,,! ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,illu/ration3 ,laun*+ ! ,air%ip4 ,,! ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,fly ,,!m3 ,,) ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e ,,by ,,francis ,a4 ,,coll9s ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,_m ,,photographs ,,& ,,diagrams ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,illu/ration ,,london ,,eveleigh ,,na% #aiab ,,to ,,arnold ,,mill] ,,coll9s 7,ag$ ,t57 ,,?an ,,:om ,,no ,,collaborator ,,c\ld ,,h ,,be5 ,,m ,,en?usia/ic ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,models3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,fly ,,!m ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,sport ,,= ,,boys #c ,,ii4 ,,:y ,,! ,,a]oplane ,,flies #ah ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a 8,,glid]0 #cj ,,iv4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,motor #ej ,v4 ,,f9e ,,po9ts ,,( ,,con/ruction #fh ,,vi4 ,,simple ,,monoplane ,,models #hd ,,vii4 ,,elaborat+ ,,! ,,monoplane #ajb ,,viii4 ,,build+ ,a ,,biplane #aba ,,ix4 ,,comb9+ ,,monoplane ,,& ,,biplane ,,=ms #acg ,x4 ,,faults ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,m5d ,,!m #adc ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,aviation ,i4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es #afc ,,ii4 ,,develop+ ,,! ,,a]oplane #age ,,iii4 ,,! ,,wright ,,bro!rs' ,,own ,,/ory #aic ,,iv4 ,,abo>d ,,! ,,wrights' ,,air%ip #bbd ,v4 ,,o!r ,,a]oplanes ,,appe> #bch ,,vi4 ,,successful ,,monoplanes #bed ,,vii4 ,,a]ial ,,w>f>e #bgb ,,viii4 ,,sports ,,( ,,! ,,air1 ,,a]oplanes #bic ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,laun*+ ! ,air%ip ,frontispiece ,a ,junior ,aroclub ) its ,in/ructor 9 ,"o ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,s*ools #g ,a ,"y ,inv5tor 9 ,8 ,work%op #ad ,boys ,comp>+ ,models #ad ,! ,fir/ ,glid] ,weight$ at ! ,front #bh ,d[el ,/rips ( ,diff]5t ,sizes #cc ,plate ,a--,diagrams ( ,plan ( ,aroplane on ,page #eh #ch ,a ,coil ( ,cane or ,re$ #db ,splitt+ a ,bamboo ,fi%-,pole #dg ,plate ,b--,! ,propell] be=e ,cutt+ ,d[n #ea ,model ,con/ruct$ f ,diagram1 ,plate ,a #eh ,splitt+ ! ,seg> ,box ,cov] to ,build ! ,propell] #fc ,plate ,c--,! ,diagram ( a ,monoplane #fe ,a ,model ,aroplane ,built f ! ,draw+ 7,plate ,c7 #ga ,detail ( ,rudd] & ,propell] ( ,model ,built f ,draw+ 7,plate ,c7 #gh ,plate ,i--,a ,clev] ,fold+ ,model4 ,! ,w+s ,are ,broad] ?an ,ne$ ,be #hh ,plate ,,ii--,a ,model ,aroplane ,wor? ,imitat+ #ic ,plate ,,iii--,an ,+5i\s ,fr5* ,model ,made ( ,umbrella ,wire #ajj ,plate ,,iv--,"o ( ! ,simple/ ( ,aroplanes to ,con/ruct #aje ,plate ,v--,too ,l>ge = ,beg9n]s b ,w ,make ,long ,flights #aab ,model ,%[n 9 ,plate ,v ,ready = a ,flight #aag ,plate ,,vi--,a ,model ) ,bo? ,good & ,bad ,features #abd ,plate ,,vii--,a ,good ,example ( ,c>eful ,design+ & ,workman%ip #abi ,plate ,,viii--,an ,effective ,model ) ,wood5 ,w+s #acf ,plate ,,ix--,an ,int]e/+ ,exp]im5t ,along ,new ,l9es #aci ,plate ,x--,an ,excell5t ,monoplane ,capable ( ,long ,flights #aej ,detail ( ,model ,%[n 9 ,plate ,x #aec ,plate ,,xi--,well ,?\ght ,out ,monoplane #aeh ,plate ,,xii--,a ,good ,example ( ,tilt$ ,planes #afe ,plate ,,xiii--,a ,s]viceable ,=m ,made ( ,wire #agb ,plate ,,xiv--,! ,"u ,body ( ! ,monoplane ,%[n 9 ,plate ,,xiii #agi ,plate ,,xv--,a ,simple ,model :i* ,proves ,/eady 9 ,flight #ahd ,plate ,,xvi--,! ,propell] & ,%aft ( ! ,model ,%[n 9 ,plate ,,xv #ahi ,plate ,,xvii--,an ,+5i\s ,model :i* ,fails to ,fly #aif ,plate ,,xviii--,a ,good ,model ,except+ ,t ,its ,v]tical ,rudd]s ,are ,too ,l>ge #bja ,plate ,,xix--,a ,simple ,cellul> ,=m #bjh ,plate ,,xx--,a ,cellul> ,type ) ,rudd] & ,elevat+ ,plane #bac ,plate ,,xxi--,a ,complicat$ ,model ,capable ( ,long ,flights #bbj ,plate ,,xxii--,an ,int]e/+ ,=m :i* ,flies ,backw>d or ,=w>d #bbe ,plate ,,xxiii--,a ,well ,built ,model ,badly ,proportion$ #bcj ,plate ,,xxiv--,wright ,model ,ready = ,flight #bce ,plate ,,xxv--,ano!r ,view ( ! ,wright ,model #bdf ,plate ,,xxvi--,an ,+5i\s ,model :i* ,rises ,quickly #bea ,plate ,,xxvii--,an ,aroplane ) ,pap] ,w+s #bee ,a ,v ,simple ,monoplane = ,beg9n]s #bfb ,otto ,lili5?al ab\t to ,take ,flight #bfg ,a ,ma*9e = ,te/+ ! ,lift+ ,p[] ( ,aroplanes #bgd ,maxim's ,fir/ ,aroplane #bhj ,! ,ma*9e on ! ,rails1 z x ,appe>$ 9 #ahic #bhj ,fir/ ,flight ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs' ,fir/ ,motor ,ma*9e #bhe ,?ree-qu>t] ,view ( a ,flight at ,simms ,/ation1 ,novemb] #af1 #aijd #bib ,front ,view ( ! ,flight ( ! ,wright ,aroplane1 ,octob] #d1 #aije #big ,,"p ,i ,,models3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,fly ,,!m ,,! ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,new ,,sport ,,= ,,boys ,9 ! boy's cal5d> n[adays ! aroplane season comes 9 ) sl$d+ & runs all ?r\gh skat+1 m>ble1 top1 kite-fly+1 & bicycle "t4 ,! delights ( all ! old games seem to be f\nd 9 ?is m>vel\s new toy4 ,! fun 9 ?r[+ a top _c comp>e ) t ( laun*+ an aroplane1 :ile kite-fly+ is a v poor sub/itute = ! actual conque/ ( ! air4 ,to wat* "o ( ^! fasc9at+ little %ips ( ! air1 :i* y h fa%ion$ & built ) y\r own h&s1 actually rise f ! e>? & so> al(t ) a swall['s swiftness1 is p]haps ! greate/ boy's sport 9 ! _w4 ,c]ta9ly no new game or toy has ev] tak5 su* hold ( ! boy's imag9ation1 & 9 s %ort a "t enroll$ su* an army ( en?usia/s4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to-day upw>d ( t5 ?\s& boy aviators are /ruggl+ ) ! problem ( ! air-%ip4 ,among ^! junior aronauts ! record = height & t = di/ance 9 fly+ are matt]s ( q z lively int]e/ z among ! gr[n-ups4 ,! great conte/s ( aviators "h & abroad are wat*$ ) intellig5t int]e/4 ,let a new =m ( aroplane1 a biplane or monoplane1 appe>1 & x is quickly reproduc$ by scores ( models & its virtues put to an actual te/4 ,if a new w+ or new plan = insur+ /ability is inv5t$1 a new ?\ght 9 ! /e]+-device1 or "s new application ( p[]1 x is in/antly ! subject ( e>ne/ discussion among ! junior aronauts ! c\ntry ov]4 ,nor are junior aronauts m]ely imitators4 ,! my/]y ( ! problems ( ! air1 ! fasc9ation ( a new _w ( conque/1 make a /rong appeal to ! ,am]ican temp]am5t4 ,) ?\s&s ( bright boys work+ ) might & ma9 to build air-%ips :i* w actually fly1 !re is c]ta9 to be real progress4 ,?\s&s ( diff]5t models h be5 design$ & put to actual te/4 ,?is army ( inv5tors1 rang+ 9 age f twelve to eighte5 ye>s1 "s ( :om w be ! aviators ( ! future1 _c fail to d great s]vice1 z "t goes on1 9 ! actual conque/ ( ! air4 ,)9 a few mon?s ?is army ( inv5tors has become organiz$ into clubs1 & a regul> program ( t\rnam5ts has be5 arrang$4 ,! junior aro clubs are f\nd 9 connection ) _m s*ools1 bo? public & private2 !y are made features ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association amusem5ts1 or !y become id5tifi$ ) v>i\s neighborhoods4 ,t\rnam5ts are arrang$ betwe5 clubs ( diff]5t cities or ,/ates1 :ile an int]national t\rnam5t is ev5 plann$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,! junior aro _w has its prizes1 :i* are sc>cely less covet$ ?an ! rew>ds = actual flight4 ,"s fifty m$als h be5 di/ribut$ ?is ye> among ! memb]s ( ! ,new ,york ,junior ,aro ,club4 ,_m elaborate trophies w be cont5d$ = dur+ #aiaj by ! junior aronauts ( ! c\ntry4 ,a h&some silv] cup ( special design has be5 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,leo ,/ev5s1 & a second by ,mr4 ,sidney ,b[man1 :ile simil> trophies are (f]$ by ,commodore ,m>%all1 ,o4 ,*anute1 & o!rs4 ,! toy aroplane is n limit$ to any "o season1 z "o's sl$1 kite1 or skates4 ,9 ! w9t] mon?s ! te/s ( flight may be c>ri$ out 9 any l>ge room or hall4 ,!re is ev5 an advantage 9 hold+ su* a t\rnam5t 9 a l>ge s*ool-room1 rid+-academy1 or armory1 s9ce !re is no baffl+ w9d to cont5d )4 ,already def9ite rules h be5 laid d[n = conduct+ ^! te/s & = mak+ (ficial records ( flights4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 to comp>e ! records made 9 diff]5t cities or c\ntries ) "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,junior ,aroclub ) ,its ,in/ructor 9 ,"o ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,s*ools4 ,! junior aro t\rnam5ts are likely to be ! mo/ ?rill+ exp]i5ce 9 a boy's life4 ,! feats :i* ! _w has wat*$ ) su* brea?less int]e/ at aviation meets at ,rheims1 ,pau1 or ,los ,angeles are reproduc$ 9 m9iature 9 ^! boys' conte/s )\t loss ( en?usiasm4 ,! weeks or mon?s ( prep>ation 9 scores ( little work%ops are n[ put to an actual te/4 ,! model air-%ip1 :i* has co/ s _m anxi\s & delightful h\rs 9 ! build+1 is to spread its w+s ) scores ( simil> air-craft4 ,! sup]iority ( ! monoplane or biplane =ms is to be te/$ )\t fe> or favor4 ,= ! "y inv5tors1 ev5 = ! m]e layman 9 su* matt]s1 ! sc5e is extremely animat$4 ,on e h& "o sees ! inv5tors tun+ up _! air-craft = ! f9al te/4 ,!re are lively discussions 9 progress ov] ! m>vel\s little toys4 ,! layman he>s a new language spok5 ) p]fect confid5ce ab\t him4 ,! boys h already made ! picturesque vocabul>y ( ! _w ( aviation _! own4 ,! discussion ranges ov] monoplanes & biplanes1 cellul> types1 & flex$ planes1 or ( rigid & lat]al braces4 ,to he> a cr[d ( ^! en?usia/s %\t _! comm5ts z ! air-%ips fly ab\t is 9 itself an education 9 advanc$ aronautics4 ,directly ! floor is cle>$1 ! judges take _! position1 & ! junior sky-pilot toes ! m>k1 air-%ip 9 h&4 8,"o1 two1 ?ree10 %\ts ! />t]1 & ) a :ir ! graceful air-craft is laun*$4 ,! flutt] ( ! t9y propell] sugge/s ! sudd5 rise ( a covey ( p>tridges4 ,! little craft1 at once s graceful & frail1 defies all ! accept$ laws ( gravitation4 ,x d>ts ahead 9 long1 undulat+ curves z x floats ov] ! invisible air-curr5ts4 ,z 9 ! aroplanes ( l>g] size1 ! l5g? ( ! flight is dep5d5t almo/ :olly on ! motive p[]4 ,z ! little eng9e sl[s d[n1 ! craft wav]s1 & !n 9 a long curve1 = x c d no?+ ungraceful1 x glides to re/1 skidd+ along ! floor l a bird reluctant to leave ! sky4 ,:5 ! "t comes = ! races betwe5 ! air-craft1 en?usiasm runs high4 ,naturally ^! conte/s are ! mo/ popul> features ( ! t\rnam5t4 ,a l9e ( inv5tors1 ) _! air-craft1 usually six at a "t1 take _! positions at ! />t+-l9e4 ,ea* air-craft has be5 tun$ to its highe/ p[]s4 ,! labor ( weeks1 ! /udy ( air-craft problems1 ! elaboration ( pet inv5tive s*emes1 are repres5t$ 9 ! %9+ model4 ,& ! problem be=e ! "y inv5tors is mo/ baffl+4 ,!re are few models to "w f1 ! sci5ce is /ill s "y1 & ! inv5tor may well feel himself some?+ ( a ,columbus 9 laun*+ 8 frail craft ^u ?is un*>t$ sea4 ,at ! signal half a doz5 propell]s are in/antly releas$1 a :irr+ z ( innum]able light w+s fills ! air4 ,! curi\s flock ( me*anical birds rises & falls1 dipp+ 9 long1 graceful curves z !y /ruggle t[>d ! goal4 ,"s graceful little craft p]fectly reproduc+ to ! la/ detail ! fam\s ,wright ma*9e %\ld]s along beside a gli/5+ monoplane :i* resembles a great hawk ) w+s outspread4 ,! next craft is p]haps a complicat$ arrangem5t ( planes ( no regi/]$ type1 :ile ! craft made famili> by ! photographs ( ! fam\s aviators are reproduc$4 ,! ?rill ( an aroplane race is a s5sation peculi>ly its own4 ,x seems s a/oni%+ t ! graceful little craft %\ld rema9 al(t at all1 t !y are a nev]-fail+ delight to ! eye4 ,! v>y+ =tunes ( ! race1 ! tempor>y lead ga9$ by "o craft1 to be lo/ ! next mom5t to ano!r1 :i* a second lat] itself falls beh9d1 & ! f9al heat betwe5 ! survivors 9 ! race z !y approa* ! goal1 are en\gh to drive ! av]age boy crazy ) delight4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,"y ,inv5tor 9 ,8 ,work%op4 ,illu/ration3 ,boys ,comp>+ ,models4 ,! rules = ^! conte/s are rigidly obs]v$4 ,ea* air-craft is s5t al(t by its inv5tor or own]4 ,! />t mu/ be made f a m>k1 & ( c\rse ea* aroplane mu/ toe ! m>k4 ,!re mu/ be ?ree judges = ea* ev5t4 ,"o /&s at ! />t+-l9e & gives ! ^w ( comm& = ! />t ( ! race or flight1 z ! case may be4 ,a second judge /&s midway d[n ! c\rse1 & ! ?ird at or ne> ! f9i%+-l9e4 ,ea* "y aviator w9ds up 8 craft1 adju/s ! p[] ) 8 own h&s1 & sets ! rudd] = ! flight4 ,! m9iature air-craft mu/ act 9 flight exactly ! same z ! great work+ air-craft :i* c>ry m5 al(t4 ,a toy air-%ip mu/ make its flight 9 a horizontal position1 & if x turns ov] 9 flight1 ev5 ?\gh x flies f>!r & fa/] ?an any o!r1 x is disqualifi$4 ,! craft mu/ also fly 9 a reasonably /raight l9e t[>d ! goal1 & %\ld x be deflect$ = any reason & g (f at a tang5t1 ! flight1 no matt] h[ successful o!rwise1 w n be c\nt$4 ,9 case ( a collision betwe5 air-craft1 ! race is repeat$4 ,! responsibility = adju/+ ! p[]1 arrang+ ! /e]+-ge>1 & giv+ direction to ! flight at ! />t is entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! "y eng9e] himself4 ,9 measur+ ! l5g? ( ! flights1 aga91 ! po9t at :i* ! air-%ip fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd is fix$ arbitr>ily z ! end4 ,(t5 ! little craft m]ely grazes ! gr\nd to rise & skid = _m feet1 b 9 ! (ficial c\nt ?is second>y flight is n consid]$4 ,fir/ & la/1 no "o b ! own] ( ! little craft is p]mitt$ to t\* x4 ,! grace ) :i* ! %ip l&s is also tak5 into consid]ation 9 grant+ ! prizes4 ,ea* boy is p]mitt$ ?ree trials4 ,z 9 ! regul> aviation _w1 ^! records r>ely /& = m ?an a few days at a "t4 ,^! air-%ips are driv5 by ropes ( rubb] b&s :i* are turn$ on !mselves until !y are tightly knott$1 :5 9 unw9d+ !y s]ve to drive ! propell] ar\nd "s hundr$s ( times4 ,! rubb] is s light t x adds little to ! weight ( ! craft4 ,! motor is ( c\rse a make%ift & at be/ only s]ves to keep ! propell] 9 motion = a fraction ( a m9ute4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 driv+ ! propell] ) compress$ air1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 an alum9ium rod fa/5$ b5ea? ! planes4 ,b ! =ce ( ?\s&s ( y\?ful inv5tive g5iuses is c]ta9 to br+ =? "s new motive p[]4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican boy t our "y aviators %\ld feel !mselves disgrac$ to fly a model n ( _! own make4 ,z a result1 m9iature craft ( amaz+ +5uity & workman%ip are be+ turn$ out by ! amateur aviators all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! mat]ials employ$1 su* z rattan1 bamboo1 or light la?1 & ! silk = cov]+ ! planes1 or ! wires = brac+ ! frame1 co/ b a few p5nies4 ,toy aviation is "o ( ! mo/ democratic ( sports4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,:y ,,! ,,a]oplane ,,flies ,! aviator mu/ v5ture 9 8 frail craft ^u an unkn[n & un*>t$ sea4 ,! great problem is to ride ! %ift+ air curr5ts & keep ! ma*9e "r side up4 ,al?\gh we _c see ! air curr5ts1 we "k t !y are con/antly ebb+ & fl[+1 pil+ !mselves 9 great heaps1 or slipp+ away 9 giddy vortices4 ,!re is mu* beautiful sc5]y1 high m\nta9 peaks1 deep valleys1 & level pla9s =m$ by ^! ev] %ift+ air curr5ts ?r\gh :i* ! aviator mu/ /e] 8 c\rse bl9dly z be/ he may4 ,a great bank ( :irl+ cl\ds driv5 be=e ! w9d %[s h[ r\gh & tumbl+ a sea he mu/ navigate4 ,! air be+ a mu* ?9n] m$ium ?an wat] is1 ( c\rse1 f> m un/able & baffl+4 ,its support+ p[] is n only v small b con/antly v>ies4 ,! fly+ ma*9e :i* w navigate successfully 9 a p]fectly quiet atmosph]e may be unseawor?y1 or r1 unairwor?y1 :5 a w9d spr+s up1 or ! %ift+ ( ! w9d may spoil all ! air pilot's plans4 ,to add to 8 tr\bles1 ! aviator mu/ move among air curr5ts :i* *ange & *ange aga9 9 a mom5t's "t4 ,z we /udy ! difficulties ( air navigation we w appreciate1 m ?an ev]1 ! wond]ful pati5ce1 skill1 & d>+ ( ! successful aviators4 ,! action ( ! air curr5ts _h fir/ to be c>efully /udi$ be=e flight became possible4 ,al?\gh ! air is invisible we n[ "k exactly h[ ! air curr5ts act ^u ! w+s or planes4 ,:5 a plane surface1 su* z ! w+ ( an aroplane1 moves horizontally ?r\gh ! air1 ! air is caught = a mom5t und]nea? x & is press$ d[n slightly & a mom5t lat] slips out aga9 f "u ! o!r edges at ! sides & back4 ,x is ?is air "u pressure :i* yields a slight support4 ,x has be5 prov5 by _m exp]im5ts t ?is support+ p[] v>ies ) ! %ape ( ! plane or surface driv5 horizontally ?r\gh ! air4 ,a long n>r[ surface driv5 sideways ga9s mu* m support f ! air ?an ! same area 9 ! =m ( a squ>e or any o!r %ape4 ,9 o!r words1 a squ>e surface t5 feet squ>e conta9+ #ajj squ>e feet w n travel z f> z a surface tw5ty feet long & five feet wide4 ,! explanation is v simple4 ,z ! squ>e surface moves along1 ! air is mom5t>ily compress$ "u ! front edge1 b in/antly slips (f at ! back & sides4 ,z ! broad surface ( ! rectangul> plane cuts ! air1 h[ev]1 few ( ! air curr5ts c escape at ! sides :ile ! mo/ ( !m are cr[d$ toge!r & held 9 place until !y slip (f at ! back4 ,! support+ p[] ( ! plane is !re=e 9 direct proportion to ! l5g? ( ! front or1 z x is call$1 ! ent]+ edge ( ! plane4 ,"h we f9d "o ( ! secrets ( ! flight ( birds4 ,! spread betwe5 ! tips ( _! out/ret*$ w+s is mu* great] ?an ! wid? ( ! w+s !mselves4 ,x also expla9s :y ! ,wright model1 = in/ance1 %\ld be s oddly %ap$ & %\ld move sideways l a crab4 ,if y /udy ! models ( ! successful monoplanes ) ?is 9 m9d !y h a new mean+4 ,! law ( ! proportion ( ! ent]+ edge is v important 9 design+ an aroplane4 ,x is s important = ! air to be conf9$ z long z possible b5ea? ! glid+ plane t _m devices h be5 tri$ to hold x4 ,"s planes are built ) a slight edge runn+ ar\nd ! sides & back1 on ! "u surface1 to hem 9 ! air4 ,"s ( ! biplanes are built ) clos$ sides1 ! cellul> =m !y are call$1 to keep ! air f slipp+ away4 ,! box kite is con/ruct$ ) ?is 9 view4 ,! build] ( model aroplanes w f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! slight edge =m$ by turn+ ! clo? ov] ! frame ( ! plane is suffici5t to hold ! air4 ,! flight ( a kite1 by ! way1 appe>s a v simple matt] once ?is law is und]/ood4 ,! air curr5ts /rike ! kite at an angle & are deflect$ or c>rom (f at exactly ! same angle4 ,a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! middle ( ?is angle1 exactly bisect+ x1 w give y ! direction ( ! =ce ex]t$ by ! w9d4 ,mean:ile ! kite /r+ holds ! plane rigidly 9 position4 ,z ! kite d>ts f side to side x is m]ely obey+ ?is law & adju/+ itself s t its surface w /& at "r angles to ?is ?ru/ ( ! w9d4 ,an aroplane is simply a kite :i* makes its own w9d or air curr5ts4 ,! kite is1 ( c\rse1 balanc$ aga9/ ! w9d curr5ts & kept m or less /able by its cord1 b an aroplane mu/ balance itself4 ,! secret ( insur+ /ability 0 discov]$ only aft] ye>s ( exp]i5ce ) glid]s 9 actual flights4 ,! /ability ( ! aroplane dep5ds ^u ! prop] adju/m5t ( ! pressure ( ! air on ! ma*9e4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a c5t] ( pressure1 j z !re is a c5t] ( gravity 9 e aroplane ( :atev] =m or size4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule t a plane travel+ horizontally 9 a quiet atmosph]e is kept horizontal & /able by mak+ ! c5t]s ( pressure & gravity co9cide4 ,! air curr5ts1 z we po9t$ out1 are nev] entirely at re/ b are con/antly tilt+ ! plane ab\t4 ,hold a %eet ( /iff pap] horizontally & let x fall4 ,x w flutt] to ! gr\nd or p]haps be twirl$ away1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( unexpect$ air curr5ts4 ,! aroplane :i* w\ld rema9 /able 9 a p]fectly quiet atmosph]e mu/ ov]come all ^! twi/s & turns4 ,! problem ( /ability has n yet ( c\rse be5 solv$4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is /age 9 ! evolution ( ! aroplane ! aviator next began to exp]im5t by b5d+ 8 w+s or planes & ?r[+ out lat]al or /ability planes to help him keep 8 balance4 ,x 0 n[ f\nd t a v little tilt+ ( ! planes upw>d or d[nw>d w\ld s]ve to "r ! ma*9e :5 x lean$ ov]4 ,! secret1 l s _m o!rs1 0 ga9$ by wat*+ ! flights ( birds4 ,y h p]haps se5 a great albatross or sea gull so> )\t ! slighte/ ef=t & app>5tly )\t motion4 ,look m closely & y w see t ! tips ( ! broad w+s move slightly f "t to "t1 :ile ! ma9 body ( ! w+s rema9s rigid1 :i* is ! great secret ( /ability 9 flight4 ,! ends ( ! planes 7 next made flexible1 v slightly s1 & arrang$ s t !y might be mov$ up & d[n or flex$ at w4 ,! flights made ) ?is adju/m5t 7 at once br\ght "u control4 ,new planes 7 add$ be=e & beh9d1 & x 0 f\nd t ! ma*9e c\ld be kept f d>t+ up & d[n j z well z tilt+ ov] at ! ends4 ,! aroplane 0 n[ ready = ! in/allation ( ! motor4 ,! be/ curve = ! w+ ( an aroplane is an irregul> curve drawn above ! horizontal l9e4 ,x is n a p]fect arc ( a circle b rea*es its greate/ height ab\t "o ?ird back ( ! front edge1 ) ! re/ ( ! l9e slightly flatt5$4 ,x is mu* ! same l9e z is =m$ by "s waves j be=e !y break4 ,! plane ?us %ap$ is driv5 ) ! blunt or ent]+ edge =w>d or aga9/ ! w9d4 ,9 build+ ! l>ge aroplanes ?is curve is work$ out ) great accuracy1 b ! build] ( model air%ips may c>ry ! l9e 9 8 eye4 ,z ! air /rikes ! ent]+ edge ( ?is surface x is driv5 und]nea? & held !re = a mom5t be=e x c escape f b5ea? ?is holl[4 ,! support ( ! air is !re=e great] ?an 9 ! case ( a flat plane1 or 9 fact1 any o!r =m4 ,! air :i* passes ov] ! top ( ! ent]+ edge1 mean:ile1 glides or slips (f at a slight upw>d angle1 ?us =m+ a p>tial vacuum ov] ! great] "p ( ! upp] surface4 ,?is vacuum1 9 turn1 t5ds to pull ! plane slightly upw>d ?us act+ 9 ! same direction z ! air :i* is compress$ b5ea? x4 ,! planes ?us con/ruct$ are1 besides1 mu* m easily controll$ ?an ^? ( any o!r %ape4 ,:5 ! ent]+ edge ( ?is plane is rais$ ! pressure ( ! air b5ea? is increas$ & ! pull ( ! p>tial vacuum comb9es ) x to make x rise4 ,! difficult problem ( gett+ ! aroplane al(t 0 l>gely solv$ by ?is curve4 ,once al(t1 su* an air%ip answ]s h] helm mu* bett] ?an any o!r =m4 ,?is curve is acc\ntable = _m ( ! movem5ts ( aroplanes :i* seem s my/]i\s to ! m]e layman4 ,:5 an aroplane turns1 its out] end rises1 & ! m rapid is its flight ! great] is ?is tilt4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! end is mov+ m rapidly & ! increas$ spe$ causes ! plane to lift4 ,_m photographs ( aroplanes %[ !m balanc$ at prec>i\s angles :ile mak+ a turn4 ,if ! plane is tilt$ too high ! air curr5ts slip out f b5ea?1 no vacuum is develop$ above1 & x quickly loses spe$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x be incl9$ d[nw>d x soon loses ! support+ p[] ( ! air & plunges d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fir/ ,glid] ,weight$ at ! ,front4 ,at e /age ( ?is developm5t ! aviators are indebt$ to ! birds = in=mation4 ,! successful aroplanes h great wid? comp>$ to _! dep?1 !y ga9 /ability by flex+ ! tips ( ! w+s1 & _! planes are ar*$ upw>d & =w>d exactly z are ! w+s ( a bird4 ,! aviator arranges 8 c5t] ( gravity aft] ! same g5]al model1 bel[ ! planes & well =w>d4 ,he places 8 eng9e =w>d1 j z ! bird has its /ronge/ muscles 9 ! *e/1 & he builds 8 frame ( holl[ tubes l ! bones ( a bird4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a 8,,glid]0 ,! simple/ =m ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9e is ! /iff c>d or lett] :i* y may sp9 across ! room4 ,if y give x j ! "r twirl x w glide on a level = _m feet4 ,!re are _m ways besides ( fold+ a %eet ( /iff pap] :i* w conv]t x into a surpris+ly clev] little air%ip4 ,) a little practice ^! glid]s may be made to fly t5 or tw5ty times _! own l5g?1 :i* w\ld be a v cr$itable flight = ! be/ aroplane models4 ,!re is no bett] way to beg9 ! con/ruction ( a model aroplane ?an by /udy & exp]im5t ) ^! pap] %ips4 ,! mo/ fam\s aronauts ( ! day1 ! ,wright bro!rs1 ,curtiss1 ,h]r+1 & _m o!rs1 h sp5t ye>s work+ ) glid]s be=e attempt+ to build or fly an aroplane4 ,x is 9 ?is way t !y discov]$ :at =m ( w+ w\ld support ! greate/ weight1 :e!r ! pass5g] %\ld /& up or lie d[n1 h[ to place ! propell] & ! rudd]1 & hundr$s ( o!r details :i* h made possible ! actual conque/s ( ! air4 ,foll[+ 9 _! foot/eps1 or r _! flights1 ! amateur aronaut %\ld fir/ build & fly only glid]s or aroplanes )\t means ( self-propulsion4 ,! simple/ =m ( glid] may be made by cutt+ a broad oval f a %eet ( /iff lett]-pap] & creas+ x d[n ! middle4 ,! exp]im5t may be made m int]e/+1 h[ev]1 by cutt+ out ! plane l ! out/ret*$ w+s ( a bird1 z sugge/$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,try z y may1 ?is %eet w n fly4 ,n[ add a trifl+ weight to ! front ( ! plane4 ,?is may be done by fa/5+ "o or m pap] clips to ! edge1 pa/+ a mat* or a too?pick1 or by dropp+ a little tall[ or seal+-wax4 ,at fir/ y w und]e/imate ! weight y\r little air%ip w c>ry4 ,add m weight 9 ! same way1 & te/ its glid+ p[]s until ! little air%ip w glide gracefully across ! floor4 ,keep ! l5g? ( ^! models "u six in*es4 ,if y increase x beyond ?is1 ! model loses /ead9ess & flutt]s ab\t ineffectively4 ,an int]e/+ model may be made by fold+ a %eet ( /iff pap] 9 an arr[-l =m4 ,! idea is to =m a s]ies ( planes :i* w support ! weight ( ! t9y craft &1 at ! same "t1 enable x to fly or d>t 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x w be f\nd t ! v]tical surfaces l5d /ability & keep ! %ip mov+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,y w soon le>n1 9 ?is way1 m ( ! pr9ciples ( aroplane con/ruction ?an m]e read+ f books c tea* y4 ,be c>eful1 mean:ile1 to rememb] j h[ y h laun*$ ! v>i\s =ms ( models1 :e!r y h ?r[n !m ) an upw>d or d[nw>d motion1 & h[ h>d a pu% y h giv5 !m4 ,! skill y acquire 9 ?is way w be valuable lat] on :5 y come to laun* y\r regul> model aroplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,d[el ,/rips ( ,diff]5t ,sizes4 ,we are n[ ready to beg9 ! con/ruction ( ! frames ( aroplane models4 ,! fir/ model w be m]ely a glid]4 ,! frame & w+s or planes ( an aroplane are built mu* ! same z a kite4 ,! idea 9 all su* "w is to comb9e ! greate/ possible /r5g? or /ability ) extreme lightness4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! aroplane dur+ its flights is rack$ & %ak5 by its motor1 & is likely to l& ) a bump4 ,! mat]ials us$ mu/ be /rong] ?an 9 ! case ( an ord9>y kite1 ! jo9ts m securely =m$1 & ! entire /ructure brac$ 9 e possible way4 ,! be/ mat]ials = con/ruct+ ^! glid]s or aroplanes are v *eap & easily obta9$4 ,at almo/ any h>dw>e-/ore y w f9d a v>iety ( 8d[el-/icks10 :i* seem especially made = ?is "w4 ,!y are smoo?1 r\nd /icks a y>d 9 l5g? & ( a v>iety ( diamet]4 ,! /icks ?ree sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet] w be f\nd mo/ s]viceable1 :ile ! l>g] /icks are j ! ?