\s4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,g3 ,ipsa su mem9it /irpis1 seseque ,deisque ,m5s fruitur felix1 et novit 9 a/ra rev]ti4 ,b>claii ,arg5is1 lib4 v4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,h3 ,exam5 critique de l',hi/4 de la ,gographie1 t4 iii41 pp4 #ajd-ajh4 ,footnote ,i3 ,see my ,obs]vations de ,zoologie et d',anatomie comp>e1 t4 ii41 pp4 #agi-aha4 ,footnote ,j3 ,relation ,hi/41 t4 ii41 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote ,k3 ,see my ,essai ,politique sur la ,n\velle ,espagne4 #bme dit41 t4 i41 pp4 #hb & #aji4 ,footnote ,l3 ,see ,long's ,exp$itions1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cf1 #cfb1 #chb4 ,ap4 p4 xxxvii4 ,footnote ,m3 ,critical ,rese>*es on ,philology & ,geography1 #ahbd1 p4 #add4 ,footnote ,n3 ,report ( ! ,explor+ ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! ye> #ahdb1 & to ,oregon & ,nor? ,cali=nia1 9 ! ye>s #ahdc-ahdd1 p4 #gh4 ,footnote ,o3 ,*appe d',aut]o*e1 ,voyage en ,sibrie1 fait en #agfa4 #d vols41 #dto41 ,p>is1 #agfh4 ,footnote ,p3 ,frmont1 ,report ( ! ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 pp4 #aed1 & #bgc-bgf4 ,footnote ,q3 ,humboldt1 ,atlas ,mexica91 pl4 *4 #b2 ,essai politique sur la ,n\v4 ,esp41 t4 i4 p4 #bca2 t4 ii4 pp4 #bdc1 #cac1 & #dbj4 ,frmont1 ,upp] ,cali=nia1 #ahdh1 p4 #i4 ,see also ,duflot de ,m(ras1 ,exploration de l',orgon1 #ahdd1 t4 ii4 p4 #adj4 ,footnote ,r3 ,9 ! ,ar*ologia ,am]icana1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adj4 ,footnote ,s3 ,frmont's ,report1 pp4 #c1 #fj1 #gj1 #ajj1 & #abi4 ,footnote ,t3 ,comp>e ,erman's ,reise um die ,erde1 ,ab?4 i4 ,bd4 #c1 s4 #h1 ,ab?4 ii4 ,bd4 #a4 s4 #chf1 ) 8 ,ar*iv fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,kunde von ,russl&1 ,bd4 vi4 s4 #fga4 ,footnote ,u3 ,see my ,essai polit4 sur la ,n\v4 ,espagne1 t4 ii4 p4 #cad4 ,footnote ,v3 ,frmont1 ,geographical ,memoir ^u ,upp] ,cali=nia1 #ahdh1 p4 #f4 ,footnote ,w3 ,report1 p4 #bgd 7or ,n>rative1 p4 #cjj74 ,footnote ,x3 ,comp>e ,frmont's ,report1 pp4 #afd1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #aic1 & #bii1 ) ,nicollet's ,illu/ration ( ! ,hydrographical ,bas9 ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,riv]1 #ahdc1 pp4 #ci-da4 ,footnote ,y3 ,comp>e my ,relation ,hi/orique1 t4 iii4 p4 #bcd1 & ,nicollet1 ,report to ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahdc1 pp4 #g1 #eg4 ,footnote ,z3 ,nicollet1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ii1 #abe1 #abh4 ,footnote ,,aa3 ,maximilian1 ,pr9z zu ,wi$1 ,reise 9 das inn]e ,nord-,am]ika1 bd4 i41 #ahci1 s4 #ddc4 ,footnote ,,ab3 ,see ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgd 7,bohn's edition74 ,footnote ,,ac3 ,hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias1 cap4 #bad4 ,footnote ,,ad3 ,ar*ologia ,am]icana1 vol4 ii41 #ahcf1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote ,,ae3 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es into ! ,geology & ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ntries visit$ #ahcb-ahcf by ! ,%ips ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote ,,af3 ,humboldt1 ,essai politique1 t4 ii4 p4 #agc4 ,footnote ,,ag3 ,cailliaud1 ,voyage ,sy\ah1 p4 #ad2 ,idel]1 ,fundgrub5 des ,ori5ts1 bd4 iv4 s4 #cii-daa4 ,footnote ,,ah3 ,/rabo1 lib4 ii4 p4 #acj1 lib4 xvii4 p4 #hac1 ,cas42 ,h]od1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #bf4 p4 #bjg1 ,wessel4 ,footnote ,,ai3 ,see ,ritt]'s ,afrika1 #ahbb1 s4 #hhe1 #ihh1 #iic1 & #ajjc4 ,footnote ,,aj3 ,humboldt1 ,relat4 hi/41 t4 ii4 p4 #adb1 & ,long's ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 v4 ii4 pp4 #ia & #dje4 ,footnote ,,ak3 ,comp>e ,scyl4 ,c>y&4 ,p]ipl41 9 ,hudson1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ec1 ) ,ari/ot4 de ,mirab4 ,auscult4 9 ,op4 omnia1 ex rec4 ,bekk]i1 p4 #hhd1 #acf4 ,footnote ,,al3 ,see also ,edrisi1 ,geogr4 ,nub41 #afai1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote ,,am3 ,ora ,m>itima1 v4 #aji1 #abb1 #chh1 & #djh4 ,footnote ,,an3 ,ari/ot4 ,meteorol41 ii4 #a1 #ad4 ,footnote ,,ao3 ,aco/a1 ,hi/oria natural y moral de las ,indias1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #d4 ,footnote ,,ap3 ,comp>e ,humboldt1 ,relation hi/orique1 t4 i4 p4 #bjb1 & ,exam5 ,critique1 t4 iii4 pp4 #fh-fi1 ) ,r5nell's ,inve/igation ( ! ,curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 #ahcb1 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote ,,aq3 ,see ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fca1 & note2 ,bohn's edition4 ,footnote ,,ar3 ,see my ,exam5 ,critique1 t4 iii4 pp4 #fd-ii2 & ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fee4 ,bohn's edition4 ,footnote ,,z3 ,exploration sci5tifique de l',algrie1 t4 ii4 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote ,,at3 ,*>d91 ,voyages1 n\v4 d4 p> ,langls1 #ahaa1 t4 iii4 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote ,,au3 ,asi51 ,bd4 viii41 ,ab?4 #a1 #ahdg1 s4 #faj1 #geh4 ,footnote ,,av3 ,hi/oria ,regionum ,occid5talium1 qu ,si-yu vocantur1 visu et auditu cognit>um4 ,footnote ,,aw3 ,rgne animal1 t4 i4 p4 #beg4 ,footnote ,,ax3 ,ritt]1 ,asian1 ,bd4 viii4 s4 #fgj1 #fgb1 & #gdf4 ,footnote ,,ay3 ,humboldt1 ,cosmos1 ,bohn's ed41 vol4 i4 p4 #bha4 ,footnote ,,az3 ,s+apore ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 #ahdg1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote ,,ba3 ,s>torius von ,walt]%aus51 ,physis*-geographis*e ,skizze von ,isl&1 #ahdg1 s4 #da4 ,footnote ,,bb3 ,humboldt1 ,premi] ,mmoire sur les ,montagnes de l',inde1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 t4 iii4 #ahaf1 p4 #cjc2 ,second ,mmoire1 t4 xiv4 #ahbj1 pp4 #e-ee4 ,footnote ,,bc3 ,de ,are et ,aquis1 xcvi4 p4 #gd4 ,footnote ,,bd3 ,/rabo1 lib4 ii4 p4 #ajb2 & lib4 xiii4 p4 #eih1 ,casaub4 ,footnote ,,be3 ,comp>e ,/rabo1 lib4 ii4 pp4 #ga1 #abh2 lib4 iii4 p4 #acg2 lib4 iv4 pp4 #aii1 #bjb2 lib4 v4 p4 #baa1 ,casaub4 ,footnote ,,bf3 ,humboldt1 ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 p4 #ada2 ,klapro?1 ,asie polyglotta1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote ,,bg3 ,comp>e my ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii4 p4 #caj1 ) ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1 vol4 x4 #ahda1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote ,,bh3 ,see 8 ,ka%mir1 ,bd4 ii4 s4 #aif4 ,footnote ,,bi3 ,vigne1 ,travels 9 ,ka%mir1 #ahdb1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcg-bic4 ,footnote ,,bj3 ,humboldt1 ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii4 pp4 #bha-cbe4 ,footnote ,,bk3 ,il ,milione di ,m>co ,polo1 pubbl4 dal ,conte ,baldelli1 t4 i4 pp4 #cb & #hg4 ,footnote ,,bl3 #ejj toises 9 ! ,g]man1 accurately #caig feet4 ,,tr4 ,footnote ,,bm3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 pp4 #dh-eb & #dbi4 ,footnote ,,bn3 ,9 ! le>n$ ,analysis ( 8 ,k>te von ,inn] ,asi51 #ahda1 s4 #ii4 ,footnote ,,bo3 ,ed4 ,s*weighas]1 t4 v4 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote ,,bp3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 i4 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote ,,bq3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 p4 #ach4 ,footnote ,,br3 ,jacob ,grimm1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,spra*e1 #ahdh1 ,?4 i4 s4 #bbg4 ,footnote ,,bs3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 pp4 #ah-bj4 ,footnote ,,bt3 ,klapro?1 ,tableau hi/4 de l',asie1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote ,,bu3 ,annales des ,m9es1 t4 v4 #ahbj1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote ,,bv3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 pp4 #af-ee1 #fi-gg1 #cda1 #cef4 ,footnote ,,bw3 ,b>on von ,mey5dorff 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,gologique de ,france1 t4 ix4 #ahcg-ahch1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote ,,bx3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 i4 pp4 xxiii et #aah-aei2 t4 ii4 pp4 #dca-dcd1 #dfe4 ,footnote ,,by3 ,/rabo1 lib4 ii4 p4 #fh2 lib4 xi4 pp4 #dij1 #eaa2 lib4 xv4 p4 #fhi4 ,footnote ,,bz3 ,montfaucon1 ,collectio nova ,patrum1 t4 ii4 p4 #acg4 ,footnote ,,ca3 ,comp>e ,asie c5trale1 t4 i4 pp4 xxiii et #abb-ach2 t4 ii4 pp4 #dcj-dcd1 ) ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #edc1 ,bohn's ed4 ,footnote ,,cb3 ,travels1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote ,,cc3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 pp4 #dbg1 #dhc4 ,footnote ,,cd3 ,f a lett] ( ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook]1 ! le>n$ botani/ to ! la/ ,ant>ctic exp$ition1 dat$ ,d>jeel+1 #be? ( ,july1 #ahdh4 ,footnote ,,ce3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 i4 pp4 #ach1 #aed1 #aih2 t4 ii4 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote ,,cf3 ,comp>e ,turn] 9 ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xii4 p4 #bcd1 ) ,elph9/one1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,k+dom ( ,caubul1 #ahae1 p4 #ie1 & ,francis ,hamilton1 ,acc\nt ( ,nepal1 #ahai1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote ,,cg3 ,recueil d',obs]vations a/ronomiques1 t4 i4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote ,,*3 ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes p\r #ahcj1 pp4 #cbj1 #cbc4 ,footnote ,,ci3 ,see ,illu/ration 7#e71 p4 #dd4 ,footnote ,,cj3 ,see ,lloyd & ,g]>d1 ,t\r 9 ! ,himalaya1 #ahdj1 vol4 i41 pp4 #adc1 #cab1 & ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii41 p4 #cbd4 ,footnote ,,ck3 ,colebrooke1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 vi4 p4 #daa4 ,footnote ,,cl3 ,comp>e my inve/igation reg>d+ ! sn[-limit on bo? declivities ( ! ,himalaya 9 my ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii41 pp4 #dce-dcg2 t4 iii41 pp4 #bha-cbf2 & 9 ,cosmos1 vol4 i41 p4 #ccg1 ,bohn's ed4 ,footnote ,,cm3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,no4 xxviii4 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote ,,cn3 ,hi/4 gn4 des ,huns1 des ,turcs1 etc41 #agef1 t4 i4 ,p4 #a1 p4 #bag1 ,p4 #b1 pp4 #aaa1 #abe1 #bbc1 #ddg4 ,footnote ,,co3 ,see ,klapro?1 ,asia ,polyglotta1 pp4 #ahc1 #baa2 ,tableaux ,hi/oriques de l',asie1 pp4 #ajb1 #aji4 ,footnote ,,cp3 ,see ,kalm's ,reise1 ,?4 iii4 p4 #daf4 ,footnote ,,cq3 ,ar*ologia1 or ,miscellane\s ,tracts publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ians ( ,london1 vol4 viii4 #aghg1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote ,,cr3 ,relat4 hi/4 t4 iii4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote ,,cs3 ,*ronica del ,p]u1 ,p4 #a1 cap4 #hg4 7,losa con letras en los edificios de ,v9aque47 ,footnote ,,ct3 ,orig5 de los ,indios1 #afjg1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #e1 p4 #beh4 ,footnote ,,cu3 ,nav>rete1 ,viages de los ,espaoles1 t4 i4 p4 #fg4 ,footnote ,,cv3 ,humboldt et ,bonpl&1 ,plant qu9octiales1 fasc4 ii4 ,footnote ,,cw3 ,see ,humboldt's geogno/ic view ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 8 ,relation hi/orique1 t4 iii4 pp4 #ahh-bdd4 ,footnote ,,cx3 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 ,comm5t>ios ,reales1 ,p4 i41 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote ,,cy3 ,frmont's ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 #ahde1 p4 #db4 ,footnote ,,cz3 ,clavig]o1 ,/oria antica del ,messico1 #aghj1 t4 i4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote ,,da3 ,buffon1 t4 xv41 p4 #aee4 ,footnote ,,db3 ,az>a1 ,sur les ,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1 t4 i4 p4 #cae4 ,footnote ,,dc3 ,on ! dogs ( ,am]ica1 see ,smi? ,b>ton's ,fragm5ts ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,p5nsylvania1 p4 i41 p4 #cd4 ,footnote ,,dd3 ,j4 ,j4 von ,ts*udi1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,fauna ,p]uana1 s4 #bdg-bea4 ,footnote ,,de3 ,g>cilaso1 ,p4 i4 #agbc1 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote ,,df3 ,humboldt1 ,essai polit41 t4 ii4 p4 #ddh1 & ,relation hi/41 t4 ii4 p4 #fbe4 ,footnote ,,dg3 ,geogr41 lib4 iii4 cap #a4 ,footnote ,,dh3 ,humboldt1 ,asie c5trale1 t4 i4 pp4 #bdg1 #beb4 ,footnote ,,di3 ,exploration sci5tifique de l',algrie1 de #ahdj #ahdb1 publie p> ordre du ,g\v]nem5t2 ,sci5ces hi/4 et gogr41 t4 viii41 #ahdf1 pp4 #cfd1 #cgc4 ,footnote ,,dj3 ,exploration sci5tif4 de l',algrie1 ,hi/4 et gogr41 t4 ii4 p4 #ccb4 ,footnote ,,dk3 ,ibid4 t4 ii4 pp4 #abf-abi1 & t4 vii4 pp4 #id1 #ig4 ,footnote ,,dl3 ,f\rnel1 ,sur les ,gisem5s de ,muriate de ,s\de en ,algrie1 p4 #f1 9 ! ,annales des ,m9es1 #dme s]ie1 t4 ix4 #ahdf1 p4 #edf4 ,footnote ,,dm3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote ,,dn3 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 xx4 #ahde1 pp4 #agj1 #hhb1 #acje4 ,footnote ,,d3 ,see ,%aw1 ,voyages dans plusieurs p>ties de la ,b]brie1 t4 i4 p4 #afi1 & ,r5nel1 ,africa1 ,app5d4 p4 lxxxv4 ,footnote ,,dp3 ,f\rnel1 ,sur les ,gisem5s de ,muriate de ,s\de en ,algrie1 pp4 #bh-da2 & ,k>/51 ,ueb] das ,vorkomm5 des ,ko*salzes auf d] ,ob]fl*e d] ,erde1 #ahdf1 s4 #dig1 #fdh1 #gda4 ,footnote ,,dq3 ,memoria sull' abbassam5to di temp]atura durante le notti placide e s]5e1 #ahdg1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote ,,dr3 ,consult1 also1 on ,african ,meteorology1 ,aim1 9 ! ,explor4 de l',algrie1 ,phys4 ,gn]4 t4 ii41 #ahdf1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote ,,ds3 ,explor4 de l',alg41 ,hi/4 et ,gogr4 t4 viii1 pp4 #fe-gh4 ,footnote ,,dt3 ,relation de l',exp$ition de la ,mal\9e4 ,footnote ,,du3 ,gbel1 ,reise 9 die ,/eppe des sdli*5 ,russl&s1 #ahch1 ?4 ii4 s4 #bdd1 #cja4 ,footnote ,,dv3 ,humboldt1 ,mmoire sur les ,lignes ,iso!rmes1 #ahag1 p4 #ed4 ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii4 ,mahlmann1 ,table ,,iv4 ,footnote ,,dw3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii4 p4 #agf4 ,footnote ,,dx3 ,meteor4 ,essays1 #ahbg1 pp4 #bcj1 #bgh4 ,footnote ,,dy3 ,sull' ,abbassam5to di ,temp]atura durante le ,notti placide e s]5e1 #ahdg1 pp4 #dg1 #ec4 ,footnote ,,dz3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii4 pp4 #aie-bje4 ,footnote ,,ea3 ,temp]atur-tafeln neb/ ,bem]kung5 b] die ,v]breitung d] ,wrme auf d] ,ob]fl*e d] ,erde1 #ahdh1 s4 #ie4 ,footnote ,,eb3 ,see ! admirable treatise by ,samuel ,=ry1 on ,! ,climate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahdb1 pp4 #cg1 #ci1 #ajb4 ,footnote ,,ec3 ,=ry1 ,op4 ,cit41 pp4 #ig1 #aja1 #ajg4 ,footnote ,,ed3 ,message f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,congress1 #ahdd1 p4 #afj1 & ,=ry1 ,op4 ,cit41 pp4 #di1 #fg1 #gc4 ,footnote ,,ee3 ,fragm5ts ( ! ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,p4 ,i41 p4 #d4 ,footnote ,,ef3 ,see ,neue ,b]l9is*e ,monats*rift1 ,bd4 xv41 #ahjf1 #aij4 ,footnote ,,eg3 ,on ! vegetable rema9s f\nd 9 ! lignite =mations ( ! nor? ( ,am]ica & ( ,europe1 comp>e ,adolph ,brongni>t1 ,prodrome d'une ,hi/4 des ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 p4 #agi1 & ,*>les ,lyell's ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bj4 ,footnote ,,eh3 ,relacion del ,viage al ,e/re*o de ,magallanes 7,ap5dice1 #agic71 p4 #gf4 ,footnote ,,ei3 ,see ,rob]t ,br[n1 ,app5dix to ,fl9d]s' ,voyage1 pp4 #ege1 #ehd2 & ,humboldt1 ,de ,di/ribution ,geographica ,plant>um1 pp4 #ha-he4 ,footnote ,,ej3 ,jos4 ,hook]1 ,flora ,ant>ct41 #ahdd1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote ,,ek3 ,comp>e ,d>w9 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 #ahde1 p4 #bdd1 ) ,k+ 9 vol4 i4 ( ! ,n>r4 ( ! ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ! ,beagle1 p4 #egg4 ,footnote ,,el3 ,od41 i4 #eb4 ,footnote ,,em3 ,il41 iv4 #efa4 ,footnote ,,en3 ,!og41 v4 #eag4 ,footnote ,,eo3 ,op4 et ,dies1 v4 #afg4 ,footnote ,,ep3 ,de ,orig9ibus ,am]icanorum1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote ,,eq3 ,on ! connexion ( purely my?ical ideas & geographical traditions1 & on ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,titan ,atlas gave occasion to ! image ( a m\nta9 beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules support+ ! heav5s1 see ,letronne1 ,essai sur les ,ides cosmographiques qui se ratta*5t au nom d',atlas1 9 ,frussac's ,bullet9 univ]sel des ,sci5ces1 ,m>s #ahca1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote ,,er3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 i41 p4 #agi4 ,footnote ,,es3 ,lib4 iii41 #ec1 #ee4 ,footnote ,,et3 ,maximus ,tyrius1 viii41 #g1 ed4 ,m>kl&4 ,footnote ,,eu3 ,lib4 iv41 cap4 #i4 ,footnote ,,ev3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii41 p4 #eei4 ,bohn's ed4 ,footnote ,,ew3 ,edition de #ahaj1 pp4 #g1 #cec4 ,footnote ,,ex3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london1 vol4 xvii41 #ahdg1 pp4 #gd-gf4 ,footnote ,,ey3 ,viaggio nella ,e?iopia 7,ramusio1 vol4 i41 p4 #bdi74 ,footnote ,,ez3 ,comp>e ,ayrton1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geog4 ,soc41 vol4 xviii41 #ahdh1 pp4 #ec1 #ee1 #ei-fc1 ) ,f]d4 ,w]ne's in/ructive ,exp$4 zur ,entd4 d] ,nil-,quell51 #ahdh1 s4 #ecd-ecf4 ,footnote ,,fa3 ,lib4 iv41 cap4 #i4 ,footnote ,,fb3 ,see ,rppell1 ,reise 9 ,abyss9i51 bd4 i41 s4 #dad2 bd4 ii41 s4 #ddc4 ,footnote ,,fc3 ,humboldt1 ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii41 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote ,,fd3 ,op4 cit41 t4 iii41 p4 #bce4 ,footnote ,,fe3 ,hakluyt1 ,voyages1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ad4 ,footnote ,,ff3 ,r5nell1 ,inve/igation ( ! ,curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 #ahcb1 pp4 #if1 #acf4 ,footnote ,,fg3 ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl&s ( ,orkney 7#agjj71 p4 #fj4 ,footnote ,,fh3 ,bembo1 ,hi/ori ,v5et1 ed4 #agah1 lib4 vii4 p4 #beg4 ,footnote ,,fi3 ,ed4 ,van4 ,/av]51 cur4 ,b>dili1 t4 ii4 #ahbj1 p4 #cef4 ,footnote ,,fj3 ,lib4 iii1 cap4 #e1 #h4 ,footnote ,,fk3 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #fg4 ,footnote ,,fl3 ,hi/oria ,g54 de las ,indias4 ,s>agossa1 #aeec1 fol4 vii4 ,footnote ,,fm3 ,see ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fjd 7,bohn's ed47 & ,exam5 critique de l',hi/4 de la ,gographie1 t4 ii4 pp4 #bdg-bgh4 ,footnote ,,fn3 ,s>torius von ,walt]%aus51 ,physis*-geographis*e ,skizze von ,isl&1 #ahdg1 s4 #bb-ce4 ,footnote ,,fo3 ,prescott1 ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 vol4 iii4 p4 #daf4 ,footnote ,,fp3 ,*ronica del ,p]u1 ,sevilla1 #aeec1 cap4 #aaj1 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote ,,fq3 ,see ,gay1 ,zoologia de ,*ili1 ,mamif]os1 #ahdg1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote ,,fr3 ,see ! ,inca ,g>cilaso1 ,comm5t>ios ,reales1 ,p4 #a1 lib4 v4 cap4 #b1 p4 #acc2 & ,prescott1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 #ahdg1 vol4 i4 p4 #acf4 ,footnote ,,fs3 ,fragm5ts ( ! ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,p4 #a1 p4 #d4 ,footnote ,,ft3 ,ts*udi1 ,fauna ,p]uana1 s4 #bef4 ,footnote ,,fu3 ,reise um die ,erde1 ?4 iii4 s4 #fd4 ,footnote ,,fv3 ,ts*udi1 s4 #bbh4 #bcg4 ,footnote ,,fw3 ,see ! pleas+ descriptions 9 ,d>w9's ,j\rnal1 #ahde1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote ,,fx3 ,see a r>e "w pr9t$ at ,mexico1 9 #agib1 & entitl$ ,cronica s]fica y ,apo/lica del ,colegio de ,propag&a ,fide de la ,santa ,cruz de ,qu]t>o1 por ,fray ,juan ,dom+o ,arricivita4 ,footnote ,,fy3 ,jacob ,grimm1 ,ges*4 d] ,deuts*5 ,spra*e1 #ahdh1 ?4 i4 s4 #fb4 ,footnote ,,fz3 lib4 v4 pp4 #aii1 #bcb4 ,wessel4 ,footnote ,,ga3 ,/rabo1 xv4 #ajag4 ,footnote ,,gb3 ,geogr4 ,arm541 ed4 ,:i/on1 #agcf1 p4 #cfj4 ,footnote ,,gc3 ,ramusio1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote ,,gd3 ,abh&l4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4 #ahaf1 s4 #abc4 ,footnote ,,ge3 ,essai sur la ,gographie des ,plantes1 #ahje1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote ,,gf3 ,c>l ,ko*1 ,beitrge zur ,flora des ,ori5ts4 ,heft4 #a1 s4 #aci1 #adb4 ,footnote ,,gg3 ,jacob ,grimm1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,spra*e1 ?4 i4 s4 #fi4 ,footnote ,,gh3 ,vues des ,cordillres et ,monum5ts des peuples indignes de l',amrique1 #b tomes4 ,footnote ,,gi3 ,comp>e ! "w ( ,d4 ,antonio del ,rio1 entitl$ ,description ( ! ,ru9s ( an ,anci5t ,city discov]$ ne> ,pal5que1 #ahbb1 translat$ f ! orig4 manuscr4 report by ,cabr]a1 p4 #i1 tab4 #ab-ad 7,rio's rese>*es 7 made 9 ! ye> #aghg72 ) ,/eph5s1 ,incid5ts ( ,travel 9 ,yucatan1 #ahdc1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cia1 #dbi-dcd1 & vol4 ii4 pp4 #ba1 #ed1 #ef1 #cag1 #cbc2 ) ! magnific5t "w ( ,ca!rwood1 ,views ( ,anci5t ,monum5ts 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,*iapas1 & ,yucatan1 #ahdd2 & la/ly ) ,prescott1 ,! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 vol4 iii4 ,app5d4 p4 #cfj4 ,footnote ,,gj3 ,/eph5s1 ,incid4 ( ,travel 9 ,yucatan1 vol4 i4 p4 #dci1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote ,,gk3 ,klapro?1 ,tableaux hi/oriques de l',asie1 #ahbd1 p4 #gi2 ,n\veau ,j\rnal asiatique1 t4 x4 #ahcb1 p4 #cce2 & ,humboldt1 ,exam5 critique1 t4 ii4 pp4 #fb-fg4 ,footnote ,,gl3 ,rlat4 hi/4 t4 iii4 pp4 #aee-afj4 ,footnote ,,gm3 ,gom>a1 ,hi/4 g5]al de las ,indias1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote ,,gn3 ,comp>e my ,relation hi/orique1 t4 i4 p4 #dib1 t4 ii4 pp4 #fec1 #gjc1 ) ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis* ,guiana1 ?4 i4 #ahdg1 s4 #b1 #abj1 #agc1 #aid4 ,footnote ,,g3 ,hi/ori ,v5et1 #aeea1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote ,,gp3 ,see text ( ,ricc>di 9 my ,exam5 crit4 t4 iv4 p4 #dif4 ,footnote ,,gq3 ,raleigh1 ,discov]y ( ,guiana1 #aeif1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote ,,gr3 ,brevis et admir&a ,descriptio regni ,guian 7,norib4 #aeii71 tab4 #d4 ,footnote ,,gs3 ,gumilla1 ,hi/oria natural1 civil y geografica de las ,naciones situadas en las riv]as del ,rio ,or9oco1 nueva impr41 #agia1 pp4 #adc1 #ade1 #afc4 ,footnote ,,gt3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geogr4 ,society1 vol4 xii4 #ahdb1 p4 #age1 & ,description ( ! ,muri*i1 or ,ita ,palm1 read 9 ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association held at ,cambridge1 ,june #ahde 7publi%$ 9 ,simond's ,colonial ,magaz9e74 ,footnote ,,gu3 ,see also ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk's new edition ( ,raleigh's ,discov]y ( ,guiana 7#ahdh71 p4 #ej4 ,footnote ,,gv3 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 #ahdg1 pp4 #cd1 #dd4 ,footnote ,,gw3 ,humboldt1 ,bonpl&1 et ,kun?1 ,nova g5]a et species ,plant>um1 t4 i4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote ,,gx3 ,mo%eim1 ,in/itut4 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 #agee1 p4 #bae4 ,footnote ,,gy3 ,see my ,rlat4 hi/41 t4 i4 pp4 #bif1 #fbe2 t4 ii4 