+ = ! backbones ( y\r aroplane4 ,^! /icks w n split at ! ends & may be readily work$4 ,!y co/ "o c5t apiece4 ,"s boys f9d t ! re$ or cane suits _! purpose bett] ?an ! d[el-/icks1 s9ce x is m flexible & a trifle light]4 ,! cane is easy to "w :5 y wi% to build planes ) curv$ l9es4 ,x c be readily %ap$ to any desir$ =m by fir/ wett+ x & all[+ x to dry aft] work+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 us+ x1 s9ce ! ends are likely to split4 ,bundles ( ?is cane may be b\ght at mo/ h>dw>e-/ores or 9 dep>tm5t-/ores4 ,en\gh mat]ial = con/ruct+ a model may be b\ght = a few c5ts4 ,! lighte/ ( all available mat]ials is bamboo4 ,x is difficult to procure1 h[ev]1 & requires m work+ up ?an ! o!rs4 ,! be/ plan is to buy a /ick ( bamboo1 a dry piece1 & split x into /rips ( ! desir$ l5g? & ?ickness4 ,! gra9 is s /raight t !re is practically no wa/e mat]ial z 9 ord9>y wood4 ,! /rips may be readily plan$ or s&pap]$4 ,! wood is extremely light & /rong en\gh = all practical purposes ( ! model aroplane build]4 ,an old bamboo fi%+-pole may answ] y\r purpose4 ,! fir/ glid]s con/ruct$ %\ld be ( ! monoplane =m1 t is1 ) a s+le surface4 ,! biplane or multiplane models w come lat]4 ,mean:ile1 "o is n los+ "t 9 work+ only on ^! simple models1 = ! exp]i5ce is valuable & no?+ is lo/1 s9ce :5 ! frame is prop]ly con/ruct$ ! motor & propell] may be add$4 ,! "w ?r\gh\t is extremely simple1 & !re are no problems ( :i* ! av]age +5i\s ,am]ican boy ne$ be afraid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,= ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,a,,roplane ,,on ,,page #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram--,,%[n ,,9 ,,p]spective4 ,,plate ,a4 ,to con/ruct ! model %[n 9 ,plate ,a fir/ make two frames ( d[el-/icks1 bamboo1 or re$1 or1 if ^! be lack+1 ( light la?1 ! small] frame #h by #ai & ! l>g] "o #aj by #cf in*es4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! sides ( ! rectangle exactly ! same l5g? & ! jo9ts closely & neatly f9i%$4 ,"s boys pref] to lay "o /ick ov] ano!r1 !n wrap ! jo9t tightly ) ?9 b /rong l95 ?read1 & ov] ?is bru% a coat ( ?9 glue1 )\t us+ any brads or nails4 ,9 kite-build+1 to be sure1 x w\ld be en\gh to lay ! /rips ov] "o ano!r & fa/5 r\ghly ) a tack4 ,nor did ! l5g?s ( ! /ick1 :5 cov]$ ) pap]1 make mu* if any diff]5ce4 ,! aroplane1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 travels edgewise1 &1 hav+ no guid+ /r+1 is at ! m]cy ( e gu/ ( w9d4 ,if ! frames are c>elessly proportion$ x w n travel true1 b is likely to be deflect$4 ,imag9e a boat ^: sides are n exactly uni=m try+ to travel 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x w\ld be lopsid$1 & w\ld roll & pit* "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,n[ an aroplane1 s9ce x travels 9 s ?9 a m$ium z air1 is f> m s5sitive ?an a boat1 & x becomes lopsid$ if its proportions be 9 ! lea/ inaccurate4 ,only ! greate/ c>e 9 con/ruction w produce an air craft :i* w fly true & /raight4 ,x makes little or no diff]5ce 9 a kite if ! ends project a little & ! jo9ts be c>elessly made4 ,n only mu/ y\r aroplane be p]fectly proportion$1 b x mu/ be f9i%$ l a piece ( f9e furniture4 ,! "q ( friction is a v important "o 9 ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e4 ,y _c be too c>eful to r\nd (f e corn] & smoo? e expos$ surface4 ,if y h opportunity to see a regul> aroplane1 a ,wright or ,curtiss model1 y w f9d t e "p ( ! ma*9e has be5 s&pap]$ & v>ni%$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,?is is n done = ! sake ( appe>ances1 b because x has be5 f\nd t ! w9d /rik+ aga9/ ! r\gh piece ( wood meets an appreciable am\nt ( resi/ance1 :]eas x slips pa/ a poli%$ surface ) little or no friction4 ,y\r aroplane %\ld be f9i%$ l a viol94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,coil ( ,cane or ,re$4 ,9 build+ ^! planes be c>eful to comp>e ! l5g?s ( ! correspond+ sides ?r\gh\t4 ,if y pref] to use brads = fa/5+ ! jo9ts d s4 ,! d[el-/ick & bamboo w take ! brads ) little dang] ( splitt+4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 cut away ! glue :i* has squeez$ out1 r\nd (f ! ends1 & s&pap] ) f9e s& or em]y-pap]4 ,if y use brads x w n be necess>y to place ! jo9ts 9 a vise :ile dry+4 ,%\ld y\r /rips split1 bore ! holes ) a f9e awl4 ,"s boys aft] drill+ ! holes m]ely tie & glue ! /icks toge!r1 us+ no nails :atev]4 ,n[ cut ?ree d[el-/rips #cd in*es long & slightly %>p5 _! ends1 s t :5 br\ght toge!r !y w =m a prism ^: base is ab\t "o f\r? _! l5g?4 ,next b5d a /rong piece ( wire into a hook--a hair-p9 w answ] = small models--& fa/5 x 9 ! apex ( ! prism1 ) ! hook inside4 ,! project+ end ( wire %\ld !n be b5t ov]1 & ! ?ree d[el-/icks glu$ & ti$ tightly toge!r4 ,at ! op5 end ( ! prism next fa/5 two /rips f end to end1 leav+ ! ?ird side ( ! triangle op54 ,n[ fa/5 y\r two planes on ! op5 side ( ! prism1 slightly mortis+ ! /icks & glu+ & nail+ !m securely 9 position4 ,to fur!r /r5g!n ! prism1 jo9 ! ?ree sides at ! middle ) ?ree /icks1 =m+ a complete triangle4 ,! prism ?us brac$ w be f\nd z /rong z a heavy c5tral /ick1 besides be+ mu* light] & provid+ an excell5t base = ! propell]4 ,a /rong /ick ab\t half an in* squ>e %\ld be ti$ & glu$ across ! middle ( ! triangle at ! base ( ! prism to support ! motor4 ,! frame once complete1 s&pap]$ & v>ni%$1 x is ready to be cov]$4 ,at fir/ ?is may be done ) "s smoo? pap]4 ,almo/ any ?9 mat]ial1 musl9 or l951 w answ] = ! purpose1 al?\gh :ite silk makes ! mo/ f9i%$-look+ model4 ,su* scraps z may be f\nd 9 ! family piece-bag w answ] e purpose4 ,9 sew+ ! clo? ov] ! frame ! advice ( "s big si/]1 aunt1 or ! "m may well be tak54 ,! idea is to fa/5 ! clo? smoo?ly & neatly ov] ! frame1 keep+ ! surface free f creases or wr9kles ( any k9d4 ,boys are likely to be awkw>d ) ! ne$le4 ,! clo? may also be glu$ ov] ! frames4 ,:5 complete cov] ! planes ) a ?9 solution ( p>aff9 dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 ,9 atta*+ ! planes or w+s to ! c5tral axis ( ! model1 ! l>g] /ick or backbone may be mortis$ neatly1 s t ! sides ( ! frame w be sunk 9 flu% ) ! upp] surface4 ,a fairly good glid] may be made1 h[ev]1 by m]ely nail+ d[n ! frames aga9/ ?is backbone4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two planes is a complicat$ problem1 b ! beg9n] _h bett] at fir/ imitate ! model %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,if ! two support+ planes be too f> ap>t or too ne> toge!r1 ! glid] w fall4 ,! amateur mu/ exp]im5t by *ang+ _! position on ! c5tral axis until he hits ! "r proportion4 ,he w be able lat] to c>ry ?is proportion 9 8 eye1 & ! exp]i5ce w prove invaluable4 ,until y h hit ^u ! prop] position1 fa/5 !m to ! backbone ) rubb] b&s4 ,^! p]mit y to slide ! planes back & =? )\t ! tr\ble ( nail+4 ,aroplanes1 unlike kites1 fly be/ 9 a p]fectly quiet atmosph]e4 ,if y make y\r trial flights out ( doors1 select a quiet day4 ,a room1 a b>n1 or any l>ge int]ior w be f\nd bett]4 ,9 laun*+ y\r glid]1 hold x f b5ea?1 s t x balances1 & ?r[ x =w>d ) a swift1 /eady movem5t ( ! arm4 ,a little practice w make y v exp]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,splitt+ a ,bamboo ,fi%-,pole4 ,y w n[ f9d y\rself fitt$ to reproduce any ( ! simpl] =ms ( monoplane models1 sev]al ( :i* are "h illu/rat$4 ,an int]e/+ model is made by atta*+ ,u-%ap$ w+s to a c5tral axis4 ,9 mak+ ^! curv$ planes ! re$ w be f\nd useful4 ,o!r effective glid]s are made ) triangul> w+s fix$ at a v>iety ( angles4 ,rememb] t ! model mu/ be absolutely symmetrical4 ,9 atta*+ ! frames to ! c5tral axis1 always make ! jo9ts z smoo? & rigid z possible4 ,! weight+ ( ! glid] w be f\nd to be a v important detail4 ,z a rule ! glid]s require a consid]able weight at ! front4 ,! exact position ( ! weight c only be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! simple/ way is to wire a nail or a piece ( metal to ! edge ( ! frame4 ,if y\r glid] does n balance p]fectly1 :i* is likely to be ! case1 ?is fault c be l>gely rem$i$ by weight+ x4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! glid] is likely to be upw>d1 & ! weight s]ves to keep x on an ev5 keel4 ,:5 y\r model glides /eadily ?r\gh ! air1 )\t roll+ or pit*+1 y h con/ruct$ a well-balanc$ frame4 ,x w !n be "t to take up ! problem ( propulsion4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,build+ ,,! ,,motor ,a well-con/ruct$ glid] alone makes a fasc9at+ toy1 b once ! motor has be5 in/all$ x seems almo/ alive4 ,y\r little craft w n[ be ready = new conque/s4 ,x w imitate ! flights ( ! fam\s aviators1 cont5d+ ) ! same problems1 p]haps meet+ simil> accid5ts4 ,! motor is ! mo/ int]e/+1 z x is ! mo/ important1 detail ( ! aroplane4 ,al?\gh x is possible to buy ! propell]s = ! motor1 x is advisable t e boy %\ld "w out ?is problem = himself4 ,an effective motor is easy to build1 & co/s practically no?+4 ,! l5g? ( y\r propell]-blades %\ld be equal to ab\t "o ?ird ! wid? ( y\r l>ge/ plane4 ,= ?is y w ne$ six /rips ( "s light wood1 su* z p9e or a%1 al?\gh a cig>-box wood1 if ! gra9 be /raight1 w answ]4 ,cut ! /rips to measure ab\t half an in* 9 wid? & "o eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 7,see ,plate ,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,propell] ,,be=e ,,cutt+ ,,d[n4 ,,plate ,b4 ,! /rips %\ld be cov]$ ) a ?9 glue & laid "o on top ( ano!r1 & a v ?9 nail be c>efully driv5 ?r\gh ! little pile at ! exact c5t] betwe5 ! two ends4 ,:ile ! glue is /ill s(t1 turn ! /icks on ! axis =m$ by ! nail1 s t !y make a d\ble fan1 spac+ ! out] edges ab\t "o qu>t] ( an in* ap>t4 ,be c]ta9 t ! fan is regul>1 & !n give ! nail a f9al rap to tight5 its hold & keep all ! glu$ surfaces toge!r1 & set away to dry4 ,if y c prop up ! ends x w be bett] to put a flat-iron or o!r weight on ea* end to make ! /rips glue toge!r tight]4 ,! ?ru/ or propell+ p[] dep5ds z mu* ^u ! curves ( ! propell] z ^u ! =ce ) :i* ! motor is driv54 ,if ! propell] be too flat1 x w n take hold ( ! air1 :ile if ! pit* or angle ( ! curve be too %>p1 x w simply bore holes 9 ! air & create a vacuum :i* is useless4 ,! pit* %\ld be ab\t "o 9 twelve2 t is1 if ! propell]-blade be twelve in*es long1 ! curve %\ld be "o in* high4 ,:5 ! glue is ?or\ghly dry & h>d ! project+ /ep-l edges may be cut away4 ,a flat *isel or an ord9>y p5-knife w d ! "w4 ,be c>eful to keep ! ends uni=m1 s9ce mu* dep5ds ^u ! balance4 ,cut away ! wood until ! blades are "o eigh? ( an in* or less 9 ?ickness1 & r\nd (f ! corn]s4 ,! propell] %\ld !n be s&pap]$ p]fectly smoo? & v>ni%$4 ,y w be delight$ to f9d h[ pr(essional & %ip%ape ! f9i%$ propell] w be4 ,n[ c>efully remove ! nail fa/5+ ! pieces1 & y w f9d1 ( c\rse1 t x m>ks ! exact c5t] & =ms a p]fect axis4 ,%\ld y ne$ to enl>ge ?is hole1 d n attempt to bore x1 s9ce ?is may split ! wood1 b burn x out1 us+ a nail heat$ ov] a gas-flame4 ,n[ ins]t a /iff wire 9 ?is hole--a hat-p9 w answ]--& fa/5 x by cl5*+ x at ! back tight to ! propell]1 & fill up ! hole ) glue4 ,! photographs ( ! propell]s ( v>i\s models w give y an excell5t idea ( ! prop] curve4 ,aviators diff] z to ! prop] position = ! propell]s 9 toy aroplanes4 ,"h is a problem y mu/ "w out = y\rself4 ,"s believe t ! propell] plac$ 9 front ( ! planes gets a firm] grip on ! air1 s9ce :5 ! propell] is at ! /]n ! planes make _m di/urb+ curr5ts1 j z a /eam%ip *urns ! wat] 9 its wake4 ,o!rs argue t by plac+ ?is propell+ =ce at ! re> ( ! planes ! craft is made m /eady4 ,at any rate1 excell5t flights may be made ) ei!r arrangem5t4 ,9 connect+ up y\r propell] ) ! motor x is v important t ! %aft %\ld turn freely & t ! be>+s (f] ! lea/ possible resi/ance4 ,if y h built y\r aroplane f ! draw+ 7see ,plate ,a71 n[ drill a hole exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ! /ick :i* crosses ! triangle at ! re> ( ! frame4 ,?is hole w come on a l9e ) ! apex ( ! prism1 or exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ! triangle4 ,:5 ! turn+ ( ! motor pulls ! ends ( ! frame toge!r1 ! /ra9 w !re=e be exactly di/ribut$ among ! ?ree sides or braces4 ,! propell] mu/ be kept cle> ( ! frame & mu/ nev] t\* or scrape aga9/ x4 ,fir/ a ?9 /rip ( metal1 drill$ to take ! axle or hat-p91 %\ld be nail$ ov] ! hole 9 ! crosspiece4 ,a %eet ( alum9ium su* z is us$ = "n-plates is j ! ?+4 ,n[ on ! propell]-wire or axis /r+ a smoo?1 symmetrical glass bead1 & pass ! axle ?r\gh ! metal /rip & ! crosspiece4 ,?is w give y an excell5t sub/itute = ball-be>+s4 ,! end ( ! wire %\ld !n be turn$ into a hook well inside ! frame4 ,! propell] %\ld be m\nt$ s c>efully t x w turn freely )\t friction & )\t wabbl+ f side to side4 ,! simple/ & mo/ effective motor is =m$ by connect+ ! two hooks ) _m turns ( a long1 ?9 /r& ( rubb]1 :i* c be b\ght by ! y>d or p\nd4 ,! ?9n] /r&s ( rubb] w ex]t m =ce ?an ! heavy b&s1 & r$ rubb] is m durable ?an any o!r4 ,! b&s %\ld be loop$ loosely betwe5 ! two hooks1 j z y w\ld w9d a ske9 ( zephyr--ov] ! hook on ! propell]-8%aft10 !n ar\nd ! hook at ! o!r end1 !n d[n ov] ! propell]-%aft hook1 & s on4 ,if ! hooks be ?ree feet ap>t ! comb9$ /r&s %\ld =m a b& "o in* or m 9 diamet]4 ,if y _c buy ! rubb] 9 ?is =m1 a numb] ( two-in* rubb] b&s1 su* z y buy by ! box at ! /ation]'s1 may be lopp$ *a9 fa%ion toge!r to =m a cont9u\s rope f hook to hook4 ,to /ore up en]gy = ! flight1 simply turn y\r propell] r\nd & r\nd until ! rope ( rubb] b&s is tightly knott$4 ,y c readily tell :5 x is suffici5tly w\nd & ! dang]-po9t is rea*$1 :i* comes :5 ! pull ( ! rubb] gr[s too /rong = y\r frame4 ,! av]age motor %\ld be turn$ ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty times4 ,:5 ! propell] is releas$ ! rubb] b&s 9 unw9d+ w give y back almo/ exactly ! same numb] ( revolutions1 less p]haps "o or two1 :i* repres5ts ! loss ?r\gh friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,model ,con/ruct$ f ,diagram1 ,plate ,a4 ,if ! propell] simply buzzes ar\nd1 com+ to re/ 9 a few seconds1 )\t rais+ y\r aroplane1 x is probably too small = ! weight ( ! aroplane4 ,:5 fully w\nd up ! propell] %\ld run = ab\t t5 seconds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! propell] be too l>ge1 x w quickly twi/ ! aroplane out ( its c\rse & drive x to e>?4 ,x is well to try out y\r motor ?or\ghly to make sure ( its runn+ smoo?ly be=e attempt+ any actual flights4 ,d n yield to ! temptation ( try+ y\r w+s1 h[ev]1 until ! skids h be5 atta*$4 ,mo/ ( ! regul> full-size aroplanes run on ord9>y bicycle :eels1 al?\gh ! ,wrights use runn]s l a sleigh4 ,^! skids or runn]s enable ! ma*9e to run along ! gr\nd ) ! lea/ possible friction & greatly assi/ 9 ris+4 ,9 ! models ( aroplanes ! skids s]ve a d\ble purpose 9 protect+ ! ma*9e :5 x alights4 ,a s]viceable skid may be made by build+ a triangle ( ?9 /rips & atta*+ x to ! frame ) ! broad side d[nw>d1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,skids made ( re$ curv+ d[n f ! ma9 body ( ! aroplane w also s]ve to take up ! %ock4 ,!re are _m ways ( con/ruct+ ^! skids1 & a /udy ( ! models "h illu/rat$ w give _m sugge/ions4 ,if y int5d to h y\r aroplane />t f ! gr\nd1 ! front skids %\ld be some:at long] ?an ^? 9 ! re> to give x ! prop] lift4 ,! friction ( ! skids is greatly r$uc$ by m\nt+ !m on :eels4 ,small metal :eels may be borr[$ f toy automobiles1 or small disks ( wood or cork w answ] = ! purpose4 ,a v simple axis may be =m$ by runn+ a long hat-p9 ?r\gh ! uprights ( ! skids4 ,! photographs ( ! be/ models w be f\nd full ( sugge/ions4 ,y w ne$ at lea/ ?ree skids to =m a tripod = y\r aroplane4 ,x makes little diff]5ce if y use "o leg 9 front1 or two4 ,x is v important t ! frame %\ld be prop]ly brac$ to )/& ! /ra9 br\ght ^u x4 ,9 ! glid] ?is brac+ is less important1 b ! action ( ! motor *anges ! situation4 ,! rapid movem5t ( ! propell]s wracks ! entire frame1 & ! impact on l&+ is naturally great] :5 ! weight is increas$4 ,a ?9 copp] wire1 ,no4 #cb1 #cd1 or #cf1 %\ld be us$1 :i* w be f\nd /rong & flexible1 :ile add+ little to ! weight4 ,aft] con/ruct+ y\r aroplane g ov] x c>efully & cut away ! wood :]ev] x may be light5$1 & !n /r5g!n x by brac+4 ,:]ev] a jo9t may be /r5g!n$ or a /rut or a plane be made m rigid by brac+1 d n sp>e ! wire4 ,! accompany+ draw+1 ) ! photographs ( models1 w indicate h[ ^! braces may be/ be appli$4 ,to beg9 )1 braces %\ld be run1 :]ev] possible1 f ! corn]s ( ! planes to ! c5tral frame & ! skids4 ,9 ! monoplane =ms y w f9d x wor? :ile to add po/s or p]p5dicul>s to ! upp] side ( ! frame & run wire braces diagonally to ! ends ( ! planes4 ,! extreme ends ( ! planes %\ld also be connect$4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully y h con/ruct$ y\r aroplane1 y w f9d ! planes h a t5d5cy to sag & become wr9kl$4 ,^! braces give y ! opportunity to pull !m taut & hold !m 9 ?is position4 ,?is is commonly call$ 8tun+ up0 ! aroplane4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t to fa/5 small r+s to ! ends ( ! braces :5ev] !y may be slipp$ ov] ! ends ( ! frame to save ! tr\ble ( w9d+4 ,! m p]fectly y\r aroplane is tun$ up1 ! great] w be its spe$ & di/ance qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,splitt+ ! ,cig> ,box ,cov] to ,build ! ,propell]4 ,an excell5t monoplane = ! beg9n] is %[n 9 draw+4 7,plate ,c47 ,x is v simple & easily adju/$1 & :5 well tun$ up w fly upw>d ( two hundr$ feet4 ,! two planes are built sep>ately 9 ! proportion indicat$4 ,! frame consi/s ( a c5tral /ick support$ by triangul> skids4 ,an ord9>y hat-p9 run ?r\gh ! supports ne> ! gr\nd s]ves z an axle = wood5 disks or :eels4 ,! front skids are made some:at high] to give ! front planes ! prop] angle ( elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,diagram ,,( ,a ,,monoplane4 ,planes measure #bj in*es by #h in*es4 ,! motor base is #cf in*es 9 l5g?4 ,,plate ,c4 ,! brac+ ( ! planes is simple b effective1 & %\ld be copi$ c>efully1 p>ticul>ly ! d\ble brac+ 9 ! re>1 us+ ord9>y wire = ! purpose4 ,a d\ble support is us$ = ! axle ( ! propell]1 an excell5t idea1 :i* keeps ! %aft rigidly 9 place4 ,x is =m$ by fa/5+ two blocks drill$ to hold ! axle to ! bottom ( ! ma9 frame4 ,! planes are held taut by wires runn+ f ! corn]s to a po/ at ! middle ( ! plane4 ,! front plane is h+$ at its re> edge1 & may be tilt$ by pull+ back a piece ( :alebone fa/5$ at its c5t]1 :i* is tack$ to ! top ( ! frame4 ,! rudd] turns on a triangul> frame atta*$ to ! top ( ! re> plane4 ,a /r+ passes ?r\gh ! re> end ( ! rudd] to ! re> edge ( ! plane1 =m+ a triangle1 :i* makes x possible to adju/ ! rudd]-plane & fix x rigidly 9 position4 ,aft] y h built "o or two models y w f9d y\rself confront$ by a bewild]+ numb] ( s*emes = con/ruct+ new =ms4 ,x w be f\nd a v simple matt] to use /iff wire = _m p>ts ( y\r model in/ead ( wood or re$4 ,9 build+ r\nd$ planes ! wire w be a conv5i5ce4 ,! wire may be atta*$ to ! wood5 frame by emb$d+ x 9 ! wood & b9d+ x fa/4 ,&1 by ! way1 y c get a surpris+ effect by pa9t+ y\r wood5 frame ) silv] pa9t1 z ! ,wrights d4 ,to all appe>ance y w h an alum9ium frame4 ,an aroplane to be consid]$ %ip%ape mu/ be ev5 m p]fect 9 e detail ?an ! f9e/ rac+ ya*t4 ,g ov] y\r model1 scrut9ize e detail2 if aft] tak+ e precaution1 y\r planes d n fit l ! sails ( a rac+ ya*t1 cov] !m ) a ?9 solution ( p>aff94 ,on h>d5+1 ?is w hold ! mat]ial p]fectly smoo?1 s t ! planes w (f] a p]fect lift+ surface4 ,! amateur aronaut mu/ be prep>$ = disappo9tm5ts4 ,an aroplane is "o ( ! crankie/ crafts 9 ! _w to manage4 ,x may twi/ & turn1 plunge 9 & out1 up & d[n1 app>5tly )\t ! lea/ excuse4 ,!re is always1 h[ev]1 a good reason some:]e = its behavior4 ,z y le>n its ways1 :i*1 aft] all1 are v simple1 ! flights w be long]1 swifti]1 & /eadi]4 ,!re is no toy 9 ! _w :i* s quickly repays "o = pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,f9e ,,po9ts ,,( ,,con/ruction ,a great _m exp]im5ts h be5 made to f9d :e!r ! flat or curv$ w+s give ! be/ support1 & h[ %>ply ! curve %\ld be drawn4 ,! w+s ( birds are curv$ slightly upw>d1 & 9 ! end1 aft] all ! exp]im5ts1 x has be5 f\nd t ?is curve is j ! "r "o4 ,all =ms ( aroplanes w fly m swiftly & /eadily if ! planes be slightly b[$ or flex$4 ,aft] y h built y\r aroplane ) flat w+s x w repay y to replace !m ) flex$ planes1 & y w f9d t ! exp]i5ce 9 build+ models w make ?is con/ruction v simple4 ,! light] & m flexible mat]ials1 su* z bamboo or cane1 are be/ = ! curv$ planes4 ,aft] y h decid$ ^u ! dim5sions ( ! w+s cut ! pieces = ! ends slightly long] ?an ! wid? ( y\r planes4 ,^! pieces may !n be b5t by /eam+ !m ov] a kettle ( boil+ wat] & b5d+ to ! desir$ curve4 ,:5 dry !y w hold _! %ape rem>kably well4 ,ano!r plan is to use a flexible /rip & pull ! ends toge!r by a /rong ?read or wire until ! wood is b[$ to j ! "r curve4 ,a corset /eel or :alebone may readily be curv$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is a common mi/ake to curve ! plane too %>ply1 :5 ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! air w be great] ?an t ) ! flat plane4 ,a plane two or ?ree feet 9 wid? _c be held 9 %ape m]ely by curv+ ! end pieces4 ,a s]ies ( ribs mu/ be add$ at equal di/ances1 ea* hav+1 ( c\rse1 exactly ! same upw>d curve4 ,! ribs may be fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! planes ) small brads or simply ) glue or wire4 ,! cov]+ %\ld !n be drawn d[n4 ,a v smoo? cov]+ may be made ( rice-pap]4 ,cut ! %eets ! prop] size & lay !m = a few m9utes betwe5 moi/5$ clo?s4 ,n[ /ret* ! pap] c>efully ov] ! frame & glue 9 position4 ,:5 dry ! pap] w contract & leave a smoo?1 taut surface l ! head ( a drum4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! curve ( ! plane4 ,a w+ ^: curve is n a p]fect arc ( a circle1 b :i* is r\nd$ j back ( ! front edge & flatt5$ at ! re>1 w be f\nd to (f] ! lea/ resi/ance to ! air4 ,! be/ plan is to /udy ! curves 9 ! aroplanes or models & imitate !m4 ,diff]5t models require diff]5t planes4 ,x is a problem :i* ea* "y aronaut mu/ "w out = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,model ,aroplane ,built f ! ,draw+ 7,plate ,c1 ,*ap4 ,,iv74 ,! "q ( rudd]s or guid+ planes is v important4 ,x is too mu* to expect ( ev5 ! be/ model t x w fly 9 an unsw]v+ l9e4 ,any simple v]tical plane :i* may be turn$ f side to side & held 9 position w act z a rudd]4 ,!re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! prop] size & position ( ^! guid+ surfaces4 ,x is argu$ by "s aviators t ! rudd] %\ld be plac$ above ! plane1 :]e ! air is undi/urb$1 :ile o!rs believe t ! p>tial vacuum creat$ above ! w+s 9 flight makes ! propell] ineffective4 ,/ill o!rs argue t a rudd] plac$ back ( ! planes af=ds a lev]age1 & is !re=e m effective4 ,try a rudd] 9 ea* position4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n a law = all models4 ,! l>g] models %\ld be equipp$ ) tw9 propell]s4 ,9 build+ ^! ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to h !m exactly ! same size1 weight1 & pit*4 ,tw9 propell]s %\ld1 z a rule1 be plac$ at ! front ( ! ma*9e1 t is1 !y %\ld pull & n pu% ! planes4 ,if by any accid5t ! motor ( "o %\ld fail1 ! second propell] w cont9ue to keep ! aroplane afloat & break its fall on desc5d+4 ,) ! propell]s at ! /]n ( ! little air%ip1 ! failure ( "o w\ld cause ! plane to pit* d[nw>d1 & ! rema9+ propell] w\ld drive x d[n to possible disa/]4 ,9 w9d+ up ! two motors1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to give bo? ! same numb] ( turns4 ,! aroplane may be laun*$ by hold+ a propell] 9 ei!r h& & releas+ simultane\sly4 ,! d\ble motor insures a /eadi] z well z a long] flight4 ,always turn ! propell]s 9 opposite directions4 ,9 fly+ !y mu/ sp9 ar\nd ei!r t[>d ea* o!r or away f ea* o!r4 ,if !y turn ! same way !y w give ! model a torque :i* no rudd] c\ld possibly ov]come4 ,! effici5cy ( y\r motor dep5ds m ^u its l5g? ?an its diamet]4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! motor-base1 especially = ! l>g] models1 arrange to h ! /r&s ( rubb] b&s ext5d ! entire l5g? ( y\r aroplane1 & if necess>y1 project well =w>d ( ! front plane4 ,su* a motor 9 unw9d+ w ex]t a m su/a9$ =ce4 ,! %ort] /r&s ( great] diamet] w unw9d mu* m quickly & give v %ort flights4 ,) a little exp]i5ce y w soon le>n to gauge y\r motor to ! ne$s ( y\r air-%ip4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely necess>y t ! =ce ex]t$ by ! motor %\ld be suffici5t to keep y\r aroplane 9 rapid motion1 b x is easy to make x too p[]ful4 ,if x 7 possible to atta* a 8gov]nor0 to y\r motor1 ?is w\ld n matt] s mu*4 ,b s9ce ?is is practically out ( ! "q1 ! motor itself mu/ be v nicely proportion$ to ! dem& made ^u x4 ,y w soon be able to judge betwe5 ! /eady :ir ( a good motor1 & ! buzz ( a propell] :i* races4 ,!re is a di/9ct note = ea*4 ,! motor is1 at pres5t1 ! great problem ( ! model aroplane4 ,! rubb] b&s are1 at be/1 only a make-%ift4 ,x is practically out ( ! "q to get a flight ( m ?an fifte5 seconds 9 ?is way1 s t ! di/ance is limit$ to a little m ?an two hundr$ feet4 ,x is d\btless only a "q ( "t be=e a mu* m effici5t =m ( motor w be inv5t$4 ,v probably1 "s amateur aviator w be ! fir/ to apply a new means ( propulsion1 :i* w\ld be an important a*ievem5t inde$4 ,! simple/ =m ( motor aft] ! rubb] b&s w\ld seem to be "s =m ( metal spr+ :i* c\ld be w\nd up4 ,long be=e ! days ( automobiles1 z we n[ "k !m1 wagons 7 built ) motors ( spr+s1 & "s surpris+ runs 7 obta9$4 ,! spr+ l5ds itself to _m =ms ( con/ruction1 & is n exp5sive4 ,x w be necess>y to control its action 9 "s way1 h[ev]1 to prev5t x f rac+ & runn+ d[n 9 almo/ no "t1 l ! too heavy rubb] motors4 ,x might be f\nd int]e/+ to exp]im5t ) ! spr+ to be f\nd 9 ! ord9>y roll]-%ade4 ,! weight ( ^! spr+s is n too great to be c>ri$ by a good aroplane model1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is a great factor 9 _! favor4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( ,rudd] & ,propell] ( ,model ,built f ,draw+ 7,plate ,c74 ,a numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ,france to equip aroplane models ) compress$-air motors4 ,! compress$ air is c>ri$ 9 a holl[ tube 9 mu* ! same position z ! rubb] b&s4 ,_m believe t ! motor problem1 = ! toy aroplane w be solv$ 9 ?is way4 ,a numb] ( int]e/+ models h also be5 equipp$ ) clock-"w motors4 ,a small movem5t1 su* z may be borr[$ f "s me*anical toys1 w run = a m9ute or m4 ,:at glori\s flights w\ld be possible if our models c\ld be kept al(t--say five times z long z at pres5t4 ,:5 y feel t y ?or\ghly und]/& y\r model1 borr[ ! clock "w f "s old toy & make ! exp]im5t4 ,x is possible to buy motors = model aroplanes4 ,! smalle/ ( ^! develops "o half horsep[]1 weighs sev5 p\nds & w run = fifte5 m9utes4 ,! be/ cov]+ = ! w+s /ill rema9s l>gely an op5 "q4 ,al?\gh y\r model w make successful flights ) almo/ any k9d ( cov]+1 y w f9d t its /ability w be increas$ & ! flight l5g!n$ by a little att5tion to ?is detail4 ,accord+ to ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 ! mo/ successful cov]+ is ! "o :i* (f]s ! greate/ resi/ance to ! air4 ,! pressure ( ! air upw>d "u ! planes t5ds to =ce its way ?r\gh ! me%es ( ev5 ! f9e/ clo?4 ,! addition ( a coat ( v>ni% w prev5t ?is leakage4 ,a light p>*m5t w also be f\nd effective4 ,x w be well to exp]im5t ) a v>iety ( cov]+s4 ,a v light1 s]viceable frame may be made = y\r motor-base by us+ holl[ %afts or /icks4 ,procure a v ?91 light wood1 su* z is us$ = v5e]+1 & aft] cutt+ x c>efully into /rips1 glue !m toge!r to =m a holl[ %aft ab\t an in* squ>e4 ,al?\gh ! %ell may be only "o sixte5? ( an in* ?ick1 ! frame w be f\nd /rong en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,a holl[ frame ( ?is k9d w save sev]al ounces ( weight4 ,! build] ( aroplane models w f9d a good fri5d 9 alum9ium4 ,x is /rong en\gh = all purposes ( ! model air-%ip &1 ev5 :5 us$ freely1 adds almo/ no?+ to ! weight4 ,! metal co/s n9ety c5ts a p\nd1 b x is s light t1 at ?is rate1 x w be f\nd a v *eap mat]ial4 ,comp>atively ?ick pieces may be us$ = braces or = angles1 ?us mak+ ! frame absolutely rigid1 :ile add+ b a fraction ( an ounce to ! weight4 ,! metal1 be+ comp>atively s(t1 is easily work$1 & simple ca/+s may be made at little exp5se4 ,_m build]s ( aroplanes wa/e "t & +5uity q unnecess>ily 9 con/ruct+ sets ( :eels = c>ry+ _! models4 ,! "t w\ld be bett] employ$ 9 look+ to y\r planes4 ,! am\nt ( friction sav$ by atta*+ :eels1 ev5 good ones1 to y\r model1 is aft] all v trifl+4 ,%\ld ! :eels jam or /ick1 :i* is likely to be ! case ) su* small models1 !y are worse ?an skids1 & besides1 add appreciably to ! weight4 ,a light skid is bett] ?an a clumsy :eel4 ,if y\r model fails to rise f ! gr\nd1 ! fault is n at all likely to be 9 ! skids1 b 9 ! ?ru/ or lift+-surface4 ,an excell5t plan = guid+ ! flights is to add squ>e frames ( s(t lead wire to ! front or cutt+-edge ( y\r front planes4 ,b5d a piece ( wire to =m ?ree sides ( a squ>e1 ea* two or ?ree in*es long1 & fa/5 ! loose ends to ! plane4 ,by b5d+ ^! up or d[n1 ! c5t] ( gravity may be alt]$ at a t\*4 ,if y\r model goes askew1 y may b5d "o ( ^! up & ! o!r d[n1 until y get ! desir$ balance4 ,9 actual practice1 ! so>+- or float+-planes seem to add great] /ability to ! model & effect to a m>k$ degree ! l5g? ( ! flight4 ,x is difficult to tell exactly :y4 ,! planes 9 pass+ may create an eddy 9 ! air1 a foll[+ wave1 z x 71 :i* t5ds to ret>d ! flight1 :ile ! float+-plane smoo!s ?is out4 ,9 any ev5t1 "h is an exp]im5t well wor? try+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,simple ,,monoplane ,,models ,( ! v>iety ( aroplanes1 !re seems to be no end4 ,nature (f]s a bewild]+ v>iety ( models 9 ! innum]able birds & insects1 :i* may be accept$ z successful monoplanes4 ,^!1 9 turn1 may be copi$ & modifi$ indef9itely4 ,! sci5ce ( aviation is /ill s "y t !re is ample opportunity = inv5tion & discov]y = all1 & e new trial adds some?+ to our in=mation1 & c>ries ! sci5ce a /ep ne>] p]fection4 ,x w be f\nd an excell5t plan to build1 once & = all1 a /rong well proportion$ motor base1 & m\nt a p[]ful motor & well model$ propell]4 ,a v>iety ( planes may !n be te/$ out by atta*+ !m to ?is4 ,! motor base w answ] = practically all monoplane =ms & _m biplane models z well4 ,su* a frame %\ld be ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g? & c>ry "o or bett] two motors1 plac$ side by side4 ,!re is z mu* dang] 9 provid+ too mu* lift+-surface 9 y\r aroplane z too little4 ,?is fault is well illu/rat$ 9 an exce$+ly clev] ,fr5* model 7,plate ,i74 ,al?\gh ! model is well con/ruct$1 & appe>s %ip-%ape at fir/ glance1 x nev]!less has f> too mu* surface & w n fly well4 ,if ! dep? ( ! w+s 7 r$uc$ fully "o half1 x w\ld h a mu* bett] *ance4 ,! be/ lift+-planes are ^? :i* pres5t a broad front or ent]+ edge1 b ) comp>atively little dep?4 ,! successful fly+-ma*9es1 :e!r monoplanes or biplanes1 use ^! v wide b %all[ planes =w>d4 ,! !ory is ( c\rse t ! air is caught = an in/ant b5ea? ! plane & be=e x has a *ance to slip (f ! sides1 ! w+ has caught its v slight support+ p[] & mov$ on to new & undi/urb$ air4 ,) ?is rule 9 m9d exam9e ! model's front plane once m4 ,x w be se5 t1 z ! air is caught "u ?is broad surface1 x w try to escape 9 all directions & set up curr5ts ( air4 ,in/antly ! broad plane loses its balance & tilts to "o side or ! o!r4 ,no weight+ ( ! plane c ov]come ?is4 ,if ! plane 7 =c$ ?r\gh ! air at a v high spe$ a /eady flight might be possible1 b x is useless to try to ov]come ?is t5d5cy to tip & wabble4 ,! planes aga9 are badly design$4 ,a p]fectly /raight front or ent]+ edge gives ! be/ results4 ,a c]ta9 /ability is ga9$ by curv+ ! front plane slightly1 ?is w be discuss$ lat]1 b !re is no excuse = ! semicircle describ$ 9 ?is case4 ,e in* ( surface cut away f ! front edge ( ! plane directly r$uces its lift+ p[]4 ,! arr[ l =m ( ! re> plane does n matt] because ?is is a /ability plane1 n a lift+ plane4 ,9 ?is case ! re> plane is twice ! size x %\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,a ,clev] ,fold+ ,model4 ,! ,w+s ,are ,broad] ?an ,ne$ ,be4 ,! propell] ( ?is model is mu* too small1 ev5 if ! size ( ! planes 0 correct4 ,x is well plac$ h[ev] at ! front ( ! model :]e x may turn 9 undi/urb$ air4 ,! passage ( ^! l>ge planes1 or any planes = t matt]1 is likely to cut up ! air j z a %ip *urns ! wat] into a wake beh9d x & ! propell] does n "w effectively 9 ^! eddies4 ,! motor seems p[]ful & well brac$1 al?\gh x might be made ev5 long] by c>ry+ x to ! extreme re>4 ,sev]al v useful ideas may be borr[$ f ! con/ruction ( ! frame ( ?is model4 ,x is made entirely ( metal1 s jo9t$ t x may be fold$ up into v compact =m l an umbrella4 ,! amateur model build] %\ld n attempt any?+ s complicat$1 b an old umbrella frame may be us$ ) good results 9 build+ a rigid frame4 ,use ! /eel rod ( ! umbrella z a backbone1 & cut away ! ribs y d n ne$4 ,! o!rs may be b5t into v>i\s %apes to =m ! front or sides ( ! planes1 ! skids or braces4 ,su* a con/ruction is light & p]fectly rigid4 ,a v effective monoplane may be made by curv+ ! front & re> edges ( ! =w>d plane1 :ile keep+ ! re> or /ability plane rectangul> 9 %ape 7,plate #b74 ,! curve ( ?is model may be imitat$ to advantage1 z well z ! g5]al proportions4 ,su* a plane is less likely to be deflect$ by air curr5ts ?an a /raight ent]+-edge & insures long] & /eadi] flights4 ,%\ld y be tr\bl$ by y\r model twi/+ f side to side 9 flight try curv+ ! front edge ( ! =w>d plane4 ,?is model is "o ( ! easie/ to make & is an excell5t "o = beg9n]s4 ,build ! two planes sep>ately mak+ ! l>g] "o ab\t ?irty in*es 9 wid? & t5 in*es 9 dep?1 & ! second "o fifte5 in*es 9 wid? & t5 in*es 9 dep?4 ,! curv$ /icks may be work$ up by us+ bamboo or d[el-/icks1 soak+ !m 9 wat] & fa/5+ !m 9 a b[$ position :ile damp & leav+ !m to dry4 ,x may be f\nd a good plan to use a heavi] /ick = ! re> edge ( ! plane to ga9 /ability4 ,a s+le /ick ab\t "o half an in* 9 diamet] may be us$ = ! backbone4 ,x w be f\nd an excell5t plan to atta* ! planes lightly to ! ma9 frame s t !y may be adju/$ be=e fix+ !m f9ally 9 position4 ,place !m 9 ! position %[n 9 ! accompany+ photograph1 & move !m up & d[n until ! flights are all t y expect1 :5 !y may be fa/5$ = good & all4 ,! brac+ ( ?is model is excell5t & may be safely imitat$4 ,x enables "o to tune up ei!r plane & fix !m rigidly 9 position4 ,! propell] is v prop]ly plac$ =w>d al?\gh x appe>s to be r small4 ,x is unnecess>y to bo!r ) any v]tical rudd] = ?is model s9ce ! curve ( ! front plane insures a reasonably /raight flight4 ,a popul> ,fr5* model :i* may be easily imitat$ consi/s ( curv$ planes bo? front & re> 7,plate #c74 ,! curve ( ! planes is too complicat$ to be c>ri$ out 9 wood1 b may be readily =m$ by b5d+ a /iff wire to ! desir$ %ape4 ,! front plane %\ld be ab\t twelve in*es 9 wid? & f\r in*es 9 dep?4 ,! re> %\ld be ab\t half ?is size & ( ! same =m4 ,! planes may be readily m\nt$ on a small d[el /ick4 ,a small propell] & a motor a foot 9 l5g? w answ]4 ,a small semi-circul> f9 %\ld be set bel[ ! re> plane to act z rudd]4 ,fir/ cov] ! frames ) a /iff pap] & aft] y h succe$$ 9 adju/+ x1 ?is may be replac$ by clo?4 ,! model w n fly f>1 or v /eadily1 b x is int]e/+ to practice )4 ,! balance ( ! model is op5 to criticism2 = ! c5t] ( gravity appe>s to be too f> =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,a ,model ,aroplane ,wor? ,imitat+4 ,! simple/ ( all models to build1 & n ! lea/ int]e/+1 is ! small pap] monoplane 7,plate #d74 ,! planes :i* are slightly curv$ are =m$ ( a /iff c>d :i* w hold its %ape :5 b5t into position4 ,^! may be atta*$ to ! ma9 /ick by ins]t+ an edge into a groove 9 ! /ick & glue+ 9 place4 ,x is n well to con/ruct ^! m ?an six in*es 9 wid? ov] all4 ,"o ( ! simple/ monoplanes to con/ruct is =m$ ( a broad rectangul> =w>d plane ) a fan-%ap$ /ability-plane at ! re> 7,plate #e74 ,?is is a ,fr5* model :i* is said to h fl[n long di/ances2 t is to say1 #cjj feet or m4 ,x has sev]al v int]e/+ features4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! comb9$ area ( its planes is d\btless great] ?an t ( any o!r model "h describ$4 ,! v]tical rudd] :i* looks v %ip%ape & effective is v easy to build & ! frame illu/rates sev]al new pr9ciples4 ,! frame or motor-base may be made ( heavy d[el /icks or light la? z indicat$ 9 ! photograph4 ,x w be f\nd simpl] to avoid tap]+ ! frame at ! re> by m]ely con/ruct+ a /\t rectangul> base ) a l5g? two & "o half times its wid?4 ,! =w>d plane is slightly b[$ or flex$4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to con/ruct ! frame = ! base & !n b[ a light /rip at ei!r end aga9/ ! edge4 ,by fa/5+ ! cov]+ to ^! curv$ /rips a smoo? curv$ surface may be obta9$4 ,! re> /ability-plane may be /ret*$ ov] a fan-%ap$ frame ( /rips or la? :i* is 9 turn fa/5$ to ! motor-base4 ,ano!r plan is to atta* ! front & re> edges ( ! plane1 ! re> "o be+ slightly long]1 & /ret* ! cov]+ ov] ^! leav+ ! sides free z 9 ! photograph ( ! accompany+ model4 ,! v]tical rudd] is v simple1 consi/+ ( a piece ( d[el /ick sunk 9 ! re> frame to :i* a rectangul> piece ( clo? is atta*$ ! front corn] be+ pull$ taut4 ,! spread ( ! planes appe>s to be consid]ably great] ?an ne$s be4 ,s9ce ! front plane is flex$ x may be r$uc$ "o ?ird or ev5 "o half 9 dep? )\t r$uc+ its lift+ quality2 al?\gh 9 ?is case x %\ld be plac$ ne>] ! /ability plane4 ,?is r$uction w\ld1 ( c\rse1 make an important sav+ 9 ! weight ( ! craft4 ,s l>ge a model calls = two propell]s :i* w prove m effective at ! front r ?an ! re> ( ! ma*9e4 ,x might be well to c>ry ! motors fur!r back ?an has be5 done 9 ?is model ?us ga9+ additional p[]4 ,s9ce ! model is expect$ to rise unaid$ f ! gr\nd ! "q ( ! skids is v important4 ,! design foll[$ 9 ! model is excell5t4 ,! front ( ! frame is support$ by legs consi/+ ( inv]t$ triangles built ( d[el /icks atta*$ to ! frame4 ,! axle connect+ ! two runs on small :eels1 su* z may be borr[$ f a toy automobile4 ,! re> ( ! frame re/s on a simple skid made ( curv$ re$4 ,^! supports place ! model at an angle :i* %\ld enable x to rise easily )\t loss ( p[]4 ,!re is a great deal ( satisfaction 9 work+ on s l>ge a model1 ! p>ts may be made /rong] & !re is less likelihood ( its gett+ out ( ord]4 ,n[ turn f ^! broad planes to ! r slight model 7,plate #f71 & ! faults ( its proportion are at once obvi\s4 ,! front plane is mu* too f> back = /ability4 ,su* a model w glide fairly well1 &1 if ! motor be p[]ful x w rise quickly1 b a /eady horizontal flight is out ( ! "q4 ,! size ( ! planes seems p]il\sly small1 & yet if !y be well %ap$ & spac$ !y w prove l>ge en\gh4 ,?is is j ! sort ( model a beg9n] is likely to make1 & !re=e s]ves a v useful purpose 9 po9t+ a lesson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,an ,+5i\s ,fr5* ,model ,made ( ,umbrella ,wire4 ,x is n )\t its good po9ts4 ,! front plane has be5 c>efully flex$ & atta*$ to ! motor frame at a good angle4 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t has also be5 made 9 c>ry+ ! edges ( ! front plane a trifle beh9d ! re> edge1 ?us mak+ = /ability4 ,! v]tical rudd] above ! re> /ability-plane is well plac$1 al?\gh x appe>s r small4 ,! skids ^u :i* ! model re/s & ! proportion ( ! front to ! re> elevation are excell5t4 ,x is a fir/ rate plan 9 build+ su* a model to atta* ! front plane tempor>ily to ! motor-base1 & move x back & =? 9 ! trial flights until ! be/ spac+ has be5 f\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,elaborat+ ,,! ,,monoplane ,x is surpris+ to f9d h[ f> ! pure monoplane =m has be5 develop$ by ! build]s ( model aroplanes4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t !y h c>ri$ "s pr9ciples ( con/ruction ev5 fur!r ?an ! build]s ( ! l>ge man-c>ry+ monoplanes4 ,s9ce a model is s easily built1 & co/s s little1 x is ( c\rse possible to exp]im5t ) all sorts ( new =ms4 ,a great _m ( ^! w d\btless prove to be all wrong1 b "s are c]ta9 to be valuable discov]ies4 ,9 future ye>s1 :5 ! aroplane has be5 p]fect$ & p]haps plays an important "p 9 comm]ce1 sport & w>f>e x w probably be possible to trace back _m ( its improvem5ts to ! model aroplanes design$1 built & fl[n by ,am]ican boys ( to-day4 ,a beautiful model ( a pure monoplane =m c>efully elaborat$ is %[n 9 ,plate #g4 ,9 ?is case increas$ /ability is obta9$ by ?r[+ out additional planes bo? to ! front & re>4 ,x may appe> at fir/ glance t ^! /ability-planes are v small comp>$ ) ! broad so>+-plane1 b !y h n prov$ s 9 flight4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! elevat+-plane ( ! ,wright ma*9e is v small comp>$ ) ! spread ( ! ma9 w+s4 ,!re is besides a great advantage 9 plac+ ! /ability plane well =w>d s9ce x makes x possible to build an unusually long motor-base & in/all long] & m p[]ful motors4 ,! ma9 plane is "o ( ! be/ examples ( con/ruction "w to be f\nd among all ^! models4 ,x is well proportion$ & ! curve has be5 skilfully drawn4 ,! plane is made unusually rigid by a s]ies ( supports or braces run bo? horizontally & v]tically4 ,su* a plane calls = consid]able "t & pati5ce1 b x w well repay ! build] by ! long & /eady flights x insures = ! model4 ,9 add+ ribs to a l>ge plane ( ?is k9d a conv5i5t mat]ial may be prep>$ by splitt+ up ?9 wood5 plates or di%es1 su* z y buy at ! groc]s = a p5ny4 ,! /rips obta9$ 9 ?is way may be easily glu$ or ti$ to ! edge ( ! plane & %ap$ z desir$4 ,a long1 /raight flight is insur$ = ?is model by equipp+ x ) ?ree v]tical rudd]s or guid+-planes4 ,! fir/ rudd] is well plac$ above ! front plane4 ,! second p]=ms a good s]vice b5ea? ! ma9 plane1 :ile ! ?ird is c>ri$ unusually f> back beh9d ! propell]s4 ,! problem :e!r a rudd] is m effective above or bel[ ! planes is v +5i\sly solv$ 9 ?is case by plac+ !m 9 bo? positions4 ,an int]e/+ pr9ciple is involv$ 9 plac+ ! re> rudd]4 ,by fix+ x f> beh9d ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! model a consid]able lev]age is obta9$1 & a small1 light rudd] becomes m effective 9 ?is position ?an a mu* l>g] plane plac$ =w>d4 ,^! rudd]s are built s t !y may be easily turn$ f side to side & fix$ rigidly at any angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,"o ( ! ,simple/ ( ,aroplanes to ,con/ruct4 ,/ill ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ?is model is ! design ( ! skids4 ,! model is support$ at an angle :i* enables x to rise easily4 ,^! skids are besides arrang$ ) %ock-absorb]s1 simply con/ruct$ ) ela/ic b&s1 :i* enable !m to take up ! %ock on l&+ & ?us protects ! ma*9e4 ,?is is an int]e/+ field ( exp]im5t & a little c>e 9 build+ ^! skids w save _m a sma%-up4 ,x _c be too (t5 /at$1 t ! support+ p[] ( ! planes dep5ds f> m ^u _! %ape ?an _! size4 ,a rem>kably effective model may be made ) planes1 :i* are little m ?an blades 7,plate #h74 ,! planes1 9 ?is case1 are made ( :ite wood1 slightly curv$4 ,! front or ent]+ edge is v %>p1 :ile1 at ! re>1 a ?9 /rip ( %ellac$ silk is glu$1 ?us =m+ a good so>+ blade4 ,! front plane is a c\nt]p>t ( ! fir/1 except t x is small]4 ,! only /ability plane is a ?91 knife-l /rip plac$ v]tically j be=e ! re> plane4 ,! model is m\nt$ on skids4 ,x is driv5 by a small propell] plac$ f> back ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,x is probably ! easie/ z x is ! smalle/ ( all models to con/ruct1 & w fly = m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,9 build+ ?is model x w be f\nd a good plan to b5d ! /rips ( wood = ! planes by /eam+ !m ov] a kettle4 ,all[ ! /eam to play on ! "u or concave side ( ! plane4 ,:5 dry ! plane w reta9 its %ape4 ,! front or ent]+ edge %\ld be trimm$ away to a %>p l9e & s&-pap]$ p]fectly smoo?4 ,! front corn]s ( ! planes %\ld be slightly r\nd$ :ile ! re> edges are kept /raight4 ,! =w>d plane %\ld be tilt$ slightly upw>d to enable x to rise1 b at an angle ( less ?an ?irty degrees4 ,! secret ( ! rem>kable flights ( ?is model probably lies 9 ! smoo?ness ( its planes & ! abs5ce ( irregul> p>ts :i* (f] a resi/ance to ! air4 ,an int]e/+ field ( exp]im5t1 z yet almo/ unt\*$1 lies 9 ! triangul>1 or n>r[-pr[$ =ms ( aroplanes 7,plate #i74 ,! !ory ( ?is model is1 t a triangle ent]+ ! air end-wise1 w meet ) less resi/ance ?an :5 pres5t+ a broad1 ent]+ edge4 ,! model is1 frankly1 an exp]im5t1 al?