p4 #afa4 ,footnote ,,gz3 ,lib4 iii4 p4 #ahd1 ,rhod41 p4 #bai1 ,wessel4 ,footnote ,,ha3 ,humboldt1 ,bonpl&1 et ,kun?1 ,synopsis ,plant>um qu9oct4 ,orbis ,novi1 t4 iii4 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote ,,hb3 ,comp>e ,arago 9 my ,rlation hi/41 t4 i4 p4 #fbc4 ,footnote ,,hc3 ,see my ,rlat4 hi/or41 t4 ii4 pp4 #aif1 #fbf4 ,footnote ,,hd3 ,obs]vations de ,zoologie et d',anatomie comp>e1 t4 i4 pp4 #hc-hg1 & ,rlat4 hi/41 t4 ii4 pp4 #agc-aij4 ,footnote ,,he3 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ?i]is*e ,electricitt1 von ,emil du ,bois-,raymond1 #ahdh1 bd4 i4 s4 xv4 ,footnote ,,hf3 ,reis5 9 ,guiana und am ,or9oko1 s4 #bab4 ,footnote ,,hg3 ,see my ,rlat4 hi/4 t4 ii4 pp4 #bii-cjd4 ,footnote ,,hh3 ,see my anatomical treatise 9 ,recueil d',obs]vations de ,zoologie1 vol4 i4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote ,,hi3 ,on ! ,e?iopian ,boa1 see ,diodor4 ,sicul41 lib4 iii4 p4 #bjd1 ed4 ,wessel+4 ,footnote ,,hj3 ,rlat4 hi/41 t4 ii4 pp4 #fah-fbj4 ,footnote ,,hk3 ,hi/oria del ,rio ,or9oco1 nueva impr41 #agia1 t4 i4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote ,,hl3 ,?is 0 also obs]v$ by ,gilj1 ,saggio di ,/oria ,am]icana1 t4 ii4 p4 #caa4 ,footnote ,,hm3 ,?ibault de ,*anvalon1 ,voyage la ,m>t9ique1 p4 #he4 ,footnote ,,hn3 ,voyage la ,re*]*e de ,la ,pr\se1 t4 ii4 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote ,,ho3 ,b]i*t b] die ,v]h&l4 d] ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9 aus dem ,j4 #ahdh1 s4 #bbb-bbe4 ,footnote ,,hp3 ,voy4 la ,re*4 de ,la ,pr\se1 t4 ii4 p4 #bje4 ,footnote ,,hq3 ,see ,ehr5b]g1 ,ueb] das unsi*tb> wirk5de organi*e ,leb51 #ahdb1 s4 #da4 ,footnote ,,hr3 ,reis5 9 ,guiana und am ,or9oko b]setzt von ,otto ,s*omburgk1 #ahda1 s4 #ejj4 ,footnote ,,hs3 ,comp>e ,rlation hi/orique1 t4 ii4 p4 #ehi1 ) ,m>tius1 ,ueb] die ,physiognomie des ,pflanz5rei*s 9 ,brasili51 #ahbd1 s4 #ad4 ,footnote ,,ht3 ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis* ,guiana1 ?4 i4 s4 #cbj4 ,footnote ,,hu3 ,ar*ologia ,britannica1 vol4 v4 #aggi1 pp4 #cah-cbd2 & vol4 vi4 #aghb1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote ,,hv3 ,see my ,rlat4 hi/orique1 t4 ii4 pp4 #edg-eef4 ,footnote ,,hw3 ,reis5 9 ,britis* ,guiana1 ?4 i4 s4 #dda-dfa4 ,footnote ,,hx3 ,comp>e also ! old] *emical analysis ( ,b\ss+ault1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et ,physique1 t4 xxxix4 #ahbh1 pp4 #bd-cg4 ,footnote ,,hy3 ,humboldt1 9 ?is & o!r pages ( 8 lecture1 address$1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 to ! citiz5s ( ,b]l91 9 #ahjf1 evid5tly alludes to ! tr\bles ( ! times4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,hz3 ,hi/41 lib4 vi41 initio4 ,footnote ,,ia3 ,?is subject is elaborately discuss$ 9 ,he]5's v>i\s works4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,ib3 ,blum5ba*1 ,collectiones su ,craniorum div]s>um g5tium1 c41 #dto1 ,gtt+41 #agih-ahbh4--;,,ed4 ,footnote ,,ic3 ,gilb]t's ,annal5 d] ,physik1 bd4 xvi4 #ahjd1 s4 #cid-ddi4 ,footnote ,,id3 ,nav>rete1 ,viages y ,descubrimi5tos que hiciron por m> los ,espaoles1 t4 i4 pp4 #bec1 #bfj2 t4 iii4 pp4 #eci1 #ehg4 ,footnote ,,ie3 ,diodor4 ,sicul41 lib4 xvii4 p4 #eec 7,rhodom474 ,footnote ,,if3 ,reis5 9 ,guiana1 #ahda1 s4 #ddh4 ,footnote ,,ig3 ,see ! ,memoir :i* ,i drew up at ! reque/ ( ! ,portuguese ,gov]nm5t1 9 #ahag1 8,sur la fixation des limites des ,guyanes ,franaise et ,portuguaise40 ,s*oell1 ,ar*ives hi/oriques et politiques1 ou ,recueil de ,pices (ficielles1 ,mmoires1 c4 t4 i4 #ahah1 pp4 #dh-eh4 ,footnote ,,ih3 ,relation hi/orique1 t4 ii4 pp4 #dgd-dif1 #eeh-efb4 ,footnote ,,ii3 ,reis5 9 ,guiana und am ,or9oko1 #dea4 ,footnote ,,ij3 ,n\velles ,annales des ,voyages1 #ahcf1 ,sept4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote ,,ik3 ,humboldt1 ,relation hi/orique1 t4 ii4 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote ,,il3 ,see my ,relation hi/orique1 t4 ii4 pp4 #bbc1 #bci1 #djf-dac4 ,footnote ,,im3 ,recueil d',obs]vations de ,zoologie et d',anatomie comp>e1 t4 i4 pp4 #cjf-caa1 tab4 xxviii4 ,footnote ,,93 ,op4 cit41 t4 ii4 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote ,,io3 ,vol4 v4 7#ahce71 p4 #gg4 ,footnote ,,ip3 ,h]?a1 ,zeits*rift fr ,erd und ,vlk]kunde1 von ,b]ghaus1 bd4 xiii4 #ahbi1 s4 #c-bi4 ,footnote ,,iq3 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 t4 iv4 #ahbe1 pp4 #bbe-bec4 ,footnote ,,ir3 ,b]ghaus1 ,zeits*rift fr ,erdkunde1 b&4 ix4 s4 #cbb-cbf4 ,footnote ,,is3 ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 #ahci1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dha2 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 #ahde1 pp4 #bec & #bia4 ,footnote ,,x3 ,m>y ,som]ville1 ,physical ,geogr41 #ahdi1 vol4 ii4 #dbe4 ,footnote ,,iu3 ,geographical ,memoir ^u ,upp] ,cali=nia1 an illu/ration ( 8 ,map ( ,oregon & ,cali=nia1 #ahdh4 ,footnote ,,iv3 ,memoir ( a ,t\r 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico1 connect$ ) ,col4 ,doniphan's ,exp$ition1 #ahdh4 ,footnote ,,iw3 ,exp$ition on ! ,upp] ,arkansas1 #ahde1 & ,exam9ation ( ,new ,mexico 9 #ahdf & #ahdg4 ,footnote ,,ix3 ,humboldt1 ,essai polit4 sur la ,n\velle ,espagne1 t4 i4 pp4 #abg-acf4 ,footnote ,,iy3 ,frmont1 ,geogr4 ,mem4 ( ,upp] ,cali=nia1 #ahdh1 pp4 #h & #fg2 see also ,humboldt1 ,essai politique1 t4 ii4 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote ,,iz3 ,comp>e ,ab]t's ,exam9ation ( ,new ,mexico1 9 ! ,docum5ts ( ,congress1 ,no4 #da1 pp4 #dhi & #eha-fje1 ) my ,essai pol41 t4 ii4 pp4 #bda-bdd4 ,footnote ,,ja3 ,fossil rema9s ( ?is gigantic ant$iluvian tortoise are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,jb3 ,! weight ( ! l[] bran*es b5ds !m to ! gr\nd1 s t a s+le tree =ms a hemisph]ical mass ( v]dure sometimes #aej feet 9 diamet]4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,jc3 ,actes de la ,socit ,helvtique1 #ahdc1 p4 #cbd4 ,footnote ,,jd3 ,claudio ,gay1 ,hi/oria fisica y politica de ,*ile1 ,zoologia1 #ahdd1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote ,,je3 ,comp>e my ,asie c5trale1 t4 iii4 p4 #bfb1 ) ,hook]1 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 vol4 i4 #ahcd1 p4 #cbg1 & ! ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xvii4 #ahcd1 p4 #chj4 ,footnote ,,jf3 ,recueil d',obs]v4 a/ron41 t4 i4 ,intr4 p4 lxxii4 ,footnote ,,jg3 ,voyage l',equateur1 #agea1 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote ,,jh3 ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua g5]al de todo el ,p]u llamada ,l5gua ,qui*ua del ,inca1 ,lima1 #afjh4 ,footnote ,,ji3 ,see ! ^w 9 ,juan de ,figu]$o's vocabul>y ( ,*9*aysuyo words app5d$ to ,diego de ,torres ,rubio1 ,arte1 y ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,qui*ua1 reimpr4 en ,lima1 #agea1 fol4 #bbb1 b4 ,footnote ,,jj3 ,velasco1 ,hi/oria de ,quito1 t4 i4 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote ,,jk3 ,hi/4 ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 vol4 i4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote ,,jl3 ,see my ,vues des ,cordillres et ,monum5s des peuples indignes de l',amrique1 t4 i4 p4 #aaf2 & ! ,memoir entitl$ ,ueb] zwei ,v]su*e d5 ,*imborazo zu be/eig51 #ahjb & #ahca1 9 ,s*uma*]'s ,jahrbu* fr #ahcg1 ,s4 #agf4 ,footnote ,,jm3 ,critical ,rese>*es on ,philology & ,geography1 #ahbd1 p4 #add4 ,footnote ,,jn3 ,see my ,recueil d',obs]vations de ,zoologie et d',anatomie comp>e1 vol4 i4 p4 #bf-de4 ,footnote ,,jo3 ,fauna ,p]uana1 ,orni?ol4 p4 #ab4 ,footnote ,,jp3 ,voyage de l',amrique mridionale1 t4 ii4 p4 #b4 #ageb2 ,obs]vations a/ronomiques