\gh x has be5 f\nd to h unexpect$ /ability1 & flies well4 ,its c5tral planes1 jo9$ at "r angles1 is support$ by two1 lat]al1 /ability-planes1 radiat+ backw>d f ! front ( ! model4 ,! aroplane is drawn1 n pu%$1 ?r\gh ! air1 by d\ble propell]s1 & is /e]$ by an angul> guid+-plane at ! re>4 ,! planes are m\nt$ ^u a triangul> frame1 :i* runs on :eels1 two be+ set =w>d & "o aft4 ,! planes1 tak+ advantage ( ! dih$ral angle1 seem to re/ ^u ! air1 :i* makes = /ability4 ,9 actual practice1 h[ev]1 ! planes 9 ?is p>ticul> model h be5 f\nd to be too n>r[4 ,! "q naturally arises z to ! effect ( rev]s+ ?is model & turn+ ! dih$ral angle ( ! c5tral plane1 into a t5t effect4 ,z a matt] ( actual exp]i5ce1 ! model flies almo/ equally well upside d[n4 ,9 _m ( ! e>ly attempts to build aroplanes ! w+s or planes 7 tilt$ %>ply upw>d f ! c5t] ?us =m+ :at is kn[n z a dih$ral angle4 ,?is =m s]v$ to l[] ! c5t] ( gravity &1 x 0 ?\ght1 made = /ability4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs f\nd t ?is plan1 al?\gh x l[]$ ! c5t] ( gravity1 caus$ x to move f side to side l a p5dulum1 & !re=e ab&on$ x 9 favor ( ! flat curv$ w+ :i* h be5 s g5]ally imitat$4 ,n[ ?is model returns to ! old pr9ciple ( ! dih$ral model1 b treats x 9 a new way4 ,by build+ ! model ) ?ree planes1 ea* ) ! dih$ral angle1 ! c5t] ( gravity has be5 l[]$ &1 at ! same "t1 ! oscillation has be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,too ,l>ge = ,beg9n]s1 b ,w ,make ,long ,flights4 ,! n>r[-pr[$ =m ( ?is model is also v int]e/+ & its pr9ciple may well be copi$4 ,all ( ! successful monoplanes al(t to-day1 ! ,bl]iot1 ,santos ,dumont1 ,anto9ette & o!rs are driv5 ) _! l>g] or so>+ planes =w>d & _! small] /ability-planes 9 ! re>4 ,! day may come :5 ^! ma*9es w be rev]s$4 ,! model be=e u may po9t ! way to a great improvem5t 9 ! build+ ( air-craft4 ,x is an important pr9ciple = ! build] ( model aroplanes to be> 9 m9d4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( model aroplane build+1 ! longe/ flights are made ) an adaptation ( ! monoplane =ms4 ,an excell5t model is %[n 9 ,plate #aj4 ,! dih$ral1 or ,v %ape ( ! planes gives !m great] support+ p[] ?an o!rs 9 ! horizontal position4 ,! /ability plane b5ea? is p>ticul>ly recomm5d$1 s9ce x utilizes ! frame already 9 position & does n add to ! weight ( ! model4 ,! re> ( ?is plane1 :i* is h+$1 is easily adju/$4 ,! planes ( ?is model are especially int]e/+4 ,!y are made ( silk1 laid ov] frames ( d[el /icks1 & ea* pair is held tightly toge!r by ! simple device ( connect+ !m ) ela/ic b&s1 atta*$ to clasps4 ,! wires runn+ to ! corn]s ( ! planes1 are fa/5$ to small brass r+s :i* may be slipp$ ov] ! /icks or po/s 9 ! c5t] ( ! frame1 :i* makes !m v simple to adju/4 ,x w be notic$ t ! re> "p ( ea* plane sw+s freely1 & is kept 9 place only by corset /eels1 us$ z ribs1 :i* are sewn into ! clo?4 ,^! float+ or so>+ blades1 z !y are sometimes call$1 insure long] flights4 ,) su* a model !re is little dang] ( build+ a too p[]ful motor4 ,by increas+ ! size ( ! w+s1 & c>eful weight+1 a surpris+ am\nt ( p[] may be appli$ to su* a model )\t r5d]+ x un/able4 ,?is is ( c\rse a great advantage 9 su* a model1 s9ce x l5ds itself to long] flights & ! in/allation ( comp>atively heavy motors4 ,:5 y f9d y\rself ) a model ( ?is design 9 good work+ ord]1 exp]im5t by b9d+ ! w+s or planes at ! middle to =m an ar*$ surface l ! w+s ( a sea gull4 ,! fly+ radius ( "s ( ^! models has be5 increas$ fully fifty p] c5t by ?is simple exp$i5t4 ,an int]e/+ modification ( ?is =m 7,plate #aa7 is provid$ ) rigid w+s1 & is driv5 by a s+le propell]4 ,! v simple b effective me?od ( brac+ ! w+s1 may be /udi$ to advantage4 ,! skids are well design$4 ,9 /ill ano!r type ( ?is g5]al monoplane =m 7,plate #ab7 ! propell] is plac$ 9 front ( ! planes1 & ! rubb] motor runs bel[ ! ma9 b>4 ,! :eels support+ ?is model are p>ticul>ly well made4 ,a v s]viceable1 little monoplane =m may be made by mak+ ! re> upp] plane adju/able 7,plates #ac-ad74 ,! front plane is ,v-%ap$ & is unusually /able = s light a model4 ,by tilt+ ! re> plane up or d[n1 a good level flight may be obta9$4 ,! frame1 9 ?is case1 is made ( wire4 ,! propell] is plac$ well beh9d ! re> plane1 ?us br++ ! c5t] ( gravity well =w>d to balance ! angle ( ! re> plane4 ,! blades ( ! propell] are made ( twi/$ wood1 :i* is n to be recomm5d$1 s9ce x is likely to lose its %ape4 ,9 ,plates #ae-af we h a well ?\ght out little monoplane1 :i* well repays /udy4 ,! propell] is set =w>d ( ! lift+ plane :i* is ! l>g] ( ! w+s4 ,! re> plane may be tilt$ up or d[n4 ,! rudd]1 :i* is also adju/able1 is set bel[ x4 ,! arrangem5t ( skids is excell5t1 enabl+ x to rise f ! gr\nd ) little loss ( friction4 ,! me?od ( flex+ ! front plane may well be imitat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,model %[n 9 ,plate ,v4 ,ready = a ,flight4 ,a good work+ idea ( ! aroplane is cle>ly %[n by ! build] ( ! biplane ) triangul> w+s 7,plate #ag74 ,8 model is n successful & w n fly1 yet x embodies sev]al good features4 ,! biplane =m ( ! lift+ plane is excell5t 9 itself z we h se5 9 e>li] models4 ,! spac+ ( ! two planes is good1 & ! brac+ ( ! model ?r\gh\t is well plann$4 ,! triangle does n make a good so>+ plane ev5 :5 its broad side is made ! ent]+ edge4 ,! triangle s]ves well en\gh h[ev] = ! re> /ability plane4 ,! *ief fault ( ! model is t x is mu* too l>ge4 ,! motor al?\gh well proportion$ is mu* too weak to propel s l>ge a frame4 ,an int]e/+ v>iation f ! common type ( aroplane is made by v>y+ ! angle ( ! sides ( ! planes 7,fig4 #ah74 ,"h is a well con/ruct$ model1 &1 ) a s+le exception1 fairly well proportion$4 ,! mi/ake1 & x is likely to prove a s]i\s "o1 is 9 ! size ( ! v]tical rudd]s4 ,!y are well plac$ above ! ma9 plane1 b _! size is likely to defeat ! purpose = :i* !y 7 design$ & knock ! model (f its c\rse r ?an keep x /eady4 ,x is a "q aga9 if "o ( ^! rudd]s w\ld n s]ve ! purpose bett] ?an two & ?us m9imize weight & resi/ance4 ,! be/ po9t ( ?is model is ! +5i\s me?od ( enl>g+ ! surface ( ! planes )\t increas+ ! size ( ! planes or add+ to _! weight4 ,?is is done by cutt+ ! cov]+ ( ! planes at an angle & keep+ ! entire surface taut by brac+4 ,x is ( c\rse v important t ! clo? %\ld be held tight )\t wr9kl+4 ,! plan ( hav+ ! w+s tap] slightly outw>d is good4 ,su* a model comb9es m lift+ surface ) less weight ?an any o!r model ( ?is g5]al gr\p4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,build+ ,a ,,biplane ,e "o kn[s1 ( c\rse1 t ! box-kite flies bett] ?an a plane surface1 & _m believe t ! box or cellul> type ( aroplane has a simil> advantage ov] ! monoplane4 ,! enclos$ end keeps ! air f slipp+ (f ! edges ( ! plane1 & makes = /ability4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w1 or r 9 ! air1 betwe5 an actual flight & ! movem5t ( a model aroplane4 ,! aviator1 by flex+ 8 planes1 & adju/+ 8 rudd]s =e & aft1 may balance 8 craft to suit ! air curr5ts4 ,9 ! model aroplane1 ! adju/m5t mu/ be made be=e />t+ once & = all4 ,sev]al int]e/+ pr9ciples are involv$ 9 ! cellul> or box =m ( aroplanes :i* w well repay /udy 7,plates #ai-bj74 ,9 di/urb$ air1 :i* is ( c\rse ! usual condition ( ! atmosph]e1 ! cellul> model is likely to be deflect$1 & s9ce ! elevat+ plane or planes _c be adju/$1 x w soon fall (f its c\rse4 ,su* models are easy to con/ruct1 & any "o :o has built a monoplane w h little difficulty ) !m4 ,no attempt is made to flex ! planes4 ,! cellul> type mu/ be equipp$ ) a lift+-plane =w>d1 :i* may be easily adju/$ to any angle1 & held 9 position4 ,x is indisp5sable t y h two propell]s plac$ aft beh9d ! ma9 plane4 ,! model may be made mu* m effective by add+ a ?ird /ability-plane or rudd] at ! re>4 ,x may be ei!r v]tical or horizontal & %\ld be easily adju/$4 ,! models illu/rat$1 h]e)1 are v simple =ms & cle>ly indicate ! necess>y frame "w4 ,x w be f\nd t ^! models require consid]able balla/1 skilfully di/ribut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,a ,model ) ,bo? ,good & ,bad ,features4 ,9 build+ ^! cellul> =ms select "s light la? = ! frame r ?an d[el /icks4 ,x w be necess>y to jo9 _m ( ^! toge!r at "r angles1 & ! curv$ /ick w be f\nd difficult to "w4 ,= ea* box cut f\r /icks ! desir$ wid?1 & eight /icks ! dep? ( y\r plane4 ,! box %\ld be almo/ exactly squ>e s t all ^! %ort] /icks %\ld be ! same l5g?4 ,n[ build y\r box by nail+ & glue+ ^! /icks toge!r1 tak+ great pa9s to h x symmetrical4 ,%\ld a s+le "o ( ^! /icks be too long or too %ort x w ?r[ ! entire frame out ( plumb & make x next to impossible to get a /raight flight4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! models ! front or re> /ability-planes are made exactly l ! l>g] frame only mu* small]4 ,:5 ! frames are complet$ & ?or\ghly dry & smoo?1 /ret* ! clo? cov]+ tightly ov] !m by draw+ x l5g?wise1 all ! way ar\nd4 ,by us+ a s+le piece ( clo? x w be f\nd easi] to pull x toge!r & hold x tight & smoo?4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to t\* ! out] edges ( ! frame y are cov]+ ) glue j be=e cov]+4 ,:5 ! glue dries ! clo? w ?us be held firmly 9 position4 ,! clo? may be fa/5$ to ! out] edges by glue+ or sew+4 ,a simple b effective plan = m\nt+ ! /ability-planes is sugge/$ by ! models "h illu/rat$4 ,! frame ( ! motor-base may be made ! wid? ( ! small] frame & fa/5$ betwe5 ! two /icks4 ,x %\ld be left free s t x may be tilt$ up or d[n & fix$ 9 any position4 ,if ! re> /ability-plane is to s]ve z rudd] x %\ld ( c\rse be m\nt$ v]tically s t x may be turn$ to "r or left4 ,be sure to make y\r frame suffici5tly /rong & rigid4 ,a light frame :i* w vibrate :5 ! motor turns or is %ak5 by ! w9d w be f\nd v tr\blesome inde$4 ,! cyl9drical =ms ( planes 7,plate #ba7 c>ries ! =ego+ pr9ciples a /ep fur!r4 ,a surpris+ degree ( /ability is obta9$ by ?us enclos+ ! air1 & by ?r[+ out sev]al lat]al /ability-planes =e & aft4 ,! models may be con/ruct$ ( heavy wire1 ord9>y umbrella wire w answ] ! purpose1 & may be readily b5t4 ,! planes 9 ! accompany+ model are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,! broad planes plac$ =w>d1 well above ! diamet]1 promise well1 b ! re> w+s appe> un/able & small = ! o!r surface4 ,! =w>d or lift+-plane is aga91 mu* too n>r[4 ,! cyl9drical =m is equipp$ ) a d\ble propell]1 "o be=e & ! o!r 9 ! re>1 bo? m\nt$ on a b>1 :i* =ms ! exact axis ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is adju/m5t w give y a v pleasant surprise4 ,! vibration & torque ( ! two propell]s seem to equalize "o ano!r1 & ! ?ru/ is mu* m /eady ?an 9 ! case ( a s+le screw4 ,! ?ru/ is n only d\ble1 9 ?is way1 b ! ga9 = /ability is surpris+4 ,! model %\ld be m\nt$ on skids to assi/ x 9 ris+1 & to take up ! =ce ( ! impact on l&+4 ,! d\ble propell]1 m\nt$ on ! same %aft1 may be us$ successfully 9 _m models4 ,a v simple monoplane =m 7,plate #bb7 may be equipp$ 9 ?is way4 ,if two or m planes be m\nt$ betwe5 ! propell]s1 an a/oni%+ so>+ quality may be _h4 ,x is an excell5t plan to fa/5 ! planes to ! frame at fir/ by rubb] b&s1 s t !y may be pu%$ up or d[n readily1 & adju/$ & weight$ to suit ! conditions4 ,!re is dang] 9 ?is =m1 h[ev]1 t ! plane w turn completely ov] 9 its flight1 al?\gh ?is w h little effect ^u ! ?ru/ or direction4 ,! model is exce$+ly simple to make4 ,! propell]s %\ld n be too l>ge1 n m ?an twice ! diamet] ( ! planes at mo/4 ,! two propell]s mu/1 ( c\rse1 be turn$ 9 opposite directions1 to correct ! twi/+ t5d5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,a ,good ,example ( ,c>eful ,design+ & ,workman%ip4 ,%\ld y con/ruct a motor-base ( ?is k9d ) propell]s at ei!r end x w be f\nd int]e/+ to exp]im5t by atta*+ planes ( diff]5t %apes & sizes4 ,x requires v little surface to keep su* a monoplane afloat4 ,in/ead ( ! circul> & elliptical plane plac$ l5g?wise1 z 9 ! accompany+ model1 try ! effect ( l>g] circles & broad] ellipses1 plac+ ! latt] sideways4 ,?is may be v>i$ by us+ small rectangul> planes ) ! corn]s r\nd$ (f4 ,soon] or lat] y w hit ^u a %ape ( plane & a spac+ :i* w give y good1 /eady flights ( surpris+ l5g?4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t a good motor-base be built ) d\ble propell]s & ! v>i\s =ms ( planes te/$ out ^u x4 ,let u c>ry ?is idea fur!r &1 n[ t we h _h "s exp]i5ce 9 build+ aroplane models1 con/ruct a quadruple motor-base2 t is a motor-base ) f\r /r&s ( rubb] b&s & f\r propell]s1 two =w>d & two aft4 ,! f\r w\ld ( c\rse h to be v nicely balanc$4 ,! two sets ( propell]s if c>efully set up w\ld t5d to correct "o ano!r1 z we h se5 9 ! cyl9drical & o!r d\ble propell]s ?us giv+ a v /eady flight4 ,! increas$ spe$ ( su* a motor w\ld c>ry any good model at a mu* high] rate ( spe$ ?an any ( ! pres5t =ms4 ,!re is a v simple rule to be rememb]$ 9 build+ all biplanes1 reg>d+ ! spac+ ( ! planes4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! sup]-impos$ planes %\ld always be equal to ! wid? ( ! planes !mselves4 ,a beautiful model 7,plate #bc7 is "h reproduc$1 to %[ h[ n to space y\r planes4 ,9 all o!r respects ! model is excell5t4 ,! planes !mselves are beautifully con/ruct$ & sci5tifically curv$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 9 ?is case1 t ! front & re> sets ( planes w\ld be mu* too f> ap>t 7 !y flat surfaces1 b be+ flex$ z !y are1 _! support+ p[] is greatly increas$4 ,by plac+ !m s f> ap>t1 a long] & m p[]ful motor may be us$4 ,! rudd]s1 bo? =e & aft1 are adju/able1 & appe> v effective & %ip%ape4 ,! me?od ( tun+ up ! planes 9 ?is model is especially to be recomm5d$4 ,f a po/1 plac$ at ! c5t] ( ! planes1 wires are run to ! corn]s :i* holds ! frame p]fectly taut4 ,= ! ma9 frame1 or backbone1 a metal tube has be5 us$ :i* greatly adds to ! appe>ance ( ! model4 ,?is alum9ium tub+ may be b\ght *eaply & w s]ve admirably = ?is purpose4 ,! mo/ popul> ( all models1 among amateur aronauts 9 ,am]ica1 at lea/1 is ! ,wright ma*9e 7,plates #bd-be74 ,! op9ion is v5tur$ t ?is is due m to ! attractiv5ess ( its l9es & ! pride we all take 9 its wond]ful a*ievem5ts1 ?an to its actual fly+ ability z a model4 ,! mo/ p]fect ( ^! models w r>ely fly m ?an a hundr$ feet4 ,!y w be f\nd exce$+ly difficult to weight & adju/ s t !y w ma9ta9 _! c\rse 9 a di/urb$ air curr5t4 ,! planes ( ^! models are usually made sep>ate f ! motor base4 ,! %afts ( ! propell]s1 ) ! rubb] motors & skids1 are built up 9 a s+le piece4 ,?is plan has ! advantage ( mak+ ! planes adju/able s t !y may move backw>d or =w>d z desir$4 ,! model leaves ! gr\nd f a base1 mu* ! same z ! rail us$ by ! l>ge ,wright ma*9es4 ,"s models are ev5 />t$ by ! propulsion ( a rubb] b& atta*$ to ! frame1 :i* is pull$ back & releas$1 l ! old-fa%ion$ sl+ %ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,an ,effective ,model ) ,wood5 ,w+s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,comb9+ ,,monoplane ,,& ,,biplane ,,=ms ,al?\gh ! regul> biplane =m is exce$+ly difficult to manage 9 small models1 !re is great advantage 9 comb9+ x ) ! monoplane =ms 7,plate #bf74 ,! biplane makes an excell5t lift+ plane1 & :5 ! model comb9es ) x a broad monoplane = /ability1 surpris+ly long flights may be made4 ,! model "h illu/rat$ has fl[n #bah feet #f in*es4 ,despite its size1 ! model is exce$+ly light4 ,x is made almo/ entirely ( d[el /icks brac$ ) piano wire4 ,/ill ano!r advantage ( ! biplane =m is ! action ( ! support+ surface :5 x comes to desc5d4 ,! model settles easily to ! gr\nd1 9 contra/ to _m monoplane models :i* come d[n ) a dislocat+ %ock4 ,! skids ( ?is model are simple & effective4 ,9 a model ( ?is =m x is obvi\sly be/ to h ! propell]s drive r ?an pull x4 ,an +5i\s "y aronaut has rev]s$ ! above ord] & plac$ 8 biplane 9 ! re>1 us+ ! monoplane = lift+ 7,plate #bg74 ,8 model is unusually l>ge1 hav+ a spread ( f\r feet4 ,! biplane is squ>e1 ) lat]al /ability planes on ei!r side4 ,! elevat+ planes appe> small 9 proportion1 b !y s]ve to keep ! craft on an ev5 keel4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ?is model is its extreme lightness4 ,al?\gh unusually l>ge1 x weighs b n9e ounces4 ,! frame1 except = ! braces is built ( re$4 ,! planes are cov]$ ) p>*m5t4 ,! model is driv5 by two r small propell]s4 ,! position ( ! propell]s w appe>1 at fir/ glance1 to be r l[1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! extreme lightness ( ! model br+s ! c5t] ( gravity v f> d[n4 ,! model has fl[n m ?an two hundr$ feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,an ,int]e/+ ,exp]im5t ,along ,new ,l9es4 ,! /ability ( ! models ?us comb9+ ! monoplane & biplane =ms comes z a surprise4 ,bo? ! models 9 "q rise easily f ! gr\nd1 :i* is m ?an c be said ( _m aroplanes big or little1 & once al(t ma9ta9 a /eady horizontal flight1 :i* is /ill m unusual4 ,an int]e/+ field ( exp]im5t is sugge/$ by ^! comb9ations4 ,^! successful exp]im5ts h be5 made ) p]fectly flat planes4 ,suppose n[ we try !m out ) flex$ planes4 ,if ! /ability ?us ga9$ may be comb9$ ) ! increas$ so>+ quality ( ! curv$ plane1 we may be on ! way to mak+ "s rem>kable flights4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiji a numb] ( boys built & flew model aroplanes 9 ,new ,york1 :5 _m int]e/+ & well con/ruct$ models 7 br\ght out1 & ! longe/ flight 0 only sixty feet4 ,less ?an "o ye> lat] ! same boys succe$$ 9 fly+ _! ma*9es = m ?an two hundr$ feet4 ,! new models 7 no l>g]1 ! motors no m p[]ful1 b ! ma*9e _h become m %ip%ape & effici5t4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ea* ye> w br+ a simil> advance4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,faults ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,m5d ,,!m ,y\r model1 p]haps a beautiful "o1 f9i%$ 9 e "p1 may twi/ & tip ab\t z soon z x is laun*$ & quickly d>t to ! gr\nd4 ,! fault is likely to be 9 ! propell]1 be+ too l>ge = ! size & weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by add+ a weight to ! front ( ! ma*9e1 by wir+ on a nut or piece ( metal4 ,%\ld ?is fail to /eady ! aroplane1 ! propell] mu/ be cut d[n4 ,:5 y\r propell] is too small ! ma*9e w n rise f ! gr\nd1 or1 if laun*$ 9 ! air1 w quickly flutt] to e>?4 ,if ! model on leav+ y\r h&1 ) ! propell] 9 full motion1 fails to keep its position f ! v />t1 ! blade %\ld be made l>g]4 ,!re is no use 9 wa/+ "t & pati5ce ov] ! ma*9e z x is4 ,_m a beg9n]1 ) mi/ak5 zeal1 con/ructs a too p[]ful motor4 ,! p[] 9 ?is case turns ! propell] too swiftly = x to grasp ! air4 ,x m]ely bores a hole 9 ! air & ex]ts little propell+ =ce4 ,an ord9>y motor :5 w\nd up "o hundr$ & fifty turns %\ld take ab\t t5 seconds1 p]haps a trifle long]1 to unw9d4 ,x is a good plan to "t x be=e *anc+ a flight4 ,bad brac+ is ano!r frequ5t s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,! planes %\ld be absolutely rigid4 ,te/ y\r model by w9d+ up y\r motor & lett+ x run d[n :ile keep+ ! aroplane susp5d$1 by hold+ x loosely 9 "o h&4 ,if ! motor racks ! ma*9e1 t is1 if ! little %ip is all a-flutt] & ! planes tremble visibly1 ! entire frame ne$s tun+ up4 ,x is impossible = an aroplane to hold its c\rse if ! planes are 9 ! lea/ wabbly4 ,! braces %\ld be taut4 ,a loose /r+ or wire incid5tally (f]s z mu* resi/ance to ! air z a wood5 po/4 ,! flight ( y\r model aroplane %\ld be horizontal1 ) little or no wave-motion4 ,y\r craft at fir/ may rise to a consid]able height1 say fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 !n plunge d[nw>d1 "r itself1 & aga9 asc5d1 & repeat ?is r viol5t wave-motion until x /rikes ! gr\nd4 ,to ov]come ?is1 look c>efully to ! angle or lift ( y\r front plane or planes & to ! weight+4 ,! explanation is v simple4 ,z ! aroplane so>s upw>d1 ! air is compress$ b5ea? ! planes1 & ?is cont9ues until ! surface balances1 tilts =w>d1 & ! d[nw>d flight comm5ces4 ,y\r planes %\ld be s incl9$ t ! c5t] ( air-pressure comes ab\t "o ?ird ( ! di/ance back f ! front edge4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ea* plane1 h[ev]1 %\ld come slightly 9 front ( ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,aft] all1 ! be/ plan is to proce$ by ! rule ( ?umb1 & tilt y\r planes little by little1 & add or less5 ! weight 9 "o place or ano!r1 until ! flight is horizontal & /able4 ,if y\r aroplane does n rise f ! gr\nd1 b m]ely slides along1 ! tr\ble is likely to be 9 y\r lift+ plane4 ,tilt x a trifle & try aga94 ,! simple/ way to d ?is is to make ! front skids high] ?an ^? at ! back4 ,if ! front skids are too high1 ! plane w %oot up 9 ! air & come d[n )9 a few feet4 ,! mo/ c>efully con/ruct$ model is likely to g awry 9 ! e>ly flights4 ,! propell] seems to ex]t a twi/ or torque1 z x is call$1 :i* s5ds x to ! "r or left1 or up or d[n1 ev5 9 a p]fectly undi/urb$ atmosph]e4 ,x is assum$ t y\r model is symmetrical4 ,an aroplane n prop]ly balanc$1 :i* is l>g] on "o side ?an ! o!r1 or 9 :i* ! motor is n exactly c5t]$1 _c1 ( c\rse1 be expect$ to fly /raight4 ,h[ev]1 to be on ! safe side1 g all ov] ! ma*9e aga94 ,measure its planes to see t ! propell] is 9 ! c5t]4 ,hold x up 9 front ( y "r abeam1 & te/ ) y\r eye if ! p>ts be prop]ly balanc$4 ,if x /ill flies badly askew1 flex ! planes by b5d+ ! ends up or d[n v slightly by tight5+ or loos5+ ! wire braces runn+ to ! corn]s4 ,at ! same "t add a little weight to c\nt]act ! tipp+ t5d5cy4 ,a nut or key may be wir$ on ! edge :i* p]si/s 9 turn+ up4 ,x may require mu* m weight ?an y imag9e4 ,! diff]5ce %\ld beg9 to %[ at once4 ,ev5 aft] a model appe>s to "w fairly well z a glid]1 ! addition ( ! motor may s *ange ! c5t] ( gravity t x w 8cut up0 dreadfully4 ,x w be well to leave y\r planes loose s t !y may be %ift$ back & =? & n fa/5 !m till y h tri$ out ! motor4 ,if y foll[$ ! plan sugge/$ ( fa/5+ ! plane to ! c5tral frame by cross+ rubb] b&s ov] x1 y c easily adju/ !m4 ,if ! model t5ds to fly upw>d at a %>p angle1 slide ! front plane =w>d an in*1 & try ano!r flight4 ,!re is an adju/m5t some:]e :i* w give ! model ! /eady1 horizontal flight y are aft]4 ,"s models w refuse to rise & sw+ ar\nd 9 an abrupt circle ! mom5t ! motor is turn$ on4 ,?is may be caus$ by ! propell] be+ mu* too small = ! motor4 ,aft] look+ ov] all ! photographs ( ! models %[n 9 ^! pages y w ga9 an idea ( ! prop] proportion1 & be able to tell (fh& if ! propell] is out ( proportion4 ,a small propell] revolv+ v