et physiques1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote ,,jq3 ,claudio ,gay1 ,hi/oria fisica y politica de ,*ile1 publicada bajo los auspicios del ,supremo ,gobi]no2 ,zoologia1 pp4 #aid-aih4 ,footnote ,,jr3 ,on ! action ( wat]1 see my ,v]su*e b] die g]eizte ,muskel-und ,n]v5fas]1 ,bd4 ii4 ,s4 #bej4 ,footnote ,,js3 ,see 8 ,mmoire sur les ,t>digrades et sur leur proprit de rev5ir la vie 7#ahdb74 ,footnote ,,jt3 ,doyre1 ,op4 cit4 p4 #aai4 ,footnote ,,ju3 ,doyre1 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #acj-acc4 ,footnote ,,jv3 ,doyre1 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #aag & #abi4 ,footnote ,,jw3 ,rgne animal1 #ahbi1 t4 i4 p4 #cif4 ,footnote ,,jx3 ,lavoisi]1 ,mmoires de ,*imie1 t4 i4 p4 #aai4 ,footnote ,,jy3 ,milne ,edw>ds1 ,elm5ts de ,zoologie1 #ahcd1 p4 #edc4 ,footnote ,,jz3 ,relat4 hi/41 t4 ii4 pp4 #aib1 #fbf4 ,footnote ,,ka3 ,grundriss d] ,krut]kunde1 #dte ,aufl4 ,b]l4 #ahje4 s4 #dje-dab4 ,footnote ,,kb3 ,augu/e de ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,leons de ,botanique1 #ahdj1 pp4 #efe-ega4 ,footnote ,,kc3 ,adri5 de ,jussieu1 ,c\rs lm5taire de ,botanique1 #ahdj1 p4 #dfc4 ,footnote ,,kd3 ,joh4 ,re9h4 ,=/]1 ,bem]kung5 auf se9] ,reise um die ,welt1 #aghc1 s4 #eg2 ,le ,g5til1 ,voyage dans les ,m]s de l',inde1 #aggb1 t4 i4 pp4 #fhe-fih4 ,footnote ,,ke3 ,=skaal1 ,fauna gyptiaco-arabica1 s4 ,descriptiones animalium qu 9 it9]e ori5tali obs]vavit1 #agge1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote ,,kf3 ,bory de ,/4-,v9c5t1 ,voyage dans les ,iles des ,m]s d',afrique1 #ahjd t4 i4 p4 #ajg1 pl4 vi4 ,footnote ,,kg3 ,mi*aelis1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 d] ,o/see bei ,kiel1 #ahcj1 s4 #ag4 ,footnote ,,kh3 ,abh&lung5 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9 aus dem ,j4 #ahcc1 s4 #cjg1 #ahcd1 s4 #ecg-ege1 #ahch1 s4 #de1 #beh4 ,footnote ,,ki3 ,ehr5b]g1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 des ,me]es1 #ahcf1 s4 #aaj1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afc4 ,footnote ,,kj3 ,v]su*e b] die g]eizte ,muskel- und ,n]v5fas]1 bd4 i4 s4 #dch-dda2 see also ,obs4 de ,zoologie et d',anatomie comp>e1 vol4 i4 p4 #hd4 ,footnote ,,kk3 ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #ahcd1 "p ii4 pp4 #ede-edg4 ,footnote ,,kl3 ,see my lett] to ! editor ( ! ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 bd4 xxxvii4 #ahcf1 s4 #bab-bad4 ,footnote ,,km3 ,humboldt1 ,relat4 hi/41 t4 i4 pp4 #gi1 #ecc4 ,respect+ ! wond]ful developm5t ( mass & p[] ( increase 9 ! ,infusorial animalcules1 see ,ehr5b]g1 ,infus41 s4 xiii4 #bia & #eab4 8,! galaxy ( ! smalle/ organisms10 he says1 8passes ?r\gh ! g5]a ,monas 7:]e !y are (t5 only ( a l9e71 ,vibrio1 & ,bact]ium10 7s4 xix4 #bdd47 ,footnote ,,kn3 ,rudolphi1 ,entozoorum ,synopsis1 pp4 #abd1 #dcd4 ,footnote ,,ko3 ,see ,gz5's ,e+eweidewrm]1 tab4 iv4 fig4 #aj4 ,footnote ,,kp3 ,mll]1 ,zoologia danica1 ,fasc4 ii4 tab4 lxxx4 a-e4 ,footnote ,,kq3 ,humboldt et ,prov5al1 ,sur la respiration des ,poissons1 9 ,rec4 d',obs4 de ,zoologie1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aid-baf4 ,footnote ,,kr3 ,mmoires de ,physique et de ,*imie de la ,socit d',arcueil1 t4 i4 #ahjg1 pp4 #beb-bha4 ,footnote ,,ks3 ,abh&lung5 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9 aus dem ,j4 #ahcb1 s4 #cic-dcb4 ,footnote ,,kt3 ,ehr5b]g1 ,op4 cit41 s4 #dai4 ,footnote ,,ku3 ,asie c5trale1 t4 i4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote ,,kv3 ,d>w91 ,/ructure ( ,coral ,reefs1 pp4 #ci1 #aaa1 & #ahc4 ,footnote ,,kw3 ,ehr5b]g's ,manuscript ,notes4 ,footnote ,,kx3 ,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 t4 vi41 #ahbe1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote ,,ky3 ,d>w91 ,coral ,reefs1 p4 #fc-fe4 ,footnote ,,kz3 ,*amisso1 9 ,kotzebue's ,entdeckungsreise1 bd4 iiiv s4 #ajh4 ,footnote ,,la3 ,see my ,essai ,politique sur l',ile de ,cuba1 t4 ii4 p4 #acg4 ,footnote ,,lb3 ,petr4 ,m>tyr1 ,oceanica1 #aecb1 ,dec4 #a1 p4 #i2 ,gom>a1 ,hi/4 de las ,indias1 #aeec1 fol4 xiv4 ,footnote ,,lc3 ,lacpde1 ,hi/4 nat4 des ,poissons1 t4 i4 p4 #ee4 ,footnote ,,ld3 ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,soc41 #bnd ,s]4 vol4 v4 ,p4 #a1 #ahcg1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote ,,le3 ,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 t4 vi41 #ahbe1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote ,,lf3 ,see ,d>w9's ,j\rnal1 #ahde1 p4 #dfg1 also 8 ,/ructure ( ,coral ,reefs1 pp4 #hd-hg2 & ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 ,hi/4 ( ,b>badoes1 #ahdh1 p4 #fcf4 ,footnote ,,lg3 ,report on gean ,inv]tebrata 9 ! ,report ( ! ,?irte5? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 held at ,cork 9 #ahdc1 pp4 #aea1 #afa4 ,footnote ,,lh3 ,see ,ross1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,ant>ctic ,regions1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ccd1 #ccg4 ,footnote ,,li3 ,ehr5b]g1 9 ! ,abh&l4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4 aus dem ,j4 #ahcb1 s4 #dcj4 ,footnote ,,lj3 ,=bes & ,spratt1 ,travels 9 ,lycia1 #ahdg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abd4 ,footnote ,,lk3 ,see my ,asie c5trale1 t4 ii4 p4 #eag4 ,footnote ,,ll3 ,comp>e ,james ,dana 7geologi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,explor+ ,exp$ition "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,wilkes71 ,on ! ,/ructure & ,classification ( ,zoophytes1 #ahdf1 pp4 #abd-aca4 ,footnote ,,lm3 ,report ( ! ,sixte5? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 held 9 #ahdf1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote ,,ln3 ,otfr4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*t5 ,hell5is*] ,/mme und ,/dte1 bd4 i4 s4 #fe1 #aai4 ,footnote ,,lo3 ,diodor4 ,sicul4 lib4 v4 cap4 #dg1 p4 #cfi4 ,wessel+4 ,footnote ,,lp3 ,ges*i*te d] natrli*5 ,v]nd]ung5 d] ,erdob]fl*e1 ,?4 i4 #ahbb1 s4 #aje-afb1 & ,creuz]'s ,symbolik1 #bte ,aufl4 ?4 ii4 s4 #bhe1 #cah1 #cfa4 ,footnote ,,lq3 ,lib4 i4 p4 #di1 #ej4 ,casaub4 ,footnote ,,lr3 ,lib4 xvii4 p4 #hji4 ,casaub4 ,footnote ,,ls3 ,/rabo1 lib4 i4 p4 #ea-ef1 lib4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 ,casaub4 ,footnote ,,lt3 ,diod4 iii4 #ec-ee4 ,footnote ,,lu3 ,maximus ,tyrius1 viii4 #g4 ,footnote ,,lv3 ,comp>e my ,exam5 critique de l'hi/4 de la ,gographie1 t4 i4 p4 #agi1 t4 iii4 p4 #acf4 ,footnote ,,lw3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dha4 7,bohn's edition74 ,footnote ,,lx3 ,see my "w1 ,v]su*e b] die *emis*e ,z]setzung des ,luftkreises1 #agii1 p4 #agg2 & ,moll's ,jahrb*] d] ,b]g- und ,htt5kunde1 #agig1 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote ,,ly3 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,leop4 ,c>ol4 ,natur ,curiosorum1 t4 xiii4 #ahbg1 p4 #gha4 ,footnote ,,lz3 ,humboldt1 ,rlat4 hi/41 t4 i4 pp4 #aah1 #fci4 ,footnote ,,ma3 ,vues des ,cordillres et ,monum5s des peuples indignes de l',amrique1 pl4 lxix4 ,footnote ,,mb3 ,rlat4 hi/41 t4 i41 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote ,,mc3 ,grundzge d] ,botanik1 #ahdc1 #ajjc4 ,footnote ,,md3 ,asia ,portuguesa1 t4 i41 cap4 #b41 pp4 #ad1 #ah4 ,footnote ,,me3 ,comp>e also ,b>ros1 ,asia1 dec4 i4 liv4 ii41 cap4 #b1 t4 i4 7,lisboa1 #aggh17 p4 #adh4 ,footnote ,,mf3 ,nav>rete1 t4 v1 pp4 #h1 #bdg1 #dja4 ,footnote ,,mg3 ,exam5 critique de l',hi/4 de la ,gographie1 t4 v4 pp4 #abi-acb4 ,footnote ,,mh3 ,ramusio1 vol4 i4 p4 #aji4 ,footnote ,,mi3 ,flore de ,sngambie p4 #gf4 ,footnote ,,mj3 ,?is tree 0 =m]ly call$ 8! ,e?iopian s\r g\rd20 ,julius ,scalig]1 :o gave x ! "n ( ,guanabanus1 in/ances "o1 :i* sev5te5 m5 ) out/ret*$ arms c\ld n encompass4 ,! wood is v p]i%able1 & ! negroes place 9 ! holl[ ( ^! trees ! corpses ( _! conjurors1 or ( su* p]sons :o !y suppose w\ld en*ant or desecrate ! gr\nd1 if buri$ 9 ! usual way4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,mk3 ,familles des ,plantes d',adanson1 #agfc1 ,p4 ,i4 pp4 ccxv-ccxviii4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury is "h /at$1 b ?is is no d\bt an error4 ,footnote ,,ml3 ,adri5 de ,jussieu1 ,c\rs de ,botanique1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote ,,mm3 ,voyage au ,sngal1 #ageg1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote ,,mn3 ,fragm5s d'un voyage en ,afrique1 t4 ii4 p4 #ib4 ,footnote ,,mo3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ffb4 7,bohn's ,edition47 ,footnote ,,mp3 ,dec&olle1 de la ,longvit des ,arbres1 p4 #fe4 ,f9e engrav+s ( ! v5]able yew at ,=t+al1 ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 ,ank]wyke1 c41 w be f\nd 9 ,/rutt's magnific5t "w on =e/ trees4 ,a v full acc\nt ( ! ,yew-tree1 ) engrav+s1 w also be f\nd 9 ,l\don's ,arboretum ,britannicum4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,mq3 ,endli*]1 ,grundzge d] ,botanik1 s4 #cii4 ,footnote ,,mr3 ,g\ld1 ,birds ( ,au/ralia1 vol4 i4 ,introd4 p4 xv4 ,footnote ,,ms3 ,adri5 de ,jussieu1 ,c\rs lm5taire de ,botanique1 #ahdj1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote ,,mt3 ,kun?1 ,lehrbu* d] ,botanik1 ?4 i4 #ahdg1 s4 #adf1 #afd2 ,l9dley1 ,introduction to ,botany1 #bnd ed4 p4 #ge4 ,footnote ,,mu3 ,mhl5p=dt1 ,v]su* e9] getreu5 ,s*ild]ung d] ,republik ,mexico1 bd4 i4 s4 #aec4 ,footnote ,,mv3 ,lass51 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 bd4 i4 s4 #bfj4 ,see an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,banyan tree 9 ,=bes' ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 pp4 #be-bh4 ,! tree !re describ$ 7! fam\s ,cubbe]-,burr7 comprises #cej l>ge trunks & m ?an #cjjj small ones1 & ext5ds ov] an area ( sev]al ?\s& feet4 ,milton alludes to ! ,banyan tree 9 8 ,p>adise ,lo/1 book ix4 l9e #aajj1 c4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,mw3 ,hi/ori ,v5et1 #aeea1 fol4 #hc4 ,footnote ,,mx3 ,annales de la ,socit d',agriculture de la ,ro*elle1 #ahdc1 p4 #chj4 ,footnote ,,my3 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es into ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahde1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote ,,mz3 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote ,,na3 ,flora ,ant>ctica1 p4 vii1 #a & #agh2 & ,camille ,montague1 ,botanique cryptogame du ,voyage de la ,bonite1 #ahdf1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote ,,nb3 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,botany ( ,t]ra ,au/ralis1 p4 #d4 ,footnote ,,nc3 ,humboldt1 de di/ributione geographica ,plant>um1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote ,,nd3 ,essai lm5taire de ,gographie botanique1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote ,,ne3 ,=m]ly libr>ian to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 n[ ,presid5t ( ! ,l9nan ,society4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,nf3 ,rob]t ,br[n1 ,g5]al rem>ks on ! botany ( ,t]ra ,au/ralis1 9 ,fl9d]s' ,voyage1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cch4 ,footnote ,,ng3 ,comp>e my essay1 ,de di/ributione geographica ,plant>um secundum cli temp]iem et altitud9em montium1 #ahag1 pp4 #bd-dd2 & see ! f>!r developm5t ( num]ical relations z giv5 by me 9 ! ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces naturelles1 t4 xviii4 #ahbj1 pp4 #dbb-dcf2 & 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 t4 xvi4 #ahba1 pp4 #bfg-bib4 ,footnote ,,nh3 ,humboldt et ,bonpl&1 ,plantes qu9oxiales1 t4 i4 p4 #cc1 tab4 #aj4 ,footnote ,,ni3 ,see 8 "w1 ,regni ,vegetabilis ,sy/ema naturale1 t4 i4 pp4 #abh1 #cif1 #dci1 #dfd1 #eaj4 ,footnote ,,nj3 ,biologie1 bd4 ii4 s4 #dg1 #fc1 #hc1 #abi4 ,footnote ,,nk3 ,dec&olle1 ,?orie lm5taire de la ,botanique1 p4 #aij2 ,humboldt1 ,nova g5]a et species ,plant>um1 t4 i4 pp4 xvii4 #a4 ,footnote ,,nl3 ,jahrb*] d] ,gew*skunde1 bd4 i4 ,b]l91 #ahah1 s4 #ah1 #ba1 #cj4 ,footnote ,,nm3 ,playfair1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,soc4 ( ,ed9b41 vol4 v4 #ahje1 p4 #bjb2 ,humboldt1 on ! sum total ( ! !rmometric degrees requir$ = ! cycle ( vegetation ( ! ,c]eals1 9 ,mm4 sur des lignes iso!rmes1 p4 #if2 ,b\ss+ault1 ,economie rurale1 t4 ii4 p4 #fei1 #ffc1 #ffg2 & ,alphonse ,dec&olle1 ,sur les causes qui limit5t les espces vgtales1 #ahdg1 p4 #h4 ,footnote ,,nn3 ,introduction to ,botany1 #bnd ed4 p4 #ejd4 ,footnote ,,no3 ,manuscript notice communicat$ to ! 8,g>t5bau-,v]e90 9 ,dec4 #ahdf4 ,footnote ,,np3 ,kun?1 ,enum]atio ,plant>um4 ,footnote ,,nq3 ,erne/ ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #ahdc1 vol4 i4 p4 #dai4 ,footnote ,,nr3 ,joseph ,hook]1 ,flora ,ant>ctica1 pp4 #gc-ge4 ,footnote ,,ns3 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,results ( ,a/ron4 ,obs]v4 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #ahdg1 p4 #cha4 ,footnote ,,nt3 ,abh&l4 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9 aus dem ,j4 #ahdf1 s4 #cbb4 ,footnote ,,nu3 ,see my "w1 ,ueb] die g]eizte ,muskel-und ,n]v5fas]1 bd4 ii4 s4 #adb-ade4 ,footnote ,,nv3 ,humboldt1 ,de di/ributione geographica ,plant>um1 pp4 #bbe-bcc4 ,footnote ,,nw3 ,seman>io de ,santa ,f de ,bogot1 #ahji1 ,no4 #ba1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote ,,nx3 ,walli*1 ,plant asiatic1 vol4 iii4 tab4 #baa4 ,footnote ,,ny3 ,g5]al rem>ks on ! ,botany ( ,t]ra ,au/ralis1 p4 #de4 ,footnote ,,nz3 ,voyage au ,brsil1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote ,,oa3 ,comp>e also ,d>w91 ,j\rnal1 ,ed4 ( #ahde1 pp4 #bdd1 #bef4 ,footnote ,,ob3 ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis* ,guiana1 ,?4 i4 ,s4 #ej4 ,footnote ,,oc3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgf4 7,bohn's ,edition47 ,footnote ,,od3 ,aug4 de ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,morphologie vgtale1 #ahdj1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote ,,oe3 8,9 ! ,palm groves at ,pihiguao1 s+le trees annually be> z #djj fruit ( an apple %ape2 & x is well kn[n among ! ,bro!rs ( ,san ,francisco1 :o live on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ,guania1 t ! ,indians become v fat at ! "t t ! ,palms put =? _! unctu\s fruit40--,humboldt1 de di/rib4 geogr4 ,plant41 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote ,,(3 ,comp>e my ,essai sur la ,gographie des ,plantes1 p4 #bi1 & my ,rlat4 hi/4 t4 i4 pp4 #ajd1 #ehg1 t4 ii4 pp4 #cee1 #cfg4 ,footnote ,,og3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebd 7,bohn's ,edition74 ,footnote ,,oh3 ,comp>e ,lass51 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 bd4 i4 s4 #bfb1 ) my ,essai politique sur la ,n\velle ,espagne1 t4 ii4 p4 #chb1 & ,rlat4 hi/41 t4 i4 p4 #dia4 ,footnote ,,oi3 ,humboldt et ,bonpl&1 ,plantes qu9oxiales1 t4 i4 p4 #hb1 pi4 #bd2 ,essai polit4 sur la ,n\v4 ,esp4 t4 i4 p4 #ih4 ,footnote ,,oj3 ,see our ,plantes qu94 t4 ii4 p4 #aac1 pl4 #aaf4 ,footnote ,,ok3 ,see 8 ,tableau des ,prov9ces situes sur la cte occid5tale de la ,m] ,caspi5ne1 entre les fleuves ,t]ek et ,k\r1 #agih1 pp4 #eh1 #abj4 ,footnote ,,ol3 ,see ,mol9a's ,/oria naturale del ,*ili1 #aghb1 p4 #agd4 ,footnote ,,om3 ,klotzs*1 ,ueb] die geographis*e ,v]breitung d] ,erica-,art5 mit bleib5d] ,blum5krone4 ,manuscr4 ,footnote ,,on3 ,flora ,sibirica1 t4 iv41 p4 #abi4 ,footnote ,,oo3 ,flora ,rossica1 t4 i41 p>s #b1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote ,,op3 ,botany ( ! ,ant>ctic ,voyage ( ! ,erebus & ,t]ror1 #ahdd1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote ,,oq3 ,philos4 ,transact41 vol4 lxxix4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote ,,or3 ,h&bu* d] ,botanik1 s4 #fji4 ,footnote ,,os3 ,claudio ,gay1 ,flora ,*il5sis1 #ahdh1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote ,,ot3 ,wisliz5us1 ,t\r to ,nor!rn ,mexico1 #ahdh1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote ,,ou3 ,see p4 #ae4 ,footnote ,,ov3 ,hook]1 ,flora ant>ctica1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote ,,ow3 ,comp>e ! section ,or*ide 9 my "w1 ,de di/rib4 geogr4 ,plant41 pp4 #bda-bdg4 ,footnote ,,ox3 ,see ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #ddi4 ,footnote ,,oy3 ,see 8 ,abh&l4 d] ,wiss4 zu ,mn*51 bd4 iii4 #ahcg-ahdc1 ,s4 #geb4 ,footnote ,,oz3 ,synopsis ,conif]>um1 #ahdg4 ,footnote ,,pa3 ,see ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bhb-bhg 7,bohn's edition74 ,footnote ,,pb3 ,see my ,exam5 crit41 t4 ii4 pp4 #bdf-bei4 ,footnote ,,pc3 ,flora ,ant>ctica1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote ,,pd3 ,see ,l9na1 bd4 xv4 #ahda1 s4 #ebi1 & ,endli*]'s ,synopsis ,conif]>um1 p4 #if4 ,footnote ,,pe3 ,see ,h(fmei/]'s ,briefe aus ,indi5 whr5d d] ,exp$ition des ,pr9z5 ,waldem> von ,preuss51 #ahdg1 s4 #cea4 ,footnote ,,pf3 ,dec4 iii4 lib4 x4 p4 #fh4 ,footnote ,,pg3 ,?unb]g1 ,flora ,japonica1 p4 #bge4 ,! allusion is some:at amus+2 we annex a translation ( ,?unb]g's note3--8,?is fruit resembles acorns1 & is ( an a/r+5t nature4 ,= ?is reason ! ,japanese int]pret]s1 :5 con/ra9$ to rema9 9 ! royal pres5ce long] ?an usual1 *ew x1 z an antidiuretic4 ,x is br\ght to table at ! second c\rse ) ,acrodrya1 & is said to be v :olesome1 & to relax ! b[els al?\gh x con/ricts ! m\?4 ,! express$ oil is 9 reque/ = ! kit*51 especially among ! ,*9ese monks :o live at ,nagasacca40--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,ph3 ,gay1 ,flora ,*il5sis1 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote ,,pi3 ,see my ,exam5 crit4 t4 iii4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote ,,pj3 ,see ,ratzeburg1 ,=/reis51 #ahdd1 s4 #bhg4 ,footnote ,,pk3 ,torrey & ,frmont1 ,report ( ! ,explor+ ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 #ahdd1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote ,,pl3 ,endli*]1 ,conif] fossiles1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote ,,pm3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 #ahbf1 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote ,,pn3 ,see description 9 ,lewis & ,cl>ke's ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] & across ! ,am]ican ,cont95t to ! ,pacific ,ocean 7#ahjd-f71 #ahad1 p4 #def4 ,footnote ,,po3 ,dwight1 ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #cf1 & ,em]son1 ,report on ! ,trees & ,%rubs gr[+ naturally 9 ! ,=e/s ( ,massa*usetts1 #ahdf1 p4 #fj-ff4 ,footnote ,,pp3 ,augu/e de ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,morphologie vgtale1 #ahdj1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote ,,pq3 ,l9na1 bd4 xv4 #ahda1 s4 #dhi4 ,footnote ,,pr3 ,em]son1 ,report on ! ,=e/s1 pp4 #di1 #aja4 ,footnote ,,ps3 ,morphologie vgtale1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote ,,pt3 ,gpp]t1 ,beoba*tung5 b] das sog5annte ,umwall5 d] ,tann5/cke1 #ahdb1 s4 #ab4 ,footnote ,,pu3 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 iii4 cap4 #g1 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 ,s*neid]4 ,footnote ,,pv3 ,?4 i4 s4 #adc1 #aff4 ,footnote ,,pw3 ,comp>e ,ung]1 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss des ,bod5s auf die ,v]!ilung d] ,gew*se1 s4 #bjj2 ,l9dblom1 ,adnot4 9 geographicam plant>um intra ,sueciam di/ributionem1 p4 #hi2 ,m>tius1 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 t4 xviii4 #ahdb1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote ,,px3 ,l9k1 ,urwelt1 ,?4 i4 #ahcd1 s4 #bja-baa4 ,footnote ,,py3 ,palisot de ,beauvois1 ,flore d',ow>e et de ,b591 t4 i4 #ahjd1 p4 #d1 pl4 ,,iii4 ,footnote ,,pz3 ,comptes r5dus de l',in/itut1 t4 viii4 #ahci1 p4 #ded1 t4 ix4 pp4 #fad-gha4 ,footnote ,,qa3 ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,guiana und am ,or9oko1 #ahda1 s4 #bcc4 ,footnote ,,qb3 ,pppig1 ,reise 9 ,*ile1 ,p]u1 und auf dem ,amazon5/rome4 ,bd4 ii4 #ahcf1 s4 #dcb4 ,footnote ,,qc3 ,erne/ ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #ahdc1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote ,,qd3 ,see ! v correct del9eations 9 ,adri5 de ,jussieu1 ,c\rs de ,botanique1 pp4 #gg-gi1 figs4 #aje-ajh4 ,footnote ,,qe3 ,patt]son1 ,reis5 9 das ,l& d] ,hott5tott5 und d] ,kaff]n1 #agij1 s4 #ee4 ,footnote ,,qf3 ,see 8 ,reis5 im sdli*5 ,afrika1 ?4 i4 s4 #cgj4 ,footnote ,,qg3 ,bu*anan1 ,j\rney ?r\gh ,mysore1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cda2 & ,/irl+1 9 ! ,asiat4 ,res4 vol4 xv4 p4 #bje4 ,footnote ,,qh3 ,see ,boj]1 ,hortus ,mauritianus1 #ahcg1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote ,,qi3 ,relat4 hi/4 t4 i4 pp4 #fje-fjf4 ,footnote ,,qj3 ,flora ant>ctica1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote ,,qk3 ,hook]1 ,icon4 plant4 vol4 ii4 tab4 #aej4 ,footnote ,,ql3 ,comp>e ,hook]1 ,flora ant>ctica1 pp4 vii4 #gd1 #bae1 ) ,sir ,james ,ross1 ,voyage 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,ant>ctic ,regions1 #ahci-ahdc1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cce-cdb4 ,footnote ,,qm3 ,humboldt1 de di/rib4 geogr4 ,plant41 pp4 #agh1 #bac4 ,footnote ,,qn3 ,hi/oria de las ,indias1 #aece1 fol4 xc4 ,footnote ,,qo3 ,humboldt1 ,relat4 hi/41 t4 i4 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote ,,qp3 ,rob]t ,br[n1 ,9 ,exp$ition to ,congo1 ,app5d4 p4 #dbc4 ,footnote ,,qq3 ,abu ,zac>ia ,ebn el ,awam1 ,libro de ,agricultura1 traducido por ,j4 ,a4 ,banqu]i1 t4 ii4 ,madr4 #ahjb1 p4 #gcf4 ,footnote ,,qr3 ,see a valuable ,treatise by d',urville1 ,di/ribution gographique des f\gres sur la surface du ,globe1 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces nat41 t4 vi4 #ahbe1 pp4 #ea1 #ff1 #gc4 ,footnote ,,qs3 ,c\nt ,sum9ski1 ,zur ,entwickelungs-,ges*i*te d] ,f>rnkrut] #ahdh1 ,s4 #aj-ad4 ,footnote ,,qt3 ,monatl4 ,b]i*te d] ,akad4 zu ,b]l91 ,janu>1 #ahdh1 ,s4 #bj4 ,footnote ,,qu3 ,humboldt et ,kun?1 ,nova ,g54 ,plant41 t4 ii4 p4 #bb1 ,tab4 #ii4 ,footnote ,,qv3 ,l9dley1 ,introd4 to ! ,natural ,sy/em ( ,botany1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote ,,qw3 ,see ! additions to ,frankl9's ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney to ! %ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 #ahbc1 p4 #gfe4 ,footnote ,,qx3 ,morphologie vgtale1 #ahdj1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote ,,qy3 ,adri5 de ,jussieu1 ,c\rs de ,botanique1 pp4 #ajf1 #abj1 & #gjj2 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 #ahdf1 p4 #dcc4 ,footnote ,,qz3 ,flora ant>tica1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote ,,ra3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dec 7,bohn's edition47 ,footnote ,,rb3 ,ari/ot4 ,de ,g5]at4 ,animal4 v4 i4 p4 #ggh1 & ,de ,somno et ,vigil4 cap4 i4 p4 #dee1 ,bekk]4 ,footnote ,,rc3 ,kun?1 ,lehrbu* d] ,botanik1 #ahdg4 ,?4 i4 s4 #eaa2 ,s*leid51 ,die ,pflanze und ihr ,leb51 #ahdh1 s4 #ajj4 ,footnote ,,rd3 ,probl4 #bj1 #g4 ,footnote ,,re3 ,!oria ,g5]ationis1 #e-i4 ,footnote ,,rf3 ,see ,kun?1 ,synopsis ,plant>um quas 9 it9]e colleg]unt1 ,al4 de ,humboldt et ,am4 ,bonpl&1 t4 iii4 pp4 #hg1 #cfj4 ,footnote ,,rg3 ,geogno/ical ,essay on ! sup]position ( ,rocks 9 bo? ,hemisph]es4 #hvo4 ,lond4 #ahjc4 ,footnote ,,rh3 ,see ,abh&l4 d] ,knigl4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,b]l94 ,jahr #ahbb und #ahbc1 s4 #c-bj4 ,footnote ,,ri3 ,acta ,s4 ,patricii1 p4 #eee1 ed4 ,ru9>t2 ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbj1 7,bohn's edition74 ,footnote ,,rj3 ,a ,portico 9 ,a!ns conta9+ a picture gall]y pa9t$ *iefly by ,polygnotus1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,micon & ,pannus4 ,z5o taught 8 doctr9es !re1 & 0 9 consequ5ce call$ ! ,/oic1 f /oa1 a portico1 & 8 s*ool ! ,/oic-s*ool--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,rk3 ,! v same idea is express$ 9 ,s*ill]'s ,walk "u ! ,l9d5 ,trees4--,,ed4 ,footnote ,,rl3 ,see ,aphorismi ex doctr9a ,physiologi *emic ,plant>um1 9 ,humboldt1 ,flora ,frib]g5sis subt]ranea1 #agic1 pp4 #acc-acf4 ,translation2--8,if y att5tively consid] ! :ole nature ( ?+s1 y w discov] a great & p]man5t diff]5ce among/ elem5ts1 "s ( :i* obey+ ! laws ( aff9ity1 o!rs indep5d5t1 appe> 9 v>i\s comb9ations4 ,?is diff]5ce is by no means inh]5t 9 ! elem5ts !mselves & 9 _! nature1 b seems to be d]iv$ solely f _! p>ticul> di/ribution4 ,we call t matt] in]t1 brute1 & inanimate1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are comb9$ accord+ to ! laws ( *emical aff9ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we call ^? bodies animate & organic1 :i*1 al?\gh con/antly manife/+ a t5d5cy to assume new =ms1 are re/ra9$ by "s int]nal =ce f rel9qui%+ t orig9ally assign$ !m4 ,t int]nal =ce1 :i* dissolves ! bonds ( *emical aff9ity1 & prev5ts ! elem5ts ( bodies f freely unit+1 we call vital4 ,accord+ly1 ! mo/ c]ta9 crit]ion ( dea? is putresc5ce1 by :i* ! fir/ p>ts1 or /am9a ( ?+s1 resume _! pri/9e /ate1 & obey ! laws ( aff9ity4 ,9 inanimate bodies !re c be no putresc5ce40 ,footnote ,,rm3 ,h5le1 ,allgeme9e ,anatomie1 #ahda1 pp4 #baf-bai4 ,footnote ,,rn3 ,pult5ey ,alison1 9 ! ,transact4 ( ! ,royal ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #cje4 ,footnote ,,ro3 ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 p4 #eh4 7,bohn's ,edition47 ,footnote ,,rp3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #cdi4 7,bohn's ,edition47 ,footnote ,,rq3 ,comp>e also ! critique on ! acceptation ( special vital =ces 9 ,s*leid5's ,botanik als inductive ,wiss5s*aft1 "p i4 pp4 #fj1 & ! lately publi%$ & admirable treatise ( ,emil du ,bois-,reymond1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ?i]is*e ,elektricitt1 vol4 i4 pp4 xxxiv-#a4 ,footnote ,,rr3 ,translation4--8,f ! ,prov9ce ,anti ! ,montaz ( ! ,antis receiv$ _! "n4 ,antisuyu signifi$ ! ea/]n direction1 & = t reason ! "n ,anti 0 giv5 to all t "p ( ! great ,cordill]a ( ,si]ra ,nevada :i* runs along ! ea/ ( ,p]u1 to d5ote t x 0 situat$ 9 ! ea/40 7,comm5t>ios ,reales1 pt4 i4 pp4 #dg1 #abb47--;,,ed4 ,footnote ,,rs3 ,see my ,treatise on ! ,qu9a ,woods1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,magaz9 d] ,gesells*aft natur=s*5d] ,freunde zu ,b]l91 ,jahrg4 i4 #ahjg1 s4 #ei4 ,footnote ,,rt3 ,hi/oire de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 anne #agch4 ,p>is1 #agdj1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote ,,ru3 ,i h giv5 a draw+ ( x 9 ! ,vues des ,cordillres1 pl4 xvii42 see also ,ciea1 cap4 #dd1 ,p4 i4 p4 #abj4 ,footnote ,,rv3 ,translation4--8,! road ( ! ,si]ras is wond]ful to behold2 = truly1 ?r\gh\t all ,*ri/5dom1 !re are n to be se5 su* beautiful roads on su* rugg$ gr\nd1 &1 = ! mo/ "p !y are pav$40 ,footnote ,,rw3 ,see ,vues des ,cordillres et ,monum5s des peuples indignes de l',amrique1 ed4 9 #hvo4 t4 ii4 pp4 #bbj-bfg4 ,footnote ,,rx3 ,joaqu9 ,aco/a1 ,comp5dio hi/orico del ,descubrimi5to de la ,nueva ,granada1 #ahdh1 pp4 #ahh1 #aif1 #bjf1 & #bjh2 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie de ,p>is1 #ahdg1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote ,,ry3 ,j\rnal ( a ,resid5ce 9 ,columbia1 #ahbe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cij4 ,footnote ,,rz3 ,hi/orical ,rese>*es on ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 #ahbg1 p4 #cig4 ,footnote ,,sa3 ,prescott's ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccb4 ,footnote ,,sb3 ,see ,g>cilaso1 lib4 viii4 cap4 #b2 also ,joaqu9 ,aco/a1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote ,,sc3 ,see ,humboldt1 ,recueil des ,obs]v4 ,a/ron4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cji-cei4 ,footnote ,,sd3 ,j\rnal du ,voyage fait l',equateur1 #agea1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote ,,se3 ,p+r1 ,comtographie1 t4 i4 p4 #dif2 & ,galle's ,v]zei*niss all] bi%] b]e*net5 ,comet5bahn51 9 ,olb]s' ,easie/ me?od ( calculat+ ! c\rse ( a ,comet1 #ahdg1 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote ,,sf3 ,mdl]'s ,a/ronomie1 #ahdf1 p4 #cjg2 also ,s*nurr]'s ,*ronik d] ,seu*5 9 ,v]b9dung mit glei*zeitig5 ,ers*e9ung51 #ahbe1 "p ii4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote ,,sg3 ,comm5t>ies reales de las ,incas1 p>te ii4 #agbb1 pp4 #bg1 #ea4 ,footnote ,,%3 ,hi/oria de las ,indias1 #aecc1 p4 #fg4 ,see my ,essai ,politique sur la ,n\velle ,espagne1 ed4 #b1 t4 iii4 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote ,,si3 ,see ! ,essai politique1 t4 iii4 p4 #cga1 #cgg2 & also ,joaqu9 ,aco/a's ,descubrimi5to de la ,nueva ,granada1 #ahdh1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote ,,sj3 ,prescott's ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dfd-dgg4 ,footnote ,,sk3 ,relation hi/41 t4 iii4 pp4 #gjc1 #gje1 #gac4 ,footnote ,,sl3 ,raleigh1 ,! ,discov]y ( ! l>ge1 ri*1 & beautiful ,empire ( ,guiana1 p]=m$ 9 #aeie4 ,edition publi%$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 #ahdh1 pp4 #aai & #acg4 ,footnote ,,sm3 ,exam5 critique de l'hi/oire de la ,gographie du ,n\veau ,cont95t et des progrs de l',a/ronomie nautique aux #aeme et #afme sicles1 t4 i4 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote ,,sn3 ,pet] ,m>tyr's ,epi/4 dxl4 p4 #bif4 ,footnote ,,s3 ,joaqu9 ,aco/a1 ,comp5dio hi/4 del ,descubrimi5to de la ,nueva ,granada1 p4 #di4 ,footnote ,,sp3 ,vida del ,almirante por ,don ,f]n&o ,colon1 cap4 #ij4 ,footnote ,,sq3 ,see my ,atlas gographique et physique de la ,n\v4 ,espagne1 pi4 iv4 & ,atlas de la ,relation hi/orique1 pl4 xxii4 xxiii42 also my ,voyage aux regiones qu9oxiales du ,n\veau ,cont95t1 t4 iii4 pp4 #aag-aed1 & ,essai politique sur la royaume de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 t4 i4 #bnd ed4 #ahbe1 pp4 #bjb-bdh4 ,footnote ,,sr3 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,soc4 ( ,london = ! ye> #ahcj1 pp4 #ei-fh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #ed1 *ang$ 8,plateau de la ,t>t>ic0 to 8,plateau de la ,t>t>ie04 #b4 ,p4 #acd1 *ang$ 8,comp>e my ,relation hi/orique1 t4 i4 p4 #dib1 t4 ii4 pp4 #fec1 #gjc1 #f;i? ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk0 to 8,comp>e my ,relation hi/orique1 t4 i4 p4 #dib1 t4 ii4 pp4 #fec1 #gjc1 ) ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk04 #c4 ,pp4 #chj & #dcb1 add$ miss+ footnote an*ors4 #d4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #e4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #f4 ,re-index$ symbol designat$ footnotes us+ lett]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #g4 ,numb]$ footnotes 7 re-index$ & left 9 place4 #h4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #i4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4