rapidly1 or rac+1 is likely to give ! model a torque1 ev5 if x be o!rwise well proportion$4 ,don't try to rem$y ?is ) rudd] surfaces1 b *ange y\r propell]1 or y\r motor1 or bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,an ,excell5t ,monoplane ,capable ( ,long ,flights4 ,:5 y\r aroplane turns 9 long1 ev5 curves to "o side or ! o!r1 look to y\r rudd] surface4 ,turn x to "o side or ! o!r1 j z y w\ld 9 /e]+ a boat4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t x mu/ be kept rigidly 9 position4 ,if a slight turn ( ! rudd] does n /raight5 out ! flight1 y probably ne$ m guid+ surface1 & ! rudd] mu/ be enl>g$4 ,if ! model /ill cont9ues to turn away f a /raight l9e1 tilt+ z x does s1 try a little weight at ! end ( ! plane :i* rises4 ,! commone/ ( all accid5ts to aroplane models is ! sma%+ up ( ! skids on l&+4 ,a model w frequ5tly rise to a height ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 & ! %ock ( a fall f su* an elevation is likely to "w havoc 9 ! und]body4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 :y y\r model %\ld n come d[n z lightly z a bird f ! cre/ ( ! flight wave4 ,! model1 :5 prop]ly proportion$1 weight$1 or balanc$1 w settle d[n gradually & n pit* viol5tly4 ,x is ^! quick d>ts to e>? :i* cause ! wor/ disa/]s4 ,a model %\ld h suffici5t support+ surface to break its fall :5 ! motor runs d[n1 at any reasonable elevation4 ,if ! model aroplane falls all 9 a heap1 z soon z ! motor sl[s d[n1 x w be well to look to ?is & p]haps increase ! size ( y\r planes4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! biplanes or ! models 9 :i* ! d\ble planes h be5 us$1 ei!r = lift+ or so>+ planes1 w settle d[n m gradually4 ,! lat]al planes1 :atev] _! position1 also l5d valuable support :5 ! critical "t comes 9 ! desc5t4 ,y\r model is n p]fect until x falls easily at ! end ( ! flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( ,model ,%[n 9 ,plate ,x4 ,"u p]fect condition1 9 absolutely undi/urb$ air1 an aroplane may be made to come d[n s lightly t no bones1 ev5 ! smalle/1 w be brok54 ,a gu/ ( w9d1 h[ev]1 may ru9 all y\r calculations & br+ ! aroplane d[n ) a dislocat+ %ock4 ,! skids mu/ be design$ to meet extreme conditions1 ! wor/ t c possibly befall4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ^! skids or supports %\ld be high en\gh to give ! propell] cle>ance s t ! propell] blades w n t\* ! gr\nd4 ,by us+ a light flexible cane = ! purpose1 & b5d+ !m "u1 a spr+ may be =m$ :i* w take up ! %ock ( a viol5t l&+4 ,"s build]s g fur!r & rig up ! skids ) braces ( rubb] b&s to increase ?is cu%ion effect4 ,a v>iety ( con/ructions are %[n 9 ! photographs ( ! v>i\s models4 ,y\r skids %\ld enable y\r model to )/& any ord9>y %ock ( l&+1 )\t breakage ( any k9d4 ,! life ( y\r motor c be greatly increas$ by c>eful h&l+4 ,! rubb] /r&s are likely to be worn away aga9/ ! hooks at ei!r end4 ,! wire us$ = ! hooks %\ld be z heavy z possible to keep x f cutt+ ?r\gh4 ,be c>eful t ! wire :i* comes 9 contact ) ! rubb] is p]fectly smoo? & flawless4 ,a little r\ghness or a spur on ! wire w soon cut ?r\gh ! rubb]4 ,x is a good plan to slip a piece ( rubb] tub+ tightly ov] ! hook & loop ! rubb] b&s ( y\r motor ov] ?is cu%ion4 ,! fir/ break 9 ! rubb] b&s is likely to come ne> ! c5t] ( ! /r&4 ,a numb] ( loose ends appe>4 ,! brok5 ends %\ld be knott$ neatly & ! loose ends cut away4 ,if ! /r&s come 9 contact ) any "p ( ! motor base1 a break+ w quickly foll[1 & y\r /r&s soon become cov]$ ) a fr+e ( loose ends4 ,be c>eful to tie up all loose ends & trim !m away1 s9ce ! ends 9 twi/+ s]ve to break o!r /r&s4 ,al?\gh ! f9] /r&s ( rubb] give ! great] ?ru/1 d n buy !m too small1 s9ce !y are easily brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,a ,well ,?\ght ,out ,monoplane4 ,! l5g? ( y\r motor base beyond ! front plane %\ld be c>efully calculat$4 ,x is v easy1 ( c\rse1 to run y\r %aft too f> =w>d4 ,! c5t] ( gravity is easily %ift$ 9 ?is way1 & y\r model soon becomes unmanageable4 ,an aroplane ) ?is fault w n rise1 b m]ely pit*es =w>d "u ! ?ru/s ( ! motor4 ,x is almo/ useless to attempt to balance ?is by weight+ ! ma*9e4 ,! front plane %\ld be plac$ fur!r =w>d1 & if ! lift+ surface does n seem suffici5t1 cut away ! front ( y\r motor base1 once = all4 ,a too %ort motor base1 on ! o!r h&1 w cause y\r model to %oot upw>d at a %>p angle1 & wa/e mu* valuable propell+ p[] be=e x rights itself & takes a regul> horizontal flight4 ,9 ! model aroplane !re is only "o po9t :]e friction affects ! flight1 namely1 along ! propell] %aft4 ,"o c h>dly be too c>eful 9 ! con/ruction ( ! axle4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! rubb] at be/1 is limit$1 & ?is p[] mu/ be ex]t$ )\t loss ( any k9d4 ,a faulty propell] %aft w use up a surpris+ am\nt ( en]gy4 ,y\r rubb] motor %\ld unw9d to )9 "o or two turns4 ,be> 9 m9d t "o ( f\r ?+s is likely to be responsible = y\r tr\ble4 ,! planes may n be prop]ly plac$ on ! frame1 !y may n be prop]ly flex$1 !y are n set at ! prop] angle ( elevation1 or y\r motor is at fault4 ,wat* ^! po9ts1 & y w soon h y\r ma*9e "u p]fect control4 ,9 ! extremely complicat$ models x is (t5 difficult to locate ! fault4 ,build y\r model s t ^! p>ts may be adju/$ 9 a mom5t )\t tak+ ap>t4 ,aft] y h built an aroplane model1 ev5 a v simple "o1 ! pictures ( o!r aroplanes w h a new mean+ = y4 ,e new model y see w give y "s new idea4 ,a numb] ( ! mo/ successful aroplane models 9 ! c\ntry are %[n 9 ! accompany+ photographs4 ,/udy ^! c>efully1 & y w le>n m f !m ( practical aroplane con/ruction ?an f any am\nt ( read+4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,aviation ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,fir/ ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,! conque/ ( ! air 0 n won by a happy accid5t ( inv5tion4 ,long be=e man le>n$ to fly ! sci5ce ( aviation _h to be creat$ by inve/igation & exp]im5t4 ,at fir/ ) v crude attempts1 a great _m fly+ ma*9es _h to be built1 & _m lives sacrific$ 9 fly+ !m4 ,! exact nature ( ! invisible air curr5ts & ! action ( w+s & planes1 7 to be le>n$ be=e ! delicate me*anism ( ! mod]n aroplane 0 possible4 ,probably no o!r great inv5tion has requir$ su* long & pati5t prep>ation4 ,9 _m ways ! aroplane is !re=e a great] a*ievem5t ?an ! /eam eng9e or ! /eamboat4 ,:5 ,watt turn$ f wat*+ 8 tea kettle to build 8 eng9e1 he appli$ me*anical pr9ciples :i* _h long be5 9 actual use1 & !re 7 _m exp]i5c$ me*anics to help him4 ,rob]t ,fulton1 aga91 :5 he set up 8 eng9e1 f\nd ! sci5ce ( boat-build+ highly develop$4 ,! aviator _h no su* advantage4 ,he mu/ fir/ ( all build a craft :i* w\ld keep afloat 9 ! mo/ un/able ( m$iums4 ,a motive p[] _h to be appli$ to suit ^! conditions1 & ! two mu/ be s attun$ t !y w\ld "w p]fectly toge!r :5 ! lea/ slip w\ld mean in/ant disa/]4 ,z we le>n to realize ^! difficulties we w appreciate m ?an ev] h[ m>vell\s a creation is ! mod]n aroplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,a ,good ,example ( ,tilt$ ,planes4 ,man has ?\ght mu* ab\t fly+ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! op5 air has always seem$ ! natural highway1 & fly+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$ hundr$s ( ye>s be=e anyone dream$ ( /eam5g9es or /eamboats4 ,! anci5t ,greeks long ago spun wond]ful tales ( ! my?ical ,da$alus & ,ic>us & _! flight to ! sun & back aga94 ,! fir/ practical aviator seems to h be5 a ,greek nam$ ,a*ytas1 & we are told he inv5t$ a dove ( wood propell$ by heat$ air4 ,!re is ano!r anci5t record ( a brass fly :i* made a %ort flight1 s t we may be sure t ev5 ! anci5ts _h _! own ideas ab\t heavi]-?an-air ma*9es4 ,z f> z we may judge f ^! qua9t old records ! e>ly aviators attempt$ to fly ) w+s :i* !y flapp$ ab\t !m 9 imitation ( birds4 ,ab\t ! ye> #fg ,a4 ,d41 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 an aviator nam$ 8,simon ! ,magician0 made a public flight be=e a ,roman cr[d4 ,accord+ to ! record1 8,he rose into ! air ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( demons4 ,b ,/4 ,pet] hav+ (f]$ a pray]1 ! action ( ! demons ceas$ & ! magician 0 cru%$ 9 a fall & p]i%$ in/antly40 ,! end ( ! acc\nt1 :i* s\nds v probable inde$1 is ! fir/ aronautical sma%-up on record4 ,ev5 9 ^! e>ly days ! int]e/ 9 aronautics appe>s to h be5 widespread4 ,x is record$ t a ,briti% k+ nam$ ,baldud succe$$ 9 fly+ ov] ! city ( ,tr9ovante1 b un=tunately fell &1 l&+ on a temple1 0 in/antly kill$4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury a ,b5$ict9e monk built a pair ( w+s modell$ ^u ! poet ,ovid's description ( ^? us$ by ,da$alus1 :i* 0 app>5tly a v unc]ta9 model4 ,! aviator jump$ f a high t[] aga9/ ! w9d1 &1 accord+ to ! record1 sail$ = #abe feet1 :5 he fell & broke bo? 8 legs4 ,t he %\ld h attempt$ to fly aga9/ ! w9d1 by ! way1 indicates "s k ( aircraft4 ,if we may tru/ ! rude folklore ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! glid] =m ( air%ip :i* anticipat$ ! mod]n aroplane 0 us$ ) "s success a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,an inv5tor nam$ ,oliv] ( ,malmesburg1 built a glid] & so>$ = #cgj feet1 :i* w\ld be a cr$itable record = su* a craft ev5 9 our day4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] a ,s>ac5 attempt$ to fly 9 ! same way & 0 kill$ by a fall4 ,! numb] ( m5 :o h giv5 _! lives to ! cause ( aviation 9 all ^! c5turies ( exp]im5t mu/ be consid]able4 ,mean:ile ! kite & balloon _h long be5 9 use 9 ,*9a4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t kites 7 well und]/ood & ev5 put to practical use 9 "t ( w> z e>ly z #cjj ,b4 ,c4 ,a ,*9ese g5]al1 ,han ,s91 is said to h actually signall$ by kites to a beleagu]$ city t he 0 outside ! walls & expect$ to l5d assi/ance4 ,& a ,fr5* mission>y visit+ ,*9a 9 #afid report$ t he _h se5 ! records ( ! coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,fo ,ki5 9 #acjf :i* describ$ ! balloon asc5sions t =m$ "p ( ! c]emony4 ,! fifte5? c5tury 0 ! mo/ active p]iod 9 aronautical exp]im5ts be=e our own4 ,a numb] ( intellig5t m9ds work$ at ! problem & notable progress 0 made1 al?\gh all fell %ort ( fly+4 ,ev5 9 ! light ( our pres5t k ( aronautics we mu/ admire ! ?or\gh1 sci5tific way ! aviators w5t ab\t _! "w five c5turies ago4 ,_m ( _! discov]ies h be5 ( great assi/ance to our mod]n aviators4 ,_h ^! inve/igators possess$ our mod]n ma*9]y1 ( :i* !y knew little or no?+1 x is1 v likely !y w\ld actually h fl[n4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( ^! inve/igators 0 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 fam\s z ar*itect & eng9e] z well z pa9t] & sculptor4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! subject1 he dissect$ ! bodies ( _m birds & made c>eful1 te*nical draw+s to illu/rate ! !ory ( ! action ( w+s4 ,^! draw+s & descriptions are /ill pres]v$1 & ev5 to-day repay c>eful /udy4 ,he also calculat$ ) great detail ! am\nt ( =ce :i* w\ld be necess>y to drive su* ma*9es4 ,plans 7 prep>$ = fly+ ma*9es ( ! heavi] ?an air =m to be driv5 by w+s1 & ev5 by screw propell]s1 :i* 0 look+ f> into ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,a ,s]viceable ,=m ,made ( ,wire4 ,among all ^! e>ly exp]im5ts ! be/ record ( actual flight 0 made by ,batitta ,dante1 a bro!r ( ! great ,italian poet4 ,9 #adef ,dante flew 9 a glid] ( 8 own con/ruction = m ?an #hjj feet at ,p]ugia 9 ,italy & a few ye>s lat] he succe$$ 9 fly+ 9 ! same glid] ov] ,lake ,trasim5e4 ,! glides made by ! ,wright ,bro!rs :ile p]fect+ _! ma*9es seldom rea*$ ?is l5g?4 ,= sev]al c5turies x 0 believ$ t a lift+ screw1 if "o c\ld be built1 w\ld supply en\gh lift+ p[] to support a heavi] ?an air ma*9e4 ,da ,v9ci exp]im5t$ along ?is l9e = _m ye>s & ev5 built a numb] ( models ) pap] screws4 ,?is =m ( fly+ ma*9e is call$ ! helicopt]4 ,! plan 0 !n ab&on$ = ne>ly five c5turies & reviv$ 9 our own c5tury4 ,! record ( all ! aviators & _! exp]im5ts w\ld fill _m volumes4 ,! belief t man c\ld le>n to fly by flapp+ w+s up & d[n 0 n giv5 up until v rec5tly4 ,ne>ly all ! e>ly ma*9es 7 built on ?is pr9ciple4 ,man c nev] fly z ! birds d because 8 muscles are diff]5tly gr\p$4 ,9 ! birds ! /ronge/ muscles1 ! driv+ p[]1 are 9 ! *e/ at ! base ( ! w+s :]e !y are mo/ ne$$4 ,x is amus+ to f9d t :ile ! birds are always fly+ be=e our eyes no "o has guess$ _! secrets4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to wre/ _! secrets f !m by atta*+ dynomet]s to _! w+s to measure ! =ce ( ! muscles b little has be5 le>n$ 9 ?is way4 ,"o sci5ti/ calculat$ t a goose ex]ts #bjj horse p[] :ile ano!r inve/igator figur$ out t x 0 "o t5? ( "o horse p[]4 ,_m ( ! !ories ( flight h be5 q z f> ap>t4 ,a great v>iety ( false notions ab\t fly+ _h to be tri$ & f all ^! failures man sl[ly le>n$ ! road he mu/ foll[4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,develop+ ,,! ,,a]oplane ,! op5+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury f\nd ! _w well prep>$ = actual conque/ ( ! air4 ,aviation has be5 develop$ to an exact sci5ce4 ,x _h tak5 c5turies ( failure to tea* man t he c\ld n fly by flapp+ 8 w+s l ! birds b ! idea 0 at la/ ab&on$4 ,! birds 7 /ill ! models ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 b man _h at la/ le>n$ to /udy !m m intellig5tly4 ,! m>vell\s developm5t ( mod]n me*anics1 especially ! build+ ( light & effici5t motors1 0 also ( great importance4 ,! !ory ( ! aroplane 0 rapidly ga9+ 9 favor4 ,x 0 ?\ght at "o "t t s9ce no birds weigh$ m ?an fifty p\nds no fly+ ma*9e heavi] ?an ?is c\ld ev] fly4 ,"s ye>s ago ,hiram ,s4 ,maxim po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t if we _h built our /eam eng9es to imitate ! horse1 z we !n hop$ to build fly+ ma*9es l ! birds1 we w\ld h built locomotives :i* weigh$ only five tons1 ! weight ( an elephant1 :i* walk$ five miles an h\r4 ,! secret ( flight evid5tly did n lie 9 closely imitat+ ! famili> =ms ( flight4 ,s f> z man 0 int]e/$ x lay cle>ly 9 ! so>+ flights4 ,:5 a bird flies ) ext5d$ w+s x does two ?+s4 ,x =ms an aroplane :i* supports its body1 mu* ! same z a kite1 & x op]ates a propell] = driv+ ?is aroplane =w>d4 ,& s m5 f9ally le>n$ to fly by borr[+ a s+le pr9ciple f ! birds4 ,x is claim$ by "s t ! !ory1 & l>gely ! =m1 ( ! mod]n successful aroplane 0 fir/ sugge/$ by an ,engli% inv5tor1 ,sir ,george ,cayley1 z e>ly z #agif4 ,cayley argu$ t a flat plane or surface :5 driv5 ?r\gh ! air incl9$ slightly upw>d w\ld lift a consid]able weight4 ,he also sugge/$ t a tail w\ld help to /eady ! plane z well z /e] x upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,8 ideas ( propell+ ! aroplane by screws driv5 by motors 0 also f> 9 advance ( 8 "t1 b ! eng9es !n 9 exi/5ce 7 mu* too heavy = ! purpose & he nev] built a model4 ,fifty ye>s lat]1 :5 ! /eam eng9e _h be5 highly develop$1 ^! old plans 7 rememb]$ & two eng9e]s1 ,h5s5 & ,/r+fell[1 actually built a fly+ ma*9e on ,cayley's pr9ciples4 ,?is e>ly aroplane 0 ( ! monoplane =m1 made ( oil$ silk /ret*$ ov] a frame ( bamboo4 ,a c> to c>ry a /eam eng9e1 & presumably ! pass5g]s1 0 hung bel[ ?is plane4 ,! motive p[] 0 suppli$ by two propell]s at ! re>4 ,! aroplane c>ri$ a fan-%ap$ tail ) a rudd] = /e]+ x sideways1 plac$ b5ea?4 ,! model is said to h actually fl[n = a %ort di/ance1 b prov$ to be un/able4 ,f ?is "t onw>d ! exp]im5ts became m sci5tific & accurate4 ,reliable sci5tific data 0 accumulat$ :i* lat] enabl$ ! aviators to build practical aroplanes4 ,a numb] ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts 7 made %ortly aft]w>d by a sci5ti/ nam$ ,w5ham to prove t ! lift+ p[]s ( a c>ry+ surface might be increas$ by arrang+ small surfaces 9 ti]s "o above ano!r4 ,w5ham _h wat*$ ! birds to "s purpose1 & decid$ t a s+le plane1 l>ge en\gh to support a man w\ld be too l>ge to control1 b t a numb] ( small surfaces w\ld make ! bird flight possible4 ,w5ham built & pat5t$ a ma*9e 9 #ahff4 ,he nev] flew b he collect$ a great deal ( valuable in=mation ab\t ! behavior ( planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,! ,"u ,body ( ! ,monoplane ,%[n1 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,! sl[1 b on ! :ole1 enc\rag+ movem5t t[>d ! successful fly+ ma*9e 0 giv5 a s]i\s set back 9 #ahgb by a book writt5 by ,h4 ,von ,humboldt ann\nc+ ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,?is well kn[n sci5ti/1 ^: "n c>ri$ great weight1 wrote t me*anical flight 0 impossible4 ,he bas$ 8 idea on ! discov]y t z ! body increas$ 9 size ! "w or p[] requir$ to lift x increas$ m rapidly ?an ! size ( ! body4 ,9 o!r words1 a v l>ge bird or fly+ ma*9e c\ld n conta9 muscles /rong en\gh or ma*9]y /rong en\gh to enable x to fly4 ,he argu$ t no bird l>g] ?an ! albatross1 = in/ance1 _h ev] liv$1 !re=e no fly+ ma*9es c\ld ev] be m ?an toys4 ,! book 0 s disc\rag+ t _m aviators gave up _! exp]im5ts & ! sci5ce ( aviation /ood /ill4 ,x may be said to h be5 awak5$1 h[ev]1 by ! ,g]man sci5ti/1 ,otto ,lil5?al1 ^: book1 publi%$ 9 #ahhf1 at once attract$ _w wide att5tion4 ,x 0 ?is book1 incid5tally1 :i* inspir$ ! ,wright ,bro!rs to beg9 _! exp]im5ts4 ,lil5?al 0 n only a great sci5ti/1 b he work$ on ! pr9ciple t an ounce ( actual exp]i5ce 0 wor? a ton ( !ory4 ,9 aviation1 :]e ! weight is all important1 ?is sav+ 0 naturally ( ! greate/ importance4 ,lil5?al built glid]s1 _m ( !m1 & put to actual te/ ! !ories :i* o!rs _h m]ely talk$ & figur$ ab\t4 ,f9ally he set up an eng9e on a glid] b ! ma*9e turn$ ov] & he 0 in/antly kill$4 ,! sci5tific in=mation he collect$1 h[ev]1 prov$ ( ! highe/ value to ^? :o lat] actually conqu]$ ! air4 ,lil5?al built a hill fifty feet 9 height & %ap$ l a cone ) sides slant+ at an angle ( ?irty degrees4 ,"h he prov$ by actual te/s t he might fly no matt] :i* way ! w9d blew & t an ar*$ surface1 driv5 aga9/ ! w9d1 w\ld rise f ! gr\nd & support 8 weight4 ,a great deal ( sci5tific in=mation 0 collect$ & tabulat$ z well z ! exact effect ( ! pressure ( ! air4 ,he also *ang$ ! %ape ( ! glid+ surfaces1 mak+ !m v long & n>r[ & driv+ !m edgewise z 9 ! fir/ =m ( aroplane4 ,! aroplane took %ape 9 8 h&s4 ,! success ( ^! exp]im5ts enc\rag$ aviators 9 _m c\ntries to imitate him1 & s great 0 ! int]e/ ar\s$ t ev5 8 fatal accid5t 9 #ahif did n disc\rage !m4 ,! successful fly+ ma*9e 0 n[ actually 9 sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,a ,simple ,model :i* ,proves ,/eady 9 ,flight4 ,= a "t x 0 believ$ t ,hiram ,s4 ,maxim w\ld be ! fir/ to con/ruct a fly+ ma*9e :i* w\ld actually fly4 ,he _h gone ab\t ! problem 9 a ?or\ghly sci5tific mann]1 sp>+ nei!r "t nor exp5se4 ,an elaborate app>atus 0 fir/ con/ruct$ l a revolv+ d]rick1 to te/ accurately ! lift+ p[]s ( v>i\s aroplanes ( v>i\s sizes & %apes fly+ at diff]5t angles1 z well z ! propell+ =ce ( _m k9ds ( screws4 ,! horizontal arm ( ?is ma*9e 0 ?irty feet1 n9e in*es long1 s t x describ$ a circle ( #bjj feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! arm 0 driv5 by an eng9e at high spe$4 ,! v>i\s aroplane =ms to be te/$ 7 atta*$ to ! extreme end ( ?is arm1 & driv5 by propell]s ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 exactly z !y w\ld be 9 actual flight4 ,e "p ( ! ma*9e1 mean:ile1 0 s adju/$ t ! read+s ( ! spe$ ( ! aroplane1 its lift+ p[]1 ! exact =ce ( ! propell]1 9 fact1 e detail1 c\ld be measur$ & record$ ) sci5tific accuracy4 ,?is prelim9>y "w prov$ to be ( ! highe/ value4 ,! te/ %[$1 = in/ance1 j :at size ! propell] %\ld be = diff]5t size planes1 & ! exact pit* ( ! screw :i* w\ld give ! be/ results1 ! prop] angle ( elevation = ! front plane1 ! resi/ance (f]$ by v>i\s %ap$ planes1 & ! exact am\nt ( p[] requir$ = planes ( diff]5t sizes4 ,a delicate ma*9e 0 also built to te/ ! diff]5t k9ds ( fabrics us$ = cov]+ ! planes4 ,! fabric 0 /ret*$ ov] a small /eel frame1 m\nt$ at a slight angle1 9 a bla/ ( air4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! clo? to lift or drift 0 !n accurately measur$4 ,! mat]ial :i* gave ! greate/ am\nt ( lift & ! lea/ drift 0 us$4 ,a l>ge aroplane 0 f9ally built 9 #ahic4 ,x weigh$ #gejj p\nds1 measur$ #ajd feet 9 wid?1 & 0 driv5 by a #cfj horsep[] eng9e4 ,comp>$ ) ! cle> cut1 %ip-%ape air-craft ( to-day ?is e>ly model appe>s crude & cumb]some4 ,! ma9 plane 0 almo/ squ>e 9 %ape1 :ile /ability planes ext5d$ out f ! sides4 ,a s]ies ( f\r n>r[ planes1 "o above ano!r1 7 c>ri$ bel[ on ei!r side4 ,! ma*9]y = driv+ 0 c>ri$ f> bel[ ! ma9 plane4 ,! two l>ge propell]s 7 plac$ 9 ! /]n4 ,! aroplane 0 run along a d\ble-track$ railroad #ahjj feet 9 l5g?1 to ga!r suffici5t mom5tum to cause x to rise4 ,almo/ any s*ool-boy ( to-day famili> ) ! aroplane models c\ld h told at a glance t ! ma*9e c\ld n rise4 ,:5 x 0 f9ally s5t d[n ! track at a good clip1 ! front :eels did actually rise a trifle b x imm$iately came d[n ) a bad sma%4 ,n 9 ! lea/ disc\rag$1 ,maxim at once design$ a new ma*9e4 ,?is measur$ fifty feet 9 wid? & =ty feet 9 l5g? 9 ! middle1 b ) ! corn]s cut (f1 s t x 0 %>p5$ bo? =e & aft4 ,! w+s 7 made long & n>r[1 ext5d+ out tw5ty-sev5 feet beyond ! ma9 plane1 & l>ge =e & aft rudd]s 7 atta*$4 ,x 0 n ev5 expect$ t ! ma*9e w\ld fly4 ,all t 0 hop$ = 0 t x w\ld lift some:at s t its upw>d t5d5cy might be accurately measur$4 ,! mo/ successful 8flight0 ( ?is model w seem a v tame affair inde$ to ! boys ( to-day :o are daily read+ ( ! m>vell\s voyages 9 air across sea & l&4 ,! 8air%ip0 0 run ov] its track & ! /eam pressure run up to #cbi p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! spe$ increas$ & ! upw>d ?ru/ began to be felt4 ,f9ally ! front :eels ( ! ma*9e actually lift$ f ! track4 ,! re> axle rose ?ree or f\r feet above its normal position4 ,:5 x alight$1 ! delight$ aronauts f\nd t ! :eels ( ! ma*9e _h pass$ ov] ! turf = a v %ort di/ance1 )\t mak+ any m>ks1 %[+ t = a second or s ! ma*9e 0 actually (f ! e>?4 ,x seems curi\s to u to-day t ?is 8flight0 %\ld h be5 consid]$ rem>kable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,! ,propell] & ,%aft ( ! ,model ,%[n1 ,plate ,,xv4 ,! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 beg9n+ 9 #ahhg & la/+ = f\r ye>s1 plac$ a great deal ( valuable1 sci5tific data 9 ! h&s ( ! aviators4 ,?\s&s ( te/s 7 made ) an app>atus simil> to t us$ by ,maxim4 ,9 "o class ( ^! exp]im5ts solid metal planes 7 atta*$ to ! end ( ! revolv+ arm 9 su* a way t !y 7 free to fall = a fix$ di/ance4 ,:5 9 rapid1 horizontal motion1 ! metal seem$ to "p ) its weight1 & ! mat]ial1 ?\gh "o ?\s& times heavi] ?an ! air1 0 f\nd to be actually support$ by x4 ,x 0 prov51 = in/ance1 t "o horse p[] w\ld support ov] #bjj p\nds weight ( planes driv5 at a spe$ ( fifty miles an h\r4 ,all ?is prelim9>y "w1 or ne>ly all1 we n[ see1 0 necess>y be=e a practical aroplane c\ld be con/ruct$4 ,! e>ly aviators1 al?\gh !y did n fly1 at lea/ %[$ :at n to d1 & sev]al paid ! price ( _! lives = ?is k4 ,lil5?al _h mapp$ out ! aroplane 9 ! r\gh1 & det]m9$ ! g5]al %ape x mu/ take4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,maxim & ,langley enabl$ ! successful aviators to calculate ! size ( ! ma*9e necess>y to c>ry !m & ! am\nt ( p[] requir$ to drive x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,wright ,,bro!rs' ,,own ,,/ory ,! ,wright ,bro!rs br\ght to _! "w a g5ius = inv5tion &1 mak+ free use ( ! results ( =m] inve/igation & exp]im5t1 f9ally succe$$ 9 build+ a heavi] ?an air ma*9e :i* w\ld actually fly4 ,! /ory ( _! exp]im5ts & f9al success1 :i* "o may read 9 _! own words1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tion4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs' fir/ fly+ ma*9e 0 a m]e toy4 8,late 9 ! autumn ( #ahgh0 !y tell ! /ory1 8our fa!r came into ! h\se "o ev5+ ) "s object p>tially conceal$ 9 8 h&s1 & be=e we c\ld see :at x 01 he toss$ x into ! air4 ,in/ead ( fall+ to ! floor1 z we expect$1 x flew across ! room till x /ruck ! ceil+1 :]e x flutt]$ = a :ile1 & f9ally sank to ! floor4 ,x 0 a little toy kn[n to sci5ti/s z a #8hlicoptre' b :i* we1 ) sublime disreg>d = sci5ce1 dubb$ a bat4 ,x 0 a light frame ( cork & bamboo :i* =m$ two screws driv5 9 opposite directions by rubb] b&s "u torsion4 ,a toy s delicate la/$ only a %ort "t 9 ! h&s ( small boys1 b its memory 0 abid+40 ,! int]e/ ( ! bro!rs 9 aronautics 0 awak5$4 8,we began build+ ^! hlicoptres ourselves10 _! /ory goes on1 8mak+ ea* "o l>g] ?an t prec$+4 ,b1 to our a/oni%m5t1 we f\nd t ! l>g] ! #8bat1' ! less x flew4 ,we did n "k t a ma*9e hav+ only twice ! l9e> dim5sions ( ano!r w\ld require eight times ! p[]4 ,we f9ally became disc\rag$1 & return$ to kite-fly+1 a sport to :i* we _h devot$ s mu* att5tion t we 7 reg>d$ z exp]ts4 ,b z we became old]1 we _h to give up ?is fasc9at+ sport z unbecom+ to boys ( our age40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,an ,+5i\s ,model :i* ,fails to ,fly4 ,! ,wrights did n beg9 _! exp]im5ts until ! summ] ( #ahif4 ,!y fir/ prep>$ !mselves ?or\ghly by read+ ! lit]ature on aronautics1 mak+ !mselves famili> ) ! results ( all ! exp]im5tal "w ( ! aviators--,langley1 ,*anute1 ,m\ill>d1 & o!rs4 ,! ,wrights soon decid$ t ! fir/ ?+ to be solv$ 0 to build aroplanes :i* w\ld fly & t1 until ?is 0 solv$1 x 0 fooli% to wa/e "t build+ delicate & co/ly ma*9]y to op]ate !m4 ,!y took up ! problems ( ! glid] & s\ght by actual te/s :at _m sci5ti/s _h be5 !oriz+ ab\t = ye>s4 ,!y soon disc>d$ ! v>i\s =ms ( glid]s !n us$ = exp]im5ts4 ,! te/s :i* l$ up to adopt+ ! n[ fam\s ,wright model1 ! basis = all heavi] ?an air ma*9es to-day1 occupi$ v little "t4 ,! /ory ( ?is m>vell\s discov]y :i* w rank ) t ( ,rob]t ,fulton or ,watt1 is be/ told 9 _! own words1 :i* are "h some:at abbreviat$4 8,! balanc+ ( a fli] may seem1 at fir/ ?\ght1 to be a v simple matt]10 say ! ,wrights1 8yet almo/ e exp]im5t] _h f\nd 9 ?is ! po9t he c\ld n satisfactorily ma/]4 ,_m diff]5t me?ods 7 tri$4 ,"s exp]im5t]s place ! c5t] ( gravity f> bel[ ! w+s 9 ! belief t ! w+s w\ld naturally seek to rema9 at ! l[e/ po9t4 ,a m satisfactory sy/em1 especially = lat]al balance1 0 t ( arrang+ ! w+s 9 ! %ape ( a broad ,v to =m a dih$ral angle1 ) ! c5t] l[ & ! w+-tips elevat$4 ,9 !ory ?is 0 an automatic action1 b 9 practice x _h two s]i\s defects2 fir/1 x t5d$ to keep ! ma*9e oscillat+2 &1 second1 its usefulness 0 re/rict$ to calm air4 ,not)/&+ ! kn[n limitations ( ?is pr9ciple1 x _h be5 embodi$ 9 almo/ e prom95t fly+-ma*9e :i* _h be5 built4 8,we rea*$ ! conclusion t su* ma*9es might be ( int]e/ f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 b c\ld be ( no value 9 a practical way4 ,we1 !re=e1 resolv$ to try a fundam5tally diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,we w\ld arrange ! fly] s t x w\ld n t5d to "r itself4 ,we w\ld make x z in]t z possible to ! effects ( *ange ( direction or spe$1 & ?us r$uce ! effects ( w9d-gu/s to a m9imum4 ,we w\ld d ?is 9 ! =e-&-aft /ability by giv+ ! aroplanes a peculi> %ape2 & 9 ! lat]al balance1 by ar*+ ! surfaces f tip to tip1 j ! rev]se ( :at our pr$ecessors _h done4 ,!n by "s suitable contrivance1 actuat$ by ! op]ator1 =ces %\ld be br\ght into play to regulate ! balance40 8,lil5?al & ,*anute _h guid$ & balanc$ _! ma*9es by %ift+ ! weight ( ! op]ator's body4 ,b ?is me?od seem$ to u incapable ( expansion to meet l>ge conditions1 because ! weight to be mov$ & ! di/ance ( possible motion 7 limit$1 :ile ! di/urb+ =ces /eadily increas$1 bo? ) w+ area & w9d velocity4 ,9 ord] to meet ! ne$s ( l>ge ma*9es1 we wi%$ to employ "s sy/em :]eby ! op]ator c\ld v>y at w ! incl9ation ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! w+s1 & ?us obta9 f ! w9d =ces to re/ore ! balance :i* w9d itself _h di/urb$4 ,?is c\ld easily be done by us+ w+s capable ( be+ w>p$1 & adju/able surfaces 9 ! %ape ( rudd]s4 ,a happy device 0 discov]$ :]eby ! surfaces c\ld be s w>p$ t aroplanes c\ld be pres5t$ on ! "r & left sides at diff]5t angles to ! w9d4 ,?is1 ) an adju/able horizontal front rudd]1 =m$ ! ma9 features ( our fir/ glid]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,a ,good ,model ,except+ t its ,v]tical ,rudd]s ,are ,too ,l>ge4 8,we began our fir/ active exp]im5ts at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 9 ,octob]1 #aijj1 at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,our ma*9e 0 design$ to be fl[n z a kite1 ) a man on bo>d1 9 w9ds ( f fifte5 to tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,b1 ^u trial1 x 0 f\nd t mu* /rong] w9ds 7 requir$ to lift x4 ,suitable w9ds n be+ pl5tiful1 we f\nd x necess>y1 9 ord] to te/ ! new balanc+ sy/em1 to fly ! ma*9e z a kite )\t a man on bo>d1 op]at+ ! lev]s ?r\gh cords f ! gr\nd4 ,?is did n give ! practice anticipat$1 b x inspir$ confid5ce 9 ! new sy/em ( balance40 8,! ma*9e ( #aija 0 built ) ! %ape ( surface us$ by ,lil5?al1 curv$ f front to re>1 ) a slight curvature ( ( its cord4 ,b to make d\bly sure t x w\ld h suffici5t lift+ capacity :5 fl[n z a kite 9 fifte5 or tw5ty mile w9ds1 we increas$ ! area f #afe squ>e feet1 us$ 9 #aijj1 to #cjh squ>e feet1 a size mu* l>g] ?an ,lil5?al1 ,*anute1 or ,pil*] _h deem$ safe4 ,^u trial1 h[ev]1 ! lift+ capacity aga9 fell %ort ( calculation1 s t ! idea ( secur+ practice :ile fly+ z a kite1 _h to be ab&on$4 ,mr4 ,*anute1 :o witness$ ! exp]im5ts1 told u t ! tr\ble 0 n due to poor con/ruction ( ! ma*9e4 ,we saw only "o o!r explanation--t ! tables ( air pressure 9 g5]al use 7 incorrect40 8,we !n turn$ to glid+--coa/+ d[n hill 9 ! air--z ! only me?od ( gett+ ! desir$ practice 9 balanc+ ! ma*9e4 ,aft] a few m9utes' practice we 7 able to make glides ( #cjj feet1 & 9 a few days 7 safely op]at+ 9 tw5ty-sev5 mile w9ds4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts we met ) sev]al unexpect$ ph5om5a4 ,we f\nd t1 contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ! books1 ! c5t] ( pressure on a curv$ surface travel$ backw>d :5 ! surface 0 incl9$1 at small angles1 m & m edgewise to ! w9d4 ,we also discov]$ t 9 free flight1 :5 ! w+ on "o side ( ! ma*9e 0 pres5t$ to ! w9d at a great] angle ?an ! "o on ! o!r side1 ! w+ ) ! great] angle desc5d$1 & ! ma*9e turn$ 9 a direction j ! rev]se ( :at we 7 l$ to expect :5 fly+ ! ma*9e z a kite4 ,! l>g] angle gave m resi/ance to =w>d motion1 & r$uc$ ! spe$ ( ! w+ on t side4 ,! decrease 9 spe$ m ?an c\nt]balanc$ ! effect ( ! l>g] angle4 ,! addition ( a fix$ v]tical vane 9 ! re> increas$ ! tr\ble1 & made ! ma*9e absolutely dang]\s4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e a rem$y 0 discov]$4 ,?is consi/$ ( movable rudd]s work+ 9 conjunction ) ! twi/+ ( ! w+s40 8,! exp]im5ts ( #aija 7 f> f enc\rag+4 ,we saw t ! calculations ^u :i* all fly+-ma*9es _h be5 bas$ 7 unreliable1 & t all 7 simply grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,hav+ set out ) absolute fai? 9 ! exi/+ sci5tific data1 we 7 driv5 to d\bt "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 till f9ally1 aft] two ye>s ( exp]im5t1 we ca/ x all aside1 & decid$ to rely entirely ^u our own inve/igations4 ,tru? & error 7 ev]y:]e s intimately mix$ z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,nev]!less1 ! "t exp5d$ 9 prelim9>y /udy ( books 0 n missp5t1 = !y gave u a good g5]al und]/&+ ( ! subject1 & enabl$ u at ! outset to avoid ef=t 9 _m directions 9 :i* results w\ld h be5 hopeless40 8,to "w intellig5tly1 "o ne$s to "k ! effects ( a multitude ( v>iations t w\ld be incorporat$ 9 ! surfaces ( fly+-ma*9es4 ,! pressures on squ>es are diff]5t f ^? on rectangles1 circles1 triangles1 or ellipses2 ar*$ surfaces diff] f planes1 & v>y among !mselves accord+ to ! dep? ( curvature2 true arcs diff] f p>abolas1 & ! latt] diff] among !mselves2 ?ick surfaces diff] f ?91 & surfaces ?ick] 9 "o place ?an ano!r v>y 9 pressure :5 ! positions ( maximum ?ickness are diff]5t2 "s surfaces are m effici5t at "o angle1 o!rs at o!r angles4 ,! %ape ( ! edge also makes a diff]5ce1 s t ?\s&s ( comb9ations are possible 9 s simple a ?+ z a w+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,a ,simple ,cellul> ,=m4 8,we _h tak5 aronautics m]ely z a sport4 ,we reluctantly ent]$ ^u ! sci5tific side ( x4 ,b we soon f\nd ! "w s fasc9at+ t we 7 drawn into x deep] & deep]4 ,two te/+ ma*9es 7 built1 :i* we believ$ w\ld avoid ! errors to :i* ! measurem5ts ( o!rs _h be5 subject1 aft] mak+ prelim9>y measurem5ts on a great numb] ( diff]5t-%ap$ surfaces1 s v>i$ 9 design z to br+ out ! und]ly+ causes ( diff]5ce not$ 9 _! pressure4 ,measurem5ts 7 tabulat$ on ne>ly fifty ( ^! at all angles f z]o to #de degrees4 8,9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aijb1 ne>ly "o ?\s& flights 7 made1 sev]al ( :i* cov]$ di/ances ( ov] #fjj feet4 ,"s1 made aga9/ a w9d ( ?irty-six miles an h\r1 gave pro( ( ! effectiv5ess ( ! devices = control4 ,) ?is ma*9e1 9 ! autumn ( #aijc1 we made a numb] ( flights 9 :i* we rema9$ 9 ! air = ov] a m9ute1 aft] so>+ = a consid]able "t 9 "o spot1 )\t any desc5t at all4 ,little wond] t our unsci5tific assi/ant %\ld ?9k ! only ?+ ne$$ to keep x indef9itely 9 ! air w\ld be a coat ( fea!rs to make x light40 8,) accurate data = mak+ calculations1 & a sy/em ( balance effective 9 w9ds z well z 9 calms1 we 7 n[ 9 a position1 we ?\ght1 to build a successful p[]-fly]4 ,! fir/ designs prov$ = a total weight ( #fjj p\nds1 includ+ ! op]ator & an eight horsep[] motor4 ,b1 ^u completion1 ! motor gave m p[] ?an _h be5 e/imat$1 & ?is all[$ #aej p\nds to be add$ = /r5g!n+ ! w+s & o!r p>ts4 8,x 0 n till sev]al mon?s _h pass$1 & e phase ( ! problem _h be5 ?ra%$ ov] & ov]1 t ! v>i\s reactions began to untangle !mselves4 ,:5 once a cle> und]/&+ _h be5 obta9$1 !re 0 no difficulty 9 design+ suitable propell]s1 ) prop] diamet]1 pit*1 & area ( blade1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! fly]4 ,high effici5cy 9 a screw propell] is n dep5d5t ^u any p>ticul> or peculi> %ape1 & !re is no su* ?+ z a #8be/' screw4 ,a propell] giv+ a high dynamic effici5cy :5 us$ ^u "o ma*9e1 may be almo/ wor?less :5 us$ ^u ano!r4 ,! propell] %\ld 9 e case be design$ to meet ! p>ticul> conditions ( ! ma*9e to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,our fir/ propell]s1 built entirely f calculation1 gave 9 useful "w #ff p] c5t ( ! p[] exp5d$4 ,?is 0 ab\t "o ?ird m ?an _h be5 secur$ by ,maxim & ,langley40 8,! fir/ flights ) ! p[]-ma*9e 7 made on ! #ag? ( ,decemb]1 #aijc4 ,! fir/ flight la/$ only twelve seconds1 a flight v mode/ comp>$ ) t ( birds1 b x 01 nev]!less1 ! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 :i* a ma*9e c>ry+ a man _h rais$ itself by its own p[] into ! air 9 free flight1 _h sail$ =w>d on a level c\rse )\t r$uction ( spe$1 & _h f9ally l&$ )\t be+ wreck$4 ,! second & ?ird flights 7 a little long]1 & ! f\r? la/$ fifty-n9e seconds1 cov]+ a di/ance ( #hec feet ov] ! gr\nd aga9/ a tw5ty-mile w9d40 8,aft] ! la/ flight1 ! ma*9e 0 c>ri$ back to camp & set d[n 9 :at 0 ?\ght to be a safe place4 ,b a few m9utes lat]1 :5 engag$ 9 conv]sation ab\t ! flights1 a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d /ruck ! ma*9e1 & />t$ to turn x ov]4 ,all made a ru% to /op x1 b we 7 too late4 ,mr4 ,daniels1 a giant 9 /ature & /r5g?1 0 lift$ (f 8 feet1 & fall+ inside1 betwe5 ! surfaces1 0 %ak5 ab\t l a rattle 9 a box z ! ma*9e roll$ ov] & ov]4 ,he f9ally fell out ^u ! s& ) no?+ worse ?an pa9ful bruises1 b ! damage to ! ma*9e caus$ a discont9uance ( exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,a ,cellul> ,type ) ,rudd] & ,elevat+ ,plane4 8,9 ! spr+ ( #aijd1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,torr5ce ,huffman ( ,dayton1 ,ohio1 we 7 p]mitt$ to erect a %$1 & to cont9ue exp]im5ts1 on :at is kn[n z ! ,huffman ,prairie1 at ,simms ,/ation1 eight miles ea/ ( ,dayton4 ,! new ma*9e 0 heavi] & /rong]1 b simil> to ! "o fl[n at ,kitty ,hawk4 ,:5 prep>ations _h be5 complet$1 a w9d ( ?ree or f\r miles 0 bl[+1--insuffici5t = />t+ on s %ort a track1--b s9ce _m _h come a long way to see ! ma*9e 9 action an attempt 0 made4 ,to add to ! o!r difficulty1 ! eng9e refus$ to "w prop]ly4 ,! ma*9e1 aft] runn+ ! l5g? ( ! track1 slid (f ! end )\t ris+ 9 ! air at all4 ,sev]al ( ! newspap] m5 return$ ! next day1 b 7 aga9 disappo9t$4 ,! eng9e p]=m$ badly1 & aft] a glide ( only sixty feet1 ! ma*9e came to ! gr\nd4 ,fur!r trial 0 po/pon$ till ! motor c\ld be put 9 bett] runn+ condition4 8,we _h n be5 fly+ long 9 #aijd be=e we f\nd t ! problem ( equilibrium _h n z yet be5 entirely solv$4 ,sometimes1 9 mak+ a circle1 ! ma*9e w\ld turn ov] sidewise despite any?+ ! op]ator c\ld d1 al?\gh1 "u ! same conditions 9 ord9>y flight1 x c\ld h be5 right$ 9 an in/ant4 ,9 "o flight1 9 #aije1 :ile circl+ ab\t a honey-locu/ tree at a height ( ab\t fifty feet1 ! ma*9e sudd5ly began to turn up on "o w+1 & took a c\rse t[>d ! tree4 ,! op]ator1 n reli%+ ! idea ( l&+ 9 a ?orn tree1 attempt$ to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,! left w+1 h[ev]1 /ruck ! tree at a height ( t5 or twelve feet f ! gr\nd1 & c>ri$ away sev]al bran*es2 b ! flight1 :i* _h cov]$ a di/ance ( six miles1 0 cont9u$ to ! />t+ po9t4 8,! causes ( ^! tr\bles--too te*nical = explanation "h--7 n entirely ov]come till ! end ( ,septemb]1 #aije4 ,! flights !n rapidly increas$ 9 l5g?1 till exp]im5ts 7 discont9u$ aft] ! #e? ( ,octob]4 8,a practical fly] hav+ be5 f9ally realiz$1 we sp5t ! ye>s #aijf & #aijg 9 con/ruct+ new ma*9es & 9 bus9ess negotiations4 ,x 0 n till ,may ( ?is ye> 7#aijh7 t exp]im5ts 7 resum$ at ,kill ,devil ,hill1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! rec5t flights 7 made to te/ ! ability ( our ma*9es to meet ! requirem5ts ( a contract ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to furni% a fli] capable ( c>ry+ two m5 & suffici5t fuel supplies = a flight ( #abe miles1 ) a spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r4 ,! ma*9e us$ 9 ^! te/s 0 ! "o ) :i* ! flights 7 made at ,simms ,/ation 9 #aije1 ?\gh sev]al *anges _h be5 made to meet pres5t requirem5ts4 ,! op]ator assum$ a sitt+ position1 in/ead ( ly+ prone1 z 9 #aije1 & a seat 0 add$ = a pass5g]4 ,a l>g] motor 0 in/all$1 & radiators & gasol5e res]voirs ( l>g] capacity replac$ ^? previ\sly us$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,a ,complicat$ ,model ,capable ( ,long ,flights4 ,let u n[ take a %ort air j\rney ) "o ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs z pilot4 ,he describes ! exp]i5ce z foll[s1 8,let u fancy ourselves ready = ! />t4 ,! ma*9e is plac$ on a s+le rail track fac+ ! w9d & is securely fa/5$ ) a cable4 ,! eng9e is put 9 motion1 & ! propell]s 9 ! re> :irr4 ,y take y\r seat at ! c5t] ( ! ma*9e beside ! op]ator4 ,he slips ! cable1 & y %oot =w>d4 ,an assi/ant :o has be5 hold+ ! ma*9e 9 balance on ! rail1 />ts =w>d ) y1 b be=e y h gone fifty feet ! spe$ is too great = him1 & he lets g4 ,be=e rea*+ ! end ( ! track ! op]ator moves ! front rudd]1 & ! ma*9e lifts f ! rail l a kite support$ by ! pressure ( ! air und]nea?4 ,! gr\nd "u y is at fir/ a p]fect blur1 b z y rise ! objects become cle>]4 ,at a height ( "o hundr$ feet y feel h>dly any motion at all1 except = ! w9d :i* /rikes y\r face4 ,if y did n take ! precaution to fa/5 y\r hat be=e />t+1 y h probably lo/ x by ?is "t4 ,! op]ator moves a lev]2 ! "r w+ rises & ! ma*9e sw+s ab\t to ! left4 ,y make a v %ort turn1 yet y d n feel ! s5sation ( be+ ?r[n f y\r seat1 s (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 automobile & railway travel4 ,y f9d y\rself fac+ t[>d ! po9t f :i* y />t$4 ,! objects on ! gr\nd seem to be mov+ at mu* high] spe$1 ?\gh y p]ceive no *ange 9 ! pressure ( w9d 9 y\r face4 ,y "k !n t y are travel+ ) ! w9d4 ,:5 y ne> ! />t+ po9t1 ! op]ator /ops ! motor :ile /ill high 9 ! air4 ,! ma*9e coa/s d[n at an oblique angle to ! gr\nd1 & aft] slid+ fifty or a hundr$ feet1 comes to re/4 ,al?\gh ! ma*9e (t5 l&s :5 travel+ at a spe$ ( a mile a m9ute1 y feel no %ock :atev]1 & _c 9 fact1 tell ! exact mom5t at :i* x fir/ t\*$ ! gr\nd4 ,! motor close beside y kept up an almo/ deaf5+ ro> dur+ ! :ole flight1 yet 9 y\r excitem5t1 y did n notice x till x /opp$40 ,on 8 return f ,le ,mans ,mr4 ,wilbur ,wright e/imat$ t dur+ a s+le ye> he _h fl[n upw>ds ( #cjjj miles4 ,) ! memory ( ^! m>vell\s flights 9 8 m9d he describ$ 8 s5sations to ! pres5t writ] ) en?usiasm4 8,fly+ is ! greate/ sport 9 ! _w10 says ,mr4 ,wilbur ,wright4 8,i c't describe ! s5sation1 ,i c only def9e x by comp>ison ) m famili> exp]i5ces4 ,x is l sl$d+1 l motor+1 l sail+1 b ) increas$ exhil>ation & fre$om4 8,an aroplane flight1 contr>y to ! g5]al impression1 is f> /eadi] ?an ! famili> means ( locomotion4 ,!re is absolute fre$om f ! b\nc+ ( ! automobile1 ! j> ( a railroad tra91 or ! roll+ & pit*+ s5sations ( ! sea4 ,no matt] h[ _m spr+s or cu%ions may be add$ to ! automobile1 = in/ance1 !re w always be "s motion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! seat ( an aroplane is always /eady4 ,! aroplane does n jolt ov] ! invisible w9d curr5ts1 ! ruts ( ! sky4 ,x cuts its way smoo?ly4 ,ev5 suppose ! plane to be glid+ s 7indicat+ an angle ( =ty-five degrees71 ! seat rema9s fix$4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no absolute p>allel 9 surface travel4 ,& s9ce !re is no roll or pit* to ! aroplane1 !re is no air-sickness comp>able to ! famili> sea sickness40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,abo>d ,,! ,,wrights' ,,air%ip ,se5 high al(t ! ,wright aroplane appe>s s graceful & fragile t its actual dim5sions come z a surprise4 ,9 ! upp] air x seems no l>g] ?an a swall[1 b1 z x settles to e>?1 ! w+s l5g!n out to ! wid? ( an ord9>y /reet4 ,!re is "s good reason = ea* /ick & wire1 & = e twi/ & turn ( ! ,wrights' m>vell\s air%ip4 ,:5 "o consid]s :at wond]ful feats ?is aircraft p]=ms1 its =m & me*anism seem extremely simple4 ,x is f> less complicat$ ?an any locomotive or /eam%ip1 & ! action ( its planes is f> easi] to expla9 ?an ! sails ( an ord9>y seago+ %ip4 ,:5 "o has once gone ov] ! fasc9at+ little craft1 all o!r aroplanes1 :i* m or less resemble x1 may be readily und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,an ,int]e/+ ,=m :i* ,flies ,backw>d or ,=w>d4 ,! ,wright ma*9e 0 n only ! fir/ p[] air%ip to fly & c>ry a man al(t1 b = all its rivals1 x /ill rides ! un/able air curr5ts m /eadily ?an any o!r4 ,! planes measure =ty feet f tip to tip1 six & a half feet across1 & are spac$ six feet ap>t4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! planes is v important & 0 only fix$ aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,! area ( ! w+s or support+ surfaces is #edj feet1 :i* is consid]ably m ?an 9 mo/ air%ips4 ,! ma*9e complete1 )\t any pass5g] or pilot1 weighs #hhj p\nds1 al?\gh y w\ld imag9e x to be mu* less4 ,! two propell]s measure eight feet 9 diamet]1 & turn at ! rate ( #dej revolutions a m9ute4 ,equipp$ ) a f\r cyl9d] eng9e ( f #be to #cj horse p[]1 ! air%ip has a spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r1 :i* is (t5 increas$ :5 travel+ ) ! w9d4 ,! seats = ! pilot & ! pass5g] are plac$ at ! c5t] at ! front ( ! l[] plane1 s t _! feet hang ov] ! front or ent]+ edge4 ,! pass5g] sits v com=tably ?r\gh\t ! flight4 ,!re is a back to lean aga9/1 a brace = ! feet1 :ile ! /ruts betwe5 ! planes give e opportunity to hold on4 ,9 "s ( ! models ^! seats are ev5 uphol/]$ 9 gray to h>monize ) ! silv] or alum9ium pa9t ( ! ma*9e4 ,a second & small] biplane1 :i* s]ves bo? z rudd] & lift+ plane1 ext5ds ab\t t5 feet 9 front ( ! ma9 planes4 ,^! two planes1 :i* h a comb9$ area ( eighty squ>e feet1 may be incl9$ upw>d or d[nw>d by t\*+ a lev] at ! pilot's seat4 ,! motor1 radiator & petrol or fuel tank are plac$ on ! l[] plane 9 ! c5t] ( ! ma*9e s t !y balance ! weight ( ! pilot & ! pass5g]4 ,! weight ( ! lift+ planes & rudd]s re/s on ! ma9 planes or l[] deck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a ,well ,built ,model ,badly ,proportion$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! ,wrights' air%ip is1 ( c\rse1 ! me?od = flex+ ! tips ( ! w+s or planes to imitate ! flight ( ! birds4 ,! ends ( ! l>ge planes are made slightly flexible1 & may be turn$ up or d[n by mov+ a lev] plac$ conv5i5t to ! pilot's h&4 ,bo? planes are flex$1 or turn$ up or d[n1 at ! same "t ! v]tical rudd] moves1 s t1 :5 ! aroplane turns to "r or left1 ! w+s give ! ma*9e ! prop] balance4 ,if x 7 n = ?is arrangem5t1 ! ends ( ! planes 9 turn+ w\ld t5d to rise1 s9ce !y travel ! fa/]1 & ! ma*9e w\ld be 9 dang] ( upsett+4 ,! ends ( ! planes may also be flex$ sep>ately :5 ! ma*9e is 9 /raight flight1 :5ev] x becomes necess>y to balance x aga9/ a dang]\s air curr5t or a gu/ ( w9d4 ,! pilot1 x w be se51 has e po9t ( ! great ma*9e1 z x 71 at 8 f+] ends4 ,! m>vell\s p[] plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pilot ( "o ( ^! models makes him almo/ equal ( ! birds so>+ ab\t him4 ,let u suppose an accid5t to occur4 ,ev5 %\ld ! eng9e /op1 ! skillful pilot is /ill ma/] ( ! situation4 ,he c actually coa/ d[n to ! gr\nd on ! air ) comp>ative safety4 ,mr4 ,orville ,wright has so>$ up #cjjj feet &1 aft] /opp+ 8 propell]1 slid d[n on no?+ at all1 at ! rate ( m ?an tw5ty miles an h\r1 by ! =ce ( gravity alone4 ,! ,wright me?od ( alight+ is also borr[$ f ! birds4 ,wat* any bird alight on a twig1 & y w see t x always settles on ! top ( ! twig1 :i* is press$ /raight d[n by its weight1 & nev] sideways4 ,z ! ,wrights come d[n1 !y approa* to )9 a few feet ( ! e>?1 b1 )\t t\*+ !y swoop up aga91 & f9ally settle d[n f a height ( only a few feet4 ,consid]+ ! weight ( _! ma*9e1 !y actually come d[n z lightly z a bird4 ,:ile travel+ at a spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r !y w skid along ! gr\nd or come to re/ )9 five or six feet1 s quietly t a pass5g] _c tell :5 he l&s4 ,no "p ( ! aroplane calls = m clev] workman%ip ?an ! w+s or planes4 ,!y mu/ be s ?9 & light t !y w ride ! air l ! w+s ( a bird1 & yet /rong en\gh to support ! weight ( hundr$s ( p\nds ( ma*9]y & ( pass5g]s4 ,9 ! ,wright model1 ! planes are made entirely ( wood1 b s +5i\sly brac$ t !y are p]fectly rigid4 ,! build+ ( su* a w+ is especially difficult1 s9ce x mu/ be curv$ ) sci5tific accuracy4 ,9 ! ,wright model ma*9es1 z 9 all aroplanes1 ! curve is upw>d1 ) ! highe/ po9t ( ! ar* ne> ! front or ent]+ edge4 ,bo? sides ( ! frame are completely cov]$ s t !y may (f] ! lea/ possible am\nt ( resi/ance4 ,!re is n a ridge1 sc>cely a seam1 to cat* ! air4 ,a /\t canvas is us$ = cov]+4 ,! +5uity ( ^! clev] workm5 l$ !m to lay on ! clo? ) ! ?read runn+ diagonally1 at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,?is plan s]ves to hold ! frame m closely toge!r & keeps ! clo? f bagg+ or wr9kl+4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 ! ,wright ma*9e appe>s to be made entirely ( alum9ium4 ,se5 high al(t 9 ! sunlight1 x appe>s l "s delicate jewel4 ,! effect is due to ! pa9t4 ,! entire framework ( ! ma*9e is made ( spruce p9e except ! curv$ "p ( ! w+s1 or ent]+ edge1 :i* is ( a%4 ,! propell]s are driv5 by *a9s1 connect$ ) ! motor1 :i* run 9 /eel tubes1 ?us do+ away ) ! dang] ( f\l+ by pass5g]s or loose objects4 ,! ignition sy/em is op]at$ by a high t5sion ,eis5mann magneto ma*9e4 ,! petrol us$ = fuel is c>ri$ 9 a tank plac$ above ! eng9es & is suppli$ by gravity4 ,! two w+s are connect$ by a s]ies ( di/ance rods & wire cross-/ays1 :i* keep ! entire front1 or ent]+ edge1 & c5tral "p ( ! model1 p]fectly rigid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a ,wright ,model ,ready = ,flight4 ,al?\gh ne>ly all ! aroplanes1 n[adays1 are m\nt$ on ord9>y bicycle :eels1 ! ,wrights pref] a simple sy/em ( skids1 n unlike ! runn]s ( a sleigh4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( ! skids is ! fact t !y take up ! %ock on l&+ m completely ?an :eels & protect ! ma*9e f _m a h>d bump4 ,! air%ip re/s on a small frame m\nt$ on two :eels1 plac$ t&em1 & is balanc$ on a small trolley :i* runs along a rail ab\t tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g?4 ,x is />t$ by ! pull ( a rope atta*$ to a #aejj p\nd weight1 :i* drops f a d]rick fifte5 feet 9 height4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is ready1 ! tempor>y :eels are tak5 away1 ! rope is atta*$1 & f9ally ! weight releas$4 ,! ma*9e glides swiftly d[n ! track1 & :5 ! necess>y spe$ has be5 rea*$1 ! pilot raises 8 elevat+ planes1 a trifle1 & ! %ip glides gracefully upw>d & onw>d4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,o!r ,,a]oplanes ,,appe> ,9 ! summ] ( #aijd ! boys ( ,p>is 7 greatly int]e/$ 9 wat*+ a curi\s1 giant kite 9 flight ov] ! ,riv] ,se9e4 ,! /r+ ( ?is kite 0 drawn by a fa/ motor boat1 :i* d>t$ along1 :ile ! kite rose high 9 ! air4 ,its inv5tor t9k]$ ) x1 & *ang$ its w+s ab\t until x f9ally flew l no o!r kite ev] se5 9 ,france4 ,all ?is 0 by no means m]e play1 h[ev]1 = _m sci5ti/s wat*$ ! kite z x so>$ ab\t & a great deal ( valuable in=mation ab\t ! behavior ( kites ( ?is %ape 0 le>n$4 ,! man ) ! kite1 :o soon became fam\s 9 ! _w ( aviation1 0 nam$ ,vois94 ,! aroplane1 :i* he aft]w>ds built1 model$ on ?is kite1 0 fl[n 9 _m rem>kable flights by ,h5ry ,f>man1 ,delagrange1 ,paulhan1 & o!rs4 ,l ! ,wright air%ip1 ,vois9's is a biplane or d\ble plane model4 ,al?\gh at fir/ glance1 ! ,vois9 & ,wright aroplanes may seem v mu* alike1 z we look m closely1 we w f9d _m po9ts ( contra/4 ,! ,vois9 model has a l>ge tail-piece1 consi/+ ( two v]tical planes1 :i* project f> beh9d4 ,^! planes are believ$ to make its flight v /eady4 ,a s+le v]tical rudd] is plac$ betwe5 ! two re> edges ( ?is plane4 ,! rudd]s are turn$ by horizontal1 slid+ b>s atta*$ to ! :eels1 directly be=e ! pilot's seat1 l an automobile4 ,! horizontal rudd] 9 front1 :i* corresponds to ! ,wrights' d\ble lift+ plane1 is s+le & is plac$ l[] d[n ?an 9 ! ,wright model4 ,! /ead9ess ( ! ,vois9 aroplane 9 flight is ga9$ )\t flex+ ! planes4 ,a s]ies ( f\r v]tical planes connect ! upp] & l[] w+s :i* give ! ma*9e mu* ! appe>ance ( a box kite4 ,^! walls are arrang$ s t ! space enclos$ at ei!r end is almo/ squ>e4 ,x is believ$ t ! arrangem5t ( ^! walls keeps ! air f slid+ (f ! "u surface ( ! horizontal planes1 & ?us great] lift+ p[] is obta9$4 ,x is claim$ t ! model has mu* great] longitud9al /ability ?an ! ,wrights' ma*9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! long tail piece prev5ts ! ma*9e f tipp+ or pit*+ :5 ! w9d gu/s come unev5ly4 ,! box-l or cellul> =m1 x is believ$ also1 adds to its /ability4 ,! model holds ! record = fly+ at ! l[e/ spe$--#bb4h miles an h\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,vois9 model _c1 ) any degree ( safety1 coa/ d[n on ! air f great altitudes1 l ! ,wright model4 ,! me?od ( />t+ ! ,vois9 air%ip is entirely diff]5t f ! ,wrights'4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on two :eels1 atta*$ to ! gird] body ) an arrangem5t ( spr+s to take up ! %ock on l&+4 ,to laun* ! aroplane1 ! propell]s are />t$1 & ! ma*9e ru%es =w>d on its :eels until x has develop$ suffici5t spe$ to s5d x up4 ,x may ?us rise f an ord9>ily level gr\nd1 & does n require ! app>atus us$ by ! ,wrights4 ,! pilot & pass5g] sit 9 mu* ! same position z 9 ! ,wright aroplane4 ,! ,vois9 model weighs #cjj p\nds m ?an ! ,wrights' or #aeij p\nds4 ,x has a support+ surface ( #ece squ>e feet1 & a spe$1 "u favorable conditions1 ( #ch miles an h\r4 ,ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce f ! ,wright model is ! propell]1 :i* is s+le & measures sev5 feet six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! motor1 an eight cyl9d] ,anto9ette1 usually gives fifty horse p[] at #aajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs1 by ! way1 make _! own motors1 :i* are consid]$ inf]ior to ! ,fr5* motors4 ,! smalle/ & swifte/ ( all ! aroplanes is ! ,curtiss-,h]r+ model1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by two ,am]icans ^: names x be>s4 ,its g5]al =m sugge/s ! ,wrights' ma*9e4 ,! span ( ! l>ge planes is only #bi feet or "u1 ! dep? b f\r feet six in*es1 & ! spac+ f\r feet six in*es4 ,x has a total w+ surface ( b #beh squ>e feet4 ,! weight1 n includ+ ! pilot1 is only ab\t #dej p\nds4 ,:5 se5 beside ! aroplane ( ord9>y size1 ! little craft looks l a v l>ge toy model4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a sm>t little rac]1 h[ev]1 & its maximum spe$ is ov] #ej miles an h\r4 ,ev]y?+ has be5 sacrific$ 9 ! ,curtiss-,h]r+ model = ! sake ( compactness4 ,! =w>d rudd]1 :i* seems small ev5 = su* a craft1 consi/s ( two planes1 "o above ! o!r1 ^: comb9$ area is only tw5ty-f\r squ>e feet4 ,unlike ! ,wright or ,vois9 models1 ?is =w>d rudd] c>ries a v]tical plane :i* makes = /ability4 ,!re is no tail z 9 ! ,vois9 model1 & ! re>1 v]tical rudd] consi/s ( a horizontal plane six feet wide & two feet1 ?ree in*es deep & a v]tical rudd] bel[ x1 two feet deep & ?ree feet f\r in*es wide4 ,! front & re> planes ext5d out f ! ma9 frame ab\t ! same di/ance4 ,! ma9 /ability planes1 curi\sly en\gh1 are plac$ inside ! frame4 ,!re are two ( ^!1 "o at ei!r end ( ! ma9 plane4 ,an +5i\s me?od has be5 foll[$ to control ! v>i\s planes4 ,! pilot sits fac+ a :eel1 l t ( an automobile1 :i* is s rigg$ t by simply pu%+ x f him or pull+ x back1 he may lift or decl9e ! front planes4 ,by turn+ ?is :eel he op]ates ! rudd] 9 ! re>1 exactly z y w\ld /e] an automobile or a boat4 ,! balanc+ me*anism 9 turn is connect$ ) a frame :i* fits ab\t ! pilot's %\ld]s l a high-back$ *air & is op]at$ by m]ely lean+ to "o side or ! o!r4 ,?is has ! same effect z w>p+ ! ma9 planes4 ,! control ( ! ma*9e becomes l>gely automatic4 ,if ! pilot feels t 8 aroplane is tilt+ ov] at "o end or ! o!r1 he m]ely leans to "o side or ! o!r1 &1 )\t tak+ 8 h&s f ! :eel be=e him1 has ! ma*9e "u p]fect control4 ,ev5 ! motor is controll$ by p$als plac$ "u ! pilot's feet4 ,?is little rac] is m\nt$ on ?ree :eels1 "o well =w>d & two 9 ! re> ab\t half way betwe5 ! ma9 planes & ! horizontal rudd]4 ,an orig9al feature ( ?is model is a foot brake :i*1 connect+ ) ! =w>d :eel1 helps to sl[ d[n ! ma*9e on l&+1 j z y close ! brake ( an automobile4 ,!re is only "o rudd] measur+ six feet 9 diamet]1 :i* is unusually l>ge consid]+ ! size ( ! model4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ at ! c5t] ( ! space betwe5 ! two ma9 planes1 & ! propell]1 :i* is kept on a l9e ) x1 is !re=e consid]ably high] ?an 9 mo/ aroplanes4 ,! l[] plane comes v ne> ! gr\nd4 ,x is only rais$ by ab\t ! height ( ! bicycle :eels4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ?is arrangem5t ( ! eng9e blankets ! propell]1 :ile o!rs argue t ! suction produc$ 9 ?is way increases ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]4 ,! ma*9e is built ( ,oregon spruce1 ! w+s are cov]$ ) oil$ rubb] silk1 & ! entire me*anism is beautifully f9i%$ 9 e detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,ano!r ,view ( ! ,wright ,model4 ,! +5uity ( ! design]s ( aroplanes is a/oni%+4 ,) s _m aroplanes 9 ! field1 or r 9 ! sky1 x is surpris+ t !y are n m alike4 ,! ,f>man biplane1 = in/ance1 foll[s ! same g5]al proportion z ! ,wright ma*9e1 b !re ! simil>ity ends4 ,to secure equilibrium 9 ?is model1 f\r small planes are us$1 h+$ at ! back ( ! two ma9 planes1 & ^!1 x has be5 f\nd1 take ! place ( ! flex+ device us$ by ! ,wrights4 ,! two sw++ planes on ! l[] w+ are controll$ by wires1 :ile ! upp] two sw+ free4 ,a s+le lev] controls ! two l[] planes & ! horizontal rudd]4 ,f>man has plac$ 8 re> /ability planes unusually f> beh9d ! ma9 frame4 ,!y consi/ ( two fix$ horizontal planes1 "o above ! o!r1 ) a v]tical rudd] plac$ 9 ! space betwe5 !m4 ,! front horizontal rudd] = v]tical /e]+1 is a s+le plane1 m\nt$ close to ! ent]+ edge4 ,! v]tical rudd] is work$ by a foot p$al4 ,! ma*9e is driv5 by "o l>ge wood5 propell]1 eight feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 at a spe$ ( #acjj revolutions p] m9ute1 :i*1 x w be notic$1 is unusually high4 ,! ,f>man biplane is "o ( ! heavie/ yet con/ruct$1 weigh+ ab\t #ajjj p\nds )\t ! pilot4 ,an orig9al plan has also be5 f\nd = m\nt+ ! ma*9e4 ,! aroplane re/s ^u a comb9ation ( skids & :eels4 ,!re are two sets ( :eels "u ! front edge ( ! plane1 :ile ! two skids are plac$ betwe5 ! :eels ( ea* pair4 ,! motor is f\r cyl9d]1 fifty horse p[] type1 & drives ! ma*9e at ! rate ( =ty miles an h\r4 ,! l>ge/1 & by f> ! heavie/ aroplane is ! ,cody biplane built by an ,am]ican inv5tor :o lives 9 ,engl&4 ,x weighs ne>ly "o ton1 or m ?an #ahjj p\nds1 to be exact1 & measures fifty-two feet across4 ,! ma*9e is balanc$ some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! ,curtiss-,h]r+ model1 by two horizontal planes plac$ at ! extremities ( ! ma9 planes & midway betwe5 ! re> corn]s4 ,! two ma9 planes are sev5 feet six in*es wide & are plac$ n9e feet ap>t1 :i* is consid]ably f>!r ?an 9 any o!r successful model4 ,! upp] plane is slightly curv$ t[>d ! ends4 ,! ma*9e c>ries two l>ge horizontal planes = v]tical /e]+1 sixte5 feet be=e ! ent]+ edge ( ! ma9 w+s4 ,^! planes1 plac$ side by side1 h a comb9$ area ( #aej squ>e feet & naturally ex]t a consid]able lift+ =ce4 ,a small v]tical rudd] = horizontal /e]+ is c>ri$ above & betwe5 ^! front planes4 ,an unusually l>ge rudd] is plac$ well beh9d ! ma*9e1 consi/+ ( a v]tical plane ) an area ( =ty squ>e feet4 ,all ! rudd]s are op]at$ by a :eel 9 front ( ! pilot's seat4 ,9 ! ,cody aroplane ! horizontal rudd]s are mov$ by pu%+ or pull+ ! :eel1 :ile by mov+ x sideways ! two balanc+ planes1 :i* control ! equilibrium1 are mov$ up & d[n4 ,! mo/ orig9al feature ( ! ,cody ma*9e is ! position ( ! propell]s4 ,!y are c>ri$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! two ma9 planes =w>d ( ! c5t]4 ,x w\ld seem t !y mu/ draw ! air f ! upp] planes & affect _! lift+ quality4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on ?ree :eels1 two b5ea? ! front edge ( ! ma9 plane1 & ! o!r slightly =w>d1 :i* is an unusual di/ribution4 ,! ,cody biplane1 ) #ggj feet ( w+ surface1 lifts m ?an #ahjj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,an ,+5i\s ,model :i* ,rises ,quickly4 ,x is all a matt] ( guess "w1 ( c\rse1 :e!r ! monoplane1 biplane1 or "s entirely new =m ( aroplane w come into g5]al use4 ,e model has its en?usia/ic fri5ds4 ,! biplane1 at pres5t1 has great] /ability ?an ! monoplane1 & c>ries great] weights = long] di/ances4 ,! developm5t ( ! fly+ ma*9e is s rapid h[ev] t 9 five or t5 ye>s ! successful aroplane models ( to-day may appe> z crude z d ! clumsy1 lumb]+ old horseless c>riages ( five or t5 ye>s ago4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,successful ,,monoplanes ,:ile ! biplane borr[s ! g5]al pr9ciples ( flight f ! birds1 ! monoplane c>ries u a /ep fur!r & almo/ exactly reproduces _! =m & movem5t4 ,se5 high al(t1 ) w+s outspread1 ! monoplanes look l great eagles z1 gracefully1 b v noisily1 !y rise & fall 9 long1 sweep+ curves4 ,! monoplane be+ a mu* light] ma*9e & less complicat$ is !re=e *eap] to build ?an any multiplane model4 ,sev]al ( ! successful models ride ! air v /eadily & h prov5 !mselves capable ( mak+ long & difficult air j\rneys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,an ,aroplane ) ,pap] ,w+s4 ,"s aviators believe t ! monoplane type1 highly develop$1 to be sure1 w "s day be adopt$ = great comm]cial air%ips4 ,ev5 9 its pres5t =m1 ^! me*anical birds look v %ip%ape4 ,! pilot c f9d a m com=table seat among ^! w+s ?an 9 ! biplane =ms1 & x takes little imag9ation to picture ^! air%ips1 greatly enl>g$1 c>ry+ com=table cab9s fill$ ) air voyag]s4 ,! mo/ successful model aroplanes1 by ! way1 are ( ! monoplane =m4 ,! fir/ monoplane to make an ext5d$ flight 0 ! ,bl]iot4 ,its inv5tor _h work$ ) ,vois9 9 ! exp]im5ts above ! ,riv] ,se9e at ,p>is 9 #aijf1 & beg9n+ ) %ort flights ( only a few y>ds work$ 8 way /ep by /ep4 ,! ma*9e 9 :i* he cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel 9 #aiji1 & made sev]al rem>kable cross c\ntry flights1 0 8 elev5? model4 ,bl]iot's mo/ successful model consi/s ( only two w+s curv$ upw>d1 m\nt$ on a long motor base :i* measures tw5ty-six & "o half feet 9 l5g?4 ,! body ( ! monoplane1 :i* is made ( a% & popl>1 tap]s to a po9t 9 ! re> & is p>tially cov]$ ) 8,cont95tal fabric10 simil> to balloons4 ,! front or ma9 w+ is tw5ty-five & a half feet 9 wid? ) a surface ( #aei squ>e feet4 ,! re> plane measures only six feet 9 wid?1 & ?ree feet 9 dep? & is equipp$ ) moveable tips or horizontal rudd]s two feet squ>e at ei!r side4 ,! v]tical rudd] = /e]+ to "r or left1 is c>ri$ beh9d ! frame4 ,! planes are brac$ by a s]ies ( /ay wires runn+ 9 all directions4 ,unlike ! biplane1 ! motor ( ! monoplane is plac$ 9 front ( ! w+s4 ,! blades ( ! propell]1 :i* are unusually broad1 measure less ?an sev5 feet f tip to tip4 ,! pilot's seat is inside ! motor frame ne> ! re> edge ( ! ma9 w+1 & ) its high back & sides appe>s to be a com=table place to sit4 ,x has ! disadvantage1 h[ev]1 ( be+ directly beh9d ! motor1 s t a draft ( air /rikes ! driv] 9 ! face4 ,! pilot keeps 8 ma*9e on an ev5 keel by flex+ ! tips ( ! planes1 mu* ! same z 9 ! ,wright model4 ,! tips ( ! ma9 plane & ( ! two horizontal rudd]s are connect$ ) a s+le lev]1 :i* gives ! pilot p]fect control ( !m4 ,! horizontal rudd]s may be turn$ to /e] ! aroplane up or d[n 9 ! same way4 ,! v]tical rudd] = turn+ ! aroplane f "r to left1 is op]at$ by a foot lev]4 ,! ,bl]iot monoplane weighs ab\t #ejj p\nds1 s t x c>ries ab\t f\r p\nds = e squ>e foot ( w+ surface1 or ?irte5 p\nds p] squ>e foot1 :i* is f two to f\r times great] ?an is ! case ( any biplane4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on ?ree :eels1 two at ! front & "o ne> ! re>1 j =w>d ( ! rudd]s4 ,x has a spe$ ( ne>ly =ty miles an h\r4 ,all ! pres5t monoplane models foll[ ! same g5]al plan ( plac+ _! propell]s & l>g] planes 9 front & _! horizontal rudd] = v]tical /e]+ 9 ! re>4 ,! idea is ga9+ gr\nd1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be bett] if ?is arrangem5t 0 rev]s$1 & !y flew ) :at is n[ ! tail 9 front4 ,! !ory ( ?is arrangem5t is t if ! edge ( ! lift+ planes is pres5t$ to ! air1 !y w\ld answ] ! helm mu* bett]1 z has be5 prov5 9 ! biplane =ms4 ,! exp]im5t ( rev]s+ ! monoplane =ms has be5 tri$ 9 model aroplanes ) great success4 ,! heavie/ & l>ge/ ( ! monoplanes at pres5t is ! ,anto9ette model1 :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,levasseur4 ,x looks l a great dragon fly1 & has prov5 itself v /eady 9 flight4 ,! ma9 w+s1 measur+ =ty-two feet 9 wid? seem to be ar*$ unusually high f front to re>1 & tap] r %>ply at ! ends4 ,_! total lift+ surface is a trifle ov] #cjj feet4 ,9 "s ( ! ,anto9ette models ! w+s are set 9 ! =m ( a broad1 dih$ral angle4 ,! monoplane is driv5 f a seat 9 ! body ( ! frame z ! ,bl]iot model1 b mov$ slightly f>!r back4 ,! re> horizontal rudd] is controll$ by a l>ge :eel at ! left ( ! pilot's seat1 :ile a correspond+ :eel on ! "r controls ! small h+$ w+s at ! out] edge ( ! ma9 plane4 ,! pilot turns 8 air%ip f "r to left by m]ely press+ two foot p$als connect$ ) ! v]tical rudd] 9 ! re>4 ,9 ! lat] models1 ! dih$ral angle has be5 ab&on$ & ! front planes set horizontally4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,v ,simple ,monoplane = ,beg9n]s4 ,! mo/ novel feature ( ! ,anto9ette model is ! =m & control ( ! re> rudd]s & /ability planes4 ,! model c>ries two v]tical rudd]s = turn+ ! craft to ! "r or left1 & a l>ge horizontal rudd] = v]tical /e]+1 ext5d+ f> out beh9d at ! end ( ! ma9 body4 ,all ( ^! rudd]s are triangul> 9 %ape1 tap]+ to a po9t 9 ! re>4 ,! ,anto9ette has prov$1 x is believ$1 t ! corn]s ( squ>e rudd]s may be remov$1 )\t affect+ _! guid+ qualities1 ?us sav+ consid]able surface & weight4 ,x w\ld seem1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 t j ! rev]se w\ld be ! case4 ,! build] ( model aroplanes may take a leaf f ! log ( ?is air%ip4 ,! ,anto9ette /ability planes are plac$ j =w>d ( ! rudd]s1 & are triangul> 9 %ape1 b ) some:at n>r[ ends po9t+ t[>d ! front4 ,two ( ^! planes are c>ri$ horizontally & "o v]tically1 ! v]tical planes be+ above ! horizontals4 ,! *ief fault ( ?is model is t ! re> horizontal /ability plane1 be+ p]fectly flat1 ex]ts little lift+ p[]4 ,! me?od ( w>p+ ! tips ( ! planes1 ! same z 9 ! ,wright aroplane1 works well ) ?is model1 & ! flights1 are z a rule1 rem>kable /eady4 ,! ma*9e l&s on wood5 skids1 c>ri$ well =w>d1 connect$ ) ! frame by flexible jo9ts4 ,x is support$ 9 ! re> by two :eels "u ! c5t] ( ! planes4 ,! ,santos ,dumont monoplane is1 s f>1 ! smalle/ & lighte/ monoplane to make a successful flight4 ,x is ! aronautical runab\t1 &1 al?\gh x has made no v ext5d$ air j\rneys1 x has introduc$ sev]al int]e/+ features4 ,its own] has fl[n sev]al miles across c\ntry 9 8 little craft1 h\s$ x 9 an ord9>y /able :ile mak+ a call1 & !n1 />t+ f ! front lawn1 fl[n home aga9 )\t assi/ance ( any k9d4 ,8 ma*9e may be c\nt$ ^u to fly at ! rate ( ab\t ?irty-sev5 miles an h\r4 ,x weighs only #bde p\nds )\t ! pilot4 ,! ma9 plane is set at an angle s t1 se5 f ! front1 ! w+s rise f ! c5t]1 b lat] b5d d[n t[>d ! tips4 ,! front or ent]+ edge is also elevat$ to an unusually high degree1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( a r flat umbrella4 ,! pilot sits und]nea? ?is front plane j bel[ ! c5t]4 ,! /ability ( ?is plane is ma9ta9$ by fix+ ! ends 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! wires connect+ ) ! ends ( ! planes1 are c>ri$ to a lev] :i* is atta*$ to ! pilot's back4 ,! pilot1 !re=e1 )\t us+ 8 h&s1 b m]ely by sway+ 8 body f side to side1 c w>p ! planes & br+ 8 craft to an ev5 keel4 ,! ,santos ,dumont monoplane c>ries no regul> /ability plane at ! re>1 b dep5ds = its support & guidance ^u a small v]tical & horizontal rudd] at ! end ( its v %ort frame4 ,^! two rudd]s bisect "o ano!r1 or 9 o!r words1 half ( ! v]tical rudd] is above & half bel[ ! horizontal rudd]1 :ile half ( ! horizontal rudd] is on "o side & half on ! o!r ( ! v]tical rudd]4 ,!y are atta*$ to a s+le rigid framework1 s t bo? move z a :ole by means ( a univ]sal jo9t4 ,! rudd]s1 us$ = asc5d+ & desc5d+1 are op]at$ by a lev]1 :ile ! rudd]s us$ = horizontal /e]+ are controll$ by a :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,otto ,lili5?al ab\t to ,take ,flight4 ,! aroplane is m\nt$ on two :eels1 plac$ at ! front ( ! frame & a v]tical /rut at ! re>1 ?us rev]s+ ! arrangem5t ( ! ,anto9ette4 ,?is adju/m5t works well 9 practice1 & ! ,santos ,dumont holds ! record = ris+ f ! gr\nd 9 ! %orte/ di/ance4 ,x has ris5 9 six & a qu>t] seconds aft] travel+ only #bcj feet4 ,! area ( its w+s is only #aaj squ>e feet & its propell] consi/+ ( d\ble wood5 blades measures only six feet ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x c>ries a #cj ,h4 ,p4 motor4 ,! ,r4 ,e4 ,p4 monoplane1 ! "n be+ =m$ by ! initials ( its inv5tor1 ,rob]t ,esnault-,pelt]ie1 is an exp]im5t along new l9es4 ,its inv5tor believes t ! wires & /ruts ( ! monoplane 9 vibrat+1 (f] consid]able resi/ance to ! air & s]i\sly ret>d its =w>d movem5t4 ,8 monoplane has1 !re=e1 be5 con/ruct$ practically )\t /ays1 wires1 or rods4 ,! monoplane is graceful 9 =m1 light & compact1 al?\gh some:at exp5sive to build4 ,! ma9 frame ( ! air%ip is made ( /eel gird]s ) a broad surface & tap]+ to a %>p edge at ! bottom4 ,x is cov]$ completely ) clo?1 ?us =m+ a v]tical /ability plane ( consid]able area4 ,! motor & propell] are c>ri$ at ! front ( ! frame1 :ile ! pilot's seat is fix$ inside ! frame1 j back ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! ma9 planes h a span ( ?irty-five feet six in*es4 ,!y ext5d f ei!r side ( ! frame1 & tap] slightly t[>d _! out] edges4 ,two l>ge rudd]s are c>ri$ at ! re> ( ! frame4 ,! v]tical rudd] = horizontal /e]+ is atta*$ to an ext5sion ( ! ma9 frame & ! horizontal rudd] projects f ! end at a high] level4 ,a fix$ v]tical /ability plane or f9 ext5ds along ! ma9 frame back ( ! pilot's seat4 ,! w>p+ ( ! plane & ! control ( bo? rudd]s is accompli%$ by lev]s plac$ conv5i5t to ! pilot's h&4 ,! ,r4 ,e4 ,p4 model1 alone among ! aroplanes1 is equipp$ ) a f\r blade propell]4 ,x measures six feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 & is driv5 at ! spe$ ( #adjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! spe$ ( ! craft is rem>kable s9ce x has fl[n = %ort di/ances at ! rate ( =ty-sev5 miles an h\r4 ,its weight1 #ghj p\nds1 is n unusual4 ,an entirely new idea has be5 introduc$ 9 m\nt+ ?is model4 ,x re/s ^u only two :eels1 "o at ! front1 ! o!r at ! end ( ! c5tral frame4 ,:eels are also atta*$ to ! out] edges ( ! ma9 plane4 ,:5 at re/1 ! model tilts ov] to "o side or ! o!r & re/s on "o ( ^! :eels4 ,once ! motor has be5 />t$1 ! ma*9e quickly rights itself1 z ! spe$ increases1 & runs along on two :eels4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,a]ial ,,w>f>e ,! boys :o turn ^! pages may "s day read ( arial battles f\ght high above ! e>?1 & "s may ev5 take "p 9 !m4 ,air-%ips are ev5 n[ includ$ 9 ! navies ( n9ete5 nations4 ,!re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion among exp]ts :e!r ! balloon or aroplane w prove ! bett] fight+ ma*9e1 b1 mean:ile1 aronautical corps & regim5ts are be+ recruit$1 =midable navies ( air-%ips are be+ laid d[n1 & special guns are be+ built to battle aga9/ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,ma*9e = ,te/+ ! ,lift+ ,p[] ( ,aroplanes4 ,9 ?is ma*9e p[] is transmitt$ f ! horizontal ma9 %aft & upw>d ?r\gh ! v]tical /eel sp9dle & ?r\gh ! two memb]s ( ! long arm4 ,a is a scale %[+ miles p] h\r & ,b a scale divid$ into feet p] m9ute2 ,c1 ,dynamomet] = record+ ! pu% ( screw2 ,d1 ,dynamomet] %[+ ! lift ( ! a]oplane4 ,! ord9>y balloon has play$ a mu* m important "p 9 actual w>f>e ?an mo/ p realize4 ,a balloon corps 0 organiz$ 9 ,france z e>ly z #agid1 :5 balloons 7 built = ea* ( ! ,republican armies4 ,"o ( ^! balloons1 measur+ ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 0 s5t up ne> ,may5ce1 to ga9 a view ( ! ,au/rian army4 ,! balloon 0 held captive by two ropes1 & an (fic] 9 ! c> wrote 8 obs]vations1 weight$ ! lett]s1 & dropp$ !m ov]bo>d4 ,! ,au/rians 7 furi\s at ?is spy+1 & op5$ fire1 b ! ropes 7 l5g!n$ & ! balloon rose to a height ( #acjj feet1 :]e x 0 out ( range4 ,sev]al ye>s lat] balloons 7 aga9 us$ 9 battles by ! ,fr5* aga9/ ! ,au/rians1 :o 7 s angry ) ! new ma*9e t !y decl>$ t any ballooni/ captur$ w\ld be %ot4 ,= a long "t aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 ?is me?od ( w>f>e 0 neglect$1 & ev5 ,napoleon c\ld n see its value1 & clos$ ! aronautical s*ool & disb&$ ! corps4 ,! use ( ! balloon 0 reviv$ 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & prov$ to be s valuable t no great w> has s9ce be5 f\ght )\t x4 ,dur+ ! attack on ,ri*mond1 a numb] ( balloons 7 s5t up daily by ! ,f$]al ,army to ov]look ! besieg$ city4 ,f a po9t eight miles away1 valuable in=mation 0 ga9$ z to ! position ( ! troops & ! e>?works4 ,a telegraph app>atus 0 tak5 up & messages 7 s5t directly f ! cl\ds1 almo/ ov] ,ri*mond to ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> 9 #ahih1 ! balloon 0 aga9 call$ into use4 ,"o asc5t 0 made be=e ,santiago1 ,cuba1 & ! position ( ! v>i\s ,spani% =ces 7 obs]v$ & report$4 ,ano!r 0 s5t up at ,el ,paso1 less ?an #bjjj feet f ! ,spani% tr5*es1 & ! position ( ! ,spani% troops on ,san ,juan ,hill 0 discov]$4 ,! balloon 0 f9ally br\ght d[n by ! ,spani% guns4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj1 balloons 7 us$ successfully to escape f ! city4 ,"s sixty-six ( !m1 c>ry+ #afh pass5g]s1 succe$$ 9 pass+ ov] ! ,g]man armies4 ,! ,fr5* army has also made good use ( ! balloon 9 ! w>s 9 ,madagasc>1 & sev]al ,engli% balloon corps 7 engag$ ) ! ,briti% army dur+ ! ,bo] ,w>4 ,= ord9>y milit>y "w1 balloons ( ?ree sizes are us$1 a l>ge balloon = =ts1 ! regul> w> balloon1 & an auxili>y = field "w4 ,! l>ge balloon holds #cd1ejj cubic feet ( gas & is only us$ above =tifications4 ,! regul> field balloon is ?irty-?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & holds #ai1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,x is design$ to c>ry two pass5g]s to a height ( #afej feet4 ,! auxili>y balloon is consid]ably small]1 hold+ only #ibjj cubic feet ( gas1 & c>ry+ b "o pass5g]4 ,x is mu* easi] to h&le on long m>*es1 &1 ( c\rse1 may be fill$ & s5t al(t 9 mu* less "t4 ,! balloons are usually fill$ f cyl9d]s1 :i* may be hurri$ across c\ntry 9 c>ts or automobiles4 ,!re is1 besides1 a regul> field gas g5]ator1 readily pack$ up & c>ri$ ab\t1 :i* w fill an ord9>y balloon 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,to resi/ arial attacks1 a special armor$ automobile has be5 adopt$ by "s ,european armies1 c>ry+ a gun :i* may be aim$ upw>d & at any angle4 ,despite its weight1 ! automobile w travel at ! rate ( =ty miles an h\r4 ,! rec5t developm5ts ( ! dirigible w> balloon has r5d]$ ! free balloon practically obsolete1 & x is unlikely t x w ev] aga9 be us$ 9 actual w>f>e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 ! fir/ c\ntry to adopt ! aroplane z a weapon ( w>f>e4 ,aft] ! successful flights ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t pur*as$ "o ( _! aroplanes1 & sev]al (fic]s 7 in/ruct$ 9 driv+ x4 ,be=e be+ accept$1 ! ,wrights 7 requir$ to make a flight ( t5 miles ov] a r\gh1 m\nta9\s c\ntry ne> ,wa%+ton1 & return )\t alight+4 ,! te/1 :i* 0 highly successful1 0 witness$ by ,presid5t ,taft & _m repres5tatives ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ev5t ( w>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t c\ld quickly mobilize a =midable fleet ( aroplanes1 & man !m ) exp]i5c$ aviators4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ma*9e on ! ,rails1 z x appe>$ 9 #ahic4 ,illu/ration3 ,maxim's ,fir/ ,aroplane4 ,! value ( aroplanes 9 w>f>e has be5 widely discuss$ by milit>y exp]ts4 ,!re 01 at fir/1 a g5]al impression t su* flights 7 mu* too unc]ta9 to be ( practical value4 ,! m>vell\s developm5t ( ! aroplane1 & its rem>kable flights ov] l& & sea1 h s]v$ to sil5ce mu* ( ?is criticism4 ,al?\gh an ov]-sea invasion by a fleet ( air-%ips w\ld seem to be a dang] ( ! v di/ant future1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t is already prep>+ to meet ! situation4 ,a rem>kable s]ies ( te/s h be5 made at ! ,gov]nm5t ,prov+ ,gr\nds at ,s&y ,hook1 by fir+ at free balloons z !y sail$ pa/ ! =t4 ,! balloons 7 s5t away at v>i\s altitudes1 9 "s cases at a consid]able di/ance f ! guns1 & aga9 directly above !m4 ,! difficulty 9 hitt+ su* t>gets 0 f\nd to be v great4 ,! air craft moves s quickly t x is almo/ impossible to br+ a gun ( ! ord9>y m\nt+ into position4 ,al?\gh ! results ( ! te/ 7 closely gu>d$1 x is kn[n t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 n satisfi$ ) ! def5se ( ,new ,york ,h>bor1 9 ! ev5t ( an arial invasion1 & special guns are be+ design$ to repel su* an attack4 ,! milit>y au?orities look v f> into ! future 9 _! prep>ations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! problems is t ( protect+ our seacoa/1 %\ld a fleet ( arial w>%ips be s5t aga9/ u4 ,"o ( ! plans sugge/$ is to raise a s]ies ( captive balloons at regul> int]vals along ! %ore4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t "s ( ^! might be held ne> ! e>?1 :ile o!rs are all[$ to asc5d to a great altitude4 ,! look\t 9 ^! signal /ations c\ld sight ! approa* ( an ho/ile fleet ( air-%ips at a great di/ance1 & by means ( wireless app>atus w>n ! c\ntry ( approa*+ dang]4 ,_m milit>y exp]ts1 :o h wat*$ ! flights ( aroplanes1 h decid$ t ! little craft w\ld also prove an extremely difficult object = ! enemy to br+ d[n4 ,s9ce !y travel at upw>ds ( a mile a m9ute1 ord9>y guns1 z !y are n[ m\nt$1 c\ld n hope to hit !m except by a lucky %ot4 ,x w\ld be l hunt+ wild geese ) a cannon4 ,at a height ( sev]al ?\s& feet1 :i* !y c readily atta91 an aroplane might defy ! mo/ =midable batt]ies 9 ! _w4 ,%\ld a fleet ( ^! little craft be s5t aga9/ an enemy1 _m ( !m w\ld be sure to survive an attack1 ev5 if a few %\ld be lo/4 ,x does n seem probable t ! aroplane w c>ry al(t a cannon l>ge en\gh to d any damage4 ,b !y c drop high explosives1 ) a/oni%+ accuracy1 & w\ld d important sc\t "w4 ,at ! pres5t co/ ( con/ruction1 a fleet ( "o hundr$ aroplanes might be built & put 9 commission 9 ! field or sky1 = :at a s+le great battle%ip w\ld co/4 ,x has be5 %[n1 moreov]1 t a man c le>n to op]ate an aroplane 9 less "t ?an x takes to le>n to ride a bicycle4 ,! ,wrights in/ruct$ ,lieut5ant ,lahm to drive "o ( _! ma*9es 9 ab\t two h\rs ( actual flight4 ,! w> aroplanes w\ld call = great brav]y & d>+1 b :o c d\bt t m5 w\ld be f\nd to s]ve _! c\ntry1 if ne$ be1 by fac+ ?is appall+ dang]4 ,9 milit>y language1 ! mod]n air%ips fall into ?ree classes1 dreadnaughts1 cruis]s & sc\ts4 ,! dreadnaughts ( ! air are ! l>ge/ dirigible balloons1 su* z ,zeppel9 flies4 ,!y w probably be us$ 9 arial w>f>e 9 ! fir/ l9e ( battle1 & = ov]-sea "w4 ,! cruis]s comprise ! dirigibles1 su* z h be5 br\ght to great p]fection 9 ,france4 ,^! fa/] air-%ips w rise high] ?an ! dreadnaughts1 & w probably be us$ = gu>d+ & sc\t "w4 ,! aroplanes come "u ! head ( sc\ts1 & w be us$ = dispat* "w1 & = attack+ dirigibles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ ,flight ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs' ,fir/ ,motor ,ma*9e4 ,?is picture %[s ! ma*9e j aft] lift+ f ! track1 fly+ aga9/ a w9d ( tw5ty-f\r miles an h\r4 ,_! spe$ & effective radius ( travel place ! air-%ip 9 ! fir/ rank among ! eng9es ( w>4 ,! value ( ! free or captive balloon has1 ( c\rse1 be5 cle>ly prov54 ,x has be5 ( ! greate/ value = g5]al obs]vation "w 9 ! field4 ,x has be5 readily rais$ out ( effective range ( ! enemy's batt]ies1 & f ?is position1 has look$ d[n ^u ! =ts1 cities1 or encampm5ts4 ,x ?us became a signal /ation :i* might direct gun fire ) absolute accuracy1 & has be5 ! only safe & reliable me?od = locat+ ! pres5ce ( m9es & subm>9es4 ,! dirigible balloon possesses all ( ! qualities ( ! free balloon & _m m4 ,x c attack by day or night4 ,its se>* lights enable x to look d[n ^u ! enemy ) pitiless accuracy4 ,x may ?us ga9 in=mation ab\t =ts & h>bors1 :i* o!rwise c\ld n be approa*$4 ,! mo/ completely m9$ h>bor 9 ! _w has no t]rors = su* a visitor4 ,! great problem 9 w>f>e ( patroll+ ! fronti] ( a c\ntry aga9/ possible invasion seems to be solv$ by ! dirigible4 ,two or ?ree m5 abo>d a dirigible1 ) a travel+ radius ( sev]al hundr$ miles1 c\ld d m effective "w ?an sev]al ?\s& m5 scatt]$ along ! fronti] l9e4 ,= dispat* "w ! fly+ ma*9e is expect$ to be indisp5sable 9 w>f>e4 ,! be>] ( dispat*es has always play$ an important "p 9 w>4 ,8 "w is (t5 ( ! mo/ p]il\s nature1 & 8 j\rneys1 at be/1 are sl[ & unc]ta94 ,! dispat* be>]1 driv+ an air-%ip fifty miles an h\r1 c\ld ride high above ! range ( ! enemy's guns4 ,^! same vehicles ( ! air w\ld d\btless be equipp$ ) wireless telegraph app>atus1 s t !y might s5d or receive messages1 & ! aviator might talk freely ) ! entire c\ntry side1 direct+ a batt]y "h1 sil5c+ "o !re1 ord]+ an advance or conduct+ a retreat1 ) unprec$5t$ accuracy4 ,^! arial fleets may also c>ry on deadly aggressive w>f>e4 ,! ov] sea raid w h great] t]ror ?an any ord9>y invasion4 ,a fleet ( dreadnaughts dirigibles1 assi/$ by fa/ cruis]s ( ! air1 & _m aroplane sc\ts1 w\ld be extremely =midable4 ,an enemy's base l9e w\ld be at ! m]cy ( su* an invasion4 ,)9 a few h\rs1 su* a fleet might de/roy ! enemy's /ores1 its railroads1 & its cities1 by dropp+ explosives or poison\s bombs4 ,9 sev]al rec5t aroplane flights1 8peace bombs0 h be5 aim$ to /rike a giv5 m>k1 & ! %ots h prov5 surpris+ly accurate4 ,by us+ v>i\s in/rum5ts to det]m9e directions1 x w be possible to drop su* bombs ) ma!matical accuracy4 ,! bombs or missiles w be susp5d$ by wires f b5ea? ! air-%ip & releas$ by an electric curr5t1 to give !m a p]fectly v]tical direction4 ,:5 dropp$ f great altitudes1 ! effect ( su* explosions w be difficult to )/&4 ,our great w>-%ips1 despite _! /eel sides1 w probably h to be completely remodell$ be=e !y c fight ) ?is new enemy4 ,:5 an air-%ip drops a bomb f a po9t directly above a =t or %ip1 x w be absolutely out ( ! range ( ! enemy1 s9ce to %oot directly up into ! air w\ld be to fire a boom]ang :i* w\ld quickly return & inflict s]i\s damage4 ,an actual te/ 0 rec5tly c>ri$ out 9 ,engl&1 :5 a ?irte5 p\nd gun fir$ at a balloon #ajjj feet 9 ! air4 ,al?\gh ! gun _h an effective range ( #djjj feet1 & ! balloon 0 held captive1 x 0 n until ! sev5te5? %ot _h be5 fir$ t x 0 br\ght d[n4 ,x has also be5 prov5 t a rifle ball w be deflect$ by ! draught f ! propell] ( an aroplane4 ,! fly+ ma*9e promises to revolutionize w>f>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree-qu>t]s ,view ( a ,flight at ,simms ,/ation1 ,novemb] #af1 #aijd4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sports ,,( ,,! ,,air1 ,,a]oplanes ,any conte/ ( air-%ips makes excell5t sport4 ,a city to city flight by aroplane1 = in/ance1 attracts great] cr[ds ?an c\ld any procession or royal progress 9 ! pa/4 ,! aronautical t\rnam5ts & meets already h be5 held f ,egypt 9 ! ,ea/1 to ,cali=nia 9 ! we/4 ,let an aroplane so> high] ?an any has ris5 be=e1 /ay al(t long]1 or make a new record = spe$ or di/ance1 & ! news is in/antly cabl$ ar\nd ! _w4 ,all :o h gone al(t tell u t fly+ is ! greate/ sport 9 ! _w4 ,! free1 rapid glide we all enjoy 9 skat+ or coa/+ becomes spe$i] & smoo!r 9 an air-%ip1 )\t ex]t+ ! lea/ ef=t4 ,x is ?is s5se ( rapid motion :i* has made ! automobile s popul>1 & ! air-%ip improves ^u ! automobile1 j z ! automobile improv$ on ! lumb]+ coa*es ( ! pa/4 ,once al(t1 ! arial pass5g] glides ) ! swall['s swiftness4 8,n[10 cri$ an en?usia/ic ,fr5*woman1 aft] h] fir/ aroplane flight1 8n[ ,i und]/& :y ! birds s+40 ,z ! aroplane is br\ght "u bett] control1 we w see ^! conte/s gr[ m & m excit+4 ,! developm5t ( ! new craft has be5 s rapid1 we h come to expect s mu* f x1 t ! exhibition at :i* ! _w m>vels to-day1 becomes ! commonplace ( to-morr[4 ,! e>ly flights ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs at ,kitty ,hawk fail$ to attract mu* att5tion4 ,!re _h be5 s _m ann\ncem5ts ( successful fly+ ma*9es t _m 7 sceptical1 especially 9 ,europe1 & ! _w did n realize t ! great day1 s long promis$1 0 dawn+4 ,x 0 n till ! ,wrights flew 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a t ! _w began to take ! matt] s]i\sly4 ,e movem5t ( ! curi\s new craft 0 closely wat*$ !reaft]4 ,:5 "o ( ! bro!rs w5t al(t ! _w knew x1 & cr[ds /ood pati5tly be=e bullet9 bo>ds 9 ,new ,york1 ,london1 or ,sidney1 to c\nt ! m9utes4 ,:5 he succe$$ 9 /ay+ al(t = an h\r1 ! wait+ cr[ds 9 _m widely sep>at$ cities1 broke into simultane\s *e]s4 ,next came ! trip to ,pau1 9 ,france1 & o!r ,european cities1 & day by day ! flights became long] & high]4 ,! bro!rs made d\ble progress1 = :ile "o 0 9 ,s\!rn ,europe increas+ ! "t al(t1 ! o!r 0 fly+ high] & high] 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ^! e>ly days no attempt 0 made to fly across ! c\ntry4 ,! aroplane m]ely flew ar\nd & ar\nd "s l>ge field1 & ! di/ance trav]s$ 0 calculat$ m or less accurately4 ,aft] ! triumphant return ( ! ,wrights to ,am]ica1 a cross-c\ntry run 0 made at ,=t ,my]1 to %[ ! ,gov]nm5t t ! aroplane 0 m ?an a toy4 ,a flight ( tw5ty miles 0 made ov] a r\gh1 m\nta9\s c\ntry & sev]al deep valleys4 ,! air ( ! valleys drew ! ma*9e d[n ) a dang]\s ru%1 b ! aviator pluckily work$ 8 way high]1 & pass$ ov] x 9 safety4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 dur+ ! ,hudson-,fulton ,celebration 9 ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,wilbur ,wright rose f ,gov]nor's ,isl& 9 ,new ,york h>bor1 encircl$ ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty1 & aga9 sail$ high above ! riv] nor? to ,grant's ,tomb1 & return$ to ! />t+ po9t4 ,ea* ( ^! feats 01 9 a peculi> s5se1 record break+4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,view ( ! ,flight ( ! ,wright ,aroplane1 ,octob] #d1 #aije4 ,mean:ile1 a flock ( aviators 7 mak+ asc5sions 9 biplanes & monoplanes ( _m designs 9 ,france4 ,_! fir/ attempts to fly 7 made1 z a rule1 9 a great field on ! outskirts ( ,p>is1 :]e imm5se cr[ds ga!r$ to wat* !m4 ,z ! aviators ga9$ confid5ce 9 _! craft1 ! flights rapidly became long] & high]1 & %ort cross-c\ntry flights 7 made4 ,^! cross-c\ntry & ov]-wat] flights quickly out-di/anc$ ^? made 9 ,am]ica1 & ?is lead once ga9$1 0 kept up4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ,france1 aft] ,am]ica po9t$ ! way1 %\ld h ov]tak51 &1 9 "s respects1 out-di/anc$ h]4 ,!re h be5 m aviators 9 ,france4 ,! prizes (f]$ = flights ( v>i\s k9ds1 h be5 t5 times m num]\s & valuable 9 ,france ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & ?is naturally invit$ competition4 ,! example ( ,france 9 (f]+ valuable prizes = long flights has s9ce be5 foll[$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 aga91 t ! level /ret*es ( c\ntry common 9 ,europe1 (f]s few] difficulties = ! pilot ( ! aroplane ?an ! r\gh1 m\nta9\s1 or ev5 hilly c\ntry (t5 enc\nt]$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is possible to fly hundr$s ( miles 9 ! s\? ( ,france or 9 ,italy & pass ov] c\ntry l a great p>ade gr\nd4 ,:5 a long-di/ance flight is made 9 ,am]ica1 rivall+ or surpass+ ^? made abroad1 x is probable t x has requir$ f> m skill & d>+ ?an simil> ,european flights4 ,! ,fr5*1 aga91 excel 9 build+ light1 s]viceable motors1 suitable = aroplanes1 & no small "p ( ! success ( ! ,fr5* air craft is due to ?is skill4 ,! cross-c\ntry trips 7 quickly ext5d$4 ,aft] sev]al successful %ort flights1 ,h5ry ,f>man surpass$ all records by travel+ = eighty-?ree miles across c\ntry 9 ,france4 ,! great feat 0 n[ to cross ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,a prize ( #e1jjj 0 (f]$ by a ,london newspap] = ! fir/ *annel flight4 ,two attempts 7 made by a "y ,fr5*man1 ,hub]t ,la?am1 b bo? times1 aft] sail+ out = sev]al miles ov] ! sea1 "s accid5t befell 8 ma*9e1 & he 0 ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,undaunt$ by ^! failures1 ano!r ,fr5*man1 ,l\is ,bl]iot1 />t$ e>ly "o ,sunday morn+1 ,june #be1 #aiji1 f a po9t ne> ,calais1 ,france1 & l&$ safely at ,dov] on ! ,engli% side4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 /ill ano!r ,fr5*man1 ,de ,lesseps1 flew f ! ,fr5* coa/ to ,engl& 9 safety4 ,! ri*e/ ( ! aviation prizes1 a purse ( #ej1jjj1 _h mean:ile be5 (f]$ = a successful trip by a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e f ,london to ,man*e/]1 a di/ance ( #aga miles4 ,sev]al attempts _h be5 made to cov] ?is di/ance1 b )\t success4 ,x 0 f9ally won1 h[ev]1 "u v dramatic circum/ances4 ,two aviators1 an ,engli%man nam$ ,:ite & a ,fr5*man nam$ ,paulhan1 actually rac$ = ! goal4 ,! ,fr5* ma*9e got away fir/1 b 0 foll[$ by ! ,engli% ma*9e close on 8 heels--or %\ld we say propell]s8 ,! great] "p ( ! race took place at night 9 a high w9d1 &1 9 ! upp] air lanes1 int5sely cold wea!r4 ,paulhan succe$$ 9 fly+ #aag miles )\t com+ d[n1 ru%+ along ?r\gh ! night at top spe$1 ) ! dread t e s\nd beh9d him came f ! ma*9e ( 8 rival4 ,:5 he 0 =c$ to l& = fuel1 he work$ ) fev]i% ha/e1 fe>+ t e second's delay might co/ him ! covet$ prize4 ,sev]al times ! cr[d ab\t him1 deceiv$ by "s night bird1 cri$ 8,"h comes ,:ite60 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,:ite 0 b a few miles beh9d4 ,! fuel tank fill$1 ,paulhan drove 8 ma*9e full spe$ into ! sky1 & did n l& till he _h complet$ ! j\rney & won ! prize4 ,!re 0 naturally a great dem& = a simil> j\rney 9 ,am]ica1 & ! aviator & ! prize 7 soon f\nd4 ,= sev]al ye>s !re _h be5 a /&+ prize ( #aj1jjj = ! fir/ successful flight betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany1 ov] ! ,hudson ,riv]1 ! c\rse tak5 by ,rob]t ,fulton 9 8 fam\s trip by /eamboat 9 #ahji4 ,an ef=t 0 made to cov] ! di/ance by dirigible balloon )\t success4 ,an attempt 0 made by aroplane on ,may1 #aiaj1 by ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss1 ! w9n] ( ! gr& prize = spe$ 9 ! aviation meet+ at ,rheims4 ,curtis />t$ f ,albany1 9 ord] to face ! air curr5ts :i* drew up ! riv]4 ,aft] wait+ = sev]al days = fair wea!r1 he f9ally got away e>ly "o morn+1 &1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 made ! flight to ,p\ghkeepsie1 sev5ty-five miles s\?1 )\t mi%ap1 :5 he l&$ = fuel4 ,aga9 ris+ into ! air1 he />t$ s\?1 travel+ ) su* spe$1 t he outdi/anc$ ! special tra9 :i* 0 foll[+ him4 ,a difficult problem 9 aviation 0 met 9 pass+ ov] ! ,highl&s1 a rugg$ m\nta9\s section1 ?r\gh :i* ! riv] cuts a deep1 tortu\s *annel4 ,curtiss rose to a height ( m ?an #ajjj feet1 b ! trea*]\s air curr5ts drew him d[n & toss$ him ab\t at p]il\s angles4 ,he f\ght 8 way1 foot by foot1 f9ally br++ 8 craft to an ev5 keel4 ,on rea*+ ,new ,york1 he l&$ 9 ! upp] section ( ! city = gasol5e1 & once m ris+ above ! ,hudson ,riv]1 flew swiftly to ! riot\s clamor ( e :i/le 9 ! great h>bor b5ea? him1 to a safe l&+ at ,gov]nor's ,isl&4 ,! fir/ great city to city & return aroplane trip 0 made a few days lat]1 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,a new aspirant = ^! honors 0 ,mr4 ,*>les ,k4 ,hamilton1 :o _h amaz$ ev]yone ) 8 d>+ driv+4 ,he 0 engag$ to fly ov] ! c\rse = #aj1jjj1 (f]$ by a ,new ,york & a ,philadelphia newspap]4 ,he c>ri$ ) him lett]s f ! ,gov]nor ( ,new ,york & ! ,mayor ( ,new ,york ,city to ! ,gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania & ! ,mayor ( ,philadelphia4 ,he also took al(t a numb] ( 8peace bombs10 :i* he dropp$ along ! r\te to %[ h[ accurate might be ! aim ( a w> aroplane4 ,! />t 0 made e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,june #ac1 f ,gov]nor's ,isl& 9 ,new ,york h>bor4 ,a special tra9 0 held 9 read9ess to foll[ him4 ,aft] ris+ to a consid]able altitude1 ,hamilton flew 9 great circles ab\t ! isl& to try 8 w+s1 & !n1 signal+ t all 0 ready1 d>t$ (f to ! s\?4 ,he quickly pick$ up 8 special tra91 &1 at a pace ( almo/ a mile a m9ute1 fly+ hundr$s ( feet 9 air1 sp$ on to ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t m ?an #a1jjj1jjj p _h ga!r$ along ! r\te to *e] him4 ,hamilton _h laid out a regul> "t-table be=e />t+1 & s p]fect 0 8 control ( ! ma*9e1 t he pass$ t[n aft] t[n on "t to ! m9ute l a railroad tra94 ,! run to ,philadelphia eighty miles away1 0 made )\t alight+ & )\t mi%ap ( any k9d4 ,hamilton flew ov] ! op5 field select$ = l&+1 circl$ x ?ree times to %[ t he 0 n tir$ 9 ! lea/1 & settl$ d[n z lightly z a bird4 ,he 0 receiv$ by ! ,gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania & ! ,deputy ,mayor ( ,philadelphia1 to :om he deliv]$ 8 messages & receiv$ simil> lett]s 9 reply to br+ back to ,new ,york4 ,aft] a brief re/ ( little m ?an "o h\r1 ,hamilton 0 once m 9 ! sky1 fly+ across-c\ntry at express spe$4 ,he set su* a pace1 t 8 special tra9 0 left f> beh9d1 & x 0 only by runn+ at ! rate ( sev5ty-five miles an h\r1 t x f9ally ov]took him4 ,hamilton drew f> ahead ( ! tra9 on ! return trip :i* 0 made 9 mu* fa/] "t4 ,! w9d 0 favorable1 & ,new>k1 eighty miles1 0 rea*$ at ! rate ( fifty miles an h\r4 ,) ! goal practically 9 sight1 ,hamilton's eng9e began work+ badly4 ,he pu%$ on1 until he f\nd himself 9 absolute dang]1 :5 he decid$ to desc5d4 ,f su* high altitudes1 ! appe>ance ( ! gr\nd is v deceptive4 ,hamilton *ose :at appe>$ to be a smoo? piece ( gre5 grass & dropp$ to x1 only to discov] t he _h settl$ 9 a m>%4 ,! fault 9 ! eng9e 0 quickly rem$i$1 b n[ ! gr\nd prov$ too s(t = him to rise4 ,9 try+ to rise he broke 8 propell]1 & ano!r delay foll[$1 :ile a new propell] 0 hurri$ f ,new ,york4 ,he f9ally succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 ris+ & complet+ 8 trip to ,gov]nor's ,isl&1 ?us mak+ ! r\nd trip 9 a day & w9n+ ! prize4 ,s rapid is ! advance 9 ! new sci5ce1 t ea* aviation meet sets a new & m difficult /&>d4 ,at fir/1 p m>vell$ to see an aroplane ris+ b a few feet f ! gr\nd1 b su* feats soon became commonplace4 ,)9 a few mon?s1 prizes 7 (f]$ = ! ma*9e /ay+ al(t = ! longe/ "t4 ,! elem5t ( spe$ 0 next consid]$1 & ! aroplanes sail$ ar\nd a race c\rse aga9/ "t4 ,! highe/ altitude n[ became a popul> te/ feat4 ,! pilots soon f\nd !mselves 9 su* complete control ( _! ma*9es t !y gave exhibitions ( l&+ by ! =ce ( gravity alone4 ,! aroplane w\ld "w its way upw>d 9 great spirals1 & !n1 %utt+ (f all p[]1 coa/ d[n at t]rify+ angles on ! unsub/antial air4 ,x is f su* te/s z ^! t !re w gradually evolve ! air%ips ( ! future1 ! t]rible eng9es ( w>1 ! air l9]s = comm]ce1 & ! light & spe$y pleasure craft4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,p]ceiv$ typographical errors h be5 *ang$4